bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Replaying the Tape of Life
Authors: Kopf Simon Maria 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
What would happen if one were to rerun the tape of life? This question is at the centre of the evolutionary contingency debate between palaeontologists and evolutionary biologists Stephen Jay Gould and Simon Conway Morris, and has been variously linked with the doctrine of providence, especially in its application to biological evolution. Chapter 7 examines this debate and the presumed link with the doctrine of providence. First, this chapter outlines the famous evolutionary controversy between Stephen Jay Gould and Simon Conway Morris about the directionality and repeatability of biological evolution, and discusses the role evolutionary contingency plays in their accounts of evolution, at times labelled the ‘gospel of contingency’ and the ‘gospel of inevitability’. Then the chapter presents a critical assessment of some of the debate’s implications, including a certain secularisation of providence, assuming providence to imply a necessity of the consequent instead of a necessity of the consequence. On a traditional theological account, however, providence implies the necessity of the consequence, not the necessity of the consequent, as the evolutionary contingency debate would suggest. For the fact that necessarily, if God wills human beings, then human beings will evolve (□[God wills p → p]) does not entail that human beings evolve necessarily (□p). The chapter reaches the conclusion that only according to a secularised notion does God’s providence concerning biological evolution equal evolutionary directionality.
Evaluating the Theological Responses
Authors: Kopf Simon Maria 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 evaluates the theological responses to the evolutionary contingency debate outlined in Chapter 7, both from an actionistic and a prudential-ordinative perspective, and addresses the question of what form of directionality, if any, divine as opposed to secularised providence implies with regard to biological evolution. The chapter argues that the actionistic (quantum-based) NIODA theory outlined in Chapters 1 to 3 faces further and more specific limitations in the context of biological evolution, and suggests that the prudential-ordinative theory proposed in Chapters 4 to 6 can remedy at least some of these limitations. In particular, the chapter shows how God can providentially guide biological evolution and argues that a (divinely guided) immanent form of teleology, as employed by the prudential-ordinative theory, is theologically preferable to an externally imposed form of teleology, as utilised by the rival actionistic model. The chapter concludes that while both the actionistic and prudential-ordinative model of providence can in principle incorporate contingency, the prudential-ordinative theory of providence can better accommodate and integrate evolutionary contingency.
World Moves Towards Industrial Revolution
Authors: Som Rana 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
From the earliest known history of mankind till the beginning of the eighteenth century, the pattern of man management in the world remained almost the same. The first changes came when machines came to be invented to supplement or substitute human efforts during the industrial revolution, which not only altered the methods of production but also modified the production relations in the business organizations, first in the concerned countries and then elsewhere. The world also witnessed an unimaginable increase in the scale of production which was termed as ‘mass production’ and generation of wealth to such an extent that industrial activities came to acquire national importance. The ‘State’ became involved in guarding the interest of industries through various legislations which, of course, were meant primarily to insulate the industries from workers’ agitations by legally restraining the workers from combining and agitating in pursuance of their demands and providing for certain safety and welfare measures. Slowly but surely the concept of man management was set to change.
Man Management in Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Som Rana 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The First World War left a lasting impact on labour management relations in advanced countries. The war torn world could no longer take labour for granted. ILO, which was formed immediately after the war ended, came out with a new charter for handling labour by treating the workers as partners instead of factors of production. The developed countries came out with a series of labour legislations regulating the conditions of work and defining the rights of workmen to combine and agitate. The role of Personnel Management now became more dynamic and more challenging. With global focus on labour and labour relations, the man managers had now to rediscover their role and responsibilities in industry and being armed with the new theories of management, they realized that they had now to look beyond their traditional role and understand the capabilities and performance of individual workers if they were to really act as managers of men.
Dynamics of Industrial Relations in India and Elsewhere in the Later Part of Twentieth Century
Authors: Som Rana 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The post-Second World War period, more specifically from the 50s and 60s of the last century India as well as many other countries witnessed trade union supremacy and militancy at such a level which was never observed in the past. Labour now acquired a new political power in the democratic political system and that put the management on the defensive. Up to a certain stage, the management looked helpless though they continued with their efforts to overcome the problems at the unit level. The political leadership could not also remain a silent spectator and had to come out with strong reactions when the national economy was at jeopardy and public sentiment, in many cases went against the union activities especially when their actions interfered with the lives of people. Ultimately, the entire environment underwent a major change when economic reforms were initiated and a competitive environment compelled the workers and the unions to cooperate with each other.
Indian Experience After Liberalization
Authors: Som Rana 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The reforms initiated in India after 1980 culminated into full-fledged liberalization in 1991. This had a lasting impact on economy, society, and labour relations. Many strong citadels of earlier times collapsed after liberalization. Labour confronted a new reality. The Personnel managers who went into defensive earlier came forward to secure cooperation of the employees for making the companies stable and competitive; they even negotiated for modifying the terms of employment to the advantage of organizations. The impact of liberalization on Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) was more direct; disinvestment and privatization of PSUs was a part of the process of liberalization. The Government of India took determined effort to overcome the resistance of trade unions to proceed with strategic sale of even profitable PSUs to mop up resources. PSUs were now largely exposed to domestic or global competition.
New Economy After Liberalization
Authors: Som Rana 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
After liberalization India slowly learnt to live with the new realities characterized by competition, instability, and strive for betterment. Cost control especially reduction of labour cost became a necessity. It required restructuring of labour force, redeployment of labour through training and retraining and use of low-cost contract labour. In some new establishments nearly 100% workers were employed through contractors. As various industries were following different methods of engaging labour, the role of personnel managers was now different in different industrial units. However, even during these difficult times personnel managers did not lose sight of the needs of workers and continued with their task of integrating them with the organization. Personnel managers got more and more involved in manpower development and communication.
Corporate Social Responsibility—Social Obligations of Industry
Authors: Som Rana 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
India has been the first country to make Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) mandatory for industries falling within the specified criterion. Even before it was done, many Indian industries carried out CSR work on their own especially in mining and other industries carried out in remote areas, mainly to establish ties with the local people and to secure their acceptance of a new entrant in their own area. Even in cities and towns industries contributed in building temples, schools, etc. CSR being legally mandatory at present, the scope of CSR work has expanded many folds. Now Indian industries spend around 1.2 billion USD on CSR every year. The Personnel professionals who to a large extent handle CSR work take it as an opportunity to integrate the organization with the society by building trust and harmony.
Phenomenal Growth of India’s IT Industry
Authors: Som Rana 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The growth of IT industry in India has been phenomenal after liberalization. It has a high contribution to India’s GDP and creation of employment. IT industry has demanded a new role from personnel managers which the personnel people have effectively played by hiring right people, organizing effective training, and nourishing individual growth. IT industry has largely contributed to replacing the industrial relations approach by human relations with individuals instead of unions being in focus.
The Future of Personnel Management
Authors: Som Rana 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Personnel management is a part of business management and with changes in business environment and the economy, the structure of personnel management also undergoes changes. The future of personnel management therefore depends on the economic situation that is expected to emerge in future. Large multinational corporations are not only expected to continue but they may also expand and many new ones may come up. These organizations will demand an environment where individual capabilities may flourish. The personnel professionals will be responsible to create such an organizational climate. There may be many medium-sized organizations in which the personnel managers will continue to play their traditional role. There may be a large number of micro organizations which may not require designated personnel managers at all. However, it is certain that the role of personnel people will expand and grow in importance in future since people will be recognized more and more as value creators and personnel managers will be managing people more directly than ever before.
The Body and Human Concepts
Authors: Tanton Tobias 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The conceptualisation hypothesis proposes that concepts are grounded in sensorimotor content. It is motivated, in part, by the ‘symbol grounding problem’, a philosophical problem which observes that if all symbols in a symbol system are defined exclusively in terms of other symbols, then the symbols will be meaningless since they lack reference. Cognitivism typically assumes concepts which are arbitrarily related to their referents and therefore fails to address the symbol grounding problem. By contrast, embodied cognition proponents propose a ‘modal’ theory, in which concepts are (at least partially) encoded by perceptual states. In addition to overcoming the symbol grounding problem, this theory is supported by a raft of empirical findings from brain lesion, neuroimaging, neurophysiology, behavioural, and developmental studies. Despite the strengths of a modal theory of concepts, it struggles to account for abstract concepts which are not readily associated with sensorimotor content. Some initial findings suggest that particular classes of abstract concepts are at least partially comprised of sensorimotor states. Conceptual metaphor theory offers a broader framework, proposing that abstract concepts are grounded through metaphorical relationships with concrete, embodied concepts.
Grounding God? Embodying Theological Meaning
Authors: Tanton Tobias 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The conceptualisation hypothesis of embodied cognition (Chapter 3) proposes that human concepts are grounded in sensorimotor states. That theory is applied to theological concepts. If abstract concepts pose a challenge for a theory of concepts grounded in sensorimotor states, theological concepts create particular difficulties. The God-concept provides a test case: God is definitively unavailable to perception since God is not an object in the universe, but attempts to associate God with sensorimotor content risk theological charges of idolatry. Hence grounding concepts in sensorimotor states and idolatry-avoidance seem difficult to reconcile. Three strategies are canvased. First, Schleiermacher and Rahner’s religious experience accounts guard against idolatry by distinguishing these experiences from experiences of things in the world. I argue that these experiences fail to ground the concept of God since it isn’t clear how proposed ‘meta-experiences’ relate to sensorimotor experience. Second, metaphors which employ concrete imagery may serve to ground the God-concept. While such metaphors fulfil the grounding criterion in concert with conceptual metaphor theory, it is not clear that they avoid idolatry since they risk likening God with finite objects. Third, the incarnation is proposed as the ultimate solution. As ‘anthropomorphism without the idolatry’, it serves to ground the God-concept in a theologically licit fashion. I explore how the incarnation provides concrete content for the God-concept by supplying direct sensorimotor access to the divine through Christ and - its extensions in narrative, sacrament, and other material vehicles. The incarnation thus accommodates the embodied nature of human concepts.
Cognition Beyond the Brain
Authors: Tanton Tobias 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter details and evaluates of the ‘replacement’ and ‘constitution’ hypotheses, the two remaining hypotheses of embodied cognition which were introduced in Chapter 2. The replacement hypothesis seeks to explain cognitive processes by replacing internal mental representations with sensorimotor engagement with the world. It elegantly describes how internal mental models are not required for outfielders catching a ball or robots navigating a maze. However, certain ‘representation-hungry’ cognitive tasks reason about objects not immediately available to perception and are therefore less amenable to replacement-style explanations. The significance of sensorimotor engagement with the environment leads to the constitution hypothesis, which suggests that cognitive processes extend beyond the brain, and are co-constituted by bodily states and environmental resources. However, significant disagreement persists concerning the criteria by which to circumscribe cognition, and some argue that few if any cognitive tasks are implemented on extra-cranial physical media. Even if strong versions of the replacement and constitution hypotheses are limited in scope, weak versions nevertheless draw attention to the way in which a multitude of cognitive tasks are ‘scaffolded’ by environmental resources. In following chapters these views of cognition will be applied to analyse embodied religious practices.
Theological Practices
Authors: Tanton Tobias 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Having established cognitive nature of religious practices, this chapter examines them in a theological register. On account of its inherent cognitive effects, the meaning of liturgy is not exclusively ‘symbolic’ (i.e., arbitrarily related to its forms by means of conventions), but is also ‘embodied’: particular ritual forms convey specific theological content by virtue of their cognitive effects. Consequently, liturgy is not merely an ‘expression’ of a pre-existing theology; rather, the bodily and material form of the liturgy intrinsically contains theological content. Liturgy is therefore itself a storehouse of theology; differences in liturgical forms underpin differences in theological content; attention to liturgical practices serves as a corrective for an exclusive focus on propositional beliefs which are formulated linguistically; and liturgy becomes a central feature of theological anthropology rather than a footnote to ecclesiology. Given this revised picture of liturgy, the formative potential of embodied practices is highlighted. Findings for cognitive science suggest that humans are particularly open to being formed by their experience. The habitual nature of religious practices allows them to contribute to the inculcation of virtue (or vice), and indeed particular findings from embodied cognition research identify virtue-related cognitive effects. From a theological perspective, embodied cognition illuminates how liturgical practices might contribute to the process of sanctification. The embodied nature of religious practice can again be understood as an accommodation to the way in which humans are formed and transformed.
The Weimar Republic and the Rise of National Socialism
Authors: Stibbe Matthew 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at the early history of the Nazi Party (NSDAP), from its foundation in Munich in 1919 through to Hitler’s appointment as Chancellor of the German Reich on 30 January 1933. It also takes up the related, but distinct, story of the Weimar Republic’s surprising resilience in the 1920s, and its ultimate collapse in the early 1930s. The chapter begins with a discussion of the NSDAP’s place in the broader development of extreme right-wing politics in Bavaria up to 1923. It then explains the failure of the party’s Beer Hall Putsch in November 1923, and the shift towards relative economic and political stability for the republic in the half decade that followed. The Great Depression of the early 1930s brought an abrupt end to democratic normality, and created the social and political conditions which made possible the transformation of the Nazis from a fringe movement into a mainstream party with popular support across Germany. By September 1930 the NSDAP was achieving 18.3 per cent of the vote in national parliamentary elections, doubling this to 37.3 per cent by July 1932. Even so, it never won an outright majority, and it actually began to lose votes in late 1932. As the last section of the chapter explains, Hitler was appointed, not elected, into office, and he was helped by shifts in the international as well as domestic political arenas at the turn of the year 1932–3 (233 words).
The Nazi ‘Seizure of Power’
Authors: Beck Hermann 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter on the period of the Nazi seizure of power focuses on the events between 30 January 1933, when Hitler became chancellor, and the Röhm purge in June 1934, with an emphasis on political developments in the winter and spring of 1933. Highlighting the repressive decrees of February 1933 that blazed the trail for a semi-legal takeover of power, culminating in the Reichstag Fire decree, the chapter then examines the results of the 5 March 1933 elections, the Nazi takeover of the German states, repressive measures against the Left, widespread grass-roots violence, and the NSDAP’s revolutionary actions, capped off by the Enabling Act. The Nazi Gleichschaltung policy—the ‘bringing into line’ of social groups from trade union, professional, artisan, civil service, and retail merchants’ associations to sports and leisure clubs, suppressed any potential opposition. Widespread censorship and repression of public criticism grew in intensity, from the introduction of the ‘Perfidy Ordinance’ to public book burnings. Less well known is the widespread anti-semitic violence of the late winter and spring 1933. This chapter shines a spotlight on the attacks, pillory marches, and murders that fueled this violence, as well as the (non-)reaction of German society. Despite repression and violence, many Germans expressed enthusiasm for the “national awakening” promised by the new regime, which initially enjoyed immense popularity. This popularity survived the spell of disillusionment and dissatisfaction that set in during the autumn and the chaos of the Röhm purge in June 1934, which ultimately consolidated the position of the Nazi Party, giving it free rein.
Elections, Plebiscites, and Festivals
Authors: Richter Hedwig , Jessen Ralph 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The continuing need for the relationship between ‘the Führer’ and ‘the movement’ to be actively experienced was of decisive importance for the legitimation of this charismatic regime. Like the elections, the ceremonies served to demonstrate the apparently ‘democratic’ nature of the regime. Elections and festivals maintained the fiction of a mass movement, even if this had become frozen in rigid rituals. At the same time, they contained the movement’s latent dynamic. Hitler’s and Goebbels’s success in launching an unprecedented wave of terror against German Jews with such ease on 9 November 1938 had, among other things, to do with the fact that it took place on the day the party had devoted to the memory of the ‘time of struggle’ and ‘the fallen heroes’. And the growing self-confidence of the regime vis-à-vis foreign countries and its own population during the 1930s was, not least, a consequence of the elections and plebiscites, those demonstrative rituals of assent and exclusion that appeared to clarify the views of the masses—and the powerlessness of the opposition.
The Home Front
Authors: Torrie Julia S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys life on the German Home Front during the Second World War through three main themes. The first is popular morale, and the tension between the need to mobilize society for war, and the regime’s fear that asking too much of Germans would undermine their support. Adolf Hitler and other key figures such as Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels paid a great deal of attention to popular morale, including women’s morale, and this shaped and to some degree limited their wartime choices. A second major theme is the Third Reich’s exploitation of German occupied territories as a source of food, raw materials, and labour. While surveying the forms and extent of German exactions, the chapter examines civilian responses to wartime shortages, and considers how much civilians knew about the increasingly brutal treatment of forced labourers, POWs, and Jews. Finally, the chapter underlines the interconnectedness of home and war fronts throughout the conflict. As initial successes gave away to stalemate and a reversal of Germany’s fortunes, notably at Stalingrad, wartime losses touched the Home Front deeply. This, alongside the total mobilization of society and widespread aerial bombing and evacuations, underlined that home and war fronts, never fully separate, were blending together as the Reich slid towards defeat.