bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strong Prediction: Language Model Surprisal Explains Multiple N400 Effects
Authors: Michaelov James A. , Bardolph Megan D. , Van Petten Cyma K. , Bergen Benjamin K. , Coulson Seana 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Theoretical accounts of the N400 are divided as to whether the amplitude of the N400 response to a stimulus reflects the extent to which the stimulus was predicted, the extent to which the stimulus is semantically similar to its preceding context, or both. We use state-of-the-art machine learning tools to investigate which of these three accounts is best supported by the evidence. GPT-3, a neural language model trained to compute the conditional probability of any word based on the words that precede it, was used to operationalize contextual predictability. In particular, we used an information-theoretic construct known as surprisal (the negative logarithm of the conditional probability). Contextual semantic similarity was operationalized by using two high-quality co-occurrence-derived vector-based meaning representations for words: GloVe and fastText. The cosine between the vector representation of the sentence frame and final word was used to derive contextual cosine similarity estimates. A series of regression models were constructed, where these variables, along with cloze probability and plausibility ratings, were used to predict single trial N400 amplitudes recorded from healthy adults as they read sentences whose final word varied in its predictability, plausibility, and semantic relationship to the likeliest sentence completion. Statistical model comparison indicated GPT-3 surprisal provided the best account of N400 amplitude and suggested that apparently disparate N400 effects of expectancy, plausibility, and contextual semantic similarity can be reduced to variation in the predictability of words. The results are argued to support predictive coding in the human language network.
Global Warming, Home Runs, and the Future of America’s Pastime
Authors: Callahan Christopher W. , Dominy Nathaniel J. , DeSilva Jeremy M. , Mankin Justin S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Home runs in baseball—fair balls hit out of the field of play—have risen since 1980, driving strategic shifts in gameplay. Myriad factors likely account for these trends, with some speculating that global warming has contributed via a reduction in ballpark air density. Here we use observations from 100,000 Major League Baseball games and 240,000 individual batted balls to show that higher temperatures substantially increase home runs. We isolate human-caused warming with climate models, finding that >500 home runs since 2010 are attributable to historical warming. Several hundred additional home runs per season are projected due to future warming. Adaptations such as building domes on stadiums or shifting day games to night games reduce temperature’s effects on America’s pastime. Our results highlight the myriad ways that a warmer planet will restructure our lives, livelihoods, and recreation, some quantifiable and easily adapted to, as shown here, many others, not.
Response of the Madden–Julian Oscillation and Tropical Atmosphere to Changes in Oceanic Mixed Layer Depth over the Indian Ocean
Authors: Cicerone Teresa , DelSole Timothy , Trenary Laurie , Kirtman Ben 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is a component of tropical variability that influences high-impact events such as hurricane activity and Asian monsoons on intraseasonal (2–8 weeks) time scales. However, the atmosphere–ocean dynamics responsible for the MJO are highly debated. To gain insight into MJO–Indian Ocean dynamics, we conduct climate model experiments where the ocean is replaced by a motionless slab whose thickness, called the mixed layer depth (MLD), varies in space but not in time. Changes in the MLD and ocean heat convergence over the Indian Ocean have no discernible impact on MJO propagation, predictability, or variability within the Community Earth System Model (CESM) version 1.2.1. This suggests that ocean dynamics may not be critical to the MJO over the Indian Ocean in this dynamical model (CAM5 coupled to motionless slab). To diagnose changes in intraseasonal variability beyond the MJO, a discriminant analysis technique is used to optimize differences in variability between experiments. This analysis reveals that differences caused by changing Indian Ocean MLD were restricted mostly to local surface fluxes and could be explained by simple energy balance physics. Despite modeling adjustments intended to preserve the climate, the control slab has a warmer climate than the fully coupled model. The resulting changes in the mean climate are consistent with changes theoretically expected from global warming, particularly the “wet-gets-wetter” mechanism.

Significance Statement
The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is a tropical eastward-moving pulse of convection that can influence a wide variety of global phenomena. Currently, models do not capture many key aspects of the MJO such as speed and spatial structure. The uppermost ocean layer that communicates with the atmosphere is widely believed to play a large role in the evolution of the MJO. To test the importance of ocean dynamics on simulated MJO, a slab-model configuration is used to allow the atmosphere and ocean to communicate through surface fluxes of heat and moisture while suppressing interactive ocean currents. Changes to the upper ocean did not impact the MJO in our model setup.
The Enhancement of the Summer Precipitation Teleconnection between India and the Northern Part of Eastern China after the Late 1990s
Authors: Li Shuai , Liu Li , Gong Zhiqiang , Yang Jie , Feng Guolin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
As subsystems of the Asian summer monsoon, summer precipitation variations in India and the northern part of eastern China (NEC) are physically connected. This study noted that the connection has been significantly enhanced after 1999 compared to 1979–98, which is due to the strengthened water vapor transportation connection between the two regions. That is associated with interdecadal variations of the combined effects of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) over the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) on the northwest Pacific subtropical high (NWPSH) and the Indo-Pacific Walker cell. Against the background of La Niña, the strengthened NWPSH and Indo-Pacific Walker cell favor water vapor transport to India and the NEC since 1999. Accordingly, summer precipitation in the two regions increases simultaneously, leading to the enhancement of the summer precipitation teleconnection between them. In addition, the influence of TIO SSTAs and the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) on Indo-Pacific circulations decreases, which further enhances the relative importance of ENSO on the summer precipitation in the two regions. However, during 1979–98, La Niña SSTAs has weak effects on the NWPSH and Indo-Pacific Walker cell, the negative TIO SSTAs significantly weaken NWPSH, and the negative IOD also obstructs the westward extension of the Indo-Pacific Walker cell. Circulations and water vapor transportation related to the Indian Ocean and NEC summer precipitation are inconsistent, resulting in a weak precipitation teleconnection between them. The above conclusions are also validated by extreme case analysis and CMIP6 models.

Significance Statement
This paper mainly studies the influences of different types of ENSO and Indian Ocean SSTAs on the interdecadal variations of the summer precipitation relationship between India and the northern part of eastern China (NEC). We find that the summer precipitation relationship between them is strengthened again after 1999, which deepens the understanding of summer precipitation in Asia and has great significance for improving dynamic models’ prediction skills. The interdecadal variations of the combined effects of the Indian and Pacific Oceans are the fundamental reasons for the interdecadal variations of precipitation relationships, which promotes the understanding of interactions of different oceans and their impacts on Asian climate.
User Selection and Engagement for Climate Services Coproduction
Authors: Baulenas E. , Bojovic D. , Urquiza D. , Terrado M. , Pickard S. , González N. , Clair A. L. St. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Climate services are high on the international agenda for their potential to help combat the effects of climate change. However, climate science is rarely directly incorporated into the decision-making processes of societal actors, due to what has been identified as the usability gap. This gap is partially due to a failure to timely and meaningfully engage users in the production of climate services, as well as misperceptions as to which users can best benefit from climate service uptake. In this article, we propose user selection and engagement guidelines that integrate important values from participatory science such as those of legitimacy, representativity, and agency. The guidelines consist of 5 + 1 steps: defining why, where, whom, which attributes, and which intensity and how to select and engage with stakeholders. While these steps may be initially implemented by an ideally interdisciplinary team of scientists and service designers, the final step consists of an iterative process by which each decision is agreed on together with the identified users and stakeholders under a coproduction approach. We believe this systematic user selection and engagement practice is key to support the design of climate services aligned to the actual needs of a wide and inclusive range of empowered societal agents.

Significance Statement
A review of the climate science and services literature and related research projects reveals that, despite the insistence to include users in all stages of the research process, users are often involved only sporadically and inconsistently and when there is little room to change the climate service suitable for decision-making. Here, we argue that a reason for this is the lack of user selection and engagement guidelines. Failure to implement a research design strategy for these decisions can lead to a lack of usability and applicability of the produced climate-related services, as well as hampering their long-term uptake. These guidelines can thus support the development of usable, coproduced, actionable climate science.
Mental deterioration of refugees and asylum seekers with uncertain legal status in Australia: Perceptions and responses of legal representatives
Authors: Kenny Mary Anne , Procter Nicholas , Grech Carol 
Published: April 2023

Background: Many developed countries have introduced strict measures designed to deter people seeking asylum. Measures such as held detention, insecure visas, restrictions work and services all impact the mental health of asylum seekers. In 2014 Australia introduced a ‘fast track assessment’ (FTA) system of processing refugee claims for asylum seekers who arrived by boat, those found to be refugees were only eligible for temporary residence. Legal professionals play a pivotal role in protecting the rights of asylum seekers and gain unique insight into the impact of the legal system has on clients mental health. Aim: To investigate how legal professionals in Australia perceived the impact of the FTA process on their clients. Methods: Mixed methods comprising of two phases – (i) an online survey and (ii) follow-up focus groups and interviews with legal professionals involved in assisting asylum seekers in the FTA process. An inductive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Results: Survey results were obtained from 38 legal professionals. Follow up in depth qualitative focus groups and interviews were conducted with 16 survey participants. The data demonstrate that legal professionals encounter clients in complex seemingly insurmountable mental health crises including deepening mental distress and deterioration, feelings of hopelessness, defeat and entrapment. Interviewees shared compelling examples of what they believed constituted a direct connection between asylum seekers experiencing uncertainty and deteriorating mental health over time with fluctuations in hopelessness, anger, withdrawal and suicidality. These negative impacts were often compounded by separation from family. Conclusions: The legal framework for determining whether an asylum seeker is a refugee can have a detrimental impact on the mental health of asylum seekers. The mental distress of asylum seekers and refugees is exacerbated by uncertainty linked to both delays in processing accompanied by sustained and ongoing uncertainty of legal status.
Low velocity impact behavior of auxetic CFRP composite laminates with in-plane negative Poisson’s ratio
Authors: Lin Wenhua , Wang Yeqing 
Published: April 2023

Introducing auxeticity or negative Poisson’s ratio is one potential solution to mitigate the low velocity impact damage of fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites, which can be achieved by tailoring the layup of an anisotropic composite laminate. This study aims to investigate the effect of laminate-level in-plane negative Poisson’s ratio on the low velocity impact behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) matrix composites using numerical simulations. The layups of the auxetic composites that allow them to produce negative Poisson’s ratios are identified based on the Classical Lamination Theory and verified through fundamental coupon-level experimental tests. To ensure meaningful comparisons, the non-auxetic counterpart composites are designed by allowing them to produce positive in-plane Poisson’s ratio while closely matching the longitudinal effective modulus of the auxetic laminate. The simulation results indicate that the auxetic laminates suffer smaller (12.6% on average) delamination area in top and bottom interfaces, much smaller (38% on average) matrix compressive damage in the top and bottom plies, and smaller (14.6% on average) fiber tensile damage area in each ply of the laminate at relatively higher impact energies (5 and 8 J).
White Hat, Black Hat, Slouch Hat: Could Australia’s Military Cyber Capability be Deployed Under Commonwealth Call-Out Powers?
Authors: Walker-Munro Brendan 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn April 2016, then Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull confirmed the existence of Australia’s offensive cyber capability. Said to constitute both a coordinating Information Warfare Division inside the Australian Army as well as dedicated cyberoffensive capability inside the Australian Signals Directorate, the unveiling of this capability was a watershed in Australian defence policy. Yet whilst the literature has briefly examined whether Australia’s cyberoffensive capability is congruous with international law, no such analysis under Australia’s domestic laws has been undertaken. This paper seeks to partially address this gap in the research by focusing on whether the Australian Defence Force could legally launch cyberattacks against domestic targets under Commonwealth call-out powers.
Busting Myths to Increase Critical Thinking in Psychology Majors
Authors: Blessing Jennifer S. 
Published: April 2023

Background Increasing students’ ability to think critically allows them to engage more fully with psychology material. Objective The current study used a critical thinking assignment called PsychBusters to examine critical thinking and interest in psychology in two sections of introductory psychology designated for first-year psychology majors. Method The experimental section completed two PsychBusters presentations including a poster presentation. The control course section also completed poster presentations but did not do the PsychBusters assignment. For both sections, critical thinking skills and levels of interest in psychology were measured at the start and end of the semester. Results Students in both sections maintained a high interest in psychology across the semester. The section that worked on the PsychBusters misconception assignment had similar critical thinking skills as the control at the start of the semester but had higher scores at the posttest. Conclusion Assignments that direct students to focus on critical thinking may not improve one's interest in psychology. However, class assignments that hone critical thinking skills should be integrated into psychology courses with the aim of improving students’ reasoning. Teaching Implications The development of critical thinking skills in psychology majors should start early in the curriculum.
Acute Retropharyngeal and Parapharyngeal Abscesses: A Case Series
Authors: Sellami Moncef , Kharrat Ines , Kharrat Ons , Hammami Boutheina , Mnejja Malek , Zouche Imen , Chaabouni Mohamed Amine , Charfeddine Ilhem 
Published: April 2023

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnosis circumstances, predisposing factors, investigations, and therapeutic management of retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal abscesses. Methods A retrospective chart review of patients diagnosed with retropharyngeal or parapharyngeal abscess from 2001 to 2021 was performed. Epidemiological characteristics, clinical signs, investigations, medical treatment, and surgical interventions were analyzed for each patient. Results A total of 30 patients with retropharyngeal or parapharyngeal abscess were identified. Computed tomography was performed in all cases, and magnetic resonance imaging was performed in three cases. Twelve patients had a “pure” retropharyngeal abscess, nine patients had a prestyloid abscess, one patient had a prestyloid abscess associated with a peritonsillar abscess, three patients had a retrostyloid abscess, and five patients had a prestyloid abscess associated with a retropharyngeal abscess or a retrostyloid abscess. The median long axis of the abscess was 42 cm. All patients received intravenous antibiotics for a median period of 8 days [4–30]. Seventeen patients required surgical trans-cervical drainage. Other patients underwent transoral or transnasal drainage. The pus culture revealed no growth in six cases, streptococcus (four cases), methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (two cases), Klebsiella (two cases), Enterobacter (one case), Fungi (two cases), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (a twelve-year-old boy). It was not documented in twelve cases. Histological examination revealed caseofollicular tuberculosis in a 53-year-old man. In 25 patients, no adverse events were observed during follow-up. Five patients had an unfavorable outcome. Conclusion We have found an increase in the incidence of these infections in recent years. Computed tomography is the best imaging examination for the diagnosis and follow-up of retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal abscess. Early drainage and antimicrobial therapy are essential for rapid recovery and prevention of complications of these abscesses.
Sociodemographic factors and screen exposure associated with the consumption of healthy and unhealthy dietary markers in children attended at a university hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Nascimento Bárbara Folino , Neves Tainá Cunha das , Rodrigues Patricia Lima , Nascimento do Carmo Cleber , Araujo Thamiris Fernandes , Mattos Roberta Dias de , Carvalho Ingrid Veras , Carvalho Padilha Patricia de 
Published: April 2023

Aim To evaluate the association between sociodemographic factors and screen exposure during meals with the consumption of dietary markers in children treated at a university hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Methods Cross-sectional study with children of both sexes between 2 and 9 years of age. Food consumption and screen exposure were assessed using specific forms. The socio-demographic data evaluated were age, maternal education, household composition, receipt of government benefits, and household food and nutrition security. The statistical analysis included simple and multivariate logistic regression with a confidence interval of 95%. Results Among the 129 children evaluated, most of them were of preschool age (57.4%), 71.3% received some type of government benefit, and 69.8% ate meals in front of screens. Among the markers of a healthy diet, beans (86.0%) and fresh fruits (69.8%) were the most consumed, while among the markers of an unhealthy diet, the most common components were sweetened beverages (61.7%) and cookies, candies, or other sweets (54.7%). There was a higher consumption of sweetened beverages among the children whose families received a government benefit (OR 2.63; 95% CI: 1.13–6.13) and who were exposed to a screen during meals (2.27; 95% CI: 1.01–5, 14). Conclusion This study showed that in view of the high frequency of consumption of unhealthy foods and screen exposure during meals, it is imperative that food and nutrition education actions are taken to promote an adequate and healthy food environment in childhood.
Comparison of corticosteroid injection, physiotherapy and combined treatment for patients with chronic subacromial bursitis – A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Hsieh Lin-Fen , Kuo Ying-Chen , Huang Yu-Hao , Liu Ya-Fang , Hsieh Tien-Lee 
Published: April 2023

Objective To investigate whether combination of corticosteroid subdeltoid injections and physiotherapy was more effective than either treatment alone in chronic subacromial bursitis. Design Prospective, three-arm randomised controlled trial. Setting Rehabilitation department of an academic hospital. Subjects Patients with chronic subacromial bursitis. Interventions Patients were divided into corticosteroid injection (N = 36), physiotherapy (N = 40) and combined (N = 35) groups. Two corticosteroid subdeltoid injections in corticosteroid group, 8-week physical therapy emphasising on therapeutic exercise in physiotherapy group, and combined both treatments in combined group. Main outcome measures The primary outcome measures were pain visual analogue scale and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index at 8 weeks after finishing treatment. The secondary outcome measures were active range of motion, Shoulder Disability Questionnaire, Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index, patient's evaluation of treatment effect, and symptom recurrence. Results Group comparison showed significant statistical difference in shoulder flexion ( P < 0.003) and patient's evaluation of treatment effect ( P < 0.001). The time and group interactions comparison revealed significant statistical differences in pain score ( P < 0.024), external rotation ( P < 0.044) and patient's evaluation of treatment effect ( P < 0.001). The above statistics were in favour of the corticosteroid and combined groups rather than physiotherapy group. The percentage of recurrence was 36.1, 7.5 and 17.1 in the corticosteroid, physiotherapy and combined groups, respectively ( P < 0.001). Conclusion Corticosteroid subdeltoid injection, or combined with physiotherapy, was superior to physiotherapy alone, but the recurrence rate was least in the physiotherapy group.