bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of a Caravan Raid: Peril and Possibility in the Kazakh Steppe, 1800–1860
Authors: Eden Jeff 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Lieutenant Ia.P. Gaverdovskii’s journals preserve the most detailed eyewitness report of a Central Asian caravan raid ever written. This engrossing, disturbing account describes an assault that bears almost no resemblance to the rapid-fire, small-party piracy of lore. Organized, deliberate, and massive in scale, this Kazakh raid could better be described as a military operation, and it engaged a confederation of clans whose negotiations with one-another Gaverdovskii documents in detail. This paper puts Gaverdovskii’s account in the broader context of nineteenth-century caravan raiding and considers its significance for understanding this often-misunderstood phenomenon of steppe.
Qozha Imam Faizulla, Bureaucracy, and Coal Stoves: A Case Study of Late Soviet Islam in Kazakhstan
Authors: Bigozhin Ulan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Family identity and honor were important priorities for Central Asian Muslims in the Soviet era. This ethnographic case study explores how sacred family identity affected the educational and career choices of Faizulla, an imam in northern Kazakhstan whose career started in the late Soviet era and stretched into the 2000s. Faizulla was a Qozha: a person descended from Islamically significant figures, such as the Prophet Muhammad or Sufi masters. Qozhas expect respect from Kazakhs, but this comes with expectations that Qozhas and their children should maintain standards of piety and Islamic learning. We show how in the late Soviet period Faizulla attempted to live with the demands of Qozha identity, and how he navigated Soviet bureaucracies to meet these demands. It transpires that Faizulla did not frame himself in Soviet national terms, and nor did he identify himself fully as Uzbek or Kazakh; rather, he employed a shifting repertoire of identity roles in the process of dealing with the Soviet authorities.
Decolonial Ecologies
Authors: Page Joanna 
Published: June 2023

In Decolonial Ecologies: The Reinvention of Natural History in Latin American Art, Joanna Page illuminates the ways in which contemporary artists in Latin America are reinventing historical methods of collecting, organizing, and displaying nature in order to develop new aesthetic and political perspectives on the past and the present.
Page brings together an entirely new corpus of artistic projects from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, and Peru that engage critically and creatively with forms as diverse as the medieval bestiary, baroque cabinets of curiosities, atlases created by European travellers to the New World, the floras and herbaria composed by eighteenth- and nineteenth-century naturalists, and the dioramas designed for natural history museums. She explores how artists develop decolonial and post-anthropocentric perspectives on the collections and expeditions that were central to the evolution of European natural history. Their works forge a critique of the rationalizing approach to nature taken by modern Western science, reconnecting it with forms of popular, indigenous and spiritual knowledge and experience that it has systematically excluded since the Enlightenment.
Drawing on photography, video, illustration, sculpture, and installation, this vividly illustrated and lucidly written book (also available in premium quality in hardback edition) explores how these artworks might also deconstruct the apocalyptic visions of environmental change that often dominate Western thought, developing a renewed understanding of alternative ways in which humans might co-inhabit the natural world.
A Review of Recent and Emerging Machine Learning Applications for Climate Variability and Weather Phenomena
Authors: Molina Maria J. , O’Brien Travis A. , Anderson Gemma , Ashfaq Moetasim , Bennett Katrina E. , Collins William D. , Dagon Katherine , Restrepo Juan M. , Ullrich Paul A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Climate variability and weather phenomena can cause extremes and pose significant risk to society and ecosystems, making continued advances in our physical understanding of such events of utmost importance for regional and global security. Advances in machine learning (ML) have been leveraged for applications in climate variability and weather, empowering scientists to approach questions using big data in new ways. Growing interest across the scientific community in these areas has motivated coordination between the physical and computer science disciplines to further advance the state of the science and tackle pressing challenges. During a recently held workshop that had participants across academia, private industry, and research laboratories, it became clear that a comprehensive review of recent and emerging ML applications for climate variability and weather phenomena that can cause extremes was needed. This article aims to fulfill this need by discussing recent advances, challenges, and research priorities in the following topics: sources of predictability for modes of climate variability, feature detection, extreme weather and climate prediction and precursors, observation–model integration, downscaling, and bias correction. This article provides a review for domain scientists seeking to incorporate ML into their research. It also provides a review for those with some ML experience seeking to broaden their knowledge of ML applications for climate variability and weather.
Indirect and Direct Impacts of Typhoon In-Fa (2021) on Heavy Precipitation in Inland and Coastal Areas of China: Synoptic-Scale Environments and Return Period Analysis
Authors: Wang Liangyi , Gu Xihui , Slater Louise J. , Lai Yangchen , Zhang Xiang , Kong Dongdong , Liu Jianyu , Li Jianfeng 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In July 2021, Typhoon In-Fa (TIF) triggered a significant indirect heavy precipitation event (HPE) in central China and a direct HPE in eastern China. Both these events led to severe disasters. However, the synoptic-scale conditions and the impacts of these HPEs on future estimations of return periods remain poorly understood. Here, we find that the remote HPE that occurred ∼2200 km ahead of TIF over central China was a predecessor rain event (PRE). The PRE unfolded under the equatorward entrance of the upper-level westerly jet. This event, which encouraged divergent and adiabatic outflow in the upper level, subsequently intensified the strength of the upper-level westerly jet. In contrast, the direct HPE in eastern China was due primarily to the long duration and slow movement of TIF. The direct HPE occurred in areas situated less than 200 km from TIF’s center and to the left of TIF’s propagation trajectory. Anomaly analyses reveal favorable thermodynamic and dynamic conditions and abundant atmospheric moisture that sustained TIF’s intensity. A saddle-shaped pressure field in the north of eastern China and peripheral weak steering flow impeded TIF’s movement northward. Hydrologically, the inclusion of these two HPEs in the historical record leads to a decrease in the estimated return periods of similar HPEs. Our findings highlight the potential difficulties that HPEs could introduce for the design of hydraulic engineering infrastructure as well as for the disaster mitigation measures required to alleviate future risk, particularly in central China.
Establishing a Rural General Surgery Residency Program: Identifying Community Stakeholder Perception and Obstacles of a de Novo Residency in Rural Appalachia
Authors: Suliman Toufeeq , Curry Clayton , Dolan Nicholas , Raines Jo Ann , Denning David , Cisco-Goff Jodi , Amiri Farzad 
Published: June 2023

Background Rural healthcare has become more challenging over the past several years with increasingly limited access to surgical care in the rural setting. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) has recently introduced the Rural Track Program (RTP) initiative to combat physician shortage in rural areas. We intend to start the first Rural General Surgery Residency program under the RTP designation in rural Appalachia. Study Design 430 community stakeholders were surveyed regarding the anticipated impact of a new training program. Questions focused on the understanding of a Residency Program, the care provided by residents, impact on availability of local care, current geographical limitation of surgical care, and potential benefits/obstacles of the training program. Results Over 90% of all surveyed approved of training surgeons locally, with the local government believing that the program would be a good investment for the community. Several locals had been treated by resident physicians at other facilities and the majority were satisfied with the care they received. Several families frequently travel to larger cities for surgical care, with 96% of all respondents believing that the program would provide better access to care locally. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that the community is familiar with healthcare in a training facility and welcoming to a local training program, while believing that trainees will have a positive impact on local surgical care in rural Appalachia. We will continue to work with the local community and healthcare personnel while developing the program and tailor our Residency to the rural setting as able.
Accurate Preoperative Evaluation of the Location of Esophagogastric Junction Adenocarcinoma Using Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography
Authors: Wada Noriko , Kurokawa Yukinori , Takahashi Tsuyoshi , Saito Takuro , Yamamoto Kazuyoshi , Yamashita Kotaro , Tanaka Koji , Makino Tomoki , Nakajima Kiyokazu , Tatsumi Mitsuaki , Eguchi Hidetoshi , Doki Yuichiro 
Published: June 2023

Background The surgical procedure for esophagogastric junction (EGJ) adenocarcinoma usually depends on the location of its epicenter or proximal margin, but accurate evaluation of these positions is often difficult. The usefulness of positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET-CT) for this purpose is unknown. Methods Between June 2005 and February 2015, we enrolled 30 patients with cT2-4 EGJ adenocarcinoma (Siewert type I/II) who underwent surgical resection. We ascertained the sensitivity and specificity of preoperative PET-CT for identifying the primary tumor and regional lymph node metastasis, and compared PET-CT and pathological findings in terms of the distance from the EGJ to the tumor epicenter or proximal tumor margin. Results PET-CT detected the primary tumor with a sensitivity of 97% (29/30), and detected lymph node metastasis with a sensitivity and specificity of 22% (4/18) and 100% (8/8), respectively. No significant association was observed between the maximal standardized uptake value and histological type, tumor size, or pT status. Regarding the accuracy of evaluating tumor location, the median differences between PET-CT and pathological measurements were .6 cm for the tumor epicenter and .5 cm for the proximal margin from the EGJ. PET-CT and pathological findings showed agreement regarding Siewert classification type (I or II) and lengths of esophageal involvement exceeding 4 cm or 2 cm in 77% (10/13), 85% (11/13), and 85% (11/13) of cases, respectively. Discussion PET-CT had high sensitivity for primary EGJ adenocarcinoma. It may effectively locate the tumor epicenter and proximal margin and thus help clinicians determine the optimal surgical procedure.
NRF2/HO-1 axis, BIRC5, and TP53 expression in ESCC and its correlation with clinical pathological characteristics and prognosis
Authors: Gao Yongmei , Wan Li , Li Mengyan , Wang Bo , Ma Yuqing 
Published: June 2023

Background Many types of cancer exhibit high nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), which is effective in resisting drugs and radiation. However, the role of NRF2 gene expression in predicting the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unclear. Methods The association between NRF2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), baculovirus IAP repeat 5 (BIRC5), P53 gene expression levels and their relationship to immune-infiltrating cells were assessed using the Cancer Genome Atlas dataset, the Human Protein Atlas and the TISDB database. The expression of NRF2, HO-1, BIRC5, and TP53 in 118 ESCC patients was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the relationship between their expression level and clinicopathological parameters and prognosis was analyzed. Results In ESCC, NRF2 overexpression was significantly associated with Han ethnicity, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis. HO-1 overexpression was significantly associated with differentiation, advanced clinical staging, lymph node metastasis, nerve invasion, and distant metastasis. BIRC5 overexpression was significantly associated with Han ethnicity and lymph node metastasis. TP53 overexpression was significantly associated with Han ethnicity and T staging. The NRF2/HO-1 axis expression was positively correlated with BIRC5 and TP53. Kaplan–Meier and multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that NRF2, BIRC5, and TP53 genes co-expression was an independent prognostic risk factor. TISIDB dataset analysis showed that immune-infiltrating cells were significantly negatively correlated with NRF2 and BIRC5. Conclusion NRF2, BIRC5, and TP53 axis gene expressions are predictors of poor prognosis for ESCC. The overexpression of the NRF2/HO-1/BIRC5 axis may not be related to immune-infiltrating cells.
BASIC: A Bayesian adaptive synthetic-control design for phase II clinical trials
Authors: Jiang Liyun , Thall Peter F , Yan Fangrong , Kopetz Scott , Yuan Ying 
Published: June 2023

BackgroundRandomized controlled trials are considered the gold standard for evaluating experimental treatments but often require large sample sizes. Single-arm trials require smaller sample sizes but are subject to bias when using historical control data for comparative inferences. This article presents a Bayesian adaptive synthetic-control design that exploits historical control data to create a hybrid of a single-arm trial and a randomized controlled trial.MethodsThe Bayesian adaptive synthetic control design has two stages. In stage 1, a prespecified number of patients are enrolled in a single arm given the experimental treatment. Based on the stage 1 data, applying propensity score matching and Bayesian posterior prediction methods, the usefulness of the historical control data for identifying a pseudo sample of matched synthetic-control patients for making comparative inferences is evaluated. If a sufficient number of synthetic controls can be identified, the single-arm trial is continued. If not, the trial is switched to a randomized controlled trial. The performance of The Bayesian adaptive synthetic control design is evaluated by computer simulation.ResultsThe Bayesian adaptive synthetic control design achieves power and unbiasedness similar to a randomized controlled trial but on average requires a much smaller sample size, provided that the historical control data patients are sufficiently comparable to the trial patients so that a good number of matched controls can be identified in the historical control data. Compared to a single-arm trial, The Bayesian adaptive synthetic control design yields much higher power and much smaller bias.ConclusionThe Bayesian adaptive synthetic-control design provides a useful tool for exploiting historical control data to improve the efficiency of single-arm phase II clinical trials, while addressing the problem of bias when comparing trial results to historical control data. The proposed design achieves power similar to a randomized controlled trial but may require a substantially smaller sample size.
Self-management interventions for chronically ill patients with limited health literacy: A descriptive analysis
Authors: van der Gaag M. , Heijmans M. , Valli C. , Orrego C. , Ballester M. , Rademakers J. 
Published: June 2023

Objectives To support patients with limited health literacy with the challenges they face in the day-to-day management of their disease(s), numerous self-management interventions (SMIs) have been developed. To date, it is unclear to what extent SMIs have been developed for chronically ill patients with limited health literacy. This study aims to provide a description of these SMIs and to provide insight in their methodological components. Methods A secondary analysis of the COMPAR-EU database, consisting of SMIs addressing patients with diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity and heart failure, was conducted. The database was searched for SMIs addressing health literacy, including cognitive aspects and the capacity to act. Results Of the 1681 SMIs in the COMPAR-EU database, 35 studies addressed health literacy, describing 39 SMIs. The overview yields a high variety in interventions given, with overlapping information, but also lacking of specific details. Discussion This descriptive analysis shows that there was a large variety in the extensiveness of the description of intervention characteristics and their justification or explanation. A focus on the broad concept of health literacy, including functional skills, cognitive skills and the capacity to act could improve the effectiveness. This should be taken into account in the future development of SMIs.
Associations of Changes in Knee Hyaline Cartilage Composition Measured With Dual-Energy Computed Tomography in Gout, Aging and Osteoarthritis
Authors: Legrand Julie , Marzin Claire , Neogi Tuhina , Norberciak Laurène , Budzik Jean-François , Pascart Tristan 
Published: June 2023

Objective To characterize dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) changes depicting hyaline cartilage changes in gout patients with and without osteoarthritis (OA) and in comparators without gout. Design Patients with suspected crystal-associated arthropathy were enrolled and underwent bilateral DECT scans of the knees. Standardized regions of interest were defined in the femorotibial hyaline cartilage. Five DECT parameters were obtained: CT numbers in Hounsfield units (HU) at 80 and 140 kV, the electron density (Rho), the effective atomic number (Zeff), and the dual-energy index (DEI). Zones were compared between patients with gout, with and without knee OA, and between patients with gout and comparators without gout, after adjustment for confounders. Results A total of 113 patients with gout (mean age 63.5 ± 14.3 years) and 15 comparators without gout (mean age 75.8 ± 11.5 years) were included, n = 65 (51%) had knee OA, and 466 zones of hyaline cartilage were analyzed. Older age was associated with lower attenuations at 80 kV ( P < 0.01) and 140 kV ( P < 0.01), and with Rho ( P < 0.01). OA was characterized by lower attenuation at 140 kV ( P = 0.03), but the lower Rho was nonsignificant after adjustment for confounders. In gout, hyaline cartilage exhibited lower Rho values (adjusted P = 0.04). Multivariable coefficients of association with Rho were −0.21 [−0.38;−0.04] ( P = 0.014) for age, −4.15 [−9.0;0.7] ( P = 0.093) for OA and 0.73 [−0.1;1.56] ( P = 0.085) for monosodium urate volume. Conclusion Gout was associated with DECT-detected changes in cartilage composition, similar to those observed in older patients, with some similarities and some differences to those seen in OA. These results suggest the possibility of potential DECT biomarkers of OA.
Knowledge and perception of primary care healthcare professionals on the use of artificial intelligence as a healthcare tool
Authors: Catalina Queralt Miró , Fuster-Casanovas Aïna , Vidal-Alaball Josep , Escalé-Besa Anna , Marin-Gomez Francesc X , Femenia Joaquim , Solé-Casals Jordi 
Published: June 2023

Objective The rapid digitisation of healthcare data and the sheer volume being generated means that artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming a new reality in the practice of medicine. For this reason, describing the perception of primary care (PC) healthcare professionals on the use of AI as a healthcare tool and its impact in radiology is crucial to ensure its successful implementation. Methods Observational cross-sectional study, using the validated Shinners Artificial Intelligence Perception survey, aimed at all PC medical and nursing professionals in the health region of Central Catalonia. Results The survey was sent to 1068 health professionals, of whom 301 responded. And 85.7% indicated that they understood the concept of AI but there were discrepancies in the use of this tool; 65.8% indicated that they had not received any AI training and 91.4% that they would like to receive training. The mean score for the professional impact of AI was 3.62 points out of 5 (standard deviation (SD)  =  0.72), with a higher score among practitioners who had some prior knowledge of and interest in AI. The mean score for preparedness for AI was 2.76 points out of 5 (SD  =  0.70), with higher scores for nursing and those who use or do not know if they use AI. Conclusions The results of this study show that the majority of professionals understood the concept of AI, perceived its impact positively, and felt prepared for its implementation. In addition, despite being limited to a diagnostic aid, the implementation of AI in radiology was a high priority for these professionals.
The lived experience of people with disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic on Twitter: Content analysis
Authors: Diaz Marlon I. , Medford Richard J. , Lehmann Christoph U. , Petersen Carolyn 
Published: June 2023

Objective People with disabilities (PWDs) are at greater risk of COVID-19 infection, complications, and death, and experience more difficulty accessing care. We analyzed Twitter tweets to identify important topics and investigate health policies’ effects on PWDs. Methods Twitter's application programming interface was used to access its public COVID-19 stream. English-language tweets from January 2020 to January 2022 containing a combination of keywords related to COVID-19, disability, discrimination, and inequity were collected and refined to exclude duplicates, replies, and retweets. The remaining tweets were analyzed for user demographics, content, and long-term availability. Results The collection yielded 94,814 tweets from 43,296 accounts. During the observation period, 1068 (2.5%) accounts were suspended and 1088 (2.5%) accounts were deleted. Account suspension and deletion among verified users tweeting about COVID-19 and disability were 0.13% and 0.3%, respectively. Emotions were similar among active, suspended, and deleted users, with general negative and positive emotions most common followed by sadness, trust, anticipation, and anger. The overall average sentiment for the tweets was negative. Ten of the 12 topics identified (96.8%) related to pandemic effects on PWDs; “politics that rejects and leaves the disabled, elderly, and children behind” (48.3%) and “efforts to support PWDs in the COVID crisis” (31.8%) were most common. The sample of tweets by organizations (43.9%) was higher for this topic than for other COVID-19-related topics the authors have investigated. Conclusions The primary discussion addressed how pandemic politics and policies disadvantage PWDs, older adults, and children, and secondarily expressed support for these populations. The increased level of Twitter use by organizations suggests a higher level of organization and advocacy within the disability community than in other groups. Twitter may facilitate recognition of increased harm to or discrimination against specific populations such as people living with disability during national health events.