bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Sensitive Hemagglutination Assay Method for Dinitrophenyl-Specific Antibodies
Authors: Levine Bernard B. , Levytska Vera 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A sensitive and specific passive hemagglutination (HA) assay for 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-specific antibodies is described. Red blood cells (RBC) are sensitized by coupling DNP groups to their surfaces. The sensitivity of the method was obtained by the use of “optimally sensitized” RBC and a serum diluent containing dextran and fetal calf serum. The method detects as little as 0.005 to 0.010 µg/ml of anti-DNP antibody protein. The method was found to be about three times more sensitive for antibodies with relatively high affinity (Ko, 1010 L/mole), than for those with low affinity (Ko, 106 L/mole).
Specificity of the Primary and Secondary Antibody Responses to Myxoviruses
Authors: Heffner Reid Russell , Schluederberg Ann 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies with inactivated measles virus in guinea pigs showed: The early response to primary antigenic stimulus was production of 19S antibody alone.A 7S antibody component was regularly demonstrated in the later phases of the primary response.The secondary response to the same antigen was characterized by a rapid increase in 7S antibody production and by the absence of 19S.Five of six animals failing to produce detectable hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies during the 1st week of immunization showed an accelerated 19S and 7S antibody responses to an injection given on the 7th day.Antibody responses to challenge with monkey-grown measles virus and chick-grown measles virus appeared identical in animals immunized with chick-grown vaccine.
Studies with mumps and DA viruses in monkeys showed: Previous exposure to DA virus did not alter the primary nature of the response to mumps virus.The primary response to mumps infection did not alter the secondary character of the heterologous DA antibody rise.
A Mechanism of Bacterial Interference in vitro
Authors: Ribble John C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A strain of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (strain W) inhibited the growth of a coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (strain 502A) when both were growing in liquid medium. Inhibition of growth was abolished by the addition of nicotinamide.
Bacteria-free filtrates of cultures of strain W failed to fully support the growth of strain 502A or the growth of several other Gram-positive bacteria. Addition of small amounts of nicotinamide or boiling restored the capacity of the filtrates to support growth.
It is postulated that the growth of strain W results in the production of an inhibitor which interferes with the metabolism of nicotinamide.
Formation and Isolation of Rabbit Antibodies to a Synthetic Antigen of Low Molecular Weight
Authors: Borek Felix , Stupp Yehudit , Sela Michael 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Repeated intradermal inoculation of rabbits with a low-molecular weight synthetic antigen, p-azobenzenearsonate-hexa-l-tyrosine, in Freund's complete adjuvant, induced formation of precipitating anti-p-azobenzencarsonate antibodies. These antibodies were isolated by the use of a specific immunoadsorbent, prepared from a cross-reacting antigen and bromoacetylcellulose. Their physical properties were found to be very similar to those of antibodies, usually formed against high molecular weight antigens. Some indirect evidence was obtained supporting the view that the antigen employed acts on the antibody-forming system independently rather than in combination with proteins of the host.
Antigenic Analysis of Human Cells and Tissues: Differential Susceptibility of Antigens to Physical or Chemical Treatment
Authors: Chiu Shiau-Yen , Baker Patricia J. , Brand K. Gerhard 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antigenic extracts of cultivated human cells were subjected to various treatments. These included heating for 30 min at temperatures between 56 and 98°C, extraction with ether and acetone, repeated freezing and thawing, treatment with pepsin, and others. Treated and untreated samples were examined in agar double immunodiffusion tests against a battery of 23 anti-cell reference sera which specifically indicated a number of defined antigenic components. Especially heat and acetone treatments were found to exert selective effects on individual antigens, in this way aiding in their characterization and identification. Preliminary attempts have been made to correlate chemical, structural and antigenic characteristics of cellular components.
Subgroups of L Type Bence-Jones Proteins
Authors: Ruffilli A. , Baglioni C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An antiserum has been prepared against a type L Bence-Jones protein (BJ 27) and a BJ 27 “fragment,” which contains only the distinctive peptides of this protein. The distribution of antigenic determinants of BJ 27 and BJ 27-“fragment” among a set of L type Bence-Jones proteins has been studied. L type proteins are heterogeneous with respect to antigenic determinants of the BJ 27-fragment. The inter pretation of these data is discussed.
Skin Sensitizing Antibodies: A Comparative Study of Canine and Human PK and PCA Antibodies and a Canine Myeloma Protein
Authors: Rockey John H. , Schwartzman Robert M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Canine reaginic antibody from 13 atopic animals with hypersensitivity to ragweed pollens has been separated from other canine immunoglobulins, including the γM-globulins, a canine polymeric (10 S) myeloma protein and a canine γG-antibody eliciting a passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) reaction in the guinea pig, by Sephadex G 200 gel filtration and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. The canine reaginic antibody also has been compared with atopic human reaginic antibody, human isohemagglutinins with intermediate sedimentation coefficients, human anti-tetanus toxoid (PCA) antibody and pathologic human immunoglobulins, and has been found to be closely similar in size to the human reaginic antibody.
The ability of canine reaginic antisera to elicit a dermal anaphylactic Prausnitz-Küstner reaction was markedly reduced after exposure to 2-mercaptoethanol.
A Quantitative Precipitin Study of Porcine Fibrinogen Employing Paired Labels
Authors: Fritz Robert B. , Lassiter Sylvester , Day Eugene D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Globulins from single bleedings of individual rabbits were used to delineate the quantitative precipitin reaction of porcine fibrinogen and its homologous antibody. The use of paired radioactive labels in both antigen and antibody, as an aid in studying the quantitative precipitin reaction, was established. Porcine fibrinogen prepared by different methods yielded antigens with differing immunochemical properties. The effective antigenic valence of one preparation was 27; of another, over 50. Precipitin titrations with one resulted in classically linear Heidelberger plots; with another, in curvilinear departures from the ideal in antibody excess regions.
Duration of Immunity to Tuberculosis in Mice Vaccinated Intravenously with Oil-Treated Cell Walls of Mycobacterium Bovis Strain Bcg
Authors: Anacker R. L. , Barclay W. R. , Brehmer W. , Larson C. L. , Ribi E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Resistance of mice to aerosol infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv engendered by intravenous (i.v.) administration of BCG cell walls treated with Drakeol 6-VR or viable BCG has been studied by determining the number of virulent organisms and the presence of tuberculous lesions in 1) lungs of vaccinated and uninoculated control mice 1 month after challenge infection at various intervals up to 28 weeks after immunization and in 2) lungs of mice challenged 1 month after immunization and sacrificed at various intervals up to 231 days after challenge. Mice inoculated with the cell wall vaccine and challenged at various intervals consistently had fewer and smaller tuberculous lung lesions than did the BCG-vaccinated and control mice at all intervals tested, fewer organisms in the lungs than did the control mice at all intervals tested, and fewer organisms in the lungs than did the BCG-vaccinated mice at all times except at the longer intervals (21 to 28 weeks) when the numbers for both were about equal.
Mice inoculated with the cell wall vaccine, challenged 1 month later and sacrificed at various intervals after challenge, had fewer and smaller lung lesions than did the BCG-vaccinated and control mice at all intervals up to 231 days after challenge, fewer virulent organisms in the lungs than did the control mice at all times, and fewer organisms in the lungs than did the BCG-vaccinated mice at all times except at the later intervals (180 to 231 days) when the numbers were nearly the same. Lung weights of mice inoculated with the cell wall vaccine were greater than those of the BCG-vaccinated and control mice at the time of challenge; resistance of the mice to challenge was correlated with lung weight, but it is not known whether this lung enlargement was directly related to immunity. These results indicate that the BCG cell wall vaccine, when administered i.v., confers to mice, for an extended period of time, resistance to aerosol infection superior or equal to that afforded by viable BCG.
Reaction of Dissociated IgM Anti-γ-Globulins with Rabbit Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
Authors: Schrohenloher Ralph E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified preparations of IgM anti-γ-globulins (rheumatoid factors) were isolated from the sera of two patients. Subunits of the preparations, produced by reduction and alkylation, were found to retain the capacity to combine with both rabbit and human IgG. Evidence was obtained that the subunits reacted with structures in the Fc-fragment of the IgG molecules. These observations on the anti-γ-globulin subunits are consistent with the known activities and specificities of human IgM anti-γ-globulins.
Wasting Disease Induced with Cortisol Acetate
Authors: Reed Norman D. , Jutila John W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A single injection of cortisol acetate into neonatal Swiss mice induced a highly fatal wasting disease. The course of the disease was less severe if the mice were older at the time of injection. Mortality following neonatal cortisol administration was lower in conventionally reared (CR) mice given oral Terramycin (62%) and in germ-free (GF) mice (32%) than in CR mice (95%). However, many symptoms characteristic of the wasting disease were observed in the antibiotic-treated and GF mice. GF mice, due to the low mortality in these animals, were used in studying the effects of neonatal cortisol acetate administration. The neonatal injection of cortisol acetate caused a rapid and severe involution of the thymus and spleen, and peripheral blood lymphocyte depletion. The lymphoid involution was followed, within 30 days, by morphologic recovery. The ability of mice to reject a tumor allograft was impaired for at least 50 days following neonatal cortisol treatment. The data reported support the concept that wasting mice, being immunologically deficient due to the primary effects of cortisol acetate on the thymus and other lymphoid tissues, are invaded and killed by microorganisms present in their environment.
Opsonization of Group a Streptococci by Complement Deficient Blood from a Patient with Hereditary Angioneurotic Edema
Authors: Stollerman Gene H. , Alberti Humberto , Plemmons James A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A patient with hereditary angioneurotic edema was studied during two severe crises of edema at approximately 6-month intervals. C′2 serum levels ranged from 34 to 60 units/ml (normal controls 300 to 500 units/ml) and total complement (C′H50) levels ranged from 18 to 23 units/ml (controls 30 to 45 units/ml).
Despite the C′ abnormality, the HAE patient's plasma showed normal coopsonin activity, that is, the rate of phagocytosis and destruction of encapsulated group A streptococci was optimal. Semi-quantitative assays of coopsonin in the HAE patient and in normal controls were made by diluting the plasma of each, respectively, in the plasma of a coopsonin-deficient individual who had normal C′ and C′2 levels. Opsonic tests made with these plasma dilutions showed normal levels of coopsonin in the HAE patient.
The above studies provide further evidence for the independence of C′ and streptococcal coopsonin and indicate that the marked depletion of C′2 which occurred in a patient with HAE was not limiting for any function C′ may have in the opsonization of encapsulated group A streptococci.
Hypersensitivity to Ascaris Antigens
Authors: Strejan Gill , Campbell Dan H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Guinea pigs were immunized with a crude Ascaris suum extract emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. Anti-Ascaris antibodies were obtained from three separate serum pools as follows: 1) by precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 33% saturation and subsequent electrophoretic separation on Geon blocks; 2) by decomplementation, ammonium sulfate precipitation and subsequent specific precipitation with and dissociation from a thiolated Ascaris extract; and 3) by precipitation with ammonium sulfate only.
Aliquots from all the preparations were absorbed with a rabbit anti-guinea pig 7 S γ1 serum, and antigenically pure guinea pig 7 S γ2 anti-Ascaris antibodies as well as unabsorbed controls were tested by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in guinea pigs.
The results indicated that guinea pig 7 S γ2 anti-Ascaris antibodies were able to elicit local anaphylactic reactions of the skin. Although the reactions appeared later (1½ to 4 hr after challenge) than in the classical PCA, the possibility of a reversed passive Arthus-type reaction was ruled out.
Plasma Protein Constituents of Amyloid Fibrils
Authors: Cathcart Edgar S. , Wollheim Frank A. , Cohen Alan S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits immunized with crude whole fibrils from three amyloidotic spleens formed antibodies to the following plasma proteins: γ-A-immunoglobulin, γ-G-immunoglobulin, fibrinogen, a protein with β-globulin mobility and a protein with α-1-globulin mobility (P-component). Only P-component was present in each of the three different fibril preparations. When the amyloid fibrils were subjected to sucrose gradient centrifugation, it was possible to demonstrate that not only were the fibrils relatively free of contaminants, as determined by electron microscopy, but that γ-G-immunoglobulin which had been observed in the original crude preparation was no longer present. P-component was later identified in glycine extracts from sucrose-separated fibrils from four patients with primary amyloidosis, three patients with secondary amyloidosis and one patient with amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma. Finally, the sedimentation coefficient of P-component was compared with that of albumin (4 S), γ-A- and γ-G-immunoglobulin (7 S) and γ-M-immunoglobulin (19 S) using a continuous sucrose gradient. It was found to be less than 19 S but greater than 7 S.
The Effect of Antigenic Competition on Antibody Production to Heterologous Proteins, Termination of Immunologic Unresponsiveness and Induction of Autoimmunity
Authors: Weigle William O. , High Gloria J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibody production to protein antigens, termination of acquired immunologic unresponsiveness and the production of autoantibody were inhibited in rabbits as the result of antigenic competition. In some cases the rabbits failed to make a detectable immune response and were unresponsive to a subsequent injection of the antigen given at a later time. The degree of inhibition of the immune response depended on the relative antigenicity of the competing antigens. Inhibition of antibody production did not occur in rabbits rendered specifically unresponsive to the competing antigen. Antigenic competition markedly inhibited the production of circulating antibody to thyroglobulin in rabbits immunized with arsanil-sulfanil-thyroglobulin, but did not inhibit the development of thyroiditis.
Density Gradient Centrifugation Studies on Rubella Complement-Fixing Antigens
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H. , Dennis Juanita 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rubella virus preparations consisting of concentrated fluids from infected BHK -21 cultures and alkaline buffer extracts of infected cells were subjected to equilibrium centrifugation in sucrose, Ficoll and cesium chloride density gradients. In sucrose gradients two distinct complement-fixing (CF) moieties were demonstrated, one at densities of 1.23 to 1.19 g/ml, and the other at densities of 1.14 to 1.08 g/ml. The more dense antigen was shown to correspond to large particle antigen, and the lighter to small-particle (“soluble”) antigen, which are separable by Sephadex gel filtration. Infectivity was generally found in the region of the dense, large-particle CF antigen, although in some experiments it showed a wider range of densities. Treatment of large- and small-particle antigens with ether did not markedly alter their densities, suggesting that lipids are not an integral part of either CF antigen. Ficoll gradients could be used to separate large-particle CF antigen and infectious virus from the light, small particle CF antigen, but the densities obtained in these gradients were too low to permit the large-particle CF antigen and infectious moiety to equilibrate in the gradient; instead they were recovered in the pellet. In CsCl gradients both CF antigens and infectious virus showed higher apparent buoyant densities than those obtained in sucrose or Ficoll gradients, possibly due to interaction of the cesium with the viral components.
Development of Immunologic Competence in Germfree and Conventional Mice
Authors: Bosma M. J. , Makinodan T. , Walburg H. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immunologic competence of dispersed spleen cells from germfree and conventional mice was assessed in terms of hemagglutinin and hemolysin formation in a cell transfer system and in intact mice. The results revealed that germfree and conventional mice are immunologically alike as judged by: a) numbers of immunocompetent progenitor cells in the spleens of 3- and 13-week-old mice, b) kinetics of hemagglutinin and hemolysin formation by spleen cells of 3-, 9- and 13-week-old mice, and of intact 13-week-old mice and c) rate and magnitude of immunologic growth of the spleen during the first 25 weeks after birth. Thus, naturally occurring microbial flora and maternal antibodies are not basic requisites for the normal development of progenitors of hemagglutinin- and hemolysin-synthesizing cells.
Suppression of Transferred Allogeneic Spleen Cells in the Mouse: Active Induction and Passive Transfer by Antiserum
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna , Farber Miriam B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Splenic cells of inbred mice were transferred to irradiated recipient mice of the same or a different inbred strain following stimulation with sheep erythrocyte or Shigella O antigen. In syngeneic recipients, the corresponding antibodies rose to a maximum on the 10th to 14th day and then declined slowly at approximately log2=1 per month over a maximum observation period of 3 months. In allogeneic recipients, maximal titers attained were lower, the decrease began earlier, and titers fell rapidly to below measurable levels before the 20th day following transfer. In various strain combinations, involving differences at the H2 locus, a wide range could be found between maximal titers attained in syngeneic and allogeneic recipients, this difference varying between log2 0 and 6.
In an allogeneic transfer of spleen cells, CBA to Balb, the prior injection of CBA cells into the recipients caused rejection of subsequently transferred CBA cells. The rejection was demonstrated both by failure of the appearance of antibody in the recipient and by the absence of fatal graft-vs.-host reactions. The extent of the rejection reflected the immunizing dose of spleen cells and the interval between immunization and cell transfer. Rejection of transferred antigen-stimulated CBA spleen cells was also conferred adoptively by spleen cells of Balb mice, previously injected with CBA cells.
Antiserum of Balb mice to CBA spleen cells suppressed antibody production by transferred CBA cells whether injected into the recipient animal or incubated with the spleen cells prior to transfer.
Antigenic Analysis of Extracts of Human Heart Tissue: Cardiac Antigens with Limited Distribution in other Organs
Authors: Kushner Irving , Kaplan Melvin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The organ specificity of antigenic constituents of human myocardial extracts were studied by immunodiffusion. An antigen limited to heart and kidney (HK) and variably detectable in liver, and a second antigen limited to heart and skeletal muscle (HM) were present in saline extracts of adult human hearts. HK related antigen was present also in extracts of monkey heart but not in hearts of other mammalian species tested. HK antigen could not be detected in the hearts of newborn human infants but was found regularly present in hearts of adults, and was considered to be elaborated sometime after birth.
HM antigen was identified as myoglobin. All mammalian species tested showed HM related antigen. The HM antigen was present in human fetuses as early as the 16th week of gestation.
The cross-reaction between a streptococcal cell wall antigen and human heart could not be related to HM or HK antigens or to other saline-soluble extractives of human heart, but rather to the particulate sedimentable fraction.
The Nature of Antibodies and the Immune Response in Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)
Authors: Hodgins Harold O. , Weiser Russell S. , Ridgway George J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rainbow trout were immunized with three purified soluble proteins of different molecular sizes: BSA, BGG and KLH. Passive hemagglutinating antibodies were detected in a few of the trout anti-BSA sera on the 31st day and precipitins on the 73rd day after the initial injection of antigen. Only a small number of BSA-injected trout developed detectable antibodies at any interval. No detectable antibodies to BGG were produced by rainbow trout during a 5-month period of immunization. Specific anti-KLH precipitating antibodies were detected by the 22nd day after initial injection of antigen and were eventually produced by all surviving KLH-injected trout.
Rainbow trout isoimmune hemagglutinating antibodies resided in a serum fraction which contained 10.5 S and 13.5 S components. They migrated as β-globulins in immunoelectrophoresis.
No large- to small-molecule production shift analogous to the 19 S to 7 S production-shift in mammals was observed with either rainbow trout isoimmune hemagglutinating or immune precipitating antibody.
Specific natural anti-rabbit RBC hemagglutinins of rainbow trout sera consisted of both large and small molecules. These natural hemagglutinins represent distinctly different molecular species than immune isohemagglutinins.
The natural hemolytic activity of rainbow trout serum was in some respects similar to that of the antibody-complement systems of other species. However, it differed in that heat-inactivated trout sera could not be reactivated by various complements and sera, that heterologous or homologous antibody or guinea pig complement did not increase serum titers and that ammonium hydroxide did not significantly affect hemolysis by trout serum.
C′3c Deficient Human Sera with a βlc Precipitin Line
Authors: Torisu Motomichi , Arata Makoto , Sonozaki Hidekichi , Majima Hisashi 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Extremely low reactivity of complement in 10 out of 2321 apparently healthy blood donors was reported. In these 10 cases, the reactivity of C′3c was about 0.15% of the value for sera in the normal control group. With the use of guinea pig complement component, C′3c inactivator was observed both in C′3c-deficient sera and in normal sera. After separation of C′3c from C′3c inactivator by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, it was concluded that low C′3c reactivity was due to an actual deficiency of C′3c. In immunoelectrophoresis, the β1c precipitin line with rabbit antiserum developed in all 10 cases of C′3c-deficient sera, and was not noticeably weaker than the corresponding line in control sera.