Effects of Anemia on Cognitive Ability in School-going Adolescents in an Urban Area in India
Authors: Pattebahadur Devyani V. , Patil Dipak 
Published: March 2023

Background:
Anemia is a major nutritional health problem in India. It poses a significant threat to health due to a decrease in oxygen availability to the body. This predisposes the anemic individual to an increased risk of heart problems, stroke, motor or cognitive developmental delays, infections, and other disturbances. Some studies found a correlation between anemia and low IQ scores while others found no such correlation. The authors decided to perform this study to determine whether such a correlation exists in adolescents, a group that is susceptible to anemia.

Methods:
This was a cross-sectional study involving 28 school-going adolescents of an urban area in the age group of 12-15 years, selected by simple random sampling. Individuals with a prior diagnosis of a medical or psychiatric condition were excluded. After obtaining permission from school authorities, ethics committee approval, parental consent, and assent, participants were interviewed using pro forma. Hemoglobin estimation was done by using hemoglobin strips. Cognitive status examination was performed by using Malin’s Intelligence Scale for Indian Children, Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination – Revised, and Mini-Mental State Examination. The data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel version 2010.

Results:
89% of the study population was anemic and 11% was non-anemic. The mean IQ score was 92.4; the mean ACE-R score was 84.2; the mean MMSE score was 26.6. Unpaired t-test was used to analyze the data; tests were done at a 5% significance level. The IQ score +/- standard deviation (SD) in the anemic group was 83.96 +/- 7.74. This score did not reveal any statistically significant difference from the non-anemic group’s IQ score (p = 0.76). The ACE-R score +/- standard deviation (SD) in the anemic group was 84.04 +/- 7.84. This score did not reveal any statistically significant difference from the non-anemic group’s ACE-R score (p = 0.70). The MMSE score +/- standard deviation (SD) in the anemic group was 26.48 +/- 1.66. This score did not reveal any statistically significant difference from the non-anemic group’s MMSE score (p = 0.125).

Conclusion:
The findings suggest that the average IQ, MMSE, and ACE-R scores are lower in the anemic group than in the non-anemic group. However, no statistically significant correlation between hemoglobin level and cognitive function was found in this study.

Key Words: Anemia, Intelligence, Cognition, Adolescent (Source: MeSH-NLM).

Figure or Table:

Comparison of cognitive status examination scores in anemic and normal groups

Parameter

Group

Mean

Standard Deviation (S.D.)

Standard Error of Mean

p-value by unpaired t-test

MMSE Score

Anemic

26.48

1.66

0.332

0.125

Normal

27.67

1.53

0.883

Intelligence Quotient

Anemic

87.22

5.97

1.19

0.76

Normal

93.02

4.93

2.85

ACE-R Score

Anemic

84.04

7.84

1.57

0.7

Normal

85.33

4.93

2.85

Components of ACE-R:

Attention & Orientation

Anemic

16.08

1.29

0.26

0.23

Normal

17

0

0

Memory

Anemic

20.32

4.18

0.84

0.26

Normal

17.67

4.62

2.67

Fluency

Anemic

9.4

2.38

0.48

0.16

Normal

11

0

0

Language

Anemic

23

1.96

0.39

0.16

Normal

24.67

0.58

0.33

Visuospatial

Anemic

15.16

1.25

0.25

0.82

Normal

15

0

0