bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) versus Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for Depression: a review
Authors: Gomes Paula , Imtiaz Ayyub , Groden Menachem , Zaidi Muhammad 
Published: January 2025

IntroductionThe World Health Organization estimates depression affects 5% of the adult population and is the leading cause of disability and the 3rd cause of disease burden worldwide. Despite progress in therapies and pharmacology, 30% of patients have refractory symptoms. Patients with partial response and patients who do not want or are intolerant to medication can benefit from alternative treatment modalities such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). However, there is scant literature comparing these two neuromodulatory techniques. The authors provide an overview of rTMS and tDCS to guide clinicians.MethodsA review of MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and EBSCOHost databases was conducted. Keywords used included “rTMS,” “tDCS,” and “depression.” All types of articles discussing or comparing the modalities were selected. The unique characteristics, indications, and side effects of rTMS and tDCS were included.ResultsrTMS is a neurostimulator used in-clinic that induces depolarization and neuronal activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, where hypofunction has historically been associated with depressive symptoms. The treatment is Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved, and the most common protocol consists of 36 sessions over 8-9 weeks. Side effects are mild and temporary, and patients can resume daily activities after sessions. Its absolute contraindications are limited to metallic objects or implanted stimulator devices in or near the head. The total cost varies from $6,000-$11,000 but is covered by most insurance.In contrast, tDCS is a cost-effective, small, and portable neuromodulator self-administered by patients at home that either increases or decreases intrinsic neural firing in the primary motor cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Multi-session tDCS is thought to promote or regulate information processing efficiency. The most common protocol uses a constant low current for 20-30 minutes applied daily for 10 to 15 days. Common side effects are mild and temporary, and there is no absolute contraindication. Some meta-analyses have found its efficacy comparable to rTMS or antidepressants. However, due to uncertainties about the specific mode of administration, number of treatments, and duration of effect, its status remains investigational by the FDA.ConclusionsThe efficacy and safety of rTMS for the treatment of depression have been demonstrated in numerous studies. However, the lack of adequately equipped clinics and large cost limits its availability in spite of FDA approval. In contrast, tDCS has some advantages, including safety, tolerability, ease of administration at home, and cost-effectiveness, but requires further research and more rigorous evidence.FundingNo Funding
Efficacy and Safety of Lamotrigine in Pediatric Mood Disorders: Patients’ Perspective
Authors: Jahan Sultana , Lease Zach , Richardson Jordan , Brown Ashley , Neill Ellen O 
Published: January 2025

BackgroundData gathered from previous studies has demonstrated the efficacy and safety of lamotrigine in the adult psychiatric population; however, it has not been well studied in children and adolescents with mood disorders (Watanabe & Hongo, 2017).ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to understand patients’ perspective of Lamotrigine efficacy and safety when prescribed for children and adolescents with mood disorders.MethodsA proposal was approved by the University of Missouri-Columbia Internal Review Board to conduct this study. To answer a questionnaire, 20 patients were randomly selected who were taking lamotrigine for mood disorder. All 20 patients were seen in person at the University of Missouri Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Out-patient Clinic. A consent form was reviewed and signed by their respective legal guardian. The questionnaire consisted of yes or no, and free-response questions. Each participant was asked a series of questions about their symptoms before and after lamotrigine, whether or not the medication was helpful, and whether or not they experienced any side effects. Additional details were also obtained, including dosage, the length of their prescription, and any concomitant medications. Demographic information, including age, race, gender, and grade, was also obtained.ResultsAmong the participants, 65% were females and 35% were male patients who agreed to take the questionnaire. Fifty percent of the patients were between the ages of 16 and 18, 35% were between the ages of 11 and 15 and. 15% were between the ages of 8 and 10. Seventy present were Caucasian, 10% were African American, and 20% identified as belonging to another race. 35% of the patients were prescribed lamotrigine for less than a year, and 65% were prescribed lamotrigine for over a year. 30% of patients take 25-50mg daily, 25% take between 51-100mg daily, 40% take 101-200mg daily, and 5% take more than 200mg daily. Before lamotrigine was prescribed to the 20 patients in this study, collective reported symptoms included: anger, aggression, mood swings, irritability, depression, anxiety, and self-harm. Eighty percent of patients claimed lamotrigine improved their symptoms after taking the medication. Most improvement was claimed by patients with mood swings followed by patients with anger, aggression, and irritable mood. Seventy percent of patients reported no side effects with the medication. 10% of patients reported increased appetite, 5% reported rash, 5% GI issue, and other 10% reported various side effects, including fatigue, myalgia, and restlessness.ConclusionAccording to patients reports, this study provides data that lamotrigine may be effective in pediatric mood disorders and shows minimal adverse effects. Further larger clinical studies are needed to conclude the safety and efficacy of Lamotrigine in the treatment of pediatric mood disorder.FundingNo Funding
Power-Up: Dissecting Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying Internet Gaming Disorder
Authors: Noureddine Chaden , Salman Yucera , Fletes William , Sherer James 
Published: January 2025

BackgroundThe DSM V-TR places video game addiction, also known as Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) within the section that suggests the need for additional research. Simultaneously, there has been a remarkable surge in the consumption of video games, with this medium attracting more funding than ever before. Additionally, as this disorder gains increased attention from the psychiatric world, there is a lack of any formal guidelines on the treatment of IGD, or for the superiority of any specific pharmaceutical treatment. The aim of this project focuses on reviewing the neurobiological mechanisms involved in IGD in order to garner a more robust understanding of the neural pathways involved.MethodsGoogle Scholar and PubMed were explored using search terms including “Internet gaming disorder,” “neurology,” “imaging,” “mechanisms,” and “comorbid” in various permutations. Thirty-seven articles were included from 100 search results that addressed IGD neural and biological mechanisms, and their potential comorbidity with other mental disorders.ResultsThe literature suggests that some of the neural findings in IGD are similar to those found in other addiction disorders, which include the following mechanisms: (i) Activation of brain regions associated with reward, as observed in cue exposure and craving studies. Neurotransmitter system studies further suggest the involvement of dopamine-mediated reward mechanisms. (ii) Decreased activity in areas responsible for impulse control and impaired decision-making. (iii) Reduced functional connectivity in brain networks related to cognitive control, executive function, motivation, and reward. Another study suggested that the severity of IGD and depression symptoms predict each other reciprocally. Neurologically, individuals with IGD exhibited enhanced rsFC between the left amygdala and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, and precentral gyrus compared to control participants. The baseline amygdala-frontoparietal connectivity negatively predicted the reduction in depression symptoms following a psychotherapy intervention. Other studies suggest that altered executive control mechanisms in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) would be a predisposition for developing IGD. Furthermore, according to the literature, it was indicated that engaging in Internet game playing was linked to reduced white matter density in brain areas responsible for decision-making, inhibiting behavior, and regulating emotions.ConclusionsThe literature findings regarding IGD’s neural and biological pathways, as well as the association of these findings with other disorders such as depressive disorders and ADHD reflect behavioral patterns in individuals with IGD. These mechanisms can be utilized to maximize behavioral and pharmaceutical interventions.FundingNo Funding
Effectiveness of Esketamine as a Treatment for Depression: A Real-World Survey of Disease Improvement
Authors: Teeple Amanda , Joshi Kruti , Shepherd Jason , Gillespie Alexander , Grant Nikisha , Mortimer Ashley , Kirkman Sophie , Jha Manish 
Published: January 2025

IntroductionMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is the second leading cause of disability in the US, and increases the risk of poor health outcomes. This analysis assessed the real-world benefit and availability of esketamine for patients with difficult-to-treat
MDD.MethodsData were drawn from the Adelphi Real World Depression Disease Specific Programme XII (DSPTM), a cross-sectional retrospective survey of physicians and their patients in the United States in 2022. Physicians reported details for patients with MDD receiving esketamine regarding their prescribed medication (including access), daily functioning and disease improvement whilst receiving esketamine (reported by Clinical Global Impression Improvement Scale (CGI-I)),)) change in depression severity (reported by Clinical Global Impression Severity Scale (CGI-S)) and physician satisfaction. CGI-I responses measured level of disease improvement since the initiation of current depression treatment regimen (‘Very much worse=1’ to ‘Very much improved=7’). CGI-S response options were converted to numerics to measure level of severity change (‘Normal, not at all ill=0’ to ‘Among the most extremely ill patients=6’) and compared at time of esketamine initiation and currently. Physician satisfaction with medication’s ability to achieve patient treatment goals was derived from a numeric scale (where ’Not at all satisfied=1’ to ’Very satisfied=5’).Results94 patients with MDD were currently receiving esketamine. Mean age was 44.3 (SD 13.26) and 47% were male. 26% of patients had been receiving esketamine for 0-3 months, 5% for 3-6 months, 15% for 6-12 months, 23% for 1-2 years and 30% for more than 2 years. CGI-I results showed physicians rated depression as improved in 98% of patients receiving esketamine >30 days. CGI-S results showed that patients receiving esketamine 1-30 days had a mean improvement of 1.2 while patients receiving esketamine for >30 days showed mean improvement of 0.9. 80% of physicians reported high satisfaction (score of 4 or 5) with esketamine’s ability to achieve patient treatment goals.In patients receiving esketamine >30 days physicians reported that 62% could function better socially, 53% had a better quality of life, 41% had increased ability to work, 37% could better meet their own basic needs and 34% had an improvement in overall general health.When prescribing esketamine, the treatment was only “available without restrictions” for 18% of patients, whilst 82% experienced at least some restrictions.ConclusionPhysicians reported rapid and sustained clinical improvement among patients with MDD treated with esketamine in this real-world survey.FundingThe analysis described here used data from Adelphi Real World Depression DSP. The DSP is a wholly owned Adelphi Real World product. Janssen is one of the multiple subscribers to the DSP.
Did Bipolar Disorder Enhance Jackson Pollock’s Ability to Communicate Through Conscious and Unconscious Images (Polloglyphs)?
Authors: Stahl Stephen M. , Morrissette Debbi , Gates John 
Published: January 2025

Experts have been fascinated with Jackson Pollock (born 1912, died 1956) and his famous “drip paintings” ever since he began producing them in the 1940s. It is well documented that Pollock began to have mood swings as a child, with symptoms of social anxiety relieved by alcoholic binges from his teen years until his death. He received psychoanalytic psychotherapy, psychiatric hospitalization and some psychopharmacologic treatments from age 23 until his death at age 44. Most of his treatment was by psychiatrists trained in Jungian or Freudian psychoanalysis. Pollock was first hospitalized at New York Westchester Hospital in 1938 with his first “breakdown,” likely a manic/hypomanic or psychotic episode combined with alcohol intoxication. Without modern antipsychotic medications or lithium at the time, he was allowed to rest and improve and at that time was tested extensively with Rorschach ink blots, a new technology at the time, and which undoubtedly influenced the Polloglyphs embedded in his later works.Pollock was afflicted with hallucinatory spells, particularly visual. With his eyes wide open, he would suddenly begin to see whirling images, and Pollock himself realized that for his drip paintings he had seen those images before he painted them. Bipolar experts have written about altered sensory phenomena experienced in bipolar disorder and even theorized a suprasensory world for some patients with enhanced visual perceptual abilities especially when manic or hypomanic. Although Jackson according to his biographers was variably diagnosed as “alcoholic psychosis,” “schizoid” or “a schizophrenia like disorder characterized by alternating periods of violent agitation and paralysis or withdrawal,” in today’s world he would more likely be diagnosed as bipolar. This is supported by other comments from his biography that “more and more the schizophrenic like state described by his psychiatrist was playing itself out in a binary drama of depression and elation.” His older brother Charles was hospitalized in 1942 for a “nervous breakdown” possibly a bipolar episode, suggesting a positive family history of bipolar disorder in the Pollock family.About 1947 he began his drip paintings and his longest period of uninterrupted productivity until about 1950. During this period, he created his masterpieces, especially during the years between 1948 and 1950, a time when he drank little and was treated with the early mood stabilizers Dilantin and phenobarbital. He stopped his meds and eventually crashed his car after drinking and died at age 44. Experts have long pondered the relationship between creativity/genius and bipolar disorder. For Pollock, the Polloglyphs in his drip paintings seem to be linked to his creativity and genius shaped by bipolar disorder thus expressing his inner emotions as camouflaged images on canvas.
The mediational role of cognitive function on occupational outcomes in persons with major depressive and bipolar disorder
Authors: Tamura Jocelyn K. , Harangi Dorottya , Rodrigues Nelson B , Mansur Rodrigo B. , Subramaniapillai Mehala , Johnson Danica E. , Rosenblat Joshua D. , Lee Yena , Di Vincenzo Joshua D. , Ho Roger , Sukhdeo Ronesh , Cao Bing , Lui Leanna , Ceban Felicia , McIntyre Roger S. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractBackgroundImproving functioning in adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) is a priority therapeutic objective.MethodsThis retrospective post hoc secondary analysis evaluated 108 patients with MDD or BD receiving the antidepressants vortioxetine, ketamine, or infliximab. The analysis aimed to determine if changes in objective or subjective cognitive function mediated the relationship between depression symptom severity and workplace outcomes. Cognitive function was measured by the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire (PDQ-5), the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and the Trail Making Test Part B (TMT-B). Depression symptom severity was measured by the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Workplace function was measured by the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) work–school item.ResultsWhen co-varying for BMI, age, and sex, the association between MADRS and SDS work scores was partially mediated by PDQ-5 total scores and DSST total scores, but not DSST error scores and TMT-B time.LimitationsThis study was insufficiently powered to perform sub-group analyses to identify distinctions between MDD and BD populations as well as between antidepressant agents.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that cognitive impairment in adults with MDD and BD is a critical mediator of workplace function and reinforces its importance as a therapeutic target.
Household water security is a mediator of household food security in a nationally representative sample of Mexico
Authors: Shamah-Levy Teresa , Méndez-Gómez-Humarán Ignacio , Mundo-Rosas Verónica , Muñoz-Espinosa Alicia , Melgar-Quiñonez Hugo , Young Sera Lewise 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Objective:
Explore the relationship between water insecurity (WI) and food security and their covariates in Mexican households.

Design:
A cross-sectional study with nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey-Continuous 2021 (in Spanish, ENSANUT-Continua 2021), collected data from 12 619 households.

Setting:
WI was measured using the Household Water Insecurity Experiences (HWISE) Scale in Spanish and adapted to the Mexican context. Food security was measured using the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale. A generalised path model was used to produce two simultaneous logistical regression equations – WI (HWISE ≥ 12) and moderate-to-severe food insecurity (FI) – to understand key covariates as well as the contribution of WI to FI.

Participants:
The head of the household, an adult of >18 years of age, consented to participate in the survey.

Results:
Households experiencing WI were more likely to experience moderate-to-severe FI (OR = 2·35; 95 % CI: 2·02, 2·72). The odds of WI were lower in households with medium (OR = 0·74; 95 % CI: 0·61, 0·9) to high (OR = 0·45; 95 % CI: 0·37, 0·55) asset scores. WI also depended on the region of Mexico. FI is more prevalent in indigenous people (OR = 1·29; 95 % CI: 1·05, 1·59) and rural households (OR = 0·42; 95 % CI: 1·16, 1·73). Notably, wealth and household size did not contribute directly to FI but did so indirectly through the mediating factor of WI.

Conclusions:
Our study shows that there are structural factors that form part of the varied determinants of WI, which in turn is closely linked to FI.
Justice within the new factory gates: how to hold RWAs responsible for workers’ welfare
Authors: Rajam Shardha , Kotiswaran Prabha 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe gated community is a unique site of social reproduction which has proliferated across India. Elite families are reproduced at the individual, household level but also at the communal level in service-rich private enclaves. These households rely heavily on specialised reproductive labourers who are deprived of worker status because they work in the private domain. Homeowners’ associations or resident welfare associations (RWAs) meanwhile regulate reproductive labour through surveillance and wage fixing and by regulating entry and exit. Despite their public function, RWAs claim no responsibility for worker welfare due to privity of contract and the exclusion of ‘domestic service’ from labour laws. We examine India’s new labour codes, establishment laws and constitutional law to pin responsibility on RWAs as public bodies for ensuring the fundamental rights and welfare of these workers.
ELEX and EGEX: Euroclassica Certificates in Latin and Greek
Authors: Bulwer John 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
One of the initiatives of Euroclassica (the federation of European associations of Classics teachers) is to set a yearly test for Latin and Greek: European Latin Exam (ELEX) and European Greek Exam (EGEX). They are both available at beginners’ level (Vestibulum) and intermediate level (Ianua). Schools can set and correct them in their own time and award Euroclassica certificates as appropriate. The tests are available in English, French and German, but individual associations and schools are free to translate them into their own languages. Candidates are advised to take the tests at any age when they are ready; there is no charge. This article outlines the procedure and gives examples of the texts and questions set. The example questions are given in more than one language to illustrate the European nature of the enterprise, with an extra taste of how far ELEX and EGEX can spread in the example of questions in the Macedonian language from North Macedonia. Schools should contact their national association for more local information. Yearly results, past papers and more information are published in the Euroclassica newsletter available on the website: https://www.euroclassica.eu/portale/euroclassica.html
CMIP6 GCMs Projected Future Koppen‐Geiger Climate Zones on a Global Scale
Authors: Song Young Hoon , Chung Eun‐Sung , Ayugi Brian Odhiambo 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis study compared the future global climate zones based on four radiative forcings ranging from low‐end (SSP1‐2.6) to high‐end (SSP5‐8.5) using the Köppen‐Geiger climate classification. To reduce uncertainties in future projected precipitation and temperature, multimodel projections comprising 25 general circulation models (GCMs) were sourced from the recent Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase six (CMIP6) and used to create a Multi‐Model Ensemble. The changes in historical climate zones on CMIP6 simulations were divided into six periods considering data availability (1954–1964; 1964–1974; 1974–1984; 1984–1994; 1994–2004; and 2004–2014). Furthermore, the climate zone reproducibility of 25 CMIP6 GCMs was compared with the reference data sourced from Global Precipitation Climatology Centre precipitation and Climatic Research Unit temperature. The future climate zones were projected into seven periods using monthly precipitation and surface temperature under four main SSP scenarios. Consequently, the climate variables from GCMs were overestimated compared to the reference data, and the composition of the climate zones was less complex. While temperature discrepancies of 1–2°C may not drastically alter the Köppen‐Geiger climate zone classifications, precipitation‐based classifications are significantly impacted by the observed errors. Thus, it is crucial to recognize that despite the advancements in GCMs, they still possess limitations in accurately predicting “real” future climate changes. The projected future climate zones are simpler compared to the historical periods across six continents, with tundra and ice caps expected to disappear. This study highlights potential risks by projecting future climate zones based on varying greenhouse gas concentration levels, stressing the importance of using these projections with caution given the inherent uncertainties and limitations of GCMs.