bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of DRw antisera reactivity by mono and oligosaccharides.
Authors: Mann D L , Muchmore A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mono and oligosaccharides were used to inhibit the cytotoxicity of antisera detecting HLA-DRw antigens on monocytes isolated from peripheral blood. Certain sugars preferentially inhibited antisera detecting some DRw antigens and not others. Sera detecting HLA-A and B antigens were not inhibited with the sugars used. Anti-DRw sera blocked the attachment of radiolabeled sugars to monocytes with the same patterns as the reciprocal blocking of cytotoxicity by the sugars. The results were not consistent with the intrepretation that carbohydrates are an antigenic "component" of DRw specificity, but rather that the surface structures, possibly those bearing the DRw antigens, are receptors for mono and oligo saccharides.
The LEW.BN(2R) strain: a recombinant in the rat MHC.
Authors: Lynch D H , DeWitt C W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cell-mediated cytolytic (CMC) responses resulting from immunizations between rat strains considered to be RT1 (Ag-B) identical (LEW.B3:BN) are capable of detecting a membrane determinant(s) controlled by a locus linked to RT1, which has been designated Ag-L. The Ag-L gene region has been isolated in a recombinant line, tentatively designated as LEW.BN(2R), and has been assigned the RT1r5 haplotype. The data presented demonstrate that the genes responsible for MLR stimulation in the 2R strain are of LEW origin. In addition, LEW.B3 anti-BN CTL appear to recognize multiple specificities, only one of which is in the 2R strain. Some of the remaining specificities in BN may be the result of interactions between undetected genes that have been separated in the LEW.B3 and 2R strains.
Interferon enhances the expression of Fc gamma receptors.
Authors: Fridman W H , Gresser I , Bandu M T , Aguet M , Neauport-Sautes C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Murine T2D4 cells derived from a T cell hybrid line were incubated with partially purified or electrophoretically pure mouse interferon and tested for the expression of Fc gamma R as assessed by a) counting the number of cells forming rosettes with IgG-sensitized sheep erythrocytes, and b) incubating the cells with heat-aggregated rabbit IgG and then determining either the number of cells stained with fluorescein conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG or the extent of labeling by using radioactive iodinated staphylococcus protein A. Although interferon induced a rapid increase in Fc gamma R expression on the Fc gamma R-positive T2D4 cells, it did not induce either Fc gamma R on the Fc gamma R negative BW5147 cells or Fc gamma R on either cell line. Human leukocyte interferon enhanced the expression of Fc gamma R on human Burkitt cells (Daudi) but did not affect the expression of Fc gamma R on mouse cells. We suggest that interferon may influence several effector functions of the immune system by modulating Fc receptor expression.
Effect of the 5-hydroperoxide of eicosatetraenoic acid and inhibitors of the lipoxygenase pathway on the formation of slow reacting substance by rat basophilic leukemia cells; direct evidence that slow reacting substance is a product of the lipoxygenase pathway.
Authors: Falkenhein S F , MacDonald H , Huber M M , Koch D , Parker C W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies in a line of rat basophilic leukemia (RBL 1) cells have indicated that the slow reacting substance (SRS) made during stimulation with the divalent cation ionophore, A23187, is derived from arachidonic acid (AA). In the present report, various inhibitors of AA metabolism were compared with regard to their effects on SRS formation and incorporation of radioactivity from [1-14C]-AA into known metabolites of the lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways. An apparently close parallel between lipoxygenase product formation and SRS synthesis is demonstrated. In addition, exogenous 5-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE) has been shown to markedly enhance SRS synthesis, even when A23187 is absent. The data provide very strong evidence that SRS is produced through the lipoxygenase pathway.
Induction of suppressor T cells of antibody formation under conditions that preferentially stimulate DTH.
Authors: Ramshaw I A , Woodsworth M , Wright K , McKenzie I F 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
These studies describe the conditions under which antibody-forming cells and TDTH cells are selectively induced in vitro. TDTH cells are preferentially stimulated when high doses of antigen are included in the culture. Antibody-forming cells, on the other hand, are optimally stimulated with a 100 to 1000-fold less concentration of antigen. The conditions that optimally stimulate TDTH cells also induce a population of suppressor T cells that inhibit the antibody response. However, although their inductive requirements are similar, the suppressor T cells of antibody formation are a distinct subpopulation of cells from the TDTH cells. Whereas the suppressor T cells are LY-1-, 2+, 4-, 6+, and Ia+; the TDTH cells are Ly-1+, 2+/-, 4-, 6+, and Ia-. Furthermore, the DTH cells are sensitive to high doses of irradiation, whereas the suppressor cells are resistant. Based on the Ly phenotype and the kinetics of suppression, the suppressor T cells are not the "feedback suppressors" that have been identified in other systems. The system described in this paper provides a means whereby the cells that regulate humoral and CMI can be studied in vitro.
Genetic mapping of an H-2-associated antigen expressed on regulatory T cells.
Authors: Plate J M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
T lymphocytes that serve regulatory functions in the generation of effector T cells to alloantigen and to altered syngeneic cells express a distinguishing H-2-associated cell surface marker that we have termed Ha. Genetic mapping studies with the B10.A(2R), B10.A(4R), B10.A(5R), and LG/Ckc lines of mice have delineated the locus determining the expression of Ha to the right of H-2K and left of H-2IB or within the I-A region. Thus these regulatory T lymphocytes express Ia antigens.
A polymorphism of the gamma-chain of mouse C4 controlled by the S region of the major histocompatibility complex.
Authors: Ferreira A , Michaelson J , Nussenzweig V 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three phenotypes of the gamma-chain of mouse C4 have been detected by a modification of the two-dimensional O'Farrell technique. Strains carrying the H-2s, H-2p, H-2f and H-2ja haplotypes had chains with pI 7.4 (gamma 1). Strains with H-2k, H-2q, H-2d, H-2r, H-2b, H-2u, and H-2w7 had gamma-chains with pI 6.9 (gamma 2), and strains carrying a wild-derived haplotype had gamma chains with pI 6.5 (gamma 3). The genes controlling this polymorphism were mapped in the S region of the H-2 complex by using congenic strains.
Evidence that specific oligosaccharides block early events necessary for the expression of antigen-specific proliferation by human lymphocytes.
Authors: Muchmore A V , Decker J M , Blaese R M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have previously shown that monosaccharides and disaccharides will block the expression of spontneous monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. Our data were consistent with the hypothesis that human mononuclear cells express lectin-like receptors that are capable of binding to a variety sugar moieties found on target cell membranes. In this communication, we will present evidence that monosaccharides and disaccharides are also capable of blocking the expression of T cell reactivity as measured by an in vitro antigen-specific proliferative assay. The majority of sugars that blocked monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity had no effect on antigen-specific proliferation. Those sugars that did suppress antigen-induced proliferation had no effect on PHA-induced proliferation. Furthermore, some of these sugars only inhibited if they were added at the initiation of the assay; they failed to inhibit if added 24 hr after the initiation of the assay. Antigen-pulsing experiments suggested that these sugars did not block antigen uptake by human monocytes. These data suggest that a variety of cellular interactions may be mediated by receptors with specificity for simple sugars. The ability to block these naturally occurring lectins specifically both in vitro and in vivo may prove to be a powerful tool for dissecting out various forms of cellular recognition and collaboration.
Changes in macrophage ectoenzymes associated with anti-tumor activity.
Authors: Morahan P S , Edelson P J , Gass K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The phenotype of three ectoenzymes was determined for murine resident peritoneal macrophages, macrophages elicited in vivo by treatment of mice with thioglycollate, Corynebacterium parvum or pyran, and for resident macrophages activated in vitro by treatment with lymphokine. The relationship of these biochemical markers to macrophage antiviral and anti-tumor activity was established. Thioglycollate-elicited macrophages showed a unique ectoenzyme phenotype, with increased leucine aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphodiesterase I activity and markedly reduced 5'-nucleotidase activity as compared with resident macrophages. Thioglycollate-elicited macrophages exhibited extrinsic antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus but did not show anti-tumor activity. Another ectoenzyme phenotype was shared by macrophages elicited in vivo by treatment of mice with the immunomodulators or in vitro by treatment with antigen-specific lymphokine. These macrophage populations showed increased levels of leucine aminopeptidase but reduced levels of both 5'-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphodiesterase. This ectoenzyme phenotype was associated with the acquisition by the macrophages of selective anti-tumor activity. There appear to be clear distinctions in biochemical markers and functional properties among macrophages activated by different mechanisms.
Analysis of NZB hyperdiploid spleen cells.
Authors: Raveche E S , Alabaster O , Tjio J H , Taurog J , Steinberg A D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In order to study the cell types involved in the hyperdiploidy characteristic of NZB mice, flow cytometric techniques, which measure te DNA content of individual cells, have been used together with standard cytogenetic analysis. The aneuploid cells present in NZB mice were found to be clonally derived. These cells were of large size relative to nonaneuploid cells. They could not be removed by lysis with anti-Thy 1 plus complement nor were they present in the nylon-wool column nonadherent fraction, both of which are characteristic of T cells. By further cytotoxic analysis, the aneuploid cells were found not to express Ly-5 nor NK surface antigens, found on natural killer cells. The aneuploid cells had increased quantities of cell surface H-2 antigen. This marked susceptibility to lysis with anti-H-2 serum was associated with one or more extra copies of chromosome 17, which carries the H-2 complex. A large proportion of these cells also expressed surface Ia and Ig. The aneuploid cells found in the spleens of older NZB mice derive from bone marrow stem cells. Neonatally thymectomized and lethally irradiated NZB X DBA/2 recipients of anti-Thy-1 treated young NZB bone marrow cells ultimately developed aneuploid spleen cells. Such cells are not found in intact or thymectomized NZB Z DBA/2 mice nor in recipients of DBA/2 marrow. Finally, congenic NZB mice carrying the CBZ/N xid failed to develop aneuploidy. Taken together, these studies suggest that the aneuploid cell is a bone marrow-derived stem cell destined to differentiate into the B cell subset lacking in CBA/N mice.
The effect of growth hormone and insulin upon MLC responses and the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes.
Authors: Snow E C , Feldbush T L , Oaks J A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of growth hormone (GH) and insulin to influence positively T lymphocytes responding to an alloantigen stimulus in vitro was analyzed through the use of a serum substitute system. The presence of insulin but not GH, enables the generation of a successful mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) blastogenic response. However, the presence of GH during a 5-day MLC allowed for the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). It was further demonstrated that GH needed to be present during the first 2 days of the culture system, presumably before the entry of the precursor CTL into cell division. The results are discussed in terms of the induction, by the GH, of ornithine decarboxylase activity and how this might relate to the successful generation of CTL activity.
Immunoglobulins in the cerebrospinal fluid: changes during acute viral encephalitis in mice.
Authors: Griffin D E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The development and pathogenesis of immunoglobulin changes in the CSF in acute encephalitis were studied in mice infected with Sindbis virus. Three phases of immunoglobulin changes were noted. 1) During the first 2 days when virus replication in the brain is maximal, few changes were seen in the CSF. 2) At the time of maximal meningeal inflammation, 3 to 5 days after infection, there was a transudation of protein from serum into CSF. 3) During the period of recovery, there was evidence of a local immune response within the CNS. CSF concentrations of all immunoglobulins became increased compared with normal mice and compared with the concentration of albumin, whereas serum immunoglobulin levels remained essentially unchanged. The largest proportionate increase was in IgA. There was no evidence of increased immunoglobulin transfer from serum to CSF by using iodinated immunoglobulins. Comparable amounts of virus-specific IgG and IgA were present in the CSF, whereas serum antibody was primarily IgG. It is concluded that the local immune response to viral encephalitis in mice involves the production of virus-specific IgA as well as IgG.
Functional properties of lymphocyte subpopulations in hepatitis B virus infection. II. Cytotoxic effector cell killing of targets that naturally express hepatitis B surface antigen and liver-specific lipoprotein.
Authors: Chisari F V , Bieber M S , Josepho C A , Xavier C , Anderson D S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cytotoxic effector cell responsiveness to host and/or virus-determined hepatocyte surface membrane antigens has been postulated as an important pathogenetic determinant of hepatocellular injury in hepatitis B virus infection. Assuming that such effector cell populations would be detectable in peripheral blood, the present study was designed to examine 2 questions: first, whether target cells that normally express liver-specific protein (LSP) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) are selectively destroyed by peripheral blood effector cells from patients with viral hepatitis; second, whether cytotoxic effector cell function emerges coincident with the development of defective suppressor cell activity in the same patients. No evidence of increased HBsAg or LSP specific cytotoxic effector cell activity was found in the peripheral blood natural killer (NK) or T killer cell populations of patients with acute or chronic viral hepatitis.
Binding of bacterial endotoxin (LPS) to encephalitogenic myelin basic protein and modulation of characteristic biologic activities of LPS.
Authors: Raziuddin S , Morrison D C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Myelin basic protein, isolated from central nervous system tissue and an inducer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in animals, has been demonstrated to form a stable molecular complex with the lipid A region of gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins). This binding of endotoxin with myelin basic protein results in generation of lower m.w. aggregates with decreased isopycnic density. A number of lipid A-induced characteristic properties of endotoxin, such as B lymphocyte proliferative response in C3H/St mice, complement activation of normal human serum, Limulus lysate gelation, and lethal effects in mice, are modified as a result of binding of myelin basic protein with lipopolysaccharides.
Suppression of anti-hapten IgE and IgG antibody responses by isologous anti-idiotypic antibodies against purified anti-carrier (ovalbumin) antibodies in BALB/c mice.
Authors: Blaser K , Nakagawa T , de Weck A L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The studies described here show that BALB/c mice actively producing isologous anti-idiotypic antibodies (ald) after immunization with purified, syngeneic anti-OvA antibodies exhibit depressed anti-hapten and anti-carrier IgE and IgG antibody responses, provided that hapten-OVA conjugates are used to mount the immune responses. We suggest that carrier-specific helper T cells (CTh) for IgE and IgG antibody production carry idiotypes similar or identical to those among purified anti-OVA IgG antibodies. The mode of regulation of immune responses by anti-carrier-ald may be different from that exerted by anti-hapten-alD. Although anti-carrier-ald may block or deplete CTh and thereby prevent help for immunoglobulin production by B cells, anti-hapten-ald may induce T suppressor cells (Ts).
Antibody precipitation of lipid vesicles containing myelin proteins: dependence on lipid composition.
Authors: Boggs J M , Clement I R , Moscarello M A , Eylar E H , Hashim G 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody binding to human CNS myelin basic protein and to rabbit sciatic nerve myelin P-2 in their lipid-bound and water-soluble conformations has been investigated. 125I-labeled basic protein or P-2 was bound to the surface of liposomes (vesicles) of different acidic lipids, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and cerebroside sulfate (CBS). The antibody was prepared against aqueous solutions of basic protein and P-2. Antibody binding to the proteins in liposomes was measured by precipitation of the liposomes by using a double antibody radioimmunoassay. The amount of 125I-basic protein precipitated was lest when the protein was bound to PA and increased in the order PA less than PS less than PG less than CBS less than PE approximately equal to basic protein in solution, suggesting that the antigenic determinants were lest exposed or most altered for PA and most exposed for PE. This agreed fairly well with previously published biophysical studies that suggested that hydrophobic segments of the protein penetrated into the lipid bilayer and that this penetration decreased in the order PA approximately equal to PG greater than PS greater than CBS greater than or equal to PE. The amount of 125I-P-2 precipitated was least for PA and CBS and increased in the order PA approximately equal to CBS less than PS less than PG less than PE approximately equal to P-2 in solution. However, the differences were less than for basic protein and the effect of CBS was different for the 2 proteins. Less is known about the conformation of P-2 in these lipids but it is known that lipids increase its disease-inducing activity. These results indicate that interaction with lipid may sequester or alter the conformation of antigenic determinants such that antibody binding decreases.
Agglutination of complement-coated erythrocytes by serum amyloid P-component.
Authors: Hutchcraft C L , Gewurz H , Hansen B , Dyck R F , Pepys M B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Serum amyloid P-component (SAP) is a normal plasma glycoprotein apparently identical with the P-component associated with amyloid deposits. SAP shows extensive amino acid sequence homology with the C-reactive protein, and both have a similar molecular configuration. SAP undergoes calcium-dependent binding to zymosan, agarose, and amyloid fibrils, but its functional properties are not yet known. We report here that SAP agglutinates complement-(C) coated antibody-sensitized erythrocytes by a calcium-dependent reaction. SAP was found to interact predominantly with a modified form of bound C3b. This modification was achieved by prolonged treatment of EAC43 with heated normal human serum or with isolated C3bINA and beta 1H, and reactivity was reduced upon treatment of the cells with trypsin. SAP thus seems to react with fixed C3 in a manner similar to the reaction of C3 with bovine conglutinin, a molecule that also undergoes calcium-dependent binding to zymosan and agarose. These studies identify a new reactivity for SAP and demonstrate an interaction between an amyloid protein and the C system. The close similarity between the calcium-dependent binding specificities of SAP and of bovine conglutinin may assist in characterization of these molecules and in investigation of their function.
The production of anti-IgG2a autoantibody in the 129/Sv mouse: onset in the lymph nodes draining the intestinal tract and prevention by neonatal thymectomy.
Authors: Van Snick J L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The histological distribution of anti-IgG-secreting cells was studied by measuring the amount of anti-IgG autoantibodies produced in vitro by cells isolated from various lymphoid organs. Before 20 wk, the production of anti-IgG autoantibody in 129/Sv mice from our Institute predominated in the mesenteric and caudal lymph nodes, which both drain the intestinal tract. After 20 wk, the production extended to the spleen and bone marrow. At that time no production was detected in the mediastinal, lumbar, and inguinal lymph nodes. A similar distribution of anti-IgG-secreting cells was observed in 25-wk-old 129/J mice from the Jackson Laboratory. These data indicate that anti-IgG autoimmunity in the 129 primarily results from a local immune response, probably induced by a specific stimulus of intestinal origin. Neonatal thymectomy prevented the production of anti-IgG, demonstrating that the mesenteric anti-IgG production did not result from the direct stimulation of B lymphocytes by endotoxin-like polyclonal activators. It was found that the anti-IgG produced in vitro had the same narrow specificity against IgG2a as its serum counterpart, indicating that this specificity resulted from the selective stimulation of anti-IgG2a-secreting cells rather than from in vivo consumption of anti-IgG antibodies recognizing other IgG subclasses.
Trypanosome variable surface antigens: studies using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and monoclonal antibodies.
Authors: Pearson T W , Kar S K , McGuire T C , Lundin L B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Variable surface antigens of cloned populations of African trypanosomes were studied using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and monoclonal antibodies. Two-dimensional gel maps showed that the only major differences in protein profiles of the non-nuclear materials from different clones of solubilized trypanosomes were attributable to the variable surface antigens and that purification doesn't alter these molecules, at least with respect to charge and apparent m.w. Purified variable surface antigens were used as immunogens and a number of monoclonal antibodies were derived using cell-fusion technology. In radioimmunoassay, each of the monoclonal reagents was shown to be specific for the immunizing antigen, and in immunofluorescence tests using acetone-fixed trypanosomes, each bound specifically to the clone from which the antigens were purified. Only 20% of the monoclonal reagents bound to living trypanosomes, however, providing evidence for both exposed and nonexposed antigenic sites on the variable surface antigens. Those reagents derived to a single antigen bound to different nonoverlapping antigenic sites, which were on the protein portion of the molecules and not the carbohydrate moieties. The data show that monoclonal antibodies are ideal probes for studying localization of antigenic sites on the antigen molecules and for studying antigen synthesis, glycosylation, and architecture in relation to the cell surface. In addition, the finding of exposed and nonexposed antigenic sites on trypanosome variable antigens allows a possible explanation for the role of the antigens in pathogenesis of African trypanosomiasis.