bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aeschines (Aischines)
Authors: Harris Edward M. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAeschines (born c. 390bce) was an Athenian politician and orator. He was one of the ambassadors who negotiated the Peace of Philokrates in 346, which was the beginning of the longstanding antagonism between himself and Demosthenes. Three speeches survive:Against Timarchos(346),On the False Embassy(343), andAgainst Ktesiphon(330).
Legislation, Greek and Roman
Authors: Fisher Roger S. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractLegislation is distinct from other sources of law such as unwritten custom and judicial decisions by judges or juries. Legislation first appeared in the Greek and Roman world with the introduction of writing and was always associated with a legislative body or person(s) with delegated rule‐making authority. Legislation is one part of a larger legal culture in the Greek and Roman world. How legislative rules were enacted, interpreted, applied, and amended was largely determined by specific social and political circumstances.
Italy, southern
Authors: Owens E. J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Geographically, southern Italy is characterized by the high mountains of the Apennines and the fertile coastal plains, and this geography produced characteristically independent peoples. Its history and development were influenced by the Greeks, Etruscans, and Romans. The communities gained full Roman citizenship after the Social War and became part of a united Italy. The area enjoyed the benefits of the
pax Romana
in the first two and a half centuries
ce
, after which it suffered from the barbarian invasions, and in the second half of the sixth century came under the influence of Byzantine emperors from Constantinople.
Municipia, Roman Republic
Authors: Owens E. J. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractMunicipia(sing.municipium) were the institution by which the Romans incorporated Italian communities into the Roman state, permitting the expansion of the Roman citizen‐body without fundamentally affecting Rome's city‐state (polis) institutions. They were a vital mechanism of Roman expansion and control in Italy and later in the provinces. Although incorporated into the Roman state,municipiamaintained their local identity and retained their local political autonomy. After the Social War (91–88bce), all Italian communities becamemunicipiaand before the end of the Republican period, the process of granting municipal status to communities in some provinces had begun.
Anunnaki and Igigi
Authors: Villard† Pierre 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The terms Anunnaki and Igigi designate two categories of Mesopotamian gods, whose precise definition varied over time. In the Sumerian corpus, as well as in the Old Babylonian period, the Anunnaki are the major divinities, the Igigi the inferior divinities. From the end of the second millennium, the Anunnakū are the chthonic deities and the Igigū the celestial deities.
Preparation, Structural Identification and Reactivities of Two Benziodazole‐type I(III) Reagents
Authors: Yang Zhifang , Sun Fengxia , Xu Jun , Li Yadong , Yang Kaiyue , Du Yunfei 
Published: June 2023

AbstractTreating 2‐acetyl‐1‐chloro‐1,2‐dihydro‐3H‐1λ3‐benzo[d][1,2]iodazol‐3‐one1 fwith sliver cyanate in dried chloroform was found to give hypervalent isocyanato‐iodine(III) reagent5in excellent yield, while the oxo‐bridged 1,1′‐oxybis(2‐acetyl‐1,2‐dihydro‐3H‐1λ3‐benzo[d][1,2]iodaz‐ol‐3‐one)6was obtained when a mixture of chloroform and water was used as solvent. Structure of these two hypervalent iodine reagents were established by X‐ray crystallography and their reaction with base, aniline, methanol and cyclic ether were investigated. A previously reported 1‐cyanato benziodoxole compound was revisited and its structure was revised.
Elucidating the Role of Prelithiation in Si‐based Anodes for Interface Stabilization
Authors: Bai Shuang , Bao Wurigumula , Qian Kun , Han Bing , Li Weikang , Sayahpour Baharak , Sreenarayanan Bhagath , Tan Darren H.S. , Ham So‐yeon , Meng Ying Shirley 
Published: June 2023

AbstractPrelithiation as a facile and effective method to compensate the lithium inventory loss in the initial cycle has progressed considerably both on anode and cathode sides. However, much less research has been devoted to the prelithiation effect on the interface stabilization for long‐term cycling of Si‐based anodes. An in‐depth quantitative analysis of the interface that forms during the prelithiation of SiOx is presented here and the results are compared with prelithiaton of Si anodes. Local structure probe combined with detailed electrochemical analysis reveals that a characteristic mosaic interface is formed on both prelithiated SiOx and Si anodes. This mosaic interface containing multiple lithium silicates phases, is fundamentally different from the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formed without prelithiation. The ideal conductivity and mechanical properties of lithium silicates enable improved cycling stability of both prelithiated anodes. With a higher ratio of lithium silicates due to the oxygen participation, prelithiated SiO1.3 anode improves the initial coulombic efficiency to 94% in full cell and delivers good cycling retention (77%) after 200 cycles. The insights provided in this work can be used to further optimize high Si loading (>70% by weight) based anodes in future high energy density batteries.
Peptide‐Hypervalent Iodine Reagent Chimeras: Enabling Peptide Functionalization and Macrocyclization**
Authors: Liu Xing‐Yu , Ji Xinjian , Heinis Christian , Waser Jerome 
Published: June 2023

AbstractHerein, we report a novel strategy for the modification of peptides based on the introduction of highly reactive hypervalent iodine reagents—ethynylbenziodoxolones (EBXs)—onto peptides. These peptide‐EBXs can be readily accessed, by both solution‐ and solid‐phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). They can be used to couple the peptide to other peptides or a protein through reaction with Cys, leading to thioalkynes in organic solvents and hypervalent iodine adducts in water buffer. Furthermore, a photocatalytic decarboxylative coupling to the C‐terminus of peptides was developed using an organic dye and was also successful in an intramolecular fashion, leading to macrocyclic peptides with unprecedented crosslinking. A rigid linear aryl alkyne linker was essential to achieve high affinity for Keap1 at the Nrf2 binding site with potential protein‐protein interaction inhibition.
Synthese von Trifluormethylierten Alkenen: hypervalentes Iod trifft hochvalentes Kupfer
Authors: Milzarek Tobias Michael , Waser Jerome 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDie erste Trifluormethylierung von Vinylbenziodoxolonen (VBX) wird hier berichtet. Die Synthesemethode basiert auf stabilen, hochvalenten Kupfer(IIII) Verbindungen, kann unter thermischen Bedingungen und/oder Bestrahlung (365 nm) initiert werden und ermöglicht den stereoselektiven Zugang zu trifluoromethylierten Alkenen. Als Ausgangsstoffe können zahlreiche VBX‐Reagenzien verwendet werden, die von Tyrosin, Cystein, kleinen Peptiden, Thiolen und Amiden abgeleitet sind. Die erhaltenen Alkene können durch Reduktion oder Epoxidierung der trifluoromethylierten Doppelbindung weiter funktionalisiert werden. Darüber hinaus kann die Methode in großen Batch‐/Flow‐Synthesen angewendet und unter Bestrahlung mit sichtbarem Licht durchgeführt werden.
Expedient Access to Enantioenriched 1‐Azaspiro Cyclobutanones Enabled by Modified Heyns Rearrangement
Authors: Panda Shibaram , Ghorai Prasanta 
Published: June 2023

AbstractLeveraging the unexplored regions of chemical space, the integration of spirocyclic cyclobutane in a molecular scaffold opens up a new vista in modern drug discovery. Despite recent advancements in achieving the synthesis of such motifs, strategies for their asymmetric construction have not been well‐recognized and remain a formidable challenge. Herein, for the first time, we have demonstrated a chiral Brønsted acid‐catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of 1‐azaspiro cyclobutanone enabled by an unusual reactivity of enamine that explore the potentiality of Heyns rearrangement upon electrophilic modification. This design strategy offers viable access to a wide range of cyclobutanone containing spiroindoline and spiropyrrolidine derivatives in good yields with excellent stereoselectivities (up to >99 % ee, >20 : 1 dr). Furthermore, the practicality of this methodology has been shown by a scale‐up synthesis of spirocyclic products and their facile post‐synthetic modifications.
Chirality‐Dependent Reprogramming of Macrophages by Chiral Nanozymes
Authors: Zhang Yu , Cui Tingting , Yang Jie , Huang Ying , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIt is known that extracellular free radical reactive oxygen species (ROS) rather than intracellular ROS plays a non‐substitutable role in regulation of tumor‐suppressing (M1) tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) polarization. However, most therapeutic nanoplatforms mainly provide intracellular ROS and exhibit insufficient accumulation near TAMs, which strongly limits the macrophage‐based immunotherapeutic effects. Here we design and synthesize chiral MoS2/CoS2 nanozymes with peroxidase (POD)‐like and catalase (CAT)‐like activities to efficiently modulate TAMs polarization and reverse tumor immunosuppression by harnessing their chirality‐specific interactions with biological systems. MoS2/CoS2 nanoparticles coordinated with d‐chirality (d‐NPs, right‐handed) show improved pharmacokinetics with longer circulating half‐life and higher tumor accumulation compared with their l (left‐handed)‐ and dl (racemate)‐counterparts. Further, d‐NPs can escape from macrophage uptake in the tumor microenvironment (TME) with the aid of cell‐unpreferred opposite chirality and act as extracellular hydroxyl radicals (⋅OH) and oxygen (O2) generators to efficiently repolarize TAMs into M1 phenotype. On the contrary, l‐NPs showed high cellular uptake due to chirality‐driven homologous adhesion between l‐NPs and macrophage membrane, leading to limited M1 polarization performance. As the first example for developing chiral nanozymes as extracellular‐localized ROS generators to reprogram TAMs for cancer immunotherapy, this study opens an avenue for applications of chiral nanozymes in immunomodulation.
Ligand‐Controlled Regiodivergence in Nickel‐Catalyzed Vinylcyclopropane Rearrangement
Authors: Irifune Keiichi , Yamazaki Ken , Nakamuro Takayuki , Murakami Masahiro , Miura Tomoya 
Published: June 2023

AbstractA ligand‐controlled regiodivergence in Ni‐catalyzed rearrangement of vinylcyclopropanes to 1,4‐ or 1,5‐disubstituted cyclopentenes is reported. The 1,4‐ or 1,5‐disubstituted cyclopentene is selectively obtained depending on the choice of ligands. Detailed kinetic studies and density functional theory calculations on the catalytic cycle revealed that the product selectivity is determined at the reductive elimination step from the six‐membered η1‐allyl intermediate.
Curcumin‐based bioactive heterocycles derived via multicomponent reactions
Authors: Nagargoje Amol A. , Shaikh Mubarak H. , Shingate Bapurao B. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractCurcumin is an important phytochemical, found in the Asian countries, especially in the Indian subcontinent. The use of this “privileged natural product” in the diversity‐oriented synthesis of curcumin‐based heterocycles via multicomponent reactions (MCRs) is the subject of interest for many medicinal chemists across the globe. This review particularly focuses on the reactions involving curcuminoids as one of the reactants in the MCRs of curcuminoid to synthesize curcumin‐based heterocycles. Also, the various pharmacological activities of curcumin‐based heterocycles generated via the MCR approach are discussed. The research work published in the last 10 years is in the focus of this review article.
Distributed observer design for interconnected nonlinear systems with faults and disturbances based on dynamic event conditions
Authors: Guo Bin , Dian Songyi , Zhao Tao , You Xingxing 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis study investigated the observer design schemes for interconnected nonlinear systems with actuator faults, sensor faults, external disturbances, and limited measured resources. A novel effective distributed estimation scheme is presented for the interconnected nonlinear system to estimate the states, faults, and lumped disturbances, simultaneously. To save communication resources and to improve information utilization, an adaptive event condition is designed in the sensor channel, and the triggered values are utilized to design the observer. Especially, to handle the sensor fault, the output is separated into two parts, and the estimation is realized with the help of a normal one. In the first part of this study, a class of interconnected nonlinear systems with partial loss of effectiveness of sensor fault is considered, and an event‐based distributed estimation scheme is established. In the second part, a class of more universal feedback interconnected nonlinear with both partial loss sensor fault and bias sensor fault is investigated. An augment system is formulated by an augmented vector composed of state and sensor faults. And then the estimation scheme is realized by utilizing the presented event‐based distributed observer. The convergence abilities of both the two conditions are proved and, finally, the estimation performances of the presented observer are verified by a numerical simulation system and an inverted pendulum system.
Improved self‐oscillating control of a quadratic buck converter for constant voltage applications
Authors: Goudarzian Alireza 
Published: June 2023

AbstractA great number of switching power supplies are used to provide a variable voltage for resistive‐inductive loads. However, some applications in industry, require a regulated current with a constant voltage such as battery charging systems, LED drivers, and laboratory equipment for power converters connected to PV cells. Additionally, some constant voltage systems are intrinsically unstable, and therefore, they cannot be used without a closed‐loop compensatory circuit. Hence, this article describes a novel smooth starter system behaving as a current source for constant voltage applications. The proposed technology is implemented by a quadratic buck converter, and then, a self‐oscillating control technique is applied for performing the output current regulation of the converter, which is capable of aiding to improve the system performance, stabilize the overall system, protect the converter from transient current oscillations, and provide an acceptable control performance. In addition to practical aspects, soft starter methods and limitation of the constant voltage power converter are mentioned and described in this article. The designed structure has not only the advantages of smooth response and simplicity to construct but also performs a nearly zero steady‐state error regulation. The power stage, the control scheme, and the modulator are explained in detail and validated by experiments.
Event‐triggered model predictive control of switched systems with denial‐of‐service attacks
Authors: Yan Jingjing , Shi Lixiang , Xia Yuanqing , Zhang Yingqi 
Published: June 2023

AbstractObserver‐based model predictive control (MPC) for the discrete‐time switched systems suffered by event‐triggered mechanism and denial‐of‐service (DoS) attacks is discussed in this paper. We assume that the switch is slow enough and the attacker's energy is limited. To save network resources, an event‐triggered mechanism is designed based on dwell time and triggered error. Under the coupled influence of attack and trigger, a complex mismatch of system mode and controller mode occurs, which brings difficulties to the transformation of MPC optimization problem. To address this problem, a new performance index coefficient is designed by using the increasing/decreasing law of Lyapunov function. On this basis, the transformation of the optimization problem is realized. Then, the controller gain and observer gain for the attack‐free case are designed to guarantee the exponential convergence of the closed‐loop system. In the presence of attacks, we obtain the upper bound of attack duty cycle, below which the exponential convergence of the system can still be archived. An example is illustrated at last to verify the validity of the main results.
Softwaretools in der Lehre des Fachgebietes Bauphysik an der RPTU in Kaiserslautern
Authors: Carrigan Svenja , Kornadt Oliver 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDiese Artikelserie stellt den Einsatz von Computerprogrammen in der Hochschullehre der Bauphysik und Gebäudetechnik für Architekten und Bauingenieure vor. Das Fachgebiet Bauphysik/Energetische Gebäudeoptimierung (Fachbereich Bauingenieurwesen) der RPTU in Kaiserslautern bietet Vorlesungen und Seminare für Studierende des Bauingenieurwesens im Bachelor und Master und für Studierende der Architektur im Bachelor an. Darüber hinaus werden Veranstaltungen für andere Studiengänge angeboten. Softwaretools kommen vornehmlich im Vertiefungsmodul „Bauphysik – Energieeffizienz und Modellierung“ des Master‐Studiengangs „Konstruktiver Ingenieurbau“ des Bauingenieurwesens zum Einsatz. Die Studierenden werden in die Grundlagen der bauphysikalischen Modellbildung und Simulation eingeführt. Fokus der Lehrveranstaltungen ist es, die Methodenkompetenz der Erlernung und korrekten Anwendung von Simulationsprogrammen zu erwerben und das Verständnis der bauphysikalischen Vorgänge in Bauteil, Raum und Gebäude zu vertiefen.
Engineering Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) for high‐yield production of germacrene A, a precursor of β‐elemene via combinatorial metabolic engineering strategies
Authors: Fordjour Eric , Liu Chun‐Li , Hao Yunpeng , Sackey Isaac , Yang Yankun , Liu Xiuxia , Li Ye , Tan Tianwei , Bai Zhonghu 
Published: June 2023

Abstractβ‐elemene is one of the most commonly used antineoplastic drugs in cancer treatment. As a plant‐derived natural chemical, biologically engineering microorganisms to produce germacrene A to be converted to β‐elemene harbors great expectations since chemical synthesis and plant isolation methods come with their production deficiencies. In this study, we report the design of an Escherichia coli cell factory for the de novo production of germacrene A to be converted to β‐elemene from a simple carbon source. A series of systematic approaches of engineering the isoprenoid and central carbon pathways, translational and protein engineering of the sesquiterpene synthase, and exporter engineering yielded high‐efficient β‐elemene production. Specifically, deleting competing pathways in the central carbon pathway ensured the availability of acetyl‐coA, pyruvate, and glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate for the isoprenoid pathways. Adopting lycopene color as a high throughput screening method, an optimized NSY305N was obtained via error‐prone polymerase chain reaction mutagenesis. Further overexpression of key pathway enzymes, exporter genes, and translational engineering produced 1161.09 mg/L of β‐elemene in a shake flask. Finally, we detected the highest reported titer of 3.52 g/L of β‐elemene and 2.13 g/L germacrene A produced by an E. coli cell factory in a 4‐L fed‐batch fermentation. The systematic engineering reported here generally applies to microbial production of a broader range of chemicals. This illustrates that rewiring E. coli central metabolism is viable for producing acetyl‐coA‐derived and pyruvate‐derived molecules cost‐effectively.
Optimising Electrical Interfacing between the Trimeric Copper Nitrite Reductase and Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Contaldo Umberto , Padrosa David Roura , Jamet Hélène , Albrecht Martin , Paradisi Francesca , Le Goff Alan 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe immobilization of copper‐containing nitrite reductase (NiR) from Alcaligenes faecalis on functionalised multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) electrodes is reported. It is demonstrated that this immobilization is mainly driven by hydrophobic interactions, promoted by the modification of MWCNTs with adamantyl groups. Direct electrochemistry shows high bioelectrochemical reduction of nitrite at the redox potential of NiR with high current density of 1.41 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the desymmetrization of the trimer upon immobilization induces an independent electrocatalytic behavior for each of the three enzyme subunits, corroborated by an electron‐tunneling distance dependence.
Heterobimetallic Hydrides with a Germanium(II)‐Zinc Bond
Authors: Mahawar Pritam , Rajeshkumar Thayalan , Maron Laurent , Spaniol Thomas P. , Okuda Jun 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn the presence of TMEDA (TMEDA=N,N,N’,N’‐tetramethylethylenediamine), zinc dihydride reacted with germanium(II) compounds (BDI−H)Ge (1) and [(BDI)Ge][B(3,5‐(CF3)2C6H3)4] (3) (BDI‐H = HC{(C=CH2)(CMe)(NAr)2}, BDI = [HC(CMeNAr)2]; Ar = 2,6‐iPr2C6H3) by formal insertion of the germanium(II) center into the Zn−H bond of polymeric [ZnH2]n to give neutral and cationic zincagermane with a H−Ge‐Zn−H core [(BDI−H)Ge(H)‐(H)Zn(tmeda)] (2) and [(BDI)Ge(H)‐(H)Zn(tmeda)][B(3,5‐(CF3)2C6H3)4] (4), respectively. Compound 2 eliminated [ZnH2] giving diamido germylene 1 at 60 °C. Compound 2 and deuterated analogue 2‐d2 exchanged with [ZnH2]n and [ZnD2]n in the presence of TMEDA to give a mixture of 2 and 2‐d2. Compounds 2 and 4 reacted with carbon dioxide (1 bar) at room temperature to form zincagermane diformate [(BDI−H)Ge(OCHO)‐(OCHO)Zn(tmeda)] (5) and formate bridged digermylene [({BDI}Ge)2(μ‐OCHO)]+[B(C6H3(CF3)2)4] (6) along with zinc formate [(tmeda)Zn(μ‐OCHO)3Zn(tmeda)][B(C6H3(CF3)2)4] (7), respectively. The hydridic nature of the Ge−H and Zn−H bonds in 2 and 4 was probed by reactions with Brönsted and Lewis acids.
Superionic Conductivity in Sodium Zirconium Chloride‐Based Compounds
Authors: Inoishi Atsushi , Nojima Akinobu , Tanaka Maika , Suyama Miyuki , Okada Shigeto , Sakaebe Hikari 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAll‐solid‐state sodium batteries are attracting intensive attention, and chloride‐based solid electrolytes are promising candidates for use in such batteries because of their high chemical stability and low Young's modulus. Here, we report new superionic conductors based on polyanion‐added chloride‐based materials. Na0.67Zr(SO4)0.33Cl4 showed a high ionic conductivity of 1.6 mS cm−1 at room temperature. X‐ray diffraction analysis indicated that the highly conducting materials are mainly a mixture of an amorphous phase and Na2ZrCl6. The conductivity might be dominated by the electronegativity of the central atom of the polyanion. Electrochemical measurements reveal that Na0.67Zr(SO4)0.33Cl4 is a sodium ionic conductor and is suitable for use as a solid electrolyte in all‐solid‐state sodium batteries.