bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STATUS HUKUM ASET PERUSAHAAN NEGARA DALAM HUKUM INTERNASIONAL
Authors: Sefriani Mrs. 
Published: August 2023

The immunity of state’s assets is one of the reason why it has not been easy for private companies to retrieve remedy in foreign disputes. Principles of international law has regulated that a state’s asset have immunity unless agreed upon by the state itself. Up until today, there has been no uniformity in determining the status of a state’s assets. The legal entity, the government’s intervention towards company policies, the nature of the transactions, also the asset’s purpose are crucial factors which influence the legal status of the assets in determining whether the assets could be executed or not. Tidak mudah bagi pihak swasta yang menang dalam suatu sengketa dengan perusahaan negara asing untuk mendapatkan ganti rugi. Imunitas aset negara menjadi salah satu hambatannya. Prinsip hukum internasional menetapkan bahwa aset negara adalah imun kecuali atas persetujuan dalam bentuk tertulis oleh negara yang bersangkutan. Sampai saat ini tidak ada keseragaman dalam pengaturan status hukum aset perusahaan negara. Namun demikian, bentuk badan hukum, campur tangan pemerintah dalam kebijakan perusahaan, sifat transaksi, peruntukan aset menjadi faktor-faktor yang akan mempengaruhi status hukum aset perusahaan negara sehingga dapat memutuskan apakah aset itu dapat dieksekusi atau tidak.
STEM CELL RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ITS PROTECTION IN INDONESIA
Authors: Utomo Tomi Suryo 
Published: August 2023

This research discusses the possibility of patenting stem cells under the Indonesian patent law by focusing on two essential issues: (a) what approaches should be chosen by the Indonesian government to protect stem cell research under the Indonesian Patent Act and non-patent regulations? and (b) what types of stem cells can be protected under the Indonesian Patent Act? In order to provide comparative perspectives, this paper discusses the experience and policies of the US, German and South Korean governments in protecting stem cell research under their patent acts. Penelitian ini mendiskusikan kemungkinan mematenkan sel punca dalam hukum paten di Indonesia dengan memfokuskan pada dua isu pokok: (a) Pendekatan apa yang sebaiknya dipilih oleh pemerintahan Indonesia untuk melindungi penelitian sel punca dalam hukum paten Indonesia dan peraturan non paten? (b) Tipe sel punca apa yang dapat dilindungi dalam hukum paten Indonesia? Untuk mencakupi pendekatan melalui perbandingan dengan luar negeri, penelitian ini membahas pengalaman dan kebijakan di pemerintahan AS, Jerman, dan Korea Selatan dalam melindungi penelitan sel punca dalam hukum paten masing-masing negara.
KONSEKUENSI PEMBATALAN UNDANG-UNDANG RATIFIKASI TERHADAP KETERIKATAN PEMERINTAH INDONESIA PADA PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL
Authors: Ant.T.T. Andi Sandi , Merdekawati Agustina 
Published: August 2023

This research aims to analyse the legal consequences of the repeal of a ratification act by the Constitutional Court in relation with the Indonesian Government’s participation in the ratified or acceded international treaty. This normative legal research employs a collaborative method in data collecting process, viz. literature research to collect secondary data and field research to equip and support the data collected from literature research. The data is analysed using a qualitative descriptive method. We find that there is no correlation between the repeal of a ratification act and the participation of Indonesia in the international forum initiated by the repealed act. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsekuensi hukum atas pembatalan undang-undang ratifikasi perjanjian internasional oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi terhadap keikutsertaan Indonesia dalam suatu perjanjian internasional yang telah diratifikasi maupun diaksesi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode kolaboratif antara metode penelitian kepustakaan (literature research) yang dilakukan untuk memperoleh data sekunder di bidang hukum dan penelitian lapangan (field research) yang dilakukan untuk melengkapi sekaligus menunjang data kepustakaan tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembatalan undang-undang ratifikasi perjanjian internasional tidak memiliki korelasi langsung dengan keterikatan Indonesia dalam perjanjian internasional yang dibatalkan tersebut.
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM kreditur SEPARATIS DALAM KEPAILITAN
Authors: Sularto Mr. 
Published: August 2023

The discharging of one’s debt by bankruptcy aims to provide creditors with fair distribution of assets. However, for secured creditors, (those holding mortgage rights, fiduciary collateral, and other in rem security rights) provisions concerning stay of execution and limited foreclosure time are not consistent with securities law, hence jeopardizing their interests. This article arrives into a conclusion that several adjustments need to be made by amending the existing statutory regulations and by stipulating a Government Regulation, in order to ensure legal certainty on whether the right of secured creditors to foreclose exists. Penyelesaian utang melalui lembaga kepailitan dimaksudkan untuk mendapatkan pembagian yang adil bagi para kreditur. Namun bagi kreditur separatis (pemegang gadai, jaminan fidusia, hak tanggungan, hipotek dan agunan kebendaan lainnya), adanya ketentuan penangguhan eksekusi dan pembatasan jangka waktu eksekusi jaminan dalam UU Kepailitan kurang selaras dengan ketentuan hukum jaminan, sehingga berpotensi merugikan kreditur separatis. Dalam pembahasan tulisan ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa perlu dilakukan suatu penyesuaian baik melalui revisi undang-undang maupun dengan Peraturan Pemerintah, sehingga dapat memberikan kepastian hukum mengenai ada atau tidak adanya hak eksekusi kreditur separatis.
EFEKTIVITAS PENEGAKAN HUKUM PENGHAPUSAN KEKERASAN DALAM RUMAH TANGGA
Authors: Ni’mah Zulfatun 
Published: August 2023

This paper examines the effectiveness of law enforcement on Domestic Violence in Indonesia from a sociological perspective. Soerjono Soekanto believes that the effectiveness of law enforcement is determined by a number of factor, i.e. law enforcers, facilities, legal awareness, legal norms, and legal culture. Sociological perspectives was chosen because law enforcement is an effort to implement the law in a society that necessitates the interaction between the law as a normative provisions with elements in society, such as values and morals. In Indonesia, the law on domestic violence, which has been crystallised by the enactment of Act Nr. 20 of 2003, has not been able to be effectively enforced to ensure protection for victims of domestic violence. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji efektivitas penegakan hukum tentang kekerasan dalam rumah tangga di Indonesia dari perspektif sosiologis. Soerjono Soekanto mengatakan bahwa efektif atau tidaknya penegakan hukum dalam masyarakat ditentukan oleh beberapa faktor, yaitu aparat hukum, fasilitas hukum, kesadaran hukum, kaidah hukum, dan budaya hukum. Perspektif sosiologis dipilih dalam kajian karena penegakan hukum tidak lain adalah upaya melaksanakan hukum dalam masyarakat yang meniscayakan terjadinya interaksi antara hukum sebagai ketentuan normatif dengan unsur-unsur dalam masyarakat, seperti nilai, institusi, norma dan lain-lain. Hukum tentang kekerasan dalam rumah tangga yang diberlakukan melalui Undang-Undang No. 20 Tahun 2003 hingga saat ini belum sepenuhnya
PERLUNYA MENANAMKAN BUDAYA ANTIKORUPSI DALAM DIRI ANAK SEJAK USIA DINI
Authors: Sulastri Indang 
Published: August 2023

Corruption in Indonesia is very difficult to eradicate because it is entrenched, both in the legislative, executive, and judicial systems. Therefore, installing anti-corruption culture to children from their early age is necessary, because children are our young successors and leaders. If anti-corruption behaviour has been entrenched within all law enforcement agencies and society, it is hoped that the habit of committing bribery would disappear. The saying “to clean the floor with a dirty broom” to illustrate corruption eradication efforts in Indonesia would then vanish. Korupsi di Indonesia begitu sulit diberantas karena sudah sangat membudaya, baik di kalangan lembaga legislatif, eksekutif, maupun yudikatif. Oleh sebab itu, menanamkan budaya antikorupsi dalam diri anak sejak usia dini menjadi hal yang sangat diperlukan, karena anak akan menjadi penerus estafet kepemimpinan. Apabila budaya antikorupsi tersebut sudah terpatri di dalam diri seluruh aparat penegak hukum dan seluruh lapisan masyarakat, maka budaya suap-menyuap yang merupakan salah satu bentuk dari tindak pidana korupsi dengan sendirinya akan menjadi tergeser bahkan sirna, sehingga tidak akan ada lagi istilah “membersihkan lantai dengan sapu yang kotor” dalam upaya pemberantasan tindak pidana korupsi di Indonesia.
Perspektif Indonesia Mengenai Hak-Hak Asasi Anak: Refleksi Atas Undang-Undang dan Konvensi Internasional Terkait
Authors: Supriyanto Agustinus 
Published: August 2023

Children’s rights are well-established through various international conventions. But, international conventions do not wellimplemented in Indonesian law. Besides that, international convention is often interpreted differently in Indonesian law. To guarantee children’s rights, the government and society of Indonesia must be effort to implement international conventions already ratified correctly. Hak-hak anak sudah diatur dengan baik melalui berbagai konvensi internasional. Tetapi, konvensi internasional tidak diimplementasikan dengan baik dalam hukum Indonesia. Selain itu, hukum Indonesia sering menginterpretasikan hukum internasional secara berbeda. Untuk menjamin hak anak, pemerintah dan masyarakat Indonesia harus berusaha untuk mengimplementasikan konvensi internasional dengan tepat.
PENGATURAN ASURANSI KECELAKAAN JALAN DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 22 TAHUN 2009
Authors: Sulistiowati Ms. 
Published: August 2023

The growth of motor vehicles ownership results to the increasing traffic accidents risk. The Compulsory Third-Party Liability Motor Vehicle Insurance attempts to deter drivers and provide financial protection for the victims. This scheme succeeds to decrease instances of auto-accidents, as indicated by the fewer claims made by the victims of auto-accidents. Peningkatan kepemilikan kendaraan bermotor meningkatkan risiko terjadinya kecelakaan lalulintas. Asuransi Kendaraan Wajib Tanggung Jawab Hukum Pihak Ketiga berfungsi menciptakan efek jera bagi penyebab kecelakaan dan jaminan ketersediaan dana ganti rugi bagi korban. Skema ini dapat menurunkan jumlah kecelakaan maupun fatalitas dan korban kecelakaan, sebagaimana ditunjukkan dari adanya penurunan klaim korban kecelakaan jalan.
PEMBERIAN REMISI TERHADAP NARAPIDANA KORUPTOR DAN TERORIS
Authors: Simarmata Berlian 
Published: August 2023

Having been qualified as extraordinary crimes, punishment against corruption and terrorism crimes should be severe and maximum. The Indonesian correctional system recognises remission as prisoner’s rights. The retaliation/deterrent theory has been abandoned and forgotten in many countries, including Indonesia, for it is deemed to be contravening humanity values. Penghukuman terhadap tindak pidana korupsi dan terorisme sebagai extraordinary crime, seharusnya dilakukan penjatuhan hukuman maksimum. Sistem pemasyarakatan di Indonesia menempatkan remisi menjadi hak semua narapidana. Teori absolut (pembalasan/penjeraan) sudah lama ditinggalkan negara-negara di dunia, termasuk Indonesia, karena dianggap tidak sesuai dengan perikemanusiaan.
PERAMBAHAN KAWASAN HUTAN PADA KONSERVASI TAMAN NASIONAL (STUDI KASUS TAMAN NASIONAL TESSO NILO, RIAU)
Authors: Diantoro Totok Dwi 
Published: August 2023

By 2006, Indonesia has confirmed at least 50 national parks. Tesso Nilo National Park which was established in 2004 suffered encroachment of forest areas through land use conversion. Until 2009, it has degraded more than 30% of the national park. There should be a comprehensive choice of settlement mechanism. Hingga tahun 2006, Indonesia setidaknya telah mengukuhkan 50 taman nasional. Taman Nasional Tesso Nilo yang dikukuhkan pada tahun 2004 mengalami perambahan kawasan hutan melalui konversi peruntukan lahan. Hingga tahun 2009 setidaknya telah mendegradasi lebih dari 30% luas kawasan taman nasional. Harus ada pilihan mekanisme penyelesaian yang komprehensif.
TINJAUAN YURIDIS TENTAN G BADAN HAM ASEAN DALAM SISTEM HUKUM NASIONAL INDONESIA
Authors: Triyana Heribertus Jaka 
Published: August 2023

The AICHR seems to fail to contribute positively in enforcing protection, fulfillment, and implementation of human rights at national level since its terms of references and structural composition differs from the commonly-recognised regional institutions. Legal gaps, legal vacuum, legal overlapping and conflicts of authorities with national authorities are indicators that hinder its future works. Kemampuan AICHR dalam menjamin perlindungan, pemenuhan dan pemajuan hak asasi manusia di level nasional diragukan karena kewenangan AICHR yang limitatif dan tidak mengikuti pakem seperti yang dimiliki oleh komisi HAM di Eropa dan Afrika. Ketimpangan hukum, kekosongan hukum, tumpang-tindih aturan, dan konflik kewenangan dengan otoritas nasional menjadi faktor penghambat pelaksanaan kewenangan AICHR.
Upaya Kodifikasi Hukum Kewarisan secara Bilateral dengan Pola Diferensiasi dalam Masyarakat Pluralis
Authors: Nuzul Andi 
Published: August 2023

The currently applicable inheritance law in Indonesia is pluralistic in nature since it is formed collectively by adat, Islamic, and western legal systems; not to mention the diverse custom, ethnicity, and belief. Hence, codification of bilateral inheritance law that could address differences in our inheritance and kinship system is needed. Hukum kewarisan yang berlaku di Indonesia saat ini bersifat pluralistis karena disusun bersama-sama oleh hukum adat, Islam, dan Barat serta dilatarbelakangi oleh keanekaragaman adat, etnis, dan agama. Oleh karenanya, diperlukan kodifikasi hukum kewarisan secara bilateral dan bersifat diferensiasi untuk mengakomodasi pluralitas hukum kewarisan dan sistem kekerabatan yang ada di Indonesia.
Penerapan Prinsip Hakim Pasif dan Aktif Serta Relevansinya terhadap Konsep Kebenaran Formal
Authors: Wijayanta Tata , Aristya Sandra Dini Febri , Basuki Kunthoro , Herliana Ms. , Halili Hasrul , Sutanto RB. , Supartinah Retno 
Published: August 2023

The conception of “formal truth” in civil procedure is about to become a debate among academicians and practitioners because it is deemed no longer relevant to achieve justice. Modern paradigm begins to consider that this concept should be given similar interpretation with material truth theory adhered by criminal procedure. Konsep kebenaran formal dalam acara perdata mulai menjadi perdebatan di antara para akademisi dan praktisi karena dianggap sudah tidak lagi relevan dan jauh dari rasa keadilan. Paradigma saat ini mesti mulai mempertimbangkan bahwa konsep kebenaran formal harus diberi pengertian yang sama dengan konsep kebenaran material dalam acara pidana.
Problems and Progress in Defining Terrorism in International Law
Authors: Galingging Ridarson 
Published: August 2023

There is an effort to adopt an internationally-accepted legal definition for ‘terrorism’ since such definition will enhance international cooperation in fighting terrorism, which at the moment is fragmented and ineffective. However, various obstacles e.g. political heterogeneity or ideological discrepancy arise when seeking a uniformed definition of terrorism, hence this study. Dunia internasional berupaya untuk menetapkan definisi legal ‘terorisme’ yang diterima secara umum karena definisi ini dapat meningkatkan kerjasama internasional dalam melawan terorisme yang saat ini masih terkotak-kotak dan tidak efektif. Tulisan ini membahas pelbagai kesulitan yang muncul dalam upaya mencari definisi tersebut, seperti masalah keragaman politik dan kesenjangan ideologi antarnegara.
The Pharmaceutical Patent Protection Impact on Indonesia Drugs Price
Authors: Utomo Tomi Suryo 
Published: August 2023

This paper examines the pharmaceutical patent protection impact on Indonesian drugs price. As patent owner, companies could set high price for their drugs. However, such condition limits the access of the poor from patented drugs. Therefore, balance between patent protection, public welfare, and compliance to TRIPs agreement must be ensured. Penelitian ini membahas dampak paten produk-produk farmasi terhadap harga obat di Indonesia. Sebagai pemegang hak paten, perusahaan farmasi dapat menetapkan harga yang tinggi. Namun, kondisi ini membatasi akses masyarakat miskin untuk memperoleh obat yang terpatenkan. Dengan demikian, harus ada keseimbangan antara perlindungan hak paten, kesejahteraan masyarakat, dan kepatuhan terhadap TRIPs.
Laboratorio Nacional de Materiales Orales. “La construcción colectiva de un código de ética”. Tercer Congreso Internacional “Poéticas de la Oralidad”.
Authors: Gómez Mutio Ana Rosa 
Published: August 2023

"En noviembre de 2021 se llevó a cabo el Tercer Congreso Internacional «Poéticas de la Oralidad», organizado por el Laboratorio Nacional de Materiales Orales (LANMO). El congreso reunió a los miembros de la Red Iberoamericana de Estudios sobre Materiales Orales (RIEMO), un conglomerado de 28 grupos de investigación y 193 participantes internacionales. La invitación a proponer un código de ética que rigiera la conducta de todos los miembros de la red en cada una de las fases del trabajo de campo (documentación, procesamiento, almacenamiento, análisis y difusión) fue recibida con gran interés...".
The Effect of Group Dynamics on Individual Ethical Decision Making
Authors: Daniel Rachel , Douglass Ashley , Kluetz Abagail , Persellin Julie 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
Given that many significant decisions in accounting are made by groups of professionals, it is important to understand the impact of group interactions on ethical decision making. We examine how group dynamics can influence an individual’s ethical evaluations and intentions and whether the effect of these group interactions persists in the future. We also explore the ethical orientations used by participants to inform their ethical judgments. Our results indicate that individual initial assessments of ethical scenarios are consistently more ethical than group assessments of the same ethical scenarios. Groups consistently viewed questionable actions as more acceptable than individuals and were more likely to say that they or their peers would perform the action. This less ethical perspective persists in future individual ethical assessments, demonstrating a contagion effect on ethical judgments. Furthermore, our results show that justice and relativism are the moral constructs utilized by most participants to form ethical evaluations.
Data Availability: Data are available from the authors.
A Comparative Study of Motion Feature Recognition under Different Learning Methods
Authors: Zhou Shuang 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe accurate analysis and prediction of human motion posture can provide effective data support for sports training. With the continuous progress of computer science and technology and the gradual maturity of artificial intelligence technology, there is still some controversy about the recognition effect of motion features under different algorithms. Therefore, this paper compares the recognition effects of different learning methods, including two machine learning methods by using k-means classification, such as SVM and a deep learning method CNN. The motion data of three basic movements, such as running, jumping and turning, are collected and their feature information is extracted by sensor equipment. The recognition effect is compared with the overall accuracy rate as the evaluation index. Among them, when k-means classification is used, through feature extraction and selection, the final combination of mean and variance features is obtained and applied to SVM. When CNN is adopted, its performance can be optimised by adjusting its network structure and some super parameters in the convolution layer and pool layer.
Mathematical model on Type 1 diabetes and Healthy state: Mechanisms of β cells on the interaction between M1 and M2 Macrophages
Authors: Hamam Haneen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease caused by the immune-mediated reduction of β cells, resulting in lifelong dependence on exogenous insulin administration. We studied the impact of M1/M2 macrophages on the β cell level. We obtained the healthy state (absence of T1D) and unhealthy state (presence of T1D). We found that in the unhealthy state, β cell levels are decreased with a continuous alternative switch between M1 and M2 macrophages. However, in the healthy state, the β cell levels increase with a high level of M2 macrophages.
Transtornos de personalidade, comportamento violento e imputabilidade penal
Authors: Valença Alexandre Martins , Telles Lisieux Elaine de Borba , Rigonatti Luiz Felipe 
Published: August 2023

Os transtornos de personalidade são definidos como padrões persistentes no modo de pensar, agir, reagir, sentir e se relacionar do indivíduo que os prejudicam nas relações interpessoais, causando sofrimento e comprometimento funcional. Entre os transtornos mais conhecidos estão o antissocial, borderline, narcisista e psicopatia. Toda pessoa que possui transtorno de personalidade é violenta? Toda pessoa que comete crime e tem transtorno de personalidade é inimputável? Toda pessoa que possui um transtorno de personalidade cometerá um crime?
The Impact of U.S. Policy on Political Change in the Middle East: Afghanistan Political Change in as a Model
Authors: Assist.Prof.Dr. Raed Irhaim Muhammed  
Published: August 2023

The events witnessed in the Middle East and the study of U.S. foreign policy and its hostility towards various countries, particularly in the context of terrorism and how to address and implement it, can potentially lead to an increase in terrorist activities. The approach adopted by most U.S. presidents in the Middle East region revolves around ensuring access to oil and preventing the spread of nuclear weapons in these countries. The Americans have been present in Afghanistan for over 20 years and have spent substantial amounts of money, yet the intentions and objectives of the Taliban remain unclear to them and the international community.
This prolonged presence has caused security, political, and economic instability in Afghanistan, leading to unpredictable consequences in the country and fears of a potential resurgence of terrorism in the future. The aftermath of the U.S. withdrawal could potentially result in significant and diverse changes, with the possibility of a civil war within Afghanistan, which poses future risks and threats for both the country and the international community.