bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multigenerational variation in the nutrients and digestion of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) depends on the nutritive quality of different foods
Authors: Yue Wen Bo , Zhou Dan , Li Ding Yin , Zhi Jun Rui , Fang Xin Lei , Qiu Xin Yue 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWestern flower thrips (WFTs), Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera, Thripidae), is one of the most serious pests that attack rose flowers. Little is known about the effect of different parts of the rose flower on nutritional contents and digestive enzyme activities in thrips. This study assessed variations in the nutritional contents and digestive enzyme activities in the second-instar larvae and adults WFTs fed on 3 food types (rose petals, rose flowers, and honey solution + kidney bean pods) for multiple generations. The highest contents of soluble sugar (in 10% honey solution + kidney bean pods), amino acid (in rose flowers), and protein (in rose flowers) were observed, respectively. Soluble sugar and protein contents in the second-instar larvae and adults fed on rose petals decreased in the F1 generation but increased in the F2 generation and remained at higher levels until the F7 generation. Feeding of thrips with 3 food types increased the lipid content in the F1 generation, which peaked in the F2 generation and remained high until the F7 generation. In most cases, α-amylase and trypsin activities significantly decreased in the F1 generation after feeding on rose petals and then prominently increased in the F2 generation. In contrast, chymotrypsin activity remarkably increased and peaked in the F1 generation after second-instar larvae thrips fed on rose petals. There were correlations among the contents of 3 nutrient related positively with the activities of α-amylase and trypsin in WFTs second-instar larvae and adults, respectively. Overall, variations in the nutrient properties of the 3 food types caused changes in nutrient contents and digestive enzyme activities in thrips.
The morphology of reionization in a dynamically clumpy universe
Authors: Cain Christopher , D’Aloisio Anson , Gangolli Nakul , McQuinn Matthew 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT
A recent measurement of the Lyman-limit mean free path at z = 6 suggests it may have been very short, motivating a better understanding of the role that ionizing photon sinks played in reionization. Accurately modelling the sinks in reionization simulations is challenging because of the large dynamic range required if ∼104−108M⊙ gas structures contributed significant opacity. Thus, there is no consensus on how important the sinks were in shaping reionization’s morphology. We address this question with a recently developed radiative transfer code that includes a dynamical sub-grid model for the sinks based on radiative hydrodynamics simulations. Compared to assuming a fully pressure-smoothed intergalactic medium, our dynamical treatment reduces ionized bubble sizes by $10-20~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ under typical assumptions about reionization’s sources. Near reionization’s midpoint, the 21 cm power at k ∼ 0.1 hMpc−1 is similarly reduced. These effects are more modest than the $30-60~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ suppression resulting from the higher recombination rate if pressure smoothing is neglected entirely. Whether the sinks played a significant role in reionization’s morphology depends on the nature of its sources. For example, if reionization was driven by bright (MUV &lt; −17) galaxies, the sinks reduce the large-scale 21 cm power by at most 20 per cent, even if pressure smoothing is neglected. Conveniently, when bright sources contribute significantly, the morphology in our dynamical treatment can be reproduced accurately with a uniform sub-grid clumping factor that yields the same ionizing photon budget. By contrast, if MUV ∼ −13 galaxies drove reionization, the uniform clumping model can err by up to 40 per cent.
Galaxy pairs inThe Three Hundredsimulations II: studying bound ones and identifying them via machine learning
Authors: Contreras-Santos Ana , Knebe Alexander , Cui Weiguang , Haggar Roan , Pearce Frazer , Gray Meghan , De Petris Marco , Yepes Gustavo 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACTUsing the data set of The Three Hundred project, i.e. 324 hydrodynamical resimulations of cluster-sized haloes and the regions of radius 15 ${{h^{-1}\, {\rm Mpc}}}$ around them, we study galaxy pairs in high-density environments. By projecting the galaxies’ 3D coordinates onto a 2D plane, we apply observational techniques to find galaxy pairs. Based on a previous theoretical study on galaxy groups in the same simulations, we are able to classify the observed pairs into ‘true’ or ‘false’, depending on whether they are gravitationally bound or not. We find that the fraction of true pairs (purity) crucially depends on the specific thresholds used to find the pairs, ranging from around 30 to more than 80 per cent in the most restrictive case. Nevertheless, in these very restrictive cases, we see that the completeness of the sample is low, failing to find a significant number of true pairs. Therefore, we train a machine learning algorithm to help us identify these true pairs based on the properties of the galaxies that constitute them. With the aid of the machine learning model trained with a set of properties of all the objects, we show that purity and completeness can be boosted significantly using the default observational thresholds. Furthermore, this machine learning model also reveals the properties that are most important when distinguishing true pairs, mainly the size and mass of the galaxies, their spin parameter, gas content, and shape of their stellar components.
Plasmodium 18S Ribosomal RNA Biomarker Clearance After Food and Drug Administration–Approved Antimalarial Treatment in Controlled Human Malaria Infection Trials
Authors: Chavtur Chris , Staubus Weston J , Ho Mabel , Hergott Dianna E B , Seilie Annette M , Healy Sara , Duffy Patrick , Jackson Lisa , Talley Angela , Kappe Stefan H I , Hoffman Stephen L , Richie Thomas L , Kublin James G , Chang Ming , Murphy Sean C 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Background
Sensitive molecular assays, such as quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) of Plasmodium 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), are increasingly the primary method of detecting infections in controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) trials. However, thick blood smears (TBSs) remain the main method for confirming clearance of parasites after curative treatment, in part owing to uncertainty regarding biomarker clearance rates.

Methods
For this analysis, 18S rRNA qRT-PCR data were compiled from 127 Plasmodium falciparum–infected participants treated with chloroquine or atovaquone-proguanil in 6 CHMI studies conducted in Seattle, Washington, over the past decade. A survival analysis approach was used to compare biomarker and TBS clearance times among studies. The effect of the parasite density at which treatment was initiated on clearance time was estimated using linear regression.

Results
The median time to biomarker clearance was 3 days (interquartile range, 3–5 days), while the median time to TBS clearance was 1 day (1–2 days). Time to biomarker clearance increased with the parasite density at which treatment was initiated. Parasite density did not have a significant effect on TBS clearance.

Conclusions
The Plasmodium 18S rRNA biomarker clears quickly and can be relied on to confirm the adequacy of Food and Drug Administration–approved treatments in CHMI studies at nonendemic sites.
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Treated With R-CHOP in a Resource-Limited Setting in South Africa: A Real-World Study
Authors: Musimar Zola , Mpetani Mtonga , Abramson Jeremy S , Chabner Bruce A , Mohamed Zainab 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Background
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma worldwide and particularly in Africa, where the incidence of HIV is the highest in the world. R-CHOP is the standard of care regimen for DLBCL, but access to rituximab is limited in developing countries.

Methods
This is a retrospective cohort study that included all HIV-negative patients with DLBCL who received R-CHOP at a single institution from January 2012 to December 2017. Clinical and demographic data were collected to assess factors that influenced survival.

Results
Seventy-three patients were included. Median age was 55 (17-76), 67.1% of patients were younger than 60 years, and 60.3% were female. Most presented with stages III/IV disease (53.5%) but with good performance status (56.% PS 0 and 1). Progression-free survival at 3 and 5 years was 75% and 69%, and overall survival at 3 and 5 years was 77% and 74%, respectively. Median survival had not been reached with a median follow-up of 3.5 years(0.13-7.9). Overall survival was significantly affected by performance status (P = .04), but not by IPI or age. Survival was significantly associated with response to chemotherapy after 4-5 cycles of R-CHOP (P = 0.005).

Conclusions
Treatment of DLBCL with R-CHOP is feasible and can achieve good outcomes in resource-limited settings with rituximab-based chemotherapy. Poor performance status was the most important adverse prognostic factor in this cohort of HIV-negative patients.
Detection of a new molecular cloud in the LHAASO J2108+5157 region supporting a hadronic PeVatron scenario
Authors: de la Fuente Eduardo , Toledano-Juarez Ivan , Kawata Kazumasa , Trinidad Miguel A , Tafoya Daniel , Sano Hidetoshi , Tokuda Kazuki , Nishimura Atsushi , Onishi Toshikazu , Sako Takashi , Hona Binita , Ohnishi Munehiro , Takita Masato 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
PeVatrons are the most powerful naturally occurring particle accelerators in the Universe. The identification of counterparts associated to astrophysical objects such as dying massive stars, molecular gas, star-forming regions, and star clusters is essential to clarify the underlying nature of the PeV emission, i.e., hadronic or leptonic. We present 12,13CO (J = 2→1) observations made with the 1.85 m radio-telescope of the Osaka Prefecture University toward the Cygnus OB7 molecular cloud, which contains the PeVatron candidate LHAASO J2108+5157. We investigate the nature of the sub-PeV (gamma-ray) emission by studying the nucleon density determined from the content of H i and H2, derived from the CO observations. In addition to MML[2017]4607, detected via the observations of the optically thick 12CO (J = 1→0) emission, we infer the presence of an optically thin molecular cloud, named [FKT-MC]2022, whose angular size is 1${_{.}^{\circ}}$1 ± 0${_{.}^{\circ}}$2. We propose this cloud as a new candidate to produce the sub-PeV emission observed in LHAASO J2108+5157. Considering a distance of 1.7 kpc, we estimate a nucleon (H i + H2) density of 37 ± 14 cm−3, and a total nucleon mass(H i + H2) of 1.5 ± 0.6 × 104 M⊙. On the other hand, we confirm that Kronberger 82 is a molecular clump with an angular size of 0${_{.}^{\circ}}$1, a nucleon density ∼103 cm−3, and a mass ∼103 M⊙. Although Kronberger 82 hosts the physical conditions to produce the observed emission of LHAASO J2108+5157, [FKT-MC]2022 is located closer to it, suggesting that the latter could be the one associated to the sub-PeV emission. Under this scenario, our results favour a hadronic origin for the emission.
Remote diagnostic imaging using artificial intelligence for diagnosing hip dysplasia in infants: Results from a mixed-methods feasibility pilot study
Authors: Libon Jackie , Ng Candice , Bailey Allan , Hareendranathan Abhilash , Joseph Reg , Dulai Sukhdeep 
Published: April 2023

AbstractObjectivesInfant hip dysplasia or Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) occurs in 1–2% of births worldwide and leads to hip arthritis if untreated. We sought to evaluate the feasibility of implementing an artificial intelligence-enhanced portable ultrasound tool for infant hip dysplasia (DDH) screening in primary care, through determining its effectiveness in practice and evaluating patient and provider feedback.MethodsA US-FDA-cleared artificial intelligence (AI) screening device for DDH (MEDO-Hip) was added to routine well-child visits from age 6 to 10 weeks. A total of 306 infants were screened during a 1-year pilot study within three family medicine clinics in Alberta, Canada. Patient and provider satisfaction were quantified using the System Usability Survey (SUS), while provider perceptions were further investigated through semi-structured interviews.ResultsProvider and user surveys commonly identified best features of the tool as immediate diagnosis, offering reassurance/knowledge and avoiding travel, and noted technical glitches most frequently as a barrier. A total of 369 scans of 306 infants were performed from Feb 1, 2021 until Mar 31, 2022. Eighty percent of hips scanned were normal on initial scans, 14% of scans required a follow-up study in the primary care clinic, and DDH cases were identified and treated at the expected 2% rate (6 infants).ConclusionsIt is feasible to implement a point-of-care ultrasound AI screening tool in primary care to screen for infants with DDH. Beyond improved screening and detection, this innovation was well accepted by patients and fee-for-service providers with a culture and history of innovation.
Blue light promotes ascorbate synthesis by deactivating the PAS/LOV photoreceptor that inhibits GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase
Authors: Bournonville Céline , Mori Kentaro , Deslous Paul , Decros Guillaume , Blomeier Tim , Mauxion Jean-Philippe , Jorly Joana , Gadin Stéphanie , Cassan Cédric , Maucourt Mickael , Just Daniel , Brès Cécile , Rothan Christophe , Ferrand Carine , Fernandez-Lochu Lucie , Bataille Laure , Miura Kenji , Beven Laure , Zurbriggen Matias D , Pétriacq Pierre , Gibon Yves , Baldet Pierre 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Ascorbate (vitamin C) is an essential antioxidant in fresh fruits and vegetables. To gain insight into the regulation of ascorbate metabolism in plants, we studied mutant tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) that produce ascorbate-enriched fruits. The causal mutation, identified by a mapping-by-sequencing strategy, corresponded to a knock-out recessive mutation in a class of photoreceptor named PAS/LOV protein (PLP), which acts as a negative regulator of ascorbate biosynthesis. This trait was confirmed by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and further found in all plant organs, including fruit that accumulated 2 to 3 times more ascorbate than in the WT. The functional characterization revealed that PLP interacted with the 2 isoforms of GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase (GGP), known as the controlling step of the L-galactose pathway of ascorbate synthesis. The interaction with GGP occurred in the cytoplasm and the nucleus, but was abolished when PLP was truncated. These results were confirmed by a synthetic approach using an animal cell system, which additionally demonstrated that blue light modulated the PLP-GGP interaction. Assays performed in vitro with heterologously expressed GGP and PLP showed that PLP is a noncompetitive inhibitor of GGP that is inactivated after blue light exposure. This discovery provides a greater understanding of the light-dependent regulation of ascorbate metabolism in plants.
GUN4 appeared early in cyanobacterial evolution
Authors: Rockwell Nathan C , Lagarias J Clark 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Photosynthesis relies on chlorophylls, which are synthesized via a common tetrapyrrole trunk pathway also leading to heme, vitamin B12, and other pigmented cofactors. The first committed step for chlorophyll biosynthesis is insertion of magnesium into protoporphyrin IX by magnesium chelatase. Magnesium chelatase is composed of H-, I-, and D-subunits, with the tetrapyrrole substrate binding to the H-subunit. This subunit is rapidly inactivated in the presence of substrate, light, and oxygen, so oxygenic photosynthetic organisms require mechanisms to protect magnesium chelatase from similar loss of function. An additional protein, GUN4, binds to the H-subunit and to tetrapyrroles. GUN4 has been proposed to serve this protective role via its ability to bind linear tetrapyrroles (bilins). In the current work, we probe the origins of bilin binding by GUN4 via comparative phylogenetic analysis and biochemical validation of a conserved bilin-binding motif. Based on our results, we propose that bilin-binding GUN4 proteins arose early in cyanobacterial evolution and that this early acquisition represents an ancient adaptation for maintaining chlorophyll biosynthesis in the presence of light and oxygen.
Bayesian network enables interpretable and state-of-the-art prediction of immunotherapy responses in cancer patients
Authors: Hozumi Hideki , Shimizu Hideyuki 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors, especially PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, have revolutionized cancer treatment and brought tremendous benefits to patients who otherwise would have had a limited prognosis. Nonetheless, only a small fraction of patients respond to immunotherapy, and the costs and side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors cannot be ignored. With the advent of machine and deep learning, clinical and genetic data have been used to stratify patient responses to immunotherapy. Unfortunately, these approaches have typically been “black-box” methods that are unable to explain their predictions, thereby hindering their responsible clinical application. Herein, we developed a “white-box” Bayesian network model that achieves accurate and interpretable predictions of immunotherapy responses against nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This tree-augmented naïve Bayes (TAN) model accurately predicted durable clinical benefits and distinguished two clinically significant subgroups with distinct prognoses. Furthermore, our state-of-the-art white-box TAN approach achieved greater accuracy than previous methods. We hope that our model will guide clinicians in selecting NSCLC patients who truly require immunotherapy and expect our approach to be easily applied to other types of cancer.
Corporate Investment and Financing Dynamics
Authors: Hackbarth Dirk , Sun Dongming 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
We consider the behavior of leverage ratios in a trade-off model with investment. Debt underutilization to retain financial flexibility persists even when firms exercise their last investment options, and it is more (less) severe for more back-loaded (front-loaded) investment opportunities. Leverage paths crucially hinge on the structure of the investment process, which leads firms to have significantly different target leverage ratios. Structural estimation of key parameters reveals that simulated model moments can match data moments. In simulated panels, leverage regression results are in line with the evidence, and average leverage ratios are path-dependent and persistent for extended periods of time. (JEL G31, G32)
Financial Cycles with Heterogeneous Intermediaries
Authors: Coimbra Nuno , Rey Hélène 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
We develop a dynamic macroeconomic model with heterogeneous financial intermediaries and endogenous entry. Time-varying endogenous macroeconomic risk arises from the risk-shifting behaviour of the cross-section of financial intermediaries. When interest rates are high, a decrease in interest rates stimulates investment and decreases aggregate risk. In contrast, when they are low, further stimulus can increase financial instability while inducing a fall in the risk premium. In this case, there is a trade-off between stimulating the economy and financial stability. This provides a model of the risk-taking channel of monetary policy.
In-depth proteomic analysis of juvenile dermatomyositis serum reveals protein expression associated with muscle-specific autoantibodies
Authors: Sato Hironori , Inoue Yuzaburo , Kawashima Yusuke , Konno Ryo , Ohara Osamu , Kuwana Masataka , Kobayashi Norimoto , Takezaki Shunichiro , Akioka Shinji 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Objectives
The clinical symptoms and complications of JDM differ depending on the type of muscle-specific autoantibodies (MSAs) present. We aimed to identify protein expression profiles specific for MSAs that characterize various clinical features by comprehensively analyzing the proteins present in the serum of patients with JDM.

Methods
We analysed sera from patients with JDM that were positive for anti–melanoma differentiation–associated protein 5 (MDA5) antibodies (n = 5), anti–nuclear matrix protein 2 (NXP2) antibodies (n = 5) and anti–transcriptional intermediary factor 1 alpha or gamma subunit (TIF1-γ) antibodies (n = 5), and evaluated healthy controls (n = 5) via single-shot liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MS) in data-independent acquisition mode, which is superior for comparative quantitative analysis. We identified different protein groups based on MSAs and performed pathway analysis to understand their characteristics.

Results
We detected 2413 proteins from serum MS analysis; 508 proteins were commonly altered in MSAs, including many myogenic enzymes and IFN-regulated proteins. Pathway analysis using the top 50 proteins that were upregulated in each MSA group revealed that the type I IFN and proteasome pathways were significantly upregulated in the anti-MDA5 antibody group alone.

Conclusion
Although JDM serum contains many proteins commonly altered in MSAs, the pathways associated with clinical features of MSAs differ based on protein accumulation. In-depth serum protein profiles associated with MSAs may be useful for developing therapeutic target molecules and biomarkers.
Exposures to information about castration and emotional trauma before puberty are associated with men’s risk of seeking genital ablation as adults
Authors: Agapoff Jame A , Wassersug Richard J , Johnson Thomas W , Wibowo Erik 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about childhood experiences, outcomes, and self-recollections of those men who were voluntarily castrated as adults.AimThe study sought to determine how learning about castration before and after 13 years of age is associated with differential childhood experiences, outcomes, and self-recollections of those who were voluntarily castrated as adults.MethodsWe designed a survey of voluntarily castrated individuals, who learned about castration before and after 13 years of age. Our survey consisted of both validated questionnaires and questions. Data were from 208 individuals. Both descriptive and quantitative statistics were performed.OutcomesLearning about castration before 13 years of age is associated with more adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) such as being threatened with castration and other forms of emotional, physical, and sexual trauma.ResultsAs compared with those who learned about castration after 13 years of age, those who knew about castration earlier were more likely to have self-injured their penis (χ21 = 5.342, P &lt; 0.05), had thoughts of performing self-castration (χ21 = 10.389, P &lt; 0.01), witnessed animal castration (χ21 = 10.023, P &lt; 0.01), been threatened with castration as a child (χ21 = 21.749, P &lt; 0.001), had childhood physical trauma (χ21 = 4.318, P &lt; 0.05), had childhood emotional trauma (χ21 = 3.939, P &lt; 0.05), and had childhood sexual trauma (χ21 = 5.862, P &lt; 0.05).Clinical ImplicationsMental health screening and support should be offered to any men seeking emasculating procedures in line with the World Professional Association of Transgender Health’s Standards of Care Version 8.Strengths and LimitationsThis study had a large sample size and used a validated questionnaire to evaluate for ACEs. The average age of respondents was above 50 years of age, which may increase recall bias.ConclusionUnderstanding how ACEs influence the age when some eunuchs first desire, pretend, and become castrated can help clinicians develop better assessments and treatment protocols for individuals with male-to-eunuch gender dysphoria, and other conditions in which emasculating medical procedures are requested.