bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problem of Unaccompanied Children in the Earthquake: Insufficient Enrollment
Authors: Terzi Ozlem , Dundar Cihad 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Türkiye experienced 2 of the most catastrophic earthquakes of the last century on February 6, 2023. The first earthquake with a magnitude of 7.7 occurred at 4:17 am in Kahramanmaraş City. Nine hours later, the second earthquake with a magnitude of 7.6 hit a region, which has 10 cities and over 16 million people. After the earthquakes, the Director-General of the World Health Organization, Hans Kluge, announced that a level 3 emergency was declared. One of the problems that should be solved at the earliest period in earthquakes is the problem of orphans or unaccompanied children. These children, referred to as “earthquake orphans”, can be potential victims of violence, organized crime, organ trafficking, drug addiction, sexual exploitation, or human trafficking. The already low socioeconomic level of the region, the magnitude of the earthquake, and the turmoil in the emergency rescue organization cause concern that the number of fragile children in this population will be higher than expected. The problem of orphaned children experienced in previous major destructive earthquakes provides important experiences for earthquake preparation.
STATE CAPACITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: CAUTIONARY TALES FROM HISTORY
Authors: Ogilvie Sheilagh 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis paper uses economic history to probe the relationship between state capacity and economic growth during the Great and Little Divergences (c.1500–c.1850). It identifies flaws in the dominant measure of state capacity, fiscal capacity, and advocates instead analysing state expenditures. It investigates five key activities on which states historically spent resources: waging war; providing law and administration; building infrastructure; pursuing industrial policy; and fostering a national culture. The lesson of history, it concludes, is not to build a capacious state. Rather, we need a state that uses its capacity to help (or at least not hinder) market activity.
From precision medicine to precision care: Choosing and using precision medicine in the context of multimorbidity
Authors: Bierman Arlene S. , Burke Bridget T. , Comfort Leeann N. , Gerstein Maya , Mueller Nora M. , Umscheid Craig A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractRapid advances in precision medicine promise dramatic reductions in morbidity and mortality for a growing array of conditions. To realize the benefits of precision medicine and minimize harm, it is necessary to address real-world challenges encountered in translating this research into practice. Foremost among these is how to choose and use precision medicine modalities in real-world practice by addressing issues related to caring for the sizable proportion of people living with multimorbidity. Precision medicine needs to be delivered in the broader context ofprecision careto account for factors that influence outcomes for specific therapeutics. Precision care integrates a person-centered approach with precision medicine to inform decision making and care planning by taking multimorbidity, functional status, values, goals, preferences, social and societal context into account. Designing dissemination and implementation of precision medicine around precision care would improve person-centered quality and outcomes of care, target interventions to those most likely to benefit thereby improving access to new therapeutics, minimize the risk of withdrawal from the market from unanticipated harms of therapy, and advance health equity by tailoring interventions and care to meet the needs of diverse individuals and populations. Precision medicine delivered in the context of precision care would foster respectful care aligned with preferences, values, and goals, engendering trust, and providing needed information to make informed decisions. Accelerating adoption requires attention to the full continuum of translational research: developing new approaches, demonstrating their usefulness, disseminating and implementing findings, while engaging patients throughout the process. This encompasses basic science, preclinical and clinical research and implementation into practice, ultimately improving health. This article examines challenges to the adoption of precision medicine in the context of multimorbidity. Although the potential of precision medicine is enormous, proactive efforts are needed to avoid unintended consequences and foster its equitable and effective adoption.
THE ACCURACY AND PRECISION OF SMALL-SIZED MODERN WOOD SAMPLES ANALYZED AT THE CHRONOS 14CARBON-CYCLE FACILITY
Authors: Haines Heather A , Hiscock William T , Palmer Jonathan G , Turney Chris S M , Thomas Zoë A , Cadd Haidee , Vohra Juee , Marjo Christopher E 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACTTree-ring series offer considerable potential for the development of environment-sensitive proxy records. However, with traditional increment cores, only small amounts of wood are often available from annual tree-ring sequences. For this reason, it is important to understand the reliability (and reproducibility) of radiocarbon measurements obtained from small-sized samples. Here we report the F14C results from the Chronos 14Carbon-Cycle Facility of modern tropical Australian tree samples over a range of four graphite target sizes from the same rings. Our study shows that similar precision can be obtained from full-sized, half-sized, as well as small-sized graphite targets using standard pretreatment and analysis procedures. However, with a decline in sample size, there was an increase seen in the associated variance of the ages and the smallest target weights started showing a systematic bias. Wiggle-matching accuracy tests, comparing the Southern Hemisphere post-bomb atmospheric calibration curve to the different sample weight sequences, were all significant except for the 200 μgC graphite targets. Our results indicate that samples smaller than 350 μgC have limited accuracy and precision. Overall, reliable measurements of F14C sequences from tree-ring records across a range of sample sizes, with best results found using graphitized samples >350 μgC.
State Parties, the Democratic National Convention, and Civil Rights Liberalism
Authors: White Steven 
Published: February 2023

AbstractWhat explains variation in how committed postwar Democrats were to civil rights? I use evidence from state delegation behavior at national party conventions to assess this. I examine two types of issues: challenges to the credentials of all-white southern delegations and efforts to change the platform language on civil rights issues. While the latter is widely known, the former are more obscure but, I argue, important indicators of how strongly committed some state delegations were to civil rights. I use archival materials to trace the story of how these issues came onto the party committee’s agenda in the first place and then assess the correlates of state delegation voting behavior. In 1948, the strongest predictor of being willing to unseat the all-white Mississippi delegation was the increase in Black population percentage in a state. More states, however, were willing to strengthen the civil rights platform language, and here state population size was the strongest predictor. These results, though, obscure important variation, with a number of relatively smaller, whiter states in the upper Midwest playing a key role. Taken together, these findings elucidate variation in the civil rights preferences of non-southern Democrats, shed new light on debates about the civil rights realignment, and demonstrate the potential of using state delegation voting behavior as evidence.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of children and adolescents hospitalised with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in the Tel-Aviv District, Israel, 2020–2022
Authors: Salama Matanelle , Amitai Ziva , Sheffer Rivka 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Our study population consisted of all children and adolescents, with laboratory-confirmed SARS-Co-V-2 infection, hospitalised from February 2020 through February 2022, among residents of the Tel Aviv (TA) District, Israel. There were 491 children and adolescents hospitalised with Sars-CoV-2 infection. Among them, 281 (57%) admitted with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as the primary cause of admission (rate of 39 per 100 000). Among all children and adolescents in the TA District, the highest hospitalisation rates were observed among infants and children below the age of 4 years (rate of 311 per 100 000 population). Severe disease was observed mostly among children with multiple underlying medical conditions. Admission rates were also elevated among residents of the ultra-orthodox community (rate ratio (RR) compared to the rest of the district; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.38–3.82). Admission rates with COVID-19 as primary cause of admission were higher during Omicron compared to Delta predominance period (RR 1.7; 95% CI 1.22–2.32). Targeted social and public health policies should be put in place when rates of disease start to increase, such as encouraging vaccine uptake for eligible children and social distancing when necessary, taking into account already existing social and learning gaps, in order to reduce the burden of disease.
Uses and Limits of Data and Student Feedback in Pedagogical Response to COVID-19: A Case Study
Authors: Donavan Janet L. 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACTThis article examines how one political science department used data and student feedback to make pedagogical choices about course modalities and pedagogical approaches during the COVID-19 pandemic. This case demonstrates that gathering data from students through surveys and other means and then utilizing that data in decision making is a valuable practice. However, there are constraints on collecting quality data in a crisis. With a need to react quickly and to gather and analyze data in a timely fashion, data-informed and student-empathetic decision making is a more accurate characterization of the outcomes in this case and a more achievable goal for the future than data-driven and student-centered decision making in a crisis. This study concludes that data-informed and student-empathetic decision making may be preferable in circumstances in which the data are inconclusive or support multiple conclusions as well as when there are conflicting needs and preferences among both faculty members and students.
An unsupervised perplexity-based method for boilerplate removal
Authors: Fernández-Pichel Marcos , Prada-Corral Manuel , Losada David E. , Pichel Juan C. , Gamallo Pablo 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe availability of large web-based corpora has led to significant advances in a wide range of technologies, including massive retrieval systems or deep neural networks. However, leveraging this data is challenging, since web content is plagued by the so-called boilerplate: ads, incomplete or noisy text and rests of the navigation structure, such as menus or navigation bars. In this work, we present a novel and efficient approach to extract useful and well-formed content from web-scraped data. Our approach takes advantage of Language Models and their implicit knowledge about correctly formed text, and we demonstrate here that perplexity is a valuable artefact that can contribute in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. As a matter of fact, the removal of noisy parts leads to lighter AI or search solutions that are effective and entail important reductions in resources spent. We exemplify here the usefulness of our method with two downstream tasks, search and classification, and a cleaning task. We also provide a Python package with pre-trained models and a web demo demonstrating the capabilities of our approach.
Therapist perceptions of experiential training for exposure therapy
Authors: Frank Hannah E. , Rifkin Lara S. , Sheehan Kate , Becker-Haimes Emily M. , Crane Margaret E. , Phillips Katherine E. , Palitz Buinewicz Sophie A. , Kemp Joshua , Benito Kristen , Kendall Philip C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackground:Despite evidence for its efficacy, exposure therapy for anxiety is rarely used in routine care settings. Efforts to address one major barrier to its use – therapists’ negative beliefs about exposure – have included therapist-level implementation strategies, such as training and consultation. Experiential training, in which therapists themselves undergo exposures, has recently demonstrated feasibility, acceptability and preliminary effectiveness for increasing exposure use.Aims:This study aimed to assess: (1) therapists’ perceptions of experiential training and (2) barriers and facilitators to implementing exposure following training.Method:Therapists who underwent experiential training (n=12) completed qualitative interviews and quantitative questionnaires. Interviews were coded using an integrated approach, combining both inductive and deductive approaches. Mixed methods analyses examined how themes varied by practice setting (community mental health versus private practice) and exposure use.Results:Results highlight how therapist-level factors, such as clinician self-efficacy, interact with inner- and outer-setting factors. Participants reported positive perceptions of exposure after training; they noted that directly addressing myths about exposure and experiencing exposures themselves improved their attitudes toward exposure. Consistent with prior literature, issues such as insufficient supervisory support, organizational constraints, and client characteristics made it challenging to implement exposures.Discussion:Results highlight the benefits of experiential training, while also highlighting the need to consider contextual determinants. Differences in responses across practice settings highlight areas for intervention and the importance of tailoring implementation strategies. Barriers that were specific to therapists who did not use exposure (e.g. hesitancy about its appropriateness for most clients) point to directions for future implementation efforts.
Seed biology of alkali barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli var. zelayensis) and junglerice (Echinochloa colona) for improved management in direct-seeded rice
Authors: Zhang Zichang , Wang Hongchun , Cao Jingjing , Li Gui , Chauhan Bhagirath Singh 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAlkali barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli var. zelayensis (Kunth) Hitchc] and junglerice [Echinochloa colona (L.) Link] are problematic annual weeds in direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields in China. The emergence ecology of the two weed species may differ in response to environmental factors. Laboratory and screenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of light, burial depth, mulching with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residue, and time and depth of flooding on the emergence of the two weed species collected from Nanjing, China. Light strongly increased seed germination. Under dark conditions, E. crus-galli seed germination (85%) was higher than that of E. colona (70%). The seeds of both species exhibited the greatest germination (90% for E. crus-galli and 80% for E. colona) when sown on the soil surface, and emergence decreased with increasing soil burial depth. Burial depths of 2.2 and 1.4 cm reduced seedling emergence by 50% for E. crus-galli and E. colona, respectively. No emergence was found at a depth of 6 cm. The seedling emergence for E. colona was lower than for E. crus-galli at the same soil burial depth. Mulching with wheat residue considerably reduced the seedling emergence and aboveground biomass of both species. The inhibitory effect of mulching with wheat residue on E. colona was more notable than on E. crus-galli. Early and deep flooding significantly suppressed the emergence, height, and biomass of E. crus-galli and E. colona, especially E. colona. The results gained from this study could provide fundamental ecological knowledge for managing Echinochloa species in direct-seeded rice systems.
First report of a wide distribution of glyphosate-resistant compact brome (Bromus madritensis) in the Iberian Peninsula: confirmation and field management
Authors: Vázquez-García José G. , Castro Patricia , Royo-Esnal Aritz , Palma-Bautista Candelario , Torra Joel , De Prado Rafael 
Published: February 2023

AbstractGlyphosate resistance is spreading in Spain and Portugal due to excessive herbicide use, in both annual and perennial crops. Compact brome (Bromus madritensisL.) is increasing in frequency in these different cropping systems when under conservation agriculture, particularly when glyphosate fails to control it. Fourteen populations from different areas in the Iberian Peninsula were confirmed as beingB. madritensisusing simple sequence repeat markers and clearly separated from the closely related species red brome (Bromus rubensL.) and ripgut brome (Bromus diandrusRoth). SixB. madritensispopulations were classified as resistant, according to both their shikimic acid accumulation levels and their resistance factors based on LD50or GR50(values between 4 and 8). Populations with higher resistance factors also showed lower shikimic acid concentrations. Moreover, these resistant populations were able to survive the minimum registered dose for glyphosate in Spain in perennial crops (1,080 g ae ha−1, five populations) or in arable crops before seeding for annual weeds (540 g ae ha−1, one population), under both greenhouse and field conditions. The trials carried out in a glyphosate-resistant field during 2 consecutive years showed that acceptable control (≥90%) was only consistently achieved 90 d after application for preemergence treatment with flazasulfuron in a tank mix with glyphosate, while control with postemergence treatments, such as propaquizafop plus glyphosate, was below 80%. This research describes the first herbicide-resistance report for the weed speciesB. madritensis, confirming the presence of glyphosate-resistant populations mainly in perennial cropping systems but also in winter cereals from Spain. Due to the limited chemical tools to manage these populations, there is an urgent need for farmers to implement integrated weed management strategies.
Protracted Thermal Evolution of a Migmatitic Terrane as Revealed by Multiple Geochronometers From the Retro‐Arc of the Early Paleozoic Famatinian Orogen in NW Argentina
Authors: Farias Pablo , Weinberg Roberto F. , Sola Alfonso , Finch Melanie 
Published: February 2023

AbstractU‐Pb dates of zircon, monazite, and titanite combined with trace element composition, allows characterization of the thermal evolution of the migmatitic Agua del Sapo complex. This complex comprises Al‐rich and Ca‐rich metasedimentary rocks with a detrital zircon maximum depositional age of 550 Ma. The rocks record two consecutive early Paleozoic orogenies. During subduction associated with the 550–510 Ma Pampean orogeny, the complex was in the fore‐arc region and was intruded by 550–520 Ma granites indicative of anomalous heating possibly related to ridge subduction. During the subsequent 500–440 Ma Famatinian orogeny, the arc migrated trenchwards and the region became part of a retro‐arc that underwent melting at upper‐amphibolite facies. This event was recorded differently by each of the accessory phases. Detrital zircon cores were overgrown by rare Famatinian rims that range from 500 to 420 Ma, while monazite records only Famatinian dates with a growth peak at ∼457 Ma that extends to 410 Ma, possibly due to coupled dissolution‐precipitation. Published titanite dates define a 120 Myr thermal history, starting at ∼500 Ma with temperatures of ∼750°C ± 25°C, ending at 380 Ma and ∼700°C ± 25°C. Cooling was accompanied by a decrease in titanite light rare earth element contents in response to increased abundance of allanite/epidote. Thus, the complementary time‐compositional record of the accessory phases reveals continued high heat flow, associated with deformation, to 380 Ma. This prolonged event blurs the boundary between the Famatinian and the subsequent Achalian/Chanic orogenies and extends the Silurian Rinconada tectonic phase of the Famatinian orogeny to the east into the Eastern Sierras Pampeanas.
Bringing Multisectoral and Multidisciplinary Stakeholders Together to Optimize Environmental Health Research
Authors: Rosofsky A. S. , Vorhees D. J. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIncorporating multisectoral and multidisciplinary stakeholder perspectives into environmental health research planning and implementation can help increase the utility of the research. It can also enhance the likelihood of stakeholders using the research to inform decisions. Health Effects Institute (HEI) Energy, a funding and research organization, undertook a multiyear research planning process to build its stakeholder network and integrate their perspectives, knowledge, and priorities into research on potential exposures and health effects associated with unconventional oil and gas development. This commentary describes that process, lessons learned, and how stakeholder involvement shaped HEI Energy's inaugural program of research and associated stakeholder engagement.
Variation of Proportionality Between Stress Drop and Slip, With Implications for Megathrust Earthquakes
Authors: Wu Baoning , Kyriakopoulos Christodoulos , Oglesby David D. , Ryan Kenny J. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractEarthquake stress drop Δσ is related to fault slip via , where μ, D, and Lc denote shear modulus, average slip, and fault dimension. C is controlled by the system geometry, characterizes the effective stiffness of the system, and is commonly assumed to be a constant near 1. We use 3D elastostatic models to systematically investigate how C is controlled by fault burial depth, dip angle, and slip direction. We find that C decreases with smaller burial depth and dip angle, with a value for a shallow‐dipping surface‐rupturing fault roughly one‐fifth that of the deeply buried case. Our results help explain the apparent magnitude‐dependent stress drops of megathrust earthquakes in Thingbaijam et al. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1785/0120150291. There may also be implications for the apparent depth‐ and magnitude‐dependence in other source parameters, and for reducing uncertainties in the seismic and tsunami hazard assessments of megathrust earthquakes.