bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Immune Isoagglutinins in Rabbits
Authors: Levine Philip , Landsteiner K. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
By transfusion of rabbits with blood of other rabbits, several developed immune isoagglutinins active at 37°C. Some of the observations point to the existence of a number of individual differences in the blood of rabbits in accordance with previous findings with animal and human blood (16).
Skin Reactions Produced by Antihuman Serum
Authors: Redfern William W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A pronounced twenty-four-hour local reaction follows injection of rabbit antihuman serum into human skin. This reaction is almost identical with that produced by a second injection of antigen into a previously sensitized local area. Microscopically, both are seen to be inflammatory in nature, showing edema and perivascular round cell infiltration. Fractionation of immune serum with ammonium sulphate shows that the skin reactive substances are closely associated with the globulins are are also the precipitins. Removal of the precipitins, however, fails to destroy the skin reacting properties. The albumin fraction of rabbit serum fails to incite an immediate urticarial reaction in human skin as does the globulin. Persons who show clinical manifestations of hypersensitiveness do not show stronger skin reactions than non-sensitive persons. Five patients from the series of 68 injected showed a local delayed reaction comparable to that of serum sickness.
The Specificity of the Tuberculin Type of Sensitiveness Produced with the Different Protein Substances of the Eggwhite
Authors: Dienes L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
According to the observations described in this paper the sensitiveness of the tuberculin type produced in guinea pigs with egg globulin, crystalline egg albumin, and ovomucoid is specific to the preparation with which the animals were treated. The specificity of this type of sensitiveness, like that of the anaphylactic sensitiveness, corresponds to the antigen specificity.
Influence of Age Upon Antibody Formation
Authors: Freund Jules 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunity conditions in young animals have long been investigated very extensively. Most of these studies have been concerned with the transmission of antibodies from the mother to the offspring with the blood through the placenta and by the milk. Comparatively little work has been done on the subject of antibody-formation in young animals.
Yet it is obvious that antibody-formation in young animals is an important factor in their resistance to certain infectious diseases, in their behaviour in the phenomenon of hypersensitiveness, and in their capacity to be actively immunized with toxinantitoxin mixtures, anatoxin and vaccines.
A few experiments have been reported indicating that antibody-formation varies with age in vaccinated infants and children. According to Frankenstein (1) only 3 of 30 infants produced agglutinins after vaccination with typhoid vaccine. Halber, Hirszfeld and Mayzner (2) in their careful work demonstrated that after vaccination against typhoid the agglutinin titer of the serum is moderately but decidedly lower in infants than in children from two to five years of age.
Studies on Agglutinogens of Human Bloods
Authors: Nigg Clara 
Published: December 2022

Summary
An extra agglutinin, demonstrated in several normal sera, is described. The extra agglutinin described was subsequently found to be identical with the extra-agglutinin 1 of Landsteiner and Levine. The hereditary transmission of the extra agglutinin was apparently established. The occurrence of an agglutinable factor in human bloods was demonstrated by means of suitably absorbed anti-human immune sera. The agglutinable factor demonstrated by such immune sera was subsequently shown to be identical with the N factor of Landsteiner and Levine.
On the Nature of the Thermoprecipitins
Authors: Nai Dino D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Weil, Felix and Mitzenmacher in 1918 (1), Tossati in 1923 (2), and White in 1928 (3), each employing different serological methods, have been able to distinguish the B. aertrycke from the B. paratyphoid B groups of microörganisms. So also, Weil, Felix and Mitzenmacher in 1918 (4), Nai in 1925 (5), and Landsteiner and Furth in 1928 (6) found distinctions in the proteus bacilli between the HX19 and OX19 types.
The German investigators made the differentiation among types of bacteria by the method of agglutination by “small” and “large” flakes; the workers in Ascoli's laboratory, by thermoprecipitin, or ring reaction; and the American observers, by precipitation with bacterial, protein-free precipitinogens.
It is of interest to follow the development of these researches. In 1903, Joos (7) observed two agglutinogens in B. typhosus, both readily distinguishable one from the other by their different sensitivity to heat.
Studies in Isohemagglutination
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Lederer Max , Polayes S. H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions
Formulae were derived for calculating the chances of proving non-paternity by means of characters whose heredity involves a single pair of allelomorphic genes, several independent pairs of allelomorphic genes, and multiple allelomorphic genes. These formulae may be applied not only to the inheritance of agglutinogens but also to the inheritance of any physiological trait whose heredity is defined sharply enough to allow of medicolegal application. All that is necessary is to determine the mechanism involved and then apply the proper formulae. The maximum chances of proving non-paternity was calculated in each case.
As far as the Landsteiner blood groups are concerned, there can be no question that the von Dungern and Hirszfeld theory is wrong and that the Bernstein theory is correct or very nearly so. Nevertheless, von Dungern and Hirszfeld will always be remembered as the first to point out that the agglutinogens A and B are inherited like mendelian dominants. The frequencies of the blood groups as found by the authors were: Ō = 36.36 per cent, Ā = 40.48 per cent, B̄ = 17.09 per cent and AĀB̄ = 6.07 per cent. With this distribution of the groups, according to the Bernstein theory, non-paternity can be proved in 18.05 per cent of the cases in which the putative father is not the true father. If one were to be conservative and did not consider as illegitimate cases in which the putative father belongs to group AB and the child to group O, or cases in which the putative father belongs to group O, and the child to group AB, the chances of proving non-paternity would be reduced to 14.75 per cent. The results obtained by means of our formulae were compared with the results that Hooker and Boyd obtained.
Formulae for the chances of proving non-paternity by means of the new agglutinogens M and N of Landsteiner and Levine were also derived. Landsteiner and Levine have discussed two theories of heredity for these agglutinogens. The theory of a single pair of allelomorphic genes fits the facts best at present. According to this theory, the average chances of proving non-paternity by means of M and N would be 18.75 per cent, when the frequencies of the groups are: (M+N-) = 26.81 per cent, (M+N+) = 45.65 per cent and (M-N+) = 27.54 per cent. Should it be confirmed that there are exceptions to this theory, some modification of the concept would be necessary. When one does not consider as illegitimacies (M+N -) children with (M-N+) fathers or (M-N+) children with (M+N-) fathers, the chances of proving non-paternity by means of M and N become 6.25 per cent.
The Colloidal Gold Test in Experimental Poliomyelitis
Authors: Jungeblut C. W. , Khorazo D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions
Samples of spinal fluid taken from poliomyelitis monkeys on the day of the onset of symptoms, show with considerable regularity, i.e., in 75 per cent of the cases, a colloidal gold curve characterized by a well-marked elevation in the second third or middle of the series of dilutions. The curve thus seems to fall into the so-called luetic zone, although the reactions were, as a rule, not as pronounced as in syphilis. As the infectious process progresses, there appears a change in the curve which manifests itself either as a shift forward, or in most cases, as a complete flattening out to a curve which is practically indistinguishable from the reaction of the normal monkey spinal fluid. Any possible diagnostic value of the test in the monkey would thus be limited very largely to the earliest stages of the disease. Whether this subsequent change in the type of curve is related to a characteristic development of the pathologic condition in the central nervous system or whether it has any bearing on the possible presence or absence of the virus in the fluid, we are unable to state at present. Another interesting feature of this work seems to us to lie in the close similarity between our results and those recorded by other investigators for poliomyelitis in the human, thus indicating the far reaching analogy between the original human disease and the experimentally produced infection.
Studies on the “Toxins” of Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Ando K. , Ozaki K. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
For the test of the toxicity of anatoxin strongly Dick-positive reactors of younger ages or white pigs must be preferred, as they react only slightly, or do not react at all to nucleoproteins contained in the anatoxin. There is no practical method for the determination of the immunizing value of anatoxins. It must, therefore, be determined by the practical effect of preventive immunization. Concentration of anatoxin by means of two volumes of absolute alcohol in a normal salt solution containing 0.5 per cent phenol is the most convenient for the use of anatoxin, since this method not only eliminates formalin, but also diminishes substances other than toxin or toxoid which may be considered as a causal agent for the discomforts caused by the inoculation, and also since the dose of injection may be reduced to a great extent. The use of an anatoxin of moderate toxicity is more suitable, because the decrease in antigenicity follows more or less that in toxicity and the discomforts caused by inoculation of anatoxin may depend no less upon the protein substances contained in the anatoxin than upon the retained toxicity of the essential toxin itself. To reduce the toxicity to 1/1000th of its original toxicity, the action of 2 per cent formalin at 37°C. for thirty days, 1 per cent formalin at 45°C. for thirty days, or 2 per cent formalin at 45°C. for ten days are sufficient. The reduction of toxicity to 1/200 or 1/300th of its original toxicity could be brought out either by the action of 1 per cent formalin at 37°C. for thirty days, or 1 per cent formalin at 45°C. for ten days, or 0.5 per cent formalin at 45°C. for thirty days. The immunizing value of an anatoxin detoxified to 1/1000th of its original toxicity is only slight, whereas about 80 per cent of the children (five to thirteen years) had been successfully immunized by three injections (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 cc.) of the anatoxins detoxified to 1/200th or 1/300th of their original toxicity. A 20-fold concentrated solution of an anatoxin prepared by dissolving precipitates caused by the addition of 2 volumes alcohol in normal saline solution containing 0.5 per cent phenol could be kept at least for three months without loss of its antigenic properties if kept in an ice box.
Effect of an Antibody against Complement on Resistance and Immunity
Authors: McKee Albert P. , Jeter Wayburn S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
An antibody prepared against mouse complement was used in mice to determine its effect on resistance and immunity. Resistance was reduced to infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, but not those caused by Salmonella typhimurium or species of the genus Pasteurella by the use of the anticomplement. The anticomplement did not influence the adaptation rate of a strain of A2 influenza virus to mice. Active and passive immunity to infections caused by Diplococcus pneumoniae were reduced by anticomplement. Neutralization of tetanus toxin by specific antitoxin was unaffected. Active immunity against the A2 influenza virus was not influenced by the antibody against complement.
Localization of Antinuclear Factors from Lupus Erythematosus Sera in Tissue Culture
Authors: Rapp Fred 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Cells grown in culture have been used to detect antibodies in lupus erythematosus (LE) sera against nuclear components by means of the immunofluorescent antibody technique. This technique was shown to correlate well with both complement fixation and with the detection of LE cells. Localization of the reaction on the chromosomes indicates that some sera react primarily with the desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or DNA-associated molecules. This reaction occurs in cells in various stages of mitosis as well as in the interphase cell. Other sera were found to react with antigens near the nuclear membrane. Antinuclear antibodies do not appear to penetrate the viable HeLa cell and do not prevent growth and multiplication of living cells in culture. It is suggested that the combination of tissue culture and immunofluorescence is a precise and sensitive method for the detection of antinuclear antibodies.
Fluorescent Antibody Studies of Pathogenesis in Experimental Candida Albicans Infections of Mice
Authors: Kemp G. , Solotorovsky M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Pathogenesis of C. albicans infections in mice has been studied, using fluorescent antibody methods. With these methods the morphologic change in the Candida cell and the fate of the Candida components could be followed in greater detail than was possible using conventional histologic methods. The i.v. infection employed produced a rapidly fatal disease which localized in kidney and heart tissue. The appearance of pseudomycelia in kidney tissue was characteristically seen 48 hr after infection. Progressive destruction of kidney tissue was observed beyond this point. Although the parasite was seen in spleen, lung and liver, its appearance was transitory. In the liver, Candida cells were seen during the first 48 hr of the infection; however, they were phagocytized by endothelial cells and were seen to disintegrate after that time.
The crystal magnification, characterization, X-ray single crystal structure, thermal behavior, and computational studies of the 2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium picrate
Authors: Arslan Nahide Burcu , Aydin Fatma 
Published: December 2022

A crystal of organic salt, 2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium picrate (TMPPc), was synthesized and magnified by slow evaporation in a polar aprotic solvent and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and FT-IR spectroscopic methods. X-ray diffraction analysis of the crystal structure of the compound TMPPc showed the presence of a monoclinic space group with a = 4.0174(4) Å, b = 27.863(3) Å, c = 13.9247(17) Å, β = 95.741(4)°, V = 1550.9(3) Å3, Z = 4, T = 296 K, μ(MoKα) = 0.123 mm-1, Dcalc = 1.500 g/cm3, 62749 reflections measured (5.88° ≤ 2Θ ≤ 57.058°), 3911 unique (Rint = 0.0536, Rsigma = 0.0226) which were used in all calculations. The final R1 was 0.0569 (I > 2σ(I)) and wR2 was 0.1710 (all data). Detailed investigation of molecular packing of the TMPPc molecule indicated the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bond between N4-H44···O1 and C13-H13B···O4 that generates C22(14) chain running parallel to the [001] direction. The infrared and Raman spectra of the prepared TMPPc compound were recorded and discussed. The thermal stability of the obtained TMPPc crystal was analysed by TGA/DTG technique and revealed that the crystal was stable up to 162 °C. Density functional theory calculations such as the value of the HOMO and LUMO energy gap, the parameters of the molecular electrostatic potential, the global reactivity and thermodynamic properties of the compound TMPPc were also performed using the DFT/B3LYP method with the level of the 6-311G (d, p) basis set.
A protein‐lipid complex that detoxifies free fatty acids
Authors: Cui Shaojie , Ye Jin 
Published: December 2022

AbstractFatty acids (FAs) are well known to serve as substrates for reactions that provide cells with membranes and energy. In contrast to these metabolic reactions, the physiological importance of FAs themselves known as free FAs (FFAs) in cells remains obscure. Since accumulation of FFAs in cells is toxic, cells must develop mechanisms to detoxify FFAs. One such mechanism is to sequester free polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) into a droplet‐like structure assembled by Fas‐Associated Factor 1 (FAF1), a cytosolic protein. This sequestration limits access of PUFAs to Fe2+, thereby preventing Fe2+‐catalyzed PUFA peroxidation. Consequently, assembly of the FAF1‐FFA complex is critical to protect cells from ferroptosis, a cell death pathway triggered by PUFA peroxidation. The observations that free PUFAs in cytosol are not randomly diffused but rather sequestered into a membraneless complex should open new directions to explore signaling pathways by which FFAs regulate cellular physiology.
Effect moderators in Internet‐based exposure therapy for fibromyalgia: The role of pain intensity
Authors: Hedman‐Lagerlöf Maria , Andersson Erik , Ljótsson Brjánn , Engelbrektsson Johanna , Lundbäck Karolina , Björkander Daniel , Hedman‐Lagerlöf Erik , Flink Ida , Axelsson Erland 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundA recent randomized controlled trial (N = 140) was indicative of large and sustained average improvements of Internet‐based exposure for fibromyalgia, as compared to a waitlist. However, little is known about who benefits the most from this treatment.ObjectivesTo test for potential moderating effects of age, educational attainment, the duration of fibromyalgia, baseline overall fibromyalgia severity, pain intensity, fibromyalgia‐related avoidance behaviour and symptom preoccupation on the waitlist‐controlled effect of 10 weeks of Internet‐based exposure for fibromyalgia.MethodsSecondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02638636). We used linear mixed effects models to determine whether the waitlist‐controlled effect of exposure therapy on overall fibromyalgia severity (Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire) differed as a function of the potential moderators.ResultsOnly pain intensity (0–10) was found to be a significant moderator, where a higher baseline pain intensity predicted a more limited waitlist‐controlled effect of Internet‐based exposure (B = 3.48, 95% CI: 0.84–6.13). Standardized point estimates of effects were small for the sociodemographic variables, and in the moderate range for some clinical variables that did not reach statistical significance such as behavioural avoidance and time with the fibromyalgia diagnosis.ConclusionsResults suggest that Internet‐based exposure treatment was more useful for participants with lower baseline levels of pain, and less so for participants with higher baseline levels of pain. The treatment had relatively similar effects across the other tested moderators.SignificanceThis study evaluated potential effect moderators in exposure‐based treatment for fibromyalgia. Results indicated that a higher level of pain intensity at baseline was predictive of a less favourable outcome. It may be extra important to monitor progression for these patients and to provide additional therapeutic support when needed.
Systemic lupus erythematosus associated with multiple myeloma: Two case reports and a literature review
Authors: Lian Li , Wang Kang , Xu Shengqian 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIntroductionSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) complicated by multiple myeloma (MM) is a relatively rare clinical presentation, and is easily ignored due to their similar or even identical manifestation, which may lead to misdiagnosis and mistreatment.Case reportWe report two cases of SLE with MM. Case 1 was a 59‐year‐old male who was diagnosed with SLE 11 years ago. Abnormal kidney function was detected 4 months ago and a bone marrow aspirate revealed MM. He then received three cycles of bortezomib, dexamethasone, and chemotherapy with liposomal doxorubicin, and one cycle of lenalidomide plus dexamethasone. He died of infectious shock. Case 2 was a 58‐year‐old female who was diagnosed with SLE 27 years ago. After the onset of abnormal renal function 4 years ago, the patient was still treated according to SLE disease activity. When renal function rapidly deteriorated, serum and urine immunofixation electrophoresis was positive for IgG γ with free light chains and she was diagnosed with SLE complicated by MM. She did not agree to the treatment for MM as advised and was discharged from the hospital against medical advice. Case 2 died of cardiac failure. Thirteen cases of SLE with MM reported from 2000 to 2022 in PUBMED and Mendeley and our above two cases were reviewed. Among the 15 patients, 13 were females and 2 were males. The median age at the time of SLE with MM diagnosis was 50 years, and the median time to a delayed diagnosis was 7 years. The serum monoclonal immunoglobulin level was elevated and extramedullary manifestations of renal dysfunction were common.ConclusionsAn elevated monoclonal immunoglobulin level or newly unexplained renal dysfunction occurring in a patient with SLE should prompt monitoring and further screening of MM, rather than treatment as a secondary manifestation of SLE.
Analysis of risk factors of fungal superinfections in viral pneumonia patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ni Haiyang , Yu Hongying , Lin Qibin , Zhong Jieying , Sun Wenjin , Nie Hanxiang 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundInfections with fungi, such as Aspergillus species, have been found as common complications of viral pneumonia. This study aims to determine the risk factors of fungal superinfections in viral pneumonia patients using meta‐analysis.ObjectiveThis study aims to determine the risk factors of fungal infection s in viral pneumonia patients using meta‐analysis.MethodsWe reviewed primary literature about fungal infection in viral pneumonia patients published between January 1, 2010 and September 30, 2020, in the Chinese Biomedical Literature, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang (China), Cochrane Central Library, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. These studies were subjected to an array of statistical analyses, including risk of bias and sensitivity analyses.ResultsIn this study, we found a statistically significant difference in the incidence of fungal infections in viral pneumonia patients that received corticosteroid treatment as compared to those without corticosteroid treatment (p < .00001). Additionally, regarding the severity of fungal infections, we observed significant higher incidence of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in patients with high Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores (p < .001), tumors (p = .005), or immunocompromised patients (p < .0001).ConclusionsOur research shows that corticosteroid treatment was an important risk factor for the development of fungal infection in patients with viral pneumonia. High APACHE II scores, tumors, and immunocompromised condition are also important risk factors of developing IPA. The diagnosis of fungal infection in viral pneumonia patients can be facilitated by early serum galactomannan (GM) testing, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid Aspergillus antigen testing, culture, and biopsy.