bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow past two tandem circular cylinders of unequal diameter
Authors: Luo S. C. , Gan T. L. 
Published: March 2023

SummaryThe present work investigates the structure associated with flow past two tandem circular cylinders with a diameter ratio of 0·33. The smaller cylinder is always upstream. The two parameters varied in the present work are the spacing between the cylinders denoted by l/d2where l is the centre to centre spacing and d2 is the diameter of the downstream cylinder, and the Reynolds number Re based on d2 Just like the case of flow past two equal size cylinders, a critical spacing was found to exist. For spacing less than the critical value, shear layers that separate from the upstream cylinder reattach onto the downstream cylinder (reattached flow regime) whereas for spacing larger than the critical value both cylinders shed vortices (co-shedding flow regime). For diameter ratio dl/d2 of 0·33 and at Re ≈ 6·27 × 104, the critical spacing is at l/d2 ≈ 1·8 to 2·2. In 1·8 ≤ l/d2 ≤ 2·2, bi-stable flow situation where the flow structure changes intermittently between the reattached and the co-shedding types was observed and the probability that the flow is co-shedding within the bi-stable regime is found to follow a normal distribution.It was also found that the reattached flow regime can be sub-divided into two sub-regimes. In 0·66 ≤ l/d2 ≤ 1·2 (sub-regime 1), the vortex formation length, lf, of vortices shed by the downstream cylinder appears to be shorter, resulting in larger drag force on the downstream cylinder and larger r.m.s. pressure around it. In 1·4 ≤ l/d2 ≤ 1·18 (subregime 2), lf appears to be larger which results in a smaller drag force and smaller r.m.s. pressure distribution when compared with sub-regime 1. Only the downstream cylinder has a Strouhal number S2 associated with it in the reattached flow regime. The general trend is that of a slight reduction in S2 with increasing l/d2 which is consistent with the relation of larger lf at larger l/d2 in the reattached flow regime. In the coshedding regime, the Strouhal numbers of both cylinders are similar.The Reynolds number was varied in the range 3·15 × 104 ≤ Re ≤ 8·81 × 104. It was observed that both the mean drag and the r.m.s. lift and drag forces reduce in magnitude when Re was increased. From the spectra of the lift force, reduction in C'L was found to be due to a reduction in the regularity of the vortex shedding process. From the pressure distribution of the downstream cylinder at constant l/d2, it was found that the reduction in mean drag with increasing Re is caused by an increase in base pressure which in turn is likely to be the consequence of an increase in vortex formation length. The upper and lower limits of the range in the lldi at which bistable flow was detected were found to decrease with increasing Re. At l/d2 = 2·0, the flow was of the reattached type at Re = 3·15 × 104 and 4·75 × 104 but became bi-stable at Re ≥ 6·27 × 104.
The low-turbulence wind tunnel at Tōhoku University
Authors: Itō H. , Kobayashi R. , Kohama Y. 
Published: March 2023

SummaryA general-purpose low turbulence wind tunnel was constructed using the design method of Bradshaw. Sound absorbent material was used in every four corners to decrease sound intensity produced by a fan. The longitudinal component of turbulence intensity at the centre of the closed working section is less than 0.02% of the mean velocity in the speed range between 18 m/s arid 53 m/s. The mean velocity variations across the working section are within ±0.1% of the mean velocity.Performance measurements have been done at representative tunnel cross sections to clarify the behaviour of flow in the tunnel. This work differs from previous studies in the sense that emphasis is placed not only on velocity distributions, but also on turbulence intensity distributions at several cross sections of the tunnel.The critical Reynolds number for a flat plate at zero incidence, Rec = 3.5 x 106, measured in a stream of the very low turbulence intensity of 0.016%, is larger than that reported by Schubauer and Skramstad.
An experimental investigation of the oblique blade-vortex interaction
Authors: Horner M. B. , Saliveros E. , Galbraith R. A. McD. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe experimental results of an oblique Blade-Vortex Interaction (BVI) study are presented. The quality of all pressure data reflects improvements in the Glasgow University BVI facility and in the method of reducing and presenting data. The data collected during oblique interactions is found qualitatively and quantitatively similar to that collected in corresponding parallel interactions, for interactions within ± 30° of parallel. Details of the pressure data are examined in the light of understanding gained from parallel BVI experimentation. The study highlights the effects of three dimensional flow interactions not accounted for in the nondimensionalisation traditionally utilised in the analysis of parallel blade-vortex interactions.
An examination of vortex convection effects during blade-vortex interaction
Authors: Horner M.B. , Saliveros E. , Galbraith R.A.McD. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe experimental results of a parallel Blade-Vortex Interaction (BVI) study are presented. The quality of all pressure data reflects improvements in the Glasgow University BVI facility and in the method of reducing and presenting data. Pressure histories clearly track the passage of a vortex-associated disturbance across the aerofoil. Tracking this disturbance permits an examination of vortex convection velocities, and also allows for a correlation between vortex trailing edge passage and force and moment perturbations.
Technology developments within the predesign phase of the Hermes spaceplane programme
Authors: Berkes U.L. 
Published: March 2023

SummaryThe development of the European spaceplane Hermes is based on new technologies under investigation. These technologies remain valid to the European aerospace database whatever the political future of the programme. Results achieved have been continuously implemented in the design process, which allowed the consolidation of the baseline configuration. Major technologies within the programme comprise re-entry Computational Fluid Dynamics and hypersonic Experimental Fluid Dynamics, the hot structure, thermal protection and material development, and development of new subsystem technologies for manned spaceflight.A summary of the technology results achieved during the pre-design phase is made and implementation into the consolidated pre-design configuration is shown.
SIMPLICITY OF LEAVITT PATH ALGEBRAS VIA GRADED RING THEORY
Authors: LUNDSTRÖM PATRIK , ÖINERT JOHAN 
Published: March 2023

AbstractSuppose that R is an associative unital ring and that
$E=(E^0,E^1,r,s)$
is a directed graph. Using results from graded ring theory, we show that the associated Leavitt path algebra
$L_R(E)$
is simple if and only if R is simple,
$E^0$
has no nontrivial hereditary and saturated subset, and every cycle in E has an exit. We also give a complete description of the centre of a simple Leavitt path algebra.
Corporal Punishment at Work in the Early Middle Ages: The Frankish Kingdoms (Sixth through Tenth Centuries)
Authors: Rio Alice 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis article deals with a paradox. Evidence for the punishment of workers during the early Middle Ages is richer in the earlier period (sixth and seventh centuries), when rural workers are generally thought to have been the least oppressed; by contrast, direct discussion of the subject largely drops out of the record in the Carolingian era (eighth to tenth centuries), despite clear evidence for renewed intensification of economic exploitation by both lay and religious lordships over the same period. Whereas the punishment of slaves had once provided a richly productive metaphor for thinking through issues of moral authority and legitimate leadership, Carolingian moralists and commentators no longer took the punishment of workers as a meaningful model for other, more morally or religiously motivated practices of punishment. Despite interest in punishment in other, non-exploitative contexts, lords’ practices of punishment of their workers were no longer taken as productive of meaning, whether positive or negative. The relationship of lords with their lowest-ranking dependents no longer defined or illustrated their power in the way that it had for the earlier Roman and late antique paterfamilias. One reason for this was the increasing tension perceived between profit-seeking and the correct, justified exercise of punishment: the two were kept at arms’ length by Carolingian writers to a surprising extent.
A Critical Examination of the African Legal Framework for Indigenous Knowledge
Authors: Oguamanam Chidi 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIndigenous or traditional knowledge (TK) systems are the springboard of authentic African innovation and creativity. However, there has been no adequate attempt to determine whether Africa internalizes its comparative advantage in Indigenous knowledge systems in its continental frameworks for socio-economic and development collaboration and aspirations. Despite TK's presumed significance and Africa's proactive promotion of Indigenous knowledge in international fora, TK is treated marginally in key instruments, perhaps as a legacy of colonially entrenched contempt for Indigenous knowledge systems. For Africa to effectively participate in the science and technology revolution, it is necessary to have an introspective and critical appraisal of the present traction around Indigenous knowledge, which is a logical starting point for effective science, technology and innovation policy-making in furtherance of African socio-economic and development collaboration in the knowledge economy.
Commentators and Doxographers on Xenophanes’ Theology
Authors: Brémond Mathilde 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn this paper, I examine the various interpretations of Xenophanes’ theology in antiquity. After distinguishing between the traditions of commentaries and of doxographies, I focus on two unexpected testimonies: Pseudo-Aristotle in On Melissus, Xenophanes and Gorgias and Simplicius. Both attribute to Xenophanes, unlike other authors, the thesis that the god is neither limited nor unlimited and neither moved nor unmoved. I argue that this reading originates from Theophrastus, more specifically from a commentary on Aristotle’s Physics, but that Pseudo-Aristotle is responsible for misinterpreting this claim and adding arguments to justify it. I finally highlight the many sources of Simplicius, who uses not only Theophrastus’ commentary on the Physics and Pseudo-Aristotle, but also another doxographical work, possibly the Physical Opinions of Theophrastus.
Not by Dioscorides: On Simples
Authors: Fitch John G. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe work Πϵρὶ ἁπλῶν φαρμάκων or De simplicibus (Simp., also known as Πϵρὶ ϵὐποριστῶν) is ascribed in the MSS to Dioscorides. This ascription, first found in Oribasius (fourth century AD), was accepted by the most recent editor of the work, Max Wellmann, and is enshrined in LSJ, but has often been questioned. This article aims to disprove Dioscoridean authorship on the grounds of two characteristics of Simp.: first, its use of alphabetical organization; second, its unsatisfactory treatment of material that is better handled in Dioscorides’ De materia medica (MM). The use of alphabetical ordering in Simp. is inconsistent and frequently disrupted; furthermore, in the preface to MM, Dioscorides explicitly rejected alphabetization as a means of organizing lists of medications. Internal evidence shows that the author of Simp. made ineffectual attempts to conceal the alphabetical ordering of his material, possibly in response to Dioscorides’ criticism of that method. In its treatment of material that is paralleled in MM, Simp. sometimes lacks clarity or omits important details or makes errors, failings that would be highly unlikely if Dioscorides himself were its author.
Wandering maidens in the Acropolis Propylaia: some considerations on the spatial setting of the cults of the Charites, Artemis and Hermes, their administration and related cult images
Authors: Graml Constanze 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis paper aims to develop a holistic view on the cults of the Charites, Artemis and Hermes which can plausibly be located in the Acropolis Propylaia. Based on the combined analysis of the spatial and architectural setting, which changed in the course of the erection of the Mnesiklean Propylaia in 437–432 BC, along with the imagery and textual evidence for these cults, I propose that due to the altered spatial distribution and the rotated building axes, initially separate cults were fused together. Consequently, iconographical shifts occur in the modes of depiction of these three divinities. The Charites, who were attached in Archaic imagery to Hermes, in the Classical period become iconographically intertwined with Artemis. The iconographic shift is detectable especially in the new cult images1 for Hermes Propylaios and Artemis Epipyrgidia with the Charites, which had been created by the sculptor Alkamenes, presumably by order of the Athenian state. This article should not be seen as a contribution to the analysis of copies (Kopienkritik) for known statue types or an architectural study; instead, its focus lies in the concepts of visualization of divine images, which were developed for a highly specific spatial setting in the cultic landscape of the Athenian Acropolis.
Sex-specific differences in neuropsychological profiles of mild cognitive impairment in a hospital-based clinical sample
Authors: Karstens Aimee J. , Maynard Taylor R. , Tremont Geoffrey 
Published: March 2023

AbstractObjective:Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an etiologically nonspecific diagnosis including a broad spectrum of cognitive decline between normal aging and dementia. Several large-scale cohort studies have found sex effects on neuropsychological test performance in MCI. The primary aim of the current project was to examine sex differences in neuropsychological profiles in a clinically diagnosed MCI sample using clinical and research diagnostic criteria.Method:The current study includes archival data from 349 patients (age M = 74.7; SD = 7.7) who underwent an outpatient neuropsychological evaluation and were diagnosed with MCI. Raw scores were converted to z-scores using normative datasets. Sex differences in neurocognitive profiles including severity, domain-specific composites (memory, executive functioning/information processing speed, and language), and modality-specific learning curves (verbal, visual) were examined using Analysis of Variance, Chi-square analyses, and linear mixed models. Post hoc analyses examined whether sex effects were uniform across age and education brackets.Results:Females exhibit worse non-memory domain and test-specific cognitive performances compared to males with otherwise comparable categorical MCI criteria and global cognition measured via screening and composite scores. Analysis of learning curves showed additional sex-specific advantages (visual Males>Females; verbal Females >Males) not captured by MCI subtypes.Conclusions:Our results highlight sex differences in a clinical sample with MCI. The emphasis of verbal memory in the diagnosis of MCI may result in diagnosis at more advanced stages for females. Additional investigation is needed to determine whether these profiles confer greater risk for progressing to dementia or are confounded by other factors (e.g., delayed referral, medical comorbidities).
Substantial Differences in Compound Long‐Duration Dry and Hot Events Over China Between Transient and Stabilized Warmer Worlds at 1.5°C Global Warming
Authors: Yang Yi , Tang Jianping 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPersistent hot and dry conditions could lead to serious impacts on society, economy, and human health. Using statistically downscaled and bias corrected data, we investigate the changes in compound long‐duration dry and hot (LDDH) events and the corresponding socioeconomic exposure over China in transient and stabilized warmer worlds. The transient response is identified with Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and CMIP6 models, while the stabilized response is identified with the Community Earth System Model ensemble. Under 1.5°C and 2°C warming, the LDDH events in China will become more frequent and hotter. Substantial differences are found in LDDH features between transient and stabilized warming. For a given global temperature, the increase in frequency and temperature magnitude of LDDH events over most northern regions is significantly greater in a transient case than in a stabilized climate, while the increase over the southeastern China is substantially stronger under stabilized warming than transient warming. Future population exposure to LDDH events is projected to increase over China. For many regions, the aggregate exposure is two times greater in a transient climate than in a stabilized climate. Under transient warming, changes in LDDH events dominate the increase in population exposure whereas population change has smaller effects below 10%. For a stabilized warmer world, the negative population growth can largely offset the impact of climate change on exposure. Limiting global warming to 1.5°C instead of 2°C can reduce the exposure to LDDH events by 26.1% and 21.8% over China under transient and stabilized warming, respectively.
Climate Change and Rising CO2 Amplify the Impact of Land Use/Cover Change on Carbon Budget Differentially Across China
Authors: Huang Binbin , Lu Fei , Sun Binfeng , Wang Xiaoke , Li Xiaoma , Ouyang Zhiyun , Yuan Yafei 
Published: March 2023

AbstractGiven the increasing attention to climate change and rising CO2 (CCRC) in the global carbon cycle, we remain unclear about how China's unprecedented land use/cover change (LUCC) in the carbon budget has been affected by CCRC in recent decades. Here, we combined remotely sensed land use/cover (LUC) datasets and the Biome‐BGCMuSo model to address this issue by setting different scenarios. We found that LUCC led the carbon sink to increase by approximately 104.24 ± 46.52 Tg C without considering CCRC during 1990–2020. Carbon sinks contributed by afforestation (374.97 ± 36.50 Tg C) and grassland planting (15.75 ± 9.11 Tg C) offset other LUC trajectories caused carbon loss (286.47 ± 32.18 Tg C, 87.33% owing to agricultural reclamation). LUCC contributed carbon sinks were amplified by ∼20% under CCRC at the national scale. This rate increased to 106.03% in northeast China but decreased to −26.68% in southern China. CCRC led carbon sink contributed by afforestation amplified by 85.11% in northeastern China but was only 26.35% in southern China. CCRC amplified carbon emissions due to agricultural reclamation by 103.20% in northeastern China and by 25.09% in southern China. Our results demonstrated that ecological restoration projects are efficient in enhancing carbon sinks and mitigating emissions. Divergent amplifying/reducing effect of CCRC across different geographic regions implied the sensitivity of different LUC trajectories to CCRC varied with different climate backgrounds. Land management strategies should be implemented with spatial heterogeneity to amplify afforestation and grassland planting contributed carbon sinks and decrease other LUC trajectories caused carbon loss under the global change environment.
Segmentation and Radial Anisotropy of the Deep Crustal Magmatic System Beneath the Cascades Arc
Authors: Jiang Chengxin , Schmandt Brandon , Abers Geoffrey A. , Kiser Eric , Miller Meghan S. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractVolcanic arcs consist of many distinct vents that are ultimately fueled by the common melting processes in the subduction zone mantle wedge. Seismic imaging of crustal‐scale magmatic systems can provide insight into how melt is organized in the deep crust and eventually focused beneath distinct vents as it ascends and evolves. Here, we investigate the crustal‐scale structure beneath a section of the Cascades arc spanning four major stratovolcanoes: Mt. Hood, Mt. St. Helens (MSH), Mt. Adams (MA), and Mt. Rainier, based on ambient noise data from 234 seismographs. Simultaneous inversion of Rayleigh and Love wave dispersion constrains the isotropic shear velocity (Vs) and identifies radially anisotropic structures. Isotropic Vs shows two sub‐parallel low‐Vs zones (∼3.45–3.55 km/s) at ∼15–30 km depth with one connecting Mt. Rainier to MA, and another connecting MSH to Mt. Hood, which are interpreted as deep crustal magma reservoirs containing up to ∼2.5%–6% melt, assuming near‐equilibrium melt geometry. Negative radial anisotropy, from vertical fractures like dikes, is prevalent in this part of the Cascadia, but is interrupted by positive radial anisotropy, from subhorizontal features like sills, extending vertically beneath MA and Mt. Rainier at ∼10–30 km depth and weaker and west‐dipping positive anisotropy beneath MSH. The positive anisotropy regions are adjacent to rather than co‐located with the isotropic low‐Vs anomalies. Ascending melt that stalled and mostly crystallized in sills with possible compositional differences from the country rock may explain the near‐average Vs and positive radial anisotropy adjacent to the active deep crustal magma reservoirs.
Gravity Anomalies and Implications for Shallow Mantle Processes of the Western Cocos‐Nazca Spreading Center
Authors: Zheng Tingting , Lin Jian , Schouten Hans , Smith Deborah K. , Klein Emily , Parnell‐Turner Ross 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis study analyzes up‐to‐date gravity data in the Galapagos triple junction region to understand crustal structure and melt distribution beneath the propagating Cocos‐Nazca spreading center (CNSC). Application of a standard thermal model to the mantle Bouguer gravity anomaly (MBA) does not appear to result in a realistic crustal thickness in this region. The cross‐CNSC MBA profiles flatten and axial values increase from east toward the western end of the CNSC. A simple smoothing filter applied to the standard thermal model with different filter widths can explain the progressive flattening of the MBA and is interpreted as different distribution widths (concentrations) of partial melt in the mantle. The east‐west residual MBA gradient along the CNSC is similar to the east flank of the East Pacific Rise (EPR), suggesting that the along‐CNSC gradient could partly reflect the shallow mantle properties associated with the EPR.