bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgeon Sex and Long-Term Postoperative Outcomes Among Patients Undergoing Common Surgeries
Authors: Wallis Christopher J. D. , Jerath Angela , Aminoltejari Khatereh , Kaneshwaran Kirusanthy , Salles Arghavan , Coburn Natalie , Wright Frances C. , Gotlib Conn Lesley , Klaassen Zachary , Luckenbaugh Amy N. , Ranganathan Sanjana , Riveros Carlos , McCartney Colin , Armstrong Kathleen , Bass Barbara , Detsky Allan S. , Satkunasivam Raj 
Published: August 2023

ImportanceSex- and gender-based differences in a surgeon’s medical practice and communication may be factors in patients’ perioperative outcomes. Patients treated by female surgeons have improved 30-day outcomes. However, whether these outcomes persist over longer follow-up has not been assessed.ObjectiveTo examine whether surgeon sex is associated with 90-day and 1-year outcomes among patients undergoing common surgeries.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted in adults in Ontario, Canada, undergoing 1 of 25 common elective or emergent surgeries between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2019. Analysis was performed between July 15 and October 20, 2022.ExposureSurgeon sex.Main Outcomes and MeasuresAn adverse postoperative event, defined as the composite of death, readmission, or complication, was assessed at 90 days and 1 year following surgery. Secondarily, each of these outcomes was assessed individually. Outcomes were compared between patients treated by female and male surgeons using generalized estimating equations with clustering at the level of the surgical procedure, accounting for patient-, procedure-, surgeon-, anesthesiologist-, and facility-level covariates.ResultsAmong 1 165 711 included patients, 151 054 were treated by a female and 1 014 657 by a male surgeon. Overall, 14.3% of the patients had 1 or more adverse postoperative outcomes at 90 days and 25.0% had 1 or more adverse postoperative outcomes 1 year following surgery. Among these, 2.0% of patients died within 90 days and 4.3% died within 1 year. Multivariable-adjusted rates of the composite end point were higher among patients treated by male than female surgeons at both 90 days (13.9% vs 12.5%; adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03-1.13) and 1 year (25.0% vs 20.7%; AOR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01-1.12). Similar patterns were observed for mortality at 90 days (0.8% vs 0.5%; AOR 1.25; 95% CI, 1.12-1.39) and 1 year (2.4% vs 1.6%; AOR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.13-1.36).Conclusions and RelevanceAfter accounting for patient, procedure, surgeon, anesthesiologist, and hospital characteristics, the findings of this cohort study suggest that patients treated by female surgeons have lower rates of adverse postoperative outcomes including death at 90 days and 1 year after surgery compared with those treated by male surgeons. These findings further support differences in patient outcomes based on physician sex that warrant deeper study regarding underlying causes and potential solutions.
Interventions to reduce the negative consequences of interruptions on task performance and individual differences in working memory capacity
Authors: Zhang Han , Kawashima Tomoya , Shinohara Kazumitsu 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe current study aimed to investigate whether individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) are associated with differences in the subsequent task performance and whether intervention (interruption onset management) can reduce the negative effects of interruption. Experiment 1 compared task performances before and after interruptions and examined their relationship with WMC. The findings suggested that individuals with high levels of WMC were able to recover more quickly to the same level of performance as prior to the interruption. In Experiment 2, we examined whether manipulating the intervention could mitigate the detrimental effects of the interruption. The results demonstrated that individuals with high levels of WMC made fewer errors after the interruption, which were reduced by interventions for both low‐ and high‐WMC groups. These results confirm that the impact of interruptions is proportional to differences in WMC, and interventions can reduce the negative impact of interruptions irrespective of WMC.
Silk Acid as an Implantable Biomaterial for Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Sun Ziyang , Huang Ruochuan , Lyu Hao , Yu Xin , Wang Wenzhao , Li Jinghang , Lu Xingyu , Guo Chengchen 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSilk fibroin derived from the domesticated silkworm Bombyx mori is a protein‐based biopolymer with low immunogenicity, intrinsic biodegradability, and tunable mechanical properties, showing great potential in biomedical applications. Using chemical modification to alter the primary structure of silk fibroin enables the expanded generation of new silk‐based biomaterials. Inspired by the molecular structure of hyaluronic acid, which is enriched in carboxyl groups, an efficient method with scaling‐up potential to achieve controlled carboxylation of silk fibroin to prepare silk acid (SA) is reported, and the biological properties of SA are further studied. The SA materials show tunable hydrophilicity and enzymatic degradation properties at different carboxylation degrees (CDs). Subcutaneous implantation in mice for up to 1 month reveals that the SA materials with a high CD present enhanced degradation while causing a mild foreign‐body response, including a low inflammatory response and reduced fibrotic encapsulation. Immunofluorescence analysis further indicates that the SA materials show pro‐angiogenesis properties and promote M2‐type macrophage polarization to facilitate tissue regeneration. This implies great promise for SA materials as a new implantable biomaterial for tissue regeneration.
Co/N co‐doped flower‐like carbon‐based phase change materials toward solar energy harvesting
Authors: Chen Xiao , Wang Lei , Gao Yan , Li Yang , Zhang Xiaowei , Jiang Yu , Wang Ge 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe photothermal conversion capacity of pristine organic phase change materials (PCMs) is inherently insufficient in solar energy utilization. To upgrade their photothermal conversion capacity, we developed bimetallic zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) derived Co/N co‐doped flower‐like carbon (Co/N‐FLC)‐based composite PCMs toward solar energy harvesting. 3D interconnected carbon framework with low interfacial thermal resistance, abundant carbon defects and high content of nitrogen doping, excellent localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of Co nanoparticles, and light absorber Co3ZnC in Co/N‐FLC synergistically upgrade the photothermal capacity of (polyethylene glycol) PEG@Co/N‐FLC composite PCMs with an ultrahigh photothermal conversion efficiency of 94.8% under 0.16 W/cm2. Uniformly anchored Co and Co3ZnC nanoparticles in carbon framework guarantee excellent photon capture ability. Bridging carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in 2D carbon nanosheets further accelerate the rapid transport of phonons by constructing cross‐connected heat transfer paths. Additionally, PEG@Co/N‐FLC exhibits a thermal energy storage density of 100.69 J/g and excellent thermal stability and durable reliability. Therefore, PEG@Co/N‐FLC composite PCMs are promising candidates to accelerate the efficient utilization of solar energy.
Rethinking Chemistry
Authors: Danielmeier Karsten , Schreiner Peter R. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe German Chemical Society (GDCh) Board of Directors chose the motto “Rethinking Chemistry” last year to address challenges connected to climate change, loss of natural resources, and geopolitical conflicts as the guiding principle of all our endeavors and actions. Rethinking Chemistry indicates the Board's desire to encourage scientists to approach chemistry in a new way, with a focus on reconsidering the field from many different angles. By taking a holistic approach, the Board intends to foster innovative, sustainable, and effective ways to use chemistry.Rethinking Chemistry is also the motto of the GDCh Science Forum Chemistry (WiFo) 2023, and a Special Collection on the homepage of Angewandte Chemie is dedicated to this event and its motto. Rethinking Chemistry means something different in each area of chemistry, and the WiFo 2023 as well as this Special Collection of Angewandte Chemie showcase its many facets.
Functional anatomy of mystacial active sensing in rats
Authors: Haidarliu Sebastian , Nelinger Guy , Gantar Luka , Ahissar Ehud , Saraf‐Sinik Inbar 
Published: August 2023

AbstractRats' whisking motion and objects' palpation produce tactile signals sensed by mechanoreceptors at the vibrissal follicles. Rats adjust their whisking patterns to target information type, flow, and resolution, adapting to their behavioral needs and the changing environment. This coordination requires control over the activity of the mystacial pad's intrinsic and extrinsic muscles. Studies have relied on muscle recording and stimulation techniques to describe the roles of individual muscles. However, these methods lack the resolution to isolate the mystacial pad's small and compactly arranged muscles. Thus, we propose functional anatomy as a complementary approach for studying the individual and coordinated effects of the mystacial pad muscles on vibrissae movements. Our functional analysis addresses the kinematic measurements of whisking motion patterns recorded in freely exploring rats. Combined with anatomical descriptions of muscles and fascia elements of the mystacial pad in situ, we found: (1) the contributions of individual mystacial pad muscles to the different whisking motion patterns; (2) active touch by microvibrissae, and its underlying mechanism; and (3) dynamic position changes of the vibrissae pivot point, as determined by the movements of the corium and subcapsular fibrous mat. Finally, we hypothesize that each of the rat mystacial pad muscles is specialized for a particular function in a way that matches the architecture of the fascial structures. Consistent with biotensegrity principles, the muscles and fascia form a network of structural support and continuous tension that determine the arrangement and motion of the embedded individual follicles.
Output feedback distributed optimization algorithms of second‐order Lipschitz nonlinear multi‐agent systems
Authors: Li Guipu , Li Chen‐Long , Yuan Jie 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis paper introduces output feedback distributed optimization algorithms designed specifically for second‐order nonlinear multi‐agent systems. The agents are allowed to have heterogeneous dynamics, characterized by distinct nonlinearities, as long as they satisfy the Lipschitz continuity condition. For the case with unknown states, nonlinear state observers are designed first for each agent to reconstruct agents' unknown states. It is proven that the agents' unknown states are estimated accurately by the developed state observers. Then, based on the agents' state estimates and the gradient of each agent local cost function, a kind of output feedback distributed optimization algorithms are proposed for the considered multi‐agent systems. Under the proposed distributed optimization algorithms, all the agents' outputs asymptotically approach the minimizer of the global cost function which is the sum of all the local cost functions. By using Lyapunov stability theory, convex analysis, and input‐to‐state stability theory, the asymptotical convergence of the output feedback distributed optimization closed‐loop system is proven. Simulations are conducted to validate the efficacy of the proposed algorithms.
Akustische Metamaterialien für die Anwendung als Schalldämpfer
Authors: Brandstätt Peter , Rohlfing Jens , Troll Agostino 
Published: August 2023

AbstractDer Beitrag berichtet über akustische Metamaterialien (AMM) und deren Anwendung in der Kanalakustik als Schalldämpfer. AMM stehen auch in diesem Kontext im Fokus aufgrund ihrer vielversprechenden Eigenschaften. In der Literatur finden sich theoretische Betrachtungen und einige Demonstratoren, aber aufgrund der oft schwierigen Fertigung wenig praktische Umsetzungen. Durch die Zunahme additiver und anderer Fertigungstechniken lassen sich mittlerweile einige, vor allem kleinformatige Resonatorstrukturen herstellen, die aber nicht den in raumluft‐ und prozesslufttechnischen Anlagen wichtigen Frequenzbereich zwischen 100 Hz und 500 Hz adressieren können. Daher wurden im Projekt „MetaVib“ Varianten untersucht und entwickelt, die sich auf diesen Frequenzbereich fokussieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen ihre Wirksamkeit und Umsetzbarkeit gleichermaßen.
Zur Kinetik der Boudouard‐Reaktion (Adsorption und 14C‐Austausch)
Authors: Freundlich J. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBonner und Turkevich1) haben, zum Teil in Anlehnung an frühere Vorstellungen, für die Boudouard‐Reaktion CO2 + C → 2CO einen zweistufigen Mechanismus entwickelt. Der erste, zur Bildung eines „Oberflächenoxyds”︁ (CO) führende Schritt CD2 + C → CO + (CO) soll schnell ablaufen; der zweite, unter Zerfall des Oberflächenoxyds und Desorption von CO (CO) → CO langsam, und damit geschwindigkeitsbestimmend sein. Diese Vorstellung widerspricht einer Reihe anderweitiger Befunde bei der Boudouard‐Reaktion2); zur Aufklärung wurden die Versuche von Bonner und Turkevich nachgeprüft. Die Meßergebnisse dieser Autoren konnten unter gewissen Umständen reproduziert werden, gerade diese Umstände erfordern jedoch eine andere Interpretation der Ergebnisse. Mit der verwendeten Meßanordnung ist es unter günstigen Bedingungen möglich, die Adsorptionsprozesse an der Kohleoberfläche auch dann zu verfolgen, wenn gleichzeitig die Boudouard‐Reaktion abläuft. Tracermessungen mit radioaktivem 14C sowie Desorptionsversuche lieferten zusätzliche Ergebnisse, aus deren Gesamtheit darauf geschlossen werden kann, daß der erste der oben genannten Schritte für die Boudouard‐Reaktion geschwindigkeitsbestimmend sein dürfte.
Zur Kinetik des Thermischen Methanzerfalls
Authors: Von Bogdandy L. , Rutsch W. , Stranski I. N. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractZunächst werden Versuche in einer Durchströmungsapparatur beschrieben, bei denen CH4/H2‐Gemische bei verschiedenen Temperaturen und Verweilzeiten nach CH4 = C + 2H3 zersetzt werden. Durch Verfolgung der Lichtschwächung im Reaktionsrohr und elektronenoptische Untersuchungen wurde gleichzeitig die Entwicklung des Rußes nach Menge und Korngröße gemessen. Die Experimente zeigen, daß der Zersetzungsgrad proportional zur Verweilzeit in der Reaktionszone und bei steigender Temperatur schneller erfolgt, stets aber weitab vom Gleichgewicht bleibt. Die Zersetzung im Quarzrohr läuft homogen, d.h. im Innern der Gasphase ab. Vorher zugegebener H2 hemmt die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit wesentlich stärker als durch eine Gegenreaktion erklärbar ist. Es ergab sich: v ∼ PH, wobei v die Zersetzungsgeschwindigkeit und PH2 den Partialdruck des H2 im Ausgangsgemisch mit CH4 bedeuten. Die elektronenoptische Verfolgung des gebildeten Rußes zeigt, daß bei höheren H2‐Gehalten nicht so sehr die Keimbildungsgeschwindigkeit als vielmehr das Wachstum der Rußpartikelchen gehemmt wird.Dieser Befund läßt sich im Sinne der Kristallwachstumstheorie unter Berücksichtigung der Adsorptionsschichten deuten.
Untersuchungen über den Mechanismus der katalysierten Phasengrenzreaktion von Wasserstoff mit Palladium, Tantal und Titan
Authors: Küssner A. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractDie autokatalytische Bildung metallartiger Hydride und die katalytische Wasserstoffübertragung auf hydridbildende Metalle lassen vermuten, daß der Phasengrenzreaktion des Wasserstoffes an diesen Metallen eine atomare Adsorption in Spalten molekularer Dimensionen vorangeht. Diese Vermutung konnte durch mehrere voneinander unabhängige Beobachtungen an Palladium, Tantal und Titan gestützt werden. Ausgehend von einer einfachen Modellvorstellung wird ein Mechanismus für die Phasengrenzreaktion des Wasserstoffes vorgeschlagen, bei dem solche Spalten und Korngrenzen in Metall als katalytisch aktive Stellen von Bedeutung sind.Die Wasserstoffübertragung auf Folien einer Palladium‐Silber‐Legierung läßt sich sowohl zur Nutzbarmachung von Wasserstoff zur elektrochemischen Energiegewinnung als auch zu seiner Reinstdarstellung bei Zimmertemperatur anwenden.
Molecular Alignment in Dipolar Liquids
Authors: Hilbers C. W. , Maclean C. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractExamples are given of the influence of a strong externally applied electric field on NMR spectra. From these measurements the molecular alignment, induced by the electric field, can be obtained. The alignment does not only depend on the molecular dipolemoment and polarizability, but also on angular correlations between the molecules in the liquid. For acetonitrile the intermolecular short range interactions have been found to be of limited importance. This is contrary to the situation in liquid nitrobenzene.
Dielectric Relaxation and Chemical Exchange
Authors: Anderson J. E. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe coupling between molecular rotation and chemical exchange has been treated in several recent articles. It has been demonstrated that relaxation experiments can distinguish systems exchanging more slowly than the rate of molecular rotation from systems experiencing faster exchange. In analysing such experiments, however, one must draw careful distinctions between active and inactive relaxation mechanisms. The present article deals with these distinctions. The variation of dielectric relaxation with composition is analysed in several limiting situations. It is shown that “slow” and “fast” exchange are distinguishable in general, but that the treatment of experimental data will vary in different cases.
Processus de relaxations électriques dans les solutions électrolytiques
Authors: Badiali De J. P. , Cachet H. , Lestrade J. C. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractEine spektrale Übertragungsfunktion von Elektrolyten wird mit der Autokorrelationsfunktion des elektrischen Momentes der Gesamtheit der Ionen in einem gegebenen Volumen verknüpft.— Es wird ein statistisches Modell vorgeschlagen, das den Ladungstransport beschreibt und zu einer Klasse von Funktionen führt, die im allgemeinen nicht exponentiell sind. Ein Spezialfall (lineare Brownsche Bewegung zwischen den Stößen) führt zu einem analytischen Ausdruck für die Ionenrelaxation. Messungen der komplexen DK an Lösungen von Lithiumperchlorat in Äthylacetat und in Tetrahydrofuran werden mit Hilfe des vorgeschlagenen Modells interpretiert und führen zu einer qualitativen bzw. quantitativen Bestätigung.
Shapes of Near‐, Middle‐, and Far‐Infrared and Raman Bands of HCl in solution
Authors: Perrot M. , Huong P. V. , Lascombe J. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAbsorption band shapes of HCl in solution in various solvents was studied in the far‐, middle‐, and near‐infrared regions. The vibrational Raman band of HCl in carbon tetrachloride was also investigated. Hydrogen deuterium substitution shows that rotational relaxation accounts for most of the far‐infrared profiles. It also explains, to a large extend, the fundamental and overtone vibrational absorptions. Nevertheless a carefull comparison between the profiles observed in the various regions suggests that vibrational relaxation also influences vibrational band shapes. This relaxation results from fluctuations of the environment of solute molecules and also from the rotation‐vibration interaction. The analysis of the Raman band shape agrees with this conclusion.
Light Scattering and Depolarization in Dense Gases
Authors: Trappeniers N. J. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe principal features of the theory of light scattering in a dilute (ideal) gas of isotropic molecules were established by Lord Rayleigh in a series of classical papers, the first of which appeared in 1871. The intensity of the scattered light depends on the inverse fourth power of the wavelength and is obtained by simply summing the contribution of independent molecules.In a dense medium of interacting particles the situation is more complicated as the interference between the waves scattered by the particles must be taken into account. A simple, but elegant technique of dealing with this situation is the “thermodynamic method”, initiated by Smoluchowsky and Einstein (1910). It relates light scattering directly to density fluctuations in the medium without actually referring to the molecules and it yields a scattering formula in terms of the isothermal compressibility of the medium. In 1926 Zernike and Ornstein showed that in the vicinity of the critical point the spatial correlations of fluctuations become important, while Cabannes (1929) worked out the treatment of light scattering and depolarization in a system of anisotropic molecules.The modern molecular theory deals with the problem of interference in a rather direct way. The scattered waves from different molecules are added together, taking into account the varying phases and an average over all positions is performed by means of the radial distribution function. In a first order treatment the familiar Smoluchowsky‐Einstein formula is recovered (Zimm 1945), in higher order the theory permits to take into account the effect of induced dipole scattering and it predicts the occurrence of depolarization even in systems of isotropic particles. At high density, however, the theory in its present form is unsatisfactory in that it is not capable of dealing adequately with structural effects in the medium.The molecular theory of scattering by anisotropic molecules (Benoît and Stockmayer) extends the classical Cabannes treatment by taking into account orientational correlations. A short survey will be given of recent improvements of this theory by including induced dipolar scattering. When the depolarization of scattered light as function of density is calculated for a system of anisotropic molecules it shows a minimum in the critical region but it remains finite. This is in accordance with recent measurements of depolarization in CO2 in the critical region, which will be briefly described.
The Thermodynamics of the Critical Point in One‐Component Systems
Authors: Rowlinson J. S. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis review opens with a discussion of the classical description of critical points, and its extension. It is shown that the experimental results do not conform either to the original or to the extended description, although the latter has some features that are to be found both in real fluids and in model systems. However the essential similarity of the results for different fluids has led to the development of the so‐called scaling hypotheses These are empirical relations of simple form which describe the properties of all fluids by means of a suitably scaled equation for chemical potential as a function of density and temperature. They provide concise descriptions of the known singularities in the thermodynamic functions but tell us nothing of the molecular causes responsible for this behaviour. The final section is a brief account of some recent attempts to devise continuum models which have realistic critical points but for which the statistical mechanics is reasonably tractable.
The Specific Heat Singularity at the Critical Point
Authors: Buckingham M. J. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe special difficulties associated with accurate measurement of the specific heat of a fluid near its critical point are discussed. These include limitations due to gravity and to critical slowing down. An elaborate method adapted to these limitations is described; it permits precision measurements of heat capacity to be recorded directly and automatically. Results for CO2 show that α = 1/8 ± 0.01.
Semi‐Statistical Theory of the Liquid‐Gas Equilibrium
Authors: Koefoed J. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe qualitative success of hole models has never been followed up by any success in quantitative calculations when more than one property should be accounted for with one set of fitted parameters. A theory which gives a higher entropy of mixing than Nk In 2 is described. It is based upon a simple division of the translational energy levels in two bands. The calculations are exactly like those of a mixture of two isomers in chemical equilibrium and give a maximum entropy of mixing of 3 N k In 2. Critical states can also be included in this description.