bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Climate Change Impacts on Food Security in Somalia
Authors: Said Mohamed , Bashir Abdullahi 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This study uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods to explore the impact of climate change on food security in Somalia. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews with a sample size of 80, consisting of farmers, agricultural teachers, students, and environmental workers in the surrounding area. The findings show significant changes in precipitation and temperature leading to land degradation and other environmental challenges, ultimately leading to water shortages and degradation of crops and livestock. Famine is the cause of food insecurity and subsequent flooding in Somalia. Based on the findings, policy interventions are recommended to address food shortages in the country. These interventions should focus on promoting sustainable research and development of food and vegetable crops, facilitating the adaptation and use of appropriate agricultural technologies and being effective, and helping farmers adapt to changing environments. This study highlights the importance of sustainable crop production as a way to reduce high food insecurity in Somalia. In addition, these measures can help reduce the risk of significant developments and communities' exposure to climate risks. The research supports ongoing efforts to maintain a healthier and more stable environment in the country by revealing the specific impacts of climate change on food security in Somalia and providing actionable recommendations. Implementation of this policy is essential to addressing the challenges posed by climate change and ensuring food security for the Somali people in the future.
Trends and Projection of Burden on Lung Cancer and Risk Factors in China from 1990 to 2060
Authors: He Baozhen , Zhao Xingyu , Lei Xun , Sun Rong , Liu Weiwei 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Background
Lung cancer (LC) is currently the number one malignancy death rate disease in China, and its disease burden is serious. The study aims to analyze trends of LC and its risk factor attributable disease in China from 1990 to 2019 and project the next 40 years.
Methods
The average annual percentage change (AAPC) was used to analyze the trend of LC and its risk factor attributable incidence, death rate and DALYs rate in China from 1990 to 2019, which were collected in the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD2019). In addition, based on the data from 1990 to 2019, an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model (ARIMA) was established for death rate, incidence and disability adjusted life years (DALYs rate) attributed to LC and its risk factors, and the model parameters RMSE, MAE and MAPE were used to evaluate the model.
Results
From 1990 to 2019, the incidence, death rate and DALYs rate of LC showed a rapid rising trend. Among them, the DALYs rate, incidence and death rate of LC patients > 60 years old showed an increasing trend, and the biggest increase was in the age group 85 + years old, which increased by 87.6%, 119.0% and 89.8%, respectively. The top four risk factors in terms of both DALYs rate and death rate in 2019 were smoking, environmental particulate pollution, occupational risk and second-hand smoke. It is found that the death rate and DALYs rate of LC are increasing each year from 2020 to 2060 and the DALYs rate of LC will reach 3349.374/100,000, and the death rate will reach 1919936/100000 by 2060. In addition, the top four rank of DALYs rate and death rate of LC risk factors in China in 2060 are smoking, environmental particulate pollution, high fasting plasma glucose(HFPG) and occupational risk, in which HFPG will increase the most.
Conclusions
The LC burden still increased from 1990 to 2019 in China. And the LC burden that could be attributed to HFPG will continue to increase in the next 40 years and will be the third important factor by 2060. Targeted interventions are warranted to facilitate the prevention of LG and improvement of health-related quality of patients of LC.
Amygdalar NT3-TrkC pathway underlies inter-individual differences in fear extinction and related synaptic plasticity
Authors: Masella Gianluca , Silva Francisca , Corti Elisa , Azkona Garokoitz , madeira Maria Francisca , Tomé Ângelo , Ferreira Samira , Cunha Rodrigo , Duarte Carlos , Santos Mónica 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Fear-related pathologies are among the most prevalent psychiatric conditions, having inappropriate learned fear and resistance to extinction as cardinal features. Exposure therapy represents a promising therapeutic approach, the efficiency of which depends on inter-individual variation in fear extinction learning, though neurobiological basis is unknown. We developed and characterized a naturalistic model of extinction learning, whereby fear conditioned mice were categorized as extinction (EXT)-success or EXT-failure, according to their ability to extinguish fear. In the lateral amygdala, GluN2A-contaning NMDAR are required for LTP and stabilization of fear memories, while GluN2B-contaning NMDAR are required for LTD and fear extinction. EXT-success mice showed attenuated LTP, strong LTD and higher levels of synaptic GluN2B, while EXT-failure mice showed strong LTP, no LTD and higher levels of synaptic GluN2A. Neurotrophin 3 (NT3) infusion in the lateral amygdala was sufficient to rescue extinction deficits in EXT-failure mice. Mechanistically, activation of tropomyosin receptor kinase C (TrkC) with NT3 in EXT-failure slices attenuated lateral amygdala LTP, in a GluN2B-dependent manner. Conversely, blocking endogenous NT3-TrkC signaling with TrkC-Fc chimera in EXT-success slices strengthened lateral amygdala LTP. Our data support a key role for the NT3-TrkC system in inter-individual differences in fear extinction in rodents, through modulation of amygdalar NMDAR composition and synaptic plasticity.
Neural Sensitivity following Stress Predicts Anhedonia Symptoms: A 2-Year Multi-wave, Longitudinal Study
Authors: Pagliaccio David , Pizzagalli Diego , Auerbach Randy , Kirshenbaum Jaclyn 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Animal models of depression show that acute stress negatively impacts functioning in neural regions sensitive to reward and punishment, often manifesting as anhedonic behaviors. However, few human studies have probed stress-induced neural activation changes in relation to anhedonia, which is critical for clarifying risk for affective disorders. Participants (N = 85, 12-14-years-old, 53 female), oversampled for risk of depression, were administered clinical assessments and completed an fMRI guessing task to probe neural response to receipt of rewards and losses. After the initial task run, participants received an acute stressor and then, were re-administered the guessing task. Including baseline, participants provided up to 10 self-report assessments of life stress and symptoms over a 2-year period. Linear mixed-effects models estimated whether change in neural activation (post- vs. pre-acute stressor) moderated the longitudinal associations between life stress and symptoms over time. Primary analyses indicated that adolescents with stress-related reductions in right ventral striatum response to rewards exhibited stronger longitudinal associations between life stress and anhedonia severity (pFDR=.048). Secondary analyses showed that longitudinal associations among life stress and depression severity were moderated by stress-related increases in dorsal striatum response to rewards (pFDR<.002). Additionally, longitudinal associations among life stress and anxiety severity were moderated by stress-related reductions in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and right anterior insula response to loss (pFDR≤.012). All results held when adjusting for comorbid symptoms. Results show convergence with animal models, highlighting mechanisms that may facilitate stress-induced anhedonia as well as a separable pathway for the emergence of depressive and anxiety symptoms.
What is the Optimal Method of Chest Compression Until the Establishment of Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (ECPR)? A Comparative Analysis of Mechanical and Manual Chest Compressions - Secondary Analysis of the SAVE-J II Study of Out-of-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Arrest Patients Treated with Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: Nagashima Futoshi , Oda Tomohiro , Matsuda Tomoya , Hamagami Tomohiro , Kobayashi Makoto , Inoue Akihiko , Hifumi Toru , Sakamoto Tetsuya , Kuroda Yasuhiro 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Introduction:
The widespread adoption of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest requires the delivery of effective and high-quality chest compressions prior to the initiation of ECPR. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of mechanical and manual chest compressions until the initiation of ECPR.
Methods
This study was a secondary analysis of the Japanese retrospective multicenter registry "Study of Advanced Life Support for Ventricular Fibrillation by Extracorporeal Circulation II (SAVE-J II)”. Patients were divided into two groups, one receiving mechanical chest compressions and the other receiving manual chest compressions. The primary outcome measure was mortality at hospital discharge, while the secondary outcome was the cerebral performance category (CPC) score at discharge.
Results
Of the 2,157 patients enrolled in the SAVE-J II trial, 453 patients (329 in the manual compression group and 124 in the mechanical compression group) were included in the final analysis. Univariate analysis showed a significantly higher mortality rate at hospital discharge in the mechanical compression group compared to the manual compression group (odds ratio [95% CI] = 2.32 [1.34–4.02], p = 0.0026). Multivariate analysis showed that mechanical chest compressions were an independent factor associated with increased mortality at hospital discharge (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI] = 2.00 [1.11–3.58], p = 0.02). There was no statistically significant difference in CPC between the two groups.
Conclusion
Mechanical chest compressions should not be provided to patients with out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest who require ECPR until ECPR has been established.
Role of Responsible Institution in Urban Water Governance and Sanitation Management: A Focus on Metropolitan Areas of Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Imran , Haque AKM Mahmudul 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The health and well-being of urban communities depend heavily on having access to clean water and adequate sanitation. The study's objectives are to look at how urban water and sanitation management is currently done, assess the effects of responsible institutions and good water governance, and offer suggestions for how to do it better. The study takes a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative interviews with the analysis of quantitative data. To determine how water management experts, view responsible institutions and good water governance, a survey of residents is conducted. Despite implementation gaps, the findings show that stakeholders understand the value of good water governance. The need for greater stakeholder involvement, integrated water resource management, stronger regulatory frameworks, robust institutional capacity building, and improved financial sustainability was emphasized by the stakeholders. The study also looks at how responsible institutions, such as government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and businesses, contribute to the management of urban water and sanitation. The study concludes that responsible institutions and good water governance must work together to manage urban water and sanitation effectively. The research results support the creation of practices, policies, and programs that improve urban water and sanitation services.
Quantifying Benefit-Risk Trade-Offs Toward Prophylactic Treatment Among Adult Patients With Hemophilia A in China: Discrete Choice Experiment Study
Authors: Wang Limin , Liu Shimeng , Jiang Shan , Li Chaofan , Lu Liyong , Fang Yunhai , Li Shunping 
Published: June 2023

Background
Hemophilia A is a chronic condition that requires meticulous treatment and management. Patient preferences for prophylactic treatment can substantially influence adherence, outcomes, and quality of life, yet these preferences remain underexplored, particularly in China.

Objective
This study aimed to investigate the preferences for prophylactic treatment among Chinese adult patients with hemophilia A without inhibitors, considering clinical effectiveness, side effects, dosing mode, and dosing frequency.

Methods
A discrete choice experiment was used to elicit patient preferences for prophylactic treatment of hemophilia. The study was conducted across 7 provinces in China with socioeconomic and geographical diversity. Subgroup analysis was performed according to education level, geographic location, and treatment type, alongside the exploration of benefit-risk trade-offs.

Results
A total of 113 patients completed the discrete choice experiment questionnaire, and we included 102 responses for analysis based on predetermined exclusion criteria. The study found that patients prioritized reducing annual bleeding times and avoiding the risk of developing inhibitors over treatment process attributes. Subgroup analysis revealed that lower-educated patients and those from rural areas attached more importance to the dosing mode, likely due to barriers to self-administration. Patients demonstrated a clear understanding of benefit-risk trade-offs, exhibiting a willingness to accept an increased risk of developing inhibitors for improved clinical outcomes.

Conclusions
This study provides valuable insights into the preferences of patients with hemophilia A for prophylactic treatment in China. Understanding these preferences can enhance shared decision-making between patients and clinicians, fostering personalized prophylactic treatment plans that may optimize adherence and improve clinical outcomes.
Microtemporal Dynamics of Dietary Intake, Physical Activity, and Impulsivity in Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Ecological Momentary Assessment Study Within Nutritional Psychiatry
Authors: Ruf Alea , Neubauer Andreas B , Koch Elena D , Ebner-Priemer Ulrich , Reif Andreas , Matura Silke 
Published: June 2023

Background
Increasing attention is being paid to lifestyle factors, such as nutrition and physical activity (PA), as potential complementary treatment options in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous research indicates that sugar and saturated fat intake may be linked to increased impulsivity, a core symptom of ADHD, whereas protein intake and PA may be related to reduced impulsivity. However, most studies rely on cross-sectional data that lack microtemporal resolution and ecological validity, wherefore questions of microtemporal dynamics (eg, is the consumption of foods high in sugar associated with increased impulsivity within minutes or hours?) remain largely unanswered. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) has the potential to bridge this gap.

Objective
This study is the first to apply EMA to assess microtemporal associations among macronutrient intake, PA, and state impulsivity in the daily life of adults with and without ADHD.

Methods
Over a 3-day period, participants reported state impulsivity 8 times per day (signal-contingent), recorded food and drink intake (event-contingent), and wore an accelerometer. Multilevel 2-part models were used to study the association among macronutrient intake, PA, and the probability to be impulsive as well as the intensity of impulsivity (ADHD: n=36; control: n=137).

Results
No association between macronutrient intake and state impulsivity was found. PA was not related to the intensity of impulsivity but to a higher probability to be impulsive (ADHD: β=−.09, 95% CI −0.14 to −0.04; control: β=−.03, 95% CI −0.05 to −0.01). No evidence was found that the combined intake of saturated fat and sugar amplified the increase in state impulsivity and that PA alleviated the positive association between sugar or fat intake and state impulsivity.

Conclusions
Important methodological considerations are discussed that can contribute to the optimization of future EMA protocols. EMA research in the emerging field of nutritional psychiatry is still in its infancy; however, EMA is a highly promising and innovative approach as it offers insights into the microtemporal dynamics of psychiatric symptomology, dietary intake, and PA in daily life.
Machine Learning–Enabled Clinical Information Systems Using Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources Data Standards: Scoping Review
Authors: Balch Jeremy A , Ruppert Matthew M , Loftus Tyler J , Guan Ziyuan , Ren Yuanfang , Upchurch Gilbert R , Ozrazgat-Baslanti Tezcan , Rashidi Parisa , Bihorac Azra 
Published: June 2023

BackgroundMachine learning–enabled clinical information systems (ML-CISs) have the potential to drive health care delivery and research. The Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) data standard has been increasingly applied in developing these systems. However, methods for applying FHIR to ML-CISs are variable.ObjectiveThis study evaluates and compares the functionalities, strengths, and weaknesses of existing systems and proposes guidelines for optimizing future work with ML-CISs.MethodsEmbase, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched for articles describing machine learning systems that were used for clinical data analytics or decision support in compliance with FHIR standards. Information regarding each system’s functionality, data sources, formats, security, performance, resource requirements, scalability, strengths, and limitations was compared across systems.ResultsA total of 39 articles describing FHIR-based ML-CISs were divided into the following three categories according to their primary focus: clinical decision support systems (n=18), data management and analytic platforms (n=10), or auxiliary modules and application programming interfaces (n=11). Model strengths included novel use of cloud systems, Bayesian networks, visualization strategies, and techniques for translating unstructured or free-text data to FHIR frameworks. Many intelligent systems lacked electronic health record interoperability and externally validated evidence of clinical efficacy.ConclusionsShortcomings in current ML-CISs can be addressed by incorporating modular and interoperable data management, analytic platforms, secure interinstitutional data exchange, and application programming interfaces with adequate scalability to support both real-time and prospective clinical applications that use electronic health record platforms with diverse implementations.
Evaluation of Biochemical Parameters of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Based on Age and Gender in Umuahia
Authors: Ezema Godfrey Ogochukwu , Omeh Ndukaku Yusuf , Egbachukwu Simeon , Agbo Ejiofor C. , Ikeyi Adachukwu Pauline , Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi 
Published: June 2023

Diabetes mellitus is a major public health issue. The study was done to determine the changes in some biochemical parameters between type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and apparently healthy adults in Umuahia. The fasting blood glucose was significantly higher in females than in males in the diabetic population. The table revealed a significantly (P<0.05) higher levels of serum total cholesterol, trialytglycerol, LDL-cholesterol, in females than males, except low HDL cholesterol (P<0.05) compared to male matched patients. Glycated haemoglobin was significantly (P<0.05) higher in female than male. Creatinine was significantly (P<0.05) higher in male. Urea was also significantly (P<0.05) higher in female. Potassium was significantly (P<0.05) higher in females. Bicarbonate was significantly (P<0.05) lower in female.The study showed a significantly (P<0.05) higher levels of total cholesterol, trialyglycerol, LDL- cholesterol in patient’s aged between 57-74years, except low HDL-cholesterol (P<0.05) compared to those aged between 40-56years. Fasting blood glucose and HbAIC were significantly (P<0.05) higher in age limit 57-74years than 40-56years. Urea and creatinine were significantly (P<0.05) low in patients aged 57-74years when compared to age 40-56years. However, HDL concentration was significantly (P<0.05) high in the 40-56years when compared to 57-74years.Elevated levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and glycated haemoglobin (Glyc.Hb) and reduced levels of HD.
Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, lipid profile, kidney function, liver function, glycated haemoglobin, fasting blood sugar.
Maxillary premolar root and canal morphology in a Nigerian population: An in-vitro study
Authors: Agholor Collins Nimbiye , Sede Matthew Asizide , Ibhawoh Louis 
Published: June 2023

Aim: To describe the external and internal root anatomy of maxillary first and second premolars in a Nigerian population using decalcification, clearing and staining technique.
Materials and Methods: Ninety-six maxillary first premolars and one hundred and sixteen maxillary second premolars from 212 consenting adults indicated for extraction were studied. They were then decalcified, cleared and stained in vitro. The number of roots, tooth length, direction of root curvature, number of canals, canal configuration and number of apical foramina were noted.
Results: The maxillary first premolars were mostly two rooted (70.8%) while maxillary second premolars predominantly had one root (82.8%) (p=0.001) and two canals. The mean tooth length for the maxillary first (21.87mm) and second (21.56mm) premolars was determined. There was no statistically significant difference between tooth length and gender in the teeth studied.
The majority of single rooted teeth studied were curved distally, with more variable canal configurations than two rooted specimens. Overall, type IV configuration was the most prevalent in both maxillary first (81.2%) and second premolars (58.6%).
Lateral canals were present in 29.2% of maxillary first and in 34.4% of second premolars studied. Inter- canal communications were observed in 20.8% of maxillary first premolars and 6.8% of maxillary second premolars. Root canals exited with multiple foramina in both maxillary first (83.3%) and second (62.1%) premolars.
Conclusion: Maxillary first premolars were mostly two rooted while maxillary second premolars predominantly had a single root in the studied population. Also, the majority of the teeth studied had two canals and type IV canal configuration. Anatomic variations in these teeth should be borne in mind when carrying out endodontic treatment.
Keywords: Maxillary premolars, root canal, morphology, Nigerian