bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low-carbon electrification as a multi-system transition: a socio-technical analysis of Norwegian maritime transport, construction, and chemical sectors
Authors: Nykamp Hilde , Andersen Allan Dahl , Geels Frank Willem 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Electrification of end-use sectors is widely seen as a central decarbonisation strategy. However, the process of electrification is rarely discussed beyond electric end-use technologies such as electric vehicles or heat pumps. While electrification of end-use sectors is about new types of consumption, it also requires new technological interfaces with the electricity system. The paper provides a first conceptualisation of electrification as a multi-system interaction process, involving changes in both end-use sectors and in the electricity system. Electrification is thought to involve two core processes: (1) transitions in systems where electric niches challenge fossil energy regimes, and (2) reconfiguring patterns of multi-system interactions across production, distribution, and use of electricity. Through a case study design, we compare three sectoral cases that differ substantially in degrees and speed of electrification: ferries, construction sites and ammonia production. We explain these differences by analysing how the actors, technologies and institutions in each system shaped both the diffusion of electric end-use technologies and the interactions with the electricity distribution system. We find that the speed and ease of electrification depend on varying mixes of technological, actor, and institutional change processes. The severity and pervasiveness of grid connection challenges are arguably the most important finding. Grid connection challenges were significant in all three cases and continue to hamper electrification in two cases. Based on those findings, we conclude that grid capacity is increasingly problematic. Electricity system actors are overwhelmed with new demand, resulting in long lead times. And, they are further constrained by institutions that were designed to optimise for the efficient operation of existing assets rather than to innovate and transform electricity grids.
Design of n-i-p and p-i-n Sb2Se3 solar cells: role of band alignment
Authors: Salem Marwa S , Okil Mohamed , Shaker Ahmed , Albaker Abdullah , Alturki Mansoor 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Investigations into novel device architectures and interfaces that enhance charge transport and collection are necessary to increase the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) solar cells, which have shown great promise as a low-cost and high-efficiency alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells. The current work uses device simulations to design p-i-n and n-i-p Sb2Se3-based solar cell structures. The n-i-p configuration is investigated by comparing distinct electron transport layer (ETL) materials to get the best performance. While certain ETL materials may yield higher efficiencies, the J–V curve may exhibit S-shaped behavior if there is a misalignment of the bands at the ETL/absorber interface. To address this issue, a proposed double ETL structure is introduced to achieve proper band alignment and conduction band offset for electron transport. A PCE of 20.15% was achieved utilizing (ZnO/ZnSe) as a double ETL and Spiro-OMeTAD as a hole transport layer (HTL). Further, the p-i-n configuration is designed by proposing a double HTL structure to facilitate hole transport and achieve a proper valence band offset. A double HTL consisting of (CuI/CuSCN) is used in conjunction with ETL-free configuration to achieve a PCE of 21.72%. The simulation study is conducted using the SCAPS-1D device simulator and is validated versus a previously fabricated cell based on the configuration FTO/CdS/Sb2Se3/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au.
Effect of Zn(TFSI)2 on the performance-aging time of perovskite solar cells
Authors: Kim Hyung-Joon , Jeon Young-In , Lee Wan In , Kim Hui-Seon 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Hole transport layers (HTLs) are one of the essential layers of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Generally, 2,2ʹ,7,7ʹ-Tetrakis [N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9ʹ-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD) doped by lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) is used as the HTL in PSCs. PSCs employing spiro-MeOTAD require an additional aging process to reach an optimized point of photovoltaic performance due to doping and energy alignment. However, LiTFSI is responsible for low thermal stability and has a hygroscopic nature; therefore, Zinc(II) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Zn(TFSI)2) has been reported as an outstanding candidate to replace LiTFSI. Nevertheless, utilization of Zn(TFSI)2 as a dopant for PSCs has rarely been reported, which is likely due to the difficulty in achieving high device performances comparable to that with LiTFSI. Herein, we investigate the effect of Zn(TFSI)2 on the doping kinetics of spiro-MeOTAD and correlate it with the time-dependent photovoltaic performance of PSCs employing Zn(TFSI)2. Devices with Zn(TFSI)2 require a considerably longer aging time (∼270 h) to reach the optimized performance, while LiTFSI takes only ∼20 h due to the different doping kinetics of spiro-MeOTAD depending on the dopant. Remarkably, engineering at the interface of the perovskite/HTL can effectively shorten the device aging time by manipulating the recombination rate, leading to a comparable aging time to LiTFSI.
Science
Authors: Adamson Peter 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The first section of this chapter surveys Ibn Sīnā’s cosmology, which is clearly based on Aristotle’s but introduces new ideas especially a theory of celestial intellects that are emanated from God and ultimately bestow forms upon things in our lower, material world. Fundamental principles in his physics are also discussed, as we see how he modified and defended Aristotle’s conception of time and of place, and refuted the possibility of void or atomism. A final section looks at his output in medicine, acknowledging his experience as a practitioner but focusing on his medical theories, which are based especially on Galen.
Big telescopes
Authors: Cottrell Geoff 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how modern optical and infrared telescopes collect and detect millions of times more light than Galileo's telescope to reveal some of the most violent, distant, and ancient objects in the cosmos. Bigger telescopes are better since they can see fainter objects and in greater detail. The chapter elaborates on the concept of diffraction, which governs the amount of detail a telescope can resolve, and how this is manifested in different telescope designs. For three centuries, telescopes collected and shepherded photons into to the eyes of astronomers, but now much fainter light and more distant light is recorded using modern detectors. The power of modern telescopes is illustrated by descriptions of of key discoveries, such as how distances of the distances of stars and galaxies are measured which has led to the discoveries of the vast size and expansion of the Universe. The development of methods to eliminate the rippling effect of the Earth’s atmosphere had led to big telescopes observing stars orbiting the supermassive black hole in centre of the Milky Way. On the biggest scales of the Universe, galaxy surveys have revealed the remarkable structure of the cosmic web.
Telescopes in space
Authors: Cottrell Geoff 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how space telescopes have opened up new and unexpected views of the cosmos, by observing in the gamma-ray, X-ray, ultraviolet, and far infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Such radiation is unobservable from Earth. Space observations reveal the high-energy Universe including gamma-ray bursts and X-rays from the accretion discs around black holes. However, space telescopes also offer advantages at visible wavelengths, for example the Hubble Space Telescope. Other telescopes are providing exquisitely informative maps of stars in the Milky Way, and discovering new worlds orbiting distant stars, the extra-solar or exoplanets. The successor to the HST is the James Webb infrared telescope which is showing us some of the first stars and galaxies to form in the infant Universe.
Multi-messenger astronomy
Authors: Cottrell Geoff 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter highlights the new and different types of astronomical messengers, neutrinos and gravitational waves. These messengers can be detected in regions of the Universe that are electromagnetically hidden from view, and so are highly informative. Neutrinos are produced in massive numbers in the core of the Sun and stars, and also in the most violent events in the Universe, such as in supernovae and the accretion discs around black holes and AGN. Because they interact so weakly with normal matter, neutrinos are difficult to detect, and astronomers look for the rare interactions with matter in large volume detectors, such as the one-km block of ice which forms part of the Antarctic ice-shelf in the IceCube neutrino telescope. The first important neutrino detections, from supernova SN1987A also heralded the first multi-messenger observations. These observations, the higher energy neutrino detections from AGN are described. Gravitational waves are oscillations of the fabric of spacetime, and, unlike electromagnetic waves, are not absorbed making them informative astronomical messengers. Gravitational wave sources involve movements of large amounts of mass and energy, such as conditions of the Big Bang, merging black holes and neutron stars, as well as in supernovae. The first gravitational waves ever detected were from a pair of merging black holes, a billion light years away, by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatories. In 2017 multimessenger gravitational and electromagnetic waves were detected from a kilonova, the violent merger of two neutron stars in a distant galaxy.
A bigger picture
Authors: Cottrell Geoff 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter attempts to bring together all the strands of knowledge about the Universe which have been gleaned from modern observational astronomy, and describes how they have come to shape our understanding of the Universe as a whole, the construction of a standard cosmological model. This, called the lambda-CDM model, is underpinned by the two key observations: the expansion of the Universe and the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation and is is underpinned by Einstein's General Theory of Relativity and the known laws of physics. The observations point to a singular initial event, the hot Big Bang, some 13.8 billion years ago, a state of extreme density and temperature. It is described how the model uses computer simulations to describe the growth of cosmic structures seen in the local Universe, such as galaxies and stars. However, to explain the observations, the model requires additional ingredients, from outside the known laws of physics. These are dark matter, dark energy, and cosmic inflation. The evidence for these is discussed.
Bohemians: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Weir David 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The Romantic myth of Bohemia originates in the early nineteenth century as a way of describing the new economic and cultural conditions artists and writers faced as the system of aristocratic patronage collapsed in the wake of republican revolution. This book analyses the bohemian myth likening the artist’s vagabond career to the “gypsy” life by discussing its various fictional manifestations; its historical presence in different bohemian communities; its political implications as a counter to the ascendancy of a bourgeois, commercial class; and its role in the development of both modern art and popular culture. It concludes by discussing the legacy of the bohemian myth today, arguing that the political and cultural conditions that originated that myth no longer obtain, rendering the idea of “contemporary Bohemia” problematic.
Introduction
Authors: Weir David 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The introduction presents Bohemia as a myth used to explain the cultural transformation of the meaning of art and the nature of artists as the era of modernity unfolded. The bohemian emerged as an antagonist of the emerging bourgeois class and a sceptic of republican forms of government, loyal less to the nation than to metropolitan neighbourhoods of major cities, such as the Latin Quarter of Paris, the Swabbing sector of Munich, and other similarly low-rent districts in other metropolises. The chapter also observes that one does not have to be a bohemian to pursue the artistic lifestyle.
Fictional Bohemias
Authors: Weir David 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the various fictional manifestations of the bohemian myth, beginning with George Sand’s The Last Aldini (1838), Honoré Balzac’s The Prince of Bohemia (1840), and Henry Murger’s Scenes of Bohemian Life (1851), based on a series of newspaper sketches that also served as material for a successful play produced in 1849. The Murger material inspired Giacomo Puccini’s opera La Bohème (1896), which in turn inspired Jonathan Larson’s musical Rent (1996) and the 2005 film version of that play. The chapter also shows how entangled fiction and history become as the bohemian myth undergoes its many permutations over the years from its first appearance in the nineteenth century.
Historical Bohemias
Authors: Weir David 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The chapter traces the history of bohemian communities, which antedate fictional representations of Bohemia by more than a decade. Starting with bohemian enclaves in different Paris neighbourhoods (the Latin Quarter and Montmartre), the chapter shows how those communities were affected by the program of urban modernization executed by Baron Hausmann, starting in the mid nineteenth century. It also describes the migration of Bohemia to downtown New York City in the late 1850s and to the Schwabing section of Munich at the fin de siècle. The Schwabing Bohemia is noteworthy for the full participation of women in the community and for the proto-fascist politics the community embodied.
The death of Bohemia
Authors: Weir David 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter follows up on the conflation of bourgeois and bohemian values in Montparnasse by examining the “Bobo” (bourgeois bohemian) phenomenon in the United States as part of a broader cultural development that argues for the death of Bohemia. The chapter presents the Beat Generation as only one example of the contamination of bohemian culture with middle-class values. It uses Aki Kaurismäki 1992 film La vie de Bohème, a visually inventive retelling of Murger’s Scenes of Bohemian Life, to suggest that while Bohemia may not be dead, it is at least moribund, since the original conditions that gave birth to the myth no longer obtain.
Roman nature
Authors: Taub Liba 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
‘Roman Nature’ discusses authors writing in Latin who produced texts on scientific subjects that attracted a wide readership. Several authors, including Seneca and Vitruvius, continued an earlier practice of writing what may be regarded as histories of science. ‘Roman Nature’ also considers Latin translations of Greek works, which indicate that there was a Latin-language market for natural philosophical and astronomical texts. Some bilingual Roman authors translated Greek works into Latin, such as Cicero. He is an example of an author who sought to make Greek philosophy accessible to Latin readers through various of his writings, including dialogues that featured discussions of natural philosophical topics.
Going by the book—or not
Authors: Taub Liba 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes late antiquity, a historical period that is notable for the significant number of commentaries focusing specifically on philosophical, scientific, and mathematical texts, including those by Plato, Aristotle, Euclid, and Ptolemy. Ancient commentators, such as Galen, Simplicius, and John Philoponus, used the genre as a platform for communicating their own new ideas, fresh perspectives, innovative methods, and radical interpretations. Commentary was an important genre of scientific communication, particularly in later antiquity. Commentators explained and clarified earlier works, whether they fitted their own ideas and interpretations or not. They played a large role in shaping the way the works of their predecessors were read and regarded.
How populations spread
Authors: Lockwood Julie L. , Welbourne Dustin J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how non-native populations spread. Population spread is a function of the established species’ population growth and their dispersal characteristics. Population growth is the key driver of population spread because space and resources are finite; hence, as populations increase they require more space and resources to survive. The chapter explains how population dispersal also influences the spread of an established species. The dynamics of population growth and dispersal can result in bi-phasic spread, which is a commonly observed geographical spread pattern of invasive species. The chapter then highlights how established species often fail to spread, for various reasons, and introduces the concept of invasion lags.
States of an ecosystem
Authors: Lockwood Julie L. , Welbourne Dustin J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces and explains the concept of ecosystem states and describes the extent of influence invasive species have over the states of an ecosystem. It explains that ecosystem states are determined by the abiotic and biotic characteristics of the ecosystem. Invasive species shift the balance of the ecosystem's dynamics by amplifying some feedback processes while dampening others. Moreover, ecosystems can simultaneously exist in locally stable but globally unstable states. The chapter also covers the concept of bistable ecosystems, and how invasive species complicate ecosystem dynamics in potentially irreversible ways.
Condensed Matter Physics: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: McKenzie Ross H. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Condensed Matter Physics: A Very Short Introduction discusses how states of matter and their distinct physical properties emerge from the atoms that a material is composed of. There are many more states of matter than just solid, liquid, and gas. Examples include liquid crystal, ferromagnet, glass, superfluid, and superconductor. New states are continually, and unexpectedly, being discovered. A superconductor can be like Schrödinger’s cat and in the macroscopic world exhibit the weirdness associated with the microscopic world of atoms, photons, and electrons, that is described by quantum theory. A system composed of many interacting parts can have properties that the parts do not have. Water is wet, but a single water molecule is not. Your brain is conscious, but a single neuron is not. Such emergent phenomena are central to condensed matter physics and occur in many fields, from biology to computer science to sociology, leading to rich intellectual connections. When do quantitative differences become qualitative differences? Can simple models describe rich and complex behaviour? What is the relationship between the particular and the universal? How is the abstract related to the concrete? Condensed Matter Physics is concerned with such big questions. The materials in silicon chips, liquid crystal displays, and magnetic computer memories, may have transformed society. But understanding them has transformed how we think about complex systems. Key concepts explored include phase diagrams, phase transitions, symmetry, types of order, spontaneous symmetry breaking, spatial dimensionality, scaling, universality, macroscopic quantum states, topology, metrology, and emergence.
Adventures in Flatland
Authors: McKenzie Ross H. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
‘Adventures in Flatland’ describes how condensed matter physics differs in a two-dimensional world from in our three-dimensional one. This Flatland can be accessed in a laboratory because it is possible to fabricate materials, such as graphene, that are two-dimensional or close to it. Theory can also be used to investigate this different world and led to predictions of new states of matter and a new type of phase transitions. This Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless phase transition has properties determined by topological defects such as vortices in a superfluid. A simple theoretical model for magnetic phase transitions is the Ising model. The two-dimensional version of the model illustrates concepts such as spontaneous symmetry breaking, long-range order, critical points, and emergence. A class of (almost) two-dimensional materials of great interest are crystals consisting of layers of copper and oxygen atoms. These materials superconduct at higher temperatures than any other, have a rich phase diagram, exhibit unusual metallic states, and present challenges for theoretical physicists.
To the limit: analysis in the 18th and 19th centuries
Authors: Earl Richard 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The applications of calculus—via differential equations—and the inventiveness of mathematicians—especially Leonhard Euler—continued to advance, but, as ‘To the limit: analysis in the 18th and 19th centuries’ shows, it would take until the 19th century for calculus to find a firm footing. By that time mathematical analysis had become a separate subject within mathematics, with various powerful techniques of its own. The chapter also introduces the exponential and trigonometric functions, Euler’s startling connection between them, and Riemann’s work which finally put integration on a secure footing.
Dimensions aplenty
Authors: Earl Richard 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The integrals of Chapter 2 represented areas but, as ‘Dimensions aplenty’ makes apparent, calculus has much to add when studied in two, three, and more dimensions. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus can then be seen as an instance of higher-dimensional equivalents—Stokes’ Theorem and the divergence theorem—first studied by physicists for their applications to fluid flows and electromagnetism. This chapter also poses questions from the ‘calculus of variations’: what is the shortest curve between two points on a sphere? What is the largest area you can bound with a loop of rope? Why do soap films form the surfaces that they do?
Biodiversity Conservation: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Macdonald David W. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Biodiversity Conservation: A Very Short Introduction introduces the concept of biodiversity and the basic biological processes that it involves—evolutionary, ecological, and behavioural. Biodiversity, the diversity of life, is not only fascinating and beautiful, it is the engine of all the world’s natural cycles and the source of many of the resources on which humanity depends. Biodiversity conservation is, therefore, everyone’s concern. This VSI looks at the various threats to biodiversity and their impacts. It also explores some of the solutions to the problems, considering the future of biodiversity conservation.
What is the purpose of biodiversity conservation?
Authors: Macdonald David W. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the purpose of biodiversity conservation. Two principles are candidates for guiding biodiversity conservationists: first, safeguarding the inter-generational equity of biodiversity, which can be expressed in terms of protecting natural capital; second, respecting the intrinsic value of non-human beings. The chapter then looks at the concept of respectful engagement, which suggests that the purpose of conservation is to foster coexistence. It differentiates between new conservation, orthodox conservation, and compassionate conservation. The chapter also considers the concept of transdisciplinary conservation before exploring the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species, and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.