bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specific Inhibition of Human Lymphocyte Responses by Primed Autologous Lymphocytes
Authors: Sheehy Michael J. , Mawas Claude , Charmot Dominique 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human lymphocytes from person A, primed for 10 to 14 days in MLC against lymphocytes from person B, inhibit specifically the proliferative response to B by fresh (i.e., unprimed) lymphocytes of A. Gamma-irradiated (2000 R) primed lymphocytes likewise inhibit specifically, although less strongly. Cells of A, primed with cells of B and then irradiated, usually can inhibit the response of A to cells of any individual sharing HLA-D antigens with B, and the effect tends to be independent of the number of stimulating cells. We also often see inhibition of responses to cells sharing HLA-A and -B antigens with person B, but this effect tends to be lost when the number of stimulating cells is increased. Similarly, at low doses, cells primed for HLA-D antigen a appear not to inhibit the response to an irrelevant HLA-D antigen b on the same stimulating cell. At higher doses of primed cells, even the response to the irrelevant antigen is inhibited. These data suggest to us that at least two mechanisms may be involved: one directed at the stimulating cell (most likely cell-mediated cytolysis), and predominant at high ratios of primed cells to stimulating cells; the other directed at specific clones of responding cells, and predominant at low ratios.
Inhibition of Specific Immune Responses by Feeding Protein Antigens
Authors: Hanson Donald G. , Vaz Nelson M. , Rawlings Linda A. , Lynch James M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Feeding of 20 mg of ovalbumin (OVA) to normal, high-responder BDF1 mice produced virtually complete unresponsiveness to subsequent parenteral immunization with OVA in A1(OH)3 adjuvant. In previously immunized animals, a single intragastric feeding of 1 to 20 mg of OVA resulted in secondary antibody responses. Primary antigen-binding titers (Farr assay) showed graded increases that were directly proportional to oral dose of antigen. The time course of responses was parallel to responses in mice boosted i.p. with soluble antigen. IgE antibody titers also increased significantly in response to feeding of OVA, but were not dose dependent in the range tested. Despite effective boosting of ongoing antibody responses by feeding, subsequent responsiveness to parenteral immunization with OVA in adjuvant was significantly reduced in mice fed larger doses of antigen.
In normal mice, when feeding was preceded on the same day by parenteral injection of 20 µg of purified anti-OVA antibodies, the degree of tolerance associated with feeding was substantially reduced, suggesting that specific antibodies may contribute importantly to differences between normal and immune mice in response to feeding. In addition, subcutaneous priming with 10 µg of soluble OVA at the time of feeding produced an intermediate level of responsiveness to later immunization in relation to an exposure to OVA by either route alone. The pattern of results suggests that antigen-derived material absorbed from gut has a dual immunogenic and tolerogenic potential, such that the net effect of feeding can be strongly influenced by responses to past and concurrent contacts with specific antigen.
Immunoregulation in Experimental Schistosomiasis: in Vitro Induction and Assay of Spleen Cell Suppressor Activity
Authors: Kayes Stephen G. , Colley Daniel G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from normal CBA/J mice or mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni were exposed for 48 to 72 hr to either concanavalin A (Con A), soluble egg antigen (SEA), or soluble worm antigenic preparation (SWAP), treated with mitomycin C to prevent further DNA synthesis, and admixed with either normal or sensitized syngeneic spleen cells exposed to a concentration gradient of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or SEA, respectively. Both nonspecific (by Con A) and “antigen-specific” (by SEA and SWAP in infected mice only) induction of suppression was observed when using PHA-induced blastogenesis as the final assay. The number of mice with inducible splenic suppressive activity and the degree of PHA suppression induced by exposure to SEA appeared to decline between 8 and 20 weeks of infection. In contrast, when the response of spleen cells from mice infected for 8 weeks to SEA served as the final assay, strong suppressive activity was induced from the spleen cells of all chronically infected mice (20 weeks of infection). This model permits parallel analysis of the induction of suppressor activity by nonspecific and schistosome antigen-specific signals during the course of this chronic, immunoregulated condition, schistosomiasis mansoni.
Role of the Myeloperoxidase-H2O2-Halide System in Concanavalin A-Induced Tumor Cell Killing by Human Neutrophils
Authors: Clark Robert A. , Klebanoff Seymour J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human blood neutrophils in the presence of the lectin, concanavalin A, exhibited potent cytotoxic activity against murine lymphoma cells (LSTRA) as assessed by 51Cr release from labeled target cells. Tumor cell killing was rapid, with significant 51Cr release observed at 30 min and maximal release at 2 hr. Cytotoxicity showed a linear relationship to the log of the effector cell:target cell ratio, with significant killing detected at ratios as low as one neutrophil to 20 LSTRA cells. Under the conditions employed, human blood mononuclear leukocytes (lymphocytes plus monocytes) were not effective killer cells.
Cytotoxicity required halides (chloride, iodide) for maximal activity and was markedly reduced by agents that inhibit heme enzymes (azide, cyanide) or degrade H2O2 (catalase). Neutrophils deficient in myeloperoxidase or the respiratory burst had impaired cytotoxic activity, and these defects were corrected by the addition of purified myeloperoxidase or an H2O2-generating enzyme system, respectively. Concanavalin A also initiated protein iodination by neutrophils, a process that requires myeloperoxidase and H2O2. Both cytotoxicity and iodination were inhibited in a dose-related fashion by α-methyl-D-mannoside, a carbohydrate that blocks concanavalin A binding to mammalian cell membranes.
These data demonstrate that concanavalin A-induced neutrophil-mediated tumor cell cytotoxicity occurs as a consequence of lectin-binding to the effector cell. Furthermore, this surface stimulation results in the secretion of the lysosomal enzyme, myeloperoxidase, and the metabolic product H2O2. These agents combine with extracellular halides to form a system that is cytotoxic to mammalian tumor cells.
Alloantigen Bound to Agarose Beads and Syngeneic Carrier Cells Are Capable of Stimulating Mouse Cytolytic T Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Fast Loren D. , Fan David P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Bead-bound antigen was prepared by coupling alloantigen covalently to agarose beads. Alloantigen-bearing syngeneic carrier cells were prepared by dilution of detergent solubilized alloantigen in the presence of syngeneic spleen cells. Both types of antigen were compared to spleen cells and reconstituted membrane fragments for the ability to stimulate cytolytic thymus-dependent lymphocytes in vitro. All these types of antigen could stimulate immune but not nonimmune spleen cells to form cytolytic T lymphocytes. The amount of lytic activity obtained with the bead-bound antigen was found to be only dependent upon the amount of H-2 antigen present in the culture and independent of the number of beads.
A Hapten-Specific Ir Gene
Authors: Pelkonen J. L. T. , Kaartinen M. , Karjalainen K. , Mäkelä O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When mice of different strains were immunized with a conjugate of 2-phenyloxazolone (phOx) and chicken serum albumin (CSA), the antibody response was controlled by an Ir gene (Ir-phOx). H-2 alleles d and f were associated with a high response, k and a with an intermediate response, and allele b with a low response. The effect of the Ir gene was clear-cut in anti-carrier antibodies of the primary and the secondary response when the concentrations of anti-carrier antibodies varied between 1 and 350 µg/ml. Anti-hapten antibodies reached a ceiling of ca. 1000 µg/ml that was unaffected by the Ir gene. Before the ceiling was reached, antihapten antibodies were also subject to the control of the Ir-phOx gene.
When the same carrier CSA was coupled with other haptens, BOC-ABA-Tyr or NO2phOx, antibody responses were not under the control of the Ir-phOx gene. This gene is probably responsible for the differences that have been observed earlier in delayed hypersensitivity and antibody responses to skin painting by phOx.
Inhibition of the in Vitro Growth of Plasmodium Falciparum
Authors: Reese Robert T. , Motyl Mary R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sera from Aotus sp. monkeys (karyotypes II, III, and IV) which were immune to Plasmodium falciparum have been used to inhibit the in vitro growth of this human malaria parasite. Culture conditions used for the assays allowed 50- to 100-fold increases in the number of A+ erythrocytes infected in a 96-hr period in control cultures. Although normal monkey serum did not support growth as well as normal human serum, mixtures of normal monkey and human serum were found that did. Compared to such controls, as little as 3.5% immune monkey serum was found to cause approximately 56% inhibition in 4 days (2 replicative cycles). Purified globulin from immune monkeys inhibited 40% at 2 mg/ml and 75% at 7 mg/ml after a single replicative cycle. These data suggest that serum antibody is likely to play a major role in providing Aotus monkeys with protective immunity to P. falciparum.
Two New Recombinant H-2 Haplotypes, One of Which Juxtaposes Kb and Ik Alleles
Authors: Sachs David H. , Arn J. Scott , Hansen Ted H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two new recombinant H-2 haplotypes have been detected and established as congenic resistant lines on the C57BL/10 background. On the basis of serologic testing and immunoprecipitation analyses, the sublocus composition of the first recombinant haplotype, H-2bq1 (B10.MBR) has been shown to be KbIkSkDq, and that of the second recombinant, H-2sq3 (B10.SQR) to be KsIsSsDq. The occurrence of the Kb I-Ak juxtaposition after a recombination between H-2b and H-2m contrasts with the almost uniform failure to observe H-2b/H-2k recombinants in previous studies. This finding and the occurrence of a second recombination event involving the same chromosome soon after the first in our studies may imply that recombination within H-2 is not generally a random event. The B10.MBR line has proved useful in the production of specific anti-H-2Kb and anti-I-Ab antisera previously quite difficult to obtain without contamination by anti-Ia or anti-H-2K antibodies, respectively.
Nonspecific Suppressor Cells in Patients with Chronic Graft-Vs-Host Disease after Marrow Grafting
Authors: Tsoi Mang-So , Storb Rainer , Dobbs Sherrie , Kopecky Kenneth J. , Santos Erlinda , Weiden Paul L. , Thomas E. Donnall 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Forty-four human long-term survivors after marrow transplantation for aplastic anemia or hematologic malignancy were studied for the presence of circulating nonspecific suppressor cells. Twenty-two of the patients were healthy and 22 had mild to moderately severe chronic graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). Patient mononuclear cells (of donor origin) were tested for their ability to suppress the responses of lymphocytes obtained from the respective marrow donors to alloantigens in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) and/or to concanavalin A (Con A). Tests were carried out between 199 and 2393 (median 376) days after transplantation. Cells from only 1 of 22 patients without chronic GVHD showed suppression of donor cell blastogenesis responses. In contrast, cells from 11 of 22 patients with chronic GVHD showed more than 30% suppression of donor cell responses in MLC and/or to Con A. The finding of suppressor cells was not related to the time of testing after grafting nor to immunosuppressive therapy. Nonspecific suppressor activity was abrogated by irradiation with 1600 rads in vitro in five of six cases tested. Nonspecific suppressor cells may be one explanation for the severe combined immunodeficiency and the recurrent infectious complications characteristic of patients with chronic GVHD.
Mobility and Density of AgB, “Ia”, and Fc Receptors on the Surface of Lymphocytes from Young and Old Rats
Authors: Woda Bruce A. , Yguerabide Juan , Feldman Joseph D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Analysis of spleen cell populations from old Lewis rats (&gt;24 months) and from young Lewis rats (3 to 4 months) in a fluorescence-activated cell sorter indicated that with aging there is a loss of brightly stained Ia and Fc receptor- (FcR) positive cells. The density of AgB, Ia, and FcR was diminished on the surface of cells from old rats. The rate of capping of all three membrane proteins was slower on cells from old rats. Colchicine treatment allows capping of AgB with a single ligand only in young rats. Fluorescence photobleach recovery experiments (FPR) show that the fluidity of the lymphocyte membrane from old rats is diminished and the lateral diffusion of AgB is decreased. The colchicine and FPR experiments suggest that the changes in capping in old rats are due to, in part, alterations in membrane fluidity and cytoskeletal function.
Macrophages/Monocytes Require Cell-to-Cell Contact in Order to Regulate the Growth of a Murine Lymphoma Cell Line
Authors: Hewlett Guy , Opitz Hans-Georg , Flad Hans D. , Schlumberger H. Dieter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The mechanism of the macrophage-regulated proliferation of the murine lymphoma cell line FIO 30 has been further investigated. It appears that the macrophage is alone in its ability to support FIO 30 growth; a macrophage-like cell line, however, is unable to provide the stimulus required by the FIO 30 cells for their proliferation. Investigations into the nature of this stimulus indicate that the serum factor pro-MaSF and a macrophage cell surface component act synergistically to support the growth of the FIO 30 cell, but only when the two cell types are in close promixity. MaSF has also been further characterized and is shown to be closely associated with serum albumin.
Macrophage Stimulation by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides
Authors: Doe William F. , Henson P. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peritoneal macrophages from the endotoxin-unresponsive C3H/HeJ substrain of mice were entirely refractory to activation in vitro by protein-free LPS, a defect that was not overcome by co-culture of spleen cells from the responder C3H/St substrain with LPS resistant C3H/HeJ macrophages. The defect in responsiveness appears confined to the lipid A activation signal since C3H/HeJ macrophages were fully activated after in vitro treatment by lipid A protein (LAP)—LPS complex, isolated LAP, and BCG. Moreover, after exposure to allogeneic tumor cells in vivo, C3H/HeJ macrophages were cytotoxic for tumor target cells in vitro. By contrast, macrophages from the responder C3H/St strain were fully activated by protein-free LPS to become cytolytic for tumor cells in vitro. C3H/HeJ macrophages, therefore, exhibit a highly selective defect characterized by unresponsiveness to the lipid A activation signal of protein-free LPS and resistance to the toxic effects of high concentrations of LPS that were lethal to the responder C3H/St strain.
Specific Helper T Cells Permit Differentiation of Thymic Anti-Self-Trinitrophenyl Cytotoxic Precursor Cells
Authors: Cooley Margaret A. , Schmitt-Verhulst Anne-Marie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thymocytes, in contrast to peripheral T cells, were unable to generate significant numbers of anti-self-TNBS cytotoxic T cells in primary in vitro cultures. The addition to such cultures of syngeneic 1000 rad irradiated lymph node or spleen cells from mice sensitized 6 or 7 days previously with trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) permitted the development of an anti-self-TNBS cytotoxic T cell response. This effect was shown to be T-dependent since it was largely abolished by anti-Thy 1 plus complement and was present in nylon-wool column purified T cells.
The lymph node cells act as specific helper cells in that a) they must be restimulated in vitro by the priming antigen and b) they do not take part in the lytic phase of the response. The specificity of the helper effect is further indicated a) by the lack of help from nonsensitized lymph node cells and b) by absence of an enhanced helper effect for thymic anti-allogeneic or anti-allogeneic-TNBS responses in the presence of specific T helper cells for the anti-self-TNBS response.
Analysis of the thymocyte subpopulation able to provide precursor cells was approached by separating thymocytes into a “medullary-like” minor, peanut-lectin-agglutinable (PNA-) fraction and a “cortical-like” major, peanut-lectin-agglutinable (PNA+) fraction. It was found that the PNA- fraction was enriched in thymocytes able to mount an autonomous anti-self-TNBS cytotoxic response, whereas the PNA+ population was totally unable to generate anti-self-TNBS effector cells in the absence of helper cells. The presence of helper cells from TNCB-painted mice permitted differentiation of anti-self-TNBS cytotoxic precursor cells from the PNA+ thymocyte cultures and enhanced the level of cytotoxic cells generated in PNA- thymocyte cultures.
Inhibition of Specific Immune Responses by Feeding Protein Antigens
Authors: Hanson Donald G. , Vaz Nelson M. , Maia Luiz C. S. , Lynch James M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Single and multiple intragastric feedings of ovalbumin (OVA) to high-responder BDF1 mice resulted in virtually complete unresponsiveness to later parenteral immunization with OVA in Al(OH)3 adjuvant, as indicated by antibody titers in Farr assays and in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) assays for IgE antibodies. Repeated feedings of partially tolerizing doses of antigen had a cumulative inhibitory effect on subsequent responsiveness. Slight increases in primary antigen binding were detected in the serum of antigen-fed mice not given parenteral immunization, although rates of clearance of radiolabeled OVA from the blood were similar in normal and tolerant animals. Serum recovered from tolerant mice 7 or 14 days after feeding did not inhibit antibody responses of normal recipients. Responsiveness of normal or OVA-primed syngeneic spleen cells was substantially reduced upon transfer into recipients that were previously fed OVA, when compared with transfer into saline-fed recipients. The differences in responsiveness of lymphocytes transferred into OVA- and saline-fed mice were completely eliminated by irradiation (850 R) of the recipient animals either 7 or 20 days after feeding and immediately before the transfer.
The results indicated that the state of tolerance after ingestion of OVA is actively maintained, but did not support the hypothesized mediation of this tolerance by orally induced antibodies or serum factors that have been associated with unresponsiveness to ingested antigens in similar experimental systems.
Mechanisms of C-Type Viral Leukemogenesis
Authors: Lee John C. , Ihle James N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Various inbred strains of mice respond immunologically to genetically transmitted ecotropic C-type viruses. Part of this response is T cell blastogenesis with type specificity for the viral envelope glycoprotein gp71. Of those nonviremic, nonleukemic strains, and F1 crosses examined, in which virus expression occurs early in life, gp71-specific blastogenic T cells were detected within the first 2 months of age and temporally preceded the development of a humoral immune response. However, in the viremic, highly leukemic strain of AKR mice, gp71-specific T cell blastogenesis in vitro was readily detectable throughout the preleukemic phase, the first 5 months of age. In appropriate F1 crosses and backcrosses, the persistent in vitro blastogenic response segregated with viremia and leukemia. These data suggest that in vivo T cell stimulation by endogenous viral gp71, caused by viremia, may contribute to virus-induced leukemogenesis in mice.
Translocation of Dimeric IgA through Neoplastic Colon Cells in Vitro
Authors: Nagura Hiroshi , Nakane Paul K. , Brown William R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We studied the translocation of dimeric IgA across epithelium, using neoplastic human colon cells in culture as a source of epithelial cells, and immunoelectronmicroscopy with peroxidase-labeled antigens and antibodies. The cells had some of the ultrastructural characteristics of normal, mature epithelial cells, i.e., polarity, desmosomal junctions, and secretory component on their basal and lateral plasma membranes. Horseradish peroxidase-labeled dimeric IgA, exposed to the cells at 0°C, bound selectively to secretory component on the cell surfaces. At 37°C, the bound dimeric IgA was taken into the cells by endocytosis and transported apically through the cytoplasm in vesicles. After 30 min, IgA was discharged across the apical surface. Neither colchicine (10-4 M) nor cytochalasin B (10-5 M) interfered with binding or endocytosis of dimeric IgA, but colchicine inhibited intracellular transport of the IgA-containing vesicles.
These experiments demonstrated that dimeric IgA can be transported through living intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. The transport includes 1) specific binding of IgA dimers to secretory component on plasma membranes, 2) endocytosis of IgA in vesicles, 3) transcytoplasmic transport of the IgA-containing vesicles by a process involving microtubules, and 4) discharge of IgA at the apical surfaces.
Cell-Mediated Immunity in Interstitial Nephritis
Authors: Neilson Eric G. , Phillips S. Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present studies investigate the effector role of lymphocytes in guinea pigs with an interstitial nephritis. Several observations were made relative to a number of functions expressed by these cells. The results of adoptive cell migration studies suggest that a subpopulation of T cells in nephritic animals traffic renotropically to either normal or damaged kidneys on transfer. Similar lymphocytes were also tested in vitro for direct effector function by utilizing target kidney cell monolayers in a cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay. The kinetics of the observed cytotoxic response were studied over the life span of nephritic animals. Optimal target-cell lysis occurred 12 to 17 days after sensitization, simultaneous with the onset of active histopathologic changes. The cytotoxicity was stoichiometrically titratable and relatively specific for fetal kidney tissue. In addition, cells from the spleen or lymph nodes of diseased animals effectively suppressed this cytotoxic response. These findings demonstrate that a diverse population of T lymphocytes are both capable of damaging the renal interstitium as well as modulating effector-cell functions on a regional basis with the immune system.
Purification and Properties of Human B Cell-Activating Factor
Authors: Wood David D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human monocytes, when appropriately stimulated in vitro, release into the culture medium a factor (BAF) that stimulates the IgM response of T-depleted murine splenocytes to heterologous erythrocytes. The behavior of this factor on gel filtration, isoelectric focusing, ion exchange chromatography, and isopycnic centrifugation was studied. BAF appears to be a molecule of 15,000 daltons, pI 6.5, 1.33 g/ml with low solubility at low ionic strength. It is stable to acid, mild heating, and long-term storage. Activity is lost in alkali or by boiling. Papain may reduce BAF activity slightly, whereas trypsin and chymotrypsin have no significant effect. These properties are similar to those of other monokines reported to have a similar m.w.