bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ears Still Tingling? Mission Communication Explored
Authors: Ogden Val 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
That the mighty mission of God erupted out of distinctive, communicative acts is hardly fresh news. Texts such as Genesis 1:3, 1 Kings 19:11–13, John 1:1, and Acts 2:4 have for generations invited engagement with Scripture via the concept of communication. This chapter discusses significant insights to be gained from examining missiology/mission studies through a communications optic, and what areas of crucial focus emerge for twenty-first-century ears, eyes, and voices. Historical material from Lausanne, the Ecumenical Movement more generally, and the World Association for Christian Communication is held up to contemporary scrutiny, noting how emphases have evolved and how the missional principles which remain are anchored in the choppy waters of ever-expanding global communications’ possibilities such as digital media. The chapter urges that the prophetic voice of mission communication be heard with greater clarity in the cause of religious freedom, transparency, and truth.
Christian Mission and Postcolonialism
Authors: Sebastian J. Jayakiran 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
What does postcolonial theory and theology have to say about the history of Christian mission and missiological thinking and praxis? Recognizing that postcolonialism involves a strategy of reading and interpretation that attends to the margins of what is perceived as normative history, this chapter contextualizes how the Bible was used when missionaries disseminated forms of Christianity. It further explores what effects Christianity had then and now, when independent nations are still coming to terms with their colonial past and its legacies. In addition, it problematizes the easy acceptance of a particular way of understanding mission as the mission of God (missio Dei) by using postcolonial approaches which interrogate the way in which such concepts came to dominate missiological thinking and theological imagination. It finally asks if the possibility of understanding mission as our mission to God offers us creative ways of understanding mission and our calling in a postcolonial reality.
Christianity in Chinese Soil
Authors: Ruokanen Miikka , Yongtao Chen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chapter focuses on three main features in the development of Christianity in China: first, a perpetual tendency toward the contextualization/inculturation of the Christian faith; second, tension between the suspicion of foreign interference in Chinese society and the welcome of Western science and social values introduced by missionaries; and third, criticism of imported Western denominationalism. The chapter demonstrates how these features appeared in Chinese Christianity from mission initiatives and indigenous movements from the seventh century ce up to contemporary modern urban post-denominational congregations and their pursuit of the political, social, and cultural Sinicization of the faith. It analyzes the reasons for the phenomenal growth of Protestantism in China. Moreover, it discusses the possibility that Chinese Christians—on the basis of the tendency towards contextualization and nondenominationalism, and because of their experience of suffering resulting in deep devotion and spiritual vigor—could make a global impact shaping world Christianity.
Theory and Method in Mission Studies/Missiology
Authors: Nagy Dorottya 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present chapter addresses questions related to theory and method within missiological research. Acknowledging institutionalization, constellation, and contingency as formative dynamics for mission studies, the article elaborates on the notions of relationality, interculturality, and contextuality as possible epistemological entries for deepening conversations on methodology. Choosing this path, the study underlines the need to address the question of agency critically throughout the research process, starting with the person of the researcher. Studying agency implies the discovery of the manifold God-perceptions (theoria-theologia) enclosed in research, which in their turn question any single-ideologically-minded form of missiological praxis and provide space for new theoretical and methodical insights. The chapter initiates conversation on the spatial turn and spiritual turn as two such insights, and it calls for intercultural relationality, which underscores the normative nature of any missiological research. Normativity is always situational, actual, and empirical; it is always partial and becoming in intercultural relationality.
Christian Mission, Religious Pluralism, and Interreligious Dialogue
Authors: Mayer Annemarie C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
From the Great Commission it would logically follow that over time all other religions disappear due to Christian mission. Yet other religions continue to exist. Therefore, this chapter first asks: How does Christianity theologically deal with the factual plurality of religions, given that God wills the salvation of all? Which parameters of a Christian theology of religions inform both Christian mission and interreligious dialogue? Secondly, the differentiation between religious pluralism and plurality leads to the question of how plurality can strengthen religious identity, since such identity seems a prerequisite for interreligious dialogue. Moreover, also the connotations of “dialogue” in different religions are not always positive. All this leads, thirdly, to addressing the relation between dialogue and mission: Does dialogue compromise Christian faith and indicate that mission failed? Or is dialogue a means of mission? Is it just a tactical move or a sound tool? Is mission eventually replaced by dialogue?
Christian Missionary Constructions of Hinduism
Authors: Swamy Muthuraj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Christian missionary approaches to Hinduism, in both the past and present, receive significant attention in mission studies. In the contemporary context (i.e., the past three decades or so), postcolonial approaches, empire studies, and critical world-religion categories have helped to develop new perspectives about Christian missionary attitudes to Hinduism during the colonial period. This chapter reviews literature and studies two arguments. First is the view that Christian missionaries have contributed hugely to the colonial construction or imagination or invention of Hinduism as one unified religion. Second, Christian attitudes to secularism and related categories (like enlightenment, rationalism, etc.), as well as religious-secular distinctions in the West, have shaped mission to Hindus. The discussion in this chapter is set against the context where the Hindutva forces are politically pushing hard for Hindu nationalism on the basis of Hinduism as one religion, and attacking secularists and religious minorities as the problematic other in India.
The Protestant World Mission and Race Discourse
Authors: Botha Nico A. , Baron Eugene 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chapter explores why race is neglected in mission studies by using a historical approach drawing on primary and secondary sources of the Protestant missionary movement of the first half of the twentieth century. The authors argue that during this period, “race” was recognized as a “problem” to be addressed in mission but not consistently described as being an issue of white racism. The chapter commences by examining the World Missionary Conference, Edinburgh 1910, where racist and white supremacist attitudes were explicit. Secondly, the authors give special attention to analysis of J.H. Oldham’s Christianity and the Race Problem (1925) as a unique missiological response to race in the Protestant world mission scene in the early twentieth century. Thirdly, the meetings of the of the International Missionary Council (IMC), which grew out of Edinburgh 1910, from Jerusalem 1928 to Ghana 1958 are considered from the perspective of their treatment of race.
Women in Mission
Authors: Cruz Gemma Tulud 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Women have been agents and recipients of missionary activity since the beginning of Christianity. Oftentimes, their experience has been theorized from the perspective of “living in two worlds” or from the perspective of victimhood and/or agency. This chapter explores the experiences of women in mission and how these have been described, analyzed, and theorized from the perspective of gender, both in the past and today. It then critically discusses gender as an analytical category as it is used by feminist missiologists. The author proposes this gendered approach to mission history and practice is a feminist theological contribution to missiology that remains unfinished.
Mission and Biblical Studies
Authors: Nguyễn vănThanh 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
God’s mission is the thread that is woven into the whole fabric of the Bible and forms a coherent framework of reading and interpreting the Bible. The task for both missiologists and biblical scholars in today’s global perspective is not only to read the Bible missionally but also critically and contextually. What is proposed is a missional hermeneutic of the Bible, an integrative approach that employs missio Dei as the key hermeneutical lens and takes into consideration the contexts of the author, the text, and also the reader. The essay also examines one key aspect in current biblical studies that has a bearing in mission studies, namely, the Roman imperial context.
Mission, Money, and Power
Authors: Vähäkangas Mika 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The term “mission” in its modern meaning was coined during the expansion of Western Christianity which was in many ways entangled with colonialism. The Western missionary movement’s modus operandi was adopted by missions from other backgrounds as well, when economic growth and growth of revivalist Christianity have coincided. When the outcome is new churches in economically underprivileged areas, there is an economic and power imbalance between the mission agency and the local church. However, locally instituted churches and migrant churches have challenged the pattern and strengthened mission from the economic and political margins. Mission in the world of economic inequality has also reinvigorated the classic theological question of how to relate to money and power. From the margins, the prosperity gospel is often the response, whereas many churches which traditionally represent power and affluence tend to present perspectives critical towards global capitalism.
Introduction to Mission Studies
Authors: Kim Kirsteen , Fitchett-Climenhaga Alison 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mission studies, or missiology, is an interdisciplinary field that utilizes theological, historical, and social scientific methods. It represents over a century of scholarship related to the theology, history, and methodology of the propagation of Christian faith and the development of Christianity worldwide. We examine the current state of the field of mission studies, explaining how the structure of this Handbook mirrors the field’s structure and concerns. Then we analyze current trends in mission studies that emerge across the Handbook’s chapters, areas of growth that will shape the practice of missiology moving forward. In particular, we highlight emerging critical approaches within missiological scholarship to ecumenism, interreligious engagement, the missio Dei paradigm, grassroots agency, human mobility, and academic knowledge production. We underscore the relevance of the study of the history, motives, and operations of missions for academics in diverse fields, and policy makers in contexts of religious plurality, social need, and conflict.
Practical Theology and Mission Studies
Authors: Prior John Mansford 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
After looking at the origin of practical theologies and mission studies as independent specialties, this chapter describes the series of paradigm shifts in both disciplines that occurred in our globalizing world. This period saw a dramatic shift in context from a disjunctive Christian Northwest to an interreligious world influenced by the Southeast. The advent of social sciences led to a shift in methodology which brought practical theology and mission studies into a collaborative relationship as practically rooted academic studies. Rooted in experience, methodologies are outlined from the mission-inspired pastoral cycle to the grounded theory and appreciative inquiry approaches of more contemporary times, developments possible due to supportive networks and research institutes. From the mid-twentieth century, grassroots theologizing in basic ecclesial communities inspired transformative mission in the academy in a progressively secular world. This chapter concludes by looking at how spirituality imbues practical mission theology, influencing our choice of method and approach.
Government Venture Capital Programs
Authors: Cumming Douglas , Johan Sofia , Zhang Minjie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Governmental bodies around the world are paying increasing attention to the subsidization of research and development through venture capital programs. In both the US and Canada, approximately 90% of all venture capital investments are in the technology sectors. The perceived importance of developing the knowledge-based high-tech sectors has led to a large number of government programs designated to subsidize through direct government venture capital funds and tax policies. This chapter presents evidence on how governments offer venture capital support programs in different countries with mixed performances. We further discuss evaluation tools for government venture capital and highlight several pitfalls that future studies of government venture capital should avoid and how future studies could provide more helpful and unbiased policy suggestions to the government.
Outsourcing State Functions
Authors: Girth Amanda M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Since the 1970s, governments have shifted away from statist policies and toward markets through waves of market-oriented reforms. Across advanced and emerging economies alike, the public sector increasingly outsources the provisioning of goods and services to the private sector. Outsourcing state functions is motivated by economic arguments that underscore the value of competitive markets to overcome the inefficiencies of monopolistic public institutions. Political and ideological motives drive outsourcing to reduce the size of the public sector workforce and curb union strength. Outsourcing is also pursued for pragmatic reasons such harnessing private sector innovation and shedding functions that are not core competencies. Critiques of public sector outsourcing include misplaced faith in markets and underemphasis on market efficiencies, which contribute to unreliable cost savings. Opponents contend the private sector emphasizes efficiency at the expense of other public values and further exacerbates accountability challenges of governing. Outsourcing state functions raises broader questions on the role of the public sector and the legitimacy of public institutions.
State Capitalism and Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Dong Jiyang , Luo Xiaowei Rose 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, we review the literature to examine the role of the Chinese state in shaping corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. We start by taking stock of the variety of channels employed by the Chinese party-state to influence the adoption and diffusion of CSR among Chinese firms. Second, we examine how the state utilizes different institutional linkages between the state and firms to influence CSR in connected firms. These linkages include government’s shareholding in firms and political connections between firms and governmental agencies, and how they differ in transmitting the state’s influence regarding CSR. Third, we delve into the state’s bureaucratic fragmentation and dual goals (economic and noneconomic), which affect the effectiveness of the state’s CSR policy implementation. Fourth, we analyze the circumstances under which the civil society’s demands of CSR may undermine or enhance the state’s influence on CSR. Lastly, we explore the strategic benefits firms can obtain from the state through their CSR activities. Overall, our review unveils the complexity and evolution of the state’s influence on CSR in China and points to promising directions for future research.
State Capitalism in Latin America
Authors: DeMello Rodrigo B. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractState capitalism in Latin America has survived the re-democratization in the 1980s and remains relevant to the political economy of most countries in the region. State capitalism remains popular because it has been instrumental for the political survival of both left- and right-wing governments. In this chapter, I provide an overview of current level of the state capitalism in Latin America, and a review of the extant literature. Finally, I develop a framework to describe how governments may use state capitalism tools to distribute private and public goods aiming at building and managing coalitions in multiparty presidential systems. State capitalism in Latin America still alive and relevant.
State Capitalism is Capitalism in Canada
Authors: Whiteside Heather 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The long arc of state capitalism in Canada indicates that state capitalism is capitalism, and that liberal, particularly neoliberal, discourse of distinct private markets underpinned by public sector laissez-faire mentality is largely a fiction. Crosscutting historical and contemporary trends reveal that state-owned enterprises have both supported capitalist development and reflected changes within the capitalist system; thus the neoliberal era may be market-led but is highly reliant on and enabled by the state. This chapter reviews the literature on state capitalism and summarizes neoliberal era contradictions, details the relationship between state capitalism and state-owned enterprises in Canada through case study examples over various periods of economic development, and provides insights on state capitalism from the Canadian vantage point.
The Origins of the Developmental State
Authors: Reinert Sophus A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter interrogates the currently resurgent and frequently demonized concept of “state capitalism” from a deeper historical perspective. It argues that contrary to what often is maintained, the concept can be fruitfully traced back to the strategies and policies of the city-states of Medieval and Renaissance Italy, if not before, and that pertinent aspects of it can be used to explain practically all successful trajectories of development since. The chapter focuses on the political economy of Grand Duke Cosimo I of Tuscany as a foundational case study in this regard and demonstrates how, in spite of “high modernist” critiques, a number of successful developmental states from the Renaissance to the present actually have aligned themselves with James Scott’s ideal of prudent and practical mētis in matters of political economy.
State Capitalism in East Asia
Authors: Carney Richard W. , Samphantharak Krislert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chapter examines the relationship between political regimes and state capitalism in East Asia, with accompanying cases to illustrate the dynamics. A four-regime typology is used to characterize national political systems, including narrow authoritarian regimes (Brunei), single party authoritarian regime (China), dominant party authoritarian regime (Singapore), and democracy (Taiwan). With regard to the manifestation of state capitalism, we focus on the relative dominance of state ownership of listed firms and the role of sovereign wealth funds. Although political rulers in Dominant-party Authoritarian Regimes (DPARs) are autocrats, they face different incentives than other autocratic rulers because they hold multiparty elections. This critical feature motivates them to engage in more aggressive state interventions in the corporate sector, especially when their hold on power is threatened. The case studies illustrate: 1) cross-sectional relationship between political regime and the manifestation of state capitalism; 2) the change in state capitalism as a result of a change in the structure of the political regime, as with the case of Taiwan; and 3) the relatively greater assertion of state influence on the corporate sector by rulers in DPARs.
State Capitalism in Russia
Authors: Mizobata Satoshi , Hayashi Hiroaki 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The aim of the chapter is to explain how Russian state capitalism functions in terms of business and society. Given that the government–business relationship in Russia has changed from state capture or the grabbing hand model to the “give-and-take” model, it is necessary to clarify the interrelations between government, business, and society in order to understand Russian state capitalism. The chapter highlights five characteristics of Russian state capitalism as follows. First, the basic feature of the Russian state capitalist economic structure heavily depends on natural resources led by a strong central authority. Rent-seeking behavior penetrates the economy. Second, with regard to corporate structure, a focus on the governmentalization of strategic sectors to attain corporate control has been in effect since the 2000s, and the state has retained control of priority business. Third, Russia’s innovation policy has a state-led character as well. Despite a series of ambitious strategies, Russia has failed to build coherent institutions for innovation. Fourth, with regard to state–society relations, the state has provided increased support to ordinary people, mainly using oil and gas revenue. This is one reason that the public supports the Putin regime. Finally, the Russian middle class is heavily dependent on the government due to its composition, implying that the Russian middle class is not strong enough to reform the status quo. Therefore, as long as oil and gas revenues do not decrease greatly, Russian society remains stable.
State Capitalism
Authors: Allen Matthew M. C. , Wood Geoffrey T. , Keller Matthew R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The recent rise of companies from emerging markets, especially China, has led to a slew of studies based on the concept of “state capitalism.” However, definitions of this term vary significantly. We review how various leading authors use the term state capitalism to draw out differences between, and similarities within, those conceptualizations. By doing so, we seek to 1) define what “state capitalism” is (and is not); 2) demonstrate how the dimensions of state capitalism vary; and 3) put forward a range of Weberian “ideal types” of state capitalism. This enables us to highlight the dimensions along which state capitalisms vary as well as to specify the means that state capitalisms use in an effort to achieve their objectives, opening up important new areas for interdisciplinary research.