bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of droplet ejection from liquid gallium interacting with inductively coupled hydrogen plasma
Authors: Hamana Yuki , Shirai Naoki , Sasaki Koichi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this study, we observed droplet ejection from liquid gallium interacting with an inductively coupled hydrogen plasma. We observed the formation of a bubble in the liquid gallium, and the droplet ejection was synchronized with the burst of the bubble. We examined droplet ejection frequency by varying the ion flux

[
(
0.2

–7.1) × 1014 cm

−
2

s

−
1

]

, the ion energy (15–215 eV), and the liquid gallium temperature (370 K–500 K). As a result, we found that the droplet ejection frequency increased with the ion flux and the liquid gallium temperature, whereas it decreased with the ion energy. We observed that the inside of the bubble in the liquid gallium was occupied by hydrogen. Furthermore, the amount of hydrogen dissolved in the liquid gallium was dependent on the discharge conditions. On the basis of the experimental results, we have proposed a mechanism for bubble formation and droplet ejection. The key in the mechanism is the supersaturated dissolution of hydrogen due to the ion irradiation.
Spinteract: a program to refine magnetic interactions to diffuse scattering data
Authors: Paddison Joseph A M 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Magnetic diffuse scattering—the broad magnetic scattering features observed in neutron-diffraction data above a material’s magnetic ordering temperature—provides a rich source of information about the material’s magnetic Hamiltonian. However, this information has often remained under-utilised due to a lack of available computer software that can fit values of magnetic interaction parameters to such data. Here, an open-source computer program, Spinteract, is presented, which enables straightforward refinement of magnetic interaction parameters to powder and single-crystal magnetic diffuse scattering data. The theory and implementation of this approach are summarised. Examples are presented of refinements to published experimental diffuse-scattering data sets for the canonical antiferromagnet MnO and the highly-frustrated classical spin liquid Gd3Ga5O12. Guidelines for data collection and refinement are outlined, and possible developments of the approach are discussed.
A static stiffness reference object for instrumented indentation with integrated fiber Fabry–Perot displacement measuring interferometer
Authors: Cripe Jonathan , Arumugam Kumar , Gerbig Yvonne , Shaw Gordon 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Instrumented indentation is a technique used for measuring the mechanical response of materials to deformation. The accuracy of these measurements relies on force and displacement values recorded during the indentation process. This paper presents a miniature fused silica parallelogram flexure to serve as a reference object for calibrating the applied indentation force based on Hooke’s law, F = kz, where k is the stiffness of the reference object and z is the displacement of the flexure under force F. This study discusses two independent experimental approaches to determine the stiffness of the flexure. In both cases, the stiffness was calculated from the measured flexure displacement while known forces are applied. In the first method, the displacement is measured using a built-in fiber-based interferometer while reference masses of 100 mg and 200 mg are placed on the flexure. A stiffness of

k
=
(
80.3
±
0.79
)

k
N

m

−
1

is determined with this method. The second method uses a commercial indenter to apply a cyclic force of 100 mN magnitude on the flexure while recording the displacement of the indenter probe. Experiments using a 5 μm and a 50 μm conospherical tip estimate the stiffness to be

k
=
(
80.74
±
0.79
)

k
N

m

−
1

, and

(
80.55
±
0.33
)

k
N

m

−
1

respectively.
Disclaimer: Certain commercial equipment, instruments are identified in this paper to foster understanding. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose.
Scale value guided Lite-FCOS for pointer meter reading recognition
Authors: Wang Zhaolin , Tian Lianfang , Du Qiliang , An Yi , Sun Zhengzheng , Liao Wenzhi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
As intelligent power grid construction advances, substation inspection becomes crucial, particularly in identifying meter readings. Existing meter reading methods are mainly based on the relationship between pointer and scale. However, these methods commonly suffer from the issue of over-relying on prior reading information, limiting readings to known meters. Hereby in this paper, we propose a method reaching more accurate and robust performance for meter reading by utilizing the unnoticed scale value. We determine the meter pointer direction with the aid of Hough transform and the pointer distribution. To detect meters from the scene as well as obtain scale values and pointers from the meter dial, we build an object detection network, named Lite-FCOS, whose backbone adopts a fast global context network that is lightweight and is of powerful feature extraction capabilities. For training these, meter dial detection dataset and dial reading information dataset are constructed. Lite-FCOS achieves 94.4 mAP50 and 96.7 mAP50 on the above two datasets with only 4.2 M parameters and 56.2 FPS. The entire pointer meter reading recognition process only spends 52 ms on an RTX 3080Ti with a successful meter reading rate (SMR rate) of 89.6%, which indicates that the proposed method achieves promising accuracy and speed.
Three-dimensional control of the light propagation in a defect photonic crystal
Authors: Bravo A J , Aslla Q A P , Huamán-Romaní Y L , Seminario M M V , Sánchez P M G 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this paper, we have proposed a new model for controlling the light propagation in a defect photonic crystal structure with a dispersive defect layer. The defect layer consists of a four-level quantum wells interacts by two optical vortex lights. Here, a weak signal light can be generated due to the four-wave mixing mechanism, and this led to phase dependent of the medium. By intensity modulations of the applied lights, we study the 3D properties of the transmitted, reflected and absorption spectrums of the incident light from defect photonic crystal. We have shown that via azimuthal modulations of the optical vortex light the incident light can be absorbed or amplified easily.
A high-frequency SSVEP-BCI system based on a 360 Hz refresh rate
Authors: Liu Ke , Yao Zhaolin , Zheng Li , Wei Qingguo , Pei Weihua , Gao Xiaorong , Wang Yijun 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Objective. Steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) based brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) often struggle to balance user experience and system performance. To address this challenge, this study employed stimuli in the 55–62.8 Hz frequency range to implement a 40-target BCI speller that offered both high-performance and user-friendliness. Approach. This study proposed a method that presents stable multi-target stimuli on a monitor with a 360 Hz refresh rate. Real-time generation of stimulus matrix and stimulus rendering was used to ensure stable presentation while reducing the computational load. The 40 targets were encoded using the joint frequency and phase modulation method, offline and online BCI experiments were conducted on 16 subjects using the task discriminant component analysis algorithm for feature extraction and classification. Main results. The online BCI system achieved an average accuracy of 88.87% ± 3.05% and an information transfer rate of 51.83 ± 2.77 bits min−1 under the low flickering perception condition. Significance. These findings suggest the feasibility and significant practical value of the proposed high-frequency SSVEP BCI system in advancing the visual BCI technology.
Effect of walking height on movement of individuals and crowds in a corridor
Authors: Li Maoyu , Zhou Zhizuan , Zhang Ping , Jiang Nan , Jia Xinmiao , Ju Xiaoyu , Yang Lizhong 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The safe and efficient evacuation of pedestrians in an emergency has been widely investigated in the past. Stooping is a common walking posture of pedestrians in evacuation. Understanding the basic laws of pedestrian movement with stoop posture is instructive for developing effective evacuation management in an emergency. However, the evacuation behaviors and movement characteristics of stooped pedestrians are still unclear. In this study, a series of experiments on individuals and crowds with different walking heights were conducted in an 18 m long corridor. It was found that a left-deflection phenomenon appears in the transition from upright walking to stooped walking, and the deflection angles of pedestrians decrease with increasing walking height. The influence of walking height on pedestrian velocity is revealed through the comparison of individual and crowd movement. Restricted walking height can promote the movement velocity of individuals at low speed levels, and weakens the velocity at high speed levels. In contrast to the individual, the velocities of crowds at different speed levels will be enhanced by restricted walking height. Generally, pedestrian movement is affected by the initial motivation, walking height and pedestrian density. Restricted walking height has an encouraging effect in the motivation of pedestrian movement but can increase the physical discomfort of pedestrians. Besides, crowd density has an inhibitory effect on pedestrian movement, and restricted walking height can alleviate high crowd density, implying that appropriate stoop movement can facilitate pedestrian traffic and evacuation to some extent.
Search for supersymmetric sleptons and charginos with the ATLAS detector
Authors: Ballabene Eric 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
A new search for the electroweak production of supersymmetric particles decaying into two
leptons with missing transverse momentum is presented. Two simplified models are considered:
direct pair production of sleptons decaying into the lightest neutralinos through leptons of the
Standard Model (SM) and direct pair production of the lightest charginos decaying into the
lightest neutralinos through W bosons of the SM. The analysis targets phase space regions where
the difference in mass between the slepton or the lightest chargino and the lightest neutralino is
close to or below the mass of the W boson. Such regions with compressed mass spectra have not
been covered by any searches conducted so far due to the low cross-section of the supersymmetric
signal. Therefore, improved analysis strategies are crucial to separate the supersymmetric signal
from the SM backgrounds. A search for an excess of same-flavour lepton pairs in opposite-sign
lepton events is made in the direct slepton pair production analysis while a machine learning
approach using boosted decision trees is exploited in the chargino pair production analysis and
considering both the same-flavour and different-flavour channels. No significant excesses over the
expected background are observed using proton-proton collisions data collected by the ATLAS
experiment at √s = 13 TeV and exclusion limits at 95% confidence level are set for each
considered model. Exclusion limits are also set for selectrons and smuons separately and portions
of the region excluded by the search of smuons pair production are expected to be compatible with
the g-2 anomaly for small tanβ values.
EASpy: fast simulation of fluorescence and Cherenkov light from extended air showers at large zenith angles
Authors: Baktash Ali , Horns Dieter 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The detailed simulation of extended air showers (EAS) and
their emission of Cherenkov and fluorescence light requires
increasing computation time and storage volume with increasing
energy of the primary particle. Given these limitations, it is
currently challenging to optimize configurations of imaging air
Cherenkov telescopes at photon energies beyond approximately
100 TeV. Additionally, the existing simulation frameworks are not
capable of capturing the interplay of Cherenkov and fluorescence
light emission at large zenith angle distances (≳ 70°),
where the collection area of Cherenkov telescopes considerably
increases. Here, we present EASpy, a framework for the
simulation of EAS at large zenith angles using parametrizations for
electron-positron distributions. Our proposed approach for the
emission of fluorescence and Cherenkov light and the subsequent
imaging of these components by Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov
Telescopes (IACTs) aims to provide flexibility and accuracy while at
the same time it reduces the computation time considerably compared
to full Monte Carlo simulations. We find excellent agreement of the
resulting Cherenkov images when comparing results obtained from
EASpy with the de-facto standard simulation tool
CORSIKA and sim_telarray. In the process of
verifying our approach, we have found that air shower images appear
wider and longer with increasing impact distance at large zenith
angles, an effect that has previously not been noted. We also
investigate the distribution of light on the ground for fluorescence
and Cherenkov emission and highlight their key differences to
distributions at moderate zenith angles.
Effect of nitriding temperature and its effects on the corrosion and wear resistance of 304 austenitic stainless steel
Authors: Peng Tianxiang , Wang Liang 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Rapid plasma nitriding of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel (304SS) was carried out at 440, 460 °C and 480 °C for 1 h in a mixture of NH3 and N2 with a ratio of 1:2. The phase composition, thickness of nitrided layer and properties of wear, and corrosion resistance were evaluated. After nitriding at 480 °C for 1 h, a 6.3 μm the thick nitrided layer was achieved. The influence of the nitriding process on the microstructure, morphology, hardness, corrosion, and wear resistance of the nitrided layers were also studied. Compared with unnitrided 304SS, the wear and corrosion resistances were substantially improved.
Interface effects on titanium growth on graphene
Authors: Zagler Georg , Trentino Alberto , Mustonen Kimmo , Mangler Clemens , Kotakoski Jani 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Poor quality interfaces between metal and graphene cause non-linearity and impair the carrier mobility in graphene devices. Here, we use aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy to observe hexagonally close-packed Ti nano-islands grown on atomically clean graphene, and establish a 30∘ epitaxial relationship between the lattices. Due to the strong binding of Ti on graphene, at the limit of a monolayer, the Ti lattice constant is mediated by the graphene epitaxy, and compared to bulk Ti, is strained by ca. 3.7% to a value of 0.306(3) nm. The resulting interfacial strain is slightly greater than what has been predicted by density functional theory calculations. Our early growth stage investigations also reveal that, in contrast to widespread assumptions, Ti does not fully wet graphene but grows initially in islands with a thickness of 1–2 layers. Raman spectroscopy implies charge transfer between the Ti islands and graphene substrate.
Synthesis, microstructure and electrochemical properties of Ni-P-based alloy coatings for hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline media
Authors: Gaikwad A P , Banerjee Atindra Mohan , Pai M R , Dheeman Rajat , Kumar Sanjay , Tripathi A K 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Alkaline water electrolysis driven by renewable energy is a promising technology for green hydrogen generation. The cathode half-cell reaction i.e., the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline water electrolysis suffers from slow kinetics. Ni-P-based alloys have shown to be an efficient and cost-effective electrocatalyst to accelerate the HER rate. In this study, three Ni-P alloy coatings are prepared via electrodeposition by varying the deposition currents viz. 10 mA cm-2 direct, 10 mAcm-2 and 100 mAcm-2 pulsed currents. The XRD patterns of all the Ni-P coatings exhibited the formation of crystalline deposits and confirmed the alloying of P in Ni. The SEM images suggested that the microstructures of the Ni-P alloy deposits are highly dependent on the magnitude and waveform of the applied current employed during preparation of the alloy coatings. The composition of the alloy surface is Ni-rich in all three cases but exhibited local variations as evaluated by EDX. The surface distributions of Ni and P in the pulsed deposited samples are more uniform and homogeneous. The cyclic voltammetry patterns of the Ni-P coatings in KOH media exhibit characteristic peaks due to Ni/Ni3+ redox phenomenon. The Ni2+/Ni3+ oxidation peak area is lowest for the direct deposited sample and highest for the pulsed deposited one (100 mAcm-2). The Ni-P alloy electrocatalyst deposited under pulsed mode at 100 mAcm-2 exhibits a current density of −10 mAcm-2 at 0.09 V overpotential and is most active among all samples. The remarkable electrocatalytic activity of this sample is attributed to its smaller crystallite size, better morphological characteristics and lesser resistances to charge transfer and porosity.
Electrocardiogram morphological arrhythmia classification using fuzzy entropy-based feature selection and optimal classifier
Authors: Chaubey Krishnakant , Saha Seemanti 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal analysis has become significant in recent years as cardiac arrhythmia shares a major portion of all mortality worldwide. To detect these arrhythmias, computer-assisted algorithms play a pivotal role as beat-by-beat monitoring of holter ECG signals is required. In this paper, a morphological arrhythmia classification algorithm has been proposed to classify seven different ECG beats, namely Normal Beat (N), Left Bundle Branch Block Beat (L), Right Bundle Branch Block Beat (R), Atrial Premature Contraction Beat (A), Premature Ventricular Contraction Beat (V), Fusion of Normal and Ventricle Beat (F) and Pace Beat (P). A novel feature set of 25 attributes has been extracted from each ECG beat and ranked using the Fuzzy Entropy-based feature selection (FEBFS) technique. In addition, two distinct classifiers, support vector machine with radial basis function as the kernel (SVM-RBF) and weighted K-nearest neighbor (WKNN), are used to categorize ECG beats, and their performances are also evaluated after adjusting vital parameters. The performance of classifiers is compared for four different ECG beat segmentation approaches and further analyzed using three similarity measurement techniques and two fuzzy entropy methods while feature selection. The classifier results are also cross-validated using a 10-fold cross-validation scheme, and the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database has been used to validate the proposed work. After selecting 21 highly ranked features, WKNN achieves the best results with the nearest neighbor value K = 3 and cityblock distance metrics, with Average Sensitivity (Sen) = 94.89%, Positive Predictivity (Ppre) = 97.13%, Specificity (Spe) = 99.72%, F1 Score = 95.95%, and Overall Accuracy (Acc) = 99.15%. The novelty of this work relies on formulating a unique feature set, including proposed symbolic features, followed by the FEBFS technique making this algorithm efficient and reliable for morphological arrhythmia classification. The above results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm performs better than many existing state-of-the-art works.
Bio-functionalized, elongated hexagonal bi-pyramidal, citrus limetta/ZnO nanostructures as potential photocatalytic and seed germinating agents
Authors: Gaur Jyoti , Kumar Sanjeev , Pal Mohinder , Kaur Harpreet , Rana Ramneet Kaur , Bala Kanchan , Singh Prit Pal , Rajesh Changanamkandath , Supreet  
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this research, the photocatalytic and seed germination potentials of bio-functionalized, as-synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated. ZnO NPs were created by reducing zinc acetate hexahydrate with a citrus limetta (C. limetta) peel extract. The hexagonal wurtzite crystal was observed in C. limetta/ZnO NPs, with crystallite diameters ranging from 50 to 60 nm and an energy-band gap of 3.08 eV. Fourier-transform infrared spectrum confirmed the presence of phytochemicals from C. limetta on the surface of the resultant ZnO. The unique, elongated hexagonal bi-pyramidal nanostructures were spread evenly across a vast region, as validated by High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscope. The highly porous microstructure of C. limetta/ZnO and its large specific surface area of 80.72 m2 g−1 were established by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. The catalytic performance of C. limetta/ZnO for the decomposition of the industrial reactive yellow 18 dye (RY18) was examined. Under UV light, RY18 dye could be broken down by more than 98% in 100 min. With a minimal energy consumption of 4.34 × 1022 J mol−1, the C. limetta/ZnO NPs demonstrated excellent performance (a quantum yield of 1.79 × 10−4Ϣ and a figure-of-merit of 2.92 × 10−10 mol l J−1g−1h−1). The seed germinating capability of C. limetta/ZnO was investigated first time for the Brassica juncea crop. The germination and development of Brassica juncea seed were greatly enhanced by priming with C limetta/ZnO. Hence, C. limetta/ZnO NPs are identified as photocatalytic and seed-germinating agents with remarkable efficiency.
Transition phase in the static thrust generation of the biomimetic fin with low oscillating frequency
Authors: Jaya Arie Sukma , Kartidjo Muljo Widodo , Riyandwita Byan Wahyu , Buys Yose Fachmi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Biomimetic fin propulsion could be a promising solution for an efficient underwater propulsion mechanism. It could be designed to generate thrust for underwater locomotion efficiently. Many studies have proposed that the flexibility characteristics of the fin affect its effectiveness in thrust generation; for example, a flexible fin generates more thrust than a rigid fin. In this regard, the rigid fin may suffer a mechanical disadvantage in thrust generation. This study introduces the presence of thrust generation phases in biomimetic fins. The phases could be caused by the interaction of the fins and the surrounding fluid. To distinguish the phases clearly, the experimental setup in this study was designed for no-flow conditions. This study presents three phases of thrust generation: negative, transition, and positive. The existence of the negative and transition phases explains the mechanical disadvantages of the rigid fin. Within the range of evaluated fin frequencies, approximately 80% of the average net force of the rigid fin is in the negative and transition phases, compared to only 20% in flexible fins. In comparison to less flexible and rigid fins, a flexible fin could maximize positive thrust production three times higher at high frequency. The vector composition analysis and dye-injection flow visualization reveal the transition phase by emphasizing the balancing process between the surface friction of the fin and the inertial component of the force of the fluid and fin interaction. This study demonstrates the independence of the transition phase from the flexibility characteristics of the biomimetic fin. Because the bending characteristic of the flexible fin could direct more vectors in thrust generation, the fin could act as a thrust vectoring agent. The findings of this study could be used as a guide in designing and implementing high-performance fin propulsion in low-speed underwater locomotion.