bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Volume and surface effects in Cs-free regimes in NIO1
Authors: Cavenago M. , Barbisan M. , Delogu R.S. , Pimazzoni A. , Ugoletti M. , Antoni V. , Baltador C. , Martini D. , Poggi C. , Taccogna F. , Variale V. , Serianni G. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
NIO1 (Negative Ion Optimization phase 1) is a compact multiaperture radiofrequency H- ion source whose design was optimized for sustainable prolonged beam on target operation; for installation economy, its size was drastically reduced with respect to fusion device D- sources, down to a plasma volume of 1.6 × 10-3 m-3.
Even if Cesium improves H- production as well known, also Cs-free regimes (and intermediate regimes) well deserve some development effort, in view of avoiding long term contamination of the accelerator and for use as cleaning procedure. Data collected by NIO1 in a true Cs-free regime (before 2020) are thus very important, and need a thorough statistical analysis, with special attention to the technique of gas conditioning that was discovered in NIO1 and to the issues concerned with long term operation; N2, Ar, and Xe comparison to oxygen is here shown; all these gases proved useful for conditioning, to different extents. Gas conditioning macroscopically proves the importance of surface effects, even when the final production of H- happens in the source volume. As regards to the Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (ECRIS), exchange of ideas and concepts, such as
electron economy
and biased disks, liners and wall coatings, is considered.
Gas mixing, conditioning and surface material perspectives are envisioned.
Exposing a fibre-based dual-readout calorimeter to a positron beam
Authors: Ampilogov N. , Cometti S. , Agarwala J. , Chmill V. , Ferrari R. , Gaudio G. , Giacomelli P. , Giaz A. , Karadzhinova-Ferrer A. , Loeschcke-Centeno A. , Negri A. , Pezzotti L. , Polesello G. , Proserpio E. , Ribon A. , Santoro R. , Vivarelli I. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
A prototype of a dual-readout calorimeter using brass
capillary tubes surrounding scintillating and clear plastic optical
fibres was tested using beams of particles with energies between 10
and 100 GeV produced by the CERN SPS. The scope of the test was to
characterise the performance of the tube-based detector response to
positrons in terms of response linearity, energy resolution, and
lateral granularity. After calibrating the detector and processing
the output signal to correct for the energy dependency on the
particle impact point, the linearity of the measurement was found to
be better than 1%. The response to positron was compared to that
predicted by a Geant4-based simulation, finding good agreement both
in terms of energy resolution and shower profile. These results
confirm the validity of the tube-based mechanical option and SiPM
readout as a promising one for future developments.
Assessing policy options for sustainable water use in India’s cereal production system
Authors: Singh Vartika , Stevanović Miodrag , Jha Chandan Kumar , Beier Felicitas , Ghosh Ranjan Kumar , Lotze-Campen Hermann , Popp Alexander 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In India, the production of rice and wheat account for more than 80% of its total agricultural water use. As farming is highly dependent on water availability, rapidly receding water levels require urgent measures to manage withdrawals. We assess policy instruments that can reduce pressures on water resources, while at the same time limiting adverse impacts on water-intensive cereal production systems, land-use changes and economic welfare. To this end, we use a dynamic and integrated partial equilibrium model of agricultural production and its impact on the environment to reflect two options: an increase in energy costs for irrigation water (price-related effects), and alternatively, physical quotas on water withdrawals (quantity-related effects). We conclude that it is possible to increase energy prices for agriculture with minimal impacts on agricultural production, agricultural prices, and trade in cereal crops, and moderately reduce water withdrawals by 2050. We find that the intermediate effects of pricing policies are negative for all indicators as compared to quota policies. However, by 2050, both policies yield similar outcomes for all indicators. Our results offer insights into ways in which these policies drive different mechanisms and trade-offs on important agro-economic indicators, and they offer the choice for water conservation policy decision-making based on other critical factors such as implementation costs.
Non-parametric projections of the net-income distribution for all U.S. states for the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
Authors: Casper Kelly C , Narayan Kanishka B , O’Neill Brian C , Waldhoff Stephanie T , Zhang Ying , Wejnert-Depue Camille P 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Income distributions are a growing area of interest in the examination of equity impacts brought on by climate change and its responses. Such impacts are especially important at subnational levels, but projections of income distributions at these levels are scarce. Here, we project U.S. state-level income distributions for the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). We apply a non-parametric approach, specifically a recently developed principal components algorithm to generate net income distributions for deciles across 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. We produce these projections to 2100 for three SSP scenarios in combination with varying projections of GDP per capita to represent a wide range of possible futures and uncertainties. In the generation of these scenarios, we also generated tax adjusted historical deciles by U.S. states, which we used for validating model performance. Our method thus produces income distributions by decile for each state, reflecting the variability in state income, population, and tax regimes. Our net income projections by decile can be used in both emissions- and impact-related research to understand distributional effects at various income levels and identify economically vulnerable populations.
Dynamics of a nonlinear epidemic transmission model incorporating a class of hospitalized individuals: a qualitative analysis and simulation
Authors: Kumar Abhishek , Goel Kanica , Nilam  
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This study aims to develop a novel mathematical epidemic compartmental model that includes a compartment or class for individuals who become infected and experience severe illness due to the infection. These individuals require hospitalization and the use of specialized medical equipment, such as ventilators, ICU beds, etc, during an outbreak. This compartment is referred to as the ‘hospitalized population compartment’ throughout this study. Additionally, the model incorporates a saturated incidence rate for new infection cases and the hospitalization rate for individuals severely affected by the infection, intending to create a more realistic scenario of the dynamics of disease transmission. The model is developed by integrating a compartment for hospitalized individuals into the standard susceptible-infected-recovered compartmental model and is subsequently mathematically analyzed for qualitative behavior. In this model, the saturated hospitalization rate reflects that the number of severely infected individuals who can be hospitalized is limited at any given time due to constraints in sufficient hospital infrastructure availability. The incidence rate of susceptibles becoming infected is modeled using the Holling Type II functional form, which incorporates inhibitory effects observed within the population. The study analyzes the mathematical model for two types of equilibria: the disease-free equilibrium (DFE) and the endemic equilibrium (EE). To investigate the stability of both equilibria, the basic reproduction number,

R
0

, is calculated using the next-generation matrix method. The findings indicate that when

R
0

<
1

, the DFE is locally asymptotically stable. Conversely, when

R
0

>
1

, the DFE becomes unstable, leading to the emergence of a positive EE. Additionally, the study explores the occurrence of forward and backward transcritical bifurcations under specific conditions when

R
0

=
1

. Furthermore, the study delves into both the local and global stability behaviors of the EE. Numerical simulations of the model are also performed to support the theoretical findings.
Context Matters: Patterns in Physical Distancing Behavior Across Situations and Over Time During the Covid-19 Pandemic in the Netherlands
Authors: Bussemakers Carlijn , van Dijk Mart , van den Putte Bas , de Bruin Marijn 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
Physical distancing is an effective preventative measure during respiratory infectious disease outbreaks. Prior studies on distancing behaviors have largely ignored context characteristics (physical, social) and time.

Purpose
We investigated patterns in physical distancing over time and across situations, as well as sociodemographic variation herein.

Methods
We employed data from five rounds of a cohort study conducted throughout the pandemic by the Dutch public health institute (RIVM; N ≈ 50.000 per round). We conducted Latent Class Analyses to investigate patterns of physical distancing in a range of situations, followed by regression models to investigate associations between distancing behavior and sociodemographic and context characteristics.

Results
Participants differed in their general tendency to adhere to distancing guidelines across situations, but there were also substantial differences in distancing behavior between situations, particularly at work, with friends and family and outdoors. Distancing at work was strongly associated with work environment characteristics. Younger age groups reported less distancing behavior, particularly with close relations (friends or family) and at work. In periods when the pandemic situation was most severe, people adhered more strongly to distancing guidelines and age differences were most pronounced during these periods.

Conclusions
Physical and social context matters for physical distancing, highlighting the importance of developing strategies for pandemic preparedness that improve opportunities for physical distancing (e.g., reducing crowding, one-way traffic) and accommodate young people to safely meet even in times of high pandemic severity and lockdowns. Future studies should account for the physical and social context in which distancing behavior is observed.
21 An audit of vision assessment in patients presenting for a review of falls
Authors: Noonan B , Cosgrave S , Nunes F , Cooney M T 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
The NICE guidelines 2013 for the management and prevention of falls recommend that all patients receive a formal vision assessment. The British Geriatric Society (BGS) and Royal College of Physicians (RCP) have developed a standardised beside vision assessment tool. We aimed to compare our current practice with the guidelines and identify the proportion of patients presenting with pre-existing visual conditions.

Methods
We searched through all new patients referred from 11/7/2022 to 23/9/2022. Patient charts were retrospectively reviewed and data extracted from comprehensive geriatric assessment proforma documents. Anonymised data was entered in Microsoft Excel® for Mac 2022 for analysis.

Results
150 new patients attended during the study period. 19 (12.6%) were referred for assessment of falls. 16 charts were analysed. The mean age (Standard Deviation [SD] ±) was 86 years (SD ± 5.6). 31% were male and 69% were female. The mean Rockwood Clinical Frailty Score was 5 (SD ± 1.3). 7 (44.7%) patients had either a history of direct visual problems or other medical conditions that could affect vision. 11 (69%) patients were not asked about their vision during their clinical review. Of the 5 patients that were asked, only 2 had a documented visual field assessment.

Conclusion
This audit showed an inconsistent approach to the assessment of vision. Where it was documented, detail on visual problems was limited. None of the patients in the study had all of the checks recommended by the RCP guidelines. Our planned interventions before re-auditing include provision of basic visual assessment tools (e.g. Snellen chart), updating our falls proforma document and staff education.
51 Listening to the voice of nursing home residents and their family members; insights from the National Nursing Home Experience Survey
Authors: Boland T , Kennedy L A , Foley C , O'Carroll T , Flynn R 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
Nursing homes are the primary provider of long-term residential care for over 30,000 older people in Ireland. The first ever National Nursing Home Experience Survey was conducted in 2022 to gather feedback from residents and their relatives or friends on their experiences of nursing homes in order to improve the care provided while also informing regulation and national and local policies.

Methods
The survey sample comprised 53 nursing homes, representative of the national profile of nursing homes by size, location and ownership. Two questionnaires were developed through engagement with key stakeholders; a resident questionnaire, containing 54 questions, administered through face-to-face interviews and a relative or friend questionnaire, containing 49 questions, administered by post. Topics included moving into the nursing home, person-centred care, involvement in decision-making and care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Descriptive and inferential statistical tests were used to analyse quantitative responses, and framework analysis was used to analyse responses to open-ended questions.

Results
718 residents (68% of those invited) and 943 relatives or friends (59.7%) participated. Most residents and relatives said they had a good or very good overall experience with the nursing home. Both groups were particularly positive about the living environment and the staff and caregivers. However, some areas were identified that needed improvement including, resident involvement in decision-making, the food served and having a staff member who residents could talk to about their concerns. Participants also talked about the quality of care during the COVID-19 pandemic, how they coped with visiting restrictions and the overall impact of the pandemic on their experience in the nursing home.

Conclusion
Prior to the National Nursing Home Experience Survey, there was no standardised measure of nursing home care experience in Ireland. The findings of this survey are being used to improve nursing home care in the future while also informing regulation and policy-making.
70 Caregiving, all-cause mortality and cause specific mortality: findings from the NIH-AARP diet and health study
Authors: Costello M , Judge C , Reddin C , McCarthy C , Murphy R , McDermott C , Smyth A , O'Donnell M , Canavan M 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
There have been conflicting findings in studies exploring the relationship between caregiving and mortality, which may relate to differences in type and intensity of caregiving.

Methods
In the prospective National Institutes of Health American Association of Retired Persons (NIH-AARP) Diet and Health Study (n = 148,792, mean age 70.8 years), we evaluated the association of caregiving with all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality, and explore whether the association differed by type of caregiving (adult or children) and by duration (hours per week). Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for mortality associated with caregiving of adults and of children were estimated with the use of Cox proportional-hazards regression models, with non-caregivers as the reference category.

Results
During a mean follow-up of 12.9 years, 59,046 deaths were recorded. Overall caregiving for adults (HR 0.90; 95%CI 0.88–0.93) and children (HR 0.71; 95%CI 0.70–0.73) were associated with a lower risk of all cause-mortality, which was consistent for cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular deaths. However, among adult caregivers, there was evidence of a dose–response with attenuation risk reduction among those caregiving for 7 hours per week or more (HR 0.95; 0.89–1.01) compared to those with short duration adult caregiving (HR 0.88; 0.85–0.91), on multivariable analyses. The association of caregiving of children was consistent across duration categories.

Conclusion
Among older adults, caregiving was associated with an overall reduced risk of mortality. However, we found differences in magnitude of association by caregiver type and duration and observed no reduction in mortality among those providing adult caregiving for 7 hours or more per week.
134 Evaluation of the Community Rehabilitation Inpatient Specialist Program (CRISP)—an advanced nurse practitioner (RANP)-led program for frail older adults
Authors: Doyle M , Mathew J , Morris E , Ryan D , McDonagh R 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
Frail older adults disproportionately access acute healthcare services. Novel integrated care programs are needed to redesign care delivery focusing on community-based health promotion, as opposed to crisis response. CRISP is a bespoke, RANP-led program that provides direct access for community-dwelling older adults to short-term (2-weeks) in-patient intensive multidisciplinary rehabilitation based on a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment. Referrals are received from Geriatric ED services, geriatric/neurology/rehabilitation medicine outpatient clinics, ICPOP and local GPs. Admission to a Model 2 Age- Related rehabilitation centre occurs within 4–8 weeks of referral.

Methods
This Prospective cohort study examines the short to medium-term effects of the CRISP program. Functional, mobility and Quality-of-Life (QoL) measures were collected on admission and discharge. Fall rates, QoL and carer stress are measured four months after completion of the program. Data were analysed using Microsoft Excel. Functional outcome and QoL measurements were compared using paired t-test.

Results
73 patients (78%) completed the program and attended for follow up (2021–2022), average age: 80.9 yrs, SD-6.6 yrs, frailty index 5.6 (mild to moderate frailty). There have been statistically significant gains made in performance in activities of daily living (Barthel Index; 76.7A vs 83.9 DC) (p &lt; 0.001), balance (Berg Balance Scale:29.6A vs 36.3 DC) (p &lt; 0.001 and QOL (EQ5D:45.2 A vs 69.8 DC) (p &lt; 0.001). CRISP delivers long-term positive benefits including reduction in falls rates: 2.9(4 months pre-admission) vs 0.5 (4 months following completion of the program) (p &lt; 0.001) and improvement in self-reported QoL, EQ5D:45.2 A vs 62.6 at 4 months following completion of the program. Carers who reported stress 62% (n-45), 91% reported a reduction in stress levels 4 months following the program.

Conclusion
CRISP provides early intervention at the lowest level of care complexity resulting in reduced fall rates and consequent crisis presentations to acute care. CRISP improves mobility and function promoting independence and improving QoL for community dwelling older adults.
146 Reducing distressed behaviour in cognitively vulnerable patients during hospitalisation: the role of a Health and Wellbeing Health Care Assistant (HWB-HCA)
Authors: Naughton C , Allen Y , Myers H , Wills T , Fehin P , Jacob S , Hennessy C , Twomey N , O'Sullivan B , Curtin D 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
Over 40% of older people admitted to acute care experience physical and/or cognitive hospital-associated decline (HAD). People with cognitive vulnerabilities (dementia, delirium) are at particular risk of HAD due to longer hospital stays, use of psychotic medication, boredom, and separation from family. We aimed to implement and evaluate a new ‘Health and Wellbeing Health Care Assistant (HWB-HCA) role as part of a multidisciplinary older adult ward team to provide positive stimulation for cognitively vulnerable patients.

Methods
The HWB-HCA role was funded by the South/South-West Hospital Group. It combines elements of the standard HCA role (personal care, nutrition, mobilisation etc.) with protected time (four hours per day) for cognitive distraction activities tailored to the individual patient. Interactions start with the HWB-HCA, family and patient completing the Sunflower tool to identify personal interests, dislikes, and triggers for distressed behaviour. Individual activities at the bedside are planned and driven by the patient’s interest. The multiple methods evaluation includes audit of psychotic prescribing, observation, patient and family feedback, and staff interviews.

Results
To date, the HWB-HCA has delivered 130 structured sessions (72 hours) to 14 patients (median hospital stay 22 days). Activities include chatting, reading, prayers, painting, creative writing, exercise, hand massage. Patients’ reactions are overwhelmingly positive (smiling, laughing, engaged, more relaxed). The role is positively viewed by families, one testimony- ‘she is amazing, so patient, I don’t know how she does it’. Monthly point prevalence audit of PRN psychotic indicates a reduction (mean 5.5% vs 9% in the previous six-month). Lack of social space and staff shortages remain the biggest challenge to operationalising the role.

Conclusion
The HWB-HCA has been a positive innovation enabling a wider range of non-pharmacological activities to reduce incidents of distressed behaviour managed by psychotic prescribing.
153 Challenges and facilitators experienced by professionals recording long-term outcomes after hip fracture: a Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research qualitative study
Authors: Walsh M , Cunningham C , Brent L , Savin B , Blake C 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
Older people with hip fracture can experience slow recovery. Hospitals in Ireland record inconsistent information about survival, recovery, and treatment adherence up to one year after fracture. The Irish Hip Fracture Database aims to implement outcome fields to standardise this information. This study aimed to explore local facilitators and challenges experienced by hospital-based health professionals in Ireland to long-term hip fracture outcome recording.

Methods
Health care professionals who had experience of collecting long-term outcomes after hip fracture in Irish acute and rehabilitation hospitals were identified through a systematic literature review and advertisement. They were sampled purposively by profession and geographical location. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted online, audio-recorded, and transcribed. Data collection and analysis were guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Research Ethics Committee approval was received.

Results
There were 21 participants: eight geriatricians, six physiotherapists, three nurses, three orthopaedic surgeons and an anaesthetist. Challenges and facilitators across five CFIR domains were identified. 1) Characteristics of Individuals: Patient-focused, persistent, and flexible professionals have driven long-term outcome recording locally. 2) Innovation characteristics: Patient contact mode and complexity of information recorded affected activity difficulty. 3) Process: Protected space, time, administrative support, role clarity and staff consistency aided sustainability. 4) Inner setting: Support of local governance groups, senior clinicians and management facilitated activity. 5) Outer setting: Professional collaborations between hospitals and international exemplars inspired activity, while perceived policy focus on acute data hindered prioritisation of long-term outcome recording.

Conclusion
While site-specific circumstances are evident, common challenges and facilitators have been identified to recording of long-term outcomes after hip fracture by hospital-based health professionals across Ireland. Education and implementation strategies are currently being developed based on these findings, with input from patients and international experts. Further research will evaluate implementation outcomes including feasibility of specific data fields.