bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REVISITING THAILAND'S PARANOIA: SEATO AS A SAFEGUARD AGAINST VIETNAM SYNDROME
Authors: Javed Tauseef , Jiandang Sun , Khurshid Ayisha 
Published: August 2023

During the Cold War, the opposing stances of the US and USSR caused a bipolar global system that lacked a unipolar centre of power, leading to a stronger centrifugal pull. The Vietnam War made Southeast Asia a hotbed for these tensions. Following the fall of French troops in Dien Bien Phu in 1954, the US aimed to solidify its position and successfully created the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) through the efforts of Secretary of State Dulles and like-minded nations. To explain the political implications, the Michael Brecher geographical framework has been chosen. This framework highlights the dominant and subordinate systems of international relations during the Cold War period and describes the operation and evolution of SEATO. By incorporating guidelines into the charter, the treaty zone became a space where signatories could resolve their issues. This reference framework helps to identify the causal determinant in the stimuli of an individual signatory. Despite being a group of countries with varied interests, the interaction between the US and Thailand during the Vietnam War showed that Thailand's skilful aggregation of marginal gains resulted from its inherent paranoia against the Vietnam syndrome. Furthermore, the study reveals that Thailand had a significant influence in shaping Washington's policy for Southeast Asia and used its gains as a launching pad to control the spread of Communism.

Bibliography Entry
Javed, Tauseef, Sun Jiandang and Ayisha Khurshid. 2023. "Revisiting Thailand's Paranoia: SEATO As a Safeguard Against Vietnam Syndrome." Margalla Papers 27 (1): 138-154.
RELIGIOUSLY MOTIVATED POLITICS IN DEMOCRATIC INDIA UNDER THE BJP GOVERNMENT
Authors: Qurban Zara 
Published: August 2023

The prevalence of democracy is contingent upon sustainable peace and good governance, wherein individuals are granted freedom to practice their cultural and religious beliefs. In South Asia, the politicisation of religion has been a vexing issue, with dominant religious groups, both protected and non-protected, threatening democratic ideals. This paper argues that India, which is among the world's largest secular democratic states, has witnessed the emergence of fascist and authoritarian policies and manifestations under the leadership of Prime Minister Modi, allowing extremist Hindutva groups and BJP to promote Hindu nationalism at the expense of other marginalised groups. The paper also highlights that the BJP government has employed religion to manipulate and mobilise individuals against minorities, jeopardising democratic values and undermining state institutions. It concludes that if the Indian government persists in practising fascistic tenets, it will have grave repercussions for regional stability and the democratic rights of minorities at home.

Bibliography Entry
Qurban, Zara. 2023. "Religiously Motivated Politics in Democratic India Under the BJP Government." Margalla Papers 27 (1): 176-185.
ROLE OF PAKISTANI FEMALE PEACEKEEPERS IN ENHANCING INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
Authors: Malik Salma , Awan Ahmed Hasan , Ibrahim Talha 
Published: August 2023

In recent years, there has been growing recognition of the effectiveness of an all-gender-inclusive approach to peacekeeping missions in conflict zones, as highlighted in the UNSCR 1325 on Women, Peace and Security. UN has acknowledged the importance of female peacekeepers as potential role models for girls in male-dominated societies and has taken steps to increase their numbers. Pakistan has been a significant contributor to UN Peacekeeping missions over the past six decades and has also achieved the target of deploying female soldiers in its contingent forces. This study uses qualitative methods, primarily focus group discussions, to evaluate the constructive impact of UN female peacekeepers and their potential to enhance passive compliance towards International Humanitarian Law in conflict zones. It also explores whether female peacekeepers make a unique contribution and investigates the existing gap in research on their performance and the challenges they face in the field. The study highlights the need for further research and support to address the social and cultural factors that continue to restrict the contribution of female peacekeepers, particularly from countries like Pakistan, where women face significant challenges in the security sector. Bibliography Entry Malik, Salma, Ahmed Hasan Awan and Talha Ibrahim. 2023. "Role of Pakistani Female Peacekeepers in Enhancing International Humanitarian Law: Opportunities and Challenges." Margalla Papers 27 (1): 186-198.
Pelatihan Pemanfaatan Limbah Organik Rumah Tangga menjadi Eco Enzyme di RT 04 dan RT 05 RW 02 Kelurahan Airputih
Authors: Chairul Chairul , Harissandi Dicki , Magribi Hazan , Almu’di Dwi Nanda , Breda M. Irvan , Fajria Salsa , Nengsih Mardela , Anggraini Dewi Sri , Anggraini Dwi , Yulia Rince Eka , Aprilia Revira 
Published: August 2023

Garbage is one of the very serious environmental problems, improper processing causes accumulation and becomes a source of disease and will interfere with the view. So far, waste processing in Indonesia only uses the landfill and open dumping methods. However, this method is not optimal in processing waste due to discipline to the limited capacity and processes that can be carried out by TPS. Therefore, one alternative solution that can be done is to process waste from the household level, especially organic waste that can be used as eco-enzyme. Eco enzyme is a product in the form of a liquid from the processed organic waste of fresh vegetables and fruits that are fermented using brown sugar. Eco enzyme is also considered as a liquid with a myriad of benefits. The benefits that can be obtained from this liquid are as a cleaning fluid, detergent, plant fertilizer, repellent, preserving the surrounding environment, and others. Of course this is inversely proportional to organic waste if it is not treated properly and properly. Therefore, in this service, socialization and demonstration activities were carried out on the use of household organic waste into eco-enzyme and the application of the benefits of eco-enzyme as a cleaning fluid in RT 04 and RT 05, RW 02, Airputih Village, Tuah Madani District, Pekanbaru, Riau.
Keywords: eco enzyme, fermentation, environment, service, waste
Correlation between intravesical prostatic protrusion and maximum flow rate among Nigerian men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Authors: Agbo Christian A , Ramyil Venyir M , Dakum Nuhu k , Shuaibu Samaila I , Akpayak Idorenyin C , Ofoha Chima G 
Published: August 2023

Objective: To determine the correlation between intravesical prostatic protrusion and maximum flow rate in benign prostatic hyperplasia among Nigerian men.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study that included patients who presented to the Urology clinic of Jos University Teaching Hospital with clinical features of BPE. Each had IPSS, Qmax and IPP measured in addition to clinical evaluation. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS(R) version 20 (SPSS, IBM, Chicago, IL, USA). Appropriate test statistics were used with p-value < 0.05 considered as significant.
Results: Eighty-seven patients aged 40 - 86 years were enrolled in the study period. The means of age, IPSS, Qmax, IPP and PV - were 64.6±10.2 years, 16.7±7.6, 8.2± 3.8 ml/s, 12.9±7.0 mm and 70.1±50.3 mis respectively. IPP correlated negatively with Qmax (r=-0.519, p=0.000).
Conclusion: Intravesical prostatic protrusion measurement is non-invasive, easily accessible, reproducible and more cost effective. It showed a significant correlation with Qmax. Therefore, it is a valuable parameter - for evaluation of patients with BPH.
Bilharzial-associated Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder in Pregnancy: A Case Report
Authors: Simwanza Suwilanji , Lubeya Mwansa Ketty , Chipalabwe Patricia , Kabwe Jane Chanda , Nyirenda Aaron , Lombe Dorothy , Kasonka Lackson 
Published: August 2023

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the bladder is a rare and devastating malignancy, usually associated with Schistosoma haematobium, particularly in bilharzia-endemic regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Little is written about the condition in pregnancy.
A 21-year-old Gravida 2 Para 1 at 28 weeks gestation presented with worsening symptoms of dysuria, increased frequency of micturition, backache, a painful suprapubic mass and haematuria over a period of 3 weeks. On examination, vital signs were normal, the height of fundus was 26cm, with a tender suprapubic mass. Extraperitoneal laparotomy revealed multiple signs of a bladder malignancy which were confirmed by histopathology as Schistosoma haematobium ova and invasive keratinising SCC of the bladder, grade 1. Intraoperatively, T4 carcinoma staging was confirmed. The patient was delivered prematurely by caesarean section due to worsening symptoms. Palliative care was instituted as the functional status of the patient did not allow for definitive management.
Subclinical urinary schistosomiasis can progress to a SCC of the bladder, presenting with symptoms implicated in conditions such as bladder lithiasis, Urinary tract infections and pregnancy. Urine cytology and mass drug administration should be enforced as means of early detection and prevention, respectively in endemic regions.
Histomorphological Spectrum and Trend of Spinal Neoplastic Lesions: A Single Institutional 40-year review
Authors: Salami Ayodeji A , Ifeanyi Nwadiokwu John , Ifeanyi Iwuagwu Emmanuel , Akanji Ajani Mustapha , Balogun Ayokunle James , Toyin OyemoladeAyofe , Augustine Adeolu Abiodun 
Published: August 2023

OBJECTIVES
Spinal tumours are known to be much less common compared to brain neoplasms. In our setting, due to poor data gathering, underreporting and probably lack of presentation to medical facilities, studies on spinal tumours are sparse. Previous studies had reported extramedullary tumours to be more common in our environment. This study examines the histomorphological spectrum of spinal tumours in an African setting, comparing it with previous observations to determine changes over the decades.
METHODS
Data was obtained from the hospital records of patients over a forty-year period. These include the patients’ age, gender and histomorphological data of all the neoplastic spinal lesions. The data was analysed using SPSS 20 statistical software.
RESULTS
Ninety four cases were seen during the study period. The tumours were more common between the third to the sixth decades of life. There was a slight male preponderance with a male to female ratio of 1.2:1. Meningiomas were the commonest tumours seen during the study period which is in contrast to previous studies that had shown Burkitt lymphoma. The data also showed a steady rise in the number of cases during the study period suggesting an increase in patients’ presenting to the hospital and more surgical cases.
CONCLUSION
The index study showed a difference in patients demographics and the histological tumour types seen over the study period compared to the data from previous studies. This is probably due to better awareness and better diagnostic facilities.
Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection Amonginfertile Women At The University College Hospital, Ibadan
Authors: Lawal Olatunji , Obajimi Gbolahan , Bello Oluwasomidoyin 
Published: August 2023

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis infection is reported as the commonest cause of tubal and pelvic infection and by proxy, the commonest cause of tubal damage and female infertility. Serotypes D-K are known to cause sexually transmitted genital tract and neonatal infection. Testing for the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis has been revolutionized by the development of monoclonal antibodies. This study sought to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among infertile women at the University College Hospital Ibadan and to determine the diagnostic value of Chlamydia antibody testing.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study conducted among two hundred and seventy-three women with infertility attending the gynaecology clinic of the University College Hospital Ibadan. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) was performed on all patients as part of their routine evaluation for infertility. Venous blood was obtained to detect Chlamydia Ig G antibodies using the diagnostic bio-probe (DIA.PROBE) enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELIZA) for the quantitative determination of IgG antibodies specific to chlamydia trachomatis.
Results: Positive test results for Chlamydia trachomatis were recorded amongst 136 women, giving a prevalence of 49.8%. 46(33.8%) women with normal tubal appearance and 90(66.2%) with tubal disease tested positive for Chlamydia antibodies. Bilateral tubal blockage was seen in 77(28.2%), while left and right tubal blockages were seen in 35(12.8%) and 21(7.7%) respectively. The accuracy of Chlamydia antibody testing in predicting tubal patency revealed a sensitivity of 67.7% and positive predictive value of 66.1% using HSG as the gold standard. Chlamydia trachomatis infection was found to be associated with age at sexual debut, history of ectopic pregnancy and previous history of abortion (P<0.05).
Conclusion: This study revealed a high prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis amongst infertile women especially those with tubal disease. Risk factors associated with the infection such as early age of sexual debut, ectopic pregnancy and abortion further support the role of infectious morbidity especially with Chlamydia trachomatis.
An Audit of Computed Tomography Services in Zambia
Authors: Kafwimbi Stefan , Bwanga Osward , Sichone James Maimbo 
Published: August 2023

Background: In Zambia, Computed Tomography (CT) has been available since 1994 as part of the healthcare delivery pathway. Radiographers undertake CT examinations of the body to diagnose diseases, injuries and to plan for radiotherapy.
Objective: The aim of this study was to audit CT services in Zambia.
Methodology: The study used a convergent parallel design in which quantitative and qualitative data were collected concurrently using an online questionnaire. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, whilst qualitative data were analysed by themes.
Results: Out of the 23 facilities, a total of 22 responded. Results indicated that Western and Central provinces did not have CT scanners. Most CT facilities are in the Lusaka province. 59% (N=13) and 41% (N=9) were from the public and private sectors, respectively. In public hospitals, 46% (N=6) of CT scanners were functional with service contracts and 89% (N=8) were functional in the private hospitals with service contracts. 61.5 % (N=8) of public hospitals had maintenance schedules while 89% (N=8) of private hospitals had maintenance schedules. A total of 7 facilities reported having radiographers with a qualification in CT. 12 out of 22 facilities indicated having a radiologist with average patient waiting times for CT reports being 76 hours and 24 hours in public and private facilities, respectively.
Conclusion: This audit revealed an unequal distribution of CT scanners characterised by poor maintenance and lack of service contracts, especially in public hospitals. The audit also revealed longer waiting times for CT reports in public than in private hospitals.
Application of Interprofessional Education Model to University Pre-Licensure Health Students in the Management of Chronic Care Conditions in Zambia
Authors: Musenge Emmanuel Mwila , Nzala Selestine H. , Makukula Marjorie Kabinga , Wahila Ruth , Machona Penelope , Kalungia Aubrey C , Daka Harrison , Simpamba Micah , Imakando Mercy M. , Kayamba Violet , Kalusopa Victoria Mwiinga - , Soko George , Simuyemba Moses C. , Olowski Linda Kampata - , Zyambo Cosmas , Mukwato Patricia Katowa - , Chigunta Micheal , Phiri Masauso M. , Mwiinga Christabell , Kwaleyela Concepta , Kaile Trevor , Vwalika Bellington , Kafumukache Elliot , Maimbolwa Margaret C. , Goma Fastone M. 
Published: August 2023

Background: There is evidence that multidisciplinary healthcare teams can provide better quality of care and treatment outcomes compared to that delivered by individuals from a single health discipline. The project on which this article is based applied the interprofessional education model to university pre-licensure health students in the management of chronic care conditions in Zambia.
Methods: Four distinct but interrelated approaches, namely desk review; module development workshops; review and validation of modules by experts; piloting and review of the training modules were employed.
Results: Several models of interprofessional education currently in existence and used successfully by higher education institutions in other settings were identified. While several models of Interprofessional Education were identified, our project adapted the “didactic program, community-based experience, and interprofessional-simulation experience” models. To apply the models, modules of seven chronic care conditions were developed and piloted. The extent to which the module activities promoted interprofessional education were rated between 74 - 87% (agree or strongly agree) by the students.
Conclusion: Three models of Interprofessional Education were identified and adapted in the project, and seven modules were developed and administered to the students. The process was effective for putting forth an interprofessional training program at the undergraduate level, with the potential to improve quality of care for patients.
Kristen Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Mutations in Colorectal Carcinomas at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia
Authors: Shilika Edgar P. , Mwale Maurice , Siyumbwa Stepfanie N. , Julius Peter 
Published: August 2023

Background: The second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide is colorectal cancer. With an incidence rate of 4.8 per 100,000, this is Zambia’s sixth most prevalent cancer;
Methods: This laboratory-based, cross-sectional study examined the frequency of Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutation and its association with prognostic factors in colorectal carcinoma cases from the University Teaching Hospital-Adult Hospital (UTHs), Lusaka, Zambia;
Results: Thirty (30) formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples collected between June 2017 and June 2018 were sent to the Lancet laboratories and analyzed for KRAS mutations (codons 12 and 13). One FFPE block did not meet the inclusion criteria and was excluded. The demographic and clinicopathological data were analyzed using STATA 12. Males outnumber females by 20 to nine. The average age of the patient was 45 ± 16 years. The rectum was the location of 44.8% of the tumors, with the majority being conventional adenocarcinoma (CAC) (65.6 %). All cases (100%) had advanced-stage (stages 3 and 4) disease; however, only 27.6% of patient tumors exhibited lymphovascular invasion. KRAS mutation was detected in 11 (37.9%) cases and mainly in left-sided tumors (62.5%). KRAS mutations were only detected in CAC and serrated adenocarcinoma subtypes. No significant associations were observed between the KRAS mutation status and tumor or patient’s clinical and sociodemographic factors;
Conclusion: We advocate for incorporating KRAS mutation testing into the standard of care for treating colorectal cancer.
Characteristics and Surgical Repair Outcomes of Obstetric Fistula Patients Managed at a Teaching Hospital in Zambia: A Retrospective Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Imakando Mercy Monde , Michelo Charles , Mkandawire Tapiwa , Kasonka Lackson 
Published: August 2023

Background: The obstetric fistula is a chronic maternal morbidity of global public health concern. The condition is preventable and in most cases treatable. Surgical repair is the mainstay of treatment with varying degrees of success. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics, surgical outcomes and factors influencing surgical outcomes of women presenting with obstetric fistulas at a Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia.
Methods: A retrospective review of medical records for all women who underwent obstetric fistula repair surgery at Women and Newborn Hospital from 2017 to 2019. Descriptive analysis was done. Fischer’s exact test was used to measure association between surgical outcomes and variables in the model.
Results: In total, 18 out of 29 records of patients who underwent fistula repair were retrieved and analyzed. Ages ranged from 15 to 47 years, mean age 29 years. Over two thirds (72.23%) were multiparous, and over 3/4ths (77.8%) underwent caesarean section in the antecedent pregnancy. Success rate for fistula repair was 83% at 2 weeks post-operative. Study findings were inadequate to show a significant association between successful repair and factors in the model.
Conclusion: Majority of women presenting with obstetric fistula were multiparous with a history of prolonged labour, delivery by cesarean section and poor birth outcomes. The success rate for obstetric fistula repair at Women and Newborn Hospital was 83% at 2 weeks postoperative. Further studies are needed to assess long-term outcomes and factors influencing surgical outcomes.
Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Blood Culture Specimens at Livingstone University Teaching Hospital in Zambia
Authors: Mwansa Thresa N. , Mulemena John Amos , Chanda Warren 
Published: August 2023

Background. Bloodstream infections (BSI) are of public health concern because they are usually associated with high fatality rate if therapy is delayed. A combination of these infections with antibiotic resistance increases healthcare costs. In this study, microorganisms identified from blood cultures at Livingstone University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) between 2019 and 2021 were evaluated for their antibiotic resistance patterns.
Methods: This was a single-centre laboratory based retrospective study. Data on isolated organisms from electronic laboratory system generated reports at LUTH microbiology laboratory for a period of 3 years, was analysed with SPSS version 20.
Results: A total of 765 specimens were processed and only 331 (43.3%) met the inclusion criteria. Of the 331 specimens, 61.3% and 38.7% were collected from female and male patients, respectively whereas 65.9% came from out-patient departments and 34.1% from in-patient departments. The commonest bacteria isolate was Escherichia coli (27.2%) followed by Enterobacter agglomerans (22.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13%), Klebsiella oxytoca (6.3%), Enterobacter aerogenes (5.4%), Enterobacter cloacae (5.4%), Citrobacter freundii (4.8%), Serratia marcescens (3.6%), Proteus mirabilis (3.3%), and Staphylococcus aureus (2.7%). Of the common utilized antibiotics, ampicillin (92.9%) was the least effective drug followed by co-trimoxazole (82.7%), nalidixic acid (68.3%), penicillin (66.7%), tetracycline (63.5%), and chloramphenicol (50.3%), while imipenem (15.4%), norfloxacin (35.3%), and nitrofurantoin (38.8%) were the most effective. The patient's gender and hospital location may have an impact on antibiotic resistance.
Conclusion: The most common bacterial pathogens were Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae that showed increased resistance to various classes of commonly used antibiotics at LUTH but with low resistance to imipenem. Due to the observed multidrug resistant pathogens for BSI, it is cardinal for healthcare facilities to monitor bacteria resistance patterns regularly and encourage the prudent use of antibiotics. However, antibiotic selection for susceptibility testing should be based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and Zambia National Formulary (ZNF) recommendations to only test antibiotics1r for BSI instead of those recommended for other infections like urinary tract infections (e.g., tetracyclines).