bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Binding of immunoglobulin E to the receptor on rat peritoneal macrophages.
Authors: Finbloom D S , Metzger H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The binding of radiolabeled monomers and chemically cross-linked dimers of rat immunoglobulin E (IgE) to peritoneal macrophages of rats was characterized. With either form, 40,000 to 50,000 molecules of IgE were specifically bound per cell under conditions where no endocytosis occurred. Monomeric IgE dissociated from macrophages within minutes, whereas dimers of IgE had a much slower rate of dissociation. Denatured rat IgE or native human IgE failed to inhibit the binding, but mouse IgE and, to a limited extent, rat IgG did. Oligomers of IgE by virtue of their tighter association with the receptor should prove useful in isolation of the receptor.
Detection and characterization of idiotype-specific enhancing cells generated in mice immunized with idiotype.
Authors: Inada T , Yamamoto H , Bitoh S , Fujimoto S , Hamaoka T 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cellular interaction between MOPC-104E (M104E) cross-reactive idiotypic (CRI) antibody-producing B lymphocytes and lymphocytes generated by immunization with the relevant idiotype, M104E, was investigated. Adoptive transfer of M104E idiotype-primed and normal spleen cells into 600R x-irradiated syngeneic recipient mice resulted in striking enhancement of the M104E-CRI positive antibody response upon simultaneous immunization of recipients with dextran B1355S. The enhancement was not attributable to a simple additive effect but was due to synergistic cooperation between the two lymphocyte populations. This synergistic enhancement of the anti-idiotype immune cells producing CRI antibody was specific for MOPC-104E CRI, and was reproducible in an in vitro culture system. Because of the cellular characteristics of the enhancing cells, they were assumed to be B lymphocytes specific for the corresponding idiotype, since the activity was not abrogated by treatment with anti-Thy-1, anti-Lyt-1, anti-Lyt-2, or anti-brain-associated theta antisera plus complement, but was eliminated by means of a planning method using a rabbit-anti-mouse immunoglobulin-coated or idiotype-coated dish. The mechanisms of interaction between the CRI-positive B cells and anti-idiotypic B cells in response to the thymus-independent antigen dextran B1355S are discussed.
Immune response to the p-azobenzenearsonate (ABA)-GAT conjugate: role of I region genes in the selective activation of ABA-specific or GAT-specific T helper cells.
Authors: Seman M , Regnier D , Hermier B , Dubert J M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunization of GAT non-responders with ABA-GAT leads to the activation of ABA-specific T cells. These hapten specific T cells are Lyt-1+2- helper cells capable of inducing anti-ABA antibody responses in vivo or B cell activation in vitro. However, their activation does not modify the GAT non-responder phenotype. Immunization of GAT responder mice with ABA-GAT activates GAT-specific T cells, which can help anti-ABA and anti-GAT antibody responses. Since the responder and non-responder strains used in these experiments differ only in the alleles present in the I region, the results suggest that the selective activation of hapten- or carrier-specific T cells is controlled by I region genes. Yet sensitization of the two strains with ABA-KLH or ABA-Tyr induces KLH-specific or ABA-specific T cells, respectively. This provides further evidence that the use of an immunogenic carrier prevents the expression of the hapten-specific T cell clones present in the repertoire of both responder and non-responder animals. Macrophages from responder animals pulsed with ABA-GAT can present ABA and GAT determinants to T cells. Thus, the absence of ABA-specific T cells in responders primed with ABA-GAT and their presence in GAT non-responders reflects a competition between hapten- and carrier-specific T cells and not an epitope selection by macrophages. We discuss the significance of the results in terms of Ir genes determining the self-plus-antigen-specific T cell repertoire rather than controlling antigen presentation by macrophages.
The human HLA-DR antigens are encoded by multiple beta-chain loci.
Authors: Hurley C K , Nunez G , Winchester R , Finn O J , Levy R , Capra J D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have been used to isolate and characterize human HLA-DR antigens from human B cell lines. Using sequential immunodepletion experiments, several subsets of DR antigens have been identified. Partial amino-terminal amino acid sequencing has identified these subsets as DR molecules with sequences homologous to the murine I-E alloantigens. In addition, sequence data provide evidence for primary structural differences in the DR beta-chains of two of the subsets. These results provide primary structural evidence for the presence of multiple DR beta-chain loci.
H2 antihistamines augment antigen-induced histamine release from human basophils in vitro.
Authors: Tung R , Kagey-Sobotka A , Plaut M , Lichtenstein L M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
H2 antihistamines, including cimetidine, burimamide, metiamide, and tiotidine, consistently augmented antigen-induced histamine release from human basophils in vitro when control histamine release was less than 20% of total. This effect was specific to the H2-receptor blocking activity of these drugs: equivalent degrees of receptor blockade by four different H2 antihistamines resulted in equipotent enhancement; H1-receptor antagonists did not alter histamine release; and aminoguanidine and amodiaquine, agents that inhibit histamine metabolism but do not block H2 receptors, did not enhance histamine release. Cimetidine did not enhance release when present a) when basophils were "activated" but did not release histamine ("first stage"), or b) when basophils were no longer susceptible to histamine inhibition ("second stage"). Thus, H2 antagonists enhanced histamine release by blocking the capacity of released histamine to act on H2 receptors to inhibit release. Because it is likely that only small percentages of histamine are released in vivo, it is possible that H2 antihistamines amplify the inflammatory process by blocking the inhibitory effects of the released histamine.
Effects of taxol on human neutrophils.
Authors: Roberts R L , Nath J , Friedman M M , Gallin J I 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Taxol, a plant alkaloid, promotes and stabilizes microtubule assembly in cells and cellfree systems. In the present study, the effects of taxol on various functional, morphologic, and biochemical phenomena in human peripheral blood PMN (Hypaque-Ficoll) were examined. Taxol (10(-7) M) inhibited PMN chemotaxis stimulated by N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (f-met-leu-phe) or endotoxin-activated serum by more than 60%. The inhibition was not readily reversed by washing, and taxol itself was not a chemoattractant, nor is it a secretagogue. Spontaneous nondirected migration, cell spreading on a glass surface, and orientation of cell organelles in response to a chemoattractant gradient were also inhibited by taxol. Taxol (10(-5) M) decreased killing of Staphylococcus aureus, but did not alter phagocytosis of heat-killed Candida or hexose monophosphate shunt activity in resting or stimulated PMN. Ultrastructural studies showed that PMN incubated in f-met-leu-phe, taxol, or both had increased (p less than 0.001) numbers of centrosome-associated microtubules, and the microtubules of cells incubated in taxol with or without f-met-leu-phe were organized into bundles. Taxol (10(-5) M) markedly inhibited post-translational tyrosinolation of alpha-chains of tubulin in both resting and f-met-leu-phe-stimulated PMN. The data indicate that taxol inhibits PMN locomotion and bacterial killing, supporting a role for microtubules in these processes. The ultrastructural and biochemical data also support the view that taxol mediates its effects on PMN by its effect on microtubules.
T cell recognition of the Sm nuclear antigen: induction of T cell proliferative responses in MRL/Mp- +/+ mice.
Authors: Cohen P L , Eisenberg R A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of T cell immunity against nuclear antigens recognized by autoantibodies in human and murine systemic lupus is unclear. We have studied the T cell proliferative response to purified Sm nuclear antigen by measuring in vitro 3H-thymidine incorporation by MRL/Mp- +/+ lymph node cells primed with Sm in Freund's adjuvant. Sm-primed cells responded in a dose-dependent fashion when cultured in vitro with purified Sm. Absorption of the Sm with solid-phase anti-Sm IgG from either of two lupus patients ablated the response, whereas control absorptions with normal IgG had no effect. Furthermore, cells from mice primed with physicochemically purified Sm responded in vitro to affinity-purified antigen, and vice versa. Treatment of cells with either anti-Thy-1 or anti-Lyt-1 and C eliminated Sm-induced proliferation, whereas anti-Lyt-2 treatment resulted in enhanced responses. MRL/Mp- +/+ mice, which made no detectable anti-Sm antibodies in vivo, were nonetheless capable of generating Sm-reactive T cells. These results indicate that T cells can specifically recognize the Sm nuclear antigen. Such recognition may be of importance in the generation of antibodies to Sm and other nuclear antigens in vivo.
Host immune response to reovirus: CTL recognize the major neutralization domain of the viral hemagglutinin.
Authors: Finberg R , Spriggs D R , Fields B N 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of the hemagglutinin (HA) of reovirus in determining virus-specific immune responses. In this study, we have used anti-HA monoclonal antibodies and reoviruses with antigenically altered HA proteins to further analyze the CTL response against the HA. We showed that reovirus-specific CTL primarily recognize one distinct antigenic domain on the HA. These results emphasize the fine specificity of the T cell receptor that recognizes viral determinants. The CTL response is directed against the region of the HA that is also responsible for neurotropism and binding to neutralizing antibody.
Monoclonal antibody defining a Burkitt's lymphoma-associated antigen detects carbohydrate on neutral glycolipid.
Authors: Lipinski M , Nudelman E D , Wiels J , Parsons M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Monoclonal antibody 38.13 detects an epitope presented on Burkitt's lymphoma cells that has not been detected on other lymphoid tissues or tumors. The biochemical nature of this Burkitt's lymphoma-associated antigen was investigated by staining inhibition assays. Indirect immunofluorescence and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis show that antibody 38.13 reacts with a protease-resistant structure present among the hydrophobic components extracted with chloroform-methanol from the Ramos Burkitt's cell line. These components were further separated by ion-exchange chromatography and activity resides in the unbound (neutral) fraction. The staining antibody is specifically absorbed when preincubated with D-galactose, and to a lesser extent with N-acetyl-galactosamine. Therefore, 38.13 appears to recognize a determinant of carbohydrate nature, which is carried on a neutral glycolipid.
What Conclusions can be Drawn from the Different Degrees of the Dick Skin Test Reactions?
Authors: Johan Bela 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We began in Hungary the confirmation of the Dick's work on skin tests and immunization against scarlet fever in the Summer of 1925. By January, 1926, we had Dick-tested about 17,000 individuals, and immunized those who gave positive reactions. This work is still in progress.
In the course of our work we came to the conclusion that the different degrees of the reactions have both theoretical and practical importance and must be taken into consideration.
We used a toxin prepared according to the Dick's original method with the Dick II strain of scarlet fever streptococcus. Our toxin was standardized on scarlet fever patients at the beginning of their illness and during convalescence, in Professor Bókay's clinic. Thirty-four children were tested on the first to the fifth day of their illness and 77 per cent were found to be positive with 0.1 cc. of toxin dilution of 1:1000.
Relation of Anaphylaxis to Immunity
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , Shumaker P. W. , Wright P. W. , Reeves D. L. , Moy H. B. 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions
The blood of an actively immunized dog, therefore, contains no antibody that serves as a demonstrable circulating defense to hypersensitize fixed tissues.
The immune blood, however, does contain a desensitizing substance, capable of causing complete desensitization of hypersensitive fixed tissues.
This desensitization is effected only after a latent period of about forty-eight hours.
All phenomena of passive desensitization or passive immunization thus far studied in dogs may be accounted for as a result of the action of this desensitizing antibody.
As pointed out in previous papers (2, 4), there is conclusive evidence that in dogs the sensitizing antibody and desensitizing antibody are of different chemical composition, and that neither of these substances is identical with the specific precipitin of our test tube reactions.
On the Specificity of the Alcohol Soluble Substances of Acid-Fast Bacteria
Authors: Furth J. , Aronson J. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The alcohol soluble substances of acid-fast bacteria have been found to possess the following properties: (a) They fix antibodies produced with tubercle bacilli (Citron and Klinkert (1)); (b) they incite weak antibody formation when injected into normal animals (K. Meyer (2)). Immune sera produced with “lipoids” of the tubercle bacilli do not react with the extracted bacilli (K. Meyer (2, 3)), or with the protein fractions obtained from tubercle bacilli (Dienes and Schoenheit (7)). Thiele and Embleton (4) obtained strong group reactions with immune sera prepared with various fractions of the tubercle bacilli but the homologous fraction reacted better than the heterologous fractions. (c) The “lipoids” of mycobacteria differ from “lipoids” obtained from other organisms and from “lipoids” obtained from animal tissues (K. Meyer (2), Negre and Boquet (5, 6), Dienes (8) and others). However, by these studies very little specificity was demonstrated among the “lipoids” obtained from various mycobacteria.
Relation of Anaphylaxis to Immunity
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , Marino D. H. , McCleave T. C. , Boone T. H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions
Titrations by means of rabbit precipitin indicate that horse proteins injected intravenously into normal dogs are retained apparently quantitatively in the circulating blood for at least four days. Nevertheless, transfusions of these bloods into partially exsanguinated hypersensitive recipients show that by the end of four days the circulating horse proteins are so altered that they are no longer capable of calling forth recognizable anaphylactic reactions in horse serum hypersensitive tissues.
In horse serum hypersensitive donors a similar complete anaphylactic detoxication of horse proteins without demonstrable quantitative reduction takes place in from ten to eighteen hours.
These findings are in harmony with our previous conclusion that marked chemical alterations take place in specific antigens when injected into the animal body and that many of the essential immunologic adaptations are to the resulting denaturization products (secondary antigens) rather than to the primary antigens originally injected.
If this conception of immunological adaptation is correct, it would indicate that there are numerous immunological processes and presumably numerous specific antibodies that can not be demonstrated by current serological methods.
The Smooth Muscle Reaction in the Serum Treated Earthworm
Authors: Ramsdell Susan Griffith 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The rôle of the smooth muscle in anaphylaxis has been thus summarized by Kolmer (1).
The single prominent feature of anaphylaxis in all the species of animals is the effect upon the unstriated muscle. The lesions and symptoms in animals of different species are readily explained upon differences in the distribution of involuntary muscle. The exciting substance … produces immediate and transitory or protracted effects due to contraction which may be followed by relaxation. Such structural changes in the cells of various organs as have been described are readily explainable on the basis of vascular occlusion or dilitation with transudation.
In order to test the universality of the smooth muscle reaction as a manifestation of sensitization, the body-wall and the crop of the earthworm as smooth muscle preparations, as described by Straub (2) and Mines (3), were employed in this study.
Reciprocal Action of the Crop Muscles in Anaphylactic Shock, with a Note on the Effects of Heparin
Authors: Hanzlik P. J. , Butt E. M. , Stockton A. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The results with the intact pigeon crop described in a previous paper by Hanzlik and Stockton (1) dealt exclusively with the circular muscle. In this paper we wish to discuss the reciprocal action of the longitudinal and circular muscles described in a preliminary report (2). The results, it is believed, will prove interesting because (a) they demonstrate hitherto unsuspected muscular changes in the same organ during anaphylactic shock, (b) they are shown in an organ previously unused in, but well adapted to, the study of smooth muscle changes, and (c) the method of studying functional changes in the two muscular coats together is exceedingly simple.
Responses with Pressure in the Crop. In addition to the usual arrangement for recording changes in the circular muscle, i.e., with a distended balloon in the crop, described by Hanzlik and Stockton (1), a small figure “8” clamp is fastened to the crop in the vicinity of the distended portion.
Acquisition of suppressive activity and natural killer-like cytotoxicity by human alloproliferative "helper" T cell clones.
Authors: Pawelec G , Schneider E M , Wernet P 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To investigate potential functional changes in alloantigen-specific proliferative CD3+, CD4+, CD8-, Leu-8-, interleukin 2 (IL 2)-secreting noncytotoxic in vitro primed human helper T cells, a set of 12 clones was studied sequentially throughout their finite life spans. Clones surviving to greater than 30 population doublings (PD) retained their requirements for exogenous IL 2 and filler cells for continued growth, but lost the ability to proliferate and to secrete IL 2 when specifically restimulated. This was not accompanied by changed surface marker phenotypes or acquisition of abnormal karyotypes, but was accompanied by the acquisition of MHC-unrestricted potent radioresistant suppressive activity for lympho-proliferative responses. Suppression was not caused by absorption of IL 2, secretion of interferons, de novo mycoplasma contamination, or cytotoxic activity. At least two suppressive mechanisms were demonstrated: 1) the induction of suppressor effectors in naive lymphocyte populations, which required cell to cell contact and could be inhibited by certain monoclonal antibodies against MHC class II determinants; and 2) a direct effect on responding lymphocytes, shown by suppressive activity on cloned PLT-active reagents. Moreover, the majority (75%) of originally allo-proliferative clones also acquired a previously absent cytotoxicity against natural killer (NK) cell-susceptible, but not NK-resistant, target cell lines. This modulation of function from specific alloproliferative, IL 2-secreting nonsuppressive status to strong nonspecific suppressive and NK-like cytotoxic status represents a novel functional activity of human T helper lymphocytes under conditions of clonal propagation.
Analysis of hemopoietic lineage of accessory cells in the developing thymus of Xenopus laevis.
Authors: Turpen J B , Smith P B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The developmental history of accessory cells in the thymus was studied by grafting hemopoietic stem cells into cytogenetically distinct frog embryos (diploid-2N or triploid-3N) before the establishment of circulation and overt differentiation and colonization of the thymus. The DNA content of cortical thymocytes and circulating erythrocytes was quantified by staining with propidium iodide and measuring the amount of red fluorescence emitted by individual nuclei with the use of flow cytometry. Accessory cells from thymic medulla were separated by incubating for 2 hr on glass slides. For comparison, the developmental history of peritoneal macrophages was examined as representative, myeloid-derived phagocytic cells. DNA content of adherent cells was quantified by staining with the DNA-specific Feulgen reaction and measuring light absorption of individual nuclei by microdensitometry. Thymic accessory cells were subdivided into phagocytic and nonphagocytic phenotypes on the basis of latex bead ingestion. Phagocytic cells in the thymus were usually nonspecific esterase positive and phenotypically resembled peritoneal macrophages. Nonphagocytic cells from the thymus were usually esterase negative and had a dendritic morphology characterized by branched cytoplasmic extensions. Nonphagocytic cells were positive for cytoplasmic RNA based on staining with methyl green-pyronin Y. Phagocytic cells from both the thymus and the peritoneal cavity had no levels of cytoplasmic RNA detectable by this method. Analysis of the embryonic derivation of thymic accessory cells, based on the proportion of cells carrying the cytogenetic marker, demonstrated that thymic lymphocytes and thymic accessory cells were a concordant pair of cells, distinct from myeloid-derived erythrocytes and possibly macrophages. These experiments provide circumstantial evidence suggesting thymocytes and thymic accessory cells could arise from a bipotential precursor that diverges into these separate lineages after colonization of the epithelial thymic rudiment during early development.
Antigen presentation by human dermal fibroblasts: activation of resting T lymphocytes.
Authors: Umetsu D T , Katzen D , Jabara H H , Geha R S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have shown that human dermal fibroblasts, exposed to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) to induce surface class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, were capable of presenting tetanus toxoid (TT) antigen to human TT-specific T cell clones. Antigen presentation by fibroblasts was antigen dependent, required HLA-DR expression by fibroblasts, and was MHC restricted. In contrast, we now report that IFN-gamma-treated fibroblasts are unable to present TT antigen to purified resting T cells obtained from the peripheral blood of TT-immune donors. In addition, although IFN-gamma-treated fibroblasts were able to stimulate alloreactive T cell clones, they were unable by themselves to stimulate primary allogeneic responses in resting T cells. The failure of fibroblasts to stimulate resting T cells was not due to suppressor effects by fibroblasts, because induction of TT and alloantigen responses in resting T cells by monocytes was not inhibited by the presence of fibroblasts. On the contrary, IFN-treated fibroblasts were synergistic with small numbers of monocytes in activating resting T cells. In addition, the failure of antigen presentation by fibroblasts to resting T cells was reversed by the addition of recombinant human interleukin 2 (rIL 2) to cultures, but not of purified human interleukin 1 (IL 1). These results emphasize that the requirements for activation of resting T cells differ from those of T cell clones. Although fibroblasts can efficiently present antigen to T cell clones, antigen presentation by fibroblasts to resting T cells requires the addition of exogenous IL 2. It is postulated that fibroblasts differ from classical antigen-presenting cells in that fibroblasts are incapable of stimulating the production of IL 2 in resting T cells.