Transmission of COVID-19 in Nightlife, Household, and Health Care Settings in Tokyo, Japan, in 2020
Authors: Imamura Takeaki , Watanabe Aika , Serizawa Yusuke , Nakashita Manami , Saito Mayuko , Okada Mayu , Ogawa Asamoe , Tabei Yukiko , Soumura Yoshiko , Nadaoka Yoko , Nakatsubo Naoki , Chiba Takashi , Sadamasu Kenji , Yoshimura Kazuhisa , Noda Yoshihiro , Iwashita Yuko , Ishimaru Yuji , Seki Naomi , Otani Kanako , Imamura Tadatsugu , Griffith Matthew Myers , DeToy Kelly , Suzuki Motoi , Yoshida Michihiko , Tanaka Atsuko , Yauchi Mariko , Shimada Tomoe , Oshitani Hitoshi 
Published: February 2023

ImportanceThere have been few studies on the heterogeneous interconnection of COVID-19 outbreaks occurring in different social settings using robust, surveillance epidemiological data.ObjectivesTo describe the characteristics of COVID-19 transmission within different social settings and to evaluate settings associated with onward transmission to other settings.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis is a case series study of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases in Tokyo between January 23 and December 5, 2020, when vaccination was not yet implemented. Using epidemiological investigation data collected by public health centers, epidemiological links were identified and classified into 7 transmission settings: imported, nightlife, dining, workplace, household, health care, and other.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe number of cases per setting and the likelihood of generating onward transmissions were compared between different transmission settings.ResultsOf the 44 054 confirmed COVID-19 cases in this study, 25 241 (57.3%) were among male patients, and the median (IQR) age of patients was 36 (26-52) years. Transmission settings were identified in 13 122 cases, including 6768 household, 2733 health care, and 1174 nightlife cases. More than 6600 transmission settings were detected, and nightlife (72 of 380 [18.9%]; P &amp;lt; .001) and health care (119 [36.2%]; P &amp;lt; .001) settings were more likely to involve 5 or more cases than dining, workplace, household, and other settings. Nightlife cases appeared in the earlier phase of the epidemic, while household and health care cases appeared later. After adjustment for transmission setting, sex, age group, presence of symptoms, and wave, household and health care cases were less likely to generate onward transmission compared with nightlife cases (household: adjusted odds ratio, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.02-0.05; health care: adjusted odds ratio, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.41-0.79). Household settings were associated with intergenerational transmission, while nonhousehold settings mainly comprised transmission between the same age group. Among 30 932 cases without identified transmission settings, cases with a history of visiting nightlife establishments were more likely to generate onward transmission to nonhousehold settings (adjusted odds ratio, 5.30 [95% CI, 4.64-6.05]; P &amp;lt; .001) than those without such history.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this case series study, COVID-19 cases identified in nightlife settings were associated with a higher likelihood of spreading COVID-19 than household and health care cases. Surveillance and interventions targeting nightlife settings should be prioritized to disrupt COVID-19 transmission, especially in the early stage of an epidemic.