bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyvalent Antibody Response to Multiple Antigens
Authors: Huntoon F. M. , Craig S. H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The simultaneous production in a single individual of antibodies against each of a number of strains of bacteria or bacterial antigens is not only of theoretical interest but of practical value as well.
The employment of prophylactic immunization against disease and the use of immune sera to combat specific infection would be greatly facilitated if an adequate antibody production combined with a wide polyvalency could be assured.
The possible objections to such immunizations are entirely based on the theory that the simultaneous treatment with a number of antigens does not produce as great an antibody response to each antigen as can be obtained with single strains or antigens.
It is undoubtedly true in many instances that attempts at multiple immunizations fail to produce adequate antibody response. But it is not true in all instances, and this leads us to examine the factors which limit such polyvalent antibody production.
Observations on the Agglutinative and Hemolytic Action of Calf Serum on Sheep Cells
Authors: Maltaner Frank , Johnston Elizabeth 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The sera of four calves were found to agglutinate sheep cells. One of these sera produced strong hemolysis of sensitized sheep cells and partial hemolysis of unsensitized cells. The serum from one of the other calves produced slight hemolysis of both sensitized and unsensitized cells. The addition to the active calf serum of cytozyme in the forms of blood platelets caused the formation of a second clot. The serum from this second clot did not agglutinate or hemolyze sheep cells, either sensitized, unsensitized, or unsensitized in the presence of complement. The addition of anti-coagulants, sodium citrate or oxalate, to the mixtures of active calf serum and cells prevented the agglutination of the latter and completely inhibited their hemolysis except in one instance in which the citrate was mixed with active serum, unsensitized sheep cells and complement. Only partial inhibition was obtained with this mixture. Removal of the blood platelets from the sheep cell suspension reduced but did not remove the agglutinative action of the calf serum and did not affect the hemolysis.
The Action of Leucocytes and Brain Tissue on Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxins
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus B. , Vories R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In any study of the action of the bacterial poisons on the leucocytes it is important to determine the chemical or physical reactions, if any, that take place between the leucocyte and the known bacterial toxins such as the diphtheria and tetanus toxins. Since the chemical or physical changes in these toxins are indicated and can only be measured by determining changes in the toxic effects they induce in susceptible animals, some experiments were done to detect any loss of toxicity in mixtures of diphtheria toxin and leucocytes such as Wassermann and Takaki (1) demonstrated with mixtures of tetanus toxin and brain tissue.
The results of these early studies, carried on in 1917, now have an additional significance since later experiments (2) have demonstrated the presence of substances in bacterial cultures which are adsorbed on the leucocyte and inhibit phagocytosis.
The Effect of Roentgen Irradiation on Antibody Formation in Rabbits
Authors: Craddock Charles G. , Lawrence John S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A review and discussion of the literature concerning the effects of roentgen irradiation on antibody formation are presented. Also an analysis of current concepts of the relationship of lymphoid tissue and lymphocytes to antibody-production is given. Exposure of rabbits to 250 r whole-body roentgen irradiation results in a marked lymphopenia which lasts 30 to 40 days, and a mild depression of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Injections of antigen 8 hours after exposure to this amount of x-ray elicits an antibody response which is greatly depressed as measured by the titer of circulating antibody. This depressant action of x-ray on antibody formation is of a transient nature; the animals regained their ability to respond normally to antigen injection 40 days after exposure to x-ray. Whether this regained ability to produce antibody can be related to the return of the blood picture to normal cannot be stated. A non-specific “anamnestic response” of the antibody titer could not be elicited by exposure of the rabbits to either 20 r or 250 r whole-body irradiation. Exposure of rabbits to 250 r whole-body roentgen irradiation after the onset of antibody formation, but before a maximal titer is attained, in no way impairs the ability of the irradiated animal to produce circulating antibodies. In spite of marked depression of lymphoid tissue activity, as measured by the level of circulating lymphocytes, antibody-production proceeds at a normal rate, the titers reached being comparable to those of normal rabbits. A brief discussion of the experimental data is presented. It is concluded that the depressant effect of x-ray on antibody production cannot be related entirely to depression of lymphoid tissue. An adequate explanation for the remarkable difference in the effect of x-ray on antibody formation depending upon whether it is given before or after the onset of antibody production is not apparent. It is suggested that reserve sources of tissue must be capable of carrying out antibody formation once it has begun even though the major portion of lymphoid tissue has been damaged.
The Inhibition of the Anti-Trypanosomal Activity of Arsenoso Compounds and Acridines by Esters and Amides of Organic Acids
Authors: Schleyer W. L. , Schnitzer R. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Esters and amides of different isocyclic and heterocyclic acids were found to antagonize in vitro the immobilization of T. equiperdum by arsenoso compounds and acriflavine. The corresponding acids did not exert any inhibitory effect. For one member of this new group of inhibitors (methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate) the antagonism toward the trypanocidal effect of Mapharsen and Acriflavine was also demonstrated in vivo. Methyl-p-hydroxybenxoate also interfered with the inhibition of oxidases of E. coli by arsenoso compounds. These observations might lead to an explanation of the mechanism of the antagonism which cannot yet satisfactorily be interpreted on the basis of the present experimental evidence.
The Effect of Pyribenzamine in Beeswax on Experimental Meningoencephalomyelitis in the Guinea Pig in Beeswax on Experimental Meningoencephalomyelitis in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Alvord Ellsworth C. , Correll James W. , Ladd Anthony T. , Kellner Aaron 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The repeated subcutaneous implantation of pellets of Pyribenzamine in beeswax into guinea pigs failed to influence the incidence or severity of the meningoencephalomyelitis induced by the subcutaneous injection of guinea pig brain and acid-fast bacilli in a water-in-oil emulsion.
The Relation of Antagonistic Coliform Organisms to Shigella Infections
Authors: Halbert Seymour P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antagonistic properties of the intestinal coliform flora of humans have been examined during the course of Shigella infections. Active organisms tend to appear and to increase soon after the onset of these infections, and to then decrease after several weeks. In some, but not all cases, antagonistic coliform strains were also active against Shigella strains with which the patient was infected. The composition of the coliform flora in several instances showed striking changes over periods as short as 2 to 5 days, as judged by examination of the antagonistic properties of sample strains from rectal swab cultures. Several subjects revealed shifts in the coliform flora, with appearance of antagonistic strains, in the absence of Shigella infections. The antagonistic properties of strains isolated from these Shigella infected patients have been shown to be due to the production of antibiotic substances. The ability of strains to produce antibiotic is a stable characteristic of the organisms. The observed shifts in the intestinal flora thus represent real changes in the bacterial populations, and not merely temporary non-hereditable alterations. In the present series of studies, 7,518 strains of fecal lactose fermenting bacteria have been examined for their antagonistic properties. Of them, a total of 1,351 (18%) have been active, 507 showing a high degree of inhibitory activity. The possible relation of such organisms to the recovery from and resistance to Shigella infections has been discussed.
Preparation of a Serological Antigen and a Vaccine for Experimental Tsutsugamushi Disease (Scrub Typhus)
Authors: Bailey Charles A. , Diercks Fred H. , Proffitt James E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method is described for the preparation of suspensions of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. It was found that homogenized infected yolk sacs diluted with casein hydrolysate and differentially centrifuged yield relatively clean suspensions of the organisms. The suspension used as the antigen in complement-fixation tests reacts specifically with sera from animals convalescent from experimental tsutsugamushi disease. Mice inoculated intraäbdominally with the suspension show a substantial immunity when challenged with the homologous strain. The vaccine withstands lyophilization without apparent loss of potency. The heterogeneity of the serological pattern of various strains of R. tsutsugamushi was demonstrated by complement-fixation tests. Cross reactions with the various strains indicated the presence of common antigens in variable amounts depending upon the strain.
Infection of Guinea Pigs with Massive Doses of Rickettsiae of Epidemic and Murine Typhus
Authors: Gallardo F. Perez , Fox John P. 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
A severe and often lethal disease, characterized by immediate onset and long duration of fever, significant weight loss, and frequently by the development of paraplegia, has been uniformly produced in guinea pigs inoculated with low dilutions of yolk-sac material infected with epidemic typhus rickettsiae. Bacteriologic cultures, passage experiments and immunologic evidence indicate that this disease was produced by the rickettsia and not by some other extraneous agent.
Evidence has been presented to show that the disease is more severe in large guinea pigs than in small ones, in intracardially inoculated pigs than in those infected by the intraäbdominal route, and possibly, in pigs inoculated during the cooler seasons than in those infected in warm weather. Although the brief incubation period suggests the possibility that the disease is a toxic manifestation similar to that produced in mice by inocula of the same kind, the long duration of illness and the pathologic changes observed suggest that a true infection has occurred. The greater susceptibility of larger guinea pigs, unexpected at first thought, is possibly analogous to the increasing mortality associated with age in human typhus.
Examples from the literature indicate that sources of abundant rickettsiae other than infected yolk sac, i.e., suspensions of lungs from intranasally inoculated animals (1) and of experimentally infected lice (3), may also produce severe disease in guinea pigs. To this list may be added suspensions of liver from intracardially infected cotton rats.
In our experience, both yolk-sac and cotton rat liver suspensions infected with strains of murine typhus rickettsia also produced more severe disease in guinea pigs than that ordinarily produced by more commonly employed inocula. However, lethal outcome was rare, and the onset of fever was usually delayed until the third day after infection. Not too surprising was the failure of intracardially inoculated animals to develop orchitis.
It seems possible that infection of guinea pigs with massive doses of rickettsiae may prove useful in future studies of the chemotherapy of typhus, or as the basis for the development of additional serum-neutralization technics. It has already served the purpose of helping to distinguish the avirulent Strain E of Rickettsia prowazeki from other strains of epidemic typhus rickettsiae (8), and it has proved to be a highly reliable challenge procedure, which lends itself to more certain interpretation than do the classical methods of challenge with less infective material of guinea pig origin.
The Experimental Production of Antibodies to Staphylocoagulase
Authors: Tager Morris , Hales Harriet B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antigenicity of staphylocoagulase for rabbits has been investigated by immunization with highly purified, though not homogeneous, material. Particularly with the aid of staphylococcal alpha hemolysin, enhanced neutralizing capacity against coagulase has been demonstrated in the blood, both by dilution of coagulase reacting against constant plasma, and by constant coagulase reacting with serial dilutions of serum.
Complement fixing antibodies appeared in the test animals, but not in controls, but precipitative tests remained inconclusive.
Positive collodion particle agglutination occurred, and its specificity was supported by the consistently negative findings in control animals and especially by the specific adsorbtion of neutralizing bodies from the serum by the coagulase-coated collodion particles of rabbits exhibiting positive agglutination, but not by negative test animals or controls.
The coagulase reacting factor was not significantly influenced by the immunization. Evidence is presented that besides specific antibodies, non-specific inhibitors may exist.
A Comparison of Antigenicity and Certain Biological Characteristics of 6 Substrains of Pasteur Fixed Rabies Virus
Authors: Wright John T. , Habel Karl 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Substrains of Pasteur fixed rabies virus are not identical in their antigenicity, incubation period, duration of symptoms, pathology, or in their ability to overcome rabies immunity in immunized mice. Ability to overcome immunity would seem to be a sensitive characteristic capable of differentiating viruses of rabies of the same ancestry but of differing biological evolution and may be shown by methods of testing other than the intracerebral cross immunity test.
Further Studies on Oncolysis and Tumor Immunity in Rats
Authors: Lewis Margaret Reed , King Helen Dean , Aptekman Paul M. , Seibert Florence B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Alcoholic extracts of rat sarcoma concentrated in vacuum to an alcohol content of 30 per cent resulted in a yellow fluid that had a hydrogen-ion concentration of 6.4 to 6.8. A precipitate occurred on addition of water, acid or sodium chloride but not on the addition of a phosphate buffer at pH 7.6 and μ = 0.1. The color reactions in nucleic acid diphenylamine, orcinol, carbazole, and tryptophane perchloric acid indicate a closer relationship to the ribose type than to the desoxyribose type nucleic acid. Chemical analyses showed presence of nitrogen and some phosphorus. More nitrogen was present than could be accounted for as nucleic acid. Some of it was probably protein nitrogen, as shown by the biuret test and also by the presence of extra selective absorption at a wave length of 2800 Å. Spectral absorption analyses of the rat sarcoma extracts exhibited a maximum absorption in the ultraviolet at a wave length of 2550 and 2600 Å, whereas similar extracts of human carcinoma showed one at 2500 Å. The former had a minimum absorption at wave length 2400 Å and the latter at 2300 Å. Intratumoral injection of rat sarcoma extract brought about oncolysis in 203 out of 210 rat tumors treated. Injection of human carcinoma extract into rat sarcoma showed some oncolytic action; tumors were destroyed in 15 of 25 treated rats. One hundred and forty nine of the 203 rats in which tumors had been destroyed by the injection of rat sarcoma extract were tested for resistance to tumor growth and proved to be resistant to further growth of rat sarcoma.
Purification, pH Stability and Culture of the Mumps Virus
Authors: Weil M. L. , Beard Dorothy , Sharp D. G. , Beard J. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments on the multiplication of mumps virus in embryonated eggs showed that the greatest and most rapid increase of the agent in the chorio-allantoic fluid occurred in eggs inoculated after incubation for 7 days at 37.5 C. The highest levels of infectious capacity were reached on the 4th to 6th days after inoculation with seed virus and further incubation at 35 C. The increase in hemagglutinative capacity continued until the 8th post-inoculation day or the 15th day of total incubation. The discrepancy between the increases in the two properties of the virus was interpreted as due to inactivation of the infectious capacity of the virus in the chorio-allantoic sac without proportional destruction of the hemagglutinative property. The infectious titer of the chorio-allantoic fluid for embryos under optimum conditions was in the region of 109 50 per cent endpoint units per ml, and the average yield of chorio-allantoic fluid was from about 6 to 8 ml per egg, depending on the time of harvest. The pH of the chorio-allantoic fluid ranged from about 7.5 to 8.5 on the 4th and 5th days after inoculation, decreasing to a level of about pH 6.2 on the 7th or 8th day after inoculation. No differences could be seen in the virus yield resulting from the use of various dilutions, from 100 to 10−3, of previous passage chorio-allantoic fluid as seed virus. Penicillin and streptomycin or both together had no appreciable inactivating effect on the virus in 14 to 28 days and were useful in preventing bacterial growth in the titration in eggs of contaminated materials.
By means of ultracentrifugal and related procedures, the mumps virus has been concentrated and, judging from electron micrographs, obtained in preparations of considerable homogeneity with respect to particle kind. The particles vary greatly in size and shape, and in micrographs of untreated preparations, the average diameter of the images was 233 ± 35 mμ. In formolized preparations the average diameter was 171 ± 31.3 mμ. The particles were irregular in shape, some having an ameboid appearance. Many of the particles treated with formalin were flattened spheres in shadowed micrographs.
Sedimentation diagrams showed two boundaries broadly spreading, a principal one with a sedimentation constant of S = 1311 × 10−13 and a secondary peak of S = 1940 × 10−13.
The yield of nitrogen varied from 0.5 to 0.8 mg per 100 ml of chorio-allantoic fluid. The 50 per cent point infectious unit was about 10−13.5 gms of nitrogen, a value judged to be very high due to much virus inactivated during the purification procedure. The hemagglutinative unit was about 10−7.0 gms of nitrogen. The optimal range of pH stability was from 5.8 to 8.0 but about 99 per cent of the virus was inactivated in this range in 4 weeks.
The Significance of Antigen in Animal Tissues
Authors: Felton Lloyd D. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The subject matter of this address to the members and guests of the American Association of Immunologists is based on data accumulated over many years devoted to the study of pneumonia. With the advane of effective chemotherapy great strides have been made toward the cure of this disease. Yet there has been but little change in its incidence. Hence our efforts have been directed to studies which might prove helpful to a better understanding of this almost constant attack rate. Prevention may be possible at some future time. Indeed it will be but not until our alphabet of learning begins to spell words and make understandable sentences.
In the meantime several observations have been made that in our opinion may help to solve the equation of the incidence of pneumonia. The causes of any alteration in the symbiotic host-pneumococcus relationship are many and complex.
Studies on the Antigenicity of Toxic Extracts of Hemophilus Pertussis
Authors: Verwey W. F. , Thiele Elizabeth H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Extracts of Phase I H. pertussis suspensions containing toxin and agglutinin-absorbing antigen (agglutinogen) were prepared by sonic disruption of the cells. These were found to immunize mice actively against intracerebral infection with virulent pertussis bacilli and to cause the formation of agglutinin and antitoxin when injected into rabbits. When the extracts were absorbed with pertussis immune serum containing no antitoxin, they lost their agglutinin-combining properties but toxicity and ability to combine with antitoxin were not diminished. However, in the absence of agglutinin-absorbing antigen, the toxin no longer was measurably antigenic in rabbits, and failed to protect mice from intracerebral infection with pertussis. These experiments indicate that the toxin in the sonic extracts probably exists as a molecule separate from the agglutinin-absorbing or major protective component and by itself has little antigenic ability. In the presence of agglutinogen it becomes antigenic but its contribution to prophylaxis against H. pertussis infection, if any, is very small.
Rh Hapten: Its Preparation, Assay and Nature
Authors: Carter Bettina B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The current status of the Rh hapten has been described, first, as to preparation; second, as regards assay; third, in relation to its nature and properties and finally, a preliminary account of its clinical application has been presented. It is advocated that initial ventures with clinical use be interpreted with great caution.
An Evaluation of the Test for Antihemagglutinin in the Diagnosis of Infections by the Mumps Virus
Authors: Robbins Frederick C. , Kilham Lawrence , Levens Jeanette H. , Enders John F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. In 1945, Levens and Enders (1) observed that the amniotic and allantoic fluids of chick embryos infected with mumps virus agglutinated the erythrocytes of the hen.1 This agglutination was specifically inhibited by high dilutions of serum of man and the rhesus monkey convalescent from mumps. Human sera taken early in the disease and normal monkey sera in most instances inhibited hemaggalutination only in low dilutions. But with certain specimens of normal or “acute” serum inhibition did occur with fairly high dilutions. Accordingly, at that time we did not recommend this test for antihemagglutinin in the routine diagnosis of infections by mumps virus, although obviously it is less complicated than the complement fixation test which had earlier been shown to be useful for this purpose (2).
Recent investigations have been undertaken directed toward overcoming the irregularities previously encountered in the test for antihemagglutinin.
The Relation of Shigella Type-Specificity and Susceptibility to Antibiotic-Producing Strains of Escherichia Coli
Authors: Halbert Seymour P. , Gravatt Margaret 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The susceptibility of Shigellae to a small group of antibiotic-producing E. coli strains is related to type-specificity. Shigella sonnei strains proved the most susceptible, and Shigella paradysenteriae type VI the most resistant. With the eleven active E. coli strains tested, two patterns of such relationship were observed. The geographic sources of the Shigellae were not related to the above phenomena.
Studies on the Etiology and Pathogenesis of Experimental Meningoencephalomyelitis in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Alvord Ellsworth C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The etiological factor responsible for the demyelinizing meningoencephalomyelitis which occurs in guinea pigs following a single subcutaneous injection of a water-in-oil emulsion containing killed tubercle bacilli and brain is apparently a heat-stable, phosphatide-like material present in the white matter of the adult central nervous system. The active material does not seem to resemble any of the five previously described brain-haptens, except possibly the alcohol-soluble one. The mechanism of its action is not yet known, nor is the relation between the experimental disease and the various demyelinating diseases of man known, except perhaps for its similarity to the paralytic accidents following rabies vaccination.