bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical, optical, and mechanical properties of commercially available windshield glasses using various cars
Authors: Kumar S , Kumar D , Singh K 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Windshield glasses of Maruti Alto 800 (A800), Hyundai i20 (H20), and Maruti Suzuki Eeco (SE) are taken from an automotive repair shop for investigating their physical, optical, and mechanical properties to check their durability. These glasses are amorphous, which is confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Energy dispersive spectroscopy confirms that the windshield glasses contain SiO2, Na2O, MgO, CaO, Al2O3, and K2O in variable atomic percentages. The optical bandgap, refractive index, and Urbach energy are calculated using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The highest optical band gap is observed for SE. Micro Vickers hardness test is used to study the fracture toughness and hardness of the glasses. It is found that H20 has the highest hardness as well as toughness in all the windshield glasses.
Gamma-Ray Sensing Properties of Nd Doped Phosphate Glasses
Authors: Deol Samarvijay Singh , Kaur Pardeep , Singh Jaswinder , Kaur Preet , Vermani Yogesh K. , Singh Tejbir 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Five selected Nd2O3 doped phosphate glass compositions are synthesized using melt quench technique. The physical properties such as density (ρ) and molar volume (Vm) are experimentally measured. The density increases whereas molar volume decreases with addition of Nd2O3 content. The radiation sensing properties for these rare earth (RE) element doped phosphate glass samples have been investigated. The photon attenuation and sensing parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient (μm), linear attenuation coefficient (μL), optimum thickness range (x
opt), effective atomic number (Zeff), and mean free path (mfp) values are computed over wide gamma-ray energy range 1keV -100 GeV within framework of WinXCom software tool. The photon sensing properties of these rare earth doped phosphate glasses vary significantly on account of neodymium oxide content and photon energy. The mean free path (mfp) values of glass samples are found to decrease while the mass attenuation coefficient values rise as Nd2O3 concentration does.
Optical, Dielectric and Structural Properties of SnO2 Nanoparticles Via Sol-Gel Method
Authors: Soumya S S 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper discuss the optical parameters of tin oxide nanopowder prepared by the sol-gel method. Tin oxide nanopowder shows 81 % transmittance in the near IR region. In this region, tin oxide nanopowder shows the highest reflectance, 81 %. The optical band gap was 3.43 eV. The cut-off wavelength of the tin oxide nanopowder is 362.15 nm. The refractive index and the extinction coefficient of the tin oxide nanopowder were calculated. The real and imaginary values of dielectric constants were calculated and the real value of the dielectric constant is higher than the imaginary value of dielectric constants. The average crystallite size from the XRD pattern was 15.93 nm. FESEM analysis shows that the average particle size was 17.21 nm.
A Theoretical analysis of Milk adulteration/contamination detection in camel, buffalo and cow milk using SPR Technique
Authors: Singh Susheel Kumar , Srivastava Akash , Dwivedi L.K. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this paper author have targeted to detect various kinds of adulteration/contamination in camel, cow and buffalo milk using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique. SPR technique have numerous features like its label free technique, provide real time analysis and able to detect very minute change in sample’s physical condition from its ideal condition. The change in sample physical condition change can estimate using change in refractive index. The adulteration in milk does for financial benefits but they are highly dangerous for health especially for children and pregnant women. Some more contamination added knowingly as a preservative but they affect the purity of milk so that their detection is essential. In this paper author have targeted to detect mainly urea, melamine, Salmonella and coconut oil in milk by using a Kretschmann configuration based SPR sensor. The sensor consists of high refractive index prism (ZnSe) as a dielectric substrate, gold (Au) nanolayer, Graphene monolayer and heterostructure of BlueP/MoS2. Major performance parameters like sensitivity, Figure of Merit (FoM), Detection accuracy and limit of detection also calculated for each case to validate the result of proposed sensor. The performance of sensor is done in visible region in theoretical way using analytical software MATLAB.
Polymeric Nanofibriller Matrix on ITO Substrate for Flexible Chemical Sensing Applications
Authors: Datta Kunal , Ghosh Prasanta Kumar , Rushi Arti , Shirsat Mahendra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The authors present here a facile electrochemical approach to synthesize Poly(Aniline) nanofibriller matrix on ITO coated PET substrate for development of wearable or embeddable sensors. Electrochemical parameters were optimized for even diametric synthesis and controlled length of Poly (Aniline)) nanofibers. A three – step chrono potentiometric deposition was found to be efficient for the synthesis of the matrix. Precise tuning of galvanic conditions during the synthesis process was highly effective and repetitive towards controlling the nucleation of Poly (Aniline) seeds on the substrate that serves as the basis of nanofibers with presumable diameter range. Charge conduction behaviour of the matrix was studied via Linear Sweep Voltammetry and a semiconducting nature was observed. The synthesized nanofibrillar sensor platforms were subjected to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-VIS Spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy for elucidation of morphological and structural aspects. The distribution of nanofibers network throughout the substrate was uniform and dendritic. Flexibility characteristics of the sensors were studied by bending the sensor to different radii and in-situ monitoring of resistance. The synthesized sensor platforms were subjected to NO2 sensing in chemiresistive mode under dynamic conditions to investigate the applicability of the same under real-time applications. Upon exposure to different concentrations of NO2, the devices exhibit a rapid response at concentrations as low as 1 ppm. The betterment in overall sensing behaviour in comparison to conventional thin film type sensors could be attributed to the one-dimensional structure of nanofibers leading to effective diffusion on analyte molecules and low scattering loss during charge transport. These flexible sensors can be interesting for novel mobile applications.
CdSe quantum dots enhancing blue emission of nematic liquid crystals
Authors: Balwadkar S S , Sutar A S , Doke S S , Jadhav Y , Kulkarni S A , Kahane S V 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Herein, we report the enhancement in blue emission of nematic liquid crystals (NLCs) doped with CdSe quantum dots (QDs) at room temperature. CdSe QDs were synthesized by a high temperature wet chemical method. X-ray diffraction pattern suggest zinc blend crystal structure of CdSe QDs without impurity phase formation. The absorption peak and PL emission of QDs is observed at 503 nm and 526 nm respectively. The QDs size is found to be 2.3 nm calculated by excitonic peak. The polarization states of the QD-based NLCs were studied by using polarising optical microscopic (POM) images under crossed geometry of polarizer and analyser. The uniform colour distribution throughout the cell indicates uniform cell thickness with a planar alignment of liquid crystal molecules. Moreover, dark, and bright states of POM images are used to analyse the defects in alignment of NLC molecules. It is worthwhile to note here that the incorporation of QDs in NLCs helps in reducing defects and light leakage centres which further increases the absorption and hence emission of NLCs. The significant enhancement in the PL intensity of the NLC of about 60% upon CdSe QDs doping is observed at room temperature which attributed to the increase in molecular alignment of NLCs composite.
The influence of electrodes thicknesses on the characteristics of a helium plasma jet
Authors: Namous W.S.E. , Sahli S. , Benterrouche L. , Bousba H.E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
An atmospheric plasma jet reactor (PJR) was designed using two outer disc-like copper plats placed around a quartz tube. The effects of the electrodes’ thicknesses and their placement on the plasma jet length created in helium and its electrical characteristics were investigated. Measurements of the plasma jet length were carried out for different applied voltages and different gas flow rates. The electrical characteristics (such as discharge current and power consumption) of the plasma jet obtained using a high voltage generator delivering a sin-wave signal varying from 13kVp-p to 17kVp-p at a resonance frequency of 5.5kHz, were measured/calculated. The best results (long plasma plume and intense plasma) were obtained with a reactor equipped with a thicker upper electrode and a thinner lower electrode. Using this configuration, a plasma plume 55mm long was reached at 17kVp-p and 7slm of helium.
Surface electric charge decay behavior of Polypropylene (PP) films treated by atmospheric air dielectric barrier discharge
Authors: Labiod S , Ziari Z , Bousbaa H E , Sahli S 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Atmospheric air dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is one of the most effective physical techniques for the cold plasma source. It is a promising technique used to modify the surface properties of polymers. This modification leads to improving wetting and adhesion properties, a change in surface roughness and other significant technological features. In recent studies, researchers have showed that DBD plasma exposure can modify the electric properties of insulating materials. In this study, we focused our attention on the influence of DBD plasma treatment on the surface electric charge behavior in polypropylene (PP) thin films. The effect of DBD plasma has been studied as a function of treatment time for two values of applied discharge voltages; 7 and 12 kV. After being exposed to DBD plasma, the samples were charged for 5 seconds in ambient air using a negative triode corona electrode system. The influence of DBD plasma treatment on the surface electric charge behaviour in PP thin films was investigated. The surface characterization of the untreated and treated PP films is performed using surface electric charge decay measurements, for identical charging conditions.
Dependence of Matrix Elements on Hydrostatic Pressure and Temperature
Authors: Mona  , Akash  , Priyanka  , Sharma Rinku 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The matrix elements of a 2 – D electron gas restricted in a GaAs cylindrical quantum wire including Rashba Spin Orbit Interaction, under simultaneous effect of hydrostatic pressure and temperature is investigated. The strong dependency of hydrostatic pressure and absolute temperature, on energy band gap and effective mass of charge carriers of the quantum wire, have been found. Because of this, the linear and non-linear properties of the quantum wire also get affected. We also observed that under the influence of electric and mamagnetic field, the matrix elements get affected strongly with the change in Rashba spin orbit interaction and Magnetic field.
Design of Tunable Far-Infrared Plasmonic Absorber Based on Chalcogenide Phase Change Materials
Authors: Attar R , Sawant R , Pandey S , Joglekar P V , Mondal S , Kulkarni S , Behera J K 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
We propose a wide-angle metamaterial absorber with more than 90% absorption in the far-infrared (F-IR) and terahertz (THz) regimes. Our metal-dielectric metamaterial absorber consists of a phase change layer (Ge2Sb2Te5), a dielectric spacer (MgF2), and a bottom refractory metal layer (TiN). We numerically designed the structure by finite-difference time-domain simulation method and demonstrated a perfect absorption in the spectral range from 10 μm to 50 μm (30 THz to 6 THz). Furthermore, it shows a broad peak with maximum absorption of 93% at the resonant wavelength of 22.5 μm when the phase change layer is in the amorphous (disorder) state. In contrast, the peak resonance is red-shifted to 29.5 μm when the Ge2Sb2Te5 switches to the crystalline (order) state, demonstrating a resonant band tunability of Δλ= 7μm. The proposed structure shown here is a simple planner structure, lithographic-free and easy to fabricate with spectral band tunability, which offers great potential for ultra-cooled detection, imaging, security scanning, gas leakage detection, and remote monitoring applications.
Galactic cosmic rays: direct measurements, status and perspectives
Authors: Coutu Stephane 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Recent instruments deployed in space or on stratospheric balloons are targeted at various energetic cosmic particles: protons and nuclei, electrons, antiparticles, secondary nuclei (including isotopes), ultraheavy nuclei, complementing the direct study of gamma rays. As a result, new data are brought to bear on high-energy processes in the Galaxy. The instruments have large acceptances and exposures, allowing an energy reach overlapping with ground-based measurements. We review the present state of direct cosmic-ray measurements, as well as near future efforts.
The AMS-02 detector on the ISS - Status and highlights after 11 years on orbit
Authors: Vagelli Valerio , Graziani Maura 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, AMS-02, is a magnetic spectrometer detector operating on the International Space Station (ISS) since May the 19th, 2011. More than 200 billion events have been collected by the instrument in the first 11 years of data taking, providing detailed and novel insights on the composition and energy spectra of cosmic rays up to TeV energies. We review the most recent AMS-02 measurements and the advances in the understanding of cosmic ray origin, acceleration and propagation physics.
Results from the Telescope Array
Authors: Matthews J.N. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Telescope Array is a hybrid cosmic ray detector consisting both of fluorescence telescopes and an array of scintillator surface detectors. It is the largest cosmic ray detector in the Northern hemisphere. It is presently expanding from 700 km2 to 2800 km2. The status of spectral, composition, and source search measurements are be presented in addition to an update on the deployment of the TAx4 detector.
VERITAS Highlights 2022
Authors: McGrath Conor 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) is an array of four 12 m Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs), located at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona, USA, that has been in full array operation since 2007. VERITAS conducts research in a variety of areas including galactic science such as supernova remnants, pulsar wind nebulae, binary systems; extra-galactic science including jetted AGN, gamma-ray burst and fast radio burst searches; multimessenger follow-ups and astroparticle physics, including dark matter searches. This paper will cover recent VERITAS highlights and results.
Status of the Large-Sized Telescope of the Cherenkov Telescope Array.
Authors: Pierro Federico Di 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Large-Sized Telescopes (LSTs) of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) are designed for gamma-ray studies focusing on low energy threshold, high flux sensitivity and rapid telescope repositioning. The LST has a tessellated parabolic mirror of 23 m diameter and a weight of about 100 tons, with the capability of pointing to any position in the sky in 20 seconds or less to catch transients. A 2 ton 3x3 m camera, placed in the focus of the mirror, is equipped with 1855 high QE PMTs corresponding to a FoV of about 4.5 degrees. LSTs will dominate the CTA performance between 20 GeV and approximately 200 GeV. The first LST (LST-1) was inaugurated in La Palma (Spain) in October 2018 and since then it is in the commissioning phase. The current status and performance of the LST-1 are discussed. The telescope behavior is well understood and the performance has reached the design level in terms of sensitivity, angular and energy resolutions. Still some work is needed to achieve the duty cycle goal. We briefly present here some of the first physics results. Finally the outlooks of the project are presented.
High-energy neutrino astronomy — the neutrino connections to the cosmic-ray origin: present and future
Authors: Yoshida Shigeru 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
High-energy neutrino astronomy has been blooming. In addition to the possible identification of the blazar and Seyfert II galaxies as neutrino emitters, the present neutrino data has indicated some hints to characterize or constrain the origin of cosmic rays. Being motivated by the observational fact that the astrophysical neutrino background energy flux is comparable to that of ultrahigh-energy (UHE) cosmic rays, we derive the generic requirements that a major fraction of UHE cosmic ray sources must meet, if they are also responsible for the ∼ 100 TeV-energy cosmic neutrino background radiation. The source parameters characterizing the cosmic ray – neutrino unified scheme, such as the photon radiation luminosity and the cosmic ray luminosity density, suggest that the yet-unidentified cosmic ray and neutrino origins can be transient objects visible in the optical/NIR wavelength band. We propose a viable scheme of multimessenger observations to identify the sources using the neutrino multiplet detections.
A new multimessenger study of Starburst galaxies: a closer look to expecting neutrinos
Authors: Marinelli Antonio , Ambrosone Antonio , Chianese Marco , Fiorillo Damiano , Miele Gennaro , Pisanti Ofelia 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Considering the high star formation rate (up to 100 M⊙/year) of starburst galaxies (SBGs), they are well posed between the guaranteed “factories” of high energy neutrinos, since they can contain accelerated cosmic rays in the central region where the high-density gas is present. A more accurate description of their possible hadronic emission could help to better explain the diffuse astrophysical flux measured by IceCube as well as the observed point-like excess, like the case of NGC1068. With this in mind we report here a multi-messenger study, looking at diffuse and resolved gamma-ray and neutrino measurements, that explain the very-high-energy (VHE) emission through a calorimetric scenario. For the analysis of the diffuse component we perform a blending of the available spectral indexes and produce a multi-component study of extragalactic background light (EGB), high energy starting events (HESE) and high-energy cascade IceCube data. In contrast to common prototype scenarios, the spectral index blending leads to a non negligible diffuse neutrino component from SBGs, accounting up to 40% of the HESE events, at 95.4% CL. This scenario privileges also a maximal energy within tens of PeV for the accelerated charge particles inside these galaxies. For the point-like study we report the proposed calorimetric description for the gamma-ray resolved SBGs within 100 Mpc, taking into account the star formation rate derived from their infrared emission. These neutrino expectations are then compared with the sensitivity of IceCube, IceCube/Gen2 and the incoming KM3NeT.
Signatures from primordial black hole evaporation
Authors: Calabrese Roberta 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Primordial Black Holes are hypothetical Black Holes formed in the very early universe and are potential Dark Matter Candidates. We focus on the primordial black hole mass range [5 · 1014 − 1 · 1016] g. Their evaporation can produce detectable signals in existing experiments. We study neutrinos emitted by PBHs evaporation. The interaction of neutrinos emitted from primordial black hole evaporation can interact through the coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering producing an observable signal in multi-ton DM direct detection experiments. The non-observation of such signals can be used to place forecast constraints on the fraction of Dark Matter composed of Primordial Black Holes. This talk is based on [1]
OCRA – an outreach program on cosmic rays for teachers and students
Authors: Hemmer S. , Aramo C. , Bissaldi E. , Bocci V. , Bottino B. , Caccianiga L. , Canella S. , Coluccia M. , Dimiccoli F. , Di Pierro F. , Donnini F. , Evoli C. , Giampaoli A. , La Vacca G. , Leonora E. , Menegolli A. , Miozzi S. , Morsani F. , Munini R. , Paoletti R. , Rozza D. , Schioppa M. , Tiberio A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Outreach Cosmic Ray Activities (OCRA) project was created in 2018 within the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) to offer a platform for all outreach activities focusing on cosmic rays within the institute. OCRA now counts 22 of the institute’s divisions all over Italy as members. The project offers activities both for students and teachers. The one activity common to all local groups is the participation in the yearly International Cosmic Day, organized by DESY, inviting high school students to carry out hands-on measurements of the cosmic ray flux and learn about the related physics background. Two students from each division are then selected to participate in the annual OCRA science camp, a three-day full immersion into the life of a physicist. For both teachers and students, the OCRA website https://web.infn.it/OCRA/, offers a series of online laboratories designed both to be used by students individually but also to be offered in the classroom by teachers. A section dedicated to teachers provides ample material to help bring these laboratories to the classroom. The online materials were presented in a course for teachers in spring 2021. In addition to the national efforts, there are also local initiatives of the OCRA member groups: workshops and secondments, science competitions and the development of new detectors for outreach activities offer a multitude of possibilities for students to engage with our researchers and to explore the world of cosmic rays. This article provides an overview on all activities offered by OCRA with a particular focus on the 2022 science camp.
A catalog of new Blazar candidates with Open Universe by High School students
Authors: Fronte L. , Mazzon B. , Metruccio F. , Munaretto N. , Doro M. , Giommi P. , Viale I. , Barres de Almeida U. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Blazars are active galactic nuclei whose ultra-relativistic jets are co-aligned with the observer direction. They emit throughout the whole e.m. spectrum, from radio waves to VHE gamma rays. Not all blazars are discovered. In this work, we propose a catalog of new highly probable candidates based on the association of HE gamma ray emission and radio, X-ray an optical signatures. The relevance of this work is also that it was performed by four high school students from the Liceo Ugo Morin in Venice, Italy using the open-source platform Open Universe in collaboration with the University of Padova. The framework of the activity is the Italian MIUR PCTO programme. The success of this citizen-science experience and results are hereafter reported and discussed.