bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neither Waif nor Stray
Authors: Soares Claudia 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Several children’s charities enabled ‘adoption’ throughout the later decades of the nineteenth century, and these agencies expected relatives to relinquish all their rights to children in care. These adoptions could be highly contested: relatives might be unclear about their rights, while child rescue organizations sometimes implemented controversial methods to undermine parental rights. This has meant that once children entered the institution, biological relatives often became passive agents in the study of the operations of such institutions. This chapter examines the scattered letters that relatives wrote to the institution, and to their children, in their attempts to influence, negotiate, challenge, and control the types of care their children received and the futures they were likely to have. In doing so, the chapter demonstrates that parents of children under the WSS were often acutely aware of their rights, and that they were active agents in exercising these rights or exerting their influence over children’s care. In exploring the responses to such requests, the chapter also demonstrates how the Society’s agents attempted to negotiate and challenge these appeals in turn. It reveals the often complex and drawn-out collaboration and contestation between welfare recipients and providers in their journey to agreement and resolution, and the various contractual points and practices at which these tensions tended to coalesce. The voice and agency of family members—marginalized and rarely heard individuals—are significant themes addressed in this chapter, resulting in welfare recipients’ attitudes and responses to care practices being positioned centrally.
Love and Immortality in The Velveteen Rabbit and “The Little Mermaid”
Authors: Guroian Vigen 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter notes how Margery Williams’s book The Velveteen Rabbit and Hans Christian Andersen’s story “The Little Mermaid” addressed children’s curiosity regarding immortality. Andersen puts the theme of romantic love to the service of his allegory, having romantic love be the reason governing the Little Mermaid’s decisions and undertakings. This allegory encouraged readers to contemplate the mermaid’s fate as a commentary on love and immortality. Margery Williams’s narrative evokes allegorical interpretation as well, and here love encourages the heart’s desire for immortality. Williams also introduced various concepts of realness, such as being loved and having a sense of “I.”
Empirical Psychology
Authors: Gabriel Rami 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the origins of psychology’s predominant use as an empirical science to understand its epistemological position relative to philosophy, religion, and the human and natural sciences. This includes an evaluation of the early stages of the institutionalization of the field in the German, American, and Russian contexts in which they developed. This chapter prepares the way for a consideration of the pragmatic use of metaphors employed in empirical psychology (Chapter 2), and the current state of the field (Chapter 3).
The Discursive Uses of Psychology
Authors: Gabriel Rami 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Psychodynamic approaches were invented in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a technology to treat pathology. At their core is the concept of the individual, with her life history, drives, and agency. The liberal subject assumed in this discursive use of psychology is a product of Enlightenment humanism. An exploration of individualism in psychodynamic approaches serves to continue the project of sketching an interdisciplinary multilevel psychology. Discursive modes of psychology have also been used to provide an interpretative lens by which to decipher cultural products as text. The second section of the chapter explores the liberatory potential of discursive uses of psychology as self-knowledge in postcolonial encounters in India, Egypt, Ghana, and in the work of Frantz Fanon. These case studies illustrate the epistemic constraints of cultural context on uses of psychology.
Art and Reflexivity
Authors: Gabriel Rami 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Art is a form of discursive self-knowledge that equips us with a motivated understanding of ourselves in the world. The author puts forward a theory about how knowledge gained through art is mediated through affective systems, direct perception, and the imagination. This chapter describes how art and the humanities are creative uses of psychology that furnish us with reflexive knowledge such as contextual modes of reflection and coping in a range of expressive formats. They accomplish this through engendering mimetic and transcendent experiences that are both analogical and discursive. Examples are drawn from mimetic arts, such as drama and literature, and arts of immanence, such as music and cinema.
Musical Paradoxes
Authors: Latour Melinda 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter unpacks the themes of paradox and contradiction within the Stoic-inflected moral song corpus, from the pithy paraphrase settings of the Paradoxa Stoicorum included in Boni’s and L’Estocart’s Quatrains to the rhetoric of contradiction structuring the poetic, visual, and musical Octonaires. These sonic and emblematic expressions offer sophisticated engagement with the Stoic consolatory techniques recommended for eliminating destructive emotions and finding inner freedom and constancy. By exploiting the artistic tensions embedded in musical and visual practices, these materials dramatize the Stoic advice to focus on what is always in our power—that is the ability to cultivate virtue regardless of the inconstancy of worldly fortune.
Peerless among Princes
Authors: Şahin Kaya 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Süleyman ruled over the Ottoman Empire between 1520 and 1566. His domain extended from Hungary to Iran, and from the Crimea to North Africa and the Indian Ocean. The wealth of his treasury and the strength of his armies dazzled historians, poets, courtiers, diplomats, and publics across Eurasia. Süleyman fought with the Catholic Habsburgs in Europe and the Shiite Safavids in the Middle East, while presiding over a multilinguistic and multireligious empire. During his reign, imperial governance expanded considerably, and the law was emphasized as the main bond between ruler and subject. Süleyman’s prolific poetic output, his frequent appearances during public ceremonies, his charity, and his patronage of arts and architecture enhanced his reputation as a universal ruler who promised peace and prosperity to his subjects. Behind this public façade, Süleyman led a complicated life. He grew up with an overbearing father whose legacy was both an advantage and a burden. Defying established practice, he married a concubine named Hürrem whose love and affection became a true refuge. In old age, he had to overcome both debilitating sickness and the agitations of his sons to remain on the throne. Nearly half a millennium after his death, the life of Süleyman has been obscured by romanticized and exoticized narratives. Based on original sources in multiple languages, Peerless among Princes narrates Süleyman’s achievements as well as his failures. What emerges is a compelling account of a ruler, his family, his close associates, and the Ottoman imperial project during the transformational sixteenth century.
Ascent: The First Years on the Throne, 1520–25
Authors: Şahin Kaya 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the absence of any male relatives to contest his accession, Süleyman reached the Ottoman throne without hindrance at his father’s death in 1520 and moved to Constantinople. At the time of his accession, he was largely unknown to large sections of the military-political elite, had not commanded any forces on the battlefield, and did not have his own clique within the ruling circles. His first step in establishing a reputation was to promote himself as a just ruler, a virtue his father was not necessarily known for. His second step was to direct Ottoman armies toward targets his father had ignored: the Hungarian kingdom, and the Order of St. John and their island stronghold of Rhodes. His third step was to raise a household servant named İbrahim to the highest rank, the grand vizierate. This is also the time when he began a lifelong relationship with a concubine named Hürrem.
Growth: A New Imperial Vision, 1525–33
Authors: Şahin Kaya 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
With the help of İbrahim, Süleyman began to experiment with new political and religious notions. These brought together central Asian and Islamic elements, such as the ideal of a universal ruler born under an auspicious conjunction of the stars, with European/Christian concepts, such as the Last Roman Emperor. Süleyman increasingly presented himself as a messianic figure who would unite east and west, Islam and Christianity, under a single mantle. He actively competed with the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and his brother Ferdinand not only over the control of east-central Europe and the Mediterranean, but also over Charles’ title of Holy Roman Emperor, arguing that Süleyman was the one and true emperor on earth. During this period, Süleyman defeated the Hungarian king Louis II on the battlefield in 1526 and supported John Szapolyai as the new ruler of a truncated Hungarian kingdom. His armies laid siege to Vienna and organized devastating raids in central Europe.
Maturation: The Middle Years, 1533–53
Authors: Şahin Kaya 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Ottoman military ventures became even more prominent in this period, with large-scale campaigns against the Safavids, clashes in east-central Europe, a stronger naval presence in the Mediterranean, and engagements in the Indian Ocean. The bureaucratic apparatus was further extended to ensure the ruler’s control over the resources. In addition, there were significant attempts at harmonizing the Sharia with dynastic law (kanun). There was an increasing emphasis on justice, both as a tool of empire management, and as a universalist political ideal that demanded loyalty from the empire’s subjects in return for peace and prosperity. While İbrahim was executed on Süleyman’s orders in 1536, the sultan found other collaborators who helped him manage the realm, notably his son-in-law Rüstem. Süleyman and Hürrem began creating their first large-scale charitable works in this period, already mindful of their legacies. The first signs of Süleyman’s illness also started manifesting themselves in the 1540s.
Old Age: The Final Years, 1553–66
Authors: Şahin Kaya 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Süleyman spent the last years of his life struggling with health problems and the troubles caused by his sons. One, a prince recognized as heir apparent by many in Ottoman society, was executed. Another died of sickness; one of the remaining two rebelled, was defeated, and escaped to Iran, where he was eventually executed. This was also a time when Süleyman carefully worked to establish a specific legacy. His emphasis on religious rectitude and cultural achievement was reflected in a large mosque complex that opened to the public in 1557. He also commissioned an illustrated history of his time as sultan, in which the events of his reign and the details of the imperial edifice he created were monumentalized through text and image. Old and sick, he still felt he needed to perform the requirements of sovereignty as he left Constantinople for a campaign in central Europe in 1566. He died there, of natural causes; his corpse was brought back to the capital and buried next to the mosque carrying his name.
Sentencing and Algorithmic Transparency
Authors: Ryberg Jesper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Algorithmic transparency has received much attention in the current debate on the use of AI in sentencing. Concern has been expressed that the introduction or increased use of algorithms in the sentencing process may challenge the scrutability of and insight into the decision-making. However, there is a striking contrast between the repeated emphasis on the alleged challenge of algorithmic opacity and the lack of elaborate attempts at answering precisely what this challenge consists of. Drawing on the traditional discussion of the importance of judicial reason-giving, this chapter examines various reasons as to why and with regard to what algorithmic transparency may be morally important. It is argued that adherence to openness in the form of judicial reason-giving does not necessarily commit one to a view with regard to algorithmic transparency. Furthermore, even though there are strong reasons in favor of algorithmic transparency, the field still suffers from a lack of empirical research.
Algorithmic Sentencing
Authors: Zerilli John 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Researchers in the field of “human factors” have long been aware that when humans devolve certain of their functions to technology, the transfer from human to machine can restructure more than the division of labor between them: humans’ perceptions of themselves and their abilities may also change. Such findings are relevant to the use of algorithmic and data-driven technologies, but whether they hold up in the specific context of recidivism risk assessment is only beginning to be considered. This chapter describes and analyzes some pertinent human factors results, and assesses the extent to which they pose a problem for the use of algorithms in the sentencing of offenders. While the findings from human factors research are themselves robust, they do not seem to translate neatly to the judicial sphere. The incentives, objectives, and ideologies of sentencing judges appear to upset the usual pattern of results seen in many other domains of human factors research.
“I Saw What They Were Hiring”
Authors: Donovan Ryan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A Chorus Line cemented the changed role of the dance ensemble in Broadway musicals and had profound impacts not just on the creation and dramaturgy of musicals but also on their economics and their aesthetics, all of which came to bear on casting and the rise of the triple-threat performer as the new paradigm for Broadway performers. This chapter opens by historicizing the shifts from separate choruses of singers and dancers to ensembles full of triple-threats. It then details A Chorus Line’s origins and its treatment of identity, where the show broke new ground in terms of representation with its text emerging from the dancers’ life stories. These life stories eventually had to be recast in other performers’ bodies, though. Much ink has been spilled on the show’s genesis and development in the first workshop process, but there has been less focus on keeping A Chorus Line going from 1975 to 1990 on Broadway and since then—and what this meant for Broadway writ large. Finally, this chapter argues that while A Chorus Line’s success was a love letter to Broadway dancers, it came with a cost: the musical that was supposed to individuate dancers ended up making them even more interchangeable than before.
Epilogue: Recasting Broadway
Authors: Donovan Ryan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Broadway’s body politics have reliably—and visibly—played their role in US theatre’s biggest stages and its economic seat. If the histories presented in this book demonstrate Broadway’s ambivalent embrace of nonconforming bodies, then moving forward Broadway must re-evaluate how it approaches all bodies—not only those that do not conform. As this book has demonstrated, aesthetic decisions on Broadway are always economic and political ones, too. The epilogue turns not to Broadway itself per se, but to those who are helping reshape a more inclusive industry often from the outside in through various modes of activism and advocacy. Inclusive casting is working its way to Broadway from regional theatre.
For Stability
Authors: Brennan Jason 
Published: February 2023

AbstractPhilosophers and political theorists today tend to say that justice is the first virtue of institutions, but historically, theorists thought the first virtue was to secure the peace and prevent mutual violence. This chapter reviews why theorists have argued that democracy tends to promote stability and peace. Aristotle argued that constitutional governments tend to have the least variance in the quality of their decision-making and tended to promote stability through inclusion. Machiavelli thought republics could reduce class-based conflict. Hamilton and Madison argued that a properly designed constitution could reduce internal interest-based factions. Kant argued that democracies would not wish to make war against each other. De Tocqueville argued that democracy induces citizens to respect the law, which reduces conflict. The chapter ends by examining recent empirical work on the perpetual peace thesis.
Against Virtue
Authors: Brennan Jason 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis chapter considers and reviews arguments and evidence that democracy corrupts citizens’ intellectual and moral character. It also considers challenges to the idea that a purpose of government should be to improve our character. Plato argues that democracy’s egalitarianism leads to populist disdain for wisdom, evidence, and superior knowledge. Augustine argues that politics should have limited goals in establishing peace and that the secular state—even if intertwined with religion—cannot produce virtue. Nietzsche argues that democracy elevates shared pity to the highest moral virtue and enshrines victimhood at the expense of human excellence. The chapter ends by considering at length the theory of rational irrationality; that is, citizens engaged in unscientific, biased, motivated, and non-truth-tracking reasoning processes because their individual votes do not matter.
Against Liberty
Authors: Brennan Jason 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis chapter considers arguments that are skeptical about attempts to identify democracy with liberty. David Hume argues that democracy does not rest upon the consent of the governed and that social contract theories are ahistorical fictions. Spooner argues that democracy creates a system of bosses and that voting does not signify consent. Schmitt argues that, in fact, democracy is not the rule of the people as a whole, but always the rule of some people over others, including particular bureaucrats or politicians who make decisions that override what the majority or others want. Nozick argues that democracy replaces the one-headed master of monarchy or slavery with a many-headed master. The chapter ends by discussing contemporary theorizing about the power of a single vote and what this means about citizens’ freedom.
For Equality
Authors: Brennan Jason 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis chapter considers arguments and evidence in favor of the view that democracy has a special relationship with equality. First, it considers empirical evidence that the concept of the rule of law appeared simultaneously as governments moved toward more popular rule and political equality. Rousseau argues that unequal wealth can subvert political equality, though he does not thereby defend socialism or complete economic egalitarianism. Rawls argues that self-respect depends upon political equality. Christiano argues that undemocratic systems are unjust because they express that some people matter more than others. The demographic objection to epistocracy holds that attempts to weigh or control votes by competence will lead to ethnic majorities having higher status and power than ethnic minorities.
Introduction
Authors: Powell Sean Robert 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter positions the author in relation to the ideology of competition in school music; provides a precise definition for “competition,” an overview of the music education research literature on competition, and a discussion of the use of critical theory and philosophy; and unpacks the concept of ideology. The research reviewed shows that competition provides an inequitable framework and an invalid method to evaluate the quality of music education. Critical theory and philosophy are offered as valuable tools for understanding and critiquing the competitive music education system. The strategy of ideology critique is introduced as the structuring frame of the book.
Contingency | Agency | Act
Authors: Powell Sean Robert 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that the key to escaping the grip of ideology is to see our current social structure not as necessary, natural, or inevitable (a form of realism) but as contingent. Ideology structures the coordinates of our reality in such a way that the contingent conditions of competition seem necessary—that there is no alternative—when other ways of structuring our social world are possible. The current structure of music education is a result of a historical process—a string of decisions that human beings made over time. The competitive school music structure was not foisted upon us by the universe in an irresistible burst. Our current conditions are a result of successive acts of human agency that people enacted over time. The chapter further contends that teacher agency is the key to structural change in music education—change that shifts the coordinates of what is accepted, valued, and even possible in music classrooms. Finally the chapter discusses the Act. We can consider an Act in juxtaposition to Contu’s conception of “decaf resistance.” While decaf resistance involves no risk—it is a shallow, symbolic resistance that seeks to maintain self-security—the Act is a Real action that necessarily involves risk. It is an upending of the current conditions and an installation of new coordinates of thinking and action. Although the success of the Act cannot be known beforehand, it is necessary if music educators hope to enact substantial, large-scale change.
Self-Defeating Self-Governance
Authors: Andreou Chrisoula 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
There is a strict sense of self-defeating behavior according to which the self that is defeated and the self doing the defeating are one and the same; in particular, the values that the self identifies with are defeated even though nothing “alien” is guiding the self. The possibility of informed self-defeating self-governance is puzzling if one abstracts away from cyclic and incomplete preferences. This chapter reveals the connections between cyclic preferences, incomplete preferences, and informed self-defeating self-governance. In short, the self-defeating patterns of choice that agents with cyclic and incomplete preferences must guard against are not to be explained in terms of the self losing control over behavior but as instances of informed self-defeating self-governance.
Instrumental Rationality Revamped
Authors: Andreou Chrisoula 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter raises and solves a puzzle regarding instrumental rationality and the possibility of rationally cyclic preferences. The puzzle is associated with making sense of the idea that, in cases involving rationally cyclic preferences, instrumental rationality sometimes calls for showing restraint so as to avoid realizing a self-defeating pattern of choice. The solution provided involves distinguishing between relational subjective appraisal responses and categorial subjective appraisal responses, and arguing that, while instrumental rationality is standardly understood as accountable to only relational subjective appraisal responses, it is also accountable to categorial subjective appraisal responses. The last section of the chapter raises and solves a related puzzle regarding the money-pump argument. The solution appeals to the idea that rationality requires one to avoid any alternative that is exactly the same as some other available alternative except for one disadvantageous difference.