bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does semaglutide provide neuroprotection in models of glaucoma?
Authors: Mouhammad Zaynab , Aldana Blanca , Williams Pete , Tribble James , Rombaut Anne , Bermudez Mariana Yolotzin Garcia , Vohra Rupali , Kolko Miriam 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: Semaglutide, a prominent member of the GLP‐1 receptor agonists, has gained considerable attention for its efficacy in managing type 2 diabetes and obesity. However, emerging evidence expand its therapeutic potentials far beyond glycemic control and weight management. Preclinical studies indicate that through anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidative and anti‐apoptotic effects GLP‐1 receptor agonists offer a promising new approach to neuroprotection in neurodegenerative conditions. In this study, we assess the neuroprotective properties of semaglutide in animal models of retinal neurodegeneration.Methods: C57BL/6 mice were treated with semaglutide (5mg/kg) for a week and then received intravitreal injections of 1% DMSO or the Complex I inhibitor rotenone. Retinas were isolated as either retinal explants or flat mounts. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration was assessed using immunofluorescence and metabolic effects through stable isotope labeling (13C) and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). We furthermore induced ocular hypertension through injection of magnetic beads into the anterior chamber of Brown Norway rats and initiated semaglutide treatment simultaneously; naïve rats served as controls. In the rats, RGC degeneration and glial cell changes were assessed through immunofluorescence.Results: We observed increased RGC survival upon treatment with semaglutide in rotenone insulted retinas. Furthermore, we found an increased metabolism of glucose in retinas exposed to semaglutide, and a compromised metabolism in retinas exposed to rotenone. We found no increased RGC survival in the rats, but a decreased macroglia activation upon treatment with semaglutide.Conclusions: Our results confirm the potential neuroprotective role of semaglutide involving metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Further studies are needed to elucidate the potential clinical implications of the current findings.
Bacterial contamination of extraocular fluid and antibiotic susceptibility during cataract surgery and vitrectomy
Authors: Lee Seung Min 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: We performed a retrospective case‐series study to investigate the extent of bacterial contamination and antibiotic susceptibility of extraocular fluid at the beginning and end of cataract surgery and vitrectomy after disinfection.Methods: Medical records of consecutive patients who underwent cataract surgery or vitrectomy with extraocular fluid culture were reviewed. Patients with infection, recent ocular trauma, immunocompromised state, or antibiotics treatment were excluded. During surgical skin preparation, povidone‐iodine (PvI) was poured through palpebral fissure was done. At the initiation, a flush of PvI and BSS irrigation was added into the conjunctival sac. 1ml of fluid was collected at the beginning (Pre‐fluid) and end of the surgery (Post‐fluid). Sample were collected from both canthi while instilling BSS. The samples were injected into the BacT/Alert PF pediatric blood culture bottle. Bacterial identification and antibiotics susceptibility test were performed. The χ2 test or Fisher's exact test was performed to determine differences in results depending on surgical method or timing of sample collection.Results: Two hundred thirty‐three eyes were enrolled, including 72 eyes with cataract surgery and 161 eyes with vitrectomy. There were 31 (13.3%) positive cultures in Pre‐fluid and 71 (30.5%) positive cultures in Post‐fluid. The positive culture rate was higher in Post‐fluid (p < 0.001, χ2 test). The following organisms were frequently identified: Staphylococcus epidermidis (sample size N = 74), S. aureus (N = 10) and S. lugdunensis (N = 6). All types of strains didn’t showed resistance to vancomycin or 3rd generation cephalosporin.Conclusions: Despite disinfection in ocular surgery, bacterial contamination may occur at the surgical site, and bacterial contamination was confirmed more frequently at the end of surgery. The most common organism was S. epidermidis, and most of them were susceptible to empirical antibiotics.
The face superiority test: A novel method of studying face perception
Authors: Tien Marko , Barton Jason , Albonico Andrea 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: There are several studies that compare written word and face perception. However, many draw conclusions upon different experimental paradigms, complicating direct comparison between these stimuli. We aim to create a novel paradigm studying face recognition that closely resembles the word‐superiority test.Methods: 40 subjects participated in the study. Each completed both a traditional word‐superiority test and our novel face‐superiority test. In the face‐superiority tests, patients were presented with either a familiar face (real), an unfamiliar face (pseudo‐), or a scrambled face (non‐) initially, then presented with a face feature in isolation and tasked to respond with whether the feature was present in the aforementioned face. Statistical analyses and bivariate correlation analyses were conducted to identify relationships in intra‐ and inter‐stimulus trials.Results: For both categories of stimuli, there were similar differences between non‐, pseudo‐, and real stimuli. Accuracy was lower for non‐stimuli compared to pseudo‐ and real stimuli, which in turn did not differ between each other. There was greater response latency for non‐stimuli compared to pseudo‐stimuli, which in turn was greater than real stimuli. Bivariate analyses revealed significant correlations between inter‐stimulus trials for reaction times.Conclusions: Our study was able to replicate a face superiority effect utilizing a similar methodology from the word‐superiority test. Additionally, we provide evidence that response latency follows similar patterns in the recognition of written words and faces.
Management of vertical diplopia due to conjunctival synechiae: A case report and surgical outcome
Authors: Borghi Luca Manuel Bueno , Remacha Carla Sánchez , Simón Cristina Calvo , Clavería Julia Aramburu , Fernández Miguel Castillo , Martínez Marta Suñer , Duarte Javier Ramos , Pascual Ana María Abad , de la Cámara Sahuquillo Edurne , Sánchez Inma Herrero , González Pablo Tejada , García Diana Pérez , Garijo León Remón , Puyuelo Francisco Javier Ascaso 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: To present a case of vertical diplopia following trauma to the inferior orbital region of the left eye, with a duration of 1 year, which caused a limitation of ocular motility secondary to conjunctival synechiae, in an 83‐year‐old female patient.Methods: Vertical diplopia with restriction of supraduction in the left eye was observed. Examination revealed the presence of synechiae in the tarsal conjunctiva of the left lower eyelid. Initially, an inferior rectus entrapment syndrome secondary to previous orbital trauma was suspected. However, an emergency CT scan ruled out orbital fractures and showed no pathological findings in the inferior rectus muscle. Surgical intervention was performed, starting with a forced duction test, which was positive. Following conjunctival incision, near‐complete normalization of elevation was observed, leading to the decision to release the synechiae and subsequently reconstruct with an autograft from the superior bulbar conjunctiva, accompanied by a 3 mm recession of the left inferior rectus muscle.Results: One week post‐surgery, the patient showed an improvement in supraduction of 10‐15 degrees, with no diplopia in the primary position of gaze and in downgaze. These results were maintained in the long term.Conclusions: The management of strabismus secondary to ocular trauma requires a meticulous examination to address the etiological mechanism, aiming to achieve the best postoperative outcomes and optimize long‐term results.References1.	Kumar S, Artymowicz A, Muscente J, Shinder R, Mostafavi D, Kumar S, et al. Do Not Fall for This; Diagnostic Challenges in Orbital Floor Fractures With Extraocular Muscle Entrapment. Cureus [Internet]. 2023 Feb 21 [cited 2024 May 28];15(2). Available from: https://www.cureus.com/articles/99214‐do‐not‐fall‐for‐this‐diagnostic‐challenges‐in‐orbital‐floor‐fractures‐with‐extraocular‐muscle‐entrapment2.	Shin H, Gronet E, Czerwinski M. Inferior rectus entrapment in a medial orbital wall fracture: A case report. Oral Maxillofac Surg Cases. 2019 Dec 1;5(4):100123.3.	Rogers GL, Simmons RE. Inferior rectus muscle fibrosis following orbital trauma. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus [Internet]. 1978 [cited 2024 May 28];15(5):318–20. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24877449/
What if it wasn't normal pressure glaucoma?
Authors: Mabrouk Amira , Lajmi Houda , Zahaf Amine , Hmaied Wassim 
Published: January 2025

Purpose: Enlargement of the papillary excavation is a suggestive sign of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. However, it has been reported in other optic neuropathies, particularly compressive ones.Certain clinical elements should raise suspicion of the diagnosis and indicate neuroradiological exploration.We report the case of a patient with a large papillary excavation with a glaucomatous appearance and whose brain MRI revealed an expansive intra‐ and suprasellar lesion compressing the optic pathways.Methods: A complete ophthalmologic examination was performed, along with automatic perimetry 30‐2 and brain MRI.Results: We report the case of a 37‐year‐old man who consulted for a progressive decline in visual acuity in the right eye since 2 months. Clinical examination found a visual acuity of 3/10 in the right eye, calm anterior segment, intraocular pressure was normal. Ocular fundus examination showed a large excavation with pallor of the neuroretinal ring, particularly on the right.Automatic 30‐2 perimetry showed relative and absolute scotomas extending from the blind spot, circumventing and widening the fixation point bilaterally.Neuroradiological exploration using brain MRI revealed an expansive, bulky intra‐ and suprasellar lesion compressing the optic pathways and corresponding to a pituitary macroadenoma.Conclusions: Papillary excavation is a characteristic feature of glaucomatous optic neuropathy.However, in the absence of associated ocular hypertonia, the diagnosis of compression of the anterior optic pathways must be considered in the presence of certain clinical elements, in particular, age less than 50 years, reduced visual acuity and pallor of the neuroretinal ring.
High myopia: Reviews of myopia control strategies and myopia complications
Authors: Shah Rakhee , Evans Bruce , Vlasak Natalia 
Published: January 2025

Aims: Most participants in myopia control studies have low and moderate myopia, relatively little is known about myopia control in high myopia. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of myopia control strategies in high myopia and report on the structural and pathological complications of the eye.Methods: Comprehensive literature searches were undertaken using keywords in MEDLINE and EMBASE to identify publications in English, evaluating (1) the efficacy of myopia control strategies (environmental, pharmacological and optical) in high myopia (≤‐6.00D) and (2) the complications of high myopia. Outcomes include change in spherical error (SE) and/or axial length (AL) to evaluate progression in high myopia.Results: Twelve studies evaluating the efficacy of optical and pharmacological (none on environmental) interventions on axial elongation and myopic refractive error for high myopia control were identified. A statistically significant reduction in progression of refractive error in high myopes was reported with 1% and 0.5% atropine. Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segment spectacle lenses had lower efficacy in slowing high myopia progression compared to moderate and low myopia. Ortho‐K lenses were equally effective in reducing myopia progression in low, moderate and high myopia. All myopic patients have an increased risk of myopic macular degeneration, retinal detachment, cataract and glaucoma; with the risk increasing with level of myopia.Conclusions: High myopia has significant effects on quality of life and risk of pathological complications and vision impairment. Young children, excluding those with some syndromic associations, who are fast progressing moderate and high myopes require early intervention and close monitoring. Further research investigating the efficacy of myopia control strategies in highly myopic patients, both monotherapies and combination treatments, are necessary.
Comparing performance in a general ophthalmology exam: Artificial intelligence versus ophthalmologists, residents and general practitioners
Authors: Aroco Clara Lara , Angulo Cristina García‐Velarde , de Paz Sergio Pérez , Díaz Marta García , Vargas Juan Javier Castro , Celemín Helena Garreta , Guzmán Javier 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: To compare the results on a general ophthalmology exam consisting of 68 questions between two artificial intelligence systems (ChatGPT 3.5 and Google Gemini) against ophthalmologists, residents, and medical graduatesMethods: A total of 8 participants were recruited: 4 ophthalmologists, two first and third‐year residents, and two medical graduates after taking the Spanish medical residency entrance exam. Each subject underwent a standardized general ophthalmology exam, consisting of 68 questions in the form of clinical cases, covering various relevant aspects of the ophthalmological discipline. The scores obtained were recorded and statistically analyzed. The same exam was performed by ChatGPT 3.5 and Google Gemini. A one‐way ANOVA test with Tukey correction was conducted to compare the different groups.Results: ChatGPT 3.5 and Google Gemini demonstrated acceptable competency, with an average accuracy of 48.8%, but their performance was lower than that of residents (average of 68.4%) and attending ophthalmologists (average of 79.4%). However, their performance was only slightly lower than that of medical graduates without clinical experience in ophthalmology, with an average accuracy of 52.2%. Statistically significant differences were observed between attending ophthalmologists with artificial intelligence and medical graduates (p < 0.05), as well as between residents and artificial intelligence (p < 0.05), while no differences were observed between medical graduates and artificial intelligence, nor between attending ophthalmologists and residents.Conclusions: These results suggest that the difference lies in the learning acquired during residency and clinical experience. Artificial intelligence can contribute to the evaluation of knowledge in ophthalmology, but its performance is still surpassed by residents and ophthalmologists with deeper training to solve clinical practice problems.References
Mihalache A, Grad J, Patil NS, Huang RS, Popovic MM, Mallipatna A, Kertes PJ, Muni RH. Google Gemini and Bard artificial intelligence chatbot performance in ophthalmology knowledge assessment. Eye (Lond). 2024 Apr 13. doi: 10.1038/s41433‐024‐03067‐4. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38615098.
Literature review: Light and colour in myopia control
Authors: Evans Bruce , Shah Rakhee , Vlasak Natalia 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: The mechanism for the benefit from time outdoors at reducing the risk of myopia is not fully understood. The intensity and breadth of spectrum of outdoor light is likely to be relevant. Interventions based on light of different chromaticities to slow myopia progression are of increasing interest. A narrative review is presented that aims to assess the efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of myopia control interventions using violet light (VL); blue light (BL); and repeated low‐level red light (RLRL).Methods: A comprehensive literature search was undertaken for publications in English, evaluating the efficacy and safety of VL, BL and RLRL in human myopia control. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were prioritised but observational (non‐RCT) studies were included enabling evaluation of effectiveness and safety of interventions in real‐world clinics. Outcomes are changes in spherical equivalent refraction (SE) and/or axial length elongation (ALE).Results: 26 relevant publications were found. The literature is suggestive of a benefit from VL. Studies on RLRL reveal significant treatment effects. In most RLRL studies, control groups did not receive a sham control intervention, hence not controlling for placebo effects. Data concerning long‐term follow‐up are not available. Importantly, safety concerns have recently been raised, indicating that RLRL devices exceed maximum permissible exposure.Conclusions: Additional studies are needed to determine whether VL plays a key role in myopia progression and whether associated interventions are safe and effective. There is more evidence supporting the efficacy of RLRL in myopia control, but important safety concerns recently raised mean that these devices cannot be endorsed.
AI‐assisted diagnosis of multiple sclerosis via optical coherence tomography
Authors: Plata Carlos Santana , Rufas Ines Munuera , Perez Elisa Funes , Merino Jacobo Yañez , Pinilla María Sopeña , Ciubotaru Olga Ciubotaru , Bestué Ana Pueyo , Bestué Ignacio Leonardo Pueyo , Velasco Diego Fernandez , Gracia Victor Mallen 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the ability of inter‐eye asymmetry and retinal structure thicknesses, obtained via the Posterior Pole protocol in Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), to distinguish between healthy controls and patients with recently diagnosed multiple sclerosis (MS). Additionally, it aims to develop a convolutional neural network (CNN) for assisted diagnosis using these measurements.Methods: Two cohorts, one with relapsing‐remitting MS (RRMS) patients (n = 79) and another with healthy controls (n = 69), were recruited. Structural retinal measurements were obtained using the Spectralis OCT device. The analysis focused on thickness differences in nine retinal layers and their inter‐eye asymmetry. Statistical methods included the Shapiro‐Wilk test, Student's t‐test, χ2 test, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve. A CNN was trained to classify patients and controls based on the most discriminant retinal measurements.Results: The study found significant thinning in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL) of RRMS patients compared to controls, with AUROC values of 0.82 and 0.78, respectively. Inter‐eye asymmetry was also notable in these layers, particularly the GCL (AUROC = 0.75) and IRL (AUROC = 0.74). The CNN, utilizing GCL thickness and IPL inter‐eye difference as inputs, achieved an accuracy of 0.87, sensitivity of 0.82, and specificity of 0.92.Conclusions: The study demonstrates that neuroretinal thinning and inter‐eye differences in specific retinal layers, measurable by the Posterior Pole protocol in OCT, can effectively discriminate between MS patients and healthy controls. The CNN developed shows high accuracy in MS diagnosis, supporting the potential of OCT and AI integration in clinical settings. Further research is needed to validate these findings across larger and more diverse populations.
Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in pediatric patients in Greece
Authors: Gianni Theodora , Nikolaidou Anna , Tsina Efthymia 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: To investigate the prevalence of refractive errors in Greek children aged 6 months to 16 years old.Methods: This retrospective study included patients examined at the outpatient clinic of Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital from October 2022 to October 2023. Data collected included gender, age, cycloplegic refractive error, presence of strabismus, and use of spectacles. Patients were grouped by age: preschool (6 months to 6 years), school age (7 to 12 years), and adolescents (13 to 16 years).Results: Data from 1,132 children were analyzed (mean age: 6 years; 53% males). Hyperopia was the most common refractive error across the sample (82%). The prevalence of hyperopia decreased across age groups: preschool (92%), school age (82%), and adolescents (61%). Myopia showed an increasing trend with age: preschool (7%), school age (18%), and adolescents (40%) and was more prevalent in females (52%). Astigmatism was significantly more common in girls, with boys having a 7% lower probability of astigmatism (p < 0.05). Strabismus was present in 16% of the total sample and was significantly more frequent in the school‐age group (p < 0.001).Conclusions: The study demonstrated the distribution of refractive errors by age and gender in a large cohort of Greek children. Regular ophthalmological screenings and school‐based eye examinations are recommended for early detection and correction of refractive errors.
Ophthalmologist's musculoskeletal disorders (ergonomic ophthalmology)
Authors: Ettouri Sara , Ghizlane Daghouj , Ennaki Sara , Lamiaa Arab , El Maaloum Loubna , Allali Bouchra , El Kettani Asmaa 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: The concept of ophthalmologists ‘work‐related musculoskeletal disorders and discuss the main risk factors, deduce solutions and basis of their prevention as a primary means of occupational injury for ophthalmological resident.Methods: A questionnaire established for residents and ophthalmologists looking for the different musculoskeletal disorders that have developed in them through the years of practice, the sites of predilection, repercussions on their course and daily practice with a review of the literature regarding ergonomics in ophthalmology.Results: Musculoskeletal disorders, or MSDs, are a group of disorders of the muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves and joints resulting from long‐term, repeated wear and tear on the body. It is a disorder found very frequently in ophthalmologists and ophthalmology residents. Several risk factors come into play. Thus, all ophthalmologists should be taught early in their careers to adjust their work environments properly i order to minimize the load on muscles, tendons and the spine during exams and procedures.According to the research literature, more than half of all ophthalmologists have experienced at least some signs or symptoms of an MSD (most commonly back pain, neck pain or pain in the shoulder, arm or hand). The major risk factors ophthalmologists face are extreme or awkward postures; excessive force or exertion; and repetitive activities. Nearly, 62% of the ophthalmologists who responded to a national survey in the United Kingdom reported that they suffered from either back or neck pain. A study carried out by Essamlali. I and co found that: 78% reported low back pain, 41% neck pain and these pains are felt the most during examination with the slit lamp followed by surgical operations. Faced with all these musculoskeletal attacks, several proposals for prevention and re‐adaptation have been proposed by experts. In the article of AAO by Linda Roch and CO until the title of ‘Seven risk factors and seven solutions ‘.Conclusions: As is always – prevention is better than cure. The key is identification of our habits and correcting our posture. A small niggling headache or neck pain can soon transform into a recurrent one and then eventually into a chronic problem. MSDs do not have to be an occupational hazard for ophthalmologists – not if we choose to avoid them!