bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Employers and the Real Living Wage
Authors: Heery Edmund , Hann Deborah , Nash David 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the response of employers to the Living Wage campaign. The first section presents evidence on the number of employers that have joined and their characteristics, showing that while the Living Wage has spread broadly it is found disproportionately in specific sectors, industries, and geographical locations. The next section examines employer motives for joining the scheme, identifying a range of instrumental, expressive, and institutional reasons for becoming accredited. The final sections of the chapter look at employer resistance to the Living Wage and the reasons why some refuse to adopt the standard and identifies a continuum of employer responses stretching from outright rejection to enthusiastic adoption. This range of responses is used to reflect on theories of employer strategy within neo-liberalism, and the chapter ends by rejecting claims that employers are essentially unruly, hostile to all forms of external regulation.
The Importance of Being Effective
Authors: Bagchi Aditi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
John Gardner advanced the view that the duty to succeed is prior to the duty to try. He also argued that the duty to succeed might apply to an agent even if she is not subject to a duty to try because trying would be futile. This chapter explores Gardner’s views in this regard. First, it considers the reorientation of deontological theory to assign greater moral weight to consequences, of which Gardner was a leading advocate. Second, it shows how Gardner’s views about the persistence of a duty to succeed under conditions of futility rests on a rejection of at least some understandings of the proposition that ‘ought implies can’. Finally, the chapter develops a troubling implication of Gardner’s view, that is, wrongdoing is ubiquitous.
Vindicating Criminal Law
Authors: Hershovitz Scott 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In Offences and Defences, John Gardner argues that the capacity of the criminal law to displace retaliation is an essential part of its justification. That is true. But it does not exhaust the criminal law’s relation with retaliation. Well-constituted criminal law does not just displace retaliation; it dissipates the justification for it, by providing a better way of responding to the reasons which otherwise would warrant revenge—or so the argument goes in this chapter in honour of John.
State Crimes
Authors: Tanguay-Renaud François 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Is a category of state crimes theoretically sound and important? This chapter defends the view that it is, based on some of John Gardner’s key theoretical commitments about the possibility of state agency and wrongdoing. The central contention is that the category of state crimes is useful as a means of singling out those condemnable state wrongdoings that warrant punishment. Other existing normative categories, such as state injustices and violations of human rights, are not sufficiently discerning to pick out this important subset of state wrongs. The category also helps focus inquiries about the justification of the more deliberately burdensome responses that may be imposed on states—be it internationally or domestically, institutionally or popularly—for their morally graver legal wrongs. Punishment of states for such wrongs must be considered, I argue, as they may be justified in terms of their deterrence effect, but also as symbolically marking these wrongs and, to a lesser (and more questionable) extent, as giving states their just desert.
Figments of imagination: ‘Scaffolded attention’ creates non-sensory object and event representations
Authors: Ongchoco Joan Danielle K. , Scholl Brian J. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Perception involves ‘sensory individuals’: the objects and events that we experience are a function of the incoming light and sound—and the exceptions (e.g., dreaming, hallucination) seem somehow marginal or atypical. As a result, perception is often characterized in terms of how raw sensory cues are transformed into conscious experiences with perceptual content. In contrast, ‘scaffolded attention’ is a phenomenon wherein many people perceive structured objects and events (in both space and time) that do not arise directly from sensory cues. For example, when staring at a regular grid (e.g., graph paper), the sensory cues are simply the identical squares—but people may nevertheless see a shifting array of larger structured patterns (e.g., lines or block letters). Similarly, when listening to a regular beat, people may nevertheless hear emergent rhythms. This chapter focuses on scaffolded attention, and explores its power, scope, prevalence, and philosophical and psychological implications.
Shine of bronze and sound of brass: The relational perceptual constructs of timbre and gloss
Authors: Buccella Alessandra , Chirimuuta Mazviita 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The discussion and research on the visual perception of gloss has a lot in common with the discussion and research on the auditory perception of timbre. These two qualities seem to depend on multidimensional and dynamic combinations of features of the perceptual scene globally understood, including the perceiver. It is therefore argued that both gloss and timbre should be understood in interactionist terms, that is, as properties of processes of interaction between an object, a context, a medium, and a perceiver. Versions of interactionist accounts have already been proposed for colour, odour, and tactile texture. It is believed that adopting an interactionist ontology will improve both the scientific explanations and the philosophical understanding of perceptual objects.
Faces as multisensory individuals
Authors: Fulkerson Matthew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Faces are among the most studied and well-understood visual objects. They seem to be perceived, tracked, and recognized in vision through dedicated mechanisms. Some of these areas and mechanisms have been extensively studied, especially the fusiform face area (FFA). For this reason, faces might seem like paradigm instances of a specialized unimodal sensory individual, a perceptual object of significance to a single modality. This chapter explores the many ways in which faces resist this reading. It argues that faces are best understood as multisensory objects of awareness. Using a range of empirical evidence, the chapter defends the claim that faces, despite whatever dedicated processes they may involve within each modality, are best understood as essentially multisensory individuals. The chapter concludes with some reflections on the implications of this perspective both on our understanding of the perception of faces and on perceptual interactions more generally.
Why We Doubt
Authors: Pinillos N. Ángel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This book, the first of its kind, puts forward a novel and unified cognitive account of philosophical skeptical doubt. Historically, most philosophers have tried to tackle this difficult topic by directly arguing that skeptical doubt is false. But Pinillos does something different. He begins by trying to uncover the hidden mental rule which, for better or worse, motivates our skeptical inclinations. He then gives an account of the broader cognitive purpose of having and applying this rule. Based on these ideas, he shows how we can give a new response to the traditional problem of global skepticism. He also argues that philosophical skepticism is not just something that comes up during philosophical reflection, as David Hume, Charles Sanders Peirce, and other philosophers have urged. Instead, it is of great practical significance. The rule which produces skepticism may itself be operative in certain pathologies such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, in creative endeavors, and in conspiratorial thinking. The rule can also explain some of our reluctance to trust statistical evidence, especially in legal settings. More broadly, this volume aims to breathe new life into a classic problem in philosophy by approaching it from a new perspective and exploring new areas of application. The book will be of interest to philosophers, psychologists, and anyone interested in the human capacity to doubt and to question our beliefs.
Broad Function (Part 2)
Authors: Pinillos N. Ángel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter puts forward a model of skeptical experiences based on existing work on meta-cognition. A skeptical experience will contain both an inclination to judge (“I don’t know”) and a negative epistemic feeling. The experience is a result of a process whose function is to monitor our first-order reasoning. When the system detects that the reasoning is hasty for the purposes at hand, the skeptical experience arises. This typically results in an act of cognition control: the assumption which is felt to be hasty is temporarily dropped from our reasoning. This reasoning monitor-control cycle is the broader function of the skeptical system. It answers, in a broad sense, the “why” question of our skeptical leanings. Why do we have skeptical doubts (in the broad sense)? Simply put, to stop us from making hasty assumptions. The points made in this chapter draw crucially on certain approaches to the theory of knowledge which connect knowledge to action.
Mind the framings
Authors: Di Fiore Monica , Kuc-Czarnecka Marta , Lo Piano Samuele , Puy Arnald , Saltelli Andrea 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the relevance of spoken and unspoken frames in the mathematical modelling of a problem. Frames, intended as beliefs and normative visions of the world, may underpin a given modelling approach, its technical choices, and the relationships that matter. Frames constrain and prefigure the space of the possible courses of action. The chapter also discusses why the technique is never neutral and illustrates the usefulness as well as the challenges of deliberative stakeholder involvement via participatory forecasting in two domains—flooding risk and the management of fisheries—where local sources of knowledge have made a difference.
Mathematical modelling
Authors: Kuc-Czarnecka Marta , Saltelli Andrea 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses composite indicators (CIs) as a special class of mathematical models, which can be looked at through the lenses of the five rules discussed in this volume. CIs sit between analysis and advocacy, and their use has social and political implications. The construction and application of CIs are multifaceted and require a thorough consideration of the variables and the weighting applied to each. As such, using the five rules expounded in the Manifesto can be highly valuable in constructing more transparent, reliable, and robust CIs. This framework can also help to inspect incumbent indicators for methodological or normative inadequacies.
Responsibility to protect
Authors: Zimmermann Lisbeth , Deitelhoff Nicole , Lesch Max , Arcudi Antonio , Peez Anton 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The responsibility to protect (R2P) refers to the duty of individual states to protect their populations against grave crimes and for the international community to react when states are unable or unwilling to fulfill their responsibilities. A political norm, it was endorsed by United Nations member states at the 2005 World Summit. While some scholars have written that R2P is dying, dead, or never even existed, our indicators show that between 2005 and 2016, R2P was reinforced and increasingly shapes discourse and practice at the United Nations. This was mainly due to challenges about its application. As a non-legal, imprecise norm embedded in a complex norm cluster of human rights and sovereignty, R2P afforded interpretative leeway in open, non-hierarchical institutional settings that helped it remain robust. However, current attempts to reinterpret R2P in applicatory discourses could gut some of R2P’s core claims—and make it less robust.
Conclusion
Authors: Tabarrini Lorenzo 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The conclusion compares northern Tuscany with some of the best-studied Italian regions over the Middle Ages, and argues that the decades straddling the twelfth and the thirteenth centuries represented a phase of marked acceleration in the countryside of both Florence and Lucca. The conclusion emphasizes the role played by rural credit in reaching an equilibrium between the landowners’ heightened demand and the tenants’ ability to meet that demand; also, it stresses the importance of ecological factors. The abolition of labour-services and their replacement with fixed rents and early mezzadria agreements in the Fiorentino is explained by the attempt to give tenants a stake in the quality and quantity of the final agricultural output of their holdings. In the Lucchesia, one can notice instead the slow but constant effort on the part of local owners to raise the already existing fixed rents.
Transforming International Institutions
Authors: Graham Erin R. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Transforming International Institutions illuminates how a slow, quiet, subterranean process can produce big, radical change in international institutions and organizations. Drawing on historical institutionalism and interpretive tools of international law, it provides a novel theory of uncoordinated change over time. Early participants in the process do not foresee the transformative potential of their acts, but nonetheless enable subsequent actors to push change in new directions to profound effect. The theory is deployed to explain how changes in UN funding rules in the 1940s and 1960s—perceived as small and made to solve immediate political disagreements—ultimately sidelined multilateral governance at the United Nations in the twenty-first century. The perception of funding rules as marginal to fundamental principles of governance, and the friendly orientation of change-initiators toward the UN, enabled the quiet transformation. Challenging the UN’s reputation for rigidity and its status as a bastion of egalitarian multilateralism, Transforming International Institutions demonstrates that the UN System is susceptible to subtle change processes and that its egalitarian multilateralism governs only a fraction of the UN’s operational work.
Tighten the Screws and Bilateral Contracts
Authors: Graham Erin R. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 illustrates how the institutional groundwork laid at the UN for distinct purposes in the 1960s was repurposed in the 1980s toward the end of undermining egalitarian multilateralism. This took place through two pathways that illuminate how rule permissiveness can facilitate change. First, European states repurposed trust funds. Initially conceived of to provide supplementary resources for UN priorities, trust funds were increasingly used as a substitute for bilateral aid. As more states participated, more earmarked funding entered the system. Second, the US led the UN’s top donors in capping the mandatory assessments system and reduced its own core contributions to UN development work. These moves effectively sealed off substantial growth outside of earmarked funds. The chapter chronicles how UN politics, especially the New International Economic Order (NIEO) and the Zionism is Racism resolution, soured US–UN relations. It identifies Jeane Kirkpatrick, the US Ambassador to the UN during the Reagan administration, as a key figure who reinterpreted Article 17 to specify limits on mandatory funding obligations. She encouraged the US government to behave as many of their European counterparts, that is, to use earmarked funding to pursue bilateral interests. The chapter illustrates the processes of repurposing and reinterpretation, the latter with an emphasis on state practice. It also brings home the uncoordinated nature of the UN’s transformation, with Kirkpatrick drawing on rules adopted by the UN Office of Legal Affairs and the Certain Expenses decision in the 1960s to rein in egalitarian multilateralism in the 1980s.
Notebook Origins
Authors: May Steven W. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractChapter 7 highlights the difficulty of determining notebook origins solely from their contents. We do not know who compiled the majority of surviving poetic notebooks, and where individual scribes have been identified, the sources for what they transcribed are even more mysterious. Scribal culture, in both the production of texts and their circulation, has been perceived as primarily a function of three institutions: the court, Inns of Court, and the universities. As a matter of statistical probability, however, this triad cannot be responsible for more than a minute fraction of the age’s overall scribal output. Many of the manuscripts supposedly generated in the court, Inns of Court, or university communities lack any absolute evidence of such origins. The great challenge (and opportunity) ahead of us in manuscript studies is to identify the scribes who wrote the extant documents and to determine when they did so and from what sources. Every such discovery along the way will bring our understanding of the overall scribal culture into sharper and sharper focus.
A Philosophical Mess
Authors: Russell Luke 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a systematic survey of the many disagreements amongst contemporary philosophers about the nature of forgiveness. Is forgiveness an emotional change, or a decision, or a commitment, or a performative speech act, or a behavioural change, or a stable end state? Is forgiveness always done for a particular kind of reason? Which negative emotions, attitudes, or behaviours are counteracted by forgiveness? Is forgiving compatible with blaming, or with punishing, or with refusing to reconcile with the wrongdoer? Do only direct victims of wrongdoing have the standing to forgive, or are third-party forgiveness and self-forgiveness also possible? Is forgiveness targeted only at wrong actions, or also at other moral failures? Is forgiving an elective gift? Is forgiving compatible with condoning? Philosophers give conflicting answers to all these questions, leaving it unclear as to how we could identify real forgiveness.
Prioritizing the Moral Permissibility of Forgiveness
Authors: Russell Luke 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the options that are available to philosophers who claim that whenever forgiveness is possible for a victim, that victim is morally permitted to forgive. They might hold this view because they believe that every victim morally ought to forgive, or that every act of forgiveness is by definition morally good, or that forgiveness is elective. This chapter compares five different conceptions of forgiveness that are available to philosophers who prioritize this intuition concerning permissibility. These are the Earned Respite conception, the No Protest conception, the Essentially Generous conception, the Benevolent Unilateral conception, and the Virtuously Balanced conception. Some of these accounts sacrifice the claim that forgiving is a possible option for all victims, while others jettison the idea that forgiveness always results in peace between victim and wrongdoer. The best of these options is the Virtuously Balanced conception of forgiveness, but even this account has fundamental weaknesses. Ultimately, we are better off rejecting the idea that forgiveness is permissible whenever it is possible. We should instead accept that some victims forgive when they morally should not do so. This raises some difficult questions in relation to whether forgiveness is a virtue.
Epilogue
Authors: Russell Luke 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Peaceful End Point account of forgiveness has been unjustly neglected, but does it pick out real forgiveness? Some critics will claim that we ought to adopt conceptual pluralism in relation to forgiveness, and thus accept that there are several distinct things that deserve to be called forgiveness even though they do not fit under a unified definition. While conceptual pluralism is in some ways an attractive option in this case, it is better to stick with the unified definition included in the Peace End Point account, and then to position any associated commitments, performative speech acts, and virtues in relation to this peaceful end state.
Alt News
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines the inception of Alt News, the brainchild behind it, and the most crystallized behind-the-scenes of a newsroom that puts nothing but fact-checked and evidence-based journalism on its prime perch. It is an Ahmadabad-based organization that started with the innovative idea of debunking fake news. The aim of this digital venture is to expose false news and promote factual and authentic information. The website fact-checks suspected misinformation using evidence-based research. The author takes the readers on a journey of Alt News which is a non-profit organization solely based on funding and donation. Its team mostly works voluntarily. It is the story of Nirjhari Sinha’s, Pratik Sinha’s, and Mohammed Zubair’s endeavour. With the advent of aggressive social media information dissemination, debunking ‘claims’ became the need of the hour, which was the fundamental idea of these three. Pratik was working as an engineer when he decided to take up the grave concern of spread of misinformation. He along with his team elevated the organization from journalism to technology-based journalism, and now they are aiming to make it a threefold intervention—journalistic, technological, and educational. He embarked on this journey with only a handful of people, yet aiming high. To cater to a wide audience, the website has content in both Hindi and English. Its efficient fact-checking model makes Alt News stand out from other digital platforms. They look up to people who encourage them and donate for their novel cause.
Beyond Headlines
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about Beyond Headlines (BH), a not-for-profit organization, started by Afroz Alam Sahil (also called the ‘RTI Express’) with a divergent ideology of representing the marginal sections of the society. It tracks Sahil’s journey from a journalist to an entrepreneur. It also unravels how the organization runs without a single employee and is totally managed with the voluntary work. The chapter also explores its financial functioning and its dependence on the readers. In an interview with the author, Sahil elaborates on the company’s strategic intent and its editorial policies which does not have any corporate or political bent. The chapter discusses how with its unique ideology the company is prospering with the reader-sensitive news it produces and the increasing number of its followers.
The colour bar
Authors: Waters Rob 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
‘The colour bar’ explores how London’s race–class social imaginary, described in the previous chapter, translated into an ad hoc programme of discrimination by which people of colour were kept out of the city’s self-defined ‘respectable’ spaces. The colour bar restricted their access to existing social spaces, while the new leisure spaces they set up faced coordinated attempts to shut them down. This was an attack on black settlement and life in the city that was successful because it operated, primarily, through the claim of respectability. Black settlers were excluded, in such thinking, not because they were black but because they were not respectable, even as it was their blackness that was taken to confirm their lack of respectability. It is by seeing, in this chapter, how the operations of racism in post-war London were structured and allowed by the racialization of the categories of social class that we can understand the particular shape that the integration projects explored in the following chapters would take.