bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accuracy evaluation of scour depth equations under the submerged vertical jet
Authors: Guguloth Sai , Pandey Manish 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Scouring of sediment materials under submerged vertical jets is shown at grade-control structures, downstream of weirs, and submerged vertical water jets have several uses, including seabed sediment removal and dredging in ocean engineering. Numerous studies have been conducted to demonstrate the scour process and the variation of scour profile utilizing various influencing parameters. Many researchers developed equations for predicting the scour hole characteristics. Previous studies identified two types of scour hole depth configurations: static and dynamic scour depth and the variation of scour hole variations differs for long- and short-impinging jet height conditions. In this study, extensive data on non-dimensional static and dynamic scour depth under short- and long-impinging jets acquired from prior literature, and the previously proposed equations of static and dynamic scour depth were analyzed using graphical and statistical analysis. The findings demonstrated that the relationships proposed by Aderibigbe and Rajaratnam (1996) for long-impinging jets and Amin et al. (2021) for short-impinging jets predict the static scour depth better than the other equations. The proposed equations for dynamic scour depth under long- and short-impinging jets are highly biased and inaccurate.
Spatio-temporal changes in urban water consumption during 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic in southern Brazil
Authors: Tavares Lígia Conceição , Bravo Juan M. , Lehdermann Luisa , Jesus Ronan T. , Almeida Ian R. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This study investigated the changes that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic in urban water consumption in residential, commercial, industrial, and public agencies in the city of São Leopoldo, southern Brazil, which has about 55,000 consumers and over 200,000 inhabitants. Overall, the city increased water consumption by 5.6% during the 2-year pandemic, with 5.9% in 2020 and 5.5% in 2021. Residential and industrial consumption increased by 6.77 and 9.92% in the first year, and by 5.47 and 14.45% in the second year, respectively. On the other hand, commercial and public sector consumption decreased by 5.48 and 46.26% in the first year and 1.83 and 40.99% in the second year, respectively. In the first months of the pandemic, there was a sharp increase in residential water consumption at the same time as a reduction in consumption in the other categories. In contrast, there was a slight return to previous water consumption patterns in the following months. Overall, we can affirm that the more central neighborhoods presented higher changes in water consumption than the peripheral neighborhoods. In addition, the water consumption during the pandemic and pre-pandemic periods was statistically different for residential, industrial, and public consumers.
Recent Progress in Selective COX-2 Inhibitor Formulations and Therapeutic
Applications - A Patent Review (2012-2022)
Authors: Mittal Roopal , Sharma Shailesh , Mittal Anu , Mittal Amit 
Published: April 2023

Introduction:
Cyclooxygenase (COX), in literature, known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide
synthase (PTGS), is an enzyme that is responsible for the formation of prostanoids, including thromboxane
and prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. COX-1 does housekeeping activity, whereas COX-
2 induces inflammation. Continuous rise in COX-2 gives birth to chronic pain-associated disorders,
i.e., arthritis, cardiovascular complications, macular degeneration, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.
Despite their potent anti-inflammatory effects, the detrimental effects of COX-2 inhibitors coexist
in healthy tissues. Non-preferential NSAIDs cause gastrointestinal discomfort, whereas selective
COX-2 inhibitors exert higher cardiovascular risk and renal impairment on chronic use.

Methods:
This review paper covers key patents published between 2012-2022 on NSAIDs and coxibs,
highlighting their importance, mechanism of action, and patents related to formulation and drug combination.
So far, several drug combinations with NSAIDS have been used in clinical trials to treat
chronic pain besides combating the side effects.

Conclusion:
Emphasis has been given on the formulation, drug combination, administration routesmodification,
and alternative routes, i.e., parenteral, topical, and ocular DEPOT, improving its riskbenefit
ratio of NSAIDs to improvise their therapeutic availability and minimize the adverse effects.
Considering the wide area of research on COX-2 and ongoing studies, and future scope of view for
the better use of the NSAIDs in treating debilitating disease-associated algesia.
Therapeutic Potential of Clostridium novyi-NT in Cancer: Current
Knowledge and Future Perspectives
Authors: Sharafabad Behrouz Ebadi , Abdoli Asghar , Abdolmohammadi Khiav Lida , Meskini Maryam , Jamur Parisa , Dilmaghani Azita 
Published: April 2023

Abstract:
Resistance to conventional antitumour therapies and Hypoxia in patients with advanced
solid tumours are two major reasons for the failure of conventional anti-tumour therapies. Therefore,
it is important to find a new therapeutic method that can overcome these problems. An attenuated anaerobic
bacterium, Clostridium novyi-NT, could target Hypoxic and Necrotic areas of tumours causing
tumour lysis and stimulating a host anti-tumour immune response. To the best of our knowledge,
the combination of bacterial anti-tumour therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy
may promote tumour regression, inhibit metastasis and develop a new strategy for the treatment of
solid tumours. However, the possible molecular mechanisms of the combined therapies are still the
biggest challenge. This review provides an overview of the history of bacterial cancer therapy and the
development of a non-lethal strain of Clostridium novyi. Below is a precise definition of Hypoxic
conditions in solid tumour tissue. To understand the anticancer effect of Clostridium novyi-NT spores,
possible cell death mechanisms were summarised by the enzyme phospholipase C (nt01cx0979),
which is secreted by Clostridium novyi-NT spores after germination in tumour tissue. The function of
Clostridium novyi-NT spores in stimulating the host immune system to elicit anti-tumour responses
was reviewed. Then, the results of anti-tumour combination therapies based on Clostridium novyi-NT
spores were compiled. Identifying the molecular mechanisms of Clostridium novyi-NT in treating tumours
and inducing cell death in invasive cancer cells, ultimately leading to tumour regression, may
develop promising clinical strategies in the combined treatment of solid tumours.
Identification of Necroptosis-related Subtypes and Characterization of
Tumor Microenvironment Infiltration in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Deng Yan , Lin Yan , Zhou Bin , Jing Qian , Zhang Wei 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Necroptosis is correlated with the development, prognosis, and treatment of
tumors. However, the function of necroptosis-associated genes (NRGs) in the tumor microenvironment
(TME) of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unclear.

Methods:
In this study, 1210 NSCLC samples were classified into different subtypes based on the expression
of 66 NRGs by unsupervised clustering analysis, and further analyzed the TME characteristics
of these subtypes. In addition, we identified common differentially expressed genes (co-DEGs) in
NRG subtypes and constructed the NRG score using principal component analysis (PCA) to assess
the NRG-mediated TME characteristics of patients with NSCLC.

Results:
Using unsupervised cluster analysis, 1210 NSCLC samples were divided into NRGcluster A
and B subtypes. The NRGcluster B survived significantly better than the NRGcluster A. TME characterization
revealed that NRGcluster B was upregulated in immune and stromal signaling activation,
whereas NRGcluster A was upregulated in oncogenic signaling. The NRG score constructed based on
co-DEGs of the two NRG-related subtypes was positively correlated with immune cell infiltration and
negatively correlated with the number of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and tumor mutational burden
(TMB). In addition, survival was significantly worse in the low-NRG-score group compared to the
high-NRG-score group. Finally, the assessment of immunotherapeutic efficacy showed that immunotherapeutic
response was significantly worse in the low-NRG-score group compared to the high-
NRG-score group.

Conclusion:
This research reveals that NRGs are associated with the complexity and diversity of
TME in NSCLC. Adopting the NRG score to quantitatively assess NRG-mediated TME in individual
patients with NSCLC may help in planning clinical treatment strategies.
Current Medicinal Insights on Synthetic Small Molecules and Natural
Origin Products as PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors
Authors: Pandey Shivanshu , Kurmi Balak Das , Patel Preeti 
Published: April 2023

Abstract:
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Each year, millions of people are diagnosed with cancer; hence, researchers have always been curious and busy developing cancer treatments. Despite thousands of studies, cancer is still a major threat to human beings. One of the mechanisms through which cancer invades a human being is the immune escape mechanism, which has been the focus of studies in the past years. PD-1/PD-L1 pathway plays a major role in this im-mune escape. Therefore, research focusing on blocking this pathway has led to the discovery of molecules based on monoclonal antibodies that work quite well, but despite the successful applica-tion of monoclonal antibodies as inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, there are some drawbacks, such as poor bioavailability and several immune-related adverse effects, which have led the re-searchers toward further investigation, thereby resulting in the discovery of different types of mole-cules, such as small molecule inhibitors, PROTAC-based molecules, and naturally derived peptide molecules that function as inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. Here, in this review, we have summarized recent findings of these molecules and focused on their structural activity relationship. The development of these molecules has opened more prospects in cancer therapy.
Review on In-vitro Techniques and In-vivo Animals Models for Screening
Diabetes and Diabetic Complications
Authors: Shivam  , Kumar Sushil , Gupta Asheesh Kumar 
Published: April 2023

Abstract:
Diabetes mellitus is a type of metabolic disorders. Various pharmaceutical interventions
and animal models have been used to investigate the genetic, environmental, and etiological aspects
of diabetes and its effects. In recent years for the development of ant-diabetic remedies, numerous
novel genetically modified animals, pharmaceutical substances, medical techniques, viruses,
and hormones have been developed to screen diabetic complications. A unique disease-treating
drug with new properties is still being sought after. The current review tried to include all published
models and cutting-edge techniques. Experimental induction of diabetes mellitus in animal
models and in vitro methods are essential for advancing our knowledge, a thorough grasp of pathophysiology,
and the creation of novel therapeutics. Animal models and in vitro techniques are necessary
to develop innovative diabetic medications. New approaches and additional animal models
are required for diabetes research to advance. This is particularly true for models produced via dietary
modifications, which have various macronutrient compositions. In this article, we review the
rodent models of diet-induced diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic
nephropathy and critically compare the key characteristics of these micro-vascular complications
in humans and the diagnostic criteria with the parameters used in preclinical research using rodent
models, taking into consideration the potential need for factors that can accelerate or aggravate these
conditions.
Three Different Faces of Schwannoma in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Yazol Merve , Derinkuyu Betul Emine , Boyunaga Oznur 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Schwannomas arise from nerve sheaths of cranial, peripheral, and spinal nerve or nerve roots. Most intracranial schwannomas arise from the
cranial nerves, predominantly the vestibulocochlear nerve. In addition to cranial nerve schwannomas, intraparenchymal schwannomas of the brain
and intramedullary schwannomas of the spinal cord are extremely rare.

Case Report:
In our case we describe the imaging findings of three diverse cases of schwannoma at different locations and unique presentations with acute
neurological symptoms in the pediatric age group.

Conclusion:
Schwannomas should be included in the differential diagnosis of intracranial or intraspinal intramedullary space-occupying lesions in pediatric
patients.
The Development and Validation of Simultaneous Quantitative Analysis
Reversed-phase High-performance Liquid Chromatography for Sitagliptin
Phosphate Monohydrate and Dapagliflozin Propanediol Monohydrate
Fixed-dose Combination Dual-layered Tablet
Authors: Kang So-Jin , Kim Joo-Eun 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate-dapagliflozin propanediol hydrate fixeddose
combination (FDC) dual-layered tablet is used for type 2 diabetes treatment. Simultaneous quantitative
analysis can shorten the analysis time of sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate-dapagliflozin propanediol
monohydrate FDC dual-layered tablets and increase their efficiency.

Objective:
This study aimed to develop the simultaneous quantitative analysis for sitagliptin phosphate
monohydrate-dapagliflozin propanediol monohydrate FDC dual-layered tablet, a type 2 diabetes treatment.

Methods:
Simultaneous quantitative analysis using the rapid and selective reversed-phase highperformance
liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated using method
validation. RP-HPLC analysis was conducted using an ultraviolent absorption spectrophotometer and
a Zorbax C18 column (4.6 x 150 mm, 5 μm). The flow rate and injection volume were set to 1.5 mL
min-1 and 20 μL, respectively. The wavelength was set at 205 nm.

Results:
The retention times of sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate and dapagliflozin propanediol
monohydrate were 2.28 mins and 10.65 mins, respectively. The relative standard deviations of the
system suitability for validation of simultaneous quantitative analysis were 0.03% for sitagliptin phosphate
monohydrate and dapagliflozin propanediol monohydrate. The chromatogram confirmed that
there was no peak interference between the two main components and between the main component
and the excipients. In addition, It revealed a favorable linearity with correlation coefficients of 0.9999
in the concentration range of 20-120% compared to the standard solution.

Conclusion:
The developed simultaneous quantitative analysis shortened the analysis time and high
efficiency of the sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate-dapagliflozin propanediol monohydrate FDC bilayer
tablet. The validity of the analytical method was verified through accuracy and precision, detection
and quantitation limits, and solution stability tests. In addition, it was thought that it would be
helpful in developing an analytical method by referring to the simultaneous quantitative analysis
method for developing other FDC dual-layered tablets.
Exploring the Advance Data Mining Tool for Optimization of Nanoparticles
Laden in situ Gel for Ocular Drug Delivery
Authors: Shah Purvi , Patel Kesha , Patel Kalpana , Thakkar Vaishali , Dalwadi Saloni , Gandhi Tejal , Bhavsar Bhavesh 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Glaucoma is widely treated using eye drops, but around 95% of the drug is
lost by the ocular barrier resulting in low bioavailability. The incorporation of polymeric nanoparticles
into mucoadhesive polymer containing in situ gel is generally helpful in the retention of nanoparticles
on the eye and improves the efficacy of the formulation

Objective:
The objective of the present investigation has to develop polymeric brinzolamide (BRZ)
nanoparticles laden with timolol maleate (TM) in situ gel formulation.

Methods:
The optimized BRZ nanoparticles were prepared using PLGA by nanoprecipitation technique utilizing 32 full factorial designs (FFD). Healthy New Zealand White Rabbit (250-300 g) was
used for the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study. Design of the experiment was applied to
optimize formulation and validate the model. Some evaluation parameters related to BRZ nanoparticles as well as in-situ gel, have been done

Results:
The results of FFD reveal that the optimized condition for drugs to polymer ratio (1:7) containing 0.98 %w/v for poloxamer 188 results in higher entrapment efficiency and drug release with
156.7 nm particle size. The in-situ gel formulation has been prepared using Gelrite (0.5%w/v), and
HPMC K4M (0.5%w/v) shows acceptable results with sustained drug release up to 6±0.1 h. The rabbit
model's in-vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic data showed sustained release of drugs longer than the marketed formulation.

Conclusion:
The proposed formulation could successfully deliver therapeutic concentrations in the
eye with prolonged resident time and serve as a potential alternative for the treatment of glaucoma.
A Patent Review of Human Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase (hDHODH)
Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents and their Other Therapeutic Applications
(1999-2022)
Authors: Gehlot Pinky , Vyas Vivek K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract:
Highly proliferating cells, such as cancer cells, are in high demand of pyrimidine nucleotides
for their proliferation, accomplished by de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The human dihydroorotate
dehydrogenase (hDHODH) enzyme plays a vital role in the rate-limiting step of de novo
pyrimidine biosynthesis. As a recognised therapeutic target, hDHODH plays a significant role
in cancer and other illness. In the past two decades, small molecules as inhibitors hDHODH enzyme
have drawn much attention as anticancer agents, and their role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA),
and multiple sclerosis (MS). In this patent review, we have compiled patented hDHODH inhibitors
published between 1999 and 2022 and discussed the development of hDHODH inhibitors as
anticancer agents. Therapeutic potential of small molecules as hDHODH inhibitors for the treatment
of various diseases, such as cancer, is very well recognised. Human DHODH inhibitors can
rapidly cause intracellular uridine monophosphate (UMP) depletion to produce starvation of pyrimidine
bases. Normal cells can better endure a brief period of starvation without the side effects
of conventional cytotoxic medication and resume synthesis of nucleic acid and other cellular functions
after inhibition of de novo pathway using an alternative salvage pathway. Highly proliferative
cells such as cancer cells do not endure starvation because they are in high demand of nucleotides
for cell differentiation, which is fulfilled by de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. In addition,
hDHODH inhibitors produce their desired activity at lower doses rather than a cytotoxic dose of
other anticancer agents. Thus, inhibition of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis will create new prospects
for the development of novel targeted anticancer agents, which ongoing preclinical and
clinical experiments define. Our work brings together a comprehensive patent review of the role
of hDHODH in cancer, as well as various patents related to the hDHODH inhibitors and their anticancer
and other therapeutic potential. This compiled work on patented DHODH inhibitors will
guide researchers in pursuing the most promising drug discovery strategies against the hDHODH
enzyme as anticancer agents.
Assessment of Ergonomic Risk Factors among Metal Sculpture Workers
and Future Scope of AI Applications in Ergonomic Evaluation
Authors: Mishra Yogesh , Singh Ashish Kumar , Meena Makkhan Lal , Dangayach Govind Sharan 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Handicraft workers usually carry out daily activities by adopting awkward
postures. The most prevailing health issues among handicraft workers are musculoskeletal disorders
(MSDs).

Objective:
The current research aims to assess the occurrence of musculoskeletal symptoms and
investigate risk factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders among metal sculpture artisans.
Subsequently, the study highlighted the future scope of AI applications in ergonomic evaluation.

Methods:
144 male metal sculpture workers participated in the study. A modified Nordic questionnaire
was adopted to determine the musculoskeletal problems among metal sculpture workers. The
probable risk elements for MSD symptoms were identified by applying binary logistic regression.

Results:
Most workers faced discomfort in various body parts, particularly the wrist, lower back,
and shoulders. The outcome of the logistic regression model revealed that job-related factors have
significantly contributed to the development of MSD symptoms.

Conclusion:
This study concedes that awkward working postures for prolonged periods highly affect
the health of metal sculpture workers, and there is a need for ergonomic intervention to minimize
the risks of musculoskeletal disorders. The study also emphasizes the future scope of Artificial
Intelligence (AI) applications that can be used in ergonomically assessing working postures.
Evidence and Prospects of Lycopene as Powerful Red Superfood: Modern
Approach to Food Science
Authors: Gupta Ena , Mishra Pragya , Singh Priyanka , Mishra Neha 
Published: April 2023

Abstract:
Lycopene is a plant-derived important nutrient belonging to a group of pigments identified
as carotenoids. Lycopene has distinctive chemical and structural features contributing to definite
biological properties. Lycopene is a powerful antioxidant and prevents cells and tissues from
damage caused by singlet oxygen or free radicals. Research studies have shown the healthpromoting
potential of lycopene or its metabolites in the prevention of chronic diseases like diabetes,
cancer, asthma, metabolic syndrome, arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases. Lycopene is stable
for processing like other natural compounds when present in the plant tissue matrix. Over the last
few years, the global lycopene market has increased in different sectors like pharmaceuticals, cosmetics,
food and dairy products, and other dietary supplements. The most important aspect of lycopene
as a superfood is its synergistic nature with other nutrients. The main aim of this review article
is to study chemistry, biosynthetic pathways, biotransformation, sources, and acceptable daily intake.
Its characterization as a superfood, therapeutic potential, and wide range of applications in the
food industry are also studied.