bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
War on All Fronts
Authors: Evans Nicholas G. 
Published: March 2023

An argument for the centrality of rights in health security, and how to apply ethical principles to protecting those rights during public health crises.
In recent years, efforts to respond to infectious diseases have been described in terms of national and global security, leading to the formation of the field of “health security.” In War on All Fronts, Nicholas G. Evans provides a novel theory of just health securityand its relation to the practice of conventional public health. Using COVID-19 as a jumping-off point to examine wider issues, including how the US thinks about and prepares for pandemics, Evans shows the flaws in using the “war metaphor" and how any serious understanding of health security must square with human rights—even when a disease poses a threat to national security. Evans asks what ethical principles justify declaring, and taking action during, a public health emergency such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The relevant principles, he argues, parallel those of the ethics of armed conflict. Just war theory, properly understood, begins with pacifism and a commitment to the right not to be killed and then steps back to ask under what limited conditions it is permissible to kill. In a similar way, a just health security must also begin with the idea that public health should hold human rights sacrosanct and then ask under what limited conditions other concerns might prevail. Evans's overall goal is to formulate a guide to action, particularly as the world deals with the fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic. Turning to the transition from war back to peace in public health, he looks at reparation, rebuilding, and the accountability of actors during the crisis.
Athena Unbound
Authors: Baldwin Peter 
Published: March 2023

A clear-eyed examination of the open access movement: past history, current conflicts, and future possibilities.
Open access (OA) could one day put the sum of human knowledge at our fingertips. But the goal of allowing everyone to read everything faces fierce resistance. In Athena Unbound, Peter Baldwin offers an up-to-date look at the ideals and history behind OA, and unpacks the controversies that arise when the dream of limitless information slams into entrenched interests in favor of the status quo. In addition to providing a clear analysis of the debates, Baldwin focuses on thorny issues such as copyright and ways to pay for “free” knowledge. He also provides a roadmap that would make OA economically viable and, as a result, advance one of humanity's age-old ambitions.
Baldwin addresses the arguments in terms of disseminating scientific research, the history of intellectual property and copyright, and the development of the university and research establishment. As he notes, the hard sciences have already created a funding model that increasingly provides open access, but at the cost of crowding out the humanities. Baldwin proposes a new system that would shift costs from consumers to producers and free scholarly knowledge from the paywalls and institutional barriers that keep it from much of the world.
Rich in detail and free of jargon, Athena Unbound is an essential primer on the state of the global open access movement.
Principles of Knowledge Auditing
Authors: Lambe Patrick 
Published: March 2023

A comprehensive theoretical and practical guide to the operating principles of knowledge auditing, illustrated with numerous case studies.
A knowledge audit provides an “at a glance” view of an organization's needs and opportunities. Its purpose is to improve an organization's effectiveness through a better understanding of the dynamics and levers of knowledge production, access, and use. However, this developing field is hampered by the lack of a common language about the origins and nature of knowledge auditing. In Principles of Knowledge Auditing, Patrick Lambe integrates the theory and practices of the field, laying out principles and guidelines for a clearer and more pragmatic approach to knowledge auditing that makes it more accessible to practitioners and researchers.
Lambe examines knowledge auditing in the context of the development of communications, information, and knowledge management in the twentieth century. He critiques and clarifies ambiguities in how knowledge audits are approached and described, as well as how the results are conveyed within organizations. He discusses the benefits and risks of knowledge management standards. Knowledge auditors, he says, need a common frame of reference more than they need standards. Standards have their uses, but they provide only markers and signposts and are poor representations of the richness of the landscape. He concludes with a set of guiding principles for practitioners.
Evaluation of Microbiological Quality of Halal Beef Intended for Export from Khartoum State, Sudan
Authors: Khlil Hassna Ahmed , Mustafa Elniema A. 
Published: March 2023

Aims: To evaluate halal criteria of beef microbiological quality intended for export in two slaughterhouses.
Study Design: A cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Khartoum State, Sudan between August and November 2022.
Methodology: Samples were collected by using the non-destructive dry swab method for microbiological quality sampling of beef and a standardized checklist to evaluate good manufacturing practices (GMPs) and good hygienic practices (GHPs). Restraining methods were categorized as “modern method” where the full inversion rotary casting box was used which resembled slaughterhouse “A” or “conventional method” where a large-sized hammer for blowing the skull was used and this resembled slaughterhouse “B”. A total of 80 male beef cattle were investigated after arrival in the lairages of the designated slaughterhouses. Forty carcasses from each slaughtering method were randomly chosen and swabbed.
Results: The results revealed that halal criteria for the slaughtering methods in slaughterhouse (A) was 100%, while slaughterhouse (B) was 83.2%. Also, this study revealed poor personal hygiene as slaughterhouse A scored 53.2%, while slaughterhouse B scored 33.2% for personal hygiene evaluation. The mean total bacterial count (TBC) was found to be 4.556 x 10⁵ cfu/ml and 5.53275 X 10⁵ cfu/ml in slaughterhouses A and B, respectively with highly significant differences compared to the standard permissible limits (1x 10⁵cfu/ml) with p ≤0.05, while there were no statistically significant differences (0.847) within slaughterhouses with p ≤0.05. Furthermore, the mean total coliform count (TCC) was found to be 16.4795 X10²cfu/ml and 47.8670 X 10²cfu/ml in slaughterhouses A and B, respectively with a highly significant difference compared to the standard permissible limits (1x10²cfu/ml) with p ≤0.05 and also with highly significant differences (0.000) between slaughterhouses themselves with p ≤0.05.
Conclusion: The study concluded that both slaughterhouses failed to meet the requirements of the various beef halal criteria.
Assessment of Different Weed Management Practices in Mustard for Enhancement of Productivity
Authors: Sharma Nupur , Yadav Tikendra Kumar , Yadav Vinod Kumar , Ankita  , Jangir Manisha 
Published: March 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Krishi Vigyan kendra, Sawaimadhopur, Rajasthan, India in two consecutive years during 2018-19 and 2019-20 on Zone III –B of Rajasthan, India. In this experiment was performed in randomized block design which includes four treatments of weed control i.e. weedy check (T1), Hand weeding at 25 DAS (T2), Hand weeding at 25 & 45 DAS (T3), Pre emergence application of Pendimethaline @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 (T4) and replicated five times. Results revealed that Weed Density (no m-2) 60 days after sowing, Dry weight (kg ha-1) 60 days after sowing, weed control efficiency (%) and weed index found lowest in two hand weeding at 25 and 45 days after sowing fb Pre emergence application of Pendimethaline @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 (T4) during both the years during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. Highest seed yield (2341 kg ha-1) and (2431 kg ha-1) was found under two hand weeding (25 & 45 days after sowing) during 2018-19 and 2019-20 respectively.
Water‐Surface‐Mediated Precise Patterning of Organic Single‐Crystalline Films via Double‐Blade Coating for High‐Performance Organic Transistors
Authors: Xiao Yanling , Deng Wei , Hong Jiajing , Ren Xiaobin , Zhang Xiujuan , Shi Jialin , Sheng Fangming , Zhang Xiaohong , Jie Jiansheng 
Published: March 2023

AbstractApplication‐oriented growth of patterned organic semiconductor (OSC) thin films with a single domain is a nonnegotiable requirement for the manufacturing of high‐performance organic electronic devices. However, the prevalent selective‐wetting patterning method remains a challenge in controlling the density of nucleation events in microscale spaces, resulting in thin films with high grain boundary density and no preferential orientation spherulites. Herein, a simple double‐blade‐coating printing technique using a combination of wetting‐patterned substrates to produce an array of highly crystalline OSC thin films is developed. Specifically, the approach confines the OSC crystallization on a molecular‐flat water surface in specific areas, enabling a significant reduction in the number of nuclei. Consequently, patterned 2,7‐dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2‐b] benzothiophene (C8‐BTBT) thin films comprising single‐crystal domains are achieved with an exceptionally high yield of 62.5%. The organic field‐effect transistor array developed from such patterns of C8‐BTBT single‐crystalline films exhibits an excellent average mobility of 11.5 cm2 V−1 s−1 which is 12.5‐fold higher compared to that of the reference sample fabricated via conventional single‐blade coating. It is believed that this approach can be widely applied to other soluble organic materials, thereby opening up opportunities for fabricating multicomponent integrated electronics.
Super Strengthening Nano‐Polycrystalline Diamond through Grain Boundary Thinning
Authors: Yao Mingguang , Shen Fangren , Guo Dezhou , Zhang Hua , Zhai Chunguang , Shang Yuchen , Dong Jiajun , Zhao Yuanlong , Liu Zhaodong , Li Zhipeng , Li Haixin , Li Hongdong , An Qi , Liu Bingbing 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIntroducing nanostructures into diamonds is quite appealing for the synthesis of superhard materials with superior properties. However, as the grain size decreases to nanoscale, grain boundary effects become crucial yet complicated in the nanopolycrystalline diamond (NPD), making it challenging to tailor nanostructures. Here, atomistic simulations are combined with experiment to demonstrate a strengthening strategy for the sintered NPD by introducing thin amorphous grain boundary (AGB). The additive of small percentage of fullerene into precursors during sintering can significantly reduce crushed amorphous‐like nanodomains in diamond nanocrystals, leading to the formation of thin AGB. Such sintered NPD exhibits a significant hardness and fracture toughness enhancement, exceeding that of single crystal diamonds. These atomistic simulations show that upon straining the plastic deformation, crack initiation and propagation in NPD is AGB thickness dependent, and thin AGB can reduce crack nucleation and block crack propagation, well explaining the experimental observations. This study indicates that grain boundary modulation provides a promising approach for rational designs of high‐performance superhard materials with desired high strength.
Designing Heterovalent Substitution with Antioxidant Attribute for High‐Performance Sn‐Pb Alloyed Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Chang Zhen , Zheng Dexu , Zhao Shuai , Wang Le , Wu Sajian , Liu Lu , Li Zhipeng , Zhang Lu , Dong Qingshun , Wang Hui , Wang Shiwei , Wang Kai , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAll‐perovskite tandem solar cells are promising for breaking through the single‐junction Shockley–Queisser limit, and that potentially raises interest in configuring efficient Sn‐Pb alloyed narrow‐bandgap perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the Sn‐Pb alloyed perovskites are commonly plagued by uncontrollable crystallization dynamics and severe p‐doping levels. Herein, an effective additive molecule is designed with heterovalent substitution and antioxidant functions, whereby an organic metal coordination compound of tris(2,4‐pentanedionato)gallium (TPGa) is employed to upgrade the quality of perovskite films. Ga3+ substitution obviously boosts the formation energy of Sn vacancies and heals the trap states. Meanwhile, the crystal structure evolution process is improved by the anchoring effect of 2,4‐pentanedionato. The PSCs incorporating these improvements deliver not only a power conversion efficiency of 21.5% but also outstanding stability, as demonstrated by retaining 80% of the initial efficiency for over 1500 h. In addition, 23.14%‐efficient all‐perovskite tandem solar cells are further obtained by pairing this PSC with a wide‐bandgap (1.74 eV) top cell. This study supports the feasibility of doping trivalent ions into the Sn‐Pb alloyed perovskites to compromise the self‐p‐doping effect and highlights the importance of acetylacetone for passivating defects and hindering oxidation.
Dual Behavior Regulation: Tether‐Free Deep‐Brain Stimulation by Photothermal and Upconversion Hybrid Nanoparticles
Authors: Sun Feiyi , Shen Hanchen , Yang Qinghu , Yuan Zhaoyue , Chen Yuyang , Guo Weihua , Wang Yu , Yang Liang , Bai Zhantao , Liu Qingqing , Jiang Ming , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Sun Jianwei , Ye Ruquan , Kwok Ryan T. K. , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: March 2023

AbstractOptogenetics has been plagued by invasive brain implants and thermal effects during photo‐modulation. Here, two upconversion hybrid nanoparticles modified with photothermal agents, named PT‐UCNP‐B/G, which can modulate neuronal activities via photostimulation and thermo‐stimulation under near‐infrared laser irradiation at 980 nm and 808 nm, respectively, are demonstrated. PT‐UCNP‐B/G emits visible light (410–500 nm or 500–570 nm) through the upconversion process at 980 nm, while they exhibit efficient photothermal effect at 808 nm with no visible emission and tissue damage. Intriguingly, PT‐UCNP‐B significantly activates extracellular sodium currents in neuro2a cells expressing light‐gated channelrhodopsin‐2 (ChR2) ion channels under 980‐nm irradiation, and inhibits potassium currents in human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing the voltage‐gated potassium channels (KCNQ1) under 808‐nm irradiation in vitro. Furthermore, deep‐brain bidirectional modulation of feeding behavior is achieved under tether‐free 980 or 808‐nm illumination (0.8 W cm−2) in mice stereotactically injected with PT‐UCNP‐B in the ChR2‐expressing lateral hypothalamus region. Thus, PT‐UCNP‐B/G creates new possibility of utilizing both light and heat to modulate neural activities and provides a viable strategy to overcome the limits of optogenetics.
Programmed Self‐Assembly of Single Colloidal Gyroids for Chiral Photonic Crystals
Authors: Flavell Wesley , Neophytou Andreas , Demetriadou Angela , Albrecht Tim , Chakrabarti Dwaipayan 
Published: March 2023

AbstractGyroid structures are of extensive interest because they provide a rich platform for chiroptics as well as topological photonics. While the double‐gyroid morphology as a bicontinuous structure is not uncommon in self‐assembled soft materials, direct self‐assembly of single‐network gyroids has proven elusive. Here, an enantiomorphic pair of single‐gyroid crystals comprising colloidal spheres is presented, and two distinct routes are demonstrated for programmed self‐assembly of each single colloidal gyroid enantiomorph from rationally designed patchy spheres. The designer colloidal patchy spheres, which closely hew to their synthetic feasibility, are chiral, having either two staggered rectangular patches at opposite poles or four circular patches arranged in a well‐defined geometry. The single colloidal gyroid, as well as its inverse structure, is shown to support a wide complete photonic bandgap in addition to exhibiting rich chiroptical properties, making them attractive chiral photonic crystals. The versatility of this single colloidal gyroid, the bottom‐up routes devised here in silico, and the robustness of the design space for the chiral colloidal patchy spheres together make a strong case for single colloidal gyroids to supersede colloidal diamond, as a target for programmed self‐assembly, in the quest for photonic crystals operating at optical frequencies.
Transition Metal‐Based Therapies for Inflammatory Diseases
Authors: Song Yilin , You Qing , Chen Xiaoyuan 
Published: March 2023

AbstractInflammatory disease (ID) is a general term that covers all diseases in which chronic inflammation performs as the major manifestation of pathogenesis. Traditional therapies based on the anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs are palliative with the short‐term remission. The emergence of nanodrugs has been reported to solve the potential causes and prevent recurrences, thus holding great potential for the treatment of IDs. Among various nanomaterial systems, transition metal‐based smart nanosystems (TMSNs) with unique electronic structures possess therapeutic advantages owing to their large surface area to volume ratio, high photothermal conversion efficiency, X‐ray absorption capacity, and multiple catalytic enzyme activities. In this review, the rationale, design principle, and therapeutic mechanisms of TMSNs for treatments of various IDs are summarized. Specifically, TMSNs can not only be designed to scavenge danger signals, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and cell‐free DNA, but also can be engineered to block the mechanism of initiating inflammatory responses. In addition, TMSNs can be further applied as nanocarriers to deliver anti‐inflammatory drugs. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of TMSNs are discussed, and the future directions of TMSN‐based ID treatment for clinical applications are emphasized.
Achieving High Quantum Efficiency Broadband NIR Mg4Ta2O9:Cr3+ Phosphor Through Lithium‐Ion Compensation
Authors: Wang Shangwei , Pang Ran , Tan Tao , Wu Haiyan , Wang Qi , Li Chengyu , Zhang Su , Tan Taixing , You Hongpeng , Zhang Hongjie 
Published: March 2023

AbstractUltra‐efficient broadband near‐infrared (NIR) phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diodes (pc‐LEDs) are urgently needed to improve the detection sensitivity and spatial resolution of current smart NIR spectroscopy‐based techniques. Nonetheless, the performance of NIR pc‐LED has severely limited owing to the external quantum efficiency (EQE) bottleneck of NIR light‐emitting materials. Herein, a blue LED excitable Cr3+‐doped tetramagnesium ditantalate (Mg4Ta2O9, MT) phosphor is advantageously modified through lithium ion as a key efficient broadband NIR emitter to achieve high optical output power of the NIR light source. The emission spectrum encompasses the 700–1300 nm electromagnetic spectrum of first biological window (λmax = 842 nm) with a full‐width at half‐maximum (FWHM) of ≈2280 cm−1 (≈167 nm), and achieves a record EQE of 61.25% detected at 450 nm excitation through Li‐ion compensation. A prototype NIR pc‐LED is fabricated with MT:Cr3+, Li+ to evaluate its potential practical application, which reveals an NIR output power of 53.22 mW at a driving current of 100 mA, and a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 25.09% at 10 mA. This work provides an ultra‐efficient broadband NIR luminescent material, which shows great promise in practical applications and presents a novel option for the next‐generation high‐power compact NIR light sources.
A Molecular‐Scale Understanding of Misorientation Toughening in Corals and Seashells
Authors: Lew Andrew J. , Stifler Cayla A. , Tits Alexandra , Schmidt Connor A. , Scholl Andreas , Cantamessa Astrid , Müller Laura , Delaunois Yann , Compère Philippe , Ruffoni Davide , Buehler Markus J. , Gilbert Pupa U. P. A. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBiominerals are organic–mineral composites formed by living organisms. They are the hardest and toughest tissues in those organisms, are often polycrystalline, and their mesostructure (which includes nano‐ and microscale crystallite size, shape, arrangement, and orientation) can vary dramatically. Marine biominerals may be aragonite, vaterite, or calcite, all calcium carbonate (CaCO3) polymorphs, differing in crystal structure. Unexpectedly, diverse CaCO3 biominerals such as coral skeletons and nacre share a similar characteristic: Adjacent crystals are slightly misoriented. This observation is documented quantitatively at the micro‐ and nanoscales, using polarization‐dependent imaging contrast mapping (PIC mapping), and the slight misorientations are consistently between 1° and 40°. Nanoindentation shows that both polycrystalline biominerals and abiotic synthetic spherulites are tougher than single‐crystalline geologic aragonite. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of bicrystals at the molecular scale reveal that aragonite, vaterite, and calcite exhibit toughness maxima when the bicrystals are misoriented by 10°, 20°, and 30°, respectively, demonstrating that slight misorientation alone can increase fracture toughness. Slight‐misorientation‐toughening can be harnessed for synthesis of bioinspired materials that only require one material, are not limited to specific top‐down architecture, and are easily achieved by self‐assembly of organic molecules (e.g., aspirin, chocolate), polymers, metals, and ceramics well beyond biominerals.
Design of SnO2 Electron Transport Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells to Achieve 2000 h Stability Under 1 Sun Illumination and 85 °C
Authors: Gil Bumjin , Yun Alan Jiwan , Lim Jiheon , Cho Jaemin , Kim Beomsoo , Ryu Seokjoo , Kim Jinhyun , Park Byungwoo 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn order to realize both efficient and stable perovskite solar cells, designing electron transport layer (ETL) is of crucial importance to withstand constant light illumination and thermal stress while maintaining high charge extractability. Herein, commonly used SnO2 nanoparticle‐based ETL for perovskite solar cells is modified by ionic‐salt ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and tin chloride dihydrate (SnCl2∙2H2O) as additives, which is easily fabricated by simple one‐step spin coating of single precursor solution. With the presence of these dual additives at the ETL, the crystallinity of the upper perovskite layer is clearly enhanced. Defect analyses on the devices suggest that these modifications can effectively passivate trap sites that reside within the ETL and at the perovskite interfaces with the carrier‐transport layers. As a result, the modified SnO2 ETL results in an improvement of device stability under thermal or light stress condition, maintaining over 80% of its initial efficiency after ≈2000 h storage under elevated temperature (85 °C) and after ≈2400 h of operation under 1 sun illumination.