bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of macrophage populations. V. Evaluation of the control of macrophage Ia expression in vitro.
Authors: Beller D I , Ho K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In response to a lymphokine (LK) produced by activated T cells, macrophages can be induced to express Ia in vitro. This appears to be a complex process comprised of a number of discernible events. Peritoneal macrophages elicited by different means, and unstimulated macrophage and monocyte populations, each had a distinct kinetic profile of Ia induction. This response was characterized most noticeably by a latent period before actual Ia expression. The latent period varied from 3 to 7 days, depending on the target population, and was correlated with the state of activation of the macrophage as reflected by 5' nucleotidase activity. In spite of the protracted time course for Ia expression, all macrophage populations could be "triggered" (committed to a subsequent program of Ia expression) by exposure to the LK for as little as 2 hr. To be triggered, however, macrophages first had to go through a period of culture as adherent cells. Both the spontaneous loss and LK-dependent acquisition of Ia correlated with the functional capacity of these macrophages as antigen-presenting cells, indicating that these events are functionally significant.
B cell helper factors. II. Synergy among three helper factors in the response of T cell- and macrophage-depleted B cells.
Authors: Liebson H J , Marrack P , Kappler J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The concanavalin A- (Con A) stimulated supernatant of normal spleen cells (normal Con A SN) was shown to contain a set of helper factors sufficient to allow T cell- and macrophage- (M phi) depleted murine splenic B cells to produce a plaque-forming cell response to the antigen sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The activity of normal Con A SN could be reconstituted by a mixture of three helper factor preparations. The first was the interleukin 2- (IL 2) containing Con A SN of the T cell hybridoma, FS6-14.13. The second was a normal Con A SN depleted of IL 2 by extended culture with T cell blasts from which the 30,000 to 50,000 m.w. factors were isolated (interleukin X, IL X). The third was a SN either from the M phi tumor cell line P388D1 or from normal M phi taken from Corynebacterium parvum-immune mice. The combination of all three helper factor preparations was required to equal the activity of normal Con A SN; however, the M phi SN had the least overall effect. The M phi SN and IL 2 had to be added at the initiation of the culture period for a maximal effect, but the IL X preparation was most effective when added 24 hr after the initiation of culture. These results indicate that at least three nonspecific helper factors contribute to the helper activity in normal Con A SN.
Comparison of cell-mediated lympholysis and mixed lymphocyte culture in the immunologic evaluation for renal transplantation.
Authors: Harmon W E , Parkman R , Lavin P T , Grupe W E , Ingelfinger J R , Yunis E J , Levey R H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We investigated the relationship between both pre-transplant cell-mediated lympholysis assay (CML) and mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) and transplant outcome (graft function and survival) in 33 living, related donor renal transplants performed during the past 5 yr. Both assays were excellent predictors of transplant outcome. A positive CML assay was correlated with the occurrence of early acute rejection episodes (p less than 0.005), shortened time to graft dysfunction (serum creatinine greater than 1.5 mg/dl) (p less than 0.001), and poor long-term graft survival (p = 0.07). Similarly, a positive MLC was correlated with acute rejection episodes (p less than 0.005), graft dysfunction (p = 0.001), and poor graft survival (p less than 0.01). To determine the relative prognostic significance of the CML and MLC assays, we compared the correlation of each of them with the occurrence of acute rejection episodes. Under a logistic model of probability, the CML and MLC assays were equally predictive of an early acute rejection episode (p less than 0.01); however, the combination of CML and MLC together improved the accuracy of the prediction of an acute rejection episode by 50%. These results indicate that the CML and MLC assays are independent predictors of transplant outcome and that both tests should be an integral part of the immunologic evaluation of prospective living, related donors for renal transplantation.
Trypanosoma rhodesiense blood forms express all antigen specificities relevant to protection against metacyclic (insect form) challenge.
Authors: Esser K M , Schoenbechler M J , Gingrich J B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies were used to demonstrate the expression of four distinct metacyclic (infective insect form) trypanosome antigens on blood forms of T. rhodesiense. Metacyclic antigens were consistently expressed on the blood forms on days 4 and 5 of the first parasitemia after metacyclic infection of C57BL/6 mice. In different mice examined, the percent of blood forms expressing metacyclic antigens ranged from 46 to 85%. Immunization with irradiated day-5 blood form trypanosomes was protective against metacyclic challenge, indicating that all antigen specificities relevant to protective immunization against metacyclic challenge are expressed on blood form trypanosomes. Blood forms, in contrast to metacyclic forms, can be isolated in quantities sufficient for purification of antigens and genetic cloning.
Lymphocyte recruitment, regional blood flow, and vascular permeability at sites of allogeneic cellular interactions.
Authors: Hanto D W , Hopt U T , Hoffman R , Simmons R L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for the accumulation of lymphocytes in rejecting allografts may involve lymphokine-mediated changes in blood flow and vascular permeability. Changes in lymphocyte recruitment (LR), regional blood flow (RBF), and vascular permeability (VP) were studied in paired healed subcutaneous urethane sponge grafts inoculated with specifically sensitized lymphocytes (SSL) and allogeneic target cells. Intravenous injection of Indium-111-labeled unsensitized lymphocytes (UL), rubidium-86-chloride, and Iodine-125-labeled albumin was used to assess LR, RBF, and VP, respectively. An increase in LR (p less than 0.001), RBF (p less than 0.001), and VP (p less than 0.001) could be demonstrated at the site of interaction between specifically sensitized lymphocytes and targets bearing the sensitizing alloantigen. Lymphocyte recruitment, blood flow, and vascular permeability indexes were all elevated within 4 hr after graft inoculation, peaked at 8 hr, and declined at approximately the same rate over the subsequent 24 hr. RBF returned to baseline levels by 24 hr, whereas LR and VP remained elevated. Suspension of SSL and targets in dexamethasone acetate (1 x 10(-5) M) before graft inoculation completely inhibited the early increase in RBF, but only incompletely blocked LR and VP. At 24 hr, however, VP was almost totally inhibited and LR remained elevated. These results are consistent with the idea that the interaction between SSL and specific alloantigen in vivo leads to the rapid elaboration of lymphokines, which increases RBF and VP, in addition to the accumulation of circulating unsensitized cells. These vascular effects could partly be responsible for the heterogeneity and nonspecificity of the cellular infiltrate in rejecting allografts. Specific enrichment of the graft infiltrate with sensitized cells would require that other mechanisms be operative.
Nutritional factors and autoimmunity. III. Zinc deprivation versus restricted food intake in MRL/1 mice--the distinction between interacting dietary influences.
Authors: Beach R S , Gershwin M E , Hurley L S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To investigate further the modulation of autoimmune disease by nutritional means, the influence of zinc deprivation upon the development of the immunopathology of MRL/I mice was studied. Because some effects of zinc deficiency may be due to associated inanition and consequent caloric deprivation, mice with similarly restricted food intake but adequate zinc intake were also studied. Zinc restriction was introduced at either 4 or 10 wk of age and was continued throughout the study. When zinc deficiency was introduced at 4 wk of age, a significant delay in the appearance of the physical findings of MRL/I mice, including open sores, necrotic ears, arthritis, and end-stage cachexia, was noted. In addition, zinc deficiency introduced at this age resulted in a lower incidence and titer of antibodies to dsDNA and less severe glomerulonephritis than control mice. Furthermore, the immune response of zinc-deprived MRL/I mice was better preserved than control animals, and most importantly, survival was significantly prolonged. Pair-fed controls also showed delayed progression of their disease, but animals restricted isocalorically from 4 wk of age experienced a more rapid onset of the lupus-like syndrome than did their zinc-deprived counterparts. In contrast, when zinc deprivation was introduced at 10 wk of age, it had little beneficial effect upon disease progression. Indeed, caloric restriction introduced at this age had a greater impact than did zinc deficiency. Nonetheless, despite the variable influence of zinc deprivation and pair-feeding on autoimmune disease, zinc deprivation, whether introduced at 4 or 10 wk of age, resulted in a significantly greater reduction of lymphoproliferation. Successful modulation of disease activity by nutritional changes will depend on understanding the mechanisms of these differential pathologic processes.
Functional properties of T lymphocytes and their subsets in cytomegalovirus mononucleosis.
Authors: Carney W P , Iacoviello V , Hirsch M S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) mononucleosis is associated with diminished lymphocyte responses to mitogens and herpes virus antigens, and a reversal in the normal ratio of helper-inducer (OKT4-positive) to cytotoxic-suppressor (OKT8-positive) cells. In this report, we investigate the proliferative and cytotoxic functions of lymphocyte subpopulations from patients with CMV mononucleosis. Both mitogen responsiveness and the ability to generate cytotoxic lymphocytes against allogeneic Laz 156 cells in vitro were markedly diminished. Mononuclear cells enriched for OKT8+ lymphocytes showed little or no responsiveness to Con A; cells enriched for OKT4+ lymphocytes were considerably more responsive. During CMV mononucleosis, the predominant T cell subset is a hyporesponsive OKT8+ cell. In vitro culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes, however, resulted in a selective loss of OKT8+, OKIa+ cells, so that the remaining T cell population was composed primarily of Con A-responsive OKT4+ cells. Convalescence was associated with the return of OKT8+ responsiveness to Con A, a greater stability of OKT8+ cells during culture, and the partial recovery of ability to develop cytotoxic lymphocytes after in vitro sensitization.
In vitro immune mechanisms associated with clearance of microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis.
Authors: El-Sadr W M , Aikawa M , Greene B M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An in vitro system has been developed to elucidate potential immune mechanisms associated with clearance of microfilariae (Mf) from the bloodstream in canine Dirofilaria immitis infection. Granulocytes as well as mononuclear cells adhere to Mf of Dirofilaria immitis in the presence of immune serum. Only granulocytes, however, were capable of killing Mf, whereas PBMC attach to but do not effectively kill Mf. In the presence of granulocytes 1% +/- 1, 10% +/- 2, and 12% +/- 3 of Mf were killed by heated normal (NDS), patent (PS), and occult serum (OS), respectively, after an 18-hr incubation. With the addition of fresh NDS there was an increase in killing to 5% +/- 1 (p less than 0.025) with heat-inactivated NDS, to 12% +/- 3 in the presence of PS and to 77% +/- 12 (p less than 0.005) in the presence of OS. On further purification of granulocyte cell populations with metrizamide gradients, neutrophils were found to be the predominant effector cells with 73% +/- 18 killing with neutrophils and 18% +/- 6 with eosinophils (p less than 0.0005). Only with neutrophils was a significant increase in killing of Mf observed when fresh NDS was added to delta OS. Fractionation of OS by gel filtration suggested that IgM was the opsonizing antibody in the occult serum. In addition, immunofluorescent studies showed only IgM bound to the surface on Mf on incubation in OS. The involvement of complement in the fresh serum enhancement of killing was supported by the finding, by immunofluorescence, of surface C3 on Mf after incubation in fresh OS.
Decrease in mitogen responsiveness of mononuclear cells from peripheral blood after epinephrine administration in humans.
Authors: Crary B , Borysenko M , Sutherland D C , Kutz I , Borysenko J Z , Benson H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A single subcutaneous injection of 0.2 mg epinephrine into healthy human subjects caused a transient lymphocytosis in peripheral blood. Mononuclear cells (MNC), isolated at various times after epinephrine administration, were cultured in the presence of mitogens. The blastogenic responses to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were significantly reduced for up to 60 min post-epinephrine (p less than 0.05); the response to concanavalin A (Con A) was reduced in the 15-min samples only. All responses returned to pre-injection levels by 120 min post-injection. Removal of adherent monocytes from MNC isolates before culture did not restore normal mitogen responsiveness. When MNC were cultured in the absence of mitogens, there was no difference in survival between pre- and post-epinephrine samples. Incubation of untreated MNC for 2 hr or 18 hr in vitro with various concentrations of epinephrine (10(-5) to 10(-1) mg/ml) had no effect upon the subsequent blastogenic response to mitogens. Other workers have reported that epinephrine administration causes alterations in the composition of the circulating lymphocyte pool. Taken together, these data suggest that the reduction in mitogen responsiveness after epinephrine is the result of changes in the distribution of lymphocyte subclasses in peripheral blood.
Characterization of helper factors distinct from interleukin 2 necessary for the generation of allospecific cytolytic T lymphocytes.
Authors: Garman R D , Fan D P 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The in vitro generation of primary murine allospecific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) from BALB/c (H-2d) spleen cell precursors in response to x-irradiated RDM4 (H-2k) tumor cells did not occur unless the cultures were supplemented with exogenous helper factors. Such CTL helper factors (CHF) could be provided by conditioned medium from cultures in which Sendai virus-immune BALB/c spleen cells were stimulated either with Sendai-infected cells (SC-CM) or with peptides cleaved by CNBr from intact virions (SP-CM). CHF activity stimulated by both antigens reached a maximum after day 3 of culture. In contrast, interleukin 2 (IL 2) activity peaked at day 2 and had essentially disappeared by day 4. Fractionation of day-4 SC-CM and SP-CM preparations by gel filtration revealed peaks of activity at apparent m.w. of 17,000 (CHF17) and 30,000 (CHF30). Under certain conditions, a peak of CHF activity appeared in the void volume with an apparent m.w. of 75,000 or greater. These results indicate that CHF activity is mediated by molecules distinct from IL 2.
Regulation of immune responses by I-J gene products. III. GT-specific suppressor factor is composed of separate I-J and idiotype-bearing chains.
Authors: Lei H Y , Ju S T , Dorf M E , Waltenbaugh C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Injection of poly(Glu50Tyr50)(GT) into B10.BR (H-2k) mice induces GT-specific suppressor T cells and a T cell-derived suppressor factor (TsF1), which in turn induces a second-order suppressor T cell (TS2). In the present study, we show that B10.BR GT-TSF1 is composed of separate I-Jk and idiotype-bearing chains linked by disulfide bond(s). Functional suppressive activity requires both chains to be in association. Neither chain alone can induce TS2, indicating that both chains must be seen in association and suggesting a single cellular target for the two chains. Experiments designed to interchange I-J-bearing chains of GT-TSF1 derived from different H-2 haplotypes indicate that only the homologous I-J and idiotype-bearing chains can reassociate into a suppressive moiety. These experiments may imply heterogeneity of I-J region gene products.
Endotoxin-induced T lymphocyte proliferation.
Authors: Vogel S N , Hilfiker M L , Caulfield M J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The lymphocyte response to endotoxin (LPS) has been attributed largely to the action of this agent as a polyclonal activator of B lymphocytes. In this study we found that a cloned murine interleukin 2-dependent cytotoxic T cell line, CT 6, proliferates in response to LPS, thus providing the first evidence that T cells can be stimulated directly by LPS. The response was dose and time dependent and was blocked by polymyxin B, an inhibitor of LPS-induced mitogenesis. The fact that this is a cloned T cell line, free of other potentially contaminating lymphoid cell types, precludes the possibility that this proliferation is due to contaminating B lymphocytes or is mediated by macrophage-derived products such as interleukin 1. Moreover, highly purified splenic T lymphocyte populations (purified by negative/positive selection or by a rigorous column purification procedure) contain a small subpopulation (approximately 3%) of T cells that proliferate in response to LPS. This population is missing in the endotoxin-hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ mouse. As was observed in the CT 6 line, proliferation of splenic T cells in response to LPS was inhibited by polymyxin B. Furthermore, treatment of LPS-stimulated T cells with anti-T cell antibodies plus complement blocks the uptake of 3H-thymidine by these cultures. Exogenous interleukin 1 failed to stimulate the T cell cultures comparably to LPS and therefore cannot account for the degree of stimulation observed. These findings support and extend previous findings that suggested a role for an endotoxin-sensitive T cell population in the induction of certain responses, such as LPS-induced adjuvanticity of the lymphocyte-dependent LPS induction of macrophage procoagulant activity.
Alterations in expression and glycosylation pattern of the Thy-1 glycoprotein during maturation and transformation of mouse T lymphocytes.
Authors: Carlsson S R , Stigbrand T I 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The mouse Thy-1 glycoprotein of normal and transformed lymphoid cells was studied with regard to amount per cell, apparent m.w., and glycosylation characteristics. Thy-1 was measured by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay calibrated with pure mouse brain Thy-1. Thymocytes were shown to contain five times the amount of Thy-1 found in lymph node cells (1 X 10(6) vs 2 X 10(5) molecules per cell), whereas the T cell lymphomas studied (P52-127-166, RBL-5, YWA, Y191, Y274, YAC-1, RL male 1, and BW5147) varied in their Thy-1 content. The apparent m.w. of Thy-1, as determined by SDS-PAGE, was in all cases 25,000 to 30,000. However, the appearance of the Thy-1 bands revealed a size heterogeneity that was less pronounced with material from lymph node cells than from thymocytes. This band broadening seemed to be inversely correlated to the affinity for lentil lectin. Whereas half the Thy-1 molecules from thymocytes were bound to the lectin, lymph nodes Thy-1 showed 75% binding. All T lymphomas but one (BW5147) contained Thy-1 also heterogeneous in lentil lectin binding. The charge, previously shown to be dependent on the sialic acid content, was shifted to more acidic forms for lymph node Thy-1 compared to thymocytes. The T lymphomas possessed Thy-1 with charge properties similar to those of the thymocytes; the only exception was BW5147, which showed more basic forms. These results show that the expression and the glycosylation of Thy-1 is altered when thymocytes mature into immunocompetent cells and after malignant transformation of lymphocytes.
Localization of murine Igh-1a allotypic determinants by using a panel of mouse myeloma variant immunoglobulins.
Authors: Oi V T , Herzenberg L A , Birshtein B K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A number of monoclonal antibodies are available that are reactive with distinct mouse immunoglobulin allotypic determinants. By determining which ones are present on a panel of hybrid IgG2b-IgG2a immunoglobulins, we have localized some of the allotypic determinants present on the IgG2a heavy chain of the "a" allotype (Igh-1a proteins). In particular, one group of determinants--Ig(1a)9.8 (20.6B8), 17.2 (20.19.2), and 14.4 (21.74.4)--has been placed in the CH2 domain. A second group--Ig(1a)8.3 (20.8.3), 21.2 (20.11.2), and 15.3 (21.66.3)--is located in a segment spanning the C terminal 8 residues of the CH2 domain and the complete CH3 domain.
Binding of antigen-specific, H-2-restricted T cell hybridomas to antigen-pulsed adherent cell monolayers.
Authors: Marrack P , Skidmore B , Kappler J W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two methods were investigated for studying the binding of radiolabeled hybridoma T cells to antigen (Ag) and H-2 products for which they bore receptors. In both cases hybridoma T cells were labeled with tritiated thymidine. In one method labeled cells were added to adherent splenic cells prepulsed with antigen, and the mixture was incubated overnight at 37 degrees C before nonadherent cells were gently washed away. The percent of adherent hybridoma T cells was then estimated by harvesting the adherent monolayers and measuring tritium counts bound. In a second method radiolabeled hybridoma T cells were added to adherent antigen-pulsed B cell lymphomas or hybridomas for between 15 min and 1 hr at 37 degrees C before removal of nonadherent cells and harvesting of the adherent monolayers. In both cases binding was both antigen- and I-region specific. In the second case binding was also rapid; significant binding could be measured after 15 min incubation. These techniques were used to study subclones of one of our T cell hybridomas that were thought by a functional assay (interleukin 2 release) to have lost receptors for Ag/H-2. It was found that subclones of the hybridoma that no longer secreted interleukin 2 in response to Ag/H-2, even though they continued to secrete interleukin 2 in response to concanavalin A, also no longer bound specifically to Ag-pulsed monolayers of the appropriate H-2 type. This confirmed the idea that these subclones had lost the ability to synthesize receptors for Ag/H-2. It is hoped that assays of this type will be useful in the future for the study of Ag/H-2 receptors on T cells.
The adjuvanticity of interleukin 1 in vivo.
Authors: Staruch M J , Wood D D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Interleukin 1 (IL 1) was shown to enhance in vivo secondary antibody responses of mice to a protein antigen. The activity was found to be dose and time dependent. The maximum enhancing effect was obtained with 2000 LAF units of IL 1 given 2 hr after the priming dose of antigen. The observation is consistent with the in vitro immunoenhancing activities of IL 1 and strongly suggests that this protein may be an important mediator of host defense responses, as well as of the stimulatory effects of some adjuvants.