bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Desiccant Dehumidifier for Electric Vehicle Heating
Authors: Aceves Salvador M. , Smith J. Ray 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Vehicle heating requires a substantial amount of energy. Electric vehicles (EVs) generate little waste heat, and using battery energy for heating may consume a substantial fraction of the energy storage capacity, reducing the vehicle range, which is one of the most important parameters in determining EV acceptability.
This paper analyzes the applicability of a desiccant dehumidifier for providing comfort heating in an EV with reduced energy consumption. A dehumidifier can reduce the heating load in a vehicle because it adsorbs the water vapor generated by the passengers, thereby avoiding water condensation on the windows without requiring a high external air ventilation rate or a high window temperature.
The results indicate that the desiccant dehumidifier can reduce the steady-state heating load by 60% or more under typical conditions. The reduction in heating load is such that waste heat may be enough to provide the required heating under most ambient conditions. Dehumidifier dimensions and weight appear reasonable for packaging inside an EV.
Yaw Rate Estimation for Vehicle Control Applications
Authors: Sivashankar N. , Ulsoy A. G. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper describes a method for vehicle yaw rate estimation using two accelerometers and a steer angle sensor. This yaw rate estimate can be used as an inexpensive alternative to commercial yaw rate sensors in vehicle control applications. The proposed method combines two complementary approaches to yaw rate estimation using accelerometers. This new method is superior to either method used by itself. This paper presents the new approach, supporting analyses and simulation results. The simulation results are based upon both linear and nonlinear vehicle dynamics models and include important effects such as sensor drift and noise, disturbances acting on the vehicle, and model uncertainties. These results indicate that the proposed yaw rate estimation scheme performs well for a wide range of operating conditions and is not difficult to implement.
Coordination Strategy for a Straight Line Split-μ Braking Maneuver
Authors: Venkataraman Shankar C. , Waldron Kenneth J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A four-wheel steered vehicle is considered in which the front and rear steering angles and the brake torques at the wheels are assumed to be actively actuated. A split −μ braking maneuver is one in which the wheels on one side of the vehicle run into a surface with a low value of μ (coefficient of adhesion). In this situation the wheels on the high-μ side generate much larger braking forces than those on the low-μ side resulting in a yaw moment disturbance. Thus there is a direct conflict between achieving a short stopping distance against maintaining directional stability. It is common philosophy among ABS designers that in this situation directional stability is considered to be of higher priority than a short stopping distance. Several ABS design principles are used to enhance directional stability while compromising on the stopping distance. In this work, we develop a coordination strategy that does not sacrifice the stopping distance while maintaining directional stability.
Preview Control of a Superconducting Maglev Vehicle
Authors: Nagurka Mark L. , Wang Ssu-Kuei 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A dynamic model of a magnetically-levitated (maglev) vehicle negotiating an elevated guideway is presented. The vehicle employs an electromagnetic suspension (EMS) system with canted magnets that provide simultaneous levitation and guidance. The modeling effort is focused on deriving a realistic dynamic model that includes a five degree-of-freedom nonlinear vehicle model, a superconducting magnet model, and a simply supported, multi-spanned guideway model. The maglev vehicle/guideway model is the basis for testing a proposed control strategy consisting of linear quadratic (LQ) optimal control with a preview (feedforward) feature. The LQ optimal control is augmented with integral action to avoid steady-state gap errors which might otherwise arise from guideway offsets. Simulation studies explore the effectiveness of the controller. The results reveal that the magnet module input voltages and gap errors decrease as the preview distance increases. However, the vehicle performance is limited due to a tradeoff between the carbody acceleration and the gap error.
Multivariate Cross-Coupling Adaptive Control Schemes to Reduce Contour Error in Multi-Axis Positioning Systems: Part II — Implementation and Experimental Results
Authors: Rober Stephen J. , Shin Yung C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Modern Computer Numeric Controllers (CNC’s) for industrial milling machines focus on minimizing the tracking error of the individual axes of a multi-axis system. The contour error, which is defined as the minimum distance between the actual point and the desired contour, is minimized by matching the dynamics of each axis. The contour error is the factor which determines error in a machined workpiece. This paper presents the experimental results of the multivariate adaptive control algorithms presented in Part I of this work. These algorithms introduce controller cross-coupling into the algorithms for the specific goal of contour error reduction. Simulations with the existing control system, a fixed cross-coupling controller, and the multivariate adaptive cross-coupling controllers are presented for the comparison of performance. Experimental results of the existing controller and the adaptive control algorithms are then presented for various contours both without and with machining.
An Exoskelton Manipulator for Application of Electro-Magnetic Virtual Forces
Authors: Luecke Greg R. , Chai Young-Ho , Winkler John A. , Edwards James C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This work addresses the fundamental need for continued improvement in human-machine interfaces. Of particular interest is the need for force feedback to the operator to provide the ability to interact physically with the synthetic environment. In order to allow for natural contact and control over the position, orientation, and motions of objects within the computer-generated environment, a new haptic interface device is under development that applies arbitrary forces to the digits of the human hand. This work describes the design and development of the hardware prototype of a robot manipulator intended to provide a force interface between a human operator and a computer-based dynamic model. The basis of the new device is in the coupling of the robot and human through the interaction of an electric current and a magnetic field. The device positions a strong magnetic field near wire coils mounted on the fingers, and forces are generated by electrical current moving within the magnetic field. The device consists of a mechanical exoskelton manipulator that maintains a constant position relative to the finger digits by means of an optical feedback tracking system. The kinematic linkage design of the exoskelton haptic interface device has been developed to maintain constant relative position of magnetic fields around the coils as each finger flexes through its range of motion. The relative position error is measured using a light source attached to the finger and a photo sensor mounted on the manipulator. The position of the exoskelton is controlled by correcting for the error between the center of the coil and the center of the magnetic yoke. The absolute position of the fingers is determined using the manipulator joint angles and the forward kinematic equations. The finger position is used as an input to the computer model, which generates appropriate interaction forces based on the inputs and the simulation parameters. The current prototype tracks one digit of the hand using two degrees of freedom, and can apply two independent virtual forces along the finger. The robot exoskelton is controlled by a digital computer, which combines sensor measurements with model simulation results to generate both trajectory and force commands. In this paper, the design and analysis of the mechanical exoskelton device and the development of a closed loop control algorithm to track the hand motion are discussed. A dynamic model of ISU exoskelton is developed and experimental results for the system are presented using some typical virtual environments, including interaction with a “hard” surface, a simple mass-spring-damper “yo-yo”, and interaction with a compliant “ball”. These results show that the electro-magnetic interface generates adequate force levels for perception of virtual objects by the exoskelton.
A Touch Display System for Interaction With Remote and Virtual Environments
Authors: Shimoga K. B. , Murray A. M. , Khosla P. K. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In this paper, we describe a touch display system suitable for dextrous interaction with remote and virtual environments. The basic framework involves a Utah/MIT robot hand, teleoperated by a human master wearing a VPL Data Glove. The touch reflection system consists of tactile sensors attached to the tips of the robot fingers and micro-actuators, also called tactors, attached to the finger tips of the human operator’s hand. Both the touch sensors and the tactors are commercially available. Experimental results demonstrate the usefulness of the touch display system in a context of dextrous telemanipulation.
The approach in this work, though not claimed to be novel, is however simple and inexpensive. The characterization of the force-sensitive resistors, used as touch sensors, and the compromises made on experimental results are of particular interest to the users of similar haptic displays.
When Is Vision Useful During a Familiar Manipulatory Task?
Authors: Klatzky Roberta L. , Purdy Kimberly A. , Lederman Susan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
We asked at what point(s) vision is particularly useful for a simple and familiar peg-in-hole task. Experimental participants performed the task for 200 trials, 100 trials with full vision and 100 trials without vision or with vision at just one of four critical stages — prior to reach onset, when reaching for the peg, when grasping the peg, or when transporting the arm and inserting the peg into the hole. Comparisons of the mean time to perform under these conditions showed a graded forward effect of early vision, such that vision at initial stages facilitated performance at later ones, but with less and less effect on stages that occurred progressively later following visual offset. In most cases, vision was useful in the stage at which it occurred, but an important exception was the grasping stage. Vision provided at the point of grasping did not facilitate grasping but did affect transporting the arm and inserting the peg, as did vision during the transport/insert stage itself. Implications for direct and remote manipulation are considered.
Flexible Elements and Bond Graphs: A Lagrangian Approach
Authors: Redfield Robin C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
For situations where the flexibility of bodies contributes significantly to the overall dynamics of a system we implement a finite element approach to model the compliant part of the structure. One or more interconnected beam elements compose the flexible bodies. This allows bending about element-fixed local lateral axes and twist about the local longitudinal axis. Element flexibility is superposed on its rigid body motion with a Lagrangian approach in a Bond Graph framework. Structural inertia, stiffness, damping, and external loading are modelled. The development assumes given modes shapes and uses energy to formulate bond graph models of 2 and 3 dimensional elements subject to bending and torsion. Modal damping is also considered. Equations of motion are formulated from the graphs.
Ligament Forces During Isometric Contractions in the Intact and ACL-Deficient Knee
Authors: Shelburne Kevin B. , Pandy Marcus G. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A model of the knee in the sagittal plane was used to study the forces induced in the ligaments during maximum contractions of the quadriceps muscles. The geometry of the distal femur was obtained from cadaver data. The tibial plateau and patellar facet were modeled as flat surfaces. Eleven elastic elements were used to describe the mechanical behavior of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (ACL and PCL), the medial and lateral collateral ligaments (MCL and LCL), and the posterior capsule. The model knee was actuated by eleven musculotendinous units, each unit represented as a three-element muscle in series with tendon. During maximum isometric extension in the intact knee, the model ACL is loaded from full extension to 80° of flexion; the model PCL is loaded at 70° of flexion and greater. The overall pattern of cruciate-ligament loading is explained by the interaction between the forces developed by the muscles and the shapes of the articulating surfaces at the knee. ACL forces in the range 0–20° of flexion depend most heavily upon the force-length properties of the quadriceps. As the knee flexes beyond 20°, however, cruciate ligament forces are determined by the geometry of the joint. Removing the ACL in the model leads to a substantial increase in anterior tibial translation relative to that found in the intact knee. Increased tibial translation generally manifests itself as an increase in the forces borne by the medial structures of the knee, and specifically by the posterior portion of the deep fibers of the MCL.
A Variable Structure Gradient Algorithm for Adaptive Control
Authors: Alleyne Andrew 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A standard assumption in adaptive control is that the parameters being estimated are either constant or vary ‘slowly’ as a function of time. In this paper an adaptive control algorithm is presented which eliminates the need for the previous assumption provided that the systems being controlled belong to a specified class. The type of systems may be either linear or nonlinear. For this class of systems, the state space is separated into distinct subspaces. The parameters are then required to remain constant, or be slowly time varying, within the subspaces. Given a controller for the system, a Lyapunov analysis of the output error dynamics and the parameter error dynamics leads to a parameter adaptation algorithm with a variable structure. The stability and convergence of both the parameter error and the output tracking error are investigated. An analysis of SISO, full-state feedback, linear systems is used to motivate and illustrate the treatment of SISO feedback linearizable systems.
Optimal ℓ1 Control for Periodic Systems Under State Feedback
Authors: Aubrecht Johannes , Voulgaris Petros G. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The paper considers the minimization of the ℓ∞-induced norm of the closed loop in linear periodically time varying (LPTV) systems when state information is available for feedback. A state-space approach is taken and concepts of viability theory and controlled invariance are utilized. It is shown that a memoryless periodically varying nonlinear controller can be constructed to achieve near-optimal performance. The construction involves the solution of several finite linear programs and generalizes to the periodic case earlier work on linear time-invariant systems (LTI).
Asymptotic Analysis of a Tension Resonance Mechanism in Submerged Cables
Authors: Newberry B. L. , Perkins N. C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Marine cables deployed in a fluid environment possess stiffness and drag properties which show strong directional dependence. This directionality significantly impacts dynamic cable response; particularly the dynamic tension developed due to environmental disturbances. This investigation focuses on one resonant dynamic tension mechanism that derives from nonlinear fluid/cable interaction. This mechanism is successfully captured using a discrete approximation to a continuous fluid/cable model as suggested by the results of a recent numerical study. An asymptotic solution of the discrete model is derived that reveals the principal fluid/cable parameters that control this tension resonance mechanism. The fidelity of the asymptotic solutions is also assessed through comparison with numerical solutions of the discrete and continuous models.
Durability and Damage Bahavior of 2-D and 3-D SiC/SiC Composites
Authors: Parvizi-Majidi Azar 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
An overview of the response of 2-D woven and 3-D braided SiC/SiC composites to thermomechanical loading up to a temperature of 1300°C is presented. The composites utilize Nicalon SiC fibers and are manufactured by the chemical vapor infiltration process. Fiber architecture controls the damage behavior of the composites both directly and indirectly by determining the sizes and distributions of microstructural pores within and between fiber bundles. The role of porosity on damage evolution is investigated by studying SiC/SiC composites with two porosity levels. A damage mechanics model based on Ladeveze’s approach is used to analyze the damage behavior of the composites. In addition to failure under tension, compression and bending, the fracture behavior of 2-D SiC/SiC composites is characterized through the application of various energy approaches based on the linear elastic fracture mechanics and J-integral methods. The toughness parameters thus obtained are compared and the suitability of the approaches discussed.
Experimental Analysis of Fuzzy Structure Parameters
Authors: Nagem Raymond J. , Stokes Ann W. , Selle Caitlin P. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
An experiment is performed to investigate the vibration response of a simple beam with multiple oscillators attached along its length. Both single frequency and transient excitation are considered. The experimental results are compared with a model in which the discrete oscillators are replaced by a continuous distribution whose parameters are derived from the statistics of the masses, natural frequencies and locations of the attachments. Good agreement between the experimental and model results is obtained for the system frequency response. For the transient excitation, experimental results show that the attached oscillators produce an increase and a change in character in the effective decay rate of the beam response.
A Perturbation Solution for Forced Response of Systems Displaying Eigenvalue Veering
Authors: Pham Hoang , Ginsberg Jerry H. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper addresses the forced response analysis of systems whose eigenvalue loci veer when plotted against a system parameter. It builds on the study by Chen and Ginsberg [“On the relationship between veering of eigenvalue loci and parameter sensitivity of eigenfunctions,” ASME Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, 114, pp. 141–148 (1992)], which established a singular perturbation solution for the eigensolution as a function of a system parameter. It is shown here that if the position of the boundary depends on the system parameter, then the modes predicted by the earlier work will fail to satisfy geometric boundary conditions. This error is corrected by introducing a coordinate straining transformation. The modes obtained from the modified perturbation expansion are used as basis functions for a Ritz series expansion of the displacement. These steps lead to a highly efficient methodology for evaluating forced response for any value of the system parameter in the veering range. The development employs the classic two-span beam with a torsional spring at the intermediate pin support as the prototype illustrating the general steps. The parameter associated with the veering phenomena is the offset of the intermediate pin from the symmetric position. The adequacy of the solution is demonstrated by comparisons to results of an analytical Sturm-Liouville solution. The generality of the perturbation solution is further demonstrated by comparing the perturbation and analytical solutions for two other configurations featuring two-span beams: two simply-supported beams coupled by a weak torsional spring and a beam supporting an attached dead mass near its midspan.
Predicting Unsteady Aerodynamic Parameters From Airfoil Surface Pressure Measurements
Authors: Grace Sheryl Patrick 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper explores the inverse unsteady aerodynamic problem for a flat-plate airfoil. The goal of the aerodynamic inversion is to calculate the parameters which describe the nature of the unsteadiness in the problem from information on the surface of the airfoil. Interest in the aerodynamic inversion stems from the fact that it, in conjunction with the much studied aeroacoustic inversion, offers a method for nonintrusive and nondestructive measurements. Using a linearized model, it is shown that only the component of the velocity disturbance normal to the airfoil can be recovered uniquely from the unsteady surface pressure: in addition, unique recovery of aeroelastic parameters describing heaving and pitching of the airfoil is feasible provided some information concerning the rotation axis is known.
The Origin and Implications of Higher-Order Cumulant Spectral Signatures in Hypoid Gear Trains
Authors: Hinich Melvin J. , Hixson Elmer L. , Sheehan Jack H. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper considers the origin and implications of higher-order (non-linear) cumulant spectral signatures generated by a hypoid gear assembly in a light utility van. This analysis demonstrates that the hypoid gear silencing problem is qualitatively and quantitatively different than the problems in gear design, both nominal and detailed, in particular:
• The production of sound by final drive gear trains is an extremely inefficient process; therefore, the vibration components which dominate sound generation are negligible quantities in typical gear design trade-offs. The usual silencing adjustments often shift but do not remove the offending source.
• Human hearing is acutely sensitive to the phase-coherent sinusoidal oscillations with modulated sidebands produced by hypoid gear trains. Modifications which reduce signature energy in a specific narrow band component may have no useful effect on perceived acoustic annoyance.
• Final drive measurements capture transient, stochastically modulated hypoid gear signatures confounded by highly correlated, non-Gaussian interference. Experimental design to explicitly measure the transient drive signals and the sources of correlated inference is essential for useful results.
• Emerging higher-order spectral analysis methods require long measurement ensembles to achieve appropriate resolution bandwidth and statistical convergence. Efficient data handling architecture for long, replicated ensembles is a pragmatic necessity.
Structural Response to Turbulent Wall-Pressure Fluctuations
Authors: Singer Bart A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Results of a large-eddy simulation of a turbulent boundary layer over a rigid wall are used to provide detailed information of the time-dependent external pressure forcing on a thin-shell structure characteristic of an aircraft-fuselage panel. The autospectral density of the frequency response of the shell to the imposed forcing is computed with the finite element code MSC/NASTRAN. The results are compared to results obtained using simple models for the spatial distribution of the wall-pressure fluctuations.