bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discrimination Without Traits: From Social Construction to the Politics of Discrimination
Authors: POPESCU-SARRY DIANA 
Published: August 2023

Theories of discrimination typically select properties such as race, gender, sexuality, or ethnicity as being of special concern. These properties, which are customarily identified as genuine grounds of discrimination, are also at the forefront of constructionist efforts to understand reality as a product of social interactions. Theories of discrimination have so far neglected the important question of how understanding the nature of these properties impacts our theoretical views of the kind of phenomenon discrimination is. This article outlines some pitfalls of assuming away complexities regarding the ontology of the underlying properties, and systematically develops a constructionist account of discrimination, which I call Discrimination without Traits. I argue pursuing a constructionist view of grounds reveals discrimination to be not a discrete process involving a discriminator and a victim, but an ongoing process of (re)negotiating social reality that is fundamentally political. This uncovers neglected avenues for designing political remedies to discrimination.
Temporal patterns in the recorded annual incidence of common mental disorders over two decades in the United Kingdom: a primary care cohort study
Authors: Dykxhoorn J. , Osborn D. , Walters K. , Kirkbride J. B. , Gnani S. , Lazzarino A. I. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackgroundCommon mental disorders (CMDs) including depression, anxiety, and stress are very common, but it is unclear whether the last decades of social, economic, and political change have impacted incidence of CMD. This study explored temporal trends in the recorded incidence of CMD in the United Kingdom.MethodsWe used data from general practices in the United Kingdom (Clinical Practice Research Datalink) to estimate the annual recorded incidence of CMD for 2000–2020, including symptoms, diagnosis, or pharmaceutical treatment. Trends were explored by sex, age, ethnicity, region, deprivation, and comorbidity.ResultsWe included 29 480 164 individuals who were followed up for 12.5 years on average (s.d. = 6.4 years). The recorded incidence of CMD episodes was 55.9 per 1000 person-years in 2000 [95% confidence interval (CI) 55.8–56.1], increasing to 79.6 per 1000 person-years in 2019 (95% CI 79.5–79.8). Females had higher recorded incidence rates, as did those living in more deprived areas. We observed striking patterns by age over time, with rates in ages 16–24 increasing from 40.2 per 1000 in 2000 (95% CI 39.8–40.5), to 107.8 per 1000 in 2019 (95% CI 107.0–108.6). In contrast, the rates in those aged ≥55 years decreased since 2014. There were differing patterns of incidence by ethnic group, with a steeper increase in Asian, Black, and mixed groups in recent years.ConclusionsOverall, the incidence of recorded CMD in the UK general practice increased between 2000 and 2019 with a small decrease in 2020. The overall trends obscured important differences across population subgroups, which may have implications for prevention.
Unmasking disparities: the challenge of diversity, equity, and inclusion in Press Ganey surveys
Authors: Avasarala Jagannadha , Zachariah Phenu 
Published: August 2023

AbstractData on minority group physicians from diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds is sparse and not reported by PG metrics at the national level. While PG metrics typically concentrate on the individual, patterns and trends are clearly discernible at the group level and comparison of groups to capture patterns may yield results hitherto unknown. One could even envisage using AI to capture any trends, differences, and comparative figures to build databases for the future. It is time to retool PG surveys to fit the modern U.S. healthcare workforce and be inclusive, and not selective at the individual level.
Improving access to healthcare in Ireland: an implementation failure
Authors: Connolly Sheelah 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThere are significant barriers to accessing health and social care services in Ireland including high user charges, long waits and limited availability of some services. While a number of reform proposals have committed to improving access to health care, implementation of these proposals has been limited. The aim of this paper is to identify and discuss policy implementation failures concerned with improving access to health and social care services in Ireland. Four potential reasons for the repeated failure to implement stated reform proposals are identified including a failure to identify and address the practicalities of implementation, competing health care demands, the political cycle and stakeholder resistance. While there has been a shift in Irish health care policy documents in the last 10 years with increasing emphasis on ensuring access to health care based on need rather than ability to pay, a repeated failure to implement the proposed reforms raises questions as to whether there is a real commitment to improving access to health care.
Hand gesture recognition method using FMCW radar based on multidomain fusion
Authors: Yang Tianhong , Wu Hanxu 
Published: August 2023

AbstractRadar-based hand gesture recognition is a potential noncontact human–machine interaction technique. To enhance the recognition performance of hand gesture, a multidomain fusion-based recognition method using frequency-modulated continuous wave radar is proposed in this article. The received raw echo data of gestures is preprocessed to obtain the range–time matrix, Doppler–time matrix, and range–Doppler–frame tensor. The obtained three-domain radar data corresponding to each gesture are input into the three-channel convolutional neural network for feature extraction. In particular, the extracted features from three-domain data are fused with learnable weight matrices to obtain the final gesture classification results. The experimental results have shown that the classification accuracy of the proposed multidomain fusion network based on learning weight matrix-based fusion is 98.45%, which improves the classification performance compared with the classic average-based fusion and concatenation fusion.
Paying for growth or goods: Tax morale among property owners in Lagos
Authors: Wilson Nicole E. , Rosenzweig Leah R. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWhat motivates property owners to pay taxes in places where state enforcement is weak? Using an online experiment among property owners in Lagos, Nigeria, we evaluate the effectiveness of different appeals at increasing respondents’ tax morale—willingness to pay taxes absent enforcement—and attitudes about government enforcement of tax collection. Respondents were randomly assigned to read either a vignette emphasizing the role of property tax revenues in contributing to economic growth and increased property values or one highlighting that tax revenues are used for public goods and services benefiting all residents. The growth and property values message made respondents significantly more favorable toward enforcement of tax collection, but there was no difference in willingness to pay between the two conditions.
Unfolding the Neutron Flux Spectrum on the Surface of Mars Using the MSL‐RAD and Odyssey‐HEND Data
Authors: Martinez Sierra L. M. , Jun I. , Ehresmann B. , Zeitlin C. , Guo J. , Litvak M. , Harshman K. , Hassler D. , Mitrofanov I. G. , Matthiä D. , Loffler S. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractUnderstanding the long‐term radiation environment at the surface of Mars allows us to estimate the exposure for future robotic and crewed missions. Typically, the radiation environment includes charged particles (i.e., protons and heavier ions) and neutral particles (i.e., gamma rays and secondary neutrons). Previous studies used in‐situ measurements, models, or both to determine the characteristics of the radiation at Mars. For example, the Mars Science Laboratory instrument, the Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD), has provided invaluable in‐situ data since landing in 2012. However, the RAD instrument is only sensitive to neutrons with energies > ∼6 MeV and therefore misses what is expected to be a substantial flux of lower‐energy neutrons. To address this gap, we have developed an approach to derive the surface neutron spectrum using the MSL RAD data augmented by orbital data from the High Energy Neutron Detector (HEND) onboard Mars Odyssey (neutron energy < ∼10 MeV). Using a power law fit, we determine neutron flux spectra that reproduce the measurements recorded by both RAD and HEND. Our approach involves a series of Monte Carlo simulations to develop a set of atmospheric transmission functions that enables us to convert the on‐orbit HEND data to their corresponding surface neutron flux spectra. The combined RAD—HEND data present a unique opportunity to obtain a complete picture of the surface neutron environment.
Biogeochemical Processes Are Altered by Non‐Conservative Mixing at Stream Confluences
Authors: Plont Stephen , Scott Durelle T. , Hotchkiss Erin R. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractStream confluences are ubiquitous interfaces in freshwater networks and serve as junctions of previously independent landscapes. However, few studies have investigated how confluences influence the transport, mixing, and fate of organic matter (OM) and inorganic nutrients at the scale of river networks. To understand how network biogeochemical fluxes may be altered by confluences, we conducted two sampling campaigns at five confluences in summer and fall 2021 spanning the extent of a mixed land use stream network. We sampled the confluence mainstem and tributary reaches as well as throughout the mixing zone downstream. We predicted that biologically reactive solutes would mix non‐conservatively downstream of confluences and that alterations to downstream biogeochemistry would be driven by differences in chemistry and size of the tributary and upstream reaches. In our study, confluences were geomorphically distinct (e.g., wider, deeper, unique erosional, and depositional features) downstream compared to reaches upstream of the confluence. Dissolved OM and nutrients mixed non‐conservatively downstream of the five confluences. Biogeochemical patterns downstream of confluences were only partially explained by contributing reach chemistry and drainage area. We found that the relationship between geomorphic variability, water residence time, and microbial respiration differed between reaches upstream and downstream of confluences. The lack of explanatory power from network‐scale drivers suggests that non‐conservative mixing downstream of confluences may be driven by biogeochemical processes within the confluence mixing zone. The unique geomorphology, non‐conservative biogeochemistry, and ubiquity of confluences highlights a need to account for the distinct functional role of confluences in water resource management in freshwater networks.
Plateau Formation Controlled by Lithospheric Foundering Under a Weak Crust
Authors: McMillan M. , Schoenbohm L. M. , Tye A. R. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractLithospheric foundering is hypothesized to contribute to the formation of Earth's largest continental plateaus, but the predicted effects remain poorly constrained, especially considering variations in crustal strength. Here we propose that lithospheric foundering involving a hot, weak crust can explain aspects of topography and crustal deformation in mountain belts. We explore this hypothesis using numerical models of orogenesis and foundering in the Southern Puna Plateau in the Central Andes. Contrary to previous models of foundering involving a strong crust, which are characterized by subsidence and shortening, a weak crust results in surface uplift and upper‐crustal horizontal extension, which is accommodated by horizontal shortening in peripheral regions. Our model explains data such as the timing and location of exhumation and basin sedimentation as a response to foundering. The model also shows that foundering is capable of converting a high‐relief, broken‐foreland region into a high‐elevation, low‐relief plateau in a convergent tectonic setting.
Trichodesmium Around Australia: A View From Space
Authors: Qi Lin , Wang Menghua , Hu Chuanmin , Capone Douglas G. , Subramaniam Ajit , Carpenter Edward J. , Xie Yuyuan 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe cyanobacterium Trichodesmium is responsible for approximately half of the ocean's nitrogen input through nitrogen fixation. Although it was first recorded near Australia in the 18th century, the knowledge of where and when large quantity of Trichodesmium around Australia could be found is still lacking. Here, using multi‐band satellite imagery acquired between 2012 and 2021, we fill this knowledge gap through the use of deep learning, designed to recognize both the spectral shapes of individual pixels and spatial morphology of surface aggregations (scums) of Trichodesmium. Trichodesmium scums were found nearly everywhere around Australia, with a cumulative footprint (i.e., where the 10‐year average density is >0.001‰) exceeding 4.6 million km2. Strong seasonality was found, with peak months between September and November. Furthermore, temperature, iron‐rich dust and black carbon aerosols, with the latter being a result of frequent bushfires, play major roles in determining the spatial distributions and seasonality of Trichodesmium.
Modulation of Phytoplankton Uptake by Mesoscale and Submesoscale Eddies in the California Current System
Authors: Damien Pierre , Bianchi Daniele , Kessouri Fayçal , McWilliams James C. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractEddies play a crucial role in shaping ocean dynamics by affecting material transport, and generating spatio‐temporal heterogeneity. However, how eddies at different scales modulate biogeochemical transformation rates remains an open question. Applying a multi‐scale decomposition to a numerical simulation, we investigate the respective impact of mesoscale and submesoscale eddies on nutrient transport and biogeochemical cycling in the California Current System. First, the non‐linear nature of nutrient uptake by phytoplankton results in a 50% reduction in primary production in the presence of eddies. Second, eddies shape the vertical transport of nutrients with a strong compensation between mesoscale and submesoscale. Third, the eddy effect on nutrient uptake is controlled by the covariance of temperature, nutrient and phytoplankton fluctuations caused by eddies. Our results shed new light on the tight interaction between non‐linear fluid dynamics and ecosystem processes in realistic eddy regimes, which remain largely under‐resolved by global Earth system models.
Analysis of the Ground Level Enhancement GLE 60 on 15 April 2001, and Its Space Weather Effects: Comparison With Dosimetric Measurements
Authors: Larsen N. , Mishev A. L. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAs a result of notable solar activity observed in April 2001, one of the strongest ground level enhancements (GLE) of solar cycle 23 occurred, namely GLE # 60 on 15 April 2001. In this paper, we derived the spectral and angular characteristics, and apparent source position of the solar protons during the GLE # 60, using a verified by direct measurements model and employing the calibrated neutron monitor yield function. Subsequently, employing the updated and verified by balloon measurements dosimetric model: Oulu CRAC:DOMO (Cosmic Ray Atmospheric Cascade: Dosimetric Model) we computed the dose rates throughout the event at several altitudes using the obtained spectra as an input. A global map of the ambient dose at an altitude of 35 kft is computed. A comparison with direct dosimetric measurements obtained by a Liulin device during an intercontinental flight is performed and good agreement is achieved.
Mapping nanoscale topographic features in thick tissues with speckle diffraction tomography
Authors: Kang Sungsam , Zhou Renjie , Brelen Marten , Mak Heather K. , Lin Yuechuan , So Peter T. C. , Yaqoob Zahid 
Published: August 2023

AbstractResolving three-dimensional morphological features in thick specimens remains a significant challenge for label-free imaging. We report a new speckle diffraction tomography (SDT) approach that can image thick biological specimens with ~500 nm lateral resolution and ~1 μm axial resolution in a reflection geometry. In SDT, multiple-scattering background is rejected through spatiotemporal gating provided by dynamic speckle-field interferometry, while depth-resolved refractive index maps are reconstructed by developing a comprehensive inverse-scattering model that also considers specimen-induced aberrations. Benefiting from the high-resolution and full-field quantitative imaging capabilities of SDT, we successfully imaged red blood cells and quantified their membrane fluctuations behind a turbid medium with a thickness of 2.8 scattering mean-free paths. Most importantly, we performed volumetric imaging of cornea inside an ex vivo rat eye and quantified its optical properties, including the mapping of nanoscale topographic features of Dua’s and Descemet’s membranes that had not been previously visualized.
Inverse-designed silicon carbide quantum and nonlinear photonics
Authors: Yang Joshua , Guidry Melissa A. , Lukin Daniil M. , Yang Kiyoul , Vučković Jelena 
Published: August 2023

AbstractInverse design has revolutionized the field of photonics, enabling automated development of complex structures and geometries with unique functionalities unmatched by classical design. However, the use of inverse design in nonlinear photonics has been limited. In this work, we demonstrate quantum and classical nonlinear light generation in silicon carbide nanophotonic inverse-designed Fabry-Pérot cavities. We achieve ultra-low reflector losses while targeting a pre-specified anomalous dispersion to reach optical parametric oscillation. By controlling dispersion through inverse design, we target a second-order phase-matching condition to realize second- and third-order nonlinear light generation in our devices, thereby extending stimulated parametric processes into the visible spectrum. This first realization of computational optimization for nonlinear light generation highlights the power of inverse design for nonlinear optics, in particular when combined with highly nonlinear materials such as silicon carbide.
Plasmonic metafibers electro-optic modulators
Authors: Zhang Lei , Sun Xinyu , Yu Hongyan , Deng Niping , Qiu Feng , Wang Jiyong , Qiu Min 
Published: August 2023

AbstractDigitalizing optical signals through electric driving signals, electro-optic modulators (EOMs) are one of the cardinal elements in modern optical communications. Most of current EOM devices are targeting on-chip integrations, which routinely suffer from high coupling losses, complex optical alignments and single-band operations. In this study, we for the first time integrate a lumped EOM device on the endfaces of a single-mode optical fiber jumper for fast amplitude modulations. Profiting from ultrathin and high quality-factor plasmonic metasurfaces, nanofabrication-friendly and highly efficient EO polymers and coupling-free connections with fiber networks, our EOM is demonstrated to allow dual-band operations (telecom O band and S band) and high-speed modulations (~1 GHz at a bias voltage of ±9 V). This work offers an avenue to ‘plug-and-play’ implementations of EO devices and ultracompact “all-in-fibers” optical systems for communications, imaging, sensing and many others.
Extending the coherence of spin defects in hBN enables advanced qubit control and quantum sensing
Authors: Rizzato Roberto , Schalk Martin , Mohr Stephan , Hermann Jens C. , Leibold Joachim P. , Bruckmaier Fleming , Salvitti Giovanna , Qian Chenjiang , Ji Peirui , Astakhov Georgy V. , Kentsch Ulrich , Helm Manfred , Stier Andreas V. , Finley Jonathan J. , Bucher Dominik B. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractNegatively-charged boron vacancy centers ($${{V}_{B}}^{-}$$

V

B

−

) in hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) are attracting increasing interest since they represent optically-addressable qubits in a van der Waals material. In particular, these spin defects have shown promise as sensors for temperature, pressure, and static magnetic fields. However, their short spin coherence time limits their scope for quantum technology. Here, we apply dynamical decoupling techniques to suppress magnetic noise and extend the spin coherence time by two orders of magnitude, approaching the fundamental T1 relaxation limit. Based on this improvement, we demonstrate advanced spin control and a set of quantum sensing protocols to detect radiofrequency signals with sub-Hz resolution. The corresponding sensitivity is benchmarked against that of state-of-the-art NV-diamond quantum sensors. This work lays the foundation for nanoscale sensing using spin defects in an exfoliable material and opens a promising path to quantum sensors and quantum networks integrated into ultra-thin structures.
Bile acid-dependent transcription factors and chromatin accessibility determine regional heterogeneity of intestinal antimicrobial peptides
Authors: Wang Yue , Yu Yanbo , Li Lixiang , Zheng Mengqi , Zhou Jiawei , Gong Haifan , Feng Bingcheng , Wang Xiao , Meng Xuanlin , Cui Yanyan , Xia Yanan , Chu Shuzheng , Lin Lin , Chang Huijun , Zhou Ruchen , Ma Mingjun , Li Zhen , Ji Rui , Lu Ming , Yang Xiaoyun , Zuo Xiuli , Li Shiyang , Li Yanqing 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important mediators of intestinal immune surveillance. However, the regional heterogeneity of AMPs and its regulatory mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we clarified the regional heterogeneity of intestinal AMPs at the single-cell level, and revealed a cross-lineages AMP regulation mechanism that bile acid dependent transcription factors (BATFs), NR1H4, NR1H3 and VDR, regulate AMPs through a ligand-independent manner. Bile acids regulate AMPs by perturbing cell differentiation rather than activating BATFs signaling. Chromatin accessibility determines the potential of BATFs to regulate AMPs at the pre-transcriptional level, thus shaping the regional heterogeneity of AMPs. The BATFs-AMPs axis also participates in the establishment of intestinal antimicrobial barriers of fetuses and the defects of antibacterial ability during Crohn’s disease. Overall, BATFs and chromatin accessibility play essential roles in shaping the regional heterogeneity of AMPs at pre- and postnatal stages, as well as in maintenance of antimicrobial immunity during homeostasis and disease.
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation increases flood risk along the United States southeast coast
Authors: Volkov Denis L. , Zhang Kate , Johns William E. , Willis Joshua K. , Hobbs Will , Goes Marlos , Zhang Hong , Menemenlis Dimitris 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe system of oceanic flows constituting the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) moves heat and other properties to the subpolar North Atlantic, controlling regional climate, weather, sea levels, and ecosystems. Climate models suggest a potential AMOC slowdown towards the end of this century due to anthropogenic forcing, accelerating coastal sea level rise along the western boundary and dramatically increasing flood risk. While direct observations of the AMOC are still too short to infer long-term trends, we show here that the AMOC-induced changes in gyre-scale heat content, superimposed on the global mean sea level rise, are already influencing the frequency of floods along the United States southeastern seaboard. We find that ocean heat convergence, being the primary driver for interannual sea level changes in the subtropical North Atlantic, has led to an exceptional gyre-scale warming and associated dynamic sea level rise since 2010, accounting for 30-50% of flood days in 2015-2020.