bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies in Osmotic Pressure
Authors: Kosakai Mitsuji 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The laws governing the development of osmotic pressure and the effects produced by that agency upon animal and vegetable cells have been exactly determined by experimental study. The nature of the force of osmotic pressure, on the other hand, has, of necessity, been only surmised, because of the limitations hitherto surrounding the experimental study of that force, and the ideas concerning this question are based either on theoretical grounds or on the observations upon the effects of osmotic pressure.
In the writings on the subject of osmotic pressure two conceptions of the nature of that force are found.
The first conception is drawn from the well known demonstration by van't Hoff of the agreement between the laws governing gas pressure and those governing the development of osmotic pressure. According to this conception, osmotic pressure, corresponding with the pressure of the gases, is exerted by the molecules of the dissolved substance (solute), these being thought of as continually “bombarding” the surface of the limiting membrane.
The Rôle of Bacillus Influenzae in Clinical Influenza
Authors: Huntoon F. M. , Hannum S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
An examination of the experimental evidence of the preceding pages would appear to have established the following facts: That B. influenzae is capable of producing a toxic substance.That this substance, when introduced into the circulation, produces congestion of the respiratory tract with haemorrhages into the alveoli.That certain conditions of symbiotic growth intensify the liberation of the toxin.That as an effect of the action of the poison the lungs show a predisposition to invasion by various organisms, with the production of secondary lesions.That live bacilli introduced at a remote point probably affect the lungs through the action of a liberated toxin.That there is nothing in the serological evidence to preclude the consideration of this organism as an important factor in the causation of clinical influenza.
A New Method of Testing Antitoxic Dysentery Serum
Authors: Fukuhara Yoshimoto 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In order to determine the antitoxic value of anti-dysentery serum it is necessary to select a standard serum which can be preserved in a dry state in the vacuum tubes of Ehrlich. The standard antitoxin unit adopted by us was the amount that neutralized 100 minimal lethal doses of the toxin which at that time was at our disposal. For the testing of other anti-dysentery sera the so-called L+ dose of dysentery toxin was adopted as the smallest amount which when mixed with the antitoxin unit and injected intravenously into a rabbit of 1500 to 2000 grams weight caused the death of the animal within from four to five days. The L+ dose of the toxin is employed, in the usual manner, to determine the relative antitoxic value of newly prepared antisera. The deterioration of aged dysentery toxin is referable to a change of the toxin molecule into a non-toxic modification which possesses no avidity for the antitoxin. The toxin molecules lose their toxicity without the formation of toxoids; in this repect the dysentery toxin is unlike diphtheria toxin.
An Electrophoretic Study of Heated Horse-Serum
Authors: van der Scheer J. , Wyckoff Ralph W. G. , Clarke F. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When normal horse-serum was warmed to about 65°C a part of its protein became denatured with the formation of a colloidal component, C, having an electrophoretic mobility approximately that of the β-globulin. Electrophoretic analysis showed that this C component arose in the first place at the expense of the globulins but if it was produced in large amounts it adsorbed considerable quantities of albumin. The C-component precipitated on dialysis; a serum containing it could be largely cleared by centrifugation. The C-colloid precipitated in these ways could be redispersed and showed the same mobility it had had in serum.
It is pointed out that in hyperimmune sera the colloid C formed at the expense of the antibody-containing T and γ-globulins. Some sera intended for therapeutic uses are pasteurized to destroy foreign viruses or bacteria. Electrophoretic investigation offers a direct way of studying antibody-damage resulting from this heating.
Experimental Diphtheria in the Albino Rat
Authors: Seligmann E. , Jungeblut C. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Albino rats are highly but not completely resistant to infection with diphtheria bacilli, irrespective of whether the gravis or the mitis types are used. Intravenous or intraäbdominal injection of large doses of diphtheria bacilli produced no effect. The animals survived, the bacilli died out swiftly. Subcutaneous injection, however, resulted in the formation of transitory abscesses in which living diphtheria bacilli persisted not longer than one week after injection. A generalization of the infection was indicated by the survival of the organisms in the spleen. No deaths occurred in these animals. Intracerebral injection of diphtheria bacilli proved lethal within one to seven days. The brain contained numerous diphtheria bacilli but the blood and spleen were sterile. Administration of large amounts of diphtherial antitoxin failed to prevent the development of abscesses following subcutaneous infection, or death following intracerebral infection. Serial passage of a gravis strain of C. diphtheriae through rats did not change the cultural, biochemical or biological characteristics of the organism.
Comparative Immunologic Response in Rabbits Following the Injection of Heat-Killed Pasteurella Avicida by Several Routes and of Sonic Disintegrated P. Avicida Intracutaneously
Authors: Langner Paul H. , Forrester James S. , Langner Fred W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The intravenous injection of heat-killed Pasteurella avicida gives a better agglutinin-response and protective resistance than either the subcutaneous or intracutaneous route. A comparative study of inoculations given intracutaneously into the back, intracutaneously into the inner aspect of the thigh, subcutaneously into the back and subcutaneously into the inner aspect of the thigh, showed no superiority of any one site or route in ability to produce resistance to the infection following an intraabdominal inoculation of 1,000 lethal doses of P. avicida. The agglutinin-titers were somewhat higher in the animals injected intracutaneously, whether in the back or the thigh, than in the animals injected subcutaneously. Under the conditions of this experiment, the filtrate of live Pasteurella disintegrated by sonic vibration is a poor antigen when injected intracutaneously into the back. No significant difference in sensitization by the various routes of injection was noted in this experiment using P. avicida as an antigen.
Staphylococcal Toxoid Prepared by Peptic Digestion
Authors: Parfentjev I. A. , Clapp Frances L. , Waldschmidt A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Through mild peptic digestion, staphylococcal toxin can be completely detoxified. This detoxified toxin possesses a marked antigenic property for animals and for human beings. Under the conditions described, the digested toxin exhibited no detectable capacity for combining with specific antitoxin. Digested staphylococcal toxoid seems to have less ability to produce reactions in the human being when compared with a formalinized toxoid of equal or less potency.
The Effect of Reducing Agents on the Fourth Component of Complement
Authors: Pillemer L. , Seifter J. , Ecker E. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Reducing agents such as HCN, alkali cyanides, sodium bisulfite and thioglycollic acid fail to inactivate the fourth component of serum-complement. This failure of the cyanide and the bisulfite is in agreement with previous observations made on the reactions of reducing agents and aldehydes; these observations having been variously explained by the protective influence of redox structure, rate of reaction, and dissociation effects.
NaCN and KCN in sufficient concentration inactivate the third component.
Reactivation of Neutralized Influenza a Virus by Dilution
Authors: Taylor R. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mixtures of immune serum and influenza A virus which are non-infectious for mice can be made lightly infectious merely by dilution.
Reactivation of neutralized virus can be demonstrated with mixtures made either in vivo or in vitro.
Reactivation of neutral serum-virus mixtures is not complete, and approximately 90 per cent of the virus remains permanently neutralized.
Further Studies of the Orientation of Reactive Sites in Thin Films of Streptococcal Antigens
Authors: Chambers L. A. , Bateman J. B. , Calkins H. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Films of the streptococcal derivatives NPA and P6, when allowed sufficient opportunity for expansion, exhibit significant differences in reactivity of the two film-faces toward homologous and heterologous antisera. When expansion is incomplete the facial differences are largely obliterated.
Variations in the ratios (AB/A), over a wide range of substrate-pH, indicate the presence of at least two types of reactive site which behave independently. Qualitatively, P6 and NPA films exhibit the same properties; therefore nucleic acid appears to contribute nothing to the serological reactivity of the materials which actually enter into the film-structure.
Studies in Contact-Dermatitis
Authors: Grolnick Max 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Spontaneous flare-ups at the site of application of a single patch-test of krameria, left in contact with the skin for a period of from one to seven days, occurred in 18 subjects on from the 8th to the 21st day following the initial day of application of the excitant. In 19 subjects, in whom from 2 to 5 applications of krameria, made at intervals of one or more weeks, were needed to produce sensitivity, a flare-up at one previously negative site occurred, and in 4 of these subjects, there were flare-ups at two sites. These sites, moreover, remained inactive for from 10 to 43 days prior to their flare-up. This period was referred to as the inactive phase. The flare-up at sites always occurred in the reverse order of applications to those sites with the excitant and was dependent on the concentration of excitant remaining at these areas.
The flare-up could thus occur as a result of a single patchtest contact with an active excitant of contact-dermatitis such as krameria. When more than one application of excitant was needed to induce sensitivity, the appearance of the flare-up seemed to indicate that each successive application of the excitant produced some immunological alteration, and that the sum-total of these stimuli evoked the final state of hypersensitiveness.
The occurrence of the flare-up in a subject is, therefore, to be regarded as an indication of the active sensitization of the subject to the excitant.
Studies on Measles
Authors: Shaffer Morris F. , Rake Geoffrey , Stokes Joseph , O'Neil Gerald C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Simultaneous inoculation of children and monkeys with measles virus of human origin produces in both, after a like incubation period, a syndrome which is similar except in point of severity. The syndrome in the children is that of typical measles; that in the monkeys is what we and others have regarded as typical of measles in this species. An examination of the results obtained in some 80 monkeys receiving in certain instances human and in others egg-derived measles virus, reveals no evidence of any difference in the picture produced by either of the materials. Both appear to be typical of measles in this species. Inoculation of 36 children with active egg-passage virus produced in 4 mild but definite measles, and in 7 others coryza with or without leucopenia and questionable Koplik spots appearing between the 8th and 15th days after inoculation.
Neutralization of Vaccine Virus by Immune Serum
Authors: Bronson L. H. , Parker R. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Discussion
Experiments have been performed with a view to gaining information on the protection afforded by immune serum against vaccinal infection of mice, and in order to correlate the protective potency of serum against virus introduced intracerebrally in mice with that introduced intracutaneously in rabbits. It was learned that virus could be titrated satisfactorily by intracerebral inoculation of mice, and that with the strain of virus used the estimates of potency agreed well with those derived from the results of rabbit-inoculation. This was taken to mean that the virulence of this strain of virus for mouse and rabbit was essentially the same. Addition of immune serum to the viral suspensions protected mice from infection. The moderate irregularity of the titration-curve which was found when virus was injected alone was found to be considerably increased, but not to such an extent as to make the use of the “50 per cent point” an invalid one for measuring viral titer. It will be recalled that a similar observation was made when virus was titrated on the rabbit skin in the presence of immune serum, and furthermore that the degree of irregularity of results seemed to be proportional to the concentration of immune serum. The fact that a similar condition obtains in the mouse suggests that it is fundamentally related to the protective activity of immune serum.
It was found that on dilution of the immune serum its protective capacity fell off regularly, as was found to be the case when titrations were made in the rabbit. It seemed, however, that the power of serum to protect the intracerebrally injected mouse from fatal infection was greater than its capacity to protect against the development of a cutaneous lesion. In evaluating this observation it must, of course, be borne in mind that we were not in a position to recognize the development of a minimal lesion in the brain. However, fatal infection of mice, and cutaneous lesions in rabbits, appeared to follow the introduction of equivalent amount of the original viral suspension of this strain. Further speculation must await fuller information.
Quantitative Studies on the Group-Specific Substances in Human Blood and Saliva
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Kosofsky Isidore 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method is presented for standardizing isoagglutinating sera to be used for estimating the concentration of group-substances in blood and secretions. It is shown that when the maximal dilution of blood or saliva that neutralizes the isoagglutinating serum or serum-dilution is plotted against serum-dilution, the curves for saliva and blood are quite different. This makes it difficult to determine the relative amounts of group-substances in blood and saliva. The cause for the difference in the curves is presumably related to the intrinsic difference in the test-methods for blood and secretions, namely, the absorptive and inhibitive technics, respectively. The experiments described for the standardization of sera were performed with the blood and saliva of a single group-B individual. Anti-B sera from various sources gave quite different findings, so that it was not possible to predict the results merely from the concentration of agglutinins in the serum or serum-dilution. In the absorptive tests the blood of different group-B individuals were found to give equivalent results whether they were secretors or non-secretors. Moreover, the saliva of different group-B secretors, or of the same group-B individual at different times, was found to be relatively constant in its content of group-specific substance. Saliva, accordingly, is a particularly favorable material for use as a basis for standardization of quantitative studies on group-specific substances.
An Experimental Investigation of an Immunologic Mechanism as the Cause of Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Kay Calvin F. , Lucchesi Pascal F. , Rutherford Robert B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A brief analysis was made of the various concepts which have been advanced in explanation of the mechanism by which acute glomerulonephritis develops. Attention was directed especially to the hypothesis that the disease develops as the result of an antigen-antibody reaction, and particularly to the recent concept that the antigen concerned may be the product of an action of the streptococcus or some of its products upon the proteins of the kidney.
Experiments were devised to test the validity of this concept. Antibodies to antigens prepared from human renal tissue were not found by complement-fixation or precipitative methods in sera obtained from 78 patients with scarlet fever. Attempts to demonstrate a circulating antigen in the early stage of scarlet fever by an immunologic reaction with sera obtained at a later period when antibody, if present, would presumably be in excess, were likewise unsuccessful. Reasons are given to show that the negative results obtained, while failing to give support to the concept, cannot be considered to exclude the possibility of such a mechanism.
The Passage of Antipneumococcal Antibodies Into Pleural Exudates in Rabbits—A Comparison of the Penetration of the Pleura by Horse and Rabbit Sera
Authors: Haviland James W. , McManus Joseph F. A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In their report on the superior effectiveness of rabbit antipneumococcal serum in treating pneumococcal pneumonia Horsfall and Goodner (1) suggested that serous membranes might be more permeable to rabbit- than to horse-antibody. The antibody-molecule in horse serum is about 44 mµ in diameter, whereas, the rabbit-serum molecule is only 11 mµ (2). Under certain circumstances, as in long-continued immunization, however, even horse serum may contain smaller antibody-molecules, as was shown recently by Kabat (3). Horsfall and Goodner based their assumption concerning the permeability of the serous membranes not only on these observations but also on a report by Sabin (4) who was unable to demonstrate the passage of horse-serum antibodies from the blood into the empyema-cavities in four patients who had received fairly large quantities of anti-pneumococcal horse serum intravenously. Horsfall and Goodner, on the other hand, stated that they were able to demonstrate the presence of rabbit serum (i.e., antibodies) in the empyema-fluid of two patients who had been treated with rabbit serum.
Studies on the Mechanism of the Action of Sulfanilamide
Authors: Lynch Helen M. , Lockwood John S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Some time ago we reported (1) on the bacteriostatic action of sulfanilamide on hemolytic streptococci in human serum. At that time it was noted that the addition to the serum of small amounts of neopeptone resulted in two effects: 1. There was definite increase in the amount of growth in sulfanilamide-free controls, and 2. there was marked interference with the bacteriostatic effect of sulfanilamide.
We concluded that human serum from defibrinated blood was not a favorable medium for maximal reproductive activity of hemolytic streptococci; that the addition of small amounts of peptone to the serum provided a medium suitable for the active logarithmic multiplication of young streptococci. At the same time, the presence of peptone tended to prevent sulfanilamide from exercising the full effect of which it was capable in peptone-free serum. We were unable to determine whether the growth-stimulating and sulfanilamide-inhibiting effects of peptone were associated or dissociated.
The Effect of Estrone on Antibody-Production
Authors: Von Haam E. , Rosenfeld Irene 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a previous communication (1) we reported that high doses of estrone increased the resistance of mice against an infection with pneumococcus. The present experiments were designed to study the nature of this increased resistance by investigating the effect of estrone upon the antibody-production in rabbits immunized with type 1 pneumococcus.
The effect of sex-hormones on antibody-formation has been studied by few investigators. Castration did not influence appreciably the antibody-formation according to the reports of Weyrauch (2) and Glusman (3). Pregnancy, on the other hand, definitely increased the content of natural and acquired antibodies as shown by the investigations of Dresel and Keller (4), Loewenthal (5), Aycock and Kramer (6) and Hudson and coworkers (7). This increase in protective antibodies is highest toward the end of the pregnancy, when the estrogenic hormones reach the highest concentration, and may “reflect the increase in natural resistance to infection during this period” (Perla, 8).
The Influence of Artificial Fever on Mechanisms of Resistance
Authors: Ellingson Harold V. , Clark Paul F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Interest in the therapeutic use of the febrile state was aroused when Wagner von Jauregg (1) reported the improvement in cases of tabes dorsalis and general paresis following artificial infection with malaria, and suggested that the elevation of temperature was responsible for the favorable influence. This observation started a trend of clinical investigation and trial which has led to the widespread acceptance of artificial fever in the treatment of several diseases. The increasing use of this new type of physical therapy has turned attention to the influence of hyperpyrexia on several physiologic and immunologic processes. Physiologic responses to fever have been clearly described, and are covered by the papers of Heymans and Heymans (2), and a review by Bazett (3), and by the later papers of Bischoff, Ullman, Hill, and Long (4), Kissen and Bierman (5), Neymann and Osborne (6), Krusen (7), and Coulter (8).
The Effect of Homologous Antiserum and Complement on the Multiplication of Vaccinia Virus in Roller-Tube Cultures of Blood-Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Florman Alfred L. , Enders John F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The virus of vaccinia may be cultivated for at least 3 weeks in roller-tube cultures of mononuclear cells obtained from the circulating blood of the rabbit. Following inoculation of the virus, the addition of homologous antiserum to this system does not bring about permanent inactivation of the virus. Mixtures of antiserum and virus giving no reaction in the rabbit's skin give rise to an infection of these mononuclear cells. The infection is maintained even if further amounts of antisera are subsequently added to the culture. The addition of 1 or 2 hemolytic units of complement in the form of fresh normal rabbit-serum does not enhance the effectiveness of the antiserum. In cultures of mononuclear cells, the virus does not increase as rapidly nor reach as high a titer as in cultures consisting principally of fibroblasts. In cultures of mononuclear blood-cells, complement and antiserum appeared to be more effective in temporarily suppressing the activity of the virus than in cultures consisting principally of fibroblasts. The possible application of these observatins in vitro to the dissemination of virus through the animal body and to the maintenance of latent infections is discussed.
Further Studies on the Serology of the Pneumococcus Group
Authors: Mørch E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Eighteen pneumococcal types are set up. An account is given of their relations to the types known hitherto. The establishment of these new types entails an extension of Kauffmann, Mørch & Schmith's schema of the capsular antigens of the pneumococci (table 17). An account is given of the sera required for differentiation within the pneumococcal groups (table 18). The mode of their preparation and the determination and control of their capsular titers are mentioned. The significance of new pneumococcal types in respect to therapy, diagnosis and epidemiology is pointed out.