bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insecticidal Activity of Jatropha Extracts Against the Azalea Lace Bug, Stephanitis pyrioides (Hemiptera: Tingidae)
Authors: Sampson B J , Tabanca N , Werle C T , Stringer S J , Wedge D E , Moraes R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We assessed bioactivity of ethanolic extracts from 35 species of Jatropha L. against an ornamental plant pest, the azalea lace bug, Stephanitis pyrioides (Scott). Jatropha extracts were prepared by air-drying stem, root, or whole plant material, grinding the tissue into a fine powder, adding 70% ethanol, and then vacuum filtering the contents. Emulsions included the extract diluted to the desired concentration in de-ionized water and 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Treatments involved pipetting 20 µl of emulsion onto three adult lace bugs in each well of a 96-well microtiter plate. Treated wells served as replicates for each of six extract concentrations and were arranged according to a RCBD. Extracts of Jatropha clavuligera Müll. Arg. and J. ribifolia (Pohl) Ballion from 0.06 to 0.50% were the most acutely bioactive with bug mortality exceeding that of the positive control – azadirachtin, a terpenoid and chief active ingredient in neem oil. At 1.00%, extracts of J. clavuligera, J. ribifolia and azadirachtin killed 100% of bugs within 3 hr. Jatropha clavuligera induced the lowest LC50 and ranked first in insecticidal potency based on ≥98% of bugs dying within 3 hr. Extracts of J. curcas L., J. gossypiifolia L., J. excisa Griseb, and azadirachtin were equally bioactive; although after 3 hr, the three Jatropha species killed bugs faster. When compared with DMSO, all extract emulsions were bioactive against adult bugs. Thus, active ingredients in a new biopesticide could be sourced from the stem, root, or whole plant extracts of at least five Jatropha species.
When Do States Repatriate Refugees? Evidence from the Middle East
Authors: Şahin-Mencütek Zeynep , Tsourapas Gerasimos 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWhich conditions affect whether a state will choose to repatriate forcibly displaced populations residing within its borders? One of the most pressing issues related to the protracted Syrian refugee situation concerns the future of over 5 million Syrians who sought shelter in neighboring states. With host countries pursuing disparate strategies on Syrians’ return, the existing literature has yet to provide a framework that is able to account for variation on host states’ policies toward refugee repatriation. In this paper, we expand upon the concept of the refugee rentier state to theorize inductively upon the conditions shaping states’ policymaking on repatriation. We draw upon multi-sited fieldwork across the three major refugee host states in the Eastern Mediterranean (Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey) to establish that a refugee rentier state's strategy is driven by domestic political economy costs related to the hosting of refugee populations as well as its geostrategic interests vis-à-vis these refugees’ country of origin. Using a comparative case study approach, we note how a state is more likely to pursue a blackmailing strategy based on threats if it faces high domestic political economy costs and adopts an interventionist policy vis-à-vis the sending state, as in the case of Turkey. Otherwise, it is more likely to pursue a backscratching strategy based on bargains, as in the case of Lebanon and Jordan. We conclude with a discussion on how this framework sheds light on refugee host states’ repatriation policies on a global scale.
Influenza Antiviral Use in Patients Hospitalized With Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza in the United States, FluSurv-NET, 2015–2019
Authors: Tenforde Mark W , Cummings Charisse N , O’Halloran Alissa C , Rothrock Gretchen , Kirley Pam Daily , Alden Nisha B , Meek James , Yousey-Hindes Kimberly , Openo Kyle P , Anderson Evan J , Monroe Maya L , Kim Sue , Nunez Val Tellez , McMahon Melissa , McMullen Chelsea , Khanlian Sarah A , Spina Nancy L , Muse Alison , Gaitán Maria A , Felsen Christina B , Lung Krista , Shiltz Eli , Sutton Melissa , Thomas Ann , Talbot H Keipp , Schaffner William , Price Andrea , Chatelain Ryan , Reed Carrie , Garg Shikha 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
From surveillance data of patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza in the United States during the 2015–2016 through 2018–2019 seasons, initiation of antiviral treatment increased from 86% to 94%, with increases seen across all age groups. However, 62% started therapy ≥3 days after illness onset, driven by late presentation to care.
Comic Crowds
Authors: Tønder Lars 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores Kierkegaard’s writings on comic power in order to develop fresh insight into questions about democracy, rhetoric, and crowd politics. Foregrounding Kierkegaard’s interest in the material and the sensorial—rather than the usual focus on Spirit and the transcendental—the chapter shows how Kierkegaard views comic power as a potential way of constituting the crowd as a collective in which individuals share in their singularity. The chapter uses examples from Kierkegaard’s own time, as well as more contemporary cases, to develop the implications of this argument. The baseline is an often-overlooked link between democracy and comic power. What a true democracy needs, Kierkegaard might have been meaning to suggest, is more—not less—comedy!
Breakin’ Down the Bloc
Authors: Aprahamian Serouj “Midus” 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Very few people would have predicted that a former Soviet Republic, Armenia, would be the site of a burgeoning Hip Hop dance scene. Yet today, you can find a weekly class that teaches breaking, popping, or locking throughout the capital, Yerevan, as well as in outlying areas such as Abovyan and Charentsavan. Competitions take place regularly with guests who are visiting from throughout the former Soviet Union, Europe, and North America, and some dancers who make a living off teaching and performing Hip Hop dance styles. This chapter takes an in-depth look at the development of breaking within the country. Through qualitative interviews with practitioners and direct participant observation, it traces how—and more importantly, why—an artform from a region as far removed as the Bronx, New York, has been adopted by young people in Armenia. It argues that Hip Hop’s embodied practices have helped b-girls and b-boys challenge constrictions and forge new identities at a time of immense socioeconomic transformation, lending support to what dance scholar Halifu Osumare (2007) has identified as the “connective marginalities” developed through global Hip Hop culture.
Twerking and P-Popping in the Context of the New Orleans Local Hip Hop Scene
Authors: Miller Matt 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
After nationwide exposure through performances by the artists Miley Cyrus, Beyoncé, and Big Freedia, twerking—a shaking dance that originated in New Orleans in the early 1990s—became a flashpoint of controversy around issues of sexuality, morality, gender, and cultural appropriation. This chapter traces the evolution of twerking from local phenomenon with roots in the vernacular music culture of New Orleans to sensationalized, mass-mediated phenomenon. New Orleans has been a focal point for the development and evolution of African American social dance since the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and the city has been at the center of the emergence of several important dance-music genres including jazz, R & B, and funk. In the last three decades, as Hip Hop and rap have become the dominant frame of musical reference among African American youth, the city has continued to act as an influential presence in the national scene. The chapter will show that, despite its eroticized image, twerking, or p-popping, is not a product of strip clubs or the adult-entertainment industry but, rather, a dance with deep roots in the vernacular African American music culture of New Orleans. In the process of wider popularization and exposure, the dance brought issues of sexuality, gender, and morality into focus within a racially inflected framework.
The Camera in the Cypher
Authors: Fleet Lakewood Vanessa 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Martha Cooper’s visual influence on public conceptions of hip hop dance. While working as a staff photographer at the New York Post in January 1980, Cooper had an encounter with a group of boys at a police station that resulted in the earliest publicly recorded images of breaking. Tracing the diffusion and multiplication of images associated with this event in print and lens-based media, the chapter observes the historical permissions and conditions that allowed breaking to enter mass-mediated forms of discourse. It draws on theoretical interventions addressing the force of hypervisibility on the movement, congregation, and performance of Black subjects. It argues that lens-based media both depicted and fabricated the aesthetics of outlawry that defined breaking’s early cultural formation.
The Vault
Authors: Sakalauskas Marc “Scramblelock” 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Streetdancers who want to learn more about their particular style often begin by collecting dance footage. However, there are a few who collect seriously for the purpose of archiving the history and development of these styles. Although there are those who have built up extensive libraries of b-boying footage—consisting of events, solo videos, practices, showcases, interviews, and even rap videos featuring the dance—the archiving of funk dances such as locking and popping has not been as common or as easy a task. This chapter discusses the personal journey of Marc “Scramblelock” Sakalauskas in developing an active and dynamic library of streetdance footage, with a focus on breaking, locking, and popping. It also discusses how the collection was built, the methods of categorization used, and the other directions the project has taken in the digital era.
Introduction
Authors: Sugirtharajah R. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This volume is about the Bible, biblical and modern empires, and the emergence of postcolonial biblical criticism, both in its potency to unsettle and as an intervening, and a contestory force. The introduction narrates the complicated history of how the nature and character of the Bible, empires, the postcolonial criticism have evolved and changed over the years. It also documents how a number of biblical projects such as canonization, the quest for the lives of Jesus, and Gospel Harmonies were closely aligned with imperial projects. In particular, it castigates the hesitation among mainstream Western biblical scholars in offering a critique of empires – a primary concern of postcolonial criticism. The assembled essays here are situated in their contexts and show where they converge and diverge. They provide exegetical examples of how champions and opponents of empire utilized the biblical narratives to support or subvert their respective causes. They also explore how postcolonialism intersects with related areas such as gender studies, race relations, postmodern concerns, environmental issues, liberation theology and imperial translation projects. These contributors amplify and extend the usefulness of postcolonial biblical criticism in understanding both the colonial past and the contemporary world.
Trans-Atlantic Trade
Authors: Brown Colin , Tabet Sylvie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
bstract: The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement between Canada and the European Union and its Member States (CETA) is the only modern instrument governing trans-Atlantic trade that bridges differences between European and North American approaches in trade agreements. This Chapter analyses that agreement, looking at the innovative approaches that are taken and how they interact with and the effect they have had on Canadian and EU policy more generally. The chapter also examines the procedure for the implementation and ratification of CETA. The conclusion and ratification of CETA raised a number of legal issues, in particular with respect to the scope of the European Union’s powers to conclude broad and comprehensive free trade agreements (FTAs) including investment protection provisions.
International Trade Policy in Latin America (Pacific Alliance—MERCOSUR)
Authors: Changanaquí Miranda Jorge Luis , Cusipuma Frisancho John Ramiro 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the developments in trade policy in Latin America. In the past decades, Latin American States have shifted their trading policy from import substitution to free trade, building a vast web of trade agreements with the main economies of the world. New provisions, such as trade-related disciplines pertaining to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), regulatory cooperation, gender, among others, have been included in trade agreements. On the other hand, the establishment of disciplines such as labour and environment in RTAs has presented difficulties. The Pacific Alliance and MERCOSUR, both trading blocs which encompass the main actors of the region, have accomplished several milestones in trade openness. However, there has not been a wide development in trade agreements between Latin American countries despite the potential benefits that convergence might bring.
An Introduction to Core Principles of International Trade Law
Authors: Lockhart Nicolas , Connolly Katherine 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter sets out the core principles of international trade law, covering the typical range of obligations and exceptions that apply to international trade in goods and services, under both the WTO covered agreements and FTAs. The first two topics cover the “bedrock” principles of international trade law: market access (covering tariff barriers, quantitative restrictions, non-tariff barriers, and some services-specific market access considerations); and non-discrimination (as between domestic and imported goods; and between imported goods from different sources). The third topic covers various ‘good governance’ obligations, which require transparency and proper administration by national authorities, with respect to their trade-related measures. The penultimate topic covers obligations that balance competing trade interests of different WTO Members, including permitted grounds for preferential trade treatment of imports, the grant of subsidies, and the imposition of trade remedies on imports. Finally, we consider the rules that look to balance competing trade and non-trade interests, including the general and security exceptions in the GATT 1994, and the SPS and TBT Agreements.
Trade in Goods
Authors: Ramírez Hernández Ricardo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
As international trade became more sophisticated, the ‘traditional’ trade in goods topics seemed to be entering an extinction phase and be substituted by other forms of trade regulation, such as technical barriers or sanitary measures. However, in recent years and for different reasons, many of them reclaimed their relevance. This chapter also discusses an essential tool for the operation of trade in goods, which is tariff classification, as well as an often overlooked but fundamental issue in trade in goods regulation, which are the rules of origin. Global value chain operations could not be conceived without rules of origin. Finally, the COVID 19 pandemic revealed how vulnerable international trade could be to import and export restrictions, such as quotas or licences, and how important trade facilitation could be to bolster trade and even to save lives.
Food Safety
Authors: Echols Marsha 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The WTO’s SPS Agreement creates a new trade bargain by restricting Members’ sovereignty with respect to food safety regulation with a “system” expanding on beyond the exception in Article XX(b)to GATT 1947. The essence of the SPS bargain is a ‘system’ created principally through Articles 2, 4 and 5 and Annexes B and C to the SPS Agreement. This ‘system’ inserts into the trade bargain extensive new rules about food safety regulation, based on objective and harmonized standards, scientific principles (objective evidence of a qualitative or quantitative nature) and risk assessment. The system leaves a Member little ability to consider national or regional food history and culture with respect to its decisions to food safety for protecting human life and health. However, the bargain offers the promise to a WTO Member that relinquishing some regulatory authority will be rewarded with expected commercial benefits and commitments from trading partners. In FTAs concluded after the SPS Agreement, nations affirm their SPS rights and obligations: they affirm their sovereign right to enact a sanitary measure and their obligation to base that measure on scientific principles such as objectivity, and to maintain the measure only with sufficient scientific evidence of a qualitative or quantitative nature. At the same time, like the international system that has evolved through the work of the ‘Three Sisters’, FTA partners have added ‘risk management’ and ‘risk communication’ as steps in the development of a food safety measure. The result might be a gradual shift toward an SPS system that extends beyond a purely scientific assessment of risk, including factors relevant to the protection of the health of consumers and the promotion of fair practices in food trade.
International Trade Law Institutions
Authors: Flett James , Mataija Mislav 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter summarizes and analyses the institutional law of the WTO, that is, the entities that make-up or operate within the WTO, how they are constituted, their powers and responsibilities (general and specific, conferred, delegated, or implied), the procedures governing the conduct of their proceedings, and the relationships between them. Absent an executive or parliament, the focus is on the relationship between the legislature (in its various guises) and the judicial branch, which is critical to understanding both the current state and eventual future of the WTO. The main institutional aspects of certain other international trade agreements are also reviewed and discussed.
The Regulation of International Trade and (Democratic) Legitimacy
Authors: Elsig Manfred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how recent developments in the trading system can be assessed in light of concepts of (democratic) legitimacy. It addresses input and output legitimacy concerns and discusses how the politics in the World Trade Organization and in the growing network of preferential trade agreements have evolved in recent years. Overall, the chapter argues that the perceived level of legitimacy of venues for international trade regulation has decreased in recent years, starting with the trade policy turn during the Trump Administration. The chapter also provides a cautionary note that increasing US-China rivalry and the rise of populism will further negatively impact on the overall perceived legitimacy of international trade institutions.
The Relationships between Workplace Uncertainty and Employee Proactivity
Authors: Wang Dan , Sheng Zitong , Parker Sharon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a review of the relationships between uncertainty and employee proactive behavior in organizations. The authors suggest that uncertainty deserves more attention because it influences employees’ proactivity in complex ways. The authors also discuss the implications of employee proactivity in influencing uncertainty and propose a feedback-loop model. Specifically, the feedback-loop model suggests that exogenous uncertainty impacts endogenous uncertainty and leads to an increase or reduction in the motivational states related to proactivity, thereby shaping employees’ engagement in proactive behavior. The feedback-loop model further suggests that proactive behavior can take two forms, opportunity-creating and problem-fixing, which have different implications for uncertainty. The authors argue that in the short run, opportunity-creating proactive behavior promotes endogenous uncertainty, whereas problem-fixing proactive behavior reduces endogenous uncertainty. In the long run, both two types of proactive behavior have the potential to reduce exogenous uncertainty.
Correlative Structures in Dravidian
Authors: Steever Sanford B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the structure, function, and history of correlative relative clauses (CRCs) in Dravidian and argues (contra prior descriptions of CRCs as borrowings from Indo-Aryan (IA), and limited to the written languages) that apart from North Dravidian borrowings from IA, CRCs are grounded in Dravidian morphosyntax and may be projected to Proto-Dravidian, before IA influence. Some assumptions and consequences of the borrowing hypothesis are contested (e.g. that a language should have just one means of forming relative clauses, stemming from the 19th-century ideology of primitive vs. advanced languages). Multiple, distinct CRCs are used when morphological and syntactic factors disfavour the formation of adnominal relative clauses (ARCs). CRCs may access rungs of the Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy inaccessible to ARCs, penetrate into syntactic islands, or relativise sentences with predicate nominals.
Entrepreneurship in Culture
Authors: Konrad Elmar D. , Vecco Marilena 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Private cultural enterprises are measured not only by the quality of their artistic offerings and social impact but also by their economic success. Particularly in view of tight public budgets and the increasing number of start-ups and project initiatives in the cultural sector, interaction of and a synthesis between artistic output and economic efficiency are desirable. Founders and managers of such enterprises therefore increasingly refer to, and apply, entrepreneurial measures of success to assess their performance. In this chapter, the influence of entrepreneurial behavior on success in the private cultural sector is analyzed by using tools of entrepreneurship research. Specifically, the present study discusses the entrepreneurial excellence model, showing that the presence of entrepreneurial competences and the entrepreneurial behavior of the founders and managers of private cultural enterprises are indeed fundamental to success. This leads us to conclude that entrepreneurship and culture are not incompatible, but rather have a synergistic effect.
The Changing Face of Mission Studies since the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Stanley Brian 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter surveys the main trends in the emergence and evolution of the academic study of Christian missions since the late nineteenth century. It notes the pioneering roles in the development of “the science of missions” (Missionswissenschaft) played by the Catholic Joseph Schmidlin and the Protestants Gustav Warneck and J. H. Oldham, secretary of the World Missionary Conference 1910, and founding editor of the International Review of Missions (1912). The chapter goes on to discuss the changing relationship of mission studies or “missiology” to new fields of study, such as the history of religions and later of “world Christianity.” Attention is paid to the formation of the International Association for Mission Studies in 1972. Recent years have witnessed the gradual diversification of the mission studies community, which is now fully ecumenical, inclusive in terms of gender, and more reflective of the contributions of non-Western scholars and church leaders.