bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Efficacy of Various Intracanal Irrigants with Ultrasonic Bypass System
Authors: Sinha Sonal , Barua Akash Narayan Dutta , Rana Kuldeep Singh , Singh Karn , Kumar Santosh , Saini Roseka 
Published: February 2023

Background:
The long-term success of root canal therapy depends on the effective debridement and removal of smear layer and debris from the canal. Root canals with difficult anatomy and complex systems pose great challenge to achieve this. Mechanical therapy alone cannot achieve this goal, various intracanal chemicals also have their own limitations along with the difficulty in reaching the farfetched and difficult areas, and hence, introduction of ultrasonic bypass system has been a boon for the endodontic therapy.

Objectives:
The aim of this study is to compare the various root canal medicaments along with ultrasonic bypass system in effectively cleaning the debris and smear layer from the various parts of the root canal system.

Materials and Methods:
Forty single-rooted anterior maxillary and mandibular human teeth were collected for this study, after disinfection, they were sectioned into three equal parts coronal, middle, and apical and these parts were later studies under SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and scoring as per the scoring criteria set before the study was done and results were then compared statistically.

Results:
Group with both ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and NaOCl with ultrasonic bypass system was the most effective one, when compared with sterile water, NaOCl + ultrasonic bypass system, EDTA + ultrasonic bypass system. NaOCl + ultrasonic bypass system was more effective as compared with the EDTA + ultrasonic bypass system.

Conclusion:
Ultrasonic bypass system is a useful tool for debris and smear layer removal from a root canal system, but its effectiveness increases when both EDTA and NaOCl are used along with it.
Impact of Covid Pandemic and Working Strategies on Private Practitioners
Authors: Yadav Ravi Shankar , Singh Pinky , Askari Mehdi , Sinha Sonal , Kumar Saurav , Mehta Vini 
Published: February 2023

Background:
The COVID-19 pandemic is badly affecting more than 2 million population of 213 countries and has caused 1,952,976 deaths till January 12, 2020. India has also suffered a great loss in terms of economy and people. Furthermore, owing to the complete lockdown enforced in India, restricting humanitarian movement also affected day-to-day life of Indians with a huge impact.

Objectives:
The present clinical trial was carried out to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on private practitioners. Furthermore, changes in their practice pattern were evaluated along with the perspective of their health, role, and response to the pandemic.

Materials and Methods:
The study includes a total of 120 health-care professionals of either gender. The stress and mental health of the participants was assessed using Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 in English format, also included the questions related to the demographic characteristics, use of technologies for providing virtual health care, changes in the working during the pandemic, and an opinion of their experiences during that period. The data collected were subjected to the analysis and were kept confidential and anonymous.

Results:
16.6% of participants preferred virtual consultation before the pandemic in contrast to 83.3% during the pandemic. The most preferred method remained the phone call by 15.8% (n = 19) patients. Depression was seen severely in 35% of study participants (n = 42) and 13.3% of participants extremely severe depression was seen (n = 16). Severe and extremely severe anxiety was noticed in 31.66% (=38) and 15% (18) study participants respectively, whereas severe and extremely severe stress was found in 30% (n = 36), and 12.5% (n = 15) private practitioners. The most common factor that can be considered responsible for compromised mental health in private practitioners was the possibility of infecting the society seen in 59.1% (n = 71) participants.

Conclusion:
During the pandemic breakout, private practitioners suffered a great challenge both financially and mentally, especially during the lockdown. Furthermore, a significant increase was seen in the virtual consultation methods during the pandemic breakout.
Alterations in Integumental Facial Dimensions after Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Toshi Toshi , Vashishtha Madhukar , Chaddha Amit , Galagali Shakeel Ahmed , Gopalakrishnan Dipti , Saini Ruchi , Rangari Priyadarshini 
Published: February 2023

Background:
It is documented that the facial profile changes, morphology changes, and continued facial growth in early adults and late adolescents.

Aims:
The present trial was aimed to quantitatively assess the changes in facial growth from adolescents to adults.

Materials and Methods:
In the present study, 16 facial distances (transverse) and craniocaudal facial distances were measured, and growth changes were assessed. The collected data were subjected to statistical evaluation, and the results were formulated.

Results:
Upper face width was statistically significantly increased in males than females from posttreatment to recall with the P < 0.0001. The decrease in outer canthus was seen in females as compared to males, which was statistically significant with the P < 0.0001. An increase in mouth width was seen in both males and females with higher in females.

Conclusion:
The present study showed an increase in facial dimensions in both genders with age where transverse changes were higher than the craniocaudal alterations.
Awareness of General Practitioners toward Hypertension Management
Authors: Rawat Ramakant , Ram Vidya Sagar , Kumar Granth , Varshney Amit , Kumar Manoj , Kumar Pankaj , Agrawal Navneet 
Published: February 2023

Introduction:
The silent killer, hypertension (HTN), is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In India, HTN has a major public health effect on cardiovascular health and health-care systems.

Aim:
The present study was aimed to evaluate the awareness of general practitioners (GPs) toward HTN management and also their approach toward management.

Materials and Methods:
The present study was a questionnaire-based assessment study. A total of 100 GPs were included in the study as our study sample. All the participants were well informed about the study and after that those who were willing to participate were enrolled after obtaining a written informed consent.

Results:
The common presenting symptoms of hypertensive patients were predominantly morning headache (71%), dizziness (41%), palpitation (39%), and fatigability (29%). Majority (84%) practiced cuff placement method covering about 2/3rd of the arm at heart level. The preferred position while blood pressure (BP) examination of patient by majority of practitioners was while sitting (53%). The number of readings usually taken for measuring BP for each patient was as follows: one (3%), two (42%), and three (55)%.

Conclusion:
Although GPs in our study are well informed and up to date on certain aspects of HTN diagnosis and treatment, they may still lack an appropriate approach to HTN history taking, diagnosis, and treatment.
Analysis of an Herbal Ayurdantham Medicated Tooth liquid on Dentinal Tubule Occlusion using Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Shivkumar Ashwini Tumkur , Kalgeri Sowmya Halasabalu , Avinash Bhagyalakshmi , Shashidar Harsha Raj Bassapa , Sheshadri Ramya 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Dentin hypersensitivity is described as “short sharp pain arising from exposed dentin in response to various stimuli typically thermal, evaporative, tactile, osmotic or chemical and cannot be ascribed to any other form of dental defect or disease.” Dentine hypersensitivity can be treated with various desensitizing agents, where oral rinse has a promising effect in delivering the therapeutic effect all over the tooth surface including interproximal areas, as they can flow and reach areas where toothpastes are not much effective, hence the occlusion of dentinal tubules using Ayurdhantam medicated an herbal mouthwash was evaluated.

Methodology:
Twenty such dentinal blocks were obtained; the surfaces of each dentin block were polished using a silicon carbide disc for 30 s to create a basic smear layer. The smear layer is finally detached by applying 17% EDTA solution onto the dentin blocks for 5 min to ensure the patency of the dentinal tubules, following which they were rinsed with distilled water. The specimens were placed into the Ayurdhantam solution (medicated) for 2 min every day for 7 days. The specimens were stored in artificial saliva during the study. The specimens were analyzed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the occlusion of dentinal tubules.

Results:
SEM images showed the partial occlusion of the tubules and a large amount of smear layer.

Conclusions:
Based on this in vitro experiment carried out, it is shown that Ayurdhantam-medicated mouthwash can be used for treating dentine hypersensitivity effectively.
Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Calcium Hydroxide, Triple Antibiotic Paste, and 2% Chlorhexidine Combined with 0.5% Cetrimide against Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm-Infected Dentin Model
Authors: Shreya  , Jain Gaurav , Srinkhala  , Singh Priyansha , Agarwal Kishan 
Published: February 2023

Background:

Enterococcus faecalis is the most common and important microorganism found in infected root canals associated with persistent periapical periodontitis and failing endodontically treated tooth. Intracanal medicaments used after chemomechanical preparation of an infected root canal play a vital in eradication of this microorganism and pave the way for long-term success of endodontic therapy. Hence, the present in vitro study was conducted to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), triple antibiotic paste (metronidazole 400 mg + minocycline 100 mg + ciprofloxacin 500 mg), and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) combined with 0.5% cetrimide on eradication of E. faecalis biofilm.

Materials and Methods:
Eighty dentin specimens were taken and infected extraorally with E. faecalis to induce microbial colonization. The specimens were then divided into four groups of twenty each based on medicaments used and further subdivided into two subgroups based on assessment of live cells done either immediately after the elimination of the medicament or after 24-h incubation in brain–heart infusion (BHI) medium: Group I specimens were treated with Ca(OH)2, Group II with triple antibiotic paste, Group III with 2% CHX combined with 0.5% cetrimide, and Group IV with saline (control) for 7 days at 37°C. Assessment of live cells was done using confocal microscope.

Results:
2% CHX combined with 0.5% cetrimide (Group III) and triple antibiotic paste (Group II) showed a statistically significant result with high antimicrobial efficacy and lower percentage of live cells as compared to Ca(OH)2 (Group I). The mean percentage of live cells in Group I immediately after elimination of medicaments was 64.7%, in Group II was 1.52%, in Group III was 1.49%, and in Group IV was 83.4%. After 24 h of incubation in BHI medium, 2% CHX combined with 0.5% cetrimide (Group III) showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) result of 1.27% mean live cells as compared to 84.2% in Ca(OH)2 (Group I), 1.82% in triple antibiotic paste (Group II), and 94.2% in saline (Group IV control).

Conclusion:
2% CHX combined with 0.5% cetrimide exhibited maximum antimicrobial efficacy with least number of mean live cells followed by triple antibiotic paste as compared to Ca(OH)2. Based on these findings, 2% CHX combined with 0.5% cetrimide was most effective in eradicating E. faecalis from the extraorally infected dentine biofilm.
Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure of Dentistry
Authors: Arora Gurleen , Nawabi Shazia , Uppal Mudit , Javed Muhammad Qasim , Yakub Shaikh Shoeb , Shah Muhammad Umar 
Published: February 2023

Introduction:
Evaluation of the educational environment is an important element which can be used to improve our curriculum. The aims and objectives of this cross-sectional study were to identify the student's perception about educational environment in College of Dentistry, Mustaqbal University. As the educational environment has a significant impact on the learning and academic performance of the students, the present study will help us identify areas of improvement and refining the dental curriculum.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 120 students of year 4, 5, 6, and interns, both male and female, responded to the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) in the 1st month of the second semester, 2021. This scale measures the student's perceptions of the educational environment overall and for five domains: learning, teaching, academic self-perception, atmosphere, and social self-perception.

Results:
A total of 92 students responded and were generally positive about their learning environment, with a total DREEM score of 130.87 ± 32.73/200. The lowest score for Domain 5 (social self-perception) and the highest score for Domain 1 (student's perception of learning.) were noted.

Conclusion:
Students' perception of educational environment of College of Dentistry, Mustaqbal University, was more positive than negative. This study provided a valuable insight of how students perceive their course and identified several weak areas that need to be worked upon, hence helping in improvement of the curriculum.
Assessment of Nickel and Chromium Level in Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment with or without Fluoridated Tooth Paste
Authors: Pritam Amrita , Priyadarshini Arya , Hussain Kashif , Kumar Abhijit , Kumar Nikhil , Malakar Aniruddha 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Release of metallic ions, especially nickel and chromium, present in orthodontic fixed appliance attachments such as brackets and archwires has been a basis of concern in current years. The present study was conducted to assess nickel and chromium level in gingival crevicular fluid in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.

Materials and Methods:
Forty patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment were divided into 2 groups of 20 each. Group I was fixed orthodontic treatment group and was given nonfluoridated toothpaste and Group II was fixed orthodontic treatment group and was given fluoridated toothpaste. The assessment of salivary nickel and chromium levels was done using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

Results:
In group I, there were 6 male and 14 female and in group II 7 males and 13 females. The mean nickel level (ng/ml) before treatment in group I was 0.49 and in group II was 0.52, on 7th day was 0.52 and 0.54, on 30th day was 13.4 and 100.2, and on 6th month was 0.54 and 0.52 in Group I and II, respectively. The mean chromium level (ng/ml) before treatment in Group I was 0.48 and in Group II was 0.52, on 7th day was 0.52 and 0.53, on 30th day was 40.6 and 62.4 and on 6th month was 4.9 and 0.52 in Group I and II, respectively. The difference was significant (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
The release of metal ions such as nickel and chromium was more with fluoridated toothpaste as compared to nonfluoridated toothpaste in patients undergoing fixed orthodontics.
Analysis of Stress Distribution on the Bone around an Implant Placed in the Anterior Maxilla Using Three Different Abutment Angulations by Means of Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Shende Snehal , Jadhav Amit , Edake Dhairaysheel N. , Patil Amit Hemraj , Patil Hansraj , Agrawal Nitu 
Published: February 2023

Aim:
the aim of the study was to study the effect of stress distribution on the bone around an implant using angled abutments by means of finite element analysis in the anterior maxillary region.

Materials and Methods:
A three-dimensional (3D) model of the of patient's maxilla of right central incisor: tooth, bone, crown, implant, and abutment system were used in this study. The models were designed for three situations with straight abutment, i.e. 0°, 15°, and 20° angled abutment. The load of 178N was applied on the cingulum area of the prosthesis at an angle of 130° in relationship with the long axis of the implant. After applying the static loads on each model, the stress generated in the bone and the implant was recorded. The results will be analyzed by analysis of variance test.

Results:
The cortical and cancellous on Mises stresses in 20° abutment model were found to be maximum as compared to 15° abutment followed by 0° abutment. The stress was concentrated in the implant-abutment joint area. The overall stresses in 20° abutment model were found to more than 15° abutment followed by 0° abutment. The magnitude of stresses increased as the angulations increased.

Conclusion:
From the conclusions of this study, the stress is more multiplied in angled abutments, hence care needs to be taken when restoring implants using angled abutments, especially in patients with heavy masticatory load or when planning for cantilevering of restorations in these angled implant restoration.
Efficacy of Glycolic Acid on Debris and Smear Removal as a Final Rinse Solution in Curved Canals
Authors: Venkataraman Karunakaran Jeyaraman , Boominathan Suresh Krishna , Nagappan Ragavendran , Abraham Chris Susan , Kaliyaperumal Anbarasi , Nachimuthu Jayaprakash , Premkumar Modachur Muruganathan 
Published: February 2023

Aim:
This study aims to compare intraradicular smear layer removal efficacy of different concentrations of glycolic acid (GA), 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and 10% citric acid (CA) as final rinses in the canals of curved mesial root of mandibular first molars using the specific irrigant protocols.

Materials and Methods:
Fifty-eight mandibular first permanent molars with 15°–30° of curvature of the mesial roots were selected, standardized, mesiobuccal canal prepared using the rotary instrumentation. Sodium hypochlorite was used as initial rinse solution (8 ml). The samples were divided into control (n = 5) (I – Normal saline and II – 17% EDTA) and experimental groups (n = 8) (Groups III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII) based on the type of final rinse solution (5 ml) used, i.e. 2.5% GA, 5% GA, 10% GA, 17% GA, 37% GA, and 10% CA. Samples were split buccolingually, dehydrated, splutter coated, and examined under a scanning electron microscope.

Results:
Group IV presented the least amounts of smear among the GA experimental groups at the apical, middle, and coronal one-thirds of the root canal with a mean value of 2.6 ± 1.012, and on comparison with Group II, the results were comparable, and no significant difference found statistically (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:
The use of GA as final rinse solution for biomechanical preparation during endodontic therapy seems promising. Further evaluation in a clinical setting is recommended.
Frictional Forces Produced by Three Different Ligation Methods in Two Different Types of Brackets in 0.016 Nickel-Titanium Wire
Authors: Kanagasabapathy B. , Varadharaja M. M. , Saravanan R. , Kumar V. Vignesh , Mahalakshmi R. , Ninan Reshmi Leila , Vigneswari A. Srivel , Dwaragesh S. 
Published: February 2023

Introduction:
The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the frictional forces produced by three types of ligatures (conventional elastic ligatures, unconventional elastic ligatures, and tooth-colored ligature wire) on ceramic bracket and stainless steel brackets with 0.016 nickeltitanium (NiTi) archwire in the dry state.

Materials and Methods:
Twenty each stainless steel brackets and ceramic brackets (0.022 slot central incisor brackets) were mounted on the acrylic block. This assembly was mounted on the Instron machine with the crossheads moving upward at a speed of 10 mm/min in the upper jaw of the Instron machine, one acrylic block with hook and a straight length of 0.016 NiTi wire was attached to it. This wire was ligated to brackets with three different ligation methods. In each test, the brackets were moved a distance of 4 mm, 8 mm, and 12 mm across the central space, and the load cell readings were recorded on the digital display. The difference between the readings is noted.

Results:
Stainless steel brackets with 0.016 NiTi archwire ligated with conventional, unconventional, and tooth-colored ligation with the movement of 4 mm, 8 mm, and 12 mm shows that the tooth-colored ligation indicating least frictional force decay. Comparison of frictional forces (in newtons) between ceramic brackets and stainless steel brackets using 0.016 NiTi wire for a movement of 12 mm shows that stainless steel bracket with tooth-colored ligation produced least frictional force compared with ceramic bracket.

Conclusion:
Based on this study results, we can conclude that stainless steel brackets produce less frictional force compared to ceramic brackets. Similarly, tooth-colored ligatures can be preferred to reduce friction during leveling stage.
Antibiotic Prescribing Knowledge, Awareness, and Attitude of Dental Surgeons Practicing in the Urban Indian Population
Authors: Rela Rathi , Sejao Aarti Vidyasindhu , Singh Ankita , Singh Prabhat Kumar , Kumar Mukesh , Gupta Shweta Kirti , Rangari Priyadarshini 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Studies have reported that dental procedures may serve as a portal of entry for bacteria into the blood circulation, commonly termed as bacteremia which may inhabitate the heart and joints subjected to repair and replacement by prosthesis and may lead to complications in immunocompromised patients. Dental procedure may play a pivotal role in the development of infective endocarditis and infection around the prosthetic joint. Antibiotic use is suggested for all dental procedures requiring gingival manipulation or of the periapical region of teeth or mucosal incision in these patients.

Objective:
The present study has been conducted to inspect the antibiotic prescribing practices of general dentists among 250 dental practitioners.

Methods:
The study was conducted on 250 dental surgeons practicing in the urban Indian population of various parts of the country. A validated questionnaire was developed by a multidisciplinary dental and medical team and was circulated on the subject of the basic knowledge and awareness about antibiotic prophylaxis in susceptible patients. The data from the participants were collected, collated, and statistically analyzed.

Results:
The present study comprised 250 dental surgeons; 178 out of 250 were male, whereas 72 were female. Antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines were followed by 169 practitioners (67.60%), whereas 81 (32.40%) dentists did not follow any guidelines. Out of 169, 67 followed the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) guidelines (39.64%), 58 followed American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines (34.30%), whereas 44 followed general physician's guidelines (26.03%). On screening the underlying conditions for which antibiotic cover was prescribed, it was shown that majority of the dental surgeons did the same for patients with cardiac valve repair or replacement (230; 92%), followed by infective endocarditis (212; 84.80%); organ transplant (212; 84.405); diabetes (189; 75.60%); prosthetic joint replacement (150; 60%); and congenital heart defect (110; 44%).

Conclusion:
Patients should then be trained to perform meticulous oral hygiene and advised to schedule regular dental checkups to maintain optimal dental health. Dentists should use antibiotic prophylaxis in only conditions associated with a valid scientific basis and should follow the standard protocols recommended by the American Dental Association, AHA, or AAOS.