bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spaces III
Authors: Hook Julian 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Voice-leading spaces, the subject of Part Three, are spaces of notes or chords with the property that the proximity of two objects in the space indicates the possibility of connecting them by an efficient voice leading. The OPTIC spaces from the work of Callender, Quinn, and Tymoczko form a large family of voice-leading spaces, defined as quotient spaces of tuples of pitches using five equivalence relations (octave, permutational, transpositional, inversional, and cardinality equivalence) in any combination. Some geometric and topological features of a few OPTIC spaces are described informally in this chapter, especially three-voice OP-space (that is, a space of three-note chords under the assumption of octave and permutational equivalence). The OPTIC relations are then studied in detail, and the musical entities represented by the various equivalence classes are described. A system of normal forms for OPTIC spaces is introduced, generalizing the normal order and prime form of pitch-class set theory.
The Thomas Christians
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Thomas Christians are the only Christians of India whose origins cannot be linked in any way to European influence. They trace their origins to Jesus’s apostle Thomas, who they believe visited India in 52 ce and established a church there. From the third century on, through trade, migration, and exchanges of ecclesiastical personnel, the lives of the Thomas Christians and Persian Christians became intertwined. Gradually, the Thomas Christians fell under the oversight of the Church of the East, whose capital was at Sasanian Ctesiphon. The ties of Thomas Christians to the Church of the East did not make them any less anchored in south Indian society. Their interactions with Persian Christians went hand in hand with their coexistence with Hindu and Muslim neighbors in the coastal region of southwest India now called Kerala—a dual participation that continues to the present day.
Conclusion
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
For centuries, South Asia’s Christians have interacted with Hindu and Muslim peoples, institutions, and beliefs. What distinguishes them from other branches of World Christianity is not their strength in numbers, but their location within unique theaters of cross-cultural and interreligious encounters. Rarely have Christians remained ghettoed within their own enclaves or isolated from the cultural influences of the Indian Ocean world. Their encounters with adherents of other traditions resulted in mutual questioning and negotiations of identity for all parties involved. The knowledge-producing aspect of Christian missions benefited elites and helped produce the public religions that competed for converts, including from among the poor. Dalit Christianity embraces Jesus as the one who heals, delivers, provides, and empathizes with their brokenness and pain. Far less does Dalit Christianity concern itself with the rational triumph of Christian ideas over and against those of other religions. Their stories lie at the heart of both South Asian and World Christianity.
Income and Wealth Shape Health and Health Disparities in Many Ways
Authors: Braveman Paula 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the many ways in which economic resources—both income and accumulated wealth—affect health. Wealth (the monetary value of all accumulated assets minus debts) may be even more important to health than income (which reflects resources acquired over a limited period of time); however, wealth is not often considered in health studies. Systemic and structural racism have produced poorer health among people of color in part (but not only) by constraining the economic opportunities, including wealth, of people of color. A stepwise gradient pattern, with health improving incrementally as income or wealth increases, can help shed light on how economic resources influence health. The distribution of wealth and income has become increasingly unequal over time in the United States and globally. Policies to improve health by improving economic opportunity are discussed.
Education Shapes Health and Health Disparities in Many Ways
Authors: Braveman Paula 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which education (schooling) can influence health and produce health disparities. As with income and wealth, a graded relationship—with incremental improvement in health as educational level increases—has repeatedly been observed, adding to evidence supporting a causal relationship. The education–health relationship has generally been stronger when examining completed degrees or levels rather than number of years of schooling, suggesting the importance of the social recognition and economic rewards generally conferred by education. Education plays a major role in determining a person’s income, largely because it strongly determines the kind of work one can obtain. It can be difficult at times to separate out the effects of education from those of income because they are strongly associated with each other; however, education and income appear to have substantial independent effects. Reflecting a long and ongoing history of systemic and structural racism, there are large racial/ethnic disparities in education, with implications for disparities in health. Systemic and structural racism have constrained the educational opportunities of people of color. For example, discriminatory bank lending practices have blocked many people of color from home ownership, thereby reducing the funding available for local schools, which depend significantly on local property taxes. The chapter discusses policies to improve health by improving education and reducing educational disparities.
Healthy and Unhealthy Places
Authors: Braveman Paula 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the links between neighborhoods, health, and health disparities. Considerable evidence shows that physical and social features of the places where people live can directly or indirectly affect the health of the people living in them. For example, levels of air pollution vary across different neighborhoods, as do the quality of schools and the presence of employment opportunities, all of which influence health; and walkability and the density of stores selling tobacco and alcohol can influence behaviors that strongly influence health. Health is also affected by neighborhood social environments; for example, close-knit communities have lower rates of violent crime and youth engaging in health-damaging behaviors. Racism, particularly systemic or structural racism, has been and continues to be a major factor determining who has the opportunity to live in health-promoting places. For example, hazardous waste disposal sites and other environmental hazards (e.g., sources of air and water pollution) have disproportionately been located in or near low-income communities of color. In communities of color, neighborhood schools have been underresourced, largely because schools rely heavily on local property taxes and discriminatory lending practices have restricted opportunities to accumulate wealth; inferior schooling has lifelong consequences for health. Reflecting racism, even among families with similar incomes, Blacks and Latinos/Hispanics live in more economically disadvantaged neighborhoods than Whites. Initiatives to make neighborhoods more healthy and equitable are discussed in this chapter.
Work Can Be Good—or Bad—for Your Health
Authors: Braveman Paula 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the many ways in which work and working conditions can affect health and contribute to health disparities. The physical environment can harm health through exposure to toxic conditions and chemicals and risk of workplace injury. Psychosocial as well as physical aspects of work influence health. Work-related stress plays an important role. Organizational justice, the extent to which processes and outcomes in the workplace are perceived to be fair and just, is among the many psychosocial influences associated with workers’ health. Workplace discrimination based on race/ethnicity, gender, disability, sexual orientation, or gender identity is an aspect of organizational injustice. Other psychosocial influences thought to influence workers’ health include the balance between the demands made on a worker and the worker’s degree of control over how the work is performed, and the balance between the level of effort a worker must put into work and the rewards (e.g., pay and recognition) received. In addition to earnings, work-related resources such as health care insurance, paid sick leave, and paid parenting/caregiver leave can influence health. The chapter discusses strategies to improve health and reduce health disparities by improving economic, physical, and psychosocial working conditions.
Assessment and Management of Persisting Emotional and Cognitive Symptoms After Concussion
Authors: Jaffee Michael S. , Broshek Donna K. , Svingos Adrian M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A subset of individuals with concussion may experience emotional and cognitive symptoms that persist beyond a few days to weeks. It is important for patients to discuss any symptoms that they may be having with their health care provider. Common emotional symptoms after concussion may include symptoms of depression, anxiety, and irritability. Common cognitive symptoms include complaints about attention and memory. Interdisciplinary assessment is particularly helpful for patients who have persisting symptoms. Having an assessment done to make sure that symptoms are not resulting from other comorbid conditions is important. Many treatments exist for emotional and cognitive symptoms that may persist after a concussion.
“To Manipulate American English”
Authors: Balfour Lawrie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Morrison’s ambivalent relationship to American English as both “the master’s tongue” and the language through which black communities have creatively developed their own cultural practices in defiance of white supremacy. Analyzing Morrison’s nonfiction writings, Balfour highlights Morrison’s unique theoretical contributions to understanding the relationship between language and freedom. The chapter focuses on Morrison’s innovative uses of two of the most contested terms of political thought—sovereignty and territory—to defend the emancipatory work of writers. Situating her work in conversation with anticolonial intellectuals, Balfour shows how Morrison reimagines the novel as a site for collective expression unimagined by white authority.
“Modern Life Begins with Slavery”
Authors: Balfour Lawrie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Morrison’s claim that “modern life begins with slavery.” How were new forms of freedom and bondage constituted in the Americas? The chapter examines Morrison’s fictional recreation of two historical moments. In A Mercy (2008), Morrison reimagines 17th-century North America, through the intertwined stories of black, white, and Indigenous characters. Jazz (1992) tracks the descendants of the enslaved who respond to their dispossession by picking up stakes and moving to the urban North in the early decades of the 20th century. Both novels accentuate the relationship of geography to the constitution of free selfhood and explore the lives of people who are repeatedly preyed upon and still refuse to be “easy prey.” Read together, the author argues, A Mercy and Jazz make a double-move, reminding readers how slavery claims us today and gesturing toward creative ways of claiming slavery to reimagine the meaning of freedom.
Taking Flight
Authors: Balfour Lawrie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the relationship between movement and freedom by focusing on two tensions: first, the differences between forced and chosen forms of mobility; and second, conflicts between the desire for freedom of movement and the longing for a home. Balfour argues that Morrison goes beyond the slave narrative tradition that inspires her, complicates recent scholarship on black fugitivity, and troubles narratives of the American founding as “a flight from oppression and limitation to freedom and possibility” in Song of Solomon (1977) and Home (2012). Viewing racialized mass migrations and efforts to contain them as defining features of the contemporary condition, Morrison’s novels dramatize different forms of mobility, attend to the (gendered) costs of flight, and ask how it is possible “to be both free and situated” in a racially hierarchical world.
Taking Responsibility
Authors: Balfour Lawrie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Morrison’s radical rethinking of the relationship of freedom and responsibility. In a world where gendered racial oppression and democratic aspiration are bound up together, Morrison’s stories about the girlhood, labor, sexuality, motherhood, friendships, battles, and desires of black women disclose how the enslaved and their children and children’s children have assumed responsibility under conditions in which choosing is necessary but not free. Chapter 4 examines Morrison’s understanding of “taking responsibility” through readings of Sula (1973) and Beloved (1987). Despite differences between the periods when the novels’ action takes place, the post–civil rights context in which they appeared, and the contemporary moment, Balfour demonstrates how Morrison’s novels complicate debates about women’s freedom, “personal responsibility,” and the meaning of “choice” that remain unresolved today.
“All the Waste and Beauty of the World”
Authors: Balfour Lawrie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Morrison’s inquiry into the relationship between beauty and freedom in the lives of girls and women who do not revolt or whose resistance is thwarted, ambivalent, or hidden. Morrison’s first novel, The Bluest Eye (1970), appeared during the revolutionary era of “Black is Beautiful,” yet, this chapter shows, Morrison’s approach to “doing beauty” pursues another path. By contemplating the possibility of freedom amid the ugliness of poverty and racism in an Ohio town, Morrison calls attention to quieter forms of revolution enacted by African American women and girls who love, desire, persist in the face of unjust and ongoing defeat. The novel, Balfour, argues, offers a profound reminder of the difficulty of imagining ways of being free that do not depend on the subjugation of others.
The deep play of tavern distrust
Authors: Umbreș Radu 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The ethnographic encounter with distrust and Săteni society begins in two taverns. The interpretative account presents the actors’ point of view and analyzes the social significance of going out for a drink; why and how Săteni men gamble, wrestle, or prank each other; and what kind of coalitions, conflicts, and hierarchies they create and imagine in public interactions. Dramaturgical moments establish the reputations of individuals as competent or incompetent social actors, while trust and cooperation are tested and tried in the face of social adversity and deception. Cognitive mechanisms, communication, and the traditions of suspicion and self-reliance influence tavern practices and wider social expectations in the public domain. The deep play of taverns illustrates a side of Săteni ethics that emphasizes personal responsibility and competitive individualism when engaging with an unpredictable and unforgiving world.
To trust or not to trust
Authors: Umbreș Radu 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The concluding chapter summarizes the role of ecology, history, institutions, social flexibility, and mental mechanisms for the distribution of trust and distrust in Săteni. It revisits the prudential but low-reward choice of destructive stable partition among collective farm members. The partition exemplifies an event where actors lacked the crucial resource of trust for mutually rewarding interactions given a structure of experiences and expectations. The absence of cooperation is contrasted with the social euphoria of a haphazard event that succeeded in making people transcend the zero-sum game of existence, if only for a couple of days. The author uses these contrasting moments to revise the ethnographic evidence and to open up the conversation toward productive, yet still tentative, avenues of anthropological and interdisciplinary investigation into the past and future of trust, morality, and cooperation in this Romanian village.
Introduction
Authors: Sperber Jonathan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The introduction sets out the two main themes of the book. One is that the second half of the twentieth century can be divided into three historical periods: (1) the postwar era, roughly 1945–1962/65; (2) the age of upheaval in the 1960s and 1970s; (3) the late-millennium era, 1980–2001, which created the foundations for our current condition. The second theme is that the entire period was one of increasing global interconnections, but these were neither steady nor continuous, but occurred in fits and starts and advances of interconnection in one respect could accompany declines in another.
Markets
Authors: Sperber Jonathan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores economic developments and economic structures in the years 1945–2001. In the postwar decades, two economic systems faced each other—communist central planning and a tightly regulated capitalist market economy. Both systems came into crisis in the 1970s as a result of trends toward globalization. They were increasingly replaced with a globalized market economy that began showing its own signs of crisis by the very end of the millennium.
Leisure
Authors: Sperber Jonathan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the new ways to fill nonwork hours that emerged in the Age of Interconnection. As leisure time increased—albeit in an unsteady way and differently in different parts of the world—two main preoccupations emerged to fill that leisure, television viewing and tourism. Detailing the economic, technological, and political development of TV and tourism world-wide, the chapter shows their gradually—if often partial and incomplete—developing global interconnections.
Beliefs
Authors: Sperber Jonathan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses three important objects of belief in the second half of the twentieth century: the idea of progress, the nation, and God. Although shaken by the effects of the Age of Total War, all three objects of belief enjoyed widespread endorsement in the 1950s. Intellectual, political and spiritual upheavals of the 1960s affected all three greatly. The idea of progress lost credence and support; both lack of religion and previously marginalized forms of religious faith became more influential, while previously mainstream forms of religion declined. Of the three objects of belief, the nation remained the strongest and most influential, utilizing new forms of representation and global connections to maintain its powerful position.
Mass Murder
Authors: Sperber Jonathan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Age of Interconnection began with attempts to punish the perpetrators of mass murder during the Second World War and the deployment of a new concept, “genocide,” to explain mass murder. Despite these efforts, mass murder continued during the Cold War, perpetrated, albeit in different ways and to different extents, by both communists and anticommunists. The end of the Cold War in the 1990s did not bring mass murder to an end, but resulted in new forms in the former Yugoslavia and in Rwanda.
Fieldwork
Authors: McGavin George C. , Davranoglou Leonidas-Romanos 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
You can learn a certain amount from books, but in order to really learn about the secret lives of insects, you must study them at first hand. With organisms as small, numerous, and diverse as insects, you will not be able to get very far without collecting and killing them for identification. A few people profess to be able to recognize many species on sight, but for small and cryptic species their identifications will be questionable. In any case, an identification without voucher material carries little weight. Many species are distinguishable only by looking at their dissected genitalia or other minute details. Even with perfect eyesight and a hand lens it is impossible to count the number of bristles on the head or body of live flies, and most small moths rest with all their useful identification features obscured. To quantify biodiversity in any habitat, whether for a basic site description, environmental impact assessment, or pest management survey, it is necessary to find out what species are present, and in what numbers.
Piranesi's Candelabra and the Presence of the Past
Authors: van Eck Caroline 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This book is the first to study in depth three major late works by Giovanni Battista Piranesi (1720–1778): the three colossal candelabra he made in the 1760 and 1770s out of fragments excavated near Hadrian’s Villa in Tivoli, and which are now in the Ashmolean Museum and the Louvre. It writes their biography from the excavation to their entry into a public display. It gives a first history of the extremely widespread, but very little studied artefact type of the candelabrum, and it considers how the design of these candelabra, in particular their animal features and air of animation, shaped human–thing entanglement. Thus the book is both a reconstruction of the origin and reception of these Roman fragments and a study of the role of these artefacts played in the development of neoclassicism through their materiality and agency.
Making Antiquity Materially Present
Authors: van Eck Caroline 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 3 the desire to make Antiquity materially present is contextualized, first in the paper context of the first publication of the candelabra, in the Vasi, Candelabri, Cippi of 1778, where they are juxtaposed with objects from the entire Mediterranean region, Egypt, and the Near East, which Piranesi had seen in the ethnographical collections of the Museo Borgiano and Museo Kircheriano. The prominence in the Vasi, Candelabri, Cippi of a wide range of lamps, furniture, funerary objects, etc. also suggests that the candelabra are part of his ongoing attempt to recreate the material culture of Roman religion. The second part of this chapter offers a new consideration of notions of composition, restoration, and authenticity held by Piranesi and his collaborators to understand his evidently false claim that the three candelabra were found tale quale, as such, in the swamp at Pantanello. Restoration, it is argued, became an important locus for human–thing entanglement c. 1770–1800.
Idealism in Modern Philosophy
Authors: Guyer Paul , Horstmann Rolf-Peter 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This book examines the presence of idealism in modern philosophy from the seventeenth century to the turn of the twenty-first. We define idealism proper as the position that reality is ultimately mental or conceptual in nature, to be contrasted to materialism or physicalism. So defined, idealism has hardly been a popular view, at least in the twentieth century. But we distinguish between metaphysical and epistemological arguments for idealism, and argue that while the former have rarely been popular, the latter are so, and present in many philosophers who would hardly call themselves idealists. We conclude that metaphysical arguments in favor of a reduction of all reality to either mind or matter are highly questionable, because we have no reason to believe that we have arrived at an adequate understanding of either. However, epistemological arguments in favor of idealism that point to some version of conceptual idealism or other are indeed difficult to avoid.