bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advantages and Disadvantages of Random Forest Models for Prediction of Hip Fracture Risk Versus Mortality Risk in the Oldest Old
Authors: Langsetmo Lisa , Schousboe John T. , Taylor Brent C. , Cauley Jane A. , Fink Howard A. , Cawthon Peggy M. , Kado Deborah M. , Ensrud Kristine E. ,   for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Research Group
Published: July 2023

AbstractTargeted fracture prevention strategies among late‐life adults should balance fracture risk versus competing mortality risk. Models have previously been constructed using Fine‐Gray subdistribution methods. We used a machine learning method adapted for competing risk survival time to evaluate candidate risk factors and create models for hip fractures and competing mortality among men and women aged 80 years and older using data from three prospective cohorts (Study of Osteoporotic Fractures [SOF], Osteoporotic Fracture in Men study [MrOS], Health Aging and Body Composition study [HABC]). Random forest competing risk models were used to estimate absolute 5‐year risk of hip fracture and absolute 5‐year risk of competing mortality (excluding post–hip fracture deaths). Models were constructed for both outcomes simultaneously; minimal depth was used to rank and select variables for smaller models. Outcome specific models were constructed; variable importance was used to rank and select variables for inclusion in smaller random forest models. Random forest models were compared to simple Fine‐Gray models with six variables selected a priori. Top variables for competing risk random forests were frailty and related components in men while top variables were age, bone mineral density (BMD) (total hip, femoral neck), and frailty components in women. In both men and women, outcome specific rankings strongly favored BMD variables for hip fracture prediction while frailty and components were strongly associated with competing mortality. Model discrimination for random forest models varied from 0.65 for mortality in women to 0.81 for hip fracture in men and depended on model choice and variables included. Random models performed slightly better than simple Fine‐Gray model for prediction of competing mortality, but similarly for prediction of hip fractures. Random forests can be used to estimate risk of hip fracture and competing mortality among the oldest old. Modest gains in performance for mortality without hip fracture compared to Fine‐Gray models must be weighed against increased complexity. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Perceived corruption reduces algorithm aversion
Authors: Castelo Noah 
Published: July 2023

AbstractScholarship on when and why humans are willing to rely on algorithms rather than other humans has made substantial progress in recent years, although virtually all such research is based on Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) research participants. This limits efforts to understand the cultural generalizability of attitudes toward algorithms. In this paper, I study algorithm aversion among participants from over 30 countries on all inhabited continents, thereby significantly increasing the diversity of this field's knowledge base. Furthermore, I leverage this diversity to test a theoretically derived prediction: that perceived corruption makes algorithmic decision‐making more appealing. I find that participants who are born or raised in countries with high levels of perceived corruption are much less averse to algorithmic decision‐making (or, in some studies, are not at all algorithm averse), relative to those from countries with low perceived corruption. Furthermore, experimentally varying corruption salience causes a decrease in algorithm aversion. I explore mechanisms and boundary conditions of these effects and discuss the implications in the context of algorithms that can both increase and decrease injustice.
Using a change management model to develop and implement dental curricula: A case study
Authors: Quinonez Rocio B. , Zomorodi Meg , Broome Angela , Mason Matt , Duqum Ibrahim 
Published: July 2023

AbstractCurriculum transformation is a guiding principle and driving force to continued institutional growth and innovation in oral health education. The transformation process starts from the need and desire for change to achieve the strategic goals of curriculum invocation. The design and implementation process must follow a systematic approach to ensure the oral health curricula are meeting the demands of preparing learners for their future careers and are in line with the institutional strategic goals and processes. The process of curriculum transformation needs to be carefully crafted and implemented to include all constituents and have clear and measurable outcomes to define its path and results. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Adams School of Dentistry is undergoing the journey of oral health curriculum innovation and transformation. The goal of this paper is to describe the change management process using Kotter's organizational model that may apply to other schools aiming to innovate dental curricula.
The effect of game‐based learning on basic life support skills training for undergraduate dental students
Authors: Akaltan Kadriye Funda , Önder Canan , Vural Çağıl , Orhan Kaan , Akdoğan Nihan , Atakan Cemal 
Published: July 2023

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the impact of serious game training on the performance of undergraduate dental students during basic life support (BLS) training.MethodsStudents at the Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry were divided into two groups at random: Serious Game (SG) (n = 46) and Traditional (Tr) (n = 45). Students completed the BLS pre‐test following their lecture‐based training. The SG set of students practiced until they achieved an 85 on the BLS Platform, after which they completed the BLS post‐test. All students practiced cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on a manikin with the instructor's guidance, and then they independently applied CPR by using the model training component. The module evaluation scale was then used to determine each student's grade. Finally, the students provided input on surveys regarding technology perceptions of SG training, serious gaming, and hands‐on training.ResultsIn the SG group, the BLS post‐test scores were significantly higher than the pre‐test results (p = 0.00). In the SG and Tr groups, there was no statistically significant difference in the overall hands‐on training scores (p = 0.11). Students in both groups evaluated the hands‐on training on the manikin favorably and with high levels of participation.ConclusionsThe SG‐based training platform for BLS training has enhanced the BLS performance of undergraduate dental students in terms of knowledge and skill. It has been shown that digital learners have a beneficial impact on game‐based learning outcomes; it is advised to use SGs and develop new games for various learning objectives.
Thermal desorption direct analysis in real‐time high‐resolution mass spectrometry and machine learning allow the rapid authentication of ground black pepper and dried oregano: A proof‐of‐concept study
Authors: Zacometti Carmela , Massaro Andrea , di Gioia Tommaso , Lefevre Stephane , Frégière‐Salomon Aline , Lafeuille Jean‐Louis , Fiordaliso Candalino Ingrid , Suman Michele , Piro Roberto , Tata Alessandra 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThermal desorption direct analysis in real‐time high‐resolution mass spectrometry (TD‐DART‐HRMS) approaches have gained popularity for fast screening of a variety of samples. With rapid volatilization of the sample at increasing temperatures outside the mass spectrometer, this technique can provide a direct readout of the sample content with no sample preparation. In this study, TD‐DART‐HRMS's utility for establishing spice authenticity was examined. To this aim, we directly analyzed authentic (typical) and adulterated (atypical) samples of ground black pepper and dried oregano in positive and negative ion modes. We analyzed a set of authentic ground black pepper samples (n = 14) originating from Brazil, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Ecuador, Vietnam, Costa Rica, Indonesia, Cambodia, and adulterated samples (n = 25) consisting of mixtures of ground black pepper with this spice's nonfunctional by‐products (pinheads or spent) or with different exogenous materials (olive kernel, green lentils, black mustard seeds, red beans, gypsum plaster, garlic, papaya seeds, chili, green aniseed, or coriander seeds). TD‐DART‐HRMS facilitated the capture of informative fingerprinting of authentic dried oregano (n = 12) originating from Albania, Turkey, and Italy and those spiked (n = 12) with increasing percentages of olive leaves, sumac, strawberry tree leaves, myrtle, and rock rose. A predictive LASSO classifier was built, after merging by low‐level data fusion, the positive and negative datasets for ground black pepper. Fusing multimodal data allowed retrieval of more comprehensive information from both datasets. The resultant classifier achieved on the withheld test set accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 100%, 75%, and 90%, respectively. On the contrary, the sole TD‐(+)DART‐HRMS spectra of the oregano samples allowed construction of a LASSO classifier that predicted the adulteration of the oregano with excellent statistical indicators. This classifier achieved, on the withheld test set, 100% each for accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity.
Alcohol cue reactivity in the brain: Age‐related differences in the role of social processes in addiction in male drinkers
Authors: Kuhns Lauren , Mies Gabry , Kroon Emese , Willuhn Ingo , Lesscher Heidi , Cousijn Janna 
Published: July 2023

AbstractSocial attunement (SA)—the tendency to harmonize behavior with the social environment—has been proposed to drive the escalation of alcohol use in adolescence, while reducing use in adulthood. Little is known about how heightened social sensitivity in adolescence may interact with neural alcohol cue reactivity—a marker of alcohol use disorder—and its relationship to alcohol use severity over time. The aims of this study were to test whether (1) adolescents and adults differ in social alcohol cue reactivity in the nucleus accumbens, anterior cingulate cortex, and right medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and (2) age moderates the relationship between social alcohol cue reactivity and social attunement, measures of drinking at baseline, and changes in drinking over time. A sample of male adolescents (16–18 years) and adults (29–35 years) completed an fMRI social alcohol cue‐exposure task at baseline and an online follow‐up two to three years later. No main effects of age or drinking measures were observed in social alcohol cue reactivity. However, age significantly moderated associations of social alcohol cue reactivity in the mPFC and additional regions from exploratory whole‐brain analyses with SA, with a positive association in adolescents and negative association in adults. Significant age interactions emerged only for SA in predicting drinking over time. Adolescents with higher SA scores escalated drinking, while adults with higher SA scores reduced drinking. These findings warrant further research on SA as a risk and protective factor and suggest that social processes influence cue reactivity differentially in male adolescents and adults.
Moisture source anomalies connected to flood‐drought changes over the three‐rivers headwater region of Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhao Ruiyu , Chen Bin , Zhang Wei , Yang Shuai , Xu Xiangde 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe Flood‐Drought condition over the Three‐River Headwater region (TRHR) of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) exerts vital impacts on regional climate and downstream livelihoods. However, the reasons behind precipitation variability over this region remain elusive. In this study, the multi‐year moisture sources of water vapour reaching the TRHR were identified to reveal their connection to the interannual variability of summer precipitation by utilizing a Lagrangian diagnosis analysis. The results show that the moisture sources could be tracked backward covering vast areas, with the peak values located mostly at the northern Indian continent and adjacent regions of TRH itself. The variability of integrated moisture sources' contribution agrees well with the summer precipitation on the interannual scale; However, the role of different regions varies in line with their geographical location. More specifically, summer precipitation is positively correlated with the moisture source over the adjacent areas of TRH and the remote terrestrial‐oceanic regions, in contrast to a negative correlation to the water vapour departing from the Northeastern Asian and western regions to the TP. The Indian summer monsoon circulation and local recycling process play a dominant role in modulating the summer precipitation on the interannual scale, whereas the role of the westerlies is almost negligible. The abnormal atmosphere circulations triggered by mid‐high latitude wave trains and anomalies in SST in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean could serve as possible drivers for the precipitation variability over TRHR.
Anorectal melanoma
Authors: Fastner Suzanne , Hieken Tina J. , McWilliams Robert R. , Hyngstrom John 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAnorectal melanoma is an aggressive mucosal melanoma subtype with a poor prognosis. Although recent advancements have been seen for cutaneous melanoma, the optimal treatment paradigm for management of anorectal melanoma is evolving. In this review, we highlight differences in the pathogenesis of mucosal versus cutaneous melanoma, new concepts of staging for mucosal melanoma, updates to surgical management of anorectal melanoma, and current data for adjuvant radiation and systemic therapy in this unique patient population.
Microextraction by packed sorbent of N‐nitrosamines from Losartan tablets using a high‐throughput robot platform followed by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Pereira dos Santos Natalia Gabrielly , Medina Deyber Arley Vargas , Lanças Fernando Mauro 
Published: July 2023

The development of a fast, cost‐effective, and efficient microextraction by packed sorbent setup was achieved by combining affordable laboratory‐repackable devices of microextraction with a high‐throughput cartesian robot. This setup was evaluated for the development of an analytical method to determine N‐nitrosamines in losartan tablets. N‐nitrosamines pose a significant concern in the pharmaceutical market due to their carcinogenic risk, necessitating their control and quantification in pharmaceutical products. The parameters influencing the performance of this sample preparation for N‐nitrosamines were investigated through both univariate and multivariate experiments. Microextractions were performed using just 5.0 mg of carboxylic acid‐modified polystyrene divinylbenzene copolymer as the extraction phase. Under the optimized conditions, the automated setup enabled the simultaneous treatment of six samples in less than 20 min, providing reliable analytical confidence for the proposed application. The analytical performance of the automated high‐throughput microextraction by the packed sorbent method was evaluated using a matrix‐matching calibration. Quantification was performed using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry with chemical ionization at atmospheric pressure. The method exhibited limits of detection as low as 50 ng/g, good linearity, and satisfactory intra‐day (1.38–18.76) and inter‐day (2.66–20.08) precision. Additionally, the method showed accuracy ranging from 80% to 136% for these impurities in pharmaceutical formulations.
Copper and cadmium content in Polish soil: Analysis of 25‐year monitoring study
Authors: Wdowczyk Aleksandra , Tomczyk Paweł , Szymańska‐Pulikowska Agata , Wiatkowska Barbara , Rosik‐Dulewska Czesława 
Published: July 2023

AbstractMetals can accumulate in agricultural soils, presenting a serious threat to human health; therefore, it is important to analyze the quality of these soils to avoid possible harm related to their contamination in the future. Despite the importance of monitoring arable soil quality, few studies have examined the current state of Cu and Cd soil contamination through analysis of historical data and temporal trends in heavy metal content. Therefore, this study was aimed at analyzing the spatial variability of Cu and Cd content (expressed by toxicity indices) and assessing the level of contamination of arable soils in Poland over the last 25 years (1995–2020). The average Cu content in soil throughout the duration of the study was ~10 mg/kg. The average Cd content increased from 0.7 mg/kg (in 1995) to 3.4 mg/kg (in 2020). The evaluation of Cu and Cd soil contamination showed that soils contaminated with Cd and Cu constituted 1.4% and 2.3% of the total monitoring points, respectively. The geoaccumulation index and pollution index ranged for Cu from −5.23 to 3.09 (mean: −2.50) and from 0.02 to 6.40 (mean: 0.20), and for Cd from −5.23 to 6.92 (mean: −1.67) and from 0.01 to 60.58 (mean: 0.44). The soil was practically uncontaminated with Cu and Cd in 98.77%/98.92% and 93.44%/97.92% of cases, respectively. On a national scale, the contents of Cu and Cd in soils depend on soil properties (pH, C, OM, ST, and CM) to a very small extent. An assessment of the spatial distribution of Cu and Cd concentrations in Polish arable soils indicated regional differences related to the degree of industrialization/urbanization. The obtained results show the impact of human activity on the level of heavy metals present in soils.
Ion‐molecule studies of energetic oxygen allotropes in flow tubes: O2(v),O2(aΔg1),O3,andO
Authors: Eyet Nicole , Ard Shaun G. , Shuman Nicholas S. , Viggiano Albert A. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractStarting in the 1960s, flow tube apparatuses have played a central role in the study of ion‐molecule kinetics, allowing for immense chemical diversity of cationic, anionic, and neutral reactants. Here, we review studies of oxygen allotropes, excluding ground state O2 (), and focusing instead on reactions of cations, anions, and metal chemi‐ionization reactions with ground state atomic oxygen (O 3P), vibrationally excited molecular oxygen (O2(v)), electronically excited molecular oxygen (O2 ()), and ozone (O3). Historical outlines of work over several decades are given along with a focus on more recent work by our group at the Air Force Research Laboratory.
The use of double free flaps with intra‐flap anastomosis for complex defects reconstruction
Authors: Tartanus Justyna , Meroni Matteo , Scaglioni Mario F. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBackgroundOver the years, the improvements in microsurgical field allowed the reconstruction of increasingly larger and more complex defects. In this context, we conceived linking more flaps with a single vascular supply. The double free flaps with intra‐flap anastomosis offer a better match with recipient site requirements, still having a minimal donor and recipient site morbidity. In the present paper, we describe our experience with this procedure, focusing on its features and providing a collection of cases in different areas and clinical settings.Patients and MethodsConsecutive single‐center case series with 16 patients who received defect reconstruction using double free flaps with intra‐flap anastomosis between February 2019 and August 2021. The median age was 58 years old (range 39–77). Nine patients were men and seven were women. The defects were located throughout the body, including breast, head and neck, lower and upper limbs. In 12 cases, the cause of the defect was surgical removal of a tumor, while in four cases the cause was trauma. The main indication for this procedure was related to the need of covering a large defect, either in terms of volume or surface, resorting to only one vascular axis.ResultsA total of 32 flaps were harvested, including 10 different techniques. The flaps size ranged from 6 × 3 cm to 24 × 8 cm. Eleven patients completely healed without any complications. No flaps were lost. Three patients developed a minor wound dehiscence and one a wound infection treated conservatively with antibiotic therapy. One patient experienced both of these complications. The median follow up was 12 months and ranged between 6 and 24 months. At the final clinical evaluation, the reconstructive result was stable in all cases and all the patients had a complete resumption of their daily activities.ConclusionsDouble free flaps reconstruction with intra‐flap anastomosis represents a valid and reliable option for the coverage of complex defects in case of depleted recipient sites. This procedure allows us to transfer high amounts of tissue resorting to a single vascular axis. However, it represents a technical challenge and a highly experienced microsurgical team is required.
Empirical optimization of energy bin weights for compressing measurements with realistic photon counting x‐ray detectors
Authors: Yang Yirong , Wang Sen , Pal Debashish , Yin Zhye , Pelc Norbert J. , Wang Adam S. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBackgroundPhoton counting detectors (PCDs) provide higher spatial resolution, improved contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR), and energy discriminating capabilities. However, the greatly increased amount of projection data in photon counting computed tomography (PCCT) systems becomes challenging to transmit through the slip ring, process, and store.PurposeThis study proposes and evaluates an empirical optimization algorithm to obtain optimal energy weights for energy bin data compression. This algorithm is universally applicable to spectral imaging tasks including 2 and 3 material decomposition (MD) tasks and virtual monoenergetic images (VMIs). This method is simple to implement while preserving spectral information for the full range of object thicknesses and is applicable to different PCDs, for example, silicon detectors and CdTe detectors.MethodsWe used realistic detector energy response models to simulate the spectral response of different PCDs and an empirical calibration method to fit a semi‐empirical forward model for each PCD. We numerically optimized the optimal energy weights by minimizing the average relative Cramér–Rao lower bound (CRLB) due to the energy‐weighted bin compression, for MD and VMI tasks over a range of material area density (0–40 g/cm2 water, 0–2.16 g/cm2 calcium). We used Monte Carlo simulation of a step wedge phantom and an anthropomorphic head phantom to evaluate the performance of this energy bin compression method in the projection domain and image domain, respectively.ResultsThe results show that for 2 MD, the energy bin compression method can reduce PCCT data size by 75% and 60%, with an average variance penalty of less than 17% and 3% for silicon and CdTe detectors, respectively. For 3 MD tasks with a K‐edge material (iodine), this method can reduce the data size by 62.5% and 40% with an average variance penalty of less than 12% and 13% for silicon and CdTe detectors, respectively.ConclusionsWe proposed an energy bin compression method that is broadly applicable to different PCCT systems and object sizes, with high data compression ratio and little loss of spectral information.