bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Darolutamide Plus Androgen-Deprivation Therapy and Docetaxel in Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer by Disease Volume and Risk Subgroups in the Phase III ARASENS Trial
Authors: Hussain Maha , Tombal Bertrand , Saad Fred , Fizazi Karim , Sternberg Cora N. , Crawford E. David , Shore Neal , Kopyltsov Evgeny , Kalebasty Arash Rezazadeh , Bögemann Martin , Ye Dingwei , Cruz Felipe , Suzuki Hiroyoshi , Kapur Shivani , Srinivasan Shankar , Verholen Frank , Kuss Iris , Joensuu Heikki , Smith Matthew R. 
Published: February 2023

PURPOSE For patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, metastatic burden affects outcome. We examined efficacy and safety from the ARASENS trial for subgroups by disease volume and risk. METHODS Patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer were randomly assigned to darolutamide or placebo plus androgen-deprivation therapy and docetaxel. High-volume disease was defined as visceral metastases and/or ≥ 4 bone metastases with ≥ 1 beyond the vertebral column/pelvis. High-risk disease was defined as ≥ 2 risk factors: Gleason score ≥ 8, ≥ 3 bone lesions, and presence of measurable visceral metastases. RESULTS Of 1,305 patients, 1,005 (77%) had high-volume disease and 912 (70%) had high-risk disease. Darolutamide increased overall survival (OS) versus placebo in patients with high-volume (hazard ratio [HR], 0.69; 95% CI, 0.57 to 0.82), high-risk (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.86), and low-risk disease (HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.90), and in the smaller low-volume subgroup, the results were also suggestive of survival benefit (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.41 to 1.13). Darolutamide improved clinically relevant secondary end points of time to castration-resistant prostate cancer and subsequent systemic antineoplastic therapy versus placebo in all disease volume and risk subgroups. Adverse events (AEs) were similar between treatment groups across subgroups. Grade 3 or 4 AEs occurred in 64.9% of darolutamide patients versus 64.2% of placebo patients in the high-volume subgroup and 70.1% versus 61.1% in the low-volume subgroup. Among the most common AEs, many were known toxicities related to docetaxel. CONCLUSION In patients with high-volume and high-risk/low-risk metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, treatment intensification with darolutamide, androgen-deprivation therapy, and docetaxel increased OS with a similar AE profile in the subgroups, consistent with the overall population. [Media: see text]
Longitudinal Profiling of Endogenous Steroids in Blood Using the Athlete Biological Passport Approach
Authors: Equey Tristan , Salamin Olivier , Ponzetto Federico , Nicoli Raul , Kuuranne Tiia , Saugy Jonas , Saugy Martial , Aikin Reid , Baume Norbert 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Context
Detection of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (EAAS), like testosterone (T), as doping agents has been improved with the launch of the Steroidal Module of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) in urine samples.

Objective
To target doping practices with EAAS, particularly in individuals with low level of biomarkers excreted in urine, by including new target compounds measured in blood.

Design
T and T/androstenedione (T/A4) distributions were obtained from 4 years of anti-doping data and applied as priors to analyze individual profiles from 2 T administration studies in female and male subjects.

Setting
Anti-doping laboratory. Elite athletes (n = 823) and male and female clinical trials subjects (n = 19 and 14, respectively).

Intervention(s)
Two open-label administration studies were carried out. One involved a control phase period followed by patch and then oral T administration in male volunteers and the other followed female volunteers during 3 menstrual cycles with 28 days of daily transdermal T application during the second month.

Main outcome measure(s)
Serum samples were analyzed for T and A4 and the performance of a longitudinal ABP-based approach was evaluated for T and T/A4.

Results
An ABP-based approach set at a 99% specificity flagged all female subjects during the transdermal T application period and 44% of subjects 3 days after the treatment. T showed the best sensitivity (74%) in response to transdermal T application in males.

Conclusions
Inclusion of T and T/A4 as markers in the Steroidal Module can improve the performance of the ABP to identify T transdermal application, particularly in females.
Imaging of Brain Tumors
Authors: Jordan Justin T. , Gerstner Elizabeth R. 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
This article focuses on neuroimaging as an essential tool for diagnosing brain tumors and monitoring response to treatment.

LATEST DEVELOPMENTS
Neuroimaging is useful at all stages of brain tumor care. Technologic advances have improved the clinical diagnostic capability of neuroimaging as a vital complement to history, examination, and pathologic assessment. Presurgical evaluations are enriched by novel imaging techniques, through improved differential diagnosis and better surgical planning using functional MRI (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging. The common clinical challenge of differentiating tumor progression from treatment-related inflammatory change is aided by novel uses of perfusion imaging, susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), spectroscopy, and new positron emission tomography (PET) tracers.

ESSENTIAL POINTS
Using the most up-to-date imaging techniques will facilitate high-quality clinical practice in the care of patients with brain tumors.
The Right Imaging Protocol for the Right Patient
Authors: Pinter Nandor K. 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
This article provides a high-level overview of the challenge of choosing the right imaging approach for an individual patient. It also presents a generalizable approach that can be applied to practice regardless of specific imaging technologies.

ESSENTIAL POINTS
This article constitutes an introduction to the in-depth, topic-focused analyses in the rest of this issue. It examines the broad principles that guide placing a patient on the right diagnostic trajectory, illustrated with real-life examples of current protocol recommendations and cases of advanced imaging techniques, as well as some thought experiments. Thinking about diagnostic imaging strictly in terms of imaging protocols is often inefficient because these protocols can be vague and have numerous variations. Broadly defined protocols may be sufficient, but their successful use often depends largely on the particular circumstances, with special emphasis on the relationship between neurologists and radiologists.
Imaging of Skull Base Tumors
Authors: Bi Wenya Linda 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
This article provides an overview of imaging modalities and findings associated with common skull base tumors including meningiomas and how to use imaging features to guide surveillance and treatment decision making.

LATEST DEVELOPMENTS
Ease of access to cranial imaging has led to a higher number of incidentally diagnosed skull base tumors, which merit careful consideration for management with observation or treatment. The point of origin of the tumor dictates the pattern of anatomic displacement and involvement by the tumor as it grows. Careful study of vascular encroachment on CT angiography, as well as the pattern and extent of bony invasion on CT, abets treatment planning. Quantitative analyses of imaging, such as with radiomics, may further elucidate phenotype-genotype associations in the future.

ESSENTIAL POINTS
Combinatorial application of CT and MRI analyses improves the diagnosis of skull base tumors, clarifies their point of origin, and dictates the extent of treatment needed.
Trends and In-Hospital Mortality for Perioperative Myocardial Infarction After the Introduction of a Diagnostic Code for Type 2 Myocardial Infarction in the United States Between 2016 and 2018
Authors: Rubin Daniel S. , Lin Antonia Z. , Ward R. Parker , Nagele Peter 
Published: February 2023

BACKGROUND:
The frequency of perioperative myocardial infarction has been declining; however, previous studies have only described type 1 myocardial infarctions. Here, we evaluate the overall frequency of myocardial infarction with the addition of an International Classification of Diseases 10th revision (ICD-10-CM) code for type 2 myocardial infarction and the independent association with in-hospital mortality.

METHODS:
A longitudinal cohort study spanning the introduction of the ICD-10-CM diagnostic code for type 2 myocardial infarction using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2016 to 2018. Hospital discharges that included a primary surgical procedure code for intrathoracic, intraabdominal, or suprainguinal vascular surgery were included. Type 1 and type 2 myocardial infarctions were identified using ICD-10-CM codes. We used segmented logistic regression to estimate change in frequency of myocardial infarctions and multivariable logistic regression to determine the association with in-hospital mortality.

RESULTS:
A total of 360,264 unweighted discharges were included, representing 1,801,239 weighted discharges, with median age 59 and 56% female. The overall incidence of myocardial infarction was 0.76% (13,605/1,801,239). Before the introduction of type 2 myocardial infarction code, there was a small baseline decrease in the monthly frequency of perioperative myocardial infarctions (odds ratio [OR], 0.992; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.984–1.000; P  =  .042), but no change in the trend after the introduction of the diagnostic code (OR, 0.998; 95% CI, 0.991–1.005; P  =  .50). In 2018, where there was an entire year where type 2 myocardial infarction was officially a diagnosis, the distribution of myocardial infarction type 1 was 8.8% (405/4580) ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), 45.6% (2090/4580) non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and 45.5% (2085/4580) type 2 myocardial infarction. STEMI and NSTEMI were associated with increased in-hospital mortality (OR, 8.96; 95% CI, 6.20–12.96; P < .001 and OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.34–1.89; P < .001). A diagnosis of type 2 myocardial infarction was not associated with increased odds of in-hospital mortality (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.81–1.53; P  =  .50) when accounting for surgical procedure, medical comorbidities, patient demographics, and hospital characteristics.

CONCLUSIONS:
The frequency of perioperative myocardial infarctions did not increase after the introduction of a new diagnostic code for type 2 myocardial infarctions. A diagnosis of type 2 myocardial infarction was not associated with increased in-patient mortality; however, few patients received invasive management that may have confirmed the diagnosis. Further research is needed to identify what type of intervention, if any, may improve outcomes in this patient population.
Notch signaling in development and homeostasis
Authors: Gozlan Oren , Sprinzak David 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACTNotch signaling is a highly conserved signaling pathway that coordinates cellular differentiation during the development and homeostasis in numerous organs and tissues across metazoans. Activation of Notch signaling relies on direct contact between neighboring cells and mechanical pulling of the Notch receptors by the Notch ligands. Notch signaling is commonly used in developmental processes to coordinate the differentiation into distinct cell fates of neighboring cells. In this Development at a Glance article, we describe the current understanding of the Notch pathway activation and the different regulatory levels that control the pathway. We then describe several developmental processes where Notch is crucial for coordinating differentiation. These examples include processes that are largely based on lateral inhibition mechanisms giving rise to alternating patterns (e.g. SOP selection, hair cell in the inner ear and neural stem cell maintenance), as well as processes where Notch activity is oscillatory (e.g. somitogenesis and neurogenesis in mammals).
COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and its drivers among Pakistani population
Authors: Rehman Khalid , Arif Nauman , Jawad Muhammad , Muhammad Ali 
Published: February 2023

Background & Objective: COVID-19 vaccine has become available within a record time but mere availability will not control the pandemic. High vaccine acceptance is required. The objective was to determine COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and its associated factors among Pakistani population.
Methods: An online survey using google form, was conducted from January 31st to February 9th, 2021 before the start of the mass vaccination in Pakistan. The questionnaire had questions about demographics plus vaccine hesitancy. We received a total of 1156 responses. Data was analyzed using STATA version 14. We employed descriptive statistics and chi square test.
Results: A total of 1156 responses were received. 65% were male and 35% female. Only 6% were uneducated. Thirty percent had tested positive for COVID-19 earlier. Forty-six percent of the respondents would take (acceptance) a vaccine if available. Forty-eight percent and 45% were confident in using USA/UK and Chinese vaccine respectively. Gender and marital status was statistically significantly associated with vaccine acceptance. Concerns about the side effects were 55% while for efficacy it was 69%. Twenty-three percent were concerned about the permissibility of the vaccine on religious grounds.
Conclusion: Gender and marital status was significantly associated with vaccine acceptance. Forty-six percent respondents were willing to take the vaccine. Among the vaccine hesitant group, respondents were worried about the side effects, safety and religious permissibility of vaccine. Policy makers and all the relevant stakeholders should consider low vaccine acceptance as a major bottleneck and should devise strategies to address this major issue in the fight against COVID-19.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.2.6051
How to cite this: Rehman K, Arif N, Jawad M, Muhammad A. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and its drivers among Pakistani population. Pak J Med Sci. 2023;39(2):553-556. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.2.6051
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Effects of Ganoderma lucidum on chemical-induced and bacterial-infected corneal ulceration of rabbits’ eyes
Authors: Okenwa-Vincent Emmanuel , Moogi Alphonsinah , Odero Phenard , Dania Afe , Mashige Khathutshelo 
Published: February 2023

Background: Corneal ulcerations pose risks to blindness, and their treatment presents huge challenges, in part due to increased resistance to anti-bacterial drugs, accessibility and cost issues, particularly in developing countries. This study investigated the pharmacological effect of Ganoderma Lucidum, on chemical-induced and bacterial-infected corneal ulceration of rabbits’ eyes. Methods: This was a randomized-controlled experiment of 16 healthy New Zealand rabbits, randomly assigned into four groups (A–D). The right eye cornea was injured using a drop of 1 Molar sodium hydroxide and followed by infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa after 12 hours, in all groups except group A. Treatment with freshly prepared crude aqueous extract of G. lucidum (40 μg/mL) for groups A and B, the standard treatment protocol for group C, and atropine alone for group D commenced after 24 hours and continued every four hours for seven days. All data collected, pre-and post-tests, were analysed at α=0.05 using Wilcoxon signed-rank test for correlated variables and the Mann–Whitney U test for independent variables. Results: G. lucidum has significant clinical effects (74%) on corneal injury and ulcers (92%). The healing effects observed at the 168th hour were significantly better than those observed at the 24th hour (p<0.05). Although the difference between the healing effect of the standard treatment and the crude extract was not significant (p>0.05), the mean effect size was clinically significant (31%). Conclusion: This study demonstrates the potential antimicrobial potential of G. lucidum. G. lucidum may provide an alternative treatment option for chemical-induced and bacterial-infected corneal ulcers, particularly in resource-constrained countries.
Circulation of respiratory viruses during the COVID-19 pandemic in The Gambia
Authors: Jarju Sheikh , Senghore Elina , Brotherton Helen , Saidykhan Alasana , Jallow Samba , Krubally Edrissa , Sinjanka Edrisa , Ndene Morris Ngor , Bajo Fabakary , Sanyang Musa M , Saidy Binta , Bah Alasana , Mohammed Nuredin I , Forrest Karen , Clarke Ed , Dalessandro Umberto , Sesay Abdul K , Usuf Effua , Cerami Carla , Roca Anna , Kampmann Beate , de Silva Thushan I 
Published: February 2023

Background: In many countries, non-pharmaceutical interventions to limit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission resulted in significant reductions in other respiratory viruses. However, similar data from Africa are limited. We explored the extent to which viruses such as influenza and rhinovirus co-circulated with SARS-CoV-2 in The Gambia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Between April 2020 and March 2022, respiratory viruses were detected using RT-PCR in nasopharyngeal swabs from 1397 participants with influenza-like illness. An assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 and a viral multiplex RT-PCR assay was used as previously described to detect influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A and B, parainfluenza viruses 1-4, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), adenovirus, seasonal coronaviruses (229E, OC43, NL63) and human rhinovirus. Results: Overall virus positivity was 44.2%, with prevalence higher in children <5 years (80%) compared to children aged 5-17 years (53.1%), adults aged 18-50 (39.5%) and >50 years (39.9%), p<0.0001. After SARS-CoV-2 (18.3%), rhinoviruses (10.5%) and influenza viruses (5.5%) were the most prevalent. SARS-CoV-2 positivity was lower in children <5 (4.3%) and 5-17 years (12.7%) than in adults aged 18-50 (19.3%) and >50 years (24.3%), p<0.0001. In contrast, rhinoviruses were most prevalent in children <5 years (28.7%), followed by children aged 5-17 (15.8%), adults aged 18-50 (8.3%) and >50 years (6.3%), p<0.0001. Four SARS-CoV-2 waves occurred, with 36.1%-52.4% SARS-CoV-2 positivity during peak months. Influenza infections were observed in both 2020 and 2021 during the rainy season as expected (peak positivity 16.4%-23.5%). Peaks of rhinovirus were asynchronous to the months when SARS-CoV-2 and influenza peaked. Conclusion: Our data show that many respiratory viruses continued to circulate during the COVID-19 pandemic in The Gambia, including human rhinoviruses, despite the presence of NPIs during the early stages of the pandemic, and influenza peaks during expected months.
The phenomenon of urbanisation from a public health perspective. Urban spaces as a possible source of epidemics and pandemics caused by an infectious disease
Authors: Pruszyński Jacek , Kocik Janusz , Pruszyńska Irena , Cianciara Dorota , Sękowski Kuba , Włodarczyk-Pruszyńska Inga 
Published: February 2023

Introduction
Urbanisation is a global process leading to development of urban infrastructure and thus an increase in the population of urban areas. Health threats, including epidemics of infectious diseases that may break out in growing urban areas, can spread quickly and their effects could spread outside of the local territory.
Purpose
To outline the relationship between globalising, post-modern urbanisation processes, in particular the specific form of extended urbanisation, and the risks posed by infectious diseases that could give rise to new epidemics or pandemics.
State of knowledge
Health risks occurring at the local level of an urban area react to, and simultaneously affect, health situation occurring at an indefinite distance from the original site of the event. An important impact on the situation are the expanding or newly emerging urban areas, which cause negative changes in social conditions, and the increase in spatial mobility of the global population, which facilitates the spread of infectious diseases.
Summary
Understanding 21st century urban trends is the key to improving collective health. Adopting a "public health perspective" regarding values and attitudes towards social phenomena and reality, as well as the necessary methods of conduct, seems to be one of the main challenges of the current era in which people around the world, regardless of the country's development status and level of resources, currently live in within one “ecosystem of infectious diseases”. Planned and controlled urbanization, taking into account the achievements of modern epidemiology, including molecular epidemiology, will help will help along the remediation of the cities of the future.
Cashflow Timing vs. Discount-Rate Timing: An Examination of Mutual Fund Market-Timing Skills
Authors: Lan Chunhua , Wermers Russ 
Published: February 2023

We measure the ability of professional investment managers in timing cashflow versus discount-rate news, the two components of market returns. We find that the average U.S. equity mutual fund exhibits cashflow-timing skills of 1.77%/year, but discount-rate timing of −0.87%/year; furthermore, cashflow-timing skills, but not discount-rate timing skills, strongly persist over future quarters. Our evidence indicates that misspecification of market-timing abilities accounts for the failure of prior research to locate talented timing funds. Importantly, we find that value funds outperform growth funds in timing cashflow news, which provides new evidence on the unique skills of value-oriented mutual funds. This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, finance. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4693 .
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON DECISION CRITERIA FOR PORT PERSONNEL USING HYBRID ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS (H-AHP)
Authors: Shamshol Bahri Muhamad Safuan , Shariff S. Sarifah Radiah , Yahya Nazry 
Published: February 2023

The demand for talented labor to serve the maritime logistics, particularly in port operations, is growing as the industry expands globally. This requires professional competency in terms of manpower and skills that must be developed effectively. Furthermore, considering the harm done to the industry from the COVID-19 pandemic, capable professionals in port management are a crucial part to reviving the business and its long-term growth and viability. This study explores the criteria for the needed talent from the perspective of port logistics experts using the following multicriteria decision making (MCDM) approaches: Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Preference Ranking Organization System Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE). The objective of this study is to identify the important criteria for personnel performance evaluation in the port marine logistics industry. In order to determine the performance evaluation framework for personnel performance evaluation, the study uses the AHP method to calculate the weightage of the criteria. The highest weightage is Work Attitude (0.560), followed by Job Performance (0.298) and Work Ability (0.120). Lastly, in order to identify the suitable hybrid MCDM approaches for personnel performance evaluation in the port marine logistics industry, three different MCDM approaches (AHP, TOPSIS and PROMETHEE) were used and the results show that the AHP is the best MCDM method to rank the personnel in the port industry by obtaining the highest Kendall’s Tau coefficient of 0.619.