Using the consolidated framework for implementation research to identify recruitment barriers and targeted strategies for a shared decision-making randomized clinical trial in pediatric sickle cell disease
Authors: Strong Heather , Hood Anna M , Johnson Yolanda , Hackworth Rogelle , Reed-Shackelford Marque , Ramaswamy Rohit , Varughese Taniya , Quinn Charles T , Crosby Lori E 
Published: February 2023

Background/Aims: Recruitment is often a barrier in clinical trials that include minoritized populations, such as individuals with sickle cell disease. In the United States, the majority of people with sickle cell disease identify as Black or African American. In sickle cell disease, 57% of the United States trials that ended early did so due to low enrollment. Thus, there is a need for interventions that improve trial enrollment in this population. After lower-than-expected recruitment during the first 6 months of the Engaging Parents of Children with Sickle Cell Anemia and their Providers in Shared-Decision-Making for Hydroxyurea trial, a multi-site study for young children with sickle cell disease, we collected data to understand barriers and used the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research to categorize them and guide the development of targeted strategies. Methods: Study staff used screening logs and coordinator and principal investigator calls to identify recruitment barriers that were then mapped onto Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research constructs. Targeted strategies were implemented during Months 7–13. Recruitment and enrollment data were summarized before (Months 1–6) and during the implementation period (Months 7–13). Results: During the first 13 months, 60 caregivers ( M = 30.65 years; SD = 6.35) enrolled in the trial. Most caregivers primarily self-identified as female ( n = 54, 95%) and African American or Black ( n = 51, 90%). Recruitment barriers mapped onto three Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research constructs: (1) Process barriers (i.e. no identified “site champion” and poor recruitment planning at several sites); (2) Inner setting barriers (i.e. limited communication, low relative study priority at several sites); and (3) Outer setting barriers (i.e. poor patient attendance at clinic appointments). Targeted strategies to improve recruitment included (1) principal investigator site visits and retraining on recruitment procedures to address process barriers; (2) increased frequency of communication through all coordinator, site principal investigator, and individual site calls to address inner setting barriers; and (3) development and implementation of no-show procedures for clinic appointments to address outer setting barriers. After implementation of the recruitment strategies, the number of caregivers identified for pre-screening increased from 54 to 164, and enrollment more than tripled from 14 to 46 caregiver participants. Conclusion: Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research constructs guided the development of targeted strategies that increased enrollment. This reflective process reframes recruitment challenges as the responsibility of the research team rather than characterizing minoritized populations as “difficult” or “hard to reach.” Future trials including patients with sickle cell disease and minoritized populations may benefit from this approach.