bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uso de jogos e brincadeiras para aprendizagem ativa e estudo de conceitos geográficos
Authors: Lunarti Elciane Arantes Peixoto , Felicio Cinthia Maria 
Published: June 2023

Este artigo tem o propósito de apresentar e discutir uma experiência de ensino desenvolvida no primeiro semestre de 2019, em uma turma de ensino médio de uma escola pública da rede estadual de ensino do estado de Goiás. O seu principal objetivo é discutir possibilidades do uso do lúdico como recurso didático impulsionador para a melhoria do processo de ensino e aprendizagem na disciplina de Geografia. Para analisar como o uso de jogos na aprendizagem de Geografia no Ensino Médio pode interferir no estudo de conceitos geográficos, utilizou-se um estudo de caso de natureza qualitativa e de caráter descritivo. Como resultados, durante as atividades propostas, foi possível perceber que os estudantes demonstraram maior interesse e participação durante as aulas, contribuindo para uma (re)significação das aprendizagens, aumentando a interação com os colegas. Além disso, houve uma melhora na postura ativa dos estudantes no que se refere à busca de soluções para os desafios, destacando as potencialidades individuais e coletivas. Por fim, a proposta da utilização do lúdico para o ensino de Geografia foi adequada em termos de aprendizagens não apenas conceituais, procedimentais e atitudinais. O envolvimento dos estudantes demonstra a importância de utilizar recursos didáticos diferenciados nas aulas de Geografia.
Palavras-chaveLúdico, Aprendizagem significativa, Orientação cartográfica, Educação profissional.

Ludic (or game) as proposal for practical activity for the Geography discipline in High School
AbstractThis article aims to present and face a teaching experience developed in the first half of 2019, in a high school class of a public school in the state education network in the state of Goiás. Its main objective is possibilities of use of the ludic didactic resource to improve the teaching and learning process in the geography discipline. To analyze how the use of games in Geography learning in High School can interfere in the study of geographic concepts, a qualitative and descriptive case study was used. As during classes, it is possible to perceive that the student results, proposals, and participation (re)signification were carried out, increasing interaction with students. In addition, there was an improvement in the students' active posture regarding the search for solutions to challenges, highlighting individual and collective potential. Finally, a proposal to use the ludic for the teaching of Geography was adequate in terms of learning conceptual, procedural, and attitudinal. The involvement of students demonstrates the importance of using differentiated teaching resources in Geography classes.
KeywordsPlayful, Meaningful learning, Teaching of Geography, High school.
Proses Pembentukan dan Pengelolaan Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDES) Di Kabupaten Bangli
Authors: Matallia Sari Anak Agung Ayu Sita , Korri Arisena Gede Mekse 
Published: June 2023

Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes) merupakan lembaga keuangan desa yang dibentuk oleh Pemerintah Desa bersama masyarakat. Keberadaan BUMDes diharapkan dapat menggali potensi dan mengembangkan kreatifitas yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat desa yang akan memperbaiki perekonomian desa. Proses pembentukan dan pengelolaan BUMDes harus berjalan dengan baik. Pengelolaan BUMDes yang baik akan berdampak baik bagi pemerintah desa yang selanjutnya akan mempengaruhi peningkatan Pendapatan Asli Desa (PADes) meningkatnya Pendapatan Asli Desa (PADes) akan membantu proses pembangunan dan peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat desa. Terdapat 17 BUMDes yang berdiri di tiga Kecamatan di Kabupaten Bangli. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk : 1). mengidentifikasi karakteristik, 2) menganalisis proses pembentukan, 3) menganalisis pengelolaan BUMDes di Kabupaten Bangli. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Informan ditentukan dengan metode sensus, data penelitian diperoleh melalui wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : 1) BUMDes di Kabupaten Bangli sebagian besar sudah menjalankan usahanya selama 3-5 tahun. Sebagian besar jenis usaha yang dijalankan adalah usaha bisnis keuangan (financial business), jumlah karyawan BUMDes dipengaruhi oleh jenis bidang usaha yang dijalankan oleh BUMDes. Semakin banyak jenis bidang usaha yang dijalankan maka semakin banyak pula memerlukan tenaga kerja untuk dipekerjakan. 2) Dalam proses pembentukan BUMDes, berjalan denga baik karena telah memenuhi keseluruhan syarat administrasi yang tertuang di peraturan perundang-undangan serta keseluruhan proses pembentukan BUMDes melalui proses musyawarah Desa (Musdes). 3) Pengelolaan BUMDes di Kabupaten Bangli telah menerapkan enam prinsip tata kelola BUMDes yaitu kooperatif, partisipatif, emansipatif, transparan, akuntabel, dan sustainable dengan baik.
İslam Hukuku Açısından Çift Bozan Vergisi
Authors: DURSUN Akif 
Published: June 2023

Osmanlı Devleti’nde temel gelir kaynağı, kendinden önceki ve dönemindeki diğer devletler gibi, topraktır. Bu sebepten özellikle hububat üretiminde kullanılan arazilerin özel mülkiyete tabi olmasından kaçınılmış ve mirî veya memleket arazisi adıyla devlete ait olmasına özen gösterilmiştir. Bu durum, arazinin işlenmesi ve buradan gelir elde edilmesi meselesini ortaya getirmektedir. Osmanlı Devleti kendinden önceki devletlerin de uyguladığı tımar sistemini daha da geliştirmiş ve arazileri verimine göre belli büyüklükte bölerek ailelere tahsis etmiş; bu ailelerden de “çift resmi”, “raiyyet resmi” veya “kulluk akçası” denilen bir vergi ödemesini istemiştir. Sistem köylünün toprağı işlemesi, böylece hem ürün istihsalini sağlayıp gıda güvenliğini tehlikeye atmamak hem de devletin ihtiyacı olan vergi gelirini temin etmek üzerine kuruludur. Bu sebeple köylünün toprağını terk etmemesi gereklidir. Bunu temin için alınan tedbirlerin birisi “cebrî ikamet” diğeri “çift bozan resmi”dir. Bunlarla ilgili düzenlemeler Fatih Sultan Mehmet zamanından itibaren Kanunnamelerde yer almış; hukuken 1858 Arazi Kanunnamesi’ne kadar da yürürlükte kalmıştır.
Kanunnameleri hazırlayan nişancıların fıkha vâkıf insanlar olması ve kanunların en azından teorik olarak şeyhülislamın onayından geçtiğinin kabulü nedeniyle Osmanlı âlimleri arasında 17. yüzyıl ortalarına kadar bu düzenlemelere karşı çıkan biri bilinmemektedir. Tımar sisteminin ciddi şekilde bozulması ve köylüye dönük zulümlerin artması nedeniyle 17. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren Hayreddin Remlî başta olmak üzere Şam bölgesi alimleri arasında çift bozan ve cebrî ikamete dair eleştirilerin başladığı ve bunun şiddetini artırdığı görülmektedir. Nitekim bununla alakalı müstakil iki risale kaleme alınmıştır. İstanbul uleması da kısmen bundan etkilenmiştir.
Bu makalede temel olarak çift bozan resmi ve İslam hukuku açısından durumu incelenecektir. Konuyla alakalı lehte aleyhte tüm görüşler elden geldiği kadar ortaya konarak bir değerlendirme yapılacak ve farklı bir bakış açısı ortaya konmaya çalışılacaktır.
Acute pancreatitis: It can be the first sign of silent gallstones
Authors: Cancan Gülden , Sarıbeyoğlu Kaya , Pekmezci Salih 
Published: June 2023

Objective: The management of asymptomatic cholelithiasis is controversial. Silent gallstones are generally assumed to cause complications after at least one episode of biliary colic. The ratio of those silent stones that had initially caused, -or were diagnosed as the etiological agent of- acute pancreatitis has not been reported in the literature yet. Our study was designed to investigate the ratio of asymptomatic cholelithiasis in acute biliary pancreatitis cases.
Material and Methods: One hundred and seventy-one patients of 305 cases, who were followed up with the diagnosis of acute biliary pancreatitis, were identified retrospectively. Demographic specifications, laboratory findings and clinical progressions of the patients were inspected. Clinical histories were detailed by phone calls. Gallstones were radiologically detected in 85 out of 171 cases. Those patients were divided as symptomatic and asymptomatic. Clinical findings and follow-ups were evaluated by “Chi-square” test.
Results: In the study group, 80% of the patients were asymptomatic (n= 68) and 16.47% of the patients (n= 14) had complicated pancreatitis. Regarding the severity of the clinical course, being symptomatic or not was not identified as a significant factor (p= 0.108). In regard of creating symptoms, the size of the stone was not significant (p= 0.561) and obtained no prediction about the clinical severity of the pancreatitis (p= 0.728).
Conclusion: Asymptomatic cholelithiasis patients had a major percentage in acute biliary pancreatitis cases. The “wait and see” approach should be re-evaluated for silent gallstones in prospective trials.
Impact of Refined Crude Oil Imports on Carbon Dioxide Emission (C02) in Nigeria
Authors: Adeyemo Oyindamola Olajumoke , Deekor Leelee 
Published: June 2023

Purpose: The study investigated the impact of refined crude oil imports on carbon dioxide emission in Nigeria covering the period 1980 to 2020.
Methodology: The study employed preliminary test of Augmented Dickey Fuller and Dickey-Fuller GLS unit root testing procedure while the main estimation technique is the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). Data for the study is sourced from the World Bank’s development indicators and Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin for various years. The dependent variable is carbon dioxide emission (CO2) while explanatory variables include refined oil imports (M), gross domestic product (Y) for economic growth, total factor productivity (TFP) for technological progress and innovation, oil price (OP) and nominal exchange rate (EXR).
Findings: Findings in the study show that the contribution of refined oil imports to carbon dioxide emission is positively signed and statistically significant at 5 percent level in both long run and short run. There exists a unidirectional causation between oil import, and carbon dioxide emission. The study concludes that the positive values of refined oil imports pose serious environmental threat given the rise in carbon dioxide emission.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The study therefore, recommends amongst others that the policymakers particularly the Nigeria’s executive arm of government need to diversify the economy from oil-based to non-oil based. Also, the country’s refineries should be de-regulated to reduce the over dependency on the importation of the refined crude oil imports alongside with the establishment of Government Agencies that will strictly monitor the refined crude oil production process which will go a long way in reducing the over reliance on refined crude oil importation as well as the environmental challenges emanating from refined oil consumption.
What Is the Conceptual Framework of Npo Community Elderly Care from Stakeholder Perspectives: A Content-Based Analysis Review
Authors: Li Zhuofeng 
Published: June 2023

Purpose: To clarify the distinctive roles and to explore a systematic understanding of the service system of NPO community elderly care, this study seeks to construct a theoretical basis for this industry from the stakeholder perspective.
Methodology: This study adopted the content-based analysis literature review to screen relevant studies to explore insights in formulating the theoretical basis for NPO community elderly care. This study made a synthesis and comparison of the definitions, theory schools, and typologies of stakeholder theory.
Findings: Themes of the development, classifications of stakeholder theory, and the practices of NPO community elderly care from stakeholder perspectives were coded. It was found that Wheeler and Sillanpa (1998)’s stakeholder model, as a theoretical prototype, helps to explain the roles of stakeholders from social dimensions.
Unique contributions to theory, policy and practice: this study contributed to constructing a conceptual framework exclusively for the industry of NPO community elderly care. In this way, it is implicated to lend some theoretical basis for clarifying the distinctive positions of stakeholders for the management of NPO and relevant stakeholders to overcome the challenges during the practice and providing insights for stakeholders (e.g., the government, NPOs) to promote the sustainable development of this industry.
Efectividad de la vacuna SINOPHARM en pacientes del área COVID, del Hospital "Dr. Benigno Sánchez"
Authors: Orozco Crespo Julio Cesar 
Published: June 2023

Introducción: la pandemia causada por SARS-CoV-2 produjo casos leves, moderados y severos de COVID-19, con una letalidad de hasta el 3%, motivando a equipos a investigar vacunas contra este agente. Objetivo general: evaluar la efectividad de la vacuna Sinopharm, en pacientes hospitalizados del Área COVID-19 en el hospital “Dr. Benigno Sanchez” de Quillacollo, entre los meses marzo del 2021 a marzo del 2022. Material y métodos: es un estudio observacional de tipo analítico, subtipo casos y controles, longitudinal prospectivo. La población fue 355 pacientes, obteniendo una muestra de 126 pacientes subdividiendo en grupos casos y controles cada uno con 63 pacientes. Resultados y conclusiones: la efectividad fue de 32 %. La proporción de tasa de curación, prevenidos por la vacuna fue de 19%. Existe una relación significativa entre el estado de vacunación, la ola de contagio y la condición de contagio (p< 0,05). El estar vacunado o ser varón, son considerados factores de protección. El no estar vacunado, incrementa el nivel de amenaza para la mortalidad en 23%.
İktidar ve Ölüm: Memlûk Devleti’nde Sultanların Ölüm Sebepleri Üzerine Genel Bir Değerlendirme (1250-1517)
Authors: GEZEN Nihal 
Published: June 2023

Bu çalışmayla, Orta Çağ’ın pek çok açıdan önemli ve güçlü kabul edilen devletlerinden birisi olan Memlûk Devleti’nin, siyasi tarihi bakımından en dikkat çekici konularından birisi olan, Sultanların ölüm sebepleri ve bunun devletin siyasi iktidar ve saltanat anlayışıyla ilişkisine dair tespitlerimizi ve değerlendirmelerimizi aktaracağız. Memlûk Devleti’nde saltanat, bilindiği üzere veraset usulüyle intikal etmediği için her daim Sultan olmak için fırsat kollayan memlûklerin işgaline hazır bir vaziyette bulunmaktaydı. Bu durumda tabii olarak, devletin bekası üzerinde son derece etkili olup, saltanatın elde edilmesi ve Sultanların siyasi kariyerleri ve yaşamlarıyla doğrudan bir ilişkiye haizdi.
Memlûk Devletinde Sultanlar, iktidarlarını büyük bir çoğunlukla askeri ve siyasi kabiliyetlerine istinaden elde etmişlerdir. Bu devlette güçlü, maharetli, kuvvetli ve kendisine bağlı çok sayıda memlûğu olan ve memlûkleri kendi siyasi kariyeri için çok iyi kullanabilen Sultanlar, tam manasıyla iktidarın sahibi olabilmişlerdir. Saltanatın askeri ve siyasi liyakate istinaden şekil aldığı bu devlette, doğal olarak Sultanların saltanatları müddetince, saltanat için her daim büyük bir risk söz konusu olmuştur. Bu risk ise, temelde memlûk sisteminin bizzat kendisinden kaynaklanmıştır. Zira askeri karaktere sahip Memlûk Devleti’nin temeli, Abbasi Devleti’nden itibaren, zaman içerisinde kuvvetlenen ve Memlûkler zamanında en mütekâmil haline ulaşan memlûk sistemine dayanmaktaydı. Bu devlette memlûk sistemi, siyasi mücadelelerin aktif olmasına yol açmaktaydı.
A prognostic model for STAD based on hypoxia- and immune-related genes
Authors: Wang Meng , Zhang Yuanchuan , Gu Jianhui , Zhang Jie , Wen Xing 
Published: June 2023

IntroductionFeatured with vast heterogeneity, gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. A specific prognostic model is necessary for the improvement of clinical treatment strategies. Hypoxia is a common feature in the tumor microenvironment that promotes tumor progression. However, the current evaluation of hypoxic tumor immune microenvironment in GC is still inadequate.Material and methodsWith sequence data and single nucleotide variants data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas-STAD dataset as well as hypoxia- and immune-related genes acquired from MsigDB and ImmPort, a hypoxia-immune-based gene signature of gastric adenocarcinoma (STAD) was built by Cox regression analysis. Riskscore could be used as an independent prognostic factor.ResultsReceiver operating characteristic curve and survival curve showed the accuracy of the model. Pearson correlation analysis showed that DUSP1, one of the hypoxia- and immune-related feature genes, was positively correlated with immune cell scores and immune-related function scores. In addition, low-risk group peers were found to be in higher immune infiltration status and had higher immunophenoscore as demonstrated by single-sample GSEA, indicating better response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) treatment among the low-risk group. q-PCR results showed that DUSP1, IGFBP1, CGB5, GPC3 and EGF were significantly highly expressed in STAD cells, while FAM3D and FGF8 were significantly down-regulated.ConclusionsOverall, our study not only paves the way for future studies focusing on hypoxia and immune microenvironment but also improves STAD patient’s prognosis and their response to immunotherapy.
Implementasi Kurikulum Pendidikan Agama Islam Pada Sekolah Umum dalam Pembentukan Karakter Islami Siswa di Era Society 5.0 (Studi pada Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 1 Bungo)
Authors: Sriani  
Published: June 2023

Implementasi Pendidikan Agama Islam dilakukan dengan tujuan meningkatkan ketaqwaan kepada Allah SWT, dan meraih kesuksesan dunia dan akhirat. Akhlak mulia adalah manifestasi dari keimanan yang diyakini setiap orang yakni siswa. Oleh karena itu keimanan dan ketaqwaan yang menyatu pada diri seseorang melalui perwujudan karakternya yang akan menghindarkan dari perbuatan-perbuatan yang bersifat buruk, merusak, dan membahayakan masyarakat serta merusak citra persatuan dan kesatuan masa depan bangsa di era Society 5.0 yang diiringi dengan kemajuan teknologi dan informasi. Metodologi penelitian ini mengunakan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif deskritif. Hasil yang diharapkan dalam penelitian ini adalah bahwa Kurikulum PAI sangat penting diterapkan di sekolah umum dan merupakan pondasi dalam mengantarkan kepribadian siswa yang mulia, dan pengaturan mengenai isi dan bahan pelajaran PAI serta cara yang digunakan dan segenap kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh guru agama untuk membantu seorang atau sekelompok siswa dalam memahami, menghayati, dan mengamalkan ajaran Islam atau menumbuhkembangkan nilai-nilai Islam kedalam diri siswa. Maka dari itu perlu diimplementasikan kurikulum Pendidikan Agama Islam di Sekolah umum agar karakter Islami peserta didik dapat terjamin dengan baik yakni yang berakhlak mulia, karena akhlak adalah manifestasi dari keimanan yang diyakini setiap siswa.
Pelaksanaan Apersepsi dalam Meningkatkan Minat Belajar Siswa Pada Mata Pelajaran Fikih di Man 3 Bungo Kecamatan Tanah Sepenggal Kabupaten Bungo
Authors: Darisma Putri Opi Teci , Ulva Rini 
Published: June 2023

Pengaruh apersepsi akan terasa saat minat siswa terhadap suatu mata pelajaran kurang. Karena minat yang kurang bisa disiasati dengan metode penyampaian materi dengan tepat pula. Pengaruh apersepsi terhadap minat peserta didik diharapkan bisa memberikan efek baik agar siswa lebih mudah memahami materi, terlebih pada mata pelajaran fikih. Fikih merupakan salah satu mata pelajaran PAI yang diajarkan di sekolah. Pokok bahasan fikih adalah tentang hukum Islam. Ditemukan masalah melalui observasi pada awal pembelajaran Fikih di kelas ada siswa yang memilih mengerjakan soal mata pelajaran sebelumnya dari pada mengikuti proses pembelajaran Fikih dan ada juga siswa yang mengobrol dengan temannya selama pembelajaran Fikih berlangsung di kelas. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualititatif. Pendekatan kualitatif merupakan prosedur penelitian yang menghasilkan data deskriptif berupa kata-kata tertulis atau lisan dari orang-orang dan perilaku yang dapat diamati.
Kompetensi Pedagogik Guru Bidang Studi Fiqih dalam Meningkatkan Kecerdasan Intelektual (Iq) Siswa di Kelas 8 Madrasah Tsanawiyah Raudhatul Mujawwidin Kabupaten Tebo
Authors: Nelis Selvia , Nuraini Inoh 
Published: June 2023

Masalah yang kami temukan di Madrasah Tsanawiyah Swasta (MTsS) Raudhatul Mujawwidin Kecamatan Rimbo Bujang, Kabupaten Tebo, penulis melihat hasil pembelajaran atau hasil ujian tengah semester Mata Pelajaran Fikih anak kelas 8 di semester 2 ini banyak yang tidak tuntas sesuai dengan KKM (Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimal) yang telah ditentukan oleh sekolah. Dari 32 siswa kelas 8 hanya 7 siswa yang mendapatkan nilai tuntas. Hal ini disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor yang berpengaruh pada proses pembelajaran diantaranya adalah implementasi kompetensi pedagogik guru pada proses pembelajaran yang belum maksimal. Karna terlihat ada beberapa anak yang ribut ketika belajar, tidak memperhatikan selain itu juga metode pembelajaran yang didominasi dengan metode ceramah sehingga membuat anak jenuh sehingga pemahaman yang anak dapatkan kurang maksimal. Transfer ilmu yang kurang efektif berimbas pada ketidaktuntasan hasil belajar. Oleh sebab itu tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui penerapan kompetensi pedagogik guru bidang studi fikih dalam meningkatkan kecerdasan intelektual (IQ) siswa, mengetahui Kendala yang dihadapi guru dalam penerapan kompetensi dan mengetahui upaya yang dilakukan oleh guru bidang studi fikih dalam memaksimalkan kompetensi pedagogik guna meningkatkan kecerdasan intelektual siswa Kelas 8 Madrasah Tsanawiyah Raudhatul Mujawwidin Kabupaten Tebo. Sedangkan Metode yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini merupakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif. Dan hasil penelitian menunjukkan mengoptimalkan kompetensi pedagogik guru bidang studi fikih dapat meningkatkan kecerdasan intelektual siswa. Dari data hasil ujian sebelum dan sesudah penelitian nilai siswa relatif meningkat.
نفيُ قداسةِ الخطابِ القرآنيِّ عند نصر حامد أبو زيد "دراسةٌ نقديَّةٌ"
Authors: SOLİMAN Abdülkerim 
Published: June 2023

برز في الربع الأخير من القرن العشرين مجموعةٌ من المفكِّرين العرب المتأثِّرين بالفلسفة الغربيَّة وبمناهجها الحداثيَّة في تحليل النصوص اللغويَّة، والذين حاولوا تطبيق هذه المناهج في تحليل النصِّ القرآني بوصفه نصًّا لغويًّا، مُرتبطًا بالثقافة الشائعة وقت نزوله، محاولين بذلك نزع القداسة التي فرضها القدماءُ في التعامل مع القرآن قراءةً ودراسةً، ويُعَدُّ نصر حامد أبو زيد واحدًا من أبرز المفكِّرين العرب الذين تبنّوا هذا المنهج، فقد نالت كتاباتُهُ شهرةً وتأثيرًا، نتيجة لتخصُّصه العلمي في الدراسات الإسلاميَّة، ولعُمْق كتاباته، ولاستعانته بالمصادر التراثيَّة في كتاباته إضافة إلى مناهجه الحداثيَّة.
وتهدف هذه الدراسة إلى قراءة محاولات نصر حامد أبو زيد لنفي القداسة عن الخطاب القرآني، وعرض إجراءاته المنهجية مع تحليل ونقد هذه الإجراءات من خلال المنهج النقدي، وقد جاءت الدراسة في مقدِّمةٍ وستة مباحث، هي: القول بخياليَّة الوحي، والقول بتاريخيَّة النصِّ القرآني، والقول بأنَّ النصَّ القرآنيَّ مُنْتَجٌ ثقافيٌّ، وتقديم مغزى اللفظ على معناه، والانتقال في فهم القرآن من سلطة النصِّ والتراث إلى سلطة المتلقِّي، وموقف نصر أبو زيد من قضيَّة الإعجاز، وقد توصَّلت الدراسة إلى نتائج منها: توظيف نصر أبو زيد للمنهج العقلي التجريبي، واعتماده على بعض فلسفات ومناهج الفكر الغربي وخاصة المذهب الماركسي والتاريخي في دراسة الخطاب القرآني وما يتعلَّق به من وحيٍ ونبوَّةٍ.