bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Bursectomy on the Recovery from Immunologic Tolerance
Authors: Peterson Raymond D. A. , Alm Gunnar V. , Michalek Suzanne 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of the bursa of Fabricius of the chicken in the recovery from immunologic tolerance was studied. Newly hatched, sublethally x-irradiated chickens were injected twice weekly intra-abdominally with physiologic saline or large doses of bovine serum albumin (BSA) until they were 5 weeks old. At this time the BSA-injected animals were specifically tolerant. After intravenous challenge with BSA very few spleen cells forming antibody to BSA could be detected with a modified Jerne hemolytic plaque assay. Good responses to sheep erythrocytes were obtained. Surgical bursectomies were performed on half the animals after the injections were stopped. Bursectomy had no effect on the subsequent responsiveness to BSA in the saline-injected chickens. The tolerant chickens had recovered their responsiveness to BSA after 10 weeks. Bursectomy impaired this recovery. These results suggest that the antibody-forming bursa-dependent line of lymphoid cells may be made specifically tolerant. The bursa of Fabricius may serve as an important, if not exclusive, source of new immunocompetent cells in the process of recovery from immunologic tolerance.
The Detection of Antibody to Hemocyanin by Direct Solid-Phase (Polystyrene) Radioimmunoassay and Gel Filtration
Authors: Kotoulas Angeliki O. , Moroz Leonard A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A sensitive, relatively simple method is described for the direct solid-phase radioimmunoassay of antibody to a macroglobulin antigen, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Antibody is adsorbed to polystyrene tubes (antibody-binding phase), reacted with 125I-KLH (antigen-binding phase) and excess 125I-KLH removed by washing, the residual radioactivity providing a measure of antibody activity. The sensitivity of the method (5 to 10 ng antibody protein) is comparable to other primary antibody assays, and is markedly dependent on ionic strength and total protein concentration during the antibody-binding phase. The assay is equal to or slightly less sensitive than passive hemagglutination for detecting 19S antibody, and consistently more sensitive for detecting 7S antibody. A method of similar sensitivity is also described for the detection of anti-KLH antibody by gel filtration on agarose columns. Both methods are potentially applicable to the detection of antibody to other, particularly macroglobulin, antigens.
Tolerance Following Immunity, with Loss of Serum Specificity, in Adult Rabbits Injected Repeatedly with HeLa Cells
Authors: Miller Gail Lorenz 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Transition from immunity to tolerance was followed during the course of repeated intravenous injection of rabbits with graduated doses of HeLa cells as antigen. Cytotoxic antibody titer was used as the measure of the immune response. The tolerance was not total, however, as residual antibody persisted in the sera of the treated animals. The initial injections led to production of antisera which were relatively specific for the HeLa cells. Repeated injections led to eventual loss of specificity. Possible explanations for the loss are considered.
Effect of Adult Peritoneal Cells on the Antibody Response of Newborn Mice to Sheep Red Blood Cells
Authors: Bendinelli M. , Senesi S. , Falcone G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The findings that grafts of adult peritoneal cells enhance the antibody response of newborn mice (1, 2), rats (3) and rabbits (4) have suggested that the immunologic immaturity of newborns might partly be due to a functional deficiency of macrophages.
The results reported here show that unstimulated peritoneal cells (PC), but not peritoneal cells induced by thioglycolate (IPC), are endowed with the property of potentiating the antibody response of newborn mice to sheep red blood cells (SRBC).
Inbred BALB/c mice were used throughout the experiments. PC and IPC were collected from mice of both sexes aged 8 to 12 weeks, the latter cells 3 days after i.p. inoculation of 3 ml thioglycolate medium (Difco Laboratories. Detroit, Mich.), by washing the peritoneal cavity with 5 ml of Eagle's minimal essential medium containing 5 i.u./ml of heparin. Litters of 6 to 8 mice were divided into four groups.
Guinea Pig Leukocytes: In Vivo and in Vitro Infection with a Herpes-Like Virus
Authors: Hsiung G. D. , Fong C. K. Y. , Lam K. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Herpes-like virus (HLV) particles have been observed in cultured human cells derived from Burkitt's lymphoma (1), from patients with leukemia and lymphoma (2), from peripheral blood of patients with infectious mononucleosis (3), and from normal healthy human leukocytes (4). Although virus particles have been observed in cells after in vitro cultivation, the presence of the HLV particles in tissues and leukocytes taken directly from humans has not been reported. The pathogenesis of these HLV in human cells and their relationship to the associated clinical diseases is not clear.
As part of the studies on the pathogenesis and persistence of a HLV in guinea pigs (5), we noted the following: 1) failure to demonstrate HLV particles in leukocytes taken directly from infected guinea pigs; 2) appearance of the HLV particles in leukocytes taken from inoculated animals but only after in vitro cultivation; and 3) evidence of enhanced proliferation of guinea pig leukocytes infected in vitro with the HLV.
Kinetics of Bovine Complement
Authors: Fong Jack S. C. , Muschel Louis H. , Good Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although bovine serum is non-hemolytic in standard hemolytic complement assays, it reacts with sensitized sheep erythrocytes to form an intermediate which can be lysed with EDTA-treated guinea pig serum. The optimum condition for the formation of EACBo consists of incubating sensitized sheep erythrocytes and bovine serum at 2°C for 10 min in a low ionic strength buffer (glucose-gelatin-barbital-buffered saline r/2 = 0.075) containing calcium 0.00015 M and magnesium 0.0001 M. In constrast to the corresponding human, guinea pig or equine intermediates, the maximum formation of the bovine lytic intermediate is inversely associated with incubation temperature and is enhanced to a greater extent by magnesium ions. The formation of a bovine lytic intermediate with sheep cells sensitized by rabbit antibody suggests that there is no incompatibility of interaction between early-acting bovine complement components and guinea pig terminal complement components or sensitized sheep cells. Thus the inability of bovine serum to lyse sheep erythrocytes probably is a functional difference of the bovine terminal complement components.
Homotropic Interactions in the Binding of C1̄ to Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Thompson J. J. , Hoffmann L. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The mechanism of guinea pig C1̄ binding to IgM and IgG antigen-antibody complexes on sheep erythrocytes has been examined by quantitative studies with independent assays of bound and free C1̄ in the reaction mixtures. Simple and heterogeneous binding play no important role; cooperative binding occurs. The cooperative binding mechanism apparently involves no interactions between domains on the red cell surface or interactions between C1̄ molecules in solution. The validity of an allosteric model for the binding mechanism is currently being tested by both curve-fitting and statistical methods.
Studies of Immunologic Function in C4 Deficient Guinea Pigs
Authors: Frank M. M. , Ellman L. , Green I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Several in vivo parameters of immunologic function were examined in a strain of guinea pigs with a total deficiency of hemolytically active C4. Development of delayed hypersensitivity to three antigens (ovalbumin, DNP-BGG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis) was normal. The animals had a normal exudative response to a foreign body implanted in a subcutaneous pocket. Normal passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions were elicited with both guinea pig and rabbit antibodies. Unexpectedly, C4 deficient guinea pigs immunized with ovalbumin and DNP-BGG displayed normal direct Arthus reactions to these antigens. They demonstrated normal reverse passive Arthus reactions to intravenous injection of human serum albumin (HSA) following intradermal injection of guinea pig or rabbit anti-HSA. These findings suggest that these animals possess a mechanism to by-pass C4 and directly activate late acting complement components. Such a mechanism was clearly demonstrated in experiments performed in vitro.
In a limited number of studies, findings with regard to antibody response were complex.
Purification and Reaction Mechanism of Guinea Pig C9
Authors: Rommel F. A. , Mayer M. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
C9 was isolated in a highly purified state by chromatography of guinea pig serum pseudoglobulin on DEAE-cellulose, hydroxyapatite and Sephadex G-200, as well as by disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. The final product, obtained in a yield of about 2%, gave a single band on analytic disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel and a single arc on immunoelectrophoresis with an antiserum against crude C9. About 1 to 2 molecules of C9 were required for lysis of one cell in the state EAC ∼ 8.
The initial reaction velocity between C9 and EAC ∼ 8 at 0°C was found to be directly proportional to the concentration of either of the reactants. It was essentially unaffected by change of pH within the range 6.2 to 8.2. The initial reaction rate increased approximately twofold between 0°C and 30°C. The optimal ionic strength was 0.074. C9 is consumed in the reaction with EAC ∼ 8, presumably by fixation.
Complement and Immunologic Reactions in Vivo
Authors: Cochrane C. G. , Henson P. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of complement in immunologic inquiry of the glomerulus has been studied. Sheep antibody to rabbit renal basement membrane (ARBM), when injected into rabbits, induced glomerulitis and proteinuria dependent in part upon the participation of host neutrophils. Neutrophil depletion diminished the level of proteinuria but the degree varied from donor to donor and with the time of immunization of the sheep. Fractionation of the ARBM on DEAE-Sephadex revealed different zones of antibody activity: in the fast γ region, antibody was obtained that was greatly dependent upon neutrophils for its action, while in the slow γ regions, antibody was found that produced glomerular injury not dependent upon neutrophils. The injury produced by the neutrophil independent antibody was not affected by C3 depletion with cobra venom factor (CoF) and occurred equally well in C6 deficient rabbits.
Blocking Serum Lysis of Brucella Abortus by Hyperimmune Rabbit Immunoglobulin A
Authors: Hall Wendell H. , Manion Robert E. , Zinneman Horace H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunization of rabbits with concentrated Brucella abortus antigens for 10 weeks led to nearly total loss of serum bactericidal activity for this organism. β and γ globulin fractions of hyperimmune serum obtained by starch block electrophoresis had bactericidal activity. Sephadex G-200 gel filtration of the β globulin fraction obtained by starch block electrophoresis yielded a fraction consisting of IgM and another containing IgG and IgA; both had bacteriolytic activity. The latter subfraction was separated by column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex into IgG and IgA (probably contaminated by 15% to 20% IgG). Bacteriolytic tests indicated that IgA had a prozone of inhibition of bacteriolysis, whereas IgM and IgG did not. Addition of excess IgA inhibited bacteriolysis produced by IgG and IgM. Bactericidal kinetics disclosed little kill by whole hyperimmune serum. Hyperimmune IgM and IgG killed Br, abortus rapidly but IgA fractions gave a lag of more than 3 min before any kill was measured. Addition of excess IgA markedly retarded the bactericidal kinetics of both IgG and IgM.
Biopolymer Membrane: A Model System for the Study of the Neutrophilic Leukocyte Response to Immune Complexes
Authors: Hawkins David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A biosynthetic collagen polymer membrane on which specific antibody was linearly deposited provided an in vitro model of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody nephritis. Exposure of neutrophilic leukocytes to this membrane induced adherence and marked spreading of the cells over the polymer surface. This was associated with release of bioactive substances from the neutrophils and indicated that immunologically induced release of inflammatory factors could occur in the absence of phagocytosis of immune complexes.
The Immunosuppressive Effect of Rabbit Anti-Mouse Macrophage Serum
Authors: Isa Abdallah M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The suppressive effect of anti-macrophage serum (AMS) on the serum antibody response to trachoma agent antigens was studied in white Swiss mice. When given on days -1, 0 and +1, the antigen being given on day 0, AMS caused clumping of peritoneal macrophages but not peritoneal lymphocytes or spleen cells and interfered with the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages. AMS also inhibited the primary immune response to trachoma agent antigens and specifically inhibited the production of IgM, IgA and IgG2 (7S γ2) antibodies.
Presidential Address
Authors: Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fellow members of the Society, friends, and guests: The addresses of retiring presidents, which I have had the pleasure of hearing over the last 25 years, have fallen into several predictable categories. Three quarters have been reviews of a field or have dealt with the individual speaker's personal research and its consequences. The remainder have dealt with broader topics or with the state of our society. I have chosen to prepare an essay of the latter type.
Science at present is confronted by a crisis of public confidence. Basic research appears to many thoughtful citizens increasingly remote from applications in the sphere of daily life and the applications, when they are visible, often seem to harm more than they help. In the face of the numerous problems created by increasing population, increasing urbanization of our society, and increasing individual consumption and waste, it is not surprising that the priority of basic investigations in the competition for public funds has declined (1).
Increased Complement Efficiency through Control of Ionic Strength and Temperature
Authors: Linscott William D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When complement (C) was in relative excess and IgG antibody (Ab) was limited, a great increase in hemolytic efficiency was obtained by incubating sensitized red cells with C for 1 hr at 0°C, µ = 0.037, followed by 1 hr at 37°C, µ = 0.094. When IgG Ab was in relative excess and C was limited, this effect was much smaller. C1 binding affinity seemed to be the most important factor in determining the hemolytic efficiency. With IgM Ab, a smaller but still significant (65%) increase in hemolytic efficiency was obtained by a one-step incubation at 37°C, µ = 0.094. When direct lysis by whole C was compared with C1 fixation and transfer, up to 20% of the IgG sites capable of fixing C1 could be converted to S* under optimal conditions of temperature and ionic strength.
Cell Separation on Affinity Columns: The Preparation of Pure Populations of Anti-Hapten Specific Lymphocytes
Authors: Wofsy Leon , Kimura John , Truffa-Bachi Paolo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Procedures were developed for purifying anti-hapten specific lymphocytes on an immunoadsorbent. Mouse spleen cells were filtered through large polyacrylamide beads with covalently attached β-lactoside hapten groups. Specifically binding cells were eluted with hapten from washed affinity beads. Hapten-eluted spleen cell populations derived from non-immune mice were much smaller in number than those from mice immunized against hemocyanin azophenyl-β-lactoside. Pure populations of anti-hapten specific cells from immune spleens were greatly enriched in indirect plaque-forming cells against β-lactoside-coupled sheep red blood cells.
Arthritis Associated with Induced Rubella Infection
Authors: Ogra Pearay L. , Herd J. Kenneth 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rubella antibody activity in serum, nasopharynx and joint aspirates, and recovery of rubella virus from joint aspirates was studied in three previously well children, and one child with pre-existing rheumatoid arthritis, who developed repeated episodes of arthritis with effusion for several months following parenteral immunization with live attenuated rubella vaccine (HPV-77 DK/12). Three months after immunization, rubella antibody activity in serum was present in the γG and to a smaller extent in γM class of immunoglobulin. No rubella antibody response was demonstrable in the nasopharynx. The response in joint aspirates was limited to the γG class of immunoglobulin in all children studied. Rubella virus was recovered from the joint aspirates of all previously well children for as long as 3 to 4 months after immunization with rubella virus vaccine. It is suggested that repeated episodes of arthritis which follow rubella immunization may be related to the continued presence of rubella virus in the affected joints, and to a selective distribution of rubella virus antigen in synovial and other body fluids.
Degradation of Human IgM by Pepsin: Characterization of a High Molecular Weight Fragment
Authors: Schrohenloher Ralph E. , Bennett J. Claude 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Digestion of a Waldenström's IgM by pepsin for 3 hr at 37°C in pH 4.1 buffer resulted in the production of a fragment having an so20 w value of 15S. The molecular weight of the 15S fragment, as determined from its sedimentation and diffusion coefficients, was approximately 700,000, while that for the undigested IgM was 840,000. Smaller quantities of F(ab′)2µ and Fab′µ fragments were also found. Reductive cleavage of the high molecular weight fragment demonstrated the pressence of 7S subunits and a small quantity of lower molecular weight materials. The similarity of the subunits derived from the fragment to those from the undigested IgM was established by sedimentation, diffusion and molecular weight studies. The data indicated the presence of four subunits in the 15S fragment. Immunoelectrophoresis and Ouchterlony agar diffusion analysis failed to reveal differences in the subunits from the fragment and the undigested IgM. Tyrptic peptide mapping studies of the chains isolated from the undigested IgM and the 7S subunit of the fragment after extensive reduction and alkylation demonstrated only minor differences. The results indicate that the initial phases of the digestion of IgM by pepsin involve an attack at a single subunit of the molecule.
Characteristics of the Lambda Chain Class in Mice
Authors: Weigert Martin , Cesari Italo , Geckeler William R. , Blomberg Bonnie , Cohn Melvin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse λ chains exhibit a simple pattern of variability. This is shown by a comparison of the amino acid sequences of the variable region of 12 λ chains produced by plasmacytomas of BALB/c mice. Eight of the 12 λ chains are identical, two differ from these by one residue, one by two residues, and one by three residues. Our interpretation of this finding is that λ chains are coded for by a single germ-line gene for both vλ and cλ that determines the structure represented by the eight identical sequences, and the variant sequences are the result of single point mutations. We postulate that these somatic mutants in vλ are selected for in a sequential fashion by antigen because all of the amino acid substitutions fall into that region of the L-chain that contributes to the antibody combining site (Wu, T. T. and Kabat, E. A., J. Exp. Med., 132: 211, 1970).
Amino Acid Sequence Studies of the Hypervariable Regions of Human Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains
Authors: Capra J. Donald , Kehoe J. Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hypervariable regions of immunoglobulins are thought to be the areas of the immunoglobulin molecule involved in antibody complementarity. Three hypervariable regions have been described in immunoglobulin light chains (24 to 34, 50 to 56, 89 to 97). Since immunoglobulin heavy chains are presumed to share a common evolutionary origin with light chains it has been presumed that similar hypervariable areas would be found in the heavy chains as well. Eight human immunoglobulin heavy chains of the HVIII subgroup were sequenced to step 40 utilizing a Beckman model 890 Protein Sequencer. From the N terminus to residue 30, variation was minimal. Residues 31 through 35 showed extreme variability. A gap was inserted in position 36 and 37 to maximize homology with HVII proteins. Positions 38 to 40 were invariant. By CNBr cleavage a fragment was obtained from several HVIII proteins starting at position 85.
Physicochemical, Immunological and Structural Studies on Two M-Components from a Single Individual
Authors: Freedman M. , Goldrosen M. , Pruzanski W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Serum from a patient with multiple myeloma contained two elevated monoclonal IgG M-components which differed with respect to electrophoretic mobility. Prolonged melphalan therapy reduced the serum concentration of the slow component (γ-electrophoretic mobility, pI 7.1) to normal levels but had no effect on the fast component (β-electrophoretic mobility, pI 6.8). The two M-components were isolated by column chromatography, on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200, and by isoelectric focusing. Both isolated heavy chains belonged to γG1 subgroup (a-b-f+ allotypes), possessed glutamic acid as the N-terminal amino acid, and were indistinguishable by acid and alkali urea starch gel electrophoresis, amino acid analysis, peptide mapping, and amide content. The isolated light chains of both M-components were λ(III) [Oz (-), St (-) II], possessed tyrosine as the N-terminal amino acid and were indistinguishable by their initial N-terminal sequence [tyr, valleu, leu, thr], circular dichroism spectra (240 to 310 nm), amino acid analysis, and mobility in acid urea starch gel electrophoresis.
The Immediate Allergic Response: in Vitro Separation of Antigen Activation, Decay and Histamine Release
Authors: Lichtenstein Lawrence M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigen-induced, IgE-mediated histamine release can be separated into two stages: an antigen (or anti-IgE)-dependent, calcium-independent first stage, and an antigenindependent, calcium-dependent second stage. In the first stage at 37°C the cells are rapidly activated and, if the reaction proceeds longer than the optimal time (2 to 4 min), the activated state decays and leaves the cells unresponsive to further challenge by the homologous antigen or by a non-cross-reacting antigen. A 4°C first stage can also be generated which includes the antigen-antibody interaction but lacks a temperature sensitive chlorphenesin inhibitable step or steps. If separated from antigen after 2 to 4 min of the first stage, the activated cells are “stable” at 4°C for at least 30 min. The second or histamine release stage appears to begin immediately upon providing the activated cells with calcium. These experiments demonstrate the generation, by antigen, of an activity, presumably an enzyme or enzyme product, which is coupled to subsequent release stages by calcium; if uncoupled by calcium lack the enzyme/product is wasted and the cell becomes “desensitized.” They also provide a number of cell intermediates for experimental manipulation.