bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safe Operation of High-Speed Locomotives
Authors: Cain B. S. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this paper are presented the basic theories, test information, and the chief conclusions of an investigation of factors entering into the mechanical design of locomotives for high-speed operation. The author points out that (1) recent trends in railroad operation have been toward higher speeds over longer distances and (2) the development of electric and oil-electric power, and lightweight equipment have changed many of the conditions under which these higher speeds are attained. In view of the radically new types of equipment available, the increased severity of requirements both as to performance and cost of equipment, and the necessity for preserving the railroad’s record for safety, it has been necessary to make an extended theoretical and experimental analysis of high-speed locomotive operation. Such an analysis is given in this paper.
Film-Lubrication Theory and Engine-Bearing Design
Authors: Dennison E. S. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this paper the data of film-lubrication theory have been adapted to the purposes of bearing design for reciprocating engines, particularly for the case of the high-speed internal-combustion engine. Suitable corrections for end leakage in short bearings have been incorporated and the results are presented in the form of design charts. Some published experimental data have been correlated with reference to the theory. The flow of oil in pressure-fed engine bearings has also been treated, the oil being considered as a coolant as well as a lubricant. The paper includes a brief discussion of the application of the data in design, with remarks on some detail features and practices.
High-Temperature Properties of Cast and Wrought Carbon Steels From Large Valves for High-Temperature Service
Authors: Cross H. C. , Dahle F. B. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The authors report on a comparison made at temperatures of 750, 850, and 950 F of the short-time tension, impact, and creep properties of two forged and two cast carbon steels taken from finished valve bodies and tees obtained from the regular commercial run of three reputable manufacturers and made for service at elevated temperatures. Each manufacturer suppling the material gave it the heat-treatment normally used in his own plant for that particular type of material.
Two cast steels and one forged steel contained about 0.35 per cent carbon and one forged steel contained about 0.27 per cent carbon. Definite differences in structure were found. One cast steel as supplied by the manufacturer showed a spheroidized structure, while the other three steels were pearlitic.
Results of the creep tests are compared with the structures, and results of the short-time tension tests and impact tests at room and elevated temperatures are given.
Heat Transmission in Steel-Reheating Furnaces
Authors: Eberhardt J. E. , Hottel H. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this paper the results of 23 tests on six continuous billet-reheating furnaces of widely varying size operating under widely varying conditions are presented and correlated by means of a relatively simple semiempirical equation suitable for use in design calculations. The equation giving the heat transmission involves the product of a fourth-power temperature function, the effective hearth area, the emissivity of the flame due to its nonluminous constituents, and the continuity of operation of the furnace. The use of the equation in design calculations is illustrated.
The second portion of the paper presents results of a more comprehensive test of one of the furnaces, including both terminal and intermediate conditions. The agreement between the results of tests on the various sections of the furnace and the heat transmission predicted from a rigorous consideration of the various contributing mechanisms is good. Since the method of attack outlined in this section is free from empiricism, its applicability is not limited to reheating furnaces.
Measurement of Gas Temperatures in an Internal-Combustion Engine
Authors: Hershey A. E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author summarizes the various methods used in determining gas temperatures in an internal-combustion engine, giving complete references to the various papers and reports published on the subject. The purpose of this discussion is to consider the various methods of determining gas temperatures in an engine during the combustion and expansion periods and to evaluate critically results of such determinations.
Estimation of Dissolved Solids in Boiler Water by Density Readings
Authors: Rummel J. K. , Holmes J. A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper gives (a) a description of the instruments most generally used in determining the amount of dissolved solids in boiler feedwater, (b) the procedure for using these instruments, and (c) the results obtained with the instruments during tests of representative samples of boiler feedwater.
Operating Experience With Pulverized Texas Lignite in a Large Central Station
Authors: Hardy Norman G. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper describes the lignite resources of Texas, the characteristics of lignite, and the equipment, operating practices, and results obtained in burning it at the Trinidad steam-electric station, the base-load station for the Texas Power and Light Company, 65 miles southeast of Dallas. The station has six steam-generating units firing pulverized lignite, and two 20,000- and one 35,000-kw turbo-generators. The original plant, consisting of four steam-generating units, and two 20,000-kw turbines, started operation in June, 1926. The rest of the station started operation in May, 1931. Trinidad was not only the first large station to use Texas lignite, but also the first to use it in pulverized form. In the ten years of its operation it has used 100 per cent pulverized lignite very successfully in regard to reliability and economy. Operating costs have been favorable as compared with fuel oil and natural gas during a period when there has been a very large flush production of each within the state. It is now the only station burning pulverized Texas lignite and the only large station burning it in any form.
New Laboratory Data Relative to Embrittlement in Steam Boilers
Authors: Straub F. G. , Bradbury T. A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Results of laboratory tests show that purified sodium hydroxide will not produce cracking of steel test specimens in short-time tests, whereas technical sodium hydroxide made by the lime-soda process will produce cracking. When the impurities present in the technical sodium hydroxide are added to the purified caustic and then used in tests, the specimens crack. It appears that when silica is present in sufficient amounts along with the pure caustic, cracking will take place. However, when smaller amounts of silica and small amounts of calcium, magnesium, and aluminum are added to the pure caustic, cracking will also take place. These results indicate that it is apparently necessary to have one or more catalysts present in the sodium-hydroxide solution in order to cause cracking within a reasonable period of time.
Welding Design
Authors: Jennings Charles H. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Although welding has been extensively used in the fabrication of engineering structures for a number of years, there is still a decided lack of knowledge among engineers concerning the fundamental factors governing a satisfactory design. In addition, there is a lack of agreement among designers as to the methods of calculating weld stresses and the correct working stresses to employ for different types of joints. This article contains a discussion of a number of variables such as the selection of the proper joint, the calculation of weld stresses, the determination of working stresses and safety factors, and the important features governing a good welded design.
An analysis is made between butt and fillet welds in an effort to assist the designer in the selection of the proper type. Theoretical and practical aspects such as stress concentrations resulting from discontinuities in form, fabrication difficulties, welding costs, and distortion problems are considered.
The calculation of weld stresses in different types of joints is discussed and suitable formulas recommended on the basis of their agreement with test results, and their general applicability and acceptance in present design practice.
Working stresses and safety factors for butt and fillet welds are determined on the basis of static and dynamic tests. A table of recommended working stresses for bare and coated-electrode welds subjected to all types of loading is given to assist the designer. This table is based upon joints made on ordinary low-carbon structural steel.
A number of important design features that are essential in the design of economical welded structures are given. These features include the recommended minimum size of fillet welds for given plate thicknesses, the application of intermittent welds in design, and the influence of joint design on the economical fabrication of butt joints.
An appendix is attached which contains a number of typical welded-joint designs with the corresponding recommended formulas for calculating the stresses.
Casting or Welding in Machine Design
Authors: Brown J. L. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper is a presentation of the problems involved in choosing between a cast machine part or a part fabricated by welding for any specific purpose. The author discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each method in the light of cost, utility and appearance of the finished product and compares the casting method with fabrication by welding for several specific structures. Fields in which fabrication by welding can and cannot compete with castings are also mentioned, together with problems involved in designing a welded part to replace a casting.
American Hydraulic-Laboratory Practice
Authors: Hooper Leslie J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
It is the purpose of this paper to describe briefly representative American hydraulic laboratories and their work in recent years. Laboratories in this country and Canada were visited by the author during 1934 and 1935 as a Freeman scholar. It was obviously impossible for the author to visit every laboratory in this country in the time allotted and just as impossible to adequately describe each laboratory. Hence, considerable detail must be omitted in this article and many laboratories will not receive the attention their work deserves. Such omissions are not intentional but due only to the limitations of time available for inspection and space available for this paper.
A Theory of Paper Drying
Authors: Cowan E. , Cowan B. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The authors develop theoretical formulas for predicting the performance of paper-drying machines and compare the results obtained by using these formulas with representative machines now in use. The paper includes a discussion of (1) the problems met with in the paper-making industry and how these problems can be dealt with theoretically in an effort to predict the performance of drying machines and (2) fundamental equations which can be used in designing and perfecting new equipment.
Modified I.S.A. Orifice With Free Discharge
Authors: O’Brien M. P. , Folsom R. G. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The authors present results obtained with a modified type of International Standard Orifice as used for metering pump discharges. The annular slot for pressure measurement of the standard I.S.A. orifice is replaced in the modified orifice by a series of slots at the pipe wall and flush with the orifice plate. The results given in the paper include coefficients obtained with sharp-edged and rounded-edged orifices with various orifice-pipe diameter ratios and with various approach lengths of pipe. The coefficients obtained by the authors with the modified I.S.A. orifice are compared with coefficients of the standard I.S.A. orifice.
Cemented Carbide-Fitted Saws and Woodworking Knives
Authors: Thompson C. M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author reviews the development of the present design of carbide-fitted saws and gives some standard tooth angles required for various materials. Certain recommendations are made for the application of cemented carbides to woodworking knives and for the operation of carbide-fitted saws and knives on wood. Savings effected by the use of Carboloy saws are tabulated by the author.
The Prevention of Failures of Surface-Condenser Tubes
Authors: Dillon R. E. , Eaton G. C. , Peters H. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper describes the developments in the prevention of failures of surface-condenser tubes in the steam-electric generating stations of The Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Boston. The authors apply the latest theories of destructive cavitation to show that the inlet-end wastage of tubes in a single-pass condenser is the result of vortices in the inlet water box. These vortices result in destructive cavitation which starts when the water pressure at a point approaches the pressure corresponding to the water temperature, and the cavities in the water are filled with vapor. When the existence condition for the vapor disappears through increase of pressure, the vapor bubbles condense and very high impacts on adjacent surfaces result. Tiny particles are broken from the surface by repeated impacts, making larger and larger pits, and eventually holes through the tube are produced. Guide vanes installed in the inlet water box of the condenser have effectively prevented the vortices from forming.
Incinerators—Municipal, Industrial, and Domestic
Authors: Hersey H. S. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author reviews briefly the historical development of incinerator plants and discusses the trends in design in this country and abroad. Although industrial-waste incineration is mentioned briefly, and the incineration of domestic and institutional wastes is discussed in some detail, the greater part of the paper is devoted to the incineration of municipal wastes. Many problems and conditions governing steam production in incinerator plants are touched upon, together with general rules for estimating required incinerator-plant capacity in American communities. The author discusses in detail the design of municipal plants with complementary or auxiliary equipment employed. The latter part of the paper is devoted to the utilization of garbage and rubbish as fuel, with examples pertaining to furnace heat balance and furnace temperature.
The Springwells Station of the Detroit Department of Water Supply
Authors: Rudd William C. , Mullen Bernard J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Board of Water Commissioners of the City of Detroit anticipated the need of increasing the water-supply facilities for the city nearly 20 years ago and in the year 1919 ordered that engineering studies be made. As a result of these studies an additional water-supply system was authorized in 1924 at an estimated cost of $30,000,000. The project included a new river intake of 940 million gallons daily capacity, tunnels in sizes of 12 ft to 15½ ft diameter, about 12 miles long, a new pumping plant for 400 million gallons daily, filtration plant, and 16,500-kw steam-operated power plant. The new works were substantially completed in 1931 and placed in partial operation, but due to the depression, the plant was not placed in continuous service until 1935.
This paper discusses the various problems and engineering studies made in connection with the design and construction of a large modern water-works plant, with especial reference to the hydraulic and mechanical features of the pumping plant and the mechanical and electrical characteristics of the steam-operated power plant.
The pumping plant consists of raw-water pumps for delivering river water from the intake and tunnel system to the filter plant and also the filtered-water pumps to force water supply to the city distribution system. All pumps are housed in one building about 400 ft long by 100 ft wide. There are 26 centrifugal pumps varying in size from 7 to 60 million gallons daily each. The pumps are driven by synchronous and induction motors.
Power for the pump motors is produced in a steam turbogenerator plant, exclusive of a small portion that is secured from a central-station source. The power plant is adjacent to the pumping plant and consists of two 5000-kw and three 500-kw steam turbogenerators, two 90,000-lb per hr steam boilers and related equipment, together with a 5000-kw transformer for central-station power.
This paper deals with purchase of pumping and power-plant equipment secured in competitive bidding, with some of the major equipment secured on evaluated bids and with bonuses and penalties applied to contractor’s guarantees. The paper also outlines the results of field acceptance tests for pumps, turbines, and boilers and gives the resulting bonuses and penalties applied to the various contracts. The paper also discusses the general plant-operating economies for a one-year period.
Experiments and Calculations on the Resurge Phase of Water Hammer
Authors: LeConte Joseph N. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author develops a theoretical expression for the multiple recoil or resurge effect of a long water column following the instantaneous, or approximately instantaneous, closing of a valve at the lower end of the column. The time period between successive resurges or hammer blows is calculated by the developed expression and is compared with time periods recorded from tests by an oscillograph. The computed and observed results are presented in tabular and graphical form for several of the tests.
The Application of Heaviside’s Operational Calculus to the Solution of Problems In Water Hammer
Authors: Wood F. M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author points out that Heaviside’s operational calculus, which has been used extensively in connection with electrical surges in transmission lines, may be used in the study of water hammer even though certain limitations are involved because of necessary approximations which must be made when applying it to hydraulics. In spite of these limitations, the method is useful in clarifying many surge problems, verifying some truths which have been established by other methods. It is not the purpose of this paper to attempt to cover the entire field of surge problems, but to introduce Heaviside’s operational calculus in the field of hydraulics for the study of water hammer.
The Friction of Reciprocating Engines
Authors: Dutcher F. H. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author presents graphically the trend of friction-speed-load relations in reciprocating engines from 1878 to the present date, using representative data from the literature. He discusses some of the variables which affect the friction of a reciprocating engine, and mentions some of the methods for determining friction losses.
The paper contains a description of an automotive-engine and cradle-dynamometer setup used in tests for ascertaining the following relations: (a) Pumping losses versus rpm for different manifold pressures, (b) total friction mean pressure (pumping plus mechanical) versus rpm at different manifold pressures, (c) total friction mean pressure versus mean pressure on the pistons at different constant speeds, (d) mechanical friction mean pressure versus rpm at different manifold pressures, (e) mechanical friction mean pressure versus mean pressure on the pistons at different constant speeds. These relations are all presented graphically.
Locomotive Axle Testing
Authors: Buckwalter T. V. , Horger O. J. , Sanders W. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The general weakness of axles is within the region of the wheel fit near the inside hub face where axle fatigue fractures occur in service. This paper presents data from laboratory fatigue tests of full-size 11½-in. diameter driving axles to investigate such failures. A description and discussion of the suitability of the present design of axle-testing machine is submitted to indicate the reliability of the data obtained from this type of accelerated axle test for use in the design of railroad axles.
These axles show fatigue cracks developing at such low nominally calculated bending stresses as 10,500 lb per sq in. The propagation of fatigue cracks is considerably retarded by rolling the axle wheel seat. Without rolling, the axle breaks off in 5¾ million revolutions (20,500 equivalent miles) at 19,000 lb per sq in., whereas, tested at the same stress, a similar axle, except rolled at the wheel seat, operated 25 times as long (144 million revolutions or 510,000 equivalent miles) with development of a crack 7/16 in. deep.
Rolled axles compared with unrolled axles show little improved resistance to the development of incipient fatigue cracks as produced by a large number of repetitions of low stresses obtained under ordinary railroad operating conditions of speed and load. Under prevailing conditions of high speeds and load, however, the occasional stresses are considerably increased and cause these incipient fatigue cracks to propagate to breaking off of the axle. In this respect, rolling provides immense increase in resistance to these high occasional stresses to retard the crack propagation, thus giving greater safety.
A correlation of the 11½-in. and the 2-in. axle tests is given.
Trends in Fuel-Burning Equipment and Furnace Design as Shown by Recent Eastern-Seaboard Applications
Authors: Booth Ralph D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
By reviewing the steam-generator installations made during the last five years in eastern-seaboard industrial plants, it is the purpose of the author in this paper to determine trends in the design of furnaces and fuel-burning equipment. The subject matter is divided into three general parts: (a) A brief summary of the apparent trends in kinds of fuel, fuel-burning equipment, and furnaces; (b) a more detailed examination of the characteristics of representative installations; and (c) a summary of comments and suggestions with respect to future design.
Operating Methods and Problems of a Combined Hydro- and Steam-Electric System
Authors: Harrington H. L. , Strowger E. B. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Today a combined hydro- and steam-electric system requires the use of operating methods based upon the principles of economic loading together with satisfactory and reliable service to all customers, and it is essential to arrange for some plan of centralized supervision of the power-supply facilities in order to put these methods into effect.
Certain system changes, such as the proper interconnections of generating facilities and load areas will in general be required to make such a plan effective and, if input-output data regarding the hydro- and steam-generating facilities are not available, tests should be carried out to furnish this information for the load supervisors and plant operating personnel.
Further, maximum use should be obtained from all storage reservoirs, reserve-capacity requirements should be established on a system basis with the highest degree of service reliability reasonably possible, and satisfactory standards and methods for the maintenance of system frequency and voltage must be followed.
Condenser Performance With Reduced Cooling Surface
Authors: Harlow J. H. , Bowman R. A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The authors discuss changes made in two condensers of 50,000 sq ft heat-absorbing surface, which changes provided steam lanes in the tube nests in an attempt to increase the effectiveness of the condenser surface. The heat-absorbing surface in the first condenser was reduced 20 per cent, while that in the second condenser was reduced 30 per cent. The authors present drawings showing the changes made, and explain the reasons for making them. Performance data on both condensers, before and after the changes were made, are presented in both graphical and tabular form.