bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation of Proppant Transportation in the Nonplanar Fracture
Authors: Chen Siyuan , Wei Shiming , Jin Yan , Zhang Yazhou , Zhu Songqing 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT:
The fractures produced by hydraulic fracturing twist and extend in three-dimensional space, often forming complex nonplanar shapes, which makes the transportation law of proppant more complicated. To study the transportation law of proppant in the nonplanar fractures, the morphology of fracture propagation was obtained by phase field method, and a fluid-solid coupling model of proppant transportation in the three-dimensional nonplanar fractures was established. The solution was based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM), and the effects of injection rate, sand ratio, proppant density and proppant size on the transportation law were studied. The results show that the nonplanar fractures make the transportation law of proppant more complicated. Increasing the injection rate can avoid sand plugging in the near-well area and increase the sand distribution distance. Low sand ratio can effectively improve the proppant transportation effect. With the decrease of proppant density and size, the sand distribution height decreases. This study clarifies the transportation law of proppant in the nonplanar fractures, which helps to guide the design of proppant pumping parameters during fracturing construction.

1. INTRODUCTION
As oil and gas production gradually moves towards unconventional resources, hydraulic fracturing technology has become an important measure for enhanced oil recovery (Liew et al., 2020). During the hydraulic fracturing process, if the fracture initiation is not in the direction of maximum horizontal principal stress, the fracture may turn from the perforation direction to the direction of maximum horizontal principal stress after expansion, forming a complex nonplanar fracture (Tan et al., 2017). In order to improve the effect of reservoir transformation, proppant needs to be injected into the formation to fill the propped fracture and form a diversion channel for oil and gas production (Liang et al., 2016). If the proppant cannot be effectively laid in the nonplanar fracture, it will have an important impact on the effect of hydraulic fracturing.
Earthquake Classification Using Resnet 50 Model: A Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Kaushik Mahanta K. M. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT:
Earthquakes can result in significant loss and damage to life and infrastructure, which requires rapid and accurate detection. Traditional methods often face challenges in classifying earthquake signals from noise especially in seismically active zones. This study explores the application of the ResNet-50 deep-learning convolutional neural network model to classify earthquake signals using seismic waveforms. The model is trained on the Italian earthquake dataset containing 1.2 million three-component traces from approximately 50,000 earthquakes and 130,000 noise traces recorded between 2005 and 2020. ResNet-50 enhances feature representation better gradient flow during backpropagation through residual connections. The Binary Cross Entropy (BCE) loss function and ADAM optimizer is used in this study with spectral analysis aiding to extract frequency features. The model achieves an accuracy ranging from 0.79 to 0.95, with precision and recall between 0.79 to 0.97, demonstrating its effectiveness in accurately identifying seismic events amid background noise. These findings highlight the potential of the ResNet-50 model to enhance earthquake monitoring and early detection systems.

1. INTRODUCTION
One of the most impressive geological phenomena, earthquakes, can have disastrous consequences for life and infrastructure. Earthquakes continue to be among the most erratic natural disasters. A summary of the 20 years’ worth of catastrophes shows 552 earthquakes or 8% of all disasters globally. These earthquakes rank third after storms (2043 events, or 28% of the total) and floods (3254 events, or 44%) (Mavrouli et al., 2023). In addition to intense ground motion and seismic events, secondary effects, primarily landslides and tsunamis, are also blamed for related calamities causing loss of life and damage to infrastructures. Accurate classification of earthquake signals is important in applications of earthquake early warning, monitoring and seismic data processing. This work aims to train a convolutional neural network (CNN) with seismic data to enable it to identify signals as noise or earthquake.
Recent developments in Machine learning have led to complex neural network architectures. These architectures perform exceptionally effectively in pattern recognition tasks. Deep learning algorithms like CNN effectively segment and classify tasks, including image recognition, signal processing, and medical imaging. These algorithms can learn complex patterns and features from the data, making them a great tool to apply to waveform analysis for robust end, efficient earthquake signal detection tasks.
3D Source Rock Characterization, Energy Storage Estimation and Machine-Learning Algorithms for CO2 Sequestration in Depleted Oil Reservoirs for Enhanced Oil Recovery: An Integrated Approach for CO2-EOR
Authors: Fayyaz Najwa 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT:
The integration of advanced computational techniques with traditional reservoir engineering practices has revolutionized the field of enhanced oil recovery (EOR), particularly in the context of carbon sequestration. This study integrates machine learning (ML) algorithms and 3D visualization techniques to optimize CO2 sequestration and enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) in the depleted Balkasar Oil Field, located in Pakistan's Potwar Basin. The application of ML, including neural networks and decision trees, allowed for the detailed analysis of extensive datasets comprising well logs, seismic surveys, and petrophysical measurements. The algorithms uncovered complex relationships between key reservoir properties, such as porosity, permeability, and hydrocarbon saturation, enabling precise predictions of hydrocarbon-bearing zones and dynamic fluid behaviors. A 3D geomechanical grid was constructed to visualize subsurface heterogeneities, including fault zones and fluid distribution, aiding in the identification of optimal CO2 injection zones. Simulations conducted on this grid revealed a recovery efficiency enhancement exceeding 30%, confirming the potential for significant hydrocarbon recovery. Moreover, pressure monitoring and CO2 plume migration predictions validated the integrity of sequestration, with stable storage observed under varying injection scenarios. The study's findings underscore the transformative potential of integrating advanced computational tools with traditional reservoir engineering methods. For instance, dynamic modeling in the Chorgali and Sakesar formations identified zones with high hydrocarbon retention, ensuring strategic injection planning. The multivariate fitting method demonstrated robust predictions of organic carbon content, essential for assessing the reservoir's remaining hydrocarbon potential.

1. INTRODUCTION
The transition toward sustainable energy practices necessitates innovative strategies that simultaneously address the imperatives of carbon reduction and efficient hydrocarbon recovery. The global energy sector is facing increasing pressure to mitigate climate change while meeting growing energy demands (Earlougher, 1977).
This process involves injecting CO2 into depleted oil fields, where it reduces oil viscosity, improving its flow to production wells (Bourdet, 2002). ML models, such as neural networks and decision trees, can uncover hidden patterns in the data, improving the accuracy of reservoir predictions and optimizing CO2-EOR strategies (Manrique et al., 2007).
Integrated Geology and Geomechanics Modeling for Deep Coalbed Methane Reservoirs: Challenges, Strategies, and Novel Solutions
Authors: Changjing Zhou , Zhanguo Ma , Xinjia Liu , Lu Hongjun , Liang Tong , Mao Zhenyu , Ma Zhong , Yu Wei , Xie Hongbing , Miao Jijun 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT:
This study presents a geomechanically-informed hydraulic fracture modeling workflow applied to two horizontal wells in a deep coalbed methane (CBM) pad. Key rock mechanical properties, including Young's Modulus, Poisson's Ratio, and in-situ stresses, were incorporated into the hydraulic fracture model to capture reservoir heterogeneity. A 3D Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) was integrated to account for natural fractures. The model was calibrated using observed pumping pressures, with adjustments to perforation parameters to match the simulated values. The calibrated hydraulic fracture geometry for Well-1 showed a half-length of 120.39 m and a height of 12.40 m, while Well-2 exhibited a half-length of 137.11 m and a height of 13.24 m. The effective fracture lengths were reduced to 95.10 m and 108.32 m, respectively, due to production-induced stress and proppant embedment. The Embedded Discrete Fracture Model (EDFM) was used to couple the fracture model with the reservoir simulation for long-term production forecasts. Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) over a 20-year period was predicted to be 3.75 × 107 m3 for Well-1 and 5.16 × 107 m3 for Well-2. Drained Rock Volume (DRV) analysis provided insights into reservoir depletion and optimized well spacing strategies.

1. INTRODUCTION
China's deep coalbed methane (CBM) reserves represent a substantial energy resource with significant potential to meet the country's growing demand for clean energy. As of 2023, annual CBM production reached 11.7 billion cubic meters, highlighting the resource's importance in the national energy mix. Recent exploration breakthroughs in the East Erdos Basin have revealed the vast untapped potential of deep CBM reservoirs, positioning this unconventional resource for accelerated development (Ma et al., 2024; Jia et al., 2024). However, deep CBM reservoirs differ markedly from conventional shale or tight gas reservoirs, posing unique geological and geomechanical challenges (Liu et al., 2024). These differences necessitate the use of specialized hydraulic fracture simulation techniques to optimize production strategies and address the complexities inherent in these reservoirs (Wang et al., 2024).
Geomechanics of Tectonic Stress Path Constraints and Outcrop Deformation Analysis of Naturally Fractured Rocks: A Case Study Along Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Nathia Gali Thrust (NGT), NW-Himalayas, Pakistan
Authors: Fayyaz Najwa , Miraj Muhammad Armaghan Faisal , Ahsan Naveed 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT:
Fractures are significant deformation-induced structural structures that appear in rocks under brittle conditions. Establishing a link between structural evolution and paleo stress orientations is thus required to provide comprehensive tectonic models for the studied region. The research region is located in the Lesser Himalaya (LH), which is bordered to the north by the Main Central Thrust (MCT) and south by the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT). The purpose of this work is to evaluate the fracture pattern in the rocks along the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT, NW Himalaya, Pakistan) and undertake paleo stress analysis. Fifty distinct circle inventories were made in the Beld, and 550 fracture orientations were seen and documented. The Win-Tensor application is then used to evaluate the fracture data for paleo-stress inversion. It is an interactive computer application for fracture analysis and paleo stress reconstruction that is based on the Right Dihedron Method. The findings show a compressive tectonic regime with r1 trending NNW–SSE. The Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) is thought to develop almost perpendicular to the direction of the highest primary stress orientation.

1. INTRODUCTION
The geomechanics and mechanical properties of near-surface rock materials are significantly influenced by discontinuities, such as veins, fault frictional sliding, seismic characteristics, permeability, and fluid flow. Tectonic activity in the Earth's crust creates structural discontinuities such as faults, fractures, and joints. This work hypothesizes that the stress route influences rock deformation and failure, and establishing a link between structural evolution and paleo-stress orientations is critical for developing complete tectonic models (Allen et al., 1993). Paleo-stress studies are predicated on the idea that the direction of the highest shear stress should be the direction of the slide along the fault plane as shown in Figure 1. The stress ratio (R)= ((r2r3)/(r1r3)) and the three stress levels (highest (r1), intermediate (r2), and minimum (r3)) make up the outcome. There is an extensional stress regime (Normal Faults) if r1 is vertical and r2 and r3 are horizontal; a transpressional regime (strike-slip faults) if r2 is vertical and r1 and r3 act horizontally; and reverse/thrust faulting if r3 is vertical and r1 and r2 are horizontal (Anderson, 1905). Finding a connection between the paleo stress Beds and the later formation of the Himalayan MBT will enable us to ascertain the kinematics of the fractures associated with MBT and NDT, NW Himalayas, Pakistan. (Najwa et al., 2023).
Pengembangan LKPD Berbasis Kearifan Lokal Bima Untuk Meningkatkan Keaktifan Siswa Kelas IV SDN Inpres Lara
Authors: Nurul Arifah  , Putri Febrianti  
Published: January 2025

Penelitian ini berawal dari kurangnya semangat siswa dalam melakukan proses pembelajaran sehingga perlu dikembangkan sebuah produk berupa Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik (LKPD) sebagai bahan ajar siswa. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kelayakan, kepraktisan serta keefektifan LKPD berbasis kearifan lokal Bima dalam meningkatkan keaktifan siswa kelas IV SDN Inpres Lara. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian Pengembangan atau Research and Development dengan model ADDIE yang meliputi 5 langkah yaitu analysis, design, development, implementation, evaluation. Uji kelayakan produk dilakukan oleh beberapa validator yaitu 2 ahli materi, dan 2 ahli media. Uji respon peserta didik terhadap produk yang dibuat berjumlah 10 orang siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produk LKPD memperoleh nilai rata-rata presentase ahli materi sebesar 96,6% dengan kategori “Sangat Layak”, ahli media memperoleh nilai rata-rata presentase sebesar 93,3% dengan kategori “Sangat Layak”, penilaian respon peserta didik terhadap produk LKPD memperoleh rata-rata presentase 92,1% dengan kategori “Sangat Layak”. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa LKPD yang telah peneliti kembangkan “Sangat Layak” untuk digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran.
Atrofia muscular espinal clásica. Artículo de revisión
Authors: Marmol-Realpe Karen Sharlot Faisury , Venta-Sobero José Antonio , García Silvia 
Published: January 2025

La atrofia muscular espinal (AME) 5q es un trastorno neuromuscular raro secundario a un defecto en el gen de Survival Motor Neuron 1 (SMN1) que codifica la producción de la proteína de supervivencia de la neurona motora (SMN, por sus siglas en inglés) involucrada en la maquinaria del espliceosoma, las funciones de esta proteína todavía están bajo investigación. Se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva de la información en bases de datos médicas con énfasis en los últimos 5 años para resumir en español la información más relevante de la enfermedad; se encontró que la AME 5q se caracteriza clínicamente por debilidad muscular progresiva y atrofia secundaria a la degeneración de las neuronas motoras en el asta anterior de la médula espinal con una expresión clínica variable. Los avances tecnológicos permiten un buen rendimiento diagnóstico y un inicio más temprano del tratamiento, las intervenciones multidisciplinarias impactan en la respuesta funcional y la calidad de vida.
Similar Genres of Uzbek Wedding Songs and Lament Ceremonies: Problems of Translation
Authors: Rakhmatulloevna Kasimova Rano 
Published: January 2025

The article is dedicated to the discussions of cognitive and non-cognitive factors which influence the translator’s psychology in the process of translation. It is significant to make the right decision and find solutions while translating poetic works in general, and wedding “yor-yor” songs and lament rituals “yig‘i-yo‘qlov”, in particular. The examples of folklore are usually densely loaded with national features and depict cultural lifestyle. These differences between the cultures create more complexity rather than the structures of the language system. Although songs are performed during various ceremonies there can be observed similar genres. Even though there is universality between the genres of wedding songs and lament ceremonies they are differentiated due to their place and time of performance and mood. Sometimes because of optimistic mood translator can feel relaxed, but mostly seems ill at ease for pessimism. The expertise, competence, qualification and translation skills may differ as well as each translator possesses his own point and approach. Furthermore, perception involves the interaction of human knowledge and sensory signals, which is often derived from positive and negative stimuli. So the words with emotional meaning have deeper impact than neutral words and no matter how difficult to transfer these emotions into target language the translator has to preserve the original effect. For making progress in this field conscious or objective; unconscious or subjective factors which depend on linguistic materials and aesthetic standards should also be dealt with. Above-mentioned issues that cause challenges and the ways of overcoming these barriers are discussed in this paper.
THE OBJECT FROM THE SAKHTYSH I SITE: A RITUAL “HOARD” OR A WORKSHOP FOR PROCESSING FLINT?
Authors: Костылёва Е.Л. , Хавина Д.А. , Бродин М.Э. 
Published: January 2025

Анализ коллекций кремнёвых артефактов из раскопок Д.А. Крайнова в 1960–1970-е гг. на много- слойной торфяниковой стоянке Сахтыш I (Ивановская область) выявил артефакты со следами воздействия огня. Сравнение их с материалами других памятников позволило определить эти предметы как ритуальные погребальные «клады». Основное отличие их от мастерских, где применялась термическая обработка кремня, – расположение вблизи захоронений финального этапа развития волосовской культуры.
The analysis of collections of flint artifacts from D.A. Krainov’s excavations in the 1960s–1970s at the multilayer peat site of Sakhtysh I (Ivanovo region) identified objects with traces of fire exposure. Comparing them with the materials of other sites made it possible to identify these objects as ritual burial “hoards”. The main difference between them and workshops where thermal processing of flint was used is the location near the graves of the final stage of the development of the Volosovo culture.
الإقطاع في الفقه الإسلامي
Authors: جبران محمد علي هارب 
Published: January 2025

يهدف البحث الموسوم بـالإقطاع في الفقه الإسلامي التعرف إلى أحد أدوات الاستخلاف الشرعية، ودوره في استنهاض الهمم لاستصلاح الأرض، واستخراج المعادن، والإسهام من خلال هذا الجهد في عمارة الأرض، والتمكن فيها، وشمل البحث تعريف الإقطاع وبيان نشأته ومشروعيته، وبيان حكم الإقطاع في الفقه الإسلامي، وذكر أنواعه إقطاع التمليك، وإقطاع الانتفاع، وإقطاع الاستغلال، وتضمن أيضا إقطاع المعادن بنوعيها الظاهرة والباطنة، واستوعب أيضا مجموعة من المسائل المتعلقة بالإقطاع منها: إقطاع المرافق، وإجارتها، وإعارتها، واسترجاعها. وترك عمارة الأرض المقطعة، ووقفها، واشتراط العوض في إقطاعها، وأخيرا الإقطاع في العصر الحاضر الذي شمل تقنين الإقطاع، وصلاحية السلطان في ظل تقنين الإقطاع، استخدم النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم الإقطاع لعدة أغراض منها: استغلال الأرض واستصلاحها، وتحريك الأيادي العاملة، وتشغيل رؤوس الأموال، وتوفير المنتجات الزراعية، وتأليف الشيوخ والوجاهات القبلية للدخول في الإسلام من ناحية، ولتأمين جانبهم، وللاستعانة بهم عند اللزوم، تنوع حكم الإقطاع للأرض والمعادن الظاهرة والباطنة بحسب ما تقتضيه المصلحة، فجاز الإقطاع في الأرض البوار والمعادن الباطنة لصعوبة الاستفادة منها، وفي ذلك تشجيع لأهل الاختصاص والقدرة للاستثمار، وإصلاح الأرض وتوفير المعادن اللازمة، بينما منع الإقطاع في المعادن الظاهرة، كونها في متناول الجميع والاستفادة العامة منها أوسع، فكان منع الإقطاع فيها أنسب وأقرب للمصلحة، وأهم توصية: هي التنبيه إلى أن الإقطاع عالج مشكلات عديدة في تاريخ العمل به، فينبغي فهمها ودراسة جوانبها وتوظيفها بصورة مناسبة، إذ البحوث فيه ما زالت قاصرة.
تنمية مهارة الاستماع عند الطالب الجامعي
Authors: المانعي عبد الله بن خميس بن عبد الله 
Published: January 2025

يتناول هذا البحث الاستماع اللغوي وأهميته في العملية التعليمة على المستوى الجامعي، ودوره في عملية الاتصال بين المحاضر والطالب، وكيفية تنمية هذه المهارة لدى الطالب، حيث إن مهارة الاستماع من المهارات التي ترتكز على مجموعة من العمليات العقلية المعقدة، وذلك لارتباط مهارة الاستماع مع مهارة التفكير، وهما مهارتان تمثلان الدور الرئيس في العملية التعليمية. فلا يمكن أن تتم العملية التعليمية دون استماع ولا يمكن أن يحدث استماع دون تفكير، فالمتحدث مرسل، والمستمع مستقبل أو متلقي، وكلا الطرفين لا بد أن ينطلقا من الجانب العقلي الذي يمثل المحور الأساسي في عملية الاستماع.
صــــراع الهُويات في الرواية العمانية المعاصرة، (رواية سجين الزرقة أنموذجا)
Authors: الهنائي حسن بن علي بن عبد الله 
Published: January 2025

ملخص:
تهدف الدراسة إلى تناول موضوع الهوية، في الرواية العمانية المعاصرة، حيث طبقت الدراسة على دراسة الهوية في رواية سجين الزرقة للروائية العمانية شريفة النوبي، وقد استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي في دراسته، بالإضافة إلى تطبيق أدوات النقد الثقافي. وتوصل إلى عدة نتائج أهمها:
- طرحت الرواية العمانية المعاصرة مفهوم الهوية بوصفه ثيمة اجتماعية بارزة في مجتمع الرواية.
- مفهوم الهوية مصطلح جدلي مرن، قابل للتحول والتغير حسب الزمن والمكان والظروف.
- هناك هوية للراوي، وهوية للرواية، وهوية للشخصيات الروائية، وكلها مرتبط بعاملي المكان والزمان.
- الهوية تكون ذاتية على المستوى الفردي، وجماعية على المستوى الجمعي.
- الروائي العماني ابن بيئته، نقل مشاهداته وتجاربه، إلى موضوعات سرده الروائي.
- لم يكن الروائي العماني المعاصر جريئا عندما طرح موضوع الهوية، حيث لم يعط شخصيته الحرية في الصراع، وإنما كبلها بقيود المجتمع.
- النهايات المفتوحة ثيمة بارزة في الرواية العمانية المعاصرة.
- تعدد الأصوات الروائية، في طرح موضوع الهوية، في الرواية العمانية المعاصرة.
الأنساق الثقافية في "تويتر " -دراسة في ضوء النقد الثقافي- لنماذج مختارة من حساب "صغير العنزي"
Authors: علي أمـــــــــــــــــــــل إبـــــــــــــــــــــــراهيم 
Published: January 2025

الملخص:
سعى البحث إلى الكشف عن الأنساق الثقافية، ورصد الهيمنة الذكورية عبر مظاهر الخطاب المختلفة من خلال بعض النماذج التويترية المختارة، كما سعى إلى كشف مستوى تفاعل المتلقي مع تلك النماذج، وقد اعتمد البحث (النسق الثقافي)؛ باعتباره واحدا من أهم الآليات الإجرائية في منهج النقد الثقافي، واستثماره في مكاشفة رسوم النسق وتجلياته في الفضاء التويتري.
الأحاديث الواردة في صلاة النافلة أربع ركعات
Authors: الزُّبيدي الح بن عبد الله 
Published: January 2025

يهدف البحث إلى جمع كل حديث ذكر فيه تنفل النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم بأربع ركعات من الليل أو النهار، فعلاً، أو إقرارًا، أو ترغيباً، وبيان طرف من سنته صلى الله عليه وسلم، وقد اعتمدت على منهج الاستقراء في جمع الأحاديث من مصادرها، والحكم عليها بما تستحق، مع إيراد أقوال أهل النقد والاختصاص.

The research aims to collect every Hadith that indicates Prophet’ s supererogatory prayers of four Rak’ahs at day and night, whether Prophet, peace be upon him, prayed those prayers, acknowledged them or motivated to do them, as well as exposes a part of Prophet’s Sunnah, peace be upon him. The researcher adopted the inductive method in collecting Hadiths from their sources, and verdict them in accordance to their merits beside stating what critics and experts said.