bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonstoichiometric Direct Arylation Polymerization of Octafluorobiphenyl with 2,7‐Diiodofluorene for Regulating CH Terminals of π‐Conjugated Polymer
Authors: Takimoto Lisa , Goto Taiki , Chen Junhui , Kuwabara Junpei , Kanbara Takaki 
Published: May 2023

AbstractNonstoichiometric direct arylation polycondensation of 2,2′,3,3′,5,5′,6,6′‐octafluorobiphenyl with excess of 2,7‐diiodo‐9,9‐dioctyl‐9H‐fluorene is demonstrated. Pd/Ag dual‐catalyst system under water/2‐methyltetrahydrofuran biphasic conditions enables direct arylation under mild conditions and promotes the intramolecular transfer of a Pd catalyst walking through the fluorene moiety. The nonstoichiometric direct arylation polycondensation under the optimized reaction conditions produces the corresponding π‐conjugated polymer with a high molecular weight and terminal octafluorobiphenyl units at both ends.
Merger incentives in an international oligopoly composed of Kantian optimization firms with differentiated goods
Authors: Nakamura Yasuhiko 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis paper revisits horizontal mergers in an international oligopoly with differentiated goods under the segmented market assumption. In particular, we focus on an industry composed of firms that engage in their Kantian optimization. Strikingly from the case of each firm's Nashian optimization, we show that a duopoly with two international mergers can be uniquely observed in equilibrium except for a full monopoly, and the highest total social welfare can be achieved in its equilibrium market structure. In addition, we consider the managerial delegation cases from the viewpoints of two types of each firm's Kantian optimization.
Needs of persons living withALSat home and their family caregivers: A scoping review
Authors: Young Heather M. , Kilaberia Tina R. , Whitney Robin , Link Benjamin M. , Bell Janice F. , Tonkikh Orly , Famula Jessica , Oskarsson Björn 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIntroduction/AimsMost persons with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) live at home with support of family caregivers, with escalating complexity of care over the trajectory of the disease requiring resources and support to mitigate negative physical, social, and emotional outcomes.MethodsThis scoping review identifies the home health/home care needs of persons with ALS and their caregivers as a basis for creating a home health medical standard. We used the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA‐ScR) to examine studies describing home care needs published between 2011 and 2021.ResultsOur search yielded 481 articles, of which 44 were included with a total of 3592 (9–273) participants. Most studies used a cross‐sectional design and 20 (45%) were rated as high quality. We grouped the needs identified as emotional/psychological, assistive devices and technology, information and education, and human resources and professional services. Most studies demonstrated persistent unmet needs and that available interventions were helpful while needs generally were not met proactively, despite the predictable trajectory.DiscussionThis review describes biopsychosocial and equipment interventions over the trajectory of ALS with implications for anticipatory planning by clinicians, as well as policy for coverage of necessary services and supports. Interdisciplinary expert teams could develop consensus around needs across the trajectory and recommended services and supports. To make knowledge more accessible, encourage availability of services, and clarify the need for coverage of services, we aim to develop an expert consensus‐based ALS home health medical standard guidance document in collaboration with the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine.
Multi‐material topology optimization method for transient thermal structure with constraint on permissible temperatures
Authors: Li Shuai , Zhang Yongcun , Liu Shutian 
Published: May 2023

AbstractExcessive temperature may lead material to performance degradation, ablation, and phase change. Thus, controlling the maximum temperature of used material within a safe range is of great significance to the safe operation of thermal structures. In this article, a density‐based multi‐material topology optimization method for transient thermal structures is proposed, in which the maximal temperature for each material is controlled not greater than its permissible temperature. In this method, a projection algorithm based on the PDE (partial differential equation) filter and Heaviside projection is set up and used to identify the domains occupied by each material. The maximal temperature of each specific material occupying domain is approximately expressed by the condensed integrals in the time and space domains. The permissible temperature constraint is satisfied by controlling the condensed integrals not great than a specific threshold value (depending on the corresponding material's permissible temperature). Several examples illustrate that the permissible temperature plays an important role in the selection and the distribution scheme of the candidate materials for the design of multi‐material thermal structures. The proposed method can effectively control the maximal temperature of each material within its constraint range, and achieve the rational design for multi‐material thermal structures. In addition, different thermal loading time may also lead to different material selection of structure. This work has potential applications in the lightweight design of thermal insulation structures.
Hybrid GO/TiO2 nanoparticles reinforced NaAlg/PVA blend: Nanocomposites for high‐performance energy storage devices
Authors: Alsalmah Hessa A. , Almehmadi Samar J. , Farea M. O. , Alsulami Qana A. , Albalawi Hind , Rajeh A. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn this study, novel flexible polymer nanocomposite films formed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium alginate (NaAlg), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and graphene oxide (GO) as nanofiller are fabricated by using casting method. The PVA/NaAlg‐GO/TiO2 nanocomposite films are characterized using various techniques. The synergistic effects of GO/TiO2 on the electrical, dielectric properties, and the energy density efficiency of PVA/NaAlg blend have been investigated in the range of frequency from 10 Hz to 7 MHz. The XRD data showed that the intensity of the PVA/NaAlg‐GO/TiO2 nanocomposites films decrease with nanofiller concentration. The FTIR spectroscopy provides proof that the complex formed. The optical studies were carried out using UV–Vis. spectroscopy. The energy bandgap values of PVA/NaAlg‐GO/TiO2 nanocomposite films were calculated using Tauc's plot. It is shown that the host matrix's Eg value decreases from 4.97 to 4.29 eV for direct transitions and from 4.37 to 2.29 eV for indirect transitions. The electrical and dielectric parameters of the nanocomposites showed that the maximum electrical properties were observed for the composite with 8 wt% loading of GO/TiO2. The σdc increased from 2.45 × 10−9 to 5.02 × 10−7 S cm−1. In addition, frequency exponent S decreased from 0.82 to 0.54. These findings demonstrated that there are significant modifications in the fabricated samples, which open the road for utilizing the PVA/NaAlg‐GO/TiO2 nanocomposite as flexible films for solar cells and electrical energy storage applications.
Are children with sickle cell disease at particular risk from the harmful effects of air pollution? Evidence from a large, urban/peri‐urban cohort
Authors: George Paul E. , Maillis Alexander , Zhu Yijing , Liu Yang , Lane Peter A. , Lam Wilbur , Lipscomb Joseph , Ebelt Stefanie 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIntroductionPathophysiologic pathways of sickle cell disease (SCD) and air pollution involve inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial damage. It is therefore plausible that children with SCD are especially prone to air pollution's harmful effects.MethodsPatient data were collected from a single‐center, urban/peri‐urban cohort of children with confirmed SCD. Daily ambient concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5) were collected via satellite‐derived remote‐sensing technology, and carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone from local monitoring stations. We used multivariable regression to quantify associations of pollutant levels and daily counts of emergency department (ED) visits, accounting for weather and time trends. For comparison, we quantified the associations of pollutant levels with daily all‐patient (non‐SCD) ED visits to our center.ResultsFrom 2010 to 2018, there were 17,731 ED visits by 1740 children with SCD (64.8% HbSS/HbSβ0). Vaso‐occlusive events (57.8%), respiratory illness (17.1%), and fever (16.1%) were the most common visit diagnoses. Higher 3‐day (lags 0–2) rolling mean PM2.5 and CO levels were associated with daily ED visits among those with SCD (PM2.5 incident rate ratio [IRR] 1.051 [95% confidence interval: 1.010–1.094] per 9.4 μg/m3 increase; CO 1.088 [1.045–1.132] per 0.5 ppm). NO2 showed positive associations in secondary analyses; ozone levels were not associated with ED visits. The comparison, all‐patient ED visit analyses showed lower IRR for all pollutants.ConclusionsOur results suggest short‐term air pollution levels as triggers for SCD events and that children with SCD may be more vulnerable to air pollution than those without SCD. Targeted pollution‐avoidance strategies could have significant clinical benefits in this population.
A case series of diabetic ketoacidosis associated with SGLT2 inhibitors
Authors: Zac‐Varghese Sagen , Mathew Sunitha , Go Daniel , Winocour Peter 
Published: May 2023

AbstractSodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are increasingly initiated as treatment for type 2 diabetes due to favourable cardiorenal characteristics. However, studies have identified an increased risk of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).We carried out a retrospective, case‐based study at East and North Herts NHS Trust between February 2018 and December 2020. Fifteen cases of SGLT2i associated DKA were identified in people with presumed type 2 diabetes; 33.3% were classed as euglycaemic DKA with a blood glucose of <11mmol/L. All cases were associated with a significant precipitating factor including diarrhoea, vomiting, reduced oral intake and sepsis. One case was related to COVID‐19. Two people were subsequently found to have raised islet autoantibodies suggesting type 1 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes in adults.It is important that awareness of SGLT2i associated DKA is raised among users and health care practitioners, including the recognition of euglycaemic DKA. Sick day rules should be emphasised and reiterated at clinical encounters. Non‐specialists in primary care, oncology and in perioperative settings should be empowered to advocate for temporary withdrawal and there should be readier access to blood ketone monitoring when required. When SGLT2i associated DKA occurs, due consideration should be given to evaluate the diabetes classification and investigate the circumstances of the event. Copyright © 2023 John Wiley & Sons.
Ordered‐domain unfolding of thermophilic isolated β subunit ATP synthase
Authors: López‐Pérez Edgar , de Gómez‐Puyou Marietta Tuena , Nuñez Concepción José , Zapién Denise Martínez , Guardado Salomón Alas , Beltrán Hiram Isaac , Pérez‐Hernández Gerardo 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe flexibility of the ATP synthase's β subunit promotes its role in the ATP synthase rotational mechanism, but its domains stability remains unknown. A reversible thermal unfolding of the isolated β subunit (Tβ) of the ATP synthase from Bacillus thermophilus PS3, tracked through circular dichroism and molecular dynamics, indicated that Tβ shape transits from an ellipsoid to a molten globule through an ordered unfolding of its domains, preserving the β‐sheet residual structure at high temperature. We determined that part of the stability origin of Tβ is due to a transversal hydrophobic array that crosses the β‐barrel formed at the N‐terminal domain and the Rossman fold of the nucleotide‐binding domain (NBD), while the helix bundle of the C‐terminal domain is the less stable due to the lack of hydrophobic residues, and thus the more flexible to trigger the rotational mechanism of the ATP synthase.
Tissue‐specific transcriptome analyses in Drosophila provide novel insights into the mode of action of the insecticide spinosad and the function of its target, nAChRα6
Authors: Martelli Felipe , Ravenscroft Thomas A. , Hutchison William , Batterham Philip 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe insecticides spinosad and imidacloprid are neurotoxins with distinct modes of action. Both target nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), albeit different subunits. Spinosad is an allosteric modulator, that upon binding initiates endocytosis of its target, nAChRα6. Imidacloprid binding triggers excessive neuronal ion influx. Despite these differences, low‐dose effects converge downstream in the precipitation of oxidative stress and neurodegeneration.RESULTSUsing RNA‐sequencing, we compared the transcriptional signatures of spinosad and imidacloprid, at low‐dose exposures. Both insecticides cause up‐regulation of glutathione S‐transferase and cytochrome P450 genes in the brain and down‐regulation in the fat body, whereas reduced expression of immune‐related genes is observed in both tissues. Spinosad shows unique impacts on genes involved in lysosomal function, protein folding, and reproduction. Co‐expression analyses revealed little to no correlation between genes affected by spinosad and nAChRα6 expressing neurons, but a positive correlation with glial cell markers. We also detected and experimentally confirmed nAChRα6 expression in fat body cells and male germline cells. This led us to uncover lysosomal dysfunction in the fat body following spinosad exposure, and a fitness cost in spinosad‐resistant (nAChRα6 null) males – oxidative stress in testes, and reduced fertility.CONCLUSIONSpinosad and imidacloprid share transcriptional perturbations in immunity‐, energy homeostasis‐, and oxidative stress‐related genes. Low doses of other neurotoxic insecticides should be investigated for similar impacts. While target‐site spinosad resistance mutation has evolved in the field, this may have a fitness cost. Our findings demonstrate the power of tissue‐specific transcriptomics approach and the use of single‐cell transcriptome data. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Evaluation of field resistance in field‐collected mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say through quantification of ULV permethrin/PBO formulation in field bioassays
Authors: Lee Han‐Jung , Shields Michael Ray , Landeta Anais , Saldaña Miguel Arturo , Fredregill Chris Lee , Pietrantonio Patricia Victoria 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBACKGROUNDPyrethroids are among the most applied adulticides worldwide to control mosquito vectors for prevention of arboviral diseases transmission. However, pesticide resistance development in a mosquito population could lead to decreased control efficacy. While most studies investigate the resistant genotype (i.e. kdr, CYP450, etc.) as explanatory variables, few field efficacy studies have measured pesticide quantities deposited at different distances from the sprayer in association with observed mosquito mortality. The current study determined field delivered amounts of an applied ULV permethrin/PBO formulation (31% permethrin + 66% piperonyl butoxide) by GC/MS and estimated practical resistance ratios using caged mosquito females.RESULTSFor field samples, the extraction method recovered 78 ± 3.92–108 ± 8.97% of the permethrin/PBO formulation when utilizing the peaks of PBO from GC/MS to estimate the concentrations of adulticide deposited near the mosquito cages. The field bioassay showed that the spatial distribution of permethrin/PBO formulation was heterogeneous among three pseudo‐replicates within the same distance. Within the quantifiable permethrin/PBO range of 15.7–51.4 ng/cm2, field‐collected mosquito mortalities started at 64% and linearly increased reaching 100% only in two areas, while all Sebring susceptible mosquitoes died. The field LC95 resistance ratio (RR) of F0 Cx. quinquefasciatus ranged from 2.65–3.51, falling within the 95% CI of RR95 estimated by laboratory vial assays. Tests with and without PBO indicated P450's enzymes contributed to field resistance.CONCLUSIONResults showed the suitability of the collection and quantification method to estimate the field resistance ratio at the applied pesticide rate. Pesticide quantification would also allow the association of the known frequencies of resistance mechanisms (e.g. kdr, CYP450) with field mortalities to estimate the resistance level conferred by such mechanisms. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Robust Local Thickness Estimation of Sub‐Micrometer Specimen by 4D‐STEM
Authors: Skoupý Radim , Boltje Daan B. , Slouf Miroslav , Mrázová Kateřina , Láznička Tomáš , Taisne Clémence M. , Krzyžánek Vladislav , Hoogenboom Jacob P. , Jakobi Arjen J. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractA quantitative four‐dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D‐STEM) imaging technique (q4STEM) for local thickness estimation across amorphous specimen such as obtained by focused ion beam (FIB)‐milling of lamellae for (cryo‐)TEM analysis is presented. This study is based on measuring spatially resolved diffraction patterns to obtain the angular distribution of electron scattering, or the ratio of integrated virtual dark and bright field STEM signals, and their quantitative evaluation using Monte Carlo simulations. The method is independent of signal intensity calibrations and only requires knowledge of the detector geometry, which is invariant for a given instrument. This study demonstrates that the method yields robust thickness estimates for sub‐micrometer amorphous specimen using both direct detection and light conversion 2D‐STEM detectors in a coincident FIB‐SEM and a conventional SEM. Due to its facile implementation and minimal dose reauirements, it is anticipated that this method will find applications for in situ thickness monitoring during lamella fabrication of beam‐sensitive materials.
Design of reinforced concrete structures based on three‐dimensional stress fields
Authors: Chen Reinaldo , Nogueira Bittencourt Túlio , Della Bella João Carlos 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe ultimate limit state design of reinforced concrete members usually derives from the analyses of structural models composed of unidimensional or bidimensional elements (bar and shell elements, respectively). Less recurrent in these structural models is the use of solid elements, which may be ascribed to the difficulties arising when dimensioning the structure for the complete stress field with six stress components (σx, σy, σz, τxy, τxz, τyz) derived from the analyses. In the present work, the design method for three‐dimensional stress fields combining linear analysis and limit design is revisited, with the description of the resisting mechanism in which the applied stresses are balanced with stresses in the concrete and in the reinforcement. Expressions for the verification of concrete crushing and the evaluation of the required reinforcement are deduced analytically and interpreted physically. The design process is organized into four design cases, according to the internal stresses mobilized in concrete. The proposed equations are presented in a framework for direct application to engineering practice, as demonstrated in noted design examples for selected stress states.
Diaryliodonium Salts Enabled Arylation, Arylocyclization, and Aryl‐Migration
Authors: Pan Cheng , Wang Limin , Han Jianwei 
Published: May 2023

AbstractOur research interest focusing on synthetic methodology with diaryliodonium salts, is summarized in this account. Besides employing a dual activation strategy of C−I and ortho C−H bonds, we have introduced vicinal functional groups at ortho‐positions of diaryliodonium salts, in which their unique reactivities have been explored in various processes, including arylation, diarylation, cascade annulation, benzocyclization, arylocyclization, and intramolecular aryl migration. The variety of mechanisms of these reactions that involves either transition metals, especially palladium in organometallic catalysis, or transition‐metal free conditions, were discussed in the context.
Performance, combustion, and emission of a diesel engine fueled with an eco‐friendly mixture of two biodiesel blends
Authors: Balasubramanian Manickam , Devan Ponnusami Kumarasami , Chadalavada Hemadri , Madhu Sundaram , Naveen Subbaiyan 
Published: May 2023

AbstractFast depletion and higher emissions of fossil fuels are posing problems to scientists across the globe. To overcome this, thorough research is needed to find out alternate renewable sources. Biodiesel is such a renewable, biodegradable, and innocuous fuel to meet this global need. Oil extracted from vegetable oil seeds is processed into biodiesel by the transesterification process. The experimental work is carried out to study the performance and emission characteristics of a single‐cylinder, air‐cooled diesel engine by using a mixture of two diverse biodiesels namely Pongamia and Mahua. The results indicate that at higher loads there is a reduction of smoke emission for the 100PM blend (50% Pongamia biodiesel and 50% Mahua biodiesel) along with a 4.4% reduction in brake thermal efficiency when compared to diesel. The smoke is reduced for 100PM by 78.4% and 70.8% and for 50D50PM (50% diesel and 25% each biodiesel) by 71% and 61% at higher loads. From the combustion analysis, it is found that peak cylinder pressure for 100PM and 50D50PM blends are higher when compared with diesel which may be due to the advanced start of injection and ignition of blends. Injection and ignition advance of the blends may be attributed to higher bulk modulus and higher cetane number of biodiesels.
Experimental investigation of methyl ester derived from distillate of coconut oil as eco‐friendly fuel in diesel engine
Authors: Balasubramanian Manickam , Chadalavada Hemadri , Madhu Sundaram , Naveen Subbaiyan 
Published: May 2023

AbstractFor a thorough investigation of the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of coconut oil distillate biodiesel under various engine loads and a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm, a Kirloskar 4‐stroke, single‐cylinder, the air‐cooled diesel engine is used. A total of three fuel samples, such as 100% biodiesel, B20, and B30 biofuel are used respectively. There is a 5% increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for biodiesel and its blends as compared to diesel. The HC, CO, and Smoke are reduced except NOx. Reduction of harmful gases is possible in biodiesel usage and its blends. It is concluded that emission reductions and alternative diesel fuel is the output of this investigation.