bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of low alkaline activator on the compressive strength and workability of geopolymer concrete
Authors: Romadhon Eri Setia , Antonius  , Sumirin  
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This paper presents the results of research on geopolymer concrete using a reasonably low alkaline activator. The key objective concerning this research is to investigate whether a low alkaline activator is still qualified to produce a concrete compressive strength that fulfills the structural requirements. The experimental program is carried out by making geopolymer concrete specimens, where the variables reviewed represented the amount of alkaline activator (4% and 5%), the ratio of alkaline activator to fly ash (AAS/FA) was 0.35, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6. The treatment temperatures of the specimens were room temperature (33°C) and 60°C. The experimental results of the compressive strength test have shown that the compressive strength of low alkaline geopolymer activator concrete still meets the requirements as a structural material (i.e. Indonesian Concrete Code). The weight of the resulting specimen is included in the category of normal weight concrete. The workability of geopolymer concrete with low alkaline activator tends to be better if the ratio AAS/FA also increases, but the compressive strength of concrete tends to decrease.
Embodied carbon dioxide of fly ash based geopolymer concrete
Authors: Setiawan Agustinus Agus , Hardjasaputra Harianto , Soegiarso Roesdiman 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials in most construction works around the world. Concrete materials are generally composed of several basic materials, namely Portland cement (OPC), coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and water as a cement reagent. However, in recent years, environmental issues have made concrete a material that is less friendly to the environment. This is due to the high CO2 content in the Portland cement (OPC) manufacturing process. Therefore, it is necessary to innovate to replace OPC materials with other materials that are more environmentally friendly. One of the substitutes for OPC is fly ash. Geopolymer concrete is a concrete material that has a cement content of 0%.From the results of these calculations, it can be seen that the amount of carbon contained in 1m3, normal concrete is 552.22 kg, while in geopolymer concrete it is 242.87 kg, or lower by 309.35 kg. This carbon emission calculation value is only based on the A1-A3 carbon factor value. This indicates that the use of geopolymer concrete can reduce carbon emissions by up to 56.02%.
Analysis of Geopolymer Mortar Compressive Strength Based on Fly Ash and GGBFS as Patch Repair Material
Authors: Karolina Rahmi , Tarigan Johannes , Hardjasaputra Harianto , Silalahi Roy Andre Daniel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Damages that often emerge in concrete include cracks, delamination, spalling, wear, fracture, porous, voids (perforated). These damages need to be repaired, one of which is by patch repair. With consideration of strength and frugality, a self-made repair material was developed using mortar as a base material, i.e., geopolymer mortar. Geopolymer mortar is a mortar with natural materials and materials that have a high content of silica oxide and alumina (such as Fly Ash and GGBFS) as a binder that must be activated with an alkaline activator in the form of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3). The use of Fly Ash and GGBFS as a binder to replace cement in geopolymer mortar has a positive impact from an environmental point of view because it can reduce the use of cement and can reduce environmental pollution due to Fly Ash and GGBFS waste. In this research, the effect of variations in Fly Ash and GGBFS and variations in the molarity of NaOH on the compressive strength of geopolymer mortar were investigated, in order to obtain the optimum composition of the geopolymer mortar mixture that meets the requirements of compressive strength as a repair material. From the results of the research, the maximum compressive strength occurred in GF91 16 M mortar at 56 days of 73.77 MPa was obtained. Geopolymer mortar has a higher compressive strength and a cheaper price when compared to Sika Grout mortar so that the use of geopolymer mortar as a patch repair material is better than Sika Grout mortar in terms of strength and frugality.
The characteristic of very high-performance concrete (VHPC)
Authors: Shahib Al Bari M. , Agustin Andini Dwi , Ekaputri Januarti Jaya 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A Very High-Performance Concrete (VHPC) has compressive strength in the range 120-150 MPa and high flowability. However, there is no VHPC mix as a repairing grout in Indonesia. This study presents the mix design of VHPC using Indonesian by-product materials to achieve compressive strength of 120 MPa. A sequence experimental method determined the suitable material to replace fine sand, ground quartz and superplasticizer. Then, the optimum mix design was tested with compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, slump flow, permeability, and shrinkage tests. In addition, the effect of 35 mm length hook-end steel fiber in the VHPC by 2% of volume was observed. The optimum mix design used cement, silica fume, and glass powder as binder with the ratio of 3:1:1. The ratio of sand and binder was 0.88. The water to binder ratio (w/c) was 0.11 using superplasticizer and accelerator which was kept on 4.3% of cement weight each. This mix design achieved a compressive strength of 128 MPa at 28th day. VHPC had high shrinkage whether volumetric or longitudinal. However, the steel fiber was able to restrain the shrinkage and increased the tensile strength. Nevertheless, the hook-end steel fiber is not recommended because its large size decreased the compaction and eventually decreased the compressive strength.
Compressive strength, porosity, and sorptivity of blended Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) concrete containing silica fume in peat water
Authors: Olivia Monita , Utama Panca Setia , Supit Steve 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Blended Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) concrete has the potential for application in organic acid environments such as peat land. However, there is a need to improve resistance of blended POFA concrete using silica fume as a pozzolanic material. There are limited studies of the blended POFA admixed with silica for organic acid exposure. In this study, compressive strength, porosity, and sorptivity of blended POFA concrete admixed with silica such as silica fume has been investigated by exposing the samples in peat water. Portland Composite Cement (PCC) concrete with similar target strength was used as a control mix. The blended POFA concrete contained 0%, 20% and 40% POFA as a cement substitute. Micro silica or silica fume was added with concentrations of 10% in each mixture. Portland Composite Cement (PCC) with similar target strength was used as a control mix. The resistance of the POFA concrete specimens to organic acid attack were measured by compressive strength, porosity and sorptivity development at 7, 28 and 91 days. Compressive strength of control mix declined, while strength of PCC and PCC-POFA concrete containing silica fume increased at 91 days. Porosity and sorptivity of PCC and blended OFA concrete followed the same trend with the compressive strength. Thus, blended POFA concrete containing silica fume has better resistance in peat water than that of the control mix.
An overview of motivators and challenges of passive design strategies
Authors: Juffle Nor Aqilah Haji , Rahman Md Motiar 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Growing concerns over high energy consumption and CO2 emissions from residential buildings have boosted the adoption of passive design strategies (PDS) globally, for their promising solution to address these issues, and also positively influencing occupant productivity. As such, many governments and organizations have developed relevant codes and procedures to encourage and enforce the adoption of PDS. Despite the increased focus, the adoption of PDS is still trailing behind in developing countries, particularly in a hot, dry and humid climate zone. This paper examines the current state of PDS adoption in such climates, and extracts relevant motivators, and challenges. The data was gathered through a structured review of literature. Initial results show the extraction of thirty-five motivators and forty-six challenges to PDS adoption. The key motivators include reduction in energy consumption and energy bills, while key challenges include high initial investment and lack of awareness. These are expected to generate a general awareness among stakeholders and allow a better understanding of the underlying issues for non-adoption of PDS. Future research will examine the extracted sets of motivators and challenges through a questionnaire survey in a hot, dry and humid climate zone.
Development of a program for automatic identification of productivity of construction workers
Authors: Kasai Ryuji , Goso Takashi , Osawa Tetsuro 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In the Japanese construction industry, work environment and productivity data of construction projects are collected and analyzed by on-site engineers as individual data based on attendance and performance records. Therefore, productivity data are not uniformly collected and cannot be considered as highly reliable. Therefore, in this study, a prototype of a system is developed that automatically collects data regarding the workers’ activities using sensors and analyzes the working environment and productivity of construction projects. Although image analysis is typically employed for capturing workers’ activities, it is extremely costly and time-consuming for collecting and discriminating data. In addition, it is not practical because it requires adjusting the system to suit the changing environment of the construction site each time. Accordingly, we have conducted motion-detection using accelerometers, gyro-sensors, and GPS that can be attached to individual workers. We have constructed a hierarchical system that combines a phase to detect large acceleration changes that trigger motion, a phase to discriminate periodic motion, and a phase to classify motion by machine learning. The system classified motions into three productivity types: “direct work,” “support,” and “delay.” As a result of applying this system to the sensing data of workers performing road pavement construction-related works, the system discriminated with an overall accuracy rate of 42%. Furthermore, because of the wide range of behaviors that correspond to each productivity behavior category, a large amount of data must be read from the site adopting the system for obtaining training data to perform final behavior classification by machine learning based on the sensing data. Therefore, a system relying on machine learning may not be able to achieve a higher accuracy; thus, in the near future, we aim to automatically discriminate the nine categories of productivity behaviors shown in previous studies.
Questionnaire on employee awareness of disaster mitigation measures in municipal governments
Authors: Goso T , Kakuzaki T 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In the event of a disaster, municipal governments are expected to fulfil several responsibilities. However, owing to organizational reforms, cost reductions, and workforce reductions experienced by Japanese municipal governments in the 1990s and 2000s, they have arguably become incapable of providing effective community-based administration. In this context, a questionnaire survey was conducted on the employees of municipal governments in coastal regions of Japan where earthquakes and tsunamis are commonly anticipated. An attempt was made to evaluate the current state of disaster awareness within organizations and among staff members based on the survey results and clarify organizational and individual issues. Those surveyed were 288 officials with significant disaster response roles. The questionnaire survey was conducted to evaluate their understanding of various disaster response measures and their knowledge of their responsibilities. In the questionnaire, three disaster phases were considered: the predisaster, rescue, and reconstruction phases. The responses of each employee corresponding to each phase were recorded. The results indicate that, although various plans were well known to all participants to a certain extent, the level of understanding varied between departments. In addition, departmental employees who were often involved in disaster mitigation were concerned about the coherence and effectiveness of the operations undertaken in various plans. Thus, these issues should be considered in future reviews of disaster response plans. Despite considerable progress in the development and distribution of emergency plans, much remains to be done to raise awareness regarding specific action plans among the staff. This concerns the specificity, coherence, and effectiveness of each plan rather than the knowledge of the personnel.
Study on the Conditions for setting Target Prices in Japanese Grant Aid Projects
Authors: Takatsu H 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Japan has been implementing grant aid projects for developing countries for many years, but in recent years, many projects have experienced unsuccessful bidding (i.e., all bid prices are higher than the target price), due to a gap between the project target price and the bid price. For public works contracts in Japan, contracts may not be signed for more than the target price under any circumstances. Therefore, if the bid price exceeds the target price, a tender cannot be completed. The estimation method used for Japanese grant aid projects uses estimation standards developed for domestic construction projects in Japan with some modifications for overseas projects, but it is not possible to fully include the cost of the following risks in the target price; therefore, the difference between the target price and the bid price is assumed to occur. The target price is used as the reference price so that the final contract price may exceed the target price; instead, the price, including the upfront cost, is used as the maximum price for the project. In this way, the rate of unsuccessful bids for Japanese grant aid projects in bilateral contracts may decrease and the discrepancy between the target price and the bid price may disappear.
Analysis of urban drainage system to avoid rain water overflow on the access road to Juanda Airport
Authors: Fikri Adams Nur Oktalinov , Tjendani Hanie Teki , Oetomo Wateno 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The access road to Juanda Airport from Jalan Raya Waru (Aloha Resto) Sidoarjo is frequently flooded when it rains with a height of more than 30 cm along 1.6 km. This greatly annoys the flow of traffic to the airport. The airport can only be passed through this street and the Juanda Airport toll road. This research was conducted by observing and recording conditions during the occurrence of floods and analyzing the drainage facilities in the research area based on the 5-years design discharge because this location is a densely populated residential and industrial area. The results showed that the addition of channel capacity using U-ditch was not able to accommodate the 5-year planned discharge of approximately 2.670 m3/sec. Since around the industrial location, there is a natural water reservoir that can keep water up to 3.526 m3/sec, it is necessary to add a water pump to drain water to the temporary water reservoir location so that water does not stagnate on the access road to Juanda Airport.
Infrastructure development strategy based on the accessibility to tourism location (case study of Bali Province-Indonesia)
Authors: Suthanaya P A , Suwarningsih R 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
As one of the famous tourist destinations in Indonesia, Bali has many places or tourist areas that can be visited. Economic of Bali Province was highly dependent on tourism industry. The development and spatial distribution of the tourism locations were not evenly distributed. This has resulted in the development and economic disparities between regencies. This is a challenge on how to develop a more balanced economic development between regencies. One way to assess the spatial distribution of tourism development is by evaluating the accessibility to tourism location. This study aims to analyze the accessibilities to tourism location and propose the infrastructure development strategy to improve the accessibility of the regencies with low accessibility values. Accessibility was measured based on travel distance and time. The spatial distribution of the accessibility value was measured based on the Z-score. The results indicate that the highest level of accessibility was found in Denpasar city. On the other hand, low accessibility values were found in Jembrana, Tabanan, Buleleng, and Karangasem regencies. Several solutions were proposed to increase accessibility such as road widening, building toll road, building shortcuts, and railroad development.
Solution to the traffic problems of long and deep water straits–smart submerged floating tunnel and its research
Authors: Xiang Y Q , Chen J , Shen Y G , Yang Y S 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Submerged floating tunnel (SFT) is a new type of structure across long and deep water straits and waterways with good application prospects. The structure is different from the traditional large-span bridges and immersed tunnels, which can effectively avoid difficulty under the construction of bridges foundation in deep water straits and channel, the high cost of large span bridge, influence of typhoons and heavy fog et al. severe weather on the vehicle driving on the bridges, a series of technical problems confronted under the construction of immersed tunnel or tunnel excavation in complex marine geology and the deep sea and risk control and so on. This paper, in the light of the characteristics of submerged floating tunnels and the requirements of marine deep water environment, discusses some of technical challenges faced in the designing and building the SFT, points out that it is necessary to systematically study the design and load condition, the smart composite material and shape optimization, the calculation theory and method for analyzing the structural behavior, the structure safety evaluation, construction methods and key technology, and engineering risk analysis, smart monitoring, evaluation and control, code or guide for design and construction of SFT. It lays foundation for design, construction and engineering risk analysis, etc. of submerged floating tunnel across the long and deep waterways in the future.
Climate change effect on water balance for water critically in upper Bogowonto Watershed, Indonesia
Authors: Kurniyaningrum E , Kurniawan M.A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The impact of climate change has hit Indonesia, especially in Central Java Province. Based on rainfall data between 1981-2017, there has been a trend of changes in intensity and a shift in rainfall patterns with an increase in temperature of 1.04°C/year. The focus of this study is in Bogowonto Watershed is located in Purworejo Regency, where the development of land cover has been increased and affected water demand in the area around the study location. The purpose of this study was to determine the conditions of rainfall due to climate change based on land cover conditions. The analytical method in this study is related to water availability with FJ. Mock and climate change with GCM with RCP scenario. The results obtained are: (1) The condition of annual rainfall in Bogowonto Watershed is still in the moderate category, with an annual rainfall of 2064.3 mm. Annual rainfall fluctuations are in adequate amount (200-500 mm per year); (2) The calculation of the WHC value of 104.92 shows that the ability of the land in the study area to store and bind water is low due to the type of soil that has shallow to moderate soil solum and the structure of the soil is kersai and sandy. Types of vegetation cover in the form of secondary crops with shallow parakaran zones also affect the value of WHC; (3) Meteorological water balance analysis can be concluded that the availability of water from rainfall in this area is quite high; (4) Water criticality index has a value of 0.66 which is included in approaching critical if water resource conservation is not carried out; (5) based on the results of climate change that occurs, for the next 40 years there will be changes in the intensity and pattern of rainfall distribution if climate change cannot be controlled and (6) The carrying capacity of Bogowonto watershed needs to be maintained by promoting plantation of useful vegetation in surrounding area of watershed.
Deployment and use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in water resources and water management
Authors: Mahardhika Sakti Prajna , Putriani Okkie 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The demand for water resources is continuously increasing as the world population grows, and this is putting significant pressure on the available water supply. According to estimates, the world will face a 0% gap between water demand and supply by 2030 under current practices. Moreover, the shortage of water resources, unpredictable hydrological conditions, and extreme weather events such as floods and droughts pose a severe threat to stability and prosperity. One way to address this issue is by utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) to develop efficient water treatment plants and optimize water resources to reduce energy costs in the long run. AI can be employed in water management to analyze data, create regression models, and develop algorithms that aid in building effective water supply systems and networks, as well as assessing the health of water resources. The application of AI in water management and infrastructure can lead to the development of intelligent water systems that are sustainable, cost-effective, and adaptable to changing conditions. This technology allows for optimization of water management solutions and prediction of potential damage. Through a literature review that examines the intersection of Artificial Intelligence and Civil Engineering in the context of Water Resources and Water Management, this study highlights the potential of AI to transform water management practices. Bibliographic mapping using VosViewer is proposed as a means of directing future research in this area.
Carburization behavior at elevated temperatures and mechanical properties of a hot stamped complex phase steel
Authors: Risse J H , Sippel F , Merklein M 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
As a lightweight construction strategy, hot stamped parts of ultra-high-strength steels with tailored properties are increasingly used for crash relevant components in car bodies, e.g., as B-pillars. With the process of tailored carburization, parts can be reinforced locally without increasing the sheet metal thickness. Thus, this process has the potential to be applied to lightweight components for no deformation zones, e.g., in the battery housings. Standardly, carburization is performed at 950 °C, with the highest strengths achieved at long times of up to 6 h, which prolongs the total process time. By raising the temperature, the carbon diffusion increases, which enables a reduced heat treatment time and, consequently, a shorter process time. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the influence of elevated carburization temperatures on the mechanical properties of a carburized and hardened complex phase steel, CP-W® 800. A single carburization step at the enhanced temperatures leads to an embrittlement of the samples. Hence, an additional diffusion-annealing step is implemented to homogenize the carbon content, without enlarging the total heat treatment time. Depending on the time allocation of carburization and diffusion, the application of the diffusion annealing step results in higher strengths and ductility compared to only carburized samples.