bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Addiction specialists' attitudes toward psychedelics: A National Survey
Authors: Kim Amanda , Suzuki Joji 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesIn recent years, there has been accelerating scientific and public interest in the use of psychedelics to treat mental health disorders. Our study's objective was to assess the attitudes of addiction specialists regarding therapeutic psychedelics.MethodsOur study utilized an anonymous online survey to assess the opinions of 145 addiction specialists regarding the therapeutic promise, potential risks, and legalization of psychedelics in the treatment of psychiatric illness and substance use disorders. Psychedelics were defined in the survey as inclusive of nonserotonergic hallucinogens such as ketamine or MDMA in addition to “classic” serotonergic psychedelics.ResultsMost respondents expressed positive attitudes to the therapeutic use of psychedelics, but a sizeable minority expressed concern for their addictive potential. Familiarity with psychedelic scientific literature was the strongest positive predictor of belief in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, while concern for addictive potential was the strongest negative predictor.Discussion and ConclusionsParticipants overall expressed more positive attitudes to the therapeutic use of psychedelics than we had hypothesized. This may be attributable to the accelerating pace of psychedelics research in recent years. Given the strong influence of concern for addiction risk on attitudes, future study is warranted to explore the findings regarding these concerns. These findings may also represent an opportunity for improved education of physicians regarding the addictive potential, and relative risks/benefits of psychedelics.Scientific SignificanceThough there have been several prior studies assessing psychiatrist and psychologist attitudes toward psychedelics, we are unaware of any specifically examining the opinions of addiction specialists.
Quantifying co‐benefits of water quality policies: An integrated assessment model of land and nitrogen management
Authors: Weng Weizhe , Cobourn Kelly M. , Kemanian Armen R. , Boyle Kevin J. , Shi Yuning , Stachelek Jemma , White Charles 
Published: August 2023

AbstractDue to the nature of nitrogen cycling, policies designed to address water quality concerns have the potential to provide benefits beyond the targeted water quality improvements. For example, actions to protect water quality by reducing nitrate leaching from agriculture also reduce emissions of nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas. These positive effects, which are incidental to the regulation's intended target, are termed “co‐benefits.” To quantify the co‐benefits associated with reduced nitrate leaching, we integrate an economic model of farmer decision making with a model of terrestrial nitrogen cycling for the watershed surrounding Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, USA. Our modeling approach provides a framework that links air and water pollutants in an agri‐environmental system and offers a direction for future studies. Our model results highlight the finding that the co‐benefits from nitrous oxide abatement are substantial, and their inclusion increases the benefit–cost ratio of water quality policies. Consideration of these co‐benefits has the potential to reverse the conclusions of benefit–cost analysis in the assessment of current water quality policies.
Association of silent myocardial infarction on electrocardiogram and coronary artery calcium: The Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Kazibwe Richard , Singleton Matthew J. , German Charles A. , Soliman Elsayed Z. , Burke Gregory L. , Yeboah Joseph 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackgroundSilent myocardial infarction (SMI) on electrocardiogram (ECG) is associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but the relationship between SMI on ECG and coronary artery calcium (CAC) remains poorly understood.ObjectiveCharacterize the relationship between SMI on ECG and CAC.MethodsEligible participants from the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis study had ECG and CAC scoring at study enrollment (2000–2002). SMI was defined as ECG evidence of myocardial infarction in the absence of a history of clinical cardiovascular disease. CAC was modeled both continuously and categorically. The cross‐sectional relationships between SMI on ECG and CAC were assessed using logistic regression and linear regression.ResultsAmong 6705 eligible participants, 178 (2.7%) had baseline SMI. Compared to participants without SMI, those with SMI had higher CAC (median [IQR]: 61.2 [0–261.7] vs. 0 [0–81.5]; p < .0001). Participants with SMI were more likely to have non‐zero CAC (74% vs. 49%) and were more likely to have CAC ≥ 100 (40% vs. 23%). In a multivariable‐adjusted logistic model, SMI was associated with higher odds of non‐zero CAC (odds ratio 2.17, 95% CI 1.48–3.20, p < .0001) and 51% higher odds of CAC ≥ 100 (odds ratio 1.51, 95% CI 1.06–2.16, p = .02).ConclusionAn incidental finding of SMI on ECG may serve to identify patients who have a higher odds of significant CAC and may benefit from additional risk stratification to further refine their cardiovascular risk. Further exploration of the utility of CAC assessment in this patient population is needed.
Consciousness as an intelligent complex adaptive system: A neuroanthropological perspective
Authors: Laughlin Charles D. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIn complexity theory, both the brain and consciousness are understood as trophic systems—they consume metabolic energy when they function. Complex systems are dynamic and nonlinear and comprise diverse entities that are interdependent and interconnected in such a way that information is shared and that entities adapt to one another. Some natural complex systems are complex adaptive systems (CAS), which are sensitive to change in relation to their environments and are often chaotic. Consciousness and the neural systems mediating consciousness may be modeled as CAS and, more specifically, as intelligent complex adaptive systems (ICAS), where intelligence means that a nervous system can solve problems successfully by intervening between sensory input and behavioral output. Evolution of any ICAS will result in emergent properties, particularly advanced brains. Two processes are involved in integrating experience and knowledge: the effort after meaning and the effort after truth. These efforts are mediated by the predominance given to direct experience presented to the brain's sensorium and modeling processes mediated by higher cognitive functions. Understanding consciousness as an ICAS has profound repercussions in how anthropology conceives of culture.
Sex‐related differences in motor unit behavior are influenced by myosin heavy chain during high‐ but not moderate‐intensity contractions
Authors: Olmos Alex A. , Sterczala Adam J. , Parra Mandy E. , Dimmick Hannah L. , Miller Jonathan D. , Deckert Jake A. , Sontag Stephanie A. , Gallagher Philip M. , Fry Andrew C. , Herda Trent J. , Trevino Michael A. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAimsMotor unit recruitment and firing rate patterns of the vastus lateralis (VL) have not been compared between sexes during moderate‐ and high‐intensity contraction intensities. Additionally, the influence of fiber composition on potential sex‐related differences remains unquantified.MethodsEleven males and 11 females performed 40% and 70% maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs). Surface electromyographic (EMG) signals recorded from the VL were decomposed. Recruitment thresholds (RTs), MU action potential amplitudes (MUAPAMP), initial firing rates (IFRs), mean firing rates (MFRs), and normalized EMG amplitude (N‐EMGRMS) at steady torque were analyzed. Y‐intercepts and slopes were calculated for MUAPAMP, IFR, and MFR versus RT relationships. Type I myosin heavy chain isoform (MHC) was determined with muscle biopsies.ResultsThere were no sex‐related differences in MU characteristics at 40% MVC. At 70% MVC, males exhibited greater slopes (p = 0.002) for the MUAPAMP, whereas females displayed greater slopes (p = 0.001–0.007) for the IFR and MFR versus RT relationships. N‐EMGRMS at 70% MVC was greater for females (p < 0.001). Type I %MHC was greater for females (p = 0.006), and was correlated (p = 0.018–0.031) with the slopes for the MUAPAMP, IFR, and MFR versus RT relationships at 70% MVC (r = −0.599–0.585).ConclusionBoth sexes exhibited an inverse relationship between MU firing rates and recruitment thresholds. However, the sex‐related differences in MU recruitment and firing rate patterns and N‐EMGRMS at 70% MVC were likely due to greater type I% MHC and smaller twitch forces of the higher threshold MUs for the females. Evidence is provided that muscle fiber composition may explain divergent MU behavior between sexes.
New detrital petrographic and thermochronologic constraints on the Late Cretaceous–Neogene erosional history of the equatorial margin of Brazil: Implications for the surface evolution of a complex rift margin
Authors: Fellin Maria Giuditta , Zattin Massimiliano , Zuffa Gian Gaspare , De Ros L. Fernando , Cupertino José A. , De Souza Rogério Schiffer , Neto J. Marinho Morais , Dalmonte Claudio 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe equatorial margin of Brazil is an example of a rift margin with a complex landscape, dominated by an escarpment perpendicular to the continental margin, which testifies to an equally complex rift and post‐rift surface and tectonic evolution. This has been the focus of a long debate on the driving mechanism for post‐rift tectonics and on the amount of exhumation. This study contributes to this debate with new petrographic and thermochronologic data on 152 samples from three basins, Pará‐Maranhão, Barreirinhas and Ceará, on the offshore continental platform. Our detrital record goes back to the rift time at ca. 100 Ma ago and outlines three major evolutionary phases of a changing landscape: a rift phase, with the erosion of a moderate rift escarpment, a Late Cretaceous‐Palaeogene post‐rift phase of major drainage reorganization and significant vertical erosion and a Late Oligocene‐to‐Recent post‐rift phase of moderate vertical erosion and river headwater migration. We estimate that along the equatorial margin of Brazil, over a large onshore area, exhumation since the Late Cretaceous has totalled locally up to 2–2.5 km and since the late Oligocene did not exceed 1 km.
eIF4E as a molecular wildcard in metazoans RNA metabolism
Authors: Hernández Greco , Vazquez‐Pianzola Paula 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACTThe evolutionary origin of eukaryotes spurred the transition from prokaryotic‐like translation to a more sophisticated, eukaryotic translation. During this process, successive gene duplication of a single, primordial eIF4E gene encoding the mRNA cap‐binding protein eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) gave rise to a plethora of paralog genes across eukaryotes that underwent further functional diversification in RNA metabolism. The ability to take different roles is due to eIF4E promiscuity in binding many partner proteins, rendering eIF4E a highly versatile and multifunctional player that functions as a molecular wildcard. Thus, in metazoans, eIF4E paralogs are involved in various processes, including messenger RNA (mRNA) processing, export, translation, storage, and decay. Moreover, some paralogs display differential expression in tissues and developmental stages and show variable biochemical properties. In this review, we discuss recent advances shedding light on the functional diversification of eIF4E in metazoans. We emphasise humans and two phylogenetically distant species which have become paradigms for studies on development, namely the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans.
Therapeutic voyage of synthetic and natural xanthine oxidase inhibitors
Authors: Agrawal Neetu , Arya Medha , Kushwah Priya 
Published: August 2023

AbstractXanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors are commonly used to treat gout, nephropathy, and renal stone diseases related to hyperuricemia. However, recent research has shown that these inhibitors may also have potential benefits in preventing vascular diseases, including those affecting the cerebrovasculature. This is due to emerging evidence suggesting that serum uric acid is involved in the growth of cardiovascular disease, and XO inhibition can reduce oxidative stress in the vasculature. There is a great interest in the development of new XO inhibitors for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. The present review discusses the many synthetic and natural XO inhibitors that have been developed which are found to have greater potency.
MiR‐4524b‐5p‐targeting ALDH1A3 attenuates the proliferation and radioresistance of glioblastoma via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling
Authors: Yu Hai , Li Xiaodong , Li Yi , Wang Tuo , Wang Maode , Mao Ping 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIncreasing evidence has revealed a strong connection between the aldehyde dehydrogenase family member ALDH1A3 and tumorigenesis, therapy resistance, and prognosis in diverse types of cancer. However, the specific miRNA involved in the pathways that regulate ALDH1A3‐mediated glioblastoma (GBM) radioresistance remains to be elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated a high expression of ALDH1A3 in GBM cells, which plays a critical role in their proliferation and radioresistance. We also identified miR‐4524b‐5p, which is downregulated in GBM, as the ALDH1A3 upstream regulator. Overexpression of miR‐4524b‐5p reduced proliferation and radioresistance in GBM cells. Moreover, silencing ALDH1A3 reduced PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and glycolytic activity in GBM cells, whereas inhibiting mTOR reversed the radioresistance effects of ALDH1A3 on these cells. In vivo experiments have evidenced that ALDH1A3 silencing and miR‐4524b‐5p overexpression significantly reduced tumor growth and GBM cells radioresistance. In summary, targeting the miR‐4524b‐5p and ALDH1A3 axis is a promising therapeutic strategy for treating GBM.
Wildlife mortality risk posed by high and low traffic roads
Authors: Denneboom Dror , Bar‐Massada Avi , Shwartz Assaf 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWildlife mortality due to collisions with vehicles (roadkill) is one of the predominant negative effects exerted by roads on many wildlife species. Reducing roadkill is therefore a major component of wildlife conservation. Roadkill is affected by various factors, including road attributes and traffic volume. It is theorized that the effect of traffic volume on roadkill probability should be unimodal. However, empirical evidence for this theory is lacking. Using a large‐scale roadkill database of 18 wildlife species in Israel, encompassing 2846 km of roads over 10 years, we explored the effects of traffic volume and road attributes (e.g., road lighting, verge vegetation) on roadkill probability with a multivariate generalized linear mixed model. A unimodal effect of traffic volume was identified for the striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), whereas 5 species demonstrated a novel quadratic U‐shaped effect (e.g., golden jackal [Canis aureus]). Four species showed a negative linear effect (e.g., wild boar [Sus scrofa]). We also identified varying effects of road attributes on roadkill. For instance, road lighting and roadside trees decreased roadkill for several species, whereas bus stops and concrete guardrails led to increased roadkill. The theorized unimodal effect of traffic volume may only apply to large, agile species, and the U‐shaped effect could be related to intraspecies variability in traffic avoidance behavior. In general, we found that both high‐traffic and low‐traffic roads can pose a high mortality risk for wildlife. It is therefore important to monitor roadkill on low‐traffic roads and adapt road attributes to mitigate roadkill. Road design for effective roadkill mitigation includes reducing the use of concrete guardrails and median barriers where possible and avoiding dense bushes in verge landscaping. These measures are complemented by employing wildlife detection systems, driver warnings, and seasonal speed reduction measures on low‐traffic roads identified as roadkill hotspots.
No place like home: Do local CEOs invest in labor more efficiently?
Authors: Tong Yan , Tian Yuan , Cao Zhangfan 
Published: August 2023

AbstractResearch question/issueThis study investigates whether local CEOs make more efficient investment decisions in labor.Research findings/insightsWe find that firms hiring local CEOs are associated with lower deviations of labor investment from the level justified by economic fundamentals, that is, higher labor investment efficiency. More importantly, we explore the role of information advantage, corporate governance, and CEO cultural background in shaping the relationship. We find the effect of CEO locality is more pronounced when firms have higher levels of local business integration, poorer corporate governance, and higher agency costs. Moreover, the impact of CEO locality is stronger when CEOs' hometowns have stronger unselfishness culture, patriotism culture, and Confucian culture. Our results are robust to a battery of endogeneity tests and robustness checks.Theoretical/academic implicationsOur study reveals that CEO locality, as one of the idiosyncratic top executive styles, can hinder managers from myopic behavior by investing more efficiently in labor, as a key factor of production and a major internal stakeholder, for a firm's success.Practitioner/policy implicationsGiven human capital is considered the primary source of firms' competitive advantage, our study provides useful insights and managerial implications for firms to consider the impact of the idiosyncratic top executive styles as one of the noncontractual factors on firms' employment decisions.
Investigation of bovine serum albumin‐specific IgE expression in horses
Authors: Perry Elizabeth R. , Delph Miller Katherine M. , Blevins Christopher A. , Knights Kaori , Springer Nora L. , Davis Elizabeth G. 
Published: August 2023

SummaryBackgroundNeonatal foals are born essentially agammaglobulinaemic and therefore must ingest colostrum or receive immunoglobulins to maintain health. Failure of passive transfer treatment involves administration of equine colostrum, plasma or commercial powdered colostrum (CPC). Anecdotal reports suggest the risk of anaphylaxis associated with plasma transfusion in neonates receiving CPC prior to gut closure. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) in CPC may serve as a target for BSA‐specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) in donor equine plasma.ObjectivesTo determine the presence of BSA‐specific IgE in samples of commercial equine plasma, samples were collected following routine vaccination in healthy horses and horses experiencing adverse vaccine reactions.Study designProspective observational.MethodsSerum was collected from: 65 healthy horses at days 0, 14, 28, 90, 180, 270 and 365 post‐vaccination; 26 horses after vaccine reaction at days 1, 180 or 270 post‐vaccination; 4 horses not vaccinated; and 9 horses from a commercial plasma donor herd. BSA‐specific IgE was determined using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsBovine serum albumin‐specific IgE was not detected in non‐vaccinated horses and was identified in all vaccinated horses. Younger horses demonstrated a trend for higher fold changes in post‐vaccination BSA‐specific IgE expression compared to older horses. No significant difference in BSA‐specific IgE levels between commercial plasma donors and healthy horses was identified. No significant difference in post‐vaccination BSA‐specific IgE levels between the reactor and healthy horses at days 180 and 270 post‐vaccination were identified.Main limitationsSmall number of reactor horses at day 180 and 270 post‐vaccination with most samples being collected 24 h. There were no healthy horse samples for 24 h post‐vaccination; therefore, it was not possible to compare the groups at this timepoint.ConclusionsHorses may express BSA‐specific IgE following vaccination. There may be a risk of hypersensitivity type reaction when veterinarians administer commercial plasma to neonatal foals consuming CPC prior to gut closure.
Climate‐driven tree growth and mortality in the Black Forest, Germany—Long‐term observations
Authors: Spiecker Heinrich , Kahle Hans‐Peter 
Published: August 2023

AbstractEpisodic tree mortality can be caused by various reasons. This study describes climate‐driven tree mortality and tree growth in the Black Forest mountain range in Germany. It is based on a 68‐year consistent data series describing the annual mortality of all trees growing in a forest area of almost 250 thousand ha. The study excludes mortality caused by storm, snow and ice, and fire. The sequence of the remaining mortality, the so‐called “desiccated trees,” is analyzed and compared with the sequence of the climatic water balance during the growing season and the annual radial growth of Norway spruce in the Black Forest. The annual radial growth series covers 121 years and the climatic water balance series 140 years. These unique time series enable a quantitative assessment of multidecadal drought and heat impacts on growth and mortality of forest trees on a regional spatial scale. Data compiled here suggest that the mortality of desiccated trees in the Black Forest during the last 68 years is driven by the climatic water balance. Decreasing climatic water balance coincided with an increase in tree mortality and growth decline. Consecutive hot and dry summers enhance mortality and growth decline as a consequence of drought legacies lasting several years. The sensitivity of tree growth and mortality to changes in the climatic water balance increases with the decreasing trend of the climatic water balance. The findings identify the climatic water balance as the main driver of mortality and growth variation during the 68‐year observation period on a landscape‐scale including a variety of different sites. They suggest that bark beetle population dynamics modify mortality rates. They as well provide evidence that the mortality during the last 140 years never was as high as in the most recent years.