bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meta-Ethics and Meta-Aesthetics
Authors: King Alex 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Metaethics is a live and flourishing subdiscipline of ethics, and meta-aesthetics flourishes in aesthetics, but only infrequently under that title. Still, in the long history of aesthetics and the philosophy of art, a great many thinkers have delved into meta-aesthetic issues. Given their different histories and focal points, metaethics and meta-aesthetics have gone in somewhat different directions. As a result, both would benefit from more contemporary cross-pollination. This chapter investigates four epicenters of debate that should be of importance to anyone working in meta-aesthetics. It will also provisionally defend realism, partly to illustrate how the arguments work, but partly to show that aesthetic realism isn’t the nonstarter it is sometimes taken to be.
Feminism, Ethics, and Art
Authors: Mullin Amy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Artworks can be ethically evaluated by reflecting on those who make them, the purposes their creators articulate, and how they impact their audiences. When they are ethically evaluated, this evaluation may be guided by a specific ethical theory or be more informal. While a critical analysis would not be feminist if it did not oppose sexism, feminist analysis includes those that take up harms and forms of oppression caused by sexism in interaction with other forms of inegalitarianism. As a result, feminist approaches to the ethical evaluation of art are heterogeneous. This chapter focuses on ways to think about the moral or political subject matter of artworks. The author explores connections between their ethical and aesthetic value. Cases are emphasized in which the normative content of artwork involves imaginative exploration, in ways that unsettle habitual responses and encourages more complex aesthetic engagement.
Moralism
Authors: Carroll Noël 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to present an overview of the position entitled moralism in the debate over the appropriate relation of art to morality. Moralism maintains that it is appropriate to evaluate artworks morally. Various versions of moralism will be canvassed in this chapter, including radical moralism and moderate moralism. Radical moralism maintains that it is always appropriate to evaluate artworks morally. This view is rejected as too broad; many artworks are obviously morally indifferent. Moderate moralism is defended as a far more reasonable position. According to moderate moralism, only some artworks are appropriate objects of moral evaluation and, in some of those cases, their moral defects are also aesthetic defects. Objections to moderate moralism from autonomists, moderate autonomists, ethicists and immoralists are critically discussed.
Immoralism and Contextualism
Authors: Jacobson Daniel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The twentieth century saw a robust debate over autonomism, the thesis that the moral qualities of artworks are irrelevant to their aesthetic value. Until recently, those philosophers of art who denied autonomism assumed the truth of moralism, the view that the moral defects of artworks, whenever they are aesthetically relevant, count as aesthetic flaws in the work. This assumption was called into question at the end of the century, when it was noted that moral defects in artworks might be aesthetically relevant without figuring as defects; they might instead sometimes figure as aesthetic virtues. This thesis is sometimes referred to as immoralism, but a better term for the view that such moral flaws can figure either as blemishes or virtues of artwork is contextualism. This chapter contends that the best arguments against autonomism support contextualism rather than moralism. Philosophers have failed to appreciate the respects in which audiences do not apply the same moral standards to works of art that they would apply were they real-life spectators of the actions depicted in it (somehow prevented from intervention). Indeed, appreciation of narrative art requires such deviation from responses that would be required by virtue in realistic contexts.
Ethics and Music
Authors: Higgins Kathleen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Many ethical issues related to the arts in general apply to music, but the focus in this chapter is on the specific aspects of music that give it ethical power for good or ill. After considering some of music’s physiological and psychological impacts, the author considers three ways in which it can contribute to moral education. Specifically, it can model good interpersonal interaction, help develop virtues useful to constructing good relationships, and provoke feelings of affinity that can motivate pro-social attitudes and dispositions. The musical mechanisms that encourage solidarity, however, can also be exploited for unethical projects. Although sometimes moral criticism is more aptly directed at texts and uses than at music itself, music tends to acquire associations that are hard to eliminate, and responses often reference the composite. To make morally responsible choices regarding music such associations should be considered, particularly those that link specific music with particular groups of people.
Some Moral Features of Theatrical Art
Authors: Hamilton James R. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter undertakes three main tasks: it shows, where possible, the current state in theater and performance studies as well as philosophy concerning moral worries about theater; it distinguishes between worries due to specific styles of presentation within theater from those due, instead, to the art-form itself; and it argues that some of these concerns are, in the end, not genuine moral worries at all. While the author does not take a stand on how any of the moral issues are to be resolved, he does take a stand on whether those issues are real. The focus in the entry is on moral issues about theatrical performances per se rather than the contents presented in them. For example, the entry discusses issues that can arise in rehearsal processes, but makes only brief remarks on moral issues arising out of the contents of scripts.
Architecture
Authors: Fisher Saul 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Ethical issues of architecture arise relative to its processes of creation, its reception and use, and its maintenance and life cycle—all as a function of architecture’s aesthetic or artistic character and values, though not exclusively so. While autonomism and moralism in architecture are much debated, the focus is generally on architecture as art, to the neglect of architectural aesthetics beyond architecture as art. Moreover, as an artform deeply integrated with other, nonart pursuits and domains, architecture generates more complex ethical issues than do artforms that solely count as art. Harder ethical questions, then, include how—in light of such complexities—one may identify morally warranted conditions for architectural works and for gauging their propriety or relevant preferences and, as conceptually prior, what the nature is of moral agency, objects, actions, obligations, properties, virtues, and values in architecture.
Ethics and Video Games
Authors: Bartel Christopher 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Ethics in video gaming is a broad topic that extends beyond the familiar worries about moral panics. This chapter will first divide ethical issues into internal and external questions. The ethical issues internal to video games arise due to both their status as fictions and their status as games. First, the chapter examines how moral values are inherent within games and how players respond to and play with those values. Next the chapter examines external ethical issues, which are those that focus on the nature of the gaming industry and gaming cultures. The issues discussed here include representations of gender and race in games and the ecological impacts of the gaming industry. Finally, the chapter examines some moral issues that straddle the line between internal and external, and briefly considers problems with multiplayer games, harassment, and trolling.
Art and Pornography
Authors: Eaton A. W. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by briefly surveying philosophical discussions of the purported distinction between art and pornography, such as Levinson, Kieran, Mag Uidhir, Maes, and Eaton—with an eye toward isolating potential ethical features of each. “Art” is construed broadly to include popular culture, and pornography is treated not as a monolith but rather as a diverse category of representation that includes queer porn and feminist porn, to name only a few. After reviewing the art versus porn debate (with an eye toward ethical issues), the chapter then puts issues in the pornography literature and the aesthetics-and-ethics literature into conversation with one another. Issues discussed include the ethics of the production of works (both pornographic and artistic), the ethics of fantasy, moral lessons to be gleaned from works, and the influence of works on audience’s character.
Group Agency, Alienation, and Public Art
Authors: Willard Mary Beth 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that a complete analysis of the ethics of public art must consider not just the ethics of the subject of the art, as in the case of monuments to the immoral, but the way that art is used by the public to define what it means to be part of the public. The author begins by focusing on how public art contributes to the success of group agency, as when aesthetic practices, like placing public art, encourage individuals to align their aims and attitudes with those of the group. When an aesthetic practice of a group fails to engage a member of the group, they may be alienated. When the resulting alienation intersects with other forms of injustice, the placement of the artwork in the public sphere may be unjust even if the artwork considered by itself, or in another context, is ethically unobjectionable.
Ethics of Artistic Authorship
Authors: Gover Karen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
While much of the conversation concerning ethics and artworks concerns the content of artworks, this chapter looks at the ethical concerns involved in artistic authorship itself: who counts as an artistic author, what artistic authorship entails, and why the seemingly straightforward empirical question of who is responsible for creating a work of art entails ethical questions of credit, property, and ownership. This chapter begins with the general concept of authorship, and then the author explains why authorship of artwork is treated as a distinctive kind. Once the basic contours of authorship have been established, the chapter discusses a series of common variations involving artworks and overlapping ownership claims. The ethical questions can become even more complicated when different people lay claim to one and the same the work as their property, but in different respects.
Cultural Appropriation
Authors: Nguyen C. Thi , Strohl Matthew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Cultural appropriation is a broad umbrella term for a number of phenomena related to the borrowing of elements of a culture other than one’s own. This chapter summarizes arguments that have been offered in recent debates among analytic philosophers and other commentators concerning the normativity of cultural appropriation. The authors suggest that most of the views on offer have both strengths and weaknesses and how one adjudicates between them will depend on which theoretical desiderata one prioritizes. The issue is complex and the wide range of relevant considerations often support conflicting positions. The authors think that this state of affairs should lead us to be wary of sweeping generalizations about the normativity of cultural appropriation.
Art and Ethics in Islam
Authors: Leaman Oliver 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Islam first arose in a cultural environment where poetry was held in high regard, and yet the Qur’an defined itself as nonpoetic, despite the beauty of many of its verses. Poetry was regarded as immoral, and Islam, like religions in general, took a firm line on the significance of ethics in all undertakings. The visual arts often illustrated a moral landscape where truths were displayed at the expense of perspective. The Qur’an and the sayings of the Prophet and his companions are generally taken to focus on beauty’s ability to inflame the passions in generally undesirable ways. Sufism, by contrast, tends to value beauty and link it with religious truth and morality. Many other Islamic schools of thought that are skeptical of the moral value of the arts. This rather disapproving attitude toward the arts has persisted in Islam up to today.
Frances Power Cobbe and Periodical Philosophy
Authors: Hamilton Susan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the importance of the nineteenth-century periodical press in women’s philosophical writing by exploring Frances Power Cobbe’s writing on women’s autonomy and humans’ duties to animals. As a working journalist, Cobbe sought to articulate a new ethics of autonomy for women and justice for animals. Writing across the variety of publishing platforms and the multiple time signatures of the periodical press to invite readers to an ethical consideration, Cobbe sought to ensure the widest possible circulation and amplification of her ethical approach to contemporary social and political problems. Her skillful exploitation of new publication venues that also strove to challenge orthodox views and created new conventions of debate is central to her achievements as a thinker.
Helena Petrovna Blavatsky
Authors: Rudbøg Tim 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers Helena Petrovna Blavatsky’s place in the history of philosophy. She is known as a theosophist, but is she, in fact, an overlooked women philosopher? To answer this question, the chapter discusses what the history of philosophy means and the criteria one might propose for accepted inclusion. It takes an intertextual approach to Blavatsky’s role to demonstrate that Blavatsky engaged with philosophy and formulated her views on being, consciousness, space, and time in dialogue with philosophers, including Kant, Fichte, Hegel, and Spencer. Blavatsky considered her project to be philosophy, but her understanding of what true philosophy entails was different from that of many of her contemporaries. The chapter argues that Blavatsky should be considered a philosopher in her own right, though she was also more than a philosopher.
Accompanying LGBTQIA+ Students in the Music Classroom
Authors: McManus Justin , Carter Bruce Allen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the importance of relationship-building and fostering an affirming, welcoming space for LGBTQIA+ students in music classrooms. Specifically, this article borrows the term “accompaniment” from our common musical language to conceptualize the ideal relationship between educators and their LGBTQIA+ music students. The authors conceive of accompaniment as a long-term partnership rooted in empathy, flexibility, and critical listening. Following a brief review of recent music education literature related to LGBTQIA+ students, the authors present two vignettes that describe instances in which students were and were not accompanied on their musical journeys. Finally, the chapter concludes with implications and recommendations for music educators who strive to build lasting, empowering relationships with their queer students.
Fostering Reciprocal and Responsive Musical Relationships in a Youth Instrumental Ensemble
Authors: Legutki Allen R. , Hendricks Karin S. , Smith Tawnya D. , King Kristi N. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter profiles the “caring with” approach of orchestral conductor Mark Russell Smith in fostering reciprocal and responsive music relationships in guest conducting situations. This chapter describes the conductor’s progression through Atik’s (1994) stages of interaction with performers, including the establishment of leadership authority and trust, and development of roles and expectations. These stages were evident in his literature choice, rehearsal style, conducting, pacing, community building, guided listening of peer performance, and performing for the students from the podium. It also notes a “caring with” approach to balanced authority and group ownership of the experience. This approach models an alternative to traditional top-down structures, and presents examples of how conductors might nurture increasingly reciprocal and responsive musical relationships over time.
Developing Trust and Empathy Through Peer Mentoring in the Music Classroom
Authors: Goodrich Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The pedagogical practice of peer mentoring provides opportunities for students to share their knowledge and experiences in conjunction with the music teacher. Sharing in the learning process during peer mentoring can lead toward developing two salient components of compassionate music teaching: trust and empathy. A learning environment based in trust and empathy may create the foundation for caring relationships in which students and the music teacher co-create learning spaces toward establishing a community of learning. But the potential exists for hierarchies to develop during peer mentoring, where a select group of students may co-create goals with the music teacher. This presents a potential conflict when establishing trust and empathy among all students, for institutional norms may be reified in that students from dominant white populations may control the narrative of learning in the music classroom. It is vital for the music teacher to play a highly active role in ensuring that all students engage in peer mentoring and the co-creation of learning goals. Throughout these processes, then, trust and empathy take on a more substantial role toward establishing a community of learning based in compassionate music teaching where all students feel welcome in the music classroom.
Somatic Self-Care for Music Educators
Authors: Paparo Stephen A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter posits that the soma––the body perceived from within––is an important component of self-care for music educators and their students. Somaesthetics, a pragmatic philosophical discipline, lays the foundation for understanding bodily consciousness and the inclusion of somatic practice as a means to improve self-function. The Feldenkrais Method of somatic education offers a pedagogical framework for learning to observe oneself in action, while developing sensory acuity in order to clarify and improve function and performance. Participation in the Feldenkrais Method as somatic self-care can help educators and their students embody the six characteristics of compassionate music teaching. Recommendations and applications to teaching and learning are provided.
The Sounds of Hope
Authors: Good-Perkins Emily 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
For many Black, Indigenous, People of Color (BIPOC) in the United States, schools are hostile environments where their cultural ways of being are pathologized and blamed. To counter the continued marginalization of children of color in schools, Love, with her abolitionist teaching framework, calls for educators to actively harness the cultural wealth of students’ communities to empower them in the classroom. Music education spaces have the potential to be powerful spaces for self-expression and cultural sustenance if enacted with care and compassion. However, before music classrooms can become “homeplaces” for all children, systemic inequities within music education must first be dismantled. This chapter explores the theoretical and pedagogical nuances of a compassionate, abolitionist music teaching paradigm.
Critical Race Theory and Care in Music Education
Authors: Lewis Amy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Understanding systemic racism through a lens of critical race theory can help music educators to critically examine their own practices as teachers and consider how equitable teaching practices might look. This chapter describes the experience of four music educators who learn about CRT and how an understanding of systemic racism can expand the opportunity to emphasize care in the classroom. Critical race theory is a lens through which to understand how race and racism operates in our society. With an understanding of systemic racism through critical race theory, music education practitioners can gain a deeper awareness of power, oppression, and racism in order to transform our profession toward a more caring centered profession. Critical race theory critiques color-neutral ideology where different races and identity points are acknowledged and not ignored. Educators can expand their ability to see, celebrate, and care for students and their differences while simultaneously dismantling oppressive structures.
Cultural Humility and Ethics of Caring in Multicultural Settings of Music Teacher Education
Authors: Ehrlich Amira 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores a new possible paradigm of multiculturalism in the music classroom. Chang et al. (2012) presented the Chinese word QIAN (humbleness) as an acronym representing the attributes of Questioning, Immersion, Active-Listening, and Negotiation. Exploring the practice of a music teacher education in Israel, this chapter reflects on the relevance of this model to the teacher’s positionality as a Jewish Orthodox woman teaching students from diverse Jewish and Arab socioreligious sectors. Examples from practice are presented and analyzed to show how such processes of collective unknowing emanate a paradigm of authentic care. Validation of individual particularities allow us to engage in difficult conversations even while maintaining emotional safety. Care is made possible through a commitment to differences.
Engaged Dissent
Authors: Callander Adrienne 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This multiple-case study examines the operation and interaction of entrepreneurship and art in the institutional practice of visual artists Nan Goldin, Theaster Gates, and Yayoi Kusama. Case analysis narrows its focus to the exercise of emancipatory, public, and effectual principles of entrepreneurship within aesthetic frameworks informed by art practices ranging from punk to performance to social practice to Pop Art, in tandem with lived experience. Overlaps between cases highlight the role of performance art, sector spanning, and marginalization as factors in all three artists’ instigation of institutional change. As backdrop to the cases, this chapter bridges institutional entrepreneurship and institutional critique to establish a transdisciplinary theoretical baseline for agency. In the process, it discerns the potential for entrepreneurship studies to bolster and renew institutional practice in art.
The Criticism of Eurocentrism and International Law
Authors: Mbengue Makane Moïse , Akinkugbe Olabisi D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter draws on Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) in examining the question: how does the research and teaching of international law in the Global South challenge Eurocentrism in international law. The chapter focuses on the emergent activities within the Global South that pluralize Eurocentric international law’s dominance in the research production, teaching, and practice arenas. The chapter pushes against the unfair over-representation of European countries in the scholarly production and institutions of international law. To illustrate the often-underexplored regional diversity of international law outside Europe, the chapter reflects on the contemporary roles of critical Global South scholars and scholarship in international law, and the sub-fields of international investment law and international human rights law to pluralize the epistemological foundations of the substantive field of international law.