bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intestinal and Urogenital Amebae, Flagellates, and Ciliates
Authors: Mathison Blaine A. , Couturier Marc R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Entamoeba histolytica
and
Giardia duodenalis
infections are two of the most common protozoal infections seen worldwide and are of serious concern on a global scale due to their prevalence and the pathogenicity of these causative agents. Microscopic examination of stool specimens continues to be one of the main tools used in the laboratory diagnosis of intestinal amebic, flagellate, and ciliate infections. Antigen detection methods such as enzyme immunoassays, immunochromatographic assays, and direct fluorescent‐antibody assays are available for the detection of pathogens such as the
E. histolytica
/
Entamoeba dispar
group,
E. histolytica
,
Cryptosporidium
spp. and
G. duodenalis
. One of the most important developments related to the molecular detection of parasites is the advent of panels for detection of multiple agents of gastrointestinal disease, including combinations of bacterial, viral, and parasitic agents.
Cystoisospora
,
Cyclospora
, and
Sarcocystis
Authors: Qvarnstrom Yvonne , Arrowood Michael J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

The parasites traditionally referred to as coccidia that develop in the intestines of humans—
Cystoisospora belli
,
Cyclospora cayetanensis
, and
Sarcocystis
spp.—are in the Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizaria supergroup in the current taxonomic scheme used by protozoologists. Oocysts of these coccidia are found in the feces of humans, and diagnosis is based ultimately on demonstrating oocysts in human stool samples. The use of molecular methods to evaluate the phylogenetics and genetic diversity of parasites has resulted in a revision of the coccidian parasites.
In vitro
culture of intestinal coccidian parasites is most often used as a tool to study developmental biology or to identify active chemotherapeutic agents. Differentiation of the intestinal coccidia to the subspecies/strain level—genotyping—can be important for epidemiologic reasons, for example to link cases in outbreak investigations or to better understand clinical outcome differences.
Nematodes
Authors: Sheorey Harsha , Biggs Beverley‐Ann , Bradbury Richard S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Nematodes are unsegmented cylindrical worms with a body cavity containing an alimentary canal and genital system; the sexes are separate. They have longitudinal muscles, which allow them to move by flexing their bodies. Molecular diagnosis for intestinal nematodes is increasingly being introduced in diagnostic laboratories. There are a variety of morphological features and DNA sequences which form the basis for taxonomy of nematodes. The primary diagnosis of infection is by demonstration of
A. lumbricoides
eggs in feces. Albendazole is the first choice for treating
A. lumbricoides
, and mebendazole is also effective. Any helminth eggs or larvae found in feces are significant, and treatment is recommended even if the patient is asymptomatic. There is no need to quantitate helminth parasites in a diagnostic context, as this does not necessarily correlate with clinical illness.
Filarial Nematodes
Authors: Showler Adrienne J. , Nutman Thomas B. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Filarial worms are arthropod‐transmitted nematodes that dwell, as adults, in the subcutaneous tissues and the lymphatics. Although eight filarial species infect humans, four are responsible for most of the pathology associated with these infections:
Wuchereria bancrofti
,
Brugia malayi
,
Onchocerca volvulus
, and
Loa loa
. The taxonomy of these parasites follows a newly adopted molecular approach. All filariae go through a complex life cycle that includes an infective larval stage carried by the insects and an adult worm stage that resides in humans, either in the lymph nodes, the adjacent lymphatics, the subcutaneous tissue, or the pleural/peritoneal cavities. There are significant differences in the clinical manifestations of filarial infections, or at least in the period over which the manifestations present, between patients native to the areas of endemicity and those who are travelers or recent arrivals in these same areas.
Trematodes
Authors: Jones Malcolm K. , A. Gordon Catherine , Mcmanus Donald P. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

This chapter focuses on members of the clade Digenea of the phylum Platyhelminthes. At least 70 species of digenean trematodes have been recorded as adult parasites in humans. These species are endoparasitic, occupying a variety of tissue sites. Members of the genus
Schistosoma
are blood flukes responsible for the important human disease schistosomiasis. The second strategy, evident in the remainder of the human‐infecting species, is foodborne transmission, and parasites that use this strategy can be termed collectively the foodborne digeneans. For these species, the human‐infective stage, a metacercaria, is ingested with food. The impact of these foodborne trematodes on human health is large. The primary epidemiological features governing human infection include the distribution of suitable snail intermediate hosts, human food consumption behaviors, the presence of suitable zoonotic hosts, and the potential for water contamination with human or animal excreta.
Less Common Helminths
Authors: PROCOP GARY W. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

There are a wide variety of less commonly encountered helminthic parasites, which may be nematodes, cestodes, or trematodes. The diseases caused by these parasites are interesting and demonstrate their highly evolved life cycles and the complex interactions with their hosts. This chapter covers the less common causes of helminthic parasitic infections, particularly those caused by the less common nematodes and cestodes.
Spirometra
species, the etiologic agent of sparganosis, is the only less common cestode. Descriptions of a few of the other less common cestodes that may infect humans are given. Dietary and folk‐medicine customs are also important in the prevalence of human disease, as many of these are associated with the ingestion or application of raw animal products. The treatment of these parasites varies depending on the infectious agent, but common preventive measures may significantly diminish the transmission of many of these parasitic diseases.
Carbonized Polymer Dots‐Based Spectrally Adaptable Photonic Microbarcodes
Authors: Barman Barun Kumar , Watanabe Keisuke , Nagao Tadaaki 
Published: January 2025

AbstractCarbonized polymer dots (CPDs) are versatile nanomaterials with remarkable optical properties that enable their use in a wide range of photonics applications. CPDs exhibit excitation‐wavelength‐dependent tunable emissions that span the visible to near‐infrared (NIR) spectrum. In this study, whispering‐gallery‐mode (WGM) emission achieved using CPDs‐coated monodisperse polystyrene (PS) microbeads (CPDs@PS) are used to develop wavelength‐adaptable photonic barcodes by leveraging the excitation‐dependent photoluminescence of CPDs. Each resonant emission peak acts as a unique fingerprint of photonics barcodes related to the corresponding microresonator caused by WGM emission. These photonic barcodes can be easily disguised and then authenticated by varying the excitation wavelength. WGM‐based barcodes can exhibit a large number of encoding capacities by adjusting the resonator diameter. Monodisperse CPDs@PS microbeads (3, 4.5, and 6 µm) are used to demonstrate adaptable photonic barcodes, which can improve the readability and reproducibility of spectral patterns for the reliable tagging and identification of commodities. Unlike traditional semiconductor quantum dots or dye‐doped microresonators, this adaptive resonant emission does not require structural or chemical modifications, making it an ideal candidate for multiplexed assays, cell tagging and tracking, anti‐counterfeiting, and for ensuring the integrity and authenticity of products in various high‐value sectors.
Maternal Gut Inflammation Aggravates Acute Liver Failure Through Facilitating Ferroptosis via Altering Gut Microbial Metabolism in Offspring
Authors: Zhao Caijun , Bao Lijuan , Shan Ruping , Zhao Yihong , Wu Keyi , Shang Shan , Li Haiqi , Liu Yi , Chen Ke , Zhang Naisheng , Ye Cong , Hu Xiaoyu , Fu Yunhe 
Published: January 2025

AbstractMicrobial transmission from mother to infant is important for offspring microbiome formation and health. However, it is unclear whether maternal gut inflammation (MGI) during lactation influences mother‐to‐infant microbial transmission and offspring microbiota and disease susceptibility. In this study, it is found that MGI during lactation altered the gut microbiota of suckling pups by shaping the maternal microbiota in the gut and mammary glands. MGI‐induced changes in the gut microbiota of suckling pups lasted into adulthood, resulting in the exacerbation of acute liver failure (ALF) caused by acetaminophen (APAP) in offspring. Specifically, MGI reduced the abundance of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) and its metabolite indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) level in adult offspring. L. reuteri and IAA alleviated ALF in mice by promoting intestinal IL‐22 production. Mechanistically, IL‐22 limits APAP‐induced excessive oxidative stress and ferroptosis by activating STAT3. The intestinal abundances of L. reuteri and IAA are inversely associated with the progression of patients with ALF. Overall, the study reveals the role of MGI in mother‐to‐infant microbial transmission and disease development in offspring, highlighting potential strategies for intervention in ALF based on the IAA‐IL‐22‐STAT3 axis.
Reversing Cochlear Nucleus Maladaptive Plasticity via Customized Extracochlear Stimulation: A New Approach for Tinnitus Treatment
Authors: Chen Min , Fan Shuwen , Mao Jiabao , Huang Linhan , Tursun Nafisa , Zhang Chen , Li Wen , Li Shufeng 
Published: January 2025

AbstractTinnitus, a widespread condition affecting numerous individuals worldwide, remains a significant challenge due to limited effective therapeutic interventions. Intriguingly, patients using cochlear implants (CIs) have reported significant relief from tinnitus symptoms, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear and intracochlear implantation risks cochlear damage and hearing loss. This study demonstrates that targeted intracochlear electrical stimulation (ES) in guinea pigs with noise‐induced hearing loss reversed tinnitus‐related maladaptive plasticity in the cochlear nucleus (CN), characterized by reduced auditory innervation, increased somatosensory innervation, and diminished inhibitory neural networks. Additionally, a customized extracochlear ES delivered by a newly designed extracochlear electrode array to guinea pigs with salicylate‐induced tinnitus also reversed the aforementioned maladaptive plasticity and alleviated tinnitus without causing additional cochlear damage or hearing loss. These findings suggest that CI‐delivered ES may alleviate tinnitus by reversing maladaptive CN plasticity. Additionally, the extracochlear ES strategy offers a promising tinnitus treatment with minimal risk to hearing.
Electron‐Rich Heptacyclic S,N Heteroacene Enabling C‐Shaped A‐D‐A‐type Electron Acceptors With Photoelectric Response beyond 1000 Nm for Highly Sensitive Near‐Infrared Photodetectors
Authors: Huang Kuo‐Hsiu , Jiang Bing‐Huang , Lu Han‐Cheng , Xue Yung‐Jing , Lu Chia‐Fang , Chang Yung‐Yung , Huang Ching‐Li , Chien Su‐Ying , Chen Chih‐Ping , Cheng Yen‐Ju 
Published: January 2025

AbstractA highly electron‐rich S,N heteroacene building block is developed and condensed with FIC and Cl‐IC acceptors to furnish CT‐F and CT‐Cl, which exhibit near‐infrared (NIR) absorption beyond 1000 nm. The C‐shaped CT‐F and CT‐Cl self‐assemble into a highly ordered 3D intermolecular packing network via multiple π−π interactions in the single crystal structures. The CT‐F‐based organic photovoltaic (OPV) achieved an impressive efficiency of 14.30% with a broad external quantum efficiency response extending from the UV‐vis to the NIR (300–1050 nm) regions, outperforming most binary OPVs employing NIR A‐D‐A‐type acceptors. CT‐Cl possesses a higher surface energy than CT‐F, promoting vertical phase segregation and resulting in its preferential accumulation near the bottom interface of the blend. This arrangement, combined with the lower HOMO energy level of CT‐Cl, effectively reduces undesired hole and electron injection under reverse voltage. The PM6:CT‐Cl‐based organic photodetectors (OPDs) devices achieved an ultra‐high shot‐noise‐limited specific detectivity (Dsh*) values exceeding 1014 Jones in the NIR region from 620 to 1000 nm, reaching an unprecedentedly high value of 1.3 × 1014 Jones at 950 nm. When utilizing a 780 nm light source, the PM6:CT‐Cl‐based OPDs show record‐high rise/fall times of 0.33/0.11 µs and an exceptional cut‐off frequency (f‐3dB) of 590 kHz at −1 V.
Exploiting Lattice Carbon‐Induced Modulation Effect in Nickel towards Efficient Alkaline Hydrogen Oxidation
Authors: He Jian , Luo Liu , Li Jinchi , Chen Shiqi , Yu Shuqi , Zeng Liang , Wang Yao , Chen Yungui 
Published: January 2025

AbstractDoping with non‐metallic heteroatom is an effective approach to tailor the electronic structure of Ni for enhancing its alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) catalytic performance. However, the modulation of HOR activity of Ni by lattice carbon (LC) atoms has rarely been reported, especially to reveal the rule between the doping effect and activity caused by the content of LC atoms. Here, hydrogen is proposed as a scavenger for LC atoms in the pyrolytic reduction process to finely control the content of LC atoms in Ni. With the removal of LC atoms in Ni lattice, the electronic structure changes from Ni3C‐like electronic structure to quasi‐Ni structure. Furthermore, a volcanic relationship between the LC content and HOR activity of Ni is established for the first time. The Cless‐Ni (LC0.44‐Ni) with optimized LC content shows the best activity owing to the weakened hydrogen binding energy (HBE) and optimal hydroxyl binding energy (OHBE). This work provides an inspiration for the design of high‐performance catalysts by tailoring the electronic structure of the metal via LC atoms doping.
Interstitial Doping in Ultrafine Nanocrystals for Efficient and Durable Water Splitting
Authors: Jiang Minming , Xu Jiang , Chen Yujie , Wang Luqi , Zhou Qi , Munroe Paul , Li Linlin , Xie Zong‐Han , Peng Shengjie 
Published: January 2025

AbstractTransition metal‐based catalysts with high efficiency and stability for overall water splitting (OWS) offer significant potential for reducing green hydrogen production costs. Utilizing sputtering deposition technology, we propose a deposition‐diffusion strategy to fabricate heterojunction coatings composed of ultrafine FeCoNi‐C‐N transition metal interstitial solid solution (TMISS) nanocrystals and amorphous nitrided carbon (NC) on the pre‐deposited NC micro column arrays. The diffusion of C and N atoms results in the formation of uniformly distributed TMISS nanocrystals, with an average diameter of ~1.9 nm, thus maximizing atomic utilization. The unique crystalline‐amorphous heterojunction interface enhances electrocatalytic stability. Furthermore, the electronic regulation of metal sites by interstitial C and N atoms not only optimizes the adsorption‐dissociation process in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), but also accelerates the surface reconstruction of hydroxyl oxides to enhance the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity. As a result, the as‐prepared coating achieved overpotentials of only 62 mV and 237 mV for the HER and OER at 10 mA cm−2 in alkaline electrolytes, and exhibited excellent OWS performance and long‐term stability at high current densities. This work presents a new perspective for synthesizing TMISS nanocrystals and promotes their application in bifunctional electrocatalysts.
Revealing the Monooxygenase Mechanism for Selective Ring Cleavage of Anthraquinone by BTG13 through Multiscale Simulations
Authors: Su Yanzhuang , Shi Yusheng , Lai Wenzhen 
Published: January 2025

AbstractBTG13, a non‐heme iron‐dependent enzyme with a distinctive coordination environment of four histidines and a carboxylated lysine, has been found to catalyze the cleavage of the C4a‐C10 bond in anthraquinone. Contrary to typical dioxygenase mechanisms, our quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations reveal that BTG13 functions more like a monooxygenase. It selectively inserts an oxygen atom into the C10‐C4a bond, creating a lactone species that subsequently undergoes hydrolysis, leading to the formation of a ring‐opened product. This discovery highlights the unique catalytic properties of BTG13 and expands our understanding of non‐heme iron enzyme mechanisms.
Protein Fusion of Biosynthetic Enzymes and a Thermo‐Responsive Polypeptide Expedites Facile Access to Biocatalysts for Nucleotide Sugars
Authors: Wu Xiaocong , Liu Jing , Yin Xuefei , Ma Di , Zhang Sichao , Liu Xianwei 
Published: January 2025

AbstractNucleotide sugars (NSs) are essential building blocks for the enzymatic assembly of glycans. In this study, we established a preparation and recycling avenue to the biocatalysts for the enzymatic synthesis of NSs. This approach involves fusing two enzymes into a bifunctional chimera and using elastin‐like polypeptides (ET64) as a purification tag, which allows for easy recovery of these biocatalysts without the need for chromatography. We successfully constructed and obtained five bifunctional fusion enzymes (GalK‐USP‐ET64, GlmU‐NahK‐ET64, ManC‐NahK‐ET64, FKP‐ET64, and NanA‐CSS‐ET64) for the synthesis of five common NSs (UDP‐Gal, UDP‐GlcNAc, GDP‐Man, GDP‐Fuc, and CMP‐Neu5Ac). These enzymes were obtained using the Inverse Transition Cycling (ITC) process in yields ranging from 60 to 124 mg per liter of fermentation. The enzymatic synthesis of NSs was carried out on a scale from hundreds of milligrams to multiple grams using these biocatalysts. Furthermore, we investigated the reusability of these biocatalysts by recycling them from the reaction solution using the ITC process. The recycling of GalK‐USP‐ET64, GlmU‐NahK‐ET64, FKP‐ET64, and NanA‐CSS‐ET64 was effectively achieved for 15, 13, 3, and 4 times, respectively. These biocatalysts could be used not only for the enzymatic synthesis of NSs but also for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycan biomolecules when coupled with glycosyltransferases.
What Factors Determine the Brevione B Desaturation Mechanism in the Nonheme Iron Dioxygenase BrvJ?
Authors: Cao Jingyu , Lu Jingyuan , Cao Yuanxin , de Visser Sam P. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe natural product synthesis of brevione J undergoes a cascade of reactions including an oxidative desaturation and a ring‐expansion. The C1−C2 desaturation of brevione B is catalyzed by the nonheme iron dioxygenase BrvJ using one molecule of O2 and α‐ketoglutarate (αKG). However, whether the subsequent oxidative ring expansion reaction is also catalyzed by the same enzyme is unknown and remains controversial. To gain insight into the mechanism of brevione J biosynthesis a computational study is reported here using molecular dynamics and density functional theory approaches. The work predicts that both cycles can proceed in the same protein structure on an iron center with O2 and αKG for each cycle. The rate‐determining step is a hydrogen atom abstraction step in both reaction cycles. Interestingly, the OH rebound barriers are high in energy in cycle 1 due to stereochemical interactions and substrate positioning that enable an efficient desaturation reaction.
Modelling of the gas purification system for flue gas acid production
Authors: Yu Feng , Chen Chunhua , Mao Zhizhong 
Published: January 2025

AbstractEstablishing a gas pressure model of the purification system to accurately estimate the system output pressure is a powerful guarantee to ensure the stable and efficient operation of the acid production process. This paper presents a study on the establishment of gas pressure models for three facilities in the purification system at the Guixi Smelter in China, including a pulse jet fabric filter, an electrostatic precipitator, and a drying tower. Through analysis of the operating mechanisms of these facilities, pressure mechanism models are established for the gas flows. Considering the nonlinearity and time‐varying nature of the model, an improved extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm is proposed to perform online identification of the unknown parameters within the model. Compared to the first‐order EKF, the improved algorithm achieves significantly better performance without incurring additional computational overhead. Field experiments on pressure estimation at the acid production site validate the reasonableness of the established models, as well as the efficacy of the proposed identification algorithm.
Oxygen‐Dependent Photoluminescence and Electrical Conductance of Zinc Tin Oxide (ZTO): A Modified Stern‐Volmer Description
Authors: Kothe Linda , Klippstein Josefin , Kloß Marvin , Wengenroth Marc , Poeplau Michael , Ester Stephan , Tiemann Michael 
Published: January 2025

AbstractZinc tin oxide (ZTO) is investigated as a photoluminescent sensor for oxygen (O2); chemisorbed oxygen quenches the luminescence intensity. At the same time, ZTO is also studied as a resistive sensor; being an n‐type semiconductor, its electrical conductance decreases by adsorption of oxygen. Both phenomena can be exploited for quantitative O2 sensing. The respective sensor responses can be described by the same modified Stern‐Volmer model that distinguishes between accessible and non‐accessible luminescence centers or charge carriers, respectively. The impact of the temperature is studied in the range from room temperature up to 150 °C.
Managing Organisational Changes for Collaboration Between Stakeholders in Sustainable Public Procurement
Authors: Santos Felippe , Hilletofth Per , von Haartman Robin 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTSustainable public procurement (SPP) has been incorporating sustainability issues into commercial relationships between governments and businesses. SPP implementation can be undertaken with the support of organisational changes. Research has highlighted the role of stakeholders' collaboration in driving changes for SPP. However, there is limited understanding of the forces fostering and blocking the implementation of collaboration. This paper analyses drivers for and barriers to implementing collaboration in SPP, based on semi‐structured interviews with SPP practitioners from different world regions (Brazil and Sweden). This paper provides a catalogue of forces influencing organisational changes towards collaboration in SPP (categorised into internal, connecting‐protagonist, connecting‐supporting and external), including 23 drivers, 40 barriers and 24 strategies to overcome such barriers. This paper also proposes an understanding of how organisational changes for collaboration are interconnected with changes for implementing SPP. Organisational changes for SPP must be understood as multiple and composite instead of single and monolithic.