bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Immune Response of the Pigeon (Columba Livia)
Authors: Guttman Ralph M. , Tebo Thomas , Edwards John , Barboriak Joseph J. , Fink Jordan N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Pigeons were immunized with bovine serum albumin and the subsequent antibody responses were characterized by several immunologic techniques. The antibody responses were delayed in onset, and 6 of 17 pigeons failed to produce detectable hemagglutinating antibody until after a second or third injection. Only 4 of 17 birds produced precipitating antibody. Mercaptoethanol-sensitive antibody persisted after the primary stimulus as the hemagglutination titers of some sera collected after the third injection could still be reduced by treatment. Immunoelectrophoresis and autoradiography revealed the presence of antibodies with mobilities similar to human IgG and IgM. A heat labile skin-sensitizing antibody was detected and had a minimum latent period of 24 hr and other characteristics similar to human homocytotropic antibody.
Immunoferritin Study of the Distribution of HL.A Antigens on Human Blood Cells
Authors: Kourilsky François M. , Silvestre Danielle , Levy Jean Paul , Dausset Jean , Nicolai Marie Gabrielle , Senik Anna 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The localization and distribution of human histocompatibility antigens of the HL.A system was studied in the membranes of a variety of peripheral blood and bone marrow cells, using an indirect ferritin-labeled antibody technique. The distribution of specific HL.A ferritin labeling at the cell membrane was found to be discontinuous, forming “patches” similar to those described for H-2 antigens in mice with indirect immunoferritin methods. The importance of the HL.A labeling at the cell surface varied considerably according to the spectrum of specificity of the anti HL.A antisera used. The cell prolongations were never labeled. The HL.A antigens were localized on all nucleated cells studied, including lymphocytes, monocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, granulocyte precursors, stem cells, erythroblasts, leukemic cells and cultured lymphoid cells. However the comparative evaluation of the labeling suggested that the concentration of HL.A antigens is much lower at the membrane of immature cells. HL.A antigens were never detected on mature erythrocytes, but are still present on reticulocytes. These results suggest a heterogeneity of the human cell membrane with regard to the HL.A antigenic expression, and important variations of the concentration of these antigens according to the cell type and degree of differentiation.
Mechanism of Histamine Release from Mast Cells by Cationic Protein (Band 2) from Neutrophil Lysosomes
Authors: Ranadive N. S. , Cochrane C. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies have been conducted on the mechanisms of release of histamine from isolated mast cells by a purified basic protein of neutrophilic leukocytes. Release was inhibited in the cold, by 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) (5 × 10-5) in the absence of glucose, by iodoacetic acid (2 × 10-3), and by heating the cells to 45°C. Organophosphorus esterase inhibitors also prevented release of histamine when added simultaneously with the neutrophilic basic protein. Mast cells activated in the presence of DNP inhibitor and then washed released histamine upon addition of glucose. This release was not affected by diisopropylfluorophosphate, but was inhibited by chelation. Mast cells exposed at 37°C to basic protein in the presence of DNP for varying times, and then washed and added to glucose-containing medium, demonstrated increasing inability to release histamine over a 30-min period of initial exposure. These cells would not respond to fresh addition of the basic protein. In contrast, cells held at 10°C in the presence of basic protein would still respond after washing to the fresh addition of basic protein. The data provide evidence for distinct intracellular steps in the process of activation of mast cells and release of histamine.
Secretory IgA, A Major Immunoglobulin in Most Bovine External Secretions
Authors: Mach Jean-Pierre , Pahud Jean-Jacques 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Bovine secretory IgA (SIgA), recently identified in colostrum, was shown to be homologous to human SIgA by immunologic cross-reaction. A quantitative study indicated that bovine SIgA, a minor component of colostrum, is a major immunoglobulin in most other external secretions including saliva, spermatic fluid, lacrimal, nasal and gastrointestinal secretions. SIgA was isolated from saliva. The free form of secretory component was found to be abundant in milk. A normal lactating cow produces about 1.2 g of this protein per day. Two forms of IgA were identified in serum: a normal serum IgA with no secretory antigenic determinant, and a small amount of SIgA. In vitro synthesis of SIgA by the salivary gland was studied by tissue cultures with incorporation of labeled amino acids.
Electron Microscopic Recognition of Surface Antigen by Direct Reaction and Ferritin Capture with Guinea Pig Hybrid Antibody
Authors: Knüsel A. , Bächi Th. , Gitzelmann R. , Lindenmann J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have recently reported the results of electron microscopic studies of rabbit small intestinal mucosa in which sucrase was identified as a part of the epithelial cell surface by virtue of its reactivity with ferritin-labeled anti-enzyme (1). In the specific reaction with mucosal villi, the periphery of antibody-bound ferritin molecules was separated from the membrane by a minimal distance of 85 Å. This latter observation might be explained in part by the possibility that ferritin molecules were attached to the immunoglobulin sufficiently close to the specific combining site to causesome degree of steric hindrance and hence limit the approximation of antibody and antigen. Hybrid antibodies (anti-enzyme/anti-ferritin) first bound to the cell surface antigen might on subsequent reaction with ferritin bring the label into closer apposition with the membrane. Experiments to test this hypothesis are reported here.
Materials and Methods. Immunoglobulin G was obtained from guinea pigs immunized (2) against rabbit intestinal sucrase or horse spleen ferritin.
The Mechanism of Induction of Cold Agglutinins by Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
Authors: Costea Nicolas , Yakulis Vincent J. , Heller Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cold agglutinins with specificity to the I-erythrocyte antigen (CAI) were detected in serum of rabbits injected intravenously with live or killed Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Streptococcus MG or Listeria monocytogens. Similar antibody responses were elicited in CF1 but not in SWJ mice suggesting genetic variability of these immune responses. CAI synthesized in response to M. pneumoniae were found to cross-react with other bacterial antigens (Streptococcus MG and L. monocytogenes) whereas CAI following injection of L. monocytogenes reacted only with this micro-organism. The heterogeneity of these antibodies with specificity to the I-antigen was demonstrated by their inhibition with disaccharide ligands of α and β configuration.
Allotypic Determinants on the Fab Fragment of Rabbit Aa Locus Negative IgG-Immunoglobulin
Authors: Knight K. L. , Gilman-Sachs A. , Fields R. , Dray S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunization of rabbits with a locus negative IgG immunoglobulin molecules obtained from an Aa2Aa2 rabbit suppressed in utero with anti-Aa2 resulted in isoantibodies directed against the a negative IgG molecules. The allotypic specificities are located on the Fab fragment of IgG and are absent on the Fc fragment. Peptide maps of tryptic digests of the Fab and Fc fragments of Aa negative and Aa positive IgG revealed no differences between the Fc fragments but four to five peptide differences between the Fab fragments. Subgroups of rabbit γ chains are thus identified by antigenic differences in the Fd region and these subclasses appear to have identical Fc regions.
Changes in Phospholipid Metabolism Which Occur as a Consequence of Mitogenic Stimulation of Lymphocytes
Authors: Lucas David O. , Shohet Stephen B. , Merler E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Streptokinase-streptodornase (SKSD) was found to stimulate the turnover of phosphate in phosphatidyl inositol (PI). Stimulation of phosphate incorporation into PI by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in lymphocytes obtained by fractionation on a gradient of BSA correlated with stimulation of DNA synthesis which occurred after 3 days of culture with PHA. The results obtained with lymphocytes separated on gradients of bovine serum albumin suggest the presence of two populations of lymphocytes responding to PHA. The experiments demonstrate that the PHA-induced turnover of phosphate in PI in lymphocytes is not the result of agglutination, but rather a consequence of mitogenic stimulation. In contrast to the stimulation induced by PHA and SKSD in PI, tetanus toxoid was found to stimulate the incorporation of phosphate into phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. This difference argues further for the specificity of the response to mitogens observed in lymphocyte phospholipids.
Ontogenesis of Cell-Mediated Immunity in Murine Thymocytes and Spleen Cells and its Acceleration by Thymosin, a Thymic Hormone
Authors: Goldstein Allan L. , Guha Arabinda , Howe Michael L. , White Abraham 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ontogenesis of the cell-mediated immunologic capacity of spleen cells and thymocytes of CBA/Wh mice was studied from day 19 of embryonic life through 60 days of age. Two indices of immunologic competence were used, namely, the capacity of donor CBA/Wh cells to elicit a graft-vs-host (GVH) response in adult, lethally irradiated B6AF1/J mice and the mixed lymphocyte interaction (MLI) in vitro. In addition, the influence of a thymic humoral factor (thymosin) on the rate of maturation of cells from spleens of neonatal CBA/Wh mice and from bone marrow of adult CBA/Wh mice was investigated. The results of this study indicate that the capacity of thymocytes to elicit a GVH response and their ability to participate in a MLI developed within the first hours after parturition. Spleen cells, however, did not acquire the capacity to elicit positive responses in either one of these assays until 3 or 4 days postnatally. Administration of thymosin in vivo to newborn CBA/Wh mice or in vitro incubation of lymphoid stem cell populations with thymosin significantly accelerated the development of the capacity of spleen cells to elicit a GVH response. The ability of thymocytes to elicit a GVH response, once developed with a given number of cells, remained constant throughout the study period of 60 days. In contrast, the marked response of newborn CBA/Wh thymocytes to (CBA/Wh × C57BL/6)F1 spleen cells in the MLI decreased rapidly with age, suggesting a loss of recognition capacity or an alteration in cell types within the thymic population. The data support the concept of an endocrine role for the thymus in the development and maturation of lymphoid cells that participate in cell-mediated immune responses.
Toxicity of Streptococcal Mucopeptides in Vivo and in Vitro
Authors: Heymer Berno , Bültmann Burckhard , Haferkamp Otto 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In view of recent clarification of the chemical and antigenic structure of streptococcal cell-wall mucopeptides (1), the biologic properties of these substances have become a matter of increasing interest to immunologists (2–6). Streptococcal mucopeptides have been demonstrated to elicit an acute dermonecrotic reaction in rabbits and guinea pigs (2), to induce fever, shock, and myocardial lesions in rabbits (3, 4), to enhance non-specific resistance in mice (3), and to initiate the local Shwartzman phenomenon in rabbits (4). Hence this fundamental constituent of the streptococcal cell wall shares several characteristics of the endotoxins of Gram-negative organisms. The question that remains unanswered, however, is whether these biologic effects are due to an intrinsic toxicity of streptococcal mucopeptides or whether they are the consequences of a humoral or cellular hypersensitivity reaction (7).
The Immune Response in the Hamster
Authors: Haakenstad Alan O. , Coe John E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An immunoglobulin (Ig) class, analogous to IgA in other mammals, was identified in hamster serum and secretions. This protein was the main Ig in saliva and colostrum and the only Ig in enteric contents. Specific antisera to hamster IgA were readily prepared by inoculating rabbits with a precipitate produced after reacting rabbit anti-hamster 7Sγ-2-F(ab′)2 with hamster saliva. Hamster IgA migrated as a β-protein on electrophoresis and shared Fab determinants with the other three Ig classes, but it also had unique antigenic determinants. Specific antibody activity was best induced in serum IgA by a combination of oral and parenteral immunization. A heterogeneity of IgA molecular sizes (7S and larger) existed in serum, saliva and enteric contents although salivary IgA sedimented most rapidly on sucrose density gradient analysis. After mild reduction and alkylation, the IgA of serum and enteric contents sedimented as 7S proteins.
Immunoglobulin Synthesis in Mixed Cultures of Syngeneic Cells of Different Lymphoid Tissues
Authors: Mikhailova A. A. , Petrov R. V. , Zakharova L. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The intensity of antibody and nonspecific γ globulin synthesis was studied in mixed cultures of syngeneic spleen and lymph node cells by a radioisotopic method with the help of immunosorbents. The results showed that an increased rate of synthesis of antibodies (300% to 600%) and nonspecific γ globulins (150% to 200%) occurred when spleen cells taken from non-immunized animals were cultured for 22 hr together with syngeneic spleen or lymph node cells taken from immune mice. It is suggested that lymphocytes activated by antigen somehow attract certain types of spleen cells into the process of immunoglobulin synthesis.
Human Anti-insulin Antibodies
Authors: Faulk W. Page , Karam John H. , Fudenberg H. Hugh 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Sera from 50 insulin-treated diabetics were studied for antibodies against insulin. Antiinsulin titers were measured by the degree of insulin 131I binding, and biochemical classes of anti-insulin antibodies were defined using radioimmunoelectrophoresis. The most common type of anti-insulin immunoglobulin was IgG (40 patients). Nine patients had IgA anti-insulin antibodies, and the rarest antibody was IgM. IgG antibodies correlated with anti-insulin titers, but IgA and IgM did not. Insulin-anti-insulin immune complexes were demonstrated in the sera of four patients. Antigen-antibody complexes are suggested to be a pathogenetic factor in the microvasculitis of diabetes.
Valence and Association Constant of Rat Macroglobulin Antibody
Authors: Oriol R. , Binaghi R. , Coltorti E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fractions containing 19S and 7S antibody were obtained by gel filtration from specifically purified rat anti-DNP antibody and from whole immune serum. The valence and the association constants (K0) of the antibodies in each fraction were determined employing the monovalent hapten DNP-ε-aminocaproic acid. Ten binding sites per molecule were found in the 19S antibody. The sites were distributed into two populations in which K0 differed more than 100-fold. Each population consisted of about 50% of the sites in both native and specifically purified 19S antibodies. The binding data with the 7S antibody indicated a valence of two and a single population of sites that showed some heterogeneity.
Malignant Transformation in Vitro by “Non-Oncogenic” Variants of Defective SV40 (PARA)
Authors: Butel Janet S. , Tevethia Satvir S. , Nachtigal Maurice 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Four variants of PARA (defective SV40)-adenoviruses which appear to be “nononcogenic” in newborn hamsters were found to be able to transform Syrian hamster lung and kidney cells in vitro. All the transformed cell lines contained SV40 T antigen. With one exception, the transformed cell lines were transplantable in syngeneic weanling hamsters. However, a wide spectrum of transplantability was observed. Some of the cell lines transformed by “non-oncogenic” variants of PARA were highly transplantable and others induced only rare tumors with long latent periods. In contrast, all the cell lines established following transformation by oncogenic variants of PARA were readily transplantable in vivo. These results indicate that these “non-oncogenic” variants of PARA possess the potential for malignant transformation of cells.
Metabolism of Asparagine, Aspartate, Glutamine, and Glutamate in Lymphoid Tissue: Basis for Immunosuppression by L-Asparaginase
Authors: Prager Morton D. , Derr Ina 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Metabolic properties of lymphoid tissue were examined with a view to elaborating a mechanism by which l-asparaginase acts as an immunosuppressive agent. The study consisted of a) examining the ability of lymphoid tissue to incorporate asparagine, aspartate, glutamine, and glutamate from an exogenous source into cell protein, and b) determining the capacity of the tissue to synthesize these amino acids endogenously. All four amino acids were incorporated into cell protein during shortterm incubations. Under the conditions of study glutamine and glutamate were incorporated to the same degree, but depending on cell density, asparagine was incorporated from 1.3 to 6.3 times as readily as aspartate. The most marked difference was in the biosynthetic capacity of lymphoid tissue with respect to the four amino acids. Asparagine synthetase, as an indicator of the capacity to make asparagine, was barely detectable (0.01 milli-international units (mIU)/mg protein). In contrast, the capacity for glutamine (GSase) was 2200 times as high and for aspartate and glutamate (GOT) 7000 times as great. The limited capacity for asparagine formation implies that it must be supplied from the circulation, and since asparaginase destroys circulating asparagine, immunosuppression results.
In Vitro Effects of Measles Virus on Proliferating Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Zweiman Burton 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Addition of measles virus to human lymphocytes cultured with phytohemagglutinin-P or antigen in medium containing fetal calf serum depressed the usual proliferative response in cells of both measles-immune and measles-susceptible subjects. When antologous serum was used in the medium, measles virus-induced depression of proliferation was seen only in cells of measles-susceptible individuals. The latter finding suggests inhibition of the measles virus effect by anti-measles antibodies or other humoral factors in the serum of measles-immune individuals.
Frequency of Antibody to Hepatitis-Associated Antigen As Measured by a New Radioimmunoassay Technique
Authors: Lander Jerrold J. , Alter Harvey J. , Purcell Robert H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A modification of the radioimmunoassay procedure for measuring antibody to hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA) using a double antibody precipitation method in a microtiter system is described. The test is 2,000 to 500,000 times more sensitive than complement fixation and is reproducible and specific for anti-HAA.
The frequency of anti-HAA was 14.4% in voluntary blood donors, 22.6% in commercial blood donors, 14.8% in blood bank personnel, 11.4% in laboratory personnel and 82.6% in persons given multiple transfusions.
The high frequency of anti-HAA in persons with no history of hepatitis or parenteral exposure to blood suggests that HAA-positive hepatitis is endemic in the United States and that it is transmitted by a non-parenteral route.
Purification and Analysis of “Monofocal” Antibody
Authors: Klinman Norman R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
“Monofocal” antibody against the 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) haptenic group was obtained from the culture fluids of splenic fragments stimulated in vitro. The antibody was purified and compared with purified serum anti-DNP antibody. The “monofocal” antibodies were shown to bind hapten homogeneously and to have a more restricted electrophoretic mobility than serum antibody. These “monofocal” antibodies differed markedly from one another in their electrophoretic mobilities, affinity for hapten and ease of purification from an immunoadsorbent. From these results it was concluded that serum antibody represents a pool of the products of a variety of clones each producing a homogeneous antibody population.
Enzyme-Activation by Antibody
Authors: Cinader B. , Suzuki T. , Pelichová H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Conformational alteration of antigen by antibody has been deduced from antibody-induced enhancement of the catalytic activity of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. Further support for this conclusion is adduced from the effect of ribonuclease A antibody on the activity of ribonuclease S', which consists of two enzyme fragments. These fragments, S-peptide and S-protein, are enzymically inactive when separated and active when mixed. The molar ratio (S-peptide:S-protein) at which maximum restoration of activity occurs is reduced when S-protein is allowed to combine with ribonuclease A antiserum or with activating-antibody fractions. Antibody also changes the relative effect of ribonuclease S' on different substrates.
Cyclophosphamide Treatment of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Lewis Rats
Authors: Paterson Philip Y. , Drobish Diane G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment (daily doses of 5 or 8 mg/kg for 10 days or less) of Lewis rats with paralytic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) results in clinical remission and reversal of histologic evidence of disease in a high proportion of animals. Continued administration of CY is required to maintain these beneficial effects. CY treatment diminishes but does not abolish cutaneous reactivity to tuberculoprotein in Lewis rats sensitized to mycobacteria. On the basis of these and other observations, CY is believed to exert therapeutic effects in EAE by inhibiting proliferation of inflammatory cells and release of injurious factors within the sites of EAE lesions in brain and spinal cord.
The Early Immune Response to the Dinitrophenyl and Folate Determinants: Weight Estimates of Serum, 19S and 7S Immunoglobulins
Authors: Revoltella Roberto , Adler Louise T. , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The hapten-binding capacity procedure has been applied to the estimation of anti-dinitrophenyl and anti-folate antibodies during the early immune response of rabbits. Serum antibodies were readily detectable and estimated during the 1st week after immunization. Approximately equal weights of 19S and 7S immunoglobulins were found in virtually every serum specimen assayed during the first postimmunization week.
A New Specific Humoral Viral Resistance Factor, Serum Protective Factor—Some Biologic and Physical Properties
Authors: Thind Inderjit S. , Price Winston H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Serum protective factor (SPF) is a new specific humoral viral resistance substance found in mice following certain experimental arbovirus infections. This factor occurs with or without the use of the immunosuppressant drug cyclophosphamide. A further characterization of its physical and biologic properties is presented. SPF, a protein with an estimated molecular weight of between 67,000 and 150,000, persists for a longer period of time than neutralizing antibody and interferon following primary Langat virus infection of mice. SPF is different from the well characterized imunoglobulins as suggested by Sephadex G-150 column fractionation, and has no in vitro virus neutralizing activity in contrast to neutralizing antibody. Unlike neutralizing antibody, SPF requires living cells to protect in vivo and does not protect mice younger than 14 days of age on passive administration against subsequent viral challenge. Thus in recovery from viral infections, humoral substances such as SPF, interferon and neutralizing antibody may have a synergistic action since the former two protect by their action on the cells and the latter acts directly on the virus to provide protection.