bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
5G and Internet of Things—Integration Trends, Opportunities, and Future Research Avenues
Authors: Bahalul Haque A. K. M. , Oahiduzzaman Mondol Zihad Md. , Rifat Hasan Md. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe Fifth Generation Communication System (5G) has revolutionized data (voice, text, and hybrid) transmission and communication. Advanced communication protocol and sophisticated technology open up the opportunity to integrate 5G with other state-of-the-art technologies. Similarly, the Internet of Things combines sensors, actuators, and other devices that network together to collect contextual and environmental data for application-specific purposes. Nowadays, the applications of IoT need a fast data transfer to ensure smooth service. 5G has the potential to achieve this function for IoT. However, the energy-efficient architecture and easy-to-manage 5G-enabled IoT are still developing. Hence, the potential vulnerability issues of 5G-enabled IoT architecture need to be studied. In this paper, firstly, we have comprehensively discussed the fundamental architecture and characteristics of the 5G ecosystem. Later, the paper comprehensively outlined the characteristics and layered architecture of the internet of things. Then, this chapter also explores the requirements of 5G-enabled IoT, Blockchain-based 5G IoT, and 5G with artificial intelligence. Followed by this discussion, the chapter investigates the opportunities of 5G IoT in different domains. Finally, this paper investigates and analyzes the research gaps, challenges, and probable solutions comprehensively in a tabular format.
Enhanced Energy Efficiency and Scalability in Cellular Networks for Massive IoT
Authors: Rajab Husam , Cinkler Tibor 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe significant expansion of cellular networks has increased their potential to support a wide range of use cases beyond their original purpose of providing broadband access. One such development is using cellular networks to support the Internet of Things (IoT), called Cellular IoT (CIoT). The growth of CIoT is an important trend in the evolution of cellular networks, it leads to broader and more comprehensive ecosystem circumstances. The extensive IoT business evolution is transforming a diverse sector, including health, smart cities, security, and agriculture. Nevertheless, a large scale with very different characteristics and use cases struggle with connectivity challenges due to the unique traffic features of massive IoT and the tremendous density of IoT devices. This study aims to identify the critical obstacles that hinder the widespread deployment of IoT over cellular networks and suggest an innovative algorithm to mitigate them effectively. We discovered that the primary challenges revolve around three specific areas: connection setup, network resource management, and energy consumption. In this regard, we investigate the integration of massive Machine-Type Communication (mMTC) into cellular networks, focusing on the performance of Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) in supporting mMTC.
Security Attacks and Vulnerability Analysis in Mobile Wireless Networking
Authors: Malik Ayasha , Bhushan Bharat , Bhatia Khan Surbhi , Kashyap Rekha , Chaganti Rajasekhar , Rakesh Nitin 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSecurity of data is very important while providing communication either by the wired or wireless medium. It is a very challenging issue in the world and the wireless mobile network makes it more challenging. In a wireless mobile network, there is a cluster of self-contained, self-organized networks that form a temporarily multi-hop peer-to-peer radio network, lacking any use of the pre-determined organization. As these networks are mobile and wireless connection links are used to connect these networks through each other, many of the times these kinds of networks are accomplished of self-manage, self-define, and self-configure. Due to their dynamic nature, wireless mobile networks/systems do not have a fixed infrastructure and, due to this, it is more vulnerable to many types of hostile attacks. Different kinds of security attacks that are present in wireless mobile networks are stated in the paper with their spotting and precaution techniques. Furthermore, the paper deliberates on the various types of mobile networks along with their numerous challenges and issues. Moreover, the paper defines the need and goals of security in wireless mobile networks as well as many security attacks along with their detection or prevention methods.
Utilities of 5G Communication Technologies for Promoting Advancement in Agriculture 4.0: Recent Trends, Research Issues and Review of Literature
Authors: Majumdar Parijata , Bhattacharya Diptendu , Mitra Sanjoy 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe ultrafast 5G network will play a significant role in the farming industry over the upcoming couple of years, serving to boost crop yield and quality while requiring minimal labour. Farmers will be more informed to make smart decisions regarding irrigation by using smart and precision farming. The introduction of 5G will significantly alter the farming characteristics and agriculture practices in this era of Agriculture 4.0. 5G network’s IoT-based cloud computing service offers smart farming solutions that are both flexible and resourceful. This will permit the seamless operation of various unmanned agricultural devices during ploughing, sowing seed and managing phases of crop farming, resulting in secure, dependable, environment-friendly and energy-efficient operations, as well as the creation of unmanned farms. This paper examines the need for and role of smart and precision farming in the agricultural sector incorporating 5G applications in precision farming in the present era of Agriculture 4.0, such as real-time monitoring, data analytics, cloud repositories, virtual consultation and predictive maintenance and also discusses upcoming opportunities. 5G-based IoT solutions focusing towards Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) like automated control and self-driven vehicles to support rapid response times and higher dependability will diminish communication delays in time-sensitive agriculture applications and non-public networks to allocate part of frequency spectrum on demand, network slicing alternatives are also discussed here.
Security Attacks and Countermeasures in 5G Enabled Internet of Things
Authors: Bahalul Haque A. K. M. , Nausheen Tasfia , Al Mahfuj Shaan Abdullah , Murad Saydul Akbar 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe use of previous generation networks like 4G was vastly used in the Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The constant need to grow and develop just so the network can fulfill the requirement of IoT devices is still going on. The exponential growth of the data services substantially challenged the security and the networks of IoT because they were run by the mobile internet requiring high bit rate, low latency, high availability, and performances within various networks. The IoT integrates several sensors and data to provide services and a communication standard. Fifth Generation Communication System (5G) enabled IoT devices to allow the seamless connectivity of billions of interconnected devices. Cellular connections have become a central part of the society that powers our daily lives. Numerous security issues have come to light because of the exponential expansion of 5G technologies and the adaptation of the slow counterpart of IoT devices. Network services without security and privacy pose a threat to the infrastructure and sometimes endanger human lives. Analyzing security threats and mitigation is a crucial and fundamental part of the IoT ecosystem. Authorization of data, confidentiality, trust, and privacy of 5G enabled IoT devices are the most challenging parts of the system. And to provide a solution to these, we need a robust system to handle cyberattacks and prevent vulnerabilities by countermeasures. This paper includes a comprehensive discussion of 5G, IoT fundamentals, the layered architecture of 5G IoT, security attacks and their mitigation, current research, and future directions for 5G enabled IoT infrastructure.
Experimental evidence for a thermal limitation of plant cell wall lignification at the alpine treeline
Authors: Büntgen Ulf 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIn their recent article in Alpine Botany (133:63-67, 2023a), Körner et al. revisit the outcome of an interesting experiment from 2009 (Lenz et al., Plant Ecolog Divers 6:365–375, 2013). Although I appreciate the new focus on cell wall lignification, I disagree with their main conclusion. Rather than questioning the role cold temperatures play in cell wall lignification, the authors provide experimental evidence for a thermal threshold under which the secondary cell walls of mountain pines (Pinus uncinata) at the upper treeline in the Swiss Alps exhibit a reduced lignin content.
Adverse outcomes following pelvic fracture: the critical role of frailty
Authors: Forssten Maximilian Peter , Sarani Babak , Mohammad Ismail Ahmad , Cao Yang , Ribeiro Marcelo A. F. , Hildebrand Frank , Mohseni Shahin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Purpose
Pelvic fractures among older adults are associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes, with frailty likely being a contributing factor. The current study endeavors to describe the association between frailty, measured using the Orthopedic Frailty Score (OFS), and adverse outcomes in geriatric pelvic fracture patients.

Methods
All geriatric (65 years or older) patients registered in the 2013–2019 Trauma Quality Improvement Program database with an isolated pelvic fracture following blunt trauma were considered for inclusion. An isolated pelvic fracture was defined as any fracture in the pelvis with a lower extremity AIS ≥ 2, any abdomen AIS, and an AIS ≤ 1 in all other regions. Poisson regression models were employed to determine the association between the OFS and adverse outcomes.

Results
A total of 66,404 patients were included for further analysis. 52% (N = 34,292) were classified as non-frail (OFS 0), 32% (N = 21,467) were pre-frail (OFS 1), and 16% (N = 10,645) were classified as frail (OFS ≥ 2). Compared to non-frail patients, frail patients exhibited a 88% increased risk of in-hospital mortality [adjusted IRR (95% CI): 1.88 (1.54–2.30), p < 0.001], a 25% increased risk of complications [adjusted IRR (95% CI): 1.25 (1.10–1.42), p < 0.001], a 56% increased risk of failure-to-rescue [adjusted IRR (95% CI): 1.56 (1.14–2.14), p = 0.006], and a 10% increased risk of ICU admission [adjusted IRR (95% CI): 1.10 (1.02–1.18), p = 0.014].

Conclusion
Frail pelvic fracture patients suffer from a disproportionately increased risk of mortality, complications, failure-to-rescue, and ICU admission. Additional measures are required to mitigate adverse events in this vulnerable patient population.
Preliminary comparative study on the behaviour of highly-loaded glue laminated timber and wood-CFRP composite beams exposed to local fire
Authors: Kawecki B. , Pieńko M. , Lipecki T. , Stachowicz A. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe paper presents a complex solution for testing loaded structural-sized glue laminated timber and innovative wood-carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) composite beams exposed to local fire. It shows the entire procedure from predicting a static behaviour and a combustion time (from reaching 300 °C temperature of the element up to its fracture) of the tested elements, designing and building an experimental stand, through conducting preliminary tests and discussing the results. The research included combustion of three glue laminated timber (BSH) and three wood-CFRP composite (BSH-CFRP) structural-sized beams in the most loaded section (region of highest bending moment) under three-point bending. A furnace was set under the centre of the beam on one-third of its span. The dimensions of the basket are based on physical properties of firewood providing proper burning conditions of the elements. The self-designed and self-constructed experimental stand enabled applying high load and provided a stable loading during local fire exposure. The preliminary tests showed that using CFRP tapes inside the section may both increase or decrease fire resistance of wooden members depending on the width of wood material covering CFRP tape. CFRP tapes provide a different nature of beam failure, which is changing from sudden fracture (BSH) to plastic flow of the material (BSH-CFRP).
Autologous minced cartilage repair for chondral and osteochondral lesions of the knee joint demonstrates good postoperative outcomes and low reoperation rates at minimum five‐year follow‐up
Authors: Runer Armin , Ossendorff Robert , Öttl Felix , Stadelmann Vincent A. , Schneider Stefan , Preiss Stefan , Salzmann Gian M. , Hax Jakob 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPurposeMinced cartilage is a one‐step, autologous procedure with promising short‐term results. The aim of the present study was to evaluate mid‐term results in a patient cohort with chondral and osteochondral lesions in the knee joint treated with minced cartilage.MethodsFrom 2015 through 2016, a total of 34 consecutive patients were treated with a single‐step, autologous minced cartilage for knee chondral and osteochondral lesions. Numeric analogue scale (NAS) for pain and knee function were obtained prior to surgery and at 12, 24 and 60 months postoperatively. Secondary outcomes, including Lysholm score, Tegner activity score, and the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, were recorded at final follow‐up. MRI examinations of patients with unplanned radiological follow‐up were analysed using the MOCART (Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue) score.ResultsA total of 28 patients (44.1% females, age at surgery: 29.5 ± 11.5 years) were available at a mean follow‐up of 65.5 ± 4.1 months. Mean defect size was 3.5 ± 1.8 cm2. NAS for pain decreased from a median of 7 (range: 2–10) preoperatively to 2 (0–8) postoperatively. NAS knee function improved from a median of 7 (range: 2–10) to 3 (0–7) after five years, respectively. Satisfactory Lysholm (76.5 ± 12.5), IKDC (71.6 ± 14.8) and Tegner activity (4, range 3–9) scores were reported at final follow‐up. Of all patients, 21(75%) and 19 (67.9%) reached or exceeded the PASS for the IKDC‐ and Lysholm score at final follow‐up, respectively. The average overall MOCART 2.0 scores for all postoperatively performed MRIs (n = 23) was 62.3 ± 17.4. Four (14.2%) postoperative complications were directly linked to minced cartilage, one (3.5%) of which required revision surgery.ConclusionOne‐step, autologous minced cartilage repair of chondral and osteochondral lesions of the knee without the necessity for subchondral bone treatment demonstrated good patient‐reported outcomes, low complication rates, and graft longevity at mid‐term follow‐up. Minced cartilage represents a viable treatment option to more traditional cartilage repair techniques even in mid‐term.Level of evidenceLevel III.
Soft pneumatic actuators with integrated resistive sensors enabled by multi-material 3D printing
Authors: Lalegani Dezaki Mohammadreza , Sales Rylz , Zolfagharian Ali , Yazdani Nezhad Hamed , Bodaghi Mahdi 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe concept of soft robots has garnered significant attention in recent studies due to their unique capability to interact effectively with the surrounding environment. However, as the number of innovative soft pneumatic actuators (SPAs) continues to rise, integrating traditional sensors becomes challenging due to the complex and unrestricted movements exhibited by SPA during their operation. This article explores the importance of utilising one-shot multi-material 3D printing to integrate soft force and bending sensors into SPAs. It highlights the necessity of a well-tuned and robust low-cost fabrication process to ensure the functionality of these sensors over an extended period. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) offers a cost-effective solution for embedding sensors in soft robots, directly addressing such necessity. Also, a finite element method (FEM) based on the nonlinear hyper-elastic constitutive model equipped with experimental input is developed to precisely predict the deformation and tip force of the actuators measured in experiments. The dynamic mechanical test is conducted to observe and analyse the behaviour and resistance changes of conductive thermoplastic polyurethane (CTPU) and varioShore TPU (VTPU) during a cyclic test. The flexible sensor can detect deformations in SPAs through the application of air pressure. Similarly, the force sensor exhibits the ability to detect grasping objects by detecting changes in resistance. These findings suggest that the resistance change corresponds directly to the magnitude of the mechanical stimuli applied. Thus, the device shows potential for functioning as a resistive sensor for soft actuation. Furthermore, these findings highlight the significant potential of 3D and 4D printing technology in one-shot fabrication of soft sensor-actuator robotic systems, suggesting promising applications in various fields like grippers with sensors and rehabilitation devices.
Simulation of local metastable microstructural states in large tools: construction and validation of the model
Authors: Schuppener Jannik , Berger Aaron , Benito Santiago , Weber Sebastian 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis study presents the development and experimental verification of a simulation model for estimating the local microstructure of a tool geometry after heat treatment. The experiment involved subjecting a metallic block of dimensions 40 × 50 × 50 mm, made of the ledeburitic cold work steel DIN EN 1.2379 (X153CrMoV12; AISI D2), to a heat treatment in a laboratory furnace at 1000 °C for 20 min. Thermocouples were strategically placed to record time-temperature profiles at different locations within the block. Following the heat treatment, the local microstructure was determined through quantitative image analysis, and the local hardness was measured as a function of the distance from the block’s edge to its core. These measurements were then correlated with the corresponding time-temperature curves obtained from the thermocouples. To replicate the local time-temperature profiles, the thermophysical properties of the steel were experimentally determined and incorporated into a finite element analysis heat transfer simulation using Abaqus FEA® software. This simulation approach, combined with the MatCalc software, facilitated the calculation of various local microstructural characteristics such as carbide content, carbide type, carbide distribution, and chemical composition of the matrix. Furthermore, the content fractions of the microconstituents of the matrix, including martensite and retained austenite, were determined based on the simulated martensite start temperature, employing an optimized function fitted to experimental data. The developed simulation model offers potential applications in two important areas. Firstly, it can be used to adapt heat treatment processes for tools of different sizes in production, optimizing their mechanical properties. Secondly, it enables efficient optimization of heat treatment routes by considering changing initial states, leading to high process quality in terms of mechanical properties. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the estimation and control of local microstructure in tool geometries through the use of a validated simulation model.
Effectiveness of Platelet-Rich Plasma in the Treatment of Androgenic Alopecia: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Li Meijia , Qu Kaipan , Lei Qiang , Chen Mingrui , Bian Donghui 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Background
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a common yet difficult-to-treat condition, which is an important psychosocial problem. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy has been considered as a promising treatment for AGA. However, the current evidence on the efficacy of PRP for treating AGA is still controversial. This study evaluated the efficacy of PRP monotherapy in the treatment of AGA.

Methods
We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials on use of PRP in AGA for a meta-analysis.

Results
Ten trials with a total 555 treatment units were identified. The hair density in PRP group was significantly higher than control group [MD = 25.09, 95%CI: 9.03–41.15, p = 0.002], but there was no significant difference in hair diameter between two groups [SMD = 0.57, 95%CI: − 0.23 to 1.38, p = 0.16]. Subgroup analyses indicated that hair density was significantly higher among the male-only trials than in the mixed-sex samples (p = 0.02). In addition, neither the split-head design nor the year of publication affected hair density (p = 0.05, p = 0.06). However, hair density was significantly higher in trials with a sample size less than 30 (p = 0.0004).

Conclusions
PRP treatment increased hair density in participants with AGA, but not hair diameter. In terms of hair density, PRP elicits stronger effects in male patients. There was a trend toward differed treatment effect by gender with PRP injection, which warrants further investigation. Especially in the case of female.

Level of Evidence III
This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors https://www.springer.com/00266.
Archaeobotanical and palaeoenvironmental analyses from the easternmost Early Neolithic sites at Kamyane-Zavallia (Ukraine) and Nicolaevca V (Moldova)
Authors: Moskal-del Hoyo Magdalena , Kapcia Magda , Salavert Aurélie , Alexandrowicz Witold P. , Saile Thomas , Kiosak Dmytro , Dębiec Maciej 
Published: August 2023

AbstractRecent archaeological excavations at two Early Neolithic settlements at Kamyane-Zavallia (Ukraine) and Nicolaevca V (Moldova) have provided new plant assemblages. The sites belong to the Linearbandkeramik culture (LBK) and represent its easternmost settlements. In these regions, charred plant macro-remains are still very rarely sampled for and investigated, so these results may shed light on the plant-based economy of the first farmers of this area. Both sites are located in the area of loess soils, in the border zone between deciduous woodland, woodland steppe and steppe. A dominance of Triticum monococcum (einkorn) was evident at both sites, preserved both as grains and chaff (spikelet bases and glume base). Other cereals, including cf. T. dicoccum (emmer), cf. T. timopheevii and Hordeum vulgare (barley) were less frequent. Among wild herbaceous plants, ruderal and segetal communities were represented by species commonly found at LBK sites, including Chenopodium album type, Fallopia convolvulus, Echinochloa crus-galli and Lapsana communis. The majority of these plants are edible and it is also likely that they were used as food. At both sites, remains of awns of Stipa sp. (feather grass) were found, which indicate the existence of grasslands and/or open woodlands in the vicinity. The charcoal assemblages were dominated by a few taxa, such as Fraxinus sp., Quercus sp. and Cornus sp., suggesting that there were some wooded steppe and deciduous forests. Selected plant macro-remains were radiocarbon dated and the results show that they are from ca. 5200 − 5000 cal bc. From the same archaeobotanical samples, snails were analysed and the resulting malacofauna shows a dominance of open-country snails as well as those which might indicate local agricultural practices at both settlements.