bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Neutralizing Activity in Nasal Wash and Serum Following Intranasal Vaccination with Inactivated Type 13 Rhinovirus
Authors: Knopf Harry L. S. , Perkins John C. , Bertran Dinah M. , Kapikian Albert Z. , Chanock Robert M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Nasal secretions and serum of volunteers were analyzed after intranasal vaccination with an inactivated type 13 rhinovirus. Methods for separating and characterizing immunoglobulins included sucrose gradient centrifugation, analytical ultracentrifugation and gel filtration. The major classes of immunoglobulins in secretions and sera were isolated by these techniques. Neutralizing activity in nasal secretions was concentrated in the 11S region of the sucrose gradient and was associated with IgA. Activity in serum was associated with 19S IgM or 7S IgG. These findings are in agreement with the results of similar studies in which live and inactivated viruses were introduced directly into the respiratory tract. They also suggest that the protective effect observed in earlier experiments with this vaccine was due to the development of 11S IgA in nasal secretions.
Suppression of Skin Hypersensitivity and Antibody Formation by L-Asparaginase
Authors: Khan Amanullah , Hill Joseph M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits immunized with BSA in Freund's adjuvant were treated with different doses of L-asparaginase. The administration of this enzyme was started on the day of immunization and continued for 21 days. To measure the immunologic responses, weekly skin tests and quantitative antibody determinations were done. It was found that L-asparaginase in large doses (1000 IU/kg/day) suppressed both antibody formation and delayed hypersensitivity. With smaller doses, the suppression was partial and antibodies against L-asparaginase itself appeared in the serum, leading to a rapid elimination of the enzyme from the system by the end of the 3rd week. This rapid clearance of asparaginase in the latter part of its administration in small doses is probably due to the neutralizing effect of the antibodies, or rapid elimination of the antigen-antibody complexes, or a combination of the two. The possible mechanism and clinical significance of these findings was discussed.
Secretion of a Phytohemagglutinin-Binding Glycoprotein in Man
Authors: Strauchen James A. , Moldow Charles F. , Silber Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is a glycoprotein purified from the red kidney bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, which binds to and agglutinates the erythrocytes of many species, including man (1). This reaction occurs without apparent blood group specificity. The finding that N-acetyl-d-galactosamine competitively inhibits agglutination by PHA suggests that, like the blood group isoagglutinins, PHA binds to a specific site on the cell surface (2). A PHA-binding material has recently been isolated and characterized (3, 4). There is also evidence that certain serum proteins react with PHA (5). This report describes the presence in saliva and ovarian cyst fluid of a glycoprotein which reacts with PHA.
Saliva was collected from normal donors and heated at 100°C for 10 min to inactivate salivary enzymes. After centrifugation at 1500 × G for 10 min, the opalescent supernatant fluid was tested for PHA hemagglutination-inhibition activity in the system described in Table I. Saliva from 30 individuals demonstrated hemagglutination-inhibition activity in dilutions up to 1:4. Inhibitory activity was independent of ABO group or secretor status. Ovarian cyst fluid demonstrated hemagglutination-inhibition activity in dilutions up to 1:16.
Cells Involved in the Immune Response
Authors: Abdou Nabih I. , Richter Maxwell 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody-forming cells (AFC) directed toward antigens on the sheep red blood cell have been localized to the sacculus rotundus of the normal unimmunized adult rabbit. These cells are either potential AFC or direct precursors of the AFC. The normal rabbit sacculus does not possess antigen-reactive cells (ARC) directed toward this or any other antigen. Only the rabbit bone marrow possesses the ARC. The significance of this finding with respect to accepted criteria for the definition of the primary immune response, both in vivo and in vitro is discussed.
Inv Allotypes of Cold Agglutinin Kappa Chains
Authors: Cooper Amiel G. , Steinberg Arthur G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The normal globulins and the cold agglutinin kappa chains from 16 patients with the chronic cold hemagglutinin disease were tested for the Inv (1), Inv (2) and Inv (3) antigens. Ten of the patients had normal globulins with the Inv (-1, -2, 3) phenotype and this same phenotype was present on the cold agglutinin kappa chains tested. The remaining six patients had Inv (1, 2, 3) normal globulins, and of the cold agglutinin kappa chains from these patients, two had the Inv (-1, -2, 3) phenotype and four had the Inv (1, 2, -3) phenotype. Thus, the cold agglutinins of these six patients showed Inv allotypic exclusion compared with the normal immunoglobulins.
Specificity of Antibody Produced in the Bullfrog (Rana Catesbeiana)
Authors: Coe J. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The specificity of bullfrog (BF) (Rana catesbeiana) antibody to rabbit γ globulin (RGG) and hen egg albumin (HEA) was compared to the specificity of mammalian (guinea pig, mouse) antibody to these same proteins. Mammalian anti-RGG was relatively specific whereas BF anti-RGG produced a precipitin reaction with all mammalian sera tested. The BF anti-RGG contained antibody directed to both the Fc and Fab fragments of the RGG, although absorption experiments showed that antibody to the RGG Fc was primarily involved in the cross-reactions. Also, tests with fragments of the heterologous globulins showed that the BF anti-RGG was reacting with the Fc portion of the heterologous globulin. This BF antiserum to RGG detected similar antigenic determinants on the slow γ globulins from other rodents (7Sγ2 of guinea pig, hamster, Peromyscus) and man (IgG), and not on the electrophoretically faster or heavier immunoglobulins of rodents (7Sγ1, IgM) or man (IgA, IgM). A comparison of human IgG subclasses with BF anti-RGG showed that antigenic correspondence was greatest with γG1 and least with γG4. In contrast to the extensive cross-reactivity of BF anti-RGG, BF anti-HEA did not cross-react with other egg albumins (duck, goose) as did guinea pig anti-HEA.
The Localized Hemolysis-in-Gel Method Adapted to the Detection of Spleen Cells Releasing Virus-Specific Antibodies
Authors: Schwenk H.-U. , Lehmann-Grube F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The localized hemolysis-in-gel method has been adapted to the detection of single cells releasing antibodies to influenza A virus. In mice infected with influenza A the number of cells releasing IgM antibodies specific for the inner component of the virus (RNP antigen) begins to rise between 24 and 36 hours after virus inoculation, reaches a maximum on the 4th day, and then decreases rapidly to the background level by day 20.
Target Cells of Human Ragweed-Binding Antibodies in Monkey Skin
Authors: Hubscher Thomas , Ian Watson J. , Goodfriend Lawrence 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To determine the immunoglobulin nature of the allergen-binding antibodies which fix to monkey mast cells, sections from biopsies preincubated with sera of ragweed atopic or normal human individuals were stained by immunofluorescence techniques using antisera specific for human immunoglobulins. Evidence was obtained that one of the antibodies fixed to the mast cells was of the reaginic IgE type. By immunofluorescence and column chromatographic studies it was shown that non-reaginic ragweed-binding antibodies other than IgG, IgA, IgM or IgD present in the sera of hyposensitized individuals also fix to the monkey skin mast cells. The ability of both types of antibodies to render the mast cells fluorescent was lost after heating at 56°C for 4 hours.
Isolation, Chemical and Immunologic Characterization of κ- and λ-Type Light Chains from IgG of Normal Rabbits with b9 Allotype
Authors: Chersi Alberto , Mage Rose , Rejnek Jaroslav , Reisfeld Ralph 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoglobulin-G from the sera of b9 rabbits was subdivided into three fractions (I, II and III) by anion exchange chromatography so that the most basic fraction (I) contained essentially λ-type and the most acidic (III) κ-type light chains. Upon oxidative sulfitolysis and gel filtration of IgG I, λ-type light chains emerged with a Kd value of 0.35–0.38 (LI) whereas IgG III yielded κ-type chains which eluted with a Kd value of 0.48 (LII). The λ-type chains were characterized on the basis of immunologic reactivity, presence of C-terminal serine, absence of a free N-terminal amino acid and the presence of 5 half-cystine residues. The κ-type chains were characterized immunologically and by the presence of 7 half-cystine residues. The major b9 IgG fraction (II) yielded an LI peak considerably larger than LII (75:25) with about equal quantities of λ- and κ-type chains. This LI fraction contained an average of 6 half-cystine residues.
Immunoglobulins of the Hamster
Authors: Bienenstock John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An investigation of the distribution of immunoglobulins in the external secretions of the hamster revealed the predominance of γA. Only γA was found in saliva, whereas colostrum and urine both contained γ2 in addition to γA. Hamster γA was present in the serum at concentrations that were insufficient to allow its visualization by routine immunoelectrophoresis. No differences in electrophoretic mobility were found between serum and secretory γA regardless of derivation. The secretory γA from saliva, colostrum and urine had sedimentation characteristics intermediate between serum γA and 19S markers in sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation studies. Similar results were obtained on Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Isolated secretory γA had an s020,w of 15.2S. Mild reductive procedures did not appear to alter the sedimentation characteristics of this molecule. No antigenic differences were found between serum, salivary, colostral and urinary γA.
Anti-Pneumococcal Polysacharide Type III Hemolytic Plaques in Mice: Cellular Response in Immunity and Immunologic Paralysis
Authors: Kerman Ronald , Segre Diego 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sheep red blood cells sensitized with pneumococcal polysaccharide type III (SIII) react specifically with anti-SIII, and upon addition of complement are hemolyzed. This reaction provided the base for a hemolytic plaque procedure that was used to investigate the cellular response of mice to SIII given in amounts that induce either immunity or paralysis. Young offspring of immunologically paralyzed and normal mice showed differences in their response to SIII.
Communications
Authors: Iwasaki Tatsuo , Nozima Tokukichi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibodies to influenza virus have been shown to be present not only in serum, but also in secretions of the respiratory tract (1–4). Gamma A is the predominant immunoglobulin class in the secretions, whereas this immunoglobulin is a minor component in the serum. The γ A of the secretions differs chemically and antigenically from serum γ A. These observations suggest that antibodies associated with secretory γ A are produced locally, and are not simply the result of transudation from the serum. There is considerable indirect evidence for the synthesis of local antibodies in the respiratory tract. The problem remains to elucidate the mechanism of local antibody formation.
The lymphocytosis-promoting factor (LPF) obtained from Bordetella pertussis has been shown partially to suppress the formation of circulating antibody when given intravenously in mice (5). Therefore, the possibility of demonstrating a dissociation between the levels of antibody activity in the serum and in the secretions of mice infected with influenza virus was investigated.
Antigen-Induced Blastogenesis: The Human Cell Determining the Specificity of Response in Vitro
Authors: Levis William R. , Robbins Jay H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Lymphocyte cultures devoid of phagocytic cells fail to undergo a blastogenic response to antigens. The addition of autologous or homologous macrophages to these cultures restores the response. While both lymphocytes and macrophages are required, the lymphocytes undergo blastogenesis and determine the immunologic specificity of the response.
Ontogenetic Development of Clq Synthesis in the Piglet
Authors: Day N. K. , Gewurz H. , Pickering R. J. , Good R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The synthesis of C1q by tissues of pig embryos during gestation was studied using specific incorporation of 14C-labeled amino acids into C1q in vitro. C1q synthessi was first demonstrated in intestinal tissue (on the 48th gestational day) and this was the most active site of synthesis of C1q at all times. Significant synthesis of C1q subsequently was demonstrated in lymph nodes and spleen of older embryos (by gestational days 66 to 79) and at still later stages in tissues from other highly lymphoid organs such as liver and lung (gestational day 90 and later). We propose that there is a special relationship between development of synthesis of C1q and development of the lymphoid tissues, which suggests that the lymphoid cell is the site of C1q synthesis.
Immunochemical Relationships of Certain Capsular Polysaccharides of Klebsiella, Pneumococci and Rhizobia
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Dudman William F. , Nimmich Wolfgang 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Pyruvic acid is an immunologic determinant in the capsular polysaccharides of Klebsiella K32, pneumococcal types IV and XXVII, and eight strains of Rhizobia. All of these react heavily in anti-Pn XXVII. A cross-reaction between Pn IV and Pn XXVII is described and shown not to be due to pyruvic acid. Klebsiella K9 is characterized by non-reducing end-groups of D-glucuronic acid (or of 4-O-methyl-d-glucuronic acid) but differs in other respects from K2. Cross-reactions of K47 show it to be the only one of those tested with non-reducing end-groups of l-rhamnose. K52 reacts heavily in anti-Pn XXVIII. When depyruvylated, the rhizobial polysaccharides show much greater reactivity, and, occasionally, different reactivities in anti-Pn sera other than XXVII, in which depyruvylation virtually abolishes precipitation. The rhizobial polysaccharides may contain their pyruvic acid linked as a ketal to d-galactose; the linkage in S IV is more labile.
Studies on the Specificity and Affinity of α, DNP-Oligolysine Antibody: A Basis for Questioning the Role of Cell-Bound Antibody in Cellular Recognition of Antigen
Authors: Levin Howard A. , Levine Herbert , Schlossman Stuart F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The specificity and affinity of serum antibody made to α, DNP-oligolysines was investigated by equilibrium dialysis, fluorescence quenching and inhibition of precipitation. The combining site of this antibody was found to have an upper limit in size complementary to α, DNP-Lys7. The increase in binding energy of α, DNP-Lys7 over α, DNP-Lys5–6 was found to be a relatively small fraction of the total binding energy. These results are contrasted to those of previous studies which showed that both immunologically competent or committed cells can readily distinguish between α, DNP-Lys5–6 and α, DNP-Lys7. The difference in specificity between the antibody-binding site and the proposed cellular receptor suggests that cell-bound antibody of the conventional type is not the mediator of antigen recognition by cells.
Some Observations on the Phylogeny of Serum Inhibitor of C1 Esterase
Authors: Donaldson Virginia H. , Pensky Jack 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antigenic properties of human serum inhibitor of C1 esterase were identified in serum from a number of primates, but were absent from serum of all lower species tested. Among primates the antigenic determinants in human and chimpanzee serum were identical with one another. In serum of the black ape, and rhesus monkey, antigenic determinants were also identical, but were deficient with respect to chimpanzee and human serum antigens. Although antigenic determinants of human serum inhibitor of C1 esterase apparently evolved among primates, functional serum inhibition was identified in the serum of some fish, fowl, rodents and mammals which were free of detectable antigen.
Effect of Physical State and Route of Inoculation of Diphtheria Toxoid on the Formation of Nasal Secretory and Serum Antibodies in Man
Authors: Butler William T. , Rossen Roger D. , Wende Reuben D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To determine whether the physical state and route of inoculation of an antigen influence the appearance of IgA secretory antibody in nasal secretions, seven adult male volunteers were given fluid diphtheria toxoid and seven others alum-precipitated diptheria toxoid either intranasally or intramuscularly. Fluid diphtheria toxoid nose drops stimulated both nasal secretory and serum antibody production while nose drops containing alum-precipitated diphtheria toxoid failed to stimulate antibody production at either site. Intramuscular immunization with both types of toxoid stimulated serum antibody formation, but no secretory antibody formation followed the alum-precipitated toxoid. These results suggest that the physical state and route of administration of an antigen determine whether or not secretory IgA antibody is produced, and that a non-replicating antigen applied locally in the proper physical state causes a substantial local secretory antibody response.
A Comparison of PCA Reactive and Hemolytic Rabbit Antibodies to Sheep Red Blood Cells
Authors: Warner Noel L. , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit antisera against intact sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) were assayed by hemolysis and PCA. In one serum, antibodies mediating both PCA and hemolysis were present, whereas another serum contained mainly hemolytic antibodies.
The PCA reaction could be developed by intravenous challenge with either fresh SRBC or their lysate, but not with stroma or formalin-fixed SRBC. Both stroma and formalin-fixed cells could, however, bind the hemolytic antibodies, which the lysate failed to do. The results indicate that one of the anti-SRBC serum contained antibodies against stromal antigens, which could be detected only by direct red cell binding assays (hemolysis or hemagglutination), and antibodies against a soluble internal antigen, possibly hemoglobin, which could be detected only by PCA reactions.
The Mixed Leukocyte Culture: A Three Component System
Authors: Rode Harold N. , Gordon Julius 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The mixed leukocyte culture reaction is a proliferative reaction in which two cell types appear to perform three functions. The cell which proliferates requires the collaboration of a non-proliferating, supporting cell. The contribution of the latter is non-rate-limiting when added above a threshold concentration. Its role is probably nonspecific. The third function, i.e., the capacity to provoke a reaction, is shared by both cell types.
Complement Fixation by a Single Molecule of γG Hemolysin
Authors: Frank Michael M. , Gaither Thelma A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunization of New Zealand White rabbits with boiled sheep erythrocyte stromata in complete Freund's adjuvant leads to the production of predominantly IgG hemolysin. Analysis of one such IgG hemolysin showed that it had unique biologic characteristics. A single molecule of this antibody on the surface of a sheep erythrocyte was capable of fixing C1̄. and initiating complement fixation. In many of its biologic activities the antibody, directed at the Forssman site on sheep erythrocytes, resembled a cross between IgG and IgM. This was true of the temperature sensitivity of C1̄ fixation by the antibody and the kinetics of Cl activation. There was almost no thermal effect on C1̄ fixation and the antibody activated Cl more rapidly than the usual IgG hemolysin and less rapidly than the usual IgM. Suggestive immunochemical evidence was obtained that the antibody may represent a unique subclass of immunoglobulin G.
Prevention of Immunologic Deficiency in Pituitary Dwarf Mice by Prolonged Nursing
Authors: Duquesnoy René J. , Good Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Baroni first demonstrated a deficiency of immunologic function in the Snell-Bagg pituitary dwarf mouse (1, 2). We have confirmed his observations and have also concluded that this deficiency appears largely to be limited to the thymus-dependent lymphoid system (3, 4). Another type of pituitary dwarf mouse, the Ames dwarf, has also been shown to be immunologically deficient (5). In both types of dwarfs the defect became particularly evident shortly after weaning at 21 days of age, as indicated by a sharp drop in the number of circulating lymphocytes.
We have studied the effect of prolonged nursing with foster mothers on the lymphoid system of dwarf mice. Three-week-old dwarf mice continued to have a strong suckling instinct for several weeks and consequently it was possible to foster-nurse them for a prolonged period beyond the usual time of weaning.
Relationship between Histocompatibility (H-2) Genotype and Immune Responsiveness to Low Doses of Ovalbumin in the Mouse
Authors: Vaz Nelson M. , Vaz Eda M. , Levine Bernard B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A relationship has been recently described between the histocompatibility (H2) type of inbred strains of mice (1) and their immune responsiveness to low doses of hapten conjugates of bovine γ globulin (2,3). Several H-2k strains, as well as A/HeJ mice (H-2a) responded vigorously to immunization with repeated 0.1- to 1.0-µg doses of the conjugates, whereas H-2b, H-2d and H-2q strains failed to respond detectably. The present results indicate that the immune responsiveness to low doses of ovalbumin, or hapten conjugates of it, has nearly an opposite distribution. A single injection of 0.1 µg of ovalbumin in Al (OH)3 gel adjuvant induced intense and persistent primary antibody responses in H-2b and H-2q mice, whereas A/He mice (H-2a) and H-2k strains failed to respond.
Young adult female mice were used for immunization. Inbred animals from several different strains, described in the text, were obtained from the Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine.
The Immune Response to Heterologous Red Cells in Mice
Authors: Dukor Peter , Dietrich Felix M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of cyclophosphamide and cortisone acetate were examined in a model of antigenic competition between sequentially administered non-cross-reacting red cells from different species. In control mice receiving no drug, the relative immunogenic potency of heterologous red cells given with the first injection failed to determine the degree of unresponsiveness to subsequently injected unrelated cells. However, susceptibility to the suppressive action of previously administered erythrocytes was inversely related to the immunogenicity of the second antigen. Cyclophosphamide given 1 day after the initial red cell injection completely blocked competitive inhibition. On the other hand, impaired reactivity to the second of two sequentially administered antigens was further depressed by cortisone. The results are discussed in terms of targets of drug action and possible sites of antigenic interference.