bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anaphylactogenic Properties of Soluble Antigen-Antibody Complexes in the Guinea Pig and Rabbit
Authors: Weigle William O. , Cochrane Charles G. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been confirmed that anaphylactic reactions can be produced in the guinea pig and rabbit by the intravenous injection of soluble antigen-antibody complexes. In the guinea pig, the symptoms, the emphysema produced in the lungs and the inhitition of symptoms by antihistamine were similar to those observed in the classical passive and active anaphylactic reactions. There was a preferential localization of the I131 activity in the lungs of guinea pigs during anaphylaxis induced by the injection of BSA-I131 anti-BSA complexes. A similar localization of I131 activity was observed in the lungs of guinea pigs passively sensitized with I131 anti-BSA and challenged 2 days later with BSA. A larger amount of activity was localized in the lungs of guinea pigs dying in anaphylaxis than in the lungs of guinea pigs having only mild reactions. A prior injection of antigen into guinea pigs increased the severity of the reactions produced by a subsequent injection of soluble antigen-antigody complexes. Considerable complement activity was removed from the blood of gunea pigs injected with soluble BSA-anti-BSA complexes, even when no or only mild anaphylactic symptoms occurred.
Antigenic Analysis of Influenza Viruses by Complement Fixation
Authors: Lief Florence S. , Henle Werner , Schrack William D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The data presented indicate that the complement fixation test with homologous strain-specific viral (V) antigen is suitable for the evaluation of antibody responses following immunization with monovalent influenza A2 virus vaccines. The results obtained are compatible with those reported by others who used the hemagglutinationinhibition techniques for assay.
In two of the groups under study the incidence of specific anti-A2V responses was low after one or two intradermal injections of 20 CCA units of virus (18 and 60%), higher after one (63–73%) and best after two subcutaneous doses of 200 CCA units (τ;90%). When the first injection induced a specific antibody response, a second dose given within 2–4 weeks often failed to increase the titers, although negative reactors were thereby often converted to positive.
There was evidence that the incidence and height of anti-A2V responses following the first dose increased to some extent with advancing age of the vaccinees, but a second dose, as a rule, eradicated these differences.
A certain percentage of the subjects in all age groups who were given vaccine subcutaneously possessed measurable anti-A2V in their sera prior to immunization and prior to the dissemination of A2 virus. Their anti-A2V responses were higher than responses seen in persons lacking anti-A2V in the base line serum.
In the third study group, which had experienced an A1 influenza outbreak 8 months earlier, with the development in over 30% of the patients of anti-A2V along with antibodies to the infecting strain, even a single intradermal dose of 20 CCA units of A2 influenza vaccine yielded good anti-A2V levels in over 80% of the individuals. This unusually high incidence of responses to the small dose of vaccine was not restricted to those persons who had been overtly ill previously or had formed anti-A2V at that time. It is suggested, therefore, that a clinical or inapparent infection in the recent past with an apparently unrelated influenza A strain might have supplied a conditioning stimulus which resulted in the heightened responses to the A2 virus vaccine.
The implications of these findings have been discussed.
Effect of Trypsin on a Susceptible Strain of Influenza A Virus
Authors: Cleeland Roy , Sugg John Y. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The study dealt with a trypsin-sensitive line of influenza A virus. Incubation of this virus with 0.25% crude (Difco 1:250) or crystalline trypsin for 1 hr at 37°C completely destroyed the hemagglutinins and reduced the egg infectivity by more than 99%. A second line of virus derived from the same isolate as the trypsin-sensitive line and closely related to it antigenically, and several other strains of influenza A, showed no significant decrease in either hemagglutinins or infectivity when treated in a similar manner.
Crude trypsin inactivated the sensitive virus at a more rapid rate than did crystalline trypsin. The results presented indicate that the crude product contains some heat labile constituent(s) which alone is incapable of inactivating the virus but which does make it more readily available to trypsin action.
All preparations of the sensitive virus appeared to contain a small percentage of trypsinresistant particles, but subcultures of these particles in embryonated eggs always yielded virus populations composed primarily of trypsinsensitive virus, and in that respect they were indistinguishable from the original virus suspension. By employing special procedures, a stable line of virus that possessed greatly increased resistance to trypsin was obtained from the sensitive strain.
Repeated passage of the sensitive virus at either high or low dilution caused no significant variation in its susceptibility to trypsin, which suggests that this property might serve as an easily recognized and stable marker for genetic studies.
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Shulman Sidney , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By means of zone electrophoresis of human thyroiditis serum, the major protein groups have been isolated. Subsequent serologic testing by agglutination of tanned and coated erythrocytes has demonstrated that human thyroid auto-antibody belongs to the γ-globulin group of serum proteins. By specific absorption of thyroiditis serum followed by electrophoretic analysis of the absorbed serum, the identification of thyroid autoantibody with γ-globulin has been confirmed. Precipitation analysis indicates that thyroiditis serum can show either of two types of behavior. One type of curve is flat and broad and does not show inhibition in antibody excess; the other is tall and sharp and shows a considerable range of antibody-excess inhibition. Examination in the ultracentrifuge reveals that the human thyroid autoantibody is primarily a member of the 7 S family of serum globulins, as observed in two sera. These sera represented both kinds of precipitation characteristics.
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Rose Noel R. , Metzgar Richard S. , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The sera of rabbits immunized with pooled rabbit pancreas incorporated into Freund adjuvants contain antibodies that react with certain other rabbit pancreas extracts. They fail to react in vitro with the antibody-producing animal's own pancreas extract. No gross or microscopic evidence of damage to the pancreas was observed. The antibodies were therefore designated isoantibodies rather than auto-antibodies. These rabbit pancreas isoantibodies could be demonstrated by complement fixation, precipitation, and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. The isoantibodies of the sera could be removed by absorption with some individual pancreas extracts but not with others. Absorption of the anti-rabbit pancreas rabbit sera with rabbit serum, erythrocytes, gastrointestinal and urogenital tract mucosae or other rabbit organs did not remove the rabbit pancreas isoantibodies. This finding was true even if the absorptions were carried out with organs from a rabbit whose pancreas extract provided a positive reaction. Absorption of these antisera with human A, B or O red blood cells or sheep red blood cells did not inhibit the homologous reaction with rabbit pancreas extract. The existence of at least three different rabbit pancreas isoantigens could be shown by gel diffusion precipitation experiments within the heterogenous strain of rabbits used in the study. Similar pancreas isoantigens have not been found so far in other experimental animals such as guinea pigs or dogs, even though these species contain the pancreas-specific antigens demonstrable by heteroimmunization of rabbits. The anti-rabbit pancreas rabbit sera did not cross-react with pancreas extracts of other species. “Natural antibodies” of the type described by Kidd and Friedewald could be domonstrated in these antisera both before and after immunization with rabbit pancreas extract, although an occasional increase in titer was observed during immunization. These antibodies could be differentiated from the pancreas isoantibodies by specific absorption and heat inactivation properties as well as by gel precipitation. The electrophoretic mobilities of the rabbit pancreas isoantigens were compared to that of human serum albumin in agar gel with the following results: one isoantigen had an electrophoretic mobility slightly greater than albumin, one isoantigen had an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of albumin, whereas the other had a lower electrophoretic mobility than human serum albumin. Immunoelectrophoresis studies showed the rabbit pancreas isoantibodies to be in the γ-globulin region.
Serologic Studies of the Neuraminidases of Vibrio Cholerae, Diplococcus Pneumoniae and Influenza Virus
Authors: Madoff Morton A. , Eylar Edwin H. , Weinstein Louis 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antisera were developed in rabbits to preparations of the neuraminidases of Vibrio cholerae and Diplococcus pneumoniae, and to influenza PR-8 virus. Neutralization of the neuraminidases of these organisms was studied by the methods of hemagglutination-inhibition, precipitin reaction, electrophoresis, and neuraminic acid release from α1-glycoprotein. Neutralization of bacterial and viral enzyme activity by homologous antisera followed typical enzyme-antibody neutralization patterns. No evidence of serologic cross-reactivity was found between either the two bacterial neuraminidases, or the bacterial and viral neuraminidases by any of the methods employed.
Mortality Patterns and Antibody Response in Chicks Inoculated with Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus
Authors: Byrne Robert J. , Robbins Mary Louise 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The HI test was applied in detecting antibody in chickens experimentally infected with equine encephalomyelitis virus. Hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody is detectable at a high level prior to neutralizing antibody and persists for at least 140 weeks.
Resistance to disease from Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection, demonstrated by diminishing mortality, increases in chickens between the 3rd and the 14th day of life. Infection in birds which are 14 days of age or older when infected can be detected by the rapid development of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies.
In Vivo Detection of Ferritin in the Normal Guinea Pig by Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis
Authors: Ovary Zoltan , Janoff Aaron 
Published: January 2023

Summary
a) Intradermal injections of anti-guinea pig ferritin antiserum in large guinea pigs produced PCA reactions when dye alone was administered 3 hr later. b) These reactions were not inhibited by mixing the antiserum with transferrin but were neutralized after mixing antiserum and crystalline ferritin. c) The reactions cannot be attributed to interaction of γ-globulin with anti-γ-globulin antibody present in the antiserum as a contaminant. d) Nonspecific inflammatory substances in the antiserum have also been ruled out as participating in the observed reactions. e) It is concluded that physiologic titers of ferritin have been detected in the circulation of normal, large guinea pigs by the PCA reactions provoked by the intradermal injection of specific antiferritin antibody.
Studies on Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages from the Normal Rabbit: A Technique to Procure Them in a High State of Purity
Authors: Myrvik Quentin N. , Leake Eva Soto , Fariss Bruce 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A technique is described for procuring large numbers of alveolar macrophages in a high state of purity, uniformity and viability from normal rabbit lungs. The macrophages can be maintained in tissue culture and are phagocytic but multiplication has not been observed. The cells undergo marked changes in volume with little loss of viability when exposed to osmotic changes. The studies are interpreted as indicating that these alveolar macrophages comprise a constitutive flora of the normal rabbit lung.
Naturally Occurring Isoantibodies of the S Blood Group System in Cattle
Authors: Stone W. H. , Miller W. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Several normal sera with naturally occurring antibodies reactive with cattle cells possessing the subtype factors U1 and U2 are described and two representative ones are more fully characterized by absorption analyses. It was shown that these sera detect a new specificity called U′, possessed by U2 and not by U1 cells. The results indicate strongly that the antigenic specificity called U2 is qualitatively different from U1.
The new U′ reagents are useful in distinguishing cells containing U1 and U2 from those containing U1 only. The naturally occurring antibodies exhibit a marked prozone, which is a distinctive feature that may have contributed to the failure to detect this specificity before now.
A development of general interest is the illustration that differences in specificity between two reagents can not always be detected by their patterns of reactivity with even a large panel of known cells.
Studies on the Combining Sites of the Protein Antigen Silk Fibroin
Authors: Cebra John J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
For the study of its combining sites with antibody, silk fibroin was prepared by solution in lithium bromide, followed by dialysis. The fibroin had a molecular weight of 50,000–60,000 and contained only a slight amount of contaminants by immunologic assay. The number of antigenic sites occupied by antibody at equivalence varied with the rabbit immune serum but in most cases ranged from 2.6 to 3.2. The peptides in the soluble fraction following chymotryptic hydrolysis of fibroin were able to produce essentially complete inhibition of the fibroin-rabbit-antifibroin precipitin reaction at a concentration of 130 to 160 μm N per ml. Dialyzable peptides possessed differential inhibitory activity as shown by testing fractions obtained by partition column chromatography.
The Multiplication of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Trypsinized Calf Kidney and Tongue Cells and Its Use As Immunizing and Complement-Fixing Antigens
Authors: de Boer Carl J. , Bachrach Howard L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Substitution of minced calf kidney tissue for bovine tongue epithelium in suspended cultures has not proved satisfactory for propagation of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Trypsin-dispersed calf kidney cell suspension, however, supported the multiplication of the virus to significant titers. The use of confluent monolayers of calf kidney cells in Povitsky flasks offers a very effective means to produce large quantities of virus for immunologic, biochemical and biophysical studies. Immunogenic studies with formalin-treated tissue culture virus in mice and guinea pigs indicate that it is capable of inducing antibody titers to significant levels. Acid inactivation of the virus is destructive to its immunogenic properties. Foot-and-mouth disease virus multiplying on monolayers forms a complement-fixing antigen.
Circulating Antibody and Anaphylaxis in Mice
Authors: Rothberg Richard , Talmage David W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Using 1.0 mg BSA in incomplete Freund's adjuvant to sensitize mice, and measuring the antibody response as antigen binding per milliliter of sera with the ammonium sulfate salting out technique, experiments were conducted to provide additional information regarding the relationship of circulating antibody to anaphylaxis and the influence of genetic background on both anaphylaxis and the influence of genetic background on both anaphylaxis and the production of circulating antibody.
Evidence is presented to demonstrate that: a) C57 and DBA mice produced small amounts of circulating anti-BSA, and were resistant to anaphylaxis with BSA; b) CF1 mice produced more anti-BSA, and were highly sensitive to anaphylaxis; c) the severity of anaphylaxis observed in all three strains appeared related to the amount of antibody present; d) anaphylactic shock was not observed in any strain until circulating antibody could be demonstrated; e) a 2-mg immunizing dose of BSA resulted in an earlier antibody response and anaphylaxis in CF1 mice than did a 1.0-mg dose.
The Release of Histamine from Rabbit Platelets by Means of Antigen-Antibody Precipitates
Authors: Barbaro J. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Not all rabbit platelets and/or plasma possess the same capacity to release histamine when exposed to immune precipitates. The variability in ability to support histamine release can also be demonstrated with plasma and platelets from the same rabbit tested on different days. Precipitates prepared from rabbit antisera are more effective in histamine release than those from horse and sheep antisera. When the precipitate weight is above 200 μg of nitrogen, there is a direct relationship between composition of precipitate and histamine release. The greater the antibody-antigen ratio, the greater the histamine release. The capacity of an antigen-antibody system to release histamine does not correlate with its complement-fixing ability.
The Release of Histamine from Rabbit Platelets by Means of Antigen-Antibody Precipitates
Authors: Barbaro J. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The need for plasma in the release of histamine from rabbit platelets has been demonstrated and the necessity for plasma in the rabbit platelet system has been discussed. Although plasma is needed for histamine release by immune precipitates, diluted plasma has an enhanced releasing capacity. Plasma preincubated at temperatures ranging from 15–37°C for 30 min exhibited a decreased capacity to support histamine release by immune aggregates, whereas plasma preincubated at 44°C showed an increased capacity to support histamine release. Plasma heated at 56°C for 30 min still retains its capacity to release histamine, although less than unheated plasma. The thermolabile components of complement do not appear to be involved in histamine release. The possible role of C′3 and C′4 in the release of histamine are discussed.
Studies of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis in Mice
Authors: Hotchin John , Weigand Heribert 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The ability of LCM virus to cause disease has been studied in mice after inoculation at various time intervals following birth. Two different strains of virus and host were used and the results of the four combinations compared.
It was found that, in general, less disease and mortality occurred as the interval between birth and inoculation decreased, except when this interval was very short (2 hr) which caused high mortality. Some variations occurred with the different combinations of host and virus.
Mice inoculated during the first few days after birth frequently passed through a “runt” stage for several weeks, with severe retardation of growth and hair development. It was concluded that LCM disease is an immunologic conflict between the host and the viral antigen; this can end in any one of three ways: a) immunological tolerance or paralysis (persistent tolerated infection); b) death of the host; c) suppression of virus with immunity of the host.
Immune-Adherence with Leptospira Antigens
Authors: Linscott William D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immune-adherence (I-A) and microscopic agglutination (M-A) tests with living Leptospira antigens have been compared by parallel testing of hyperimmune and convalescent sera. Although there is good correlation between the two tests with regard to specificity, the I-A test is decidedly more sensitive. When excess complement could be used, allowing the attainment of maximal sensitivity, I-A titers were 50 to 500 times as high as the corresponding M-A titers. A serologic procedure of such great sensitivity may be of value in certain aspects of Leptospira research.
It has been shown that the sera of normal guinea pigs contain antibody-like substances which cause leptospirae to attach to human erythrocytes in an I-A reaction. This natural adherence activity is specific for particular serotypes and among random bred guinea pigs may vary considerably from one individual to another. Among inbred animals the variation observed appears to be reduced.
Nature of the Active Site of Antibenzoate Antibodies: Further Evidence for the Presence of Tyrosine
Authors: Pressman David , Nisonoff Alfred , Radzimski Gerald , Shaw Anita 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of variation of pH on the binding constant of anti-p-azobenzoate antibody with hapten indicates that there is an ionizable group in its site with a pK of about 10. This pH dependence of binding is consistent with the presence of a tyrosine, cysteine, lysine, or N terminal amino acid residue in the site. However, it has already been pointed out that an amino group (lysine or N terminal acid), if in the site, would have to be very resistant to acetylation compared to the other such groups in the antibody. The fact that the binding constant is the same at pH 6 as at 8 rules out the possiblity of histidine in the site.
The complete reversibility of the capacity to bind hapten after exposure of the antibody to pH 10 followed by restoration of neutral pH indicates that major irreversible structural changes in the antibody do not occur. Moreover, the total number of combining sites estimated by extrapolation of the binding curves to infinite free hapten concentration are the same within experimental error over the range of pH used.
Further evidence for the presence of a tyrosine in the site is the fact that the decrease in binding observed with extensive acetylation is reversible on exposure to high pH values. Such reversibility is consistent with the hydrolysis of an ester linkage rather than hydrolysis of an amide linkage and indicates the presence of tyrosine, serine or threonine or perhaps cysteine. The presence of tyrosine had previously been implicated through the effect of iodination on the antibody activity.
The reversal of acetylation is not complete. It may be that some irreversible alteration takes place in the molecule upon acetylation or that certain of the antibody molecules which have been acetylated are resistant to hydrolysis. This also suggests the possibility that the combining sites are heterogeneous with respect to chemical composition.
Serologic Studies of Myxovirus Para-Influenza 3 in Cattle and the Prevalence of Antibodies in Bovines
Authors: Abinanti F. R. , Hoerlein A. B. , Watson R. L. , Huebner R. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The relative sensitivities of the hemagglutination inhibition (HI), neutralization (N) and complement fixation (CF) tests to detect parainfluenza 3 antibodies in bovine sera were compared. The HI and N tests were essentially similar in sensitivity; the CF test was less sensitive but appeared to be useful in detecting recent infections. The temporal appearance and persistence of each type of antibody was studied.
A serologic survey of market cattle bled at slaughter showed that at least 70% had parainfluenza 3 antibodies and that infection had a wide geographic distribution. The data suggest that greater numbers of new infections occur during the fall than during other periods of the year.