bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prophetic Scrolls in the Persian Period
Authors: Mastnjak Nathan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Menahem Haran’s studies of the materiality of biblical scrolls provide the starting point for this chapter. As Haran argues, biblical literature in the monarchic period was written on papyrus scrolls that were significantly shorter than the long parchment scrolls known from the Dead Sea. One important implication of this material form of the text is that many biblical compositions of length would simply not have fit on a single standard papyrus scroll. This chapter extends Haran’s work with further argumentation corroborating these conclusions. It departs from Haran in arguing against his proposal for the adoption of parchment in the early Persian period. On the basis of artifact evidence and the economics of papyrus production in Ptolemaic Egypt, this chapter proposes the Hellenistic period as the decisive era in which Judean scribes switched from a preference for papyrus to a preference for parchment.
The Multi-Volume Sēfer
Authors: Mastnjak Nathan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
It is necessary to examine not only the material realities of a text and its production but also how people thought about those realities. To this end, Chapter 3 examines the shifting semantics of the Hebrew word sēfer. The term can refer to any written object, whether an inscribed ostracon, stone stele, papyrus sheet, or parchment scroll. In later periods, sēfer was systematically reinterpreted as “scroll.” Built into this interpretation is the assumption that a singular sēfer in Classical Hebrew refers to a singular textual object, a single scroll with a linear orientation. Semantic studies of the term in Second Temple texts, however, show that by the Persian period, singular sēfer had come also to refer to a multi-volume written work. This development is appropriate to a culture that produced and read literary works written on papyrus but exceeding the average length of a papyrus scroll.
The Prophetic Library
Authors: Mastnjak Nathan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 turns to the prophetic books themselves and internal evidence for their origins as collections of scrolls rather than single-scroll compositions. The variant arrangements of the book of Jeremiah provide a point of entry into ways unexamined models of the materiality of prophetic texts have misled centuries of scholarship. The assumption that one of the orders of the Jeremiah—whether the MT or LXX—must have been original betrays scholarship’s unexamined commitment to the union of a work and a single textual object: a distinctly modern idea not shared by the producers of the prophetic literature. Shorn of this assumption, the distinct possibility emerges of seeing Jeremiah as an unordered collection of multiple textual objects. This possibility allows us to see the differences in organization of the book as stemming from independent arrangements of the collection by the bookmakers behind the MT and the Vorlage of the LXX.
Introduction
Authors: Sawday Jonathan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In 1911 Leonardo’s Mona Lisa was stolen from the Louvre, resulting in a gap in the gallery which became an object of fascination. This empty space can be imagined as a foretaste of minimalist or conceptual art in the twentieth century (Kazimir Malevich, Yves Klein) as well as the marketing device of blank space (the White Album of the Beatles), together with works of both commemoration and memory. Archaeologists, too, have begun to inquire into seemingly empty or blank spaces in landscapes. These examples introduce the book’s main themes, which are outlined in this chapter. The introduction describes each subsequent chapter of the book, while also discussing (e.g.) “blank books” devoid of print or illustration; the palimpsest; the fear of absence (horror vacui or kenophobia); silence; the poetics and production of space (Michel Foucault, Gaston Bachelard, Henri Lefebvre); and the idea of instantaneous recovery of information.
Missing Text
Authors: Sawday Jonathan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Famously, when it was first printed in 1609, Shakespeare’s Sonnet 126 appeared to lack a closing couplet. This is an example of apparently missing text, which is the theme of this chapter. Are such examples evidence of mistakes or are they deliberate manipulations of empty space? Texts printed with conspicuous gaps operated as invitations to the reader to supplement what seems to have been mislaid or (perhaps) was never confected in the first place. The use of lunulae or empty brackets in stage plays and poetry is explored, which, in turn, helps to contextualize the gap found at the end of Shakespeare’s sonnet. Shakespeare’s sonnets are discussed more generally in relation to page layout, and the economics of print publication in the period. Finally, the chapter examines the circulation of sonnet collections in both print and manuscript form, showing how Shakespeare’s sonnets were primarily imagined as texts to be circulated as private manuscript rather than in the more public realm of print.
Poetry and Space in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Sawday Jonathan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Poetry, more than any other written form, relies on the distribution of space to generate meaning. The exploration of poetic space in the period c.1620–1670 is the theme of this chapter. Beginning with an examination of the printed poetry of the young James VI, published in a luxuriously expansive form, this chapter considers the devotional spaces of George Herbert’s poetry and the compressed poetic spaces of John Donne’s verses. The origin of poetic indentation is considered before moving on to discuss the migration of royalist poets from manuscript circulation of their verses to print circulation. This migration involved the deployment of ever more prominent areas of empty space on the page, as a sign of elite and conspicuous consumption, particularly in the form of printed stage plays associated with court performance. Finally, the poetry of John Milton is discussed in terms of “republican space” on the printed page.
Unfinished
Authors: Sawday Jonathan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This final chapter considers the ways that texts end, concentrating on terminal blank spaces as both signs of closure and also of incompletion. Drawing on the idea of the artistic “non finito” or seemingly unfinished associated with (e.g.) Michelangelo or Rembrandt, the chapter looks at examples of contrived incompletion in writings by (for example) Ben Jonson, Sir John Davies, John Donne, Ben Jonson, and John Milton. The attraction of producing texts which appear to be fragments of some lost or (usually) never completed larger enterprise is considered, such as in Spenser’s The Faerie Queene and the writings of Sir Walter Ralegh, as well as the incomplete narratives of Sir Philip Sidney and Lady Mary Wroth. Finally, the chapter (and the book) ends with a discussion of incompletion as a sign of human mortality, examining blankness as a symbolic expression of death and eternity.
Reasons and Their Absences
Authors: Sartorio Carolina 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the extension of causalism about action to causalism about free action, with reasons-sensitivity serving as the bridge concept. The chapter starts by discussing the role played by reasons and reasons-sensitivity in acting, and it then discusses a form of reasons-sensitivity that is arguably essential to free action: one where absences of reasons play a central role. Quasi-causalism becomes relevant here too (as in chapter 3), as a fallback view, if absences turned out not to be causally efficacious. The chapter also draws on lessons from previous chapters to distinguish the resulting view from the main competing views of free will (those put forth by Fischer and Ravizza, Haji, and McKenna). It is argued that the view fares better than those other views, mostly because (unlike them) it’s a genuine form of causalism.
Causalism under Indeterminism
Authors: Sartorio Carolina 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the possibility that our world may be indeterministic. It argues that the assumption of indeterminism gives rise to interesting new questions for causalists. This is due to the intriguing nature of indeterministic causation, which results in some important puzzles—especially for causalism about free agency. The chapter argues that this isn’t a problem for causalism but a reflection of the fact that control is a causal notion. Moreover, causalism is well equipped to address those puzzles in a way that no other theory can.
Introduction
Authors: Barrett Graham 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that the study of literacy should be the study of textuality. What did text do, how and why, and with what implications? Collectively its functions represent what was made possible by the ability to use the written word, but that ability in turn shaped the structures of society. We must ascertain what constituted access to literacy, then who had access and how they gained and exercised it, to complement an image of the functions of the written word with an idea of its functioning. And we must map mental landscapes, the degree to which users of texts were conversant with and framed by other texts and textual norms. In a departure from the historiography, and as a case study in this methodology, this chapter proposes to treat the corpus of Latin charters from early medieval Iberia as a text, asking of it the basic historical questions of author, audience, composition, and sources: the reporter’s mantra of how, who, where, when, what, and why. Diagnosing the interface between the written and the world, how texts lived in their environs, shaped and were shaped by their context, offers a point of departure into what lies behind and beyond the text.
Perspectives on Emotion in the Digital Age
Authors: Skurka Chris , Nabi Robin L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Emotions are central to the human experience. As people’s daily lives are increasingly infused with digital activities, it has become all the more important to understand how online experiences impact emotional experiences and vice versa. In this chapter, the authors first define emotion and provide overviews of four major traditions of emotion research that have, to varying degrees, been incorporated into media-based research. Second, they discuss the extent to which digital media may have altered the intensity and consequences of emotional experiences. Finally, they reflect on key theories at the intersection of emotion and digital media and how future research and theory might evolve to better reflect the digital media environment. Throughout this chapter, the authors consider each emotion tradition as a lens through which scholars can approach the study of emotion in the digital media landscape, offering suggestions on how to more fully integrate each tradition into related research.
Emotions and Technological Affordances
Authors: Cohen Elizabeth , Myrick Jessica Gall 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Research on the ties between technological affordances or functions and users’ emotion is nascent. This chapter reviews the current work on this topic with a specific focus on the roles that digital affordances play in processes of both emotion regulation and emotion sharing and expression. Technological affordance refers to any capacity or feature of technology that shapes how users use it. Special attention is given to the implications of the affordances of interactivity, personalization, accessibility, visibility, and social cues for these affective processes. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research on how the affordances that media and technology offer to users affect their emotional lives.
Psychophysiological Responses to Using Digital Media
Authors: Clayton Russell B. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of perspectives on how the “old brain” affectively and physiologically responds to “new” digital media. A summary of the dominant theories of emotion involved in studying psychophysiological responses to media is presented, including the dimensional perspective of emotion followed by the notion of biological motivation as put forth by the evaluative space model. Next, a conceptual and operational review of psychophysiological measures of arousal and emotional valence is provided. This chapter also includes a summary of studies examining psychophysiological responses to using digital media technologies, platforms, and affordances. Finally, it concludes with a discussion of the advantages and limitations that come with the measurement of emotion via psychophysiological measures as applied to the study of digital media, as well as considerations for future research.
Social Media Self-Presentation and Emotion
Authors: Toma Catalina L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers how social media self-presentations are implicated in users’ emotional lives. How are emotions presented on social media profiles? And to what extent do social media profiles affect users’ emotions? Three theoretical frameworks are offered to address these questions. First, the selective self-presentation framework provides insight into the valence of social media self-presentations, delineating why positive emotions are likely to be much more prominently displayed than negative emotions. Second, self-affirmation theory explicates the effect of social media self-presentations on self-directed emotions, showing why feelings of self-worth and self-esteem, as well as self-directed positive affect, are likely to be enhanced by one’s own social media self-presentations. Finally, the social sharing of emotions framework focuses on significant emotional events, explaining why and to what extent such events are presented on social media, and why social media amplifies the emotional resonance of these events. Directions for future research are discussed.
Emotion, Digital Media, and Misinformation
Authors: Weeks Brian E. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that emotions play a pivotal role in whether people are exposed to, engage with, and believe scientific, health, and political misinformation online. It advances an emotion-centered approach to understanding misinformation by examining how different conceptualizations of emotions, such as core affect and dimensional approaches, discrete emotions (e.g., anger, anxiety, fear), feelings-as-information, and intuition, are applied to investigate the spread and belief of false information online. The chapter also discusses how emotions impact the effectiveness of corrections to falsehoods. It concludes with a call to place more emphasis on emotions in misinformation research, offering a series of unanswered questions about emotion and misinformation to be addressed in future work. Together, the chapter offers a comprehensive overview for why and how emotions can promote public misinformation about key social issues.
Exile and Education
Authors: Snow Jennifer C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In the violent territorial expansion of white settlement in the western United States, the Episcopal Church worked among Native Americans both before and after forcible resettlement in reservations, often in conditions of war and abuse. The missional strategy developed by the Episcopalian “friends of the Indian” focused on education and assimilation, in the hope of ensuring the survival of native peoples by making them culturally as much like white settlers as possible. This chapter traces Episcopalian missionary interactions and ideas about Native Americans from the 1840s through the late nineteenth century, with a special focus on Bishop Henry Whipple, Enmegabowh, the Ojibwa, and Oceti Sakowin (Sioux) Episcopalians before and after the Dakota Uprising.
Mission to the World
Authors: Snow Jennifer C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the Episcopalian missional approach of establishmentarianism, the idea that the church is a “national church” and conscience and spiritual guide to the nation, as the Protestant missionary movement reached its highest global apogee around 1910, soon to collapse after World War I. In the United States, this took the form of intense racial and cultural assimilationism as well as an idealized ecumenical unity where all Protestants could join in a broadened Episcopal Church. In the foreign mission field, China provides an outstanding example of how Episcopalian establishmentarianism was contextualized within a different cultural and political arena. At the same time, a missional consensus that had sustained the nineteenth-century movement began to fray against fundamentalism and internal critiques of mission, including challenges to Christian finality, racism, and cultural imperialism.
Missio Dei
Authors: Snow Jennifer C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
On the global stage, shifts in missional theology and practice following World War II were ever more profound and challenging. These shifts involved leadership within the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Communion and were reflected in the Episcopalian responses to the specifically American cultural and social context of the civil rights movement, as well as postcolonial critiques of racial supremacy and cultural imperialism. This chapter traces the global theological developments around mission towards missio dei, the idea that God’s mission is primarily active in the world as a whole, rather than primarily in and through the church. After examining the global theological developments, the chapter turns to the American connections and contexts, with particular attention to the civil rights movement and the General Convention Special Program as an arena in which the new missional shifts played out in the Episcopal Church.
Orwell on Free Will and Moral Responsibility
Authors: Barry Peter Brian 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Orwell was interested in free will from his earliest days, and a surprisingly nuanced position concerning free will and moral responsibility emerges from his corpus. Orwell appears sympathetic to compatibilism about moral responsibility, given that he repeatedly offered vignettes in which an agent, usually himself, is held morally responsible but described as being unable to have done otherwise. Orwell also hints at a deeply skeptical view about free will or at least repeatedly offered reasons for thinking that no one is an ultimately responsible self-creator, a condition for free will that at least many incompatibilists have thought necessary for it. The work of Harry Frankfurt helps to clarify Orwell’s remarks about moral responsibility, while Nietzsche helps to clarify Orwell’s skepticism about free will.
Orwell’s Egalitarianism
Authors: Barry Peter Brian 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Equality is perhaps the most important of the moral concepts that interested Orwell, yet while his egalitarianism has often been noted, few attempts have been made to articulate just what Orwell’s egalitarianism is. Two interpretations of Orwell are available: the luck interpretation and the relational interpretation. On the first interpretation, Orwell is best understood as a luck egalitarian. On the second interpretation, he is best understood as a relational egalitarian. There is textual evidence in Orwell’s corpus to support both. Notably, he objected to the treatment of tramps and to England’s public schools on the grounds that persons were not properly compensated for inequalities that befell them through brute bad luck. But Orwell often anticipates or at least illustrates objections to luck egalitarianism. The overall balance of his work strongly supports the relational interpretation.
The Haystack
Authors: Dorsey Bruce 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In December 1832, a farmer discovers a young woman’s body hanging from a stake at his haystack in Tiverton, Rhode Island. Local residents scramble to explain the death of Sarah Maria Cornell, who recently moved to the fast-growing textile manufacturing town of Fall River, Massachusetts, to labor in its factories, a short walk across the state line from the scene of her death. As a coroner’s jury attempts to pass judgment, following her burial the farmer finds a handwritten note among her possessions that points toward Rev. Ephraim K. Avery, a married Methodist minister from nearby Bristol, Rhode Island. Over the next year and beyond, that note would incite endless stories from countless storytellers, rippling outward from Fall River and New England to enter the national consciousness. From the moment Maria’s body was discovered, people turned to an assortment of labels to describe her. She was a Methodist, a prostitute, a crazy woman, a pious female, a wayward daughter. But most of all she was a “factory girl,” a label that carried its own array of preconceptions.
Native Sons
Authors: Dorsey Bruce 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Ephraim Avery’s childhood was spent in a hardscrabble Connecticut farming village whose residents witnessed a traditional farming economy vanish. Rural villages throughout southern New England ceased to be places where most white men could rely on landownership and agricultural self-sufficiency to support their families. Boys of Ephraim’s generation raised on New England farms found that their fathers’ and grandfathers’ ideals of manhood were rapidly becoming a phantasm. By the time he reaches adulthood, Ephraim Avery is peering into a future that threatens landlessness, wage labor, and all-too-certain migration. He has no chance of becoming a person of importance, a man of respect and honor like his great-uncle and namesake—that is, unless he can discover a different way to succeed as a man, unless he can find a people who not only overlook his poverty but exalt it as evidence of God’s favor.
Moving Planet
Authors: Dorsey Bruce 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Cornell finds success and camaraderie among women weavers in the cotton mills. Among the “girls” in the weaving room, Maria experiences a new kind of friendship. Whether because they share dangerous work and perform the same repetitive tasks on identical machines or just because they are in high demand, weavers forge a special community in cotton factories. Yet Cornell also faces the discipline of Methodists for illicit sexual behavior. Accused of “lewdness” and “keeping company” with men, she is forced by the church to leave Slatersville. She moves to the Boston area, where she begins to labor in the Waltham-Lowell system of textile mills, eventually settling in Lowell, Massachusetts.
Moral Police
Authors: Dorsey Bruce 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Cornell joins the legions of women workers in Lowell, Massachusetts, America’s largest and fastest-growing industrial city. These workers are beginning to prize their female independence, both economic and personal. Their new ability to buy consumer goods leads to a steady increase in brightly lit and well-furnished shops that attract women workers with surplus cash. Yet for all the anxieties New Englanders express about shopping or labor protests, it is the morals of “factory girls” that primarily obsess them. Questions of morality never center on women’s consumerism; the real worries are about the sexual activity of unmarried women. These concerns lead to the blacklisting of undesirable workers. Even so, Cornell hopes to protect her reputation and retain her bonds with her Methodist family.
Clove Hitch
Authors: Dorsey Bruce 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Prosecutors begin to make their case that Cornell died by homicide, and the witnesses’ testimony focuses on the type of knot (a clove hitch) with which she was hanged, making suicide nearly impossible. Testimony also focuses on whether the letters in Cornell’s possession could be traced to Avery. Courtroom crowds and reporters observe the strategies for cross-examination and overhear the back-and-forth disputes between opposing attorneys during sidebar conversations with the justices. Both sides become frustrated as the trial shows no signs of concluding soon. As the days go on, witnesses multiply, attorneys raise objections, and courtroom observers understand that this is no ordinary criminal trial.