bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Major Features of Macroevolution
Authors: Henao-Diaz L Francisco , Pennell Matt 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Evolutionary dynamics operating across deep time leave footprints in the shapes of phylogenetic trees. For the last several decades, researchers have used increasingly large and robust phylogenies to study the evolutionary history of individual clades and to investigate the causes of the glaring disparities in diversity among groups. Whereas typically not the focal point of individual clade-level studies, many researchers have remarked on recurrent patterns that have been observed across many different groups and at many different time scales. Whereas previous studies have documented various such regularities in topology and branch length distributions, they have typically focused on a single pattern and used a disparate collection (oftentimes, of quite variable reliability) of trees to assess it. Here we take advantage of modern megaphylogenies and unify previous disparate observations about the shapes embedded in the Tree of Life to create a catalog of the “major features of macroevolution.” By characterizing such a large swath of subtrees in a consistent way, we hope to provide a set of phenomena that process-based macroevolutionary models of diversification ought to seek to explain.
Autophagy inhibition mediated by intrauterinemiR‐1912‐3p/CTSDprogramming participated in the susceptibility to osteoarthritis induced by prenatal dexamethasone exposure in male adult offspring rats
Authors: Shi Huasong , Li Bin , Zhang Dingmei , Han Hui , He Hangyuan , Zhu Jiayong , Wang Hui , Chen Liaobin 
Published: May 2023

AbstractAutophagy inhibition is known to be involved in the development of adult osteoarthritis. Dexamethasone, as a synthetic glucocorticoid, is widely used for premature delivery and related pregnancy diseases in clinics. We have previously shown that prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE) was associated with increased susceptibility to postnatal osteoarthritis in offspring. However, whether the occurrence of fetal‐originated adult osteoarthritis induced by PDE is related to autophagy remains unclear. In this study, we first found that PDE could increase the mRNA and protein expression of cartilage matrix‐degrading enzymes (MMP3, MMP13, and ADAMTS5) and decrease the cartilage matrix contents in adult offspring, and the in vitro results suggested that this might be related to the autophagy inhibition of chondrocytes. Further, we demonstrated a persistent autophagy inhibition with autolysosome accumulation, low expression of cathepsin D (CTSD), increased H3K9ac level, and expression of miR‐1912‐3p in the cartilage of PDE offspring from fetus to adulthood. In vitro experiments showed that dexamethasone inhibited autophagy flux and CTSD expression in fetal chondrocytes, while overexpression of CTSD could alleviate the inhibition of autophagic flux induced by dexamethasone. Finally, we confirmed that dexamethasone increased the H3K9ac level and expression of miR‐1912‐3p through activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), resulting in the decreased expression of CTSD and inhibition of autophagy flux in fetal chondrocytes. In conclusion, intrauterine miR‐1912‐3p/CTSD programming‐mediated autophagy inhibition promoted the susceptibility to osteoarthritis in PDE adult offspring rats. This study provides new ideas for exploring early prevention and therapeutic targets in fetal‐originated osteoarthritis.
Broad and Asymmetric Lower Extremity Myotomes
Authors: Hashimoto Shuichi , Murohashi Takao , Yamada Shouto , Iesato Noriyuki , Ogon Izaya , Chiba Mitsumasa , Tsukamoto Arihiko , Hitrota Ryosuke , Yoshimoto Mitsunori 
Published: May 2023

Study Design.
Retrospective review of prospectively collected data.

Objective.
This study aimed to accurately map the lower extremity muscles innervated by the lumbar spinal roots by directly stimulating the spinal roots during surgery.

Summary of Background Data.
Innervation of the spinal roots in the lower extremities has been estimated by clinical studies, anatomic studies, and animal experiments. However, there have been discrepancies between studies. Moreover, there are no studies that have studied the laterality of lower limb innervation.

Materials and Methods.
In 73 patients with lumbar degenerative disease, a total of 147 spinal roots were electrically stimulated and the electromyographic response was recorded at the vastus medialis (VM), gluteus medius (GM), tibialis anterior (TA), biceps femoris (BF), and gastrocnemius (GC). The asymmetry index (AI) was obtained using the following equation to represent the left-right asymmetry in the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude. Paired t tests were used to compare CMAP amplitudes on the right and left sides. Differences in the AI among the same spinal root groups were determined using one-way analysis of variance.

Results.
The frequency of CMAP elicitation in VM, GM, TA, BF, and GC were 100%, 75.0%, 50.0%, 83.3%, and 33.3% in L3 spinal root stimulation, 90.4%, 78.8%, 59.6%, 73.1%, and 59.6% in L4 spinal root stimulation, 32.2%, 78.0%, 93.2%, 69.5%, and 83.1% in L5 spinal root stimulation, and 40.0%, 100%, 80.0%, 70.0%, and 80.0% in S1 spinal root stimulation, respectively. The most frequent muscle with maximum amplitude of the CMAP in L3, L4, L5, and S1 spinal root stimulation was the VM, GM, TA, and GM, respectively. Unilateral innervation occurred at high rates in the TA in L4 root stimulation and the VM in L5 root stimulation in 37.5% and 42.3% of patients, respectively. Even in patients with bilateral innervation, a 20% to 38% AI of CMAP amplitude was observed.

Conclusions.
The spinal roots innervated a much larger range of muscles than what is indicated in general textbooks. Furthermore, a non-negligible number of patients showed asymmetric innervation of lower limb by the lumbar spinal roots.
Merkel Cell Hyperplasia Versus Intraepidermal Merkel Cell Carcinoma: A Comparative Study of 2 Cases
Authors: Valiga Alexander , Tababa Erin Jane , Chung Hye Jin , Cha Jisun 
Published: May 2023

Abstract:
Intraepidermal Merkel cell hyperplasia and Merkel cell carcinoma represent 2 histologically similar-appearing diagnoses with significant differences regarding prognosis and management. We present 1 case of each diagnosis to highlight characteristic histopathologic and immunohistochemical features. Our case of Merkel cell hyperplasia was identified by its small intraepidermal nest of monomorphic cells without atypia or mitoses, which demonstrated cytoplasmic, rather than perinuclear dot, patterning on CK20 staining. This can be contrasted with our case of intraepidermal Merkel cell carcinoma, which, despite a lack of dermal extension, demonstrated large nests of pleomorphic cells with frequent mitoses and apoptoses. The diagnosis was further confirmed by immunohistochemistry because CK20 staining showed classic perinuclear dot patterning. By presenting both diagnoses in parallel, this comparison aims to underscore crucial histopathologic and immunohistochemical similarities and differences.
Gender-Affirming Vaginoplasty: A Comparison of Algorithms, Surgical Techniques and Management Practices across 17 High-volume Centers in North America and Europe
Authors: Coon Devin , Morrison Shane D. , Morris Martin P. , Keller Patrick , Bluebond-Langner Rachel , Bowers Marci , Brassard Pierre , Buncamper Marlon E. , Dugi Daniel , Ferrando Cecile , Gast Katherine M. , McGinn Christine , Meltzer Toby , Monstrey Stan , Özer Müjde , Poh Melissa , Satterwhite Thomas , Ting Jess , Zhao Lee , Kuzon William M. , Schechter Loren 
Published: May 2023

Background:
Penile inversion vaginoplasty is the most common gender-affirming genital surgery performed around the world. Although individual centers have published their experiences, expert consensus is generally lacking.

Methods:
Semistructured interviews were performed with 17 experienced gender surgeons representing a diverse mix of specialties, experience, and countries regarding their patient selection, preoperative management, vaginoplasty techniques, complication management, and postoperative protocols.

Results:
There is significant consistency in practices across some aspects of vaginoplasty. However, key areas of clinical heterogeneity are also present and include use of extragenital tissue for vaginal canal/apex creation, creation of the clitoral hood and inner labia minora, elevation of the neoclitoral neurovascular bundle, and perioperative hormone management. Pathway length of stay is highly variable (1–9 days). Lastly, some surgeons are moving toward continuation or partial reduction of estrogen in the perioperative period instead of cessation.

Conclusions:
With a broad study of surgeon practices, and encompassing most of the high-volume vaginoplasty centers in Europe and North America, we found key areas of practice variation that represent areas of priority for future research to address. Further multi-institutional and prospective studies that incorporate patient-reported outcomes are necessary to further our understanding of these procedures.
Photoreceptor Damage in Terson Syndrome
Authors: Szeligowski Tomasz , Fu Dun J. , Fernandez-Ledo Noa , Birtel Johannes , Aslam Sher A. , Patel Chetan K. , Xue Kanmin , Charbel Issa Peter 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Purpose:
To describe photoreceptor damage in patients with Terson syndrome as a potential cause for inconsistent clinical outcomes.

Methods:
Clinical evaluation and retinal imaging in six patients

Results:
Four patients were female and two male, with an average age of 46.8 years (SD 8.9). Four patients suffered aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, one vertebral artery dissection, and one superior sagittal sinus thrombosis. In 11 eyes, we observed a consistent pattern of outer retinal damage within the central macula affecting the ellipsoid zone and the outer nuclear layer, indicating photoreceptor damage. Areas of photoreceptor damage showed poor spatial correlation with intraocular haemorrhage, particularly sub-internal limiting membrane haemorrhage. The observed retinal abnormalities demonstrated incomplete recovery over long-term follow-up 3.5 to 8 years post-haemorrhage, irrespective of surgical or conservative treatment strategy, and had variable impact on the patients’ visual function.

Conclusion:
The observations suggest that photoreceptor damage in Terson syndrome likely represents a distinct manifestation of this condition, which could be caused by transient ischaemia resulting from disturbed choroidal perfusion secondary to acute rise in intracranial pressure.
Weight Status and Binge Drinking Among Male and Female Florida Firefighters
Authors: Kling Hannah E. , Koru-Sengul Tulay , Schaefer Solle Natasha , Louzado-Feliciano Paola , Lee David J. , Kobetz Erin N. , Caban-Martinez Alberto J. 
Published: May 2023

ObjectiveThe aim of the study is to examine the association between weight status and binge drinking among Florida firefighters.MethodsHealth survey data collected between 2015 and 2019 among Florida firefighters participating in the Annual Cancer Survey were analyzed for weight class (healthy, overweight, obese) and binge-drinking behaviors. Binary logistic regression models were fit and stratified by sex while controlling for sociodemographic and health characteristics.ResultsAmong 4002 firefighter participants, 45.1% binge drink, 50.9% are overweight, and 31.3% are obese. Among male firefighters, being overweight (adjusted odds ratio = 1.34; 95% confidence interval = 1.10–1.64) or obese (1.29; 1.04–1.61) was significantly associated with binge drinking compared with healthy weight counterparts. In female firefighters, being obese (2.25; 1.21–4.22) was significantly associated with binge drinking but being overweight was not.ConclusionsBeing overweight or obese is selectively associated with binge drinking among male and female firefighters.
A new leadership frontier: Nurse practitioners and physician associates as inpatient medical directors
Authors: Patel Carla , Bruno Morgan , Rukundo Innocent , Dains Joyce , Martinez Ashley , Soliman Pamela 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
Nurse practitioners and physician associates (NPs and PAs) have become an integral part of health care delivery in every clinical setting. Both NPs and PAs possess the knowledge and skills to deliver quality care to patients that may otherwise go without. There is a push to have NPs and PAs work to the top of their licenses and take on leadership roles as they help reshape health care delivery in the United States. However, high-level leadership positions for this group of clinicians are not abundant, and no specific pathway has been established to develop these skills. The aim of this report is to share the early experience of a small group of NPs and PAs, given the opportunity to function as inpatient medical directors (IMD) and the qualities that make them ideal for this novel leadership role.
Alcohol-Induced Sudden Cardiac Death in a Teenager With PPA2 Gene Mutations
Authors: Graham Sydney , Peterson Diane C. , James Christine 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The PPA2 gene encodes a mitochondrial pyrophosphatase protein. Mutations in the gene are inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion and, when mutated, function to induce mitochondrial ATP production failure resulting in increased stress on the heart and sudden cardiac death, especially when combined with alcohol. Herein, we describe a case of a 19-year-old female patient with a history of “alcohol intolerance” who was found unexpectedly deceased after consuming a minimal amount of alcohol. Histological examination of her heart revealed widespread fibrosis of the left ventricle and the interventricular septum. Other findings include hypertrophied myocytes, including some with pleomorphic nuclei. Genetic studies were performed on postmortem blood, revealing heterozygous PPA2 gene mutations, the pathogenic variant c.683C>T (p.Pro228Leu), and the other variant c.814C>T (p.His272Tyr), a novel variant of undetermined significance. We propose that the variant of undetermined significance is likely a pathogenic mutation due to the decedent's phenotype.
Camouflage of Postburn Scarring Alopecia Using Nanofat Grafting and Follicular Unit Hair Transplantation
Authors: Evin Nuh , Guray Evin Seyda 
Published: May 2023

Background:
Postburn scarring alopecia on hair-bearing aesthetic subunits causes cosmetic disfiguring and psychological problems. Follicular unit extraction (FUE) hair transplantation is an effective technique for camouflaging postburn scarring alopecia. However, poorly vascularized and fibrotic scar tissue limits the viability of grafts. The mechanical and vascular characteristics of scar tissue can be improved by nanofat grafting. This study aimed to present the results of postburn scarring alopecia treatment using nanofat-assisted FUE hair transplantation.

Methods:
Eighteen patients who had postburn scarring alopecia in and around the beard were enrolled. Patients underwent single-session nanofat grafting and FUE hair transplantation at 6-month intervals. Twelve months after hair transplantation, the survival rate of transplanted follicular graft, scar improvement, and patient satisfaction were assessed by counting each transplanted follicle individually, using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale, and using a 5-point Likert satisfaction scale, respectively.

Results:
Nanofat grafting and hair transplantation were successfully performed without complication. All scars significantly improved in mature characteristics (P < 0.00001 for patients; P < 0.00001 for observers). The survival and density rates of transplanted follicular units ranged from 77.4% to 87.9% (mean, 83.2% ± 2.5%) and 10.7% to 19.6% (mean, 15.2% ± 2.46%), respectively. All patients reported significantly satisfying cosmetic results (P < 0.00001).

Conclusions:
Scarring alopecia is an inevitable and challenging late complication of deep burned hair-bearing units. Combining nanofat injection and FUE hair transplantation is among the most innovative and effective treatments for postburn scarring alopecia.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
The American Psychosomatic Society Antiracism Task Force: Implementation, Activities, and Lessons Learned
Authors: Mezuk Briana , Sin Nancy L. , Stanton Michael V. , Szabo Yvette Z. , Tomiyama A. Janet , White Kristi E. 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
The American Psychosomatic Society (APS) is an international professional society that aims to advance the scientific study of biological, behavioral, and social factors in health among educators, clinicians, and researchers. In pledging to be an antiracist organization in 2020, APS formed the Antiracism Task Force to identify different manifestations of systemic racism within the society and to make recommendations for building a more inclusive and equitable professional organization. The goal of this paper was to be maximally transparent to membership about our activities and lessons learned, as well as offer a case study to other organizations striving toward antiracism. We describe the inaugural year of activities of the APS Antiracism Task Force, which included proposing amendments to the society’s bylaws, collecting data on member attitudes toward diversity, and consulting on other member efforts to implement antiracism activities (e.g., increasing access to early career awards). In addition to reflecting on task force and society-specific factors that were facilitative in our first year, we describe future plans and potential challenges we may face as we support sustained commitment to APS’s antiracism efforts.
Financial Toxicity in Patients with Resected Lung Cancer
Authors: Deboever Nathaniel , Eisenberg Michael , Hofstetter Wayne L. , Mehran Reza J. , Rice David C. , Roth Jack , Sepesi Boris , Swisher Stephen G. , Vaporciyan Ara A. , Walsh Garrett L. , Antonoff Mara B. , Rajaram Ravi 
Published: May 2023

Objectives:
We aimed to describe financial toxicity (FT) in patients with resected lung cancer and identify risk factors in this population.

Summary Background:
FT describes the financial burden associated with cancer care and its impact on the quality of survivorship. Few prior studies have examined FT in lung cancer patients.

Methods:
Patients who underwent lung cancer resection at our institution between January 1st 2016 and December 31st 2021 were surveyed to gather demographic information and evaluate FT using a validated questionnaire. A multivariable model was built to identify risk factors for FT.

Results:
1477 patients were contacted, of whom 463 responded (31.3%). Most patients were stage I (n=349, 75.4%) and lobectomy was performed often (n=290, 62.8%). There were 196 patients (42.3%) who experienced FT. Upon multivariable analyses, divorced marital status (Odds Ratio [OR]= 3.658, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.180-11.337), household income <$40,000 (OR=2.544, 95% CI: 1.003-6.455), credit score below 739 (OR=2.744, 95% CI 1.326-5.679), clinical stage > I (OR=2.053, 95% CI: 1.088-3.877), and change in work hours or work cessation (all P<0.05) were associated with FT. Coping mechanisms, such as decreased spending on food or clothing and increased use of savings or borrowing money, were more likely to be reported by patients experiencing FT than those who did not (P<0.001).

Conclusions:
Patients undergoing lung cancer resection often experienced significant financial stress with several identifiable risk factors. FT should be considered early in the care of these patients to alleviate detrimental coping mechanisms and enhance their quality of survivorship.
The Evidence of Cough Contagion in Human Beings
Authors: Wang Ziyou , Wang Huaiqing , Xia Zihan , Gao Dazhi 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThere is the evidence for cough contagion in human beings caused by empathy rather than physiology.Due to limited study on cough contagion,researchers have doubted whether cough was contagious from emtional contagion like yawn contagion.To deal with the doubts,we observed coughs from 34 adults in Ocean University of China in real time and recorded individual ‘s gender and local time.Then we developed a mathematical model to divide the cough process into several bouts and set a threshold for contagion to construct a response graph.With the graph,we first saw a strong effect of contagion for around 30 seconds no matter how long the bin(< 30s) was.Afterwards with mutiple measures,we extracted seven features(e.g.,duration) to describe the transmission chain and then found that there ‘s no time difference in cough contagion.Moreover,we also discovered tthe gender difference that males were more likely to be induced by triggers.Thus,cough contagion seems to be a normal phenomenon in human beings providing support to the experimental studies of empathy theory.
Mapping the daily rhythmic transcriptome in the diabetic retina
Authors: Silk Ryan P. , Winter Hanagh R. , -Benyahya Ouria Dkhissi , Evans-Molina Carmella , Stitt Alan W. , Tiwari Vijay K. , Simpson David A. , Beli Eleni 
Published: May 2023

AbstractRetinal function shows marked changes from day to night. Yet, clinical diagnosis, treatments, and experimental sampling occur during the day, leaving a significant gap in our understanding of the pathobiology occurring at night. While there is evidence that diabetes disrupts the circadian system that optimizes our physiology to the environmental light/dark cycle, the impact of such disruption is not well understood. This study investigates whether diabetes affects the retina’s daily rhythm of gene expression to understand the pathobiology of diabetic retinopathy. Ins2Akita/Jmice, a model of type 1 diabetes, were kept under a standard 12h:12h light/dark cycle until four months of age. Non-diabetic littermates were used as controls. Bulk mRNA sequencing was conducted in retinas collected every 4 hours throughout the 24 hr light/dark cycle. Computational approaches were used to detect rhythmicity, predict acrophase, identify differential rhythmic patterns, analyze phase set enrichment, and predict upstream regulators. The retinal transcriptome exhibited a tightly regulated rhythmic expression with a clear 12-hr axis of transcriptional rush, peaking at midday and midnight. The functions of day-peaking genes were enriched for DNA repair, RNA splicing, and ribosomal protein synthesis, whereas night-peaking genes were enriched for metabolic processes and growth factor signaling. Although the 12-hr transcriptional axis is retained in the diabetic retina, it was phase advanced by approximately 1-3 hours with a wider distribution. Upstream regulator analysis for the genes that showed phase shifts identified oxygen sensing mechanisms and HIF1alpha as regulators, but not the circadian clock, which remained in phase to the light/dark cycle. We propose a model in which early in diabetes, the retina experiences a jet lag caused by the entrained circadian clock and its output being in one phase and metabolic pathways related to neuronal dysfunction and hypoxia driving advancement of gene expression to a different phase. Further studies are now required to evaluate the chronic implications of such internal jet lag for development of diabetic retinopathy.