bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consistent spatial scaling of high‐severity wildfire can inform expected future patterns of burn severity
Authors: Buonanduci Michele S. , Donato Daniel C. , Halofsky Joshua S. , Kennedy Maureen C. , Harvey Brian J. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIncreasing wildfire activity in forests worldwide has driven urgency in understanding current and future fire regimes. Spatial patterns of area burned at high severity strongly shape forest resilience and constitute a key dimension of fire regimes, yet remain difficult to predict. To characterize the range of burn severity patterns expected within contemporary fire regimes, we quantified scaling relationships relating fire size to patterns of burn severity. Using 1615 fires occurring across the Northwest United States between 1985 and 2020, we evaluated scaling relationships within fire regimes and tested whether relationships vary across space and time. Patterns of high‐severity fire demonstrate consistent scaling behaviour; as fire size increases, high‐severity patches consistently increase in size and homogeneity. Scaling relationships did not differ substantially across space or time at the scales considered here, suggesting that as fire‐size distributions potentially shift, stationarity in patch‐size scaling can be used to infer future patterns of burn severity.
Personalized dynamic network models of the human brain as a future tool for planning and optimizing epilepsy therapy
Authors: Dallmer‐Zerbe Isa , Jiruska Premysl , Hlinka Jaroslav 
Published: June 2023

AbstractEpilepsy is a common neurological disorder, with one third of patients not responding to currently available antiepileptic drugs. The proportion of pharmacoresistant epilepsies has remained unchanged for many decades. To cure epilepsy and control seizures requires a paradigm shift in the development of new approaches to epilepsy diagnosis and treatment. Contemporary medicine has benefited from the exponential growth of computational modeling, and the application of network dynamics theory to understanding and treating human brain disorders. In epilepsy, the introduction of these approaches has led to personalized epileptic network modeling that can explore the patient's seizure genesis and predict the functional impact of resection on its individual network's propensity to seize. The application of the dynamic systems approach to neurostimulation therapy of epilepsy allows designing stimulation strategies that consider the patient's seizure dynamics and long‐term fluctuations in the stability of their epileptic networks. In this article, we review, in a nontechnical fashion suitable for a broad neuroscientific audience, recent progress in personalized dynamic brain network modeling that is shaping the future approach to the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy.
Nurses' clinical decision‐making in the use of rapid tranquillization in adult mental health inpatient settings: An integrative review
Authors: Pedersen Martin Locht , Gildberg Frederik Alkier , Laulund Ronni , Jørgensen Kim , Tingleff Ellen Boldrup 
Published: June 2023

AbstractRapid tranquillization is a restrictive practice that remains widely used in mental health inpatient settings worldwide. Nurses are the professionals most likely to administer rapid tranquillization in mental health settings. To improve mental health practices, an enhanced understanding of their clinical decision‐making when using rapid tranquillization is, therefore, important. The aim was to synthesize and analyse the research literature on nurses' clinical decision‐making in the use of rapid tranquillization in adult mental health inpatient settings. An integrative review was conducted using the methodological framework described by Whittemore and Knafl. A systematic search was conducted independently by two authors in APA PsycINFO, CINAHL Complete, Embase, PubMed and Scopus. Additional searches for grey literature were conducted in Google, OpenGrey and selected websites, and in the reference lists of included studies. Papers were critically appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, and the analysis was guided by manifest content analysis. Eleven studies were included in this review, of which nine were qualitative and two were quantitative. Based on the analysis, four categories were generated: (I) becoming aware of situational changes and considering alternatives, (II) negotiating voluntary medication, (III) administering rapid tranquillization and (IV) being on the other side. Evidence suggests that nurses' clinical decision‐making in the use of rapid tranquillization involved a complex timeline with various impact points and embedded factors that continuously influenced and/or were associated with nurses' clinical decision‐making. However, the topic has received scant scholarly attention, and further research may help to characterize the complexities involved and improve mental health practice.
Machine learning‐based prediction models for pressure injury: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pei Juhong , Guo Xiaojing , Tao Hongxia , Wei Yuting , Zhang Hongyan , Ma Yuxia , Han Lin 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDespite the fact that machine learning (ML) algorithms to construct predictive models for pressure injury development are widely reported, the performance of the model remains unknown. The goal of the review was to systematically appraise the performance of ML models in predicting pressure injury. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL, Grey literature and other databases were systematically searched. Original journal papers were included which met the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality was assessed independently by two reviewers using the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST). Meta‐analysis was performed with Metadisc software, with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity and specificity as effect measures. Chi‐squared and I2 tests were used to assess the heterogeneity. A total of 18 studies were included for the narrative review, and 14 of them were eligible for meta‐analysis. The models achieved excellent pooled AUC of 0.94, sensitivity of 0.79 (95% CI [0.78–0.80]) and specificity of 0.87 (95% CI [0.88–0.87]). Meta‐regressions did not provide evidence that model performance varied by data or model types. The present findings indicate that ML models show an outstanding performance in predicting pressure injury. However, good‐quality studies should be conducted to verify our results and confirm the clinical value of ML in pressure injury development.
Settlement schemas: How laypeople understand civil settlement
Authors: Robbennolt Jennifer K. , Bregant Jessica , Winship Verity 
Published: June 2023

AbstractWhat does the public think it means to “settle” a civil case? Most legal disputes in the United States end in an agreement to settle, but little is known about what laypeople think about settlement. To fill this gap, we took a direct approach: we asked a nationally representative sample of US adults—more than 1000 of them—basic questions about settlement. We found widespread understanding about the essential nature and frequency of settlement, but persistent, though not universal, misconceptions about the details, including the role of a jury and settlement scope. Because settlement is such a pervasive part of the US legal system, the system's legitimacy turns in part on how the public understands and views civil settlement. The survey reported here provides a foundational study of the understandings and framework—the schemas—that the public bring to settlement.
Effects of barium sulfate on rheological properties and IDDSI flow consistency of liquid stimuli prepared using commercial thickening powders
Authors: Kongjaroen Akapong , Methacanon Pawadee , Gamonpilas Chaiwut 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDuring videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS), barium sulfate (BaSO4) is commonly added into food samples as a radiopaque contrast media for bolus visualization and examination. Accordingly, the consistency and flow behavior of barium stimuli can differ significantly from their non‐barium counterparts. Such differences may have a subsequent impact on the validity of VFSS. Therefore, in this study, effects of barium sulfate on the shear and extensional rheological properties and IDDSI (International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative) flow consistency of liquids prepared using various commercial thickening powders were investigated. Results showed that all barium stimuli exhibited shear thinning behavior but with significantly higher shear viscosity compared to the non‐barium counterparts. A shift factor of viscosity at shear rate 50 s−1 with values in range of 1.21–1.73 could be used to describe the increase in the viscosity for samples thickened with gum‐based thickeners. However, the change in the viscosity was not invariant for the stimuli prepared starch‐based thickener. The addition of BaSO4 had a negative impact on extensional properties of samples by demonstrating a faster filament rupture. The extent of impact on the decrease in filament breakup time was more pronounced in xanthan > guar gum ≈ tara gum‐based thickeners. Based on the IDDSI flow test, no significant effect of BaSO4 was found on the gum‐based thickeners, whereas there was a marked effect in the starch‐based sample. These results can be used beneficially to assist clinicians in the dysphagia diagnosis for matching rheological properties of the barium stimuli to enhance effectiveness dysphagia interventions.
Socialising epistemic risk: On the risks of epistemic injustice
Authors: Mitova Veli 
Published: June 2023

AbstractEpistemic risk is of central importance to epistemology nowadays: one common way in which a belief can fail to be knowledge is by being formed in an epistemically risky way, that is, a way that makes it true by luck. Recently, epistemologists have been expanding this rather narrow conception of risk in every direction, except arguably the most obvious one—to enable it to accommodate the increasingly commonplace thought that knowledge has an irreducibly social dimension. This paper fills this lacuna by bringing issues of epistemic injustice to bear on epistemic risk. In particular, it draws on the phenomenon of white ignorance, to sketch a more social notion of epistemic risk, on which the interests of one's epistemic community partly determine whether a belief‐forming procedure is epistemically risky.
Shaping influence in governance networks: The role of motivations and information exchange
Authors: Reyes‐Gonzalez Jose Antonio , Agneessens Filip , Esteve Marc 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn governance networks, some actors might have more influence than others in the group's collective decision‐making. This paper investigates whether an actor's prosocial and/or self‐interested motivations to participate in a governance network help predict its level of influence in the group. We argue that information exchange is an important mediator in this relationship because an actor's tendency to actively diffuse information will depend on its motivations; while other participants being exposed to information from an actor are likely to increase the actor's influence on them. Using a unique relational dataset from 10 anti‐corruption multi‐stakeholder partnerships (MSPs) in Latin America, Africa and Eurasia, we find that self‐interested actors, rather than prosocially motivated ones, take the lead in information‐exchange activities. The data also shows how this central role in turn increases perceived influence of self‐interested actors among other participants, conditioning potentially the direction of agreed‐upon collective objectives.
ZmRPN1 confers quantitative variation in pollen number and boosts hybrid seed production in maize
Authors: Guo Ting , Jiang Lu‐Guang , Li Bo , Jiang Huan , Zheng Tong‐Xin , Luo Jin‐Hong , He Yan 
Published: June 2023

SummaryThe number of pollen grains is a critical determinant of reproductive success in seed plants and varies among species and individuals. However, in contrast with many mutant‐screening studies relevant to anther and pollen development, the natural genetic basis for variations in pollen number remains largely unexplored. To address this issue, we carried out a genome‐wide association study in maize, ultimately revealing that a large presence/absence variation in the promoter region of ZmRPN1 alters its expression level and thereby contributes to pollen number variation. Molecular analyses showed that ZmRPN1 interacts with ZmMSP1, which is known as a germline cell number regulator, and facilitates ZmMSP1 localization to the plasma membrane. Importantly, ZmRPN1 dysfunction resulted in a substantial increase in pollen number, consequently boosting seed production by increasing female–male planting ratio. Together, our findings uncover a key gene controlling pollen number, and therefore, modulation of ZmRPN1 expression could be efficiently used to develop elite pollinators for modern hybrid maize breeding.
High potential for foliar water uptake in early stages of leaf development of three woody angiosperms
Authors: Losso Adriano , Dämon Birgit , Hacke Uwe , Mayr Stefan 
Published: June 2023

AbstractFoliar water uptake (FWU) is a widespread mechanism that may help plants cope with drought stress in a wide range of ecosystems. FWU can be affected by various leaf traits, which change during leaf development. We exposed cut and dehydrated leaves to rainwater and measured FWU, changes in leaf water potential after 19 h of FWU (ΔΨ), minimum leaf conductance (gmin), and leaf wettability (abaxial and adaxial) of leaves of Acer platanoides, Fagus sylvatica, and Sambucus nigra at three developmental stages: unfolding (2–5‐day‐old), young (1.5‐week‐old) and mature leaves (8‐week‐old). FWU and gmin were higher in younger leaves. ΔΨ corresponded to FWU and gmin in all cases but mature leaves of F. sylvatica, where ΔΨ was highest. Most leaves were highly wettable, and at least one leaf surface (adaxial or abaxial) showed a decrease in wettability from unfolding to mature leaves. Young leaves of all studied species showed FWU (unfolding leaves: 14.8 ± 1.1 μmol m−2 s−1), which may improve plant water status and thus counterbalance spring transpirational losses due to high gmin. The high wettability of young leaves probably supported FWU. We observed particularly high FWU and respective high ΔΨ in older leaves of F. sylvatica, possibly aided by trichomes.
Protective role of quercetin and kaempferol against oxidative damage and photosynthesis inhibition in wheat chloroplasts under arsenic stress
Authors: Arikan Busra , Yildiztugay Evren , Ozfidan‐Konakci Ceyda 
Published: June 2023

AbstractArsenic (As) toxicity negatively impacts plant development, limits agricultural production, and, by entering the food chain, endangers human health. Studies on the use of natural and bioactive molecules in increasing plants' resistance to abiotic stressors, such as As, have gained increasing attention in the last few years. Flavonols are plant secondary metabolites with high potential in stress tolerance due to their roles in signal transmission. Therefore, the focus of this study was to examine the effects of two flavonols, quercetin (Q, 25 μM) and kaempferol (K, 25 μM), on growth parameters, photosynthesis, and chloroplastic antioxidant activity in wheat leaves under As stress (100 μM). As stress reduced the relative growth rate by 50% and relative water content by 25% in leaves. However, applying Q and/or K alleviated the As‐induced suppression of growth and water relations. Exogenous phenolic treatments reversed the effects of As toxicity in photochemistry and maintained the photochemical quantum efficiency of the Photosystem II (Fv/Fm). As exposure increased, the H2O2 content in wheat chloroplasts by 42% and high levels of H2O2 accumulation were also observed in guard cells in confocal microscopy images. Analysis of the chloroplastic antioxidant system has shown that Q and K applications increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase. Phenolic applications have induced the ascorbate–glutathione (AsA‐GSH) cycle in charge of the protection of the cellular redox balance in different ways. It has been determined that Q triggers the AsA renewal, and K maintains the GSH pool. As a result, Q and K applications provide tolerance to wheat plants under As stress by increasing the chloroplastic antioxidant system activity and protecting photosynthetic reactions from oxidative damage. This study reveals the potential use of plant phenolic compounds in agricultural systems as a biosafe strategy to enhance plant stress tolerance, hence increasing yield.
Effectiveness, efficiency, and equity tradeoffs in public programs: A citizen experiment
Authors: Meier Kenneth J. , Davis Jourdan , Xu Xiaoyang 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDebates over public programs frequently focus on questions of effectiveness, equity, and efficiency and the tradeoff among these objectives. Missing from the literature is whether the general public cares about these tradeoffs, can perceive such differences, and will act on them. This article reports on two pre‐registered vignette experiments where the effectiveness, equity, and efficiency are assessed relative to experimental treatments focused on U.S. K‐12 education involving test scores, equality of test scores, and program costs. One experiment focuses on equity in race and the other on equity in income. The experiments show that the general public perceives differences in program effectiveness and equity, values both, and is unwilling to tradeoff one for the other. The public cares about program costs, but it lacks a sophisticated understanding of efficiency as a concept. Inequalities in income appear to influence equity concerns more than those involving race.
The global sanctions data base–Release 3: COVID‐19, Russia, and multilateral sanctions
Authors: Syropoulos Constantinos , Felbermayr Gabriel , Kirilakha Aleksandra , Yalcin Erdal , Yotov Yoto V. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis paper introduces the third update/release of the Global Sanctions Data Base (GSDB‐R3). The GSDB‐R3 extends the period of coverage from 1950–2019 to 1950–2022, which includes two special periods—COVID‐19 and the new sanctions against Russia. This update of the GSDB contains a total of 1325 cases. In response to multiple inquiries and requests, the GSDB‐R3 has been amended with a new variable that distinguishes between unilateral and multilateral sanctions. As before, the GSDB comes in two versions, case‐specific and dyadic, which are freely available upon request at GSDB@drexel.edu. To highlight one of the new features of the GSDB, we estimate the heterogeneous effects of unilateral and multilateral sanctions on trade. We also obtain estimates of the effects on trade of the 2014 sanctions on Russia.
Revisiting negative experiences: A sociocultural cognitive framework
Authors: Choi Jeong Ha (Steph) , Miyamoto Yuri 
Published: June 2023

AbstractSeveral researchers have demonstrated that revisiting and making meaning out of negative experiences can be helpful, while others have suggested that such “dwelling in the past” (e.g., rumination) is associated with a range of negative outcomes, such as depression. In addition to such inconsistent findings, negative effects of revisiting negative experiences have been shown to be weaker in non‐Western cultures compared to Western cultures. This paper employs a sociocultural cognitive framework to understand the mechanisms of such cultural differences, as well as potentially shed light on some of the paradoxes behind revisiting negative experiences observed in Western cultures. We specified how the different perspectives towards change, context, and contradiction between holistic/dialectical versus analytic thinking styles may have an impact on the effects of recalling and reflecting upon past negative events. We integrated a wide range of empirical evidence that implies how the cognitive differences serve as mechanisms for cultural differences in revisiting negative experiences, generated a set of hypotheses, and outlined possible directions for future research.
Machines and metaphors: Challenges for the detection, interpretation and production of metaphors by computer programs
Authors: Hesse Jacob 
Published: June 2023

AbstractPowerful transformer models based on neural networks such as GPT‐4 have enabled huge progress in natural language processing. This paper identifies three challenges for computer programs dealing with metaphors. First, the phenomenon of Twice‐Apt‐Metaphors shows that metaphorical interpretations do not have to be triggered by syntactical, semantic or pragmatic tensions. The detection of these metaphors seems to involve a sense of aesthetic pleasure or a higher‐order theory of mind, both of which are difficult to implement into computer programs. Second, the contexts relative to which metaphors are interpreted are not simply given but must be reconstructed based on pragmatic considerations that can involve presuppositional pretence. If computer programs cannot produce or understand such a form of pretence, they will have problems dealing with certain metaphors. Finally, adequately interpreting and reacting to some metaphors seems to require the ability to have internal, first‐personal experiential and affective states. Since it is questionable whether computer programs have such mental states, it can be assumed that they will have problems with these kinds of metaphors.
Syntaxin‐5's flexibility in SNARE pairing supports Golgi functions
Authors: D'Souza Zinia , Pokrovskaya Irina , Lupashin Vladimir V. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDeficiency in the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex that orchestrates SNARE‐mediated tethering/fusion of vesicles that recycle the Golgi's glycosylation machinery results in severe glycosylation defects. Although two major Golgi v‐SNAREs, GS28/GOSR1, and GS15/BET1L, are depleted in COG‐deficient cells, the complete knockout of GS28 and GS15 only modestly affects Golgi glycosylation, indicating the existence of an adaptation mechanism in Golgi SNARE. Indeed, quantitative mass‐spectrometry analysis of STX5‐interacting proteins revealed two novel Golgi SNARE complexes—STX5/SNAP29/VAMP7 and STX5/VTI1B/STX8/YKT6. These complexes are present in wild‐type cells, but their usage is significantly increased in both GS28‐ and COG‐deficient cells. Upon GS28 deletion, SNAP29 increased its Golgi residency in a STX5‐dependent manner. While STX5 depletion and Retro2‐induced diversion from the Golgi severely affect protein glycosylation, GS28/SNAP29 and GS28/VTI1B double knockouts alter glycosylation similarly to GS28 KO, indicating that a single STX5‐based SNARE complex is sufficient to support Golgi glycosylation. Importantly, co‐depletion of three Golgi SNARE complexes in GS28/SNAP29/VTI1B TKO cells resulted in severe glycosylation defects and a reduced capacity for glycosylation enzyme retention at the Golgi. This study demonstrates the remarkable plasticity in SXT5‐mediated membrane trafficking, uncovering a novel adaptive response to the failure of canonical intra‐Golgi vesicle tethering/fusion machinery.