bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitutional Jurisdiction and Protection of Fundamental Rights in Europe
Authors: Vašek Markus 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter sketches out the development of (constitutional) courts in Europe into ‘citizen’s courts’, whose main task is to protect fundamental rights. It draws a line from the United States Supreme Court, as the first of its kind, to today’s constitutional courts of Europe, the ECJ and the ECtHR. In doing so, it analyses extensively the growing importance of fundamental rights protection for constitutional courts all over Europe during the twentieth century, in particular after the Second World War. More recently, however, the influence of European law leads to a responsibility of all domestic courts to assess questions of fundamental rights. This makes an intensive dialogue necessary to clarify the distribution of competences and take into account the experience of specialized constitutional courts.
The Roles of Constitutional Courts in the European Legal Space
Authors: Claes Monica , de Witte Bruno 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how constitutional and supreme courts have engaged with European Union law and the European Convention on Human Rights, and with the two respective European Courts. It outlines three main roles constitutional courts have played in the European integration. Firstly, they defined their own European mandate to facilitate the reception of Union law and the European Convention on Human Rights. Secondly, in cooperation with the European courts the constitutional courts developed a common constitutional heritage of Europe by cooperating with the European courts. Apart from contributing to a common European constitution, finally, national constitutional courts also preserved their state’s particular version of constitutionalism, sometimes by expressing explicit readiness to defend their constitution against the incoming tide of European law.
The Domain of Literati in the Landscape of Lordship
Authors: FitzPatrick Elizabeth 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The premise of this chapter is that literati were integral to the creation of borderland centers of power during politically significant times for ruling families. A concept of borderscape, charged with different cultural practices, identities, and political intentions, is developed to define the places where literati lived and worked in the lordships. Circumstances in which borderscapes of ruling families came into being, and the corresponding variation in how they are manifested archaeologically, is discussed. Using a landscape perspective, three borderscapes, in Ulster, Munster, and Connacht, are presented to demonstrate their roles for ruling families and the contribution that literati made to creating and maintaining them. It is concluded that literati are found in borderscapes distinguished by (a) newly built or repurposed chiefry residences, around which lands were set aside for professionals and servitors from the fourteenth century to the late sixteenth; (b) church land, where learned men were comharbai and airchinnigh, from the late twelfth century into the seventeenth; and (c) marginal land distinguished by signature hills and mountains associated with the legendary border-hero Fionn mac Cumhaill, and linked by poets to the dynastic histories of chiefs. It is established that the principal archaeology of borderscapes where literati had their estates includes political assembly sites, chiefry castles, feasting sites, churches that were centers of learning, ogham stones, secular school-houses, and hills and low mountains, designated Formaoil and Suidhe Finn, with their associated prehistoric monuments. The findings of this chapter support the view that literati had agency in the strategies of chiefs to preserve their lordships and to assert overlordship.
Designated School-Houses
Authors: FitzPatrick Elizabeth 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, school buildings of lawyers, physicians, and poets, who did not hold church offices, are investigated as both purpose-built space and opportunistic re-use of existing structures. Attention is also given to how different needs appear to have influenced the buildings in which learned arts were exercised, and what the localized settings of schools reveal about the intellectual practices of literati. By the sixteenth century, lawyers and physicians operated their networks between named school-houses of law and medicine. Teach Breac at Cahermacnaghten assumes an importance in this chapter as a possibly rare example of a purpose-built law school-house. It is proposed that opportunistic re-use of granges and buildings of dissolved religious houses may have been more the norm. The greater visibility of schools of law and medicine in the later sixteenth century is perceived as a resilient response to Tudor legislation for the establishment of parochial schools from 1537. It is argued that the advent of buildings which Gaelic lawyers resolutely called school-houses, reflects their skill in negotiating the survival of their profession through the late Tudor period. The training of poets between the fourteenth and early seventeenth century was different, involving composition and recitation, and therefore predicates disparate environments and buildings. Some evidently composed in the open air, while others resorted to darkened huts for their inspiration. An investigation of a bardic school at Dromnea provides insight to the setting, built heritage and practices of a late medieval kindred of poets.
Conclusion
Authors: FitzPatrick Elizabeth 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This study has shown that Gaelic literati were integral to the development of lordship borderscapes where they lived and practiced their arts, participated in political assemblies, and memorialized and perhaps curated landmark hills and monuments, for ruling families, c. 1300–1600. Positioning literati in borderscapes, and placing them in the landscapes of their estates, has optimized perception of how they used their lands, the buildings they chose as domestic environments for dwelling and guesting, and those they built or reused as schools. The conventional view of literati as atavistic and focused solely on manuscript production is challenged by their actions in borderscapes. They were both resilient and progressive, negotiating the future while attending to tradition. A robust profile of the learned as farmers, many persisting on the church and lucht tighe lands first assigned to them, keeping livestock, tilling and improving the soil, and potentially exploiting natural resources on the boundaries of their estates, has begun to emerge from the current archaeological and historical record. Some literati on church estates were involved in building and modifying churches, plausibly to identify them as places of learning, before and after the Dissolution. In the sixteenth century, the greater visibility of schools of secular literati, and the advent of the purpose-built school-house, were conceivably counterpoints to Tudor legislation for the establishment of parochial schools. The overall findings justify extending the approach to the study of autochthonous intellectual culture and its relationship with borderlands and the exercise of political power elsewhere in northern Europe.
Statehood à la Carte
Authors: Corbett Jack 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter synthesizes the main findings about the practice of Statehood à la carte and defends them against anticipated criticisms: that Caribbean and Pacific countries are not real states; that historical institutionalism or rational choice theory offer better explanations than interpretivism; that by focusing on elite narratives the role of social movements has been downplayed; and that the autonomy–viability dilemma is not as intractable for small states as is made out. The book finishes by restating the need for a political science that opens up and puzzles with the ambiguous meaning of concepts by uncovering the politics that goes on in the name of the state.
Introspecting Perceptual Experience
Authors: Wu Wayne 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter applies the structure of action to introspection of conscious perceptual experience. Introspection is foundational in the theory of consciousness by providing crucial data. However, there are no adequate psychological theories of introspection. Since introspecting one’s experience is an action, it involves attention. Introspective attention is explained. Two forms of introspection of perceptual experience are identified: a simple form based on just the experience targeted and a complex form based on additional factors that the agent attends to. Conditions identifying when the simple form is reliable are derived, based on introspection’s psychological structure. Complex introspection is revealed as the primary form of introspection in the theory of consciousness but is often unreliable. The ability of introspection to resolve disputes about consciousness is questioned. Case studies regarding inattentional blindness and visual experience in peripheral vision and visual blur are discussed. Suggestions as to how to calibrate introspection are provided.
Atedius Melior’s Parrot (Statius’ Silvae 2.4)
Authors: Putnam Michael C. J. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a close reading of Poem 4 from the second book of the Silvae of Statius. In a tribute to Melior’s recently deceased parrot, Statius’ brilliant word usage and, more generally, the poet’s use of intertexts evoke the poetry of Lucretius, Virgil, Horace, and especially Ovid in an original composition that brings the ‘dead pet poem’ into the imperial age by emphasising the power of words and their confrontation with silence.
Reading Travel (Statius’ Silvae 3.2)
Authors: Putnam Michael C. J. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter is the longest in the collection and the most ambitious; it makes a fitting conclusion to the volume. It offers a close examination of Statius’ Silvae 3.2, a propempticon for Maecius Celer. Using earlier Latin farewell poems as intellectual background, in particular Horace’s third ode, Putnam illustrates the poet’s originality. In particular he points out that Silvae 3.2 is a highly complex poem that employs a variety of genres, such as lyric and epic, and especially the Aeneid, as Statius crafts a meditation on a series of curricula vitae that illuminate Celer’s own voyage. Various themes, moreover, such as the dangers of seafaring, the violence of Roman imperialism, Egyptian tourism, the neutralization of a bloodied historic, and literary past are skillfully woven together in a double, courageous journey, the literal journey of Celer to his military post in Syria, and the metaphorical journey of Statius to the challenging conclusion of his epic poem.
Representational Discourse
Authors: Zalabardo José L. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the issue of the meaning grounds of sentences that perform the task of representing the world—the facts that make these sentences have the meanings they have. It presents two main approaches to the task of specifying the meaning grounds of representational sentences—representationalism and pragmatism. Representationalism specifies the meaning ground of a sentence in terms of semantic relations between the sentence and the bits of the world it represents. Pragmatism specifies the meaning ground of a sentence in terms of how it’s used. The chapter presents what I regard as the most plausible version of the representationalist strategy, which treats as the basic notion of its specification of meaning grounds a reference relation pairing terms with items that sentences represent as combined with one another—individuals, properties, etc. It presents the assumption (RR) that the sentences of a discourse can succeed in performing the function of representing the world only if they have representationalist meaning grounds—specifically, if the central predicates of the discourse have referents. It outlines the consequences for this approach of the possibility that the central predicates of a discourse might fail to have referents.
Belief and Desire
Authors: Zalabardo José L. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a pragmatist account of the meaning grounds of belief and desire ascriptions—an account of what makes them have the meaning they have in terms of the procedures that regulate their acceptance. The account is based on Daniel Dennett’s Intentional Stance. The role of belief and desire ascriptions in the prediction of behaviour generates an acceptance procedure—accept or reject belief and desire ascriptions according to the accuracy of the behaviour predictions they generate. This acceptance procedure is the basis of the account presented here. Using ideas from developmental psychology, the chapter argues for a hybrid account of our behaviour-predicting strategy: by default, we predict that agents will behave in ways that will as a matter of fact promote the satisfaction of the desires we’ve ascribed to them; when this strategy doesn’t produce accurate predictions, we employ the more sophisticated strategy of predicting that agents will behave in ways that would promote the satisfaction of the desires we’ve ascribed to them if the (false) beliefs we’ve ascribed to them were true. The default status of the simpler strategy explains our preference for the ascription of true beliefs. The chapter considers other conditions one might want to include in the meaning grounds of belief and desire ascriptions, including the causal efficacy of belief and desires, their representational character and transparent procedures for self-interpretation.
Prologue
Authors: Berendzen Joseph C. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
“Idealism” is a contested term in philosophy. Any attempt to debate whether a particular view is “idealist” can be hampered by a lack of understanding regarding what that term really means. To alleviate this problem, Embodied Idealism opens with a chapter that defines “idealism” and “transcendental idealism” in a way that guides the rest of the book. First, “idealism” is defined in relation to some common definitions and via a critique of the standard distinction between “ontological idealism” and “epistemological idealism.” Then “transcendental idealism” is defined through a brief consideration of the views of Immanuel Kant and Edmund Husserl. Ultimately, transcendental idealism is found to rest on two connected theses: the thesis of transcendental perspectivism, and the thesis of transcendental structural analysis.
Ontology and Intersubjectivity in Phenomenology of Perception
Authors: Berendzen Joseph C. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book’s discussion of Phenomenology, and has two main aims. The first is to make explicit some of the fundamental aspects of the ontology that undergirds the work. This will hinge on taking the holism in perception to have ontological import and then finding that holism to support the notion of “essential manifestness.” This is the idea that while there is some reality independent of our minds, there is also an aspect of reality that is dependent on the relation between mind and world for its being. This will lead to the second aim, which is to discuss the fundamental transcendental role played by intersubjectivity. This is because the holistic relations between embodied subjects and their environments necessarily entail relations between embodied subjects and other embodied subjects.
Global Finance and the Changing Aid Landscape
Authors: Fardoust Shahrokh , Koeberle Stefan G. , Piatti-Fünfkirchen Moritz , Smets Lodewijk , Sundberg Mark 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Over the last decade, the demand for, and contribution of, budget support has been shaped by major trends in global financial architecture, and by a sequence of large adverse shocks to the global economy: food and fuel crisis (2006–7), global financial and capital markets crisis (2008–9), collapse of commodity prices (2014–15), COVID-19 pandemic (2020–22), and the Russian invasion of Ukraine in early 2022. A sharp drop in capital flows to developing countries, or a protracted sudden stop in capital flows, can and does cause widespread solvency problem in developing countries. Understanding complex capital flows, the role of the private sector, public sector, and foreign aid is important for understanding how budget support fits into the current aid architecture, and it can help to mitigate financial risks. The global financial landscape has evolved in important ways since the policy-based lending instrument was first introduced, resulting in a reduced role in some respects, but new opportunities in others that are critical to addressing constraints on growth and resilience in the face of global challenge. Despite the potential importance for mobilizing private funds for investments, guarantees issued by MDBs have remained a relatively small portion of their portfolios. Except for International Finance Corporation (IFC) and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), the share of guarantees in MDBs’ portfolios remained well below 5 per cent. Although net financial flows associated with budget support are small compared with private flows, budget support has been punching well above its weight. It plays a key role in addressing critical economic reforms and supporting structural transformation in debt-stressed and other vulnerable countries, and in facilitating implementation of important reforms that help leverage private capital. Going forward, budget support could play an even bigger and more central role in supporting low-income and fragile countries; advancing reforms during periods of crisis, including improved debt management; crowd in private capital to finance green infrastructure, through greater use of policy-based guarantees and insurance.
Refugee Protection and Interstate Solidarity in the EU
Authors: Milazzo Eleonora 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter defines the content of the additional duty created by EU membership for member states with respect to refugee protection, namely the duty to act in solidarity. As a duty of distributive justice, the duty to act in solidarity requires a fair allocation of the costs and benefits connected to the provision of asylum in the EU and establishes a claim of each agent in the group—in this case, EU member states—to its fair share in the distribution. More specifically, the chapter defines solidarity among EU member states as co-responsibility for the pursuit of the common good and discusses the content of the related duty to act in solidarity. Subsequently, the chapter introduces the problem of assurance and contends that some form of it is needed in order to see the duty to act in solidarity fulfilled under real-world conditions.
Conclusions
Authors: Milazzo Eleonora 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter retraces the key steps towards a normative account of the duties that member states have towards each other in relation to refugee protection. It gives an overview of the changes required in the way both political theorists and policy makers approach this issue to fulfil the desiderata of the project and deals with the prospect of such changes, drawing the attention to the democratic legitimation of a solidaristic reform of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). The goal of this project was threefold. Firstly, to develop a normative theory of justice applicable to interstate asylum practices in the EU, including by clarifying the meaning and value of solidarity as a guiding principle for the definition of common asylum policies. Secondly, to explore what justifications and excuses states deploy to justify non-compliance and propose arguments for why we should accept them or not, thereby tracing the normative ‘red lines’ to assess pragmatic policy responses. Lastly, to suggest desiderata for an institutional reform that takes into due consideration real-world problems of non-compliance.
How Migration Affects the Reputations of Countries and Cities
Authors: Harvey William S. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that migrants are strongly influenced by multiple forms of destination reputations. Their perceptions of places, including countries, regions, cities, organizations, and even leaders have a strong collective bearing on their intentions to move. Hence, individuals are influenced by not one but multiple forms of reputation that inform their migration choices. Because individuals place different levels of importance on different factors, they are often faced with multiple conflicting reputations and will be influenced by those factors that are most important to them. A multitude of online and offline intermediaries strongly influence the perceptions people hold of different places and their subsequent migration choices to and from countries. Finally, labour market reputation, including high-profile surveys, impacts on both the attraction and retention of talent in different countries.
Atlantic Voyages
Authors: McAleer John 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This book explores the experiences of travellers as they navigated the waters of the Atlantic Ocean on board ships of the London-based East India Company. These passengers reflected on who and what they had left behind in Europe, looked forward to new challenges in Asia, and evaluated the sights and smells, sounds and tastes, hopes and expectations, and fears and regrets that regaled their senses and played on their minds as they sailed along the way. The lives of the people carried by East Indiamen were deeply affected by their Atlantic experiences. They confronted the reality of shipboard life: its seasickness and boredom, its cramped living conditions, its questionable dining fare, and its severely restricted privacy. They acclimatized to the rhythms of the ocean and the vicissitudes of the weather. They encountered rites of passage and ceremonies of initiation on the high seas. They prepared themselves for cultural disorientation and a host of unusual sights and sensations. And they wondered at the extraordinary beauty of the elements around them—the sea, the sky, the islands—and the strangeness of their inhabitants, human and animal alike. The ship’s passage played a crucial role in shaping the responses and experiences of those individuals surrounded by its wooden walls. Their words bring to life this maritime journey, illuminate the experiences of the people who undertook it, and contribute to our understanding of the place of the Atlantic Ocean in wider histories of the East India Company and the British Empire in this period.
Application of the Establishment Clause to the States
Authors: Chapman Nathan S. , McConnell Michael W. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the application of the Establishment Clause to the states. In the years between adoption of the Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment, every state with a religious establishment abolished it, with Massachusetts the last to go, in 1833. Yet the Establishment Clause poses an interpretive difficulty. As explained in Chapter 2, the Establishment Clause both denied the federal government any power to establish a religion and denied it power to disturb the establishments at the state level. Even assuming all the personal rights in the Bill of Rights are applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, how is it possible to apply such a provision to the states? The chapter also looks at a proposed a constitutional amendment from the 1880s that would have prohibited religious school funding. Ultimately, the proposed Blaine Amendment should not be seen as a precursor to modern separationism, but as combining anti-Catholic positions on private school funding and public school prayer.