bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance, Professional Ethics, and Public Confidence in the Military
Authors: Feaver Peter D. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Public confidence in the military is driven in part by public estimations of how competent and ethical the military is. Priming the public with information about poor operational performance and prominent ethical missteps has modest but discernible negative effects on the level of confidence the public expresses in the military. Public confidence is easier to nudge downward than upward. These nudges appear to operate by changing whether the public thinks the military is good at its job, even if the nudge is discussing the ethical standing of the military. Poor operational performance and prominent ethical missteps could eventually lead to an erosion of public confidence.
Leviathan’s Theophany
Authors: Orlov Andrei A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The first chapter, “Leviathan’s Theophany,” explores the depiction of Leviathan in the Apocalypse of Abraham, paying special attention to the theophanic features of the monster and their connection with biblical and rabbinic understandings of Leviathan’s apparitions as theophanies. The chapter argues that the Apocalypse of Abraham presents Leviathan in an anti-theophany, a revelation of the underworld’s ruler. In its theophanic guise Leviathan is envisioned as a living embodiment of the divine mysteries, many of which have been preserved by God since the beginning of creation only to be revealed fully in the eschaton to the elect. The book demonstrates that this symbolism of reified divine knowledge, embodied in the primordial monster, is deeply rooted in ancient understandings of the divine knowledge as the reality that is objectively present in otherworldly realms.
Reimagining Civic Education
Authors: Nelsen Matthew D. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter leverages historical analyses to explore the historical foundations of civic learning to better understand how we arrived at the types of civic education courses that are ubiquitous in schools throughout the United States today. Drawing from observations of classrooms and interviews with teachers and students, it then reimagines what civic education could look like in the United States. It argues that classrooms that incorporate critical categories of knowledge—those that center the agency and collective action of marginalized groups—and historically grounded conversations about politics are conducive to fostering political empowerment. In the process, the chapter highlights areas where these pedagogies overlap with critical race theory (CRT). By examining the interconnectedness of the many pedagogies that have sought to recognize the experiences of marginalized groups, the chapter shows that racial conservatives have always viewed the pursuit of racial equality in the realm of education as a threat to their own political power.
Conclusion
Authors: Nelsen Matthew D. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 centers insights of high schoolers and teachers in order to reimagine the potential of civic education within our schools. These reflections from teachers and students immersed in social studies courses on a daily basis suggest that our best hope for ensuring more politically empowering civic learning experiences must draw from the insights or those actively working within and beyond political institutions to secure fundamental democratic ideals. Teacher preparation programs and neighborhood-level institutions can play a critical role in helping educators develop these critical categories of knowledge. Of course, in calling for investment in civic education, we must ensure that we are also investing in our schools. Throughout the United States, widespread school closures are wearing away at the civic infrastructures of entire communities and undermining pluralist democratic ideals. Investing in civic education means reinvesting in our schools, our neighborhoods, and our democracy.
Abduction
Authors: Atkins Richard Kenneth 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Peirce explicitly states that he had not clearly recognized abduction as a distinct genus of inference until after 1900. Whereas he had spent decades investigating deductive and inductive inference, his reflections on abduction are not as sustained. As a consequence, Peirce appears to propose different functions for abductive inference, most notably the function of generating new hypotheses and the function of identifying which hypothesis is the most pursuit-worthy. Moreover, those hypotheses which are the most pursuit-worthy may be pursuit-worthy because they seem most likely to be true or because they are the best to put to the test first. A hypothesis may be the best to test first, even though one doubts it is true. This chapter proposes a novel account of abduction as perceptive judgment regarding which hypotheses explain phenomena, which hypotheses are the best to pursue in testing, and which hypotheses are the most likely to be true. Peirce’s account of abductive strength is examined, and objections to abduction’s validity are addressed.
A Vivisection
Authors: Latsis Dimitrios 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 covers the gradual formation of a useful past for cinema as it took root in trade journals, scientific articles, and pamphlets dealing with what we would now call precinema, the first monographs and manuals on film technique up to 1925. More than mere first drafts of history written for an audience of trade professionals, these ephemeral publications explored debates like periodization, cultural nationalism, controversies among inventors over precedence, and the modelling of film history on the history of theater and literature, as well as the personal and professional contestation over who would control and shape the nascent industry’s past for posterity. Writers in this period debated the past with a keen eye on future developments: what cinema had been was therefore valued as an object lesson for what it could still become. What these writers lacked in perspective due to their nearness to the events they described, they tried to make up for in utopian pronouncements about the medium’s potential. Despite the pronounced teleology, obvious biases, and overall lack of rigor, those who ventured to tell the story of cinema’s growth while it was still an emergent art set up a framework that all future historians would have to follow or at least contend with.
Programming the Classics
Authors: Latsis Dimitrios 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the emergence of a cinematic canon by looking at the phenomenon of film revival as an industry practice aimed at buttressing a studio’s cultural cachet while generating profits from its back catalog. Organizations that operated parallel to the industry like the National Board of Review and the broader Better Films movement had a major hand in promoting rereleases as an integral part of repertory cinema programming, as did individual pioneers who in the waning years of the silent era dusted off their old reels and went on the road to share anecdotes and tall tales about the old days and wax poetically about what one commentator described as “fil-lum[s] of vintage rare.”
The Future-Past of Moving Images
Authors: Latsis Dimitrios 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter tells the story of early collectors, amateur and armchair archivists, and the decisions that went into selecting landmark films, documents, and artifacts for preservation at a time when a generalized benign neglect and obsession with the next best thing reigned over filmdom, a time not unlike today. It uncovers crucial precedents to the first American film archives that were founded in the 1930s by looking at successful and unrealized proposals by private and institutional stakeholders for motion picture halls of fame, time capsules, national repositories, and early advocacy within an industry whose material past was rapidly disappearing. Even though few of these efforts bore fruit, the extensive discourse around preservation, including the gradual realization that old films might be worth holding on to for their innate material and aesthetic value rather than as evidence of historical events and personalities, would prove formative for archivists like Iris Barry and Henri Langlois.
Learning and Earning
Authors: Latsis Dimitrios 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter expands Dana Polan’s inquiry into early educational initiatives sponsored by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, institutions of higher learning like the University of Southern California, or individual producers like Joseph Kennedy, and looks at how film history entered the university. While a minor part of an emerging curriculum that privileged technical and business skills, history was integrated into courses large and small some four decades before the development of the first fully-fledged majors in the 1960s. The scant traces they left behind, including syllabi, publications, and even student essays, provide a fascinating glimpse into film pedagogy and how it shaped and was shaped by an industrial history of cinema.
“Vera pietas veram confessionem parit”
Authors: Scheuers Timothy R. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter reveals how Calvin’s staunch position and firm rhetoric against Nicodemite behavior were significantly shaped by personal interactions with Reformed mentors, especially Farel and Bucer, as well as by tense exchanges with erstwhile friends and fellow refugees at a time when his own Protestant beliefs were still in their infancy. Specifically, it examines a critical question that contributed to the dilemma faced by Calvin and the reformers, namely, whether the choice of Nicodemism represented a valid type of spirituality that deemed all external forms of religion “indifferent,” and therefore a matter of private interpretation, or whether the “dissimulation” of one’s internal commitments necessarily violated the dictates of conscience and was thus a violation of genuine piety. This chapter illustrates how this critical question pervaded the reformers’ discussions and disagreements surrounding the issue of Nicodemism, producing distinctive conceptions of the important relationship between confession, conscience, and the rule of charity.
Religious Minorities, Mobilization, Protest, Conflict, and Violence in Theory
Authors: Basedau Matthias , Fox, and Jonathan , Zellman Ariel 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the theories surrounding the causes of mobilization, protest, conflict, and violence by minorities in general as well as the religious conflict literature. We use these literatures to support our argument that grievances are an important cause of conflict by religious minorities, as well as other types of minority. We discuss critiques of this argument and demonstrate that these critiques overlook important factors and, when examined closely, lack empirical evidence to support many of these critiques. For example, most who claim to demonstrate empirically that grievances do not predict conflict as well as other factors do not include measures for grievances in their studies. Similarly those who argue grievances are ubiquitous, and therefore irrelevant, miss that grievances vary significantly across groups.
Genocide in Rwanda and Its Aftermath, 1994–1996
Authors: Bradley Miriam 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the international humanitarian response to genocide in Rwanda and to subsequent refugee flows to neighbouring countries. From April to July 1994, up to a million Rwandans were killed in a state-led effort to destroy the Tutsi minority in the country. The international community failed to provide a political, diplomatic, or military response to prevent or halt the genocide but played a significant role in the aftermath. During and immediately after the genocide, around 2 million Rwandans fled to neighbouring countries, and international humanitarian agencies quickly arrived, setting up and running camps in Burundi, Tanzania, and especially Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) until 1996. The génocidaires gained control of the aid distribution systems within the camps and taxed, diverted, and stole aid. Aid agencies faced a dilemma: maintaining the camps meant they were sustaining not only civilian refugees but also those who had perpetrated the genocide, but closing the camps risked punishing the civilian majority for the crimes of the génocidaire minority. From the perspective of the new government in Rwanda, however, the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) and the other international agencies running the camps were not simply aiding refugees but also supporting the military struggle of the génocidaires. Ultimately, the Rwandan army closed the camps by force, massacring tens or hundreds of thousands of refugees and destabilizing Zaire. Had the aid agencies closed the camps before this happened, they would likely have saved many thousands of lives.
Shifting Parameters of Humanitarian Emergencies
Authors: Bradley Miriam 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 15 examines some of the ways in which the category of ‘humanitarian emergency’ has expanded and what that has meant for the goals pursued under the rubric of humanitarianism and the means and methods used to pursue them. It first argues that, as international humanitarian agencies devote an increasing share of their efforts to protracted crises, they have also expanded their goals beyond the emergency present and the boundary between humanitarianism and development is frequently blurred. Second, the chapter outlines the urban turn in international humanitarian response and argues that, here, we see a blurring of the boundaries between humanitarianism and development and of those between humanitarianism and peace-building. Third, the chapter considers how some international humanitarian agencies are working on ‘home’ territory in Europe, where they often seek to limit their role as direct providers of assistance, instead emphasizing advocacy, and sometimes compromising their commitments to neutrality as they demand significant policy changes. Finally, the chapter turns to the efforts of international humanitarian agencies to support migrants, arguing that advocacy also plays a central role here both as part of a strategy to pressurize authorities to meet their obligations and also as a means by which humanitarian actors seek to avoid complicity with the very structures (securitized border control, immigration detention, etc.) that are causing suffering.
Government and Civil Society in Affected States
Authors: Bradley Miriam 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 19 examines the relationships between international humanitarian agencies, on the one hand, and government and civil society in the states affected by humanitarian emergencies on the other. States have the primary responsibility to protect their populations from violence and to assist the victims of emergencies occurring on their territory. Where states are unable, or unwilling, to protect and assist the population, international humanitarian agencies have a role to play. In general, international humanitarian agencies need the consent of the state to operate on its territory, but the state should not arbitrarily withhold consent. Where international humanitarian agencies are operational, the state often still has a role to play in providing and regulating assistance, and international agencies need to engage with the state on a range of different issues. However, the nature of their relationship with the state can differ, and this chapter outlines three main ways of working in relation to the state: substituting for the state, supporting the state, or holding the state to account. Civil society actors also play an important role in humanitarian response, but local and national non-governmental organizations receive only a small percentage of international funding. This chapter explores their role and the humanitarian localization agenda, which seeks to transfer power and resources from international actors to local and national actors. It discusses progress in implementation of the agenda and outlines the main critiques of efforts to localize humanitarian response.
Conclusion
Authors: Bradley Miriam 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The concluding chapter reflects on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international humanitarianism. The pandemic has, in many respects, exacerbated humanitarian need and initially seemed to have the potential to transform international responses to humanitarian crises. In practice, however, the sector has largely returned to business as usual. The long-term impacts remain to be seen, but the pandemic does appear to have helped to accelerate moves to localize humanitarian response and to increase the use of cash programming and tech solutions. Even in these areas, however, the effect of the pandemic has been to further pre-existing trends rather than to transform the ways in which the humanitarian sector works.
Discoveries
Authors: Stone Dan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
ITS provides snapshots of some of the most vivid and poignant moments of twentieth-century European history. To illustrate this variety, this chapter introduces four separate sets of documents. Doing so gives a sense of the range of ITS holdings and the uses to which they can be put, and also indicates that ITS contains a huge variety of source material that allows us to approach ostensibly well-known pasts from a fresh perspective. They are: the newspaper Polish Jew, produced in New York between 1942 and 1945; the eyewitness accounts of Auschwitz provided by inmate-physician Dr Otto Wolken to the Polish Mission of the UN War Crimes Commission after the liberation of the camp; the case of Natalia Skibińska, a Polish girl whose whereabouts were traced by the Child Search Branch, leading to an intense correspondence between her, her mother, her German foster parents and ITS; and the postwar statements given to war crimes investigations teams by British POWs who had been held in camp E715 at Monowitz, or Auschwitz III, where they witnessed the Nazis’ slave labour and murder policies at first hand.
Columns of Misery
Authors: Stone Dan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the experiences of those who were sent on the so-called ‘death marches’ as the concentration camps under threat of being overrun by the Red Army were evacuated and their inmates sent west to camps still operating in Germany. As concentration camp inmates passed through villages and towns throughout Germany and Austria, the victims of Nazism appeared in daylight in just about every small place. The death marches constituted a ‘societal crime’. Here the examples widen the story from Auschwitz and Gross-Rosen to encompass the camp system in general. This allows us to capture something of the general scene in Germany at the end of the war as we follow some of the same routes trodden by the ITS fieldworkers as they set about to discover the details of the death marches. The chapter then examines the ‘liberation’, using the ITS archives. Irrespective of the circumstances, it quickly becomes clear that for most survivors, initial feelings of joy were almost immediately tempered by a realization of the devastation that had befallen their families and communities, and fear at what the future might hold.
Forming a Study Group
Authors: Israel Jonathan I. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
When the aspiring young Spinoza of the late 1650s switched from Bible studies and dispute with the rabbis to Cartesianism and pure philosophy, probably during or around 1657, he was embarking on an important change in his life. But it is crucial to be clear as to whether this was a retreat from an engaged activist subversion of religious authority into the quieter realm of pure philosophizing, far from the public gaze, or, as argued here, an amalgamation of philosophy with activist critique of religious authority that in important respects continued his campaign of 1655–6 against religious authority welding the two strands into a subversive political as well as anti-church strategy.
Voorburg (1663–1664)
Authors: Israel Jonathan I. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
By the late spring of 1663 when moving to Voorburg, Spinoza felt exposed to disturbing risk in more ways than one, finding himself precariously positioned, almost trapped, in opposition to the entire prevailing edifice of religious authority, theology, and philosophy. Contrary to Oldenburg’s urging, he preferred to err on the side of caution rather than risk publishing a text like the Korte Verhandeling bound to severely antagonize the theologians, synods, universities, city magistrates, and ultimately the States of Holland. Equally, he found himself in collision to a degree with the more narrowly empiricist scientific culture of Bacon, Boyle, Steno, and Oldenburg, clashing with their experimental science whose methods and assumptions he endorsed in part but whose underlying theological premises and implacably non-committal, eclectic, and tentative attitude to what he called sound philosophy he felt firmly at odds with. He would soon be on the verge too of finding himself at odds with the Republic’s powerful Cartesian faction.
Invasion, Slump, and Comets (1665–1666)
Authors: Israel Jonathan I. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Convinced by 1665 that confronting the militant Calvinist faction and the role of Reformed theology in Dutch society and the Calvinist-Orangist alliance against de Witt’s “True Freedom” now mattered more than continuing with his Ethics, Spinoza at this point left the latter aside and, as he explains in a letter to Oldenburg, began writing his Tractatus Theologico-Politicus. This chapter also recounts Spinoza’s response to the Munsterite invasion of the United Provinces, and his involvement as well as that of Oldenburg, Huygens, Hevelius, and others in the great comet controversy of 1664–5
The Tragedy of the Brothers Koerbagh (1668–1669)
Authors: Israel Jonathan I. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the significance for Spinoza’s life and work of the tragic Koerbagh affair of 1668–9 which ended with the suppression of the Koerbaghs’ books and Adriaan Koerbagh’s trial, imprisonment, and death in prison. The chapter notes that Adriaen and Johannes Koerbagh have been relatively little discussed in English-language scholarship and, when they are, are often incorrectly characterized as disciples of Hobbes. The difference between following Hobbes and following Spinoza is here strongly emphasized. The brothers had notable links with the Amsterdam Collegiants but were also critical of them. Although the Koerbaghs were part of a close network, with lasting intellectual ties especially to Spinoza, Van Berckel, Bouwmeester, and Meyer, Adriaan, evincing something of a “martyr” temperament, willingly took the entire dire consequences of his defiant rashness in publishing his books upon himself alone.
Spinoza Completes his Philosophical System
Authors: Israel Jonathan I. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers how the different parts of Spinoza’s philosophy hang together and the close interaction on various levels of his principal philosophical work, the Ethics, with his two political treatises, the TTP and the TP. It looks at the relationship between human rationality and our efforts to restrain the damaging emotions and undesirable behaviour. It examines the roles of the concepts of “multitude” and “the people’ in his thought. It also briefly considers Spinoza’s place in the history of the “general will” tradition and in the wider canon of Western political thought, including his relationship to Hobbes and Rousseau as a political thinker.