bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunochemical Studies on Human Serum
Authors: Seifter S. , Pillemer L. , Ecker E. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Whole complement is preserved for at least one year by freezing and storage at −35 C with about one–third loss in activity. The addition of 10 per cent solid NaCl together with 4 per cent solid boric acid decreases the loss in activity. The precipitate which separates when human serum is dialyzed against phosphate buffer of pH = 5.4 and μ 0.02 is best preserved at 1 C in 5:1 concentration in pH = 6.6 phosphate buffer of ionic strength 0.3. The “pH = 5.4—μ 0.02 supernate” is best preserved at 1 C in 1:1.2 dilution in isotonic saline solution, or in 1:2.5 dilution in phosphate buffer of pH = 6.6 and ionic strength 0.3. For periods longer than 2 months it is best preserved by drying from the frozen state. Both the “pH = 5.4—μ 0.02 precipitate” and supernate may be passed through a micro-Seitz filter without impairment of their component activity. C′2 is that component of whole serum and of the supernate which is most susceptible to heat. C′4 is the most heat-susceptible component in the “pH = 5.4—μ 0.02 precipitate,” and the least heat-susceptible component in the “pH = 5.4—μ 0.02 supernate.” C′4 is the most susceptible component to pH changes in both supernate and precipitate, being most stable at pH between 6.0 and 6.8. C′3 and C′4 are those components of whole complement most susceptible to destruction upon standing under various conditions of temperature and dilution. The fact that C′4 is the least stable of the components in the “pH = 5.4—μ 0.02 precipitate,” as evidenced by its greater susceptibility to aging, pH variation, and heat, would indicate that the precipitate lacks certain protective substances which enhance the greater heat stability of C′4 in whole serum and in the “pH = 5.4—μ 0.02 supernate,” as well as the greater resistance of C′4 in whole serum to alkali. However, as yet there is no experimental evidence to warrant the conclusion that C′2 is the component necessary for the stabilization of C′4, or is the “carrier” component of C′4, as was concluded in the case of guinea-pig complement (4).
Pathogenicity, Antigenic Relationships and Evolutionary Trends of Shigella Alkalescens
Authors: Stuart C. A. , Rustigian Robert , Zimmerman Alice , Corrigan Francis V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
From a small population in a restricted area an almost perfect biochemically intergrading series of cultures from Shigella alkalescens to Escherichia coli were isolated which were antigenically identical or closely related. There is some evidence indicating that Shigella alkalescens and antigenically related cultures may have caused an epidemic of gastroenteritis in infants in the nursery of a general hospital. One hundred and forty-one biochemically typical Shigella alkalescens strains and 42 cultures intergrading biochemically from Shigella alkalescens to Escherichia coli possessed somatic antigenic fractions ABCD, ABCDE or ABCE. Major antigen A appears to be a Shigella alkalescens species specific antigen, major antigen B was found in paracolon and coliform bacteria, minor antigen C occurred in Shigella paradysenteriae, paracolon and coliform cultures and minor antigens D and E were found in paracolon and coliform bacteria. One or more untyped minor antigens were found common to Shigella alkalescens and paradysenteriae but not to paracolon or coliform bacteria.
An Alum Toxoid Prepared from Diphtherial Toxin Produced on a Gelatin-Hydrolysate Medium
Authors: Elias William 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The literature on the concentration and purification of diphtherial toxin and toxoid, as reviewed by Smith (1932), and Leonard and Holm (1933), shows a long list of agents that have been used for these purposes. Both publications agreed that the best yields as well as superior immunizing values were obtained with toxoids precipitated with alum.
Roux and Yersin (1889) used aluminum salts to precipitate toxin from solution. However, the enhanced antigenicity of alum toxoid was first demonstrated by Glenny, Pope, Waddington and Wallace (1926), who showed that unwashed and undissolved alum-precipitated diphtherial toxoid was superior to crude toxoid in the immunization of guinea-pigs and rabbits.
Glenny and Barr (1931), and Wells, Graham and Havens (1932), found that the optimal amount of alum required for complete precipitation, with the least amount of extraneous material in the precipitate, differed with the various types of media used in the production of the toxin.
The Action of Penicillin on the Staphylococcus in Vitro
Authors: Rantz Lowell A. , Kirby William M. M. , Elizabeth Randall 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The action of penicillin on staphylococci has been studied in vitro by photoelectric turbidimetric methods. Penicillin is bactericidal for the staphylococcus and causes lysis of the organism. There is a close correlation between the concentration of penicillin and its activity. The number of organisms in the initial inoculum appears to affect the activity of penicillin but the constituents of the culture medium do not. More than one hundred-fold variations in the sensitivity of strains of staphylococci to penicillin have been demonstrated.
The Complement-Fixation Reaction with the Antigen of Lymphogranuloma Venereum (Lygranum)
Authors: Blair John E. , Hallman Frances A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In a series of complement-fixation tests with the antigen of lymphogranuloma venereum (lygranum) on 800 sera from 744 patients, four-plus fixation was obtained with 28.5 per cent of sera from individuals with known histories of venereal exposure, and with 8.5 per cent of sera from persons who were presumably not exposed. When Frei tests were done on patients whose sera gave complete fixation, about one-third were positive, giving reactions at least 6 mm in diameter. The significance of the complement-fixation reaction is discussed.
The Relation of the Rate of Absorption of Antigen to the Production of Immunity
Authors: Cook Marjorie W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Studies of the rate of antigen absorption in sensitized and immunized animals, as contrasted with the rate of absorption in normal animals, have shown that previous treatment with an antigen confers upon an animal an increased power of absorption for that antigen. This fact was established with respect to sensitized rabbits and guinea-pigs by Doerr and Pick (1), Friedberger and Lurà (2), Römer and Viereck (3), and others. Smith and Cook (4) confirmed the work of Doerr and Pick and further (5) demonstrated that absorption of antigen in immunized animals proceeds much more rapidly than in sensitized or normal animals.
As it is evident that upon sensitization and particularly upon immunization, an animal acquires increased powers of absorption for the specific antigen, the question arises as to whether the process of immunity production is in any way dependent upon the changed absorptive powers of the organism.
A Study of Different Methods for the Preparation of B. Typhosus Antigen
Authors: Matsumoto Motomatsu 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
One of the reasons generally assigned for the unsatisfactory status of complement-fixation tests in the diagnosis of bacterial infections, is the difficulty of preparing efficient and stable antigens; among the diseases of bacterial origin complement-fixation is probably most widely employed in the diagnosis of glanders, tuberculosis and gonococcus infections, but in the last mentioned the test is well known as lacking in the sufficient delicacy and it probably can be rendered more sensitive by further improvement of the antigen, and the same may be true of the tuberculosis complement-fixation test.
Bacterial antigens for complement-fixation tests may be divided into four main groups, namely (a) those composed of whole bacteria and their soluble products in the fluid medium in which they have been cultivated; (b) those in which the bacterial cells alone are utilized suspended in sterile salt solution; (c) those in which the bacterial cells are disrupted but not filtered and (d) those in which the cells are disrupted and the insoluble portions removed by filtration, the filtrate being employed as antigen.
The Protective Value of Pneumococcus Vaccination in Mice and Rabbits
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Although the fact is well known that inoculation of animals with the pneumococcus develops against subsequent inoculation with virulent cultures an immunity which is specific for the homologous type of pneumococcus, there is no record of a quantitative determination of the degree of immunity that is obtained after vaccination with standardized vaccine. Accordingly a series of experiments with the inoculation of mice with pneumococcus vaccines of types I, II, and III were made, the results of which it is the purpose of this paper to record.
Miss Thelma L. Franklin, of the laboratory staff, prepared vaccines of pneumococcus types I, II, and III according to the standard methods used in the laboratory and vaccinated mice with these vaccines. In order to test the protection obtained as a result of the vaccination, living, virulent cultures were inoculated seven days after the last dose of the vaccine.
In Vitro and in Vivo Activity of Synthetic Detergents against Influenza a Virus
Authors: Klein Morton , Stevens David A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Twenty compounds, including 18 cationic, anionic, and un-ionized detergents and two commercial compounds were tested for their activity against influenza A virus. Seven of the detergents and hexylresorcinol were found to be active in vitro in high dilution against influenza virus. However, none of the compounds when administered intranasally by instillation or spray protected mice against infection with influenza A virus. Immune serum against influenza A virus was the only agent found which effectively protected mice against infection.
The Negative Phase in the Antigonadotrophic and Precipitin-Productive Activities in Rabbits
Authors: Wolfe Harold R. , Meyer Roland K. , McShan W. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An antigonadotrophic substance has been produced in rabbits against the gonadotrophic activity in extracts of sheep pituitary glands. Intravenous injection of a pituitary gonadotrophic preparation into rabbits which have an antigonadotrophic substance in their sera, causes a marked but temporary decrease (negative phase) in the precipitin-producing and antigonadotrophic activities. Intravenous injections of sheep serum produced the negative phase in the serum precipitin but not in the antigonadotrophic substance. The negative phase lasted for about 48 hours after which the antibodies rapidly increased in quantity.
Production of Tetanal Toxin
Authors: Mueller J. Howard , Miller Pauline A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A variant of a standard strain of Cl. tetani has been obtained which is capable of producing an unusually high titer of toxin in the presence of high levels of iron on a medium composed mainly of hog-stomach autolysate and beef-heart infusion. This toxin can readily be converted to toxoid with formalin, and the toxoid is antigenic for mice roughly in proportion to its test-dose. Somewhat less potent toxoid prepared on an almost identical medium has for some time been used for human immunization without producing untoward reactions (4). One may therefore assume that there should be no drawback in the use of the more potent material beyond that theoretically inherent in the use of enzymic digests generally. The high level of antigenicity should render such toxoid admirably suited to use in conjunction with gas-gangrene or diphtheric toxoid, since it could be diluted out ten times or more and still remain equivalent to commercial toxoids now being distributed.
Both the toxin here described, and the toxoid prepared from it flocculate sharply and rapidly with tetanal antitoxin, the former at approximately the neutral point. The reaction is entirely comparable with that of potent diphtheric toxin. The toxin should consequently be of considerable value in making possible the rough appraisal of antitoxic horse-sera during the course of immunization.
The ultimate objective of this work is to produce an equally potent toxin on a chemically defined medium. This may well prove to be a difficult matter and will certainly not be quickly accomplished. In the meantime it is hoped that the possibilities of this remarkably powerful toxin will give the work some immediate practical value. The strain of Cl. tetani is, of course, available to any laboratory.
Reduced Acute Toxicity of Antigens in Saline-in-Mineral-Oil Emulsion
Authors: Halbert Seymour P. , Smolens Joseph , Mudd Stuart 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The acute lethal toxicity of Shiga neurotoxin, tetanus toxin, botulinus toxin, ricin and Flexner paradysentery somatic antigen for mice, is materially reduced by the administration of these agents in a saline-in-mineral-oil emulsion. The possible significance of this method of preparing vaccine for immunization procedures is discussed.
The Type-Specificity of Immune Protection Against Shigella Paradysenteriae (Flexner)
Authors: Weil A. J. , Farsetta K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments on passive protection of the chick embryo and active immunization of the mouse demonstrate the predominance of the type characterizing (“primary”) antigens of the Flexner bacillus in the immunological response of the host. Cooper's recent data show that this is also true for man.
The Role of Ether Anesthesia in the Production of Influenza Virus Pneumonia in Mice
Authors: Dubin I. N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Swine influenza virus pneumonia of equal extent was produced in two groups of mice, one group having been anesthetized with ether and the other with nembutal administered intraperitoneally. This suggests that the insusceptibility of unanesthetized animals to influenza virus is to be explained merely on the basis of their failure to aspirate the virus. The ease with which viral pneumonia is produced in animals under ether anesthesia is to be referred to the ready aspiration of the viral suspension by the unconscious animals rather than to an increased susceptibility of the respiratory mucosa produced by ether.
Factors Influencing Leukoagglutination by Antileukocytic Sera
Authors: Steinberg Bernhard , Martin Ruth A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A rapid procedure for leukoagglutination by specific antisera and conditions which influence it are presented. The procedure consists in suspending leukocytes in a small volume of saline, counting the cells with pipette and chamber and measuring out 27,000 cells per mm3 in 0.05 ml of normal saline. To the cells is added 0.5 ml of antiserum diluted with normal saline. The cell-antiserum mixture is centrifuged for one minute and the results are read. The entire procedure is carried out at 22 to 26 C.
Agglutination of leukocytes is inhibited at 8 C and the velocity is reduced at 37 C. The optimal temperature is 22 to 26 C. Centrifuging results in the greatest speed of antigen-antibody reaction. Immature leukocytes and especially those outside the body for 2 to 3 days are destroyed more readily than mature cells by hypotonic salt solution. Agglutination requires the presence of intact cells. Electrolytes are necessary for the visible phase of agglutination and the optimal range is 0.85 to 2.5 per cent. Mature leukocytes are agglutinated in lower concentrations. Ageing of cells outside the body interferes with agglutination and mature leukocytes are agglutinated up to the fourteenth day. Immature cells show little or no clumping after the fourth day. Repeated washing of leukocytes does not interfere with agglutination until after the tenth time when most of the cells are destroyed. Hemoglobin up to 50 per cent does not interfere with agglutination. A definite number of leukocytes is necessary for a satisfactory agglutination. Excess or decrease in the number of cells modifies the degree of clumping.
The Standardization of the Cardiolipin-Lecithin-Cholesterol Antigen in the Precipitation Test for Syphilis
Authors: Brown Rachel 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Suspensions prepared from cardiolipin, alone or mixed with cholesterol, did not give any precipitation with reacting syphilitic human and rabbit sera. Suspensions prepared from lecithin alone or mixed with cholesterol gave only slight degrees of precipitation with reacting and nonreacting sera.
In tests with pooled reacting human sera diluted in 0.85-per cent sodium chloride solution, suspensions prepared from mixtures of lecithin and cardiolipin showed marked precipitating activity, maximal when the lecithin:cardiolipin ratios ranged from 10:1 to 25:1 and the concentration of the total lipids was from 0.24 to 0.39 per cent. The addition of cholesterol to the lecithin and cardiolipin in the same range increased the reactivity approximately 2-fold. The optimal cholesterol:lecithin ratio was sharply defined as 0.33:1 and the concentration of the total lipids was from 0.415 to 0.63. Within the range of 10:1 to 25:1 ratios of lecithin:cardiolipin, the reactivity was dependent upon the concentration of total lipids whether cholesterol was present or not. Antigen-suspensions of like concentration and of very similar precipitating activities could be prepared from stock alcoholic solutions of different total lipid concentrations if the final proportions of alcohol and sodium chloride solution were maintained constant. In all of the experiments, certain quantitative relations between serum and antigen were demonstrated.
In tests with undiluted reacting sera the optimal proportion of lecithin and cardiolipin was more sharply defined. A ratio of 25:1 and a cholesterol:lecithin ratio of 0.33:1 and a total lipid concentration of 1.03 per cent appeared to be optimal. Such a mixture was less subject to the phenomena of serum prozone reactions and inhibition of precipitation than other mixtures that were tested.
A Comparison of Rabbit and Mouse Antisera to Shigella Paradysenteriae
Authors: Doak Beatrice W. , Halbert Seymour P. , Smolens Joseph , Mudd Stuart 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Agglutinin-titers against the same strains of S. paradysenteriae are higher in rabbit than in mouse antisera. High precipitin and mouse-protective titers are reached in rabbit sera, but they are negligible or low in mouse antisera. Mouse antisera obtained by us against the strains of S. paradysenteriae are more type specific than the corresponding rabbit immune sera.
Infection of Rats with the Virus of Influenza
Authors: Harford Carl G. , Smith Mary Ruth , McLeod Charlotte , Wood W. Barry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Intrabronchial inoculation of rats with heavy suspensions of pulmonary tissues of mice infected with influenza virus produced macroscopic lesions localized to the site of inoculation. When the suspensions were mixed with antiviral serum, the lesion was specifically inhibited. Multiplication of virus in the lungs of rats was indicated by the survival of influenza virus through eleven serial passages The microscopic lesions were noteworthy for the absence of significant changes in the bronchiolar epithelium.
The Production of Typhoid Antibodies in Rabbits with the Use of Living Typhoid Organisms Adsorbed on Aluminium Cream
Authors: Mann Lawrence S. , Spinka Isadore M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the preparation of antiserums for bacterial organisms one difficulty lies in the preparation of an effective antigen. If the organism is killed by heat or by chemical means, the native protein is partially or completely denatured. The resultant antiserum is usually not a straight antiserum for the characteristic protein of the bacterial organism. We have found that live organisms can be quantitatively adsorbed on aluminium cream and that when so adsorbed can be injected intramuscularly into animals without producing any deleterious effects, even when these organisms are pathogenic for the animal injected.
Procedure. Typhoid organisms isolated from an epidemic strain (Manteno) were grown on agar in Kolle flasks at 37 C. for 48 to 72 hours. The bacteria were washed from the agar with the smallest possible volume of sterile 0.85 per cent salt solution. The resultant suspension contained over 3 billion organisms per ml.
Salmonella Infections in the U. S. A.
Authors: Seligmann Erich , Saphra Ivan , Wassermann Michael 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Among 1916 Salmonella cultures of human origin (excluding S. typhi) we found 46 different types occurring in this country. Together with those identified in a previous series of 1000 cultures the total of types identified in our laboratory is 53. The type distribution conforms to that previously reported: preponderance of S. typhi murium followed by S. paratyphi B and members of the C group next. Some variations in incidence, f.i. increase of SS. newport, oranienburg, anatum, panama, slight decrease of S. cholerae suis, are of minor importance. Clinical manifestations run the gamut from mild or severe gastroenteritis to septicemia and typhoidal forms or localized inflammatory processes. The outstanding invasiveness of S. cholerae suis was confirmed. There was an overall case fatality of 5.1%; that of S. cholerae suis infections was as high as 26%. The number of healthy carriers in the civilian population, especially those at large, was cosiderable: 19.5% of all stool cultures submitted. Children are dominantly involved in Salmonella infections; of 1497 studied civilian cases 40% were children under 10 years of age, 17% were infants. A pooled O-antiserum is recommended for the screening of suspected cultures. Ours covered more than 99% of all examined cultures. Problems of classification of the enteric group of bacteria have been discussed. Our findings suggest the need for a revision of the methods of control of Salmonellosis.
A Coliform Bacterium with the Complete Antigens of Salmonella Newington
Authors: Seligmann Erich , Saphra Ivan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A coliform organism has been found with the antigen mosaic of a typical Salmonella. The culture #2922 was sent to us by Miss Janie Morris of Atlanta, Ga., because of its puzzling reactions with certain Salmonella antisera. According to the attending physician the organism has been isolated from the spinal fluid of a 6 month old baby. The child was born with a spina bifida which had granulated over at seven days. It developed several attacks of meningitis which finally terminated in death. The stools were always green, loose, and very irritating to the skin.1
The culture consisted of motile, gram negative rods. It grew on Endo agar dark red with metallic sheen, produced red colonies on SS agar and turned triple sugar agar yellow (butt and slant) with gas formation. Lactose, dextrose, mannite, maltose, sorbitol, d-tartrate, dulcitol, rhamnose, arabinose, trehalose were promptly fermented.
The Preparation and Properties of a Purified Equine Encephalomyelitis Vaccine
Authors: Randall Raymond , Mills John W. , Engel Lewis L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified vaccines of chick-embryo origin effective against the three types of equine encephalomyelitis virus known to occur in the Western Hemisphere have been prepared by a two stage differential centrifugation process.
All three types of vaccine confer upon guinea-pigs active immunity against the homologous type of virus even when it is injected directly into the brain. Moreover, antibodies neutralizing the Eastern type virus have been demonstrated in the sera of guinea-pigs following the administration of Eastern type vaccine and in the sera of human subjects following the injection of a mixture of Eastern and Western types of vaccine.
The purified vaccines are also characterized by a content of chicken- and egg-proteins significantly lower than that of the crude vaccine used for the immunization of horses and mules, and of commercial human-type vaccine.