bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrolytic Enzymes of Rabbit Mononuclear Exudate Cells
Authors: Carson Margaret E. , Dannenberg Arthur M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Oil-induced peritoneal mononuclear cells from rabbits were assayed for lysozyme with Sarcina lutea. They had about the same activity per cell as glycogen-induced peritoneal polymorphonuclears and about one seventh the activity of pulmonary alveolar macrophages. Rabbits inbred for resistance and susceptibility to tuberculosis showed no consistent differences in the lysozyme activities of their mononuclears (MN). However, the lysozyme activities of MN from rabbits immunized by active tuberculosis were elevated about 1.4 times. Previous studies have indicated that their MN lipase, proteases and esterases were not elevated. The elevation of lysozyme may be in part responsible for the increased capacity of MN in immunized animals to destroy the tubercle bacillus.
The Specificity of Blood Group A-B Cross-Reacting Antibody
Authors: Schiffman Gerald , Howe Calderon 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A subject of group O was found to produce A-B cross-reacting antibody in response to the injection of a preparation of blood group B substance free of blood group A activity. Both anti-A and anti-B could be precipitated from the serum with either blood group A or B substance, and precipitation of either A or B substance could be inhibited by dialyzable oligosaccharides from either antigen. Evidence is presented to indicate that the specificity of the cross-reacting antibody is directed against structural features common to the oligosaccharides which determine blood group A and B specificity. The possible antigenic sites involved in the cross-reaction are discussed.
Prevention of Immunologic Tolerance by Lymphoid Cell Transplants
Authors: Friedman Herman 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Transfer of spleen cell suspensions from normal neonatal donor NIH mice into newborn recipient NIH mice injected with Shigella soluble antigen (SSA) prevents the establishment of immunologic unresponsiveness to Shigella. The optimal time interval between injection of cell suspension and antigen for maximum interference of tolerance was found to be less than 48 hr after birth. Transfer of cells 4 to 7 days after neonatal injection of antigen resulted in partial interference. Transfer of cells 14 days or longer after birth had no detectable effect. Transfer of large numbers of spleen cell suspensions was found to be more effective in interfering with tolerance than transfer of smaller numbers of cells. Intravenous and intraperitoneal administration of cell suspensions were found to be the most effective routes for preventing tolerance induced by the i.p. injection of Shigella antigen. Transfer of lymph node cell suspensions was nearly as effective as transfer of spleen cell suspensions. Thymus cells were also capable of preventing tolerance, but were not as effective as spleen cells. Transfer of peritoneal exudate cells was much less effective, whereas buffy coat leukocytes and bone marrow cells were essentially negative. Injection of larger concentrations of Shigella antigen necessitated transfer of larger numbers of spleen cells for comparable interference of tolerance. Transfer of spleen cells from young mice, 1 to 21 days of age, which were themselves tolerant to Shigella following injection of SSA at birth, to other newborn mice receiving SSA also resulted in prevention of tolerance. These observations suggest that transfer of various lymphoid cell suspensions into SSA-injected newborn mice may interfere with establishment of unresponsiveness by increasing the ratio of available lymphoid cells to antigen, and thus reduce the concentration of SSA per cell below a postulated threshold level necessary for establishing and maintaining tolerance.
Effect of Ionic Strength on the Reaction between Nucleoprotein and Antinuclear Factors
Authors: Laffin Robert J. , Baumstark John S. , McCarthy John S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been demonstrated that at low ionic strength nucleoprotein removes greater quantities of antinuclear factors from serum. These factors can be dissociated from nucleoprotein and obtained in fairly pure form by increasing the ionic strength of the system.
A study of these preparations has showed that they contain principally 6.6 S γ-globulin and lesser amounts of β2-macroglobulin and β2A-globulin. Antinuclear factor (ANF) activity has been demonstrated by positive indirect fluorescent antibody tests.
In a random sample of 10 normal sera, 6.6 S γ-globulin-ANF has been detected in levels ranging from 0.51 to 0.73 mg/ml.
Enterovirus Antibodies in Mouse Ascitic Fluids after Immunization
Authors: Fabiyi Akinyele , Wenner Herbert A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
High-titered complement-fixing (CF) antibodies to coxsackieviruses A3, 5, 19 and 21 have been produced in mouse ascitic fluids. Ascites was induced by a series of injections of antigen-adjuvant (complete Freund's) mixture followed by Ehrlich's ascites tumor cells. The CF antibodies in the mouse ascitic fluids were of the same level as, and sometimes higher than, those in the sera from the same animal. Neutralizing antibodies in mouse ascitic fluid for coxsackievirus A21 were less potent than those obtained in the homologous monkey antiserum. Mouse immune ascitic fluids were found to be very stable in antibody level if kept frozen at -20°C, but repeated freezing and thawing produced considerable loss in CF antibody titers.
The Immunogenicity of Hapten-Polylysine Conjugates
Authors: Parker C. W. , Thiel J. A. , Mitchell S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immunogenicity of L and D polylysines substituted with penicilloyl, dinitrophenyl and tosyl groups has been evaluated in random-bred Hartley strain guinea pigs. The L polylysine derivatives produced an immunologic response in about 20% of animals. Of a total of 106 guinea pigs immunized with D polylysine conjugates, in no instance was there evidence for antibody formation.
β1C-Globulin: an “Acute Phase” Serum Reactant of Human Serum
Authors: Hornung Maria , Arquembourg Renee Cornille 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Acute phase human serum from various sources was found to contain elevated levels of β1C-globulin. Experiments designed to establish the relationship between this globulin and complement showed that, although β1C-globulin had physicochemical characteristics associated with both C′3 and C′4, serum lacking this globulin showed undiminished hemolytic complement activity. The serum fraction used for the isolation of C′4 contained no β1C, and similarly some serum fractions having concentrated C′3 activity (as this is customarily defined) contained no β1C. Neither red cells of other species nor incompatible human red cells removed this globulin from normal human serum. However, β1C-globulin was selectively affected by antigen-antibody complexes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Neisseria meningitidis and cortisone. The results suggest that β1C-globulin plays a part in physiologic response to stress.
Inhibition of Antibody Formation by Homologous Tissue Factors
Authors: Thompson Richard , Fishel Charles W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Volumes of normal mouse tissue extracts, containing 40 mg of protein, when injected intraperitoneally into mice 24 hr before the intraperitoneal injection of sheep red blood cells, significantly inhibited the production of hemolysins. Fifty per cent ammonium sulfate selectively precipitated and concentrated (2 ×) the active factor(s). Acetone precipitated the active factor(s).
In control experiments, in which bovine serum albumin, bovine γ-globulin, human fibrinogen and polystyrene particles of several sizes were injected, in amounts equivalent to or greater than the effective amounts of tissue factors, little inhibition of hemolysin formation was produced. Trypsin (crystallized 0.3 mg; 1–300 1.5 mg) produced significant inhibition. Crystallized lysozyme produced significant inhibition but was somewhat less active than equivalent amounts of tissue precipitates.
Tissue extracts and their precipitates produced no inhibition when injected at any time after the antigen, nor did trypsin or lysozyme. Bovine serum albumin, bovine γ-globulin and polystyrene particles sometimes produced similar insignificant amounts of inhibition when given after the antigen as before it.
Normal mouse serum and 50% ammonium sulfate precipitates of serum produced no inhibition.
The inhibiting activity of tissue extracts was destroyed by exposure to 56°C but not to 37°C.
Reactions of Human Sera with Mammalian Cell Cultures
Authors: Kano Kyoichi , Milgrom Felix , Barron Almen L. , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The mixed agglutination reaction with kidney cell cultures was employed to study pathologic and normal human sera. Positive results were obtained with 29 of 88 sera from patients with viral infections and with 6 of 30 sera from patients with bacterial infections. Only 1 of 65 normal sera gave a weak reaction. An increase of the reaction titer in the course of virus disease was observed in all of 10 patients whose sera obtained early and late in the disease were tested. Reactions with cell cultures of bovine kidney were in general much stronger than reactions with kidney cultures of other species origin.
The possibility was discussed that the serum factor under study is an antibody whose production was stimulated by antigens which were exposed or created in a patient's own tissues as a result of a morbid process.
Studies on the Adjuvant Action of Bacterial Endotoxins on Antibody Formation
Authors: Merritt Katharine , Johnson Arthur G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments designed to test the hypothesis that the adjuvant action of endotoxins might be mediated through cell damage, release of nucleic acids, and subsequent stimulation of division of potential antibody forming cells, are reported. When given to the inbred mouse, BALB strain, with, or up to 14 hr after, a single injection of bovine γ-globulin (BGG), 5 fluoro-2-deoxyuridine (FUDR) enhanced the antibody response. In contrast, FUDR, given 18 hr or more after antigen, inhibited the synthesis of antibody, unless endotoxin had been given with the antigen. In the latter instance, the antibody response was not only permitted, but accentuated.
The postulated intermediates, nucleic acids, were shown to decrease the induction period and enhance the level of anti-BGG when given with antigen. Digestion of the nucleic acids with nucleases did not affect their adjuvant action unless low molecular weight products were removed by dialysis. The latter, when concentrated from the dialysate by lyophilization, were shown to have retained adjuvant activity.
Pseudoglobulin Rheumatoid Factors
Authors: Heimer Ralph , Nosenzo Carlo J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Although the rheumatoid factors (RF) are believed to be relatively insoluble in dilute salt solutions, considerable RF activity in pseudoglobulin fractions was encountered on examination of certain sera of persons having rheumatoid arthritis. Evidence was furnished that pseudoglobulin RF, rather than being laboratory artifacts, represent discrete molecular species.
Pseudoglobulin RF were isolated from a number of sera and shown to resemble euglobulin RF with respect to their belonging to the γ1M-immunoglobulin class and with respect to a number of physicochemical parameters, including behavior on ion-exchange chromatography and sedimentation coefficient. Two of the sera examined contained unusual RF, which sedimented considerably more slowly than the usual 19 S globulins, lacking also the antigenic characteristics of γ1M-globulins. One of the serum samples contained one or two RF which were neither related to γ1M- or γ2-globulins, withstanding reduction by mercaptoethanol without loss of biologic activity.
On direct comparison of pseudoglobulin RF and euglobulin RF of the γ1M-globulin type from the serum of a person with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, no difference could be detected in their immunologic and serologic behavior. The euglobulin RF, however, appeared to differ some-what from its pseudoglobulin counterpart with respect to sedimentation coefficient, aggregative behavior and amino acid content.
The Suppression of Anti-Bovine Serum Albumin Production in Rabbits by Acriflavine Hydrochloride N. F.
Authors: Farr Richard S. , Samuelson Joel S. , Stewart P. Brian 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The primary immune response of rabbits was greatly suppressed by acriflavine HCl N.F. given 2 days before and continued for 13 days after the i.v. injection of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Two such courses of acriflavine HCl N.F. and BSA induced a degree of immune paralysis to subsequent injections of BSA. Acriflavine HCl N.F. started 10 min after the injection of antigen also depressed the immune response but was not as effective as when acriflavine was given prior to the antigen. Acriflavine HCl N.F. treatment in the dosage of 4 mg/kg for 7 days had minimal effect upon the secondary immune response once a primary response was established in the absence of acriflavine. In contrast to other immunosuppressant agents, the limiting toxicity of acriflavine HCl N.F. was not caused by apparent damage to granulopoiesis and lymphopoiesis. Serum γ-globulin levels were also unaltered. Rabbits given immunosuppressant doses of acriflavine HCl N.F. appeared healthy except for a slight elevation in the blood urea nitrogen and a slight depression in the hematocrit. Toxic doses of acriflavine HCl N.F. damaged the distal convoluted tubules of the kidney to produce a renal acidosis and nephrocalcinosis. Acriflavine HCl N.F. interfered with antibody production in a manner which appeared to be different from those of other immunosuppressant agents, but the mode of action remains unknown.
Immunologic Unresponsiveness in the Adult Guinea Pig
Authors: Dvorak Harold F. , Billote Juanito B. , McCarthy John S. , Flax Martin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been possible to induce specific immunologic unresponsiveness to protein antigens in adult guinea pigs with injections of small amounts of antigen in saline at the time of sensitization with the same antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant. Adult guinea pigs, receiving a single intravenous injection of 5 mg of human serum albumin (HSA) or bovine γ-globulin (BγG) in saline at the time of sensitization with 10 µg of the same antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant, showed depression of delayed hypersensitivity and antibody formation. The phenomenon was antigen specific and persisted for at least 8 to 16 weeks. Delayed reactivity and 7 S γ2- and macroglobulin antibody formation were suppressed more completely and for a longer time than was 7 S γ1 antibody. A similar but less persistent state of immunologic unresponsiveness was produced with one tenth the suppressing dose but not with 50 µg of antigen. Less unresponsiveness resulted when a larger sensitizing dose of antigen (1 mg) was employed. The 5-mg. suppressing dose was effective as long as 3 weeks prior to sensitization and when injected by routes other than the intravenous if administered at the time of adjuvant sensitization. The mechanism responsible for this phenomenon and its relation to other states of immunologic unresponsiveness are discussed.
Immunochemistry of Schistosoma Mansoni Cercariae
Authors: Kronman Barry S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method of antigen preparation and isolation of Schistosoma mansoni cercarial antigens is described. At least nine potentially purifiable antigenic substances from cercariae were detected. Three immunogenic components were purified and analyzed for various immunochemical properties and chemical staining reactions.
At least two different antigens of cercariae induce antibody formation in chronically infected human beings. The purified antigen I that was isolated by column chromatography reacted specifically with antibody from patients infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Whether or not one of these antigens can be utilized to induce protective immunity against natural infection is yet to be determined.
Phagocytosis of Mouse Tumor Cells in Vitro by Various Homologous and Heterologous Cells
Authors: Bennett Boyce 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A number of homologous and heterologous cells were tested for their ability to phagocytize mouse tumor cells in vitro. Peritoneal and splenic macrophages from mice, rats and guinea pigs, as well as cells from a mouse reticulum cell sarcoma, were capable of phagocytosis, whereas a number of nonhistiocytic cells were not. Phagocytosis occurred only in the presence of isoimmune serum directed against the tumor cells. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the events inducing phagocytosis.
Enterovirus Immunizing Antigens in the from of Cation-Stabilized and Concentrated Virus Preparations
Authors: Midulla Mario , Wallis Craig , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method for preparation of concentrated enteroviral antigens is described. Heating virus at 50°C in M MgCl2 inactivates adventitious simian agents. Addition of 25 mM AlCl3 and 50 mM Na2CO3 to the heated, stabilized virus produces a precipitate which selectively adsorbs enteroviruses. The sediment is reconstituted in one tenth the original volume of virus. Guinea pigs injected with cation-precipitated antigens produced a higher antibody response than animals receiving untreated antigens.
Digestion of Anti-Kidney Antibody: Effects on Its Nephrotoxicity and Ability to Fix Complement
Authors: Small Parker A. , Baxter James H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Digestion of anti-kidney antibody to produce univalent and divalent fragments greatly reduced its nephrotoxicity and its ability to fix complement (C′) in vivo, suggesting that the nephrotoxicity may be in large part dependent on C′ fixation. The univalent fragments produced no significant proteinuria, and neither type of fragment fixed quantities of C′ large enough to be regarded as definite. However, the divalent fragments retained the ability to produce early proteinuria to a greater degree than they retained the ability to fix C′. This suggests that the antibody may be able to cause some damage independent of C′ fixation but requiring divalent molecules.
Studies on Herpes Simplex
Authors: Jawetz Ernest , Schultz Richard , Coleman Virginia , Okumoto Masao 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In the cornea of the unimmunized rabbit herpes simplex virus (HSV) multiplies rapidly to reach a peak titer in 2 to 3 days. The virus concentration then falls gradually, so that on day 11 to 13 no viable HSV can be recovered. In the immunized animal peak titers are identical, but the course of infection is compressed into 8 to 10 days. Administration of 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine (IUDR) in maximum (0.9%) concentration every 2 hr around the clock for 5 days reduces the virus content of the cornea initially by 99 to 99.99%. It never eradicates HSV infection from the cornea. At the end of treatment the viable virus content of the cornea rises, so that on day 10 or 11 there is actually more HSV in the treated than the untreated cornea. Viable HSV can regularly be recovered later from the treated than the untreated cornea. Partial suppression of HSV multiplication by IUDR is sufficient for dramatic “cure” of lesions caused by some HSV strains. Other HSV strains do not respond to IUDR treatment in man in spite of apparent susceptibility to the drug in vitro and in vivo, perhaps because of a different pathogenetic potential.
The Soluble Protective Antigen and the Histamine-Sensitizing Factor of Bordetella Pertussis
Authors: Pieroni Robert E. , Broderick Edward J. , Levine Leo 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A simple method is presented for the isolation of the protective and histamine-sensitizing factor (HSF) activities of Bordetella pertussis. HSF was used as a presumptive “tracer” for protective activity in developing the method, based on the close association of these activities. Ten to 30 g of acetone-dried cells were repeatedly blended with glass microbeads and renewed diluent through 5 to 26 cycles. The pooled lysates, clarified at 37,000 × G for 3 hr, were treated with 35% SAS and the precipitate dialyzed. This fraction was high in HSF activity. Since HSF precipitated at low salt, and was excluded from Sephadex G200, it is probably a large molecule. Loss of activity on treatment with trypsin, as well as behavior with ammonium sulfate, indicated it is probably proteinaceous. The method gave an 8- to 17-fold increase in the specific HSF and protective activities on a nitrogen basis. These activities correlated in the main fractions, thus confirming the work of others indicating that they are either due to the same substance, or are inseparable by a variety of methods. The probability that the activity yield would depend on the efficiency with which cell stromas could be made to undergo particle size reduction in relation to the threshold of centrifugal selection was discussed. Also discussed was the relative significance for side reactions in human immunization of HSF on the one hand, and the nonspecific macromolecular substances eliminated by fractionation on the other.
Experimental Rubella Virus Infection in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Parkman P. D. , Phillips P. E. , Kirschstein R. L. , Meyer H. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The rhesus monkey has been shown to be a sensitive, susceptible host for studying experimental rubella virus infection. The pattern of virus excretion and antibody response was similar to that observed in human rubella, although simian infection was clinically inapparent. Antibody persisted for at least 10 months and was protective against virus challenge. After direct central nervous system (CNS) inoculation, prolonged viral multiplication occurred locally. However there was no evidence of neurovirulence. The potential usefulness of the monkey in studying maternal-fetal rubella was discussed.
Synthetic Polypeptide Metabolism
Authors: Gill Thomas J. , Papermaster David S. , Mowbray James F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A polypeptide composed entirely of D-amino acids, poly D-Glu55D-Lys39D-Tyr6, can be metabolized by rabbits and elicit antibody formation. The metabolism of the D-polymer implies the existence of D-proteases and D-peptidases in the rabbit which are apparently not induced by injection of the polymer, but rather are constitutive enzymes. The serum elimination patterns are the same for both the D-polymer and its L-isomer: less than 1% remains in the serum after 3 to 4 days and this does not depend upon the amount of polymer injected (up to 60 mg) or the method of iodination.
The amount of L-polymer degraded is independent of the dose up to 60 mg and it is completely degraded in 3 to 4 days. In contrast to this, the amount of the D-polymer degraded is dose dependent and only 25 to 30% of the injected polymer is degraded over 15 to 20 days. In addition, the previous injection of one isomer does not affect the subsequent metabolism of the other isomer. The differences in the amounts of each polymer degraded and the independence of their degradation suggest the existence of different pathways for the metabolism for the D- and L-polymers, at least at some crucial stage.
A large amount of the D-polymer is retained in the animal, with the bulk of it (32%) being in the kidney, less (6%) in the liver, and only a small amount (less than 1%) in the spleen. On the other hand, less than 1% of the L-polymer is retained in the animal and it is all in the liver.