bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Platelet‐activating factor acetylhydrolase and haemophagocytosis in the sepsis syndrome
Authors: Trimoreau Franck , François Bruno , Desachy Arnaud , Besse Arnaud , Vignon Philippe , Denizot Yves 
Published: July 2002

Sepsis syndrome (SS) is associated with depressed PAF acetylhydrolase, the enzyme responsible for the degradation of platelet activating factor. PAF acetylhydrolase is in a large part produced by macrophages, whose inadequate activation with haemophagocytosis is frequent in patients with SS.The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that PAF acetylhydrolase levels could be affected in these critically ill patients, because of the large amounts produced by activated macrophages in vitro and in vivo in animal models.The levels of serum PAF acetylhydrolase were assessed in 90 SS patients, who were divided into three groups: patients with (n = 34) or without haemophagocytosis (n = 31), and patients without thrombocytopenia (n = 25) who were used as a control group. The number of organ dysfunctions was matched between patients with haemophagocytosis and controls. Normal reference values were obtained in 59 randomly selected blood donors.Circulating levels of PAF acetylhydrolase were significantly (p = 0.0001) decreased in patients with SS
(57 ± 3 nnol/ml/min, n = 90) when compared with healthy subjects (69 ± 3 nmol/ml/min,
n = 59). PAF acetylhydrolase levels were greater in the presence of a haemophagocytosis but without statistical significance (64.2 ± 6.5 vs 50.1 ± 2.8: p = 0.25).Despite the fact that macrophagic activation stimulates the in vitro release of PAF acetylhydrolase, no difference was found between patients with or without haemophagocytosis. The mechanism and the role of the PAF acetylhydrolase reduction in SS patients remain to be determined.
Diphenyleneiodonium inhibits NF‐κB activation and iNOS expression induced by IL‐1β: involvement of reactive oxygen species
Authors: Mendes A. Ferreira , Carvalho A. Pato , Caramona M. Margarida , Lopes M. Celeste 
Published: July 2002

Aims: In this work, we studied the mechanisms by which diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI) inhibits nitric oxide (NO) synthesis induced by the pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐1β (IL‐1) in bovine articular chondrocytes. To achieve this, we evaluated the ability of DPI to inhibit the expression and activity of the inducible isoform of the NO synthase (iNOS) induced by IL‐1. We also studied the ability of DPI to prevent IL‐1‐induced NF‐κB activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.Results: Northern and Western blot analysis, respectively, showed that DPI dose‐dependently inhibited IL‐1‐induced iNOS mRNA and protein synthesis in primary cultures of bovine articular chondrocytes. DPI effectively inhibited NO production (IC50 = 0.03 Ī 0.004 μ M), as evaluated by the method of Griess. Nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐ κB) activation, as evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, was inhibited by DPI (1‐10 μ M) in a dose‐dependent manner. IL‐1‐induced ROS production, as evaluated by measurement of dichlorofluorescein fluorescence, was inhibited by DPI at concentrations that also prevented NF‐κB activation and iNOS expression.Conclusions: DPI inhibits IL‐1‐induced NO production in chondrocytes by two distinct mechanisms: (i) by inhibiting NOS activity, and (ii) by preventing iNOS expression through the blockade of NF‐κB activation. These results also support the involvement of reactive oxygen species in IL‐1‐induced NF‐κB activation and expression of NF‐κB‐dependent genes, such as iNOS.
Ethanol metabolism, toxicity and genetic polymorphism
Authors: IWAHASHI KAZUHIKO , SUWAKI HIROSHI 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe relationships between the individual (and racial) differences in alcohol metabolism and toxicity, and the genetic polymorphism of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), and cytochrome P‐4502E1(CYPIIE1) were reviewed. In recent studies involving DNA analysis, it was found that a deficiency of the ALDH2 isozyme (ALDH2*2) was responsible for the flushing symptoms as well as other vasomotor symptoms caused by a higher acetaldehyde level after alcohol consumption. Deficiency of ALDH2 activity has been found prevalently only among people of Mongoloid origin, and the deficiency of ALDH2 prevents them from developing alcohol dependence due to the unpleasant physical effects of the flushing symptom. It was reported that Mongoloids such as Japanese and Chinese people carry the enzymatically active (ALDH2*1) subunit and/or the inactive (ALDH2*2) one, and that a low proportion of ALDH2 deficiency (ALDH2*2 allele frequency) was found in alcoholics compared with healthy controls. It was also reported that polymorphism of ALDH2 and/or CYP2E1 may be associated with the susceptibility to alcohol‐induced liver injury. Concerning blood ethanol elimination kinetics, it was reported that the c2 gene of CYP2E1 and the ALDH2*1 gene may have greater effects on ethanol and acetaldehyde elimination than the other genotypes, when the blood ethanol level is below 20 m M.
Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma of the Orbit
Authors: Jacob Rojymon , Abraham Elizabeth , Jyothirmayi Rema , Nair Madhavan Krishnan 
Published: July 2002

Patient. We report a 22‐year‐old male presenting with extraskeletal osteosarcoma of the orbit.Discussion. Extra skeletal osteosarcomas are uncommon tumours, usually arising from the lower extremities or girdle. These are aggressive tumours with high metastatic potential and poor outcome. Optimal treatment is undefined, and the role of radical surgery, radiotherapy and aggressive chemotherapy is currently being evaluated. The orbit is a rare site for
extraskeletal osteosarcoma, with the only previous case reported in an 11‐year‐old male, who was irradiated in infancy for a retinoblastoma.
Lip, a Human Gene Detected by Transfection of DNA From a Human Liposarcoma Encodes a Protein With Homology to Regulators of Small G Proteins
Authors: Patterson Helen , Gill Sandra , Benjamin Harry , Mitchell Philip J. , Cooper Colin S. 
Published: July 2002

Purpose/Method. Transfection experiments have been used to identify activated oncogenes in a wide variety of tumour types. Here we describe the use of transfection experiments utilizing DNA from a human pleomorphic liposarcoma to identify a novel gene, designated lip which maps to chromosome 19.Results. lip was expressed in all sarcoma cell lines examined and a wide variety of normal tissues. Sequencing of cDNAs prepared from transcripts of the normal lip gene indicates that lip is predicted to encode a 966 amino acid protein with a region of homology to proteins such as vav, dbl, lbc and ect-2 which act as GDP–GTP exchange factors for the RAS superfamily of small GTP‐binding proteins, and the N‐terminal 830 amino acids are identical to the recently identified
gene p115‐RhoGEF, an exchange factor for RHOA. In transfectants, lip has undergone a rearrangement which results in C‐terminal truncation of the predicted LIP protein. However, we failed to detect this alteration in the primary liposarcoma used in the original transfection experiments, or in other sarcoma specimens examined.Discussion. When considered together, these observations suggest that transforming lip sequences represent an alternatively spliced form of p115‐RhoGEF that is activated for transformation by C‐terminal truncation during transfection, and
is not widely involved in sarcoma development.
Malignant Chondroblastoma of the Os Calcis
Authors: Elek Emil M. , Grimer Robert J. , Mangham David C. , Davies A. Mark , Carter Simon R. , Tillman Roger M. 
Published: July 2002

Patient. We describe a case of chondroblastoma of the os calcis which metastasized to the tibia, soft tissues and lung. A complete response of the lung lesions was noted with chemotherapy.Discussion. Review of the published literature shows that metastatic chondroblastoma only arises following local recurrence of the tumour.
Bilateral Endoprosthetic Replacements of the Proximal Femur
Authors: Foukas Athanasios F. , Grimer Robert J. 
Published: July 2002

Patient. We report the case of a 20‐year‐old caucasian male with an Ewing′s sarcoma in the left upper femur. After induction chemotherapy, he underwent resection of the left upper femur and insertion of a cemented proximal femoral replacement. Four years later, he presented with a solitary bone metastasis in the right upper femur. He underwent further chemotherapy followed by resection and endoprosthetic replacement of the other proximal femur. He remains disease free with excellent function almost a year after the second operation.Discussion. We believe this is the first reported case of bilateral proximal femoral endoprostheses.
‘Full and open access’ to scientific information: an academic's view
Authors: Berry R. Stephen 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTStimulated by the potential of electronic distribution of information, discussions, sometimes rather tense, about the ownership and proprietary rights to scientific publications have generated something of a polarization of the communities that have stakes in this issue. There are some ‘middle‐grounders’, but the intensity of the discourse has made them less visible than the spokesmen for the extremes. In this forum, we examine these positions and then present a case for a specific policy, in light of the views of the parties.
Efficacy and Safety of Upadacitinib Treatment in Adolescents With Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Paller Amy S. , Ladizinski Barry , Mendes-Bastos Pedro , Siegfried Elaine , Soong Weily , Prajapati Vimal H. , Lio Peter , Thyssen Jacob P. , Simpson Eric L. , Platt Andrew M. , Raymundo Eliza M. , Liu Jianzhong , Calimlim Brian M. , Huang Xiaohong , Gu Yihua , Hu Xiaofei , Yang Yang , Su John C. , Zheng Min , Yamamoto-Hanada Kiwako , Teixeira Henrique D. , Irvine Alan D. 
Published: April 2023

ImportanceAtopic dermatitis onset usually occurs in childhood. Persistence of disease into adolescence and adulthood is common. It is important to evaluate new treatment options in adolescents because of the high unmet need in this population.ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy and safety of upadacitinib to treat moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis in adolescents.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsPrespecified analysis of adolescents enrolled in 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 clinical trials in more than 20 countries across Europe, North and South America, Oceania, the Middle East, and the Asia-Pacific region from July 2018 through December 2020. Participants were adolescents aged 12 to 17 years with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. Data analysis was performed from April to August 2021.InterventionsPatients were randomized (1:1:1) to once-daily oral upadacitinib 15 mg, upadacitinib 30 mg, or placebo alone (Measure Up 1 and Measure Up 2) or with topical corticosteroids (AD Up).Main Outcomes and MeasuresSafety and efficacy, including at least a 75% improvement in the Eczema Area and Severity Index from baseline and validated Investigator Global Assessment for Atopic Dermatitis score of 0 (clear) or 1 (almost clear) at week 16 (coprimary end points).ResultsA total of 542 adolescents (284 female; 258 male) were randomized. Mean (SD) age was 15.4 (1.8), 15.5 (1.7), and 15.3 (1.8) years for adolescents in Measure Up 1, Measure Up 2, and AD Up, respectively. In Measure Up 1, Measure Up 2, and AD Up, respectively, a greater proportion of adolescents (% [95% CI]) achieved at least 75% improvement in the Eczema Area and Severity Index at week 16 with upadacitinib 15 mg (75% [64%-85%], 69% [57%-81%], 63% [51%-76%]), and upadacitinib 30 mg (85% [75%-94%], 73% [62%-85%], 84% [75%-94%]), than with placebo (12% [4%-21%], 13% [5%-22%], 30% [19%-42%] nominal P &amp;lt; .001 for all comparisons vs placebo). Similarly, a greater proportion of adolescents treated with upadacitinib achieved a validated Investigator Global Assessment for Atopic Dermatitis score of 0 or 1 at week 16 and improvements in quality of life with upadacitinib than with placebo. Upadacitinib was generally well tolerated in adolescents. Acne was the most common adverse event, and all acne events were mild or moderate.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this analysis of 3 randomized clinical trials, upadacitinib was an effective treatment for adolescents with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis, with an acceptable safety profile.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT03569293 (Measure Up 1), NCT03607422 (Measure Up 2), and NCT03568318 (AD Up)
Analyzing trait‐climate relationships within and among taxa using machine learning and herbarium specimens
Authors: Wilde Brendan C. , Bragg Jason G. , Cornwell William 
Published: April 2023

AbstractPremiseContinental‐scale leaf trait studies can help explain how plants survive in different environments, but large data sets are costly to assemble at this scale. Automating the measurement of digitized herbarium collections could rapidly expand the data available to such studies. We used machine learning to identify and measure leaves from existing, digitized herbarium specimens. The process was developed, validated, and applied to analyses of relationships between leaf size and climate within and among species for two genera: Syzygium (Myrtaceae) and Ficus (Moraceae).MethodsConvolutional neural network (CNN) models were used to detect and measure complete leaves in images. Predictions of a model trained with a set of 35 randomly selected images and a second model trained with 35 user‐selected images were compared using a set of 50 labeled validation images. The validated models were then applied to 1227 Syzygium and 2595 Ficus specimens digitized by the National Herbarium of New South Wales, Australia. Leaf area measurements were made for each genus and used to examine links between leaf size and climate.ResultsThe user‐selected training method for Syzygium found more leaves (9347 vs. 8423) using fewer training masks (218 vs. 225), and found leaves with a greater range of sizes than the random image training method. Within each genus, leaf size was positively associated with temperature and rainfall, consistent with previous observations. However, within species, the associations between leaf size and environmental variables were weaker.ConclusionsCNNs detected and measured leaves with levels of accuracy useful for trait extraction and analysis and illustrate the potential for machine learning of herbarium specimens to massively increase global leaf trait data sets. Within‐species relationships were weak, suggesting that population history and gene flow have a strong effect at this level. Herbarium specimens and machine learning could expand sampling of trait data within many species, offering new insights into trait evolution.
Harvest of the Sun: A cost effective solar thermal technology to simultaneously provide affordable energy and generate mass employment in developing Sun‐belt regions
Authors: Gharat Punit V. , Bhalekar Snehal S. , Biswas Deepankar , Dalvi Vishwanath H. , Shenoy Narendra V. , Panse Sudhir V. , Deshmukh Suresh P. , Joshi Jyeshtharaj B. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractHere we report a cost effective solar harvestor based on parabolic trough collector (PTC) technology with three remarkable characteristics. First, unlike the expensive (~USD 170/m2‐aperture) state‐of‐the‐art PTCs which use large curved reflectors, this reflector is composed of a plurality of long rectangular mirrored strips of glass placed on laser‐cut parabolic ribs to yield an accurate reflecting shape giving a concentration ratio of 38 (comparable to the state‐of‐the‐art). Second, the entire assembly is on bolts. It can be delivered in boxes, and can easily be erected on desired site: in stark contrast to state‐of‐the art PTCs, which need to be fabricated in a specially equipped workshop and installed using cranes. Third, by incorporating several innovations guided by comprehensive optimization using finite element analysis and ray tracing, the cost of the system has been brought below USD 82/m2‐aperture (as per the recommendation of NAE). Taken together, this solution promises more cost‐effective base load electricity than Photovoltaics, hence goes a long way toward meeting the UN Sustainable Development Goal of Affordable Energy (SDG‐7). Further, it can be fabricated using industrial equipment that is readily available in the developing regions of the Sun‐belt and installed using unskilled labor. Hence, it can form the core of a massive, decentralized, micro‐CSP industry that can provide dignified employment to large numbers of people in developing regions (SDG‐8). We have termed this technology Harvest of the Sun.
Organocatalytic Enantioselective Vinylcyclopropane‐Cyclopentene (VCP‐CP) Rearrangement
Authors: Garay Gorka , Hurtado Josebe , Pedrón Manuel , García Lorena , Reyes Efraim , Sánchez‐Díez Eduardo , Tejero Tomás , Carrillo Luisa , Merino Pedro , Vicario Jose L. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWe have demonstrated that the catalytic and enantioselective vinylcyclopropane‐cyclopentene rearrangement can be carried out on (vinylcyclopropyl)acetaldehydes through activation via enamine intermediates. The reaction makes use of racemic starting materials that, upon ring opening facilitated by the catalytic generation of a donor‐acceptor cyclopropane, deliver an acyclic iminium ion/dienolate intermediate in which all stereochemical information has been deleted. The final cyclization step forms the rearrangement product, showing that chirality transfer from the catalyst to the final compound is highly effective and leads to the stereocontrolled formation of a variety of structurally different cyclopentenes.
Photocatalytic Metal Hydride Hydrogen Atom Transfer Mediated Allene Functionalization by Cobalt and Titanium Dual Catalysis
Authors: Yan Huaipu , Liao Qian , Chen Yuqing , Gurzadyan Gagik G. , Lu Binghui , Wu Chao , Shi Lei 
Published: April 2023

AbstractCatalytic metal hydride hydrogen atom transfer (MHAT) reactions have proven to be a powerful method for alkene functionalization. This work reports the discovery of Co‐porphines as highly efficient MHAT catalysts with a loading of only 0.01 mol % for unprecedented chemoselective allene functionalization under photoirradiation. Moreover, the newly developed bimetallic strategy by the combination of photo Co‐MHAT and Ti catalysis enabled the successful carbonyl allylation with a wide range of amino, oxy, thio, aryl, and alkyl‐allenes providing expedient access to valuable β‐functionalized homoallylic alcohols in over 100 examples with exceptional regio‐ and diastereoselectivity. Mechanism studies and DFT calculations supported that selectively transferring hydrogen atoms from cobalt hydride to allenes and generating allyl radicals is the key step in the catalytic cycle.
Anion‐Dependent Redox Chemistry of p‐Type Poly(vinyldimethylphenazine) Cathode Materials
Authors: Duan An , Wang Ziheng , Huang Xiaoyu , Li Yongjun 
Published: April 2023

AbstractMetal‐free organic electrode materials have attracted vast research attention owing to their designable structures and tunable electrochemical properties. Although n‐type cathode materials could be used in various metal‐ion batteries, p‐type ones with high potential can deliver high energy density. Herein, we report a new p‐type polymeric cathode material, poly(2‐vinyl‐5,10‐dimethyl‐dihydrophenazine) (PVDMP), with a theoretical capacity of 227 mAh g−1. PVDMP featuring two‐step redox reaction will be doped by two anions to maintain electroneutrality during oxidation, which resulted in an anion‐dependent electrochemical behavior of PVDMP‐based cathode. The suitable dopant anion for PVDMP was selected and the doping mechanism was confirmed. Under the optimized condition, PVDMP cathode can deliver a high initial capacity of 220 mAh g−1 at 5 C and even remains 150 mAh g−1 after 3900 cycles. This work not only provides a new kind of p‐type organic cathode materials but also deepens the understanding of its anion‐dependent redox chemistry.
Mercaptoamine‐assisted Post‐encapsulation of Metal Nanoparticles within Preformed Zeolites and their Analogues for Hydroisomerization and Methane Decomposition
Authors: Song Minseok , Eom Eunji , Shin Jae Won , Cho Hae Sung , Kim Jeong‐Chul , Jo Changbum 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWe report a general synthetic strategy for post‐encapsulation of metal nanoparticles within preformed zeolites using post‐synthetic modification. Both anionic and cationic precursors to metal nanoparticle are supported on 8‐ and 10‐membered ring zeolites and analogues during wet impregnation using 2‐aminoethanethiol (AET) as a bi‐grafting agent. Thiol groups are coordinated to metal centers, whereas amine moieties are dynamically attached to micropore walls via acid‐base interactions. The dynamic acid‐base interactions cause the even distribution of the metal‐AET complex throughout the zeolite matrix. These processes encapsulate Au, Rh, and Ni precursors within the CHA, *MRE, MFI zeolite, and SAPO‐34 zeolite analogues, for which small channel apertures preclude the post‐synthesis impregnation of metal precursors. Sequential activation forms small and uniform nanoparticles (1–2.5 nm in diameter), as confirmed through electron microscopy and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. Containment within the small micropores protected the nanoparticles against harsh thermal sintering conditions and prevented the fouling of the metal surface by coke, thus resulting in a high catalytic performance in n‐dodecane hydroisomerization and methane decomposition. The remarkable specificity of the thiol to metal precursors and the dynamic acid‐base interaction make these protocols extendable to various metal‐zeolite systems, suitable for shape‐selective catalysts in challenging chemical environments.
Using eDNA and SCUBA surveys for detection and monitoring of a threatened marine cryptic fish
Authors: Bessell Tyson J. , Appleyard Sharon A. , Stuart‐Smith Rick D. , Johnson Olivia J. , Ling Scott D. , Heather Freddie J. , Lynch Tim P. , Barrett Neville S. , Stuart‐Smith Jemina 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Quantification of species’ spatial distributions and population trends is crucial for successful conservation efforts. Obtaining sufficient population data, however, is often difficult in the marine environment, especially for rare fish and invertebrate species that are small, cryptic and very difficult to detect.
This study sought to understand the effort required to search for undiscovered populations of small, cryptic, marine species in shallow vegetated coastal habitats and track population numbers, using the Critically Endangered red handfish (Thymichthys politus) as a representative species. A sampling strategy was designed using a combination of environmental DNA (eDNA) and structured underwater scuba surveys of life‐like 3D‐printed ‘handfish replicas’ to estimate detectability and ultimately determine whether current population monitoring is adequately covering the remaining habitat occupied by the species.
Tested over scales of hundreds of metres to kilometres, the eDNA assays performed relatively poorly in situ, detecting red handfish presence in only ~13% of samples collected from the centre of a known, yet low‐density, red handfish site. In contrast, underwater searches for independently placed handfish replicas by scuba divers indicated that mean detection probabilities at finer scales (~100 m) ranged from 57 to 97%. Near certain (95% probability) detection of an adult handfish was achievable with only one to three surveys (300 m2 belt transects), depending on the habitat complexity.
While other species will vary in detectability using eDNA and underwater searches, these findings give insight into the general effort required for the detection of small, rare species inhabiting vegetated coastal environments. Such knowledge not only helps to refine monitoring and conservation efforts for known threatened species, but may also assist in identifying other inconspicuous species whose population declines may otherwise go unnoticed.