bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation the Antifungal Activity of Green Biosynthesis Silver Nanoparticles Using Pomegranate Peel Extract
Authors: Jasim Jasim Younis , Al-Taee Shahbaa Khalil Ebrahim 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The eco-friendly and naturally source for synthesis of nanoparticles is the safe and more important methods for biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles(Ag NPS), so the goals of these study was to investigate the role of pomegranate peel extract as reducing agent for Ag+ and biosynthesis for Ag NPS and determined it is activity in vitro as antifungal. The changes in the color solution to dark brown after three days is the first step to determine the pomegranate silver nitrate nanoparticles (P-AgNO3 NPS), The UV-spectroscopy results show a broad wavelength arranged between 400-450 nm, pomegranate peel extract(PPE) was considered as reducing agent in a spectral analysis using Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The average size of P-AgNO3 NPS is about 35-77 nm which determined by the scan electron microscop(SEM) and the zeta potential was -29Mv, Further the antifungal activity of P-AgNPs was evaluated at 150 ppm against Aspergillus flavus. The conclusion of these study was that the AgNPs may be synthesized quickly, easily, and cheaply using green synthesis which uses bioactive compound from natural source as reducing or stabilizing agents.
Preparation and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Rosemary and Olive Leaf Aqueous Extracts
Authors: Al-khafaji Eussur Noory , Mathkoor Maryam Mansoor , Al-Anbari H.H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Nano technology is single of the current technologies that are used in several playing field as well as agriculture, Nano-particles are produced in various ways, one of which is the biological method, which is one of the easy, fast, inexpensive and environmentally safe methods. This reference study deals with the latest studies on the manufacture of microorganisms and plant extracts, Biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant extracts. This study aims to use extracts of olive leaves and rosemary leaves as a biological agent to reduce silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles and capping solutions at pH 6.5 the color of the extracts changed from brown to dark green after adding silver nitrate solution indicating the formation of silver nanoparticles. These nano compounds were characterized using X-ray Diffraction, Atomic Force Microscopy and UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible radiation Spectral analysis which showed the highest peaks for olive leaf and rosemary extracts, respectively, at 450nm and 590nm, When examining the extracts of silver nanoparticles for olive leaves and rosemary leaves characterized using X-ray Diffraction a peak at 2θ= 40 appeared indicating the presence of silver nanoparticles, Finally, when diagnosing silver nanoparticles using atomic force electron technology The given microscopy (AFM) showed limited bandwidth high molecular assemblies of silver nanoparticles of olive leaf and rosemary leaf extract respectively (0-8.4) and (0-31) nm.
Effect of Salicylic Acid and Nano-Silicon of the Enzymatic Activity for Potato Shoots Grown Under Salt Stress in Vitro
Authors: Muslim Duraid Amer , Al-Shareefi Mohammed J. H. , Alazawi Saad Shaker M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in the tissue culture laboratory, Department of Horticulture and Landscaping, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University during the September 2021 to June 2022. The experiment was conducted according to a complete randomized design (CRD) with two factors and ten replicates. The first factor included sodium chloride in three concentrations (0, 50, 100) mmol.L-1, and the second factor included five concentrations of salicylic acid and nano-silicon (0, 1.5 mg.L-1 nano-silicon, 3.0 mg.L-1 nano-silicon and 14 mg.L-1 salicylic acid, 28 mg.L-1 salicylic acid). The results of the experiment showed the interaction between sodium chloride and addition of salicylic acid or nano silicon to the MS medium, and there was a significant effect of the enzymatic activity and proline. The interaction treatment ( 100 mmol.L-1 NaCl with salicylic acid14 mg.L-1) recorded the highest activity of Peroxidase (43.03), compared with the interaction treatment (0 mmol.L-1 NaCl with salicylic acid14 mg.L-1) which recorded the lowest activity of the Peroxidase enzyme reached (23.22). The interaction treatment ( 50 mmol.L-1 NaCl with salicylic acid at a 14 mg.L-1) recorded the highest activity of the enzyme (14.13).Compared with the interaction treatment (0 mmol.L-1 NaCl with 28 mg.L-1 salicylic acid), which recorded the lowest activity of the catalase enzyme (8.89). The interaction treatment (100 mmol.l-1 NaCl without adding nano-silicon or salicylic acid ) recorded the highest average of shoots content of proline (0.868). Compared with the interaction treatment (0 mmol.L-1 NaCl with 14 mg.L-1 salicylic acid), which recorded the lowest average in proline content (0.555).
Making Bread Using Kefir and its Effect on Stalling and Role in Prolonging of Bread Shelf Life
Authors: Abdul-Rahman Sawsan Mustafa , Mahommed Baidiaa Hafidh , Ahmaed Asmaa Sabah 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The aim study to know the effect of adding kefir on Physical characteristics of bread produced and on extending the shelf life of the bread. The results showed that the addition of kefir affected the weight of the samples as it reached the control sample 179 gm, and then came samples T3, T4, and T2, reaching ( 186, 180, 164 ) gm respectively. The volume of control bread was higher than those samples with kefir which was 450 ml this agreed with The volume decreased in samples T2, T4, T3 as they reached ( 340, 340, 228) ml respectively. The specific weight was recorded in the control treatment the highest percentage, followed by treatment T4, T2, T3, as it reached ( 2.5, 2.07, 1.8, 1.7 ). (ml/gm), respectively. The other parameter of stalling is the volume of precipitate (ppt). No significant different was found for ppt. volume between the control and sample with kefir after 24hrs while samples with kefir had higher ppt.volume after 3 and 5 days comparing with control. as samples with 100% kefir had 26,30ml ppt.volume. Acidity which is parameter of stalling in samples T1, T2, T3, T4 after 24hrs storing it reached ( 5.1, 5.3, 5.4, 4.5) respectively. while some changes absorved after 3 and 5 days, for sample it reached ( 5.2, 5.36, 5.01, 4.81 ), ( 5.1, 5.36, 5.01, 4.8). It was found that the crumb water absorption of water, at room temperature after 24hrs of baking for control and other sample with kefir were not significantly different while there was a significant different between samples with kefir The results showed that all used concentration of kefir contributed in minimize of total number of bacteria of stored bread samples in different periods. The low acidity of kefir as a result of the action of lactic acid bacteria works to reduce bacteria, especially aerobic bacteria. The results of the sensory evaluation of the sample showed that the control treatment obtained the highest evaluation, and it was not a significant difference from treatment T2 and T3, while treatment T4 received the lowest percentage of sensory evaluation by the evaluators.
Rheological Properties of Wheat Flour when Mixed with Barley Flour
Authors: Shetti Saad Hadi 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Some chemical and rheological properties of local barley varieties were investigated. Overall, the moisture, protein, fat, ash, and fiber content of the barley flour was higher than that of wheat flour. Different varieties of composite flour were created by partially substituting 10%, 15%, and 20% barley flour for wheat flour. This increased the arrival time to line 500. B.U. maturity time and critical kneading coefficient measured by Farinograph device, and the increase in fermentation gas pressure values measured by fermentation pressure gauge for dough of compound flour with different replacement ratios. As shown the amylograph results reveal that a drop in the temperature of the beginning of gelatinization of the composite flour solution and the rates of maximum viscosity of the composite flour, the rates of the flour water absorption, period of stability measured by the farinograph, the rates of the dough and resistance to extension and the area measured by the extensograph of composite flour dough. With increased barley flour substitution, the quality and acceptability of dough declined. However, the quality of composite flours including 10% and 15% barley flour was satisfactory.
Improving Nutritional and Microbiological Properties of Monterey Cheese Using Lactobacillus acidophilus
Authors: Jassim Fatima Haider , Mulakhudair Ali R. , Shati Zahraa Reasan Kareem 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The study was conducted to produce healthy monterey cheese and it is physical and chemical properties were studied. In addition, microbiological tests were carried out by adding a therapeutic bacterium to cheese, Lb.acidophilus, and it was compared with the control treatment containing the standard cheese starter (Lactococcus lactis subsp lactis, Lactococcus lactissubsp. cremors). The ripening period was 90 days in anaerobic conditions at 15°C. The tests were conducted over three storage periods as follows: first day, 45 days, and 90 days. Chemical tests for the above treatments include : Determination of moisture, ash, total nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen, acidity, pH and fat. Whole cow’s milk has been used in the two treatments mentioned above. As for the microbial assays, they were as follows: the number of yeasts, molds, staph.aurues, E.coli, Survivability in cheese with storage and survivability in gastric juice were calculated for the proteolysis study, SEM and electrophoresis. Through this study, it was concluded that there are differences between the two treatments T1 and T2, where it is noted that the second treatment obtained higher values and that was in the examination of moisture, ash, acidity, pH, protein and NPN assay, while in the examination of carbohydrates the value of the first treatment was higher than the second treatment where it reached 1.33%, As for the preparation of therapeutic bacteria in Monterey cheese during storage, it reached 175×107 (CFU\g) ; As for the viability of bacteria in the gastric juice, the number of bacteria reached T1 40 × 107 (CFU\g), as for the second treatment, the number of bacteria reached 76 × 107 (CFU\g).
Production of Food Mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) Isolated from the Iraqi Environment Using Agricultural Waste
Authors: Farhan Ekhlas Mohammed , Chechan Rukaibaa Ali 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Shiitake mushroom Lentinula edodes have been a part of the human diet since ancient times. Mushrooms have gained a lot of attention lately due to their prospects in medicine and nutrient production. Due to the lack of research studies on this fungus globally, particularly in Iraq, this study is considered the first in which agricultural waste is used to produce local food mushrooms. The local strain L. edodes (OM432157), which was discovered for the first time in the Iraqi environment, was cultivated in the laboratory using nine treatments based on sawdust as the main substrate. It was observed that the highest growth rate of the fungus strain under study was in T8 (1.8 cm) and the lowest growth rate in T5 was 1.1 (cm). Fungal tissue growth in treatments (T4, T5) required (29 days), while in treatment T8 it required (26 days), and in other remaining treatments it accomplished in 25 days. The time required for pin heads to form in T5 was obviously faster (17 days), followed by T8 (18 days) and T9 (19 days). In addition, that both treatments (T5, T9) achieved a high yield of mushroom, as T5 was 250 gm, and treatment T8 reached 200 gm. Our findings contributes to product the local strain L. edodes (OM432157) wild in the laboratory by using different substrates.
Effect of Irrigation Systems, Bio-Fertilizers and Polymers on some Growth Characteristics and Potato Production in Desert Soils, Karbala Governorate
Authors: Salim Shatha , Ati Alaa Salih , Ali Alaa 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Two field experiments were conducted during the spring season 2020 in Karbala governorate to study the effect of irrigation systems, irrigation intervals, biofertilizers and polymers on some characteristics of vegetative growth and potato production. The results showed that there were significant differences in the values of the average plant height due to the effect of the double interference between the irrigation system and the improvers, The height of potato plant under any irrigation system was superior when adding conditioners compared to the control treatment, as it reached 48.56, 58.00 and 64.33cm when adding polymer, biofertilizer, and polymers+ biofertilizers, respectively compared with the control treatment of 44.64cm in the surface drip irrigation system. While it was 51.74, 58.19 and 64.67cm in the treatments of adding polymer, biofertilizers and polymers+ biofertilizers, respectively, compared with the control treatment 41.51cm under the sprinkler irrigation system, Also, there were significant differences in the values of average root lengths as a result of the effect of the double interference between the irrigation system and the improvers, as the potato root lengths under any irrigation system excelled when adding the improvers compared to the control treatment, It reached 36.29, 41.94 and 49.37cm when adding polymer, biofertilizers and polymers+ biofertilizers, respectively, compared with the control treatment 31.28cm at surface drip irrigation system. While it was 35.94, 40.69 and 48.14cm when adding polymer, biofertilizer, and polymers + biofertilizer, respectively, compared with the control treatment of 30.33cm at the sprinkler irrigation system, There were significant differences in the values of the total yield as a result of the effect of the double interference between the irrigation system and the conditioners, as the total yield of potato tubers under the two irrigation systems exceeded when adding the improvers compared to the control treatment, It reached 25.31, 28.86 and 36.90 μg ha-1 when adding polymer, biofertilizers and polymers + biofertilizers, respectively, compared with the control treatment 17.21 μg ha-1 at the surface drip irrigation system.
Using Clean Alternatives and Reducing Reliance on Chemical Fertilizers Added to Soil to Achieve Agricultural Sustainability (Review Article)
Authors: Alalaf Ayad H. E. , Abbas Ahmed K. , Mahmood Saad S. , AlTaey Duraid K.A. , Al-Tawaha Abdel Razzaq , Al-Tawaha Abdel Rahman , Mehdizadeh Mohammad , Abbas Ghulam 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The term “clean agriculture” refers to a kind of farming that does not include synthetic inputs like fertilizers and pesticides. Various may think that the methods of clean agriculture are one method, but they have many ways, all of which come under the development of important natural systems. Bio and organic agriculture is an integral part of clean agriculture. Bio and organic agriculture rely on well-established scientific foundations related to the natural balance in the universe. They are preserving natural resources such as soil, water and air elements in the production of clean crops, in addition to several factors that must be combined and optimally utilized in protecting crops from various disease and insect infestations, as well as taking care of the environment and preserving it from pollution.
Study of the Spectral Analyzes Radioactivity in Soils for Elected Regions in Diyala Province (Iraq)
Authors: Rasheed Essam M. , Allah Zainab K. Nasser 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this current review, 18 examples of surface soils are taken from various regions from Diyala Province. Diyala Province is stay in eastern Iraq, 57 km away from the capital Baghdad, northward. All soil samples are assembling from an external perspective of the soil by utilizing sifter by then set 1 kg was taken from each sample. The ORTIC MCB radiation detector was used, where one kilogram of soil was placed that was filtered and cleaned well and for two hours for each examination sample and six natural radionuclides were obtained inside each soil sample examined. Through the detection and laboratory results that we conducted, we found that presence of the cesium-137 contamination element was not observed in the samples taken. The ordinary unequivocal activities of the radionuclides in Diyala samples are within the permitted ran, which means that the soil in those areas does not contain high amounts of radioactivity and can be cultivated naturally without fear of side effects as a result of the radiation falling from the universe.
Effect of Zinc Sources and Levels on Zinc Uptake and Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Al-Murshidi Allawi Abdul-Sada Japer , Jassim Raheem Alwan Halool 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a farmer’s field in Al-Najmi district, Al-Muthanna governorate, 3 km away from the district center during the agricultural season 2021-2022, to determine the effect of sources and levels of zinc spraying on the yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), as zinc was used. Nano zinc (12% Zn), chelated zinc (14% Zn) and zinc sulfate (23% Zn) and a symbol for the sources with the symbol (S2, S3, S1) in sequence, and four levels (0, 100, 200, 300) mg Zn l-1, symbol It has (L4, L3, L2, L1) respectively, as it was sprayed on the wheat crop Rashid in two stages when branching and flowering. The experiment was conducted using factorial trials, randomized complete block Design (RCBD), with three replications. Thus, the number of experimental units is (4*3*3)=36. The results show that the superiority of nano-zinc at the level of 300PPM on the flag leaf area and the number of grains in the spike, as the highest averages, while zinc sulfate at the level of 200PPM outperformed in the trait of plant height, as it recorded the highest average, as well as the superiority of zinc sulphate at the level of 300PPM in the trait of spike length, number of branches, and grain yield, which recorded the highest averages.
Effect of Agricultural Polymer and Levels of NPK on some Chemical Traits and Availability of some Nutrients, Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Hassan Taif Ahmed , Al-Barkat Hanoon Nahi Kadhem 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at the field of Agricultural Research Station, Agriculture College, Al-Muthanna University, to study the effect of agricultural polymer and levels of NPK on some chemical traits, the availability of some nutrients, growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), during the agricultural season 2022-2021, by two-factor RCBD experiment with a split-cut design and with three replicates. The experiment included four levels of agricultural polymer (P), occupied sub-plot, mixed with soil at levels 0, 37.5, 75.0 and 112.5) kg polymer ha-1 and its symbols P0, P1, P2 and P3, respectively, with five levels of NPK at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the fertilizer recommendation, their symbols F0, F1, F2, F3 and F4, respectively, which occupied the main plot. The results of the statistical analysis summarized that adding different levels of agricultural polymer led to an increase in the characteristics of the plant, the level P3 (112.5) kg polymer ha-1 was superior in plant height, biological yield and grain yield of the wheat plant. The addition of mineral fertilizer at 75% of the recommendation F3 and 100% of the recommendation F4, without significant difference, affected some other growth characteristics of the wheat plant. The binary interaction between the levels of agricultural polymer and the levels of NPK significantly affected all the studied traits.
Comparative Study of the Effect of Biological and Chemical Fertilization on some Growth Characteristics of Wheat Crop Triticum aestivum L.
Authors: Sachet Dergahm Ouda , Al-Tememe Mohammed Sallal Oleiwi , Hussain Mohammed A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A study was conducted to find out the effect of biological and chemical fertilization and the interaction between them on the growth and yield of wheat, a field experiment was conducted in one of the fields affiliated with Babylon Governorate during the season 2021-2022 and in soil with a clay mixture texture. The second is fertilization, The biological (comparative) and symbolized by the symbols (B0, B1 and B2), and the second factor is chemical fertilization at an amount of 20:20:20 and 200 kg H-1 in whole and half of the recommendation, and at three levels (0, 150 and 300) kg H-1 It was denoted by the symbols (0, C1 and C2) sequentially, thus the number of transactions became nine transactions, with three repetitions to become the number of experimental units is 27 experimental units. The experiment was carried out according to the design of complete randomized interrupters (R.C.B.D), and 99 seeds of wheat were planted on 11/18/2021. After maturity, the height of the plant, chlorophyll, the area of the flag leaf and the weight of a thousand grains, the treatment of adding biofertilization b1 lost and gave the highest values of growth indicators outperform biological fertilization of wheat seeds was significant for treatment B1, and it gave the highest growth of wheat crop from plant height of 108.47 cm, number of branches 7.33 branches, area of flag leaf 51.73 cm2 and chlorophyll index 49.36 SPAD UNIT Ton h-1.
Effect of Irrigation Periods and Spraying with Water Extract of Black Grain Seeds on the Growth and Productivity of Bread Wheat Triticum aestivum L.
Authors: Yousif Muna Aied 
Published: April 2023

AbstractA factorial pot experiment was conducted using a completely randomized sector design with three replications in the Tikrit agricultural research department during winter agricultural season 2021 AD to study the effects of four irrigation periods (0, 3, 6 and 12 days) and three level concentrations of water extract of black grain seeds (0%, %5 and 10%) in the growth and yield of the wheat plant. The results showed a significant decrease in all traits with 12 days irrigation, while plants treated with black grain seed extract at a concentration of 10% gave the highest values for plant height, number of tillers per plant, leaf area, dry weight of the vegetative total of the plant, number of spikes per plant, number of grains per spike and biological yield per plant, which reached (52.09 cm), (2.93 tillers.plant-1), (28.09 cm2), (19.99 g), (2.94 spike.plant-1), (31.23 grain.spike-1) and (53.62 g.plant-1), respectively. As for the interaction between the treatments, it was significant for all traits except for the number of tillers per plant which did not reach the significant level.
Effect of the Addition of Selenium and some Competing Anions on Selenium Concentration in Maize Growing in some Soils in Central Iraq
Authors: AbdulKadium Safa Mahdi , Al-Janabi Hadi Yasir Abbood 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The effect of selenium and some competing anions to the soil on selenium concentration in maize growing in AL-Herria (clay )soil and Khan al-Nass (Sandy Loam )soil was studied. four levels ( 0, 20, 40 and 60 )gm Se ha-1 and three levels of Sulfur and (0, 45, 90 )Kg S ha-1 and phosphate in doses of (0, 90, 180) Kg P ha-1 were added to the soil. Maize plant content of selenium increased significantly, with increasing soil applications of selenium in both soils. While the plant content of selenium was decreased from (79.75 to 76.32 and 72.09 μg Se gm-1)and from (47.08 to 44.04 and 41.2 μg Se gm-1)with addition of as and 90 kg S ha -1 to Al-Herria and khan al-Nass soils respectively. Plant selenium content was also decreased from 79.75 to 76.32 and 72.09 and from 46.38 to 44.28 and 41.64 μg Se gm-1 with soil application of 90 and 180 kgP ha-1 to Al-Herria and khan al-Nass soils respectively. Increasing addition of and phosphorus censed decreasing of selenium content of corn plant in both soils.