bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer Enhancement for Turbine Blade Trailing Edge Cooling With Gyroid-Type Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces
Authors: Yeranee Kirttayoth , Rao Yu 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Gyroid is a type of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) that has interconnected, perfectly curved topologies and excellent thermomechanical properties. Due to its topological feature to enhance heat transfer and self-support structure, this study presents numerical investigations of the flow, heat transfer, and pressure loss in various Gyroid architectures in a wedge-shaped channel, representing a trailing edge cooling for gas turbine blades. The Gyroid structures are partly arranged near the outlet of the wedged channel or are fully filled within the wedged channel. The local and overall flow and heat transfer mechanisms with different Gyroid configurations are compared to the baseline pin fins within the Reynolds number range of 10,000–30,000. The results show that for the case with partly infilled Gyroid structures, the overall heat transfer enhancement is higher by 39–102%, and the related pressure loss is higher by 93–154% than the baseline pin fins. For the case with fully infilled Gyroid structures, the total heat transfer is superiorly higher by 157–188%, and the related pressure loss is higher by 248–555% than the baseline pin fins. For all the Gyroid configurations, obviously improved cooling uniformity is achieved on the whole trailing edge wall. The significant heat transfer enhancement in the trailing edge channel with Gyroid structures is mainly due to a much increased wetted area, the generated helical and impingement flow through the curved interconnected channels and improved flow distribution within the wedged channel.
A Study on Converging-Diverging Nozzle Design for Supersonic Spraying of Liquid Droplets Toward Nanocoating Applications
Authors: Akin Semih , Wu Puyuan , Nath Chandra , Chen Jun , Jun Martin Byung-Guk 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Supersonic cold spray (CS) of functional nanomaterials from atomized droplets has attracted significant attention in advanced thin-film coating as it enables particle deposition with high-adhesion strength. In CS, optimum design of the supersonic nozzle (i.e., converging-diverging nozzle) is essential for accelerating particles to desired velocities. However, research on the nozzle design for supersonically spraying of “liquid droplets” for nanocoating applications is limited. To this end, we investigate the effect of nozzle geometrical parameters, including throat diameter, exit diameter, and divergent length on droplets impact velocity by numerical modeling and experimental validation, followed by a case study on nanocoating. The discrete-phase modeling was employed to study droplets’ flow behavior in continuous gas flow for various nozzle geometries. The results reveal that the nozzle expansion ratio, defined as a function of throat and exit diameters, has a significant influence on droplet velocity, followed by divergent length. Noteworthy, to correctly accelerate “low-inertia liquid microdroplets,” it was found that the optimum nozzle expansion ratio for axisymmetric convergent-divergent nozzles should be in a range of 1.5–2.5, which is different and way smaller than the recommended expansion ratio (i.e., 5–9) for CS of conventional micron-scale “metal” powders. Based on the simulation results, an optimum design of supersonic nozzle is established and prototyped for the experimental studies. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to experimentally investigate the spray flow field and to validate the numerical modeling results. Moreover, coating experiments using the optimized nozzle confirmed the effective supersonic spraying of droplets containing nanoparticles, thereby showing the potential for advanced nanocoating applications.
Implementing the Analytical Reachable Body Workspace for Calculating the Obstacle-Crossing Ability of a Hexapod Robot
Authors: Qi Chenkun , Li Huayang , Gao Feng , Chen Xianbao , Zhao Yue , Chen Zhijun 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Calculating the maximum obstacle-crossing ability accurately at the mechanism design stage can better ensure that the manufactured robot prototype meets the predefined indices. The obstacle-crossing task of the legged robot is achieved by the collaborative movement of the leg and body. The reachable workspace constrains the spatial movement boundary of the foot tip and the robot body. The reachable workspace of the foot tip is invariant, while the shape and volume of the reachable body workspace vary with the supporting footholds. In this study, the body movement is modeled as a six-bar mechanism, and the reachable body workspace means the reachable region of the specified target point located on the moving platform of the six-bar mechanism. Unlike the previous work, the analytical method of calculating the reachable workspace for the target point outside the moving platform, named the external target point, is further studied. The influence of supporting footholds and shank-ground interference on the reachable body workspace is considered. The selection of supporting footholds, the collaborative motion sequences of the robot body and legs, and the determination of the maximum ability for crossing a ditch and climbing a step are demonstrated as cases of implementing the analytical reachable body workspace for the internal target point and the external target point, respectively. Finally, simulations verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis.
Association of Time-of-Day Physical Activity With Incident Cardiovascular Disease: The UK Biobank Study
Authors: Ma Tongyu , Sirard John R. , Jennings Lydia 
Published: April 2023

Introduction: Early morning is characterized by an increased risk of cardiovascular events, a sudden rise in blood pressure, impaired endothelial function, and exacerbated hemodynamic changes during physical activity. The study aims to examine whether the time of day of physical activity is associated with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods: We prospectively analyzed 83,053 participants in the UK Biobank with objectively measured physical activity and initially free of CVD. Based on the diurnal patterns of physical activity, participants were categorized into 4 groups: early morning (n = 15,908), late morning (n = 22,371), midday (n = 24,764), and evening (n = 20,010). Incident CVD was defined as the first diagnosis of coronary heart disease or stroke. Results: During 197.4 million person-years of follow-up, we identified 3454 CVD cases. After adjusting for the overall acceleration average, the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were 0.95 (0.86–1.07) for late morning, 1.15 (1.03–1.27) for midday, and 1.03 (0.92–1.15) for evening, as compared with the early morning group. In the joint analyses, higher levels of physical activity were associated with a lower risk of incident CVD in a similar manner across the early morning, late morning, and evening groups. However, the beneficial association was attenuated in the midday group. Conclusion: In conclusion, early morning, late morning, and evening are all favorable times of day to engage in physical activity for the primary prevention of CVD, while midday physical activity is associated with an increased risk of CVD compared with early morning physical activity after controlling for the levels of physical activity.
To sink, or not to sink: The thermal and density structure of the modern northern Andean arc constrained by xenolith petrology
Authors: Zieman Lisa , Ibañez-Mejia Mauricio , Rooney Alan D. , Bloch Elias , Pardo Natalia , Schoene Blair , Szymanowski Dawid 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The thermal and compositional structure of arcs influence magmatic differentiation and lower-crustal foundering, two key processes impacting the evolution of the continental crust. Although many studies have proposed time scales of lithospheric recycling based on convective downwelling calculations, these models depend on the composition, density (ρ), and thermal structure of the lower crust and mantle, which are difficult to quantify in active continental arcs. Here, we constrained these properties for the Andean Northern Volcanic Zone using direct petrologic observations from a unique suite of lower-crust and mantle xenoliths from Mercaderes, Colombia. Chemical abrasion–isotope dilution–thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA-ID-TIMS) U-Pb dates for zircons within the host tuff indicate the xenoliths erupted no earlier than 238 (±19) ka and thus capture a recent snapshot of the arc and subarc mantle. Equilibrium pressure-temperature (P-T) estimates for 81 xenoliths define three distinct thermal domains, interpreted as (1) a steep conductive geothermal gradient in the lower arc crust; (2) a convecting mantle wedge; and (3) cooled mantle in proximity to the subducting slab. Our results indicate the presence of an ~10–14-km-thick, high-density lithospheric root that is ~0.1 g/cm3 denser than the underlying mantle. Unlike records from exhumed paleoarcs, Rayleigh-Taylor instability calculations using our P-T-ρ constraints are unrealistically short for the northern Andes. We suggest the presence of partial melts in this hot arc root as a potential source of buoyancy preventing or significantly slowing down foundering.
Supplemental Material: Precise U-Pb dating of incremental calcite slickenfiber growth: Evidence for far-field Eocene fold reactivation in Ireland
Authors: Monchal Vincent , al. et 
Published: April 2023

<p>Details on the EBSD analyses, analytical setup and LA-ICP-MS operating conditions. Analytical data are provided in tables S1 to S5 (U-Pb LA-ICP-MS) and S6 and S7 (EBSD). </p>
Supplemental Material: The source of tungsten-associated magmas in the northern Cordillera and implications for the basement
Authors: Rasmussen Kirsten L. , al. et 
Published: April 2023

<p>Appendix S1 (methods); Data Set S1 (sample summary, analytical conditions, new U-Pb data, compiled U-Pb data, new Sm-Nd data, compiled Sm-Nd data); Data Set S2 (results of cross-correlation statistical analysis). </p>
P24 Compliance audit of ethanol linelocks for prophylaxis and treatment of central line infections
Authors: Bharania Bansri , Crook Joanne , Verma Anita 
Published: April 2023

Infections remain a devastating complication associated with vascular access devices. Removal of central venous catheter devices (CVCs) is costly, invasive and there are a finite number of access site in young children.1 2This has led to several preventative strategies. Fears of promoting drug resistance with antibiotic lock therapy and the possibility of systemic side effects have led to the use of ethanol-lock therapy (ELT). Ethanol is easily available and cheap, it is a potent germicide that can penetrate microbial biofilms, and it does not promote microbial resistance.3Current paediatric guideline has not been audited since implementationAimTo audit guideline compliance for inpatient paediatric patients prescribed ethanol line locks and identify potential areas of improvement.ObjectivesTo identify the number of patients and indication for prescribed Ethanol line locksTo determine the number of patients prescribed the correct volume and percentage of Ethanol line lock as per policyTo identify any reported side effects and reasons for discontinuationTo identify if consent has been granted and documentedMethodRetrospective review of 46 paediatric ELT prescriptions over 4 years (2017 – 2021). These were identified using EPMA reports and dispensing records. A data collection tool was created; clinical notes and prescribing/administration records used to audit compliance to guideline.ResultsOut of 46 central line associated bloodstream infections, 36 (78%) were eradicated by ELT and 40 (87%) did not result in catheter removal. 98% of prescriptions were accurately prescribed as per guideline, only 28% had a documented indication, review and duration. 0 patients had consent to therapy documented. 1 patient experienced an adverse side effect following a prescribing error (alcohol taste in mouth).ConclusionImprovements in documentation required, notably for parental consent, treatment indication and duration. A change to the electronic prescribing order has been suggested to aid documentation in line with trust guidance. Although more research is required to assess the success rate of ethanol lock therapy, this retrospective study suggests that when used in conjunction with systemic antibiotics this technique has been effective in eradicating paediatric central line infections. Following this study, further research should be centred on the recurrence of central line associated bloodstream infections after initial eradication by ELT.ReferencesVerma A. Guidance for the use of ethanol line locks with central vascular access devices (CVAD) in paediatrics.King’s College London NHS Foundation Trust, 2015; version 2.Hughes K, Pehovic R, Blackmer A,et al. Ethanol lock therapy in patients admitted to paediatric services. C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital, Michigan Medicine; 2020.Onland W, Shin C, Fustar S,et al. Ethanol-lock technique for persistent bacteremia of long-term intravascular devices in paediatric patients.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med2006;160:1049–1053.
P27 The accuracy of tablet splitting to provide appropriate paediatric enalapril doses
Authors: Conquest Amy , Ames Matt , Shaw Helen 
Published: April 2023

AimThe angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril, is considered a first-line treatment for chronic heart failure in children. However, there is a lack of an age-appropriate formulation and tablet splitting, although not recommended, is common, in an attempt, to provide suitable doses for paediatric use. An analysis of currently available UK brands explored the accuracy of splitting low-dose tablets of enalapril.MethodFour different commercially available enalapril tablets were evaluated: Innovace® enalapril 2.5 mg and 5 mg, (both Organon Pharma UK), generic enalapril 5 mg (Ria Generics Ltd) and generic enalapril 2.5 mg (Dexcel Pharma Ltd). Five tablets from each brand/dose were split manually where possible. For unscored tablets, a sharp knife or metal spatula was used to replicate the home environment. Tablet fragments were weighed. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, the percentage of the theoretical 1.25 mg or 2.5 mg dose contained within the half-tablet fragments was analysed (percentage label claim [%LC]) and the uniformity of dosage units was calculated (acceptance value [AV]), where an AV of ≤15 is considered to meet the acceptance criteria.ResultsManual splitting proved relatively easy only with the deep-scoring of the Innovace 5 mg tablets; 0.007 to 0.483 mg of material was lost across the five replicates, the mean%LC (SD) was 97.5% (4.3) and the AV was 11.3. The unscored Innovace 2.5 mg tablets split less easily; 0.113 to 0.627 mg of material was lost, mean%LC (SD) was 99.9% (10.7) and the AV was 25.7. The soft 5 mg Ria Generics tablets split with high variability: 0.609 to 13.488 mg of material was lost, mean%LC (SD) was 96.0% (17.9) and AV was 45.5. Dose variation was also high with 2.5 mg Dexcel tablets, with 1.097 to 13.801 mg of material lost, mean%LC (SD) of 95.9% (11.7) and an AV of 30.7.ConclusionIn general, splitting low-dose tablets of enalapril for paediatric use results in inaccurate dosing. Acceptable dosing was only achieved with the scored 5 mg tablets. Accurate doses below 2.5 mg were not achieved. An age-appropriate dosage formulation of enalapril to provide dosing below 2.5 mg is needed.
P10 Initiation of bisoprolol in paediatric patients – experience from a specialist paediatric cardiac centre
Authors: Bueno Gomez Andrea , Healy Mary , Delle Donne Grazia , Bentley Sian , Makhecha Sukeshi , Daubeney Piers , Naqvi Nitha , Till Jan , Wong Leonie 
Published: April 2023

AimGiven the lack of published dosing information to guide the use of bisoprolol in our paediatric cardiology patients, we assessed the safety and tolerability of initiation and maintenance doses of bisoprolol in a cohort of children with congenital structural heart disease, cardiomyopathy, or structural normal heart, to treat heart failure, arrhythmias or hypertension, and prevention of arrhythmias in channelopathies.MethodA retrospective review of hospital records of all children who received bisoprolol between May 2014 and August 2019 in a tertiary paediatric referral centre. Patients were identified via pharmacy records and clinical informatic systems were used to identify the indication, dose at initiation (mg/kg), up-titration dose, and any documented side effects.Results157 children (mean 11.6 years; range 2 months – 17.8 years) were identified. 56 children (36%) had a cardiomyopathy, 23 (15%) had structural heart disease and 78 (50%) were receiving bisoprolol with a structural normal heart for the prevention or treatment of arrhythmias. 149 children had a weight documented. The starting dose of bisoprolol ranged from 0.02 mg/kg/day to 0.19 mg/kg/day (mean 0.06 mg/kg/day); independent of the indication. The dose was up titrated in 90 (57%) of children. The weight was documented in 77 of these patients and up-titrated doses in these patients ranged from 0.02 mg/kg/day to 0.4 mg/kg/day (mean 0.14 mg/kg/day). A total of 24 (15%) of children had documented adverse events attributed to bisoprolol. Fatigue or dizziness were the most common reported adverse events, with 67% of the total events. In total, 5 children (3%) stopped bisoprolol due to adverse events; 4 due to fatigue or dizziness and 1 because of wheeze in a known asthmatic. HR was documented before and after initiation of bisoprolol in 89 patients (57%). The mean change was a decrease of 8 beats per minute (bpm) and all were within normal limits. Systolic blood pressure (BP) was documented before and after initiation of bisoprolol in 61 patients (39%). The mean change was a reduction of 4.2 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and all were within normal limits.ConclusionOur experience shows that initiating bisoprolol in paediatric cardiology patients with a cardiomyopathy, structural heart disease and normal structural heart, to treat arrhythmias, heart failure, outflow tract obstruction and systemic hypertension at a dose of 0.06 mg/kg once a day, up to a maintenance dose of 0.14 mg/kg/day was safe. However, this is limited by the sample size and retrospective nature of the study. Further studies are needed to be able to comment on the efficacy in this cohort of patients.
Rapid reviews methods series: Guidance on assessing the certainty of evidence
Authors: Gartlehner Gerald , Nussbaumer-Streit Barbara , Devane Declan , Kahwati Leila , Viswanathan Meera , King Valerie J , Qaseem Amir , Akl Elie , Schuenemann Holger J 
Published: April 2023

This paper is part of a series of methodological guidance from the Cochrane Rapid Reviews Methods Group. Rapid reviews (RRs) use modified systematic review methods to accelerate the review process while maintaining systematic, transparent and reproducible methods. This paper addresses considerations for rating the certainty of evidence (COE) in RRs. We recommend the full implementation of GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) for Cochrane RRs if time and resources allow.If time or other resources do not permit the full implementation of GRADE, the following recommendations can be considered: (1) limit rating COE to the main intervention and comparator and limit the number of outcomes to critical benefits and harms; (2) if a literature review or a Delphi approach to rate the importance of outcomes is not feasible, rely on informal judgements of knowledge users, topic experts or team members; (3) replace independent rating of the COE by two reviewers with single-reviewer rating and verification by a second reviewer and (4) if effect estimates of a well-conducted systematic review are incorporated into an RR, use existing COE grades from such a review. We advise against changing the definition of COE or the domains considered part of the GRADE approach for RRs.
Sensitivity and specificity of CRP and symptom screening as tuberculosis screening tools among HIV-positive and negative outpatients at a primary healthcare facility in Lusaka, Zambia: a prospective cross-sectional study
Authors: Kagujje Mary , Mwanza Winnie , Somwe Paul , Chilukutu Lophina , Creswell Jacob , Muyoyeta Monde 
Published: April 2023

ObjectivesTo evaluate the performance of point-of-care C-reactive protein (CRP) as a screening tool for tuberculosis (TB) using a threshold of 10 mg/L in both people living with HIV (PLHIV) and HIV-negative individuals and compare it to symptom screening using a composite reference for bacteriological confirmation of TB.MethodsProspective cross-sectional study.SettingA primary healthcare facility in Lusaka, Zambia.ParticipantsConsecutive adults (≥18 years) presenting for routine outpatient healthcare were enrolled. Of the 816 individuals approached to participate in the study, 804 eligible consenting adults were enrolled into the study, of which 783 were included in the analysis.Primary outcome measuresSensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value (NPV) of CRP and symptom screening.ResultsOverall, sensitivity of WHO-recommended four-symptom screen (W4SS) and CRP were 87.2% (80.0–92.5) and 86.6% (79.6–91.8) while specificity was 30.3% (26.7–34.1) and 34.8% (31.2–38.6), respectively. Among PLHIV, sensitivity of W4SS and CRP was 92.2% (81.1–97.8) and 94.8% (85.6–98.9) while specificity was 37.0% (31.3–43.0) and 27.5% (22.4–33.1), respectively. Among those with CD4≥350, the NPV for CRP was 100% (92.9–100). In the HIV negative, sensitivity of W4SS and CRP was 83.8% (73.4–91.3) and 80.3% (69.5–88.5) while specificity was 25.4% (20.9–30.2) and 40.5% (35.3–45.6), respectively. Parallel use of CRP and W4SS yielded a sensitivity and NPV of 100% (93.8–100) and 100% (91.6–100) among PLHIV and 93.3% (85.1–97.8) and 90.0% (78.2–96.7) among the HIV negatives, respectively.ConclusionSensitivity and specificity of CRP were similar to symptom screening in HIV-positive outpatients. Independent use of CRP offered limited additional benefit in the HIV negative. CRP can independently accurately rule out TB in PLHIV with CD4≥350. Parallel use of CRP and W4SS improves sensitivity irrespective of HIV status and can accurately rule out TB in PLHIV, irrespective of CD4 count.