bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS PREVALENSI LOW BACK PAIN PADA PERAWAT DI DUNIA : LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Astuti Martha Sri 
Published: January 2023

Low Back Pain (LBP) is a condition presenting sustain pain in area between waist and gluteal fold. The prime cause of LBP is ergonomic position. Nurse does a lot of bending, twisting, lifting patients or in a certain position for along time. This positions are ergonomically bad. Some interventions are done on researches gave positive result for one year. On another hand prevalence of LBP on nurses in the world is not changing for 12 years (2008-2019), between 50-70%. This prevalence is consistent whether in the poor countries, developing countries or developed countries. Psychological factors, deficiency of health allied sources and time management of the health human resource also interference the LBP prevalence on nurses. It is need to do ergonomic intervention and time human management for nurses in the workplace to know its efficiency towards decreasing LBP prevalence
A PERCEPÇÃO DOS RESPONSÁVEIS SOBRE A CADERNETA DA CRIANÇA
Authors: Gomes Araújo Mariana , Fernandes Maranhão Mayara , Rodrigues da Silva Júnior Edivaldo , Mota Buges Naiana 
Published: January 2023

A Caderneta caracteriza-se como o principal documento de registro de saúde da criança desde o nascimento até os 10 anos de idade e é utilizada pelos profissionais que atuam em diferentes locais da assistência. Conhecer a percepção dos responsáveis de crianças acompanhadas na Atenção Primária à Saúde sobre a Caderneta da Criança. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e exploratório com abordagem qualitativa, com responsáveis por crianças de 0 a 10 anos. Todos os responsáveis consideram a caderneta importante e relataram utilizar principalmente para vacinação e acompanhamento das medidas antropométricas. Alguns responsáveis afirmaram usar no meio sociale todos os participantes salientaram levar a caderneta para consulta de puericultura. As participantes conhecem parcialmente o conteúdo da caderneta destinado ao cuidador. É necessária ação de educação em saúde sobre o uso da caderneta para os responsáveis, olhar atento da gestão sobre a distribuição da caderneta.
Correlation of Conjunctival Impression Cytology and Clinical Examination in University Students at Lahore during the COVID-19
Authors: Khan Muhammad Saaed Zafar , Qazi Javaid Iqbal , Aslam Asad , Kamal Zahid , Rasheed Ummara 
Published: January 2023

During COVID 19 pandemic every home-bound school, college, and university student was using computers and electronic gadgets for social networking and online education. To assess the effects of these gadgets on ocular and vision-related problems, very little research had been done on the Pakistani population, especially among university students. An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out on 355 students of University of the Punjab. Questionnaire-based data were collected by measurement of tearfilm breakup time(TBUT), the number of corneal dry spots, Schirmer’s test, and conjunctival impression cytology(CIC). Pearson correlation analysis was done on CIC score versus TBUT, Schirmer’s test and Goblet Cell Density (GCD). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for mean comparison of visual acuity, TBUT, cornea spots, and Schirmer’s test to see the significance of the results. P-value≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Out ofthe 355 students, 65% were females. The mean age of the students was 22.30 ± 6.8 years. At each level of visual acuity, there was no statistically significant difference between the meansof the different levels of visual acuity (F=0.488, p=0.614). A statistically significant meandifference was found between CIC score and TBUT (F=208.45p=<0.001), CIC score andcornea spot (F=39.31, p=<0.001), CIC score and Schirmer’s test (F=5.83, p=0.001). Forthe early diagnosis and management of CVS, in addition to applying the validated questionnaire and clinical dry eye tests, the Conjunctival impression cytology can be tested on a larger population to be proven as a gold slandered test.
Cloud seeding in Necaxa Watershed
Authors: Betancourt Jorge Estrada 
Published: January 2023

Cloud seeding experiments in Necaxa Watershed, in Mexico, were initiated in 1949, and have been carried out long enough to produce statistically significant data. Those meteorological factors which influence the diffusion of Agl smoke in seeding days have been studied. The results were evaluated by a non-parametric statistics technique and it is inferred that a redistribution of the precipitation was probably caused by an overseeding. Statistically it is also inferred that there was a persistence of AgI smoke on days close to those on which cloud seeding operations were conducted.
Assessment of Summer 1979 Weather Modification Effort Southeastern Illinois
Authors: Hsu Chin-Fei , Changnon Stanley A. 
Published: January 2023

An operational cloud seeding project took place in southeasternIllinois during a 40-day period in the summerof 1979. A historicaltarget-control evaluation design, using NWS raingage data, indicated an estimated rainfall increase of 39.5% in the target. Three statistical evaluation techniques - principal component regression, multiple regressions and double ratio, were employed and compared. The (randomization) significance levels were .10, .26, and .26, respectively. The possibility of the east control being contaminated was studied and found rather unlikely. Investigation of the 1979 isohyetal pattern, based on a 92-raingage network data revealed that within the target there were wide extremes, from very low to very heavy, and a localized high existed in the target on seeded rain occasions which was not present on no-seed rain occasions.
Salt Seeding from Aircraft over Linganamakki Catchment, South India
Authors: Murty A. S. Ramachandra , Selvam A. Mary , Kulkarni C. P. , Chatterje R. N. , Murty Bh. V. Raman 
Published: January 2023

Acute power shortages because of weak monsoonsin the summersof 1973, 1974, and 1975 led to several cloud seeding operations over hydroelectric catchments throughout India. One of these involved salt seeding of warm cumulus clouds from aircraft over the Linganamakki catchment in southwest India during the summerof 1975, at the request of the Karnataka State Government. Operational details have been given by the Karnataka State Electricity Board (KSEB, 1975). Rainfall measured in the target area and in adjacent control areas (Fig. 1) is used for the present evaluation. The project was similar to that conducted in the preceding two years 1300 km to the northeast over the catchment of Rihand reservoir (24 v 12’N, 83 03’ E, 310 m MSL) in the extreme southeast corner of Uttar Pradesh, south of Varanasi (Banaras). A limited number of raingauges in and around the catchment indicated increases on seeded days of 17 to 28 percent, which was not statistically significant (Kapoor eta., 1976). Despite the strong chance of similar inconclusive results from a non-randomized operational project, the Karnataka authorities requested an operational project, to alleviate a critical water shortage.
Emergency Cloud Seeding in Georgia, Summer, 1977
Authors: Griffith Don A. 
Published: January 2023

Three drought relief cloud seeding programs were conducted ~n Georgia during the summer of 1977 by on-site meteorologists who flew on specially equipped seeding aircraft. Suitable clouds, actively growing cumulus towers reaching at least the -5°C level, were seeded with ejectable silver iodide pyrotechnic flares. The seeding technique was patterned after the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Florida Area Cumulus Experiment (FACE) in southern Florida, and followed a dynamic seedability hypothesis. In limited evaluation of one of the three programs, a target~ontrol comparison indicated an excess of 27 percent in actual July-August precip- itation over that predicted from control area precipitation. A one tailed Student’s t test indicated less than five chances in 100 that this difference could be attributed to chance.
Selected Analyses of a Utah/NOAA Cooperative Research Program Conducted in Utah During the 1982-83 Winter Season
Authors: Griffith Don A. 
Published: January 2023

A major weather modification research program was conducted in south central Utah during the 1982-83 winter season. This research was conducted in a "piggyback" fashion upon an on-going operational program being conducted in Utah. The goal of the operational weather modification program in Utah is to increase higher elevation snowpack in much of central and southern Utah to provide augmented streamflow to a variety of irrigation water users.
Comments on the Paper by Alexis B. Long Entitled "Review of Persistence Effects of Silver Iodide Cloud Seeding"
Authors: Bigg E. K. 
Published: January 2023

Statistical analyses of cloud seeding using fixed target and control areas usually contain several hidden assumptions, thought to be so obviously true that they are never stated. They are: 1. The effects of seeding are confined to the day of seeding. 2. There are no cumulative effects of seeding. 3. Unseeded control areas that are crosswind or upwind from the target on the day of seeding are never affected by seeding in the target area.
Winter "Cloud Seeding Windows" and Potential Influences of Targeted Mountain Barriers
Authors: Griffith Don A. , Yorty David , Weston Warren , Solak Mark 
Published: January 2023

The concept of “winter cloud seeding windows” is a familiar theme found in a number of earlier publications. More recent feasibility studies, physical observations and analyses of existing cloud seeding programs have indicated some of this earlier thinking has considerable merit. The concept that deep winter storm systems with cold cloud tops often appear to be naturally efficient with little or no supercooled liquid water content is especially important. It appears from a variety of earlier sources of information and more recent observations that shallow, orographically induced clouds often contain supercooled liquid water and therefore offer good cloud seeding potential. Several studies and observations suggest that shallow orographic clouds that contain supercooled liquid water frequently occur after the passage of a surface cold front and even after the passage of an upper level trough. If the occurrence of such clouds is viewed in the context of the orientation of the targeted mountain barriers, the question can be asked if mountain barrier orientations have any impact on the development of these types of “seedable” clouds? This is basically a question of the amount of up barrier flow that accompanies these shallow orographic clouds. North American Weather Consultants has developed a conceptual model that the barrier orientation that provides the best conditions for the formation of these kinds of clouds in the western United States (and perhaps elsewhere) are barriers with a north-south orientation since post-frontal or post upper trough passage conditions will produce considerable up barrier flow over these barriers. Fortunately, most mountain barriers in the western United States have such an orientation. North American Weather Consultants believes that recognition and verification of the above will be important in the conduct of future winter orographic cloud seeding programs. Placing “seedabilty” in the synoptic setting and relating “seedability” to barrier orientation will be important in estimating potential cloud seeding effects in different project areas in the future.
Low-Level Stability during Winter Storms in the Uinta Basin of Utah: Potential Impacts on Ground-Based Cloud Seeding
Authors: Yorty David , Weston Warren , Solak Mark , Griffith Don 
Published: January 2023

Low-level thermodynamic stability, an important consideration for winter season ground-based cloud seeding site selection and conduct of operations, varies considerably in and near mountainous terrain. Rawinsonde observations may sometimes be poorly representative of nearby areas, with significant lower-level atmospheric temperature variability common between basins and sometimes within a basin. Operational forecast models may lack the ability to resolve or properly initialize low-level stability or “cold pooling” specific to a given basin or portion of a basin. Analyses of surface observations, as well as plume dispersion modeling with HYSPLIT, can be used both for real-time operations and in post-hoc examinations of low-level stability specific to storm periods with cloud seeding potential. Analyses of this type have been performed in various portions of Utah, and a recent analysis in the Uinta Range and Uinta Basin area of northeastern Utah highlights both the geographic variability and the seasonality of basin cold pooling. The Uinta Basin analyses have shown much greater low-level thermodynamic stability during relevant winter storm periods than other portions of Utah. Strong correlation of stability to site elevation within the basin, as well as distinct seasonality, are observed.
Analysis of Hailstone and Thunderstorm Characteristics in Tianjin during Recent Years
Authors: Wei Song , Ruijun Jin , Hui Meng , Xiaojun Guo 
Published: January 2023

Based on the hailstorm and thunderstorm data from 13 meteorological observation stations, this article analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of hailstorms and thunderstorms in Tianjin. Three main conclusions are reached from the results of this study: (1) During the last 20 years the annual mean hailstorm days of 13 meteorological station in Tianjin is 13. The total number of hail days in Jixian district is the most (105 days). The hailstorm weather often appears in spring, summer and autumn, from March to September mostly. (2) Jixian, Jinghai and Hangu districts have more thunderstorms than other regions in Tianjin. The thunderstorms which form in the northwest have the highest frequency. The influence of southwest thunderstorms has increased gradually in recent years. (3) There are four kinds of synoptic systems which can cause the formation of hailstorms and thunderstorms in Tianjin. They are high level vortex, upper trough, shear line and northwest air current.
Assessing the Presence of Supercooled Liquid Water and Stability Using Radiometer Data Collected during the 2015-2016 Winter Cloud Seeding Program in the Upper Gunnison River Basin, Colorado
Authors: Beall Stephanie D. , Griffith Don A. 
Published: January 2023

During the 2015-2016 Winter Cloud Seeding Program, a Radiometrics microwave radiometer was installed in the Upper Gunnison River Basin cloud seeding target area. The main purpose of using this device was to provide the ability to measure temperature and liquid water in frequent vertical profiles of the atmosphere above the radiometer. With observations of these two variables, the presence of supercooled liquid water can be identified. This information may be used in real-time to determine the “seedablity” of naturally occurring winter storms that impact the target area. Data may also be used in the post-analysis of these winter storms. For example, the radiometer data used in conjunction with the Rawindsonde Observation Program (RAOB), can be used to generate a vertical sounding of temperature dew point (no winds are observed from these radiometers). Such plots can be used to assess lower level atmospheric stability during storm periods that contain “supercooled” liquid water, which is the target of glaciogenic winter cloud seeding programs. The ensuing analyses indicated that stability is present in the lower valley levels upwind of the target area during most winter storms but that these inversions have a negligible effect on seeding operations primarily due to the very shallow nature of these inversions. Radiometer data were also compared to a nearby ground-based icing meter to determine if there was any correlation between the two types of observations.
An Overview of the 2016 Rainfall Enhancement Activities in Texas: A More Intensive Use of Hygroscopic Material
Authors: LaRoche Kendell , Ruiz-Columbié Arquimedes , Jennings Jonathan 
Published: January 2023

The Texas Weather Modification Association oversees four rainfall enhancement projects which combined have completed their 21st season in 2016. These projects include the Panhandle Groundwater Conservation District, the South Texas Weather Modification Association, the Trans-Pecos Weather Modification Association, and the West Texas Weather Modification Association. Classic Thunderstorm Identification, Tracking, Analysis and Nowcasting evaluation of seeded and control clouds for each project are analyzed to determine the effect seeding operations had on different cloud variables. A more recent evaluation analysis examining the results of dual seeding (hygroscopic plus glaciogenic material) compared to seeding with only glaciogenic material. Excellent results were achieved during the 2016 season with average precipitation increases of 1.34 inches above seasonal value, and over 2 million acre-feet of addition precipitation from cloud seeding activities. An analysis of hygroscopic seeding continues to show its importance for effective seeding operations. Clouds seeded with both glaciogenic and hygroscopic material lasted longer and produced more precipitation than similar clouds seeded with only glaciogenic material.
Update On A Long-term Winter Operational Cloud Seeding Program In Central/Southern Utah
Authors: Griffith Don , Yorty David , Cammans Garrett , Serago Jake 
Published: January 2023

North American Weather Consultants, Inc. (NAWC) has conducted operational winter cloud seeding programs in the mountainous areas of Central and Southern Utah since 1974. Beginning in 1988, seeding has also been conducted in three additional mountainous target areas within the State. The goal of these programs has been to enhance winter snowpack accumulation in the target areas, which now include most of the mountainous areas of the State. Studies have demonstrated that a large majority of the annual runoff in Utah streams and rivers is derived from melting snowpack, which explains the focus on wintertime seeding (within the November – April period). Augmented water supplies are typically used for irrigated agriculture or municipal water supplies. Programs are typically funded at the county level with cost sharing grants from the Utah Division of Water Resources (UDWR) and the three Lower Colorado River Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada, since 2007. An earlier WMA paper (Griffith et al. 2009) provided a summary of seeding operations for the water years of 1974 through 2007 for the four target areas. This paper is focused on the Central and Southern Utah program which is both the largest target area and the longest running program in the state. It covers all but three water years from 1974 through 2021 and is one of the three or four longest operational winter cloud seeding programs that have been conducted in the United States.
The target area encompasses several mountain ranges in Central and Southern Utah. NAWC has defined the target area boundaries as those locations that are above 7,000 feet MSL. This is a large area of approximately10,000 square miles.
Cloud seeding is accomplished using networks of ground-based, manually operated silver iodide nuclei generators located in valley or foothill locations upwind of the intended target mountain barriers. As such, these programs are classified as orographic winter cloud seeding programs. Orographic winter cloud seeding programs are typically categorized as those with the highest level of scientific support based upon capability statements of such organizations as the American Meteorological Society and the Weather Modification Association.
NAWC historical target/control evaluations of this program indicate an average increase in December-March target area precipitation of 12% or an average increase in precipitation of 1.3”. These results were significant at the 0.06 level from a one-tailed Student’s t-test. The UDWR has conducted periodic studies to estimate the increases in annual streamflow resulting from the estimated increases in April 1st snow water content produced by this seeding program. The most recent study (UDWR 2018) indicated an estimated average annual streamflow increase of about 84,000 acre-feet for the Central and Southern Utah target area. Factoring in the cost of conducting this program resulted in an estimate of the average cost of the augmented runoff to be $2.02 per acre-foot.
Field observations on the natural history and breeding behavior of the Atacama Toad Rhinella atacamensis, (Anura: Bufonidae) from Chile
Authors: Pincheira-Donoso Daniel , Bachrati Csanad Z. , Cotter Sheena C. , Brandreth Emily , Cole Joshua , Daly Emma , King Chloe , Montgomery Louise , Ortega Eduardo , Reed Thomas , Sajez Anna , Smith Jamie , Van Der Westhuizen Tyla-Jayde , Williams Amelia , Canto Jhoann 
Published: January 2023

Los anfibios han diversificado predominantemente en ambientes tropicales donde la humedad, temperatura y disponibilidad de microhábitats facilitan la estabilidad demográfica. Sin embargo, múltiples linajes han colonizado desiertos extremos, donde su diversidad es considerablemente menor. Una especie en particular, el sapo de Atacama (Rhinella atacamensis), se ha adaptado al Desierto de Atacama, la región más árida en la Tierra. Pese a la singularidad ecológica de esta especie, la mayor parte de los aspectos de su historia natural, reproducción, patrones de actividad y conducta permanecen desconocidos. Usando cámaras trampa y observaciones de campo in situ, documentamos una serie de nuevos hallazgos en una población del Parque Nacional Llanos de Challe. Nuestro estudio muestra que R. atacamensis permanence oculto del sol en pequeñas pozas cubiertas por vegetación, donde el 100% de las hembras observadas mantiene un macho permanentemente abrazado en amplexo a todas horas del día. Los sapos emergen para conglomerarse en pequeñas pozas expuestas después de ponerse el sol (~20:00h), donde los machos se enfrentan en activos combates por hembras. Hasta cuatro machos se enfrentan por una misma hembra. Los sapos se vuelven a ocultar en las pozas cubiertas después de las ~06:00h. Los huevos depositados durante la noche eclosionan dentro de 24 horas. Discutimos estas observaciones en el contexto de la diversidad global de los sapos bufónidos en general, y en relación con los efectos que la selección que emerge de las duras condiciones de Atacama pueden ejercer sobre la expresión de estos caracteres.
Una nueva especie de Limatula D. V. Wood, 1839 para la costa de Chile continental (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Limidae)
Authors: Gálvez Herrera Oscar , Wacquez Wacquez Marianne 
Published: January 2023

Se propone una nueva especie de bivalvo del género Limatula S.V. Wood, 1839 para las costas de Chile continental; Limatula (Limatula) ceciliaosorioae n. sp, se describe sobre la base del estudio de la morfo­logía de la concha y partes blandas de una muestra compuesta por 11 ejemplares completos y 37 valvas, provenientes de Bahía de San Vicente (36°44’S; 73°9’W), recolectadas en junio de 2002 entre 34 y 35 m de profundidad. Con la adición de la especie que se propone en este trabajo, el número de representantes de este género en Chile sube a tres: dos para la Provincia Peruana y uno para la Provincia Magallánica.