bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leaves as bottlenecks: The contribution of tree leaves to hydraulic resistance within the soil−plant−atmosphere continuum
Authors: Wolfe Brett T. , Detto Matteo , Zhang Yong‐Jiang , Anderson‐Teixeira Kristina J. , Brodribb Tim , Collins Adam D. , Crawford Chloe , Dickman L. Turin , Ely Kim S. , Francisco Jessica , Gurry Preston D. , Hancock Haigan , King Christopher T. , Majekobaje Adelodun R. , Mallett Christian J. , McDowell Nate G. , Mendheim Zachary , Michaletz Sean T. , Myers Daniel B. , Price Ty J. , Rogers Alistair , Sack Lawren , Serbin Shawn P. , Siddiq Zafar , Willis David , Wu Jin , Zailaa Joseph , Wright S. Joseph 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWithin vascular plants, the partitioning of hydraulic resistance along the soil‐to‐leaf continuum affects transpiration and its response to environmental conditions. In trees, the fractional contribution of leaf hydraulic resistance (Rleaf) to total soil‐to‐leaf hydraulic resistance (Rtotal), or fRleaf (=Rleaf/Rtotal), is thought to be large, but this has not been tested comprehensively. We compiled a multibiome data set of fRleaf using new and previously published measurements of pressure differences within trees in situ. Across 80 samples, fRleaf averaged 0.51 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.46−0.57) and it declined with tree height. We also used the allometric relationship between field‐based measurements of soil‐to‐leaf hydraulic conductance and laboratory‐based measurements of leaf hydraulic conductance to compute the average fRleaf for 19 tree samples, which was 0.40 (95% CI = 0.29−0.56). The in situ technique produces a more accurate descriptor of fRleaf because it accounts for dynamic leaf hydraulic conductance. Both approaches demonstrate the outsized role of leaves in controlling tree hydrodynamics. A larger fRleaf may help stems from loss of hydraulic conductance. Thus, the decline in fRleaf with tree height would contribute to greater drought vulnerability in taller trees and potentially to their observed disproportionate drought mortality.
Redaporfin Development for Photodynamic Therapy and its Combination with Glycolysis Inhibitors†
Authors: Mendes Maria Inês P. , Arnaut Luis G. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) remains an underutilized treatment modality in oncology. Many efforts have been dedicated to the development of better photosensitizers, better formulations and delivery methods, rigorous planning of light dose distribution in tissues, mechanistic insight, improvement of treatment protocols and combinations with other therapeutic agents. Hopefully, progress in all these fields will eventually expand the use of PDT. Here we offer a brief review of our own contribution to the development of a photosensitizer for PDT – redaporfin – currently in Phase II clinical trials, and present data on its combination with two glycolysis inhibitors: 2‐deoxyglucose and 3‐bromopyruvate. We show that 3‐bromopyruvate is more cytotoxic to a carcinoma cell line (CT26) than to a normal fibroblast (3T3) cell line, and that this selectivity is maintained in the in vitro combination with redaporfin‐PDT. This combination was investigated in BALB/c mice with large subcutaneous CT26 tumors and it is shown that the cure rate in the combination is higher (33% cures) than in PDT (11% cures) or in 3‐bromopyruvate (no cures) alone. The combination of redaporfin‐PDT with 3‐bromopyruvate illustrates the potential of combination therapies and how PDT benefits can be enhanced by systemic drugs with complementary targets.
The feeding ecology of grass carp: A review
Authors: Li Lisen , Balto George , Xu Xiaoyan , Shen Yubang , Li Jiale 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAs an economically important herbivorous fish, the range of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) has expanded in the world and its ecological influences have become more evident. Currently, we have embarked on assessing the effect of grass carp on aquatic organisms and water quality by integrating the outcomes from previous ecological studies. Bibliographical data integration shows that aquatic plant preference is likely to be related to the cellulose proportion, calcium, sucrose and citric acid of the aquatic plant. Moreover, pharyngeal teeth and multiple gene copies of taste receptors could help reveal the feeding mechanism of grass carp. The expansion of the number of sweet‐detecting T1R2 genes, and the functional potential of Umami taste receptor T1R3 by calcium‐regulation was speculated on the basis of previous experimental observations of grass carp, suggesting that aquatic plant consumption by this species is tightly associated with the taste receptors. Apart from the competition in living space between grass carp and other fish, the effects of consuming zooplankton and zoobenthos were summarized to reveal general passive feeding of grass carp, as well as the feeding choice in the absence of aquatic plants. Water quality data were gleaned to make comparative analyses between groups stocking with and without grass carp to uncover changes in water physicochemical parameters in short‐ (<1 year) and long‐term impacts. This review provides insight into the grass carp feeding behaviour and mechanisms and it will help find a balance between ecological harmony and the industrial development of grass carp.
Adriamycin‐loaded exosome with anti‐CD20 aptamers selectively suppresses human CD20+ melanoma stem cells
Authors: Chen Hairong , Jiang Yuxia , Li Xia 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundTargeting CD20+ melanoma cancer stem cells (CSCs) subset is essential for treating melanoma. Anti‐CD20 aptamer‐modified exosomes (ACEXO) loaded with Adriamycin could be a therapeutic strategy for targeting CSCs.Materials and methodsExosomes loaded with Adriamycin were modified with anti‐CD20 aptamer and characterized by size and molecular markers using transmission electron microscope and dynamic light scattering. The uptake of ACEXO into CD20+ cells was checked, and its cytotoxicities in CD20+ melanoma cells, HEK 293T, and 3T3 cells were evaluated. At the same time, the in vivo distribution of ACEXO in the tumor‐bearing mice model was determined.ResultsThe particle size of the exosome is about 80–100 nm. Western blot analysis showed that they expressed the characteristic exosome markers: CD9 and CD63. Quantitative analysis of the mean fluorescence intensity after 4 h incubation showed that ACEXO significantly improved Adriamycin uptake. Notably, the ACEXO killed only CD20+ melanoma cells. In addition, they exhibited good biocompatibility with both 293T and 3T3 cells at all doses. After intravenous injection, exosome distribution data showed that ACEXO's accumulation in the tumor is higher than anti‐CD20‐modified exosomes (AEXO)’s at all time points, and the accumulation increased as time prolonged. Addition of ACEXO reduces the number of tumorspheres in A375 or WM266‐4 cells compared to untreated controls or AEXO‐treated group. More important, while treating melanoma tumor‐bearing mice, ACEXO‐treated group showed the lowest tumor weight without body weight loss.ConclusionACEXO loaded with Adriamycin could suppress tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo, probably by targeting CD20+ melanoma CSCs.
Improve the dupilumab therapy evaluation with dermoscopy and high‐frequency ultrasound in moderate‐to‐severe atopic dermatitis
Authors: Liu Zhaorui , Niu Zihan , Zhang Dingding , Liu Jie , Zhu Qingli 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disease. Monoclonal antibody dupilumab was approved to treat moderate‐to‐severe AD in recent years. An objective assessment of treatment response by skin imaging modality is adjuvant for clinical evaluations. This study aimed to explore the value of dermoscopy and high‐frequency ultrasound (HFUS) imaging characteristics in treatment evaluation for moderate‐to‐severe AD patients treated with dupilumab.MethodsModerate‐to‐severe AD patients refractory to conventional therapy were enrolled in the study. All patients went through at least a 16‐week standardized treatment of dupilumab. Clinical scores (eczema area scoring index [EASI], SCOARD, numerical rating scale of pruritus, dermatology life quality index), dermoscopy, and HFUS examinations were conducted at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of treatment. Erythema, scales, erosion, and pigmentation under dermoscopy were scored, and subepidermal low‐echogenic band (SLEB) thickness under HFUS was measured as quantitative indexes. Descriptive analysis and mixed effect linear regression models were used for statistical analysis.ResultsSixteen patients were enrolled in the study and their average age was 45.63 ± 18.18 years. All clinical scores decreased with significant difference after 16‐week treatment compared with baseline. All patients achieved EASI 50 (EASI score decreased by 50% or more), and 9/16 patients reached EASI 75 after 16‐week treatment. Dermoscopy evaluation of erythema, scales and erosion scores were decreased, and the sign of pigmentation score was increased after treatment. For HFUS, the mean SLEB value was 0.51 ± 0.29 mm and decreased to 0.27 ± 0.15 mm after 16‐week treatment (p < 0.01). SLEB value decreased linearly with treatment time and correlated with clinical scores. However, SLEB values of two patients were 0.57 and 0.68 mm at week 16, respectively, which were higher than the average, and one of the patients showed EASI 75.ConclusionDermoscopy and HFUS were able to reveal deeper inflammation response than clinical scores in AD and can be an effective method to evaluate and monitor clinical improvement during dupilumab treatment for AD patients. The preliminary value of imaging methods for predicting the treatment endpoint of dupilumab remains to be verified.
Association of immune‐mediated necrotizing myopathy withHLApolymorphisms
Authors: Ohnuki Yuko , Suzuki Shigeaki , Uruha Akinori , Oyama Munenori , Suzuki Shingo , Kulski Jerzy K. , Nishino Ichizo , Shiina Takashi 
Published: December 2022

Immune‐mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) is a type of autoimmune myositis typically characterized clinically by proximal muscle weakness with elevated creatine kinase levels, pathologically by myofiber necrosis and regeneration with paucity of lymphocytic cell infiltration, and serologically by the presence of either of two myositis‐specific autoantibodies, anti‐SRP, and anti‐HMGCR antibodies. However, the HLA loci and alleles associated with IMNM are still not fully understood at least partly because IMNM was a relatively recently established condition. In this study, we genotyped the six HLA loci (HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1, ‐DQB1 and ‐DPB1) in 250 patients (237 patients over age 18 years and 13 juvenile patients) diagnosed with IMNM based on clinicopathological features and autoantibody information and performed a case control study with Japanese healthy subjects. In the adult patients, specific HLA alleles associated with IMNM were identified at all HLA loci, withDRB1*08:03showing the strongest association (OR = 2.5;p = 0.00000017). Furthermore, subgroup analysis with various clinical information showed thatC*03:04(OR = 3.7;p = 0.00012) was a higher risk allele for collagen disease in adult patients, andB*13:01(OR = 23.2;p = 0.021) andC*03:04(OR = 5.8;p = 0.0074) were higher risk for juvenile patients with anti‐HMGCR antibody‐positive IMNM. These findings will help to better understand the HLA genetic background and features of IMNM in designing future studies.
Learning statistics with interactive pictures using R Shiny: Generally preferred, but not generally advantageous
Authors: Zhao Fang , Schützler Lena , Christ Oliver , Gaschler Robert 
Published: December 2022

AbstractConstructing interactive web apps has become more accessible for instructors, for example, by using the R package Shiny. Here we explored learners' preferences and the efficiency of interactive simulations versus static pictures in acquiring statistics knowledge of Cohen's d and standard normal distribution. Results revealed that students' spontaneous interaction with pictures was infrequent (pilot study, N = 26). While prompts (Exp. 1, N = 152) effectively ensured the manipulation of simulations, student exposure to interactive simulations led to longer learning times though similar test performance compared with student exposure to static pictures. Multiple interactive representations led to lower test performance than single interactive and static representations (Exp. 2, N = 117). Though no advantage was gained regarding learning outcomes, participants preferred the interactive variant (Exp. 3, N = 119). Taken together, this study demonstrates that the superiority of interactive pictures cannot be assumed to hold in general. Further work should evaluate how mental model construction can be effectively scaffolded by interactive simulations.
Cytosine base editing in cyanobacteria by repressing archaic Type IV uracil‐DNA glycosylase
Authors: Lee Mieun , Heo Yu Been , Woo Han Min 
Published: December 2022

SUMMARYBase editing enables precise gene editing without requiring donor DNA or double‐stranded breaks. To facilitate base editing tools, a uracil DNA glycosylase inhibitor (UGI) was fused to cytidine deaminase‐Cas nickase to inhibit uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG). Herein, we revealed that the bacteriophage PBS2‐derived UGI of the cytosine base editor (CBE) could not inhibit archaic Type IV UDG in oligoploid cyanobacteria. To overcome the limitation of the CBE, dCas12a‐assisted gene repression of the udg allowed base editing at the desired targets with up to 100% mutation frequencies, and yielded correct phenotypes of desired mutants in cyanobacteria. Compared with the original CBE (BE3), base editing was analyzed within a broader C4–C16 window with a strong TC‐motif preference. Using multiplexed CyanoCBE, while udg was repressed, simultaneous base editing at two different sites was achieved with lower mutation frequencies than single CBE. Our discovery of a Type IV UDG that is not inhibited by the UGI of the CBE in cyanobacteria and the development of dCas12a‐mediated base editing should facilitate the application of base editing not only in cyanobacteria, but also in archaea and green algae that possess Type IV UDGs. We revealed the bacteriophage‐derived UGI of the base editor did not repress Type IV UDG in cyanobacteria. To overcome the limitation, orthogonal dCas12a interference was successfully applied to repress the UDG gene expression in cyanobacteria during base editing occurred, yielding a premature translational termination at desired targets. This study will open a new opportunity to perform base editing with Type IV UDGs in archaea and green algae.
Test–Retest Reliability and Minimum Detectable Change of the Athletic Trainers’ Self-Confidence Scale
Authors: Stedge Hannah L. , Cappaert Thomas , Herzog Valerie W. , Kinslow Beth , Martin Malissa 
Published: December 2022

The Athletic Trainers’ Self-Confidence Scale (ATSCS) is a nine-item Likert-scale questionnaire assessing the respondent’s level of agreement with statements regarding confidence in recognizing and managing exertional heat illnesses. Test–retest reliability of this instrument has not yet been established. The purpose of this study was to investigate the internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and minimum detectable change score for the composite score of the ATSCS. A total of 18 professional master of science in athletic training students (nine first-year and nine second-year students) completed the ATSCS at three testing sessions with 48 hr between sessions. The nine items of the ATSCS demonstrated good internal consistency (α = .86; 95% confidence interval [.78, .94]). The composite scores of the ATSCS demonstrated moderate test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .75; 95% confidence interval [.497, .893]). The calculated minimal detectable change for the composite change score was 6.19. The ATSCS has good internal reliability as well as test–retest reliability. These results display that the tool will provide consistent, reliable results of changes in athletic training students’ self-confidence.
iPhone Accelerometry Provides a Sensitive In-Home Assessment of Age-Related Changes in Standing Balance
Authors: Coker Elizabeth , Lubetzky Anat V. 
Published: December 2022

Remote health monitoring has become increasingly important, especially in aging populations. We aimed to identify tasks that are sensitive to age-related changes in balance during fully remote, at-home balance assessment. Participants were 12 healthy young adults (mean age = 26.08 years, range: 18–33) and 12 healthy older adults (mean age = 67.33 years, range: 60–75). Participants performed standing tasks monitored via video conference while their balance was quantified using a custom iPhone application measuring mediolateral center of mass acceleration. We included three stances (feet together, tandem, and single leg) with eyes open or closed, with or without a concurrent cognitive task. Older adults demonstrated significantly more variable center of mass accelerations in tandem (p = .04, ) and significantly higher (p < .01, ) and more variable (p < .01, ) center of mass accelerations in single leg compared with young adults. We also observed that as task challenge increased, balance dual-task cost diminished for older, but not young, adults.
The Assessment of Acute Chorioretinal Changes Due to Intensive Physical Exercise in Senior Elite Athletes
Authors: Szalai Irén , Csorba Anita , Jing Tian , Horváth Endre , Bosnyák Edit , Györe István , Zsolt Nagy Zoltán , DeBuc Delia Cabrera , Tóth Miklós , Somfai Gábor Márk 
Published: December 2022

Regular physical exercise is known to lower the incidence of age-related eye diseases. We aimed to assess the acute chorioretinal alterations in older adults following intense physical strain. Seventeen senior elite athletes were recruited who underwent an aerobic exercise on a cycle ergometer and macular scanning by optical coherence tomography. A significant thinning of the entire retina was observed 1 min after exercise, followed by a thickening at 5 min, after which the thickness returned to baseline. This trend was similar in almost every single retinal layer, although a significant change was observed only in the inner retina. Choroidal thickness changes were neither significant nor did they correlate with the thickness changes of intraretinal layers. The mechanism of how these immediate retinal changes chronically impact age-related sight-threatening pathologies that, in turn, result in a substantially reduced quality of life warrants further investigation on nontrained older adults as well.
Industry response to strengthened regulations: amount and themes of flavoured electronic cigarette promotion by product vendors and manufacturers on Instagram
Authors: Kostygina Ganna , Tran Hy , Schillo Barbara , Silver Nathan A , Emery Sherry L 
Published: December 2022

BackgroundSocial media discussion tends to follow news about proposed or enacted government policies. Thus, digital discourse surveillance may be an effective and unobtrusive way of understanding industry and public response to policies and regulations, including in the domain of tobacco control. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration restricted sales of flavoured cartridge and disposable vape products. Historically, the tobacco industry used modification of product characteristics, labelling or packaging to work around flavour restrictions. We aimed to characterise strategies used by nicotine product manufacturers and vendors to promote flavoured products on Instagram and to identify policy workaround tactics.MethodsKeyword rules were used to collect flavoured electronic cigarette-related Instagram posts from CrowdTangle, from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2021. Posts were coded for commercial content and promotional strategies using a combination of machine learning methods, keyword algorithms and human coding. Additional exploratory analyses were conducted to identify major discussion themes. Non-English posts were excluded from the analyses.ResultsKeyword filters captured 113 393 relevant posts from 391 unique accounts, with 46 076 posts referencing flavour promotion (40.6%) and 2124 (2%) posts mentioning alternatives to restricted flavoured products or strategies to evade flavour sales restrictions. Promotional messages featured non-characterising flavour references, ‘off-brand’ product substitutes, promotion of new flavoured product technologies, innovation, do-it-yourself appeals, global promotion, international delivery and encouraged flavoured product stockpiling. In addition, promotion of refillable devices, e-juice, tank systems and ‘box mod’ vaporizers was present.ConclusionSocial media surveillance can enhance our understanding of public health needs and policy compliance, as well as inform strategies to prevent policy evasion. Examining evolving industry tactics to promote flavoured products in response to regulatory changes can help authorities and practitioners assess policy effectiveness and inform future design and implementation approaches.
Levels of menthol, nicotine and cooling agents measured in JUUL products purchased across a three-year period
Authors: Yassine Amira , El Hage Rachel , El-Hellani Ahmad , Salman Rola , Talih Soha , Eissenberg Thomas , Shihadeh Alan , Saliba Najat 
Published: December 2022

BackgroundIn response to the popularity of JUUL and other flavored ENDS products among youth, the US Food and Drug Administration issued in February 2020 an enforcement policy to remove all flavoured cartridge/pod-based e-cigarettes from the market except for tobacco and menthol. Subsequent studies found that some former users of the now-removed flavoured JUUL pods (especially cool mint) switched to menthol-flavoured JUUL pods with similar satisfaction.MethodsWe quantified menthol, nicotine, propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerol (VG) in JUUL pod samples (Menthol, Classic Menthol and Cool Mint) that were purchased in 2017, 2018 and 2020 (only Menthol) to evaluate composition differences before and after the enforcement policy. We also analysed the samples to detect other cooling agents using a screening gas chromatography-mass spectrometry headspace method that we developed for this purpose.ResultsNicotine and menthol concentrations were significantly higher in 2020 products than in products from prior years. Moreover, other cooling agents varied across pods. The PG/VG volume ratio was 27/63 in all pods examined.ConclusionThis study shows that concentrations of nicotine and menthol in JUUL products procured over a three year period decreased over time. The findings highlight the challenges of reconstructing product characteristics at the time of manufacture and time of consumption, and suggests the utility of an ENDS product bank that could preserve samples for retrospective studies. They also underscore that manufacturers should be required to release to the public and the scientific community what they know about time- and temperature-dependent degradation of their products.