bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Production of Tolerance to Human Erythrocytes in the Rat with Cytosine Arabinoside or Cyclophosphamide
Authors: Gordon Robert O. , Wade Maclyn E. , Mitchell Malcolm S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Selective immunologic tolerance to human O, Rh positive, erythrocytes was produced in Sprague-Dawley rats with cytosine arabinoside or cyclophosphamide. One method consisted of administering a suppressive course of drug and a high dose of antigen (1.7 × 1010 cells) after which intraperitoneal injections of antigen (1.7 × 109 cells) were given every 5 days. Alternatively, complete and long-lasting tolerance may be induced simply by suppressing the immune response to the high dose of the antigen three times at monthly intervals. Repeated stimulation in the presence of profound inhibition of DNA synthesis may have eliminated the specific clones capable of responding to the antigen, including memory cells provoked into DNA synthesis. Besides measurement of serum hemagglutinins, tolerance was confirmed by examining individual spleen cells using the immunocytoadherence (ICA) method. Specificity of the unresponsiveness was demonstrated by a normal response to sheep red blood cells. Tolerance to a strong cellular antigen can thus be achieved regularly with an antimetabolite or an alkylating agent.
Complement (C′3)-Coated Red Blood Cells Following Infection with the Virus of Equine Infectious Anemia
Authors: McGuire T. C. , Henson J. B. , Burger D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The pathogenesis of the anemia in 17 horses experimentally infected with the virus of equine infectious anemia (EIA) was investigated. It was demonstrated by direct Coombs' tests that 15 of the animals had C′3 but no IgG, IgM or IgG(T) on their RBC surfaces. Red blood cells from 8 of 10 horses with a positive anti-C′3 Coombs' test were more osmotically fragile than normal. The RBC life spans of 7 horses with C′3 coated RBC ranged from 18 to 90 days (normal 136 ± 17 days). It was concluded that the hemolysis in this virus disease was associated with C′3 coating of RBC.
The Effect of Dose of Antigen on Protein and DNA Synthesis in Antibody-Forming Cells
Authors: Shinka Sohei , Uhr Jonathan W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of dose of antigen on the rate of protein synthesis and on the proliferation of antibody-producing cells (APC) isolated from rats secondarily immunized with Salmonella paratyphi B flagella was studied using autoradiographic techniques. One hundred or two micrograms of flagella were used for secondary immunization because these doses stimulate rapid and slow kinetics of serum antibody increase, respectively. On days 3 to 6 after “booster,” the extent of incorporation of 3H-leucine into APC and the proportion of 3H-thymidine labeled APC were determined. The results indicate that booster with 100 µg flagella in comparison to that of 2 µg resulted in larger numbers of APC, incorporation of 3H-leucine into APC at a higher rate, and a greater proportion of APC which incorporated 3H-thymidine. The possible mechanisms underlying this regulatory role of antigen are discussed.
Leukemia L 1210 Homograft in Swiss Mice: Immunologic, Cellular and Chemotherapeutic Responses
Authors: Prince Herbert N. , Grunberg E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Leukemia L 1210 cells from BDF1 mice were implanted as a solid homograft into Swiss mice (CD-1). Peak tumor size was reached at 7 days after which time the tumor was rejected in a steady manner. Coincident with rejection was the appearance in the serum of agglutinating and cytotoxic antibodies at 2 weeks, the latter being complement-dependent, as well as the appearance of transplantation immunity. Lymph node cells from animals that had rejected the tumor homograft were incapable of causing a cytotoxic reaction in vitro when incubated with the donor leukemic cells.
Hematograms of recipient mice remained essentially normal throughout a 4-week period of growth and rejection, except for an increase in the granulocyte/lymphocyte ratio at 7 days after implantation.
Histologic examination of tumor sections at various intervals revealed a mild inflammatory response with limited participation of host leukocytes. Necrosis and hemorrhage were seen as early as 5 days and proceeded in a manner suggestive of lysis from the periphery of the tumor inward. Tumor cell lysis preceded host leukocyte infiltration.
When the effects of organ ablation, x-irradiation and selected chemotherapeutic agents on rejection of the homograft were studied, three types of response were observed: suppression of both the rejection mechanism and the titer of agglutinins (x-irradiation and amethopterin); suppression of the graft rejection mechanism (thymectomy); and suppression of the humoral agglutinin titer only (Imuran, cyclophosphamide, cortisone acetate). Splenectomy, FUDR, 6-MP, actinomycin D and anthramycin were without effect as immunosuppressive agents in this experimental model.
Characterization of the Serum and Secretory Immune Systems of the Cow and Sheep
Authors: Sullivan Albert L. , Prendergast Robert A. , Antunes Lucyrn Jones , Silverstein Arthur M. , Tomasi Thomas B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The secretory immune systems of the cow and sheep were found to be strikingly similar. The principal immunoglobulin in the saliva and colostrum of both species is a “fast” 7 S γ G1 protein which is low in carbohydrate. Although suggestive evidence was obtained for a 10 S secretory immunoglobulin, proof of its existence must await isolation and complete separation from the major 7 S γ G1 component. The secretory 7 S γ G1 is immunologically identical to the γ G1 of serum and in this study no evidence of a component analogous to the human secretory “piece” was detected.
Antibody Formation Against 2,4-Dinitrophenyl-Hapten at the Cellular Level
Authors: Yamada Hisashi , Yamada Atsuko 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Specific immune hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes coupled with highly substituted 2,4-dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin by means of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide was shown. Following one intraperitoneal immunization of BALB/c mice with 2,4-dinitrophenylated human γ globulin, plaque-forming cells were detected in spleens by the hemolytic plaque-in-gel assay. Simultaneous increase of direct and indirect plaques was observed as early as 4 days after immunization. The direct plaques reached a peak on the 5th day (50 to 150 plaque-forming cells/106 spleen cells) and a sharp decrease followed. The indirect plaques reached a peak on the 7th day (300 to 1500 PFC/106) and the decrease was gradual. About 10 indirect plaques/106 spleen cells were found before immunization.
Susceptibility of Chincoteague Ponies to Antigenically Dissimilar Strains of Human Type A2 Influenza Virus
Authors: Kasel Julius A. , Fulk Robert V. , Harvey Edward W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigenically related strains of type A influenza viruses have been recovered from horses and man. The equine type 2 virus has been shown to share surface antigens with representative strains of human type A2 virus (1–4). However, a reciprocal relationship was found to be limited to A2/Hong Kong/68, a strain which is known to be immunologically dissimilar from others belonging to the same antigenic subtype (5, 6).
These observations raise questions regarding the role of human type A2 influenza viruses in equine influenza. Information regarding both the origin of equine influenza viruses and the clinical significance of human influenza viruses in equine influenza is lacking. Genetic recombination has been suggested as a mechanism by which antigenically related strains of virus isolated from different host species might occur in nature. Hybridization of equine and human type A virus was reported recently to result in viral progeny possessing envelope antigens of both parental strains (7).
The Effect of Decomplementation and Neutrophil Depletion on the Reactivity of a Heat-Stable Homocytotropic Antibody in the Rabbit
Authors: Lindqvist K. J. , Osterland C. K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunologic reactions may produce increased vascular permeability through different mechanisms. These differences depend to a large degree on immunoglobulin classes involved, individual species differences, and whether the reactions are carried out in homologous or heterologous systems. Homocytotropic sensitization (1) is dependent upon a special affinity of the antibody for cells of the homologous species. The permeability changes observed in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) experiments with homocytotropic antibodies are mainly due to histamine release from mast cells and basophils. Decomplementation or neutrophil depletion of the recipient animals appear to have no effect on PCA reactions produced by such antibodies (2). The homocytotropic antibodies of most but not all species (3) are heat-labile, including the one reported in rabbits by Zvaifler and Becker (4). Recently, Lindqvist (5) described the production of a heatstable homocytotropic antibody in rabbits immunized with tetanus toxoid. This antibody appeared on day 6 and persisted in the serum of immunized animals for at least 133 days.
The Effect of the Amount of Mycobacterial Adjuvants on the Immune Response of Strain 2, Strain 13 and Hartley Strain Guinea Pigs to DNP-PLL and DNP-GL
Authors: Green Ira , Benacerraf Baruj , Stone Sanford H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of the concentration of mycobacterial adjuvants on the immune response of strain 2, strain 13 and Hartley guinea pigs to DNP-PLL and DNP-GL was investigated. The ability to respond to these antigens in guinea pigs is controlled by a dominant autosomal gene. A small number of non-responder strain 13 animals or Hartley non-responder animals produced low serum levels of anti-DNP antibodies following prolonged immunization with DNP-PLL and 0.5 mg/ml Mycobacterium butyricum. These antibodies were detected by a modified Farr technique using high specific activity 3H DNP-EACA. However, none of the non-responder guinea pigs similarly immunized with DNP-GL produced detectable antibodies. When the amount of mycobacteria in the adjuvant was increased to 10 mg/ml Mycobacterium tuberculosis, all non-responder animals immunized with DNP-PLL produced measurable concentrations of anti-DNP antibodies late in immunization, but these levels were much lower than those observed in genetic responder animals. Furthermore, strain 13 guinea pigs immunized with DNP-GL and large amounts of mycobacteria failed to produce detectable concentrations of anti-DNP antibodies. All non-responder guinea pigs lacking the PLL gene, immunized with these antigens in adjuvants containing either low or high amounts of mycobacteria, failed to show delayed sensitivity to these antigens. In addition, lymph node cells from these immunized animals were not stimulated in vitro by DNP-PLL. The experimental data suggest that in non-responder guinea pigs the positively charged DNP-PLL molecule behaves as a hapten and that mycobacterial antigens, when present in large amounts, act as an immunologic carrier or “Schlepper” molecule.
The Immunoglobulins of Equine Colostrum and Parotid Fluid
Authors: Genco Robert J. , Yecies Lewis , Karush Fred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chemical fractionation and antigenic analysis have shown equine parotid fluid and equine colostrum to contain γG, γG(T) and γM immunoglobulins. The immunoglobulins found in the secretions were comparable in size and electrophoretic mobility to the corresponding serum immunoglobulins. Parotid fluid γG(a,b,c) and γG(T) were purified by gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. Purified parotid fluid γG(a,b,c) obtained from a hyperimmunized horse was found to contain precipitating antibodies directed to proteins used in the immunization of the horse. The ratio of γG(a,b,c) to γG(T) immunoglobulins of parotid fluid and colostrum was close to the ratio of these immunoglobulins found in the donor horse's serum. There appears to be little or no secretory γA immunoglobulin in equine parotid fluid or colostrum that is comparable in size and antigenicity to that found in some other mammals.
Immunoglobulin E in the Monkey
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Tada Tomio 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An immunoglobulin reacting with anti-human γE antibodies was detected in the sera of monkeys immunized with Ascaris antigen or infested with parasitic mites. The monkey protein gave a precipitin band with antiserum specific for the Fc portion of human γE, but failed to react with any of the antisera specific for the other human immunoglobulin classes. The human γE precipitin band showed a spur over the precipitin band formed between the monkey protein and anti-human γE. The monkey protein reacted with anti-light chains, indicating that it is an immunoglobulin. The physicochemical properties of the protein, i.e., electrophoretic mobility, sedimentation coefficient and chromatographic characteristics, were similar to those of human γE. It was also found that monkey homocytotropic antibodies against Ascaris antigen resided in the protein. These findings indicate that the monkey protein represents a distinct immunoglobulin class, corresponding to human γE. γE-forming cells were found in the lungs and regional lymph nodes of the animals infested with mites.
The Specificity of the Early Immune Response
Authors: Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The specificity of circulating antibody and delayed hypersensitivity (DHS) was studied in both normal and Fab, Fc tolerant guinea pigs immunized with human γG globulin (HGG). During the first 2 weeks after immunization, between 88% and 100% of the circulating antibody in both normal and Fab, Fc tolerant animals was found to be specific for the intact HGG molecule and did not react with Fab or Fc fragments. By the 6th week, antibody of this specificity accounted for about 60% of the total antibody in the tolerant animals but only about 15% in normal animals. Such antibody was not associated with any particular immunoglobulin class, activity being demonstrated by radioimmunoelectrophoretic and antigen-binding studies to occur in both γ1 and γ2 globulin fractions. Antibody against Fab and Fc fragments was not demonstrable in sera from normal animals until the 3rd week following immunization, but in later sera accounted for about 80% of the total antibody production. Little or no antibody against such fragments was demonstrable in the sera of the tolerant animals. Skin testing with HGG, Fab and Fc fragments elicited comparable areas of erythema in normal animals over a wide range of antigen doses on several occasions following immunization. Fab, Fc tolerant animals on the other hand, gave DHS reactions only with the intact HGG molecule. There thus appears to be a difference in the specificity of humoral and cell mediated responses to HGG, particularly in the first 2 weeks after immunization. It is considered possible that the earliest humoral response might, as a general phenomenon, have a specificity directed against the intact configurational form of an antigen.
Factors in Delayed Sensitivity: Lymphocyte and Macrophage Cytotoxins in the Tuberculin Reaction
Authors: Heise E. R. , Weiser R. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Highly purified lymph node and spleen lymphocytes and lung macrophages obtained from normal and tuberculin sensitive guinea pigs were cultured in vitro with tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD). After 24 hr of incubation, the cell-free culture supernatants were tested for a) mouse L cell cytotoxicity, b) inhibition of macrophage migration, and c) capacity to elicit skin reaction in the skin of non-sensitized guinea pigs. Purified lymphocytes from tuberculin-sensitive guinea pig cultured with PPD yielded culture supernatants which inhibited the growth of L cells. In contrast, purified macrophages from both normal and sensitive animals cultured with PPD released a factor(s) which was cytotoxic for L cells. Macrophage and lymphocyte cytotoxins could not be distinguished by gel filtration, antibody neutralization, heat sensitivity or by the biologic assays employed.
Immunoglobulins of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca Mulatta)
Authors: Lakin James D. , Patterson Roy , Pruzansky Jacob J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immune response of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and bovine γ globulin (BGG) has been examined by simultaneous injection of the two antigens isotopically labeled with 125I and 131I, respectively. The kinetics of both antigen elimination and antibody synthesis varied widely within the group of animals studied. BSA was exponentially eliminated from the circulation with a half-life of 7.5 ± 0.7 days and BGG with a half-life of 2.7 ± 0.6 days. Circulating anti-BSA antibody was initially detectable 17.0 ± 3.2 days after injection of antigen in the primary response and 10.2 ± 3.8 days after injection of antigen in the secondary response. Anti-BGG antibody was first detected at 16.4 ± 5.3 days in the primary response and at 10.3 ± 2.1 days in the secondary response. A frequent lack of correlation was observed between anti-BSA hemagglutination titers and ammonium sulfate binding measurements even though only IgG-type antibody was demonstrable in most instances. This was interpreted to indicate an intra-class heterogeneity of IgG antibody with respect to hemagglutinating activity. Primary anti-BSA and anti-BGG antibody responses of both the IgG and mixed IgG-IgM types were detected. In the latter type of response, IgG and IgM antibody appeared simultaneously. IgM-type antibody was observed for only the first 6 to 8 days of the response, only IgG antibody being present thereafter. In the secondary response to both antigens, all monkeys produced IgG antibody alone, except for one animal in which an immunoglobulin thought to be IgA exhibited anti-BSA binding activity for a period of 9 days.
Differentiation of Human IgM Subclasses by the Ability to Interact with a Factor Resembling the First Component of Complement
Authors: Mackenzie Malcolm R. , Warner Noel L. , Linscott William D. , Fudenberg H. Hugh 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two groups of human IgM proteins are described. One group interacts with a heat-labile component of rabbit or human serum which has characteristics similar to C′1q. The second group fails to interact with this factor. This grouping is not related to κ or λ chains or to previously described differences in human IgM molecules. Such a division may provide a tool for the identification of µ chain genetic markers.
Allotype Suppression with Anti-b5 Antiserum in b5b5 Homozygous Rabbits Fostered in Uteri of b4b4 Homozygous Mothers: Compensation by Allotypes at Other Loci
Authors: Vice John L. , Hunt William L. , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sera of b5c7 and b5c7c21 rabbits injected at birth with anti-b5 antiserum after being fostered in uteri of b4b4 homozygous mothers were analyzed for b4γG, b5γG, c7γG, c21γG and total γG immunoglobulin concentrations by radial diffusion analysis and by precipitation of 125I-labeled γG immunoglobulins with anti-allotype antisera.
A single injection of 4.5 mg of anti-b5 antibody resulted in a marked suppression of the appearance of the b5 allotype in b5b5 homozygotes for periods up to 14 weeks.
The b5c7c21 offspring suppressed with a single injection of anti-b5 had no detectable b5 allotype until 12 weeks of age, but instead had relatively high compensatory levels of the c7 and c21 allotypes. Thereafter the relative level of b5γG increased until by 60 weeks of age the b5γG constituted over 90% of the total γG. Essentially 100% of the 125IγG immunoglobulins of the b5c7c21 rabbits could be precipitated with anti-b5, anti-c7 and anti-c21.
The b5 suppressed b5c7 offspring had no detectable b5γG until 12 weeks of age, and increased levels of c7γG again were evident. Up to 60% of the 125IγG immunoglobulins could be shown to lack both the b5 and c7 allotypes in the b5c7 rabbits.
A subsequent injection of 4.5 mg of anti-b5 antibody given at 12 weeks of age resulted in a marked suppression of the appearance of the b5 allotype. No b5γG has been detected in the sera of these rabbits for at least 7 months.
Gamma Globulin Synthesis in Mixed Cultures of Allogeneic Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Petrov R. V. , Mikhailova A. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The synthesis of γ globulins and other water-soluble proteins in cultures of spleen cells has been studied by a quantitative radioisotopic method with the use of immunosorbents in four inbred strains of mice (CBA, CC57BR, C57BL and A). Strain differences in the intensity of immunoglobulin synthesis by lymphoid cells of different genotypes were established. It has been shown that the stimulation of γ globulin synthesis and synthesis of other water-soluble proteins occurs in mixed cultures of genetically foreign spleen cells. The magnitude of the effect was dependent upon the mixture of cell genotypes.
Protein-Carbohydrate Interaction
Authors: Goldstein I. J. , So Lucy L. , Yang Yvonne , Callies Q. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The specific interaction of concanavalin A, the phytohemagglutinin of the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis), with several glycoproteins has been studied. It is demonstrated that concanavalin A forms precipitates with purified monoclonal IgM and the glycoprotein phytohemagglutinins (lectins) from waxbean and soybean. It is suggested that the carbohydrate residues reactive with concanavalin A are situated on the surface of these glycoproteins.
Effect of 2-Mercaptoethanol on 7S Rabbit Antibodies to Various Homologous and Heterologous Antigens
Authors: Brinckerhoff Constance E. , Brown Robert C. , Rose Noel R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
7 S rabbit antibodies to tissue antigens and to serum antigens were compared. The 7 S antibody fraction was isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and the antibodies were treated with mercaptoethanol and iodoacetate. Following reduction and alkylation, the antisera were tested for serologic activity using the techniques of complement fixation, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA), indirect hemagglutination, and precipitation in gel. After reduction and alkylation, antibodies to pancreas, thyroid or gastrointestinal tract antigens suffered a complete loss of complementfixing ability, and a marked destruction of PCA activity. Mild reduction alone, and alkylation alone, had no effect on antibody activity. The precipitating capacity of the antibody seemed to diminish in most instances, but the hemagglutination titers remained the same. The ability of the γ globulins to act as antigen in immunoelectrophoresis remained unaffected. In contrast, the serologic activity of 7 S antibodies to foreign serum was, for the most part, not affected by mercaptoethanol and iodoacetate treatment.
Impaired Activation of Thymus Lymphocytes by Phytohemagglutinin
Authors: Forsdyke D. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Activation of lymphocytes was assessed by measuring the enhanced labeling with 5-3H-uridine of cell suspensions from various rat lymphoid organs produced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in a 4-hr period. No evidence was obtained for reduced function of thymus cells when compared with cells from other lymphoid organs over this time period. Suspensions from lymph nodes were more strongly activated by PHA than were suspensions from spleen. Suspensions from the thymus either failed to be activated or were only weakly activated. The results indicate that the widely reported failure of the majority of thymus lymphocytes to be transformed by PHA reflects a failure of cell activation rather than of cell survival in vitro.