bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time‐resolved strain and deformation measurement on the vibrating saxophone reed
Authors: Ukshini Enis , Dirckx Joris 
Published: April 2023

AbstractSingle‐reed musical instruments, such as the saxophone, generate sound through a complex interplay between the mechanics of the reed and the hydrodynamic and acoustic pressure in the instrument mouthpiece. To understand this complex mechanism, experimental data are lacking. This paper presents full‐field, time‐resolved measurements of strain and displacement of a vibrating saxophone reed, measured under mimicked realistic playing conditions. It is found that strain along the length axis of the reed is mainly expansive, except in a small zone near the tip where it becomes compressive when the reed touches the front edge of the mouthpiece. At the instant in the vibration phase where the reed touches the mouthpiece, significant bending and compressive strain appear along the direction perpendicular to the reed axis. Strain magnitudes in both directions are similar, with absolute values of 0.1%. Full‐field strain maps reveal subtle characteristics which are not revealed by displacement measurements. Bi‐axial bending and strain may be an essential component in reed mechanics, which up till now has been fully neglected in modelling.
Trade policy in a ‘double‐landlocked’ transition economy: Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Athukorala Prema‐chandra , Hill Hal 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis paper examines trade and commercial policy in Kyrgyzstan in the context of that country's distinctive historical and geographical characteristics, drawing on the World Trade Organisation's latest Trade Policy Review. A former Soviet republic, it is a geographically isolated, effectively a ‘double‐landlocked’, transition economy. The country was an early liberalizer, both economically and politically, among the former Soviet republics, and it is now a broadly open economy. After a catastrophic economic decline in the immediate transition era it also achieved macroeconomic stabilisation relatively quickly. However the growth dividend from these major policy reforms has been modest, and the country has become one of the most remittance‐dependent economies in the world. While its geographical handicaps are immutable, we argue that key explanations for the slow economic growth are the limited ‘behind‐the‐border’ reforms, the dualistic economic structure, and misdirected fiscal allocations. We also draw out some of the broader implications for trade policy reform in other transition economies.
Increased mitochondrial surface area and cristae density in the skeletal muscle of strength athletes
Authors: Botella Javier , Schytz Camilla T. , Pehrson Thomas F. , Hokken Rune , Laugesen Simon , Aagaard Per , Suetta Charlotte , Christensen Britt , Ørtenblad Niels , Nielsen Joachim 
Published: April 2023

AbstractMitochondria are the cellular organelles responsible for resynthesising the majority of ATP. In skeletal muscle, there is an increased ATP turnover during resistance exercise to sustain the energetic demands of muscle contraction. Despite this, little is known regarding the mitochondrial characteristics of chronically strength‐trained individuals and any potential pathways regulating the strength‐specific mitochondrial remodelling. Here, we investigated the mitochondrial structural characteristics in skeletal muscle of strength athletes and age‐matched untrained controls. The mitochondrial pool in strength athletes was characterised by increased mitochondrial cristae density, decreased mitochondrial size, and increased surface‐to‐volume ratio, despite similar mitochondrial volume density. We also provide a fibre‐type and compartment‐specific assessment of mitochondria morphology in human skeletal muscle, which reveals across groups a compartment‐specific influence on mitochondrial morphology that is largely independent of fibre type. Furthermore, we show that resistance exercise leads to signs of mild mitochondrial stress, without an increase in the number of damaged mitochondria. Using publicly available transcriptomic data we show that acute resistance exercise increases the expression of markers of mitochondrial biogenesis, fission and mitochondrial unfolded protein responses (UPRmt). Further, we observed an enrichment of the UPRmt in the basal transcriptome of strength‐trained individuals. Together, these findings show that strength athletes possess a unique mitochondrial remodelling, which minimises the space required for mitochondria. We propose that the concurrent activation of markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial remodelling pathways (fission and UPRmt) with resistance exercise may be partially responsible for the observed mitochondrial phenotype of strength athletes.
imageKey points
Untrained individuals and strength athletes possess comparable skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume density.
In contrast, strength athletes’ mitochondria are characterised by increased cristae density, decreased size and increased surface‐to‐volume ratio.
Type I fibres have an increased number of mitochondrial profiles with minor differences in the mitochondrial morphological characteristics compared with type II fibres.
The mitochondrial morphology is distinct across the subcellular compartments in both groups, with subsarcolemmal mitochondria being bigger in size when compared with intermyofibrillar.
Acute resistance exercise leads to signs of mild morphological mitochondrial stress accompanied by increased gene expression of markers of mitochondrial biogenesis, fission and mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt).
A Comparative Study on a Shrouded Fin Array With and Without Its Finite Dimension in the Flow Geometry
Authors: Giri Asis , Singh Maibam Romio 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In numerical heat transfer analysis, despite the involvement of the finite dimension in the geometries of heat-exchanging devices, these dimensions are frequently assumed to be adequately thin and hence neglected for the ease of analysis. But it may be essential to include the finite dimension of the heat transfer equipment which makes the study more realistic. There remains a dearth of literature in which the results of the fin heat transfer obtained from these considerations are compared, although existing numerical reports consider fin heat transfer—some including fin-thickness and the rest neglecting fin-thickness in the flow geometry. This acts as a motivation to examine and compare the results obtained from a study of numerical heat transfer on a shrouded vertical fin array including and neglecting fin-thickness in the flow geometry under mixed convection. From the present computations, it is noted that with the consideration of the fin-thickness, there is a possibility of an increase in axial pressure defect by around 45% indicating the requirement for higher pumping power. Again for the chosen range of parameters, overall Nusselt number increases by around 18% as compared to neglected fin-thickness that may arise due to altered heat transfer coefficient caused by higher velocity over the extended surface to accommodate finite fin dimension. Finally, pressure drop and Nusselt number are correlated with the governing parameters including fin-thickness.
A Comparative Analysis on Thermal Stability of Delithiated Nickel-Rich LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 and LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 in Pouch Cells
Authors: Zhang Fukui , Wu Changjun , Li Kou , Deng Tao 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
As two typical nickel-rich layered oxide cathodes, LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) and LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) are widely applicated in commercial high-energy batteries for electric vehicles. However, a comprehensive assessment of their thermal characteristics in a full cell is currently lacking. In this article, we conducted a monomer level thermal runaway test on NCA|SiC pouch cell and NCM811|SiC pouch cell through the accelerated rate calorimetry (ARC) test. The results showed that the {T1, T2, T3} of NCA|SiC pouch cell and NCM811|SiC pouch cell are {113.8 °C, 230.4 °C, 801.4 °C} and {91.3 °C, 202.1 °C, 745 °C}, respectively. Then the thermal stability of NCA and NCM811 was tested by differential scanning calorimeter coupled with thermal gravimetric analysis, and mass spectrometry (DSC-TG-MS). The results showed that the phase transition temperature of NCA is higher than that of NCM811. However, when NCA and NCM811 were mixed with anode electrode materials or electrolyte, NCA produced significantly more heat than NCM811. By confirming the thermal properties of NCA|SiC pouch cell and NCM811|SiC pouch cell, a deeper understanding of battery thermal runaway was achieved, which is helpful for the design of high-safety lithium-ion batteries in the future.
Clinical spectrum of COVID-19 complications in young adults: combined analysis of the American Heart Association COVID-19 Cardiovascular Disease Registry and the Outcomes Registry for Cardiac Conditions in Athletes
Authors: Bavishi Aakash , Kliethermes Stephanie A , Petek Bradley , Moulson Nathaniel , Mellacheruvu Pranav , Churchill Timothy W , Harmon Kimberly , Patel Manesh R , Baggish Aaron L , Drezner Jonathan A , Mutharasan Raja Kannan 
Published: April 2023

BackgroundWhile young adults 18–24 years old bear a significant proportion of COVID-19 diagnoses, the risk factors for hospitalisation and severe COVID-19 complications in this population are poorly understood.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to identify risk factors for hospitalisation and other COVID-19 complications across the health spectrum of young adults diagnosed with COVID-19 infection.Study designRetrospective cohort study.ParticipantsYoung adults (aged 18–24) with confirmed COVID-19 infection from the American Heart Association (AHA) COVID-19 Cardiovascular Disease Registry of hospitalised patients and the Outcomes Registry for Cardiac Conditions in Athletes (ORCCA) study of collegiate athletes. The AHA registry included 636 young adults from 152 hospitals. The ORCCA registry consisted of 3653 competitive college athletes from 42 colleges and universities.InterventionNone (exposure to COVID-19).Primary and secondary outcome measuresMain outcomes included hospitalisation, death, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and other severe clinical events.ResultsIn comparison to the ORCCA registry, patients in the AHA registry were more likely to be female (59% vs 33%); had higher average body mass index (BMI) (32.4 vs 25.6); and had increased prevalence of diabetes (10% vs 0.4%), hypertension (7% vs 0.6%), chronic kidney disease (2% vs 0%) and asthma (14% vs 8%), all with p<0.01. There were eight (2%) deaths in the AHA hospitalised registry compared with zero in the ORCCA cohort. BMI was a statistically significant predictor of death in the hospitalised cohort (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.00, 1.10). No significant predictors of MACE or other severe clinical events were identified.ConclusionsThe risk of cardiac events in young adults aged 18–24 diagnosed with COVID-19 infection is low. Patients who were hospitalised (AHA registry) were more likely to have pre-existing medical comorbidities and higher BMI than healthy collegiate athletes (ORCCA registry). Once hospitalised, elevated BMI is associated with increased mortality although other drivers of MACE and other severe clinical events remain unclear.
Migration of oral health professionals: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Ram Anumala , Morse Zac 
Published: April 2023

IntroductionEach year, many dental professionals are trained; however, many low-income and middle-income countries face a scarcity of dental professionals. This trend has been observed because of the migration of oral health professionals from developing to developed countries for various reasons such as professional, economic or personal. This negatively impacts the healthcare system by causing critical shortages of trained personnel to support the oral healthcare needs of the countries where the oral health professionals migrate from (source countries). The key objectives of this scoping review are to assess the intentions behind the migrations, identify the countries the graduates migrate to and from, examine the barriers to and facilitators of integrating oral health professionals, as well as the challenges they face post migration.Methods and analysisA scoping review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) and the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines. Scientific databases such as Dentistry and Oral Sciences Source, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, MEDLINE and Scopus will be systematically searched to identify potential articles. In addition, grey literature will be searched to identify unpublished materials relevant to the topic using Google Scholar and Google. The reviewers will assess the retrieved sources in a three-step search strategy, and a PRISMA-ScR flowchart will document the numbers of identified, screened and excluded sources. The scoping review will collate and present the findings as a descriptive analysis. Finally, the narrative descriptions will be presented in a thematic form based on the findings of the scoping review.Ethics and disseminationThis scoping review is based on a secondary analysis of published data; hence, ethical approval is not required. The findings of this study will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed journal, professional networks and conferences.
Change in global burden of unintentional drowning from 1990 to 2019 and its association with social determinants of health: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Authors: Tan Haomin , Lin Ziqiang , Fu Di , Dong Xiaomei , Zhu Sui , Huang Zhongguo , Liu Yingyin , He Guanhao , Yang Pan , Liu Tao , Ma Wenjun 
Published: April 2023

ObjectiveTo systematically analyse global, regional and national burden change of unintentional drowning from 1990 to 2019, and to further quantify the contribution of social determinants of health (SDH) on the change.DesignData from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 were used in this study.Setting and participantsIndividuals of all ages and genders from 204 countries and territories.Main outcome measuresThe main outcomes were the age-standardised rates (ASRs) of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of unintentional drowning. The percentage change in the ASRs were used to estimate the joint effect of SDH on trends in global burden of drowning.ResultsWe observed that the global burden of unintentional drowning declined markedly from 1990 to 2019, with age-standardised mortality rate and DALYs rate decreasing by 61.5% and 68.2%, respectively. Women, children, middle Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) countries, South-East Asia and Western Pacific region had higher reduction. At national level, greater reductions were observed in Armenia and Republic of Korea, but significant increases in Cabo Verde and Vanuatu. We found that every one percentile increase in six SDHs (Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per person, SDI, educational attainment, health spending, health workers and urbanisation) was associated with a decrease of 0.15% and 0.16% in drowning age-standardised mortality rate and DALYs rate globally, respectively. Health spending and GDP per capita were the main contributors to the reduction of drowning globally.ConclusionsThe global burden of unintentional drowning significantly declined in the past three decades, and the improvement of SDHs such as GDP per capita and health spending mainly contributed to the decrease. Our findings indicate that improvement of SDHs is critical for drowning prevention and control.
Cardioprotective Effect of Empagliflozin and Circulating Ketone Bodies During Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Santos-Gallego Carlos G. , Requena-Ibáñez Juan Antonio , Picatoste Belen , Fardman Brian , Ishikawa Kiyotake , Mazurek Renata , Pieper Michael , Sartori Samantha , Rodriguez-Capitán Jorge , Fuster Valentin , Badimon Juan J. 
Published: April 2023

Background:
SGLT2i (sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors) improve clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure, but the mechanisms of action are not completely understood. SGLT2i increases circulating levels of ketone bodies, which has been demonstrated to enhance myocardial energetics and induce reverse ventricular remodeling. However, the role of SGLT2i or ketone bodies on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury remains in the dark. The objective of this study is to investigate the cardioprotective potential of empagliflozin and ketone bodies during acute myocardial infarction (MI).

Methods:
We used a nondiabetic porcine model of ischemia reperfusion using a percutaneous occlusion of proximal left anterior descending artery for 45 minutes. Animals received 1-week pretreatment with either empagliflozin or placebo prior to MI induction. Additionally, a third group received intravenous infusion of the ketone body BOHB (beta-hydroxybutyrate) during the MI induction. Acute effects of the treatments were assessed 4-hour post-MI by cardiac magnetic resonance and histology (thioflavin for area at risk, triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining for MI size). All animals were euthanized immediately postcardiac magnetic resonance, and heart samples were collected.

Results:
The area at risk was similar in all groups. Empagliflozin treatment increased BOHB levels. Empagliflozin-treated animals showed significantly higher myocardial salvage, smaller MI size (both by cardiac magnetic resonance and histology), less microvascular obstruction, and improved cardiac function (left ventricle ejection fraction and strain). Furthermore, empagliflozin-treated animals demonstrated reduced biomarkers of cardiomyocyte apoptosis and oxidative stress compared with placebo. The BOHB group showed similar results to the empagliflozin group.

Conclusions:
One-week pretreatment with empagliflozin ameliorates ischemia reperfusion injury, reduces MI size and microvascular obstruction, increases myocardial salvage, preserves left ventricle systolic function, and lowers apoptosis and oxidative stress. Periprocedural intravenous infusion of BOHB during myocardial ischemia also induces cardioprotection, suggesting a role for BOHB availability as an additional mechanism within the wide spectrum of actions of SGLT2i.
Ventricular Conduction Stability Noninvasively Identifies an Arrhythmic Substrate in Survivors of Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation
Authors: Chow Ji‐Jian , Leong Kevin M. W. , Shun‐Shin Matthew J. , Ormerod Julian O. M. , Koa‐Wing Michael , Lefroy David C. , Lim Phang Boon , Linton Nicholas W. F. , Ng Fu Siong , Qureshi Norman A. , Whinnett Zachary I. , Peters Nicholas S. , Francis Darrel P. , Varnava Amanda M. , Kanagaratnam Prapa 
Published: April 2023

Background
Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a diagnosis of exclusion following normal cardiac investigations. We sought to determine if exercise‐induced changes in electrical substrate could distinguish patient groups with various ventricular arrhythmic pathophysiological conditions and identify patients susceptible to VF.

Methods and Results

Computed tomography and exercise testing in patients wearing a 252‐electrode vest were combined to determine ventricular conduction stability between rest and peak exercise, as previously described. Using ventricular conduction stability, conduction heterogeneity in idiopathic VF survivors (n=14) was compared with those surviving VF during acute ischemia with preserved ventricular function following full revascularization (n=10), patients with benign ventricular ectopy (n=11), and patients with normal hearts, no arrhythmic history, and negative Ajmaline challenge during Brugada family screening (Brugada syndrome relatives; n=11). Activation patterns in normal subjects (Brugada syndrome relatives) are preserved following exercise, with mean ventricular conduction stability of 99.2±0.9%. Increased heterogeneity of activation occurred in the idiopathic VF survivors (ventricular conduction stability: 96.9±2.3%) compared with the other groups combined (versus 98.8±1.6%;
P
=0.001). All groups demonstrated periodic variation in activation heterogeneity (frequency, 0.3–1 Hz), but magnitude was greater in idiopathic VF survivors than Brugada syndrome relatives or patients with ventricular ectopy (7.6±4.1%, 2.9±2.9%, and 2.8±1.2%, respectively). The cause of this periodicity is unknown and was not replicable by introducing exercise‐induced noise at comparable frequencies.

Conclusions
In normal subjects, ventricular activation patterns change little with exercise. In contrast, patients with susceptibility to VF experience activation heterogeneity following exercise that requires further investigation as a testable manifestation of underlying myocardial abnormalities otherwise silent during routine testing.
Past and Present? Greece in International Arbitration in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Konstantinakou Despina-Georgia 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
During the twentieth century, international arbitration became an integral part of interstate dispute resolution. Greece, a small state with no particular influence, also rushed to utilize arbitration to pursue its interests, resolve intense disputes and ultimately stabilize its position in the international system. This article will discuss if and how lower-level settlement procedures can impact smaller countries’ higher political strategy, exploring Greece’s recourse before the Mixed Arbitral Tribunals, the League of Nations and the Permanent Court of International Justice. Athens’ efforts to pursue its citizens’ war claims against West Germany after World War II will be examined, along with the role international arbitration could potentially play today in resolving Greece’s war claims against the Federal Republic of Germany, which Athens raised immediately after the 1990 reunification and continue to encumber bilateral relations. Ultimately, Greece’s experience will exemplify the direct impact arbitration procedures can have on international relations.
Slavery, Testimony, Archives (or, Should We Listen When the Subaltern Speak?)
Authors: White Sophie 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In eighteenth-century New Orleans, the legal testimony of some 150 enslaved women and men was meticulously recorded and preserved, down to the inclusion of dialogue, of turns of speech, of metaphors, sometimes even passages in Creole. Interrogated in criminal trials as defendants, victims, and witnesses, they moved beyond the questions posed and answered instead with stories about themselves, their words creating riveting narratives that constitute a precious repository of voices of enslaved individuals in colonial America. Though this archive is problematic, their testimony was anchored in the deponents’ own experiences and ways of knowing, prompting the question of whether we can use this material, and most importantly: if and when they did speak in court, should we listen?