bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactions of Dextrans of Leuconostoc Mesenteroides with the Antiserums of Leuconostoc and of Types 2, 20 and 12 Pneumococcus
Authors: Sugg John Y. , Hehre Edward J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The paper dealt with the serological properties of the polysaccharides isolated from sucrose broth cultures of two strains of Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Chemical data were presented to indicate that the products were dextrans. The serological properties of these dextrans are of particular interest because they represent substances whose production is dependent upon the presence of a particular carbohydrate (sucrose) in the culture medium.
The dextrans from both strains reacted not only with the leuconostoc antiserums but also with types 2, 20 and 12 antipneumococcal sera. The most prominent serological difference was that the dextran from one strain was only weakly reactive against the type 12 antiserum in comparison to its reactivity against the types 2 and 20 whereas the dextran from the other (the American Type Culture Collection strain) had approximately the same degree of reactivity against type 12 as against types 2 and 20.
Pneumococcal Types and Lobar Pneumonia in the Netherlands-Indies
Authors: van Heukelom A. Siegenbeek , Beeuwkes H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Investigation of the existence of pneumococcal types, conducted according to Cooper's scheme, in a number of cases of lobar pneumonia from the Central Government Hospital at Batavia is reported.
In 195 out of 255 cases of lobar pneumonia, pneumococci could be typed from the sputum. The types 1, 2, 5, 7, 8 and 25 occurred respectively in 33.8 per cent, 8.2 per cent, 7.7 per cent, 5.6 per cent, 5.1 per cent and 2.6 per cent of cases. The absence of type 3 and the high percentage (20.0 per cent) of nonclassifiable strains was striking.
A number of strains of pneumococci, isolated from pleural or spinal fluids obtained from the children's clinic, were also typed. Here types 1, 5, 6 and 14 dominated, while the nonclassifiable strains were also frequently observed.
An attempt to trace the correlation of type and symptoms yielded the following results.
Type 1 is the commonest in Batavia; pneumonia caused by it is accompanied by many complications and a high mortality-rate.
Pneumonias caused by type 2 resembled mostly typical lobar pneumonia with, however, few complications and a low mortality.
Types 5, 7 and 8 were found in mild cases of pneumonia. Type 25 was isolated in four typical cases of pneumonia.
The “nonclassifiable” strains show a heterogeneous character. Presumably in this group are included strains of one or more types, rivaling type 1 in virulence.
The Relationship of the Antigenicity, Physical-Chemical Properties, and Polysaccharide-Content of Tuberculins to Their Intracutaneous Activity
Authors: McCarter Janet R. , Watson Dennis W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The intracutaneous activity of a tuberculin for human beings is directly correlated with its antigenicity. The greater activity of antigenic tuberculins is shown by the larger number of reactors, by the greater speed in the appearance of the reactions, and by the larger size of the reactions. As many as 100 per cent of the individuals in a rural population with a very low incidence of tuberculosis may react to an antigenic tuberculin if readings are taken six hours after the injections. As a corollary it follows that reactions to human, bovine, and avian tuberculin-proteins cannot be considered as even quantitatively specific unless it can be shown that the preparations have similar antigenicity and are homogeneous. The early six-hour reactions are elicited by antigenic tuberculin-proteins and not by tuberculin-polysaccharides. The protein present in tuberculin-polysaccharides and in tuberculo-polysaccharides is responsible for any skin-activity they may have. Some individuals give six-hour reactions to non-antigenic tuberculin-proteins. The antigenicity of the tuberculin-protein is destroyed when the molecule is degraded by heat to a weight of about 6,000, but for molecules of over 12,000 and up to 36,000 the size bears no relation to the antigenicity. The unfolding ensuing upon the denaturation of the tuberculin-protein-molecule by heat does not greatly affect its antigenicity.
Interaction of Pneumococcus 2 and B. Friedländer B. Antigen with Horse- and Rabbit-Antibodies
Authors: Perlman Ely , Bullowa Jesse G. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbit antipneumococcal sera have been shown to enter into all cross-reactions previously observed with horse-antisera in the pneumococcus type 2 and BFB system. It was found that the horse-antisera studied were 15 to 30 times more active than the rabbit-sera in this cross-reaction when equal amounts (in terms of mouse-protective units) of antibody were compared. Absorptive experiments using “pure” antibody preparations are described and the relation of the results to the theories of cross-reactions is discussed.
A Virus Neutralization Test, Subject to Standardization: Used with Western Equine Encephalomyelitis, St. Louis Encephalitis and Mouse-Adapted Poliomyelitis Viruses
Authors: Hammon William McDowell , Izumi Ernest M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A technic for a virus neutralization test, capable of standardization both as to procedure and interpretation, has been described. Individual ampules of virus-suspension are frozen and stored at −76 C, then titrated under the exact conditions of time, temperature and serum-concentration as employed in the neutralization-test. Based on the determined range of variability of host-susceptibility to each virus, the higher dilution for the neutralization-test was selected, thus obtaining maximal sensitivity. The value of the function of this dilution to the fifty per cent end-point dilution is adopted as a “actor” for use with any other titrated suspension of the same virus. “Factors” have been determined for the viruses of St. Louis encephalitis, Western equine encephalomyelitis and the Armstrong adapted Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus. Details are presented of a satisfactory technic to be used for each virus, and the reasons for the differences are considered.
A Method for Adjusting the Antigen-Antibody Ratio Prior to the Determination of Pneumococcic Antibody-Nitrogen
Authors: Barrett C. Dale , Tripp John T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The proper antigen-antibody ratio of antipneumococcic serums must be established prior to an accurate total-antibody-nitrogen determination. A practical method for obtaining this ratio, when a large number of samples of widely differing antibody-content are to be assayed, is presented.
The correlation between the agglutinative titer of an antiserum and its specific antibody-nitrogen content was shown to be close enough to enable a preliminary estimation of its potency to be made.
The correct proportion of antigen to antibody was first ascertained for a control antiserum of low potency. The agglutinative titer of the unknown antiserum was determined and compared with the titer of the control antiserum. The antibody-concentration of the unknown was then adjusted to that of the control antiserum prior to quantitative analysis.
Studies of Antipneumococcal Serum. III. The Relation of Complement-Fixation Titers to Antibody-Nitrogen Values
Authors: Rice Christine E. , Sickles Gretchen R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Complement-fixation titers and antibody-nitrogen values (p) for 142 lots of pooled, unconcentrated antipneumococcal sera (types 1–32 except 26 and 30) determined with the same preparations of homologous type-specific carbohydrates have been compared. A correlation was apparent, irrespective of whether the complement-fixing activity of the serum was expressed in relation to the maximal amount of complement required for 50-per-cent hemolysis in the presence of the maximally reactive dose of antigen, the ratio (IS + A):(IS) = f, or in terms of the relative proportions of antigen and serum in such a maximally reactive mixture, the critical ratio α. The approximate stability of (f − 1):p and of α:p are indicated. Certain individual sera and antigens exhibited irregularities which are being studied further.
An Electrophoretic Examination of Several Antipneumococcic Rabbit Sera
Authors: van der Scheer J. , Bohnel E. , Clarke F. H. , Wyckoff Ralph W. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Electrophoretic and chemical analyses have been made of sera taken from a number of rabbits before and during various stages of their hyperimmunization with type 1 pneumococci. Consideration of these analyses throws light upon such questions as 1) the degree of globulin separation achieved by the usual salting-out procedure, 2) the parallelism between electrophoretic and chemical analyses of antibody-content, 3) the possibility of a non-specific, as well as a specific, globulin response to immunization, 4) the possibility of a non-specific anamnestic response, and 5) the influence of the antibody content of a serum upon the purity of the concentrate that can be prepared from it.
Active Immunity to the Microbacterium Multiforme Psittacosis in the Mouse
Authors: Yanamura H. Y. , Meyer K. F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The phenomena of immunity in psittacosis are by no means clearly understood. It is known, of course, that parrots are actively immune following an attack of psittacosis (1) and likewise that mice which have recovered without any definite symptoms from an intraabdominal injection of human or avian virus, are resistant to subsequent re-infection with moderately heavy doses of the same agent. Meyer and Eddie (2) and Fortner and Pfaffenberg (3) linked this immunity in the mouse with the persistence of the infective agent in the spleen and liver. It was believed that this immunity of the “non-sterile type” conditioned the resistance against superinfection, which in some experiments exceeded 1,000,000 MLD mouse doses. Although the existence of an “infection-immunity” must be accepted as proved, it is imperative to stress the fact that this resistance is never absolute, and apparently fails to operate in about 10 per cent of the mice.
Active Immunization to the Microbacterium Multiforme Psittacosis in Parrakeets and Ricebirds
Authors: Meyer K. F. , Eddie B. , Yanamura H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The evidence produced in this paper confirms the observations made on mice. Intramuscular administration of formalinized non-infective vaccines prepared from tissue cultures conveys to parrakeets and ricebirds a considerable degree of immunity. It does not protect individual birds completely, however. The variable individual susceptibility inherent in parrakeets derived from a non-infected stock has greatly handicapped the studies on active immunization. Infection, and even frank disease with ultimate death, has been the rule in vaccinated ricebirds when the test-dose exceeded 100 mouse lethal doses. The immunity, when once established in some individual ricebirds, may persist for a considerable period of time. The infective agent during this sojourn in the tissues of the immune bird retains its original infectiousness. In general, representatives of the Bird Phylum, one from the order of Psittaciformes and one from the Passeriformes, respond to active immunization in a manner identical to that of a mammal like the mouse. Variations in the resistance of birds to artificial infection are in all probability innately constitutional. It is this constitutional factor which ultimately determines the ability of the parrakeet or ricebird to acquire a relatively high or a low immunity following treatment with formalinized vaccines, and decides whether the individual will succumb to the test-infection, become a carrier or destroy the virus within a few days. Just as in the mouse, the fundamental factor responsible for the variations depends on an effective capacity of the cellular elements to destroy the Microbacterium multiforme. There is little evidence to encourage the conclusion that the humoral antibodies perform only an ancillary, supplementary function. Inferential evidence, however, points to the specificity of the immune response as being the concern of humoral antibodies. Finally, just as in bacterial diseases like undulant fever, the immunisatoric superiority of the infection over the action of dead antigens is fully attested by the fact that the resistance of birds to massive invasions of psittacosis virus is greatly enhanced by recovery from a subclinical infection. These facts, however, should not encourage the hope that a practical and safe method of active immunization of birds against psittacosis or ornithosis may be accomplished readily.
Two New Salmonella Types with Related Specific Antigens
Authors: Edwards P. R. , Bruner D. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two new Salmonella types, both of whose specific phases contain antigen 1 are described. S. amherstiana, which was isolated from poults, was represented by the antigenic formula (VIII):1, (v) … — 1, 6…. S. javiana was isolated from a child affected with gastro-enteritis and from normal human carriers and was represented by the antigenic formula [I], IX, XII…:1, z28… — 1, 5…. Attention was called to the complexity of the phases containing antigen 1.
The Antigenic Structure of Hemolytic Streptococci of Lancefield Group A
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Wiener Maria 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Hemolytic streptococci belonging to Lancefield's group A contain nucleoproteins closely related to those of pneumococcus. Sera against hemolytic streptococci of Lancefield's group B obtained by immunization of rabbits with sonically disintegrated bacterial cells showed strong serological reactivity with group A neutral sonic filtrate. This reaction is not reciprocal. In view of these facts it may be concluded that hemolytic streptococci belonging to Lancefield's group A are more closely related to pneumococci than to hemolytic streptococci belonging to Lancefield's group B in respect to the nucleoprotein components of these organisms. Sera obtained by injection of rabbits with sonically disintegrated group B organisms showed stronger cross-reactivity than rabbit sera obtained by immunization with intact organisms. The two strains of Streptococcus viridans used in this study seem to belong to an entirely different group as far as the nucleoprotein components are concerned.
The Fixation of Components of Complement and the Combining Nitrogen from Guinea-Pig Serum
Authors: Pillemer L. , Chu Fey , Seifter S. , Ecker E. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments correlating the quantity of serum nitrogen adding to specific precipitates of SIII with a measurement of the residual activity of each of the complement components after combination showed the following: C′1, C′2 and C′4 from whole serum contributed combining nitrogen to specific precipitates of SIII; C′1 from mid-piece also contributed combining nitrogen. C′2 and C′4, in the absence of C′1, did not contribute combining nitrogen; and C′3 contributed little or no combining nitrogen in any case.The decrease in the combining nitrogen per ml of serum which occurred as the volume of serum was increased, was primarily due to a diminution in the amount of C′1 fixed.Inactivation of C′1 of the CO2-insoluble fraction of serum by heating at 56 C for 60 minutes did not destroy the total combining capacity of the fraction. Sixty per cent of the combining nitrogen contributed by untreated mid-piece was still available after heat inactivation. Similar results were obtained when 1 ml amounts of heat-inactivated whole serum were fixed.The estimation of fresh serum nitrogen adding to specific precipitates is a measure of a variable portion of the total complement complex or of the combining components of complement. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the amount of residual activity of each component after fixation in order to interpret the data derived from combining complement nitrogen determinations.
Blood-Group Factors in the Blood, Organs and Secretions of Primates
Authors: Wiener A. S. , Candela P. B. , Goss L. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Supplementing a previous report on the blood-group factors in infrahuman primates, a method is described for examining the blood, organs and secretions. Additional data are also presented, in particular with regard to gorillas and two species of New World monkeys.
Landsteiner's rule was found to hold in infrahuman primates with the modification that the reciprocal relationship obtains between agglutinins in the serum and group-substances in the organs and secretions instead of the erythrocytes. In monkeys and apes, each species appears to be characterized in the main by a single group-factor. The implications of these results for the problem of the distribution of the blood groups in man are discussed.
A Method for the Titration of Influenza Hemagglutinins and Influenza Antibodies with the Aid of a Photoelectric Densitometer
Authors: Hirst George K. , Pickels Edward G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The construction and use of a simple photoelectric densitometer for agglutination studies have been described. This instrument facilitates the estimation of hemagglutinin and antibody titers when using the red cell agglutination test in influenza work. The use of this instrument makes the determination of end points more precise and objective than the technic previously described.
Comparative Quantitative Studies of Guinea-Pig and Rabbit Anti-Hemocyanin Precipitates
Authors: Youmans Guy P. , Colwell Charlotte A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Quantitative chemical analyses of precipitates of guinea-pig and rabbit-antibody and hemocyanin from the whelk, Busycon canaliculata, have been made at various points in the precipitative reaction-range. Although the number of determinations with any one serum was limited by the amount of serum available from a single guinea-pig, it appeared that the curve of the composition of the precipitate, as indicated by the ratio of Ab N:Ag N, of guinea-pig antibody and hemocyanin, follows the same general pattern as that of rabbit-antibody, as determined by other investigators. Rabbit- and guinea-pig antisera for hemocyanin had approximately the same Ab N:Ag N ratios at corresponding points in the respective reaction-ranges. The amounts of specifically precipitable protein per ml of antiserum were similar in rabbit- and guinea-pig antisera, showing that when a suitable antigen is used, serum precipitins are produced as readily in guinea-pigs as in rabbits.
Guinea-pig antisera failed to produce zones of complete precipitation of antigen and antibody, in contrast to rabbit antisera which produced well-defined neutral zones with neither antigen nor antibody in excess.
The Dean and Webb optimal ratio, contrary to findings with other antigens, did not fall in the equivalence-zone with either guinea-pig or rabbit antisera for hemocyanin, but far in the region of excess-antigen. This ratio bore no relation to the antibody-content of the various sera. Ratios by volume at the midpoints of equivalence-zones, however, paralleled the respective antibody-content of the antisera.
Antigenic Properties of Mouse-Tissues
Authors: Brown Gordon C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The mouse has generally been regarded as a member of the guinea-pig group of animals whose tissues contain the Forssman heterophile antigen (1, 2, 4, 5, 12, 14). An analysis of the evidence on which this assumption is based reveals the fact that there are only two general characteristics of mouse-tissue that are in complete agreement with the definition of Forssman's antigen. The first of these is the fact that suspensions of either fresh or boiled mouse-tissue when injected into the rabbit incite an hemolysin for the red cells of the sheep. The second characteristic is that this hemolysin is completely absorbed from its serum with either fresh or boiled sheep-cells or guinea-pig kidney, both of which are considered as true representatives of Forssman's antigen.
At this point, however, the resemblance ceases and discrepancies in this theory appear. The mouse is refractory to inverse anaphylaxis or the typical shock produced by injecting heterophile antibodies into animals whose tissues contain this antigen.
The Immunochemistry of Allergens
Authors: Coulson E. J. , Spies Joseph R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Data collected in estimating the anaphylactic sensitizing and shocking capacity of cottonseed allergenic fractions and crystalline ovalbumin were used to construct dosage-response curves according to the system of computation developed by Bliss. Values for median lethal doses (LD 50) and median sensitizing doses (SD 50) were computed. On the basis of nitrogen content the shocking capacity for electrophoretic fractionation products of CS-1A and for ovalbumin were all of the same order. However, large differences were found in their sensitizing potency. Thus the sensitizing capacity of the high carbohydratecontaining fraction, CS-56R, was eight-fold greater than that of the low-carbohydrate fraction, CS-51R. Inasmuch as these two fractions have the same antigenic specificity, the greater sensitizing power of CS-56R was attributed to its larger molecular structure resulting from the high proportion of combined polysaccharide. The sensitizing capacity of ovalbumin was ten-fold greater than CS-56R.
Evaluation of the Antigenicity of Tetanal Toxoid
Authors: Koerber Walter L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
If the tetanal flocculative reaction is carried out in the described manner, flocculating toxins show the average ratio of Lf:L+ as 1:10. The MLD values of tetanal toxins do not parallel the antigenicity of the tetanal toxoids prepared therefrom. Combining power values (L+ or Lf) of tetanal toxins cannot always be used for evaluation of antigenicity of the corresponding toxoids. For certain toxins prepared under defined conditions, however, a parallelism exists. The most reliable method of determining the antigenicity of tetanal toxoid is by means of an antigenicity test carried out in guinea-pigs or in mice.2
Observations on Spontaneous and Induced Refractoriness to Peptone Shock in Dogs
Authors: Dragstedt Carl A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The intravenous injection of proteose solutions into dogs results in a reaction (commonly referred to as “peptone shock”) which is virtually indistinguishable in symptomatology from that of an anaphylactic reaction produced by the injection of specific antigen into a previously sensitized animal. The two reactions are similar in their symptomatology, and in the underlying mechanisms by which the prominent symptoms are produced. In both reactions the vascular crisis is due to a release of histamine (1, 2), and the incoagulability of the blood, to a release of heparin (3, 4). An anaphylactic reaction, when not fatal, is followed by a refractory state, usually referred to as a desensitization. This is considered to be highly characteristic of anaphylaxis and is often used as a criterion of differentiation from apparently similar reactions. While there is no decisive proof as to the mechanism of anaphylactic desensitization, it is rather generally considered to be due to a binding or saturation of sessile antibodies with antigen.
Agglutinogen of Hemophilus Pertussis, Phase I, for Skin-Testing
Authors: Smolens Joseph , Mudd Stuart 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A simple chemical procedure has been outlined for the isolation of a fraction from H. pertussis which has the following properties: It is antigenic; when injected into rabbits intravenously, it gives rise to agglutinins against H. pertussis in phase I.It absorbs quantitatively agglutinins from H. pertussis antiserum.It is non-toxic, as demonstrated by tests on rabbits and human beings.It has been used successfully as a material for skin-tests for susceptibility to whooping-cough.The agglutinogen may well serve as a means of reinforcing waning active immunity to pertussis.