bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Terbinafine and risperidone drug interaction contributing to clinical changes in a forensic psychiatric patient
Authors: Reynolds Jamie , Gramlich Nicole 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Risperidone is a second generation “atypical” antipsychotic that exhibits its clinical effects through a combined effort of risperidone and its active metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone (9-OHR), otherwise known as paliperidone. Risperidone is hepatically metabolized by the cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzyme into 9-OHR. Significant interference with the metabolism of risperidone may lead to clinical consequences for patients via alterations in the ratio of the parent compound and active metabolite. This patient case reports 1 example of how a drug interaction could contribute to delayed response to a medication increase after psychiatric decompensation. A forensic psychiatric patient was transitioned from oral risperidone to risperidone microspheres long-acting injectable and had worsening of symptoms, necessitating an increased dose of the injection. This increase in symptoms may have been prolonged by addition of a CYP2D6 inhibitor, terbinafine. The changes in clinical symptoms correlate with medication concentrations that were drawn before terbinafine was started, during terbinafine therapy, and after terbinafine was discontinued.
Pragmatics and the Internet
Authors: Yus Francisco 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Pragmatics analyzes the use of language in context and the gap existing between speakers' intended interpretations and the literal meaning coded in the utterances that they produce to accomplish their communicative goals. When applied to Internet communication, researchers have to consider a number of factors. These include the role of interfaces in the eventual (un)successful outcome of online interactions, the differences between online and offline contexts, varied ways in which interactions are accomplished in online environments compared to offline scenarios, the different modes in which discourses are transferred to other users (mainly textual, visual, and multimodal), and the role of nonpropositional information (feelings and emotions) stemming from these online interactions. This entry discusses these factors.
Form‐Focused Instruction
Authors: Spada Nina 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Form‐focused instruction (FFI) is defined as an L2) teaching approach in which learners' attention is drawn to language forms within primarily meaning/content‐based instruction. FFI includes explicit and implicit instruction and corrective feedback and can be provided in both planned and spontaneous ways. Considerable research has examined
type
of FFI (i.e. explicit and implicit), and the overall findings indicate benefits for both types on different language features (e.g., simple/complex) with greater benefits for explicit FFI. Less research has investigated the
timing
of FFI (i.e. isolated and integrated). One of the central questions motivating this work is whether isolated or integrated FFI may contribute to different types of L2 ability, as measured by learners' performance on different tasks (e.g., error correction vs. communicative tasks). The findings, range from equal benefits for both integrated and isolated FFI to greater benefits for one over the other with limited support for the hypothesis that they contribute to different types of L2 ability. This research includes studies that have focused exclusively on the provision of immediate (i.e., integrated) and delayed (i.e., isolated) corrective feedback. Continued research—formal and informal—carried out by both researchers and teachers should offer more insights into optimal ways of drawing learners' attention to form within meaning‐based approaches to L2 instruction.
Multilingual Pragmatics
Authors: Antoniou Kyriakos 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This entry reviews research on child multilingualism—the experience of regularly using more than one language from childhood—and pragmatic performance—the use and interpretation of language and nonverbal behaviors in context, so people can communicate and understand intended meanings. The entry shows that, over a broad range of pragmatic skills, multilingual children exhibit comparable to and often better performance than monolinguals. Specifically, they do not differ from monolinguals in implicature comprehension and discourse aspects that depend on pragmatics, such as narrative macrostructure, and they exhibit advantages in considering the interlocutor's communicative needs and perspective, identifying communicatively inappropriate utterances, repairing communication breakdowns, and using nonverbal pragmatic cues during communication. Moreover, multilingual children can differentiate their languages from around the age of 2 and employ the appropriate language and adjust their language use based on their interlocutor's language preference, knowledge, and choices. The entry closes by discussing four explanations about why some studies find a multilingual pragmatic advantage, while others do not.
Computer‐Mediated Communication and Pragmatics
Authors: Cunningham Darren Joseph 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Because human interaction is central to computer‐mediated communication (CMC), it has long been of interest to applied linguists to understand how communication in digital spaces impacts the expression and understanding of meaning, especially in regard to politeness, appropriateness, and related social phenomena. In other words, a central question has been and continues to be how the pragmatics of languages are expressed, learned, and taught in contexts where communication is mediated through an electronic device. This entry therefore brings together two areas of inquiry—CMC and pragmatics—and discusses how CMC can offer a fruitful environment for researching and teaching pragmatics.
Experimental Pragmatics
Authors: Holtgraves Thomas 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Experimental techniques (e.g., reaction time and EEG) are now frequently used to study a variety of pragmatic phenomena. In this entry, I provide an overview of how these techniques have been used to empirically examine how adults comprehend nonliteral meaning. The specific pragmatic phenomena reviewed include indirect requests, indirect replies, figures of speech (metaphors and idioms), scalar expressions, politeness, speech act recognition, and reference. The use of experimental techniques has and will continue to contribute to the refinement of pragmatic theories.
Translanguaging in Pragmatics
Authors: Masaeed Khaled Al 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Pragmatics is concerned with situated language behavior and how meaning is communicated and interpreted in social interaction. Translanguaging takes into consideration the speaker, the context, and the whole linguistic repertoire. It focuses on how multidialectal and ‐lingual practices reflect the speaker's agency to purposefully deploy all of her/his linguistic repertories to construct knowledge, communicate ideas, and project identities in social interaction. In doing so, it acknowledges the internal perspective of the speakers and underscores their agency to draw on their whole language repertoire to make meaning and express their identities. Consequently, adopting a translanguaging perspective in pragmatics is indispensable as it (a) rejects monolingual ideologies that see language hierarchies as the norm and (b) empowers pragmatics research methods to measure pragmatic development. This entry is meant to discuss the relationship between translanguaging and pragmatics through providing an overview of translanguaging and underscoring the need for adopting a translanguaging perspective in pragmatic research and assessment.
Researching Vocabulary: Mixed Methods Research
Authors: Dang Thi Ngoc Yen , Van Vu Duy , Nguyen Thi My Hang 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Mixed methods research combines both quantitative and qualitative approaches to examine a phenomenon from different perspectives. Although mixed methods research enables researchers to achieve a broader and deeper understanding of the phenomenon, vocabulary studies employing this approach are limited in number. This entry provides an overview of the use of mixed methods research in three major lines of vocabulary studies: description, pedagogy, and assessment. It also calls for more attention to the mixed methods research in vocabulary studies and suggests some issues that need further consideration when this kind of methodological approach is employed for vocabulary research.
Solid Additive Delicately Controls Morphology Formation and Enables High‐Performance in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Zhong Lian , Sun Zhe , Lee Seunglok , Jeong Seonghun , Jung Sungwoo , Cho Yongjoon , Park Jeewon , Park Jaeyeong , Yoon Seong‐Jun , Yang Changduk 
Published: June 2023

AbstractVolatile solid additives are an effective strategy for optimizing morphology and improving the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of organic solar cells (OSCs). Much research has been conducted to understand the role of solid additives in active layer morphology. However, it is crucial to delve deeper and understand how solid additives affect the entire morphology evolution process, from the solution state to the film state and the thermal annealing stage, which remains unclear. Herein, the use of a highly crystalline solid additive, phenoxathiin (Ph), in D18‐Cl:N3‐based OSCs and study its impact on morphology formation and photovoltaic performance is presented. Owing to its good miscibility with the acceptor N3, Ph additive can not only extend the time for the active layer to form from the solution state to the film state, but also provide sufficient time for acceptor aggregation. After thermal annealing, Ph solid additive volatilizes better aligned the N3 molecules and formed a favorable hybrid morphology. Consequently, the D18‐Cl:N3–based OSC exhibited an outstanding PCE of 18.47%, with an enhanced short‐circuit current of 27.50 mA cm−2 and a fill factor of 77.82%. This research is spurring the development of high‐performance OSCs using solid additives that allow fine control during morphology development.
Overcoming Water Diffusion Limitations in Hydrogels via Microtubular Graphene Networks for Soft Actuators
Authors: Hauck Margarethe , Saure Lena M. , Zeller‐Plumhoff Berit , Kaps Sören , Hammel Jörg , Mohr Caprice , Rieck Lena , Nia Ali Shaygan , Feng Xinliang , Pugno Nicola M. , Adelung Rainer , Schütt Fabian 
Published: June 2023

AbstractHydrogel‐based soft actuators can operate in sensitive environments, bridging the gap of rigid machines interacting with soft matter. However, while stimuli‐responsive hydrogels can undergo extreme reversible volume changes of up to ≈90%, water transport in hydrogel actuators is in general limited by their poroelastic behavior. For poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) the actuation performance is even further compromised by the formation of a dense skin layer. Here it is shown, that incorporating a bioinspired microtube graphene network into a PNIPAM matrix with a total porosity of only 5.4% dramatically enhances actuation dynamics by up to ≈400% and actuation stress by ≈4000% without sacrificing the mechanical stability, overcoming the water transport limitations. The graphene network provides both untethered light‐controlled and electrically powered actuation. It is anticipated that the concept provides a versatile platform for enhancing the functionality of soft matter by combining responsive and 2D materials, paving the way toward designing soft intelligent matter.
Preferential Contamination in Electroadhesive Touchscreens: Mechanisms, Multiphysics Model, and Solutions
Authors: Chatterjee Sitangshu , Ma Yuan , Sanghani Adit , Cherif Mondher , Colgate J. Edward , Hipwell M. Cynthia 
Published: June 2023

AbstractElectroadhesive surface haptic touchscreens can help augment user experiences by providing tactile effects. The electrode layout in current commercialized designs has separated electrodes for the sensing and actuating functions. During regular use, it is observed that fingerprint residue preferentially deposits on the actuating electrodes far more than the sensing electrodes, which makes the underlying electrode pattern apparent and is highly undesirable for touchscreen users. To address this issue, various physical phenomena (electrohydrodynamic deformation, capillary bridge stabilization, electrowetting, and electrophoretic deposition) are investigated to understand the mechanism. Through experimentation, multiphysics modeling, and surface characterization, it is found that the root cause can be attributed to two mechanisms occurring in the actuating regions: 1) electrohydrodynamic deformation of sebum droplets attached to the finger valleys leading to the formation of additional capillary bridges and residual droplets on the screen surface after their rupture, and 2) electric field‐induced stabilization of sebum capillary bridges existing between the finger ridges and the screen, leading to the coalescence and formation of larger‐sized droplets. The developed model can then be used to address the issue during the screen design process. An example of using the model to explore the impact of changes in screen oleophobicity is shown.
Racial disparities in farm loan application processing: Are Black farmers disadvantaged?
Authors: Mishra Ashok K. , Short Gianna , Dodson Charles B. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBlack farmers have historically been discriminated against in services from the federal government, including access to credit. Discrimination can take the form of delayed loan processing requests, which can affect timely planting, harvesting, feeding of livestock, and farm performance. This study uses nationwide, farm‐level data from 2009 to 2021 from the Farm Service Agency's direct farm loan program to investigate racial discrimination in the farm loan program. Findings reveal loan processing times average longer for Black borrowers on operating loans, though with a substantial state‐level variation. Specifically, it takes an average of more than two additional days for Black farmers' operating loan applications to be completed and another two additional days to be processed. However, there was no significant difference in time for farm ownership loans suggesting a more nuanced cause than outright racial discrimination. Other factors that increased loan processing time for borrowers included larger loan amounts, more complex loan types, a mix of collateral, and being a new borrower.
Gravitational Lensing by Traversable Wormholes Supported by Three‐Form Fields
Authors: Samart Daris , Autthisin Natthason , Channuie Phongpichit 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn this paper, the deflection angle of light by traversable wormholes, which are supported by the three‐form fields, are studied. The specific forms of the redshift and shape functions that produce results compatible with the energy conditions at throat of the wormholes are used. Having used the well‐defined parameter sets of the three‐form wormholes, the photon geodesic motion is investigated under the effective potential of the wormhole background. As a result, it is discovered that the radius of the photon sphere can be used to analyze the geometrical structures of a physical wormhole. The analytical form of the effective potential is used to figure out a deflection angle of light caused by wormholes with the three‐from fields. In this work, the relativistic images generated from the wormholes are also constructed.
Clinical Issues — July 2023
Authors: Miner Mary Alice 
Published: June 2023

THIS MONTH
Use of clean versus sterile pneumatic tourniquet cuffs
Key words: clean, sterile, pneumatic tourniquet, incision site, cuff placement.
Active shooter crisis preparedness
Key words: active shooter preparedness, emergency response, active shooter event, evacuate, barricade.
Heating, ventilation, and air‐conditioning parameters
Key words: laminar airflow (LAF); unidirectional ultraclean air‐delivery system; unidirectional downward airflow; turbulent; heating, ventilation, and air‐conditioning (HVAC) system.
Modifying directional air pressure settings
Key words: directional air pressure, negative‐pressure room, positive‐pressure room, bronchoscopy, parameters.
Tree‐like PA6/PVP/CS hemodialysis membrane to improve the contradiction between medium molecular toxins and proteins
Authors: Wang Qingfeng , Shao Zungui , Li Haonan , Kang Guoyi , Chen Huatan , Jiang Jiaxin , Wang Xiang , Li Wenwang , Liu Yifang , Zheng Gaofeng 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe contradiction between sufficient removal of middle molecular toxins and the retention of beneficial proteins is a great challenge for hemodialysis. The tree‐like structure was introduced to prepare a tree‐like PA6/PVP/CS nanofibrous membrane, which has good performance in the effective removal of middle molecular toxins and retention of beneficial proteins. The removal rates of urea and lysozyme were 75.4% and 46.3%, respectively, and the retention rate of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was 90.3%, which were 9%, 13%, and 18% higher than that of the membrane without tree‐like structure. In addition, to explore the possibility of further optimization of the tree‐like hemodialysis membrane, AC was added to prepare a tree‐like PA6/PVP/CS@AC nanofibrous membrane, which the urea removal rate was increased to 83.9%. The introduction of a tree‐like structure provides an effective way to solve the problem of protein loss and has great application potential in hemodialysis.
Comparative morphology of the avian bony columella
Authors: Peacock John , Spellman Garth M. , Field Daniel J. , Mason Matthew J. , Mayr Gerald 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn birds, the columella is the only bony element of the sound conducting apparatus, conveying vibrations of the cartilaginous extracolumella to the fluid of the inner ear. Although avian columellar morphology has attracted some attention over the past century, it nonetheless remains poorly described in the literature. The few existing studies mostly focus on morphological descriptions in relatively few taxa, with no taxonomically broad surveys yet published. Here we use observations of columellae from 401 extant bird species to provide a comprehensive survey of columellar morphology in a phylogenetic context. We describe the columellae of several taxa for the first time and identify derived morphologies characterizing higher‐level clades based on current phylogenies. In particular, we identify a derived columellar morphology diagnosing a major subclade of Accipitridae. Within Suliformes, we find that Fregatidae, Sulidae, and Phalacrocoracidae share a derived morphology that is absent in Anhingidae, suggesting a secondary reversal. Phylogenetically informed comparisons allow recognition of instances of homoplasy, including the distinctive bulbous columellae in suboscine passerines and taxa belonging to Eucavitaves, and bulging footplates that appear to have evolved at least twice independently in Strigiformes. We consider phylogenetic and functional factors influencing avian columellar morphology, finding that aquatic birds possess small footplates relative to columellar length, possibly related to hearing function in aquatic habitats. By contrast, the functional significance of the distinctive bulbous basal ends of the columellae of certain arboreal landbird taxa remains elusive.
New paradigms in actomyosin energy transduction: Critical evaluation of non‐traditional models for orthophosphate release
Authors: Månsson Alf , Ušaj Marko , Moretto Luisa , Matusovsky Oleg , Velayuthan Lok Priya , Friedman Ran , Rassier Dilson E. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractRelease of the ATP hydrolysis product ortophosphate (Pi) from the active site of myosin is central in chemo‐mechanical energy transduction and closely associated with the main force‐generating structural change, the power‐stroke. Despite intense investigations, the relative timing between Pi‐release and the power‐stroke remains poorly understood. This hampers in depth understanding of force production by myosin in health and disease and our understanding of myosin‐active drugs. Since the 1990s and up to today, models that incorporate the Pi‐release either distinctly before or after the power‐stroke, in unbranched kinetic schemes, have dominated the literature. However, in recent years, alternative models have emerged to explain apparently contradictory findings. Here, we first compare and critically analyze three influential alternative models proposed previously. These are either characterized by a branched kinetic scheme or by partial uncoupling of Pi‐release and the power‐stroke. Finally, we suggest critical tests of the models aiming for a unified picture.
Development and clinical feasibility study of a brief version of an addiction‐focused phenotyping battery in females receiving buprenorphine for opioid use disorder
Authors: Parlier‐Ahmad Anna Beth , Eglovitch Michelle , Legge Catherine , Keyser‐Marcus Lori A. , Bjork James M. , Adams Amanda , Ramey Tanya , Moeller Frederick Gerard , Martin Caitlin E. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIntroductionWe aimed to streamline the NIDA Phenotyping Assessment Battery (PhAB), a package of self‐report scales and neurobehavioral tasks used in substance use disorder (SUD) clinical trials, for clinical administration ease. Tailoring the PhAB to shorten administration time for a treatment setting is critical to expanding its acceptability in SUD clinical trials. This study's primary objectives were to develop a brief version of PhAB (PhAB‐B) and assess its operational feasibility and acceptability in a female clinical treatment sample.MethodsAssessments of the original PhAB were evaluated along several criteria to identify a subset for the PhAB‐B. Non‐pregnant females (N=55) between ages 18–65, stabilized on buprenorphine for opioid use disorder (OUD) at an outpatient addiction clinic, completed this abbreviated battery remotely or after a provider visit in clinic. Participant satisfaction questions were administered. REDCap recorded the time to complete PhAB‐B measures.ResultsThe PhAB‐B included 11 measures that probed reward, cognition, negative emotionality, interoception, metacognition, and sleep. Participants who completed the PhAB‐B (N =55) were 36.1 ± 8.9 years of age, White (54.5%), Black (34.5%), and non‐Latinx (96.0%). Most participants completed the PhAB‐B remotely (n = 42, 76.4%). Some participants completed it in‐person (n = 13, 23.6%). PhAB‐B mean completion time was 23.0 ± 12.0 min. Participant experiences were positive, and 96% of whom reported that they would participate in the study again.ConclusionOur findings support the clinical feasibility and acceptability of the PhAB‐B among a female opioid use disorder outpatient addiction treatment sample. Future studies should assess the PhAB‐B psychometric properties among broader treatment samples.