bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suppression of the Humoral Immune Response by Plasmacytomas: Mediation by Adherent Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Kolb Jean-Pierre , Arrian Shelley , Zolla-Pazner Susan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice bearing plasmacytomas have a severely impaired ability to mount a primary immune response; T cells from these mice, however, appear by both in vivo and in vitro criteria to function normally. This unusual pattern of immunodeficiency appears to be mediated by a regulatory cell found in the spleens and peritoneal cavities but not in the lymph nodes or thymuses of mice bearing plasmacytomas. The number of cells with suppressor activity in the spleens of plasmacytoma-bearing mice is directly proportional to the size of the subcutaneous tumor borne by the host. These cells are capable of suppressing antibody production in in vitro cultures of normal spleen cells but have no demonstrable effect on the ability of normal spleen cells to proliferate in vitro in response to phytohemagglutinin or 8-Br-guanosine-3′, 5′-monophosphate (T and B cell mitogens, respectively). Characterization of the suppressor cell population on the basis of its cell surface properties, its radioresistance, its morphology, and its ability to adhere to various solid matrices suggest that these cells are adherent mononuclear cells. These data support the concept that plasma cell tumors indirectly induce an impairment in the humoral immune response of their hosts by stimulating the expression of regulatory functions in a population of splenic and peritoneal macrophages.
Differential Effects of Interferon on the Expression of H-2K, H-2D, and Ia Antigens on Mouse Lymphocytes
Authors: Vignaux Françoise , Gresser Ion 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lindahl and co-workers (1, 2) have reported that mouse interferon enhances the expression of H-2 antigens on the surface of murine leukemia L 1210 cells (H-2d) and normal mouse thymocytes and splenic lymphocytes from DBA/2 (H-2d) or C57 BL/6 (H-2b) mice (3) and presented evidence that interferon was the responsible factor (1, 3). Furthermore, inoculation of DBA/2 mice with potent partially purified mouse interferon preparations (or viral or nonviral inducers of endogenous interferon) was also accompanied by a marked increase in the expression of H-2 antigens on the surface of thymocytes and splenic lymphocytes (4). The availability of restricted antisera against determinants controlled by subregions of the H-2 complex (Table I) has permitted us to show that interferon enhances the expression of H-2K and H-2D antigens, while affecting only slightly, or not at all the expression of Ia antigens on mouse lymphocytes.
Interaction between Taenia Taeniaeformis and the Complement System
Authors: Hammerberg Bruce , Williams Jeffrey F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Factors present in the cystic bladder fluid of metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis and released by these parasites maintained in vitro were shown to interact with the C system in vitro and in vivo. This interaction resulted in the depletion of hemolytic C in normal sera of several species, the generation of anaphylatoxin-like activity in vitro, the conversion of C3, and the production of vascular permeability changes in vivo. The substances appeared to initiate C fixation nonimmunologically via both the alternative and classical pathways. Intravenous administration of parasite factors in rats led to profound depression of circulating C levels and the rats did not become refractory to this effect after repeated dosing over a 3-week period. Circulating levels of hemolytic C were not altered in infected rats over the first 8 weeks of infection. C-dependent inflammatory responses in the skin of rats were inhibited in animals given i.v. doses of parasite factors. The possibility is raised that local consumption of C around the metacestode in vivo could contribute to its successful evasion of inflammation and immune rejection during infection.
The Maintenance and Regulation of Serum Antibody Levels: Evidence Indicating a Role for Antigen Retained in Lymphoid Follicles
Authors: Tew John G. , Mandel Thomas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The synthesis of anti-human serum albumin (HSA) antibody was induced in the absence of added antigen in lymphoid cells obtained from CBA mice that had been immunized weeks to months earlier. This response was restricted to cells or tissue fragments obtained from lymphoid organs in the lymphatic drainage path of the original site of antigen administration. Injection of 125I-HSA revealed that retained antigen was likewise restricted to the spleen and draining lymph nodes and that it was present in these organs for long periods of time. Autoradiography indicated that within the limits of detection, antigen was further restricted to cells within the lymphoid follicles and was not retained in macrophages of the medulla, the subcapsular sinus, or the superficial cortex. Small fragments of lymph nodes placed in organ culture showed that the spontaneous response corresponded with the presence of follicular antigen. The more antigen present in a fragment the greater the spontaneous response. The belief that retained radioactivity represented active immunogen, even 7 weeks after injection, was supported by the observation that it could be specifically depleted from the lymphoid follicles by injecting nonradioactive HSA. On the basis of these data it appears likely that antigen retained in lymphoid follicles remains active for prolonged periods and stimulates antibody synthesis whenever antibody levels decline. Thus, retained follicular antigen could play a major role in the mechanism which maintains and regulates serum antibody levels for months or years after immunization.
Immune Response in Guinea Pigs to Two Different Lipid Conjugates of Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Singh Suraj B. , Leskowitz Sidney 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A lipid conjugate of BSA was made by coupling dodecylamine to the COOH groups of BSA (DA-BSA). Studies on the immunogenicity of this material and one made by coupling dodecanoic anhydride to NH2 groups (D-BSA) demonstrated that cell-mediated immunity could preferentially be generated by lipid conjugation to an antigen as measured by delayed skin reaction, in vitro blast transformation, and antibody formation. DA-BSA was found superior by both in vivo and in vitro tests. Both the conjugates retained the ability to suppress delayed type hypersensitivity, but only DA-BSA retained the ability to elicit optimum skin reaction in a sensitized animals and to precipitate anti-BSA antibody.
The Regulation of IgM Production in the Chick: Roles of the Bursa of Fabricius, Environmental Antigens, and Plasma IgG
Authors: Rao D. S. V. Subba , McDuffie F. C. , Glick Bruce 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies by us have shown that preventing development of the bursa of Fabricius by dipping fertile eggs in testosterone propionate (TP) on the third day of incubation results in elevated levels of IgM in plasma beginning 2 to 4 weeks after hatching. In the present study we have found that such chicks repeatedly immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) produce increasing amounts of IgM antibody but no IgG antibody, in contrast to normal birds which show increasing antibody responses only in the IgG class. TP birds raised in a pathogen-free (PF) environment from hatching until 10 weeks of age have significantly lower levels of IgM than TP birds raised in a conventional environment. The IgM levels approach those of the latter birds at 15 weeks, 5 weeks after being returned to a conventional environment. Further experiments with infusion of normal and immune IgM and IgG into normal birds demonstrated some enhancement of IgM levels by IgM but marked depression of levels of immunoglobulin and antibody in both classes by IgG. The results strongly support the hypothesis that elevated levels of IgM in bursaless, TP-treated birds result from immune responses to environmental antigens unregulated by feedback from IgG. They provide further evidence that the bursa is essential for the normal switch from IgM to IgG production but not for the development of lymphoid cells producing IgM.
Transfer of Concanavalin A Between Responding Lymphocytes and Syngeneic Stimulating Cells in Cell-Mediated Mitogenic Response
Authors: Ozato Keiko , Ebert James D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have studied the mechanism of the cell-mediated mitogenic response (CMMR), in which proliferative responses are generated in mouse T lymphocytes co-cultivated with syngeneic mitomycin C-treated spleen cells (Mito-SP), when either responder or stimulator cells are briefly pretreated with concanavalin A (Con A) under nonmitogenic conditions. We present evidence that an intact membrane of the stimulator cells is required in CMMR, since the response was abolished by fixation, or by freezing and thawing of stimulator cells.
The fate of cell-bound Con A was studied by tracing 125I-Con A bound to either stimulator or responder. A lymphoblast that developed from untreated CRT stimulated by 125I-Con A-coated syngeneic Mito-Sp carried about 105 molecules of 125I-Con A. The amount of Con A released into the culture medium was not sufficient for inducing a mitogenic response by itself, nor to bind to cells at the level found in CMMR, suggesting that 125I-Con A was transferred directly from labeled cells to unlabeled cells. Transferred 125I-Con A found in lymphoblasts was undegraded intact Con A, as demonstrated by gel electrophoresis. Autoradiography allowed visualization of the movement of 125I-Con A from stimulator to responder cells within 60 min of cell contact.
Natural Killing in Immunodeficient Patients
Authors: Koren Hillel S. , Amos D. Bernard , Buckley Rebecca H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Natural killing (NK) capacity was evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 14 patients with well defined primary immunodeficiency disorders and compared with the activity of those cells in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays against antibody-coated erythrocyte (killed primarily by monocytes) and lymphoid or tumor targets (killed exclusively by lymphoid cells). A selective inability to lyse antibody-coated lymphocyte targets was observed with cells from patients with x-linked agammaglobulinemia, suggesting the involvement of either a different lymphocyte subpopulation or membrane receptor for NK and ADCC, or that a different functional susceptibility exists for the two types of killing. The only immunodeficiency state in which lymphocyte NK activity was found to be lacking was severe combined immunodeficiency disease.
Expression of Murine Ia Antigens during Embryonic Development
Authors: Delovitch Terry L. , Press Joan L. , McDevitt Hugh O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An immunochemical analysis of the kinetics of appearance of Ia antigens during embryonic development was performed. Ia antigens first appear on the surface of embryonic cells 11 days postconception and their expression between days 11 and 16 of gestation is confined to the fetal liver. Ia antigen synthesis by fetal liver cells is detectable at day 14. Ia seems to precede Ig as a surface marker of embryonic liver cells, since Ig cannot be detected until day 16 of gestation. H-2 antigens may be immunoprecipitated from day 10 whole embryo cells. F9 primitive teratocarcinoma cells are Ia negative and H-2 negative.
A Newly Described Activity of Guinea Pig IgG1 Antibodies: Transfer of Cutaneous Basophil Reactions
Authors: Haynes J. David , Rosenstein Robert W. , Askenase Philip W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hapten-specific delayed time course skin reactions containing predominant accumulations of basophils and eosinophils were elicited in newborn guinea pigs after i.v. transfer of small amounts of oxazolone immune serum. The immune serum was fractionated by column chromatography procedures, and the fractions were examined for their ability in transferring this form of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH). Only the 7S IgG-containing peak from Sephadex G-200 columns, and only the IgG1-containing fractions from DEAE columns, transferred CBH. An affinity column of bound oxazolone removed the activity from immune serum, and it could be recovered from the column by eluting with soluble oxazolone. About 35 µg of purified IgG1 anti-oxazolone antibody could systemically transfer CBH reactivity. An immunoadsorbant column of anti-IgG1 removed this activity, but a column of anti-IgG2 did not. None of the procedures were able to separate activity in transferring CBH from passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) activity classically associated with guinea pig IgG1 antibody. IgG1 from 8-day immune and 31-day hyperimmune donors were both effective. The average association constant of 8-day antibody was 8 × 10-4 M-1. Transfer of cutaneous basophil reactions can be mediated by low affinity serum 7S IgG1 antibody.
DAN Synthesis and Proliferation of Human Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Bernheim Jan L. , Dorian Randel E. , Mendelsohn John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The response of human lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation was assessed in detailed kinetic studies, in order to define conditions permitting and regulating proliferation. By utilizing live and dead cell counts, cell cycle characterizations, and calculations of rates of entry into S phase and mitosis, it was demonstrated that dilute culture conditions (2 × 105 cells/ml) enable lymphocytes to proliferate for a period of 5 or 6 days. Although cell division occurs in concentrated cultures (2 × 106 cells/ml), net proliferation is not demonstrable due to extensive cell death and earlier decay in the proliferative response. It is projected that without cell death the cell count would rise more than 6-fold in a dilute culture and 2-fold in a concentrated culture under these growth conditions. The kinetic analyses did not demonstrate separate PHA dose thresholds for blastogenesis and entry into S phase. High doses of PHA stimulated a suboptimal response by causing excessive cell death without reducing initial entry into the cell cycle. These results provide a kinetic explanation for the frequent observation of little net proliferation despite substantial 3H-thymidine incorporation in PHA-stimulated lymphocyte cultures. Cell death is identified as a parameter that must be considered in the interpretation of in vitro lymphocyte stimulation studies, and methods for quantifying the role of cell death are demonstrated.
Age-Dependent Loss in New Zealand Mice of Morphological and Functional Characteristics of Thymic Epithelial Cells
Authors: Gershwin M. Eric , Ikeda Richard M. , Kruse Walter L. , Wilson Floyd , Shifrine Moshe , Spangler William 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The growth and immunologic characteristics of in vitro cultured thymic epithelial cells from NZB, NZW, NZB/W, BALB/c, DBA/2, and N:NIH(S) mice were studied. Cultures were prepared from irradiated (400 R) mice to prevent in vitro autosensitization of thymocytes by epithelial elements, thereby permitting selective growth without the attendant hazards of local cytotoxicity; epithelial cells were enriched and fibroblasts were removed by treatment with a trypsin-EDTA mixture. Forty-eight hours after initial plating, BALB/c, DBA/2, and N:NIH(S) mice all demonstrated a proliferation of large PAS-positive and PAS-negative epithelial cells in a mosaic like arrangement and within 30 days of culture greater than a 95% enrichment of such epithelial cells was achieved. In contrast, proliferation of epithelial cells from thymic explants of New Zealand mice disclosed a marked age dependent relationship. In particular, explants of NZB thymus, age 1 to 52 weeks, failed to produce growth of any cellular elements except fibroblasts. There was, however, evidence of epithelial cell proliferation of NZB/W thymic explants derived from mice less than 8 weeks of age. Nonetheless, serial observations of clones of epithelial cells from NZB/W mice demonstrated vacuolization and degeneration within 2 to 8 weeks of culture, suggesting a pre-programmed defect. Similarly, whereas isolated thymic epithelial cells from BALB/c or young NZB/W mice induced an elevation of thy 1.2 on spleen cells and an increase in responsiveness of nude spleen cells to the T cell mitogen, Con A, cultures from NZB or older NZB/W mice were ineffective. Furthermore, incubation of 7-month-old NZB spleen cells, but not lymph node cells, with a BALB/c thymic epithelial cell monolayer significantly restored the ability to respond to Con A. Moreover, the abnormal proliferation, measured by DNA synthetic response, of NZB spleen seeking but not lymph node seeking thymocytes injected into lethally irradiated C57BL/6 mice was suppressed by preincubation with thymic epithelial cells. Finally, thymic epithelial cells enhanced the ability of NZB thymocytes to suppress a graft versus host reaction. We suggest that functional alterations of thymic epithelial cells in New Zealand mice may be critical to the primary development of autoimmunity and that several of the lymphoid cell defects in these mice, including suppressor cell function, can be corrected by thymic epithelial cells.
Genetic Control of Tolerance Induction to Human γ-Globulin in Mice
Authors: Azar Miguel M. , Ranges Gerald E. , Yunis Edmund J. , Clark Connie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Susceptibility to tolerance induction with monomeric human γ-globulin (HGG) was tested in different inbred strains of mice. The results indicated a differential tolerance susceptibility among the strains and that the basis for the variation is genetic in nature. By using a protocol that permits genetic analysis, F1, F2, and backcross generations of the parental strains SJL/J and C3H/Bi were examined. A multigenic control model by H-2-linked and non-H-2-linked genes showing Mendelian autosomal inheritance is proposed.
A Glycoprotein Set Specifically Associated with the Surface and Cytosol of Human Breast Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Leung Julia P. , Plow Edward F. , Nakamura Robert M. , Edgington Thomas S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A new glycoprotein set, specifically associated with human breast carcinoma cells, has been identified, purified to homogeneity, and characterized. This glycoprotein set was first identified in the perchloric acid-soluble glycoprotein fraction of human ductal carcinoma of the breast after removal of known glycoproteins by affinity chromatography. Prototype antiserum to this glycoprotein, after absorption with normal tissues, reacted by gel diffusion with a single constituent of breast tumors but not with other benign or malignant tissues. This antiserum was used to isolate two types of soluble mammary tumor-associated glycoprotein (MTGP). Both types of MTGP appeared to have m.w. of about 19,500 and possess common antigenic determinants. In addition, a firmly integrated insoluble form of MTGP was identified. The soluble types of MTGP differed one from the other in respect to: a) isoelectric point, b) sedimentation velocity, c) carbohydrate composition, and d) buoyant density in cesium chloride. MTGP was found in all six metastatic breast tumors and was independent from plasma and tissue glycoproteins. Antisera to purified MTGP of Types I and II both gave reactions of identity one with the other and with both types of aqueous soluble MTGP. Each antiserum reacted only with extracts of breast tumors and not with any other tissue or type of tumor. MTGP was localized by immunohistochemical methods to both the surface and the cytoplasm of breast ductal carcinoma cells but not normal ductal cells. Positive reactions were also observed in immunologic assays with some spontaneous murine mammary carcinomas but not with the mouse mammary tumor virus. MTGP appears to provide a discrete and characterized new marker for breast carcinoma cells and thus a candidate tumor-specific antigen.
Cellular Basis for a Hapten-Specific State of Tolerance Induced in Vitro
Authors: Kim Young T. , Mazer Theodore , Weksler Marc E. , Siskind Gregory W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A hapten-specific unresponsive state was induced in vitro by the incubation of normal murine spleen cells with highly conjugated dinitrophenylated bovine γ-globulin (DNP-BGG) or a dinitrophenylated copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (DNP-D-GL) for 24 hr. After this incubation period spleen cells were washed and cultured for 4 days with the thymic-independent antigen dinitrophenylated polyacrylamide beads (DNP-PAA) or the thymic-dependent antigen trinitrophenylated burro erythrocytes (TNP-BRBC).
Preincubation with either DNP-BGG or DNP-D-GL led to a specific depression of the in vitro anti-hapten plaque-forming cell response. The degree of depression was dependent upon the concentration of the tolerogen and the duration of preincubation. The response to DNP-PAA or TNP-PAA beads was depressed to a greater degree than was the response to TNP-BRBC. The cellular basis of the immunologic unresponsiveness induced by DNP-BGG was attributable to an inhibition of B cell function whereas the unresponsive state induced with DNP-D-GL was due to both a specific inhibition of B cell function and the activation of antigen-specific suppressor T cells.
Characterization of an IgE Receptor Isolated from Cultured B-Type Lymphoblastoid Cells
Authors: Meinke Geraldine C. , Magro Albert M. , Lawrence David A. , Spiegelberg Hans L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
For the purpose of characterizing an IgE receptor found on a subpopulation of B lymphocytes, cultured Wil-2WT cells, which bind IgE, were labeled either biosynthetically with 14C-leucine or enzymatically with 125I by the lactoperoxidase method. The cells were lysed with NP-40, and the cleared supernatant was passed over IgE Sepharose-4B immunoadsorbent columns. The material eluted from the column was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Two radioactively labeled proteins having extrapolated m.w. of 86,000 and 47,000 were consistently found in eluates from the IgE columns. A 23,000 dalton band, which may have been a degradation product of the other bands, was often also observed. Reduction of the proteins did not change their m.w., suggesting that they represented single polypeptide chains. Because of their lability, the proteins could only be recovered when three enzyme inhibitors were added to the cell lysates. The eluate from the IgE immunoadsorbent column, incorporated into complete Freund's adjuvant, was injected into a goat. The resulting antiserum, after absorption with cultured lymphoid cells that do not bind IgE, specifically inhibited IgE rosette formation on Wil-2WT cells as well as on other lines of cultured lymphoblastoid cells, chronic lymphatic leukemia, and tonsil and spleen lymphocytes that bind IgE. After absorption with IgE, the antiserum did not cause histamine release from normal or allergic donors' basophils. When the F(ab′)2 fragments of the antiserum coupled to Sepharose-4B were used to isolate proteins from radiolabeled Wil-2WT lysates, both the reduced and unreduced isolated material again showed three components of 86,000, 47,000 and 23,000 m.w. These proteins were not found in lysates of Raji cells, which do not bind IgE. The results suggest that these three proteins are derived from the IgE receptor either as subunits or degradation products and that the IgE Fc receptor on lymphoid cells is antigenically different from that on basophils and mast cells.