bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of discourse markers in argumentative compositions by Jordanian EFL learners
Authors: Huneety Anas , Alkhawaldeh Asim , Mashaqba Bassil , Zaidan Zainab , Alshdaifat Abdallah 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe aim of the present study is to investigate the use of discourse markers (DMs) in the argumentative compositions written by EFL learners at two academic stages (sophomores and seniors) majoring in English at the Hashemite University, Jordan. The significance of this study springs from its focus on the use of DMs in Jordanian EFL learners’ argumentative writings. Employing an integrated research method of qualitative and quantitative analysis, the findings revealed that both groups of participants used the same types of DMs with varying degree of frequency, namely, elaborative, contrastive, reason, inferential, conclusive, and exemplifier DMs, respectively. The sophomores were observed to employ a relatively higher number of DMs compared to the seniors, which may be ascribed to some redundant instances of DMs. The elaborative, contrastive, and reason types were the most widely used, while inferentials, conclusives and exemplifiers appeared infrequently in both groups. The analysis of individual DMs displayed that the DMs ‘and’, ‘because’, and ‘but’ were the predominant across the seniors and sophomores’ argumentative texts. This overuse of these DMs may be due to the influence of L1 of the participants and the popularity of these DMs among students and teachers of English. Additionally, the participants showed a low proficiency in using DMs since they overused largely a restricted variety of DMs at the expense of others that would be expected in the argumentative writing; some DMs were noticed either to be underused or absent. The results of Pearson’s r correlation test indicated that there was a weak positive but significant correlation between the writing quality and the use of DMs. This may be taken as a predictor of the writing quality in argumentative compositions by EFL. Pedagogically, the study emphasizes the significance of teaching DMs, where EFL learners should be taught how to use them appropriately to avoid any transference of their L1. Further research on DMs in argumentative writings in different levels of proficiency is recommended.
Career development of international medical graduates in Canada: status of the unmatched
Authors: Wang Yiming , Das Rajkumar Luke Vijendra , Lapa Tatiana , Marosan Peter , Pawliuk Rosemary , Chable Heidi D. , Lake Deidre , Lofters Aisha 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWith limited residency positions, the majority of international medical graduates living in Canada and other developed countries cannot work as physicians. The educational experience and career development of unmatched international medical graduates (those who are not matched to a residency position) residing in Canada have never been studied. Through an innovative collaboration of provincial international medical graduate organizations, we launched an online survey targeting the career development of unmatched international medical graduates, with 356 survey responses entering data analysis. Respondents reported that at the early career planning stage, close to a third had not had adequate knowledge of their career prospects in Canada. Although official resources are available, most respondents found that the information did not match well with reality. After arriving in Canada, educational resources for unmatched international medical graduates are scarce. The majority of them work in healthcare-related fields but reported significant difficulties finding these positions, and there were limited career training opportunities. Among respondents who were no longer pursuing residency positions and had moved on to alternate career paths, we found, unexpectedly, that 69% of them reported previous residency application experience did not contribute to their current occupation, and most were not satisfied with their current career status and continuing education opportunities. In conclusion, the unmatched international medical graduates could serve as a vital reservoir of skilled medical professionals to serve the community, especially during public health crises. Continuing education and career support of unmatched international medical graduates are crucial for their career development and should be an area of priority for policymakers. Career support, especially for alternative career paths, can be built on the current services that exist in most provinces in Canada. In addition, novel online and social media tools can be utilized to increase the outreach of these programs.
Environmental impacts of the Australian poultry industry. 2. Egg production
Authors: Copley M. A. , Wiedemann S. G. , McGahan E. J. 
Published: January 2023

Context Eggs, a dietary staple, are a low environmental-impact animal protein, although no quantified analysis has been published for the Australian egg industry. Aims This study determined baseline greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions, fossil energy use, freshwater consumption, water stress, and land-occupation impacts for the Australian egg for 2020 and identified hotspots. Methods To understand the environmental credentials of the industry, an attributional life-cycle assessment was conducted using primary data collected from all major Australian production regions. Impacts were reported per kilogram of table eggs and per kilogram of shell- and protein-corrected eggs for cage (C), cage-free (CF) and free-range (FR) production. Monte Carlo analysis was used to assess uncertainty, and results are presented using the means and standard deviations. Key results Statistically significant (P < 0.05) differences among all systems were found for GHG and land occupation, and between cage and non-cage systems for fossil energy use. Impacts were 1.2 ± 0.04 kg carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e), 10.7 ± 0.2 MJ, 177.2 ± 19.0 L, 84.5 ± 9.6 L H2O-e and 16.0 ± 1.6 m3, and 7.6 ± 0.1 m2/kg C eggs, 1.4 ± 0.03 kg CO2-e, 12.0 ± 0.3 MJ, 190.6 ± 23.1 L, 88.9 ± 10.3 L H2O-e and 17.5 ± 1.9 m3, and 8.1 ± 0.1 m2/kg CF eggs and 1.5 ± 0.04 kg CO2-e, 12.2 ± 0.3 MJ, 204.6 ± 23.9 L, 100.8 ± 10.7 L H2O-e and 19.1 ± 1.8 m3 and 8.7 ± 0.1 m2/kg FR eggs. Land use and direct land use-change emissions associated with imported soymeal were significant, contributing a further 0.6 ± 0.1, 0.7 ± 0.1 and 0.7 ± 0.1 kg CO2-e/kg C, CF and FR eggs respectively. More efficient feed conversion ratios (FCRs) drove lower impacts in C production. Feed production was the major hotspot, followed by the layer farm and pullet rearing operations. Conclusions Reducing impacts will be most effective through changing diets to reduce reliance on high environmental-impact feed commodities, FCR improvements and energy efficiency measures to reduce housing energy demand. Improved land management is likely to have resulted in isolated small levels of carbon sequestration in Australian cropland over the analysis period, offsetting some GHG emissions. Further reduction in environmental impacts will rely on decarbonisation of feed supply chains and prioritisation of low environmental-impact feed commodities. Implications Being the first industry-wide environmental assessment of Australian egg production, this study has highlighted the need for ongoing assessment to isolate inter-annual variability, determine long-term trends, and investigate pathways to reduce impacts into the future.
Genome-wide CRISPRi screen identifies enhanced autolithotrophic phenotypes in acetogenic bacterium
Eubacterium limosum
Authors: Shin Jongoh , Bae Jiyun , Lee Hyeonsik , Kang Seulgi , Jin Sangrak , Song Yoseb , Cho Suhyung , Cho Byung-Kwan 
Published: January 2023

Acetogenic bacteria are a unique biocatalyst that highly promises to develop the sustainable bioconversion of carbon oxides (e.g., CO and CO
2
) into multicarbon biochemicals. Genotype–phenotype relationships are important for engineering their metabolic capability to enhance their biocatalytic performance; however, systemic investigation on the fitness contribution of individual gene has been limited. Here, we report genome-scale CRISPR interference screening using 41,939 guide RNAs designed from the
E. limosum
genome, one of the model acetogenic species, where all genes were targeted for transcriptional suppression. We investigated the fitness contributions of 96% of the total genes identified, revealing the gene fitness and essentiality for heterotrophic and autotrophic metabolisms. Our data show that the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway, membrane regeneration, membrane protein biosynthesis, and butyrate synthesis are essential for autotrophic acetogenesis in
E. limosum
. Furthermore, we discovered genes that are repression targets that unbiasedly increased autotrophic growth rates fourfold and acetoin production 1.5-fold compared to the wild-type strain under CO
2
-H
2
conditions. These results provide insight for understanding acetogenic metabolism and genome engineering in acetogenic bacteria.
Two specific domains of the γ subunit of chloroplast F
o
F
1
provide redox regulation of the ATP synthesis through conformational changes
Authors: Akiyama Kentaro , Ozawa Shin-Ichiro , Takahashi Yuichiro , Yoshida Keisuke , Suzuki Toshiharu , Kondo Kumiko , Wakabayashi Ken-ichi , Hisabori Toru 
Published: January 2023

Chloroplast F
o
F
1
-ATP synthase (CF
o
CF
1
) converts proton motive force into chemical energy during photosynthesis. Although many studies have been done to elucidate the catalytic reaction and its regulatory mechanisms, biochemical analyses using the CF
o
CF
1
complex have been limited because of various technical barriers, such as the difficulty in generating mutants and a low purification efficiency from spinach chloroplasts. By taking advantage of the powerful genetics available in the unicellular green alga
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
, we analyzed the ATP synthesis reaction and its regulation in CF
o
CF
1
. The domains in the γ subunit involved in the redox regulation of CF
o
CF
1
were mutated based on the reported structure. An in vivo analysis of strains harboring these mutations revealed the structural determinants of the redox response during the light/dark transitions. In addition, we established a half day purification method for the entire CF
o
CF
1
complex from
C. reinhardtii
and subsequently examined ATP synthesis activity by the acid–base transition method. We found that truncation of the β-hairpin domain resulted in a loss of redox regulation of ATP synthesis (i.e., constitutively active state) despite retaining redox-sensitive Cys residues. In contrast, truncation of the redox loop domain containing the Cys residues resulted in a marked decrease in the activity. Based on this mutation analysis, we propose a model of redox regulation of the ATP synthesis reaction by the cooperative function of the β-hairpin and the redox loop domains specific to CF
o
CF
1
.
Arabidopsis Sec14 proteins (SFH5 and SFH7) mediate interorganelle transport of phosphatidic acid and regulate chloroplast development
Authors: Yao Hong-Yan , Lu Yao-Qi , Yang Xiao-Li , Wang Xiao-Qing , Luo Zhipu , Lin De-Li , Wu Jia-Wei , Xue Hong-Wei 
Published: January 2023

Lipids establish the specialized thylakoid membrane of chloroplast in eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms, while the molecular basis of lipid transfer from other organelles to chloroplast remains further elucidation. Here we revealed the structural basis of
Arabidopsis
Sec14 homology proteins AtSFH5 and AtSFH7 in transferring phosphatidic acid (PA) from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to chloroplast, and whose function in regulating the lipid composition of chloroplast and thylakoid development. AtSFH5 and AtSFH7 localize at both ER and chloroplast, whose deficiency resulted in an abnormal chloroplast structure and a decreased thickness of stacked thylakoid membranes. We demonstrated that AtSFH5, but not yeast and human Sec14 proteins, could specifically recognize and transfer PA in vitro. Crystal structures of the AtSFH5-Sec14 domain in complex with L-α-phosphatidic acid (L-α-PA) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (DPPA) revealed that two PA ligands nestled in the central cavity with different configurations, elucidating the specific binding mode of PA to AtSFH5, different from the reported phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)/phosphatidylcholine (PC)/phosphatidylinositol (PI) binding modes. Quantitative lipidomic analysis of chloroplast lipids showed that PA and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), particularly the C18 fatty acids at
sn
-2 position in MGDG were significantly decreased, indicating a disrupted ER-to-plastid (chloroplast) lipid transfer, under deficiency of AtSFH5 and AtSFH7. Our studies identified the role and elucidated the structural basis of plant SFH proteins in transferring PA between organelles, and suggested a model for ER-chloroplast interorganelle phospholipid transport from inherent ER to chloroplast derived from endosymbiosis of a cyanobacteriumproviding a mechanism involved in the adaptive evolution of cellular plastids.
The linguistic realization of continuative discourse relations in English discourse
Authors: Fetzer Anita , Klumm Matthias 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This paper examines the linguistic realization of continuative discourse relations in British English written
discourse comparing narrative and argumentative dyadically edited texts. The data comprise 18 co-edited texts and metadata
documenting the editing process (keystroke logs and transcripts of the dyads negotiating discursive well-formedness). The focus of
analysis lies on the linguistic realization of coordinating continuation and narration, which keep the discourse
on the same level, and on the linguistic realization of subordinating elaboration and explanation, which
introduce a deeper level in the discourse hierarchy. Special attention is paid to contexts in which the discourse relations are
encoded in intra-clausal coherence strands, and to contexts in which they are additionally signalled in the peripheries. The
quantitative analysis of the signalling of continuative discourse relations shows genre-specific preferences for the signalling of
continuation and elaboration in the argumentative data, and continuation, narration and
explanation in the narrative data. Both the products of the edited data, the co-edited texts, and the metadata show
that the linguistic realization and interpretation of continuative discourse relations are – to varying degrees – subject to
recontextualization. We suggest that this variation provides evidence for (1) discourse relations as constitutive parts of
discourse grammar, and (2) genre as a blueprint which constrains their linguistic realization.
Scaling analysis parameters in 3D-focusing velocity map imaging
Authors: Wu Ruichang , Ding Bocheng , Feng Yunfei , Wu Kefei , Jin Xin , Liu Xiao-Jing 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Velocity map imaging spectrometer is a powerful tool for measuring the two-dimensional momenta of charged particles in dissociative photoionization processes. By combining a time-position sensitive detector with a three-dimensional (3D) source focusing mode, 3D momentum can be measured at a much higher resolution. However, due to the side effects of the non-uniform electric field in this mode, the retrieval of the 3D momentum becomes complicated. Here, we describe a method to retrieve the 3D momentum from the time of flight and the position at a numerical accuracy better than 0.1%, much below the best achievable relative energy resolution of 1% in the reported experiments. The method is consistently tested on simulated data, including ions with different masses and charges. Moreover, a scaling relationship is established among them.
Defect recombination suppression and carrier extraction improvement for efficient CsPbBr3/SnO2 heterojunction photodetectors
Authors: Zhang Qianwen , Yao Lijuan , Li Bobo , Fang Dan , Wang Dengkui , Li Jinhua , Wang Xiaohua , Han Peigang , Qiu Mingxia , Fang Xuan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Perovskite materials with excellent optical and electronic properties have huge potential in the research field of photodetectors. Constructing heterojunctions and promoting carrier transportation are significant for the development of perovskite-based optoelectronics devices with high performances. Herein, we demonstrated a CsPbBr3/SnO2 heterojunction photodetector and improved the device performances through post-annealing treatment of SnO2 film. The results indicated that the electrical properties of SnO2 films will make an important impact on carrier extraction, especially for type-II heterojunction. As the electrons transfer layer in CsPbBr3/SnO2 type-II heterojunction, defects related to oxygen vacancy should be the key factor to affect carrier concentration, induce carriers’ limitation and recombination rate. Under proper annealing temperature for SnO2 layer, the recombination rate can decrease to 1.37 × 1021 cm3 s and the spectral responsivity will be highly increased. This work can enhance the understanding on the photoresponse of perovskite photodetectors, and will be helpful for the further optimization and design of optoelectronic devices based on the perovskite heterojunction.
From multi-segmented to core/shell nanorods: morphology evolution in Fe–Au nanorods by tuning fabrication conditions
Authors: Khurshid Hafsa , Yoosuf Rahana , Zafar Humaira , Attanayake Supun B , Azeem Muhammad , Issa Bashar A , Anjum Dalaver H , Srikanth Hariharan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Aiming to obtain hybrid magneto-plasmonic nanostructures, we have developed multisegmented and core/shell structured Fe–Au nanorods using template assisted electrochemical deposition. A facile method of tuning the growth pattern of multisegmented nanorods into core/shell structured is demonstrated. With a precise control of current density and deposition time, a brick-stacked wire like growth led to the formation of hollow nanotubes that could be further tuned to multilayered hollow nanotubes and core/shell structured nanorods. TEM imaging and STEM-EELS technique were used to explore the morphology, microstructure and the distribution of Au and Fe in the nanorods. The easy magnetization direction was found to be perpendicular to the nanorods’ growth direction in the segmented nanorods. On the other hand, core/shell nanorods exhibited isotropic behavior. Our findings provide deeper insights into the fabrication of hybrid nanorods and the opportunity to tune the fabrication method to vary their morphology accordingly. Such studies will benefit design of hybrid nanorods with specific morphologies and physical properties and hence their integration into sensing, spintronics and other potential biomedical and technological applications.
Intersections of middle-α Cantor sets with a fixed translation
Authors: Huang Yan , Kong Derong 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
For

λ
∈
(
0
,
1

/

3
]

let C

λ
be the middle-

(
1
−
2
λ
)

Cantor set in

R

. Given

t
∈
[
−
1
,
1
]

, excluding the trivial case we show that

Λ
(
t
)
:=

λ
∈
(
0
,
1

/

3
]
:

C
λ

∩
(

C
λ

+
t
)
≠
∅

is a topological Cantor set with zero Lebesgue measure and full Hausdorff dimension. In particular, we calculate the local dimension of

Λ
(
t
)

, which reveals a dimensional variation principle. Furthermore, for any

β
∈
[
0
,
1
]

we show that the level set

Λ
β

(
t
)
:
=

{

λ
∈
Λ
(
t
)
:

dim

H

(

C
λ

∩
(

C
λ

+
t
)
)
=

dim

P

(

C
λ

∩
(

C
λ

+
t
)
)
=
β

log
2

−
log
λ

}

has equal Hausdorff and packing dimension

(
−
β
log
β
−
(
1
−
β
)
log

1
−
β

2

)

/

log
3

. We also show that the set of

λ
∈
Λ
(
t
)

for which

dim
H

(

C
λ

∩
(

C
λ

+
t
)
)
≠

dim
P

(

C
λ

∩
(

C
λ

+
t
)
)

has full Hausdorff dimension.
Typical electrical, mechanical, electromechanical characteristics of copper-encapsulated REBCO tapes after processing in temperature under 250 °C
Authors: Pan Xinyue , Wu Wei , Yu Xin , Lu Li , Guo Chunjiang , Zhao Yue 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Heat treatments are inevitable not only in the production of rare earth barium copper oxide (REBCO) tapes, but also in their post-processing for applications, typically, in soldering and epoxy/wax impregnation during the fabrication of REBCO coils. In general, the heat treatment of REBCO tapes should be carried out at lower temperature for a shorter time, but the specific safe boundary of heat-treatment temperature and time for REBCO tapes is still unknown. Therefore, a comprehensive study on the typical electrical, mechanical, and electromechanical characteristics of REBCO tapes after heat treatments under temperature of 250 °C is necessary. This work focus on the copper-encapsulated REBCO tapes, which are more robust (while with much lower engineering current density) to be processed in application systems than the tapes without encapsulation. The critical current degradation, stress–strain characteristic, and electromechanical properties of REBCO tapes were measured after heat treatments at different temperatures in argon and oxygen atmosphere. A 2D finite element (FE) analysis model was established for detailed stress/train analyzes under tension and bending based on the analysis of residual stress/strain. The results indicate that the critical current of the copper-encapsulated REBCO tapes decreases with increasing heat-treatment temperature and dwell time, and is of no evident relation to atmosphere. In addition, increased temperature of heat treatment leads to an obvious decrease in the yield strength and critical tensile stress. This effect is mainly attributed to the degradation of mechanical properties of the encapsulated copper layer, which is demonstrated by the combination of our FE simulation and the experiments results. Interestingly, the change in the critical bending radius due to heat treatments was slight, because the bending axial strain of the REBCO layer remained almost unchanged after heating. It is also worthy to note that all the properties tested in this study were irrelevant to the external oxygen partial pressure during the heating process. As a practical conclusion for the application systems, an upper and atmosphere-irrelevant limit of processing temperature of 130 °C or 150 °C (2 h dwell time) was proposed for copper-encapsulated REBCO tapes, under which the critical current, yield strength, critical tensile stress/strain and critical bending radius of the copper-encapsulated REBCO tapes decay by <1% or 3%, respectively.
Thickness and refractive index measurements of a thin-film using an artificial neural network algorithm
Authors: Lee Joonyoung , Jin Jonghan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Thin-film thickness and refractive index measurements are important for quality control in many high-tech industrial manufacturing processes, such as the semiconductor, display, and battery. Many studies have been carried out to measure the thickness and refractive index of thin-films, and recently studies using an artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm have also been conducted. However, strict evaluations of ANNs were not reported in all previous studies. In this study, a multilayer perceptron type of ANN algorithm for simultaneously analyzing the thickness and refractive index of a thin-film is designed and verified by using four thin-film certified reference materials (CRMs) being traceable to the length standard. According to the number of hidden layers and the number of nodes for each hidden layer, 12 multilayer perceptron type ANN algorithms were designed and trained with a theoretical dataset generated through optics theory based on multiple interferences. Subsequently, the interference spectra measured by the four CRMs were put into the 12 trained ANNs as input, and it was checked whether or not the output values were in good agreement with the corresponding certified values of both the thickness and refractive index. As a result, an ANN algorithm having two hidden layers with 100 nodes was selected as the final algorithm and an uncertainty evaluation was performed. Finally, the combined uncertainties for the thickness and refractive index were estimated to be 2.0 nm and 0.025 at a wavelength of 632.8 nm, respectively, as measured using a spectral reflectometer with the well-trained ANN algorithm.