bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Curvularia, Exophiala, Scedosporium, Sporothrix,
and Other Melanized Fungi
Authors: Guarro Josep , Madrid Hugo , de Hoog Sybren 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

This chapter covers most of the agents of phaeohyphomycosis, chromoblastomycosis, and sporotrichosis, as well as a number of agents of superficial and cutaneous disease. Pleoanamorphism is particularly striking in members of the black yeasts and in the genera
Scedosporium
and
Triadelphia
. Members of the genus
Curvularia
usually produce elongated conidia that are inconspicuously distoseptate and often possess an intermediate, asymmetrically swollen cell that gives the conidia a typically curved appearance.
Exophiala
is the main genus of clinically relevant black yeasts.
Sporothrix brasiliensis
is highly virulent and has caused large epidemics in Brazil; transmission occurs particularly through stray cats. Dematiaceous fungi are able to cause superficial infections, such as those of the skin and nails. Some melanized phialidic fungi were segregated from
Phialophora
on molecular and morphological grounds; these fungi now constitute small islands of clinical significance in the order Calosphaeriales, which otherwise contains plant‐associated moulds.
Microsporidia
Authors: Weiss Louis M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Microsporidia are found in invertebrates and vertebrates, infecting every major animal group. Microsporidia produce distinctive, environmentally resistant spores, and the shape and size of these spores vary depending on the species. This chapter summarizes microsporidia associated with human infection and related clinical manifestations. Encephalitozoon species including
E. intestinalis
,
E. hellem
,and
E. cuniculi
are widely distributed in mammals and have been identified in both immune‐competent and immune‐compromised humans. The successful sequencing of various microsporidia genomes has led to the application of molecular‐based techniques for the diagnosis of microsporidia infections in humans. Serologic assays such as carbon immunoassay, indirect immunofluorescence test, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and immunoblot assays have been used to demonstrate microsporidian‐specific antibodies in several species of animals.
Antifungal Agents
Authors: Lockhart Shawn R. , Berkow Elizabeth L. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

This chapter summarizes the comparative activities of the major systemic antifungal agents against important groups of fungi. It discusses the characteristics of the several other agents that can be used for the oral or parenteral treatment of superficial, subcutaneous, or systemic fungal infections. The allylamines are a group of synthetic antifungal compounds effective in the topical and oral treatment of dermatophytoses. Terbinafine is a lipophilic drug that is available for oral or topical administration. With the exception of fluconazole and isavuconazole, food has a significant effect on the absorption of azole antifungals. Itraconazole is a lipophilic triazole drug available for oral or parenteral administration. Ketoconazole is a lipophilic drug formulated for oral or topical use. The echinocandins are semisynthetic lipopeptide antifungal agents that target the fungal cell wall. Micafungin is a water‐soluble antifungal agent, derived from a fermentation product of
Coleophoma empetri
.
Susceptibility Test Methods: Yeasts and Filamentous Fungi
Authors: Johnson Elizabeth M. , Arendrup Maiken Cavling 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Accurate and predictive antifungal susceptibility testing has become imperative and is widely accepted as a useful tool for informing decision making during the management of patients with invasive fungal infections that recommendations for testing appear in management guidelines. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing have both set clinical breakpoints for a number of antifungal agents and fungal species. Breakpoints are species specific, which makes accurate species identification a vital part of breakpoint interpretation. Quality control of minimal inhibitory concentration tests is essential to good laboratory practice. Standardized broth macrodilution and microdilution methods are available for testing molds and yeasts, as are standardized disk diffusion methods for systemically active antifungal drugs. The application of molecular methods to the detection of resistance in isolates of filamentous fungi has proved to be easier in
Aspergillus
isolates than in
Candida
because resistance mechanisms appear to be fewer.
Antiparasitic Agents
Authors: LEDER KARIN , McGUINNESS SARAH L. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A number of effective antiparasitic drugs are currently available. These agents are important both for therapy of infected individual patients and for control of parasitic infections at the community level. This chapter focuses on the mechanisms of action, pharmacology, clinical utility, and adverse effects of common first‐line antiparasitic therapies and newer drug alternatives. Major anthelmintic drugs, namely, albendazole, mebendazole, praziquantel, ivermectin, and diethylcarbamazine, are reviewed in detail, as is the newly approved moxidectin. Nitazoxanide, an agent with both anthelmintic and antiprotozoal activity, is also discussed. Major antiprotozoal drugs, including those used for malaria, infections with gastrointestinal protozoa, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis, are also reviewed. Nitazoxanide is a 5‐nitrothiazole derivative with broad‐spectrum activity against numerous intestinal protozoa, helminths, and anaerobic bacteria. Major indications for its use are also shown. It was initially developed as a veterinary anthelmintic with activity against intestinal nematodes, cestodes, and liver trematodes.
Susceptibility Test Methods: Parasites
Authors: CLAIN JÉRÔME , COJEAN SANDRINE , HOUZÉ SANDRINE 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Accurate methods for ascertaining responses of parasites to antiparasitic drugs can prove useful at several levels. Drug susceptibility tests can be separated into four broad categories:
in vivo
tests,
in vitro
tests, tests with experimental animals, and molecular tests. Most drug resistance tests in malaria focus on
Plasmodium falciparum
, the most prevalent and virulent species.
Trichomonas vaginalis
is one of the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infections in the United States and throughout the world; however, metronidazole and tinidazole are the only drugs currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat trichomoniasis. Treatment failure in leishmaniasis may result from either true drug resistance, innate differences in the
Leishmania
sp. sensitivity to drugs, or patient factors, such as immunodeficiencies, that preclude effective chemotherapeutic action. Drug resistance testing of schistosomes differs greatly from that of protozoan parasites in both purpose and methods.
Blended phenotype of TECPR2‐associated hereditary sensory‐autonomic neuropathy and Temple syndrome
Authors: Zubair Umar , Yang Kathryn , Schierbaum Luca , Tam Amy , Battaglia Nicole , Rong Joshua , Quiroz Vicente , Ebrahimi‐Fakhari Darius 
Published: January 2025

AbstractUniparental isodisomy (UPiD) can cause mixed phenotypes of imprinting disorders and autosomal‐recessive diseases. We present the case of a 3‐year‐old male with a blended phenotype of TECPR2‐related hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN9) and Temple syndrome (TS14) due to maternal UPiD of chromosome 14, which includes a loss‐of‐function founder variant in the TECPR2 gene [NM_014844.5: c.1319del, p.Leu440Argfs*19]. This case illustrates challenges associated with a mixed phenotype of ultra‐rare disorders and underscores the importance of investigating recessive conditions in homozygosity regions when atypical clinical features occur in patients with well‐characterized imprinting disorders.
Multielement Filament Memristor Enabling Multifunctional Neuromorphic Device
Authors: Jang Mingu , Song Hanchan , Kim Hae Jin , Yoon Jung Ho , Kim Kyung Min 
Published: January 2025

AbstractMemristors exhibit changes in internal resistance in response to external voltage, introducing new functionalities to electronic devices. This enables diverse applications in non‐volatile memory, neuromorphic devices, sensors, and computing systems, highlighting their growing importance in electronics. These applications leverage various mechanisms underlying memristors. Therefore, understanding these mechanisms and discovering new memristive mechanisms are essential for overcoming implementation challenges and developing emerging applications. Here, a new type of memristor is introduced comprising an Ag/Ag:Cu‐islands/HfO2/Pt structure, characterized by a hybrid mechanism and its potential for multifunctional applications. The memristor combines the metallic filament (Ag/Cu alloy) of the electrochemical metallization (ECM) mechanism with the oxygen vacancy filament of the valence change memory (VCM) mechanism, achieving both the high on/off ratio of ECM and the analog characteristics of VCM with enhanced reliability. Both resistive and threshold switching characteristics are shown by controlling the compliance current, making the device applicable to artificial synapses and neurons. Notably, this device exhibits heat‐responsive nociceptor characteristics, positioning it as a promising candidate for next‐generation neuromorphic devices.
Copper‐Loaded Nitrogen‐Rich Mesoporous C3N6 Based Nanozymes for Calorimetric Detection of Glutathione and Glucose
Authors: Britto Jolitta Sheri John , Wong Sharon L. , Patel Vaishwik , Tran Thi Kim Anh , Perumalsamy Vibin , Morey Mukul , Ta Xuan Minh Chau , Tricoli Antonio , Bahadur Rohan , Singh Gurwinder , Kumar Prashant , Vinu Ajayan 
Published: January 2025

AbstractBiomolecular sensing is routinely implemented in healthcare industries for disease diagnostics. Copper nanoparticles efficiently mimic peroxidase, which is needed for efficient glucose and glutathione sensing. However, bare copper nanoparticles are toxic to humans, therefore, anchoring materials are needed to prevent health hazards. Among the carbon‐based anchoring materials, graphene and its derivatives have already been implemented. However, due to poor C–Cu interaction, copper incorporation is inefficient in those systems, which necessitates the exploration of new suitable anchoring platforms. Nitrogen‐rich carbon nitride C3N6 with edge nitrogen atoms and plenty of in‐built vacancy sites in its lattice, apart from its facile synthesis, low cost, scalable production, and non‐toxic nature; offers excellent candidature for this purpose. Cu‐loaded mC3N6 (Cu‐mC3N6) nanozyme is synthesized employing hard silica template SBA‐15 and aminoguanidine hydrochloride and hydrated copper nitrate. First, peroxidase‐like activity is investigated for Cu‐mC3N6 nanozyme with chromogenic 3,3′,5,5′‐ tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) dye, followed by calorimetric detection of glutathione and glucose. Edge nitrogen active sites in the mC3N6 accommodate higher copper loading, resulting in enhanced peroxidase‐like activity and glutathione biosensing performance with a low detection limit of 0.42 ppm. It is believed that the present research will inspire the development of future‐generation nanozymes.
A Multicellular In Vitro Model of the Human Intestine with Immunocompetent Features Highlights Host‐Pathogen Interactions During Early Salmonella Typhimurium Infection
Authors: Damigos Spyridon , Caliskan Aylin , Wajant Gisela , Giddins Sara , Moldovan Adriana , Kuhn Sabine , Putz Evelyn , Dandekar Thomas , Rudel Thomas , Westermann Alexander J. , Zdzieblo Daniela 
Published: January 2025

AbstractStudying the molecular basis of intestinal infections caused by enteric pathogens at the tissue level is challenging, because most human intestinal infection models have limitations, and results obtained from animals may not reflect the human situation. Infections with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) have different outcomes between organisms. 3D tissue modeling of primary human material provides alternatives to animal experimentation, but epithelial co‐culture with immune cells remains difficult. Macrophages, for instance, contribute to the immunocompetence of native tissue, yet their incorporation into human epithelial tissue models is challenging. A 3D immunocompetent tissue model of the human small intestine based on decellularized submucosa enriched with monocyte‐derived macrophages (MDM) is established. The multicellular model recapitulated in vivo‐like cellular diversity, especially the induction of GP2 positive microfold (M) cells. Infection studies with STm reveal that the pathogen physically interacts with these M‐like cells. MDMs show trans‐epithelial migration and phagocytosed STm within the model and the levels of inflammatory cytokines are induced upon STm infection. Infected epithelial cells are shed into the supernatant, potentially reflecting an intracellular reservoir of invasion‐primed STm. Together, the 3D model of the human intestinal epithelium bears potential as an alternative to animals to identify human‐specific processes underlying enteric bacterial infections.
Ultramicroporous Tröger's Base Framework Membranes With Ionized Sub‐nanochannels for Efficient Acid/Alkali Recovery
Authors: Sun Haopan , Gan Ning , Lin Yuqing , Wu Baolong , Qiu Yulong , Su Jingwen , Zhou Ziding , Zou Fengyin , Yu Jianguo , Matsuyama Hideto 
Published: January 2025

AbstractMembrane technology holds significant potential for the recovery of acids and alkalis from industrial wastewater systems, with ion exchange membranes (IEMs) playing a crucial role in these applications. However, conventional IEMs are limited to separating only monovalent cations or anions, presenting a significant challenge in achieving concomitant H⁺/OH⁻ permselectivity for simultaneous acid and alkali recovery. To address this issue, the charged microporous polymer framework membranes are developed, featuring rigid Tröger's Base network chains constructed through a facile sol‐gel process. The intrinsic ultramicropore confinement and quaternary ammonium‐charged functional groups provide ultrahigh size‐sieving capability and enhanced Donnan exclusion for H⁺/OH⁻ selectivity; meanwhile, the internal protoplasmic channels of the polymer frameworks serve as highways for rapid ion transfer. The resulting membrane achieves high H⁺/Fe2⁺ and OH⁻/WO₄2⁻ selectivities of 694.4 and 181.0, respectively, for concurrent acid and alkali separation in diffusion dialysis and electrodialysis processes over extended operational periods (exceeding 1600 and 600 h, respectively), while maintaining remarkable transport rates. These results outperform most literature‐reported and nearly all commercially available membranes. This study validates the novel applicability of polymer framework materials with ionized angstrom‐scale channels and versatile functionalities in high‐performance IEMs for acid/alkali resource recovery.
Neuron‐Inspired Biomolecular Memcapacitors Formed Using Droplet Interface Bilayer Networks
Authors: Segars Braydon , Rosenberg Kyle , Shrestha Sarita , Maraj Joshua J. , Sarles Stephen A. , Freeman Eric 
Published: January 2025

AbstractBrain‐inspired (or neuromorphic) computing circumvents costly bottlenecks in conventional Von Neumann architectures by collocating memory and processing. This is accomplished through dynamic material architectures, strengthening or weakening internal conduction pathways similar to synaptic connections within the brain. A new class of neuromorphic materials approximates synaptic interfaces using lipid membranes assembled via the droplet interface bilayer (DIB) technique. These DIB membranes have been studied as novel memristors or memcapacitors owing to the soft, reconfigurable nature of both the lipid membrane geometry and the embedded ion‐conducting channels. In this work, a biomolecular approach to neuromorphic materials is expanded from model synapses to a charge‐integrating model neuron. In these serial membrane networks, it is possible to create distributions of voltage‐sensitive gates capable of trapping ionic charge. This trapped charge creates transmembrane potential differences that drive changes in the system's net capacitance through electrowetting, providing a synaptic weight that changes in response to the history and timing of input signals. This fundamental change from interfacial memory (dimensions of the membrane) to internal memory (charge trapped within the droplets) provides a functional plasticity capable of multiple weights, longer‐term retention roughly an order of magnitude greater than memory stored in the membranes alone, and programming‐erasure.
Clinical criteria for limbic‐predominant age‐related TDP‐43 encephalopathy
Authors: Wolk David A. , Nelson Peter T. , Apostolova Liana , Arfanakis Konstantinos , Boyle Patricia A. , Carlsson Cynthia M. , Corriveau‐Lecavalier Nick , Dacks Penny , Dickerson Bradford C. , Domoto‐Reilly Kimiko , Dugger Brittany N. , Edelmayer Rebecca , Fardo David W. , Grothe Michel J. , Hohman Timothy J. , Irwin David J. , Jicha Gregory A. , Jones David T. , Kawas Claudia H. , Lee Edward B. , Lincoln Karen , Maestre Gladys E. , Mormino Elizabeth C. , Onyike Chiadi U. , Petersen Ronald C. , Rabinovici Gil D. , Rademakers Rosa , Raman Rema , Rascovsky Katya , Rissman Robert A. , Rogalski Emily , Scheltens Philip , Sperling Reisa A. , Yang Hyun‐Sik , Yu Lei , Zetterberg Henrik , Schneider Julie A. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractLimbic predominant age‐related TDP‐43 encephalopathy neuropathologic change (LATE‐NC) is highly prevalent in late life and a common co‐pathology with Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change (ADNC). LATE‐NC is a slowly progressive, amnestic clinical syndrome. Alternatively, when present with ADNC, LATE‐NC is associated with a more rapid course. With the emergence of anti‐amyloid therapeutics, discrimination of LATE‐NC from ADNC is critical and will lead to greater clinical recognition of amnestic patients without ADNC. Furthermore, co‐pathology with LATE‐NC may influence outcomes of these therapeutics. Thus there is a need to identify patients during life with likely LATE‐NC. We propose criteria for clinical diagnosis of LATE as an initial framework for further validation. In the context of progressive memory loss and substantial hippocampal atrophy, criteria are laid out for probable (amyloid negative) or possible LATE (amyloid biomarkers are unavailable or when amyloid is present, but hippocampal neurodegeneration is out of proportion to expected pure ADNC).Highlights
Limbic‐predominant age‐related TDP‐43 encephalopathy (LATE) is a highly prevalent driver of neuropathologic memory loss in late life.
LATE neuropathologic change (LATE‐NC) is a common co‐pathology with Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change (ADNC) and may influence outcomes with emerging disease‐modifying medicines.
We provide initial clinical criteria for diagnosing LATE during life either when LATE‐NC is the likely primary driver of symptoms or when observed in conjunction with AD.
Definitions of possible and probable LATE are provided.
Rhodium‐mediated Assembly of New Heterocycles: From Borylenes to Oxaboroles
Authors: Hsiang Shou‐Jen , Hayes Paul G. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractBase‐stabilized rhodium borylene complex κ2‐L(CO)Rh(BMes), 2; κ2‐L=κ2‐NN’‐Rh,κ1‐N−B‐(2,5‐[iPr2P=N(4‐iPrC6H4)]2‐N’(C4H2)−); Mes=mesityl, reacts with a series of alkynes (PhC≡C—R; R=Ph, Me, CO2Et, H) to yield unique structures whereby the alkyne has regioselectively added across boron and the carbon atom of a CO ligand. The resulting complexes, LRh[C(O)C(Ph)C(R)B(Mes)], 3R, react with additional CO to afford cycle‐containing products, L(CO)Rh
), 5R, that ultimately release highly functionalized organic heterocycles of the form
=NPipp (Pipp=4‐iPrC6H4), 6. These oxaboroles, which were assembled from a primary hydroborane, CO, an alkyne, and an azide‐generated NPipp, are structurally analogous to two of the five boron‐containing therapeutics approved by the FDA.
Two‐Level Spatially Localized Proximity Labeling for Cross‐Biological‐Hierarchy Measurement and Manipulation
Authors: Chen Liusheng , Li Yiran , Guo Yuna , Wang Guyu , Feng Nan , Sun Jiahui , Zhong Yihong , Yao Yunyan , Ding Lin , Ju Huangxian 
Published: January 2025

AbstractProximity labeling (PL) has emerged as a powerful technique for the in situ elucidation of biomolecular interaction networks. However, PL methods generally rely on single‐biological‐hierarchy control of spatial localization at the labeling site, which limits their application in multi‐tiered biological systems. Here, we introduced another enzymatic reaction upstream of an enzyme‐based PL reaction and targeted the two enzymes to markers indicating different biological hierarchies, establishing a two‐level spatially localized proximity labeling (P2L) platform for in situ molecular measurement and manipulation. Using the cellular‐ and glycan‐level as the hierarchical models, we demonstrated the ability of P2L to efficiently execute a two‐step logic operation and to discriminate target cells with different levels of glycosylation within mixed cell populations. By mounting clickable handles via P2L, we reprogrammed the robust covalent assembly of cells at designated sites. The combination of P2L with proteomics led to the profiling of the protein microenvironment of specific glycans on target cells, revealing changes in tumor‐cell‐surface interactions under immune pressure from a glycan perspective. P2L provides not only a solution for revealing the heterogeneity of biological systems, but also new insights in the fields of intelligent logic computation, enzyme engineering, tissue engineering, etc.
Advances in the Design of Photoactivatable Metallodrugs: Excited State Metallomics
Authors: Shi Huayun , Marchi Rafael C. , Sadler Peter J. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractPhotoactivatable metal complexes offer the prospect of novel drugs with low side effects and new mechanisms of action to combat resistance to current therapy. We highlight recent progress in the design of platinum, ruthenium, iridium, gold and other transition metal complexes, especially for applications as anticancer and anti‐infective agents. In particular, understanding excited state chemistry related to identification of the bioactive species (excited state metallomics/pharmacophores) is important. Photoactivatable metallodrugs are classified here as photocatalysts, photorelease agents and ligand‐activated agents. Their activation wavelengths, cellular mechanisms of action, experimental and theoretical metallomics of excited states and photoproducts are discussed to explore new strategies for the design and investigation of photoactivatable metallodrugs. These photoactivatable metallodrugs have potential in clinical applications of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), Photoactivated Chemotherapy (PACT) and Photothermal Therapy (PTT).
Kinetic Control of Self‐Assembly Pathway in Dual Dynamic Covalent Polymeric Systems
Authors: Liu Ling , Deng Yuanxin , Qu Da‐Hui , Feringa Ben L. , Tian He , Zhang Qi 
Published: January 2025

AbstractKinetically controlled self‐assembly is garnering increasing interest in the field of supramolecular polymers and materials, yet examples involving dynamic covalent exchange remain relatively unexplored. Here we report an unexpected dynamic covalent polymeric system whose aqueous self‐assembly pathway is strongly influenced by the kinetics of evaporation of water. The key design is to integrate dual dynamic covalent bonds—including disulfide bonds and boroxine/borate—into a dynamic equilibrium system of monomers, polymers, and materials. This dual dynamic covalent design allows polymer growth and crosslinking to occur with the same spatiotemporal characteristics, governed solely by solvent evaporation. We found that a single building block can assemble into two distinct types of polymeric materials, each characterized by unique crosslinking topologies, orders, solubility, and macroscopic properties. The dual dynamic nature of the materials imparts them with intrinsic reconfigurability, such as interfacial repairability and close‐loop chemical recyclability.