bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Material deprivation in childhood and unequal political socialization: the relationship between children’s economic hardship and future voting
Authors: Jungkunz Sebastian , Marx Paul 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Long-term socialization patterns are considered a key explanation for socio-economic inequalities in political participation. Material conditions in youth and childhood are assumed to contribute to rather stable trajectories of political apathy or involvement and lay the foundations for unequal participation from before voting age and far into adulthood. However, our understanding of when such inequalities begin to become noticeable, the importance of parental socio-economic status as opposed to personal socio-economic status, and potential long-term consequences is still limited. We address these issues using the youth questionnaire of the UK Household Longitudinal Study. We show that material deprivation in childhood is negatively related to turnout in young adults’ first election in which they are eligible to vote. This result holds when we control for an unusually exhaustive list of potential confounders, such as psychological childhood characteristics, parental–political interest and education, present material conditions, mental health, and future educational degrees. Our results, hence, suggest that—while personal socio-economic experiences in early adulthood are not irrelevant—socio-economic family background has an independent effect on political participation.
Illuminating the oral microbiome and its host interactions: animal models of disease
Authors: Hajishengallis George 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Periodontitis and caries are driven by complex interactions between the oral microbiome and host factors, i.e. inflammation and dietary sugars, respectively. Animal models have been instrumental in our mechanistic understanding of these oral diseases, although no single model can faithfully reproduce all aspects of a given human disease. This review discusses evidence that the utility of an animal model lies in its capacity to address a specific hypothesis and, therefore, different aspects of a disease can be investigated using distinct and complementary models. As in vitro systems cannot replicate the complexity of in vivo host–microbe interactions and human research is typically correlative, model organisms—their limitations notwithstanding—remain essential in proving causality, identifying therapeutic targets, and evaluating the safety and efficacy of novel treatments. To achieve broader and deeper insights into oral disease pathogenesis, animal model-derived findings can be synthesized with data from in vitro and clinical research. In the absence of better mechanistic alternatives, dismissal of animal models on fidelity issues would impede further progress to understand and treat oral disease.
Esophageal mycobiome landscape and interkingdom interactions in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Rao Wen-Qing , Lin Zheng , Jiang Jian , Wang Jian-Wen , Lin Zhi-Feng , Fu Rong , Chen Wei-Lin , Chen Yuan-Mei , Peng Xian-E , Hu Zhi-Jian 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Background
The study purpose was to characterize the mycobiome and its associations with the expression of pathogenic genes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Methods
Patients with primary ESCC were recruited from two central hospitals. We performed internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) ribosomal DNA sequencing analysis. We compared differential fungi and explored the ecology of fungi and the interaction of bacteria and fungi.

Results
The mycobiota diversity was significantly different between tumors and tumor-adjacent samples. We further analysed the differences between the two groups, at the species level, confirming that Rhodotorula toruloides, Malassezia dermatis, Hanseniaspora lachancei, and Spegazzinia tessarthra were excessively colonized in the tumor samples, whereas Preussia persica, Fusarium solani, Nigrospora oryzae, Acremonium furcatum, Golovinomyces artemisiae, and Tausonia pullulans were significantly more abundant in tumor-adjacent samples. The fungal co-occurrence network in tumor-adjacent samples was larger and denser than that in tumors. Similarly, the more complex bacterial–fungal interactions in tumor-adjacent samples were also detected. The expression of mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase was positively correlated with the abundance of N. oryzae and T. pullulans in tumor-adjacent samples. In tumors, the expression of MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (MET) had a negative correlation and a positive correlation with the abundance of R. toruloides and S. tessarthra, respectively.

Conclusion
This study revealed the landscape of the esophageal mycobiome characterized by an altered fungal composition and bacterial and fungal ecology in ESCC.
Reference genome of the Virginia rail, Rallus limicola
Authors: Hall Laurie A , Wang Ian J , Escalona Merly , Beraut Eric , Sacco Samuel , Sahasrabudhe Ruta , Nguyen Oanh , Toffelmier Erin , Shaffer H Bradley , Beissinger Steven R 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Virginia rail, Rallus limicola, is a member of the family Rallidae, which also includes many other species of secretive and poorly studied wetland birds. It is recognized as a single species throughout its broad distribution in North America where it is exploited as a game bird, often with generous harvest limits, despite a lack of systematic population surveys and evidence of declines in many areas due to wetland loss and degradation. To help advance understanding of the phylogeography, biology, and ecology of this elusive species, we report the first reference genome assembly for the Virginia rail, produced as part of the California Conservation Genomics Project (CCGP). We produced a de novo genome assembly using Pacific Biosciences HiFi long reads and Hi-C chromatin-proximity sequencing technology with an estimated sequencing error rate of 0.191%. The assembly consists of 1,102 scaffolds spanning 1.39 Gb, with a contig N50 of 11.0 Mb, scaffold N50 of 25.3 Mb, largest contig of 45 Mb, and largest scaffold of 128.4 Mb. It has a high BUSCO completeness score of 96.9% and represents the first genome assembly available for the genus Rallus. This genome assembly will help resolve questions about the complex evolutionary history of rails and evaluate the potential of rails for adaptive evolution in the face of growing threats from climate change and habitat loss and fragmentation. It will also provide a valuable resource for rail conservation efforts by quantifying Virginia rail vagility, population connectivity, and effective population sizes.
The anterior superior iliac spine is a reliable novel landmark for preemptive periacetabular analgesia in hip arthroscopy
Authors: Lichtenstein Adi , Amar Eyal , Halperin Dania , Factor Shai , Ohana Nissim , Albagli Assaf , Efrima Ben , Rath Ehud 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT
Appropriate post-operative (post-op) pain control has been shown to reduce length of stay and facilitate day case surgery. Periacetabular injection of bupivacaine is effective in pain reduction after hip arthroscopy. This study aims to evaluate the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) as an anatomical landmark to facilitate needle insertion prior to fluoroscopy. The meeting point derived from a vertical line one fingerbreadth distal to the ASIS and a longitudinal line from the greater trochanter (GT) was used as a landmark in 30 consecutive hip arthroscopy patients for periacetabular analgesia. The distance between the tip of the needle and the acetabular roof was measured via fluoroscopy. Needle location was corrected if needed, followed by periacetabular bupivacaine injection (at anterior, lateral and posterior joint aspects). Post-op pain was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) 4–6 h post-op and at discharge. The ASIS and GT were identified and used for periacetabular analgesia landmarks in all cases. Results revealed that 93.3% of needle entries fell within 10 mm of the lateral acetabular rim and only one case had fallen distal to it. The post-op mean VAS score was 1.03 (range 0–6, standard error – 0.30, median = 0). At hospital discharge, 90% (27/30 of patients) reported VAS score ≤ 5. Twenty-six of the 30 patients were discharged on the same day as the operation (remaining four patients stayed due to accommodation/traveling issues). The ASIS and GT can be used as an anatomical landmark for periacetabular analgesia in hip arthroscopy with reproducible needle location, significant analgesic effect and minimal radiation.
Experimenting with QR Codes and Envelope Size in Push-to-Web Surveys
Authors: Endres Kyle , Heiden Erin O , Park Ki , Losch Mary E , Harland Karisa K , Abbott Anne L 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Survey researchers are continually evaluating approaches to increase response rates, especially those that can be implemented with little or no costs. In this study, we experimentally evaluated whether or not including Quick Response (QR) codes in mailed recruitment materials for self-administered web surveys increased web survey participation. We also assessed whether mailing these materials in a non-standard envelope size (6 × 9 inch) yielded a higher response rate than invitations mailed in a standard, #10 envelope (4.125 × 9.5 inch). These experiments were embedded in a sequential mixed-mode (dual-frame phone and web) statewide survey. Including a QR code (in addition to a URL) significantly increased the response rate compared to invitations that only included a URL in our study. As expected, a consequence of including the QR code was an elevated number of completions on smartphones or tablets among households randomly assigned to the QR code condition. The use of a larger (6 × 9 inch) envelope did not affect the overall response rate but did significantly boost the response rate for the landline sample (envelopes addressed to “STATE resident”) while having little effect for the wireless sample (envelopes addressed by name). This study suggests that incorporating both QR codes and larger (6 × 9 inch) envelopes in mail recruitment materials for web surveys is a cost-effective approach to increase web participation.
Spatio-temporal analysis of strawberry architecture: insights into the control of branching and inflorescence complexity
Authors: Labadie Marc , Guy Karine , Demené Marie-Noëlle , Caraglio Yves , Heidsieck Gaetan , Gaston Amelia , Rothan Christophe , Guédon Yann , Pradal Christophe , Denoyes Béatrice 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Plant architecture plays a major role in flowering and therefore in crop yield. Attempts to visualize and analyse strawberry plant architecture have been few to date. Here, we developed open-source software combining two- and three-dimensional representations of plant development over time along with statistical methods to explore the variability in spatio-temporal development of plant architecture in cultivated strawberry. We applied this software to six seasonal strawberry varieties whose plants were exhaustively described monthly at the node scale. Results showed that the architectural pattern of the strawberry plant is characterized by a decrease of the module complexity between the zeroth-order module (primary crown) and higher-order modules (lateral branch crowns and extension crowns). Furthermore, for each variety, we could identify traits with a central role in determining yield, such as date of appearance and number of branches. By modeling the spatial organization of axillary meristem fate on the zeroth-order module using a hidden hybrid Markov/semi-Markov mathematical model, we further identified three zones with different probabilities of production of branch crowns, dormant buds, or stolons. This open-source software will be of value to the scientific community and breeders in studying the influence of environmental and genetic cues on strawberry architecture and yield.
Maize LOST SUBSIDIARY CELL encoding a large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase is required for subsidiary cell development and plant growth
Authors: Cui Yongqi , He Meiqing , Liu Jie , Wang Shuang , Zhang Junli , Xie Shiyi , Hu Zhubing , Guo Siyi , Yan Dawei 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The four-celled stomatal complex consists of a pair of guard cells (GCs) and two subsidiary cells (SCs) in grasses, which supports a fast adjustment of stomatal aperture. The formation and development of SCs are thus important for stomatal functionality. Here, we report a maize lost subsidiary cells (lsc) mutant, with many stomata lacking one or two SCs. The loss of SCs is supposed to have resulted from impeded subsidiary mother cell (SMC) polarization and asymmetrical division. Besides the defect in SCs, the lsc mutant also displays a dwarf morphology and pale and striped newly-grown leaves. LSC encodes a large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), an enzyme involved in deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs) synthesis. Consistently, the concentration of dNTPs and expression of genes involved in DNA replication, cell cycle progression, and SC development were significantly reduced in the lsc mutant compared with the wild-type B73 inbred line. Conversely, overexpression of maize LSC increased dNTP synthesis and promoted plant growth in both maize and Arabidopsis. Our data indicate that LSC regulates dNTP production and is required for SMC polarization, SC differentiation, and growth of maize.
Development of an animal-free nitrogen source for the liquid surface culture of Cordyceps militaris
Authors: Sripilai Kritsana , Chaicharoenaudomrung Nipha , Phonchai Ruchee , Chueaphromsri Phongsakorn , Kunhorm Phongsakorn , Noisa Parinya 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is a medicinal mushroom in Asia in the 21st century, which cordycepin is a significant bioactive compound. This study, investigated the effect of culture conditions and vegetable seed extract powder as a supplementary source of animal-free nitrogen on the production of cordycepin by C. militaris in liquid surface culture. The highest cordycepin production was observed under soybean extract powder (SBEP) conditions, and 80 g L−1 of SBEP supplementation increased cordycepin production to 2.52 g L−1, which was greater than the control (peptone). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to examine the transcription levels, and the results showed that supplementing with SBEP 80 g L−1 significantly increased the expression of genes associated with the carbon metabolic pathway, amino acid metabolism, and two key genes involved in the cordycepin biosynthesis (cns1 and NT5E) compared to peptone-supplemented culture. Under optimal culture conditions, the model predicted a maximum response of cordycepin production of 2.64 g L−1 at a working volume of 147.5 ml, an inoculum size of 8.8% v/v, and a cultivation time of 40.0 days. This optimized culture condition could be used to increase cordycepin production in large-scale bioreactors. Additional research can be conducted to assess the economic viability of this process.
Treatment
Authors: Evans Dwight L. , Benton Tami D. , Ellison Katherine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses medication as a treatment option for bipolar disorder. According to researchers, a combination of medication and psychotherapy will provide the best for managing a child’s bipolar disorder. The chapter highlights the importance of finding a trusted clinician to achieve the right medication, which could be “off-label” prescriptions that do not have approval for children and adolescents from the Food and Drug Administration. Even though the practice is sketchy, it is a common and well-respective practice since medications specifically approved for adolescent bipolar disorder remain limited compared to those approved for adults. The chapter lists the medication used for treating mania and depression, such as mood stabilizers, anticonvulsants, antipsychotics, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, lurasidone, and a combination of olanzapine and fluoxetine.
Coping With Crises
Authors: Evans Dwight L. , Rynn Moira A. , Ellison Katherine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter shares recommendations on how to approach situations that evolve into crises for the child and loved ones. It highlights the importance of parents being a constant and stable loving presence as it is key support that will the child during a crisis. Self-harm, such as cutting and burning, is common among adolescents who experience depression, bullying, have low self-esteem, and know a friend who engages in the same behavior. For many self-harm is a cry for help and an expression of distress, which parent may miss. Moreover, some of the risk factors for a child to attempt suicide range among presence of a family history, mood disorders, substance use, LGBTQ+, and trauma/sexual abuse. The chapter suggests having a crisis plan in place and emergency contact information readily available. There are times when hospitalization may be needed for the adolescent in order to ensure safety and increase treatment intensity.
Conclusion
Authors: Evans Dwight L. , Rynn Moira A. , Ellison Katherine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at the advances in the treatment of adolescent depression. It discusses that depression is a very treatable medical illness, citing that millions of diagnosed adults are leading lives of happiness, success, and fulfillment. Legislators have been seeking ways to better regulate harmful social media and to address the nationwide shortage of behavioral health providers. At the same time, scientists continue to research brain neurocircuitry to develop new treatment interventions depression. The chapter also acknowledges the changes made in schools to provide appropriate supports for children for kids with mental health challenges. It explains how broader, societal structural issues have huge and inequitable impacts on mental health.
Other Skills: Relaxation/Mindfulness
Authors: Falk Avital , Bennett Shannon , Rozenman Michelle , Mohatt Justin , Bergman R. Lindsey 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
“Other Skills: Relaxation/Mindfulness” discusses supplemental skills that may be useful to augment exposure and response prevention (ERP) discussed in Chapter 11. Relaxation strategies and activities are briefly described, including deep breathing and progressive muscle relaxation. The chapter then turns to mindfulness as an attentional, experiential, and/or behavioral approach that may be used in response to the experience of obsessions. Examples of experiential mindfulness exercises that may be particularly relevant for OCD are provided. For each set of skills, information is provided about how to introduce the skills to patients, correct misperceptions about the purpose of each skill, and utilize skills to augment ERP.
Setting Up A Modern Acute Pain Service (APS)
Authors: Mojica Jeffrey J. , Washek Sean , Schwenk Eric S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Poorly controlled pain can negatively impact a patient’s postoperative recovery and can have lasting effects on patient outcomes and quality of life. In the past, opioid-based therapies were the treatments of choice. Advances in regional anesthesia, medications, and drug-delivery systems have expanded the therapeutic armamentarium, but without an organized service to monitor safety and efficacy, the adoption of these therapies is challenging. An acute pain service (APS) serves an important role in addressing the complex pain of today’s patients. The effectiveness of postoperative pain relief is tied to patient satisfaction and carries financial incentives for healthcare providers. As the leaders in both regional anesthesiology and perioperative medicine, anesthesiologists are well equipped to address this healthcare deficiency. A regional anesthesia-driven APS that prioritizes multimodal analgesia can effectively treat the complex patients who are becoming increasingly common in today’s hospital environment.
Eye Blocks
Authors: Lozada Gustavo A. , Macias Alvaro Andres 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Ophthalmic surgical procedures require the anesthesia provider to have fundamental knowledge of and skills with eye blocks to deliver a safe, optimal anesthetic. Cataract surgery, the most common surgical procedure performed in the United States, and vitreoretinal, glaucoma-related procedures represent a large percentage of eye surgeries performed. Eye blocks are anesthetic modalities that are well suited and widely used for these interventions. Having in-depth understanding of relevant anatomy is paramount for both choosing the appropriate regional technique and performing it safely and successfully. Retrobulbar, peribulbar, and sub-Tenon’s blocks are commonly used for eye surgeries. Regardless of whether these are performed by the anesthesia provider or the surgeon, the operator must be conversant with these blocks, including technique, potential side effects and complications, treatment of such, and options for sedation. This chapter reviews relevant anatomy, describes the three commonly performed eye blocks, discusses their potential side effects and complications with some treatment suggestions, mentions common adjuvants used for eye blocks, offers alternatives for the three blocks, and suggests options for patient sedation.
The Trauma Patient With Fractured Ribs
Authors: Warfield Dennis J. , Adhikary Sanjib Das 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Rib fractures, in particular those involving various levels, are frequent in multi-trauma patients. These injuries are typically seen after blunt thoracic trauma, most commonly involving motor vehicle accidents. Rib fractures alone are associated with significant morbidity and mortality as well as long-term disability without appropriate management. Patients with rib fractures require safe, effective analgesia to prevent respiratory compromise. Choosing an effective pain management strategy for this patient population can prove to be challenging due to a spectrum of additional injuries, body habitus, coagulation status, and preexisting comorbidities. Many strategies have been implemented to provide appropriate pain control. These range from opioid treatment as sole therapy to multimodal approaches which often include regional anesthesia. Regional anesthesia techniques have consisted of midline neuraxial procedures as well as a variety of truncal nerve blocks. Successful pain management and favorable outcomes rely on a prompt and accurate diagnosis, along with an integrated team approach which includes providers skilled in performing regional anesthesia.
Shoulder Arthroscopy
Authors: Ardon Alberto E. , Porter Steven B. , McClain Robert L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Most shoulder innervation arises from nerves C5 to T1, with occasional contributions from C4 or T2. A patient’s pulmonary status and ability to tolerate a change in diaphragmatic function should be assessed prior to an interscalene block. Regional anesthetic options for a patient with compromised pulmonary function include a more distal brachial plexus block, superior trunk block, and suprascapular block. Expectations regarding the regional anesthetic technique should be set with the patient. The role of the block in the context of the overall pain-control plan and other analgesic agents should be explained. Rebound pain is significant when it alters a patient’s recovery trajectory. A single-injection interscalene block may not be sufficient to properly address pain after shoulder surgery. Anesthesiologists should properly educate patients about peripheral nerve blockade, including expected pain control, possible side effects, and ambulatory nerve catheter care, if applicable.