bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating the role of electric fields on flow harmonics in heavy-ion collisions
Authors: Panda Ankit Kumar , Gangadharan Reghukrishnan , Roy Victor 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Using the blast-wave model, we explore the effect of electric fields on spectra and flow harmonics (especially the elliptic flow) for charged pions and protons. We incorporate the first-order correction to the single-particle distribution function due to the electric fields and the dissipative effect while calculating the invariant yields of hadrons in the Cooper–Frye prescription at the freezeout hypersurface. We find a noticeable correction to the directed and elliptic flow of pions and protons for unidirectional and azimuthal asymmetric electric fields of a magnitude

∼

m

π

2

in the transverse plane. Further, we observe mass dependency of the directed flow generated due to the electric fields. The splitting of particle and antiparticle’s elliptic flow due to the electric fields is also discussed.
Investigation of the inverse magnetocaloric effect with the fraction method
Authors: Yuce S , Kavak E , Yildirim O , Bruno N M , Emre B 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In this study, we examine Ni49Nb1Mn36In14 (nom. at.%) magnetic shape memory alloy (MSMA) to illustrate the inverse magnetocaloric effect (MCE) using the fraction method. The magnetic entropy change,

Δ

S

mag

, was calculated with both, the fraction method and the thermomagnetic Maxwell relation. Our results demonstrate that there exists a large magnetization difference between field-cooling and field-heating histories in Ni49Nb1Mn36In14 (nom. at.%) MSMA, which can be attributed to the pinning of lattice entropy and magnetic entropy, as it is well-known that the temperature and applied magnetic fields have an opposing effect on the total entropy change. In addition, we describe the inverse MCE and the contradictory roles on the total entropy change between the two stimuli via the fraction method.
Changes induced in the human respiratory tract by chronic cigarette smoking can reduce the dose to the lungs from exposure to radon progeny
Authors: Honorio da Silva E , Davesne E , Bonchuk Y , Ratia G , Madas B , Berkovskyy V , Broggio D 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chronic cigarette smoking leads to changes in the respiratory tract that might affect the dose received from exposure to radon progeny. In this study, changes induced by cigarette smoking in the respiratory tract were collected from the literature and used for calculation of the dose received by the lungs and organs outside the respiratory tract. Morphological and physiological parameters affected by chronic smoking were implemented in the human respiratory tract model (HRTM) used by the International Commission of Radiological Protection (ICRP). Smokers were found to receive lung doses 3% smaller than the ICRP reference worker (non-smoking reference adult male) in mines and 14% smaller in indoor workplaces and tourist caves. A similar dose reduction was found for the extrathoracic region of the HRTM. Conversely, kidneys, brain, and bone marrow of smokers were found to receive from 2.3- up to 3-fold of the dose received by the respective organ in the ICRP reference worker, although they remained at least two orders of magnitude smaller than the lung dose. These results indicate that the differences in the lung dose from radon progeny exposure in cigarette smokers and non-smokers are smaller than 15%.
Automation of Kerr microscopy system for domain wall velocity measurements
Authors: Raj Rakhul , Hussain Zainab , Kumar Dileep , Raghavendra Reddy V 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The present work reports the automation of a Kerr microscopy system for capturing magnetic domains and subsequently measuring the displacement of domain walls (DWs) with pulsed magnetic fields. Suitable algorithms are utilized for enhancing the image contrast, image filtering and the simultaneous quantitative evaluation of images, while the data acquisition with pulsed fields is run in the front-end. In order to test these aspects, DW velocity measurements in the widely studied Pt/Co/Pt system, which exhibits perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, are carried out at different temperatures (

⩽

300 K). It is observed that the obtained features agree with the results reported in the literature, indicating the validity of the developed automation.
Algorithm analysis of defect depth for PVC plate with flat-bottomed holes in active pulsed infrared thermography
Authors: Gou Yi , Li Qingying , Yao Rao , Chen Jianing , Bai Tian 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Active infrared thermography (IRT) has been extensively employed in non-destructive testing in a wide variety of fields. It is capable of extracting defect information of tested object based on the infrared thermal image sequence. However, conventional infrared thermal images are often subjected to defect information with low pixel resolution, and defects are difficult to quantitatively analyze. By exploiting flat-bottomed holes in a PVC plate as defect specimens, a method for quantitative defect depth recognition based on the fusion principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm with sliding-window mechanism and the one dimensional—residual neural network—convolutional block attention module (1DResnet50_CBAM) model was proposed for the reconstructed image sequence of active IRT to address the above-described issues in this study. First, defect information and location were extracted from the original infrared sequence thermal image of the specimen using PCA algorithm with sliding-window mechanism. Then, the dimension of the defect data was reduced using the temporal characteristic of the infrared temperature field. That is, the three-dimensional defect data were transformed into 1D temporal infrared thermal signal. Moreover, the 1D infrared signal time series corresponding to the defect pixel points in the infrared sequence image served as the input to the network, and the defect depth served as the output for automatic defect detection and depth quantification. As indicated by the results, the proposed method based on the fusion PCA algorithm with sliding-window mechanism and 1DResnet50_CBAM model is capable of accurately detecting and quantifying defects. Compared with conventional prediction algorithms, the proposed model can more effectively extract defect information from the infrared detection images, with the defect depth relative prediction error less than 1.5%. Thus, the proposed model was confirmed as an effective method and model for defect recognition and quantitative analysis using infrared thermal detection technology.
Spatio-temporal graph convolutional networks driven by data-physical fusion for parameter prediction of natural gas dehydration system
Authors: Yin Aijun , Wang Yuanyuan , He Yanlin 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Triethylene glycol dehydration unit is a piece of essential device for removing moisture from raw natural gas during natural gas production. However, the existing station equipment management systems are mostly collection-oriented with little analysis, lack the effective methods of parameter prediction and fault warning, and the strong coupling between the monitoring parameters is a problem should be study. To solve these problems, this paper analyzes the time dependence and spatial correlation of these parameters. Also, a spatio-temporal graph convolutional networks prediction model driven by data-physical fusion (SG-STGCN) is proposed for constructing the graph structure. Firstly, the signed directed graph model is established based on the physical process, and the weight of each edge is obtained by using the grey relational analysis (GRA). Secondly, by stacking spatio-temporal convolutional modules, the temporal and spatial dependencies over a long range of time are captured to realize multivariate parameter prediction. Then, the real-time monitoring data of a dehydration station are used for analysis. The experimental results showed that the proposed method can achieves the best predict result compared with other methods, and can be used in the fault early warning to maintain high reliability of equipment. Finally, the SG-STGCN has been integrated and tested successfully on the real-time monitoring platform of a dehydration unit.
Tuning the morphology of Cu–MOFs nanostructures for sensitive ascorbic acid sensing
Authors: Wang Zhuo , Li Shanyu , Hu Yurun , Wang Huihu , Xiang Xing , Wei Chenhuinan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Metal organic frameworks are an attractive platform to develop fascinating electrocatalysts for the oxidation of ascorbic acid (AA), and their different morphologies have been hinted in literature to impact their sensing performance. In this work, by varying the reaction medium of metal source and organic ligand, copper 2-hydroxybenzene-1,4-dicarboxylate (CuBDC-OH) nanosheets (NSs), nanorods (NRs) and bulk were generated. Thereinto, CuBDC-OH-NSs displayed the highest sensitivity of 151.99 μA mM−1 cm−2 in the linear range of 12–1074 μM, which is 1.5 times greater than that of CuBDC-OH NRs and 3.5 times greater than that of CuBDC-OH bulk. The electrochemical analyzes manifested that the superiority of nanosheets originated from higher oxidative current, larger electrochemical active surface area and lower charge transfer resistance, which enabling the efficient electro-oxidation of AA. Additionally, satisfactory selectivity, stability and reproducibility were obtained.
How do engineers do that?—An interactive introduction to the engineering design process for secondary age school pupils
Authors: McNair Sophie A M , Hayward Samantha J 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
It is widely accepted that the United Kingdom (UK) needs more engineers and professionals with skills in science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) to benefit the economy and keep up with technological change and innovation. However, the true nature of engineering and STEM careers is often misunderstood, with secondary school pupils unable to identify where engineering benefits their everyday lives. This suggests that the societal impacts of engineering are not well-defined within secondary education, causing a lack of diversity in pupils pursuing STEM careers. The authors have developed an activity that demonstrates the true problem-solving nature of engineering, and the numerous ways in which these skills can be applied to everyday life. While most practical ‘design, build and test’ (DBT) exercises aim to foster student engagement with STEM, this activity also emphasises how the engineering design process is a crucial tool for reaching an optimum solution. Pupils work in teams generating ideas and learning from failure, gaining a greater appreciation of how engineers work and the truly exciting nature of engineering. They achieve this by using the engineering design process to help them complete a DBT activity involving building a bridge from limited materials and testing how much weight it can hold. To ensure all pupils have the same opportunities for engagement, the method of delivery, activity design, key learning outcomes, discussion points, and activity relevance have been carefully considered for pupils across a range of age groups, backgrounds, and subject interests. This makes the designed activity ideal for integration into various subject lessons in secondary school classrooms to expose pupils to engineering. The authors have successfully delivered this activity during numerous outreach schemes for pupils visiting the University of Bath, especially noting pupils’ engagement and enthusiasm.
Thermodynamic quasi-equilibria in high power magnetron discharges: a generalized Poisson–Boltzmann relation
Authors: Köhn Kevin , Krüger Dennis , Eremin Denis , Xu Liang , Brinkmann Ralf Peter 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Poisson–Boltzmann (PB) equation is a nonlinear partial differential equation that describes the equilibria of conducting fluids. Using a thermodynamic variational principle based on the balances of particle number, entropy, and electromagnetic enthalpy, it can also be justified for a wide class of unmagnetized technological plasmas (Köhn et al 2021 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.
30 105014). This study extends the variational principle and the resulting PB equation to high power magnetron discharges as used in planar high power pulsed magnetron sputtering. The example in focus is that of a circular high power magnetron. The discharge chamber

and the magnetic field are assumed to be axisymmetric. The plasma dynamics need not share the symmetry. The domain

is split into the ionization region

close to the cathode where electrons are confined, i.e. can escape from their magnetic field lines only by slow processes such as drift and diffusion, and the outer region
, where the electrons are largely free and the plasma is cold. With regard to the dynamics of the electrons and the electric field, a distinction is made between a fast thermodynamic and a slow dissipative temporal regime. The variational principle established for the thermodynamic regime is similar to its counterpart for unmagnetized plasmas but takes magnetic confinement explicitly into account by treating the infinitesimal flux tubes of

as individual thermodynamic units. The obtained solutions satisfy a generalized PB relation and represent thermodynamic equilibria in the fast regime. However, in the slow regime, they must be interpreted as dissipative structures. The theoretical characterization of the dynamics is corroborated by experimental results on high power magnetrons published in the literature. These results are briefly discussed to provide additional support.
Experimental characterization of TIAGO torch discharges: surface wave discharge behavior and (post-)discharge kinetics
Authors: Morales-Calero F J , Rincón R , Muñoz J , Calzada M D 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Torche à Injection Axial sur Guide d’Ondes source—better-known as the TIAGO torch—is a particular type of microwave-induced plasma that has become a focus of technological and scientific interest due to its outstanding features. Moreover, the TIAGO torch device arouses interest thanks to its remarkable performance in many challenging areas, such as green energy generation and graphene production by hydrocarbon decomposition. Although it has not been experimentally demonstrated to date, discharges generated by a TIAGO torch have been theoretically predicted to be surface wave discharges (SWDs), a kind of plasma leading the development of new materials. Therefore, deeper and fundamental research on this device is needed to optimize the implementation of plasma technology in these fields. In this study, the axial distribution of gas temperature, electron density and intensity of the main atomic and molecular emissions have been studied by optical emission spectroscopy when feeding the discharge with different input power values (200, 400 and 600 W). A complete axial characterization of both the dart and the plume regions is depicted and, according to the data obtained for the main plasma parameters, different regions can be identified, with the radiation zone being reported for the first time at atmospheric pressure. The kinetics of both the dart and the plume are discussed and an experimental verification of TIAGO torch behavior as a SWD is presented for the first time.
Band alignment of TiO2/SiC and TiO2/Si heterojunction interface grown by atomic layer deposition
Authors: Zeng Yu-Xuan , Wang Xi-Rui , Zhang Jie , Huang Wei , Yang Lei , Ma Hong-Ping , Zhang Qing-Chun 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Silicon carbide (SiC) is regarded as a promising semiconductor owing to its wide band gap and high thermal conductivity. Meanwhile, it possesses issues such as interface properties, which may affect the performance of SiC substrate power devices (e.g. MOSFET), especially when compared with similarly structured silicon appliances. Given that the development of SiC semiconductor devices has a number of commonalities with conventional silicon-based semiconductors, titanium dioxide (TiO2), a material that has a great track record in Si-based semiconductor devices, has been chosen for investigation in this work. Although TiO2 is not capable of being a gate dielectric alone on the SiC substrate because of its relatively narrow band gap, it can be adopted into composite or multilayer gate dielectrics to reach satisfying characteristics. As such, the interfacial state and heterostructure between TiO2 and SiC remain worthy being researched. In the present study, the properties of atomic layer deposited (ALD) TiO2 films on silicon substrates were compared with those on 4H-SiC substrates via x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and x-ray reflectometry. It is shown that the interface state between ALD TiO2 film and both types of substrates as-deposited have similar chemical conditions, whereby TiO2 layer barely react with substrates, containing great amount of oxygen vacancies. According to band alignment calculations, heterostructure of both samples are type-II heterojunctions with negatively shifted conduction band. Although the large bandwidth of 4H-SiC hinders the use of TiO2 as a gate dielectric in power devices, this structure has the potential for other semiconductor products.
Impact load identification and localization method on thin-walled cylinders using machine learning
Authors: Guo Chenyu , Jiang Liangliang , Yang Fan , Yang Zhiguang , Zhang Xi 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In this paper, a novel impact load identification and localization method on actual engineering structures using machine learning is proposed. Three machine learning models, including a gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) model based on ensemble learning, a convolutional neural network (CNN) model and a bidirectional long short-term memory (BLSTM) model based on deep learning, are trained to directly identify and locate impact loads according to dynamic response. The GBDT model and the CNN model can reversely identify force peak and location of impact loads. The BLSTM model can reconstruct the time history of impact loads. The method is verified on a thin-walled cylinder with obvious nonlinearity. The result shows that the method can accurately identify impact loads and its location. The characteristics of the three models are compared and the influence of structural boundary conditions on the accuracy of identification is discussed. The proposed method has the potential to be applied to various engineering structures and multiple load types.
Efficient pathway to NaCs ground state molecules
Authors: Warner Claire , Bigagli Niccolò , Lam Aden Z , Yuan Weijun , Zhang Siwei , Stevenson Ian , Will Sebastian 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
We present a study of two-photon pathways for the transfer of NaCs molecules to their rovibrational ground state. Starting from NaCs Feshbach molecules, we perform bound-bound excited state spectroscopy in the wavelength range from 900 nm to 940 nm, covering more than 30 vibrational states of the

c
3

Σ
+

,

b
3

Π

, and

B
1

Π

electronic states. Analyzing the rotational substructure, we identify the highly mixed

c
3

Σ
1
+

|
v
=
22
⟩
∼

b
3

Π
1

|
v
=
54
⟩

state as an efficient bridge for stimulated Raman adiabatic passage. We demonstrate transfer into the NaCs ground state with an efficiency of up to 88(4)%. Highly efficient transfer is critical for the realization of many-body quantum phases of strongly dipolar NaCs molecules and high fidelity detection of single molecules, for example, in spin physics experiments in optical lattices and quantum information experiments in optical tweezer arrays.
Propagation of ion-acoustic wave and its fractal representations in spin polarized electron plasma
Authors: Pradhan B , Gowrisankar A , Abdikian A , Banerjee Santo , Saha A 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Propagation of small-amplitude quantum ion-acoustic waves and its fractal representations is investigated in an electron-ion quantum plasma with separated spin electrons in the framework of the KdV and EKdV equations derived using reductive perturbation technique. These two equations are transformed into planar dynamical systems by using suitable traveling wave transformation. Qualitatively different phase portraits of these two systems are drawn with their respective Sagdeev’s pseudopotential curves and surface plots. Distinct orbits in the phase portraits give rise to distinct wave solutions. Periodic and superperiodic wave solutions are investigated numerically and solitary wave solutions are derived analytically. The effect of parameters such as Mach number, direction cosine, spin polarization and frequency ratio on these wave solutions are presented. For instance, it is seen that the spin density polarization ratio has an impressive effect on the amplitude of the wave solution, while the frequency ratio has no effect on its amplitude. Also, we have provided a physical explanation for our finding. Further, the dynamical features of the original system and reconstructed system using fractal interpolation function are investigated under the external forcing term. Chaotic and quasiperiodic phenomena are observed for different initial conditions. The results may help to better understand the degenerate electron gas that exists in dense astrophysical bodies.
Propagation of quasi-diffraction-free lommel-airy vortex wavepackets in chiral media
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Qiu Yuanhuang , Li Wenbo , Qiu Yuzhong , Liu Zhirong 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Lommel beams have significant applications in optical communication and optical manipulation due to the changeable symmetry of transverse intensity distribution and constantly varying orbital angular momentum. In this paper, a novel quasi-diffraction-free Lommel-Airy vortex (LAiV) wavepackets is proposed, and spatiotemporal dynamics of the LAiV wavepackets propagating in chiral media are investigated. Results indicate that several variables such as topological charge

n
,

group velocity

v

g

,

asymmetry factor

c
,

and chiral parameter

γ

could be used to regulate the profiles of the 3D spatiotemporal vortex rings. Particularly, the spatiotemporal propagation trajectories and intensity patterns of the LAiV wavepackets could be manipulated by altering the asymmetry factor

c

and the chiral parameter

γ
.

These results would deepen the understanding of the spatiotemporal propagation properties of the LAiV wavepackets and are expected to promote the development of the novel optical communications in chiral media.
Parity-odd and even trispectrum from axion inflation
Authors: Niu Xuce , Rahat Moinul Hossain , Srinivasan Karthik , Xue Wei 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The four-point correlation function of primordial scalar perturbations has parity-even and
parity-odd contributions and the parity-odd signal in cosmological observations is opening a novel
window to look for new physics in the inflationary epoch. We study the distinct parity-odd and
even prediction from the axion inflation model, in which the inflaton couples to a vector field
via a Chern-Simons interaction, and the vector field is considered to be either approximately
massless (mA
≪ Hubble scale H) or very massive (mA
∼ H). The parity-odd signal
arises due to one transverse mode of the vector field being predominantly produced during
inflation. We adopt the in-in formalism to evaluate the correlation functions. Considering the
vector field mode function to be dominated by its real part up to a constant phase, we simplify
the formulas for numerical computations. The numerical studies show that the massive and massless
vector fields give significant parity-even signals, while the parity-odd contribution is about one
to two orders of magnitude smaller.