bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Bending on Sintered Wicked Heat Pipes for Multiple Component Cooling
Authors: Guinan Eoin , Egan Vanessa , Mooney Joseph P. , Punch Jeff 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This study details an experimental investigation into the degenerative effects of bending on a sintered wicked copper-water heat pipe for multiple-component cooling. The aim of this study was to provide empirical data that could be employed to estimate the performance of heat pipes within complex space-constrained systems where it is necessary that a heat pipe be bent to cool multiple components. To this end, the performance of a 400 mm long, 6 mm diameter sintered wicked copper-water heat pipe was investigated for both singular and double bend configurations. Bend angles were limited to 0–90°, and bend locations were confined to two points. Results show that the evaporators closest to the condenser were unaffected by bending and that changes were only observable in the final evaporator. As such, thermal resistance values for each discrete evaporator were observed. When the heat pipe was bent from 0–90°, thermal resistance of the final evaporator increased by 15–126% while the other evaporators remained unchanged. It was also found that bending within the first adiabatic region had a much greater effect (8–26%) on performance than the addition of a bend further along the heat pipe. These results indicate that the vapour pressure drop induced by bending is minimal when thermal loads are relatively low and resulting vapour velocities are small. It is therefore postulated that exceeding the capillary limit, which causes localised dry out of the wick structure, is the main contributor to performance degradation. Furthermore, it is speculated that the effects of bend location are due to axial variance in both vapour and liquid mass flow rates within a heat pipe during operation. Both of which reach a maximum within the adiabatic region; therefore, it is inferred that pressure losses due to deformation of the vapour channel and wick structure within this region would be of a greater magnitude.
A Novel Approach for Solving Inverse Heat Conduction Problems Using Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Allard Dominic , Najafi Hamidreza 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Direct measurement of surface heat flux could be extremely challenging, if not impossible, in numerous applications. In such cases, the use of temperature measurement data from subsurface locations can facilitate the determination of surface heat flux and temperature through the solution of the inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP). Several different techniques have been developed over years for solving IHCPs, with different levels of complexity and accuracy. The filter coefficient technique has proved to be a promising approach for solving IHCPs. Inspired by the filter coefficient approach, a novel method is presented in this paper for solving one-dimensional IHCPs in a domain with temperature-dependent material properties. A test case is developed in COMSOL Multiphysics where the front side of a slab is subject to known transient heat flux and the temperature distributions within the domain are calculated through numerical simulation. The IHCP solution in the form of filter coefficients (q = FY) is defined and a genetic algorithm (GA) is used for the calculation of filter coefficients (one row of the filter matrix). The number of significant filter coefficients is determined through trial and error and the optimal number is selected for evaluating the solution. The resulting filter coefficients are then used to evaluate the surface heat flux for four different test cases and the performance of the proposed approach is assessed in detail. The results showed that the presented approach can result in finding optimal filter coefficients which can accurately estimate various types of surface heat flux profiles using temperature data from limited number of time steps and in a near real-time fashion.
Localized uplift, widespread subsidence, and implications for sea level rise in the New York City metropolitan area
Authors: Buzzanga Brett , Bekaert David P.S. , Hamlington Benjamin D. , Kopp Robert E. , Govorcin Marin , Miller Kenneth G. 
Published: September 2023

Regional relative sea level rise is exacerbating flooding hazards in the coastal zone. In addition to changes in the ocean, vertical land motion (VLM) is a driver of spatial variation in sea level change that can either diminish or enhance flood risk. Here, we apply state-of-the-art interferometric synthetic aperture radar and global navigation satellite system time series analysis to estimate velocities and corresponding uncertainties at 30-m resolution in the New York City metropolitan area, revealing VLM with unprecedented detail. We find broad subsidence of 1.6 mm/year, consistent with glacial isostatic adjustment to the melting of the former ice sheets, and previously undocumented hot spots of both subsidence and uplift that can be physically explained in some locations. Our results inform ongoing efforts to adapt to sea level rise and reveal points of VLM that motivate both future scientific investigations into surface geology and assessments of engineering projects.
Glycine fermentation by
C. difficile
promotes virulence and spore formation, and is induced by host cathelicidin
Authors: Rizvi Arshad , Vargas-Cuebas Germán , Edwards Adrianne N. , DiCandia Michael A. , Carter Zavier A. , Lee Cheyenne D. , Monteiro Marcos P. , McBride Shonna M. 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT

Clostridioides difficile
is a leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrheal disease.
C. difficile
colonization, growth, and toxin production in the intestine is strongly associated with its ability to use amino acids to generate energy, but little is known about the impact of specific amino acids on
C. difficile
pathogenesis. The amino acid glycine is enriched in the dysbiotic gut and is suspected to contribute to
C. difficile
infection. We hypothesized that the use of glycine as an energy source contributes to colonization of the intestine and pathogenesis of
C. difficile
. To test this hypothesis, we deleted the glycine reductase (GR) genes
grdAB
, rendering
C. difficile
unable to ferment glycine, and investigated the impact on growth and pathogenesis. Our data show that the
grd
pathway promotes growth, toxin production, and sporulation. Glycine fermentation also had a significant impact on toxin production and pathogenesis of
C. difficile
in the hamster model of disease. Furthermore, we determined that the
grd
locus is regulated by host cathelicidin (LL-37) and the cathelicidin-responsive regulator, ClnR, indicating that the host peptide signals to control glycine catabolism. The induction of glycine fermentation by LL-37 demonstrates a direct link between the host immune response and the bacterial reactions of toxin production and spore formation.
Mantle metasomatism induced by water-fluxed melting of subducted continental crust at ultrahigh pressures
Authors: Gao Mingdi , Foley Stephen F. , Xu Haijin , Wang Yu 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Mantle metasomatism under ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) conditions is widely recognized in orogenic peridotites and pyroxenites from UHP terranes. However, the processes by which the deeply subducted continental crust reacts with the mantle remain obscure. To investigate the metasomatic regime under UHP conditions, we conducted layered reaction experiments between gneiss and peridotite at 5 GPa and 800–1100 °C, with free water added in some of the experiments. At temperatures below the gneiss solidus, the major metasomatic agent is aqueous fluid, with the main reaction products being orthopyroxene + phlogopite + K-richterite. At temperatures above the gneiss solidus, hydrous melt becomes the major metasomatic agent, and the major reaction products vary from orthopyroxene + phlogopite to orthopyroxene + garnet with increasing degree of melting. The transformation from phlogopite to garnet occurred between 1000 °C and 1100 °C for runs without water added and between 800 °C and 900 °C for runs with water added. Pyroxenites in UHP terranes are mainly characterized by the metasomatic growth of orthopyroxene and garnet at 4–6 GPa and 750–1000 °C. Only experiments with water added reproduced the metasomatic assemblage at similar pressure-temperature conditions, indicating that mantle metasomatism in UHP terranes is probably mainly induced by water-fluxed melting of the continental crust under UHP conditions.
Time to Think about HLA-Based Diagnostics in Lung Cancer?
Authors: Dimou Anastasios 
Published: September 2023

SummaryHLA evolutionary divergence reflects the ability to recognize diverse neoantigens as non-self, and as a biomarker is conceptually distinct from programmed cell death ligand 1 expression and tumor mutation burden. HLA-based assays to predict benefit from immunotherapy in lung cancer require prospective validation.See related article by Jiang et al., p. 4830
Structural Insight into Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase (GGDPS) for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Pham Andrew C. , Holstein Sarah A. , Borgstahl Gloria E.O. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS), the source of the isoprenoid donor in protein geranylgeranylation reactions, has become an attractive target for anticancer therapy due to the reliance of cancers on geranylgeranylated proteins. Current GGDPS inhibitor development focuses on optimizing the drug-target enzyme interactions of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate-based drugs. To advance GGDPS inhibitor development, understanding the enzyme structure, active site, and ligand/product interactions is essential. Here we provide a comprehensive structure-focused review of GGDPS. We reviewed available yeast and human GGDPS structures and then used AlphaFold modeling to complete unsolved structural aspects of these models. We delineate the elements of higher-order structure formation, product-substrate binding, the electrostatic surface, and small-molecule inhibitor binding. With the rise of structure-based drug design, the information provided here will serve as a valuable tool for rationally optimizing inhibitor selectivity and effectiveness.
The Development and Initial Capabilities of ThunderCast, a Deep Learning Model for Thunderstorm Nowcasting in the United States
Authors: Ortland Stephanie M. , Pavolonis Michael J. , Cintineo John L. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This paper presents the Thunderstorm Nowcasting Tool (ThunderCast), a 24-h, year-round model for predicting the location of convection that is likely to initiate or remain a thunderstorm in the next 0–60 min in the continental United States, adapted from existing deep learning convection applications. ThunderCast utilizes a U-Net convolutional neural network for semantic segmentation trained on 320 km × 320 km data patches with four inputs and one target dataset. The inputs are satellite bands from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-16 (GOES-16) Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) in the visible, shortwave infrared, and longwave infrared spectra, and the target is Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) radar reflectivity at the −10°C isotherm in the atmosphere. On a pixel-by-pixel basis, ThunderCast has high accuracy, recall, and specificity but is subject to false-positive predictions resulting in low precision. However, the number of false positives decreases when buffering the target values with a 15 km × 15 km centered window, indicating ThunderCast’s predictions are useful within a buffered area. To demonstrate the initial prediction capabilities of ThunderCast, three case studies are presented: a mesoscale convective vortex, sea-breeze convection, and monsoonal convection in the southwestern United States. The case studies illustrate that the ThunderCast model effectively nowcasts the location of newly initiated and ongoing active convection, within the next 60 min, under a variety of geographical and meteorological conditions.

Significance Statement
In this research, a machine learning model is developed for short-term (0–60 min) forecasting of thunderstorms in the continental United States using geostationary satellite imagery as inputs for predicting active convection based on radar thresholds. Pending additional testing, the model may be able to provide decision-support services for thunderstorm forecasting. The case studies presented here indicate the model is able to nowcast convective initiation with 5–35 min of lead time in areas without radar coverage and anticipate future locations of storms without additional environmental context.
Atmospheric Drivers Associated with Extreme Snow Ablation and Discharge Events in the Susquehanna River Basin: A Climatology
Authors: Suriano Zachary J. , Henderson Gina R. , Arthur Julia , Harper Kricket , Leathers Daniel J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Extreme snow ablation can greatly impact regional hydrology, affecting streamflow, soil moisture, and groundwater supplies. Relatively little is known about the climatology of extreme ablation events in the eastern United States, and the causal atmospheric forcing mechanisms behind such events. Studying the Susquehanna River basin over a 50-yr period, here we evaluate the variability of extreme ablation and river discharge events in conjunction with a synoptic classification and global-scale teleconnection pattern analysis. Results indicate that an average of 4.2 extreme ablation events occurred within the basin per year, where some 88% of those events resulted in an increase in river discharge when evaluated at a 3-day lag. Both extreme ablation and extreme discharge events occurred most frequently during instances of southerly synoptic-scale flow, accounting for 35.7% and 35.8% of events, respectively. However, extreme ablation was also regularly observed during high pressure overhead and rain-on-snow synoptic weather types. The largest magnitude of snow ablation per extreme event occurred during occasions of rain-on-snow, where a basinwide, areal-weighted 5.7 cm of snow depth was lost, approximately 23% larger than the average extreme event. Interannually, southerly flow synoptic weather types were more frequent during winter seasons when the Arctic and North Atlantic Oscillations were positively phased. Approximately 30% of the variance in rain-on-snow weather type frequency was explained by the Pacific–North American pattern. Evaluating the pathway of physical forcing mechanisms from regional events up through global patterns allows for improved understanding of the processes resulting in extreme ablation and discharge across the Susquehanna basin.

Significance Statement
The purpose of this study is to better understand how certain weather patterns are related to extreme snowmelt and streamflow events and what causes those weather patterns to vary with time. This is valuable information for informing hazard preparation and resource management within the basin. We found that weather patterns with southerly winds were the most frequent patterns responsible for extreme melt and streamflow, and those patterns occurred more often when the Arctic and North Atlantic Oscillations were in their “positive” configuration. Future work should consider the potential for these patterns, and related impacts, to change over time.
Assessment of CMIP5 and CMIP6 AMIP Simulated Clouds and Surface Shortwave Radiation Using ARM Observations over Different Climate Regions
Authors: Zheng Xiaojian , Tao Cheng , Zhang Chengzhu , Xie Shaocheng , Zhang Yuying , Xi Baike , Dong Xiquan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The simulations of clouds and surface radiation from 10 CMIP6 models and their CMIP5 predecessors are compared to the ARM ground-based observations over different climate regions. Compared to the ARM radar-lidar derived total cloud fractions (CFT) and cloud fraction vertical distributions over the six selected sites, both CMIP5 and CMIP6 significantly underestimated CFT and low-level CF over the Northern Hemispheric midlatitude sites (SGPC1 and ENAC1), although the biases are generally smaller in CMIP6. Over the tropical oceanic site (TWPC2), 5 out of 10 CMIP6 models better simulated low-level CF than their CMIP5 predecessors. CMIP6 simulations generally agreed well with the ARM observations in CFT and cloud fraction vertical distributions over the tropical continental (MAOM1) and coastal (TWPC3) sites but missed the transitions between dry and wet seasons, similar to CMIP5 simulations. The improvements in downwelling shortwave fluxes (SWdn) at the surface from the majority of CMIP6 compared to CMIP5 primarily resulted from the improved cloud fraction simulations, especially over the SGPC1, ENAC1, and TWPC3 sites. By contrast, both CMIP5 and CMIP6 models exhibited diverse performances of clouds and shortwave radiation over the Arctic site (NSAC1), where CMIP6 models produced more clouds than CMIP5 models, especially for the low-level clouds. The comparisons between observations and CMIP5 and CMIP6 simulations provide valuable quantitative assessments of the accuracy of mean states and variabilities in the model simulations and shed light on general directions to improve climate models in different regions.
The Current Feedback on Stress Modifies the Ekman Buoyancy Flux at Fronts
Authors: Wenegrat Jacob O. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Ocean surface currents introduce variations into the surface wind stress that can change the component of the stress aligned with the thermal wind shear at fronts. This modifies the Ekman buoyancy flux, such that the current feedback on the stress tends to generate an effective flux of buoyancy and potential vorticity to the mixed layer. Scaling arguments and idealized simulations resolving both mesoscale and submesoscale turbulence suggest that this pathway for air–sea interaction can be important both locally at individual submesoscale fronts with strong surface currents—where it can introduce equivalent advective heat fluxes exceeding several hundred watts per square meter—and in the spatial mean where it reduces the integrated Ekman buoyancy flux by approximately 50%. The accompanying source of surface potential vorticity injection suggests that at some fronts the current feedback modification of the Ekman buoyancy flux may be significant in terms of both submesoscale dynamics and boundary layer energetics, with an implied modification of symmetric instability growth rates and dissipation that scales similarly to the energy lost through the negative wind work generated by the current feedback. This provides an example of how the shift of dynamical regimes into the submesoscale may promote the importance of air–sea interaction mechanisms that differ from those most active at larger scale.
The relationship between air pollution and depression and anxiety disorders – A systematic evaluation and meta-analysis of a cohort-based study
Authors: Cao Tingting , Tian Meichen , Hu Han , Yu Qingqing , You Jing , Yang Yishu , An Zhen , Song Jie , Zhang Guofu , Zhang Guicheng , Wu Weidong , Wu Hui 
Published: September 2023

Objective: To explore the correlation between air pollution and the onset of depression and anxiety disorders, to draw more comprehensive and integrated conclusions, and to provide recommendations for maintaining mental health and developing policies to reduce mental health risks caused by air pollution. Methods: Meta-analysis of cohort study articles exploring the relationship between air pollution and depression or anxiety disorders included in Pubmed, Web Of Science, CNKI, and Wan Fang database before October 31, 2022, and subgroup analysis of the association between air pollution and depression and anxiety disorders regarding the air pollutants studied, the study population, and Publication bias analysis and sensitivity analysis. Results: A total of 25 articles meeting the criteria were included in this study, including 23 articles examining the relationship between air pollution and depression and 5 articles examining the relationship between air pollution and anxiety disorders. The results of the meta-analysis were based on the type of pollutant and showed that there was a high degree of heterogeneity among the studies on the relationship between air pollution and depression and a significant heterogeneity among the studies on PM2.5 and the risk of anxiety disorders ( I2 = 71%, p < .01), so a random-effects model was selected for the analysis. CO, O3, and SO2 and depression onset had combined RR values of 1.10 (1.00, 1.20), 1.06 (0.87, 1.29), 1.17 (1.06, 1.31), 1.19 (0.90, 1.58), 1.03 (0.99, 1.07), and 1.09 (0.97, 1.24), respectively, and PM2.5 and anxiety The combined RR value for morbidity was 1.10 (0.99, 1.22). The results of sensitivity analysis showed that the combined results were stable and reliable. The results of Egger regression method test showed that none of them had significant publication bias ( p > .05). Limitation: Combined exposure to air pollutants on depression and anxiety, further studies by other researchers are needed in the future. Conclusions: PM2.5 and NO2 exposure, especially long-term exposure, may be associated with the onset of depression, and no association was found for the time being between PM10, CO, O3, SO2 exposure and depression and PM2.5 exposure and anxiety disorders.
Integrative Stress Reduction Program for Family Caregivers of Persons With Advanced Dementia: A Randomized-Controlled Trial
Authors: Sanprakhon Panawat , Chaimongkol Nujjaree , Lach Helen W. 
Published: September 2023

Background: Older adults with advanced dementia require significant care, leading to high stress levels in caregivers. Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of an Integrative Stress Reduction Program on Thai caregiver’s outcomes of stress, sleep quality, and caregiver-assessed neuropsychiatric symptoms of persons with dementia. Methods: A single-blind randomized-controlled trial was conducted. A sample of family caregivers of people with dementia was recruited from memory clinics at outpatient community health centers in Thailand and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Participants in the experimental group were enrolled in 5 intervention sessions over 4 weeks, while the control group received usual care. Outcome variables were collected at baseline, 4 weeks postintervention, and 8 weeks of follow-up. Results: Compared with the control group, caregivers in the experimental group (n = 27) had significantly decreased stress ( p < .01) and better sleep quality ( p < .01), and caregivers reported that their family members with dementia (n = 27) had decreased neuropsychiatric symptoms ( p < .01) after the intervention (week 4) and at the 8-week follow-up. Conclusions: The Integrative Stress Reduction Program improved outcomes for caregivers and decreased neuropsychiatric symptoms in people with dementia.
A World on Fire: Observations and Speculations in a Crottyian Vein
Authors: Grabel Ilene 
Published: September 2023

I offer this article as a small way of honoring my friend, mentor, and role model Jim Crotty, whose intellectual legacy, commitment to engaged scholarship, lived experience, and warmth and generosity continue to influence me profoundly. Here, I offer several observations and speculations on the state of play in the global and US financial systems in a Crottyian vein. These include several 1980s throwbacks—bank failures in the United States; rentier-driven tight monetary policies across the world with attendant negative effects; and, debt distress and the likelihood of a (new) “lost decade” in the Global South. These familiar experiences are unfolding against the backdrop of an interregnum in which a “post-American global financial order” is emerging in an environment marked by “productive and destructive incoherence.” JEL Classification: F02, F33, O23, E44, E58