bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Release of Neutral Protease and β-Glucuronidase from Human Neutrophils in the Presence of Cartilage Treated with Various Immunologic Reactants
Authors: Ignarro Louis J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human neutrophils were studied for their capacity to release cartilage proteoglycan matrix-degrading neutral protease in the presence of rabbit ear cartilage treated with various immunologic reactants. Extracellular discharge of neutral protease and β-glucuronidase from purified neutrophils was provoked by cell contact with cartilage treated with heat-aggregated immunoglobulin G but not normal immunoglobulin G. Neutrophils were incubated also with cartilage treated with both heat-aggregated immunoglobulin G and rheumatoid serum, rheumatoid synovial fluid, or cryoprecipitates from rheumatoid synovial fluid. The greatest amount of lysosomal enzyme release occurred when neutrophils interacted with cartilage that had been treated with both heat-aggregated immunoglobulin G and either rheumatoid synovial fluid or cryoprecipitates from rheumatoid synovial fluid. Methyl prednisolone sodium succinate, triamcinolone acetonide, vinblastine, and colchicine reduced the immunologic discharge of granule enzymes from human neutrophils. Normal serum and synovial fluid inhibited markedly the activity but not the release of neutrophilic neutral protease. Rheumatoid serum and synovial fluid also inhibited neutral protease activity but to a lesser extent. These studies indicate that human neutrophils are capable of releasing cartilage degrading neutral protease during cell contact with immobilized immunologic reactants and that certain anti-arthritic drugs can inhibit the immunologic release of this neutral protease.
Endocytosis by Macrophages of Altered Soluble Protein. The Effect of Binding to Particulate Surfaces and of IgM and IgM Antibody
Authors: Feldman Joseph D. , Pollock E. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) was bound to homologous rat erythrocytes with CrCl3 or to Bio-Gel beads with carbodiimide. When bound KLH was offered to rat peritoneal exudate cells, in vitro, uptake was 18 to 70 times greater than uptake of free unbound KLH. The augmented uptake was the result of enhanced endocytosis without phagocytosis of the binding particles. Protein in medium containing suspensions of macrophages depressed uptake of bound and free KLH, but depressed the latter significantly more. Endocytosis of bound KLH was not affected by γ-globulin, antibodies to rat IgG, or antibodies specific for and bound to rat macrophages, beyond the depressing effect of protein. IgM antibody to KLH was significantly more effective in increasing uptake of free KLH than was IgG antibody to KLH, whereas both antibodies to KLH had little effect on uptake of bound KLH. The enhanced uptake of bound KLH was probably due to the form and manner in which the protein was offered to macrophages.
The Occurrence of Shared Idiotypic Specificity among the Goat Antibodies That Distinguish Human Hemoglobin S from A1
Authors: Schreiber Robert D. , Reichlin Morris 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits have been immunized with the goat antibody population(s) that distinguishes human hemoglobin S (sickle) from A1. After appropriate absorption these rabbit sera bind only the S-specific antibody and not the antibodies that cross-react with hemoglobin A1. S-specific antibody from three individual outbred goats gives reactions of complete immunologic identity in double diffusion reactions in agar with rabbit sera made specific for the antibody that distinguishes hemoglobin S from A1. Quantitative studies of these reactions by radioimmunoassay support the notion that the idiotypic determinants from these three goats have similar antigenic reactivity.
Experimental Allergic Neuritis: Cells Binding Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugates of Myelin Basic Proteins
Authors: dal Canto Mauro C. , Johnson Anne B. , Raine Cedric S. , Wisniewski Henryk M. , Brostoff Steven W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In rabbits with experimental allergic neuritis induced by inoculation with purified bovine peripheral myelin, we have demonstrated mononuclear cells specifically binding a conjugate of horseradish peroxidase and bovine P2 protein. The P2 protein is one of the two basic proteins of peripheral myelin and is unique to the peripheral nervous system. The specifically reactive cells were present in lymph nodes and in infiltrates in dorsal root ganglia, a target organ in this autoimmune disease. Many of the reactive cells in both sites resembled plasma cells and large lymphocytes. No cells bound a conjugate of peroxidase and the encephalitogenic basic protein from bovine central myelin, which appears to be chemically identical and is immunopathologically cross-reactive with P1 protein, the other basic protein of peripheral myelin. These immunopathologic results are consistent with the clinical and histologic findings that peripheral myelin induces only neuritis and not encephalomyelitis despite its content of both P1 and P2 proteins. They suggest that within intact peripheral myelin, the antigenic sites on P1 protein are masked whereas those on P2 protein are free to act as immunogens.
In rabbits immunized with purified P2 protein, lymph nodes also contained cells binding the P2 protein peroxidase conjugate. These animals, however, did not develop definite evidence of experimental allergic neuritis.
Studies on Human Secretory Immunoglobulin A
Authors: Mestecky Jiri , Kulhavy Rose , Wright Genesis P. , Tomana Milan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fragments produced by cyanogen bromide cleavage of human secretory IgA were fractionated before and after the splitting of disulfide bonds on Sephadex G-200 columns in 5 M guanidine · HCl. By electrophoretic, antigenic, amino acid, and carbohydrate analyses of individual fractions it was revealed that J chain was released as a result of cyanogen bromide cleavage. Secretory component remained associated with a large fragment(s) of α chain (approximately 80% the size of the original α chain) to which L chains were also linked. Data indicate that J chain and secretory component are linked to different cyanogen bromide fragments of the α chain(s) and are not mutually connected by disulfude bonds. Although J chain might mediate the binding of secretory component through a disulfide-bond interchange reaction, the J chain is not involved in direct bridging between secretory component and polymeric IgA molecules.
The Production of Specific Antibodies to Native Collagens with the Chain Compositions, [α1(I)]3, [α1(II)]3, and [α1(I)]2α2
Authors: Hahn Eckhart , Timpl Rupert , Miller Edward J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antigenic properties of collagen are of great interest both from the structural and clinical point of view. It has recently been indicated (1) that the triple-chain collagen molecule is an excellent model for studies designed to elucidate the interrelationships between sequential and conformation-dependent protein determinants. These studies demonstrated that antigenic determinants on the native calf skin collagen molecule (chain composition, [α1(I)]2α2 were either absent or greatly diminished in triple-helical molecules prepared from single types of chains and exhibiting the chain composition, [α1(I)]3 or (α2)3. It was concluded that in addition to the helical conformation of the native collagen molecule, full expression of the antigenic activity requires an appropriate juxtaposition of amino acid side chains from both α1(I) and α2 chains.
The data presented here extend these observations to the genetically-distinct collagen which occurs only in cartilaginous structures. The latter collagen is comprised of three identical chains, designated α1(II), and therefore possesses the chain composition, [α1(II)]3 (2).
Stimulation of Mouse B Lymphocytes by Trypsin
Authors: Vischer Thomas L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
BALB/c spleen cells (5 × 106) were cultured in 1 ml of serum-free RPMI 1640 medium for 3 days. Stimulation was assessed after addition of 3H-thymidine for the last 16 hr. Addition of trypsin to the cultures resulted in a stimulation comparable to that induced by endotoxin (LPS). Optimal amounts for stimulation were around 2.5 µg. Trypsin had to be active during at least 24 hr of cultures for stimulation as determined by addition of soybean trypsin inhibitor. Thymus cells from normal or hydrocortisone-treated mice could not be stimulated whereas spleen and lymph node cells from homozygous, athymic, nude mice responded well. Similarly, over 80% of the transformed cells after stimulation of BALB/c spleen cells by trypsin had immunoglobulin surface receptors and are B cells. Removal of adherent cells from the cultures did not diminish the response to trypsin or LPS. It is concluded that trypsin is a potent stimulator of B lymphocytes.
Mouse Bone Marrow Lymphocytes and Their Differentiation
Authors: Ryser Jean-Etienne , Vassalli Pierre 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
About 50% of the mouse bone marrow (BM) small lymphocytes bear neither surface immunoglobulin (sIg) nor lymphocyte differentiation antigens (MBLA, MSLA or θ). These “null” lymphocytes are the most newly formed of the BM small lymphocytes. When purified populations of labeled BM null lymphocytes are transfered into syngeneic recipients, they migrate principally to the spleen and 20 hr after transfer about half of them have acquired characteristics of B lymphocytes (sIg, MBLA). After in vitro cultures, a high proportion of these cells acquire sIg and the MBL antigen, a process which does not require cell division. The null lymphocyte population does not contain detectable precursors of T lymphocytes or pluripotential stem cells. The BM B lymphocytes, which appear to derive directly from BM null lymphocytes, differ in several respects from the B lymphocytes found in peripheral lymphoid organs: a number of them bear light chains without detectable µ, γ, or α heavy chains; they have little or no receptor for complement; their response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in culture is different from that of spleen B lymphocytes.
Pathophysiologic Effects of Lethal and Immunoregulatory Doses of Cholera Enterotoxin in the Mouse
Authors: Chisari Francis V. , Northrup Robert S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cholera enterotoxin (CE) can kill mice, produce severe thymic cortical atrophy and depletion of lymphoid cells from splenic red pulp. Furthermore, lethal doses can decrease the viability of spleen cells and thymocytes in vitro and produce severe hypercalcemia which probably is responsible for the lethal effect. However, a sublethal dose known to have the capacity to modulate the immune response exerts a distinct stimulatory effect on cells in the splenic red pulp whereas cortical thymocytes are destroyed even at this lower dose. A lesser degree of serum calcium elevation is also produced. The differential susceptibility of thymus and bone marrow-derived cells to CE and the role which the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system plays in these effects is discussed.
Abrogation of Resistance to Bone Marrow Grafts by Silica Particles
Authors: Lotzová Eva , Cudkowicz Gustavo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An attempt was made to assess the role of macrophages in resistance of irradiated mice to parental-strain and allogeneic bone marrow grafts. 1.25 to 5 mg of silica particles injected i.v. (5 µ average size) are specifically toxic to macrophages and resulted in prompt abrogation or reduction of hybrid and allogeneic resistance. The silica was equally effective when given within 2 days before or after transplantation of bone marrow cells. The effectiveness decreased with increasing intervals, but foreign marrow cells could be rescued from rejection as long as 3 days after grafting. The macrophage stabilizer poly-2-vinylpyridine N-oxide injected subcutaneously (150 mg/kg) 1 day before silica entirely prevented the suppression of hybrid resistance. It was concluded that macrophages, or a subpopulation thereof, could be the effectors of hemopoietic graft rejection by irradiated mice. The immunogenetic specificity of these allograft reactions and the suppressive effects of anti-lymphocyte agents suggest, however, that also lymphoid cells participate in this process.
Lectins from Abrus Precatorius and Ricinus Communis
Authors: Olsnes Sjur , Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Meren Roberta 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When equimolar amounts of purified homologous A- and B-chains from abrin or ricin are mixed and dialyzed to remove 2-mercaptoethanol, the disulfide bridge between the chains reforms and fully toxic molecules are reconstituted. In a similar manner, when heterologous chains are mixed and dialyzed, the toxic hybrid molecules abrin A/ricin B or ricin A/abrin B are formed in good yield. Stable hybrid molecules were not formed between the two A-chains or the two B-chains.
Whereas rabbit anti-abrin and anti-ricin sera each neutralizes only its homologous toxin, neither antitoxin can distinguish between the hybrid toxins. On the other hand, antibodies specifically directed against determinants on A- or B-chains readily distinguish between the two hybrids. Neutralization by antisera of the toxic effects of abrin, ricin, and their hybrids on protein synthesis in HeLa cell cultures has been studied quantitatively.
The results are discussed in relation to other interspecies hybrid molecules and in relation to the mode of action of certain glycoprotein tropic hormones.
The Immunology of Experimental Chagas' Disease
Authors: Teixeira Antonio R. L. , Santos-Buch Charles A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Homogenates of trypomastigote and amastigote forms of the Ernestina strain of Trypanosoma cruzi, derived from tissue cultures, were partitioned by differential centrifugation and yielded six subcellular fractions described by electron microscopy. The soluble supernatant of the 100,000 × G for 90-min fraction, the cytosol, that retained nearly 50% of the proteins of the initial homogenate, showed at least one major antigenic component and these soluble substances gave rise to high titers of hemagglutinins, precipitins, and complement-fixing antibodies. The immunoglobulins in the serum have been characterized as IgG and IgA. In contrast, the lysosome-rich (30,000 × G for 35 min) fraction, and also the ribosome-rich (100,000 × G for 90 min) fraction retained minute amounts of protein and elicited only low titers of humoral antibodies in rabbits. Of interest, high titered sera with complement-fixing antibodies, hemagglutinins and precipitins did not have any demonstrable effect on trypomastigotes of T. cruzi.
Eosinophils and Immune Mechanisms
Authors: Greene Bruce M. , Colley Daniel G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Eosinophil stimulation promoter (ESP) is a soluble product of activated mouse lymphoid cells which increases in vitro migration of mouse eosinophils. Pretreatment of the lymphoid cells, either by freezing and thawing or the lytic action of antithymocyte serum, abolished the ability of these sensitized cells to produce ESP when challenged by specific antigen. Its production is inhibited by the addition of puromycin. ESP is relatively heat stable, with full activity remaining after incubation at 60°C for 30 min, but none after 100°C for 30 min. Dilution markedly reduces its activity. ESP is sensitive to a proteolytic enzyme, chymotrypsin, but insensitive to RNase and to Vibrio cholera neuraminidase. Molecular sieve column chromatography of ESP-containing culture supernatant fluids yields a single peak of ESP activity, associated with only a small fraction of the total protein. The estimated molecular weight of ESP is 24,000 to 56,000 daltons.
The Use of Allogeneic T Lymphocytes and Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide to Induce Immune Responses to Monovalent Haptens in Vitro
Authors: Trenkner Ekkhart 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immune responses to monovalent haptens were stimulated in mouse spleen cultures either by the addition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or by T cells reactive against the alloantigens on precursor antibody-forming cells (P-AFC). These findings suggest that P-AFC require two independently delivered signals for the induction of antibody synthesis. One signal is delivered via the interaction of hapten with surface immunoglobulin receptors. A second signal is delivered either by LPS or via the interaction of a T cell with cell surface determinants on P-AFC.
Chemical Modulation of Cell Surfaces by Sulfhydryl Compounds: Effect on C3b Receptors
Authors: Dierich Manfred P. , Ferrone Soldano , Pellegrino Michele A. , Reisfeld Ralph A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
C3b receptors on human erythrocytes, peripheral blood lymphocytes, and cultured lymphoid cells were shown to be sensitive to treatment with dithiothreitol, 2-mercaptoethanol, 2-amino-ethylisothiouronium bromide hydrobromide (AET), reduced glutathione, and l-cysteine (in order of decreasing effectiveness). Sensitivity was dependent on temperature, time, dose, and pH of the solution applied. Loss of C3b receptor activity became apparent at AET concentrations which caused an increase in erythrocytes' susceptibility to lysis. Raji cells which had lost C3b receptor activity due to AET treatment, started to re-express this receptor function after a lag period of 8 to 10 hr. AET treatment had no detectable effect on the expression of other surface markers, e.g., those detected on erythrocytes by concanavalin A and anti-AB blood grouping serum, or on cultured human lymphoid cells by HL-A alloantisera. However, changes of erythrocyte morphology could be seen in the scanning electron microscope. The sensitivity of C3b receptors to reducing agents suggests that disulfide bridges are important to this receptor's functioning. On the other hand, free sulfhydryl groups appear not to be involved because α-iodoacetamide did not alter the cell surface expression of the C3b complement receptor. Treatment of C3b receptor carrying cells with sulfhydryl compounds can be used as a tool to study the participation of the receptors in the cells' biologic functions.
Effects of Bacterial Products on Lymphocytes and Macrophages: Their Possible Role in Natural Resistance to Listeria Infection in Mice
Authors: Petit Jean-Claude , Unanue Emil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fluids from Listeria monocytogenes cultures contain products that possess a number of biologic activities. The fluids contain a mitogenic substance for B lymphocytes. Thus, their injection into mice produces striking hyperplasia of the B cell zones of the spleen. Also, lymphocytes in vitro are stimulated to proliferate, regardless of whether they are first depleted of T lymphocytes by exposure to anti-θ serum plus complement. These fluids injected intraperitoneally activate macrophages as judged by morphologic criteria. Mice that receive the products develop a transitory state of nonspecific resistance to infection by live Listeria. The relationships between B cell mitogenicity and macrophage activation—and protection—were not established. This kind of reaction of lymphoid cells to Listeria products may represent an early nonspecific line of defense against bacterial invasion.
Alloantiserum-Mediated Suppression of Histocompatibility-Linked Ir Gene Controlled Immune Responses
Authors: Bluestein Harry G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Alloantisera were produced in guinea pigs by immunizing one inbred strain with the lymphoid cells of another. The effect of these sera on the response of sensitized lymphocytes to antigen or mitogen was studied in vitro. Strain 13 anti-strain 2 alloantisera, when added to cultures at a 1:75 or greater dilution, specifically suppress responses to GA and to 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-GL, both of which are controlled by strain 2-linked immune response (IR) genes. Addition of the anti-strain 2 sera at higher concentrations diminishes the apparent specificity for strain 2-associated immune responses. for example, at a 1:30 dilution the anti-strain 2 sera suppress the response of sensitized Hartley lymphocytes to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin and to the antigen GT whose controlling immune response gene is linked to strain 13 histocompatibility antigens. When compared as a function of antiserum concentration, the ability of the anti-strain 2 alloantisera to suppress strain 2-associated immune responses in vitro closely parallels its cytotoxic capacity. Furthermore, the ability of the anti-strain 2 sera to suppress GA responses in vitro depends on the presence of strain 2 histocompatibility antigens on the responding lymphocytes. In contrast to its effective suppression of GA responses in sensitized lymphocytes bearing strain 2 histocompatibility antigens, the anti-strain 2 antisera has no effect on the response to GA in lymphocytes from responder Hartley guinea pigs that did not inherit the strain 2 histocompatibility locus. These studies indicate that the histocompatibility antigens on the lymphocyte membrane are the target through which the alloantisera mediate specific immunosuppression
Requirement of Thymus-Derived θ-Positive Lymphocytes for Rejection of DNA Virus (SV40) Tumors in Mice
Authors: Tevethia Satvir S. , Blasecki John W. , Waneck Gerald , Goldstein Allan L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The nature of lymphocytes capable of inhibiting the growth of syngeneic papovavirus SV40 tumor cells in BALB/c was investigated by the tumor cell neutralization assay. Treatment of immune lymphocytes with anti-C3H (θ) AKR sera in the presence of complement eliminated the lymphocytes capable of inhibiting tumor cells in vivo. Treatment of immune lymphocytes with normal AKR sera and complement had no effect. Lymphocytes filtered through nylon wool column, a procedure known to remove B lymphocytes, retained their capacity to inhibit tumor cells in vivo. Thymectomized, irradiated, and reconstituted mice failed to develop lymphocytes sensitized to SV40 tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA). These results suggest that cellular immune response to SV40 tumor cells in syngeneic mice is mediated by θ-positive thymus-derived lymphocytes.
Development of Antibodies to Viral and Tumor Antigens before Tumor Induction in Syrian Golden Hamsters Inoculated Intravenously at 3 Weeks of Age with SV40
Authors: Diamandopoulos George Th. , McLane Mary-Frances 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three-week-old weanling male Syrian golden hamsters were inoculated i.v. with 108.5 TCID50 of oncogenic DNA simian virus 40 (SV40). All input virus was cleared from the blood stream within 48 hr. Antibody to SV40 V (virion) antigen appeared as early as the 1st postinoculation week, reached a peak by the 3rd week, and gradually decreased thereafter. Antibody to SV40 T (tumor) antigen was first detected by the 4th week. Its appearance preceded tumor induction by as many as 6 weeks for a tumor at the in situ stage, and 10 weeks for a palpable tumor. The results indicate that the development of antibody to viral and tumor antigens in hamsters inoculated i.v. at 3 weeks of age with high titer SV40 precedes rather than coincides with or follows the induction of tumors. The presence, therefore, of these antibodies in the serum of hosts in which the virus-cell interaction is of the transforming type, only signifies prior virus exposure, and can not be taken as evidence for the establishment of tumors in vivo.