bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solid Sorbent Direct Air Capture Using Geothermal Energy Resources (S-DAC-GT) - Model for Region Specific Economic Analysis
Authors: Kuru Timur , Khaleghi Keivan , Livescu Silviu 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Low temperature geothermal resources, ranging from 80° to 120°C, may substantially lower both the cost and the CO2 emissions footprint of CO2 direct air capture (DAC) systems. This paper provides a model for determining a region-specific economic analysis for DAC with solid sorbent (S-DAC) using geothermal resources (S-DAC-GT).
This paper provides a model for calculating estimated cost and carbon emissions for potential S-DAC facilities on a region-specific basis. The paper outlines the necessary region-specific characteristics required as parameters for the techno-economic model. The region-specific characteristics are then applied to an S-DAC energy and cost model based on existing literature to calculate the levelized cost per tonne of CO2 captured and stored. Further, the model provides a reasonable approximation of the carbon intensity of the S-DAC-GT system. These calculations allow selecting and prioritizing regions appropriate for potential S-DAC-GT facilities operating at a scale of ~1 Mt CO2 captured and stored per year.
Existing DAC techno-economic analyses are region agnostic and do not account for geothermal energy as the primary thermal energy source. The novelty of this paper is its deeper technical and economic analysis using geothermal energy as the thermal resource for the S-DAC process. This paper provides a model for customization of the techno-economic model specific to the target region. Further, the paper provides a consistent methodology for differentiating S-DAC-GT costs and carbon intensity by region.
A Novel and Scalable Carbon Management Strategy for a Just Energy Transition
Authors: Buskie S. N. , Visman G. , Dekker M. , Sestak O. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractA novel carbon credit supply stream at the center of the energy transition is presented that converts future plug and abandonment liabilities into assets. This approach offers unique benefits when compared to industry standard operating practices including reductions in Scope 1, 2 and 3 greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and reduced methane intensities.A macroeconomic study of U.S. hydrocarbon production was used to demonstrate the total addressable market and potential impact of the decarbonization strategy if deployed at scale. To facilitate scaled deployment of this carbon management approach the application of distributed ledger technology, a blockchain, is proposed. This technology must be coupled with trustworthy and reliable engineering assessments to satisfy the requirements within the voluntary carbon market. A case study is used to describe the economic and operational assessments an operator may take to apply the approach in practice.The study shows the opportunity to generate 1 GtCO2e per year of carbon credits while improving the efficiency of U.S. oil and gas production. This is roughly equivalent to the GHG emissions of Japan, or 50% of the anticipated voluntary carbon market volume in 2030. (Crippa, 2022) The adaptation of best practice geoscience and engineering can be used to accurately assess the permanence and quantities of oil and gas eligible for crediting. The use of a blockchain to anchor the outcomes of the approach digitally in a meta-registry not only eliminates the possibility of double counting and provides transparency but also results in the world's first blockchain native carbon credit; a valuable offering within the voluntary carbon market. A case study shows that upstream suppliers of carbon credits could apply this approach and generate carbon credits with competitive breakeven price on the voluntary carbon market, meanwhile reducing their abandonment liabilities on their balance sheet. This novel carbon management strategy coupled with scalable technology deployment defines the future of a just energy transition.The paper presents the combination of two novel approaches in service of accelerating the energy transition. It is the first of its kind to demonstrate the impact of advancing the cessation of production from oil and gas wells in return for carbon credits. Additionally, by marrying this approach with blockchain technology it provides a unique solution to allow this decarbonization strategy to be deployed at scale while fulfilling the requirements of the voluntary carbon markets.
A Novel Approach to Communicate a CO2 Storage Resources Management System Classification Framework
Authors: Chernik Paul S. , Caniggia Matteo 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a relatively young industry. In 2017 the SPE published the CO2 Storage Resource Management System (SRMS), as a framework for stakeholder communication. In 2022 it published the first SRMS Application Guidelines. However, working examples where the SRMS is used to communicate project status in the public domain are limited.
In 2023 the authors of this paper referred to the SRMS as the standard to complete a Competent Person's Report – a term used in the United Kingdom (UK) for an independent expert report designed to be shared with stakeholders to communicate the risk, uncertainty and commerciality of projects. This was believed to be the first application of the SRMS as a reporting tool to European equity markets.
While applying the SRMS, challenges were identified when using it as a tool for stakeholder communication.
This paper describes innovations developed to relate the SPE SRMS in a UK Competent Person's Report. First, a flowchart was developed to explain a key interpretation of the SRMS. Next a defined framework of technical milestones was developed to assess the maturity of a given technical topic within the SMRS. This was combined with radial data visualization. The combination allowed multiple storage sites to be compared simultaneously, and allowed a stakeholder to quickly identify what the maturity of technical analysis is for any given site.
We conclude that in the rapidly expanding space of CCS stakeholder engagement, the SRMS can play an important role. However, each user of the SRMS may interpret it differently and future implementation gaps will likely be identified. It is recommended that new methods of communicating SRMS challenges to the SPE be adopted, for rapid responses from the SPE to users and more consistent application of the SRMS across the globe.
Fugitive Emissions Study: How to Minimize and Control Methane Emissions While Utilizing Sand Separators
Authors: Wasfy R. , Spady D , Sisto A , Hemstock C. , Hierath K 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The goal for all oil and gas well sites is to have zero fugitive emissions. This is functionally difficult during flowback and early production operations, however, minimizing and managing fugitive emissions to net-zero is possible with planning and careful production equipment selection.
Sand separators are a critical piece of flowback and early production equipment. The process of removing sand at high pressure through blowing vessels down to atmospheric pressure, provides conditions where fugitive emissions can be created. In order to reduce the unnecessary fugitive emissions, horizontal or low angle Desanders have shown better performance over vertical or spherical sand separators as they have a larger sand holding capacity as well as a reliable sand measuring system resulting in fewer cleanouts and unnecessary releases of fugitive emissions (Wasfy et al, SPE-196142-MS 10). Furthermore, simple changes and additions to the rig-up design can be made to allow for all methane emissions to be captured during the process providing options for how to handle greenhouse gases in order to minimize environmental impact.
Using a spherical separator as a base measurement, for 1 m3 (264.2 gallons) of sand stopped a vertical geometry would produce 94.3% of the carbon emissions of the spherical vessel while the horizontal desander would produce 34.5% of the carbon emissions of the spherical and a low angle tilt would produce 14.7% of the carbon emissions. Also, through leveraging improved rig-up design with Horizontal and Low-Angle Tilt Desander, all methane resulting from the desanding process can be captured and directed to flare or vapor recovery reducing the equivalent CO2 released into the environment to near zero.
With the industry moving to achieve the minimal amount of environmental impact, operators are looking at every aspect of the process to reduce methane emissions, including the flowback process. The implementing of horizontal or Low-Angle Tilt Desanders, the sand measurement system, and the improved rig-up design allows for the elimination of open tanks on location during flowback. Further analysis, design improvements, and technology integration continues in order to achieve the goal of eliminating flaring and to conserve all methane produced by compressing into the pipeline and/or reserving to fuel other completions operations.
Techno-Economic Analysis and Market Potential of Geological Thermal Energy Storage (GeoTES) Charged With Solar Thermal and Heat Pumps Into Depleted Oil/Gas Reservoirs and Shallow Reservoirs: A Technology Overview
Authors: Zhu Guangdong , Akindipe Dayo , McTigue Joshua , Witter Erik , Atkinson Trevor , McLing Travis , Kumar Ram , Dobson Pat , Umbro Mike , Lederhos Jim , Adams Derek 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Depleted oil/gas reservoirs represent a waste of underground resource ad investments of drilling, and also a potential risk to the earth's environment. Geologic thermal energy storage (GeoTES) is proposed as a solution to convert depleted oil/gas reservoirs into long-term seasonal energy storage. GeoTES can be hybridized with other techniques for viable commercial deployment, such as 1) concentration solar power (CSP) collectors and 2) heat pumps with excess renewable energy. Here, a technology overview is given on two GeoTES technologies, which includes system overview, techno-economic models and case study. Both GeoTES are shown a great potential in economics of individual project deployment and applicability across the US.
Hybrid Natural Gas Geothermal Combined Cycle Power Plant Analysis
Authors: Wendt Daniel , Neupane Ghanashyam , Simpson Juliet G. , Zhu Guangdong , McTigue Joshua 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Low temperature geothermal resources, including those associated with oil and gas production, are an underutilized source of low carbon energy. The present work investigates coupling of low-temperature geothermal resources with concentrating solar and/or natural gas energy sources to increase the number of locations at which power generation from low temperature geothermal resources would be technically and economically viable.
Stand-alone and hybrid geothermal power cycles are simulated using SimTech IPSEpro process modeling software. Design point strategies for a hybrid power cycle that may operate with either a single heat source or two simultaneous heat input sources are considered. Additionally, off-design power plant operation is investigated to consider the impacts of the heat source availability and ambient temperature variations. The off-design analysis utilizes a modeling tool that predicts power plant performance at each time step as a function of topping cycle heat input (from gas or solar), bottoming cycle heat input (from geothermal), and ambient temperature.
Addition of a steam topping cycle to an organic Rankine cycle geothermal power plant provides opportunities to increase the efficiency and power output relative to a stand-alone geothermal power plant. Additionally, use of the waste heat from gas turbine power generation in a geothermal bottoming cycle provides opportunities to increase the amount of power generation associated with each unit of carbon dioxide emitted. This paper will describe the hybrid plant configuration evaluated, discuss the predicted power cycle performance, and compare with stand-alone natural gas and geothermal power generation cases. The power cycle investigated is expected to be applicable for use with conventional hydrothermal resources as well as with geologic thermal energy storage applications and/or enhanced geothermal systems.
The steam topping cycle could use a concentrated solar heat source for fully renewable hybrid plant configuration. A plant initially constructed with a natural gas topping cycle heat source could be converted to a solar heat source part way though the power cycle operational life to achieve life cycle carbon emission reductions.
Facile and cost-effective non-HPLC purification of Gallium-68 labeled peptides after in-house DOTAGA and NOTA conjugation
Authors: Kaur Gurvinder , Pandey Somit , Vatsa Rakhee , Mittal B.R. , Shukla Jaya 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The positron emission tomography (PET) facilitates the functional imaging of the clinical ailment by in-vivo administration of a molecule tagged with a positron-emitting radioisotope. To facilitate covalent linkage between the molecule and positron-emitting Gallium-68 (Ga-68), the bifunctional chelating agents (BFC) are used. An essential step after conjugation of a peptide is the removal of the leftover unconjugated BFC. Generally, this is accomplished using HPLC, worldwide. However, the non-availability of HPLC in hospital radiopharmacy is a limiting factor hampering the basic small-scale research. Therefore, a facile and easily available purification method for conjugated small peptides is the need of the hour. It may support and expand the small-scale research even within the limited resources. This is an attempt to explore the use of classical hydrophobic interaction-based purification in the field of the development of novel radiopharmaceuticals. Removal of unconjugated chelating agents in both radiolabeled and non-radiolabeled forms can be accomplished using Sep-PAK-based cartridges. The Sep-PAK cartridges are routinely used for Ga-68 based radiopharmaceuticals to get rid of unlabeled Ga-68. Using a similar cartridge, the unconjugated chelating agent can also be removed by adding a single washing step with a low ethanol concentration. The whole process of purification to get rid of Ga-68 and Ga-bifunctional chelating agents can be accomplished in less than 5 min using a C-18 cartridge.
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus shedding period among Bhutanese population during pandemic: a retrospective cohort study from Bhutan
Authors: Dorji Kunzang , Choden Kelzang , Palden Meejur , Wangchuk Sonam , Dorji Tashi , Gyeltshen Sonam 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Background: Bhutan detected its first COVID-19 case on 5th March 2020 and implemented stringent public health measures. This study aims to describe the viral dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 and its clinical characteristics among the Bhutanese population during the pandemic.
Methods: This retrospective quantitative study included 500 COVID-19 laboratory-confirmed positives from five PCR testing labs from March 2020 to August 2021. The data were extracted from COVID-19 Integrated Influenza Surveillance System. Descriptive statistics and student t-tests were used to analyze the data in STATA version 13.1.
Results: The median detection period from the onset of symptoms to the first RT-PCR positive was 4 days (IQR, 2 – 12). The median period of virus shedding was 14 days (IQR, 8 – 27). The median period of virus shedding was longer in symptomatic cases (23 days) than in the asymptomatic cases (11 days). The median Ct value of the RT-PCR assay for 2020 was 31.95 (23.36 – 35.45), while for 2021 was 21.67 (16.17 – 29.15).
Conclusion: The findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 can be detected for a long duration but the sensitivity of RT-PCR test is high during the early stage of infection.
Medication-free treatment in mental health care. How does it differ from traditional treatment?
Authors: Standal Kari , Solbakken Ole A. , Rugkåsa Jorun , Halvorsen Margrethe S. , Abbass Allan , Wirsching Christopher , Brakstad Ingrid Engeseth , Heiervang Kristin S. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Background: Norwegian health authorities have implemented treatment units devoted to medication-free mental health treatment in all health regions to improve people’s freedom of choice. This article examines how medication-free treatment differs from treatment as usual across various central dimensions.
Methods: The design was a preplanned, parallel, multi-sample, observational, mixed-methods design including questionnaire data obtained from a medication-free unit and two comparison units (n 59 + 124), as well as interviews with patients (n 5) and staff (n 8) in the medication-free unit. The medication-free unit was compared to data from comparison units on questionnaire data and participants’ other treatment (patents) or work (staff) experiences in interviews.
Results: Medication-free treatment involved less reliance on medications and more extensive psychosocial treatment that involved a culture of openness, expression of feelings, and focus on individual responsibility and intensive work. The overall extent of patient influence for medication-free treatment compared with standard treatment was similar to standard treatment, but varied on different themes. Patients in medication-free treatment had more freedom to reduce or not use medication. Medication-free treatment was experienced as more demanding. For patients, this could be connected to a stronger sense of purpose and was experienced as helpful but could also be experienced as a type of pressure and lack of understanding. Patients in medication-free treatment reported greater satisfaction with the treatment, which may be linked to a richer psychosocial treatment package that focuses on patient participation and freedom from pressure to use medication.
Conclusion: The findings provide insights into how a medication-free treatment service might work and show that it can be a viable alternative for people who are not comfortable with the current medication focus of mental health care. Patients react differently to increased demands and clinicians should be reflexive of the dimensions of individualism–relationalism in medication-free treatment services.
Trial registration: This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier NCT03499080) on 17 April 2018.
Bacterial Fermentation for Protease Production in Fermenters: Impact of Oxygen Transfer Characteristics and Rheological Features on Scale up Process
Authors: Sriniva Sivasubramanian , Paulraj Maheswari , Velladurai Selvakumar , Govindan Karthikeyan , Puvanakrishnan Rengarajulu , Esackimuthu Paramasivam , Dhandapani Prabu , Gopalan Vidya 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Development of microbial fermentation and scale up processes for the production of value added metabolites including enzymes derives importance in industrial research. Though there are numerous studies on the production of industrial enzymes especially proteases using shake flasks, scale up studies with respect to mass transfer and hydrodynamics of fermentation in bioreactors are limited. The study deals with the production and scale up of an extracellular alkaline protease using Bacillus sp. S2 MTCC 13117 from shake flask level to 300 L fermenter. Glucose, DO, and pH profiles during scale up were studied in detail. Scale up parameters related to oxygen dynamics such as oxygen uptake rate (OUR), oxygen transfer rate (OTR), specific OUR and volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa) were evaluated. Results showed that yield coefficients with respect to biomass, product and substrate were reproduced at different levels of protease scale up in the batch mode of fermentation. Protease production was subjected to catabolite repression and it was shown to be derepressed at low specific growth rates. It was observed that the bioprocess of protease production was an aerobic one and was highly influenced by hydrodynamic conditions in the bioreactors. Use of bioreactor systems enabled effective oxygen transfer and the duration for achieving optimal protease production was reached earlier (t = 36 h in 19 L and t = 24 h in 300 L) when compared to shake flask experiments (t = 44 h). Besides, improvement in the productivity of the fermentation was substantiated by several other scale up parameters such as aeration rate, impeller tip speed, gas hold up and superficial gas velocity for effective mixing and rheological properties of the broth during fermentation in 19 and 300 L fermenters.
Unveiling the Components of Professional Satisfaction Among Novice Nurses
Authors: Savitsky Bella , Shvartsur Rachel , Findling Yifat , Ereli Anat , Hendel Tova 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background:
In Israel there are 5.0 nurses per 1,000 citizens, which is low compared to 9.3 nurses in the OECD countries. The nursing shortage is even more severe in peripheral areas (especially in southern Israel). Nurses` professional satisfaction is crucial for preserving the nursing workforce. The study aimed to assess job satisfaction among novice nurses and identify components of professional satisfaction.
Methods:
Cross-sectional study of 216 novice nurses, who graduated in 2018-2022 and were approached ten months after graduation. Job satisfaction components were constructed using factor analysis.
Results:
Professional satisfaction was based mainly on the intrinsic characteristics of the occupation related to personal accomplishment and organizational culture. In a multivariable model, an increase in the point of mean satisfaction with the training period during studies in the nursing department was associated with a more than a three-fold elevation in the odds for high and very high professional satisfaction (OR=3.0, 95% CI: 1.7-5.1). Odds for high and very high professional satisfaction were more than four-fold and two-fold higher among graduates who rated their level of control over work schedule as high and medium (vs. low) (OR=4.2, 95% CI: 1.0-16.7 and OR=2.8, 95% CI: 1.2-6.3, respectively). Work-life balance without disturbance to daily life by work was found significantly associated with higher odds for high and very high satisfaction.
Nurses who plan to continue professional development (advanced professional course or MA degree) had significantly higher mean professional satisfaction scales than others (4.2 vs. 3.7, p=.009 and 4.2 vs. 3.9, p<.001, respectively).
Conclusion:
The most important components of professional satisfaction among novice nurses are self-accomplishment, which was built from work-related challenges, interest and variety of tasks, personal growth and development, and the possibility of contributing to patients` care and organizational culture, which was built from relationships with co-workers. Nurses` managers should cultivate an atmosphere of support and guidance in the collective, provide new nurses with interesting work tasks, and increase their ability to control their work schedule. Young nurses should be encouraged to continue their professional and academic education.