bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discovery of the linear energy dependence of the spectral lag of X-ray bursts from SGR J1935+2154
Authors: Xiao Shuo , Tuo You-Li , Zhang Shuang-Nan , Xiong Shao-Lin , Lin Lin , Zhang Yan-Qiu , Wang Yue , Xue Wang-Chen , Cai Ce , Gao He , Li Cheng-Kui , Li Xiao-Bo , Zheng Chao , Liu Jia-Cong , Wang Ping , Wang Jin , Peng Wen-Xi , Liu Cong-Zhan , Li Xin-Qiao , Wen Xiang-Yang , An Zheng-Hua , Song Li-Ming , Zheng Shi-Jie , Zhang Fan , Dong Ai-Jun , Xie Wei , Feng Jian-Chao , Ma Qing-Bo , Wang De-Hua , Luo Xi-Hong , Dang Shi-Jun , Shang Lun-Hua , Zhi Qi-Jun , Li Ti-Pei 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACTSpectral lag of the low-energy photons with respect to the high-energy ones is a common astrophysical phenomenon (such as gamma-ray bursts and the Crab Pulsar) and may serve as a key probe to the underlying radiation mechanism. However, spectral lag in keV range of the magnetar bursts has not been systematically studied yet. In this work, we perform a detailed spectral lag analysis with the Li et al.’s Cross-Correlation Function (Li-CCF) method for SGR J1935+2154 bursts observed by Insight-Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT), Gravitational Wave High-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor (GECAM), and Fermi/Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) from 2014 July to 2022 January. We discover that the spectral lags of about 61 per cent (non-zero significance &gt;1σ) bursts from SGR J1935+2154 are linearly dependent on the photon energy (E) with tlag(E) = α(E/keV) + C, which may be explained by a linear change of the temperature of the blackbody-emitting plasma with time. The distribution of the slope (α) approximately follows a Gaussian function with mean and standard deviation of 0.02 ms keV−1 (i.e. high-energy photons arrive earlier) and 0.02 ms keV−1, respectively. We also find that the distribution can be well fitted with three Gaussians with mean values of ∼−10.009, 0.013, and 0.039 ms keV−1, which may correspond to different origins of the bursts. These spectral lag features may have important implications on the magnetar bursts.
On excess entropy and latent heat in crystallizing white dwarfs
Authors: Baiko D A 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT
Based on the linear-mixing approach, we calculate the latent heat for crystallizing fully ionized 12C/16O and 16O/20Ne mixtures in white dwarf (WD) cores for two different parametrizations of the corrections to the linear-mixing energies and with account of ion quantum effects. We report noticeable composition-dependent deviations of the excess entropy in both directions from the standard value of 0.77 per ion. Within the same framework, we evaluate the excess entropy and released or absorbed heat accompanying the exsolution process in solidified WD layers. The inclusion of this effect is shown to be important for reliable interpretation of WD cooling data. We also analyse the latent heat of crystallization for the eutectic 12C/22Ne mixture, where we find a qualitative dependence of both the phase diagram and the latent heat behaviour on ion quantum effects. This may be important for the model with 22Ne distillation in cooling C/O/22Ne WD proposed as a solution for the ultramassive WD multi-Gyr cooling anomaly. Astrophysical implications of our findings for crystallizing WD are discussed.
Ancient and Nonuniform Loss of Olfactory Receptor Expression Renders the Shark Nose a De Facto Vomeronasal Organ
Authors: Syed Adnan S , Sharma Kanika , Policarpo Maxime , Ferrando Sara , Casane Didier , Korsching Sigrun I 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Cartilaginous fishes are renowned for a keen sense of smell, a reputation based on behavioral observations and supported by the presence of large and morphologically complex olfactory organs. At the molecular level, genes belonging to the four families coding for most olfactory chemosensory receptors in other vertebrates have been identified in a chimera and a shark, but it was unknown whether they actually code for olfactory receptors in these species. Here, we describe the evolutionary dynamics of these gene families in cartilaginous fishes using genomes of a chimera, a skate, a sawfish, and eight sharks. The number of putative OR, TAAR, and V1R/ORA receptors is very low and stable, whereas the number of putative V2R/OlfC receptors is higher and much more dynamic. In the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula, we show that many V2R/OlfC receptors are expressed in the olfactory epithelium in the sparsely distributed pattern characteristic for olfactory receptors. In contrast, the other three vertebrate olfactory receptor families are either not expressed (OR) or only represented with a single receptor (V1R/ORA and TAAR). The complete overlap of markers of microvillous olfactory sensory neurons with pan-neuronal marker HuC in the olfactory organ suggests the same cell-type specificity of V2R/OlfC expression as for bony fishes, that is, in microvillous neurons. The relatively low number of olfactory receptors in cartilaginous fishes compared with bony fishes could be the result of an ancient and constant selection in favor of a high olfactory sensitivity at the expense of a high discrimination capability.
Structural basis of tRNAPro acceptor stem recognition by a bacterial trans-editing domain
Authors: Ma Xiao , Bakhtina Marina , Shulgina Irina , Cantara William A , Kuzmishin Nagy Alexandra B , Goto Yuki , Suga Hiroaki , Foster Mark P , Musier-Forsyth Karin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
High fidelity tRNA aminoacylation by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases is essential for cell viability. ProXp-ala is a trans-editing protein that is present in all three domains of life and is responsible for hydrolyzing mischarged Ala-tRNAPro and preventing mistranslation of proline codons. Previous studies have shown that, like bacterial prolyl-tRNA synthetase, Caulobacter crescentus ProXp-ala recognizes the unique C1:G72 terminal base pair of the tRNAPro acceptor stem, helping to ensure deacylation of Ala-tRNAPro but not Ala-tRNAAla. The structural basis for C1:G72 recognition by ProXp-ala is still unknown and was investigated here. NMR spectroscopy, binding, and activity assays revealed two conserved residues, K50 and R80, that likely interact with the first base pair, stabilizing the initial protein-RNA encounter complex. Modeling studies are consistent with direct interaction between R80 and the major groove of G72. A third key contact between A76 of tRNAPro and K45 of ProXp-ala was essential for binding and accommodating the CCA-3′ end in the active site. We also demonstrated the essential role that the 2′OH of A76 plays in catalysis. Eukaryotic ProXp-ala proteins recognize the same acceptor stem positions as their bacterial counterparts, albeit with different nucleotide base identities. ProXp-ala is encoded in some human pathogens; thus, these results have the potential to inform new antibiotic drug design.
Super-enhancer-associated transcription factors collaboratively regulate trophoblast-active gene expression programs in human trophoblast stem cells
Authors: Kim Mijeong , Adu-Gyamfi Enoch Appiah , Kim Jonghwan , Lee Bum-Kyu 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The placenta is an essential organ that supports the growth and development of the fetus during pregnancy. However, cell type-specific enhancers and transcription factors (TFs), and the mechanisms underlying the maintenance and differentiation of trophoblast stem cell (TSC) populations in the human placenta remain elusive. Here, using human TSCs as a model system, we identify 31,362 enhancers that are enriched with the motifs of previously reported TSC-pivotal TFs, including TEAD4, GATA2/3 and TFAP2C. Subsequently, we identify 580 super-enhancers (SEs) and 549 SE-associated genes. These genes are robustly expressed in the human placenta and include numerous TFs, implying that SE-associated TFs (SE-TFs) may play crucial roles in placental development. Additionally, we identify the global binding sites of five TSC-pivotal SE-TFs (FOS, GATA2, MAFK, TEAD4 and TFAP2C), revealing that they preferentially co-occupy enhancers, regulate each other and form a trophoblast-active gene regulatory network. Loss-of-function studies unveil that the five TFs promote self-renewal of TSCs by activating proliferation-associated genes while repressing developmental genes. We further reveal that the five TFs exert conserved and unique functions on placental development between humans and mice. Our study provides important insights into the roles of human TSC-pivotal TFs in regulating placenta-specific gene expression programs.
Changes in the Point-of-Sale Among Vape Shops in Six U.S. Metropolitan Areas Over Time, 2018–2021
Authors: Berg Carla J , Romm Katelyn F , Barker Dianne C , Schleicher Nina , Johnson Trent O , Wang Yan , Sussman Steve , Henriksen Lisa 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Introduction
E-cigarette retail surveillance is needed during regulatory changes, like the U.S. increasing minimum legal sales age to 21 (T21) and flavor restrictions (2019 and 2020) and certain state/localities increasing related restrictions.

Aims and Methods
We examined regulatory compliance (eg, minimum-age signage), promotional strategies (eg, health claims), and products at 2 timepoints among vape shops across six U.S. metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs; Atlanta, Boston, Minneapolis, Oklahoma City, San Diego, Seattle). In summer 2018, pairs of trained auditors assessed randomly selected shops (n = ~30/MSA). In fall 2021, audits were conducted among 2018 shops (if open and allowed) and additional randomly selected shops (n = ~20/MSA). Data from 179 shops in 2018 and 119 in 2021 (43 from the 2018 sample) were compared.

Results
There were decreases (p &lt; .01) in the proportion of shops with (1) minimum-age signs (90.5% vs. 73.9%), (2) their own e-liquid brand (68.2% vs. 44.5%), onsite vaping (73.2% vs. 46.2%), counter seating (65.2% vs. 34.5%), and e-liquid sampling (90.0% vs. 33.6%), and (3) signs with product/price promotions (89.9% vs. 65.5%), health/cessation claims (29.1% vs. 12.6%), and cartoon imagery (27.4% vs. 11.8%). The proportions selling wet/dry vaporizers (26.4% vs. 39.5%), CBD products (23.3% vs. 71.4%), and pipes/glassware/papers (18.4% vs. 52.9%) increased. In 2021, many sold THC (12.6% e-liquids, 62.2% other products) and kratom (40.3%).

Conclusions
With increasing restrictions (eg, on flavors, sampling, and T21), fewer shops sold their own e-liquid brands or accommodated onsite use/sampling, but fewer also posted minimum-age signage. Notably, more offered cannabis-related products. These changes underscore the need for comprehensive surveillance to assess regulatory impact.

Implications
The past 6 years marked increasing e-cigarette sales restrictions in the United States, yet limited research has examined the implications for tobacco specialty shops selling e-cigarettes. This study found that, from 2018 to 2021, there were significant decreases in the proportion of vape shops with their own e-liquid, onsite vaping, e-liquid sampling, lounge/counter seating, and price promotions, as well as minimum-age signs. There were increases in the proportion selling cannabis-derived products and related paraphernalia. Tobacco control research and regulatory agencies must consider how tobacco specialty stores have evolved alongside legislative changes that impact them and consumers.
Wanderlust
Authors: Antón Susan C. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Human success is often based on evidence that we have moved beyond expectations for a primate of our size. Yet great ecological tolerance and range expansion occurred earlier in our evolutionary history. Using estimates of dispersability in Homo erectus and other fossil primates, along with anatomical evidence of differences in fossil variation, this chapter explores why H. erectus was able to disperse so far and persist so long. It argues that present-day success should be assessed by how far we have come from this basis and whether we can manage to persist for another two million years, as did H. erectus.
Adaptability and the Continuation of Human Origins
Authors: Potts Richard 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The emergence of new behavioral adaptations near the time of our species’ origin points to the ephemeral, context-bound nature of prehistoric human evolutionary success. An example from the Kenya rift valley illustrates how Pleistocene social organization, energy acquisition, and symbolic communication were transformed during a time of environmental disruption. This chapter explores the implication that environmental uncertainty can fuel the evolution of behaviors that enhance adaptability to change. Adaptability in our species is characterized by our propensity to alter our surroundings, which today has become intensive and global in scale. Amplified uncertainty created by recent human activity, however, raises questions about future sources of adaptability as people face unprecedented disruption in climatic, ecological, and cultural systems. An impressive capacity to alter ourselves, as manifested in the diversity of cultures, suggests that, as current human success is destabilized, large and costly transitions in how we generate energy, acquire reliable information, and create networks of local to global societal responses will be possible. Moral frameworks that shape how people and societies view one another and interact will also prove indispensable in an adaptable human future.
The Assyrian Empire
Authors: Baker Heather D. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses the political history of the Assyrian Empire from its initial expansion under Shalmaneser III (858–824 bc) to its final collapse in 612 bc at the hands of the Babylonians and Medes. It traces the development of the empire through several phases: a supposedly “feudal” phase (ca. 830–745 bc), in which expansion slowed and then reversed; a formative era (744–705 bc), which saw renewed expansion and administrative reform under Tiglath-pileser III and Sargon II; and finally an era of unchallenged hegemony (704–652 bc) encompassing the reigns of Sennacherib, Esarhaddon, and the early reign of Ashurbanipal. The war between Ashurbanipal and his brother Šamaš-šumu-ukin of Babylon (652–648 bc) is considered a pivotal event of the seventh century bc which contributed to the empire’s eventual collapse.
Elam in the Iron Age
Authors: Bartelmus Alexa 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe history of southwestern Iran, that is “Elam,” in the first half of the first millennium bc is still very elusive. However, it is clear that major developments took place in this period that changed the balance of power and eventually led to the rise of the Persian Empire in the sixth century bc. This chapter discusses the available sources for Neo-Elamite history (royal and other official inscriptions, letters, and administrative documents; archaeological and iconographical remains; as well as Mesopotamian texts shedding light on Elam) from both a diachronic and a synchronic perspective, in order to illustrate the network of regional and international relations within which these changes occurred. In doing so, previously existing models of dividing the history of the Neo-Elamite period into two or three phases are abandoned in favor of a more flexible approach that allows for the treatment of certain aspects of Elamite history more coherently, including Elamite relations with Assyria, Babylonia, and the Persians. In addition, the traditional numbering of the names of Elamite rulers (“I,” “II,” etc.) is called into question by highlighting the considerable gaps that plague the existing knowledge of the early Elamite period, and new possibilities for reconciling the list of rulers attested in the Babylonian chronicles and Assyrian sources with those known from contemporary royal inscriptions are suggested.
The Kingdom of Urartu
Authors: Grekyan Yervand 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The kingdom of Urartu (biblical Ararat) is known as Biainili in the local cuneiform sources. This influential state was formed in the ninth century bc and flourished until the seventh century bc in the mountainous territories stretching eastward from the Euphrates river, with the heartland located between Lakes Van, Sevan, and Urmia in eastern Turkey, Armenia, and northwestern Iran. The Urartian state succeeded in unifying vast territories across a rugged landscape of high plains separated by formidable mountain ranges and played an important role in the wider region. For a time, the spread of its political influence toward central Anatolia, northern Syria, and western Iran provided a counterweight to the Assyrian Empire. This chapter covers the history of Urartu from its formation to its violent end and examines the state’s structure; its administrative, economic, and military organization; and the state pantheon, as well as issues of chronology and ethnicity.
The Kingdom of Phrygia
Authors: Payne Annick 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of Phrygian history and its sources. It discusses the origins and language of the Phrygians and introduces the available text corpus. A section on Phrygia’s interaction with other peoples is followed by a more detailed look at two Phrygian cities, the capital Gordion and Kerkenes Dağ. The chapter considers different types of funerary monuments, namely burial mounds (tumuli) and rock-cut tombs, as diagnostic markers of Phrygian culture, and introduces Phrygian arts and crafts: pottery, metalwork, woodwork, textiles and music. A survey of Phrygian religion, with a focus on places of worship, religious monuments, and the goddess Matar, concludes the chapter.
The Iron Age States on the Phoenician Coast
Authors: Chatonnet Françoise Briquel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The “Phoenicians,” a term of Greek origin, were the inhabitants of the coastal strip bordering the eastern Mediterranean that is today situated mainly in Lebanon. The Phoenicians are known from a few Iron Age inscriptions in their own language, but principally from biblical, Classical, and Mesopotamian sources. They are most prominently associated with widespread commercial expansion and the foundation of trading posts that often became colonies throughout the western Mediterranean. This chapter questions the notion of a Phoenician identity and emphasizes the difficulty of delineating geographical and chronological limits to the Phoenician phenomenon, and of defining specific political, cultural, religious, or linguistic features that might have formed the basis of Phoenician identity. As it is questionable whether the inhabitants of the region themselves ever thought of themselves as a single people, the chapter is organized into separate histories of individual cities and city-states. The area covered extends from Usnu and Siyanu on the Syrian coast, south to Dor in Israel, with special emphasis on Arwad, Byblos, Sidon, and Tyre.
The Kingdoms of Israel and Judah
Authors: Sergi Omer 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe kingdoms of Israel and Judah are known, first and foremost, from the Bible, where their history is narrated in the Books of Samuel and Kings. Historically, Israel and Judah were part of a wider sociopolitical phenomenon that in many ways defined the Iron Age Levant: the rise and fall of territorial polities. Israel and Judah were two such polities and their story reflects, in many ways, the story of the Iron Age Levant. This chapter offers a survey and critique of the social and political histories of Israel and Judah, reconstructed in light of both archaeological research and textual sources, whether biblical or extra-biblical. It discusses Israel and Judah in their Levantine context, while referring also to the question of their possible unity; their transformation and growth in the ninth–eighth centuries bc (including their administrative apparatus and urban nature); and finally, their fate in the shadow of the Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Empires, and the imperial impact on local societies, as reflected in material remains and written sources.
Saite Egypt
Authors: Schütze Alexander 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe chapter provides an overview of the political and administrative history of the Twenty-sixth or Saite Dynasty of Egypt (656–526 bc). After a long period of political disintegration in Egypt, Psamtek I, a local dynast from the city of Sais in the western Nile delta, succeeded in reuniting Upper and Lower Egypt in the middle of the seventh century bc. In the course of his long reign, he consolidated his rule in Egypt against local rivals and Libyan incursions and was even able to briefly extend his territory into the southern Levant. After the fall of the Assyrian Empire, Egypt came into direct conflict with the succeeding Neo-Babylonian Empire regarding the control over the Levant, but its ambitions were soon confined to its traditional borders. Under the impression of this new eastern threat, the Saite kings focused on building up a fleet in the Mediterranean, as well as on recruiting Ionian and Carian mercenaries, whose presence in Egypt came to greatly influence also internal politics. The Saite period is regarded as a phase of prosperity, characterized by a conscious return to Egypt’s own cultural traditions, as testified prominently by the monuments commissioned by various high officials of the central administration and an extensive temple-building program. The chapter puts the domestic and foreign policies of the Saite rulers into context, outlining also the main initiatives regarding temples and cults, and discusses the significance of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty for the cultural history of ancient Egypt.
The Caliph and the Imam
Authors: Matthiesen Toby 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Caliph and the Imam discusses the divide between the Sunnis and the Shia that shaped the Islamic world and contemporary conflict. After the death of Prophet Muhammad, his followers fought over who would succeed him and guide the new faith. Most people believed the Muslim elite should rule as Caliph, while some believed that Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali should be the successor and his subsequent offspring should lead as Imams. Most Muslims have led lives characterised by co-existence even though Sunnism and Shiism have had a long and often antagonistic history. The Caliph and the Imam also unveil how the first Muslim Empires and then colonial rule institutionalised the division. Moreover, the 1979 Iran revolution and the 2003 Iraq War sectarianized regional politics.
Episodic Memories Without a Self
Authors: Chadha Monima 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Memory experiences, in particular episodic memories, require unifying representations across time. The rich phenomenology of episodic memories requires an account of two distinctive features: the rememberer’s capacity to mentally relive the episodes she remembers and the use of the term “I” in the description to intimate that the rememberer identifies with the subject of the original experience. But is there really an experience of an identity with a past self—namely, an experience of being a subject that underlies our episodic sense of self? This chapter argues that there is nothing that it is like to be identical with oneself in the past: there is no experiential phenomenology associated with the episodic sense of self. There is, thus, no onus on the Abhidharma philosopher to explain the episodic sense of self.