bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antigenic Heterogeneity of Reduced and Alkylated Subunits of Human Monoclonal Macroglobulins
Authors: Dominguez Carlos J. , Caggiano Vincent , Kochwa Shaul , Wasserman Louis R. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Twenty-two isolated human monoclonal macroglobulins were studied by several immuno- and physicochemical methods. The size of the subunits dissociated by thiols and alkylated by monoiodoacetamide depended on the concentration of the reducing agent and the time of reduction. Immunochemical analysis performed with an antiserum prepared in rabbits against one of the proteins (reagent 17a) indicated that the subunits of individual macroglobulins are antigenically heterogeneous. Two antigenic determinants detected by this antiserum can be found on different subunits of native macroglobulins following mild reduction and alkylation. These antigenic determinants vary in their relative concentration and are destroyed by high concentrations of thiol. Alkylation of the reduced protein leaves an additional, common, and separable antigenic determinant, which persists after heavy reduction and alkylation and is independent of the light chain type of the native macroglobulin.
Bat Immunoglobulins Formed in Response to Experimental Japanese B Encephalitis (JBE) Virus Infection
Authors: Leonard Larry L. , Allen Rae , Sulkin S. Edward 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The immune response of the big brown bat (Eptesicus f. fuscus) to Japanese B encephalitis (JBE) virus was characterized in terms of the influence of the environmental temperature and the route of inoculation on the length of the antibody induction period and the types of immunoglobulins synthesized. Sucrose density gradient analyses, supported by data derived from DEAE-cellulose chromatography and immunoelectrophoresis, indicated that the bats produced at least two types of immunoglobulins. Hyperimmune bat plasma and hyperimmune guinea pig serum against JBE virus were employed in an examination of the virus-antibody interaction. The results are discussed in terms of the influence of the antibody response on the potential role of bats as reservoir hosts for arboviruses in nature.
Lack of Relationship between Virus-Specific Surface and Transplantation Antigens in Hamster Cells Transformed by Simian Papovavirus SV40
Authors: Tevethia Satvir S. , Diamandopoulos George Th. , Rapp Fred , Enders John F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The relationship between SV40 surface (S) and transplantation antigens in hamster cells transformed by SV40 was investigated by carrying out transplantation rejection tests in weanling hamsters and by ability of x-irradiated cells to prevent viral tumorigenesis in newborn animals. Only the cells which contained detectable levels of virus-specific tumor (T) and S antigens were found to contain detectable levels of transplantation antigens. The cells which had only the S antigen and cells which synthesized neither S nor T antigens did not contain detectable levels of transplantation antigens. These results strongly suggest that the S antigen detected in vitro by the immunofluorescence test in cells not synthesizing the T antigen is not identical with the SV40 transplantation antigen involved in the rejection or protection phenomena.
Initiation of Primary-Type and Secondary-Type Antibody Responses to Bacteriophage φX 174 in Vitro
Authors: Tao Tien-Wen 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rabbit lymph nodes were maintained in organ culture for 2 to 3 weeks. Tissue integrity and organization were well preserved with survival and formation of all cell types, e.g., blast cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages. A primary-type anti-φX 174 response was initiated in vitro by φX 174 stimulation in cultures of lymph nodes removed from normal rabbits. On the other hand, a secondary-type response was initiated and produced in cultures of lymphoid tissues from rabbits immunized with φX 174. The kinetics of these two types of antibody responses were presented and are summarized as follows: The average peak k representing antibody activity was 0.1 in the primary response, whereas it was 124 in the secondary response, i.e., a difference of approximately 1000.In the primary response, 19 S antibody formation preceded that of 7 S, whereas 7 S antibodies were produced throughout the secondary response.In the primary response, 19 S antibodies were the predominant antibody type synthesized and 7 S, if any, only in small quantities. In the secondary response, 7 S antibodies were the only antibody type detected.Peak antibody production in the primary response was reached more than 3 days earlier than that in the secondary response.In the primary response, antibody production usually decreased steadily after the peak, whereas in the secondary response, it continued at a high level.The primary antibody response did not appear to be accompanied by increased mitotic activity, whereas, in the secondary response, mitotic activity increased prior to peak antibody production.There was a direct relationship between the concentration of φX 174 and the initiation of primary and secondary anti-φX 174 responses. The higher the concentration of the antigen, the greater was the induced antibody response. Lower concentrations of φX 174 were required to initiate a secondary response, e.g., 105 PFU of φX 174/ml failed to initiate a primary response but did initiate a secondary response. Lower concentrations of φX 174 also elicited a maximal secondary response, e.g., 108 PFU of φX 174/ml elicited a maximal secondary response, while 109 PFU of φX 174/ml failed to elicit a maximal primary response.
No primary anti-φX 174 response could be detected in cultures of adult rabbit spleen and thymus under the present experimental con-
The antibody responses initiated and produced in vitro and in vivo were compared and discussed.
Studies on Heterologous Antilymphocyte and Antithymocyte Sera
Authors: Barth Rolf F. , Southworth Joanne 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The effects of rabbit antilymphocyte (ALS) and antithymocyte (ATS) sera on the early primary and secondary response of mice to sheep RBC were studied using the hemolytic plaque technique as an assay system for enumerating antibody-producing cells.
Immunosuppressive effectiveness was related to the routes of immunization and serum treatment. Intraperitoneal administration of ALS or ATS was the most effective in reducing the number of splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC), and intravenous administration was the least effective when associated with i.p. immunization.
Mice treated successively on days -1, 0 and +1 with 0.25 ml of ALS or ATS had a peak response of 4000 PFC by 76 hr following primary immunization compared to 387,000 for nontreated controls at 96 hr. There was a prolongation of the lag phase and a truncation of the exponential phase which may have been due to a reduction in the number of stimulated antigen sensitive precursor cells.
Mice treated with ALS or ATS at the time of primary immunization had a reduction in both unfacilitated and facilitated splenic PFC 3 days following a second injection of SRBC. Serum hemagglutinin and hemolysin titers were identical to controls, and it was suggested that peritoneal lymph nodes may have compensated for the decreased splenic response.
Infusion of ALS-treated and immunized mice with 50 × 106 spleen cells from normal syngeneic donors resulted in some restoration of immunocompetence both in terms of splenic PFC and serum antibodies.
The Purification and Reactivity of the First Component of Complement from Guinea Pig, Human and Canine Sera
Authors: Tamura Noboru , Nelson Robert A. , Paterson Leslie M. , Haugland Elaine 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A simple procedure for separation and purification of the first component of guinea pig complement is described. The product has high specific reactivity, low protein content and minimal content of other complement components. The formation of EAC1 using sheep erythrocytes sensitized with purified IgG was greater at 0°C than at 37°C. In contrast, the formation of EAC1 using sheep erythrocytes sensitized with IgM proceeded more effectively at 37°C than at 0°C.
Preliminary results are presented on measurements of C1 by immune adherence as well as by immune hemolysis. Estimates of the number of molecules that are required for a 50% endpoint in each of these two reactions were 2 and 10 molecules per erythrocyte, respectively.
Certain problems concerned with the exact definition of the molecular weight of C1 in native serum are discussed.
A Cytotoxic Antiglobulin Technique for Assay of Antibodies to Histocompatibility Antigens
Authors: Fass Leroy , Herberman Ronald B. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A method for increasing the cytotoxic activity of antibodies to lymphoid cells has been developed. Mouse isoantisera with 7 S and 18 S antibody activity were tested against an allogeneic lymphoid tumor cell. A variety of heterologous antiglobulins with different specificites were examined for their ability to produce inceased cytotoxicity. Both anti-IgG and anti-light chain reagents increased the cytotoxic titers of the 7 S antibody as much as 16-fold. Antibodies against mouse light chains were also able to enhance the cytotoxicity of the 18 S antibody.
The degree of enhancement of cytotoxicity was considerably less than that found for antiglobulin reactions with erythrocytes and the possible explanations for these differences were discussed.
Critical Variables of the Jerne Plaque Technique As Applied to Rodent Antibody-Forming Systems Responding to Heterologous Red Cell Antigens
Authors: Hübner K. F. , Gengozian N. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Improved conditions were developed for the Jerne plaque technique; a simple test (“hemolytic spot-testing”) allows a study of interspecies antigen-antibody systems and interspecies complement effects as well as ionic requirements for hemolysis in agar. These optimal conditions were applied to the Jerne plaque test with parallel results.
The Jerne technique can easily be applied to study the hemolytic antibody response of C3BF1 mice, Golden Syrian hamsters, and Wistar rats immunized with heterologous RBC. Optimal results depend on the type and dilution of complement used for a certain heterologous combination: guinea pig complement gives best results in the mouse anti-sheep system; rabbit complement is superior in the mouse anti-rat system; and human complement is hemolytically most active in the mouse anti-hamster, hamster anti-mouse, and rat anti-mouse combination.
Each C′ requires different ionic conditions of the reaction medium. It is demonstrated that optimal results of the Jerne plaque test depend on adequate concentrations of Ca++ and Mg++ in the agar. The data suggest also that the anticomplementary effect of agar is ionic. This hemolysis-reducing or inhibiting factor is overcome by DEAE dextran and higher cation concentrations of the agar. The mechanism of action of the polycation and Ca++ and Mg++ cations is discussed.
The hemolytic activity of complement of different species is not only reflected in variation of the number of plaques but also in average plaque size. A quantitative complement-antibody correlation is considered as a possible explanation for this observation, and suggests that this method may provide a model for the study of the dynamics of cell lysis.
Two Mechanisms of Immunologically-Induced Injury to Rabbit Platelets
Authors: Des Prez Roger M. , Bryant Richard E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Platelet injury (release of platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine) that occurs when antigen and antibody are added to non-immune platelet-rich plasma has been compared and contrasted to platelet injury that occurs when preformed immune precipitates are used as the challenge. Platelet injury by large concentrations of immune precipitate is not inhibited by citrate, by anticomplementary concentrations of heparin or sodium chloride, or by prior pepsin digestion of the antibody from which the precipitates are prepared. Prior zymosan adsorption of plasma at 16°C in the presence of Na2H2EDTA inhibits the precipitate-platelet interaction.
Platelet injury produced by soluble antigen and antibody in non-immune platelet-rich plasma is inhibited by citrate, by anticomplementary concentrations of heparin and sodium chloride, and by prior pepsin digestion of the antibody. Prior zymosan adsorption of plasma at 16°C in the presence of Na2H2EDTA is, however, without effect.
It is postulated that platelet injury by immune precipitates in citrated plasma results from phagocytosis of the precipitates by platelets and does not require complement, that platelet injury by soluble antigen and antibody in heparinized plasma is a complement-dependent process, and that platelet injury by immune precipitates in heparinized plasma may involve both mechanisms.
The Fixation of Guinea Pig Complement by γ1 and γ2 Immunoglobulins
Authors: Osler Abraham G. , Oliveira Benedito , Shin Hyun S. , Sandberg Ann L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Several years ago the 7 S guinea pig immunoglobulins were separated into two well-defined electrophoretic classes: the slowly migrating γ2 and the more rapid γ1 (1–3). This achievement led to further studies which demonstrated that the ability to activate the complement (C′) sequence was confined to γ2 immunoglobulins. These antibodies failed to mediate passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in the guinea pig. In contrast, the γ1 immunoglobulins were capable of eliciting PCA reactions despite their purported deficiency in C′-fixing potency.
We have re-investigated this question and have confirmed all the previous findings excepting the C′-fixing properties of γ1 type antibodies. These immunoglobulins do interact with guinea pig C′ components, but probably by a different pathway.
Hartley strain guinea pigs were immunized with highly substituted dinitrophenylated bovine γ globulin (4) emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant as described in (5). Initially, 250 µg of antigen were injected into each of the four toepads.
Protein-Carbohydrate Interaction
Authors: So Lucy L. , Goldstein I. J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Two-dimensional agar gel diffusion and quantitative precipitation studies of concanavalin A with several polysaccharides of varying molecular weights (dextrans, levans and glycogens) demonstrated the effect of polysaccharide molecular size on the concanavalin A-polysaccharide precipitation reaction. The effect of the molecular weight of these polysaccharides was manifested by their band positions in agar gel diffusion tests, i.e., the lower molecular weight species formed precipitation bands closer to the concanavalin A well.
The influence of polysaccharide molecular weight is evident also from quantitative precipitation studies, especially in the region of excess concanavalin A and of excess polysaccharide. Equivalence (or maximal precipitation) was reached earlier with the lower molecular weight polysaccharides; the lower molecular weight polysaccharides were also more effective in inhibiting precipitation in the region of polysaccharide excess.
Physicochemical Properties of Human Reaginic Antibodies
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Reduction of anti-ragweed γE antibodies in 0.1 M mercaptoethanol for 1 hr followed by alkylation with iodoacetamide resulted in a great decrease of their skin-sensitizing activity, whereas treatment of the antibodies with 0.01 M mercaptoethanol did not have a significant effect. The γE antigenic determinants in the molecules were not impaired by reduction with 0.1 M mercaptoethanol and alkylation. The antigen-binding activity of the antibodies was diminished to about one-third by the treatment. It was also found that the affinity of γE molecules for skin tissues was lessened by the treatment. On a weight basis, the ability of γE to block passive sensitization with reaginic antibodies of a heterologous antigen system was diminished to one-fifth by the treatment. Passive sensitization with the reduced-alkylated γE antibodies did not persist for a long time. The results indicated that the effect of reduction-alkylation on the γE antibodies involve both antibody-combining sites and tissue fixation sites in the molecules. The structural basis of the affinity of γE molecules to target cells was discussed.
Reversal of Post-Thymectomy Wasting in Mice with Immunocompetent Cells: Influence of Histocompatibility Differences
Authors: Stutman O. , Yunis E. J. , Good R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Reversal of post-thymectomy wasting syndrome in conventional C3H/Bi mice was achieved by intraperitoneal injection of 200 × 10 spleen cells from adult syngeneic, hemiallogeneic and allogeneic donors sharing the same H2 histocompatibility locus with the host. When cells from allogeneic donors differing at the H2 locus were used, reversal of wasting did not occur and all the animals died with a graft-versus-host reaction.
When neonatally thymectomized F1 hybrids were treated after the onset of the wasting syndrome with spleen cells, only syngeneic cells were effective, while parental or allogeneic cells killed the animals as a result of a graft-versus-host reaction.
The reconstituted animals developed ability to reject skin allografts but were tolerant to skin grafts of donor origin, indicating adoptive immunologic restoration and a chimeric state. The chimeric state was demonstrated using chromosome marked donor cells by high numbers of donor type mitosis in the lymphoid organs of the restored animals.
These findings warn against use of immunologically competent lymphoid cells differing from the host by major histocompatibility factors and encourage matching of host and donor in efforts to reverse wasting and establish competence in thymic deficiency syndromes.
Humoral Immunity in Rodent Malaria
Authors: Diggs Carter L. , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Parasitemia in young rats infected with Plasmodium berghei can be monitored by electronic counting of particles in blood lysates. The number of particles so obtained provides an estimate of the number of parasitized cells in the blood sample. The method is highly reproducible as compared to conventional techniques, especially as applied to low levels of parasitemia. The further advantage of rapidity is also inherent in the procedure.
Mechanism of Immunologic Tolerance
Authors: Scott David W. , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Specific unresponsiveness to BγG was demonstrated in thymectomized, irradiated Lewis rats restored with washed cells from intact lymphoid organs injected with soluble BγG and incubated for 2 hr in vitro. Both delayed sensitization and antibody formation against BγG were reduced in the recipient; responses to PPD and bovine γA-globulin were not affected. Unresponsiveness to soluble ovalbumin could be induced by use of the same technique. Evidence is presented that this phenomenon is not due to the transfer of either free antigen, with the production of low-zone tolerance, or of cell-associated (membrane-bound) antigen. Since comparable unresponsiveness was not induced by incubating lymphoid cells in suspension with BγG, it is suggested that a processing step may be necessary for the production of tolerance or, alternatively, that the physiologic environment of the lymphoid cells controls their reactivity with antigen.
Studies on the Induction of Immunologic Unresponsiveness
Authors: Golub Edward S. , Weigle William O. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The variation in the dose of ultracentrifuged human γ globulin (HGG) needed to produce an unresponsive state in different strains of inbred mice was shown to be the result of differences in the efficiency with which these strains process the trace amount of aggregated material remaining. Although mice from both C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ strains remove the aggregated material from the vascular fluids following injection of HGG, the BALB/cJ mice appear to process this material efficiently, and an immune response rather than an unresponsive state results. Conversely, C57BL/6J mice appear to process the aggregated material inefficiently, thus permitting the induction of unresponsiveness to the non-aggregated (tolerogenic) material. When the trace amount of aggregates was removed by salt fractionation, mice from both strains became unresponsive to small doses of HGG. The tolerogenic, deaggregated HGG was rendered immunogenic by chemical aggregation. The dose of HGG to which mice become unresponsive appears to be controlled by a genetic mechanism involving more than one gene.
C57BL/6J mice readily became unresponsive following injections of deaggregated γG isolated from normal rabbit serum, but made an antibody response to γG (ALG) isolated from the sera of rabbits immunized with mouse thymus cells. Mice made unresponsive to deaggregated RγG did not lose their unresponsive state following injection of ALG.
Within the limits of the test system that was used, no low-dose unresponsive state was observed in C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ mice injected with ultracentrifuged HGG.
Inhibition of Capillary Migration by Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Spitler Lynn , Huber Heinz , Fudenberg H. Hugh 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Peritoneal exudate cells from normal guinea pigs were passively sensitized by various antigen-antibody complexes and studied in the capillary migration system. The normal migration of cells from the capillary tubes was inhibited by red cell-IgG complexes but not by red cell-IgM complexes. The degree of inhibition depended on the dilution of antibody used to sensitize the red cells and the ratio of sensitized red cells to peritoneal exudate cells. The addition of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) to chambers containing normal peritoneal cells in the presence of anti-KLH antiserum also produced inhibition of migration. In these experiments, the inhibition was proportional to the amount of antigen added to the cultures.
Delineation of Two Antigenic Markers, “Non a” and “Non g” Related to the Genetic Antigens of Human γ Globulin
Authors: Natvig Jacob B. , Kunkel Henry G. , Joslin Fenneke G. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Two new antigenic markers have been described which supplement the known Gm genetic antigens. The first, “non a,” represents a genetic marker for the γG1 subgroup but occurs in all γG2 and γG3 proteins. The second, “non g,” is a genetic marker for the γG3 subgroup but is found in addition on all γG2 proteins. Rabbit and primate antisera to these determinants were readily produced and measurements were carried out by hemagglutination-inhibition. The two antigens appear to reflect the basic amino acid sequences that were modified as a result of the genetic events leading to Gm (a) and Gm (g), respectively. Several examples were cited where the new markers proved informative. It seems probable that failure to appreciate the strong “non a” antigen has lead to confusion regarding certain genetic antigens reported previously.
Development and Function of the Immunoglobulin-Producing System
Authors: Cain W. A. , Cooper M. D. , Van Alten P. J. , Good R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The sera of normal chickens and of chickens bursectomized on the day of hatching contain both IgM and IgG antibodies after two injections of sheep erythrocytes. Chickens bursectomized before hatching either are nonresponders, synthesize IgM antibodies only, or synthesize low levels of both IgM and IgG antibodies. It is concluded that precursors of cells competent to synthesize IgM antibodies are activated through bursal influence prior to the activation of ability to synthesize IgG antibody.
Similar specific immunoglobulin deficiency syndromes in human patients could result from developmental failures occurring at different times.