bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coregistration of eye movements and EEG reveals frequency effects of words and their constituent characters in natural silent Chinese reading
Authors: Zeng Taishen , Lou Longxia , Liu Zhi-Fang , Chen Chaoyang , Zhang Zhijun 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We conducted two experiments to examine the lexical and sub-lexical processing of Chinese two-character words in reading. We used a co-registration electroencephalogram (EEG) for the first fixation on target words. In Experiment 1, whole-word occurrence frequency and initial constituent character frequency were orthogonally manipulated, while in Experiment 2, whole-word occurrence frequency and end constituent character frequency were orthogonally manipulated. Results showed that word frequency facilitated eye-tracking measures, while initial and end character frequencies inhibited them. Classical word frequency effects on N170 and N400 in the posterior region and reversed word frequency effects over the anterior region were consistently observed in both experiments. Experiment 1 revealed an inhibiting effect of initial character frequency on anterior N170. In Experiment 2, interaction between end-character frequency and word frequency showed reliable effects on anterior N170 and N400. These results demonstrate both facilitating and inhibiting word frequency effects, along with inhibiting effects of character frequency and that word frequency moderates the inhibiting effects of end constituent character frequency during natural silent Chinese reading.
Exploring target selectivity in designing and identifying PI3Kα inhibitors for triple negative breast cancer with fragment-based and bioisosteric replacement approach
Authors: Halder Debojyoti , Mukherjee Shreya , Jeyaprakash R. S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most fatal malignancies in the world, accounting for 42% of all deaths due to metastasis. The significant development is hindered by the multi-drug resistance and poor patient compliance. PIK3CA gene mutation is one of the important causes of TNBC, which causes dysregulation of the cell cycle and cell proliferation. PI3Kα selective inhibition can decrease the TNBC by a significant level with minimal off-target effects. Novel compounds with high selectivity towards PI3Kα are crucial for treating TNBC. After extensive literature analysis, it was observed that fragment-based drug discovery, combined with structure-based virtual screening and bioisosteric replacement strategy, could provide a novel way for hit-to-lead optimization. The present study focussed on the fragment-based direct linking of 11269 moieties of the ChemDiv fragment library, - to generate novel moieties and further screened them using molecular docking, MMGBSA, and target selectivity analysis. Further, the top 2 moieties – Djh1 and Djh2 were selected after MMGBSA analysis and target selectivity prediction towards kinase. Further induced fit docking (IFD) analysis, DFT analysis, and MD simulation were employed to establish that – Djh1 and Djh2 could act as potential hit molecules for selective inhibition of PI3Kα. Further bioisosteric replacement, docking analysis, and target selectivity analysis were performed with the bioisosteres. The top two bioisosteres of Djh1 – Compound 10, Compound 06 represented excellent efficacy and selectivity towards PI3Kα in the treatment of TNBC after analysis of ADMET analysis. Further, in vitro and in vivo analysis might prove the effectiveness of the hit compounds.
Probabilistic nested model selection in pharmacokinetic analysis of DCE-MRI data in animal model of cerebral tumor
Authors: Bagher-Ebadian Hassan , Brown Stephen L. , Ghassemi Mohammad M. , Acharya Prabhu C. , Chetty Indrin J. , Movsas Benjamin , Ewing James R. , Thind Kundan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Best current practice in the analysis of dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE)-MRI is to employ a voxel-by-voxel model selection from a hierarchy of nested models. This nested model selection (NMS) assumes that the observed time-trace of contrast-agent (CA) concentration within a voxel, corresponds to a singular physiologically nested model. However, admixtures of different models may exist within a voxel’s CA time-trace. This study introduces an unsupervised feature engineering technique (Kohonen-Self-Organizing-Map (K-SOM)) to estimate the voxel-wise probability of each nested model. Sixty-six immune-compromised-RNU rats were implanted with human U-251 N cancer cells, and DCE-MRI data were acquired from all the rat brains. The time-trace of change in the longitudinal-relaxivity (ΔR1) for all animals’ brain voxels was calculated. DCE-MRI pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was performed using NMS to estimate three model regions: Model-1: normal vasculature without leakage, Model-2: tumor tissues with leakage without back-flux to the vasculature, Model-3: tumor vessels with leakage and back-flux. Approximately two hundred thirty thousand (229,314) normalized ΔR1 profiles of animals’ brain voxels along with their NMS results were used to build a K-SOM (topology-size: 8 × 8, with competitive-learning algorithm) and probability map of each model. K-fold nested-cross-validation (NCV, k = 10) was used to evaluate the performance of the K-SOM probabilistic-NMS (PNMS) technique against the NMS technique. The K-SOM PNMS’s estimation for the leaky tumor regions were strongly similar (Dice-Similarity-Coefficient, DSC = 0.774 [CI: 0.731–0.823], and 0.866 [CI: 0.828–0.912] for Models 2 and 3, respectively) to their respective NMS regions. The mean-percent-differences (MPDs, NCV, k = 10) for the estimated permeability parameters by the two techniques were: -28%, + 18%, and + 24%, for vp, Ktrans, and ve, respectively. The KSOM-PNMS technique produced microvasculature parameters and NMS regions less impacted by the arterial-input-function dispersion effect. This study introduces an unsupervised model-averaging technique (K-SOM) to estimate the contribution of different nested-models in PK analysis and provides a faster estimate of permeability parameters.
A comparative study of LQU and LQFI in general qubit-qutrit axially symmetric states
Authors: Yurischev M. A. , Haddadi Saeed , Ghominejad Mehrdad 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We derive the compact closed forms of local quantum uncertainty (LQU) and local quantum Fisher information (LQFI) for hybrid qubit-qutrit axially symmetric (AS) states. This allows us to study the quantum correlations in detail and present some essentially novel results for spin-(1/2, 1) systems, the Hamiltonian of which contains ten independent types of physically important parameters. As an application of the derived formulas, we study the behavior of these two quantum correlation measures at thermal equilibrium. New features are observed in their behavior that are important for quantum information processing. Specifically, cascades of sudden changes in the behavior of LQU and LQFI are found with a smooth change in temperature or interaction parameters. Interestingly, in some cases, sudden transitions are observed in the behavior of LQU but not in LQFI, and vice versa. Moreover, our compact formulas open a way to apply them to other problems, for instance, when investigating the environmental effects on quantum correlations in open systems.
Explainable AI associates ECG aging effects with increased cardiovascular risk in a longitudinal population study
Authors: Hempel Philip , Ribeiro Antônio H. , Vollmer Marcus , Bender Theresa , Dörr Marcus , Krefting Dagmar , Spicher Nicolai 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Aging affects the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and correlates with cardiovascular disease (CVD). AI-ECG models estimate aging effects as a novel biomarker but have only been evaluated on single ECGs—without utilizing longitudinal data. We validated an AI-ECG model, originally trained on Brazilian data, using a German cohort with over 20 years of follow-up, demonstrating similar performance (r
2 = 0.70) to the original study (0.71). Incorporating longitudinal ECGs revealed a stronger association with cardiovascular risk, increasing the hazard ratio for mortality from 1.43 to 1.65. Moreover, aging effects were associated with higher odds ratios for atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and mortality. Using explainable AI methods revealed that the model aligns with clinical knowledge by focusing on ECG features known to reflect aging. Our study suggests that aging effects in longitudinal ECGs can be applied on population level as a novel biomarker to identify patients at risk early.
Radiative forcing from the 2020 shipping fuel regulation is large but hard to detect
Authors: Zhang Jianhao , Chen Yao-Sheng , Gryspeerdt Edward , Yamaguchi Takanobu , Feingold Graham 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Reduction in aerosol cooling unmasks greenhouse gas warming, exacerbating the rate of future warming. The strict sulfur regulation on shipping fuel implemented in 2020 (IMO2020) presents an opportunity to assess the potential impacts of such emission regulations and the detectability of deliberate aerosol perturbations for climate intervention. Here we employ machine learning to capture cloud natural variability and estimate a radiative forcing of +0.074 ±0.005 W m−2 related to IMO2020 associated with changes in shortwave cloud radiative effect over three low-cloud regions where shipping routes prevail. We find low detectability of the cloud radiative effect of this event, attributed to strong natural variability in cloud albedo and cloud cover. Regionally, detectability is higher for the southeastern Atlantic stratocumulus deck. These results raise concerns that future reductions in aerosol emissions will accelerate warming and that proposed deliberate aerosol perturbations such as marine cloud brightening will need to be substantial in order to overcome the low detectability.
Exploring precarity and wellbeing through embodied eco-psychotherapies and posthuman subjectivity
Authors: Light Amanda 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This article presents the case for a rethinking of wellbeing in precarious times. Covid-19 made visible ways in which precarity has become central to daily living and to existence itself. From employment to the environment—and multiple forms of life in between—insecurity takes its toll on health and wellbeing. However, a collective sense of precarity’s effects can be overlooked due to the predominantly individualising nature of wellbeing discourses. Common interventions do little to challenge the individualised narratives, yet there is a deficit of research into alternative, more relational approaches. This research draws from qualitative interviews with twelve embodiment/eco-psychotherapy practitioners to contextualise wellbeing within a precarity assemblage. The empirical data are theorised through a critical posthuman lens, and the concept of posthuman subjectivity is applied. Reading this concept through the alternative practitioners’ insights stipulates for a relational reframing of wellbeing suitable for the subjectivities emerging through contemporary precarity.
Multi-stage infrared detectors
Authors: Shen Zhijian , Yang Zezheng , Dai Zhecheng , Chen Baile 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive review of multi-stage infrared detectors, including interband cascade infrared photodetectors (ICIPs) and quantum cascade detectors (QCDs). These detectors exhibit low dark current, high detectivity, and high 3dB bandwidth positioning them as promising candidates in infrared (IR) detector technology. The review covers the history of multi-stage infrared detectors, the corresponding device physics, materials systems, DC and RF performance, and recent advancements. Additionally, a comparative analysis of ICIPs and QCDs is provided, along with discussions on optimization strategies. This review is intended to be a valuable resource for researchers and engineers in the field of IR detector technology, offering a detailed insight into the most advanced multi-stage infrared detector technology and providing guidance for future development.
REBCO coated conductors: enabling the next generation of tokamak reactors
Authors: Li Xiaodong , Ainslie Mark D , Song Dongbin , Yang Wenjiang , Macian-Juan Rafael 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The discovery of REBCO (rare-earth barium copper oxide) materials with high critical temperatures, and the continued advancements in the fabrication of REBCO coated conductors with extremely high critical current densities, has enabled the development of ultra-high-field (> 20 T) compact and large-scale thermonuclear fusion devices. At present, around a dozen global commercial manufacturers are able to supply high-quality REBCO coated conductors with excellent performance. Significant advancements have been made for high-temperature, low-field applications such as motors, generators, long-length transmission cables, and so on using REBCO coated conductors. Nonetheless, multiple ongoing critical challenges under low-temperature, high-field conditions, such as irreversible degradation of the critical current, along with insufficient mechanical protection and inadequate reduction of AC losses, remain unsolved, collectively hindering their utilization in high-field thermonuclear fusion reactors. This paper provides a comprehensive theoretical and technical review of the current state-of-the-art, associated challenges, and prospects in the research and development (R&D) of REBCO coated conductors, cables, and magnet systems for high-field fusion. It highlights the significant enhancements in current-carrying capacity, mechanical protection, and AC loss reduction achieved over the past decade. The paper delves into detailed analyses of potential cabling solutions that offer exceptional current-carrying capacity while ensuring an optimal inductance balance for toroidal, poloidal, and central solenoid coils in tokamak devices. This work endeavors to lay the groundwork for the R&D of the next-generation REBCO magnets to facilitate the construction of ultra-high-field compact and large-scale tokamak reactors.
Transport analysis of the EHL-2 spherical torus in a high-ion-temperature scenario
Authors: Wang Xueyun , Liu Wenjun , Yang Danke , Yang Guang , Tan Muzhi , Jiang xinchen , Xie Huasheng , Shi Yuejiang , Zhao Hanyue , Wang Yumin , Liang Yunfeng , Dong Jiaqi , Wu Bin , Liu Chengyue 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
EHL-2 is an ENN second-generation device aiming at studying p-B fusion reactions in a spherical torus. The design parameters are Ti0~30keV, Ti/Te>2, ne0~1e20m-3, Ip~3MA, Bt~3T, τE~0.5s. High-ion-temperature scenario is one of the standard operation scenarios of EHL-2, aiming to reduce bremsstrahlung radiation while enhancing plasma parameters by elevating the ion to electron temperature ratio. In order to achieve high ion temperature, neutral beam injection is considered as the primary heating method during the flat-top phase. The neutral beam system for EHL-2 comprises 3-5 beams with energy/power ranging from 60 keV/4 MW, 80-100 keV/10 MW, to 200 keV/3 MW. This work conducts predictive analysis on core transport during the flat-top phase of EHL-2's high-ion-temperature scenario utilizing ASTRA. The study delineates the potential operating range of core temperature and other parameters given the designed heating capacity. Specifically, the study presents predictive simulations based on CDBM, GLF23, Bohm-gyro-Bohm and IFSPPPL transport models, evaluating the steady-state power balance, energy confinement time, and the impact of various parameters such as plasma density and NBI power on core ion temperature. The simulations demonstrate that, although sensitive to varying transport models, the design parameters of the EHL-2 high-Ti scenario are hopefully attainable as long as adequate ion heating and controlled ion transport levels are ensured.
Chalcogenide perovskites: enticing prospects across a wide range of compositions and optoelectronic properties for stable photodetector devices
Authors: Samuel Shilpa Mariam , Shaji Sadasivan , Avellaneda David Avellaneda , Krishnan Bindu 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Photodetectors are indispensable components of many modern light sensing and imaging devices, converting photon energy into processable electrical signal through absorption, carrier generation and extraction using semiconducting thin films with appropriate optoelectronic properties. Recently, metal halide perovskites have demonstrated groundbreaking photodetector performance due to their exceptional properties originating from their perovskite structure. However, toxicity and stability remain challenges for their large-scale applications. Inspired by the perovskite structure, intense investigation in search of highly stable, non-toxic and earth abundant materials with superior optoelectronic features has led to the discovery of chalcogenide perovskites (CPs). These are unconventional semiconductors with the formula ABX3, where A and B are cations and X is a chalcogen, which covers the compounds with the corner sharing perovskite structures of type II-IV- VI3 compounds (II = Ba, Sr, Ca, Eu; IV = Zr, Hf; VI = S, Se) and III1-III2-VI3 compounds (III1 and III2 = Lanthanides, Y, Sc; VI = S, Se). The increased coordination and ionicity in these compounds contribute to their excellent charge transport properties and exceptionally high optical absorption coefficient (> 105 cm−1). The present review encompasses theoretical analysis that provides electronic band structures and the orbital contributions that support the excellent optoelectronic properties. Furthermore, the challenging thin film deposition, characterizations, and their application in photodetection focusing on BaZrS3-which is the most studied one, are ascribed. Additionally, we suggest prospects that can bring out the true potential of these materials in photodetection and photovoltaics.
Being We
Authors: Zahavi Dan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
What does it take to constitute a we with others and how does feeling, thinking, and acting as part of a we, transform one’s sense of self, one’s relation to others, and the way one experiences the world? Is individual subjectivity something that necessarily requires a communal grounding or does a we-relationship always presuppose a plurality of pre-existing selves? What kind of understanding of and relation to others is required if a we is to emerge? You can constitute a we together with somebody you hardly know, your partner, your family, your friends, your professional group, your national community, and global humanity. But these are different kinds of we. How do they differ, and what is the relation and difference between a dyadic we, a triadic we, and a transgenerational we? Questions regarding the ontological, epistemological, and social character of we are not only of contemporary societal relevance but are also questions that were intensively discussed by early phenomenological philosophers such as Husserl, Reinach, Stein, Scheler, Walther, Gurwitsch, and Schutz. Drawing on and engaging with ideas, distinctions, and analyses found in these historical resources, the book combines historical scholarship and systematic theorizing. It breaks new ground by interweaving work on selfhood and first-personal experience, social cognition and collective intentionality, offers a much-needed cross fertilization between philosophy and theoretical considerations in the social sciences (sociology, anthropology, and social psychology), and provides a novel account of the complex interrelation between we, you, and I.
Ranked Choice Voting
Authors: Endersby James W , Towle Michael J 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A recent and popular electoral and political reform sweeping across the United States is ranked choice voting (RCV). This method of group decision-making asks voters to create an ordered list of preferences over a range of alternatives. Proposed as a solution to inherent problems with plurality or first-past-the-post elections, RCV has some paradoxical characteristics and implementation issues of its own. In North America, RCV is neither new nor uniform in its application. RCV can be used for the selection of a single winner, such as a public official or a group consensus, or multiple winners, such as representatives for a city council or a legislature. This book considers RCV as a family of decision-making methods: preferential voting, instant runoff voting, the alternative vote, and the single transferable vote. The common link among these is that voters must rank their preferences on a ballot. Subtle variations in rules can lead to differences in outcomes. In all its forms, this electoral system aims to find a mutually satisfactory outcome approved by a majority of voters or group participants. The book uses a wealth of data from election theory to observed election outcomes, from political history to interviews with advocates, detractors, and election administrators. This book offers a balanced view of RCV in North American elections. Neither advocacy nor opposition, the evaluation of RCV elections presents essentials for understanding the theory, history, analysis, and administration of RCV.
Introduction
Authors: Endersby James W , Towle Michael J 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Ranked choice voting (RCV) is experiencing growing interest as an electoral reform in the United States. Straightforward examples are used to illustrate the various applications of RCV. The introduction clarifies commonly used vocabulary, RCV, the alternative vote (AV), instant runoff voting (IRV), and preferential voting. IRV and AV select a single election winner, and the single transferable vote (STV) selects multiple winners such as for a legislature or parliament. In all RCV systems, a voter orders preferences from first to last. First-choice votes are tabulated, and, if no candidate receives a majority, ballots for low-ranking candidates are transferred to the next surviving candidate listed on each voter’s ballot. RCV was introduced through the example of its inaugural application for congressional elections in Maine in 2018. The introduction provides advantages and drawbacks of RCV and includes a brief outline with the main ideas of each chapter.
Thinking Tools
Authors: Schulz Armin W 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter argues that underlying the evolution of distinctively human cognition is a complex, looping dynamic. The chapter describes this dynamic and shows how it can answer the questions left open from the previous chapter. At the heart of this dynamic is a positive feedback loop: sophisticated cultural learning makes possible the creation of tools that increase the sophistication of representational decision-making, which in turn allows for yet further increases in the sophistication of cultural learning and tool manufacture. This chapter provides a general overview of the account. Doing so makes clearer how the different applications detailed in the next few chapters hang together and provides an explicit contrast to the accounts sketched in the previous chapter to bring out the novelty here more explicitly.
The Making of Morality
Authors: Schulz Armin W 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Human cognition is unique in its dependence on often highly complex and abstract moral concepts. It is also widely known that there is massive variation in the ways in which humans think when it comes to morality—at least on a surface level. However, it is not clear what explains this reliance on complex and abstract moral concepts in human thought. Taking steps toward answering this question is the goal of this chapter. To do this, it argues that we need to see these two questions—Why do humans rely on complex moral concepts when other species do not? Why do they do it so differently within their own species?—as deeply related. Answering these questions requires paying attention to the feedback loop between abstract and complex moral representations, cultural learning, and cognitive and social technology.