bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mental capacity and mental health law cases
Authors: Eastman Nigel , Adshead Gwen , Fox Simone , Latham Richard , Whyte Seán 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter features five cases that relate to mental capacity and mental health law cases. The first explores mental capacity in the context of refusal of a Caesarean section. In the second case ‘appropriate treatment’ tests in personality disorders are explored. The third case is focused on choosing between mental health and capacity law in the contexts of autism and mild learning difficulties. The fourth case is on performing assessments at the police station of a person with psychosis who is facing murder charges. The fifth case regards residual common law powers such as a delay in emergency situations. Each case raises relevant questions for the practitioner to consider. Clinical, legal, clinico-legal, ethical issues are discussed for each of the five cases.
The critique matrix
Authors: Eastman Nigel , Adshead Gwen , Fox Simone , Latham Richard , Whyte Seán 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
We can perhaps most easily address external critiquing of decisions by considering a ‘matrix’ with two dimensions. First, is the ‘level’ of critique (i.e. the subject matter an individual case, a case type, or a whole are of practice). Second, is the ‘method’ of critique: for example, clinical, legal, professional regulatory, internal service inquiry, external inquiry, or peer review. Various methods can be applied to the different levels of critique; albeit some methods do not fit some levels (e.g. the clinical method of audit only operates on case types or areas of practice, not individual cases). This chapter introduces the critique matrix as a way of elaborating on varying methods of how to critique one’s own decisions, including their nature and limitations, and how to choose a valid form of self-critique for specific types of cases.
Conclusion
Authors: Eastman Nigel , Adshead Gwen , Fox Simone , Latham Richard , Whyte Seán 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The destination we have arrived at after reviewing a range of critique paradigms is, perhaps in a somewhat self-serving fashion for the casebook, that individual self-reflection represents the gold standard. And that the very best guardian of good practice, be it clinical, clinico-legal, or ethical, and potentially even the greatest safety from external critique, is via learning the habit of self-reflection: that is, awareness and constant vigilance throughout daily practice in regard to the thinking and values we apply to cases. We hope that addressing the cases in Part B of the casebook will assist colleagues in pursuit of such good practice. This chapter provides a conclusion on the chapters in Section C.
What is a clinical trial?
Authors: Cook Jonathan A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets the scene for the rest of the book by giving a brief history of clinical trials, their purposes, and the motivation behind their conduct. The key ethical considerations and the role of regulatory bodies and related legislation are also covered. Within this chapter the main types of clinical trials are described and how they differ in their focus and design is addressed using examples. Differences between clinical trials that evaluate drug and non-drug treatments are also covered. Finally, the role of clinical trials today is considered, followed by a short outline of the rest of the book.
Alternative randomized controlled trial designs
Authors: Cook Jonathan A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains the circumstances under which the standard randomized controlled trial design might not be a suitable design, or may not be feasible. Common alternative randomized controlled trial designs and trial modifications are considered using example clinical trials. Designs which vary the randomisation options (multi-arm), or what is randomised (within-person, crossover and cluster designs) are considered. The difference between an adaptive and fixed trial design is reviewed and the reasons for their use considered. Supra-trial designs are also covered. Why each of these designs might be used is addressed. How to choose an appropriate design is also considered.
Large-step neural network for learning the symplectic evolution from partitioned data
Authors: Li Xin , Li Jian , Xia Zhihong Jeff , Georgakarakos Nikolaos 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
In this study, we focus on learning Hamiltonian systems, which involves predicting the coordinate ($\boldsymbol q$) and momentum ($\boldsymbol p$) variables generated by a symplectic mapping. Based on Chen & Tao (2021), the symplectic mapping is represented by a generating function. To extend the prediction time period, we develop a new learning scheme by splitting the time series ($\boldsymbol q_i$, $\boldsymbol p_i$) into several partitions. We then train a large-step neural network (LSNN) to approximate the generating function between the first partition (i.e. the initial condition) and each one of the remaining partitions. This partition approach makes our LSNN effectively suppress the accumulative error when predicting the system evolution. Then we train the LSNN to learn the motions of the 2:3 resonant Kuiper belt objects for a long time period of 25 000 yr. The results show that there are two significant improvements over the neural network constructed in our previous work: (1) the conservation of the Jacobi integral and (2) the highly accurate predictions of the orbital evolution. Overall, we propose that the designed LSNN has the potential to considerably improve predictions of the long-term evolution of more general Hamiltonian systems.
Collision-induced excitation of ammonia in warm interstellar and circumstellar environments
Authors: Demes Sándor , Lique François , Loreau Jérôme , Faure Alexandre 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
Ammonia (NH3) is the first polyatomic molecule detected in the interstellar medium. Both its spectroscopic and collisional properties have been extensively studied earlier, and NH3 has often been used in laboratory astrophysics studies to compare high-level scattering calculations with state-of-the-art experiments. Nevertheless, some of its important collisional properties remain unresolved. In this paper, we report state-to-state and thermally averaged collisional data for the rotational excitation of NH3 by H2 calculated with the close-coupling quantum theory. Both nuclear spin symmetries (ortho/para) of the colliders are studied. Similar research has been carried out previously, providing rate coefficients up to a temperature of 200 K for rotational states with internal energy up to ∼420 cm−1. Here, we have computed cross sections for collision energies up to 4700 cm−1 and rate coefficients up to 500 K. Most of the rotation-inversion levels of ammonia have been considered below the first vibrational excitation threshold, leading to a total of 33 ortho- and 62 para-NH3 states. We have compared our results with the most accurate data for He and H atoms available in the literature. The propensity rules have also been analysed in the case of high rotational levels of NH3. The rate coefficients obtained by averaging over the thermal H2 relative populations exhibit significantly larger magnitudes than the state-to-state collisional data in the case of NH3 transitions with large internal energy difference, when the rotational energy transfer between the colliders is strong.
Conformational Dynamics of the D53−D3−D14 Complex in Strigolactone Signaling
Authors: Liu Simiao , Wang Jia , Song Bin , Gong Xinqi , Liu Huihui , Hu Qingliang , Zhang Junhui , Li Qianqian , Zheng Jie , Wang Hongwei , Xu H Eric , Li Jiayang , Wang Bing 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) play fundamental roles in regulating plant architecture, which is a major factor determining crop yield. The perception and signal transduction of SLs require the formation of a complex containing the receptor DWARF14 (D14), an F-box protein D3 and a transcriptional regulator D53 in an SL-dependent manner. Structural and biochemical analyses of D14 and its orthologs DAD2 and AtD14, D3 and the complexes of ASK1−D3−AtD14 and D3CTH–D14 have made great contributions to understanding the mechanisms of SL perception. However, structural analyses of D53 and the D53−D3−D14 holo-complex are challenging, and the biochemical mechanism underlying the complex assembly remains poorly understood. Here, we found that apo-D53 was rather flexible and reconstituted the holo-complex containing D53, S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1), D3 and D14 with rac-GR24. The cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of SKP1−D3−D14 in the presence of D53 was analyzed and superimposed on the crystal structure of ASK1−D3−AtD14 without D53. No large conformational rearrangement was observed, but a 9Å rotation appeared between D14 and AtD14. Using hydrogen–deuterium exchange monitored by mass spectrometry, we analyzed dynamic motifs of D14, D3 and D53 in the D53−SKP1−D3−D14 complex assembly process and further identified two potential interfaces in D53 that are located in the N and D2 domains, respectively. Together, our results uncovered the dynamic conformational changes and built a model of the holo-complex D53−SKP1−D3−D14, offering valuable information for the biochemical and genetic mechanisms of SL perception and signal transduction.
Building the Science of Physical Therapy: Conundrums and a Wicked Problem
Authors: Landers Merrill R , Deusinger Susan S 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Producing science that supports the physical therapist profession in all its endeavors is critical to ensure that the best evidence is used in practice and education. In this Perspective, numerous conundrums are discussed that can constrain efforts to be productive in research in the academic institutions that serve as the intellectual centers of the discipline. Taken together, these conundrums and the conditions that create them collectively contribute to the wicked problem of how to generate sufficient evidence to support the practice of physical therapy. In response, this Perspective recommends changes in the Standards and Elements of the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education to support the importance of faculty research, reconfigure the rules for faculty composition, and introduce a new metric of productivity that reinforces the need of all programs to produce evidence for the profession, while still allowing flexibility and institutional prerogative to govern how this need is expressed.
A proteomics study of rheumatoid arthritis patients on etanercept identifies putative biomarkers associated with clinical outcome measures
Authors: Ling Stephanie F , Yap Chuan Fu , Nair Nisha , Bluett James , Morgan Ann W , Isaacs John D , Wilson Anthony G , Hyrich Kimme L , Barton Anne , Plant Darren 
Published: June 2023

AbstractObjectivesBiologic DMARDs (bDMARDs) are widely used in patients with RA, but response to bDMARDs is heterogeneous. The objective of this work was to identify pretreatment proteomic biomarkers associated with RA clinical outcome measures in patients starting bDMARDs.MethodsSequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS) was used to generate spectral maps of sera from patients with RA before and after 3 months of treatment with the bDMARD etanercept. Protein levels were regressed against RA clinical outcome measures, i.e. 28-joint DAS (DAS28) and its subcomponents and DAS28 &lt;2.6 (i.e. remission). The proteins with the strongest evidence for association were analysed in an independent, replication dataset. Finally, subnetwork analysis was carried out using the Disease Module Detection algorithm and biological plausibility of identified proteins was assessed by enrichment analysis.ResultsA total of 180 patients with RA were included in the discovery dataset and 58 in the validation dataset from a UK-based prospective multicentre study. Ten individual proteins were found to be significantly associated with RA clinical outcome measures. The association of T-complex protein 1 subunit η with DAS28 remission was replicated in an independent cohort. Subnetwork analysis of the 10 proteins from the regression analysis identified the ontological theme, with the strongest associations being with acute phase and acute inflammatory responses.ConclusionThis longitudinal study of 180 patients with RA commencing etanercept has identified several putative protein biomarkers of treatment response to this drug, one of which was replicated in an independent cohort.
Comparative effectiveness of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on cardiorenal function and treatment adherence: a prevalent new-user design study in tertiary hospitals
Authors: Sim Ruth , Chong Chun Wie , Loganadan Navin Kumar , Adam Noor Lita , Hussein Zanariah , Lee Shaun Wen Huey 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Data on the long-term effects comparing sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) are scarce, especially from middle-income countries. To examine the effects of SGLT2i and DPP4i on the cardiorenal function and treatment adherence for people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) using prevalent new-user design in real-world setting.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study in two tertiary hospitals in Malaysia and matched T2D patients initiated on SGLT2i or DPP4i from 2010 to 2021 using time-conditional propensity score. Outcomes of interest included cardiovascular and renal outcomes, as well as clinical lab outcomes, adherence and non-persistence. The hazard ratios for cardiorenal outcomes were inferred using Cox proportional hazards model.

Key findings
The cohort included 1528 patients, with 406 SGLT2i users matched with 406 DPP4i users. Over a median follow-up of 1.52 years, no differences in cardiorenal outcomes were observed. Patients initiated with SGLT2i had lower HbA1c at 12 months (−0.79%, P &lt; 0.001) compared with DPP4i (−0.49%, P &lt; 0.05; difference: −0.30%, P &lt; 0.05). No differences in the renal, lipid, weight and blood pressure parameters were observed between both groups. Higher medication persistence was noted among SGLT2i users compared with DPP4i users (92% vs 87%, P = 0.03).

Conclusions
Both medications were comparable in exerting distinct effects on cardiorenal risk factors, with better HbA1c control and medication persistence among SGLT2i users. The long-term cardiorenal outcomes remain undetermined.
Bridging the Gap: Sustained Treatment Effect of Glabellar Lines With Twice-A-Year Treatment With DaxibotulinumtoxinA
Authors: Dover Jeffrey S. , Solish Nowell , Gross Todd M. , Gallagher Conor J. , Brown Jessica 
Published: June 2023

BACKGROUND
To achieve natural-looking outcomes when treating dynamic lines with botulinum toxin (BoNT), retreatment must be timed such that the patient maintains a relatively constant aesthetic outcome. Although first-generation BoNT products require retreatment with 3- to 4-month frequency to avoid discontinuous correction, the average patient returns for treatment every 6 months, when these toxins have generally fully worn off.

OBJECTIVE
To discuss the number of days a typical patient treated with daxibotulinumtoxinA for injection (DAXI) or legacy BoNT products will spend undertreated or uncorrected in a given calendar year.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Median time for maintaining glabellar lines in the “none” or “mild” severity range was compared for approved doses of onabotulinumtoxinA (ONA; 120 days) and DAXI (168 days).

RESULTS
The average patient treated with 40U of DAXI every 6 months can expect to be uncorrected (with “moderate” or “severe” glabellar lines) for 14.5 days between visits compared with 61.5 days for 20U of ONA.

CONCLUSION
An extended duration BoNT product can be expected to create greater consistency in aesthetic outcome and minimize the discontinuous correction commonly seen with first-generation BoNT products for patients treated twice a year, without requiring a change in patient behavior regarding visit frequency.
Survival Outcomes and Prognostic Factors of Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Analysis
Authors: Chen Shijing , Xiong Lidan , Zhao Lingyun , Li Yiming , Li Li 
Published: June 2023

BACKGROUND
Limited information is available regarding survival outcomes and risk factors of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP).

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics and survival outcomes of DFSP.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study cohort (7,567 patients) was selected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (2000–2018). Demographic and clinicopathologic variables, survival outcomes, and prognostic factors were analyzed.

RESULTS
A total of 5,640 (74.53%) and 1,927 (25.47%) tumors were located in the skin and soft tissue, respectively. The median follow-up duration was 92 months. Median follow-up times were similar between patients with lymph node (107 months) and distant (102 months) metastases; the median survival time of the 89 patients (1.18%) who died of DFSP was significantly short (41 months, p < .001). Independent risk factors for cancer-specific mortality included age at diagnosis, histologic grade, and tumor size. Patients with tumors ≥10 cm in size or histologic grade III had significantly higher DFSP-specific mortality (7.07% and 10.08%, respectively, p < .001). Tumor locations and surgical procedures did not significantly influence survival.

CONCLUSION
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans has a favorable survival prognosis, even in patients with node-positive or distant metastases. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans-specific mortality is significantly higher in patients with grade III or large (≥10 cm) tumors.
Sleep apnea and cardiovascular risk
Authors: Rajachandran Manu , Nickel Nils , Lange Richard A. 
Published: June 2023

Purpose of review
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with several cardiovascular risk predictors that have only recently begun to be studied in detail. The strong association between OSA and hypertension, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and sudden cardiac death underscores its significant impact on cardiovascular health. This brief review considers the links between OSA and cardiovascular risk.

Recent findings
OSA is an important contributor to endothelial dysfunction and damage, while repetitive hypoxia and hypercarbia contribute to autonomic dysfunction and sympathetic stimulation. In turn, these derangements have deleterious hematologic effects, including hypercoagulability and abnormal platelet aggregability, which are important in the pathogenesis of atherothrombotic disease.

Summary
The varied deleterious effects of OSA on cardiovascular health stem from a unique ‘perfect storm’ of hypoxic oxidative stress, autonomic dysregulation, endothelial damage, and inflammation occurring at the microvascular level. Further research may disentangle these multiple etiologic threads and provide a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiological relationship between OSA and cardiovascular disease.
Functional symmetry of the aortic baroreflex in female spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Salman Ibrahim M. 
Published: June 2023

Background:
Altered baroreflex function is well documented in hypertension; however, the female sex remains far less studied compared with males. We have previously demonstrated a left-sided dominance in the expression of aortic baroreflex function in male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and normotensive rats of either sex. If lateralization in aortic baroreflex function extends to hypertensive female rats remains undetermined. This study, therefore, assessed the contribution of left and right aortic baroreceptor afferents to baroreflex modulation in female SHRs.

Method:
Anesthetized female SHRs (total n = 9) were prepared for left, right and bilateral aortic depressor nerve (ADN) stimulation (1–40 Hz, 0.2 ms, 0.4 mA for 20 s) and measurement of reflex mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), mesenteric vascular resistance (MVR) and femoral vascular resistance (FVR). All rats were also matched for the diestrus phase of the estrus cycle.

Results:
Reflex (%) reductions in MAP, HR, MVR and FVR were comparable for both left-sided and right-sided stimulation. Bilateral stimulation evoked slightly larger (P = 0.03) reductions in MVR compared with right-sided stimulation; however, all other reflex hemodynamic measures were similar to both left-sided and right-sided stimulation.

Conclusion:
These data show that female SHRs, unlike male SHRs, express similar central integration of left versus right aortic baroreceptor afferent input and thus show no laterization in the aortic baroreflex during hypertension. Marginal increases in mesenteric vasodilation following bilateral activation of the aortic baroreceptor afferents drive no superior depressor responses beyond that of the unilateral stimulation. Clinically, unilateral targeting of the left or right aortic baroreceptor afferents may provide adequate reductions in blood pressure in female hypertensive patients.
Longitudinal microvascular and neuronal retinal evaluation in patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2 and good glycemic control
Authors: Vujosevic Stela , Toma Caterina , Villani Edoardo , Nucci Paolo , Brambilla Marco , Torti Emanuele , Prof Francesco Leporati , De Cillà Stefano 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Purpose:
To evaluate microvascular and neuronal changes over 3 years in patients with type 1/2 diabetes mellitus (DM1/DM2), good metabolic control and no signs of diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Methods:
In this prospective, longitudinal study, 20 DM1, 48 DM2 and 24 controls underwent macular OCT ant OCT-A at baseline and after 3 years. Following parameters were considered: thickness of the central macula (CMT), retinal nerve fiber layer (NFL), ganglion cell (GCL+/GCL++) complex; perfusion and vessel density (PD/VD) and fractal dimension (FD) at the superficial and deep capillary plexuses (SCP/DCP); choriocapillaris flow deficits (CC-FD); foveal avascular zone (FAZ) metrics. MATLAB and ImageJ were used for OCT-A scans analyses.

Results:
Mean HbA1c was 7.4 ± 0.8% in DM1 and 7.2 ± 0.8% in DM2 at baseline, with no change at 3 years. No eye developed DR. In longitudinal analyses, PD at SCP (p=0.03) and FAZ area and perimeter (p<0.0001) significantly increased in DM2 compared to other groups. No longitudinal changes occurred in OCT parameters. In comparisons within groups, DM2 had a significant thinning of GCL++ in the outer ring, decreased PD at DCP and CC-FD, an increase in FAZ perimeter and area in DCP; DM1 had an increase in FAZ perimeter in DCP (p<0.001 for all comparisons).

Conclusion:
Longitudinal data showed significant microvascular retinal changes in DM2. No changes were detected in neuronal parameters and in DM1. Longer and larger studies are needed to confirm these preliminary data.