bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Dettlaff Alan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The Introduction presents an overview of the main themes covered throughout this book including the racist origins of family separations in the United States during the time of chattel slavery and the racist origins of the child welfare system, referred to in this book as the family policing system, which emerged just following the abolition of slavery. Since that time, the modern child welfare system has been designed with the specific intent of maintaining the oppression of Black children and families through the continued use of forcible family separations. The Introduction then argues that the immense harm that results from these separations should be the catalyst that leads to calls for abolition of the child welfare system, just as the harms of family separations were the catalyst that led to the abolition of slavery.
A Racist Transformation
Authors: Dettlaff Alan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 presents the origins of the modern child welfare system, which evolved from a system of support for White families living in extreme poverty in the early 1900s to a system of surveillance and punishment of mostly poor Black families by the late 1960s. This evolution included changing public sentiments toward “welfare,” the “discovery” of child abuse in the early 1960s, and the racial unrest that accompanied the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. These events culminated in the passage of the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) of 1974, an early piece of child welfare policy that established the concept of “neglect” as “child maltreatment,” permanently associating poverty with child abuse, and significantly shifting the direction and purpose of the modern child welfare system. This chapter argues that this shift, which led to the significant overrepresentation of Black children and families, was by design.
Manifestations of Surveillance, Regulation, and Punishment in the Afterlife of Slavery
Authors: Dettlaff Alan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 presents an overview of the carceral logic that undergirds today’s child welfare system and the functions of surveillance, regulation, and punishment that emerge from this carceral logic. This chapter describes the ways in which these functions of surveillance, regulation, and punishment are rooted in the mechanisms used to maintain the oppression of Black people during the era of slavery and have since evolved to achieve this same purpose through today’s child welfare system. This chapter describes the ways in which family separations and the threat of family separations are used to punish and control Black families and communities, all for the purpose of maintaining their oppression. It concludes with a call to action to resist the anti-Blackness and oppression that exist in today’s child welfare system and to demand something better.
Is It Really Worse to Kill Humans?
Authors: Wendler David S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In light of the conclusion that there are no degrees of moral status, this chapter reconsiders whether it really is worse to kill humans than animals. It distinguishes between killing, dying, and being dead and argues that a comprehensive account needs to consider whether it is worse for humans to die and whether it is worse to kill them. The reason why death is worse in humans is because it sets back our contribution interests. In contrast, animals either do not have contribution interests, or their contribution interests are less significant. Killing humans is also worse because it conflicts with their claim to determine the course of their lives. Animals’ claims in this regard are less stringent.
A World Without Degrees of Moral Status
Authors: Wendler David S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the implications of the conclusion that there are no degrees of moral status for seven important issues: (1) the differences between a world that includes degrees of moral status and one that doesn’t; (2) our obligations to help animals; (3) animal rights; (4) raising animals and eating them; (5) animal experimentation; (6) humans who lack superior cognitive capacities; and (7) genetically enhanced human beings, human-animal chimeras, and robots. It argues that the conclusion that there are no degrees of moral status is consistent with a range of our beliefs and behaviors. For example, it is still worse to kill human beings than animals, and it is more important to respect us. In other ways, this conclusion changes things significantly. It suggests that animals have some rights, although not the same rights as human beings, and regulations governing animal experimentation should be changed in fundamental ways.
Consciences and the Reformation
Authors: Scheuers Timothy R. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This book examines the contentious relationship between oath-taking, confessional subscription, and the binding of the conscience in John Calvin’s reform. Calvin and his closest Reformed colleagues routinely distinguished what they believed were impious rules and constitutions in the Roman Church—human traditions claiming to bind the consciences of the faithful by putting them in fear of losing their salvation—and legitimate church observances, such as oaths and formal subscription to Reformed confessional standards. Doctrinal and moral reform in the cities became especially difficult, however, when friends and foes alike accused Calvin and his partners of burdening consciences with extra-Scriptural statements of faith composed by human authorities—a claim that, if true, would necessarily shape the assessment of the integrity of Calvin’s Reformation. In light of these conflicts, Consciences and the Reformation offers a close reading of the texts and controversies surrounding Calvin’s struggle for reform, especially as they reveal the unique challenges Calvin and his pastoral colleagues encountered in their attempts to employ oath-swearing and formal confession of faith as a means to consolidate the reformation of church and society. The principal goal of this study is to demonstrate how oaths and vows were used to shape confessional identity, secure social order, forge community, and promote faithfulness in public and private contracts, as well as to illustrate the complex and difficult task of simultaneously protecting the individual conscience as part of bringing a new take on Christian freedom to Reformed communities.
Confession, Conscience, and Christian Freedom in the Later Anti-Nicodemite Writings of Calvin and the Reformers, 1540–1562
Authors: Scheuers Timothy R. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a close reading of select letters and treatises composed by anti-Nicodemite reformers—including Calvin, Farel, Viret, and Vermigli—following their initial rebuke of Nicodemism during the 1530s. The overarching purpose of this chapter is to develop some of the themes explored in Chapter 3, which retraced the timeline of events precipitating the Nicodemite controversy. Though accounting for matters of epistolary history and context, the following study primarily aims to show how the anti-Nicodemite views of Calvin and his allies took shape in the aftermath of this controversy and displayed remarkable continuity over the course of several decades. As will be seen, the interwoven themes of ritual confession, conscience, and Christian liberty formed a nexus of concerns that elicited the reformers’ ongoing anti-Nicodemite polemic.
Introduction
Authors: Basedau Matthias , Fox, and Jonathan , Zellman Ariel 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the book. In this chapter we broadly address the current state of the literature on religion and conflict as well as the general domestic conflict, violence, and civil war literature. We argue that the study presented in this book, which examines the conflict behavior of 771 religious minorities in 183 countries, provides a major advance over previous analyses of the conflict behavior of minorities in general. We also argue that our two-stage model—which first looks at the influence of discrimination, deprivation, and inequality (DDI) on grievances, then the influence of grievances on mobilization and conflict behavior by religious minorities—is the best model to understand religious minority conflict behavior.
Seeing Circles
Authors: Hitlin Steven , Andersson Matthew A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to establish dignity as a public health issue. It discusses population health in contrasting ways: average health across a population and variation in health by different social circles. The chapter begins by conceptualizing suicide as a social problem. Rising tides do not lift all boats, and individuals each inhabit multiple social circles that shape their dignity, rather than a so-called average life. Specific murders or injustices teach about society’s ongoing conflicts. To gain finer resolution on social injustice, the chapter turns to the idea of status characteristics, which are attachments of social value to social categories: gender, class, race, age, ability, and other demographic characteristics. Given this hierarchical backdrop, the chapter defines the relationship between dignity and population health as one of social endurance: preserving and defining individuality against the social violence that group-based inequalities imply.
Measuring Dignity Subjectively
Authors: Hitlin Steven , Andersson Matthew A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines the measurement strategy for subjective dignity and its justification. Subjective dignity is measured, as introduced above, through whether people think they have dignity in their own lives. By comparing dignity to the gold standard measure of self-rated health—one of the most important measures across the social sciences—what to expect from a comprehensive, subjective measure can be learned. Just as self-rated health is predicted by but not reducible to objective health information such as symptoms or conditions, the authors expect that dignity should overlap somewhat with important social and moral processes such as respect, discrimination, and mattering, as well as objective social class or demographic differences, while not being reducible to any one of these predictors. The chapter gives background information on the dignity survey items and subjective dignity scale construction and addresses key strengths and limitations of the subjective dignity measurement approach from the standpoints of quantification of people and conducting cross-sectional survey research into health.
A Resource-Based Framework for Analyzing Levels of Dignity
Authors: Hitlin Steven , Andersson Matthew A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter tests a framework that analyzes dignity variation in terms of differences in economic, psychological, and social resources possessed by individuals. As individuals accumulate more of these resources, they also report higher levels of subjective dignity. At the same time, particular resources vary considerably in their degree of overlap with dignity, and the resource model shows varying degrees of fit across different demographic groups. Meanwhile, the chapter documents that a four-year college degree is a powerful social determinant of numerous resource differences. Finally, it lends complexity to the nature of social connectedness, by allowing it to take digital and in-person forms. The chapter finds that individuals who integrate digital and in-person connectedness show the highest levels of subjective dignity.
One Polarized Nation
Authors: Hitlin Steven , Andersson Matthew A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Separating dignity losses by political ideology, this chapter finds that liberals lost more dignity from 2017 to 2021 than conservatives or moderates. Across these ideological lines, the importance of respect to dignity is consistently emphasized, and dignity’s relationship to a variety of health issues is quite consistent as well. The resource model of dignity finds considerable support across ideology as well, but this support varies depending on year and ideology. Specific psychological, economic, and social resources also show divergent associations with dignity across ideology. What unites political parties is that they all report polarization. Thus, the chapter concludes by looking at how polarization relates to subjective dignity levels. Increased polarization, measured in terms of feeling threatened by a greater number of groups in society, is linked to indignity in the American population.
Writing the Ethics
Authors: Israel Jonathan I. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
With the Korte Verhandeling completed in 1661 or at the start of 1662 at the latest, Spinoza spent most of his stay at Rijnsburg and the early part of his period in Voorburg writing the larger part, rather more than half, of his Ethics. The first part of the five constituting the Ethics, entitled De Deo [About God], it seems clear was written in 1662. By 1665, we know Spinoza was well into Part III. In terms of setting out his philosophy as a comprehensive system and organizing it as a body of text, the Ethics is thus essentially a product of the years 1662–5, though it is important to recognize that its basic themes and connections were already largely formed in his mind by 1660 and what he was essentially doing during 1662–5 was formulating and working out the implications of conclusions and insights arrived at late in the 1650s and at the beginning of the 1660s. After 1665, it took another twelve years, until late 1677, before the Ethics appeared in print but during that lengthy period the first two-thirds or so of the work, though certainly revised and further refined, stood largely complete.
Mysterious Trip to Utrecht (July–August 1673)
Authors: Israel Jonathan I. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter recounts Spinoza’s trip to, and discussions in Utrecht which occurred in late July and August 1673, and considers the episode’s significance in the philosopher’s life-story and thought, explaining the relevance of the intricately fraught background and timing. Spinoza received a formal request to come arranged by Stouppe following the intercession of Graevius who had apparently originally projected the visit during a meeting with Bouwmeester in Amsterdam in May or early June. On 18 June, began the diplomatic congress at Cologne that formalized the emerging continental alliance headed by the Habsburg emperor and Spanish crown aimed at blocking Louis XIV’s expansionism “together with the Dutch between comes and move it back to come after “crown”. Other wise it sounds as if the alliance was fighting Louis together with the Dutch: “Spanish crown, together with the Dutch, aimed at blocking…”. At the point Spinoza travelled to Utrecht, supposedly to meet the Prince de Condé, the United Provinces’ strategic position and prospects had, in recent weeks, almost miraculously improved. The chapter details Spinoza’s stay in Utrecht and his discussions with Stouppe, Graevius, Velthuysen, and others.
Methods, Processes, and Knowledge
Authors: Lyons Jack C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Methods have been a controversial element in theories of knowledge since the early 1980s. Recent developments in theories of justification, concerning the identification and individuation of belief-forming processes, and originally aimed at solving the famous generality problem for reliabilism, can shed new light on methods, solving some longstanding problems in the theory of knowledge. We needn’t and shouldn’t shy away from methods. Rather, methods, construed as psychological processes of belief-formation, need to play a central role in any credible theory of knowledge. In this chapter I give an overview of what I think is the right way to individuate processes and therefore methods, and I apply this theory to sensitivity, safety, competence, and adherence views about knowledge.
Knowledge, Evidence, and Naked Statistics
Authors: Roush Sherrilyn 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Many who think that naked statistical evidence alone is inadequate for a trial verdict think that use of probability is the problem, and something other than probability—knowledge, full belief, causal relations—is the solution. I argue that the issue of whether naked statistical evidence is weak can be formulated within the probabilistic idiom, as the question whether likelihoods or only posterior probabilities need to be taken into account in our judgment of a case. This question also identifies a major difference between the Process Reliabilist and Probabilistic Tracking views of knowledge and other concepts. Though both are externalist, and probabilistic, epistemic theories, Tracking does and Process Reliabilism does not put conditions on likelihoods. So Tracking implies that a naked statistic is not adequate evidence about an individual, and does not yield knowledge, whereas Reliabilism implies that it gives justified belief and knowledge.
Preserving Purity
Authors: Stevens Crawshaw Jane L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter three considers the infrastructure of water supply (including canals, drains, the Genoese aqueduct, fountains, and wells). The management of these elements had important social and moral ramifications. Access to water was believed to be a vital charitable enterprise and was one of the Christian works of mercy. If water sources were damaged, society as a whole was affected but the poor most acutely. Water infrastructure also had significant social and political associations. The forms of water infrastructure in Genoa and Venice were distinct but the importance of adequate access to clean water for washing, the care of animals, artisanal processes, and also drinking, was common. This chapter considers how governments responded to the strain on water supplies caused by demographic growth, urban change, and periods of drought when existing systems were extended.
Discourse
Authors: Hachhethu Krishna 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
At the outset, there were a number of epoch-making events, i.e. a decade-long Maoist insurgency, an unprecedented popular movement of 2006, and the Constituent Assembly elections of 2008 and 2013 which altogether brought out a sea change in the landscape of Nepali politics. In the changed context of transformation of Nepal from monarchy to republic, unitary to federal, and Hindu to secular state, the country has been facing a new challenge on choice of an appropriate path of nation-building. The key question is how to acknowledge, address, and manage ethnic diversity of the country. This country specific question is largely examined with a narrative on global experiences and experiments through literature review on (1) two major contesting concepts—nation-state and or state-nation; (2) comparative experiences of federal countries, South Asian states in particular; and (3) discourse in Nepal on two major contesting proposals, administrative federalism and/or identity-based federalism.
New Horizon
Authors: Hachhethu Krishna 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Restructuring the Nepali state in the form of inclusive democracy—the national mission set for the post-Maoist insurgency and the post-2006 popular uprising time—contributed to boosting the confidence of hitherto excluded groups of the country, Janajatis in particular. At the outset, there was ethnic awareness/movements under democratic dispensation (restored in 1990); the Maoist insurgency which blended class ideology and minorities’ aspiration; and international declarations and initiatives for the protection and promotion of the rights of Indigenous peoples, that all worked together as ‘drivers for change’ to gear up the Janajatis’ agendas, from a quest for recognition of their cultural identity to an assertion for territorial ethno-political space under federal arrangement. The Constituent Assembly-I (2008–2012)—by its State Restructuring Committee and a High-Level Commission—streamlined the Janajatis’ new aspiration with its recommendation for an identity-based federalism. But unfortunately, the Constituent Assembly-I expired without giving birth to a new constitution.
Missing Social Contract
Authors: Hachhethu Krishna 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
It seems that the new constitution was framed with the premise that ethnicity-building and nation-building are mutually exclusive. Though it entertains much non-territorial inclusive content—e.g. women rights, Dalit rights, rights of proportional representation of Janajatis, Madheshis, and other excluded groups, etc.—these are but feeble, vague, ambiguous, and tokenistic provisions. Apart from their reservations on several constitutional provisions, the Janajati organizations and the Madheshi parties disowned the seven-province federal arrangement. So the new constitution lacks a component of social contract among the major ethnic groups of the country. To broaden the ownership of the Charter, constitution amendment is sensible but all attempts made for this purpose were foiled due to the lack of political will amongst the major political parties of the country. So the ground remains fertile for the revival of the Janajati the Madheshi movements.
A Trio of Unconventional Friends
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Dürer’s life as he took on the commission was highly charged with his own ambitions and hopes. This chapter sets out more fully what it meant for him to work in Nuremberg and as he built two close friendships to the scholar Willibald Pirckheimer and canon Lorenz Behaim. These two German Renaissance humanists at this time were interested in classical writing, satire, and astrology, as well as in alchemical experiment. They were also deeply interested in each other’s bodies and in sexuality. The chapter argues that Dürer’s life and art needs to be contextualized in relation to ideas about masculinity and rivalry, but also companionship and mutual experiment.
Wilhelm V, Duke of Bavaria
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Part Two ends with the story of how the Wittelsbachs’ commitment to courtly display and collecting, and their links to the Fuggers as financial backers, finally led to a remarkable achievement. Munich’s cabinet of curiosities was among the most significant in Europe. Yet soon after it opened, and not long after he had succeeded his father as duke, Wilhelm V abdicated because of his unsustainable debts. It has often been assumed that he then dedicated himself first and foremost to spiritual exercises. Yet, to the contrary, Wilhelm joined Europe’s movement of art lovers who from the late sixteenth century onwards skilfully conducted diplomacy and politics through the exchanges of rarities.
Art and Life in a Time of Crisis
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The Thirty Years’ War created an unparalleled fluidity in the art market, and the making and unmaking of European collections. English collectors now entered the art market in force. Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, used his diplomatic missions to the German lands to source Dürer paintings and he bought Willibald Pirckheimer’s library, most of which remains in London today. A love of the arts became ever more fully integrated into elite behaviour across Europe as a mark of civility, yet it similarly fuelled a desire to loot and plunder artefacts, and to speculate on the price of rarities including master paintings as much as tulip bulbs.