bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arteriovenous Fistula Creation
Authors: Dienhart Peter , Kushelev Michael 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The physiologic changes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis, in combination with the surgical goals for creation of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF), present significant challenges for the anesthesiologist. AVF is the preferred option for long-term dialysis access and the anesthetic choices may impact short-term patient morbidity and possibly the long-term function of the AVF for effective dialysis. Although general anesthesia is a mainstay for most surgical procedures, it is associated with an increase in overall morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable patient population. A number of regional anesthetic techniques provide a blunting of the sympathetic innervation of the arm. The subsequent vascular dilatation blunts vascular spasms during surgical manipulation and reliably increases blood flow through the anastomosis. Additionally, the sympathectomy created with regional anesthetics may allow for creation of a more favorable distal AVF. While the hemostatic, cardiovascular, and metabolic aberrations that accompany ESRD must be considered, peripheral nerve blocks may provide a more favorable risk-benefit profile. Despite the lack of definitive proof of the superiority of any one anesthetic choice on long-term fistula survival, a growing adoption of regional anesthesia has been observed, with the preponderance of scientific literature demonstrating short- and long-term gains.
Analgesia for Knee Arthroscopy and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Feduska Michael , Feduska Colin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most injured knee ligament, with most injuries occurring in young athletes participating in non-contact sports. Surgical consultation with an orthopedic surgeon is needed to determine operative vs. non-operative management after ACL injury. Surgical intervention is decided based on multiple factors, including, but not limited to, the patient’s level of activity and the presence of concomitant injuries to the meniscus or other knee ligaments. Surgical repair of the ACL can be accomplished via knee arthroscopy using donor allografts or patient autografts. The torn ligament is removed, and small holes are created through the femur and the tibia into the joint space. The graft material is threaded through these holes and anchored on the exterior surfaces of the femur and tibia, with enough tension to mimic the original ligament. Rehabilitation of the knee begins as soon as possible, often in the recovery area with simple exercises, and continues for approximately 6 months after the surgery.
Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia for Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Martinello Caroline , Williams Matthew , Mhyre Jill M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Regional anesthesia for cesarean delivery (CD) plays a pivotal role in improving outcomes for CD by both avoiding general anesthesia and improving perioperative pain control, which results in less chronic pain, less opioid use, improved maternal-fetal bonding, and decreased postpartum depression. While multiple neuraxial techniques can be utilized successfully for anesthesia, side effects can occur and if not recognized quickly can predispose patients to serious complications. Postoperative pain management poses unique considerations as both the patient and the newborn can be affected by postoperative pain. Management options available include neuraxial, regional, and intravenous management, utilized either separately or in combination. A personalized anesthetic plan should be utilized for each patient to identify patients at risk of suboptimal pain control such as the parturient on medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder. Familiarity with the various anesthetic options for both CD and postoperative analgesia will likely lead toward safer outcomes and improved patient satisfaction.
Epidural and Neuraxial Techniques in Newborns and Children
Authors: Horvath Balazs , Kloesel Benjamin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Pediatric neuraxial anesthesia has more than 100 years of well-documented history, yet these techniques are not as universally utilized in children as in adults. The exceptions are the caudal and, to lesser extent, the lumbar epidural approach. Subarachnoid (“spinal”) and thoracic epidural blocks are infrequently used in neonates, infants, and children. More recently an increasing concern has grown both within the anesthesia community and in society regarding the potential negative long-term impact of general anesthesia on the developing brain. That has revived the interest in anesthetic methods that offer either an alternative to or a way of mitigating the exposure to general anesthetic agents in pediatric patients. Neuraxial anesthesia is a viable option, either as the sole technique or in conjunction with general anesthesia to allow reductions in administered agents. This chapter describes indications and technical aspects of specific neuraxial blocks. It discusses the optimal circumstances of executing subarachnoid and epidural blocks in pediatric patients and reviews anatomical, physiological, developmental, and pharmacological considerations. The contraindications and complications of neuraxial blocks are also addressed. A thorough knowledge and understanding of all general aspects of neuraxial anesthesia, including their application in infants and children based on their unique needs, are essential to choose the most appropriate technique for the benefit of pediatric patients.
Acute Coronary Syndrome in a Patient With a Thoracic Epidural Catheter
Authors: Lai Yan , Jinadu Samiat 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Thoracic epidural catheters are often used for acute perioperative pain management in complex and extensive thoracic and abdominal surgeries. There are important clinical considerations when managing an indwelling thoracic epidural catheter postoperatively, especially to prevent catastrophic bleeding complications such as thoracic epidural hematomas in unique scenarios where anticoagulation is employed concomitantly. The timing of catheter removal, timing of postoperative anticoagulation to prevent thromboembolic events or to maintain cardiac stent patency, and adequate neurologic monitoring to identify hemorrhagic consequences can be challenging for the physician anesthesiologist and acute pain medicine physician. Perioperative acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a complication that can occur after major surgery. The contemporary treatment options for acute coronary syndrome involve cardiothoracic surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), followed by administration of potent fibrinolytic agents or anticoagulants. The use of anticoagulants complicates the management of thoracic epidural catheters and can increase the risk of a thoracic epidural hematoma. Prompt diagnosis of a thoracic epidural hematoma in this setting through adequate monitoring, detailed neurological exam, or MRI is paramount to facilitate emergent surgical decompression and to prevent catastrophic and irreversible neurological deficits. This chapter presents a case of a surgical patient with an indwelling thoracic epidural catheter postoperatively who had an episode of ACS treated with PCI and subsequent dual antiplatelet therapy. The patient developed an epidural hematoma and underwent surgical decompression. The chapter reviews the literature and discusses diagnosis, management, treatment options, and prognosis.
Big Toe Amputation With Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Nada Eman , Kopp Sandra L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is the most common form of neuropathy in developed countries. Surgical procedures in people with diabetes are not uncommon, and the need for regional anesthesia in these patients continues to rise. Regional anesthesia provides satisfactory surgical conditions and good postoperative pain relief with little systemic effect. Diabetic nerves are more sensitive to local anesthetic toxicity. Due to that sensitivity, nerve blocks in these patients have higher success rates, shorter onset times, and a longer duration; in addition, patients generally require less postoperative analgesia. However, the incidence of neurologic injury in this patient cohort is higher than in patients without neuropathy. When performing nerve blocks in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, providers must consider the risk-to-benefit ratio and avoid localizing the nerve-by-nerve stimulation alone. Ultrasound guidance can improve the accuracy of needle placement and help reduce the volume of local anesthetic used. Because local anesthetics are generally neurotoxic, lower volumes and concentrations are recommended.
Cauda Equina Syndrome After Spinal Anesthesia
Authors: Steffel Lauren , Neal Joseph M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Cauda equina syndrome is a rare condition (but likely underestimated in incidence) that occurs with lesions to the nerve roots distal to the conus medullaris. Lower extremity sensorimotor loss, bowel/bladder dysfunction, and, variably, radicular back pain are the most common presentations. Associated etiologies for non-compressive cauda equina syndrome following spinal anesthesia include local anesthetic neurotoxicity, neural inflammation, spinal stenosis, and surgical positioning, but most cases are idiopathic. Spinal stenosis and certain surgical positioning are associated with higher incidence of CSE. Clinical presentation and physical examination may be nonspecific; therefore, timely evaluation and emergent neurologic consultation are paramount. Rapid and readily available CT imaging may rule out a reversible cause, such as a decompressible mass lesion. Treatment options are limited.
Nerve Blocks in a Patient With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Klesius Lisa L. , Borden Shelly B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the nervous system. Etiology of MS includes environmental and genetic susceptibilities. An immune etiology related to a chronic viral infection has been proposed; however, no individual virus has been consistently associated with MS. In addition, a genetic predisposition has also been suggested. Perioperative management of patients with MS presents a challenge to the anesthesiologist given the heterogenous nature of the disease. Anesthetic decisions should be tailored to the patient’s phenotypic presentation, including disease severity, symptoms, and comorbidities, in addition to patient preferences. Regional anesthesia is generally safe in this category of patients. However, the decision to use it is based on the risk/benefit ratio. The chapter discusses the available evidence of the safety of using regional anesthetic techniques on patients with MS. Neuraxial anesthesia in MS pregnant patients is also discussed.
Anatomy of galactic star formation history: roles of different modes of gas accretion, feedback, and recycling
Authors: Noguchi Masafumi 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT
We investigate how the diverse star formation histories observed across galaxy masses emerged using models that evolve under gas accretion from host haloes. They also include ejection of interstellar matter by supernova feedback, recycling of ejected matter and preventive feedback that partially hinders gas accretion. We consider three schemes of gas accretion: the fiducial scheme that includes the accretion of cold gas in low-mass haloes and high-redshift massive haloes as hinted by cosmological simulations; the flat scheme in which high-mass cold accretion is removed; and finally, the shock-heating scheme that assumes radiative cooling of the shock-heated halo gas. The fiducial scheme reproduces dramatic diminishment in star formation rate (SFR) after its peak as observed for the present halo mass $M_{\rm vir}\gt 10^{12.5}\, {\rm M}_\odot$ , while other two schemes show reduced or negligible quenching. This scheme reproduces the high-mass slope in the SFR versus stellar mass relation decreasing towards recent epochs, whereas other two schemes show opposite trend that contradicts observation. Success in the fiducial scheme originates in the existence of high-mass cold-mode accretion, which retards transition to the slow hot-mode accretion, thereby inducing a larger drop in SFR. Aided by gas recycling, which creates monotonically increasing SFR in low-mass haloes, this scheme can reproduce the downsizing galaxy formation. Several issues remain, suggesting non-negligible roles of missing physics. Feedback from active galactic nuclei could mitigate upturn of SFR in low-redshift massive haloes, whereas galaxy mergers could remedy early inefficient star formation.
Which is a better cosmological probe: number counts or cosmic magnification?
Authors: Duniya Didam G A , Kumwenda Mazuba 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT
The next generation of cosmological surveys will have unprecedented measurement precision, hence they hold the power to put theoretical ideas to the most stringent tests yet. However, in order to realize the full potential of these measurements, we need to ensure that we apply the most effective analytical tools. We need to identify which cosmological observables are the best cosmological probes. Two commonly used cosmological observables are galaxy redshift number counts and cosmic magnification. Both of these observables have been investigated extensively in cosmological analyses, but only separately. In the light of interacting dark energy (IDE) emerging as a plausible means of alleviating current cosmological tensions, we investigate both observables on large scales in a universe with IDE, using the angular power spectrum, taking into account all known terms, including relativistic corrections, in the observed overdensity. Our results suggest that (given multitracer analysis) measuring relativistic effects with cosmic magnification will be relatively better than with galaxy redshift number counts, at all redshifts z . Conversely, without relativistic effects, galaxy redshift number counts will be relatively better in probing the imprint of IDE, at all z . At low z (up to around $z \, {=}\, 0.1$ ), relativistic effects enable cosmic magnification to be a relatively better probe of the IDE imprint, while at higher z (up to $z \, {\lt }\, 3$ ) galaxy redshift number counts become the better probe of IDE imprint. However, at $z \, {=}\, 3$ and higher, our results suggest that either of the observables will suffice.
A search for transients in the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey (RELICS): three new supernovae
Authors: Golubchik Miriam , Zitrin Adi , Pierel Justin , Furtak Lukas J , Meena Ashish K , Graur Or , Kelly Patrick L , Coe Dan , Andrade-Santos Felipe , Asif Maor , Bradley Larry D , Chen Wenlei , Frye Brenda L , Gomez Sebastian , Jha Saurabh , Mahler Guillaume , Nonino Mario , Strolger Louis-Gregory , Su Yuanyuan 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT
The Reionization Cluster Survey imaged 41 galaxy clusters with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), in order to detect lensed and high-redshift galaxies. Each cluster was imaged to about 26.5 AB mag in three optical and four near-infrared bands, taken in two distinct visits separated by varying time intervals. We make use of the multiple near-infrared epochs to search for transient sources in the cluster fields, with the primary motivation of building statistics for bright caustic crossing events in gravitational arcs. Over the whole sample, we do not find any significant (≳5σ) caustic crossing events, in line with expectations from semi-analytical calculations but in contrast to what may be naively expected from previous detections of some bright events or from deeper transient surveys that do find high rates of such events. Nevertheless, we find six prominent supernova (SN) candidates over the 41 fields: three of them were previously reported and three are new ones reported here for the first time. Out of the six candidates, four are likely core-collapse SNe – three in cluster galaxies, and among which only one was known before, and one slightly behind the cluster at z ∼ 0.6–0.7. The other two are likely Ia – both of them previously known, one probably in a cluster galaxy and one behind it at z ≃ 2. Our study supplies empirical bounds for the rate of caustic crossing events in galaxy cluster fields to typical HST magnitudes, and lays the groundwork for a future SN rate study.
Alignment and rotational disruption of dust grains in the Galactic Centre revealed by polarized dust emission
Authors: Akshaya M S , Hoang Thiem 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT
We study the alignment and rotational disruption of dust grains at the centre of our Galaxy using polarized thermal dust emission observed by SOFIA/HAWC+ and JCMT/SCUPOL at 53, 216, and 850 µm. We analysed the relationship between the observed polarization degree with total emission intensity, dust temperature, gas column density, and polarization angle dispersion. Polarization degree from this region follows the predictions of the RAdiative Torque (RAT) alignment theory, except at high temperatures and long wavelengths where we found evidence for the rotational disruption of grains as predicted by the RAdiative Torque Disruption mechanism. The grain alignment and disruption sizes were found to be around 0.1 and 1 µm,  respectively. The maximum polarization degree observed was around p ∼ 13 per cent at 216 µm and comes from a region of high dust temperature, low column density, and ordered magnetic field. Magnetically enhanced RAT alignment (MRAT) was found to be important for grain alignment due to the presence of a strong magnetic field and can induce perfect alignment even when grains contain small iron clusters. We estimated the mass fraction of aligned grains using a parametric model for the fraction of the grains at high-J attractors and found it to correlate weakly with the observed polarization degree. We observe a change in the polarization ratio, from p216µm/p850µm &lt; 1 to p216µm/p850µm &gt; 1 at Td ≳ 35 K, which suggests a change in the grain model from a composite to a separate population of carbon and silicate grains as implied by previous numerical modelling.
CO or no CO? Narrowing the CO abundance constraint and recovering the H2O detection in the atmosphere of WASP-127 b using SPIRou
Authors: Boucher Anne , Lafreniére David , Pelletier Stefan , Darveau-Bernier Antoine , Radica Michael , Allart Romain , Artigau Étienne , Cook Neil J , Debras Florian , Doyon René , Gaidos Eric , Benneke Björn , Cadieux Charles , Carmona Andres , Cloutier Ryan , Cortés-Zuleta Pía , Cowan Nicolas B , Delfosse Xavier , Donati Jean-François , Fouqué Pascal , Forveille Thierry , Grankin Konstantin , Hébrard Guillaume , Martins Jorge H C , Martioli Eder , Masson Adrien , Vinatier Sandrine 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT
Precise measurements of chemical abundances in planetary atmospheres are necessary to constrain the formation histories of exoplanets. A recent study of WASP-127 b, a close-in puffy sub-Saturn orbiting its solar-type host star in 4.2 d, using Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Spitzer revealed a feature-rich transmission spectrum with strong excess absorption at 4.5 μm. However, the limited spectral resolution and coverage of these instruments could not distinguish between CO and/or CO2 absorption causing this signal, with both low and high C/O ratio scenarios being possible. Here we present near-infrared (0.9–2.5 μm) transit observations of WASP-127 b using the high-resolution SPIRou spectrograph, with the goal to disentangle CO from CO2 through the 2.3 μm CO band. With SPIRou, we detect H2O at a t-test significance of 5.3 σ and observe a tentative (3σ) signal consistent with OH absorption. From a joint SPIRou + HST + Spitzer retrieval analysis, we rule out a CO-rich scenario by placing an upper limit on the CO abundance of log10[CO] &lt;−4.0, and estimate a log10[CO2] of −3.7$^{+0.8}_{-0.6}$ , which is the level needed to match the excess absorption seen at 4.5 μm. We also set abundance constraints on other major C-, O-, and N-bearing molecules, with our results favouring low C/O (0.10$^{+0.10}_{-0.06}$ ), disequilibrium chemistry scenarios. We further discuss the implications of our results in the context of planet formation. Additional observations at high and low resolution will be needed to confirm these results and better our understanding of this unusual world.
Effects of feedback on galaxies in the VELA simulations: elongation, clumps, and compaction
Authors: Ceverino Daniel , Mandelker Nir , Snyder Gregory F , Lapiner Sharon , Dekel Avishai , Primack Joel , Ginzburg Omri , Larkin Sean 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT
The evolution of star-forming galaxies at high redshifts is very sensitive to the strength and nature of stellar feedback. Using two sets of cosmological, zoom-in simulations from the VELA suite, we compare the effects of two different models of feedback: with and without kinetic feedback from the expansion of supernovae shells and stellar winds. At a fixed halo mass and redshift, the stellar mass is reduced by a factor of ∼1–3 in the models with stronger feedback, so the stellar mass–halo mass relation is in better agreement with abundance matching results. On the other hand, the three-dimensional shape of low-mass galaxies is elongated along a major axis in both models. At a fixed stellar mass, M* &lt; 1010 M⊙, galaxies are more elongated in the strong-feedback case. More massive, star-forming discs with high surface densities form giant clumps. However, the population of round, compact, old (agec &gt; 300 Myr), quenched, stellar (or gas-poor) clumps is absent in the model with strong feedback. On the other hand, giant star-forming clumps with intermediate ages (agec = 100–300 Myr) can survive for several disc dynamical times, independently of feedback strength. The evolution through compaction followed by quenching in the plane of central surface density and specific star formation rate is similar under the two feedback models.
The ALMA REBELS Survey: the first infrared luminosity function measurement at z ∼ 7
Authors: Barrufet L , Oesch P A , Bouwens R , Inami H , Sommovigo L , Algera H , da Cunha E , Aravena M , Dayal P , Ferrara A , Fudamoto Y , Gonzalez V , Graziani L , Hygate A P S , de Looze I , Nanayakkara T , Pallottini A , Schneider R , Stefanon M , Topping M , van der Werf P 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT
We present the first observational infrared luminosity function (IRLF) measurement in the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) based on a ultraviolet (UV)-selected galaxy sample with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) spectroscopic observations. Our analysis is based on the ALMA large program Reionization Era Bright Emission Line Survey (REBELS), which targets 42 galaxies at z = 6.4–7.7 with [C ii] 158 $\rm{\mu m}$ line scans. 16 sources exhibit dust detection, 15 of which are also spectroscopically confirmed through the [C ii] line. The infrared (IR) luminosities of the sample range from log LIR/L⊙ = 11.4 to 12.2. Using the UV luminosity function as a proxy to derive the effective volume for each of our target sources, we derive IRLF estimates, both for detections and for the full sample including IR luminosity upper limits. The resulting IRLFs are well reproduced by a Schechter function with the characteristic luminosity of $\log L_{*}/\mathrm{ L}_\odot =11.6^{+0.2}_{-0.1}$ . Our observational results are in broad agreement with the average of predicted IRLFs from simulations at z ∼ 7. Conversely, our IRLFs lie significantly below lower redshift estimates, suggesting a rapid evolution from z ∼ 4 to z ∼ 7, into the reionization epoch. The IR obscured contribution to the cosmic star formation rate density at z ∼ 7 amounts to $\mathrm{log(SFRD/{\rm M}_{\odot }\,yr^{-1}\,Mpc^{-3}) = -2.66^{+0.17}_{-0.14} }$ that is at least ∼10 per cent of UV-based estimates. We conclude that the presence of dust is already abundant in the EoR and discuss the possibility of unveiling larger samples of dusty galaxies with future ALMA and JWST observations.