bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do cover crops impact labile C more than total C? Data synthesis
Authors: Blanco‐Canqui Humberto 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe potential of cover crops (CC) to increase total soil organic C (SOC) concentration can be inconsistent, but labile SOC is considered to be more sensitive to management than total SOC. This leads to two questions: Do CCs impact labile SOC more than total SOC? Do CCs increase labile SOC more rapidly than total SOC? This review compares CC impacts on labile and total SOC based on CC studies reporting both parameters up to 31 Dec 2022. Labile and total SOC concentrations were measured in 31 CC study locations. Cover crops increased labile SOC concentration in 58% (18 of 31) and had no effect in 42% (13 of 31) of locations, suggesting CCs do not increase labile SOC in all cases. Within the 18 locations, CCs increased labile SOC without increasing total SOC in only 19% (6 of 31 locations), while in the rest (12 of 31) of locations, CCs increased both labile and total SOC. Thus, CCs increased labile SOC more rapidly than total SOC in only one‐fifth of cases. Also, the few studies that monitored changes in labile SOC with time found CCs do not always increase labile more rapidly than total SOC. In the 12 locations where CCs increased both labile and total SOC, CCs increased labile SOC by 54 ± 30% and total SOC by 23 ± 10%, indicating CCs can increase labile SOC by about two times compared with total SOC in some locations. Increased CC biomass production and reduced residue decomposition can increase labile SOC. Overall, CCs increase labile SOC in most cases but may not always increase labile SOC more rapidly than total SOC although more CC studies monitoring changes in SOC pools with time are needed to better understand CC impacts on SOC fractions under different CC management scenarios and climatic conditions.
THE SCIENCE AND RELIGION FORUM DISCUSS INFORMATION AND REALITY: QUESTIONS FOR RELIGIONS AND SCIENCE
Authors: Lawson Finley I. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe Science and Religion Forum (SRF) promotes discussion on issues at the interface of science and religion. The forum membership is diverse and it holds an annual conference to encourage exploration of issues that arise at the interface of science and religion. This article provides an overview of the hybrid conference that took place at the Woodbrooke Centre in Birmingham in May 2022. The conference addressed the issue of information and reality for religions and science across two broad themes. The first focused on metaphysical matters and the impact of the idea that information (quantum, biological, digital) are the fundamental building blocks of the universe, on our theological discourse. The second took a more ethical turn focusing on the issues raised by the interaction of information (biological, personal, digital) and science in society. This thematic section includes articles that span both strands of the conference including the public Gowland Lecture and the winning essay from the Peacocke Prize.
Nav1.2 and BK channel interaction shapes the action potential in the axon initial segment
Authors: Filipis Luiza , Blömer Laila Ananda , Montnach Jérôme , Loussouarn Gildas , De Waard Michel , Canepari Marco 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn neocortical layer‐5 pyramidal neurons, the action potential (AP) is generated in the axon initial segment (AIS) when the membrane potential (Vm) reaches the threshold for activation of the voltage‐gated Na+ channels (VGNCs) Nav1.2 and Nav1.6. Yet, whereas these VGNCs are known to differ in spatial distribution along the AIS and in biophysical properties, our understanding of the functional differences between the two channels remains elusive. Here, using ultrafast Na+, Vm and Ca2+ imaging in combination with partial block of Nav1.2 by the peptide G1G4‐huwentoxin‐IV, we demonstrate an exclusive role of Nav1.2 in shaping the generating AP. Precisely, we show that selective block of ∼30% of Nav1.2 widens the AP in the distal part of the AIS and we demonstrate that this effect is due to a loss of activation of BK Ca2+‐activated K+ channels (CAKCs). Indeed, Ca2+ influx via Nav1.2 activates BK CAKCs, determining the amplitude and the early phase of repolarization of the AP in the AIS. By using control experiments using 4,9‐anhydrotetrodotoxin, a moderately selective inhibitor of Nav1.6, we concluded that the Ca2+ influx shaping the early phase of the AP is exclusive of Nav1.2. Hence, we mimicked this result with a neuron model in which the role of the different ion channels tested reproduced the experimental evidence. The exclusive role of Nav1.2 reported here is important for understanding the physiology and pathology of neuronal excitability.
imageKey points
We optically analysed the action potential generated in the axon initial segment of mouse layer‐5 neocortical pyramidal neurons and its associated Na+ and Ca2+ currents using ultrafast imaging techniques.
We found that partial selective block of the voltage‐gated Na+ channel Nav1.2, produced by a recently developed peptide, widens the shape of the action potential in the distal part of the axon initial segment.
We demonstrate that this effect is due to a reduction of the Ca2+ influx through Nav1.2 that activates BK Ca2+‐activated K+ channels.
To validate our conclusions, we generated a neuron model that reproduces the ensemble of our experimental results.
The present results indicate a specific role of Nav1.2 in the axon initial segment for shaping of the action potential during its generation.
Nitrate limitation in early Neoproterozoic oceans delayed the ecological rise of eukaryotes
Authors: Kang Junyao , Gill Benjamin , Reid Rachel , Zhang Feifei , Xiao Shuhai 
Published: March 2023

The early Neoproterozoic Era witnessed the initial ecological rise of eukaryotes at ca. 800 Ma. To assess whether nitrate availability played an important role in this evolutionary event, we measured nitrogen isotope compositions (δ
15
N) of marine carbonates from the early Tonian (ca. 1000 Ma to ca. 800 Ma) Huaibei Group in North China. The data reported here fill a critical gap in the δ
15
N record and indicate nitrate limitation in early Neoproterozoic oceans. A compilation of Proterozoic sedimentary δ
15
N data reveals a stepwise increase in δ
15
N values at ~800 Ma. Box model simulations indicate that this stepwise increase likely represents a ~50% increase in marine nitrate availability. Limited nitrate availability in early Neoproterozoic oceans may have delayed the ecological rise of eukaryotes until ~800 Ma when increased nitrate supply, together with other environmental and ecological factors, may have contributed to the transition from prokaryote-dominant to eukaryote-dominant marine ecosystems.
Steady decline in mean annual air temperatures in the first 30 k.y. after the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary
Authors: O’Connor Lauren K. , Crampton-Flood Emily Dearing , Jerrett Rhodri M. , Price Gregory D. , Naafs B. David A. , Pancost Richard D. , McCormack Paul , Lempotesis-Davies Aris , van Dongen Bart E. , Lengger Sabine K. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary marks one of the five major mass extinctions of the Phanerozoic. The ways in which the climate system responded to a bolide impact and extensive volcanism at this time over different time scales are highly debated. We used the distribution of branched tetraether lipids (brGDGT) from fossil peats at two sites in Saskatchewan, Canada (paleolatitude ~55°N), to generate a high-resolution (millennial) record of mean annual air temperature (MAAT) spanning the last ~4 k.y. of the Cretaceous and the first ~30 k.y. of the Paleogene. Our study shows that MAATs ranged from 16 to 29 °C, with the highest value in the first millennia of the Paleogene. The earliest Paleogene averaged ~25 °C—maintaining or enhancing warmth from the latest Cretaceous—followed by a general cooling to ~20 °C over the following ~30 k.y. No abrupt postboundary cooling (e.g., an “impact winter”) or abrupt warming is evident in our data, implying that if such phenomena occurred, their duration was relatively short-lived (i.e., sub-millennial-scale). Further, no long-term impactor volcanism-driven warming is evident. The range of temperature change observed is considerably greater than that derived from marine proxy records over the same time interval. Our findings therefore more properly place bounds on the magnitude and duration of temperature change on land during this critical interval—the main setting for the demise of nonavian dinosaurs and the rise of mammals.
Deep-water circulation in the northeast Atlantic during the mid- and Late Cretaceous
Authors: Liu Shan , Hernández-Molina F. Javier , Rodrigues Sara , Van Rooij David 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Cretaceous ocean was significantly different from its modern counterpart due to its ice-free condition. Deep waters were primarily sourced by evaporation at the ocean surface, although their circulation pattern and bottom-current dynamics have been largely unknown. Here we present a study of deeply buried contourite drifts in the southern proto–Bay of Biscay to unravel the circulation pattern of the mid- and Late Cretaceous deep waters across the northeast Atlantic. The generation of plastered drifts (120 Ma to 100–90 Ma) and a mounded drift (100–90 Ma to 65 Ma) suggests that a significant change in deep-water source regions from the Tethys to the high-latitude region occurred at ca. 100–90 Ma. These contourite drifts were buried after ca. 65 Ma when the Cretaceous ocean circulation transitioned to the Cenozoic style in the northeast Atlantic. Tectonic configurations of the Pyrenean and the Equatorial Atlantic gateways were moreover tied to significant changes in northeast Atlantic deep-water circulation at ca. 100–90 and ca. 65 Ma. Northeastern Spain and France might be potential sites for the detection of Late Cretaceous contourite outcrops. These outcrops could have fundamental implications for the sedimentary facies and sequence model of contourites as well as shed light on the paleoceanography and paleoclimate of Cretaceous Earth.
Phosphorus deficit in continental crust induced by recycling of apatite-bearing cumulates
Authors: Cai Ronghua , Liu Jingao , Sun Yao , Gao Ruohan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Trace-element anomalies in the continental crust (e.g., Nb-Ta-Pb) are useful to decipher the formation and evolution of continents. We found that the trace-element patterns of upper, middle, and lower crust are all marked by strongly negative phosphorus anomalies, which were not likely to have been generated directly by mantle melting. In order to address this “crust composition paradox,” we compiled major- and trace-element data from global arc magmas, igneous minerals, and deep arc cumulates and found that the phosphorus deficit in continental crust is coupled with an elevated Th/La ratio. This feature can be best explained by the fractional crystallization of apatite during arc magma evolution rather than the influence of a subducted slab. Accumulation of apatite-bearing mafic cumulates in deep arcs followed by foundering into the upper mantle causes the mismatch in the phosphorus systematics between the mantle and the continental crust. This process plays a critical role in shaping the chemical composition of continental crust.
Female adolescents’ knowledge and acceptability of human papillomavirus vaccine in Debre Tabor Town, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Mihretie Gedefaye Nibret , Liyeh Tewachew Muche , Ayele Alemu Degu , Belay Habtamu Gebrehana , Yimer Tigist Seid , Miskr Agernesh Dereje , Kassa Bekalu Getnet , Tefera Adanech Getie , Dagnaw Enyew , Belachew Yismaw Yimam , Tiruneh Gebrehiwot Ayalew , Asferi Worku Necho , Getu Sisay , Aytenew Tigabu Munye 
Published: March 2023

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the knowledge and acceptability of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine and associated factors among female adolescent students in Debre Tabor Town, Ethiopia, 2021.DesignCross-sectional study was done from 9 December 2020 to 28 February 2021.AnalysisThe data were entered into EpiData V.4.2 and analysed with SPSS V.23 software. The OR, 95% CI and p<0.05 were used to determine the bivariable and multivariable statistical association.SettingThree high schools (grades 9 and 10) and six primary schools (grades 7 and 8) were included in the study.ParticipantsAdolescent female students in Debre Tabor Town.ResultsThe overall knowledge score in the questionnaire was six, and it was divided into two groups based on scoring level: poor (score <3) and good (score ≥3). More than half respondents (59.2%) scored good knowledge. The proportion of acceptability of the HPV vaccine was 61.9%. Age (adjusted OR, AOR 1.70, 95% CI 1.17 to 3.88), and having a source of information (AOR 1.94, 95% CI 1.06 to 3.22) were significantly associated with the knowledge of the HPV vaccine. Place of birth (AOR 1.55, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.95), fathers’ educational status (AOR 2.80, 95% CI 1.18 to 5.65), having a source of information (AOR 2.14, 95% CI 1.05 to 4.32) and knowledge about the HPV vaccine (AOR 6.41, 95% CI 3.45 to 11.90) were significantly associated with the acceptance of the female adolescent HPV vaccine.ConclusionIn this study, the knowledge and acceptability of students of the HPV vaccine were low. Health authorities, through the mass media, should strengthen HPV vaccine promotion in schools, religious institutions and health facilities.
Extent of illicit cigarette market from single stick sales in Ghana: findings from a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Singh Arti , Ross Hana , Dobbie Fiona , Gallagher Allen , Kinnunen Tarja , Logo Divine Darlington , Boateng Olivia A , Gilmore Anna , Bauld Linda , Owusu-Dabo Ellis 
Published: March 2023

ObjectiveThis study aims to measure the extent of illicit cigarette consumption from single stick sales, to determine the nature and types of illicit cigarettes present in Ghana, and to identify the factors associated with illicit cigarette consumption in Ghana.DesignA cross-sectional study using empty cigarette packs generated by 1 day’s single stick cigarette sales collected from cigarette vendors.SettingFive large cities (Accra, Kumasi, Takoradi, Tamale and Bolgatanga) and three border towns (Aflao, Paga/Hamele and Elubo) in the northern, middle and coastal belt of Ghana.Procedure and participantsTen areas were randomly selected in each city/town, and all shops selling cigarettes within 1 km of the central point were surveyed.Outcome measures(1) Estimates of the share of illicit cigarette packs in the total cigarette sales from vendors selling single stick cigarettes in Ghana; (2) nature and types of illicit cigarette packs; (3) factors associated with illicit cigarette sales in Ghana.ResultsOf a total of 4461 packs, about 20% (95% CI 18.3 to 20.7) were found to be illicit. Aflao (Ghana-Togo border) and Tamale (Ghana-Burkina Faso border) had the highest percentage of illicit cigarette sales at 99% and 46%, respectively (p<0.001). Over half of the illicit packs originated from Togo (51%), followed by Nigeria (15%) and then Cote d’Ivoire (10%). Adjusted and unadjusted logistic regression models indicated that convenience stores, border towns, pack price and the northern zone had higher odds of illicit cigarette sales.ConclusionTo effectively tackle illicit cigarettes, market surveillance and strengthening supply chain control are required, particularly at the border towns and the northern region of the country.
Ambient air pollutants in the first trimester of pregnancy and birth defects: an observational study
Authors: Cheng Yao , Yin Jieyun , Yang Lijun , Xu Man , Lu Xinfeng , Huang Wenting , Dai Guohong , Sun Guoqiang 
Published: March 2023

ObjectivesAs current studies on the relationships between air pollutants exposure during the first trimester and birth defects were not fully elucidated, this study aimed to assess the association between selected air pollutants and birth defects.DesignAn observational study.ParticipantsWe obtained 70 854 singletons with gestational age <20 weeks who were delivered at a large maternal and child healthcare centre in Wuhan, China.Outcome measuresBirth defects data and daily average concentration of ambient particulate matter ≤10 µm diameter (PM10), PM ≤2.5 µm diameter (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were obtained. Logistic regression analysis was applied to assess the association between maternal air pollutants exposure during first trimester and total birth defects, congenital heart defects (CHDs), limb defects and orofacial clefts with adjustments of potential covariates.ResultsThere were a total of 1352 birth defect cases included in this study, with a prevalence of 19.08‰. Maternal exposed to high concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, NO2and SO2in the first trimester were significantly associated with elevated ORs of birth defects (ORs ranged from 1.13 to 1.23). Additionally, for male fetuses, maternal exposed to high PM2.5concentration was associated with an elevated odd of CHDs (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.52). In the cold season, the ORs of birth defects were significantly increased among women exposed to PM2.5(OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.41 to 1.91), NO2(OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.38) and SO2(OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.47).ConclusionsThis study showed unfavourable effects of air pollutants exposure during the first trimester on birth defects. Especially, the association between maternal PM2.5exposure and CHDs was only observed among male fetuses, and stronger effects of PM2.5, NO2and SO2exposure on birth defects were observed in the cold season.
Effect of Intravenous Ferric Carboxymaltose on Exercise Capacity After Kidney Transplantation (EFFECT-KTx): rationale and study protocol for a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Vinke Joanna SJ , Eisenga Michele F , Sanders Jan-Stephan F , Berger Stefan P , Spikman Jacoba M , Abdulahad Wayel H , Bakker Stephan JL , Gaillard Carlo A J M , van Zuilen Arjan D , van der Meer P , de Borst Martin H 
Published: March 2023

IntroductionIron deficiency (ID) is common and has been associated with an excess mortality risk in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). In patients with chronic heart failure and ID, intravenous iron improves exercise capacity and quality of life. Whether these beneficial effects also occur in KTRs is unknown. The main objective of this trial is to address whether intravenous iron improves exercise tolerance in iron-deficient KTRs.Methods and analysisThe Effect of Ferric Carboxymaltose on Exercise Capacity after Kidney Transplantation study is a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial that will include 158 iron-deficient KTRs. ID is defined as plasma ferritin <100 µg/L or plasma ferritin 100–299 µg/L with transferrin saturation <20%. Patients are randomised to receive 10 mL of ferric carboxymaltose (50 mg Fe3+/mL, intravenously) or placebo (0.9% sodium chloride solution) every 6 weeks, four dosages in total. The primary endpoint is change in exercise capacity, as quantified by the 6 min walk test, between the first study visit and the end of follow-up, 24 weeks later. Secondary endpoints include changes in haemoglobin levels and iron status, quality of life, systolic and diastolic heart function, skeletal muscle strength, bone and mineral parameters, neurocognitive function and safety endpoints. Tertiary (explorative) outcomes are changes in gut microbiota and lymphocyte proliferation and function.Ethics and disseminationThe protocol of this study has been approved by the medical ethical committee of the University Medical Centre Groningen (METc 2018/482;) and is being conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials checklist and the Good Clinical Practice guidelines provided by the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. Study results will be disseminated through publications in peer-reviewed journals and conference presentations.Trial registration numberNCT03769441.
Developing a conceptual model of post-disaster damage and loss assessment program in the Iranian health sector: a qualitative study protocol
Authors: Miri Javad , Raeisi Ahmad Reza , Atighechian Golrokh , Seyedin Hesam 
Published: March 2023

IntroductionAnnual natural and man-made disasters in Iran eventually lead to casualties and considerable financial loss. The success of a reconstruction programme depends on accurate postdisaster damage and loss assessment. Based on these assessments, the goals, priorities and approaches required for reconstruction are prepared and formulated. To effectively implement a reconstruction and rehabilitation programme in the country’s health sector, it is necessary to prepare and compile a postdisaster damage and loss assessment programme.Methods and analysisThis qualitative study will be conducted to develop a conceptual model of a postdisaster damage and loss assessment programme in Iran’s health sector. First, a scoping review method will be conducted to identify the entities and components of the postdisaster damage and loss assessment programme. Then, using semistructured interviews, the opinions of university professors and disaster damage and loss assessors in the health sector will be obtained. Next, by conducting a focus group discussion, the initial programme of disaster damage and loss assessment in the Iranian health sector will be developed and then, the modified Delphi method will be used to validate it.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval for this study was obtained from the research ethics committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IR.MUI.NUREMA.REC.1400.171). The study results will be disseminated to stakeholders, published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at conferences.
Expectation focused and frequency enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy for patients with major depression (EFFECT): a study protocol of a randomised active-control trial
Authors: Ewen Anne-Catherine Isabelle , Bleichhardt Gaby , Rief Winfried , Von Blanckenburg Pia , Wambach Katrin , Wilhelm Marcel 
Published: March 2023

IntroductionThe effectiveness of psychotherapy in depression is subject of an ongoing debate. The mechanisms of change are still underexplored. Research tries to find influencing factors fostering the effect of psychotherapy. In that context, the dose–response relationship should receive more attention. Increasing the frequency from one to two sessions per week seems to be a promising start. Moreover, the concept of expectations and its influence in depression can be another auspicious approach. Dysfunctional expectations and the lack of their modification are central in symptom maintenance. Expectation focused psychological interventions (EFPI) have been investigated, primarily in the field of depression. The aim of this study is to compare cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) once a week with an intensified version of CBT (two times a week) in depression as well as to include a third proof-of-principle intervention group receiving a condensed expectation focused CBT.Methods and analysisParticipants are recruited through an outpatient clinic in Germany. A current major depressive episode, diagnosed via structured clinical interviews should present as the main diagnosis. The planned randomised-controlled trial will allow comparisons between the following treatment conditions: CBT (one session/week), condensed CBT (two sessions/week) and EFPI (two sessions/week). All treatment arms include a total dose of 24 sessions. Depression severity applies as the outcome variable (Beck Depression Inventory II, Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale). A sample size of n=150 is intended.Ethics and disseminationThe local ethics committee of the Department of Psychology, Philipps-University Marburg approved the study (reference number 2020-68 v). The final research article including the study results is intended to be published in international peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberGerman Clinical Trials Registry (DRKS00023203).