bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovative orthotropic deck strengthening design for the Suurhoff lifting bridge
Authors: Rikken Maarten , Csillag Fruzsina , Sonneveld Michelle , Gration David , Gibson Rupert , Montalbini Gianmarco 
Published: September 2023

AbstractFrom 2018, a significant amount of deck plate cracks have been discovered on the movable part of the Suurhoff bridge. These cracks reduce the strength of the bridge and might lead to unplanned hindrance and costly repairs. Renovation of the ortho‐tropic steel deck was chosen instead of frequent inspections and repairs or replacing the structure from a risk and cost perspective.The innovative strengthening scheme consists of the addition of a steel plate which is connected to the top of the existing deck plate by a combination of preloaded‐injection bolts and epoxy. The strengthening steel plate reduces the stress in the existing deck plate thereby improving the fatigue performance. The new and old steel work compositely due to the combined effect of bolts and epoxy resulting in a relatively light‐weight strengthening scheme. The design followed a risk‐based approach in which Arup closely collaborated with Rijkswaterstaat, contractors and research institutions to finish the full design and implementation in less than a year. The design objective is to provide at least 15 years additional fatigue life for the existing deck.The design was developed with the help of a combined numerical and experimental campaign. The novelty of the strengthening scheme and the use of different materials required experimental validation on small and large scale. The extensive validation resulted in sufficient confidence for the Rijkswaterstaat to implement this innovative scheme on an important bridge in The Netherlands. This scheme is especially beneficial from a weight and construction time perspective and therefore suitable for further implementation on other bridges.
Structural behaviour of built‐up battened cold‐formed steel columns
Authors: Craveiro Hélder D. , Rahnavard Rohola , Santiago Aldina , Laím Luís , Simões Rui 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBuilt‐up cold‐formed steel (CFS) columns are extensively used when single cold‐formed steel elements are not able to fulfill the established requirements in terms of load‐bearing capacity. For hot‐rolled steel laced and battened columns, the EN 1993‐1‐1 presents specific design provisions. However, no specific design guidelines are provided for CFS laced and battened columns. The investigation on this type of built‐up elements is scarce, requiring extensive research to assess if the hot‐rolled design methodologies are also suitable for cold‐formed steel elements. In this investigation, experimental and numerical results are presented for CFS battened columns comprising C and Σ channels. Assessing the composite action between the individual shapes connected by the batten plates was one of the objectives of this investigation. The predominant buckling modes were analyzed considering the influence of batten plate spacing and the number of fasteners per plate. Based on the obtained experimental results finite element models were developed to further assess the influence of key governing parameters. The observed axial strengths are compared with design strengths determined according to the Eurocode assessing the suitability of the design methodologies.
Experimental qualification of replaceable bolted links in dual eccentrically braced frames
Authors: Dubina Dan , Stratan Aurel 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe performance of structures under severe seismic action is ensured by properly calibrated ductility, stiffness, and strength. The “plastic” members of ductile mild carbon steel (S235 to S355) dissipate the seismic energy, acting as “structural fuses”, while the “elastic” members must be provided with adequate overstrength, to have the capacity to carry the stresses corresponding to yielded and strain hardened plastic hinges. High strength steels, such as S460 to S690, might be used for these elastic members, providing them with the necessary overstrength, without enhancing the stiffness, as that could unbalance the structural system. Dual structural systems, as moment resisting frames (MRFs) combined with eccentrically braced frames (EBFs), can be equipped with replaceable mild carbon steel dissipative links acting as seismic fuses. The MRFs, possibly fabricated from high strength steel, remain elastic, being able to recover the initial position. The key problem in such systems is the design and calibration of the fuses, i.e. the replaceable bolted links, which should be carefully qualified by tests. The present paper reviews past research on bolted replaceable links and discusses the experimental qualification requirements.
Experimental and numerical study of a damage‐free self‐centring link for seismic resilient EBFs
Authors: Lettieri Annarosa , Freddi Fabio , Latour Massimo 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSignificant progress has been made in recent years for the definition of seismic‐resilient structures, chasing the urgent need for structures able to return to undamaged, fully functional conditions in a short time after an extreme event. Seismic‐resilient steel structures have been widely investigated, mainly considering solutions based on moment‐resisting and concentrically braced frames. However, while the first category may be characterised by low stiffness, the second is often characterised by low ductility. Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBFs) allow overcoming these drawbacks and well‐balance stiffness, strength and ductility. This paper presents the numerical and experimental study of a damage‐free self‐centring link for EBFs. The proposed device uses post‐tensioned bars to control the self‐centring behaviour and friction devices to provide dissipation capacity. Experimental cyclic tests have been carried out to evaluate the response of the device. A 3D ABAQUS model has been developed to investigate the local response. Finally, a six‐storey EBF has been numerically investigated in OpenSees to evaluate the global response. Incremental Dynamic Analyses were performed demonstrating the increased seismic performance of the proposed solution.
Experimental evaluation of the ultimate strength of wall sandwich panels under transverse loads
Authors: Dinu Florea , Neagu Calin , Senila Mihai , Dubina Dan , Ungureanu Viorel 
Published: September 2023

AbstractLight weight panels are largely used for the envelope (wall assembly, roofing system) of different kind of commercial or industrial buildings. They are typically designed from the weather/climate related conditions of the site (climatic actions, thermal comfort). Despite their low weight, they have adequate load carrying capacities under transverse loads. However, under extreme loading conditions, like very heavy winds or external explosions, such walls can be damaged or destroyed, under either positive or negative pressures. The study presented in the paper describes the results obtained on wall sandwich panels tested for transverse loading until complete failure. The panels are arranged as single span systems supported on side rails and loaded at the mid‐span. After a quasi‐linear response, the maximum flexural strength is reached. Then, due to a local dynamic instability, a sudden drop in capacity is recorded, followed by a second increase in capacity due to development of catenary forces. If the end fasteners have adequate resistance, the ultimate capacity in the catenary stage can be significantly higher than the peak flexural capacity. The ultimate capacity depends also on the stiffness of the support system (side rails and columns).
Imperfection Sensitivity of Plastic Shear Buckling Behavior in Corrugated Web Stainless Steel beams
Authors: Amani Mozhdeh , Al‐Emrani Mohammad , Khalili Shahriar 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe shear behavior of corrugated web beams can be highly sensitive to the presence of initial imperfections. The designer has, in general, no prior information about the mechanical and geometric imperfections of welded elements. As a solution, in a FEM‐based design, the eigen buckling deformations with an equivalent maximum magnitude are included as an equivalent initial imperfection in a nonlinear analysis to account for the simultaneous effects of geometric imperfections and residual stresses. Previous researchers investigated the effects of initial imperfections in the form of different eigenmodes found via linear buckling analysis. They concluded that the shear strength rises with mode number, with the first mode providing the most crucial condition. However, it is shown in this paper that such a methodology is not applicable to stainless steel corrugated web beams in the medium slenderness ratio range when shear yielding precedes shear buckling. It is observed that, unlike in elastic buckling, in plastic buckling the first buckling mode does not result in the minimum strength. The results show that in FEM‐based design, using the first mode instead of the critical mode as the shape of the initial imperfection can result in a maximum of 19% and 31% overestimation of the ultimate shear capacity for the imperfection amplitudes of tw and hw/200, respectively.
Effective seismic retrofitting concept for existing car park buildings in moderate seismic regions
Authors: Terehovich Vladislav , Balaskas Georgios , Don Rafaela , Hoffmeister Benno 
Published: September 2023

AbstractCarparks are highly systematic and standardized building typologies. As enduser requirements are almost the same throughout Europe, carpark buildings can be easily categorized according to their geometry and structural system. Split‐level carparks are common practise, especially for city‐centre areas. However, their assembly includes some inherent disadvantages regarding the seismic performance. In the light of the new National Annex in Germany (DIN‐EN‐1998‐1/NA) the seismic performance assessment of existing buildings gains increasing importance in areas of low‐to‐moderate seismicity as well. This paper describes the assessment of the seismic performance of an existing multistorey carpark, built in Aachen (Germany) in the 1980s and proposes an efficient, low‐cost pre‐earthquake strengthening strategy. The investigated structure consists of steel‐concrete‐composite floors and concentrically‐braced frames (CBFs) in both longitudinal and transverse direction. Brace‐to‐beam/column connections represent the weak point of the structure, as their capacity is lower than the tensile/compressive resistance of the braces. An unconventional low‐cost retrofitting strategy by means of “weakening” the existing hollow‐section‐braces is investigated and discussed in this contribution.
Life Cycle Cost and Life Cycle Assessment of Composite Bridge with Flat and Corrugated Webs
Authors: Hlal Fatima , Amani Mozhdeh , Nilsson Peter , Hollberg Alexander , Al‐Emrani Mohammad 
Published: September 2023

AbstractTo satisfy the sustainability criteria, a bridge design must be economically viable during its entire service life with a minimal impact on the environment. While stainless steel is known for its excellent life cycle performance, its high cost prevents it from being used in bridges to a larger extent. This study evaluates a new design solution that takes advantage of using corrugated web in bridge girders to overcome this issue. Three design concepts are evaluated for a three‐span case‐study bridge. These include a bridge with carbon steel flat web, stainless steel flat web, and stainless‐steel corrugated web girders. Each design is optimized using a genetic algorithm. The three optimal solutions are then evaluated in terms of investment costs, life cycle costs (LCC) and life cycle impact. The results show that the investment costs in a flat web girder bridge increase by 27% when stainless steel is used instead of C‐Mn (carbon) steel. However, this increase is only 10% when corrugated web girders are used. On the other hand, the LCC savings increase from 6% to 18% for corrugated web girders. Finally, the use of corrugated web in stainless steel leads to a reduction in the climate impacts of up to 32% compared to carbon steel for the studied bridge.
Predictive modelling of the cross‐sectional reduction of smoke extraction ducts under fire resistance test
Authors: Mundó Ignasi , Ichard Mathieu , Caner Ferhun , Mateo Antonio 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn‐service performance of single compartment smoke extraction ducts is evaluated in the fire resistance test with the method described in EN 1366‐9. Failure due to cross‐sectional reduction is caused by the deflections of the steel walls which are exposed to a differential pressure and a high temperature airflow coming from the furnace.This study presents a methodology for the prediction of the deformation of smoke extraction duct steel walls using 1‐way transient coupling between computational fluid dynamics (CFD) airflow simulation and mechanical finite element analysis (FEA). The resulting deformation is compared with a full‐scale experimental test. The degradation of the steel mechanical behavior with temperature is calibrated using experimental data. This coupled analysis provides insights into the tools and methodology developed for the digitalization of fire resistance testing.
Seismic Design of Non‐Structural Components in Industrial Facilities – a Discussion of the EC8 Approach
Authors: Knoedel Peter 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn industrial facilities, equipment such as production machines, small vessels, conveyors and piping are installed at various elevations of the (building‐) structure. In seismic design, this equipment (referred to as non‐structural components) should be considered integrally with the structure in order to capture the resulting dynamic behaviour of the system adequately.However, the typical procedure in plant construction is to design the structure in a previous step, where masses of the equipment are introduced only by a rough estimate, and stiffnesses of the equipment are ignored. The seismic design of individual non‐structural components is done in a subsequent step and typically by the respective supplier of the component. He often does know little about the characteristics of the structure – mostly not even the natural frequency. If the equipment is to be installed in an existing structure (e.g. due to changes in the production process or exchange of components) or if existing components have to be re‐verified (e.g. due to new seismic design loads at site), it may be difficult to define the dynamic characteristics of the possibly many years old load‐bearing structure.In Eurocode 8‐1 as in many other design codes, rules for the design of non‐structural components are given. However, some of these do not seem to be in accordance with mechanics or seem to be based on hidden assumptions. In any case the designer is left with what is felt to be an unsatisfactory design result, which cannot be retraced by the designer.In the present paper, the structural behavior of typical non‐structural components is investigated: a silo on a structural grid, an elevated tube‐feet tank, and piping. For these, the dynamic behaviour is investigated, when built in a typical plant structure. The findings are compared with the design rules given in EC8‐1. Improvement of the rules towards better understanding of the mechanical background or better ease of use will be proposed.
Experimental campaign on components of steel frames for elevators
Authors: Baldassino Nadia , Bernuzzi Claudio , Simoncelli Marco 
Published: September 2023

AbstractArchitectural barriers are a very topical issue that affects the entire population, not just people with disabilities. In recent years, there is more and more talk of design of private and public spaces without architectural barriers that can hinder anyone's mobility. All of this concerns both new and existing structures. In new constructions the theme of accessibility is considered since the initial phase of the design process while in existing structures, depending on the specificity of the building ‘ad hoc’ solutions need to be identified and appropriately integrated into the building systems. In this last field, the problem of vertical accessibility is frequently solved by elevators which are frequently made of thin‐walled steel structural elements.This work presents an experimental‐numerical investigation of thin‐walled profiles used for building steel elevator. The performance of two different cross‐sections under compression was studied. At this aim stub‐column tests of specimens having an axial force applied to the cross‐section centroid and with different eccentricities from the centroid were performed. Alongside the experimental study, a large numerical study was developed by using refined finite element models to simulate the experimental results. Numerical and experimental studies made it possible to draw the M_N sections domain which were compared with the theoretical ones obtained on the basis of the formulas provided by EC3‐1‐3. It is shown that for the considered profiles, the expression prosed by EC3‐1‐3 is from the safe side.
Bearing failure analysis in the design of bolted connections with austenitic stainless steel
Authors: Sobrinho Kelvin de P. , da Silva André T. , Rodrigues Monique C. , Henriques José A. , Lima Luciano R. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe use of stainless steel in structures has been improved; nevertheless, the application of this material is not considered trivial by most designers, as there as still limited design codes providing specific rules. Current codes provide conservative approaches in certain cases, which do not corroborate with the objective of reducing the initial cost of projects incorporating stainless steel. In order to contribute to an adequate comprehension about the structural behavior of austenitic steel in bolted connections, a study was conducted regarding the influence of geometric parameters on the connections with a bolt under two shear planes, encompassing the evaluation of the phenomenon recognized as curling. Concerning to conclusions, it was observed that the geometric parameters e1, e2, d0, affects the curling effects, which has the potential to compromise the structural behavior of a thin‐plate connection if this deformation is greater than the thickness of the plate. Furthermore, the results provided by the equations employed in the design codes was assessed in this study, revealing an adequate prediction of the SCI in terms of the failure mode. However, both the manual and current codes exhibited conservative load for the investigated connections.
Closed built‐up cold‐formed steel columns under compression
Authors: Craveiro Hélder D. , Rahnavard Rohola , Santiago Aldina , Laím Luís , Simões Rui 
Published: September 2023

AbstractCold‐formed steel (CFS) structural profiles are extremely versatile enabling the combination of multiple individual cross‐section shapes to fabricate a built‐up member presenting enhanced structural performance (higher load‐bearing capacity and torsional stiffness). Built‐up members have the potential to contribute to further expanding the current use of CFS products in the construction industry. However, the existing design codes, such as the EN 1993‐1‐3 and AISI S100, do not present specific design methodologies for the design of such members, mainly due to a limited understanding of the complex behaviour of built‐up CFS members combining multiple components. The behaviour of built‐up CFS columns comprising 4 individual shapes was assessed through experimental tests and numerical modelling. The interaction between the different components and the influence of spacing between connectors was investigated using the finite element method, providing recommendations concerning the effective use of fasteners to attain composite action between the individual shapes. The suitability of the design codes, namely, Eurocode and North American design predictions, following to Effective Width Method (EWM) and Direct Strength Method (DSM), respectively, were assessed for the built‐up members.
Experimental Local Stability of 3D‐printed Stub Columns Stiffened by Sinusoidal Waves
Authors: Chater Ben , Wang Jie , Evernden Mark , Pan Jingbang 
Published: September 2023

AbstractTraditional structural steel manufacturing routes typically produce prismatic members comprising of flat plates. Under compressive actions, the capacity of these sections is often dominated by plate instability of the lowest buckling mode. To validate a new plate strengthening method by assigning ‘higher‐order’ 2D sinusoidal waves to plated structures, this study involves experimental testing of 3 prismatic SHS stub columns and 6 non‐prismatic members strengthened by this method. The test samples were 3D printed in 316L stainless steel using Selective Laser Melting. Tensile coupon tests were carried out on samples printed from the same material to obtain the material properties. It was found that the yield strength increases with the plate thickness whilst ultimate strength remains approximately unchanged. The stub column test results show that assigning 2D sinusoidal waves to EAS flanges can bring different levels of strength enhancement compared to their prismatic counterparts, depending on the section slenderness and the wave amplitude. The best case evaluated within this study indicated a strength gain of 31% over the prismatic section with only a 3.2% increase in used material. It makes an important step in bringing this technology towards feasibility by verifying previous numerical results, paving the way towards unprecedented efficiency in future steel structures.
Load capacity of penstock manifolds subjected to increasing settlements at the vertical supports
Authors: Langwieser Martin , Ecker Alexander , Unterweger Harald 
Published: September 2023

AbstractHydroelectric power plants usually have penstock manifolds near the powerhouse, including individual bifurcations to provide several turbines. These steel constructions have numerous vertical supports and are designed based on linear elastic behaviour, leading to very small allowable settlements at the supports.For a representative built manifold, with five bifurcations (six branch pipes), the elastic‐plastic load capacity was studied in detail, assuming dead load, internal pressure and increasing settlements at the supports. Different settlement patterns were studied. The development of plastic zones was analyzed, depending on the rate of settlement. Due to the high bending stiffness of the penstock manifold, the penstock detaches from the single supports due to the settlement, leading to a significant redistribution of the vertical reaction forces at the supports.The comprehensive calculations show adequate robustness of the penstock manifolds, even though in case of very high settlements at the supports. Due to the significant redistribution of the reaction forces at the supports, these vertical supports must have an increased bearing capacity, in comparison to the reaction forces due to dead load and internal pressure based on linear elastic analyses.