bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ADHD POLYGENIC RISK AND COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE IN LATER LIFE
Authors: Mansoor Marrium , Katz Benjamin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects approximately 4.4% of adults in the US and impacts multiple domains of daily life including education, workplace performance and interpersonal relationships. Although an increasing number of individuals with ADHD are now entering later life, there is very little research on how ADHD risk may impact cognitive function during aging. As such, there is value in understanding the association between polygenic risk for ADHD and cognition during different stages of later life. This study utilized data from the Health and Retirement Study which surveys 37,000 Americans biennially and aimed to determine if there was an influence of ADHD risk on cognitive performance when individuals were young-old (ages 65-74) or middle-old (ages 75-84). Only participants who responded in 2006, 2016, and to the Venous Blood Study were selected. The resulting sample size of 403 African-ancestry individuals (AA) and 2286 European-ancestry individuals (EA) was compared on executive function-focused measures as well as delayed recall measures. Results showed that there was no significant effect of ADHD risk on memory-related measures at both time-points for AA and EA individuals. However, there was a statistically significant association between ADHD risk and performance on the executive function measure for EA older adults who were middle-old (p = 0.028), but not when they were young-old; no such association was observed for AA adults. This finding suggests that ADHD risk may influence cognition among older adults and has significant implications for treatment and care of individuals with ADHD throughout the life course.
MID-LIFE PARENTS' MATERIAL SUPPORT OF CHILDREN IN COLLEGE: A TYPOLOGY AND VARIATION BY SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
Authors: Whitworth Tanya 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Many imagine the “typical” college student to be 18-22 years old, attending a four-year institution, living on campus, and receiving financial support from parents. This perception does not align with actual patterns. While some parents facilitate this “traditional college experience” for their children, others substitute co-residence for or combine co-residence with financial support; still others provide no material support at all. Using a diverse sample of U.S. college students from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Transition into Adulthood Supplement (n = 1,579), this paper demonstrates variation in material support provided by parents. I employ a latent class approach to categorize students into assistance “types,” and then use multilevel multinomial logistic regression models to predict assistance types from parents’ socioeconomic status (SES). Lower SES parents have a higher probability of providing co-residence, while higher SES parents have a higher probability of providing financial support to students living away from home.
FAMILY FLYNN EFFECTS AND LINKS TO MIDDLE-AGE HEALTH OUTCOMES
Authors: Wänström Linda , O'Keefe Patrick , Clousten Sean , Mann Frank D , Terrera Graciela Muniz , Voll Stacey , Hofer Scott , Rodgers Joeseph 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Flynn effect (Flynn, 1984; 1987) refers to increases in cognitive performance, for later-born cohorts. It has been documented globally, occurring for more than a century. In a meta-analysis, Pietschnig and Voracek (2015) noted that the effect may be even stronger in adults than in children, though little research has addressed this topic (or its implications) for aging adults. Similarly, overall life-time health has improved, and incidences of cognitive impairment have decreased during the last two decades (Clouston et al., 2021). Using multilevel growth curve models, we found family Flynn effects in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth; children in families with later-born mothers, and later-born first children, had higher PIAT math scores, and steeper developmental slopes. Although the link from childhood and adolescent cognitive function to later life outcomes has been well studied, research that takes advantage of the Flynn effect to facilitate interpreting that link is lacking. Clouston et al. (2021) emphasized the value of the Flynn effect in investigating links between childhood cognitive functioning and later adult Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia (ADRD) risks. We linked our family level results to middle-age maternal health outcomes (factors that are related to ADRD risks). Canonical correlation analyses showed that mothers (at ages 40+ and 50+) from families with higher score levels and slopes tended to have better mental and physical health. Our results, showing a Flynn effect in child and adolescence scores, at the family level, with links to adult health, persisted after controlling for a known selection bias.
IMPLEMENTATION BARRIERS AND FACILITATORS OF COGNITIVE STIMULATION THERAPY ACROSS CARE SETTINGS
Authors: Little Milta , Johnson Kim , Karia Francis , McConnell Eleanor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) is an evidence-based treatment for people living with dementia that is not in widespread use in the United States. To better understand barriers and facilitators to implementation of CST, we conducted virtual focus groups of newly trained facilitators of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST). Of 12 facilitators trained, representing two settings of care (The Program for All-inclusive Care of the Elderly and a Continuing Care Retirement Community), 4 facilitators, representing Social Work n = 2, Speech Therapy n = 1, and Recreation Therapy n = 1, participated. We analyzed interview transcriptions using framework analysis guided by constructs from the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Themes that emerged across constructs were 1) balancing competing personal, stakeholder, and organizational needs; 2) lack of mastery experiences and the need for opportunities for more practice, reflection, and feedback from trainers; 3) building a community of facilitators to provide peer support; 4) logistical concerns; and 5) identifying appropriate participants who would most benefit from CST. The barriers to implementation imposed by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic were also a cross-cutting theme. Many of these barriers are readily managed, and professionals who implement CST in their sites should be aware of and take into consideration these barriers and facilitators.
DOES NEGATIVE AFFECT MODERATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUBJECTIVE COGNITIVE CONCERNS AND OBJECTIVE FUNCTIONING?
Authors: Dixon Bradley , Kadey Kylie , Woodard John L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The onset of Alzheimer’s disease can be insidious, slowly affecting an individual’s cognitive abilities. Previous research demonstrated that informant-reported cognitive decline was associated with significantly worse baseline and longitudinal cognitive performance than was a participant’s subjective perceptions of decline. What remains unclear is how negative affect (i.e., depressive symptoms) could moderate the relation between objective cognitive performance and subjectively perceived cognitive concerns (participant vs. informant). Using the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC) database, we performed moderated multiple regressions to test whether Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) score showed different relationships with cognitive measures (animal/vegetable fluency, digit span, Boston Naming Test, digit-symbol coding (DSC), Wechsler Memory Scale Logical Memory, Trail-Making Test, and Mini-Mental State Examination) for participant- and informant-reported cognitive decline (yes/no). Participants were aged ≥65 years and were cognitively healthy at baseline. Informants lived with the participant or visited the participant weekly (N = 9,354). Participant-reported cognitive concern interacted significantly (p&lt;.05) with negative affect only for animal fluency while informant-reported cognitive concern interacted significantly with DSC. Depressive symptoms were associated more strongly with cognitive performance for participants who did not report a subjective cognitive decline compared to those who did report a subjective cognitive decline. Participant age showed significant negative relationships with all measures while GDS score showed significant negative relationships with all measures except immediate Logical Memory recall, regardless of decline status. In conclusion, negative affect generally did not moderate the relationship between participant- or informant-reported cognitive concerns and objective cognitive functioning except for animal category fluency and DSC.
PSYCHOMETRIC EVALUATION OF CARS: A BRIEF SCREENING INSTRUMENT FOR DRIVING SAFETY
Authors: Curl Angela 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Driving is critical to mobility, autonomy, freedom of choice, and engagement for older adults, but many eventually stop driving. While poor health often eventually leads to driving cessation, some drivers do not realize that their driving is impaired. The 4-item CARS instrument of driving safety has been created to serve as a screening tool by health professionals during assessments and routine appointments (Curl, 2014). To assess the construct validity of CARS, data were collected in 2015-2016 by The Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center from cognitively impaired (N=42) and cognitively healthy participants (N=229), as well as “collateral sources” who answered the CARS items about the respondents’ driving. Vision problems and cognitive impairment, both known predictors for driving problems, were correlated with CARS scores. Results indicate that worse eyesight in the right eye is correlated with higher CARS scores (Spearman rho = -.17, p&lt;.01), but not the left eye. Poor eyesight (i.e., less than 20/40 vision) was correlated with higher CARS scores (Spearman rho = .12, p&lt;.05). However, cognitive impairment (very mild/mild dementia vs. healthy cognitive functioning) was not statistically significant. Total CARS scores were moderately correlated for respondents and their collateral sources, r = .32, p&lt;.01. Results indicate that this instrument may be more useful as a tool for initiating difficult conversations about driving safety than for identifying older adults who are at higher risk for negative driving outcomes. Future research is needed to identify additional/alternative items with greater psychometric support.
VISUAL PROCESSING SPEEDS DIFFERENTIATE OUTCOMES OF DRIVING EVALUATIONS OF CONTROLS AND MEDICALLY AT RISK DRIVERS
Authors: Dickerson Anne , Penna Victoria 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Visual processing speed is considered a critical factor for determining driving capacity in older adults. The specific research questions were: 1) is there a statistically significant difference in performance time between the medically at-risk (n=35) and controls (N=242), 2) does the type of medical condition (e.g., neurological, cognition, complex medical conditions) differentiate performance, and 3) can visual processing speed differentiate between fit and unfit drivers. A cross sectional quasi-experimental design was used to compare the visual processing reaction times between at-risk adult drivers and healthy controls. Participants were medically-at-risk drivers referred for a comprehensive driving evaluation to determine their fitness to drive. The Vision Coach™ "Full-Field-60" task was used to collect reaction times which required participants to tap 60 randomly illuminated red dots. One practice trial was followed by three testing trials that were averaged together. At-risk participants were divided into three diagnostic categories. Fitness-to-drive outcomes were pass, fail, or restrictions. A propensity score method based on age and gender was used to account for the difference in sample sizes by weighting the participants from the two studies for a fair comparison between the two groups. Independent t-tests found a significant difference t(275)=-6.42, p=&lt; 0.001 in trial times between healthy controls (M=53 + 10.82) and medically-at-risk adults (M=72 + 17.04). No significant difference was found between the diagnostic groups (p=0.141), but the Vision Coach™ differentiated between those who "passed" and those who "failed" a driving evaluation (F(2,32)=8.28, p=0.001.
A MOMENT’S NOTICE: RECOGNIZING THE STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS, EMOTIONS, AND ACTIONS THAT MAKE US SUSCEPTIBLE TO SCAMS
Authors: Williams Alicia , Choi-Allum Lona , Shadel Doug , Pak Karla , Raineville Chuck 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Scamming has become a booming, multibillion-dollar industry with millions of Americans targeted by scams each year. To better understand the rates of exposure to scams and factors that may increase a target’s susceptibility to financial loss resulting from a scam, AARP commissioned a national survey that screened over 9,000 adults ages 18+ about their rates of encounters and financial loss from 26 popular scams. Among the total sample, 15% (an estimated 33 million people) reported losing money to a scam in the past year. Additionally, a subset of 3,280 respondents, including 1,085 respondents who lost money to a scam, were surveyed more extensively about their experiences. The study uncovered environmental and emotional factors in which targets are more susceptible to fraud. Specifically, fraud victims reported experiencing twice as many stressful life events (i.e., 4.0 vs. 1.9), 58% more fraud encounters, stronger emotional arousal during fraud encounters, and significantly less family support and closeness than non-victims. Additionally, only two of the eight protection tools recommended by fraud experts (i.e., using a passcode and installing protective software on one’s computer) were used by most respondents; and less than half of respondents reported using call blocking tools or online monitoring of their accounts, which can dramatically reduce exposure to scam encounters. Together, these findings show the importance of building public awareness of the role of stress, emotional arousal, and feelings of isolation in fraud susceptibility, and highlight the benefits of using fraud protection tools to limit one’s exposure to fraud.
THE ASSOCIATION OF SUBJECTIVE AGE AND FINANCIAL EXPLOITATION RISK: SOCIAL SUPPORT AS A MODERATOR
Authors: Weissberger Gali , Bergman Yoav 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Financial exploitation of older adults bears detrimental physical and psychological consequences. However, little is known regarding factors which may contribute to financial exploitation vulnerability (FEV) among this age-group. In line with the growing awareness of the importance of subjective perceptions of the aging process for older adults’ functioning and well-being, the current work examined the connection between subjective age (i.e., feeling younger/older than one’s chronological age) and FEV, and the possible moderating role of social support on this connection. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 137 Israeli older adults (age range 60-89, M=69.90, SD=6.85, 40.1% male), who completed scales assessing FEV, subjective age, and social support, as well as relevant socio-demographic information. Associations were examined using a hierarchical linear regression model which adjusted for age, sex, education, marital status, and self-rated economic and health status. The main effect of subjective age was not significant (B=1.24, p=0.14), while the main effect of social support was found (B=-1.30, p=.03) indicating that low levels of support were associated with increased FEV, a finding consistent with the literature. The interaction of social support × subjective age was significant (B= -1.17, p= .025), accounting for an additional 4.0% of variance. Older subjective age was associated with increased financial exploitation vulnerability when social support was low, but not when social support was high. Results are interpreted with regard to Socio-Emotional Selectivity Theory and provide initial information pertaining to the relevance of subjective age perceptions to FEV in older adults.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONS IN THE PRODUCTIVE ENGAGEMENT OF OLDER ADULTS
Authors: Sun Peter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
While having opportunities to be productively engaged has implications for long, healthy lives, little is known about the geographical distribution of older adults engaged in productive activities. Using the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study, a sample of community-dwelling older adults age 65 and above in the year 2018 (n = 8,728) was used to compare working, volunteering, and caregiving rates between rural and urban areas and Census regions and divisions. Urban and rural rates of individuals who were working were significantly different (p &lt; .05) in the Midwest region and the East North Central and Pacific divisions (e.g., 20.9% in rural Midwest vs. 14.8% in urban Midwest). Urban and rural caregiving rates were significantly different in the East South Central division (35.1% rural vs. 26.2% urban caregivers). Urban and rural rates of individuals who engaged in one or more productive activities (working, volunteering, and caregiving) were significantly different in the West North Central (64.9% rural vs. 56.6% urban) and Middle Atlantic (47.6% rural vs. 58.6% urban) divisions. Urban and rural volunteering rates were significantly different in the West region (37.0% rural vs. 30.2% urban). These findings suggest that older adults’ participation in working, caregiving, and volunteering roles may depend on where they live, and older adults are not a homogeneous group as commonly misunderstood. Future studies should explore the factors that influence these patterns of engagement.
RECENT ADVERSITY AND LIFE SATISFACTION AMONG CHINESE OLDER ADULTS: ROLE OF GENDER AND NEIGHBORHOOD COHESION
Authors: Wang Yi , Ma Ying , Guo Man , Wang Li 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A growing body of literature suggests that recent adversity impedes psychological wellbeing. Little is known about whether living in a cohesive neighborhood could buffer the negative consequences of adverse experience and whether such associations vary by gender. This study aims to examine the association of recent adverse events and perceived life satisfaction among Chinese older adults, and to explore the potential moderating role of gender and neighborhood cohesion. Data were from a cross-sectional study conducted with community-dwelling older adults aged 60 years and above in Anhui Province, China in 2014 (N=1,960). Recent adversity was measured by six events in the past two years (health decline, economic difficulty, loss of intimate people, loss of an important item, major life event, conflict with family or close friends/neighbors). Multilevel ordered logit regression with interaction term of adversity and neighborhood cohesion was performed. Models were further conducted on stratified samples to compare gender differences. Individuals experiencing any recent adverse event are 84% less likely (p=.008) to report a higher level of life satisfaction. Living in neighborhoods with better cohesion increased the likelihood of reporting better life satisfaction by 6% (p=.031). Modeling on the stratified samples showed that the above-mentioned significant relationships hold for male sample only. Recent adversity may negatively affect life satisfaction among Chinese older adults. Living in neighborhood with higher levels of cohesion could help buffer such negative influences, particularly for older men. Findings highlight the critical role of neighborhoods in combating the negative psychological consequences of adversity among Chinese older adults.
ANNUALIZED AND CUMULATIVE MEASURES OF ANTICHOLINERGIC EXPOSURE FOR RESEARCH AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: Khalil Hussein , Stachler Eva , Alamer Khalid , Ludlow Jared , Campbell Noll 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Medications with anticholinergic properties are commonly used by older adults despite being associated with dementia.The anticholinergic total standardized daily dose (TSDD) is a continuous measure of exposure that has been associated with an increased risk of dementia at values &gt;1095 over ten years in epidemiologic studies. We sought to determine a cumulative (cTSDD) and annualized (aTSDD) in a sample of community-dwelling older adults enrolled in the ongoing Reducing Risk of Dementia Through Deprescribing (R2D2) trial (NCT04270474). Participants were 65 years or older without dementia, attended at least one primary care visit within 12 months prior to enrollment, and were current users of strong anticholinergics according to the 2012 Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale. Prescribed and over-the-counter medication details were collected during the baseline visit through self-report and included strength, frequency, units/dose and duration. The aTSDD was calculated for each participant assuming continuous use patterns throughout the year. The cTSDD was calculated by summing the aTSDD across the number of years since initiation. Of 66 participants, the median cTSDD was 2425 (IQR 5131), and 48 (72%) exceeded the threshold of dementia risk (&gt;1095). Additionally, the aTSDD had a median of 730 (IQR 547), with 60 (90%) exceeding the threshold of dementia risk (109.5, one-tenth of the ten-year risk) while 11 (17%) exceeded dementia risk threshold of 1095 considering 1 year of exposure. Both measures identified the majority of anticholinergic users exceeding dementia risk thresholds despite some disagreement between the two approaches. However, both methods have potential for research and clinical applications.
HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE OF OLDER PEOPLE WITH DIABETES DEPENDING ON WHETHER THEY LIVE IN FAMILIES OR NOT
Authors: Choi Gi Won , Chang Sun Ju 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Diabetes requires self-management, such as the use of insulin, oral antidiabetic drugs, diet, and exercise, for maintaining blood glucose. To promote self-management of older people with diabetes, family support is considered an important factor. However, older people living alone lack family support and have a lower health-related quality of life (HRQOL) than those living in families. The purpose of this study was to assess HRQOL and the factors that affect it between older people with diabetes living alone and those living in families. We performed secondary data analysis using the data of Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2017–2019. In total, 973 people with diabetes aged 65 years or older answered all questions about HRQOL. Complex sample analysis was performed. Each dimension of HRQOL was significantly lower in people living alone than those living in families. Restricted activity, bedridden, number of comorbidities, and perceived health status significantly predicted HRQOL in patients living alone. Health insurance, age, economic activity, unmet medical service needs, restricted activity, bedridden, number of comorbidities, perceived health status, and suicidal ideation significantly predicted HRQOL in patients living in families. This study indicated how differences in HRQOL exist between older patients with diabetes living alone and those living in families. This data will be useful in developing educational programs in the future, and it will be helpful when dealing with people living alone who have diabetes.