bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flattery and fear
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The courtiers of Tiberius’s house had a strong interest in the ruling house being that of Augustus’s family rather any other house. After fifty years few Romans wanted the instability of the old republic. But that did not mean to everyone in every other house that the emperor should forever be a descendant of Julius Caesar. Augustus himself had been frustrated that his family could not provide a suitable candidate to succeed. There was reasonable ambition in grand men’s minds. The aristocrats Marcus Lepidus, Gnaeus Piso, and other family heads with other heirs to come, might all see their own claims to command Rome’s armies and judge the law for Romans and the world. Those closest to Tiberius could both flatter him with his natural right to rule and play upon his fears of rivals.
Tiberius, Tiber and Tibur
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The death of Germanicus opened a window onto what was happening along the Tiber. In Rome the people began protesting not just about the fate of their hero but against rises in the price of corn. Tiberius was content to flatter the people of the Forum that he cared about their views on Piso. He was compelled, whether he liked it or not, to keep the citizens fed. The Romans around the Groaning Steps on the Capitol were hungry as well as angry. The Vitellii needed to balance flattery of Tiberius for their own survival against telling truth to power. The closer that the courtiers stood to Tiberius, the less close they were to what was happening outside. No one had to travel far to see the problem but it was safer to keep their eyes on Tiberius than on Tibur and other towns nearby.
Flattery’s textbook
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A lucky slave was a popular type for Roman readers. It was natural for a master to think that a man was lucky to be his slave or, at least, lucky not to be someone else’s. Sometimes that thought was justified. A loyal slave might be truly lucky, well paid and then freed, often staying on in the master’s house, still telling the master what he liked to hear about himself, maybe more likely to be believed, particularly fortunate if the household was the Palatine and the lucky man could profit from knowing its rules. An unlucky slave could be kept enslaved or cast out into an unwelcoming world, not just profitless but starving. When the writer Seneca was exiled to Corsica by Messalina, he felt hardly better than a slave - and wrote a classic letter to Polybius, a very powerful ex-slave at court to complain.
God-given mushrooms
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
When Lucius Vitellius died in 51 CE, his elder son had already achieved as much as his family had expected of him and more. Aulus was 39, a courtier who was also a former consul and senator. His father had been three times consul. This was a record which Aulus showed no wish to match. He did not live in the past, even the very recent past. He did not ape his older senate colleagues in distant nostalgia. Aulus lived in the present, with a survivor’s eye on the near future. He was a large and genial man with a limp, a low-slung belly and a long experience of watching his superiors. When Claudius died of mushroom-poisoning and Nero became emperor, he knew what the newly powerful boy wanted. In that respect, if not in intellectual range and subtlety, he was his father’s son.
A good job for a glutton
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The new house of the Vitellii was poor by the standards of Aulus’s childhood. He was no longer part of the Palatine household. He had lost his creditworthiness. It was a good time to be leaving and the new emperor, Galba, solely for his own interests, gave him his chance. One of Aulus’s distant and wealthier relatives, notorious for his indecisiveness, had already received the governorship of Pannonia where Tiberius had made his military reputation. That was no part of Galba’s plan. A general who had just led an army to Rome did not want other generals with the initiative to do the same. Galba gave Lower Germany to the reliably ineffective Aulus Vitellius. Vitellius’s troops soon decided to go further and give the throne itself to their friendly new commander.
Fill me up!
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Galba had a tiny court, dominated by a male lover called Icelus. In Rome, while Vitellius was still in Germany, Galba was killed by Poppaea’s ex-husband, Otho, who successfully claimed the throne for himself. Vitellius had two ambitious junior officers, Caecina and Valens, who were now organising his campaign against Otho rather than Galba. Vitellius stayed behind for a series of coronation parties. Of Nero’s former courtiers in Rome, Acte escaped to prosperity and Calvia Crispinilla joined the new regime.
No time for a party
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Aulus Vitellius never much wanted to be emperor. Everyone who knew him knew it. He did not, however, want to be an ex-emperor. There had never been a living ex-emperor and Aulus was not an innovator. Lucius tightened his grip on his brother’s court. As their rivals approached, top of Lucius’s hit list was the man who had given Aulus his first set of Emperor’s clothes, Junius Blaesus, the governor who had hosted the party at Lugdunum. Blaesus might have expected due gratitude. Instead, he was unlucky that a party to welcome him home was held on one of the rare nights when Aulus was not in the party mood. Blaesus, Aulus agreed, must be executed. The means should be poison. He would visit him when he was dying.
The Academy
Authors: Waterfield Robin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
On his return from Sicily, Plato founded his school, the Academy. This chapter explains where it was, distinguishing between the Academy district, the Academy park, the Academy gymnasium, and Plato’s Academy school. The Academy was both a teaching school and a research establishment. People were attracted there by Plato’s fame and by reading his dialogues. It was not the first higher-educational establishment in Athens, its main rival being one set up by Isocrates. The chapter discusses the main trends of the work and teaching that was carried on in the Academy, focusing on its five most famous alumni: Eudoxus, Aristotle, Speusippus, Xenocrates, and Heraclides Ponticus. This discussion shows the range of topics and approaches that went on in the Academy—and also that it was in no way a school for the perpetuation of Platonism because the senior scholars often disagreed with him. Plato’s role in the Academy is described, including his infamous public lecture “On the Good.” The chapter concludes by showing that the Academy also turned out international political troubleshooters.
Practicing Politics in Syracuse
Authors: Waterfield Robin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter gives accounts of Plato’s famous two visits to Sicily in 366 and 361 BCE, when Dionysius II was the tyrant of Syracuse. Chunks of Plato’s Letter 7, the main source for accounts of these visits, are translated over the course of the chapter. Encouraged by Dion and others, Plato felt that he had an opportunity to put some of his political theory into practice by converting Dionysius from a tyrant (an unconstitutional sole ruler) to a king who allowed his subjects some measure of democracy. However, Plato did not expect to turn Dionysius into a philosopher king as described in Republic. The likely nature of Dionysius’s court is described. Plato’s project foundered, in the first visit, on the souring relationship between Dion and Dionysius. The dialogue Statesman, one of Plato’s later political works, shows more realism than earlier works such as Republic, and this increased realism is connected to his negative experience in Syracuse. Despite his earlier disappointment, Plato was persuaded to return to Syracuse in 361, but the journey was a complete waste of time: there was no way Dionysius was going to change. So Plato returned to Athens. The chapter ends with an account of Dion’s coup in Syracuse and his subsequent assassination, and Plato’s likely responses to these events.
Lucy Parham
Authors: Gumprecht Blake 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Tells the life history of Lucy Parham, one of tens of thousands of Black people who moved to Boston from the South during the Great Migration, transforming the city. Parham moved to Boston from Morven, North Carolina, in 1957. She is one of ten people featured in a book that explores the Great Migration by examining the lives of individual migrants. Each is the focus of one chapter. Their stories bring to life the history of the Great Migration. They reveal a hidden aspect of Boston’s history and shine a spotlight on a singularly important event in the making of Black Boston. They also provide a rare glimpse into the lives of ordinary people living in one city’s Black community.
Elta Garrett
Authors: Gumprecht Blake 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Tells the life history of Elta Garrett, one of tens of thousands of Black people who moved to Boston from the South during the Great Migration, transforming the city. Garrett moved to Boston from Covington, Louisiana, in 1969. She is one of ten people featured in a book that explores the Great Migration by examining the lives of individual migrants. Each is the focus of one chapter. Their stories bring to life the history of the Great Migration. They reveal a hidden aspect of Boston’s history and shine a spotlight on a singularly important event in the making of Black Boston. They also provide a rare glimpse into the lives of ordinary people living in one city’s Black community.
Why Are Hospital Births Unsafe for Black People?
Authors: Ray Keisha 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In America, Black people are up to three times more likely than White people to die during or soon after (up to one year) childbirth. This chapter explores why. But rather than isolate any specific reason, it looks at how social determinants build upon one another and intersect with Black pregnant people’s identity in America to create poor birthing conditions that lead to their preventable deaths. All social determinants of Black birthing mortality stem from a long history of government interest in when and how Black women reproduce and gynecology and obstetrics’ White supremacist and eugenic origins; so the chapter begins here. Using pregnant people’s birthing stories, it goes on to examine clinicians’ racial biases, housing, income, ideas of “obstetrical hardiness,” and weathering as social contributors to Black birthing mortality rates.
Hybrid Variations on an Intermedial Theme
Authors: Stam Robert 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores some of the terminology and grids that have been deployed with regard to the interrelations between different media, arts, and texts, while also giving examples of how interlaced these issues have become in the age of the internet. It is not always easy to separate an art from a medium. The cinema, for example, is both an art and a medium; painting is a medium and an art; and so forth. Just as individuals cannot be understood purely as autonomous but only as wrapped in an environing sociality, so art cannot be understood apart from its surrounding social ecology. Twenty-first-century arts and media offer a form of “deep remixability,” whereby digital environments become the hosts not only of all the arts but also of all formats and styles, resulting in a systematic hybridisation. Instead of the classical “five tracks” of cinema, we find an infinite combinatoire of “variables” susceptible to infinite juxtapositions, interfaces, and cross-fertilisations, whereby a variety of aural and visual materials—live action, motion graphics, musical performance, archival footage, computer animation, composited images—can be woven together in a constantly mutating flow.
Impurity and Identification
Authors: Mello Cecília 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Throughout its history, the cinema of mainland China has displayed a particular affinity with Chinese opera in its different regional and national varieties. An overview of this intermedial history reveals how Chinese opera intermingled with film in myriad ways. This chapter suggests that an intermedial history of Chinese cinema, framed through the opera lens, blurs the divide between old and new media, socialist and postsocialist arts, theatrical and photographic ontology, foreign and national styles, operatic and realist modes, allowing for a more encompassing appreciation of what are, in effect, necessarily impure and hybrid artistic manifestations. The intermedial approach also encourages a reevaluation of Brecht’s misinterpretation of the antinaturalistic performances of Mei Lanfang and the Peking Opera as alienation effects. Instead, the intermedial relationship between cinema and opera purposely promotes spectatorial identification at both individual and collective levels. Ending with an analysis of Chen Kaige’s Farewell My Concubine (霸王别姬 Bawang Bie Ji, 1993), the chapter traces some vectors for a future comprehensive study of Chinese cinema’s intermedial history, one that will find in operatic theatre, among other arts, hybrid elements capable of inspiring new, nonteleological, and nonbinary configurations and understandings of history.
Childbirth
Authors: Sundstrom Beth , Delay Cara 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores the historical, social, and cultural impact of the medicalization and institutionalization of childbirth in Ireland. An analysis of the campaign for the Coroners (Amendment) Act 2019 led by the Elephant Collective reveals how feminist praxis successfully demanded mandatory inquests for maternal deaths. This chapter also examines the diverse ways that hospital births in Ireland undermine women’s bodily experiences by privileging medical authority. At the same time, this chapter reveals the need to disrupt the nature/technology dualism in childbirth and breastfeeding. Making childbirth a positive experience for women in Ireland requires listening to women and offering woman-centered care that moves beyond a narrow focus on safety while enabling women to take advantage of technology, such as pain relief, through an increase in community-based midwifery care.
Dispatches from the AIDS Pandemic
Authors: De Cock Kevin M. , Jaffe Harold W. , Curran James W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Dispatches from the AIDS Pandemic: A Public Health Story examines the history of the AIDS pandemic through the eyes of key individuals, including the authors, who were involved in the response to the disease at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Much of the material is based on interviews conducted as part of the CDC’s AIDS oral history project, as well as hundreds of original source documents. The chapters are organized in three sections, reflecting the different tones and viewpoints of the authors and persons quoted. Section I focuses on the United States and takes the reader from the earliest days of the recognized epidemic, starting with the first five cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia in previously healthy, young homosexual men reported in CDC’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) in June 1981. Section II describes CDC’s initial AIDS efforts beyond the United States in Africa and Thailand, along with the World Health Organization’s (WHO) nascent AIDS program. Section III summarizes and comments on scientific and public health advances to date, including the origins of HIV and the development of life-saving treatments. The book’s distinctive and numerous firsthand reports offer a unique opportunity for readers to gain insight into the history and evolution of the pandemic and efforts leading to the global response.
Homosexual Men
Authors: Jaffe Harold W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the two main theories that were proposed to explain the outbreak of Kaposi’s sarcoma and opportunistic infections (KS/OI) in homosexual men. The first theory was that an infectious agent, possibly sexually transmitted, was causing immunosuppression in these men. The second theory was that an environmental exposure, perhaps to nitrite inhalants (“poppers”), was the cause. Interviews with patients indicated that they were both highly sexually active and used a variety of drugs. CDC conducted a national case-control study to examine risk factors for KS/OI and concluded that the disease was probably caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI), but the study could not exclude a possible role for drugs. A second major CDC investigation of a sexually linked cluster of forty homosexual men with KS/OI strongly favored the STI theory and suggested that heterosexual men and women would also be at risk for the disease.
Mothers and Infants
Authors: Jaffe Harold W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes investigations into unexplained immunodeficiency and opportunistic infections in infants. In 1982, CDC received reports of such cases from San Francisco, New York City, and Newark, New Jersey. The mothers and infants were extensively investigated by local pediatric immunologists, and findings were reviewed by CDC epidemiologists and immunologists. Although a variety of congenital immunodeficiency syndromes are seen in infants, the immunologic profile of these children resembled that seen in adults with Kaposi’s sarcoma and opportunistic infections (KS/OI). Most of the mothers of these infants were either injecting drug users (IDUs) or Haitian. Although clinical data on the mothers were limited, one of the mothers had Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). Taken together, the evidence suggested that the causative agent of KS/OI could be transmitted from mother to infant.
Responding to Fears
Authors: Jaffe Harold W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the increasing fear of the infection, as the HIV epidemic spread in the United States. Healthcare workers, especially surgeons, worried about the risk of occupational exposure, while public concerns grew about the possibility of HIV transmission through “casual contact” and other routes, such as insect bites. Such fears were allayed by several CDC studies. A large serosurvey of orthopedic surgeons failed to detect infections resulting from occupational exposures to blood. And, studies of family members of AIDS patients living in the Bronx, New York, and of residents of Belle Glade, Florida, found no evidence of HIV transmission through household contact or mosquitoes, respectively. These studies helped inform the landmark 1987 Understanding AIDS brochure, which was mailed to every US household.
Projet SIDA in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: De Cock Kevin M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses CDC’s first international research site for AIDS, Projet SIDA. Awareness of AIDS cases in Black Africans seeking care in Europe led CDC to conduct a study in Kinshasa, Zaire, in late 1983. The study indicated an ongoing, previously unrecognized heterosexual AIDS epidemic and prompted CDC to establish a long-term field site in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health, Belgium’s Institute of Tropical Medicine, and the government of Zaire. By combining epidemiology, laboratory, and clinical work, the project, under the direction of Jonathan Mann, provided early information for understanding and responding to the evolving epidemic of AIDS in Africa and showed that the virus had been present in Zaire since at least the mid-1970s. Topics of focus included heterosexual HIV transmission, maternal and child health, and the spectrum of HIV-associated disease. Sociopolitical disturbances, including the overthrow of Zairean President Mobutu in 1991, ended this collaboration.
CDC and the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)
Authors: Miller Bess , De Cock Kevin M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the background and current impact of PEPFAR. With ART, global access to HIV treatment became a dominant concern. In 1999 President Bill Clinton announced the LIFE initiative (Leadership in Fighting an Epidemic), and in 2002 the multilateral Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria was launched. In 2003, President George W. Bush announced PEPFAR, which became operational in 2004 and is now the leading global funder for HIV/AIDS. PEPFAR is overseen by the State Department, with CDC, USAID, the Department of Defense, and the Peace Corps principal partners. Initial focus was on the fourteen LIFE countries, mainly in Africa, but PEPFAR now reaches more than fifty countries. US global collaboration increased to support UNAIDS targets (“90:90:90” and Sustainable Development Goals) and adherence to WHO treatment and prevention guidelines. PEPFAR retains bipartisan congressional support but requires ongoing advocacy and evaluation.
The Rule of Law and the Place of Rights
Authors: Kim Sungmoon 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter illuminates the general nature of Confucian democratic constitutionalism as a normative political theory predicated on weak well-being consequentialism. Confucian democratic constitutionalism understands the citizenry’s democratic self-government as its core and takes the democratic legislature as its driving engine, the venue where constitutional norms, values, and rights are deliberated and vetted in accordance with the procedures guided by the principle of egalitarian dignity. At the same time, Confucian democratic constitutionalism acknowledges both the court’s status as one of the important guardians of the political society’s core values and its role to protect individual and minority rights, the moral contents of which are deeply interwoven with Confucian values. The chapter presents three key elements of Confucian democratic constitutionalism: (1) rejection of the categorical distinction between principle and policy, (2) endorsement of the people’s right to reconceptualize and meaningfully exercise rights, and (3) the use of Confucian public reason.
Introduction
Authors: Raphals Lisa 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Debates about mind–body dualism have become increasingly important in Chinese and comparative philosophy in recent years. Much of the discourse of mind–body dualism uses a problematic binary, without acknowledgment of the very separate roles of “mind” and “spirit.” This chapter outlines five overlapping intellectual and disciplinary perspectives that address problems of mind and body: (1) studies of concepts of the body (Chinese shēnti guan 身體觀) or embodiment; (2) studies of the emotions, including their relations to cognition and to embodiment, across a range of disciplines; (3) studies of the mind in the context of self-cultivation, often within the disciplines of ethics or philosophy; (4) studies of broader issues of selfhood, personhood, and, in some cases, autonomy, often within the discipline of philosophy; and (5) studies of mind–body dualism. Some of these perspectives include discussion of conceptual or root metaphors. Two sections focus on problems with mind–body dualism and propose an alternative view of a tripartite self. The chapter concludes with the plan of this book and how it attempts to address these questions.