bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantification of geodetic strain rate uncertainties and implications for seismic hazard estimates
Authors: Maurer Jeremy , Materna Kathryn 
Published: May 2023

SUMMARYGeodetic velocity data provide first-order constraints on crustal surface strain rates, which in turn are linked to seismic hazard. Estimating the 2-D surface strain tensor everywhere requires knowledge of the surface velocity field everywhere, while geodetic data such as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) only have spatially scattered measurements on the surface of the Earth. To use these data to estimate strain rates, some type of interpolation is required. In this study, we review methodologies for strain rate estimation and compare a suite of methods, including a new implementation based on the geostatistical method of kriging, to compare variation between methods with uncertainty based on one method. We estimate the velocity field and calculate strain rates in southern California using a GNSS velocity field and five different interpolation methods to understand the sources of variability in inferred strain rates. Uncertainty related to data noise and station spacing (aleatoric uncertainty) is minimal where station spacing is dense and maximum far from observations. Differences between methods, related to epistemic uncertainty, are usually highest in areas of high strain rate due to differences in how gradients in the velocity field are handled by different interpolation methods. Parameter choices, unsurprisingly, have a strong influence on strain rate field, and we propose the traditional L-curve approach as one method for quantifying the inherent trade-off between fit to the data and models that are reflective of tectonic strain rates. Doing so, we find total variability between five representative strain rate models to be roughly 40 per cent, a much lower value than roughly 100 per cent that was found in previous studies (Hearn et al.). Using multiple methods to tune parameters and calculate strain rates provides a better understanding of the range of acceptable models for a given velocity field. Finally, we present an open-source Python package (Materna et al.) for calculating strain rates, Strain_2D, which allows for the same data and model grid to be used in multiple strain rate methods, can be extended with other methods from the community, and provides an interface for comparing strain rate models, calculating statistics and estimating strain rate uncertainty for a given GNSS data set.
‘All my co-workers are good people, but…’: collaboration dynamics between frontline workers in rural Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Glandon Douglas , Hasan Md Zabir , Mann Mehak , Gupta Shivam , Marsteller Jill , Paina Ligia , Bennett Sara 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Multisectoral collaboration has been identified as a critical component in a wide variety of health and development initiatives. For India’s Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme, which serves &gt;100 million people annually across more than one million villages, a key point of multisectoral collaboration—or ‘convergence’, as it is often called in India—is between the three frontline worker cadres jointly responsible for delivering essential maternal and child health and nutritional services throughout the country: the Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA), Anganwadi worker (AWW) and auxiliary nurse midwife (ANM) or ‘AAA’ workers. Despite the long-recognized importance of collaboration within this triad, there has been relatively little documentation of what this looks like in practice and what is needed in order to improve it. Informed by a conceptual framework of collaborative governance, this study applies inductive thematic analysis of in-depth interviews with 18 AAA workers and 6 medical officers from 6 villages across three administrative blocks in Hardoi district of Uttar Pradesh state to identify the key elements of collaboration. These are grouped into three broad categories: ‘organizational’ (including interdependence, role clarity, guidance/support and resource availability); ‘relational’ (interpersonal and conflict resolution) and ‘personal’ (flexibility, diligence and locus of control). These findings underscore the importance of ‘personal’ and ‘relational’ collaboration features, which are underemphasized in India’s ICDS, the largest of its kind globally, and in the multisectoral collaboration literature more broadly—both of which place greater emphasis on ‘organizational’ aspects of collaboration. These findings are largely consistent with prior studies but are notably different in that they highlight the importance of flexibility, locus of control and conflict resolution in collaborative relationships, all of which relate to one’s ability to adapt to unexpected obstacles and find mutually workable solutions with colleagues. From a policy perspective, supporting these key elements of collaboration may involve giving frontline workers more autonomy in how they get the work done, which may in some cases be impeded by additional training to reinforce worker role delineation, closer monitoring or other top-down efforts to push greater convergence. Given the essential role that frontline workers play in multisectoral initiatives in India and around the world, there is a clear need for policymakers and managers to understand the elements affecting collaboration between these workers when designing and implementing programmes.
A comparison of the cost of outpatient care delivered by Aam Aadmi Mohalla Clinics compared to other public and private facilities in Delhi, India
Authors: Garg Charu C , Goyanka Roopali 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Aam Admi Mohalla Clinics (AAMCs) were introduced in Delhi in 2015 as neighbourhood clinics to strengthen the delivery of primary care. To inform the policies on government investments for outpatient care, this study estimated the cost of outpatient care per visit in Delhi for 2019–20 for AAMCs and compared it with urban primary health centres (UPHCs), public hospitals, private clinics and private hospitals. Facility costs for AAMCs and UPHCs were also estimated. Using the data from a national health survey, government annual budgets and reports, a modified top-down methodology was adopted to measure the true cost of public facilities, taking into account both government expenditure and out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE). Inflation-adjusted OOPE was used to measure the cost of private facilities. The cost per visit at a private clinic at ₹1146 (US$16) was more than 3-times higher than that at a UPHC (₹325/US$5) and 8-times higher than that at AAMCs (₹143/US$2.0). These costs were ₹1099 (US$15) and ₹1818 (US$25) at public and private hospitals respectively. The annual economic cost per facility of a UPHC at ₹ 9 280 000/$130 000 is ∼4-times that at AAMC (₹2 474 000/$35 000). Unit costs are found to be lower at AAMCs. Utilization for outpatient care has shifted in favour of public primary care facilities. Higher investment in public primary care facilities with expanded services for prevention and promotion, upscaled infrastructure and a gate-keeping mechanism can strengthen the delivery of primary care and promote universal health care at a lower cost.
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic early response measures on myocardial infarctions and acute cardiac care in Singapore
Authors: Lee Shan Yin Audry , Loh Poay Huan , Lau Yee How , Jiang Yilin , Liew Boon Wah , Lim Patrick Zhan Yun , Rastogi Saurabh , Tan Wei Chieh Jack , Ho Hee Hwa , Yeo Khung Keong 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The COVID -19 pandemic impacted acute myocardial infarction (AMI) attendances, ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treatments, and outcomes. We collated data from majority of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI)-capable public healthcare centres in Singapore to understand the initial impact COVID-19 had on essential time-critical emergency services. We present data comparisons from ‘Before Disease Outbreak Response System Condition (DORSCON) Orange’, ‘DORSCON Orange to start of circuit breaker (CB)’, and during the first month of ‘CB’. We collected aggregate numbers of weekly elective PCI from four centres and AMI admissions, PPCI, and in-hospital mortality from five centres. Exact door-to-balloon (DTB) times were recorded for one centre; another two reported proportions of DTB times exceeding targets. Median weekly elective PCI cases significantly decreased from ‘Before DORSCON Orange’ to ‘DORSCON Orange to start of CB’ (34 vs 22.5, P = 0.013). Median weekly STEMI admissions and PPCI did not change significantly. In contrast, the median weekly non-STEMI (NSTEMI) admissions decreased significantly from ‘Before DORSCON Orange’ to ‘DORSCON Orange to start of CB’ (59 vs 48, P = 0.005) and were sustained during CB (39 cases). Exact DTB times reported by one centre showed no significant change in the median. Out of three centres, two reported significant increases in the proportion that exceeded DTB targets. In-hospital mortality rates remained static. In Singapore, STEMI and PPCI rates remained stable, while NSTEMI rates decreased during DORSCON Orange and CB. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) experience may have helped prepare us to maintain essential services such as PPCI during periods of acute healthcare resource strain. However, data must be monitored and increased pandemic preparedness measures must be explored to ensure that AMI care is not adversely affected by continued COVID fluctuations and future pandemics.
A preparation of bacterial outer membrane with osmium tetroxide and uranyl acetate co-stain enables improved structural determination by transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Sheikh Aadil , Zechmann Bernd , Sayes Christie M , Taube Joseph H , Greathouse K. Leigh 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Biological nanoparticles, such as bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), are routinely characterized through transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In this study, we report a novel method to prepare OMVs for TEM imaging. To preserve vesicular shape and structure, we developed a dual fixation protocol involving osmium tetroxide incubation prior to negative staining with uranyl acetate. Combining osmium tetroxide with uranyl acetate resulted in preservation of sub-50 nm vesicles and improved morphological stability, enhancing characterization of lipid-based nanoparticles by TEM.
A Unified Interpretation of the Semantics of Relevance Logic
Authors: Golan Rea 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
I introduce a novel and quite intuitive interpretation of the ternary relation that figures in the relational semantics of many relevance logics. Conceptually, my interpretation makes use only of incompatibility and parthood relations, defined over a set of states. In this way, the proposed interpretation—of the ternary relation and the conditional—extends Dunn’s and Restall’s works on negation and the Routley star operator. Therefore, the interpretation is unified, and hence not only intuitive but also parsimonious. Additionally, the interpretation provides us with a cogent argument to the effect that a ternary relation is indispensable, and we cannot merely do with a binary relation.
Reducing the impact of weak-lensing errors on gravitational-wave standard sirens
Authors: Wu Zhao-Feng , Chan Lok W L , Hendry Martin , Hannuksela Otto A 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
The mergers of supermassive black hole binaries can serve as standard sirens: the gravitational-wave (GW) analogue of standard candles. The upcoming space-borne GW detectors will be able to discover such systems and estimate their luminosity distances precisely. Unfortunately, weak gravitational lensing can induce significant errors in the measured distance of these standard sirens at high redshift, severely limiting their usefulness as precise distance probes. The uncertainty due to weak lensing can be reduced if the lensing magnification of the siren can be estimated independently, a procedure called ‘delensing’. With the help of up-to-date numerical simulations, here we investigate how much the weak-lensing errors can be reduced using convergence maps reconstructed from shear measurements. We also evaluate the impact of delensing on cosmological parameter estimation with bright standard sirens. We find that the weak-lensing errors for sirens at zs = 2.9 can be reduced by about a factor of two on average, but to achieve this would require expensive ultra-deep-field observations for every siren. Such an approach is likely to be practical in only limited cases, and the reduction in the weak-lensing error is therefore likely to be insufficient to significantly improve the cosmological parameter estimation. We conclude that performing delensing corrections is unlikely to be worthwhile, in contrast to the more positive expectations presented in previous studies. For delensing to become more practicable and useful in the future will require significant improvements in the resolution/depth of weak-lensing surveys and/or the methods to reconstruct convergence maps from these surveys.
The total rest-frame UV luminosity function from 3 &lt; z &lt; 5: a simultaneous study of AGN and galaxies from −28 &lt; MUV &lt; −16
Authors: Adams N J , Bowler R A A , Jarvis M J , Varadaraj R G , Häußler B 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
We present measurements of the rest-frame ultraviolet luminosity function (LF) at redshifts z = 3, z = 4, and z = 5, using 96894, 38655, and 7571 sources, respectively, to map the transition between active galactic nuclei (AGN) and galaxy-dominated ultraviolet emission shortly after the epoch of reionization (EoR). Sources are selected using a comprehensive photometric redshift approach, using 10 $\, {\rm deg}^2$ of deep extragalactic legacy fields covered by both HSC and VISTA. The use of template fitting spanning a wavelength range of 0.3–2.4 μm achieves 80–90 per cent completeness, much higher than the classical colour–colour cut methodology. The measured LF encompasses −26 &lt; MUV &lt; −19.25. This is further extended to −28.5 &lt; MUV &lt; −16 using complementary results from other studies, allowing for the simultaneous fitting of the combined AGN and galaxy LF. We find that there are fewer UV luminous galaxies (MUV &lt; −22) at z ∼ 3 than z ∼ 4, indicative of an onset of widespread quenching alongside dust obscuration, and that the evolution of the AGN LF is very rapid, with their number density rising by around two orders of magnitude from 3 &lt; z &lt; 6. It remains difficult to determine if a double power law functional form is preferred over the Schechter function to describe the galaxy UV LF. Estimating the hydrogen ionizing photon budget from our UV LFs, we find that AGN can contribute to, but cannot solely maintain, the reionization of the Universe at z = 3–5. However, the rapidly evolving AGN LF strongly disfavours a significant contribution within the EoR.
BIFROST: simulating compact subsystems in star clusters using a hierarchical fourth-order forward symplectic integrator code
Authors: Rantala Antti , Naab Thorsten , Rizzuto Francesco Paolo , Mannerkoski Matias , Partmann Christian , Lautenschütz Kristina 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
We present BIFROST, an extended version of the GPU-accelerated hierarchical fourth-order forward symplectic integrator code FROST. BIFROST (BInaries in FROST) can efficiently evolve collisional stellar systems with arbitrary binary fractions up to $f_\mathrm{bin}=100~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ by using secular and regularized integration for binaries, triples, multiple systems, or small clusters around black holes within the fourth-order forward integrator framework. Post-Newtonian (PN) terms up to order PN3.5 are included in the equations of motion of compact subsystems with optional three-body and spin-dependent terms. PN1.0 terms for interactions with black holes are computed everywhere in the simulation domain. The code has several merger criteria (gravitational-wave inspirals, tidal disruption events, and stellar and compact object collisions) with the addition of relativistic recoil kicks for compact object mergers. We show that for systems with N particles the scaling of the code remains good up to NGPU ∼ 40 × N/106 GPUs and that the increasing binary fractions up to 100 per cent hardly increase the code running time (less than a factor ∼1.5). We also validate the numerical accuracy of BIFROST by presenting a number of star clusters simulations the most extreme ones including a core collapse and a merger of two intermediate mass black holes with a relativistic recoil kick.
The long and the short of it: the benefits and leverage of ultraviolet-radio galaxy fitting
Authors: Thorne Jessica E , Robotham Aaron S G , Bellstedt Sabine , Davies Luke J M 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
Traditionally, the far-ultraviolet (FUV) to far-infrared (FIR) and radio spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of galaxies have been considered separately despite the common physical process shaping them. In this work, we explore the utility of simultaneously fitting FUV-radio SEDs using an extended version of the ProSpect SED fitting code considering contributions from both free–free and synchrotron emission. We use a small sample of galaxies from the Deep Extragalactic VIsible Legacy Survey (DEVILS) and the Key Insights on Nearby Galaxies: a Far-Infrared Survey with Herschel (KINGFISH) where high-quality and robust FUV-radio data are available to provide an ideal sample for testing a radio extension of ProSpect. As the parametrization of the radio extension links the radio continuum to the FIR emission, we explore the benefit of using radio continuum measurements as a constraint on the energy balance between dust attenuation and emission. We find that for situations where mid-IR–FIR photometry is unavailable, including a 1.4 GHz continuum measurement allows for improved accuracy in recovered star formation rates and dust luminosities of galaxies reducing the median uncertainty by 0.1 and 0.2 dex, respectively. We also demonstrate that incorporating 3 and 10 GHz measurements allows for further constraint on the energy balance and therefore the star formation rate and dust luminosity. This demonstrates the advantage of extending FUV–FIR SED fitting techniques to radio frequencies, especially as we move into an era where FIR surveys will remain limited and radio data become abundant (i.e. with the SKA and precursors).
A framework to measure the properties of intergalactic metal systems with two-point flux statistics
Authors: Karaçaylı Naim Göksel , Martini Paul , Weinberg David H , Iršič Vid , Aguilar J , Ahlen S , Brooks D , de la Macorra A , Font-Ribera A , Gontcho A Gontcho S , Guy J , Kisner T , Miquel R , Poppett C , Ravoux C , Schubnell M , Tarlé G , Weaver B A , Zhou Z 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
The abundance, temperature, and clustering of metals in the intergalactic medium are important parameters for understanding their cosmic evolution and quantifying their impact on cosmological analysis with the Ly α forest. The properties of these systems are typically measured from individual quasar spectra redward of the quasar’s Ly α emission line, yet that approach may provide biased results due to selection effects. We present an alternative approach to measure these properties in an unbiased manner with the two-point statistics commonly employed to quantify large-scale structure. Our model treats the observed flux of a large sample of quasar spectra as a continuous field and describes the one-dimensional, two-point statistics of this field with three parameters per ion: the abundance (column density distribution), temperature (Doppler parameter), and clustering (cloud–cloud correlation function). We demonstrate this approach on multiple ions (e.g. ${\rm C\, \small {\rm IV}}$ , ${\rm Si\, \small {\rm IV}}$ , and ${\rm Mg\, \small {\rm II}}$ ) with early data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) and high-resolution spectra from the literature. Our initial results show some evidence that the ${\rm C\, \small {\rm IV}}$ abundance is higher than previous measurements and evidence for abundance evolution over time. The first full year of DESI observations will have over an order of magnitude more quasar spectra than this study. In a future paper, we will use those data to measure the growth of clustering and its impact on the Ly α forest, as well as test other DESI analysis infrastructure such as the pipeline noise estimates and the resolution matrix.
Globular cluster formation histories, masses, and radii inferred from gravitational waves
Authors: Fishbach Maya , Fragione Giacomo 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
Globular clusters (GCs) are found in all types of galaxies and harbour some of the most extreme stellar systems, including black holes that may dynamically assemble into merging binary black holes (BBHs). Uncertain GC properties, including when they formed, their initial masses and sizes, affect their production rate of BBH mergers. Using the gravitational-wave transient catalogue (GWTC-3), we measure that dynamically assembled BBHs – those that are consistent with isotropic spin directions – make up ${61^{+29}_{-44}\%}$ of the total merger rate, with a local merger rate of ${10.9^{+16.8}_{-9.3}}$ Gpc−3 yr−1 rising to ${58.9^{+149.4}_{-46.0}}$ Gpc−3 yr−1 at z = 1. We assume that this inferred rate describes the contribution from GCs and compare it against the Cluster Monte Carlo (cmc) simulation catalogue to directly fit for the GC initial mass function, virial radius distribution, and formation history. We find that GC initial masses are consistent with a Schechter function with slope ${\beta _m = -1.9^{+0.8}_{-0.8}}$ . Assuming a mass function slope of βm = −2 and a mass range between 104–$10^8\, \mathrm{ M}_\odot$ , we infer a GC formation rate at z = 2 of ${5.0^{+9.4}_{-4.0}}$ Gpc−3 yr−1, or ${2.1^{+3.9}_{-1.7}}\times 10^6\, \mathrm{ M}_\odot$ Gpc−3 yr−1 in terms of mass density. We find that the GC formation rate probably rises more steeply than the global star formation rate between z = 0 and z = 3 (82 per cent credibility) and implies a local number density that is ${f_\mathrm{ev} = 22.6^{+29.9}_{-16.2}}$ times higher than the observed density of survived GCs. This is consistent with expectations for cluster evaporation, but may suggest that other environments contribute to the rate of BBH mergers with significantly tilted spins.
Deciphering the unusual stellar progenitor of GRB 210704A
Authors: Becerra R L , Troja E , Watson A M , O’Connor B , Veres P , Dichiara S , Butler N R , De Colle F , Sakamoto T , López K O C , Aoki K , Fraija N , Im M , Kutyrev A S , Lee W H , Paek G S H , Pereyra M , Ravi S , Urata Y 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
GRB 210704A is a burst of intermediate duration (T90 ∼ 1–4 s) followed by a fading afterglow and an optical excess that peaked about 7 d after the explosion. Its properties, and in particular those of the excess, do not easily fit into the well-established classification scheme of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) as being long or short, leaving the nature of its progenitor uncertain. We present multiwavelength observations of the GRB and its counterpart, observed up to 160 d after the burst. In order to decipher the nature of the progenitor system, we present a detailed analysis of the GRB high-energy properties (duration, spectral lag, and Amati correlation), its environment, and late-time optical excess. We discuss three possible scenarios: a neutron star merger, a collapsing massive star, and an atypical explosion possibly hosted in a cluster of galaxies. We find that traditional kilonova and supernova models do not match well the properties of the optical excess, leaving us with the intriguing suggestion that this event was an exotic high-energy merger.