bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Populist Citizens in four European Countries: Widespread Dissatisfaction goes with Contradictory but Pro‐democratic Regime Preferences
Authors: Wuttke Alexander , Schimpf Christian , Schoen Harald 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAre populist citizens a threat to democracy? Some philosophers view populism and democracy as irreconcilable conceptions of governing. Another line of thought describes populism as useful democratic corrective. Drawing on nationally representative surveys from four European countries, this study investigates how European populist citizens think about democracy. Descriptive analyses reveal that populist worldviews only weakly predict how people think about democracy. On average, populist and non‐populist citizens aspire to similar kinds of political systems and both endorse liberal‐democratic institutions. Yet, populists and non‐populists differ in the degree to which they hold inconsistent beliefs. Citizens with populist outlook more frequently express contradictory demands that political institutions cannot possibly deliver. Based on these findings, we conclude that most populist citizens do not pursue an elaborate anti‐democratic conception of governing. Rather, the widespread dissatisfaction among populists may create an indeterminate openness for institutional change that political elites could steer in different directions.
Expression of interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐4, interferon‐γ and tumour necrosis factor α in different tissue in a dinitrochlorobenzene‐induced ear swelling test in mice
Authors: Li Chun‐Lian , Liu Na 
Published: December 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo study the expression of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), interleukin‐4 (IL‐4), interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) in different tissue in a dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)‐induced ear swelling test in mice and further evaluate the correlation between the cytokine expression in different tissues and the degree of ear swelling.MethodsThe mice were sensitised with a 0.50% DNCB solution on their back for 3 days. After 7 days, the thickness of their ears was measured and grouped. Different concentrations of the DNCB solution were challenged in the left ear of each group of mice, and the right ear was used as the control. The thickness of both ears was measured every 24 h, and the mice were sacrificed 72 h after the challenge. The expressions of IL‐1β, IL‐4, IFN‐γ and TNF‐α in the mouse serum, lymph node and ear tissue were quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively.ResultsThere was a linear positive correlation between the swelling index of the mouse lateral ear and the challenge concentration of DNCB (r = 0.96,p < 0.01). The high expression of IL‐1β and IL‐4 in the lateral ear tissue of the mice was positively correlated with the ear swelling index 48 h after the challenge. The correlation coefficient was 0.78 (p < 0.01). Furthermore, IFN‐γ and TNF‐α had no significant correlation with the ear swelling index 48 h after the challenge.ConclusionThere is a correlation between the degree of ear swelling in mice and the concentration of DNCB and the expression of IL‐1β and IL‐4 in the lateral ear tissue. There is a sub‐clinical skin sensitivity state in contact allergy.
Hydraulic Couplings for Internal-Combustion-Engine Applications
Authors: Alison N. L. , Olson R. G. , Nelden R. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper deals with hydraulic couplings of the hydro-kinetic type used for the transmission of power from internal-combustion engines in marine, traction, and industrial applications. The units described are of the two-element type, having a one-to-one torque ratio, and although mention is made of certain applications of the hydraulic torque converter, such as the original Föttinger speed transformer, the detail discussion is confined to the two-element transmitter or hydraulic coupling.
Effect of Variations in Atmospheric Conditions on Diesel-Engine Performance
Authors: Doolittle Jesse S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the variations obtained in fuel rates and maximum power output of a two-cycle Diesel engine when there were changes in the temperature, pressure, and humidity of the supply air and in the exhaust pressure. The author found the engine to be quite insensitive to any of these changes at light loads. At loads in excess of the load of minimum fuel rate, any changes in intake or exhaust conditions that affected the air supply to the engine measurably changed the fuel rate and maximum power output.
The Combustion-Gas Turbine
Authors: Rettaliata J. T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The numerous obstacles in the path of the development of the modern combustion-gas turbine have been adequately surmounted. Years of metallurgical and aerodynamical research, resulting in better materials and an efficient compressor, are the factors which contributed most to the realization of a commercial gas turbine. Its advantages, when compared with other methods of power production, are manifold. Many new uses to which it can be profitably applied are anticipated when additional experience is obtained.
This paper deals with the development and theory of the gas turbine, as well as the features which make it possess attractive potentialities for certain classes of service.
Relative “Engine Efficiencies” Realizable from Large Modern Steam-Turbine-Generator Units
Authors: Warren G. B. , Knowlton P. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper analyzes the results of tests on more than 100 turbines under station operating conditions. The progress in turbine efficiency made over the last 20 years is shown and the analysis of the test results is carried out in such a way as to permit working out a system for predicting relative turbine performance. This method is given in detail and will permit the prediction of relative turbine performance for large condensing and noncondensing machines over a wide range of conditions.
Turbines for Grand Coulee Dam
Authors: Burnard James J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Grand Coulee power plant, when fully equipped, will be the largest hydroelectric power plant in existence, containing eighteen 150,000-hp main generating units and three 14,000-hp station-service units, or a total capacity of 2,742,000 hp. The turbines are of the vertical-shaft single-runner Francis type with spiral casing, supplied with water through individual plate-steel penstocks connecting with the upstream face of the Grand Coulee Dam. This paper describes in some detail the mechanical features of the main hydraulic turbines for this plant.
Steam Generation in Steel Mills
Authors: Kerr H. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The author compares operating results of blast-furnace power plants for the years 1922, 1931, and 1940, at the same time indicating the changes which have occurred since 1931, when F. G. Cutler (1) ably presented the developments for the preceding decade. In the course of the paper, an analysis is given of the factors delaying the use of high steam pressures in steel-mill practice, and the problems to be solved in raising steam temperatures. Numerous blast-furnace boiler installations, typical of the best modern practice, are briefly described and illustrated.
A Study of the Development of Skill During Performance of a Factory Operation
Authors: Barnes Ralph M. , Perkins J. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
While in general the many studies into the nature of skill have been concerned with the total time required to accomplish a given task and the influence on time values of varying conditions pertaining to a specific operation, this paper is primarily devoted to a time study of the elements entering into the performance of an industrial task. The investigation constitutes a pioneer effort to study the effect of practice on a typical factory operation, conducted under laboratory conditions.
The work was undertaken jointly by the Western Electric Company and the University of Iowa. The equipment was made, the tests were run, and the data were compiled in the industrial engineering laboratory at the University of Iowa. The statistical work, tabulation of results, and other activities incidental to the preparation of the final report were handled in the offices of the Western Electric Company.
The Flow of Saturated Water Through Throttling Orifices
Authors: Benjamin M. W. , Miller J. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this paper are presented the results of tests to determine the flow characteristics for saturated water and for various mixtures of saturated water and steam through sharp-edged thin-plate orifices. Tests show that the actual flow of saturated water through these orifices is considerably greater than would be expected from theoretical calculation based upon a change of state and that no critical back-pressure condition is evident over the range of initial pressures considered. Primarily, this investigation was intended to determine the feasibility of using throttling orifices alone or in combination with float-operated drainers for regulating the draining of condensate from feedwater heaters. The tests which form the basis of the paper have provided sufficient information to permit the derivation of practical design formulas, which have been used successfully in several instances by the authors’ company. These test data apply only to throttling orifices and should not be used to design orifices for metering purposes. An Appendix to the paper shows the application of the formulas to the design of a single-stage orifice to drain the condensate from a feedwater heater, and to the design of an orifice to be used in series with a float-operated drainer.
Vaporization Inside Horizontal Tubes
Authors: McAdams W. H. , Woods W. K. , Bryan R. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper reports an investigation carried out to determine the changes in the coefficient of heat transfer for the evaporation of a liquid flowing inside a heated horizontal tube. For this research, a semiworks apparatus was constructed, consisting of 48 ft of standard 1-in. copper pipe, provided with 12 individual steam jackets, steam traps, and condensate lines. In the benzene runs, the velocities ranged from 0.26 to 1 fps at the inlet and 80 to 240 fps at the outlet; in the water runs, the corresponding values were 0.27 to 0.85 and 205 to 540 fps. With moderate temperature differences, as the fluid is progressively vaporized, the local over-all coefficient at first increases, goes through a maximum, and then decreases sharply toward values typical of superheating dry vapor. Such “vapor-binding” is attributed to insufficient liquid to wet the wall, small droplets of liquid being carried down the center of the tube, as observed at the entrance to the glass return bend. With high temperature differences, the type of vapor-binding previously observed when boiling liquids outside submerged tubes, where (due to excessive temperature difference) a vapor film insulates the tube wall from the bulk of the liquid, was encountered.
Recommended Code of Procedure for Fatigue Testing of Hot-Wound Helical Compression Springs
Authors: Edgerton C. T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper gives the recommended procedure for fatigue testing hot-wound helical compression springs in complete detail, so that any competent research technician, with only an elementary knowledge of spring theory, can successfully carry out a program of fatigue tests on helical springs, with practically no other guidance than the instructions laid down in the Code. This has been proved by actual trial.
The test procedure is planned to develop a complete S-N diagram for each group of variables, instead of merely an endurance limit. In the actual plotting of the S-N diagrams, the Committee has developed a technique based on probability theory, which has been included in the Code recommendations. The type of formula used is assumed. The precision measurements and test methods prescribed in the Code permit the computation of relative stresses in the test springs to a high order of accuracy.
It would seem reasonable to assume that there is a mathematical equation representing the S-N relation, the formulation of which awaits an exact determination of the statistical laws controlling the formation and propagation of fatigue cracks. The Committee feels that a studied guess at the correct form of equation is a constructive move. If results indicate that the guess is approximately correct, the use of such a formula has the important advantage that without it the research consists of a series of successive approximations to the correct value of the endurance limit, a quantity obviously immune to exact measurement. In testing helical springs, this procedure is very tedious and expensive, on account of the slow speeds to which we are limited. On the other hand, if the test data are fitted to a probable S-N diagram, every observation makes a considerable contribution to the correctness of the graph, and only one or two of the runs need be prolonged beyond 1,000,000 cycles of stress.
Electric-Slip Couplings for Use With Diesel Engines
Authors: Andriola A. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The fact that, in the last 12 months, at least twenty Diesel-driven vessels have been equipped with electromagnetic-slip couplings in this country indicates its value for ship-propulsion purposes. This paper explains the functions of the device as (1) to reduce torque-variation intensity at the reduction gears, and (2) to permit two or more engines to be rapidly coupled and uncoupled to and from the gearing to a common propeller shaft. Elements of the system are described and theoretical principles of the mechanism are analyzed. A brief comparison is given of the electric-slip coupling with the hydraulic system. The paper concludes with mention of additional applications in conjunction with internal-combustion engines.
Flexible Couplings for Internal-Combustion Engines
Authors: Ormondroyd J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Four typical dynamical cases of torsionally flexible “linear” couplings are examined: (1) Instantaneous applications of the maximum engine torque; (2) instantaneous stoppage of the engine or the driven member; (3) dangerous torsional resonance; and (4) tooth chatter in geared drives.
Graphical Methods for Plotting Time-Speed-Distance Curves for Railway Trains
Authors: Lipetz A. I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The paper reviews briefly the interest displayed some years ago in Europe, particularly in Russia, in graphical methods for plotting time-speed-distance curves for railway trains and develops methods devised by the author for plotting such curves. Analytical methods and the graphical method are compared and the results are tabulated, and the author’s methods are applied to data from runs of high-speed trains in this country.
Silica in High-Pressure-Boiler Water
Authors: Farmer Harold 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The advent of high steam pressure has resulted in many boiler-tube failures in which silica appears to have played a very significant part. Attention is called in this paper to the fact that silica trouble appears to be more prevalent in high-pressure boilers having high rates of heat input. Trouble has occurred irrespective of high or low silica content in the boiler water, although silica scale does not form in all boilers irrespective of the amount present. The author points out the need for more basic knowledge regarding the behavior of silica in boiler water at high pressures and temperatures, as well as the development of satisfactory methods for determining the form in which silica exists in the boiler water.
The Flexible-Sleeve Multiple-Oil-Film Radial Bearing
Authors: Fast Gustave 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Prof. Osborne Reynolds’ theoretical analysis of Beauchamp Tower’s researches on journal bearings proved the necessity for a convergent wedge-shaped oil film between journal and bearing surfaces in order to create useful load-carrying pressures in the oil film. Michell and Kingsbury working independently applied Reynolds’ theory to the development, notably of thrust bearings, and incidentally of radial bearings, with surfaces divided into tilting pads which created a multiplicity of convergent oil films instead of the single convergent film naturally present in an ordinary plain journal bearing. Later Wallgren brought out another form of pivoted-pad radial bearing, in which the pads rotate with the shaft. The multiple-oil-film radial bearing discussed in this paper accomplishes the foregoing without recourse to the use of pivoted shoes or pads. The flexing of the continuous block-sleeve-bearing member under load provides a multiplicity of wedge-shaped oil-film boundaries which create shearing stresses in the circulating oil and produce useful load-carrying pressures in the oil films. Careful tests have been conducted on the multiple-oil-film radial bearing under different conditions of speed, load, and oil viscosity, in order to determine its operating characteristics. The paper summarizes and discusses these test data.
Novel Equivalent Circuit Model for a Load-Type Bi-Stable Supersonic Fluidic Oscillator
Authors: Xu Sichang , Ryzer Eugene , Rankin Gary W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper describes the development and evaluation of a novel equivalent fluid circuit model capable of accurately predicting the performance of a load-type bistable supersonic fluidic oscillator. The model utilizes some aspects of previous models that are available in the literature. It is based on a quasi-steady assumption and includes a special nonlinear element to account for certain aspects of the oscillator switching mechanism in addition to the traditional fluid resistance, capacitance, and inductance. A new technique for modeling a junction in a fluid duct network is also presented. Unlike previous studies which made use of empirical experimental data or analytical assumptions to estimate the fluid element parameter values and form of the nonlinearity, the current method utilizes steady, computational fluid dynamic techniques to evaluate the parameters and nonlinearity which cannot be accurately determined analytically. A simplification of the model is also used to establish the criteria for oscillations to exist. The transient solution of the model equations is then shown to give good quantitative agreement with previous experimental values of the oscillation frequency and amplitude. The model is also capable of predicting certain operational limitations and other trends in the data. Finally, the usefulness and robustness of the model are also demonstrated by showing the ease with which a parameter and design changes can be investigated.
Improving reproducibility of geoscience models with Sciunit
Authors: Ahmad Raza , Choi Young Don , Goodall Jonathan L. , Tarboton David , Nassar* Ayman , Malik Tanu 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT
For science to reliably support new discoveries, its results must be reproducible. Assessing reproducibility is a challenge in many fields—including the geosciences—that rely on computational methods to support these discoveries. Reproducibility in these studies is particularly difficult; the researchers conducting studies must agree to openly share research artifacts, provide documentation of underlying hardware and software dependencies, ensure that computational procedures executed by the original researcher are portable and execute in different environments, and, finally, verify if the results produced are consistent. Often these tasks prove to be tedious and challenging for researchers.
Sciunit (https://sciunit.run) is a system for easily containerizing, sharing, and tracking deterministic computational applications across environments. Geoscience applications in the fields of hydrology, solid Earth, and space science have actively used Sciunit to encapsulate, port, and repeat workflows across computational environments. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive survey of geoscience applications that have used Sciunit to improve sharing and reproducibility. We classify the applications based on their reproducibility requirements and show how Sciunit accommodates relevant interfaces and architectural components to support reproducibility requirements within each application. We aim to provide these applications as a Sciunit compendium of use cases for replicability, benchmarking, and improving the conduct of reproducible science in other fields.
Optogenetic Prosthetization of Retinal Bipolar Cells
Authors: Rotov A. Yu. , Firsov M. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although the experience of optogenetic retinal prosthetics
in animal models dates back to more than 16 years, the first results
obtained on humans have only been reported in the last year. Over this
period, the main challenges of prosthetics became clear and the
approaches to their solution were proposed. In this review, we aim
to present the achievements in the field of optogenetic prosthetization
of retinal bipolar cells with a focus mainly on relatively recent
publications. The review addresses the advantages and disadvantages
of bipolar cell prosthetics as compared to the alternative target,
retinal ganglion cells, and provides a comparative analysis of the
effectiveness of ionotropic light-sensitive proteins (channelrhodopsins)
or metabotropic receptors (rhodopsins) as prosthetic tools.
Clinical predictors of bacteraemia in neonates with suspected early-onset sepsis in Malawi: a prospective cohort study
Authors: de Baat Tessa , Lester Rebecca , Ghambi Lugano , Twabi Hussein H , Nielsen Maryke , Gordon Stephen B , van Weissenbruch Mirjam M , Feasey Nicholas A , Dube Queen , Kawaza Kondwani , Iroh Tam Pui-Ying 
Published: December 2022

ObjectivesWe studied neonates with suspected early-onset sepsis (EOS, sepsis developing in the first 72 hours after delivery) in Malawi to (1) describe clinical characteristics and microbiological findings, (2) identify which patient characteristics may be associated with pathogen positivity on blood culture, and (3) describe mortality and its potential determinants.DesignProspective observational study (May 2018–June 2019).SettingNeonatal ward in Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, the largest government hospital in Malawi.PatientsAll neonates with suspected EOS in whom a blood culture was obtained.ResultsOut of 4308 neonatal admissions, 1244 (28.9%) had suspected EOS. We included 1149 neonates, of which 109 blood cultures had significant growth (9.5%). The most commonly isolated pathogens wereStaphylococcus aureus,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Enterobacter cloacae,Escherichia coliandAcinetobacter baumanii. Many of the Gram negatives were extended-spectrum beta lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, and these were 40–100% resistant to first-line and second-line antimicrobials. Gestational age (GA) of <32 weeks was associated with pathogen-positive blood cultures (<28 weeks: adjusted OR (AOR) 2.72, 95% CI 1.04 to 7.13; 28–32 weeks: AOR 2.26, 95% CI 1.21 to 4.21; p=0.005). Mortality was 17.6% (202/1149) and associated with low birth weight (<1000 g: AOR 47.57, 95% CI 12.59 to 179.81; 1000–1500 g: AOR 11.31, 95% CI 6.97 to 18.36; 1500–2500 g: AOR 2.20, 95% CI 1.42 to 3.39; p<0.001), low Apgar scores at 5 min (0–3: AOR 18.60, 95% CI 8.81 to 39.27; 4–6: AOR 4.41, 95% CI 2.81 to 6.93; p<0.001), positive maternal venereal disease research laboratory status (AOR 2.53, 95% CI 1.25 to 5.12; p=0.001) and congenital anomalies (AOR 7.37, 95% CI 3.61 to 15.05; p<0.001). Prolonged rupture of membranes was inversely associated with mortality (AOR 0.43, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.98; p 0.007).ConclusionIn Malawi, EOS was suspected in nearly a third of neonatal admissions and had a high mortality. Ten per cent were culture-confirmed and predicted by low GA. To reduce the impact of suspected neonatal sepsis in least developed countries, improved maternal and antenatal care and development of rapid point of care methods to more accurately guide antimicrobial use could simultaneously improve outcome and reduce antimicrobial resistance.