bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enumeration and Isolation of Rabbit T and B Lymphocytes by Using Antibody-Coated Erythrocytes
Authors: Wilson Barry S. , Teodorescu Marius , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rosette formation with antibody-coated erythrocytes (Ab-E) was employed for the enumeration and isolation of rabbit B cells (Ig+T-) and T cells (Ig-T+). The cells bearing surface Ig (Ig+ cells) were enumerated by a direct immunocytoadhesion technique utilizing anti-rabbit IgG antibody-coated erythrocytes (Ab-E). To enumerate cells bearing thymus cell antigen (T+ cells), an indirect rosette technique was used in which lymphocytes were first sensitized with guinea pig anti-rabbit thymus cell antiserum and then rosetted with anti-guinea pig IgG Ab-E. To demonstrate the specificity of the anti-thymus cell antiserum, a 51Cr radioimmunoassay for counting rosettes was employed along with visual counting to enumerate Ig+ and T+ cells in lymph node cell populations. When Ig+ and T+ lymph node cells were rosetted simultaneously with sheep and human erythrocytes, no mixed rosettes (less than 1%) were observed. Ficoll-Hypaque gradient centrifugation was used to obtain purified Ig+T- and Ig-T+ cells by removing rosetted T+ and Ig+ cells, respectively. The purity of isolated Ig-T+ cells was indicated by 94 to 95% indirect rosetting with anti-thymus cell antiserum and by 0 to 3% direct rosetting with anti-rabbit IgG Ab-E. The purity of isolated Ig+T- cells was indicated by 90 to 94% direct rosetting with anti-rabbit IgG Ab-E and by 2 to 3% indirect rosetting with anti-thymus cell antiserum. The percentages of Ig+T- and Ig-T+ cells were determined in peripheral blood and in various lymphoid organs. The isolated Ig+T- and Ig-T+ cells were also characterized by their responses to mitogens. Thus, nearly pure Ig+T- and Ig-T+ cells were isolated by “negative selection,” which should minimize functional changes of the cells, and thereby facilitate the study of their biologic properties, e.g., their response to mitogens.
Pathogenetic Mechanisms in Immune Polioencephalomyelitis: Quantitative Evaluation of Protective and Pathogenetic Effects of Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Duffey P. S. , Lukasewycz O. A. , Martinez D. , Murphy W. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Terminal dilution, adoptive cell transfer techniques were developed to quantify the protective effect of lymphoid cells in the pathogenesis of immune polioencephalomyelitis (IPE). The pathogenetic effects of lymphoid cell populations were quantified by deleting the step of antigenic challenge. Regression curves were computer analyzed and PD50 values were compared. Immune spleen cells (ISC) from 4- to 6-week-old donors were more protective (PD50 = 4.9 ± 1.3) than ISC from 12-month-old animals (PD50 &gt; 7.0). The slopes of the regression curves also differed markedly (young mice, - 0.24; old mice, - 0.09). ISC were less protective in 12-month-indicator mice than in 5-month-old recipients (PD50 values of 5.2 ± 0.8 and 3.7 ± 0.8, respectively). When adoptive cell transfer tests were used to quantify the pathogenetic effects of donor cells it was found that ISC were pathogenetic at doses of 105 or less, but protective at higher doses. IPEC were pathogenetic at all test doses. When ISC were x-irradiated or sonicated they were only pathogenetic. Normal spleen or peritoneal exudate cells were neither protective nor pathogenetic.
A model was developed in which mice were either thymectomized mectomized at birth (Tx), or Tx at birth and x-irradiated (500 R) 8 weeks later (Tx-XR). Sham Tx or Tx-XR mice served as controls. All of the mice were challenged with antigen (104 x-irradiated Ib cells). Only a portion (8/24) of the Tx mice developed IPE, indicating that resistance was T cell dependent but also involved a significant T cell independent component. The data also indicated that T cells were not pathogenetic effector cells in this model. Tx mice were not reconstituted by ISC (7/18 developed IPE), Tx-XR mice were partially reconstituted (3/12 developed IPE), but sham Tx-XR were fully restored (0/20 had IPE). Normal spleen cells did not reconstitute any of the mice.
Suppressor Cells in the Spleens of Tumor-Bearing Mice: Enrichment by Centrifugation on Hypaque-Ficoll and Characterization of the Suppressor Population
Authors: Pope Barbara L. , Whitney Richard B. , Levy Julia G. , Kilburn Douglas G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from mice bearing methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas or a mammary adenocarcinoma suppressed the mitogen responses of normal spleen and lymph node cells. Lymph node cells from tumor bearers had no suppressive effects. Centrifugation of spleen cells layered on Hypaque-Ficoll (specific gravity of 1.08) produced a dense fraction which pelleted and a light fraction which was retained at the Hypaque-Ficoll-medium interface. Suppressive activity was not found in either fraction of normal spleen cells. In tumor-bearer spleen cells suppressor activity was greatly enriched in the light fraction.
Treatment of the suppressor fraction with anti-ϑ or anti-Ig serum and complement did not remove suppressor activity. However, the suppressor cells were removed by passage through nylon wool or by carbonyl iron treatment. Also, the population which adhered to plastic Petri dishes contained the suppressor cell activity.
Immunologic Cross-Reactivity of Antigen(s) Induced by Drug Treatment in Two Leukemic Sublines
Authors: Nicolin Angelo , Bini Alfredo , Di Padova Franco , Goldin Abraham 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that new antigenic specificities, not detectable on parental cells, can be induced by in vivo treatment of murine leukemic cells with anti-neoplastic agents.
The immunologic properties of leukemic cells altered by treatment with 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno) imidazole-4-carboxamide (DIC) were investigated further. Immunologic cross-reactivity between two DIC-treated leukemic sublines has been demonstrated by cell-mediated immunity in vitro and by active or adoptive immunity in vivo. Rabbit antiserum to DIC-treated sublines absorbed with the parental cells showed residual activity against the DIC-sublines that was specifically inhibited by further absorption with DIC-cells.
Isolation and Partial Characterization of SAA—An Amyloid-Related Protein from Human Serum
Authors: Rosenthal C. Julian , Franklin Edward C. , Frangione Blas , Greenspan Joel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A 12,000 dalton serum amyloid A protein (SAA) has been isolated by chromatography on Sephadex in 10% formic acid. It is similar immunologically to the previously characterized 8500 dalton tissue amyloid A (AA) protein. The results of amino acid analyses, peptide maps, and the identity of the first 11 residues of the SAA and AA proteins support the idea that AA represents the amino terminal fragment of SAA and is derived from it by proteolysis.
Immunoglobulin-Positive Mononuclear Cells in Human Peripheral Blood: Detection by Mixed Anti-Globulin and Direct Anti-Globulin-Rosetting Reactions
Authors: Haegert David G. , Coombs Robin R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ig-bearing mononuclear cells were identified in Ficoll-Hypaque preparations of human peripheral blood by using mixed anti-globulin (MAG) and direct anti-globulin rosettes; indicator cells consisted of sheep erythrocytes coated with human F(ab′)2 or anti-F(ab′)2 antibody, respectively. Of the cell populations isolated from 10 normal subjects, a mean of 68% was lymphocytes. However, fewer than 50% of the cells with detectable surface Ig were lymphocytes. On viable cell preparations using chromic chloride-treated sheep erythrocytes (CrCl3SRBC) coated with anti-F(ab′)2 antibody, a mean of 20.1% of the lymphocytes formed rosettes, i.e., were B. Up to 6% of peripheral blood lymphocytes formed mixed Ig-rosettes and E-rosettes.
On viable lymphocytes using F(ab′)2-coated CrCl3 SRBC, MAG rosettes were insensitive in detection of B lymphocytes. Formaldehyde treatment of lymphocytes increased the number of B cells detectable to 25.5% of the lymphocyte population. Study of T-enriched and B-enriched populations showed that the observed increase in B cell reactivity was real and not due to MAG-rosetting T cells. A one-stage procedure for T and B lymphocyte separation is described.
Redistribution of the Fc Receptor on Human Blood Monocytes and Peritoneal Macrophages Induced by Immunoglobulin G-Sensitized Erythrocytes
Authors: Romans D. G. , Pinteric L. , Falk R. E. , Dorrington K. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Fc receptor is a plasma membrane component exhibiting an affinity for the Cγ3 domain of certain subclasses of immunoglobulin G. Using anti-Rho (D)-sensitized red cells (EA) in a slide rosette technique, we have demonstrated a translational mobility and polar redistribution of this receptor on the human blood monocyte and peritoneal macrophage. These cells, isolated from venous blood and malignant ascites and identified histochemically, showed a time- and temperature-dependent receptor capping defined by binding six or more EA confined to the cell half-perimeter. Caps formed in serum were mainly extreme caps in which bound EA appeared as a morula contiguous with the adherent cell. At 21°C and 37°C in serum 80% live rosettes formed caps; virtually none formed at 4°C and about 25% were seen in PBS at 21°C. Similarly, 10% extreme caps in PBS and 60 and 70% in serum were seen at room temperature and 37°C, respectively, suggesting a serum factor(s) was important in promoting live rosette capping. Capping was reversibly inhibited by sodium azide although inhibition was incomplete even at 0.1 M, a concentration 10-fold higher than that giving complete inhibition of lymphocyte antigen-receptor capping. Azide also induced reversion of capped rosettes to diffuse, non-capped rosettes, and to levels comparable to those seen in inhibition studies. Re-exposure to EA after rosette capping failed to increase either the proportion of cells forming rosettes or the fullness of such rosettes indicating a critical number of receptors had been capped. Live rosettes induced a spherocytosis in bound EA irrespective of capping status; such changes appeared early and in PBS where capping was minimal. Dead cells bore EA as normal biconcave discs. Some rosetting EA were ultimately hemolyzed upon prolonged incubation, and erythrophagocytosis was seen in about 15% of capped rosettes at 37°C.
The Function of Macrophages in Antigen Recognition by Guinea Pig T Lymphocytes
Authors: Shevach Ethan M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Activation of immune T lymphocytes by antigen-pulsed macrophages is mediated by the Ia antigens of the guinea pig MHC or the products of closely linked genes. Studies using combinations of macrophages and T cells derived from outbred animals with different Ia antigens and/or Ir gene products have demonstrated that sharing of Ir gene products between macrophage and T cells is not sufficient for effective macrophage-T cell interaction. The role of the Ia antigens in the absence of the linked Ir gene products could not be directly examined because we were unable to identify an animal which bore the full complement of Ia antigens in the absence of the Ir gene that is normally associated with them. The results of these studies support the concept of the functional expression of the Ir gene product in the macrophage.
Studies on T Cell Clonal Expansion
Authors: Kamat Ramesh , Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from C57BL/6 mice immunized with a DBA/2 mastocytoma (P815) were harvested at various stages of the immune response and cultured in vitro in the presence and absence of antigen.
Killer T cell activity in immune spleens could not be demonstrated until 6 or 7 days after antigen, but spleen cells harvested as early as 3 or 4 days and cultured for 24 hr at 37°C showed significant cytotoxicity. This increased activity was not augmented further by culturing with antigen.
“Memory” T cells, whose in vitro differentiation into killer cells required the presence of antigen, could not be demonstrated until 9 or 10 days after alloantigenic stimulation. Once produced, however, these cells persisted for at least 6 months. Memory cells, like killer T cells bound avidly to homologous allogeneic monolayers.
There were indications that the memory T cell pool was heterogeneous. On one hand, when cells harvested 10 days after stimulation were exposed to antigen in vitro, their lytic activity increased within 24 hr but showed no further increases when the culture period was extended. In contrast, 45-day-old immune cells showed increasing lytic activity throughout a 4-day exposure to antigen. Augmentation of lytic activity in both cell populations was independent of DNA synthesis through the first 24 hr of culture. Subsequent increases in the activity of 45-day cells was dependent upon cell proliferation.
Both the antigen-independent augmentation of lytic activity which followed culturing of immune cells, and the antigen-induced differentiation of memory cells were reversibly inhibited by a series of drugs which raised lymphocyte cAMP levels.
Preservation of a T Cell-Mediated Immune Response in Marek's Disease Virus-Infected Chickens by Vaccination with a Related Virus
Authors: Schierman Louis W. , Theis Gail A. , McBride Raymond A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The oncogenic effect of Merek's disease virus (MDV)3 is manifested by a lymphoproliferative neoplastic condition primarily affecting nerves and visceral organs (For reviews see References 1, 2). Necrosis and atrophy of both the thymus and bursa of Fabricius are frequent findings in MDV-infected birds and degenerative changes are found in feather follicle epithelium where complete enveloped virions are formed. The necrobiosis in the thymus and bursa is associated with the presence of viral antigens but enveloped virions are very rare in these organs. There is evidence that the lymphoid tumors are composed of thymus-derived cells (3, 4) which possess tumor-associated antigens (5). Suppression of both cellular (6) and humoral (7) immune responses in MDV-infected chickens has been reported. In this regard, we have shown that spleen cells from birds infected with MDV are markedly depressed in their responsiveness to the T cell mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) (8).
Protection against Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis with Peptides Derived from Myelin Basic Protein: Presence of Intact Encephalitogenic Site Is Essential
Authors: Driscoll Bernard F. , Kies Marian W. , Alvord Ellsworth C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a cell-mediated autoimmune response directed toward a component of central nervous system (CNS) tissue, myelin basic protein (BP). Injection of animals with either whole CNS tissue or purified BP in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induces severe and usually fatal disease. Preimmunization of animals with BP in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) prevents EAE. We have examined the relative abilities of whole guinea pig BP and its fragments to protect guinea pigs from subsequent EAE induction. The data suggest that the presence of the intact encephalitogenic site (residues 113–121) in the molecules used for preimmunization is necessary but may not be sufficient for complete protection against EAE induction.
Immunosuppression of Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis by Hydrocortisone and Azathioprine
Authors: Abramsky Oded , Tarrab-Hazdai Rebeca , Aharonov Aharon , Fuchs Sara 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), induced in rabbits by injection of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) from Torpedo californica, was suppressed by appropriate treatment with hydrocortisone or with azathioprine. Administration of hydrocortisone in gradually increasing doses, starting at the time of immunization with the receptor, prevented exacerbation of the disease in the early stages of treatment, as was the case when hydrocortisone was administered in high doses from the beginning. Prolonged administration of the antimetabolite azathioprine (Imuran) prevented the appearance of EAMG, for at least 4 months, in rabbits immunized with AChR. Cell-mediated immunity to AChR was demonstrated to be significantly decreased in such treated animals.
The effects of hydrocortisone and azathioprine on EAMG support the view that the disease involves an immunologically cell-mediated mechanism and indicate that the experimental disease can serve as a useful model for chemotherapy of the human disease.
Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor (ECF)
Authors: Czarnetzki Beate M. , König Wolfgang , Lichtenstein Lawrence M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF), previously thought to be primarily associated with human basophils and mast cells, could be released from human neutrophils (PMN) and eosinophils but not lymphocytes by the calcium ionophore A23187. Release of ECF from PMN was time and dose-dependent. Like antigen-induced, basophil-derived ECF, PMN-derived ECF had a high selectivity for eosinophils as determined by differential counts of migrating cells and by deactivation studies. Chromatographic analysis of PMN-derived ECF on Sephadex G-25 showed an elution pattern very similar to that of basophil-derived ECF. With rat peritoneal cells, it was possible to show that mast cells as well as mast cell-depleted cell preparations could be induced to release an ECF that appears to be similar or identical to human ECF. These findings suggest that ECF may play a role in inflammatory processes involving cells other than basophils and mast cells.
Blocking of MLC Stimulation by Anti-Ia Sera: Studies with the Virus Plaque Assay
Authors: Kano Shogo , Bloom Barry R. , Shreffler Donald C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The development of congenic mouse strains identical at the H-2K and H-2D loci but differing by I-region associated (Ia) determinants has permitted an association to be established between Ia determinants and stimulation in mixed lymphocyte culture reactions (MLR). The present experiments were undertaken to establish whether the Ir-coded control of MLR operated at the level of recognition or of stimulation. Reciprocal MLR were established between A.TH and A.TL mouse spleen cells in the presence or absence of anti-Ia sera directed either at determinants of the stimulating or responding cells. The number of T cells responding was assessed by the virus plaque assay.
Anti-Ia sera directed against the responding cells were no more inhibitory of the MLR than normal mouse serum. In contrast, anti-Ia sera directed against determinants of the mitomycin-treated stimulating cells markedly inhibited activation of T cells in the MLR.
Analysis of Immunoglobulin Genes: DNA/RNA Hybridization with Immunoglobulin κ-Chain mRNA and Isolation and Translation of Hybridized RNA
Authors: Storb Ursula , Marvin Stephanie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoglobulin κ-chain mRNA was hybridized with DNA in order to assess the κ-gene frequency. κ-mRNA was purified from membrane-bound ribosomes of mouse myeloma MOPC-41 by poly (U) chromatography and isolation of a 13S RNA by successive sucrose density gradient centrifugations. The RNA coded for κ-chain precursor molecules in cell-free protein synthesis and essentially no other proteins. MOPC-41 κ-mRNA hybridized with MOPC-41, MPC-11, and Krebs DNA with the same kinetics: the majority of the hybrids was formed with rare or unique DNA sequences (Cot/2 450 to 900), a small portion with highly repetitive sequences (Cot/2 5–6). The slow hybrids were well matched and the rapid hybrids were mismatched by about 4%, regardless of the DNA used.
It was further investigated whether the rapid hybrids contained translatable κ-mRNA or were due to impurities in the RNA preparations. κ-mRNA and globin-mRNA (as an internal standard for a unique transcript) were hybridized with DNA to Cot 20 or 48, the hybridized and unhybridized RNA were isolated by hydroxyopatite-urea chromatography and, after removal of the DNA, translated in a cell-free system. The cell-free products were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoprecipitation. It was found that approximately equal quantities of translatable κ- and globin-mRNA were hybridized maximally 1.7%). The results do not support the hypothesis that κ-mRNA is a transcript of both repetitive and unique DNA sequences.
Characterization of an Antiserum Specific for Cell Surface Antigens of Rat Mast Cells
Authors: Yiu Suk Hing , Froese Arnold 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits were immunized with rat peritoneal mast cells (RMC) in complete Freund's adjuvant. The antisera (anti-RMC) were checked for their reactivity with RMC by intradermal skin tests in rats. The best serum was selected and absorbed with rat liver cells and rat immunoglobulins, including IgE. The absorbed serum (anti-RMCabs), as well as the anti-RMC serum, were then tested for their reactivity with RMC. Both sera were cytotoxic to RMC but only anti-RMC was cytotoxic for rat lymph node cells. Both sera gave positive reactions in rat skin, as seen by the permeability to Evan's blue dye. The binding of rat IgE to RMC was also inhibited by both sera. A control rabbit anti-rat sarcoma serum absorbed with liver cells did not show any interaction with RMC. When 125I-labeled RMC surface antigens were precipitated with anti-RMCabs and analyzed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, several components were observed. Among these was one with a mobility identical to that of a mast cell surface component that had previously been identified as the receptor for IgE or at least a component thereof.
The Requirement for Esterase Activation in the Anti-Immunoglobulin-Triggered Movement of B Lymphocytes
Authors: Becker Elmer L. , Unanue Emil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this paper we bring evidence suggesting that there is activation of an esterase upon reaction of anti-immunoglobulin antibodies (anti-Ig) with murine B lymphocytes. B lymphocytes upon exposure to anti-Ig cap the ligand-receptor complexes and immediately afterward become briefly motile. It is this latter step which is inhibitable by exposure to di-isopropyl phosphofluoridate (DFP). Various experimental manipulations indicated that treatment with anti-Ig activates the cell for motility which, however, is not manifested until the temperature is raised to 37°C. The cell incubated with anti-Ig at cold temperatures becomes susceptible to the effect of DFP, suggesting that the antibody-treated cells are activated up to but not beyond the DFP inhibitable step. Exposure of cells to DFP and removal of it before their treatment with anti-Ig does not affect the anti-Ig-induced response. Four lines of evidence indicate that the reduction of lymphocyte movement by DFP is due to the inhibition of an esterase activated by the combination of antibody and cell: 1) The inhibition by DFP is irreversible; once DFP has reacted it can be washed away and the antibody-treated cell is still inhibited. 2) The inhibition increases with time of contact of lymphocytes and DFP and with the concentration of DFP. 3) A very poorly phosphorylating phosphonate, phenyl ethyl pentylphosphonate is completely inactive under conditions where an excellent phosphorylating phosphonate, p nitrophenyl ethyl pentyl-phosphonate maximally inactivated the cells' movement. 4) The amino acid esters, tosyl L arginine methyl ester and benzoyl arginine methyl ester specifically prevent the inactivation by DFP. The last finding suggests that tosyl L arginine methyl ester and benzoyl L arginine methyl ester might be substrates for the putative antibody-induced lymphocyte esterase.
Lymphocytes incubated with antibody in the cold for more than 30 min lose their ability to move when the temperature is raised, suggesting that there is a time-dependent deactivation of the cell.