bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prenatal Genetic Testing, Abortion, and Disability Justice
Authors: Knight Amber , Miller Joshua 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The routinization of non-invasive prenatal genetic testing (NIPT) raises urgent questions about women’s reproductive autonomy and disability rights. Many supporters defend NIPT on the grounds that prenatal genetic information helps would-be parents make better family planning choices. We challenge that assessment by showing how, under the current regime of ableism and neoliberal reprogenetics, NIPT provides opportunities for intensified control over women’s reproductive decisions. Focusing intently on the case of Down syndrome, the book demonstrates how several factors ensnare prospective mothers in a web of tough choices by stacking the deck against the decision to bring a child with a genetic impairment into the world and parent her with dignity, including: (1) widespread ableist attitudes in medical institutions; (2) neoliberal welfare policies that privatize social services and the provision of care; and (3) oppressive social norms, including ableist and sexist attitudes. Drawing on feminist political theory and critical disabilities scholarship, we advance a conception of relational autonomy premised on perfectionist liberal notions of the state as a vehicle for intersectional social justice. Our goal is to theorize about which political arrangements would better enable prospective mothers to decide more autonomously whether they want to undergo prenatal testing, terminate a pregnancy following a positive result, carry the fetus to term, raise a child with a disability, or choose adoption. Ultimately, our analysis suggests that genuine reproductive autonomy requires both governmental restraint and active governmental support, arguing that restraint and action can work hand in hand to promote reproductive justice and disability rights.
UK Fiscal Politics and Macroeconomic Policy Rules Since the 1990s
Authors: Clift Ben 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter sets out the institutional and ideational context of UK economic governance since the 1990s, analysing the drivers behind the advent of fiscal rules. It charts competing perspectives of technocratic economic governance, and outlines the political settlement on which rules-based expert economic governance rests. Designed as a technocratic means of taking politics out of fiscal policy decisions, fiscal rules supposedly reassure electorates and financial markets that the public finances are in safe government hands. Yet as this chapter introduces, there is always a multifaceted politics of economic policy, even when it is overseen by seemingly objective rules regimes and independent expert bodies. Outlining the complex politics of fiscal rules, this chapter shows how fiscal rules are not unassailable technical policy constraints but can and do change to accommodate different political-economic ideas and partisan political preferences. This is demonstrated through exploration of the politics of fiscal rectitude surrounding the introduction and evolution of UK fiscal rules under New Labour. It is further illustrated by analysing the changing of UK fiscal rules with the advent of the Coalition government 2010–15 and the politics of austerity. Fiscal rules are revealed to be social and political constructs, bound up in contested knowledge and narratives of the economy, and subject to manipulation by parties across the political spectrum. This all has implications for how we make sense of the politics of technocratic fiscal governance.
The OBR and the Politics of Forecasting Brexit Effects
Authors: Clift Ben 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the practical and technical difficulties that the Office for Budget Responsibility faced when forecasting the economic effects of Britain’s decision to leave the European Union. It outlines the market contestation surrounding different conceptions of free trade, and how these fed disagreements over interpretation of Brexit’s likely economic effects. The backdrop to Brexit forecasts was politically contested understandings of the relationship between Europe and the British model of capitalism. The event’s unprecedented nature, the uncertainty surrounding the Brexit process, and the difficulty disaggregating its economic impact from other factors all made the OBR’s forecasting work especially challenging. The acrimonious and often fallacious terms of the Brexit debate also posed difficulties for a technocratic economic governance institution seeking to retain its apolitical, independent credentials while developing its economic narrative. The OBR sought to manage Brexit uncertainties through conservative assumptions and judgement informed by modelling by other expert economic bodies. Nevertheless, Brexit forecasting entailed the OBR taking a normative stance not only on the economic value of Britain’s membership of the Single European Market but also on competing conceptions of the nature, operation, and feasibility of ‘free trade’. Demonstrating how the OBR’s judgements proved particularly contentious for advocates of a post-Brexit Global Britain, the chapter explores how radical uncertainty created the conditions for alternative, specious economic expertise to gain plausibility. It emphasizes the hidden normative foundations on which all economic forecasting is premised, and which always threaten to puncture the OBR’s epistemic authority by illuminating its technical limits.
Introduction
Authors: Menze Volker L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Scholars have postulated that the Council of Chalcedon in 451 present the peak of ancient Christological development. The short introduction, however, points out that summoning the Council of Chalcedon in 451 was to some extent completely incidental. The summoning of the council and the consequences of it must have been largely unexpected for contemporaries; historians should beware of historical determinism. The focus of the book is on Dioscorus, patriarch of Alexandria 444–451, and one of the major protagonists during the fifth-century Christological controversy. He has hardly ever received any serious discussion, and his image is still distorted in modern scholarship. The book attempts to rectify this and sets his career within the context of ecclesiastical politics.
Fairly and Pragmatically Prioritizing Global Allocation of Scarce Vaccines during a Pandemic
Authors: Owen Schaefer G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores what it would mean to fairly allocate vaccines between countries during a global health emergency. From an ethical point of view, need-based allocation is an obvious, arguably even dominant, paradigm: more vaccine should go to countries in more desperate need of it. However, this approach faces several practical constraints. Firstly, measuring and assessing need is highly challenging, such that there is a high degree of uncertainty concerning which countries would actually benefit more from receiving vaccines. And secondly, even if need can be reliably assessed, such an allocation approach is unlikely to garner sufficient international support to actually be implemented. The second challenge turns out not to be an issue because, unfortunately, countries did not sufficiently support international vaccine distribution efforts even when it was not tied to a needs-based allocation scheme. But the first challenge, of uncertainty, suggests that distribution should be tempered and ‘flattened’ compared with the ethical ideal. Allocation, then, should take on a weighted priority approach: a proportionate population-based ‘baseline’ (similar to the current model of COVAX), weighted by a factor determined by estimates of local need. This chapter proposes a weighting formula that is directly proportionate to the degree to which certain countries are in greater need of vaccines than other countries. This approach hedges against uncertainties in needs-based allocation, and may also be a more acceptable compromise position given COVAX’s ongoing commitment to proportionate allocation at the time of writing.
Conclusion
Authors: Ross Shaun 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This conclusion delineates how a better description of presence in the eucharistic theologies and poetics of early modernity complicates the meaning of ‘secularization’, both during the Reformation and in our own moment. Using an episode from 1980s Chile to trouble assumptions about the eucharist’s past-ness, it explains how a falsely rigid distinction between Protestant and Catholic eucharistic theology became mapped onto similarly dubious distinctions between the modern and the primitive. Following a consideration of the eucharist as it appears in the work of women poets Anne Locke, Aemelia Lanyer, and Katherine Philips, this final section presents eucharistic poetics as part of an ongoing negotiation in Western history between the claims of our embodied existence, which often only find full articulation in symbolic expression, and the disembodied mechanisms of rationality that order ourselves and our world.
Dillon versus Parnell
Authors: Bew Paul 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The clash between Parnell and his ambitious young lieutenant came into the open and could not be concealed, even though both were interned together from autumn 1881 to the spring of 1882. In April 1881 the Liberal government launched a substantial land reform which Parnell privately—though not publicly—acknowledged to be enough to quell the land agitation. Parnell negotiated a compromise with the Liberal government; Dillon, in frustration, retired to Nebraska to live with his brother. Dillon was convinced that Liberal reform could reduce the strength of Irish nationalism. In this he shared the basic assumption of British Liberalism. Parnell, on the other hand, never seems to have shared this assumption, though he was determined to avoid any adventures which might land him in a jail again. He was happy to stay with Mrs O’Shea in Eltham and rarely visited Ireland.
The Ambiguities of the Liberal Alliance
Authors: Bew Paul 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Parnell was openly critical of Dillon’s reinvigoration of land agitation: increasingly, he favoured a more limited settlement of the land question to be made with Conservative politicians. Dillon’s new agitation ‘The Plan of Campaign’ did, however, further complete the isolation and demoralization of Irish landlordism. Dillon further angered Parnell by re-introducing the embarrassing name of P. J. Sheridan into public life at the very moment when Parnell wanted to put all his connections with ‘men of violence’ into the dustbin of history. Parnell was furious. He was well aware that English journalists were pottering around in this murky phase of his political life. Parnell wanted to see a peace again in Ireland but Dillon, with the help of several Liberal MPs, defied him.
Forgiveness and Healing
Authors: Mihut Cristian F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 provides an introduction that motivates, demarcates, and summarizes the entire project. It motivates the account of gracious, curative forgivingness by connecting two vignettes. The first is the biblical portrayal of a God who heals the wounds of exiled Israel, the very people guilty of something akin to marital infidelity with respect to Yahweh. The second is that of the Nickle Mines Amish who graciously extended forgiveness to the murderer of their children, and to his family. The gratuitous forgiveness the Amish embody seems genealogically rooted in the gracious character of God who absorbs the brunt of the offense while remaining oriented toward the good of the offender. The project is demarcated from others by making explicit its philosophical and methodological commitments. Notably, it justifies analyzing a single dominant biblical image over against other approaches labelled as the tory, the whiggish, the homogenizing, and the kaleidoscopic methods. Chapter 1 concludes with a summary of each of the remaining chapters in the work.
Divine Forgiveness and Justice for All
Authors: Mihut Cristian F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 extends the thesis that forgivingness is at the heart of God’s agency by focusing on various conceptualizations of divine justice. It interrogates some of the important assumptions that too often ascribe biblical, theological, and philosophical centrality to divine retributivism. More positively, it argues that curative, gracious forgivingness supports and is supported by a non-retributivist conception of divine justice. The chapter sketches an account that makes sense of divine wrath and hard treatment as reprobative communications which are teleologically embedded in a larger restorative-justice framework. Because it is a hybrid framework, it is called communicative-restorative justice. The chapter concludes by providing several relevant episodes from the biblical narrative that corroborate this theoretical framework: the Eden story, the giving of the Torah, the Prophets, and Christ’s cleansing of the Temple.
Contractual Thought before Stair
Authors: Bogle Stephen 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
What is it that makes Stair so distinctive? How did he compare to his contemporaries in Scotland? How did lawyers in Scotland or indeed those working with Roman law texts approach the law of contract? What legal texts were available to Stair? This chapter investigates the frameworks or styles of legal thought adopted by mid-seventeenth-century lawyers in Scotland. It plots out some key features of the law in Scotland and their use of Roman law. Developing upon existing research by John Ford and Adelyn Wilson, this chapter builds a picture of the ideas and approaches Scots lawyers took when dealing with the law of contract. Stair’s writing on the law of contract emerges from this examination as unique in comparison.
Sanctuary 1509–1529
Authors: McGlynn Margaret 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The surviving evidence indicates that abjurations increased in the second half of the 1520s and that this change was supported, if not driven, by the common lawyers. Though this argument is based on circumstantial evidence, it suggests that as the justices continued to reform and refine their use of benefit of clergy, they began to approach sanctuary in a similar manner for the first time. They moved it from a peripheral but acceptable process to another mitigation for felony housed within the Church which they could nonetheless manage. Their early steps in this direction remained tangential to the working of the privilege itself but provide an important insight into the process by which they came to see benefit of clergy and sanctuary as cognates, each of which had something to offer to the development of a more functional criminal justice system. Small as the steps were, this shift in the 1520s marked a change in attitude on the part of the justices and laid the groundwork for the significant developments of the 1530s.
Non-Ideal Epistemology
Authors: McKenna Robin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Epistemologists often work with idealized pictures of what inquirers are like, how they interact with each other, and the social institutions and environment in which they do the interacting. These idealizations might be appropriate for the foundational issues in epistemology, such as the theory of knowledge. But they become problematic when epistemologists address applied and practical topics, such as public ignorance about important political and scientific issues, or our obligations and responsibilities as inquirers. A solution to a problem like public ignorance that might work in an ideal world could be disastrous in the real world. Ways of interacting that would yield epistemic benefits in an epistemically just world might not be so beneficial in an epistemically unjust world. In this book, McKenna argues that, to avoid these problems, we need to make space for non-ideal epistemology—a way of doing epistemology that eschews the idealizations typical in much contemporary epistemology and instead makes use of empirical research in political psychology and science communication. But this book is not just an exercise in philosophical methodology. McKenna also develops distinctive approaches to a range of important topics in applied and political epistemology, such as what to do about science denial, whether we should try to be intellectually autonomous, and the implications of epistemic injustice for our responsibilities as inquirers. The result is an illustration of why we need non-ideal epistemology and what it can do for us.
What Is Non-Ideal Epistemology?
Authors: McKenna Robin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an initial characterization of non-ideal epistemology, and of the difference between it and ideal epistemology. More specifically, it sketches the overall argument of the book and highlights three key aspects or ‘faces’ of non-ideal epistemology: a focus on social institutions and their role in knowledge production and dissemination, a picture of inquirers as deeply socially situated, and a diagnosis of where ideal epistemology can go wrong. It also explains how non-ideal epistemology differs from social epistemology and from approaches to social epistemology one might think are similar to non-ideal epistemology, such as feminist epistemology and the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK).
Cost of finding and making vaccines
Authors: Cole Clarke B. , Evans Beth , Scotney Soleine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The cost of vaccines includes the costs of discovery, development, regulatory clearance, production, and marketing. Research and development impose high risks and require advance investments to test many candidates that ultimately fail. After a candidate is successful, regulatory approvals also require investments. Most vaccines show increasing returns to scale so that the unit cost goes down as production increases. However, the long time-lag from the start to completion of a batch of vaccines implies that lower costs are possible when the size of an order is predictable. Prices are often set by companies that compare their products to other products for sale in a given country. Occasionally, prices are influenced by value-based pricing and what is known about a country’s willingness to pay to achieve a health outcome. Vaccine supply in the 2010–2020 era was dominated by four multinational corporations accounting for 80% of global vaccine revenues. A growing number of vaccine companies in emerging markets, organized into the Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network, provide lower-priced traditional vaccines to the global market. Vaccine markets are not very competitive and most vaccines are produced by only a small number of suppliers. Vaccine procurement is also highly concentrated because pooled procurement by UNICEF Supply Division and PAHO Revolving Fund accounts for a large allotment of vaccine sales each year. Gavi plays an outsized role in subsidizing procurement for Gavi-eligible countries. COVID-19 vaccines have led to new innovations in vaccine markets with COVAX offering pooled procurement for a large number of vaccines.
Defining immunization costs
Authors: Brenzel Logan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter lays out the general framework for evaluating the costs of immunization services, including the types of inputs and prices, and how they are measured to generate financial, fiscal, and economic (opportunity) costs. Both economic and activity classifications of costs are explored as well as pricing of inputs. This chapter draws from a range of existing methodologies that help to classify, characterize, analyze, aggregate and report on immunization costs. Variation in total and unit costs and relationship between volume of service and unit costs are discussed. Measuring household level costs may be important information for policy.
Section introduction: economic evaluation of vaccines and vaccine programs
Authors: Padula William V. , Drabo Emmanuel F. , Edoka Ijeoma 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Economic evaluation is the key approach to modeling the value of vaccines. These methods compile information about cost, clinical benefits, and probabilities of different outcomes in order to draw conclusions about the cost-effectiveness and budget impact of vaccines for particular communities based on what we know about the initial efficacy of immunization programs. These economic models are convenient since they allow us to forecast value of vaccines even with limited data by drawing assumptions based on the past successes and failures of previous immunization programs. This chapter guides readers through the theoretical foundations as they apply to medical cost-effectiveness analysis, which applied examples in vaccine economics. The chapter leverages simple decision models to base its teachings on. Subjects such as the derivation of health utilities, including quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) are covered here, as well as cost-effectiveness thresholds and their link to opportunity costs when communities overspend on vaccines for limited populations. More advanced methods in economic evaluation, including Markov modeling and sensitivity analysis are covered further in the next chapter, 4.0.
Defining the scope and study design of cost-effectiveness analysis
Authors: Levy Joseph F. , Phelps Charles E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers guidance to defining the scope and study design of a cost-effectiveness analysis. As mentioned earlier, healthcare involves many stakeholders ranging from payers, to providers, to integrated health systems, to patients, and ultimately to society as a whole. Economic models can range in their measurement of costs and effectiveness depending on the perspective of these stakeholders. We will explore how these perspectives impact the design and calculation of different economic model parameters. We will also highlight basic types of economic models (i.e., decision trees and Markov chains) which are used to simulate the impacts of vaccines on different types of static or time-dependent health outcomes, as well as accumulate costs and effectiveness measures.
Parameter estimation
Authors: Drabo Emmanuel F. , Dowdy David W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on parameter estimation. Economic models that are used to measure vaccine value are only as strong as the data used in the model. Health economists depend on the availability of data from a number of different reliable sources in order to populate a model with parameters, including clinical, epidemiological, economic, and utility estimates. These sources include some of the typical study designs that one might encounter from data on vaccine effectiveness, such as randomized-controlled trials, observational studies, etc. The chapter will explore how to extract high-quality information about costs, effectiveness and probability parameters that can be used to make an economic model functional.
Introduction to Markov modeling
Authors: Drabo Emmanuel F. , Padula William V. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to Markov modeling with an applied exercise concerning a Hepatitis B vaccination decision problem. Beginning here should give readers an understanding of probability theory as it applies to the Markovian assumption for advanced modeling techniques. These skills will be useful for mapping out infectious diseases with transitioning health states, which of course are common.