bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field Evaluations and Applications of Electronic Identification (EID) Systems in the Bovine Industry
Authors: Maher Kevin D. , Knowles Ralph C. , Curkendall Lee 
Published: March 2023

Automatic identification of members of the bovine family is very important in present and future developments of livestock production. From securing export of healthy live animals and meat with genetic superiority to automating health records and production records; automatic identification has the potential to play a significant role in the livestock industry.
The technology evaluated is the implantable, passive, electronic identification transponders manufactured by Destron/IDI, of Boulder, Colorado. Transponders were implanted in over 4549 animals during 1991 and 1992 in the United States, Canada and England, evaluating the following:(1.) implanting technique(2.) transponder retention(3.) automation with various animal production systems(4.) carcass identification within the slaughterhouse(5.) slaughterhouse recovery of transponders(6.) disease eradication programs(7.) breed registration(8.) alternative identification to branding and other forms of identification.
The above items will be discussed in some detail as related to the trials performed on animals.
Interest of a Concentrate of Live Yeast Cells
Authors: Tournut J. , Roques C. , Dussert L. , Jonvel S. 
Published: March 2023

BIOSAF is a concentrate of live yeast cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain Sc 47) containing more than 5.10^9 viable cells per gram.
Due to a proprietary process, BIOSAF is presented in round shape particules, naturally coated. This particular process provides a very good resistance to heat shock during the pelleting process, so that the product can be incorporated in pelleted feed.
Activity of Plasma-Protein C in Dairy Cows With Left-sided Displacement of the Abomasum and Fatty Liver Syndrome
Authors: Rehage J. , Scholz H. , Kramer J. , Mertens M. , Heuwieser W. , Höltershinken M. 
Published: March 2023

Fatty infiltration of the liver, occurring within 1 to 5 weeks postpartum, and due to excessive lipomobilisation, is the most common liver disease in dairy cows. Case studies showed that 91% of cases with left-sided displacement of the abomasum (LDA), accompanied by suppression of appetite and enhanced lipomobilisation, occurred during this period2. Our experience indicates that nearly 4% of cows with LOA, admitted for surgical treatment, develop hepatic failure in the postoperative period and die in hepatic coma or are slaughterd for that reason3.
It has been shown in humans that the plasma activity of Protein C, synthesized in the liver as a Vitamin K-dependant \ anticoagulant factor, decreases in severe liver disease. Therefore, dairy cows suffering from LDA were studied in order to gain information about the correlation between plasma-protein C-activity and hepatic lipidosis.
Studies on Abomaso-Ruminal Reflux in Milk Fed Dairy Calves
Authors: Jessen S. , Thorsen T. , Agerholm A. , Jørgensen R. J. 
Published: March 2023

Gastro-intestinal disorders constitute the most important findings among an estimated 200.000 neonatal dairy calf mortalities in Denmark (5). Besides infectious diarrhoea, forestomach disturbances play an important role on its own or in combination with general weakness caused by, e.g., diarrhoea. Such disturbances may result from ruminal drinking, from abomaso-ruminal reflux or by forced feeding of weak calves with milk by stomach tube. In any case this leads to disturbed forestomach function, to poor milk utilisation and retarded growth.
Reflux may occur in single calves with intestinal obstruction. Management factors which may precipitate reflux are however unknown. In the present experiment the possible role of feeding irregular amounts of milk on the occurrence of reflux is examined in young bucket fed Jersey calves. The investigation was made possible by the recent development of a simple milk coagulation test (4), to be performed on rumen samples, as an indicator of the occurrence of reflux.
Impact of Modern Milk Replacer Formulations on Calf Health and Performance
Authors: Tomkins Trevor , Sowinski Janusz 
Published: March 2023

Within the last ten years there have been major changes in the formulation of calf milk replacers in the United States. These have been brought about by changes in the world supply of milk based ingredients, milk processing technology, vegetable protein processing technology and knowledge of the calf's digestive system. Calf milk replacers manufactured in the 1950's and 1960's contained high levels of skim milk powder as the primary protein source. Skim milk protein consists of approximately 80% casein protein and 20% whey proteins. Provided that the skim milk has not been severely heat treated during the drying process, casein in the milk replacers forms a firm clot or curd in the calf's abomasum. Severely heat treated skim milk does not clot and calves fed milk replacer containing such skim milk suffer from diarrhea and poor performance.
Today's modern milk replacers, in the United States, do not contain significant levels of skim milk powder, but either whey proteins or combinations of whey proteins and vegetable proteins, including isolated soy protein, soy protein concentrate, soy flour, isolated wheat protein or potato protein. These milk replacers do not clot in the abomasum and there has been speculation that such non clotting milk replacers may have a negative impact on calf health and performance.
Milk Specialties Company has undertaken a series of studies to investigate replacement of skim milk protein in calf milk replacers with whey proteins.
Epidemiology and Control of L. Hardjo in the Netherlands
Authors: Franken P. , Van Wuijckhuise L. , Hartman E. G. 
Published: March 2023

In 1984 infections with Leptospira hardjo were first detected in dairy cattle and man in the Netherlands. In 1988 a program to monitor the infection status of dairy farms was started.Presented are our experiences with:- bulk milk monitoring of L. hardjo- the origin of detected new infections on farms- an experimental control program
Recherche Sur La Signification Pronostique Des Variations De La Zincemie Au Cours D'Une Pneumonie Experimentale A Pasteurella Haemolytica Al Chez Le Veau
Authors: Espinasse J. , Schelcher F. , Valarcher J. -F. , Vidal J. , Saintagne J. , Chabanet D. , Madelenat A. 
Published: March 2023

14 calves of the same breed and age were inoculated with a Pasteurella haemolytica Al (Phal) isolate as described in a previously published protocol. From the onset of the disease, 5 received an antibiotic treatment, 5 others a treatment combining the same antibiotic with a steroidal anti-inflammatory drug while 4 animals did not receive any treatment. A clinical examination was carried out twice a day to determine a mean disease score (MDS). After death or sacrifice the lungs were weighed, the extent of the lesions quantified in a score (mean lung score = MLS) based on combined inspection and palpation. A blood sample was taken each day from each calf with the usual precautions, and the plasma zinc content determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The observations were made over a period of 8 days. 88 zinc determinations were performed. The analysis of variance showed a significant difference (p ≤ 0,01) between the plasma zinc content of calves considered to be clinically normal (MDS < 1,5) and diseased calves (MDS > 1,5), also a significant difference (p ≤ 0,01) between the plasma zinc contents of calves in which MOS < 1,5 + MLS < 1,5 and those in which MDS > 1,5 + MLS > 1,5. The correlation coefficient between terminal zinc levels and lung score (p ≤ 0,01) and between terminal zinc levels and lung weight (p ≤ 0,05) in animals in which the plasma zinc content before death or sacrifice was < 0,96 mg/I, was also significant. These linkages were not apparent in animals with normal plasma zinc levels. In our respiratory disease model these results confirm the linkage between zinc content and the inflammatory reaction brought about by intratracheal inoculation with Phal. They also demonstrate a relationship between hypozincaemia and pulmonary lesions. They therefore have a certain prognosis value. For these different reasons the plasma zinc content could serve as an indicator and provide information about bovine respiratory disease complex evolution.
Article in French, English and Spanish summaries
Étude Sur La Prevalence De Streptococcus Agalactiae et Staphylococcus Aureus Dans Les Troupeaux Du Quebec Par La Culture Séquentille Du Reservoir
Authors: Guillemette J. M. , Bouchard E. , Bigras-Poulin M. , Nadeau M. 
Published: March 2023

This study was done on 325 dairy farms in Quebec, Canada to estimate S. agalactiae and S. aureus herd infection prevalence and their impact on milk production and quality. A maximum of 3 bulk tank milk sample were collected in each selected farm for bacteriology and somatic cell counting. A questionnaire for evaluation of farm management and mastitis control practices was administered during the first visit. The study reveals a herd infection prevalence for S. agalactiae and S. aureus of 43% and 93.4% respectively; 4.7% are negative to both bacteria. Adoption on a regular basis of teat dipping of all cows and blanket dry cow therapy is 60.8% and 34% respectively. The high prevalence results for S. agalactiae and S. aureus and the poor adoption of basic mastitis control practices give us a basis to improve upon with a mastitis control program.
Article in French, English and Spanish summaries on PDF
Encephalopathie Hepatique, Un Nouveau Syndrome Neonatal Chez Les Veaux
Authors: Ghergariu S. , Baba A. I. , Gorgan L. , Rotaru O. , Spinu O. 
Published: March 2023

In a farm of dairy cows, during an outbreak of neonatal diarrhea, the following nervous disturbances were observed in 3 calves without diarrhea and in 1 calf with diarrhea: ataxia, recumbency, abnormal positions of the head, hyperexcitability, an unusual and persistent bellowing and finally a comatose status. No bacterial or virusological implications were confirmed.
The blood ammonia in 2 sick calves (6 hours and 3 days of age) was 134,3 and 200,6 ) μg/dl respectively; the levels obtained in 11 healthy newborn calves 6-24 hours of age in a farm free of neonatal diarrhea were comprised between 1,03 and 52,26 μg/dl. The hepatic vitamin A in the above mentioned calves was 65,72 and 49,29 i.u./g.
The necropsy performed in the 2 calves after euthanasy as well as in 2 other dead calves revealed hepatic steatosis and fibrosis and spongy transformation of the white matter in the brain, the brain stem, cerebellum and medulla oblongata.
A diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy was made as a result of the hyperammonaemia and the spongiosis of the white maiter of the C.N.S.
The possible involvement of an intrauterine exposition to the toxic effect of the high level of alcohols (16%) detected in the corn silage fed to the cows is suspected.
Article in French, English summary on PDF
Looking Ahead in the Livestock Industry
Authors: Freeh Vern 
Published: March 2023

It is indeed a pleasure for me to be here this morning -- and to have the opportunity to address you at this Plenary Session.
Even though I've spent a good part of my life traveling and working in over sixty countries of the world -- I haven't had many opportunities to be in such close association with people of your profession.
When I was growing up on a depression era farm in North Dakota, we usually didn't call the vet until our cow or horse was almost dead -- and so there was usually little reason for him to spend much time on our farm -- except to administer the last rites.
I remember after he left, my father and I would quickly skin the dead animal and sell the hide so we could pay his nominal fee.
In more recent years, it seems, the only times I've talked to veterinarians has usually been with dogs barking in the background and my own undisciplined dog straining at his leash.
So I quickly accepted when I was asked to address you, for I knew this would be a more favorable environment -- or at least I hoped it would be!
Today, I've been asked to look into my crystal ball and tell you what I see ahead for the livestock industry.
Dehorning - Effects on Performance and Economics
Authors: Brazle Frank K. 
Published: March 2023

There are many dehorning methods used today, from complete removal of the horn, to various degrees of tipping horns. The data presented in this paper will only deal with complete horn removal.
When should we castrate calves? Because bull calves grow faster than steer calves, one might be led to believe that the longer we wait to castrate a calf, the quicker he will get to slaughter. Research data at Iowa showed that calves castrated at birth to 3 months of age reach slaughter 11.6 days earlier than calves castrated at weaning.
Appalachian Adaptations
Authors: Painter Elaine A. 
Published: March 2023

Just recently, I have read several articles that question the abilities of women that have chosen to specialize in bovine practice, especially small women. These articles have questioned the capabilities of small women handling cattle properly when approached by an uncooperative patient. Well, let me ease your minds. I know from personal experience that a small female can become a successful bovine expert.
Due to the poor economic status of eastern Kentucky, the Appalachian coal fields, the application of treating a family pet as well as a food producing animal is rewarding, and trying. There are few cow/calf type operations on reclaimed strip jobs in this area. Usually, there are 10-50 heads of cattle turned loose on these reclaimed strip jobs. By educating the owners on nutrition and handling facilities, I learned that the care of these animals does improve.
Plasma Disposition of Ceftiofur and Metabolites After Intravenous and Intramuscular Administration of Ceftiofur Sodium to Calves of Various Ages
Authors: Brown Scott A. , Robb Edward J. 
Published: March 2023

Find out what happens to ceftiofur (NAXCEL ® Sterile Powder) after you leave the barn when the drug, the bug and the calf take over. Just as that wet naveled little cutey grows up to be that cantankerous black baldy, some of its metabolic machinery matures as well. This study reviews the pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium in calves as they mature from 7 days to 9 months of age.
The approved dosage regimes for ceftiofur sodium, 1.1-2.2 mg/kg (0.5-1.0 mg/pound) bodyweight administered intramuscularly once daily for up to five consecutive days, provides plasma concentrations of ceftiofur and metabolites above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90≤0.06μg/mL) for the bovine bacterial respiratory disease pathogens Pasteurella hemolytica, Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus somnus. In this study plasma concentrations are maintained for a longer period of time in neonatal calves than in older calves. This update will review the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of ceftiofur in calves from 7 days to 9 months of age providing useful information for bovine practitioners.
Multiple Paths to Maximum Milk Production in Dairy Herds
Authors: Kinsel Mark L. , Marsh William E. , Reneau Jeffrey K. 
Published: March 2023

Substantial effort has been invested in research strategies to maximize milk production on dairy farms. Nearly all of these approaches have focused on reaching target performance levels for the key components of milk production (milk per cow per day, calving interval, culling rate, etc.). Significant deviations from these targets have been viewed as suboptimal performance and a "problem" to correct through improved management.
However, research in our laboratory using large swine databases has shown that setting targets without regard to the underlying biological and mathematical relationships among performance parameters is imprudent. It inevitably results in a biologically impossible combination of values being set as targets.
In this study, we use production data from 152 dairy herds. We will describe the range of performance for the components of the milk production cycle that were achieved by the highest producing dairy herds in our database. These findings can be used by all dairy producers to set production targets for commonly used productivity measures that are biologically consistent with one another.
Is Off-Target Performance a Real Problem?
Authors: Marsh William E. , Soler Alvaro J. , Kinsel Mark L. , Reneau Jeffrey K. 
Published: March 2023

The veterinary profession continues to make greater use of production databases in serving the dairy industry. Increasingly sophisticated database management systems allow producers and practitioners to consider the biological, statistical, and economic implications of management interventions. Frequency distributions and simple descriptive statistics can be very helpful in understanding patterns that underlie commonly used measures of dairy herd productivity.
Once underlying patterns are understood, statistics can be used to set feasible production targets and confidence intervals to accommodate the variability inherent in biology. This is particularly appropriate for smaller herds or when one wishes to analyze performance over short time periods. Confidence intervals and interference levels can be adjusted to lessen the chances of erroneous conclusions being drawn when sample sizes are small. Consequences of drawing the wrong conclusions are implementing changes when no intervention is warranted, or failing to act quickly enough in response to falling productivity.
Practicing veterinarians can apply these simple-to-use practical techniques which help avoid the trap of confusing normal variation with real changes in productivity.
Practical Application of MUN Analyses
Authors: Nelson Arden J. 
Published: March 2023

Urea is the detoxified form of protein waste in the mammalian body. In the ruminant, excess rumen ammonia is absorbed from the rumen through the rumen wall to the blood stream. It is carried to the liver and is converted into urea by the liver. Urea can be recycled through the blood stream back to the rumen.
The protein waste, ammonia, originates either from the diet or from normal tissue breakdown throughout the cow's body. The high producing milking cow has most of this urea originate from un-used dietary protein. Ropstad, et.al.21 nicely showed the relationship between dietary protein, rumen ammonia, and milk urea in 21 adult and 7 first lactation Norwegian Red cows (Figures 1 and 2). The excess protein can be from any of the protein fractions. We tend to think only of soluble protein, but it can also originate from insoluble degradable, or undegradable protein.6 Urea is extremely water soluble and is carried by the blood into all tissues, including the lungs, kidney, rumen, small intestine, uterus and the mammary gland.
Blood and plasma and serum urea nitrogen (BUN, PUN, SUN) are synonyms for urea levels taken from blood samples. Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) measures the level of urea in milk. Until recently, it was believed that milk urea nitrogen levels were about 85-90% of blood urea nitrogen. Very recent work done at the University of Pennsylvania1 (Figure 3) and Cornell University has demonstrated that milk urea nitrogen is nearly equal to blood urea nitrogen; MUN/BUN= .96-.98. The apparent difference in prior studies was due to improper sample preparation, with milk fat and/or milk protein interfering with the correct determination of milk urea level.
It is believed today that urea diffuses into and out of the mammary gland, and that urea in milk will equilibrate with blood in a short time span. Gustafsson and Palmquist11 showed that serum urea peaked 1.5-2.0 hrs after rumen ammonia peaked in cows fed once daily. Milk urea changes lagged behind serum urea changes by 1.0-2.0 hrs (Figure 4). When urea in serum was increasing, milk urea lagged and was lower; when serum urea was decreasing, milk urea lagged and was higher.
Evaluation of the effect of the fenbendazole sustained-release intraruminal device on the immunity of calves to lungworm
Authors: Jacobs D. E. , Hutchinson M. J. , Abbott E. M. 
Published: March 2023

Each of 10 set-stocked calves was given a fenbendazole sustained-release intraruminal bolus at turnout for the control of parasitic bronchitis while a group of 10 similar calves was left untreated. The respiratory rates of the control calves were not greatly increased during the grazing season, but persistent coughing was evident from early July when they all had patent lungworm infections.
Full article published in Veterinary Record (1996); 139, 60-63
Therapeutic Strategies for Contagious and Non-contagious Mastitis
Authors: Guterbock Walter M. 
Published: March 2023

In recent years veterinarians and dairymen have reevaluated the advisability of treating clinical mastitis with antibiotics in herds where most of the clinical mastitis is caused by environmental pathogens. Most of the commercial antibiotic products available in the United States were tested against subclinical infections with contagious pathogens. A review of the current literature shows that antibiotics generally make no difference in the outcome of gram-negative intramammary infections. In gram-positive infections, the benefit of antibiotics depends on the pathogen. Streptococcus agalactiae infections respond well to therapy with any of the intramammary preparations available in the US. Staphylococcus aureus infections are generally refractory to antibiotic therapy according to the labels of the commercial tubes. The success of treatment may be increased by using antibiotics in conjunction with parenteral antibiotics or for longer durations than on the label. Coagulase-negative staphylococci generally cause mild mastitis in which antibiotic therapy makes little difference. The environmental streptococci are emerging as important and tough pathogens. Antibiotic therapy increases the success rate of treatment and may help prevent relapses and chronicity, but. more research is needed in this area.
No one protocol for treatment of clinical mastitis can be applied to all farms. Recommendations should be based on analysis of bulk tank and clinical samples and of the milking and management practices on the farm. Since clinical judgment and extralabel use of drugs is generally involved, the knowledge and advice of the veterinarian are essential in developing and evaluating treatment protocols. A suggested protocol for use in large herds that have little or no contagious mastitis will be presented.
Bovine immunodeficiency-like virus
Authors: Venables C. , Lysons R. , Horigan M. , Stagg D. , Dawson M. 
Published: March 2023

Bioassay was used to determine whether bovine immuno-deficiency-like virus (BIV) in milk was inactivated by pasteurisation.

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1997) 140, 275-277.
Histological and bacteriological evaluation of digital dermatitis in cattle, with special reference to spirochaetes and Campylobacter faecalis
Authors: Döpfer D. , Koopmans A. , Meijer F. A. , Szakáll I. , Schukken Y. H. , Klee W. , Bosma R. B. , Corelisse J. L. , Van Asten A. J. A. M. , Ter Huurne A. A. H. M. 
Published: March 2023

Tissue samples from the feet of slaughtered cattle exhibiting different stages of digital dermatitis were sectioned and stained with haematoxylin and eosin and silver staining techniques. Three morphological variationsof spirochaetes were observed, whereas control samples from feet which were marcroscopically negative for digital dermatitis were also negative for spirochaetes.
Full article published in Veterinary Record (1997) 140, 620-623
Insemination of cattle with semen from a bull transiently infected with pestivirus
Authors: Kirkland P. D. , McGowan M. R. , Mackintosh S. G. , Moyle A. 
Published: March 2023

When 73 heifers (60 of which were seronegative to pestivirus) were inseminated with pestivirus-contaminated semen from a transiently bull, the conception rate to a single insemination was found to be normal (65 percent). Only three animals became systemically infected, as determined by viraemia and seroconversion.
Full article published in Veterinary Record (1997) 140, 124-127