bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Blow Their Candles Out”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter details Henry Kissinger’s plan named DUCK HOOK, which included several possible punitive actions, including aerial mining of Haiphong harbor and the use of B-52s over North Vietnam. During this same period, the Joint Chiefs of Staff were working on their own plans under the rubric PRUNING KNIFE. While there was considerable overlap between the two approaches, Kissinger’s staff put the emphasis on quick, devastating blows designed to convince Hanoi that failure to make diplomatic concessions would produce “unacceptable damage to their society.” By contrast, the Joint Chiefs plan was focused on military objectives—a series of escalating moves designed to fortify the combat position of the South Vietnamese troops. Excluded from this early planning were Secretary of State Rogers and Secretary of Defense Laird. When they finally learned of these proposals, both men reacted negatively, fearing the domestic firestorm such actions might ignite. The chapter gives substantial attention to the exponential growth of the Vietnam Moratorium protests, which compelled the Nixon Administration to abandon its plans for DUCK HOOK.
“Enjoy the Breeze”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by studying Richard Nixon’s meeting with Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin. Regarding the Vietnam War, Henry Kissinger planned “to project a very calm and confident attitude as a result of our actions in Cambodia” and let Dobrynin know that the time seemed right for genuine progress on Southeast Asia. The chapter discusses Kissinger’s takeover of arms control negotiations, stifling proposals for a MIRV ban, and signaling the Russians they could ignore the US SALT delegation meeting in Helsinki. Despite claims of success, the result of the Cambodian invasion is to make negotiations with Hanoi more difficult. Senator Kennedy’s Subcommittee on Refugees is producing more evidence of mass displacement, as Senate opponents of Nixon‘s policy are focused on the Hatfield-McGovern Amendment.
“You’ve Only Got One Card”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Diplomacy with Beijing assumed particular importance, given the Vietnam woes and furor surrounding the Pentagon Papers. As of July 1971, both President Richard Nixon and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger were hoping that success in this venture would boost Nixon’s political standing at home and perhaps facilitate a diplomatic breakthrough with Hanoi. Both men were determined that the card be played well—and secretly. The first high-level negotiation with the Chinese government since 1949, they limited news of it to a handful of people and excluded the State Department. Kissinger was authorized to promise Chinese prime minister Zhou Enlai that the United States would take “no major steps affecting your interests” without prior discussion with the Chinese government. Zhou Enlai was gracious in response but turned quickly to the question of Taiwan. According to Kissinger, the settlement of the Taiwan question was linked to the resolution of the Vietnam War. Following two and a half days of intense conversation, the meetings ended on a hopeful note. The chapter also discusses the changing attitude of Nixon and Kissinger toward representation of the People’s Republic of China in the United Nations and in the Security Council. The two are clearly moving away from their support of Chiang Kai-Shek.
Introduction
Authors: Biernacki Loriliai 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces Abhinavagupta and lays out the argument for the book, proposing that Abhinavagupta’s articulation of panentheism, centered around a foundational subjectivity, may offer a helpful intervention for our world today as we rethink our own relationship to matter. Abhinavapupta’s strategy, rethinking the boundaries of life, matter, and consciousness, offers a way to think through materiality, for a New Materialism in particular, compelling in its decentering of the human. This chapter also discusses the primary source materials, especially the section on cosmology taken from Abhinavagupta’s last extensive Sanskrit philosophical work, the Īśvara Pratyabhijñā Vivṛti Vimarśinī, which is not yet available in translation. This chapter also provides preliminary discussion of the relationship between panentheism and New Materialism, and offers an outline of each of the book’s five chapters.
It from Bit, It from Cit
Authors: Biernacki Loriliai 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter again takes up Darwin’s loss of faith over the parasitic wasp in light of newer findings that plants and wasps engage in information signaling. Addressing the idea of information, this chapter argues that information takes on a dual nature, both as material substance and as an element that conveys mental intentionality. Comparisons are drawn with contemporary Western ideas of information, using physicist John Wheeler’s seminal “it from bit” and Max Tegmark’s mathematical panpsychism in relation to Abhinavagupta’s panentheism. The final section ties Abhinavagupta’s articulation of subjectivity (ahantā) and being object (idantā) to account for diversity, the agonistic relations of wasps and caterpillars in Abhinavagupta’s nondualism, in a system where there is only one consciousness. This chapter suggests that Abhinavagupta interprets the tattva system, the cosmology he inherits, as a phenomenology of consciousness moving from subjectivity to object in order to explain the multiplicity and diversity that makes up our world.
Strategy in Politics
Authors: Arterton F. Christopher 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Strategy in Politics: Plotting Victory in a Democracy provides political activists and professionals with the key ingredients of success in the political arena. Drawing upon classic texts of statesmanship and warfare by Machiavelli, Sun Tzu, and Clausewitz, the book complements those with contemporary understandings of strategic planning, communications, game theory, and military tactics. Particularly in the world of politics, the word “strategy” has been overused to the point of emptiness. Imprecision of concept can lead to vagueness in thinking, which, in turn, creates sloppiness in performance. In clarifying this poorly defined concept, Strategy in Politics takes the reader through five different perspectives: the necessity of gaining and employing power, the dynamics of strategic planning, the conduct of warfare, the theories of persuasive political communications, and the logic of interpersonal competition. Combined, these teachings amplify a model of strategy that will arm readers with a solid capacity for engaging effectively in democratic politics. Yet, because effective participation in politics is ever a question of balancing competing virtues, the book concludes with two discussions that mitigate the elements of manipulation in the model of strategy. Adopting the elements of negotiation requires one to move away from viewing the world as composed of competitors, and, despite differences, yield respect and deference to one’s counterpart. Finally, the lessons of leadership demand a discussion of ethics in democratic politics and the importance of maintaining the institutions and values of democratic practice. Thus, Strategy in Politics establishes bulwarks around the employment of unbridled strategy, leaving the reader with the challenge of pursuing political power within ethical boundaries.
Virtual Landscapes
Authors: Boswell Matthew , Rowland Antony 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the virtual memoryscapes that have been developed at the Bergen-Belsen memorial and in Second Life in the form of a digital exhibition on Kristallnacht. It argues that the iPad application at Bergen-Belsen is particularly successful in allowing visitors to experience palimpsestic testimony through the layers of digital photographs, eyewitness writing, and sound recordings as they wander through the empty space of the vast memorial site. The museum has also worked on digital films that introduce visitors to the memorial space by allowing them to traverse the camp virtually and engage with its overall design and history. The Kristallnacht exhibition in Second Life enables the user to explore a digital environment that includes a burning synagogue and survivor testimony. As with the films at Bergen-Belsen, this exhibition confronts the viewer with a discombobulating perspective in which the user shifts roles between bystander, victim, and perpetrator.
Reconstructing the Small Family After Democratic Kampuchea
Authors: Lesley Elena , Vathana Hoy 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how in Cambodia, the communist Khmer Rouge regime, which was responsible for widespread death and destruction, also banned all prerevolutionary wedding traditions. The state organization (Angkar) took over the spouse-matching process. Given the importance of marriage in Cambodian society for personal and family networks, the authors find that the Khmer Rouge regime’s attempt to alter wedding traditions profoundly affected the country’s social fabric. Despite the unorthodox marriage practices during the Khmer Rouge, many of these couples stayed together after the regime’s collapse. Drawing upon 16 months of ethnographic fieldwork among survivors of forced marriage and their families, the authors examine how these socially and spiritually problematic unions affected the children born as a result of the arrangements. Within these complicated family environments, children of forced marriages often feel pressure to both manage their parents’ emotions and to help compensate for what their parents lost during decades of violence and turmoil.
The Unknown Youth of Al-Shabaab
Authors: Donnelly Phoebe 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter seeks to understand the significance of children born into Al-Shabaab and how community members within Somalia perceive these children. Based on original fieldwork with teams in Somalia, the author argues that Al-Shabaab values children for three central reasons. First, supporting its male members in marrying and having children was a pathway for members in Al-Shabaab to gain the traditional markers of manhood. Second, by providing its male members a path to manhood, Al-Shabaab could recruit young men, improve male members’ morale, and help retain its members. And finally, children born into Al-Shabaab were viewed by the group as valuable group members. Unlike much of the research on such children across the world, Al-Shabaab remains active, forcibly marrying girls and women and conceiving children. The author’s research helps us better understand the experiences of these children and what may be necessary to promote healing within communities that are or were ruled or occupied by Al-Shabaab.
Homelands Remade
Authors: Bank Leslie , Sharpley Nelly 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides a critical assessment of the debates about the making of the South African rural periphery from native reserves to homelands and beyond. It argues that the dominant liberal and Marxist perspectives see the reserves, later apartheid "homelands", in terms of their functionality or dysfunctionality to capitalism. Liberals claimed that the reserves kept Africans away from the positive influences of the market, while Marxists argued that they were conceived as reservoirs of cheap labor to sustain white privilege and racial capitalism. Neither perspective appreciates how these communal lands and home spaces were valued, shaped, and embedded in family migrant histories. The chapter illustrates the centrality of ritual and custom in the constitution of rural livelihoods, identity, and belonging in the former Transkei "homeland" over the past century. Indeed, even after apartheid in the time of democracy, the HIV and AIDS epidemic and mass urbanization, rural ritual practice, and custom, remained a bulwark against economic insecurity, precarity, and social alienation. It also served, through large and lavish home events, as a vehicle for the expression of family prestige, progress, and social advancement.
Gatekeepers
Authors: Bank Leslie , Sharpley Nelly 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn practice, state regulations for the management of Covid-19 in rural South Africa reached communities through gatekeepers at the local level, like councilors, policemen, traditional leaders, state officials, and health personnel. The chapter focuses on these brokers and the roles they played in rural village life during the pandemic; on what they did and how they were perceived by others. The chapter confirms the sense of exclusion and fear felt by the rural poor and the inequalities of power, class difference, and privilege felt by state officials, vis-a-vis rural residents. The chapter reveals how local attitudes and inequalities helped to underpin the top-down bio-medical approach and restrict community participation in public health and crisis resolution. The chapter shows, through detailed ethnography, why a more people-centered and community-engaged approach proved difficult at the time of the pandemic. It also indicates why opening up (ukuvula) relations through vaccination would not necessarily improve or democratize rural public health care and empower communities.
In the Time of the Nation
Authors: Arnold David 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The years following India's independence in 1947 have largely been seen as free from the epidemic catastrophes that characterized the colonial era, despite the underlying inadequacy of public health provision and major health crises like the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The chapter traces the nature and impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in India from early 2020 onwards, the lockdown measures imposed by the BJP government under prime minister Narendra Modi, and contrasts the hardship experienced by millions of migrant workers with the self-congratulatory belief in Indian exceptionalism. Citing statistics for the milder first wave of the pandemic and then the far more deadly and devasting second wave, the chapter discusses the visible impact of mass mortality, and considers why some states of the Indian Union appeared to suffer more than others and how reactions to the pandemic included xenophobia and scapegoating of the Muslim minority.
Coronavirus and the Uses of History
Authors: Arnold David 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Looking back to the past and seeking instructive lessons (or even "anti-lessons") from past pandemics has been one of the characteristic responses to Covid-19. The chapter assesses contemporary Indian reactions to the coronavirus, the politicization of pandemics, and the repeated invocation of the colonial past--whether to critique the Modi government or to reinforce the idea of empire as a time of extreme oppression, hardship, and collective trauma that must never be repeated. The strengths and weaknesses of the coronavirus inoculation program is then assessed, the supply of India-made vaccines, and the precedents of mass prophylaxis under colonial rule. Finally, the chapter seeks to present alternative narratives that either invoke India's more recent past rather than reiterate the story of imperial regulation and misrule, or, more, urgently, locate the Covid pandemic within a rapidly escalating global environmental crisis, and the danger that the pandemic might distract from the momentousness of climate change and its anthropogenic causes.
Regional Conflicts
Authors: Monshipouri Mahmood 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines Iran's expanding reach in the region through its proxy networks in regional conflicts, using both ideology and geopolitics--symbiotically as well as independently--to expand its power. Iran has been successful in maintaining its strategic depth through establishing direct connections that link its interests to conflict-stricken countries that may or may not share its ideology. To demonstrate this, I explore Iran's role in the regional tensions in the cases of Iraq, Syria, South Caucus, and Yemen.
Balancing Threats and Incentives
Authors: Monshipouri Mahmood 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn this final chapter, I revisit the strategic standoff trapping both countries, as well as the extent to which sanctions have been effective in bringing Iran to the negotiating table under certain circumstances and ineffectual in others. I also address the extent to which Iranian threats have been overblown. Straddling threats and incentives, supporting opposing proxy agents, securitizing the Iranian threat, maintaining occasional back-channel communications, and rarely if ever engaging in direct negotiations have all bore the hallmarks of a persistent cold war and a strategic conundrum that have long characterized US–Iranian relations.
Violent Continuities
Authors: Vogel Christoph N. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the violent continuities of Congo's history from early attempts of colonization through Belgian rule, decolonization, and the country's post-independence development. It zooms in on eastern Congo's violent turmoil since the early 1990s, leading to two major regional wars--during which the Conflict Minerals paradigm was born--that were followed by two decades of "neither war, nor peace" in which key transnational efforts to regulate artisanal mineral markets were introduced. The chapter demonstrates, through a chronological approach and the use of ethnographic and mapping methods, how war and violence are driven by a multitude of different dynamics and how local, national, and regional politics as well as deep-seated conflicts over identity, land, and citizenship have entrenched a form of inertia, out of which belligerents increasingly thrive. In so doing, it sets a counterpoint to prevailing, simplistic narratives that are rooted in colonial frameworks and readings.
Genesis of a Digital Paradigm
Authors: Vogel Christoph N. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Zooming in on the evolution of artisanal mining and armed conflict in eastern Congo, this chapter offers a historical account of converging factors that allowed minerals to play a role in the wars. First, it traces how both armed and unarmed stakeholders turned to artisanal mining as a subsistence strategy and a chance for unlikely gains. It then explains the ways in which mining has been inscribed into conflict dynamics, but also in what ways it has remained outside of the very same. Subsequently, the chapter addresses the public scrutiny that stacked up from early UN and NGO reports around 2000--when tantalum especially experienced a steep rise in global pricing, leading to a short-lived transnational Eldorado of violent smuggling rackets. The chapter closes by outlining how, in the past two decades, transnational activism on "conflict minerals" has not only framed outsiders' imageries of violence and greed in the Congo, but also got amalgamated with sexual violence, gorilla extinction, and other scandalous issues, leading to persistent tropes.
Brokers and Patrons
Authors: Vogel Christoph N. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Inspired by critical geography and political anthropology, this chapter takes a look at the networks of post-regulation mineral trade. It focuses on two sets of actors: brokers and patrons. Brokers, here, are the intermediary traders connecting mines to urban centres. Known as négociants, they pre-finance the trade and transport of minerals and consumer goods. Considered a "weak spot" for corruption and armed interference in supply chains, transnational regulation schemes aim at eliminating them-- pushing négociants to constantly navigate and negotiate their role in local political economies. Patrons, in turn, are the kingpins of broader networks assembling economic, political, and military power. If many of these elites have played a substantive role in mineral trade for times immemorial, transnational reform failed to isolate them. Instead, patrons have reinvented themselves and their activities. Otherwise, they end up being absorbed into "conflict-free" trade on the basis of lip service. Together, brokers and patrons highlight how privatized political governance persists, and how elites, armed groups, and transnational businesses end up invoking similar repertoires of the "state-as-idea" while eroding actual "state-as-system" structures.
GCC Football Fans and Their Engagement
Authors: Chadwick Simon 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Fans are the lifeblood of football, even from a business perspective. They are a source of revenue, and also contribute to the products that football offers. At matches, they are co-producers of atmosphere, while online they co-create and share content. Fans can be spectators, but may alternatively associate with a team or club in other ways, for example by buying merchandise. Their engagement is multidimensional in nature--affective, cognitive, and behavioral--with some observers noting that engaged fans have a lifetime financial value. However, to date, research across business disciplines has almost invariably focused upon football fandom in the West and has thus largely ignored fandom in the Middle East and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Consequently, this chapter examines the process of fan engagement specifically within the GCC, highlighting key opportunities for researchers in the field. In establishing an appropriate research agenda, the chapter explores the nature of fandom and fan engagement, issues pertaining to affect, cognition, and behavior. In so doing, the chapter identifies implications for fan engagement research.
Post-Islamism Politics in Tunisia
Authors: Merone Fabio 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the post-Islamist politics of the Tunisian Ennahda party and conceives of post-Islamism as post-ideological. Islamism in the twentieth century is a modern ideology of societal transformation, while post-Islamism is the "normalization" of such political praxis. In the Tunisian context, Ennahda succeeded in integrating state institutions and participating in building democracy after 2011. At the 2016 conference, the party declared to have overcome "Islamism" and adopted a new strategy of specialization, which led to the separation of daʿwa activities and politics. This change has transformed the party's conception of politics, whereby the priority becomes contesting elections and participating in governmental coalitions. This chapter analyzes this change from the point of view of the party's ideological transformation and its concrete political actions.
How Evolution Works
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter’s Narrative describes how DNA-encoded instructions for making organisms are translated into proteins. When the instructions change via a process called mutation, they occasionally encode proteins with novel properties that enable organisms to better flourish/fit in to their circumstances; such instructions then persist and spread within the population (natural selection). Instructions for core (housekeeping) activities and families of useful protein shapes are highly conserved; novelty arises by subtle variation, gene duplication, and modified regulation of gene expression. The chapter’s Reflections consider how we are deeply related to all the other organisms in the planetary matrix, generating experiences of local and global communion.