bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kappa-distributed electrons in solar outflows:beam-plasma instabilities and radio emissions
Authors: Lazar Marian , Lopez Rodrigo , Poedts Stefaan , Shaaban Shaaban Mohamed 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Electrostatic (ES) wave instabilities assumed to be at the origin of radio emissions from interplanetary shocks and solar coronal sources are most likely induced by electron beams, more energetic but less dense than electron strahls in the solar wind. This paper presents the results of a new dispersion and stability analysis for electron populations with Kappa velocity distributions, as often indicated by in-situ measurements. We investigate, both theoretically and in numerical simulations, three electron plasma beam configurations with different implications in the generation of radio emissions. The kinetic plasma approach clarifies the nature of the unstable mode as being an electron beam ES instability in all cases (and not a Langmuir instability), Landau resonant and with frequencies of the fastest growing modes close to, but below the plasma frequency (i.e., ω ≲ ωpe). Suprathermal Kappa tails tend to inhibit the instability, by reducing the growth rates, but these effects become minor if the drift speed of the beam is sufficiently high compared to the thermal speed of the electrons. The frequency downshift, also revealed by the observations, clearly tend to increase in the presence of a Kappa-distributed beam. Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations confirm the inhibiting effects of (initially) Kappa distributed electrons, but these minor effects in the linear and quasi-linear phases unexpectedly lead to significant decreases in the wave energy levels of the (primary) ES fluctuations near the plasma frequency and higher harmonics. As a result, EM radio (secondary) emissions generated nonlinearly after saturation are even more drastically reduced, and can even be completely suppressed. However, the EM emissions around second harmonic (ω ≲ 2 ωpe) are markedly powered by two symmetric counter-moving beams, even in the presence of Kappa electrons. These results offer real premises for a realistic interpretation and modeling of radio emissions observed in heliosphere, arguing in favor of a rigorous spectral analysis of the wave instabilities at their origin.
Theoretical analysis of git bisect
Authors: Courtiel Julien , Dorbec Paul , Lecoq Romain 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this paper, we consider the problem of finding a regression in a version control system (VCS), such as git. The set of versions is modelled by a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) where vertices represent versions of the software, and arcs are the changes between different versions. We assume that somewhere in the DAG, a bug was introduced, which persists in all of its subsequent versions. It is possible to query a vertex to check whether the corresponding version carries the bug. Given a DAG and a bugged vertex, the Regression Search Problem consists in finding the first vertex containing the bug in a minimum number of queries in the worst-case scenario. This problem is known to be NP-complete. We study the algorithm used in git to address this problem, known as git bisect. We prove that in a general setting, git bisect can use an exponentially larger number of queries than an optimal algorithm. We also consider the restriction where all vertices have indegree at most 2 (i.e. where merges are made between at most two branches at a time in the VCS), and prove that in this case, git bisect is a 1/log2(3/2)-approximation algorithm, and that this bound is tight. We also provide a better approximation algorithm for this case. Finally, we give an alternative proof of the NP-completeness of the Regression Search Problem, via a variation with bounded indegree.
A Distributed Virtual-Machine Placement and Migration Approach Based on Modern Portfolio Theory
Authors: Filho Manoel Campos da Silva , Monteiro Claudio de Castro , Inácio Pedro Ricardo Morais , Freire Mário Marques 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Virtual machine placement and migration (VMPM) are key operations for managing cloud resources. Considering the large scale of cloud infrastructures, several proposals still fail to provide a comprehensive and scalable solution. A variety of approaches have been used to address this issue, e.g., the modern portfolio theory (MPT). Originally formulated for financial markets, MPT enables the construction of a portfolio of financial assets in order to maximize profit and reduce risk. This paper presents a novel VMPM approach applying MPT and incremental statistics computation for VMPM decision-making so as to maximize resource usage while minimizing under and overload. Simulation experiments were conducted using CloudSim Plus, relying on synthetic data, PlanetLab and Google Cluster traces. Results show that the proposal is highly scalable and largely reduces computational complexity and memory footprint, making it suitable for large-scale cloud service providers.
The subfield and extended codes of a subclass of optimal three-weight cyclic codes
Authors: Hernández Félix , Vega Gerardo 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A class of optimal three-weight $[q^k-1,k+1,q^{k-1}(q-1)-1]$ cyclic codes over $\bbbf_q$, with $k\geq2$, achieving the Griesmer bound, was presented by Heng and Yue [IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 62(8) (2016) 4501-4513]. In this paper we study some of the subfield codes of this class of optimal cyclic codes when $k=2$. The weight distributions of the subfield codes are settled. It turns out that some of these codes are optimal and others have the best known parameters. The duals of the subfield codes are also investigated and found to be almost optimal with respect to the sphere-packing bound. In addition, the covering structure for the studied subfield codes is determined. Some of these codes are found to have the important property that any nonzero codeword is minimal, which is a desirable property that is useful in the design of a secret sharing scheme based on a linear code. Moreover, a specific example of a secret sharing scheme based on one of these subfield codes is given. Finally, a class of optimal two-weight linear codes over $\bbbf_q$, achieving the Griesmer bound, whose duals are almost optimal with respect to the sphere-packing bound is presented. Through a different approach, this class of optimal two-weight linear codes was reported very recently by Heng [IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 69(2) (2023) 978–994]. Furthermore, it is shown that these optimal codes can be used to construct strongly regular graphs.
Event-triggered controller on practically exponential input-to-state stabilization of stochastic reaction-diffusion neural networks and its application to image encryption
Authors: Gokulakrishnan V , Sriniva R 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The stabilization problem for a class of stochastic reaction-diffusion delayed Cohen-Grossberg neural networks (SRDDCGNNs) with event-triggered controller is addressed in this paper. To address such a problem, Neumann boundary condition, distributed and boundary external disturbances are introduced. New sufficient criteria are derived by using the Lyapunov method, event-triggered mechanism, and the linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach to ensure the proposed controlled systems achieve practically exponential input-to-state stabilization. In light of these criteria, the impact of an event-triggered controller on practically exponential input-to-state stability (PEISS) is examined. Furthermore , the obtained results are successfully applied to stochastic reaction-diffusion delayed cellular neural networks (SRDDCNNs) and stochastic reaction-diffusion delayed Hopfield neural networks (SRD-DHNNs). At last, simulation results are given to illustrate the main results, and the SRDDHNNs are applied to the image encryption.
The emission of abnormal electrons with energy up to 790TeV are detected on the electron storage ring of BEPCII
Authors: Qian Dapeng 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In a new version of special relativity that incorporated the uncertainty principle, the Einstein-Lorentz mass formula is extended more completely. The new formula shows that there is a weak "high-speed but low-mass" effect in particles movement, which will cause the generation of abnormal ultra-high energy electrons with a certain small probability when the electron beam passes through an accelerating electric field. This previously unknown anomaly has been tested at the electron storage ring of BEPCII by the author with the cumulative detection method, and results show that there is indeed electron emission with energy up to 790TeV downstream of the RF cavity, which is consistent with the theoretical expectation. On this basis, it is suggested that particle physicists do more experimental detections, so as to further fully verify the extended Einstein-Lorentz mass formula.
First close insight into global daily gapless 1 km PM2.5 pollution, driving factors, and health impact
Authors: Wei Jing , Li Zhanqing , Lyapustin Alexei , Wang ‬Jun , Dubovik Oleg , Schwartz Joel , Sun Lin , Li Chi , Liu Song , Zhu Tong 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is the largest environmental risk factor impacting human health. While PM2.5 has been measured widely across the world, there has been no high-resolution and gapless global PM2.5 data on a daily scale. We generate a global daily PM2.5 concentration at 1 km resolution using satellite gap-filled aerosol products and machine learning. Daily PM2.5 retrievals agreed well with ground measurements, with sample-, space-, and time-based cross-validated correlations of 0.93, 0.89, and 0.88, respectively. This enables us to unprecedentedly monitor the day-to-day variations of PM2.5, exposure risk, and mortality burden around the globe. More than 96% of the days exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended daily air quality guidelines (AQG) level (15 μg m-3) in 2020, and 99% of populated areas were exposed to PM2.5 risk at least one day; in particular, the proportions are 91% and 64% similarly in 7 and 30 days, respectively. The annual population-weighted mean PM2.5 concentration was 27.6 μg m-3 (~5.5 times higher than the WHO annual AQG level of 5 μg m-3), resulting in estimated premature deaths of ~4.2 million people and accounting for ~6.6% of total global deaths. Substantial differences are noted in many parts of the world between 2019 and 2020 associated with widespread episodes of wildfires or the COVID-19 shutdowns. The overall air quality in 2020 was significantly better than in 2019 in more than 70% of major cities. The global population-weighted mean PM2.5 decreased by ~5.1%, and the associated number of premature deaths dropped by 56,700.
Post-stroke Limitations in Daily Activities: Experience from a Tertiary care Hospital in Ethiopia
Authors: Mohammed Salhadin , Haidar Jemal , Ayele Biniyam A. , Yifru Yared Mamushet 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
The disability of stroke patients remains an important global health problem; yet information on the extent of restriction from basic and instrumental activities of daily living is limited, particularly in lower-and middle-income (LMIC) countries. Therefore, we examined the issue under the caption, since it is the first step in planning several rehabilitation services.
Method
A facility-based cross-sectional study was done to assess post-stroke limitations in basic activities of daily living (BADL) using the Barthel Index (BI) scale and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) using the Frenchay Activities Index (FAI) scale among patients who visited Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Neurology Clinic from April-October, 2022. All patients having a diagnosis of stroke for more than six months duration were enrolled. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were done, and measures of estimated crude and adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI were constructed and a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results are presented in graph and tables.
Results
A total of 150 stroke patients were enrolled in the present study. The mean age of participants was 53 (14.9) years with slight male preponderance (51.3%). Ischemic stroke was present in 106 (70.7%) of them, while 44 (29.3%) had a hemorrhagic stroke. Of this, 57 (38%) and 115 (79.3%) of them had limitations in basic and instrumental ADL, respectively. Degree of disability (AOR = 13.5; 95%CI = 4.4–41.6), comorbid cardiac disease (AOR = 6.9; 95%CI = 1.3–37.5), and regular substance use (AOR = 11.1; 95%CI = 1.1–115) were associated with limitations in BADL, while an increase in age (AOR = 1.1; 95%CI = 1.04–1.15) was associated with severe limitations in BADL. Initial stroke severity (AOR = 7.3; 95%CI = 1.2–44.7) was associated with limitations in IADL, whereas depression (AOR = 5.1; 95%CI = 1.1–23.2) and disability (AOR = 11.4; 95%CI = 3.8–34.6) were identified as predictors of severe limitation in IADL.
Conclusion
Limitation in activities of daily living (ADL) after stroke is common among Ethiopian patients. Therefore, screening for post-stroke limitations in daily activities is essential for further management and rehabilitative plans.
Treatment of Clinical Mastitis
Authors: Morin Dawn E. 
Published: February 2023

Mastitis continues to be of great importance to the US dairy industry. When diseases on dairy farms were recently evaluated according to effects on productivity, international trade, animal welfare, and zoonotic risk, mastitis ranked highest, above salmonellosis, paratuberculosis, and bovine virus diarrhea.1 Subclinical mastitis caused by contagious mastitis pathogens still causes substantial economic loss on some US dairy farms, but it can readily be controlled by dry cow antibiotic therapy, hygiene practices in the milking parlor, and selective culling. In herds that have achieved contagious mastitis control, clinical mastitis caused by opportunistic pathogens in the environment or on teat skin is the predominant form of the disease.2,3 Because these pathogens are ubiquitous, eradication of clinical mastitis is an unreasonable goal. Rather, dairy producers must strive to reduce the incidence of clinical mastitis by instituting hygienic practices that minimize exposure of teats to pathogens and by optimizing immune function through proper nutrition and vaccination. When clinical mastitis develops, as it does at an annual incidence rate of < 5% to > 50%,4 veterinarians and dairy producers must make appropriate treatment decisions.
Despite decades of treating clinical mastitis, controversy still exists about when and how to treat it, particularly in herds that have controlled contagious pathogens. The predominant mastitis-causing pathogens in those herds are coliform bacteria, Streptococcus spp. other than Streptococcus agalactiae (environmental streptococci), and Staphylococcus spp. other than Staphylococcus aureus.2,3 An ideal treatment regimen would be one that is safe, reduces pain and suffering, is efficacious (resulting in rapid clinical and bacteriological cure), causes short milk and slaughter withholding times, avoids unnecessary drug use or excessive labor, positively impacts milk production and survivability, and is economical. Almost certainly the ideal regimen would differ for mild, moderate, and severe episodes of clinical mastitis and episodes caused by different pathogens. Hundreds of different treatments for clinical mastitis are used daily on US dairy farms, but, in general, even the most common treatments have not been studied in controlled clinical trials to determine if they are better than no treatment at all. In the remainder of this paper, I will discuss some of the common treatments for clinical mastitis in herds that have controlled contagious mastitis, and suggest areas for future study.
Effect of Calcium and Energy Status During the Postpartum Period on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cows
Authors: Risco Carlos A. , Thatcher William W. , Moreira Federico , Staples Charles R. , Van Horn H. H. 
Published: February 2023

Pregnancy rate, a function of heat detection and conception rate, determines the number of days postpartum at which cows become pregnant from the voluntary waiting period.67 Cows expressing one or more estruses during the first 30 days postpartum had improved pregnancy rates compared with anestrous cows.83 This observation indicates that the physiological and hormonal events associated with estrus help restore uterine and ovarian function to a state conducive to pregnancy. A number of studies have demonstrated the relationship between hypocalcemia and parturient disorders such as dystocia, retained fetal membranes (RFM), and ketosis.13,30,68 These disorders predispose the cow to metritis, which can affect the energy status of the cow. This influences ovarian activity and resumption of cyclicity during the postpartum period.
The energy status of the lactating dairy cow has differential effects on early follicular development and competence, ovulation and subsequent corpus luteum (CL) function during the postpartum period. As our understanding of the endocrinology and reproductive physiology of the postpartum cow has advanced, it is clear that reproductive and nutritional management systems need to be integrated to achieve optimal reproductive efficiency.
Objectives of this presentation are 1) to describe the association between calcium status and periparturient disorders 2) to relate the differences in ovarian activity to energy status in postpartum dairy cows 3) to examine the effects of protein and fat on reproductive function during the postpartum period, and 4) to document the beneficial effects of bovine somatotropin (bST) on first-service pregnancy rates when integrated into a reproductive management program for timed insemination.
Failure of Passive Transfer in Calves
Authors: Besser Thomas E. , Gay Clive C. 
Published: February 2023

Acquisition and absorption of adequate amounts of colostral immunoglobulins are essential to the health of the newborn calf. Calves are born lacking any significant amount of circulating immunoglobulins and relyon antibodies acquired from colostrum for protection against common environmental pathogens. The major immunoglobulin in colostrum is IgG 1, but there are also significant amounts of IgG2, IgM and IgA. Considerable amounts of these immunoglobulins in ingested colostrum are transferred across the epithelium of the small intestine during the first few hours of life and transported via the lymphatic system to the blood. Immunoglobulins in the blood then enter extravascular fluids and external body secretions, depending upon the immunoglobulin class. The absorbed immunoglobulins protect against systemic invasion by microorganisms (and therefore against bacterial septicemias) during the neonatal period. In addition, both unabsorbed immunoglobulins and immunoglobulins re-secreted back into the gut play important roles in protection against intestinal infections for several weeks following birth. Good passive immunity also reduces the occurrence of respiratory disease during the first months of life and may be a determinant of improved lifetime productivity.
Partial or complete failure of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins is a major determinant of susceptibility to neonatal disease and mortality in calves. Consequently, it is important that calves acquire adequate circulating concentrations of immunoglobulin from the colostral transfer process.
Control of Footrot and Liver Abscesses with FUSOGARD™
Authors: Liem A. , Anderson G. A. , Stine D. L. , MacGregor S. , Cain D. V. 
Published: February 2023

Three separate safety trials and a comprehensive efficacy trial were conducted to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of FUSOGARD™ Fusobacterium necrophorum bacterin (ImmTech Biologics, Bucyrus, KS) for the aid in control of Footrot.
A trial was conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of Fusobacterium necrophorum bacterin against Footrot in calves when challenged with a virulent heterologous isolate of the bacteria. Calves were vaccinated twice, at day O and day 21. Each calf was challenged 14 days after the second vaccination with 0.5 mL of the virulent bacteria in the interdigital area near the coronary band. All control calves developed severe lameness, joint/soft tissue swelling and abscessation during the 19 days post challenge. Three of the vaccinated animals developed mild lameness.
Hooves
Authors: Ruegg Pamela 
Published: February 2023

Subclinical acidosis and laminitis are among the most frustrating syndromes to investigate. Subclinical acidosis results in a number of vague clinical signs such as erratic appetite, weight loss, intermittent diarrhea and lameness.11,12 The multifactorial etiology and lag between the initial metabolic insult and appearance of recognizable clinical signs often make identification of a discrete cause challenging. Milk production records, milk fat and protein relationships, and hoof appearance are often used as indirect indicators of this disease. One indirect indicator is termed the "hardship groove,"6 which refers to a depression in the hoof wall running parallel to the coronary band of the hoof. Hardship grooves are considered to be evidence of production stress, nutritional mismanagement, or disease and are suggested as a means to pinpoint chronological development of the lesions.6,7
The objective of this paper is to review characteristics of hoof growth and to discuss the use of hoof appearance in disease investigation.
Management of Spayed Heifers
Authors: Rupp Gary P. , Hamilton Edward D. 
Published: February 2023

The practice of spaying (ovariectomizing) heifers that are destined for market has been used by cattle producers in the United States for more than 100 years. The primary reason for spaying has been to prevent pregnancy during the two- or three-year growing phase of heifer development under range conditions. Another reason for spaying is related to the controlling infectious disease in cattle by preventing market heifers from becoming breeding stock when sold. Despite many changes in the beef cattle industry, these reasons remain valid today and provide a continuous source of spayed heifers that increases and decreases with the cattle cycle because of price differentials between market heifers and steers.
The interest in spaying heifers has led to several trials (measuring gain, feed efficiency, carcass characteristics, and other performance parameters) designed to compare spayed heifers with their intact (nonspayed) counterparts. This column provides an overview of important findings that can be useful in making management decisions regarding growing and finishing spayed heifers.
Informed Veterinarian can Help Clients Profit from the Cattle Cycle
Authors: Hughes Harlan 
Published: February 2023

The cattle cycle is the single most important force impacting your clients' beef cow profits. The alternative "booms and busts" associated with the cattle cycle have long been of great concern to beef cow producers. Always the question arises as to why the beef industry cannot maintain a sustainable growth in animal numbers that would prevent the economic booms and busts associated with the cattle cycle.
Much of the year to year variation in beef prices is driven by cattle numbers (i.e., beef supply). The cattle cycle is the single most important force determining beef supply and cattle prices. AB cattle numbers go up, beef prices go down. As cattle numbers go down, beef prices go up. It is almost that simple.1
If we can predict cattle cycles, then we should be able to predict beef price cycles. If we can predict beef price cycles, then we should be able to identify production strategies that will allow your beef cow clients to profit from the cattle cycle. When your beef cow clients profit from the cattle cycle, your veterinary practice will also profit from the cattle cycle.