bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistance of Macrophages from C3H/HeJ Mice to the in Vitro Cytotoxic Effects of Endotoxin
Authors: Glode L. Michael , Jacques A. , Mergenhagen S. E. , Rosenstreich D. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Endotoxin (LPS) is toxic for normal mouse macrophages in vitro at concentrations (50 µg/ml) that are fully mitogenic and nontoxic to lymphocytes. Macrophages from LPS-resistant C3H/HeJ mice are not killed by LPS in vitro whereas those from a closely related LPS-responsive strain (C3H/HeN) are killed. Killing is the result of a direct interaction between LPS and the macrophage since this phenomenon is observed in lymphocyte-depleted cultures and since the presence of additional LPS-sensitive spleen cells will not enhance the killing of either C3H/HeN or C3H/HeJ macrophages. Furthermore, C3H/HeJ macrophages remain resistant to LPS-induced killing despite prior immunization with LPS in vivo or incubation with anti-LPS serum in vitro. LPS preparations vary in their cytotoxic effect on macrophages, and Escherichia coli K-235 LPS (phenol-water extracted), which discriminates well between LPS responsive and nonresponsive B cells, also discriminates well between LPS-sensitive and resistant macrophages. However, there is no apparent correlation between the mitogenic potential of LPS preparations and their cytotoxic effect on macrophages. These findings suggest that the C3H/HeJ mouse strain possesses a defect in LPS responsiveness which is intrinsic to its macrophages as well as its B lymphocytes.
Human Factor D̄ of the Alternative Complement Pathway: Purification and Characterization
Authors: Volanakis John E. , Schrohenloher Ralph E. , Stroud Robert M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
D̄ was purified to homogeneity from outdated human plasma by successive chromatography on Bio Rex 70, Sephadex G-200, Bio Rex 70, and Sephadex G-75. Column fractions were monitored for D̄ activity by a hemolytic diffusion plate assay. The overall yield was approximately 4% by activity. A m.w. of 22,900 daltons was established by sedimentation equilibrium. Amino acid analyses have been obtained and Isoleucine has been determined as the NH2-terminus. Incubation of D̄ with purified B and CoVF in the presence of Mg++ resulted in cleavage of B, as judged by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis. D̄ hydrolyzed certain synthetic amino acid esters of arginine, lysine, and tyrosine. Benzoyl-L-arginine methyl ester (BAME) was the most sensitive substrate for D̄ among those tested. The substrate profile of D̄ was distinct when compared to that of C1̄s, C1̄r, plasmin, urokinase, and trypsin. Both the enzymatic and hemolytic activity of D̄ were irreversibly inhibited by treatment with 10 mM DFP as well as by reduction and alkylation.
Release of Phospholipids from Liposomal Model Membrane Damaged by Antibody and Complement
Authors: Kinoshita Taroh , Inoue Kozo , Okada Mariko , Akiyama Yoko 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When liposomal membranes were attacked by antibody and complement, enzymatic degradation of membrane phospholipids was not observed. However, intact membrane phospholipids were released into the surrounding medium in amounts beyond that expected from nonspecific proteinphospholipid interaction. On the other hand, when liposomal membranes were treated with phospholipase A purified from venom of “Habu” snake (Trimeresurus flavoviridis), trapped glucose marker was easily released, but phospholipids or their degradation products were not released into the medium and remained in the membrane structure.
Chemotaxis of Rat Lymphocytes
Authors: Ward P. A. , Unanue E. R. , Goralnick S. J. , Schreiner G. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rat lymphocytes obtained from spleens, lymph nodes, and thymus glands showed migratory responses to a variety of factors including fluids from mixed lymphocyte culture fluids from concanavalin A-stimulated cells, fluids from phagocytizing macrophages, and to anti-rat IgG. Migratory responses to the last factor were bimodal over a dose range of anti-Ig; at high concentrations of anti-Ig, the response appeared to be nonspecific, whereas, at low concentrations, the responses seemed to be chemotactic in character. When lymphocytes from spleens, lymph nodes, and thymic glands were compared, qualitative and quantitative differences on the responses were evident with use of the three attractants. When spleen lymphocytes were separated into T cell- and B cell-enriched fractions, T cells responded to the culture fluids from mixed lymphocyte cultures, whereas B cells seemed to respond poorly, if at all. Only B cells responded to anti-Ig. These findings may explain, at least in part, the accumulation of lymphoid cells at sites of inflammatory stimuli.
Distribution of the Thy-1 Antigen in Cellular and Subcellular Fractions of Adult Mouse Brain
Authors: Stohl William , Gonatas Nicholas K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By using a cytotoxicity inhibition assay employing AKR anti-C3H thymocyte antiserum, we have determined the degree of expression of the thy-1 antigen in fractions of adult mouse brain. As expressed as cytotoxicity inhibitory capacity per mg protein with C3H whole brain arbitrarily assigned a value of 1.0, the following values were found: C3H cerebral cortex, 5.8; C3H cerebral cortex synaptosomes, 2.5: C3H whole brain myelin, 0.65; C3H cerebral cortex neurons, 0.16; and C3H cerebral cortex mitochondria, 0.10. Neither C1300 neuroblastoma cells nor any AKR neural fraction had detectable levels of thy-1.
The findings indicate that the thy-1 antigen is found mainly in mouse cerebral cortex and in synaptosomal fractions, whereas myelin fractions contain lower but perhaps significant amounts of thy-1. Cerebral cortex neurons, isolated by a method requiring a 90-min mild trypsinization at 37°C, did not display significant amounts of the thy-1 antigen.
These results lend themselves to further study in the area of differentiation and development of central nervous system components and in the area of central nervous system immunopathology.
Interference with the Transmission of T Cell-Derived Messages by Macrophage Membranes
Authors: Ptak Wlodzimierz , Naidorf Kenneth F. , Gershon Richard K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Heat-killed macrophages (HK MØ) and/or semi-purified MØ membranes interfere with primary thymus-dependent but not thymus-independent in vitro immune responses. In addition, they can absorb out and render inactive the helper activity found in mixed lymphocyte culture supernatants which augments the primary in vitro response of normal spleen cells. They do not, however, inactivate the helper activity which augments the response of thymus-deprived spleen cells. Both the immunologic interference and the absorbing activity of the HK MØ are eliminated by treatments which inactivate or block Fc receptors. We suggest that HK MØ or their membranes can act as competitive antagonists for live MØ functions and in so doing block communication networks between T cell subclasses. Thus they can serve as useful probes both for studying some of the roles live MØ might play in mediating immunologic functions as well as dissecting out some of the many arcane T cell interactions which normally occur.
Suppression of Immunoglobulin Synthesis by Transplantation of T Cells from Anti-µ Bursectomized Chickens into Normal Recipients
Authors: Kermani-Arab V. , Leslie G. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In order to study the nature and immunoregulatory capacity of lymphocytes from agammaglobulinemic chickens, line 63 inbred chickens were injected iv with 4 mg of specifically purified goat anti-chicken IgM (µ) antibody on day 14 of embryonation, and surgically bursectomized immediately after hatching. At 12 weeks of age these chickens were agammaglobulinemic and free of immunoglobulin-bearing B cells as assessed by immunofluorescence and lactoperoxidase catalyzed 125I cell surface-labeling techniques. Lymphocytes from these birds lacked the capacity to restore immunoglobulin synthesis in chemically induced agammaglobulinemic birds, whereas, their T cell function was retained as determined by their in vitro responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A). Of special significance was the observation that the adoptive transplantation of splenic, bone marrow, or thymic lymphocytes from agammaglobulinemic chicks into normal newly hatched syngeneic recipients rendered the recipients severely hypogammaglobulinemic or agammaglobulinemic. In contrast with the agammaglobulinemic donors, the hypogammaglobulinemic recipients possessed B lymphocytes. The ability of effector cells from the anti-µ bursectomized (anti-µ-Bx) donors to transfer agammaglobulin was abrogated by pretreatment with anti-chicken thymocyte antiserum plus complement.
Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytotoxicity: Effects of Ageing, Adult Thymectomy and Thymic Factor
Authors: Bach Marie-Anne 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adult thymectomy, as well as ageing, depressed splenic lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (LMC) in the mouse. Ageing depressed significantly LMC as early as 19 weeks of age, independently of the number of cells used for immunization. Thymectomy affected LMC only when suboptimal numbers of immunizing allogeneic cells were used. This effect peaked at 6 to 12 weeks after thymectomy. No difference between thymectomized and normal mice was observed when LMC was tested 16 to 20 weeks after thymectomy, at an age when normal control mice themselves already showed a lowered LMC due to ageing.
The effect of in vivo treatment with a circulating thymic factor (TF), which was shown to disappear with ageing as well as after adult thymectomy, has been tested in adult thymectomized mice and normal young and ageing mice. TF treatment prevented LMC depression in adult thymectomized mice, whereas it depressed paradoxically splenic LMC in normal young and old mice. The possible mechanisms of the effects of adult thymectomy, ageing, and thymic factor on the different T cell subsets involved in allogeneic killer cell generation are discussed.
Tumor Neutralization, Immunotherapy, and Chemoimmunotherapy of a Friend Leukemia with Cells Secondarily Sensitized in vitro
Authors: Cheever Martin A. , Kempf Raymond A. , Fefer Alexander 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The aim of our study was to induce in vitro a secondary response to a C57BL/6 Friend leukemia (FBL-3) by C57BL/6 lymphoid cells, to document their enhanced anti-tumor cytotoxicity in vitro and to study their anti-tumor effect in vivo by tumor neutralization (Winn assay) and tumor therapy of progressive FBL-3 in C57BL/6 mice. Spleen cells (Ci) from mice immunized once in vivo with FBL-3 were cultured for 5 days with either x-irradiated FBL-3 (CiFx), C57BL/6 spleen cells (CiCx), BALB/c spleen cells (CiBx) or without any x-irradiated cells (Ci-cult.) and their activity subsequently was assayed in vitro and in vivo. CiFx cells were markedly more cytotoxic in vitro by the 51Cr release assay than were CiCx or CiBx and were most effective in tumor neutralization (Winn assay). For adoptive immunotherapy, mice given lethal (104) FBL-3 i.p. on day 0 received the cultured spleen cells on day 1. Treatment with 5 × 106 CiFx cured 14 of 14 mice whereas 19 of 20 mice given 5 × 106 CiCx or CiBx died with tumor. For adoptive chemoimmunotherapy of advanced leukemia, mice were given 107 FBL-3 i.p. on day 0. On day 5, they received cyclophosphamide (CY) plus cultured spleen cells. Untreated mice died by day 14. CY alone prolonged survival but all mice died within 4 weeks. Treatment with CY plus 5 × 106 Ci-cult. or CiBx was no more effective than CY alone—40 of 40 mice died with tumor. However, CY plus 5 × 106 CiFx cured 16 of 22 mice. Thus, cells generated in a secondary response in vitro were not only cytotoxic in vitro and effective in tumor neutralization, but were also curative in immunotherapy of an early leukemia and in chemoimmunotherapy of an advanced leukemia.
Receptors for C3 on Rat Peritoneal Mast Cells
Authors: Sher Alan , McIntyre Susan L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Purified rat peritoneal mast cells adhere to schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni which have been pre-incubated in fresh normal rat serum. This cytoadherence reaction is dependent on complement and in particular on components of the alternative pathway. Since antibodies to rat C3 but not IgG block the attachment of the cells to the complement-treated larvae, it appears that C3-specific receptors on the mast cell surface are responsible for the adherence phenomenon. These receptors can also be demonstrated by the rosetting of mast cells with rat complement-treated zymosan particles or fluoresceinated bacteria. The key properties of the receptors are their specificity for homologous (rat) complement, their sensitivity to digestion with trypsin, and their functional dependence on Mg+ + ions. Thus, the rat mast cell receptors share many of the characteristics of the C3 receptors previously identified on monocytes, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Functional Heterogeneity Among the T-Derived Lymphocytes of the Mouse
Authors: Araneo Barbara A. , Marrack Philippa , Kappler John W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The T1 subpopulation of peripheral T cells was defined in mice by its short half life, insensitivity to anti-thymocyte sera (ATS) in vivo, and slow kinetics of response to antigen. The T2 subpopulation was defined by its long life time, elimination by ATS in vivo, and rapid response to antigen. Mice containing only T1-type T cells were constructed by adult thymectomy (ATx) followed immediately by the elimination of T2 cells by ATS treatment. Immunization of these mice with SRBC led to the production of memory helper cells in the T2 subpopulation. This process depended on the presence of T1 cells and for the most part required SRBC immunization, although a few SRBC-specific T2 cells reappeared in the mice in the absence of antigen. We conclude that T1 cells can give rise to T2 cells in an antigen-driven step and that the two populations correspond to virgin and memory T cells, respectively.
Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytotoxicity Against Human Allogeneic and Autologous Lymphoid Targets After Concanavalin A-Activation of Cytotoxic Effector Cells
Authors: Hunninghake Gary W. , Fauci Anthony S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present study has demonstrated that suspensions of human peripheral blood lymphocytes can be activated by Con A to become cytotoxic effector cells displaying specificity against a broad range of alloantigen-bearing lymphoid targets. The immunologic nature of the reaction was demonstrated by the fact that autologous targets were not lysed except when an agglutinin (PHA) was present during the cytotoxicity assay. Certain culture conditions were critical for optimal responses including the density of cells, the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol in the culture media, and certain batches of human AB serum which strongly supported the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes. Cytotoxic cells were generated only after 2 to 3 days of culture and were not present at 24 hr or after 4 days of culture. The optimal concentration of Con A in the culture media was 10 to 20 µg/ml. The target cells employed were human lymphocytes maintained in culture without stimulation for 2 to 3 days. The cytotoxicity assay was a 4-hr assay and relatively high effector-to-target cell ratios (250 to 500:1) were necessary to obtain maximal killing against allogeneic lymphoid targets, whereas lower ratios were adequate against nonlymphoid targets such as Chang liver cells. Con A-generated lymphocytes from particular individuals were consistent in their capacity to mount a high or low cytotoxic response against allogeneic targets. This was independent of the degree of HL-A haplotype similarity or dissimilarity with the target cell. In addition, individuals who were low responders in the Con A-generated cytotoxicity mounted MLC blastogenic responses and MLC-generated alloantigen specific cytotoxic responses as high as those individuals who were high responders in the Con A-generated cytotoxicity assay. Also, lymphocytes from both high and low responders manifested similar degrees of blastogenic responses to Con A. The present study provides a simple and reproducible system for the generation and assay of cytotoxic effector cells from human peripheral blood after polyclonal activation by Con A and provides a model which can be used in studies of the mechanisms and regulatory factors involved in the activation of human cytotoxic lymphocytes.
The Frequency of p-Azophenylarsonate and Dimethylaminonapthalene-Sulfonyl-Specific B Cells in Neonatal and Adult BALB/c Mice
Authors: Sigal Nolan H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The limiting cell dilution splenic focus technique has been used to determine the frequency of p-azophenylarsonate (Ars) and 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-sulfonyl (Dansyl)-specific B cells in neonatal and adult mice. The adult frequencies for Ars and Dansyl in conventionally reared BALB/c mice are 1.5 ± 0.3/105 B cells and 9.4 ± 3.3/105 B cells, respectively. Dansyl-specific precursor cells are present in high frequencies at birth and reach adult precursor frequency levels during the first week of life. This finding mirrors the ontogenetic development previously described for dinitrophenyl (DNP) and trinitrophenyl (TNP), but contrasts with the results obtained for fluorescein (FL) and phosphorylcholine (PC), for which precursors arise later in development. On the other hand, the kinetics of appearance of B cells specific for Ars is unique in that the precursor frequency appears to decrease during the first week of life. The data presented remain consistent with a highly ordered, rigorously predetermined acquisition of the specificity repertoire during ontogeny. By increasing the flexibility of the splenic focus technique to allow analysis of other, chemically diverse haptens, results have been obtained that confirm and extend observations made with DNP, TNP, FL, and PC.
BCG-Induced Murine Effector Cells
Authors: Wolfe Seth A. , Tracey Daniel E. , Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cytotoxic activity in peritoneal exudates harvested from C57BL/6 mice 4 to 6 days after they had received viable Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) organisms i.p. was associated with a nonadherent, nonphagocytic cell. The cytotoxic cell lacked demonstrable surface immunoglobulin and Thy 1 antigen and bore no readily detectable Fc receptors. Lytic activity was labile at 37°C and was diminished after trypsinization of the effector cells. Preincubating effector cells with immune complexes was without effect on lytic expression.
These features make it likely that the cytolytic activity was associated with “natural killer” (NK) cells, previously described in unimmunized mouse spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes. Whether BCG induced “activation” of resident NK cells, the de novo production of NK cells, or “homing” into the peritoneum of cells normally resident in other lymphoid tissue is not known.
Differential Tumor Immunogenicity of L1210 and its Sublines
Authors: Fuji H. , Mihich E. , Pressman D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The differential immunogenicity of DBA/2 lymphoma L1210 and three L1210 sublines, each resistant to a different anti-leukemic agent (guanazole, methylglyoxal-bis-guanylhydrazone, and 4,4-diacetyldiphenylureabis-guanylhydrazone), was evaluated in vitro. Syngeneic spleen cells from nonimmunized DBA/2 mice were cultured in the presence of graded numbers of irradiated cells of L1210 or its sublines. The stimulation elicited a T-independent primary antibody response in vitro which was measured by determining the number of plaque-forming cells by using the immunizing lymphoma cells as target. Cells of all three sublines exhibited an increased immunogenicity, as compared to that of the parental L1210 cells, in eliciting the response directed to tumor-associated antigens which were common to all sublines. Dose-response experiments showed that high doses of the parental cells did stimulate responses which were detectable with subline cells as target. The results indicated that the differential immunogenicity of L1210 and its sublines, as demonstrated in the present assay system, is primarily quantitative, and was apparently due to increased amount or density of common tumor-associated antigens on the subline cells. The implications of these observations are discussed in relation to the possible mechanisms underlying the emergence of highly immunogenic drug-resistant sublines.
Cell-Mediated Immune Response to Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis and Vaccinia Virus in Rats
Authors: Zinkernagel Rolf M. , Althage Alana , Jensen Fred C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The parameters of cell-mediated immune responses of rats to infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus or vaccinia virus were assessed by measuring primary footpad swelling, increased weights of the local lymph nodes, increased numbers of lymphocytes per lymph node, and the course of virus-specific cytolytic activity by these lymphocytes. Except for lack of a defined swelling caused by vaccinia virus injected into the hind footpads of rats, the kinetics of all these responses correlated and were in accord with the usual time course of cellular immune responses. Starting 3 days after infection, peaking at 5 to 7 days, and disappearing after 10 to 12 days, the responses by rats to both viruses were comparable to those found in mice. The phagocytes of these infected rats inhibited the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in vivo, indicating activation of the macrophages by virus-specific cellular immunity. The rat cytotoxic lymphocytes were thymus derived as judged by various criteria: inactivation by an absorbed rabbit anti-rat brain antiserum plus C, susceptibility to anti Thy 1.1 plus C, restriction of the lytic activity within inbred strains and probably by the Ag-B locus, and the kinetics of the response. The cytotoxic T lymphocytes were virus specific since they killed only target cells infected with the same virus but not uninfected cells, or targets that were infected with an unrelated virus.