bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical SHG in MgO:LiNbO3 Waveguides Using Phase Matching of Coupled Mode Dispersions for LD
Authors: Miyazaki Yasumitsu , Kudo Koichi 
Published: February 2023

Making use of MgO:LiNbO3/LiTaO3, we experimented 0.83 μm-0.415μm SHG by optical waveguide-type SHG devices in which the phase-matching condition is satisfied by using mode dispersion of thin film. 13% conversion can be achieved when input power is 40 mW.
In the new coupled optical waveguide-type SHG device, which is proposed, the phase matching condition is satisfied by using coupled mode dispersion of coupled optical slab waveguide. According to the theoretical analysis, the coupled optical waveguide-type, the materials of the device have more feasibility. Further, the phase-matching can be done easily.
Optical Assessment of Single Crystal Fibres
Authors: Sinclair A G , Ruddock I S , Illingworth R 
Published: February 2023

Single crystal fibres are grown by the Laser Heated Miniature Pedestal Growth technique [1] in lengths of up to ~ 50mm and with diameters in the range 50-500 μm. By this method, doped fibres, for example Cr3+ and Ti3+ in sapphire (alumina) for use in solid-state lasers or fibres of various nonlinear crystals may be produced. For laser action to be possible or for a fibre to be used in an optoelectronic device, there are several requirements to be met:-
(i) the fibre diameter and cross-section must be uniform,
(ii) the direction of the optic axis in an anisotropic crystal should be known,
(iii) the fibre ends should be flat and preferably normal to the fibre axis,
(iv) the fibre surface should be smooth so as to minimise scattering losses, and
(v) for a fibre to be incorporated into a laser cavity a polarised Gaussian beam entering the fibre at one end must emerge from the other as a Gaussian beam of a known state of polarisation.
Excited state spectroscopy of H2 via XUV-UV doubly resonant H− production
Authors: Kung A. H. , Page R. H. , Larkin R. J. , Shen Y. R. , Lee Y. T. 
Published: February 2023

Recent developments on coherent XUV sources by frequency tripling of tunable dye laser radiation provide new means of preparing atomic and molecular states for studying their spectroscopic proper ties, especially in the region <100 nm. We have studied the photoionization of H2 in the region of 71 nm by a stepwise two-photon excitation technique using the

B
1

Σ
u
+

and the C1π
u
states as the resonant intermediate. The first photon at ~96 nm is derived from a tunable XUV source recently developed in our laboratory. The second photon is the UV output of a second dye laser. This excitation coupled with the detection of negative H− ions has uncovered several new spectroscopic features that could not be observed in positive ion detection due to an intense continuum in this region. In contrast to previous one-photon studies1 our spectrum suggests that a H− continuum that couples to the excited H2 states exists. Intense spectral features in this continuum are assigned as heretofore unobserved Rydberg series converging to the high vibrations of

H
2
+

(

v
+
≥
9
,

N
+

=
1
,
3

)

levels. The efficiency of H− production and the effect of the nature of the intermediate state on this efficiency are discussed.
Multiple pulsing in the high-gain copper-vapor laser
Authors: Kim Jin J. , Im Kiegon 
Published: February 2023

Since Karras et al. published a paper on the observation of optical cooperative emissions from copper vapor,1 no other convincing experimental evidence has been reported on this puzzling phenomenon. We reported an observation of a similar behavior of the stimulated emission from the copper-vapor laser in the context of Dicke superradiance.2 Subsequently we have carried out a detailed experimental investigation on this pulsing phenomenon in a transverse-discharge copper-vapor laser system. By means of a precision spectral analysis we can identify two principal mechanisms which are responsible for the multiple-pulsing phenomenon in a high-gain condition:
(1) the superimposition of a few pulses corresponding to different regions of the spectrum of the laser line, and
(2) superradiant ringing due to the coherent collective effect. The conditions in which one or the other of the two mechanisms is manifested are subtle and are not completely understood as yet. But the characteristics of the optical pulses resulting from each mechanism are quite distinct. We describe the difference between the two mechanisms and present the experimental results that exhibit an interesting spectral behavior of the laser pulses in each case.
Possible chemically pumped alkali metal diffuse band lasers
Authors: Kleiber Paul D. , Stwalley William C. , Gole James L. 
Published: February 2023

Recent studies1,2indicate that the Na2violet diffuse bands are an attractive candidate for a short-wavelength chemically pumped laser. These excimer transitions have now been analyzed and unambiguously assigned using single-mode laser excitation; they arise from the superimposition of two distinct continuum (bound-free) emission bands—one singlet

(

2
1

Σ
u
+

−

X
1

Σ
g
+

)

and one triplet (primarily

2
3

Π
g

−

1
3

Σ
u
+

).1In beam experiments, the reaction Na3+ X → (NA2)* + NaX(where X= Cl, Br, I) yields direct and efficient chemiluminescence, including emission in the singlet violet band, with sharp bimodal excited state vibrational distributions; the fluorescence resembles that characterizing optically pumped alkali dimer lasers.2In sodium heat pipe ovens, the violet bands have been efficiently produced using various pumping techniques. The selectivity probably arises from the near-resonant dissociative recombination process

Na

3
+

+

e
−

→

Na

2
*

(

2
1

Σ
u
+

or

2
3

Π
g

)

+
Na

. Substantial gain and minimal absorption have been measured in the violet in high density Na vapor pumped by a cw krypton laser. Similar possibilities exist for other alkali metals.
Numerical properties of a model atom for multiphoton ionization studies
Authors: Su Q. , Eberly Joseph H. , Javanainen J. 
Published: February 2023

We have used a 1-D model atom for a wide range of numerical studies of multi-photon ionization and harmonic generation.1 The model is defined by a very simple one-electron binding potential

V

(
x
)

=

−
1

1
+

x
2

, but its detailed structural properties are not available in the literature.
Channel closing and power-law scaling in multiphoton ionization
Authors: Su Q. , Eberly Joseph H. , Greenwood W. G. 
Published: February 2023

We present numerical data giving the intensity dependence of the multiphoton ionization rate for two different model atoms. As the intensity increases, the pon-deromotive shift causes peaks in the electron energy spectrum to disappear, one by one, at the threshold. We carefully examine the ionization rate near to and between the intensities at which these ponderomotive channel closings occur. The data have been obtained from ab initio wave functions calculated for 1-D atoms in the presence of intense laser fields. In the first model the potential

V

(
x
)

=

−
1
/

1
+

x
2

is used to simulate the one-electron binding potential of a typical atom, and in the second model the potential

V

(
x
)

=

−
exp

(

−
|
x
|

)

/

x
2

+

α
2

is used to simulate the binding potential of the extra electron in the H– negative ion. The first potential is quasicoulombic1 with long tails at large ±x and supports a Rydberg series of bound levels near the continuum limit, while the second potential is short range in nature and supports only a single bound state. Both potentials are enclosed in a box (terminated at x = ±L by rigid walls) that is large enough to support a relatively dense set of positive energy states.
Wave propagation through a medium with static and dynamic birefringence
Authors: Silverman M. P. , Badoz J. , Canit J. C. 
Published: February 2023

Photoelastic modulation (PEM) makes possible (with phase-sensitive detection) high precision measurement of small polarization changes in light that has interacted with matter. In an ideal modulator an oscillating birefringence (piezoelectrically induced in a silica crystal) leads to phase variations of the form cos(a1), sin(a1), where a1 = A sin(2πft); f is the oscillation frequency and A is the maximum retardation. This standard model cannot account for the results of recent PEM-based experiments to measure optical activity by means of light reflection.1 A more accurate theory, supported by experiment, is given that predicts phase variations of the form cos(b), sin(b)/ 2b, where

2
b
=

[

a
1
2

+

a
2
2

+
2

a
1

a
2

cos

(

2
g

)

]

1
/
2

; a2 is the retardation produced by a distributed static birefringence with principal axis inclined at angle g to the modulation axis. Theoretical analysis of the light flux for selected experimental configurations of spectroscopic and polarimetric interest leads to signals at f and 2f that differ markedly from the predictions of the standard model and a two-plate theory with discrete static and dynamic birefringence. Experimental procedures are suggested for circumventing the birefringence-related anomalies in PEM-based reflection spectroscopy of chiral materials.
Study of Pulsed CO2 Laser Beam Welding
Authors: Shimokusu Y. , Kanabushi T. , Kuri S. , Mega M. , Ishide T. 
Published: February 2023

In this paper, the authors have investigated the influences of laser plasma, and thermal lens of optical components on CO2 laser welding properties. And pulsed CO2 laser beam welding have been studied in order to reduce these influences on laser welding.
On the basis of these results, we applied CO2 laser welding to the parts in the nuclear power plants.
Atopic dermatitis and risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease: A nationwide population-based study
Authors: Lee Seung Won , Park Jiwon , Kim Hayeon , Jung Yong Woo , Baek Yoo Sang , Lim Yejee , Kim Kyungim 
Published: February 2023

Background
As atopic dermatitis (AD) has been found to be related to various comorbidities as well as substantial patient burden, questions of a possible relationship between AD and nonallergic diseases beyond allergic diseases have also been raised.

Objective
The aim of this nationwide matched cohort study was to evaluate whether AD would increase the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Methods
Patients diagnosed with AD were identified from the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC) 2.0 database in South Korea from 2002 to 2015. Finally, 9,164 adults with AD (≥20 years old) and age, sex, household income, region of residence, disability, and baseline year-matched 9,164 controls were included in the analysis. Hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for the development of GERD was estimated using a Cox proportional hazard regression model.

Results
Overall, 12.3% of the patients in the AD group developed GERD, whereas 10.4% of the individuals in the control group developed GERD. The results of the adjusted model revealed that patients with AD had a significantly increased risk of developing GERD (adjusted HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.06–1.26) compared with the matched controls. Increased risk of developing GERD was consistent in subgroup analyses by sex or age groups under 60 years old as well as all the sensitivity analyses performed.

Conclusions
This study suggested that appropriate management should be considered in adults with AD to prevent GERD, because AD was found to be associated with an increased risk of subsequent GERD.
Techno-Economic and Environmental Feasibility Study of a Hybrid Photovoltaic Electrification System in Back-up Mode : A Case Report
Authors: Hounkpatin Henri Wilfried , Donnou Hagninou Elagnon Venance , Chegnimonhan Victorin Kouamy , Inoussa Latifath , Kounouhewa Basile Bruno 
Published: February 2023

In developing countries, institutions that have to operate continuously during daylight hours consume relatively large amounts of electrical energy for lighting and air conditioning, leading to high bills. Untimely power cuts lead to a fluctuation in the voltage delivered by the conventional network, which induces the malfunctioning of electrical equipment and the discontinuity of judicial work. The use of photovoltaic solar energy makes it possible, on the one hand, to ensure continuity of service in the event of damage, and on the other hand to stem greenhouse gas emissions through the sustainable nature of this energy. Solar installations also make it possible to maintain the permanent power supply in the event of instability of the electrical network and to correct the voltage variations undergone by the energy equipment. Thus, this (case) study is based on the energy balances evaluated on the buildings of the jurisdiction of the city of Kandi (Benin) to propose effective solutions of electrification according to six (6) technical scenarii. Each component of the back up system has been sized considering technical requirements and an economic and environmental study has been carried out. The results indicate that the integrated scenario 6 of a "back-up" system with a solar fraction of up to 37% (49.5 kWc) seems to be the most suitable conf iguration for the current needs of the Kandi jurisdiction due to the shortest time to return on investment (5.1 years) and the maximum annual savings generated (33,674 USD). The environmental impact study has made it possible to determine the CO2 emissions avoided as well as the contribution of Carbon credits that this jurisdiction would reap has been evaluated at 115.8 tCO2 equivalent, or 10.6 hectares of forest carbon preserved over the life of the project. This configuration is therefore strongly recommended for a sustainable energy mix in the jurisdictions of Benin as well as for administrative or similar sites where electricity consumption is maximum during the day.
A corrugated and lens based miniaturized antipodal Vivaldi antenna for 28 GHz and 38 GHz bands applications
Authors: Dixit Amruta S. , Kumar Sumit , Abegaonkar Mahesh 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The paper presents a dualband and compact antipodal Vivaldi antenna (AVA) array by using a dielectric lens (DL) and corrugations for 5G applications. The proposed novel antenna provides very high efficiency and it alleviates beam titling very effectively. Its efficiency is in the range of 95.93%–97.52% whereas the H plane beam titling is

±

1
°

$\pm 1{}^{\circ}$

over most of the frequency range. The antenna frequency response is improved by incorporating corrugations which results in the antenna miniaturization. The designed AVA array size is 2.86 × 3.58 × 0.06

λ
g

3

${{\lambda }_{g}}^{3}$

(for lower guided frequency). The proposed dualband antenna operates from 24.17 GHz to 29.37 GHz and 30.76 GHz to 40.58 GHz. These frequency bands cover 28 GHz and 38 GHz bands of 5G communications. Next, the front-to-back ratio is improved significantly which further results in the gain enhancement. Also, the grooves in the feeding network minimize reverse power reflections. The radiation pattern is stable and it shows that the designed antenna is a directional antenna. The antenna is designed, simulated, and tested by using a network analyzer and anechoic chamber. The testing and simulated results indicate that the proposed AVA array is the best candidate to integrate it in 5G devices.
The EBM+ movement
Authors: Wilde Michael 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this paper, I provide an introduction for biostatisticians and others to some recent work in the philosophy of medicine. Firstly, I give an overview of some philosophical arguments that are thought to create problems for a prominent approach towards establishing causal claims in medicine, namely, the Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) approach. Secondly, I provide an overview of further recent work in the philosophy of medicine, which argues that mechanistic studies can help to address these problems. Lastly, I describe a novel approach for establishing causal claims in medicine that has been informed by this recent work in the philosophy of medicine, namely, the EBM+ approach.
Congenital hypothyroidism in children with eutopic gland or thyroid hemiagenesis: prognostic factors for transient vs. permanent hypothyroidism
Authors: Bontemps Sylvie Hélène , Legagneur Carole , Guéant-Rodriguez Rosa-Maria , Remen Thomas , Luc Amandine , Renard Emeline 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Objectives
More than one third of children with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) and thyroid gland in situ (or eutopic gland) have transient hypothyroidism. It remains difficult to determine early on whether hypothyroidism will be transient which may cause overtreatment and its complications in these children. Our primary aim was to determine prognostic factors for transient hypothyroidism in children with congenital hypothyroidism and eutopic gland or thyroid hemiagenesis.

Methods
We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 111 children, born between 1996 and 2017, diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism and eutopic gland or hemiagenesis and treated at the Nancy Regional and University Hospital.

Results
Fifty four infants (48.6%) had permanent congenital hypothyroidism (PCH) and 57 (51.4%) transient congenital hypothyroidism (TCH). Prognostic factors for TCH included prematurity, twin pregnancy, low birth weight and Apgar score <7, while low FT3 at diagnosis, maternal levothyroxine treatment, a family history of thyroid dysfunction and TSH ≥10 mUI/L while receiving treatment were associated with PCH. Knee epiphyses on X-ray at diagnosis were absent only in children with PCH. The median levothyroxine dose during follow-up was significantly lower in the TCH group compared to the PCH group. A levothyroxine dose of ≤3.95, ≤2.56, ≤2.19 and ≤2.12 μg/kg/day at 6 months, 1, 2 and 3 years of follow-up, respectively, had the best sensitivity-to-specificity ratio for predicting TCH.

Conclusions
Even though it remains difficult to predict the course of hypothyroidism at diagnosis, we were able to identify several prognostic factors for TCH including perinatal problems and lower levothyroxine requirements that can guide the physician on the evolution of hypothyroidism.
Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT04712760.
Front vowels of Spanish: A challenge for Chinese speakers
Authors: Cao Yongfa , Font-Rotchés Dolors , Rius-Escudé Agnès 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis research proposes to define the timbre of front vowels [e] and [i] in the spontaneous speech of the Spanish interlanguage spoken by Chinese people and to determine the convergent and divergent features of Peninsular Spanish. Variables such as gender, level of Spanish proficiency and the (a)tonicity of the vowels will also be assessed to see the extent to which these factors influence the pronunciation of the learners. A corpus of 1,489 front vowels produced by 36 Chinese speakers and a corpus of 420 vowels produced by 79 Spanish speakers were used for this study. The mean F1and F2values were calculated for each vowel. According to the statistical analysis of spontaneous speech, the interlanguage and the target language are similar in that the sounds [i] and [e] are significantly different, the atonic and tonic [i] show no significant differences and the tonic [e] is more open than the atonic [e] in both genders. However, the interlanguage diverges more from the target language because the timbre of the front vowels is more dispersed, that of [i] is more closed and fronted and that of [e] is more open and fronted, in both males and females, tonic and atonic. Finally, the study reveals that the level of language proficiency and tonicity are factors that influence the acquisition of pronunciation.
Revisiting the Military Expenditure-Growth Nexus: Does Institutional Quality Moderate the Effect?
Authors: Dada James Temitope , Awoleye Emmanuel Olayemi , Arnaut Marina , Al-Faryan Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the moderating role and threshold level of institutional quality in the nexus between military expenditure and economic growth for a panel of 31 African nations. The results reveal that military expenditure negatively influences growth, while institutional quality positively affects growth. The interactive term of institutional quality and military expenditure significantly positively influence economic growth. However, the threshold level of institutional quality for military expenditure to translate into economic growth in the region is found to be 4.61 on an ordinary scale of 0–10, although most countries operate below the threshold point of institutional quality. The study concludes that strong institutional quality serves as important absorptive capacity for military expenditure to drive economic growth in the region.
Innexin-Mediated Adhesion between Glia Is Required for Axon Ensheathment in the Peripheral Nervous System
Authors: Das Mriga , Cheng Duo , Matzat Till , Auld Vanessa J. 
Published: February 2023

Glia are essential to protecting and enabling nervous system function and a key glial function is the formation of the glial sheath around peripheral axons. Each peripheral nerve in theDrosophilalarva is ensheathed by three glial layers, which structurally support and insulate the peripheral axons. How peripheral glia communicate with each other and between layers is not well established and we investigated the role of Innexins in mediating glial function in theDrosophilaperiphery. Of the eightDrosophilaInnexins, we found two (Inx1 and Inx2) are important for peripheral glia development. In particular loss of Inx1 and Inx2 resulted in defects in the wrapping glia leading to disruption of the glia wrap. Of interest loss of Inx2 in the subperineurial glia also resulted in defects in the neighboring wrapping glia. Inx plaques were observed between the subperineurial glia and the wrapping glia suggesting that gap junctions link these two glial cell types. We found Inx2 is key to Ca2+pulses in the peripheral subperineurial glia but not in the wrapping glia, and we found no evidence of gap junction communication between subperineurial and wrapping glia. Rather we have clear evidence that Inx2 plays an adhesive and channel-independent role between the subperineurial and wrapping glia to ensure the integrity of the glial wrap.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTGap junctions are critical for glia communication and formation of myelin in myelinating glia. However, the role of gap junctions in non-myelinating glia is not well studied, yet non-myelinating glia are critical for peripheral nerve function. We found the Innexin gap junction proteins are present between different classes of peripheral glia in Drosophila. Here Innexins form junctions to facilitate adhesion between the different glia but do so in a channel-independent manner. Loss of adhesion leads to disruption of the glial wrap around axons and leads to fragmentation of the wrapping glia membranes. Our work points to an important role for gap junction proteins in mediating insulation by non-myelinating glia.