bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitization and Desensitization of Mice to Histamine and Serotonin by Neurohumors
Authors: Fishel Charles W. , Szentivanyi Andor , Talmage David W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The urinary elimination pattern of normal mice following the injection of radioactive histamine and serotonin was compared with that of pertussis-treated animals. The absence of gross differences between these two groups suggested that the handling of histamine and serotonin by the body as a whole is not altered in the highly sensitive pertussis-vaccinated mouse. For this reason, it was concluded that the hypersensitivity is the result of a localized hyper-reactivity of the effector cells to normally nontoxic concentrations of histamine and serotonin. Attempts were therefore made to modify the sensitivity with a variety of neurohumoral agents known to react with the receptors of the neuroeffector cells.
It was found that acute exposure to progressively increasing amounts of histamine and serotonin desensitized the pertussis-treated animals to these amines and the desensitization persisted for at least 24 hr. Cross-protection was also obtained; complete with histamine pretreatment against serotonin, incomplete with serotonin against histamine. However, desensitization attempts with another toxic amine (agmatine), not known to function as a neurohumor and whose toxicity for mice is not modified by pertussis-sensitization, demonstrated that the resistance of either normal or pertussis-treated mice to the same amine was not altered, nor was this procedure of any apparent value in protecting the latter animals against histamine.
The agmatine disparity further emphasized the critical significance of neurohumors in the pertussis-induced sensitive state and led to the administration of various autonomic drugs which were shown to be protective in the pertussis-treated animals. Another such substance, dibenzyline (α-adrenergic blocking agent), was also protective in pertussis-sensitized animals, whereas a β-adrenergic blocking agent, dichloroisoproterenol, duplicated the histamine and serotonin hypersensitivity in normal animals.
Based on these observations, the hypothesis is advanced that the pertussis-induced hypersensitivity is the result of a functional imbalance between two types of adrenergic effector systems, i.e., between two types of adrenergic receptors or in the neural pathways leading to them.
Immunization in Wasp-Sting Allergy through Venom-Repositories and Periodic Insect Stings
Authors: Loveless Mary Hewitt 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Of 11 persons with alarming immediate reactions to polistes stings, 9 have been immunized with Arlacel:petrolatum:venom emulsions during 1960 and 1961, a total of 12 such annual treatments being given the group. For all but one member (BA), the repository was comprised of 1.2 ml containing all the venom of six live polistes workers, placed under the skin in a single injection (patient AT preferred a divided dose). There were no adverse effects either focally at the time of therapy or locally during the ensuing year or two. Seven of these members had been immunized, in one or more preceding years, with the same annual dose administered in fluid form during a one-visit, 2½-hr course that employed five to seven endermal injections. Five of their 19 treatments with fluid venom had, in contrast to the fully tolerated repositories, evoked borderline focal signs. In addition to these dually-treated patients, there was one physician who had tolerated five annual, 6-sac endermal courses of fluid venom, and another man who accepted uneventfully the full standard dose of venom in emulsified form.
Repositories built up a satisfactory degree of immunity as judged by six planned and two accidental stings by one to three polistes inflicted on eight members at intervals as great as 7½ months after treatment. Only two trivial focal reactions were engendered. Resistance appeared to be equally good after the standard series of fluid venom injections, for there was only one trivial adverse development among 16 challenges that were made as soon as 13 days or as late as 41½ weeks after therapy.
Emulsification decreased the venom's capacity to evoke local and focal responses. There were no cysts, abscesses, or new-growths at the repository sites.
In an effort to provide year-round protection, 8 of the 11 members have, since their exhibition of tolerance toward stinging wasps, been transferred 2 to 21 weeks later to a regimen of intermittent stinging. Five trivial and one mild focal response have been engendered by 41 such sting treatments. The latter serve not only as probable booster stimuli but also as periodic tests of immunity.
Immunization against Parainfluenza Infections
Authors: Jensen Keith E. , Peeler Betty E. , Dulworth William G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Following adaptation of strains of parainfluenza types 1 and 3 to embryonated eggs, antigenic comparisons were made with convalescent ferret sera and postvaccination human sera. Homotypic reactions evident with ferret sera were not confirmed by responses of man which indicated a close antigenic relationship between the Sendai and HA-2 strains of type 1 and also heterotypic crossing with type 3 strains, SF-3 and HA-1.
Vaccines prepared by formalin treatment of virus sedimented from infected egg fluids have been found to be safe and potent in adults, children and infants. Possible explanations have been discussed for the relative poor antigenicity of type 1 virus.
Increased Precipitability of Antibody as a Result of Iodination
Authors: Pressman David , Radzimski Gerald 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The precipitability of anti-p-azobenzoate antibody by an antigen containing azobenzoate groups is not complete and soluble complexes of antigen-antibody are present in the supernatant. A limited degree of iodination of the antibody increases its precipitability by antigen. Extensive iodination causes decreased precipitation presumably through effect on the binding site itself. The increase in precipitability is explained on the basis of increased hydrophobic bonding, or increased van der Waals' interaction due to the added iodine atom or denaturation.
The use of chemically altered antibody systems is proposed for a study of the effect of alteration on protein-protein interactions in aqueous systems. The precipitability of antiprotein antibody such as anti-BSA or antibovine γ-globulin antibodies is markedly decreased at levels of iodination which give increased precipitation with antihapten antibody. It would appear that the antiprotein antibody site is more sensitive to iodination than antihapten antibody sites. This may be due to presence of a particularly important and sensitive group in the site or due to the presence of more than one iodinatable group in the site, any one of which when iodinated destroys ability of the site to combine with antigen.
Inhibition of Complement Fixation by Human Serum
Authors: Heimer Ralph , Levin Francoise M. , Primack Anita , Corcos Josue M. , Nosenzo Carlo 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Assays for inhibition of fixation of gpC′ were described. The inhibitory activity of human sera was found to vary, but inhibitory activity was significantly elevated in sera of individuals having rheumatoid arthritis.
Fractionation of a number of sera of healthy donors by DEAE cellulose chromatography revealed two inhibitors of CF. In addition to these substances, a third compound occurred in the sera of individuals with rheumatoid arthritis. The compound was purified 400-fold and was shown to be a γ-macroglobulin and was distinct from RF.
Leukocyte Antibodies in Inbred Strains of Guinea Pigs Following First- and Second-Set Skin Homografts
Authors: Walford Roy L. , Anderson Robert E. , Carter P. Kenneth , Mihajlovic Felicia 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The development of leukocyte antibodies in inbred strains of guinea pigs following skin homografting in demonstrated. These antibodies react strongly with lymphocytes and only weakly, or not at all, with neutrophils. Following repeat set-grafts in guinea pigs, a prompt and marked rise in leukocyte antibody titer takes place, suggesting an anamnestic response. The production of humoral antibodies reactive with leukocytes (lymphocytes) may be a general phenomenon following homografting in all species. The possible significance of such a phenomenon in relation to transplantation immunity and transplantation disease is discussed.
Immunochemical Study of Antigenic Specificity in Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Leskowitz Sidney 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Heating, iodination, dinitrophenylation and disulfide bond cleavage, in increasing order, were found to reduce the ability of bovine serum albumin and ribonuclease to precipitate with rabbit antibody. A parallel decrease was noted in the ability of these modified antigens to produce anaphylactic sensitivity in guinea pigs to the native antigens.
Ability to produce delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs to native antigens was markedly diminished in all cases.
It was concluded that no dissociation of antigenic properties in respect to precipitation with antibody and production of anaphylactic or delayed sensitivity was produced by these alterations.
Quantitative Study of the Combination of Lima Bean Lectin with Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Boyd William C. , Bhatia Harkishin M. , Diamond Michael A. , Matsubara Shoji 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The combination of lima bean anti-A lectin with human erythrocytes was studied quantitatively by use of lectin labeled by coupling with diazotized p-iodoaniline containing I131. The anti-A consistently took up two to four times as much I131 as did the nonspecific proteins present. It was found that the labeled lima bean proteins combined with erythrocytes in greater and greater amounts as the ratio of lectin to cells was increased. The relation between amount of lectin per cell and ratio of lectin to cells added was found to be substantially linear if both were plotted logarithmically, so that the amount of lectin per cell did not reach a maximum in the range studied. In addition to the anti-A which combined with group A red cells and agglutinated them, there was present in the lectin preparations large amounts of a protein that combined with all human erythrocytes without agglutinating them. Homozygous A1A1 cells seemed to combine with more anti-A than did heterozygous A1O cells. A2 cells may combine with somewhat less, but on the whole the results suggest that the main difference between A1 and A2 is qualitative rather than quantitative. A3 cells combined with much less anti-A lectin than did A1 or A2 cells.
That the extra radioactivity taken up by group A cells was due to the combination of anti-A lectin with them was shown by the fact that N-acetyl-D-galactosamine would inhibit this combination while leaving the amount of nonspecific protein combined unchanged, and also by the fact that after the labeled lectin had reacted with A substance it no longer added more radioactivity to A cells than to O or B cells.
If it is assumed that each molecule of the anti-A lectin that combines with a group A erythrocyte is combined with an A combining site, we can calculate, making plausible assumptions as to the molecular weight of the lectin, how many such A-specific sites there are in a group A cell. The results are astoundingly high, as much as 8 or 10 million. Nevertheless, it is thought that these figures may not be in error, though possibly they may refer to the A-combining sites in the entire stroma rather than merely to those available on the surface.
In Vitro Uptake of Antigen-Antibody Complexes by Phagocytic Cells
Authors: Patterson Roy , Suszko Irena M. , Pruzansky Jacob J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The ingestion of antigen-antibody complexes prepared as soluble materials was studied by a method of in vitro uptake by phagocytic cells using I131 trace labeled complexes. Different degrees of in vitro pinocytosis occurred with preparations of complexes at different degrees of antigen excess. This in vitro pinocytosis was also demonstrated by a fluorescent antibody technique localizing the complexes intracellularly. These methods provide a system of study of transfer of soluble materials across the cell membranes of phagocytic cells which can be compared with the same phenomenon in vivo. The in vitro uptake of complexes was compared with antigen binding to globulin by the ammonium sulfate technique and the in vivo localization of radioactive trace labeled antigen-antibody complexes. By these methods the ingestion of antigen-antibody complexes by cells may be studied in a simplified manner. The localization of antigen-antibody complexes in phagocytes occurs both with complexes prepared with rabbit or human antiserum against serum protein antigens.
On the Nature of the Precipitate in the Generalized Shwartzman Reaction
Authors: Berken A. , Wolman M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence has been presented which indicates that the generalized Shwartzman reaction in rabbits is primarily a consequence of the intravascular precipitation of serum proteins. These precipitable proteins are present in sufficient quantity in the normal animal to result in the generalized Shwartzman reaction soon after the other necessary conditions are invoked. Apparently, these conditions are the presence in the circulation of a sufficient amount of a precipitating substance and depression of reticuloendothelial system (RES) phagocytic function. The administration of relatively large amounts of a precipitating substance (Liquoid) seems to obviate the requirement for an exogenous RES depressant. Pretreatment with the RES depressant lipid, ethyl stearate, followed by the administration of a single dose of endotoxin results in the occurrence of the generalized Shwartzman reaction. The analogous effects of ethyl stearate and cortisone on the RES and their possible significance are discussed.
Delayed Cutaneous Reactions in the Rat
Authors: Flax Martin H. , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Typical delayed skin reactions to tuberculin were elicited in rats sensitized by footpad injection of killed tubercle bacilli in oil. Their similarity to classical delayed reactions in guinea pig or rabbit is demonstrated by their identical time course, characteristic histologic appearance and passive transfer with sensitized lymph node cells. Similar reactions were obtained after sensitization with Nocardia asteroides in oil, OT in incomplete Freund's adjuvant or BSA in complete adjuvant. These were indurated reactions made up largely of mononuclear infiltrates in the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissues, maximal at 24 to 48 hr. This location of the lesions is correlated with the distribution of vessels of venous type.
Demonstration of a Toxin in Mumps Virus and Its Dissociation from Infective and Hemagglutinating Properties
Authors: Wacker Waldon B. , Lipton Murray M. , Steigman Alex J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In controlled experiments, a hitherto underscribed lethal viral toxin has been demonstrated, employing neonatal mice intravenously injected with mumps vaccine. Unlike other viral toxins, in the system employed, toxicity is demonstrable with formalin inactivated mumps vaccine, as well as with infective preparations. Although related to initial viral concentration and age of the vaccines used, the toxicity observed is a property distinct from the hemagglutinin or infectious content of the preparations used. The observed toxicity is prevented by mumps antisera, but not appreciably by normal sera. Intravenous injection of neonatal mice may be a valuable tool for the study of viral toxins.
Precipitation of Radiolabeled Poliovirus with Specific Antibody and Antiglobulin
Authors: Gerloff Robert K. , Hoyer Bill H. , McLaren Leroy C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A highly sensitive and specific serologic test for type 2 poliovirus or its antibody is described. Radiolabeled virus in submicrogram quantities was incubated with specific antiserum; thereafter, rabbit antiglobulin was added and the incubation repeated. Coupling between antiglobulin and globulin resulted in precipitation of both, along with virus in combination with immune globulin. Precipitation of radioactivity was used as the measure of virus-antibody reaction, since it paralleled precipitation of infectious particles. Thus the test has been called the radioisotope precipitation (RIP) test.
Sensitivity of the test varied inversely with concentration of virus and could be increased to about 80 times that of the tissue culture neutralization test. Ratio of antiglobulin to total globulin was unimportant if antiglobulin were in excess; likewise, quantity of precipitate formed was inconsequential if all of the specific immune globulin were included in it. The test could be completed in 2 to 3 hr, if necessary, and was performed satisfactorily with virus inactivated by carefully controlled ultraviolet irradiation. Inhibition of reaction between labeled virus and its antibody by prior exposure of the antibody to unlabeled virus resulted in conditions whereby unlabeled virus in 0.001 to 0.1 µg quantities could be assayed. Although most of the studies were done with P32-labeled virus, the feasibility and advantages of using I131 for labeling were investigated. Removal of infectious units from the supernatant was also a satisfactory index of presence of specific antibody and enables the use of minute quantities of nonradioactive, biologically active antigen in this type of test.
Studies on Japanese B Encephalitis Virus Vaccines from Tissue Culture
Authors: Rohitayodhin Skon , Hammon W. McD. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments were performed on the cultivation of the Nakayama strain of JBE virus in HKC monolayer cultures at temperatures between 37° and 30°C. The virus was found to propagate readily in the tissue at a temperature as low as 30°C, the lowest in this study. At this temperature the metabolic rate of the tissue culture cells decreased, CPE developed more slowly and the peak of virus multiplication also was retarded. Nevertheless, titer yields were higher than those formerly obtained at 37°C. Virus harvests of cellfree medium with reasonably high titers could be made repeatedly, within comparatively short intervals, from the same culture, beginning soon after CPE was observed and until CPE was almost complete. However, if the same culture medium was left in contact with the cells for 13 hr or longer the virus titers of the fluid harvests were relatively low. Lability of the virus, which could be expressed in terms of an 18-hr half-life at 30°c in this study, was believed to be the major factor responsible for this drop, and this, in turn, was believed to be enhanced by the increasing hydrogen ion concentration in the virus-cell culture especially at the vicinity of the surface of the tissue culture cell monolayer to which the newly released virus particles were suddenly exposed on release in a stationary tube. If the pH was not dropping and was within the practical range of variation of the tissue culture system, it had no detectable effect upon the half-life of the virus. However, a medium with a pH as low as 7.0 when first introduced into an active virus producing culture and left for a period of 12 hr was found to give a lower yield of virus than one at the pH of 7.3 and 7.6.
Demonstration of Multiple Hemagglutinating Factors in Sera of Ragweed-Allergic Individuals with the Help of Immunosorbents
Authors: Perelmutter L. , Freedman S. O. , Sehon A. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Skin-sensitizing and hemagglutinating antibodies were completely removed from sera of nontreated ragweed-sensitive individuals by absorption with adequate amounts of erythrocyte-WSR conjugates. However, when increasing volumes of these sera were added to a constant amount of immunosorbent, differences in the ability of skin-sensitizing and hemagglutinating antibodies to combine with the ragweed antigens on the immunosorbent were revealed. Thus, the immunosorbent was saturated with respect to skin-sensitizing antibodies before reaching its full capacity for the removal of hemagglutinins. Similar conclusions were derived from absorption experiments in which serum fractions, obtained by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, were used. Moreover, it was shown that skin-sensitizing antibodies could be displaced from the immunosorbent by the addition of serum fractions containing only hemagglutinins.
From this study, it was also concluded that there exists a spectrum of hemagglutinating antibodies both in terms of their physicochemical properties, and in terms of their affinity for the antigens present on the immunosorbent. It was shown that even if skin-sensitizing antibodies have hemagglutinating ability, their contribution to the over-all hemagglutination titer is only minimal. Therefore, a simple relationship between hemagglutination and Prausnitz-Küstner titers cannot be expected.
Quantitative Studies on Reverse Cutaneous Anaphylaxis in Mice with Progressive Cryptococcosis
Authors: Abrahams Irving , Gilleran Thomas G. , Weiss Carl Broock 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Intradermal injections of C. neoformans rabbit antibody specifically provoked cutaneous anaphylactic reactions in mice with active experimental cryptococcosis as well as in uninfected animals previously prepared by passive administration of purified cryptococcal polysaccharides. In general, passive anaphylaxis tests in mice with this fungal system were more sensitive (interms of Ab N required for reactions) than tests reported with other antigen-antibody systems and in guinea pigs, sensitivity was either the same or somewhat less than with other systems.
RCA tests became positive in mice after an initial lag period of 4 to 6 days following infection with C. neoformans and thereafter the intensity of the reactions, as measured by intradermal titrations with antibody, increased with time as the disease progressed. A direct correlation was demonstrated between fungus cell count in the brain and sensitivity of antemortem reverse cutaneous anaphylaxis (RCA) titrations. Absorption of C. neoformans antiserum with cryptococcal polysaccharide abolished its capacity to provoke reactions in infected mice. Intravenous injection of 0.1 mg Ab N resulted in severe or fatal anaphylaxis in mice that were infected 15 days prior to the test.
The possible application of the antiserum intradermal test to the study of human cryptococcosis is suggested.
Immunoelectrophoresis of Nasal Secretions Collected during a Common Cold: Observations Which Suggest a Mechanism of Seroimmunity in Viral Respiratory Infections
Authors: Anderson Truman O. , Riff Louise J. M. , Jackson George Gee 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Human nasal secretions collected prior to and during various stages of naturally-acquired or experimentally-induced common colds were analyzed for the presence of serum proteins by the method of immunoelectrophoresis. These analyses showed that serum albumin was present in all nasal secretion.
Experimental challenge of volunteers by intranasal instillation of an infectious common cold secretion resulted in the appearance of serum gamma globulin in the nasal secretion within 48 hr in all subjects tested regardless of whether the individual developed a cold. Nasal washings from those volunteers who developed a symptomatic illness contained serum α- and β-globulins in addition to albumin and γ-globulin on the 4th and 6th postchallenge days. In contrast, nasal washings from asymptomatic volunteers showed only serum albumin and gamma globulin on the 4th and 6th postchallenge day. It is suggested that the latter group, those subjects clinically resistant to experimental challenge with the common cold virus, may exude specific antibody onto the mucous membrane within the first 48 hr after contact with the virus and by this mechanism abort further progression of the infection and the appearance of clinical illness.
The action of viral neuraminidase on serum proteins in whole human serum and nasal secretion was demonstrated.