bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulatory Mechanisms in Cell-Mediated Immune Responses
Authors: Hodes Richard J. , Nadler Lee M. , Hathcock Karen S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse spleen cells which had been primed to alloantigens by in vitro mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) were found to actively suppress the in vitro generation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CML) by freshly explanted syngeneic spleen cells. Both antigen-specific and antigen-nonspecific suppressor activities were identified. Antigen-nonspecific suppression was active in suppressing CML sensitizations to alloantigens, including those to which the suppressor population had not been previously exposed. This form of suppression was radiation sensitive (abrogated by 1000 R). It was T cell dependent, appeared after 2 days of priming in MLC, and was effective in suppressing CML only when added during the first 2 days of sensitization culture. In contrast, antigen-specific suppression affected only those CML snesitizations in which the relevant sensitizing antigen either: 1) was the same antigen to which the suppressor population was previously primed, or 2) was presented on the same cell as that alloantigen. Antigen-specific suppression was resistant to 1000 R. It was T cell-dependent, first appeared after 3 days of priming in MLC, and suppressed CML only when added during the first 2 days of sensitization. These data are discussed in terms of regulatory mechanisms which may be active in determing the kinetics and antigen specificity of primary and secondary CML responses.
Migratory Behavior of Lymphocytes with Specific Reactivity to Alloantigens
Authors: Emeson Eugene E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A dual antigen, dual isotope assay has been used to monitor the migratory behavior of selectively labeled anti-allogeneic lymphocytes in mice given an i.v. challenge with semiallogeneic spleen cells. 3H-labeled anti-C3H and 14C-labeled anti-C57BL lymphocytes of DBA/2J origin were pooled and adoptively transferred to two groups of DBA/2J recipients previously challenged i.v. with either (C3H × DBA)F1 or (C57BL × DBA)F1 semi-allogeneic spleen cells. After 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr, a subgroup of four mice from each group were sacrificed and the relative numbers of anti-C3H and anti-C57BL lymphocytes present in the spleens, bone marrows, livers, lymph nodes, intestines, lungs, and bloods of each mouse were inferred from the mean 3H/14C ratios of each tissue of that subgroup. The results of these studies indicated that specific anti-allogeneic lymphocytes were selectively recruited to the spleens, bone marrows, and livers of challenged mice and deleted from their lymph nodes, lungs, intestines, and blood. Similar studies with labeled marker cells enriched for T lymphocytes (and free of macrophages) and labeled marker cells depleted of T lymphocytes with anti-Thy 1.2 serum plus complement indicated that the cells selectively recruited to the spleen, bone marrow, and liver were predominantly but not exclusively T lymphocytes. A direct demonstration of selective recruitment of specifically reactive lymphocytes to bone marrow and liver has not been previously described. The significance and implications of these findings are discussed.
Structural and Genetic Studies on Chicken 7S Immunoglobulin Allotypes
Authors: Wakeland Edward K. , Foppoli James M. , Benedict Albert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A survey of 47 inbred or partially inbred chicken lines derived from five sources in the United States and Europe revealed considerable genetic polymorphism in the structural gene (CS-1) responsible for the production of the predominant chicken 7S Ig heavy chain. A minimum of 10 alleles of the CS-1 gene were detected as unique combinations or phenogroups of CS-1 specificities. A system of nomenclature for CS-1 alleles was developed and six homozygous lines were designated as prototype lines. The remaining four CS-1 alleles occurred only in lines that were polymorphic for 7S Ig allotypic specificities.
Structural and Biosynthetic Studies of a Human IgA Half Molecule
Authors: Bernier George M. , Johnson Claire A. , Fanger Michael W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The serum and urine of a patient with plasma cell leukemia contained free λ light chains and a 4S protein with both α1 and λ antigenic determinants. When isolated from urine, the IgA-related protein was shown to have a substantial antigenic deficiency in the Fc region and to be composed of a single light chain and a single heavy chain. In polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecylsulfate and 2-mercaptoethanol, the heavy chain appeared to be 13,000 daltons smaller than the usual IgA heavy chain. The molecule lacked methionine, two residues of which are invariant in the C-terminal region of other α chains. The size of the heavy chain, its antigenic deficiency, and its chemical composition were therefore consistent with a deletion of the C-terminal domain. In short-term culture with 3H-leucine, the patient's peripheral plasma cells synthesized a molecule that was antigenically identical to the urine IgA. The mole cules synthesized in vitro appeared similar in size to those of the urine IgA as determined by gel filtration studies in aqueous media. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autofluorography of newly synthesized molecules isolated immunologically from both culture fluid and cell lysate showed the heavy and light chains to be the same size as those of the urine IgA. These findings are consistent with this abnormal IgA molecule's being synthesized with a deletion in the carboxyl-terminus of the α chain.
Abrogation of Resistance to Foreign Bone Marrow Grafts by Carrageenans
Authors: Yung Yee Pang , Cudkowicz Gustavo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of macrophage-like cells in natural resistance of mice to transplants of foreign bone marrow cells was reinvestigated by means of the fractionated forms of carrageenan designated as ι, λ, and κ, and the unfractionated form Seakem-9 for comparison. All these anti-macrophage agents weakened resistance to parental and allogeneic marrow grafts when a single small dose (0.5 mg/mouse) was injected i.v. into irradiated mice several hours before or after transplantation. λ and ι carrageenans were more effective than the SK and κ forms, and the anti-resistance effect was enhanced when irradiation preceded transplantation by 20 to 24 hr. κ and λ carrageenans had no adverse effect on the homing of donor stem cells to the spleen and on subsequent proliferation. Stem cells recovered from the spleens of genetically resistant mice given ι-carrageenan were of donor type, as determined by retransplantation into discriminant hosts. The combined effect of suboptimal doses of λ-carrageenan and rabbit anti-mouse lymphocyte serum was additive. Since the antiserum was a blocking agent for accessory macrophage-like cells interacting with effector lymphocytes, this result suggested that λ-carrageenan injured macrophages. Accordingly, agents sharing with carrageenans the anti-complementary, anti-coagulant, or Hageman factor-activating properties, but not toxicity for macrophages, failed to weaken resistance, and mice with genetic defects of complement components were as resistant and as sensitive to the effect of carrageenans as normal mice. These experiments reiterate the importance of anti-macrophage agents in weakening natural resistance to hemopoietic cells and in elucidating cellular mechanisms.
Cytotoxic Reactivity of Human Lymphocytes Cultured in Vitro
Authors: Ortaldo John R. , Bonnard Guy D. , Herberman Ronald B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that both natural killer and killer cells active in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity are cell types that bear Fc receptors. Natural killer and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity have also been shown to be in a SRBC-rosetting subpopulation. Human mononuclear peripheral blood leukocytes were cultured under various conditions to examine natural killing and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. It was of interest to determine if these activities would be maintained or augmented under various culture conditions. Before culture, normal mononuclear peripheral blood leukocytes were tested in a 4-hr 51Cr release assay against K-562 to measure natural killer activity, and against antibody-coated Chang liver cells to measure antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Fc receptor-bearing cells were removed by adsorption to immobilized antigen-antibody complexes. When lymphocytes were cultured alone, we often observed what we call cytotoxicity from cultured cells (CCC). The amount of cytotoxicity against K-562 and in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity was dependent on the presence of FBS and proportional to its concentration in the cultures. The presence of FCS resulted in high levels of CCC whereas human serum demonstrated low or negligible activities. This CCC was not directed against FBS-associated antigens. These CCC cannot be called NK since their extensive characteristics are not known. As was characteristic on day 0 for natural killing and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, the cultured effector cells also contained an Fc receptor.
Therefore, the presence of CCC with features of natural killer and killer cell activities and its regeneration in culture indicate that it must be distinguished from specific tumor reactivity or alloreactivity in mixed lymphocyte and mixed lymphocyte-tumor reactions, particularly when tumor cell lines are used as targets.
Allotype Suppression at the CHn Locus of IgM in Heterozygous Rabbits with Concomitant Suppression at the VHa Locus of All Ig Classes
Authors: Gilman-Sachs Alice , Eskinazi Daniel P. , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Doubly heterozygous offspring, ♂n83a1/♀n82a2 or ♂n81a1/♀n82a2, of doubly homozygous dams, n82a2/n82a2, were injected neonatally with anti-n83 or anti-n81 antibody directed to the paternal n locus allotype. In each injected rabbit, the paternal n83 or n81 allotypes were suppressed and increased amounts of the maternal n82 allotype accounted for almost all of the serum IgM. This is the first report of allotype suppression in the rabbit mediated by antibody directed toward the CH region of any Ig class. A concomitant decrease in the paternal a1 Ig allotype and a compensatory increase in the maternal a2 allotype were also found. This finding supports the concept that IgM-bearing cells are the precursors of IgG-secreting cells.
Preferential Induction of Jones-Mote Hypersensitivity in Guinea Pigs Treated with Tolerogenic Antigen
Authors: Nomoto Kikuo , Himeno Kunisuke , Kuroiwa Ataru , Takeya Kenji 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Effects of tolerogenic form of bovine γ-globulin (BGG) on the Jones-Mote hypersensitivity, tuberculin hypersensitivity, and helper function were studied in guinea pigs. 1) When intermediate or large doses of tolerogenic BGG were injected i.v. on day -14 or 0 and immunogenic BGG in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) was injected subcutaneously on day 0, tuberculin hypersensitivity and helper function were depressed, although Jones-Mote hypersensitivity was preserved or augmented. Jones-Mote hypersensitivity was suppressed with the uppermost dose of tolerogenic BGG. Suppressing mechanism(s) to Jones-Mote hypersensitivity appears to be slightly more resistant to tolerance induction than tuberculin hypersensitivity and helper function and more sensitive than Jones-Mote hypersensitivity. 2) Expression of tolerant states was not absolute but relative to the doses of immunogenic BGG. When a larger amount of immunogenic BGG was given, larger amounts of tolerogenic BGG were required to obtain the same degrees of tolerance as that expressed in animals given a smaller amount of immunogenic BGG. 3) In animals in which immune responses were suppressed partially with tolerogenic BGG, tuberculin or Jones-Mote hypersensitivity was delayed in the development. 4) Basophils comprised more than half of the infiltrating cells at the sites of erythematous reactions elicited in the animals showing the tolerant states of tuberculin hypersensitivity and helper function. Thus, typical Jones-Mote hypersensitivity was raised preferentially in the tolerant states of other types of immune responses. These findings may be explained by different affinities to BGG among T cell subpopulations responsible for individual responses and individual cells within a subpopulation for each response.
Chemical and Biologic Properties of A Protein-Rich Fraction of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides
Authors: Betz Sally J. , Morrison David C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Butanol LPS preparations from three serotypes of Escherichia coli lose their ability to stimulate C3H/HeJ lymphocytes after the removal of a protein-rich fraction (LAP) by extraction with phenol. This loss of mitogenic activity for LPS nonresponder spleen cells is accompanied by an increase in equilibrium density of approximately 0.03 g/cm3 by each of the three lipopolysaccharides. The LAP preparations exhibited potent mitogenic activity for both LPS responder C3H/St and nonresponder C3H/HeJ lymphocytes. Each LAP produced an optimal response at approximately 10 µg/ml and each was toxic at a 10-fold higher concentration. Like LPS, LAP is mitogenic for congenitally athymic nude mice. Although LAP is isolated in association with LPS and shares certain of its biologic properties, the two B cell mitogens may be distinguished by several criteria. Of primary importance is the ability of LAP to stimulate LPS-nonresponder lymphocytes. In addition, these experiments demonstrate that the LAP-induced response by C3H/HeJ lymphocytes is not blocked by preincubation with high concentrations of LPS. The response to LAP by C3H/St spleen cells is not blocked by polymyxin B, an inhibitor of the lipid A-induced mitogenic response. Furthermore, such LAP activity is destroyed by mild alkaline hydrolysis under conditions that do not decrease LPS activity. Finally, we observed that the peak level of 3H-thymidine incorporation that results from stimulation with LPS is consistently lower than the level which is obtained with optimal LAP doses. The experiments presented here also demonstrate that isolated LAP and protein-free LPS can reassociate in vitro to generate an LPS-LAP complex with mitogenic activity for C3H/HeJ lymphocytes.
Receptors for IgM on Certain Human B Lymphocytes
Authors: Ferrarini Manlio , Hoffman Thomas , Fu Shu Man , Winchester Robert , Kunkel Henry G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A receptor for IgM was demonstrated on the surface of human B lymphocytes by using a rosette technique with ox erythrocytes coated with rabbit IgM antibody (EAM). Lymphocytes forming rosettes with EAM did not bind sheep red cells, had membrane Ia-like antigens and, in some instances, surface immunoglobulin. The specificity of EAM rosettes was confirmed by inhibition experiments with purified human Ig. IgM but not IgG molecules inhibited the rosette reaction. In addition, inhibition of EAM rosettes with IgM fragments showed that the receptor has affinity for a part of the molecule located in the Fc portion. By analogy with the receptors previously found on certain human T cells, receptors for IgM were not detected on freshly isolated B cells, but were expressed after overnight culture in IgM-free media. Studies on different human lymphoid tissues showed that IgM receptors are expressed on a limited percentage of both circulating and noncirculating B cells. In addition to normal B cells, the malignant B cells of a majority of cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia expressed the receptors for IgM.
Antigen-Induced Cyclophosphamide-Resistant Suppressor T Cells Inhibit the in Vitro Generation of Cytotoxic Cells from One-Way Mixed Leukocyte Reactions
Authors: Bonavida Benjamin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice sensitized against a tumor allograft and given cyclophosmamide 6 days later failed to generate an immune response to the allograft. Spleen cells derived from these mice suppressed the generation of cytotoxic T cell response by normal spleen cells in mixed leukocyte cultures. The suppressor cells were not specific, thymus dependent, and resistant to 2000 R.
Cell Surface Immunoglobulin. XXII. Reappearance of Surface IgM and IgD on Murine Splenocytes after Removal by Capping
Authors: Ligler Frances , Vitetta Ellen S. , Uhr Jonathan W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The binding of polyvalent antigens or divalent anti-Ig antibody to antigen-specific receptors on B lymphocytes results in capping followed by shedding or endocytosis of the complexes (1). After the loss of surface Ig, adult lymphocytes reexpress their receptors (2–4), whereas neonatal cells appear to be permanently modulated (3, 4). Splenocytes from neonatal mice bear only IgM, whereas the vast majority of adult B cells express both IgM and IgD (5, 6). It is not known whether IgD and IgM on adult splenocytes are reexpressed at the same rate after capping. To investigate this question, we removed both IgM and IgD from splenocytes of adult mice and examined the reappearance of both isotypes at intervals after cell culture. The results demonstrate that both isotypes reappear on the cell surface at a similar rate.
Materials and Methods. Antisera. The preparation and specificity of rabbit antimouse Ig (RAMIg),2 rabbit anti-µ (RAµ), and goat anti-rabbit Ig (GARIg) have been described previously (7).
Auto-Antibody to an Ig VH Region Allotype: Induction of Anti-a1 Antibody in an a1-Suppressed a1a2 Heterozygous Rabbit
Authors: Horng Wayne J. , Gilman-Sachs Alice , Roux Kenneth H. , Molinaro Giuseppe A. , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two a1a2 heterozygous sibling rabbits were first suppressed for the paternally inherited a1 VH region allotype and then immunized with a1 IgG. Anti-a1 antibody was detected in the serum of one of the rabbits. The anti-a1 auto-antibody reacted with the same amount of a1 IgG as did a conventional anti-a1 allo-antibody. Most of the IgG and IgM of this rabbit was of the a2 allotype and no significant amount of the a1 allotype was detected as would be expected for an a1 suppressed a1a2 heterozygous rabbit. However, allotype suppression in this rabbit is maintained by endogenous anti-allotype antibody. Rabbits with anti-allotype auto-antibody may be exploited to produce litters of heterozygous and homozygous rabbits efficiently suppressed for selected allotypes.
The Expression of Ia Antigens on Immunocompetent Cells in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Yamashita Uki , Shevach Ethan M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have examined the effect of negative selection with anti-Ia serum and C on a number of T cell functions and have clearly defined two subpopulations of guinea pig T lymphocytes. One subpopulation is susceptible to the lytic effects of anti-Ia serum and C and includes the majority of the primed T cells which proliferate and which produce migration inhibition factor in response to specific antigen stimulation in vitro. The lytic effects of anti-Ia serum were directed against the antigen-specific T cell and not an accessory cell such as a macrophage or nonantigen-specific T cell. No evidence for allelic exclusion of the Ia antigens of the antigen-responsive cell could be demonstrated. The susceptibility of the mitogen-responsive T cell to lysis by anti-Ia serum and C varied with the mitogen used, anatomic origin of the T cell, and the strain of animals studied. A second subpopulation of T cells is completely resistant to the lytic effects of anti-Ia serum and C and includes the primed T helper cell and the T cell that proliferates in response to alloantigenic stimulation in the MLR.
Histamine Release from Rat Mast Cells by Antibodies against Rat Basophilic Leukemia Cell Membrane
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , Chang Tong H. , Taggart Michael , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Attempts were made to prepare antibodies against receptors for IgE. Rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells were saturated with IgE and solubilized in Nonidet P-40, and IgE receptor complexes were precipitated with anti-IgE. A rabbit was immunized with the precipitates and antibodies against cell membrane components were specifically purified by using RBL cells. After absorption, the antibody preparation (anti-RBL) was specific for mast cells but did not contain anti-IgE. Anti-RBL inhibited the binding of 125I-IgE with RBL, normal rat mast cells, and solubilized receptors. Immunofluorescence staining of RBL and mast cells with anti-RBL was significantly inhibited, if their receptors had been saturated with IgE. These results indicated that anti-RBL contained antibodies against receptor molecules. Both anti-RBL and anti-IgE induced immediate skin reactions in normal rats, whereas anti-lymphocyte serum, which cross-reacts with mast cells but lacks anti-receptors, failed to induce the reaction. Infection of rats with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, which enhanced IgE synthesis and resulted in saturation of receptors on mast cells with IgE, increased the sensitivity of their skin to anti-IgE and abolished the reactivity to anti-RBL. The results suggested strongly that anti-receptor antibodies were responsible for the skin reactions by anti-RBL. Incubation of peritoneal mast cells from inbred Hooded Lister rats with anti-RBL resulted in histamine release without changing the viability of the cells. It appears that anti-RBL induced non-cytotoxic histamine release without participation of cell-bound IgE.
Thymus-Derived Lymphocyte-Dependent Rejection of Syngeneic Papovavirus (SV40) and Methylcholanthrene Tumors in Inbred Hamsters
Authors: Blasecki John W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Treatment of specifically sensitized MHA hamster lymphoid cells with rabbit antisera specific for hamster thymusderived lymphocytes, in the presence of C, eliminated those cells capable of inhibiting the growth of syngeneic SV40 and methylcholanthrene tumors in vivo. Thymectomized, lethally-irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted hamsters, shown to be devoid to T cell function, were, after attempted specific sensitization to the two syngeneic tumor cell lines, unable to reject either tumor by direct challenge in vivo. In addition, lymphocytes from such animals were incapable of inhibiting the growth of either tumor cell line in normal syngeneic recipients in the tumor cell neutralization assay. These data strongly support the conclusion that specifically sensitized thymus-derived lymphocytes are required for the rejection of syngeneic SV40 and methylcholanthrene tumors in inbred hamsters.