bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Different time scales of common‐cause evidence shape multisensory integration, recalibration and motor adaptation
Authors: Debats Nienke B. , Heuer Herbert , Kayser Christoph 
Published: July 2023

AbstractPerceptual coherence in the face of discrepant multisensory signals is achieved via the processes of multisensory integration, recalibration and sometimes motor adaptation. These supposedly operate on different time scales, with integration reducing immediate sensory discrepancies and recalibration and motor adaptation reflecting the cumulative influence of their recent history. Importantly, whether discrepant signals are bound during perception is guided by the brains' inference of whether they originate from a common cause. When combined, these two notions lead to the hypothesis that the time scales on which integration and recalibration (or motor adaptation) operate are associated with different time scales of evidence about a common cause underlying two signals. We tested this prediction in a well‐established visuo‐motor paradigm, in which human participants performed visually guided hand movements. The kinematic correlation between hand and cursor movements indicates their common origin, which allowed us to manipulate the common‐cause evidence by titrating this correlation. Specifically, we dissociated hand and cursor signals during individual movements while preserving their correlation across the series of movement endpoints. Following our hypothesis, this manipulation reduced integration compared with a condition in which visual and proprioceptive signals were perfectly correlated. In contrast, recalibration and motor adaption were not affected by this manipulation. This supports the notion that multisensory integration and recalibration deal with sensory discrepancies on different time scales guided by common‐cause evidence: Integration is prompted by local common‐cause evidence and reduces immediate discrepancies, whereas recalibration and motor adaptation are prompted by global common‐cause evidence and reduce persistent discrepancies.
Ultrasound‐guided perineural injection of the tibial nerve in the horse versus a ‘blind’ technique
Authors: Bellitto Nicholas A. , Voute Lance , Reardon Richard , Withers Jonathan M. 
Published: July 2023

SummaryBackgroundTibial perineural analgesia has often been reported to fail to achieve nerve desensitisation in horses. Ultrasound‐guided (US‐guided) techniques have recently been described to improve tibial perineural desensitisation.ObjectivesTo compare US‐guided and ‘blind’ tibial perineural analgesia techniques in lameness investigation.Study designRandomised clinical trial.MethodsHorses presenting for lameness investigation, which required tibial perineural analgesia, were randomly assigned either to a US‐guided or blind injection group. The efficacy of perineural analgesia was assessed by testing the loss of skin sensation at the medial and lateral heel bulbs. Skin sensation was assessed, prior to injection and then at four intervals post‐injection (10–15, 20–25, 30–35 and 40–45 min) using a hand‐held digital algometer with a 1 mm diameter pin; a value of 25 N was defined as indicative of skin desensitisation. The time taken to perform each injection technique and any adverse reactions were recorded. Summary statistics were performed to examine differences between groups. The frequency of skin desensitisation was compared between groups using a Fisher's exact test and the length of time taken to perform injections was compared using a Mann–Whitney U test.ResultsSixteen US‐guided and 11 blind injections were included in the study. All cases undergoing US‐guided injection lost skin sensation, whereas this occurred in only one case receiving the blind injection. The US‐guided group had a significantly higher probability of skin sensation loss (p < 0.001), although the injection technique took significantly longer to complete compared to the blind group (p < 0.001). No adverse reactions were noted with either perineural injection technique.Main limitationsLimited number of cases for each injection group.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that US‐guided tibial perineural injection is more likely to result in adequate and prompt tibial perineural analgesia compared to the blind injection technique, although it takes longer to complete.
Congenital kyphoscoliosis associated with thoracic hemivertebrae in a 9‐month‐old Racking filly
Authors: Ghasemi Samaneh , Sadeghi Balajorshari Mohammad Ali , Mirshahi Ali , Kiakojoori Mojtaba 
Published: July 2023

SummaryThoracic hemivertebra is a rare congenital vertebral malformations in horses resulting in vertebral column deformity with or without neurological signs. A 9‐month‐old Racking filly was presented with a distinct lump over the back region. This lump was apparent at birth and had been increasing in size. Clinical examination revealed painless kyphoscoliosis over the thoracic vertebrae with mild hindlimb ataxia and gait abnormality. Plain radiographs of the vertebral column showed 13th–16th thoracic hemivertebrae. Myelography was performed under general anaesthesia. The ventral and dorsal aspects of the contrast medium column were narrowed at the level of the 13th–14th thoracic hemivertebrae. The contrast medium was not seen caudally, suggesting spinal cord compression. Little information about hemivertebra in horses exists, and a better understanding of hemivertebra aetiology is required.
Data‐driven estimation of nitric oxide emissions from global soils based on dominant vegetation covers
Authors: Tian Xingshuai , Yin Yulong , He Kai , Qiu Ruonan , Cong Jiahui , Wang Zihan , Yu Huitong , Chen Zhong , Chu Yiyan , Ying Hao , Cui Zhenling 
Published: July 2023

AbstractSoils are a major source of global nitric oxide (NO) emissions. However, estimates of soil NO emissions have large uncertainties due to limited observations and multifactorial impacts. Here, we mapped global soil NO emissions, integrating 1356 in‐situ NO observations from globally distributed sites with high‐resolution climate, soil, and management practice data. We then calculated global and national total NO budgets and revealed the contributions of cropland, grassland, and forest to global soil NO emissions at the national level. The results showed that soil NO emissions were explained mainly by N input, water input and soil pH. Total above‐soil NO emissions of the three vegetation cover types were 9.4 Tg N year−1 in 2014, including 5.9 Tg N year−1 (1.04, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.09–1.99 kg N ha−1 year−1) emitted from forest, 1.7 Tg N year−1 (0.68, 95% CI: 0.10–1.26 kg N ha−1 year−1) from grassland, and 1.8 Tg N year−1 (0.98, 95% CI: 0.42–1.53 kg N ha−1 year−1) from cropland. Soil NO emissions in approximately 57% of 213 countries surveyed were dominated by forests. Our results provide updated inventories of global and national soil NO emissions based on robust data‐driven models. These estimates are critical to guiding the mitigation of soil NO emissions and can be used in combination with biogeochemical models.
Functional characterisation of Fe (II) and 2OG‐dependent dioxygenase TcALKBH4 in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Yu Runnan , Zhang Wenjing , Li Yanxiao , Tang Jing , Kim KumChol , Li Bin 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAlpha‐ketoglutarate‐dependent dioxygenase ALKB homologue 4 (ALKBH4) is a member of the Fe (II) and 2‐oxoglutarate‐dependent ALKB homologue family that plays important roles in epigenetic regulation by alkyl lesions removal in mammals. However, the roles of ALKBH4 in insects are not clear. Here, TcALKBH4 was cloned and functionally characterised in Tribolium castaneum. Temporal expression revealed that TcALKBH4 was highly expressed in early embryos and early pupae. Spatial expression showed that TcALKBH4 was highly expressed in the adult testis, and followed by the ovary. RNA interference targeting TcALKBH4 at different developmental stages in T. castaneum led to apparent phenotypes including the failure of development in larvae, the reduction of food intake and the deficiency of fertility in adult. However, further dot blot analyses showed that TcALKBH4 RNAi does not seem to influence 6 mA levels in vivo. qRT‐PCR was used to further explore the underlying molecular mechanisms; the result showed that TcALKBH4 mediates the development of larvae possibly through 20E signalling pathway, and the fertility of female and male adult might be regulated by the expression of vitellogenesis and JH signalling pathway, respectively. Altogether, these findings will provide new insights into the potential function of ALKBH4 in insects.
Association of uncontrolled blood pressure in apparent treatment‐resistant hypertension with increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events plus
Authors: Bakris George , Chen Cindy , Campbell Alicia K. , Ashton Veronica , Haskell Lloyd , Singhal Mukul 
Published: July 2023

AbstractPatients with apparent treatment‐resistant hypertension (aTRH) are at increased risk of end‐organ damage and cardiovascular events. Little is known about the effects of blood pressure (BP) control in this population. Using a national claims database integrated with electronic medical records, the authors evaluated the relationships between uncontrolled BP (UBP; ≥130/80 mmHg) or controlled BP (CBP; <130/80 mmHg) and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events plus (MACE+; stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure requiring hospitalization) and end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) in adult patients with aTRH (taking ≥3 antihypertensive medication classes concurrently within 30 days between January 1, 2015 and June 30, 2021). MACE+ components were also evaluated separately. Multivariable regression models were used to adjust for baseline differences in demographic and clinical characteristics, and sensitivity analyses using CBP <140/90 mmHg were conducted. Patients with UBP (n = 22 333) were younger and had fewer comorbidities at baseline than those with CBP (n = 11 427). In the primary analysis, which adjusted for these baseline differences, UBP versus CBP patients were at an 8% increased risk of MACE+ (driven by a 31% increased risk of stroke) and a 53% increased risk of ESRD after 2.7 years of follow‐up. Greater MACE+ (22%) and ESRD (98%) risk increases with UBP versus CBP were seen in the sensitivity analysis. These real‐world data showed an association between suboptimal BP control in patients with aTRH and higher incidence of MACE+ and ESRD linked with UBP despite the use of multidrug regimens. Thus, there remains a need for improved aTRH management.
Association of tooth count with cognitive decline and dementia in the Finnish adult population
Authors: Asher Sam , Suominen Anna Liisa , Stephen Ruth , Ngandu Tiia , Koskinen Seppo , Solomon Alina 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAimTo evaluate whether tooth loss is associated with cognitive decline and incident dementia.Materials and MethodsWe analysed data from the Finnish population‐based Health 2000 and follow‐up Health 2011 surveys (participants aged ≥30 years and without dementia at baseline; N = 5506 at baseline and 3426 at 11‐year follow‐up). Dementia diagnoses until 2015 were ascertained from national registers (N = 5542). Tooth count was dichotomized as adequate (≥20) versus tooth loss (<20). Tooth loss was further stratified into 10–19 teeth, 1–9 teeth and edentulism. Upper and lower jaws were also considered separately. Baseline cognitive test scores were dichotomized by median as high versus low, and 11‐year change as decline versus no decline.ResultsTooth loss (<20) was associated with lower baseline overall cognition (odds ratio [OR] = 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03–1.43), 11‐year cognitive decline (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.05–1.70) and higher 15‐year dementia risk (hazard ratio = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.15–2.02) after adjusting for multiple confounders. After adjustment for dentures, associations became non‐significant, except for 10–19 teeth remaining and dementia. Results were similar after considering reverse causality bias; however, 10–19 teeth remaining was significantly associated with 11‐year cognitive decline even after adjustment for dentures. No jaw‐specific differences were observed.ConclusionsTooth loss adversely impacts the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. The role of dentures should be further explored.
Creating a hybrid smile design workflow: The analog brain drives the digital technology
Authors: Bassett Joyce , Kois John C. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractObjectiveThis article will explain and demonstrate the application of analog smile design techniques and concepts as a precursor for digital smile design implementation. The application of these techniques will be described with two case presentations that will demonstrate the incorporation of these analog methods into digital smile design programs.Clinical ConsiderationsDigital smile design workflows can be more efficient and require less chair time but must be based on an understanding and application of basic smile design principles to apply the digital techniques successfully.ConclusionsThe application of basic smile design techniques to digital workflows resulted in excellent clinical outcomes for both a localized treatment plan and a full mouth restorative rehabilitation.Clinical SignificanceDigital smile design is quickly being adopted into dental practices. However, the digital design must be created by the clinician and be based on a thorough understanding of basic esthetic and restorative principles to achieve predictable successful clinical outcomes.
Non‐invasive surveys to assess animal burrows as potential causes of levee instability
Authors: Pennisi Valeria , Musumeci Rosaria Ester , Grasso Rosario , Ferraro Antonio , Foti Enrico 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAnimal activities threaten levee stability, especially during flood events, increasing levee failure risk. Indeed, while dens alter hydraulically‐induced failure mechanisms, it is difficult to locate them and to know in advance if critical conditions may be reached. This paper demonstrates that it is possible to perform nondestructive surveys to assess the risk of burrow animal activities in levee systems using a ground penetrating radar (GPR) for effective levee structure control, being GPR a nondestructive, expeditious, and cost‐effective geophysical technique. Here, a flood‐prone area in Sicily, where traditional hydraulic phenomena did not justify past levee failure events, is considered a case study. Through a visual inspection survey, several animal holes were recovered. GPR measurements allowed us to explore the levee interior and to detect the presence, distribution, and configuration of dens inside them. It was found that a complex burrow system crosses the entire embankment. Porcupine was recognized as a builder of such cavities. Although, previous studies established the porcupine presence in semi‐humid environments, for the first time, here we provide evidence of the development, articulation, and extension of porcupine burrows inside the levee system.
Recycling plastics from e‐waste: Implications for effective eco‐design
Authors: Fenwick Ceri , Mayers Kieren , Lee Jacquetta , Murphy Richard 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis paper presents five case studies on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) recycling to provide a coherent overview on the likely impact of eco‐design measures on recycling of plastics used in energy‐related products within the EU. Whilst some eco‐design measures, such as improving disassembly of plastic parts, may generally benefit recycling operations, other measures were found to be ineffective or requiring further investigation. For example, product polymer marking, and provision of product‐specific information was rarely utilized by participant organizations, if at all. Additionally, this study highlights a disconnect between the aims of substance bans as an eco‐design measure and the impact upon plastics recycling in practice. Future research could help with quantitative and/or statistical analysis of WEEE processing to investigate across a wider selection of recyclers and recycling processes. Despite 20 years of research on eco‐design, it appears that EU eco‐design policies and voluntary initiatives are still being devised without adequate understanding of their impact on different types of recycling practices. Empirical research on recycling processes can provide important insight to ensure eco‐design measures are effective and avoid unintended consequences for the environment.
Federal telehealth policy changes during the COVID‐19 public health emergency: Associations with telemental health use among rural and urban Medicare beneficiaries
Authors: Talbot Jean A. , Burgess Amanda R. , Jonk Yvonne C. , O'Connor Heidi 
Published: July 2023

AbstractPurposeThe COVID‐19 public health emergency (PHE) led to increased mental health (MH) concerns among Medicare beneficiaries while inhibiting their access to MH services (MHS). To help address these problems, the federal government introduced temporary flexibilities permitting broader telehealth use in Medicare. This study compared rural versus urban patterns of change in telemental health (TMH) use among adult MHS users in fee‐for‐service Medicare from 2019 to 2020, when PHE‐related telehealth expansions were enacted.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional investigation based on 2019–2020 Medicare claims data, we used chi‐square tests, t‐tests and adjusted logistic regression to explore how year (pre‐PHE vs. PHE), rurality, and beneficiary characteristics were related to TMH use.FindingsFrom 2019 to 2020, the proportion of MHS users who used TMH rose from 4.8% to 51.9% among rural residents (p < 0.0001) and from 1.1% to 61.3% (p < 0.0001) among urban residents. Across study years, adjusted odds of TMH use grew more than 18‐fold for rural MHS users (OR = 18.10, p < 0.001) and nearly 120‐fold for their urban counterparts (OR = 119.75, p < 0.001). Among rural MHS users in 2020, adjusted odds of TMH use diminished with increasing age.ConclusionsTMH mitigated PHE‐related barriers to MHS access for rural and urban beneficiaries, but urban residents benefited disproportionately. Among rural beneficiaries, older age was related to lower TMH use. To avoid reinforcing existing MHS access disparities, policies must address factors limiting TMH use among rural beneficiaries, especially those over 75 and those from historically underserved communities.
Bolus rheology of texture adjusted food—Effect of age
Authors: Stading Mats , Miljkovic Ana , Andersson Johanna , Matsuo Koichiro 
Published: July 2023

AbstractSwallowing disorders, or dysphagia, affect a large part of the population due to factors such as degenerative diseases, medication side effects or simply age‐related impairment of physiological oropharyngeal function. The management of dysphagia is mainly handles through texture‐modified foods of progressively softer, smoother, moister textures, depending on the severity of the disorder. Rheological and physiological‐related properties of boluses were determined for a group of five older persons (average age, 74) for a set of texture‐modified foods: bread, cheese and tomato and the combination into a sandwich. The softest class was gel food, after which came a smooth timbale; both were compared to boluses of regular food. The subjects chewed until ready to swallow, at which point the bolus was expectorated and measured regarding saliva content, linear viscoelasticity and shear viscosity. The results were compared to those of a previously studied younger group (average age, 38). The general physiological status of the subjects was determined by hand and tongue strength, diadochokinesis and one‐legged standing and showed that all subjects were as healthy and fit as the younger group. Age‐related properties such as one‐legged standing with closed eyes and salivary flow plus bolus saliva content were lower for the older group, but the average chews‐until‐swallow was surprisingly also lower. Consequently, bolus modulus and viscosity were higher than for the younger group. Overall, the intended texture modification was reflected in bolus rheological and physiological‐related properties. Bolus modulus, viscosity, saliva content and chews‐until‐swallowed all decreased from regular food to timbale food to gel food.
Which Aspects of Visual Motivation Aid the Implicit Learning of Signs at First Exposure?
Authors: Hofweber Julia , Aumônier Lizzy , Janke Vikki , Gullberg Marianne , Marshall Chloë 
Published: July 2023

AbstractWe investigated whether sign‐naïve learners can infer and learn the meaning of signs after minimal exposure to continuous, naturalistic input in the form of a weather forecast in Swedish Sign Language. Participants were L1‐English adults. Two experimental groups watched the forecast once (n = 40) or twice (n = 42); a control group did not (n = 42). Participants were then asked to assign meaning to 22 target signs. We explored predictors of meaning assignment with respect to item occurrence frequency and three facets of visual motivation: iconicity, transparency, and gesture similarity. Meaning assignment was enhanced by exposure and item frequency, thereby providing evidence for implicit language learning in a new modality, even under challenging naturalistic conditions. Accuracy was also contingent upon iconicity and transparency, but not upon gesture similarity. Meaning assignment at first exposure is thus visually motivated, although the overall low accuracy rates and further qualitative analyses suggest that visually motivated meaning assignment is not always successful.
Philosophers ought to develop, theorize about, and use philosophically relevant AI
Authors: Clay Graham , Ontiveros Caleb 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe transformative power of artificial intelligence (AI) is coming to philosophy—the only question is the degree to which philosophers will harness it. This paper argues that the application of AI tools to philosophy could have an impact on the field comparable to the advent of writing, and that it is likely that philosophical progress will significantly increase as a consequence of AI. The role of philosophers in this story is not merely to use AI but also to help develop it and theorize about it. In fact, the paper argues that philosophers have a prima facie obligation to spend significant effort in doing so, at least insofar as they should spend effort philosophizing.