bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Property
Authors: Yeomans Christopher 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 extends the perspectival analysis thus far developed by characterizing views of property by reference to the function of property that comes to the fore in their analyses: the personal, the economic, or the political. These terms will help us add another connection between the projects of agency and the social perspectives, as well as profiling the Idealists against the background of the broader modern debate over property rights. Perhaps most important, this chapter helps to fill out the way in which each of the philosophers takes up multiple perspectives by showing that each has a different perspective on property than he has on the family.
Hegel’s State
Authors: Yeomans Christopher 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 reconstructs Hegel’s theory of the state. Of crucial importance to the structure of Hegel’s state is understanding the way that its pattern is essentially that of the estates—and thus the way Hegel’s institutional design of the state is a self-conscious attempt to bridge the gap between state and society. Because the very notion of the estates sounds as archaic and idiosyncratic to us now as does Kant’s thing-like right to persons, the first section of this chapter goes into some detail regarding the context and function of Hegel’s theory of the estates. That chapter argues that for Hegel, the estates are social preconditions for legal and political practices, forms of political participation in their own right, and conditions of possibility of moderate government (three functions also attributed to the estates by Montesquieu).
Living in Time
Authors: Allen Barry 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Living in Time is a book about the philosophical ideas of Henri Bergson (1859–1941), once the most famous philosopher in the world, though now seldom considered, especially not in Anglophone philosophy. This is regrettable, as Bergson is a great philosopher, and this book explains why. There is a chapter on each of Bergson’s four major works, explaining his theories of time, perception, memory, and panpsychic consciousness, his innovative concept of virtual existence, his objection to Darwin, his controversy with Einstein, his philosophy of creative evolution, and his social philosophy of closed and open society. Bergson is without doubt the most profound thinker about time since antiquity. In referring to time we refer to duration, which is always an interval, never instantaneous, and therefore always marked by differences of past and present. This duration is real, that is, not imaginary or subjective, and it is effective, a power for change, as we see in geology and the evolution of life. Classical arguments for determinism fallaciously apply spatial concepts to consciousness. Once we take time seriously, which means acknowledging its reality as duration and its difference from space, the arguments for determinism become insupportable. Bergson’s ideas on time and evolution open a context for a comparison with Nietzsche, which the book develops in detail, exposing both philosophical concurrence and systematic difference. The conclusion discusses the question of Bergson and naturalism and summarizes the ontology of the virtual that emerges as the book’s argument unfolds.
Open and Closed
Authors: Allen Barry 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter concerns the theme of open and closed in Bergson’s last work. Closed society is our evolved social adaptation and default tendency, which is to cherish one group above other, excluded groups. Open society is the tendency of life and growth, tending to a cosmopolitan society of humanity, which is so far only aspirational. Bergson regards laughter as an ally of closed society, which it certainly can be, though it is more than that, as comparison with the laughter Nietzsche depicts in Thus Spoke Zarathustra shows. Technology is the ally of open society, or it would be were it not diverted by capitalism. Bergson remains hopeful that the spell of wealth over science and technology can be broken by a spell of an entirely different sort cast by mystics and the creative emotion they diffuse.
Conclusion
Authors: Allen Barry 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
After a review of the book’s argument, this conclusion discusses the question of Bergson and “naturalism.” He is not a philosophical naturalist after the model of W. V. Quine. Instead, he proposes a new metaphysics, not of being, but of time, and not continuous with natural science but complementary, developing qualitative intelligence about the phenomena of duration (endurance, movement, melody, development, individuality, and evolution), to match the quantitative intelligence about space and matter in science. The chapter summarizes Bergson’s ontology of the virtual, drawing comparisons to Leibniz and the Stoics. Life and time, living in time, is the context of all Bergson’s thought, which may be said to define a kind of radical empiricism.
The Global Politics of Interreligious Dialogue
Authors: Driessen Michael D. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Global Politics of Interreligious Dialogue examines the growth of interreligious dialogue initiatives in the Middle East and their use by states as a policy instrument for engaging with religious communities and ideas. The book argues that this growth is best understood as the result of a complex interplay of geopolitical interests, ideational development, and religious change. In doing so, it interprets these initiatives as a concrete example of religion operating in contemporary global politics and as yielding critical insights about the relationship between religion, politics, and modernity. The book is divided into three parts. Part I builds a theoretical framework to analyze the dynamics of power, ideas, and practices at work in the politics of interreligious dialogue. It begins by considering state-centric accounts of dialogue. It then turns to theories of postsecularism and post-Islamism to conceptualize the new ideas and practices of citizenship, religious pluralism, and social solidarity which characterize dialogue initiatives in the region. Part II explores the history of interreligious dialogue and the evolution of theological approaches to religious pluralism in the traditions of Roman Catholicism and Sunni Islam. It analyzes key interreligious dialogue declarations produced in the Middle East over the past two decades, including the “A Common Word” letter, the Marrakesh Declaration, and the Human Fraternity document. Finally, drawing on five years of ethnographic fieldwork, Part III presents four case studies of dialogue in the region: the Focolare Community in Algeria, the Adyan Foundation in Lebanon, KAICIID of Saudi Arabia, and DICID of Qatar.
A Brief History of Interreligious Dialogue
Authors: Driessen Michael D. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a global history of interreligious dialogue. It begins by reviewing debates among scholars of religion about the problems posed by religious pluralism. The chapter then situates the growth of dialogue within the framework of modernization processes. It draws links between subsequent waves of democratic reform across major religious traditions, often in response to crises of authority and violent conflicts associated with religious ideas or actors, and the development of new theological perspectives on religious pluralism. The chapter introduces the framework of exclusivism, inclusivism, and pluralism and debates among theologians about the religious meaning of religious diversity, especially within the traditions of Sunni Islam and Roman Catholicism.
Catholicism and Interreligious Dialogue
Authors: Driessen Michael D. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the development of the Catholic Church’s position on interreligious dialogue following the Second Vatican Council and its impact on dialogue initiatives in the Middle East and North Africa. It examines the work of several key figures of dialogue engaged in the case studies presented in the book, including Piero Coda, Fadi Daou, and Chiara Lubich, as well as Louis Massignon and Christian de Chergé. The chapter explores the themes of human dignity, religious freedom, spiritual solidarity, and religious pluralism as taken up by these thinkers and analyzes how they understood their experiences in relation to the authority of the Catholic Church as well as the historical shifts introduced by liberal modernity.
The Capacity to Govern
Authors: Issacharoff Samuel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Democracies have compiled a historical record of strong state capacity, dramatically reducing poverty, educating their residents, delivering large-scale projects, and developing powerful militaries to secure themselves. In recent years, however, autocratic countries like China and Singapore have challenged democracies’ claim to superior state capacity—another narrative of democratic superiority—and democracies have had difficulty keeping pace. This chapter asks why the ability of democracies to “get it done” has been called into question. Two reasons are proposed—first, the dysfunction of legislatures in democratic countries; second, the decline of parties in democracies, as opposed to dominant parties in other systems with long time horizons and the capacity to maneuver around veto points that proliferate in democracies. The chapter concludes by arguing that state incapacity and legislative dysfunction have made executive unilateralism a tempting alternative to voters for populist parties.
A Theory of Strategic Selection
Authors: Powell Emilia Justyna , Wiegand Krista E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 presents the theory of strategic selection and explains the underlying reasons for states’ commitment to strategy during the entire process of peaceful settlement: uncertainty associated with the resolution process and the preference to win. The second part of this chapter focuses on the first stage of strategic selection: the choice of venue. It discusses the mechanisms that reduce uncertainty for proposer states during the process of choosing peaceful resolution methods: past experience in peaceful resolution and the relationship between domestic and international law. The chapter includes qualitative examples of states’ strategies in territorial and maritime disputes, as well as insights from conversations with policymakers personally involved in peaceful resolution. The chapter concludes by presenting a set of testable hypotheses dealing with each mechanism of choice-of-venue strategic selection.
Arsenals for Space Warfare
Authors: Bowen Bleddyn E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The spread of space technology is rekindling a desire to threaten enemy satellites of major military powers to a level not seen since the 1980s. Today we are witnessing the resuscitation, maturation, and proliferation of space weapons because there are many targets worth hitting in orbit. This chapter looks at what space weapons are, as well as their limitations and strengths based on whether they are Earth-to-space, space-to-space, or space-to-Earth weapons, by using examples from the Cold War and present day. It gives a general sense of the classes of space weapons available today and what they mean for the bigger picture of space warfare, strategy, and military power, rather than providing a detailed, technical “bestiary.”
Erdoğan Turns to Islam
Authors: Tol Gönül 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines the next phase in Erdoğan’s war, after he defeated the secularist establishment. It focuses on Erdoğan’s strategy of utilizing Islam to mobilize support for establishing an all-powerful executive presidency with no meaningful checks and balances. It takes an in-depth look at how Erdoğan utilized Islam to secure the backing of pious Turks and Kurds to seize unconstrained power and how he saw the Arab uprisings as an opportunity that would help him execute his plan. The chapter details the ways in which the Arab uprisings helped Erdoğan in his effort to cast himself as the protector of Islam and Muslims and those who were opposed to his autocratic vision as his new enemies.
From Religion to Nationalism
Authors: Tol Gönül 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter Four discusses the failure of Erdoğan’s efforts to use Islam to mobilize support for his presidential plans. It tells the story of Erdoğan’s clash with key constituencies, which culminated in a historic election loss for Erdoğan in 2015. It details how the rise and eventual dominance of the Syrian Kurdish militia along Turkey’s southern border as well as the feud that erupted in Erdoğan’s Islamist alliance complicated his plans to secure the backing of Turkey’s Kurds and Islamists for his executive presidency. The chapter then delves into Erdoğan’s turn to Turkish nationalism in response and how the Kurds became his new target.
Syrians Must Go
Authors: Tol Gönül 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter Seven discusses the implications of Erdoğan’s declining political fortune for Syria. Due to a growing protest from large segments of the country and the opposition parties’ increasingly vocal criticism of his Syria policy, Erdoğan was forced to act. The chapter explores the military incursion Erdoğan launched into Syria, a few months after his party lost almost all major cities in municipal elections, to secure a zone that would host Turkey’s Syrian refugees. It discusses Erdoğan’s efforts to prevent a regime takeover of Idlib, the last opposition stronghold, which would unleash another tide of refugees towards Turkey’s borders.
Anxiety, Racial Capitalism, and the Donald Sterling Tapes
Authors: Kelly Casey Ryan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 continues to explore the rhetorical unconscious of white supremacy by situating racist disclosures within the confines of a symbolic economy inherited from the history of chattel slavery. This chapter examines leaked audio of phone conversations between NBA team owner Donald Sterling and his girlfriend V. Stiviano. In conversations between the two, Sterling admonishes Stiviano for consorting with Black friends and acquaintances in public, begging her to keep her associations with Black people private. The tapes illustrate how whiteness rhetorically manages its anxiety over boundary violations within racial capitalism—between the labor of people of color and leisure of white people.
Access Hollywood and the Return of the Primal Father
Authors: Kelly Casey Ryan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the infamous Access Hollywood tape as a key moment in the rearticulation of white masculinity around a refusal of sexual prohibitions and moral authority. Reading the tape through Freud’s parable of the primal horde in Totem and Taboo, I argue that Trump introduced traumatic paralysis into the body politic by announcing the gross refiguration of white masculinity as beyond reproach, its function merged and conflated with the paternal signifier. The tape offers a theory of masculine power that is organized around what Gayle Rubin termed the “traffic in women.” This chapter illustrates how the Access Hollywood tape cemented an audience dynamic conducive to the autocratic exercise of power.
Epilogue
Authors: Kelly Casey Ryan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
I conclude by illustrating what it would entail for us to, in Žižek’s words, “traverse the fantasy” of postracial and postfeminist culture to bring about a productive reckoning with the horrors, fissures, and failures of the Symbolic—to cease attributing the Other with the possession of the lost object and to transform white masculinity’s relationship to the death drive. In this Epilogue, I consider the implications of calling back the law of the paternal signifier in relation to the Other’s enjoyment. Part of the problem with prescribing political alternatives is that prohibition is the ultimate source of enjoyment for the transgressor. I suggest that one healthy route is to create space for indifference to the Other’s enjoyment—not so much a matter of ignoring the law as much as it is a refusal to look, so as to change our psychical orientation toward the death drive.
Reforming the System
Authors: Kamrava Mehran 
Published: May 2023

AbstractNearly two decades after its establishment, the Islamic Republic went through what could have been a period of profound transformation. The late 1990s and the early 2000s promised to be a period of reform and readjustment, a time when the very essence of state-society relations in the Islamic Republic was to be rewritten, corrected, and, supposedly, made democratic. This, at least, seemed to be the yearning of the populace, of the urban middle classes tired of war and endless revolutionary mobilization, hoping to finally see the revolution's promises of liberty and democracy come true. Such was the premise and promise of what came to be called "the reform movement," more a feeling than an actual movement, of the people and the elite literati alike, to make Islam and the Islamic Republic democratic, to foster civil society, and to finally have freedom in the social, political, and intellectual domains.
A Very Political Economy
Authors: Kamrava Mehran 
Published: May 2023

AbstractTo one extent or another, all three factors—institutional setting, oil, and sanctions—have been instrumental in shaping the Iranian economy since the revolution. This chapter traces the odyssey of the Iranian economy from the success of the revolution until today. It starts with a brief history of the economy, then examines the positions and conditions of the various economic classes, and ends with an examination of the many obstacles that have hampered Iran's economic development. Throughout, there are three key considerations that inform the analysis. First, the Iranian economy is shaped by the country's institutional setting, and more specifically by the policy decisions made by state leaders on the one hand and the broader, structural conditions within which Iran found itself on the other. Second, Iran's economy continues to be shaped by the structural characteristics of the country's political economy as an oil exporter. Third, Iran's developing economy has had to contend with international economic isolation due to comprehensive, biting sanctions.
The Nasty Style of Politics
Authors: Zeitzoff Thomas 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with several vivid examples of nasty politics in the U.S. and Ukraine. These include lead up to the January 6 insurrection and attempted coup in the U.S., and the time preceding the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. It then introduces the concept of nasty politics as an umbrella term for a set of tactics that politicians use to insult, accuse, denigrate, threaten, and in some cases physically harm their opponents. These different tactics vary in their underlying aggression and threat, with insults being the least threatening and actual violence the most threatening. It then discusses the main puzzle of nasty politics: why do politicians use nasty politics if the public reduces support for those who employ it? What explains the strategic logic of nasty politics? This chapter provides a preview of the theory of nasty politics and justifies the case selection of Ukraine, the U.S., and Israel.
How Does the Public Respond to Nasty Rhetoric?
Authors: Zeitzoff Thomas 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the demand side of nasty rhetoric by using survey experiments in both the U.S. and Ukraine. Voters in both contexts hold consistent views on nasty politics. On average they don’t like it. And they have a rank-ordering of nastiness. Incitement and threats of violence—such as threatening to beat opponents up—are worse than insults. But there are two important caveats. First, certain personality types are more accepting of nasty politics. Those who are more aggressive, like tough leaders, or believe violence can be justified are more accepting of violent nasty rhetoric. This is true in both the U.S. and Ukraine. The context and framing of nasty politics matters. Survey experiments show that respondents are more likely to support politicians who use nasty rhetoric when an outgroup is framed as an existential threat or engaged in actual violence.
Which Politicians Choose to Get Nasty and When?
Authors: Zeitzoff Thomas 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
How and why do the politicians use insults, accusations, intimidating statements, incitement, and even actual violence? To answer this question, the chapter turns to a variety of novel datasets, including: (1) databases of nasty politics from 2016–2019 in Ukraine and the U.S. constructed from media sources; (2) a dataset of fights, blockades, and disruptions in the Ukrainian Rada from 2001–2019; and (3) a large dataset of incivility in U.S. Congressional tweets during the 115th Congress (2016–2017). Across all three datasets I show that insults and accusations are quite common, while incitement and actual violence are relatively rare—though both are more common in Ukraine. The nasty style of politics tends to be carried out by more extreme politicians, and those in the opposition. Increases in nasty politics tend to precede contentious events and political conflict. Finally, nasty rhetoric gets attention from the public.
Nasty Politics and Its Implications for Democracy
Authors: Zeitzoff Thomas 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
What are the implications of nasty politics for democracy? Data collected from surveys and survey experiments in Israel, Ukraine, and the U.S. shows that voters have negative views of nasty politics. But they sometimes think it can be acceptable to use it to call out dangerous people and groups. The surveys and survey experiments further show that ingroup politicians have more leeway to use nasty rhetoric. Nasty rhetoric increases threatening perceptions of the outgroup, but it doesn’t lead the public to increase support for democratic subversion. Nasty politics also affects political participation in two ways. First, it makes voters less likely to participate in politics. Second, when it becomes a core part of a political party, or in the system in general, outrage and attention become the currency of politics. Thus, nasty politics has long-term effects on who runs for office and who leaves politics altogether.
Nuclear Decisions
Authors: Koch Lisa Langdon 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Nuclear Decisions: Changing the Course of Nuclear Weapons Programs investigates state leaders’ decisions to accelerate or reverse nuclear weapons development. The paths states take toward the bomb are rarely linear because they are shaped and interrupted by nuclear decisions. This book examines the political information environment in which leaders form and reconsider their beliefs and preferences about nuclear weapons. Leaders weigh the security benefits nuclear weapons may provide against drawbacks such as domestic resource trade-offs, potential damage to strategic international relations, and the likelihood of program success. This book discusses two key mechanisms that shape leaders’ understandings of the costs and benefits of their nuclear pursuits. The internal mechanism is the intervention of domestic experts in key scientific and military organizations. If the conditions are right, those experts may be able to influence a leader’s nuclear decision-making, including how the leader thinks about the value of nuclear weapons in relation to the security environment. The external mechanism emerges from the international system. The book identifies three different proliferation eras, in which changes to international political and structural conditions have constrained or freed states pursuing nuclear weapons development. The book tests the mechanisms through case studies of nine states across the three proliferation eras. Through this global approach to studying nuclear proliferation, this book pushes back against the conventional wisdom that determined states pursue a straight path to the bomb. Instead, nuclear decisions define a state’s nuclear pursuits.