bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA ARE LEADING RISK FACTORS FOR CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN YOUNG AND MIDDLE-AGED IN DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
Authors: Wang Zheming , Zbyshevskaya Elizaveta , Makeeva Tatiana 
Published: June 2023

Objective:
To study the incidence of coronary atherosclerosis in young and middle-aged diabetic (DM) patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) against the background of arterial hypertension (AH).

Design and method:
Seventy-six DM patients admitted with a diagnosis of ACS (59 men,17 women) were included, ages from 36 to 59 years (mean 55.5 years). History of DM less than 1 year in 16 patients; 1-5 years in 24 patients and 5-12 years in 36 patients. The mean of HbA1c was 8.1% (6.2-10.9%). Diagnosed the grade 1 of AH was in 32 (42%) patients; grades 2-3 in 44 (58%) patients. All patients underwent coronary angiography (CAG) with stent implantation in criminal artery. Blood tests for low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), NT-proBNP, renin, aldosterone, creatinine were performed. As a control group 115 patients (101 men, 14 women) with ACS without diabetes mellitus included, mean age was 54.5 years (37-59 years). Mean of HbA1c was 5.4% (4.9-5.8%). Grade 1 of AH was diagnosed in 72 (62.6%) patients; grade 2-3 in 43 (37.4%) patients.

Results:
According to CAG, lesions in one vessel of coronary artery (CA) was found in 18 (23.7%) diabetic and in 64 (55.7%) without diabetes patients; lesions in 2 vessels of CA - in 40 (52.6%) diabetic and in 35 (30.4%) without diabetes patients. Lesions in 3 vessels of CA was found in 18 (23.7%) diabetic and in 16 (13.9%) without diabetes patients. The incidence of multivessel CA lesions in diabetic was 76.3% and 44.3% without diabetes patients. LDL-C was 4.14 ± 1.45 mmol/l in diabetes and 3.66 ± 1.26 mmol/l without diabetes (p = 0.0334); HDL-C was 1.30 ± 0.42 mmol/l in diabetes and 1.15 ± 0.32 mmol/l without diabetes (p = 0.0046). In 67.1% diabetic patients and in 52.1% without diabetes renin and aldosterone levels exceeded the norm. NT-proBNP was 880 pg/ml (397-2530 pg/ml) in diabetes had significantly higher than 739 pg/ml (272-1576 pg/ml) without diabetes (p = 0.0001).

Conclusions:
In young and middle-aged DM patients, arterial hypertension and atherogenic dyslipidemia are the leading risk factors for atherosclerotic CA lesions.
CORONARY ARTERY CALCIFICATION AS A MARKER OF SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN PATIENTS OF NON ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE
Authors: Siddiqi Zeba , Ashfaq Aquib , Wani Irshad , Khanduri Sachin , Sajid Sana , Naqvi Nigar , Srivastava Shikha , Mahdi Farzana , Singh Taruna , Mateen Saboor , Masakputra Vasim 
Published: June 2023

Objective:
Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) has been proposed to have a strong association with coronary artery disease(CAD) and subclinical atherosclerosis . Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is the well-established non-invasive surrogate index of atherosclerotic burden in arterial beds independent of conventional risk factors. Present study was an attempt to assess CAD risk in NAFLD patients by estimating coronary calcification.

Design and method:
cross sectional.
Sonographically confirmed NAFLD patients between 30-60 years of either sex were included after obtaining informed consent and study approval by institutional ethics committee. Those with alcohol intake,acute and chronic infectious diseases, patients on parenteral nutrition, hepatotoxic drug intake, pregnant and lactating women and known CAD were excluded. History, Examination and investigations were recorded. CAC estimation was performed using 384 slice Dual source machine and CAC score was calculated by Agatston method. Statistical analysis by SPSS.

Results:
Out of 152 NAFLD patients, 79 (52.0%) were Grade I, 37 (24.3%) were Grade II and 36 (23.7%) Grade III. Mean age was 49 years with 86 males and 66 females. Considering comorbidities; 47 were diabetic,62 hypertensive, 36 hypothyroid and 6 dyslipidemic.
CACS of patients ranged from zero to 620.80.
Observed CACS and CAD Risk in NAFLD patients
Significantly increased CACS were observed in Grade III NAFLD cases (208.08±193.92) followed by Grade II (53.90±82.67) and minimum in Grade I (9.84±52.93).

Conclusions:
Accelerated atherosclerosis in NAFLD maybe due to high oxidative stress,inflammatory markers like TNF Alpha, interleukin-6, oxidized LDL, insulin resistance, and macrophage activation. Present study was conducted to estimate coronary artery calcification in NAFLD by determining coronary artery calcium scores. Higher grades of NAFLD patients had moderate to high risk of CAD as evidenced by high CACS. This study shows that asymptomatic patients of NAFLD may have high atherosclerotic burden thus need to commence preventive measures before occurrence of an adverse CV event.
INFLUENCE OF THE METHYLENE TETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE (MTHFR) GENE POLYMORPHISMS ON SERUM FOLATE, COBALANIN AND HOMOCYSTEINE LEVELS IN HEALTHY GREEK ADULTS
Authors: Papadakis Ioannis , Papadomanolaki Maria , Vougiouklakis George , Petrakis Emmanouel , Mazokopakis Elias 
Published: June 2023

Objective:
Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a key enzyme of homocysteine metabolism participating in the folate cycle. It is well known that hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of MTHFR C677T and MTHFR A1298C gene polymorphisms with serum folate, cobalamin (Cbl) and homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations in healthy Greek adults.

Design and method:
The MTHFR C677T and A1298C gene polymorphisms were genotyped in 383 healthy Greek adults (199 men; mean age±SD: 37.3±8.2 years) using polymerase chain reaction and reverse hybridization. Serum folate, Cbl and total Hcy (tHcy) levels were determined using immunoassays methods.

Results:
Among the 383 individuals, 73 (19.1%) were normal (CC), 202 (52.7%) were heterozygous (CT) and 108 (28.2%) were homozygous (TT) regarding the MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism, while 263 (68.7%) were normal (AA), 105 (27.4%) were heterozygous (AC) and 15 (3.9%) were homozygous (CC) regarding the MTHFR A1298C gene polymorphism. The overall C and T allele frequency for the MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism was 45.4% and 54.6%, respectively, while the overall A and C allele frequency for the MTHFR A1298C gene polymorphism was 82.3% and 17.6%, respectively.
The individuals with 677TT genotype had significantly lower serum folate and significantly higher serum tHcy levels than individuals with 677 CC or CT genotypes.
On the contrary, the A1298C gene polymorphism had no significantly influence on serum folate and tHcy levels.

Conclusions:
Serum folate and tHcy levels are influenced by the existence of the MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism (mainly 677TT genotype). Individuals with low serum folate levels and/or high serum tHcy levels should be further investigated for a possible existence of MTHFR C677T and not A1298C gene polymorphisms, with aim to determine the suitable treatment.
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AFTER PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Oliveira Ana Maria , Simões André Vicente , Pereira João Gonçalves 
Published: June 2023

Objective:
The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of arterial hypertension (AH) and dyslipidemia on the severity, cardiovascular events and death in patients hospitalized for pneumococcal community acquired pneumonia (CAP).

Design and method:
Retrospective, cohort, multicenter, epidemiologic study. All adult inpatients of 4 different centres in Portugal, with microbiological and clinical documented pneumococcal CAP were included. Demographic data, comorbidities, antibiotic therapy, hospital length of stay, need for ICU admission, invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and renal replacement therapy (RRT) were collected. All patients were monitored until death or 1-year of follow up. Risk factors for short- and long-term all-cause mortality, including cardiovascular events, were computed. Patients were divided into 3 groups: H) with isolated AH; HD) with both AH and dyslipidemia; Control) without AH or dyslipidemia. The significance level was defined as p <0.05.

Results:
797 patients were included in this study, 53.6% male, mean age 72.4±16.5 years. Comparing the 3 groups, females were prevalent in H and HD groups (52% and 54.3% vs 40.6% Control; p<0.002). Mean age was higher in H and HD (78.2±12.6 and 78.4±10.7 years; vs Control 67.5±18.2 years, ANOVA p<0.001). 18.8% patients required ICU admission, 6.7% IMV and 13.1% RRT. H required more IMV (7.5%, p = 0,5) and HD more RRT (16.6%, p = 0.2). The overall in-hospital mortality was 17.8%. During the follow up, H and HD groups were more readmitted to the emergency department due to cardiovascular events than Control group (11.7% and 13.4% vs. 6.5%, OR 1,91 p = 0.04 and OR 2.26 p = 0.016, respectively); also required more hospitalization for cardiovascular events than Control group (14.4% e 12.6% vs. 6.2%; OR 2.49, p = 0.002; and OR 1.99, p = 0.02, respectively). One-year all-cause mortality was higher in H group (39.2%; p = 0.026).

Conclusions:
Prevalence of arterial hypertension was 47.4%, higher than the national rate. H group resorted, with or without dyslipidemia, more often to the emergency department, requiring more hospitalization and with higher mortality rates, without difference in hospital mortality. It's crucial to control cardiovascular risk factors, providing greater cardiovascular protection to reduce the risk of long-term mortality.
ASSOCIATION OF N-TERMINAL PRO-B-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE AND HIGH-SENSITIVITY TROPONIN WITH MORTALITY IN THE GENERAL POPULATION
Authors: Liu Lin , Cheng Yt , Chan Yap-Hang , Cheung Bernard 
Published: June 2023

Objective:
High-sensitivity troponin T (Hs-cTnT) and N-terminal pro-B-type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) are clinically useful markers of myocardial injury and ventricular function. Whether their elevation in the general population predicts poor prognosis and increased mortality is unclear.

Design and method:
Serum concentrations of Hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP in participants of the US National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004 were used. Elevated Hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP were defined as 14 ng/L and 125 pg/mL, respectively. Participants were classified according to whether none, one or both of the markers were elevated. The weighted-Cox model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.

Results:
13,680 patients (mean age 46.7 years, 52.1% female) with a median follow-up of 17 years were included. Compared to the both-not-elevated group, the adjusted HRs [95% confidence interval (CI)] of one and both elevated groups were 1.57 (1.40-1.76) and 2.70 (2.33-3.11), respectively, for all-cause mortality. The corresponding HRs for cardiovascular mortality were 1.58 (1.31-1.92) and 3.36 (2.63-4.30). There was an interaction with age (P-interaction = 0.006) and diabetes status (P-interaction = 0.03) in the association between Hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP categories and cardiovascular mortality. The HR in the both-elevated group was 7.23 (3.79-13.81) in participants <60 years and 2.89 (2.16-3.88) in older participants. The HRs for cardiovascular mortality in participants with and without diabetes were 2.31 (1.48-3.60) and 4.04 (2.87-5.68), respectively.

Conclusions:
In the general population, elevated Hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP are associated with increased mortality, especially in non-elderly and people without diabetes. These tests may be useful for screening.
CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS IN NORTHEAST INDIA INDIGENOUS POPULATION
Authors: Lalnuneng Abigail 
Published: June 2023

Objective:
To determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Northeast India Indigenous Population.

Design and method:
A cross-sectional sample of 615 adults from 5 rural villages of the Churachandpur sub-division was collected. A similar sample size of 592 urban adults (aged 18-70 years) was collected from the Imphal East and Imphal West. Data on behavioural characteristics, height, weight, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were collected using standardized schedules, instruments and techniques.

Results:
The cardiovascular risk factors in the present study are alarming. Hypertension accounts for 21 %. It is significantly higher in urban (24.70%) than in rural areas (17.40%). The prevalence of overweight/obesity is about 24% in rural areas and 40% in urban areas according to the WHO international cut-off points (1995). It is further observed that the proportion of overweight individuals is higher if we use the WHO cut-offs recommended for the Asia Pacific region (WHO, 2000).
About 73% of males and 71.24% of females in urban areas consume junk food. In both sexes, junk food consumption is higher in urban areas compared to rural areas. About 82% of males and 83% of females in rural areas consume tobacco. In urban areas, about 78% of males and 71% of females consume tobacco. About 28.32% of males and 9.80% of females are physically inactive in urban areas. This shows that males are more physically inactive than females in both settings. Also, in both sexes, rural areas have a higher proportion of physically inactive individuals compared to their urban counterparts.

Conclusions:
The cardiovascular disease epidemic is a particular cause of concern in India, including the fast pace of increasing incidence, the early age of disease onset in the population, and the high morbidity and mortality rate. Hypertension and unhealthy behaviour are the major cardiovascular risk factors, which pose a major public health challenge to the individual and population in an epidemiological transition. This is also evident in the present study which will predispose the indigenous Northeast India population to cardiovascular risk factors, both in the urban and rural settings.
AN OVERVIEW OF COGNITIVE TESTS USED IN CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH
Authors: Koren Pjero , Podrug Mario , Jeroncic Ana 
Published: June 2023

Objective:
Cardiovascular status and risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and composite risk scores have been shown to impact cognitive performance. Yet, despite an abundance of available tests, there is no clear choice of cognitive test(s) to measure this impact, rendering direct comparison between studies difficult. The purpose of this study was to identify cardiovascular studies utilizing cognitive tests to detect mild cognitive impairment, in order to quantify the prevalence of different tests and analyse the authors’ comments regarding their applicability.

Design and method:
This was an overview of eligible cardiovascular studies systematically collected from the literature, which used at least one cognitive test on a sample representing either the general population, or hypertensive or metabolic syndrome population with increased risk for mild cognitive impairment. We excluded studies performed on children or including a significant share of the elderly. A total of 59 studies were collected, with key information extracted, and comments qualitatively analysed.

Results:
We identified 111 different cognitive tests. In 71% of studies 3 or more cognitive tests were used, while only 14% used a single test, mostly Mini-Mental-State-Examination (MMSE). Studies solely using MMSE had larger sample size compared to other studies: median (IQR) of 3282 participants (1326-6274) vs 539 (160-2727), p = 0.050. MMSE was used most frequently (29%), followed by Stroop-Colour-and-Word-Test (25%) and Trail-Making-Test-B (24%). Authors commented on cognitive tests in 48 studies (81%), generating 148 distinct remarks. MMSE had the most- 31 remarks across 16 studies of which 32% remarks were interpreted as negative: mostly due to being either insensitive/unable/unreliable for assessing cognition or certain cognitive domains such as executive function, verbal memory, and visuospatial domain; versus 32% positive: reliable/sensitive, widespread use in cardiovascular research. A large proportion (29%) of remarks focused on MMSE cut-offs as well.

Conclusions:
MMSE is still the most widespread test in the field of cardiovascular research, despite numerous reported shortcomings, and tends to be used in large sample studies. However, most studies use multiple tests simultaneously, allowing authors to compensate for the weaker areas of each individual test.
FECAL CALPROTECTIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIOVASCULAR RISK MARKERS, AND CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN A POPULATION-BASED SAMPLE
Authors: Kolesova Ekaterina , Rotar Oxana , Moguchaya Ekaterina , Boyarinova Maria , Erina Anastasia , Tolkunova Kristina , Kibkalo Sofia , Gurina Marina , Vasilieva Elena , Usoltsev Dmitrii , Artomov Mykyta , Mazing Aleksandra , Maslyanskiy Aleksey , Konradi Aleksandra 
Published: June 2023

Objective:
To identify associations of fecal calprotectin with cardiovascular risk factors including vascular damage in population-based sample.

Design and method:
77 patients without cardiovascular diseases from population-based sample were randomly invited and signed informed consent. All patients underwent a questionnaire (eating habits, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, stress, anxiety and depression, quality of life, EFPQ), anthropometry, blood pressure and pulse measurement, laboratory examination (biochemical blood test, lipids, fecal calprotectin), vascular examination (carotid ultrasound, applanation tonometry by SphygmoCor, volume sphygmomanometry by Vasera).

Results:
Results The analysis included 77 patients, 33 (42.8%) males with mean age 52 [43;59] years, and 44 (57.2%) females with mean age 60.5 [47;66] years. The results of the linear regression analysis adjusted for sex and age of the level of calprotectin are presented in Table 1.
Table 1 Results of linear regression analysis of fecal calprotectin levels.

Conclusions:
Fecal calprotectin as intestinal wall inflammation marker has been associated with dietary patterns, metabolic disorders, behavioral habits such as a tendency to depression and increased alcohol consumption, as well as carotid atherosclerosis.
LIPOPROTEIN(A) IN CVR EVALUATION
Authors: Joaquim Meireles-Brandao , Lucia Meireles-Brandao , Rui Coelho , Francisco Rocha-Goncalves 
Published: June 2023

Objective:
High values of lipoprotein(a), related to atherosclerosis progression, are often considered a marker of thrombosis. We assessed the lipoprotein(a) profile in a group of patients with high vascular risk and no cardiovascular events, established its correlation with other cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and inferred the results for patients with metabolic disorders and, at least, two risk factors.

Design and method:
This longitudinal observational study included 516 patients, who had at least two cardiovascular risk factors and regularly attended, for at least two years, the outpatient consultations at a clinic of metabolism and vascular risk for primary prevention.
Sociodemographic, clinical and anthropometric parameters were obtained at the baseline visit. Hepatic morphology was assessed in 509 patients (98.6%) by ultrasonography.
The 10-year vascular risk was estimated using Framingham risk score (FRS), atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and systematic coronary risk evaluation (SCORE) tables.

Results:
Significant correlations were found between lipoprotein(a) levels and the addressed vascular risk factors, as well as between lipoprotein(a), and FRS, ASCVD and SCORE evaluation charts.
Lipoprotein(a) values were also considerably higher in patients with steatosis.
Increased lipoprotein(a) values were directly associated with all markers of cardiovascular risk and with non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis.

Conclusions:
Due to its high availability and low cost, lipoprotein(a) should become part of the routine evaluation of patients at vascular and should be decisive part in the calculation of vascular risk regardeless of age group.
PREDICTIVE FACTORS OF MASKED HYPERTENSION IN TYPE 2 DIABETES
Authors: Ibrir Moufida , Bouali Faycal , Berrah Abdelkrim 
Published: June 2023

Objective:
- Primary objective: to identify masked hypertension predictive risk factors in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients in clinical measurement.

Design and method:
This was a case-control study. We performed 24-hour ambulatory BP in 358 type 2 diabetic patients normotensive in clinical measurement. We compared both Masked Hypertension and Normotensive groups according to clinical/laboratory parameters and target organ damage, and identify MH predictor risk factors among diabetic population

Results:
The percentage of participants with masked hypertension was 30,7%, in 54,5% of the cases, it is a noctural hypertension. 38,2% of the masked hypertension patients has normal high blood pressure in routine office measurement, 53,63 % of our MH are obese, 64,5% had metabolic syndrome as classified by NCEP/ATP III.
Predictors of masked hypertension are: Normal high blood pressure in consultation, the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy and a microalbuminuria. In this hypertensive masked population, target organs achievement is frequent: 6,8% have peripheral arterial disease, 64,8% have left ventricular hypertrophy, 48% have microalbuminuria, 72,9% have intima-media thickness > 0,9 and 56,3% have arterial stiffness evidence by a PWV> 10 m/sec.

Conclusions:
Predictive factors assessment for masked hypertension helps to better assess cardiovascular risk in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients in routine practice.
POSSIBLE PREDICTORS CONTRIBUTING TO AF OCCURRENCE IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS
Authors: Grigoryan Svetlana , Zelveian Parunak , Hazarapetyan Lusine 
Published: June 2023

Objective:
Arterial hypertension (AH) and atrial fibrillation (AF) are two important public health problems. Their prevalence is increasing worldwide, and often coexist in the same patient. AH and AF are strikingly related to an excess risk of cardiovascular disease and death. AH ultimately increases the risk of AF and several factors underlying the higher risk of AF in hypertensive patients are still incompletely known. AH is one of the main reasons for the remodeling process in these patients and makes a significant contribution to the development of structural changes. The aim of this study is to identify possible predictors of paroxysmal/persistent AF occurrence and progression in hypertensive patients

Design and method:
In this study where enrolled 219 hypertensive patients with non-valvular paroxysmal/persistent AF (mean age 63.6 ±7.4) who were hospitalized at Research Institute of Cardiology between 2016 and 2018 year. As a control group 94 hypertensive patients without AF were also examined. After the enrollment the echocardiography examination and 24-hour ambulatory Holter monitoring ECG were registered in each patient. We measured plasma indexes of inflammation (hsCRP, IL-6) and fibrosis marker TGF-beta1. The database consisting of 19 indicators that characterize the clinical, hemodynamic and structural-functional state of the heart, as well as markers of inflammation and fibrosis was created. All data were analyzed by SPSS 13 and EXCEL - 2013 programs using logistic analysis by odds ratio (OR).

Results:
The obtained results showed that in hypertensive patients with paroxysmal /persistent AF, OR of more episodes of hypertensive crises, deterioration of electrical remodeling and LV diastolic function, as well as a significant increase in the levels of concentrations of inflammatory and fibrosis markers in comported with hypertensive patients without AF were detected (tabl.1).

Conclusions:
The multifactorial analysis revealed significant impact of left atrial and ventricular dysfunction, inflammation and fibrosis as well as hypertensive crises on the possible risk of AF occurrence and progression in hypertensive patients