bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extraction, Antibiofilm Activity and Characterization of Biosurfactant Produced by Limosilactobacillus reuteri IDCC 3701
Authors: Rafael Levandowski 
Published: August 2023

Aims: This study aimed to extract and characterize a biosurfactant produced by Limosilactobacillus reuteri IDCC 3701, assess its emulsifying activity against crude oil, and investigate its antibiofilm properties against major foodborne pathogens.
Methodology: The biosurfactant, named I-BS, was extracted from the cell-free supernatant of Limosilactobacillus reuteri IDCC 3701 using acid precipitation. The emulsification index, emulsifying activity, oil spreading test, drop collapse test, and microplate distortion assay were performed to evaluate the surfactant properties of I-BS. The antibiofilm activity of I-BS against foodborne pathogens was assessed using the Calgary Biofilm Device. Finally, the cell-free supernatant of Limosilactobacillus reuteri IDCC 3701 was subjected to GC-MS analysis.
Results: I-BS demonstrated an emulsification index of 49.4% and emulsifying activity of 400.67, indicating its potential as an effective emulsifier for oils. Positive results were observed in the oil spreading test and microplate distortion assay, confirming its surfactant properties. Additionally, I-BS exhibited significant antibiofilm activity against foodborne pathogens. GC-MS analysis of the I-BS structure revealed the presence of octanoic acid, a surfactant compound.
Conclusion: The biosurfactant I-BS, derived from Limosilactobacillus reuteri IDCC 3701, displayed promising emulsifying activity and demonstrated notable antibiofilm properties against foodborne pathogens. These findings suggest that I-BS holds potential as a lead compound for the development of novel anti-biofilm agents and additives in the food industry.
Understanding Expenditure Behavior of Farm Families of Punjab, India
Authors: Kaur Rupinder , Mittal Ritu 
Published: August 2023

The present study was planned to understand the expenditure behavior of farm families of Punjab. Data was collected from 500 farm women selected by using simple random sampling technique. Data was analyzed by using frequency, percentage, mean score and one way ANOVA. Expenditure behavior of farm families was measured in terms of expenditure on different household components such as personal, health, clothing, children’s education, food, relative’s functions, transport, entertainment and household utility bills. It was found that farm families spent comparatively more on food, household utility bills, children’s education and transport while expenditure on clothing, on relatives’ function and personal expenses of farm women were found to be least. Overall average annual expenditure on different household component was Rs. 275,668 of an average farm family. It means farm families spent Rs. 22,972 monthly on different household components. Comparison of average annual expenditure of different income groups on different household components showed that high income group had high expenditure on various household components. Expenditure on relative’s functions, household utility bills and overall expenditure was significantly high for high income groups.
Postacute Care Services Use and Outcomes Among Traditional Medicare and Medicare Advantage Beneficiaries
Authors: Achola Emma M. , Stevenson David G. , Keohane Laura M. 
Published: August 2023

ImportanceBetter evidence is needed on whether Medicare Advantage (MA) plans can control the use of postacute care services while achieving excellent outcomes.ObjectiveTo compare self-reported use of postacute care services and outcomes among traditional Medicare (TM) beneficiaries and MA enrollees.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study used data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) with linked Medicare enrollment data from 2015 to 2017. Participants were community-dwelling MA or TM beneficiaries 70 years and older; those with dual Medicare and Medicaid eligibility were also identified. Analyses were conducted from May 2022 to February 2023 and were weighted to account for the complex survey design.ExposuresEnrollment in MA and dual eligibility for Medicare and Medicaid.Main Outcomes and MeasuresPostacute care service use including site of use, duration, primary indication, and whether participants met their goals or experienced improved functional status during or after services.ResultsIncluded in the analysis were 2357 Medicare beneficiaries who used postacute care. Of these beneficiaries, 815 (32.6%; 62.0% were females [weighted percentages]) had MA and 1542 (67.4%; 59.5% were females [weighted percentages]) had TM. Enrollees in MA reported using postacute care services across all NHATS survey rounds: between 16.2% (95% CI, 14.3%-18.4%) and 17.7% (95% CI, 15.4%-20.4%) of MA enrollees reported using postacute care services each round, vs 22.4% (95% CI, 20.9%-24.1%) to 24.1% (95% CI, 21.8%-26.6%) of TM beneficiaries (P for all rounds &amp;lt;.002). Enrollees in MA reported less functional improvement during postacute care use (63.1% [95% CI, 59.2%-66.8%] vs 71.7% [95% CI, 68.9%-74.3%], P &amp;lt; .001). Among beneficiaries who ended postacute service use, fewer MA enrollees than TM enrollees reported that they met their goals (70.5% [95% CI, 65.1%-75.3%] vs 76.2% [95% CI, 73.1%-79.1%]; P = .053) or had improved functional status (43.9% [95% CI, 38.9%-49.1%] vs 46.0% [95% CI, 42.5%-49.5%]; P = .42), but differences were not statistically significant. Differences in postacute care use and functional improvement were not statistically significant between MA and TM enrollees with dual eligibility.Conclusions and relevanceIn this cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries, we found that MA enrollees overall used less postacute care services than their TM counterparts. Among users of postacute care services, MA enrollees reported less favorable outcomes compared with TM enrollees. These findings highlight the importance of assessing patient-reported outcomes, especially as MA and other payment models seek to reduce inefficient use of postacute care services.
Perceptions of the Role of Living Alone in Providing Services to Patients With Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Portacolone Elena , Nguyen Tung T. , Bowers Barbara J. , Johnson Julene K. , Kotwal Ashwin A. , Stone Robyn I. , Keiser Sahru , Tran Thi , Rivera Elizabeth , Martinez Paula , Yang Yulin , Torres Jacqueline M. , Covinsky Kenneth E. 
Published: August 2023

ImportanceThe potential role of living alone in either facilitating or hampering access to and use of services for older adults with cognitive impairment is largely unknown. Specifically, it is critical to understand directly from health care and social services professionals how living alone creates barriers to the access and use of supportive health care and social services for racially and ethnically diverse patients with cognitive impairment.ObjectiveTo identify the potential role of living alone in the access and use of health care and social services for diverse patients with cognitive impairment by investigating professionals’ perceptions of caring for such patients who live alone in comparison with counterparts living with others.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis qualitative study of 76 clinicians, social workers, and other professionals used semistructured interviews conducted between February 8, 2021, and June 8, 2022, with purposively sampled professionals providing services to diverse patients with cognitive impairment in Michigan, California, and Texas.Main Outcomes and MeasuresClinicians, social workers, and other professionals compared serving patients with cognitive impairment and living alone vs counterparts living with others. An inductive content analysis was used to analyze the interview transcripts.ResultsA total of 76 professionals were interviewed (mean [SD] age, 49.3 [12.7] years); 59 were female (77.6%), 8 were Black or African American (11%), and 35 were White (46%). Participants included physicians, nurses, social workers, and home-care aides, for a total of 20 professions. Participants elucidated specific factors that made serving older adults living alone with cognitive impairment more challenging than serving counterparts living with others (eg, lacking an advocate, incomplete medical history, requiring difficult interventions), as well as factors associated with increased concerns when caring for older adults living alone with cognitive impairment, such as isolation and a crisis-dominated health care system. Participants also identified reasons for systematic unmet needs of older adults living alone with cognitive impairment for essential health care and social services, including policies limiting access and use to public home-care aides.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this qualitative study of professionals’ perspectives, findings suggest that living alone is a social determinant of health among patients with cognitive impairment owing to substantial barriers in access to services. Results raised considerable concerns about safety because the US health care system is not well equipped to address the unique needs of older adults living alone with cognitive impairment.
Lignin as Material of the Future: Key Information and Development Prospects
Authors: Klapiszewski Łukasz , Szalaty Tadeusz , Jesionowski Teofil 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIn the article was given toward the aspect of homogeneous and heterogeneous depolymerization of lignin in ionic liquids. Thus, their roles and the mechanism of possible depolymerization of, for example, β‐O‐4. The presentation of possible ways to modify ionic liquids, including oxidation, which would allow to transform the biopolymer into a functional component of advanced hybrid materials was also an important aspect of the study. In addition, the study highlights the properties and use of exemplary lignin systems. The review was summarized and perspectives of further development were presented, with special attention directed to, for example, obtaining materials with defined properties, which may be used as potential platforms for the construction of modern biosensors, functional fillers for polymers, or electrochemically active materials.
Integration of DNA–RNA‐triplex‐based regulation of transcription into molecular logic gates
Authors: Rilievo Graziano , Cecconello Alessandro , Fouladi Ghareshiran Nima , Magro Massimiliano , Simmel Friedrich C. , Vianello Fabio 
Published: August 2023

In recent years, increasing numbers of noncoding RNA molecules were identified as possible components of endogenous DNA–RNA hybrid triplexes involved in gene regulation. Triplexes are potentially involved in complex molecular signaling networks that, if understood, would allow the engineering of biological computing components. Here, by making use of the enhancing and inhibiting effects of such triplexes, we demonstrate in vitro the construction of triplex‐based molecular gates: ‘exclusive OR’ (XOR), ‘exclusive NOT‐OR’ (XNOR), and a threshold gate, via transcription of a fluorogenic RNA aptamer. Precise modulation was displayed by the biomolecular‐integrated systems over a wide interval of transcriptional outputs, ranging from drastic inhibition to significant enhancement. The present contribution represents a first example of molecular gates developed using DNA–RNA triplex nanostructures.
Alienation
Authors: Musto Marcello 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

The first systematic account of alienation was in
The Phenomenology of Spirit
of Georg W. F. Hegel, where the terms
Entäusserung
(self‐externalization) and
Entfremdung
(estrangement) were adopted to denote Spirit's becoming other than itself in the realm of objectivity. Alienation still featured prominently in the writings of the Hegelian Left, and Ludwig Feuerbach's theory of religious alienation in
The Essence of Christianity
– that is, of man's projection of his own essence onto an imaginary deity – contributed to the development of the concept. But it subsequently disappeared from philosophical reflection, and none of the major thinkers of the second half of the nineteenth century paid it any great attention.
American Exceptionalism
Authors: Schwartz Joseph M. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractEver since German sociologist Werner Sombart wrote his 1906 workWhy Is There No Socialism in the United States?US social scientists and political activists have grappled with the question of “American exceptionalism.” Among the related questions investigated under this rubric are: why is the USA the only advanced industrial democracy without a mass labor or socialist party? Why does the USA have a less extensive welfare state than other advanced democracies, particularly an absence of universal public provision of health care and child care? How does the additional use of the term “American exceptionalism” as indicative of a nation allegedly “exceptional” in its commitment to freedom, democracy, and social mobility contribute to the conservative nature of US society? In short, why doesn't the USA have as strong a set of institutionalized social rights, alongside secure political and civil rights, as do most advanced democratic countries?
Ancient Constitution
Authors: Raffield Paul 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

The ancient constitution was a fictive corpus of fundamental British laws, of immemorial origin, the legitimate authority of which superseded that of the sovereign magistrate. In a jurisdiction the rights of whose subjects were not codified in the form of a single written document, the relationship between governor and governed was regulated by reference to unwritten law. The political importance of the ancient constitution climaxed in the seventeenth century, as common lawyers and parliamentarians sought to restrain the absolutist tendencies of the crown; although its historiographical origins are traceable at least to the late fifteenth century and the political theory espoused by Sir John Fortescue, chief justice in the reign of Henry VI. The constitutional theories of Fortescue derived partly from the ancient (and largely mythical) foundations of Britain's mode of governance in classical antiquity, as related by Geoffrey of Monmouth in
The History of the Kings of Britain
(ca. 1136).
Animal Rights
Authors: Tauber Steven 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSince the dawn of western civilization, political thought has consistently addressed how humans should regard one another, but for most of this history it essentially ignored the treatment of nonhuman animals. However, beginning in the nineteenth century, philosophers concentrated specifically on the plight of nonhuman animals, and by the mid‐twentieth century the treatment of nonhuman animals has become a significant and vibrant issue in political theory and jurisprudence.
Anti‐Semitism
Authors: Ury Scott 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAlthough many scholars view anti‐Semitism (hatred of Jews) as a unique type of prejudice that originated in ancient times, crystallized over two millennia of western Christianity, reached its apex during World War II, and continues in various forms to this day, others see it as a distinctly modern political ideology and phenomenon that emanated from ongoing confrontations with modern society, the rise of scientific racism, and the advent of popular politics.
Appeasement
Authors: Bottom William P. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Effectively managing international relations requires skillful peacemaking, conciliation, and settlement. Appeasement, another term for these activities, derives from the French “apaiser.” Dating to the late Middle Ages, it served to describe even constructive forms of concession making in diplomacy up through the early part of the twentieth century. In 1920, for example, Winston Churchill advised then British Prime Minister David Lloyd George that “I should be prepared to make peace with Soviet Russia on the best terms available to appease the general situation, while safeguarding us from being poisoned by them” (Gilbert 1991: 1920). Subsequently the term acquired distinctly derogatory connotations. Now it is invoked to dismiss efforts to bring about the resolution of a dispute without recourse to military force. Then US President George W. Bush, for example, criticized candidate Barack Obama's expressed willingness to meet directly with Iranian leadership as “the false comfort of appeasement, which has been repeatedly discredited by history” (Stolberg & Rutenberg 2008)
Augustine of Hippo
Authors: Scott Joanna Vecchiarelli 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAugustine of Hippo was born November 13, 354, and died August 28, 430, in Tagaste, Roman Numidia (Algeria). Educated in Tagaste, Madauros, and Carthage, he taught rhetoric in Tagaste and Carthage. In 383 he left North Africa for Rome and then went to Milan, where he held a distinguished professorship in rhetoric, which he resigned in 386. He was baptized by Ambrose, bishop of Milan in 387 and composed his early works in Cassiciacum, outside Milan. He returned to North Africa in 387, where he was ordained as a priest by the congregation of Hippo Regius (Algeria) in 391, and in 395 was made bishop. His major works in social and political thought areOn Free Choice of the Will(387–95),The Confessions(397–401), andThe City of God(413–27).
Beck, Ulrich (1944–)
Authors: Rensmann Lars 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Ulrich Beck is a German sociologist whose major contributions are in the field of social and political theory. Beck is best known for three pathbreaking and intertwined theoretical moves: first, his
grand theory
of “reflexive modernization”; second, the notions of “forced individualization” and “global risk society,” which refer to constitutive elements of a new, second modernity engendered by reflexive modernization; third, a distinct understanding of globalization and cosmopolitanization, which grounds Beck's political and normative “cosmopolitan realism.”
Benhabib, Seyla (1950–)
Authors: Rozpedowski Joanna 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBorn in Istanbul in 1950, Seyla Benhabib was educated in the humanities at the American College for Girls in Turkey as well as Brandeis University (BA in 1972) and Yale University (PhD in 1977). Her academic career has taken her to Boston University, the New School for Social Research, and State University of New York, where she taught philosophy. In 1993, Benhabib became a professor of government at the Department of Government and senior research fellow at the Center for European Studies at Harvard University and in 1996 assumed the position of visiting senior fellow at the Institut für die Wissenschaft vom Menschen in Vienna, Austria, before being appointed the Eugene Meyer professor of political science and philosophy at Yale University.
Bergson, Henri (1859–1941)
Authors: Ansell‐Pearson Keith 
Published: August 2023

AbstractHenri Bergson is widely recognized to be France's greatest philosopher of the modern period. He made important and enduring contributions to our appreciation of time, the nature of free will, the character of memory, the study of consciousness, evolution and life, and ethics. Bergson regarded his intellectual career as the unfolding of a single insight into the nature of time as unforeseeable novelty, and right from the beginning he was deeply involved in the cultural struggles of his day, including the critique of positivism and in his efforts to mediate the opposition between spiritualism and naturalism, or freedom and determinism. He is a deceptively complex philosopher whose writings provoked different and at times conflicting interpretations, appealing to both a vitalism of the Right, including figures such as T. E. Hulme, and a vitalism of the Left, including figures such as Georges Sorel and Georg Simmel. In the years prior to World War I Bergson enjoyed a quite extraordinary international vogue, with his influence extending beyond narrow philosophical circles to artists, scientists, theologians, and to educated society in general.
Bloch, Ernst (1885–1977)
Authors: McManus Susan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Ernst Bloch, born in Ludwigshafen, Germany, in 1885, lived variously in Germany, Switzerland, Italy, France, and Austria, joined the diaspora of left‐Jewish intellectuals, spending the years 1938 to 1948 in the USA, before returning to take up his first academic appointment at the University of Leipzig in 1949. Politically difficult years between 1956 and 1959, including the building of the Berlin Wall, led to Bloch's removal to West Germany in 1961, where he lived and worked until his death in 1977. His long life bore witness to the central dramas of western modernity: two World Wars, Nazism and the Holocaust, and the Cold War. Politically, Bloch changed sharply from early overt support for the USSR, including the Moscow Show Trials, to later condemnation of both Cold War power blocs. His relations with fellow left intellectuals such as Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin were often fraught, and he did not achieve comparable recognition. However, Bloch remains a formidable thinker, incomparable philosopher of hope and of utopia. His utopianism is by no means impossible and compensatory (the “good place” that is “no‐place” bequeathed to modernity by Thomas More's
Utopia
); it is prefigurative and transformative, its rebellious energies directed against all forms of exploitation and degradation.
Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (ca. 480–ca. 524)
Authors: Casey John 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (ca. 480–ca. 524), a Catholic Christian Roman philosopher and statesman, is most notable for his
Consolation of Philosophy
, a masterpiece of early medieval philosophy and literature, and for transmitting Greek Aristotelian and neo‐Platonic thought to the Middle Ages.
Butler, Judith (1956–)
Authors: Lloyd Moya 
Published: August 2023

AbstractJudith Butler is an American philosopher best known for her groundbreaking work on gender performativity, the idea that one's identity as a woman or man does not express an inner truth about the self but is an effect of various bodily practices. Born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1956, Butler studied philosophy at Yale, where she graduated in 1978 with a BA and in 1984 with a PhD, on the concept of desire in the philosophical writings of G. W. F. Hegel, Alexandre Kojève, Jean Hyppolite, and Jean‐Paul Sartre. After Yale, she held positions at Wesleyan, George Washington, Princeton, and Johns Hopkins universities, before moving to the University of California, Berkeley in 1993, where she is currently the Maxine Elliot Professor of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature.
Care Ethics
Authors: Tronto Joan C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The care ethics approach is a contemporary political theory that emphasizes the importance of caring as a human activity and as a political value. All comprehensive political theories contain accounts of care, but throughout much of the history of western political thought, care was consigned to a pre‐political private sphere, especially to the family. Liberal thinkers often distinguish a private sphere of life in which public intervention is illegitimate, and Marxist scholars often distinguish between the spheres of production and reproduction. But care goes beyond both of these approaches in stressing the inter‐relationship of such distinctive spheres. In so doing, care stands as an alternative paradigm to much of contemporary political theory.