bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mutant Lines of Guinea Pig L2C Leukemia
Authors: Konen T. G. , Green I. , Shevach E. M. , Kask A. M. , Schwartz B. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An alloantiserum was prepared in a strain 13 guinea pig against the GH line of the strain 2 guinea pig L2C leukemia. This serum contained antibodies to both IgM and Ia molecules. After absorption with normal spleen cells from a strain 2 guinea pig, this antiserum no longer reacted with strain 2 cells, but detected idiotypes on the IgM molecules of the L2C leukemia. These idiotypes were on the same IgM molecules detected by a xenogeneic sheep anti-L2C Fab µ antiserum. As assayed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the idiotype-bearing IgM molecules were synthesized by the cell, composed of normal sized µ and light chains, appeared on the cell surface as monomeric IgM, and were the only immunoglobulin molecules present on the cell. Although the alloantiserum potentially contained antibodies to unique Ia idiotypic determinants, none were found. Furthermore, the anti-IgM idiotype antisera did not react with any Ia-like molecules.
Induction of Antibody to the “y” Determinant of HBsAg in a Chimpanzee Carrier of HBsAg Subtype “adw”
Authors: Tabor E. , Gerety R. J. , Smallwood L. A. , Barker L. F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Antibody to the y determinant of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was induced in a chimpanzee chronically infected with hepatitis B virus and circulating HBsAg subtype adw. The chimpanzee was immunized with purified preparations of HBsAg subtypes adw and ayw. Six weeks after immunization, antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs), specific for the y determinant, appeared. No change occurred in titers of HBsAg or antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), and “e” antigen remained detectable. The circulating HBsAg subtype adw remained present despite the persistence of anti-y for greater than 8 months.
Genetic Control of B Cell Activation by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Is Mediated by Multiple Distinct Genes or Alleles
Authors: Glode L. Michael , Rosenstreich David L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Eleven closely related C3H mouse strains were examined for differences in their DNA synthetic response to a highly discriminatory endotoxin, LPS Escherichia coli K-235. Strains of the C3H line were found to be either high, intermediate, or low responders to endotoxin. Three stains, C3H/St, C3H/Bi, and C3H/CR were high responders. Six strains, C3H/He, C3HfB/He, C3H/Hen, C3Heb/Fej, C3H/DiSn, and C3H/Avy were intermediate responders, suggesting that a mutation producing decreased LPS responsiveness occurred in the C3H/He(C3H/An) strain between 1931 and 1945. Two strains, C3H/HeJ and C3H/Bts were unresponsive due to a mutation that occurred between 1960 and 1968. Breeding experiments among high, intermediate, and low responding strains documented probable codominant genetic control by the genes or alleles in the C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ strains. In the C3H/HeN × C3H/St cross, dominance of the C3H/St gene over the C3H/He gene was documented, whereas the C3H/HeJ × C3H/St cross indicated codominance of these two genes. These findings may represent either three alleles or three distinct genes in C3H mice. A second X-linked gene locus was documented in the CBA/N strain which also causes impaired B cell responsiveness to LPS E. coli K235 in serum-free conditions. The abnormal gene products in the CBA/N and C3H/HeJ strains exhibit complementarity since F1 female animals from the cross between these two unresponsive strains are responsive to LPS. We conclude that there is at least one distinct X-linked gene locus and either three additional autosomal genes or three possible alleles at one or more autosomal loci which determine the LPS sensitivity of murine B cells.
Mechanism of Mastocytoma-Mediated Suppression of Lymphocyte Reactivity
Authors: DeLustro Frank , Argyris Bertie F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previously we have shown that mitomycin-treated P-815 (H-2d) cells (P-815m) inhibit the in vitro response of C57BL/6 spleen cells to mitogens and DBA/2 alloantigens. The present data indicate that P-815m cells also inhibit the response of C57BL/6 spleen cells to AKR (H-2k)-stimulating cells and that the inhibition does not appear to be the result of crowding. Subpopulations of spleen cells obtained by density gradient centrifugation or after removal of glass-adherent cells are all sensitive to the inhibitory effects of P-815m. We also show that P-815m can inhibit the in vivo generation of graft-versus-host reactivity. Thus the inhibition due to P-815m cells appears to operate both in vitro and in vivo.
The experiments characterize the suppression of MLC reactivity by cell-free preparations of sonicated P-815 mastocytoma cells. The results suggest that the inhibition is not removed by ultracentrifugation, ultra-violet irradiation, or dialysis of the sonicate. P-815 sonicates subjected to chloroform extraction, heating at 56°C, 0.1 µ filtration, or treatment with anti-minute virus of mice serum are still inhibitory. This inhibition is resistant to RNAase treatment but destroyed by pronase. P-815 sonicate suppresses the response of C57BL/6 spleen cells to both DBA/2 and AKR-stimulating spleen. Inhibition of MLC reactivity is only seen if P-815 sonicate is added within the first 48 hr after the initiation of culture. These results indicate that the inhibition of MLC by sonicates of P-815 cells is due to a nondialyzable protein whose effects are not H-2 restricted and are acting on the early phase of sensitization.
Functional Heterogeneity Among the T-Derived Lymphocytes of the Mouse
Authors: Araneo Barbara A. , Marrack Philippa C. , Kappler John W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Memory T cells were demonstrated in mice which were the precursors for cells causing sheep red blood cell-(SRBC) specific helper activity in the in vitro response of spleen cells to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-SRBC. These memory cells were distinguished from the effectors of helper activity generated during the primary response and were shown to belong to the T2 subpopulation of peripheral T cells on the basis of 1) their rapid response to a challenge with SRBC, 2) their long lifetime, and 3) their sensitivity to small in vivo doses of anti-thymocyte serum.
Structural and Genetic Studies on Chicken 7S Immunoglobulin Allotypes
Authors: Wakeland Edward K. , Benedict Albert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method was developed for the detection of allotypes on intact, radiolabeled 7S immunoglobulin (Ig) which does not involve insolubilized alloantisera. Binding of dinitrophenylated anti-allotype (DAA) antiserum with radiolabeled alloantigen was demonstrated by the addition of rabbit anti-dinitrophenyl antiserum followed by precipitation of complexes with sheep anti-rabbit γ-globulin antiserum. Dinitrophenylation of alloantiserum up to 8.5 hr had no effect on antibody titer or avidity. Binding inhibition assays with the DAA method detected allotypes on 2 to 5 ng of 7S Ig. Four specificities were detected on 7S Ig heavy (H) chains by binding inhibition with the DAA assay. Specificities CS-1.1 and CS-1.2, located in the Fab fragment, were detected at 3- to 5-fold lower concentrations of reassociated H and light (L) chains than on the isolated H chains. On the basis of regression coefficients calculated from binding inhibition curves, the avidity of isolated H chains was significantly increased following reassociation with L chains, indicating that the conformation of CS-1.1 and CS-1.2 determinants depends in part on H and L chain interactions. In contrast, reassociation of H and L chains did not significantly increase H chain inhibitory activity or avidity for specificities CS-1.3 and CS-1.4.
Autoimmunity and Aging: The Age-Related Response of Mice of a Long-Lived Strain to Trinitrophenylated Syngeneic Mouse Red Blood Cells
Authors: Naor David , Bonavida Ben , Walford Roy L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice of 1.5, 9, 22, and 31 to 32 months of age were injected with the thymus-dependent antigen, TNP-SRC, or the thymus-independent antigen, TNP-MRC. The anti-SRC and TNP immune responses to TNP-SRC were markedly reduced in older mice, whereas the anti-TNP response to the TNP-MRC showed no substantial decline. Young mice produced higher anti-TNP plaque-forming cell responses after injection of TNP-SRC than after TNP-MRC, whereas in older mice the reverse obtained. Old mice but not young mice displayed a high anti-SRC cross-reactive response after injection of TNP-MRC. The avidity of anti-TNP antibody of young mice immunized with TNP-SRC was higher than that following immunization with TNP-MRC, whereas the avidities of anti TNP antibodies from old mice injected with these two reagents were the same. Those individual mice which showed a poorly regulated immune response also displayed an autologous anti-MRC plaque-forming cell response after injection of either TNP-SRC or TNP-MRC. It is suggested that mechanisms mediated by suppressor T cells may be responsible for regulating the autoimmune response to modified self antigens, and that these are severely impaired in aged individuals.
Maintenance of Hyporesponsiveness to Antigen by a Distinct Subclass of T Lymphocytes
Authors: Weitzman S. , Shen F. W. , Cantor H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunization with increasing doses of SRBC, in excess of 108, results in a progressive decline in the anti-SRBC PFC response. This hyporesponsive state is antigen specific and is reflected in a decrease of both T helper and B antibody-forming activity. We asked whether the apparent defect of T helper activity reflected a) an absence of αSRBC helper T cell activity, or b) the presence of SRBC-specific suppressor T cells within the hyporesponsive population. Our results indicate that at least a portion of hyporesponsiveness noted after antigen exposure to large doses of antigen can be ascribed to specific suppressor T cell activation.
Fractionation of the suppressive T cell population using Ly antiserum showed that specific suppressive activity was mediated by a subclass of T cells (Ly2+), distinct from that committed to express helper function (Ly1).
Cell-Mediated Immune Response in Vitro
Authors: Hirano Toshio , Nordin Albert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells harvested from mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) on day 2 or 3 suppress the development of CL from a fresh MLC across a cell-impermeable membrane, but day 4 MLC cells which have the maximum level of CL showed only a limited effect. Inhibition was observed only when suppressor cells were restimulated with the same H-2 type cells used during induction. However, the suppressive effect was not strain specific; that is, CBA-induced C57BL/6 spleen cells effectively inhibited the development of CL from DBA/2-induced C57BL/6 cells. In addition, DBA/2-induced C57BL/6 spleen cells effectively inhibited the development of CL from CBA cells. B10 spleen cells stimulated by B10.D2 cells gave rise to a suppressor cell population, indicating that H-2 differences alone can induce the response. The suppressive effect seemed to be exerted on an early phase of the response since no detectable inhibition was observed when suppressor cells were added 48 hr after culture initiation. The suppressive effect is not exerted on the accessory cell function but seems to inhibit DNA synthesis of the reacting cells in the MLC.
Co-Occurrence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen of a Particular Subtype and Antibody to a Heterologous Subtypic Specificity in the Same Serum
Authors: Sasaki Takemichi , Ohkubo Yasuhito , Yamashita Yutaka , Imai Mitsunobu , Miyakawa Yuzo , Mayumi Makoto 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the routine screening of blood units for hepatitis B surface antigen (HB8Ag)2 and homologous antibody (anti-HB8) by counterimmunoelectrophoresis, we encountered two serum samples which showed precipitin lines both against anti-HB8 and HB8Ag. The HB8Ag in these serum samples were subtyped, and the specificity of co-occurring anti-HB8 was determined, in terms of the d, y, w, and r subspecificities found and described by Le Bouvier (1) and Bancroft et al. (2). HB8Ag/adr plus anti-w were found in one, and HB8Ag/adw plus anti-r in the other.
Both serum samples were obtained from apparently healthy individuals who voluntarily donated a blood unit at regional blood centers in Tochigi-ken and Osaka. They are hereafter referred to as Tog and Osk, respectively. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis was performed in 0.8% J-agar (Sankyo Junyaku Co., Tokyo) dissolved in Veronal buffer (pH 8.6, 0.05 µ). Three wells of 3 mm in diameter were cut in a line 5 mm apart (edge to edge) in an agar plate of 1.2-mm thickness.
Hereditary C5 Deficiency in Man
Authors: Breckenridge R. T. , Rosenfeld S. I. , Graff K. S. , Leddy J. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Platelet-rich-plasma from two hemostatically normal individuals, genetically lacking the fifth component of complement (C5), failed to exhibit normal platelet aggregation, or serotonin release, in the presence of zymosan. This abnormality was found to reside in the C5D plasma rather than in the platelets as demonstrated by the inability of the deficient plasma to activate zymosan for the aggregation of washed normal platelets. The defect could be corrected by the addition of normal plasma, normal serum, or highly purified human C5.
A plasma abnormality similar to that found in the C5D individuals was also noted in plasmas deficient in C3, C6, and C7; whereas C8 plasma D behaved normally. These data suggest that this platelet reaction requires late acting C components, perhaps as the complex, bound to the zymosan particles.
Ionophorous Activity and Murine B Lymphocyte Mitogens
Authors: Rosenstreich David L. , Blumenthal Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The relationship between ionophorous and B cell mitogen activity has been investigated. Most known ionophores were nonmitogenic for mouse spleen cells. In addition, when tested in a bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) apparatus, most types of B cell mitogens were nonionophorous.
However, excitability-inducing material (EIM), a high m.w. polymeric protein, which is a channel-forming ionophore, was a potent mitogen for mouse B lymphocytes. Similarly, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), a high m.w. polymeric protein, which is a B cell mitogen, is a channel-forming ionophore. The mitogenic activities of these two compounds were not due to contamination with endotoxin since they produced weak or absent responses in the limulus lysate clotting and rabbit pyrogenicity assays, and were also mitogenic for spleen cells of endotoxin-low responder C3H/HeJ mice.
Both the mitogenic and ionophorous activities of EIM and KLH were dependent on their polymeric structure since dissociation of these compounds into monomeric subunits markedly decreased both activities. However, heat denaturation destroyed their ionophorous ability but preserved their mitogenicity, thereby demonstrating that ionophorous activity was not essential for B cell activation. These data suggest that B cell mitogens do not necessarily act as primary ionophores. However, we propose that these molecules intercalate into the lipid portion of the cell membrane, and that this interaction initiates the process of B cell activation.
Immunosuppression of T Lymphocyte Function by Fractionated Serum from Tumor-Bearing Mice
Authors: McMaster Robert , Buhler Karen , Whitney Richard , Levy Julia G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sera from mice with transplanted 3-methylcholantrene-induced tumors have been shown previously to inhibit the function of normal lymphoid cells. When chromatographed on Sephadex G-150, the fraction eluting with immunoglobulin has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response of normal spleen cells to concanavalin A and to inhibit the in vitro antibody response to a T-dependent antigen, but has a lesser effect on the antibody response to a T-independent antigen. This paper deals with studies on the mode of action of the serum factor. The immunoglobulin containing fraction of serum from tumor-bearing mice inhibited the in vitro generation of both allogeneic and syngeneic cytotoxic lymphocytes. Time course studies demonstrate that the serum fraction inhibits the generation of antibody-producing and cytotoxic lymphocytes if added during the first 2 days of a 5-day culture. Serum fractions added after day 2 had no effect on the in vitro response. The serum factor appears to inhibit the generation of specific T cell function during the proliferative stage of development but has no effect on the differentiation stage which leads to either antibody-producing cells or cytotoxic lymphocytes.
Cytotoxic Lymphocytes Induced by Soluble Factors Derived from the Medium of Leukocyte Cultures
Authors: Kasakura Shinpei 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies were undertaken to evaluate the cytotoxic capacity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes activated by either supernatants (CFM) derived from lymphocyte cultures or lymphocytes treated for 60 min at 45°C. The effect of the addition of heat-treated cells on the cytotoxic activity of CFM-induced effector cells was also studied. CFM from either unmixed or mixed cultures of lymphocytes was capable of activating cytotoxic effector cells. These effector cells could kill any allogeneic target cells but failed to effect cytotoxicity on the target cells autologous to the responding cells. Both the heat-treated cells and CFM from cultures of these cells also activated lymphocytes to cytotoxic effector cells having specific receptors for nonself antigens. The question of whether heat-treated cells activate cytotoxic cells by themselves or through secreted soluble factor cannot yet be clearly answered.
The findings of the present investigation suggest that expression of cytotoxicity induced in MLC is not necessarily restricted to the target cells syngeneic to the stimulator cells, but can be extended to any allogeneic target cells by the indirect effect of soluble factor secreted from stimulated cells that causes a polyclonal activation of cytotoxic precursors in the responding cell populations. The present findings also emphasize the need for caution in the use of heat-treated lymphocytes as innocent-bystander cells in MLC to provide additional cytotoxic specificities in the responder cells, since heat-treated cells alone can activate lymphocytes to cytotoxic effector cells that kill any allogeneic target cells.
Hapten-Specific IgE Antibody Responses in Mice
Authors: Chiorazzi Nicholas , Fox David A. , Katz David H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice of the inbred strains SJL (H-2s) and AKR (H-2k) are “non-responders” and “low-responders,” respectively, in terms of their capacity to develop antibody responses of the IgE class when immunized with conventional proteins and hapten-protein conjugates under conditions optimal for eliciting IgE responses in “high-responder” mice, such as BALB/c (H-2d), to these same antigens. For example, BALB/c mice preimmunized with ASC and then challenged 7 days later with DNP-ASC develop peak augmented primary IgE anti-DNP antibody responses of 320 PCA units, whereas SJL and AKR mice develop responses which are 16-fold and 4-fold lower, respectively. However, pretreatment of the latter two strains with appropriate doses of either x-irradiation (150 R), cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) or ALS (150 µl) before carrier-preimmunization strikingly enhances the magnitude of IgE antibody responses in such mice to levels as high as 64-fold above those of untreated control mice of the same strains.
Evidence obtained in these experiments indicates that the capacity of such maneuvers to convert poor IgE responders to high responder status reflects elimination of nonantigen-specific suppressor T lymphocytes which are naturally present and normally function to suppress or “dampen” the IgE antibody response in a relatively selective manner. It appears that these cells modulate IgE responses by acting at least at two distinct points: 1) The most effective activity seems to be at the level of induction of carrier-specific helper T cells; 2) A second locus of inhibitory activity is more distal in the response, either impeding helper T cell-B cell cooperative interactions or suppressing B cell differentiation and/or function directly. Taken collectively, these observations demonstrate that the state of poor responsiveness of the SJL and AKR strains for the IgE antibody class is not a reflection of a genetic inability to develop IgE responses but rather a manifestation of a genetic capability to actively inhibit IgE antibody synthesis.
A Disaccharide Hapten from Streptococcal Group C Carbohydrate that Cross-Reacts with the Forssman Glycolipid
Authors: Coligan John E. , Fraser Blair A. , Kindt Thomas J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A disaccharide hapten was isolated in approximately 20% yield from an acid hydrolysate of the streptococcal Group C carbohydrate. This disaccharide was assigned the structure 3-0-α-N-acetylgalactosaminosyl-N-acetylgalactosamine on the basis of chemical and immunochemical data. The ability of the hapten to inhibit completely the binding between Group C carbohydrate and most Group C antibodies indicated that this disaccharide is the immunodominant feature of the Group C carbohydrate. Fractionation of antisera on an α-N-acetylgalactosamine immunoadsorbent column yielded several populations of anti-Group C antibodies. The reaction between labeled Group C carbohydrate and antibodies which strongly bound the immunoadsorbent column was 50% inhibitable by the disaccharide hapten when the hapten was added in approximately 15-fold excess (w/w) of the labeled antigen. On the other hand, the binding of those antibodies which did not bind to the immunoadsorbent column was poorly inhibited under these conditions. The Forssman glycosphingolipid, which has a common terminal digalactosamine unit, was shown to likewise inhibit Group C carbohydrate binding reactions.
Regulatory Factors Produced by Lymphocytes
Authors: Lee Sheng-Chung , Lucas Zoltan J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Supernatants of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human tonsil cells contain two growth inhibitory factors. These factors, called inhibitors of DNA synthesis (IDS), reduce 3H-thymidine incorporation into mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes and into growing HeLa cells. By Sephadex chromatography, these factors have volumes of distribution corresponding to about 80,000 and 40,000 daltons. Both factors inhibit the activity of calf thymus DNA polymerase α in cell-free assays (termed inhibitor of DNA polymerase, IDP). The larger factor, which is chromatographically separable from α-lymphotoxin (α-LT), is completely inactivated by heating at 70°C for 15 min. This treatment does not destroy α-LT. Using supernatants from PHA-stimulated tonsil cells cultured for 5 days in serum-free medium, we attained a 150-fold purification with a succession of molecular sieving, ion exchange, and adsorption chromatographic procedures. Although not purified to homogeneity, the extensive copurification of IDS and IDP activities and their identical heat inactivation profiles suggest that they are the same entity. IDP separated free of α-LT inhibits thymidine incorporation into HeLa cells without causing cell death. α-LT purified free of IDS does not inhibit thymidine incorporation into HeLa cells, not even at concentrations 7000 times that necessary to kill 50% of growth-inhibited L cell cultures.