bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunoglobulins of the Leopard Shark
Authors: Suran Anita A. , Tarail Mary Hyde , Papermaster Ben W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The rate of antibody production by the leopard shark, Triakis semifasciata was studied. Two immunoglobulins were elicited, first a 17 S macroglobulin and as intensive immunization continued increasing amounts of 7 S immunoglobulin. Both immunoglobulins were active as phage neutralizing antibodies and contained precipitating antibodies as measured by a microprecipitin test using I125 hemocyanin antigen. Shark immunoglobulins were produced at a slower rate than rabbit or mouse antibodies in response to similar antigenic challenge, and on a weight basis shark antibody precipitated or neutralized less antigen. When studied as antigens using rabbit antishark serum the 7 S and 17 S immunoglobulins appear to be identical. Both are inactivated to the same extent by a reducing agent, dithioerythritol. Dithioerythritol splits the 17 S protein to 7 S units which are antigenically identical with the original 17 S and 7 S proteins. The heavy and light chains derived from each of the immunoglobulins are indistinguishable when tested as antigens with rabbit anti-shark serum.
Cross-Reactions of the Group-Specific Polysaccharides of Streptococcal Groups B and G in Anti-Pneumococcal Sera with Especial Reference to Type XXIII and its Determinants
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Davie Joseph M. , Krause Richard M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Quantitative data are given on the extensive cross-reactivity of the group polysaccharides of streptococcal groups B and G in antipneumococcal type XXIII horse serum and on inhibition-reactions in this antiserum. L-Rhamnose, known to be a principal determinant of the two streptococcal substances, is even more easily split off from the specific polysaccharide of pneumococcal type XXIII. This, and the ready inhibition of both the S XXIII anti-XXIII and group B anti-XXIII reactions by L-rhamnose, show that this sugar, probably in the form of non-reducing end-groups, is also a major determinant of S XXIII. D-Galactose is also involved in the specificity of S XXIII and may reinforce the cross-reaction.
Mixed γG-γM Cold Agglutinin
Authors: Goldberg Leonard S. , Barnett Eugene V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A mixed γG-γM cold agglutinin occurring in a patient with hemolytic anemia associated with infectious mononucleosis is described. Utilizing the technique of quantitative complement fixation, both γG and γM were detected in a 4 to 3 ratio in the eluate. Neither the γM nor γG chromatographically separated fractions of the eluate showed any cold agglutinin activity alone. When these two fraction were mixed, cold agglutinin activity was re-established. The addition of normal γG to the chromatographically separated γM cold agglutinin or the addition of normal γM to the γG cold agglutinin did not result in detectable cold agglutinin activity. The agglutinating activity of the patient's serum against O Rh positive red blood cells sensitized with an incomplete γG-antibody (anti-CD serum Ripley) was 500 times greater at 4°C than at 37°C.
Evidence is presented which suggests that the γG component of the cold agglutinin was directed against red cell antigenic determinants, and that the γM component represented antibody active at 4°C against the γG coating the red cells, i.e., “cold anti-antibody.”.
Biologic Properties of a Non-Precipitating Antigen from Timothy Pollen Extracts
Authors: Malley Arthur , Harris Raymond L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The close antigenic relationship of antigen D and allergen B was demonstrated by inhibition of both passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and precipitation in agar gel. The antigenic relationship of allergen A and B was demonstrated by a line of partial identity in microdouble diffusion analysis.
Antigen D possesses haptenic properties as demonstrated by its inhibition of PCA, anaphylaxis and precipitin reactions of either rabbit or guinea pig antisera to timothy pollen antigens.
The antigenic character of antigen D is demonstrated by its direct positive skin reactions in timothy-sensitive patients and by its induction in rabbits with varying amounts of antibody demonstrable with allergen B but not with antigen D.
The Effect of Antibody on the Induction of Tolerance to Human γ-Globulin in Icr Albino Mice
Authors: Havas H. Francis , Senff Kristin 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Tolerance to human γ-globulin (HGG) was achieved in neonate and adult random-bred ICR mice following a single intraperitoneal injection of 1 to 10 mg of HGG.
The duration of tolerance depended on the amount injected and the age of the animal at the time of injection. Antibody production occurred at times, following antigenic challenge, when detectable amounts of antigen were still present in the serum of the once tolerant animals.
Following recovery from unresponsiveness the initial antibody response had the characteristics of a primary response and antibody levels of the once tolerant mice remained lower than those of immunized mice for several months. Spontaneous antibody production (without prior antigenic challenge) was only rarely observed and it was always transient.
Antiserum had an effect on hastening the loss of tolerance of an older group of adult tolerant mice, but it did not enhance the immune response of younger mice.
When small amounts of high-titered antiserum were administered to neonate tolerant mice at birth, it affected the induction of tolerance, and antibody levels of these mice were higher than those of tolerant mice not injected with antibody. There was no effect on neonate tolerant mice when antiserum was administered during the tolerant state up to the time of recovery.
Since antibody levels were comparable in both the serum and the ascites fluid (obtained by the injection of sarcoma 37 tumor cells), ascites fluid served as the source of antibody.
No precipitating antibody was formed by either immunized mice or those which had lost tolerance. Hence, all antibody levels were tested by the passive tanned cell hemagglutination method.
Effect of Anti-Allotype Sera on Hemolytic Plaque Formation by Single Rabbit Spleen Cells
Authors: Ingraham J. S. , Biegel A. A. , Watanabe M. R. , Todd C. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Examination of the effects of anti-allotype sera on hemolytic plaque formation by rabbit spleen cells has revealed the following effects: Plaque formation is usually inhibited by the anti-allotype sera if the cells are obtained from rabbits undergoing the initial response to sheep red blood cells.Plaque formation is usually enhanced by the anti-allotype sera if the cells are obtained from rabbits undergoing the secondary response to sheep red blood cells.A single anti-allotype serum directed against an allotypic specificity present on either the H-chain or the L-chain may give either inhibition or enhancement depending upon the source of the PFC as given in 1 and 2 above.Both the inhibition and the enhancement appear to be mediated through the action of the anti-allotype sera on the hemolysin produced rather than directly on the cells producing it.
Synthesis of Immunoglobulins by Human Cell Lines in Tissue Culture
Authors: Finegold Ira , Fahey John L. , Granger Harriet 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunoglobulin synthesis has been demonstrated in 19 of 27 lymphoid cell lines in continuous culture derived from patients with a variety of malignant disorders. Soluble proteins derived from cells grown in media containing C14-amino acids were tested by radioimmunoelectrophoresis with antiserums specific for IgG, IgA, IgM and IgD and κ and λ light polypeptide chains. Immunoglobulins synthesized in vitro ranged from only one light chain type to two heavy chains and two light chain types in individual culture lines.
Physical and immunochemical techniques showed that many of the newly synthesized heavy and light chains were linked to form 7 S or 18 S immunoglobulin molecules. Immunochemical tests indicated that immunogloblins produced by the cultured cell lines were very similar or identical to normal human immunoglobulins. Stability of immunoglobulin formation was assessed by repeat tests of 15 cell lines, and only two cell lines varied in results. The immunoglobulins produced by these cells are electrophoretically homogeneous and thus bear some resemblance to myeloma proteins.
Investigation of serum from patients with Burkitt's lymphoma and chronic myelogenous leukemia, failed to reveal serum immunoglobulin components comparable to the proteins identified in culture. These findings indicate that lymphoid cells producing immunoglobulin in culture may be functionally different from the predominant malignant cell (in vivo) in the donor patients and from the malignant plasma cells of patients with multiple myeloma. It seems possible that the lymphoid cells in culture are derived from a minor part of the malignant cell population or from normal cells.
Herpes-like virus particles are present in most of the cell lines. Immunoglobulin production appeared to be independent of the presence of viral particles.
Chromic Chloride: A Coupling Reagent for Passive Hemagglutination Reactions
Authors: Gold E. R. , Fudenberg H. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The passive hemagglutination procedure using a chromium chloride solution to bind antigens and antibodies to red cells has been investigated. The CrCl3 method of coating red cells is rapid and simple, and serologic sensitivity and immunologic specificity are retained. The present studies showed that group O human red cells coated with antigen by the CrCl3 procedure can be used in a number of serologic reactions. In particular, use of CrCl3-treated cells as immunoadsorbent provides a rapid method for the preparation of monospecific antisera to human immunoglobulins. The immunoglobulin content of pathologic sera can be estimated by the degree to which the pathologic serum inhibits an appropriate agglutination system consisting of cells coated with γG-, γA- or γM-globulin by the CrCl3 method and of homologous antibody. “Purified” immunoglobulin preparations can be assessed for contamination by similar inhibition of agglutination of red cells coated with immunoglobulins by the CrCl3 method.
Antigenic Variants of Arboviruses
Authors: Henderson J. R. , Levine S. I. , Karabatsos N. , Stim T. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method for monitoring variations in antigenic constitution of arbovirus strains has been developed. The technique is based upon the magnitude of cross neutralization of virus strains by antisera prepared against virus fractions obtained from gradient sedimentation of a single strain. At a specific point in time, antigenically distinct Western encephalitis viral populations were found to coexist within various tissues of an infected mouse. The antigenic nature of such populations was found to be unstable and in a continuous state of flux. Eastern encephalitis virus strains had distinct antigenic properties when stocks were examined directly. The antigenic properties also varied when strains were carried from one passage to another in mice or in tissue culture, or when passaged in parallel in mice and tissue culture. The phenomenon of antigenic variation of strains was explained in part by the differential selection and ultimate accumulation of certain antigen subpopulations over others during virus replication in various tissue or cell types.
Antigenic Variants of Arboviruses
Authors: Henderson J. R. , Levine S. I. , Stim T. B. , Karabatsos N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When EE or WE virus strains were serially passaged in tissue culture, constituent antigen properties were expressed at the specific passage level when there occurred an equilibrium in subpopulation antigens. The equilibrium could be recognized only under defined conditions of host passage and was measured by specifically designed serologic techniques. WE virus strains were found to comprise two groups, each with distinct constituent antigen properties. EE virus strains comprised four groups, each with distinct constituent antigen properties. Certain South American type EE strains had constituent antigen properties identical to certain North American type EE strains.
Studies on the Mechanisms of Hypersensitivity Phenomena
Authors: Levy David A. , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Passive sensitization, in vitro, of human leukocytes with serum from ragweed-sensitive individuals is enhanced by heparin (ca. 10-6 M). The potentiating effect of heparin is even more evident in the presence of 4 × 10-3 M ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA). The synergistic action of the two compounds on passive sensitization suggests different sites or mechanisms of enhancement. A suggested mode of action involves a net increase in negatively charged membrane sites capable of interaction with cationic residues on the immunoglobulin molecules.
Unlike EDTA, heparin does not influence the cellular histamine release mechanism. The available data suggest that the enhancing effect of heparin may be independent of the blood clotting mechanism. However, the ability of heparin to augment passive sensitization under in vitro conditions, is shared by other mucopolysaccharides with anticoagulant activity.
The Role of Antibody Bivalence in the Neutralization of Bacteriophage
Authors: Klinman Norman R. , Long Carole A. , Karush Fred 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The neutralization of bacteriophage R 17 was studied with rabbit antibody induced by R 17 and several modified antibody preparations derived from the γG-immunoglobulin fraction of the antiserum. To assess the role of bivalence and the Fc fragment in the neutralization reaction both 7 S and 5 S monovalent and bivalent antibody derivatives were tested as well as monovalent 3 S antibody. The bivalent preparations as a group gave K values at least 30-fold larger than the monovalent antibodies. Within each group there was little if any significant variation. The important role of bivalence, in contrast to the Fc fragment, is attributed to the increased affinity of the antibody for the bacteriophage arising from the bivalence of the antibody and the presence of multiple identical antigenic determinants on the bacteriophage. It is suggested that bivalence was the result of an evolutionary development whose selection was favored because of the increased protection it provided against infectious disease.
Rubella Virus: Role of Interferon during Infection of African Green Monkey Kidney Tissue Cultures
Authors: Wong Ken T. , Baron Samuel , Ward Thomas G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
African green monkey kidney cell cultures infected with low or high multiplicities of rubella virus were found to produce small or large amounts of interferon respectively. Following high multiplicity infection of these cell cultures with rubella virus there was continuous production of virus and interferon over a period of 38 days. Infected cell cultures also developed cellular resistance which was characterized as interferonlike by its broad antiviral effect against many viruses and by its inhibition by dactinomycin (actinomycin D). The sensitivity of rubella virus to monkey interferon was substantially greater than that of vesicular stomatitis virus. Rubella virus yield decreased when lower virus inputs were used. This appears to have been due to interferon production during early virus growth cycles. These facts suggest that much of the observed inhibition of homologous and heterologous virus could be accounted for by the amount of interferon produced, the degree of resistance induced, and the high sensitivity of rubella virus to the interferon system. The findings also suggest that persistent infection of African green monkey kidney cultures by rubella virus is associated with persistent activity of the interferon system.
Antigenic Properties of the Hexosamine Polymer of Streptococcal Mucopeptide
Authors: Karakawa Walter W. , Lackland Henry , Krause Richard M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Streptococcal mucopeptide, solubilized by ultrasonic treatment, gives a precipitin reaction with streptococcal group A-variant antisera. Although treatment of the mucopeptide with an N-acetyl-muramyl-l-alanine amidase, derived from a broth culture of S. albus, removes approximately 50% of the peptide, the residual material retains serologic activity when tested with selected antisera. This suggests that the hexosamine polymer of mucopeptide is also antigenic. Inhibition of the precipitin reaction by a hexosamine-rich dialyzable fraction derived from S. albus enzymes digest of cell walls supports this view. An immunologic cross-reaction between mucopeptide and group A carbohydrate is also reported.
Identification of γE-Antibodies as a Carrier of Reaginic Activity
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immunoglobulin having reaginic activity was purified from sera of ragweed sensitive patients by salt precipitation, diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose column chromatography, gel filtration and DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography. The γG- and γA-globulins remaining in the purified samples were absorbed with rabbit anti-γG- and anti-γA-antibodies which had been precipitated with goat antibody against rabbit γ-globulin. On a weight basis, reaginic activity of the final preparation was about 1000 times more active than the original sera and the most active fraction gave positive P-K reactions at a dilution of 1:80,000. Human serum proteins detected in the preparation were γE- and γD-globulins. The antibody against antigen E was detected in γE-globulin but not in other immunoglobulins. It was also found that the reaginic activity and γE-antibody in the preparations were precipitated by anti-γE-antibody. The results indicate that reaginic activity is associated with γE-globulin. Evidence was presented that reaginic antibody against antigen E in the serum of one individual was γE-globulin of mostly κ chain type.
Influence of the Physical State of Formalinized Vaccinia Virus Particles on Surviving Plaque Titer: Evidence for Multiplicity Reactivation
Authors: Kim Kwang Soo , Sharp D. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Electron microscopic analysis of aggregation among the particles of formalinized vaccinia virus, together with surviving plaque titers, reveals the presence of a multiplicity-dependent reactivation. This effect is not distinguishable from the multiplicity reactivation that is observed with vaccinia virus after irradiation. High survival titers in aggregated formalinized preparations show that many more plaques are formed by clumps of particles than arise from the same particles in dispersed form. The plaque-forming unit titer of formalinized virus is thus not simply related to the number of particles present. Precise statement of titer requires a measure of aggregation as well.
The great survival power of virus particle clumps is shown to be due to reactivation through clumping, not to group protection from action of the formaldehyde. Some persistent surviving fractions reported after treatment of other viruses may be of this kind as well.
Phylogeny of Immunoglobulin Structure and Function
Authors: Clem L. William , De Boutaud Francia , Sigel M. Michael 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The nurse shark was shown to produce antibodies to bovine serum albumin detectable by passive hemagglutination. The sera of both normal and immunized nurse sharks contained high levels (∼50% of the optical density) of immunoglobulins with sedimentation coefficients of approximately 19 S and 7 S. These immunoglobulins were isolated and purified by diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G 200. The immunoglobulins were antigenically identical when analyzed with rabbit antisera. They also had similar immunoelectrophoretic mobilities and hexose contents. Extensive reduction and alkylation dissociated both molecules into H (MW ∼70,000) and L (MW ∼22,000) polypeptide chains in proportions comparable to IgM. It was demonstrated that nurse and lemon sharks had antigenically related L-chains and dissimilar H-chains, thus suggesting a differential rate of evolutionary changes in immunoglobulin chain structure.
The Heterogeneity of Combining Sites of Anti-Benzylpenicilloyl Antibodies Obtained from Individual Rabbits: Fractionation of Antibodies with a Specific Immunoadsorbent
Authors: Atsumi Tsuyoshi , Nishida Kiyoshi , Kinoshita Yoshio , Shibata Koji , Horiuchi Yoshihiko 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) groups were introduced into the bisdiazotized benzidine treated insoluble bovine γ-globulin (BGG) aggregates by direct coupling of benzylpenicillin in alkaline condition. The insoluble BPO-BGG aggregates were used for the analysis of site heterogeneity of rabbit anti-BPO-RSA antibody as a specific immunoadsorbent. The radioiodinated γG fraction prepared from a single rabbit antiserum was charged on the immunoadsorbent and eluted step by step with five haptens corresponding to the constituent of the BPO molecule.
Five different antibody fractions were separated. By rechromatography these fractions were demonstrated to be specifically adapted to phenylacetic acid, phenylacetylglysine, 6-acetyl-aminopenicilloic acid, benzylpenicilloic acid and benzylpenicilloyl-ε-aminocaproate respectively. The order of binding affinity to the immuno-adsorbent of these five different antibody populations seemed to reflect the order of the sizes of combining region.
The cross-reactivity of anti-BPO-RSA antibody with penicilloyl derivatives having different acyl side chain was examined. The fraction directed to the nuclear portion of the BPO molecule was shown to react as strongly with penicilloyl derivatives of synthetic penicillins as with BPO-EACA. In contrast, the fraction directed to the acyl side chain portion of the BPO molecule was shown to have various cross-reactivity with penicilloyl derivatives of synthetic penicillins. The cross-reactivity decreased in the order of phenoxymethylpenicilloyl-, 5-methyl-3-phenyl-4-isoxazolylpenicilloyl-, 2,6-dimethoxyphenylpenicilloyl-ε-aminocaproate.
دلالات الرموز في الفن العراقي وتمثلاتها في نتاجات طلبة قسم التربية الفنية
Authors: فالح زيد 
Published: January 2023

أن الفن العراقي القديم (الفن السومري) وما يحتفي بالكثير من الرموز والإشارات كانت فاعلة في هذا الفن مثل نزوع الفنان في الفن العراقي إلى الفكر التأملي بعقيدته الدينية وأساطيره التي أوصلته إلى أجواء تجريدية رمزية تقدمت على مثيلاتها من الفنون، إن كل هذا يحتاج إلى آلية للفحص ولبيان الأثر في معرفة القديم وتأثيره بالجديد أي تأثير القديم بالجديد أو يتم إنتاجه بطريقة جديدة إذ أن طلبة قسم التربية الفنية - كلية الفنون الجميلة / جامعة بغداد الذين تأثروا بالفن العراقي القديم لاسيما الرموز التي ظهرت في نتاجات الطلبة، ومن هنا تأتي مشكلة البحث الحالي حيث يجيب البحث على السؤال الأتي :-
هل ظهرت الرموز الفنية في الفن العراقي القديم لدى نتاجات طلبة التربية الفنية؟ وما هي دلالاتها؟
إذ يهدف البحث الحالي إلى:

الكشف عن الرموز في الفن العراقي القديم (الفن السومري) ودلالاتها.
الكشف عن الرموز في الفن العراقي القديم (الفن السومري) في نتاجات طلبة التربية الفنية.

بما أن البحث الحالي يهدف إلى الكشف عن الرموز السومرية ودلالاتها في نتاجات المشاريع طلبة قسم التربية الفنية، لذلك اتبع الباحث المنهج الوصفي – أسلوب تحليل المحتوى، كونه أكثر المناهج العلمية الملائمة لتحقيق هدف البحث، اذ يتكون مجتمع البحث من نتاجات مشاريع التخرج لطلبة قسم التربية الفنية التي أنجزها عام (2020/2021) البالغ عددهم (54) بواقع عملين لكل طالب حيث يصبح المجموع (108) عمل فني في مجال الرسم، تم عينة قصدية من مشاريع التخرج لطلبة قسم التربية الفنية - الدراسة الصباحية، والتي بلغت (5) اعمال فنية تحمل الرموز السومرية ودلاتها التي هي جوهر هدف البحث المتمثل بالرموز والدلالاتها في الفن العراقي القديم (السومري) وانعكاساته لدى نتاجات طلبة التربية الفنية، ولاستخراج النتائج فقد استخدم الوسائل الاحصائية وهي (قانون النسبة المئوية – قانون فشر)، اهم النتائج هي:
1-الرمز المفرد: ظهر الرمز الادمي بدرجة تظعهر بقوة في النماذج (1، 3، 5) وبدرجة الا تظهر في النماذج (2، 4).
2-الرمز المركب: ظهر الرمز الطبيعي + طبيعي بدرجة تظهر بقوة في النماذج (1، 5) وبدرجة لاتهر في النماذج (2، 3، 4).