bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metallurgical Problems of the Diesel Engine
Authors: Allen R. J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The metallurgical problems of the Diesel engine consist more in selecting the most suitable material for a given application than in trying to find the solution for a chronic condition. Most of the problems encountered in operation are ones of design, but for economical reasons they often become metallurgical. It is believed that a more careful study of the details of design, with a view to eliminating localized overstress and providing better lubrication, will end most of the troubles. Where such consideration is given, the performance of the Diesel engine is most reliable, and many engines are building up records which rival those of the older reciprocating types of steam engines.
Inertia Supercharging of Engine Cylinders
Authors: Dennison E. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A theory is developed for the supercharging effect produced in an engine cylinder when a long suction pipe is attached. As a preliminary to this theory, equations are given for suction and exhaust flow where no inertia effects are present. Results of the theory are compared with experiment, and some data are given on engine performance when supercharged in this manner.
Some Phases of Light-Weight Diesel-Engine Design
Authors: Jackson P. B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper analyzes the economics of light-weight Diesel-engine design. This is justified if these points are satisfied: Lower cost per unit (cost per horsepower), lower cost of operation for the unit, reduction in time of work accomplished, and reduction in engine size. The proper coordination of three principles will produce an engine very much under conventional weights, these being increased mean effective pressure, increased piston speeds, and intelligent use of material having a high ratio of strength to specific gravity.
Performance of Cutting Fluids in Drilling Various Metals: Progress Report No. 4 of the Sub-committee on Cutting Fluids of the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on the Cutting of Metals
Authors: Boston O. W. , Oxford C. J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper gives the results of a series of drilling tests on nine different metals using eleven different cutting fluids. Modern twist drills having 30-deg helices, ranging from ½ in. to 1½ in. in diameter, were used. The materials consisted of a cast aluminum alloy, free-cutting brass, cast iron, malleable cast iron, S.A.E. 1020 steel, S.A.E. 1035 steel, carbon tool steel, S.A.E. 3150 steel, and S.A.E. 1112 steel. The eleven cutting fluids consisted of dry cutting, borax water, two soluble oils, lard oil, two straight mineral oils, two compounded oils, and two sulphurized oils.
For each material a formula for torque and thrust was developed as a function of variable diameter and variable feed. Constants for these formulas for dry cutting and each of the eleven cutting fluids are determined. The influence of the different cutting fluids on each metal is shown. With the net output power for drilling dry expressed as 100 per cent, the savings made are as follows:
33.3 per cent for S.A.E. 1020 steel when using a sulphurized oil
31.7 per cent for aluminum alloy when using a 90 per cent mineral-10 per cent lard oil
26.0 per cent for S.A.E. 1035 steel when using a sulphurized lard-mineral oil
23.0 per cent for S.A.E. 3150 steel when using a sulphurized mineral oil
21.0 per cent for carbon tool steel when using sulphurized mineral oil
17.2 per cent for cast iron when using a mineral oil containing 5 per cent oleic acid
10.5 per cent for malleable cast iron when using any kind of an oil, such as lard, mineral, compounded, or sulphurized
6.8 per cent for S.A.E. 1112 steel when using a sulphurized lard-mineral oil.
No appreciable difference is made whether free-cutting brass is cut dry or with any kind of a cutting fluid.
In the development of the formulas for torque and thrust, it was found that the same results of the exponents for drill diameter and feed would be obtained regardless of the diameter of the drill used in the variable feed tests and regardless of the feed used in the variable drill diameter tests. The values of these exponents are not influenced by the type of cutting fluid used. The torque and thrust lines as a function of feed or diameter as the variable are merely displaced vertically, if affected at all. The constants of the torque and thrust formulas, however, indicate the cutting characteristics of the cutting fluids.
The torque and thrust formulas for all kinds of steels as covered in the paper are found to be identical except for different values of the constant. Other metals, however, produce formulas apparently characteristic of that metal. In other words, different formulas as summarized in Table 4 are developed for the aluminum alloy, the free-cutting brass, cast iron, malleable iron, and steel.
Canadian Pacific Railway’s Multi-Pressure Locomotive 8000: Its Steam-Generating System
Authors: Schaff F. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The conventional type of locomotive boiler with stayed surfaces is generally considered as not suitable for pressures above approximately 300 lb per sq in. Therefore some sort of water-tube construction is essential for pressures materially higher. On the Canadian Pacific locomotive 8000 the Elesco multi-pressure system seems to adequately meet the high-pressure requirements, but offers corollary advantages contributing to ease of maintenance. The system consists of three units: (1) the closed circuit, (2) the high-pressure boiler, (3) the low-pressure boiler. An outstanding feature of the water-tube construction is the use of distilled water in the closed circuit, so that no scale can be formed in the water tubes which are in contact with the fire.
Commercial Aircraft Radiophone Communication
Authors: Freeman Robert H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The need of dependable two-way aircraft communication has emphasized the service requirements as they are presented to the pilot. The equipment must be light and yet rugged, and as the essential parts are placed at a distance from the pilot, they must be simple of operation. The paper, without stressing the electrical-engineering side of the air-communication problem, covers the actual mechanical set-up. The mechanical and electrical difficulties encountered in shielding the ignition system and the complete bonding of the ship are discussed in detail. The placement of the component parts for ease of operation is taken up and the subsequent maintenance of the equipment is briefly outlined.
Influence of Damping in the Elastic Mounting of Vibrating Machines
Authors: Hull E. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper considers the elastic material for, and design of, elastic mountings intended for the prevention of transmission of vibration from electrical apparatus into the structure of buildings in which comparative quiet is desired. The effectiveness of such a support depends on the square of the ratio of the frequency of the impressed disturbance to the natural frequency of the machine on its mounting. Thus the natural frequency of the machine on its mounting must be made low in comparison with the impressed frequency. It is shown analytically that damping, or internal friction, in an elastic mounting causes additional transmission through the mounting. An apparatus was built to compare directly the effectiveness of materials proposed for elastic support. The detrimental effect of damping is clearly shown at high ratios of impressed frequency to natural frequency, causing the transmission to be doubled in the case of some samples. Therefore when choosing the elastic material for a support it is necessary to consider the damping present in the substance. Drift tests were also made to aid in determining the best material for this work. In several ways rubber appears to be well suited to use as an elastic support material. As an example, its incorporation in a mounting for a 15-hp. induction motor is described.
Frictional Resistance and Flexibility of Seamless-Tube Fittings Used in Pipe Welding
Authors: Crocker Sabin , McCutchan Arthur 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The trend toward the use of welded piping has led to the development of seamless-tube fittings. These fittings are a decided departure from both the cast fittings and long-radius pipe bends heretofore used, and their introduction has occasioned considerable speculation as to their relative merits and correct application. This paper is confined to a discussion of: (a) the relative friction loss in elbows and bends of different radii, and (b) the relative flexibility of pipe lines made up with long-radius bends as distinguished from cast fittings and from seamless-tube fittings having a radius of 1½ pipe diameters. The authors have compiled and analyzed the available data on friction loss in elbows and bends, and present a detailed comparison of the flexibility of piping made up with seamless-tube fittings, long-radius bends, and cast fittings. Seamless-tube fittings (R/d − 1½) are found to compare to advantage with the older types of construction in both phases considered.
Operation of the Holland Station
Authors: Gilbert E. M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Holland Station, being among the first plants designed exclusively for high-pressure steam, is now in operation, and the experiences obtained during operation will be of interest. The main features of the plant are a 55,000-kw. cross-compound turbo-generator unit designed for variable-load operation; two similar boilers, each with its reheater built integral, designed for generating 250,000 lb. of steam per hr. each; elimination of the wall between turbine and boiler room, and control centralized on the operating floor. The operating experiences with the different elements of the plant are given, together with data showing the operating results for the six-month period. Operating results, while of short duration, show justification of the use of higher pressures from an economic standpoint.
Federal Relations to Water-Power Development
Authors: Bonner Frank E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
With the amazing advances made in the production and distribution of electrical energy during the past decade, it is of interest to examine the part played by the Federal Government. This is particularly true of the water-power field where, through vast land holdings and constitutional authority in respect to navigation, the National Government exercises control over a large portion of the country’s potential resources. During this period the administration of the law regulating the utilization of power sites involving Government interest has reposed with the Federal Power Commission. Although developments of many of the large rivers have been delayed by legislative embargoes and political controversy, the Commission has authorized the construction of many important projects, and about 2,600,000 horsepower of capacity is now operating under license from the Commission. The proper division of authority between the Government and the states has raised some complex problems which are pressing for solution.
Symposium on the Stability of Employment in Industry: Unemployment—Causes, Palliatives, and Preventives
Authors: Meeker Royal 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The causes of unemployment are manifold, but come under the single head of maladjustment between production and consumption. The chief contributing causes are: Lack of planning of production to meet and not to exceed consumption requirements. Faulty distribution and utilization of the national income, causing alternating periods of over-saving and over-investment in production or intermediate goods, accompanied by under-spending and under-consumption of immediate or final consumption goods, followed by over-spending and under-saving. Wide variations in the general price level, which mean changes in the purchasing power of money. Unforeseen calamities, including marked overproduction of some commodities, as well as destruction of lives and goods by earthquakes, floods, storms, droughts, famines, etc. Technological improvements due to new machines, methods, management, and organization.
Until recently little was known about the underlying causes of unemployment, and that little was known by very few. Hence the methods of treating this social-industrial disease, or accident, are for the most part merely palliatives, not cures or preventives. The palliatives which are most invoked to help us out of depression are: Soup and bread lines; odd jobs; “buy it now” slogan; wage maintenance; public works; regularization of individual plants; unemployment reserves in individual plants. The only cure for unemployment is employment. There are, however, three major policies which may be inaugurated at once for the amelioration and prevention of unemployment: Planning a consumption-production program in all industries for several years in the future. Stabilizing the general price level, through credit and monetary control. Providing carefully planned, all-inclusive unemployment insurance. To make a start on any of the measures proposed requires a degree of knowledge, of cooperative spirit, and of authority which are at present largely lacking. But the evil of continually recurring unemployment demands bold and drastic action.
Arc-Welded Jigs, Fixtures, and Machine Tools
Authors: Weaver J. R. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Among the advantages of jigs and fixtures welded up from structural-steel shapes over those of cast construction, the author cites production on short notice, strength combined with comparative lightness in weight, ease of alteration, etc. He outlines the methods used in their manufacture, and gives examples of a wide variety of jigs and fixtures and of special machine tools embodying this form of construction.
The Uses of 16-Mm. Movies in Industry
Authors: Sandell Maynard L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Industrial motion pictures may be readily divided into two distinct classes, namely, institutional and internal. Institutional pictures include productions employed for sales promotion and advertising purposes, or for any other use involving public exhibition. Such films should be made by the professional producer of motion pictures on standard-size 35-mm. film. Internal uses include instructing employees in safety, in machine-shop practice, in plant housekeeping, and in fire prevention, as well as making records of construction and research findings, and of testing, assembling, sorting, and packing operations.
This paper deals only with the latter class, describing briefly some of the many internal uses of industrial motion pictures, and showing how members of the plant engineering staff can make such movies on amateur standard 16-mm. film with inexpensive amateur equipment.
Metallurgy in the Railroad Field
Authors: White A. E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The alleged conservatism of the railroads toward changes in the materials going into equipment is explained by their strict adherence to a safety-first policy. The subject matter of the paper is discussed under three main headings of manufacturing methods, materials, and specifications. It is pointed out that, in order to improve a given part, changes in design should be considered which would minimize the chances for defects due to improper or improperly controlled manufacturing practices. Next, a plea is made for better steel-mill practice, closer control, and better inspection. After all these points have been considered, further increases in strength and ductility can be obtained through the use of alloying elements. Attention is given to the steps taken in improving some parts which have previously been a source of serious concern to the railroads.
Types of Materials Used in Materials-Handling Equipment
Authors: Skinner Hervey J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Materials-handling equipment means to most people a conveyor for carrying solids, but the author defines it also as a pump for handling liquids or a steel cylinder for tranporting gases. The material used in the construction of such equipment must meet a wide variety of conditions. The author discusses wood, concrete, glass, rubber, copper, lead, nickel, aluminum, and iron and steel. The fundamental research initiated within the last ten years by the large steel companies furnishes a foundation which few other industries possess for the production of many new alloys.
A Simple Method for the Calculation of Natural Frequencies of Torsional Vibration
Authors: Porter Frederic P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The calculation of the torsional-vibration characteristics of the shafting of reciprocating-engine installations is generally considered a laborious undertaking. This paper presents a method for calculating the natural frequencies of the shafting that is relatively simple in its application and yet retains the accuracy of the longer methods. This simplification is obtained by the proper choice of the equivalent system for mathematical treatment and by the use of tables and charts. The accuracy of the results has been compared with that of the results of other investigators.
Dispersion of Sprays in Solid-Injection Oil Engines
Authors: De Juhasz Kalman J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In investigating the problem of how to improve atomization and dispersion in the solid-injection oil engine, the knowledge of the mechanism of spray formation was found to be scant. In the researches covered by this paper, it was not attempted to develop a spray theory. A few experiments were made for the purpose of clearing up which physical forces do or do not participate in the atomization and distribution process. A large number of charts have been made representing sprays under various conditions, these seeming to point to the following general conclusions: Dispersion becomes more even when injection pressure is increased, when the oil viscosity is decreased, and when the air density is increased; the cone angle increases with increasing oil pressure, increasing air density, and decreasing viscosity of oil; a larger percentage of oil reaches a given distance in a spray having a slenderer spray cone; no definite influence of orifice dimensions was noticeable in using cylindrical orifices of the dimensions employed in the tests discussed.
New Pipe-Still Design
Authors: de Florez Luis 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Methods and apparatus for applying heat to oil constitute the essential features of modern refinery practice. The tabular oil heater has developed rapidly since adequate turbulence can be obtained in the tubes by high velocity and the surface can be arranged to give comparatively even distribution of heat.
The author describes a new design of still which does away with the conventional brick-lined combustion space and permits absorption of heat to begin immediately after its generation. This has led to an arrangement of heating surface where the flame from the burner is exposed directly to what may be considered as an excess of heating surface. With this arrangement the flame heats the tubes by radiance, and the tubes cool the flame.
Evaluation of Steam-Turbine Oil Stability
Authors: Larson C. M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Navy work-factor method, although sufficient in itself to indicate the rate of decomposition, loss through evaporation, and the corrosive tendencies in steam-turbine oils, fails to measure definitely the resistance to emulsion. Considering demulsibility at 130 deg. fahr. of samples taken every 25 hr. during the 100-hr. Navy work-factor run, however, the emulsion tendencies are recorded, and this demulsibility change is a measure of the stability of steam-turbine oils.
Stresses in Dished Heads of Pressure Vessels
Authors: Rhys Cyril O. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper develops the problem of the proper profile for the dished heads of pressure vessels. The author’s company uses large drums for high internal pressures. The results are given of tests made over a period of several years on these drums in which strain-gage readings were taken. The bending stresses therein are more critical than the meridional-loop stresses.
Dust Explosions, With Special Reference to Woodworking Industries
Authors: Brown Hylton R. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Explosions in flour mills have been common, but now the hazard is recognized in grain elevators, starch factories, sugar refineries, woodworking plants, textile mills, and other factories in which materials in the form of dust are manufactured. The woodworking industry is considered susceptible to this danger, especially since there is created a great quantity of dust from saws, planers, and sanders, and the recent manufacture of wood flour. More than thirty explosions in woodworking plants have been investigated. These indicate that wood dust is more easily ignited than some of the grain dusts. Precautionary measures are suggested, and regulations have been tentatively adopted for the prevention of dust explosions in wood-flour manufacturing establishments.
Study in Present-Day Wood Finishing
Authors: Derr H. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A specific case of wood finishing is described in detail, a type of plywood floor covering that is completely finished by the manufacturer, the operations being carried out while the flooring is continuously conveyed. The finish (a water-resisting coating applied to the under side of the flooring and a filler, two coats of lacquer, and a coat of wax applied to the face of the flooring) is completed in approximately two hours.
Research in Wood Products
Authors: Lawrie James W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Wood has widely different characteristics, and species may be chosen for a wide range of industrial and construction purposes possessing either high strength-weight ratios or qualities that permit cutting thin veneers, also possessing great ultimate strength or low specific gravity. It varies widely in color, grain structure, and beauty. Wood also has faults and limitations which can be largely corrected through intensive research. Wood expands when wet. Research with the X-ray has shown the reason, and has pointed to a way of rendering wood nearly non-expansive. Wood can be made fire-resistant, but tests must be conducted under both heat and strain conditions to be of practical value. Preventive measures can be taken to lengthen the life of wood by toxic-chemical treatments to eliminate decay. Wood-finishing methods can be greatly improved by scientific adaption of the right principles. There are many other wood qualities that can be improved by modern research methods.