bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Test characteristics of ultrasound for the diagnosis of peritonsillar abscess: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kim Daniel J. , Burton Justin E. , Hammad Abdullah , Sabhaney Vikram , Freder Jason , Bone Jeffrey N. , Ahn Justin S. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBackgroundDistinguishing peritonsillar abscess (PTA) from peritonsillar cellulitis using clinical assessment is challenging as many features overlap for both conditions, and physical examination is only about 75% sensitive and 50% specific for diagnosing PTA. The primary objective of this systematic review was to determine the test characteristics of ultrasound for diagnosing PTA when compared to a reference standard of computed tomography or acquisition of pus via needle aspiration or incision and drainage.MethodsThis systematic review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy (PRISMA‐DTA) guidelines. We searched seven databases from 1960 to November 2022. Two independent reviewers completed study selection, data extraction, and QUADAS‐2 risk‐of‐bias assessment. We used a bivariate random‐effects model to calculate pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (LR+), and negative likelihood ratio (LR–). We also conducted subgroup analyses on radiology ultrasound compared to point‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS) and intraoral compared to transcervical scanning techniques.ResultsFrom 339 citations, we identified 18 studies for inclusion. Because one study only reported positive cases of PTA (thereby preventing the calculation of specificity), it was excluded from the analysis, so the analysis included a total of 17 studies with 812 patients, of whom 541 had PTA. Pooled bivariate sensitivity was 86% (95% confidence interval [CI] 78%–91%), specificity 76% (95% CI 67%–82%), LR+ 3.51 (95% CI 2.59–4.89), and LR– 0.19 (95% CI 0.12–0.30). On subgroup analysis, radiology‐performed ultrasound had a sensitivity and specificity of 89% and 71%, compared to POCUS, which had a sensitivity and specificity of 74% and 79%. Comparing the two different techniques, intraoral had a sensitivity and specificity of 91% and 75% while transcervical had a sensitivity and specificity of 80% and 81%.ConclusionsUltrasound demonstrates high sensitivity for ruling out PTA, but it only has moderate specificity for ruling in the diagnosis.
Gaming the System: Tactical Workarounds and the Production of Antagonistic Subjectivities among Migrant Platform Workers in Italy
Authors: Iazzolino Gianluca , Varesio Amarilli 
Published: January 2023

AbstractOur article explores how migrant food delivery couriers work around platform algorithmic control to argue that gaming the system is a form of everyday resistance. Drawing on data collected in Turin, Italy, between August 2020 and June 2021, we examine how, on the one hand, through gamification, food delivery platforms construct the couriers as entrepreneurial and productive subjects; on the other hand, we show that the disarticulation and repurposing of these management mechanisms both address survival needs and signal a still fledgling, but potentially vibrant, space of labour activism. By conceptualising gamification as another weapon in capital's arsenal to control labour, we acknowledge the entanglement of workers’ agency and subjectivity. We thus bring a two‐fold contribution to radical geography: we link gamification to the “production of subjectivity”, drawing on the Italian Operaista intellectual tradition; and we posit the subversive and generative potential of migrant couriers’ everyday geographies.
Prevalence of delayed gastric emptying in patients with gastroparesis‐like symptoms
Authors: Huang I‐Hsuan , Schol Jolien , Carbone Florencia , Chen Yaozhu J. , Van den Houte Karen , Balsiger Lukas Michaja , Broeders Bert , Vanuytsel Tim , Tack Jan 
Published: January 2023

SummaryBackgroundThe European consensus defined gastroparesis as a condition characterised by delayed gastric emptying (GE) in the absence of mechanical obstruction, with a symptom pattern of predominant nausea and/or vomiting and overlapping postprandial distress syndrome (PDS). The distinction between patients with gastroparesis and those with functional dyspepsia (FD), another gastrointestinal condition characterised by predominant PDS or epigastric pain syndrome symptoms, is ongoing.AimTo investigate the extent that symptom patterns may differentiate gastroparesis from FD.MethodsThis retrospective study included 637 patients from Leuven University Hospital in 2006–2021 who had upper gastrointestinal symptoms, underwent a GE test, and completed the Dyspepsia Symptom Severity (DSS) questionnaire. Patients were identified as with gastroparesis‐like symptoms (GPLS; i.e., moderate to severe nausea with moderate to severe PDS) or FD symptoms (not fitting GPLS). We excluded patients aged <18 years, and those with diabetes, organic gastrointestinal disease or a history of abdominal surgeries. Demographic and clinical variables were compared.ResultsAmong 545 patients, 238 reported GPLS and 307 reported FD symptoms. Those with GPLS had a significantly higher prevalence of delayed GE (half emptying time (T1/2) ≥109 min) and lower body mass index than those with FD (33.2% vs 17.6%, p < 0.01; 19.9 vs 21.2, p < 0.01, respectively). Among GPLS patients, those with delayed GE had higher DSS than those without (13.0 vs 12.0, p < 0.01).ConclusionsIn tertiary care patients who reported gastroparesis or FD symptoms, the presence of delayed GE was associated with GPLS. In patients with GPLS, delayed GE was associated with higher symptom severity.
Larval and adult lung morphology of Trachycephalus typhonius (Anura: Hylidae)
Authors: Lenain Victoria Malvina , Sandoval María Teresa , Zaracho Victor Hugo 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMorphological studies are useful to develop analysis with taxonomic, phylogenetic, ecological, physiological and evolutionary approaches. During the life cycle, Anurans carry out gas exchange through different structures such as gills, skin and lungs. In general, the development of lungs during the larval period is scarce known and most studies analyse the morphology and ultrastructure of the lung wall at the adult stage. This study describes the development and morphology of the lung of Trachycephalus typhonius during the prometamorphic and metamorphic periods and adult stage. Lung development starts at premetamorphic stages and continues along the prometamorphic and metamorphic periods with the development of the lung wall vascularization and pulmonary septa. There are remarkable differences comparing the lung framework at the end of metamorphosis to the one in the adult stage, regarding different‐order septa and lung wall structure with a well‐developed vascular network. Therefore, the final organization occurs during the juvenile period. This work is the first approach to the study of lung development during larval stages in this species and complements previous studies on lung morphology. Also, contributes to the knowledge of lung morphogenesis and could be useful to interpret the respiratory physiology in different environmental conditions.
Interpretive field geomorphology as cognitive, social, embodied and affective epistemic practice
Authors: Couper Pauline R. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis article examines the epistemic practices of interpretive field geomorphology—that is, the in‐the‐moment act of “seeing the landscape” geomorphologically. Drawing on the philosophical works of Wittgenstein and Merleau‐Ponty, it aims to bring to light the complex, multi‐dimensional, knowledge‐producing process of field observation and interpretation. Methodologically the study is based on geomorphologists' accounts of their fieldwork, gathered through questionnaire and interviews. By paying attention to what geomorphologists say they are doing in the field, interpretive field geomorphology is articulated as a combined cognitive, social, embodied, and affective experience through which understanding is arrived at. The paper thus sheds light on one part of what Brierley et al. call “the dark art” of geomorphological interpretation, and draws out implications in terms of researcher positionality, researcher training, and offering an epistemic justification for field‐based pedagogies.
Cost‐effectiveness of cenobamate for focal seizures in people with drug‐resistant epilepsy
Authors: Laskier Vicki , Agyei‐Kyeremateng Kenneth K. , Eddy Alex E. , Patel Dilip , Mulheron Stuart , James Samuel , Thomas Rhys H. , Sander Josemir W. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractObjectiveThis study was undertaken to estimate the cost‐effectiveness of add‐on cenobamate in the UK when used to treat drug‐resistant focal seizures in adults who are not adequately controlled with at least two prior antiseizure medications, including at least one used adjunctively.MethodsWe estimated the cost per quality‐adjusted life‐year (QALY) for cenobamate compared to brivaracetam, eslicarbazepine, lacosamide, and perampanel in the UK National Health Service over a lifetime time horizon. We used a Markov cohort structure to determine response to treatment, using pooled data from three long‐term studies of cenobamate. A network meta‐analysis informed the likelihood of response to therapy with brivaracetam, eslicarbazepine, lacosamide, and perampanel relative to cenobamate. Once individuals discontinued treatment, they transitioned to subsequent treatment health states, including other antiseizure medicines, surgery, and vagus nerve stimulation. Costs included treatment, administration, routine monitoring, event management, and adverse events. Published evidence and expert opinion informed the likelihood of response to subsequent treatments, associated adverse events, and costs. Utility data were based on Short‐Form six‐dimension form utility. Discounting was applied at 3.5% per annum as per National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance. Uncertainty was explored through deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.ResultsIn the base case, cenobamate led to cost savings of £51 967 (compared to brivaracetam), £21 080 (compared to eslicarbazepine), £33 619 (compared to lacosamide), and £28 296 (compared to perampanel) and increased QALYs of 1.047 (compared to brivaracetam), 0.598 (compared to eslicarbazepine), 0.776 (compared to lacosamide), and 0.703 (compared to perampanel) per individual over a lifetime time horizon. Cenobamate also dominated the four drugs across most sensitivity analyses. Differences were due to reduced seizure frequency with cenobamate relative to comparators.SignificanceCenobamate improved QALYs and was less costly than brivaracetam, eslicarbazepine, lacosamide, and perampanel. Therefore, cenobamate may be considered as a cost‐effective adjunctive antiseizure medication for people with drug‐resistant focal seizures.
Factors associated with liver injury and prognosis in advanced cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors
Authors: Kaneko Shun , Asahina Yasuhiro , Nakagawa Mina , Murakawa Miyako , Miyazaki Yasunari , Asakage Takahiro , Fukuda Shohei , Namiki Takeshi , Kano Yoshihito , Nagata Masashi , Tsuchiya Jun , Miyoshi Masato , Kitahata‐Kawai Fukiko , Nitta Sayuri , Itsui Yasuhiro , Kakinuma Sei , Okamoto Ryuichi 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAimThe use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has increased remarkably, and immune‐related adverse events (irAEs) have also increased. This study aimed to identify factors associated with immune‐related liver injury (irLI), and the relationship between the grades of irLI and overall survival (OS) in patients treated with ICIs.MethodsA total of 571 patients who had been treated for advanced malignancies with ICIs between January 2015 and March 2022 were retrospectively recruited. The presence of liver injury was determined by the aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase elevation. The irLI grading was based on Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0.ResultsA total of 50 (8.8%) patients had grade ≥2 irLI and 24 (4.2%) had grade ≥3 irLI. Treatment with anti‐cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated protein‐4 agents and baseline grade 1 aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase elevation were independent predictive factors of grade ≥2 irLI. Treatment with anti‐cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated protein‐4 was the only independent predictive factor of grade ≥3 irLI. The median OS for patients who experienced any irAEs was significantly longer than of those without irAEs (hazard ratio 0.503, 95% CI 0.398–0.636, p < 0.001). The median OS in patients with grade ≥2 irLI was significantly longer (HR 0.570, 95% CI 0.387–0.838, p = 0.022). There was no significant difference between the median OS in patients with grade ≥3 irLI and the others (p = 0.11).ConclusionThe incidence of irLI was significantly higher in patients treated with anti‐cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated protein‐4 agents. Even in patients with pre‐existing grade 1 aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase elevation, appropriate follow‐up and control of the irLI can improve the prognosis.
Understanding deviance from the perspectives of youth labelled as children in conflict with law in Mumbai, India
Authors: Korde Priyanka , Raghavan Vijay 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis article presents voices of youth labelled as ‘children in conflict with law’ on deviance, using the theoretical framework of labelling. Based on a narrative analysis of 24 in‐depth interviews with youth and other stakeholders in Mumbai, three key themes emerged: defining deviance; self and the deviant others – the othering of deviance; and living with a deviant identity. We found that the youth explained deviance as good or bad contextually, continuously interpreting its meanings, different from adult viewpoints. The youth engaged in identity management strategies to move away from the labels and stigma. The youth, labelled as rule‐breakers, balanced the power equations by ‘counter‐labelling’, where they hold the rule‐enforcers accountable for creating labels. The article locates the findings in Southern criminology and argues for the Indian juvenile justice system to acknowledge the local contexts of youth and their communities and address the larger pathways that lead to deviance and crime.
A comparative study on the properties of Li2TiO3 powders and pebbles fabricated by different routes
Authors: Wan Xiujuan , Cai Liang , Tan Guangfan , Hu Xin , Zhang Yingchun 
Published: January 2023

AbstractLithium titanate (Li2TiO3) is one of the promising candidate breeders for tritium self‐sufficiency of deuterium(D)‐tritium(T) fusion reaction. The differences in powder synthesis methods have a great impact on the properties of Li2TiO3 powders and the performance of Li2TiO3 ceramic pebbles. In this study, the Li2TiO3 powders were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method and solid‐state method, and then the pebbles were fabricated by the agar‐based wet method. The mechanism of hydrothermal synthesis of Li2TiO3 powder was discussed. For the hydrothermal method, the Li2TiO3 powder with single phase can be obtained when the rate of Li/Ti = 2.4, and the powder presented two different morphology, which involved two reaction mechanisms, including in‐situ phase transformation mechanism and dissolution‐precipitation mechanism, the phase transformation from α‐Li2TiO3 to β‐Li2TiO3 accomplished at 400°C, which is lower than that of 750°C for solid‐state method. Li2TiO3 pebbles prepared by the hydrothermal‐wet method had a uniform pore distribution, an optimal grain size of 2.7 μm, a crushing load of 58.6 N, and relative density of 90.2%, respectively. In comparison, pebbles prepared by the solid‐state‐wet method also had better mechanical properties, which the crushing load and relative density were 53.9 N and 86.9% respectively under the optimal fabrication conditions.
One‐minute preceptor and SNAPPS for clinical reasoning: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Teixeira Ferraz Grünewald Sabrine , Grünewald Thiago , Ezequiel Oscarina S. , Lucchetti Alessandra L. G. , Lucchetti Giancarlo 
Published: January 2023

AbstractClinical reasoning teaching strategies could be important models to teach healthcare trainees. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of clinical reasoning teaching strategies (one‐minute preceptor (OMP) and SNAPPS) for developing clinical reasoning skills, attitudes and satisfaction of medical/healthcare students and post‐graduate trainees as compared to controls. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled studies, with no restriction on language or publication date, were carried out by searching the PubMed, SCOPUS, ERIC, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library databases. The risk of bias of the studies selected was determined using Cochrane's risk‐of‐bias tool (RoB 2) and the quality of evidence used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. Of the 1066 articles retrieved, 12 were included in the systematic review and 10 in the meta‐analysis. The results showed a growing body of literature on the use of strategies for teaching clinical reasoning that consisted predominantly of low‐quality quasi‐experimental studies. When only randomised controlled trials were included, analyses showed effectiveness among both healthcare students and post‐graduate trainees for a series of outcomes, including total presentation length, duration of discussion, number of basic attributes, number of justified diagnoses in differential diagnoses and number of uncertainties expressed. Lastly, results for SNAPPS were better than for OMP relative to the control group. The strategies for teaching clinical reasoning improved the performance of healthcare students and professionals on this skill, promoting deeper discussion of clinical cases and a higher number of differential diagnoses. Further good‐quality trials are needed to corroborate these findings. PROSPERO Registration: CRD42020175992.
Preliminary evidence supporting a new enzymatic debridement product for use in chronic wounds
Authors: Fairlamb David M. , Kelety Bela , Bachert Anke , Scholtissek Anika , Jones Richard D. , Davis Stephen C. , Kirsner Robert S. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractA new recombinant proteolytic enzyme, isolated from maggot saliva, with fibrinolytic action has been investigated through a series of non‐clinical toxicology and in‐vitro/in‐vivo pharmacology studies to explore its potential safety and efficacy as an enzymatic debridement agent for use in chronic wounds. Studies indicate that the enzyme has a good safety profile. When locally administered, it is not detrimental to wound healing, is non‐sensitising and is rapidly inactivated in the systemic circulation. Adverse effects are limited, at very high concentrations, to transient erythema at the site of application. In‐vitro testing indicates that the enzyme, whilst selective for fibrin, has additional proteolytic action against collagen and elastin, with enzymatic action for all three substrates being dose dependent. In‐vivo, we used an established MRSA biofilm model, in which microbiological counts were used as a surrogate for debridement efficacy. Here, we showed that higher concentrations of the enzyme in a formulated proprietary gel, significantly reduced MRSA counts over a period of 2 to 14 days, and significantly improved the vascularity of the wound at 14 days. Together, these data support the potential for this maggot‐derived proteolytic enzyme as a clinically effective debriding agent.
In the jaws of death: Surviving women's experience of male intimate terrorism
Authors: Halldorsdottir Sigridur 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAimsTo explore the meaning of male intimate terrorism, its evolvement and its impact on women from the perspective of female survivors.DesignThe Vancouver School of Doing Phenomenology.MethodsNine women were interviewed 1–3 times, in all 16 interviews. The interviews were from 68 to 172 min (average 87 min). Data analysis was done through interpretive thematic analysis.ResultsFor the surviving women, the intimate terrorism was a horrendous experience and they felt in the ‘jaws of death’. The violence got worse over time from theentrapment phasewhere the men were obsessed with the women and monitored them, to thesilencing phase, where the men silenced the women and thedeath phase, where the women felt as shadows of themselves. The women also described theawakeningandrecovery phases. The men's intense psychological aggression, marital rape and attempts to strangle them, were the gravest aspects of intimate terrorism and what contributed to them eventually feeling psychologically ‘more than dead’.ConclusionWhat is most striking in the findings is how the fundamental human rights of the women were violated and how close to death the women came. Nurses need to be knowledgeable about the danger of intimate terrorism, how to screen for it and provide trauma‐focused nursing care to women who have been subjected to such trauma.Patient or Public ContributionThe women who were interviewed in the study are not patients, but they are part of the public.
Impact of pre‐analytical sample handling factors on plasma biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Kurz Carolin , Stöckl Laura , Schrurs Isabelle , Suridjan Ivonne , Gürsel Selim Üstün , Bittner Tobias , Jethwa Alexander , Perneczky Robert 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAn unmet need exists for reliable plasma biomarkers of amyloid pathology, in the clinical laboratory setting, to streamline diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). For routine clinical use, a biomarker must provide robust and reliable results under pre‐analytical sample handling conditions. We investigated the impact of different pre‐analytical sample handling procedures on the levels of seven plasma biomarkers in development for potential routine use in AD. Using (1) fresh (never frozen) and (2) previously frozen plasma, we evaluated the effects of (A) storage time and temperature, (B) freeze/thaw (F/T) cycles, (C) anticoagulants, (D) tube transfer, and (E) plastic tube types. Blood samples were prospectively collected from patients with cognitive impairment undergoing investigation in a memory clinic. β‐amyloid 1–40 (Aβ40), β‐amyloid 1–42 (Aβ42), apolipoprotein E4, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilament light chain, phosphorylated‐tau (phospho‐tau) 181, and phospho‐tau‐217 were measured using Elecsys® plasma prototype immunoassays. Recovery signals for each plasma biomarker and sample handling parameter were calculated. For all plasma biomarkers measured, pre‐analytical effects were comparable between fresh (never frozen) and previously frozen samples. All plasma biomarkers tested were stable for ≤24 h at 4°C when stored as whole blood and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) plasma. Recovery signals were acceptable for up to five tube transfers, or two F/T cycles, and in both polypropylene and low‐density polyethylene tubes. For all plasma biomarkers except Aβ42 and Aβ40, analyte levels were largely comparable between EDTA, lithium heparin, and sodium citrate tubes. Aβ42 and Aβ40 were most sensitive to pre‐analytical handling, and the effects could only be partially compensated by the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio. We provide recommendations for an optimal sample handling protocol for analysis of plasma biomarkers for amyloid pathology AD, to improve the reproducibility of future studies on plasma biomarkers assays and for potential use in routine clinical practice.image