bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Serum-Fractions
Authors: Ando K. , Takeda S. , Hamano M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It was shown in a series of reports (a) that antihorse-serum precipitin can be produced by immunizing rabbits with antigen-antibody (immune horse-serum) complexes (1), (b) that two fractions, “A” and “B”, related to antibodies can be distinguished (1, 2) and (c) that antibody-globulins (diphtheric antitoxin-globulin and pneumococcal antibody-globulin) constitute only a part of these fractions (4). It was also shown that antitoxic immunization seems to cause an increase in the A-fraction (a fraction reacting with antiserum against antitoxic globulin) whereas antibacterial immunization seems to be followed by an increase in the B-fraction (which reacts with antiserum prepared with the specific precipitates of pneumococcal SSS) (2). This would seem to indicate a possible antigenic relationship of different antibacterial antibodies on the one hand and of different antitoxins on the other.
In this report we deal with the relation between the B-fraction and pneumococcal, typhoidal, Shiga-dysenteric and plague-antibody globulins.
The Specificity of Some Mammalian Spermatozoa
Authors: Henle Werner 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antispermatozoal sera react with spermatozoa and not with serum of the same species; antisera against serum react with serum, and not with spermatozoa. Isoimmunization of female rabbits and female white rats was successful. Spermatozoa are dominantly species-specific; antisera against spermatozoa reacted best with homologous sperm cells. Nevertheless distinct cross-reactions occurred with heterologous spermatozoa. Isoantisera reacted like heteroantisera. It is therefore possible to differentiate between spermatozoa of different species by means of antispermatozoal isosera. Cross-reactions are stronger in closely related species, but they also occur between more distantly related species. They are distinctly positive between the spermatozoa of bull and man. Blood-group substances are not causes of these cross-reactions.
Second Attacks of Experimental Poliomyelitis in Macacus Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Toomey John A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Monkeys (Macacus rhesus) which have survived a mild attack of experimental poliomyelitis following the injection of a weak strain of virus 1, develop second attacks when given a minimal paralyzing dose (M.P.D.) of a more virulent heterologous strain; 2, are protected when given a second M.P.D. of a weak heterologous strain.
Monkeys which have survived a severe attack following the injection of a virulent strain of virus always survive when given a M.P.D. 1, of a weak heterologous strain, or 2, of a virulent homologous or heterologous strain. These animals, however, may develop the disease again, if given massive doses of a homologous or heterologous strain of highly virulent virus.
Response in the Horse to Mexican Typhus Infection
Authors: Castaneda M. Ruiz , Vargas-Curiel J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Horses inoculated with Mexican typhus develop a febrile reaction of short duration, accompanied by the appearance of certain serological manifestations, i.e., the sera develop the capacity to agglutinate Proteus X 19 and to opsonize Rickettsia prowazeki.
It is thought that the reactions observed in the inoculated horses are due to actual infection by the agent of typhus, in spite of failure to recover the rickettsiae from the blood of the animals.
The sera of the infected horses show little protective activity, though the Weil-Felix agglutinins reached rather high titers.
The results of the inoculation of living rickettsiae to superimmunize horses for the production of anti-typhus horse serum will be reported in a subsequent paper.
On a Rapid Method for the Standardization of Antimeningococcal Horse Serum Type I
Authors: Little Paul A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A new quantitative method for the estimation of type I antibody in antimeningococcal serum, utilizing photoelectric measurements of turbidity is presented. It is shown that the method gives a high degree of correlation with the quantitative method of Heidelberger and Kendall which has been applied by Scherp and Rake to antimeningococcal serum.
Indebtedness is acknowledged to Dr. H. W. Scherp for the Type I meningococcal polysaccharide used in this study, and to A. M. Moos of this laboratory for the chemical analyses.
The Incidence of Agglutinins for the Paradysentery Bacilli in Serums from Human Beings and from Animals
Authors: Sears H. J. , Schwichtenberg Lillian , Schwichtenberg Marian 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Of 115 normal human serums tested for agglutination with antigens prepared from smooth cultures of three different strains of S. paradysenteriae, positive reactions for the Flexner strain were obtained in 87, 83 and 42 per cent respectively in a dilution of 1:20, and in 49, 43 and 13 per cent at a dilution of 1:80. No significant difference was found in the incidence of agglutinins in serums from males and females. Eight specimens of cord blood showed approximately the same percentages. Of 44 serums tested with one strain of S. dysenteriae, 10 agglutinated in 1:10, 2 in 1:20, none in higher dilutions.
Of 120 human serums tested with three strains of S. paradysenteriae, Sonne, 1.6 per cent agglutinated at least one strain in a dilution of 1:20; none in higher dilutions. The same three strains were agglutinated by 100 per cent of beef serums, 96.2 per cent of sheep serums, 93.5 per cent of swine serums, 46.4 per cent of rabbit serums and 22.3 per cent of guinea pig serums. Beef, swine and sheep serum titers were generally high; those for rabbit and guinea pig serums low. Absorption experiments indicated that normal agglutinins for the Sonne organism are not absolutely species-specific.
The Specific Absorbability of Protective Antibodies Against Cysticercus Crassicollis in Rats and C. Pisiformis in Rabbits from Infected and Artificially Immunized Animals
Authors: Campbell Dan H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunological studies with Cysticercus crassicollis in rats and with C. pisiformis in rabbits have demonstrated that several weeks after infection, the serum of these animals contains a protective substance which is not absorbed in vitro by specific whole parasite material. Since the protective antibodies induced by the parenteral injection of whole worm material and those present two weeks after infection are absorbable, the inference is that the unabsorbable antibodies in the serum of infected animals are engendered by antigenic materials elaborated by the developing parasite.
A Simplified Photronreflectometric Technic for the Titration of the Antibody-Potency of Antipneumococcal Horse and Rabbit Serum
Authors: Libby Raymond L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A previous report (1) described a quantitative photronreflectometric technic for the determination of the antibody-potency of type I and II antipneumococcal horse-serum. The present paper outlines a simplified technic for determining the potency of all types of antipneumococcal horse- and rabbit-serum. The titrations are carried out at a definite reference-point on the antigen-antibody curve, that is, at the point of optimal precipitation in the zone of a slight excess of antigen. For the determination of this point, a rapid method is given which consists in mixing equal parts of varying dilutions of a serum of known potency and a constant concentration of the type-specific capsular polysaccharide and reading the resulting turbidities by means of the photronreflectometer. The maximal ratio of photronreflectometric reading to percentile serum-dilution indicates the point of optimal precipitation. The antibody-potency of samples of unknown serum may be determined by titrating varying dilutions of the unknown serum with the concentration of SSS used in determining the point of optimal precipitation. The end-point of the titration is the photronreflectometric reading originally obtained at this point with a serum of known potency. The unit-content of the unknown sample can be calculated by multiplying the turbidity reading of the unknown by the units per galvanometric scale-interval (obtained from the original titration with a serum of known potency) and dividing by the percentile serum-dilution.
The simplified photronreflectometric technic has several distinct advantages over the technic outlined in a previous report (1); in that the number of standardized SSS dilutions have been reduced from approximately 20 to a single dilution for each type, thus saving considerable time in preparing and standardizing solutions; a more definite and easily determined reference-point (point of optimal precipitation) is utilized as the end-point and finally, it is possible to titrate both antipneumococcal horse- and rabbit-serum at the point of optimal precipitation. Data are given to show that rabbit-serum cannot be titrated in the zone of a slight excess of antibody as proposed for types I and II horse-serum in a previous paper.
The data show that repeated photronreflectometric readings of the same concentrations of serum and SSS have a high degree of constancy. It is also shown that a reasonably good correlation exists between the unit-content of a serum determined by photronreflectometric titrations and that determined by the mouse-protective test.
Ablastic and Trypanocidal Antibodies against Trypanosoma Duttoni
Authors: Taliaferro William H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The non-pathogenic trypanosomes, the members of which infect various rodents and are morphologically similar to Trypanosoma lewisi of the rat, present a number of immunological problems of peculiar interest. As far as these infections have been studied, they are characterized by an initial period of rapid reproduction of the parasites followed by a period during which reproduction is either completely inhibited or greatly reduced, and they are generally terminated by self-cure with a subsequent immunity of variable length. This peculiar development, which has been studied extensively in T. lewisi, is associated with the formation of the two following antibodies (Taliaferro, 1932): (1) The inhibition of reproduction is associated with a passively transferable antibody, termed ablastin, which has the specific property of inhibiting reproduction of the organisms and possesses many of the classical features of ordinary antibodies, but differs from them in that it exhibits no marked in vitro affinity for the organisms.
Nonspecific “Desensitization” Through Histamine
Authors: Farmer Laurence 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The uterine strips of serum-sensitized guinea pigs that had received injections of histamine at the height of sensitization were less sensitive to the specific antigen than were the sensitized uterine strips of the control animals. The uterine strips of normal guinea pigs that had received injections of histamine were less sensitive to histamine than were the uterine strips of the untreated controls. These experiments suggest that histamine is the substance responsible for the anaphylactic contraction of plain muscle; that it is possible to “desensitize” sensitized guinea pigs non-specifically by injections of histamine. The observed phenomena are a further indirect proof for the correctness of Dale's theory of the anaphylactic mechanism. They also furnish a basis for an understanding of the mechanism of non-specific “desensitization” by histamine.
The Quantitative Relation of Fibrinolysin and Antifibrinolysin
Authors: Massell Benedict F. , Mote John R. , Jones T. Duckett 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The quantitative relations of the fibrinolysin-concentration, the antifibrinolysin-concentration, and the time required for lysis of a plasma-clot have been considered.
It is concluded that under the conditions of these experiments there is a quantitative neutralization of fibrinolysin by antifibrinolysin.
The antifibrinolytic titers of a number of plasmas and sera are presented, and although the titers are only approximate because of inherent difficulties in the method, they demonstrate the unsatisfactory character of the lyzing time as a measure of the quantity of antifibrinolysin.
Differences in Hemolytic-Streptococcal Antifibrinolysins
Authors: Mote John R. , Massell Benedict F. , Jones T. Duckett 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the two preceding reports (1, 2) the quantitative relation of fibrinolysin and antifibrinolysin, and some factors affecting this relation were considered. In these studies a single preparation of fibrinolysin from a given strain of hemolytic streptococcus was used throughout in order to lessen the number of experimental variables. When fibrinolysin-preparations from several different strains of hemolytic streptococci were used in similar experiments checking the results of a quantitative method, further discrepant results were obtained. Since the discrepancies could not be explained by any of the known sources of error, the present study was undertaken to investigate the characteristics of antifibrinolysins in plasmas titrated with several hemolytic-streptococcal fibrinolysins.
Antigenic Relationships of Pneumococci to Erythrocytes and Organs of Men and Animals
Authors: Weil A. J. , Sherman E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The agglutination of human erythrocytes by antipneumococcal type XIV horse sera is only one very striking instance of antigenic relationships between pneumococcal antigens and substances present in organs of animals. The erythrocytes of rabbits and cats are also agglutinated by antipneumococcal type XIV horse sera, and in many instances also by the antibody against type VII. The antigenic relationship between rabbit blood cells and pneumococcus type XIV explains why antipneumococcal type XIV sera from rabbits do not contain the hemagglutinin for human blood cells.
The type-specific (anti-carbohydrate) antibody is the bearer of the relationship between pneumococcus type XIV and human erythrocytes.
Human organs absorb the hemagglutinating quality out of type XIV antipneumococcal horse sera, and saline extracts from human organs are flocculated by such sera.
Erythrocytes of dog, pig, sheep and guinea pig are not agglutinated by antipneumococcal horse sera.
Anaphylaxis in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Kopeloff Lenore M. , Kopeloff Nicholas 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The following anaphylactic phenomena have been demonstrated in the Rhesus monkey: severe and fatal shock following active sensitization; Arthus reaction; and functional and pathologic changes. The last named included delay in clotting time of the blood, reduction in the number of blood platelets, skin hemorrhages, and variable pathologic changes. Among these were found emphysema, edema and hemorrhage of the lungs, edema and hemorrhages of the intestinal tract, and occasional hemorrhages in other internal organs. The Schultz-Dale test using uterine and intestinal strips was negative. Precipitins to horse serum were present after repeated injections. No correlation was found between the titer of the serum and the degree of sensitivity as measured by shock.
Quantitative Studies on the Neutralization of Pathogenic Agents in Tissues by Circulating Antibodies
Authors: Friedemann Ulrich , Zuger Bernard 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The neutralization of diphtheric toxin in the skin by intravenously injected antitoxin follows the law of multiple proportions provided that the antitoxin is given before the toxin. If the antitoxin is injected only two minutes after the toxin, neutralization no longer follows the law of multiple proportions, larger amounts of toxin requiring more antitoxin than calculated. From the above experimental observations it follows that when the injection of antitoxin precedes that of the toxin the latter is neutralized before combining with the tissue. The endpoint of titration is the same whether the antitoxin is injected immediately, 1, 2, and sometimes even 4 or 6 hours before the toxin is injected intracutaneously. The distribution of antitoxin between blood and skin, therefore, must reach equilibrium immediately after its intravenous injection. This rapid exchange of antibodies between blood and tissue is explained by the assumption that the cutaneous reaction will be negative when the toxin is neutralized in a molecular zone of fluid bordering on the tissue structures and that within this area the exchange takes place in no measurable time. The result of the cutaneous test under these experimental conditions, therefore, is independent of the velocity of the toxin-tissue reaction. The application of these conclusions to experiments with viruses is discussed.
The Second Stage of the Agglutinative Reaction
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Herman Morris 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The common conception of precipitative and agglutinative reactions is that they proceed in two separate stages: (a) a specific combination between the antigen and its antibody, and (b) a non-specific stage of aggregation of the sensitized particles, in which electrolytes play a rôle. Marrack (1) has recently offered another interpretation. He believes that molecules or particles of antigen and antibody-molecules alternately combine to build up a three-dimensional lattice or mosaic by virtue of the presence in the antigenic particles and antibody-molecules of several combining groups. According to this concept, combination of antigen and antibody and aggregation occur simultaneously, and both “stages” would be specific. Heidelberger and Kendall (2) have reported quantitative studies on the precipitative reaction favoring Marrack's hypothesis.
Topley, Wilson, and Duncan (3) were the first to suggest studies on mixed agglutination of morphologically distinguishable antigens as a method of solving this problem.
Studies on the Fibrinolysin Produced by the Hemolytic Streptococcus
Authors: Jablonowitz Jacob M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fibrinolysin is highly specific for human fibrinogen; it does not act, in the quantities tested, on dog, sheep, and rabbit fibrinogens. Human serum globulins are not attacked by fibrinolysin although fibrinogen, which is a globulin or is present in the globulin fraction of blood plasma, is acted upon. The action of fibrinolysin on fibrin formed by animal fibrinogen and human thrombin is peculiar in that both animal fibrinogen and human thrombin are unaffected by fibrinolysin when either is present alone, but when the two are combined and mixed with fibrinolysin the clot becomes susceptible to liquefaction. Human thrombin is capable of inactivating fibrinolysin; sheep thrombin does not possess this ability, even if it is permitted to act on the fibrinolysin for 20 hours. Liquefaction of fibrin-clots formed by human fibrinogen and either human or sheep thrombin results in the disappearance of the thrombin from the liquefied material. It was suggested that the formation of fibrin alters the state of both the fibrinogen and the thrombin. This is in keeping with the observations that when a fibrin-clot forms from fibrinogen and thrombin a large proportion of the thrombin disappears just as the clot solidifies. It has been assumed that the disappearance of the thrombin is due to its being taken up in the clot. However, from the present study it appears that the thrombin actually becomes altered or inactivated. The inactivation, however, does not invalidate the theory that thrombin is an enzyme.
Immunological Studies in Active Vaccination against Scarlet Fever
Authors: Strumia Max M. , Crawford Linden , Bergh Betty , Neher Regina N. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The literature before 1930 on active immunization against scarlet fever has been summarized by Thomson and Thomson (1). Rector (2), also, has recently studied statistical data covering about 60,000 individuals inoculated with Dick toxin in which there was an attack rate of 0.5 per cent for the immunized individuals as against 14 per cent for the known susceptibles. Anderson's (3) statement, therefore, appears to be true that “Immunization with Dick toxin in adequate doses confers on a person previously susceptible a level of resistance against clinically recognizable scarlet fever comparable to that shown by a negative test.”
Granted then that most investigators agree on this point, considerable disagreement nevertheless exists as to whether active immunization against scarlet fever protects against the erythrogenic toxin only, or whether it also increases resistance to the invasiveness of the streptococcus and to other manifestations of the infection.
The Acquisition of Heterophile Antigen by Eberthella Typhosa and Salmonella Paratyphi During Culture on Artificial Media
Authors: Holtman D. Frank 
Published: January 2023

Summary
E. typhosa and S. paratyphi, originally lacking heterophile antigen, acquired this agent through prolonged culture on horse serum agar. The acquired heterospecificity of the bacteria was not affected by washing the cells in neutral or slightly acidified saline solution. Once the heterophile antigen had been gained, it was retained through 21 daily subcultures in subsequent propagation on beef extract agar but had disappeared after 50 transfers on this medium.
Combined Therapy of Pneumococcic Rat Infections with Rabbit Antipneumococcic Serum and Sulfapyridine (2-Sulfanilyl Aminopyridine)
Authors: Powell H. M. , Jamieson W. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Under comparable conditions, we have conducted comparative therapeutic tests in rats with polyvalent rabbit antipneumococcic serum, prepared with R form pneumococci and having a wide degree of efficacy in several types of pneumococcic infections, and sulfapyridine. Serum therapy in any one of the three doses used comprised a one dose procedure per rat as indicated. Chemotherapy was a four dose procedure per rat, the first being 60 mgm. per 100 gram rat, and the remaining three doses being 30 mgm. per rat. Our chemotherapy in rats was planned therefore to utilize a dosage on the lower border of the range found effective by Whitby in order to facilitate end-point comparisons. In addition to serum therapy and chemotherapy with sulfapyridine, we used a combined therapy of these agents. All these therapeutic tests have been applied to infections of types I, II, V, VII, VIII, and XIV pneumococci in rats. We have tried similar experiments with most of the other types of pneumococci, but these have been of consistently low virulence for rats.
Quantitative Studies on the Neutralization of Pathogenic Agents in Tissues by Circulating Antibodies
Authors: Friedemann Ulrich , Zuger Bernard , Hollander Alvin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a previous communication (1) a new method for the determination of the coefficient of the distribution of antibodies between blood and tissue has been described. The method was based on a quantitative comparison of direct and indirect1 cutaneous tests with diphtheric and staphylococcal toxins and antitoxins. By this means, the coefficient of the distribution of antitoxins was found to be in the neighborhood of 22.
All these experiments were carried out with horse-serum antitoxins. Recently Heidelberger and Pedersen (2), Goodner, Horsfall, and Bauer (3), and Schaffer and Dingle (4) have found with the methods of ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration and the molecular-film technic of Langmuir, that antibodies in horse serum may have a considerably larger molecular weight and volume than the corresponding antibodies in rabbit serum. Actually this has been demonstrated, thus far, only for types 1 and 3 pneumococcal antibodies, whereas according to Schaffer and Dingle, types 5 and 8 pneumococcal antibodies have the same molecular size in horse and rabbit serum.