bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dendritic Cell-Derived IL-12 Promotes B Cell Induction of Th2 Differentiation: A Feedback Regulation of Th1 Development
Authors: Skok Jane , Poudrier Johanne , Gray David 
Published: December 2022

AbstractB cells convert what are normally conditions for Th1 differentiation into an environment suitable for Th2 development. This capacity is dependent on CD40 as B cells from CD40−/− mice do not elicit Th2 differentiation. To elucidate the basis of this effect, we surveyed cytokine RNA made by naive B cells after activation with anti-Ig and anti-CD40. Resting B cells make TGF-β message only, however, 4 days after activation, RNA encoding IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α was found. The expression of these messages was accelerated by 2 days in the presence of IL-12. The relevance of these observations to T cell differentiation was investigated: addition of OVA peptide to splenic cells from DO.11.10 transgenic mice causes most T cells to make IFN-γ. Coactivation of B cells in these cultures reduces the number of IFN-γ-producing T cells and increases the number synthesizing IL-4. Abs to IL-6 and IL-10 block the IL-4 enhancement. Dissection of the component APC demonstrated that interaction of B cells with IL-12-producing dendritic cells is crucial for B cell-mediated IL-4 enhancement: Thus, B cells preactivated in the presence of dendritic cells from IL-12−/− mice show little IL-4-inducing activity when used to activate T cells. This immune regulation is initiated by IL-12 and therefore represents a feedback loop to temper its own dominant effect (IFN-γ induction).
In Vivo Priming by DNA Injection Occurs Predominantly by Antigen Transfer
Authors: Corr Maripat , von Damm Amila , Lee Delphine J. , Tighe Helen 
Published: December 2022

AbstractDNA vaccines can stimulate both humoral and cytolytic immune responses. Although bone marrow-derived elements present the expressed Ag, the mechanisms for acquiring immunogenic peptides have yet to be fully elucidated. APCs may become directly transfected by plasmid DNA or process extracellular proteins produced by other transfected cells. Using a transactivating plasmid system and bone marrow chimeras, we show that both mechanisms appear to be involved; however, the bulk of the immune response is dependent on expression of Ag by nonlymphoid tissues and transfer to APCs. These in vivo studies are the first to define the role of transfected nonlymphoid cells in generating Ag for presentation by bone marrow-derived APCs after needle injection with plasmid DNA.
Preferential Role for NF-κB/Rel Signaling in the Type 1 But Not Type 2 T Cell-Dependent Immune Response In Vivo
Authors: Aronica Mark A. , Mora Ana L. , Mitchell Daphne B. , Finn Patricia W. , Johnson Joyce E. , Sheller James R. , Boothby Mark R. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractT cell function is a critical determinant of immune responses as well as susceptibility to allergic diseases. Activated T cells can differentiate into effectors whose cytokine profile is limited to type 1 (IFN-γ-dominant) or type 2 (IL-4-, IL-5-dominant) patterns. To investigate mechanisms that connect extracellular stimuli with the regulation of effector T cell function, we have measured immune responses of transgenic mice whose NF-κB/Rel signaling pathway is inhibited in T cells. Surprisingly, these mice developed type 2 T cell-dependent responses (IgE and eosinophil recruitment) in a model of allergic pulmonary inflammation. In contrast, type 1 T cell responses were severely impaired, as evidenced by markedly diminished delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, IFN-γ production, and Ag-specific IgG2a levels. Taken together, these data indicate that inhibition of NF-κB can lead to preferential impairment of type 1 as compared with type 2 T cell-dependent responses.
On the Heat Stability of the Diphtheria Toxin
Authors: Ando K. , Nishimura H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The property of heat sensitiveness is considered as a characteristic of bacterial exotoxins. In a previous paper (2), however, we have pointed out that a part of the scarlatinal toxin could stand boiling for thirty minutes. It seems rather curious that the scarlatinal toxin is an exception to this general rule. In order to analyse this general rule—heat sensitiveness of exotoxins—we examined carefully the heat stability of the diphtheria toxin as a typical exotoxin and found that a part of the diphtheria toxin also could stand boiling for thirty minutes.
Five portions of diphtheria toxin No. 166 (pH 8.5; m.l.d. = 1/300 cc.) heated to varying temperatures (60°, 70°, 80°, 90°, and 100°C.) for thirty minutes were tested for their m.r.d. on two guinea pigs and it was found that the ratio of m.r.d. of the heated toxins and that of unheated control was 50 (60°C.), 500 (70°C.), 2,000 (80°C.), 10,000 (90°C.) and 10,000 (100°C.) respectively.
The Reaction of Rheumatoid Factor and Complement with γ-Globulin Coated Latex
Authors: Bernhard Gerson C. , Cheng William , Talmage David W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions
A modification of the rheumatoid latex fixation test which involves photometric measurements of the supernatant permitted plotting of agglutination curves and was used to characterize the “reactant” globulin. Both unaggregated electrophoretically obtained human γ-globulin and commercially prepared Cohn Fraction II were found to be suitable reactants. Heating Cohn Fraction II reduced the spontaneous precipitation of the coated latex. It was suggested that the heating process, in addition to slightly denaturing Cohn Fraction II, partially deaggregated it. Data were obtained which showed a relatively low and variable protein-binding capacity for latex, from 2.6 to 12.4 µg of γ-globulin nitrogen/mg of latex. The variation in protein adsorption was attributed to heterogeneity of the γ-globulin, since protein adsorbed to latex was firmly bound and did not exchange measurably with another protein added later. Despite the evidence that only a small fraction of the γ-globulin added in the test procedure was adsorbed to latex, excess γ-globulin did not inhibit the agglutination test. It was therefore postulated that a close apposition of γ-globulin molecules on the latex surface increased the strength of rheumatoid factor attachment, and that complement and rheumatoid factor attached to the same sites on the aggregated γ-globulin. Additional evidence given in favor of this concept included the fixation of complement by γ-globulin coated latex and the presence in fresh serum of a heat-labile inhibitor. On the other hand, data were also presented suggesting slight differences between the specificity of complement and rheumatoid factor for sites on aggregated γ-globulin.
Health insurance coverage and out-of pocket expenditure
Authors: Singh Mitasha , Goyal Pooja , Narang Sangeeta , Singh Abhishek , Singal Mansi 
Published: December 2022

Introduction:
Catastrophic health spending is one of the major factors pushing people into poverty. Reducing “out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE)” on health through health insurance coverage is an effective approach. The objectives of this study are (1) to estimate health insurance coverage among rural and urban households (HHs) and (2) to determine the proportion of income spent on health as OOPE among the selected HHs.

Material and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted in rural and urban parts of district Faridabad, Haryana. A sample of 374 were taken from rural and urban areas. The unit of the study was HHs in both the areas. The proportion of income spent on health care (both direct and indirect expenses included) as OOPE was taken as outcome variable.

Results:
Health insurance coverage was higher among urban HHs (58.0%) as compared to the rural (38.5%). The rural population was availing of private consultation, laboratory, and pharmacy services to a greater extent than the urban; hence, they were spending a substantial proportion of their income on health-care services. The majority of the HHs in the rural and urban areas spent up to 20% of their income on health care.

Conclusion:
Universal health coverage without health insurance is unlikely.
Knowledge, awareness, and risk prevention among hepatitis patients attending a tertiary care hospital in Delhi
Authors: Tiwari V. K. , Balsundaram P. , Raj T. P 
Published: December 2022

Introduction:
People living with chronic viral hepatitis in India often lack awareness on risk factors and prevention. Moreover, due to fear of stigma and discrimination, they often delay appropriate and timely treatment, resulting in chronic treatment and impoverishment. The objective of this study is to assess knowledge, awareness, and prevention regarding risk factors among viral hepatitis-infected patients attending a super-specialty hospital in Delhi.

Material and Methods:
Data were collected from 389 patients using systematically random sampling using a pretested, structured interview schedule from patients attending Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi.

Results:
Findings revealed that 90.7% of the respondents believed that hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus (HBV/HCV) can be transmitted through sexual contact with a person who is infected, 94.3% said that it can be transmitted by transfusion of infected blood, 90% reported that it can be spread from infected mother to child during child birth, 93.8% responded that it can be transmitted if a person uses a razor, pierced ear ring, needle, or syringe used by an infected person, 83% believed that HBV/HCV can cause cancer in 90% of the respondents in long run, and more than 35% believed that HBV/HCV is curable. Results also show that 7.2% of the respondents have been vaccinated for HBV infection in the past, 20.8% of the respondents have screened their families for hepatitis B infections, and 77.9% of the respondents have received antiviral medications.

Conclusion:
HBV/HCV-infected patients had less knowledge about various facts regarding disease and continue to experience emotional disturbances, stigma, and discrimination.
Lung schwannomas, an unusual entity
Authors: Walvir Nazia M. , Makhdoomi Rumana H. , Zargar Meesa , Aiman Aiffa , Maqsood Shadab 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT
Schwannomas are benign slow-growing tumours arising from the Schwann cells of the nerve sheath. They may arise anywhere in the course of the nerves in the body. The clinical presentations are non-specific, and when present in rare locations such as lungs, the diagnosis becomes difficult. The present case series describes the clinical presentation and diagnosis of five cases of lung schwannoma. The diagnosis was mainly assisted by the immuno-histochemical examination comprising markers such as S-100, Calretinin, CD34, CD56, Desmin, and EMA. A definitive diagnosis of benign nerve tumours in such rare locations may help in better pre-operative assessment and surgery for complete recovery of the patients.
Years of life lost due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Khuzestan province during 2011–2019
Authors: Azarbakhsh Habibollah , Abdipour Mahin , Moftakhar Leila 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality and a major public health problem all over the world. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the years of life lost (YLLs) due to COPD between 2011 and 2019 in Khuzestan province, southern Iran.

Methods:
This cross-sectional study evaluated a total of 715 COPD-related deaths during 2011–2019 in Khuzestan, Southern Iran. Required information comprised of age, gender, and number of deaths were collected. First, crude and age-standardized mortality rates were calculated, and then the joinpoint regression was used to evaluate the trend of YLLs.

Results:
The highest number of deaths during the study period was observed in males (65%) and in the age group of over 70 years (52.6%). There was also a decreasing trend in crude and age age-standardized mortality rates in both genders. The total number of YLLs in both genders was 8650, 5747 in men and 2903 in women. Based on the results of joinpoint regression, the percentage of annual YII changes was −1.5% in men, −10.7% in women, and −6.6% in both genders.

Conclusion:
Estimating the trend of YLLs due to COPD can effectively help and lead the way of health policymakers and provide useful information to estimate the economic burden of the disease and assess health needs and priorities of a population.
Early experience of delamanid in extensively drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Marwah Vikas , Patil Prashant R. , Choudhary Robin , Malik Virender 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT
Tuberculosis is a leading cause of death in our country. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis increases the morbidity and mortality due to severe manifestations and difficult and prolonged medications. Newer antitubercular drugs like delamanid have been approved by WHO in management of these cases, but the real-world experience of this drug is lacking in our country. We present our early experience of use of delamanid in extensively drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis.
Clinical Pharmacist Interventions in Intensive Care Units during Hajj
Authors: Al Sulaiman Khalid , Aljuhani Ohoud , Al Harbi Mahasen , Thabit Abrar K. , F. Alharthi Abdullah , Aldardeer Namareq , Alenazi Ahmed O. , Alghamdi Badr , Alissa Dema , Almudaiheem Hajer , Alluwaymi Wafa , Almushaikah Sahar , Almustaneer Rana , Alshennawi Mohammed , Al-jedai Ahmed 
Published: December 2022

Background:
Hajj pilgrimage is the largest mass gathering worldwide. The Saudi Ministry of Health (MOH) provides free medical services for all pilgrimages. In 2022, MOH incorporated clinical pharmacy services in intensive care units (ICUs) of the sacred rituals hospitals. In addition to their role in ICUs settings, they were involved in other activities related to emergency department admissions as well as conducting several educational services at the hospital level. This study aimed to describe the impact of clinical pharmacy services implementation during the Hajj season and to explore the clinical interventions delivered to ICU patients.

Materials and Methods:
A multicenter-retrospective, chart-review study including adult critically ill patients (>14 years old) admitted to ICUs of seven sacred rituals hospitals between June 30 and July 14, 2022. Patients were excluded if they were not admitted to the ICU or admitted to an area with no assigned clinical pharmacist. Clinical interventions were categorized based on a modified version of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) categorization. The study was approved by MOH Central Institutional Review Board (IRB) on September 18, 2022 (Ref. 22-41 E).

Results:
Clinical pharmacists performed 269 interventions for 82 patients admitted to the ICUs of participating hospitals. Each patient had a median of three interventions (interquartile range 2–5). The most common intervention was the untreated indication (n = 93; 34.5%), followed by dose adjustment (n = 60; 22.3%) and improper drug selection (n = 42; 15.6%). The ICU teams ultimately accepted all interventions.

Conclusion:
Incorporating clinical pharmacy services into ICU settings during Hajj season optimized patient care. The variety of provided clinical interventions shows the impact of clinical pharmacists’ presence among multidisciplinary teams. Further studies are needed to explore the economic implication of clinical pharmacist services during Hajj.
Solidaritas Yesus Terhadap Disabilitas: Suatu Implikasi Praktis Solidaritas Gereja Terhadap Kaum Disabilitas
Authors: Darius Darius , Kasinda Filia Amelia 
Published: December 2022

Abstrak
Manusia merupakan makhluk sosial yang membutuhkan sesamanya, utamanya mereka yang memiliki keterbatasan. Menghadirkan rumah dan kehangatan bagi mereka dalam bentuk solidaritas menjadi wujud pengakuan eksistensi mereka di tengah-tengah masyarakat. Dasar dari pemberlakuan solidaritas dalam Kekristenan adalah teladan dan pengajaran Yesus. Hal ini perlu terimplikasi dalam kehidupan Gereja masa kini. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini akan meneliti Solidaritas Yesus bagi penyandang disabilitas: sebuah implikasi praktis solidaritas gereja terhadap penyandang disabilitas. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah jenis kualitatif dengan pendekatan literatur, yaitu buku-buku, jurnal dan dokumen lainnya. Hasil dari penelitian ini ialah, Pertama Dasar dari solidaritas dalam Kekristenan ialah teladan dan pengajaran Yesus. Kedua, kehadiran gereja sebagai bentuk implikasi praktis dari teladan dan pengajaran Yesus dalam membangun solidaritas bagi penyadang disabilitas.
Konsep Mesianik dan Apologetik Matius melalui Perumpamaan Mesianik Menurut Matius 21:33-43
Authors: Adiatma Daniel Lindung , Pramono Eldad Mesakh 
Published: December 2022

Studi tentang perumpamaan dalam Injil Sinoptik merupakan proses yang rumit. Matius 21:33-44 telah menyatakan suatu perumpamaan yang berpotensi membiaskan pemahaman para pembacanya. Tidak adanya penjelasan penulis terhadap makna perumpamaan menjadikan para pembacanya memahami perumpamaan tersebut secara berbeda, tergantung pada sudut pandang pembaca. Perumpamaan tersebut juga telah menimbulkan perdebatan pada kalangan sarjana Perjanjian Baru. Bahkan para sarjana injili pun tidak menemukan kesepakatan terkait pemaknaan perumpamaan tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menemukan suatu rumusan makna teologis yang komprehensif dari perumpamaan yang telah dicatatkan dalam Matius 21:33-44. Tulisan ini memaparkan tiga analisis yang relevan dalam memahami perumpamaan tentang penggarap kebun anggur. Analisis latar belakang sejarah, analisis materi dan analisis teologi merupakan pendekatan yang relevan dalam menjembatani pemahaman antara penerima ajaran perumpamaan mula-mula dengan orang kristen abad pertama. Perumpamaan tentang penggarap kebun anggur tidak dapat ditafsirkan secara alegoris melainkan dengan mempertimbangkan konteks pengkompilasian materi. Selain memberikan makna kristologis yang kuat, perumpamaan ini merupakan argumentasi apologetis Matius untuk mengoreksi kesalahan orang Yahudi menolak Yesus serta meyakinkan pembacanya bahwa Yesus adalah Mesias yang telah dijanjikan oleh Allah dalam Perjanjian Lama.The study of parables in the Synoptic Gospels is a complex process. Matthew 21:33-44 has stated a parable that has the potential to distort the understanding of its readers. The absence of the author's explanation of the meaning of the parable makes the readers understand the parable differently, depending on the reader's point of view. The parable has also generated debate among New Testament scholars. Even evangelical scholars have found no agreement on the meaning of the parable. The purpose of this study is to find a comprehensive theological meaning formulation of the parable that has been recorded in Matthew 21:33-44. This paper presents three analyzes that are relevant in understanding the parable of the vineyard cultivators. Historical background analysis, material analysis and theological analysis are relevant approaches in bridging understanding between the early recipients of parable teachings and the first century Christians. The parable of the cultivators of the vineyard cannot be interpreted allegorically but in light of the context in which the material is compiled. Apart from providing a strong Christological meaning, this parable is Matthew's apologetic argument to correct the mistake of the Jews in rejecting Jesus and to convince his readers that Jesus is the Messiah that God has promised in the Old Testament.
Ensino de biomoléculas
Authors: Parteli Capaz Josieli , Borges Corte Viviana , Campos Muscardi Dalana 
Published: December 2022

Resumo: O presente trabalho consiste em uma proposta didática para o ensino do conteúdo de biomoléculas na primeira série do Ensino Médio. Esta proposta é fundamentada no ensino por investigação e nos estudos da neuropsicopedagogia, consistindo em uma estratégia pedagógica que permite romper com a educação bancária e tornar o estudante protagonista na construção do seu próprio aprendizado. A atividade proposta possui três etapas: contextualização e elaboração de hipóteses, investigação, e sistematização dos conhecimentos. Espera-se que a atividade investigativa proposta auxilie professoras e professores na condução de um processo de ensino-aprendizagem libertador e que desperte nos estudantes maior motivação, facilitando também a compreensão do conteúdo de biomoléculas.
Palavras Chaves: Ensino por investigação, neuropsicopedagogia, biomoléculas.
O “detetive virtual” da alimentação saudável
Authors: Parteli Capaz Josieli , Barreto Teresa Gradella Débora , Campos Muscardi Dalana 
Published: December 2022

Sabemos que a saúde do nosso organismo é altamente dependente de nossas escolhas alimentares. Entretanto, o consumo de alimentos considerados não saudáveis tem aumentado, e consequentemente doenças relacionadas a esses hábitos. Um dos grupos mais afetados são os jovens, e, por isso se faz necessário, que a temática esteja presente na formação escolar no sentido de promover a saúde individual e coletiva a partir de tomadas de decisões mais conscientes a respeito do consumo de determinados alimentos. O presente trabalho relata uma sequência didática dividida em três momentos, realizada na turma da 1ª série do Ensino Médio na disciplina de biologia na forma remota no contexto da pandemia da Covid 19. Possui uma abordagem investigativa, na qual o estudante é o protagonista em busca do próprio conhecimento.
Palavras chaves: Alimentação saudável, ensino por investigação, ensino remoto.
Ensino por investigação para o estudo da primeira lei de Newton no ensino fundamental de forma remota através de histórias em quadrinhos
Authors: Togneri Telles Fabio , Barreto Hygino Machado Cassiana , Garcia Vantelfo Nunes , De Souza Marcelino Valéria 
Published: December 2022

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar como as Sequências de Ensino Investigativas (SEIs) pautadas nas Três Leis de Newton podem potencializar o desenvolvimento do processo de Alfabetização Científica (AC) dos alunos dos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental. Para se trabalhar de forma investigativa, foram elaboradas três SEIs, correspondentes a cada uma das Leis de Newton. As SEIs percorreram quatro etapas: problema, sistematização do conhecimento, contextualização social e avaliação. Foram aplicadas com alunos do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental, no município de Cachoeiro de Itapemirim (ES), de forma remota, mediada pelo Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem Google Classroom. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionários, roteiros experimentais e produção de histórias em quadrinhos analisados pela análise de conteúdo, e dessa forma buscou identificar os indicadores da AC presentes nas produções dos estudantes. A partir da análise dos dados, foi possível perceber evidências sobre o desenvolvimento dos processos de AC pelos estudantes, levando em consideração os indicadores da AC e o uso dos conhecimentos científicos e seus desdobramentos nas diferentes esferas de sua vida. Diante das respostas dos alunos, destaca-se que o raciocínio lógico esteve em maior evidência, pois tem relação com a compreensão de como as ideias foram desenvolvidas e estão apresentadas. Também se destaca a justificativa e a previsão, tornando as respostas mais seguras e explicitas à afirmação que sucede associado a certos acontecimentos. A partir dos resultados satisfatórios, acredita-se que as SEIs elaboradas potencializam o processo de AC.
Palavras-chave: Ensino por Investigação. Sequência de Ensino Investigativa. Leis de Newton.