bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Operator techniques and the algebraic solutions of problems
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Modern applications of quantum mechanics are illustrated, and the simplifications offered by operator and algebraic techniques are highlighted. The various "pictures" (Schrödinger, Heisenberg, and Interaction or Dirac) are discussed and their origins are motivated. It is shown that operator techniques simplify the harmonic oscillator and angular momentum through the use of ladder operators. The WKB approximation boundary conditions are developed through the use of complex number algebra. Other topics that benefit from these techniques are discussed, including the squeezing of optical fields and various alternative solutions to the hydrogen atom.
Spin-1/2 and two-level systems
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The treatment of spin-1/2 is separated from other angular momentum states because of its unique features, its application to general two-level systems, and its near equivalence to a classical magnetic moment due to a current loop. Larmor’s theorem is reviewed, followed by the development of the algebra of spinors. The effects of weak and strong oscillating fields are elucidated. The relaxation effects of weak perturbations are developed through the density matrix. Two fictitious spin-1/2 (two-level systems) are studied in detail: the ammonia molecule in an electric field, and two-component neutrino oscillations.
Negative Concord is syntactic agreement
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn many languages, elements that can independently induce a semantic negation jointly yield only one semantic negation, a phenomenon known as Negative Concord (NC). Italian Non ha telefonato nessuno (Not has called nobody), for example, means ‘Nobody called’. The existence of NC leads to (at least) two questions: why is it that the two negative elements do not yield a reading with two semantic negations being present (as would be expected, given compositionality); and what constrains the range of variation that can cross-linguistically be attested with respect to NC? This chapter focuses on the first question, and argues that NC items are semantically non-negative, but carry a syntactic feature that has to agree with a possibly covert negative operator. The chapter also discusses the empirical and theoretical consequences of this proposal, and identifies some follow-up questions which arise out of the proposal and which will be addressed in detail in the subsequent chapters.
Strong vs weak Negative Polarity Items
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses the distinction between weak and strong NPIs, arguing that only a modified version of the approaches by Chierchia (2006, 2013) and Gajewski (2002, 2011) can properly account for this distinction: exhaustification of strong NPIs takes place in the syntax; exhaustification of weak NPIs in pragmatics. This explains the differences between strong and weak NPI-licensing in terms of syntactic locality, and leads us to a better understanding of these types of NPIs in the first place. What makes an NPI an element that must appear in a context that is Downward Entailing (DE) is simply the obligatory introduction of domain alternatives and does not necessitate the existence of particular syntactic features—the latter only play a role in the licensing of strong NPIs. The final part of the chapter zooms in on the relation between domain-wideners and NPIs that originally formed the basis of exhaustification approaches to NPI-hood.
Universal Quantifier PPIs
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde 
Published: April 2023

AbstractNegative Polarity Items (NPIs) that denote lower scalar end points, such as any or ever, are only fine in Downward Entailing (DE) contexts, since, outside such contexts, their semantics would give rise to a contradiction. Following this line of reasoning, it should be expected that elements with similar properties that denote the highest end point of a scale, such as universal quantifiers, are Positive Polarity Items (PPIs). Indeed, universal quantifier PPIs have been attested in the domain of modals (quantifiers over possible worlds)—English must and should are good examples of such universal quantifier PPIs (cf. Iatridou and Zeijlstra 2010, 2013; Homer 2015)—but not in the domain of quantifiers over individuals. The chapter argues that PPIs that are universal quantifiers over individuals actually do exist, albeit it in disguise. Universal quantifier PPIs may surface under negation, but may not reconstruct under negation once they appear above it.
Negation and clause types
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe question arises whether there are PPIs that lack an NPI mirror image. This chapter discusses such PPIs, namely those with features encoding the illocutionary force of a speech act. The chapter shows that both the ban on TNIs that is attested in many languages and the ban on sole NMs in sentence-initial position in V-to-C languages can be explained once it is assumed, following Han (2001), that features encoding the illocutionary force of a speech act take scope from matrix C° and may not be outscoped by negation, essentially an instance of PPI-hood. Consequently, a morphosyntactically negative element can appear in a position in C° or Spec, CP only if it is semantically non-negative or if it can reconstruct to a lower position.
Avenues for further research
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe conclusions of this book concerning negation and negative dependencies also have repercussions for other areas of syntax, semantics, and the interface between them. For instance, the way feature checking works here (where the checker c-commands the checkee) is different from how it does in more standard versions of Chomksyan Agree. Also, the way grammaticalization works from the perspective of the FFFH should apply not only to negation. And finally, if NC is an example of a grammaticalized semantic dependency, more instances of such dependencies should be attested. This chapter first argues that the proposed feature-checking mechanism, known as Upward Agree (UA), applies to syntactic theory in general, and demonstrates that a general labelling algorithm can be derived from it as well. Second, the chapter presents two case studies relating the FFFH and the analysis of universal PPIs to verbal movement. And, finally, the chapter shows how this analysis compares to Sequence-of-Tense, pro-drop and null subjects, and modal concord.
Selectivity in lexical access in bilinguals
Authors: Jiang Nan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A distinction between a weak version and a strong version of the nonselective access hypothesis is differentiated. The former asserts that bilinguals cannot ignore a language in the input or environment even when it is irrelevant to the current task. The latter proposes that both of bilingual speakers’ languages are always active and may affect their linguistic performance even when both the task and input are monolingual in nature. Research evidence obtained from the interference paradigm and the priming paradigm is quite consistent in supporting the weak version of the hypothesis. However, the findings regarding the strong version are complicated. The bilingual interactive activation model and its successors played a significant role in driving this research, including research involving different-script bilinguals.
Introduction
Authors: Barrett Anthony A. , Yardley J. C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 bc led to the rise of Augustus and ultimately to the establishment of the imperial system. In the absence of a direct successor Augustus adopted his wife Livia’s son, Tiberius, who succeeded in ad 14, to be succeeded in turn by Caligula in ad 37. Caligula started out as a responsible ruler, but seems to have detected an early conspiracy and grew increasingly paranoid and dictatorial. He was assassinated in ad 41 by members of the Praetorian guard and succeeded by his uncle Claudius. The account of Caligula written by the most important historical writer for this period, Tacitus, is missing, and we are obliged to turn to the far less reliable biography of Suetonius and the late history in Greek by Cassius Dio, along with more limited items of information from writers like Seneca, Philo, and Josephus. We can supplement their accounts with coins and inscriptions.
Tensions
Authors: Barrett Anthony A. , Yardley J. C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Late in ad 37 there seems to have been a shift in the mood of the new reign. Three prominent people are put to death, Tiberius’ grandson, Gemellus, who had been adopted by Caligula, Marcus Silanus, a prominent figure in the senate and father of Caligula’s first wife, and most significantly, Macro, Caligula’s chief supporter. No clear indication emerges of why they should have died, but one assumes some sort of conspiracy. In the following year, ad 38, Caligula’s favourite sister, Drusilla, died. He was grief-stricken and had her declared a goddess. Caligula seems to have courted popular support by reforming the election procedures and abolishing the sales tax. Tensions became serious in the following year, ad 39. At some point Caligula entered the senate and denounced the members. He also reinstituted the hated treason trials. The consuls in office in August of that year were dismissed, A number of prominent figures were put to death, the most notable being Gaetulicus, a powerful military commander on the Rhine, who was executed in October for plotting against the emperor. Most extraordinary was the implication of Caligula’s two surviving sisters, Agrippina the Younger and Julia Livilla, along with Lepidus, husband of the third late sister Drusilla. Lepidus was executed and the other two were exiled. Whether Lepidus was involved in a plot with Gaetulicus is far from clear.
Asian Classics on the Victorian Bookshelf
Authors: Bubb Alexander 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Asian Classics on the Victorian Bookshelf focusses on the mass-translation of Asian literature for consumption by the late Victorian reading public. It aims to invert our established understanding of orientalism, by showing how texts like the Quran, the Ramayana and the Shahnameh were not appropriated exclusively by a cadre of scholars, who subjected them to Western aesthetic norms and moral standards. In fact, their dissemination in the West was due largely to amateur translators pursuing an incongruous variety of political, religious, and commercial goals. It explains the whole process whereby popular translations were written, published, distributed to bookshops and libraries, and ultimately consumed by readers. The book argues that amateur translators or ‘popularizers’, in spite of their typically limited knowledge of the source-language, produced versions more respectful of the complexity, cultural difference, and fundamental untranslatability of Asian texts than the professional orientalists whose work they were often adapting. The reception of these texts by contemporary readers, likewise, frequently deviated from interpretive norms, and the book proposes that this combination of eccentric translators and unorthodox readers triggered ‘flights of translation’ whereby historical individuals can be seen to escape the hegemony of orientalist forms of knowledge.
Economic Theories of Caste Discrimination
Authors: Thorat Sukhadeo , Madheswaran S. , Vani B.P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A review of the theories of economic discrimination indeed provides useful insights into labour market discrimination, mainly with regard to race and gender in the context of Western societies. This chapter discusses the economic theories of caste discrimination in the Indian context by concentrating on Ambedkar’s perspective on economics of caste system. Ambedkar’s views on features of caste system, sources, and motives behind the caste system and discrimination are extensively discussed in this chapter. There are very few attempts in the theorization of the caste system from the perspective of market discrimination. This chapter bridges the gap in this context.
Aristocratic Power in the Spanish Monarchy
Authors: Weber Samuel 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Aristocratic Power in the Spanish Monarchy uses the Borromeo family from Milan as a lens through which to study the transformation of aristocratic power in the composite Spanish monarchy of the seventeenth century. It details the Borromeos’ growing entanglement with the Spanish monarchy in the seventeenth century and the ways in which this Milanese family negotiated that transition. In Italy, the Borromeos have long been held up as a rare example of paternalist aristocrats who withstood the temptations of self-enrichment so many of their peers fell for. This monograph challenges this myth and explains how it came about. Based on research in the previously inaccessible Borromeo private papers, the volume charts the family’s increasing involvement with, and dependence on, the patronage of the Spanish crown over the course of the seventeenth century. At the center of the analysis are the ways in which this representative family sought to rationalize and conceal this rapprochement in the face of popular opposition to their pay-to-play. As their self-seeking behavior came under scrutiny, the erstwhile clients of successive minister-favorites reinvented themselves as courtiers committed to delivering good governance for the subject populations who had contested their rule. The book offers new answers to old questions: through a case study of a representative noble family, it explains a major shift in aristocratic power in the seventeenth century, uncovering how dissimulation and subterfuge became central to the preservation of social privilege in an age of unprecedented threats to established power from below.
The Pitfalls of Patronage
Authors: Weber Samuel 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how Giovanni Borromeo used his appointment as commissioner-general of the army in Lombardy to cushion the impact of prolonged warfare on Milan’s civilians. When he took office in 1646, ordinary Milanese were staging protests against the practice of placing Spanish troops in private homes. Keen to preempt open revolt, Borromeo introduced a system whereby the government outsourced the provisioning of billeting services to private individuals, who were supposed to provide food and shelter. Since many of these providers pocketed the government money without delivering the services, the army soon reverted to occupying the homes of ordinary Milanese who were now forced to pay a billeting tax on top of enduring the indignities of uncoordinated troop allocations. This gave rise to a reinvigorated protest movement, which imposed a new narrative of Borromeo's patronage system: profitable for a few cronies, it ultimately worsened the living conditions of most. By questioning Borromeo’s commitment to the collective good, protesters ushered in his downfall.
Pining for Stability
Authors: Weber Samuel 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter features the youngest Borromeo brother, Antonio Renato, and his attempt to immortalize Federico’s “nonmaterial legacy” as a public servant in a bid to make it serviceable to himself and future generations of the family. He availed himself of the techniques that successive papal families had used to perpetuate and extend their rule. Tutored by Federico, Antonio Renato resorted to patronage of the arts to portray the clan’s long-standing tradition of service to Milan’s rulers. Standing at the end of the upward trajectory reconstructed in this book, Antonio Renato’s art collection depicting the family’s close ties to the Spanish Habsburgs proved a more convincing way to reconcile dynastic aspirations and the collective good: it allowed the Borromeos to pose as members of an elite whose interests dovetailed with those of the monarch and, therefore, with the commonwealth. This “nonmaterial legacy” was leveraged by subsequent generations of the family to reproduce inherited social privilege.
Introduction
Authors: Hartmann Frederik 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents a discussion and history of research into Germanic cladistics, outlining the problems and criticisms of current viewpoints. It explains the motivation for a computational examination using well-known phylogenetic methods as well as introducing a novel wave model-based approach to early Germanic diversification. The linguistic theories about different subgroupings and the history of individual proposals are discussed here, alongside an overview of their research histories. The outline of the previously proposed groupings contains, among the more well-known clades of East, North, and West Germanic, earlier proposals such as Gotho-Nordic. Lastly, this chapter discusses the wave and tree models and their implications. In particular, this chapter lays the foundation for the computational implementation later on.
Data
Authors: Hartmann Frederik 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter lays out the provenance and composition of the innovation dataset used in this study. It is a dataset record of individual innovations in the history of Germanic along with which languages have undergone a particular innovation. These innovations serve as a basis for the computational methods presented in this study. The models used later in the study are tasked with finding the most likely pathways from the common protolanguage to the various innovations in the daughter languages. Further, this chapter presents the various advantages and disadvantages of such innovation datasets, contrasting them with other data approaches commonly used in phylogenetic studies.
Tree-based phylogenetics
Authors: Hartmann Frederik 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis major subchapter introduces tree-based phylogenetic methods and their history before applying the method to early Germanic, detailing every step in the modelling process. The main intermediate results of this chapter are that only few ‘hard’ splits between Germanic subclades can be established, most prominently between West and North Germanic. Within West Germanic, however, no robust inference can be made about any further subgroupings, rendering this method inadequate for this part of the tree. Moreover, the East Germanic languages are likewise problematic to place in a tree as they are clearly distinct from Northwest Germanic, yet their relation to one another is indeterminable with this method.
A wave model implementation
Authors: Hartmann Frederik 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe computational wave model approach in the form of an agent-based model (ABM) is introduced in this chapter by outlining how such ABM simulations can model gradual diversifications of speech communities. Further, the model and the underlying computational concepts are explained in detail. The model results are presented, highlighting the large variety of ways in which ABMs can be examined. The main findings include that, as suggested by the earlier phylogenetic approach, it is indeed the case that East and West Germanic cannot be seen as abrupt splits, but rather that each region gradually diversifies from the core area. Specifically, the East Germanic languages diversify isochronically in the eastern part of the Germanic-speaking area, maintaining the same linguistic distance from one another as they do to the rest of the area, suggesting that they do not form a common protolanguage.
Computational tree and wave models—final remarks
Authors: Hartmann Frederik 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn this last chapter, the computational models are revisited and compared as to what benefits and disadvantages each approach has. Both the computational wave and tree-based model are examined and compared. It revisits the question of Germanic dissolution and how each model type is able to contribute to the question of Germanic diversification. Specifically, which model captures which aspect of this complex process. The chapter argues that the quantitative approaches need to be philologically informed to be reliable, but that they can be a valuable addition to a historical linguist’s toolbox when they are applied sensibly and build on existing qualitative research.
The Story of Creation and the Covenant of Accountability
Authors: Torrance Andrew B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on a core theological theme for thinking about accountability to God: God’s covenantal relationship with humanity. To narrow the focus of the discussion, a view of covenant is adopted based on what Rolf Rendtorff refers to as the covenant formula: “I am your God and you are my people.” Before looking specifically at covenant, however, the chapter opens with a prolegomenal discussion of the purpose, distinctiveness, and pedagogical significance of theological narrative. It then turns to focus on five areas relating to covenant that are relevant to our theology of accountability: (1) promise and covenant; (2) the particular moral framework of covenant(s); (3) the particular place of covenant history; (4) the relationship between creation and covenant; and (5) the metaphysics of covenantal existence.
Impact Assessment of Three Indian FTAs
Authors: Seshadri V. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed analysis of the impact of three of India’s comprehensive FTAs—with Singapore, the Republic of Korea, and Japan. It analyses the impact in relation to trade in goods, trade in services and investment. While the assessments given in the chapter have been largely based on the earlier individual studies undertaken by the author these have been updated and references also made to results from other similar studies. The utilization rates of the three FTAs have been dwelt upon based on available data. The products and sectors that benefitted from the tariff concessions in these FTAs have been identified. Further, the areas/sectors in which India’s exports could have done better with deeper concessions, more appropriate rules of origin or regulatory reliefs from the FTAs have been pointed out. The lack of adequate progress on certain in-built agenda items in the FTAs has been further identified.
The Republic of Korea and Its FTA Network
Authors: Seshadri V. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how the rules governing merchandise trade have evolved in the FTAs concluded by the Republic of Korea. Korea is taken as a case study since its FTAs provide a rich variety. Its bilateral FTA partners include the EU, the United States, China, and the ASEAN. The chapter focuses mainly on market access, the rules of origin, trade remedies and regulatory standards drawing also comparisons. Korea’s strategy has been to preserve and promote trade with its principal partners through FTAs, showing flexibility to accept FTA templates of its partners and trying to gain an early mover advantage. Studying its FTAs also provides an understanding of the different templates of the key partners.
The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
Authors: Seshadri V. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The 15-member Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement, comprising the 10 ASEAN member countries and five of its dialogue partners—Australia, China, Japan, Korea, and New Zealand—was signed on 15 November 2020. It came into force on 1 January 2022. This chapter examines what provided the momentum for this yet another mega-regional FTA and how its negotiations evolved over time. The chapter analyses the salient features of RCEP that has 20 chapters covering trade in goods, trade in services, investment, e-commerce, IPR, competition and government procurement apart from economic and technical cooperation. Comparisons are also drawn with CPTPP that has several common members with RCEP. Finally, the possible reasons behind India’s decision to pull out of the negotiations at an advanced stage in 2019 are analysed.