bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of medical students regarding brain drain and its effects on Pakistan’s socio-medical conditions: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Nadir Fizzah , Sardar Hassan , Ahmad Husnain 
Published: January 2023

Background and Objective: The term “brain drain” refers to the exodus of educated or professional individuals to another nation, industry, or field, typically in search of a higher salary or living standard. Our objective was to look into the reasons why medical students leave after graduation, how it affects Pakistan’s socio-medical situation, and what may be done to address it.
Methods: After receiving approval from the ethical committee, a cross-sectional survey was carried out among 420 undergraduate medical students of both genders at two different medical colleges in Pakistan for the current academic year 2021–2022. The core data was gathered via an organized questionnaire. The non-probability sampling method was employed to collect the sample. The data were analyzed with SPSS software.
Results: Out of 420 medical students of both genders, 140 (33.3%) plan to leave Pakistan after graduation, while 280 (66.66%) want to pursue a career in Pakistan. Additionally, when asked about the amenities offered to Pakistani doctors throughout their training, the vast majority of medical students expressed satisfaction with living in Pakistan. However, among medical students who prefer to immigrate, the United States was at the top of their list. Although there are numerous reasons that affect doctors’ immigration choices, the majority of students think that poor pay and long working hours are the main ones that lead to poor patient management and inadequate training. This may be prevented by improving the pay and service structure.
Conclusion: According to this survey, one in three medical students aspires to move overseas after graduation owing to a lack of resources and ineffective management, which has been adversely affecting Pakistan’s socio-medical situation. As a result, it is important for Pakistan’s health officials to launch campaigns to address the issues faced by medical students and physicians in order to prevent brain drain.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.2.7139
How to cite this: Nadir F, Sardar H, Ahmad H. Perceptions of medical students regarding brain drain and its effects on Pakistan’s socio-medical conditions: A cross-sectional study. Pak J Med Sci. 2023;39(2):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.2.7139
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Διερεύνηση του διαστατού της κλίμακας αξιών του Schwartz: Δεδομένα από την Ευρωπαϊκή Κοινωνική Έρευνα του 2010 για την Ελλάδα
Authors: Χαραλάμπη Αναστασία 
Published: January 2023

Κατά την προσέγγιση οποιασδήποτε κλίμακας μέτρησης στάσεων τίθεται το κρίσιμο ερώτημα περί αξιοπιστίας και εγκυρότητάς της. Η παρούσα μελέτη αποσκοπεί στη διερεύνηση της θεωρητικής δομής και στην εκτίμηση των ψυχομετρικών ιδιοτήτων της σύντομης εκδοχής της κλίμακας ανθρωπίνων αξιών του Schwartz. Η διερεύνηση αυτή βασίστηκε στα δεδομένα της Ελλάδας για τον 5o γύρο (2010) διεξαγωγής της Ευρωπαϊκής Κοινωνικής Έρευνας (ESS).
Η ανάλυση οδήγησε σε δύο αξιόπιστες και έγκυρες υπο-κλίμακες: Ευρύτητα αντιλήψεων σε αλλαγές και Αυτο-εξύψωση. Τα αποτελέσματα δεν επιβεβαιώνουν το διαστατό της κλίμακας ανθρωπίνων αξιών του Schwartz, όπως προτάθηκε στη βιβλιογραφία. Προσφέρεται, όμως, ένα χρήσιμο μεθοδολογικό και ερμηνευτικό εργαλείο στους κοινωνικούς επιστήμονες.
Molecular identification of virulence features of Salmonella enterica isolated from fresh chicken meat sold at retail shops and markets in Peshawar, Pakistan
Authors: Rahat Shaista , Ahmad Kafeel , Ali Amjad 
Published: January 2023

Salmonella enterica is an important agent of food borne illnesses in humans. Poultry meat and products are easily contaminated with different strains of Salmonella enterica. Consumption of such food causes salmonellosis in human. The main aim of present investigation was to survey the prevalence of virulence associated genes of Salmonella enterica isolated from fresh chicken meat available in retail shops and markets at District Peshawar, Pakistan. Fresh chicken meat samples were collected from retail shops and markets at District Peshawar, Pakistan. The samples were processed for isolation of Salmonella enterica using selective media. Presumptive isolates were confirmed as Salmonella enterica via different biochemical tests and by amplification of invA gene. Isolates were tested for the presence of eight different virulence genes invA, spiA, cdtB, prgH, orgA, lpfC, sopB, and pefA. Amongst all isolates, 90(100%) had invA gene, 44(48.8%) had lfpC gene, 40(44.4%) had sopB gene, 27(30%) had orgA gene, 24(26.6%) hand spiA gene, 19(21.1%) had pefA gene, 18(20%) had prgH gene and 6(6.6%) had cdtB gene. 15.5% of the isolates had five virulence genes and 21.1% had four virulence genes. The findings of this study highlight an alarming public health risk and demand for strict bio-safety hygiene measures to be taken.
Concurrent infection by Clostridium perfringens type A, Clostridium septicum, and Clostridium sordelli in mouflon (Ovis aries musimon) - A case report
Authors: Milovanović BZ , Đorđević MM , Savić BM , Jezdimirović NV , Zdravković NM , Zurovac-Sapundžić Z , Glišić D , Ninković M , Kureljušić B 
Published: January 2023

A female mouflon, weighing 40 kilograms, was submitted to the diagnostic laboratory of the Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia for determining the potential cause of death. Necropsy revealed massive hemorrhages in subcutaneous and intermuscular tissue and on papillary muscle. Petechiae and ecchymoses were found on the omentum, mesentery and adipose tissue of heart, kidney and costal pleura. Haemorrhagic-necrotic enteritis in duodenum and jejunum was characterized by catarrhal hemorrhagic inflammation with the presence of mucous and bloody content, whereas gas bubbles in the submucosa have also been confirmed. Bacterial cultures from sampled organs were identified as Clostridium perfringens type A, Clostridium septicum, and Clostridium sordelli. Based on the established pathological and histological changes and the results of the bacteriological, biochemical, and molecular examination, the state of septic shock and toxemia with disseminated massive bleeding was the immediate cause of mouflon death. The septic condition is a consequence of enterotoxemia caused by Clostridium perfringens type A, Clostridium septicum, and Clostridium sordelli infection.
Nutritional and sensorial analysis of a lentil flour-based sweet pancake premix
Authors: Santos Carla S. , Vasconcelos Marta W. 
Published: January 2023

Background: Legume flours have been a target for ingredient innovation in the last decade. Legume grains have high protein and fibre content and are gluten-free, making them suitable for different consumer types, including celiac. Additionally, legume grain cultivation reduces synthetic fertiliser application, providing environmental benefits and improving ecosystem functions. Methods: In this study, a commercial pancake flour mix where part of cereal flour was replaced with lentil flour was developed. The nutritional value was analysed and a quantitative blind affective test was performed to understand the consumer acceptability of the lentil-based pancakes. A questionnaire was developed to survey consumers preferences towards pancake consumption and purchase factors. Results: When compared to the commercial counterpart, the lentil-based pancakes had higher protein and lower carbohydrate and salt contents. Of the 90 non-trained panellists (72 women, 18 men; aged between 18 and 56), only 6% were consumers of pre-made pancake dry mixes. The panel attributed superior ratings in texture, flavour and global appreciation scales to the lentil-based pancakes and 63% of the participants responded they probably/certainly would buy the lentil flour pancakes if commercially available. Conclusion: It is possible to partially replace cereal flour with lentil flour in sweet pancake preparation, delivering a gluten-free product with an improved overall nutritional profile, and appealing to a broad range of consumer needs.
An overview of innovations in the external peer review of journal manuscripts.
Authors: Woods Helen Buckley , Brumberg Johanna , Kaltenbrunner Wolfgang , Pinfield Stephen , Waltman Ludo 
Published: January 2023

Background: There are currently numerous innovations in peer review and quality assurance in scholarly publishing. The Research on Research Institute conducted a programme of co-produced projects investigating these innovations. This literature review was part of one such project ‘Experiments in peer review’ which created an inventory and framework of peer review innovations. The aim of this literature review was to aid the development of the inventory by identifying innovations in the external peer review of journal manuscripts reported in the scholarly literature and by providing a summary of the different approaches. This did not include interventions in editorial processes. Methods: This review of reviews is based on data identified from Web of Science and Scopus limited from 2010 to 2021. A total of 291 records were screened, with six review articles chosen for the focus of the literature review. Items were selected that described approaches to innovating peer review or illustrated examples. Results: The overview of innovations are drawn from six review articles. The innovations are divided into three high-level categories: approaches to peer review, reviewer focussed initiatives and technology to support peer review with sub-categories of results presented in tabular form and summarised. A summary of all innovations found is also presented. Conclusions: From a simple synthesis of the review authors’ conclusions, three key messages are presented: observations on current practice; authors’ views on the implications of innovations in peer review; and calls for action in peer review research and practice.
The genome sequence of thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana (Heynh., 1842)
Authors: Christenhusz Maarten J.M. , Twyford Alex D. , Hudson Andrew ,   Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Genome Acquisition Lab,   Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Genome Acquisition Lab,   Darwin Tree of Life Barcoding collective,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life programme,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Scientific Operations: DNA Pipelines collective,   Tree of Life Core Informatics collective,   Darwin Tree of Life Consortium
Published: January 2023

We present a genome assembly of an Arabidopsis thaliana specimen (thale cress; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Brassicales; Brassicaceae). The genome sequence spans 138 megabases. Most of the assembly (98.76%) is scaffolded into five chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial and plastid genomes were also assembled and are 368.8 and 154.5 kilobases in length respectively.
Streptococcus pyogenes carriage acquisition, persistence and transmission dynamics within households in The Gambia (SpyCATS): protocol for a longitudinal household cohort study
Authors: Armitage Edwin P. , Keeley Alex J. , de Crombrugghe Gabrielle , Senghore Elina , Camara Fatoumatta E. , Jammeh Musukoi , Bittaye Amat , Ceesay Haddy , Ceesay Isatou , Samateh Bunja , Manneh Muhammed , Sesay Abdul Karim , Kampmann Beate , Kucharski Adam , de Silva Thushan I. , Marks Michael ,   MRCG StrepA Study Group
Published: January 2023

Background Streptococcus pyogenes (StrepA) causes a significant burden of disease globally from superficial infections to invasive disease. It is responsible for over 500,000 deaths each year, predominantly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Superficial StrepA infections of the skin and pharynx can lead to rheumatic heart disease, the largest cause of StrepA-related deaths in LMIC. StrepA can also asymptomatically colonise normal skin and the pharynx (carriage), potentially increasing infection risk. Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) carriage is also common in LMIC and may interact with StrepA. This study aims to investigate StrepA and SDSE carriage and infection epidemiology, transmission dynamics and naturally acquired immunity within households in The Gambia. Methods A longitudinal household observational cohort study will be conducted over one year. 45 households will be recruited from the urban area of Sukuta, The Gambia, resulting in approximately 450 participants. Households will be visited monthly, and available participants will undergo oropharyngeal and normal skin swabbing. Incident cases of pharyngitis and pyoderma will be captured via active case reporting, with swabs taken from disease sites. Swabs will be cultured for the presence of group A, C and G beta-haemolytic streptococci. Isolates will undergo whole genome sequencing. At each visit, clinical, socio-demographic and social mixing data will be collected. Blood serum will be collected at baseline and final visit. Oral fluid and dried blood spot samples will be collected at each visit. Mucosal and serum anti-StrepA antibody responses will be measured. Outcome This study will report StrepA and SDSE clinical epidemiology, risk factors, transmission dynamics, and serological responses to carriage and infection. Detailed social mixing behaviour will be combined with phylogenetic relatedness to model the extent of transmission occurring withing and between households. The study will provide data to help meet global strategic StrepA research goals.
FATORES ASSOCIADOS À FUNÇÃO SEXUAL DE GESTANTES: Estudo Transversal
Authors: Vieira Pereira Emanuelly , Moreira Belém Jameson , Henrique Alves Maria Juscinaide , Alves Silva Torquato Jaqueline , Alves Firmino Paulo Renato , De Melo Fialho Ana Virgínia , Da Silva Quirino Glauberto 
Published: January 2023

Objetivo: Identificar fatores associados aos domínios da função sexual e correlatos psicofísicos de gestantes de risco habitual. Materiais e métodos: Estudo transversal, quantitativo realizado com 354 gestantes de risco habitual do interior do Ceará, Brasil. Utilizou-se para coleta de dados um formulário e o Questionário de Sexualidade na Gestação. Resultados: Houve redução em todos os domínios da função sexual e dos correlatos psicofísicos lubrificação e satisfação sexual, quando comparados ao período pré-gravídico. Apenas o correlato psicofísico dor/desconforto sexual aumentou na gravidez e apresentou significância por trimestre gestacional. Variáveis relacionadas ao comportamento sexual e aspectos simbólicos influenciaram nas alterações evidenciadas. A escolaridade influenciou positivamente no desejo sexual e intensidade do orgasmo. Não foram identificadas variáveis associadas à redução da dor/desconforto sexual. Conclusões: Fatores relacionados ao comportamento sexual, aspectos simbólicos (percepção) e escolaridade associaram-se às alterações nos domínios da função sexual e correlatos psicofísicos de gestantes de risco habitual.
CONSUMO ALIMENTAR E ESTADO NUTRICIONAL DE CRIANÇAS COM DOENÇAS FALCIFORME: uma revisão sistemática
Authors: Araujo Jamile da Silva , Santos Luama Araújo dos , Lima Caroline Raíza Dourado , Souza Marcio Costa de 
Published: January 2023

OBJETIVO: Descrever sobre o consumo alimentar e o estado nutricional de crianças com Doença Falciforme (DF). MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado por meio da revisão sistemática utilizando a estratégia PICO. Os artigos foram coletados nas bases de dados eletrônicas: Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS), PubMed e SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), a partir de publicações nos últimos 10 anos, nos idiomas português e inglês, com população de crianças diagnosticadas com DF e idade até 12 anos incompletos. Para identificação e seleção dos artigos utilizou-se o diagrama de fluxo PRISMA. RESULTADOS: Após seleção, 07 artigos foram incluídos na revisão, todos eram do tipo transversal, com distribuição geográfica abrangendo Brasil, Nigéria e Gana. O qual se constitui com 12.120 crianças do sexo feminino e masculino que participaram das pesquisas, com exceção do grupo controle. Os estudos utilizaram alguns critérios de avaliação do estado nutricional, consumo alimentar e perfil socioeconômico. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: O baixo nível socioeconômico somado a ingestão pouco balanceada de alimentos, ainda provocam modificações importantes no processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento de crianças que herdam a Doença Falciforme. Intervenções gerais e alimentares, adequadas à realidade desses indivíduos possibilitam um impacto positivo na qualidade de vida deste público.
Direct Support Professionals and COVID-19 Vaccination: A Comparison of Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Direct Support Professionals
Authors: Pettingell Sandra L. , Bershadsky Julie , Hewitt Amy , Anderson Lynda Lahti , Zhang Alicia 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Direct support professionals (DSPs) may be at increased risk of contracting COVID-19 due to the proximal nature of their work. In response to the pandemic a three-wave study was launched to understand experiences of DSPs. An on-line national survey found that 70% of DSPs were vaccinated. Vaccinated DSPs were older and had higher education levels. Among the unvaccinated, 56% reported concerns about COVID-19 vaccination safety. Unvaccinated DSPs were more likely to report that the people they supported were also unvaccinated. Encouraging DSPs to get vaccinated to protect the people they support is essential. Paid time off, arranging for vaccinations, and setting an expectation for vaccination may encourage vaccination uptake among DSPs.
Efficient 3D scanning measurement system based on asymmetric trinocular vision and a multi-line laser
Authors: Wan Maosen , Zheng Renhao , Wang Shuaidong , Huang He , Zhao Huining , Yu Liandong 
Published: January 2023

The laser scanning measurement system has a pivotal role in precision measurement
thanks to the non-contacting and low-cost advantages, but traditional
methods and systems are inadequate in terms of accuracy, efficiency,
and adaptability. In this study, an efficient 3D scanning measurement
system based on asymmetric trinocular vision and a multi-line laser is
developed to improve the measurement performance. The system design,
working principle, and 3D reconstruction method are explored, as well
as the innovation of the developed system. Furthermore, an efficient
multi-line laser fringes indexing method is presented based on K-means ++ clustering and hierarchical
processing to improve processing speed with guaranteed accuracy, which
is the key point of the 3D reconstruction method. Various experiments
are conducted to verify the capability of the developed system, and
the results show that the developed system fulfills measurement needs
in adaptability, accuracy, effectiveness, and robustness. The
developed system achieves better results than commercial probes for
complex measurement conditions, and measurement precision can be
achieved to within 18 µm.
Large-mode-area soliton fiber oscillator mode-locked using NPE in an all-PM self-stabilized interferometer
Authors: Edelmann Marvin , Sedigheh Malek M. , Hua Yi , Vargas Erwin C. , Pergament Mikhail , Kärtner Franz X. 
Published: January 2023

In this work, we investigate an approach to scale up the output pulse
energy in an all-polarization-maintaining 17.3 MHz Yb-doped fiber
oscillator via implementation of a 25 µm core-diameter large-mode-area
fiber. The artificial saturable absorber is based on a Kerr-type
linear self-stabilized fiber interferometer, enabling non-linear
polarization rotation in polarization-maintaining fibers. Highly
stable mode-locked steady states in the soliton-like operation regime
are demonstrated with 170 mW average output power and a total output
pulse energy of ∼10nJ distributed between two output ports.
An experimental parameter comparison with a reference oscillator
constructed with 5.5 µm core-sized standard fiber components reveals
an increase of pulse energy by a factor of 36 with simultaneously
reduced intensity noise in the high-frequency range >100kHz.
Toll-like receptor 2 mediates Acanthamoeba-induced allergic airway inflammatory response in mice
Authors: Park Mi-Kyung , Park Hye-Kyung , Yu Hak Sun 
Published: January 2023

Background
Repeated intranasal exposure to Acanthamoeba has been revealed to induce allergic airway inflammatory responses in mice. Based on the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma, TLRs form a link between innate and adaptive immune responses, and play an important role in the activation of various cells in the innate immune system.

Methodology/principal findings
To determine the TLRs that are related to these immune responses, we assessed the expression levels of inflammation-related genes in mouse lung epithelial (MLE)-12 cells treated with excretory-secretory proteins (ES-P) of the Acanthamoeba strain (KA/E2) with or without the TLR antagonists. The expression levels of inflammation-related genes, such as eotaxin, TARC, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), and TSLP, in the TLR2 and TLR9 antagonist treatment groups were decreased, compared to those in the ES-P alone or other TLR antagonist treatment groups. In particular, a greater decrease in the relevant gene expression levels was found in the TLR2 antagonist treatment group than in the TLR9 antagonist treatment group. Allergic airway inflammation was evaluated in the wild-type (WT) and TLR2 knockout (KO) groups following KA/E2 exposure. Based on the results, allergic airway inflammatory responses (airway resistance value, inflammatory cell infiltration, Th2-related cytokine expression, mucin production, and metaplasia of lung epithelial cells and goblet cells) by KA/E2 were reduced in the TLR2 KO groups. In addition, TLR2 knockout BMDCs displayed lower activation of surface markers owing to ES-P stimulation than normal BMDCs, and KA/E2 ES-P–treated TLR2-depleted BMDCs produced fewer Th2 cytokine-expressing cells from naïve T cells than WT BMDCs. When ES-P was administered after primary lung cells were obtained from WT and TLR2 KO mice, the expression levels of inflammation-related genes were found to be significantly decreased in TLR2 KO cells compared to those in WT cells.

Conclusions
These results suggest that TLR2 is involved in lung inflammatory response activation in KA/E2 intranasal infection, especially in airway tissue.