bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrophoretic and Antigenic Analysis of Mouse and Guinea Pig Anaphylactic Antibodies
Authors: Ovary Zoltan , Warner Noel L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice and guinea pigs were immunized with dinitrophenyl (DNP) protein complexes in low doses combined with aluminium hydroxide gel adjuvant. This scheme led to the production of two different types of antibodies mediating passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reactions in each species. Both species made a heat stable IgG1 antibody capable of giving PCA reactions with a short sensitization period, which was removed by treatment with specific anti-IgG1 serum, and migrated electrophoretically with the total IgG1 globulins of each species. The other antibody provoking PCA reactions in each species was detected with a longer sensitization period (2 days in mice and 4 days in guinea pigs). These antibodies did not show identical properties to each other. The mouse antibody was completely heat labile, was not removed by a specific anti-IgG1 serum, and migrated electrophoretically slightly more slowly than did IgG1. In distinction, the guinea pig antibody was only marginally affected by heating, was removed by pretreatment with a specific anti-IgG1, and had a faster electrophoretic mobility than IgG1 globulin. These results support a previous observation of Parish, that guinea pigs may possess two heat stable IgG1-type antibodies that can mediate PCA, possibly as well as having a true reaginic antibody.
A Rapid Assay of Cell Mediated Immunity to Soluble Antigens Based on the Stimulation of Protein Synthesis
Authors: Rosenberg Steven A. , Levy Ronald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A rapid in vitro assay for cell mediated immuntiy in guinea pigs to soluble antigens has been developed. This assay is based on changes in the rate of protein synthesis that can be detected within 4 hr after the addition of specific antigen to sensitized lymphocytes. Antigen concentrations as low as 10-3 µg/ml provide effective stimulation of immunized cells. This stimulation of protein synthesis exhibits antigenic specificity, cannot be transferred by serum, is not present in animals immunized so as to produce antibody and not cellular immunity and exhibits a different time course of development after immunization than does antibody synthesis. This assay is thought to represent a rapid in vitro correlate of cellular immunity suitable for the study of soluble antigens.
Synthesis of Nuclear-Associated Proteins by Lymphocytes Within Minutes After Contact with Phytohemagglutinin
Authors: Rosenberg Steven A. , Levy Ronald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The interaction of lymphoid cells with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) gives rise to a series of chemical and morphologic changes that culminate in the mitosis of the lymphoid cell (1). Although mitosis is not detectable for 2 to 3 days after contact with PHA, earlier changes in the lymphocyte have been described (2–17). The molecular mechanism underlying the activation of the lymphocyte are unknown and little is known concerning the chemical nature of the proteins synthesized shortly after contact with PHA.
Using a double isotope technique we have identified a class of nuclear proteins whose synthesis is stimulated within 20 min after contact with PHA. These proteins may be associated with nucleic acids and represent aggregates with a molecular weight greater than 1,000,000.
Lymph nodes were obtained from strain 2 guinea pigs 2 to 6 weeks after injection with 0.1 ml of complete Freund's adjuvant into each of the foot pads.
Allelic and Class Exclusion of Membrane-Associated Immunoglobulins of Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Litwin Stephen D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Data from several sources indicate that the immunoglobulin (Ig) found within the cytoplasm of the individual lymphocyte or plasma cell is of a single allotype and class (1, 2). Ig antigens have also been found in association with the plasma membranes of 5 to 20% of human peripheral blood lymphocytes; many of the bound Ig molecules are believed to be antigen receptors (3–7). The present experiments were designed to establish whether the genic restrictions that have been demonstrated for cytoplasmic Ig are true for membrane Ig of human peripheral lymphocytes. This information is important both to confirm the clonal nature of lymphocytes, and to determine at what level of the immune response genetic restrictions occur.
Membrane Ig was detected by the mixed antiglobulin technique (immunocytoadhesion) in which human lymphocytes, after incubation with an antiglobulin, are reacted with Ig-coated indicator red cells (3, 8).
The Synthesis of Secretory Component by the Human Thymus
Authors: Tomasi Thomas B. , Yurchak Anthony M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The existence in human external secretions of an additional component, originally called secretory “piece” and attached to the majority of IgA molecules is now well established (1). Secretory “piece” (now called secretory component or S component) has been isolated from the intact secretory IgA molecule and from the secretions of normals and patients with agammaglobulinemia in which it occurs “free” or unassociated with IgA. An apparently analogous component has been identified in several animal species, particularly the rabbit (2) and cow (3). In each of these species, S component has been shown to be a glycoprotein with a m.w. of approximately 60,000. S component has been shown to be synthesized in a variety of epithelial cells including those of the GI and respiratory tracts, kidney, sweat glands, pancreas and gallbladder (4). We here describe the synthesis of S component in the human thymus and its immunohistologic localization in Hassall's corpuscles and in the epithelial cells surrounding these structures.
Local Synthesis of Secretory IgA in Experimental Pyelonephritis
Authors: Smith James W. , Hand W. Lee , Sanford Jay P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies were performed to determine if secretory IgA was synthesized by kidney following hematogenous and retrograde urinary tract infection in rabbits. The synthesis of secretory IgA was analyzed by comparing the percentage of radioactivity (14C) precipitated by an antiserum to secretory piece to that precipitated by an antiserum to colostral IgA. The IgA synthesized by pyelonephritic kidney was precipitated by anti-secretory piece, whereas IgA synthesized by the spleen was not. Newly synthesized IgA from pyelonephritic kidney migrated immunoelectrophoretically as did colostral IgA. These studies confirm that newly synthesized IgA is secretory IgA. Reduction and alkylation of secretory IgA was followed by disc electrophoresis in alkaline urea gel. These studies demonstrated that newly synthesized IgA contained heavy, light and “J” chain. Since secretory IgA was synthesized late in the inflammatory response in hematogenous pyelonephritis and was not synthesized in mild pyelonephritis produced by retrograde route, extensive tubular epithelial destruction appears to be central to the synthesis of secretory IgA in pyelonephritis. No specific cell-binding antibody activity was demonstrated for newly synthesized secretory IgA by pyelonephritic kidney in these studies.
A Radioactive Antigen-Binding Assay for Neisseria Meningitidis Polysaccharide Antibody
Authors: Brandt Brenda L. , Wyle Frederic A. , Artenstein Malcolm S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A modification of the Farr technique (see reference 7) was used to develop a highly sensitive and specific radioactive antigen-binding assay for the detection of antipolysaccharide antibody to the groups B and C meningococci. Labeled polysaccharide was extracted from 16-hr culture supernatants of organisms grown in modified Frantz medium containing 14C sodium acetate. The polysaccharide was precipitated by Cetavlon and purified by CaCl2 extraction, ethanol fractionation and Sepharose 4B chromatography.
The assay was shown to be highly reproducible and group specific. An unexpected cross-reaction was demonstrated between certain anti-B antisera with the group C antigen. Complete agreement was found between the group C antigen-binding assay and the group C hemagglutination test in detecting antibody rises in adults who were asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriers, clinical cases or vaccine recipients. Nineteen paired sera from group B meningitis patients all showed antibody rises in the B antigen-binding assay whereas only 14 showed rises by the B hemagglutination test. Only 3 of 11 group B nasopharyngeal carriers showed an antibody response in the radioactive antigen-binding test. In young children immunized with the group C polysaccharide vaccine, the sensitive group C antigen-binding assay demonstrated antibody rises in 93% of the children, most of whom showed borderline or negative response as measured by the hemagglutination test.
Cellular and Humoral Aspects of the Influence of Environmental Temperature on the Immune Response of Poikilothermic Vertebrates
Authors: Cone Robert E. , Marchalonis John J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A study was made of the influence of environmental temperature on the immune response of a poikilothermic vertebrate, the marine toad (Bufo marinus). Three days after intraperitoneal injection of horse erythrocytes (HRBC) toads maintained at 20°C produced as many splenic anti-HRBC rosette-forming cells (RFC) as toads kept at 37°C. However, the number of splenic RFC declined rapidly after day 3 when toads were maintained at 20°C. In addition, the appearance of circulating hemagglutinins was retarded or suppressed in animals kept in a 20°C environment. Temperature shifts from 20°C to 37°C or 37°C to 20°C on the 3rd day after immunization resulted in a corresponding increase or decrease in splenic RFC and circulating antibodies on day 6.
The results indicate that temperature may influence discrete events in the naturation of immunocompetent cells.
The Serum and Secretory Immunoglobulins of Cattle: Characterization and Quantitation
Authors: Duncan J. R. , Wilkie B. N. , Hiestand F. , Winter A. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoglobulins in bovine serum and in lacteal, salivary, nasal and vaginal secretions have been characterized on the basis of antigenic distinctions, ion exchange and gel filtration properties, and ultracentrifugal analysis. IgG1, IgG2, IgM and IgA have been clearly distinguished and the presence of a secretory IgA system analogous to that in other mammalian species has been confirmed. All detectable bovine serum IgA has a molecular weight consonant with its existence in dimeric form.
The quantitative distribution of immunoglobulins and albumin were measured in serum and nasal, lacrimal, salivary and vaginal secretions of four heifers for 9- to 12-week periods. IgA is a minor serum component but is the predominant immunoglobulin in nasal secretions, tears and saliva; in vaginal mucus its relative concentration is lower than IgG but still much higher proportionally than in serum. Marked weekly fluctuations occurred in each secretion in IgA/total protein ratios. IgG1 was consistently the predominant IgG subclass in each secretion although the serum relationship varied among animals. With two exceptions a significant positive correlation existed between IgG and albumin in every secretion. IgM levels in secretions were generally low but in two parenterally immunized heifers mean IgM concentrations in nasal secretions exceeded those of IgG. Local synthesis or selective transport must account for virtually all of the IgA as well as a portion of IgG1 and, possibly, IgM in these secretions. Serum components derived by transudation account for a much higher proportion of total protein in vaginal mucus than in nasal, lacrimal, or salivary secretions.
Idiotypic Determinants on the Monoclonal Immunoglobulins Associated with Papular Mucinosis
Authors: Wells J. Vivian , Fudenberg H. Hugh , Epstein William L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Quantitative idiotypic studies were performed with monoclonal proteins from nine patients with the rare dermatologic disease papular mucinosis (PM). The PM serum protein is a basic “cathodal” IgG-1 monoclonal protein of λ light chain type and we postulated that these proteins might represent antibodies against acidic mucopolysaccharide components in the skin deposits or subcutaneous tissue of the PM patients. Specific anti-idiotypic antisera were prepared against each of four isolated PM proteins. The inhibition of the reaction between the 125I-labeled F(ab′)2 fragment of a PM protein and its homologous anti-idiotypic antiserum was tested with a series of proteins. In each case the homologous PM protein produced 98 to 100% inhibition whereas no inhibition was obtained with the other eight PM proteins, by a panel of 10 myeloma proteins of different classes, subclasses and light chain types, nor by fractions of normal IgG from PM patients or normal subjects. No inhibition was produced by a 2000-fold excess of normal IgG, suggesting that the idiotypic determinants of PM proteins are not represented in significant numbers of molecules in normal IgG. Further experiments for cross-reactivity between the four anti-idiotypic antisera found only slight cross-reactivity with one antiserum. Antisera against the γ chains of normal IgG from each of the four PM patients and from normal subjects consistently reacted with a small but significant percentage of the F(ab′)2 fragments of the PM proteins; the specificity was apparently not due to anti-light chain activity nor anti-human Fc activity and may have been directed against determinants in the variable region of the Fd portion.
There was no evidence for significant sharing of common idiotypic determinants by the PM proteins suggesting that, if these proteins were antibodies against acidic skin compounds, their specificities were directed against different compounds or against different determinants on the one compound.
Antibody Islet Forming-Cells: Localized Hemolysis Inhibition in Gel
Authors: Hege John S. , Epstein Wallace V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from mice immunized with human γ globulin (HGG) and goat erythrocytes coated with human Forssman hemolysin were imbedded in agar and incubated with complement. Generalized hemolysis occurred revealing islets of intact erythrocytes representing single spleen cells releasing anti-HGG antibody. Back-ground hemolysis was increased and islets were more distinct when the goat erythrocytes were incubated with a carbodiimide reagent before coating with hemolysin.
Secondary HGG immunization yielded 50-fold more islets than did primary immunization. When background hemolysis was incomplete both islets and hemolytic plaques could be observed. Human IgM immunization yielded many more islets, but fewer plaques, than did IgG immunization. Evidence from this work and from the works of others suggests that islet-forming cells release antibody directed specifically against human immunoglobulin M, while plaque formation is the result of IgG antibody directed against human immunoglobulin G. In a system in which anti-globulin antibody modulates immune hemolysis, the immunoglobulin classes of both antiglobulin and hemolysin determine whether islets or plaques will occur.
Characterization of a Factor Required for the Differentiation of Myeloid and Lymphoid Cells in Vitro
Authors: Watson James , Prichard John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The properties of a factor which is secreted by a cloned tumor cell line (JLS-V5) have been examined. The factor has been assayed in two culture systems. The factor induced the formation of colonies containing granulocytes and macrophages from mouse bone marrow cells cultured in a semi-solid agar medium. The factor also stimulated a normal primary immune response against erythrocyte antigens in immunologically unresponsive mouse spleen cultures. These spleen cultures were prepared from unimmunized mice in medium containing a deficient fetal bovine serum. The factor has been purified 500-fold from the serum-free culture supernatants of JLS-V5 cells. When the factor was treated with a variety of chemical and enzymatic reagents and then fractionated by gel filtration, the biologic activity for each culture assay resulted from the same molecular weight fractions. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates the factor has a m.w. of 70,000 to 80,000.
Production of Chemotactic Activity by Guinea Pig Immunoglobulins Following Activation of the C3 Complement Shunt Pathway
Authors: Sandberg A. L. , Snyderman R. , Frank M. M. , Osler A. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pig γ1 and γ2 immunoglobulins consume late C components (C3 to C9) when incubated with C4 deficient guinea pig serum. The γ2 antibodies produce greater hemolytic activity losses in normal than in C4 deficient guinea pig serum. In contrast, consumption of late component activity by the γ1 antibodies is similar in serum containing or lacking C4. Both types of immunoglobulins produce a serumderived factor chemotactic for rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes in either normal or C4 deficient serum. This factor has been identified as a cleavage product of C5.
Studies on Human Antibodies
Authors: Harisdangkul Valee , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The 1-(m-nitrophenyl) flavazoles (NPF1) of the isomaltose oligosaccharides obtained by condensation of o-phenylenediamine, m-nitrophenyl hydrazine sulfate with the isomaltose oligosaccharides were used to study their interaction with human antidextran by the quantitative hapten inhibition and fluorescence-quenching techniques. The NPF1 haptens inhibited in the dextran-antidextran system in whole serum in the same order as did the isomaltose oligosaccharides; that is, NPF1 of isomaltoheptaose (NPF1IM7) was the best inhibitor, inhibitory potency decreased progressively to the NPF1 of isomaltotetraose (NPF1IM4). Studies with antidextrans purified on a specific immunoadsorbent and eluted sequentially by isomaltotriose (IM3) and isomaltohexaose (IM6) showed that NPF1IM4 and NPF1IM5 inhibited the IM3 antidextran eluate better than the IM6 eluate, confirming the previous finding that antidextrans consist of subpopulations with different size combining sites.
All NPF1 of isomaltose oligosaccharides caused specific fluorescence quenching of the purified antidextrans which could be reversed specifically by addition of unlabeled IM6. Since relatively large amounts of nonspecific attenuation also occurred with γ globulin devoid of antidextran activity or with L-tryptophan solution, absolute values of maximum quenching (Qmax) could not be obtained, but the relative value of Qmax for each NPF1 was estimated from Scatchard plots by using various values of Qmax and taking the one which gave an extrapolated value of two combining sites since purified antidextrans are IgG and have two combining sites/molecule. NPF1IM3 with the NPF1 group closest to the immunodominant non-reducing end of IM3, which would be closest to the antibody-combining site, gave the largest Qmax and NPF1IM7 with the NPF1 group farthest from the immunodominant end gave the smallest Qmax. Differences in Qmax values were seen for the various antidextran fractions eluted by methyl α-D-glucoside, IM3 and IM6. Average intrinsic association constants, K0, of the purified antidextrans obtained from the Scatchard plots ranged from 5 to 8 × 104 for NPF1IM7 and from 1 to 1.3 × 104 for NPF1IM3. NPF1IM3 and NPF1IM4 gave smaller K0 values with the IM6 antidextran eluate than with the IM3 and methyl α-D-glucoside eluates, providing further evidence that small haptens are bound less effectively in combining sites of larger size.
A Protein in Normal Nurse Shark Serum which Reacts Specifically with Fructosans
Authors: Harisdangkul Valee , Kabat Elvin A. , McDonough Robert J. , Sigel M. Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The purified fructosan-specific protein (FSP) from normal nurse shark serum showed several bands in acrylamide gel electrophoresis, pH 9.3. Three purified preparations from three individual sharks appeared to have the same banding pattern but two pools from four shark sera showed a different band distribution. One preparation of FSP appeared as a single symmetrical peak on analytical ultracentrifugation with an s020,w of 10.64; the other showed two bands. The molecular weight calculated from sedimentation velocity, viscosity measurement and partial specific volume is 280,500. The protein contains four subunits linked noncovalently. Amino acid analysis showed large amounts of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, threonine and cystine. No carbohydrate was detected. The circular dichroism spectrum of the purified FSP showed a negative peak at 220 to 222.5 nm. In the near ultraviolet, three positive bands were seen at 289, 280 and 268 nm. When sugars which bind specifically to FSP were added to the protein solution, increased ellipticities were seen between 260 to 285 nm with no change below 240 nm.
Electron Microscopic Localization of Rabbit Immunoglobulin Allotype b4 on Blood Lymphocytes by an Indirect Ferritin Immune Complex Labeling Technique
Authors: An Teisa , Miyai Katsuma , Sell Stewart 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoglobulin allotypic determinant b4 may be detected on the surface of rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes by electron microscopy. Soluble complexes of ferritin and rabbit antiferritin of a given allotype were incubated with lymphocytes coated with anti-allotype antibody to form labeled lymphocytes. Seventy to 80% of the lymphocytes examined demonstrated specific focal ferritin-immune complex labeling scattered over the membrane surface. This technique should provide a sensitive and relatively simple method for the ultra structural detection of other immunoglobulin determinants.
Immunoglobulin-Containing Cells in Lungs of Hamsters Infected with Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
Authors: Fernald Gerald W. , Clyde Wallace A. , Bienenstock John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoglobulin production in lungs of hamsters experimentally infected with M. pneumoniae was studied with the indirect immunofluorescent technique. Only IgA was detected in normal controls as single plasmacytoid cells in the bronchial lamina propria. Varying numbers of cells infiltrating the peribronchial spaces during the infection were fluorescence-positive for IgM, IgA, 7Sγ1, and 7Sγ2 globulins. IgM appeared early and was followed by 7Sγ globulin production during the period of maximum pneumonia at 2 weeks. IgA-cells increased, but were the least affected, during the infectious process indicating that in this model of local immunization a unique local immunoglobulin response occurs. Non-immunoglobulin stainable lymphocytes increased in number during the period of infection, tending to surround small blood vessels. Upon reinfection of previously infected, immune animals, a perivascular-peribronchial lymphoid reaction was observed on the 3rd day. Very few of these cells were fluorescence-positive. The histology of these recall lesions suggested that delayed hypersensitivity is a major component of acquired immunity to M. pneumoniae.
Delayed Hypersensitivity to Polysaccharides from Nocardia
Authors: Ortiz-Ortiz L. , Bojalil L. F. , Contreras M. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of purified polysaccharides, isolated from either Nocardia asteroides or Nocardia brasiliensis, to elicit a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction was studied. From the results of chemical and physical analysis done on the purified carbohydrates obtained from these microorganisms, it was shown that these materials were devoid of demonstrable protein, RNA and DNA materials. Both polysaccharides, separately, elicited a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction when they were skin tested in either N. asteroides- or N. brasiliensis-sensitized guinea pigs. The skin reaction, however, was usually larger in homologous sensitized animals. In addition, they also elicited an Arthus-type reaction. The presence of a common polysaccharide among them was shown by passive cutaneous anaphylatic (PCA) and double diffusion assays. Meanwhile, the carbohydrates did not induce any inflammatory reaction in nonsensitized animals.