bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nature That Makes Us Human
Authors: Loreau Michel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This book seeks to answer two fundamental questions: Why do humans keep destroying nature when science makes it clear that in doing so they risk their own destruction? How can this be stopped, and how can the unity of humans and nature be regained? First, the book shows that the inability of modern society to modify its relationship with nature has its roots in the collective fictions that have gradually shaped it since the Neolithic revolution. The collective fictions that underpin modernity include, in particular, the subject−object duality, the matter−mind duality, the primacy of rationality, and the superiority of the human species over all other living beings. These deeply ingrained fictions prevent people from acting in the word in agreement with their needs and existing knowledge. Second, the book argues that humans have a nature that defines them as a unique species beyond their cultural differences, and this nature is made not only of flesh and bones, but also of a set of fundamental needs. Fundamental needs connect humans with nature spontaneously because they are the manifestation of life in them. They also make it possible to re-establish the unity of body and mind and of the different forms of knowledge and to give the economy a new direction, focused on the development of the human being and of its living environment. Challenging collective fictions and reconnecting with humans’ deepest nature is essential in order to overcome the current ecological crisis and allow life on Earth to flourish.
Introduction
Authors: Loreau Michel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets the context for the whole book. It briefly mentions the facets of the current global ecological crisis and poses the two fundamental questions the book addresses: Why do we keep destroying nature when science clearly shows that in doing so we risk our own destruction? How can we stop doing so and regain the unity between humans and nature? It argues that the separation between humans and nature is one of the most powerful myths of Western civilization, and that overcoming this duality requires a holistic and integrative approach to human knowledge. Therefore, the book draws on knowledge from a variety of disciplines and approaches, including biology, ecology, physics, psychology, anthropology, economics, history, philosophy, and personal development.
The underside of economic rationality and progress
Authors: Loreau Michel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The social and economic order that governs modern society is entirely built on collective fictions. The Homo economicus of modern economics is the transposition of Descartes’s thinking subject to the economic sphere, i.e., the human individual who frees him/herself from the material world in order to assert his/her free will over this material world. Exchange value is the economic expression of this “liberation” of humans from nature because it erases all the natural, objective qualities of commodities and reduces the latter to an abstract social wealth entirely created by humans. But humans are, at the same time, bound hand and foot to an extraordinarily powerful set of collective fictions which distracts them from the satisfaction of their natural needs and leads them into a headlong rush toward the unlimited increase of capital as abstract social wealth.
Journey to the center of the modern world
Authors: Loreau Michel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
All the core beliefs that underlie modernity converge on the same basic premise, known as anthropocentrism: that humans, through their spiritual power, occupy a central place in the world. Anthropocentrism has been heavily criticized by environmental ethics, but the latter also has important limitations inherited from modernity, in particular its dualistic view of valuation and its emphasis on rationality. These limitations have led to endless debates between utilitarian and non-utilitarian approaches in nature conservation. Fundamental human needs shed new light on human nature that helps to resolve these debates because they place humans within nature without placing them at its center. Humans can take responsibility for their own evaluation of the world without seeing themselves as the center of this world.
Letting nature touch us
Authors: Loreau Michel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Building a new relationship between humans and nature requires some radical changes in the worldview inherited from modernity. The most obvious aspect that needs to change is the way we relate to outer nature, i.e., to the living and non-living beings around us. Connection to life is a powerful feeling that responds to one of the most fundamental needs of humans as sentient and empathic mammals. Young children tend to display spontaneous biophilia, but modern education and growing urbanization contribute to increasingly disconnect humans from nature. Modern humans might have a lot to learn from animist hunter-gatherer people who have preserved their spontaneous connection to nature, not in order to take over animism for themselves, but in order to rediscover the general movement of life that flows through them and unites them with all the animate and animate beings around them.
Reunifying knowledge of body and mind
Authors: Loreau Michel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The duality of body and mind is what has led modern civilization to assert the domination of mind over body, and of humans over nature. Conversely, the unity of body and mind can enable one to rediscover harmony between body and mind, and between humans and nature. This unity requires reunifying knowledge from body and mind, which cannot be separated from each other. Trusting one’s body, welcoming all the valuable information it provides, using one’s reason in a reasonable way, and then integrating all the knowledge, whatever its source, into a coherent whole that guides action: these are some of the basic conditions that allow each human being to take care of oneself, of others, and of everything called “nature.” Education should to be completely rethought to achieve this goal.
Showdown in Richmond
Authors: Bogus Carl T. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This is the first of three chapters recounting debates at the Virginia Ratifying Convention, held in Richmond throughout June 1788. The convention was a showdown between the federalists, who wanted to ratify the Constitution and join the Union, and antifederalists, who opposed ratification. The convention pitted federalist leaders, including James Madison, John Marshall, and Edmund Randolph, against antifederalists, including Patrick Henry, George Mason, and James Monroe. This chapter includes background, personality sketches of major players, and Henry’s opening argument: Virginia is more important than the United States.
Southern Terror
Authors: Bogus Carl T. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows how terrified the Southern states were of slave insurrections during the eighteenth century. It describes Tacky’s Revolt, an insurrection by more than one thousand well-armed slaves that occurred on Jamaica in 1760, and its impact on Southern slaveholders. It describes how New York City devolved into hysteria over a possible slave plot in 1741. It examines claims of 579 attacks or rebellions on slave ships and 250 slave plots or revolts in the South involving at least ten slaves. It discusses the elaborate and essential slave patrol system conducted routinely by Southern militia. It describes the slave patrols system in the South and shows that the militia was essential for both preventing and quelling slave insurrections.
The Lamentations Commentary of Salmon ben Yerūḥīm
Authors: Andruss Jessica 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the content, themes, and techniques of Salmon’s translation and commentary on Lamentations. Salmon’s work models features that became standard in later Jewish commentaries. It also contains two distinctive elements: a pattern of homiletical refrains appended to each verse comment, and an epilogue wherein Salmon matches each image of suffering and catastrophe from Lamentations with a biblical prophecy that foretells the reversal of punishment and the redemption of the community (Neḥamot). While scholarship on Karaite biblical studies often focuses on the renowned Yefet ben ʿElī (fl. 960–1005), this chapter demonstrates the need to consider Salmon’s foundational work and offers comparisons between the two exegetes’ Lamentations commentaries. As the earliest Karaite writer with an extant exegetical corpus in Arabic, Salmon’s experiments in biblical translation and interpretation were the testing ground for the intellectual practice that came to define his community, and Jewish scholarly practices thereafter.
The Hermeneutics of Historical Reflection
Authors: Andruss Jessica 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Jews have long considered Lamentations to be a historical witness to the ancient destruction of the Jerusalem Temple. Salmon expands this interpretive framework into a spiritual practice of reflection [iʿtibār] on the biblical past in order to discover the reasons for the exile and the path to redemption. This chapter explores Salmon’s threefold historical discourse, from the historical-contextual (corroborating biblical accounts to produce a coherent timeline, examining economic and social factors) to the historical-theological (using historical evidence to prove the justice of God’s punishment), and culminating in his historical-hermeneutical practice of iʿtibār, the obligation of reflecting on the past as a source of pious guidance. The chapter argues that Salmon’s concept of iʿtibār constitutes a Karaite intervention in Jewish hermeneutics, ritual, and law. His concept of iʿtibār draws on Arabic historiography as well as Jewish historical experience.
Lamentations 1
Authors: Andruss Jessica 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Salmon’s commentary on Lamentations 1 includes a full demonstration of his principle of “requital in kind” (bāb al-muqābala). He considers each of the Ten Commandments (Ex 20:2–17), using biblical evidence to prove that the commandment had been violated from ancient Israel to his own time, and that the punishments of exile match the sins themselves (Lam 1:8). This passage, like the excursus at Lamentations 1:6, shows Salmon’s aptitude for developing Midrashic traditions within his exegesis. This chapter also shows Salmon’s concern with the pattern of “reversals” in Israel’s history. He emphasizes the wealth, wisdom, and heavenly blessings that Israel enjoyed during the reigns of David and Solomon, as a point of contrast to the degradations endured by later generations (Lam 1:1). Salmon presents the principle of reflection on history (iʿtibār) in an excursus at Lamentations 1:2. There he argues that ancient Jerusalem fell to the Babylonians because the people failed to reflect upon the earlier exile of the Northern Kingdom and recognize that they would suffer the same punishment if they continued in their sins. While this passage treats exile as a severe punishment, elsewhere Salmon emphasizes God’s mercy in sending the people of Jerusalem into exile rather than annihilating them completely (Lam 1:12). This chapter includes Salmon’s comments on Lamentations 1:1, 2, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 18.
Terroir
Authors: Szymanski Erika 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Terroir is more than the sum of its parts. Scientific research that tries to demonstrate terroir, or reliable associations between a wine’s characteristics and the place from which it comes, often comes close without quite finding what it’s looking for. This chapter argues that the difficulty may lie with assumptions about what terroir and place are understood to be, and that reductionist scientific approaches are poorly equipped to capture the emergent properties at their center. After introducing recent research into physical characterizations of terroir, this chapter addresses assumptions that underpin such research and offers an alternative set of principles for investigating terroir as a way to describe connections. It concludes by reviewing recent research into microbial terroir, in which microbes are a mechanism for connecting the various elements that comprise a winegrowing place.
Alcohol
Authors: Szymanski Erika 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Yeast make alcohol, a metabolic quirk behind our whole relationship with them, and yet scientists have yet to clearly explain why. Alcohol is a competition mechanism. It kills most microbes. Precisely because competition is the default assumption for most biological interactions, we shouldn’t assume that it’s the answer to every question. Explanation or no, we’ve now cultivated yeast to be exceptionally good at making alcohol, which presents challenges for the burgeoning low- and no-alcohol movement. Reducing alcohol sometimes happens through making life harder for grapevines or convincing yeast to take up different lifestyles, but it frequently requires crafty technology such that evidently “better-for-you” wines are often more processed than others. This chapter discusses how yeast make and tolerate alcohol, its toxic effects on microbes and humans, and how wineries are now trying to make wines with less of it.
Sulfur
Authors: Szymanski Erika 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Sulfur dioxide is simultaneously among the oldest wine technologies and among the most controversial—not only because some wine drinkers would rather see less of it, but because the biochemistry behind its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and other effects is convoluted. We could say that winemakers face a trade-off between using more sulfur for safety and using less to practice lower-intervention winemaking. But binaries are constructed through particular perspectives on a problem, such that a different angle illuminates more than two options. Coming back to the biochemistry, sulfur use is about style, not just either health concerns or stability. This chapter addresses why sulfur dioxide has been considered a health hazard, the trouble with declaring it either harmless or harmful, the biochemistry of how it shapes wine quality, up-and-coming alternatives, and why winemakers are using less even though complaints against it are largely unfounded.
A Faultless Science
Authors: Ruiz-Falqués Aleix 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the story of Dandin in the Bay of Bengal and Burma through unchartered literary sources. It also problematizes the ambivalent categorization of Dandin’s Sanskrit classic in a cultural landscape dominated by Pali Buddhism. The elusive presence of Dandin’s Mirror in the region is traced in the records of monastic manuscript collections and elite monastic curricula, where it occupies a prominent position. Pali adaptations of the Mirror, mainly Sangharakkhita’s Lucid Poetics and its commentaries, are also examined in connection to local Buddhist scholarship in Pali and Burmese, showing the influence of Dandin’s system of ornaments beyond the realm of poetry. The final section explores the destiny of Dandin’s Mirror in tandem with Dharmadasa’s work on riddles, the Adornment of the Connoisseur’s Mouth (Vidagdhamukhamaṇḍana). This chapter shows that, by adapting certain features of the Mirror’s discourse on poetics to philosophy, pedagogy, and ritual, the Mirror achieved a paracanonical status among Buddhist literati in the Bay of Bengal.
The Mirror of the Practice
Authors: Bronner Yigal 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the adaptation of Indic poetic models in Java and Bali, where practice (prayoga) took precedence over theory (śāstra), and where Dandin’s Mirror and other cultural grammars left little concrete trace. The chapter’s first part revisits the earliest known work from Java, the Old Javanese Rāmāyaṇa, an adaptation of a Sanskrit poem by Bhatti that teaches grammar and poetics by example. Here the work’s “ornamental blocks” are analyzed for modes of imparting and experimenting with ornaments found in manuals such as Dandin’s. The second half explores the later history of kakawin literature by focusing on introductory statements by poets and on manuals such as the Life Breath of Poetry (Bhāṣaprāṇa). The chapter shows that technical knowledge about poetry was continuously taught in classrooms in Java and Bali and suggests that kakawin’s playful internalization of Dandin’s modularity and openness eventually rendered his Mirror superfluous.
Did the COVID-19 Pandemic Sink Trump’s Reelection?
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Levendusky Matthew , Pasek Josh , Renninger Andrew 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the 2020 election. This part of the chapter, Part 1, details the contrasting approaches of Biden and Trump. Part 2 traces the effects of the pandemic and the candidates’ alternative responses to it on perceptions and vote preferences. Relative to other issues, most voters—even many Trump supporters—saw the pandemic as a weakness for the incumbent. Attitudes toward and experiences with COVID affected vote choice, but perhaps less than one would have expected ex ante because Trump supporters downplayed the pandemic, consistently said the worst of the crisis had passed, and emphasized instead issues on which they felt Trump outperformed Biden, such as the economy. We also show that public attitudes toward scientific advisors and organizations became sharply polarized over time, with Biden supporters trusting them more and Trump supporters less so, with important implications for science communication and for the country’s ability to quell this pandemic as well as future ones.
A Deeper Anxiety
Authors: Pasek Josh , Levendusky Matthew , Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
As American society continues to become more racially and ethnically diverse, the face of power is becoming less White, less male, and less Christian. While White men remain the most powerful group in society, their relative status has declined, a state of affairs that triggers what social scientists call status threat: anger at the loss of dominant group status. This chapter explores some of the ways in which the rhetoric and actions of the Trump presidency, as well as the events of 2020, primed status threat in some voters, and shaped those voters’ behavior in the election and its aftermath.
“Stop the Steal”
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Levendusky Matthew , Pasek Josh 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Trump’s refusal to accept the election’s outcome triggered a fourth crisis, the crisis of democratic legitimacy, culminating in the January 6 assault on the nation’s Capitol. Where this Part of this chapter, Part 1, traces events surrounding disruption of the certification of the presidential election, Part 2 shows the responses of those in our panel to the “Stop the Steal” rhetoric and ensuing action. Not only does the chapter trace the evolution of beliefs about voter fraud, but it shows as well how the crisis of electoral legitimacy became one of democratic legitimacy. Specifically, the same factors motivating skepticism toward the election spilled over into support for the January 6 assault and informed a belief that violence is justified to protect the American way of life. These effects were especially pronounced for those who experienced status threat and who believed that racial and ethnic minorities do not face much discrimination in society.
A Republic, if You Can Keep It
Authors: Levendusky Matthew , Pasek Josh , Holbert R. Lance , Hardy Bruce , Kenski Kate , Ophir Yotam , Renninger Andrew , Romer Dan , Walter Dror , Winneg Ken , Hall Jamieson Kathleen 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter draws together the implications of the book, summarizing the discussion of how the four interlocking crises of 2020 shaped the election and its aftermath. The chapter also explores the ways in which this crisis-inflected election altered scholars’ understanding of campaigns and elections. In particular, it addresses the worrying implications of the legitimation of violence for some voters, the polarization of public health during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the delegitimization of the election’s outcome for some Americans. It also discusses the citadels that endured, and the lessons we can draw from them to strengthen our democratic systems moving forward.
Wholes and Parts
Authors: Lascano Marcy P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains the ways in which Cavendish and Conway view the world as a whole and the way in which the parts of the world relate to this whole. It argues that both Cavendish and Conway are substance monists, priority monists, and existence pluralists. The claim that Cavendish might be a neutral monist is rejected due to Cavendish’s view that the figurative self-motions of the rational degree of matter just are thoughts. Thus, the fundamental substance for Cavendish is matter, which includes the properties associated with minds. The chapter argues that Cavendish is committed to a type of biological holism where all of nature can be understood as a living organism with varying levels of structural and causal systems within it. Finally, the chapter shows how Conway can avoid the charge of conflating God and creatures through her unique account of emanation.
Introduction
Authors: Branigan Phil 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The introductory chapter establishes the core concept of multiple head-movement and presents the issues which arise in integrating this concept into current generative, mini-malist models of morphosyntax. The major typological questions for which this concept is useful are identified. The empirical motivation for formulating a model of multiple head-movement is sketched out, and the pertinent, challenging properties of complex words in Slavic and Algonquian languages are presented.
A modular theory of head movement
Authors: Branigan Phil 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Head movement is fundamental to contemporary grammatical analysis, but the abstract basis for this morpho-syntactic phenomenon is controversial. This chapter provides a new model of head-movement, in which both the core syntactic operation of feature valuation and an externalizing operation of head-movement are involved. A new timing parameter is proposed which controls whether valuation precedes or follows labeling operations, and it is shown that one of the parametric settings makes multiple head-movement possible. Case studies from English, Finnish, Norwegian, and other languages illustrate the details of this model.
Fundamental Things
Authors: deRosset Louis 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe scientific successes of the last 400 years strongly suggest a view on which things are organized into layers, with phenomena in higher layers dependent on and determined by what goes on below. Philosophers have recently explored the idea that we can make sense of this idea by appeal to a relation called grounding. This book develops the rudiments of a theory of grounding, and applies that theory to questions of independent interest. The theorizing consists in saying in more detail what grounding is and how it relates to explanations of the relevant sort, discussing objections to the deployment of a notion of grounding, and drawing points of contrast between a grounding-centered approach to relative fundamentality and other approaches in the literature. The book then turns to a demonstration of how this theorizing bears fruit in the investigation of other interesting questions. The applications are to central questions concerning (i) how to distinguish between truths that say how objective reality is in itself, quite independently of us, and truths that do not; (ii) the nature of truth; and (iii) the relation between fundamental physical facts and the rich panoply of other facts that depend on and are determined by them, including facts concerning our own doings. The aim is to advance our understanding of one of the deepest and thorniest questions which the stunning scientific achievements of the last 400 years pose: how higher-level phenomena, including ourselves, fit into an ultimately physical world.