Physician and Nurse Well-Being and Preferred Interventions to Address Burnout in Hospital Practice
Authors: Aiken Linda H. , Lasater Karen B. , Sloane Douglas M. , Pogue Colleen A. , Fitzpatrick Rosenbaum Kathleen E. , Muir K. Jane , McHugh Matthew D. ,   US Clinician Wellbeing Study Consortium, Cleary Meagan , Ley Cathaleen , Borchardt Carla J. , Brant Jeannine M. , Turner Barbra L , Leimberger Alyssa E. , Kozlowski Kristin , Coleman Bernice L. , Albert Nancy M. , Stewart Caroline , Steele Dinah , Kaplow Roberta , Kaminsky Kathleen , Hinkle Heidi A. , Besa Rocel  D. , Taylor Kathleen P , Dimino Kimberly , Cetnar Cecelia , Leach LS , Albritton Sandra L. , Davidson Carolyn  L. , Carrigan Timothy , Burke Debra A. , Anthony Kristin R. , Kowalski Mildred O. , Rounds Martha , Tudor Jennifer M. , Griffis Leigh , Vassallo Linda M. , Mulligan Marie , Macyk Irene , Manley-Cullen Catherine , Hutchinson Sandra L. , Haberman Amanda E. , Barnard Amy L. , Gobel Barbara H. , McMahon Diana L. , Brown Megan J. , Strack Lisa , Emmerling Sheryl A. , Coladonato Angela R. , Reich Jessie A. , Gavaghan Justin J. , Ballinghoff James R. , Vanek Florence D. , Book Karyn A. , Easter Kathy , Duchene Pamela , Lough Mary E. , Benson Christine L. , Ducharme Maria , Quinn Paul , Molyneaux Donna M. , Kennedy Lori , Nyheim Elizabeth Ellen , Grochow Donna M. , Purcell Shannon M. , Hanrahan Kirsten , Isaacs Kathy B. , Whade Jill J. 
Published: July 2023

ImportanceDisruptions in the hospital clinical workforce threaten quality and safety of care and retention of health professionals. It is important to understand which interventions would be well received by clinicians to address the factors associated with turnover.ObjectivesTo determine well-being and turnover rates of physicians and nurses in hospital practice, and to identify actionable factors associated with adverse clinician outcomes, patient safety, and clinicians’ preferences for interventions.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis was a cross-sectional multicenter survey study conducted in 2021 with 21 050 physicians and nurses at 60 nationally distributed US Magnet hospitals. Respondents described their mental health and well-being, associations between modifiable work environment factors and physician and nurse burnout, mental health, hospital staff turnover, and patient safety. Data were analyzed from February 21, 2022, to March 28, 2023.Main Outcomes and MeasuresClinician outcomes (burnout, job dissatisfaction, intent to leave, turnover), well-being (depression, anxiety, work-life balance, health), patient safety, resources and work environment adequacy, and clinicians’ preferences for interventions to improve their well-being.ResultsThe study sample comprised responses from 15 738 nurses (mean [SD] age, 38.4 [11.7] years; 10 887 (69%) women; 8404 [53%] White individuals) practicing in 60 hospitals, and 5312 physicians (mean [SD] age, 44.7 [12.0] years; 2362 [45%] men; 2768 [52%] White individuals) practicing in 53 of the same hospitals, with an average of 100 physicians and 262 nurses per hospital and an overall clinician response rate of 26%. High burnout was common among hospital physicians (32%) and nurses (47%). Nurse burnout was associated with higher turnover of both nurses and physicians. Many physicians (12%) and nurses (26%) rated their hospitals unfavorably on patient safety, reported having too few nurses (28% and 54%, respectively), reported having a poor work environment (20% and 34%, respectively), and lacked confidence in management (42% and 46%, respectively). Fewer than 10% of clinicians described their workplace as joyful. Both physicians and nurses rated management interventions to improve care delivery as more important to their mental health and well-being than interventions directed at improving clinicians’ mental health. Improving nurse staffing was ranked highest among interventions (87% of nurses and 45% of physicians).Conclusions and RelevanceThis cross-sectional survey study of physicians and nurses practicing in US Magnet hospitals found that hospitals characterized as having too few nurses and unfavorable work environments had higher rates of clinician burnout, turnover, and unfavorable patient safety ratings. Clinicians wanted action by management to address insufficient nurse staffing, insufficient clinician control over workload, and poor work environments; they were less interested in wellness programs and resilience training.