bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of hapten epitope structure and hapten-self conjugation pattern on T cell specificity and Ir gene control in hapten-self cytotoxic and helper T cell responses.
Authors: Takai Y , Mizuochi T , Fujiwara H , Hamaoka T 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse strains of H-2b haplotype exhibit much weaker cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to haptens reactive with amino groups of cell surface (NH2-reactive haptens) compared with H-2k strains. However, H-2b strains can generate high CTL responses to haptens reactive with sulfhydryl groups of cell surface (SH-reactive haptens). The present study investigates the role of haptenic structure and hapten-cell surface reaction patterns in influencing the generation of the T cell specificity as well as the H-2-linked genetic control. CTL and helper T cell responses were generated against two structurally related haptens, N-iodoacetyl-N'-(5-sulfonic-1-naphthyl) ethylene-diamine (SH-reactive AEDANS; AED-SH) and 5-sulfo-1-naphthoxy acetic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (NH2-reactive form of AEDANS; AED-NH2) by immunizing C57BL/6N (H-2b) mice with these hapten-modified syngeneic spleen cells. Spleen cells from primed C57BL/6N mice generated strong CTL and helper T cell activities upon in vitro restimulation with the respective hapten-modified self. The generation of potent anti-AED-NH2 CTL and helper T cell responses in C57BL/6N mice sharply contrasted with the failure of NH2-reactive haptens studied thus far to generate strong anti-hapten cytotoxic responses in H-2b mice. Antibodies induced against the above two haptens exhibited extensive cross-reactivity detected by hemagglutination, whereas CTL and helper T cells clearly discriminated the structural difference between AED-NH2 and AED-SH haptens. The hapten specificity in T cell recognition was also observed between AED-NH2 and trinitrophenyl (TNP) haptens, which were demonstrated to functionally modify similar cell surface sites. These results indicate that hapten epitope structure and hapten-cell membrane conjugation patterns influence the generation of H-2-linked genetic control and T cell specificity in anti-hapten self cytotoxic as well as helper T cell responses.
Introduction of HLA-A/B antigens into lymphoid cell membranes by cell-liposome fusion.
Authors: Correa-Freire M C , Powers G A , Engelhard V H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Conditions were optimized for surface binding by mouse lymphblastoid cell lines of liposomes containing purified human histocompatibility antigens. Antigens were reconstituted into lipid vesicles by detergent dialysis, and were incubated with the acceptor cell lines. After washing, the amount of HLA antigen on the cell surface was quantitated by double antibody radioimmunoassay. Uptake and surface expression was shown to be dependent upon vesicle phospholipid composition, vesicle:cell ratio, acceptor cell line, and stage of cell growth. These studies indicate that by using vesicles composed of 50% phosphatidylethanolamine/50% phosphatidylserine it is possible to introduce into the mouse EL4 cell surface about 70% of the amount of HLA expressed normally on the human lymphoblastoid line JY. The antigen is stably expressed on the surface for several hours and appears to be integrated into the cell membrane, as assessed by both fluorescence microscopy and susceptibility to lysis by using anti-HLA antibody and complement. The method used has the advantage over previously described procedures of not requiring the use of fusogenic proteins or agents such as polyethylene glycol or lysophospholipids, which might perturb overall membrane structure or properties.
Modulation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity function after alteration of fatty acid composition in vitro.
Authors: Bialick R , Gill R , Berke G , Clark W R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fatty acids incorporated into cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) during in vitro stimulation can enhance or inhibit the subsequent expression of cell-mediated cytotoxicity, depending on the class of fatty acid. Unsaturated fatty acids enhance cytolysis, whereas saturated fatty acids inhibit it. The effects of fatty acids on cytolysis can be mediated in the absence of cell division, thus eliminating relative clonal amplification or contraction as a basis for the observed effects. Nevertheless, the net result of fatty acid alteration is an increase (unsaturated fatty acids) or decrease (saturated fatty acids) in the frequency, in the treated immune population, of CTL capable of lysing target cells. These observations are best explained by a model in which fatty acid incorporated into cell membrane phospholipids results in a direct recruitment into or out of the pool of CTL within the immune population capable of lysing target cells under the conditions employed to assay cytotoxicity.
Establishment of cell lines from somatic cell hybrids between human monocytes and mouse myeloma cells.
Authors: Treves A J , Fuks Z , Voss R , Tal T , Barak V , Konijn A M , Kaplan R , Laskov R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To study human monocyte functions, we attempted to immortalize human monocytes by producing somatic cell hybrids between such monocytes and the mouse myeloma cell line NSI. In this study we report the successful establishment of eight hybrid cell lines that have been grown in culture for more than a year, and some of them retained part of the human chromosome complement, as well as monocyte markers and activities. Karyotype analysis of these hybrid lines revealed that cells of seven out of eight of the lines contained one to 16 human chromosomes and in four of them, more than nine human chromosomes were observed. Several of the cell lines expressed monocytic markers and functions. Thus, in two of the hybrid lines nonspecific esterase could be demonstrated in 10 to 29% of the cells, and Fc receptors were demonstrated in three of the hybrid cell lines. Significant levels of human ferritin were detected in one of the lines, and two other cell lines secreted interleukin 1-like substance into the culture medium. These results encourage us to use human-mouse somatic cell hybridization as an approach for the establishment of human monocyte cell lines, which will preserve their functions and produce monocyte-derived factors.
LDH analysis of human thymocytes and thymocyte subsets.
Authors: Plum J R , De Smedt M , Sabbe L J , De Roose J E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme pattern (expressed as the B:A subunit ratio) and two enzymes of the purine metabolism adenosine deaminase (ADA) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) (expressed as the ADA/PNP ratio) were studied in human prenatal thymocytes, in subsets of human infant thymocytes, and in peripheral T lymphocytes. Prothymocytes were enriched by E rosette depletion, cortical thymocytes were enriched with a monoclonal antibody rosette technique using OKT6, and medullary thymocytes were enriched either with a monoclonal antibody rosette technique using OKT3 or with complement-mediated cytolysis using normal fresh rabbit serum. Peripheral T lymphocytes were isolated from normal adult peripheral blood by E rosette sedimentation. Prenatal thymocytes had the lowest B:A ratio. In the infant thymuses, prothymocytes had a lower B:A ratio (0.99 +/- 0.10) than the cortical thymocytes (1.04 +/- 0.08). The medullary thymocytes obtained either by OKT3 selection or normal rabbit serum cytotoxic treatment had higher B:A ratios (1.30 +/- 0.15 and 1.42 +/- 0.17, respectively). The highest B:A ratio is found in peripheral T lymphocytes (2.07 +/- 0.28) together with the lowest ADA/PNP ratio (0.50 +/- 0.07). The B:A ratios are paralleled by a progressive decrease in the ADA/PNP ratio. These findings indicate that during intrathymic T cell development, important changes occur not only in the activities of the enzymes of the purine metabolism but also in the distribution of the LDH isoenzymes.
The mouse heavy chain variable region marker, J606-GAC, is not restricted to particular B cell isotypes or subsets.
Authors: Basta P , Briles D E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The heavy chain variable region (VH) marker J606-GAC, which is expressed on a subset of mouse heavy chain variable region group III antibodies, is expressed at similar frequencies on antibodies with mu, gamma 3, gamma 1, gamma 2, and alpha heavy chains. We have previously shown the J606-GAC determinant to be present on all anti-inulin and on the majority of anti-group-A-carbohydrate (GAC) antibodies examined. The responses to these two antigens are designated thymus-independent type 2 (TI-2) and thymus-dependent type 2 (TD-2), respectively, and have been shown previously to be largely restricted to the mu and gamma 3 heavy chain classes. TI-2 and TD-2 antigens are distinguished from other antigens such as T-independent type 1 (TI-1) and other thymus-dependent (TD) antigens, in part because they are virtually not immunogenic in CBA/N mice which express the x-linked immunodefiency (xid) allele. Surprisingly, we found no difference in the percentage of J606-GAC determinant-bearing plasma cells in the spleens of xid vs normal mice.
Prostaglandin E is required for the augmentation of procoagulant activity of LPS-stimulated rabbit alveolar macrophages.
Authors: Sitrin R G , Kaltreider H B , Goldyne M E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We demonstrated previously that rabbit alveolar macrophages stimulated in vitro by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have markedly enhanced procoagulant activity (PCA), caused by increased production of a cell-associated tissue thromboplastin. The present study examined the role of arachidonic acid metabolites in modulating the expression of this PCA. Alveolar macrophages lavaged from normal rabbits were incubated in vitro with LPS, indomethacin, and purified prostaglandins, and the resultant PCA was measured. LPS stimulated a significant increase in macrophage PCA relative to unstimulated controls (p less than 0.01). Indomethacin suppressed the ability of LPS to stimulate PCA in a dose-related fashion. The addition of PGE2 or PGE1 reversed the suppressive action of indomethacin (p less than 0.01), whereas PGF2 alpha, PGD2, TXB2, and 6-keto PGF1 alpha had no such effect. PGE2 did not affect PCA unless the macrophages were also stimulated with LPS. A significant correlation (rs = 0.72, p less than 0.01) existed between the level of LPS-stimulated macrophage PCA and the corresponding amount of immunoreactive PGE2 released into the culture medium. The results of this study demonstrate that PGE is required for the LPS-mediated enhancement of rabbit alveolar macrophage-associated tissue thromboplastin and that PGE can stimulate the expression of PCA by appropriately conditioned cells.
Specificity of in vitro anti-influenza virus antibody production by human lymphocytes: analysis of original antigenic sin by limiting dilution cultures.
Authors: Yarchoan R , Nelson D L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The fine specificity of the antibody produced in in vitro cultures of human lymphocytes stimulated with influenza virus was investigated. The antibody was specific for the stimulating type of virus in that cultures stimulated with type B influenza virus made little or no antibody to type A viruses and vice versa. There was a degree of cross-reactivity among the type A viruses, however, both within and between subtypes. In general, more antibody was made to the stimulating strain of virus than to heterologous strains, with the exception that cultures of mononuclear cells from four of five donors stimulated with A/Bangkok/79 (H3N2) made more antibody to A/Aichi/68 (H3N2) than to the stimulating virus, likely reflecting the original antigenic exposure of these donors. The specificity of this in vitro response was further investigated by using monospecific antibodies produced in limiting dilution cultures. Approximately 30% of the antiviral antibodies produced in these cultures bound to purified hemagglutinin, but only 7% bound to purified matrix protein. When antibodies stimulated with A/Bangkok/79 were analyzed for their binding to other H3N2 viruses, a variety of reactivity patterns was observed. Some antibodies were specific for A/Bangkok/79 and some bound to common determinants found on a number of H3N2 viruses. In addition, a number of antibodies were observed that did not bind to A/Bangkok/79 but did bind to earlier H3N2 viruses, demonstrating an extreme form of "original antigenic sin." A similar variety of reactivity patterns was observed when antibodies were tested for binding to heterotypic type A viruses or hemagglutinins. The results of the present experiments demonstrate that the fine specificity of an in vitro human antibody response can be analyzed by using limiting dilution cultures, and suggest that the fine specificity of the antibody response of an individual to a strain of influenza virus is affected by previous antigenic exposure of that individual.
Thymic sensitivity to sex hormones develops post-natally; an in vivo and an in vitro study.
Authors: Barr I G , Pyke K W , Pearce P , Toh B H , Funder J W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In vitro thymic organ cultures were used to examine the effects of the sex hormones estradiol and dihydrotestosterone on thymocytes. In contrast with the marked loss of cortical thymocytes seen in vivo with these hormones, no effect was apparent in vitro even at concentrations up to 10(-6) M. The glucocorticoid dexamethasone caused severe depletion in vivo and in vitro. Thymic androgen and estrogen receptors were determined; in the newborn animals up to 2 wk of age, receptor levels were barely detectable. The possibility of indirect modulation of thymic function by steroids in vivo was investigated by culturing thymic lobes in media containing serum from animals treated with these hormones. Only sera from dexamethasone-injected animals caused changes in cell size, number, viability, or phenotype in the culture system. The mechanism for the previously reported effects of sex steroids on the neonatal thymus therefore remains to be elucidated.
Monoclonal antibody to L3T4 blocks the function of T cells specific for class 2 major histocompatibility complex antigens.
Authors: Swain S L , Dialynas D P , Fitch F W , English M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of antibody to Lyt-2 and to the newly described L3T4 antigen to block the functions of helper T cells with specificity for allogeneic class 1 or class 2 MHC subregion antigens was determined. Anti-Lyt-2 blocked both allohelp delivered by unprimed T cells and IL 2 production by primed T cells when the response was directed to class 1 MHC antigens, but had no effect when the response was directed to class 2 MHC or Mls antigens. Anti-L3T4 had reciprocal activity. A control reagent, anti-LFA-1, blocked all responses tested regardless of specificity. This and other reports provide strong evidence that L3T4 is the murine equivalent of the human T cell markers Leu 3/OKT4. The ability of antibodies directed against Lyt-2 and L3T4 to block T cell function in a fashion determined by the class of MHC antigen recognized by the T cell further supports the hypotheses that Lyt-2 and L3T4 molecule in the mouse and Leu-2 and Leu-3 molecules in the human are involved in the interaction of the T cell with class-specific determinants on MHC molecules.
Hormonal influence on the secretory immune system of the eye: androgen regulation of secretory component levels in rat tears.
Authors: Sullivan D A , Bloch K J , Allansmith M R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present study examined the influence of gender and steroid hormones on the level of free secretory component (SC) in tears of rats. The SC concentration in tears of male rats was approximately five-fold greater than that found in tears of females. This difference could not be accounted for by variations in tear volume or a suppression of tear SC content in female rats during certain stages of the estrous cycle. Rather, the elevated level of SC in tears of males appeared to be due to the effect of androgens. Castration of male, but not female, rats resulted in a time-dependent decrease in the SC content of tears. Administration of testosterone to orchiectomized rats reversed this decline and induced a time- and dose-dependent increase in the tear SC concentration. This response appeared specific for androgens, because treatment of orchiectomized rats with progesterone, estradiol, or cortisol had no effect on total tear SC. Consistent with this hypothesis was our finding that injection of castrated male rats with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone also raised the tear SC concentration. Of interest, the androgen-induced increase of the SC level in tears was not accompanied by similar changes in total tear protein. These results suggest that androgens may influence the production and/or secretion of SC by ocular tissues. Furthermore, our findings indicate that androgens play a role in the ocular secretory immune system of the rat.
The generation of macrophage-like cell lines by transfection with SV40 origin defective DNA.
Authors: Schwarzbaum S , Halpern R , Diamond B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two cell lines with properties of mature macrophages have been generated by transfection with SV40 DNA mutated in the origin of replication. One line, BAM, was derived from bone marrow cells from a BALB/c mouse. The other line, BAC1, was derived from splenic adherent cells from a (BALB/c X A.CA) F1 mouse. Both lines produce lysozyme, collagenase, and esterase, bear Fc receptors, and engage in Fc-mediated phagocytosis. Both lines require colony-stimulating factor-1 for continued proliferation. In addition, they express Ia antigens, and may be induced to secrete IL 1. This technique should make possible the generation of Ia-bearing diploid macrophage lines from any strain of mouse. In addition, it may be possible to use this technique to derive monocyte lines from species in which wild-type SV40 DNA causes a lytic infection.
Localized conformational changes induced in a class I major histocompatibility antigen by the binding of monoclonal antibodies.
Authors: Diamond A G , Butcher G W , Howard J C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We describe two monoclonal antibodies, R3/47 and YR1/1, directed against different epitopes of the expressed rat class I major transplantation antigen RT1Aa, that interact with each other so that the binding of one antibody, YR1/1, is greatly enhanced by the binding of the other. The positive interaction between R3/47 and YR1/1 also occurs when using RT1Aa molecules solubilized from cell membranes in detergent. It is therefore unlikely that the molecular environment of the membrane contributes to the interaction. The ability of R3/47 to modify the YR1/1 determinant on the RT1Aa molecule is mediated without any significant loss of potency by highly purified monomeric Fab fragments. This result suggests that the binding of R3/47 to the RT1Aa molecule alters the YR1/1 determinant by initiating a propagated conformational change in the antigen.
Transformation of LMTK- cells with purified class I genes. V. Antibody-induced structural modification of HLA class I molecules results in potentiation of the fixation of a second monoclonal antibody.
Authors: Lemonnier F A , Le Bouteiller P P , Olive D , Malissen B , Mishal Z , Layet C , Dubreuil J , Caillol D H , Kourilsky F M , Jordan B R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A potentiation phenomenon was observed with HLA-A3 and CW3 transformed murine L cells between anti-HLA class I B10.6 (potentiated) and B10.8 (potentiating) monoclonal antibodies (m.Ab.). Further studies of this phenomenon with these transformed L cells indicated that: 1) no significant specific binding of B10.6 m.Ab. to HLA-A3 and CW3 transformed L cells could be demonstrated by conventional radioimmunoassay or cytofluorometric study in the absence of B10.8 m.Ab.; 2) potentiation of the fixation of B10.6 m.Ab. was induced by other anti-HLA class I m.Ab., which all reacted with the same cluster of antigenic determinants; 3) potentiation reflects an increased specific fixation of B10.6 m.Ab. to HLA class I molecules implicating its combining site; 4) potentiation was mediated by B10.8 Fab fragments. These results indicate that potentiation of the fixation of B10.6 m.Ab. to the HLA-A3 and CW3 molecules expressed by the transformed L cells reflects conformational changes of these molecules after interaction with B10.8 m.Ab.
Role of interleukin 1 in antigen-specific T cell proliferation.
Authors: Chu E , Rosenwasser L J , Dinarello C A , Lareau M , Geha R S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of interleukin 1 (IL 1) in human antigen-specific T cell proliferation was examined. Nylon wool-purified T cells proliferated in the presence of autologous monocytes (Mo.) pulsed for 18 h with tetanus toxoid (TT) antigen (Mo.TT). Irradiation of Mo.TT with ultraviolet (UV) light (72 J/m2) abolished their capacity to support T cell proliferation and drastically reduced their capacity to secrete IL 1 after stimulation with Staphylococcus albus. The defect in antigen presentation induced by UV irradiation of Mo.TT was reversed in a dose-dependent manner by the addition of two different preparations containing human interleukin 1 (IL 1). The first preparation consisted of supernatants of Mo. stimulated with Con A for 18 hr and in which Con A activity was blocked by alpha-D-methyl-mannoside (Mo.-Con A-Sup). The second preparation consisted of human IL 1 partially purified from supernatants of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with S. albus. This IL 1 copurified with human leukocyte pyrogen (LP) and was termed IL 1/LP. Both IL 1-containing preparations enhanced the response of C57BL/6 mouse thymocytes to phytohemagglutinin. A rabbit antibody to human IL 1/LP inhibited the capacity of T cells to proliferate in response to Mo.TT and inhibited the capacity of Mo.-Con A-Sup to reconstitute the T cell response to UV-irradiated Mo.TT. IL 1/LP was not necessary for T cells to recognize the immunogenic moiety presented by Mo., because monolayers of UV-irradiated Mo.TT were equivalent to monolayers of unirradiated MO.TT in their capacity to adsorb TT-reactive T cells specifically. Furthermore, the addition of rabbit antibody to IL 1/LP did not interfere with the capacity of UV-irradiated Mo.TT to adsorb TT-reactive T cells. The results obtained in this study indicate that IL 1 is involved in optimal antigen-driven proliferation of human T lymphocytes.
Heterogeneity of the human phosphocholine-specific B cell repertoire.
Authors: Stein L D , Sigal N H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have utilized a highly efficient method of culturing small numbers of Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-infected cells to analyze the heterogeneity of human antibodies specific for phosphocholine (PC). Lymphocytes from peripheral blood or tonsils of individuals who had no evidence of recent pneumococcal infection were infected with EBV and cultured at limiting dilution. After correction for the cloning efficiency, between 1/1500 and 1/10,000 B cells produced specific anti-PC antibodies by our criteria. Examination of the heterogeneity of these antibodies revealed that most individuals had an overwhelming predominance of anti-PC antibodies with kappa-light chain. Fine specificity analysis of 39 monoclonal anti-PC antibodies demonstrated that the IgM antibodies examined displayed significant binding site diversity, whereas the IgA PC-specific clones were much less heterogeneous. In general, the human anti-PC antibodies had a much higher relative affinity (Krel) for choline and glycerophosphocholine than the murine antibody families. Through examination of the human PC-specific B cell repertoire we have drawn some interesting parallels with the well-defined murine clonotype families and have begun to dissect the human response to this naturally occurring antigenic determinant.