bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bracing requirements for a semi‐rigidly connected column considering column lateral stiffness and initial curvature
Authors: Zhang Linbo , Xu Lei 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper theoretically assesses the required brace stiffness and strength for a semi‐rigidly connected column with a lateral brace at the mid‐height, by introducing a half‐length column model and adopting the concept of storey‐based buckling. Unlike that in Winter's model, column lateral stiffness and initial curvature associated with column initial out‐of‐straightness are accounted for. A coefficient, which is a function of applied load and column end connection stiffness, is introduced to characterize the effect of column initial curvature on bracing requirements. By comparing the results obtained from the analytical method and current structural steel and cold‐formed steel design standards, it has been found that the required brace strength stipulated in these standards are generally conservative in various degrees for design loads; however, the required brace stiffness should be increased if the effect of column initial curvature is considered. The results obtained from the proposed approach are verified against the finite element analysis, indicating that the proposed approach provides an accurate evaluation of required brace strengths for semi‐rigid columns and is recommended to be adopted for engineering practice.
Experimental Study on the Local Buckling Response of WAAM Stainless Steel Square Hollow Sections
Authors: Evans Siân , Xu Fangda , Wang Jie 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) has the potential to produce free form metallic structures, suitable for use in the construction industry, and so is currently being rapidly developed by structural engineers. This paper details an experimental program investigating the stability performance of ten WAAM 316L stainless steel square hollow section stub columns with varying cross‐sectional slenderness. Tensile coupon tests were also carried out to determine the material properties of the WAAM builds in three different directions relative to the printing direction. The tensile coupon tests revealed a high degree of anisotropy while the ductility requirements set out by Eurocode 3 are met by all coupons. Two different thickness parameters (i.e. average thickness and average minimum thickness) were obtained through geometric analysis of the stub columns, and are used in conjunction with Eurocode 3 design rules for conventional stainless steels. The predictions to the load‐carrying capacities offered by these two design treatments were compared with the stub column test results, confirming the applicability of the current Eurocode 3 design rule, along with recommended design treatments.
Structural behavior of single‐sided welded HSS‐T‐joints with softening in the heat‐affected zone
Authors: Rust Brian , Kästner Thoralf , Stroetmann Richard 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn the case of high‐strength steels, softening in the heat‐affected zone (HAZ) is possible due to the heat input during the welding process. Therefore, in addition to weld failure, other forms of failure of the welded joint cannot be excluded. Within the framework of the AiF‐FOSTA research project P1453, experimental investigations are carried out on single‐sided welded T‐joints. The aim of the investigations is to analyze the failure modes resulting from softening in the HAZ. Specimens with different weld types, steel grades, plate thicknesses and cooling times t8/5 are investigated. The softening of the HAZ is experimentally evaluated for thermome‐chanical rolled and quenched and tempered high‐strength steels with yield strengths from 500 to 960 MPa by thermo‐physical forming simulations. The results will be used to improve the design rules for welded joints. In particular, this includes a consideration of the heat‐affected zone in the design of welded joints made of high‐strength steels. The paper presents the results of thermo‐physical forming simulations. By measuring macrosections of butt joints, a description of the expansion of the heat‐affected zone as a function of peak temperature and cooling time is presented. Furthermore, results of structural mechanics studies for the load bearing capacity analysis of single‐sided welded T‐joints are presented. This is followed by a detailed description of the experimental test program.
Imperfections in realistic metal wind turbine support towers: a one‐at‐a‐time (OAAT) study
Authors: Kathirkamanathan Lijithan , Sadowski Adam , Seidel Marc 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe ultimate limit state of buckling is an important consideration for the design of wind turbine support towers (WTSTs) which is increasingly being done with the aid of advanced nonlinear finite element analysis according to EN 1993‐1‐6. As these towers are relatively slender thin‐walled metal shell structures, their response and buckling resistance is invariably affected by geometric imperfections. This paper presents a sensitivity study into the possible relative influences of four different types of realistic imperfections that are likely to arise in WTST construction on the elastic‐plastic buckling resistance as assessed by computational GMNIAs. These include idealised but realistic representations of axisymmetric circumferential weld depressions, unintended eccentricities at curved plate boundaries, a global out‐of‐roundness and corrected parallel flange interface gaps. The relative sensitivity is explored via a ‘one‐at‐a‐time’ (OAAT) study where all factors but one are kept at a constant intensity while the active factor is scaled, with the influence on the computed GMNIA under two load cases recorded. The OAAT study suggests that for shell structures representative of the geometric ranges typical for WTSTs, the weld depression has the most deleterious effect on the predicted buckling resistance.
Effects of Deposition Rate on Local Stability of Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Outstand Elements
Authors: Evans Siân , Hadjipantelis Nicolas , Wang Jie 
Published: September 2023

AbstractA great focus is currently being placed on the development of applications of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) in structural engineering. To facilitate this development, an experimental programme investigating the effects of the deposition rate on WAAM 316LSi stainless steel outstand elements has been conducted. Equal angle section (EAS) stub columns with four different cross‐sectional slendernesses were produced using WAAM. For each slenderness, four different deposition rates were employed; hence, overall, sixteen EAS stub columns were produced, 3D scanned and tested to examine their local stability. To keep the heat input constant between all cases, for each deposition rate, the travel speed was varied accordingly. Alongside the EAS specimens, tensile coupon testing was conducted to determine the material properties corresponding to each deposition rate. The tensile coupons were extracted at three different orientations (0°, 45° and 90°) relative to the deposition direction in order to investigate the degree of material anisotropy. In the present paper, following the description of the EAS stub column test results, the applicability of current Eurocode design rules and the Continuous Strength Method for the prediction of their design strength is assessed.
A MATLAB finite element toolbox for the efficient nonlinear analysis of axisymmetric shells
Authors: Filippidis Achilleas , Sadowski Adam J. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractShells of revolution under axisymmetric conditions exhibit a circumferentially uniform pre‐buckling stress state and are important fundamental systems which often serve as reference systems for those under more complex conditions. Given this status, work is continuing on a careful and complete characterization of their buckling response with the aid of the Reference Resistance Design (RRD) framework for the ultimate benefit of the EN 1993‐1‐6 Eurocode on the strength of stability of metal shells. The situation is greatly complicated by the fact that while modern finite element software packages offer axisymmetric shell elements in an efficient 2D modelling plane, these are not capable of detecting bifurcation buckling into non‐axisymmetric modes which are often critical for slender systems. Reverting to a full 3D plane is possible, but grossly inefficient and the explicitly modelled circumferential direction is parasitic and detrimental to the overall solution quality. AQUINAS is an accessible and intuitive toolbox developed by the Authors in MATLAB for the efficient analysis of axisymmetric shell structures, aiming to reintroduce a modelling capability that was once standard in the field. Data input is entirely object‐oriented and matrix assembly is parallelized with pre‐compiled C++ routines, with users being able to take direct advantage of MATLAB's visualization properties. The software natively supports the LA, LBA, MNA, GMNIA etc. Eurocode analysis taxonomy. This paper demonstrates the current capabilities of the toolbox, describes the extensive programme of verification against existing established solutions that has been performed, and illustrates its ability to efficiently compute very detailed capacity curves using the EN 1993‐1‐6 capacity curve framework.
Lateral‐torsional buckling of beams made of mono‐symmetrical thin‐walled sections
Authors: Vermeylen Maxime , Bezas Marios‐Zois , Crispin Mathieu , Jaspart Jean‐Pierre , Demonceau Jean‐François 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThin‐walled cold‐formed sections are extensively used as primary structural elements in storage system structures or steel houses, or as secondary elements like roof and wall systems, floor girders, etc. Despite their many advantages, such as transportability and lightweight, these members are usually susceptible to lateral‐torsional buckling as they are not always laterally restrained.This paper deals with the elastic stability of such beams and, in particular, is focusing on cross‐sections that are symmetrical about their major axis only, like channel or sigma profiles, and loaded perpendicular to their axis of symmetry. Their stability has been studied analytically, in accordance to available provisions in the concerned codes, and numerically with two different finite element tools.
Evaluation of Design Codes for Hot‐Rolled Steel Angles in Concentric and Eccentric Compression
Authors: Gomes José , Carvalho Hermes , da Silva Luís Simões , Ferreira Filho José Osvaldo , Lavall Armando 
Published: September 2023

AbstractHot‐rolled steel angles are utilized in various construction systems. This work presents an extensive numerical study on the behavior of hot‐rolled steel angles under concentric and eccentric compression. The numerical results were used for the evaluation of existing design procedures commonly applied in practice. In general, the analytical rules were on safe‐side in most analyzed cases. But in case of angle members in eccentric compression by two bolts, the codes presented very high values for ultimate compressive load capacity. Finally, the study extended the numerical data on the resistance available in the literature and promoted a critical discussion about the ongoing revision of design rules for angles concentrically and eccentrically loaded in compression.
I‐beam‐to‐SHS‐column moment resisting joints using passing‐through plates under equal bendings
Authors: MADHOUNI Mouad , COUCHAUX Maël , HJIAJ Mohammed , KANYILMAZ Alper 
Published: September 2023

AbstractConventional I‐beam‐to‐SHS‐column moment resisting connections are generally stiffened with external diaphragms in order to limit excessive deformation of the tube‐wall. Passing through plates welded to the tube is an alternative solution that can develop significant strength and stiffness. This solution has been applied to CHS column and initial findings from RFCS project LASTEICON were encouraging. RHS columns are also widely used in practice due to simplicity of connections manufacturing. The new RFCS project LASTTS aims to investigate the application of this technique of passing through plates to SHS columns using laser cutting technology.The objective of this paper is to present the behaviour of I‐beam‐to‐SHS column moment resisting joints using passing‐through plates under equal hogging bending moments. A finite element model using brick elements is firstly presented. This model is used to perform a sensitivity analysis varying passing through plates thicknesses as well as SHS column dimensions. The failure mode is caused by the flange plate buckling inside the tube. Analytical models are developed to determine the bending resistance and initial rotational stiffness of these connections.
Experimental investigations of residual stresses in thick high‐strength steel plates
Authors: Schäfers Michael , Müller Eckehard , Mensinger Martin 
Published: September 2023

AbstractResidual stresses strongly influence the load‐bearing capacity of steel members under compressive axial loads. Current developments in steel and steel‐concrete composite structures imply the use of high‐strength steel grades up to 960 MPa. For such steel plates, only limited results of residual stress investigations are known so far. The authors have applied two established measuring methodologies like the sectioning method and X‐ray diffraction to determine the residual stress state of 40 mm thick steel plates and different widths. The results show that the distribution and amount of longitudinal residual stresses are mainly determined by the oxyfuel‐cutting procedure used to manufacture the specimens. The distribution over the thickness could be determined by X‐ray diffraction. Compared to the results of examinations on lower‐grade steel plates an assumed correlation of residual stresses and steel grades could not be observed. Consequently, residual stresses have a reduced influence on the load‐bearing capacities of structures prone to buckling as the ratio of yield strength to residual stress states declines significantly.
I‐beam‐to‐SHS column moment resisting joints using passing‐through plates under opposite bending moments: numerical and analytical studies
Authors: MADHOUNI Mouad , COUCHAUX Maël , HJIAJ Mohammed , KANYILMAZ Alper 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAs thin walled HSS columns are very flexible, they usually exhibit excessive deformation when resisting a bending moment or transverse loads. Adding exterior/interior diaphragms is one way to remedy the problem. Another option that can significantly increase strength and stiffness is to allow passing plates through the hollow column by means of Laser Cutting Technology (LCT). This solution was tested on CHS columns within the RFCS LASTEICON project. The first outcomes were promising. One of LASTTS new RFCS project's overarching concerns is to enlarge the range of application of the passing‐through solution onto SHS columns.The goal of this research paper is to present the behaviour of I‐beam‐to‐SHS column moment resisting joints using passing‐through plates under opposite bending moments. First, a solid‐based finite element model is presented. This model is used to conduct a sensitivity analysis with different SHS column and passing plates geometry. The failure mode is resulting contribution of both weld/tube‐wall tearing in tension, and chord face crushing in compression. Analytical models are developed in an attempt to ascertain the bending resistance and initial rotational stiffness of this new type of connections.
Measures to Improve Seismic Resistance by Fuse Mechanism in Pier Structures
Authors: Sekiguchi Minoru , Taniguchi Nozomu , Kobayashi Kaoru 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn Japan, temporary pier structures are designed to withstand earthquakes in consideration of their short service life, and seismic inputs exceeding the design are also expected. In order to confirm the deformation behavior of the fuse mechanism in this temporary pier structure, a fundamental study was conducted using a model specimen. The strength test results showed that the fuse mechanism behaved similar to a rigid body, and then the mortar fuse failed. After the failure of the mortar fuse, the reaction force was generated by the addition of the residual bearing capacity of the mortar fuse and the reaction force of the coil spring. The dynamic loading test results showed that the CFT columns contacted the remaining portion of the fuse after the mortar fuse ruptured, temporarily increasing the maximum response acceleration to 35 m/s2, but the response period became longer, indicating the deformation behavior of the fuse mechanism. In addition, the maximum load of the mortar fuse mechanism and the natural period after the mortar fuse rupture were calculated from the design values of the mortar fuse strength and the spring constant of the coil spring.
Potentials of reusing steel skeleton structures from multistorey parking units for architectural applications
Authors: Manot Hilke , Lienhard Julian 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn the context of urban mining, which aims to extend the value chain of building components to conserve resources, save energy, avoid waste, and reduce emissions, the reuse of structural steel has great potential, that has hardly been exploited to date.In Germany, a significant amount of steel is found within multistorey parking units. Due to the standardised and mass relevant steel used in these structures and considering their diminishing significance in the context of transportation transitions, these buildings offer specific opportunities for reuse.The research aims to investigate the reuse of structural steel from parking facilities in a new architectural design purpose with focus on multistorey residential buildings, as these will become increasingly important in the future construction due to the predicted growth of the world population and global cities.The research methodology begins by identifying the reuse potential of structural steel from parking units for future multi‐storey residential buildings. The study then delves into the exploration of hybrid construction methods, which involve incorporating standardized steel profiles with clay and reinterpreting historical cap ceilings. These approaches aim to foster the development of innovative architectural solutions.
Stress range in the welded cruciform joint in the shell model using the Hot Spot Stress Method
Authors: Golubiatnikov Kirill , Wald František 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper focuses on the linear extrapolation procedure for the Hot Spot Stress Method on a platés surface using shell models. Published papers have shown the benefits of solving the fatigue life by methodologies that integrate changes of the stress near the weld toe. This procedure is based on modelling the joints by solid elements. Current advanced connection models for steel structures are based on shell models which save computational time by an order of magnitude and allow the modelling of structural joints in a sufficiently short time using second‐order theory.Seven models for making shell welded connections are presented here, each of which was prepared for a specific joint. Many researchers have reported that non‐universality and deviations of the stress peak value in the first extrapolation point are major questions. A sensitivity study has indicated that there is a conditional stable ratio between the values of the stress ranges in the two evaluation points. A comparison between cases, that use experimental parameters and results taken from the literature, has shown that there is a reduction in the differences of the stress ranges between solid and shell models.
Investigations of the shear connectors and the load‐bearing behaviour of steel cross‐laminated timber composite beams
Authors: Böhm Noah , Vogelsberg Achim , Kühn Bertram 
Published: September 2023

AbstractA strengthening of cross laminated timber (CLT) by a composite effect with steel girders can act as a sustainable option to replace concrete or composite slabs for spans of more than 7 m. The efficiency of a composite structure is strongly influenced by the stiffness of the shear connectors. Therefore, fully threaded screws and shear studs were investigated in double push‐out tests. The screws are inclined to increase their stiffness and are rotated within the drilled hole towards the web, so that a multidimensional load situation with both axial and shear loads results. The shear studs are placed in openings of the CLT and cast in with mortar. The shear tests confirmed that their load bearing behaviour can basically be described with existing analytical calculation approaches. The findings were extended in large‐scale 4‐point bending tests to investigate the bending behaviour of the composite beam.
High‐Performance Pre‐engineered Steel‐Concrete Composite Beams for Sustainable Construction – Mechanical Behaviour of the Full‐Scale Beams
Authors: Zhao Ming‐Shan , Chua Guan‐Feng , Ding Miao , Chiew Sing‐Ping , Yang Yi , Cong Zhengxia , Ng Yiaw‐Heong 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper presents an experimental study on the behaviour of high‐performance pre‐engineered steel‐concrete composite beams. The slab is constructed with green concrete of grade C55/67 made using recycled concrete aggregates to replace 20% of natural aggregates, and GGBS together with silica fume as supplementary ce‐mentitious materials to replace 25% of the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Pre‐engineered (built‐up) structural steel asymmetric section of grade S460M is adopted for optimised structural efficiency. To verify the compatibility among the three different materials used, i.e., the S460M structural steel, green C55/67 concrete, and the shear studs, shear connection specimens were designed and tested with reference made to EC4. Subsequently, 2 full scale steel concrete composite beams are tested until failure. The results showed that the EC4 design equations for predicting the shear resistance and the bending moment resistance are still conservative for the materials and full‐scale beams.
Specific distortion‐induced fatigue failure at main girders of a railway bridge – efficiency of different reinforcements based on strain measurements
Authors: Unterweger Harald , Derler Christoph 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAt the main girders of a three span continuous girder railway bridge, built in the 1960s, through‐thickness cracks were detected in the web, at the location of the transverse stiffener to main girder connections. The transverse stiffeners are not welded to the girder flange, in order to increase their fatigue resistance. Instead, fitting strips between the stiffeners and the bottom flanges were used.First of all, the paper presents the results of local strain measurements at the original detail, without any reinforcement, for individual train passages. These results confirm a distortion‐induced fatigue failure, due to an unexpected high‐frequency oscillation of the web plate. Based on that, three different types of reinforcement were developed and installed at the bridge. For each type of reinforcement further strain measurements were done during regular train service. Also, a weigh‐in‐motion‐system was installed, to specify a representative passenger and freight train each. From the local strain measurements, during the passage of these two trains, the stress‐spectra were evaluated for all three types of reinforcement. Furthermore, existing fatigue test data of a similar connection detail from the literature were reassessed in order to provide an accurate fatigue resistance for the damage accumulation. The comparison of the evaluated fatigue damage of these individual stress spectra indicates the efficiency of each type of reinforcement.Finally, also representative reduction factors of the initial stress ranges without reinforcement, were developed for each type of reinforcement. This allows a more generalized assessment, regarding the efficiency of the different types of reinforcement, not just valid for individual trains but also for the whole train traffic.