bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Which is the Most Common Physiologic Type of Cerebral Palsy?
Authors: Kamate Mahesh , Detroja Mayank 
Published: August 2023

Introduction:
Spastic cerebral palsy (CP) is the commonest physiological type according to literature which comes mainly from the developed countries where prematurity is a common cause for cerebral palsy. In developing countries like India, the leading causes of cerebral palsy are birth asphyxia, infections, and hyperbilirubinemia and, hence, the physiological type of CP is likely to be different. However, the data from our country is scant.

Methods:
103 consecutive treatment-naive CP patients attending pediatric neurology clinic were evaluated in detail using an objective tool, hypertonia assessment tool (HAT) over a period of 6months. Based on the predominant tone, the cases were classified as spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic/hypotonic, and mixed. The type of cerebral palsy was correlated with perinatal details and neuroimaging findings.

Results:
Out of 103 children, the most common physiological type of CP seen was of dyskinetic type [54 (52.4%)], followed by spastic CP in 30 (29.1%) and mixed (dyskinetic+spastic) CP in 19 (18.4%) children. The most common cause for dyskinetic CP was perinatal asphyxia 33 (61%); for spastic CP was prematurity 17 (56.7%) and; for mixed CP, the main cause was perinatal asphyxia 12 (63.2%). The main neuroimaging finding in predominant dyskinetic CP was basal ganglia/thalamus involvement followed by pericentral and perirolandic gliosis, whereas in spastic CP, it was periventricular leucomalacia. In mixed CP, there was multicystic encephalomalacia.

Conclusions:
Dyskinetic CP either as predominant type or along with spasticity is the most common physiological type of CP in India and is due to birth-asphyxia, hyperbilirubinemia, hypoglycemia, and infections.
Balancing the Extent of Resection and Ischemic Complications in Insular Glioma Surgery
Authors: Das Kuntal Kanti , Gosal Jaskaran Singh , Khatri Deepak , Singh Amanjot , Datta Aanchal , Kumar Abhishek , Bhaisora Kamlesh , Verma Pawan Kumar , Srivastava Arun K , Jaiswal Awadhesh K , Behari Sanjay 
Published: August 2023

Background:
Maximal safe resection remains the most desired goal of insular glioma surgery. Intraoperative surgical adjuncts provide better tumor visualization and real-time “safety” data but remain limited due to a high cost and limited availability.

Objective:
To highlight the importance of anatomical landmarks in insular glioma resection and avoidance of vascular complications. We also propose to objectify the onco-functional balance in insular glioma surgery.

Methods:
Forty-six insular gliomas operated upon by a single surgeon between January 2015 and February 2020 were reviewed, focusing on the operative technique and clinical outcomes. A novel composite postoperative outcome index (CPOI) was designed, comprising the extent of resection and permanent postoperative deficits, and utilized to assess the surgical outcomes.

Results:
Gross-total, near-total, and subtotal resections were achieved in 10.9%, 52.1% (n = 24), and 36.9% (n = 17) patients, respectively. The median overall survival (OS) was 20 months (95% CI = 9.56–30.43). CPOI was optimal in 38 patients (82.6%). A well-defined tumor margin (P = 0.01) and surgeon's experience (P = 0.04) were significantly associated with an optimal CPOI. Out of seven (15.2%) patients who developed permanent neurological deficits, three (6.5%) patients had severe disability. Favorable prognostic factors of survival included younger age (<40 years) (P = 0.002), tumors with only frontal lobe extension (P = 0.011), tumors with caudate head involvement (P = 0.04), and non-glioblastoma histology (P = 0.006).

Conclusion:
Tumor margin and increasing surgeon experience are critical to an optimal postoperative outcome. Respecting the basi-sulcal plane is key to lenticulostriate artery preservation. Caudate head involvement is a new favorable prognostic factor in insular gliomas.
Prevalence of Patent Foramen Ovale in North Indian Cryptogenic Young Strokes
Authors: Khurana Dheeraj , Petluri Gayathri , Kumar Mukesh , Bahl Ajay , Kumar Ashok , Gairolla Jitender , Prabhakar Sudesh 
Published: August 2023

Background
: Strokes of the undetermined cause or cryptogenic strokes (CS) account for 30-40% of ischemic strokes. Paradoxical embolism secondary to patent foramen ovale (PFO) may be associated with CS. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) with bubble contrast is a noninvasive bedside tool for diagnosis of right-to-left shunt (RLS) with high sensitivity and specificity. Data on the prevalence of PFO in CS in India are lacking. We determined the prevalence of RLS likely secondary to PFO in cryptogenic young strokes of the north Indian population using TCD with bubble contrast.

Patients and Methods
: In this hospital-based prospective cross-sectional study, TCD with bubble contrast was performed in 57 young (age 15 > 45 years) CS and 50 healthy controls for the detection of RLS. The risk of paradoxical embolism (RoPE) score was calculated from various variables such as age, presence of cortical stroke on neuroimaging, and absence of vascular risk factors.

Results
: 57 young CS and 50 healthy controls were recruited. TCD with bubble contrast was positive in 31% cases vs 6% in controls (P = 0.001). All patients with TCD positive for RLS had superficial cortical infarcts (P = 0.03). The median RoPE score of our patients was 9 (range: 7–10).

Conclusions
: There is a high prevalence of RLS likely secondary to PFO in cryptogenic young strokes in north India. TCD with bubble contrast is an excellent bedside tool for the detection of RLS.
Epilepsy-Related Injuries in Children
Authors: Bajaj Jitin , Soni Pawan , Khandelwal Namrata , Hedaoo Ketan , Kumar Ambuj , Sinha Mallika , Ratre Shailendra , Parihar Vijay , Swamy MN , Yadav YR 
Published: August 2023

Background:
Epilepsy carries a lifetime risk of seizure-related accidents. The risk varies according to the socioeconomic profile of a place. Sufficient data is lacking for epilepsy-related accidents in the pediatric population.

Objective:
We aimed to identify the proportion of pediatric epileptic patients who met with accidents and their associated factors.

Methods:
A prospective study was done. Patients of less than 18 years with epilepsy of more than 1-year duration were included and were given a questionnaire modified for the pediatric population. The demography of accidents during seizures and drugs taken were recorded.

Results:
135 epileptic children were included. 70.4% of patients suffered seizure-related accidents ranging from 1-10 accidents in their epilepsy duration. Falls (83.15%) were the most common, 25.26% of them required hospitalization. Accidents due to missing of drug dosage were observed in 23% patients.

Conclusion:
Seizure-related accidents are common in the pediatric population, and may lead to major accidents. Better epilepsy management with extra care for high-risk epilepsy patients may decrease their incidents.
Preoperative Transvenous Liquid Embolization for a Symptomatic Lumbar Spinal Epidural Varix Mimicking Radiculopathy
Authors: Kerolus Mena G. , Kramer Dallas E. , Turel Mazda K. , Malik Rabia , Fessler Richard G , Chen Michael 
Published: August 2023

Background:
Symptomatic spinal epidural veins (SEV) are a rare cause of neurologic dysfunction. Treatment is centered upon addressing the underlying venous pathology to relieve mechanical compression of the neurologic structures. However, open surgical ligation is often associated with considerable blood loss.

Objective:
We discuss a unique case of a large symptomatic epidural venous varix and potential treatment strategy.

Methods and Materials:
A 15-year-old female presented with a 1-year history of left L5 radicular pain and weakness. Lumbar MRI demonstrated a central L5/S1 herniated disc and a large extradural anomalous SEV compressing the exiting left L5 nerve root at the L5/S1 neuroformina. The SEV was treated using a transvenous liquid embolic agent providing symptomatic relief. At 16-months follow-up, she reported recurrent symptoms. She ultimately underwent a left L5/S1 MIS decompression without complication.

Conclusion:
Transvenous liquid embolization of large symptomatic SEV may provide temporary neurologic relief and decrease morbidity associated with open surgical treatment options.
A Study of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD)
Authors: Joshi Pranav B , Shah Shalin D , Patel Mayank A , Shah Sudhir V , Darji Shailesh H , Mirche Kailash C 
Published: August 2023

Introduction:
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a central demyelinating disorder, predominantly affecting the optic nerves and spinal cord and autoimmune basis. We aimed to analyze the clinical, laboratory, and imaging features associated with NMO spectrum disorders (NMOSD) according to the aquaporin 4 antibody (AQP4-Ab) serology status.

Methods:
The inclusion of the patients was based on the Wingerchuk criteria (2006) for NMO, known antibody status and has minimum 1-year follow-up. We analyzed and compared 46 patients with known antibody status.

Results:
AQP4-Ab positivity was 56.5%. The male to female ratio in the seropositive group was 1:7.7 and 1:1.2 in the seronegative group. The mean age of onset in seropositive patients was 36.8 years (vs 28.8 years in seronegative NMOSD patients). Clinical feature, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features were also different, but data from two subsets did not reach statistical significance. The relapse rate was higher in AQP4 positive NMOSD (84.6% vs 55% in the seronegative group). The recovery rate for AQP4 positive patients was poor (15%).

Summary:
We found differences in age, gender, and prognosis between the two groups. Antibody status may be a guiding factor in deciding the treatment approach during the first attack of NMOSD.
Validation of the Penn Acoustic Neuroma Quality of Life (PANQOL) Scale for Hindi-Speaking Patients Recently Diagnosed with Vestibular Schwannoma
Authors: Pattankar Sanjeev , Churi Omkar , Misra Basant K 
Published: August 2023

Background:
The Penn Acoustic Neuroma Quality-of-Life (PANQOL) scale is a disease specific quality-of-life instrument for vestibular schwannoma, developed in English and subsequently validated in four major languages of the world. No such validated version of PANQOL exists for Hindi-speaking population.

Objective:
To translate and examine the validity of the PANQOL scale in a sample of Hindi-speaking patients recently diagnosed with vestibular schwannoma.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was done at a corporate tertiary care hospital. The PANQOL questionnaire was translated into Hindi by a language expert according to the accepted rules of forward-backward translation. In total, 30 consecutive patients (n = 30) diagnosed with vestibular schwannoma between September 2017 and March 2018 were included in the study. Quality-of-life at the time of diagnosis was measured with the generic Short Form -36 (SF-36) and the disease-specific PANQOL questionnaires. The internal consistency and reliability of the PANQOL domains, as well as the relationship with SF-36 dimensions, were statistically analyzed. The PANQOL scores of the patients in the current study were compared with those of similar such published studies worldwide.

Results:
Mean age of the patients was 46.3 ± 13.25 years. The sex ratio of male to female patients was 19:11. The mean PANQOL total score was 71.6. All its domains had good internal consistency except pain. Most PANQOL domains were correlated with those of the SF-36 dimensions, with the exception of facial dysfunction domain.

Conclusions:
Good internal consistencies and strong correlations between PANQOL domains and SF-36 dimensions in the current study support the validity of the PANQOL Hindi version.
Cervical Spine Fracture with Extreme Dislocation in a Patient with Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Garg Kanwaljeet , Rafiq Rahil , Mishra Shashwat , Singh Pankaj , Agrawal Deepak , Chandra P Sarat 
Published: August 2023

Background:Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a seronegative arthropathy which results in pathological ossification of the ligaments, disc, endplates and apophyseal structures. Cervical spinal fractures are more common in patients with ankylosing spondylitis than in patients without ankylosing spondylitis due to coexistent osteoporosis and kyphotic alignment of the spine. The risk of fracture–dislocation and associated spinal cord injury is also more in these patients. Management of cervical spine fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis is more challenging.Case Description:We report a 56-year-old male patient who presented to our emergency department following a road traffic accident. He had ASIA B spinal cord injury at C7 level. CT scan revealed a C6–7 fracture–dislocation with features suggestive of AS. The fracture involved all the three columns and extended through C7 body anteriorly and through the C6–7 disc posteriorly. The treating team was not aware that he had AS, and thus, precautions related to his head position were not taken. He underwent reduction of the fracture–dislocation and 360° fixation.Conclusions:The management of cervical spine fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis is challenging. They need long segment fixation in their preoperative spinal alignment. Proper preoperative planning can result in good outcome.
Management of Pediatric and Adolescent Traumatic Thoracolumbar Spondyloptosis
Authors: Garg Mayank , Kumar Amandeep , Sawarkar Dattaraj Paramanand , Agrawal Mohit , Singh Pankaj Kumar , Doddamani Ramesh , Agrawal Deepak , Gupta Deepak , Satyarthee Gurudutta , Chandra P Sarat , Kale Shashank Sharad 
Published: August 2023

Background:Complete subluxation of >100% of one vertebral body with respect to the adjacent vertebra is defined as spondyloptosis. It is the severest form of injury caused by high-energy trauma. Pediatric patients with a traumatic spine injury, particularly spondyloptosis are surgically demanding as reduction and achieving realignment of the spinal column requires diligent planning and execution.Objective:To enlighten readers about this rare but severest form of thoracolumbar spine injury and its management.Methods:Retrospective analysis of patients treated here with spondyloptosis between 2008 and 2016 was done.Results:Seven children, ranging from 9 to 18 years (mean years) age were included in the study. Five patients had spondyloptosis at thoracolumbar junction and one each in the lumbar and thoracic spine. All patients underwent single-stage posterior surgical reduction and fixation except one patient who refused surgery. Intraoperatively, cord transection was seen in five patients while dura was intact in one patient. The mean follow-up period was 17 months (1–36 months) during which one patient expired due to complications arising from bedsores. All patients remained American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) A neurologically.Conclusions:Traumatic spondyloptosis is a challenging proposition to treat and the aim of surgery is to stabilize the spine. Rehabilitation remains the most crucial but the neglected part and dearth of proper rehabilitation centers inflict high mortality and morbidity in developing countries.
Evaluation of Dural Parameters at C1 Level in Patients with Chiari 1 Malformation Following Foramen Magnum and C1 Posterior Arch Removal
Authors: Bisht Mukesh , Kumar Amandeep , Singh Pankaj K , Garg Ajay , Sawarkar Dattaraj , Verma Satish , Doddamani Ramesh , Meena Rajesh , Leve Joseph Devarajan , Chandra Sarat P , Kale Shashank Sharad 
Published: August 2023

Background:Chiari 1 malformation has crowding at craniovertebral junction (CVJ), treated by Foramen magnum decompression (FMD) but is associated with high failure rates, which is explained by recently introduced concept of central instability. So, we propose a new concept of relieving this crowding without affecting stability.Objective:To derive a threshold for coring out of internal surface of C1 posterior arch instead of complete laminectomy accompanying FMD.Methods and Material:We prospectively included nine patients with a mean age of 25.33 ± 7.97 years, diagnosed with ACM-1 without AAD, who were operated with FMD and lax duraplasty and C1 laminectomy. The preoperative dural diameter and area covered under the dura at the level of C1 were measured and compared with the postoperative state. Results were analyzed to derive a cut-off threshold which could be drilled from the inner aspect of C1 arch.Results:The postoperative AP diameter of the dura increased statistically significantly from pre-op; however, the AP extension was less than the preoperative diameter with posterior arch included. Likewise, the area spanned by the dura increased statistically significantly from pre-op but was less than the cumulative area of dura with C1 arch included in pre-op. Analyzing all, a mean cut-off of 50.58% was achieved.Conclusion:The authors suggest FMD with partial coring (~50%) of the inner part of arch of C1, instead of full-thickness laminectomy with a wider length of coring as the target, and this will serve the purpose intended, without increasing mobility.
Use of Assessment Tools in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy—Results of An Anonymized Survey Among Indian Spine Surgeons
Authors: Garg Kanwaljeet , Sahu Roshan , Agrawal Mohit , Mishra Shashwat , Borkar Sachin , Chandra PS , Kale Shashank S 
Published: August 2023

Background:Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is the commonest cause of cervical myelopathy. It contributes to high morbidity and consequent economic burden for society. Many measurement tools have been devised to quantify the disease severity, assist in decision-making, and to evaluate the outcome of surgical intervention.Objective:Most of the assessment scales are used for research purposes only and rarely in clinical practice. The purpose of this survey was to check the awareness of spine surgeons about these assessment scales and their role in the management of patients with CSM.Methods:An online questionnaire using the application “Google Forms” made consisting of 10 questions regarding the experience of treating the CSM patients and their preference for various parameters in assessing these patients. Statistical analysis was done using the statistical programming language R.Results:One-hundred and sixty-three responses were analyzed. About 90% of the respondents were aware of the assessment tools and only 57% of them used any in management. Nurick's grade was the most well known among all groups. The commonest reason for surgeons not using any of these assessment scales despite being aware of these scales was their perception that it is very time-consuming to complete these assessment scales.Conclusion:Assessment scales have a role in the management and follow-up of CSM patients. While awareness regarding these tools is well spread, time constraint plays a major role in limiting its usage.
O-Arm Assisted Anterior Odontoid Screw Fixation in Type II and Rostral Type III Odontoid Fractures
Authors: Sawarkar Dattaraj Paramanand , Singh Pankaj Kumar , Agrawal Deepak , Satyarthee Guru Dutta , Gupta Deepak Kumar , Tandon Vivek , Gurjar Hitesh Kumar , Borkar Sachin , Jagdevan Amandeep , Mishra Shashwat , Kedia Shweta , Sharma Rajeev , Doddamani Ramesh , Verma Satish , Meena Rajesh , Kumar Rajinder , Chandra P Sarat , Kale Shashank S 
Published: August 2023

Background:
Accuracy of screw placement is one of the important factors necessary for adequate union in odontoid fractures with malposition rates as high as 27.2% with standard techniques.

Objective:
To evaluate efficacy of intraoperative O-arm assistance in improving accuracy of anterior odontoid screw placement and clinco-radiological outcome in type II and III odontoid fractures.

Material and Methods:
In this retrospective study, surgery consisted of anterior odontoid screw fixation under intraoperative O-arm assistance over 5 years. Demographical, clinical, radiological, operative details and postoperative events were retrieved from hospital database and evaluated for fusion and surgical outcome.

Results:
50 patients (Mean age 34.6 years, SD 14.10, range: 7–70 years; 44 males and 6 females) with Type II and Type III odontoid fracture underwent O-arm assisted anterior screw placement. The mean interval between injury and surgery was 12 days (range 1–65 days). Mean operating time was 132.2 min ± SD 33.56 with average blood loss of 93 ml. ±SD 61.46. With our technique, accurate screw placement was achieved in 100% patients. At the mean follow-up of 26.4 month (SD13.75), overall acceptable fusion rate was 97.8% with non-union in 2.2% patients. Morbidity occurred in two patients; one patient developed fixation failure while other patient had nonunion which was managed with posterior C1-C2 arthrodesis. We had surgical mortality in one patient due to SAH. So overall our procedure was successful in 94% patients and among patients whose follow-up was available, acceptable fusion rates of 97.8% were achieved.

Conclusion:
We conclude that use of intraoperative three-dimensional imaging using O-arm for anterior odontoid screw fixation improves accuracy and leads to improved radiological and clinical outcomes. It further enables us to extend the indications of odontoid screw fixation to selected complex Type II and rostral Type III odontoid fractures.
Spinal Morphometry as a Novel Predictor For Recurrent Lumbar Disc Herniation Requiring Revision Surgery
Authors: Thakar Sumit , Raj Vivek , Neelakantan Sankar , Vasoya Pavan , Aryan Saritha , Mohan Dilip , Hegde Alangar S. 
Published: August 2023

Introduction:There is conflicting data on the risk factors for recurrent lumbar disc herniation (rLDH). Most of the predictors for rLDH identified so far are acquired risk factors or radiological factors at the level of the herniation. Whole lumbar spine (WLS) morphometry has not been evaluated as a possible predictor of rLDH.Objectives:We aimed to evaluate if preoperative spinal morphometry can predict the occurrence of rLDH requiring revision surgery.Methods:This retrospective case-control study on 250 patients included 45 patients operated for rLDH, 180 controls without rLDH who had previously undergone microdiscectomy for a single level lumbar disc prolapse, and a holdout validation set of 25 patients. Morphometric variables related to the WLS were recorded in addition to previously identified predictors of rLDH. Logistic regression (LR) analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of rLDH.Results:LR yielded four predictors of which two were WLS morphometric variables. While increasing age and smoking positively predicted rLDH, increasing WLS interfacet distance and WLS dural-sac circumference negatively predicted rLDH. The LR model was statistically significant, χ2(4) =15.98,P= 0.003, and correctly classified 80.3% of cases. On validation, the model demonstrated a fair accuracy in predicting rLDH (accuracy: 0.80, AUC: 0.70).Conclusions:Larger mean lumbar bony canals and dural sacs protect from the occurrence of symptomatic rLDH. These WLS morphometric variables should be included in future risk stratification algorithms for lumbar disc disease. In addition to the previously recognized risk factors, our study points to an underlying developmental predisposition for rLDH.