bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for collective exchange modes in Co/Pd multilayers observed by Brillouin light scattering (abstract)
Authors: Hillebrands B. , Harzer J. V. , Güntherodt G. , England C. D. , Falco C. M. 
Published: July 2002

Recently, exchange-dominated collective spin-wave excitations have been predicted for multilayered structures consisting of alternating magnetic and nonmagnetic layers.1 These types of collective excitations exist for nonzero propagation wave vectors if the magnetic layers are exchange coupled across the spacer layers.1 The modes are the collective counterpart to the optic dipolar-exchange mode observed in magnetic double layers by Vohl, Barnás and Grünberg.2 For a multilayer with N periods of bilayer thickness Λ there exist N modes which, in the absence of exchange coupling, form the well-known band of dipolar collective spin-wave excitations. The modes are dominantly surface-mode-like at the upper band edge and mostly bulk-mode-like at the lower band edge. With the onset of exchange coupling the stack bulk modes are shifted to higher frequencies and become exchange-mode-like in character. In the full exchange coupling limit these modes become the so-called standing spin waves of the total multilayer stack, and their frequencies depend on the stack thickness NΛ.
The stack surface mode in this limit becomes the surface Damon–Eshbach mode of a single film of thickness NΛ. Brillouin light-scattering experiments have been performed on magnetron-sputtered Co/Pd multilayers.3,4 The number of atomic layers (AL) is the same in each Co and Pd layer. The number of periods was chosen to be N=8 and 30, with Λ varying between 4 and 140 Å. In the case of N=30 a strong increase of spin-wave frequencies for all but the stack surface mode is observed for d&lt;8 AL. Decreasing d0 increases the interlayer exchange coupling and the band of collective bulklike modes increases in frequency to become a band of exchange-dominated modes. Depending on the strength of the coupling (i.e., spacer layer thickness), this band can have frequencies higher than that of the stack surface mode. From the crossing regime the maximum exchange coupling length is estimated to be 10 Å. For samples with N=8, collective exchange modes were not observed. Model calculations show that for N=8 the expected frequency increase near the onset of interlayer exchange coupling is much steeper than in the N=30 case, which might prohibit their experimental observation. Also, the cross section is reduced by a factor of 4 due to the smaller total stack thickness.
Some magnetic properties of as-cast Re4Fe1 (Re=Pr,Nd,Sm) alloys and corresponding hydrogen-rich phases (abstract)
Authors: Bozukov L. , Apostolov A. 
Published: July 2002

The aim of this work is to discuss some magnetic data of as-cast Re4Fe1 alloys (Re=Nd,Pr,Sm) as well as to study the influence of hydrogen absorption on their structural and magnetic properties. The pallets of 1 g were prepared by arc melting Nd,Pr,Sm, and Fe (purity 99.9%) under Ar. Structural analyses were performed using a standard x-ray diffractometer. The high-temperature magnetization was studied by a vibrating sample magnetometer in the temperature range of 300–1200 K and permanent magnetic fields up to 7 kOe. The high-field magnetization studies in fields up to 140 kOe in the temperature range from 4.2 to 300 K were performed by an extraction magnetometer. The hydrogen absorption processes were studied by a volumetric apparatus within the hydrogen pressure range of 10–4×103 kPa in the temperature range of 270–573 K. The x-ray and the magnetic measurements were performed on the samples of alloys and hydrides with H concentration of 2.8 at. %/mol. x-ray diffractograms for parent Re4Fe1 alloys showed the presence of two allotrope-hexagonal P6mmc and cubic structures. The existence of a small amount of amorphous phase cannot also be excluded. X-ray patterns of Re4Fe1H2.7 (Re=Pr, Nd) showed well-defined first and second diffuse haloes and the presence of some smeared diffraction peaks corresponding to the bcc structure, typical for Re-H3 systems.
Magnetic ordering temperatures were determined to be 515 and 502 K for Nd4Fe1 and Pr4Fe1, respectively. Formation of the hydride phases results in decreasing of the coercivity Hc. At room temperatures Hc was found to be 4.5 kOe and 60 Oe for as-cast Nd4Fe1 and its hydride, respectively. It should be noted that absorption of hydrogen increases the net magnetic moment. A strong thermomagnetic effect was observed in the magnetic fields up to 60 kOe for the alloys. In the case of zero-field cooling of the Nd4Fe1 sample the value of magnetization at 25 kOe is 3.4 μB/mol (4.2 K) and 5.0 μB/mol when the sample is cooling in the same field. The last observation as well as the presence of a minimum in the temperature dependence of magnetization around T=60 K at a field 25 kOe for Nd4Fe1 and Pr4Fe1 showed the strong influence of the anisotropy on the magnetic moments of the iron sublattice.
A simplified and improved model of ideal and almost ideal silicon p-n junctions: The role of oxygen
Authors: Pellegrini Bruno 
Published: July 2002

Properly gettered and annealed silicon p-n junctions are either well described by Shockley’s diffusion theory (the ideal case) or they have (the almost ideal case) a reverse voltage–current characteristic constituted by three parts: a voltage-independent contribution Ir, smaller than the saturation diffusion current, and by two contributions, one, igr, of generation–recombination and the other, ioh, ohmic, which are both due to the same defect centers characterized by equal activation energy and by a null charge. In a recent work we have shown that such experimental findings may be ascribed to four-state traps (FST) which contain a ion dipole and which may be empty of carriers (the ground state), or filled by an electron or a hole, or both (the stimulated state), and to different Frenkel–Poole effects for electron and hole in their field-assisted thermal emission from trap states. Here, firstly, the model is simplified and improved (i) by considering the most likely emission (capture) of a carrier from (into) the only states containing (empty of) it, (ii) by taking into account that the transition between the ground and the stimulated states is thermally activated and assisted by both the electric field and the tunnel effect, and (iii) by considering the effects on the current of the dispersions Dλ and Dθ of the length and direction, respectively, of the ion dipole and of that DVm of the energy barrier height crossed by the electron in the above mentioned tunnel transition.
In this way, the FST kinetic equations are greatly simplified, the whole model is improved and generalized and, at the same time, the physical meaning of the analytical results becomes more simple and straightforward. As a matter of fact we find that (a) Ir is due to the field-assisted tunnel effect in the transition between the ground and the stimulated states and it depends on Dλ, Dθ, and DVm, (b) igr and ioh derive from the Frenkel–Poole effect on the carrier emission from the stimulated state and the (ioh, practically) are independent of Dλ, Dθ, and DVm and (c) the activation energies of igr and ioh are equal and the value is given by the smallest of the energies required to bring each of the carriers from the ground state, through the stimulated state, into the respective band. Finally, the physical origin of the FSTs is found in groups of localized states with different positions and energy levels, due to the oxygen, whose donor levels, related to SiyOx clusters of a few hundred atoms of oxygen, are destroyed and generated at the annealing temperature of 650 and 800 °C, respectively, at which the ideal and almost ideal p-n junctions are obtained, respectively.
The role of an ultrathin silicon interlayer at the SiO2-Ge interface
Authors: Hattangady S. V. , Mantini M. J. , Fountain G. G. , Rudder R. A. , Markunas R. J. 
Published: July 2002

Recent studies [Hattangady et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 581 (1990)] have shown greatly reduced interface state densities (5×1010 cm−2 eV−1) in Ge-based, metal-insulator-semiconductor structures with the use of an ultrathin, pseudomorphic Si interlayer between the gate dielectric, SiO2, and the Ge semiconductor substrate. The Si and the SiO2 layers are deposited in situ and sequentially at low temperature (300 °C) in a remote-plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor-deposition system. This report presents an analysis of the Si-Ge heterostructure before and after the SiO2 deposition. Low-energy He ion scattering spectroscopy shows that the silicon layer (28 Å) provides complete coverage of the Ge surface prior to the deposition of the SiO2 film. The existence of the silicon interlayer after the remote-plasma-enhanced deposition of 150 Å of the SiO2 film is established by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Throughout a cumulative series of thin (∼10 Å) oxide depositions, XPS showed no evidence of Ge oxidation states other than Ge0+ (elemental Ge) at the interface. Quantitative XPS has been used to evaluate the extent of subcutaneous oxidation which could determine the amount of Si remaining at the interface and thereby influence the electrical properties of the semiconductor-oxide interface. For the conditions studied, it is observed that oxidation consumes only 4 Å of the initial 28 Å of silicon.
Furthermore, this is apparently due to the plasma oxidation of the silicon at the initiation of the remote oxygen plasma discharge. Subcutaneous oxidation is limited thereafter by the oxide film that forms a barrier to oxygen diffusion. In addition, the XPS analysis reveals several important characteristics of SiO2-Si interface formation with these plasma-deposited SiO2 dielectric films. Inversion-mode, p-channel Ge field-effect transistors fabricated with this composite SiO2-Si gate dielectric structure show a maximum room-temperature transconductance of 52 mS mm−1 at a gate length of 2 μm and a peak effective channel hole mobility of 430 cm2 V−1 s−1. These devices exhibit negligible charge-induced threshold shifts.
Expression of Smooth Muscle Calponin in Synovial Sarcoma
Authors: Ono Hidefumi , Yoshikawa Hideki , Ueda Takafumi , Yamamura Hisako , Kudawara Ikuo , Manou Masayuki , Ishiguro Shingo , Funai Hiroko , Koyanagi Yumiko , Araki Nobuhito , Hashimoto Nobuyuki , Sonobe Hiroshi , Tatsuta Masaharu , Takahashi Katsuhito 
Published: July 2002

Purpose. Histogenesis of synovial sarcoma remains controversial
and reliable molecular markers for diagnosis are necessary. Expression of basic calponin,
a smooth muscle differentiation‐specific actin‐binding protein, was studied in
synovial sarcoma.Subjects and Methods. The basic calponin gene and the gene
product were analyzed by reverse transcription PCR analysis (RT‐PCR) and
immunohistochemistry in 14 synovial sarcomas and a human synovial sarcoma
cell line (HS‐SY‐II).Results and Discussion. Immunoreactivity for basic calponin
was detected in the cytoplasm of 6 synovial sarcomas (43% positive). In the basic
calponin‐positive tumors and the HS‐SY‐II cells, expression for smooth muscle‐specific
genes, including basic calponin and SM22α , was detected by RT‐PCR, suggesting a
lineage relationship between synovial sarcoma cells and smooth muscle‐like
mesenchymal cells.Conclusions. A subset of synovial sarcomas expressing the basic
calponin gene and the gene product were identified. The basic calponin may have
potential utility as a novel molecular marker identifying certain synovial sarcomas.
Pitch Change In Male‐To‐Female Transsexuals: Has Phonosurgery A Role To Play?
Authors: Brown M. , Perry A. , Cheesman A. D. , Pring T. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMale‐to‐female transsexuals, who have undergone gender reassignment surgery, may continue to have low pitched voices. Voice therapy may assist them to use their voice in a manner more likely to be perceived as female but, if this approach is unsuccessful, a laryngeal framework operation may be necessary to raise vocal pitch. This study assessed the effects of crico‐thyroid approximation surgery in 14 transsexuals. Modal pitch was significantly increased by surgery but with substantial variation across speakers. Modal pitch was significantly correlated with judgements of gender by speech and language therapists who listened to tapes of the subjects. The results suggest that crico‐thyroid approximation may be used to raise the pitch of voices of male‐to‐female transsexuals. Further research is needed to clarify the reasons for the variability in outcome, to monitor the longer‐term changes in voice and the impact for clients of their modified voice in real life situations.
AMADA: analysis of microarray data
Authors: Xia Xuhua , Xie Zheng 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: AMADA is a Windows program for identifying co-expressed genes from microarray data. It performs data transformation, principal component analysis, a variety of cluster analyses and extensive graphic functions for visualizing expression profiles.
Availability: http://web.hku.hk/~xxia/software/AMADA.htm, free.
Contact: xxia@hkusua.hku.hk
ENDscript: a workflow to display sequence and structure information
Authors: Gouet Patrice , Courcelle Emmanuel 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: ENDscript is a web server grouping popular programs such as BLAST, Multalin and DSSP. It uses as query the co-ordinates file of a protein in Protein Data Bank format and generates PostScript and png figures showing: residues conserved after a multiple alignment against homologous sequences, secondary structure elements, accessibility, hydropathy and intermolecular contacts. Thus, the user can relate quickly 1D, 2D and 3D information of a protein of known structure.
Availability: http://genopole.toulouse.inra.fr/ENDscript
Contact: p.gouet@ibcp.fr
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
LRRK2 and Parkinson's disease: from genetics to targeted therapy
Authors: Sosero Yuri L. , Gan‐Or Ziv 
Published: April 2023

AbstractLRRK2 variants are implicated in both familial and sporadic PD. LRRK2‐PD has a generally benign clinical presentation and variable pathology, with inconsistent presence of Lewy bodies and marked Alzheimer's disease pathology. The mechanisms underlying LRRK2‐PD are still unclear, but inflammation, vesicle trafficking, lysosomal homeostasis, and ciliogenesis have been suggested, among others. As novel therapies targeting LRRK2 are under development, understanding the role and function of LRRK2 in PD is becoming increasingly important. Here, we outline the epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinical features of LRRK2‐PD, and discuss the arising therapeutic approaches targeting LRRK2 and possible future directions for research.
Transcytosis Mediated Deep Tumor Penetration for Enhanced Chemotherapy and Immune Activation of Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Chen Hongyi , Song Haolin , Luo Yifan , Li Chufeng , Wang Yu , Liu Jie , Luo Feifei , Fan Hongrui , Li Xuwen , Sun Tao , Jiang Chen 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe hyperproliferative tumor stroma of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) severely limits drug permeation and constructs an immunosuppressive microenvironment, causing resistance to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Traditional nanomedicine mainly focuses on manipulating nanoparticles’ particle size or electrical characteristics to penetrate deep PDAC through the paracellular pathway, but the transcellular pathway is often ignored. Therefore, a versatile drug‐polymer conjugate PODEA‐Gem‐HMI is prepared and assembled into nanoparticles for the codelivery of chemotherapy drug gemcitabine and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitor defactinib. While sensing the mild acidity in the tumor microenvironment, the nanoparticle will disintegrate and release defactinib to modulate the tumor stroma. The PODEA block of the conjugate can bind with cell membranes reversibly and trigger adsorption‐mediated transcytosis (AMT) for promoted tumor penetration and cellular uptake. The internalized conjugates will release gemcitabine responding to the overexpressed glutathione (GSH) for enhanced chemotherapy, and PHMI can condensate the STING monomers for prolonged spontaneous immune stimulation.
Symmetry‐Mismatch‐Induced Ferromagnetism in the Interfacial Layers of CaRuO3/SrTiO3 Superlattices
Authors: Shi Wenxiao , Zhang Jine , Chen Xiaobing , Zhang Qinghua , Zhan Xiaozhi , Li Zhe , Zheng Jie , Wang Mengqin , Han Furong , Zhang Hui , Gu Lin , Zhu Tao , Liu Banggui , Chen Yunzhong , Hu Fengxia , Shen Baogen , Chen Yuansha , Sun Jirong 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBy modifying the entangled multi‐degrees of freedom of transition‐metal oxides, interlayer coupling usually produces interfacial phases with unusual functionalities. Herein, a symmetry‐mismatch‐driven interfacial phase transition from paramagnetic to ferromagnetic state is reported. By constructing superlattices using CaRuO3 and SrTiO3, two oxides with different oxygen octahedron networks, the tilting/rotation of oxygen octahedra near interface is tuned dramatically, causing an angle increase from ≈150° to ≈165° for the RuORu bond. This in turn drives the interfacial layer of CaRuO3, ≈3 unit cells in thickness, from paramagnetic into ferromagnetic state. The ferromagnetic order is robust, showing the highest Curie temperature of ≈120 K and the largest saturation magnetization of ≈0.7 µB per formula unit. Density functional theory calculations show that the reduced tilting/rotation of RuO6 octahedra favors an itinerant ferromagnetic ground state. This work demonstrates an effective phase tuning by coupled octahedral rotations, offering a new approach to explore emergent materials with desired functionalities.
Across‐Layer Sliding Ferroelectricity in 2D Heterolayers
Authors: Yang Liu , Wu Menghao 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAlthough the monolayers of most 2D materials are non‐ferroelectric with highly symmetric lattices, symmetry breaking may take place in their bilayers upon some stacking configuration, giving rise to so‐called sliding ferroelectricity where the vertical polarizations can be electrically reversed via interlayer translation. However, it is not supposed to appear in systems like graphene bilayer with centro‐symmetry at any stacking configuration, and the origin of the recently reported ferroelectricity (Nature 2020, 588, 71) in graphene bilayer intercalated between h‐BN remains mysterious. Here, a type of across‐layer sliding ferroelectricity that arises from the asymmetry of next‐neighbor interlayer couplings is proposed. The first‐principles evidence is shown that the vertical polarizations in intercalated centro‐symmetric 2D materials like graphene bilayer can be switched via multilayer sliding, which is likely to be the origin of the observed ferroelectric hysteresis. Moreover, such ferroelectricity may exist in a series of other heterolayers with quasi‐degenerate polar states, like graphene bilayer or trilayer on BN substrate, or even with a molecule layer on surface where each molecule can store 1‐bit data independently, resolving the bottleneck issue of sliding ferroelectricity for high‐density data storage.
D–A Structured High‐Performance Photothermal/Photodynamic Thionin‐Synthetic Melanin Nanoparticles for Rapid Bactericidal and Wound Healing Effects
Authors: Liu Wenjing , Yu Yuanyuan , Cheng Wei , Wang Xinyue , Zhou Man , Xu Bo , Wang Ping , Wang Qiang 
Published: April 2023

AbstractSynthesized melanin nanoparticles (SMNPs) are used as advanced photothermal materials. However, their internal structures are complex and disordered, and tuning the photothermal performance of nanoparticles is still a hot spot of concern. This article presents thionin (Th)‐doped SMNPs, namely Th‐SMNPs, which are the first SMNPs formed using the one‐pot polymerization of Th with Levodopa. Th can undergo Michael addition and Schiff base reaction between indole dihydroxy/indolequinone and their oligomers to form donor–acceptor pairs in the structure to modulate the photothermal performance of SMNPs. Structural and spectroscopic analyses and density functional theory simulations further confirm the existence of the donor–acceptor structure. Th‐SMNPs exhibit excellent total photothermal efficiency (34.49%) in the near‐infrared region (808 nm), which is a 60% improvement compared to SMNPs. This allows Th‐SMNPs to exhibit excellent photothermal performance at low power 808 nm laser irradiation. Meanwhile, Th not only enhances the photothermal properties of SMNPs, but also imparts photodynamic effects to SMNPs. Th‐SMNPs can produce 1O2 under 660 nm laser irradiation. A dual‐function photothermal and photodynamic textile named Th‐SMNPs@cotton is constructed based on Th‐SMNPs, which can act as a rapid photothermal/photodynamic sterilization and is promising for wound healing treatment of bacterial infections under low‐power dual laser irradiation.
Multi‐Scale Structure Engineering of ZnSnO3 for Ultra‐Long‐Life Aqueous Zinc‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Ling Fangxin , Wang Lifeng , Liu Fanfan , Ma Mingze , Zhang Shipeng , Rui Xianhong , Shao Yu , Yang Yaxiong , He Shengnan , Pan Hongge , Wu Xiaojun , Yao Yu , Yu Yan 
Published: April 2023

AbstractSuppressing the severe water‐induced side reactions and uncontrolled dendrite growth of zinc (Zn) metal anodes is crucial for aqueous Zn‐metal batteries to achieve ultra‐long cyclic lifespans and promote their practical applications. Herein, a concept of multi‐scale (electronic‐crystal‐geometric) structure design is proposed to precisely construct the hollow amorphous ZnSnO3 cubes (HZTO) for optimizing Zn metal anodes. In situ gas chromatography demonstrates that Zn anodes modified by HZTO (HZTO@Zn) can effectively inhibit the undesired hydrogen evolution. The pH stabilization and corrosion suppression mechanisms are revealed via operando pH detection and in situ Raman analysis. Moreover, comprehensive experimental and theoretical results prove that the amorphous structure and hollow architecture endow the protective HZTO layer with strong Zn affinity and rapid Zn2+ diffusion, which are beneficial for achieving the ideal dendrite‐free Zn anode. Accordingly, excellent electrochemical performances for the HZTO@Zn symmetric battery (6900 h at 2 mA cm−2, 100 times longer than that of bare Zn), HZTO@Zn||V2O5 full battery (99.3% capacity retention after 1100 cycles), and HZTO@Zn||V2O5 pouch cell (120.6 Wh kg−1 at 1 A g−1) are achieved. This work with multi‐scale structure design provides significant guidance to rationally develop advanced protective layers for other ultra‐long‐life metal batteries.
Stabilization of FAPbI3 with Multifunctional Alkali‐Functionalized Polymer
Authors: Zhao Chenxu , Zhang Hong , Almalki Masaud , Xu Jia , Krishna Anurag , Eickemeyer Felix T. , Gao Jing , Wu Yu Mao , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Chu Junhao , Yao Jianxi , Grätzel Michael 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe defects located at the interfaces and grain boundaries (GBs) of perovskite films are detrimental to the photovoltaic performance and stability of perovskite solar cells. Manipulating the perovskite crystallization process and tailoring the interfaces with molecular passivators are the main effective strategies to mitigate performance loss and instability. Herein, a new strategy is reported to manipulate the crystallization process of FAPbI3‐rich perovskite by incorporating a small amount of alkali‐functionalized polymers into the antisolvent solution. The synergic effects of the alkali cations and poly(acrylic acid) anion effectively passivate the defects on the surface and GBs of perovskite films. As a result, the rubidium (Rb)‐functionalized poly(acrylic acid) significantly improves the power conversion efficiency of FAPbI3 perovskite solar cells to approaching 25% and reduces the risk of lead ion (Pb2+) leakage continuously via the strong interaction between CO bonds and Pb2+. In addition, the unencapsulated device shows enhanced operational stability, retaining 80% of its initial efficiency after 500 h operation at maximum power point under one‐sun illumination.