bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retaining
Authors: Barrett Graham 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter ‘follows the parchment’. When a charter was drawn up, the beneficiary received both that record of transaction and prior written titles of that property; repeated over time, this process formed and combined archives. If we start at its first stage, the initial handover, we see signs that parties of all types, institutions and individuals, clergy and laity, maintained and curated archives. The dorsal notes on the reverse side of numerous originals, summarising key details to facilitate identification and consultation, point to organisational habits and awareness of a need for access common to all levels of society. Charters were not written and then forgotten, or husbanded by the powerful; they were kept at the ready for use as needed. References in documents from the ninth and tenth centuries also imply efforts at storage with greater security or in more accessible order by preparing copies and compiling extracts, leading to the confection of the oldest surviving Iberian cartularies in the later eleventh century. These advanced expressions of medieval archiving were created by the agents of churches and monasteries, who had realised how to use the written word to shape the contours of historical memory and organise the management of property.
Proving
Authors: Barrett Graham 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the network of the corpus of charters, by delineating the interconnectedness between them. Charters were self-promoting: they situated themselves in a network of other charters, bearing witness to the ongoing relevance of each one beyond its creation, and acting to identify additional means of defence in court. As charters cited other charters to confirm themselves, to establish a background of textual transactions, to flag other relevant records, and to supply further pertinent information, they constructed interconnections, and created a written world in which parchment was power. They defined ownership of property as possession of written title, and as documentary evidence was brought to bear in settling disputes, it served not simply for display, but was integrated through testimony, oaths, and ordeals into the participating community even as it was put to the test. Written evidence was substance, not show, and in attempts to steal it, extract it by force, or forge it, we perceive widespread acceptance of and desire to capitalise on its potential. In each victory for text in court, with firm action taken against incidences of false documentation, its social status rose; using charters led to use of charters, respecting charters engendered respect for charters.
Framing
Authors: Barrett Graham 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the second component of the network of texts in which charters positioned themselves: the written law of the Visigothic code, deployed and debated in the records of transactions and disputes. Some citations of legal precepts and provisions recur so often as to be formulaic: to confirm the legality of the act, or to assess or assign the penalty for interference, law is a crucial element of the legitimising rhetoric of the text. But there are many citations which are unique or too extensive or adapted to be template, and imply first-hand engagement with law, at some stage; here the weight of legislation on inheritance, property, procedures, and penalties provided not so much a determinant of as a foundation for action. Written law enjoyed an acceptance of its framework for social relations, yet it was also an aspect of power, and the kings and counts of León above all realised its potential as a tool of lordship. The degree to which law had been internalised can be measured by ‘silent citation’, where the phrasing or force of relevant legislation has shaped text and process. Law was the language of custom and habit, spoken most fluently by the scribe.
Sacred Words
Authors: Barrett Graham 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores a further component of the network of texts in the corpus of charters, how the habits of the clergy revolved around Scripture, canon law, and monastic rules. Clerical scribes understood and expressed gift through the terms of their imagined community of Scripture, but as they had heard it, meditated on it, and prayed with it. They bounded Church patrimonies too by the compass of their textual community of canon law, or their working idea of what that meant, as often as not unbounded to the text. Monastic rules similarly were a source for their identity, but in the fact of a rule rather than any particularities, the idea of a text as guide for devotion. And as clerical scribes wrote charters for others, they impressed on them something of this mentality: most citations need not have involved any first-hand contact with the Bible, canon law, or monastic rules by the writer, as liturgy, memory, other charters would have sufficed. But there was a constant awareness of the texts behind the text, of being Scripturally, canonically, regularly. Clerical scribes emerged from houses which defined themselves by contracts, and the documentary world which they enabled defined itself by texts.
Conclusion
Authors: Barrett Graham 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that the written was the world of early medieval Iberia. Few may have been able to read and write, yet the extent of textuality was both broad and deep, in the authority conferred upon text and the arrangements made to use it. Via charter and scribe, society and social arrangements came increasingly to be influenced by norms originating from a network of texts. But this study also raises two critical questions. The greater density of documentary culture in Galicia and Portugal points to some difference at the level of deep structure, and the extent of the network of texts itself points to a different mode of textual transmission. The textual society of early medieval Iberia was built on the foundations of a textual economy: citations of other charters, Visigothic law, the Bible, canon law, and monastic rules constitute imaginary libraries in the minds of scribes, formed by direct consultation from fixed or circulating libraries, or from memory, or by copying other charters. As charters were conserved, consulted, copied, and circulated, so too were the fragments of source texts which they cited; what ‘knowing’ texts meant in this world was not reading books but encounters with these fragments.
For Our Sons, Daughters, and All Concerned Souls
Authors: Lebron Christopher J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Eleanor Bumpurs was a mother and grandmother. She was arthritic and diabetic. Additionally, she suffered from mental health issues when she was shot and killed in her apartment in the Bronx, New York, on October 29, 1984. Bumpurs was not murdered by an assailant attempting to extract sellable goods from her apartment. Rather, she was killed by a police officer while she was both naked and clearly hysterical.
Where Is the Love? The Hope for America’s Redemption
Authors: Lebron Christopher J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
“I acknowledge that I am very angry,” said the sister of DePayne Middleton-Doctor. “But one thing that DePayne always enjoined in our family … is she taught me that we are the family that love built. We have no room for hating, so we have to forgive. I pray God on your soul.”
The Radical Lessons We Have Not Yet Learned
Authors: Lebron Christopher J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
There doesn’t exist, there never has existed, nor is there ever likely to exist something as monolithic, analytically neat, or presumptively coherent as “black identity.” Black Americans are just as free and capable of disputing the details of their social and political existence as any other demographic group. Yet, we often use terms like “black politics” to signify what is supposed to be a more or less agreed upon social, economic, and political agenda to benefit those who are, by US standards, “racially” black. So there seems to be a serious discrepancy, since having a “black politics” seems to presume having a “black identity.” This is not quite right. A “black politics” is not predicated so much on identity as on a shared condition among those who share the racial descriptor “black.” And this shared condition is subject to either the actual or the very great likelihood of suffering significant inequality in America on account of being black. Blacks are certainly not the only ones susceptible to inequality and unfairness in America—as categorical inequalities, gender, sexual orientation, class, and disability remain serious obstacles to an egalitarian nation.
Applying Natural Language Processing to Assessment
Authors: Liu MQ 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Natural language processing (NLP), the enablement of machines to automatically process and learn human natural language data, is at the core of many real-world applications. Recent years have seen initial attempts to apply NLP in assessment. The goal of this chapter is to discuss how NLP can be applied to improve assessment in the selection context. The chapter opens with an introduction of NLP—what it is and how NLP techniques have evolved over time. It then dives into how various NLP methods can be applied in the assessment cycle, from assessment construction to analyzing assessment responses to predicting job-related outcomes. The chapter ends with a discussion of the key challenges and opportunities facing assessment researchers and practitioners when considering using NLP for assessment.
Potential Impact of Disabilities and Neurodiversity on the Constructs Measured by Selection Procedures
Authors: Papinchock Jone M. , Rosenbaum Angela L. , Dunleavy Eric M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Recent attention directed to neurodiversity and disability has given focus to the potential for discrimination in testing against applicants who have disabilities. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) has provided guidance regarding the Americans with Disabilities Act and the use of software, algorithms, and artificial intelligence to assess job applicants and employees. This chapter discusses the idiosyncrasies of traditional adverse impact analyses for people with disabilities with an emphasis on personality tests. The EEOC stipulates that each disability is unique and that an individual may fare poorly on an assessment because of a disability and be screened out as a result, and that employers may need to take steps to avoid screen-out. A framework for sensitivity analysis of test items is presented that may partially address concerns regarding discrimination on the basis of disability.
Reflections on Assessment for Development
Authors: Collins Lynn , David José 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Disruption today is pervasive and redefining how people work. As the velocity of change is unprecedented, the importance of assessment and development is elevated. With this context in mind, this chapter reflects on the work done by the authors in this section and shares perspectives on (a) the constructs and content domain that is measured and developed (the what), (b) the methodology deployed in both assessment and development (the how), (c) the targets of these efforts (the who), and (d) a critical look at the degree of innovation seen at present and a vision for the future of assessment and development.
Psychoneurometric Assessments for High-Risk Jobs
Authors: Cox Brennan , McHail Dan , Pettijohn Kyle , Olson Tatana 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
High-risk jobs can expose personnel to extreme hazards and stressors. Selecting personnel best able to perform in these environments may require updated assessment tools that harness the latest technological advancements in physiological monitoring and simulation of job-specific conditions. This chapter presents case studies in military aviation and describes the task demands and stressors specific to military aviators and how emerging technologies might be leveraged to capture individual responses to these conditions. The chapter also describes the psychoneurometric approach, which integrates physiological, self-report, and behavioral data to refine understanding of constructs underlying performance. Further, the chapter discusses how the psychoneurometric approach and advanced technologies may be used to enhance existing assessment tools for military aviation and other high-risk jobs.
Driving Company Growth and Leader Development
Authors: Eyring James D. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Assessment use in Asia has grown rapidly over the past 20 years, which has driven investment and innovation. One such innovation is the Growth Leader Assessment, which assesses leader capabilities that drive company growth. These capabilities (e.g., innovation, growth mindset) are explored along with its unique approach to assessing leader practices in addition to traits. Assessing practices adds predictive ability to the assessment and better enables leader development. Following this, the chapter explores how some companies are using assessment technology to build ecosystems of assessment and development. CoCubes and Wheebox are using artificial intelligence–based assessment to assess university students and help them develop new skills and connect with potential employers. Produgie is using technology to provide individual- and team-level assessments to develop employees at all levels of the organization while helping them deliver improved performance.
Putting the Pieces Together
Authors: Sackett Paul R. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This reflective chapter is structured around eight substantive propositions about the future of testing and assessment. These include (a) the determinants of job performance will not change, (b) constituencies have differing views on tradeoffs among desirable outcomes, (c) progress will continue to be made in extracting more information from candidate data, (d) more use of constructed response formats and less reliance on multiple choice will be seen, (e) improvements in measures of longstanding predictor constructs will continue to be used and seen, (f) practitioners will need to be vigilant regarding personality-situation interactions, (g) tension about the need for construct understanding is not new and will continue, (h) it will be important to monitor public reaction to black-box approaches, and (i) these are exciting times for the testing and assessment field.
“Most Extraordinary of All Extraordinary Cases”
Authors: Dorsey Bruce 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Newsman Benjamin Hallett observes that there is a little bit of everything to appeal to everyone in Avery’s trial. As the defense concludes, followed by rebuttal testimony from both sides, disputes arise over Avery’s whereabouts on the three occasions: the day of Cornell’s death, the camp meeting at which she allegedly became pregnant, and the site where a letter in her possession was delivered. Witnesses expose conflicts over people’s relationship to time consciousness and their possession of, and control over, time in a new industrial economy. Newspaper reporters grow impatient with the trial’s extraordinary length and break their pledge by beginning to publish trial testimony before the verdict.
Conspiracies
Authors: Dorsey Bruce 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In a political culture permeated by conspiracy thinking with the rise of the Antimasonic social movement and political party, opponents of Avery’s not-guilty verdict turn to similar conspiracy politics in newspapers and political pamphlets, accusing the Methodist Church of plotting to subvert justice and prevent a guilty man from facing punishment for his crime. For months after the verdict, Avery’s case unleashes a flurry of conspiracy talk, the air rife with accusations of nefarious plots and subversive groups. In the minds of the Methodists’ critics, the church poses a grave threat to the republic that extends beyond their corrupt defense of a guilty brother. Critics insist that the Methodists exert a form of despotic power and influence that is antithetical to democracy.
Plants and animals
Authors: Ragan Mark A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
From about 1475, successive generations of herbalists, physicians, botanists, and zoologists delineated and arranged plants and animals according to different criteria. Within this broad activity we recognize the rise of scientific botany (from 1492) and scientific zoology (from 1524). Andrea Cesalpino (1583) excluded zoophytes from the plants; Gaspard Bauhin (1623) treated Zoophyta as a higher-level taxon; Edward Wotton (1552) argued that fungi are plants, zoophytes are animals, and no third genus inhabits the miniscule gap between them. By the mid-Seventeenth century, substantial consensus had emerged on membership of the plant and animal kingdoms, although certain loose ends remained. This consensus would soon be challenged by the discovery of microscopic beings, and a biological definition of species.
Beyond the end of the Chain
Authors: Ragan Mark A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The Great Chain of Being did not survive the Eighteenth century intact, but what is the shape of the Plan of Nature? Alternative arrangements were put forward, many between about 1770 and the early 1830s. This chapter presents a range of these proposals including a map (Linnæus), network (Donati, Olivi, Buffon, and others), polygon (Rudolphi, de Jussieu), globe or egg (Goldfuss, Eichwald), branched tree (Pallas, Augier, Lamarck), spiral (Horaninov), circle (Fischer von Waldheim, Candolle, Cassini), and symmetric arrangements of circles (Macleay, Swainson, Kaup, and others). These metaphors often overlapped, or graded into one another. Only Horaninov’s spiral, however, identified a high-level taxon (Phytozoa) between plants and animals.
Ernst Haeckel and Protista
Authors: Ragan Mark A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Haeckel’s kingdom Protista was influential and controversial in equal measure. Haeckel encountered the animal-plant boundary during his studies on radiolaria, and delineated the kingdoms by how their cells aggregate during development. In Generelle Morphologie (1866) he drew from Charles Darwin, Goethe and Lamarck in establishing Protista as a new kingdom of “first-produced or primitive beings”, and in depicting the living world as a tree. He later introduced Monera as pre-cellular beings, and used ontogeny to resolve the succession of ancestral types along genetic lineages (phylogeny). Over several decades he defined, delineated, and arranged Protista in different (sometimes contradictory) ways, and introduced other groupings including Kingdom Histonia for multicellular plants and animals. Like his views on ontogeny, mankind, and the universe, Haeckel’s Protista left a complex legacy.
Selecting Immigrants by Skill II
Authors: Lim Désirée 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that skill-selective immigration policies may have the effect of indirectly discriminating against persons who identify, or are identified as women. Even if women are not explicitly excluded from admission, they are considerably less likely to meet skill-based entry requirements than men. Consequently, they tend to be admitted as family dependents rather than economic migrants. The chapter contends that the disparate impact on women is wrongful because it reflects negligence on the part of immigration policymakers: they have breached their duty of care to avoid worsening disrespectful norms and beliefs about women, who constitute a socially subordinated group in their society. Specifically, skill-based selection worsens existing beliefs about the inferiority of women’s work, as well as women’s status as passive or helpless dependents who only achieve their ends by leaning on men. For these reasons, skill-selective immigration policy is socially subordinating toward women.
Conclusions
Authors: Orsini Francesca 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The conclusion returns to the spatial and located approach of the book. Space is useful for thinking how literature works in a multilingual (and of course stratified and hierarchical) society. Throughout the book “Purbi”/Eastern or “Avadhi” has not been a marker of regional or linguistic identity but a site for multilingual people, spaces, and practices. Space works in this book as a way of bringing together literary strands that have inhabited their own disciplinary silos—Sufi, bhakti, courtly Brajbhasha, and Persian. Cartography helps locate and bring together authors working in different languages as part of the same local environments. This highlights the exclusions of the single-language archives but also the dialogism inherent in some texts, like Sant poetry. Space also helps us think of the concrete spaces of literary practices—the sites and occasions of performance, training, devotional singing, and poetic cultivation within different communities of taste. And it raises interesting questions about literary contact and circulation without translation. The keywords suggested by this book—location and a spatial approach; consciously looking for “other stories”; familiarity and access vs. cultivation; mixing vs. parallel cultivation; overhearing and being “well-listened”; circulation without translation; transcodification, etc.—expand the conceptual toolbox of world literature beyond (and below) the transnational or indeed the national. For this reason, the conclusion suggests that a located and ground-up approach also speaks to world literature.
Disciplined by Liberalism
Authors: Philips Menaka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 offers a close examination of the evolution of the liberalism trap in political theory and of its disciplinary effects in the field. Scholarly preoccupations with the idea have shaped not only the parameters of our debates and contestations but more broadly, they have conditioned the field’s pedagogical practices and organization. The chapter begins by tracing liberalism’s now central position in academic political theory, and then examines the ways that students of political thought are introduced to canonical “liberal” thinkers and ideas. Looking at receptions of J.S. Mill, the chapter outlines how these pedagogical practices have modified and continue to modify thinkers and ideas in troubling ways. Once “canonized” by liberalism, figures like Mill become fixed resources to which contemporary narratives about liberalism can easily turn.
The History of MDMA
Authors: Passie Torsten 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This book is intended to provide an overview of the complex and dispersed history of MDMA, in the hope of making it more intelligible. In respect of the period up until the late 1980s, the book focuses on what was happening in Europe and the United States as other countries were not significant in this timeframe. This book does not describe the history of an illegal drug only as it is perceived in the public mind, but also in terms of the research into it, the political responses to it, its spread, and its medical use. It follows the early pharmaceutical history of MDMA shortly after the turn of the twentieth century, its researched military potential, and its early use in psychotherapy, followed by its distribution as a recreational drug and its spread throughout Europe and the United States and other parts of the world. Later chapters focus on the debate about its potential toxicity, its worldwide distribution as a dance drug since the 1990s, and the most recent research on MDMA and its therapeutic potentials. The history of MDMA is characterized by a range of parallel developments occurring at different levels and their many interactions. It is more of a mosaic than a linear story and cannot be described in terms of a simple narrative. This book tries to bring these multiple narratives and levels of its history and their complex interactions together in order to produce a coherent mosaic