bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Parameters of Public Reason
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to recalibrate the philosophical concept of public reason in a way which renders it suitable to the evaluation of the legitimacy of law. It first compares the concept of public reason with Joseph Raz’s concept of exclusionary reasons, and finds strong resonance between second-order exclusionary reasons and public reason. It then places public reason in the context of a discussion sparked by Bernard Williams’ distinction between ‘internal’ and ‘external’ reasons, and finds the concept ‘internal’ reasons helpful for understanding public reason. When discussing the ‘publicness’ of public reason, two ideas are useful: that of the ‘input model of democracy’, and that of the ‘state’s neutrality’ towards competing conceptions of the good. In an attempt to recalibrate John Rawls’s conception of public reason so that it is rendered convincing in a constitutional context, the concept must be freed from two implausible limitations on its range urged by Rawls: that of its scope of application (which Rawls wanted to limit to ‘constitutional essentials’) and that of its agents (with the privileged position of judges in ascertaining public reasons). Finally, the chapter compares public reason with a concept which may be seen to be contiguous with it: that of reason of state. It is shown that, in some versions, (a ‘thin’ meaning) reason of state is functionally equivalent to public reason but that it also has problematic features related to its heavy reliance on the institutions of state.
Defending Public Reason
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The idea of public reason (PR) has been subjected to some critiques, and this chapter rebuts the most powerful ones. First, the ‘non-feasibility objection’ which claims it is impossible to identify a sufficient consensus, misconstrues the type of consensus needed to undergird public reason, and confuses inconclusiveness with indeterminacy. Second, there is an objection that public reason is ‘too thin’, a toothless ideal which would eliminate nothing from public discourse. The chapter shows that this objection is tenable only if we adopt an implausibly subjectivist conception of reasonableness. Third, the ‘too thick’ objection, claims that the adoption of this ideal would lead to a drastic erosion of public discourse. The chapter argues that this objection disregards the distinction between generalized public discourse and the advocacy of laws that are to become legislation. Fourth, the chapter discusses the argument that the adoption of PR as a reason-constraining device necessarily distorts the process of public justification. The chapter demonstrates that the requirement of Public Reason rests on the same type of restrictions on public arguments which we adopt as legitimate in many spheres of argument and justification anyway. Fifth, the chapter considers and rebuts the argument that the ideal of PR is detrimental to the principle of candour in public, and that it provides participants of the discourse with incentives for insincerity. It is argued that one should not confuse ‘strategic’ choice of argument, triggered by the principle of respect to the audience, with deception and insincerity.
Manuscripts
Authors: Day Matthew 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 surveys manuscripts of Virgil’s works which were owned in England between c. 1400 and 1550. Through an analysis of readers’ annotations in these manuscripts, the chapter illustrates the continuities in Virgilian exegesis throughout the long fifteenth century. Much like Virgilian exegesis throughout the Middle Ages, fifteenth-century readers’ approaches to Virgil were structured by the pedagogic disciplines of grammar and rhetoric and the influence of the late antique commentator Servius. Although humanism dramatically increased the readership and canonical status of Virgil, it did not initiate a corresponding methodological change in exegetical practice. In many Virgil manuscripts owned in England, the most prominent signifiers of humanist influence are visual differences of script and decoration rather than the intellectual content of glossing. Beyond Virgil, this consistency of intellectual approach is representative of the major classical poets in this period.
Caxton’s Eneydos
Authors: Day Matthew 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 discusses William Caxton’s Eneydos (1490) in relation to its French source material, the Livre des Eneydes (1483). Although widely described as an ‘adaptation’ of the Aeneid, the French source in fact contains substantial portions of direct translation from Virgil’s Latin, including a complete translation of Aeneid Book IV. The first half of the chapter unravels the complex production history of the French source, and closely analyses its relationship to the text and commentaries of the Aeneid. In light of this new understanding of the French source, the second half of the chapter presents a revisionist analysis of Caxton’s translation technique. His rendering of the French source into English displays a more accomplished, sensitive translator than previous studies of his translation practice typically allow.
Ancient Beauty in Timoleon
Authors: Marrs Cody 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers how and why Melville persistently returns to the ancient world. For Melville, the ancients had something crucial which has since been lost or forgotten: a sense of beauty’s radical ubiquity. Timoleon turns back to antiquity to apprehend the beauty of natural forms, which ancient artists took as both a raw material and a source of inspiration. As they migrate through ancient places and stories, Melville’s poems identify three defining features of beauty: it inheres in nature’s shapes and materials, it is mixed rather than pure, and it is a common part of earthly life. This chapter tracks the ways in which these features of beauty appear in various sounds, lines, and phases of matter throughout Melville’s poems.
Intersecting Crises and Exponential Inequalities
Authors: Loper Kelley 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the capacity of equality law to address exponential inequalities arising from intersecting crises, that is, when more than one crisis occurs simultaneously or in close succession. It examines the case of Hong Kong, which has, in recent years, experienced increasing inequalities arising from a democracy deficit, shrinking space for civil society, political and ideological polarization, and strict responses to the Covid-19 pandemic. This has played out against the backdrop of a vast wealth gap and shortage of affordable housing. These crises intersect in complex ways with negative implications for the aims of substantive equality. They have also occurred alongside, and been influenced by, global developments including the pandemic, the rise of authoritarian regimes and populist movements, and other threats to democracy and human rights. As such, insights from Hong Kong may inform strategies for dealing with the effects of crisis elsewhere. Multiple crises in Hong Kong have predominantly impacted groups facing intersectional disadvantage, including migrant domestic workers, refugees, mainland immigrants, and people of South Asian origin. Hong Kong equality law, however, is generally ill-equipped to prevent or remedy such complex disadvantage. The Hong Kong situation illustrates the importance of enhancing the participation of groups lacking political and social voice as a critical element of substantive equality. When a democracy deficit prevails, the general inability to participate, compounded by a worsening disproportionate lack of representation by marginalized communities, makes it even more difficult to advance equality claims.
Reframing Providence
Authors: Kopf Simon Maria 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The doctrine of providence, which states that God guides his creation, has been widely conceived in action terms in recent theological scholarship. A telling example is the so-called divine action debate, which is largely based on two principles: (i) providence is best conceptualised in terms of divine action; and (ii) divine action is best modelled on human action. By examining this debate, and especially the Divine Action Project (1988–2003), which led to the ‘scientific turn’ of the debate, this book argues that theo-physical incompatibilism, as a corollary of this ‘framing’ of providence, can be identified as a main reason for the current deadlock in divine action theories—namely, the assumption that just as human (libertarian) free action presupposes causal indeterminism, so, too, does divine action in the world presuppose causal indeterminism. Instead of recalibrating the much-discussed non-interventionist objective divine action (NIODA) approaches, this book advocates a ‘reframing’ of providence in terms of the virtue of prudence. To this end, this book examines the ‘prudential-ordinative’ theory of Thomas Aquinas and contrasts it with the prevalent ‘actionistic’, or action-based, model of providence. In this process, the book discusses, among other topics, the doctrine of divine transcendence, primary and secondary causation, natural necessity and contingency, and teleology as essential features of this ‘prudential-ordinative’ theory. How these two approaches fare when applied to the question of biological evolution is the subject of the final part of this book, which revisits the controversy between Stephen Jay Gould and Simon Conway Morris over what would happen if one were to rerun the tape of life.
Business, Business Organization, and Personnel Management
Authors: Som Rana 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Business is a process of conversion in terms of quality, quantity, space, and time. The term ‘Business’ includes all value-adding activities, which form the basis of human survival and growth. A business organization means a combination of people who join together to work for a common objective. People, therefore, occupy the centre stage of an organization and thus, management of people or personnel management is not only an integral part of business, but it is also probably the most important function in a business organization; it integrates people with business and business objectives and motivates people, in a planned and structured manner to unveil their full potential for their own benefit as well as for the benefit of their organization; it builds a structure to define the role and responsibility of each member of an organization. The structure is, however, not static but dynamic, as people in a business organization tends to discover and rediscover himself or herself and the success of personnel management lies in its ability to aid and assist this process.
Personnel Management Takes a New Leap Forward
Authors: Som Rana 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The beginning of twentieth century also witnessed new experiments on human motivations and productivity. These unveiled new opportunities to understand human behaviour and scope to make working people not only more productive but also more satisfied. Hawthorne studies conducted in the 20s of the 20th century built the foundation of behavioural science and its application in industries. For the first time it was understood through recorded experiments that the industries did so far have only limited understanding of the factors which made people work as individuals or as members of informal groups they belonged to. Research of Elton Mayo established that along with individual motivation people were also guided by group affiliation in determining the level of output they would produce.
Great Depression, War, and New World Order
Authors: Som Rana 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The gains of labour in the post WW I period and the new perceptions of employers on labour management were short-lived due to the great depression that engulfed the western world soon. The personnel managers who were looking forward to having new approaches to integrate labour with the respective organizations had now to inflict retrenchments and pay cuts on workmen. The depression was followed by another World War, which brought about unimaginable devastation to human civilization. Not only labour, but all sections of population in the warring nations suffered. War-time emergency robbed the workers of a substantial part of the gains that they had made during their century long struggle to combine and agitate for their rights. New ways to motivate the workers on which the man managers had just acquired novel ideas became redundant. But then, even during these difficult years personnel management did not cease to evolve itself.
Later Theories of Behavioural Science
Authors: Som Rana 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Even before the Second World War ended, new theories emerged in behavioural science providing very useful insights into human minds. These inputs created a lasting impression on those managing people in industries. The theories of Maslow, McGregor, and Herzberg brought revolutionary changes in the mindset of man managers and convinced them that it would be beneficial for both the industries and working people to adopt new ways to handle the employees, which may make them more creative, more satisfied and more useful partners in the business activities. The importance of these theories lies in the fact that they are still relevant and useful in understanding the human minds and the matrix of man’s motivation.
The Indian Experience
Authors: Som Rana 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The new phase of industrialization started in India almost from the beginning of the twentieth century. Being a late starter, Indian workers did not have to wait for a century or more like their British counterparts to acquire their minimum rights and facilities though they also did have to face resistance from their employers in the initial years. The situation changed fast and the workers’ rights were largely recognized after the Trade Unions Act was passed in 1926 and a few other labour legislations came into force. India gained independence in 1947 under the leadership of nationalist leaders in whose struggle for freedom the workers had provided unflinching support. After independence, India adopted a democratic form of government. The state as a policy decided to give importance to industrial peace and harmony by securing cooperation of trade unions. Tripartite forums were created at the national level to formulate policies with the consent of all concerned. These efforts had achieved only limited success.
Labour Codes
Authors: Som Rana 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Though Indian economy underwent important changes during the last few decades, India’s labour laws remained unchanged for a long time. The Government of India since 2019 took initiatives to modify all labour laws and club them into four labour codes to give them a simplified form. As many as 29 labour legislations were subsumed into 4 Labour Codes by modifying them to some extent, introducing clarity wherever necessary, and making them easy to implement. The effort has also been to make the codes more compatible with the economic realities of the present time. In other words, the Codes were attempted to be framed by striking a balance between the need of the industry to keep the labour cost reasonably low and creating more employment at modest wages.
Theological Prolegomenon
Authors: Tanton Tobias 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 opens with a fundamental problem in theological epistemology, namely how finite, limited human creatures can comprehend an infinite God. To resolve this quandary, theologians have typically appealed to the long-standing principle of divine accommodation, which posits that God accommodates revelation to limited human capacities. Accommodation began as a hermeneutical tool to explain, for example, changes between the Old and New Covenants, but soon developed into a broader principle for understanding the doctrine of the incarnation and for theological epistemology tout court: any divine knowledge which is imparted to humans must be framed in terms of their limited and particular capacities for understanding. Insofar as this principle posits that theological understanding is accommodated to human capacities, it provides a helpful framework for bringing theology into conversation with cognitive sciences which investigate the precise nature of such human capacities. Hence accommodation will provide a theological framework for the remainder of this volume as it seeks to bring new developments in cognitive science into dialogue with theology.
Embodied Cognition in Ecclesial Practices
Authors: Tanton Tobias 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Taking its cue from replacement and constitution hypotheses (Chapter 5), this chapter highlights the cognitive significance of embodied religious practices and religious material culture. It applies dozens of specific empirical findings from embodied cognition research to Christian Eucharistic practices, among other examples. Studies should be treated with caution given methodological issues identified in experimental psychology, including replication, small or unrepresentative samples, and ecological validity. Nevertheless, these findings illuminate how bodily postures and movements, ritual objects, pilgrimage routes, visual culture, multisensory stimuli, and social interactions serve as cognitive scaffolding by supporting numerous aspects of cognition including memory, emotion, attention, judgement, and conceptualisation. Although such mechanisms are most readily identified with elaborate liturgical practices, I draw upon ethnographic accounts to argue that they are also relevant to ‘non-liturgical’ traditions.
Architecture and the Arts
Authors: Petropoulos Jonathan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of the arts in Nazi Germany. Organized by discipline—architecture, the visual and plastic arts, music, and literature. The author explores the nexus of culture and barbarism in the Third Reich. Nazi leaders, beginning with Adolf Hitler, invested significant time and resources in the arts during their twelve-year rule. The arts were tools for the totalitarian regime, useful for indoctrination and for the articulation of ideological precepts. The Nazis dominated the public sphere and created a distorted ‘subjective social reality’. But the arts were more than propaganda. For Hitler, a former painter, art was part of his personal identity, and for the nation as a whole, a sense of cultural superiority helped justify the racist and expansionist Nazi programme. This chapter shows how culture factored into the Holocaust, including expropriating cultural property as a means to dehumanize the victims. Topics covered include the emigration of Jewish cultural figures in the 1930s, the ambitious Nazi building programme, the purge of so-called ‘degenerate’ art, the accomplishments of Jewish artists under duress, the collaboration of titans of music, the burning of books, ‘internal emigration’, and efforts in the post-war period to come to terms with culture in Nazi Germany.
The Holocaust
Authors: Bartov Omer 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with a survey of Holocaust historiography, stressing especially the recent focus on eastern Europe, links to colonialism, and victim accounts. It then discusses the diverse origins of the Holocaust, ranging from premodern anti-Judaism to scientific racism and racial hygiene, culminating in the Nazi belief in ‘redemptive anti-semtism’. The chapter goes on to analyse Nazi Germany’s pre-war anti-Jewish policies, the expansion of these policies as part of Germany’s invasion of Poland, and the transition to mass murder as part of the war of extermination in the Soviet Union, first by mass shootings in situ and then, with the decision on the ‘final solution of the Jewish question’ throughout Europe, by transporting Jews from the entire continent to several extermination camps located in Poland. The chapter emphasizes the crucial involvement of numerous collaborators in the genocide of the Jews, often in pursuit of their own nationalist agendas, and the public and intimate nature of the killings in a vast number of eastern European towns and cities. Moving on to an examination of the grey zones of complicity and resistance among the victims, whose legacy haunts the memory of the Holocaust to this day, the chapter also queries different theories of perpetrator motivation, ending with a discussion of the skewed understanding of the Holocaust in the early post-war decades.
Twenty-First-Century Archaeology
Authors: Harding D. W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Archaeology in the twenty-first century has seen its equivalent of the radiocarbon dating revolution in the DNA archaeogenetics revolution, with its notable impact on interpretation of Beaker communities in Europe, and more recently the recognition of later Bronze Age immigration. A lesser but important impact has also been made by isotope analysis, and more generally by advances in palaeopathological research. The biggest single change in field archaeology has been the scale of development-led excavation, with major infrastructure projects on a trans-landscape dimension. Whilst the outcome has seen some decline in detailed presentation of results, the major achievement has been in landscape environmental synthesis. Study is increasingly focusing on the use of materials and resources, potentially with lessons in terms of sustainable building and environmental impact. Academic archaeologists still debate issues such as egalitarian societies vs hierarchical societies and still borrow yesterday’s models from anthropology, like Lévi-Strauss’ ‘house societies’. A major concern remains the standing of archaeology as a university discipline, especially with the adoption of online technology during the Covid-19 pandemic, and the public perception of archaeology as entertainment or an adjunct to tourism.
Archaeotectural Alternatives
Authors: Harding D. W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The cone-on-a-cylinder model of roundhouse is incapable of extension beyond a maximum diameter determined by maximum length of rafter. By contrast, the split roof with central tower is limited only by the maximum height that can be achieved by the tower. Roundhouses seldom show evidence of partial repairs, which suggests rebuilding took place only periodically, when the roof thatch required replacement, or perhaps generationally. Multi-ringed houses suggest a different superstructure, possibly involving turf as a roofing material. One variant of roundhouse is the oval house, drawing apart the two semi-circles with a medial ridge, as in the Roman Iron Age houses of Cornish ‘rounds’. A major variant on the roundhouse theme are figure-of-eight houses, notably documented archaeologically and historically in the early historic period in Ireland. Further variants include ‘shamrocks’ and cellular houses of the Later Iron Age in Northern Britain. The penannular ridge-roof model, advanced many years ago and generally now overlooked, conceptually linked round and rectangular plans. In the early Roman period the aisled hall likewise can be viewed as the counterpart of roundhouses in the social use of space, despite apparent contrasts in plan. Strict typology may thus inhibit interpretation.
Roundhouses
Authors: Harding D. W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Understanding the life-cycle of roundhouses is important for understanding what it is that we are excavating, since we cannot simply assume that surviving evidence was representative of use. What are the defining criteria of roundhouses, and how different are they from rectangular houses? Were there common factors of social use, and have these been neglected in our preoccupation with architectural plans? How did roundhouses change over time, and why, and how did they function within diverse larger settlement units? How far has interpretation been determined by theoretical approaches and methodology? Was there an ‘Atlantic’ roundhouse society in north-western Europe?