bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Born Innocent
Authors: Sullivan Michael J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This book advances a normative argument that vicarious punishment is re-emerging in a variety of state actions resulting in the separation of families and confinement of caregivers. States deny individuals birthright citizenship based on the actions, behaviors, status, or group identity of their parents. Economically disadvantaged and minority citizens suffer the collateral consequences of mass incarceration when the state detains their parents or caregivers. Children in mixed-citizenship status families are experiencing the loss of a parent or caregiver through detention and deportation. The children of foreign fighters are suffering the vicarious punitive effects of denationalization and other state actions targeting their parents for their actions in a conflict zone as an anti-terrorism measure by their former country of citizenship. Vicarious punishment never went away in the case of Indigenous children separated from their families to punish their community for resisting assimilation and the extinguishment of their land claims. Their families continue to suffer from intergenerational trauma and child welfare interventions. Beneath these policy problems and legal issues lie two deeper ethical dilemmas that are the focus of this book. The first question is: What does the state and citizens owe to the individuals it detains, given their ongoing contributions in relationships to dependents? The second is: What does the state and citizens owe to innocent dependents in view of the collateral consequences of their caregivers’ detention, which has so often been influenced by prejudice against disadvantaged minority communities?
Introduction
Authors: Sullivan Michael J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the problem of holding children responsible for their actions and loyalties of their caregivers. Modern liberal democratic countries prohibit intergenerational punishments like attainder, forfeiture, and corruption of blood for treason. Still, children continue to suffer the consequences of their parent’s actions, behaviors, and legal status. In the criminal justice system, children experience lapses in their parent’s caregiving following incarceration or immigration detention. Citizenship laws and policies provide a number of ways in which children may be ineligible to acquire citizenship at birth based on a parent’s immigration status, national origin, diplomatic status, or questionable allegiances. Proposals to denationalize parents for terrorist affiliations or to deny children citizenship based on their irregular immigration status compound this problem. The author shows how children and other vulnerable persons are suffering from intergenerational punishment directed at their parents, caregivers, and communities.
In Defense of Birthright Citizenship
Authors: Sullivan Michael J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 argues that political communities should not be free to decide whether to deny citizenship, and its substantial protections, to infants based on their parents’ immigration status, actions, or allegiances. Territorial birthright citizenship offers the promise of integration on equal terms with other citizens. In the United States, equal protection of the law for the children of irregular immigrants means a free public education, on the grounds that “legislation directing the onus of a parent’s misconduct against his children” that “does not comport with fundamental conceptions of justice” (Plyler v. Doe 1982, 220). Immigrants who entered a country without authorization as children should not be held culpable for their parents’ immigration violations. Children of irregular immigrants deserve separate consideration for immigration benefits and citizenship apart from citizens’ judgment of their parents’ conduct as irregular entrants or visa overstayers.
The Digital Age: Turbojets and Computers
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 offers a parallel analysis of the mid-twentieth century. It shows how a century later, history seemed to repeat itself. Turbojets, container ships, computer technologies, and satellite communications transformed the world in much the same way as railroads, steamships, the automatic printing press, and the telegraph had one hundred years before. The parallels are striking, from mail to email, mail-order to e-commerce, mass newspapers to satellite news, and ticker tape to automated trading. Not least of which was the analogous rise in global trade and the dramatic push toward economic liberalism. For the second time in history, the compression of time and space radically altered the very texture of human life. And once again, these dramatic changes in interconnectivity seemed to be ushering in a new era of global cooperation and coordination.
Economic Vulnerability: Productive Reorganization and Financial Crises
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This section examines how there was a sinister side to the marvels of these new eras. The promise of progress and peaceful interconnectivity would in both eras lead to something much bleaker. Within a couple of decades, the advanced economies would be plagued by spectacular wealth inequalities. Dramatic shifts in production would strike the “heartland” much harder than the urban centers. Changing economies and opportunities would draw migrants, just when global economic shocks were beginning to hit national economies. Global finance’s control over national economic agendas would only magnify the pain caused by all these changes. Collectively, these displacements set off the second half of Polanyi’s “double movement.”
A Model of Taxation and Accountability
Authors: Martin Lucy E. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 develops a theory of how and why governments will choose to tax when doing so increases the demands they face from citizens. It develops a formal model of taxation in which a rent-seeking government decides between not taxing, taxing coercively, and seeking a tax bargain. The first version of the model is an autocracy where citizens cannot remove the leader. The chapter then introduces elections to show how the model changes when citizens can vote a leader out of office. While taxation can lead to higher accountability, there are conditions under which governments prefer to extract rents even at the cost of losing office. Critically, while democracy can make taxation more sustainable under certain conditions, it can also have a negative effect on both coercive taxation and tax bargaining, leading to lower taxation overall.
Evidence that Taxation Increases Accountability Demands
Authors: Martin Lucy E. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 uses laboratory experiments and Afrobarometer data to show that taxation increases citizens’ political engagement. It shows that a randomized taxation treatment significantly increases willingness to punish low transfers from a leader, even when punishment is costly and has no economic benefit. Additional experiments support the loss aversion mechanism over alternatives like fairness norms. Extensions of the experiments show that the effect of taxation persists, and even increases, when there are additional barriers to punishment, and is most likely to hold for direct taxes. Afrobarometer survey data from 31 countries shows that taxed citizens are more likely to engage in a range of political actions. Combined, this evidence provides strong support for the book’s main assumption: that taxation increases the accountability demands leaders face from citizens.
Taxation, Democracy, and Accountability
Authors: Martin Lucy E. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 tests when governments will choose to tax, and when doing so is likely to lead to better governance and lower corruption. It uses cross-national panel data to show that democracy is only strongly associated with higher taxation in higher-income countries. In low-income countries, the effect is null or negative. Democratization is associated with significant decreases in tax-to-GDP ratios in following years. Data from Afrobarometer suggest that tax net is smaller in African democracies. Cross-national panel data shows that taxation is associated with lower corruption. As predicted, taxation has a more pronounced effect on corruption for democracies in which citizens’ demands can translate into policy more easily. Finally, I show that direct taxes have a stronger relationship with corruption than indirect taxes, following the results in Chapter 5.
Conclusions, Reflections, and Avenues for Future Research
Authors: Owolabi Olukunle P. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractChapter 8 highlights the book’s important theoretical, conceptual, and empirical contributions to existing literature on colonialism, state-building and long-term development. It also highlights the empirical contributions of tracing the developmental legacies of forced settlement and colonial occupation across multiple colonial empires. The chapter outlines the book’s main conclusions, highlighting the institutional reforms that enabled many—but not all—forced settlement colonies to advance human well-being and postcolonial democratization following the abolition of slavery. Because my research primarily emphasizes the experience of Global South countries that emerged from colonial rule after World War II, the chapter concludes by outlining an agenda for future research on the lasting effects of slavery and colonialism in the Spanish Caribbean, Brazil, South Africa, the southern United States, and other mixed plantation colonies that were excluded from the earlier chapters.
Introduction
Authors: Giroux Valéry , Pepper Angie , Voigt Kristin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides information about the research project that led to this volume. The authors offer details about their partner organization, the Montreal SPCA, to give a sense of its mission, structure, and range of responsibilities. The chapter describes several practical aspects as well as the “practitioner-driven” methodology underlying the project. The chapter offers some thoughts on which aspects of recommendations offered in Part I of this volume can easily be extended to other shelters and some suggestions on those that may need to be adapted if they are to be suitable for different shelter environments. The authors identify and discuss some of the themes presented, implicitly or explicitly, in the chapters of Part II of this volume. The final section briefly summarizes the practical guidelines included in Part I and the individual chapters that constitute Part II of this collection.
Companion Animal Adoption in Shelters
Authors: Giroux Valéry , Voigt Kristin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
An important goal of animal shelters is to find adopters for animals in need of a home. Traditionally, shelters have applied strict criteria that screened out applicants. Increasingly, however, shelters are moving toward a so-called open adoption approach, which engages would-be adopters in a conversation to match them with a suitable animal; only rarely should applicants be turned down. This chapter raises two concerns about open adoption. First, the evidence about the positive effects of open adoption is much less conclusive than advocates suggest. Second, open adoption fails to signal the seriousness of animals’ well-being. However, this does not mean that shelters should return to the traditional approach, which screens out good adoptive homes and discriminates against disadvantaged groups. The chapter ends by sketching some suggestions for attenuating the tension between the goal of efficiently finding homes for a maximum number of animals and the objective of challenging dominant speciesist norms in our society.
Standardization of the Rule of Law and Anti-Corruption Clauses in EU Regional Trade Agreements with Developing Countries
Authors: Rabinovych Maryna 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores and explains standardization of the rule of law and anti-corruption chapters across the European Union’s (EU) regional trade agreements (RTAs) with developing countries. It is demonstrated that the EU’s turn to bilateralism in its trade policy after the deadlock of the WTO Doha Round enabled the Union not only to develop a dense network of RTAs with partners worldwide, but also to achieve a significant degree of standardization of definitions, norms, and practices. Using examples from a broad array of EU RTAs with developing countries and their groups, such as Central America, the Caribbean Forum, Vietnam, and Eastern Neighbors, the chapter reveals that reasons for standardization of the rule of law and anti-corruption clauses go beyond the pragmatist logic pertaining to functionalist cooperation and neo-functionalism. The EU is increasingly inclined to integrate its foreign policy instruments and use its RTAs as levers to achieve broader objectives in various policy contexts.
Ethnic Prejudice
Authors: Javeline Debra 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Using standard measures of ethnic prejudice, such as how victims feel about dining with, marrying, or attending school with ethnic Ingush, Chapter 6 shows that such prejudice among Beslan victims was highly correlated with support for retaliatory ethnic violence but played no role in peaceful political participation. While the possible conversion of ethnic prejudice to retaliatory ethnic violence in the North Caucasus was substantial, the few Beslan victims who consistently offered nonprejudiced responses to survey questions were consistently the least supportive of retaliatory violence. Importantly, the relationship between prejudice and support for retaliatory violence existed independent of the victims’ emotions, including anger and hatred. Prejudice and its harmful ramifications cannot be blamed on the emotional provocation of the violent episode.
Political Alienation and Blame
Authors: Javeline Debra 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows that politically unalienated victims—those who remained proud of Russia after the hostage taking—were more supportive of retaliatory violence and less likely to participate in politics. The finding is corroborated with analysis of related variables such as blame toward political officials, including President Vladimir Putin, and satisfaction with their punishment. Although seemingly undesirable from a normative perspective, political alienation thus provides one of the few links between the post-violence responses of retaliatory violence and political participation and has the normatively desirable “politics not violence” effects. A politically alienated victim has a higher probability than other victims of becoming a nonviolent activist.
Self-Efficacy and Political Efficacy
Authors: Javeline Debra 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Consistent with voluminous research, this chapter shows that political efficacy is related to political participation. Victims who considered themselves politically informed and considered demonstrating or protesting to be effective mechanisms to address dissatisfaction were more likely to engage in political action. High self-efficacy has more normatively complicated effects that have received less attention in discussions of behavioral responses to violence. While feeling in control and able to solve problems after the tragedy may promote greater physical and mental health and even political activism, self-efficacy after tragedy may also encourage victims to exercise control in illegal or socially undesirable ways, such as supporting retaliatory violence.
A Portrait of Political Activists and Violent Retaliators
Authors: Javeline Debra 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter tests the findings of Chapters 5 through 10 more rigorously with multivariate analysis and describes their substantive impact. The analysis shows that victims who were at the high end of the scales for anger, political alienation, political efficacy, or political activism before the hostage taking had much higher probabilities of becoming political activists after the hostage taking than victims at the low end of these scales—sometimes four or five times higher. Victims who were at the high end of the scales for prejudice or blaming Chechens had much higher probabilities of supporting retaliatory violence, as did victims at the low end of the scales for political alienation or satisfaction with the punishment of federal officials—sometimes as much as six times higher.
Should Results Apply to Victims in Other Places and Times?
Authors: Javeline Debra 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how the findings from the small town of Beslan are critical for understanding the numerous populations around the world who are victimized by violence and who also seek to redress their victimization. Most presumably unique features of Beslan are actually relatively common to post-violence contexts or, where uncommon, are not highly relevant to the decisions to retaliate or take political action. Reasonable generalizations include that anger and political alienation from unaccountable governments increase the probability of peaceful political responses to violence, whereas ethnic prejudice and pride in unaccountable governments increase the probability of violent responses.
The American Law Institute at 100
Authors: Ramo Roberta Cooper 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a personal view of how the work of the American Law Institute (ALI) is accomplished, based upon thirty years of observations by a member and leader of the ALI. It highlights the impact of the governance and culture of the ALI on its work product. The chapter uses examples of important moments in the ALI’s recent history, including debates on the Model Penal Code and the death penalty and the development of the first Restatement of American Indian Law. It also touches on the changing group portrait of the membership with its increasing diversity of gender, race, and professional background and the texture and nuance that diversity of views and experiences adds to the process and the final texts.
Restating the Law in the Shadow of Codes
Authors: DeMott Deborah A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter recounts the American Law Institute’s (ALI’s) history in its formative era (1923–1945), drawing from archival sources to deepen existing accounts of the ALI’s self-definition as an ongoing institution. The history is more complex than it appears in prior accounts because institutional necessities—including funding—as well as multiple contingencies shaped both the ALI and its work. Likewise, the ALI’s signal work in this period, the Restatement, departed in significant ways from its original plan. Generating the revenues requisite to its ongoing existence required that the ALI partner with commercial publishers and, at their urging, separately publish Annotations for each Restatement volume linked to pre-Restatement cases in many states. Grants from the Carnegie Corporation of New York (overall totaling around $43 million in today’s dollars) funded the work requisite to the Restatement itself; funding the separate Annotations required support from more varied sources by the 1930s, including New Deal relief programs that could support indigent lawyers. Substantively, if the Restatement represented a rejection of comprehensive legislative codification as a strategy to rationalize and clarify private law, the end of this era is paradoxical because the ALI emerged as a prominent champion of codification via the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). Going forward, in addition to a solid financial footing, the ALI’s work required “matters of first importance” to sustain its members’ engagement and justify itself as an ongoing institution, exemplified by the UCC project.
Canon and Fireworks
Authors: Brooks Richard R.W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Two related claims are principally advanced in this chapter. First is that the Restatements of Contracts has achieved the status of a canon on which contemporary legal practice and education has come to rely. This claim falls under the heading reliance on the Restatements. The second claim, falling under the heading reliance in the Restatements, asserts that traditional notions of contractual liability based on reliance have been overshadowed by the Restatements’ canonization of both its bargain theory of consideration and its statements of promissory estoppel. Overshadowed but not excluded, traditional notions of reliance as grounds for contract enforcement and recognition can be found throughout the Restatements. By highlighting these grounds the chapter aims to recover or, perhaps better, reveal the traditional and continuing presence of reliance in the American common law of contract liability.
Conflict of Laws in the ALI’s First Century
Authors: Symeonides Symeon C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the American Law Institute’s (ALI’s) two Restatements of Conflict of Laws. The first one, adopted in 1934 and identified with its highly respected but dogmatic Reporter, Professor Joseph H. Beale, consisted of doctrinally pure but simplistic and inflexible set of rules, which had the propensity to produce arbitrary results. Beginning with the 1960s, courts began evading and then rejecting those rules in a movement known as the choice-of-law revolution and characterized by a strong skepticism against all rules. Drafted during the revolution’s early years and reflecting that skepticism, the Second Conflicts Restatement moved to the other extreme of replacing—rather than repairing—the old rules with open-ended and equivocal lists of choice-guiding factors. Although criticized at the time, this excessive flexibility proved attractive to most courts, enabling them to experiment with new ideas and, over time, to converge around uniform choices in many patterns of cases. The Third Conflicts Restatement, currently in the drafting phase, intends to compress these choices into new “smart” rules, which will be more flexible than those of the first Restatement and less open-ended than those of the Second Restatement. If this effort succeeds, the ALI will have found the elusive golden mean between the two perpetually competing systemic values of certainty and flexibility.
Torts in the American Law Institute
Authors: Goldberg John C.P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The American Law Institute (ALI) has devoted much attention to tort law. This attention has come in different forms. This chapter labels these, respectively: “ALI in the Mode of Appellate Court,” “ALI in the Mode of Law Reform Commission,” and “ALI in the Mode of Think Tank.” These modes can be placed along a spectrum of ambitiousness with respect to law reform. None is unambitious. But Appellate Court Mode is tethered to doctrine, Think Tank Mode is untethered. Law Reform Commission Mode lies somewhere in between. One might suppose that the ALI’s promise—which enables leading academics, in consultation with bench, bar, and others, to undertake long-term, large-scale research projects—resides in work at the more ambitious end of this spectrum. However, based on an admittedly impressionistic survey, the chapter suggests that, in the domain of tort law, the ALI has had important successes when proceeding in the manner of an appellate court, and has courted trouble when operating in the other modes.