bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Johnson Janiece 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
On a now notorious 11 September in 1857, a white Latter-day Saint militia massacred 120 Arkansan emigrants. News of the massacre traveled first to California and the across the United States. This tale of Mormon sin and its prosecution, legal and popular, was reported on across the country and beyond. This book tells the story of how that story was told and enduring themes of savagery, repudiated civilization, relinquished manhood, and despotic theocracy. Quickly the attention on the massacre and prosecution was more concerned with convicting a minority religion, the Mormon people, rather than the individual perpetrators of the horrific crime. This book follows the tale of the massacre as it is told over time.
The Indians Went Hunting
Authors: Lee Wayne E. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines how Native Americans sustained long-distance military expeditions, both over land and over water. Campaign logistics were closely tied to the nature of their societies and their normal patterns of subsistence. In some ways the campaign was simply a more intense extension of the seasonal winter hunting trip. It relied on the same communications and portage infrastructure: canoes, long-distance paths, pack-porterage, and eventually pack horses, combined with hunting on the move. Strategically these systems in combination provided very long reach, but when the raiding force arrived at its target, it was by then at the end of a tenuous logistical tether. Once in or near enemy territory, behaviors shifted to suit wartime conditions: stop building fires; stop using guns; cache food for use during a sudden retreat; set up hunting camps as both rendezvous point and food cache, and so on. Tactically, they would go into battle carrying almost nothing but their weapons, and then flee precipitously after either a successful or an unsuccessful raid, perhaps traveling several days with virtually no food, until arriving at a cache or rendezvous. Ultimately, understanding the specifics of Native American campaign logistics will contribute to assessing the political function of war in Native polities.
If You Want to Live Like an American, Act Like One
Authors: Shepherd Lauren Lassabe 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter describes efforts by Young Americans for Freedom (YAF) to make college conservatives appear to represent a student silent majority. It explores conservative backlash to anti-war demonstrations and support for war industry and military recruitment, to demonstrate how the student Right’s independent attempts to organize on campus were initially disjointed and inefficient. Movement leaders’ instructions to organize broadly around anticommunism and America First economics helped groups like YAF reach new constituencies. This chapter further covers conservative students’ appropriation of New Left slogans and symbols and discusses how plausible deniability under the guise of college humor helped conceal their white supremacy. It details how the Right strategically captured moderate College Republican clubs and student government associations, as well as evangelical student organizations.
High Bias
Authors: Masters Marc 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The cassette tape was revolutionary. Cheap, portable, and reusable, this small plastic rectangle changed music history. Make your own tapes! Trade them with friends! Tape over the ones you don't like! The cassette tape upended pop culture, creating movements and uniting communities. This entertaining book charts the journey of the cassette from its invention in the early 1960s to its Walkman-led domination in the 1980s to decline at the birth of compact discs to resurgence among independent music makers. Scorned by the record industry for "killing music," the cassette tape rippled through scenes corporations couldn't control. For so many, tapes meant freedom—to create, to invent, to connect. Marc Masters introduces readers to the tape artists who thrive underground; concert tapers who trade bootlegs; mixtape makers who send messages with cassettes; tape hunters who rescue forgotten sounds; and today's labels, which reject streaming and sell music on cassette. Their stories celebrate the cassette tape as dangerous, vital, and radical.
Chapter Two
Authors: Masters Marc 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In many places outside of mainstream spotlights, the cassette tape helped launch musical movements. Offering a quick way to make, capture, circulate, and share new sounds, the cassette was a crucial conduit for entire scenes, genres, and movements. In 1970s New York, hip-hop was birthed by DJs making breakbeats at live parties, and people quickly started taping those performances and passing them around, accelerating the growth of the genre. The same kind of thing happened with go-go in Washington DC, where tapes became the way to grow a community of musicians. Heavy metal spread through tapes traded in the mail via ads in the back of metal fanzines. Indie rock and lo-fi music capitalized on 4-track recording to distribute songs and albums outside of traditional channels. None of these movements would’ve grown so fast, or perhaps even existed at all, without cassette tapes.
Chapter Three
Authors: Masters Marc 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In the 1980s, the affordability and convenience of the cassette tape ignited a global community of home-taping artists. Inspired by–and participating in–the mail art movement, this far-flung network held a seemingly endless web of interpersonal connections, collaborations, and affiliations made primarily through the postal service. Its participants were linked not by a regional scene, or a developing sound, or a musical movement. They connected through the cassette itself, with which they made and exchanged their own self-propelled, self-controlled art, blurring categories and dodging commercial pressures. They often traded sounds, reworked each other’s art, and compiled international collections of work. Individual points of view abounded, and the range of creative personalities seemed infinite. Some of these prolific home tapers went beyond using the cassette to release music and transformed it into an instrument in its own right.
Chapter Four
Authors: Masters Marc 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Amateur recordings of live music have happened since Edison invented the phonograph. But the introduction of the cassette tape made it a lot easier. Unlike with expensive, complicated, bulky reel-to-reel gear, you didn’t have to be rich to buy a cassette recorder, you didn’t have to be a professional to operate one, and you could hide smaller ones under your seat or inside your clothes, reducing your chance of being caught. There was another bonus: just as cassette tapes offered an easy way to record shows, they also provided the chance to immediately hear and share those recordings. All of this spawned communities of recorders and traders around many genres and artists, most famously the Grateful Dead, whose decision to allow fans to tape and trade their live shows is responsible for creating one of the most devoted and communal fan bases in the history of rock and roll. We meet some of those devout tapers, as well as others who obsessively record, collect, and trade live music by Bob Dylan, Sun Ra, Phish, and many other artists.
Financial deepening and economic growth: A comparative analysis of Nigeria and South Africa
Authors: NYECHE Ezebunwo  , NWANKWO Nneka Uchenna  , EWUBARE DENNIS Chioma Rosemary  
Published: January 2025

This study examined the effects of financial deepening on economic growth. The objective was to compare the effects of financial deepening on Nigeria’s and South Africa’s economic growth. Time series data were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin and World Data Base. Nigeria’s and South Africa’s real gross domestic products were modeled as the function of private sector credit, broad money supply, market capitalization and interest rate spread. The study adopted the Vector Error Correction mechanism to compare the effect of financial deepening on economic growth. The study found that that South Africa have higher speed of adjustment than Nigeria, that financial deepening variables as formulated in the model explained more in variation of south African real gross domestic product than Nigeria. Private sector credit added more to South African real gross domestic product than Nigeria. Market Capitalization Ratio added more to South African real gross domestic product than Nigeria broad money supply added more to South African real gross domestic product than Nigeria. From the findings we conclude that financial sector deepening has more effect on South African economic growth than Nigeria. We recommend the need for further reforms in the Nigeria financial market to deepen the operational efficiency of the financial institutions for effective financial intermediation enhancing economic growth in Nigeria like South Africa. The monetary authorities should ensure adequate money supply in the economy such that will reduce cost of borrowing, enhance investment borrowings to achieve higher level output for the growth of Nigeria’s economy. Like the capital market of South Africa, Nigeria’s capital market should further be internationalized; this will enhance inflow of foreign portfolio and real investment to Nigeria economy for better economic growth and the monetary authorities should formulate policies such as reduced interest rate policy for investment borrowing and policy to increase deposit rates to enhance fund mobilization and increase lending to key sectors of the economy.
Keywords: Financial deepening, economic growth, Comparative Analysis, Nigeria, South Africa.
Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja, Beban Kerja Dan Etos Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Pada Daya Tarik Wisata Tanah Lot
Authors: Astawa I Gede Putra , Antari Ni Luh Sili , Ariesta I Putu Agus Suarsana 
Published: January 2025

Improving employee performance at the Tanah Lot Tourist Attraction, work environment, workload and work ethic are things that every company must pay attention to. The purpose of this study is to: 1) ascertain how the workplace environment affects workers' performance at the Tanah Lot Tourist Attraction, 2) Analyze how employee performance is affected by workload at the Tanah Lot Tourist Attraction, 3) Find out how the Tanah Lot Tourist Attraction's employees do in relation to their work ethic, 4) knowing the magnitude of the influence of the work environment, workload and work ethic on the performance of Tanah Lot Tourist Attraction employees. This study employs a quantitative methodology with a 70 employee sample size. Stratified random sampling is the method used in the sampling process. Multiple linear regression analysis, t tests, determination analysis, validity and reliability tests, and classical assumption tests are the analysis approaches that are employed. The research results show Y = 5.646 + 0.233X1 + 0.354X2 + 0.213X3. The study's findings allow for the following conclusions: 1) The work environment has a positive influence on employee performance at the Tanah Lot Tourist Attraction, 2) Work load has a positive influence on employee performance at the Tanah Lot Tourist Attraction, 3) Work ethic has a positive influence on employee performance on Tanah Lot Tourist Attraction, 4) Work environment (X1) and workload (X2) and work ethic (X3) on employee performance (Y) on Tanah Lot Tourist Attraction is 24.3% while the remaining 75.7% is explained by other variables not examined in this research.
Pengaruh Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Employee Engagement Dan Job Satisfaction Terhadap Job Performance Di Koa D’surfer HotelCanggu-Bali
Authors: Wijaya I Putu Yogi Anto , Sunata I Made 
Published: January 2025

Efforts to improve OCB, employee engagement, job satisfaction and job performance are things that companies must attention. The present study endeavors to ascertain the following: 1) the effect of organizational citizenship behavior on job performance at Koa D'Surfer Hotel; 2) the effect of employee engagement on job performance at Koa D'Surfer Hotel; 3) the effect of job satisfaction on job performance at Koa D' Surfer Hotel; 4) the identification of independent variables that exert the most significant influence on job performance at Koa D'Surfer Hotel; and 5) the extent to which organizational citizenship behavior, employee engagement, and job satisfaction to job performance at Koa D’Surfer Hotel. The method of research used is a quantitative method with a sample 52 employees. The sampling technique is a saturated sample. The analysis techniques used are research instrument tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis, t-test, beta coefficient and determination analysis. The results this research show that the regression model Y = 4.962 + 0.234X1 + 0.269X2 + 0.141X3. The research findings indicate that: 1) job performance is direct and real impacted by OCB; 2) job performance is direct and real impacted by employee engagement; 3) job satisfaction is direct and real impacted by job performance; and 4) the organizational citizenship behavior variable has a significant impact on job performance. This is demonstrated by the standardized coefficients beta value of the organizational citizenship behavior variable, which is 0.452; employee engagement is 0.418; and job satisfaction is 0.202. 5) Of the variables that influence work performance, 71,3% are related to OCB, employee engagement, and job satisfaction and 28,7% are influenced by variables not included in this research.
Pantai Lepang: Kajian Potensi dan Tantangan dalam Pengembangan Sebuah Destinasi Wisata Berkelanjutan
Authors: Wisnawa I Made Bayu 
Published: January 2025

Pantai Lepang, terletak di Kabupaten Klungkung, Bali, memiliki potensi besar untuk menjadi destinasi wisata berkelanjutan yang menarik. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi potensi dan tantangan yang ada dalam pengembangan Pantai Lepang sebagai destinasi wisata berkelanjutan. Metodologi yang digunakan meliputi observasi lapangan, serta analisis data sekunder dari literatur terkait dan kebijakan pemerintah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pantai Lepang memiliki berbagai potensi wisata alam, termasuk pantai yang luas dengan pasir hitam, pemandangan matahari terbit dan terbenam yang indah, serta keberadaan jogging track yang menunjang aktivitas wisata. Selain itu, masyarakat lokal menunjukkan antusiasme tinggi terhadap pengembangan pariwisata yang dapat meningkatkan perekonomian setempat. Namun, pengembangan Pantai Lepang menghadapi beberapa tantangan signifikan. Diantaranya adalah keterbatasan infrastruktur dasar seperti fasilitas umum, minimnya promosi dan pemasaran, serta ancaman kerusakan lingkungan akibat abrasi pantai yang keras. Partisipasi aktif dari pemerintah daerah, investor, dan komunitas lokal diperlukan untuk mengatasi tantangan ini dan memastikan bahwa pengembangan pariwisata berjalan sesuai prinsip-prinsip keberlanjutan. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan strategi pengembangan yang melibatkan konservasi lingkungan, peningkatan infrastruktur, dan promosi destinasi yang lebih luas. Kolaborasi antara berbagai pihak juga ditekankan untuk menciptakan sinergi dalam mencapai tujuan wisata berkelanjutan. Dengan pendekatan yang tepat, Pantai Lepang berpotensi menjadi destinasi wisata unggulan yang tidak hanya menarik wisatawan, tetapi juga memberdayakan masyarakat lokal dan melestarikan lingkungan.
Perkawinan Beda Agama dalam Perspektif Hak Azazi Manusia, Hukum Positif dan Teologis
Authors: Sunarto Sunarto 
Published: January 2025

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis implikasi perkawinan beda agama bagi orang Kristen di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pustaka dan mengkaji isu ini dari tiga perspektif: hak asasi manusia, hukum positif, dan teologi Kristen. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa perkawinan beda agama tidak bertentangan dengan hak azazi manusia. Terlepas kemungkinan persoalan yang bisa terjadi dalam perkawinan beda agama, tetapi hak membentuk sebuah keluarga merupakan hak yang tidak dapat dihilangkan. Namum dilihat dari sudut pandang hukum positif negara Republik Indonesia perkawinan beda agama secara tidak langsung dinyatakan dilarang. Sekalipun faktanya ada perkawinan yang dilaksanakan meskipun mereka mempunyai agama yang berbeda. Sedangkan dari sudut pandang teologi Kristen perkawinan beda agama seharusnya tidak dilakukan karena berimplikasi secara luas dalam kehidupan berkeluarga.
Multi-year simulations at kilometre scale with the Integrated Forecasting System coupled to FESOM2.5 and NEMOv3.4
Authors: Rackow Thomas , Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia Xabier , Becker Tobias , Milinski Sebastian , Sandu Irina , Aguridan Razvan , Bechtold Peter , Beyer Sebastian , Bidlot Jean , Boussetta Souhail , Deconinck Willem , Diamantakis Michail , Dueben Peter , Dutra Emanuel , Forbes Richard , Ghosh Rohit , Goessling Helge F. , Hadade Ioan , Hegewald Jan , Jung Thomas , Keeley Sarah , Kluft Lukas , Koldunov Nikolay , Koldunov Aleksei , Kölling Tobias , Kousal Josh , Kühnlein Christian , Maciel Pedro , Mogensen Kristian , Quintino Tiago , Polichtchouk Inna , Reuter Balthasar , Sármány Domokos , Scholz Patrick , Sidorenko Dmitry , Streffing Jan , Sützl Birgit , Takasuka Daisuke , Tietsche Steffen , Valentini Mirco , Vannière Benoît , Wedi Nils , Zampieri Lorenzo , Ziemen Florian 
Published: January 2025

Abstract. We report on the first multi-year kilometre-scale global coupled simulations using ECMWF's Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) coupled to both the NEMO and FESOM ocean–sea ice models, as part of the H2020 Next Generation Earth Modelling Systems (nextGEMS) project. We focus mainly on an unprecedented IFS-FESOM coupled setup, with an atmospheric resolution of 4.4 km and a spatially varying ocean resolution that reaches locally below 5 km grid spacing. A shorter coupled IFS-FESOM simulation with an atmospheric resolution of 2.8 km has also been performed. A number of shortcomings in the original numerical weather prediction (NWP)-focused model configurations were identified and mitigated over several cycles collaboratively by the modelling centres, academia, and the wider nextGEMS community. The main improvements are (i) better conservation properties of the coupled model system in terms of water and energy budgets, which also benefit ECMWF's operational 9 km IFS-NEMO model; (ii) a realistic top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) radiation balance throughout the year; (iii) improved intense precipitation characteristics; and (iv) eddy-resolving features in large parts of the mid- and high-latitude oceans (finer than 5 km grid spacing) to resolve mesoscale eddies and sea ice leads. New developments at ECMWF for a better representation of snow and land use, including a dedicated scheme for urban areas, were also tested on multi-year timescales. We provide first examples of significant advances in the realism and thus opportunities of these kilometre-scale simulations, such as a clear imprint of resolved Arctic sea ice leads on atmospheric temperature, impacts of kilometre-scale urban areas on the diurnal temperature cycle in cities, and better propagation and symmetry characteristics of the Madden–Julian Oscillation.
Economic sanctions and WTO law
Authors: Shepenko R. A. , Ryzhkova I. V. 
Published: January 2025

The subject. Restrictive measures have become one of the prevailing methods of foreign policy of particular states. Their main objectives are to change the political course of target states, to exert economic pressure on specific governments, companies or individuals. Traditionally, the majority of such measures are referred to the concept of “economic sanctions”. Despite the widespread use of the term, the international practice of challenging economic sanctions is not characterized by uniformity of approaches. The subject of this study is to analyze the existing WTO practice on disputes arising from the imposition of economic sanctions. Particular attention is paid to disputes where national security exceptions have been used as a defense argument. The hypothesis of the possibility of challenging economic sanctions through WTO mechanisms is investigated.Purpose of the study. The article represents an attempt to verify possible options for challenging economic sanctions in the WTO framework. The objective of this study is to analyze the existing practice of consideration of disputes arising from the imposition of economic sanctions at the WTO level in order to identify prospects for their resolution.Methodology. The research was conducted using general scientific methods – systematicity and logical analysis, which allowed to identify the main regularities of the studied object. Also, in this work were used special scientific methods of cognition, such as formal-dogmatic, historical, generalization method and method of hermeneutics.The main results. The practice of dispute settlement on the legality of economic sanctions is not fully developed. In the past, economic sanctions have only exceptionally been the subject of WTO proceedings. There have been cases in WTO practice where attempts by states to challenge unilateral restrictive measures have failed not as a result of dispute settlement, but because the parties were able to reach an agreement. Until 2019, Panels practically did not use Article XXI (b) (iii) of the GATT as an argument to justify economic sanctions for fear that it might cause an abuse of right. Recently, the invocation of this Article has become more common.Conclusions. Article XXI (b) (iii) of the GATT can be used as a basis for challenging economic sanctions imposed against the Russian Federation by certain states that are not in a state of armed conflict with it.
<span><strong>Thực trạng phát triển đội ngũ cán bộ quản lý các trường trung học cơ sở thị xã Giá Rai, tỉnh Bạc Liêu</strong></span>
Authors: Trần Huy Hoàng , Đào Hoàng Nam 
Published: January 2025

Phát triển đội ngũ cán bộ quản lý các trường trung học cơ sở không chỉ là nhiệm vụ cấp bách mà còn mang tính chiến lược dài hạn. Đội ngũ cán bộ quản lý chuyên nghiệp sẽ đảm bảo chất lượng giáo dục, tạo tiền đề cho sự phát triển toàn diện của học sinh, nhà trường. Vì vậy, nghiên cứu thực trạng phát triển đội ngũ cán bộ quản lý ở các trường trung học cơ sở thị xã Giá Rai không chỉ cần thiết, mà còn là yếu tố giúp định hướng chiến lược phát triển giáo dục bền vững cho địa phương trong tương lai. Để thực hiện vấn đề này, chúng tôi tiến hành khảo sát thực trạng bằng phiếu hỏi và phỏng vấn sâu đối với 145 cán bộ quản lý và giáo viên ở 6 trường trung học cơ sở trên địa bàn. Từ kết quả khảo sát, phân tích, đánh giá thực trạng phát triển đội ngũ cán bộ quản lý ở các trường trung học cơ sở qua công tác quy hoạch; bổ nhiệm, sử dụng luận chuyển; đào tạo, bồi dưỡng; thực hiện chế độ chính sách, tạo điều kiện làm việc; kiểm tra, đánh giá; chúng tôi đã rút ra những ưu điểm, những hạn chế của công tác phát triển đội ngũ cán bộ quản lý ở các trường trung học cơ sở thị xã Giá Rai. Kết quả nghiên cứu thực tiễn này sẽ giúp cho các cấp lãnh đạo địa phương và hiệu trưởng các trường trung học cơ sở thị xã Giá Rai, tỉnh Bạc Liêu tìm ra các biện pháp phù hợp để phát triển đội ngũ cán bộ quản lý các trường trung học cơ sở trong thời gian tới.