bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intensive care medicine
Authors: Sciberras Stephen , Zerafa Mario 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides five examples of structured oral examination questions (SOEs) on intensive care along with model answers and references to help you increase your knowledge and depth of understanding. They all include a lead-in statement which is similar to what you would be give ten minutes before the start of the examination. This is meant to let you become familiar with the scenario and start making a management plan which includes a thorough evaluation and any indicated treatment. Be prepared to discuss well established diagnostic criteria and scoring systems. Since these cases tend to be rather complex, the set of questions related to each scenario here would most likely be spread over the first two questions of SOE 4 thus spanning a minimum of ten minutes discussion.
Image interpretation
Authors: Sciberras Stephen , Zerafa Mario 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides five examples of structured oral examination questions (SOEs) on clinical image interpretation along with model answers and references to help you increase your knowledge and depth of understanding. In the EDAIC Part II examination, SOE 4, there will be a specific question on image interpretation where two different image modalities will be discussed. These can be any combination from X-rays, Ultrasound, CT scan, MRI, ECG, Echocardiograms and others. The most important thing is to demonstrate a structured systematic approach. A specific diagnosis is not always essential. Since these images are of anaesthetic and / or intensive care interest, be prepared to answer supplementary questions on the further management of the case.
At the Confluence of Rivers
Authors: San Chirico Kerry P. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 begins a two-chapter project of contextualizing the Khrist Bhaktas, exploring first Banaras, its age-old identity as a tīrtha, but also its more contemporary identity as a rather typical midsize twenty-first-century Indian metropolis. As much as it has been interpreted as a metonym for Hindu India, it is also home to a sizable Muslim community, as well as to Sikhs, Jains, and Christians, a fact which should mitigate against only understanding its elite, Sanskritic identity. Throughout Banaras’s long history, one of the evident religious streams has been bhakti, or devotion, a religiosity critical for understanding the conditions of a comprehensible Khrist bhakti. However, this stream operates in the context of another qualifying Hindu religious modality, what the author calls, following David White, “vernacular Hinduism,” which is marked by ongoing material and “noumenal” transactions between divine, semi-divine, and superhuman beings for generally this-worldly ends.
The Substance of Things Hoped For
Authors: San Chirico Kerry P. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 explicates the developing worldview of the Khrist Bhaktas, the Yesu that is being presented to Banārasīs by Catholic religious, and their own developing understanding of a deity that is at once regionally indeterminate while overdetermined elsewhere. The chapter examines the centrality of viśvās, or faith, and places it within the long history of Indian religion, and the way this community bears resemblance to the Johannine Christ, but also to that of a more well-known Hindu deity. As with much Charismatic Christianity, faith, or viśvās, is paramount. Concurrently, there is much stress on transformation, the workings of the Holy Spirit, and on testimonial by those who have experienced various healings. As with the previous chapter, there is a focus on a particular Khrist Bhakta, a woman through whom one may further glean what Clifford Geertz once called “tonalities of devotion.”
Third Force in Exile
Authors: Fu Po-Shek 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the flagship publication of the US-sponsored Union Press. The influential Chinese Student Weekly allows us to gain insight into the ways liberal émigré intellectuals grappled with Cold War antagonism. It also provide us opportunity to explore from ground up the extent and nature of American Cold War intervention in Asia, and the related question of whether the émigré group had agency of their own in the propaganda warfare. The secret involvement in the weekly magazine’s cross-regional and transnational expansion of influences also sheds important light on the ways in which global ideological confrontations intertwined and overlapped with local historical imperatives in shaping the development of Hong Kong into the regional hub of Chinese-language cultural production.
Exploring Musical Spaces
Authors: Hook Julian 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This book is a comprehensive synthesis of mathematical techniques in music theory, using the idea of musical spaces as a unifying thread. The spaces studied include an assortment of pitch and pitch-class spaces, tonnetz spaces, spaces of chords or key areas, spaces of twelve-tone rows, temporal spaces, voice-leading spaces, scalar spaces, and spaces of note names. Continuous spaces are examined alongside discrete ones, and generic (mod-7) spaces alongside chromatic (mod-12), with related emphasis on formal aspects of note spelling, the line of fifths, and enharmonic equivalence. The spatial approach facilitates the study of several areas of active recent scholarship in a unified theoretical framework; these areas include the theory of intervals and transformations, triadic transformations and neo-Riemannian theory, the geometric theory of voice-leading spaces, diatonic theory, and scale theory. Concepts and techniques from mathematical set theory, graph theory, group theory, geometry, and topology are introduced as needed to address musical questions.
Spaces I
Authors: Hook Julian 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
As an initiation into the concept of musical spaces, the opening chapter introduces several of the most important spaces that will be studied from various perspectives throughout the book: pitch spaces, pitch-class spaces, and tonnetz spaces. Several important characteristics differentiate these spaces. Octave equivalence distinguishes pitch-class space from pitch space. Either pitch space or pitch-class space may be discrete or continuous. A discrete space may be chromatic, with twelve notes per octave, or diatonic, with seven; generic spaces, also with seven notes, are more general than the structurally similar diatonic spaces. Distinctions are drawn between finite and infinite spaces, between conformed and unconformed spaces, between spaces in different numbers of dimensions, and between geometric and topological properties. Spaces generated by fifths and third are introduced, including spelled pitch-class space (the line of fifths), which distinguishes enharmonic spellings.
Intervals
Authors: Hook Julian 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter, significantly influenced by the work of David Lewin and drawing extensively on group theory, explores the rich and complex theory of interval spaces. Topics include label functions for interval spaces, homomorphisms and isomorphisms of interval spaces, direct products and quotients of interval spaces, generalized transposition and inversion operators, and interval-preserving and interval-reversing mappings. A series of theorems summarize many of the most important properties, including general forms of the Babbitt hexachord theorem and the duality between transpositions and interval-preserving mappings. Commutative interval spaces receive the most attention, but some noncommutative examples are also discussed. Assorted musical examples are presented, several of them involving cross-type interval-preserving and interval-reversing mappings between two different scalar spaces.
Cultural Accommodation and Difference in South Indian Catholicism
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In terms of their adaptation to south Indian society, Catholics located themselves between Hindu and Muslim. On the one hand, their devotional practices would eventually resemble those of Muslim trading communities and Sufi clerics who adapted to popular Hindu cult traditions. The veneration of holy men, the performance of blood sacrifices and exorcisms, and belief in miracles in the context of shrine worship were characteristics Catholics shared with Hindus and Muslims. On the other hand, we can observe among Catholics processes of differentiating themselves from their religious surroundings and from each other. This included the emergence of separate domains among the Catholic population based on competing jurisdictions and social classes served by Catholic missionary orders. It also included growing awareness of the difference between Christian and Hindu identities. The formation of these domains reflected differences of race, class, and belief and was just as important an aspect of Catholic history as tendencies toward accommodation.
Nationalist Politics and the Minoritization of Christians
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Anticolonial movements of South Asia often defended religious heritage and yielded Hindu-, Muslim-, and Buddhist-majority regimes that marginalized Christians and others. National constitutions defined the nature and rights of citizenship, but could not fully address feelings of marginality, vulnerability, and dislocation among those who became minorities—or were minoritized—overnight. Minoritized groups such as Christians felt an undue burden to prove their loyalty toward and membership within new nation-states. In order to find their place in lands dominated by Hindus, Muslims, or Buddhists, Christians made use of newspapers to vocalize public opinion and turned to the law to press for religious freedom. Christian minorities face unique challenges and increasing hostility in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka.
Pentecostalism, Conversion, and Violence in India
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines local and transnational factors that have energized India’s Pentecostal movement. Pentecostal preaching affirms the role of the supernatural—possession by and deliverance from evil spirits, healing of physical illness, and spiritual gifts such as speaking in tongues. The appeal of Pentecostalism among lower classes is a huge factor that explains their explosive growth in today’s Global South. In their commitment to evangelism, often through aggressive preaching, Pentecostals often face criticism or hostility. Their rising prominence in South Asian Christianity coincides with rising antipathy toward conversion, especially among those pursuing Hindutva, or the campaign to establish India as an officially Hindu nation. The rise to power in India of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has coincided with a spike in anti-Christian violence, much of which is directed at Pentecostals.
Behaviors Influence Health
Authors: Braveman Paula 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how behaviors are powerfully shaped by a range of social factors as well as how behaviors influence health. Traditional approaches to improving health-related behaviors have focused on informing people about the importance of healthy behaviors and urging them to engage in those behaviors. A large body of knowledge, however, indicates that a person’s living and working conditions—and the factors such as income, wealth, education, work, and racism that shape those conditions—also play a fundamental role in shaping health-related behaviors. Urging people to make healthy choices will not produce the desired behavioral effects if healthy choices are not accessible to them. Strategies to improve health-related behaviors must address the obstacles that people, particularly those with limited economic resources, face to adopting and maintaining healthy behaviors. Many of those obstacles can only be addressed by society, not by individuals.
What Is a Concussion?
Authors: Jaffee Michael S. , Broshek Donna K. , Svingos Adrian M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Concussion is a temporary change in brain functioning, or the ability of the brain to do its job, that can occur in any number of ways. Concussion—sometimes called mild traumatic brain injury—is different from other forms of head injury. Concussions usually involve some temporary disruption of thinking skills or brief alteration of awareness, among other symptoms. Concussion has many different acute symptoms, and these same symptoms occur in a variety of health conditions and situations, which can sometimes make concussions difficult to detect. Symptoms may affect physical, cognitive, or emotional functioning as well as sleep.
Assessment and Management of Persisting Physical Symptoms After Concussion
Authors: Jaffee Michael S. , Broshek Donna K. , Svingos Adrian M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Although the vast majority of individuals with concussion experience resolution of their symptoms after a few weeks to months, this is not the case for everyone. Experiencing physical symptoms after concussion can be extremely frustrating and confusing. Patients may start to feel discouraged if their concussion symptoms last longer than usual and may begin to wonder if this is their new normal. The good news is that many treatments are available if physical symptoms persist. It is important for patients to discuss their concerns with their health care providers and to remember that persisting symptoms may be the result of a number of factors. It is also important for patients to have a new evaluation to look at their specific symptoms and for their health care providers to develop an action plan to treat their individual symptoms. Interdisciplinary assessment is particularly helpful for patients who have persisting symptoms. Patients should remember that concussion symptoms are treatable.
Can Having Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder or a Learning Disorder Complicate Recovery from Concussion?
Authors: Jaffee Michael S. , Broshek Donna K. , Svingos Adrian M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disorders are both neurodevelopmental disorders that can affect academic performance and functioning in daily life. For adults with ADHD or learning disorders, the symptoms can affect work performance and social relationships. Whereas learning disorders affect processing of very specific skills, such as reading or math, ADHD symptoms include difficulty with attention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity. Research suggests that ADHD and learning disorders are associated with a longer recovery period after concussion, but it appears that this finding may be related to how these disorders affect performance on the tools used to track recovery. Because research studies on concussion often exclude participants with learning disorders and ADHD, much remains to be learned.
Concussions in Older Adults
Authors: Jaffee Michael S. , Broshek Donna K. , Svingos Adrian M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Concussions are common among older adults, and older adults are at increased risk of complicated recovery after concussion. The most common mechanism of concussion in older adults is falls. Older adults with a concussion should speak with their health care provider about any other medical conditions they have or medications they are currently taking. Older adults should bring family members or close friends with them to medical appointments so that these people can share their perspectives about how things might have changed for the patient before and after the injury. A variety of strategies may be helpful for older adults who have cognitive symptoms. Older adults experiencing changes in thinking skills or emotional or adaptive functioning should seek evaluation.
Praiseworthiness
Authors: Pummer Theron 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 addresses a new objection to the claim that it is permissible to do nothing, wrong to save the lesser number, and permissible to save the greater number. The objection is that, if it is wrong to save the lesser number (and one lacks an excuse for doing so), then one is overall blameworthy for saving the lesser number. But, at least in conflict cases, this is counterintuitive. In response, this chapter argues that not all unexcused wrong acts are overall blameworthy, even if all are blameworthy to some extent. Some wrong yet overall praiseworthy acts are less responsive to the balance of requiring reasons than is required. Other wrong yet overall praiseworthy acts are more responsive to the balance of requiring reasons than is required—such wrong acts can be more praiseworthy overall than permissible alternatives. The chapter presents examples of each sort.
Special Connections
Authors: Pummer Theron 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 focuses on whether, when, and how special connections—including personal relationships, projects, and commitments—enhance requiring reasons or permitting reasons to save others. It first looks at some of the different ways in which reasons can be enhanced by special connections, in accord with the kinds and degrees of these connections. It then shows how lifetime features can amplify otherwise insufficiently strong (permitting and requiring) reasons to save a lesser number of people to whom one is specially connected over a greater number of strangers, making it permissible or even required to save the lesser number. Finally, the chapter distinguishes between responsibly acquired special connections and non-responsibly acquired special connections and shows how the former (but not the latter) can increase the cost one is required to incur in helping others over the course of one’s life.
The Age of Interconnection
Authors: Sperber Jonathan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Age of Interconnection: A Global History of the Second Half of the Twentieth Century investigates the history of the world, from the end of the Second World War to the beginning of the new millennium. It was an era of an increasing flow of people, goods, capital, and ideas across national borders, continents, and oceans. The period was an age of profound transformation in every realm of human existence, including the human relationship to nature, forms of labor, social structures, religious practices, or the system of international relations. These changes, occurring on a global scale resulted in a world increasingly interconnected.
Nature
Authors: Sperber Jonathan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses human interaction with the biosphere. The postwar decades were a period in which the biosphere was treated as a cost-free resource and an infinite sink for emissions and discharges, whether of relatively new materials, such as nuclear fallout and pesticides or older ones, such as lead and nitrogen oxides. The 1960s and 1970s saw an increasing sensitivity to the effects of human actions on the biosphere, in thought, political movements and government actions and agencies. The final decades of the millennium brought new issues of human-biosphere interaction, and the different results of efforts to deal with chemicals attacking the ozone layer and greenhouse gases, revealed the intellectual and political dilemmas involved.
Labor
Authors: Sperber Jonathan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter centers on the situation of labor, both in the workplace and in the broader social and political arena during the second half of the twentieth century. Emerging from the Second World War in a strong economic, social, and political position, which was maintained, if not necessarily expanded in the 1950s and 1960s, labor militancy and labor struggles reached a high point in the 1970s. New political trends, increasing opportunities for capital mobility, and the globalization of production dramatically weakened the position of labor, worldwide, in the final decades of the twentieth century.
Animal Features
Authors: van Eck Caroline 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 turns to a different kind of context: that of trophies, totem poles, and other ritual objects, suggested by strong formal resemblances and similarities in subject matter and composition between Piranesi’s candelabra and such objects. One of the most striking aspects of the candelabra is the overwhelming presence of animal features, presented in a very lively and lifelike manner: leonine paws, rams’ heads, elephants, birds that are a hybrid crossing of storks and ibises. This chapter seeks to understand whether there is an implicit logic that generates such combinations of the animal, vegetal, and mineral, of conventional iconography and a very personal mythology. While there is no historical connection, since these artefacts only arrived in the United States and Europe at the end of the nineteenth century, thinking about candelabra in terms of the theories developed by Claude Lévi-Strauss and Pierre Francastel about totem poles as ways of appropriating the agency of the animals depicted, and suggesting animal pedigrees to human societies, does help to grasp some elements in the interest of Roman society as well as by Piranesi in these insistent, and very distinctive, animal presences.
Movement, Animation, and Intentionality
Authors: van Eck Caroline 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 returns to the issue of lifelikeness and animation, to untangle a few strands in the varieties of human-thing entanglement discussed here in the light of recent research inspired by the Uncanny. Drawing on the research into perceptual attribution mechanisms by Albert Michotte, Fritz Heider, and Marianne Simmel, and Gabriela Airenti, this chapter develops an analysis of such emotional or even bodily investment in art and of such excessive varieties of human–thing entanglement, that lifts them out of the realm of art historical anecdote, and provides at least the rudiments for not only an artistic but also a psychological account of these emotional and physical investments in art.
The Rejection of British Idealism
Authors: Guyer Paul , Horstmann Rolf-Peter 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the attack on idealism, especially Bradley’s absolute idealism, by G. E. Moore and Bertrand Russell in the earliest phases of their long careers. Yet traces of Platonism and idealism were present in their work, in the form of a Platonism about concepts in Moore and an assumption about the fundamental reality of sense-data in Russell, and both emphasized the constructive activities of the mind performed on those basically idealist realities that would presage much further twentieth-century philosophy.
Sympathies and Oppressions
Authors: Narayanan Amrita 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Describes the genesis and methodology of this book, and lays out the broad strokes historical landscape of Upper-Middle-Class Women’s Sexuality in India. Defines the trauma: how sexual aggression and agency is denied to women relative to their socio-economically equal male counterparts. Identifies the resistances to recognizing this trauma, while pointing out the diversity of responses to it—different women experience the trauma differently and some don’t experience it at all. Explains, using examples, how the idea of India constructed within and outside India impacts women’s sexuality. Uses anecdotes and examples to describe a ‘spectator effect’ in which sympathy given for stories of trauma reproduces the trauma by covering up sexual aggression, pleasures, and triumphs. Lays out the theoretical basis for the book in contemporary psychoanalysis.