bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Granting legitimacy from non‐state actor deliberation: An example of women's groups at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Authors: Zhao Bi 
Published: August 2023

AbstractNon‐state actors (NSAs) have been widely recognized as important participants in the global climate regime. Their participation is considered to have the potential to enhance the democratic legitimacy of global governance institutions such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What is the mechanism through which NSAs grant legitimacy to the institution? This study connects NSA legitimation with their deliberation at multilateral venues. I argue that, while NSAs do not have formal voting or decision‐making power, evaluating their participation in deliberation activities, such as the Side Events at the annual Conference of Parties, can shed light on our understanding of whether there is equality in their participation and who gets to contribute to the institutional legitimacy of the UNFCCC. Drawing on the example of women's groups at the UNFCCC, I demonstrate their increasing participation in deliberation. Quantitative analysis and interviews suggest that their participation is relatively inclusive with a diverse range of actors and viewpoints. Although Global Northern NSAs enjoy some advantages in participation, the effect is balanced by NSAs' social embeddedness, especially for the Southern groups, and the robust collaborations between the North and South. These features are likely to enhance the legitimacy of UNFCCC. Future research should consider how to understand and assess legitimacy in global governance regimes and who may be left out in the legitimation process.
Variable passing method for combining 3D MPM–FEM hybrid and 2D shallow water simulations of landslide‐induced tsunamis
Authors: Pan Shaoyuan , Nomura Reika , Ling Guoming , Takase Shinsuke , Moriguchi Shuji , Terada Kenjiro 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWith a view to simulating the entire process of a landslide‐triggered tsunami, ranging from tsunami generation to offshore wave propagation, with relatively low computational costs, we present a 2D–3D coupling strategy to bridge 3D MPM–FEM hybrid and 2D shallow water (SW) simulations. Specifically, considering the difference in basis functions between the 3D and 2D analysis methods, we devise a novel variable passing scheme in the domain overlapping method, in which a slightly overlapped domain enables the generated wave to pass through the connection boundaries with as little discrepancy as possible. For the tsunami generation stage in the 3D domain, the hybrid method combining the finite element method (FEM) and material point method (MPM) is adopted. In this method, the 3D governing equation of the solid phase is solved with the MPM, whereas the well‐established 3D stabilized FEM is applied to that of the fluid phase in an Eulerian frame. Additionally, the phase‐field method is employed to track the free surface of the 3D fluid domain. On the other hand, the SW equation that represents the offshore wave motion in the 2D domain is solved by the 2D stabilized FEM. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed scheme in properly passing the data from 3D/2D to 2D/3D domains.
Investigating the mediating influence of distress tolerance on the relationship between existential thinking, sense of coherence, and the severity of mourning among families who lost a loved one to COVID‐19: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Khalafi kasalani Soheila , Karami Mina , Dargahi Shahriar 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackground and AimsThe objective of the current study was to examine how distress tolerance functions as a mediator in the relationship between existential thinking, sense of coherence, and the severity of mourning experienced by families who have lost a loved one to COVID‐19.MethodsThe present study employed a descriptive correlational research design, targeting family members of those who passed away due to COVID‐19 in the city of Mianeh in 2022. A sample of 160 individuals was selected for statistical analysis. The research instruments used in this study consisted of Flensberg's sense of coherence questionnaire (2006), Simmons and Gaher's emotional distress tolerance questionnaire (2005), Sugbart and Scott's grief experience questionnaire (1989), and Branton Scherer's existential thinking questionnaire (2006). The collected data were analyzed using path analysis, as well as SPSS and Amos software.ResultsThe findings of the study revealed a significant correlation coefficient between existential thinking (r = 0.465), sense of coherence (r = 0.401), and distress tolerance (r = 0.521) with the severity of mourning experienced by families who lost a loved one to COVID‐19. Moreover, the results indicated a positive and significant relationship (p > 0.01) between distress tolerance and sense of coherence (r = 0.126), as well as between distress tolerance and existential thinking (r = 0.059) among the bereaved families. However, the bootstrap test results suggested that distress tolerance did not mediate the relationship between sense of coherence and the severity of mourning in the families of COVID‐19 victims.ConclusionConsistent with prior research, the current study's findings indicated that both existential thinking and sense of coherence had a direct impact on the severity of mourning experienced by families who lost a loved one to COVID‐19. Additionally, the results revealed that the influence of existential thinking on the severity of mourning was mediated indirectly by increasing distress tolerance.
How to tackle single target gene positive results of SARS‐CoV‐2 real‐time PCR: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Shafiei‐Jandaghi Nazanin‐Zahra , Tavakoli Forough , Yavarian Jila , Salimi Vahid , Sadeghi Kaveh , Zadheidar Sevrin , Nejati Ahmad , Shatizadeh Malekshahi Somayeh , Mokhtari‐Azad Talat 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackground and AimsReal‐time reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (real‐time RT‐PCR) is the gold standard test for diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). However, when the test result is near the detection limit of the assay the possibility of getting false positive or negative results is high. In addition, it might result in single target gene positive (STGP) results which should be interpreted with caution.MethodsThis study was performed on 29,962 nasal swabs from July 1 to August 31, 2020. Ct values less than 40 for each or both of N and RdRp genes were recommended to be selected as positive. Positive samples for one gene with the Cts more than 35 were rechecked by adding more templates.ResultsThe results showed that 1016 (3.39%) samples were positive just for one gene with high Ct values. The results of the second reactions showed that 325 (31.99%) samples were positive for both N and RdRp which were reported positive, 301 (29.65%) were positive only for one gene which were considered as suspicious cases and resampling was suggested for them. Finally, 390 (38.385%) samples were negative for both genes.ConclusionIn conclusion, tracking weak positive results of SARS‐CoV‐2 real‐time RT‐PCR revealed that most of the individuals who were STGP clean the infection completely in less than a week which showed they were in the convalescent phase of infection. However, some of them who were in the beginning of infection showed a decrease in Ct value during a week, so they could spread the virus in the society.
Understanding Interface Criticality in Large Infrastructure Projects
Authors: Welford John , Wallace Steve , Donovan James 
Published: August 2023

AbstractUnderstanding and effectively managing interfaces has been recognised as key to mitigating the risk of project failure since the 1960's and is becoming more prominent in infrastructure as projects become more complex. This paper reviews how interfaces in infrastructure projects are traditionally identified, defined, owned, assessed, and managed. It provides recommendations on how to better align this traditional viewpoint with a whole‐of‐system approach to Interface Management through an assessment of interface criticality and shows the application of these through a case study on the redesign of two rail‐enabled ferry terminals.
The AGILE 4.0 Project: MBSE to Support Cyber‐Physical Collaborative Aircraft Development
Authors: Bussemaker Jasper , Boggero Luca , Nagel Björn 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis paper presents the main output of the EU‐funded H2020 AGILE 4.0 project: the AGILE 4.0 MBSE‐MDAO Development Framework. The framework aims at connecting upstream Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) activities to downstream Multidisciplinary Design Analysis and Optimization (MDAO) activities, applied to the development of complex aeronautical systems. Upstream activities include the definition of stakeholders, needs, semantic requirements, and modeling the system architecture design space. Downstream activities include defining, implementing, and executing cross‐organizational and collaborative MDAO workflows to support system synthesis. The development framework is implemented in an Operational Collaborative Environment (OCE), a web‐based platform for project data and modeling tool access. A business jet family design application case demonstrates the use of the development framework and OCE.
Function‐Based Architecture Optimization: An Application to Hybrid‐Electric Propulsion Systems
Authors: Bussemaker Jasper , Sánchez Raúl García , Fouda Mahmoud , Boggero Luca , Nagel Björn 
Published: August 2023

AbstractDecisions arising in architecting processes greatly impact the success of the final product, however are subject to high uncertainty and large combinatorial design spaces. Selecting the best architecture for the problem at hand can be supported by architecture optimization techniques. In this paper, we show how architecture optimization can used for designing complex aeronautical systems, with the design of hybrid‐electric aircraft propulsion systems as an application case. The function‐based architecture optimization problem is formulated using an Architecture Design Space Graph (ADSG) created with the ADORE tool. Automatically generated architecture alternatives are evaluated using a multidisciplinary analysis framework coupling an overall aircraft design tool to mission and propulsion system simulation code. The multidisciplinary analysis toolchain is rebuilt for each architecture, automatically including and coupling selecting components. Architectures are optimized for three objectives using a multi‐objective genetic algorithm. It is demonstrated that the large architecture design space can be effectively searched and a Pareto front can be obtained.
LEAP – A Process for Identifying Potential Technical Debt in Iterative System Development
Authors: Kleinwaks Howard , Batchelor Ann , Bradley Thomas , Rich Matthew , Turner J. F. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSystems engineering has seen a rise in the use of iterative methods to design and develop both hardware and software systems which allow for system refinement to be responsive to user needs. However, focusing on items with high value to the user can result in technical debt, where technical compromises made for short‐term gain impact the long‐term health of the system. Current methods for identifying technical debt focus on finding existing technical debt items within a system and not on proactive identification of technical debt during the iterative system planning process. This paper presents a novel technique to identify technologies that impact the ability of the system to satisfy the needs of its stakeholders. The method is used to evaluate different choices of technological implementations in both the temporal and the functional dimensions to reduce the risk of incurring technical debt which prevents the successful delivery of the system.
Developing Effective Space Systems with Earlier Integration, Verification, and Validation
Authors: Katz Tami , Wheatcraft Louis S. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSpace systems are complex systems developed to address a defined problem or opportunity, with current trends seeking faster developments within competitively priced budgets. Methods are needed to provide early confidence in the ability of an organization to successfully develop a space system that meets stakeholders' expectations.Addressing integration, verification, and validation earlier and continuously across the lifecycle is crucial towards assuring the space system is developed in a way that is feasible, conforms to requirements, meets the needs of the stakeholders, and ultimately can achieve the goals and objectives of the mission within budget, schedule and acceptable risk.This paper suggests solutions to this development using the activities promoted by the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) through the INCOSE Needs and Requirements Manual (NRM) (INCOSE, 2022) by applying the concepts to an example space system. This example covers the activities of lifecycle concept and needs definition, requirements definition, and early system verification and validation during architectural and design definition using the FireSat II example from the Space Mission Engineering: The New SMAD (Wertz, et al, 2011), showing a familiar space mission example in a new light.The outcome is a demonstration of space system development using a data‐centric approach, resulting in a comprehensive and well‐formed integrated set of needs and requirements with the ability to address integration, verification, and validation across the development lifecycle, supporting faster and more cost‐effective development of high quality, safe, and efficient space mission solutions.
Oversimplification of Systems Engineering Goals, Processes, and Criteria in NASA Space Life Support
Authors: Jones Harry W. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis paper investigates the oversimplification of the inherently complex systems engineering process in space life support. The standard systems engineering process steps are described. The International Space Station (ISS) life support system is explained with its goals and performance criteria. Although it is not usually emphasized, the essential function of developing a hierarchy of systems and subsystems is to simplify the design process. The System Complexity Metric (SCM) shows how this divide‐and‐conquer approach also reduces the system complexity. The complete systems engineering process has many detailed steps. It is often simplified because of the effort required and the human limitations on working memory and decision span. Systems analysis demands slow, logical, and focused thinking but is often bypassed in favor of quick, intuitive, subconscious “gut feel.” A study of 100 system designs found examples of 12 specific mental mistakes, such as ignoring stakeholder needs, and these mistakes are essentially oversimplifications of the systems engineering process. An analysis of space life support goals, options, criteria, and processes found 11 examples of oversimplifications in systems engineering, such as neglecting safety and cost. All these 11 oversimplifications could be traced to one or more of the 12 previously identified mental mistakes or other well‐known ones, such as ignoring sunk costs. Oversimplification of the systems engineering process is rarely noticed but is a common and harmful problem. A study of failures in 50 different space systems found that problems in systems engineering caused failures and often led to errors in design, development, and test that further contributed to failure. It seems that more diligent systems engineering could prevent many project problems and failures, but projects seem to be more guided by “gut feel” based on tradition, authority, and consensus than on the logical, rational systems engineering approach.
Constructing a Digital Thread to Support Mission Analysis & System of Systems Engineering
Authors: Swickline Chris , Payton Mark , Yazdani Taban 
Published: August 2023

AbstractTo keep pace with growing system complexity, Digital Engineering (DE) Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) capabilities must be expanded. A digital thread based approach is required to holistically evaluate measures of effectiveness/performance for missions. This paper describes the approach taken to connect requirements, SysML‐based architecture, and analytical Modeling and Simulation (M&S) yielding an interdisciplinary digital thread supporting mission analysis. The analysis was conducted in support of a multi‐domain (land, air, sea, and space) multi‐platform mission to detect, track, and engage the enemy. The approach used commercially available tools, strategically connected to establish an Authoritative Source of Truth (ASOT) for each piece of data, and gain insights about the System of Systems (SoS) beyond that which the component models could provide on their own. The results of these efforts produced a multipurpose SoS MBSE toolset enabling semi‐automated trade study analysis, while more importantly serving as a basis from which to expand systems engineering activities during subsequent phases of the systems' lifecycle. This paper concludes by identifying further opportunities for MBSE research and development to expand the developed capability.
Applying a System of Systems Perspective to Hyundai‐Kia's Virtual Tire Development
Authors: Yun Sunkil , Alai Shashank , Kim Yongdae , Kim Tae Kook , Jo Jaehun , Lee Dahyeon , Gorantla Lokesh , Baloh Michael 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSystems engineering has become important in almost every complex product manufacturing industry, especially automotive. Emerging trends like vehicle electrification and autonomous driving now pose a System of Systems (SoS) engineering challenge to automotive OEMs. This paper presents a proof‐of‐concept (PoC) that applies a top‐down SoS perspective to Hyundai‐Kia Motor Corporation's (HKMC) virtual product development process to develop a performance‐critical component of the vehicle, the tire. The PoC demonstrates using the Arcadia MBSE method to develop a consistent, layered, vehicle architecture model starting from the SoS operational context down to the lowest level of system decomposition in the physical architecture thereby capturing top‐down knowledge traceability. Using the concept of functional chains, several vehicle performance views are captured that serve as the basis for architecture verification orchestration across engineering domains using a cross‐domain orchestration platform thereby validating key vehicle/tire performance metrics that influence the tire design parameters. Preliminary results of the study show that applying a method‐based modeling approach could provide several benefits to HKMC's current product development approach such as reduced time to model, SoS knowledge capture and reusability, parameter/requirement traceability, early performance verification, and effective systems engineering collaboration between the OEM, tire design supplier and tire manufacturers.
A Systems Engineering Approach to Reducing Mis‐pulls and Misplaced Trailers for Trucking Fleets
Authors: Bumgarner Sean , Span Martin “Trae” , Daily Jeremy 
Published: August 2023

AbstractHeavy vehicle fleets can have more than three times the number of trailers than tractors, but tractors host most of the vehicle network and tracking systems. Tractor location is readily available through telematics systems, yet trucking operations may pull the wrong trailer during operations because of the lack of trailer location information. The lack of automated trailer location data can lead to lost or mis‐placed trailers, which compromises the service of the product being shipped. Adding dedicated telematics systems to individual trailers is cost prohibitive. Therefore, we propose leveraging the tractor's existing location data with unique identifiers from the trailer to geo‐reference trailers. The goal of the proposed system is to use existing truck and trailer hardware (i.e. the braking system controllers) to identify the trailer serial numbers to the truck‐tractor, which creates geo‐referenced tractor‐trailer combinations. This work follows a system engineering approach for a trailer tracking system design beginning with a thorough review of the problem and customer need, generating concise requirements, conducting a tradeoff study of potential solutions, and demonstrating the proposed solution on a test bench. A systems engineering approach following the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 15288 and International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) technical processes is used for this design and development effort. This work demonstrates a novel approach, delivering a trailer tracking capability fielded through minimal changes to existing hardware and software. This automated trailer location system would reduce mis‐pulled and temporarily misplaced trailers, thus saving time and money for fleet operations worldwide.
SysML Implementation of Property Based Requirements
Authors: Zimmer Rhett , Sliger John 
Published: August 2023

AbstractText based requirements are historically used for specifications in DoD acquisition and systems engineering, along with models of various levels of fidelity. Text based requirements do not enable the comprehensive traceability and analysis necessary to successfully maintain and develop a complex system. In addition, the reliance on varied requirement interpretations along the design process causes issues in the accurate transference of intention, especially with regards to redundancy with the associated descriptive models. To mitigate these issues, a comprehensive property‐based solution to the generation, linkage, analysis, and verification of requirements is proposed utilizing parametric execution within SysML. Additionally, this approach can enable a level of automation in the requirements verification process when applied with digital engineering practices. A case study shows the application of the solution with an example so that the approach can be further explained.
Descriptive Functions and the Role of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Bajzek Matthias , Krems Daniel , Faustmann Clemens , Maletz Michael , Kollegger Stefan , Kranabitl Philipp , Hick Hannes 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis paper describes concepts to support the application of descriptive functions using artificial intelligence technologies. Descriptive functions are typically used in the system design phase to describe and specify the system behavior. In a model‐based systems engineering approach the system functions, their dependencies, and the allocation to the technical solution are typically documented in system models. Descriptive functions have a fuzziness that is beneficial in the solution finding process but also challenging in terms of development efficiency. To support development teams in formulation and working with descriptive functions in system design, and verification and validation phase several concepts with the use of artificial intelligence technologies are discussed.