bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fetal arthrogryposis—what do we tell the prospective parents?
Authors: Filges Isabel , Jünemann Stephanie , Viehweger Elke , Tercanli Sevgi 
Published: January 2023

AbstractArthrogryposis, also termed arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, is a descriptive term for conditions with multiple congenital contractures (MCC). The etiology is extremely heterogeneous. More than 400 specific disorders have been identified so far, which may lead to or are associated with MCC and/or fetal hypo‐ and akinesia as a clinical sign. With improved sensitivity of prenatal ultrasound and expanding prenatal diagnostic options, clinicians are tasked with providing early detection in order to counsel the prospective parents regarding further prenatal diagnostic as well as management options. We summarize the most important knowledge to raise awareness for early detection in pregnancy. We review essential points for counseling when MCC is detected in order to provide answers to common questions, which, however, cannot replace interdisciplinary expert opinion in the individual case.
General Average and All the Rest: The Law and Economics of Early Modern Maritime Risk Mitigation
Authors: Harris Ron 
Published: January 2023

AbstractGeneral Average is probably the longest existing maritime trade institution, first used by Greek and Roman sailors in antiquity and still in use today by the global maritime industry. Premium-based marine insurance is much younger. The first evidence for its use is from around 1300 CE. Why did the two institutions originate more than a millennium apart? This timing question cannot be resolved solely by analysing the primary historical records. The answer to this significant question was not written down by contemporaries and will not be found in the texts they left behind. We need theories in order to approach it. While theories about the mitigation of risk might not be the only relevant theories for addressing the question, they are sufficiently instructive to serve as the core of this article.
The ‘Mutualisation’ of Maritime Risk in the Crown of Castile, 1300–1550
Authors: Medina Ana María Rivera 
Published: January 2023

AbstractRisk, especially maritime risk, is based on the existence of danger, namely, natural or anthropogenic phenomena whose form, incidence, and intensity must be described and quantified. Therefore, the chronological succession of events, their interpretation, management, and conflict resolution vary in accordance with a series of factors: local traditions, maritime culture, management instruments, institutions that manage the phenomenon, and the customs or norms deployed in order to address maritime conflict. These factors underpin local peculiarities which have largely been ignored in the study of European economic and social development. In line with this historiographic and theoretical framework, this essay analyzes the evolution of the ‘mutualisation’ of maritime risk in some of the territories of the Crown of Castile and how it differs from other European regions, as it evolved from being merely a mutual aid mechanism to becoming a specific type of business. Second, I identify the instruments by which maritime risk was managed, their juridical formulation, and the mechanisms of mutual aid with specific reference to the legal instruments of General Average and jettison.
Addressing Food Crises in Violent Conflicts
Authors: Kemmerling Birgit , Schetter Conrad , Wirkus Lars 
Published: January 2023

AbstractFood insecurity and hunger continue to threaten the lives and livelihoods of millions of people. Many of today’s food crises are linked to violent conflicts in various ways. The number of people affected by conflict-driven food crises increased from 77 million in 2019 to more than 99 million one year later, particularly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Afghanistan, Syria and Yemen. The objective of food security ending hunger and malnutrition and enabling sustainable agricultural production as addressed by Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2 of ‘Zero Hunger’ therefore largely depends on the progress made on SDG 16 in promoting peaceful and inclusive societies.However, the severe food crises of the past decade have demonstrated the weaknesses in governing food (in)security in conflict settings. While national governments or belligerents are often unable or unwilling to respond adequately to food crises, humanitarian relief operations face the challenges of reaching those people most in need of food supply and simultaneously avoiding exacerbation of the conflict. This has left many of the affected communities having to find their own responses to food insecurity. If food crises are to be effectively addressed, research and policy actions need to tackle both food crises and violent conflict.
Marginal Areas and Indigenous People Priorities for Research and Action
Authors: Azam-Ali Sayed , Ahmadzai Hayatullah , Choudhury Dhrupad , Goh Ee Von , Jahanshiri Ebrahim , Mabhaudhi Tafadzwanashe , Meschinelli Alessandro , Modi Albert Thembinkosi , Nhamo Nhamo , Olutayo Abidemi 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMarginal environments are characterized by constrained agricultural potential and resource degradation attributable to biophysical and politico-socio-economic factors. These environments and the indigenous people who cultivate them rarely attract academic interest, policy studies or investment. The agricultural expertise of indigenous communities is often overlooked by decision-makers. Interventions based on mainstream crops and external technologies may fail indigenous communities where a vast range of crops are cultivated in diverse production systems and in marginal environments. Hunger, malnutrition, and poverty in indigenous communities are high. The challenges should be approached from the perspectives and resources of indigenous people. In this chapter, we discuss four biogeographical regions, arid, semi-arid, humid and mountainous, representing large parts of marginal lands and innovations, investment opportunities, and proposed action for the transformation of food systems in these areas. Marginal areas and indigenous people can benefit from improved linkages between formal and indigenous knowledge systems, participatory and demand-driven technologies, integration of indigenous knowledge in research, improvements in local crops, integrated management and access to markets. Our recommendations for the transformation of food systems in these areas include (1) Efforts to mainstream diverse value chains, (2) Development of evidence-based policies (3) Awareness of under-utilized and forgotten crops (4) Collective action and (5) Coordinated public and private investment in research and development for the empowerment of indigenous people and the development of their land.
A New Paradigm for Plant Nutrition
Authors: Dobermann Achim , Bruulsema Tom , Cakmak Ismail , Gerard Bruno , Majumdar Kaushik , McLaughlin Michael , Reidsma Pytrik , Vanlauwe Bernard , Wollenberg Eva , Zhang Fusuo , Zhang Xin 
Published: January 2023

AbstractNutrient inputs play a critical role in raising crops and livestock for food security, human nutrition and other uses in the bioeconomy. Their production and management must change so as to nourish crops, reduce harmful environmental impacts caused by nutrient losses and contribute to the restoration of soil health more effectively. A new paradigm for plant nutrition follows a food system approach in which multiple socioeconomic, environmental and health objectives must be achieved. The coming 10–20 years will be most critical for making the transition to a global food system in which all stakeholders look at food and nutrients in a holistic manner, including in regard to their hidden environmental, health and socioeconomic costs. Consumers, as well as governments and other stakeholders, need to support such a transformation, because farmers and the industry supporting them will not be able to implement all of the required actions alone. The outcome of this transformation will be a new societal plant nutrition optimum, rather than a purely economic optimum. The new nutrient economy will become an integral component of a low-carbon emission, environment-friendly and circular economy, supporting the food and nutrition requirements of a rising global population and improving the income and livelihood of farmers worldwide.
A Review of Evidence on Gender Equality, Women’s Empowerment, and Food Systems
Authors: Njuki Jemimah , Eissler Sarah , Malapit Hazel , Meinzen-Dick Ruth , Bryan Elizabeth , Quisumbing Agnes 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAchieving gender equality and women’s empowerment in food systems can result in greater food security and better nutrition, as well as more just, resilient and sustainable food systems for all. This chapter uses a scoping review to assess the current evidence on pathways between gender equality, women’s empowerment and food systems. The chapter uses an adaptation of the food system framework to organize the evidence and identify where evidence is strong, and where gaps remain. Results show strong evidence on women’s differing access to resources, shaped and reinforced by contextual social gender norms, and on links between women’s empowerment and maternal education and important outcomes, such as nutrition and dietary diversity. However, evidence is limited on issues such as gender considerations in food systems for women in urban areas and in aquaculture value chains, best practices and effective pathways for engaging men in the process of women’s empowerment in food systems, and how to address issues related to migration, crises and indigenous food systems. While there are gender-informed evaluation studies examining the effectiveness of gender- and nutrition-sensitive agricultural programs, evidence indicating the long-term sustainability of such impacts remains limited. The chapter recommends key areas for investment: improving women’s leadership and decision-making in food systems, promoting equal and positive gender norms, improving access to resources, and building cross-contextual research evidence on gender and food systems.
Introduction
Authors: Bramwell Donna , Checkland Kath , Shields Jolanta , Allen Pauline 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn this chapter we introduce the background and rationale for our historical review of community nursing services through the lens of health policy. We provide the research questions the review is based on and detail the topic themes used to structure our answers to these questions. We have considered policy relating to community nursing services over seven eras from 1948 to the present day and each subsequent chapter details this. A definition of community/district nursing used for the purposes of the review is provided, as well as an outline of the structure of the chapters and the book. Each chapter will follow a consistent format:

Historical context

The role and function of community/district nursing services

The management of community/district nursing services and the population covered

Financing community/district nursing services

Summary
2010–2015: The Health and Social Care Act, NHS Fragmentation
Authors: Bramwell Donna , Checkland Kath , Shields Jolanta , Allen Pauline 
Published: January 2023

AbstractA change of government in 2010 brought fresh NHS reforms and a new Health and Social Care Act (HSCA, 2012). Both, along with the 2014, Five Year Forward View (NHSE) set the tone for this Chapter. We discuss how the continued emphasis on competition between providers, and the introduction of Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) which replaced Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) as commissioners of community services, impacted on community nursing service management and delivery. Policy shifted in favour of a more co-operative approach to service provision and familiar agendas were set out for keeping people out of hospital with reform based around integration between health care sectors and between health and social care services. There was little change on the ground for district nurses in this era despite increasing emphasis on integrated care, collaborative, cross-sector working (i.e. with LA social care) and multi-disciplinary team management of complex patients. The HSCA 2012 began to unravel almost as soon as it was enacted, with the emphasis on competition undermined by the Five Year Forward View shift towards integration between sectors as a dominant organising principle. Community Health Services (CHS) were, to some extent, protected from the fragmentation associated with the Act, and in terms of district nursing practice, this era generated little change with patterns of service provision remaining very much as they were following the upheaval generated by the Transforming Community Services agenda.
Political Conceptions of Human and Animal Rights: Principled and Prudential Reasons
Authors: Stucki Saskia 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe preceding chapter has argued that animalscouldhave (some) human rights. Granted that the proposition of human rights for animals is conceptually plausible on naturalistic grounds, the question remains whether it is politically desirable on practical grounds. Would the inclusion of animals under the human rights framework be a good thing? Through the lens of political conceptions, this chapter explores a range of practical reasons why animalsshouldbe afforded human rights. I will argue that the extension of human rights to animals is warranted both forprincipledor ethical reasons (as a matter of justice for animals) and forprudentialor instrumental reasons (as a means of better safeguarding human rights). In short, human rights are good for animals and animal rights are good for humans.
Semantic Equivalence of Task-Oriented Programs in TopHat
Authors: Klijnsma Tosca , Steenvoorden Tim 
Published: January 2023

AbstractTask-oriented programming (top) is a new programming paradigm for specifying multi-user workflows. To reason formally abouttopprograms, a formal language calledTopHathas been designed, together with its operational semantics. For proving properties about task-oriented programs, it is desirable to know when twoTopHat-programs are semantically equivalent. This paper aims to answer this question. We show that a task can be in either one of five conditions, and for every two tasks in the same condition, we define what it means for them to be semantically equivalent. Using this definition, we study a number of transformation laws forTopHat-programs, which can be used by developers and compilers to optimisetop-programs. We show that the "Image missing"operation on types inTopHatis a functor but cannot be a monad. We support our findings with proofs formalised in the dependently typed programming languageIdris.
Ist-Stand und Entwicklungspfade der Musikindustrie – Meinungsbilder aus drei Perspektiven
Authors: Klingner Stephan , Miller Mihail , Schumacher Frank , Thomas Patrick , Becker Michael 
Published: January 2023

ZusammenfassungDie Problemfelder an der Schnittstelle zwischen IT und Musikindustrie sind bei der Wahrnehmung von Urheberrechten, ebenso wie mögliche Lösungsansätze, vielschichtig. Die Komplexität langfristig gewachsener Systeme in Kombination mit der Heterogenität der Akteure erschweren Innovationsschritte und die Entwicklung einfacher und kompromissfreier Lösungsansätze. Gleichzeitig sind in vielen Bereichen Verbesserungen möglich oder gar dringend notwendig, wie die Ausführungen der vorangegangenen Kapitel an verschiedenen Stellen angedeutet haben.
Assessing the Digital Transformation of Education Systems
Authors: Qayyum Adnan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe digital transformation of education has been underway for decades at differing paces across the world. In this chapter, an education digitization index is proposed in order to assess the extent of digital transformation in various countries. The education digitization index is composed for four variables: digital assets, digital use, digital labor, and digital outcomes. While a lot of research and practice in education has been on digital use – applying particular digital educational technologies – countries with substantial digital assets and a commitment to digital labor are able to transform education systems more readily. Digital assets and digital labor have become more important during the pandemic.
Culture, Ethics of Care, Community, and Language in Online Learning Environments: Supporting Adult Educators in a Digital Era
Authors: Hedayati-Mehdiabadi Amir , Gunawardena Charlotte N. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractConsidering the increase in the number of online courses and programs across the globe, preparing educators for creating inclusive online environments for learners to thrive is imperative. The worldwide pandemic of 2020, in a sense, only accelerated the already rising trends of online course offerings in higher education and further expanded it to other sections of education and geographical locations. Reviewing the existing literature and building on the authors’ experiences, this chapter uses a cultural and ethical lens to examine issues related to community and language to contribute to the design of equitable and inclusive online learning environments. Although these issues impact all segments of the educational enterprise, given the authors’ experiences with adult learning, the focus in this chapter will be on adults as learners.
Virtual Internationalization as a Concept for Campus-Based and Online and Distance Higher Education
Authors: Bruhn-Zass Elisa 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe concept of Virtual Internationalization systematizes the many possible uses of digital technology in the internationalization of higher education. It is rooted in a comprehensive understanding of internationalization that encompasses the entire institution. Virtual Internationalization includes, but is not limited to, curricular concepts such as virtual mobility, virtual exchange, and virtual study abroad. Beyond the curriculum, it also involves the internationalization of management and administration, academic and teaching staff, and the role of digital technology in physical student mobility, international partnerships, collaboration, and transnational education. Moreover, Virtual Internationalization systematically integrates online and distance education. Study programs that are offered fully online or at a distance are thus brought out of the blind spot of internationalization.
Program and Course Evaluation in Open, Distance, and Digital Education
Authors: dela Peña Bandalaria Melinda 
Published: January 2023

AbstractOpen, Distance, and Digital Education (ODDE) has potential to help educational institutions address the various challenges which usually result in the disruptions of the learning process. This system of education is flexible, agile, and resilient enough to adjust to the different contexts and also enables the academic institution to respond to some expectations like making available lifelong learning opportunities to all types of learners. There is, however, a lingering perception that ODDE is of lower quality compared to the conventional mode of education despite results of research showing otherwise which can prevent the realization of the full potential of this system of instruction.Through an intensive review of literature, this chapter looked at how quality in ODDE was and is being articulated with respect to curricular programs and courses and how they are evaluated for quality with the goal of determining if there are gaps which need to be addressed to help dispel that perception of lower quality. Eleven Quality Assurance (QA) Frameworks developed by various organizations from different parts of the world during the last 20 years (2000–2019) were evaluated for a more focused review process. Results showed that there is a general agreement as to what constitutes quality in this system of education. For the methodologies for program and course evaluation, some improvements and innovations can be done as informed by the QA Frameworks and tapping on what information can the technology provide as in the case of learning analytics which served as basis for the recommendations made.
Quality Assurance of Open Educational Resources
Authors: Zawacki-Richter Olaf , Müskens Wolfgang , Marín Victoria I. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe lack of transparency of the quality of Open Educational Resources (OER) is often seen as a barrier to the wider adoption, use, sharing, and further development of OER in the practice of teaching and learning in ODDE. Following the UNESCO Recommendation on OER, this chapter starts providing an overview of quality assurance systems from an international perspective, and the perceptions of faculty members on OER quality. Then, based on an empirical study, a quality framework and validated instrument for the evaluation and quality assessment of OER is presented – the Instrument for Quality Assurance of OER (IQOER). The second part of the chapter looks at how such an instrument can be integrated into a quality assurance process that takes into account the different goals, roles, and functions of the stakeholders involved. It becomes clear that a cultural change toward Open Educational Practice (OEP) is also needed to reach a wider acceptance of OER.
Accreditation and Recognition of Prior Learning in Higher Education
Authors: Conrad Dianne 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe recognition of prior learning (RPL) can, and does, play an important role in the accreditation of higher institutional learning, thereby benefitting students, employers, and society. Using rigorous tools that permit learners to bring forward for assessment their experiential learning from various life experiences, RPL can contribute to a fuller and equally valid expression of learners’ knowledge than does traditional assessment. Additionally, RPL contributes to mitigating issues of equity, diversity, and inclusion in education by acknowledging and valuing a variety of learning opportunities. RPL also raises difficult epistemological issues and the question of knowledge ownership, thus making it a contentious and challenging academic concern This chapter reviews the process and pedagogy of RPL practice within the evolving context of accreditation, both at present and in the future, a future which includes innovations such as open educational practice, MOOCs, and micro-credentialling, all of which create opportunities for traditional modes of accreditation and assessment to re-examine their purpose and process.
Automated Essay Scoring Systems
Authors: Ifenthaler Dirk 
Published: January 2023

AbstractEssays are scholarly compositions with a specific focus on a phenomenon in question. They provide learners the opportunity to demonstrate in-depth understanding of a subject matter; however, evaluating, grading, and providing feedback on written essays are time consuming and labor intensive. Advances in automated assessment systems may facilitate the feasibility, objectivity, reliability, and validity of the evaluation of written prose as well as providing instant feedback during learning processes. Measurements of written text include observable components such as content, style, organization, and mechanics. As a result, automated essay scoring systems generate a single score or detailed evaluation of predefined assessment features. This chapter describes the evolution and features of automated scoring systems, discusses their limitations, and concludes with future directions for research and practice.