bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“I would like to complain”: A study of the moves and strategies employed by Spanish EFL learners in formal complaint e-mails
Authors: Maíz-Arévalo Carmen , Méndez-García María-del-Carmen 
Published: April 2023

AbstractComplaining constitutes a face-threatening and intricate speech act for native and non-native speakers of a language. Complaining implies reacting with discontentment to an act performed by the complainee, who is often urged to redress the predicament. In this context, pragmatic skills are vital because, unless endowed with an appropriate pragmatic repertoire and the corresponding language adequacy, speakers may jeopardize the communication process. Written complaints by non-native students have attracted scholarly attention in different contexts. However, written complaints by Spanish EFL students have been mostly neglected to date. Likewise, the influence of the writer’s gender on how complaints are performed has rendered some remarkable albeit scant studies. This study addresses the moves, strategies and substrategies deployed by Spanish EFL students in their emails of complaint, specifically looking into how the variable of gender influences their formulation of emails of complaint. For this purpose, emails of complaint of 90 L2 Spanish students with a certified C1 level were analyzed. Results show that students often transfer substrategies from their L1 and tend to delay the statement of the complaint in favor of lengthy openers, in contrast to native speakers. Furthermore, this preference for over-mitigation and over-politeness is especially employed by female students.
Oblique shock wave in turbulent flow
Authors: Avramenko Andriy A. , Tyrinov Andrii I. , Shevchuk Igor V. , Dmitrenko Nataliya P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The main attention is paid to the analytical analysis of an oblique shock wave in a turbulent adiabatic gas flow. For this purpose, a modified Rankine–Hugoniot model was obtained. On its basis, a solution was derived for the Rankine–Hugoniot conditions for a gas flow with various degrees of turbulence, as well as the equation of the modified Hugoniot adiabat. The behavior of the velocity of an adiabatic turbulent gas flow during its passage through an oblique shock wave at different levels of turbulence is demonstrated. A modification of Prandtl’s law for the velocity coefficients was obtained. The shock polar was also analyzed. The relationship between the angular gas flow and the angle of the shock wave was derived. Finally, the condition for the appearance of an outgoing bow shock wave was obtained.
The relationship between required physician letters of recommendation and decreasing diversity in osteopathic medical school admissions
Authors: Fox Justin , Burgess John , Stoner Alexis M. , Garner Harold , Bendyk Heather 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Context
Some racial and ethnic groups are underrepresented in the medical field because they face unique barriers to admission to medical school. One admission requirement that can present a barrier for applicants is the physician letter of recommendation (PLOR). Undergraduate students report confusion with the application process and lack of mentorship to be two of their biggest challenges to becoming a doctor. It is especially challenging to those who already have limited access to practicing physicians. Therefore, we hypothesized that in the presence of a PLOR requirement, the diversity of students who apply and matriculate into medical school will be decreased.

Objectives
This study aims to determine if a relationship exists between a PLOR requirement for the medical school application and the proportion of underrepresented in medicine (URM) students applying and matriculating to that school.

Methods
A retrospective study was conducted utilizing data published by the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine Application Services (AACOMAS) on the race and ethnicity of applicants and matriculants to osteopathic medical schools during the years 2009–2019. In total, 35 osteopathic schools with 44 campuses were included in the study. Schools were grouped based on whether they required a PLOR. For each group of schools, descriptive statistics were performed for the following variables: number of total applicants, class size, application rate per ethnicity, matriculation rate per ethnicity, number of applicants per ethnicity, number of matriculants per ethnicity, and percentage of student body per ethnicity. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was utilized to detect differences between the two groups. Statistical significance was assessed at the α=0.05 level.

Results
Schools that required a PLOR showed decreases in the number of applicants across all races and ethnicities. Black students showed the greatest difference between groups and were the only ethnicity to show significant reductions across all outcomes in the presence of a PLOR requirement. On average, schools that required a PLOR have 37.3% (185 vs. 295; p<0.0001) fewer Black applicants and 51.2% (4 vs. 8.2; p<0.0001) fewer Black matriculants.

Conclusions
This study strongly suggests a relationship between requiring a PLOR’s and decreasing racial and ethnic diversity in medical school matriculants, specifically the Black applicants. Based on this result, it is recommended that the requirement of a PLOR be discontinued for osteopathic medical schools.
Novalis und Nietzsche. Analogien und Differenzen zweier Dichter-Denker
Authors: Vietta Silvio 
Published: April 2023

AbstractNovalis and Nietzsche: Analogies and Differences Between Two Poetic Thinkers.There are several substantial similarities between Novalis and Nietzsche. Stylistically, they both present their arguments and ideas in the form of short and concise prose (Aphorismus,Fragment), but there is also considerable overlap in terms of the general orientation of their thinking: both exhibit a certain concern for earthly nature and show an interest in the figure of the extraordinary individual, but they also have a common interest in physiology, in the idea of fiction, and in the night as a allowing for greater experiential depth. Moreover, Novalis and Nietzsche both warned of the rise of nationalism in Europe, to some extent anticipating a new form of war that eventually became a reality in the First World War. This essay, thus, seeks to outline a range of connections between early German romanticism and Nietzsche that would require further research.
Seelsorglich wirksam.
Authors: Hoffmann Christine Wenona 
Published: April 2023

ZusammenfassungSorgende Gemeinschaften haben Konjunktur. Gleiches gilt für die Seelsorge. Beide reagieren auf gegenwärtige (gesellschaftliche) Entwicklungen, die die jeweilige Art der Sorge notwendig machen. Dabei gehen sie – trotz ihrer unterschiedlichen Ursprünge und Grundanliegen – von ähnlichen Prämissen aus und haben die Themen Säkularisierung, Individualisierung, Pluralisierung und die Veränderung der Arbeitswelt als zentrale gesellschaftliche Umbruchsfaktoren im Blick. Diese Prämissen sowie die Frage, ob und inwiefern sich beide Sorgeformen ergänzen und bereichern können, werden im vorliegenden Artikel, anhand des konkreten sozial-diakonischen Handlungsfelds einer Vesperkirche, erörtert. Dies geschieht sowohl in Bezug auf die Bedeutung von Seelsorge innerhalb Sorgender Gemeinschaften als auch das seelsorgliche Potenzial, welches von Sorgenden Gemeinschaften ausgehen kann.
Listening to Music Pretask on Neuromuscular Fatigue During Exercise: Preferred vs. Nonpreferred Music
Authors: Diehl Teresa L. , Yu Jennifer N. , Storer Frank M. , Malek Moh H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Diehl, TL, Yu, JN, Storer, FM, and Malek, MH. Listening to music pretask on neuromuscular fatigue during exercise: preferred vs. nonpreferred music. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2022—Studies indicate that listening to music can elicit various physiological responses ranging from distracting the subject from the sensation of fatigue to changes in specific regions of the brain. Indeed, the use of music, as an ergogenic aid, to improve human performance has been shown to be a powerful tool. Many studies on the effect of music on human performance have had subjects listen to music in-task (i.e., during the activity). There is, however, a growing interest to determine the role of listening to music pretask (i.e., before the activity) on exercise outcomes. In addition, it is important to consider the subject's music preference as that may influence the target outcome variable(s). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether listening to preferred music pretask influences the physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold (PWCFT). We hypothesized that listening to preferred music pretask will increase the estimated PWCFT compared with the control condition, which is listening to nonpreferred music. Nine healthy college-aged men (mean ± SEM: age, 23.4 ± 0.4 years; body mass, 71.6 ± 2.5 kg; and height, 1.81 ± 0.02 m) volunteered for this study. Each subject visited the laboratory on 2 occasions separated by 7 days. In a randomized manner, subjects listened to their preferred music for 30 minutes before the exercise test for 1 visit, whereas for the other visit, subjects listened to their nonpreferred music 30 minutes before the exercise test. Exercise outcomes were recorded for both visits and analyzed using a paired-samples t test. The results indicated no significant (p > 0.05) mean differences for maximal power output (mean ± SEM: 60 ± 4 W vs. 60 ± 4 W), PWCFT (25 ± 3 W vs. 29 ± 2 W), or heart rate at end exercise (153 ± 8 b·min−1 vs. 155 ± 7 b·min−1) between listening to nonpreferred vs. preferred music 30 minutes before the exercise activity. These findings suggest that listening to music pretask does not influence neuromuscular fatigue during the exercise workbout.
Acute Neuromuscular Alterations of Ankle Evertors Induced by Short Trail Running: Sex-Related Considerations
Authors: Ravier Gilles , Dury Jeanne , Grevillot Joris , Girard Bruno , Bouzigon Romain , Michel Fabrice 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Ravier, G, Dury, J, Grevillot, J, Girard, B, Bouzigon, R, and Michel, F. Acute neuromuscular alterations of ankle evertors induced by short trail running: sex-related considerations. J Strength Cond Res 37(10): 2008–2015, 2023—This study investigated the exercise-induced effects on the neuromuscular function of ankle evertors, balance control associated with trail running, and sex-related interactions. Fourteen male and 14 female medium-level runners completed a 16-km (400 D+) course. At rest and immediately after running, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) and rate of force development (RFD) for knee extension and ankle eversion, electromyographic (EMG) activity of peroneus muscles during MVC plateau (EMG) and the first 200 ms (EMG200), ankle angular velocity (

INV) during 20 weight-bearing inversion movements, and balance control during destabilizing single-leg task were evaluated. Repeated measures ANOVA-revealed changes in knee and ankle MVC (ankle: P = 0.0004, −12%) and RFD (ankle: P < 0.0001, −19%), EMG (P < 0.0001, −17%), EMG200 (P < 0.0001, −19%), and ankle

INV (P < 0.0001, +35%) in response to trail running. Single-leg balance was not impaired. Sex-related differences were observed in EMG and EMG200 with higher values in men than in women. MVC and RFD were greater in men when expressed in absolute values, but not different relative to body mass. Single-leg balance and ankle

INV did not differ between men and women. Finally, none of these variables showed any sex-related difference when considering pre-exercise to postexercise changes. This study demonstrated impairment in neuromuscular function of evertor muscles and ability in braking inversion in response to trail running. Sex-related differences were observed in neuromuscular activity but not in fatigability. These data suggest that coaches might implement strength exercises specifically designed for ankle lateral stability into their training program.
The Effect of Direct and Remote Postexercise Ischemic Conditioning on Muscle Soreness and Strength 24 Hours After Eccentric Drop Jumps
Authors: Lillquist Thomas , Mahoney Sean J. , Kotarsky Christopher , McGrath Ryan , Jarajapu Yagna , Scholten Shane D. , Hackney Kyle J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Lillquist, T, Mahoney, SJ, Kotarsky, C, McGrath, R, Jarajapu, Y, Scholten, SD, and Hackney, KJ. The effect of direct and remote postexercise ischemic conditioning on muscle soreness and strength 24 hours after eccentric drop jumps. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1870–1876, 2023—Strategic limb occlusion applied after exercise may facilitate recovery, not only in directly targeted tissue but also in remote areas of the body. The purpose of this study was to determine if postexercise ischemic conditioning (PEIC) applied directly to one leg facilitated recovery in the targeted leg and the contralateral leg that did not receive direct PEIC. Twenty active men participated in a single-blind, randomized, crossover design. Subjects completed 2 paired testing sessions (PEIC and control-SHAM) that included pre-assessments and 24-hour postassessments. Each paired testing session included an eccentric drop jump task, which has been shown to increase lower-body muscle soreness and decrease strength. After each drop jump task, occlusion cuffs were immediately applied. In the PEIC session, ∼198 mm Hg was applied directly to one leg (PEIC-Direct), whereas the contralateral leg received a nonphysiological stimuli of 20 mm Hg (PEIC-Remote). In the control-SHAM session, both legs directly and remotely received the 20 mm Hg pressure. Unilateral pre-assessments and 24-hour postassessments included muscle soreness using a visual analog scale and strength via peak torque assessment across the force-velocity spectrum (flexion/extension 60/60, 120/120, 180/180, 240/240, 300/300 °·s−1), and a maximal eccentric extension (30/30 °·s−1). Muscle soreness was significantly increased (p < 0.05) at 24 hours compared with pretreatment except for PEIC-Direct (1.19 ± 0.78 vs. 2.32 ± 1.48, p = 0.096). Across the force-velocity spectrum, there were no significant differences observed between any associated pretest and posttest (p > 0.05). PEIC applied directly to target leg after eccentric drop jumps attenuated perceived quadriceps muscle soreness 24 hours post; however, there was no effect on muscle strength.
New Technique and Manufactured Device for Determining the Efflorescence of Clay Brick Masonry
Authors: Nazhan Salam , Allbadi Yousif , Hataf Naji Zainab , Abdullah Al-Karakchi Ahmed A. , Adeeb Jamal 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Bricks are one of the most important building materials used in the field of civil engineering. Efflorescence is one of the most important problems facing clay bricks because of the environmental impact. This problem affects the brick quality and is consequently not easy to handle. In Iraq, this phenomenon presents a real challenge for the industry because it is widespread in most brick production factories. In this research, we first used a new technique to evaluate efflorescence in a short time span, unlike the traditional method, which takes about 7 to 10 days to evaluate efflorescence levels. This method depends on the electrical conductivity of clay brick materials. Secondly, an electrical device was implemented for measuring efflorescence levels based on the proposed technique in this research. This technique provides sufficient data in a very short time (about 3 h) to assess efflorescence levels based on the electrical conductivity measurements. This proposed technique gives the same results as the traditional testing method but would be preferred because it reduces the testing time to a very short period and gives more details about efflorescence levels in bricks.
Appraisal of Antioxidant Potential and Natural Bioactive Compound Determination through HPLC from Two Saprotrophic Amanita (Agaricomycetes) Species from Pakistan
Authors: Shafique Muniba , Niazi Abdul Rehman , Imran Muhammad , Zaheer Muhammad 
Published: April 2023

The present study was carried out to investigate and identify bioactive compounds along with antioxidant capacity, total flavonoids and total phenolic contents from two saprophytic <i>Amanita</i> species, i.e., mushrooms <i>A. manicata</i> (Berk. & Broome) Pegler and <i>A. nana</i> Singer. Antioxidant potential was assessed by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay, total phenolics, and flavonoids. Both mushrooms were found to possess antioxidants and wide range of phenolics and bioactive compounds. There was maximum percent inhibition (83.2 &#177; 0.120&#37;) on DPPH by <i>A. manicata</i>. However, maximum percent inhibition using ABTS was found to be 79.5 &#177; 0.251&#37; by <i>A. nana</i>. Similarly, <i>A. nana</i> possesses maximum amount of both flavonoids and phenolics i.e., 0.3473 &#177; 0.0088 mg/100 g of catechin and 0.097 &#177; 0.0011 mg/100 g of GAE equivalent, respectively. Both mushrooms exhibited a variety of natural compounds such as <i>P</i>-coumaric acid, <i>M</i>-coumaric acid, benzoic acid, ferulic acid etc. Ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, and cinnamic acid were also detected in <i>A. manicata. A. manicata</i> exhibited best and greater antiradical potential than <i>A. nana</i> due the presence of excessive natural bioactive compounds. From the reported results, it was revealed that both inedible mushrooms could be a potential source of antioxidants and secondary metabolites and might be used for making novel drugs in future by pharmaceutical industries.
Competencia y acción como premisas realistas de un sistema normativo de imputación penal. Consideraciones críticas sobre el pensamiento de Jakobs y Pawlik
Authors: Cuello Contreras Joaquín 
Published: April 2023

Para poder hablar del delito como infracción de un deber (negativo o positivo) es necesaria una acción o la omisión de una acción a través de la cual configurar el deber. Lo imputado como infracción del deber será siempre o bien una acción o bien la omisión de una acción. No siendo indiferente que sea una u otra.
En los conflictos de deberes y sus correspondientes obligaciones de soportar y salvar, sirve la acción para modular la obligación. La obligación de salvar un bien jurídico cesa mucho antes de que la obligación de no sacrificar el bien que sería necesario sacrificar se aproxime valorativamente al que el ordenamiento desearía salvar. Siendo necesario mantener también aquí la distinción entre acción y omisión.
Es necesario un mínimo anclaje del normativismo en la realidad para vincularlo al destinatario de la norma sin el que ésta carece de virtualidad o referencia para el destinatario sobre el sentido en el que debe transformar la realidad conforme a la voluntad de la norma. Lo que sólo es pensable mediante acciones del capaz de llevarlas a cabo (u omitirlas). Respetada esa estructura mínima, es posible el normativismo sin cortapisa.
Paroemiological Representation of the Cultural Concepts “iskusstvo” and “remeslo” / ‘art’ and ‘craft ’ in the Russian and the English Languages
Authors: Банькова Н.В. 
Published: April 2023

Paroemiological Representation of the Cultural Concepts “iskusstvo” and “remeslo” / ‘art’ and ‘craft ’ in the Russian and the English Languages Аннотация. Цель исследования – воссоздать фрагмент паремиологической картины мира как отражения национального миропонимания русских и англичан. В ходе анализа применялись сопоставительный и описательный методы. В результате исследования выявлены совпадающие и различные свойства культурных концептов «искусство»/‘art’ и «ремесло»/‘craft ’.
The aim of this paper is reconstruction of the fragment of the paroemia’s world view as the reflection of the national Russian and British world perception. Both comparative analysis and descriptive method were used in this study. As a result of the work, the comparative analysis of the cultural concepts ‘iskusstvo’/‘art’ and ‘remeslo’/‘craft ’ has revealed their common features as well as the different ones.
Karimi, Ahmad Milad. Hingabe-Grundfragen der systematisch-islamischen Theologie [Kendini Adama-Sistematik Kelamın Temel Sorunları]. Freiburg-Berlin-Wien: Rombach Verlag. 2015.
Authors: TAŞCI Özcan 
Published: April 2023

Karimi, Ahmad Milad. Hingabe-Grundfragen der systematisch-islamischen Theologie [Kendini Adama-Sistematik Kelamın Temel Sorunları]. Freiburg-Berlin-Wien: Rombach Verlag. 2015.
Strategi Kelangsungan Pedagang Kecil di Pasar Tradisional
Authors: Hariyono Syech 
Published: April 2023

The Small Scaled businesses at Blauran traditional market Surabaya perform their businesses commercially in impersonal and independent market system. In order to survive, those businesses depend hiqhly on the ability in attracting buyers/\. The trategy used to draw the buyers’ interests is by adding the capitals of the businesses throuqh merchandise credit system, in the sense that they continuously increase their merchandise on display by gaining them from the creditors. This study applied qualitative method to obtain descriptive data, while the research samples were taken by using Purposive Sampling technique, based on the merchandise they sell to the customers.
The data analysis described the social background of those small-scaled business operators before they decided to be small-scaled traders, their ages and education, their geograpchical mobility, and their binding to their native culture. In addition, it also discussed the business activities of those small-scaled merchants, related to their business chains, their capitals and their relationships with the buyers. In their trading chains, those merchants applied the strategy of increasing their business capital throught merchandise credit system, producer consigment, agent consigment, and supplier consigment. There are five patterns of credit they applied in order to increase their capitals. They are : (1) regular customer credit, (2) upon selling payment credits, (3) installment system, (4) consignment, and (5) comission system. The first pattern enables the merchants to obtain a relatively large amount of merchandise credits with a payment due after a certain period of time. The second pattern provides the merchants with merchandise in the morning and the payment due is at night. While the third pattern enables them to get merchandise with a regular partial payment at agreed time periodically. The fourth pattern means that they obtain merchandise from supplier and the payment can be done when the goods have been sold. And the fifth pattern enables the merchants to obtain merchandise with the basic price agreed by the merchants and the suppliers, then the merchants can resell it at a price profitable for them. The above five patterns are done by the merchants, not only to increase the volume of their merchandises but also to establish position in the distibution chains of the market.