bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enigmatic Apiogalacturonans – What Do We Know About This Group of Pectic Polysaccharides?
Authors: Pfeifer Lukas 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The plant cell wall consists of various polysaccharide groups contributing to its functions both structurally and physiologically. Within the most complex group of cell wall polysaccharides, the pectins, one subgroup contains the unusual branched‐chain pentose apiose as major decorating sugar. That polysaccharide, named apiogalacturonan, was first described in the 1960s and subsequent studies tried to resolve different aspects such as structure, biosynthesis, and function. One aspect of the research was its taxonomical distribution, which seemed to be restricted to only a few genera within the whole plant kingdom. The physiological reason for that as well as the genetic background is currently unknown. Some progress was achieved during the last years in shedding more light on the biosynthesis of the activated sugar but to a fundamental understanding of apiogalacturonan biosynthesis much more work is to be done. The aim of this article is to present the different aspects of the performed research studies, to draw conclusions for the current state of research, and to propose future directions to further extend the knowledge on these unusual macromolecules.
Synchronization of reaction‐diffusion neural networks with distributed delay via quantized boundary control
Authors: Zhang Chuan , Xiang Han , Zhang Xianfu , Guo Yingxin , Zhang Hao 
Published: February 2023

SummaryThis paper investigates the synchronization of reaction‐diffusion neural networks (RDNNs) with distributed delay via quantized boundary control. To reduce the communication burden, a novel control strategy combined boundary control and logarithmic quantizer is proposed, and two controllers respectively subject to constant and adaptive coefficients are carried out. Worth mentioning that the adaptive feedback gain is a matrix in this paper rather than a one‐dimensional variable in most of the existing literatures. Using the Lyapunov functional, the sufficient conditions for delay‐dependent synchronization are obtained through linear matrix inequalities. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is illustrated via two examples.
Self‐Thermophoretic Nanoparticles Enhance Intestinal Mucus Penetration and Reduce Pathogenic Bacteria Interception in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Wang Zhi‐Hao , Huang Wanting , Zhang Shuhao , Chu Mengyu , Yin Na , Zhu Chaoran , Zhang Zhenzhong , Shi Jinjin , Liu Junjie 
Published: February 2023

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer incidence worldwide. Oral drug delivery systems (ODDS) have shown great promise for CRC therapy, but the delivery efficiency is still challenged by the dense intestinal mucus barrier and nonspecific interception of abnormally proliferated pathogenic bacteria. Herein, self‐thermophoretic nanoparticles (CTPB) is presented to enhance intestinal mucus penetration and reduce pathogenic bacteria interception in CRC for efficient drug delivery. The nanoplatform introduces hollow mesoporous copper sulfide and is asymmetrically sprayed with titanium dioxide as the self‐thermophoretic matrix. Based on the close relationship between pathogenic bacteria and CRC, the nanoplatform is camouflaged by the biomimetic membrane of Staphylococcus aureus to precisely anchor in the intestinal segment of CRC. After near‐infrared laser irradiation, CTPB can effectively increase the intestinal mucus penetration efficiency by 2.7 folds, and decrease the pathogenic bacterial interception by 3.5 folds via the self‐thermophoretic propulsion force. In orthotopic CRC‐bearing mice, CTPB vastly improved the drug delivery efficiency to CRC after oral administration, thus showing a 99.4% antitumor rate after three weeks of treatment, which provides new insight into oral drug delivery for CRC therapy.
2D Rhenium Dichalcogenides: From Fundamental Properties to Recent Advances in Photodetector Technology
Authors: Satheesh Preethu P , Jang Hyeon‐Sik , Pandit Bhishma , Chandramohan S. , Heo Keun 
Published: February 2023

AbstractVan der Waals (vdW) materials of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) family with semiconducting properties are currently at the forefront of research in the field of optoelectronics. The ability to couple them with one another at atomic interface precision in a synergistic way opens up unprecedented opportunities to design photodetectors of broad spectral range with excellent figures of merits not accessible to discrete materials. Recent years have seen a surge of interest in group VII TMD materials (ReS2 and ReSe2) due to their strong optical response from bulk to monolayer and good ambient stability. Their band gap energies spanning over visible and near‐infrared ranges and the strong linear polarization sensitivity stemming from the distorted octahedral symmetry, are ideally suited for polarization‐sensitive photodetectors. This review aims at providing a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental properties, optical identification of various structural features, long‐debated question of band gap nature and interlayer coupling, and recent advances in the development of photodetectors based on ReS2, ReSe2, and their vdW heterostructures with other layered materials of practical importance. We critically review various conceptual device designs implemented based on band engineering, emphasize on the merits of these photodetectors and their potential applications, and provide an outlook for future prospects.
Temperature‐Triggered Dynamic Janus Fabrics for Smart Directional Water Transport
Authors: Yang Tiantian , Wang Shi , Yang Haoru , Gui Haoguan , Du Yi , Liang Fuxin 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIn this study, thermosensitive amino‐silica@PDVB/PNIPAM Janus particles (JPs) are synthesized by seed emulsion polymerization‐induced phase separation and selective modification methods. Amino‐modified silica moieties are covalently bonded to a diverse choice of substrates to achieve robust composite coatings, and a PDVB/PNIPAM abdomen forms a micro‐nano‐scale hierarchical surface. PNIPAM has a lower critical solution temperature (LCST), which allows the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the coating to reverse with a change in temperature. When the fabrics are coated with the thermosensitive Janus particles, water repellency is observed above 32 °C, while hydrophilicity is revealed below 32 °C. Then, after the composite fabric is worn, the side next to the skin becomes hydrophobic due to the high temperature, and the side facing the environment is hydrophilic. Therefore, sweat can be pumped from the hydrophobic side to the hydrophilic side through the dynamic Janus fabric. The dynamic hydrophobic–hydrophilic Janus structure enables the efficient and fast evaporation of sweat. The perspiration rate of Janus fabrics is five times higher than that of commercial cotton fabrics. While the wettability of the composite coating remains reversible after 20 temperature cycles and 20 tape adhesion cycles, showing good mechanical durability. The reversible thermal sensitivity remains after repeated rubbing and ultrasonic immersion.
Boosting the Sonodynamic Cancer Therapy Performance of 2D Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheet‐Based Sonosensitizers Via Crystalline‐to‐Amorphous Phase Transformation
Authors: Hu Tingting , Shen Weicheng , Meng Fanqi , Yang Shuqing , Yu Shilong , Li Hai , Zhang Qinghua , Gu Lin , Tan Chaoliang , Liang Ruizheng 
Published: February 2023

AbstractSonodynamic therapy (SDT) has been a promising therapeutic modality for cancer because of its superior advantages compared with other therapeutic strategies. However, the current sonosensitizers used for SDT normally exhibit low activity for ultrasound (US)‐induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Herein, the crystalline‐to‐amorphous phase transformation is reported as a simple but powerful strategy to engineer ultrathin 2D CoW‐LDH and NiW‐LDH nanosheets as highly efficient sonosensitizers for SDT. The phase transformation of CoW‐LDH and NiW‐LDH nanosheets from polycrystalline to amorphous ones is achieved through a simple acid etching treatment. Importantly, compared with the polycrystalline one, the amorphous CoW‐LDH (a‐CoW‐LDH) nanosheets possess higher ROS generation activity under US irradiation, which is ≈17 times of the commercial TiO2 sonosensitizer. The results suggest that the enhanced performance of ultrathin a‐CoW‐LDH nanosheets for US‐induced ROS generation may be attributed to the phase transformation‐induced defect generation and electronic structure changes. After polyethylene glycol modification, the a‐CoW‐LDH nanosheets can serve as a high‐efficiency sonosensitizer for SDT to achieve cell death in vitro and tumor eradication in vivo under US irradiation.
Scalable Synthesis of 2D Mo2C and Thickness‐Dependent Hydrogen Evolution on Its Basal Plane and Edges
Authors: Wu Jiabin , Su Jianwei , Wu Tao , Huang Liang , Li Qun , Luo Yongxin , Jin Hongrun , Zhou Jun , Zhai Tianyou , Wang Dingsheng , Gogotsi Yury , Li Yadong 
Published: February 2023

Abstract2D transition metal carbides (2D TMCs and MXenes) are promising candidates for applications of energy storage and catalysis. However, producing high‐quality, large 2D flakes of Mo2C MXene has been challenging. Here, a new salt‐assisted templating approach is reported that enables the direct synthesis of 2D Mo2C with low defect concentrations. KCl acts as a template to form an intermediate 2D product, facilitating Mo2C formation without coarsening upon melting. The thickness of the flakes produced can range from monolayer (0.36 nm) to 10 layers (4.55 nm), and the electrocatalytical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity of 2D Mo2C is inversely proportional to its thickness. The monolayer Mo2C shows remarkable HER performance with a current density of ≈6800 mA cm−2 at 470 mV versus reversible hydrogen electrode and an ultrahigh turnover frequency of ≈17 500 s−1. This salt‐assisted synthesis approach can also produce WC and V8C7 nanosheets, expanding the family of 2D carbides. The new pathway eliminates the need for layered ceramic precursors, making it a versatile approach to direct synthesis of MXene‐like 2D carbides.
The transition from Elasto‐Hydrodynamic to Mixed Regimes in Lubricated Friction of Soft Solid Surfaces
Authors: Dong Hao , Moyle Nichole , Wu Haibin , Khripin Constantine Yuri , Hui Chung‐Yuen , Jagota Anand 
Published: February 2023

AbstractLubricated contacts in soft materials are common in various engineering and natural settings, such as tires, haptic applications, contact lenses, and the fabrication of soft electronic devices. Two major regimes are elasto‐hydrodynamic lubrication (EHL), in which solid surfaces are fully separated by a fluid film, and mixed lubrication (ML), in which there is partial solid‐to‐solid contact. The transition between these regimes governs the minimum sliding friction achievable and is thus very important. Generally, the transition from EHL to ML regimes is believed to occur when the thickness of the lubricant layer is comparable with the amplitude of surface roughness. Here, it is reported that in lubricated sliding experiments on smooth, soft, poly(dimethylsiloxane) substrates, the transition can occur when the thickness of the liquid layer is much larger than the height of the asperities. Direct visualization of the “contact” region shows that the transition corresponds to the formation of wave‐like surface wrinkles at the leading contact edge and associated instabilities at the trailing contact edge, which are believed to trigger the transition to the mixed regime. These results change the understanding of what governs the important EHL–ML transition in the lubricated sliding of soft solids.
Unveiling the Intrinsic Structure and Intragrain Defects of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites by Ultralow Dose Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Yang Chen‐Quan , Zhi Rui , Rothmann Mathias Uller , Xu Yue‐Yu , Li Li‐Qi , Hu Zhi‐Yi , Pang Shuping , Cheng Yi‐Bing , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Li Wei 
Published: February 2023

AbstractTransmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a powerful tool for unveiling the structural, compositional, and electronic properties of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) at the atomic to micrometer length scales. However, the structural and compositional instability of OIHPs under electron beam radiation results in misunderstandings of the microscopic structure–property–performance relationship in OIHP devices. Here, ultralow dose TEM is utilized to identify the mechanism of the electron‐beam‐induced changes in OHIPs and clarify the cumulative electron dose thresholds (critical dose) of different commercially interesting state‐of‐the‐art OIHPs, including methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3), formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3), FA0.83Cs0.17PbI3, FA0.15Cs0.85PbI3, and MAPb0.5Sn0.5I3. The critical dose is related to the composition of the OIHPs, with FA0.15Cs0.85PbI3 having the highest critical dose of ≈84 e Å−2 and FA0.83Cs0.17PbI3 having the lowest critical dose of ≈4.2 e Å−2. The electron beam irradiation results in the formation of a superstructure with ordered I and FA vacancies along <110>c, as identified from the three major crystal axes in cubic FAPbI3, <100>c, <110>c, and <111>c. The intragrain planar defects in FAPbI3 are stable, while an obvious modification is observed in FA0.83Cs0.17PbI3 under continuous electron beam exposure. This information can serve as a guide for ensuring a reliable understanding of the microstructure of OIHP optoelectronic devices by TEM.
Advances in Designing 3D‐Printed Systems for CO2 Reduction
Authors: Padinjareveetil Akshay Kumar K. , Pumera Martin 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe increasing level of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), and the resultant global warming is a matter of growing concern among scientists, environmentalists, and climate experts across the globe over the past several decades. Numerous attempts are being undertaken today that seek solutions to mitigate this global crisis. This includes designing functional catalysts, devices and reactors to convert greenhouse gasses such as CO2 into useful products like low‐carbon fuels and chemicals, thereby reducing the amount of CO2 considerably in the atmosphere. Advancements in emerging technologies like 3D‐printing can effectively aid in the fabrication of electrodes and devices to tackle the rising CO2 concerns. Low cost, rapid prototyping ability, and printing simple and complex structure are few of the significant merits of this technology. Thus, in this perspective article, discussions on fabricating 3D‐printed (electro)catalysts, customized devices, reactors, etc., via multiple strategies are put forward with emphasis on the electrochemical reduction of CO2. Also, a detailed discussion on the post‐printing treatments, catalyst modifications, and other CO2 mitigation strategies is provided as well. Although studies in this direction are scarcely reported, observations made hitherto show promising possibilities of broadening this field for large scale CO2 reduction reaction applications, and similar catalytic applications in the near future.
Influence of a Tailored Oxide Interface on the Quality Factor of Microelectromechanical Resonators
Authors: Lynes David D. , Chandrahalim Hengky 
Published: February 2023

AbstractPiezoelectric microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are used as sensors, actuators, energy harvesters, accelerometers, and communication modules. Aluminum nitride (AlN) is an especially attractive piezoelectric material because its fabrication process allows it to be integrated into semiconductor circuitry to deliver a fully integrated solution. Microelectromechanical resonators with AlN sandwiched between n‐type silicon (Si) and top metal electrode with and without a silicon oxide layer are designed and fabricated. The effect of the oxide film is up to a fourfold increase in quality factor (Q) that is consistent from very high frequency (VHF) to super high frequency (SHF). This effect is demonstrated using thin plate bulk acoustic wave modes from 70–80 MHz using the second contour mode and first width extensional mode and from 9.5–10.5 GHz using high overtone thickness modes. To explore potential applications of AlN‐transduced Q‐enhanced MEMS devices in harsh environments, measurements from −200 °C to +200 °C are performed. The Q enhancement is persistent across a wide temperature range for both VHF and SHF resonators with the added oxide layer. Furthermore, AlN‐on‐Si resonators that have a comparable temperature coefficient of frequency to silicon carbide‐based resonators in commercial applications are demonstrated.
Polarization Conversion of Light Diffracted from InP Nanowire Photonic Crystal Arrays
Authors: Tu Chia‐Wei , Kaveh Masoud , Fränzl Martin , Gao Qian , Tan Hark Hoe , Jagadish Chennupati , Schmitzer Heidrun , Wagner Hans Peter 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis work investigates the polarization state of light diffracted from uncoated and gold‐coated InP nanowire photonic crystal arrays grown by selective area epitaxy. Experimental data and finite‐difference time‐domain simulations show that both the intensity and the ellipticity of the polarization state of the diffracted light beam can be controlled by the nanowire dimensions and gold coating, while the diffracted angle remains unchanged with respect to variations of these parameters. A nominally 10 nm‐thick gold film deposited around the nanowires enhances the diffraction intensity by plasmonic effects. These results demonstrate that the controlled conversion of incident linearly polarized light to circularly polarized or rotated linearly polarized diffracted light can find applications in photonic integrated circuits. The high sensitivity of the polarization state with respect to alterations of the nanowire dimension opens new prospects in the areas of semiconductor metrology and microchip inspection as well as for submicron particle detection.
Metabolic Modulation of Intracellular Ammonia via Intravesical Instillation of Nanoporter‐Encased Hydrogel Eradicates Bladder Carcinoma
Authors: Jing Weiqiang , Chen Chen , Wang Ganyu , Han Maosen , Chen Shouzhen , Jiang Xin , Shi Chongdeng , Sun Peng , Yang Zhenmei , Shi Benkang , Jiang Xinyi 
Published: February 2023

AbstractTumor protein 53 (TP53) mutation in bladder carcinoma (BC), upregulates the transcription of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1), to reduce intracellular ammonia toxicity. To leverage ammonia combating BC, here, an intravesically perfusable nanoporter‐encased hydrogel system is reported. A biomimetic fusogenic liposomalized nanoporter (FLNP) that is decorated with urea transporter‐B (UT‐B) is first synthesized with protonated chitosan oligosaccharide for bladder tumor‐targeted co‐delivery of urease and small interfering RNA targeting CPS1 (siCPS1). Mussel‐inspired hydrogel featured with dual functions of bio‐adhesion and injectability is then fabricated as the reservoir for intravesical immobilization of FLNP. It is found that FLNP‐mediated UT‐B immobilization dramatically induces urea transportation into tumor cells, and co‐delivery of urease and siCPS1 significantly boosts ammonia accumulation in tumor inducing cell apoptosis. Treatment with hybrid system exhibits superior anti‐tumor effect in orthotopic bladder tumor mouse model and patient‐derived xenograft model, respectively. Combined with high‐protein diet, the production of urinary urea increases, leading to an augmented intracellular deposition of ammonia in BC cells, and ultimately an enhanced tumor inhibition. Together, the work establishes that cascade modulation of ammonia in tumor cells could induce tumor apoptosis and may be a practical strategy for eradication of TP53‐mutated bladder cancer.
Leaf‐Inspired Patterned Organohydrogel Surface for Ultrawide Time‐Range Open Biosensing
Authors: Gao Hongxiao , Wan Xizi , Yang Yuemeng , Lu Jingwei , Zhu Qinglin , Xu Li‐Ping , Wang Shutao 
Published: February 2023

AbstractDroplet arrays show great significance in biosensing and biodetection because of low sample consumption and easy operation. However, inevitable water evaporation in open environment severely limits their applications in time‐consuming reactions. Herein, inspired by the unique water retention features of leaves, it is demonstrated that an open droplet array on patterned organohydrogel surface with water evaporating replenishment (POWER) for ultrawide time‐range biosensing, which integrated hydrophilic hydrogel domains and hydrophobic organogel background. The hydrogel domains on the surface can supply water to the pinned droplets through capillary channels formed in the nether organohydrogel bulk. The organogel background can inhibit water evaporation like the wax coating of leaves. Such a unique bioinspired design enables ultrawide time‐range biosensing in open environment from a few minutes to more than five hours involving a variety of analytes such as ions, small molecules, and macromolecules. The POWER provides a feasible and open biosensing platform for ultrawide time‐range reactions.
Intermolecular Metallic Single‐Site Complexes Dispersed on Mo2TiC2Tx/MoS2 Heterostructure Induce Boosted Solar‐Driven Water Splitting
Authors: Tran Phan Khanh Linh , Tran Duy Thanh , Austeria P Muthu , Kim Do Hwan , Kim Nam Hoon , Lee Joong Hee 
Published: February 2023

AbstractSuccessful development of an electrocatalyst capable to promote the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) elements of water electrolysis is desirable for green hydrogen gas production. Herein, this work designs intermolecular metallic single‐site complexes of iron phthalocyanine (FePc) and vanadium oxide phthalocyanine (VOPc) dually immobilized on 3D hierarchical MoS2‐coated MXene Mo2TiC2Tx (MX/MoS2) heterostructures as a high‐performance bifunctional electrocatalyst. The well‐organized structure with an unusual coordination environment and electronic localization impressively enhances water adsorption and activation to remarkably accelerate HER and OER kinetics. Therefore, the hybrid material requires overpotentials as small as 17.4 and 300 mV to drive 10 mA cm−2 for the HER and 50 mA cm−2 for the OER in 1.0 m KOH media, respectively. The electrolyzer of MX/MoS2‐FePcVOPc(+,−) exhibits low cell voltage of only 1.45 V to reach a current response of 10 mA cm−2 in 7.0 m KOH at 75 °C along with excellent current retention stability of 99%/94% after long‐term operations of 30 h at 10/50 mA cm−2. Moreover, a solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion efficacy of 19.96% is achieved in a solar energy‐powered water electrolysis system, highlighting the great potential of the developed MX/MoS2‐FePcVOPc electrocatalyst toward water electrolysis.
Diastereoselective Alkylation of Activated Nitrogen Heterocycles with Alkenyl Boronate Complexes
Authors: McGettigan James E. , Ready Joseph M. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAlkenyl boronate complexes react with acylated quinolines and isoquinolines via 1,2‐metalate rearrangement to give alkylated, dearomatized heterocycles in good yields, diastereoselectivities, and regioselectivities. This multi‐component coupling is highly modular and can be used to access a wide scope of heterocyclic scaffolds. Chiral boronic esters made through this methodology possess high synthetic potential and can be transformed into various functional groups in one step without racemization.