Fractional Flow Reserve–Negative High-Risk Plaques and Clinical Outcomes After Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Mol Jan-Quinten , Volleberg Rick H. J. A. , Belkacemi Anouar , Hermanides Renicus S. , Meuwissen Martijn , Protopopov Alexey V. , Laanmets Peep , Krestyaninov Oleg V. , Dennert Robert , Oemrawsingh Rohit M. , van Kuijk Jan-Peter , Arkenbout Karin , van der Heijden Dirk J. , Rasoul Saman , Lipsic Erik , Rodwell Laura , Camaro Cyril , Damman Peter , Roleder Tomasz , Kedhi Elvin , van Leeuwen Maarten A. H. , van Geuns Robert-Jan M. , van Royen Niels 
Published: September 2023

ImportanceEven after fractional flow reserve (FFR)–guided complete revascularization, patients with myocardial infarction (MI) have high rates of recurrent major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). These recurrences may be caused by FFR-negative high-risk nonculprit lesions.ObjectiveTo assess the association between optical coherence tomography (OCT)-identified high-risk plaques of FFR-negative nonculprit lesions and occurrence of MACE in patients with MI.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsPECTUS-obs (Identification of Risk Factors for Acute Coronary Events by OCT After STEMI [ST-segment elevation MI] and NSTEMI [non-STEMI] in Patients With Residual Non–flow Limiting Lesions) is an international, multicenter, prospective, observational cohort study. In patients presenting with MI, OCT was performed on all FFR-negative (FFR &amp;gt; 0.80) nonculprit lesions. A high-risk plaque was defined containing at least 2 of the following prespecified criteria: (1) a lipid arc at least 90°, (2) a fibrous cap thickness less than 65 μm, and (3) either plaque rupture or thrombus presence. Patients were enrolled from December 14, 2018, to September 15, 2020. Data were analyzed from December 2, 2022, to June 28, 2023.Main Outcome and MeasureThe primary end point of MACE, a composite of all-cause mortality, nonfatal MI, or unplanned revascularization, at 2-year follow-up was compared in patients with and without a high-risk plaque.ResultsA total of 438 patients were enrolled, and OCT findings were analyzable in 420. Among included patients, mean (SD) age was 63 (10) years, 340 (81.0) were men, and STEMI and non-STEMI were equally represented (217 [51.7%] and 203 [48.3%]). A mean (SD) of 1.17 (0.42) nonculprit lesions per patient was imaged. Analysis of OCT images revealed at least 1 high-risk plaque in 143 patients (34.0%). The primary end point occurred in 22 patients (15.4%) with a high-risk plaque and 23 of 277 patients (8.3%) without a high-risk plaque (hazard ratio, 1.93 [95% CI, 1.08-3.47]; P = .02), primarily driven by more unplanned revascularizations in patients with a high-risk plaque (14 of 143 [9.8%] vs 12 of 277 [4.3%]; P = .02).Conclusions and RelevanceAmong patients with MI and FFR-negative nonculprit lesions, the presence of a high-risk plaque is associated with a worse clinical outcome, which is mainly driven by a higher number of unplanned revascularizations. In a population with a high recurrent event rate despite physiology-guided complete revascularization, these results call for research on additional pharmacological or focal treatment strategies in patients harboring high-risk plaques.