bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ปัจจัยทำนายอาการสงบของผู้ป่วยจิตเภท โรงพยาบาลศรีธัญญา
Authors:   , เบ็ญเจ๊ะมะ รัตติยาพร 
Published: September 2023

การวิจัยเชิงบรรยายนี้ มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาปัจจัยทำนาย ได้แก่ เพศ ช่วงเวลาของอาการโรคจิตที่ไม่ได้รับการรักษา ระยะเวลาของการเจ็บป่วย การหยั่งรู้สภาพของตนเอง ความร่วมมือในการรักษาด้วยยา การแสดงออกทางอารมณ์สูงในครอบครัว และการทำหน้าที่ด้านการรู้คิด ที่สามารถทำนายอาการสงบของผู้ป่วยจิตเภท กลุ่มตัวอย่างคือ บุคคลที่ป่วยด้วยโรคจิตเภทที่มารับบริการในโรงพยาบาลศรีธัญญา จํานวน 220 คน เครื่องมือที่ใช้ในการวิจัย คือ แบบสอบถามข้อมูลส่วนบุคคล แบบประเมินอาการสงบของผู้ป่วยจิตเภท แบบประเมินการหยั่งรู้สภาพของตนเอง แบบประเมินความร่วมมือในการรักษาด้วยยา แบบวัดระดับการแสดงออกทางอารมณ์ในครอบครัว และแบบทดสอบสมรรถภาพสมองไทย เครื่องมือทุกฉบับผ่านการตรวจสอบความตรงตามเนื้อหาจากผู้ทรงคุณวุฒิ จํานวน 5 ท่าน มีค่าความเชื่อมั่น ดังนี้ .95, .75, .80, .94 และ .80 ตามลำดับ สถิติที่ใช้ในการวิเคราะห์ข้อมูล คือการวิเคราะห์ถดถอยโลจิสติก (Logistic regression analysis)

ผลการวิจัยสรุปได้ดังนี้ ตัวแปรที่สามารถทำนายอาการสงบของผู้ป่วยจิตเภทได้อย่างมีนัยสําคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .05 มีจํานวน 3 ตัวแปร ได้แก่ การทำหน้าที่ด้านการรู้คิด ความร่วมมือในการรักษาด้วยยาและการหยั่งรู้สภาพของตนเอง โดยสามารถเขียนสมการถดถอยโลจิสติกได้ ดังนี้ Predicted logit (อาการสงบของผู้ป่วยจิตเภท) = -13.066 + 0.130*(การหยั่งรู้สภาพของตนเอง) + 0.071*(ความร่วมมือในการรักษาด้วยยา) + 0.325*(การทำหน้าที่ด้านการรู้คิด) สามารถร่วมกันทำนายตัวแปรตามได้ ร้อยละ 46.8
ผลของโปรแกรมการทบทวนชีวิตคู่ต่อภาระของผู้ดูแลที่เป็นคู่สมรสผู้สูงอายุที่มีภาวะสมองเสื่อม
Authors:   , อุดมลาภ รุ่งนภา 
Published: September 2023

การวิจัยแบบกึ่งทดลองครั้งนี้ มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาผลของโปรแกรมการทบทวนชีวิตคู่ต่อภาระของผู้ดูแลที่เป็นคู่สมรสผู้สูงอายุที่มีภาวะสมองเสื่อม โดยใช้แนวคิดของ Ingersoll-Dayton et al. (2013) ร่วมกับการให้ความรู้การดูแลผู้สูงอายุที่มีภาวะสมองเสื่อมและการดูแลตนเองของผู้ดูแล ศึกษากลุ่มเดียววัดแบบอนุกรมเวลา (One-Group Time Series Design) ทำการวัดซ้ำทั้งหมด 6 ครั้ง โดยทำการวัดก่อนการทดลอง 1 ครั้ง ระหว่างการทดลอง 4 ครั้ง และหลังเสร็จสิ้นการทดลอง 1 ครั้ง แต่ละครั้งห่างกัน 1 สัปดาห์ กลุ่มตัวอย่างคือผู้สูงอายุที่มีภาวะสมองเสื่อมซึ่งมีผู้ดูแลที่เป็นคู่สมรส จำนวน 16 คน โดยคัดเลือกกลุ่มตัวอย่างที่มีคุณสมบัติตามเกณฑ์ที่กำหนด ดำเนินการโดยให้ผู้สูงอายุเข้าร่วมโปรแกรมการทบทวนชีวิตคู่ สัปดาห์ละ 1 ครั้ง ครั้งละ 90 นาที เป็นระยะเวลา 5 สัปดาห์ รวมทั้งสิ้น 5 ครั้ง เครื่องมือที่ใช้ในการทดลอง ได้แก่ โปรแกรมการทบทวนชีวิตคู่ที่ผู้วิจัยสร้างขึ้นตามแนวคิดของ Ingersoll-Dayton et al. (2013) ร่วมกับการให้ความรู้การดูแลผู้สูงอายุที่มีภาวะสมองเสื่อมและการดูแลตนเองของผู้ดูแล ได้ผ่านการตรวจสอบความตรงตามเนื้อหาจากผู้ทรงคุณวุฒิ เครื่องมือที่ใช้ในการเก็บรวบรวมข้อมูล ได้แก่ แบบสอบถามภาระของผู้ดูแลของ Zarit (1980) แปลโดย อรวรรณ แผนคง (2547) ผ่านการตรวจสอบความตรงตามเนื้อหาจากผู้ทรงคุณวุฒิ และมีค่าความเที่ยงตรงของแบบสอบถาม จากการคำนวณค่าสัมประสิทธิ์แอลฟาครอนบาคเท่ากับ .90 วิเคราะห์ข้อมูลโดยใช้สถิติการวิเคราะห์ความแปรปรวนแบบวัดซ้ำ (Repeated Measures ANOVA)

ผลการวิจัยสรุปได้ดังนี้

ภาระของผู้ดูแลที่เป็นคู่สมรสผู้สูงอายุที่มีภาวะสมองเสื่อม ระหว่างได้รับโปรแกรมการทบทวนชีวิตคู่และหลังได้รับโปรแกรมการทบทวนชีวิตคู่ต่ำกว่าก่อนได้รับโปรแกรมการทบทวนชีวิตคู่อย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .01 โดยภาระของผู้ดูแลที่เป็นคู่สมรสผู้สูงอายุที่มีภาวะสมองเสื่อมลดลงต่อเนื่องอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .01 ตั้งแต่สัปดาห์ที่ 3 เป็นต้นไป
Ketahanan Ekonomi Masyarakat Melalui Daur Ulang Sampah di Bangoan Collection Center Tulungagung Jawa Timur
Authors: Haryanti Nik , Soebiantoro Soebiantoro 
Published: September 2023

Ketahanan ekonomi ialah aspek penting yang wajib untuk terwujud dimasyarakat. Hal ini terjadi karena ketahanan ekonomi berkaitan erat dengan kualitas hidup, kemandirian, dan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Oleh karena itu dalam mewujudkannya perlu kontribusi berbagai pihak seperti pemerintah daerah dan juga perguruan tinggi. sebagai salah satu aktor utama dalam mencapai aspek tersebut, maka perguruan tinggi dapat berperan melalui kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat. Pada pengimplementasian kali ini wilayah Tulungagung menjadi wilayah sasaran kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat. Sebagaimana skala prioritas pembangunan di Tulungagung yaitu meningkatkan upaya penangunggulangan kemiskinan melalui peningkatan sumber daya, sehingga mampu berdikari meningkatkan ekonomi dan daya saing melalui pengelolaan potensi unggulan daerah. Disamping itu program pemberdayaan ekonomi yang diberikan kepada wanita yang non-produktif, petani akhirnya dipekerjakan di Bangoan Collection Center Tulungagung. Permasalahan prioritas yang dihadapi masalah pengelolaan/manajemen sampah, Wilayah Tulungagung terkenal dengan kota industry terdapatbanyak sampah yang berserakan tentu berakibat fatal yaitu pencemaran lingkungan mengganggu kebersihan dan kesehatan warga sekitar. Selain itu perempuan usia non produktif dapat diberdayakan sebagai penopang ketahanan ekonomi keluarga memiliki peran ganda yang bisa menjalankan peranan rangkapnya, yaitu terhadap keluarga juga terhadap masyarakat. Proses pemberdayaan masyarakat melalui kegiatan daur ulang sampah berjalan cukup baik. Para pekerja diajarkan untuk bisa mengolah sampah dari awal proses pemilah di Bangoan Collection Center adalah ketika botol yang masuk dalam keadaan kotor hingga terkontaminasi. Tahap Pelatihan Daur Ulang Sampah dalam meningkatkan Ketahanan Ekonomi Masyarakat di Bangoan Collection Center Tulungagung Jawa Timur dilakukan dengan Penggunaan metode PLA dalam pelatihan ini terdiri dari soft skill dan hard skill. Soft skill merupakan kemampuan yang dimiliki oleh individu secara alami yang mencakup kecerdasan, baik emosional maupun sosial, komunikasi atau berinteraksi dengan individu lain, dan semacamnya. Hard skill sendiri lebih dekat kaitannya dengan kemampuan bekerja. Tahap Pendampingan Daur Ulang Sampah dalam meningkatkan Ketahanan Ekonomi Masyarakat dilakukan dengan pendamping menggunakan strategi pendekatan partisipatoris, guna lebih meyakinkan masyarakat tentang apa yang akan dilakukan sehingga bisa memunculkan potensi-potensi yang belum mereka sadari. Selain itu pendamping disini berposisi sebagai partnerships bagi masyarakat. Masyarakat sendiri sebagai subyek atau pelaku utama proses pemberdayaan ini
ANALISIS RESPON SISWA PADA PEMBELAJARAN DARING DI MASA PANDEMI COVID 19
Authors: MULIADI MULIADI , MISLAINI MISLAINI 
Published: September 2023

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis dan mendeskripsikan respon siswa terhadapa pembelajaran daring di masa pandemi covid-19. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah 20 orang siswa kelas X SMKN I Lingsar Lombok Barat. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penyebaran angket (angket) dan wawancara tidak terstruktur. Hasil data diperoleh dan dianalisis secara kualitatif deskriptif. Persentase data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan menyesuaikan kategori yang ada. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua aspek yang terkandung dalam angket respon siswa menunjukkan 32,5% dengan kategori baik, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran daring tidak efektif digunakan di masa pandemic covid 19.
Fundamentals Of Moral Islamic Education (Analysis Of Surat Al-Araf Verse 199)
Authors: Triyani Oktofiyah  
Published: September 2023

Abstract. The study of moral education is a very urgent and important discussion in the world of education. This discussion has been widely studied by researchers, thinkers and also writers of other scientific works. This study uses a qualitative research method that originates from the Qur'an and its interpretations, then analyzes its contents to obtain conclusions. This study focuses on Q.S.Al-Araf. This paper finds out how the concept of the basics of moral education is in the perspective of the Koran. In the view of the Qur'an, moral education must be educated to humans, so that they can have morals towards Allah SWT, towards themselves, towards their families, and towards the surrounding community.
Lorsque les mangas sont perçus comme des produits dérivés : les adaptations de séries animées (France, Italie et Espagne)
Authors: Suvilay Bounthavy 
Published: September 2023

Les pratiques professionnelles liées à la sphère d’influence de la télévision et les adaptations transmédiatiques jouent historiquement un rôle majeur dans les transferts culturels du manga en France, en Italie et en Espagne à la fin des années 1970. Déviées de leur circuit de communication initial pour être reterritorialisées dans un contexte non prévu, les oeuvres japonaises subissent de multiples transformations afin de correspondre aux conventions locales. Les entreprises locales créent des adaptations de dessins animés dérivés de mangas avant d’importer des oeuvres japonaises en les modifiant selon les besoins de leurs réseaux de diffusion. Si la fiction peut circuler de manière globale en s’incarnant dans différents médias, le format reste un élément fortement contextualisé plus difficile à déterritorialiser : il matérialise en effet une histoire des pratiques de création et de réception distincte selon les pays.
MAKSADÎ’NİN KANİJE KALESİ FETİHNÂMESİ
Authors: YEŞİLBAĞ Semih 
Published: September 2023

Haberleşme imkânlarının günümüzdeki kadar gelişmediği eski devirlerde fethin ülke içinde ve dışında duyurulması gerekli görülmüştür. Bu amaçla özellikle İslâm beldelerine katılmış yeni yerlerin ilanı için fetihnâmeler yazılmış, çeşitli yerlere gönderilmiştir. Bu eserler, padişahların fethedilen yerleri haber veren ferman ve mektupları dışında fetihten bahseden edebî bir türü karşılamak için de kullanılmıştır. Edebiyatımızda sanatçılar, fethedilen yerler münasebetiyle bu türde pek çok eser kaleme almışlardır.
Eldeki bilgiler ışığında 16. yüzyılda Balkan coğrafyasında yaşadığı anlaşılan Maksadî de Kanije Kalesi’nin 1600 yılında Osmanlı Devleti topraklarına katılması vesilesiyle fetihnâme türünde bir kaside yazmıştır.
Bu makalede fetih, fethiyye ve fetihnâme terimleri açıklanmış, Kanije ve Kanije Kalesi’nin fethi hakkında bilgiler verilmiş, kasidenin müellifi olan Maksadî tanıtılmış, kasidenin şekil özellikleri, muhtevası üzerinde durulmuş ve kasidedeki bilgiler ile tarihî kaynaklardaki bilgilerin mukayesesi kasideden alınan beyitlerin delaletiyle yapılmıştır. Eserin çeviri yazılı metni ve orijinal sayfaları da çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir.
Bu çalışma ile daha çok Tiryâkî Hasan Paşa’nın 1601’deki destansı müdafaası ile bilinen Kanije’nin Sadrazam Damad İbrahim Paşa (ö. 1010/1601) tarafından gerçekleştirilen fethinin de önemli olduğu, Hasan Beyzâde Ahmed Paşa tarafından yazılmış mensur eserin Kanije fethi için yazılmış tek fetihnâme olmadığı, tarihî bir olayı konu alan şiirlerde tarih ile edebiyatın birbirini tamamlayıcı olduğu dikkate sunulmaya çalışılmıştır.
Attitudes on ICT Integration among SPAMAST Instructors in the New Normal
Authors: Salandron Rolando Jr. L. , Razonable Melanie C. , Franca Glenford C. 
Published: September 2023

The study of attitudes on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) integration in the new normal was conducted at Southern Philippines Agri- Business and Marine and Aquatic School of Technology. Descriptive-research design was employed and a total enumeration of the respondents was used. Data were gathered with the used of adopted survey questionnaire and the data collected were subjected to statistical analysis using percentage, mean and frequency count.
The result of the analysis revealed that most of the respondents are female. Moreover, the SPAMAST instructors had very high positive attitudes of integrating ICT in teaching. Therefore, they are willing to learn more about effective ICT integration approaches to teaching and learning. With regards to obstacles faced by the teachers, it was revealed that a minimal obstacles faced by the teachers after incorporating it in teaching. The effort when integrating ICT tools in teaching, network connectivity, ICT tools are changing too fast to be up -to date and students lack of ICT skills were the obstacles faced by the teachers in integrating ICT in teaching.
Distribution of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Immunoglobulins G and M among Frontline Health Workers in Eleme Local Government of Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Gillis-Harry Sotonye L. , Echonwere-Uwikor Beauty E. , Eze Evelyn M. 
Published: September 2023

Background: The fight against Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) globally among front line health workers has been a challenging task, it encompasses working lengthy hours at the isolation Centre’s, intensive care units, emergency departments and molecular laboratories, and also been exposed to pathogens, fatigue, and psychological distress. This has led to high morbidity and mortality rate among front line health workers all over the globe.
Aim: This study aimed at determining the distribution of SARS CoV -2 IgG and IgM among frontline health workers in Eleme Local Government of Rivers State, Nigeria.
Materials and Methods: A total of 100 frontline Covid-19 health workers were recruited for this study comprising 48 males and 52 females with ages between 23 and 49 years and included janitors, hygienist, nurses, data Officers, logistics and ambulance drivers, physicians, and medical laboratory scientists, working at the molecular laboratories, sample collection booths and isolation center. The bio-data of the subjects were obtained using a well-structured questionnaire. Only subjects who gave informed consent were recruited for this study. 60ul of capillary blood was collected from each participant using an aseptic technique and immediately followed by the analysis of SAR-CoV-2 IgM and IgG using a lateral flow immunochromatographic assay technique.
Results: Results from this study showed a total of forty-two (42) 42% subjects were reactive to IgG antibodies while fifty-eight (58) 58% subjects were non-reactive to IgG antibodies also a total of Twenty-One (21) 21% subject were reactive to IgM antibodies while a total of seventy-nine (79) 79% subjects were none reactive to IgM antibodies. A total of nine (9) subjects who were exposed to SAR-CoV-2 for more than one year were reactive to SAR-Cov-2 IgM and IgG antibodies, while a total of two (2) subjects who were exposed to SAR-CoV-2 for less than one year were reactive to SAR-Cov-2 IgM and IgG antibodies and the difference (p ₌ 0.013) was statistically significant. Also, a higher number of subjects within the 20-29 age bracket were reactive to SAR-CoV-2 IgM antibodies while subjects with in the age bracket of 30-39 were more reactive to IgG antibodies.
Conclusion: This study reveals that serological testing is an ideal approach in assessing the proportion of frontline health workers who might have been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 as part of effort in combating COVID-19 disease globally.
Point of Zero Charge of Soils - It’s Dynamics under Fertilizer Management Practices and Nutrient Availability
Authors: Parija Subhra , Das Kulendra Nath , Sarkar Meghna 
Published: September 2023

Aims: To study the dynamics of point of zero charge of different soil types and determine the availability of nutrients under the influence of specific fertilizer management practices.
Study Design: Completely Randomized Design.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Soil Science, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam; between March 2020 and December 2021.
Methodology: We estimated the point of zero charge (PZC) components, i.e., the point of zero salt effect (PZSE) and point of zero net charge (PZNC) in six surface soil samples [black soil (Vertisol), laterite soil (Alfisol), red soil (Alfisol) of Odisha, and alluvial soils belonging to Entisol, Inceptisol, and Alfisol of Assam, India] through potentiometric titration and ion retention methods respectively. The soils were subjected to four specific fertilizer management practices under laboratory incubation, viz., FYM @ 5 t ha-1 (T1), NPK @ 80:40:40 for Odisha soils and 60:20:40 for Assam soils (T2), T1 + T2 (T3) and T3 + Lime requirement/ Gypsum requirement (T4). The PZC components and availability of nutrients were determined at 15 and 30 days after incubation.
Results: The PZSE values of the soils ranged from 2.18 to 4.70, while PZNC values were achieved at relatively lower pH ranging from 2.03 to 4.10. Highest values of PZSE and PZNC were recorded under treatment T2 followed by T3, T4 and T1 for all the incubated soil samples, however there was a decrease in the PZC values with increase in days of incubation. Comparatively, the treatment T4 resulted as the most ideal fertilizer management practice. Besides providing optimum amount of primary and maximum amount of secondary nutrients, T4 regulated the PZC values favouring minimal loss of nutrients and enhanced nutrient use efficiency. The availability of nutrient ions is influenced by the difference between soil solution pH and PZC values of the soil, which recorded to be highest for Vertisol (OS1), followed by Entisol (AS1), Inceptisol (AS2), and Alfisol (AS3, OS2, OS3) soil orders.
Conclusion: The exchange and availability of cationic nutrients get enhanced due to higher CEC in soils with high clay and organic matter percentage. The pH of these soils must therefore be regulated for better availability of anionic nutrients. Highly weathered soil of Alfisol order exhibit optimal CEC over a narrow pH range, favouring better availability of anionic nutrients and hence simultaneously require frequent fertilizer application along with organic manures for the enhanced retention, mobility and availability of nutrients in soil.
Media Programmes on Domestic Violence against Men (DVAM) in Owerri Metropolis: A KAP Analysis
Authors: Chima Onyebuchi, Alexander , Nzube Alaekwe, Kizito , Umoren Philomena Effiong , Fatima Emetumah, I. , Williams Etumnu, Emeka 
Published: September 2023

Background: DVAM can pose a great threat to the development of the victim, society, and the nation. This necessitated the investigation of the knowledge, attitude, and practice of men in Owerri metropolis towards media programmes on DVAM. This study hinged on agenda setting and social learning theories.
Methods: The survey research design was used as the research method, and a sample size of 384 was derived using the Australian sample size online calculator from the projected population of 275,340. Multi-stage, simple random, and purposive sampling techniques were adopted to reach out to respondents. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data.
Results: The paper revealed that the level of exposure of men in Owerri metropolis to media programmes on DVAM is low at 33.9%, with a high knowledge level on DVAM at an average mean of 3.3 (N=375). The study also revealed that the respondents perceive DVAM as a menace that results in a reduction of a man’s self-confidence and self-esteem and leads to disharmony, distrust, and untimely death at an average mean of 3.5 (N = 375). It was further revealed that media programmes on DVAM have induced attitudinal change in the respondents at an average mean of 2.9 (N =375).
Conclusion: The researchers concluded that domestic violence victims go through emotional and psychological traumas with little attention given to them in the media. The propagation and promotion of well-designed and content-rich media programmes on DVAM and/or gender-based violence by every media organisation as a compulsory law from the National Broadcasting Commission was recommended.
Pilot Trial Characteristics, Postpilot Design Modifications, and Feasibility of Full-Scale Trials
Authors: Ying Xiangji , Ehrhardt Stephan 
Published: September 2023

ImportancePilot trials often lead to study design changes in subsequent full-scale trials. Yet, it remains unclear whether these modifications improve the feasibility of the larger trial.ObjectiveTo compare feasibility estimates between pilot and full-scale trials and identify pilot trial characteristics and modifications associated with equivalent or improved feasibility in the full-scale trial.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study used pilot trials published between January 2005 and December 2018 and their corresponding full-scale trials. PubMed was searched for trials on February 19, 2022.ExposuresPilot trial characteristics and postpilot trial design modifications.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe outcome of interest was difference in 3 feasibility parameters: successful screening probability, enrollment rate, and retention probability. These metrics were defined as equivalent or improved if the full-scale trial’s estimate was within or exceeding 10% of the pilot trial’s estimate.ResultsA total of 249 pairs of pilot and full-scale trials were analyzed, with 43%, 77%, and 82% of full-scale trials having equivalent or improved successful screening probabilities, enrollment rates, and retention probabilities, respectively. When pilot trials used feasibility progression criteria (relative risk [RR], 1.94; 95% CI, 1.02-5.97) and maintained masking for participants (RR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.04-4.33) or health care practitioners (RR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.03-3.97) consistent with the full-scale trial, the likelihood of achieving equivalent or improved screening success in full-scale trials increased. Increasing study sites after the pilot was associated with higher likelihood of equivalent or improved enrollment rates (RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.08). Adding extra content to the intervention (RR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.66-0.98), changing to active control (RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.48-0.99), administrating the control treatment more frequently (RR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.29-0.93), different follow-up lengths (RR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.73-0.97), and more follow-up visits (RR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.75-0.98) were associated with lower likelihood of equivalent or improved retention probability in the full-scale trial.Conclusions and relevanceIn this cohort study of pilot and full-scale trial pairs, pilot trial characteristics and postpilot modifications had varying associations with full-scale trial’s feasibility. If full-scale trials planned for masking, it was desirable to use it in the pilot. Modifications increasing participant burden might decrease full-scale trial feasibility. Trialists and funders should consider both pilot trial data and proposed design changes when assessing full-scale trials.
AAPM Medical physics practice guideline 15.A: Peer review in clinical physics
Authors: Halvorsen Per H. , Baydush Alan H. , Buckey Courtney R. , Hariharan Navneeth , Keenan Mary A. , Limmer Jeffrey P. , Lofton Kate E. , Miller Robin A. , Moirano Jeffrey M. , Och Joseph , Pfeiffer Douglas E. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) is a nonprofit professional society whose primary purposes are to advance the science, education, and professional practice of medical physics. The AAPM has more than 8000 members and is the principal organization of medical physicists in the United States.The AAPM will periodically define new practice guidelines for medical physics practice to help advance the science of medical physics and to improve the quality of service to patients throughout the United States. Existing medical physics practice guidelines will be reviewed for the purpose of revision or renewal, as appropriate, on their fifth anniversary or sooner.Each medical physics practice guideline represents a policy statement by the AAPM, has undergone a thorough consensus process in which it has been subjected to extensive review, and requires the approval of the Professional Council. The medical physics practice guidelines recognize that the safe and effective use of diagnostic and therapeutic radiology requires specific training, skills, and techniques, as described in each document. Reproduction or modification of the published practice guidelines and technical standards by those entities not providing these services is not authorized.The following terms are used in the AAPM practice guidelines:

Must and Must Not: Used to indicate that adherence to the recommendation is considered necessary to conform to this practice guideline. While must is the term to be used in the guidelines, if an entity that adopts the guideline has shall as the preferred term, the AAPM considers that must and shall have the same meaning.
Should and Should Not: Used to indicate a prudent practice to which exceptions may occasionally be made in appropriate circumstances.