bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the Blastogenic and Cytotoxic Responses of Normal Mice to Ecotropic C-Type Viral gp71
Authors: Lee John C. , Ihle James N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from normal (B6C3)F1 mice demonstrated natural cytotoxic reactivity mediated by a “null” cell population which, in part, had immunologic specificity for the major envelope glycoprotein (gp71) of the endogenous ecotropic murine leukemia virus. In contrast, the cytotoxic reactivity reflected in spleen cells of NIH Swiss nude mice apparently had no immunologic specificity. A significant level of blastogenic response could be generated in vitro by using normal (B6C3)F1 and AKR spleen cells in the presence of gp71. This reactivity was highly type specific. Moreover, using normal spleen cells from (B6C3)F1, both secondary blastogenic responses and cytotoxic T cell responses could be induced in vitro with purified soluble viral gp71. These findings extend further our previous studies on the existence of a natural immune response in normal mice to their endogenous MuLV by providing in vitro evidence for the expression of cell-mediated response in addition to the humoral response and that at least two effector cell types are operable in the cell-mediated phase.
Recovery of Soluble Sheep Erythrocyte Receptor from the T Lymphocyte Surface by Proteolytic Cleavage
Authors: Chisari Francis V. , Gealy W. James , Edgington Thomas S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Proteolytic digestion of the human T lymphoblastoid cell line (Molt-4) and of peripheral blood lymphocytes by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pronase results in a progressive, time- and dose-dependent diminution of T lymphocyte — sheep red blood cell (SRBC) rosette formation, whereas thrombin, plasmin, collagenase, DNAse, and phospholipase have no effect. Complete abrogation of SRBC binding is achieved when lymphocytes (1 × 108/ml) are incubated with either trypsin or chymotrypsin at 10 μg/ml for 30 min, and τ;50% abrogation is observed between 3 to 10 min. Preincubation of SRBC with the 10 min and 20 min lymphocyte digest supernatants inhibited their subsequent binding by normal T lymphocytes by as much as 64%. Thirty-minute digests were less inhibitory. Equivalent digests from several human B lumphoblastoid cell lines and from a non-rosetting clone of Molt-4 cells were not inhibitory. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by elution of serial gel slices revealed four distinct inhibitory bands (I–IV) in the 20-min digest supernatant whereas only bands I–III and band IV were present in the 10-min and 30-min digest supernatants, respectively, suggesting progressive proteolysis of a distinct receptor. These experiments indicate that the binding of SRBC by human T lymphocytes represents a receptor-ligand interaction rather than a nonspecific electrical charge phenomenon and that the receptor is a discrete molecular species which can be isolated from the surface of T but not B lymphocytes by limited enzymatic proteolysis.
Immunologic Release of Heparin from Purified Rat Peritoneal Mast Cells
Authors: Yurt Roger W. , Leid R. Wesley , Spragg Jocelyn , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
High m.w. [35S]heparin, labeled in vivo or in vitro, was released from purified rat mast cells by challenge with rabbit anti-rat F(ab')2, guinea pig anti-rat IgE, or calcium ionophore. The released and the residual heparin were isolated by Dowex 1 chromatography and were of comparable size by Sepharose 4B gel filtration. The majority of the released heparin was found by differential centrifugation to be granule-associated. Net percentage of mast cell heparin release, quantitated by metachromasia after isolation on Dowex 1 chromatography, correlated in a linear fashion with net percentage of histamine release, with heparin exhibiting a threshold requirement for onset of release. The correlation of histamine and high m.w. heparin release provides chemical support for the conclusion of others from ultrastructural studies that mast cell activation by immunologic means or by the calcium ionophore results in secretion of the whole granule.
B Lymphocyte Colony-Forming Cells in the SJL/J Mouse Thymus
Authors: Claesson Mogens H. , Metcalf Donald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mercaptoethanol-induced B lymphocyte cloning in semisolid agar has been used to study lymphocyte colony formation by cells from the SJL/J mouse thymus. From the 3rd month of life, the SJL thymus develops an increasing frequency of cells forming B lymphocyte colonies in agar. The peak frequency in 6- to 12-month-old mice was one colony per 1000 to 2000 cultured thymus cells. In contrast, 10 to 100 times lower frequencies were found in the thymus of five other inbred mouse strains. The rise in B lymphocyte colony-forming cells correlated well with the age-related rise in Ig-positive cells and approximately 50% of the colony cells reacted with anti-μ-serum indicating the B lymphocyte nature of the colony cells. Colony-forming cells from the thymus showed higher sensitivity than colony-forming spleen cells to cortisol and irradiation.
Cell transfer experiments and thymus grafting suggested that the increased frequency of colony-forming cells in the thymus is caused by development of special thymus-seeking B lymphocytes in ageing SJL/J mice. Finally, B lymphocyte colony-forming cells were found to be more frequent in the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes from healthy aged mice than in lymphoid organs from mice with spontaneous reticulum cell tumors.
Studies of H-2 Restriction in Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Transplantation Immunity to Leukemia-Associated Antigens
Authors: Ting Chou-Chik , Law Lloyd W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
H-2 dependency of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and transplantation immunity to leukemia-associated antigens has been investigated. Through the use of a 20-hr 125IUdR release assay, it was found that the induction of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity against Friend virus-induced leukemias of different H-2 haplotype origins could be produced by immunization with both syngeneic and allogeneic tumor cells; the effector cells that were generated by syngeneic immunization could also provide effective killing of allogeneic tumor cells, although the killing of allogeneic targets might require a longer incubation time (20 to 40 hr). Furthermore, in vivo transplantation immunity against Friend virus-induced leukemias also was induced by immunization with both syngeneic and allogeneic tumors and syngeneic immunization could induce specific protection against the challenge with allogeneic tumor in x-irradiated hosts. These findings clearly indicate that, both at the sensitizing phase and effector phase of the immune response, there is no strict H-2 dependency for T cell-mediated cytotoxicity or in in vivo transplantation imunity to leukemia-associated antigens.
Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in the Lewis Rat: Further Delineation of Active Sites in Guinea Pig and Bovine Myelin Basic Proteins
Authors: Martenson Russell E. , Nomura Kohji , Levine Seymour , Sowinski Richard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Highly encephalitogenic peptide (37–88), derived from the guinea pig myelin basic protein by peptic digestion, was treated chemically to destroy its tyrosyl and histidyl residues and enzymatically to remove its C-terminal sequence Val-His-Phe. Neither of the modifications resulted in loss of activity in Lewis rats. The encephalitogenic region within peptide (37–88) was located by examination of derivative peptides obtained by selective proteolytic cleavage. The results showed that peptide (61–88), like peptide (43–88), was fully active at the level of 0.02 nmole whereas peptides (72–88) and (72–84) were fully active at levels of 0.5 and 2.5 nmole, respectively. In contrast, peptides (43–71) and (75–88) were completely inactive. These results demonstrated that the undecapeptide Gln-Lys-Ser-Gln-Arg-Ser-Gln-Asp-Glu-Asn-Pro (residues 72–84), although not as encephalitogenic as peptides (43–88) or (61–88), does contain the elements essential for the induction of disease. At the levels tested (10.8 and 2.2 nmole) only peptides (43–88) and (61–88) were capable of inhibiting the induction of disease by passively transferred lymph node cells; this inhibition, however, was less than that achieved by the intact guinea pig basic protein. Further studies on the encephalitogenicity of the bovine basic protein in Lewis rats demonstrated that the active site in the C-terminal half of this protein is present in its entirety within residues 89 to 115.
Recall of Specific Suppression: Co-Dominance of Suppression after Primary or Secondary Antigen Stimulation
Authors: Eardley Diane D. , Sercarz Eli E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse spleen cells primed in vivo with β-galactosidase (GZ), and cultured in vitro with trinitrophenyl β-galactosidase (TNP-GZ), make a very poor anti-TNP response compared to cultures of normal spleen cells. The lack of response is caused by active suppression as indicated by cell mixture experiments. At 2-months following priming, while the helper effect predominates, suppression can be recalled by rechallenge of the mice with GZ. Both primary suppression (after a single injection) and secondary suppression (after two injections) reduce the response of normal or carrier-primed helper cells at equivalent cell ratios in mixture experiments. Both kinds of suppression are carrier specific, selectively suppress high avidity antibody production, and require cell division to suppress the response of normal cells. The only difference between primary and secondary suppression is that primary suppression is obliterated in cultures which are not challenged with antigen until 24 hr after cultures are established. Secondary suppression is still observed when cultures receive TNP-GZ at 24 hr. Suppression appears to be an early component of both primary and secondary responses. The regulatory function of such suppression may be the delay of antibody secretion.
Immunity to Sporozoite-Induced Malaria Infection in Mice
Authors: Chen David H. , Tigelaar Robert E. , Weinbaum Frederic I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cellular basis of immunity to sporozoites was investigated by examining the effect of immunization of T and B cell-deficient C57BL/6N × BALB/c AnN F1 (BLCF1) mice compared to immunocompetent controls. Immunization of T cell-deficient (ATX-BM-ATS) BLCF1 mice with x-irradiated sporozoites did not result in the generation of protective immunity. The same immunization protocols protected all immunocompetent controls. In contrast, B cell-deficient (μ-suppressed) BLCF1 mice were protected by immunization in the majority of cases. The absence of detectable serum circumsporozoite precipitins or sporozoite neutralizing activity in the μ-suppressed mice that resisted a sporozoite challenge suggests a minor role for these humoral factors in protection. These data demonstrate a preeminent role for T cells in the induction of protective immunity in BLCF1 mice against a P. berghei sporozoite infection.
Priming for a Cytotoxic Response to Minor Histocompatibility Antigens: Antigen Specificity and Failure to Demonstrate a Carrier Effect
Authors: Bevan Michael J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from normal mice do not give a detectable in vitro cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response to minor H antigens. Spleen cells from animals primed in vivo with minor H antigens give a strong CTL response when boosted in culture with the appropriate stimulating cells. Here I have studied the requirements for priming a CTL response to minor H antigens. It is shown that priming is just as antigen specific as is cytolytic effector function. That is, the priming cells have to carry the same minor antigens as the challenge cells. Inducing a graft-vs-host reaction in vivo does not nonspecifically allow spleen cells to respond to minor H antigens in vitro.
Using minor H congenic mice (congenic for H-Y and/or H-7) I have also tried, and failed, to demonstrate a carrier effect in priming. Female mice primed to H-Y were challenged in culture with cells bearing H-Y and H-7 antigens in the hope that a helper response to H-Y would augment a CTL response to H-7. This did not happen, however. Such primed and boosted cells gave a strong secondary CTL response to H-Y but none to H-7. It is concluded that in order to prime for a detectable in vitro response to minor antigens it is necessary to expose the CTL precursors to antigen in vivo. This either expands the size of the pool of precursors by cell division or changes them in some qualitative way.
Long-Term Effects of in Vitro Sensitization on Immune Reactivity of Lymphocytes: Generation of Suppressor and Helper T Cells
Authors: Chan Eva L. , Kan Patricia B. , Mishell Robert I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse spleen cells were cultured for 5 days with or without HRBC. Cultured cells were “parked” in irradiated syngeneic recipients for 3 weeks and then tested for their immunologic reactivity in vitro. We found that spleen cells from recipients of HRBC-sensitized cells (S) as well as spleen cells from recipients of control unsensitized cells (U) possessed radiosensitive suppressor and radioresistant helper activities. Suppressor activity was observed by the capacity of unirradiated S and U spleen cells to inhibit the in vitro generation of IgM and IgG PFC by spleen cells primed in vivo to HRBC or to LacKLH. Helper activity was shown by the capacity of the irradiated S and U cells to restore IgM and IgG PFC responses of in vivo primed, T-depleted spleen cells to HRBC, LacHRBC, and LacCRBC. Both suppressor and helper activities were mediated by T cells. The possibilities that immunologically specific or nonspecific mechanisms account for these phenomena are discussed.
The Allogeneic Effect on Tumor Growth
Authors: Osborne David P. , Katz David H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The growth of an ascitic murine plasmacytoma, MOPC 315, can be retarded in CAF1 hybrid host mice by the i.p. injection of donor lymphoid cells. The graft-vs-host reaction can be established by a variety of donor cells, including parental BALB/c and A/J and congenic inbred B10.D2 which share the major histocompatibility locus with BALB/c(H-2d). Optimal results are consistently obtained when parental BALB/c spleen cells are injected before tumor inoculation, and a second dose of donor spleen cells injected 1 week later. This allogeneic effect on tumor growth is manifested by delayed appearance of the tumor and prolonged host survival. Pathologic studies on the ascites tumor indicate that the allogeneic effect suppresses the initial appearance and early growth of the plasmacytoma. However, once established, MOPC 315 grows rapidly and fatally in both control mice and recipients of donor lymphoid cells. Further, a subcutaneous implant of MOPC 315 is suppressed by an allogeneic effect established either i.v. with BALB/c spleen cells before tumor inoculation or by BALB/c spleen cells administered subcutaneously at the time of MOPC 315 implant. Thirty percent of mice treated by i.v. or subcutaneous donor lymphoid cells were tumor free at 150 days after tumor inoculation.
Are Actinomyces Viscosus Antigens B Cell Mitogens?
Authors: Burckhardt Johann J. , Guggenheim Bernhard , Hefti Arthur 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An extracellular heteroglycan (ECHG) and a sonicated cell supernatant (SCS) of Actinomyces viscosus Ny 1 induced strong lymphocyte proliferation. This was shown with spleen and thoracic duct cells from germfree rats and confirmed with cells from conventional “nude” mouse spleens. Spleen cells developed direct plaque-forming cells against densely coupled TNP-SRBC. The mitogenic property of ECHG was diminished considerably after mild alkaline hydrolysis for lymphocytes from rat spleens and was totally abolished for cells from “nude” mouse spleens. These results suggest that ECHG and SCS have B cell mitogenicity.
Suppression of Natural Killer Cell Activity with Radioactive Strontium: Effector Cells Are Marrow Dependent
Authors: Haller Otto , Wigzell Hans 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
NK cells with lytic capacity for Moloney leukemia virus-induced lymphomas have previously been found to occur spontaneously in spleens from nonimmune adult mice. Here, 89Sr-treatment is shown to suppress NK cell function in adult mice without similarly affecting other cell-mediated immune reactions. Thus, selective 89Sr-sensitivity distinguishes NK cells from other killer cell types. The present results indicate that in vivo a functional bone marrow is needed for generation and maintenance of NK activity.
Effects of Neonatal Thymectomy and Splenectomy on Survival and Regulation of Autoantibody Formation in NZB/NZW F1 Mice
Authors: Roubinian Jirayr R. , Papoian Ruben , Talal Norman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
NZW F1 (B/W) mice were subjected to sham surgery or neonatal thymectomy and/or splenectomy and studied for immunoglobulin class of antibodies to double-stranded DNA and polyadenylic acid (Poly A) at 4 to 13 months of age. These antibodies occur spontaneously during the course of autoimmune disease in B/W mice. Sera were fractionated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and assayed for antibodies by a filter radioimmunoassay method. IgM was recovered in the 19S region and IgG in the 7S region as demonstrated by immunodiffusion.
In sham-operated controls, at all ages studied, anti-DNA antibodies were both IgM and IgG, with the former predominating in males, and the latter in females. In both sexes, anti-Poly A antibodies were primarily IgM in young mice. There was a sequential switch from IgM to either enhanced or new IgG production in the following sequence: female anti-DNA and anti-Poly A (6 months), male anti-DNA (9 months), and male anti-Poly A (11 months). Both thymectomy and splenectomy caused earlier death in male mice, whereas females lived significantly longer after thymectomy. Neonatal thymectomy in males caused a premature switch from IgM to IgG antibodies to DNA, but it had a transient effect in females. Thymectomy almost completely prevented the late switch to IgG antibodies to Poly A in both sexes. By contrast, splenectomy promoted the formation of IgG antibodies to Poly A in male mice.
These results suggest that the newborn B/W thymus and spleen contain regulatory cells and/or factors exerting different controlling influences on spontaneous antibodies to DNA and Poly A. Male B/W mice appear to be under the regulatory influence of suppressor cells, whereas the predominant regulation in female B/W mice appears to be a helper effect.
Studies on Antigen-Induced Arthritis in Mice
Authors: Brackertz Dieter , Mitchell Graham F. , Vadas Mathew A. , Mackay Ian R. , Miller Jacques F. A. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigen-induced arthritis was developed in mice as a model of human rheumatoid arthritis by using methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) as antigen. It was found that most strains were susceptible, whereas CBA mice were resistant. We therefore investigated the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to mBSA in resistant mice (CBA) and susceptible mice (exemplified by C57BL) to determine whether these were associated with susceptibility to arthritis.
The resistant strain (CBA) differed from the susceptible strains in the following respects. First, there was a lower humoral immune response to mBSA as measured by passive hemagglutination, but this could be overcome by a larger immunogenic dose. Secondly, there were differences in response to low doses of DNP-mBSA after mBSA carrier preimmunization. Thirdly, there were striking differences in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to mBSA as determined by a radioisotopic assay in vivo; the response of CBA mice occurred early, at 5 days, declined quickly, and was weaker, whereas that of C57BL mice developed later and was long sustained. Genetic studies of the DTH response with hybrids and backcrosses showed an oligogenic control of immune responsiveness, with one gene being linked to the H-2b allele of the susceptible C57BL mice, and another being independent of the H-2 complex.
Our findings indicate that in mice, susceptibility to antigen-induced arthritis with mBSA correlates with a higher responder state to this antigen, and that T cells are the major if not the only determinant of the high responder state.
Studies on Antigen-Induced Arthritis in Mice
Authors: Brackertz Dieter , Mitchell Graham F. , Vadas Mathew A. , Mackay Ian R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigen-induced arthritis in mice occurs after immunization and subsequent intraarticular challenge with methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA). In adoptive transfer experiments, susceptible C57BL mice and resistant CBA mice were compared in their capacity to express delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) by ear assay, and to express arthritis. The expression of DTH could be transferred incrementally by lymphoid cells in C57BL mice, but not in CBA mice. Both immune lymphoid cells and, to a much lesser extent, serum transferred the capacity to develop arthritis in C57BL mice. The reactivity of transferred cells was abolished by anti-Thy-1 but enhanced by enrichment for T cells with anti-immunoglobulin columns. If this model disease can be equated with human rheumatoid synovitis, the lesions in the human disease would be an expression of a T cell-dependent activity
Antigen Modulation of Antibody Forming Cells: The Relationship between Direct Plaque Size, Antibody Secretion Rate and Antibody Affinity
Authors: Perelson Alan S. , Goldstein Byron 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Using the mathematical theory of direct plaque growth, we have analyzed the expected variation of plaque size with IgM affinity and secretion rate. We use the theory to comment on recent effector cell blockade experiments and show how the theory can be used to determine the change in the secretion rate of a single antibody-forming cell subjected to blockade by a multivalent antigen. We also argue, using the mathematical theory, that under the usual experimental conditions employed in the plaque assay, cells that produce low affinity IgM antibodies will give rise to smaller plaques than cells that produce high affinity IgM antibodies.
The in Vitro Effects of Histamine and Metiamide on Neutrophil Motility and Their Relationship to Intracellular Cyclic Nucleotide Levels
Authors: Anderson Ronald , Glover Annemarie , Rabson Arthur R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Histamine at concentrations of 1 × 10-5 M to 5 × 10-5 M consistently increased neutrophil movement as measured in Boyden chambers. This effect was entirely caused by stimulation of chemokinesis (stimulated random migration) and true chemotaxis was inhibited by these concentrations. This inhibition of chemotaxis could be abolished by pretreatment with metiamide, an H-2 receptor antagonist, and levamisole, but not by diphenylhydramine, an H-1 receptor antagonist. Metiamide at similar concentrations produced a mild stimulation of chemokinesis but had no effect on true chemotaxis. The histamine effects on neutrophil motility were associated with increased levels of intracellular cAMP whereas cGMP levels were unaffected. Agents known to elevate intracellular cAMP levels produced effects on neutrophil motility similar to those of histamine. It is suggested that histamined exerts a 2-fold effect on neutrophil motility mediated via an H-2 receptor site and associated with elevated levels of cAMP.