bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mandatory due diligence laws and climate change litigation: Bridging the corporate climate accountability gap?
Authors: Rajavuori Mikko , Savaresi Annalisa , van Asselt Harro 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe debate on corporate climate accountability has become increasingly prominent in recent years. Several countries, particularly in the Global North, have adopted mandatory human rights and/or environmental due diligence legislation. At the same time, judicial and quasi‐judicial proceedings are helping to shape the contours of corporate climate accountability. This article considers how litigation against corporations and due diligence legislation interact, and thereby help develop and strengthen corporate climate accountability. While the practice in this area is still limited, there is scope to reflect on early developments and how they may influence both future climate litigation as well as ongoing and future law‐making on due diligence. We first review recent developments in climate litigation against corporations, focusing on the extent to which they rely on climate due diligence obligations. We then survey existing and proposed due diligence legislation, examining the extent to which it addresses corporate climate accountability. Finally, we identify scenarios of how due diligence legislation and climate litigation may interact and possibly converge to strengthen corporate climate accountability. We furthermore identify knowledge gaps and areas for further research.
Outside the borders of the state, abandonment. On the new forms of disappearance
Authors: Gatti Gabriel 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn this article I propose an expanded definition of the categories of “disappearance” and “disappeared” with which to address situations marked by abandonment. In the first movement, I provide a critical description of the scientific literature available about disappearance in several fields, in particular legal and political sociology. Both have gradually constructed an interpretation that, while legally effective, sociologically sensitive, and socially successful, currently find themselves overwhelmed. The second movement confirms that the dominant meaning of disappearance and disappeared has been overwhelmed, and it addresses how that overwhelming affects three of their characteristics: the timeframes of reference for both categories (the past and memory); the anthropological assumptions that underpin the two (the bad death and the (im)possibility of its conventional management); and the normative social frameworks that both take as “a given” (the state and citizenship, and the forms of political agency associated with them). Finally, the third movement deals with different experiences of field research related to very open uses of the idea of disappearance, to gather different efforts of theoretical problematization that currently, and in various fields of social science research, turn disappearance and disappeared into tools for analyzing social forms of abandonment.
Patterns of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Thai 2021 National Health Survey
Authors: Topothai Thitikorn , Tangcharoensathien Viroj , Suphanchaimat Rapeepong , Petrunoff Nicholas Alexander , Chandrasiri Orana , Müller-Riemenschneider Falk 
Published: March 2023

Background: Understanding patterns of physical activity and sedentary behavior is essential, but evidence from low- and middle-income countries remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of physical activity and sedentary behavior in the Thai population; their sociodemographic correlates; and the contribution of specific domains to total physical activity. Methods: We analyzed data from the 2021 Health Behavior Survey, a nationally representative survey, conducted by the Thailand National Statistical Office during the COVID-19 pandemic. Physical activity and sedentary behavior were assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. “Sufficiently active” was defined according to the World Health Organization guidelines. “Highly sedentary” was defined as sitting ≥7 hours per day. The contribution of work, transport, and recreational physical activity was determined as the proportion of total physical activity. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to determine the correlates of being sufficiently active and being highly sedentary. Results: Of the total study population (N = 78,717), 71.9% were sufficiently active, whereas 75.8% were highly sedentary. Females, having a labor-intensive work, and living in Bangkok had a higher likelihood of being sufficiently active. Those with higher education and income levels, and living in Bangkok and the Central region had a greater likelihood of being highly sedentary. The work domain contributed the highest proportion toward physical activity (82.1%), followed by the recreation (10.0%) and transport domains (7.9%). Conclusions: Policies should focus on promoting transport and recreational physical activity and activity that can break up sedentary behavior among adults because when countries become technologically advanced, physical activity at work declines.
Early retinal neurovascular impairment in patients with diabetes without clinically detectable retinopathy
Authors: Zeng Yunkao , Cao Dan , Yu Honghua , Yang Dawei , Zhuang Xuenan , Hu Yunyan , Li Juan , Yang Jing , Wu Qiaowei , Liu Baoyi , Zhang Liang 
Published: March 2023

AimsTo investigate the function and the corresponding neurovascular structures in patients with diabetes without clinically detectable retinopathy.Methods Sixty-six patients with type 2 diabetes without retinopathy (NDR) and 62 healthy controls were recruited. The 16 and 32 Tds flicker electroretinography (ERG) was performed using a mydriasis-free, full-field flicker ERG recording device (RETeval). The vessel density (VD) of superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP), FD300 and ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness in the macula were quantified using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). The retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness and the radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) density in the peripapillary area were also measured with OCTA.ResultsParafoveal and perifoveal VD in both SCP and DCP decreased in NDR group in comparison to control group (all p<0.01). However, macular GCC thickness was comparable between the two groups (p=0.661). Peripapillary RNFL thickness and RPC density were significantly lower in NDR group (p<0.001 and p=0.009, respectively). With regard to ERG parameters, delayed implicit time and decreased amplitude were found in NDR group in comparison to the control group (all p<0.01). In the multiple linear regression analyses, delayed implicit time for 16 and 32 Tds stimuli was significantly correlated with increased HbA1c (β=0.350, p<0.001; β=0.328, p<0.001, respectively) and decreased VD of SCP in the parafoveal region (β=−0.266, p=0.013; β=−0.253, p=0.005, respectively). However, delayed implicit time for 16 and 32 Tds stimuli was not correlated with the thickness of GCC (β=−0.008, p=0.818) in multiple linear regression analyses.ConclusionFunctional and structural impairments have already started in diabetic retina even in the absence of visible retinal lesions. Subtle microvascular abnormalities rather than ganglion cell loss might be associated with early functional changes in NDR patients. Poor control of blood glucose was associated with delayed implicit time of flicker ERG in preclinical diabetic retinopathy.
Causes of diabetic ketoacidosis among adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus: insulin pump users and non-users
Authors: Flores Monica , Amir Maryam , Ahmed Ramsha , Alashi Suleiman , Li Manshi , Wang Xiaofeng , Lansang M Cecilia , Al-Jaghbeer Mohammed J 
Published: March 2023

IntroductionInsulin pumps are increasingly being used as a method of insulin delivery in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of T1DM. This study aims to identify the causes of DKA in patients with T1DM on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and to compare these with patients with T1DM on multiple daily insulin injections (MDIIs).Research design and methodsThis is a prospective observational study between January and June 2019 at the Cleveland Clinic Fairview Hospital. Demographic, clinical, and biochemical data were obtained from chart review. A questionnaire to explore additional clinical data relating to DKA was administered, with additional items for patients on the insulin pump.ResultsSeventy-four patients were admitted with a diagnosis of DKA between the period of January and June 2019. Of these, 45 met the inclusion criteria and 43 consented. These were divided into two groups: group 1 included patients on MDII and group 2 included CSII. Overall, the most common precipitating factor for developing DKA was insulin non-adherence, seen in 51.2% of the cases. The most common cause of DKA in group 2 was pump/tubing related to 55% of the cases.ConclusionDespite non-adherence being common in both CSII and MDII, a combination of social factors, education and insulin pump malfunction, such as pump/tubing problems, might be playing a pivotal role in DKA etiology in young adults with T1DM, especially in CSII users. Continued education on pump use may reduce the rate of DKA in pump users.
Incidence and regression of metabolic syndrome in a representative sample of the Spanish population: results of the cohort di@bet.es study
Authors: Cuesta Martín , Fuentes Manuel , Rubio Miguel , Bordiu Elena , Barabash Ana , Garcia de la Torre Nuria , Rojo-Martinez Gemma , Valdes Sergio , Soriguer Federico , Vendrell Joan Josep , Urrutia Ines Maria , Ortega Emilio , Montanya Eduard , Menendez Eldelmiro , Lago-Sampedro Ana , Gomis Ramón , Goday Albert , Castell Conxa , Badia-Guillen Rocio , Girbés Juan , Gaztambide Sonia , Franch-Nadal Josep , Delgado Álvarez Elías , Chaves Felipe Javier , Castano Luis , Calle-Pascual Alfonso L 
Published: March 2023

IntroductionMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is an important predictor of cardiovascular mortality. Identification of occurrence and regression trends of MetS could permit elaboration of preventive strategies with new targets. The objective of this study was to analyze the occurrence and regression rates of MetS and its associated factors in the representative cohort of Spain of the di@bet.es study.Research design and methodsThe di@bet.es study is a prospective cohort where 5072 people representative of the Spanish population over 18 years of age were randomly selected between 2009 and 2010. Follow-up was a median of 7.5 (IQR 7.2–7.9) years, with 2408 (47%) participating subjects. A total of 1881 (78%) subjects had all the pertinent data available and were included in this study.ResultsOf the 1146 subjects without baseline criteria for MetS, 294 (25.7%) developed MetS during follow-up, while of the 735 patients with prior MetS, 148 (20.1%) presented regression. Adjusted MetS incidence per 1000 person-years was 38 (95% CI 32 to 44), while regression incidence was 36 (95% CI 31 to 41). Regression rate was independently higher than incidence rate in the following: women, subjects aged 18–45, university-degree holders, patients without central obesity, without hypertension, as well as those with body mass index of <25 kg/m2. Lower progression and higher regression rates were observed with an adapted 14-point Mediterranean Diet adherence screener questionnaire score of >11 in both groups and with >500 and>2000 MET-min/week of physical activity, respectively.ConclusionsThis study provides MetS incidence and regression rates, and identifies the target population for intervention strategies in Spain and possibly in other countries.
Evaluating the prognostic performance of bedside tests used for peripheral arterial disease diagnosis in the prediction of diabetic foot ulcer healing
Authors: Elghazaly Hussein , Howard Theodore , Sanjay Sharan , Mohamed Omer G , Sounderajah Viknesh , Mehar Zaheer , Davies Alun H , Jaffer Usman , Normahani Pasha 
Published: March 2023

IntroductionDiabetic foot ulceration (DFU) is a common and challenging complication of diabetes. Risk stratification can guide further management. We aim to evaluate the prognostic performance of bedside tests used for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) diagnosis to predict DFU healing.Research design and methodsTesting for Arterial Disease in Diabetes (TrEAD) was a prospective observational study comparing the diagnostic performance of commonly used tests for PAD diagnosis. We performed a secondary analysis assessing whether these could predict DFU healing. Follow-up was performed prospectively for 12 months. The primary outcome was sensitivity for predicting ulcer healing. Secondary endpoints were specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratios for ulcer healing.Results123 of TrEAD participants with DFU were included. In 12 months, 52.8% of ulcers healed. The best negative diagnostic likelihood ratio (NDLR) was observed for the podiatry ankle duplex scan (PAD-scan) monophasic or biphasic with adverse features(NDLR 0.35, 95% CI 0.14–0.90). The highest positive likelihood ratios were observed for toe brachial pressure index of ≤0.2 (positive diagnostic likelihood ratio (PDLR) 7.67, 95% CI 0.91–64.84) and transcutaneous pressure of oxygen of ≤20 mm Hg (PDLR 2.68, 95% CI 0.54–13.25). Cox proportional hazards modeling demonstrated significantly greater probabilities of healing with triphasic waveforms (HR=2.54, 95% CI 1.23–5.3, p=0.012) and biphasic waveforms with non-adverse features (HR=13.67, 95% CI 4.78–39.1, p<0.001) on PAD-scan.ConclusionsNo single test performed well enough to be used in isolation as a prognostic marker for the prediction of DFU healing.Trial registration numberNCT04058626.
Job demands at the patient’s bedside and their effects on stress and satisfaction of nurses
Authors: Wenderott Katharina , Franz Shiney , Friedrich Martin G , Boos Margarete 
Published: March 2023

AimThe study aimed to assess job demands at the patient’s bedside and to evaluate the contribution of this central workplace to the stress and satisfaction of nurses.DesignIn this cross-sectional survey study, a questionnaire was compiled and all registered nurses from intensive, general and intermediate care wards at a large German hospital were invited to participate.MethodsThe questionnaire used a list of care activities to assess nurses' workload at the patient’s bed. The German Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire and an adapted version of the German Perceived Stress Scale were used to measure nurses’ stress and burn-out, and single items to assess health status, organisational commitment, job satisfaction, and satisfaction with the quality of care. The questionnaire was returned by 389 nurses.ResultsExpected correlations of workload at the patient’s bed with stress, burn-out and satisfaction of the nurses were shown. A moderating effect of organisational commitment was non-existent but was shown for the self-assessed health on the correlation between workload and satisfaction with the quality of care. Organisational commitment correlated negatively with stress and burn-out and positively with satisfaction. The study provides evidence that rates of burn-out and stress do not differ based on the work area of nurses. Because job demands at the patient’s bed correlated with all outcomes, measures to improve this specific workspace are sensible.
Healthcare cost burden of acute chest pain presentations
Authors: Dawson Luke , Nehme Emily , Nehme Ziad , Zomer Ella , Bloom Jason , Cox Shelley , Anderson David , Stephenson Michael , Lefkovits Jeffrey , Taylor Andrew , Kaye David , Cullen Louise , Smith Karen , Stub Dion 
Published: March 2023

BackgroundThis study aimed to estimate the direct healthcare cost burden of acute chest pain attendances presenting to ambulance in Victoria, Australia, and to identify key cost drivers especially among low-risk patients.MethodsState-wide population-based cohort study of consecutive adult patients attended by ambulance for acute chest pain with individual linkage to emergency and hospital admission data in Victoria, Australia (1 January 2015–30 June 2019). Direct healthcare costs, adjusted for inflation to 2020–2021 ($A), were estimated for each component of care using a casemix funding method.ResultsFrom 241 627 ambulance attendances for chest pain during the study period, mean chest pain episode cost was $6284, and total annual costs were estimated at $337.4 million ($68 per capita per annum). Total annual costs increased across the period ($310.5 million in 2015 vs $384.5 million in 2019), while mean episode costs remained stable. Cardiovascular conditions (25% of presentations) were the most expensive (mean $11 523, total annual $148.7 million), while a non-specific pain diagnosis (49% of presentations) was the least expensive (mean $3836, total annual $93.4 million). Patients classified as being at low risk of myocardial infarction, mortality or hospital admission (Early Chest pain Admission, Myocardial infarction, and Mortality (ECAMM) score) represented 31%–57% of the cohort, with total annual costs estimated at $60.6 million–$135.4 million, depending on the score cut-off used.ConclusionsTotal annual costs for acute chest pain presentations are increasing, and a significant proportion of the cost burden relates to low-risk patients and non-specific pain. These data highlight the need to improve the cost-efficiency of chest pain care pathways.
Couple concordance in diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia in urban India and Pakistan and associated socioeconomic and household characteristics and modifiable risk factors
Authors: Nielsen Jannie , Shivashankar Roopa , Cunningham Solveig A , Prabhakaran Dorairaj , Tandon Nikhil , Mohan Viswanathan , Iqbal Romaina , Narayan KM Venkat , Ali Mohammed K , Patel Shivani Anil 
Published: March 2023

BackgroundConcordance in chronic disease status has been observed within couples. In urban India and Pakistan, little is known about couple concordance in diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia and associated socioeconomic characteristics and modifiable risk factors.MethodsWe analysed cross-sectional data from 2548 couples from the Centre for cArdio-metabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia cohort in Chennai, Delhi and Karachi. We estimated couple concordance in presence of ≥1 of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia (positive concordance: both spouses (W+H+); negative concordance: neither spouse (W−H−); discordant wife: only wife (W+H−); or discordant husband: only husband (W−H+)). We assessed associations of five socioeconomic and household characteristics, and six modifiable risk factors with couple concordance using multinomial logistic regression models with couples as the unit of analysis (reference: W−H−).ResultsOf the couples, 59.4% (95% CI 57.4% to 61.3%) were concordant in chronic conditions (W+H+: 29.2% (95% CI 27.4% to 31.0%); W−H−: 30.2% (95% CI 28.4%− to 32.0%)); and 40.6% (95% CI 38.7% to 42.6%) discordant (W+H−: 13.1% (95% CI 11.8% to 14.4%); W−H+: 27.6% (95% CI 25.9% to 29.4%)). Compared with couples with no conditions (W−H−), couples had higher relative odds of both having at least one condition if they had higher versus lower levels of: income (OR 2.03 (95% CI 1.47 to 2.80)), wealth (OR 2.66 (95% CI 1.98 to 3.58)) and education (wives’ education: OR 1.92 (95% CI 1.29 to 2.86); husbands’ education: OR 2.98 (95% CI 1.92 to 4.66)) or weight status (overweight or obesity in both spouses ORs 7.17 (95% CI 4.99 to 10.30)).ConclusionsPositive couple concordance in major chronic conditions is high in urban India and Pakistan, especially among couples with relatively higher socioeconomic position. This suggests that prevention and management focusing on couples at high risk for concordant chronic conditions may be effective and more so in higher socioeconomic groups.
Profiling specific cell populations within the inflammatory tumor microenvironment by oscillating-gradient diffusion-weighted MRI
Authors: Hoffmann Emily , Gerwing Mirjam , Niland Stephan , Niehoff Rolf , Masthoff Max , Geyer Christiane , Wachsmuth Lydia , Wilken Enrica , Höltke Carsten , Heindel Walter L , Hoerr Verena , Schinner Regina , Berger Philipp , Vogl Thomas , Eble Johannes A , Maus Bastian , Helfen Anne , Wildgruber Moritz , Faber Cornelius 
Published: March 2023

BackgroundThe inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME) is formed by various immune cells, being closely associated with tumorigenesis. Especially, the interaction between tumor-infiltrating T-cells and macrophages has a crucial impact on tumor progression and metastatic spread. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether oscillating-gradient diffusion-weighted MRI (OGSE-DWI) enables a cell size-based discrimination between different cell populations of the TME.MethodsSine-shaped OGSE-DWI was combined with the Imaging Microstructural Parameters Using Limited Spectrally Edited Diffusion (IMPULSED) approach to measure microscale diffusion distances, here relating to cell sizes. The accuracy of IMPULSED-derived cell radii was evaluated using in vitro spheroid models, consisting of either pure cancer cells, macrophages, or T-cells. Subsequently, in vivo experiments aimed to assess changes within the TME and its specific immune cell composition in syngeneic murine breast cancer models with divergent degrees of malignancy (4T1, 67NR) during tumor progression, clodronate liposome-mediated depletion of macrophages, and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment. Ex vivo analysis of IMPULSED-derived cell radii was conducted by immunohistochemical wheat germ agglutinin staining of cell membranes, while intratumoral immune cell composition was analyzed by CD3 and F4/80 co-staining.ResultsOGSE-DWI detected mean cell radii of 8.8±1.3 µm for 4T1, 8.2±1.4 µm for 67NR, 13.0±1.7 for macrophage, and 3.8±1.8 µm for T-cell spheroids. While T-cell infiltration during progression of 4T1 tumors was observed by decreasing mean cell radii from 9.7±1.0 to 5.0±1.5 µm, increasing amount of intratumoral macrophages during progression of 67NR tumors resulted in increasing mean cell radii from 8.9±1.2 to 12.5±1.1 µm. After macrophage depletion, mean cell radii decreased from 6.3±1.7 to 4.4±0.5 µm. T-cell infiltration after ICI treatment was captured by decreasing mean cell radii in both tumor models, with more pronounced effects in the 67NR tumor model.ConclusionsOGSE-DWI provides a versatile tool for non-invasive profiling of the inflammatory TME by assessing the dominating cell type T-cells or macrophages.