bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demography as a Field: Where We Came From and Where We Are Headed
Authors: Pesando Luca Maria , Dorélien Audrey , St-Denis Xavier , Santos Alexis 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis essay provides a series of reflections on the current state of demography as seen by four early-career researchers who are actively engaged in aspects of the discipline as varied as research, teaching, mentorship, data collection efforts, policy making, and policy advising. Despite some claims that the discipline is weakening, we showcase the great potential of the field and outline promising pathways and novel directions for the future. In so doing, we critically assess recent innovations in data quality and availability, stressing the need to “revolutionize” the way that demographic methods are taught by adopting a viewpoint that more closely reflects the rapidly changing, or “fast,” nature of global social phenomena such as conflict-related displacements, environmental disasters, migration streams, pandemics, and evolving population policies. We conclude by discussing the relevance of careful demographic analyses for policy making, stressing three main points: (i) the need to make demography more visible and understandable to the public eye; (ii) the importance of engaging and co-creating with local communities to “break” the academic bubble; and (iii) the urge to counteract the spread of misinformation—a phenomenon that has become even more visible in the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak.
AI-enabled strategies for climate change adaptation: protecting communities, infrastructure, and businesses from the impacts of climate change
Authors: Jain Harshita , Dhupper Renu , Shrivastava Anamika , Kumar Deepak , Kumari Maya 
Published: July 2023

AbstractClimate change is one of the most pressing global challenges we face today. The impacts of rising temperatures, sea levels, and extreme weather events are already being felt around the world and are only expected to worsen in the coming years. To mitigate and adapt to these impacts, we need innovative, data-driven solutions. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a promising tool for climate change adaptation, offering a range of capabilities that can help identify vulnerable areas, simulate future climate scenarios, and assess risks and opportunities for businesses and infrastructure. With the ability to analyze large volumes of data from climate models, satellite imagery, and other sources, AI can provide valuable insights that can inform decision-making and help us prepare for the impacts of climate change. However, the use of AI in climate change adaptation also raises important ethical considerations and potential biases that must be addressed. As we continue to develop and deploy these solutions, it is crucial to ensure that they are transparent, fair, and equitable. In this context, this article explores the latest innovations and future directions in AI-enabled climate change adaptation strategies, highlighting both the potential benefits and the ethical considerations that must be considered. By harnessing the power of AI for climate change adaptation, we can work towards a more resilient, sustainable, and equitable future for all.
An integrative approach for the analysis of risk and health across the life course: challenges, innovations, and opportunities for life course research
Authors: Zuber Sascha , Bechtiger Laura , Bodelet Julien Stéphane , Golin Marta , Heumann Jens , Kim Jung Hyun , Klee Matthias , Mur Jure , Noll Jennie , Voll Stacey , O’Keefe Patrick , Steinhoff Annekatrin , Zölitz Ulf , Muniz-Terrera Graciela , Shanahan Lilly , Shanahan Michael J. , Hofer Scott M. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractLife course epidemiology seeks to understand the intricate relationships between risk factors and health outcomes across different stages of life to inform prevention and intervention strategies to optimize health throughout the lifespan. However, extant evidence has predominantly been based on separate analyses of data from individual birth cohorts or panel studies, which may not be sufficient to unravel the complex interplay of risk and health across different contexts. We highlight the importance of a multi-study perspective that enables researchers to: (a) Compare and contrast findings from different contexts and populations, which can help identify generalizable patterns and context-specific factors; (b) Examine the robustness of associations and the potential for effect modification by factors such as age, sex, and socioeconomic status; and (c) Improve statistical power and precision by pooling data from multiple studies, thereby allowing for the investigation of rare exposures and outcomes. This integrative framework combines the advantages of multi-study data with a life course perspective to guide research in understanding life course risk and resilience on adult health outcomes by: (a) Encouraging the use of harmonized measures across studies to facilitate comparisons and synthesis of findings; (b) Promoting the adoption of advanced analytical techniques that can accommodate the complexities of multi-study, longitudinal data; and (c) Fostering collaboration between researchers, data repositories, and funding agencies to support the integration of longitudinal data from diverse sources. An integrative approach can help inform the development of individualized risk scores and personalized interventions to promote health and well-being at various life stages.
How AI developers can assure algorithmic fairness
Authors: Xivuri Khensani , Twinomurinzi Hosanna 
Published: July 2023

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly become one of the technologies used for competitive advantage. However, there are also growing concerns about bias in AI models as AI developers risk introducing bias both unintentionally and intentionally. This study, using a qualitative approach, investigated how AI developers can contribute to the development of fair AI models. The key findings reveal that the risk of bias is mainly because of the lack of gender and social diversity in AI development teams, and haste from AI managers to deliver much-anticipated results. The integrity of AI developers is also critical as they may conceal bias from management and other AI stakeholders. The testing phase before model deployment risks bias because it is rarely representative of the diverse societal groups that may be affected. The study makes practical recommendations in four main areas: governance, social, technical, and training and development processes. Responsible organisations need to take deliberate actions to ensure that their AI developers adhere to fair processes when developing AI; AI developers must prioritise ethical considerations and consider the impact their models may have on society; partnerships between AI developers, AI stakeholders, and society that might be impacted by AI models should be established; and AI developers need to prioritise transparency and explainability in their models while ensuring adequate testing for bias and corrective measures before deployment. Emotional intelligence training should also be provided to the AI developers to help them engage in productive conversations with individuals outside the development team.
Different approaches to the moral status of AI: a comparative analysis of paradigmatic trends in Science and Technology Studies
Authors: Redaelli Roberto 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe exponential progress of AI systems today compels scientists and philosophers to redefine their conceptual frameworks to better understand the nature of these new technologies and their moral status. Among the various theories that are used to respond to the challenges posed by intelligent systems are instrumentalism, Socio-technical Systems Theory (STST) and Mediation Theory (MT), all widely adopted in the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS). This paper intends to present the main features of these theories and provide a comparative analysis of them in order to assess their contribution to the process of understanding the moral status of artificial intelligence. Our investigation intends to show how (1) instrumentalism is inadequate to account for the moral status of AI, (2) STST, while helping to highlight the link between AI, society and morality, lends itself to the criticism of anthropocentrism, (3) MT in its Latourian version has the merit of highlighting the active character of technological artefacts and thus of artificial intelligence in the moral sphere. However, the principle of symmetry it proposes poses the problem of the de-accountability of the human agent. (4) MT in its postphenomenological form seems to partially resolve the problem of moral responsibility, but the opacity of the terminology it employs exposes it to various criticisms. In light of these results, we intend to show how an understanding of the moral status of intelligent systems cannot be based on the diametrically opposed positions that consider technologies either morally neutral or else moral agents similar to humans, whereas particularly useful elements can be found in STST and in postphenomenological MT.
The road to greater well-being: exploring the impact of an undergraduate positive education course on university students’ well-being
Authors: Pastore Olivia L. , McAllister Sarah , Fortier Michelle 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe profile of subjective well-being (SWB) in university students is perturbing in many respects. Indeed, university students are in need of tools to combat stress and promote SWB now more than ever given the adverse repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Positive education could serve as a SWB tool to help university students deal with academic, personal, and global stressors. While a number of studies have quantitatively reported the impact of positive education on student SWB, few have considered students’ experiences and perceptions of changes in their SWB as a result of taking a positive education course. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to qualitatively explore university students’ experiences in a positive education course and their perceptions of its influence on their SWB immediately after taking the course. Undergraduate students (n = 17) who had taken a positive education course during the Winter term of 2020 (January–April) were recruited via volunteer sampling. Data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Analyses revealed that the course improved the students’ SWB, self-compassion, mindfulness, and optimism. Mechanisms such as greater self-reflection, implementation of intentional positive activities, and big picture thinking underlie these reported improvements. Our findings support positive education’s effectiveness in enhancing student SWB and expand on the current literature by proposing novel mechanisms linking positive education to enhanced student SWB, self-compassion, mindfulness, and optimism.
The Ethics of Sharing: Privacy, Data, and Common Goods
Authors: Søe Sille Obelitz , Mai Jens-Erik 
Published: July 2023

AbstractGiven the concerns about big tech’s hoarding of data, creation of profiles, mining of data, and extrapolation of new knowledge from their data warehouses, there is a need and interest in devising policies and regulations that better shape big tech's influence on people and their lives. One such proposal is to create data commons. In this paper, we examine the idea of data commons as well as the concept of sharing in relation to the concept of personal data. We argue that personal data are different in nature from the objects of classical commons wherefore the logic of “sharing is caring” is flawed. We, therefore, develop an ethics of sharing taking privacy into account as well as the idea that sometimes the right thing to do is not sharing. This ethics of sharing is based in a proposal to conceptualize data commons as MacIntyrean practices and Wittgensteinian forms of life.
Infectious disease physician characteristics and prescription of meropenem in the hospital
Authors: Challener Douglas , O’Horo John , Tande Aaron J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Objective:
Physician characteristics may be correlated with medical treatment decisions and patient outcomes. This study examined the correlations between characteristics of infectious disease (ID) physicians and the use of the restricted antimicrobial meropenem.

Design:
This was a retrospective cohort study following 27 attending ID physicians for 5 years at a large academic medical center.

Methods:
All inpatient ID clinical encounters between 2013 and 2018 were assessed for physician and patient characteristics, including patient Charlson Comorbidity Index, patient sex, ID service seeing the patient, physician career stage, physician training location, and physician sex. Adjusted and unadjusted odds ratios were calculated for the receipt of meropenem on the same day as an ID clinical note.

Results:
Between 2013 and 2018, meropenem was administered on the same day as 9046 (11.1%) of 81,787 inpatient ID encounters. After adjustment for patient and practice-specific factors, physician career stage was associated with administration of meropenem. Patients seen by mid-career and late-career ID physicians were more likely to receive meropenem than those seen by early-career physicians (aOR 1.22 95% confidence interval [CI 1.13–1.31 and aOR 1.17 95% CI 1.10–1.25, respectively).

Conclusions:
ID provider characteristics may help target future antimicrobial stewardship program interventions.
Obstetrical Outcomes of Patients with Epilepsy in a Canadian Tertiary Care Center (2014–2020)
Authors: Hébert Julien , Iyengar Yajur , Ng Sharon , Liao Jenny , Snelgrove John W. , Bui Esther 
Published: July 2023

ABSTRACT:Background:There is a paucity of data on the obstetrical outcomes of Canadian pregnant patients with epilepsy, which may differ from the average Canadian pregnancy and from other populations of pregnant patients with epilepsy.Methods:Pregnant patients with epilepsy were identified from a prospectively collected database of patients seen at the maternal-fetal medicine obstetrics program of Mount Sinai Hospital (Toronto, Canada) between January 1, 2014, and November 20, 2020. Pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal outcome data were retrieved from this database and described using 95% binomial confidence intervals. Comparisons of obstetrical outcomes over the same period among the Canadian population average, obtained from publicly available national health data, were done using one-proportion Z-tests for nominal variables and one-sample t-tests for continuous variables.Results:In total, 282 pregnancies, from 224 patients, were included, which resulted in 274 live births. Mean maternal age was 32.8 years (s.d.= 4.6; population average [μ] = 30.9;p< 0.01), and 53% were primiparous (CI95%= 49%–61%; μ = 43%;p< 0.01). The observed rates of obstetrical complications were gestational hypertension 9% (CI95%=6%–13%; μ=7%; p=0.19), gestational diabetes 5% (CI95%= 3%–8%; μ = 9%;p= 0.02), cesarean section 44% (CI95%= 38%–50%; μ = 28%;p< 0.01), postpartum hemorrhage 5% (CI95%= 3%–8%; μ = 0.5%;p< 0.01), stillbirth 1% (CI95%= 0%–2%; μ=1%;p> 0.99), and prematurity 9% (CI95%= 6%–13%; μ = 8%;p= 0.44).Conclusion:In this cohort of Canadian pregnant patients with epilepsy from an urban tertiary care center, observed rates of obstetrical complications were rare and no higher than in the Canadian population over the same period, with the exception of cesarean section and postpartum hemorrhage. Future prospective studies that include primary care and rural settings are needed to increase the generalizability of those results.
An online global survey and follow-up expert groups on the scope and needs related to training, research, and mentorship among early-career addiction medicine professionals
Authors: Bhad Roshan , Achab Sophia , Rafei Parnian , Kathiresan Preethy , Ardabili Hossein Mohaddes , Butner Jenna , Orsolini Laura , Melby Katrine , Farokhnia Mehdi , Narasimha Venkata Lakshmi , Ridley Kelly , Tolomeo Serenella , Kanabar Mitika , Matanje Beatrice , Grandinetti Paolo ,   ISAM NExT Consortium, Potenza Marc , Ekhtiari Hamed , Baldacchino Alexander 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Addiction medicine is a rapidly growing field with many young professionals seeking careers in this field. However, early-career professionals (ECPs) face challenges such as a lack of competency-based training due to a shortage of trainers, limited resources, limited mentorship opportunities, and establishment of suitable research areas. The International Society of Addiction Medicine (ISAM) New Professionals Exploration, Training & Education (NExT) committee, a global platform for early-career addiction medicine professionals (ECAMPs), conducted a two-phase online survey using a modified Delphi-based approach among ECAMPs across 56 countries to assess the need for standardized training, research opportunities, and mentorship. A total of 110 respondents participated in Phase I (online key informant survey), and 28 respondents participated in Phase II (online expert group discussions on three themes identified in Phase I). The survey found that there is a lack of standardized training, structured mentorship programs, research funding, and research opportunities in addiction medicine for ECAMPs. There is a need for standardized training programs, improving research opportunities, and effective mentorship programs to promote the next generation of addiction medicine professionals and further development in the entire field. The efforts of ISAM NExT are well-received and give a template of how this gap can be addressed.
A longitudinal analysis of the hot hand and gambler’s fallacy biases
Authors: Polin Brian A. , Benisaac Eyal 
Published: July 2023

AbstractResearchers have found evidence of both hot hand and gambler’s fallacy biases in lottery number selection. Which of the two opposite effects is observed is often dependent upon the nature of the lottery game, the particular sample, the local culture of the participants, or the time transpired since the seed event. By observing hundreds of millions of lottery entries over 118 consecutive semiweekly drawings, we present evidence of both effects and their longitudinal properties. With respect to the selection ofindividualnumbers, lottery participants tend to avoid recently selected winning numbers. This gambler’s fallacy effect diminishes and the number becomes increasingly ‘hot’ until it is selected again. With respect to winning numbercombinations, we found strong evidence of a small but persistent hot hand bias. This bias gradually diminishes over time, but remains detectable and highly consistent for a number of years.
ON THE DENSITY OF SUMSETS, II
Authors: LEONETTI PAOLO , TRINGALI SALVATORE 
Published: July 2023

AbstractArithmetic quasidensities are a large family of real-valued set functions partially defined on the power set of
$\mathbb {N}$
, including the asymptotic density, the Banach density and the analytic density. Let
$B \subseteq \mathbb {N}$
be a nonempty set covering
$o(n!)$
residue classes modulo
$n!$
as
$n\to \infty $
(for example, the primes or the perfect powers). We show that, for each
$\alpha \in [0,1]$
, there is a set
$A\subseteq \mathbb {N}$
such that, for every arithmetic quasidensity
$\mu $
, both A and the sumset
$A+B$
are in the domain of
$\mu $
and, in addition,
$\mu (A + B) = \alpha $
. The proof relies on the properties of a little known density first considered by Buck [‘The measure theoretic approach to density’, Amer. J. Math.68 (1946), 560–580].
ON CERTAIN CLOSE-TO-CONVEX FUNCTIONS
Authors: ALI MD FIROZ , NUREZZAMAN MD 
Published: July 2023

AbstractLet
$\mathcal {K}_u$
denote the class of all analytic functions f in the unit disk
$\mathbb {D}:=\{z\in \mathbb {C}:|z|<1\}$
, normalised by
$f(0)=f'(0)-1=0$
and satisfying
$|zf'(z)/g(z)-1|<1$
in
$\mathbb {D}$
for some starlike function g. Allu, Sokól and Thomas [‘On a close-to-convex analogue of certain starlike functions’, Bull. Aust. Math. Soc.108 (2020), 268–281] obtained a partial solution for the Fekete–Szegö problem and initial coefficient estimates for functions in
$\mathcal {K}_u$
, and posed a conjecture in this regard. We prove this conjecture regarding the sharp estimates of coefficients and solve the Fekete–Szegö problem completely for functions in the class
$\mathcal {K}_u$
.
Impact of Point-of-Care Ultrasound on Prehospital Decision Making by HEMS Physicians in Critically Ill and Injured Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Vianen Niek J. , Van Lieshout Esther M.M. , Vlasveld Koen H.A. , Maissan Iscander M. , Gerritsen Patricia C. , Den Hartog Dennis , Verhofstad Michael H.J. , Van Vledder Mark G. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIntroduction:Several studies have shown the additional benefit of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) by prehospital Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Since organization of EMS may vary significantly across countries, the value of POCUS likely depends on the prehospital system in which it is used. In order to be able to optimally implement POCUS and develop a tailored training curriculum, it is important to know how often POCUS is currently used, for which indications it is used, and how it affects decision making. The aims of this study were: (1) to determine the percentage of patients in whom POCUS was used by Dutch Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) crews; (2) to determine how often POCUS findings led to changes in on-scene management; and (3) what these changes were.Methods:Patients who received prehospital care from December 1, 2020 through March 31, 2021 by a single HEMS crew were included in this prospective cohort study. Clinical data and specific data on POCUS examination, findings, and therapeutic consequences were collected and analyzed.Results:During the study period, on-scene HEMS care was provided to 612 patients, of which 211 (34.5%) patients underwent POCUS. Of these, 209 (34.2%) patients with a median age of 45 years were included. There were 131 (62.7%) trauma patients, and 70 (33.7%) of the included patients underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The median reported time of POCUS examination was three (P25-P75 2-5) minutes. Median prolongation of on-scene time was zero (P25-P75 0-1) minutes. In 85 (40.7%) patients, POCUS examination had therapeutic consequence: POCUS was found to impact treatment decisions in 34 (26.0%) trauma patients and 51 (65.4%) non-trauma patients. In patients with cardiac arrest, POCUS was most often used to aid decision making with regard to terminating or continuing resuscitation (28 patients; 13.4%).Conclusion:During the study period, POCUS examination was used in 34.5% of all prehospital HEMS patients and had a therapeutic consequence in 40.7% of patients. In trauma patients, POCUS seems to be most effective for patient triage and evaluation of treatment effectiveness. Moreover, POCUS can be of significant value in patients undergoing CPR. A tailored HEMS POCUS training curriculum should include ultrasound techniques for trauma and cardiac arrest.