bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
鄕音已改——自由民教育的比較觀
Authors: 余 國藩 
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.
謝校長、施熙柏（Hiebert）院長、各位教授同仁、同學和全體貴賓：浸會大學在香港作育英才無數，今天下午我能在此演講，恭賀貴校四十周年校慶，深感殊榮。貴校從海外遴選來此共襄盛會的客人才不過數位，區區竟叨忝其間，又令我倍感光采。我生於香港，長於香港，倘能容我説得切身一些，這點令我感激尤甚的是，今年也是我離港四十周年：就在貴校草創當年，我揮別九龍塘故居（講得精確點，是約道九號），揚帆赴美接受大學及研究院教育。縱然我要到此刻才有幸站在會大學的講台上，我要説若非責校盛情邀請，我還不能深刻感受到遊子返鄉的喜悦。
在今天這種舊雨重逢的場合裏，我也很難不提到八世紀的唐代詩人賀知章。他的七言絕句〈回鄉偶書〉，許多中國人可能從小學時代就已經背得滾瓜爛熟，而引用者又代不乏人，縱然有一點陳腔濫調的味道，更早已變成返鄉的渴望與感覺的典型代表。這首詩大家耳熟能詳，一定記得前兩句：
少小離家老大回鄉音無改鬢毛衰
詩中「鄉音」一詞，指的當然是敍述者的言談方式，字面上可能包含所用方言的習語體式和正確聲調。這種語言現象清楚顯示，從中國中世紀——甚或是上古盛世以來——語言上的地域主義早已蔚為風氣。如此理解，賀知章用這兩句詩寫下來的境遇，就不僅止於他個人的生平感懷。數百年來，這兩句詩頻見引用，吟詠背誦，中國人恆古肯定與冀求的言簡意賅的理想合盤托出，我們心領神會。詩中的敍述者如今已「鬢毛衰」，而這種體態上極其私祕的明顯改變顯示時間飛逝，自然或許也因此而變化不迭，敍述者的文化養成——亦即其人的「鄉音」——卻不知怎的仍未改變。換句話説，人類後天所習，不會為生理或遺傳所囿。
我這般解讀〈回鄉偶書〉中的這兩句詩，並不是要暗示賀知章作詩時，心中已存有自然與文化的對立分野。我們都知道，現代教育奠基在西方的人文學科之上，而後者又弁創於五世紀的雅典。上述兩個範疇，正是現代教育的要項。現代人認為，語言乃話語的某種形式，不是與生俱來，而是下過工夫才能習 得。此一見解，賀知章甚且大有可能不知。然而我真正想説是，從現代人的角度來閲讀這首唐詩——即如我目前所致力者——實不能置其諷意於不顧。詩人所説都關乎自己，這一點真而又真，不用質疑可也。儘管如此，由於此刻我正在挪用這兩行以説明我目前的心境，所以我還是不能不問個問題：賀知章的説法，有多少適用於像我一樣的讀者？
至少就我個人而言，賀知章詩中所説和我的情況有異。這一點我心知肚明。一九五六年離開香港以來，我雖曾數度返港，卻越來越覺得「鄉音」已經逐漸在轉變。我當然沒有忘記廣東話，每天家裏都還在説。在學校，也常和廣東來的學生説。遇有親戚來訪，那甭提講的一定是廣東話。雖然如此，幾年來，耳朵尖的香港朋友和親人卻也常賜教，從我日常所講中發現發音怪奇，偶爾會竄改句構，字彙也用得頗為造作。廣東話的生命日新月異，全仗無以數計新鑄的字詞所致，而友人或親戚更不斷笑話我孤陋寡聞，這方面一概懵懂無知。易言之，我的返鄉避免不了、也掩飾不了我「鄉音已改」的明顯事實。這個名詞待會兒會是演講的主要隱喻，我認為所指不限於話語型態和習慣的變革。過去四十年來，我在海外從學生當起，以迄目前忝列大學教席，如果説我在其他方面一無更改，那是自欺欺人。我改變的可多了，包括知識、學術觀念、感情上的偏愛，以及價值觀等等。總而言之，這也就説我整個文化認同(cultural identity)都已不同於往昔。我惟有敞開心胸，招認自己的轉變，才能抖膽一談「自由民」或「文理」教育(liberal education)這個課題，因為這個課題本身早已貼上「鄉音已改」的標籤。
對《白馬論》的邏輯分析
Authors: 葉 錦明 
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
白馬論的論旨是“白馬非馬”。此説一向以來引起了不少爭議。其實，“白馬非馬”這命題是可以有多種不同的語意詮釋的。本文通過邏輯分析的方法，把其中不同的語意詮釋分析清楚，以揭示並由此消解白馬論的誤導性。The main thesis of the “Theory of White Horse”, namely that white horse is not horse, has aroused a large number of philosophical controversies. The present paper is an attempt to show that the thesis just mentioned is semantically ambiguous, such that the technique of logical analysis can be employed to clarify the ambiguity of the thesis concerned and accordingly to reveal the misleading nature of the Theory of White Horse.
「蘇詩始學劉禹錫故多怨刺」辨
Authors: 劉 衛林 
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
歷來論蘇軾詩學源出者，往往徵引《後山詩話》「蘇詩始學劉禹錫故多怨刺」這條材料，來説明蘇軾詩與劉禹錫詩的關係。本文從詩歌內容、作品風格及文獻資料各方面，論證蘇軾諷剌詩與劉禹錫詩本無關係。並指出蘇詩多怨刺實有本身原因，非學自劉禹錫。從而得出蘇拭雖曾學劉詩，然而決不在於怨剌的結論，推論今本《後山詩話》所載「蘇詩始學劉禹錫故多怨剌」之説，未必可信。This essay attempts to argue, in terms of substance, style as well as bibliography, that Su Dongpo's sarcastic poems have no immediate connection with Liu Yuxi's. Su's sarcasm is not an offspring of Liu, though the former really learned something else from the latter. Accordingly, Houshan Shihua's view that Su derives his sarcasm from Liu is not a sound one.
歐陽修《贈王介甫》“吏部文章二百年”用典爭議考
Authors: 姜 龍翔 
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
歐陽修曾寫下“吏部文章二百年”詩句贈送給王安石，但後世文人對“吏部”指涉對象解釋紛歧，甚至産生許多扭曲二人形象的故事。此文透過分析歷代筆記、詩話作品中的相關記録，整理出宋朝文人對此詩句典故有不同的解釋，有以爲這是沈約稱讚謝朓之語，有以爲這是出自孫樵的文章。並且根據典故來源的不同説法，也發展出了影響二人形象的各種附會故事。這些探索多出於文人閲讀相關文獻時的個人領會，在未有明確證據的情況下，重新解讀詩歌典故，甚至不惜顛倒事實。此文更進一步探討歐陽修發揚韓愈文章的時間點，以及孫樵批評韓愈的用意，指出“吏部”確實指韓愈，“二百年”是歐陽修繼承韓愈文章的時間，“吏部文章二百年”是歐陽修創造的詩句，並無典故來源。透過此文的論述，除可釐清爭議之來龍去脈，對歐陽修、王安石二人形象有更確切的認識外，此文依資料産生順序臚列排比的比較方法，也有助於提供讀者實例，了解如何辨析詩話、筆記中對相關詩文典故説法的原則。
Ouyang Xiu (1007-1072) wrote a verse that reads “Two hundred years of writing of the Ministry of Personnel” to Wang Anshi (1021-1086). Scholars of later generations have different views on the referent of “Ministry of Personnel,” which resulted in distortion of the images of Ouyang and Wang in anecdotal records. By analyzing the journals and notes on poetry, this study surveys the different explanations of the allusion to the Ministry of Personnel found in Song- dynasty sources. Some argued that the phrase carries Shen Yue’s (441-531) praise of Xie Tiao (464-499), while others suggested that it was derived from the writing of Sun Qiao (ca. 867). The different theories on the source of this allusion have resulted in various anecdotes with denigration of the images of Ouyang and Wang. These speculative views were mainly based on the personal interpretation of respective scholars. Without offering specific evidence, these premature views of the allusion in the poem even form distortion of the truth. The present study further explores the time when Ouyang Xiu glorified the writing of Han Yu (768-824) and when Sun Qiao criticized Han, and thereby argues that “the Ministry of Personnel” refers to Han and “two hundred years” to the time when Ouyang Xiu succeeded Han’s literary legacy. The verse “two hundred years of writing of the Ministry of Personnel” was not an allusion but was Ouyang Xiu’s creation. This study can clarify the context of the controversy and reconstruct the accurate images of Ouyang Xiu and Wang Anshi. In addition, through an analysis of the sequence and comparison of relevant data, this study provides examples and allows readers to recognize and analyze the poetry and the interpretations of allusions as recorded and discussed in notes on poetry.
原始儒家考述
Authors: 盧 鳴東 
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.
本書把儒家看作一個思想學術流派和社會政治現象來考察，旨在探討自孔子到董仲舒約四百年間原始儒家的演變及其內在學術邏輯，進而揭示原始儒家的一些本質特點以及由百家中的顯學轉向漢武以後官學的情況。全書由六章組成，另於附錄中加插一篇短文，題目為〈傑出的儒學傳人司馬遷〉。所謂「原始儒家」，按照作者在〈引言〉中指出：「原始意義上的儒家指的是漢武帝罷黜百家以前的儒家，也即作為顯學的儒家。」（頁1）沿著歷史發展的軌道，作者整體上把漢武以前的儒家當作ー個學術集團看待，探討儒家的思想體系如何通過孔子對周代貴族文化的改造和超越，並於戰國中後期受墨家思想的滲透，再經由荀子對自然天道思想的引入和吸收而日趨完備。比較個別交待先秦儒學大師孔、孟、荀等人的政治哲學思想，這無疑使讀者更能全盤地瞭解早期儒家的演變以及其與諸子百家在思想上的聯繫。尤令人注意的，是作者探討了儒生在社會及政治舞臺上所扮演的角色，深入剖析儒生熱衷於入仕干祿的心態，並説明他們社會身份的轉變對儒家發展所帶來的影響，為解釋儒家集團的誕生、分裂以至流變提供了重要的線索。在作者的筆下，原始儒家已不止是由孔子創立的學術流派，兼且是為儒生開拓仕進機會的一個私學集團。(撮要取自內文首段)
李廣田散文論
Authors: 楊 劍龍 
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.
在中國現代文學史上，李廣田是一位風格獨具的散文家，他説：「我是一個鄉下人，我愛鄉間，並愛住在鄉間的人們。」他以其「平原之子」「地之子」的鄉下人的情感和眼光，以渾厚自然素樸細膩的筆觸，敍寫故鄉山東的自然風物和卑微人生，在親切略帶憂郁的風韻中透露其濃濃的鄉土之情。陳德錦先生的《李廣田散文論》以其獨特的視角、細緻的評析、開闊的視野全面深刻地論析了李廣田的散文創作，是一部李廣田散文研究的力著。(撮要取自內文首段)
男性的恐懼——臺灣女作家小説一探
Authors: 李 仕芬 
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
女性解放運動使傳統男權社會發生重大變化，男性逐漸認識到女性強悍的一面。本文以幾位臺灣女作家為研究對象，試圖探討她們如何在小説中表達男性對女性的恐懼。論文從以下四方面進行剖析：一、女性潛在的可怖及壓迫感；二、女性對男性的誘惑性；三、男性嫉妒女性的生育能力；四、男性是女性的獵物。Women liberation has led to a significant change in the traditionally male-dominant society. Men have gradually recognized and feared the strong female. This thesis attempts to explore this phenomenon, based on the works by several contemporary Taiwanese women authors. The analysis is divided into four major areas: 1. the creepy female; 2. temptation of female sexuality; 3. male envy of female’s child-bearing privilege; 4. female predator and her male prey.
嚴復論中西文化
Authors: 林 啟彥 
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
筆者在本文中著重指出，嚴復一生的中西文化觀的發展與嬗變，實有其本身的邏輯理路與必然性。我們不能輕易地把它看成前後的斷裂或背離，而應慎重地理解為同一思想與精神的信念軌跡上同向的發展和延績。嚴復始終相信，中西文化性質儘管不同，但各有其存在的價值和發展的前景。嚴復認為，對西方文化的優點與長處要有正確認識的同時，也要看到西方文化的偏差與不足；同理，對延績至民國以來中國文化傳統的積弊與痼疾，要有清醒的認識的同時，也要努力發掘中國文化中的美德與瑰寶。這是嚴復衡估中西文化的基本原則，終生一貫，持守不變。
嚴復一生以國家民族的保存為念，有強烈的愛國愛民的意識，到了晚年時期，這種感覺尤見強著。他始终相信，要使中國真正達到富強之境，免受列強的侵侮，最正確而有效的途方是使民質的改進和提高， 所以他在晚年仍堅持其一貫以敎育和啟蒙的手段來拯救國運的信念。他是中國近代第一個從文化特質處入手比較中西文化異同與優劣的思想家，對中西文化經常保持一種理性與持平的批判態度。晚年的嚴復，對中西文化認識更深，體會更切，有關中西文化優劣取舍的見解，也更趨成熟。二十世紀前二十年，能對中 西文化的真正價值具有正確的理解與識見，又能對其做出恰當的評價與説明者，恐以嚴復的貢獻為多。This paper focuses on pointing out that the development and transformation of Yan Fu’s views on Chinese and Western cultures throughout his life in fact had their own rationale and followed an inexorable route. We should not jump to the conclusion that his latter ideas were inconsistent or contradicting to the earlier ones. Instead, we should discreetly consider them as a series of uninterrupted developments evolving along the same route of his ideological and spiritual conviction. All along, Yan believed that despite the divergence between Chinese and Western cultures, each had its own value of existence and outlook of growth. He believed that besides having a proper knowledge of the merits and strong points of Western culture, we must also aware of its deviations and shortcomings. For the same reason, in addition to a sober understanding of the long-standing malpractice and chronic maladies of traditional Chinese culture up to the first two decades of the 20th century, we should also endeavour to investigate into the virtues and treasures endowed in this culture. This is the philosophy underlying Yan’s evaluation of the two great cultures, which he upheld throughout his life.
For all his life, Yan was deeply concerned of the fate and the well-being of the Chinese nation. He was an enthusiastic patriot. In his old age, this aspiration was particularly strong. All along, he believed that if China had to become prosperous and powerful and free from being invaded by foreign powers, the most proper and effective way was to improve and upgrade the quality of its people. Therefore in his old age he still held on to his enduring conviction of saving the nation by means of education and enlightening the people. He was the first thinker in modern China to delve into cultural characteristics to find out the similarities and diversities, strong and weak points of the Chinese and Western cultures. He always held a rational and impartial attitude towards the criticism of these two cultures. In his late years, Yan’s knowledge and understanding of the two cultures became even more profound. His views on the strong and weak points of the two cultures, what to take and what to reject became further mature. Armed with sound knowledge and correct understanding of the true value of the Chinese and Western cultures, and having the ability to make proper evaluation and illumination, Yan Fu was known to be the foremost thinker with the greatest contribution to China in the first two decades of the 20th century.
據徽州文書研討中國戲劇起源問題
Authors: 田仲 一成 
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.
一般認為，演劇這種藝術形式是農村的祭祀儀式走向世俗化的產物，具有可以稱做儀式變形的性質，從而是發生於祭祀儀禮的藝術形式。這一點，J，E，Harrison早在二十世紀初期就通過希臘演劇作過論證。在日本的演劇方面，也能看到折口信夫氏、西鄉信綱氏對這一學説的繼承和發展。然而，關於中國演劇，在本國學者中間，這方面的構想卻全然不見。從二十世紀初期以王國維為代表的先驅性研究開始，直到今日，一直是可以稱為多元説、複合説的思路佔主導地位。照此説法，中國的演劇是漢代以來的宮廷俳優的科白、唐宋以來的宮廷歌舞、唐宋的歌謠（詞）、五代北宋以來的説唱和小説等在宋元時代的都市妓院、劇場等娛樂場所裏統合而成的產物。質言之，作為演劇構成要素的歌、科、白、舞、故事等等在演劇成立之前就已分別成立，它們在都市娛樂場所被統合起來，於是作為新藝術形式的演劇得以成立。這裏，把農村的祭祀視為演劇的母體這一視點全無蹤影，而把都市的娛樂場視為演劇的胚胎。但是，這種思路的弱點在於：既然在娛樂場之中演出，各要素可以説以娛樂為目的，那又為何必須結合在一起？而且為何其結合的形式要以歌曲歌舞為中心？這些疑點都難以得到統一而又全面的解釋。(撮要取自內文首段)
試論唐代人鬼遭遇類型小説的發展與演變
Authors: 李 鵬飛 
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
唐代人鬼遭遇類型小説中包含着多個亞型，其表現手法具備以下幾個主要特點：首先，在相當一部分表現人鬼情愛的作品中，唐人乃是以一種人情化的方式來想像鬼魂的思想、情感和生活世界的。其次，部分文人作品注重將歷史題材、歴史人物與人鬼遇合題材融於一爐，並通過文中女鬼的言談和吟詠來表現對人生浮沉與歷史滄桑的慨歎，具有濃重的抒情意味。第三，部分作品則以生活化的場景、日常口語或滑稽對比來營造諧趣，以女鬼、夜叉食人等獨特的題材或幻覺的形式來表現怖怪意趣。第四，晚唐時期的一些人鬼遭遇類作品也呈現出將多種類型題材及其表現手法予以融合之趨勢。The man-and-ghost encounter type of novels have the following characteristics: first, in quite a large portion of man-and-god love stories, the Tang people imagine the thoughts, feelings and life in a humanity way. Second, some of the writers try to melt historical theme, historic figures and man-and-god encounter theme together, and express, through the words and chant of the goddesses in the novel, their laments and sighs on the ups-and-downs and historic changes, which is quite liric.Third, some of the works create flavor and taste with life-like scenes, daily words or buffooneries and comparisons, and invent terror and wierdness with the help of special themes, such as women ghosts, man-eating Yechas, or of delusions.Fourth, some works of man-and-ghost encounter theme present a tendency of merging various themes and expression methods in late Tang dynasty.
Analisis Pengaruh Variasi Suhu Pembakaran Terhadap Mikrostruktur Dan Kandungan Silika Abu Kulit Kakao (Theobroma Cacao) Dengan Metode SEM Dan XRD
Authors: Daulay Abdul Halim , Masthura  , Pratiwi Arninda 
Published: February 2023

This study aims to determine the effect of combustion temperature on the microstructure and particle diameter of the average silica ash of cocoa shells, and to determine the effect of combustion temperature on the silica content of cocoa shell ash. The method used is experimental through a quantitative approach. The basic material used is cocoa husk (Theobroma cacao) with combustion temperatures of 450, 550, 650, and 750 oC. The tests used to determine the microstructure and silica content of cocoa husk ash were SEM and XRD after which they were analyzed again using Digimizer Software and X-Powder Software. SEM results based on microstructure indicate the occurrence of agglomeration in the cocoa ash silica sample, and it is known that the particle diameter size of sample A = 1,6916 µm, sample B = 0,7824 µm, sample C = 0,7809 µm, and sample D = 0,7173 µm. Based on the XRD results, it can be seen that the silica contained in sample A = 34,8%, sample B = 49,0%, sample C = 65,0%, and sample D = 70,6%. Based on the SEM results, the best results are in the sample which has the smallest size, namely sample D with a particle diameter of 0,7173 µm and based on XRD results the best results are in sample D with the highest SiO2 content of 70,6%. So that the combustion temperature affects the results of SEM and XRD where the effective temperature in the manufacture of cocoa shell ash silica is 750 oC
Protection of Utility Models in Poland: A Brief History and Perspective for the Future
Authors: Bury Marek 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper concerns mechanisms for the protection of utility models in Poland. These mechanisms are at present on the verge of substantial change as a new draft regulation was opened for public consultation in 2022. Select results of analyses of the utility model applications filed in the years 2001–2020 were reported. The analyses concerned possible routes for filing utility model applications in Poland, the most popular fields in which utility model protection is used, and the origins of utility models protected in Poland by the country of residence of the first applicant. It has been noted that a key strength of the utility models is the criteria granting exclusive rights. In terms of the advantages related to disclosure, the state-of-the-art protected utility model needs only to be novel; there is no requirement concerning the inventive step. This makes the assessment of validity relatively reliable and significantly reduces the risk that the enforced right of protection will be invalidated. This strength will likely be preserved in the review of the draft regulation that is about to abolish substantial examination and replace it with a registration system. The change is supposed to reduce the time of prosecution, thus making the conversion from refused/withdrawn European patent applications to Polish utility models more attractive.
Effect of operating parameters and modes in the filtration of acid whey using ultra- and microfiltration ceramic membranes.
Authors: Muvdi Nova Carlos Jesus , Cáceres Roa Sergio Alejandro , Mora García Said 
Published: February 2023

Whey is a liquid by-product obtained by cheese elaboration, which is not completely used due to the large quantities produced. As a result, the whey is poured into rivers and soils and becomes a pollutant agent. The valorization of acid whey using membrane clarification was evaluated, where the effect of temperature and membrane cut-off were studied using acid whey. Permeability was three times higher at 70°C than 50°C (163.2±11.1 y 62.4±9.2 L/m2.h, respectively) for membranes with a cut-off of 0.2 µm. Furthermore, the permeate flux for this cut-off was three, six and ten times higher compared with the cut-off of 300, 150 y 50 kDa at 70°C, respectively. The clarification stage was scaled-up with 0.2 µm membranes, achieving about 22 L of whey filtered for Batch mode until a volume reduction factor (VRF) of 5 with protein retention of 68%. In Fed-Batch mode, the retention of protein was 61%, but the filtration could be carried out for longer, reducing fouling and filtering almost the double of the quantity of whey compared with Batch mode. In all cases, the turbidity of permeates was lower than 12 NTU (reduction >99%), regardless of whey turbidity whose values might be superior to 12,000 NTU.
Determination of biokinetic coefficients of an aerobic system for potato starch removal
Authors: Londoño Cañas Yudy Andrea , Rodriguez Saldarriga Paola , Arcila Saenz Jennifer , Peñuela Mesa Gustavo Antonio 
Published: February 2023

This study presents an aerobic laboratory scale-reactor completely mixed performance for starch wastewater treatment. The reactor was operated for 119 days divided into 5 operational phases which included the start-up and the variation of cell-residence time. In order to determine the biokinetic coefficients for starch removal, the cell-residence time was varied between 20 to 4 days, and the system operation was set hydraulic retention time of 24 hours with a completely mixed reactor setup. The chemical oxygen demand concentration was 1000mg/L in the inflow of the reactor and dissolved oxygen remained above 2mg/L.
In this experimentation time, the parameters such as pH, chemical oxygen demand (in the influent and effluent), dissolved oxygen and Mixed liquor suspended solids were monitored. The calculation of biokinetic constants was done by an approximate method, using the graphical Lineweaver-Burk method. The biokinetic coefficients determined were for Maximum substrate removal rate , Half saturation rate constant or affinity constant ( sludge yield coefficient (Y), and Microbial decay or indigenous respiration rate .
The results showed that Y, , and ( were in the range of 0,3- 0,7 mgSSV/mgBOD5, 2- 8 Day1 and 40-120 mg/L (COD- BOD5), respectively. Values of the coefficients were within the range of those reported for conventional activated sludge processes.
Situación de calle en el norte de México: apuntes para un modelo tridimensional de intervención social
Authors: Romero-Plana Virginia 
Published: February 2023

El artículo propone un modelo tridimensional de intervención social para población en situación de calle, a partir de un estudio de caso realizado en Hermosillo, Sonora (México) con varones exmigrantes deportados. Una lectura final de la investigación diagnóstica propuso la conformación de tres constructos reflexivos desde los cuales comprender el sinhogarismo: la trayectoria de vida de los hombres adultos mayores en su rol de exmigrantes, la desconexión socio-familiar tras el proceso migratorio, y la deportación y el desamparo socio-estructural basado en la falta de política social y en la exclusión social. La pobreza extrema es una combinación entre escasez de ingresos, falta de desarrollo humano y exclusión social. De acuerdo a esta definición leída desde la mirada de los Derechos Humanos, el marco teórico sobre el que se sustenta el análisis de los resultados y desde el que se proyecta el modelo de transformación se aborda desde dos ejes: a) la pobreza multidimensional y la integralidad del desarrollo y b) la desigualdad y la justicia social. El modelo de transformación social incorpora a los sujetos en su propio proceso de cambio y a sus entornos desde tres dimensiones: 1) individual, 2) socio-familiar y 3) socio-estructural. Los aspectos básicos abordables en este modelo, y desde los cuales se conforman los objetivos de intervención, son los siguientes: proyectos de vida, salud emocional, oportunidades laborales, redes socio-familiares, igualdad de género y conciencia social.
The cult of Sarapis in Hellenistic Egypt as a continuation of the policy of "merging peoples"
Authors: Sivkina Nataliya Yurievna , Mozherovtseva Aleksandra Dmitrievna 
Published: February 2023

As part of their policy aimed at creating a strong Hellenistic Egypt, the Ptolemies created and maintained the syncretic cult of Sarapis. Ancient sources have preserved several beautiful stories and legends about the appearance of this god and his cult in Egypt. The purpose of this work is to clarify the political role of this cult in Egypt, the peculiarities of its perception by different segments of the population, which ultimately influenced the change in the Ptolemaic policy towards the local population. The main research methods are both general philosophical methods – analysis and synthesis, and special – comparative-historical and comparative-genetic methods. In the modern world, there are a large number of countries (including Russia) in which different peoples live, having different traditions and beliefs. The study of the Egyptian version of the policy of "merging peoples" and the cult of Sarapis, as one of its components, helps to understand what factors should be avoided in an attempt to smooth out contradictions and create a strong interethnic association, which determines the relevance and novelty of the study. According to the creators, the cult of Sarapis should have been understandable and close to both Greeks and Egyptians. Therefore, the image of God, traditions and rituals included Greek and Egyptian elements, which was supposed to bring the population closer together on the basis of worship of this god and contribute to strengthening the central government. But in reality it turned out that in Egypt itself the cult of Sarapis did not become popular with either the Hellenes or the local population. The policy of uniting different ethnic groups on the basis of the religious factor without carrying out the same policy of rapprochement in other spheres (military, administrative, etc.) was doomed to failure.