bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of nuclear deterrence against Russia
Authors: Kostrzewa-Zorbas Grzegorz 
Published: February 2023

ObjectivesThe objective is to answer three research, policy, and strategy questions: 1. Is and will be the NATO and US strategy of nuclear deterrence effective against Russia? 2. Can the strategy of nuclear deterrence as the supreme guarantee of the security of NATO have a lasting public acceptance in the member states? 3. Is it necessary to complement the NATO and US strategy of nuclear deterrence with another, also strong but different, guarantee of security?MethodsQualitative methodology is used. Offical documents and scientific publications provide the basis for analysis.ResultsThe answer to question 1 is mostly but not fully positive: Against Russia, the NATO and US strategy of nuclear deterrence probably has and will have high although not absolute effectiveness. Evaluated are five nesserary conditions of effectiveness. Negative is the answer to question 2 if concerning Poland and other countries of the eastern flank of NATO that have little knowledge of and historical experience in nuclear arms and strategy: The strategy of nuclear deterrence based on the threat of nuclear retaliation against nuclear-armed nations will probably not gain a lasting public acceptance. Affirmative is the answer to question 3: The NATO and US strategy of nuclear deterrence requires a complementary strong security guarantee.ConclusionsScientific and technological progress will likely allow NATO to create a complementary guarantee by realizing the concept – which was unattainable in the past, including during the Cold War – of an impenetrable shield against nuclear weapon delivery means in airspace and outer space.
Photometric Objects Around Cosmic Webs (PAC) Delineated in a Spectroscopic Survey. IV. High-precision Constraints on the Evolution of the Stellar–Halo Mass Relation at Redshift z < 0.7
Authors: Xu Kun , Jing Y. P. , Zheng Yun , Gao Hongyu 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Taking advantage of the Photometric objects Around Cosmic webs method developed in Paper I, we measure the excess surface density

n

¯

2

w

p

of the photometric objects around spectroscopic objects down to stellar masses 108.0
M
⊙, 109.2
M
⊙, and 109.8
M
⊙ in the redshift ranges of z

s
< 0.2, 0.2 < z

s
< 0.4, and 0.5 < z

s
< 0.7, respectively, using data from the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys and spectroscopic samples from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (i.e., the Main, LOWZ, and CMASS samples). We model the measured

n

¯

2

w

p

in an N-body simulation, using the abundance matching method, and we constrain the stellar–halo mass relations (SHMRs) in the three redshift ranges to percent levels. With the accurate modeling, we demonstrate that the stellar mass scatter for a given halo mass is nearly a constant, and that the empirical form of Behroozi et al. describes the SHMR better than the double-power-law form at low mass. Our SHMR accurately captures the downsizing of massive galaxies from z

s
= 0.7, while it also indicates that small galaxies are still growing faster than their host halos. The galaxy stellar mass functions (GSMFs) from our modeling are in perfect agreement with the model-independent measurements in Paper III, although the current work extends the GSMFs to a much smaller stellar mass. Based on the GSMFs and the SHMRs, we derive the stellar mass completeness and halo occupation distributions for the LOWZ and CMASS samples, which are useful for correctly interpreting their cosmological measurements, such as galaxy–galaxy lensing and redshift space distortion.
Cyanopolyyne Chemistry in the L1544 Prestellar Core: New Insights from GBT Observations
Authors: Bianchi Eleonora , Remijan Anthony , Codella Claudio , Ceccarelli Cecilia , Lique Francois , Spezzano Silvia , Balucani Nadia , Caselli Paola , Herbst Eric , Podio Linda , Vastel Charlotte , McGuire Brett 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
We report a comprehensive study of the cyanopolyyne chemistry in the prototypical prestellar core L1544. Using the 100 m Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope, we observe three emission lines of HC3N, nine lines of HC5N, five lines of HC7N, and nine lines of HC9N. HC9N is detected for the first time toward the source. The high spectral resolution (∼0.05 km s−1) reveals double-peak spectral line profiles with the redshifted peak a factor 3–5 brighter. Resolved maps of the core in other molecular tracers indicate that the southern region is redshifted. Therefore, the bulk of the cyanopolyyne emission is likely associated with the southern region of the core, where free carbon atoms are available to form long chains, thanks to the more efficient illumination of the interstellar field radiation. We perform a simultaneous modeling of the HC5N, HC7N, and HC9N lines to investigate the origin of the emission. To enable this analysis, we performed new calculation of the collisional coefficients. The simultaneous fitting indicates a gas kinetic temperature of 5–12 K, a source size of 80″, and a gas density larger than 100 cm−3. The HC5N:HC7N:HC9N abundance ratios measured in L1544 are about 1:6:4. We compare our observations with those toward the well-studied starless core TMC-1 and with the available measurements in different star-forming regions. The comparison suggests that a complex carbon chain chemistry is active in other sources and is related to the presence of free gaseous carbon. Finally, we discuss the possible formation and destruction routes in light of the new observations.
SN 2020uem: a Possible Thermonuclear Explosion within a Dense Circumstellar Medium. I. The Nature of Type IIn/Ia-CSM SNe from Photometry and Spectroscopy
Authors: Uno Kohki , Maeda Keiichi , Nagao Takashi , Nakaoka Tatsuya , Motohara Kentaro , Tajitsu Akito , Konishi Masahiro , Koyama Shuhei , Takahashi Hidenori , Tanaka Masaomi , Kuncarayakti Hanindyo , Kawabata Miho , Yamanaka Masayuki , Aoki Kentaro , Isogai Keisuke , Taguchi Kenta , Ogawa Mao , Kawabata Koji S. , Yoshii Yuzuru , Miyata Takashi , Imazawa Ryo 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
We have performed intensive follow-up observations of a Type IIn/Ia-CSM supernova (SN IIn/Ia-CSM), 2020uem, with photometry, spectroscopy, and polarimetry. In this paper, we report on the results of our observations focusing on optical/near-infrared (NIR) photometry and spectroscopy. The maximum V-band magnitude of SN 2020uem is less than −19.5 mag. The light curves decline slowly with a rate of ∼0.75 mag/100 days. In the late phase (≳300 days), the light curves show accelerated decay (∼1.2 mag/100 days). The optical spectra show prominent hydrogen emission lines and broad features possibly associated with Fe-peak elements. In addition, the Hα profile exhibits a narrow P-Cygni profile with an absorption minimum of ∼100 km s−1. SN 2020uem shows a higher Hα/Hβ ratio (∼7) than those of SNe IIn, which suggests a denser circumstellar medium (CSM). The NIR spectrum shows the Paschen and Brackett series with a continuum excess in the H and Ks bands. We conclude that the NIR excess emission originates from newly formed carbon dust. The dust mass (M
d) and temperature (T
d) are derived to be (M
d, T
d) ∼ (4−7 × 10−5
M
⊙, 1500–1600 K). We discuss the differences and similarities between the observational properties of SNe IIn/Ia-CSM and those of other SNe Ia and interacting SNe. In particular, spectral features around ∼4650 Å and ∼5900 Å of SNe IIn/Ia-CSM are more suppressed than those of SNe Ia; these lines are possibly contributed, at least partly, by Mg i] and Na i, and may be suppressed by high ionization behind the reverse shock caused by the massive CSM.
Modeling Hadronic Gamma-Ray Emissions from Solar Flares and Prospects for Detecting Nonthermal Signatures from Protostars
Authors: Kimura Shigeo S. , Takasao Shinsuke , Tomida Kengo 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
We investigate gamma-ray emission in the impulsive phase of solar flares and the detectability of nonthermal signatures from protostellar flares. Energetic solar flares emit high-energy gamma rays of GeV energies, but their production mechanism and emission site are still unknown. Young stellar objects, including protostars, also exhibit luminous X-ray flares, but the triggering mechanism of the flaring activity is still unclear owing to the strong obscuration. Nonthermal signatures in millimeter/submillimeter and gamma-ray bands are useful to probe protostellar flares owing to their strong penetration power. We develop a nonthermal emission model of the impulsive phase of solar flares, where cosmic-ray protons accelerated at the termination shock produce high-energy gamma rays via hadronuclear interaction with the evaporation plasma. This model can reproduce gamma-ray data in the impulsive phase of a solar flare. We apply our model to protostellar flares and show that the Cherenkov Telescope Array will be able to detect gamma rays of TeV energies if particle acceleration in protostellar flares is efficient. Nonthermal electrons accelerated together with protons can emit strong millimeter and submillimeter signals via synchrotron radiation, whose power is consistent with the energetic millimeter/submillimeter transients observed from young stars. Future gamma-ray and millimeter/submillimeter observations from protostars, coordinated with a hard X-ray observation, will unravel the nonthermal particle production and triggering mechanism of protostellar flares.
Low-frequency Gravitational-wave Memories from Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows with Energy Injections
Authors: Huang Bao-Quan , Liu Tong , Xue Li , Qi Yan-Qing 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Ultrarelativistic gamma-ray burst (GRB) jets are strong gravitational-wave (GW) sources with memory-type signals. The plateau (or shallow decay) phases driven by the energy injection may appear in the early X-ray afterglows of GRBs. In this paper, we investigate GW signals as well as X-ray afterglow emissions in the framework of GRB jets with energy injections, and both short- and long-duration GRBs are considered. We find that, regardless of the case, and because of the antibeaming and time delay effects, a rising slope that emerges in the waveform of the GW signal, due to the energy injection, lags far behind the energy ejection, and the typical frequencies of the characteristic amplitudes fall within a low-frequency region of ∼10−4–10−6 Hz; we also consider that the GW memories triggered by the GRB jets with energy injection have previously not been accounted for and that nearby GRBs with strong energy injections may disturb the measurement of the stochastic GW background. Such GW memory detection would provide a direct test for models of energy injection in the scenario of GRB jets.
Superhabitability of High-obliquity and High-eccentricity Planets
Authors: Jernigan Jonathan , Laflèche Émilie , Burke Angela , Olson Stephanie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Planetary obliquity and eccentricity influence climate by shaping the spatial and temporal patterns of stellar energy incident at a planet’s surface, affecting both the annual mean climate and magnitude of seasonal variability. Previous work has demonstrated the importance of both planetary obliquity and eccentricity for climate and habitability, but most studies have not explicitly modeled the response of life to these parameters. While exaggerated seasons may be stressful to some types of life, a recent study found an increase in marine biological activity for moderately high obliquities <45° assuming an Earth-like eccentricity. However, it is unclear how life might respond to obliquities >45°, eccentricities much larger than Earth’s, or the combination of both. To address this gap, we use cGENIE-PlaSim, a 3D marine biogeochemical model coupled to an atmospheric general circulation model, to investigate the response of Earth-like marine life to a large range of obliquities (0°–90°) and eccentricities (0–0.4). We find that marine biological activity increases with both increasing obliquity and eccentricity across the parameter space we considered, including the combination of high obliquity and high eccentricity. We discuss these results in the context of remote biosignatures, and we argue that planets with high obliquity and/or eccentricity may be superhabitable worlds that are particularly favorable for exoplanet life detection.
Modeling the potential distribution of floristic assemblages of high Andean wetlands dominated by Juncaceae and Cyperaceae in the Argentine Puna
Authors: Casagranda Elvira , Izquierdo Andrea E. 
Published: February 2023

Aims: The aim of this work was to model the distribution of suitable environmental conditions of vegas with specific floristic characteristics. Vegas are high Andean wetlands that represent the main sequestered carbon stocks, biodiversity hotspots, and water regulating systems in the region. In these wetlands, plant communities are the main biological factor that determines functional processes, and plant species assemblages are associated with different ecogeographic features. Study area: Argentine Central Andean Puna ecoregion. Methods: For two different floristic assemblages of vegas, we develop ecological niche models of n-dimensional minimum volume ellipsoids through NicheToolBox, then obtain potential distribution maps. One floristic assemblage was dominated by the cushion-structured plant Oxychloe andina (Juncaceae) and the other by plants of the Cyperaceae family. Results: Elevation and precipitation were the main environmental factors determining the distribution of the two floristic assemblages. Juncaceae dominated vegas tend to be located in high, humid, and cold places, while Cyperaceae vegas are found at a lower elevation, with less humidity, and higher temperatures. According to the dominant climatic gradient in the region, potential distribution maps show that vegas of Juncaceae are commonly found towards the Northeast of the Puna while Cyperaceae vegas are more frequent at lower elevations to the South of the region. Conclusions: This study represents the first approach to niche modeling based on plant communities in vegas of the Argentine Puna, providing knowledge on the environmental factors that limit their distribution. This information could serve as a planning tool in a region exposed to growing perturbations such as mining and climate change.
Taxonomic reference: Zuloaga et al. (2019).
Abbreviations: AUC = Area Under the ROC Curve; NDVI = Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; ROC = Receiver Operating Characteristic.
Anitfungal and Phytochemical Screening of Carica Papaya Seed Extract
Authors: Achukwu Ngozika O. , Aniobi Charles C. , Isiofia Peace O. , Ajare Chidinma A. , Agu Adaora N. 
Published: February 2023

Carica papaya is a plant known globally for its nutritional properties. The various part of the plant has therapeutic potential. The seed was analyzed to determine its proximate, phytochemical in-vivo activity against fungi isolates using methanol, n-hexane, ethanol and aqueous extract of the seed. The proximate analysis showed that the seed contains protein, carbohydrate, fiber, ash. The phytochemical contents tested were alkaloids, saponin, phenol, flavonoids, glycoside, tannin, anthraquinone and steroid. The in-vitro antifungal analysis activity of Carica papaya seed was determined using agar well diffusion method. The fungal isolates tested were Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium and Penicillium. All the isolates were sensitive to both extracts at different concentration. The highest zone of inhibition recorded was against Candida albicans and the least was against Fusarium 6mm. The methanol and ethanol extract had a better zone of inhibition as antifungal at the 100mg/ml than the n-hexane and aqueous extract. The seed of Carica papaya has abortifacient, emmenagogue, counter irritant and vermifuge (Singh and Ali, 2011). The seed of carica papaya has both nutritional and therapeutic benefits (Joachim et al., 2013). The seed is reported to have antibacterial and antifungal properties (Kanadi et al., 2021). Kanadi et al. (2019) in their report wrote that C. papaya seed possesses preventive measures against potassium bromated induced renal toxicity in rats. It is of great importance to assess the nutritive and medicinal use of this plant for improved usage. Fungi causes harm to different parts of the human body such as the foot, tongue, skin, nail, cardiovascular, nervous digestive and system (He et al., 2017). Fungal infections like candidiasis can be very severe and even fatal in immunocompromised patients (Wirth et al., 2008, Morace et al., 2014). There has been an increasing report of resistance of drugs to fungal infections due to drug abuse and wide usage of antifungal drugs broad spectrum like fluconazole, itraconazole and ketoconazole (Sheikh et al., 2018). Most antifungal agents are antifungal property and could serve as alternative antifungal agent.
Protective effect of crocin on chronic heart failure and its mechanism of action
Authors: Hu Yali , Yang Jie , Pang Qianqian , Zhang Pengpeng , Liu Keqin 
Published: February 2023

Purpose: To explore the mechanism of action of crocin in rat chronic heart failure (CHF).
Methods: One hundred male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were used to establish CHF rat model by the abdominal aorta constriction method. They were equally randomized into either the model control group (injected with distilled water), crocin low, medium, and high dose groups (daily administered 0.05, 0.1, and 0.75 g/kg of crocin, respectively), or positive control group (daily administration of benazepril hydrochloride), and normal control (without treatment). Parameters evaluated include heart function, inflammatory index changes, and oxidative stress damage.
Results: The crocin low, medium, and high dose groups and the positive control group had significantly better cardiac function indices versus the model control group (p < 0.05). High-dose crocin resulted in significantly lower levels of inflammatory factors than a low or medium dose (p < 0.05). Rats that received a medium or high dose of crocin showed significantly increased activity of myocardial antioxidant enzymes, and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content when compared to those given low doses of crocin (p < 0.05). Protein expressions of Bax-activated caspase-3, and NF-kB decreased significantly with increase in crocin dosage. A high dose of crocin produced a significantly lower apoptotic rate of cardiomyocytes, sodium–calcium exchanger (NCX) level and higher content of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump 2a (SERCA2a) compared with low- and medium-doses.
Conclusion: Crocin protects myocardial tissue and enhances ventricular diastolic function of CHF rats through down-regulation of NCX expression and up-regulation of SERCA2a expression. Further studies using clinical CHF models to categorize and analyze crocin-related cellular pathways will be required.
Fucoxanthin inhibits the proliferation and stem cell formation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells by regulating JAK/STAT3 pathway
Authors: Feng Xue , Li Yu , Zhang Lijia , Sun Heng , Liu Songjiang 
Published: February 2023

Purpose: To investigate the effect and regulatory mechanism of fucoxanthin (FX) on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).
Methods: Human OSCC SCC9 and Cal27 cells were treated with different concentrations of FX (7.5, 15, and 30 μM) to determine cell viability, number of colonies, and apoptosis rate using methyl thiazolyl diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, crystal violet staining, and flow cytometry, respectively. In addition, the number of spheres of OSCC cells was determined by a cell sphere-forming assay. The stem cells and levels of pathway-related proteins were evaluated by western blotting.
Results: Fucoxanthin decreased SCC9 and Cal27 cell viability and the number of colonies, but increased apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The expression levels of SOX2 and POU5F1 were down-regulated, while the number of spheres was reduced in SCC9 and Cal27 cells treated with 7.5 or 15 μM of FX (p < 0.05). Moreover, FX attenuated p-JAK/JAK and p-STAT3/STAT3 expression levels in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Fucoxanthin accelerates apoptosis and inhibits cell mobility and OSCC stem cell formation by suppressing JAK/STAT3 pathway in OSCC, thus providing an experimental basis for research on the anti-tumor effect of kelp extract and the development of new drugs from marine plants.
Efficacy of etanercept in rheumatoid arthritis patients and its effects on interleukin 6 and serum tumor necrosis factor α
Authors: Li Suihua , Mei Qinghua , Qian Dan , Huang Xianghong , Fan Cuimiao , Quan Jia 
Published: February 2023

Purpose: To study the effects of etanercept (ETA) on the clinical manifestations and serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.
Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical files of 138 active RA patients admitted to Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China for rheumatic diseases from January 2016 to February 2019. Out of the total subjects, 58 patients were administered conventional methotrexate (MTX) as routine treatment (control group), while the remaining 80 patients (classified as study group) received subcutaneous injection of etanercept (ETA). Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score, and TNF-α and IL-6 serum concentrations of the two groups before and after treatment were assessed.
Results: Pre-treatment HAQ score was comparable in both groups (p > 0.05). However, at 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks post-treatment, HAQ scores decreased in the two groups. The mean score was significantly lower in study group than in control group (p < 0.001). Pre-treatment serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in both groups were comparable. However, after treating for 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks, serum IL-6 and TNF-α decreased significantly, with lower values in the study group than in control group (p < 0.001).
Conclusion: ETA has a higher efficacy and safety than MTX for the treatment of joint inflammation and and also achieved greater improvement of joint function. However, further clinical trials are recommended prior to wider application in clinical practice.
Citrate pre conditioning inhibits ap optosis and protects rat myocardium from ischemia reperfusion injury by activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway
Authors: Zhu Zhiyun , Nie Fugen , Qiu Bo , Wan Diqin , Duan Wenfeng 
Published: February 2023

Purpose: To study the influence of citric acid pre-exposure on apoptosis and heart tissue ischemia-reperfusion lesion, and the involvement of PI3K/Akt signal route in this process.
Methods: Eighty-four male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into a sham group, model group, pretreatment group, and inhibitor group, with 21 rats in each group. Changes in myocardial infarction area were determined using TCC staining, while TUNEL assay was performed to assess apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in the rats. Expression levels of p-Akt, ppi3k, Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3 were assayed by Western blotting.
Results: The levels of Bax and caspase-3 were higher in model rats than in sham group, while concentrations of Bcl-2, p-Akt, and p-pi3k were significantly reduced. In pre-treated and inhibitor-exposed rats, caspase-3 and Bax levels were significantly down-regulated, relative to corresponding levels in model rats, but Bcl-2, p-pi3k, and p-Akt were significantly up-regulated (p < 0.05). In inhibitor-exposed rats, Bax and caspase-3 were higher than levels in pretreatment rats, but p-pi3k, Bcl-2, and p-Akt concentrations were significantly decreased (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Citric acid pretreatment in rats activates PI3K/Akt signal pathway, inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis, protects the myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion injury, and improves cardiac function. The potential of citric acid pretreatment for its protective effect against myocardial injury due to ischemia-reperfusion should be further investigated.