bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The preanalytical stability of emerging cannabinoid analogs (delta-8 THC and its metabolites, delta-10 THC and carboxy-HHC) in urine
Authors: Pokhai Ashley A , Poklis Justin L , Williams Grace R , Wolf Carl E 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
There has been a surge in the presence and use of cannabinoids since the federal legalization of hemp (Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018). This increase is attributed not only to the use of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) and cannabidiol, the most abundant phytocannabinoid components of cannabis and hemp, respectively, but also to the use of many other emerging THC analogs. Structurally, these analogs are similar to ∆9-THC. Urine specimens for drug analysis are often collected offsite and transported to a laboratory for analysis. Screening assays are usually the first step in urine drug testing. These assays are usually qualitative and automated, which for negative specimens, reduce cost and reporting time. The stability of ∆9-THC and its metabolites has been known for some time; however, the stability of emerging analogs has not been elucidated, and therefore, assuming equivalent storage stability can be erroneous. Previous work assessed the cross-reactivity of ∆8-THC and its major metabolites, the ∆10-THC chiral analogs and the chiral 11-COOH-hexahydrocannabinol analogs. Stability was assessed for each analyte at a concentration two times greater than the analytes’ determined decision point. Samples were prepared in drug-free urine at three different pHs (4.5, 7 and 9) and stored at three different temperatures (4°C, 20°C and 45°C) in triplicate. Samples were analyzed utilizing the Lin-Zhi International Cannabinoids Enzyme Immunoassay cannabinoid screening kit calibrated at the 25 ng/mL cut-off. Overall, the cannabinoid analogs produced diminishing instrument responses depending on pH and temperature. The parent analogs were not detected after a single day at 45°C regardless of pH. In general, carboxylic acid analogs at the acidic pH (4.5) produced diminished instrument responses when compared to their counterparts stored at neutral (7) and basic (9) pH. The time, storage temperature and pH of urine specimens may affect the screening results of specimens collected for cannabinoid drug screening.
Burn size and environmental conditions modify thermoregulatory responses to exercise in burn survivors
Authors: Belval Luke N , Cramer Matthew N , Moralez Gilbert , Huang DPT Mu , Watso Joseph C , Fischer Mads , Crandall Craig G 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This project tested the hypothesis that burn survivors can perform mild/moderate-intensity exercise in temperate and hot environments without excessive elevations in core body temperature. Burn survivors with low (23 ± 5%TBSA; N = 11), moderate (40 ± 5%TBSA; N = 9), and high (60 ± 8%TBSA; N = 9) burn injuries performed 60 minutes of cycle ergometry exercise (72 ± 15 watts) in a 25°C and 23% relative humidity environment (ie, temperate) and in a 40°C and 21% relative humidity environment (ie, hot). Absolute gastrointestinal temperatures (TGI) and changes in TGI (ΔTGI) were obtained. Participants with an absolute TGI of &gt;38.5°C and/or a ΔTGI of &gt;1.5°C were categorized as being at risk for hyperthermia. For the temperate environment, exercise increased ΔTGI in all groups (low: 0.72 ± 0.21°C, moderate: 0.42 ± 0.22°C, and high: 0.77 ± 0.25°C; all P &lt; .01 from pre-exercise baselines), resulting in similar absolute end-exercise TGI values (P = .19). Importantly, no participant was categorized as being at risk for hyperthermia, based upon the aforementioned criteria. For the hot environment, ΔTGI at the end of the exercise bout was greater for the high group when compared to the low group (P = .049). Notably, 33% of the moderate cohort and 56% of the high cohort reached or exceeded a core temperature of 38.5°C, while none in the low cohort exceeded this threshold. These data suggest that individuals with a substantial %TBSA burned can perform mild/moderate intensity exercise for 60 minutes in temperate environmental conditions without risk of excessive elevations in TGI. Conversely, the risk of excessive elevations in TGI during mild/moderate intensity exercise in a hot environment increases with the %TBSA burned.
Management of gastropleural leak by video-assisted thoracoscopy after sleeve gastrectomy
Authors: Ortiz Gómez Jesús Elías , Toledo Barranco Mario , Medina Aguirre Willberto , Guzmán Barba José Aldo , Esparza Estrada Isaac , Ruiz Cota Patricia , Orozco Álvarez Malo José Oscar 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Obesity is a major public health issue with various comorbidities. Sleeve gastrectomy has become a popular treatment for obesity, but it carries the risk of complications, particularly staple line leakage. This case study focused on a 32-year-old woman with grade II obesity and hiatal hernia who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Four days after surgery, she presented with abdominal pain, revealing leakage from the gastric sleeve into the thoracic cavity. Diagnostic procedures and interventions were performed, including cavity lavage, drainage placement, and stent placement. The patient showed clinical improvement after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and a multidisciplinary approach involving nutrition support and antibiotics. Despite the challenges, the patient’s clinical course improved, leading to discharge with no evidence of leakage on follow-up endoscopy. Careful monitoring and timely interventions are essential to manage complications in sleeve gastrectomy procedures and ensure optimal patient outcomes.
Fine-tuning the activities of β-KETOACYL-COA SYNTHASE 3 (KCS3) and KCS12 in Arabidopsis is essential for maintaining cuticle integrity
Authors: Huang Haodong , Yang Xianpeng , Zheng Minglü , Lü Shiyou , Zhao Huayan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The plant cuticle, consisting of wax and cutin, is involved in adaptations to various environments. β-Ketoacyl-CoA synthases (KCSs) usually serve as a component of the fatty acid elongation complex that participates in the production of very long-chain fatty acids and provides precursors for the synthesis of various lipids, including wax; however, we recently reported that KCS3 and KCS12 negatively regulate wax biosynthesis. In this current study, we observed that unlike KCS3-overexpressing (OE) lines, KCS12-OE lines had fused floral organs because of abnormal cuticle biosynthesis. This prompted us to compare the functions of KCS3 and KCS12 during cuticle formation. Mutation of KCS3 caused greater effects on wax production, whereas mutation of KCS12 exerted more severe effects on cutin synthesis. The double-mutant kcs3 kcs12 had significantly increased wax and cutin contents compared to either single-mutant, suggesting that KCS12 and KCS3 have additive effects on cuticle biosynthesis. Cuticle permeability was greater for the double-mutant than for the single mutants, which ultimately led to increased susceptibility to drought stress and floral-organ fusion. Taken together, our results demonstrate the regulatory roles of KCS3 and KCS12 during cuticle biosynthesis, and show that maintaining KCS3 and KCS12 expression at certain levels is essential for the formation of a functional cuticle layer.
An egocentric logic of de dicto and de re knowing who
Authors: Epstein Sophia , Naumov Pavel , Tao Jia 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The article proposes de dicto and de re versions of ‘knowing-who’ modalities as well as studies the interplay between them and modalities ‘knows’ and ‘for all agents’. It shows that neither of these four modalities is definable through a combination of the three others. In addition, a sound and complete logical system describing the properties of de dicto ‘knows who’, ‘knows’ and ‘for all agents’ modalities is presented.
Development of motor control
Authors: Utley Andrea 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the development of motor control. It begins with descriptions of the theoretical foundation that underpin the understanding of development. A dynamical systems approach is favoured with the interaction between the task, the individual, and the environment seen as a key concept. The emphasis is on the early stages of development when the most rapid and significant changes take place. Key areas such as spontaneous movements, postural control, and perception–action coupling are also considered. In the final section, the development of fundamental movement skills including walking, reaching and grasping, catching, and throwing are explored. The importance of ‘moving to learn and learning to move’ is stressed as imperative to ensuring that children develop appropriate movement skills.
Physical activity, exercise, and asthma
Authors: Hebestreit Helge , Kriemler Susi , Radtke Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The incidence of asthma in children varies among countries and is estimated to range between 5% and 20%. Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is common in patients with asthma, but can also occur in some children without asthma. Typical symptoms of EIA include cough, chest tightness, and shortness of breath shortly after exercise. The pathophysiology of EIA is not completely understood. It has been shown that airway cooling and drying with increased ventilation during exercise plays a pivotal role, as well as airway rewarming after exercise. In addition, a lack of physical activity may also contribute to EIA. Regular exercise may increase fitness and psychological well-being, but also positively influences airway inflammation in children with asthma. The diagnosis of EIA is based on the typical history and may be verified by an exercise challenge test. Every child with asthma should be able to engage in all type of physical activities.
Physical activity, exercise, and cerebral palsy
Authors: Verschuren Olaf , Bolster Eline AM 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Children with cerebral palsy (CP) experience difficulties in performing activities of daily living, including sports and exercise activities. As a result, most individuals with CP lead an inactive and sedentary lifestyle that leads to reduced fitness and decreased health benefits. The reduced aerobic and anaerobic fitness levels of children with CP, as well as their muscle weakness, warrants specialised testing and training programmes for this vulnerable population. Both laboratory and field aerobic and anaerobic fitness tests, and strength tests, are available for children with CP. The exercise tests need to be selected based on the physical ability of the child with CP and the goal of the assessment. Several training interventions have been developed to improve fitness and muscle strength in children with CP. Exercise participation can be undertaken with a high level of safety for individuals with CP. Therefore, fitness training of sufficient frequency, intensity, and duration is recommended, or even required, to maintain and optimise health and functional ability in children with CP.
Markers of training stress and overtraining
Authors: Jürimäe Jaak 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Monitoring training is important in order to follow normal growth and maturation and to avoid possible overtraining in youth athletes. Overtraining is not a single condition but rather a continuum of related factors such as functional overreaching, non-functional overreaching, and overtraining syndrome. The monitoring process should follow a multilevel approach and include specific psychometric and hormonal markers in addition to performance assessment on a regular basis in growing athletes. In psychometric monitoring, stress and recovery should be measured simultaneously, and monitoring should not be restricted to the stress component alone. Endocrine mechanisms that participate in the response to high training stress are the growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal, and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axes, and peripheral factors of energy homeostasis that also include specific adipose, muscle, and bone tissue markers. The function of the GH–IGF-1 axis is suppressed during high training stress demonstrating a catabolic hormonal environment, which is attributed to low energy availability. In female athletes, low energy availability is the major factor that alters reproductive hormone secretion, rather than high training stress or an increase in exercise energy expenditure. Circulating ghrelin and irisin may also be used as indicators of energy balance in female athletes after menarche, while increased cortisol level indicates possible overreaching/overtraining syndrome. In certain circumstances, leptin, ghrelin, and irisin concentrations can be used to characterise low energy availability and consequently high training stress in growing athletes.
The youth athlete in hot and cold environments
Authors: Falk Bareket , Dotan Raffy 
Published: August 2023

AbstractChildren and adults employ different thermoregulatory strategies. Under heat stress, children rely more on non-evaporative heat exchange, while sweating is adults’ foremost heat-dissipation process. Several anatomical, physiological, and psychological factors can affect differential risk of thermal injury in the child versus the adult athlete. Children have greater surface-area-to-mass ratio, lower sweating rate, higher peripheral blood flow in the heat, and a greater extent of vasoconstriction in the cold. They can acclimatise to a similar extent but do so at a lower rate than adults. Differences in perceived exertion and thermal strain, cumulative experience, cognitive development, and decision-making capacity may negatively affect the youth athlete’s behaviour under competitive and other situations, possibly subjecting him or her to sub-par performance or to greater risk of thermal injury. However, except for limited environmental conditions, children in general, and youth athletes in particular, are physiologically capable of handling environmental challenges as effectively as adults.
Epidemiology and prevention of injuries in competitive contact and collision sports
Authors: Nauta Joske , Sewry Nicola , Verhagen Evert ALM 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Contact and collision sports are those sports in which contact with the opponent is common or intentional. This chapter systematically presents current knowledge regarding sports-related injuries within three contact sports (basketball, handball, and football) and three collision sports (rugby, ice hockey, and martial arts). Each sport is covered systematically by describing practical information concerning the particular sport, the epidemiology, and aetiology of the sport-specific injury spectrum, and summarising prevention strategies. Where possible, trends that can be drawn from the literature are provided to give a reasonable basis on which to develop and promote prevention strategies.
Head and cervical spine injuries
Authors: Cantu Robert V , Cantu Robert C 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Head and neck injuries in youth athletes range from concussion and cervical strain to intracranial haemorrhage and quadriplegia. Concussion is a common head injury and can occur without loss of consciousness. Post-concussion syndrome can occur after a single concussion or may develop after multiple concussions. Any athlete who remains symptomatic after a concussion or is suffering from post-concussion syndrome should not return to athletic competition. Multiple head injuries, even sub-concussive blows, may lead to the development of chronic traumatic encephalopathy which currently can only conclusively be diagnosed on pathological examination. Youth athletes who are suspected to have sustained a cervical spine injury should be immobilised, typically with both shoulder pads and helmet on unless the helmet needs to be removed for airway access, in which case both should be removed. Several studies have shown the improved sensitivity of computed tomography imaging compared to plain radiography in diagnosing cervical spine injuries in youth athletes and measures can be taken to minimise the effective radiation received.
Cardiovascular
Authors: Molloy Phillip 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the fundamentals underpinning the cardiovascular system. Here you will learn how to draw the major vessels, branches and valves found in the cardiovascular system. While tricky to draw the coronary vascular system initially, it will not only impress your peers and lecturers but it will also provide an excellent three-dimensional image in your head which can be used while interpreting electrocardiograms and when exploring real-life cardiac anatomy.
Devices for Sensory Stimulation and Behavioral Monitoring
Authors: Hari Riitta , Puce Aina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to stimulation and monitoring devices needed to run MEG and EEG experiments. The MEG environment is very challenging for various sensory stimulators because any moving magnetic or magnetized materials near the subject will cause serious artifacts. The devices introduced in this chapter include auditory, visual, and tactile stimulators, stimulators to trigger acute pain, devices to produce passive movements to activate proprioceptors, and olfactory and gustatory stimulators. The operating principles of the stimulators are described in a concise manner. Some devices for monitoring a subject’s behavior are briefly mentioned. The chapter ends with a section on phantoms for MEG/EEG systems as aids to understand source analysis and artifact removal.
Practicalities of Data Collection
Authors: Hari Riitta , Puce Aina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with optimizing MEG and EEG data recording sessions for best signal quality. The chapter begins with principles of good experimentation, including reproducibility checks and subject preparation for MEG and EEG studies, followed by specific parts of experimental practice. For EEG studies, preparation of skin, electrode application, and impedance measurement are described. For MEG studies, the issues related to metallic materials on clothing or on/in the body are discussed. The use of additional electrodes for measuring eye artifacts and attachment of head position indicator coils to monitor subject position during MEG recording is noted. The chapter continues with description of various measurement methods for MEG sensor and EEG electrode digitization, as well as acquisition of structural MRIs for obtaining head anatomy, finally rounding out with infection control for EEG and MEG studies and electrical safety.
Evoked and Event-Related Responses
Authors: Hari Riitta , Puce Aina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces task-related activity, known as evoked and event-related responses. These responses can be elicited by any sudden changes, such as brief transient stimuli, long stimuli, or by “steady-state” stimuli presented in quick succession. Different stimulation setups often require different filter settings for obtaining optimum MEG/EEG signals. The typically recorded signals include transient on- and off-responses, sustained responses during long stimuli, and steady-state responses, and each response can comprise multiple deflections. The commonly used nomenclature of the various types of evoked responses is presented. The chapter closes by examining how evoked responses can be modulated by interstimulus interval, stimulus timing, as well as other stimulus-related parameters.
Brain Signals Related to Change Detection
Authors: Hari Riitta , Puce Aina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines neurophysiological responses related to various cognitive processes, expectation of stimuli and events, and stimulus probability. The responses include the contingent negative variation, the electric and magnetic mismatch responses, P300, the N400 family of responses typically occurring during processing of speech and language, and the error-related negativity that arises when subjects commit an error. The attributes of these responses, the variables that modulate them, and their likely neural generators are discussed. Although these responses have been known for many decades, here they are discussed within the same predictive coding framework as they seem to be related to complex and goal-directed human behavior that unfolds in uncertain and surprising environments.
MEG/EEG Combined with Other Brain Imaging Methods
Authors: Hari Riitta , Puce Aina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the advantages, disadvantages, and pitfalls of multimodal assessment of brain function. Studies combining MEG/EEG with fMRI in similar setups have resulted in seemingly conflicting findings regarding the time courses of hemodynamic and neurophysiological responses. Two simple models are presented for explaining these conflicting observations in terms of the hemodynamic delay and white-matter transmission times. It is proposed that fMRI signals are dominated by activation transmitted via dense and thin neuronal fibers, whereas MEG/EEG signals likely reflect the most synchronously active neural populations connected by thick, fast-conducting fibers. The chapter closes with some exciting new EEG literature describing noninvasive brain stimulation with TMS, tDCS, tACS, and focused ultrasound, and it also introduces the developing hybrid MEG–MRI. Finally, it is posited that using multiple methods in systems and cognitive/social neuroscience is the new normal in the 21st century.
Multivalency of nucleosome recognition by LEDGF
Authors: Koutná Eliška , Lux Vanda , Kouba Tomáš , Škerlová Jana , Nováček Jiří , Srb Pavel , Hexnerová Rozálie , Šváchová Hana , Kukačka Zdeněk , Novák Petr , Fábry Milan , Poepsel Simon , Veverka Václav 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Eukaryotic transcription is dependent on specific histone modifications. Their recognition by chromatin readers triggers complex processes relying on the coordinated association of transcription regulatory factors. Although various modification states of a particular histone residue often lead to differential outcomes, it is not entirely clear how they are discriminated. Moreover, the contribution of intrinsically disordered regions outside of the specialized reader domains to nucleosome binding remains unexplored. Here, we report the structures of a PWWP domain from transcriptional coactivator LEDGF in complex with the H3K36 di- and trimethylated nucleosome, indicating that both methylation marks are recognized by PWWP in a highly conserved manner. We identify a unique secondary interaction site for the PWWP domain at the interface between the acidic patch and nucleosomal DNA that might contribute to an H3K36-methylation independent role of LEDGF. We reveal DNA interacting motifs in the intrinsically disordered region of LEDGF that discriminate between the intra- or extranucleosomal DNA but remain dynamic in the context of dinucleosomes. The interplay between the LEDGF H3K36-methylation reader and protein binding module mediated by multivalent interactions of the intrinsically disordered linker with chromatin might help direct the elongation machinery to the vicinity of RNA polymerase II, thereby facilitating productive elongation.