bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Confucianism and the State
Authors: Kim Sungmoon 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the Confucian perspective on the state with special attention to its underlying paradigm of virtue politics. It examines the pre-Qin establishment of the ideal of the “family-state” by classical Confucians such as Confucius and Mencius, which stipulates that the state exists to serve the well-being of the people and the ruler ought to treat the people like his own children; its radical transformation with the rise of Legalistic Confucianism after the Han dynasty; and the Neo-Confucian challenge to the imperial state, which stressed the perfect congruence between loyalty and filial piety in the service of the emperor’s absolutist power. It concludes by discussing the two most dominant visions of the Confucian state in contemporary Confucian political theory—Confucian democracy and Confucian political meritocracy.
Confucianism and Visual Arts
Authors: Murray Julia K. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This article discusses contexts for the visual arts in Confucian civilization, focusing on China in the later imperial period. It surveys various arts associated with Confucian rituals of both state and family worship, including temple architecture and decoration, altar vessels, and sculptural or painted portraits of the persons receiving sacrifices. The Sanli tu 三禮圖, an illustrated compilation based on the Classics, provided models for ritual paraphernalia in the Northern Song, but the antiquarian movement subsequently displaced it in favor of designs modeled on actual ancient vessels. This article also reviews a range of pictures relevant to Confucian governance (tu 圖), including cosmic diagrams, portraits and pictorial biographies of Confucius (Shengji tu 聖蹟圖), didactic illustrations of exemplary or cautionary stories, and paintings documenting imperial responsibilities and achievements. Finally, it notes the prestige of calligraphy and paintings by Confucian literati, conventionally presumed to be amateurs using the medium for self-expression.
Early Imperial Confucianism
Authors: Knapp Keith N. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the fitful growth and development of Confucianism from the Qin dynasty to the end of the Tang. It demonstrates that the tradition slowly gained influence at court and society at large—it was only in the Eastern Han that it became government ideology. Despite its loss of philosophical influence in the tumultuous Six Dynasties, Confucianism retained its importance because of the inroads it made into upper-class ritual life and its ability to accommodate other teachings. With the Sui and Tang unification of China, Confucianism once again extensively influenced both state and society. The catastrophe of the An Lushan Rebellion, though, caused Tang thinkers to re-evaluate the tradition. Many continued to embrace medieval Confucianism’s expansive and accommodating attitude, but a small minority began to envision the tradition in a new way, which would become the harbinger of Neo-Confucianism.
The Analytics of Natural Resource Management
Authors: Bahel Eric , Keutiben Octave , Tatoutchoup Francis Didier 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the theoretical framework of how society allocates scarce natural resources. We distinguish between the cases of nonrenewable resources and renewable resources. Nonrenewable resources differ from renewable resources because they have a fixed stock of reserves that, once removed, cannot be replaced. Extracting a unit of resource today means that a lower resource stock will be available for future extraction. For both renewable and nonrenewable resources, the economic analysis aims to determine (i) the flow of production over time and (ii) whether and when the resource stock will be depleted. In the case of nonrenewable resources, we present Hotelling’s theory of the mine as well as its extensions. In the case of renewable resources, we examine the derivation of Faustmann’s optimal rotation for even-aged forests. These building blocks will be used in the next chapter to test the dynamic efficiency of Cameroon’s resource management.
Testing the Dynamic Efficiency of Extraction of Nonrenewable Resources
Authors: Tatoutchoup Francis Didier , Keutiben Octave , Bahel Eric 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines whether non-renewable resources are extracted and managed e-ciently in Cameroon. The analysis is performed by empirically evaluating the consistency between the theoretical extraction path dictated by the Hotelling model and its various extensions and the actual extraction path. We tested the dynamic e-ciency of the theoretical path of the main non-renewable resources produced in Cameroon. Based on the empirical evidence, the results showed that the basic Hotelling model, which incorporates technological progress for petroleum (the most important mineral produced in Cameroon) and natural gas is consistent with data. For all other minerals, the test was inconclusive or failed. The theoretical extraction model known as the Hotelling model cannot explain the evolution of the observed price path of these resources.
Oil Revenue Management: Cameroon’s Experience
Authors: Keutiben Octave , Tatoutchoup Francis Didier , Bahel Eric 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Cameroon’s growth performance and development outcomes have not hit the level expected from its oil wealth and abundant resources endowments. This chapter first reviews the theory and practice of oil revenue management in the context of developing countries. It then highlights many political economy factors to explain why Cameroon has not harnessed its natural resources, especially oil, for sustained growth and shared prosperity. The chapter underscores that if Cameroon has ever suffered or is suffering from any ‘curse’, it should be referred to as ‘institutional curse’. Most importantly, the chapter asserts that accountability to the people of Cameroon, not donors, is momentous to transparency and good governance.
The Interplay Between Colonial History and Postcolonial Institutions
Authors: Mabeu Marie Christelle , Pongou Roland 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We study the long-term impacts of Cameroon’s colonial history and its interplay with postcolonial institutions. We exploit both the arbitrary division of the German Colony of Kamerun between France and Britain after the First World War and the 1961 reunification of British Southern Cameroons and French Cameroon. Comparing individuals from the same ethnic homeland but living on either side of the British-French border within Cameroon, we find that individuals on the British side had higher educational attainment before the reunification, but that this initial advantage was partially erased by post-reunification governance. Despite achieving higher educational attainment overall, individuals on the British side have worse employment outcomes and roughly similar infant mortality rates. We provide further evidence of the interaction between colonial origins and postcolonial institutions by analyzing how the outcomes of individuals in former Southern Cameroons differ from their hypothetical outcomes, had they instead opted to join Nigeria in the 1961 plebiscite. We find that they have lower educational attainment, higher infant mortality rates, and worse employment outcomes relative to their co-ethnics living on the Nigerian side of the border between Southern Cameroons and Nigeria.
The Economics of Migration and Remittances
Authors: Yameogo Nadege D. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Cameroon international emigration pattern turned from an elite education-type of migration to a more adventurous type following the 1980s economic crises. More young Cameroonians aspired to escape economic hardships and find jobs especially in developed countries. Migration is more a family’s decision where the family invests in the costs of migration and in return, expects the migrant to send remittances. Remittance inflows spiked over the past decades and have replaced foreign direct investments. With a strong and educated diaspora abroad especially in OCED, Cameroon has a great opportunity to tap into their human, financial, and social capital to boost its economic transformation and create good jobs for those left behind.
Economic Evaluations of Health Financing Programs
Authors: Tchouaket Nguemeleu Eric , Robins Stephanie , Bélanger Emilie , Sia Drissa , Sieleunou Isidore 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
For several decades Cameroon’s healthcare system has faced a multitude of challenges. These challenges are associated with observed shifts in the country’s demographic profile, epidemiology, lifestyle, technological advances, and environment change. Health outcomes are among the poorest in the world. Cameroon’s medical infrastructure and available human resources fail to meet the demand for care. Public financing accounts for only 3% of the national budget, thus Cameroonians spend large shares of their household budget on healthcare. Cameroon has benefited from national and international financial support for healthcare. This has helped establish 31 healthcare financing programmes (HFP) in Cameroon. This chapter reviews the practice of economic and efficiency evaluations of HFP in Cameroon. It also presents the main challenges faced when conducting these assessments. The chapter stresses the need for continuous monitoring and evaluation of Cameroon’s healthcare sector financing, both in the current COVID-19 pandemic as well as in the post-pandemic period. Such critical appraisal of current HFP is necessary to achieve optimal, effective, efficient and sustainable investment that can promote healthcare for the Cameroonian population over the long term.
A Blueprint for Employment Creation
Authors: Monga Célestin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Despite major advances in contemporary macroeconomic theory, policymakers and citizens in most countries have been particularly frustrated by the inability of economists to provide reliable general blueprints and actionable policy frameworks to cure pervasive and persistent joblessness, which is perhaps the worse of economic and social ills. African economies such as Cameroon’s have suffered disproportionately from the consequences of this knowledge gap. While the range of market failures studied by economists over recent decades has been expanded to include market imperfections, they have not fully accounted for the implications of market failures in labor markets—including the prevalence of segmented markets that eliminate competition, or even the total absence of markets for certain skills or categories of workers. Relying on the miraculous fetichism of the price mechanism, conventional wisdom among economists has long viewed the labor market as mostly clearing or at worst in the process of quick return to market-clearing equilibrium. This chapter discusses the challenges to employment creation in developing country contexts—especially through industrialization—and offers a policy framework for creating employment.
Exploring the Role of Bodies and Gestures in Management with Merleau-Ponty
Authors: Grandazzi Albane 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a dematerialized economy, gestures and movements at work seem to be of less importance. However, our ‘sensorial experience’ remains the way we perceive the world even if our gestures are increasingly connected to the machines that power our everyday work. So, how do we think about, observe, and conceptualize gestures and movements in management theory? Merleau-Ponty was a prolific philosopher, exploring in particular this notion of ‘sensorial experience’ as a way of being, and a means of perceiving the world. If bodies, movements, and gestures seem to be part of a kind of sensory evidence, they must be reinterpreted, including our reflexive experience and relations with other bodies. This chapter is targeted at researchers in organizational theory, and aims to show Merleau-Ponty’s major contribution to the study of gestures and movements, exploring several notions developed by the author.
Animal Ontologies
Authors: Paring Géraldine 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Posthumanist research has recently been undertaken to rectify the longstanding anthropocentric invisibilization of animals in organizing processes. The stake is both epistemological and political, with the growing awareness that the current ecological crisis is a crisis in our relationship with animals. Organizations studies have worked on organizations’ ontologies and methodologies to make way for animals but have tended to avoid the daunting task of exploring animal ontologies, making themselves liable to reconduct the humanist normative categories humanity/animality and leaving animals non-researchable subjectivities. This chapter draws on the long, central, and living tradition of phenomenological thinking about animals, from Von Uexküll to Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, Derrida, Burgat, Despret, and Morizot. Fully endorsing the view that the ontological is political, I make the case for exploring the specific historical construction of the hierarchical dualism humanity/animality—connected to but not equivalent to other dualisms such as person/object—to propose richer animal ontologies, such as animals’ and species’ life-worlds and ways of being, to build new relational ontologies.
The Process of Depth
Authors: de Vaujany François-Xavier 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Depth appears as a key concept and direction both in the late thought of Merleau-Ponty and for the work of Deleuze at large. This chapter aims at comparing their views about the process of depth, in particular the distinctive topologies offered by each philosopher. As a set of invisibilities (for Merleau-Ponty) and folds or holes (for Deleuze) produced by movements and becoming themselves, depth appear as a very interesting perceptive and/or metaphysical ways to describe temporality as an organizing process and organizing as a temporality. The depth of experience is the in-betweeness of events at stake in organizing, in particular the happening and mattering of all images involved in a specific process of organizing. By means of cinematographic experience, this chapter explores further the potentialities of this thesis.
Organization as Autopoietic ‘Understanding’?
Authors: Kirkpatrick Andrew 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the latent promise that a synthesis of Alfred North Whitehead’s process metaphysics and Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s embodied phenomenology might hold for Management and Organization Studies when construed in terms of a ‘process phenomenology’. Though ostensibly working in two distinct philosophical traditions, it is shown how Whitehead and Merleau-Ponty ultimately arrive at complementary ontological schemes grounded in the primacy of experience qua perception. Partially explaining this convergence is Henri Bergson, whose influence on both Whitehead and Merleau-Ponty serves as a concrete link between the traditions of process thought and phenomenology more broadly. Outlining the basic principles of Whitehead’s process metaphysics alongside Merleau-Ponty’s Gestalt inspired phenomenology, it is shown how a Whiteheadian interpretation of Merleau-Ponty’s late ontology of flesh results in a dynamic, relational worldview in which the becoming of organisms, and indeed organizations, can be framed as an autopoietic process of ‘understanding’ oneself and one’s world.
Husserl
Authors: Riot Elen 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We live in a time when a universal philosophy that would comprehend human relations to the world is now a bygone dream, as Husserl writes in Die Krisis in 1935. At the end of his life, he looks back at his constant efforts to defend the role of reason in relation to science and philosophy. He identifies a form of dissemination of philosophical views that tend to challenge the role of reason. He mentions the naïve realism of empirical evidence, positivism and its alienation of the idea of science, and post-Kantian theories of the construction of all experience to the world that challenge any form of objective knowledge. To counter these views, he defends a philosophical refoundation: a phenomenological method of investigation starting with the suspension of all judgement (epoché, in Greek). Assume the crisis Husserl mentioned has yet to be solved today. Then, following his method, we must rigorously consider anew our situation in the world. First, we must assess what we perceive through our senses in reference to our intentions. Then, we must reflect on this flood of experience to ultimately take action and take position on ‘the world of life’. Finally, in due course, taking in these sources of knowledge, sharing our various experiences and a form of open interconsciousness, we may settle on an ordered set of rules of reason that serves as a universal common ground, the guided enactment of our thoughts and actions. Let us see how it works.
Heidegger, Organization, and Care
Authors: Holt Robin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Heidegger’s figuration of the human as Dasein has us flickering between a condition of organizational capture and openness. Dasein always has to work from within a historically sedimented condition of instrumental relations and theoretical presentations into which it has fallen, and from which it projects. This chapter critically considers the nature of this capture and openness, specifically in relation to the discussion of conscience and care in Being and Time. Using the Pre-Raphaelite painting The Awakening Conscience by William Holman Hunt as a provocation, I argue the flicker lies with the re-organized disclosure of being that arises from the struggle of letting difference remain a difference.
From Phenomenology to a Metaphysics of History
Authors: de Vaujany François-Xavier 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Maurice Merleau-Ponty is a major phenomenologist and philosopher of the 20th century. From his two seminal books Structure and Behavior and Phenomenology of Perception till his last unfinished opus The Visible and the Invisible, he moved from a phenomenology to what he called his ‘indirect’ or ‘sensible ontology’. This chapter details what was his first phenomenological thought before exploring his indirect ontology as interwoven with a broader ‘metaphysics of history’. Surprisingly, this metaphysics of history appears as very close to the thought of the last, ethical Foucault. It offers a very interesting temporal view of the relationship between the present and actuality, and productive differences at stake in historical processes.
Evolutionary Neuroarchaeology
Authors: Stout Dietrich , Hecht Erin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Evolutionary neuroarchaeology sits at the intersection of archaeological, evolutionary, and neuroscientific theory, adopting core elements of each and making its own contributions by articulating and elaborating connections between them. This unification is informed by the core neuroarchaeological project of drawing inferences about unobservable brains, behavior, and cognition from observable material remains. It thus has a natural affinity with theoretical perspectives that emphasize concrete context and materiality rather than abstract information processing, exemplified by parallel developments across anthropological practice theory, “4E” (embodied, embedded, enacted, and extended) cognition; predictive processing models of brain function; and the extended synthesis of evolutionary biology. This chapter reviews the logic and practice of research design in neuroarchaeology by giving specific examples and situating the field in the broader theoretical context of cognitive science.
Pyrotechnology in the Pleistocene
Authors: Twomey Terrence 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the influence of controlled fire use on the evolution of human cognition during the Pleistocene using the principles of cognitive archaeology in conjunction with Material Engagement Theory (MET). It is proposed that this approach provides an effective way to better understand the causal and constitutive nature of domestic fire on human cognition. This proposal is supported through a discussion of the evidence for fire-keeping and fire-using practices of Middle Pleistocene humans from the sites of Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov and Qesem Cave in Israel. These examples show that domestic fire would have influenced human cognition in complex ways, and that it makes sense to consider the material elements of fire as part of, not distinct from, cognitive processes. Before concluding, the chapter also considers the influence of fire use on brain evolution in light of MET.
Hawkes’ Ladder, Underdetermination, and the Mind’s Capacities
Authors: Currie Adrian , Meneganzin Andra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
At base, cognitive archaeology is in the business of using the archaeological record as an inroad to the abilities and expressions of past human minds. This does important work: explaining assemblages and patterns in the record, reconstructing past societies and people, as well as testing and probing hypotheses about minds and their evolution. However, there is often a long bow to be drawn from material traces to cognition; archaeological interpretation is often underdetermined. Using “Hawkes’ ladder” as a foil and drawing on two cases of Neandertal cognition (mourning and numeracy), this chapter argues that hypotheses concerning cognitive features are not beyond archaeological inference. However, such hypotheses are often “thin”: concerning the capacities of past minds, as opposed to specific meanings or functions. Nonetheless, establishing thin hypotheses is critically important for at least two reasons. First, many productive debates in archaeology are about the cognitive requirements behind specific material traces. Second, establishing thin hypotheses about capacities is often necessary for disambiguating more detailed ideas about meaning and function, or about evolutionary histories, which affords both exploring cognitive possibility and potentially finding ways of testing between these. Inferential strategies in cognitive archaeology then can progressively circumscribe narrower forms of underdetermination, constraining and exploring the space of cognitive possibility.
Metaplasticity, Not “Modernity”
Authors: Roberts Patrick 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Cognitive archaeology has traditionally focused on thresholds of development, scouring the material record for hallmarks of modernity and exploring reconstructed or living hominin brains to identify clearly bounded step changes in cognitive abilities. However, in the last decade or so, the concepts of metaplasticity and material engagement have been used to question not only the linearity of such changes, but also, in some cases, whether the human mind can realistically be considered as an entity separate from the material environments in which it operates. This chapter reviews the latest discussions in neuroscience, archaeology, and paleoecology, focusing in particular on Middle-to-Late Pleistocene human origins to promote the idea that environments, objects, and minds are inseparably intertwined. Building on elements of recent “4E” (embodied, embedded, enacted, and extended) approaches to cognition, it argues that the flexibility and fluidity with which our species forms connections between these realms, rather than any single material marker or behavioral horizon, point us toward what it means to be human.