bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The United States
Authors: Giurcanu Magda , Wald Kenneth D. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter embarks on an empirical analysis of voting patterns in American national elections from 1990 to 2012. The chapter aims to clarify the mechanisms that translate religious consciousness into politically relevant cues for the American electorate. It does so by combining the so-called ethno-religious and restructuring perspectives. The chapter confirms that, for an appropriate understanding of religious effects and religious involvement in the vote choice and partisanship in the United States, attention needs to be paid both to matters of belonging (religious family/tradition linked to denomination) and behaving (variations in religious commitment). The main conclusion therefore is that denominational belonging still shapes political preferences, with mainline and Evangelical Protestants having higher propensities to cast Republican votes and express Republican identifications, while Jews and Black Protestants display strong Democratic preferences. Also, voters who highly value religion in their lives will most likely express a Republican preference and cast a Republican vote. At the same time, the level of religious involvement matters more than in the past, especially for Catholics.
A history of the early description of Australian languages
Authors: Stockigt Clara 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the nineteenth and early twentieth-century description of Australian languages. A small minority of Australian languages were described in this pre-academic descriptive era. Most of these grammars were written by missionaries from a range of denominations. Amid widespread loss of Australian languages, the earliest missionary grammarians noted that the languages they had described were no longer being spoken. The inability to aurally distinguish Australian phonemes, coupled with the lack of any shared systematic orthographic conventions compromised early records. Phonological science in Australia lagged behind European developments. The application of the word and paradigm descriptive model was reasonably well suited to the synthetic character of Australian languages, although authors innovated common-sense descriptive responses to Australian agglutinative structure, recognizing word-internal units. The comparative reading of early sources on Australian languages evinces three discrete nineteenth-century schools of descriptive practice, each demarcated by different politically autonomous pre-federation Australian colonies.
Australian languages and interdisciplinary approaches to the past
Authors: Miceli Luisa , Bowern Claire 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses the role that Australian languages can play in building an integrated history of the Australian past, and the challenges that must be overcome in order to make genuine progress. We first discuss linguistic-internal issues that have arisen in the course of reconstructing a picture of the linguistic past more specifically—e.g. missing information, paucity of sound change, and the effects of language contact. We then go on to present a case study to illustrate some of the issues encountered in integrating interdisciplinary findings for a broader reconstruction of the past—focussing on linguistics and genetics in the context of Pama-Nyungan—and how these may best be addressed.
Nineteenth-century classifications of Australian languages
Authors: Stockigt Clara 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines nineteenth-century ideas about the relatedness and internal classification of Australian languages. After recognizing linguistic diversity across the continent, a single linguistic family was soon postulated based on lexical and grammatical evidence taken from a small and unevenly distributed sample of languages. In the 1840s, lexico-statistical analyses were conducted, linguistic typologies were produced, and similarities in pronominal systems were taken as evidence of shared heritage. While these studies were made in Australia, later early classifications tended to be made by European philologists using primary materials produced mostly by Australian missionaries. A division of mainland Australian languages into northern and southern groups was first proposed in the mid nineteenth century. The chapter further traces the development of terminology used to refer to some Australian languages and linguistic subgroups.
Articulatory and acoustic phonetics
Authors: Tabain Marija 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAustralian Aboriginal languages are well-known for their multiple coronal place of articulation contrasts, which extend across the stop, nasal, and lateral manners of articulation. This chapter looks at the articulatory properties of these consonants, and considers their place within the wider system of lingual consonant contrasts. A special consideration is given to the apical contrast between alveolars and retroflexes, which phonetically shows much overlap between the two place categories, and which may be mediated by prosodic factors. An outline is also provided of the key acoustic correlates of place of articulation in these languages (both in terms of formant output and in terms of broader spectral characteristics); and it is suggested that there are important similarities in acoustic output for the various places of articulation across all three manners of articulation.
Segment inventories
Authors: Round Erich R. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe phonologies of Australia can now be investigated with new tools for large-scale phonological typology. Here we draw on an empirical dataset covering the reported phonemic inventories of nearly four hundred Australian language varieties. Variation is observed in terms of major genealogical groupings of languages, comparing the variation among them and within them. Five topics are selected based on their importance to our understanding of continental phonological diversity in Australia, and their potential to shed new light within the space available. They are: the main parameters of variation in Australian segment inventories; less frequent, additional consonant types; infrequent absences from consonant inventories; diversity among systems with two series of stops; vowel systems.
Nasal cluster dissimilation
Authors: Round Erich R. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractOne of the more intriguing phenomena in Australian phonologies is nasal cluster dissimilation (NCD), in which two nasal+stop clusters interact in such a way that one cluster dissimilates, so that it is no longer a nasal+stop. The focus here is on NCD in which the second of two NC clusters loses its nasal. This kind is an order of magnitude more common than any other NCD pattern in Australian languages, with at least twenty-five Australian languages exhibiting it. This chapter provides the missing typological overview of NCD which has been called for since McConvell’s seminal study (1988b), primarily of languages in the Ngumpin family. Sections cover: McConvell’s classic account of progressive NCD nasal deletion in Gurindji; cross-linguistic parameters of variation; NCD triggers; NCD targets; the application of NCD over long distances and in multiple locations; and interactions of NCD with other processes.
Lexical stress
Authors: Jepson Kathleen , Ennever Thomas 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAustralian languages have been drawn upon extensively to exemplify aspects of the design space of metrical structure, including rhythmical patterns, foot structure, and other stress-related phonological features. While some auditory properties have emerged in descriptions (e.g. duration, loudness, pitch, vowel quality), we are only beginning to examine what the acoustic correlates are that underlie these rhythmic structures. In this chapter, we proffer a broad overview of stress in Australian languages, highlighting some of the under-reviewed phonological and phonetic aspects of stress, along with a summary of the ranges of metrical structures found across the continent. Looking to the future, we see great value in the re-examination of primary data (where possible) and the acoustic properties underlying reported stress patterns. We also view ongoing work in the relationship between morphological and prosodic structure and the unpicking of the relationship between lexical stress and prosody above the word as areas which promise to yield many exciting insights.
Intonation
Authors: Fletcher Janet 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAustralian languages display many intonational features that are similar to other intonation languages. The overall intonational profile of languages that have fully worked out intonational systems suggests that they show demarcative phrasal prosody with strong right-edge marking contours. The dominant declarative intonational contour is falling, and rising or mid- to high level tunes signal discourse continuation. More distinctive patterns are also evident. Question intonation resembles patterns associated with narrow focus and imperative intonation resembles patterns associated with an extreme upwards reset of pitch range at the beginning of the intonational phrase. Other distinctive tunes include linear lengthening intonation used for specific semantic affect and there are particular contours associated with various expressive functions. Focus prosody is strongly associated with position in the utterance with the focal constituent often syntactically dislocated or fronted, and realized in its own intonational phrase and realized in expanded pitch range relative to surrounding non-focal material.
Semantic case
Authors: Simpson Jane 
Published: July 2023

AbstractMany Australian languages express meanings relating events and participants through endings, ‘semantic cases’, which share properties with cases such as Ergative and Accusative that express grammatical relations. Four classes of meaning are discussed: location in space and time (Locative, Allative, Perlative, and Ablative/Elative cases), purpose (intent, desire, and avoidance), association (which includes possession (Genitive and Proprietive), association with a place, accompaniment (Comitative), Instrumental, and the absence of something (Privative)), and finally resemblance (Semblative or Similative). Also discussed is the relation between adpositions and semantic cases, their morphological properties (allomorphy and derivation), their syntactic properties including whether they can act as the main predicate of a clause, where case-markers appear inside nominal phrases, and how agreement and case-stacking work. Examples are provided from 27 Pama-Nyungan and non-Pama-Nyungan languages across the continent.
Pronouns
Authors: Gaby Alice , Shoulson Oliver 
Published: July 2023

AbstractPronouns sit at the heart of grammar, comprising a tightly structured, (mostly) closed class of (typically) high frequency lexemes. This chapter surveys both the typologically typical and atypical features of Aboriginal pronouns alike. We begin by sketching the basic architecture of these pronominal paradigms (person, number, and gender/class), along with coexpressed categories such as case, tense, mood, and aspect, and the systematic encoding of kin/generational relationships between referents. Following this, we consider the respective morphosyntax of bound and free pronouns, which co-exist within many Australian languages, as well as the relationships between pronouns and the noun/determiner phrase. Next, we survey the various pronominal (sub)classes, including: possessive pronouns; intensifier pronouns; reflexive/reciprocal pronouns; demonstrative pronouns; and interrogative/indefinite pronouns. We conclude with a consideration of the historical dynamics of pronouns, tracing both their etymological sources and destinations, as well as their important role in establishing genetic relationships between languages.
Complex predication and serialization
Authors: Osgarby David , Bowern Claire 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter surveys complex predicate strategies in Australian languages, concentrating on light verb constructions and verb serialization. The chapter discusses the formation of these structures, the word classes that combine to form complex predication, the morphology that characterizes such constructions, and how they differ across the continent. Complex predicates are contrasted with other structures which are also multi-partite but which, for an array of reasons, differ from complex predications. These include auxiliary constructions, associate motion serialization, and verb compounds. Examples are drawn from languages across the continent.
Modality and mood
Authors: Bednall James 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter surveys modal and mood systems characteristic of Australian languages. It examines the formal make-up of the inflectional modal systems of different (genetically and geographically distinct) languages and language families, as well as considering how modal force and flavour is specified in these languages. While Australian languages show much diversity in their modal systems, we can observe a fairly general formal distinction in inflectional modal marking between (i) those (mainly non-Pama-Nyungan) languages in which TAM expression involves the unification of two dislocated exponents of the verbal template, and (ii) those (mainly Pama-Nyungan) languages in which inflectional modal marking is largely isolated to suffixal verbal marking. We can make some broad generalizations about how modal force and flavour are specified in these languages, however it is clear that Australian languages show much variation with respect to these modal parameters.
Negation
Authors: Phillips Josh 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter comprises a general overview of the strategies that Australian languages deploy to realize ‘negation’—broadly defined as the set of devices that relate a linguistic expression to another with an opposed meaning. While a number of broad generalizations can be formulated, Australian languages exhibit significant variation with respect to the encoding of clausal (‘standard’) negation (Section 34.2), imperative negation (‘prohibitives’, Section 34.3), and nominal negation (‘privatives, Section 34.4). The chapter additionally includes discussion about interactions between negation and the verbal paradigm (that is, ‘asymmetries’ between negative and positive clauses), especially with respect to finiteness as well as tense and mood marking. It also includes a short discussion of ‘suppletive negatives’ (unanalysable predicates denoting the lack of some property.)
Antipassives
Authors: Denniss Jessica 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides an introduction to antipassive constructions, predominantly in Pama-Nyungan languages. It takes as its starting point a broad definition of antipassive as a syntactic construction which contrasts with a canonical transitive by expressing a two-participant event with intransitive morphosyntax. The transitive–antipassive alternation is used for a range of functions which can be broadly categorized as either primarily semantic or syntactic. In its syntactic function, the antipassive is employed to satisfy certain coreferential restrictions on the grammatical function of arguments. In its semantic function, the antipassive typically signals that the event is conceived of as less transitive than the corresponding transitive construction (Hopper and Thompson 1980). The features relevant to this general semantic contrast are those to do with the conceptual transitivity of the predicate, rather than the agentiveness of the subject. The chapter ends with a brief comparison with other types of semi-transitive constructions including the conative alternation, unexpressed object alternation, and pseudo noun incorporation, as well as a discussion of other constructions within a particular language containing the same verb marking that is found in the antipassive, such as the passive.
Morphological change
Authors: Alpher Barry , Bowern Claire 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of morphological change across the languages of Australia, concentrating on types of change which are under-surveyed elsewhere and which are interesting and important for classification and reconstruction. We concentrate, to the extent possible, on changes which are primarily morphological (in contrast to those which are primarily phonological or syntactic. However, we recognize of course that languages are integrative, that language change does not operate by picking out subdomains of speech. The material covered in the chapter includes clitic changes (semantic and morphological), changes involving paradigmatic structure, the reanalysis of complex morphology, changes in word internal constituent order, tense-based case marking, and analytical issues in the reconstruction of verbal conjugation classes in Pama-Nyungan.
Direction and location
Authors: Hoffmann Dorothea 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIntimate knowledge and communication of space, landscape, and motion is of central cultural importance to humans all over the world. The traditional hunter-gatherer societies of Australia are no exception and interacted intimately with the land and landscape they occupy. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the language of space in Australian languages with particular emphasis on descriptions of location and direction highlighting the role of deixis, motion, and Frames of Reference. It is shown that a wide variety of spatial systems exist alongside one another. Additionally, a short overview of the role of space in narratives and multimodal representations of space incorporating gesture and sand drawings is provided. While Australian languages are well represented in global typologies of space, very limited overviews exist into the nature and structure of spatial language across the continent’s languages.
Interjections
Authors: Ponsonnet Maïa 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents a preliminary typology of interjections in Australia, based on a balanced sample of 37 languages. We first discuss the classification of interjections into classes, then specific semantic profiles, as well as resemblances in forms where applicable. Most of the interjections in our data fit within one of the three classes identified by Ameka (1992)—conative, phatic, and expressive. Yet, two additional small classes, labelled ‘constative’ and ‘social’, are needed to reach a satisfying classification. Of the major classes, conative interjections are the most frequently reported; and among them, attention-seekers are the most frequent semantic profile. Phatic interjections are less consistently described, except for the very widespread ‘yes’ and ‘no’. Among expressive interjections, pain, surprise and compassion are the most common types, and pain and surprise present remarkable resemblances in form. Further research is needed to assess whether these observations are specific to Australia, or reflect universal trends.
Language names
Authors: Rosenberg Katherine , Bowern Claire 
Published: July 2023

AbstractLanguage names are a key source of information on linguistic identity, naming conventions, interactions between languages, and language change. This chapter provides an overview of semantic and morphological composition of named varieties of Australia’s Indigenous languages. Language names can be endonyms or exonyms, and can refer to the language (glossonyms), the group (ethnonyms), or a place where the language is associated (toponym). The most common strategies for naming include unanalysable clan or group names, names referring to places, evaluative names (e.g. ‘good language’), and shibbolethnonyms: names that relate to a particular word in the language, such as words for ‘no’, ‘go’, or demonstratives
Gender-based dialects
Authors: Bradley John , Gaby Alice 
Published: July 2023

AbstractYanyuwa women speak differently from Yanyuwa men. Yanyuwa is the only Australian Aboriginal language so far documented to obligatorily and systematically distinguish genderlects through the grammar itself. This chapter explores how Yanyuwa speakers exploit the system of noun class marking to index speaker gender. It details the morphosyntax of the Yanyuwa noun classes and the various patterns of isomorphism in the marking of male and masculine classes for women and men speakers respectively. It considers whether these are merely surface-level differences in form, or whether they reflect distinct underlying noun class systems.
Multilingualism
Authors: Vaughan Jill 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAboriginal Australia was, and is, fundamentally multilingual, and multilingualism is embedded in social, cultural, spiritual, and economic life. Linguistic repertoires are typically highly complex, and deployed in diverse ways from community to community. This chapter explores the shape and function of multilingual practices in Aboriginal Australia by considering the nature of individual language repertoires and community language ecologies, and by highlighting associated cultural phenomena. The chapter traces the evolution of scholarly work on multilingualism in the region, and contrasts the contemporary context with a historical perspective on language practices in the region. Multilingualism in pre-colonial Australia is revealed to have been fundamentally implicated in territoriality, kinship, mobility, and relationships between social groups. In contemporary Australia these connections persist, but the deployment of multilingual repertoires additionally reflects new communicative goals and is shaped by the emergence of widely spoken post-colonial contact varieties like Australian Kriol.
Code-switching
Authors: Hamilton-Hollaway Amanda 
Published: July 2023

AbstractCode-switching is the active use of two or more languages by a single speaker within one conversation or clause. This chapter examines the social, discourse, and morphosyntactic characteristics of code-switching among Australian languages, as well as between these languages and English-based lects, and compares these findings to predictions made in the general contact literature. Code-switches comprising clauses or multi-word strings are discussed first, with a focus on their relevance to social and discourse structures. Single-word switches are then analysed. Those in syntactically-peripheral and syntactically-required positions are compared, as the latter are described in the literature as more constrained than the former. Interestingly, however, the data presented here indicate that neither of these switch types is consistently constrained beyond the rules of the monolingual grammars involved. It is therefore suggested that Australian code-switching patterns might be better examined through studies of the relative frequencies—rather than occurrence/non-occurrence—of different code-switch types.
Technology for Australian languages
Authors: Bow Catherine 
Published: July 2023

AbstractDigital technologies are entangled in Australian Indigenous language work in a variety of ways, and may be differently mobilized according to how they support and enable some of the social functions of language. This chapter focusses on three social functions: language documentation practices, language in pedagogical practices, and language in practices of identity politics. It presents a snapshot of current tools and resources, with a focus on the contexts and purposes of their development and implementation, and a discussion of some of the challenges and opportunities inherent in the use of technology for this work.