bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Courts Declare Victory Early and Often
Authors: Hasday Jill Elaine 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Courts Declare Victory Early and Often explores generations of judicial opinions proclaiming victory over sex discrimination. This chapter introduces another new concept, “self-contradictory victory announcements,” and reveals the important role these announcements have played in defending and maintaining inequality. Many of the judiciary’s sunniest proclamations about American progress have appeared in decisions denying women equality, as courts rationalize their rejection of women’s claims by insisting that women already have so much. The book calls these decisions self-contradictory because judges boast about America’s embrace of sex equality while simultaneously enforcing male supremacy. Women are not the only marginalized group to have experienced the judiciary’s self-contradictory declarations, but cases perpetuating women’s inequality have long been prominent triggers for self-contradiction. Over the course of the twentieth century, for example, courts announced that women’s legal status had been transformed while issuing judgments that empowered states to maintain sex-specific restrictions on women’s working hours, prohibitions on women entering jobs reserved for men, and obstacles to women’s jury service that denied women juries of their peers. Judges trumpeted the nation’s commitment to sex equality while undermining women’s control over their reproductive lives, refusing to give wives rights their husbands had, and making it harder for women to escape subordination in marriage.
On Beauty and Wellformedness
Authors: Paris Panos 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Taking my cue from the longest-standing theory of beauty to date, which identified beauty with formal properties such as order, harmony, and proportion, I argue that wellformedness—understood under a tripartite account comprising abstract, categorial, and functional species—is a necessary condition for beauty, which itself comprises three corresponding species. To this end, I offer a new conception of wellformedness along with a clear taxonomy of both beauty and wellformedness. My account reverses the common tendency to treat species of beauty that are independent of considerations of objects’ functions or kinds as paradigmatic and others as derivative, construing instead all three species as interrelated. In doing so, my proposal sheds considerable light on the concept of beauty, provides a measure of objectivity in our understanding thereof, clarifies the conceptual terrain in the philosophy of beauty, and elucidates some central links between beauty, form, and our interests and values.
Obese Hypertensive Men Have Fasting Serum Concentrations of Leptin Similar to Those of Obese Normotensive Men
Authors: Asferg Camilla L , Andersen Ulrik B , Frystyk Jan , Linneberg Allan , Hedley Paula L , Christiansen Michael , Jeppesen Jørgen L 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Leptin is a hormone that is secreted by the adipocytes. In the circulation, leptin levels are directly proportional to the body fat percentage. Studies have shown that higher leptin levels are associated with an increased risk of hypertension after adjusting for body mass index (BMI). Therefore, leptin has been proposed as a mediator of obesity-related hypertension. Whether leptin is associated with hypertension when controlling for body fat percentage remains unclear.

METHODS
We studied 103 obese men (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2). All men were healthy and were medication-free. We measured blood pressure using 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) recordings. Hypertension was defined as 24-h systolic ABP ≥ 130 mm Hg and/or 24-h diastolic ABP ≥ 80 mm Hg, and normotension was defined as 24-h ABP &lt; 130/80 mm Hg. We measured fasting serum leptin concentrations and used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning to determine body fat percentage.

RESULTS
Of the 103 obese men, 64 were hypertensive (24-h systolic ABP—mean ± standard deviation—137 ± 11 mg Hg and 24-h diastolic ABP 83 ± 6 mm Hg) and 40 were normotensive (24-h systolic ABP 117 ± 6 mg Hg and 24-h diastolic ABP 73 ± 4 mm Hg). The 2 groups had similar fasting serum leptin concentrations (median—interquartile range; 13.4 (5.7–36.1) µg/L vs. 13.4 (5.4-27.1) µg/L, P = 0.88) and total fat mass percentage (34.8 ± 4.5% vs. 34.0 ± 4.7%, P = 0.90).

CONCLUSIONS
Obese hypertensive men have serum leptin concentrations similar to those of obese normotensive men with comparable body fat percentage measurements. This finding does not support leptin’s candidacy as a mediator of obesity-related hypertension.
A review of kilovoltage radiotherapy treatment in the United Kingdom: quality control, radiation dosimetry, treatment equipment, and workload
Authors: Palmer Antony L , Brimelow Jason , Downes Patrick , Munshi Mayur , Nash David , Rai Bhupinder , White Andrew R 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Objectives
To survey kilovoltage (kV) radiotherapy in the United Kingdom, updating a 2016 study, focussing on radiotherapy physics, including equipment quality control (QC) and radiation dosimetry, with information on installed equipment and clinical activity.

Methods
All UK radiotherapy physics departments (n = 68) were invited to complete a comprehensive survey. An analysis of the installed equipment base, patient numbers, clinical activity, QC testing, and radiation dosimetry processes were undertaken.

Results
91% of centres (n = 62) responded to the survey. kV radiotherapy was available in 70% of UK radiotherapy departments, with a wide variation in workload; 7-436 patients/centre annually. There has been an increase in centres using treatment calculation software rather than manual methods, up from 36% in 2016 to 50% currently. Only 50% of centres use an independent calculation check method. There was an increase in the use of the addendum to the UK dosimetry code of practice, enabling medium energy calibration in-air rather than at depth in phantom, citing “clinical relevance.” Appropriate levels of QC testing were being conducted at UK centres, with Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (IPEM) Report 81 cited as a primary source of guidance. Good consensus for the frequency and tolerance values used for QC was seen across UK centres.

Conclusions
A comprehensive review of consensus practice for QC and dosimetry in kV radiotherapy across the United Kingdom is presented, with supporting information on equipment installation and clinical use.

Advances in Knowledge
Updated data are presented on kV radiotherapy treatment in the United Kingdom, with focus on physics aspects of QC and dosimetry.
Evolution of quality of life, anxiety, and depression over time in patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm approaching the surgical threshold
Authors: Vanmaele Alexander , Branidis Petros , Karamanidou Maria , Bouwens Elke , Hoeks Sanne E , de Bruin Jorg L , ten Raa Sander , Akkerhuis K Martijn , van Lier Felix , Budde Ricardo P J , Fioole Bram , Verhagen Hence J M , Boersma Eric , Kardys Isabella 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Contrary to the impact of screening, the effect of long-term surveillance on the quality of life of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm is not well known. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe patient-reported outcomes of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm approaching the surgical threshold.

Methods
This multicentre, observational cohort study included patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm with a maximum aneurysm diameter of greater than or equal to 40 mm. The EuroQol five-dimension five-level questionnaire (range −0.446 to 1, minimal clinically important difference 0.071), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaire (0–21 points/subscale, minimal clinically important difference 1.7 points), and the short version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (0–6 points) were mailed to patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm at baseline and after 1 and 2 years or until abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery/death. Linear mixed-effects models were used to describe the evolution of patient-reported outcomes over time and investigate changes attributable to clinical characteristics.

Results
In total, 291 to 294 responses to each questionnaire were available from 124 patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm, of whom 34 underwent surgery during follow-up. The mean health-related quality of life and anxiety and depression scores over time were 0.781 (95% c.i. 0.749 to 0.814), 4.4 points (95% c.i. 3.9 to 4.9), and 4.6 points (95% c.i. 4.0 to 5.2) respectively. Anxiety and depression scores decreased in patients who underwent surgery with a mean of 2.8 (95% c.i. 1.1 to 4.6) and 2.0 (95% c.i. 0.4 to 3.6) points/year respectively, compared with patients who had not had surgery. Considering the minimal clinically important difference, patients with a primary education alone, compared with a secondary education, had higher or increasing anxiety and depression scores. Patients with a first-degree relative with an abdominal aortic aneurysm had a higher risk of clinical anxiety.

Conclusion
Although health-related quality of life, anxiety, and depression remain stable over time on average, anxiety and depression decrease in patients approaching surgery. Patients with a family history of abdominal aortic aneurysm or a primary education alone experience more anxiety and/or depression and thus might benefit from a tailored approach during surveillance.
Understanding training and support needs of foster carers of infants in out-of-home care
Authors: Blythe Stacy , Elcombe Emma 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Infants constitute a significant proportion of admissions into out-of-home care (OOHC). These vulnerable infants face heightened health and well-being challenges compared to the general population. Addressing their complex needs is crucial to their well-being and requires knowledgeable foster and kinship carers. However, the extent to which these carers receive specialized training and support for infants is largely unknown. This study provides insights into the experiences of foster carers providing care to infants (&lt;12 months) in Australia. A total of 232 foster carers participated in an online survey, reporting on support received and training in eight key areas: infant nutrition, feeding, bathing, sleeping, immunization, development, attachment, and developmental trauma. Analysis found, only 34 per cent of respondents reported that infants in their care received visits from community nurses or midwives, while 75 per cent took infants to see community health nurses. Training rates for basic infant care were low, ranging from 15 per cent to 30 per cent. Respondents without biological children were more likely to receive training. Surprisingly, 41 per cent of respondents did not receive any training. The majority (87 per cent) of respondents emphasized the need for infant specific training. While further research is necessary, these findings highlight the lack for current support for foster carers of infants in OOHC.
Lesion correlates of impaired acoustic-phonetic perception after unilateral left hemisphere stroke
Authors: Binder Jeffrey R , Freiberg Anna , Heffernan Joseph , Giraldo-Chica Mónica , Book Diane S , Pillay Sara B 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Acoustic-phonetic perception refers to the ability to perceive and discriminate between speech sounds. Acquired impairment of acoustic-phonetic perception is known historically as ‘pure word deafness’ and typically follows bilateral lesions of the cortical auditory system. The extent to which this deficit occurs after unilateral left hemisphere damage and the critical left hemisphere areas involved are not well defined.
We tested acoustic-phonetic perception in 73 individuals with chronic left hemisphere stroke and performed multivariate lesion-symptom mapping incorporating controls for non-specific task confounds, pure tone hearing loss, response bias and lesion size. Separate analyses examined place of articulation, manner of articulation, voicing and vowel discriminations. Overlap of the lesion map with transcallosal pathways linking left and right temporal lobes was examined using a probabilistic diffusion tensor tractography map of these pathways obtained from a healthy control cohort.
Compared to an age- and education-matched control sample, 18% of the patients had impaired acoustic-phonetic perception overall, with 44% impaired on voicing, 26% on manner, 15% on place and 14% on vowel discrimination. Lesion-symptom mapping revealed the most critical areas to be the transverse temporal gyrus (TTG) and adjacent medial belt cortex, the acoustic radiation and the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS). There were notable differences between lesion correlates for the different types of discrimination, with place discrimination linked to medial TTG, vowel discrimination to lateral TTG and planum temporale, manner discrimination to posterior planum temporale and voicing discrimination to pSTS. Overlap of the main lesion map with transcallosal temporal lobe pathways was minor but included a deep white matter component at the base of the middle and inferior temporal gyri. The extent of overlap between individual lesions and the transcallosal pathway map was not correlated with acoustic-phonetic perception.
The results add further evidence that acoustic-phonetic impairments, particularly impairments of voicing perception, are relatively common after unilateral left temporal lobe damage, and they clarify the lesion correlates of these deficits. Differences between the lesion maps for the discrimination types likely reflect differential reliance on spectral versus temporal analysis for these discriminations.
Changes in neurotransmitter-related functional connectivity along the Alzheimer’s disease continuum
Authors: Manca Riccardo , De Marco Matteo , Soininen Hilkka , Ruffini Livia , Venneri Annalena 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease may be associated with early dopamine dysfunction. However, its effects on neurofunctional alterations in the neurotransmission pathways remain elusive. In this study, positron emission tomography atlases and functional MRI data for 86 older adults with mild cognitive impairment Alzheimer's disease (MCI), 58 with mild Alzheimer's disease-dementia and 76 cognitively unimpaired were combined to investigate connectivity alterations associated with the dopaminergic and cholinergic systems. A cross-sectional design was used to compare neurotransmitter-related functional connectivity across groups and associations between functional connectivity and cognitive performance. The findings show that the Alzheimer's disease dementia group showed a decline in mesocorticolimbic dopamine-related connectivity in the precuneus but heightened connectivity in the thalamus, whereas the Alzheimer's disease-MCI group showed a decline in nigrostriatal connectivity in the left temporal areas. Acetylcholine-related connectivity decline was observed in both Alzheimer's disease-MCI and Alzheimer's disease-dementia primarily in the temporo-parietal areas. Episodic memory scores correlated positively with acetylcholine- and dopamine-related connectivity in the temporo-parietal cortex and negatively with dopamine-related functional connectivity in the fronto-thalamic areas. This study shows that connectivity alterations in acetylcholine and dopamine functional pathways parallel cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease and might be a clinically relevant marker in early Alzheimer's disease.
Predicting the Risk of Intensive Care Unit Admission in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Presenting in the Emergency Room: Development and Evaluation of the Confusion, Respiratory rate, Oxygen Saturation With or Without Concurrent Supplemental Oxygen, and Oxygen Supplementation Score
Authors: Xiang Weiwei , Steinbeis Fridolin , Dhindsa Kiret , Kurth Florian , Lingscheid Tilman , Thibeault Charlotte , Meyer Hans-Jakob , Suttorp Norbert , Mittermaier Mirja , Stecher Melanie , Scherer Margarete , Hagen Marina , Mitrov Lazar , Geisler Ramsia , Appel Katharina S , Hopff Sina M , Koll Carolin , Nunes de Miranda Susana M , Weismantel Christina , Reese Jens-Peter , Heuschmann Peter , Miljukov Olga , Nürnberger Carolin , Sander Leif-Erik , Vehreschild Jörg Janne , Witzenrath Martin , van Smeden Maarten , Zoller Thomas 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Existing risk evaluation tools underperform in predicting intensive care unit (ICU) admission for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to develop and evaluate an accurate and calculator-free clinical tool for predicting ICU admission at emergency room (ER) presentation.

Methods
Data from patients with COVID-19 in a nationwide German cohort (March 2020–January 2023) were analyzed. Candidate predictors were selected based on literature and clinical expertise. A risk score, predicting ICU admission within seven days of ER presentation, was developed using elastic net logistic regression on a northern German cohort (derivation cohort), evaluated on a southern German cohort (evaluation cohort), and externally validated on a Colombian cohort. Performance was evaluated through discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility against existing tools.

Results
ICU admission rates within seven days were 30.8% (derivation cohort, n = 1295, median age 60, 38.1% female), 28.1% (evaluation cohort, n = 1123, median age 58, 36.9% female), and 30.3% (Colombian cohort, n = 780, median age 57, 38.8% female). The 11-point CROSS score, based on Confusion, Respiratory rate, Oxygen Saturation (with or without concurrent supplemental oxygen), and oxygen Supplementation, demonstrated good discrimination (area under the curve: 0.77 in the evaluation cohort; 0.69 in the Colombian cohort), good calibration, and superior clinical utility compared to existing tools. Mortality-predicting tools performed poorly in predicting ICU admission risk for patients with COVID-19.

Conclusions
The calculator-free CROSS score effectively predicts ICU admission for patients with COVID-19 in the ER. Further studies are needed to assess its generalizability in other settings. Mortality-predicting tools are not recommended for ICU admission prediction.
Analysis of Repeat Hepatitis C Viremia After Sustained Virologic Response in a Large Cohort of US Veterans
Authors: Matelski Alexander , Gregoire Bruce , Beste Lauren A , Varley Cara D , Lowy Elliott , Cartwright Emily J , Morgan Timothy R , Ross David B , Rozenberg-Ben-Dror Karine , Maier Marissa M 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects &gt;1% of the US population and a larger percentage of US veterans. Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) medications achieve viral cure, termed sustained virologic response (SVR), but repeat viremia after SVR is recognized. Prior work has been limited by electronic medical record data. We aim to better understand repeat viremia in the DAA era through detailed chart review.

Methods
We identified 1129 individuals from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) who achieved SVR using DAA therapy but subsequently had detectable HCV viremia. A random subset of 110 was chart-reviewed and assigned to 1 of the following 4 categories using laboratory, diagnosis, and chart review data: definite reinfection (25.5%), probable reinfection (25.5%), false-positive (11.8%), and presumed late relapse (37.3%). We conducted between-group analysis of variance to identify demographic, behavioral, and laboratory features specific to each.

Results
In our medical record cohort (n = 1129), substance use and unstable housing were common, and median time to repeat viremia was 1.9 years. In our chart review cohort (n = 110), younger age (18–34 years) and substance use were more frequent in definite or probable reinfection. Presumed relapse had comparatively more hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; 20%, P &lt; .05), and more than half occurred prior to 1 year. The unique category of false-positive has not previously been reported.

Conclusions
This study deepens our understanding of HCV reinfection and relapse and highlights features including the HCV and opioid syndemic, contribution of laboratory error, possibility of a viral reservoir in HCC, and clinical engagement implications for those with ongoing risk.
Dermal glucocorticoids are uncoupled from stress physiology and infection
Authors: Quadros Victor , Inman Brady , McDonnell Nina , Williams Kaitlyn , Romero L Michael , Woodhams Douglas C 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Ongoing amphibian population declines are caused by factors such as climate change, habitat destruction, pollution and infectious diseases not limited to chytridiomycosis. Unfortunately, action is taken against these factors once population collapses are underway. To avoid these post hoc responses, wildlife endocrinology aims to analyse physiological mediators that predict future population declines to inform wildlife management. Mediators typically investigated are stress hormones known as glucocorticoids, which are produced by the Hypothalamus—Pituitary—Interrenal axis (HPI axis). The HPI axis is the part of the endocrine system that helps amphibians cope with stress. Chronic increases in glucocorticoids due to stress can lead to immune dysfunction, which makes amphibians more susceptible to infectious diseases. Despite this predictive potential of glucocorticoids, interpretation of glucocorticoid data is confounded by sampling design and type. Glucocorticoid monitoring classically involves blood sampling, which is not widely applicable in amphibians as some are too small or delicate to sample, and repeated samples are often valued. To address this, we tried to validate skin swabbing via corticosterone (CORT) and adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) injections in adults of two amphibian species: Eastern red-spotted newts, Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens, with natural skin infections with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) upon collection in the field, and Northern leopard frogs, Rana (Lithobates) pipiens, raised in captivity and naïve to Bd exposure. Further, we determined the predictive potential of skin glucocorticoids on Bd load in the field via correlations in Eastern red-spotted newts. We found that hormones present in the skin are not related to the HPI axis and poorly predict infection load; however, skin hormone levels strongly predicted survival in captivity. Although skin swabbing is not a valid method to monitor HPI axis function in these species, the hormones present in the skin still play important roles in organismal physiology under stressful conditions relevant to wildlife managers.