Investigating survival, quality of life and cognition in PROton versus photon therapy forIDH-mutated diffuse grade 2 and 3 GLIOmas (PRO-GLIO): a randomised controlled trial in Norway and Sweden
Authors: Heggebø Liv Cathrine , Borgen Ida Maria Henriksen , Rylander Hillevi , Kiserud Cecilie , Nordenmark Tonje Haug , Hellebust Taran Paulsen , Evensen Morten Egeberg , Gustavsson Magnus , Ramberg Christina , Sprauten Mette , Magelssen Henriette , Blakstad Hanne , Moorthy Janani , Andersson Karin , Raunert Ingela , Henry Thomas , Moe Cecilie , Granlund Carin , Goplen Dorota , Brekke Jorunn , Johannessen Tor-Christian Aase , Solheim Tora Skeidsvoll , Marienhagen Kirsten , Humberset Øyvind , Bergström Per , Agrup Måns , Dahl Ludvig , Gubanski Michael , Gojon Helene , Brahme Carl-Johan , Rydén Isabelle , Jakola Asgeir S , Vik-Mo Einar O , Lie Hanne C. , Asphaug Lars , Hervani Maziar , Kristensen Ingrid , Rueegg Corina Silvia , Olsen Inge C , Ledal Rolf J , Degsell Eskil , Werlenius Katja , Blomstrand Malin , Brandal Petter 
Published: March 2023

IntroductionThe use of proton therapy increases globally despite a lack of randomised controlled trials demonstrating its efficacy and safety. Proton therapy enables sparing of non-neoplastic tissue from radiation. This is principally beneficial and holds promise of reduced long-term side effects. However, the sparing of seemingly non-cancerous tissue is not necessarily positive for isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutated diffuse gliomas grade 2–3, which have a diffuse growth pattern. With their relatively good prognosis, yet incurable nature, therapy needs to be delicately balanced to achieve a maximal survival benefit combined with an optimised quality of life.Methods and analysisPRO-GLIO (PROton versus photon therapy inIDH-mutated diffuse grade 2 and 3 GLIOmas) is an open-label, multicentre, randomised phase III non-inferiority study. 224 patients aged 18–65 years withIDH-mutated diffuse gliomas grade 2–3 from Norway and Sweden will be randomised 1:1 to radiotherapy delivered with protons (experimental arm) or photons (standard arm). First intervention-free survival at 2 years is the primary endpoint. Key secondary endpoints are fatigue and cognitive impairment, both at 2 years. Additional secondary outcomes include several survival measures, health-related quality of life parameters and health economy endpoints.Ethics and disseminationTo implement proton therapy as part of standard of care for patients withIDH-mutated diffuse gliomas grade 2–3, it should be deemed safe. With its randomised controlled design testing proton versus photon therapy, PRO-GLIO will provide important information for this patient population concerning safety, cognition, fatigue and other quality of life parameters. As proton therapy is considerably more costly than its photon counterpart, cost-effectiveness will also be evaluated. PRO-GLIO is approved by ethical committees in Norway (Regional Committee for Medical & Health Research Ethics) and Sweden (The Swedish Ethical Review Authority) and patient inclusion has commenced. Trial results will be published in international peer-reviewed journals, relevant conferences, national and international meetings and expert forums.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT05190172).