bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local and Systemic Cell-Mediated Immunity after Immunization of Guinea Pigs with Live or Killed M. Tuberculosis by Various Routes
Authors: Spencer James C. , Waldman Robert H. , Johnson Joseph E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that there is compartmentalization of the cell-mediated immune response, i.e., local (nasal) immunization with influenza virus vaccine is more effective in inducing local cell-mediated immunity (CMI) than is parenteral immunization, whereas parenteral immunization is more effective in inducing systemic immunity. This study was undertaken to investigate the development of local respiratory as compared to systemic CMI in response to both nasally and parenterally administered BCG or killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra.
CMI was tested with guinea pigs as the animal model and the inhibition of macrophage migration (IMM) technique at various intervals after immunization. Splenic lymphocytes were used as indicators of systemic immunity and pulmonary cells obtained by lung lavage were used to measure local immunity.
The animals immunized via the respiratory tract with either H37Ra or BCG developed significantly greater local respiratory CMI (greater percentage of IMM) than did animals immunized subcutaneously although the parenterally immunized animals developed greater systemic immunity. This compartmentalization of CMI could be overcome partially with higher doses of H37Ra, i.e., both respiratory and systemic CMI resulted from high dose local or parenteral immunization.
The response after BCG (live), as compared to H37Ra (killed organisms), was more prolonged: by 6 weeks after H37Ra immunization, by any route, there was no IMM; however, after BCG, high levels of IMM were present at 6 weeks. When guinea pigs were immunized i.v. with H37Ra, neither systemic nor respiratory CMI was stimulated. I.v. BCG stimulated systemic but not respiratory CMI.
These results could not be explained on the basis of local immunization leading to local irritation and infiltration of lymphocytes into the lung, since cell counts and histologic studies revealed no difference between the animals immunized locally and systemically.
These results may have implications with respect to immunization of humans against tuberculosis.
An in Vitro Study of Exocytosis of Neutrophil Granule Enzymes in Chronic Granulomatous Disease Neutrophils
Authors: Ulevitch Richard J. , Henson Peter , Holmes Beulah , Good Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Neutrophils from chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) patients were compared with neutrophils from normal donors in their ability to release granular enzymes to the outside of the cell (exocytosis), when such cells are placed upon a non-phagocytizable surface coated with soluble aggregates of human γ-globulin. Based upon measurement of both granule and cytoplasmic enzymes CGD patients demonstrated no defect in exocytosis of granular enzymes when compared to normal controls. In addition these studies confirmed that an increase in hexose monophosphate shunt activity is not required for exocytosis of granule enzymes.
Changes in Antigenic Properties of Human C3 upon Activation and Conversion by Trypsin
Authors: Molenaar J. L. , Müller M. A. C. , Engelfriet C. P. , Pondman K. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
C3 conversion by trypsin was investigated with anti-C3a, anti-C3B, anti-C3c and anti-C3d sera in single radial immunodiffusion. In sequence, C3B determinants disappeared within 1 min of incubation and C3a vanished after 5 to 8 min. C3c and C3d, however, increased in concentration. The loose complex C3ab generated after the disappearance of C3B could be dissociated by lowering the pH and by subjection to electrophoresis.
Free C3a production, demonstrated by means of rocket electrophoresis against anti-C3a, skin tests, and gel filtration with radioactively labeled C3, was maximal after 1 min of trypsin treatment.
Isolated C3 activated by trypsin in solution was bound to erythrocytes in a C3b form as could be demonstrated by agglutination with anti-C3c and anti-C3d. This was also the case with C3 bound to erythrocytes after incubation of cold agglutinin serum with fresh normal serum at pH 7.5. Both of these C3 products proved inactive in the biologic test systems used. In contrast, isolated C3 activated by bound and fixed to the cell surface was biologically active. cells obtained in this way were agglutinated not only by anti-C3c and anti-C3d, but also by anti-C3B and anti-C3a sera. The C3 conformation which is assumed to be characterized by the C3B determinants seems essential for the biologic properties. Nevertheless, the C3B antigenicity is not directly related to the biologic activity of C3. Since C3a was detected on cells as well as on IgG1, its activity might possibly be evolved on the surface of an immune complex. From the antigenic properties of C3 during conversion and binding to both erythrocytes and immunoglobulins by trypsin and treatment, it is concluded that both enzyme activities attack the same region of native C3. The antigenic properties of C3 after binding depend on whether the converting enzyme is present in solution or in a solid phase.
Decline and Restoration of Antibody-Forming Capacity in Aging Beagle Dogs
Authors: Jaroslow Bernard N. , Suhrbier Katherine M. , Fritz Thomas E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The production of antibody to coliphage was studied in young (1 1/2 years) and old (7 to 11 years) beagles. In five old dogs given a single injection of T2 coliphage three of them showed a severe deficiency of antibody-forming capacity as compared to five young controls. When three injections of T2 or T4 coliphage were given in 5 days, 15 old dogs produced the same amount of antibody as did 15 young control dogs. Thus, antibody-forming capacity was restored to aging dogs by giving multiple injections of antigens. The relative serum titer to the cross-reacting antigen, T4 coliphage, was equal in young and old dogs given T2 coliphage. Our results are interpreted in accord with the Antigen Selection Hypothesis (33). They showed that one of the age-associated losses in antibody-forming capacity results from a decline in the proliferative activity of antigen-stimulated cells because the proliferative state can be maintained by repeated injections of antigen. We also concluded that the precursor cells suffer no loss with age in sensitivity to antigenic stimulation because there is no relative increase in the fraction of cross-reacting antibody.
Enumeration of B-Lymphocytes in Human Peripheral Blood by a Rosette Method for the Detection of Surface-Bound Immunoglobulin
Authors: Giuliano Vincent J. , Jasin Hugo E. , Hurd Eric R. , Ziff Morris 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A rosette method is described for the identification and enumeration of B-lymphocytes in human peripheral blood. Sheep red blood cells coated with purified goat anti-human F(ab′)2 were mixed with mononuclear cells separated from blood by density centrifugation on Ficoll-Hypaque. Rosettes were formed by the mononuclear cells with immunoglobulin determinants on their surfaces. The rosetteforming cells were identified as either lymphocytes or monocytes on the basis of their ability to phagocytose polystyrene particles. The percentage and total number of B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood were calculated after correcting for the rosettes formed by monocytes. The mean values for these determinations in 10 normal subjects were 23% and 485/mm3, respectively.
Elevated values were found in one patient with thymic aplasia and in another with chronic lymphatic leukemia. Markedly decreased values were observed in a patient with congenital agammaglobulinemia.
Mucosal and Glandular Distribution of Immunoglobulin Components: Differential Localization of Free and Bound SC in Secretory Epithelial Cells
Authors: Brandtzaeg Per 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunohistochemistry of saline-extracted human glandular tissue revealed that secretory epithelial cells contain membrane-associated IgA and secretory component (SC). Free SC alone was demonstrated intracellularly in the Golgi region whereas both free and IgA-complexed SC were detected in the cell membranes and in the apical portion of the cytoplasm. The findings support a tentative model for selective epithelial immunoglobulin transmission. It is proposed that SC acts as a specific surface receptor for dimeric IgA, and that the formed complexes become mobilized and at least partially stabilized in the cell membrane. They subsequently enter the gland lumen via the epithelial cell cytoplasm outside the Golgi apparatus, and perhaps, to some extent, directly from the cell membrane.
In Vitro Reconstitution of T Cell Deficient Mouse Spleen Cells by Co-Cultivation with Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Farrar John J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The results presented in this report have shown: 1) that human leukocytes are capable of reconstituting the in vitro PFC response of a population of mouse spleen cells known to be deficient in T helper cells; 2) the active cells in the human leukocyte population are resistant to 800 R x-irradiation; and 3) the cells are not removed by carbonyl iron treatment which is known to remove phagocytic cells. The data therefore support the contention that a radioresistant human T lymphocyte is capable of interacting synergistically with mouse B lymphocytes. A subsequent report (15) will present experiments in which double-chambered culture vessels have been used to demonstrate that HPL mediate this xenogeneic “helper” function via a diffusible factor. A number of other questions will also be considered including the antigenic specificity of the active factor.
Specific Binding of Mouse IgE with Rat Mast Cells
Authors: König Wolfgang , Okudaira Hirokazu , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Evidence was obtained that the mouse IgE antibody was absorbed in vitro by rat peritoneal mast cells, but not by macrophages. A significant absorption of the antibody was observed at 0°C in the presence of EDTA, although the rate of absorption was faster at 37°C than at 0°C. Mouse IgG1 and IgG2, which combine with mouse mast cells, did not combine with rat mast cells or macrophages at 0°C nor inhibit the binding of mouse IgE with mast cells.
Antigen Binding T and B Lymphocytes
Authors: Hämmerling Günter J. , McDevitt Hugh O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the present study, conditions are described for the selective detection of specific 125I-(T, G)-A--L binding to peripheral B and T cells. The following observations were made: 1) B cells appear to have at least 5 times more antigen receptors than do T cells. 2) When cells were allowed to react with antigen at 37°C instead of at 4°C, this had no influence on the frequency of B-ABC. In contrast, the number of T-ABC was increased 2- to 3-fold. This increase could be prevented by sodium azide, suggesting that the exposure of antigen-binding receptors on the surface of T cells depends on cellular metabolic activity. 3) Inhibition studies with chemical analogs of (T, G)-A--L revealed a different specificity of B and T cells. Whereas excess unlabeled (T, G)-A--L, (Phe, G)-A--L and (H, G)-A--L could each block 125I-(T, G)-A--L binding to B cells, only unlabeled (T, G)-A--L could inhibit specific T-ABC. Altogether, these observations provide further evidence for profound differences between B and T cell antigen receptors.
Phagocytosis: A Defense Mechanism against Infection with Trypanosoma Cruzi
Authors: Kierszenbaum Felipe , Knecht Eva , Budzko Delia B. , Pizzimenti María C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In mice, depression of reticuloendothelial activity by intravenous injection of silica particles resulted in a decreased resistance to infection with virulent blood forms (trypomastigotes) of Trypanosoma cruzi. In these animals, both the mortality rate and the levels of parasitemia were significantly increased over those of control mice given only the parasites. Accordingly, stimulation of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) with diethylstilbestrol (DES) before infection reduced considerably both the mortality rate and the levels of parasitemia, and prolonged the survival time after infection. Although in low percentages (16 to 25%), survival after the 60-day observation period was observed only among mice which had been treated with DES.
Virulent trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi were found inside mouse peritoneal macrophages shortly after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Many of the parasites were killed within these cells both in vivo and in vitro.
The data reported in this paper indicate that, in the mouse, the RES is involved in the resistance against infection with virulent blood forms of T. cruzi, possibly through the capacity of macrophages to destroy the parasite.
The Reaction of Zymosan with the Properdin System: Isolation of Purified Factor D from Guinea Pig Serum and Study of Its Reaction Characteristics
Authors: Brade Volker , Nicholson Anne , Lee Gerald D. , Mayer Manfred M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
On incubation with serum, zymosan (Z) combines with several serum components, collectively designated X, to form an intermediate, ZX, which activates the complement system by cleavage of components C3 and C5. The enzymes, responsible for cleaving C3 and C5 differ from C̄4̄,2̄ and C̄4̄,2̄,3̄, and are collectively designated “properdin enzymes.” In our earlier studies it was shown that these are multi-unit complexes comprising factor B and complement fragment C3b. The present experiments extend our work on the C3-cleaving properdin enzyme with respect to a third component, designated factor D. On extended incubation at 37°C and long storage at 0°C, ZX changes to a severely decayed precursor, designated ZXd2, due to loss of factors B and D. if fresh factor B is supplied, ZXd2 can serve as a reagent for the detection and measurement of D. This method is far more sensitive than assaying with factor B and the cobra venom factor. Rigorous evidence is presented in the present work that the factor detected by each of these assay systems is one and the same despite the large difference in sensitivity. A procedure is described for isolation of D from guinea pig serum in a highly purified state as judged by disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. The final product was found to have a molecular weight of about 22,000 daltons, and a frictional coefficient, f/fo, of about 1.1, as estimated from its sedimentation rate of ca. 2.6S, its diffusion coefficient of ca. 10.5 × 10-7 cm2/sec, and an assumed partial specific volume of 0.725. The isoelectric point was 9.35. Adsorption of D on ZXd2 is favored by low pH and low ionic strength and proceeds in the absence of divalent cations. The rate of uptake of D on ZXd2 is not influenced greatly by temperature and, therefore, does not appear to involve enzymatic cleavage.
Forssman-Containing Liposomes: Complement-Dependent Damage due to Interaction with a Monoclonal IgM
Authors: Joseph Kenneth C. , Alving Carl R. , Wistar Richard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Since 1968 liposomes have been employed as a model for studying the molecular basis of immune lysis (1). The liposomes consist of closed, concentric shells of lipid bilayers alternating with aqueous interspaces (2). The aqueous portions within the liposomes generally contain marker molecules (e.g., glucose) and the membrane damage is measured by release of the marker compound (2, 3). By using liposomes with various amphipathic lipids as antigens, a wide variety of specificities have been described (1, 4). Forssman substance was the first antigen used in these studies and its properties in liposomes have now been thoroughly investigated (5). The initial work demonstrated that liposomes containing Forssman hapten could bind anti-Forssman antibodies (hemolysin) and this led to membrane damage and glucose release due to complement fixation (6, 7). A subsequent report showed that this was a highly specific phenomenon, and anti-Forssman antibodies did not cross-react with globoside I, which is a closely related glycolipid (8).
In Vitro Stimulation of Rabbit Lymphocytes after Immunization with Live and Inactivated Rabies Vaccines
Authors: Wiktor Tadeusz J. , Kamo Isao , Koprowski Hilary 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen lymphocytes from rabbits immunized with live or inactivated rabies virus were exposed in vitro to rabies antigens. Blastogenesis of sensitized spleen cells was measured by incorporation of 3H thymidine into the DNA of actively proliferating cells. The maximum stimulation ratio by rabies antigens was observed 8 days after immunization and animals remained sensitized for at least 175 days. No differences were noted when either live or inactivated viruses were used for immunization or for stimulation of spleen lymphocytes. Purified rabies virions, “soluble antigens,” and glycoprotein fraction showed a stimulating effect but not the nucleocapsid fraction of rabies virions.
Mitogenic Effect of a Water-Soluble Extract of Nocardia Opaca: A Comparative Study with Some Bacterial Adjuvants on Spleen and Peripheral Lymphocytes of Four Mammalian Species
Authors: Bona C. , Damais C. , Dimitriu A. , Chedid L. , Ciorbaru R. , Adam A. , Petit J. F. , Lederer E. , Rosselet J. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A water-soluble extract of Nocardia opaca (NWSE) induced a very strong stimulation of rabbit and mouse spleen lymphocytes and a weak, but significant, increase of thymidine incorporation by human peripheral lymphocytes and monkey blood, or spleen cells. As was demonstrated by the migration inhibition factor assay, the strong mitogenic activity observed with mice spleen cells was not related to a state of natural impregnation. In the same experiments, the various lymphocytes were also incubated with M. smegmatis water-soluble adjuvant (WSA) and S. enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). No mitogenic activity was shown with WSA even when this extract was incubated with the lymphocytes of human tuberculin responders, showing that this preparation is free of tuberculoprotein contaminants.
Finally, it must be noted that, contrary to what is observed in mice, LPS did not induce thymidine incorporation by monkey or rabbit spleen cells.
Homogeneous Immunoglobulins in Sera of Mice During Aging
Authors: Rádl Jiri , Hollander Carel F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
One of the striking features of the immune response in man during aging is an increasing tendency to produce homogeneous immunoglobulins, the so-called “idiopathic paraproteins” or “benign monoclonal γ-globulins” (1, 2). The frequency of idiopathic paraproteinaemias is reported by several groups of investigators to be about 1% of the adult population, increasing gradually from 0 in the third decade up to 19% in the tenth decade (3, 4). Although a large amount of clinical data on such cases has been accumulated during the last 15 years, very little is known about the etiology, the mechanisms, and the significance of this particular form of the immunoglobulin production in aging man. No similar findings have been reported in animals. Without an experimental animal model, any attempt at more detailed investigations would be difficult.
We report here the appearance of homogeneous immunoglobulins (H-Ig)1 in the serum of mice during aging that show some features comparable to those described in man under the term “idiopathic paraproteinaemias.”
Characterization of Serum Inhibitors of Neutrophil Chemotaxis Associated with Anergy
Authors: van Epps Dennis E. , Palmer Darwin L. , Williams Ralph C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Forty patients with acute illness and a leukocytosis of greater than 12,000 WBC/mm3 were studied with respect to skin test reactivity and plasma or serum chemotactic activity. Sixteen patients were skin test negative when tested with a battery of six common antigens capable of eliciting delayed-type skin test responses. Serum from 12 of these patients contained chemotactic inhibitors capable of abrogating chemotaxis toward purified C3a, C5a, and kallikrein in addition to normal and immune complex-activated human serum. All patients having inhibitor were skin test negative. The presence of chemotactic inhibitor in patient serum directly paralleled skin test anergy. After clinical improvement, patients became skin test positive to at least one of the six antigens used, and their serum simultaneously lost chemotactic inhibitor. Physical characteristics of a 50% ammonium sulfate-precipitated inhibitor included heat stability, β mobility by zone electrophoresis, elution in the third peak from DEAE with a 0.1 M, pH 5.8, phosphate buffer, and sedimentation coefficients of 6.8 and 10.7S. Functional studies indicated that the inhibitor could not be absorbed by large numbers of leukocytes and could be neutralized by excess normal human serum. The serum chemotactic inhibitory activity and the highly significant association with skin test anergy indicate that chemotactic inhibitors may function as naturally occurring anti-inflammatory agents in patients with systemic illness.
Effector Mechanisms of Cell-Mediated Immunity to Xenogeneic Cell Antigens
Authors: Dennert Gunther 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effector cells in mouse and rat spleen performing cell-mediated lysis of xenogeneic target cells in vitro have been identified. In mice injected with either a rat or human cell line, the cytotoxic effector cells are shown to be thymus-derived lymphocytes. Repeated challenge of mice with the human cell line also gives rise to antibody, which induces normal spleen cells to become cytotoxic, indicating that two effector mechanisms of cell-mediated lysis may operate in this model.
In the rat, cell-mediated lysis of a mouse and of a human cell line is brought about by thymus-derived lymphocytes as well as thymus independent cells, as shown by a T cell-specific antiserum. In confirmation of this, antibody, which renders normal spleen cells cytotoxic, is consistently found in the serum of rats injected with these two cell lines.
Modification of NZB/NZW F1 Autoimmune Disease by Development of Tolerance to DNA
Authors: Parker Lewis P. , Hahn Bevra H. , Osterland C. Kirk 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
NZB/NZW F1 mice that received from birth prolonged high dose administration of SDNA-poly-d-lysine, or intermittent SDNA-poly-d-lysine followed by cyclophosphamide lived significantly longer than their controls. In association with the increased survival the following alterations in laboratory parameters were observed: decreased levels of anti-DNA antibodies, decreased numbers of spleen plaque-forming cells against DNA-coated RBC, less histologic and immunofluorescent evidence of glomerulonephritis, and less IgG in kidney eluates. The results suggest that tolerance to SDNA will increase survival and decrease tissue lesions.