bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nature of Post-Anaphylactic State in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Ostromislensky I. , Openchowski M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Normal guinea pigs react to subcutaneous injection of diphenylformamidine hydrochloride by the same characteristic symptoms as those which appear in desensitized guinea pigs on the injection of chrysoidin in the post-anaphylactic state. The symptoms of the anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs in which a hydrochloric acid solution of antifebrine (acetanilide) was injected shortly before the reinjection, are expressed, as a rule, in very unusual forms. They become in this case identical with the symptoms which appear in animals in the period of post-anaphylactic state after subcutaneous injection of chrysoidin. Subcutaneous injection of some anti-shock preparations, in particular diphenylformamidine hydrochloride and di-phenylmethylpyrazolonyl, quickly and considerably increases in antimals (rabbits) the sugar content of blood.
On the Relationship Between Complement and Prothrombin
Authors: Quick Armand J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A close relationship between complement and prothrombin (thrombin) is indicated by: Both are inactivated at 56°C.Heated plasma and serum become both anti-complementary and anti-clotting.Plasma and serum treated with magnesium hydroxide become markedly inhibitory to complement and thrombin action. The effect is more pronounced in plasma than in serum.The azo dye, Calcomine fast pink 2 BL. Unbl., inhibits both complement and thrombin.
Complement and prothrombin (thrombin) are probably not identical for: The conversion of prothrombin to thrombin has no effect on complement.Calcium is essential in the clotting process, but is not needed for the action of complement. Excess calcium, however, will antagonize both thrombin and complement.Aluminum hydroxide will remove or inactivate prothrombin but will not affect thrombin or complement.Heparine is markedly anti-thrombic, but relatively weak in inhibiting complement.Clinically, it was found that a plasma (from a patient with a marked hepatic insufficiency) was strongly anti-complementary, yet showed no disturbance in clotting factors.
These findings lead to the conclusion that complement and prothrombin are not identical, but appear to have some similarity in structure which makes them susceptible to certain inhibitory substances such as various azo dyes. Prothrombin probably has a group or special structure that reacts with calcium and thromboplastin. While this structure is essential for the activity of prothrombin, it plays no part in complement activity.
Tests for Immunity to Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Rule Anna M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The only antibody known at present to bear a definite relationship to resistance and immunity in acute anterior poliomyelitis is that occurring in serum capable of neutralizing virus in vitro and designated as antiviral antibody. The presence of an amount of this antibody in 0.5 cc. of serum neutralizing at least 10 minimal infective doses of monkey passage virus is believed to indicate effective resistance to poliomyelitis. It is likely however that resistance to poliomyelitis may be present without demonstrable amounts of this antibody in the blood. This tissue resistance may be constituted by body cells sensitized to virus and capable of rapidly producing antibody upon infection or vaccination or represent a type of resistance due to “maturation immunity” or the physiological activity of the tissues. The antibody varies greatly according to age being absent in the sera of the majority of children over six months of age and present in the majority of adults. The antibody may be absent in the blood of recovered cases of poliomyelitis although one attack of the disease usually confers a solid immunity for the balance of life. The technic of conducting antiviral tests has varied on the part of different investigators which has influenced the results reported. The variable factors have been discussed and a technic described which is hoped will assist in evolving a standardized method so highly desirable at the present time. The method is based upon the principle of expressing the amount of antibody in terms of the number of minimal infective doses of virus for Macacus rhesus monkeys inoculated intracerebrally, neutralized by 0.5 cc. of serum in an exposure of two hours at 37°C. in a water bath. While this method is expensive and requires about three weeks for its conduct yet it is available as a practical test for determining susceptibility before vaccination against poliomyelitis. The spinal cords of monkeys developing the disease during the conduct of the test may be employed for the preparation of the Kolmer vaccine of attenuated virus for active immunization of human beings against the disease which greatly reduces the cost of the test since the cord of a single monkey furnishes sufficient vaccine for the immunization of 40 to 50 children.
Genetic Studies of the Agglutinogens M and N
Authors: Hyman Harriet S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
M and N sera were prepared by injecting washed human red cells of known donors into rabbits. The resulting fluids containing agglutinins against the agglutinogens M and N corresponded in every respect to those discovered and described by Landsteiner and Levine.
The bloods of twenty pairs of identical twins and two pairs of fraternal twins were examined for the agglutinogens A, B, M, and N. It was found that blood grouping is one criterion for determining the non-identity of twins.
The bloods of 578 individuals were tested for M and N reactions to determine the frequency of the three types M, MN, and N in the population. The relationship of m + n = 1 held closely, being 1.0173 in this study, thus offering proof for the theory that the agglutinogens M and N are inherited as a single pair of allelomorphic genes.
A study was made of the heredity of the agglutinogens A, B, M, and N in 100 families with 220 children. No exceptions were found to the two rules based upon the theory that M and N are inherited as a single pair of allelomorphic genes.
The data presented in this paper bear out the validity of the theory that the agglutinogens M and N are inherited as a single pair of allelomorphic genes.
The Toxigenic Properties of Hemolytic Streptococci from Human Infections
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Coffey Julia M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In a comparative study of 471 cultures of hemolytic streptococci from human infections, no relationship was detected between the type or severity of the infectious process from which a culture was isolated and its toxigenic activity or virulence for mice. The incidence of virulent strains was highest among cultures isolated from cases of severe suppurative infections, excluding meningitis. Although, by means of toxin-antitoxin neutralization tests, toxigenic strains were divided into several distinct groups, no evidence of the specificity of any of these groups for a particular type of infection was obtained.
According to toxin-antitoxin neutralization tests, antistreptococcus sera varied markedly in valency, depending upon the strains used in their production. Serum of the Dochez N. Y. 5 strain was of broadest valency, neutralizing approximately 77 per cent of the toxins. Two other monovalent sera were each effective against different groups of the remaining toxins, representing 21 per cent of the total. Of 314 toxigenic strains, 5 were encountered, the toxins of which were neutralized only by combinations of one or the other of these sera with that of the N. Y. 5 strain.
Observations on the Action of Human and Animal Blood on the Meningococcus
Authors: Silverthorne Nelles , Fraser Donald T. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It is the purpose of this report to record the results of some further studies on the bactericidal effect of samples of blood, from humans and animals, on the meningococcus. The observations reported previously by Silverthorne and Fraser (1) have been extended. The present investigations deal principally with the specificity of this reaction.
Technic. In that communication (1) the technic of the bactericidal test was reported and a modification of the original technic was outlined. Essentially this modification consists in the use of smaller volumes, both of citrated blood (0.2 cc.) and of suspended meningococci (0.01 cc.); the initial (undiluted) suspension being made up in 5 cc. of broth in place of 2 cc. This modified technic was used in the following experiments.
Experimental. Tests were set up in order to determine the bactericidal effects of certain constituents of blood. Samples of human blood, known to be bactericidal and others possessing relatively little bactericidal action were tested.
A Rapid Method for the Production of Precipitin Antigen from Bacteria: An Attempt to Apply it to the Determination of the Type of Pneumococcus in Sputum
Authors: Krumwiede Charles , Noble W. Carey 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A simple method of preparing a precipitin antigen from bacteria is presented, which allows of the preparation of such antigens with a rapidity and in concentration hitherto impossible. An attempt to modify the method to extract antigen from pneumonic sputum to determine rapidly the type of pneumococcus present has been partially successful. It is presented as a possible basis for further improvements.
Extracts of Antibodies Obtained from Specific Precipitates of Typhoid-Antityphoid Serum Complex
Authors: Weinstein Israel 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
An investigation was undertaken in this laboratory with a view to precipitating the antibodies from antityphoid sera by means of a specific antigen and subsequently dissociating this antigen-antibody complex, obtaining the antibodies in a solution as free from foreign protein as possible.
As is well known, a number of antityphoid sera have been prepared and occasionally physicians have reported good results with them, but their use has never been general. In order to be successful with a bactericidal serum it seems necessary to inject large amounts. For example, Cole (1), in the treatment of pneumonia, by using very large quantities of antipneumococcus serum (from 190 to 700 cc.) has had success where others have failed. Owing to the danger of “serum sickness” following the injection of large amounts of horse serum, physicians have hesitated to treat their patients with it.
A New Method of Estimating the Antitryptic Index of Blood Serum
Authors: Robertson T. Brailsford , Hanson Samuel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A simple and accurate method of measuring the antitryptic indices of blood-sera is described. It is shown that for varying proportions of antitrypsin (= A) added to a specified amount of trypsin (regarded as unity) the relation: holds good for any given serum, T being the proportion of the trypsin neutralized by the serum and C a constant which is a direct measure of the number of molecules of antitrypsin contained in a specified volume of the serum. The molecular concentration of antitrypsin in blood serum is in great excess of the molecular concentration of proteolytically active material in a 1 per cent solution of Gruebler's trypsin.
Effects of Intravenous Injections of a Colloid (Gelatin), Upon Rabbit Sera
Authors: Clark Guy W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experimental results are presented which show that: The serum proteins of individual rabbits vary through a wide range and that the variation is even greater between different rabbits.Intravenous injections of large amounts of gelatin does not produce any marked change in the ratio of the globulins to the total proteins.The gelatin begins to disappear from the blood immediately after injection and continues to do so at a fairly constant rate, being completely eliminated at some time between six and twenty-four hours.The injection of gelatin causes tissue fluids to be drawn into the blood stream, resulting in hydremic plethora.
The Constancy of the Protein Quotient During Intensive Digestion and Prolonged Starvation
Authors: Hanson Samuel 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It is usually assumed that the fluctuations of the protein quotient under normal and pathological conditions are due directly or indirectly to variations in the general nature and especially in the rapidity of the metabolic processes.
Thus, Cervello (1) ascribes to a retardation of metabolism the rise in globulins he obtained under the administration of antipyrin. Hurwitz and Meyer (2) suppose that the increase in the serum globulins in certain actue infections is due to metabolic disturbances. Schmidt and Schmidt (3) are inclined to believe that the serum proteins have no relation to immunity and would rather attribute the increase in globulins to changes in the metabolism resulting from the toxemia and tissue waste of acute infections.
In view of the fact that alterations in the protein quotient have been so frequently attributed by various authors to disturbances in the metabolism, it was considered necessary to investigate the more precise relations of the globulin albumin ratio to difference in the rapidity of metabolism.
A Study of the Immunizing Properties of Bacterial Vaccines Prepared after Various Methods
Authors: Perry M. W. , Kolmer John A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It is now generally recognized and conceded that bacteria, vaccines may exert both specific and non-specific effects when administered to persons and lower animals by parenteral injection; by specific effects we refer to the production of specific antibodies as agglutinins and lysins for the bacterial protein while non-specific effects refer to the temperature and leucocytic response, the mobilization of ferments and other reactions studied and described by Jobling and Petersen (1), and others.
For purposes of therapeutic immunization bacterial vaccines are generally prepared by suspending the microörganisms in isotonic sodium chloride solution followed by a destruction of their vegetative power by heating at 56 to 60°C. for one hour. It has been claimed, however, that heating even to 53°C. tends to alter or destroy in a measure the essential antigenic immunizing or specific properties of a vaccine and various other means for their preparation has been proposed.
A Method of Preparing Bacterial Antigens
Authors: Small James C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
No method of preparing bacterial antigens for complement deviation can be regarded as wholly satisfactory until it offers a preparation in which the whole content of the complement deviating principles of the bacterial cell is rendered available and in which, at the same time, no substances occur that tend to interfere with the specific complement deviation reaction. The availability of the antigenic substances for the complementdeviation reaction depends; first, on their freedom in solution or suspension, and secondly, on the physical state in which they occur. While suspensions of whole bacteria have been used as antigen, it is most probable that their antigenic properties are to be attributed to a partial disintegration and extraction of the bacteria, for it is difficult to see how substances within the unbroken cell membrane could be available for 1eaction with colloidal substances in the serum, attributing, as we must by analogy, only semipermeable properties to the cell membrane.
A Study of Saponin Hemolysis
Authors: Furuhata Tanemoto 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The hemolytic action of saponin or sapotoxin is, to a certain extent, inhibited in a nonelectrolyte medium. This phenomenon is, perhaps, attributable to the increase of viscosity of the medium, which makes the diffusion of saponin into red blood cells the more difficult. Ions of various salts favor saponin hemolysis even in higher concentration, except (NH4)2SO4, which can alter the red blood cells in higher concentration. BaCl2 and CaCl2 are indifferent. The resistance of red blood cells against saponin is different in the different species of animal.
I desire to express my indebtedness to Professor S. Mita for his kind direction and encouragement during my experiments.
Experimental Pollinosis
Authors: Ulrich Henry L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
That hay fever is a form of hypersensibility to pollen proteins is conceded by everyone. The mechanism of this form of hypersensibility, likewise the phenomenon of its desensitization with pollen extract (phylactically or prophylactically administered) are still mooted questions.
Cooke, Flood, Coca's (1) definition of hay fever as a “clinical symptomatic expression of local hypersensitiveness” cannot hold. The skin and conjunctional reactions in hay fever subjects are certainly extranasal. Sewall's (2) criticism that no local manifestation of hypersensibility can occur without the background of a general hypersensibility is amply justified.
Up to now animal experiments to produce clinical hay fever have not been successful. Koessler (3) reports passive anaphylaxis in guinea-pigs. Cooke, Flood and Coca (4) and myself2 have failed to produce active or passive anaphylaxis with pollen extracts. My experiments to produce a passive anaphylaxis were made with patients' blood out of season. It is possible that Koessler's experiments were made in season.
A Study of the Pneumococcus Toxins
Authors: Coca Arthur F. , Straus Henry W. , Grove Ella F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A toxin has been demonstrated in filtrates of pneumococcus cultures the injection of which in young children caused a rise in temperature which reached 105°F. in the more susceptible children. All of 34 children under 3 years of age, excepting two who previously suffered either bronchopneumonia or a severe bronchitis, were found susceptible to the type I toxin. All of 31 persons suffering from or convalescent from pneumococcus pneumonia were found immune to the type I toxin (skin test). The toxin seems to be type-specific. The toxin is not the type-specific polysaccharide. Cultures grown in the absence of artificially supplied CO2 have been found to contain toxin which, however, seemed not to be capable of stimulating antitoxin production in human beings. Two injections in children were followed, in the majority of instances, by prompt antitoxin production (one or two weeks). Serum from two pneumonia convalescents neutralized the pneumococcus type I toxin.
Effect of Gonadotropic and Oestrogenic Hormones on Agglutinin Response to B. Pertussis in Immature Animals
Authors: Dingle John H. , Meyer Roland K. , Gustus Edwin L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Immature rats and rabbits did not respond to injections of B. pertussis and B. typhosus with the high degree of agglutinin production obtained in mature animals of these species. A general correlation existed between agglutinin titer, body weight, and sexual development (as indicated by testes and seminal vesicle weights), and their rates of increase with age in rats injected with B. pertussis.
Gonadotropic hormone obtained from pregnant mare serum, prolan, theelin, or pituitary implants do not influence agglutinin production in immature or infantile rats or rabbits in the doses administered, although such administration in rats does produce definite development of the gonads and accessories.
The Development of Foreign Protein Sensitization in Human Beings
Authors: Mote John R. , Jones T. Duckett 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The gradual development and maintenance of skin sensitivity to serum protein in human beings has been followed over a period of nearly two years. The first evidence of this hyper-reactivity is a twenty-four-hour delayed type of skin reaction. This type of skin sensitivity is in most instances replaced in more sensitive subjects by the usual immediate wheal and flare at the site of injection. There are great individual variations in the ease with which individuals develop, maintain, and lose their sensitivity, but most persons having repeated intracutaneous injections of this protein eventually become more or less sensitive.
The skin sensitivity is lost in the reverse order of its appearance—the immediate wheal is replaced by the twenty-four-hour reaction and this in turn will become negative.
Serum antibody studies in so far as done further emphasized the quantitative variations of sensitivity in the various individuals.
Human beings may be rendered quite sensitive to very minute amounts of serum protein by the intracutaneous route of injection.
The significance of this twenty-four-hour delayed “allergic” type of reaction is briefly discussed.
Group-Specific Agglutinins in Rabbit Serums for Human Cells
Authors: Stuart C. A. , Sawin Paul B. , Wheeler K. M. , Battey Shirley 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Thirty-nine per cent of the normal serums from 422 rabbits contained group-specific agglutinins for human A cells, 16 per cent specific agglutinins for B cells and 38 per cent failed to agglutinate any type of human cell. There is considerable evidence to show that the presence or absence of specific A agglutinins in the serum of rabbits is typically Mendelian in its inheritance.
Comparison of the Bactericidal Action of Human and Guinea-Pig Blood on Strains of the Meningococcus with the Mouse-Mucin Test for Virulence
Authors: Silverthorne Nelles , Fraser Donald T. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In 1934 the authors (1) reported on the bactericidal action of samples of human blood on strains of the meningococcus. It was found that a sample of blood possessing no bactericidal power against a cerebrospinal fluid strain of the meningococcus behaved in a different manner towards nasopharyngeal strains from noncontact carriers. In a later article in 1935 they (2) demonstrated the specificity of this property and showed that it could be induced in the blood of guinea pigs by vaccination. During the latter part of 1935 and 1936 these studies on the bactericidal effect of samples of human blood on various strains of the meningococcus were extended. The bactericidal action of human and guinea-pig blood has been compared with the virulence of strains when tested by means of the mouse-mucin test described by Miller (3).
The Behavior of Immediate and Delayed Cutaneous Reactions to Bacterial Nucleo-Proteins in Asthmatic Patients
Authors: Stevens Franklin A. , Jordani Leopold 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Studies of the cutaneous reactions to bacterial nucleoproteins in asthmatic patients have been in progress for several years and the results obtained on testing 100 consecutive patients on admission have been tabulated and analyzed in a previous publication (1). Immediate and delayed reactions occurred in these patients, and although both types of reaction were obtained simultaneously with different bacterial proteins in the same patient, an immediate reaction to a bacterial protein was seldom combined with a delayed response at the site of the same bacterial inoculation. In a few patients retested on several occasions some reactions were transient while others were persistent but tests done at one time failed to indicate with certainty the types of reaction and the bacteria to which a patient might react later. The retesting has been continued. Table 1 shows the results with a number of patients studied intensively over a period of years.
The Permeability of the Lungs to Antibodies
Authors: Fox John P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
It has been shown that antibodies of three different types and contained in foreign or homologous serum appear in the blood stream but slowly and in slight degree after intratracheal injection. Conversely, such antibodies are retained in the lungs over a relatively prolonged period. These facts suggest that the lungs are only slightly permeable to antibody. Additional evidence indicated that the presence of sterile pulmonary inflammation exerted little effect on this permeability. On these grounds it was found impossible to agree with Besredka that the intratracheal route is a good way to induce general passive immunity.