bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Requirement for Complement Components and Fibrinogen in the Zymosan-Induced Release Reaction of Human Blood Platelets
Authors: Zucker Marjorie B. , Grant R. A. , Alper C. A. , Goodkofsky I. , Lepow I. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
As shown earlier, zymosan particles incubated with human citrated plasma develop the ability to induce a release reaction in platelets. Thus when incubated zymosan is shaken for 4 to 15 min with human citrated platelet-rich plasma, ADP, ATP, and 14C-serotonin are released and the ADP causes platelet aggregation. Plasma depleted in vitro of C3 or GBG failed to generate activity on zymosan unless at least 65 µg of C3 or 100 µg of glycine-rich β-glycoprotein (GBG) were added/ml plasma. Plasmas from individuals with congenital deficiency of C3 or C3 inactivator (and hence GBG) were also inactive unless either purified C3 or hydrazine-treated plasma was added. Afibrinogenemic plasma was inactive unless at least 80 µg of fibrinogen was added/milliliter, a requirement previously reported for serum. Zymosan particles washed after incubation with normal plasma bore more fibrinogen (determined immunologically) than particles incubated with afibrinogenemic or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid plasma and washed. The amount of zymosan-associated fibrinogen was not necessarily less on particles incubated with C3- or GBG-deficient plasma than on those incubated with normal plasma but was greater when purified C3 or GBG was added to the appropriate deficient plasma before incubation. Properdin-depleted plasma could not generate release-promoting activity on zymosan; activity was not restored by purified active properdin. When plasma from two patients with C̄1 inhibitor deficiency was depleted of C4 by incubation, one sample generated activity on zymosan normally. Serum from a guinea pig with C4 deficiency generated activity on zymosan when fibrinogen was added. Inulin and endotoxin did not develop release-promoting activity when incubated with normal plasma although they caused as much conversion of C3 and GBG as zymosan. Plasma incubated with inulin and endotoxin generated activity when subsequently incubated with zymosan, whereas plasma incubated with zymosan lost its ability to generate activity when incubated with fresh zymosan. We conclude that the alternate pathway of complement activation and fibrinogen are involved in generating release-promoting, platelet-aggregating activity on zymosan, and that activity may develop only during activation of properdin.
Antibodies to Proteins Dissolved in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
Authors: Stumph William E. , Elgin Sarah C. R. , Hood Leroy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits were injected with Drosophila embryo total nonhistone chromosomal (NHC) proteins or with bovine serum albumin, both in 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Antibodies were produced which reacted specifically with the protein injected as antigen; the antibodies were not directed against a random denatured protein-SDS complex as shown by failure to cross-react with other proteins in SDS. Antibodies to nonhistone chromosomal proteins were also produced by injecting rabbits with native chromatin. These antibodies reacted with isolated NHC proteins in 0.1% SDS. The presence of low concentrations of SDS did not seem to affect either production of antibodies or their general specificity. The antibodies produced in response to immunization with total NHC proteins or chromatin were directed against at least several proteins as determined by a procedure involving indirect immunofluorescent staining of antibody-antigen complexes in SDS polyacrylamide gels.
The Response of Rabbit Lymphocytes to Mitogens and Alloantigens: Evidence for T Cell Heterogeneity
Authors: Ozer Howard , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Soluble concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulate DNA synthesis in cells from a variety of normal rabbit lymphoid organs. In lethally irradiated rabbits injected with thymocytes, these responses are virtually normal or, in some instances, increased. In thymus-deprived animals (thymectomy, lethal irradiation, bone marrow shielding) they are virtually abolished. We conclude that the substances tested are specific T cell mitogens in the rabbit, as in other species.
The response to Con A is both of higher magnitude and wider distribution among various lymphoid organs than the response to either of the other two mitogens. Responses to PHA relative to Con A vary in different organs, being lowest in thymus and highest in popliteal lymph nodes and manually separated cells of the thymus-dependent area (TDA) of the appendix. PHA-responsive cells were found to have the same organ distribution as cells responding in the one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). It is proposed that responsiveness to PHA develops only in differentiated, peripheral T cells and that the PHA/Con A response ratio provides a convenient index in the rabbit for estimating function in these cell populations.
The appendix TDA was enriched in cells responsive to T cell mitogens and in the MLR relative to whole appendix as well as to the dome and follicle components of this organ. This finding confirms other evidence that this morphologic element of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is thymus-dependent.
A small proportion of rabbit B lymphocytes, limited largely to peripheral lymph nodes, were shown to respond to endotoxic lipopolysaccharide. As is the case in other animals, PWM appears to be mitogenic for both T and B cells in the rabbit.
Cross-Idiotypic Specificity of Rat Antibodies to Group a Streptococcal Carbohydrate
Authors: Stankus Richard P. , Leslie Gerrie A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Specifically purified antibodies to streptococcal A carbohydrate (SACHO) from both related and unrelated Sprague-Dawley rats were found to possess cross-specific idiotypic determinants (ID 1). Anti-SACHO antisera from a single animal possessed both antibodies with these common idiotypic determinants and a distinct population with unique idiotypic determinants (ID 2). Undetectable in preimmune sera, removed by absorption on specific immunoabsorbents and intimately involved in the antibody combining site, ID 1 reveals the similarity of certain variable region structural features shared by antibodies from both related and unrelated individuals.
Differentiation of Lymphoid Cells: The Use of Specific Antisera to Characterize the Cells Required for the Induction of Immunoglobulin M Production in Vitro
Authors: Zimmerman Daniel H. , Okumura Ko , Rabkin Charles , Kern Milton 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anti-immunoglobulin as well as anti-thymocyte sera prevented the induction of immunoglobulin M production by rabbit popliteal lymph node cells that ordinarily occurs when such cells are cultured in vitro, in the absence of added antigen. Antibodies specific for the light chains and µ-chains of rabbit immunoglobulins were inhibitory whereas sera specific for α- and γ-chains were without effect. Univalent anti-µ-chain antibody and univalent anti-thymocyte antibody preparations were also inhibitory. All inhibitory antisera were without effect when added to cultures after the induction process was completed. Thymidine incorporation studies showed a lack of correspondence between the inhibitory activity and mitogenicity of anti-immunoglobulins.
Mononuclear Cell Chemotactic Activity of Kallikrein and Plasminogen Activator and Its Inhibition by C̄1 Inhibitor and α2-Macroglobulin
Authors: Gallin John I. , Kaplan Allen P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Hageman factor substrates prekallikrein and plasminogen proactivator were found to generate chemotactic activity for human mononuclear cells upon interaction with Hageman factor fragments. This activity superimposed the elution profile of kallikrein and plasminogen activator after chromatography on SP Sephadex and Sephadex G-150 and was inhibited by incubation of both enzymes with the active-site serine-inhibitor diisopropyl fluorophosphate. The natural inhibitors of each active enzyme also functioned as chemotactic inactivators; thus α2-macroglobulin inhibited the chemotactic activity of kallikrein and plasminogen activator whereas C̄1 inhibitor inhibited only the chemotactic activity of kallikrein.
Expression of IgG Allotypes in Human Lymphoid Tumor Lines Serially Transplantable in the Neonatal Syrian Hamster
Authors: Pothier Lillian , Borel Halina , Adams Richard A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The presence of Gm(a), Gm(z), Gm(f), Gm(b0) and Gm(g), genetic factors of IgG1 and IgG3 heavy (H) chains, were determined in sera from hamsters bearing 15 human lymphoid tumors by using the standard agglutination-inhibition test. Documentation of immunoglobulin synthesis had already been established, nine lines synthesizing γ H chain, three lines synthesizing µ H chain and three lines synthesizing no immunoglobulins. All γ H chain-synthesizing tumor lines expressed Gm allotypes, but only the IgG1 determinants were detected. Tumor lines were derived from two patients known to be heterozygous for Gm(a) and Gm(f). The line from one of these patients synthesized only Gm(a). In the other line, which initially synthesized both Gm factors, there was deletion of expression of of Gm(f) on serial passage in the hamster. One line intermittently expressed on serial passage an allotype not present in the donor phenotype.
Identification of Two Populations of Immunoglobulin-Bearing Lymphocytes in Man
Authors: Lobo Peter I. , Westervelt Frederic B. , Horwitz David A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human peripheral blood lymphocytes bearing easily detectable surface immunoglobulin were quantitated with routine immunofluorescence procedures. The mean value in 17 healthy adults was 18% (range 9 to 30%). When the cells were preincubated at 37°C and washed at the same temperature before staining, the mean value decreased to 9% (range 4.5 to 18%) (p &lt; 0.001). The mean value increased to 32% (range 15 to 49%) when the cells were prepared and washed at 4°C, and this value was also significantly different from values at room temperature (p &lt; 0.01).
These temperature-related effects were explained by IgG that remained bound to the cell membrane at 4°C, but eluted at 37°C in serum-free medium. The total number of Ig-bearing lymphocytes and T lymphocytes determined by rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes approached 100%. These studies indicate two populations of Ig-bearing lymphocytes in healthy subjects: one with surface-stable Ig determinants, and another that lacks these markers, but has receptors capable of binding IgG.
Ir-Associated Murine Alloantigens: Demonstration of Multiple Ia Specificities in H-2 Alloantisera After Selective Absorptions
Authors: Sachs David H. , Cone James L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Quantitative absorptions of anti-H-2 alloantisera with increasing concentrations of T cell-derived tumor cells of donor H-2 type has been found to remove antibodies to H-2D and H-2K region antigens selectively. Similar results were obtained after absorptions with thymocytes of the donor strain. In each case residual antibodies reacting with Ir-associated B cell alloantigens (Ia antigens) were unmasked by this procedure. Antisera which initially contained comparable titers of Ia and H-2 activity were depleted of H-2 activity at absorbing cell concentrations which did not appreciably alter the Ia reactivities, indicating that Ia antigens, if expressed on these T cell populations, must have been present at very low concentrations relative to H-2D and H-2K region antigens. Further absorptions with spleen cells from cross-reactive strains demonstrated a multiplicity of shared and unique Ia specificities in these sera. The multiple Ia antigens detected appeared all to be codominantly expressed on the same subpopulation of lymphoid cells.
Effects of Human C1 Inhibitor on Complement-Mediated Human Leukocyte Chemotaxis
Authors: Smith C. Wayne , Hollers James C. , Bing David H. , Patrick Richard A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human C1 inhibitor (C1 INH) enhances the chemotactic responsiveness of human leukocytes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), AgAb complex, and zymosan-activated plasma or serum when added to the compartment of the chemotaxis chamber containing the cells. It seems to affect cells directly and causes an increased number of leukocytes to respond to the chemotactic factors at early time intervals. Spontaneous motility does not appear to be affected. Results of studies employing anti-C3 and anti-C5 sera seem to indicate that the chemotactic factor derived from C5 is involved in the C1 INH induced enhancement of chemotaxis. In fact, preliminary experiments utilizing trypsinactivated C3 as a chemotactic source indicate that C1 INH causes inhibition of chemotactic response to C3a. C1 INH is the first naturally occurring plasma component reported to cause enhanced chemotactic responsiveness.
Immunosuppression by Leukemia Viruses
Authors: Ceglowski Walter S. , Campbell Barbara P. , Friedman Herman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Infection of genetically resistant C57BL/6 mice with Friend leukemia virus resulted in a marked but transient immunodepression of the humoral immune response to sheep erythrocytes. The primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes was depressed in mice infected 1 or 3 days before challenge immunization, but no suppression was observed when the interval was greater. The suppression coincided with the time of transient viremia in the mice. The secondary immune response to sheep erythrocytes was inhibited when virus was injected within a few days before booster immunization. Induction of immunologic “memory” to sheep erythrocytes was also blocked in C57BL/6 mice given virus before priming with the SRBC. The immunosuppressive activity appeared due to a marked but transient effect of the virus on antibody precursor cells, as ascertained by cell transfer experiments. These observations are pertinent to the general question to the cellular site of action of immunosuppressive tumor viruses and the relationship between immunosuppression and the neoplastic properties of the RNA viruses.
Characterization of Guinea Pig Mitogenic Factor
Authors: Mills John A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pig mitogenic factor (M.F.) was identified in antigen-stimulated guinea pig lymph node lymphocyte cultures by the ability of supernatants to stimulate DNA synthesis in non-immune lymphocytes. Its activity is not augmented by the presence of antigen and it will stimulate lymphocytes made unresponsive to the eliciting antigen. M.F. production by lymphocytes is detectable within 6 hr after antigen stimulation and reaches a maximum at 24 hr. DNA synthesis produced by M.F. is maximal at 48 hr. M.F. is heat stable at 60°C. Its molecular weight is in the range of 20,000 to 30,000 daltons. M.F. activity appears to be relatively resistant to the action of proteolytic enzymes.
Equine Anti-Hapten Antibody
Authors: Chua Ming-Ming , Morgan Don O. , Karush Fred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immune response to a bacterial vaccine of Streptococcus faecalis (strain N) was characterized in all of the seven horses studied by the sustained production of about 90% IgM anti-lactose antibody over a period of 44 weeks with maximum values of the total antibody ranging from 4 mg/ml of serum to 12 mg/ml of serum. With respect to the binding of a lactose-containing ligand the association constants of the antibodies purified from sera obtained between 5 and 44 weeks fell in the range of 1 × 105 M-1 to 2 × 105 M-1. Not only was there no significant indication of maturation of affinity in this period but there was a selective limitation of affinity compared to that of 7S antibodies. It was inferred that the synthesis of IgM antibody involves the selective utilization of VH and/or VL genes.
Macrophages Activated in Vitro with Lymphocyte Mediators Kill Neoplastic but not Normal Cells
Authors: Piessens Willy F. , Churchill W. Hallowell , David John R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal guinea pig macrophages incubated for 3 days in vitro with mediator-rich lymphocyte supernatants become cytotoxic for the syngeneic tumors, Line 1 hepatoma and MCA-25 fibrosarcoma. Under identical experimental conditions the survival of two normal syngeneic cell types, fibroblasts and kidney cells, was not affected. The activating supernatants were prepared by stimulating sensitized lymphocyte cultures with an antigen unrelated to the target cells. Therefore, this type of macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity appears to be nonspecific but restricted to cells with malignant growth capacities.
Immunochemistry of an Acidic Antigen Isolated from a Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Karakawa W. W. , Kane J. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, strain 7007, was shown to possess an anti-phagocytic surface antigen. This surface antigen was separated from the species-specific teichoic acid by a combination of DEAE-cellulose chromatography and Bio-Gel filtration. Chemical analyses indicated that the 7007 surface antigen consisted of aminomannuronic acid and fucosamine. Immunochemical analyses suggested that this polymer, although consisting of the same components as the staphylococcal T antigen described by Wu and Park was, in fact, immunologically distinct from the T antigen.
Antibodies directed against the surface antigen were isolated from anti-7007 rabbit serum by affinity chromatography. These antibodies were shown to belong to the IgG class of immunoglobulins and were effective in enhancing in vitro phagocytosis of 7007 cells by polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Antibody Synthesis in Synchronized Mouse Spleen Cells during the Secondary Response to Sheep Erythrocytes in Vitro
Authors: Thomas David W. , Roberts Walden K. , Talmage David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoglobulin synthesis by mouse spleen cells during the secondary response to sheep erythrocytes in vitro was examined in cells synchronized by methotrexate and adenosine treatment. Antibody synthesis by the synchronized cells was discontinuous through the cell cycle and highest in the early S phase. Previous results from this laboratory indicated that antibody secretion, as measured by plaque production to sheep erythrocytes, was also greatest in early S, and taken together these results suggest little difference in the expression of antibody synthesis and secretion through the cell cycle. Actinomycin D was employed in several experiments in an attempt to determine if the variation in antibody synthesis was regulated by transcription of messenger RNA for immunoglobulin. Lower actinomycin concentrations (0.05 µg/ml) reportedly permitting messenger, but not ribosomal, RNA synthesis as well as higher concentrations (1 µg/ml) rapidly reduced immunoglobulin and total protein synthesis. These results indicated that actinomycin was not suitable for determining the stability of messenger RNA in mouse spleen cells. Therefore, the reasons for fluctuation in antibody synthesis during the cell cycle could not be determined, but several possibilities are suggested.
Effects of Concanavalin A on the in Vitro Responses of Mouse Spleen Cells to T-Dependent and T-Independent Antigens
Authors: Jacobs Diane M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The stimulatory and inhibitory effects of concanavalin A (Con A) on the in vitro primary immune responses to a T-dependent antigen, sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and a T-independent antigen, TNP-lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS) have been studied. Inhibition of the response to both antigens was optimal when 2 µg Con A were added at the initiation of the culture period. The response to SRBC was considerably enhanced by the addition of Con A 24 hr later. In contrast, this late addition did not stimulate the TNP-LPS response and often inhibited it. Inhibition of the TNP-LPS response required the participation of T cells since it was not observed in cells from adult thymectomized irradiated bone marrow-reconstituted (ATxBM) mice. The response to TNP-LPS was somewhat enhanced in ATxBM cells, but the degree of enhancement was strikingly less than that observed for SRBC. LPS per se did not block the stimulatory effect of Con A on the SRBC response, and was observed to act synergistically with this lectin. None of the Con A effects observed required the participation of adherent cells. These observations are consistent with a model in which different subpopulations of T cells are responsible for the inhibitory and stimulatory effects. They further suggest that the Con A inhibitory activity acts via a T cell to inhibit directly the B cell response to antigen.
Role of the Clotting System in Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity
Authors: Colvin Robert B. , Dvorak Harold F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Radioactive tracers and immunofluorescence were employed to detect and quantitate fibrinogen/fibrin deposition in two types of cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions in the guinea pig. Classic delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reactions to Old Tuberculin and to the azobenzenearsonate hapten were characterized by a progressive increase in the fibrinogen (125I-HF) content which exceeded that of the albumin tracer (131I-HSA) and paralleled the development of induration and erythema. Accumulation of 125I-HF could be related both to increased vascular permeability to 125I-HF and, more specifically, to retarded efflux of extravascular 125I-HF from tuberculin reaction sites. Warfarin inhibited 125I-HF accumulation and the formation of urea-insoluble 125I-HF (cross-linked fibrin) as well as induration in tuberculin reactions. Immunofluorescence studies revealed the site of Fib deposition to be extravascular, among the connective tissue fibers of the dermis, similar to that in DH reactions in man.
In contrast, little 125I-HF accumulated in cell-mediated reactions rich in basophils—cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) reactions to keyhole limpet hemocyanin, ovalbumin, and dinitrochlorobenzene—due in part to less vascular leakage of macromolecules and to decreased formation of urea-insoluble fibrin. By immunofluorescence Fib deposits were found in CBH reactions in a pattern similar to that in DH reactions, but the intensity of staining was appreciably less. Thus, fibrin accumulation further distinguishes DH from CBH reactions and is very likely responsible for the induration characteristic of DH reactions.
Activation of Guinea Pig Macrophages by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Requires Bone Marrow-Derived Lymphocytes
Authors: Wilton J. Mark , Rosenstreich David L. , Oppenheim Joost J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The activation of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages by Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was studied by using 14C-glucosamine uptake. Peritoneal exudate cells incorporated significant amounts of 14C-glucosamine when stimulated with LPS but neither purified macrophages nor nonadherent lymphocytes by themselves incorporated glucosamine. The activation of macrophages could be restored by adding nonadherent peritoneal lymphocytes, spleen cells, and lymph node cells but not thymocytes. Removal of B lymphocytes abolished the restorative capacity from active lymphoid cell populations. In contrast, B lymphocytes would restore glucosamine incorporation by macrophages stimulated with LPS but T lymphocytes did not. In addition, cell-free supernatants from LPS stimulated B lymphocytes but not from T lymphocytes could restore glucosamine incorporation by macrophages. These experiments demonstrate that LPS does not directly activate macrophages as measured by glucosamine incorporation but stimulates B lymphocytes which in turn activate macrophages.