bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of COVID-19 with short- and long-term risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: a prospective cohort in UK Biobank
Authors: Wan Eric Yuk Fai , Mathur Sukriti , Zhang Ran , Yan Vincent Ka Chun , Lai Francisco Tsz Tsun , Chui Celine Sze Ling , Li Xue , Wong Carlos King Ho , Chan Esther Wai Yin , Yiu Kai Hang , Wong Ian Chi Kei 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Aims
This study aims to evaluate the short- and long-term associations between COVID-19 and development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes and mortality in the general population.

Methods and Results
A prospective cohort of patients with COVID-19 infection between 16 March 2020 and 30 November 2020 was identified from UK Biobank, and followed for up to 18 months, until 31 August 2021. Based on age (within 5 years) and sex, each case was randomly matched with up to 10 participants without COVID-19 infection from two cohorts—a contemporary cohort between 16 March 2020 and 30 November 2020 and a historical cohort between 16 March 2018 and 30 November 2018. The characteristics between groups were further adjusted with propensity score-based marginal mean weighting through stratification. To determine the association of COVID-19 with CVD and mortality within 21 days of diagnosis (acute phase) and after this period (post-acute phase), Cox regression was employed. In the acute phase, patients with COVID-19 (n = 7584) were associated with a significantly higher short-term risk of CVD {hazard ratio (HR): 4.3 [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.6– 6.9]; HR: 5.0 (95% CI: 3.0–8.1)} and all-cause mortality [HR: 81.1 (95% CI: 58.5–112.4); HR: 67.5 (95% CI: 49.9–91.1)] than the contemporary (n = 75 790) and historical controls (n = 75 774), respectively. Regarding the post-acute phase, patients with COVID-19 (n = 7139) persisted with a significantly higher risk of CVD in the long-term [HR: 1.4 (95% CI: 1.2–1.8); HR: 1.3 (95% CI: 1.1– 1.6)] and all-cause mortality [HR: 5.0 (95% CI: 4.3–5.8); HR: 4.5 (95% CI: 3.9–5.2) compared to the contemporary (n = 71 296) and historical controls (n = 71 314), respectively.

Conclusions
COVID-19 infection, including long-COVID, is associated with increased short- and long-term risks of CVD and mortality. Ongoing monitoring of signs and symptoms of developing these cardiovascular complications post diagnosis and up till at least a year post recovery may benefit infected patients, especially those with severe disease.
Association between socioeconomic status and net survival after primary lung cancer surgery: a tertiary university hospital retrospective observational study in Japan
Authors: Hanafusa Mariko , Ito Yuri , Ishibashi Hironori , Nakaya Tomoki , Nawa Nobutoshi , Sobue Tomotaka , Okubo Kenichi , Fujiwara Takeo 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Background
Inequalities in opportunities for primary lung cancer surgery due to socioeconomic status exist. We investigated whether socioeconomic inequalities exist in net survival after curative intent surgery at a tertiary university hospital, in Japan.

Methods
Data from the hospital-based cancer registry on primary lung cancer patients who received lung resection between 2010 and 2018 were linked to the surgical dataset. An area deprivation index, calculated from small area statistics and ranked into tertiles based on Japan-wide distribution, was linked with the patient’s address as a proxy measure for individual socioeconomic status. We estimated net survival of up to 5 years by deprivation tertiles. Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer survival were analyzed using an excess hazard model.

Results
Of the 1039 patient-sample, advanced stage (Stage IIIA+) was more prevalent in the most deprived group (28.1%) than the least deprived group (18.0%). The 5-year net survival rates (95% confidence interval) from the least to the most deprived tertiles were 82.1% (76.2–86.6), 77.6% (70.8–83.0) and 71.4% (62.7–78.4), respectively. The sex- and age-adjusted excess hazard ratio of 5-year death was significantly higher in the most deprived group than the least deprived (excess hazard ratio = 1.64, 95% confidence interval: 1.09–2.47). The hazard ratio reduced toward null after additionally accounting for disease stage, suggesting that the advanced stage may explain the poor prognosis among the deprived group.

Conclusion
There was socioeconomic inequality in the net survival of patients who received curative intent surgery for primary lung cancer. The lower socioeconomic status group might be less likely to receive early curative surgery.
Probing general relativity in galactic scales at z ∼ 0.3
Authors: Melo-Carneiro Carlos R , Furlanetto Cristina , Chies-Santos Ana L 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT
General Relativity (GR) has been successfully tested mainly at Solar system scales; however, galaxy-scale tests have become popular in the last few decades. In this work, we investigate the ηPPN parameter, which is commonly defined by the ratio of two scalar potentials that appears in the cosmological linearly perturbed metric. Under the assumption of GR and a vanish anisotropic stress tensor, ηPPN = 1. Using ALMA, HST, and VLT/MUSE data, we combine mass measurements, using gravitational lensing and galactic dynamics, for the SDP.81 lens galaxy (z = 0.299) to constrain ηPPN. By using a flexible and self-consistent mass profile, our fiducial model takes into account the contribution of the stellar mass and a dark matter halo to reconstruct the lensed galaxy and the spatially resolved stellar kinematics. We infer, after accounting for systematic uncertainties related to the mass model, cosmology, and kinematics, $\eta _{\text{PPN}} = 1.13^{+0.03}_{-0.03}\pm 0.20\, (\text{sys})$, which is in accordance with GR predictions. Better spectroscopy data are needed to push the systematics down and bring the uncertainty to the percentage level since our analysis shows that the main source of the systematics is related to kinematics, which heavily depends on the signal-to-noise ratio of the spectra.
A black widow population dissection through HiPERCAM multiband light-curve modelling
Authors: Mata Sánchez D , Kennedy M R , Clark C J , Breton R P , Dhillon V S , Voisin G , Camilo F , Littlefair S , Marsh T R , Stringer J 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT
Black widows are extreme millisecond pulsar binaries where the pulsar wind ablates their low-mass companion stars. In the optical range, their light curves vary periodically due to the high irradiation and tidal distortion of the companion, which allows us to infer the binary parameters. We present simultaneous multiband observations obtained with the HIPERCAM instrument at the 10.4-m GTC telescope for six of these systems. The combination of this five-band (us,gs, rs, is, zs) fast photometer with the world’s largest optical telescope enables us to inspect the light curve range near minima. We present the first light curve for PSR J1641+8049, as well as attain a significant increase in signal to noise and cadence compared with previous publications for the remaining five targets: PSR J0023+0923, PSR J0251+2606, PSR J0636+5129, PSR J0952−0607, and PSR J1544+4937. We report on the results of the light-curve modelling with the Icarus code for all six systems, which reveals some of the hottest and densest companion stars known. We compare the parameters derived with the limited but steadily growing black widow population for which optical modelling is available. We find some expected correlations, such as that between the companion star mean density and the orbital period of the system, which can be attributed to the high number of Roche-lobe filling companions. On the other hand, the positive correlation between the orbital inclination and the irradiation temperature of the companion is puzzling. We propose such a correlation would arise if pulsars with magnetic axis orthogonal to their spin axis are capable of irradiating their companions to a higher degree.
American Use of Opiates, 1776–1842
Authors: Gray Elizabeth Kelly 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Many white Americans in the Early Republic used opiates medically, and while some became dependent on them, addiction was misunderstood, which led to tensions within families. Drugs such as laudanum were effective painkillers and sleep agents. Because few people had access to a doctor, opiate sales were unrestricted. Many people, especially white women, self-medicated with them and then, upon experiencing euphoria or their sedative effects, continued using them. Some public scorn was directed at elites who used opiates due to their indulgent lifestyle, and there was public concern with overdoses. Public attention to “habituation,” the era’s term for addiction, rarely appeared before the 1830s, because users could hide their use. Within some households, however, there had been tension. Many habitués and their families assumed that they could end their use with willpower. Therefore, when users could not meet their responsibilities, continued use led to misunderstanding within families.
Introduction
Authors: Brakman Reiser Dana , Dean Steven A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The risks posed by for-profit philanthropy for the public—typically dashed expectations—tend to be easy for ordinary Americans to understand. Today’s wealthy donors, by contrast, would be hard-pressed to picture themselves in a world once inhabited by titans like Rockefeller: a world where trust has been lost and the entire project of private philanthropy has become suspect. When corporations conduct philanthropy through each of their business divisions, when investment companies offer charitable giving accounts to their mutual fund customers, when donors opt for a limited liability company as the hub of their philanthropic operations, the lines between charity and business become murky. Cavalierly discarding the private foundation as the philanthropic vehicle of choice leaves the public’s trust in elite visions of the good vulnerable. If lost, the public may seize control of a greater share of elite wealth, endangering the entire project of philanthropy writ large.
The Philanthropy LLC
Authors: Brakman Reiser Dana , Dean Steven A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Philanthropy limited liability companies (LLCs) have increasingly displaced the private foundation. The foundation ensures that elite giving lives up to its promises, so its decline should set off alarm bells. The flexibility of the LLC undoes the accountability delivered by the foundation. This innovation permits donors to delay their giving, allows them to make for-profit investments while engaging in transactions with for-profit businesses, and enables them to selectively disclose information about their activities. Philanthropy LLCs unshackle elites, allowing them in theory to deliver benefits surpassing those created through foundations. Timing giving to moments of society’s greatest need rather than following the foundation’s rigid formula, for example, could impact more lives. But the public would need to embrace a philanthropy LLC’s promises to do good without the accountability safeguards provided by the foundation. A betrayal could shatter the public’s trust in elite giving, with consequences for all of philanthropy.
Strategic Corporate Philanthropy
Authors: Brakman Reiser Dana , Dean Steven A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Large multinational corporations increasingly align their charitable giving as closely as possible to their business models, even sometimes dismantling corporate foundations and transferring their former grantmaking activities to divisions within the sponsoring company. Google pioneered this effort a decade ago; Pearson and General Motors followed suit in 2014 and 2017, respectively. Rejecting conventional methods offers these corporations flexibility, privacy, and control while sacrificing few of the tax advantages of giving. In a business world saturated by win–win discourse, linking profit-making and social good allows corporate charitable grants, product donations, and employee giving programs to address environmental damage in regions where businesses operate, smooth corporate donors’ supply chains, and increase satisfaction among their labor pools. Contemporary corporate philanthropy serves as a signal of commitment to the needs of investors and other stakeholders. Unfortunately, it has outgrown its regulatory framework, leaving only corporations themselves to reassure that their “giving” serves the public.
Pilgrims, monks, and digs
Authors: Dark Ken 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses written sources and archaeological evidence for first-century Nazareth. The lack of written evidence for Nazareth at any time in the first millennium ad is examined and the archaeology of Jewish rock-cut tombs and of the Church of the Annunciation site re-evaluated. Twenty-first-century fieldwork (both excavations and surveys) other than by the Nazareth Archaeological Project—the principal subject of this book—is outlined. The resulting evidence is shown to confirm the existence of a first-century farming community at Nazareth and to enable its identification with the place called Nazareth in the Gospels.
Amazing discoveries
Authors: Dark Ken 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins discussion of the Sisters of Nazareth site itself by examining the archaeological work of the nineteenth-century nuns of the convent. It shows that it was the nuns themselves who, between the 1880s and 1914, discovered the archaeological site beneath their convent and established an outline of the sequence of activity represented there. This was at least among the first archaeological excavations anywhere in the world initiated, organized, and directed by a woman, and with a principally female team—possibly the very first. As such, the late nineteenth-century convent superior, Mère Giraud, deserves recognition as a global pioneer of the role of women in archaeological research.
Setting the record straight
Authors: Dark Ken 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains and describes twenty-first-century archaeological research on the Sisters of Nazareth convent by the author’s Nazareth Archaeological Project. Outlining discoveries relating to the first-century occupation of the site, the chapter continues to consider the interpretation of these, showing that the earliest activity on the site was first-century domestic occupation. Later in the Roman period a Christian cave-church was constructed next to the first-century structure, and both the first-century structure and cave-church were eventually encompassed within the crypt (cellar) of a large and impressive Byzantine church—probably Nazareth’s Byzantine cathedral. This church was disused before the Crusader period, but rebuilt and restored to use by the Crusaders, before being destroyed by fire. Three written descriptions—from the late fourth, late seventh, and early twelfth centuries—are shown to be about the site, identifying it firmly with the Church of the Nutrition, the most important hitherto ‘lost’ pilgrimage church in the Byzantine Holy Land. The Church of the Nutrition was dedicated to the upbringing of Jesus Christ, and believed to include the house where this occurred in its crypt.
Boundaries of International Data Privacy Law
Authors: Yilma Kinfe 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the extent to which the international data protection framework offers effective protections to data privacy. With its genesis closely aligned with the human right to privacy framework, international data privacy law forms the second component of international privacy law. The chapter considers whether this strand of international privacy law attends to the data protection dimension of the ‘privacy problem’ in the digital age. It argues that the international data privacy framework is normatively outdated, highly fragmented, and devoid of clear institutional arrangements so as to offer meaningful protection of data privacy. Drawing a parallel to the human right to privacy framework, the chapter further locates factors for the present weak structures of international data privacy law in Cold War political controversies and the overall apathy towards privacy in key standard setting processes at the United Nations.
Meaning, Scope, and Significance of Informal Lawmaking in the Law of the Sea
Authors: Klein Natalie 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter introduces the extent of informal lawmaking in the law of the sea. It elaborates on the meaning of informal law and the process of informal lawmaking, particularly as compared to formal sources of international law. To examine the scope of informal lawmaking, the chapter analyses not only the substance of the varied agreements under discussion, but also the actors involved in the process of reaching those agreements. There is an assessment of the normative value of informal lawmaking, and especially the normative intent and normative effect that may arise in creating and applying informal agreements. The final part of the chapter foreshadows the diverse ways that informal lawmaking may have significance for the law of the sea. These impacts range from the application of Article 311 of the LOSC and contribution to formal law by treaty interpretation or estoppel, through to very practical outcomes.
Informal Lawmaking in Maritime Migration
Authors: Papanicolopulu Irini 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe flow of ‘boat migration’ across the world’s oceans involves the intersection of different formal agreements: the LOSC, the Safety of Life at Sea Convention, the Search and Rescue Convention, and the Migrant Smuggling Protocol. The scale of boat migration has prompted a series of informal agreements, including the 2004 Guidelines on the Treatment of Persons Rescued at Sea, and an agreement between the EU and Turkey. In addition, individual countries have pursued informal agreements with diverse actors, such as the code of conduct between Italy and the non-governmental organizations undertaking rescues in the Mediterranean. This chapter examines the use of informal lawmaking in response to migration flows across the Mediterranean. It assesses informal acts in formal settings, and informal acts by informal actors, finding that informal lawmaking provides an easier way out of the system of international law for states, but an easier way into the system for non-state actors.
Sea Level Rise and the Law of the Sea
Authors: Oral Nilüfer , Bektaş Tutku 
Published: January 2023

AbstractClimate change-induced sea level rise will result in the loss of baselines from which maritime zones are established, the partial or complete inundation of islands, and concomitant loss of valuable maritime entitlements. The consequences sea level rise on baselines, insular features, and maritime entitlements, in many ways, straddle the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Developments concerning sea level rise at the informal level of lawmaking are increasing. They include the 2013 ‘Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts’ under the UNFCCC; the initiative by small island developing states on the Accelerated Modalities of Action Pathway; studies by Committees of the International Law Association; and now the work of the International Law Commission on Sea level rise in relation to international law. This chapter will analyse the key contributions of informal lawmaking in the progressive development of international law to meet the challenges of sea level rise.
Professors, Housewives, and Playboys
Authors: Klotz Kelsey 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 focuses on Brubeck’s conversion of new audiences to jazz in the 1950s. His method, shared by Columbia and advertisers using his image, was to promote an image of respectability, which was deployed in mainstream publications, advertisements, and personal appearances in which he performed the role of jazz authority figure. With this image, Brubeck found entrance to suburban homes, college campuses, and mainstream magazines—places jazz had rarely been found previously. In their overwhelming support of Brubeck and his music, white, middle-, and upper-middle-class mainstream audiences bought into the notion that their thoughtful appreciation of his music could provide evidence of their own intellect and respectability. This chapter offers three case studies focusing on spaces and audiences that had the most to gain from Brubeck’s respectability: Boston’s Storyville club, fans who described themselves as housewives, and Playboy audiences.
Fichte on the Value of Rational Agency
Authors: Kosch Michelle 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates Fichte’s distinctive approach to questions of membership in the moral community—to the question of who is a bearer of rights. If, with Kant, we answer “rational beings,” Fichte thinks we are left with an epistemological question about how we know who the rational beings are. He argues that the epistemological question is settled (only) through interaction, as rationality and freedom gradually become manifest in cooperative behavior. The moral community is made up of those who reliably engage cooperatively. The result is that membership in the moral community does not extend to all human beings, and it extends to beings who are not human.
Worldly Politics and Divine Institutions
Authors: Perez Nahshon 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Worldly Politics and Divine Institutions explores the entanglement of religion and government in a comparative, case-based analysis of several major court cases from the European Court of Human Rights, the US Supreme Court, and the Supreme Court of the UK. The entanglement of religion and state is prevalent in many democratic countries. However, it is understudied. Worldly Politics and Divine Institutions aims to fill this blind spot. Categories and cases such as discrimination conducted by governmentally funded religious associations and the governmental endorsement of religious symbols in public spaces create hybrid institutions that are difficult to analyze, compare, and manage. The structuring of an adequate, novel framework of analysis and comparison is one core goal of Worldly Politics and Divine Institutions.
Security, 1946–1950
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
President Harry Truman deviated from the prior planning for trade universalism through a world trade institution, the International Trade Organization, as the Cold War emerged after World War II. He announced a mid-year conference on world trade and employment to expand global commerce, not wanting to provoke a rupture with the Soviet Union but intending to defend free-enterprise capitalism, a bastion of democracy itself, through the power and hegemony of the United States in the world arena. The capitalist peace now meant capitalist security, and this transformation greatly affected the trade agenda, including difficult renewals of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act and the ultimately aborted try to ratify the International Trade Organization. The Cold War now reshaped the trade agenda toward a focus on the so-called Free World rather than the world at large.
Icehouse Climates
Authors: Summerhayes Colin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Over the past 1,000 million years, Earth’s climate oscillated between warm greenhouse climates (abundant CO2), when sea level was high, and cold icehouse climates (low CO2), when sea level was low and large ice sheets were common. At times between 1,000 and 500 million years ago Earth was a “snowball” covered in ice from poles to tropics. Icehouse climates with polar ice developed around 445 million years ago, 300 million years ago, and over the past 34 million years (when the Antarctic ice sheet formed). Northern hemisphere ice sheets developed over the past 2.6 million years, when climates oscillated from warm to cold in Milankovitch Cycles. Human civilization developed in a warm Milankovitch Cycle peaking about 12,000 years ago. Plate tectonics drove rises in CO2 when volcanism was abundant. Chemical weathering of mountains drove falls in CO2. As trees evolved, they also sucked CO2 out of the air.