bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human genomic data have different statistical properties than the data of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Borger Mirjam J. , Weissing Franz J. , Boon Eva 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Madole & Harden argue that the Mendelian reshuffling of genes and genomes is analogous to randomised controlled trials. We are not convinced by their arguments. First, their recipe for meeting the demands on randomised experiments is inherently inconsistent. Second, disequilibrium across chromosomes conflicts with their assumption of statistical independence. Third, the genome-wide association study (GWAS) method has many pitfalls, including low repeatability.
Increasing the use of functional and multimodal genetic data in social science research
Authors: Nephew Benjamin C. , Murgatroyd Chris , Polcari Justin J. , Santos Hudson P. , Incollingo Rodriguez Angela C. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Genetic studies in the social sciences could be augmented through the additional consideration of functional (transcriptome, methylome, metabolome) and/or multimodal genetic data when attempting to understand the genetics of social phenomena. Understanding the biological pathways linking genetics and the environment will allow scientists to better evaluate the functional importance of polygenic scores.
Burt uses a fallacious motte-and-bailey argument to dispute the value of genetics for social science
Authors: Zietsch Brendan P. , Abdellaoui Abdel , Verweij Karin J. H. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Burt's argument relies on a motte-and-bailey fallacy. Burt aims to argue against the value of genetics for social science; instead she argues against certain interpretations of a specific kind of genetics tool, polygenic scores (PGSs). The limitations, previously identified by behavioural geneticists including ourselves, do not negate the value of PGSs, let alone genetics in general, for social science.
Polygenic risk scores cannot make their mark on psychiatry without considering epigenetics
Authors: Gooding Diane C. , Auger Anthony P. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
We generally agree with Burt's thesis. However, we note that the author did not discuss epigenetics, the study of how the environment can alter gene structure and function. Given epigenetic mechanisms, the utility of polygenic risk scores (PRS) is limited in studies of development and mental illness. Finally, in this commentary we expand upon the risks of reliance upon PRSs.
Cognitive traits are more appropriate for genetic analysis than social outcomes
Authors: Ramus Franck 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The critique of the genetics of complex social outcomes is partly well-founded, insofar as social outcomes sometimes have unreliable relations with cognitive traits. But the correct conclusion is not to dismiss the entire field altogether. Rather, the implication is to redirect geneticists' attention to the stable cognitive phenotypes that are natural candidates for genetic analysis.
Lessons from a multicenter, international, large sample size analysis of patients with obsessive–compulsive disorders: an overview of the ICOCS Snapshot studies
Authors: Vismara Matteo , Benatti Beatrice , Fineberg Naomi A. , Hollander Eric , Van Ameringen Michael , Menchon Jose M. , Zohar Joseph , Dell’Osso Bernardo 
Published: September 2023

AbstractObsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a prevalent and highly disabling condition, characterized by a range of phenotypic expressions, potentially associated with geo-cultural differences. This article aims to provide an overview of the published studies by the International College of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders, in relation to the Snapshot database which has, over the past 10 years, gathered clinical naturalistic data from over 500 patients with OCD attending various research centers/clinics worldwide. This collaborative effort has provided a multi-cultural worldwide perspective of different socio-demographic and clinical features of patients with OCD. Data on age, gender, smoking habits, age at onset, duration of illness, comorbidity, suicidal behaviors, and pharmacological treatment strategies are presented here, showing peculiar differences across countries.
Emerging trends: Smooth-talking machines
Authors: Church Kenneth Ward , Yue Richard 
Published: September 2023

AbstractLarge language models (LLMs) have achieved amazing successes. They have done well on standardized tests in medicine and the law. That said, the bar has been raised so high that it could take decades to make good on expectations. To buy time for this long-term research program, the field needs to identify some good short-term applications for smooth-talking machines that are more fluent than trustworthy.
Understanding the interplay between jets and ISM for winged radio galaxies
Authors: Giri Gourab , Vaidya Bhargav 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn this work, we investigate the formation and early evolution phase of X-shaped radio galaxies using the Back-flow model. We show how the X-like winged morphology evolves over time in a tri-axial ambient medium, naturally. At this early stage of formation, we demonstrated that both the pair of jet lobes are actively pushing the ambient material out of their path of propagation, forming (X-ray) cavities that are surrounded by a shocked shell (X-ray bright rims) of swept materials. We also noticed how turbulent the wing is in comparison to the active lobe, generating sites of random shocks, indicating that the wings are not passively evolving structures. This study demonstrated that the ambiguous morphology observed in jets is also imprinted over the ambient medium, providing an alternative perspective in understanding the underlying physical process causing such ambiguities. Finally, we indicate that shearing instabilities cause mixing of ambient material at the shearing interface.
Milliarcsecond Core Size Dependence of the Radio Variability of Blazars
Authors: Hsu Po-Chih , Yi Koay Jun , Matsushita Satoki , Hwang Chorng-Yuan , Hovatta Talvikki , Kiehlmann Sebastian , Max-Moerbeck Walter , Pearson Tim , Readhead Anthony , Reeves Rodrigo , Vedantham Harish 
Published: September 2023

AbstractStudying blazar radio variability on timescales ranging from months to years provides information on the sub-parsec-scale structures of the jets, and the physics of the central active galactic nuclei. In this study, we focus on the radio variability of 1158 blazars observed at 15 GHz through the Owens Valley Radio Observatory Blazar Monitoring Program, where these sources have been observed about twice a week for over a decade. We investigate the dependence of the variability amplitudes and timescales, derived using a simple model fit to the structure function, on the milliarcsecond radio core sizes measured by Very Long Baseline Interferometry. The most compact sources exhibit larger variability amplitudes and shorter variability timescales than the more extended sources; this could be explained by light travel-time effects.
J2102+6015: a potential distant multimessenger?
Authors: Gurvits Leonid I. , Frey Sándor , Krezinger Máté , Titov Oleg , An Tao , Zhang Yingkang , Polnarev Alexander G. , Gabányi Krisztina É. , Perger Krisztina , Melnikov Alexey 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWe present and briefly discuss results of several studies of the source J2102+6015 with tentatively defined redshift z = 4.575 which demonstrates unusual properties in imaging and astrometric VLBI observations. Its properties might be considered as indications on the supermassive black hole binary which can be considered as a so far rare example of a high-redshift source of known electromagnetic and, possibly, predictable gravitational wave emissions.
Helicopter‐Based Ocean Observations Capture Broad Ocean Heat Intrusions Toward the Totten Ice Shelf
Authors: Nakayama Yoshihiro , Wongpan Pat , Greenbaum Jamin S. , Yamazaki Kaihe , Noguchi Tomohide , Simizu Daisuke , Kashiwase Haruhiko , Blankenship Donald D. , Tamura Takeshi , Aoki Shigeru 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe recent discovery of warm ocean water near the Totten Ice Shelf (TIS) has increased attention to the Sabrina Coast in East Antarctica. We report the result of 6‐day helicopter‐based observations conducted during the 61st Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE61), revealing warm ocean water (0.5–1°C) occupying a large previously unsampled area of the Sabrina Coast (116.5°E−120°E) below 550–600 m. Along the TIS front, we observe modified Circumpolar Deep Water (mCDW) well above freezing (∼−0.7°C), consistent with previous work. We identify glacial meltwater outflow from the TIS cavity west of 116°E. No signs of mCDW intrusions toward the Moscow University Ice Shelf cavity are observed; however, those observations were limited to only two shallow (∼330 m) profiles. We also highlight the advantages of helicopter‐based observations for accessibility, speed, maneuverability, and cost‐efficiency. The combination of ship‐ and helicopter‐based observations using the JARE61 approach will increase the potential of future polar oceanographic observations.
Sounding of the Atmosphere Using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER): Instrument and Science Measurement Description
Authors: Esplin Roy , Mlynczak Martin G. , Russell James , Gordley Larry ,   The SABER Team
Published: September 2023

AbstractSABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) is a 10‐channel infrared radiometer that is one of four instruments on the NASA TIMED (Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics) satellite mission to study the structure, energetics, chemistry, and dynamics of the Earth's mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Each of the ten SABER channels has a unique filter over its detector. The filter passes infrared radiation within a defined spectral region that optimizes the ability to derive temperature and constituent concentrations from the infrared radiance measurements. The TIMED spacecraft was launched into a 625 km circular polar orbit (74.1° inclination) via a Boeing Delta II rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base on 7 December 2001. SABER continues to operate nominally and collect data routinely as it has for over 21 years. Nearly 2,200 peer‐reviewed journal articles have been published worldwide using SABER data. A list of these articles is included in Supporting Information S1 accompanying this paper. This paper presents a detailed technical description of the SABER instrument including major subsystems of the instrument and technical performance parameters. This paper comprehensively describes the instrument and its components and provides final instrument design and performance parameters. The motivation for this paper is to document this information permanently for future reference. The Space Dynamics Laboratory (SDL) of Utah State University designed, fabricated, and calibrated the SABER instrument in close collaboration with NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton University, and Global Atmospheric Technologies and Science (GATS).
Community‐Based Fire Management in East and Southern African Savanna‐Protected Areas: A Review of the Published Evidence
Authors: Croker Abigail R. , Woods Jeremy , Kountouris Yiannis 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe introduction of fire suppression policies and expansion of exclusionary protected areas in East and Southern African savannas have engendered a wildfire paradox. Outside protected areas, livestock have replaced fire as the dominant fuel consumer. Inside their boundaries, wildfire intensity has increased due to accumulating flammable biomass. Community‐Based Fire Management (CBFiM) is recognized as an alternative fire management strategy to address the wildfire paradox and promote equitable fire governance across conservation landscapes. Yet, there has been little investigation into the implementation and effectiveness of CBFiM across East and Southern Africa's savanna‐protected areas. Here we employ a social‐ecological systems framework to develop a systematic map of the published literature on the framing and features of CBFiM in this context. We characterize the challenges and opportunities for their design and implementation, focusing on the relationship between governance systems and community participation in fire management. We find that CBFiM projects are commonly governed by the state and international non‐governmental organisations who retain decision‐making power and determine access to savanna resources and fire use. Existing CBFiM projects are limited to communal rangelands and are developed within existing Community‐Based Natural Resource Management programs prioritizing fire prevention and suppression. Planned CBFiM projects propose an exclusive early‐dry season patch mosaic burning regime to incorporate indigenous fire knowledge into modern management frameworks, but evidence of indigenous and local peoples' involvement is scarce. To provide equitable fire management, CBFiM projects need to address inequalities embedded in protected area governance and centralized suppression policies, and account for changing state‐society and intra‐society relations across the region.
Reconnection Rates at the Earth's Magnetopause and in the Magnetosheath
Authors: Pritchard K. R. , Burch J. L. , Fuselier S. A. , Genestreti K. J. , Denton R. E. , Webster J. M. , Broll J. M. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractReconnection electric fields and normalized reconnection rates (RRs) were determined with the four Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft for 14 reconnection events on the dayside of the Earth's magnetosphere. Half of the events occurred at the magnetopause (MP) and the other half in the magnetosheath (MS). The RRs were determined by measurements of the reconnection electric field within electron diffusion regions. Since the reconnection electric field component is much smaller than the other components, special care had to be taken to eliminate contamination by the larger components. Normalized RRs between 0.02 and 0.48 were determined with average values in the range of theoretical predictions for steady‐state reconnection (0.1–0.2). Using measurements from individual MMS spacecraft, 20 normalized RRs were determined for the seven MP events with a mean of 0.14 and a standard deviation of 0.09. For the 27 RRs that were determined for the seven MS events, the normalized RRs had a mean of 0.16 and a standard deviation of 0.12. These results show variations of over an order of magnitude between the fastest and slowest RRs. However, when summed over all spacecraft, calculations suggest that the RR per event is relatively constant, as predicted theoretically. Searches for dependence of the normalized RR on local or solar‐wind parameters were inconclusive. However, we do find that for the MS events, the reconnection electric field showed a direct dependence on solar‐wind dynamic pressure.
The Global Variation of Low Ionosphere Under Action of Energetic Electron Precipitation
Authors: Chen Zhou , Xie Tingfeng , Li Haimeng , Ouyang Zhihai , Deng Xiaohua 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe density in the D region is hard to observe on a large scale, because the density in this region is too low. In addition to solar radiation changes with a sinusoidal period of 24 hr, the energetic electron precipitation (EEP) is the major source for the ionospheric D region. In this study, we utilized observations from NOAA/MetOp satellites to derive the electron density profile from 60 to 150 km under the influence of EEP. It seems that the derived electron profile is roughly consistent with the observed one. Additionally, using above derived method of low ionospheric (D and E regions) electron profile based on the observations of NOAA/MetOp satellites, the actions of EEP on global ionosphere under different level of geomagnetic activity are analyzed. We find that EEP has a significant impact on the electron density in the altitude range from 60 to 90 km in the L ∼ 4.5–8 and MLT ∼ 9–14 regions, particularly during strong geomagnetic activity. A peak in Total Electron Content (TEC) was observed at MLT ∼ 11–12 and L ∼ 5.5–6, exhibiting an enhancement approximately 19.96 times higher than that observed during quiet periods. However, the effects of EEP decrease as altitude increases. The TEC enhancement at altitudes from 90 to 120 km during strong geomagnetic activity is like that at 60–90 km, but only about 2.08 times higher than that during quiet periods. In addition, only a weak increase is detected around midnight at altitudes from 120 to 150 km.
Spatial and Interannual Variability of Antarctic Sea Ice Bottom Algal Habitat, 2004–2019
Authors: Lim Stephanie M. , van Dijken Gert L. , Arrigo Kevin R. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn the Antarctic, sea ice algae use the highly dynamic sea ice as a platform for growth. Antarctic sea ice extent has recently been highly variable, first showing a slight increase and then a record decrease starting in 2016. We investigated the response of Antarctic ice algal habitat to variations in sea ice and other environmental forcings during 2004–2019. Combining an ice growth model, remote sensing and reanalysis data, and a radiative transfer model, we assessed whether light penetration to the bottom ice was sufficient for ice algal growth. Trends in the inputs over the 16 years were relatively small: there were no changes in ice thickness or bottom ice melt date, a 6.4% decrease in snow depth, a 1.2% decrease in incident light, and a 0.8°C decrease in air temperatures. Eighty‐one percent of the sea ice cover was habitable by ice algae for ≥14 days each year. The Antarctic has a larger extent and duration of potential ice algal habitat than the Arctic. Over time, the spatially averaged seasonal duration of habitat increased because a higher proportion of each pixel became habitable on average, compensating for the 2016–2019 reduction in sea ice extent. The spatial variability in potential habitat was strikingly high, even within geographic sectors. Bottom ice melt date (bloom termination) far surpassed other environmental factors in explaining variation (45%) in ice algal habitat on the 25 km scale. Because melt date depends on the ice‐atmosphere heat balance, Antarctic ice algal habitat may be highly sensitive to future climate changes.
Electrification Within Wintertime Stratiform Regions Sampled During the 2020/2022 NASA IMPACTS Field Campaign
Authors: Harkema Sebastian S. , Carey Lawrence D. , Schultz Christopher J. , Mansell Edward R. , Berndt Emily B. , Fierro Alexandre O. , Matsui Toshi 
Published: September 2023

AbstractTwo nor'easter events—sampled during the NASA Investigation of Microphysics and Precipitation for Atlantic Coast‐Threatening Snowstorms (IMPACTS) field campaign—were examined to characterize the microphysics in relation to the underlying electrification processes within wintertime stratiform regions. A theoretical model was developed to determine whether accretion or diffusion growth regimes were preferential during periods of greatest electrification. Model simulation with electrification parameterization was used to provide supplemental context to the physical processes of in‐cloud microphysics and electrification. The strongest electric fields (i.e., ∼80 V m−1 at 20 km) during the 2020 NASA IMPACTS deployment was associated with large non‐rimed ice crystals colliding with each other. During the 29–30 January 2022 science flight, the NASA P‐3 microphysical probe data demonstrated that non‐inductive charging was possible off the coastline of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Later in the science flight, when the NASA P‐3 and ER‐2 were coordinating with each other, measured electric fields consistently were less than 8 V m−1 and electrification was subdued owing to reduced concentrations of graupel and large ice hydrometeors. Altogether, the in‐situ observations provide evidence for the non‐riming collisional charging mechanism and demonstrates that graupel and supercooled liquid water may not be necessary for weak electrification within wintertime stratiform regions. Model output from simulation of both events suggested that the main synoptic snowbands were associated with elevated hydrometeor snow charge density and electric fields.
Sensitivity of Burned Area and Fire Radiative Power Predictions to Containment Efforts, Fuel Density, and Fuel Moisture Using WRF‐Fire
Authors: Turney Francis A. , Saide Pablo E. , Jimenez Munoz Pedro A. , Muñoz‐Esparza Domingo , Hyer Edward J. , Peterson David A. , Frediani Maria E. , Juliano Timothy W. , DeCastro Amy L. , Kosović Branko , Ye Xinxin , Thapa Laura H. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPredicting the evolution of burned area, smoke emissions, and energy release from wildfires is crucial to air quality forecasting and emergency response planning yet has long posed a significant scientific challenge. Here we compare predictions of burned area and fire radiative power from the coupled weather/fire‐spread model WRF‐Fire (Weather and Research Forecasting Tool with fire code), against simpler methods typically used in air quality forecasts. We choose the 2019 Williams Flats Fire as our test case due to a wealth of observations and ignite the fire on different days and under different configurations. Using a novel re‐gridding scheme, we compare WRF‐Fire's heat output to geostationary satellite data at 1‐hr temporal resolution. We also evaluate WRF‐Fire's time‐resolved burned area against high‐resolution imaging from the National Infrared Operations aircraft data. Results indicate that for this study, accounting for containment efforts in WRF‐Fire simulations makes the biggest difference in achieving accurate results for daily burned area predictions. When incorporating novel containment line inputs, fuel density increases, and fuel moisture observations into the model, the error in average daily burned area is 30% lower than persistence forecasting over a 5‐day forecast. Prescribed diurnal cycles and those resolved by WRF‐Fire simulations show a phase offset of at least an hour ahead of observations, likely indicating the need for dynamic fuel moisture schemes. This work shows that with proper configuration and input data, coupled weather/fire‐spread modeling has the potential to improve smoke emission forecasts.
CLASP: CLustering of Atmospheric Satellite Products and Its Applications in Feature Detection of Atmospheric Trace Gases
Authors: Lee Tabitha , Wang Yuxuan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSatellite instruments have the most potential of capturing trace gas variability as they continually observe the atmosphere and its composition over wide regions. Yet the increasingly large data size of satellite products poses a challenge for their use as traditional data processing methods (e.g., averaging) may not be effective to extract the spatiotemporal variability without prior knowledge of an emission source's spatial and temporal behavior, such as location, time, and plume shape. Here, an agile clustering algorithm entitled CLustering of Atmospheric Satellite Products (CLASP) is presented to identify the spatiotemporal variability of trace gases captured in satellite observations. We find the knowledge discovery method for large data sets, clustering, is suited for identifying the variability of trace gases in satellite observations, as such CLASP is rooted in density‐based clustering methods. CLASP detects features from satellite observations and identifies their spatial, magnitude, and temporal axis leading to a better understanding of the spatiotemporal variability of atmospheric trace gases. To test the applicability of CLASP, the algorithm is applied to TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument NO2 observations illustrating some of its different capabilities. Implementing CLASP for event identification, capturing plume variability, and source detection, CLASP identified wildfires, observed disruptions from COVID‐19 lockdown restrictions, and detected irregular emissions from oil and gas operations.