bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of Buckling Mode and Geometry Effects on Postbuckling Strength of Corrugated Containers
Authors: Urbanik Thomas J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Various postbuckling models involving elastic versus inelastic buckling, linear versus nonlinear material characterization, and finite versus infinite length plate geometry were fit to historical data on compression strength of corrugated fiberboard box and tube specimens. The objectives were to determine if the buckling mode shape could be predicted and if inelastic buckling failure could be differentiated from elastic failure in the side panel and end panel components to account for specimen geometry and material property effects. The variation of a normalized panel strength with a panel slenderness was the criterion for discerning among alternative models. In some cases multiple solutions were feasible. Overall, a finite length plate theory, combined elastic-inelastic postbuckling model, and nonlinear material characterization with plate stiffness empirically corrected with respect to its aspect ratio consistently fit each data source.
Shakedown Load Bounds by Elastic Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Hamilton Robert , Boyle James T. , Shi Jinhua , Mackenzie Donald 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A simple method for calculating lower and upper bound shakedown loads based on iterative elastic finite element analysis and the bounding theorems of classical plasticity is presented. Elastic and residual stress and strain fields, suitable for substitution into Melan’s lower bound theorem and Koiter’s upper bound theorem, are obtained by applying the elastic compensation method, in which the elastic modulus of each element in an iterative elastic finite element analysis is systematically modified according to calculated stress values from the previous iteration to form suitable residual stress fields. As a demonstration a sample plane stress problem — a biaxially loaded square plate with a central hole — is presented and the shakedown load bounds derived here for specific load cycles are compared with results available in the literature.
A Plane Strain Core Model for Crack Growth in Ductile Materials
Authors: Su X. M. , Sun C. T. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
It is shown in the present paper that neither plane stress nor plane strain model can accurately simulate ductile fracture tests on ungrooved specimens. Three dimensional effects on the stress distribution at the crack tip must be considered. A moving plane strain core model is thus used in the simulation. For the moving plane strain core model, the deformation in a small region surrounding the crack tip is assumed to be in a state of plane strain and that of the rest of the specimen is in plane stress. With the plane strain core model, it is found that stresses at the crack tip remain constant during steady quasi-static crack growth for ungrooved specimens. For the specimens simulated, the stress at a critical distance from crack tip is independent of specimen size.
Mixed-Mode Crack-Tip Fields Under General Yielding Conditions and Implications to Low-Cycle Multiaxial Fatigue Theory
Authors: Wang Y. , Pan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The near-tip fields of small Case B cracks in power-law hardening materials are investigated under generalized plane-strain, mixed mode and general yielding conditions by finite element analyses. The results of the J integral from the finite element analyses are used to correlate to a fatigue crack growth criterion for Case B cracks. The trend of constant ΔJ contours on the Γ-plane is compared reasonably well with those of the experimental results of constant fatigue life and constant fatigue crack growth rate.
Life Prediction for Composite Material Structures
Authors: Cassenti Brice N. , Koenig Herbert 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Recently developed high performance composite materials, such as ceramic or metal matrix composites, exhibit a wide variety of mechanical and thermal effects. A simultaneous development has occurred in manufacturing, where two and three dimensional weaves are now common. These new manufacturing techniques have increased the complications already inherent in predicting the life of advanced composite material components. As a result a general life prediction model for composite material is being developed. A finite element analysis, using a nonlinear finite element code, forms the backbone of the system. A viscoplastic model, applicable to generally orthotropic materials, is included in the code. The finite element analysis simulates the loading history and response for at least one cycle, and possibly several cycles. These cycles do not need to be successive. The results of the finite element analysis are written to a post process file for use in the life model. The viscoplastic model includes parameters that can vary with environmental degradation. For example, SiC fibers may oxidize when present in air at high temperatures. The properties will then degrade with time. This degradation is included through the use of a chemical kinetics and diffusion model. Diffusion, in the case of SiC fibers, is primarily due to oxygen along the fiber matrix interface, but does occur through the fibers and the matrix. Hence the diffusion is orthotropic for a single layer of uniaxial material. The diffusion is modeled using a thermal finite element analysis. The chemical kinetics is included as a heat source. The results of the analysis are written to a post process file for use in the viscoplastic model and the life model. The life model can be either probabilistic or deterministic. The life probabilistic model is based on weakest link theory and includes time dependence. The probabilistic model can be run in a mode that is equivalent to existing damage models.
Review of Constitutive Modeling of Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Jia Hongyu , Lalande Frederic , Rogers Craig A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are increasingly used in many engineering fields, particularly in the smart or intelligent material area. The principal characteristic of shape memory alloys is their ability to memorize their original configuration after they have been deformed, by heating the alloys above the characteristic transition temperature. During this process, a large recoverable strain on the order of 8% can be obtained, making SMAs excellent actuators.
In order to fully utilize the SMAs potential, it is necessary to have a good understanding of their mechanical behavior under thermal and mechanical loading. For this reason, the constitutive modeling of SMA has been, and still is, the focus of many researchers. Several models based on various theories have been proposed thus far. Considering the various theories used, the proposed constitutive models can be classified to five categories: ferroelectrics models, internal variable models, plasticity models, hysteresis models, and non-isothermal models. A review of the SMA constitutive models is presented here.
Multi-Level Polysilicon Surface-Micromachining Technology: Applications and Issues
Authors: Sniegowski Jeffry J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Polysilicon surface micromachining is a technology for manufacturing Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) which has, as its basis, the manufacturing methods and tool sets used to manufacture the integrated electronic circuit. This paper describes a three-level mechanical-polysilicon surface-micromachining technology and includes a discussion of the advantages of this level of process complexity along with issues which affect device fabrication and performance. Historically, the primary obstacles to multi-level polysilicon fabrication were related to the severe wafer topography generated by the repetition of film depositions and etching. The introduction of Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) to surface micromachining has largely removed these issues and opened significant avenues for device complexity. Several examples of three-level devices with the benefits of CMP are presented.
Of primary hindrance to the widespread use of polysilicon surface micromachining, and in particular microactuation mechanisms, are issues related to the device surfaces. The closing discussion examines the potential of several latter and post-fabrication processes to circumvent or to directly alleviate the surface problems.
Application of Freezing Rate Expressions and Gassing Power to Frozen Bread Dough
Authors: Bail Alain Le , Havet Michel , Pasco Maryvonne , Chourot Jean Marc 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A literature review of the freezing point expressions shows the availability of various equations to estimate the freezing rate. The expression of the cooling rate during freezing is used to estimate the freezing rate. Cylinders of bread dough were frozen in a tunnel with three different freezing conditions. Gassing power of the yeasted dough (saccharomyces cerevisiae) after thawing were obtained with regards to the location. A finite difference scheme was used to model freezing of an infinite cylinder of bread dough and to calculate freezing rates. Experimental results pointed out that gassing power and thus the freezing rate were both location dependent. The influence of the beginning criterion and of the ending criterion for freezing are related to the freezing rate expressions. A modified expression of the freezing rate is proposed (weighted freezing rate) and is related to gassing power.
Simulating the Effects of a Large Blood Vessel on the Temperature Field Around a Surface Cryoprobe
Authors: Chayut Yehoshua , Shitzer Avraham 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
One of the current methods of treating malignant tissues is by localized freezing in situ. Large blood vessels traversing or situated proximal to the treated region, present a “thermal perturbation” to the developing temperature field. This may prevent certain areas of the tumor from being frozen. Alternatively, there is also the problem relating to the freezing of the blood vessel wall and the blood flowing in it.
Solid Freeform Fabrication: An Overview
Authors: Marcus Harris L. , Harrison Shay , Crocker James 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Solid freeform fabrication (SFF) has become a prominent area of interest and research in the last 10 years. SFF produces parts directly through additive procedures, without any part-specific tooling. The deisgn for the part originates in a Computer Aided Design (CAD) file which is a three dimensional representation of the part that is sectioned into thin two dimensional layers from which the part is built. SFF vastly enhanced the prototype production process, and now looks to make advancesfor short run productions and tool and dies. This paper presents an overview of SFF, in terms of where it has been, what it is today, and where it will go in the future.
Analysis of Single Grit Cutting of Alumina
Authors: Lin I-Chung Joseph , Sathyanarayanan Guruswami , Plebani Louis J. , Buehler William L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The effect of tool geometry on the material removal mechanisms associated with single grit cutting of alumina is presented. Experiments were conducted whereby conical diamond tips of different included angles were used to emulate the single grit cutting of an alumina workpiece. Analysis of resulting cutting force profiles and of the micrographs of the scratched grooves show that cutting tool geometry is one of the dominant factors affecting the material removal mechanisms. A fracture criterion formulating threshold load as a function of cutting tool included angle is shown to be in agreement with a model from fracture mechanics.
Plasma Enhanced Machining of Inconel 718
Authors: Shin Yung C. , Kim Jin-Nam 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The experimental analysis of plasma enhanced machining (PEM) of Inconel 718 is presented in this paper. Surface temperatures due to plasma heating are systematically characterized through experimental investigation using infrared radiation thermometry and an empirical model is developed to predict the workpiece surface temperature in terms of various operating conditions. Benefits of PEM are also illustrated through a reduction of cutting forces and improved surface roughness over a wide range of cutting conditions. In addition, improvement of productivity in machining Inconel 718 with PEM is demonstrated.
Heat Partitioning and Temperatures in Grinding
Authors: Ju Y. , Farris T. N. , Chandrasekar S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A theoretical analysis is presented of the energy partitioning and surface temperatures in grinding. The numerical results agree with the experimental results of Kohli et al. It is found that the presence of the fluid inside the grinding zone can reduce the heat flux into the workpiece and the workpiece temperature significantly. However, it is nearly impossible to keep the fluid active for the conventional grinding of steel with aluminum oxide. For the conventional grinding of steel with CBN, or the creep feed grinding of steel with aluminum oxide or CBN, it is possible to keep the fluid active and therefore to reduce thermal damage. To help understand the effects of grinding conditions, a simplified heat partition model is developed which is proved very accurate for down grinding and fairly accurate for up grinding. The effects of grinding conditions on the energy partition to the workpiece and the workpiece temperature are studied systematically.
On-Line Slab Temperature Calculation and Control
Authors: Staalman Dirk F. J. , Kusters Arend 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper describes a modern control system for reheating furnaces in a hot strip mill. The system has been implemented in two pusher and two walking beam furnaces of Hoogovens Hot Strip Mill No.2, each with a capacity of 300 ton/h, and in the 280 ton/h walking beam furnace of the Tata Iron & Steel Company (Tisco), India.
The system consists of two main parts; the calculation model for reliable estimation of the slab temperatures and the controller part for reaching the desired slab temperatures. Except for the furnace control system itself, this paper describes a furnace simulator, based on multi variable system identification, that makes it possible to keep tuning of the new system on site to a minimum.
The calculation model proved to give good results; 95% of all slab temperatures are estimated within a range of +/− 20°C. With the knowledge of the actual slab temperatures at each position in the furnace and an individual heating curve for each slab, actual slab temperature control become possible. Zone temperature setpoints are generated by a controller with input deviations between the calculated and target slab temperatures in a control zone; This is the master loop. The fuel setpoints are generated in slave loop.
The performance of rougher temperature, but also of rundown and of skidmark have been improved remarkably, for both pusher and walking-beam furnaces.
Decoupling the Confounded Effect of Machine Error and Geometric Characteristics of Artifacts in Precision Measurement and Machine Calibration
Authors: Lee G. , Mou J. , Shen Y. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Inspection is commonly used to scrutinize the quality of manufactured products against established standards and specifications. However, the quality and reliability of many inspection processes are contaminated by various uncertainties. One of the prominent sources for measurement uncertainties is due to the imperfection of a measuring device and the confounded effect of its imperfection with geometric characteristics of a measured feature. To ensure the quality and reliability of any inspection process, measurement uncertainties need to be addressed for all data acquisition activities. A method is also needed to identify and decouple the effect of confounded uncertainties. If this can be done, then the collected data can be properly adjusted and a more meaningful analysis result can be drawn. In this paper, the issue of uncertainty identification for machine calibration and dimension measurement using artifacts with spherical feature is discussed. Analytical models are derived to first assess and then decouple the confounded effect of both types of uncertainties. Finally, case studies are used to illustrate the general application and the effectiveness of the derived models in assessing and decoupling the confounded effect, and thus, reducing the measurement uncertainties.
Reliability Assessment of BGA Interconnects With CADMP-II
Authors: McCluskey F. P. , Govind A. , Beaudet D. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Recently the plastic ball grid array (PBGA) has been gaining industry-wide acceptance in high pin count applications as a low-cost alternative to fine-pitch leaded packages such as the plastic quad flat pack (PQFP). The main factors leading to its use include low cost, high I/O density, a small footprint, and the potential for superior electrical and thermal performance with respect to PQFPs [Houghton 1993; Freyman and Pennisi, 1991]. However, concerns about interconnect reliability remain, particularly for systems to be joined with novel solders or conductive adhesives, which are being used increasingly both for environmental reasons and because of the need for higher temperature operating systems. Thus there exists a need to accurately evaluate design trade-offs arising due to these failures in order to increase reliability and drive design improvements.
A PC-based CAD tool for the assessment of the reliability of PBGA interconnects is presented. This tool facilitates the use of physics-of-failure methodology in design for reliability, virtual qualification and the selection of accelerated test conditions. The tool assesses candidate and existing package designs for reliability in many different environments using a database of fully validated physics-of-failure models. These models calculate times-to-failure for the fundamental mechanisms which cause failure of area array packages housing both bipolar and CMOS based systems. Particular focus is placed on the use of this tool for analyzing the reliability of area array solder joint interconnects, including those made with lead-free solders and conductive adhesives, and on conductive filament formation between the traces in a plastic ball grid array. The addition of the appropriate material properties for high temperature, fatigue resistant, lead-free solders to the materials database, the development of a package designer for PBGA designs, and the incorporation of failure mechanism models for flip chip solder fatigue, PBGA solder joint shear and tensile fatigue, and PBGA conductive filament formation will be discussed. The ability to use this tool to conduct assessments of the susceptibility of PBGAs to non-interconnect failure mechanisms is an added advantage as it permits a determination of the relative importance of interconnect failure as a failure mode.
Viscoelastic Analysis of IC Package Warpage
Authors: Yeung T. S. , Yuen M. M. F. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Package warpage was studied previously using thermoelastic finite element analysis. Epoxy Molding Compound (EMC) was assumed to be thermal-elastic with temperature dependent mechanical properties (usually assigned values above and below the glass transition temperature, Tg). The effect of thermal mismatch of components inside the package was examined without considering the time history of the curing process. To account for this, this study will examine the effect of viscoelastic properties of EMC with different degree-of-cure on package warpage during the encapsulation process.
In this study, warpage of a 160 leads Plastic Quad Flat Package (PQFP) was evaluated by employing a three-dimensional viscoelastic finite element model. Dynamic mechanical properties of the EMC for different degree-of-cure were measured in a Rheometrics RMS-800 analyzer at different temperatures: 160°C, 165°C, 170°C, 175°C, 180°C and 185°C to determine the viscoelastic shear modulus of G′ and G″. The test data were then used to formulate the Maxwell model for viscoelastic analysis using a commercial finite element package ABAQUS. The analysis examined the effect of degree-of-cure of EMC on warpage prediction. The predicted warpage values were compared with laboratory measurement using a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM).
A CFD Method With Cartesian Grids and Complex Geometries Defined by Cell Porosities
Authors: Willoughby Donald A. , Greiner Christopher M. , Carroll George W. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A CFD method for automotive cooling air flow applications based on structured cartesian grids and a cell based porosity approach to represent geometry is described. Steady Navier-Stokes equations with turbulence models are solved with a finite difference method using narrow-stencil upwind differencing. Fans and heat exchangers are represented by experimentally based models. The differencing scheme is a three dimensional implementation of a technique described in two dimensions by Sidlikover and Brandt[1]. The CFD code has been optimized and parallelized for RISC computers, vectorized parallel computers, and massively parallel computers. Geometry is represented by a series of triangular elements, but other representations could be used with the method. A completely automated preprocessor calculates porosities which represent intersections of the grid with the geometry. The porosities define an approximate surface representation of the actual geometry. Wall functions based on normal distances to surfaces and actual surface areas are used for wall boundary conditions.
Flow Analysis of a Diesel Engine Water Jacket Using Unstructured Tetrahedral Meshes
Authors: Birkett C. A. , Dhaubhadel M. N. , Daniel S. I. , Balachander R. S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been hampered in the past by the amount of time required to generate accurate models for complicated geometries. Consequently, it has been difficult to incorporate CFD studies into the design process for complex components such as engine water jackets. This paper describes a methodology using unstructured tetrahedral meshes which largely overcomes this problem.
The cooling jacket for a 4-valve diesel engine cylinder head was analyzed. Because the model used tetrahedral elements to represent the complex geometry, it was possible to create an accurate model relatively quickly.
Flow and heat transfer coefficients were calculated for a maximum flow condition. Typical temperatures were assumed for boundary conditions at the walls.
The work showed the feasibility of calculating the detailed distribution of heat transfer coefficients and flow velocities inside engine cooling jackets. The process described proved to be fast and robust enough to be applied to such components in the design stage.
Evaluation of the Dynamic Subgrid-Scale Stress Model in Finite-Differenced Les: Effects of Grid Resolution and Inhomogeneous Test Filtering
Authors: Najjar Fady M. , Tafti Danesh K. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The dynamic subgrid-scale stress model (Germano et al., 1991) is used for the Large Eddy Simulations of the turbulent channel flow at Reτ = 1050. Finite difference approximations based on the Harlow-Welch scheme are used to discretize the governing flow equations. The test filter is based on a second-order trapezoidal rule. The effects of model predictions for different grid resolutions and the application of the test filter in the wall normal inhomogeneous direction are investigated. The grid resolution study showed that the dynamic model responds in a manner consistent with the physics. The results obtained are in good agreement with experiments as well as spectral LES (Piomelli, 1993) performed at the same Reynolds number. It is found that the application of the test filter in the inhomogeneous wall normal direction has a small effect on the dynamic constant and the turbulence statistics. In general the dynamic constant decreases making the model less dissipative.