bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The tradition of Hervaeus Natalis
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
After a consideration of some relevant texts from Thomas Aquinas, this chapter examines the Christology of Hervaeus Natalis, and the many ways in which it diverges from that of Aquinas. It then discusses the controversies in the Dominican order surrounding Durand of St Pourçain, and shows that the positions of Durand and his opponents (including Hervaeus) are much closer to each other than they are to that of Aquinas. The chapter then goes on to examine a number of theologians of the fifteenth century whose positions are, by accident or design, similar to that of Hervaeus, culminating in Nicholas of Cusa.
Peter Auriol
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an account of the development of Auriol’s Christology through three redactions of book 3 of his commentary on the Sentences, two previously unpublished, along with material from the Scriptum on book 1 of the Sentences. The chapter establishes the correct order of the various texts. Auriol proposes a radically original Christology, according to which the divine person ‘terminates’ the human nature in a way analogous to that in which a point terminates a line; and created subsistence likewise ‘terminates’ the nature to which it is proper. Auriol was possibly followed on this by a Dominican theologian of the 1320s, Bernard of Lombardy; and his view on subsistence was criticized by Adam Wodeham. Auriol’s insights later passed into the Thomist tradition through John Capreolus, who transcribed parts of the text from a manuscript in Toulouse.
Critical Forms
Authors: Wilson Ross 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Critical Forms is an account of the generic forms in which literary criticism has been undertaken. It examines chiefly Anglophone literary criticism, albeit with comparative discussion of French and German material, from around 1750 to the present and examines prefaces, selections and anthologies, reviews, lectures, dialogues, letters, and life-writing. Though not intended to be an exhaustive history of the period, Critical Forms begins in the mid-eighteenth century because this date sees the emergence of something like the forms (chiefly, the essay and the treatise) in which criticism is still predominantly practised. In order at least to complicate this predominance, the book documents an abiding plurality in the forms of literary critical writing in the subsequent period, leading up to the present. Critical Forms both questions the status of the essay and treatise as the ‘natural’ forms of literary criticism and shows that the history of literary criticism is much more formally various and innovative than the usual ways of recounting that history as a succession of schools and movements would allow. In addition, Critical Forms at least harbours the hope that it will make available a wider array of forms for the practice of literary criticism today; it is this hope that licenses its own admittedly brief experiments in critical form.
Introduction
Authors: Wilson Ross 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Introduction begins by exploring the formal characteristics of philosophical and literary-critical writing. While showing that considerations of the relation between philosophy and form are germane to the book’s argument, the Introduction comes to focus in particular on literary criticism, detailing the ways in which the relation between literary criticism and its forms is distinctive, owing, in part, to the shared linguistic medium of literature and its criticism. The Introduction situates the book’s concern with the forms of literary criticism in relation to a range of recent institutional and intellectual contexts, including, for instance, the interest in ‘creative criticism’ and recent defences of ‘academic writing’. The book’s historical parameters are also laid out and justified here: while noting that many of the forms discussed in the book have ancient and early modern precedents, the Introduction offers a rationale for seeing the middle of the eighteenth century as a defining moment for subsequent criticism. Examples of the consideration of literary critical form in the work of Oscar Wilde and Walter Benjamin are examined before a brief overview of the book’s contents is offered in conclusion.
Selections
Authors: Wilson Ross 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Where other critical forms seem to display the authorial agency and intervention of the critic, it would appear that selections and anthologies do not. This chapter opens by considering the matter—or, according to T. S. Eliot, ideal—of critical silence. While notes and other critical paratexts are of course a key focus of this chapter, its main concern is with the act and presentation of selection itself. It is argued that, in fact, selection is paradigmatically critical and paradigmatically formal. The chapter deals with a variety of examples in historical context, from Isaac D’Israeli to Amiri Baraka, via Charles Lamb and Francis Turner Palgrave.
Lectures
Authors: Wilson Ross 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter returns to the consideration (important in the Introduction and Chapter 2 especially) of the invisibility of critical forms. It notices that much literary criticism has its origin in lectures, though this fact is often effaced. The chapter considers the relations between oral and textual communication, especially by means of a consideration of Gertrude Stein’s published lectures and Erving Goffman’s sociology of communication. The ritual and representative aspects of the lecture—prominent in Goffman’s discussion—are central throughout and are explicitly addressed in examination of examples from Henry Louis Gates, Jr and Toni Morrison. The importance of the lecture to higher-education pedagogy—especially in the field of literary criticism—and the reasons for this in the face of technological development and managerial challenge are considered in broad historical context. In addition to the examples already mentioned, the chapter examines work by Robert Lowth, John Keble, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Eric Griffiths.
Letters
Authors: Wilson Ross 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned throughout with the supposedly public nature of literary criticism. It returns to Peter Uwe Hohendahl’s definition of literary criticism as public communication on literature in order to question it—but without simply assuming that letters are private communication. As becomes clear through examination of a series of examples, many literary-critical letters were written for publication and many others straddle the private–public divide. The question of the treatise presented as a series of letters is also considered here, chiefly though the example of the work of Richard Hurd. Other examples, from the eighteenth century to recent experiments in collaborative criticism, are central to the chapter.
Conclusions
Authors: Davies Jonathan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter synthesizes what has been argued before, concluding that the Jewish War is a highly complex product of its times, a virtuoso balancing act between courtesy and discourtesy towards Josephus’ all-powerful patrons, but fundamentally, at its deepest level, a rejection of the imperial narrative about the Jewish rebellion. It surveys a range of existing approaches to the question of Josephus’ relationship with Flavian power in the light of what has been argued in previous chapters, and concludes that none of them fully capture the complexity of this author’s stance. It ends by suggesting several possible avenues of future research into Josephus and his place in Graeco-Roman historiography.
Telling Time in the Greco-Roman World
Authors: Miller Kassandra J. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the temporal landscape of the Imperial period and the key concepts with which this book engages. The chapter reviews the archaeological evidence for sundials and water clocks and discusses both their capabilities and their changing prevalence over time. It also recounts how the Greek term hōra evolved to mean “hour” (as well as “season” and a general span of “time”), and it distinguishes between the two different kinds of hour (“seasonal” and “equinoctial”) that ancient timekeeping tools could measure. The chapter helps readers to better understand the temporal frameworks and lexicons that were available to physicians like Galen and, thus, to better appreciate the temporal choices that these physicians faced.
Doctors and Clocks
Authors: Miller Kassandra J. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 offers a chronological overview of how the developments in timekeeping technologies outlined in Chapter 1 intersected with developments in the theory and practice of medicine. The chapter first discusses the Pharaonic Egyptian and Assyro-Babylonian precedents to Greek and Roman medical timekeeping and then introduces the broad trends that emerged in the Hippocratic, Hellenistic, and Roman Imperial stages of Greco-Roman medicine. It addresses relevant methodological challenges along the way and, by establishing both the history and the contemporary landscape of medical timekeeping in the age of Galen, it sets the stage for the thematic case studies that will follow.
When Is Temporal Exactitude Desirable?
Authors: Miller Kassandra J. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 offers a corrective to the notion that Galen would prefer doctors to keep their eyes on the clock at all times. This chapter argues that Galen actually seeks to present himself as occupying a reasonable, middle stance in an ongoing debate over the role of numerical precision in medical timekeeping. By examining a series of passages drawn from Galen’s works on fevers and bloodletting—as well as his magnum opus, On the Method of Healing—it becomes evident that, while Galen accuses some physicians of being insufficiently precise in their numerical timekeeping, he accuses others of being overly precise and programmatic. This chapter, like the preceding one, highlights the fact that, even in times and places where clocks were easily accessible, medical authors made different choices about when and how to employ hourly timekeeping. It reveals that certain medical concepts and treatments were seen as being especially ripe for debates over numerical temporal precision.
Posted Workers Are Persons Too! Posting and the Constitutional Democratic Question of Fair Mobility in the European Union
Authors: Garben Sacha 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the question of fair mobility in the context of the law on posted workers in the EU. It revisits the well-worn discussion on posting, recounting the saga from Rush Portuguesa and Laval to the current Revised Posted Workers Directive 2018/957, as recently upheld by the Court of Justice in Hungary v. Parliament and Council, and proposes different terms for our legal arguments in relation to this contentious topic. It attempts to operationalize ‘fairness’ in a meaningful way, by reference to the overarching, basic common values of constitutionalism and democracy, and on that basis critically evaluates the current law. The central argument is that posted workers should be treated as migrant workers under EU free movement law and should thus have the right to equal treatment.
Economic Activity and EU Citizenship Law: Seeding Means-based Logic in a Status-based Freedom
Authors: Nic Shuibhne Niamh 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
It is normally assumed that freedom of movement for workers and self-employed persons produces deeper legal privilege than free movement disconnected from economic activity. While, in many respects, that is true, this chapter probes the relationship between Union citizenship and economic activity further. It argues that the influence of economic free movement on citizenship has been largely constitutive and rights-deepening, but the influence of citizenship on economic free movement has become somewhat deconstructive and rights-thinning. The chapter shows that the traditional emphasis on status in economic free movement law yields increasingly to the importance of both means and integration in EU citizenship law. Questions raised by the chapter sit in thorny debates about the reach and purpose of free movement and Union citizenship. In that light, the historical disconnect between status and means in economic free movement law has, unsurprisingly, come under strain. A difficulty with pursuing comprehensive reform is that, in the current political and economic climate, confronting status and means mismatches could aggravate the vulnerability of economically active citizens—vulnerability created in part, ironically, by concepts designed for EU citizenship law. We should therefore think carefully before essential features of economic free movement law are recast: not least because the evidence base presumed to support more restrictive free movement would need to be more robust, beyond an intuitive sense of relevant factors or preferences; but also, because the freedoms protected by EU internal market law, since the very foundations of the Treaty of Rome, really matter.
Introduction
Authors: Sohal Amar 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
During the twentieth century, many political actors and theorists across the globe believed that the religious partition was a solution to the democratic problem of numbers. To compensate for their numerical weakness, minorities were often turned into sovereign nations. This Introduction lays out the conceptual framework that animated the Indian Muslim refusal of this triumphant logic. Swimming against the tide of Pakistani nationalism, a set of eminent Muslim thinker-politicians associated with the Indian independence movement recognized the structural significance of a consenting minority to the formation of a plural democracy. Leaning on Islam’s universalism to extend its ambitions beyond political separatism, they not only endorsed but deepened a uniquely Indian nationalist rendering of the secular. By remaking the Indian Muslim concept of parity, championing regional particularity, and engaging with the shifting meaning of sovereignty over historical time, the likes of Abul Kalam Azad, Sheikh Abdullah, and Abdul Ghaffar Khan charted a third way to nationalism. On the one hand, and in the hope of averting its own minoritization, the Muslim secular challenged the abstractions of its Hindu friends, M.K. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. On the other, it critiqued Mohammad Ali Jinnah’s campaign for Pakistan since it institutionalized rather than dispelled India’s identitarian animosities.
Secularism as Culture
Authors: Sohal Amar 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how Abul Kalam Azad and a set of Muslim intellectuals associated with the Indian National Congress imagined the shared nation, and situates their ideas in a wide-ranging debate with their political colleagues and rivals. They anchored Indian nationality in the profane culture produced collectively by Hindus and Muslims on the plains of northern India from the medieval period, and extended this equalization to encompass a recurring story of Central Asian migration to a hospitable subcontinent. In their disputes with religious nationalists, the Congress Muslims formulated conceptions of universal cultural interaction and historical truth to argue that a shared culture was simply a cold fact of Indian life. This shaped a supplementary argument about how sectarian antagonism was just as responsible for the creation of nationality as friendship, and also led these thinker-politicians to attach an unusual degree of historical veracity to their claims. Convinced that their reading of the past was true, they almost looked upon the professional historian as their ally. However, they saw little intrinsic value in exhaustive histories. Concerned chiefly with their cultural inheritance, these future-oriented thinkers resurrected the past only to produce an account of present possession and reaffirm their Indian nation. Therefore, the long political history of Indian monarchy, while never ignored, was subordinated to this focus on culture and society. This chapter ends with a discussion about the national stature Azad ascribed to Urdu, and the extent to which Progressive literature and contemporary cinema mirrored the Azadian idea.
Interlude
Authors: Blower Brooke L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Passengers settle into their seating compartments, while the crew steers the Yankee Clipper toward its first stop in Bermuda. Accommodations on board the Boeing B-314 have been carefully designed to put travelers’ minds at ease, because flying across an ocean is still an awe-inspiring feat. After the trip’s course is set, Captain R. O. D. Sullivan descends from the flight deck to greet his latest strange assortment of passengers and to reassure them about the safety of the journey. The veteran pilot has played a role in each step of Pan American Airways’ development as the first successful US overseas airline—from its inaugural Latin American routes and sensational efforts to link California with China, to its transatlantic commercial service. At Bermuda, Sully and his passengers encounter the British colony’s strict contraband control regime.
Twelve Mile River
Authors: Blower Brooke L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Born at the foot of the Blue Ridge Mountains, Ben Robertson grew up imbibing Lost Cause myths about the Confederacy and the history of the American South. They will continue to shape his thinking as he trains to work in the newly professionalized field of journalism, travels to the South Pacific for adventure, and returns to a job with the New York Herald Tribune. Covering the Roosevelt administration as a reporter for the Associated Press makes Ben certain that his own sympathies rest with the startling innovations of the New Deal. But the racial politics of his home state, South Carolina, and his own illusions about the necessity of Jim Crow segregation put limits on his liberal commitments and loyalties to the Democratic Party.
Back to Porridge
Authors: Blower Brooke L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Frank struggles with his business in Batavia after the fall of the Netherlands in 1940. The strains of war take a toll on his health and outlook. The Nazis’ stunning Blitzkrieg across the Low Countries and France has thrown the future of colonized Asia into jeopardy. But on plumeria-scented terraces, over private club reserves of whisky and gin, Westerners living in the region, including Frank, bat away fears of a Japanese advance as preposterous. This fantasy of white supremacy will prove in many ways to be Japan’s greatest weapon once it launches its stunning assault on Hawai‘i and Southeast Asia.
The Charter Offer
Authors: Blower Brooke L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
As Manuel and his partner, Marcelino Garcia, put behind their brush with the law and get back to their neutral shipping business, American authorities find themselves wholly unprepared for the war crashing down on their shores. Even as the Kriegsmarine’s Admiral Karl Dönitz launches Operation Drumbeat and begins torching boats up and down the Eastern Seaboard, Allied inspectors remain slow to rein in Spanish ships engaging in suspicious movements and communications. Fears about the fate of the Iberian Peninsula lead Foreign Office and State Department diplomats to favor appeasing agents of Franco’s regime. By the fall of 1942, however, Manuel’s position will grow increasingly precarious.
Small Potatoes
Authors: Blower Brooke L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Frank gathers with other war correspondents in Melbourne to be near Douglas MacArthur’s headquarters for the Southwest Pacific Area and take stock of the Australian war effort. He often goes on the air at two or three o’clock in the morning so his radio broadcasts can be heard in the United States during waking hours. He offers biting commentary on the fall of Burma and the Philippines, the independence movement in India, and the treatment of imprisoned Westerners under Japanese occupation. His criticisms of leaders in Washington and London would not have passed domestic US censorship regulations, but in Australia they are approved because they advance the agendas of MacArthur and Prime Minister John Curtin.
Acid Test
Authors: Blower Brooke L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
As Ben travels to India, the stakes for holding the subcontinent—a main supply base for Allied defenses in the Middle East and a necessary launching point for future counteroffensives against the Japanese—have never been higher. But escalating calls for independence from Mohandas Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehu, and other anticolonial nationalists as well as the arrival of so many wartime newcomers, including thousands of American troops, threaten to scramble the colony’s established social and political order. Witnessing up close the merciless crackdown on Quit India protesters, Ben reconsiders his zealous championing of the British and makes a choice at the risk of his own career.
Hot Questions
Authors: Blower Brooke L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The 1942 midterm elections have elevated not only Republican politicians who want to push back against domestic New Deal policies but also many who had resisted US intervention in Europe and even now continue to question and criticize the war effort, including its foundational program Lend-Lease, which will expire in six months if not renewed by Congress. Rightwing newspapers further undermine support for the program by linking new rationing schemes and household supply shortages to Allied aid. George finds himself unexpectedly thrust into the role of one of the most consequential defenders of Lend-Lease and the new approach to international finance and exchange it heralds.
Conclusion
Authors: Grogan Colleen M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the book’s main findings and offers possible solutions to unravel the Grow-and-Hide Regime. The chapter argues for a transparent public discourse that include three main components: (1) debunking the competition myth, (2) showing the extent to which private actors rely on public funds, and (3) revealing the true role of government. Because there are no incentives for politicians or private actors to reveal these truths, this discursive reform must come from independent sources with a wide reach to influence public opinion. We need a movement that insists on revealing the role of government and the sources of funding behind private profits.
Introduction on Contextualizing Islam–Democracy Discourse and Its Currents and Trends
Authors: Ahmad Parray Tauseef 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This (introductory) chapter contextualizes the discourse of Islam–democracy (in) compatibility in theoretical and normative contexts. It deliberates on the current trends and scenario as far as Islam-democray (compatibility or incompatibility) discourse is concerned. Stating the objectives, it offers an outline of the scope and structure of the whole work by providing a succinct overview of each chapter. It also provides an outline of the Islam–democracy debate, especially since it has gained a momentum (in 1990s), and basic questions revolving around this discourse, under two major headings: (i) Scope of Islam–Democracy Discourse in the 21st Century and (ii) The Present Work: Scope and Structure.