bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endotoxin and Its Relationship to Anaphylaxis in the Mouse
Authors: Einbinder Julia M. , Nelson Carl T. , Fox Charles L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Endotoxins isolated from Gram-negative organisms have been shown to modify the response of experimental animals to various forms of injury such as thermal burns (1), hemorrhage (2), tourniquet (3), whole body irradiation (4), anaphylaxis (5), or massive bacterial (6) or viral infections (7). Depending on circumstances, the endotoxins may enhance the mortality or offer protection from the fatal outcome of the injury. This report describes some effects of an endotoxin on anaphylaxis in mice.
Materials and Methods. The endotoxin used was the lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli purchased from the Difco Company. White, Swiss, female mice weighing 18 to 20 g were sensitized by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of normal horse serum every other day for a series of four injections, and were challenged intravenously 21 days after the first sensitizing injection, as described previously (8). Tolerance to endotoxin was produced by a series of five daily injections starting with 25 mµ of endotoxin and then increasing each injection by 25 mµ.
The Production of Anti-Human Leukemic Serum in Rabbits
Authors: Garb Solomon , Stein Arthur A. , Sims George 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Injection of normal human blood constituents into neonatal rabbits resulted in immunologic tolerance to those constituents. Subsequently, the rabbits were immunized with a series of injections of buffy coat from patients with granulocytic leukemia. Tests of these rabbits' serum were done in Ouchterlony plates, and in most cases, showed a response to buffy coat from patients with acute myelogenous leukemia, without a comparable response to normal human buffy coat. Skin tests generally confirmed the Ouchterlony plate findings. It appears that buffy coat from patients with acute myelogenous leukemia is adequate both for inducing heterologous antibody formation, and for combining with such antibodies in the test situations used. On the other hand, buffy coat from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia appears to be adequate only for inducing heterologous antibody formation, but not for combining with such antibodies in the test situations used. Some of the implications of these observations are discussed.
A Study on Toxic Effect of Vaccinia Virus in Mice with Special Reference to Hematological Changes
Authors: Zakay-Roness Z. , Rosin A. , Bernkopf H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
High concentrations of vaccinia virus caused death of i.v. inoculated mice within 15 to 24 hr. No multiplication of virus could be demonstrated in the organs of the inoculated animals.
Characteristic findings were: a drop of 50% or more in the normal erythrocytes counts within 10 to 12 hr, leukocytosis and lymphocytopenia. Histological examination of the organs revealed a number of changes, most prominent among them were severe hemorrhages in the liver. A toxic effect of the virus seemed to be responsible for the reported findings.
The Conversion of Precipitating to Nonprecipitating Antibody in Immune Sera of the Guinea Pig
Authors: Pruzansky Jacob J. , Feinberg Samuel M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Several guinea pig precipitating immune sera, heated at 56°C for 30 min, no longer precipitated with homologous antigen. Heated sera were capable, however, of coprecipitation with homologous unheated serum and antigen, sensitizing guinea pigs to anaphylaxis, precipitation in liquid medium at pH 5, precipitation in agar gel at pH 5, 7 or 8.5, and hemagglutination. The presence of albumin globulin complexes in heated guinea pig immune serum could not be demonstrated. Guinea pig albumin was not detected immunologically after dissolving in excess antigen the precipitate formed by coprecipitation of heated antiserum with unheated antibody and homologous antigen.
The Inhibition of Hemagglutinin Formation in Mice by Purine and Pyrimidine Analogues
Authors: Frisch Arthur W. , Davies Gordon H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Screening experiments with 30 selected purine and pyrimidine analogues have revealed five compounds which inhibited hemagglutinin production in mice. Of these, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-mercaptopurine riboside, 2-amino-6-benzylmercaptopurine and 2-amino-6-(1′-methyl-4′-nitroso-5′-imidazoyl) mercaptopurine were classed as slightly active. One of the compounds, thioguanine, was found to be highly active in toxic doses. 6-mercaptopurine did not inhibit hemagglutinin formation in rabbits given a dose of 6 mg/kg for 13 days when either human or sheep red blood cells were used as antigen. In groups of mice also, 6-MP, at a dose level of 25 mg/kg, failed to prevent hemagglutinin formation. Thioguanine, however, in doses of 5 and 2.5 mg/kg, but not 1 mg/kg, blocked primary hemagglutinin production. With single animals, the inhibiting effect of thioguanine was uniformly evident; with 6-MP, variations were observed among individual mice. The data are discussed in relation to previously published studies on 6-MP.
Virus Particle Aggregation and the Plaque-Forming Unit
Authors: Galasso G. J. , Sharp D. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Dilute suspensions of vaccinia virus, prepared in various ways, have been sedimented upon a smooth surface and examined by electron microscopy. The observed aggregation, probably similar to that which exists in plaque titration experiments, is found to involve usually over 60% and often over 90% of the particles. Sonic waves are found to be more effective than repeated freezing and thawing, enzymes or pipetting for dispersal of aggregation among the virus particles. This comparison is done by counting and expressing as a percentage of the total count, the number of groups or potentially active units seen in the pictures. The rate of reaggregation of dispersed suspensions was similarly measured.
Plaque titration shows the effects of dispersive agents which increase the percentage of active units (AU) and of plaques as well, whereas the total virus particle count remains unchanged. The observed increase in plaques (84% in one experiment) is less, however, than the corresponding increase in AU. This is attributed to the fact that only a small fraction of the virus particles are capable of producing plaques.
Studies on the Kinetics of Histamine Release from Normal and Sensitized Tissues
Authors: Nielsen Christen B. , Feigen George A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The present views concerning the manner in which antigens release histamine from sensitized tissues fall into two principal categories embodied either by the enzymatic hypothesis or the displacement hypothesis. The relative merits of these views have been discussed at length in a recent article by Üvnas (1).
In order to clarify some of the problems concerning the mechanism of histamine release from tissues by immunological reactants, it is necessary to know what proportion of the total tissue histamine is released immunologically, the kinetics governing release by specific and non-specific agents, the rate of restoration of histamine in the tissue, and whether other substances are concomitantly liberated. The solution of these problems could be significantly facilitated if the antibody concentration on the tissue could be brought under experimental control, and if the site and method of attachment of antibodies to vulnerable cells were known.
The Effect of Total Body X-Irradiation of the Rabbit on the Rejection of Homologous Skin Grafts and on the Immune Response
Authors: Brooke Marcus S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of sublethal (400 r), midlethal (600 r), and near-lethal (1100 r) total body irradiation on the ability of rabbits to reject homologous skin grafts, to develop delayed hypersensitivity, and to form circulating antibodies to bovine γ-globulin and sheep erythrocytes was studied. Different intervals were allowed to elapse between x-irradiation and the presentation of antigens.
Maximum prolongation of skin graft rejection time occurred with 400 r when grafting was done on the same day as irradiation. A 2-fold increase in the median rejection time was observed, and the occasional animal retained its graft for as long as 7 to 10 times the normal. No great advantage appears to be gained by increasing the radiation dose from 400 to 600 r and it is possible that prolongation of skin graft rejection time by irradiation can be as well obtained with a sublethal as with a midlethal dose of irradiation. The time between irradiation and grafting appears to be as critical as the dose of irradiation.
The temporal results with the other antigens were similar to those with skin grafts.
An Inhibitor of Adenoviruses in OX Serum
Authors: Gold Eli , Ginsberg Harold S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The presence of pooled, heated on serum in media inhibited the propagation of several types of adenovirus in HeLa cell tissue cultures. The greatest decrease in infectivity titer occurred with types 4, 5 and 7 adenoviruses. The inhibitor in normal ox serum was a heat-stable globulin which formed a nondissociable complex with the infectious virus particle and was not destroyed by RDE or trypsin. Although this inhibitor has many characteristics of neutralizing antibody, the observation that absorption of ox serum with type 3 adenovirus removed the inhibitor against both types 3 and 4 adenoviruses to a similar extent indicates that the inhibitor is not a mixture of several types of neutralizing antibody.
Phagocytosis of Particulate Complexes of γ-Globulin and Rheumatoid Factor
Authors: Parker Robert L. , Schmid Frank R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Precipitates formed by the interaction of rheumatoid sera and fluorescent γ-globulin were ingested by viable leukocytes. This reaction required preliminary heating of the γ-globulin. The results suggest that the reactive portion of the γ-globulin is in the form of aggregates. The phenomenon of phagocytosis demonstrates a new biologic property of rheumatoid factor-γ-globulin precipitates and illustrates another resemblence of these precipitates to antigen-antibody complexes.
Quantitative Analyses by Diffusion Column Reactions
Authors: Glenn William G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An automatic cathetometric instrumentation that objectively interpolates and prints diffusion measurements to 0.001 mm has been implemented for reading agar column reactions. Based on 672 separate readings on duplicate SD columns for serum albumin, a cathetometric sighting error (σe) was estimated as 0.036 mm for one investigator; the column to column component of variation (σc) was 0.185 mm. When duplicate SD columns were measured once each several times during the reaction period, another component of variation, was detected. This, pooled with σe and σc, was estimated as 0.143 mm for 1154 measurements on fractions (II, V)-antifraction reactions. As a general guide—under specific conditions for measurement, time, and temperature—for the mean of one measurement on each of two SD columns to achieve statistical significance over a similar statistic for another reaction, the diffusion difference should equal or exceed 1.96 (0.143 mm) = 0.280 mm (5% probability level) in absolute value. (The normal deviate value, 1.96, pertains only to studies involving, as in this instance, a large number of measurements.)
Specific Cation Effects with Antibody to a Hapten with a Positive Charge
Authors: Grossberg Allan L. , Chen Chun-Chuen , Rendina Leonard , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The binding of homologous hapten by antibody to the positively charged p-azophenyltrimethylammonium ion was found to be decreased by inorganic cations but not by anions. This appears due to the competition of the cations with the hapten for the negative charge in the specific site of the antibody molecule.
The order of effect for singly charged cations is Cs+ &gt; Rb+ &gt; NH+4 ≥ K+ &gt; Na+ ≥ Li+, which is in the order of the ionic radii and the inverse order of the radius of the hydrated ions. For doubly charged cations the order is Ba++ &gt; Ca++ &gt; Mg++.
Studies on the Bacteriophage Neutralizing Activity of Serums
Authors: Toussaint Andre J. , Muschel Louis H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The assays for phage neutralizing activity (PNA) of normal serum presently in use measure total serum activity. These methods do not measure the activity of the individual serum components, normal Ab and C′, which are required for PNA. Therefore, an assay was developed to measure these two serum components separately. The technique involves three steps: a) the sensitization of phage with normal Ab; b) the dilution of inhibitory substances in the normal Ab source; and c) the action of C′ to complete neutralization. In the development of this assay, it was found that normal Ab is capable of combining with phage in the absence of C′, but phage particles thus sensitized are not neutralized until they are subjected to the action of C′.
Other results indicated that Ab activity in normal serums was unaffected by heating for 1 hr at 56°C so that the loss of PNA by heating is related primarily to the thermal instability of C′. The inhibition of serum PNA by endotoxin was also studied. In the presence of endotoxin, normal Ab sensitizes phage, but C′ was nonspecifically inhibited. Finally, studies of normal Ab and C′ from different animal species demonstrated varying degrees of compatibility.
Specificity of Encephalitogen-Induced Inhibition of Experimental “Allergic” Encephalomyelitis in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Shaw Cheng-Mei , Alvord Ellsworth C. , Fahlberg Willson J. , Kies Marian W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Inhibition of EAE by neural extracts is specifically related to the encephalitogenic potential of these extracts. Encephalitogen-induced inhibition is most potent when intracutaneous injections of a water-in-oil emulsion are given before the challenge. The specificity and time relationships suggest an immunologic mechanism, but all attempts to identify antibodies to the encephalitogen have so far been negative. The resistance to the effects of whole body x-irradiation suggests that inhibition of EAE, like EAE itself, is due to the mechanisms underlying delayed-type hypersensitivity.
Gel Double Diffusion Studies with Group B and Group A, Type 9 Coxsackie Viruses
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Precipitates in agar were demonstrated with hyperimmune animal sera and human sera and group B and A9 Coxsackie antigens derived from infected HeLa cells and concentrated by high speed centrifugation.
Although the animal sera reacted specifically with homotypic antigens, human sera formed lines of precipitate (“group” or G precipitate) with antigen types for which no neutralizing antibodies were demonstrable. However, sera from individuals infected with types B1, B3, B4, B5, B6 and A9 formed a second line of precipitate (“specific” or S precipitate) demonstrable only with the infecting antigen type, or occasionally with antigen types for which the patient had a high level of neutralizing antibody.
Sera from B2 patients could not be shown to produce a second “specific” precipitate line with homologous antigens.
Preliminary evidence (the coalescing, spurring or crossing of precipitate lines) indicates that the antigen-antibody reactions of the “group” antigen and antibody are identical or partially identical, whereas the “specific” antigen-antibody reactions are nonidentical.
The Radiosensitive Nature of Homograft-Rejecting and Agglutinin-Forming Capacities of Isolated Spleen Cells
Authors: Celada Franco , Carter Rachel R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The killing effect of P1 on P2 cells was studied in irradiated, immunologically inert (P1 × P2)F1 recipient mice by determining the decrease of antirat agglutinins synthesized by P2 cells. This technique was used to assess quantitatively the homograft-rejecting capacity of known numbers of isolated spleen cells and to study the radioinactivation of immune responses. The data show that the homograft-rejecting capacity is more radioresistant than the agglutinin-forming capacity. This fact shows that a difference exists at the active cell level between the two capacities, and suggests that either two somatic cell lines or two maturation and/or differentiation stages are responsible.
Conditions for the Production of an Interferon Appearing in Chick Cell Cultures Infected with Sindbis Virus
Authors: Ho Monto , Breinig Mary Kay 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A viral inhibitor with the properties of interferon appeared in the fluids of chick cell cultures inoculated with a rapidly cytocidal agent-Sindbis virus. It was found that an important condition for the optimal production of this inhibitor was preincubation of the culture from which it was derived with heat inactivated virus. The inhibitor itself did not potentiate its production. Inactivated virus alone produced no inhibitor although it imparted minimal cell resistance. Interferon production was followed along with infective virus production under conditions close to synchronous infection. Apparently, synthesis of both products took place in the same cells but inhibitory activity was detectable slightly later than infectivity.
Organ Weight Changes and Protein Synthesis in Mice after Immunization to the Enzyme Triose Phosphate Dehydrogenase
Authors: Wust Carl J. , Novelli G. David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice immunized to the rabbit muscle enzyme, triose phosphate dehydrogenase, produced precipitating and neutralizing serum antibodies on and after the 9th day during the primary response.
Administration of the antigen in adjuvant brought about approximately a 4-fold increase in the wet and dry weight of the spleen on the 7th and 8th days after the injection. After a decrease on the 9th day, spleen weight on the 11th day again reached a 4-fold enlargement. Most of this increase was caused by the mycobacterium component of the adjuvant.
The relative rate of protein synthesis increased significantly in both the livers and spleens of animals that received antigen in adjuvant. C14-glycine incorporation into spleen protein for 90 min anticipated the succeeding 24-hr incremental increase in spleen weight. The possible contribution to spleen weight by migrating mononuclear cells from the granulomas is discussed.
Current Knowledge of Type-Specific M Antigens of Group A Streptococci
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It is established that M protein is the cellular component of group A streptococci responsible for the production of type-specific antibodies, which are the basis of type-specific immunity in man. Strains freshly isolated from acute infections, so far as is known at present, always contain M antigen.
Although many cultures containing M protein are avirulent for mice, all highly mouse-virulent group A strains contain M antigen. The amount of M protein in some cultures can be increased by serial mouse passage, and the virulence of such strains is usually increased at the same time. It is possible that the hyaluronic acid capsule in addition to M protein may be a factor in virulence, but its importance has not been clearly defined. M protein probably enhances virulence by impeding phagocytosis, and the capsule may contribute to virulence by a mechanism not yet fully elucidated.
So far no completely purified preparations of M protein have been obtained, but progress in this direction is being made. Once this is achieved, it may be possible to define the properties of this important antigen more accurately.
Observations on the Complement-Fixing Antibody Response in Human Poliomyelitis. Influence of Age and Vaccination Status
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Magoffin Robert L. , Schmidt Nathalie J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The CF antibody responses of 335 patients with poliomyelitis, confirmed by isolation of the virus, were examined with respect to the patient's age and immunization status. The CF test was a macroscopic tube method which employed unheated, infectious antigens prepared from HeLa cell cultures of poliovirus. A 4-fold or greater rise in the homotypic antibody titer was less often elicited in patients with type 3 infections (21%) than in those with type 1 infections (58%). The frequency and magnitude of homotypic antibody titer rises tended to decline with increasing age but this was offset by an increase in heterotypic responses with age. Among patients who had received one or more doses of inactivated poliovirus (Salk) vaccine prior to illness, both initial and convalescent-phase antibody titers tended to be higher, but significant rises in titer between early and late sera were less often demonstrated than in nonvaccinated patients of comparable age. Vaccination also obscured the age differences in homotypic antibody response noted in the nonvaccinated patients.
The J Substance of Cattle
Authors: Bednekoff A. G. , Datta S. P. , Stone W. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A heat-stable fraction from cattle serum containing J substance produced strong and specific antisera for J in 9 of 17 rabbits. Preparations from urine, abomasal mucosa and untreated serum showing high J activity were at best weakly antigenic. The difference in antigenicity of these preparations is not explained. The titers and avidities of the immune anti-J sera were as high as, but not generally higher than, those of normal anti-J sera.
Homograft Reaction in Mouse Radiation Chimeras
Authors: Doria Gino 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A graft-against-host homograft immune reaction could be detected when spleen cells from homologous chimeras were tested. This reaction was elicited only by spleen cells from 30-day-old chimeras in which F1 hybrid mice were the irradiated hosts and parental strain mice the bone marrow donors. The significance of this finding was discussed in a tentative analysis of the problem of the immune status of radiation chimeras.
The Mechanism of the Hemagglutination Reaction
Authors: Gyenes L. , Sehon A. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The hemagglutinating and the precipitating abilities of rabbit antibodies to BSA and to WSR were destroyed by digestion with papain, and by digestion with pepsin followed by reduction with mercaptoethylamine. The univalent antibody preparations were shown to inhibit the precipitin and hemagglutination reactions of the original undigested antisera. However, after pepsin digestion alone, the antibody preparations retained their precipitating and hemagglutinating abilities. From these results it was concluded that the participation of divalent antibodies was required for both precipitin and hemagglutination reactions.
Enzymatic Inactivation of Immunologically Competent Lymph Node Cells in the “Transfer Reaction”
Authors: Janković Branislav D. , Dvorak Harold F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Skin from New Zealand rabbits was implanted subcutaneously into Dutch rabbits in pairs. The lymph node cells from sensitized Dutch rabbit were incubated with and without inactivated ribonuclease for varying time periods and the intradermal injections of these cells into the specific New Zealand skin donor produced intense transfer reactions. Incubation of sensitized cells with 4 mg or 0.4 mg of ribonuclease inhibited the transfer reaction to differing degrees, depending on length of incubation, number of cells and concentrations of ribonuclease used. The effect of enzyme on sensitized lymph node cells could be partially blocked by addition of ribonucleic acid to the incubation mixture, or by pretreatment of ribonuclease with rabbit antiribonuclease serum. The viability of sensitized cells, as measured by trypan blue method and by survival in Millipore diffusion chambers, was unaffected by the concentrations of ribonuclease used in the experiment. Moreover, cells treated with active enzyme regained their ability to produce transfer reaction after cultured in diffusion chamber. It was concluded that an intact protein synthesis of sensitized lymph node cells is essential for the expression of the transfer reaction.