bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Challenges
Authors: Adams M. , De Ruysscher D. , Groenleer M. L. P. , Leenknegt G. , van der Schyff G. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe 21st century may safely be called the ‘urban era’. The year 2007 marked the moment when for the first time in modern history, over 50% of the world’s population lived in urban areas. By the year 2050 almost 70% of humanity is projected to be urban, i.e., a human settlement with usually a high population density and an infrastructure of built environment. While the role of large cities, metropolitan areas and urban regions has been increasing, the political domain of the states, of which these cities or regions constitutionally form part, seems to be continuously shrinking. And although the rise of the urban is unlikely to lead to the disappearance of the sovereign-state model, the idea of states as having final authority is seriously challenged. This is caused by at least two simultaneously occurring trends: the transfer of tasks and responsibilities upwards, to the international and supranational level, through processes of globalization and a development downwards, to the local and regional level (or even the neighborhood or district), through processes of decentralization and regionalization. These combined trends have been called glocalization, a process exemplary for the complexity of modern society, in which authority shifts from hierarchy to networks, and the autonomy and unity of the central and sovereign state are under pressure. This special issue is the fruit of a workshop organized at Tilburg Law School on 25 November 2022, dedicated to the exploration of several constitutional and rule of law challenges posed by what we have dubbed urban constitutionalism.
Effect of water on the rock strength and creep behavior of green mudstone
Authors: Li Jinduo , Gao Yuan , Yang Tianhong , Zhang Penghai , Deng Wenxue , Liu Feiyue 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe weakening of rock mass after immersion substantially affects slope stability. Considering the mudstone in the north slope of the Fushun West Open pit as the research object, we investigated the failure and creep characteristics of mudstone under different immersion times and confining pressures. For this, we used a self-developed experimental apparatus that applies biaxial compression loading in a water immersion environment. Water significantly changed the strength and failure mode of the mudstone. The increase in confining pressure limits the expansion of the crack aperture, reduces the rock strength-weakening coefficient, and delays the rock weakening time. The change in cohesion is primarily responsible for the weakening of shear strength during immersion. Based on the creep test results, the creep curve of the soaking specimen was identical to that of the dry specimen in the initial phase. The weakening effect of water on the specimen increased as the soaking duration increased, due to which the creep curve of the soaking specimen gradually approached that of the saturated specimen. Water entered the microcracks and reacted with the rock interior, accelerating rock failure. Consequently, the soaking specimen had the lowest stress level for creep failure and the shortest failure time. The results of this experiment provide a reference for the long-term stability of the flooded slope.
The Discipline of Dress: Uniform Buttons and Accoutrements of the Native Mounted Police in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Grguric Nic , Burke Heather , Wallis Lynley A. , Cole Noelene , Barker Bryce , Hatte Elizabeth 
Published: July 2023

AbstractClothing is capable of providing a range of insights into aspects of identity, authority, power, and hierarchy. Here we present the results of an analysis of an assemblage of uniform buttons and accoutrements from seven 19th-century Native Mounted Police (NMP) camps in Queensland, Australia. As part of wider colonial structures of discipline and expropriation, the NMP uniform was a powerful symbol of control: over troopers’ bodies, over NMP detachments by officers, and over “wild” and “savage” Indigenous peoples by the NMP. Exploring the history and development of the NMP uniform, its intent in constructing officers and particularly troopers, the indexical qualities it acquired as a symbol of violence and fear amongst Indigenous people, and some of the alternative ways in which uniforms could be worn provides a variety of insights into the role, nature, and experience of the Queensland NMP.
Estimation of Particle Emission Rates and Calculation of Human Dose from Arc Welding and Cutting of Stainless Steel in a Simulated Confined Workspace
Authors: Serfozo Norbert , Lazaridis Mihalis 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe objective of this study was to estimate the particle emission rates, human dose and retention from two arc welding processes and cutting of stainless steel. The two arc welding processes were Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) and Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG). In a simulated confined workspace of experimental chamber under controlled conditions, four different scenarios were considered, including the use of filtering face piece respirator (FFR), leaving or staying in the workspace after the emission. Deposited and retained dose in the respiratory tract was assessed for the different regions of the human respiratory tract using a dosimetry model (ExDoM2). The three investigated processes generated high particle number concentrations ranging from 2.4 to 3.6 × 106 particles/cm3 and were the highest during TIG. Among all three processes, PM10 concentrations from cutting reached the highest levels [11 and 22 (× 103) μg/m3], while SMAW had the highest contribution of fine particles [~ 4.1 (× 103) μg/m3], consisting mostly of PM1–2.5. The examination of different scenarios revealed that there is only a slight difference in respect to deposited dose while staying in the workspace for the entire investigated time period (4 h) with or without use of Filtering Facepiece Respirator (FFR). It would be more beneficial in respect to deposited dose if the exposed subject was not wearing a FFR during the emission process and would leave the polluted workspace immediately after the emission period. In the first two scenarios (staying 4 h in the polluted workspace with and without FFR), both welding processes had higher cumulative deposited (~ 23%) and retained dose (~ 20%) in thoracic region compared to cutting (~ 9% and ~ 7%). These results demonstrate that even a short emission period can cause a considerable increase in concentrations of harmful respirable particles, thus increasing the human dose. The approach applied in this study could be used for the determination of personal exposure and dose to particles of known composition particularly in confined workspaces.
Waste Management in Nepal: Characterization and Challenges to Promote a Circular Economy
Authors: Labra Cataldo Nicolás , Oyinlola Muyiwa , Sigdel Samip , Nguyen Dori , Gallego-Schmid Alejandro 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIn Nepal, the informal sector is responsible for treating 15% of household waste. It is the only alternative to landfilling and open disposal; however, the current waste management system does not acknowledge informal recyclers aggravating various challenges and vulnerabilities that the sector already faces. This study identifies and validates for the first time the challenges of the informal waste sector while providing a granular understanding of the actors that shape waste management in the region. The study uses primary data collected over a period of 6 months in Kathmandu and Lalitpur, the first and third most populated areas in Nepal. The methods considered were semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, and a co-creation workshop with formal and informal actors. A novel characterization of waste management actors was conducted to identify two profiles namely cyclists and scavengers and question the formality of the collection centres. Findings suggest that the price volatility of recycled materials and the lack of treatment and absence of regulatory capacity are among the main challenges in promoting a circular economy from the informal sector. The recommendations to overcome these challenges are a series of policy reforms, such as an extended responsibility producer scheme and the review of the tax on recycled material transport. The main policy implication from the finding reveals that circular economy is already being promoted by the informal sector — a responsibility that should fall under the remit of the regional and national governments. The study concludes that integration is not only necessary to improve the conditions of informal workers but essential to developing a circular economy in Nepal.
Order of Power in China’s Courts
Authors: Li Ling 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis article presents a theory of the order of power to explain the dynamics and interaction between the political and legal orders in China’s courts. This theory posits that the political order is embodied in the extensive administrative ranking system (ARS) of the People’s Republic of China and has a systematic impact on the legal order regardless of the subject matter. The ARS is a system that regulates power relations between various institutional and personal actors in all key power fields, including courts. According to this theory, power, as stratified by the ARS, relativizes law during the processes of legal implementation, application, and enforcement. This theory provides a coherent explanation of judicial behavioural patterns in different subject matters, such as the centralization of criminal investigations in some crimes but not others, the distribution of corruption in China’s courts, and the outcome patterns of administrative litigation. Whilst the conventional wisdom sees that the political and the legal orders in China’s courts are partitioned based on the subject matter, this theory asserts the opposite: the impact of the political order is systemic, comprehensive, and applicable to the entire legal field. This article fills a knowledge gap in Chinese law and politics, where the ARS has received little attention except for recent studies on administrative litigation. The article also identifies two overlooked but distinctive features of the ARS—its multidimensionality and interconnectivity—our understanding of which is disproportionately poor in relation to their significance.
Postarrest Neuroprognostication: Practices and Opinions of Canadian Physicians
Authors: Bencsik Caralyn M. , Kramer Andreas H. , Couillard Philippe , MacKay Maarit , Kromm Julie A. 
Published: July 2023

ABSTRACTBackground:Objective, evidence-based neuroprognostication of postarrest patients is crucial to avoid inappropriate withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies or prolonged, invasive, and costly therapies that could perpetuate suffering when there is no chance of an acceptable recovery. Postarrest prognostication guidelines exist; however, guideline adherence and practice variability are unknown.Objective:To investigate Canadian practices and opinions regarding assessment of neurological prognosis in postarrest patients.Methods:An anonymous electronic survey was distributed to physicians who care for adult postarrest patients.Results:Of the 134 physicians who responded to the survey, 63% had no institutional protocols for neuroprognostication. While the use of targeted temperature management did not affect the timing of neuroprognostication, an increasing number of clinical findings suggestive of a poor prognosis affected the timing of when physicians were comfortable concluding patients had a poor prognosis. Variability existed in what factors clinicians’ thought were confounders. Physicians identified bilaterally absent pupillary light reflexes (85%), bilaterally absent corneal reflexes (80%), and status myoclonus (75%) as useful in determining poor prognosis. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and spot electroencephalography were the most useful and accessible tests. Somatosensory evoked potentials were useful, but logistically challenging. Serum biomarkers were unavailable at most centers. Most (79%) physicians agreed ≥2 definitive findings on neurologic exam, electrophysiologic tests, neuroimaging, and/or biomarkers are required to determine a poor prognosis with a high degree of certainty. Distress during the process of neuroprognostication was reported by 70% of physicians and 51% request a second opinion from an external expert.Conclusion:Significant variability exists in post-cardiac arrest neuroprognostication practices among Canadian physicians.
Assessing Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of Medical Students Toward Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Medicine in Singapore
Authors: Cheng Seow Shuen Nicole Rachel , Ng Shen You Jonathan , Ong Kim Yao , Loi Zhi Kuan Kenneth , Lei Yu Xian , Wong Xiang Yi , Quah Li Juan Joy 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Objective:
Despite rising incidences of global disasters, basic principles of disaster medicine training are barely taught in Singapore’s 3 medical schools. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current levels of emergency preparedness, attitudes, and perceptions of disaster medicine education among medical students in Singapore.

Methods:
The Emergency Preparedness Information Questionnaire (EPIQ) was provided to enrolled medical students in Singapore by means of an online form, from March 6, 2020, to February 20, 2021. A total of 635 (25.7%) responses were collated and analyzed.

Results:
Mean score for overall familiarity was low, at 1.50 ± 0.74, on a Likert scale of 1 for not familiar to 5 for very familiar. A total of 90.6% of students think that disaster medicine is an important facet of the curriculum, and 93.1% agree that training should be provided for medical students. Although 77.3% of respondents believe that they are unable to contribute to a disaster scenario currently, 92.8% believe that they will be able to contribute with formal training.

Conclusions:
Despite low levels of emergency preparedness knowledge, the majority of medical students in Singapore are keen for adaptation of disaster medicine into the current curriculum to be able to contribute more effectively. This can arm future health-care professionals with the confidence to respond to any potential emergency.
Atrioventricular conduction recovery immediately after the re-operation in a repaired CHD patient
Authors: Nakayama Yuki , Horimoto Yoshihiko , Shinkawa Takeshi 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis is a case of a 2.7-year-old girl with trisomy 21 and double outlet right ventricle who underwent epicardial pacemaker system placement for a surgical atrioventricular block and achieved atrioventricular conduction recovery immediately after residual ventricular septal defect closure. Although ventricular pacing ratio was 100% before re-operation, it declined to approximately 25% on the 6th post-operative day and was <1% 3 years after re-operation.
Effects of childhood obesity on myocardial performance, autonomic and conduction properties of the heart
Authors: Kocabaş Abdullah , Çağlak Elifnur , Turan Özlem , Özdemir Gökmen , Yıldırım-Baştuhan Işıl , Tamburacı Diyar Z. , Öztürk-Gömeç Burcu T. , Türkkahraman Doğa 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBackground:Childhood obesity tends to persist into adulthood and associated with increase in developing ischemic and non-ischemic cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to evaluate the effect of obesity on cardiac functions, atrial electromechanical coupling, and heart rate response, which are considered to be predictors of atrial fibrillation and sudden cardiac arrest.Methods:Study population included 52 obese children and 52 healthy controls. We performed 12-lead electrocardiography, echocardiographic examination, and treadmill exercise testing. Mitral, septal, and tricuspid segments were analysed by tissue Doppler imaging.Results:Myocardial performance index (p = 0.011, p < 0.001, and p = 0.001, respectively) was higher and E'/A' ratio (p = 0.011, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively) was lower in obese group than controls. Atrial electromechanical coupling was longer in the obese group at all three segments (p < 0.001, p = 0.009, and p = 0.04, respectively). They had significantly longer interatrial (p < 0.001) and intra-atrial (p = 0.003) electromechanical conduction delay. While chronotropic index was similar between two groups, heart rate reserve was lower in obese children than controls (p = 0.043). The 1st- and 2nd-minute heart rate recovery indices of the obese group were lower compared to controls (p < 0.001 and p = 0.03, respectively). Body mass index was positively correlated with intra- and inter-atrial conduction times, whereas it was negatively correlated with heart rate recovery indices.Conclusion:We showed a deterioration in the diastolic function, atrial conduction, and heart rate response properties in children with obesity. Given the prognostic importance of these parameters, obese patients are might be at risk for atrial fibrillation and severe dysrhythmias from a young age.
Impact of Reservoirs on Local Precipitation‐Temperature Coupling Relationships
Authors: Li Jiaxian , Zhang Shulei , Obulkasim Omarjan , Lu Xingjie , Wei Zhongwang , Yuan Hua , Li Lu , Zeng Jianxin , Yang Dawen , Dai Yongjiu 
Published: July 2023

AbstractReservoirs are an essential part of modern society, serving a variety of critical functions while exerting an uncertain and debatable impact on the surrounding climate and environment. The precipitation‐temperature coupling relationship and the associated compound extreme events are critical climatic factors for humans and ecosystems, but how reservoirs would affect these factors is unknown. Here, we found that sites near reservoirs had higher sensitivity of precipitation extremes to temperature increases, as well as an increased frequency of compound precipitation‐temperature extreme events, based on a global‐scale analysis of reservoir and meteorological observations and a paired comparison approach. Additionally, these reservoir climate effects are closely correlated with reservoir size and are more pronounced in warm‐dry climates. It highlights the potential climate risks associated with reservoirs which have important implications for strengthening a community's resilience in the face of these challenges.
Solar Wind Control of Hemispherically‐Integrated Field‐Aligned Currents at Earth
Authors: Fleetham A. L. , Milan S. E. , Imber S. M. , Vines S. K. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractMagnetic reconnection occurring between the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and the dayside magnetopause causes a circulation of magnetic flux and plasma within the magnetosphere, known as the Dungey cycle. This circulation is transmitted to the ionosphere via field‐aligned currents (FACs). The magnetic flux transport within the Dungey cycle is quantified by the cross‐polar cap potential (CPCP or transpolar voltage). Previous studies have suggested that under strong driving conditions the CPCP can saturate near a value of 250 kV. In this study we investigate whether an analogous saturation occurs in the magnitudes of the FACs, using observations from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment. The solar wind speed, density and pressure, the Bz component of the IMF, and combinations of these, were compared to the concurrent integrated current magnitude, across each hemisphere. We find that FAC magnitudes are controlled most strongly by solar wind speed and the orientation and strength of the IMF. FAC magnitude increases monotonically with solar wind driving but there is a distinct knee in the variation around IMF Bz = −10 nT, above which the increase slows.
WACCM6 Projections of Polar Mesospheric Cloud Abundance Over the 21st Century
Authors: Yu Wandi , Yue Jia , Garcia Rolando , Mlynczak Martin , Russell James 
Published: July 2023

AbstractPolar mesospheric clouds (PMC), or noctilucent clouds, can be observed over high latitudes with the naked eye from the ground or from space near the summer solstice. PMC are considered a direct and sensitive indicator of climate change and have been reported to appear more frequently in recent decades. How PMC will change in the future under the influence of natural variability and anthropogenic forcing is uncertain. In this study, we utilize model output from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model under several shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios and input the water vapor, temperature, and pressure information into a 0‐d PMC model to project the trend and variation of PMC over the 21st century, and their relationship to future changes of temperature, water vapor, and the solar cycle. The 0‐d model calculations indicate that PMC ice water content (IWC) will increase and PMC will extend to lower latitudes under high SSP scenarios. Under these scenarios, more mesospheric water vapor leads to an increased IWC of PMC over the polar region, and colder mesopause temperature leads to more PMC over the mid‐latitudes. There is a significant anti‐correlation between the solar cycle and PMC IWC over the 21st century, but the anti‐correlation is not always significant on the decadal scale. Finally, methane oxidation in the stratosphere and water vapor entering from the troposphere are both responsible for future changes in mesospheric water vapor and thus PMC.
Association of plasma chemerin with all-cause and disease-specific mortality – results from a population-based study
Authors: Noppes Katharina , Groß Stefan , Hannemann Anke , Markus Marcello R. P. , Bahls Martin , Völzke Henry , Dörr Marcus , Nauck Matthias , Friedrich Nele , Zylla Stephanie 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background and objectives
Various cross-sectional studies have observed an association between high circulating concentrations of the adipokine chemerin and an unfavorable metabolic profile. However, the prognostic value of chemerin for the risk of associated diseases and mortality was examined only in a few studies mostly using small and highly selected patient populations. We aimed to analyze the association between plasma chemerin concentrations and all-cause as well as cause-specific mortality in the general population.

Study design and methods
From the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), participants of two independent cohorts (SHIP-START-1 [n = 3037], SHIP-TREND-0 [n = 4193]) were followed up for 15 and 9 years (median), respectively. The association between plasma chemerin and all-cause mortality was analyzed using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models. Additionally, cause-specific hazards for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer mortality were modeled considering competing events.

Results
A total number of 507 and 208 deaths occurred during follow-up in SHIP-START-1 and SHIP-TREND-0, respectively. Multivariable regression analyses revealed a significant association between high plasma chemerin concentrations and greater overall mortality that was independent of major confounders. Each 30 ng/mL increase in chemerin was associated with a 17% higher risk of all-cause mortality (95%-confidence interval: 1.10–1.26). Cause-specific analyses further showed that the chemerin concentration was significantly associated with cancer mortality but not with CVD mortality.

Conclusion
The present study detected a positive association between plasma chemerin concentrations and all-cause mortality in a large population-based study sample. Cause-specific analyses have shown that chemerin is likely to play a decisive role in cancer-related deaths. However, a direct association with cardiovascular mortality could not be established.