bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suckling Mouse Cataract Agent (SMCA) in Mice
Authors: Clark H Fred , Karzon David T. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Dams inoculated with SMCA as newborn mice subsequently confer complete protection against SMCA-induced cataract on their progeny. Several aspects of this “protection” were studied. The virus dose required to cause an infection resulting in protection of 100% of progeny was ≥104.0, similar to the dose required for maximal cataract induction. Foster nursing experiments in which litters were exchanged between SMCA-infected and normal dams revealed that complete protection against SMCA-induced cataract could be conferred by milk alone. The role of placentally acquired immunity was not clearly determined.
A variety of mouse-lethal viruses were compared antigenically with SMCA by parallel titration in suckling mice born to SMCA-infected and normal dams. By this means the tick-borne virus isolate GT-48 was shown to be antigenically related to SMCA. This antigenic cross was shown to be reciprocal. No antigenic relationship was detected between SMCA and Powassan, Silverwater, Colorado tick fever, Sindbis, rabies, vesicular stomatitis, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, herpes simplex or pseudorabies viruses.
As a further means of comparison with SMCA, the ability of several viruses to infect the suckling mouse eye following intracerebral inoculation was determined. All viruses studied, including GT-48, Powassan, Silverwater, Sindbis, rabies, vesicular stomatitis, Coxsackie B-5, herpes simplex and vaccinia virus, consistently infected the eye. In several cases titers of virus in the eye approximated those found in the brain. Hence, SMCA is not unique in its ability to replicate in the eye of the suckling mouse.
Serologic Relationship of a Simian Herpes Virus (SA8) and Herpes Simplex Virus: Heterogeneity in the Degree of Reciprocal Cross-Reactivity Shown by Rabbit 7 S and 19 S Antibodies
Authors: Stevens David A. , Pincus Theodore , Burroughs Mary Alice K. , Hampar Berge 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rabbits were immunized with HSV and SA8 viruses, and the early and late immune sera, and 7 S and 19 S antibody fractions of these sera were assayed for neutralizing activity. The neutralizing properties against SA8 of antibody preparations from SA8-immunized rabbits were similar to the previously described neutralizing properties of rabbit anti-HSV antibody preparations against HSV. Further, heterogeneity in the degree of reciprocal cross-reactivity shown by various anti-SA8 and anti-HSV preparations was noted. Early immune sera and early 19 S antibodies showed significant reciprocal cross-reactivity in the presence of C′. The late immune sera and late 7 S antibodies also showed reciprocal cross-reactivity, which was enhanced in the presence of C′. 2-ME +IA treatment eliminated C′ enhancement of the cross-reactivity by the late immune sera. Late 19 S antibodies showed no significant cross-reactivity, even with C′ present.
The Allergic Response of Rabbit Platelets
Authors: Siraganian Reuben P. , Secchi Antonio G. , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Immune histamine release from rabbit platelets is characterized by a lack of antibody fixation, be it obtained in the “early” or “late” stages of immunization. The immune histamine release phenomenon does not interfere with the K+ pumping site on the cell membrane. The evidence indicates that the immune platelet response results in irreversible damage with protein leakage into the extracellular medium. This mechanism of release differs from platelet aggregation due to adenosine diphosphate.
The mechanism of histamine liberation from rabbit platelets differs from other types of allergic histamine release. It may be characterized as a serum-dependent reaction mediated by homologous antibody and resulting in cytotoxicity without prior fixation of the antibody onto the target cells.
Experimental Inclusion Conjunctivitis in Man
Authors: Isa Abdallah M. , Hanna Lavelle , Linscott William D. , Jawetz Ernest 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The serum antibody response of volunteers experimentally infected with either of two inclusion conjunctivitis strains (IC Cal 3 or IC Cal 8) was studied by the complement fixation (C′F) and indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) methods. In most sera both the C′F and IFA titers increased in parallel and reached a maximum level 4 to 6 weeks after infection. The C′F- and IFA-reactive antibodies were confined primarily to the IgG class of immunoglobulin. Low levels of IFA-reactive antibodies were detectable in some IgA fractions, but no antibody activity was detected by either the C′F or the IFA method in the IgM fractions of sera as early as 13 days and as late as 2 years after infection.
The Immunologic Responses of the North American Opossum (Didelphys Virginiana)
Authors: Taylor David L. , Burrell Robert 
Published: December 2022

Summary
An investigation of the immune capabilities of the adult opossum (Didelphys virginiana) was undertaken with a view toward using the pouch young of this animal in the study of acquired tolerance. In comparison to conventional laboratory animals, opossums showed comparable humoral responses to particulate antigens, but very poor responses to soluble antigens. In addition, the delayed hypersensitivity response of these animals was found to be weak and only transiently present.
The humoral response to both types of antigens was of a biphasic nature in that both heavy weight, mercaptoethanol-sensitive and light weight, mercaptoethanol-resistant antibodies were produced. The conversion of macroglobulins to lighter globulins occurred at a somewhat later time (3 to 4 weeks) than in other mammals under normal stimulation, but much earlier under hyperstimulation.
Antigen clearance studies indicated that the afferent limb of the humoral response was intact, but that either the central or efferent limb was weak. Histologic, passive transfer, and cell migration inhibition studies on the various delayed hypersensitivity manifestations indicated that a similar weakness in the effector mechanism existed, but that the sensitization or afferent limb appeared to be normal.
The Differential Fate of Soluble Antigen and Antigen-Antibody Complexes in Rabbits and Their Effect on Antibody Response
Authors: Patterson Roy , Suszko Irena M. , Talbot Catharine H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The in vivo fate of antigen-antibody complexes differentially labeled with 125I and 131I in the same animal is described. Antibody responses to the antigen portions of these soluble complexes were followed by determination of antigen-binding capacity using horse and bovine albumins labeled with 125I and 131I. The different in vivo handling of complexes of canine, avian and rabbit complexes and the differential antibody response to the antigenic portion of the complex suggest that under certain conditions different cells may mediate antigen recognition and immune response.
Suppression of Murine Allotypic Specificities in Animals with a Complement Defect and in Animals with a Complete Hemolytic Complement System
Authors: Cinader Bernhard , Dubiski S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Suppression can be induced in animals which are deficient in the complete hemolytic complement system as well as in animals which have a complete complement system. We can, therefore, exclude the possibility that suppression is due to complement-mediated cell lysis. Suppression could not be induced in a circulating antigen which was not an immunoglobulin.
Role of the Thymus in Tolerance
Authors: Horiuchi A. , Waksman B. H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Monomeric and heat-aggregated bovine γ globulin (BγG) were administered to normal adult rats by injection of doses between 0.02 and 20 mg directly into the thymus, cervical lymph nodes, spleen, or blood stream. On the same day or 12 or 35 days later, these animals and operated, non-injected controls were challenged with a standard footpad dose of BγG in complete adjuvant, followed by a secondary stimulus at 25 days. Formation of hemagglutinating and precipitating antibodies and the development of Arthus and delayed skin reactivities were evaluated in a quantitative manner. In general, soluble BγG was more effective than aggregated BγG in inhibiting immune responses. Tolerance produced by aggregated antigen increased strikingly between 0 and 12 days and tended to wane by 35 days. Injection by the intrathymic route was more effective in producing tolerance than injection by other routes.
Mixed Lymphocyte Blastogenesis in Response to Multiple Histocompatibility Antigens
Authors: Colley Daniel G. , DeWitt Charles W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Inbred strains of rats were used as lymphoid cell donors for the mixed lymphocyte blastogenic reaction (MLR). Assay was by uptake of tritiated thymidine or uridine. Optimal conditions for a maximal response included use of 1) lymph node cell preparations, 2) 10% fresh rat serum as medium supplement, 3) 8 × 106 cells/2 ml of medium, and 4) harvest after 4 to 5 days of incubation. Studies of the early portion of the response indicated at 24-hr lag period, prior to detectable allogeneic stimulation. Unidirectional responses were measured by stimulation with cells rendered unresponsive by graded doses of x-irradiation, or with F1 hybrid cells. The same relative strain responsiveness was obtained by both methods but only x-irradiated cells yielded quantitatively additive responses.
BN × Le combinations had a markedly higher response than BN × Fi mixtures. On the sole basis of their Ag-B locus disparities, these two combinations should react equally. In the presence of Colcemid these reaction differences were shown to be the result of differences in blastogenic, not proliferative, rates. A low-grade but significant response was detected between the Ag-B compatible Fi and Le strains, and this reaction was seen to be solely Fi anti-Le.
Le cells responded to non-responsive BN and DA cells in an additive manner, and the kinetics indicated that this was the result of two independent, simultaneous reactions. Such responses appear to be founded in separate, unipotential cell pools. If the MLR is a true primary immune response, this interpretation is compatible with a clonal selection hypothesis.
Purification of Two Protein Antigens by Dissociation from Thiolated Antibody
Authors: Wolf Benjamin , Izenberg Harriet 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A method has been devised for the purification of two protein antigens by dissociation from immune complexes containing thiolated antibody (AbSH). Precipitating antibody to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and bovine lactoglobulin (BLG) was thiolated using N-acetyl homocysteine thiolactone (AHT) at pH 10.7. After dissociation from antigen, AbSH was cross-linked and precipitated using the bifunctional organic mercurial, 3,6-bis (acetoxymercurimethyl)-dioxane (MMD). Fully active precipitating AbSH to BSA was obtained with thiolation times of 15, 30 and 60 min but not 120 min; fully active AbSH to BLG was found after 15 and 30 min but not 60 min. When the 15-min-thiolated antibody was used to purify antigen, considerable residual antibody remained associated with antigen, but this difficulty was overcome by empolying 30- and 60-min AbSH preparations. Dissociation of BSA-AbSH or BLG-AbSH complexes was best achieved at pH 1.8, using a phosphate-HCl buffer plus 40% p-dioxane. Employing the same buffer at a higher pH did not separate the AbSH completely. A glycine-H2SO4 buffer plus p-dioxane instead of phosphate-HCl plus p-dioxane did not dissociate antigen from AbSH. It was shown that dissociated antigen was devoid of detectable antibody, was immunoelectrophoretically homogeneous, and was recoverable specifically from mixtures of antigens in high quantity.
Endotoxin-Induced Modification of Plasmodium Berghei Infection in Mice
Authors: MacGregor Rob Roy , Sheagren John N. , Wolff Sheldon M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Pretreatment of mice with bacterial endotoxin markedly enhanced resistance to P. berghei infection. The degree of enhancement was related to the dose of endotoxin and decreased with increasing time between endotoxin and malarial infection. Parasite counts appeared later and rose more slowly in the endotoxin-treated group than in controls. Reticuloendothelial system clearance was markedly enhanced by endotoxin, but similar acceleration of clearance induced by zymosan or stilbestrol failed to modify the infection. No fluorescent antibodies were detectable in either endotoxin-treated or control mice through the 7th day after infection, when most controls died. Attempts at passive transfer of protection with serum failed. Endotoxin tolerance abolished the protective effect, showing that the toxic effect of endotoxin was related in some way to the protective effect. Possible mechanisms responsible for endotoxin's protective effect were discussed.
Induction of Ocular Resistance to Vaccinia Virus by Typhoid Vaccine: Role of Interferon
Authors: Oh Jang O. , Yoneda Chieko 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Injection of live vaccinia virus into the anterior chambers of rabbit eyes caused corneal opacities, characteristic microscopic lesions of the corneal endothelium, and uveitis. These changes were accompanied by an increase in the amount of virus in both aqueous humor and ocular tissues.
Single intravenous injection of 1 ml of typhoid vaccine, 3, 6 or 10 hr prior to virus injection, suppressed both the production of ocular lesions and virus multiplication. Intravenous injection of the vaccine was followed within 3 hr by the appearance of an interferon-like viral inhibitor (IF) in both blood and aqueous humor; in some cases the inhibitor persisted in the aqueous humor as long as 10 hr after the vaccine injection. Pretreatment of eyes with exogenous typhoid vaccine-induced IF also suppressed the production of vaccinial corneal lesions. Normal aqueous humor had no such suppressive effect, and nonspecific viral inhibitor in the aqueous humor, derived from blood, played no role in the ocular resistance. The results indicate that vaccine-induced ocular resistance to vaccinia virus was mediated principally by blood-derived IF in the aqueous humor.
Poliovirus Antibody Response in Serum and Nasal Secretions Following Intranasal Inoculation with Inactivated Poliovaccine
Authors: Ogra Pearay L. , Karzon David T. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Secretory antibody response in nasal secretions has been studied following intranasal inoculation of large doses of inactivated poliovaccine. Secretory γA antibody appeared in the nasal secretions as early as 5 days after the first dose of a primary series of three intranasal doses of vaccine, and the antibody activity disappeared by 77 to 100 days. The response to a secondary intranasal inoculation of inactivated vaccine 3 to 4 months later, although shorter-lived, was generally similar to the primary response. There was no evidence of anamnesis. The secretory γA response appeared in the absence of any significant serum response. High titers of secretory antibody in nasal secretions seemed to depress nasopharyngeal replication of live attenuated virus administered orally, although no effect on virus replication in the lower alimentary tract was observed.
Studies on the Chemical Structure and the Antigenic Determinant of Type II Antigen of Group F Streptococci
Authors: Michel Marc F. , van Vonno Jeanette , Krause Richard M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Group F steptococci, as well as a series of unclassified streptococcal strains, designated z, may contain similar type antigens. The studies reported here are concerned with the chemical structure and the nature of the antigenic determinant of the Type II antigen. This antigen contains galactosamine, galactose, rhamnose and glucose in molar ratios of 1:1:2:2.
Partial acid hydrolysis of the antigen followed by separatory procedures yielded four disaccharides and three higher oligosaccharides. One of these, oligosaccharide C, contains N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, rhamnose and glucose in molar ratios of 1:1:1:2, and is probably a pentasaccharide. Because this pentasaccharide contains these sugars in nearly the same molar ratios as is the case for the native antigen, it is conceivable that this hydrolysis product is representative of repetitive structural units in the native antigen. The composition and structure of the disaccharides indicates that the sequence of sugars in the pentasaccharide is O-β-(N-acetyl-d-galactosaminyl)-(1-2)-O-α-d-galactosyl-(1-2)-O-α-l-rhamnosyl-(1-4)-O-β-d-glucosyl-(1-4)-d-glucose. Immunochemical studies support the view that this pentasaccharide is the antigenic determinant of the carbohydrate and that N-acetyl-galactosamine is the terminal sugar.
Immunologic Tolerance to Sulfanilic Acid Assessed by the Hapten-Specific Hemolytic Plaque Technique
Authors: Hraba Tomáš , Merchant Bruce 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Employment of the hapten-specific hemolytic plaque technique for direct assay of lymphoid cells from rabbits tolerant to para-azo-benzenesulfonic acid-bovine serum albumin has provided evidence on the limiting numbers of antibody-releasing cells present within the spleens of these animals. Assay of cells producing high hemolytic efficiency (19 S) antibody against sulfanilic acid averaged no more than 44 cells per spleen for challenged tolerant rabbits as compared with mean splenic responses of 21,000 in littermate controls. The splenic average of 49 specific immune cells releasing low hemolytic efficiency (7 S) antibody in tolerant rabbits did not differ significantly from impartial 7 S reference control plaques in the same rabbits. These findings contrasted with splenic responses averaging 22,000 7 S releasing cells in control littermates. These direct observations at the cellular level were in close agreement with assays of hapten-specific serum hemolysins and hemagglutins and with titrations of serum antigen-binding capacity against bovine serum albumin. Although the presence of very limited numbers of specific 19 S antibody-forming cells cannot be categorically excluded in these tolerant rabbits, the data indicate the probable absence of specific 7 S-releasing cells and are consistent with the view that classic neonatal tolerance represents a specific and essentially complete central failure of cellular antibody formation.
Preparation of Rabbit Immune Serum with Neutralizing Activity against a Simian Cytomegalovirus (SA6)
Authors: Ablashi D. V. , Martos L. M. , Gilden R. V. , Hampar B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Neutralization studies with human and simian cytomegaloviruses (CMV) are presently limited to sera obtained from naturally infected hosts or from monkeys immunized with specific CMV strains (1–3). The unavailability of reference antisera prepared in non-primate hosts raises the possibility that neutralization of human or simian CMV strains by human and monkey sera may result from a heterotypic response between the CMV strain under test and antibody directed against an inter- or intra-species cross-reacting virus. Cross-neutralization for example, has been reported between Herpesvirus hominis (herpes simplex) and Herpesvirus simiae (B-virus) (4, 5), and between Herpesvirus hominis and SA8 virus (6) isolated from vervet monkeys (7). The use of immune sera from non-primate hosts should minimize, although not completely exclude, the possibility of a heterotypic antibody response in serologic studies with human and simian CMV strains. This report concerns the preparation of antiserum in rabbits with neutralizing activity against a simian CMV (SA6) isolated from vervet monkeys (7).
Water Soluble Guinea Pig Transplantation Antigen from Carcinogen-Induced Sarcomas
Authors: Kahan B. D. , Holmes E. C. , Reisfeld R. A. , Morton D. L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Transplantation of carcinogen-induced sarcomas to allogeneic guinea pigs elicited a state of specific sensitization, such that a) donor-type skin grafts were rejected in accelerated fashion, and b) antigenic extracts prepared from donor-type normal tissues elicited cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions upon intradermal challenge. Water soluble transplantation antigen was liberated by exposure of dispersed tumor cells to low intensity sonic energy. Following gel filtration on Sephadex G 200 and discontinuous electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel, the antigenic activity, as demonstrated by the elicitation of cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in immunized hosts, was confined to a complex electrophoretic region at Rf 0.73–0.74, the same zone that possessed the antigenic activity of extracts prepared from normal tissues.
Humoral Immunity in Rodent Malaria
Authors: Diggs Carter L. , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Serum from rats actively immune to Plasmodium berghei can inhibit the development of parasitemia and reduce morbidity to a marked extent when administered to normal recipients at the time of challenge. Smaller doses of potent serum, equivalent to less than 0.05% of the recipient's plasma volume, can also reduce parasitemia to a statistically significant extent. The protective activity of hyperimmune serum, which can be measured by a simple passive transfer assay, is primarily associated with the 7 S immunoglobulins. It persists in the circulation for more than 6 months after infection and rapidly increases on restimulation with the infectious agent.
Characterization of IgM and IgG Antibodies Produced during the Anamnestic Response Initiated in vitro
Authors: Godfrey Henry P. , Yashphe Diane J. , Coons Albert H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rabbit lymph node fragments undergoing an anamnestic response in vitro produce both 7 S (IgG) and 19 S (IgM) antibodies as well as inconstant amounts of 28 S antibodies that are presumably of IgM type. The majority of the antibodies produced are of the 7 S type, which, after 15 days of culture, can represent more than 90% to 99% of the antibody activity in the fluids; however, small amounts of 19 S antibodies can be present for up to 15 days in these culture fluids. While the absolute amounts of antibody activity, radioactivity incorporated and protein increased over the course of these experiments, it is inferred that antibody is only a relatively small percentage of the newly synthesized protein that is present in the culture fluids.
Cleavage of the Fc Fragment of IgA
Authors: Yakulis Vincent , Costea Nicolas , Heller Paul 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A stable Fc fragment was obtained by incubation of human IgA with sodium borohydride (NaBH4). The molecular weight of this fragment is 64,000. The hexose content of Fcα was found to be 1.8 g%.
Communications
Authors: Kasel Julius A. , Fulk Robert V. , Couch Robert B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An antigenic relationship between the equine and human types of A2 influenza virus has been well documented. Experimental infection of man with A/Equi-2 influenza virus (1, 2) or immunization by inactivated vaccine (3, 4) was followed by serum hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and also neutralizing antibody responses to human strains of A2 virus. In contrast, administration of human type A2 influenza virus to volunteers did not result in significant increases in antibody titer to equine virus (2–4). These findings were based on serologic tests with strains of type A2 virus that were prevalent in human populations between 1957 and 1966.
Recently, a major new variant of human type A2 virus has appeared in outbreaks of influenza originating in the Far East. In the present study, the antigenic relationship between this new strain and equine influenza virus was assessed by comparing antibody responses to both agents in serum specimens obtained from human beings infected either with the equine virus or the new human variant.