bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling Biological Face Recognition with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: van Dyck Leonard Elia , Gruber Walter Roland 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) have become the state-of-the-art computational models of biological object recognition. Their remarkable success has helped vision science break new ground, and recent efforts have started to transfer this achievement to research on biological face recognition. In this regard, face detection can be investigated by comparing face-selective biological neurons and brain areas to artificial neurons and model layers. Similarly, face identification can be examined by comparing in vivo and in silico multidimensional “face spaces.” In this review, we summarize the first studies that use DCNNs to model biological face recognition. On the basis of a broad spectrum of behavioral and computational evidence, we conclude that DCNNs are useful models that closely resemble the general hierarchical organization of face recognition in the ventral visual pathway and the core face network. In two exemplary spotlights, we emphasize the unique scientific contributions of these models. First, studies on face detection in DCNNs indicate that elementary face selectivity emerges automatically through feedforward processing even in the absence of visual experience. Second, studies on face identification in DCNNs suggest that identity-specific experience and generative mechanisms facilitate this particular challenge. Taken together, as this novel modeling approach enables close control of predisposition (i.e., architecture) and experience (i.e., training data), it may be suited to inform long-standing debates on the substrates of biological face recognition.
Some Remarks on the Urartian Toponym Dara(ni) and Its Possible Identification with the Site of Solak-1/Varsak in Kotayk Region, Armenia
Authors: Dan Roberto , Petrosyan Artur 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to reconsider some aspects of archaeology and historical geography related to the Urartian presence in the territory of modern-day Armenia in the light of the recent discovery of the important Iron Age site of Solak-1/Varsak. In particular, the possibility is put forward in this text that the ancient city of Dara(ni), mentioned in the Elar inscription made by Argišti I (CTU A 8–8), was not the small fortress of Elar, as was proposed before, but the great Iron Age site of Solak-1/Varsak.
The City of Brass and Alexander’s Narrow Grave
Authors: MacFarlane Alex 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The 17th-century manuscript M7709 (held in the Matenadaran, Yerevan, Armenia) includes an Armenian copy of the History of the City of Brass, to which an unknown scribe has added short poems about Alexander the Great. The final article of three that together present the Alexander poems of M7709 in full, with English translation, for the first time, this article focuses on the last fourteen: the deaths of Darius III and Alexander, and concluding poems. It adds commentary on the poems’ relationship to the corresponding part of the History of the City of Brass on each page, proposing textual reasons why the scribe added the poems where he did. Across the three articles, this commentary delves into textual relationships beyond the pages of M7709, linking the Armenian History of the City of Brass, Alexander Romance and other texts and traditions, to show how this manuscript is situated amid wider networks of circulating literature. As a microhistorical study, it seeks to provide illumination into the macrohistory of medieval and early modern literature in and beyond the Caucasus.
The Terminology of the Law of Warfare
Authors: Crawford Emily , Lukin Annabelle , Mowbray Jacqueline 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The body of international law that regulates the conduct of armed conflicts has been known, at various points in time, as the law of war, the law of armed conflict, and international humanitarian law. While ‘the law of war’ was a term widely used in State practice throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, both ‘the law of armed conflict’ and ‘international humanitarian law’ were terms introduced in the 20th century by one organisation: the International Committee of the Red Cross. In this paper, we use international law and corpus linguistic tools in a pilot study, examining how the terms were first introduced into international law and how quickly they were incorporated (if at all) into the practice of States. Using the ongoing conflict involving Israel and its neighbours, this pilot study charts the appearance and recurrence of these terms in the practice of States in the United Nations to examine how the terms were received and used. We conclude by offering some initial assessments, noting that, while the terms were largely considered unproblematic at their introduction, practice in relation to their deployment suggests deep tensions regarding the nature and purpose of the law and how and when it applies.
Creative Friction, Folklore, or Foreign Body? Religious Minorities in Civilizational Encounters in Central Europe and Central Asia
Authors: Hann Chris 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This paper explores the role of religious minorities in complex civilizational encounters (Johann Arnason) in recent centuries in two Eurasian regions, East Central Europe and Northwestern China (Xinjiang). Particular attention is paid to the emergence of secular ethnonational identities and violent antagonism.
Jóhann Páll Árnason: A Pražák
Authors: Dunaj Ľubomír 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The “Czechoslovakian Sixties” can be described as the culmination of an incredible intellectual activity. Jóhann P. Árnason spent this time as a student at Charles University in Prague, deeply immersed in the Czech and Slovak intellectual life. This article claims that his personal experience with “Czechoslovakian (Hi)Story,” as well as with its intellectual reflections, significantly influenced the development of his socio-theoretical point of view. However, this ambitious claim will be confined to only three foci. First, Jóhann Árnason will be placed into the Czechoslovakian context. By this, the intellectual and artistic achievements of the 1960s will be put into contrast with the creative “impotence” of the 1990s, which, inter alia, is a consequence of the dominance of the transitological approach in political and social sciences at that time (i.). This approach is strongly criticized across the paper, especially in the second part, introducing Boris Buden’s critique of it (ii.) Finally, that “intellectual impotence” will be explained by using Árnason’s reading of Jan Patočka’s text Supercivilization and its Inner Conflict (iii.).
Assessment of Warm and Dry Bias over ARM SGP Site in E3SMv2 and E3SM-MMF
Authors: Lee Jungmin M. , Tao Cheng , Hannah Walter M. , Xie Shaocheng , Bader David C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Many climate models exhibit a dry and warm bias over the central United States during the summer months, including the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) and its Multiscale Modeling Framework (MMF) configuration. Understanding the causes of this bias is important to shine a light on this common model error and reduce the uncertainty in future projections. In this study, we use E3SMv2 and E3SM-MMF to assess how parameterized and resolved convection affect temperature and precipitation biases over the Southern Great Plains site of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program. Both configurations overestimate near-surface temperature and underestimate precipitation at the ARM SGP site. The bias is associated with a lack of low-level clouds during days without precipitation and too much incoming solar radiation causing the surface to warm. Low-level cloud fraction in E3SM-MMF during the nonprecipitating days is lower in comparison to E3SMv2 and observation, consistent with the larger warm bias. We also find that the underestimated precipitation can be characterized as “too frequent, too weak” in E3SMv2 and “too rare, too intense” in E3SM-MMF. These deficiencies conspire to sustain the warm and dry bias over the central United States.
The Misrepresentation of the Southern African Easterly Jet in Models and Its Implications for Aerosol, Clouds, and Precipitation Distributions
Authors: Adebiyi Adeyemi A. , Akinsanola Akintomide A. , Ajoku Osinachi F. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The southern African easterly jet (AEJ-S) is an important midtropospheric feature critical to understanding the tropical convective system over central Africa and the aerosol–cloud interactions over the southeast Atlantic Ocean. However, it remains unclear how well models represent the AEJ-S and its influence on aerosol transport, clouds, and precipitation distribution. Here, we use ground- and satellite-based observations and reanalysis datasets to assess the representation of AEJ-S in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) models between September and October during the peak of midtropospheric winds, aerosol transport, clouds, and precipitation. We find that most CMIP6 models have difficulty accurately simulating the strength, position, and spatial distribution of the AEJ-S. Specifically, the AEJ-S is relatively weaker and at a slightly lower altitude in the ensemble of CMIP6 models than represented by observation and reanalysis datasets. To assess the influence of the misrepresented the AEJ-S on CMIP6-simulated aerosol, clouds, and precipitation distributions, we performed composite analyses using models with low and high biases based on the estimates of their midtropospheric easterly wind speed. We find that the misrepresentation of the AEJ-S in CMIP6 models is associated with the overestimation of clouds and precipitation over central Africa, the underestimation of clouds over the southeast Atlantic Ocean, and the limitation of aerosol transport over the continent or the deviation of its spatial distribution from the typical zonal transport over the Atlantic Ocean. Because aerosols, clouds, and precipitation are important components of the regional climate system, we conclude that accurate representation of the AEJ-S is essential over central Africa and the southeast Atlantic Ocean.
Observed Precipitation Trends Inferred from Canada’s Homogenized Monthly Precipitation Dataset
Authors: Wang Xiaolan L. , Feng Yang , Cheng Vincent Y. S. , Xu Hong 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This study first developed a comprehensive semiautomatic data homogenization procedure to produce gap-infilled and homogenized monthly precipitation data series for 425 long-term/critical stations in Canada, which were then used to assess Canadian historical precipitation trends. Data gaps in the 425 series were infilled by advanced spatial interpolation of a much larger dataset. The homogenization procedure repeatedly used multiple homogeneity tests without and with reference series to identify changepoints/inhomogeneities, the results from which were finalized by manual analysis using metadata and visual inspection of the multiphase regression fits. As a result, 298 out of the 425 data series were found to be inhomogeneous. These series were homogenized using quantile matching adjustments. The homogenized dataset shows better spatial consistency of trends than does the raw dataset. The improved gridding and regional mean trend estimation methods also provide more realistic trend estimates. With these improvements, Canadian historical precipitation trends were found to be dominantly positive and significant, except in central-south Canada where the trends are generally insignificant and small with mixed directions. For annual precipitation, the largest increases are seen in southeastern Canada and along the Pacific coast; however, the largest relative increases (in percent of the 1961–90 mean) are seen in northern Canada. The largest trend difference between northern and southern Canada is seen in winter, in which significant increases in the north were matched with significant decreases in the south.

Significance Statement
This study aims to produce a homogenized long-term monthly precipitation dataset for Canada, which is then used to assess Canadian historical precipitation trends. The work is important because it developed a comprehensive algorithm for homogenization of precipitation data, and the results provide better representation of precipitation climate and more robust estimates of precipitation trends. It also identified the causes for large biases in the published estimates of precipitation trends over Canada.
Methodology, Deployment, and Performance of Pico Balloons in Antarctica
Authors: McKinney Todd , Perlaky Nick , Crawford Alice , Brown Bill , Newchurch Michael J. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
During the 2022/23 Antarctic summer, eight pico balloon flights were deployed from Neumayer Station III (70.6666°S, 8.2667°W), yielding valuable insights into the Antarctic stratospheric wind structure. Pico balloons maintain a lower altitude compared to larger superpressure balloons, floating between 9 and 15 km MSL. The most impressive flight lasted an astounding 98 days, completing eight circumnavigations of the Southern Hemisphere. Throughout the flights, pico balloons encountered diverse air masses, displaying zonal velocities ranging from −50 to 250 km h−1 and meridional velocities between ±100 km h−1. Total wind speeds observed were extensive, spanning from 2.0 to 270 km h−1. A significant finding revealed that lower-flying pico balloons could rise due to convection underneath the flight paths, influenced by high convective available potential energy environments, resulting in changes to the balloons’ float density. Moreover, the flights demonstrated that pico balloons tended to drift farther south compared to larger stratospheric balloons, with some balloons reaching up to 8° south of the equator and 2° from the South Pole. This article explores the pressure-testing process and deployment techniques for pico balloons, showcasing their transformation from inexpensive party balloons (costing less than $20) into efficient superpressure balloons. The logistical demands for pico balloon flights were minimal, with a single person transporting all materials for the balloons (excluding lifting gas) to the Antarctic continent in carry-on luggage. The authors aim to promote the application of pico balloons to a wider scientific community by demonstrating their usefulness.

Significance Statement
Pico balloons are small party-sized balloons that are capable of floating at lower altitudes than traditional superpressure balloons. In Antarctica, where research is challenging due to harsh weather and limited resources, pico balloons present an affordable and easy-to-deploy alternative to traditional research methods. By studying the distinctive wind patterns at lower altitudes around Antarctica, pico balloons can provide valuable insights into this remote region. By demonstrating the potential use of pico balloons for scientific purposes, this study aims to offer the atmospheric community a new method of conducting research on a global scale.
Platelet-neutrophil interactions during hemodialysis: A proposed biocompatibility approach
Authors: Stuard S. , Bonomini M. , Settefrati N. , Albertazzi A. 
Published: August 2023

Platelet interaction with neutrophils may occur to a significant degree during hemodialysis (HD). We have recently shown that the enhanced neutrophil reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during the early phase of HD with cuprophan (CUP) is sustained by neutrophils which have bound plateles through P-selectin (CD62P). The evaluation of platelet-neutrophil interactions during dialysis offers the novel aspect of cell-cell interactions as a new parameter for studying the biocompatibility of dialyzer membranes. By the use of flow cytometry techniques, the present study was set up to analyze intradialytic platelet-neutrophil coaggregate formation and neutrophil ROS (hydrogen peroxide) production from 6 HD patients each dialysed with CUP, cellulose diacetate (CDA), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), andpolya-crylonitrile (PAN) in a cross-over clinical trial. Platelet-neutrophil coaggregate formation (percentage of neutrophil cells positive for CD62P) and ROS production by neutrophils (total population; CD62P+ cells; CD62P- cells) were determined before HD and after 10’, 20’ and 40’. CD62P+ neutrophils significantly increased during HD with CUP (10’, 20’, 40'), PMMA (20) and CDA (20'), while no change was observed with PAN. The difference between CUP and the other membranes was significant at 10’, 20’ and 40’; at 20’, PMMA vs PAN p<0.005. ROS production by total neutrophil population significantly increased with CUP (10’, 20'), PMMA (20') and CDA (20'). The increase with CUP was higher at 10’ when compared to CDA (p<0.020) or PAN (p<0.005), and at 20’ versus the other three membranes; at 20’, PMMA vs PAN p<0.005. Only neutrophils gated in neutrophil-platelet coaggregate areas (CD26P+ neutrophils) produced hydrogen peroxide. ROS production by CD62P+ neutrophils significantly increased with CUP (10’, 20'), PMMA (20') and CDA (20'). The increase with CUP was significantly (p<0.0002) higher than the other three membranes at 10’ and 20’; at 20’, PMMA vs PAN p<0.02. With each membrane, ROS production by CD62P- neutrophils showed no significant change at any time point during HD. The results of the present study indicate that interactions between platelets and neutrophils can mediate some pathophysiological abnormalities associated with hemodialysis treatment. Our data show that cellulose diacetate, a modified cellulosic membrane, exhibits a biocompatibility profile in terms of platelet-neutrophil interactions improved as compared to the parent cellulose membrane and comparable to that of some synthetic membranes. Our data also show that there is considerable variability in the biocompatibility of synthetic membranes. Though cellulosic membranes are generally considered as being less biocompatible than synthetic membranes, our results indicate that classification of membranes by biocompatibility is more complex than a simple division into cellulosic and synthetic membranes, especially with the advent of modified cellulosic membranes. (Int J Artif Organs 1998; 21:75–82)
A History of Suicide Attempt Is Associated with Increased Sympathetic Activation in Bipolar Disorder: Des antécédents de tentatives de suicide dans le trouble bipolaire sont associés à une activation sympathique accrue dans le trouble bipolaire
Authors: Ortiz Abigail , Park Yunkyung , MacLean Stephane , Husain M. Ishrat , Sanches Marcos , Ravindran Arun , Mulsant Benoit H. 
Published: August 2023

Objective Suicide risk in bipolar disorder (BD) is estimated to be up to 20 times higher than in the general population. While there is a large body of evidence suggesting that increased sympathetic activation is associated with disease and death, there is a paucity of research on the role of autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction in patients with BD who have attempted suicide. Methods Fifty-three participants with BD used a wearable device to assess the association between history of suicide attempt, current suicidal ideation, and ANS dysfunction, including measures of heart rate variability (HRV) and respiratory rate. Data were analyzed in a series of unadjusted and adjusted bivariate models of association controlling for relevant variables. Results A history of suicide attempts was significantly associated with an increase in respiratory rate ( p < 0.01). These results remained significant after adjusting for age, BMI, and current mood state. There was no association between current suicidal ideation and heart rate or respiratory rate. In the frequency domain, HRV parameters suggest reduced parasympathetic (i.e., vagal) activity in participants with a history of suicide attempts and in those with current suicidality, suggesting changes in sympathicovagal balance in BD. Conclusions Our results suggest that changes in the ANS in patients with BD and a history of suicide attempt are not restricted to pure vagally mediated HRV parameters, but rather signal a general ANS dysregulation. This ANS imbalance may be contributing to illness burden and cardiovascular disease. Further research on the relationship between ANS and suicidality in BD is needed.
Allelic Variants in the Warfarin-related Genes VKORC1 and CYP2C9 in a Western Saudi Population
Authors: Bagher Amina M. , Alharbi Wedyan S. , Gadi Lamees S. , Binmahfouz Lenah S. , Hareeri Rawan H 
Published: August 2023

Objectives To investigate the allele and genotype frequencies of the warfarin-related genes VKORC1 (-1639G>A), CYP2C9*2, and CYP2C9*3 among healthy Saudis. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study involved 125 unrelated healthy Saudis ages 18–60 years visiting the King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH) in Jeddah, Western Saudi Arabia. The Oragene™ DNA saliva collection kits were used to collect and extract DNA from saliva samples. A polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to detect the mutant alleles. Results Over 51.4% of the Saudi participants carried one or more mutant alleles. The frequency of the VKORC1 (-1639G>A) allele in Saudi was relatively high at 54.8%. The frequencies of the CYP2C9 allele were 19.6% and 54% for the CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 alleles, respectively, which are substantially more abundant than in other populations. Conclusion The observed high frequencies of VKORC1 (-1639G>A) and CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 polymorphisms suggest that genetic testing should be considered before initiating warfarin therapy to predict the optimal initial dose of warfarin and minimize warfarin-related side effects.
Influence of natalizumab on resting-state connectivity in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Corrêa Diogo G. , van Duinkerken Eelco , Farinhas João Gabriel D. , Pereira Valéria C. , Gasparetto Emerson L. , Alves-Leon Soniza V. , Lopes Fernanda Cristina R. 
Published: August 2023

Background Changes in brain connectivity occur in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), even in patients under disease-modifying therapies. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to asses patients treated with disease-modifying therapies, such as natalizumab, can elucidate the mechanisms involved in clinical deterioration in MS. Objectives To evaluate differences in resting-state functional connectivity among MS patients treated with natalizumab, MS patients not treated with natalizumab, and controls. Design Single-center retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods Twenty-three MS patients being treated with natalizumab were retrospectively compared with 23 MS patients who were naïve for natalizumab, and were using first-line medications (interferon-β and/or glatiramer acetate), and 17 gender- and age-matched control subjects. The MS patient groups were also matched for time since diagnosis and hyperintense lesion volume on FLAIR. All participants underwent brain MRI using a 3 Tesla scanner. Independent component analysis and dual regression were used to identify resting-state functional connectivity using the FMRIB Software Library. Results In comparison to controls, the MS patients treated with natalizumab presented decreased connectivity in the left orbitofrontal cortex, in the anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex network. The patients not treated with natalizumab presented increased connectivity in the secondary visual, sensorimotor, and ventral attention networks in comparison to controls. Compared to patients treated with natalizumab, the patients not using natalizumab presented increased connectivity in the left Heschl’s gyrus and in the right superior frontal gyrus in the ventral attention network. Conclusion Differences in brain connectivity between MS patients not treated with natalizumab, healthy controls, and patients treated with natalizumab may be secondary to suboptimal neuronal compensation due to prior less efficient treatments, or due to a compensation in response to maladaptive plasticity.