bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reversals in past long-term trends in educational inequalities in life expectancy for selected European countries
Authors: Zazueta-Borboa Jesus Daniel , Martikainen Pekka , Aburto Jose Manuel , Costa Giuseppe , Peltonen Riina , Zengarini Nicolas , Sizer Alison , Kunst Anton E , Janssen Fanny 
Published: April 2023

BackgroundAcross Europe, socioeconomic inequalities in mortality are large and persistent. To better understand the drivers of past trends in socioeconomic mortality inequalities, we identified phases and potential reversals in long-term trends in educational inequalities in remaining life expectancy at age 30 (e30), and assessed the contributions of mortality changes among the low-educated and the high-educated at different ages.MethodsWe used individually linked annual mortality data by educational level (low, middle and high), sex and single age (30+) from 1971/1972 onwards for England and Wales, Finland and Italy (Turin). We applied segmented regression to trends in educational inequalities in e30 (e30 high-educated minus e30 low-educated) and employed a novel demographic decomposition technique.ResultsWe identified several phases and breakpoints in the trends in educational inequalities in e30. The long-term increases (Finnish men, 1982–2008; Finnish women, 1985–2017; and Italian men, 1976–1999) were driven by faster mortality declines among the high-educated aged 65–84, and by mortality increases among the low-educated aged 30–59. The long-term decreases (British men, 1976–2008, and Italian women, 1972–2003) were driven by faster mortality improvements among the low-educated than among the high-educated at age 65+. The recent stagnation of increasing inequality (Italian men, 1999) and reversals from increasing to decreasing inequality (Finnish men, 2008) and from decreasing to increasing inequality (British men, 2008) were driven by mortality trend changes among the low-educated aged 30–54.ConclusionEducational inequalities are plastic. Mortality improvements among the low-educated at young ages are imperative for achieving long-term decreases in educational inequalities in e30.
Direct additive genetics and maternal effect contribute to the risk of Tourette disorder
Authors: Mahjani Behrang , Klei Lambertus , Buxbaum Grice Ariela S , Larsson Henrik , Hultman Christina M , Sandin Sven , Devlin Bernie , Buxbaum Joseph D , Grice Dorothy E 
Published: April 2023

Background
Risk for Tourette disorder, and chronic motor or vocal tic disorders (referenced here inclusively as CTD), arise from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. While multiple studies have demonstrated the importance of direct additive genetic variation for CTD risk, little is known about the role of cross-generational transmission of genetic risk, such as maternal effect, which is not transmitted via the inherited parental genomes. Here, we partition sources of variation on CTD risk into direct additive genetic effect (narrow-sense heritability) and maternal effect.

Methods
The study population consists of 2 522 677 individuals from the Swedish Medical Birth Register, who were born in Sweden between 1 January 1973 and 31 December 2000, and followed for a diagnosis of CTD through 31 December, 2013. We used generalised linear mixed models to partition the liability of CTD into: direct additive genetic effect, genetic maternal effect and environmental maternal effect.

Results
We identified 6227 (0.2%) individuals in the birth cohort with a CTD diagnosis. A study of half-siblings showed that maternal half-siblings had twice higher risk of developing a CTD compared with paternal ones. We estimated 60.7% direct additive genetic effect (95% credible interval, 58.5% to 62.4%), 4.8% genetic maternal effect (95% credible interval, 4.4% to 5.1%) and 0.5% environmental maternal effect (95% credible interval, 0.2% to 7%).

Conclusions
Our results demonstrate genetic maternal effect contributes to the risk of CTD. Failure to account for maternal effect results in an incomplete understanding of the genetic risk architecture of CTD, as the risk for CTD is impacted by maternal effect which is above and beyond the risk from transmitted genetic effect.
Response of legal and illegal cigarette prices to a tax increase in Ethiopia
Authors: Mengesha Sisay Derso , Ross Hana 
Published: April 2023

Background
In 2020, Ethiopia passed a landmark tax proclamation implementing an evidence-based mixed excise system aimed at curbing tobacco use. This study evaluates the impact of the tax increase of more than 600% on both legal and illegal cigarette prices in order to gauge the impact of the tax reform in the presence of a sizeable illicit cigarette market.

Methods
Data on 1774 cigarette prices were obtained from retailers during Empty Cigarette Pack Surveys in the capital and major regional cities conducted in 2018 and 2022. Packs were categorised as ‘legal’ or ‘illicit’ using criteria from the tobacco control directives. Descriptive and regression analyses were used to study the cigarette price changes during the period of 2018–2022, capturing the impact of the 2020 tax increase.

Result
Prices of both legal and illegal cigarettes increased in response to the tax increase. In 2018, the stick prices ranged from ETB0.88 (Ethiopian birr) to ETB5.00 for legal cigarettes while they ranged from ETB0.75 to ETB3.25 for illegal ones. In 2022, a legal stick sold for ETB01.50–ETB2.73 and an illegal stick for ETB1.92–ETB8.00. The average real price of legal and illegal brands increased by 18% and 37%, respectively. The multivariate analysis confirms that prices of illicit cigarettes grew faster compared with the legal ones. By 2022, illicit brands were on average more expensive compared with their legal counterparts. This result is statistically significant at p<0.01.

Conclusion
The prices of both legal and illegal cigarettes increased following the 2020 tax increase, with the average real cigarette price increasing by 24%. As a result, the tax increase likely had a positive impact on public health despite a sizeable illicit cigarette market.
Extending the predictive power of perturbative QCD using the principle of maximum conformality and the Bayesian analysis
Authors: Shen Jian-Ming , Zhou Zhi-Jian , Wang Sheng-Quan , Yan Jiang , Wu Zhi-Fei , Wu Xing-Gang , Brodsky Stanley J. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn addition to the evaluation of high-order loop contributions, the precision and predictive power of perturbative QCD (pQCD) predictions depends on two important issues: (1) how to achieve a reliable, convergent fixed-order series, and (2) how to reliably estimate the contributions of unknown higher-order terms. The recursive use of renormalization group equation, together with the Principle of Maximum Conformality (PMC), eliminates the renormalization scheme-and-scale ambiguities of the conventional pQCD series. The result is a conformal, scale-invariant series of finite order which also satisfies all of the principles of the renormalization group. In this paper we propose a novel Bayesian-based approach to estimate the size of the unknown higher order contributions based on an optimized analysis of probability distributions. We show that by using the PMC conformal series, in combination with the Bayesian analysis, one can consistently achieve high degree of reliability estimates for the unknown high order terms. Thus the predictive power of pQCD can be greatly improved. We illustrate this procedure for two pQCD observables: $$R_{e^+e^-}$$

R

e
+

e
-

and $$R_\tau $$

R
τ

, which are each known up to four loops in pQCD. Numerical analyses confirm that by using the scale-independent and more convergent PMC conformal series, one can achieve reliable Bayesian probability estimates for the unknown higher-order contributions.
Modeling and forecasting age-specific drug overdose mortality in the United States
Authors: Böttcher Lucas , Chou Tom , D’Orsogna Maria R. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractDrug overdose deaths continue to increase in the United States for all major drug categories. Over the past two decades the total number of overdose fatalities has increased more than fivefold; since 2013 the surge in overdose rates is primarily driven by fentanyl and methamphetamines. Different drug categories and factors such as age, gender, and ethnicity are associated with different overdose mortality characteristics that may also change in time. For example, the average age at death from a drug overdose has decreased from 1940 to 1990 while the overall mortality rate has steadily increased. To provide insight into the population-level dynamics of drug overdose mortality, we develop an age-structured model for drug addiction. Using an augmented ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), we show through a simple example how our model can be combined with synthetic observation data to estimate mortality rate and an age-distribution parameter. Finally, we use an EnKF to combine our model with observation data on overdose fatalities in the United States from 1999 to 2020 to forecast the evolution of overdose trends and estimate model parameters.
Comparison results for solutions of Poisson equations with Robin boundary on complete Riemannian manifolds
Authors: Chen Daguang , Li Haizhong , Wei Yilun 
Published: April 2023

In this paper, by using Schwarz rearrangement and isoperimetric inequalities, we prove comparison results for the solutions of Poisson equations on complete Riemannian manifolds with [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text], which extends the results in [A. Alvino, C. Nitsch and C. Trombetti, A Talenti comparison result for solutions to elliptic problems with Robin boundary conditions, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 76(3) (2023) 585–603]. Furthermore, as applications of our comparison results, we obtain the Saint-Venant inequality and Bossel–Daners inequality for Robin Laplacian.
RapidStream 2.0: Automated Parallel Implementation of Latency–Insensitive FPGA Designs Through Partial Reconfiguration
Authors: Guo Licheng , Maidee Pongstorn , Zhou Yun , Lavin Chris , Hung Eddie , Li Wuxi , Lau Jason , Qiao Weikang , Chi Yuze , Song Linghao , Xiao Yuanlong , Kaviani Alireza , Zhang Zhiru , Cong Jason 
Published: April 2023

Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) require a much longer compilation cycle than conventional computing platforms such as CPUs. In this article, we shorten the overall compilation time by co-optimizing the HLS compilation (C-to-RTL) and the back-end physical implementation (RTL-to-bitstream). We propose a split compilation approach based on the pipelining flexibility at the HLS level, which allows us to partition designs for parallel placement and routing. We outline a number of technical challenges and address them by breaking the conventional boundaries between different stages of the traditional FPGA tool flow and reorganizing them to achieve a fast end-to-end compilation.
Our research produces RapidStream, a parallelized and physical-integrated compilation framework that takes in a latency-insensitive program in C/C++ and generates a fully placed and routed implementation. We present two approaches. The first approach (RapidStream 1.0) resolves inter-partition routing conflicts at the end when separate partitions are stitched together. When tested on the Xilinx U250 FPGA with a set of realistic HLS designs, RapidStream achieves a 5 to 7× reduction in compile time and up to 1.3× increase in frequency when compared with a commercial off-the-shelf toolchain. In addition, we provide preliminary results using a customized open-source router to reduce the compile time up to an order of magnitude in cases with lower performance requirements. The second approach (RapidStream 2.0) prevents routing conflicts using virtual pins. Testing on Xilinx U280 FPGA, we observed 5 to 7× compile time reduction and 1.3× frequency increase.
Effects of Different Habitat Space on Growth Performance and Nutritional Composition of Swimming Crabs (Portunus trituberculatus)
Authors: Yan Shiyu , Mao Shuang , Xia Qing , Cui Zhenquan , Duan Haibao , Ren Guoliang , Li Xiaoying , Ge Hongxing , Liu Meimei , Dong Zhiguo 
Published: April 2023

Habitat space is crucial for animals. This experiment explored the effect of four different farming acreages (0.5 m2, 1 m2, 10 m2, and 100 m2) on survival rate, growth performance, and muscle nutrition composition of swimming crabs (Portunus trituberculatus) at the farming density of 2 ind/m2. The results showed that the survival rate of the crabs that live in the 10 m2 group and live in 0.5 m2 alone had the highest survival rate of 20.50% and 20%, better than the 1 m2 group and the 100 m2 group with the lowest of 12.00% and 13% (

P
<
0.05

). There was no significant difference between final body weight and final carapace width among the 4 groups (

P

>
0.05

). The crude lipid content was the highest in 1 m2, which was significantly higher than in 0.5 m2 (

P

<
0.05

). The crude protein content in the 1 m2 and 10 m2 groups was significantly higher than that in the 0.5 m2 and 100 m2 groups (

P

<
0.05

). The results of the three conventional nutrients showed that there was no positive correlation between the muscle conventional nutrients and the farming area. The polyunsaturated fatty acid part of the 100 m2 and 10 m2 group was significantly different from the 1 m2 and 0.5 m2 groups (

P

<
0.05

). The results show that farming crab alone is not better than together, and a small aquaculture acreage helps to improve the muscle nutrition composition of the swimming crabs, while a large aquaculture acreage is more conducive to balance the development of nutrition. Overall, 10 m2 of habitat space was more economically feasible in practice.
Floral biology of Baccaurea courtallensis – an endemic tree species from peninsular India
Authors: Karuppiah Nandhini  , Vincent Joshuva David  , Venugopal Manimekalai  , Perumal Ravichandran  
Published: April 2023

Baccaurea courtallensis, a member of the Phyllanthaceae family is a tree species endemic to peninsular India. Despite the fact that this plant is naturally propagated through seeds, there is no information on its reproductive biology. To understand the reproductive biology of this species, its floral biology is very important. Hence, this study was conducted to comprehend the detailed aspects of its flowering and fruiting characters. Blooms occur during February–May; fruits develop and mature from June to September. Flowers are unisexual, and dioecious. The present study reports on the rare occurrence of monoecious flowers in many inflorescences of a few trees. Crimson red fruits are arranged in a racemose type of inflorescence and hang in symmetric clusters. Inflorescence clusters are observed all along the trunk from base upwards. Wind and insect pollinations were observed in this species during field visits: honey bees and black ants were observed as the major floral visitors. Pollen grains showed 96.24% fertility in the acetocarmine glycerin test and 80% viability in the fluro-chromatic reaction test. Pollen germination was 63.1% in Brewbaker and Kwack’s medium containing 10% sucrose. The detailed aspects of flower and fruit morphology and anatomy respectively are reported for the first time.
Not heading in the right direction: Five hundred psychiatrists’ views on resourcing, demand, and workforce across New Zealand mental health services
Authors: Every-Palmer Susanna , Grant Marion L , Thabrew Hiran , Hansby Oliver , Lawrence Mark , Jenkins Matthew , Romans Sarah 
Published: April 2023

Objective: To explore the views of psychiatrists (including trainees) regarding the current state and future direction of specialist mental health and addictions services in Aotearoa New Zealand. Methods: Psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists (registrars) in Aotearoa New Zealand were surveyed in August 2021. Of 879 eligible doctors, 540 participated (83% qualified and 17% trainee psychiatrists), a response rate of over 60%. Data were analysed quantitatively and with content analysis. Results: Psychiatrists thought specialist mental health and addictions services had been neglected during recent reforms, with 94% believing current resourcing was insufficient, and only 3% considering future planning was heading in the right direction. The demand and complexity of on-call work had markedly increased in the preceding 2 years. Ninety-eight percent reported that people needing specialist treatment were often (85%) or sometimes (13%) unable to access the right care due to resourcing constraints. The pressures were similar across sub-specialties. A key theme was the distress (sometimes termed ‘moral injury’) experienced by psychiatrists unable to provide adequate care due to resource limitations, ‘knowing what would be a good thing to do and being unable to do it . . . is soul destroying’. Recommendations were made for addressing workforce, service design and wider issues. Conclusion: Most psychiatrists in Aotearoa New Zealand believe the mental health system is not currently fit for purpose and that it is not heading in the right direction. Remedies include urgently addressing identified staffing challenges and boosting designated funding to adequately care for the 5% of New Zealanders with severe mental health and addiction needs.
Investigation of effects of added hemp fiber particles on tensile behavior of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
Authors: Ozenc Osman , Dundar Mehmet Akif , Sahin Davut Erdem 
Published: April 2023

This study aimed at investigating the effects of hemp fiber particles with an approximate size of 500 μm added at three various weight ratios including 1wt%, 5wt%, and 10wt%, on the tensile behavior of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) at low strain rates varying from 1 × 10−4 to 6.25 ×10−2 s−1. Regardless of a strain rate, tensile test results revealed that increasing particle content leads to a significant improvement in the tensile modulus of neat ABS but a decrease in its post-yield strength. Additionally, it was found that the ductility of neat ABS decreases with both increasing particle content and strain rate. The results also showed that ABS experiences a less intrinsic yield drop after post-yield as both particle content and strain rate enhance. Additionally, it was concluded that increasing the weight ratio of particles in ABS leads to higher resistance to plastic localized deformation. Moreover, it was found that an improvement in the weight ratio of particles makes the post-yield strength of ABS more susceptible to strain rate but leads its tensile modulus to be less sensitive to strain rate. The tensile test results were found to be consistent with both X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy results.
Machine learning algorithms for population-specific risk score in coronary artery bypass grafting
Authors: Swamy Abhyuday Kumara , Rajagopal Vivek , Krishnan Deepak , Ghorai Paramita Auddya , Palani Santhosh Rathnam , Narayan Pradeep 
Published: April 2023

Background The aim of this study was to develop a new risk prediction score (NH Score) for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) specific to the Indian population and compare it to the Society of Thoracic Surgeon (STS) Score and the EuroSCORE II. Method The baseline features of adult patients who underwent CABG between the years 2015 and 2021 ( n = 6703) were taken and split into training data (2015–2020; n = 5561) and validation data (2020–2021; n = 1142). The CatBoost algorithm was trained to predict risk scores (NH score), and the performance was tested on the validation set by Precision-Recall Curve and F1 Score. Model calibration was measured by the Brier Score, Expected Calibration Error and Maximum Calibration Error. Results The NH score outperformed both the STS and EuroSCORE II for all outcomes. For mortality, the PR AUC for NH Score was (0.463 [95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28–0.64]) compared to 0.113 [95% CI, 0.04–0.22] for the STS score and 0.146 [95% CI, 0.06–0.31] for the EuroSCORE II ( p ≪ 0.0001). With respect to morbidity NH Score was superior to the STS score (0.43 [95% CI, 0.33–0.50]) vs. (0.229 [95% CI, 0.18–0.3, p < 0.0001). The observed to the predicted ratio for NH score was superior to the STS Score and similar to EuroSCORE II. NH Score was also more accurate at predicting the risk of prolonged ventilation compared to the STS Score. Conclusion NH score shows an excellent improvement over the performance of STS score and EuroSCORE II for modelling risk predictions for patients undergoing CABG in Indian population. It warrants further validation for larger datasets.
A Systematic Review of Methods to Incorporate External Evidence into Trial-Based Survival Extrapolations for Health Technology Assessment
Authors: Bullement Ash , Stevenson Matthew D. , Baio Gianluca , Shields Gemma E. , Latimer Nicholas R. 
Published: April 2023

Background External evidence is commonly used to inform survival modeling for health technology assessment (HTA). While there are a range of methodological approaches that have been proposed, it is unclear which methods could be used and how they compare. Purpose This review aims to identify, describe, and categorize established methods to incorporate external evidence into survival extrapolation for HTA. Data Sources Embase, MEDLINE, EconLit, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify published methodological studies, supplemented by hand searching and citation tracking. Study Selection Eligible studies were required to present a novel extrapolation approach incorporating external evidence (i.e., data or information) within survival model estimation. Data Extraction Studies were classified according to how the external evidence was integrated as a part of model fitting. Information was extracted concerning the model-fitting process, key requirements, assumptions, software, application contexts, and presentation of comparisons with, or validation against, other methods. Data Synthesis Across 18 methods identified from 22 studies, themes included use of informative prior(s) ( n = 5), piecewise ( n = 7), and general population adjustment ( n = 9), plus a variety of “other” ( n = 8) approaches. Most methods were applied in cancer populations ( n = 13). No studies compared or validated their method against another method that also incorporated external evidence. Limitations As only studies with a specific methodological objective were included, methods proposed as part of another study type (e.g., an economic evaluation) were excluded from this review. Conclusions Several methods were identified in this review, with common themes based on typical data sources and analytical approaches. Of note, no evidence was found comparing the identified methods to one another, and so an assessment of different methods would be a useful area for further research. Highlights This review aims to identify methods that have been used to incorporate external evidence into survival extrapolations, focusing on those that may be used to inform health technology assessment. We found a range of different approaches, including piecewise methods, Bayesian methods using informative priors, and general population adjustment methods, as well as a variety of “other” approaches. No studies attempted to compare the performance of alternative methods for incorporating external evidence with respect to the accuracy of survival predictions. Further research investigating this would be valuable.