bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of the Agglutinogens in Rabbits with Those in Man
Authors: Boyd William C. , Feldman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Some of the properties of the two agglutinogens in rabbits are compared with those of the human A, B, M, and N. The rabbit agglutinogens determine 4 groups, like A and B in man, and are inherited similarly: their frequency is quite different. As in the case of M and N, they are not accompanied by normal isoagglutinins, and they do not seem to occur outside of the erythrocytes or to be extractable from the erythrocytes with alcohol. They differ from A and B, of the human factors, in being destroyed by boiling, and perhaps also from M and N.
Formaldehyde and Serum Proteins
Authors: Horsfall, Frank L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The changes resulting in proteins, and various protein derivatives, when mixed with formaldehyde solutions have interested many investigators. The problem has been approached from both the chemical and the immunological viewpoints. Although much has been added to our knowledge of these reactions, there still remain many unsettled questions. The exact site in the protein molecule to which formaldehyde attaches itself, the extent of the resulting change, and the immunological characteristics of such modified proteins are not yet completely clear.
Benedicenti (1), Schiff (2), and Schwarz (3) found the aldehyde radicle to unite with the free amino groups of the protein molecule. Pick (4) confirmed these observations but believed also that significant structural alterations occurred in the protein molecule after the union with formaldehyde. Kossel and Gawrilow (5) held that only lysine containing proteins united with the aldehyde, and later Kossel and Edelbacher (6) included those which contained histidine.
Development of Precipitins for Protein, Lipoid and Carbohydrate Fractions of S and R Forms of Tubercle Bacilli
Authors: Rice Christine E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Complement-fixation had shown that there were antigenic differences between the S and R forms of the tubercle bacillus, the precipitation tests recorded in this paper indicate small differences in the protein and carbohydrate substances in S and R organisms, although both chemical groups have common fractions. Lipoid fractions show no type specificity.
During the process of immunization with killed S tubercle bacilli, there is a relative increase in precipitins for proteins and carbohydrates from S organisms over that of precipitins for R proteins and carbohydrates. R antisera on the other hand increased in relative reactivity with R protein.
S antisera reacted relatively more strongly with purified globulin and polysaccharide preparations made from virulent cultures of human tubercle bacilli than did R antisera. The latter gave a relatively stronger reaction with purified albumin.
Quantitative Measurements of the Absorption of Agglutinins by Bacteria
Authors: Olitzki Leo 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. Eisenberg and Volk (1902) were the first investigators to study the absorption of agglutinins by homologous bacteria quantitatively. They showed that if an agglutinating serum in varying dilutions was treated with a constant number of homologous bacteria, the amount of agglutinin absorbed by the bacteria was not constant. In a concentrated serum the total agglutinin absorbed was greater than in the same serum diluted; on the other hand, the relative amount absorbed was less from the concentrated than from the diluted serum. Dreyer, Douglas and Walker (1909) found that when an agglutinating serum in different concentration was treated with constant numbers of bacteria, the quantity of agglutinin-units absorbed not only increased to a limit value but when this point was passed, might even decrease to zero when the concentration of the serum was further increased. Hitherto these experiments have been accepted as fundamental in discussions of the union between agglutinins and bacteria.
Merthiolate Versus Phenol As a Preservative for Diphtheria Toxoids—Diluted and Undiluted at Icebox and Room Temperatures
Authors: Povitzky Olga R. , Eisner Minnie 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Undiluted or diluted diphtheria toxoids, when kept at icebox temperature and tested after 5 months did not show any difference in their antigenic or flocculating value whether preserved with merthiolate 1:10,000 or phenol 0.5 per cent. When kept at room temperature for 5 months, the phenol preserved toxoid diluted 1:2 though preserving its flocculating value shows deterioration in its antigenic value. Undiluted toxoids preserved with phenol and kept at icebox temperature for 9 and 18.5 months do not compare favorably in their antigenic value with the merthiolated toxoid diluted 1:3 and kept in the icebox over 2 years. Merthiolated toxoid diluted 1:3 and kept at icebox temperature preserves its antigenic value better than the merthiolated toxoid diluted only 1:2 but kept at room temperature.1
The Rôle of Convalescent Serum in Preparalytic Poliomyelitis
Authors: Brodie Maurice 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The pathogenesis of poliomyelitis, as a disease transmitted by nerve fibers and entirely neurotropic, suggests the ineffectiveness of serum therapy. Additional experimental data concerning the use of large quantities of serum, or whole blood, in the various stages of the disease, give further evidence to its lack of value. Therefore, in serum therapy one is faced with two possibilities: Antibody can never reach the virus in the central nervous system. Still larger amounts must be used, e.g., hyperimmune horse serum, but from the data herewith given the likelihood of success with such a serum is slight.
The Individual As a Factor in Antidiphtheria Immunity
Authors: Sugg John Y. , Richardson Lurline V. , Neill James M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The investigation was essentially an analysis of the antitoxin titers of the sera of a large number of guinea pigs immunized by different methods and bled at 6-month intervals between the first and third year following the last injection.
The data indicated that the individual animal is a more important factor than the method of immunization in determining the titer of antitoxin possessed at times remote from the last injection. Examples were given of the wide differences in individual guinea pigs in respect to their loss of antitoxin. Some individuals had such a marked capacity to maintain their immunity that their titers appeared approximately “level” over long periods; the time at which this “level” was reached and the height at which it was maintained appeared to be as much a characteristic of the individual guinea pig as of the method of immunization.
The Desiccation of Sera and Other Biological Products (Including Microörganisms) in the Frozen State with the Preservation of the Original Qualities of Products So Treated
Authors: Elser William J. , Thomas Ruth A. , Steffen Gustav I. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Methods and apparatus for the drying of biological products in the frozen state are described in detail. These differ from procedures hitherto recorded in that they involve the use of manifolds and individual containers in the drying process and storage of the dried product in vacuo. Both chemicals and refrigerants in combination with a high vacuum were used for the disposal of water vapors arising in the course of the desiccating process. The use of refrigerants for the condensation of the water vapor has many advantages. Large volumes of biological material can be desiccated in a comparatively short time which brings the method into the realm of practical procedures for the preservation of therapeutic agents. A method of processing larger volumes of sera in bulk is described in which the rate of evaporation in vacuo and the removal of the water vapor by means of refrigerants is relied upon not only to freeze the material, but also to maintain the product in the frozen state until drying is complete. The materials thus secured exhibit features which have a great practical value. Clear sera when treated in this manner yield a product which shows no material reducation in volume; is porous in texture; breaks up readily into a fine powder; is readily soluble in water; and yields, when restored to the fluid state, a clear solution—all features of importance where the preservation of sera designed for therapeutic use is concerned. When suitable precautions are adopted the product, if originally free from microbic contaminations, is sterile. Antisera and antigens as well as certain related products when dried in the frozen state by these methods and stored in vacuo suffer no deterioration in numerical values and the dried products when reclaimed after a number of years show no loss in potency. Bacteria and yeasts have been preserved unchanged by the procedures described and in no instance have the strains shown any changes even in minor particulars. Such highly sensitive microörganisms as the gonococcus and meningococcus have been preserved by the method for a period of eighteen years. Protozoa and spirochaeta have been recovered after drying in the frozen state but only in a few instances. These investigations did not include viruses as we were aware that others were engaged in this work.
Studies on Scarlet Fever Anatoxin
Authors: Ando K. , Nagata S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The antigenicity of the so-called scarlet fever anatoxin which was produced by detoxifying scarlet fever toxin with formol and heat is due to the presence of toxoid. Rabbits can be used for the determination of antigenicity of scarlet fever anatoxin. The antigenicity of the purified and concentrated scarlet fever anatoxin described has been demonstrated by animal and human test. The antigenicity of the anatoxin prepared from scarlet fever toxin which was produced in a semi-synthetic medium has been demonstrated. The addition of alum seems to increase the antigenicity of scarlet fever anatoxin. The degree of immunity conferred on rabbits by immunization with conbined scarlet fever and diphtheria anatoxin is as high as that conveyed by a single anatoxin.
The Non-Identity of Jack Bean Agglutinin with Crystalline Urease
Authors: Sumner James B. , Howell Stacey F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Hotchkiss and Tauber (1) have stated that crystalline urease agglutinates washed rabbit and mouse erythrocytes, but not those of sheep. As little as 0.00014 mgm. of urease is said to have caused a perceptible effect. This work is quite erroneous. We find that washed rabbit and dog erythrocytes are not agglutinated in the slightest when incubated for two hours at 37°C. with as much as 3 mgm. of recrystallized urease.
It is true that the jack bean, like many other beans, contains a substance which agglutinates red cells. This is thermolabile and non-dialyzable. We have obtained it in solution in such concentration that 1 cc. will cause an almost complete agglutination of 5 cc. of 2 per cent erythrocyte suspension in five minutes at room temperature. Diluted 100 times the material will produce an agglutination detectable by microscope within thirty minutes at 37°C. This 100-fold diluted solution contained only about 0.00015 mgm. of urease per cubic centimeter.
A Further Note on the Quantitative Determination of the Fixation of Complement by Immune Serum and Antigen
Authors: Maltaner Elizabeth , Maltaner Frank 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In previous studies (1, 2, 3), methods of comparative titration of the specific and nonspecific activities of serum and antigen in the complement-fixation reaction were described, and a formula providing a quantitative and qualitative differentiation of the reactions was presented, .
The purpose of the present paper is to describe a modification of the formula which increases both its accuracy and the range of reaction over which it can be applied.
The formula expresses the ratio of the amount of complement fixed by immune serum and antigen to that fixed by normal serum and antigen in titrations of complement made with preliminary incubation in the presence of these reagents. This ratio indicates the quantitative difference in reaction between the normal and immune serum with a given antigen: the qualitative difference can be determined by comparing these ratios with those which represent the variation in the reaction of different normal sera with the same antigen.
Complement-Fixation with the Type-Specific Carbohydrate of Hemophilus Influenzae Type b
Authors: Pittman Margaret , Goodner K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Complement-fixation takes place in a system containing the purified specific carbohydrate of H. influenzae Type b in the presence of immune rabbit serum of the homologous type. In contrast to the positive results in the presence of immune rabbit serum, there is no fixation of complement in a similar system containing the same carbohydrate in the presence of immune horse serum. Similar results were obtained with suspensions of encapsulated H. influenzae providing that the structural integrity of the capsules was maintained throughout the tests.
The Standardization of Antidysenteric Serum (Shiga) by the Polysaccharide Precipitating Test (Zozaya)
Authors: Kurauchi K. , Nagata S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The proper use of any therapeutic serum demands some reliable methods of measuring its potency. For various reasons, the problem is essentially more intricate in this case than in that of diphtheria and tetanus serums. The International Serum Conference held in 1921–1928, on the invitation of the Health Section of the League of Nations, has enabled the most important points to be cleared up, and now has provided a sound basis for the standardization of the dysentery serum (Shiga), and has provisionally adopted the international antitoxin unit of the serum.
In studying the polysaccharide of different organisms, we (1) have succeeded in isolating the polysaccharide from B. dysenteriae (Shiga) and also B. paradysenteriae (Flexner Strong, Y. and others). Later Morgan (2) published a method of obtaining polysaccharide from B. dysenteriae (Shiga).
The polysaccharide precipitation method for determining the potency of antipneumococcus serum has been employed satisfactorily by many authors (Friedlaender, Sobotka and Banzhaf, Heidelberger, Sia and Kendall, Zozaya, Boyer and Clark, Felton, Wilson Smith, Brown, etc.).
The Antigenic Properties of Bacteria Combined with Antibodies
Authors: Olitzki Leo 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
According to the side-chain theory the receptor which combines with antibody in vitro and the specific component of the antigen which develops antibody in vivo are identical. According to this hypothesis one should expect that when the receptors of an antigen are saturated with antibody the treated antigen will be deprived of its capacity to develop specific antibodies. The first experiments in this direction were undertaken in 1901 by Pfeiffer with V. cholera and B. typhosus, Neisser and Lubowski with B. typhosus and Sachs with sensitized erythrocytes. The fundamental experiments of these authors showed that by sensitization the antigenic power of an antigen is frequently much diminished but not completely destroyed and this may be attributed either to the fact that it is impossible in the test tube to saturate the receptor of the antigen completely, or to the occurrence of a certain amount of dissociation of antibody from the receptors after the mixture had been injected.
A Note on the Capacity of Boiled Erythrocytes to Remove Agglutinins
Authors: Boyd William C. , Tayian Elizabeth H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments with boiled human and chicken erythrocytes seem to indicate that boiling almost completely destroys the capacity of the agglutinogens M and N to react specifically with their agglutinins as was also the case with the rabbit agglutinogens H1 and H2.
The Relation of the Meningococcidal Activity of the Blood to Resistance to Virulent Meningococci
Authors: Matsunami Toitsu , Kolmer John A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a previous communication (1) we have shown the greater bactericidal activity of whole blood for the meningococcus as compared with serum and briefly described a simple and convenient method for measuring the bactericidal activity of whole blood devised by Dr. Heist employing the many stemmed capillary pipet of Wright. Further experiences with this technic have demonstrated its simplicity; but a few drops of undefibrinated blood are required and the results are usually quite sharp and convincing. As is true with all bactericidal tests, however, the results observed with the blood of one person or lower animal tested on different days not infrequently yields slightly varying results, owing not only to probable fluctuations in the bactericidan content of the blood but more particularly to fluctuations in the numbers of viable meningococci in the culture employed; with careful attention to technic however, the latter error can be reduced to a minimum.
Studies in Pneumonia. VIII
Authors: Weiss Charles , Kolmer John A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The work reported is a part of the studies on the properties of pneumotoxin and its probable rôle in the pathology of lobar pneumonia. Previous investigators (Clough, Weil, Steinfield and Kolmer) working with dried, autolyzed or heat-killed pneumococci failed to elicit any constant reaction in cases of lobar pneumonia. The present authors used the endocellular hemolytic toxin of the pneumococcus freshly prepared for each test by dissolving the washed living organisms (type I) in solutions of sodium choleate. Guinea-pigs previously sensitized with sublethal doses of pneumotoxin or with the serum or lung exudate of dogs suffering from experimental lobar pneumonia, reacted to the intracutaneous injection of 0.1 cc. of the toxin by a local erythema and hemorrhagic edema in the subcutaneous tissue overlying the muscle. The skin reaction to heat-killed pneumococci was negative in most of these animals and when positive, was of a suppurative type, marked by less edema and more leucocytosis. Control animals gave uniformly negative results.
Among human adult cases of lobar penumonia the reaction (which was characteristically that of a local edema and erythema) was elicited as early as the fifth and as late as the thirteenth day of the disease (two days before and six days after the crisis, respectively). In children it was demonstrable about the same time, but was negative immediately or one or two days after the crisis. Patients recovering by lysis reacted as late as the thirty-second day. In general, the test was positive in all active cases, that is, throughout the toxemia. Cases earlier than the fifth day of the disease were not available. Control patients, suffering with broncho-pneumonia or with acute or chronic infections not of pneumococcic origin, as well as healthy adults and children did not react.
The reaction is regarded as indicative of a state of allergy to pneumotoxin. Sensitization to the toxin presumably takes place with its liberation (by the action of normal body enzymes upon pneumococci normally localized in the lung alveoli) at the time of the prolonged chilling due to exposure. Failure to elicit the reaction during convalescence indicates the establishment of a temporary immunity or the disappearance of the toxin. This skin test does not as yet seem to be of value as a method of serological type diagnosis but may aid in differential diagnosis between appendicitis or tuberculosis and pneumonia (especially in children). It is also of interest because of its bearing on the mechanism of the crisis.
We wish to thank Drs. Stengel, Jenks, Allyn, McCrae, Weiss, Jones, Myer, Wagnez, Hare and other members of the staffs of the University, Children's, Philadelphia General and Jefferson Hospitals for their courtesy and assistance to us during the conduct of these investigations.
The Existence of Antigenic Determinants of Diverse Specificity in a Single Protein
Authors: Hooker Sanford B. , Boyd William C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cross-reactions between crystalline hen- and duck-ovalbumin antigen-antibody systems are adjudged, on the available evidence, to be due to the interaction of qualitatively different antigenic determinants on single molecules and the separate antibodies engendered by them. The evidence excluding the presence of an impurity common to both ovalbumins, with its counterpart in their antisera, is presented. Other considerations are offered in support of the conception that molecularly different antibodies may be produced by immunization with molecularly homogeneous antigen.
Specificity of the Multiplication of Bacteriophage
Authors: Frisch Arthur W. , Levine Philip 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
One available method for the study of bacteriophage specificity is that of multiplication. The results of such experiments (1, 2, 3, 4) tend to indicate that increase of the lytic agent usually takes place at the expense of bacteria sensitive to lysis; however, certain well substantiated exceptions have been reported (1, 3, 4) in which lysis without multiplication and regeneration without demonstrable lysis occurred. Bail and his school have used the ability of the phage to regenerate against a particular organism as one of several methods for classifying phages; he noted the importance of adjusting the concentration of phage originally inoculated with the growing bacilli and the necessity of limiting the time of contact between the lytic agent and organisms while studying the specificity of the regeneration.
A Serological Comparison of the Phosphoprotein of the Serum of the Laying Hen and the Vitellin of the Egg Yolk
Authors: Roepke R. R. , Bushnell L. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The anti-sera from rabbits injected with the serum of laying hens gave precipitin tests with vitellin.
The anti-sera from rabbits injected with the serum of male birds gave no such precipitin test with vitellin.
The anti-sera from rabbits injected with vitellin alone gave precipitin tests with the sera of both males and laying females.
It is possible to separate from the serum of the laying hen a phosphoprotein which has physical and chemical properties similar to those of vitellin.
It may be concluded from these results that there is present in the serum of the laying hen considerable amounts of a phosphoprotein which is closely related if not identical to the vitellin of the egg yolk. This compound is either absent from the serum of the male or present in relatively small amounts.
Comparisons of Various Methods for the Routine Titration of Types I and II Antipneumococcic Horse Serums
Authors: Barnes L. A. , Clarke Charlotte M. , Wight Eleanor C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of six different methods of assaying types I and II antipneumococcic horse serums by single titrations have been described, and the correlation of each method with mouse protection values calculated. The method chosen as a substitute for the animal test is a precipitin test with closely spaced serum dilutions and with soluble specific substance as the antigen. Compared with mouse protection values, correlation coefficients of 0.930 ±0.012, and 0.817 ±0.031 were obtained for types I and II antibodies respectively. Equations were derived which permit satisfactory prediction of mouse protection values from those of the precipitin test.