bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unconventional Lawmaking and International Cooperation on Illegal Bunkering at Sea
Authors: Ishii Yurika 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses the characteristics of unconventional lawmaking to regulate oil bunkering activities in the maritime domain beyond the territorial sea. Such activities adversely affect the fight against oil theft and smuggling, as well as harming the marine environment. Under the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea, a non-flag state may not interfere with a ship unless it is within its authority, as allocated under the convention. At this stage, there is no international agreement that directly controls oil bunkering. Yet, there are international efforts to develop cooperation between law enforcement authorities to suppress those unlawful acts, where the coastal states may have jurisdictional basis. Such a move can be seen, for instance, in the Luanda Declaration on Maritime and Energy Security of 2015. This chapter will examine these latest state practices, and analyse their impact on the legal order at sea.
Essay on the Scottish Islands, their lessons for extraterrestrial governance, and a sketch of the applications of this knowledge to settlements beyond Earth
Authors: Cockell Charles S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The successful settlement of space requires the identification of a plausible set of governance stages through which a settlement would develop as it expands in size. Scotland has played host to isolated island populations of many sizes that have persisted for centuries. Populations sizes of Scottish islands investigated here range from small, such as the Isle of Canna (a population of 18) to large communities, such as Skye (a population of ~10,000), providing a snapshot of governance structures from initial settlement sizes proposed in space settlement schemes to larger established settlements, and at points in between. Although their environments are not as extreme as extraterrestrial environments and their histories are shaped by diverse cultural specificities, it is precisely this diversity of experimentation that provides material from which generalized lessons can be extracted for the successful management of isolated populations beyond Earth.
Decoupling physical and spiritual ascent narratives in astronomy and biology
Authors: John Mix Lucas 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Planetary travel narratives from Plato to Sagan reveal a long association between spaceflight, human development, and salvation. Popular stories describe ascent along a traditional ‘ladder of nature’ stretching from earth to heaven. This chapter explores the long association between space science and space fiction and the role of ascent narratives in both. It starts with the classical model of the cosmos, a hell centred sphere. Planetary ascents were journeys outward toward God and became associated with biological and technological development. The fields of biology and sociology embraced hierarchical models of species and civilizations that justify sacrifice the ‘low’ for the sake of the ‘high’. But science changed. The Copernican Revolution made physical ‘up’ relative. The Modern Synthesis replaced biological ‘up’ with local adaptation. Rockets fly outward, not upward; species adapt, but do not develop. Planetary travel narratives, however, from The Man in the Moon (1638) to The Expanse (2011+), still link concepts of physical, biological, and spiritual ascent. They influence astrobiology through the work of Bernal, Sagan, Grinspoon and other prominent scientists. Scientific discussion of spaceflight should be decoupled from ideas of biological progress and spiritual ascent, which have problematic provenance and serious moral consequences.
Global legal pluralism and outer space law
Authors: Vermeylen Saskia 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Outer space in the twenty-first century is increasingly seen as a potential site for human settlement. Whether it is a lunar hotel, a Martian permanent settlement, or a corporation mining asteroid, it is widely believed that private parties will want to have exclusive private property rights over the ‘land’ and the resources they exploit. This chapter analyses the future of space law from a global legal pluralist perspective. The first part of the chapter applies the empirical-positivist approach to legal pluralism to the International Space Station (ISS) and concludes that the ISS fails to accommodate alternative forms of law beyond traditional state or international law. As a thought experiment, the second part of the chapter applies global legal pluralism and a systems theory of legal pluralism to the Association of Autonomous Astronauts. This application is part of a wider invitation in this chapter for space law to become more adventurous and to learn from other areas of global law that have embraced non-state actors as normative legal communities.
Regulation—a restraint of liberty or an enabler?
Authors: Wheeler Joanne 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
There have been an increasing number and variety of private commercial entities seeking licences to launch and operate satellites and conduct innovative activities in outer space in recent years. With growing orbital populations and an increasing number of near conjunctions, compliance with space debris mitigation standards and issues of international governance and national regulation are more important than ever. This chapter will discuss: the international legal framework governing such activities; regulatory forum shopping by commercial operators; a shift from a ‘race to the bottom’ approach by operators seeking licences from jurisdictions offering a ‘light touch’ regulatory framework to a ‘race to the top’ concept with operators seeking a licence from regulators which ensure compliance with space debris mitigation guidelines and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) objectives; and how this is incentivising companies to accept a restraint on commercial liberty in order to gain market access and investment.
The case for space is liberty
Authors: Zubrin Robert 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The case for space is liberty. Only societies featuring liberty under law can develop the entrepreneurial creativity required to open the space frontier. Furthermore, space settlements will be economically supportable because they will be a group of technically adept people in a frontier environment where they will be forced to innovate. They will thus need to be free to innovate, and become pressure cookers for invention. These inventions will not only make life in space possible but they will also be licensable on Earth. Space settlements will get rich exporting intellectual property. This will make space settlements a powerful driver for human progress, not only because of the inventions they produce but because in order, not only to invent but to attract settlers in the first place, space settlements must be free. Extraterrestrial societies organized as tyrannies are impossible because no-one would want to move there. There will no doubt be many city states founded on Mars, for example, but only the ones that offer more freedom than exists on Earth will attract immigrants, and those that offer the most will outgrow the rest. Furthermore, by showing that we can turn a wasteland into an inhabited world, Mars will undermine the limited resource dogma which is the ultimate argument for tyranny and war on Earth. Freedom will give us space. Space will give us freedom.
The Standard Model of Ideal Social Ontology
Authors: Burman Åsa 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter characterizes ideal social ontology by developing the standard model of ideal social ontology. The standard model is exemplified by the works of Margaret Gilbert, John Searle, and Raimo Tuomela. This model thus synthesizes central assumptions from the three works that shaped the research field of ideal social ontology and shows their explicit and implicit assumptions about social reality. This standard model has a crucial implication: it has shaped what social ontologists understand the social phenomena to be analyzed to be—direct, transparent, and deontic social phenomena built on consensus. Consequently, this model offers only a partial view of the social world while claiming it is general, and it is too limited to serve as the foundation of the social sciences.
Negotiating Jewish Identity in The Gates of Justice
Authors: Klotz Kelsey 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on the late 1960s, as the civil rights movement appeared to some to be splintering, and after the Brubeck Quartet officially disbanded. In 1968, Brubeck was commissioned by the Union of American Hebrew Congregations with the College Conservatory of Music at the University of Cincinnati to compose a cantata that would address what many Jewish leaders perceived as the rapidly deteriorating relationship between Black and Jewish communities. The result was The Gates of Justice (1969). This chapter presents musical analysis alongside conversations among Black and Jewish leaders across the 1960s, revealing the ways in which the cantata, though explicitly intended to speak to Black-Jewish relations, also re-solidified a particularly Jewish identity in an era of increasing discomfort with white assimilation among Jewish communities.
Introduction: Musical Form and Movement of the Multitude
Authors: Greenberg Yoel 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWhat characterizes bottom-up explanations and theories of self-organization? This chapter presents a historic overview ranging from Democritus, Epicurus, and Lucretius in ancient times, through Adam Smith, Charles Darwin, and their contemporaries, to twentieth- and twenty-first-century extensions of Darwinist theory. These theories and the systems they describe share numerous properties: theory typically trails practice, rather than driving it; novelty emerges incrementally through “movement of the multitude” rather than being invented by dominant figures; and entities are notoriously difficult to define. All these are true of many musical forms, and most of all sonata form, suggesting that theories of form will profit from a bottom-up approach.
Wholes in the Theory
Authors: Greenberg Yoel 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter argues that Formenlehre, new and old, are characterized by a holistic outlook. Such an outlook is necessarily essentialist, and therefore focuses primarily on synchronic questions of definition, while avoiding diachronic ones, which explore evolution and trends. It argues that any top-down theory, which views the elements of form as the result of a governing formal plan or ideal, is irreconcilable with a deeply diachronic approach. A bottom-up outlook, however, in which the elements of form enable governing logics rather than resulting from them, is inherently diachronic, and provides a fuller, more flexible, and more satisfying framework for the understanding of musical form.
On Positive Interaction and the Emergence of the Recapitulation
Authors: Greenberg Yoel 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis is the first of two chapters that consider formal elements within a form in terms of members in a system, and the ways different elements may interact. This chapter considers “positive interaction,” whereby elements are compatible with one another, enabling them to collaborate and reinforce each other. In such cases, the collaboration creates higher-level formal entities, which may, in turn, have increased, or even entirely new advantages over those of each of the elements separately. These advantages provide form with greater stability, enabling the notion of form to crystalize. Specifically, the chapter presents the binary rotation and the recapitulation as instances of such higher-level formal entities, arguing that they resulted through the convergence of the end rhyme with the medial repeat or the double return, respectively.
Converging Forms
Authors: Greenberg Yoel 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMany forms throughout the eighteenth century adopted sonata-form features, many of them becoming so close to sonata form that they eventually came to be considered as types of sonata form. The best known of these are the rondo-sonata and the classical concerto (Hepokoski and Darcy’s type 4 and 5 sonatas respectively). In this chapter we examine this convergence of forms through the lens of evolutionary convergence, whereby separate species come to resemble each other due to similar environmental constraints. Based on information from a corpus of 250 concertos dated 1720–1789, the chapter traces the course of this evolution, demonstrating how the soloist received not only an increasing share of the musical material, but also an increasing role in the articulation of the formal logic.
Beyond Sonata Form
Authors: Greenberg Yoel 
Published: January 2023

AbstractChapter 8 takes a step back from the detailed corpus studies and analyses of the preceding chapters to consider the applicability of the system-oriented approach of the whole book to other forms, such as the rondo, fugue, and theme and variations, and to fields beyond the study of music such as literary theory. On the basis of the gradual evolution describes throughout the book, it challenges the validity of sonata form as a historical concept separable from binary form, suggesting that our most basic concepts in Formenlehre more often than not limit our ability to adopt a truly diachronic perspective.
Understanding and Engaging Pluralist Legal Orders
Authors: Swenson Geoffrey 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Legal pluralism has vast policy and governance implications. Non-state justice systems often handle most disputes and retain substantial autonomy. However, the importance of legal pluralism is underappreciated. This chapter advances understanding of legal pluralism theoretically and empirically. It proposes a new framework for conceptualizing legal pluralism through four distinct archetypes—combative, competitive, cooperative, and complementary—to help clarify the range of relationships between state and non-state actors. It posits five main strategies used in attempts to influence the relationship between state and non-state justice: bridging, harmonization, incorporation, subsidization, and repression. As post-conflict situations are fluid and can feature a wide range of relationships between state and non-state actors, they are particularly instructive for showing how legal pluralism archetypes can be shifted over time. Establishing the rule of law is a prolonged, highly contingent process. Still, well-informed strategies can significantly bolster domestic and international initiatives and minimize the risk of missteps.
Explaining the Value of Human Beings
Authors: Theunissen L. Nandi 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops a relational account of the value of humanity that makes essential reference to the value of a well-lived life. It begins with a widely shared assumption that the value of human beings in some way depends on our capacity for valuing other things. But it makes the distinctive proposal that the capacity for valuing makes people of value because it makes them capable of leading a good life, a notion that is explicated in broadly Aristotelian terms. People are of value because they can be “good for themselves” in the sense that they bear a special relation to their own flourishing. The chapter shows how the resulting proposal provides a justification for basic forms of ethical behavior that are owed to others.
Are We of Equal Moral Worth?
Authors: Sangiovanni Andrea 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter invites readers to abandon the idea that humanity has an unconditional, nonrelational, and intrinsic value that grounds strong duties of egalitarian respect for persons. Instead, it develops the view that treating as inferior is wrong, when it is wrong, because it attacks another’s capacity to develop and maintain an integral sense of self. Treating as inferior is wrong when and because it threatens harm rather than undermines dignity. But why care about our capacity for flourishing in the first place? The chapter argues that we have reasons to care about the flourishing of human beings (and other sentient animals) that are grounded not in the nonrelational worth of their psychological capacities but in the value of the relation between those capacities and their conscious point of view on the world.
Laws of Variation
Authors: Pechenik Jan A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Darwin wrote The Origin of Species before the principles of genetics were understood. Gregor Mendel published his pea plant paper in 1866, about seven years after The Origin was first published, but Darwin apparently never read paper. At the time it was published most people seemed to miss the general applicability of Mendel’s findings, so even those who read the paper didn’t understand that his findings also applied to species with “blended” inheritance rather than just to the discrete traits that Mendel had been working with. Indeed, Mendel seems never to have tried to contact Darwin even after having read a translation of his book, so that even Mendel must have missed seeing the connection between his work and Darwin’s. Thus, in much of Chapter 5, Darwin is trying his best to make sense of the “laws of variation” without having any understanding of what those laws actually were; he had no idea of how variation was generated, controlled, or passed on to offspring.
Miscellaneous Objections to the Theory of Natural Selection
Authors: Pechenik Jan A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Darwin addresses a number of major criticisms that had been thrown at his theory of evolution by natural selection and survival of the fittest, particularly those delivered by zoologist St. George Jackson Mivart, who had initially been a strong supporter of the theory. In doing so, Darwin discusses in detail about some remarkable examples that he hasn’t mentioned before, including the evolution of baleen whales from toothed ancestors, the evolution of climbing in plants, and the evolution of breasts in mammals. This chapter appeared in The Origin of Species for the first time in the sixth edition, on which this book is based.
Hybridism
Authors: Pechenik Jan A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Darwin tightens the link between varieties and species even further, showing that the members of some plant and animal species can be successfully mated with members of other species and still produce viable offspring, offspring that are themselves sometimes capable of reproducing. He also shows that although most varieties can be successfully crossed with other varieties of the same species, that is not always the case. Indeed, there are intriguing gradations of infertility even within a variety, for plants that produce several forms of flower. This all provides strong support for Darwin’s argument that species and varieties are really just points on a continuum of change and that varieties are species in the making. Species may eventually become reproductively isolated from the members of other species, but they were not created that way.
Evidence for Mutual Affinities Among Organic Beings
Authors: Pechenik Jan A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Darwin explains how gradual evolutionary changes can explain why the members of all taxonomic groups can be linked into a single genealogical series. He explains why all of the smaller taxonomic groups of organisms, such as species and families, are placed within larger groups; why all living and extinct organisms can be grouped together within the same few major taxonomic categories; why embryological characteristics are so often used in grouping organisms; why identical larval stages are so often found in such a wide variety of adult organisms; why atrophied, currently functionless organs are so useful in placing organisms into their proper groups; and why some body parts that different animals use for greatly different purposes are constructed on the same basic pattern. His explanation is that organisms living today have descended from common ancestors, with a great deal of change and extinction occurring over long periods of time.
How to Practice
Authors: van der Werff Ivo-Jan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers general ideas on how to practice most efficiently, utilizing time to the greatest effect through mental focus and concentration. It stresses the importance of taking breaks and being patient, creating a good mental attitude that allows one to observe issues but also to praise oneself when something has gone well. It discusses how to use a metronome most effectively, offers thoughts on the importance of practicing fast versus slow, and introduces the idea of variety to keep the mind actively engaged.
Left Hand
Authors: van der Werff Ivo-Jan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the following topics: how to create a balanced hand frame; keeping the knuckles and fingers soft; explaining the angle the fingers should have when landing on the string and the optimum position of the wrist; keeping the thumb flexible; general hand frame from 1st to 4th position and 4th upward, learning the relationships between each pair of fingers; freeing a tight vibrato; and making vibrato rhythmically even.
Racial Reparations
Authors: Darby Derrick 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Questions commonly raised by the reparations debate include: Who is owed reparations? Who owes reparations? And what form should reparations take? Recent philosophical treatments of the topic also invite us to consider the following question: What is the relationship between the historical injustices of slavery and Jim Crow and current racial inequalities in wealth, health, housing, crime, and education in the normative argument for black reparations? Some ways of answering this question seek to undermine the prevailing normative argument for black reparations, namely, the argument from corrective justice. Influential versions of this argument turn on a particular explanation of the “root” cause of racial inequalities. This is a serious source of concern, however, given the depth of disagreement in the social science literature about why black–white inequalities persist in the postracial era. This chapter develops the concern to vindicate skepticism regarding a race-first approach to securing reparations for racial wrongs.
Power to the People
Authors: Darby Derrick 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter presents W. E. B. Du Bois’s argument for affording all people, especially black and other marginalized populations, a hand in democratic rule. This is vital for achieving a realistic blacktopia. Du Bois maintains that the masses should use the weapon of voting to select representatives committed to seeking justice for all. He supports postracial remedies and anticipates the pragmatic importance of seeking such remedies to address the profound inequalities that stem from imperfect democracy. To achieve a more perfect democracy, where differences have been used to divide and distract from all the ways in which plutocrats have fleeced the masses, he argues, we must use political power to undo the circumstances that affect everyone excluded. To do this, we must give power to the people.