bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Model Framework for Scaling Pre‐Quaternary Cosmogenic Nuclide Production Rates
Authors: Mijjum M. , Bristol K. E. , Bono R. K. , Sprain C. J. , Lifton N. , Tremblay M. M. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractCosmogenic nuclide dating is an essential component of studying Earth surface processes, but it requires knowledge of how nuclide production rates vary in time and space. Typically, production rates are calibrated at sites with independently well‐constrained exposure histories and then scaled to other sites of interest using scaling frameworks that account for spatial and temporal variations in the secondary cosmic‐ray flux at Earth's surface. To date, scaling schemes for terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide production rates have been developed for the Quaternary, yet cosmogenic nuclide applications that extend beyond the Quaternary are becoming more prevalent. For these deeper time applications, production rate calculations using scaling models optimized for the latest Quaternary neglect longer term spatiotemporal variations in geomagnetic field intensity, paleogeography, and paleoatmospheric depth. We present a production rate scaling scheme for the past 70 million years, SPRITE (Scaling Production Rates In deep TimE). This framework extends existing scaling schemes into deeper time by (a) accounting for site‐specific changes in paleolatitude, (b) integrating a geomagnetic field intensity model rooted in data from a global paleomagnetic database, and (c) incorporating climate‐driven, time‐varying atmospheric depths. We evaluate the efficacy of our model by applying it to existing data sets from paleoexposure sites, and from sites with apparent continuous million‐year exposure histories. This scaling model can be applied with measurements of stable cosmogenic nuclides to research questions such as constraining hiatus durations between ancient lava flows and calculating the formation timescales of stable landforms in arid environments over millions of years.
Do Extratropical Cyclones Impact Synoptic‐Scale Variability of the Arctic Oscillation During Cold Season?
Authors: Qian Shengyi , Hu Haibo , Hodges Kevin I. , Yang Xiu‐Qun 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe Arctic Oscillation (AO) is the most significant mode of sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies in the Northern Hemisphere, exhibiting significant multiple‐timescale variability from synoptic to decadal. Using NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis data from 1979 to 2022 during the cold season (November–April), this study identifies the relationship between the number of extra‐tropical cyclones entering and exiting the Arctic and the AO synoptic variability. The Joint Net Cyclone Flux (JNCF) is significantly correlated with the spatio‐temporal evolution of the synoptic AO and the composites of SLP associated with the JNCF produce AO‐like patterns. Subsequent piecewise potential vorticity inversion reveals the impacts of extratropical cyclones on the synoptic‐scale AO‐like geopotential height anomalies at different altitudes. The effects of extratropical cyclones are more important than Arctic stratospheric PV intrusions. Furthermore, the upper‐level dynamic processes among all extratropical cyclone effects dominate the evolution of synoptic‐scale AO‐like geopotential height anomalies.
Observations of Localized Horizontal Geomagnetic Field Variations Associated With a Magnetospheric Fast Flow Burst During a Magnetotail Reconnection Event Detected by the THEMIS Spacecraft
Authors: Ngwira Chigomezyo M. , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Weygand James M. , Engebretson Mark J. , Pulkkinnen Antti , Schuck Peter W. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractOn 20 December 2015, three Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) spacecraft detected a nightside magnetotail reconnection event in the early main phase of a major geomagnetic storm. The spacecraft (P5, P4, and P3) had their footprints located over North America near the Gillam ground magnetometer station in Canada. Multipoint observations, both in space and from the ground, allow for an examination of the spatiotemporal characteristics of the disturbance on the ground and the associated physical drivers in the magnetosphere and ionosphere. This study shows that the horizontal geomagnetic field d/dt localized (on the scale of 100–300 km) feature observed at Gillam ground magnetometer site was caused by an isolated substorm onset near that station driven by a nightside magnetotail reconnection event detected by three THEMIS spacecraft that were located near the central plasma sheet. A close inspection of equivalent ionospheric current and current amplitude maps derived from ground magnetometer measurements using the spherical elementary current system technique indicates that the location of the localization lies roughly between the upward and downward field aligned current system, which is consistent with other earlier studies. This event represents the first reported observation of ground d/dt localization that is directly linked to nightside magnetotail fast flow bursts and reconnection event during the onset phase of a major Geomagnetic disturbance (GMD).
Influence of Two Spatially Distinct Types of Arctic Oscillation on El Niño
Authors: Zheng Yanzhu , Fang Jiabei , Yang Xiu‐Qun , Tao Lingfeng , Hu Haibo , Sun Xuguang 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis study examines the cross‐seasonal influence of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) on winter El Niño, using atmospheric and oceanic reanalysis data sets. It has been revealed that the linkage between positive AO and subsequent El Niño is closest during spring, indicating the seasonal dependent and selective impact of AO on ENSO. Composition analyses illustrate that positive spring AO is often associated with a dipole circulation anomaly over the North Pacific. The corresponding cyclonic circulation anomaly in the subtropical North Pacific initiates the Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM), which persists and evolves through the wind‐evaporation‐SST (WES) feedback from, triggering the westerly anomalies in the tropical western Pacific and subsequently triggering the onset of El Niño. Further clustering analysis reveals that the positive spring AO events exhibit two distinct spatial patterns: Type1 with prominent positive SLP anomaly over the midlatitude North Pacific and Type2 with the positive SLP anomaly over the North Atlantic. Both types can trigger El Niño by stimulating the subtropical cyclone anomaly in the North Pacific but through different mechanisms. In Type1 events, high‐pressure anomalies in the midlatitude North Pacific trigger southward‐propagating atmospheric waves, generating the cyclone anomalies in the subtropical North Pacific. Although in Type2 events, the AO‐related circulation anomalies in the North Atlantic stimulate teleconnection wave trains that cross the Eurasian continent and propagate southward to the subtropical North Pacific, inducing the cyclone anomalies. However, Type1 events occur more frequently and are more closely linked to El Niño, highlighting the significant role of air‐sea coupling processes in the North Pacific in triggering El Niño.
Late Quaternary Glaciations on the Chukchi Margin, Arctic Ocean: Insights From Echo Sounding and Sediment Records
Authors: Joe Y. J. , Polyak L. , Jang K. , Vogt C. , Kim S. , Kim J.‐H. , Jin Y. K. , Hong J. K. , Niessen F. , Nam S.‐I. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractGlacigenic bedforms such as glacial lineations and moraines on the Chukchi and East Siberian margins of the Arctic Ocean reveal recurrent waxing and waning of voluminous ice masses. Despite their paleoclimatic significance, the timing, geographic distribution, and mechanisms of these glaciations remain inadequately understood. To enhance our understanding of the Quaternary Arctic glacial history, we study high‐resolution swath bathymetry and subbottom profiler data with lithostratigraphy and provenance of four sediment cores. These data characterize deposits of the last two glaciations at the Chukchi margin and adjacent basins. In all cores, multiple peaks of plagioclase are prominent in both glacial intervals, probably reflecting predominant glacigenic input from the East Siberian Ice Sheet (ESIS). Peaks of dolomite and quartz trace the Laurentide Ice Sheet sources around the last glacial/deglacial interval and in sediment preceding the older glaciation. By integrating seismostratigraphy with sediment cores, we constrain the formation of mid‐slope moraines on the western side of the Chukchi Rise to the older glaciation (estimated age range MIS 4 or 6). Considering the coeval glacial erosion off the East Siberian margin, our results confirm that the ESIS at that time extended to water depths of ∼650/950 m on the Chukchi Rise/East Siberian margin. In comparison, the last ESIS (MIS 2 or possibly 4) was smaller, with the identified seafloor imprint limited to water depths of ∼450 m on the Chukchi Borderland, while its extent on the East Siberian margin remains to be determined.
SD-OCT-histopathologic correlation in Schnabel’s cavernous optic nerve atrophy
Authors: Weber C. , Mercieca K. , Weller J. M. , Bulirsch L. M. , Ach T. , Holz F. G. , Loeffler K. U. , Herwig-Carl M. C. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Until now, Schnabel’s cavernous optic nerve atrophy (SCONA) has solely been a histopathological diagnosis exhibiting variable degrees of optic nerve (ON) atrophy with characteristic cavernous spaces filled with acid mucopolysaccharides. We report the first correlation of histopathologic findings with spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) imaging in SCONA.

Methods
We examined the eye of an index patient with histopathologically identified SCONA who had undergone multimodal imaging before enucleation for iris ring melanoma. The extent of SCONA in the index patient and three other enucleated eyes with SCONA were determined histopathologically. The histopathological findings of our index patient were correlated with in vivo SD-OCT images before enucleation and compared to representative images from eyes with a normal versus glaucomatous optic disc.

Results
Histopathologic examination of our index patient showed a pre- and intralaminar extension of SCONA. Atrophy of the inner retinal layers was observed corresponding to the extent of SCONA. Correlation with SD-OCT showed small intralaminar hyporeflective pseudocysts which were detected in multiple scans corresponding to the histologically affected areas. These changes were neither visible in scans of patients with glaucomatous atrophy nor those with a normal ON.

Conclusions
We present the first correlation of clinical and pathological findings in SCONA and were able to identify distinct SD-OCT characteristics for this condition. These findings may help to detect SCONA in vivo and to study this rare entity clinically with regard to its clinical course, risk factors, and pathogenesis. However, more cases of SCONA are needed to confirm our findings.
Mass wasting reveals ongoing asymmetric retreat of the martian north polar ice cap
Authors: Su Shu , Fanara Lida , Xiao Haifeng , Hauber Ernst , Oberst Jürgen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Ongoing mass wasting through ice block falls is intensive at the north polar ice cap of Mars. We monitored how this activity is currently shaping the marginal steep scarps of the ice cap, which holds a record of the planet’s climate history. With AI-driven change detection between multi-temporal high-resolution satellite images, we created a comprehensive map of mass wasting across the entire North Polar Layered Deposits (NPLD). Our results show a more active erosion process than previously thought, with scarps retreating by up to ~3 m every kiloyear. The distribution of the active scarps indicates an ongoing asymmetric retreat of the already subcircular ice cap. The active scarps and the interior dune fields correlate strongly with exposures of the underlying, sandier Basal Unit (BU), providing evidence that erosion of the BU undermines the base of the NPLD. Moreover, ice block fall activity suggests potential areas where gypsum is released, given that the interior gypsum-bearing dune fields are located adjacent to these active scarps. Here, our study reveals the rates of present-day topographic change of the north polar ice cap, providing a valuable constraint for study of its past evolution.
Recombinant expression systems for production of stabilised virus-like particles as next-generation polio vaccines
Authors: Sherry Lee , Bahar Mohammad W. , Porta Claudine , Fox Helen , Grehan Keith , Nasta Veronica , Duyvesteyn Helen M. E. , De Colibus Luigi , Marsian Johanna , Murdoch Inga , Ponndorf Daniel , Kim Seong-Ryong , Shah Sachin , Carlyle Sarah , Swanson Jessica J. , Matthews Sue , Nicol Clare , Lomonossoff George P. , Macadam Andrew J. , Fry Elizabeth E. , Stuart David I. , Stonehouse Nicola J. , Rowlands David J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Polioviruses have caused crippling disease in humans for centuries, prior to the successful development of vaccines in the mid-1900’s, which dramatically reduced disease prevalence. Continued use of these vaccines, however, threatens ultimate disease eradication and achievement of a polio-free world. Virus-like particles (VLPs) that lack a viral genome represent a safer potential vaccine, although they require particle stabilization. Using our previously established genetic techniques to stabilize the structural capsid proteins, we demonstrate production of poliovirus VLPs of all three serotypes, from four different recombinant expression systems. We compare the antigenicity, thermostability and immunogenicity of these stabilized VLPs against the current inactivated polio vaccine, demonstrating equivalent or superior immunogenicity in female Wistar rats. Structural analyses of these recombinant VLPs provide a rational understanding of the stabilizing mutations and the role of potential excipients. Collectively, we have established these poliovirus stabilized VLPs as viable next-generation vaccine candidates for the future.
Life-history adaptation under climate warming magnifies the agricultural footprint of a cosmopolitan insect pest
Authors: Burc Estelle , Girard-Tercieux Camille , Metz Moa , Cazaux Elise , Baur Julian , Koppik Mareike , Rêgo Alexandre , Hart Alex F , Berger David 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Climate change is affecting population growth rates of ectothermic pests with potentially dire consequences for agriculture and global food security. However, current projection models of pest impact typically overlook the potential for rapid genetic adaptation, making current forecasts uncertain. Here, we predict how climate change adaptation in life-history traits of insect pests affects their growth rates and impact on agricultural yields by unifying thermodynamics with classic theory on resource acquisition and allocation trade-offs between foraging, reproduction, and maintenance. Our model predicts that warming temperatures will favour resource allocation towards maintenance coupled with increased resource acquisition through larval foraging, and the evolution of this life-history strategy results in both increased population growth rates and per capita host consumption, causing a double-blow on agricultural yields. We find support for these predictions by studying thermal adaptation in life-history traits and gene expression in the wide-spread insect pest, Callosobruchus maculatus; with 5 years of evolution under experimental warming causing an almost two-fold increase in its predicted agricultural footprint. These results show that pest adaptation can offset current projections of agricultural impact and emphasize the need for integrating a mechanistic understanding of life-history evolution into forecasts of pest impact under climate change.
Cross-trait multivariate GWAS confirms health implications of pubertal timing
Authors: Zhou Siquan , Xu Yujie , Xiong Jingyuan , Cheng Guo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Pubertal timing is highly variable and is associated with long-term health outcomes. Phenotypes associated with pubertal timing include age at menarche, age at voice break, age at first facial hair and growth spurt, and pubertal timing seems to have a shared genetic architecture between the sexes. However, puberty phenotypes have primarily been assessed separately, failing to account for shared genetics, which limits the reliability of the purported health implications. Here, we model the common genetic architecture for puberty timing using a multivariate GWAS, with an effective population of 514,750 European participants. We find 266 independent variants in 197 loci, including 18 novel variants. Transcriptomic, proteome imputation and fine-mapping analyses reveal genes causal for pubertal timing, including KDM4C, LEPR, CCNC, ACP1, and PCSK1. Linkage disequilibrium score regression and Mendelian randomisation analysis establish causal associations between earlier puberty and both accelerated ageing and the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. We find that alanine aminotransferase, glycated haemoglobin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and Parabacteroides levels are mediators of these relationships, and establish that controlling oily fish and retinol intake may be beneficial for promoting healthy pubertal development.
Enhanced CH4 emissions from global wildfires likely due to undetected small fires
Authors: Zhao Junri , Ciais Philippe , Chevallier Frederic , Canadell Josep G. , van der Velde Ivar R. , Chuvieco Emilio , Chen Yang , Zhang Qiang , He Kebin , Zheng Bo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Monitoring methane (CH4) emissions from terrestrial ecosystems is essential for assessing the relative contributions of natural and anthropogenic factors leading to climate change and shaping global climate goals. Fires are a significant source of atmospheric CH4, with the increasing frequency of megafires amplifying their impact. Global fire emissions exhibit large spatiotemporal variations, making the magnitude and dynamics difficult to characterize accurately. In this study, we reconstruct global fire CH4 emissions by integrating satellite carbon monoxide (CO)-based atmospheric inversion with well-constrained fire CH4 to CO emission ratio maps. Here we show that global fire CH4 emissions averaged 24.0 (17.7–30.4) Tg yr−1 from 2003 to 2020, approximately 27% higher (equivalent to 5.1 Tg yr−1) than average estimates from four widely used fire emission models. This discrepancy likely stems from undetected small fires and underrepresented emission intensities in coarse-resolution data. Our study highlights the value of atmospheric inversion based on fire tracers like CO to track fire-carbon-climate feedback.
First-order phase transition of the Schwinger model with a quantum computer
Authors: Angelides Takis , Naredi Pranay , Crippa Arianna , Jansen Karl , Kühn Stefan , Tavernelli Ivano , Wang Derek S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We explore the first-order phase transition in the lattice Schwinger model in the presence of a topological θ-term by means of the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE). Using two different fermion discretizations, Wilson and staggered fermions, we develop parametric ansatz circuits suitable for both discretizations, and compare their performance by simulating classically an ideal VQE optimization in the absence of noise. The states obtained by the classical simulation are then prepared on the IBM’s superconducting quantum hardware. Applying state-of-the art error-mitigation methods, we show that the electric field density and particle number, observables which reveal the phase structure of the model, can be reliably obtained from the quantum hardware. To investigate the minimum system sizes required for a continuum extrapolation, we study the continuum limit using matrix product states, and compare our results to continuum mass perturbation theory. We demonstrate that taking the additive mass renormalization into account is vital for enhancing the precision that can be obtained with smaller system sizes. Furthermore, for the observables we investigate we observe excellent agreement in the continuum limit of both fermion discretizations.
Understanding the microscopic origin of the magnetic interactions in CoNb2O6
Authors: Konieczna Amanda A. , Kaib David A. S. , Winter Stephen M. , Valentí Roser 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Motivated by the on-going discussion on the nature of magnetism in the quantum Ising chain CoNb2O6, we present a first-principles-based analysis of its exchange interactions with additional modeling, addressing drawbacks of a purely density functional theory ansatz. This method allows us to extract and understand the origin of the magnetic couplings—including all symmetry-allowed terms - and resolve conflicting model descriptions in CoNb2O6. We find that the twisted Kitaev chain and transverse-field ferromagnetic Ising chain views are mutually compatible, although additional off-diagonal exchanges are required for a complete picture. We show that the dominant exchange interaction is a ligand-centered process—involving e

g
electrons -, rendered anisotropic by low-symmetry crystal fields in CoNb2O6, resulting in dominant Ising exchange. Smaller bond-dependent anisotropies are found to originate from d − d kinetic exchange processes involving t
2g
electrons. We demonstrate the validity of our low-energy model by comparing its predictions to measured THz and INS spectra.
HLA I immunopeptidome of synthetic long peptide pulsed human dendritic cells for therapeutic vaccine design
Authors: Kessler Amy L. , Pieterman Roel F. A. , Doff Wouter A. S. , Bezstarosti Karel , Bouzid Rachid , Klarenaar Kim , Jansen Diahann T. S. L. , Luijten Robbie J. , Demmers Jeroen A. A. , Buschow Sonja I. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Synthetic long peptides (SLPs) are a promising vaccine modality that exploit dendritic cells (DC) to treat chronic infections or cancer. Currently, the design of SLPs relies on in silico prediction and multifactorial T cells assays to determine which SLPs are best cross-presented on DC human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I). Furthermore, it is unknown how TLR ligand-based adjuvants affect DC cross-presentation. Here, we generated a unique, high-quality immunopeptidome dataset of human DCs pulsed with 12 hepatitis B virus (HBV)-based SLPs combined with either a TLR1/2 (Amplivant®) or TLR3 (PolyI:C) ligand. The obtained immunopeptidome reflected adjuvant-induced differences, but no differences in cross-presentation of SLPs. We uncovered dominant (cross-)presentation on B-alleles, and identified 33 unique SLP-derived HLA-I peptides, several of which were not in silico predicted and some were consistently found across donors. Our work puts forward DC immunopeptidomics as a valuable tool for therapeutic vaccine design.