bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for the nation’s public health information systems infrastructure: synthesis of discussions from the 2022 ACMI Symposium
Authors: Acharya Jessica C , Staes Catherine , Allen Katie S , Hartsell Joel , Cullen Theresa A , Lenert Leslie , Rucker Donald W , Lehmann Harold P , Dixon Brian E 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Objective
The annual American College of Medical Informatics (ACMI) symposium focused discussion on the national public health information systems (PHIS) infrastructure to support public health goals. The objective of this article is to present the strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities (SWOT) identified by public health and informatics leaders in attendance.

Materials and Methods
The Symposium provided a venue for experts in biomedical informatics and public health to brainstorm, identify, and discuss top PHIS challenges. Two conceptual frameworks, SWOT and the Informatics Stack, guided discussion and were used to organize factors and themes identified through a qualitative approach.

Results
A total of 57 unique factors related to the current PHIS were identified, including 9 strengths, 22 weaknesses, 14 opportunities, and 14 threats, which were consolidated into 22 themes according to the Stack. Most themes (68%) clustered at the top of the Stack. Three overarching opportunities were especially prominent: (1) addressing the needs for sustainable funding, (2) leveraging existing infrastructure and processes for information exchange and system development that meets public health goals, and (3) preparing the public health workforce to benefit from available resources.

Discussion
The PHIS is unarguably overdue for a strategically designed, technology-enabled, information infrastructure for delivering day-to-day essential public health services and to respond effectively to public health emergencies.

Conclusion
Most of the themes identified concerned context, people, and processes rather than technical elements. We recommend that public health leadership consider the possible actions and leverage informatics expertise as we collectively prepare for the future.
54 Image Based Sampling to Assess Horn Fly Abundance on Cattle
Authors: Warner Amanda M , Ling Ashley , Krause Taylor , Hinkle Nancy , Heins Bradley , Pringle Dean , Aggrey Samuel E , Rekaya Romdhane 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Horn flies are a major irritant to livestock. In cattle, horn flies can cause increased heart and respiratory rates, decreased feed efficiency, decreased weaning weights, and reduced milk production, resulting in substantial economic loss. Fly abundance varies within and across breeds, and genetic analyses have shown sufficient variation to permit selection of hosts for resistance to horn flies. A major limitation for selecting against horn fly abundance is the difficulty associated with measuring on-animal fly counts under pasture conditions. Traditionally, trained evaluators examine cattle in the pasture and estimate fly numbers. Fly movement and animal movements, as well as evaluator expertise are major sources of variation. Image analysis has also been proposed as a means to evaluate horn fly abundance. However, several issues related to image acquisition and processing need to be resolved before reliable estimates can be obtained. Cows (n = 752) and heifers (n = 129) were assessed by trained evaluators and several digital images were taken for each animal twice during the summers of 2019 and 2022. For each image, a box that runs roughly from the withers to the hooks and from the chest floor to the fore of the udder was established. Using ImageJ software, all horn flies within the box were manually counted. Additionally, a density region-based method was used. It consisted of dividing the box into regions of high, moderate, and low fly density. A grid was placed over the box and 20%, 10%, and 5% of squares were sampled randomly within the high, medium, and low-density regions of the grid, respectively. The total counts were used to assess the accuracy of the density region method and the subjective assessment by trained evaluators method. The Pearson correlation between fly counts assessed based on and the methods was 0.954. A lower correlation was obtained between subjective assessment and (0.403) and (0.432). When fly abundance was discretized into 4 classes, the image-based methods showed high concordance (~0.90). However, the subjective method yielded only a 37% concordance. These results seemed to indicate that the proposed collection can be used with high accuracy to estimate the total number of flies on the animal. It significantly reduced the amount of time it takes to estimate fly counts from images. Furthermore, it has a greater accuracy than subjective evaluations. Despite its good performance, the proposed method still does not overcome the difficulties associated with capturing images under pasture settings. Alternative approaches that can cheaply and efficiently estimate fly abundance should be explored.
180 Assessment of Weaning and Backgrounding Management Practices Used by Alabama Cattle Producers
Authors: Justice Maggie M , Mullenix Kim K , Tigue Daniel A , Elmore Michelle F , Stanford Callie , Runge Max 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Weaning is one of the most critical and stressful stages of a beef calf’s life. Management strategies practiced during the post-weaning period can have a large impact on calf performance, quality, and economic viability. With the number of different practices that producers can utilize during these stages of production, it is important for Extension educators to understand which management strategies are most commonly used and the potential successes of those practices. In spring 2022, an online survey was conducted to examine beef calf weaning and backgrounding management practices used by Alabama cattle producers. The survey was distributed through Qualtrics software and contained 24 total questions. There were 214 responses received by the end of the survey deadline. A total of 94% of respondents considered their operation to be a cow-calf operation with 52% of respondents identifying as a commercial cow-calf operation. Most participants (46%) indicated they had a smaller size herd of 50 head or less. Almost one-half of respondents (47%) had a calving season in the fall, 23% had a winter calving season, and 19% had a spring calving season. There was an 11% response of producers not having a defined calving season. Participants were asked to describe their method of calf weaning and of the methods listed, 55% said they abruptly wean and 38% reported that they utilize fenceline weaning. Over one-half (61%) of producers indicated that they background or precondition their calves and another 25% stated that they do in some years, but not always. For respondents that do not background, market unpredictability is the main concern when choosing to not precondition calves. Producers who responded that they do background calves indicated that they wean for at least 60 days before sale. These respondents also followed other important management strategies such as a vaccination program (83%), castration (81%) and use of implants (37%). Methods for marketing backgrounded calves differed across respondents with 49% of survey respondents using local livestock auctions as one method of selling their calves and 13% of producers retaining ownership of their calves through the feedyard finishing phase. With these data, potential educational gaps for cow-calf operations, such as marketing knowledge and opportunities have been identified. Extension educators in Alabama will be able to use these data to create resources and programs centered around backgrounding cattle to improve overall understanding related to calf management post-weaning.
191 Effect of Inclusion of Hempseed Meal on Rumen Papillae Morphology And Rumen Fermentation of Boer X Spanish Intact Male Goats
Authors: Ale Khim B , Abrahamsen Frank W , Gurung Reshma , Chaudhary Santoshi , Gautam Tej , Gurung Nar K 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of increasing levels of hempseed meal (HSM) on the morphology of the rumen papillae and volatile fatty acids production in the rumen of intact male goats. Boer x Spanish intact male goats (n = 36), 0 to1 months of age and bodyweight of 44.1 ± 3.8 kg, were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental diets (n = 9 goats/diet): 0% (control), 0%, 20%, and 30% HSM included on an as-fed basis and fed ad-libitum for 60 days. Experimental diets were formulated as total mixed ration (TMR), and the nutrient content of each diet was formulated to be iso-nitrogenous (18% crude protein) and to meet or exceed the nutrient requirement of breeding male goats. At the end of the trial, experimental goats were humanely processed as per USDA standards. Rumen fluid and necropsy samples of rumen tissue from the ventral sac of the rumen were collected, and rumen tissue was processed for histological examination. Morphometric variables of rumen papillae; height and width of rumen papillae, and density (number of papillae/cm2) were recorded, and total absorptive surface area was calculated. The thickness of the stratum corneum (SC) and the thickness of stratum granulosum (SG) was measured from the histological slides of rumen tissue. The rumen fluid was analyzed for the volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) concentration. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and orthogonal contrast test for equally spaced treatments using R version 4.2.1. There was no significant difference (P &gt; 0.05) in height of papillae, the width of papillae, papillae density, total absorptive surface area, SC thickness, and SG thickness among the goats feeding different experimental diets. The concentration of propionic acid decreased linearly (P &gt; 0.01) with increasing inclusion of HSM (12.90, 9.51, 8.12 and 7.34 mmol/L for 0 %,0 %, 20 % and 30 % HSM, respectively), whereas the concentration of acetic acid and butyric acid were similar among the experimental groups (P &gt; 0.05). These observed results indicate that the inclusion of HSM at least up to 30 % in the diet does not affect the rumen papillae morphology, and acetate and butyrate concentration in the rumen in intact male goats.
34 Successive Bouts of Exercise Influences the Inflammatory Cytokine Response in Thoroughbred Horses Regardless of Recovery Aid Supplementation
Authors: Barshick Madison R , Riley Julia , Pelletier Megan , Gonzalez Madison , Johnson Sally 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In equine sports, the rate of recovery after an exhaustive exercise session greatly affects the ability of the animal to perform subsequently, especially if the next exercise session occurs quickly. Carnitine participates in fatty acid delivery to the mitochondria and may facilitate muscle recovery post-exercise. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of a commercially available carnitine supplement (Renew, Platinum Performance, Buellton, CA) on adult The ability of Thoroughbred horses (16 geldings, 2 mares, 6.69 ± 0.49 years, 524.81 ± 10.07 kg, 5.66 ± 0.12 BCS) to perform successive bouts of exhaustive exercise. All horses participated in a moderate workload conditioning program for 6-weeks before testing. Horses received a ration of applesauce (30 mL, CON, n = 8) or ration of applesauce containing 19.6 g of the product (30 mL, AID, n = 8) 1 h before performing an incremental standardized exercise test (iSET) to exhaustion (day 1). Heart rate (HR) and gait biomechanics were recorded throughout the duration of the iSET. Blood was collected at 0, 10 min, 1, 4 and 6 h relative to exercise for the measurement of lactate and interleukin (IL) 1b, 8 and 10 mRNA content. for the measurement of lactate and interleukin (IL) 1b, IL8 and IL10 mRNA content. The AID was administered again at 1 h post-iSET after collection of the blood sample. All horses were rested for 24 h before repeating the iSET (day 3) with performance data and sample collection. The AID did not affect time to maximum HR, time to reach V200 or total gallop time during the iSET on day 1 or day 3. The rate of HR decline post iSET was slower (P &lt; 0.05) for all horses on day 3 compared with day 1. Blood lactate concentration was not affected by AID or day. The right front limb posterior fetlock angle at full stance phase increased (P &lt; 0.05) with speed for both CON and AID supplemented horses on day 1. Horses receiving AID demonstrated an increase (P &lt; 0.05) in this measure at day 3 while no significant differences (P &gt; 0.05) in posterior angle were detected in CON. Administration of AID did not affect whole blood IL1b, IL8 or IL10 mRNA content on day 1 or day 3. Consolidation of the data demonstrates increased (P &lt; 0.05) expression of IL1b and IL8 mRNA during post-exercise recovery time on day 1 that was absent on day 3. Expression of IL10 was altered (P &lt; 0.05) over time post-exercise on both days. Results of the experiment demonstrate that successive bouts of exercise affect the inflammatory response to exhaustion. Although AID did not affect IL gene expression, it did promote retention of flexion at the fetlock joint suggesting that carnitine products may facilitate recovery from strenuous exercise.
46 Adrenomedullin: A Novel Peptide Hormone for Uterine Receptivity and Conceptus Elongation in Pigs?
Authors: Paudel Sudikshya , Liu Bangmin , Cummings Magdalina J , Wang Xiaoqiu 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Adrenomedullin (ADM) is an evolutionarily conserved multi-functional peptide hormone in mammalian species. The implantation sites of conceptuses (embryo/fetus and its extra-embryonic membranes) in pregnant Adm+/− female mice are abnormally spaced leading to fetal crowding, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and increases in pregnancy loss. As litter-bearing species, pigs exhibit a high incidence of early embryonic death (30-40%) and naturally occurring IUGR (15-25%), and significant numbers of stillborn piglets (3-9%). Therefore, it is imperative that the roles of ADM in regulation of uterine receptivity, as well as growth and development of conceptus in pigs be established. This study determined abundances of ADM in uterine luminal fluid, and the patterns of expression of ADM and its receptor components in uteri from cyclic and pregnant gilts, as well as conceptuses during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy. ADM receptor components include: calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CALCRL; G protein-coupled receptor bound by ADM), receptor activity modifying protein (RAMP2; dimerized with CALCRL to form ADM1 receptor) and RAMP3 (dimerized with CALCRL to form ADM2 receptor with lower specificity to ADM) and atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3; a decoy receptor that serves as a cell-autonomous molecular rheostat to dampen ADM signaling). Total recoverable ADM was greater in the uterine fluid of pregnant compared with cyclic gilts between days 10 and 16 post-estrus and was from uterine luminal epithelial (LE) and conceptus trophectoderm (Tr) cells. Uterine expression of CALCRL, RAMP2, and ACKR3 were affected by day (P &lt; 0.05), pregnant status (P &lt; 0.01) and/or day x status (P &lt; 0.05). Within porcine conceptuses, expression of CALCRL, RAMP2 and ACKR3 increased between days 10 and 16 of pregnancy. Using an established porcine trophectoderm (pTr1) cell line isolated from elongating porcine conceptuses recovered on day 2 post-breeding, it was determined that 10-7 M ADM stimulated proliferation of pTr1 cells (P &lt; 0.05) at 48 h, and increased phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin (p-MTOR) and 4E binding protein (p-4EBP1) by 6.1- and 4.9-fold (P &lt; 0.0001), respectively. These novel results indicate a significant role for ADM in uterine receptivity for implantation and conceptus growth and development in pigs. They also provide a framework for future studies of ADM signaling to affect proliferation and migration of Tr cells, spacing of blastocysts, implantation and placentation in pigs. This research was supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant no. 2022-67015-36491 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
117 Effects of Cattle Removal Date on Sustainability of Cool-Season Annual Grazed Cover Crop Systems
Authors: Blinson Mason , Dillard Leanne L , Mullenix Kim K , Muntifering Russell B , Carrell Russell C , Gamble Audrey 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Grazing of cool-season cover crops has been shown to be a viable tool in extending the grazing season while mitigating environmental risks associated with row crop farming systems. While there is a vast amount of research available on cover crops in relation to soil health, a more novel approach would be to focus on forage production and animal performance when grazing cover crops. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the effects of cattle removal date on forage yield, forage quality, and steer performance when grazing cool-season cover crops. A cool-season forage mix consisting of ‘Cosaque’ oats (Avena strigose), ‘FL401’ cereal rye (Secale cereal), ‘AU Sunrise’ crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum), and ‘T-raptor’ brassica (Brassica napus × B. rapa) was established in twelve, 0.62 ha paddocks in Headland, AL. Each paddock was then randomly allocated to one of four cattle removal treatments: 1) no grazing (CON); 2) February removal (FEB); 3) March removal (MAR); or 4) April removal (APR). Three tester steers were randomly allotted, based on body weight (BW), to each of the grazing treatments, excluding CON. The tester steers were weighed every 30 d for calculation of initial BW, final BW, and average daily gain (ADG). At inception and every subsequent two weeks, forage was harvested to analyze average forage yield, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and crude protein (CP). All data were analyzed using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS version 9.4 (SAS Inst., Cary, NC). Significant differences in forage yield were detected between CON and FEB (3,913 vs. 2,261 kg/ha; P &lt; 0.001), CON and MAR (3,913 vs. 1,790 kg/ha; P &lt; 0.001), and CON and APR (3,913 vs. 1,810 kg/ha; P &lt; 0.001). There were no differences found for ADG (1.2 kg/day; P = 0.56), NDF (50.94%; P = 0.46), or ADF (30.34%; P = 0.25) among treatments. Results indicate that grazing of cool-season annual cover crops will reduce forage yield, but removal date of cattle will not further affect forage yield, quality, or individual cattle performance. Thus, we can reduce winter supplementation needs for cattle by increasing grazing days; however, under continuous grazing for stocker cattle production, forage availability may inevitably be the limiting factor.
100 Methane Production in Roughage-Lacking Diets Containing Ionized Amino Acids as Antibiotic Alternative
Authors: Neto Geraldo Balieiro , Jorge Márcio , Berndt Alexandre , Munhoz Marcela S J , Amâncio Bruna R , Jordao Carlos Eduardo K M C 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The use of antibiotics in animal feed, commonly used as a strategy to achieve greater daily weight gains and recently as way to reduce methane emission, might result in the selection of resistant microorganisms and certain bacterial strains isolated from cattle are resistant to multiple antibiotics and could be human health hazards. To evaluate methane production in ruminant diet without roughage containing ionized amino acids as antibiotic alternative, twenty-four Nellore young bulls were allotted into two groups. The first group was fed with high-grain diet without roughage and without antibiotics diet, containing 82 mg/kg of ionized amino acids mixture (L-lysine and L-taurine HCl 99%, pH 9.74) manufactured by MJ Animal Nutrition. The second group was fed with high-grain diet containing Brachiaria brizantha hay (15% dry matter) and sodium monensin (120 mgּּ animal -1 ּּ day-1). It was not used a negative control group to avoid metabolic disturbances. The feedlot time was 100 days. The weight measurements were performed at the beginning of the trial period and monthly, always with water restriction and fasting for 18 hours, even before slaughter. A completely randomized design was used. Methane emission was measured using the sulfur hexafluoride technique and daily dry matter intake were measured in GrowSafe system. There was no detection of lameness or laminitis in any groups and there were no changes in feed conversion ratio (FCR). The total methane emission (-77.11%) and the methane emission per dry matter intake (DMI; -57.12 %), per average daily weight gain (ADG; -71.11%) and per kilogram of carcass (-70.07%) were different between treatments (P &lt; 0.0001), resulting in decreased emission intensities for group fed without roughage with diet containing ionized amino acids. We conclude that fed without roughage with diet containing ionized amino acids was an effective strategy as an antibiotic alternative, mitigate GHG emissions and facilitate feedlot diets management. In field conditions, the roughage-lacking diets represent advantage, especially regarding its administration to a large amount of the animals just once a week or less, no need area, infra-structure and expertise to produce, preserve and feeding roughage.
97 Can Fecal Volatile Fatty Acids be Used as an Indicator of Ruminal Volatile Fatty Acids?
Authors: Hines Abbigail R , Rigney Diva N , Lowrey Haley , Mullenix Kim K , Heaton Courtney , Dillard Leanne L , Smith William B 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
For in vitro digestibility experiments addressing both horses and cattle, feces have long been thought to be an equivalent surrogate for ruminal or cecal inoculum that would eliminate the need for fistulated animals. However, this assumption requires similar microbial and chemical properties among inoculum sources. Validation of the relationship of fecal to ruminal metabolic properties would allow for more readily accessible information on fermentation across nutrition experiments. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare ruminal and fecal VFA production from heifers fed four bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) cultivars. Ruminally-fistulated heifers (n = 4) were assigned randomly to one of four bermudagrass cultivars (Coastal [COS], Russell [RUS], Tifton 44 [T44], or Tifton 85 [T85]) for four 30-d in vivo periods (21-d adaptation and 9-d collection). On d 28, rumen fluid (RF) samples were collected at 13 timepoints (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 h) and rectal fecal samples were collected at 7 timepoints (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 h). Samples were acidified with meta-phosphoric acid, and 2-ethylbutyric acid was included as an internal standard. Samples were assayed for acetic (A), propionic (P), isobutyric (IB), butyric (B), isovaleric (IV), valeric (V), 4-methylvalteric (4MV), and caproic (C) acids by gas-liquid chromatography. Data were analyzed using SAS v. 9.4. Heifers receiving COS produced less (P &lt; 0.05) RF concentrations of A (25.01 mM), P (5.21 mM), and total VFA (34.2 mM) than T85 (43.4, 8.9, and 58.0 mM, respectively), T44 (42.0, 9.0, and 57.3 mM, respectively), and RUS (39.8 8.9, and 55.3 mM, respectively), which were all similar. Ruminal B was greatest (P &lt; 0.05) from RUS (5.4 mM) and least from COS (3.1 mmol/L), with T44 and T85 intermediate (4.9 and 4.4 mM, respectively). There was no effect of cultivar (P ≥ 0.10) on RF IB, IV, V, or 4MV concentrations. Fecal IB was correlated (P &lt; 0.05) with RF IV (r = 0.59) and tended to be correlated (P ≤ 0.09) with RF A (r = 0.39), P (r = 0.39), C (r = 0.37), and total VFA (r = 0.38). Fecal P was correlated (P &lt; 0.05) with RF IV (r = 0.51). No other fecal VFA were correlated with RF VFA. Results are interpreted to mean that COS results in decreased ruminal fermentation relative to the other cultivars tested. However, there is little indication that fecal VFA can serve as an indicator for ruminal fermentation.