bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Shulman Sidney , Rose Noel R. , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Crude extracts from hog thyroid glands show five sedimenting components. The extrapolated sedimentation constants (in Svedberg units) and the concentration dependencies (in terms of concentration, c, in grams per deciliter) are given in the following expressions: I, 29.5 – 2.69 c; II, 18.7 – 1.73 c; III, 11.3; IV, 6.5; and V, 4.2. The 18.7-component can be identified as the classical thyroglobulin; it comprises about 80% of the protein mixture. The nature of the other components is still unknown, but the thyroid origin of all of them seems to be established, primarily by means of perfusion studies. Electrophoretic examination by the filter-paper method reveals essentially one component. This has an approximate mobility in barbital buffer, pH 8.5, ionic strength 0.10, of 4.8 × 10-5 cm2 volt-1 sec-1, and is probably thyroglobulin.
Factors Affecting the Efficiency of the Aluminum Adjuvant in Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids
Authors: Levine Leo , Stone Joseph L. , Wyman Louise 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The four most commonly used physicochemical states of the aluminum precipitate were compared in experimental animals as to efficiency as adjuvants for both diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, namely: AlPO4 preformed, and added to toxoid, and precipitated in the presence of the toxoid; and Al(OH)3 preformed, and added to toxoid, and precipitated in the presence of the toxoid.
Findings for the two toxoids were not the same. There were significant differences between the adjuvant states for tetanus toxoid, but not for diphtheria toxoid.
Tetanus toxoid adsorbed on a preformed precipitate was only about 60% as potent as when a nascent precipitate was formed in situ.
Similarly tested, AlPO4 as adjuvant for tetanus toxoid was only about 60% as potent as Al(OH)3.
The above findings with respect to tetanus toxoid were consistent in two experimental species, mice and guinea pigs.
In the case of both diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, the circulating serum antitoxin levels of immunized guinea pigs were highly correlated with their survival times after challenge with the corresponding toxin.
Virus Proliferation in the Mouse
Authors: Kalter Seymour S. , Berg Gerald , Prier James E. , Jochheim Kurt-Alphonse , McKenna John M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Growth curves were constructed for the proliferation of influenza virus (mouse-adapted PR 8) in the mouse lung and mouse encephalomyelitis virus (Theiler's GD VII) in the mouse brain. The data obtained in these experiments indicate: 1) both viruses demonstrate cyclic development, 2) maximal infection occurs earlier with influenza virus than with TheileR′s GD VII, 3) the latent period, following inoculation for influenza virus, is approximately 1–3 hours, depending upon the size of inoculum. When very small inocula are employed, no virus may be detected during this latent period. An increase in amount of virus occurs and is followed by a leveling off of virus content for a period of approximately 6 hours. Again, there is another incremental period of about 3 hours and another plateau may be observed, which continues if maximal infection has occurred; 4) this pattern of proliferation is also observed with the GD VII virus except that the time intervals described for influenza virus are lengthened. Following the initial drop in titer after inoculation, there is a marked decrease in detectable virus followed by a latent period of approximately 3–6 hours. Cyclic periods of proliferation occur at approximately 6-hour intervals. From the above data and from reports on other viruses, it would appear that viruses, in general, proliferate within their host's tissues in a cyclic fashion.
The Metabolic Fate of Isotopically Labelled Proteins, Azoproteins and Azohaptens
Authors: Haurowitz Felix , Reller Herbert H. , Walter Harry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sulfanilic acid as well as sulfanilazodyes, prepared by coupling diazotized S35-sulfanilic acid with tyrosine, histidine and phenol, were injected into rabbits. A small but significant amount of the injected activity was bound to the proteins of the blood and the tissues. The protein-bound radioactivity, 8–13 days after injection, was about 10 times lower than after the injection of equivalent amounts of sulfanilazoproteins. In the liver homogenate, most of the protein-bound azodye was present in the large cytoplasmic granules (mitochondrial fraction). When sulfanilazotyrosine was added in vitro to the liver homogenate, it was not bound to the proteins of the cytoplasmic granules. Rabbit serum γ-globulin (RGG), beef serum γ-globulin (BGG) and ovalbumin (OA) were coupled with traces or with large amounts of S35-sulfanilic acid. The heavily labelled sulfanilazoproteins were rapidly eliminated from the circulation and deposited in the organs in the same manner as heavily labelled iodoproteins. Trace-labelled OA behaved similarly, whereas trace-labelled RGG circulated in the blood for a long time without significant deposition in the organs. Trace-labelled BGG circulated in the blood over a period of four to seven days, after which time it was eliminated and deposited in the organs.
The Reactions Between Normal Human Red Cells and Antiglobulin (Coombs) Serum
Authors: Stratton F. , Jones Alan Richardson 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It is demonstrated that normal red cells are capable of reacting with antiglobulin (Coombs) serum so as to reduce its power to agglutinate Rh sensitized cells.
The reaction is shown to be a specific combination between antiglobulin antibody and a globulin-like antigen on the normal cell surface.
This antigen may be modified by the action of trypsin in such a way as to render it non-reactive, but the reactivity of the cell may be restored by treatment with normal human serum.
Cellular Immunity of Monkeys versus Antibody Titers Following Oral Inoculation with Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Bachtold J. G. , Gebhardt L. P. , Wilcox W. C. , Bubel H. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study was made concerning the relationship between humoral antibody titers and intracerebral resistance in monkeys infected orally with Type 1 poliomyelitis virus.
It was found that immunity to intracerebral challenge in those monkeys with little or no antibody was significantly higher than in comparable controls.
The possible significance of this observation is discussed and speculated upon.
Mechanism of the Teratogenic Action of Newcastle Disease Virus in the Chick Embryo
Authors: Williamson Alice Polk , Blattner Russell J. , Simonsen Lydia 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence has been presented indicating that defects in early chick embryos, after inoculation of allantoic fluid suspensions of Newcastle disease virus, resulted from the presence of the fully infective virus and probably were due to the proliferation of the virus since, in all circumstances observed, they were associated with this phenomena. Homologous immune globulin prevented the teratogenic action of the virus suspensions, and no teratogenic activity was found in suspensions from which the virus particles had been removed by ultracentrifugation. Virus inocula, inactivated by heat or ultraviolet irradiation, failed to produce defects. Inoculation of inactivated virus decreased somewhat the yield of abnormal embryos following subsequent inoculation of active virus.
There was no conclusive evidence that the rate of multiplication in organs, showing characteristic defects, was greater than that of tissues which appeared unaffected. It seemed clear, however, that virus proliferated in other tissues as well as those showing gross defects.
Microscopic studies showed that dilute virus inocula produced characteristic cell damage of a relatively mild type in comparison to the gross defects following concentrated virus inocula, but that the organ specificity was the same in either case.
Effect of Cortisone on Latent Syphilis in Rabbits and Mice
Authors: McLeod Charlotte P. , Magnuson Harold J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits with latent syphilis, given large doses of cortisone, showed a decline in established levels of TPI and reagin antibody and an increased incidence of spirochetemia. An infectious relapse occurred in one rabbit. Cortisone had no effect on the development of TPI titers in syphilitic mice, but caused an increase in the infectivity of the tissues of mice which had received large infecting doses of organisms.
Studies of Enterobacterial Lipopolysaccharides
Authors: Neter E. , Westphal O. , Lüderitz O. , Gorzynski E. A. , Eichenberger E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effects of physical and chemical agents on the biological properties of purified enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides have been studied. The following observations have been made: The untreated lipopolysaccharides are markedly effective as antibody neutralizing antigens. They possess a high degree of toxicity and pyrogenicity, but they have only a limited erythrocyte-modifying capacity.Treatment of these lipopolysaccharides with heat or with sodium hydroxide for short periods of time results in an increase of their capacity to modify erythrocytes without alteration of their antigenicity (antibody-neutralizing potency) toxicity or pyrogenicity. Treatment with sodium hydroxide for longer intervals does not affect their antibody-neutralizing and erythrocyte-modifying capacity, but results in a marked loss of toxicity and pyrogenicity.Oxidation of the Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide with periodate yields a compound of low toxicity and marked pyrogenicity. The capacity of this substance to neutralize antibody is almost completely abolished.A degraded, lipid-free polysaccharide component obtained from Salmonella abortus equi lipopolysaccharide exhibited reduced antibodycombining capacity when compared with the original product; treatment with heat and sodium hydroxide fails to produce any erythrocyte-modifying capacity.Red blood cells which have been modified with heated or sodium hydroxide treated lipopolysaccharides specifically absorb homologous bacterial antibodies. Erythrocytes which have been in contact with equivalent amounts of untreated antigens do not.The results of this study indicate that the various biological activities of bacterial lipopolysaccharides are affected differentially by different physical and chemical agents.The significance of the data has been discussed with particular reference to the relationship of chemical and physical-chemical characteristics of enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides and their components to the various biological activities of these compounds.
Kinetics of Human Complement
Authors: Leon Myron A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The reaction between hu C′ and EA has been separated into two steps; (1) formation of EAhuC′A, and (2) reaction of this complex with C′3. Step 1 cannot proceed in the absence of Ca++, whereas Step 2 proceeds in the absence of any divalent cations bound by Na3E.D.T.A. Both the rate of formation and the rate of deterioration of EAhuC′A vary directly with temperature.
Serologic Relationship Among Meningococcal Strains in Norway
Authors: Jyssum Kaare 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In direct bacterial agglutination experiments with 13 meningococcal strains isolated in Norway from 1952 to 1955, 3 distinct serologic types were observed. Two of the types corresponded to Group II and Group IIα, or Group B and Group C in the nomenclature proposed in 1950 by the Subcommittee of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Association of Microbiologists (1). The third type, that showed no agglutination in monovalent sera representative of Group I, Group II, and Group IIα, was provisionally named Type N.
Determination of the nitrogen quantities removed from homologous and heterologous antisera proved the presence of common antigenic substances in the 3 types. The distinct type difference was confirmed however. Strains from Type N appear to share some components with each of the other 2 types.
On cultivation of the microbes on immune serum agar plates, the specificity of a strain from Group IIα is associated with a “halo” phenomenon that is not observed in strains of the other 2 types.
An antigen sorption technique was used for the analysis. A method was established for extraction from meningococci substances that showed uniform and constant ability to render erythrocytes susceptible to the action of antibodies and complement. Common to the 3 meningococcal types was a serologically active nucleoprotein that was inactive in antigen sorption reaction.
The results from cross absorption with antigentreated erythrocytes were in agreement with the results of the quantitative agglutinin studies. The results have been summed up in a provisional theory of the relative antigenic constitution of the substances active in the antigen sorption reaction with meningococci.
Effects of Heat on the Sensitizing and Shocking Properties of Hemophilus Pertussis
Authors: Kind Leon S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Heating at 80° for 30 min reduces the histamine-sensitizing property and destroys the anaphylactic and pertussis-sensitizing properties of Hemophilus pertussis. However, temperatures of 80° or 100°C fail to destroy the ability of pertussis vaccine to kill mice previously sensitized with unheated vaccine. It is suggested that the sensitivity of pertussis-inoculated mice to subsequent injections of pertussis may be an example of sensitivity to an endotoxin-like material rather than an example of an antigen-antibody reaction.
Immunization of Humans with A Chick Embryo Adapted Strain of Mef1 Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Roca-Garcia M. , Koprowski H. , Jervis G. A. , Norton T. W. , Nelson T. L. , Cox H. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibodies for Type 2 poliomyelitis virus developed in 5 of 6 human subjects fed a strain of chick embryo adapted virus alone, and in 9 of 12 individuals who were fed the same virus followed by the injection of immune serum globulin. Although the number of persons in this trial was not large, certain important results may be summarized: 1) No adverse clinical reactions occurred in any subject. 2) Viremia did not appear. 3) Specific antibodies were produced in 14 of 18 subjects. 4) Antibodies persisted for periods up to 8 months. 5) Only three of the 18 individuals excreted virus, after the 4th postfeeding day, and that was of low concentration. 6) The virus proved to be stable, since after human passage it was found to (a) retain its chick embryo adaptation characteristics, b) possess low cytopathogenic activity for monkey kidney cells in tissue culture, and c) to have low pathogenicity for monkeys inoculated intracerebrally.
A Misleading “Reaction of Identity” in Agar Diffusion Precipitin Studies of Tetanus Antitoxin
Authors: Jennings Robert K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The displacement of zone growth by apparently nonspecific antibody—a phenomenon previously reported—is shown to be illusory. Comparable effects may be produced by specific antibody when used in sub-threshold concentrations. At the same time, evidence is offered to show that the presence of heterospecific antibody in a particular region of agar does not significantly change the path of zone growth through that region. The quantitative analysis of several antibodies in a polyvalent serum is therefore not complicated by possible additive concentration effects between physically similar molecules.
Internal evidence as to the relative antigen-antibody concentrations used in the present experiments suggests that the phenomenon was produced by qualitative, rather than quantitative relationships in this particular case. It is suggested that antibody formed in horses inoculated with toxoid for prophylactic purposes may have differed in specificity from antibody formed in horses used for tetanus antitoxin production. If so, the former was directed toward a portion of the toxin molecule which was altered or masked during the detoxification process, while the latter was specific for a determinant group which remained unchanged during the exposure of the antigen to formaldehyde.
Attention is called to the fact that, on logical grounds, the reaction of identity cannot be used in ascertaining the specificity of an unknown antibody unless it can be shown that antibodies from two different sources necessarily choose the same determinant group for their site of attachment to the antigen molecule. Since antibody from the scarlatinal antiserum is shown to compete with the antibody in tetanal antiserum for the same antigen, this principle may be said to have presumptive experimental support.
Behavior of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Agglutinating Factor with Immune Precipitates
Authors: Vaughan John H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The ability of rabbit immune precipitates to bind the agglutinating activating factor in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis has been described and the interaction of the factor with a component of normal Fraction II is indicated. The significance of these findings with respect to the sensitized sheep cell agglutination and inhibition are discussed.
A Comparative Study of Methods Used for Analysis of Specific Precipitates in Quantitative Immunochemistry
Authors: McDuffie F. C. , Kabat E. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A comparison of the sensitivity and precision of the biuret, ultraviolet absorption, Folin-Ciocalteu and ninhydrin methods for the analysis of specific precipitates has been made, and the uses and limitations of each have been discussed. The ultraviolet absorption of samples in 0.25 N acetic acid and the biuret methods were found to be simple and accurate, the limits of 2 S. D. being ±5 to 10%. The former may be used for samples containing as little as 5 μg nitrogen whereas the lower limit of the latter is about 20′ μg nitrogen. The Folin-Ciocalteu method may be used for samples as small as 5 μg nitrogen and 2 S.D. equals ±15%. The ninhydrin method has a sensitivity making it capable of determining as little as one microgram of protein nitrogen but for reproducible results should probably not be employed without the use of a standard.
Neutralizing Antibodies to Arthropod-Borne Viruses in Human Beings and Animals in the Union of South Africa
Authors: Kokernot R. H. , Smithburn K. C. , Weinbren M. P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sera collected from indigenous residents representing 51 localities in 44 zones of the Union of South Africa were tested for neutralizing antibodies against West Nile, Bwamba, Semliki, and Bunyamwera viruses. Similar tests with 5 other viruses were done with sera of residents representing selected localities. A total of 7,553 serum-virus tests were done, with a protective sera percentage of 2.6.
Highest incidence of sera protective against Sindbis and West Nile viruses was found in the elevated plateau region 3,000 ft or more above sea level. The converse was true of results with Bwamba and Bunyamwera viruses, in which case the highest incidence of positive sera was in donors residing in regions usually coastal at less than 500-ft elevation. A brief description is given of two localities, Luckhoff on the plateau structure and Simbu Pan on the coastal fringe, which illustrate geographic and climatic differences that may be correlated with immunologic results.
Sera from 9 of 63 donors from Durban were protective against type I (Hawaiian) dengue fever virus. Their age distribution is serologic evidence that the recorded outbreak of dengue fever in Durban in 1926–27 was due to that virus.
None of the sera tested against Ntaya and type II (New Guinea) dengue fever viruses was protective.
Sera from monkeys trapped in various localities in the Union were also tested. Of 413 sera tested, 78 had West Nile neutralizing antibodies. Negative results were obtained in 558 serum-virus tests with sera from a sample of the same monkeys against 5 other viruses.
Domestic animal sera collected on a farm near Johannesburg and specimens from immature birds collected on three lakes also near Johannesburg were found to have neutralizing antibodies against Sindbis and West Nile viruses. Indications were that the antibodies in the avian sera were of passive origin.
Studies of Anti-Horse Crystalbumin Sera
Authors: Naylor G. R. E. , Adair M. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence has been presented that the heterologous reactions with human and bovine serum albumin of anti-horse crystalbumin sera are due to their content of antibodies for horse crystalbumin and not to their content of an antibody for a protein present in only small amounts in the horse serum crystalbumin preparation. The range of antigen dilutions over which precipitation occurred was greater for heterologous reactions than for homologous reactions of approximately the same flocculation time.
Electrophoretic and Ultracentrifugal Studies of Rabbit Hemolysins
Authors: Stelos Peter 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Normal rabbit serum and antiserum to either sheep red cells (Forssman and isophile) or to heated stromata (Forssman only) were found to be similar in electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal properties. Only quantitative differences in the percentage composition of the serum proteins were found.
The Forssman hemolytic antibody accounted for all or most of the activity in both types of antiserum studied. Forssman hemolytic antibody was found to be associated with a large molecular weight globulin (S20 = 18 S) and was found by starch electrophoresis to migrate between the β and γ globulins. The isophile hemolytic antibody was also found to be associated with a large molecular weight fraction, but was electrophoretically located in the γ globulin fraction. The two hemolytic antibodies thus appear to be two distinct proteins.
Local Hemorrhagic Reactions in the Mouse and the Rat after Intralabial Injection of Endotoxin; Their Relationship to the Arthus and the Shwartzman Reactions
Authors: Stone Sanford H. , Freund Jules 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Hemorrhagic reactions were elicited in mice when the lip was used as the site of injection of preparatory endotoxins. Two methods were used to demonstrate the reaction. In the first method, intralabial preparation was followed by the injection of endotoxin 19–21 hr later into the peritoneal cavity or tail vein. The results were not regular using this technique, and with only one of the endotoxin preparations did a small but significant number of mice show typical hemorrhagic reactions. The other method involved the use of mice sensitized to foreign proteins. The injection of the homologous antigen into the endotoxin-prepared lip of sensitized mice 19–21 hr after preparation regularly caused a hemorrhagic reaction in that lip.
Hemorrhagic reactions were demonstrated in rats showing strong edematous reactions when the second method was used, but no Shwartzman reactions were obtained in rats prepared in the lip with endotoxin and given an eliciting injection of endotoxin intravenously or intra-abdominally. Hemorrhagic reactions were not elicited in sensitized rats showing weak or transient Arthus reactions in the prepared lip.
Serial Determinations of Serum Glycoproteins Following Antigen Injection into Previously Immunized Animals
Authors: Weimer Henry E. , Redlich-Moshin Jean , Quinn Frances A. , Nelson Eric L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effects of antigen administration on the serum concentrations of total glycoprotein, seromucoid, γ-globulin polysaccharide, total protein, and γ-globulin protein have been determined in guinea pigs previously immunized with heatkilled Brucella suis cells. To evaluate the effects of the repeated bleedings normal animals were bled at weekly intervals. Statistically significant increases occurred in all the serum components following antigen administration and remained elevated through the maximal antibody response. Repeated bleedings were found not to be a factor. The results are discussed with reference to possible causes of the increased levels of serum glycoproteins.