bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biologic and Chemical Characterization of HLA Antigens in Human Serum
Authors: Allison J. P. , Pellegrino M. A. , Ferrone S. , Callahan G. N. , Reisfeld R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
HLA antigens of both the A and B loci were shown to be associated with the high density lipoprotein fraction of serum prepared by ultracentrifugal flotation. HLA-A9 antigens were purified 100-fold with essentially complete recovery by a simple procedure of high density lipoprotein preparation involving precipitation with polyanions and ultracentrifugal flotation. The purified lipid-associated antigen was immunogenic since it elicited the formation of cytotoxic xenoantibodies in rabbits. Serum HLA-A9 antigens were found by immunoprecipitation and gel electrophoresis to consist of a 45,000 m.w. heavy chain associated with β2-microglobulin. The size of the HLA-lipid complex (&lt;190,000 m.w.) and of the HLA-deoxycholate complex (&lt;102,000 m.w.) suggests that HLA antigens are shed into plasma as a complex of a single HLA molecule and a single β2-microglobulin chain, associated with boundary lipid.
Receptors for IgM-Coated Erythrocytes on Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia Cells
Authors: Pichler Werner J. , Knapp Walter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Our experiments show that lymphocytes of CLL patients, having typical B cell characteristics, form rosettes with IgM-coated bovine erythrocytes. Of 18 investigated patients, 3 to 78% (mean 29%) of the isolated lymphocytes reacted with EA-IgM. With mixed rosette assays, EA-IgM bound to cells bearing receptors for IgG as well, but not to SRBC receptor-bearing lymphocytes.
Rosette formation could be completely blocked by addition of IgM at concentrations as low as 0.17 mg/ml. Ten milligrams per milliliter of aggregated human IgG had no effect on the rosette formation with EA-IgM but completely abolished the binding of EA-IgG. Adult human or rabbit serum blocked the EA-IgM binding, whereas cord blood serum and FCS had no effect.
These inhibition data indicate that EA-IgM binding does not occur via a somewhat altered IgG-Fc receptor but reacts with different membrane structures. That EA-IgM receptor can be cleaved off with trypsin and can be reconstituted after overnight cultivation, also supports this viewpoint.
In contrast to the situation in normal subjects, in CLL patients the IgM receptors are demonstrable before overnight cultivation and are found on cells with B cell characteristics.
Properties of tRNA-Specific Antibodies from NZB/NZW Mice
Authors: Eilat Dan , DI Natale Paola , Steinberg Alfred D. , Schechter Alan N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibodies that bind tRNA are produced spontaneously in New Zealand Black/New Zealand White (NZB/NZW) F1 hybrid female mice. An assay for the detection of these antibodies has been developed by using gel filtration and radioactive tRNA. This assay was found superior to the widely used ammonium sulfate precipitation assay because of the nature of the interaction between the protein and the tRNA. The antibodies bound native tRNA preferentially to tRNA denatured by cross-linking with formaldehyde. This conformational specificity was confirmed in competition experiments. The antibodies to native tRNA had an average association constant of 5 × 107 liter/mole at 4°C and could bind to more than one site per tRNA molecule. Experiments with immunoglobulin class-specific anti-mouse antisera, in solution and by radioimmunoelectrophoresis, showed that the antibodies were heterogeneous, but were predominantly of the IgG class.
These antibodies may be useful for detection, localization, and conformational analysis of tRNA in solution as well as for understanding the pathogenesis of the lupus-like syndrome in these mice.
Structure and Biologic Functions of Human IgD
Authors: Ruddick John H. , Leslie Gerrie A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chicken anti-human IgD antiserum (anti-δ) has demonstrated an antigenically cross-reactive homologue on rat lymphocytes. IgD and IgM are the only cell surface immunoglobulins detectable by the lactoperoxidase radiolabeling technique employed. The results indicate that, although rat surface IgD is antigenically distinct from rat IgM, the respective H chains co-electrophorese in 10% polyacrylamide-SDS gels. Rat δ-chain has an apparent m.w. of 73,000 daltons and exhibits a minor 65,000 dalton component which probably represents a partially degraded δ-chain. The ontogenic emergence of rat IgD occurs ∼3.5 weeks after birth whereas IgM, in contrast, is apparent by 6 days of age. Thus, as in the human, IgM develops before IgD. IgD receptors are undetectable in the thymus but are present in increasing levels in spleen, blood, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches.
Immunogenicity of Human B Cell Antigens Solubilized from Cultured Human Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Ferrone S. , Pellegrino M. A. , Reisfeld R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigens solubilized from cultured human lymphoid cells WI-L2 and RPMI 1788 were partially purified by ultracentrifugation on a KBr gradient. These antigens injected into rabbits produced xenoantibodies which after absorption with melanoma cells became specific to B cell antigens. Three such xenoantisera were submitted to the Second Histocompatibility Workshop of the Americas and reacted much like alloantisera to B cell antigens against a large panel of B peripheral lymphocytes and cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Xenoantisera to B cell antigens inhibited the mixed lymphocyte reaction, but did not affect the mitogenic activity of phytohemagglutinin or the functional properties of C3 receptors, monkey red blood cell receptors, or T cell receptors.
Quantitative Studies on the Precursors of Cytotoxic Lymphocytes
Authors: Teh H.-S. , Harley E. , Phillips R. A. , Miller R. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A microculture system for estimating the frequency of cytotoxic lymphocyte precursors (CLP) to alloantigens is described. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CL) were generated by culturing limiting numbers of RNC (H-2k)-nu/+ lymph node (LN) cells with irradiated C3D2F1 (H-2k/d) spleen cells in the presence of RNC-nu/nu spleen cells for 7 days in microtiter trays. At the end of the culture period, individual wells were assayed for cytotoxic effector cells directed against 51Cr-P815 (H-2d) target cells. The effector cells generated under these conditions are sensitive to killing by rabbit anti-mouse brain serum and guinea pig complement. The process of differentiation from precursors to CL is radiation sensitive (Do ∼ 180 rads). The frequency of precursors for H-2d was calculated by fitting the proportion of nonresponding cultures to the zero order term of the Poisson distribution, Po = e-vN, where Po = per cent nonresponders, v = precursor frequency, and N = number of LN cells cultured per well. The frequency of precursors in the RNC-nu/+ LN population responding to the H-2d haplotype was found to be 1 in 776. Under conditions where no backstimulation is possible, the frequency of precursors responding to the H-2d haplotype is 1 in 885 for B6-nu/+ LN and 1 in 2550 for B6-nu/+ spleen, respectively. In combination with a visual assay for individual CL, it was found that the average clone size per precursor after 7 days in culture is about 1040. Our assay could detect clones with as few as 40 CL/well. Since the average clone size in 26 times the detection limit, we conclude that the assay for CLP is highly sensitive and does not represent a minimum estimate.
The Amino Acid Sequence of Duck Amyloid A (AA) Protein
Authors: Gorevic Peter D. , Greenwald Mark , Frangione Blas , Pras Mordechai , Franklin Edward C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
AA protein constitutes 50 to 60% of the amyloid fibrils from livers of ducks developing spontaneous amyloidosis and has a m.w. of about 12,000. The sequence of the first 73 residues was established by automatic Edman degradation of the whole molecule and isolated cyanogen bromide fragments, and corroborated by placement of tryptic peptides. The sequence from position 76–80 was tentatively derived from a peptide that was homologous to that region of human and monkey AA proteins. Carboxypeptidase digestion showed the carboxy terminal sequence to be Ala, Arg, with some heterogeneity (Ser. Arg). Compared to human AA protein, there were five additional residues at the amino terminus. In view of the m.w. and the existence of additional peptides an extension at the C-terminal end seems likely. Sequence homologies to other AA proteins are discussed.
Effect of Levamisole on the Human Monocyte IgG Receptor
Authors: Schreiber Alan D. , Parsons Janey N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Levamisole, an isomer of tetrahydro phenylimidazo thiazole, is a synthetic anti-helminthic which may have immunostimulating properties both in vivo and in vitro (1). Its mode of action is incompletely understood. There is evidence in murine systems that levamisole can increase the phagocytosis of heterologous cells by macrophages in vitro (2) and accelerate the clearance of carbon particles (3). Additionally, levamisole may stimulate delayed hypersensitivity in man (4, 5). These observations suggest that the macrophage may be a major site of levamisole's action. Macrophages have specific surface receptors which serve to bind IgG- or C3-coated cells. We theorized that levamisole might mediate its effect in part by acting on these cell surface receptors. In order to assess the effect of levamisole on human macrophage IgG receptor function, we employed a quantitative in vitro model, with human erythrocytes, human IgG anti-erythrocyte (anti-D) antibody, and monolayers of human peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytic cells.
Solubilization and Partial Characterization of Cell Membrane Fc Receptors
Authors: Anderson Clark L. , Grey Howard M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We assayed detergent cell lysates and culture supernatant fluid of mouse cells for the presence of soluble FcR by means of a radioligand bioassay. Strict correlation was found between the amount of FcR present in soluble form and that found on intact cells. The soluble FcR of all cells tested, except mouse macrophages, behaved as lipoprotein by buoyant density centrifugation analysis and enzyme treatment. In the absence of detergent, soluble FcR sedimented as a 20S macromolecule; in detergent the material was 7 to 9S. It was readily bound by insolubilized IgG but not by insolubilized BSA or F(ab')2 fragments of IgG.
Identification of the Schwann Cell as a Peripheral Nervous System Cell Possessing a Differentiation Antigen Expressed by a Human Lung Tumor
Authors: Bell C. Elliott , Seetharam Shakuntla 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recent studies of the plasma membrane antigens of a human lung tumor (oat cell carcinoma) indicated that the tumor expressed at least two normal differentiation antigens undetectable in normal respiratory epithelium. One antigen was characteristic of certain endodermally derived epithelial cells of the digestive system; the other antigen was characteristic of certain neural crest-derived cells in the peripheral nervous system. The present studies were undertaken to identify the reactive cell type in the peripheral nervous system.
Since similar cells in the rat peripheral nervous system expressed a cross-reactive form of this antigen, and since pure cultures of different rat nerve cell types were available, the following approach was possible. Cultures of pure neurons, pure Schwann cells, pure fibroblasts, neurons and Schwann cells, and neurons, Schwann cells, and fibroblasts were assayed for this antigen with rabbit anti-oat cell carcinoma plasma membrane antiserum absorbed with normal lung and liver. The indirect immunofluorescence method on both whole, viable cell and fixed cell substrates was used. Only Schwann cells expressed the antigen; Schwann cells in the presence of neurons expressed the antigen much more strongly than did pure Schwann cells. It was concluded that the oat cell carcinoma of the lung expressed a differentiation antigen present on Schwann cells.
Quantitative Measurement of Mouse IgG Subclasses with the Use of Heteroantisera: The Importance of Allotype Considerations
Authors: Epstein Suzanne L. , Gottlieb Paul D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Double antibody radioimmunoassays have been used to determine the quantities of IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b in samples of normal serum IgG from BALB/cJ, AKR/J and C57BL/6J inbred mice. The assays employed subclass-specific goat antisera which had been prepared with BALB/c myeloma proteins as immunogens and as immunoabsorbents. 125I-labeled BALB/c myeloma proteins were used as probes.
Results indicate that partial resolution of mouse IgG subclasses was achieved by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. Nearly all of the protein in BALB/cJ and AKR/J IgG fractions could be accounted for as IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b, and IgG2a was the predominant species observed. However, considerably less protein in C57BL/6J IgG fractions of purity similar to the BALB/cJ fractions could be accounted for as these three subclasses, and virtually no IgG2a was detected. Furthermore, an IgG2a myeloma protein bearing the C57BL/6 allotype failed to inhibit the IgG2a-specific assay significantly. Thus the IgG2a-specific antibody in the goat heteroantiserum employed appeared to consist nearly exclusively of antibody to BALB/c Ig-1a allotypic determinants. These findings point to the importance of allotype considerations in the use of heteroantisera to quantitate IgG subclasses.
Induction of Cell-Mediated Immunity to Chemically Modified Antigens in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Dailey Morris O. , Hunter Robert L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugated with a lipid, dodecanoic acid, is capable of inducing strong delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in guinea pigs. This paper reports experiments on the nature and specificity of this hypersensitivity. The response to lipid-conjugated BSA (L-BSA) was found to be classical DTH, as evidenced by its ability to be transferred passively by immune cells, but not by serum. In addition, special histologic examinations of skin test sites demonstrated the characteristics of DTH rather than cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity. Similar results were obtained when lipid-conjugated purified protein derivative of tubercle bacilli (L-PPD) was used. The increased immunogenicity of L-BSA was not caused by the presence of protein aggregates, but seemed to be related to the hydrophobic nature of the conjugated side chains. A series of cross-reacting serum albumins was used for a study of the specificity of the antibody and DTH responses to BSA. It was found that the degree of enhancement of immunogenicity for DTH caused by lipid conjugation varied for different antigenic determinants on BSA.
In Vitro Induction of Tumor-Specific Immunity
Authors: Burton Robert C. , Chism Stanley E. , Warner Noel L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Many recent studies have demonstrated that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CL) activated to various antigens other than those of the H-2 complex, will lyse target cells only when H-2 compatibility exists between the CL and target cell. From these observations, it has been inferred that T lymphocytes might only be capable of responding to H-2 antigen or antigens that become associated with H-2 region gene products. Our results suggest that this is not the case, and that in some situations, cytotoxic T lymphocytes can specifically lyse target cells of different H-2 types. Two in vitro systems are described where primary induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to oncofetal and plasmacytoma antigens results in CL capable of lysing suitable targets bearing these antigens, of either syngeneic or allogeneic derivation. Thus it is proposed that although interaction antigens involving H-2 components may preferentially activate T lymphocytes, this does not imply a restriction on the recognition potential of T lymphocytes.
Human Bone Marrow Lymphocytes
Authors: Fauci Anthony S. , Pratt Karen R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocytes from the bone marrow and peripheral blood of the same normal individuals were assayed simultaneously for blast transformation as well as polyclonal activation with differentiation to antibody-forming cells after stimulation with pokeweed mitogen. Blastogenic responses were measured by tritiated thymidine incorporation and antibody-forming cells were enumerated by a newly described hemolysis-in-gel plaque-forming cell assay. There was no significant difference between the blastogenic responses of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood compared to the bone marrow of the same individuals. However, differentiation to antibody-forming cells measured by the plaque-forming cell response was significantly greater in lymphocytes in the bone marrow as compared to peripheral blood of the same individuals. These studies demonstrate that the lymphocytes in human bone marrow are at a stage of differentiation whereby they can be readily induced to differentiation toward antibody production by polyclonal activation, even more so than peripheral blood lymphocytes. This supports the concept that the bone marrow is a major source of immunoglobulin production in man.
Generation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes during Coxsackievirus B-3 Infection
Authors: Wong Catherine Y. , Woodruff Judith J. , Woodruff Jack F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This report describes studies characterizing the virus-specific cytotoxic effector cells which are present in the spleens of mice 7 days after infection with Coxsackievirus B-3. An in vitro 51Cr assay employing syngeneic virus-infected neonatal fibroblasts was used to measure cytotoxic activity. Treatment of immune cells with (anti-thy-1.2) and complement abolished their cytotoxic activity, but no reduction occurred when B cells were removed by incubation with anti-Ig and complement or macrophages eliminated by adherence depletion. The findings therefore imply that the cytotoxic reaction was mediated by sensitized T cells and that B cells and macrophages did not play an important role. Reciprocal assays performed with BALB/c and CBA/J cells showed that Coxsackievirus-immune spleen cells lysed infected syngeneic targets but not allogeneic targets, providing further evidence that cytotoxicity was mediated by effector T cells. In addition an in vitro assay system employing neonatal myocardial cells was developed and used to demonstrate that Coxsackievirus-infected myofibers were susceptible to destruction by immune spleen cells. The evidence suggests that mice infected with Coxsackie B viruses are able to mount a cell-mediated immune response with production of cytotoxic T cells which have the capacity to damage tissues infected with these agents.
Effects of Carrageenan on Immune Responses
Authors: Ishizaka Shigeaki , Otani Shuzo , Morisawa Seiji 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Carrageenan, a sulfated polygalactose having macrophage toxic properties, elicited a marked suppression of IgM response to T cell-dependent antigens such as sheep red blood cells (SRBC), dinitrophenylated bovine serum γ-globulin (DNP-BGG), and trinitrophenylated concanavalin A (TNP-Con A). In contrast, carrageenan did not inhibit antibody responses to such T cell-independent antigens as trinitrophenylated DEAE-dextran (TNP-DEAE-dextran), trinitrophenylated polyvinyl pyrrolidone(TNP-PVP), and trinitrophenylated Ficoll (TNP-Ficoll). Compared to total spleen cells, spleen cells from which macrophages had been removed by adhesion to plastic Petri dishes had less effect on the production of antibody against T cell-dependent antigens, but no change or a rather stimulated effect was observed in in vitro antibody synthesis against T cell-independent antigens. These results strongly suggest that macrophages are involved in antibody responses to T cell-dependent antigens but not in those to T cell-independent antigens. However, the antibody response to trinitrophenylated lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS), a T cell-independent antigen, was inhibited by carrageenan treatment, suggesting that the response is macrophage dependent. Moreover, antibody response to higher doses of dinitrophenylated phytohemagglutinin (DNP-PHA), a T cell-dependent antigen, was shown to be macrophage independent by carrageenan treatment, although the antibody response to low doses of the antigen was macrophage dependent. Considering all these results, carrageenan treatment seems to be a very useful method to determine whether immune response to various antigens are macrophage dependent or not.
Stimulation of Mouse Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) Production from MSV-Immune Lymphocytes by Soluble Tumor-Associated Antigen: Requirement for Histocompatible Macrophages
Authors: Landolfo Santo , Herberman Ronald B. , Holden Howard T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from C57BL/6 mice immunized with murine sarcoma virus (MSV) are capable of producing migration inhibition factor (MIF) in response to stimulation with a specific tumor-associated antigen prepared by solubilization with 3 M KCl. We have previously demonstrated that this response is T cell dependent. Further investigations into the effector cells involved in the production of MIF have revealed that spleen cells from mice immunized with MSV cannot produce MIF when stimulated with tumor extract if the population has been previously depleted of macrophages. However, the response can be restored by adding nonimmune syngeneic macrophages but not by allogeneic macrophages. The inability of allogeneic macrophages to provide this function was not due to their increased suppressor activity since in mixing experiments they did not interfere with the ability of immune spleen cells to produce MIF. Furthermore, they were not defective since they could supply this “cooperative function” to appropriate F1 mice. The results indicate that macrophages are required for stimulation of MIF by soluble tumor antigens and that for efficient interaction the macrophages and lymphocytes must share some genetic similarities.
Immunochemistry and Polypeptide Composition of Hepatitis B Core Antigen (HBc Ag)
Authors: Budkowska Agata , Shih J. Wai-Kuo , Gerin John L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Core particles were isolated from a nuclear extract of a hepatitis B-infected liver, labeled with 125I by using chloramine-T and further purified by rate zonal sedimentation on sucrose gradients. Iodinated HBc Ag was used as a ligand in a sensitive double-antibody radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) assay for antibody to HBc Ag. The specificity of the RIP reaction was evaluated using defined anti-HBc sera and paired sera from six well-documented cases of hepatitis B infection. The polypeptide composition of the iodinated antigen was examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of solubilized complexes of 125I-HBc Ag and anti-HBc. Two major polypeptides with apparent m.w. of 17,000 and 35,000 daltons were observed and designated as cP-1 and cP-2, respectively.