bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does the Badness of Disability Differ from that of Old Age?
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter compares age discrimination and disability discrimination. It asks whether, if we are inclined to accept the view that the disadvantages of disability are largely caused by an ableist social environment, we should also accept the view that the disadvantages of old age are largely caused by an ageist social environment. The chapter argues that the view that ageist social environments are primarily responsible for the disadvantages of old age should be rejected. Therefore, we should also reject the view that ableist social environments are primarily responsible for the disadvantages of disability. Yet, while insisting that our views on disability constrain those we adopt on age, the chapter also stresses that we should not overstate the importance of the distinction between medical and social causes of the disadvantages associated with disability. Rather, we should pay more attention to the specific ways old age and disability cause disadvantage instead of trying to defend broad generalizations about what family of causes predominates.
Age and the Social Value of Risk Reduction
Authors: Adler Matthew D. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter compares three frameworks of policy analysis from the perspective of fatality risk reduction for different age groups. Do they imply that the value of risk reduction depends on age—and how do they relate age to other factors? The three frameworks are utilitarianism, prioritarianism, and cost–benefit analysis. The chapter finds that the utilitarian value of risk reduction decreases with age but increases with income. The prioritarian value decreases even more sharply with age, but prioritarianism can neutralize the effect of income. The cost-benefit value of risk reduction increases with income even more sharply than the utilitarian value, while it first increases and then decreases with increasing age. None of the frameworks, therefore, are neutral with respect to age.
Can Egalitarians Justify Spending More on the Elderly?
Authors: Bou-Habib Paul 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Modern welfare states devote a disproportionate amount of their budget to the needs of the elderly. This raises a puzzle for egalitarians: people who reach old age are often, on the whole, more fortunate than those who don’t because they have enjoyed a longer life. In devoting disproportionate expenditure towards their needs, the welfare state thus appears to be privileging the needs of those who are more fortunate than others. This chapter examines the response to this puzzle provided by relational egalitarians who justify disproportionate expenditure on the elderly on the grounds that it is necessary to protect them against domination and marginalization, among other forms of mistreatment. But it argues that the relational egalitarian response does not solve the puzzle. The chapter proposes a different solution based on the claims that suffering is intrinsically bad and should be prevented and that disproportionate expenditure on the needs of the elderly is a form of insurance that all people would have purchased under fair circumstances.
Age Limits and the Significance of Entire Lives Egalitarianism
Authors: Gosseries Axel 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the claim that principles of distributive justice should be applied to whole lives—that is, to determine what we owe to people as a matter of fair distribution, we need to consider how they fare during their entire lives. The chapter provides an overview of the entire-life view and explores its possible underlying intuitions. It separates a defensive version of the view (which argues that some age limits are not objectionable) from an affirmative one (which argues that some age limits are, in fact, desirable). It concludes that while age limits tend to provide one of the best illustrations of the practical relevance of the ‘entire-life’ debate, the latter does not necessarily offer us insights that are as significant as expected to defend age limits over their whole range.
‘Let Them Be Children?’
Authors: Gheaus Anca 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains alternative views about the nature and value of childhood, and how particular conceptions of childhood matter to children’s voting rights. It does not defend any particular view on this matter; rather, it explains how recent accounts of what is uniquely good or bad about being a child bear on arguments for and against enfranchising children. The chapter also explains why children who live in a society in which many adults fail to comply with their duties of intergenerational justice have a weightier interest in voting and, hence, why the case for children’s enfranchisement is stronger in such cases.
COVID-19, Age, and Rationing
Authors: Bognar Greg 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, some hospitals found themselves short of ventilators, intensive care unit (ICU) beds, and qualified medical personnel to take care of patients. Physicians had to make difficult, life-and-death choices. They were aided by various guidelines and recommendations, issued by governments and medical associations. This chapter reviews some of these guidelines, looking in particular at the role of age and life expectancy as criteria for the rationing of healthcare resources. It defends the view that the ethical aim of triage should be to maximize benefits and concludes that while neither age nor life expectancy should be used to categorically exclude patients, both may have a role in triage by virtue of their connection to capacity to benefit.
An Age-Based Delayed Housing Wealth Tax
Authors: Halliday Daniel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Popular narratives around intergenerational inequality suggest that young people are subsidizing older people in spite of enjoying poorer economic prospects. One more specific concern is that older and younger birth cohorts are unequally situated with respect to the distribution of housing wealth as well as the distribution of the tax burden. This chapter develops and defends a proposal for a delayed housing wealth tax. Once homeowners reach a certain age, they are charged some portion of their home’s value, on an annual basis, which will eventually be paid to the tax office upon the death of the surviving spouse. The delayed housing wealth tax compares favourably with alternatives such as inheritance taxation.
Walter Lippmann
Authors: Edwards Mark Thomas 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Walter Lippmann was the most recognized political journalist of the twentieth century. His “Today and Tomorrow” columns attracted a global readership of over ten million daily. Lippmann was the author of numerous best-selling books, and his Public Opinion (1922) remains a classic text within American political philosophy and media studies. Befriended by U.S. presidents and by America’s rivals around the world, Lippmann became one of democracy’s most faithful proponents and harshest critics. Yet few people have encountered the “real” Walter Lippmann. His extensive commentary on politics and foreign affairs was bounded by his sense that America had to adjust to the loss of a common faith and morality. Over the course of his life, Lippmann traded in his fame as a happy secularist for the stardom of a grumpy Western “post-Christian” intellectual. Yet he never committed himself to any religious system, especially his own Jewish heritage. This book is an examination of Lippmann’s eclectic spiritual development hiding in plain sight of his massive volume of writings and correspondence. It forefronts Lippmann’s paradoxical critique and embrace of Christian nationalism. It also yields fresh insights into the religious and philosophical origins of strong-state American liberalism, including liberalism’s shortcomings in the areas of sex, race, and class. For Lippmann, the good life in the good society was lived in irreconcilable tension: the struggle to be free from yet loyal to a way of life; to see the dangers but necessity of a civil religion; and to strive for a just and enduring world order that can never be.
The Theologian, 1913–1930
Authors: Edwards Mark Thomas 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines the religions within Lippmann’s early writings, correspondence, and relationships between 1913 and 1930. It begins with an extended examination of Lippmann’s best seller, A Preface to Morals (1929). The chapter then tracks the long origin story of that foundational Lippmann text. It looks at the happy secularism of his first books, essays, and work at the New York World as well as his ambivalent secularism during the Scopes trial and Fundamentalist–Modernist controversies. Lippmann’s place within the shifting religious and moral landscapes of the late-1920s and early-1930s is considered in conclusion, including his connections to Protestantism and Catholicism.
The Priest, 1913–1930
Authors: Edwards Mark Thomas 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The years 1913 to 1930 are reconsidered in Chapter 3, but with an eye to Lippmann’s military service and political thought. The chapter opens with a new reading of Lippmann’s Public Opinion (1922). The point is to recognize that Lippmann’s religious and philosophical outlook was interdependent with his political and diplomatic counsel. That mutuality was evident amidst his transition from socialism to liberalism in his first books and work for the New Republic. Lippmann’s career in military intelligence during World War I, including The Inquiry thinktank, is examined next. Lippmann seemed to sour on democracy during the 1920s, but he was more nuanced than that, as was seen in his relationship with John Dewey. The chapter closes with an extended look at Lippmann’s views on civil rights, women, immigration, and anti-Semitism.
The Evangelist, 1930–1939
Authors: Edwards Mark Thomas 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines Lippmann’s response to the Great Depression and the New Deal. It looks at Lippmann’s agreements and differences with Franklin Roosevelt as well as his general endorsement and specific critiques of the New Deal reform program. Lippmann’s fervent embrace of Keynesian economics is highlighted. So is his marital affair, ending in divorce and remarriage, and his support for the Republican Party, both of which seemed to embolden him in fresh ways. The chapter concludes with a study of Lippmann’s misunderstood manifesto, The Good Society (1937), and the start of his “Catholic phase.” Lippmann never converted to Christianity, as was rumored during these years, but he did begin to traffic heavily in the natural law argumentation of many religious leaders.
Children and Gender
Authors: Giordano Simona 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This book investigates the moral concerns raised by current clinical options available for transgender and gender diverse children and adolescents. From the time young children express gender incongruent preferences and attitudes, up to the time in which older adolescents might apply for medical or surgical treatment, moral questions are likely to be asked: should children be enabled to express themselves freely inside and outside the domestic environment? What are the implications of the choices that parents might make early on? How should clinicians respond to distress around sexual anatomy? Is it ethical to suspend pubertal development? What level of evidence should we seek for medications to be used in paediatric care? What are the risks and benefits of various forms of hormonal treatment? Is it ethical to defer surgical interventions till adulthood? The book provides a detailed ethical analysis of these and many other questions that are likely to arise at various stages of a person’s life and proposes a moral formula to answer these questions, as well as others, that are likely to arise in a fast-changing landscape. It combines a detailed ethical analysis with an accurate clinical description of gender development and available clinical pathways.
Gender Incongruence as a Condition Related to Sexual Health
Authors: Giordano Simona 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The World Health Organisation has removed gender incongruence from the list of mental disorders, and included it in a new category named ‘Conditions Relating to Sexual Health’. This chapter discusses some of the ethical issues surrounding the nosology and nomenclature around gender incongruence. Whereas the shift away from mental disorders is to be welcomed, the term incongruence might cloud the complexities in sex and gender development. Moreover, the new classification may cause confusion in the legal understanding of gender identity as requiring a ‘congruent’ genital morphology. The new diagnostic manual should clinically set out that gender identity exists far beyond the sphere of sexual health and is not primarily a sexual health problem that can or should be fixed by altering the sexual organs. Medical treatment would be based upon experienced individual identity and need, rather than presumptive prognosis.
The Early Stages of Clinical Management
Authors: Giordano Simona 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The first stage of clinical management of gender incongruence and dysphoria in childhood (prepubertal years) involves the decision about how to respond to a child’s gender expression. There are three main models of care: live in your skin, watch and wait, and affirmative approaches. Enabling a child to express their gender is sometimes referred to as ‘social transition’, which can be partial (at home) or full (outside home). One concern around social transition is that enabling a child to affirm their gender, particularly outside the home environment, might inhibit, rather than facilitate, a child’s gender identity development. Particularly in light of high desistance rates, it has been argued that parents should be careful in implementing drastic social measures, given that the psychosexual trajectory of young children can be flexible till puberty and sometimes after that. This chapter unpacks the various reasons why social transition in early childhood is controversial and proposes how desistance rates should inform decisions relating to social transition.
Is It Ethical to Use Puberty Blockers in the Treatment of Gender Dysphoria?
Authors: Giordano Simona 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter draws some normative conclusions from the analysis performed in the previous chapters. Although this chapter focuses specifically on puberty blockers, the arguments apply to other stages of medical treatment. This chapter suggests that we have moral reason to prefer preventing current harm than only potential future harm: the current is real, and the future is only speculative. This general moral ‘formula’ needs to take in consideration the magnitude and likelihood of harm. This chapter examines the possible complexities involved in evaluating benefits and risks, present and future, in the three dimensions that compose gender identity (intrapsychic, physical, and social). It also suggests that the idea that delaying treatment is a way of being cautious is misplaced, and is based on ‘omission bias’. Not only there is nothing inherently unethical with prescribing blockers: it may be unethical not to prescribe them.
Conclusion
Authors: Giordano Simona 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This book has addressed the ethical concerns that surround various stages of clinical care; some arise with very young children, and some arise with older adolescents; some of these concerns are about how to respond to a child’s expression, and some are about what medical treatment can be ethically provided and when, and with what safeguarding mechanisms. This chapter considers new emerging trends, such as the increases in referral rates, the changes in sex-ratio, the increased prevalence of gender incongruence among neurodiverse children, the increasing demands of long-term puberty suppression by non-binary youth. It will explain what the ethical issues are, in regard to these emerging trends, and offer a way of thinking about how to address and resolve these.
Introduction
Authors: Jaszczolt Kasia M. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractUnderstanding the human concept(s) of time straddles different disciplinary boundaries. This is a book for linguists and for philosophers—with the proviso that it aims at attracting both categories of readers (if indeed a boundary can be drawn) to both categories of papers. The introduction addresses a selection of dimensions along which human time is discussed in this book, including the experience of time passing, time and emotions, time and the ego, representation of time in different languages, time and grammar (grammatical tense, aspect, and modality), the concept(s) of time, human time and space-time, time and consciousness. The summaries of the chapters that follow are woven into different suggested roadmaps through the collection, pursuing the above threads.
Avertive/frustrative markers in Australian languages
Authors: Caudal Patrick 
Published: June 2023

AbstractTo this day, so-called avertivity (or frustrativity) remains a relatively understudied grammatical category. The chapter aims at providing a typological overview of avertive structures based on a sample of seventeen Australian Indigenous languages, from which several distinct developmental paths can be determined for avertive meanings in Australia. Its main linguistic contribution is to establish the existence of a recurrent cluster of overlapping irrealis past meanings in these languages, as well as the complex nature of avertive meanings—which combine a negative past event meaning with a past modal meaning. The chapter can also appeal to philosophers in that it demonstrates the existence of an ontological continuum between positive and negative events and illustrates how modality, as a subjective domain, can inform our perception and representation of the flow of events.
Does human time really flow?
Authors: Jaszczolt Kasia M. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe chapter presents an argument that human time is essentially static—when analysed on the level of conceptual building blocks, it does not flow. It only flows on the level of their culture- and language-specific combinations—an account that fits with the neo-Whorfian analysis of the relation between language and thought. The discussion makes use of a linguistic argument from tensed and tenseless languages where time is seen as reducible to epistemic modality; a philosophical argument to do with the indexing of time to the ego perspective on reality (‘metaindexicality’); and an anthropological argument to do with the not-fully-understood nature of beliefs about time (‘metarepresentation’, Sperber). It ends with proposing a contextualist-semantic formal representation of temporal reference. As such, it is a proposal of how to reconcile the B-theoretic (McTaggart) view of real time that does not flow with the apparently flowing time of human language and thought.
Creative-Destruction in China’s Electric Vehicle Industry
Authors: Thurbon Elizabeth , Kim Sung-Young , Tan Hao , Mathews John 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we examine China’s push to promote Electric Vehicles (EVs) in the context of the state’s developmental-environmental orientation and its evolving ‘creative’ and ‘destructive’ ambitions and capabilities. We ask: (1) What has motivated the Chinese state to so ambitiously promote the creation of a national EV industry, with its particular focus on battery electric vehicles (BEVs)? (2) How have Chinese policymakers pursued their ‘creative’ ambitions? (3) Why has the government appeared more ambitious and active in ‘green car’ industry creation than in ‘dirty car’ industry destruction? (4) To what extent is this ‘creative-destructive’ misalignment now resolving? And (5) What factors are now driving this realignment, and what obstacles remain? We divide the case study into four parts, structured temporally. This allows us to demonstrate the varying degrees of alignment between the state’s ‘creative’ and ‘destructive’ ambitions and capabilities over time, and to anticipate the most likely future trajectory.
Drivers and Dynamics of Northeast Asia’s Green Energy Shift: A Comparative Strategic Analysis
Authors: Thurbon Elizabeth , Kim Sung-Young , Tan Hao , Mathews John 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we detail how the vision of developmental environmentalism translates into sets of policies directed towards different aspects of the green energy transition, notably with transport (electric vehicles) and industry (hyper-modernizing of the electric power grid). We review the cases elaborated in previous chapters, and analyse them in comparative strategic terms from three vantage points, viewing Developmental Environmentalism: 1) as a driving mindset or ambition for transformation; 2) as a political legitimation strategy; and 3) as providing a particular approach to sequencing policies involved in the green energy transition (GET). Our ultimate goal is to depict the green energy shift in Northeast Asia as an industrial evolution that is guided by Developmental-Environmental thinking and acting.
Introduction
Authors: Roller Matthew 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets the stage for the following chapters by Anna Dolganov and Luis Salas by considering aristocratic competition during the imperial period. How and by whom are arenas of competitive activity determined? Where does competition end and conflict begin? How does a would-be competitor enter an arena of competition? On what basis does a judging “third party” evaluate the performances it observes? To what extent do competitors seek to define or configure an arena of competition to their own advantage? How do winners, or losers, respond to the outcome? To what extent does victory (or defeat) in a given competition “spill over” into other competitions, such that the symbolic or cultural capital that a contestant gains or loses in one competition impacts his chances in an entirely different arena?
Law as Competitive Performance
Authors: Dolganov Anna 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Forensic culture at Rome, with litigation often functioning as agonistic entertainment, is well known. The situation in the provinces, however, is less well understood, and this chapter seeks to tackle it. Evidence about Gaius Verres and the performance of justice in that governor’s Sicilian court suggests the sociopolitical importance attached to forensic activity among Roman colonial elites, and indicates that it was in line with cultural models imported from Rome. Then, careful analysis of papyrological evidence for imperial-age trials at the court of the Roman governor of Egypt reveals elite lawyers engaged in rhetorically skilled, and sometimes orchestrated, pleadings. Such lawyers, and their carefully crafted orations, served to facilitate the governor’s public judicial activity and thereby to dramatize his court as a theatre of Roman power and justice.
Medicine as Competitive Performance
Authors: Salas Luis Alejandro 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses polemical and performative aspects of medical literature and practice, namely the role of dissection in medical confrontations and debates. It focuses on Galen’s use of dissection—both practiced and described—as a means of unmasking the ignorance of, and generally delegitimizing, his medical rivals, particularly those in the Erasistratean sect. The chapter goes through a series of case studies and shows that these anatomical episodes, while grounded in real-world performative competition, also serve to bolster Galen’s reputation through his literary deployment of them, which incorporates echoes from forensic oratory, comedic tropes, and satirical language. The agonistic norms of in-person competition thus seamlessly transfer to the literary realm.