bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunodiffusion Studies with Pasteurella Tularensis Antigen-Rabbit Antibody Systems
Authors: Carlisle Harold N. , Hinchliffe Velma , Saslaw Samuel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sonic-vibrated antigens prepared from five strains of Pasteurella tularensis were not significantly different from the standpoint of antigenic makeup when studied by immunodiffusion techniques. Each contained at least six antigenic components, all of which were common to all strains. P. tularensis polysaccharide exhibited four components, all of which were present in all of the sonic-vibrated antigens. Serum samples from rabbits inoculated intravenously with formalin-killed suspensions of the five strains of P. tularensis showed either two or three precipitin lines 1 week after injection. After reinoculation at 7 and 11 weeks, the number of lines increased to two, three or four and three, four or five, respectively. There was no correlation between the number of precipitin lines and the strain used for immunization. There also was no correlation between the number of lines and either bacterial agglutination or polysaccharide hemagglutination titer at any specific time after immunization, although the over-all pattern of the response was similar as measured by the three tests. Polysaccharide hemagglutination titer and the number of precipitin lines were affected to a greater degree by the booster inoculations than was bacterial agglutination titer. Serum samples from different rabbits inoculated with the same strain exhibited decidedly different precipitin line patterns in immunodiffusion tests. There was no correlation between precipitin line pattern and the strain used for immunization. Problems of interpretation associated with immunodiffusion studies of complex antigen-antibody systems are presented and discussed.
Comparative Study of the Interaction of Polyoma and Other Hemagglutinating Viruses with an Isolated Bovine Mucoprotein
Authors: Borecky L. , Halperen S. , Ackermann W. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A number of hemagglutinating viruses were compared with polyoma virus for their ability to react with mucoprotein isolated from bovine serum. Hemagglutination by polyoma and mumps viruses and the PR8, A/57, swine, and Tokyo B strains of influenza virus was inhibited by the mucoprotein, whereas that of Sendai, Newcastle disease, ECHO (3, 9, 10, 11) viruses, and the A/53, C, and Lee strains of influenza virus were not. The characteristics of the various viral hemagglutination reactions were compared with the corresponding reactions between virus and mucoprotein. The temperature sensitive, reversible hemagglutination reaction of polyoma virus, could be accounted for in terms of the nature of the complex it forms with mucoprotein.
Studies of Hemagglutination as a Means for Assay of Malignant and Normal Human Tissue Antigens
Authors: Björklund Bertil , Paulsson Jan-Eric 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Tannic acid-treated sheep red cells were labeled with malignant and normal human tissue antigens. The sensitivity and specificity of their agglutinability was studied under various conditions. Critical factors were pH during tannic acid treatment and labeling, interval between tannic acid treatment and labeling, extraction and concentration of antigen, concentrations of antigen vs. tannic acid, and red cell concentration.
Mechanism of the Immunohematologic Effect of Papain and Related Enzymes
Authors: Prager Morton D. , Fletcher Mary Ann , Efron Klara 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The mechanism has been studied by which papain, bromelin, and ficin produce their effect on red blood cells to render them specifically agglutinable by nonsaline agglutinating Rh antisera. The serologically active enzymes are proteolytic and have common specificity in that each catalyzes hydrolysis of derivatives of the basic amino acids arginine and lysine. However, thrombin and plasmin, which share this specificity, are serologically inactive. Investigation by paper chromatography of supernatants from red cells incubated with papain failed to reveal peptides that might result from proteolytic action of enzyme on the cells. Contacting nonsaline agglutinating antibodies with enzymetreated cells does not affect the serologic properties of the antibodies and further indicates that only the cells are affected by the enzyme. Studies with papain-I131 indicate that a significant portion of the enzyme remains firmly bound to the cells after only 2-min incubation. The amount bound was not increased by extending incubation time to 30 min. Nonactivated and p-(chloromercuri)-benzoic acid (PCMB)-inhibited papain are also bound to the cells but without producing the serologic reaction. When papain bound in this way is treated with cysteine and ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA), activation occurs with consequent production of the serologic effect. Hypotheses concerning the mechanism by which the serologic effect is produced are offered.
Time and Dose Relationships in the Development of Immunity to Skin Homografts in Mice
Authors: Henry L. , Dammin G. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
First-set grafts measuring 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 cm sq were taken from A/HeJ mice and placed on C57BL/6J recipients. They were excised at intervals up to 7 days and second-set grafts from the same donor strain, placed at times varying from 4 days to 4 months thereafter, were examined histologically for evidence of accelerated rejection.
As the exposure to the sensitizing graft increases, the immunity is stronger and persists for a greater period of time. As the size of the graft is increased, the immunity develops more rapidly and its duration is more prolonged.
These findings suggest that when the graft is in contact with the host tissues, transplantation antigen is quantitatively transferred to the host. The onset and decay of the resulting immunity can be correlated with the amount of antigen thus transferred.
Immune Cytolysis of Three Mouse Ascites Tumors
Authors: Reif Arnold E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immune cytolysis of L4946 leukemia, Sa IA and EA Ca cells has been investigated further in an assay that uses microscopic observation to determine its end point of 50% cell deformation. The effects of adding low concentrations of Ca++ and Mg++ ions to the assay system were relatively slight. The relationship between cytolytic titer and cell concentration at constant complement concentration approached linearity at the lower cell concentrations assayed. Complement was titered against all three cell types and slopes of the von Krogh plots of the titers were evaluated. Criteria are given for choosing optimal assay conditions for titration of complement. The effect of complement concentration on the assay of cytolytic antibody was investigated, and criteria are given for choosing optimal assay conditions. Supernatants separated following cytolytic titer experiments were analyzed. For Sa IA and EA Ca cells, appreciable free cytolysin appeared only at antiserum levels causing close to complete lysis of the cells; for L4946, free antibody appeared at lower initial levels of antiserum. For all three cell types, complement fixation increased sharply with increase in percentage of deformed cells, and was close to maximal at the lowest concentrations of antiserum causing complete lysis.
Activity of Mouse Complement
Authors: Rosenberg Leon T. , Tachibana Dora K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A test has been devised to measure hemolytic complement activity of mouse serum. The chief requirement for detecting mouse hemolytic complement is the use of extremely large amounts of sensitizing antibody. The hemolytic factor measured in mouse serum is indeed complement. This is indicated by the thermolability, sensitivity to EDTA, and failure to lyse unsensitized cells of the hemolytic factor. Among several strains of inbred mice tested, two were found to be lacking hemolytic complement. One of these strains, B10·D2 is supposedly co-isogenic, except for the histocompatibility locus H-2, with the strain C57BL/10SnHz which contains complement. The data suggest that the two strains must differ by at least one additional gene, and this one is a determinent of complement activity.
Studies on Anti-Meningococcus Serum
Authors: Mørch I. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The following data derived from the above described investigations are of interest as far as the production of antimeningococcus serum is concerned. A high concentration of one of the antibodies yields no guarantee that the other antibodies are present in corresponding quantities.The days proposed for bleeding in the previously applied methods of immunization are not the most adequate ones for obtaining a high concentration of the antibodies here studied, as these are frequently found to reach their maximum concentration two days (bacteriotropin) and five to seven days (agglutinin and complement-fixing antibodies) respectively after the last antigen injection.In choosing the day for bleeding it must be decided whether one desires a serum rich in bacteriotropins (opsonins) or rather in agglutinins or complement-fixing antibodies.Daily injections of chloride of manganese seem to have a stimulating effect on the formation of the antibodies produced by injection with meningococci, in analogy with the effect demonstrated by Walbum and Mørch in the case of horses immunized against diphtheria toxin.
Hemagglutination in Horses
Authors: Walsh L. S. N. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a preceding communication dealing with the blood relationship of horses, asses, and mules, the occurrence of iso-hemagglutination in these animals was discussed, but separation of the bloods into groups was not found possible because of the irregularity of the iso-hemagglutinations which occurred. In these experiments agglutination was measured at the end of fifteen minutes. Mixtures of horse erythrocytes and horse serum when observed at the expiration of fifteen minutes manifested varying degrees of agglutination. However strong agglutination comparable to that which takes place when ass serum is mixed with some horse erythrocytes was never observed. It seemed, therefore, advantageous to defer detailed study of iso-hemagglutination in horses until special attention could be given it.
In the experiments which follow a more detailed study of iso-hemagglutination in horses has been undertaken, and at the same time experiments have been carried out to determine the relation of auto- to iso-hemagglutination.
A Simplified Hydrogen Electrode Vessel
Authors: Nye Robert N. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
An attempt has been made to construct a hydrogen electrode vessel so as to permit rapid and accurate determinations of hydrogen ion concentration in solutions of such character that the presence or absence of dissolved C02 is of minor importance.
The main chamber, A, of the vessel1 is made from a piece of glass tubing 40 to 50 mm. in diameter. The total capacity of the vessel is about 50 cc. At one end the vessel is drawn down as indicated in the diagram and fused to a three way stopcock, B, whose stopper has a bore at least 3 mm. in diameter. The two other tubes, C and D, of the stopcock serve as waste and connecting tubes respectively. The hydrogen electrode, E, is essentially of the same design as that used by Bunker (1). The inner tube of the electrode is held equidistant from the wall of the outer tube by two sets of three tiny glass beads, F, fused to the outer wall of the inner tube at different levels.
Serological Examination of a Specieshybrid
Authors: Landsteiner Karl , van der Scheer James 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The present paper is concerned with the heredity of the speciesspecific properties in animals as shown by serum reactions.
The problem has been set forth before by von Dungern and Hirschfeld (1) and J. Loeb (2), but no experiments have been carried out by these authors with the exception of an attempt to examine the hemoglobin crystals of the mule.2
The material used in our work was the blood of the most accessible animal species-hybrid—the mule—and comparison has been made with the blood of the horse and the donkey. For this purpose it was necessary to have at our disposal a method which would allow of sharp distinction between the species-specific substances of so closely related animals. The differentiation of the serum proteins of these animals by means of the precipitin and complement-fixation tests is possible, according to our experience, with even greater facility when partially absorbed immune sera are employed. But the differences so determined are not very considerable. For this reason we tried first to differentiate the specific substances contained in the red blood cells with immune agglutinins. In this way satisfactory results were easily obtained.
Serological Examination of a Species-Hybrid
Authors: Landsteiner Karl , van der Scheer James 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the course of the investigation reported in the previous paper we examined for the presence of agglutinins when the normal sera of horse, donkey, and mule are tested with the blood of these same animals. The same question is dealt with in a recent communication by Walsh (1). His results and conclusions differ from ours in some important points.
In our opinion the subject is not largely connected with the problem of the inheritance of species-specific properties, since most of the reactions observed have the character of isoagglutinin reactions and have therefore nothing to do with species-differences. For the same reason these studies are related to the very interesting work of von Dungern and Hirschfeld (2), Epstein and Ottenberg (3, 4), and others on the heredity, in human beings, of isoagglutinable substances which were found to follow the Mendelian laws.
Human Sensitization After Large Amounts Of Horse Serum
Authors: Mackenzie George M.. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
That an individual injected with horse serum develop skin hypersensitiveness has been shown by the observations of Hamburger and Pollak (1), Michiels (2), Cowie (3) and especially by the studies of Longcope and Rackemann (4). The latter observed the occurence of skin reactions of the wheal and erythma type in serum treated patients during the first few weeks following serum administration. In their 15 tabualted cases the patients received from 7.5 to 360 cc. of horse serum. All developed positive reactions between the seventh and fiftieth day after the serum injection. Recently Hooker (5) has reported that 27 per cent of 96 individuals a previously negative reaction became positive after administration of toxin-antitoxin mixtures containing a total of about 0.01 cc. of horse serum.
Studies in Specific Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Spain W. C. , Cooke Robert A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In their work upon human sensitization, in 1916, Cooke and Vander Veer (1) included a study of inheritance in a group of 504 cases of atopy2 This group comprised cases of hay fever, bronchial asthma, urticaria, angioneurotic edema and acute gastroenteritis following the ingestion of fish and strawberries. These authors stated that their study indicated a definite hereditary factor in hypersensitiveness as shown particularly by the influence of heredity on the age of onset of clinical symptoms. The present study was undertaken to determine whether or not their results would be verified on an entirely new series. Five hundred sixty-eight cases of hay fever and asthma are now presented, in all of which the hypersensitive condition was demonstrated by a positive intradermal test which was in complete accord with the clinical history.
The Neutralization of Animal Viruses
Authors: de St. Groth S. Fazekas , Webster R. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The equilibrium between three strains of influenza virus and their homologous antibodies is determined by two independent methods, with an accuracy of better than ±10%.
Counts of virus particles, of hemagglutinating and infective units are presented for the same preparations, and two techniques are developed for estimating the number of antibody molecules within sera (accuracy about ±30%).
From these data the number of antigenic sites per virus particle is calculated, and shown to be of the order of 2000 for each of the viruses tested. The equilibrium constants of the antigen antibody reaction fell within the range of 9 by 1010 and 5 by 1011 (in centimeter-gram-second (CGS) units), and were significantly different for each pair of reactants. These estimates carry over-all errors between ±25 and ±50%.
The parameters of virus-antibody interaction are also estimated by two special in vivo techniques. The number of antigenic sites per virus particle is the same as obtained by in vitro measurements, but the equilibrium constants are consistently lower. This both indicates some heterogeneity within the antibody population and points to the preferential involvement of the more firmly binding antibody molecules in the process of neutralization.
Stress and Susceptibility to Viral Infection
Authors: Jensen Marcus M. , Rasmussen A. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Daily 3-hr exposures to high intensity sound induced adrenal hypertrophy in mice. Peripheral leukocyte counts responded biphasically to this stressor, exhibiting a leukopenia during and a leukocytosis following the stress period on each day. Leukopenia was not seen in stressed-adrenalectomized animals.
The Serologic Specificity of Radiation Altered Human Serum γ-Globulin
Authors: Luzzio Anthony J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Human serum γ-globulin after intense in vitro x-irradiation was used as an antigen (XI-HSGG) to obtain antisera in goats. It was found to be distinct immunologically from nonirradiated or heated human serum γ-globulin by quantitative precipitin tests and possessed a slow moving component as determined by paper strip electrophoresis. Similar antigens were produced by irradiating human serum in vitro with low doses. Preliminary evidence points to the possibility of detecting irradiation-altered proteins in the irradiated patient by quantitative immunologic methods.
Immunoelectrophoretic Study of Rat Serum and Urinary Esterases
Authors: Hermann G. , Talal N. , de Vaux St. Cyr C. , Escribano J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Normal rat serum is separated electrophoretically into six protein bands and four esterase zones designated fast and slow ρ, anodal and cathodal A-α1. These zones correspond on immunoelectrophoretic analysis with four esterase active precipitin lines identified as the ρ- and slow lipoprotein and two α-1-globulins. The anodal A-α1-zone corresponds with the rapid α1-esterase precipitin line and has the properties of serum cholinesterase.
Normal rat urine contains a potent γ-esterase that is absent in rat serum and is probably of renal origin.
Rat, mouse and human serum esterases are compared with regard to esterase lipoprotein association, cholinesterase and ρ-esterase substrate specificity and inhibition, and presence or absence of albumin esterase.
Phenotypic Expression of Isoantigens of the H-2 System in Embryonic and Newborn Mice
Authors: Möller Göran 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Previous studies indicated that red blood cells and spleen cells of newborn A, C3H and CBA mice were resistant to humoral H-2 antibodies during the first 3 days after birth. It was demonstrated in the present work that this difference in timing with regard to the phenotypic expression of the various H-2 components was preserved when they were brought together on the same F1 hybrid erythrocytes or spleen cells.
It was demonstrated by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique that H-2 antigens were present on all spleen cells of newborn mice, but the frequency of positively stained cells diminished rapidly with decreasing age in embryos and no antigenic cells could be detected in 15-day-old embryos.
X-irradiated cells of 13- to 14-day-old embryos were found to be antigenic, as judged by their capacity to induce transplantation immunity against skin grafts and by their ability to stimulate the formation of humoral antibodies.
It is suggested that the difference with regard to the time of phenotypic expression of H-2 isoantigens as shown by the various techniques is due to differences in the relative sensitivity of the methods used rather than to differences in the kind of isoantigens detected by the different techniques.
Preparation and Immunologic Comparison of Antibodies to Closely Related Antigens Produced in Individual Rabbits
Authors: Mage Michael , Bassett Emmett W. , Tanenbaum Stuart W. , Beiser Sam M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A procedure for the isolation of two antibodies specific for very similar antigens, glucosyl-phenylazo bovine serum albumin and galactosyl-phenylazo bovine serum albumin, from doubly-immunized individual rabbits is described. Immunoelectrophoretic and ultracentrifugal analyses of these purified antibodies failed to reveal differences between them, indicating only one 7 S component for each; while total amino acid analyses and total sugar analyses also failed to reveal differences in composition. Factors which may be responsible for their difference in specificity are discussed.
Antigenicity of Polypeptides (Poly-α-Amino Acids)
Authors: Maurer Paul H. , Cashman Thomas 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been demonstrated that although the response in guinea pigs is variable, the polymers GLA5, GLT, GLPhe, GLA30, GLAT and GAT are antigenic. Both early (immediate) and late (delayed) skin reactions were noted. GLA30 and GLAT produced the most extensive reactions.
From cross PCA reactions, it was determined that most of the specificity in GLA5, GLPhe and GLT is the same as in GL but that GLT also has a GT specificity. In GLA30 and GLAT, in addition to the above specificity, there is also a GA specificity.
The Immunologic Specificity of Antibodies to Liver Ribosomes and Nuclei
Authors: Bigley Nancy J. , Dodd Matthew C. , Geyer Virginia B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits were injected with rat liver nuclei, rat liver ribosomes, the protein from rat liver ribosomes and with soluble ribonucleic acid (sRNA) from yeast, incorporated in Freund's adjuvant. Antibodies measured as hemagglutinins were detected in antisera to ribosomes and sRNA which were specific for nucleotides, nucleosides and bases associated with ribonucleic acid. Hemagglutinins with similar specificities for nucleotides, nucleosides and bases of deoxyribonucleic were found in antisera to nuclei. Antisera to ribosomes, nuclei and ribosomal protein also contained hemagglutinins for ribosomal protein indicating the possible antigenic similarity of the proteins associated with ribo- and deoxyribonucleic acids.
Separation of an Antigenic Fraction from Rat Liver Responsible for the Formation of Liver Localizing Antibodies
Authors: Sulitzeanu Dov , Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Past investigations have shown differences in the vascular beds of various organs such as liver, kidney and lung (1). This was shown by the fact that antibodies could be prepared in rabbits which, when injected into rats or mice, showed preferential localization in the organ against which the antibody had been prepared. Fixation in vivo of tissue-localizing antibodies has been shown to take place on the vascular bed of the organ (2).
By various purification processes, it has been possible to separate antibodies which show an increased preferential localization in a particular organ. However, even the purified preparations contained very appreciable amounts of cross-localizing antibodies, i.e., antibodies localizing in various organs other than the one against which the antiserum had been made. For example, liver-localizing activity from anti-liver preparations could be very effectively purified by in vivo and in vitro means, but an appreciable amount of kidney-localizing activity always remained (3).