bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social identity enactment in a pandemic: Scottish Muslims' experiences of restricted access to communal spaces
Authors: Hopkins Nick , Ryan Caoimhe , Portice Jennie , Straßburger Vera Maren , Ahluwalia‐McMeddes Amrita , Dobai Anna , Pehrson Sam , Reicher Steve 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe comprehensive analysis of social identity cannot simply focus on individuals' cognitive self‐definition. Rather it should also theorize the social conditions that affect individuals' opportunities to act in terms of those self‐definitions. We argue that the social distancing interventions associated with Covid‐19 provide an opportunity to explore the significance of otherwise taken‐for‐granted social factors which routinely support and sustain individuals' identity enactments. Using qualitative data gathered with 20 members of the Scottish Muslim community (19 diary entries and 20 post‐diary interviews), we explore their experiences of restricted access to community‐relevant social spaces (e.g., mosques and prayer rooms). Our analysis shows that while these regulations could result in new opportunities for Muslims' religious identity enactments, they also impeded their abilities to act in terms of their religious identification. Addressing such impediments, we develop our understanding of the contextual factors that shape individuals' abilities to enact identity‐defining norms and values.
Evaluation of cefuroxime concentration in the intrathecal and extrathecal compartments of the lumbar spine—an experimental study in pigs
Authors: Kaspersen Alexander Emil , Hanberg Pelle , Hvistendahl Magnus A. , Bue Mats , Schmedes Anne Vibeke , Høy Kristian , Stilling Maiken 
Published: January 2023

Background and PurposeOptimal antibiotic prophylaxis is crucial to prevent postoperative infection in spinal surgery. Sufficient time above the minimal inhibitory concentration (fT > MIC) for relevant bacteria in target tissues is required for cefuroxime. We assessed cefuroxime concentrations and fT > MIC of 4 μg·ml−1 for Staphylococcus aureus in the intrathecal (spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid, CSF) and extrathecal (epidural space) compartments of the lumbar spine.Experimental ApproachEight female pigs were anaesthetized and laminectomized at L3–L4. Microdialysis catheters were placed for sampling in the spinal cord, CSF, and epidural space. A single dose of 1500 mg cefuroxime was administered intravenously over 10 min. Microdialysates and plasma were obtained continuously during 8 h. Cefuroxime concentrations were determined by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography.Key ResultsMean fT > MIC (4 μg·ml−1) was 58 min in the spinal cord, 0 min in the CSF, 115 min in the epidural space, and 123 min in plasma. Tissue penetration was 32% in the spinal cord, 7% in the CSF, and 63% in the epidural space.Conclusion and ImplicationsfT > MIC (4 μg·ml−1) and tissue penetration for cefuroxime were lower in the intrathecal compartments (spinal cord and CSF) than in the extrathecal compartment (epidural space) and plasma, suggesting a significant effect of the blood–brain barrier. In terms of fT > MIC, a single dose of 1500 mg cefuroxime seems inadequate to prevent intrathecal infections related to spinal surgery for bacteria presenting with a MIC target of 4 μg· ml−1 or above.
Climate and microhabitat shape the prevalence of endozoochory in the seed rain of tropical montane forests
Authors: Acosta‐Rojas Diana C. , Barczyk Maciej , Espinosa Carlos I. , Tinoco Boris A. , Neuschulz Eike L. , Schleuning Matthias 
Published: January 2023

AbstractEndozoochory, the dispersal of seeds by animal ingestion, is the most dominant mode of seed dispersal in tropical forests and is a key process shaping current and future forest dynamics. However, it remains largely unknown how endozoochory is associated with environmental conditions at regional and local scales. Here, we investigated the effects of elevation, climate, and microhabitat conditions on the proportion of endozoochorous plant species in the seed rain of the tropical Andes of southern Ecuador. Over 1 year, we measured seed rain in 162 seed traps on nine 1‐ha forest plots located at 1000, 2000, and 3000 m a.s.l. We recorded climatic conditions (mean annual temperature and rainfall) in each plot and microhabitat conditions (leaf area index and soil moisture) adjacent to each seed trap. In total, we recorded 331,838 seeds belonging to 323 morphospecies. Overall, the proportion of endozoochorous species in the seed rain decreased with elevation. The relative biomass of endozoochorous species decreased with increasing rainfall, whereas the relative seed richness of endozoochorous species increased with increasing temperature and leaf area index. These findings suggest an interplay between climate factors and microhabitat conditions in shaping the importance of endozoochorous plant species in the seed rain of tropical montane forests. We conclude that changing climatic and microhabitat conditions are likely to cause changes in the dominant dispersal modes of plant communities which may trigger changes in the current and future dynamics of tropical forests.Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Clinical value of molecular markers as diagnostic and prognostic tools to guide treatment of thyroid cancer
Authors: Valderrabano Pablo , Eszlinger Markus , Stewardson Paul , Paschke Ralf 
Published: January 2023

AbstractObjectiveAdvances in our understanding of the molecular biology of thyroid tumours is being rapidly translated into their clinical management. This review summarizes the current use of molecular testing in thyroid tumours, focusing on their usefulness as diagnostic and prognostic tools to guide treatment with consideration of present limitations.DesignConsiderations about molecular testing applications for the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid tumours are divided into four sections/roles: (1) evaluating cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules; (2) guiding extent of surgery in indeterminate thyroid nodules; (3) completing histological characterization of thyroid tumours and (4) identifying actionable mutations in advanced progressive thyroid cancers.ResultsGenomic testing can improve the presurgical malignancy risk assessment in indeterminate thyroid nodules. However, a prior in‐depth analysis of institutional quality and outcomes of sonographical, cytological and histological characterization of thyroid tumours is necessary. Presently, it remains uncertain whether knowing the molecular profile of a cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodule might be advantageous to modify the extent of initial surgery. Molecular characterization of thyroid tumours can be a valuable adjunct to morphological diagnosis in some challenging cases, such as in low‐risk follicular cell‐derived neoplasms, or rare tumours. Finally, as selective kinase inhibitors are available, molecular testing in locally advanced/metastatic progressive thyroid cancers should also be integrated into the institutional clinical management pathway to improve outcomes and limit toxicity.ConclusionsMolecular testing needs to be implemented into the local evidence‐based clinical management thyroid nodule/cancer pathways to improve its diagnostic and prognostic value and to optimize cost‐effectiveness.
Height benefit of GnRH agonists after age 8 in a Portuguese cohort of central precocious puberty
Authors: Castro Carolina , Espada Filipa , Leite Ana Luísa , Antunes Ana , Robalo Brígida , Amaral Daniela , Galo Elisa , Castro Sofia , Ferreira Sofia , Limbert Catarina 
Published: January 2023

AbstractObjectiveIdiopathic central precocious puberty (iCPP) is common in paediatric endocrinology. Gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) are safe, but the effect on final height and the ideal timing for treatment remains controversial. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of GnRHa on growth outcomes in girls with iCPP treated before and after the age of 8 years old.Design and PatientsThis retrospective longitudinal study evaluated data from Portuguese girls with iCPP who completed treatment between 2010 and 2021.MeasurementsAuxological and clinical characteristics were compared according to age at treatment onset.ResultsA cohort of 134 girls with iCPP, was divided into early treatment (ET) (<8 years, n = 48) and later treatment (LT) groups (≥8 years, n = 86). In both groups, most children presented with Tanner II and III. Tanner IV was more frequent in LT group (p = .003). At the end of treatment, predicted adult height increased in both groups (ET p = .032; LT p = .04) and bone age significantly slowed down in all participants (p = .008, p = .034). The height gain was greater in the ET group, but without significant differences (p = .065).ConclusionsTreatment with GnRHa improved final height in all girls with iCPP, even when initiated after 8 years. To achieve better outcomes, treatment should be provided promptly after diagnosis.
The impact of a respite volunteer ‘buddy’ programme on behavioural and psychological well‐being in young carers
Authors: Laursen Sisse Heiden , Nissen Karina Brix , Udsen Flemming Witt , Haslund‐Thomsen Helle 
Published: January 2023

AbstractYoung carers often face a great amount of emotional burden and have high practical and social responsibilities. The role of being a young carer is associated with behavioural, developmental, physical and psychosocial problems that may not only affect the individual in childhood but also in adulthood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a Danish respite volunteer programme called The Buddies for Children and Youngsters Programme on young carers' (n = 49; aged 6–16) social–emotional functioning. A pre–post‐design was applied, and data were collected through the parent version of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ), here with an impact supplement at baseline and at the end of the programme (after 4 months). The programme showed a positive impact on emotional symptoms, hyperactivity symptoms, conduct problems, peer problems, prosocial aspects and impact aspects, with mean differences values of −2.50 (p = .000), −0.62 (p = .271), −1.18 (p = .000), −0.74 (p = .008), 0.62 (p = .004) and −0.88 (p = .007), respectively. Furthermore, a large effect was found for the total difficulties score: −5.03 (p = .000). In conclusion, the programme seems promising considering its effect on young carers' social–emotional functioning. However, future research should include comparative studies with a longer duration.
Personalizing neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced colon cancer: protocols for the international phase III FOxTROT2 and FOxTROT3 randomized controlled trials
Authors: Platt James R. , Williams Christopher J. M. , Craig Zoe , Cairns David A. , Glasbey James C. , Morton Dion , Seligmann Jenny 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAimFOxTROT1 established a new standard of care for managing locally advanced colon cancer (CC) with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Six weeks of neoadjuvant oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidine (OxFp) chemotherapy was associated with greater 2‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) when compared with proceeding straight to surgery (STS). There is now a need to refine the use of NAC and identify those most likely to benefit. FOxTROT2 will aim to investigate NAC in older adults and those with frailty. FOxTROT3 will aim to assess whether intensified triplet NAC provides additional benefits over OxFp.MethodFOxTROT2 and FOxTROT3 are international, open‐label, phase III randomized controlled trials. Eligible patients will be identified by the multidisciplinary team. Patient age, frailty and comorbidities will be considered to guide trial entry. Participants will be randomized 2:1 to the intervention or control arm: 6 weeks of dose‐adapted neoadjuvant OxFp versus STS in FOxTROT2 and 6 weeks of neoadjuvant modified oxaliplatin, 5‐fluorouracil and irinotecan versus OxFp in FOxTROT3. The primary endpoint in FOxTROT2 is 3‐year DFS. In FOxTROT3, tumour regression grade and 3‐year DFS are co‐primary endpoints.DiscussionFOxTROT2 and FOxTROT3 will establish the FOxTROT platform, a key part of our long‐term strategy to develop neoadjuvant treatments for CC. FOxTROT2 will investigate NAC in a population under‐represented in FOxTROT1 and wider research. FOxTROT3 will assess whether it is possible to induce greater early tumour responses and whether this translates to superior long‐term outcomes. Looking ahead, the FOxTROT platform will facilitate further trial comparisons and extensive translational research to optimize the use of NAC in CC.
The use of time‐of‐flight camera to assess respiratory rates and thoracoabdominal depths in patients with chronic respiratory disease
Authors: Van Hove Olivier , Andrianopoulos Vasileios , Dabach Ali , Debeir Olivier , Van Muylem Alain , Leduc Dimitri , Legrand Alexandre , Ercek Rudy , Feipel Véronique , Bonnechère Bruno 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIntroductionOver the last 5 years, the analysis of respiratory patterns presents a growing usage in clinical and research purposes, but there is still currently a lack of easy‐to‐use and affordable devices to perform such kind of evaluation.ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to validate a new specifically developed method, based on Kinect sensor, to assess respiratory patterns against spirometry under various conditions.MethodsOne hundred and one participants took parts in one of the three validations studies. Twenty‐five chronic respiratory disease patients (14 with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [65 ± 10 years old, FEV1 = 37 (15% predicted value), VC = 62 (20% predicted value)], and 11 with lung fibrosis (LF) [64 ± 14 years old, FEV1 = 55 (19% predicted value), VC = 62 (20% predicted value)]) and 76 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. The correlations between the signal of the Kinect (depth and respiratory rate) and the spirometer (tidal volume and respiratory rate) were computed in part 1. We then included 66 HC to test the ability of the system to detect modifications of respiratory patterns induced by various conditions known to modify respiratory pattern (cognitive load, inspiratory load and combination) in parts 2 and 3.ResultsThere is a strong correlation between the depth recorded by the Kinect and the tidal volume recorded by the spirometer: r = 0.973 for COPD patients, r = 0.989 for LF patients and r = 0.984 for HC. The Kinect is able to detect changes in breathing patterns induced by different respiratory disturbance conditions, gender and oral task.ConclusionsMeasurements performed with the Kinect sensors are highly correlated with the spirometer in HC and patients with COPD and LF. Kinect is also able to assess respiratory patterns under various loads and disturbances. This method is affordable, easy to use, fully automated and could be used in the current clinical context.Respiratory patterns are important to assess in daily clinics. However, there is currently no affordable and easy‐to‐use tool to evaluate these parameters in clinics. We validated a new system to assess respiratory patterns using the Kinect sensor in patients with chronic respiratory diseases.
Aspergillus infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
Authors: Guo Liang , Wu Xiulin , Wu Xueling 
Published: January 2023

AbstractChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic airway non‐specific inflammatory disease characterised by airway obstruction and alveolar destruction. In recent years, due to the extensive use of antibiotics, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants and other drugs, pulmonary fungal infection in patients with AECOPD, especially aspergillus infection, has gradually increased. The forms of aspergillus infection present in COPD patients include sensitisation, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). This review will summarise diagnostic and treatment of aspergillus in COPD patients.
Navigating power in conservation
Authors: Shackleton Ross T. , Walters Gretchen , Bluwstein Jevgeniy , Djoudi Houria , Fritz Livia , Lafaye de Micheaux Flore , Loloum Tristan , Nguyen Van Thi Hai , Rann Andriamahefazafy Mialy , Sithole Samantha S. , Kull Christian A. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractConservation research and practice are increasingly engaging with people and drawing on social sciences to improve environmental governance. In doing so, conservation engages with power in many ways, often implicitly. Conservation scientists and practitioners exercise power when dealing with species, people and the environment, and increasingly they are trying to address power relations to ensure effective conservation outcomes (guiding decision‐making, understanding conflict, ensuring just policy and management outcomes). However, engagement with power in conservation is often limited or misguided. To address challenges associated with power in conservation, we introduce the four dominant approaches to analyzing power to conservation scientists and practitioners who are less familiar with social theories of power. These include actor‐centered, institutional, structural, and, discursive/governmental power. To complement these more common framings of power, we also discuss further approaches, notably non‐human and Indigenous perspectives. We illustrate how power operates at different scales and in different contexts, and provide six guiding principles for better consideration of power in conservation research and practice. These include: (1) considering scales and spaces in decision‐making, (2) clarifying underlying values and assumptions of actions, (3) recognizing conflicts as manifestations of power dynamics, (4) analyzing who wins and loses in conservation, (5) accounting for power relations in participatory schemes, and, (6) assessing the right to intervene and the consequences of interventions. We hope that a deeper engagement with social theories of power can make conservation and environmental management more effective and just while also improving transdisciplinary research and practice.
Hide‐and‐sniff: can anti‐trafficking dogs detect obfuscated wildlife parts?
Authors: Narayanasamy Sai Sanggkeeth , Chong Erin , Abdul Aziz Sheema , Visscher Wesley , Abdul Jaafar Syed Zafarullah , Reuben Clements Gopalasamy 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWildlife detection dog (WDD) programs are increasingly being developed to combat illegal wildlife trafficking. However, there is little scientific research available on how sniffer dogs perform when wildlife parts are hidden during the smuggling process, which hampers the effectiveness of WDD programs. Here, we investigate the ability of WDDs to detect wildlife parts that are hidden in legally traded goods. We employed a smell test using the two most smuggled wildlife parts worldwide: elephant ivory and pangolin scales, in combination with two obfuscation items of plant and animal origin commonly employed by smugglers. We then established the sensitivity of the dogs to the target substances. Our results showed that there was a large variation between the two dogs in their sensitivity to ivory and pangolin scales. However, both dogs were generally less sensitive to ivory compared to pangolin scales, and stronger‐smelling obfuscation items could potentially lower the sensitivity of the dogs to the wildlife parts. Our study highlights the potential of dogs to detect hidden wildlife parts, but their effectiveness may depend on other aspects such as training, personality, the health of the dog, the type of wildlife substance, and the obfuscation item used. Given the variability of our findings, WDD programs need to invest in research to optimize the number and type of dogs with the right balance of traits to successfully detect wildlife parts that could potentially be obfuscated during smuggling.
Racial and ethnic differences in sickle cell disease within the United States: From demographics to outcomes
Authors: Pokhrel Akriti , Olayemi Adeniran , Ogbonda Stephanie , Nair Kiron , Wang Jen Chin 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIntroductionSickle cell disease mainly affects African Americans, and studies on racial differences in sickle cell disease outcomes are scanty. This study examined racial and ethnic differences in sickle cell disease prevalence, comorbidities, and outcomes.MethodsUsing the National Inpatient Sample database from 2016 to 2018, we identified patients' records with a diagnosis of sickle cell disease using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes. The overall study population was further stratified by race into Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics. Using logistic regression, comorbidities and outcomes among sickle cell disease patients were compared between the three races/ethnicities.ResultsOf the 74 817 hospitalized for sickle cell disease, 69 889 (93.4%) were Blacks, 3603 (4.8%) were Hispanics, and 1325 (1.8%) were Whites. Compared to Whites, Blacks were more likely to have significantly higher odds of sickle cell crisis (odds ratio [OR]: 3.32; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.66–4.14) and blood transfusion (OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.37–2.02). There was no difference in mortality between Blacks and Whites. Compared to Hispanics, Blacks had significantly higher odds of sickle cell crisis (OR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.19–1.53) and blindness (OR: 2.94; 95% CI: 1.22–7.11), lower odds of asplenia (OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.45–0.71) and gallstones (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.58–0.95). However, Blacks had statistically significantly lower odds of mortality of 0.60 (95% CI: 0.38–0.93) than Hispanics.ConclusionPrevalent sickle cell type, severity, complications, and comorbidities vary in different races. Physicians need to be aware of these differences to manage sickle cell patients efficiently. This study hopes to inform further research regarding the reasons for varying disease characteristics among racial groups and bridge a gap in tailored management protocols.
Quantitative modelling demonstrates format‐invariant representations of mathematical problems in the brain
Authors: Nakai Tomoya , Nishimoto Shinji 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMathematical problems can be described in either symbolic form or natural language. Previous studies have reported that activation overlaps exist for these two types of mathematical problems, but it is unclear whether they are based on similar brain representations. Furthermore, quantitative modelling of mathematical problem solving has yet to be attempted. In the present study, subjects underwent 3 h of functional magnetic resonance experiments involving math word and math expression problems, and a read word condition without any calculations was used as a control. To evaluate the brain representations of mathematical problems quantitatively, we constructed voxel‐wise encoding models. Both intra‐ and cross‐format encoding modelling significantly predicted brain activity predominantly in the left intraparietal sulcus (IPS), even after subtraction of the control condition. Representational similarity analysis and principal component analysis revealed that mathematical problems with different formats had similar cortical organization in the IPS. These findings support the idea that mathematical problems are represented in the brain in a format‐invariant manner.