bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Segregation
Authors: Anderson Elizabeth 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Segregation refers to types of intergroup relations whereby one or more social groups close their social networks of affiliation, cooperation, communication, sharing, trust, and comity to counterpart groups. The social groups may be defined by socioeconomic status (such as income, wealth, or occupation), ascriptive identity (such as race, ethnicity, tribe, clan, caste, gender, religion, or language group), or legal status (such as being a citizen, convict, widow, or illegitimate child). Segregation is enforced by rules – laws, customs, or informal social norms – regulating the interactions of social group members with outsiders. It takes three characteristic forms. Rules of
affiliative
segregation forbid particular forms of intimacy such as intergroup marriage, sexual relations, friendship, recreation, and eating together. Rules of
spatial
segregation prescribe separate social spaces and facilities – such as schools, hospitals, hotels, restaurants, bathrooms, water fountains, prisons, parks, housing, neighborhoods, and transportation – for different social groups. Rules of
role
segregation sort members of different social groups into different social roles – especially, to different occupations.
Singer, Peter (1946–)
Authors: Skelton Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Peter Singer was born in Melbourne, Australia on July 6, 1946. He has degrees from the University of Melbourne and from Oxford University. He has taught at, among others, Monash University, Princeton University, and the University of Melbourne. His research is devoted primarily to moral philosophy and to practical ethics. His most significant works to date are
Animal Liberation
,
Practical Ethics
,
Rethinking Life and Death
, and
The Life You Can Save
. This work has pushed Singer into public life where he has waged a political campaign for social and moral reform. The
New Yorker
has dubbed him “The Dangerous Philosopher.”
Smith, Adam (1723–90)
Authors: Stimson Shannon C. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAdam Smith was born and baptized on June 5, 1723 in Kirkcaldy, Scotland, the son of Adam Smith, Sr. and his wife, Margaret Douglas. He died on July 17, 1790, at Panmure House in Edinburgh and was buried there in Canongate churchyard. An individual who chose to live a private and socially retiring life – more than half of it with his mother and a cousin in the city of his birth – Smith sought with considerable success to protect his lasting reputation by having many of his private and unpublished papers and lectures burned “without any examination” at the time of death. Fortunately for posterity, some of Smith's essays on philosophical subjects escaped this conflagration and were published posthumously by his literary executors. A further two sets of notes on his lectures on jurisprudence and one set from his lectures on rhetoric andbelles lettreslater emerged in the form of student accounts and have been restored to scholars.
Sophocles (ca. 495/6–406 BCE)
Authors: Atkison Larissa 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBorn in Colonus just northwest of Athens ca. 496 bce, Sophocles’ contribution as one of Athens’ greatest playwrights, spanned one of the most innovative and dynamic periods in Athenian intellectual and political history. In 468 he won his first victory at the annual festival, City Dionysia, a competitive dramatic festival that drew over 15 000 pan‐Hellenic spectators. Of his approximately 123 dramas, Sophocles won first prize for an estimated 24, and never placed lower than second place in an annual competition, an unprecedented feat. Of his seven surviving plays only two can be reliably dated:Philoctetes, 409 andOedipus at Colonus, performed posthumously in 401. The other five, in order of composition, areAjax,Trachiniae, Antigone,Oedipus Tyrannus, and Electra,spanning roughly 449–411bce.
State of Nature
Authors: Boucher David 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The idea of a primeval state of nature has persisted for over 2000 years. It is sometimes suggested that it is a real historical condition, as in John Locke (1632–1704) and to a lesser extent in Thomas Hobbes (1588–1670), or an imaginary construction useful for purposes of argument, as in Samuel von Pufendorf (1632–94) and Jean‐Jacques Rousseau (1712–78). The state of nature is a term that may plausibly be used to designate those residual attributes of human beings that remain once the secondary qualities, added as a result of civilization and enlightenment, are stripped away, leaving only the primary “natural” attributes. It is these primary, or natural, attributes that are contested, inviting the criticism that we get out of the state of nature only what we put in, that is, the assumptions generate the conclusions.
Tawney, Richard Henry (1880–1962)
Authors: Bird Colin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Both a scholar and an activist, R. H. Tawney was the most sophisticated Anglophone exponent of Christian socialism in the twentieth century. Before serving in World War I (he was almost killed at the Somme in 1916), Tawney devoted himself mainly to the cause of educational opportunities for working‐class communities, especially through the Workers’ Educational Association (WEA), which he served as both teacher and administrator until 1948. From 1920 to 1949, he taught economic history at the London School of Economics. During the 1920s and 1930s he became a national political figure, with close ties to the Fabian Society and the British Labour Party. Tawney's wife Jeanette was the sister of his (Liberal) friend William Beveridge, the author of the Beveridge Report, a blueprint for the reforms introduced by the 1945 Labour government.
Taylor, Charles (1931–)
Authors: Abbey Ruth , Choi Naomi 
Published: August 2023

AbstractCanadian philosopher Charles Taylor has been publishing prolifically across the second half of the twentieth century and into the twenty‐first. His work spans many departments of philosophical inquiry and he has carved out distinctive positions in the areas of ontology (the philosophy of being); epistemology (the philosophy of knowledge); moral philosophy; philosophical anthropology (what it is to be human); hermeneutics (theories of meaning and interpretation); and the philosophy of language. Taylor writes in English, French, and German and his work continues to be translated into many languages.
Toleration
Authors: Galeotti Anna Elisabetta 
Published: August 2023

AbstractToleration is the attitude which allows for the peaceful coexistence of conflicting views and ways of life within the same society. A tolerant person leaves other people free to behave as they think best, though their behavior looks objectionable and could be checked by her. Thus, conflicting differences are the first circumstance for issues of toleration to arise: were there no difference there would be nothing to be tolerant about. Second, a tolerant person should have the power to repress or interfere with disliked differences, otherwise she merely acquiesces to them. Toleration properly consists in not exercising the power to interfere with disliked differences, for various kinds of reasons: prudential, epistemological, moral. Toleration, though, is valuable only within limits, beyond which it turns into culpable indulgence. Limits to toleration have been devised in the self‐defense of political order, and in considerations of harm to others.
Tolstoy, Leo (1828–1910)
Authors: Christoyannopoulos Alexandre 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Tolstoy is one of the world's most esteemed authors of literature for his
War and Peace
(1869) and
Anna Karenina
(1877), but he is also a famous proponent of Christian pacifist and anarchist thought. Although this more controversial part of his legacy was a target for suppression during the Soviet era, his writings did influence M. Gandhi, numerous activists and intellectuals, as well as ordinary people in the wider pacifist movement.
Torture
Authors: Sanders Rebecca 
Published: August 2023

AbstractTorture is the infliction of severe physical or mental pain or suffering on a victim. It includes acts of overt violence as well as less visible, stealth torments. Torture can serve numerous purposes including punishment, degradation, divining truth, demonstrating power, eliciting confessions, and obtaining information. Torture may result from the initiative of sadistic individuals, but can also be tolerated by organizational cultures, directed by bureaucratic institutions, and mandated by political and religious authorities.
Minutes matter: Time it takes to perform point‐of‐care ultrasound
Authors: Patrick David Peter , Bradley Xenia Gia , Wolek Caroline , Anderson Bowen , Grady James , Herbst Meghan Kelly 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackgroundWhile point‐of‐care ultrasound (PoCUS) is a safe, versatile tool that can improve patient care, the perceived time investment needed to incorporate PoCUS into clinical care is cited as a barrier to performance. We sought to determine the time it takes to perform a PoCUS examination and whether this time was influenced by training level and prior ultrasound experience.MethodsThis was a retrospective study looking at time stamps of all emergency medicine (EM) provider‐performed PoCUS examinations during clinical shifts from August 10, 2019, to June 7, 2022, at a suburban academic emergency department that is the site for a 3‐year EM residency. Our workflow is order‐based; when PoCUS is ordered, that patient's information populates the ultrasound machine worklist. Selecting the patient's name from the worklist generates a time‐stamped patient information page (PIP). We defined the PIP time stamp as the start of the PoCUS examination. The duration of one PoCUS examination was defined as the time of the last image acquired minus the time of the PIP. General estimating equations were used to estimate differences between training level and between prior scan status using an exchangeable correlation and Tukey adjusted pairwise comparisons. A two‐tailed chi‐square analysis was used for comparing accuracy according to training level.ResultsOf 4187 PoCUS examinations abstracted, 2144 met study criteria. The median (IQR) time spent per examination was 6.0 (3–9) min. First‐year residents took the longest to perform PoCUS among all providers (p < 0.0001). Residents with fewer than 250 prior scans took longer than residents with 501–800 (p = 0.0002) and >800 (p = 0.0013). Resident accuracy was not significantly different according to training level.ConclusionsOverall median time to perform PoCUS was 6.0 min. EM residents became more efficient in performing PoCUS as they advanced from first‐ to third‐year, without compromising accuracy.
Evaluating the impacts of wide row upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production in Georgia
Authors: Lawton Caitlyn B. , Pokhrel Amrit , Lee Joshua M. , Chalise Devendra P. , Virk Gurpreet K. , Snider John L. , Roberts Phillip M. , Chee Peng W. , Hand Lavesta C. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSuccess stories of wide row cotton production have generated producer interest across the cotton belt. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of row spacing on (1) cotton growth and development and (2) lint yield and fiber quality in Georgia. The cotton cultivar Deltapine DP 1646 (Bollgard 2, XtendFlex; Bayer Crop Science) was planted in 2021 and 2022 in Tifton, GA, at row spacings of 91 cm, 122 cm, 152 cm, and 183 cm. Although canopy closure was delayed in wider row spacings compared to the 91‐cm spacing, all other crop growth and development trends did not differ among row spacings. Similarly, row spacing had no effect on the incidence of boll rot/hard lock. The 91‐cm row spacing yielded 1734 kg lint ha−1. The 183‐cm row spacing reduced yield by 15% compared with the grower's standard row spacing of 91 cm. Fiber quality parameters did not differ among row spacing treatments. Seed costs can be reduced in all wide row systems evaluated for cotton, and the 122 and 152‐cm row spacings had similar yields to the 91‐cm row spacing. However, Georgia growers produce peanuts (Arachis hypogea L.) and corn (Zea mays L.), the most common rotational crops for cotton producers, using a 91‐cm row spacing. Consequently, the simplest transition to wide row production would be the 183‐cm spacing, which incurred yield penalties in the current study. Thus, a 91‐cm row spacing is still the most feasible option for Georgia cotton producers.
Computational generation and characterization of IsdA‐binding aptamers with single‐molecule FRET analysis
Authors: Sabbih Godfred O. , Wijesinghe Kalani M. , Algama Chamika , Dhakal Soma , Danquah Michael K. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractStaphylococcus aureus is a major foodborne bacterial pathogen. Early detection of S. aureus is crucial to prevent infections and ensure food quality. The iron‐regulated surface determinant protein A (IsdA) of S. aureus is a unique surface protein necessary for sourcing vital iron from host cells for the survival and colonization of the bacteria. The function, structure, and location of the IsdA protein make it an important protein for biosensing applications relating to the pathogen. Here, we report an in‐silico approach to develop and validate high‐affinity binding aptamers for the IsdA protein detection using custom‐designed in‐silico tools and single‐molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) measurements. We utilized in‐silico oligonucleotide screening methods and metadynamics‐based methods to generate 10 aptamer candidates and characterized them based on the Dissociation Free Energy (DFE) of the IsdA‐aptamer complexes. Three of the aptamer candidates were shortlisted for smFRET experimental analysis of binding properties. Limits of detection in the low picomolar range were observed for the aptamers, and the results correlated well with the DFE calculations, indicating the potential of the in‐silico approach to support aptamer discovery.This study showcases a computational SELEX method in combination with single‐molecule binding studies deciphering effective aptamers against S. aureus IsdA, protein. The established approach demonstrates the ability to expedite aptamer discovery that has the potential to cut costs and predict binding efficacy. The application can be extended to designing aptamers for various protein targets, enhancing molecular recognition, and facilitating the development of high‐affinity aptamers for multiple uses.
Blatter Diradicals with a Spin Coupler at the N(1) Position
Authors: Pomikło Dominika , Kaszyński Piotr 
Published: August 2023

AbstractReactions of a benzo[e][1,2,4]triazine with dilithiobenzenes lead to di‐Blatter diradicals connected at the N(1) positions via a spin coupling unit, 1,4‐phenylene or 1,3‐phenylene. Electrochemical analysis in MeCN revealed four one‐electron redox processes separated by 0.1–0.3 V in both diradicals. Variable temperature EPR measurements in polystyrene (PS) solid solutions gave the singlet‐triplet energy gaps ΔES‐T=2 J of −3.02(11) and −0.16(1) kcal mol−1 for 1,4‐phenylene and 1,3‐phenylene derivatives, respectively. The latter negative value was attributed to conformational properties of the diradical in the PS solid solution. Results suggest a simple and efficient access to a family of stable Blatter diradicals with a controllable S−T gap through a judicious choice of the arylene coupling unit. DFT calculations indicate that the triplet state is stabilized by (het)arylenes with low LUMO.
Trace Elements and Consequent Ecological Risks in Mining-Influenced Streams of Appalachia
Authors: Clark Elyse V. , Soucek David J. , Schoenholtz Stephen H. , Whitmore Keridwen M. , Zipper Carl E. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Appalachian (eastern USA) coal surface mines fracture geologic materials, causing release of both major ions and trace elements to water via accelerated weathering. When elevated above natural background, trace elements in streams may produce adverse effects on biota via direct exposure from water and sediment and via dietary exposure in food sources. Other studies have found elevated water concentrations of multiple trace elements in Appalachia's mining-influenced streams. Except for Se, trace-element concentrations in abiotic and biotic media of Appalachian mining-influenced streams are less well known. We analyzed environmental media of headwater streams receiving alkaline waters from Appalachian coal mines for eight trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Sr, V, and Zn) and assessed the potential consequent ecological risks. Streamwater, particulate media (sediment, biofilm, leaf detritus), and benthic macroinvertebrates (primary consumers, secondary consumers, crayfish) were sampled from six mining-influenced and three reference streams during low-flow conditions in two seasons. Dissolved Cu, Ni, and Sr were higher in mining-influenced streams than in reference streams; Ni, Sr, and Zn in fine sediments and Ni in macroinvertebrates were also elevated relative to reference-stream levels in samples from mining-influenced streams. Seasonal ratios of mining-influenced stream concentrations to maximum concentrations in reference streams also demonstrated mining-influenced increases for several elements in multiple media. In most media, concentrations of several elements including Ni were correlated positively. All water-column dissolved concentrations were below protective levels, but fine-sediment concentrations of Ni approached or exceeded threshold-effect concentrations in several streams. Further study is warranted for several elements (Cd, Ni, and Zn in biofilms, and V in macroinvertebrates) that approached or exceeded previously established dietary-risk levels. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2651–2665. © 2023 SETAC.
Development of hepatocellular adenomas in a patient with glycogen storage disease Ia treated with growth hormone therapy
Authors: Jackson David G. , Koch Rebecca L. , Pendyal Surekha , Benjamin Robert , Kishnani Priya S. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractGlycogen storage disease Ia (GSD Ia), also known as von Gierke disease, is caused by pathogenic variants in the G6PC1 gene (OMIM 232200) which encodes glucose‐6‐phosphatase. Deficiency of glucose‐6‐phosphatase impairs the processes of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis by preventing conversion of glucose‐6‐phosphate to glucose. Clinical features include fasting hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperuricemia, hepatomegaly, and development of hepatocellular adenomas (HCAs) with potential for malignant transformation. Additionally, patients with GSD Ia often exhibit short stature, in some instances due to growth hormone (GH) deficiency. Patients with short stature caused by GH deficiency typically receive GH injections. Here, we review the literature and describe a female with GSD Ia who had short stature, failure of growth progression, and suspected GH deficiency. This patient received GH injections from ages 11 to 14 years under careful monitoring of an endocrinologist and developed HCAs during that time. To date, there is no reported long‐term follow up data on patients with GSD Ia who have received GH therapy, and therefore the clinical outcomes post‐GH therapy are unclear.
Phenotypic and genetic characteristics of 24 cases of early infantile epileptic encephalopathy in East China, including a rare case of biallelic UGDH mutations
Authors: Jiang Liangliang , Bi Shaohua , Lin Li , He Fan , Deng Fang 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackgroundEarly infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE) is a group of highly heterogeneous diseases, both phenotypically and genetically. Usually, it starts early on and manifests as intractable epilepsy, abnormal electroencephalogram, and growth retardation/intellectual impairment. With the advent of next‐generation sequencing (NGS), its genetic etiology has attracted increasing clinical attention. This study aimed to investigate the genetic characteristics and clinical phenotypes of patients with EIEE from a central hospital in Eastern China.MethodsThis study retrospectively included the gene variants from 24 EIEE‐positive patients admitted between January 2021 and January 2022 to a hospital in Anhui Province, China. The genetic diagnosis was performed in all cases by trio‐based whole‐exome sequencing (WES). Additionally, Video electroencephalogram (VEEG) and neuroimaging examinations were performed.ResultsA total of 24 children were included. The average age at the first seizure was approximately 5 months. About 42% of children had developmental retardation of varying degrees, 43% had brain structural abnormalities, and 64% had VEEG abnormalities. In addition, other phenotypes, including endocrine metabolism and cardiac structural abnormalities, have been independently reported. In total, fifteen pathogenic gene variants were identified in 24 patients. The main pathogenic genes identified were SCN1A (25%, 6/24), KCNQ2 (8.3%, 2/24), and TBC1D24 (8.3%, 2/24). We also found an extremely rare case of EIEE84 type caused by biallelic UGDH gene variants, predicting that this variant might affect the stability of the protein structure.ConclusionsSCN1A pathogenic variants are the main factor leading to EIEE, similar to previously published cohort reports. NGS is useful for accurate clinical diagnoses and precise treatment choices. We also reported a rare case of EIEE84 caused by variants in the UGDH gene in a Chinese patient. This study further enriches the known spectrum of pathogenic EIEE genes.
Quantification of T1 and T2 of subarachnoid CSF: Implications for water exchange between CSF and brain tissues
Authors: Jiang Dengrong , Gou Yifan , Wei Zhiliang , Hou Xirui , Yedavalli Vivek , Lu Hanzhang 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPurposeTo quantify the T1 and T2 values of CSF in the subarachnoid space (SAS) at 3 T and interpret them in the context of water exchange between CSF and brain tissues.MethodsCSF T1 was measured using inversion recovery, and CSF T2 was assessed using T2‐preparation. T1 and T2 values in the SAS were compared with those in the frontal horns of lateral ventricles, which have less brain‐CSF exchange. Phantom experiments were performed to examine whether there were spatial variations in T1 and T2 that were unrelated to brain‐CSF exchange. Simulations were conducted to investigate the relationship between the brain‐CSF exchange rate and the apparent T1 and T2 values of SAS CSF.ResultsThe CSF T1 and T2 values were 4308.7 ± 146.9 ms and 1885.5 ± 67.9 ms, respectively, in the SAS and were 4454.0 ± 187.9 ms and 2372.9 ± 72.0 ms in the frontal horns. The SAS CSF had shorter T1 (p = 0.006) and T2 (p < 0.0001) than CSF in the frontal horns. Phantom experiments showed negligible (< 6 ms for T1; < 1 ms for T2) spatial variations in T1 and T2, suggesting that the T1 and T2 differences between SAS and frontal horns were largely attributed to physiological reasons. Simulations revealed that faster brain‐CSF exchange rates lead to shorter apparent T1 and T2 of SAS CSF. However, the experimentally observed T2 difference between SAS and frontal horns was greater than that attributable to typical exchange effect, suggesting that the T2 shortening in SAS may reflect a combined effect of exchange and deoxyhemoglobin susceptibility.ConclusionQuantification of SAS CSF relaxation times may be useful to assess the brain‐CSF exchange.