bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recruitment and Proliferation of Immunocompetent Cells during the Log Phase of the Primary Antibody Response
Authors: Perkins Eugene H. , Sado Toshihiko , Makinodan T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of cellular proliferation and recruitment was evaluated in the spleens of mice undergoing a primary immune response at 2-hr intervals during the first 96 hr after antigenic stimulation. The response was further analyzed autoradiographically and by the use of vinblastine, a mitotic inhibitor. It was found that: a) antigen-induced cellular proliferation began about 12 hr after antigen injection; b) plaqueforming cells (PFC) began to appear at a level significantly above background following a lag phase of about 24 hr; c) most, if not all, PFC during the log phase of the response are themselves proliferating or are the progeny of proliferating precursor cells; d) the number of PFC increased in a staircase manner, suggesting a considerable degree of synchronous growth; and e) there was a series of recruitment events occurring nonrandomly and in phase with division of PFC. These findings establish the essential and dominant roles of cellular proliferation during the log phase of the primary response. An important and unexpected observation is that there are many recruitment events occurring in a nonrandom manner and that the number of cells recruited increases exponentially. These results indicate that care should be taken in evaluating kinetic indices derived from analysis of data based on the assumption that only one recruitment event is involved and that the growth in the number of antibody-forming cells is random.
Immunofluorescence Studies on the Anatomic Distribution of the Soluble Antigen Responsible for the Production of Nephrotoxic Serum Nephritis
Authors: Nagasawa Toshihiko , Shibata Seiichi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal human kidney, lung, aorta, heart, muscle and liver were stained with fluorescein-labeled antiserum to intact human ST-GBM (the tryptic-digested ultrasupernatant substance of intact human glomerular basement membrane) for the purpose of elucidating the anatomic distribution of the specific antigen that is responsible for the production of nephrotoxic serum nephritis. These particular organs were investigated because we have previously demonstrated that antiserum against the ST of these organs (rat) could produce typical glomerulonephritis in rats. The characteristic distribution of fluorescence in these organs was as follows: kidney, glomerular basement membrane and tubular basement membrane; lung, alveolar capillary basement membrane; aorta, probably the sarcolemma of muscle cells in the tunica media; skeletal and cardiac muscle, sarcolemma of muscle cells; and liver, sinusoidal walls. Besides this specific distribution, fluorescence was also found in blood vessels and epithelial basement membrane. Further investigation is necessary to clarify the relationship between the antigenic substance in epithelial basement membrane and the production of nephrotoxic antiserum.
Assay for the Immunosuppressive Capacity of Antilymphocyte Serum
Authors: Martin William John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this and the preceding two papers an assay procedure for ALS has been described. It measures the capacity of ALS to opsonize either mouse, human or dog thymus cells. The percentage of mouse thymus cells opsonized by an anti-mouse lymphocyte serum correlates with its ability to depress the immune response of mice to SRBC. Based on this finding, it is postulated that anti-dog or anti-human lymphocyte sera that are capable of opsonizing dog and human thymus cells, respectively, will be immunosuppressive.
Reaginic Antibody against Insulin: Demonstration of Antigenic Distinction between Native and Extracted Insulin
Authors: Patterson Roy , Lucena Guillermo , Metz Robert , Roberts Mary 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Reaginic antibody against insulin mediated a generalized systemic reaction. The antibody was demonstrated to be against the insulin molecule and not against contaminating non-insulin proteins. The reaginic antibody was consistent with localization in a γE type of immunoglobulin. Reactivity was directed against insulins of several species including human insulin. The antibody reacted with various submolecular units of insulin but not against isolated A- and B-chains. The presence of reactivity against human synthetic insulin and insulin prepared from recombination of polypeptide subunits demonstrated the related antigenicity of these molecules. The reaginic antibody reacted only against extracted insulin including autologous insulin and not against endogenous circulating insulin.
Blastogenesis of Lymphocytes Induced by PPD-Primed X-Irradiated Autologous Lymphocytes
Authors: Kasakura Shinpei 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Heavily irradiated lymphocytes that were incubated with PPD at 37°C and then washed thoroughly induced blast cell transformation of intact, autologous leukocytes. This did not occur with cells from tuberculin-negative subjects. PPD-primed, 10,000 r-irradiated cells induced blastogenesis. Irradiated cells primed at 4°C also induced blastogenesis. The degree of blastogenesis was affected by the following conditions: (1) the ratio of the number of PPD-primed irradiated cells to the number of intact, autologous leukocytes, (2) the PPD concentration used for priming, (3) the radiation dose, (4) the temperature during incubation with PPD, and (5) the length of incubation with PPD. Our present data suggest that PPD may be bound physically to the surface of cells (probably lymphocytes) and may stimulate intact, autologous leukocytes through direct cell-to-cell contact.
Studies on Passive Hemagglutination
Authors: Wolberg Gerald , Liu Chi Tan , Adler Frank L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The agglutination of tanned sheep red cells sensitized with bovine serum albumin by specific rabbit antisera has been investigated. It has been found that 7S antibody obtained early in immunization, like 19S antibody, differs from “late” 7S antibody in its requirement of higher antigen concentrations on the tanned cells. Mildly denatured albumin has been shown to be a more effective sensitizing antigen than native albumin, and evidence has been presented to show that this change is independent of aggregation and the choice of denaturing agent. It has been demonstrated that the denatured material is adsorbed more efficiently than native albumin (enhanced coating efficiency) and that, in addition, it possesses increased specific sensitizing activity. Also shown are differences in the effect of gelatin as a substitute for normal rabbit serum in the agglutination activities of sera obtained early or late during immunization.
Two Anticomplementary Factors in Cobra Venom: Hemolysis of Guinea Pig Erythrocytes by One of Them
Authors: Ballow Mark , Cochrane Charles G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A second anticomplementary material in cobra venom is described and characterized by its large molecular size (0.8 to 1.0 × 106 molecular weight), its action on the early components of complement, but not C3 or C5, and its inability to lyse guinea pig erythrocytes.
The low molecular weight cobra factor (140,000) has both anticomplementary activity and guinea pig erythrocyte hemolytic activity in vitro.
Its ability to lyse erythrocytes depends on the formation of a complex between L-CoF and a cofactor in serum and upon an intact sequence of complement components from C3 on. Purified L-CoF was found to bind to the surface of guinea pig erythrocytes in very small amounts so that lysis of the cells occurred after washing and exposure to a source of C3–C9. Mechanisms for the hemolysis of guinea pig erythrocytes by cobra factor are discussed.
Adoptive Transfer of Immunologic Tolerance into Normal Mice
Authors: Crowle Alfred J. , Hu C. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Preimmunization tolerance induced by injecting mice with moderate quantities of purified protein antigens in saline and preventing later attempted induction of delayed hypersensitivity by injection of these antigens in Freund's adjuvant could be broken by adoptive transfer of spleen cells from sensitized donors but not by cells from normal donors, could be transferred passively with serum immunoglobulin concentrate, and could be transferred adoptively with spleen cells from tolerant donors. Thus, it appears to be due to the manufacture and presence in tolerant mice of a hypersensitization-inhibiting antibody rather than to loss or blockade of a clone of potentially responsive immunocytes.
The Production in Chickens of Antibody by Spontaneous Escape Following Immunologic Tolerance
Authors: Tempelis C. H. , Rodrick Mary Lofy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Intraperitoneal injections of 1.0, 5.0 and 20.0 mg of turkey γ globulin (TGG) and goose γ globulin (GGG), which are sufficient to produce immunologic tolerance in newly hatched chicks, resulted in the production of antibody by spontaneous escape following release from tolerance. Two of the three groups that received TGG began to produce detectable antibody at 12 weeks of age, while the third group (1.0 mg) started during the 15th week of age. Antibody was detected in the 7th week in all groups that received GGG.
When bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used, no detectable antibody was found by the bis-diazotized benzidine passive hemagglutination test or by immunodiffusion autoradiography following 28 weekly bleedings.
Our data indicate that the almost simultaneous production of antibody by spontaneous escape in the two groups that received TGG (12th week) and the three groups that received GGG (7th week) is primarily the result of the release and/or the production of enough immunocompetent cells to respond to the residual antigen retained, regardless of the initial dosage.
Several factors appear to play significant roles in determining spontaneous antibody production. They include the structural nature of the antigen, its phylogenetic relatedness and the host animal.
Locally Produced Antibody in Human Gastrointestinal Secretions
Authors: Kriebel George W. , Kraft Sumner C. , Rothberg Richard M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The distribution of IgG, IgA, IgM and IgD was assessed in concentrates of parotid saliva, gastric juice and duodenal contents from 49 human subjects. Immunoglobulin A predominated in parotid saliva, and immunoglobulins were found inconstantly in unneutralized gastric juice. Thirty of 40 duodenal specimens contained IgA, IgM and IgD, and 25 contained all four immunoglobulins.
To evaluate the source of the immunoglobulins found in these secretions, antibody against a dietary protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), was employed as a specific marker. Evidence for local antibody production by lymphoid tissue of the gastrointestinal tract was provided by the following data. a) Anti-BSA was demonstrated in the gastrointestinal secretions of nine subjects without detectable serum anti-BSA. In these secretions anti-BSA was associated with IgA, IgM and IgD, but not IgG. b) This absence of anti-BSA associated with IgG is in contrast to its frequent association with the IgG of serum and external secretions from subjects with high amounts of circulating anti-BSA. c) Anti-BSA associated with IgM was demonstrated in gastrointestinal secretions but never in the serum. d) Among individuals with little or no serum anti-BSA, this antibody was detected in secretions from viscera exposed to BSA, but not in saliva from the parotid gland, which is not exposed to the antigen.
The anti-BSA activity in gastrointestinal fluids was associated at least in part with secretory 11S IgA, but the finding of locally-produced antibody associated with IgM and IgD indicates that these immunoglobulins also may play an important role in external secretions.
Alterations in Host Responses to Experimental Candida Albicans Infections by Bacterial Endotoxin
Authors: Wright Larry J. , Kimball Harry R. , Wolff Sheldon M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Some of the mechanisms responsible for endotoxin-induced resistance to experimental Candida albicans infection in mice have been investigated. Maximal protection has been demonstrated at 1 and 6 days after endotoxin and serum factors have been shown to be important in both. The enhanced resistance to candidiasis observed 1 day following endotoxin is primarily due to transferable serum factor(s). At this time, organisms are cleared from the blood stream at an increased rate. However, this effect does not appear to be due to either the presence of serum opsonins or enhanced function of the reticuloendothelial system. In animals given endotoxin 6 days previously, there is significantly less proliferation of C. albicans in the kidney, the prime target organ of this infection. Serum factors present in the blood of these animals inhibit the growth of C. albicans in vitro. Therefore, at least two, probably different, serum factors seem to be involved in endotoxin-induced resistance. These serum factors may also require as yet undefined cellular mechanisms to produce the effects that were noted.
Immunoglobulins, Antibodies and the Bursa of Fabricius: Induction of Agammaglobulinemia and the Loss of All Antibody-Forming Capacity by Hormonal Bursectomy
Authors: Warner Noel L. , Uhr Jonathan W. , Thorbecke G. Jeanette , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hormonally bursectomized (HBx) chickens were repeatedly immunized with Brucella antigen. The proportion of antibody-responding HBx chickens increased from 16% at 6-day primary, to 48% at 6-day secondary, and to 60% at 15- and 21 day-tertiary. Despite this continued immunization, however, 40% of the HBx chickens still remained completely unable to produce any detectable antibody response even with the use of an extremely sensitive agglutinin assay. Following a secondary immunization with HGG 64% of HBx chickens failed to produce any detectable antibody. Natural hemagglutinins to rabbit red blood cells were also absent from the sera of HBx chickens.
Serum immunoglobulins were determined by immunodiffusion and immuno-electrophoresis using specific anti IgM and IgG sera. Serum IgG levels were quantitated with the use of an extremely sensitive assay employing the inhibition of precipitation of 125I-labeled IgG by specific antiserum. Approximately 50% of HBx chickens had less than 1% of the control IgG level. Some birds were completely agammaglobulinemic, having less than 1/10,000 the control amount of IgG. Several of the HBx chickens with about 1% of IgG had normal or elevated levels of IgM. Serum α2-macroglobulin levels were normal in HBx chickens.
Several HBx chickens that survived until 8 months of life were rechallenged with various antigens. A total lack of antibody production to most antigens was still found, even though some of these birds had considerable amounts of IgG and/or IgM. In vitro cultures of spleen and appendix confirmed the serum results on immunoglobulins, in showing that lack of circulating IgG and IgM was associated with a failure of its synthesis.
The results presented in this paper strongly deny claims that bursectomy cannot totally prevent the development of all antibody-forming capacity or immunoglobulin synthesis. They reinforce the concept of an absolute dissociation of immunologic responsiveness in chickens, in that the bursa is the sole site of control of the development of the antibody-forming system.
Thymus-Derived Cells in the Early Phase of Delayed Tuberculin Reactions
Authors: Williams R. Michael , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The thymus is essential to the development of cell-mediated hypersensitivity as well as certain types of antibody formation (1–3). An interaction of thymus-derived and bone marrow-derived cells apparently is required for many of these responses (4–8). In cases studied thus far which involve hemolysin production against sheep erythrocyte antigens, thymus-derived cells show an initial mitotic response to the antigenic stimulus, but the actual antibody-forming cells have proved to be marrow-derived (5–8). In tuberculin hypersensitivity, which may be taken as a well-established example of cellular hypersensitivity, while the thymus is required for active sensitization the overwhelming majority of cells which leave the circulation and infiltrate specific delayed skin reaction sites are nonspecific marrow-derived monocytes (9–11). The data presented here establish the presence of significant proportions of thymus-derived cells in the early stages of the tuberculin reaction in the rat.
The animals, materials and techniques used in this study have been described in detail elsewhere (10, 12).
Studies on Rabbit Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Sell Stewart , Lowe Jennifer A. , Gell P. G. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The magnitude of the in vitro lymphocyte blast transformation response induced by anti-allotypic sera may be greatly increased by adding a second anti-allotypic serum that reacts with the first antiserum. This “piggy-back” augmentation effect is produced by a second anti-allotypic serum that does not react directly with the lymphocytes in culture, but rather with an allotypic serum that does react with the lymphocyte. For example, if a2a2b6b6 lymphocytes are first treated with an anti-Aa2 serum raised in an a1a1b6b6 rabbit, a certain blast transformation response will occur. When an anti-Aal serum raised in an a3a3b6b6 rabbit is also added, a significant increase in the blast transformation response occurs (augmentation). This augmentation effect suggests that the induction of lymphocyte blast transformation may require the close approximation of two antibody molecules reacting with a given lymphocyte.
Mode of Action of Adjuvants: Retinol and other Lysosome-Labilizing Agents As Adjuvants
Authors: Spitznagel John K. , Allison A. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Several agents known to labilize lysosomal membranes were found to have adjuvant effects, increasing the antibody response in mice immunized with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Two agents were particularly effective: retinol (vitamin A alcohol) and E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Although the highest antibody levels were observed in mice given retinol in incomplete Freund's adjuvant, smaller amounts of LPS were needed to obtain an adjuvant effect. When free BSA was administered alone, antibody levels were low but rose with increasing doses of antigen. Increasing the concentration of adjuvant raised antibody levels to a plateau level. In mice treated with adjuvants, increasing doses of antigen depressed antibody responses. There seems to be a relationship between the capacity of different agents to labilize lysosomal membranes and their potency as adjuvants. The response to BSA can be considered as the end result of two processes, immunization and tolerance-induction. The latter is favored by free antigen, whereas immunization is favored by presenting BSA in particulate form or together with adjuvants.
Cellular Kinetics of the Antibody Response by the Fetal Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Silverstein Arthur M. , Prendergast Robert A. , Parshall Charles J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The manner in which developing animals achieve immunologic competence and the way that they initiate an active response to the very first antigenic challenges are currently of great theoretical interest in immunology. While the young of some mammalian species mature immunologically only after birth, in other species the developing fetus is able to mount active immunologic responses in utero, often at surprisingly early gestational ages (1). Moreover, the young animal does not attain full immunologic competence all at once. Rather, it appears to possess a finely controlled immunologic clock whereby competence to each antigen appears at a discrete and reproducible time during development, some capacities arising before and some after birth according to the species (2, 3). In this study we are concerned with whether, following the young animal's transition from immunologic nonreactivity to an ability to respond to the given antigen, there is any immaturity or restriction in this initial response.
An in Vitro Assay for Cellular Hypersensitivity in Man
Authors: Rocklin Ross E. , Meyers Orlando L. , David John R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A reproducible in vitro assay for delayed hypersensitivity in man is described. Human blood lymphocytes from subjects exhibiting delayed hypersensitivity can be stimulated by specific antigen in vitro to produce a soluble factor which inhibits the migration of normal guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells from capillary tubes. The production by lymphocytes of this migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is immunologically specific. Nonsensitive lymphocytes are not sensitized by plasma factors to produce MIF. Some clinical applications of this in vitro assay are discussed.
A Prospective Study of Chronic Herpes Simplex Virus Infection and Recurrent Herpes Labialis in Humans
Authors: Douglas R. Gordon , Couch Robert B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Oral and parotid secretion specimens were collected three times each week and serum was collected at monthly intervals from 10 healthy adult volunteers for 5 months. Herpes simplex virus was isolated in rabbit kidney tissue cultures 22 times from oral secretions (3.6%), but all parotid saliva specimens were negative for virus. Eight individuals shed herpesvirus, and virus was isolated from one individual seven times. Seven of the eight volunteers who shed herpesvirus experienced 14 episodes of herpes labialis. Seven of 29 (24.1%) specimens of oral secretion obtained while a lesion was present were positive for herpesvirus, whereas only 11 of 494 (2.2%) obtained more than 7 days after a lesion occurred were positive.
Serum-neutralizing antibody titers ranged from 1:8 to 1:1024 and remained constant irrespective of whether herpesvirus was isolated or herpetic lesions occurred. Neither the frequency of virus isolations nor the number of herpetic lesions were related to the level of serum-neutralizing antibody. Antibody activity was not detected in pooled, concentrated specimens of parotid saliva, and only 6 of 60 concentrated specimens of oral secretion contained low titers of neutralizing activity despite good levels of IgA. Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation studies showed that this antibody activity was associated with 7S IgG rather than with 11S IgA.
These findings suggest that herpesvirus chronically infects a site with access to the mouth, but that the parotid glands are not such a site; that the magnitude of serum antibody does not influence shedding of herpesvirus or the occurrence of herptic lesions; and that local IgA antibody does not appear to play a role in recurrent herpes labialis.
Immunochemical Studies of Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Authors: Cowan K. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunodiffusion and inhibition studies indicated that 19S class guinea pig antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus were specific for distinctive antigenic determinants on the virus particles, whereas 7S antibodies had a single specificity for the virus particles and were unable to discriminate between the different individual antigenic determinants. This was interpreted as meaning that the antigenic determinant site encompassed by 7S antibodies consists of several smaller regions (subdeterminants) each of which may serve as an antigenic determinant site for 19S antibodies. It was also proposed that the combinding sites of 19S antibodies are smaller than those of 7S antibodies.