bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metathesis
Authors: Chandlee Jane 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis entry examines metathesis in morphology, which refers both to the transposition of segments to mark inflection and the transposition or displacement of morphemes. Neither manifestation is widely attested, leading many to question the need for actual movement operations in the morphology itself. Instead many analyses account for metathesis effects as either not involving actual movement or as being underlyingly phonological in nature. Given that metathesis in morphology is indeed never fully independent of the phonology, the entry presents a series of metathesis examples in four categories along a phonology–morphology continuum. These categories are phonological metathesis, morphologically triggered metathesis, morphological metathesis and morpheme metathesis. Competing analyses of the patterns are briefly surveyed to demonstrate the controversial nature of morphological movement and the reluctance to admit it as a primitive morphological operation. In addition, the entry discusses metathesis in the context of various theories of representation and the morpho‐phonological grammar and also compares the nature of movement operations in morphology to those found in phonology and syntax.
Prominence Hierarchies in Agreement, with Special Reference to Menominee
Authors: Macaulay Monica 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis entry describes the role of prominence hierarchies in agreement, focusing on the Algonquian language Menominee (ISO mez). Thorough consideration of the data shows that there are four hierarchies rather than just one, each corresponding to a different affix slot. A brief look at other Algonquian languages shows that additional configurations of the hierarchy exist. Reasons why such hierarchies are usually rejected in certain kinds of formal approaches are also explored, as well as the kinds of generalizations they do capture. The entry concludes that despite at least three decades of attempts to account for these generalizations without reference to hierarchies, the problem still awaits an elegant and definitive solution.
Pluralia tantumandsingularia tantum
Authors: Acquaviva Paolo , Gardelle Laure 
Published: July 2023

AbstractPluralia tantumandsingularia tantumare nouns that are, respectively, only plural or only singular. When considered as a single linguistic phenomenon rather than as a set of anomalies, these nouns reveal aspects that go beyond the simplicity associated with defective number paradigms. This entry offers an overview of the various empirical facets of this phenomenon, coveringpluralia tantumandsingularia tantumas well as examining aspects of number defectivity that concern other values, in particular the dual. An initial typology organizes the empirical landscape of plural‐only and singular‐only nouns and identifies what is systematic, common or irregular about them. This typology highlights some semantically based clusters, which point to a semantic motivation behind cross‐linguistically recurring notions; it brings out the partial asymmetry betweensingulariaandpluralia tantum– a feature related to the greater predictability of the singular for mass nouns; and it places the few attested cases of dual and other values in this general context. The empirical overview paves the way for a deeper theoretical discussion, which (i) considers to what extentpluraliaandsingularia tantummay correlate with a choice of gender or of noun class; (ii) distinguishes the syntagmatic reflexes of the paradigmatic lack of a number value; and (iii) argues that number defectivity is best understood via a conceptualization that induces misalignment between the morphological, the morphosyntactic and the semantic characterizations of a noun. The final section concludes that, if at one level the lack of a number value is a grammatical property of some lexical choices, at a deeper level it reflects how a particular conceptualization finds linguistic expression in the grammar and content of a word. What looks like a list of lexical exceptions is, then, a coherent linguistic phenomenon.
Expectation‐maximization algorithm for bilinear state‐space models with time‐varying delays under non‐Gaussian noise
Authors: Wang Xinyue , Ma Junxia , Xiong Weili 
Published: July 2023

SummaryIn this paper, the parameter identification of bilinear state‐space model (SSM) in the presence of random outliers and time‐varying delays is investigated. Under the basis of the observable canonical form of the bilinear model, the system output can be written as a regressive form, and a bilinear state observer is applied to estimate the unknown states. To eliminate the influence of outliers and time‐varying delays on parameter estimation, we employ the Student's distribution to deal with the measurement noise and use a first‐order Markov chain to model the delays. In the framework of expectation‐maximization (EM) algorithm, the unknown parameters, delays, noise variance, states and transition probability matrix can be estimated iteratively. A numerical simulation and a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) process demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has good immunity against outliers and time‐varying delays and offers good estimation accuracy for the bilinear SSM.
In Situ Fabrication of Constraints for Multicellular Micro‐Spheroids Using Two‐Photon Lithography
Authors: Taale Mohammadreza , Schamberger Barbara , Taheri Fereydoon , Antonelli Yasmin , Leal‐Egaña Aldo , Selhuber‐Unkel Christine 
Published: July 2023

Abstract2‐photon polymerization is a promising technology for creating complex, microscale 3D matrices for biomedical and also bioprinting applications. Cancer research provides compelling uses for this strategy, in particular, for generating a 3D constraint around multicellular spheroids. Because these spheroids are inhomogeneous in size and shape, the ability to target a spheroid composed of a few living cells requires geometrical control of the printing shape in situ. In this study, it is presented that two‐photon lithography can be used to study complex phenomena involved in cancer progression, such as collective 3D cell migration in situ in vitro. This method allows the spatial and temporal control of cancer cell migration from single spheroids, using dome‐shaped confinements with micrometer‐sized openings. The confinement of the spheroids leads to a decreased migration speed and affects actin dynamics. Furthermore, this methodology provides a novel way of analyzing the behavior of specific regions of multicellular structures, by enabling the separation of multicellular structures, while keeping them alive. Ultimately, this study demonstrates a new way to use two‐photon lithography for controlling the growth, migration and morphological cues of live cells, thus opening new avenues toward the dynamic in situ control of living 3D structures.
N‐P Reconfigurable Dual‐Mode Memtransistors for Compact Bio‐Inspired Feature Extractor with Inhibitory‐Excitatory Spiking Capability
Authors: Leong Jin Feng , Fang Zihang , Sivan Maheswari , Pan Jieming , Tang Baoshan , Zamburg Evgeny , Thean Aaron V‐Y 
Published: July 2023

AbstractCompetitive‐learning‐based spiking neural networks are capable of rapid, highly accurate pattern recognition with minimal data through denoising mechanisms provide by adaptive interneuron inhibition. However, hardware implementations of such networks are currently area‐inefficient due to the high device count require to execute dual excitatory‐inhibitory synapses. To mitigate this, n‐/p‐ reconfigurable tungsten diselenide memtransistors is introduced that can execute excitatory and inhibitory synapses in a highly compact bio‐inspired feature extractor hardware architecture. The reconfigurability is realized through a dual mode memory device with a flash‐memory‐like floating‐gate for n‐/p‐ programing and a memristor‐like selenium vacancy‐based resistive switching that varies in memristive output with majority carrier modulation. Through a device‐system codesign, an effective 27% device count reduction in the peripheral circuits is achieved , which ameliorates circuit component congestion and circuit complexity. Compared to the prevalent winner‐takes‐all approach, the proposed machine learning with adaptive interneuron inhibition achieves high‐accuracy convergence with up to five times smaller training dataset. This accelerated learning can potentially enable edge‐artificial intelligence (AI) processors capable of ultra‐low‐energy training with limited data.
Permanently Mechanically Adjustable Photothermal Catalytic Spontaneous Double Cross‐Linking Network Enables Durable and Stretchable Plant Skin‐Like Materials
Authors: Zhai Wenxiang , Xu Min , Zhong Yijing , Zhang Kun , Li Jinming , Ding Kejiao , Wei Xinli , Cai Liping , Xia Changlei 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIn cellulose‐based plastics, as a type of thermoplastic and thermosetting materials, the excellent balance of mechanical strength and ductility poses a large challenge. To tackle this problem, a novel approach is devised to introduce reversible non‐covalent ester cross‐linking into dynamic covalent hydrogen‐bonded polymer networks. However, the formation of ester bonds typically requires excess reactants and dehydrating agents, which is energy‐intensive, environmentally harmful, and costly. To address these concerns, inspired by polyester‐rich plant bark, a supramolecular composite material is developed. It can be dissolved and regenerated using a binary solvent system (choline hexanoate/choline chloride‐oxalic acid). In water, this supramolecular composite material underwent self‐healing and ester exchange reactions to form double‐cross‐linked networks, interfaced with photo‐thermal catalysis promoting the reaction due to its high photo‐thermal conversion efficiency (86.7%) and water evaporation rate (1.38 kg m−2 h−1). This enables the rapid and repeatable construction of durable and stretchable biomaterials. The mechanical properties of the supramolecular plastic can be adjusted by solar photo‐thermal conditions of the synthesis environment. These materials exhibit high performance in solar water evaporation and have self‐healing properties and are degradable, recyclable, and capable of eliminating their own adhesions.
Quasi‐1D Polymer Semiconductor–Diarylethene Blends: High Performance Optically Switchable Transistors
Authors: Chen Yusheng , Wang Hanlin , Chen Hu , Zhang Weimin , Xu Shunqi , Pätzel Michael , Ma Chun , Wang Cang , McCulloch Iain , Hecht Stefan , Samorì Paolo 
Published: July 2023

AbstractOptically switchable field‐effect transistors (OSFETs) are non‐volatile photonic memory devices holding a great potential for applications in optical information storage and telecommunications. Solution processing of blends of photochromic molecules and π‐conjugated polymers is a low‐cost protocol to integrate simultaneously optical switching and charge transport functions in large‐area devices. However, the limited reversibility of the isomerization of photochromic molecules due to steric hindrance when embedded in ordered polymeric matrices represents a severe limitation and it obliges to incorporate as much as 20% in weight of the photochromic component, thereby drastically diluting the electronic function, limiting the device performance. Herein, a comparative study of the photoresponsivity of a suitably designed diarylethene molecule is reported when embedded in the matrix of six different polymer semiconductors displaying diverse charge transport properties. In particular, this study focuses on three semi‐crystalline polymers and three quasi‐1D polymers. It is found that 1% w/w of 1,2‐bis(5‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐2‐methylthiophen‐3‐yl)cyclopent‐1‐ene in a blend with poly(indacenodithiophene‐co‐benzothiadiazole) is sufficient to fabricate OSFETs combining photo‐modulation efficiencies of 45.5%, mobilities >1 cm2 V−1s−1, and photo‐recovered efficiencies of 98.1%. These findings demonstrate that quasi‐1D polymer semiconductors, because of their charge transport dominated by intra‐molecular processes, epitomize the molecular design principles required for the fabrication of high‐performance OSFETs.
Self‐Discharge Behavior of Graphitic Cathodes for Rechargeable Aluminum Batteries
Authors: Li Chi , Chen Yi‐Xiu , Patra Jagabandhu , Lu Shi‐Xian , Hsieh Chien‐Te , Yang Chun‐Chen , Dong Quan‐Feng , Li Ju , Chang Jeng‐Kuei 
Published: July 2023

AbstractSelf‐discharge, which is associated with energy efficiency loss, is a critical issue that hinders practical applications of rechargeable aluminum batteries (RABs). The self‐discharge properties of two commonly‐used RAB positive electrode materials, namely natural graphite (NG) and expanded graphite (EG), are investigated in this work. EG, which has a wider spacing between graphitic layers and a larger surface area, has a higher self‐discharge rate than that of NG. After 12 h of rest, NG and EG electrodes retain 74% and 63% of their initial capacities, respectively, after charging up to 2.4 V at 0.3 A g−1. Operando X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy are employed to study the self‐discharge mechanism. The self‐discharge loss is related to the spontaneous deintercalation of AlCl4− anions from the graphite lattice charge‐compensated by Cl2 gas evolution at the same electrode and can be restored (i.e., no permanent damage is caused to the electrodes) in the next charge‐discharge cycle. It is found that the charging rate and depth of charge also affect the self‐discharge properties. In addition, the self‐discharge rates of NG in 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride–AlCl3 and urea–AlCl3 electrolytes are compared.
Broad‐Wavelength Light‐Driven High‐Speed Hybrid Crystal Actuators Actuated Inside Tissue‐Like Phantoms
Authors: Kim Dong Wook , Hagiwara Yuki , Hasebe Shodai , Dogan Nihal Olcay , Zhang Mingchao , Asahi Toru , Koshima Hideko , Sitti Metin 
Published: July 2023

AbstractResearch on molecular crystals exhibiting light‐driven actuation has made remarkable progress through the development of various molecules and the identification of driving mechanisms. However, crystals developed to date have been driven mainly by ultraviolet (UV) or blue light irradiation, and driving by red or near‐infrared (NIR) light has not been attempted yet. Herein, a broad‐wavelength light‐driven molecular crystals that exhibit high‐speed bending by photothermal effect is developed. Titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene nanosheets are integrated into salicylideneaniline crystals to extend the wavelength range that causes photothermally driven bending to UV, visible, and NIR light. In addition, unlike the thin pristine molecular crystals that show slow photoisomerization‐induced bending only under UV light, the MXene layer enables the molecular crystals to be actuated rapidly regardless of their thickness over a wide range of wavelengths. The hybridization of molecular crystals with MXene, which exhibits strong biocompatibility as well as NIR light‐driven photothermal effect, allows for the bending of the hybrid crystals inside agar phantoms mimicking biological tissue. Last, it is confirmed that MXene hybridization can be extended to common molecular crystals including various salicylideneaniline and anisole derivatives.
Hierarchically Released Liquid Metal Nanoparticles for Mild Photothermal Therapy/Chemotherapy of Breast Cancer Bone Metastases via Remodeling Tumor Stromal Microenvironment
Authors: Shen Yaping , Zou Yang , Bie Binglin , Lv Yonggang 
Published: July 2023

AbstractCurrently, the treatment strategy for bone metastasis is mainly to inhibit the growth of tumor cells and the activity of osteoclasts, while ignoring the influence of the tumor stromal microenvironment (TSM) on the progression of bone metastasis. Herein, a dual‐target liquid metal (LM)‐based drug delivery system (DDS) with favorable photothermal performance is designed to spatially program the delivery of multiple therapeutic agents to enhance the treatment of bone metastasis through TSM remodeling. Briefly, mesoporous silicon‐coated LM is integrated into zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) with both bone‐seeking and tumor‐targeting capacities. Curcumin (Cur), a tumor microenvironment modulator, is encapsulated into ZIF‐8, and doxorubicin (DOX) is enclosed inside mesoporous silicon. Specific accumulation of the LM‐based DDS in bone metastases first relieves the tumor stroma by releasing Cur in response to the acidic tumor microenvironment and then releases DOX deep into the tumor under near‐infrared light irradiation. The combined strategy of the LM‐based DDS and mild photothermal therapy has been shown to effectively restrain cross‐talk between osteoclasts and tumor cells by inhibiting the secretion of transforming growth factor‐β, degrading extracellular matrix components, and increasing infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which provides a promising strategy for the treatment of bone metastases.
Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrolyte‐Gated Transistor Immunosensor with Highly Selective Multiparametric Detection of Anti‐Drug Antibodies
Authors: Sensi Matteo , de Oliveira Rafael Furlan , Berto Marcello , Palmieri Marina , Ruini Emilio , Livio Pietro Antonio , Conti Andrea , Pinti Marcello , Salvarani Carlo , Cossarizza Andrea , Cabot Joan M. , Ricart Jordi , Casalini Stefano , González‐García María Begoña , Fanjul‐Bolado Pablo , Bortolotti Carlo Augusto , Samorì Paolo , Biscarini Fabio 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe advent of immunotherapies with biological drugs has revolutionized the treatment of cancers and auto‐immune diseases. However, in some patients, the production of anti‐drug antibodies (ADAs) hampers the drug efficacy. The concentration of ADAs is typically in the range of 1–10 pm; hence their immunodetection is challenging. ADAs toward Infliximab (IFX), a drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and other auto‐immune diseases, are focussed. An ambipolar electrolyte‐gated transistor (EGT) immunosensor is reported based on a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) channel and IFX bound to the gate electrode as the specific probe. The rGO‐EGTs are easy to fabricate and exhibit low voltage operations (≤ 0.3 V), a robust response within 15 min, and ultra‐high sensitivity (10 am limit of detection). A multiparametric analysis of the whole rGO‐EGT transfer curves based on the type‐I generalized extreme value distribution is proposed. It is demonstrated that it allows to selectively quantify ADAs also in the co‐presence of its antagonist tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), the natural circulating target of IFX.
Recent Progress in Functional Nanomaterials towards the Storage, Separation, and Removal of Tritium
Authors: Rethinasabapathy Muruganantham , Ghoreishian Seyed Majid , Hwang Seung‐Kyu , Han Young‐Kyu , Roh Changhyun , Huh Yun Suk 
Published: July 2023

AbstractTritium is a sustainable next‐generation prime fuel for generating nuclear energy through fusion reactions to fulfill the increasing global energy demand. Owing to the scarcity–high demand tradeoff, tritium must be bred inside a fusion reactor to ensure sustainability and must therefore be separated from its isotopes (protium and deuterium) in pure form, stored safely, and supplied on demand. Existing multistage isotope separation technologies exhibit low separation efficiency and require intensive energy inputs and large capital investments. Furthermore, tritium‐contaminated heavy water constitutes a major fraction of nuclear waste, and accidents like the one at Fukushima Daiichi leave behind thousands of tons of diluted tritiated water, whose removal is beneficial from an environmental point of view. In this review, the recent progress and main research trends in hydrogen isotope storage and separation by focusing on the use of metal hydride (e.g., intermetallic, and high‐entropy alloys), porous (e.g., zeolites and metal organic frameworks (MOFs)), and 2‐D layered (e.g., graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN), and MXenes) materials to separate and store tritium based on their diverse functionalities are discussed. Finally, the challenges and future directions for implementing tritium storage and separation are summarized in the reviewed materials.
A Nano‐Biohybrid‐Based Bio‐Solar Cell to Regulate the Electrical Signal Transmission to Living Cells for Biomedical Application
Authors: Lim Joungpyo , Shin Minkyu , Ha Taehyung , Su Wei Wen , Yoon Jinho , Choi Jeong‐Woo 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBio‐solar cells are studied as sustainable and biocompatible energy sources with significant potential for biomedical applications. However, they are composed of light‐harvesting biomolecules with narrow absorption wavelengths and weak transient photocurrent generation. In this study, a nano‐biohybrid‐based bio‐solar cell composed of bacteriorhodopsin, chlorophyllin, and Ni/TiO2 nanoparticles is developed to overcome the current limitations and verify the possibility of biomedical applications. Bacteriorhodopsin and chlorophyllin are introduced as light‐harvesting biomolecules to broaden the absorption wavelength. As a photocatalyst, Ni/TiO2 nanoparticles are introduced to generate a photocurrent and amplify the photocurrent generated by the biomolecules. The developed bio‐solar cell absorbs a broad range of visible wavelengths and generates an amplified stationary photocurrent density (152.6 nA cm−2) with a long lifetime (up to 1 month). Besides, the electrophysiological signals of muscle cells at neuromuscular junctions are precisely regulated by motor neurons excited by the photocurrent of the bio‐solar cell, indicating that the bio‐solar cell can control living cells by signal transmission through other types of living cells. The proposed nano‐biohybrid‐based bio‐solar cell can be used as a sustainable and biocompatible energy source for the development of wearable and implantable biodevices and bioelectronic medicines for humans.
Phase Engineering of 2D Spinel‐Type Manganese Oxides
Authors: Feng Xiaoqiang , Zhai Baoxing , Cheng Ruiqing , Yin Lei , Wen Yao , Jiang Jian , Wang Hao , Li Zhongwei , Zhu Yushan , He Jun 
Published: July 2023

Abstract2D magnetic materials have been of interest due to their unique long‐range magnetic ordering in the low‐dimensional regime and potential applications in spintronics. Currently, most studies are focused on strippable van der Waals magnetic materials with layered structures, which typically suffer from a poor stability and scarce species. Spinel oxides have a good environmental stability and rich magnetic properties. However, the isotropic bonding and close‐packed nonlayered crystal structure make their 2D growth challenging, let alone the phase engineering. Herein, a phase‐controllable synthesis of 2D single‐crystalline spinel‐type oxides is reported. Using the van der Waals epitaxy strategy, the thicknesses of the obtained tetragonal and hexagonal manganese oxide (Mn3O4) nanosheets can be tuned down to 7.1 nm and one unit cell (0.7 nm), respectively. The magnetic properties of these two phases are evaluated using vibrating‐sample magnetometry and first‐principle calculations. Both structures exhibit a Curie temperature of 48 K. Owing to its ultrathin geometry, the Mn3O4 nanosheet exhibits a superior ultraviolet detection performance with an ultralow noise power density of 0.126 pA Hz−1/2. This study broadens the range of 2D magnetic semiconductors and highlights their potential applications in future information devices.