bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Egg White and Its Constituents by Immunochemical Techniques in Gelified Media: Specific Precipitation by Double Diffusion and Immunoelectrophoretic Analysis
Authors: Kaminski Marie 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The constituents of egg white and certain of its fractions were studied immunochemically, principally by double diffusion in agar and immunoelectrophoresis.
Ovomucoid was electrophoretically homogenous, but by specific precipitation in agar it appeared to contain two constituents with immunochemical specificities related to ovalbumin.
Lysozyme was found among the α-globulins but, because of its partial insolubility under the experimental conditions, its electrophoretic behavior in agar was abnormal.
Egg white contained three groups of ovoglobulins, according to their electrophoretic mobilities in agar, each of which was composed of at least two or three constituents.
The fraction precipitated by 40% saturation with ammonium sulfate was the fraction rich in globulins.
The immunoelectrophoretic composition of euglobulin preparations was different from that of pseudoglobulin preparations. The chief difference was in the absence of demonstrable γ-globulin in the euglobulin preparations.
The solubilization of ovomucin in alkaline solution gave a preparation containing an antigen fround only in this fraction.
Avidin did not precipitate antibodies in any of the sera used in these studies.
The Interaction of Meningopneumonitis Virus and Krebs 2 Carcinoma
Authors: Bernstein Alan , Sigel M. Michael 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Meningopneumonitis virus was found to interfere with the development of both the ascitic and solid forms of Krebs 2 carcinoma.
The inhibitory action of the virus depended on the concentration of both virus and tumor cells.
Complete inhibition was only possible when the virus was administered immediately after the implantation of the tumor. A delay of 1 hour reduced the inhibiting effect of the virus.
The anti-tumor action of the virus did not take place in mice immune to the virus nor in mice receiving Aureomycin.
The virus did not apparently multiply in the tumor cells, nor was there evidence of destruction of the cells by the virus.
The implications of these findings are discussed.
Interpretation of the Ouchterlony Precipitin Test
Authors: Wilson M. W. , Pringle B. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Under ordinary test conditions specific precipitates in the agar plate do not interfere with the free diffusion of unrelated antigens and antibodies. Identical antigens always give rise to fusion of their specific precipitates. Unrelated antigens may produce complete intersection, partial intersection or fusion of their specific precipitates, depending on the relative concentration of the two precipitin systems. Comparison of several heated, formalized and urea-treated proteins with untreated controls resulted in complete fusion of their specific precipitates. Further studies are desirable in order to elucidate the precipitate patterns yielded by cross-reacting immune systems.
Arthus Reaction in the Mouse and the Rat after Intralabial Injection of Antigens
Authors: Freund Jules , Stone Sanford H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Systemic anaphylaxis cannot be produced in mice and rats as readily as in many other species of animals. Local anaphylactic reaction in the skin of the rat is scant and in the mouse has not been demonstrated, at least in its typical form.
Selye (1) discovered that the normal rat responds with edema and purple discoloration of the “snout” and paws to the first injection of egg white given into a vein or the peritoneal cavity. He also has shown that the same reaction occurs following the injection of a relatively small amount of dextran (2) into the lip or the subcutaneous tissue of the dorsum of the paw; in these instances the “snout” and all of the paws develop purplish discoloration and edema. McMaster Kruse, Sturm and Edwards (3) found that the lips and paws of actively sensitized mice may respond with purple discoloration and swelling to the intravenous injection of rabbit serum containing the appropriate antibodies (reverse passive anaphylaxis)2.
Quantitative Determination of Residual Virus on Red Cells by Direct Infectivity Titrations
Authors: Evans Alfred S. , Lem Nancy 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method is described for determination of infective virus particles attached to chicken or human red cells. The technique involves photoelectric standardization of virus-red cell suspensions after thorough washing and subsequent titration of infectivity in embryonated eggs.
Application of this method to red cells following maximal elution of Newcastle disease and influenza viruses indicated the persistence of infective virus. Results of experiments with receptor destroying enzyme (RDE) or inelutable virus suggested the possibility that infective virus may attach to red cells at points other than those susceptible to enzymatic destruction.
Determination of the maximum number of ID50/chicken red cell yielded values of 83 and 166 ID50 for influenza and NDV respectively. Electron microscope counts by others indicates that the number of observable particles/red cell is at least 10-fold higher.
Comparison of the ID50/HA ratio by this technique with the classical method of simultaneous HA and ID50 titrations was made for influenza and NDV using both chicken and human red cells. Ratios by the classical method gave slightly higher values (3 to 5 times) with chicken red cells but much higher ratios (100 times) with human red cells than obtained by the technique reported.
The Antigenicity of Heterophile Tissues
Authors: Friedman Murray , Yeatman John 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Agglutinins for sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were produced in rabbits by inoculation of tissue suspensions of guinea pig kidney, mouse spleen and chicken liver. SRBC agglutinins were also produced in chickens by injections of tissue homogenates consisting of guinea pig kidney, mouse spleen and rabbit kidney. The agglutinins produced in the rabbit were adsorbed by guinea pig kidney, mouse spleen and chicken liver, while those agglutinins produced in the chickens were adsorbed by guinea pig kidney, mouse spleen, rabbit kidney, rat kidney and beef red blood cells. Differential adsorption of rabbit and chicken immune sera by means of guinea pig kidney indicated that at least two heterophile type antigens were present in the kidney. One of these substances (F) was antigenic in the rabbit; the other component (X) proved antigenic in the chicken. Differences were observed in the alcohol solubility and serum toxicity of these antigens. Antigen (X) found in rabbit kidney, guinea pig kidney and mouse spleen was compared to the serum sickness antigen and similarities were noted between them. It was suggested that consideration be given to the type of animal immunized when the attempt is made to analyze complex tissues antigenically.
Isofixation Curves As a Method of Standardizing Quantitative Complement-Fixation Tests
Authors: de Almeida José Oliveira 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The purpose of the present report is to call attention to the “isofixation curves,” which can be constructed from a box titration of serum and antigen in the presence of fixed amounts of complement, and the value such curves may have in defining the relationships between antigen and antibody in a variety of complement-fixation systems. The principles have been implicit in earlier work1 but their full usefulness may be greater than has been appreciated.
Materials and Methods. Sera. The sera used in each test are indicated in the figures. Sera were inactivated at 56°C for 30 min and dilutions were made in normal pooled sera or saline.
Antigens. The antigens were prepared according to specifications given elsewhere (2–12). Dilutions were made in borate salt solution, pH 7.6 (13).
Complement. Pooled guinea pig sera titrated in 50% hemolytic units with maximally sensitized sheep cells were used.
Temperature and Host Cell Factors in the Growth of Influenza Virus (PR8 Strain) in Avian Tissues in Vitro
Authors: Colville James M. , Dunbar James M. , Morgan Herbert R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
This study demonstrates that with PR8 strain of influenza A virus in tissue cultures of avian embryonic lung, raising the temperature of incubation from 37 to 41°C does not prevent virus multiplication. In contrast to embryonic lung tissue, lung tissue from 2-day hatched chicks gives no clear-cut evidence of virus under any of the conditions studied. Using embryonic tissues, PR8 virus multiplication, as evidenced by a rise in egg infectivity titer, is greatest with lung and chorioallantoic membrane tissue, less marked with skin-muscle, gut and liver tissue, and not detectable in the case of heart tissue.
The maturation of tissues from the embryonic stage to that of the 2-day hatched chick is associated with the loss of capacity to support PR8 virus multiplication. This difference in tissue susceptibility does not appear to be due to alteration of the environmental temperature of the cells from that of the embryo (37°C) to that of the hatched chick (41°C).
The Preparation of a Soluble Immunizing Antigen from Q-Fever Rickettsiae
Authors: Colter John S. , Brown Raymond A. , Bird Harris H. , Cox Herald R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The preparation of purified suspensions of Coxiella burnetii by a process involving differential centrifugation using washed celite, and centrifugation through 8% KCl solution is described. The purification can be accomplished without any significant loss of rickettsiae as judged by estimations of infectious titer. The separation of a soluble antigen from suspensions of purified rickettsiae by means of ultrasonic vibration is described. The antigen solutions were shown capable of eliciting antibody production in guinea pigs, and to afford the animals at least partial protection against challenge with viable rickettsiae.
Antigenic Studies on the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Venereum Group of Viruses
Authors: Benedict Albert A. , O'Brien Edith 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A water-soluble group complement-fixing antigen was efficiently extracted with sodium lauryl sulfate from purified virus suspensions of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group. Partial purification was effected by repeated acid precipitation at pH 4.0 to 4.5 which yielded a heat-stable nucleic acid-free antigen composed of protein, carbohydrate and lipid. Treatment of this complex with 5% phenol produced a periodate-sensitive, phenol-insoluble, complement-fixing antigen and a periodate-resistant, phenol-soluble antigen. The phenol precipitate was mainly a lipocarbohydrate and the phenol supernatant fraction was chiefly protein.
The Serology of Newcastle Virus Infection
Authors: Bang F. B. , Foard M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Persons known to have systemic infection with Newcastle disease virus developed antibodies to this virus. Laboratory workers directly exposed to the virus developed neutralizing antibodies to it. Four workers in a poultry plant developed antibodies to Newcastle virus during their first year of work. The incidence of antibodies to Newcastle in people constantly exposed to the virus is much greater than that in people in other work. Some chicken workers have titers of antibodies that will neutralize as much as 10,000 LD50. An occasional person with no history of exposure to chickens has antibodies to Newcastle virus. There is a correlation between the presence of anti-hemagglutinin and neutralizing antibodies in human sera. The exact relationship of mumps virus to Newcastle virus remains undetermined. None of a group of people successfully vaccinated with mumps virus developed antibodies to Newcastle virus. None of 7 clinical cases of mumps developed antibodies to Newcastle, but 4 of these had antibodies to Newcastle when admitted to the hospital.
Leptospiral Antigens for Use in Complement Fixation
Authors: Terzin Alexander L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In experiments undertaken to prepare stable, non-anticomplementary leptospiral antigens (type-specific as well as group-diagnostic) for use in the complement-fixation reaction, the following results were secured: Simple boiling of the crude leptospiral cultures in their Korthof medium removes the anticomplementary activity and reduces the finding of prozones in tests made with an excess of homologous antiserum.The type-specific leptospiral antigen is soluble in 50% acetone but is precipitated by 66% or higher concentrations of acetone.The type-specific antigen can be concentrated in its activity as determined by the least amount of antigen to give a reaction; in some instances the improvement is as high as 32-fold. Yet these preparations are less sensitive with respect to the least amount of antiserum to give a reaction.The anticomplementary activity of unboiled cultures is not removed by treatment with either ethanol or acetone.
The acetone-precipitated antigens seem to be closely related to or identical with the soluble antigen described by Ezell et al. and by Pike et al.
The findings seem to favor the use of crude boiled cultures as type-specific antigens in routine work, while a mixture of the less sensitive acetone-precipitated and concentrated antigens seems to be more promising for service as group-diagnostic antigenic preparation for screening purposes.
Changes in Activity of Newcastle Disease Virus after Adaption to Ehrlich Ascites Tissue Culture
Authors: Moore Alice E. , Diamond Leila C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The adaption of Newcastle disease virus to growth in tissue cultures of Ehrlich carcinoma cells is described. The differences between the unadapted and adapted viruses in their behavior in in vitro adsorption and elution reactions is described.
A possible mechanism for the difference between the activities of the virus and tumor cell mixtures at 4° and 37°C is advanced.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Gengozian Nazareth , Wolfe Harold R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Dilution of chicken antisera prior to combination with the antigen causes a marked decrease in the antibody nitrogen precipitation. Application of the data to an adsorption equation permitted formulation of a “Desorption Equation” which was fairly successful in predicting antibody nitrogen values for diluted sera. This decrease in precipitation was also apparent with volume change of the undiluted reacting system. The explanation offered for the observed phenomenon was based on an adsorption mechanism along with multiplicity of antibody types believed to be present in antisera.
A Study of the Cellular Distribution of Forssman Antigen in Various Species
Authors: Tanaka Nobuo , Leduc Elizabeth H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The fluorescein-labelled antibody technique was employed in the localization of Forssman antigen in the tissues of guinea pig, cat, dog, mouse, and chicken. Antisera to sheep blood cells and to horse kidney were prepared in rabbits. The globulin fractions of the sera were labelled with fluorescein isocyanate. The specificity of the stain was established by several methods. The Forssman antigen was found in the form of droplets in the endothelium and adventitial connective tissues of the blood vessels in all organs of all species examined. Species differences in the distribution of Forssman antigen in other tissues are described.
A Capillary-Tube Test for Antibody Against Coxiella Burnetii in Human, Guinea Pig, and Sheep Sera
Authors: Luoto Lauri 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The capillary-tube test, using a stained antigen, was performed with undiluted human, guinea pig, and sheep sera to detect the presence of antibody against Coxiella burnetii. Titrations were carried out in saline containing fresh normal bovine serum.
Results of capillary-tube tests were specific and were readily reproduced.
Because undiluted sera can be tested by the C.T. method, lower levels of antibody were detected by the C.T. test than by the C.F. test; however, titers of sera containing more than a trace of antibody were essentially equal by both methods.
The simplicity of the technique permits rapid testing of sera in the absence of elaborate laboratory facilities and trained personnel.
The Presence of Forssman Antigen in Inbred Mice
Authors: Stern Kurt , Davidsohn Israel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Subcellular fractions were prepared from spleen, kidney, liver, 3 types of malignant tumors of the mouse, and from guinea pig kidney. Fresh and boiled portions of the homogenates and the cell fractions of these tissues were tested for their capacity of absorbing heterophilic and isophilic hemolysin for sheep red cells. By means of these absorption experiments, kidney, spleen, and tumors of the mouse were found to contain Forssman antigen in quantities increasing in the order of enumeration. No qualitative difference was found between the antigen in mouse tissues and the prototype Forssman antigen in guinea pig kidney. The mitochondrial and microsome fractions contained larger amounts of Forssman antigen than the nuclear fraction in all tissue examined. None of the normal mouse tissues showed qualitative or quantitative differences depending on the strain of derivation. Hence, there is no reason to assume that differences observed by us in presence and titer of natural antisheep agglutinins in various inbred strains, including C57BL and C3H, are caused by, or related to, differences in tissue antigens in these strains. In contrast to the thermostability of Forssman antigen commonly observed in tissue suspensions, boiled subcellular fractions, particularly those consisting of “small particles,” showed a reduction of absorptive potency for heterophilic antibody as compared with their fresh counterparts. In vivo experiments demonstrated inability of mice of 3 inbred strains to produce antibodies for sheep red cells after active immunization with heterophilic antigen (guinea pig kidney). Passively introduced heterophilic antibody, in contrast to isophilic antibody, disappeared in mice so rapidly that its absorption by tissue antigen is the most likely explanation. The findings in vivo confirm those in vitro with regard to the presence of Forssman antigen in the mouse. Of 3 mouse tumors (1 sarcoma, 2 carcinomas) a transplantable carcinoma of DBA mice had the highest content of Forssman antigen.
Cross-Reactions in the Ouchterlony Plate: Analysis of Native and Halogenated Bovine Serum Albumins
Authors: Wilson M. W. , Pringle B. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cross-reactions in the Ouchterlony plate were studied by means of native and halogenated bovine serum albumins and several of their antisera. The following observations were made: The comparison of two immunologically related antigens yielded a major cross-reaction for that antigen which possessed a closer affinity to the reference antibody. The degree of cross-reactivity between the antigens was reflected by the length of the spur.When both antigens possessed nearly the same degree of immunologic affinity to the antibody, their precipitate lines would fuse.Identical pairs of cross-reacting antigens yielded different precipitate patterns with different reference antibodies.The formation of separate specific precipitates by cross-reacting antigens in mixtures depended on the relative concentrations of the antigens in the mixture, on the degree of immunologic affinity between these antigens, and on the antibody concentration.The immunologic distinction between related antibodies was much less pronounced than the distinction between the corresponding cross-reacting antigens.Variable precipitate patterns were obtained when cross-reacting antigens were analyzed by means of mixtures of their respective antisera and when immunologically related antisera were analyzed by means of mixtures of their respective antigens.
From findings in this and in a preceding paper (9) it was concluded that the basic precipitate patterns described by Ouchterlony do not always indicate immunologic identity, partial identity, or nonidentity; these patterns can be considerably modified by changes in the relative concentrations of the immune systems, by the degree of immunologic affinity between the reagents, by the choice of the reference reagent, and by the degree of immunologic purity of the reference reagent.
Clinical and Serologic Response of Man to Immunization with Attenuated Dengue and Yellow Fever Viruses
Authors: Schlesinger R. Walter , Gordon Irving , Frankel Jack W. , Winter Joseph W. , Patterson Paul R. , Dorrance William R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Human volunteers inoculated with mouse-adapted type II dengue virus (New Guinea B strain) responded with mild clinical reactions indicating that the virus had become attenuated in a manner comparable to that previously shown for type I virus (Hawaii strain). The most significant and consistent sign was a maculopapular rash.
In 10 of 11 volunteers, a single dose of attenuated type II dengue virus induced formation of homologous neutralizing antibody.
When attenuated type II virus was given in combination with yellow fever vaccine or with yellow fever vaccine and attenuated type I dengue virus, the resulting antibody response was predominantly to type II virus, indicating suppression of the other antigens presumably as a result of interference. Not enough volunteers were available to vary the relative concentration of the components in the mixtures.
Attenuated type II dengue virus or combined vaccine was inadvertently administered to 4 men who had been immunized against yellow fever 7–7 ½ years previously. These men gave an anamnestic immune response characterized by rapid production of complement-fixing (3 men only) and neutralizing antibodies of comparable potency against types I and II dengue and yellow fever viruses.
The findings suggest consecutive immunization with yellow fever and an attenuated, related viral antigen as a possible method of broad-spectrum prophylaxis.
Concerning the Mechanism of Complement Action
Authors: Becker Elmer L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Diisopropyl fluophosphate (DFP) has been shown to inhibit the hemolytic activity of guinea pig complement in the presence of sensitized cells. In the absence of sensitized cells this inactivation does not occur. On titration of the component activity of dialyzed supernatant from the DFP-complement-sensitized cell mixture only the first component, C′1, was found to be appreciably affected. DFP also removes C′1 activity from sensitized cells containing C′1 and C′4 activity. This activity can be partially restored by incubation of such DFP-treated cells with nicotinohydroxamic acid. It is concluded that the first component of guinea pig complement, C′1, is an esterase which exists in serum in a precursor form resistant to the action of DFP. In the course of immune hemolysis the C′1 precursor is changed to a form of C′1 capable of being inhibited by DFP.
Comparison of Antibody Responses Associated with the Transfer of Rabbit Lymph-Node, Peritoneal Exudate, and Thymus Cells
Authors: Dixon Frank J. , Weigle William O. , Roberts James C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A wide variety of cells and tissues have been implicated in antibody synthesis as a result of transplantation studies. The two most commonly employed transplantation schemes have been a) the transfer of tissues from recently immunized animals to in vitro cultures with the determination of antibodies which subsequently appear in the culture fluid; and b) the transfer of tissues or free cell suspensions from either normal or previously immunized donors to recipient animals and, after appropriate immunization of the transferred tissues, determination of antibodies which appear in the serum of the recipient. With the transfer to in vitro culture, antibody synthesis has been demonstrated by spleen, lymph node, bone marrow, lung, liver, and granuloma which developed about the site of injection of antigen in Freund adjuvant (1–12). In addition to these tissues, other sources of antibody formation revealed by transfers to recipient animals include omentum, intrascapular fat, thymus, Peyer's patches and even cornea (13–23).