bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations in the Encephalitogenic Power of Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Thompson Richard , Buchbinder Leon 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The presence or absence of the encephalitogenic property in various strains of vaccinia virus cannot be ascribed to heterogenetic origin since derivants of the same parent strain differ in this respect. Variations in the character of the skin lesions produced by neurotropic and dermotropic viruses are apparently associated with the presence or absence of the ability to produce encephalitis. The encephalitogenic strains are not obviously contaminated with herpes virus since recovery from neurovaccinial infection affords as little immunity to herpes virus as does recovery from dermovaccinial infection. The power of neurotropic strains to produce encephalitis is not referable to contamination with the virus of poliomyelitis since the latter virus does not cause a non-encephalitogenic vaccinia strain to become encephalitogenic for rabbits. Evidence is presented which indicates that the neurotropic vaccinia strains are not contaminated by some unknown virus capable of producing encephalitis alone or when aided by a vaccinial infection. The encephalitis producing power of certain vaccinia strains is probably a property of the vaccinia virus itself. It is suggested that the presence or absence of this property may be due to a process similar to the process of dissociation in bacterial cultures.
Studies of Diseases of the Lymphoid and Myeloid Tissues
Authors: Parker. Frederic , Jackson, Henry , Hugh Greene Fitz , Spies Tom D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Tuberculin tests using both human and avian tuberculin were carried out on patients with Hodgkin's disease, malignant lymphoma, leukemia, pernicious anemia and malignancy. Similar tests were done on tuberculous and normal individuals. Fewer positive reactions were obtained in the patients with the diseases of the lymphoid and myeloid tissues and with malignant disease as compared with the normals and the tuberculous patients. More positive reactions to avian tuberculin than to human were found except in the normal group.
Anaphylaxis to Diphtheria Toxin
Authors: Sugg John Y. , Richardson Lurline V. , Neill James M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The offspring of antitoxic immune guinea pigs gave anaphylaxis when injected intravenously with toxin-containing material thirty to sixty days after their birth. Sufficient controls were made on the possibility of participation of non-toxin antigens and of non-antitoxin antibodies to justify the conclusion that the anaphylaxis was due to reaction between the toxin antigen and the placentally transmitted antitoxin.
The advantage of the use of carefully selected offspring was demonstrated by the high degree of completeness of non-reactivity to non-toxin diphtheria antigens that was exhibited by the offspring of individual mothers whose serum contained none or only small amounts of diphtheria antibodies other than antitoxin.
Apart from the question of toxin anaphylaxis the present demonstration of anaphylaxis to diphtheria material on the part of the offspring of immune guinea pigs is of interest as an example of placental transmission of hypersensitiveness to an antigen of bacterial origin.
Natural Resistance to Disease in the Chicken
Authors: Lambert W. V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
This report presents the results of five generations of selection for resistance to a standard infection with the fowl typhoid bacterium in the chicken. A marked increase in the resistance of the selected population has resulted, the observed mortalities in the selected stocks, from the first to fifth generations, being 39.8, 29.3, 15.4, 15.0 and 9.4 per cent. In the unselected (control) populations tested concurrently the respective mortalities were 89.6, 93.2, 86.2, 86.4 and 85.0 per cent. A combined total of 3355 chicks, 1999 in the selected and 1356 in the control stock, was used in these studies.
Reciprocal crosses of selected (resistant) with unselected birds demonstrated that the male, as well as the female, transmits resistance to the offspring; and that a passive transfer of immunity was not a great, if existent, factor in the enhanced resistance of the selected progeny.
Natural Resistance to Disease in the Chicken
Authors: Lambert W. V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A total of 1568 chicks from five breeds and strains of the fowl, and of one group consisting of hybrids between two of the breeds, were injected in the same way with a standard dosage of virulent fowl typhoid bacteria. The percentage mortalities observed for the various breeds were: White Plymouth Rock, 79.7; White Leghorn, 87.7; White Leghorn II, 86.3; White Wyandotte, 93.4; Rhode Island Red, 94.4; and for hybrids between the White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red, 86.4 A number of these differences are greater than would be expected from random sampling. Differences in the rate of mortality also were observed for the different breeds.
Significant differences in resistance were not observed between the chicks from separate colony matings, one male with several females, in one strain of the White Leghorn breed.
Notes on the Antigenic Activity of Hemolytic Streptococci from Different Types of Infection
Authors: Wheeler Mary W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In this study of the antigenic activities of hemolytic streptococci from different infections, the potency and valency of antitoxic goat sera produced with 8 strains were compared with that of a serum produced with a standard strain. One slightly toxic strain apparently had little antigenic activity. Six strains producing potent toxins neutralized by the standard serum varied markedly in their antigenic activities. One produced a serum which in all instances reacted similarly to the standard serum. None of the other 5 strains produced a serum of such broad valency. Two of the sera neutralized the toxins of 4 of the strains used for serum production; two had slight or definite activity with only one toxin other than the homologous; the fifth was apparently active with the homologous toxin only. A serum produced by the use of the toxins of 2 of these 5 strains was more broadly valent than the monovalent serum of either strain but not so broadly valent as the serum produced with the standard strain. The eighth strain, the toxin of which was not neutralized by the standard serum, produced a serum active against the homologous and one of the heterologous toxins used for serum production, but inactive against the standard toxin. No other serum neutralized the toxin of this strain. Neutralization tests of these different sera with a large number of different toxins gave similar results.
Meningococcus Antitoxin
Authors: Ferry Newell S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Encouraged by results of experiments reported previously on guinea pigs (1) with experimental meningococcus antitoxin (2), the work was extended to include the monkey.
The writer found, as did Flexner (3) many years previously, that acute and fatal cerebrospinal meningitis can be produced in the monkey by intraspinal inoculations with virulent meningococci and that results are fairly consistent in susceptible animals when the cultures are recently isolated and the animals are about of the same weight and age.
It was found by the writer, however, that the susceptibility of this animal toward the meningococcus varied considerably, depending not only upon age and weight but also upon individual natural resistance. The findings of Flexner were also corroborated to the effect that any infection in the monkey with this organism, by way of the spinal canal, which results fatally, has a very acute onset and is of short duration, and, that if the first inoculation does not produce typical symptoms, the second or third, made shortly afterwards, will probably do so.
Are Antiviruses Specific?
Authors: Besredka A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
“… I believe there can no longer be any doubt that the effect produced (by antivirus) is a non specific one.”—Frederick P. Gay, Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., October 24, 1931, p. 1196.
This question, which many bacteriologists have asked is of unquestionable importance, considered either from a theoretical or a practical standpoint. If it could be shown that antiviruses are not specific, and, that their effect was identical with that of ordinary broth, then it would be identified with proteinotherapy. The basis of local immunity would not be shaken, but the scope of its action would be largely limited, for we would then be compelled to give up the application of dressings of wounds with bacterial filtrates and the instillation and irrigation of infected tissues, which have become increasingly common in general practice.
As soon as our researches on the specific immunizing effect of antiviruses appeared, we were not spared critics.
Further Studies in Serum Sickness
Authors: Tuft Louis , Rule Anna M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In previous studies upon the antibody response in serum sickness Tuft and Ramsdell (1) were able to corroborate the findings of others in demonstrating that after the injection of immune sera circulating antibodies of various types appear. Also, that the appearance of such antibodies could not be correlated in any way with the phenomena of serum sickness. In addition to precipitins and anaphylactic antibodies, they showed for the first time the presence of transferable human skin-sensitizing antibodies according to the technic first described by Prausnitz-Küstner and also the transferred guinea pig skin reaction of Ramsdell, the latter being among the first reactions to appear and the last to disappear.
Studies on Cultures and Broth Filtrates of Staphylococci III
Authors: Burky Earl L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits four months old and younger are not susceptible to the lethal action of staphylococcus toxin. This lack of general systemic reactivity is paralleled by non-reactivity of the skin.
These results compare with the results obtained in humans and it is suggested that a study of this naturally occurring allergic-like phenomenon may throw some light on the problem of bacterial allergy in general.
The Power of Normal Human Sera to Inactivate the Virus of Poliomyelitis in its Relation to Blood Grouping and to Exposure
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A series of 30 normal adult human sera collected from metropolitan individuals and consisting of 10 O, 10 A and 10 B sera, were tested for neutralizing power against poliomyelitis virus. The following incidence of neutralization was obtained with the different blood groups: group O = 60 per cent, group A = 30 per cent and group B = 80 per cent. These percentages agree closely with the corresponding figures previously reported for 26 convalescent sera. The titer of three lots of pooled neutralizing O, A and B sera was determined by quantitative titration. The highest dilution capable of completely inactivating the virus was with the O sera 1:20 and with the A sera 1:5 while the B sera neutralized up to a 1:60 dilution. Similar discrepancies in virucidal titer were obtained with Wassermann samples pooled according to blood group. Three adult Eskimo sera and twelve adult Chinese sera were tested for virucidal property. All sera neutralized the virus of poliomyelitis, excepting one Chinese serum of blood group A. In view of the wide quantitative and qualitative variations in neutralizing power among normal adult human sera, depending as it seems in a large measure on the blood group of the individual, the virucidal test must be considered basically unsound as a means to determine previous exposure to the virus in epidemiological studies.
The Immunologic Specificity of Brain Tissue
Authors: Lewis Julian H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Suspensions of foreign brain tissue are strongly antigenic when injected into rabbits. A suspension of rabbit brain is not antigenic for the rabbit. Alcoholic extracts of all brains, including those of rabbit brain, are antigenic for the rabbit when activated with a foreign protein. Brain antisera produced with a suspension of brain tissue and those produced with an activated alcoholic extract of brain are indistinguishable as to their content of antibodies that react with organs. Brain antisera do not react with suspensions or alcoholic extracts of liver, kidney, heart, spleen and lungs of homologous or of all heterologous species tested. Neither do they react with blood serum. Brain antisera react strongly with both the suspension and alcoholic extract of the brains of a group of animals representing mammals, birds, and cold-blooded types. The brains of all animals tested are indistinguishable by complement fixation reactions with an antibrain serum. Brain antisera react strongly with either the suspension or alcoholic extract of the testes of homologous and of all heterologous species tested. There is no qualitative difference between the reaction of a suspension and an alcoholic extract of brain, or between a suspension and an alcoholic extract of testes with an anti-brain serum. The spinal cord and all anatomical parts of the brain react similarly with an antibrain serum. Lecithin (Merck's egg) does not react with an antibrain serum. Cholesterol (commercial) gives marked reactions.
Comparison of the Combining, Antigenic, and Toxic Properties of Chemically Altered Diphtheria Toxoid and Toxin
Authors: Reiner L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Azodyes were prepared from crude and from purified diphtheria toxoid by coupling them with the diazonium salt of arsanilic acid. The dyes obtained were purified by dialysis and precipitation with acid at about pH 4 and pH 3. The dyes had practically lost their immunizing power but retained their combining power as measured by the Ramon test. The specific toxic and the non-specific reaction-causing properties of the dye were approximately the same as those of the original toxoid or toxin. Micro arsenic and nitrogen determinations were made on the toxoid dye. High values were obtained for the ratio of arsenic to nitrogen, hence a high content of cyclic amino acids in the toxoid or else a decomposition during the dye formation is assumed.
The Participation of Cutaneous Epithelium in Immunity Response
Authors: Dienes L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In allergic (contact) dermatitis and certain cases of drug idiosyncrasy, the epithelium of the skin is probably sensitized. The hypersensitiveness of the epithelium develops by contact with the injurious agent in the same manner as the usual forms of hypersensitiveness.
The tuberculin type of skin reactions present many characteristics that suggest the direct participation of the cutaneous epithelium in the reaction. The characteristic necrosis in the reactions is often limited to the epithelium and a thin layer of connective tissue below it. The epithelium is involved early before the macroscopic reaction is strong. The epithelium is often infiltrated with polymorphonuclear leucocytes even in slight tuberculin reactions. The occurrence of necrosis is in no direct connection with the size of the reaction or with the general sensitiveness.
Inheritance As a Factor in Resistance to an Infectious Disease
Authors: Irwin M. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A specific dose of a strain of S. enteritidis injected intraperitoneally into members of an inbred strain of rats over a four-year period produced a mortality of 93.5 per cent.
The slight discrepancy from the reaction of an ideal control stock could not be explained on the basis of seasonal effects, environmental changes, or by any measurable physical differences in the animals.
Inheritance As a Factor in Resistance to an Infectious Disease
Authors: Irwin M. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Selection within a random-mated stock of rats has been effective in isolating lines which continually produced an appreciable increase in the number of individuals resistant to a specific dose of a strain of S. enteritidis over the number that were found in the non-selected parental population.
Considerable variation was noted among the survivors in their ability to transmit resistance to their offspring.
The hybrid progeny from matings between survivors and members of a susceptible inbred race showed a greater resemblance in mortality to that of their resistant parents than to that of the susceptible parental strain. Offspring from matings of hybrid survivors to members of the susceptible strain, and inter se, gave further evidence that hereditary factors were in large part responsible for the resistance displayed in the selected stocks.
The genetic factors operative in the experiments were seemingly multiple, presumably cumulative in effect, and some were at least partially dominant over those making for susceptibility.
On the Usefulness of Blood-Grouping in Medicolegal Cases Involving Blood Relationship
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The chances of proving non-paternity, when the type of the falsely accused man is known, were calculated. In New York City the average chances of proving non-paternity by means of all four agglutinogens, A, B, M, and N are approximately one in three. A man of type A++ has less than one chance in ten to prove his innocence, and a man of type B++ has only one chance in seven. Men of the remaining ten types, however, have chances ranging from one in four (O++) up to two in three (AB−+).
The chances of detecting interchange of infants in hospitals by means of the agglutinogens A, B, and M and N are seven in ten.
Individuality of the Red Blood Cells of Inbred Strains of Fowls
Authors: Kozelka A. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In conformity with the results of Landsteiner and Miller (1924) the experiments here reported do not disclose any racial differences in the factors concerned with hemagglutination; the same factors are apparently found in the various breeds but differently assorted in the various individuals.
There is evidence that the number of factors underlying the reaction with a hetero-agglutinating serum is rather small; the individual variation might well be accounted for by a variable assortment of a small number of factors.
Inbred strains show a relatively high degree of homogeneity in their agglutinogens as compared with unrelated birds. This undoubtedly is due to the Mendelian transmission of the factors that are responsible for the formation of specific agglutinogens.
The Lipoidal Content of Antipneumococcic Horse Serum
Authors: Felton Lloyd D. , Kauffmann Gladys 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The relationship of lipoids to immune reactions may be considered from a dual standpoint, first their possible antigenicity, and second their presence and possible function in immune sera. Only the latter of these is within the scope of this report; for the present study was undertaken to ascertain whether or not lipoid content is increased in serum of horses after they have been immunized against pneumococci. Earlier work of such a nature has been limited. In 1908 Takaki (1) reported the average weight of alcohol-chloroform extracts of various antitoxic sera (tetanus, diphtheria, and others) as 0.58 gram per 100 cc. serum as contrasted with 0.41 gram per 100 cc. of normal serum. His figures thus show a significant increase of lipoidal material in certain antitoxic sera. Koldaev (2) in 1921, however, found no difference in the amount of cholesterol in the serum of normal horses or of horses immunized against tetanus, diphtheria, or typhoid bacilli.
Proof of the Presence of Agglutinogen “A” in All the Erythrocytes of Type AB
Authors: Boyd William C. , Derow Matthew A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The production of a group-specific hemolysin and an experiment indicating that the factor “A” occurs in each erythrocyte of a type AB blood, are described. There is no reason to doubt that the same is true of the “B” factor.
The Blood Grouping of Macacus Rhesus
Authors: Buchbinder Leon 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The species Macacus rhesus cannot be divided into blood groups. In this respect the species behaves like pure-bred human races (Eskimos, North American Indians, etc.). Macacus rhesus erythrocytes have no antigen identical with or closely related to either of the two human isoagglutinogens (A or B). Rhesus serums, however, contain a hemagglutinin which is indistinguishable from the α isoagglutinin possessed by certain human serums. The anti-A agglutinin titer of rhesus serums can be raised by immunization of the animal with human red cells of group A. This enhancement of titer apparently is due to stimulation by the specific A isoantigen, since red cells of groups O or B have no such effect. The injection of human cells of group B, on the other hand, did not cause the formation of anti-B agglutinins de novo. The erythrocytes and organs (kidney) of Macacus rhesus and man possess an antigen in common. This antigen resembles the human isoantigens since it is alcohol soluble and heat stable. Rhesus monkeys inoculated with human red cells of groups O, A or B produce agglutinins for all human cells, regardless of their blood group. The antigen which causes this serological response is apparently species specific. It is not alcohol soluble. The species Macacus rhesus belongs to the so-called Forssman negative or rabbit group, since heterophile antigen is absent in its erythrocytes or organs, while a normal heterophile lysin or Forssman antibody is present in its serum.
The Existence of Antigenic Determinants of Diverse Specificity in a Single Protein
Authors: Hooker Sanford B. , Boyd William C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of a quantitative study of the inhibition reaction, using dyes of different degrees of resemblance to the haptens concerned, are not incompatible with the conception that the injection of a single “complete” protein coupled with diazotized arsanilic acid leads to the production of two different antihaptens, one corresponding more closely to the tyrosin-diazo-arsanilic acid group, the other to the histidin-diazo-arsanilic acid group. In the case of the “deficient” protein, gelatin, the coupled protein seems to give rise to only one of these antihaptens.
Merthiolate As a Preservative for Biological Products
Authors: Morgan L. C. , Jamieson W. A. , Powell H. M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. Previous to the fall of 1931 this laboratory produced diphtheria toxoid by formolizing diphtheria toxin having the usual range in potency values. The minimum values of such toxin was that set forth by the National Institute of Health, namely, of an L + value of 0.2 cc. and an m.l.d. value of 0.0025 cc., and maximum values were in the range of 25 to 50 per cent greater than these.
Following detoxification the toxoid was subjected to safety and antigenic tests in the usual manner. In addition to testing the toxoid undiluted, various dilutions were prepared with saline and subjected to antigenic and safety tests. It was noted that in some cases dilutions of 50 per cent or even 33⅓ per cent toxoid in saline possessed satisfactory antigenic qualities, namely, immunization of 8 out of 10 guinea pigs in six weeks against 5 m.l.d. of diphtheria toxin, the latter test being based on observation for ten days.
A Test for the Therapeutic Value of Antipneumococcus Serum
Authors: Goodner Kenneth 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Although it is now generally recognized that certain antibacterial sera may have therapeutic value when employed under proper conditions, it has been found very difficult to devise methods to detect the relative therapeutic value of various samples of any of these apparently effective sera. For instance, the experience of a number of clinicians now indicates that the employment of large amounts of antipneumococcus serum type I is useful in the treatment of cases of lobar pneumonia due to infection with the homologous microörganism. It is not likely, however, that equal amounts of serum derived from different horses and prepared in different ways will all have the same efficiency in the treatment of patients suffering from pneumonia.