bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coping with Challenges and Uncertainty in Scientific Research
Authors: Park Eunju , Ha Minsu 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To effectively employ inquiry-based learning to enhance students’ inquiry practices and encourage them to think and act like scientists, science teachers must have a deeper understanding of the factors that influence scientific research and attitudes about scientist practice. This research contains the experience of two postdoctoral researchers in epigenetics as graduate students in a newly established epigenetics laboratory. Two in-depth interviews, two preliminary questionnaires, a record of laboratory visits, and a supervisor interview were analyzed for this qualitative research. Even though the two postdoctoral researchers have encountered various obstacles, such as a lack of resources, scientific uncertainty, and unestablished personal identity, they are effectively maturing as scientists as a result of their capacity to overcome these obstacles. This study may provide science educators and students with a better understanding of the challenges they will experience in their scientific work and strategies for overcoming those challenges.
Introduction
Authors: Cucu Sorin Radu , Shen Shuang 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This introduction examines the two main questions explored in the special issue: What does the Cold War’s interweaving of international politics and global war disclose about contemporary world literature discourse? What does world literature (as idea, program, and, more importantly, as reality of writing and reading beyond the framework of the nation-state) tell us about the Cold War and its discursive reliance on rhetorical ambiguity? We depart from the major approaches to literature’s relationship with the Cold War that focuses on how the latter is represented by literature or how literature responds to the Cold War. We also do not simplistically consider the Cold War as only naming an epoch in world history, or world literature as the totality of literary works and circulation networks spurred by a partly frozen global conflict at the heart of the twentieth century.
World Literature as Palimpsest
Authors: Cucu Sorin Radu 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Has the Cold War, anchored in both the US-USSR rivalry and the rising power of China, impacted the sense and the meaning of literature as art, and our understanding of world literature? If the world literature discourse reveals a cosmopolitan feature to the cultural contestation of great power politics in the Third World and Eastern Europe, does this also mean that the Cold War discloses an irreducible agonism at the heart of world literature? This article suggests we need to answer both questions affirmatively. I approach these questions both historically and heuristically; I begin with a fictional palimpsest, composed by short excerpts from three larger texts by Peter Schneider, Boris Polevoy, and Ismail Kadare. This reading strategy aims to show that both ideological and geopolitical concerns are relevant in theorizing world literature through the lens of Cold War literature.
Marsden’s Malay Manuscripts: Reassessing a Colonial Collection
Authors: Hijjas Mulaika 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This article investigates European collecting of Malay manuscripts during the colonial era to address two inter-related questions: was this collecting instrumental in destroying the Malay manuscript tradition, and are colonial collections accurate representations of Malay manuscript culture? It makes the case that while European intervention was certainly destructive, in fact the majority of Malay-language literary texts survive only in colonial-era collections. It also considers whether colonial collections, precisely because they are high in Malay literary texts and low in Arabic religious texts (known as kitab), are unrepresentative of Malay manuscript culture in the nineteenth century and earlier. Taking Marsden’s seminal collection of Malay manuscripts as its case study, the article provides a fuller account of how this collection was assembled, and traces the individuals known to have acquired manuscripts for Marsden. Newly documented manuscript collections that remain in situ in Indonesia and in Malaysian institutions are discussed as a counterpoint.
The Churning in the Flogging of ʿUmayra: Or, Towards a History of Masturbation in Premodern Islamic Law
Authors: Anchassi Omar 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This article traces juristic debates on the ethics of masturbation from the formative period of Islamic law to the early nineteenth century. I document the appearance of discussions of the practice in the earliest extant sources and explore how masturbation figures in the Sunnī and Šīʿī ḥadīṯ corpora with attention to regional patterns of dissemination. I also address the terminology used by jurists and point to material in encyclopaedias, adab and other works where relevant, and include some comparative observations from other cultures. My overall findings include the fact of clear regional patterns of opinion across the amṣār (garrison cities) in the early period and an unmistakable increase in “conservatism” on sexual matters with the consolidation of the legal schools (maḏāhib), as well as a clear distinction between Sunnī and Šīʿī views on the practice. I conclude by attempting to explain the relatively low visibility of masturbation in legal sources and to account for the doctrinal shift more generally.
Scales, Reefs and Bureaucracies – International Political Fieldworks
Authors: Siméant-Germanos Johanna , Pouponneau Florent 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The political sociology of the international, because it refers, at least in part, to practices and configurations in which the routine superposition of a society and a state is even more problematic than it already is when the investigation is confined within national borders, may call for the deployment of particular empirical and theoretical strategies. This article outlines some of these strategies, which relate to the question of identification of the field and processes of internationalization, access to the bureaucracies of foreign affairs and war, and the question of secrecy. The article reflects on ways to capture the division of labor among and in these international organizations, and on the tracing of individual paths as a means of reconstructing the milieux of international activism. It examines the possibilities opened up by collective investigations of international events. Rooted in the idea of the unity of social sciences, the article hopes to show how the ordinary methods and tools of sociology can contribute to enriching the study of international fieldworks (and how in return the development of international political sociology can contribute to the renewal of social sciences practiced on a national scale).
Division of Labor or a New Discipline? The Troubled Emergence of Neurosurgery in the Netherlands, 1890–1929
Authors: Lutters Bart 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the early twentieth century, Amsterdam neuropsychiatrist Louis Muskens (1872–1937) asserted that surgery of the human central nervous system ought to be performed by neurologists rather than surgeons. Only neurologists, he believed, possessed the knowledge, skills, and experience to safely perform these operations. Muskens practiced what he preached, by himself taking up the practice of nervous system surgery. In the Netherlands, however, a strict division of labor had already emerged between surgeons and neurologists. Both regarded surgical performance as an activity to be reserved for surgeons, requiring specific skills, experience, and innate qualities, whereas the diagnosis and localization of nervous system disorders was seen by both as belonging to the domain of neurology, whose practitioners possessed a comprehensive, dynamic, scientific understanding of the nervous system, observational skills, and expertise in diagnostic technology. Even though Muskens’s views and surgical practices were ultimately rejected by both his surgical and neuropsychiatric colleagues, his controversial campaign against the existing division of labor between surgeons and neurologists was an important catalyst for the emergence of neurosurgery as a medical specialty in the Netherlands, one performed by a specially trained “neurosurgeon” exclusively dedicated to nervous system surgery. The case of Muskens provides a striking example of the ways in which professional identities shaped medical practice and the formation of a new discipline.
Provenance and Production: Casks in the Dutch Archaeological Context
Authors: Oosterbaan Jeroen , Doeve Petra , van Daalen Sjoerd 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Late Medieval and Early Modern periods in the Netherlands are marked by an upsurge in the production, use and repurposing of casks in cities. This is inextricably linked with the growing marine and riverine trade markets and the increase in artisan production. Casks have been found on shipwrecks, where they were used as containers for merchandise (primary purpose) and in urban areas, where they were repurposed as shafts for wells or cesspits (secondary purpose). As a result, the initial production phase of the lifecycle of casks often remained undetected. This study aims to generate an overview of the dendrochronological studies conducted in the past decades by Dutch dendrochronologists on casks from Dutch archaeological context, in which the felling year of the wood used to construct the casks can be dated from the 12th to 18th centuries, to gain insight into their production by coopers. The first objective is to better understand the diverse provenance areas detected in the coopers’ timber, after which the diachronic developments in the use of the timber from specific provenance areas can be addressed. The main objective is to assess whether it is possible to distinguish locally produced casks from casks used to import merchandise, which was successful in some cases. In addition to the dendrochronological and archaeological data, archival sources were used to contextualize and substantiate the analyses and interpretations.
Unraveling a 17th-Century North Netherlandish Panel Maker
Authors: Wadum Jørgen , Domínguez-Delmás Marta , Jager Angela 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The marking and branding of oak panel painting supports is a well-known practice in art-production centers of the Southern Netherlands, such as Antwerp in the 16th and 17th centuries. Conversely, information about the activities and regulations of 17th-century panel makers in the Northern Netherlands is scant and has hitherto never been thoroughly researched. Here, we present our research on a panel maker who sold his products to painters within the Dutch Republic. He stamped his house mark, consisting of two letters ‘M’ above each other and crowned by the cipher ‘4’, into the back of his panels. This mark has been found on panels from several painters active between 1632 and 1648. To narrow down the location of the unknown panel maker’s workshop, the source of the wood and the eventual interrelationships between the boards he used for the panels were investigated. In addition, the painters who painted on his supports were studied. This paper presents a novel dendrochronological examination of eight of his twenty-three known panels, combined with art historical research into the works of his customers. We propose that Rotterdam could have been the location of the panel maker’s workshop, based on the Baltic provenance of the wood of the panels, the painters who used them, and the supply of timber to the Dutch Republic in the first half of the 17th century. Our understanding of the panel maker’s practices in the 17th century is increased by this interdisciplinary attempt to unravel an unknown Dutch panel maker and his practice. To comprehend the complexity of the booming art market of the 17th-century Netherlands, further research into Dutch frame- and panel-makers and their regulations and practices is urgently needed.
House and Boat: Reuse of Ship Planking in a 10th Century Building at Hungate, York
Authors: Allen Steven J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Excavations in 2008–2009 in Hungate, York, UK, conducted by the York Archaeological Trust (now York Archaeology) revealed the waterlogged timbers of another building of a type best known from Coppergate. This building, dating to the third quarter of the 10th century CE, was superficially of the same construction as seen earlier at Coppergate, consisting of a rectangular pit cut into the ground lined with posts that supported a boarded outer lining. At Coppergate, the timbers were largely freshly felled specifically for the buildings in which they were found, and the tree ring sequences were local to the York region. However, at Hungate, when the timbers were lifted, it was immediately apparent that the board lining was made up of reused articulated slabs from a clinker-built boat. Moreover, the type of clinker construction was unusual and not of the “typical” Northwest European/Scandinavian type. Dendrochronological samples allowed the identification of potential sources of boat timbers, which were not local to York. This paper considers the evidence provided by the study of woodworking technology and the work done to identify the type of boat, its potential provenance, and the provenance of the timber used in its construction.
Passive Extradition: The Corte di Cassazione Rules on the Need to Verify whether, Especially in Time of War, Detention Conditions and Punishments in the Requesting State May Violate Fundamental Human Rights, also Taking into Consideration the Health Status of the Individual
Authors: Pustorino Pietro , Sabino Marta 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The contribution analyzes judgment No. 10656/2022 of the Corte di Cassazione, wherein the Court has ruled on a passive extradition from Italy to Russia following a request issued by the latter in relation to a Russian former kbg member currently suffering from multiple sclerosis, after an arrest warrant had been issued against her for a common crime committed in Russia. The Corte di Cassazione, when considering the appeal well-founded, pointedly specifies which assessments shall be undertaken – also in light of the obligations arising from the European Convention on Human Rights – by the Italian judicial authority (i.e., the Corte d’Appello) called upon to decide on an extradition request involving a seriously ill individual, taking into account the detention conditions in the requesting State as well as the punishments prescribed therein in terms of the potential risk for the individual of being subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment.
Reading the Bible Differently: African Americans and the Bible
Authors: Okoye James Chukwuma 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Reading texts is reading ourselves. The Bible became a language through which the uprooted slaves negotiated a strange new world and the slave existence. As identity and self-interpretation varied, so did the loci of interpretation shift. The essay navigates African American experience in tandem with the loci of their biblical interpretation, ending with reflection on the “hour”—the tasks and biblical loci for the current situation of African Americans.
Job’s Silence on Slavery: Theodicy and Retribution in Tension (Job 31:13)
Authors: Newsome Imhotep 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This article seeks to broaden the interpretative landscape concerning contemporary discourse on the theme of slavery within the book of Job. Written from the perspective of Africana critical theory vis-a-vis standard depictions of the character of Job, the author argues that the issue of slavery writ large, aside from its immediate social/cultural ANE context, poses more complex and relevant questions of marginalization with which the academy and more so, modern society, must wrestle. Arguing from the postulated hermeneutics of three contemporary writers, this article analyzes Job’s direct reference to slavery—and seeks to reframe Job through the lens of Africana critical scholarship as one of many options through which the text can be necessarily re-appropriated and re-deployed by marginalized communities.
Rahab, Identity Transformation, and Reconciliation in the African Great Lakes Communities
Authors: Wenyi Jacob Onyumbe 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
African communities are plagued by the cult of origins. Identity has become an important factor in how people manage their communities and relationships. The role of identity in social and political life has caused frustrations and violence, placing identity politics at the forefront of scholarly discourse as well as discussions of policymakers, community builders, and reconciliation activists, especially in postcolonial Africa. As part of the Great Lakes Initiative’s efforts to foster reconciliation among communities in Africa, this article reads the story of Rahab in the context of the desperation caused by the cult of identity and suggests that African Christians broaden their understanding of who “their people” are.
Incorporating Intimacy
Authors: Nickel Mary 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This essay tells the story of Francis J. Grimké. It incorporates several crucial strands in American history: chattel slavery, racialized sexual exploitation, early historically black colleges, Jim Crow violence, early organizing against racism, and the Harlem Renaissance. It draws together diverse notables with whom Francis had sustained personal contact: the Grimké sisters, Frederick Douglass, Charles Hodge, W.E.B. DuBois, Ida B. Wells, and Anna Julia Cooper. Grimké’s story certainly deserves telling. But, as I argue in the second part of the essay, his story also offers new insight into the role intimacy can play in the hard work of social criticism.
Charles H. Long the Liberationist: Context, Contact, and Meaning
Authors: Biwul Seth Ahmetmu 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Liberation theology confronts head-on the dominant systems and structures of power. It shakes the foundations of empire and hegemony, deconstructs the public narrative of silent subordination, and rejects the portrait of the citizen as suffering servant. The liberationist calls for changes that necessarily transcend the individual subject into the societal landscape. This paper argues that the historian of religion, Charles H. Long engages his scholarship with such liberative sensibilities. It suggests that the works of Long are better understood with this added liberatory lens. Accordingly, it suggests the incorporation of Long into the corpus of liberationist thinkers.
From the House of Wisdom to Expo 2020 Dubai
Authors: Olini Simone 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This short note recounts the challenges and processes followed to display the oldest surviving Arabic scientific text at Expo 2020 Dubai in the Holy See Pavilion. This palimpsest manuscript, Vat. sir. 623. pt. 2, contains a translation from the Greek of Theon of Alexandria’s introduction to Ptolemy’s Handy Tables, undertaken in the 8th/9th century at the so-called “House of Wisdom” in Baghdad.
Mechanical performance of composites reinforced with carbon black and different types of graphitic nanofillers for different applications
Authors: Manikkavel Amutheesan , Kumar Vineet , Park Sang-Shin 
Published: December 2022

The piezo-electric energy harvesting devices based on rubber composites have attracted great attention in the field of flexible electronics. These devices have the ability to provide a voltage of ∼0.5 V when subjected to mechanical strain. In this work, carbon allotropes nanofillers were used to reinforce the room-temperature vulcanized silicone rubber (RTV-SR). The nanofillers added to the rubber matrix were found to improve the compressive modulus, tensile strength, fracture strain, and tensile modulus. For example, the compressive modulus was 1.29 MPa (Virgin) and improved to 1.4 MPa (graphene), 2.3 MPa (CB), 2.2 MPa (CB–graphite hybrid), 2.17 MPa (CB–Nano graphite hybrid), and finally 2.19 MPa (CB–graphene hybrid). Similarly, the fracture strain was 146% (Virgin) and improved to 149% (graphene), 156% (CB), 160% (CB–graphite hybrid), 151% (CB–Nano graphite hybrid), and lastly 178% (CB–graphene hybrid). Moreover, the effect of three different diameters of loading tips is used for voltage production. More areas of deformation during energy harvesting can be able to produce higher voltage output. For example, a 21 mm tip can produce higher energy output than 7 mm and 14 mm. In the end, it was found that formation of cracks in the electrode while repeated loading causes a reduction in voltage output.
Systematic review and network meta-analysis of various nadir temperature strategies for hypothermic circulatory arrest for aortic arch surgery
Authors: Shimamura Junichi , Yokoyama Yujiro , Kuno Toshiki , Fujisaki Tomohiro , Fukuhara Shinichi , Takayama Hiroo , Ota Takeyoshi , Chu Michael WA 
Published: December 2022

BackgroundThe optimal nadir temperature for hypothermic circulatory arrest during aortic arch surgery remains unclear. We aimed to assess and compare clinical outcomes of all three temperature strategies (deep, moderate, and mild hypothermia) using a network meta-analysis.MethodsAfter literature search with MEDLINE and EMBASE through December 2021, studies comparing clinical outcomes with deep (<20°C), moderate (20–28°C), or mild (>28°C) hypothermic circulatory arrest were included. The outcomes of interest were perioperative mortality, stroke, transient ischemia attack (TIA), acute kidney injury (AKI), postoperative bleeding, operative time, and length of hospital stay.ResultsTwenty-four comparative studies were identified, including 6018 patients undergoing aortic arch surgery using hypothermic circulatory arrest (deep: 2,978, moderate: 2,525, and mild: 515). Compared to deep hypothermia, mild and moderate hypothermia were associated with lower mortality (mild vs. deep: odds ratio [OR] 0.50; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.29–0.87, moderate vs. deep: OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.54–0.86). In addition, mild hypothermia was associated with lower stroke (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.28–0.89), AKI (OR 0.36; 95% CI 0.15–0.88) and postoperative bleeding (OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.31–0.97) compared to deep hypothermia. There was no significant difference between mild and moderate hypothermia in mortality, AKI or bleeding occurrence, while mild hypothermia was associated with shorter operative time and hospital stay. There was no significant difference in TIA rate among three groups.ConclusionsMild hypothermia was associated with overall more favorable clinical outcomes with comparable neurological complications compared to deep hypothermia. Furthermore, considering the shorter operative time and hospital stay compared with moderate hypothermia, mild hypothermia may be warranted when appropriate adjunctive cerebral perfusion is employed.