bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Descartes’s Theory of the Faculties in Rules
Authors: Dika Tarek R. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 reconstructs Descartes’s theory of the faculties in Rules for the Direction of the Mind. Section 6.1 explains why Descartes’s theory of the faculties does more (and must do more) than mechanize Aristotelian faculty psychology: a purely mechanical theory of the faculties provides no indication of how the faculties must be employed in science. Descartes needs to describe the mechanism of the faculties in order to describe how best to exploit the mechanism. The rules that determine how to exploit the mechanism constitutes Descartes’s “habitual” theory of the faculties in Rules. Sections 6.2–6.4 describe Descartes’s theory of sense-perception (sensus); the common sense; the phantasy; and what he terms the “force” or “power” of knowing (vis cognoscens). Section 6.4 shows how vis cognoscens can freely intervene in the cognitive mechanism and modify the operation of the other cognitive faculties (above all, the imagination) such that the intuition of the simple natures by the intellect or the intellect aided by the imagination becomes possible. Throughout Sections 6.2–6.4, Descartes’s theory of the faculties in Rules is compared to late Aristotelian alternatives in order to better isolate what is distinctive about Descartes’s theory in Rules and related texts.
Introduction
Authors: Binder Andrea 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Offshore finance is a set of financial services deliberately codified in law so as to circumvent national regulation predominantly in an invisible way. It is used by wealthy individuals and multinational corporations to minimize tax bills, to avoid government regulations, and to create money, legally and illegally. Offshore financial services therefore raise the classic question about the power relationship between states and markets. The question is not a theoretical one. Offshore financial services are exclusively available to the super-rich, to large multinational corporations, and to internationally active banks. They create rents for this exclusive circle of economic actors that are not available to everyone else. Offshore finance exacerbates wealth inequality. Whether states are powerful and have ‘created offshore’ or whether the offshore markets triumph and rob the state of power, determines whether the resulting inequality is a matter of political will or an instance of state capture. The chapter establishes that studying the power relationship between offshore finance and state power entails an element that asks about the mechanism of the effect and one that asks about its outcome. It explains the book’s historical-institutionalist research approach and summarizes the key findings and arguments made.
Germany
Authors: Binder Andrea 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Germany is a high tax country, a large and open economy, and it shares a border with three globally important offshore financial centres: Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Indeed, private individuals and firms make substantial use of these tax havens. However, Germany is not exclusively at the receiving end of offshore finance. From the early days of the Eurodollar markets, offshore money creation was a lucrative business for Germany’s big banks. Consequently, offshore finance affects state power through both sides of its balance sheet: taxation and money creation. Via the politics of the invisible, this has allowed successive German governments to pursue contradictory economic policies without being questioned. It also provided the state with access to preferential offshore liquidity to pay for reunification. Yet, these power-enhancing effects where limited to the good times. During the constitutional crisis of the Weimar Republic as during the 2007–09 global financial crisis, offshore finance unfolded destructive forces. However, contrary to the Weimar Republic, contemporary Germany has built domestic institutions mitigating these power-undermining effects. The state found means to reap the benefits of offshore finance, while keeping the costs outside the state.
Mexico
Authors: Binder Andrea 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Puzzlingly, at present Mexican economic actors rarely make use of offshore financial services. Yet, the relationship between offshore finance and state power is not static across time. Mexico, like Brazil, financed its development in the Euromarkets in the 1960s and 1970s. Back then, it strengthened state power. However, the 1982 Latin American debt crisis brought Mexico’s access to the offshore dollar to a grinding halt. The costs of unregulated offshore banking hit Mexico with full force. As a result, Mexico’s exposure to offshore finance has been short, intense, and politically extremely costly. Mexico thus withdrew from offshore banking for good. It is, as in the other cases, through banking rather than taxation that offshore finance’s effects are transmitted. The reasons why that is, differ though. In Mexico, offshore tax planning and money laundering do not affect state power as much as offshore banking did until 1982 because the informal sector provides ample opportunities to dodge taxes and launder money. With so many rents to be had domestically, there is little need for using sophisticated offshore structures.
Conclusion
Authors: Binder Andrea 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter walks the tightrope between taking seriously historical and geographical contingencies and identifying larger patterns about state power in the age of offshore finance through comparison. Contrasting the experiences of Britain, Germany, Brazil, and Mexico, it refines the arguments made in Chapter 2 about how offshore finances affect state power. It then moves on to explain under which conditions offshore finance either undermines or strengthens state power. It spells out what the theoretical and empirical findings mean for our understanding of state power in the age of offshore finance. The book ends by lifting our gaze beyond the money view, deliberating the effect of offshore finance on the legitimacy of the democratic state.
Why Political Liberalism?
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1, ‘Why Political Liberalism?’, elucidates some reasons that support the choice of the constitutional theory embedded in John Rawls’s Political Liberalism for answering the question at the centre of Sovereignty Across Generations—how should the constituent power of the popular democratic sovereign relate to that of the currently living segment of ‘the people’? For that purpose, in the first section three breakthroughs of Rawls’s paradigm are reconstructed: (i) the normative twist impressed by him on Bruce Ackerman’s ‘democratic dualism’, (ii) the liberal principle of legitimacy or ‘legitimation by constitution’, and (iii) the standard of ‘the most reasonable’ and its innovative quality. Then in the second section Rawls’s paradigm is compared to some leading paradigms for democratic theory (Habermas, Dworkin, Pettit, Bellamy, Mouffe, Tully, Gray, Williams, Honneth, and deconstructionism). Finally, in the third section, areas of the paradigm are highlighted that are most urgently in need of further elaboration, especially in the area of constitutional theory and in connection with the rise of the populist challenge to liberal democracy.
Transcending an Ossified Binary
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3, ‘Transcending an Ossified Binary: Political Liberalism on Constituent Power’, places the constitutional theory of John Rawls in a virtual dialogue with Kelsen’s paradigm of ‘pure law’ and with Schmitt’s legal philosophy. The dialogue is built as an investigation of the several points of convergence and divergence of Rawls with each of these legal theorists (Sections 1 and 2). In the end the received wisdom of a radical opposition of these two constitutional models, especially concerning the relation of the law to constituent power, is challenged by a refreshing look from a Rawlsian perspective. If compared with Rawls’s normative view of the constitution as responding to a political conception of justice, Kelsen’s and Schmitt’s approaches appear as two variants of a ‘realist’ take on the cogency of the constitution and law in general. Both share a view of the constitution as self-validating and beyond substantive questioning. For Rawls, as shown in Section 3, constituent power instead always operates ‘under law’ (Michelman). Section 4 identifies the standard of ‘the most reasonable for us’ as the form of normativity that could bind constituent power, consistently with the ‘political, not metaphysical’ design of Political Liberalism. The innovative philosophical status of this normative standard and its relation to public reason are elucidated. Then, in the concluding subsection, a ‘liberal principle of constitutional legitimacy’ is introduced in order to supplement the liberal principle of legitimacy, argued to account primarily, if not exclusively, for the legitimacy of the exercise of constituted powers.
The Abilities/Needs Principle
Authors: Gilabert Pablo 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a systematic discussion of the socialist principle ‘From each according to their abilities, to each according to their needs’. The Abilities/Needs Principle (as this chapter calls it) is arguably at the core of socialism’s positive view of social justice but, surprisingly, has received almost no attention by political philosophers. This chapter offers a dignitarian interpretation of the principle, and argues that it involves appealing ideas of meaningful work, solidaristic contribution, fair reciprocity, recognition of individual differences, and self-determination. First, it analyses the formulation of the Abilities/Needs Principle by Marx. Second, it identifies the principle’s initial plausibility, but shows that it faces a set of serious problems (regarding scarcity, incentives, responsibility, diversity of metrics of advantage, and paternalism) that cannot be addressed without developing a fresh articulation of it. Third, it provides a new articulation of the principle that highlights demands concerning opportunities for self-realization in work, positive duties to cater for the needs of others, sensitivity to individual differences, and mechanisms of fair reciprocity. Fourth, it discusses a possible institutional implementation of the Abilities/Needs Principle. Finally, it identifies some normative puzzles about the transition from capitalism to socialism, and suggests how the Abilities/Needs Principle might gain motivational and justificatory traction by mobilizing the powerful idea of human dignity as construed by the Dignitarian Approach.
The Critique of Alienation
Authors: Gilabert Pablo 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that human dignity grounds a solidaristic requirement of support for positive freedom and develops this normative point by exploring the structure of the critique of alienation in social life, with a focus on the predicament of workers in capitalism. The chapter makes four main moves. First, it offers a novel analytical framework to discuss alienation—distinguishing its various definitional, explanatory, and normative dimensions. Second, it articulates the critique of alienation as an appraisal of situations in which there are problematic limitations on positive freedom such that agents face socially avoidable limitations on their ability to develop a positive sense of self in activities featuring self-determination and self-realization. Third, it identifies four important objections to normative engagement with alienation, which concern the risks of an essentialist view, a mishandling of the distinction between the good and the right, the risk of paternalistic impositions, and ignorance of the significance of democratic authorization. Finally, the chapter responds to these objections by recasting the discussion of positive freedom and alienation in terms of the Dignitarian Approach.
The Critique of Domination
Authors: Gilabert Pablo 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers an account of the concept of domination and articulates the normative contours of the critique of domination. It concentrates on the multilayered phenomenon of the domination of wage workers by capitalist employers. The first, conceptual part of the chapter offers an analytical framework. Domination is characterized as a highly asymmetric social power relationship between agents such that some are able to impose their will on others with respect to some issues or outcomes, in some circumstances. Several dimensions of domination are identified, including its degree, range, sites, scope, depth, mechanisms, resources, and dynamic transformation. The idea of non-domination is also distinguished from the related ideas of self-determination and agential empowerment. The second part of the chapter offers a substantive account of the critique of domination by using, and developing further, the Dignitarian Approach. Domination conflicts with rights that have a dignitarian justification. People have rights to access the conditions for their self-determination and self-realization, so that they can feasibly and reasonably develop and exercise the valuable capacities at the basis of their dignity. Domination frustrates access to these conditions. In addition to clarifying and justifying rights against domination, the Dignitarian Approach generates other requirements of support for people’s empowerment which are independent of the avoidance of domination. As a result, the approach provides a systematic and unified perspective to simultaneously articulate the content, grounds, and limits of the critique of domination as an appraisal of social injustice.
Comparing Socialism and Capitalism
Authors: Gilabert Pablo 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
How should we think about the comparison between socialism and capitalism? This chapter offers some tentative remarks about how to approach this question. It starts by providing a working definition of capitalism and socialism. It then discusses recent proposals by G. A. Cohen and Jason Brennan as to how to compare these social systems, and deploys some of the theoretical resources offered in this book to further frame and advance our normative inquiry on this important topic. The chapter concludes by highlighting how the idea of dignity might play a role in the exercise. A democratic rather than authoritarian framework for political organization and change is defended and deployed to illuminate the comparison between socialism and capitalism.
Prologue
Authors: Meyer James H. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This prologue recounts the morning of June 17, 1951, when Nâzım Hikmet escaped by motorboat from Turkey to the Eastern Bloc. He was forty-nine years old at this time, and was Turkey’s best-known poet. Nâzım Hikmet was also a communist, someone who had spent years of his life behind bars for refusing to renounce his politics. On this particular morning, he was riding away from his former life across the turbulent waters of the Black Sea. Yet the poet-communist’s future was an uncertain one, as he had a checkered political past in Moscow. Had Nâzım Hikmet escaped from a Turkish frying pan, only to jump into a Stalinist fire?
Child of the Imperial Borderlands
Authors: Meyer James H. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses Nâzım Hikmet’s family and life between 1902 and 1920 within the larger context of events unfolding during the final years of the Ottoman Empire’s existence. Nâzım grew out of a long history of border-crossers, whose colorful lives and cosmopolitan backgrounds had for years contributed to Nâzım’s elite but downwardly-mobile bloodline. “Macro” sections of this chapter investigate broader political developments relating to the Young Turks, pan-Turkism, and socialism during the first two decades of Nâzım’s life. Discussion then shifts toward Nâzım Hikmet’s changing poetic voice during the course of the Balkan Wars, World War I, and the postwar British occupation of Istanbul.
On the Road to Ankara
Authors: Meyer James H. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 details the journey that Nâzım and his best friend Vâlâ Nureddin took to Ankara in the early months of 1921. The two had resolved to escape the British occupation of Istanbul so that they could join the resistance movement forming in Ankara under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk). This chapter also introduces Şevket Süreyya (Aydemir), who would become a good friend and traveling companion of Nâzım and Vâlâ during a later stage of their journey. While tracing Nâzım and Vâlâ’s progress across Anatolia, discussion shifts to larger events occurring during these years, including the collapse of the Russian Empire, Ottoman efforts to bring back its POWs from Russia, and the creation, in Baku, of the Turkish Communist Party under the direction of the erstwhile pan-Turkist Mustafa Suphi. The final sections of this chapter return to Nâzım and Vâlâ as they make their way toward Ankara, meeting up with a group of Turkish Spartakists en route. The chapter ends with Nâzım and Vâlâ’s arrival in Mustafa Kemal’s capital in a much different frame of mind from that with which they had departed Istanbul.
First Soviet Steps
Authors: Meyer James H. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 discusses Nâzım and Vâlâ’s activities in Georgia in 1921–22. The boys had come to Georgia through an act of improvisation, deciding to make the journey eastward once they had learned that Nâzım’s girlfriend Nüzhet and her brother-in-law Muhittin Bey had moved to Tbilisi. While Nâzım and Vâlâ hoped that Muhittin Bey would help them find work in Georgia, the boys also desired to learn more about communism first-hand. In Tbilisi, Nâzım and Vâlâ made the acquaintance of Ahmet Cevat (Emre), who offered the boys jobs working for a TKP-owned newspaper in Batumi. There they met and befriended Şevket Süreyya, a former pan-Turkist who had recently become a communist while working as a teacher in Azerbaijan. The chapter concludes with Ahmet Cevat receiving an offer to teach Turkish at Moscow’s Communist University of the Toilers of the East and inviting Nâzım, Vâlâ, Şevket, and Şevket’s wife Leman to go to Moscow with him and study at the newly-formed school.
Female Conversion to Islam
Authors: Simonsohn Uriel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 considers the agency of female converts to Islam in bringing about the subsequent conversion of other family members. Although difficult to recover in the periods under study, a woman’s religious conversion was clearly not limited to better documented historical moments. The vast treatment of women’s conversion to Islam (or from it) in legal corpora, specifically (although not exclusively) Islamic ones, read alongside the exemplary images of the female Companions of the Prophet in medieval biographic dictionaries, suggest anything but a marginal phenomenon. The role of these images, it is premised here, was to inspire, if not to guide, women who converted to Islam in the social reorientations that followed their religious decisions. At the same time, it was once again thanks to their unique familial capacities that women were in a position to motivate other family members to embrace Islam as well. Thus, in converting to Islam, women were not only untying previous religious commitments but also defying the very essence of patriarchal authority.
Modernity and Indian Literature
Authors: Raveendran PP 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chapter tries to make sense of Indian modernity, especially as it is articulated in bhasha literatures, through an analysis of its affinities and antipathies with European modernity and by placing both in the context of the debates on colonialism’s modernization drive in the non-European world. Although a rejection of tradition is often cited as a seminal characteristic of modernity, it is important to remember that tradition does not imply the same set of values for the colonizer and the colonized. In the case of the colonized community, the tradition disrupted by modernity could also imply the ethos and values connected with the subject’s self. It is quite evident that in the colonial world upholding tradition can also mean a move in the direction of the recovery of a historically erased sense of the self. Added to this is Indian modernity’s identity as a heterogeneous compendium of pluralistic cultural strands and its secular belief in the worldliness of experience, as contrasted with the belief in a transcendental world. The chapter historicizes the evolution of the bhasha literary culture and indicates how difficult it is for India’s alternative modernity to assert its politics in the face of capitalism’s continuing promotion of European modernity’s hermetic aesthetic. The chapter uses the nineteenth-century journal Vidyasamgraham as well as the novels Indulekha and The God of Small Things for illustrative purposes.
The Everyday as Modernity
Authors: Raveendran PP 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The analysis of the salient characteristics of Indian modernity initiated in Chapter 1 is continued in Chapter 2 by scrutinizing the signals of everydayness animating Indian bhasha writing. Lefebvre, the original formulator of everydayness, considers the concept as constituting an important dimension of modernity, though there is limited scope in practical terms for its articulation in western modernity because of the latter’s continuing alliance with the hermetic aesthetic. While one may not be in a position to eliminate the icons of the everyday from one’s experience of modernity, the conventions of reading promoted by western aesthetics might persuade the reader to misread them as signals of eternity. Bhasha literature, by contrast, is uniquely placed to celebrate the everyday as a seminal principle of Indian modernity. The chapter illustrates this using the writings of the Malayalam fictionist S.K. Pottekkat. The analysis reveals the irony at work in his kind of writing, which is that even as modernity engenders the category of the everyday, it also devises ways of exorcizing it from experience. This can be explained only in terms of modernity’s dialectic, which is linked intimately to the question of the form of realism that dominated the fictional imagination for the most part of modernity.
Print Capitalism and Modernity
Authors: Raveendran PP 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The evolution of prose as a medium of creative communication in bhashas in the nineteenth century, which marks an important moment in India’s literary history, is taken up for discussion in this chapter. Through an examination of the work of such writers as Hermann Gundert, George Mathan, and Keralavarma Valiyakoyi Thampuran, it probes how the transition from verse, a genre of writing that enjoyed a great deal of social power in the pre-modern world, to the relatively humble and vulnerable genre of prose led to a massive social upheaval in most Indian bhashas. Although the arrival of prose can certainly be interpreted as a passage from the traditional to the modern, it can also be construed as indicating the advent of a logic that is centred on scientific reason in total disregard for the emotional and imaginative make-up of the colonized subject. Both these dimensions of prose receive detailed analysis in the chapter, which also discusses, borrowing concepts from Benedict Anderson, prose’s relation with print culture and print capitalism.