bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A contribution to European engineering standardisation for the aerospace industry
Authors: White S. A. 
Published: March 2023

Standardisation of hardware and procedures is not new to industry in general or the aerospace industry in particular. Sir Joseph Whitworth was a contributor with his thread form, as far back as 1841 and it is still used by industry today. Indeed, one of the major peripheral influences when designing a new product, or engineering it for manufacture, is the need for a logical application of a standardisation policy. This ranges from procedures, practices, materials, methods, treatments and finishes, to the use of hardware. To a very great extent the commercial success of our products in aerospace is dependent upon a sound basis of engineering standardisation, developed over many years with painstaking care.Most of us engaged in the engineering aspect of our industry have probably had something to do with formulating a standard practice or method, without necessarily recognising it as such. But it is sometimes astonishing how few appreciate the depth to which those concerned with the preparation of a definitive standard need to research, in order to establish the required level of excellence to meet the designers’ specification or production engineers’ planned method for manufacture.
The airline operator's view—British Caledonian Airways
Authors: Pugh Alistair 
Published: March 2023

It would be amazing if everybody agreed with all of the contents of the White Paper—with the possible exception of its author!A first reading of ‘Airports Policy’ brought to my mind a stage show, very popular some years ago, called ‘1066 And All That’. With satiric comment, the show traced key dates in British history from the landing of the Conqueror until what was then the present day. With a proper sense of chauvinism, it placarded 1776 and American independence in the dismissive comment: ‘1776—End of American History’.
The airport user's response
Authors: Hill Norman Ashton 
Published: March 2023

These are personal views immediately following upon the publication of the White Paper on Airports Policy and not those of any organisation with which I am associated. They are, however, my views of the national interest.I would expect there to be considerable disagreement with a White Paper which traverses so many areas where local conflicts abound. No policy could satisfy all on a subject which evokes so great an emotive response from many quarters, and in which even the smallest of pressure groups reacts with frenzied fury against any proposal with which it disagrees.
The importance of the weather in aerial spraying
Authors: Adams R. J. 
Published: March 2023

The demand for aerial spraying is determined by agricultural needs and timing. The degree to which an aerially applied compound is effective is governed by many factors, which exercise their influence both at the time the compound is applied and for some time before and after this event. The impact of the weather and its interaction with other factors may be felt at all stages of relevance to an aerial spraying operation—these stages, which are of course also relevant to ground based spraying operations, may be categorised as follows:(i) The long term pre-spraying environment (measured on a time scale of days or weeks).(ii) The immediate pre-spraying environment (measured on a time scale of hours).(iii) Conditions at the time of spraying.(iv) The immediate post-spraying environment.(v) The long term post-spraying environment.
The local buckling coefficient for orthotropic structural sections
Authors: Lee D. J. 
Published: March 2023

The local buckling of structural sections composed of isotropic plate elements is well documented. It is the purpose of this paper to extend this work to include sections composed of orthotropic plates. It has been shown that the buckling behaviour of single orthotropic plates with certain boundary conditions can be related to that of an equivalent isotropic plate in terms of a single parameter involving the principal plate rigidities. It is proposed to investigate whether this principle may also be applied to the structural buckling problem.It has been shown that simple approximations to the deflected form of buckled plates can be used to give fast and reasonably accurate results for the plate buckling problem using an energy method. If these simple deflection functions are used in an energy analysis for structural sections then large errors may be introduced.
Gyros, powerful tools in aerospace technology
Authors: Magnus Kurt 
Published: March 2023

It was a great pleasure for me to accept the invitation to give this lecture on European Pioneer’s Day and at the same time a great honour to be able to revive the memory of Max Schuler, an ingenious engineer and scientist, whose work in a most remarkable way influenced the development of aerospace technology. For many decades Schuler (Fig. 1) was actively working in the fascinating field of gyros and their numerous applications, especially on problems of navigation, stabilisation and attitude control. Schuler’s name is closely associated with the gyro—which the British astronomer Sir John Herschel once described as ‘a philosophical instrument’. But it had a long way to go before it became a useful technical device. I will try to cover this development and say some words on what the method of ‘Schuler-tuning’ means and how it was detected.I am sure you will remember those days and weeks, more than five years ago, when we anxiously waited to hear news of the different Apollo missions to the moon. We were astonished at the scarcely believable precision of these flights and in my opinion technical outsiders were in a much better situation than specialists, for they were under more stress because of their knowledge about the function of the subsystems in the extremely complicated Apollo spaceship.
The market for small airliners to the early eighties
Authors: Foreman Philip F. 
Published: March 2023

Shorts’ experience in the world of so-called small airliners began with the design, development and manufacture of Sky van (Fig. 1), a 12 500 lb STOL transport aimed particularly at the expanding market provided by the developing nations. To date some 120 have been sold. The disposition of these aircraft around the world is shown at Fig. 2. Two competitive aircraft of roughly the same size and developed at the same time are the Canadian de Havilland Twin Otter and the American Beech 99, the former having captured by far the largest slice of the market.With this background the Company has naturally retained a keen interest in the business prospects afforded by the third level airline market. Indeed, the prospect of maximising the non-recurring investment already made in Skyvan provided a spur both to continued project design and to market studies in that segment of the airline industry bounded by the Islander at one end and the DC-3 at the other—say 10 to 30 seats capacity.
Supervision and workshop organisation; some Scandinavian, British and Japanese attempts to improve the supervisory function
Authors: Thurley Keith 
Published: March 2023

The issue that I have been asked to deal with is the contribution that could be made to improving motivation and productivity in British industry by developing the quality and effectiveness of supervision. This seems to require four things: a general discussion of the ‘problem’ of supervision; an examination of the main characteristics of supervisory systems in British manufacturing; a review of some recent attempts to develop the supervisory function and a set of conclusions pointing out alternative policies which seem to be required.The idea that supervision is ineffective and conservative was argued by Frederick Taylor and others some 70 years ago and has been repeated by management specialists ever since. His remedy in Shop Management was to propose greater specialisation of control functions at shop floor level and the abolition of ‘general foreman’ positions. Such an approach was built on the argument that supervision was too weak and could not cope with the number and range of problems encountered in running a workshop or production system. His ideas led to the development of specialist functional departments, particularly for planning, industrial engineering and quality control; they did not lead to the abolition of the foreman role, although the scope of responsibilities within that role was greatly reduced.
The future of the European aerospace industry
Authors: Greenwood Allen 
Published: March 2023

Everyone who has had the opportunity of speaking on this annual occasion when we remember Sir Richard Fairey, will have expressed their gratitude to the officers of this branch for their invitation to speak. Certainly for me this expression of thanks is no mere formality because for rather more than 30 years it has been my good fortune to have known most of the officers of the branch and, indeed, a number of the members of this audience.Secondly, because it was my lot to have been serving with the British Admiralty delegation in Washington at the time when Sir Richard Fairey was leading the British Air Commission in the American capital as its director-general. His leadership was a memorable one, and typical of the man. Certainly he would have had no doubts about speaking on the subject which has been chosen for me tonight—that is, the future of the European Aerospace Industry.
Negotiations and Agreement
Authors: Shovelton W. P. 
Published: March 2023

For several years before 1976 the United Kingdom had been increasingly dissatisfied with the working of the old Bermuda Agreement. That Treaty had been a landmark in its day and its authors can be—and must be —proud that it stood the test of time so long. It had a profound influence on the development of post-war civil aviation and was the guiding light for numerous bilateral Air Services Agreements the world over.But by the early 1970s its wording—possibly intentionally imprecise in a number of places—had become increasingly out of date and the subject of contentious argument. The Tariffs Article in particular gave continuing cause for trouble and the UK had become disenchanted with the working of the capacity provisions and dissatisfied in particular with the general balance of the Agreement. US airlines earned in the year ending 31st March 1976 nearly £300m from the Agreement whereas the earnings of British airlines was only some £130m. Of this latter figure, £127m was earned on the North Atlantic where US airlines earned upwards of £180m. It was self-evident that the American airlines would always outfly and out-earn us across the Pacific on routes to and through Hong Kong, and on routes between the mainland of the USA and Bermuda as well as to British points in the Caribbean. But it was not so self-evident that American airlines should continue to have a wide range of valuable fifth freedom rights at London and Hong Kong when British airlines could make no practical use of the relatively few fifth freedom opportunities which they had from points in the United States onwards across the Pacific and into the Caribbean.
The views of British Caledonian Airways
Authors: Powell C. E. 
Published: March 2023

British Caledonian is one of several British privately owned airlines that will be affected in some way or other by Bermuda 2. They will all be affected in different ways and will therefore have different views about the Agreement. This paper represents the views only of British Caledonian.British Caledonian is the first airline to have taken up any wholly new opportunity offered by Bermuda 2 and has therefore been more affected more quickly by the Agreement than any other airline.At the same time we have been strongly critical of Bermuda 2. We were opposed to the complete re-negotiation of the old Agreement although we did wish to see major changes, particularly to the route schedules. In general we think the results are disappointing. They fall far short of the British expectations on which the whole British decision to re-negotiate was based. In our view the new Agreement offers no solutions to the sort of problems that have afflicted most North Atlantic operations over a long period of time. Both the UK and the US now believe that many of the changes made to the route schedules could have been secured without renouncing the old Agreement.
Specificity in genetic and environmental risk for prescription opioid misuse and heroin use
Authors: Dash Genevieve F. , Gizer Ian R. , Martin Nicholas G. , Slutske Wendy S. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackgroundMany studies aggregate prescription opioid misuse (POM) and heroin use into a single phenotype, but emerging evidence suggests that their genetic and environmental influences may be partially distinct.MethodsIn total, 7164 individual twins (84.12% complete pairs; 59.81% female; mean age = 30.58 years) from the Australian Twin Registry reported their lifetime misuse of prescription opioids, stimulants, and sedatives, and lifetime use of heroin, cannabis, cocaine/crack, illicit stimulants, hallucinogens, inhalants, solvents, and dissociatives via telephone interview. Independent pathway models (IPMs) and common pathway models (CPMs) partitioned the variance of drug use phenotypes into general and drug-specific genetic (a), common environmental (c), and unique environmental factors (e).ResultsAn IPM with one general a and one general e factor and a one-factor CPM provided comparable fit to the data. General factors accounted for 55% (a = 14%, e = 41%) and 79% (a = 64%, e = 15%) of the respective variation in POM and heroin use in the IPM, and 25% (a = 12%, c = 8%, e = 5%) and 80% (a = 38%, c = 27%, e = 15%) of the respective variation in POM and heroin use in the CPM. Across both models, POM emerged with substantial drug-specific genetic influence (26–39% of total phenotypic variance; 69–74% of genetic variance); heroin use did not (0% of total phenotypic variance; 0% of genetic variance in both models). Prescription sedative misuse also demonstrated significant drug-specific genetic variance.ConclusionsGenetic variation in POM, but not heroin use, is predominantly drug-specific. Misuse of prescription medications that reduce experiences of subjective distress may be partially influenced by sources of genetic variation separate from illicit drug use.
On macrosegregation in a binary alloy undergoing solidification shrinkage
Authors: Assunção Milton , Vynnycky Michael 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe one-dimensional transient solidification of a binary alloy undergoing shrinkage is well-known as an invaluable benchmark for the testing of numerical codes that model macrosegregation. Here, recent work that considered the small-time behaviour of this problem is extended until complete solidification, thereby determining the solute profile across the entire solidified domain. The small-time solution is used as the initial condition for the numerical integration of a problem having three moving boundaries. Of particular significance is the so-called inverse segregation that is observed at the start of solidification, and the extreme segregation that is observed at the end; in the case of the example presented, which is for the often-cited Al–Cu system, the macrosegregation is found to be positive or negative, depending on whether Scheil’s equation or the lever rule is assumed at the microscale, respectively. The relevance of these results for the modelling of steady-state continuous casting processes – in particular, the phenomenon of centreline segregation – is also discussed.
Solid grains ejected from terrestrial exoplanets as a probe of the abundance of life in the Milky Way
Authors: Totani Tomonori 
Published: March 2023

AbstractSearching for extrasolar biosignatures is important to understand life on Earth and its origin. Astronomical observations of exoplanets may find such signatures, but it is difficult and may be impossible to claim unambiguous detection of life by remote sensing of exoplanet atmospheres. Here, another approach is considered: collecting grains ejected by asteroid impacts from exoplanets in the Milky Way and then travelling to the Solar System. The optimal grain size for this purpose is around 1 μm, and though uncertainty is large, about 105 such grains are expected to be accreting on Earth every year, which may contain biosignatures of life that existed on their home planets. These grains may be collected by detectors placed in space, or extracted from Antarctic ice or deep-sea sediments, depending on future technological developments.
Historical Records: Reissuing as Curatorial Practice in Harry Smith's Anthology of American Folk Music
Authors: Blim Dan 
Published: March 2023

AbstractReissues of recordings are commonplace, yet rarely examined by scholars. This article considers how reissuing is a creative act akin to museum curation. Through this lens, reissuers emerge as crucial interpretive figures, making decisions that affect how music and music history are understood by listeners. I take as a case study the Anthology of American Folk Music (1952), one of the most canonic and widely praised reissues. Created by record collector and avant-garde artist Harry Smith and distributed by Folkways, the Anthology comprises eighty-four commercially released recordings made between 1926 and 1932, accompanied by an idiosyncratic set of liner notes. At the time, folk music was beset by various mythologies, notably an idealization of racial purity and an antithetical stance toward commercialism and modernity. When reissuing the material, Smith carefully selected, sequenced, and annotated the recordings in ways that unsettled these mythologies. In 1994, the Smithsonian reissued the Anthology on compact disc. Drawing on archival documents from the Smithsonian, I demonstrate how their decisions reframed the Anthology in various ways to fit their goals and concerns. Through marketing, reproduction, cover design, and the soliciting and editing of additional notes, the Smithsonian elevated Smith as a racially progressive auteur while navigating commercial concerns and historical preservation. In particular, the editing of notes avoided controversial statements during an era of politically contentious museum exhibitions. Nevertheless in doing so, the very myths that Smith unsettled in his reissuing were replaced by an idealized race-blindness, anti-commercialism, and historicism.
Response of Meteor Plasma Trails Observed by Meteor Radar to Geomagnetic Activity
Authors: Kam Hosik , Kwak Young‐Sil , Lee Changsup , Kim Jeong‐Heon , Hong Junseok , Kim Yong Ha , Kim Jeong‐Han 
Published: March 2023

AbstractFrom meteor radar observations typically measuring neutral winds and temperatures in the upper atmosphere, we showed that under‐dense meteor plasma trails respond to geomagnetic activity. Depending on the geomagnetic activity conditions, the parameters of the under‐dense trail echoes show substantial anomalies, and their responses are immediate. As geomagnetic activity increases, the decay time decreases up to about 10% at Kp = 8, while both the returned signal power and radial velocity error increase. In addition, the types of diffuse evolution vary with geomagnetic activity, resulting in strong geomagnetic activity that immediately affects the trail. The evolution of the trail is affected not only by the ambient mesospheric neutral atmospheric properties but also by electromagnetic effects, such as strong electric fields inside meteor trails. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the geomagnetic effect should be considered when estimating atmospheric parameters from MR during a geomagnetically active period.
Exploiting High‐Density Zonal‐Sampling of HIRDLS Profiles Near 60°S to Investigate Missing Drag in Chemistry‐Climate Models
Authors: Holt Laura A. , Brabec Colby M. , Alexander M. Joan 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis study exploits the high‐density zonal sampling at the turnaround latitude of the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) in the Southern Hemisphere to investigate the missing drag in chemistry‐climate models near 60°S. Gravity wave (GW) properties including amplitude, zonal wavenumber, vertical wavelength, and momentum flux are estimated with a wave analysis method based on the S‐transform. Monthly means of GW properties compare well with estimates from previous studies. We further investigate the contribution to GW momentum flux above orographic and nonorographic regions and find that while fluxes are much larger locally over orographic regions, the contribution to the zonal mean is roughly 3 times smaller than the contribution over nonorographic regions. We also investigate the relationship with the zonal wind and find that GW momentum flux is highly correlated with the near surface winds over orographic regions. In addition to momentum flux, we also provide estimates of the zonal drag and use these estimates to evaluate the current GW parameterizations and resolved wave forcing in models participating in phase 1 of the Chemistry‐Climate Model Initiative (CCMI‐1). The HIRDLS zonal drag estimates suggest that the CCMI‐1 models have insufficient zonal drag, especially in June, July, and August, and that the majority of the missing drag is over nonorographic regions. Our discussion includes implications for the Brewer‐Dobson Circulation and ozone hole.
Vitamin B12 supplementation and health behavior of Austrian vegans: a cross-sectional online survey
Authors: Fuschlberger Michelle , Putz Peter 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe number of vegans is increasing and was estimated at 2.0% of the Austrian population. Austrian vegans were found to have lower intakes and levels of vitamin B12 compared to vegetarians and omnivores. Vegans are advised to consume reliable sources of vitamin B12, e.g., in the form of dietary supplements or fortified foods. This study aimed to investigate health and supplementation behavior, with special emphasis on the supplementation of vitamin B12, and to demographically characterize the community of Austrian adult vegans. A nonrandom, voluntary sample of adult vegans with a principal residence in Austria was recruited with an online cross-sectional survey via social media and messenger platforms. Associations between respondent characteristics (gender, education, nutritional advice by a dietitian or nutritionist) and health/supplementation behaviors were examined by cross-tabulation. The questionnaire was completed by 1565 vegans (completion rate 88%), of whom 86% were female, the median age was 29 years, 6% were obese, and 49% had completed an academic education. Ninety-two percent consumed vitamin B12 through supplements and/or fortified foods, and 76% had their vitamin B12 status checked. The prevalence of vitamin B12 intake through supplements and/or fortified foods was slightly (not statistically significant) higher among women vs. men (93% vs. 89%), those who were academically educated vs. those who were not (93% vs. 91%), and those who had taken nutritional advice vs. those who had not (97% vs. 92%). Professional nutritional advice had been taken by only 9.5% of female and 8.4% of male respondents. Those who had taken advice reported a lower smoking prevalence (p = 0.05, φ = 0.05), higher prevalence of checking vitamin B12 status (p < 0.01, φ = 0.10), vit B12 intake through supplements and/or fortified foods (p = 0.03, φ = 0.05), and taking supplements of omega-3 (p < 0.01, φ = 0.14), selenium (p = 0.02, φ = 0.06), and iodine (p = 0.02, φ = 0.06). Austrian vegans can be characterized as predominantly young, female, urban, highly educated, and nonobese. The rate of vitamin B12 intake through supplements and/or fortified foods is fairly high (92%), but should be further improved e.g., by increasing the share of vegans who follow professional nutritional advice (requiring a diploma in dietetics, nutritional science, or medicine in Austria).