bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study of Measles Virus Infection in Tissue Culture Cells with Particular Reference to the Development of Intranuclear Inclusion Bodies
Authors: Llanes-Rodas Rizalina , Liu Chien 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By combining infectivity titration, direct immunofluorescent, acridine orange and hematoxylin-eosin staining methods, the sequential morphologic changes of tissue culture cells infected with Edmonston measles virus were followed. The initial site of measles virus multiplication appeared to be in the perinuclear region of the cell cytoplasm. As the infection progressed, viral antigen spread into the nucleus first as small granules and later coalesced into large masses. During the end stage of infection, the content of measles antigen and nucleic acid decreased markedly, leaving a morphologic residue represented by intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies. In this study the direct immunofluorescent staining method is found to be superior to the indirect technique in demonstrating the antigenic development within the measles infected cells.
The Inhibitory Action of EDTA on Erythrocyte Agglutination by Lectins
Authors: Tunis Marvin 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Further evidence concerning the distinctiveness of a nonhemagglutinating cytoagglutinin and the erythrocyte agglutinin found in kidney bean extracts has been obtained by the inhibition with EDTA of only the erythrocyte agglutinin. Several other chelating agents did not cause inhibition of agglutination. Agglutination of cells did not occur in the presence of EDTA primarily due to the prevention of binding of the agglutinin molecule to the erythrocyte. A summary of the properties and behavior of the agglutinins of the kidney bean is given.
Immunochemical Studies on Equine Antibodies to Human γ2-Globulin
Authors: Allen Peter Z. , Sirisinha Stitaya , Vaughan John H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two fractions containing antibody to human γ2-globulin which differed in their electrophoretic mobility were prepared from an immune horse serum by a procedure involving salt fractionation, column chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose and starch block electrophoresis. Fractions were examined by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and their behavior with antigen established by quantitative precipitation and passive hemagglutination. While fractions containing 7 S γ2 antibody gave the conventional type “rabbit-type” quantitative precipitin curve, a fraction containing 7 S γ1 antibody gave a flocculating-type curve. Both 7 S γ2 and 7 S γ1 antibody fractions appear to be comparable in their ability to agglutinate antigen-coated red cells.
Immunoglobulins in the Skin of Allergic and Nonallergic Individuals
Authors: Allansmith Mathea , Buell Donald 
Published: January 2023

Summary
γG, γA and γM were found in skin specimens from seven allergic and nine nonallergic subjects. The globulins were located in the papillary dermis, and gradually decreased in concentration into the reticular dermis. They were not usually present in the epidermis. No difference in amount or distribution was detected between the groups of subjects.
The Contrasting Immunosuppressant Effects of Acriflavine and Dietary Restriction
Authors: Samuelson Joel S. , Kraft Sumner C. , Farr Richard S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
One course of acriflavine given 2 days before and continued for 14 days after the initial i.v. injection of 100 mg BSA and 25 mg BGG induced a prolonged degree of immune paralysis in some rabbits. Acriflavine treatment minimally prolonged the survival time of rabbit allogencic skin grafts. Daily vitamin supplements had no effect upon the immune response in control or acriflavine-treated animals. A 28-day period of dietary restriction beginning on the day of the initial i.v. injection of 100 mg BSA and 25 mg BGG caused suppression of the early phases of immunogenesis but did not induce a prolonged degree of immune paralysis. The immunosuppressant effect of the dietary restriction employed in these experiments could not be accounted for on the basis of serum protein depletion and was not reversed completely by daily vitamin supplements. Immune sera may exhibit distinct differences in their precipitating and hemagglutinating capacities, indicating the need for more than one parameter of antibody assay when a quantitative immunochemical measure of the primary interaction between an antibody and its specific antigen is not available.
Problems Encountered in Double Diffusion Analysis in Agar of Hapten Specific Immune Systems
Authors: Paul William E. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Dual precipitin lines regularly occur in double diffusion analysis of hapten specific immune systems. The precipitin line closer to the antigen well represents spontaneous antigen-antibody precipitation. The precipitin line closer to the antibody well represents precipitation by C′1 of antigen-antibody complexes soluble in antibody excess. The mode of junction of complement dependent precipitin lines both in hapten and protein systems does not always represent the antigenic relationship of the molecules being compared.
Comparison of the Inactivation and Antigenicity of Foot-and-Mouth-Disease Virus by Acetylethyleneimine and by Combined Effect of Ultraviolet Light and β-Propiolactone
Authors: Fellowes O. N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), type A, strain 119 by acetylethyleneimine (AEI) or β-propiolactone (BPL) at a chemical concentration of 0.05% and a temperature of 23°C was compared. The AEI completely inactivated the virus under these conditions while BPL did not, leaving active virus in the mixture. To eliminate the “tailing-off” effect in the inactivation of virus, active virus in a thin film was treated with UV at 48 microwatts of power per cm2 of surface for either 10, 15 or 20 min, followed by exposure of the virus to 0.05% BPL at 37°C for 15 min. This combined treatment completely inactivated the virus even at the shortest exposure time to UV. The immunogenicity of the two products, prepared by AEI and BPL as described, was preserved to approximately the same degree when tested in adult mice and chickens.
The Occurrence of Psittacosis Virus Complement-Fixing (CF), Noncomplement-Fixing (NCF) and Neutralizing (N) Antibodies in Domestic Pigeons
Authors: Piraino F. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A group of caged pigeons associated with cases of human psittacosis were examined serologically for the presence of complement-fixing (CF), noncomplement fixing (NCF) and neutralizing (N) antibodies. The fraction of birds with antibodies varied from 31 to 57% depending upon the serologic test employed, but was highest when all three types of antibody were tested for.
It appears that the three types of antibody may occur independently of one another and at about equal frequencies. The presence of CF or NCF antibody generally excluded the other type although it was found that both may occasionally occur in the same bird concurrently.
N antibody was associated with NCF antibody at a rate six to seven times greater than with CF antibody, hence NCF antibody appears to be a possible indicator of N antibody.
Host-Virus Interaction in Visna Infected Sheep
Authors: Gudnadóttir Margrét , Pálsson Páll A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Twenty-four sheep infected intracerebrally with 3 × 105 TCID50 of visna virus have been observed over a period of 4 years in order to study some aspects of the host-virus interaction in this slow infection. All the sheep responded with neutralizing antibodies to the virus but viral activity was not inhibited. Viremia was demonstrated from 2 months to 4 years after inoculation in samples of whole blood with neutralizing antibody titers of 1:128 to 1:512 in the serum. Visna virus was grown from the cerebrospinal fluid of some sheep during the whole period of 4 years and from samples with both normal and elevated cell counts. Twelve of the 24 sheep died of paralytic visna at different times after inoculation. Eight of the 15 clinical cases began 30 to 43 months after injection, 5 began about a year, and 2 within the first 6 months after injection. They all had typical visna lesions in the central nervous system. Visna virus was grown from the choroid plexus, spleen, salivary gland and lungs in most cases and from the kidney in three cases. Three of the remaining 12 sheep now show clinical signs of visna but 9 are in good condition. The possibility that antigen-antibody reaction on the surface of infected glial cells plays a role in the demyelinating process is discussed.
The Blocking Effect of West Nile Virus on Production of Sarcoma by Rous Virus in Chickens
Authors: Shirodkar Manohar V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A system has been described wherein a non-oncogenic arbovirus B, West Nile virus (WNV), blocked tumor development by an oncogenic one, Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), in the subcutaneous wing web tissue of the White Leghorn chicken. The blocking effect was determined by measuring the increase in tumor latent period and by the incidence (percentage) of chickens showing absence of the sarcoma (complete blockade). The effect was time dependent: a) an increase in latent period and some incidence of complete blockade were seen on simultaneous inoculation of the virus pair; b) a marked increase in latent period and a high incidence of complete blockade were obtained if the RSV was delayed 24 to 120 hr post WNV inoculation; c) at 144 hr the effect was diminished; d) it disappeared between 168 and 240 hr post WNV injection. The effect was transient: chickens showing complete blockade were susceptible to sarcoma production if later challenged with RSV alone. The blocking effect could be obtained by inoculating the RSV at a site distant from that of previously injected WNV. It was RSV concentration dependent. The mechanism(s) underlying the blocking effect is (are) unknown.
Direct Immunofluorescence for Typing of Tsutsugamushi Disease Rickettsia
Authors: Iida Tsuyoshi , Kawashima Hosaku , Kawamura Akiyoshi 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fluorescent antibody prepared from sera from guinea pigs immunized with Gilliam, Karp and Kato strains of tsutsugamushi disease rickettsia showed higher staining titers against the homologous than against the heterologous strains. A possible application of the direct immunofluorescent technique for typing of newly isolated rickettsia strains is suggested.
The Heterogeneity of Combining Sites of Antibodies as Determined by Specific Immunoadsorbents
Authors: Kitagawa Masayasu , Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Anti-Xp antibodies labeled with radioactive iodine were fractionated by adsorption on the Xp-adsorbent and subsequent successive elutions either with increasing concentrations of p-nitrobenzoate (fractions I, III and V) or with single concentrations of o-, m- and p-nitrobenzoates (fractions O, M and P).
Eluted antibodies were characterized by adsorption on three different immunoadsorbents containing the p-azobenzoate (Xp), p-azo-o-chlorobenzoate (o-ClXp) or p(p′-azophenylazo)-benzoate groups (X′) and elution at various concentrations of each of six haptens, benzoate, p-nitrobenzoate, m-nitrobenzoate, p-aminobenzoate, o-chlorobenzoate and o-nitrobenzoate. The effectiveness of each hapten to elute antibody from the adsorbent was expressed as the logarithm of the reciprocal of hapten concentration required to elute 50% of antibody adsorbed (pEC50).
The relative values of pEC50 between haptens differed from antibody fraction to antibody fraction, indicating that there is a difference of specificity among the antibody fractions. However, the order of pEC50 values of various haptens with each adsorbent was p-nitro- &gt; m-nitro- &gt; p-amino- = unsubstituted &gt; o-chloro- &gt; o-nitrobenzoates for all the antibody fractions as well as for the original unfractionated antibody.
The order of pEC50 values of various immunoadsorbents was X′ &gt; o-ClXp &gt; Xp for the original unfractionated antibody fraction and fraction III, V, M and P, X′ &gt; o-ClXp = Xp for fraction I and X′ = o-ClXp = Xp for fraction O. This reflects the difference among the antibody fractions with respect to the abilities to accommodate the o-substituent group and with respect to the extent of the contribution of the protein portion surrounding the haptenic group to their combination with the immunoadsorbent.
Mechanisms of γ-Globulin Synthesis
Authors: Tawde Saroj , Scharff Matthew D. , Uhr Jonathan W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Protein synthesis has been studied in lymph node cells obtained from rabbits hyperimmunized to bacteriophage T2. Provided ribonuclease activity was inhibited, almost all nascent protein synthesis occurred on polyribosomes. Pretreatment with 1 µg/ml actinomycin D, 7 hr prior to labeling, caused an 80% reduction of polyribosome-directed protein synthesis. Pulse-labeling studies of similar cell populations indicated that depression of RNA synthesis preceded the reduction of protein and γ-globulin synthesis. When actinomycin D-treated cells were infected with Newcastle disease virus (an RNA virus), cells which had already ceased to make RNA and protein started to synthesize these macromolecules at rapid rates. Thus, the final steps of γ-globulin synthesis by immune lymph node cells appear similar to those of protein synthesis in HeLa cells.
The Production of Streptococcal Group-Specific Antibodies in Rabbits
Authors: Karakawa Walter W. , Krause Richard M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A fluorometric method has been adapted to measure the relative concentrations of Groups A and A-variant antibodies in streptococcal Group A rabbit antisera. In this method FITC-labeled antibodies are adsorbed onto streptococcal cell walls and, after subsequent elution, measured in a fluorometer.
Inhibition of the reactions between Group A conjugate and homologous cell walls by Group A carbohydrate, and between Group A-variant conjugate and homologous cell walls by Group A-variant carbohydrate, confirmed the immunologic specificity of the two antibodies.
The Relation Between Isolated Human Amyloid Fibrils and Human γ-Globulin and Its Subunits
Authors: Cathcart Edgar S. , Cohen Alan S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified amyloid fibrils from three separate spleens obtained from patients with primary and secondary disease were used to determine the relation between human amyloid fibrils and human γ-globulin and its subunits. Results demonstrated no reaction a) when solubilized amyloid fibrils were tested against specific antisera to whole human γ-globulin and some of its components; b) when specific components of human γ-globulin were tested against antiserum to solubilized amyloid fibrils and c) when intact lyophilized amyloid fibrils were tested against specific antisera to whole human γ-globulin and some of its components. The probable nonspecific relation of amyloid fibrils to γ-globulin was discussed.
Studies on Antigenic Composition of Amyloid
Authors: Milgrom F. , Kasukawa R. , Calkins E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By means of rabbit immunosera, two antigenic components were found in extracts of amyloidcontaining human organs, which were not detectable in extracts of organs without amyloid.
In immunoelectrophoresis, the major components had faster mobility and stained positively with Sudan black; the minor component appeared in the α-globulin region of the electrophoretic field.
Evidence was presented that these components are most likely to be normal serum proteins which were concentrated in the amyloid deposits.
Absence of Agglutinin Formation in Spleen Cell Cultures from Immunologically Tolerant Mice
Authors: Friedman Herman 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice injected with a tolerance-inducing concentration of Shigella soluble antigen at birth formed only low or negligible levels of detectable serum agglutinins upon subsequent immunization with Shigella antigen at 5 to 6 weeks of age. Control mice not treated at birth formed readily detectable levels of agglutinins upon similar challenge immunization. Spleen cell suspensions from Shigella tolerant mice incubated in tissue culture medium for a period of 1 to 2 weeks failed to secrete detectable amounts of Shigella agglutinins after either in vivo or in vitro stimulation with antigen. Spleen cell suspensions from normal mice injected with Shigella antigen 5 to 10 days prior to sacrifice formed readily measurable levels of agglutinins in vitro under the same conditions during the same time period. The inability of spleen cell cultures from Shigella tolerant mice to form agglutinins in vitro was antigen specific, since spleen cell cultures from either Shigella tolerant or normal control mice were capable of forming hemagglutinins to sheep erythrocytes in vitro following in vivo challenge immunization with sheep RBC′s. Hemagglutinin formation to sheep erythrocytes by cell suspensions from both tolerant and normal mice could be enhanced by in vitro stimulation with S-RBC. Hemagglutinin responses were also enhanced in cultures from both tolerant and normal animals by in vivo injection with both S-RBC and Shigella antigen, suggesting an adjuvant effect for endotoxin-containing Shigella antigen even in tolerant mice. The absence of agglutinins in spleen cell culture supernatants from tolerant mice was apparently due to central failure of specific agglutinin formation, since spleen cells from tolerant animals did not interfere with agglutinin formation when added to normal spleen cell cultures. Spleen cell cultures prepared from 16- to 40-week-old mice injected at birth with Shigella were capable of forming detectable levels of agglutinins in vitro, suggesting that the animals had “escaped” from the tolerant state.
The Induction of a Hyporesponsive State to Hemocyanin
Authors: Weigle William O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An immunologic hyporesponsive state can readily be induced in rabbits to hemocyanin by neonatal injection of either associated hemocyaanin or hemocyanin dissociated into its subunits. The injection of associated hemocyanin was slightly more effective than that of dissociated hemocyanin. However, neonatal injection of large amounts of dissociated hemocyanin resulted in over a 90% reduction in the production of precipitating antibody to injections of hemocyanin at maturity. Some rabbits made no detectable precipitating antibody. Hyporesponsive rabbits made an abortive secondary response to the challenge injection at maturity, indicating the presence of unresponsive and hyperresponsive states in the same animal. Rabbits rendered hyporesponsive to one type (associated or dissociated) of hemocyanin were hyporesponsive to the other type.
Early Antibody Responses of Mice Given a Single Injection of Emulsified Influenza Virus Vaccine
Authors: Berlin Byron S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sucrose gradient centrifugation and susceptibility to 2-mercaptoethanol were employed to identify γM and γG antibodies and to study the kinetics of antibody formation in mice injected with a single dose of emulsified influenza virus vaccine. Theoretical considerations based on the shapes of γM and γG response curves indicate that γM antibody was produced and subsequently catabolized at a faster rate than γG antibody. In addition, the mineral oil adjuvant increased production of γM and γG antibodies, although the effect on γG production was more striking.
Heterogeneity of Bovine Antibodies Produced against Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) Viruses and against a Soluble Antigen of BVD Produced in Cell Cultures
Authors: Fernelius Albert L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sera from calves inoculated with a cytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus, a noncytopathogenic BVD virus, or with a soluble antigen (SA) from a BVD virus were fractionated into heavy (19 S) and light (7 S) components of γ-globulins by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. These antiserum fractions were tested for precipitating antibodies, for fluorescing antibodies, and for their capacities to neutralize BVD virus in cell cultures. Most 19 S fractions elicited lines of precipitation with a SA of BVD virus, but only the 7 S fraction produced from injections of SA into a calf precipitated, and only weakly, with the BVD-SA in Ouchterlony plates. All fractions, except a 19 S, combined with viral antigen produced in swine kidney cell line (PK-15) cultures in an indirect fluorescent antibody test.
The 19 S fraction predominated in the bovine sera studied and persisted for as long as 20 weeks. Restimulation of animals with antigen did not produce a secondary effect and the “early-19 S,” “late-7 S” responses were not present in this immunologic system.
The results of these studies are discussed in relation to studies of heterogeneity of other antigen-antibody systems, especially those dealing with viral systems.
Antibody Formation, Latency and Leukemia: Infection with Moloney Virus
Authors: Cremer Natalie E. , Taylor Dee O. N. , Hagens Shirley J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Newborn rats infected with Moloney virus showed a depressed antibody response to sheep red blood cells as measured by hemolysin determination and hemagglutination. Their serum protein patterns developed approximately to the same degree as normal uninfected rats up to 4 weeks of age. As the infected rats matured, a deficiency in immunoglobulin production involving the IgG and IgA classes of globulins became apparent. The above changes occurred whether the infected rats had a long or short latent period before malignant transformation occurred in spleen, thymus or lymph nodes. Viremia was demonstrated at the time of the experiments in all the infected rats tested.
Nasal Rejection of Experimentally Inoculated Staphylococcus Aureus: Evidence for an Immune Reaction in Man
Authors: Ehrenkranz N. Joel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study of susceptibility to experimental staphylococcal nasal colonization in 39 volunteers was carried out by determining both the minimal number of S. aureus organisms required to establish 5-day intranasal implantation and the total duration of survival of this inoculum in vivo. These two measures of susceptibility were initially related: the longer durations of colonization, 3 to 70 weeks, were observed predominantly in those persons susceptible to the smallest 5-day inoculum, 104 organisms. Once the host spontaneously eliminated the inoculated S. aureus strain, however, its intranasal survival on reinoculation of the same number of organisms was almost always uniformly brief—2 weeks or less—while other susceptible subjects continued to be colonized for 4 weeks or more. Rapid rejection of a fixed inoculum of the S. aureus was found to persist for 4 challenges. Specificity of nasal rejection of inoculated staphylococci was evident. Subjects repeatedly rejecting the reinoculated staphylococcus after 2 weeks or less were experimentally colonized for 3 to 14 weeks with the same inoculum of 2 different staphylococci. The natural development, persistence and specificity of rapid rejection of an intranasally inoculated strain of S. aureus are interpreted as evidence of an immune reaction.
There was no evidence of specific bacterial interference to the experimentally inoculated S. aureus strain by S. aureus strains naturally colonizing the volunteers. However, a nonspecific inhibitory effect of the total population of the host's resident microflora is considered likely to have prevented implantation of small numbers of staphylococci, 101 to 103 organisms, not surviving 5 days. The elaboration of substances inhibiting staphylococcal growth was not detected in samples of resident nasal microflora of 18 volunteers. Bacteriostatic activity of serum from 14 subjects in titers of 1/8 to 1/128 was found against one staphylococcal strain but its relation to resistance to nasal colonization is not clear.