bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomical study of renal vein in cadavers by dissection method
Authors: Nahar Sonal Pradeep , Nahar Pradeep Subhash 
Published: July 2023

The renal veins present a broad spectrum of variability in their length, tributaries. Such aspects are important when considering a surgical approach, trauma, interpreting diagnostic images and teaching renal veins. Although imaging techniques have good resolution, they have failed to reduce the incidence of complications of renal surgery. Objectives of the study are to measure length of renal vein and to study the variations in renal vasculature.: The dissection was carried out in 75 cadavers which were embalmed using formalin. Length of the renal vein was measured using Vernier caliper. Values were reported as in percentage, mean and standard deviation. 66.7% specimens didn’t have extrahilar primary tributaries. We found additional renal veins were less on left side i.e. 3 than on right side 10. One specimen of retro aortic left renal vein was found. This knowledge will be of immense help to radiologists and oncologists who are dealing with this region. Also a detailed knowledge and understanding of major congenital anomalies of the renal veins variations will provides safety guidelines for endovascular procedures.
Study to examine diverse locations of greater palatine foramen in dry human skulls
Authors: Gonsai Vaishakhi , Jadav Janki , Kanani Sanjay , Zalawadia Ankur 
Published: July 2023

Greater palatine foramen gives passage to greater palatine nerve which innervates posterior part of hard palate. Anesthetic block is given to greater palatine nerve for surgical procedures over upper molar, maxillary sinus & nasal region. In this study, we measured the location of greater palatine foramen (GPF), according to clinically identifiable anatomical landmarks. All measurements were taken bilaterally & directly on dry human skulls. Observations were recorded in millimeters, using a digital vernier caliper. After the data collection, data were analyzed using the standard statistical software (SPSS). The situation of the GPF in relation to 3maxillary molar was in 25% of the skulls. The average values of the distance between the GPF & midline palatine suture (MPS) & posterior border of hard palate (PBHP) were 15.9 mm (SD 1.2) & 5.9 mm (SD 1.1), respectively.: Diverse locations of greater palatine foramen arouse difficulties in locating exact position during anaesthesia. Therefore, understanding the different positions of greater palatine foramen can help surgeons to improve their surgical procedures.
To assess the effect of increasing age on body composition parameters in young and middle-aged healthy obese females by body segment analyzer
Authors: Kaur Jeewandeep , Batra Arvinder Pal Singh 
Published: July 2023

Aging is often associated with changes in body composition that includes total fat mass and decreased total lean body mass. In addition to changes in total fat mass, visceral or centrally located fat stores increase in size. To assess the effect of increasing age on body composition parameters in young and middle-aged healthy obese females by Body Segment Analyzer and framing preventive health measures that reduce the changes in body composition during middle age, thus setting the stage for a healthy old age. The study was conducted in Department of Physiology (CRL), BPS GMC for Women, Kanpur Kalan, Sonepat. The data for this comparative study was collected from 150 females of which 75 were of group I and 75 were of group II. Group I had cover a range from 18 to 34 years and group II had cover a range from 35 to 50 years. The present study showed, the effect of age on body fat mass, fat free mass, soft lean mass and percentage body fat was found to be highly significant (p &#60; 0.05) but skeletal muscle mass in both the groups was not found to be significant (p = 0.434).: From the present study it was concluded that age had severe effect on body composition parameters that is body fat, fat free mass, soft lean mass and percentage body fat in obese females.
Prevalence of cervical spinal stenosis and its association with body mass index among Uttar Pradesh population
Authors: Singh Divya , Sharma P K , Jaiswal Sonia 
Published: July 2023

Spondylolisthesis occurs when one of the bones of the spine termed as vertebra slips forward on the vertebra directly below it thus causing significant pain and nerve injury. Damage to the integrity of the disc accompanied by mechanical compression or chemical damage to the nerve roots is the result of both static compressive loading and increased pressures in particular postures.This study was done to study the effect of BMI on lumbar spinal canal diameter, to find the value of spinal canal diameter with respect to age & gender and to correlate spinal stenosis with BMI.This was an observational, case control study conducted over 361 subjects. The studied participants suffering from spinal stenosis that underwent MRI and were aged between 30 years to 60 years visiting the outpatient department (OPD) of Department of Radiology, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital were included in the study. The age distribution showed that most of the cases belong to the age group 40-44 yr. (22.7%), 30-34 yr. (21.1%) and 35-39 yr. (18.3%). The mean age was 42.46±8.31 years. Our study also observed that at anterior posterior diameter and transverse diameter, no significant difference was observed in various cervical and lumbar spinal canal diameter for various categories of BMI (p&#62;0.05), though in majority of the cases cervical spinal canal diameter was longer for higher BMI (&#62;30 kg/m) and lumbar spinal canal diameter was shorter for higher BMI. Treatment and prevention of being obese is requisite public health priority. If successful, such results may lead to the minimization of the severity and extent of spondylolisthesis, which in turn may also reduce the risk of low back pain and the subsequent need for management.
Morpho-metrical analysis of upper humerus- A study from Central Maharashtra
Authors: Farheen Shaikh Shamama , Shroff G Ajit , Khan Sadaf Tanveer 
Published: July 2023

The humerus is largest bone of the upper limb and also defines the human brachium. The shoulder joint is ball and socket joint formed by articulation of hemispherical head of humerus and shallow glenoid cavity of scapula. The sizes of Humeri & Glenoid can impact decision making during surgery for shoulder replacement and shoulder instability. Study of humerus is helpful for providing data and correlation factors which has enormous importance while making prosthesis for replacement surgery.: A retrospective study was conducted on 61 cadaveric humeri - 31 from left side and 30 from right side. Length, AP diameter, MLD and head size was calculated using vernier calliper, scale, no elastic thread and osteometer.The combined length of humerus was 309.84±17.91 mm. Left and right sided length was 308.42±17.859 mm and 311.30±17.91 mm respectively. AP diameter on left and right side was 39.10±2.791mm and 39.54±2.544 mm respectively. MLD combined was 42.959±3.264 mm and head height was 30.92±2.53 respectively.The morpho-metric dimensions of right side of humerus was more than that of left side.Proper measurements are required when surgical procedures are to be done. More studies should be conducted measuring head height.
Evidence based anatomy- Past, present and future
Authors: Joy Praisy , Ganapathy Arthi , Rout Sipra 
Published: July 2023

Evidence based anatomy is a branch of epidemiological anatomy. In this commentary, we propose the four pillars of Evidence based Anatomy. The foundation is formed by Sackett et al’s article. The foundation is reinforced by Yaminne et al’s article. The pillars being formed by evidence, knowledge, application of knowledge and training of researchers (E-KAT) was proposed in this study.We conducted a review adhering to PRISMA guidelines. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Google Scholar. 2 review authors screened the retrieved citations, downloaded the citations in PDF format and it was cross-checked by another review author. CASP tool was used to assess the quality of the articles retrieved.We included and retrieved 8 articles related to evidence based anatomy. The articles were reviewed and findings written.The highest level of evidence is Meta-analysis. This article describes the past, present and future of evidence based anatomy. Evidence based Anatomy will bring out high quality research in anatomy.
Gastric mast cell population in rats under ground-simulated weightlessness conditions and in early readaptation period
Authors: Zhukov A. A. , Alexeeva N. T. , Shishkina V. V. , Samoilenko T. V. , Goryushkina E. S. , Zolotareva S. N. , Budnevskaya S. A. , Ivanova E. E. , Klochkova S. V. 
Published: July 2023

The effect of altered gravity on the digestive system is one of the challenging issues in space biology and medicine. The study of the effect of weightlessness on the mast cell (MC) functioning in the gastrointestinal organs is determined by their multifunctionality and participation in the developing adaptive and pathological processes. The aim of the study was to investigate the morphofunctional state of MCs in the stomach membranes of Wistar rats during 14 days of ground-based simulated weightlessness conditions and in a 3-day recovery period. Material and methods. The experiment involved 3 groups of Wistar rats: control, experimental – exposed to antiorthostatic suspension – and a 3-day-recovery group, 7 animals each, respectively. Identification of MCs was carried out using May-Grunwald staining with additional staining with Giemsa solution and immunohistochemical tryptase detection. The results obtained were statistically processed with SPSS 13 using parametric and non-parametric criteria. Results. A significantly increased number of metachromatic MC population was found only in the mucosa in animals of the antiorthostatic suspension and 3-day-recovery groups compared to the vivarium control. There was a sharp decrease in degranulating forms of MCs in the submucosalcoat in animals of the 3-day-recovery group compared to the control. A significantly increased number of degranulating forms of MCs was revealed in the muscle membrane in animals of the antiorthostatic suspension group. Immunohistochemical staining of MCs with antibodies to tryptase, in contrast to staining for metachromasia, allowed identifying a significant representation of tryptase-positive cells in the gastric mucosa in animals of the 3-day-recovery group. Conclusion. The results obtained support gravisensitivity of certain structural components of the stomach, and also evidence MC and their secretome participation in the developing adaptive responses to the effects of altered gravity both at the cellular and tissue levels.
Thyroid gland parameters of mature women living in Saint-Petersburg
Authors: Kazantseva E. V. , Andreev Yu. A. , Starchik D. A. 
Published: July 2023

Due to the prevalence of thyroid diseases among women, there is a need for a detailed study of the morphometric parameters of this endocrine organ in diverse age groups. The aim of the study was to investigate the linear sizes and the thyroid gland shapes using sectional method and intravital sonography in women of mature age residing in St. Petersburg. Material and methods. The ultrasound diagnostics was used to examine thyroid glands in 117 women of mature age. The exclusion criteria were neck surgery, thyroid nodules and endocrine system diseases. All women were divided into age groups according to the scheme of age periodization of human ontogenesis adopted in 1965. There were 42 thyroid glands obtained from the women died at the mature age, whose fatal outcome was not associated with the pathology of the endocrine system or the thyroid gland; they were allocated into a separate group. Results. Significant differences were registered in the thickness of the left lobe of the thyroid gland in women of the first and second adulthood periods; there was also detected a significant predominance of the size and volume of the right lobe over the left one. Cluster analysis, relying on the thickness of the isthmus of the thyroid gland and the symmetry of its lobes, allows differentiating three shapes of the thyroid gland: “butterfly-shaped”, semilunar and indefinite. Conclusion. The asymmetry of the thyroid lobes is a typical feature of this organ of the endocrine system at the studied age periods in mature women. When determining the shape of the thyroid gland, dissecting and morphometry are more informative options than ultrasound examination. To compare the findings on the shape of the thyroid gland obtained by various researchers, it is necessary to standardize the technique and apply a unified classification of the thyroid gland shapes.
Morphological and functional changes in the skeletal muscles of the hind limbs in rats under enforced anaerobic physical exertion and allogeneic biomaterial application
Authors: Lebedeva A. I. , Gareev E. M. , Sirotkina I. V. , Galautdinov M. F. 
Published: July 2023

Exhausting physical activity leads to sarcomere overstrain, destruction of the cell membrane, hydrolysis of structural proteins, thus, resulting in irreversible damage to muscle fibers. Allogeneic biomaterial (AB) is applied to regenerate various tissues and organs. The aim of the study was to identify morphofunctional features of the skeletal muscle tissue after physical exertion and under AB application. Material and methods. This experimental study involved male Wistar rats. Anaerobic physical exertion was simulated using the Porsolt test with a load equal 10 % of the body weight for 30 days. After training, animals of the main group (n = 10) were injected AB suspension: 4 ml of a 0.2 % solution into the muscles of the fore and hind limbs totally. Animals of the control group (n = 10) received physiological saline into similar zones. Tolerant load was investigated in 5 and 21 days after injection. Then the animals were withdrawn from the experiment, and muscles of the hind limbs were studied histologically, the total number, the average cross-sectional area of muscle fibers, and the number of necrotic fibers were measured. Results. In 5 and 21 days animals from the control group manifested dystrophic changes in muscle fibers: type III, IV contractures, microcirculation disorders, mosaic necrosis of muscle fibers, inflammatory cell infiltration, and a decreased tolerant load. In 21 days fibrosis was detected. The AB introduction provided rhabdomyogenesis as soon as in 5 days. Inflammatory cell infiltration decreased, the polygonality of muscle fiber profiles was restored, and edematous phenomena were leveled. There was hyperplasia of muscle fibers, a decreased number of necrotic muscle fibers, inhibited fibrosis, and an increased tolerant load. AB further biodegraded. Conclusion. AB contributed to the reduced manifestations of dystrophic changes in muscle fibers, strengthened actoprotective mechanism, and restored physical activity in the early stages.
The role of human papillomavirus in ductal hyperplasia of the epithelium in breast fibroade- nomatosis
Authors: Plekhova N. G. , Lagureva A. V. , Apanasevich V. I. , Tsibulina A. A. 
Published: July 2023

Benign breast papilloma is considered a lesion with uncertain malignant potential and, in most cases, it is recommended to be removed. The molecular pathology of ductal hyperplasia of the epithelium in fibroadenomatosis is under intensive study, but at the moment there is no strong enough evidence of diagnostically significant causes of its occurrence. The aim of the study was to determine the presence of E6 and L1 proteins of the human papillomavirus (HPV) in biopsy specimens of breast tissue in fibroadenomatosis. Material and methods. Viral proteins were detected using an immunohistochemical method with primary polyclonal antibodies to the E6 protein of HPV types 16 and 18 and capsid protein L1 of HPV types 1, 6, 11, 16, 18, and 31. Results. In biopsy specimens with fibroadenomatosis of the mammary gland, ductal hyperplasia without atypical proliferation of luminal epithelial cells (NOS 65 %) was most often detected, while atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) was detected in 35 %. Viral proteins E6 and L1 were found in more than 90 % of biopsies, with no significant difference between the synthesis of these proteins depending on the type of epithelial proliferation. There was a moderate correlation between the level of intensity of the capsid protein L1 and proliferation marker Ki-67 syntheses in biopsies with atypical epithelial proliferation. The simultaneous presence of the viral proteins E6, L1 synthesis and the index of Ki-67 cell proliferation in breast tissues with fibroadenomatosis increased under transition of epitheliocytes from typical proliferation to atypical ductal hyperplasia. Conclusion. As demonstrated, there is a correlation between the presence of HPV types 16/18 and atypical changes in the epithelium in breast fibroadenomatosis. The analysed intensity of the E6, L1 and Ki-67 protein syntheses and their simultaneous expression in tissues in benign tumors allows evaluating the risk of epithelial cell malignancy.
Morphometric parameters of the thoracic diaphragm in diverse body constructions
Authors: Prosvetov V. A. , Gaivoronskii I. V. , Surov D. A. 
Published: July 2023

The study of morphometric parameters of the thoracic diaphragm in diverse body constructions is of applied relevance in thoracic and abdominal surgery. The aim of the study was to investigate regional morphometric parameters of the thoracic diaphragm in diverse body constructions. Material and methods. The study involved 40 specially embalmed corpses (with preserved tissue elasticity), aged 35-75 when dying. To assess the morphometric parameters of the diaphragm, there was tailor-made an organocomplex represented by the abdominal cavity covered by an intact diaphragm. Longitudinal, transverse dimensions, the area of the diaphragm and its parts were investigated. Results. The analysed morphometric features allowed specifying that in extreme body constructions, there were considerable statistically significant differences in the morphometric parameters of the diaphragm and its parts. It was established that the largest area of the diaphragm, central tendon, costal part and its pericardial surface were observed in people with a brachymorphic body construction; the highest statistical significance was observed between extreme body constructions. The ratio of the tendon part to the total area was also the largest in the brachymorphic form, and the smallest in the dolichomorphic form. There were specific morphometric parameters typical of all types of body constructions: the ratio of the muscular and tendon parts of the diaphragm, the depth of the pleural sinuses, and the areas of the weak points of the diaphragm. The largest linear dimensions of all parts of the diaphragm were recorded in individuals with a brachymorphic body construction. On the contrary, people with dolichomorphic body type had the lowest values. However, the diaphragm domes were the highest in individuals with a dolichomorphic form, and the shortest in those with a brachymorphic form. Conclusion. The study of the morphometric parameters of the thoracic diaphragm allowed recording the major linear dimensions and areas of definite parts specific for all body constructions. The results obtained can be introduced into clinical practice to plan surgical interventions on the upper floor of the peritoneal cavity, including diaphragmatic peritonectomy.
Morphological and functional changes in human skin resulted from the impact of <i>Demodex</i> mites
Authors: Pustovaya K. N. , P'yavchenko G. A. , Alexeeva N. T. , Kuznetsov S. L. 
Published: July 2023

According to the latest data, up to 80 % of people in the world are carriers of Demodex mites. Light microscopy is used to detect mites during standardized superficial skin biopsy, skin scraping, etc. The study of histological preparations of the skin affected by Demodex helps analyse morphological changes in the skin structures, specify the structure and localization of insect units. The aim of the study was to analyse the morphofunctional changes in human skin affected by Demodex mites. Material and methods. The authors studied material from 16 male volunteers aged 26–74 years. All participants had signs of dermatitis. Pathological changes in the skin areas affected by Demodex mites and in the normal skin were analysed and compared. The study participants were punch-biopsied and then the preparations were stained with hematoxylin and eosin according to the standard technique. Skin layers were morphometrically detected, the coefficient of sclerosis of the sebaceous glands, the degree of destructive changes in the collagen fibers of the dermis and presence of leukocyte infiltration were also determined. Results. The histological picture of the skin affected by Demodex mites demonstrated hypertrophy and destruction of the epidermis layers. The presence of “capsules” with Demodex mites and their metabolic products was manifested as hyperplasia of the epithelium and sebaceous glands. The inflammatory process caused by Demodex mites led to the formation of inflammatory mononuclear infiltration and disruption of the structure of collagen fibers, changes in the lumen of the capillaries, partial loosening of their basement membrane. In the sebaceous glands, processes of sclerosis, shape changes, hypertrophy of the walls, atrophy of sebocytes and disruption of the basement membrane were registered. Conclusion. Demodex mites have a pronounced effect on the morphological structure of the histo-hematic barrier of the skin. This is manifested in the impaired integrity of its basement membranes, and in the pathology of the microcirculatory blood vessels. Histological preparations revealed multiple leukocyte infiltrates and thinned collagen fibers of the dermis at the sites of Demodex mites localisation.
Microvascular bed and adrenergic nerve endings of the pulp during permanent teeth eruption
Authors: Chuchkova N. N. , Polyakova O. L. , Shklyaev A. E. , Chuchkov V. M. , Smetanina M. V. , Pazinenko K. A. 
Published: July 2023

The aim of the study was to reveal associations between the number of functioning microvessels and formation of adrenergic control (nerve endings containing catecholamine) of the dental pulp in children and adolescents of Udmurtia during the period of permanent teeth eruption. Material and methods. The study included neurovascular bundle of the pulp of teeth extracted for medical reasons at the age of 5 to 14 years. At the light-optical level, the number of functioning capillaries was counted; an electron microscopic technique was used to qualitative assess the microvascular bed. Identification of catecholamines and counting the number of adrenergic nerve endings were performed histochemically using glyoxylic acid. Results. The process of permanent teeth eruption is accompanied by an intensively increased number of functioning capillaries and an increased density of adrenergic nerve endings. The number of functioning microvessels increases significantly (by 3.36 times) during childhood (from 5 to 9 years); the number of capillaries stabilizes in adolescence. The increased number of nerve endings by the end of the childhood period (9 years) is 45.2 ± 12.4 % compared with the age of 5 years. Notably, adrenergic nerve endings modify qualitatively: a pronounced variety of mediatorcontaining forms is replaced by their isomorphic phenotype. With age, predominant distribution of nerve endings along the vessels of the microvasculature tends to increase. Conclusion. Active formation of the microvascular bed during the eruption of permanent teeth is accompanied by an age-dependent increase in the density of localization and qualitative restructuring of adrenergic nerve endings, which provides full catecholaminergic control from the sympathetic nervous system.