bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epitopes associated with a synthetic hepatitis B surface antigen peptide.
Authors: Ionescu-Matiu I , Kennedy R C , Sparrow J T , Culwell A R , Sanchez Y , Melnick J L , Dreesman G R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A synthetic peptide (SP1), corresponding to the amino acid residues 122 through 137 of the major polypeptide derived from hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), subtype ayw, was analyzed for the presence of the major epitopes of HBsAg. Both a cyclic form, produced by introduction of an intrachain disulfide bond, and a linear form of the peptide were characterized. A panel of monoclonal antibodies with defined specificity for the cross-reactive group a antigenic determinant(s) and for the y and w subtype specificities was used for this analysis. The cyclic, but not the linear, form of SP1 reacted with five of 14 anti-a monoclonal antibodies, demonstrating that the cyclic peptide contains a conformation-dependent a epitope. Only one anti-a antibody was found to react with both cyclic and linear forms of SP1. Because SP1 failed to react with the remaining 8 anti-a monoclonal antibodies, it was concluded that the a antigenic reactivity associated with HBsAg contains an additional epitope(s) unrelated to that expressed on SP1. Both cyclic and linear SP1 reacted with three of three anti-y monoclonal antibodies, indicating that a sequential y epitope is also present on SP1; no w reactivity was detected. Analysis of the idiotypes associated with the monoclonal antibodies showed those that combined with cyclic SP1 also inhibited the binding of a common human anti-HBs (CHBs) idiotype with its rabbit anti-idiotype serum, whereas a monoclonal antibody that did not react with the cyclic SP1 epitope failed to inhibit the CHBs idiotype-anti-idiotype reaction. Thus, the conformational a epitope present on cyclic SP1 appears to contain the predominant epitope recognized by humans in response to a natural HBV infection.
Interleukin 2 dependence of human natural killer (NK) cell activity.
Authors: Domzig W , Stadler B M , Herberman R B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When purified populations of human natural killer (NK) cells were tested for cytotoxic activity in the presence of partially purified preparations of human interleukin 2 (IL 2), a definite, dose-dependent linear increase in reactivity was observed. To determine whether such augmentation by IL 2 might reflect an important aspect of the physiologic regulation of NK activity, we examined the effects of monoclonal antibodies against human IL 2 on spontaneous NK activity. The presence of such antibodies during the 4-hr cytotoxicity assay resulted in significant inhibition of NK activity, and when the NK cells were pretreated for 16 to 20 hr with anti-IL 2, little or no activity remained. These data suggest that the spontaneous cytotoxic activity of NK cells is dependent on their continued exposure to IL 2. The reduction in NK activity resulting from treatment with anti-IL 2 could be at least partially restored by exposure to only low amounts of partially purified IL 2. These data have provided the basis for formulating a novel model of NK cell activation.
Suppression of humoral immunity in chickens prevents transient paralysis caused by a herpesvirus.
Authors: Parker M A , Schierman L W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV)3 is a highly oncogenic herpesvirus that usually causes visceral lymphomas and lymphoid infiltration of the peripheral nerves in chickens. A relatively rare encephalitic condition, first found in farm flocks and referred to as transient paralysis (TP), is also caused by MDV(1). TP symptoms occur 9 to 11 days after MDV inoculation and range from mild ataxia to profound coma. Most birds recover by 24 to 72 hr after onset of symptoms, although severely affected birds may die within the same time period. Previous studies in this laboratory (2) showed that susceptibility to TP is a recessive trait controlled by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes (i.e., B complex genes of chickens). Inbred line G-B1 chickens (B13/B13) are resistant to TP, whereas chickens from related inbred lines G-B2 (B6/B6) and G-B3 (B15/B15) are highly susceptible. In this study chickens were immunosuppressed by neonatal cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment or surgical bursectomy (BX) to determine the possible role of antibodies in the pathogenesis of TP.
Immunoregulatory T cell abnormalities in mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome.
Authors: Leung D Y , Chu E T , Wood N , Grady S , Meade R , Geha R S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We recently demonstrated that during the acute phase of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MCLS)3 there was a significant reduction in circulating T8+ suppressor/cytotoxic T cells and an increased number of Ia/Dr-bearing T4+ T cells, which suggests the presence of circulating activated helper T cells (1). Furthermore, the vast majority of patients with acute MCLS had a significantly elevated number of circulating B cells spontaneously secreting IgG and IgM. In the present study, the possible role of the immunoregulatory T cell abnormalities in the polyclonal B cell activation was investigated by assaying the ability of T cells and T cell factors from patients with acute MCLS to induce immunoglobulin production by normal B lymphocytes. We also examined the capacity of normal T cells to suppress immunoglobulin production by activated B cells from patients with acute MCLS.
T cell-replacing activity of C8-derivatized guanine ribonucleosides.
Authors: Goodman M G , Weigle W O 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The capacity of the C8-substituted guanine ribonucleosides to provide T cell-like signals to cultures of splenic B cells was evaluated. We showed previously that these low m.w. nucleoside derivatives traverse the cell membrane and induce their effects from an intracellular location. The current studies clearly demonstrate that 8 mercaptoguanosine (8MGuo), when added to cultures of B cells and macrophages in the presence of antigen, is capable of supplying a "second signal" for B cells, enabling them to generate high numbers of specific plaque-forming cells against the immunizing antigen. This effect is duplicated in cultures of spleen cells from congenitally athymic mice. Inhibition of interleukin 2 (IL 2) generation by cyclosporin A, such that the antibody response of normal spleen cells is entirely abrogated, has minimal effects on the T cell-replacing activity of 8MGuo. Additivity studies with MLC supernatants as well as kinetic analyses with IL 2-associated lymphokines substantiate that these factors act by a mechanism distinct from that of 8MGuo and 8BrGuo. These observations establish these nucleoside activators as exciting new probes for T helper cell activity and an effective non-T cell source of T cell-like signals.
Analysis of true anti-hapten cytotoxic clones in limit dilution microcultures after correction for "anti-self" activity: precursor frequencies, Ly-2 and Thy-1 phenotype, specificity, and statistical methods.
Authors: Good M F , Boyd A W , Nossal G J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By the use of split culture techniques we have been able to demonstrate conclusively that the "anti-self" activity and the spontaneous anti-hapten activity within an apparent anti-hapten cytotoxic T cell response is a clonal phenomenon and is not caused by cross-reactivity between anti-self and true anti-hapten clones. With the knowledge of this clonality we have been able formally to prove that the true hapten-generated, hapten-specific response can be obtained by subtracting the response generated by "self" but directed against modified targets from the response generated by modified self and directed against modified targets. Unbiased statistical estimators, which do not make assumptions about the origin (0 responder cells, 100% negative cultures), have been developed to plot accurately limit dilution data (maximal likelihood estimator and minimal chi-square estimator), and the analysis demonstrates that all the components of an apparent anti-hapten response obey zero order (single hit) kinetics. By specifically identifying true anti-hapten and true anti-self clones, we have been able to study the phenotype of their precursors as well as the effectors themselves at the clonal level. Precursors of true anti-hapten and anti-self clones are Thy-1+, Ly-2+. However, anti-hapten and anti-self effector cells show marked clonal variation with respect to Ly-2, as some clones are almost completely insensitive to anti-Ly-2 and complement whereas others show minimal to complete sensitivity. All anti-hapten clones are completely sensitive to anti-Thy-1 and complement, whereas about one-third of anti-self clones show only partial sensitivity, with the most lytic clones showing the most sensitivity. Hapten-specificity and anti-self-specificity have been examined clonally. Ten percent of anti-TNP clones recognize NIP, 10% of anti-NIP clones recognize TNP, and 20% of anti-self clones recognize an allo-target. These figures are in accordance with the overall specificity of effectors generated in bulk culture in the presence of CAS (concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cell conditioned medium). However, hapten specificity and H-2 restriction of bulk generated effectors are improved if CAS is omitted from cultures.
Ir gene control of immune responses to insulins. II. Phenotypic differences in T cell activity among nonresponder strains of mice.
Authors: Bucy R P , Kapp J A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immune responses by mice to heterologous insulins are controlled by H-2 linked Ir genes. In studies to determine the mechanisms responsible for nonresponsiveness, we found that although pork insulin failed to stimulate antibody or proliferative responses in H-2b mice, it did prime T cells that can express helper activity in adoptive recipient mice. This helper activity was insulin-specific in both elicitation and expression. In studies presented in this paper, we have extended this analysis to the response patterns of helper T cells stimulated by sheep, horse, and rat insulins in mice bearing different H-2 haplotypes. The results demonstrate that nonresponder forms of insulin, including rat insulin, prime T cells in H-2b and H-2d, but not H-2k, mice. These results suggest that regulation of nonresponsiveness to insulin appears to be through different pathways in mice bearing different H-2 haplotypes.
Heterogeneity of an anti-H-2 I-A response as determined by cloned T cell reactivity.
Authors: Peck A B , Smith R T , Jadus M R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
T lymphocytes activated against the I-Aq gene product in primary mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) exhibit an unusually strong cross-reactivity against all third-party stimulating strains tested in secondary MLC. Through the development of anti-I-Aq clones, this cross-recognition has been shown to result from the activation of a heterogeneous T lymphocyte population bearing receptors that recognize the I-Aq gene product differently, yet specifically. The determination of functional activities of the anti-I-Aq cloned cells, e.g., lymphokine production and ability to induce lethal graft-vs-host disease, suggested even further heterogeneity in T cells grouped according to their similar cross-reactive pattern.
The role of suppressor cells in the induction of murine photoallergic contact dermatitis and in its suppression by prior UVB irradiation.
Authors: Granstein R D , Morison W L , Kripke M L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Induction in mice of marked photoallergic contact dermatitis (PCD) to 3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCSA) with UVA (320 to 400 nm) radiation requires pretreatment with cyclophosphamide (CY). Attempts to induce photoallergic contact dermatitis without CY result in only a small degree of sensitivity, accompanied by significant net splenic suppressor cell activity. These suppressor cells are antigen specific, inhibit the induction but not the elicitation of photoallergic contact dermatitis to TCSA, and are T lymphocytes. Exposure of mice to UVB (280 to 320 nm) radiation at a site distant from that of sensitization, before CY administration and sensitization, inhibits the development of photoallergic contact dermatitis. This is analogous to the suppression of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) observed in mice after exposure to UVB radiation; such suppression is accompanied by the formation of antigen-specific splenic suppressor cells. However, in contrast to the findings with allergic contact dermatitis, splenic suppressor cells are not detected in mice that are treated with UVB radiation before CY administration and sensitization to TCSA. This is presumably because CY prevents their formation. This provides evidence that UVB-irradiated mice have a second form of anergy that is not mediated by suppressor cells.
Spontaneous in vitro occurrence and long-term culture of murine B lymphoblast cell lines.
Authors: Braun J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Under simple culture conditions, in vitro culture of T cell-depleted splenic mononuclear cells reliably promotes the outgrowth of B lymphoblasts. Such cells, termed BLY1, can be propagated as long-term B cell lines but are nontumorigenic in syngeneic recipients. The phenotype of BLy1 cells is unusual. They express certain B cell markers, including surface mu-lambda, I-Ak, and C3 and Fc receptors; however, delta heavy chain and kappa light chain production is absent. Although the cells do not express Thy-1 or Lyt-2, Lyt-1 is readily demonstrable. These distinctive features of BLy1 cells thus resemble a recently described B cell subset prominent early in ontogeny, and in the B cell defect of NZB mice.
Behaviorally conditioned suppression of the immune response by antilymphocyte serum.
Authors: Kusnecov A W , Sivyer M , King M G , Husband A J , Cripps A W , Clancy R L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies have shown that cyclophosphamide, a drug with a broad spectrum of cytotoxic activity and one that produces noxious gastrointestinal side effects, can elicit taste aversion conditioning when paired with a non-immunosuppressive oral stimulus (saccharin) resulting in immunosuppression after subsequent exposure to the paired stimulus (1). The study reported here indicates that rabbit anti-rat lymphocyte serum (ALS) which is selectively cytotoxic for lymphocytes and does not produce sensory side effects can similarly induce taste aversion conditioning of the immune response. Rats were exposed to oral saccharin paired with ALS injection. Upon subsequent reexposure to saccharin alone the immunosuppressive effects of ALS were reenlisted and the primary mixed lymphocyte culture response of conditioned rats to allogeneic lymphocytes was suppressed by 35% compared to controls. The demonstrated influence of psychologic factors on the immune response has far reaching implications, especially to human medicine, and their role in the course of disease and recovery in man demands further investigation.
Human natural killer cells analyzed by B73.1, a monoclonal antibody blocking Fc receptor functions. I. Characterization of the lymphocyte subset reactive with B73.1.
Authors: Perussia B , Starr S , Abraham S , Fanning V , Trinchieri G 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We describe the production of the monoclonal antibody B73.1, reacting with a subset of human lymphocytes and, in about one-half of the donors, with neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In the peripheral blood from normal adult donors, 14.6 +/- 8.5% of the lymphocytes react with B73.1 antibody. The B73.1(+) lymphocyte subset does not bear markers of typical T or B cells and corresponds to the lymphocyte subset containing antibody-dependent killer (K) and natural killer (NK) cells. We demonstrate that: a) virtually all lymphocytes with K/NK cytotoxic activity are found in the lymphocyte subpopulation bearing the B73.1-defined antigen; b) the B73.1(+) lymphocyte subset bears the combination of antigens known to be present on K/NK cells; and c) there is a positive correlation between the level of cytotoxicity and the actual number of B73.1(+) lymphocytes in individual donors. We also report the distribution of B73.1(+) lymphocytes according to donor age and tissue types. The use of the B73.1 antibody in quantitating the actual number of K/NK cells and in performing functional studies on spontaneous cytotoxicity is discussed.
The fate of interleukin-2 after in vivo administration.
Authors: Donohue J H , Rosenberg S A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Interleukin 2 (IL 2) activity was measured in the serum of mice, using a bioassay, following various methods of IL 2 administration. IL 2 has a serum half-life of 3.7 min +/- 0.8 min (mean +/- SD) in mice after i.v. injection, and a serum IL 2 titer of 2 units/ml could be sustained for less than 30 min after injection of highly concentrated IL 2 solutions. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of similar amounts of IL 2 prolonged the duration of serum IL 2 activity at greater than 2 units/ml for 2 and 6 hr, respectively. Administration of IL 2 in a gelatin base was capable of sustaining serum IL 2 levels at greater than 2 units/ml for up to 16 hr. The reason for the short in vivo half-life of i.v. injected IL 2 was studied. No inhibitors of IL 2 could be detected in our cell growth assay of IL 2 activity. Exposure of IL 2 to mouse blood or serum had no impact on IL 2 titers. To evaluate the possibility that IL 2 was binding to lymphoid cells in vivo, the fate of IL 2 was studied in nude mice, in mice 4 days after 1000 rads total body irradiation, and in splenectomized mice. The serum half-life in these modified mice was identical to that in normal mice. The kidney appeared to be the main site of IL 2 clearance. The rates of IL 2 disappearance in mice rose from a control T 1/2 of 2.5 to 3.5 min in sham-operated animals to up to 84 min in mice with ligated renal pedicles. IL 2 was not excreted in an active form in the urine and ureteral ligation had only a small effect on the serum half-life of IL 2, implying probable renal tubular catabolism of filtered IL 2.
Positively selected Lyt-2+ and Lyt-2- mouse T lymphocytes are comparable, after Con A stimulation, in release of IL 2 and of lymphokines acting on B cells, macrophages, and mast cells, but differ in interferon production.
Authors: Guerne P A , Piguet P F , Vassalli P 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Purified mouse T lymphocytes were separated into Lyt-2+ and Lyt-2- populations by the procedure of panning, in which a monoclonal rat anti-Lyt-2 antibody and dishes coated with affinity-purified mouse anti-rat Ig antibodies were used. The populations obtained were 95 to 99% pure as determined by immunofluorescence. Graded doses of these T cells were cultured with optimal mitogenic doses of concanavalin A and the 0 to 24 and 24 to 48-hr culture supernatants were collected. The dose-curve assays of the supernatants of Lyt-2+ and Lyt-2- cells showed comparable activity in interleukin 2 (IL 2) and T cell-replacing factor (TRF), assayed on antigen-stimulated culture of T-depleted spleen cells. Limiting dilution assays of IL 2-secreting precursor cells stimulated by Con A showed a high frequency of precursors in both populations, slightly higher among Lyt-2- cells. The supernatants also contained comparable levels of IPA (inducer of plasminogen activator production by the macrophages), MAF (macrophage-activating factor, assayed by induction of their cytolytic function), and MCGF (mast cells growth factor, assayed on a mast cell line). IPA and MAF were not produced with the same kinetics and in the same T cell concentration conditions as IL 2 and TRF. In contrast, interferon was principally produced by the Lyt-2+ cells.
Effect of interferon on thoracic duct lymphocyte output: induction with either poly I:poly C or vaccinia virus.
Authors: Korngold R , Blank K J , Murasko D M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Systemic inoculation of the interferon (IFN) inducer polyinosinic-polycytidylic polyribonucleotide (poly I:poly C) into CBA/J mice produces a significant decrease in the number of thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) collected 6 to 22 hr after injection. The number of TDL is restored to normal levels by 48 to 64 hr. Residual TDL collected during the inhibition period of poly I:poly C treatment showed a phenotypic profile similar to phosphate-buffered saline- (PBS) treated control groups when examined for Lyt-1.1, Lyt-2, Thy-1.2 and Iak surface markers. Interferon is implicated as the mediator of this phenomenon since: 1) Inoculation of exogenous IFN can induce a similar suppression in the number of recoverable TDL. 2) Pretreatment of mice with sheep anti-murine IFN serum can block this effect of poly I:poly C. Similar experiments with vaccinia virus demonstrate that although live virus can partially suppress the TDL output, almost complete suppression is achieved with ultraviolet (UV)-inactivated virus. Vaccinia virus-induced suppression of the number of TDL also appears to be caused by IFN since: 1) UV-inactivated virus induces significantly higher serum levels of IFN in comparison to live virus. 2) The suppression of TDL output by either live or UV-inactivated vaccinia virus can be blocked by pretreatment with anti-murine IFN. These findings suggest that the immunosuppression often associated with viral infections may be at least partially due to a decrease in lymphocyte recirculation mediated by the IFN initially released in response to the virus.
Assignment of antigenic determinants to separated I-A kappa chains.
Authors: Kupinski J M , Plunkett M L , Freed J H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The alpha- and beta-chains of the I-A kappa antigen from the AKTB-1b B cell lymphoma were separated by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex in the presence of propionic acid and urea. Removal of the denaturants by dialysis produced isolated chains that regained a significant amount of their native configuration. These materials were used with a battery of monoclonal antibodies in a direct binding assay to localize specific alloantigenic determinants to the A alpha kappa or A beta kappa chains. This method allowed the assignment of the nominal specificity Ia. 17 and at least one epitope of the specificity Ia.2 to the A beta kappa chain. Finally, the I-A kappa antigen from the B cell lymphoma AKTB-1b was shown to be identical, by the criterion of tryptic peptide analysis, to that derived from normal B10.BR splenocytes. This constitutes the first demonstration that the polypeptide portion of a tumor-derived class II MHC antigen is identical to that derived from a normal tissue.