bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid, Economic, Acetic acid, Papanicolaou (REAP) staining technique analogous to the routine Papanicolaou staining (PAP) technique
Authors: Alone Prachi , Vodithala Sahitya , Vagha Sunita 
Published: August 2023

The current research compared classical Papanicolaou stain with REAP (Rapid, Economic, Acetic Acid Papanicolaou) stain to evaluate staining character, range, charge virtue, and sustaining of stain. The PAP Stain is the standard dye in support of shielding cell study for any cell study and is used in various research centers with several reductions. In certainty, PAP Stain has lowered squamous cell carcinoma incidence by 70%, particularly within wealthy provinces with effectively-designed broadcasting systems. But the stain has gone through several changes, moving from the uncreative formal mechanism -> gradual REAP PAP staining in which staining duration level is decreased, it improves the quality, it is cost-effective, easily available, and ethyl alcohol is temporarily superseded with 1% ethanoic acid in advanced nations with guarding programs with careful planning. It has been used to access FNAC (fine needle aspiration cytology). Because of its precise nuclear and nucleoli staining, PAP staining of FNAC and fluid smears is a trustworthy stain. FNAC is a straightforward, speedy, and reliable pre-operative assessment and diagnosis process that has sparked advancements in dyeing technology which utilizes minimal coloring count with a clear cell framework. Around 40 minutes are needed for the standard methodology for traditional PAP Stain. REAP Stain was developed to address this, improving quality while cutting staining time to about one minute. This study's objective was to evaluate the value of the Rapid-Pap stain utilizing quantifiable investigation. The effectiveness of cytoplasmic and nuclear staining, stain preservation, value, and overall course of action for the two techniques—conventional PAP stain and REAP stain—were collated. When compared to traditional Papanicolaou, REAP stain offers a good, quick, and affordable replacement for the screening of cells. The REAP technique also does a superb job for the maintenance of stains.
Targeting for Long-Term Outcomes
Authors: Yang Jeremy , Eckles Dean , Dhillon Paramveer , Aral Sinan 
Published: August 2023

Decision makers often want to target interventions so as to maximize an outcome that is observed only in the long term. This typically requires delaying decisions until the outcome is observed or relying on simple short-term proxies for the long-term outcome. Here, we build on the statistical surrogacy and policy learning literatures to impute the missing long-term outcomes and then approximate the optimal targeting policy on the imputed outcomes via a doubly robust approach. We first show that conditions for the validity of average treatment effect estimation with imputed outcomes are also sufficient for valid policy evaluation and optimization; furthermore, these conditions can be somewhat relaxed for policy optimization. We apply our approach in two large-scale proactive churn management experiments at The Boston Globe by targeting optimal discounts to its digital subscribers with the aim of maximizing long-term revenue. Using the first experiment, we evaluate this approach empirically by comparing the policy learned using imputed outcomes with a policy learned on the ground-truth, long-term outcomes. The performance of these two policies is statistically indistinguishable, and we rule out large losses from relying on surrogates. Our approach also outperforms a policy learned on short-term proxies for the long-term outcome. In a second field experiment, we implement the optimal targeting policy with additional randomized exploration, which allows us to update the optimal policy for future subscribers. Over three years, our approach had a net-positive revenue impact in the range of $4–$5 million compared with the status quo. This paper was accepted by Eric Anderson, marketing. Funding: This work was supported by Boston Globe Media. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4881 .
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Hyperthyroidism: Age, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities
Authors: Sacerdote Alan , Dave Paulomi , Inoue Taiga , Bahtiyar Gul , Peynado Heidi , Navarro Victor , Cohen Ronny , L’Eplattanier Mark , Fenteany Gabriel 
Published: August 2023

Objective: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) affects 2.6% of adults and 36% of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Several case reports and small case series suggested a hyperthyroidism-PAH association.
Design: Retrospective chart review.
Methods: We undertook a retrospective chart review (1982–2018) to assess PAH prevalence in a multi-ethnic convenience sample of hyperthyroid adults with multiple etiologies. We calculated associations of pulmonary artery maximum systolic pressure (PSAPmax) with subject age, and maximum serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), free T3, and T4, minimum serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroid antibody titers, comparing PAH prevalence and the odds of being undiagnosed as to hyperthyroidism etiology by gender and ethnicity/race.
Results: We found a high prevalence of PAH in hyperthyroid people, like that reported for people with COPD. We found no significant association between PSAPmax and any thyroid function test or thyroid antibody titer. As reported more recently in the general population, PSAPmax significantly correlated with age in hyperthyroid people. There was no significant disparity in the prevalence of PAH among White, non-Hispanic Black, and Latinx hyperthyroid people or between genders. The percentage of patients whose hyperthyroidism etiology was undiagnosed was high with significant disparity only between non-Hispanic Black and White people and between men and women. PAH was common in hyperthyroid subjects with any hyperthyroidism etiology.
Conclusions: 2D-echocardiography should be performed in all hyperthyroid people because PAH is common, especially in older people because of their co-morbidities and poorer prognoses. Further research is needed regarding demographic disparities in being undiagnosed as to hyperthyroidism etiology.
Principal Verdicts/Significance Statement: We reconfirmed the high PAH incidence in hyperthyroidism, previously reported, but profoundly under-recognized by physicians, to patients’ detriment. Further, we found that the shift in the general PAH population from younger to older individuals is mirrored in hyperthyroid people with PAH. This is concerning because older people have more co-morbidities and worse prognoses, necessitating early, effective intervention. PAH was present with diverse hyperthyroidism etiologies, suggesting that it is multicausal, resulting from autoimmunity, thyroid hormone excess, and goitrous upper airway obstruction and should be considered, regardless of etiology. Our observations that many subjects had no established hyperthyroidism etiology and that males and Blacks were likelier to be undiagnosed are concerning, warranting further study.
Acquired haemophilia as a complicating factor in treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: A case report
Authors: Ryšánková Kateřina , Gumulec Jaromír , Grepl Michal , Krhut Jan 
Published: August 2023

BACKGROUND
Acquired haemophilia (AH) is a serious autoimmune haematological disease caused by the production of auto-antibodies against coagulation factor VIII. In some patients, AH is associated with a concomitant malignancy. In case of surgical intervention, AH poses a high risk of life-threatening bleeding.
CASE SUMMARY
A 60-year-old female patient with multiple recurrences of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer underwent transurethral tumour resection. A severe haematuria developed postoperatively warranting two endoscopic revisions; however, no clear source of bleeding was identified in the bladder. Subsequent haematological examination established a diagnosis of AH. Treatment with factor VIII inhibitor bypass activity and immunosuppressive therapy was initiated immediately. The patient responded well to the therapy and was discharged from the hospital 21 d after the primary surgery. At the 38-mo follow-up, both AH and bladder cancer remained in complete remission.
CONCLUSION
AH is a rare, life-threatening haematological disease. AH should be considered in patients with persistent severe haematuria or other bleeding symptoms, especially if combined with isolated activated partial thromboplastin time prolongation.
Trends in prevalence and implant types in the Nova Scotia Joint Database Registry between 2005 and 2021
Authors: Pasache Lozano Rocio D. P. , Valencia Ramón Edwin A. , Johnston David G. , Trenholm J. A. I. 
Published: August 2023

AimsThe aim of this study is to evaluate the change in incidence rate of shoulder arthroplasty, indications, and surgeon volume trends associated with these procedures between January 2003 and April 2021 in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada.MethodsA total of 1,545 patients between 2005 and 2021 were analyzed. Patients operated on between 2003 and 2004 were excluded due to a lack of electronic records. Overall, 84.1% of the surgeries (n = 1,299) were performed by two fellowship-trained upper limb surgeons, with the remainder performed by one of the 14 orthopaedic surgeons working in the province.ResultsTotal shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) was the most frequent procedure (32.17%; n = 497), followed by stemmed hemiarthroplasty (SHA) (27.7%; n = 428). The most frequent indication for primary shoulder arthroplasty was degenerative osteoarthritis (58.1%; n = 882), followed by acute proximal humerus fracture in 15.11% (n = 245), and rotator cuff arthropathy in 14.18% (n = 220). The overall rate of revision was 7.7% (2.8% to 11.2%). The number of TSAs and reverse shoulder arthroplasties (RSAs) has been increasing since 2016. The amount of revision cases is proportional to the number of operations performed in the same year throughout the study period.ConclusionThe incidence of shoulder arthroplasty in the Maritime Provinces has increased over the last 16 years. Revision rates are similar the those found in other large database registries. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty prevalence has increased since 2016.Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(8):567–572.
Improvement of terahertz beam modulation efficiency for baseless all-dielectric coded gratings
Authors: Jiang Jie , Fang Bo , Li Chenxia , Hong Zhi , Jing Xufeng 
Published: August 2023

Optical metasurfaces are two-dimensional ultrathin devices based on single-layer or multilayer arrays of subwavelength nanostructures. They can achieve precise control of phase, amplitude, and polarization on the subwavelength scale. In this paper, a substrate-free all-silicon coded grating is designed, which can realize the phase control of the outgoing beam after the y-polarized plane wave is vertically incident on the metasurface at 0.1 THz. Through a single-layer silicon nanoarray structure, a low-reflection anomalous transmission metasurface is realized, and a variety of different beam deflectors are designed based on these encoded gratings. We propose a coded grating addition principle, which adds and subtracts two traditional coded grating sequences to obtain a new coded grating sequence. The encoded supergrating can flexibly control the scattering angle, and the designed substrate-free all-silicon encoded grating can achieve a deflection angle of 48.59°. In order to verify the principle of coded grating addition, we experimented with cascade operation of two coded sequence gratings to obtain the flexible control of the terahertz beam of the composite supergrating. The principle of grating addition provides a new degree of freedom for the flexible regulation of the terahertz wavefront. At the same time, this method can be extended to the optical band or microwave band, opening up new ways for electromagnetic wave manipulation and beam scanning.
Predictive value of α-synuclein expression in peripheral blood of multiple sclerosis patients: A two-dimensional assessment of a selected biomarker
Authors: Razia Rabat , Majeed Fazeel , Amin Rehab , Mukhtar Shahid , Mahmood Khalid , Abualait Turki , Bashir Shahid , Baig Deeba Noreen 
Published: August 2023

Introduction
Our study aimed to evaluate whether assessing α-synuclein expression levels in blood samples could provide a reliable and straightforward alternative to existing diagnostic and prognostic methods for neurodegenerative disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS). We specifically investigated if α-synuclein and IL-6 expression levels from serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) could accurately predict MS severity in patients using a two-dimensional approach.

Methods
We designed a case-control study to analyze the expression of α-synuclein and IL-6 in the peripheral blood of an MS patient group (n = 51) and a control group (n = 51). We statistically evaluated the PBMCs and serum profiles of α-synuclein and IL-6 in MS patients, along with their age of onset, disease duration, tobacco exposure, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score, using SPSS V22.0 software and GraphPad Prism V9.0.

Results
Our findings indicate that α-synuclein production was significantly downregulated in MS patients. Principal component analysis also revealed distinct profiles between MS patients and controls. PBMCs and serum profiles of α-synuclein correlated with the EDSS score, suggesting that disease severity can be predicted using α-synuclein profiles. Moreover, α-synuclein showed a significant correlation with IL-6 and age of onset. Lastly, receiver operating characteristic curves of PBMCs and serum activity of α-synuclein profiles displayed discrimination with area under the curve values of 0.856 and 0.705, respectively.

Conclusion
Our results imply that measuring α-synuclein levels in both serum and PBMCs could be a valuable method for diagnosing and predicting MS severity, potentially serving as a non-invasive biomarker for the disease.
Plant medicine usage of people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Belize: A qualitative exploratory study
Authors: Allen Lindsay P. , Ellis Lucia , Engleton Christophe , Valerio Valerie Lynette , Hatala Andrew R. 
Published: August 2023

Background
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a primary cause of death in Belize, a low-income country with the highest rates in Central and South America. As many people in Belize cannot consistently access biomedical treatment, a reality that was exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, plant medicine usage is estimated to have increased in recent years. This exploratory study seeks to understand which plants are being used, patterns of usage, and the state of patient-provider communication around this phenomenon.

Methods
Implementing a Constructivist Grounded Theory qualitative design, the research team conducted 35 semi-structured interviews with adults living with T2DM, 25 informant discussions, and participant observation with field notes between February 2020 and September 2021. Data analysis followed systematized thematic coding procedures using Dedoose analytic software and iterative verification processes.

Results
The findings revealed that 85.7% of participants used plants in their T2DM self-management. There were three main usage patterns, namely, exclusive plant use (31.4%), complementary plant use (42.9%), and minimal plant use (11.4%), related to factors impacting pharmaceutical usage. Almost none of participants discussed their plant medicine usage with their health care providers.

Conclusions
Plant species are outlined, as are patients’ reasons for not disclosing usage to providers. There are implications for the advancement of understanding ethnobotanical medicine use for T2DM self-management and treatment in Belize and beyond.
Vascular mechanisms leading to progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia after COVID-19: Protocol and methodology of a prospective longitudinal observational study
Authors: Owens Cameron D. , Bonin Pinto Camila , Mukli Peter , Szarvas Zsofia , Peterfi Anna , Detwiler Sam , Olay Lauren , Olson Ann L. , Li Guangpu , Galvan Veronica , Kirkpatrick Angelia C. , Balasubramanian Priya , Tarantini Stefano , Csiszar Anna , Ungvari Zoltan , Prodan Calin I. , Yabluchanskiy Andriy 
Published: August 2023

IntroductionMild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a prodromal stage to dementia, affecting up to 20% of the aging population worldwide. Patients with MCI have an annual conversion rate to dementia of 15–20%. Thus, conditions that increase the conversion from MCI to dementia are of the utmost public health concern. The COVID-19 pandemic poses a significant impact on our aging population with cognitive decline as one of the leading complications following recovery from acute infection. Recent findings suggest that COVID-19 increases the conversion rate from MCI to dementia in older adults. Hence, we aim to uncover a mechanism for COVID-19 induced cognitive impairment and progression to dementia to pave the way for future therapeutic targets that may mitigate COVID-19 induced cognitive decline.MethodologyA prospective longitudinal study is conducted at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Patients are screened in the Department of Neurology and must have a formal diagnosis of MCI, and MRI imaging prior to study enrollment. Patients who meet the inclusion criteria are enrolled and followed-up at 18-months after their first visit. Visit one and 18-month follow-up will include an integrated and cohesive battery of vascular and cognitive measurements, including peripheral endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation, laser speckle contrast imaging), retinal and cerebrovascular hemodynamics (dynamic vessel retinal analysis, functional near-infrared spectroscopy), and fluid and crystalized intelligence (NIH-Toolbox,n-back). Multiple logistic regression will be used for primary longitudinal data analysis to determine whether COVID-19 related impairment in neurovascular coupling and increases in white matter hyperintensity burden contribute to progression to dementia.
The New Frontier of Antisemitism: Racial Discourse and Oromo Extremism in Ethiopia
Authors: Berhanu Girma 
Published: August 2023

Ethiopia is in dire straits due to a peculiarly malignant state system called Ethnic Federalism. In existence since the early 1990s, it has been sold as a brave attempt at empowering subjugated nationalities and, to borrow the Marxist parlance of the government that introduced it, ‘to let nations, nationalities and people’s blossom’.
A new approach to prostate cancer screening
Authors: Filella Xavier , González Álvaro , Augé Josep Maria , Barco Antonio , Carbonell Rosa , Gaspar María Jesús , Martínez-Peinado Antonio , Barrios Clara Pérez , Sánchez-Carbayo Marta , Santotoribio José Diego , Trapé Jaume 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Prostate cancer screening based on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing has been a matter of controversy. Although screening for prostate cancer was effective in reducing mortality, it resulted in overdiagnosis, which translated into unnecessary treatments and numerous adverse effects. As a result, recommendations from scientific societies became increasingly restrictive. In the recent years, new approaches to prostate cancer screening have been proposed. These new approaches are aimed at solving the controversy between widespread screening vs. no screening, and reconsidering PSA testing as a screening tool with a good benefit/risk balance. In this context, the European Association of Urology submitted a proposal to the European Commission for prostate cancer screening to be performed as a function of baseline PSA concentrations. The European Commission recently recommended the implementation of organized prostate cancer screening programs for men aged ≤70 years based on PSA values in combination with follow-up magnetic resonance imaging.
Exploiting neighborhood interference with low-order interactions under unit randomized design
Authors: Cortez-Rodriguez Mayleen , Eichhorn Matthew , Yu Christina Lee 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Network interference, where the outcome of an individual is affected by the treatment assignment of those in their social network, is pervasive in real-world settings. However, it poses a challenge to estimating causal effects. We consider the task of estimating the total treatment effect (TTE), or the difference between the average outcomes of the population when everyone is treated versus when no one is, under network interference. Under a Bernoulli randomized design, we provide an unbiased estimator for the TTE when network interference effects are constrained to low-order interactions among neighbors of an individual. We make no assumptions on the graph other than bounded degree, allowing for well-connected networks that may not be easily clustered. We derive a bound on the variance of our estimator and show in simulated experiments that it performs well compared with standard estimators for the TTE. We also derive a minimax lower bound on the mean squared error of our estimator, which suggests that the difficulty of estimation can be characterized by the degree of interactions in the potential outcomes model. We also prove that our estimator is asymptotically normal under boundedness conditions on the network degree and potential outcomes model. Central to our contribution is a new framework for balancing model flexibility and statistical complexity as captured by this low-order interactions structure.
Analysis of atmospheric attenuation of a FSO–WDM system for long-range communication
Authors: M S Sowmyaa Vathsan , P Kasthuri , Poornachari Prakash , A Sasithradevi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
An FSO system can provide a solution to the problem of last-mile connectivity while also offering a high degree of security and a large capacity for high-speed information transmission, making it a versatile and powerful option for data communication. Despite the above-mentioned advantages, some factors have to be considered when establishing long-range communication, one such factor is atmospheric turbulence (haze, light fog, moderate fog) which degrades the ideal characteristics of the FSO channel and causes a loss in the signal’s power. This loss of power during transmission can be improved by using suitable amplifiers (hybrid optical amplifier, semiconductor optical amplifier) to provide better performance. The next-generation networks must be capable of supporting a significant amount of backhaul data traffic, accommodating a larger number of users, and increasing channel capacity to meet the demands of modern data communication. By implementing wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and free space optical (FSO) communication techniques, the capacity of the channel can be increased, and more users can be accommodated. The maximum link length offered by the FSO–WDM system has been investigated with hybrid optical amplifier considering the minimum bit error rate, which can provide reliable and long-distance communication.