bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Similar parasite communities but dissimilar infection patterns in two closely related chickadee species
Authors: Theodosopoulos Angela N , Grabenstein Kathryn C , Larrieu Mia E , Arnold Vanessa , Taylor Scott A 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Hemosporidian parasite communities are broadly similar in Boulder County, Colorado, between two common songbirds––the Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) and Mountain Chickadee (Poecile gambeli). However, Mountain Chickadees appear more likely to be infected with Plasmodium and potentially experience higher infection burdens with Leucocytozoon in contrast to Black-capped Chickadees. We found that elevation change (and associated ecology) drives the distributions of these parasite genera. For Boulder County chickadees, environmental factors play a more important role in structuring hemosporidian communities than host evolutionary differences. However, evolutionary differences are likely key to shaping the probability of infection, infection burden, and whether an infection remains detectable over time. We found that for recaptured birds, their infection status (i.e. presence or absence of detectable parasite infection) tends to remain consistent across capture periods. We sampled 235 chickadees between 2017 and 2021 across a ~1,500-m elevation gradient from low elevation (i.e. the city of Boulder) to comparatively high elevation (i.e. the CU Boulder Mountain Research Station). It is unknown whether long-term hemosporidian abundance trends have changed over time in our sampling region. However, we ask whether potentially disparate patterns of Plasmodium susceptibility and Leucocytozoon infection burden could be playing a role in the negative population trends of Mountain Chickadees.
Taxing cryptocurrencies
Authors: Baer Katherine , De Mooij Ruud , Hebous Shafik , Keen Michael 
Published: July 2023

AbstractPolicy-makers are struggling to accommodate cryptocurrencies within tax systems not designed to handle them; this paper reviews the issues that arise. The greatest challenges are for implementation: crypto’s pseudonymity is an inherent obstacle to third-party reporting. Design problems arise from cryptocurrencies’ dual nature as investment assets and means of payment: more straightforward is a compelling case for corrective taxation of carbon-intensive mining. Ownership is highly concentrated at the top, but many crypto investors have only moderate incomes. The capital gains tax revenue at stake worldwide may be in the tens of billions of dollars, but the more profound risks may ultimately be for VAT/sales taxes.
Association between prehospital lactate categories with short- and long-term mortality: a prospective, observational multicenter study
Authors: Martín-Rodríguez F , Sanz-García A , Martínez Fernández F T , Otero de la Torre S , Delgado Benito J F , del Pozo Vegas C , Pérez García R , Ingelmo Astorga E A , Sanchez Coalla A , López-Izquierdo R 
Published: July 2023

Summary

Background
Lactate is an already recognized biomarker for short-term mortality in emergency medical services (EMS). However, how different levels of lactate are associated with short-, mid- and long-term outcomes should be unveiled.

Aim
To determine how different categories of hyperlactatemia are associated with mortality. We also aim to clinically characterize hyperlactatemia groups.

Design
A multicenter, prospective, observational study performed between January 2019 and February 2022, considering 48 basic life support units and 5 advanced life support units referring to 4 tertiary care hospitals (Spain). Patients were recruited from phone requests for emergency assistance in adults, evacuated to emergency departments. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality from any cause within the first to the 365-day period following EMS attendance. The main measures were demographical and biochemical variables, prehospital advanced life support techniques used and patient condition categorized in 24 diseases.

Methods
Univariate and Cox regression analysis.

Results
A total of 5072 participants fulfilled inclusion criteria. Group #1 (non-hyperlactatemia) was composed of 2389 subjects (47.1%), Group #2 (mild hyperlactatemia) of 1834 (36.1%), Group #3 (hyperlactatemia) of 333 (6.6%) and, finally, Group #4 (severe hyperlactatemia) of 516 (10.2%). The 1-day mortality was 0.2%, 1.1%, 9% and 22.3% in the four lactate groups, respectively. Long-term mortality (365 days) was 10.2%, 22.7%, 38.7% and 46.7% in the four lactate groups, respectively. Differences between patients’ conditions of lactatemia groups were also found.

Conclusions
Our results demonstrated that prehospital lactate categories were associated with short- and long-term outcomes in a different manner. These results will allow EMS to establish different risk states according to the prehospital lactate categories.
How unpredictable is research impact? Evidence from the UK’s Research Excellence Framework
Authors: Yaqub Ohid , Malkov Dmitry , Siepel Josh 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Although ex post evaluation of impact is increasingly common, the extent to which research impacts emerge largely as anticipated by researchers, or as the result of serendipitous and unpredictable processes, is not well understood. In this article, we explore whether predictions of impact made at the funding stage align with realized impact, using data from the UK’s Research Excellence Framework (REF). We exploit REF impact cases traced back to research funding applications, as a dataset of 2,194 case–grant pairs, to compare impact topics with funder remits. For 209 of those pairs, we directly compare their descriptions of ex ante and ex post impact. We find that impact claims in these case–grant pairs are often congruent with each other, with 76% showing alignment between anticipated impact at funding stage and the eventual claimed impact in the REF. Co-production of research, often perceived as a model for impactful research, was a feature of just over half of our cases. Our results show that, contrary to other preliminary studies of the REF, impact appears to be broadly predictable, although unpredictability remains important. We suggest that co-production is a reasonably good mechanism for addressing the balance of predictable and unpredictable impact outcomes.
Phylogenomics reveals patterns of ancient hybridization and differential diversification that contribute to phylogenetic conflict in willows, poplars, and close relatives
Authors: Sanderson Brian J , Gambhir Diksha , Feng Guanqiao , Hu Nan , Cronk Quentin C , Percy Diana M , Freaner Francisco Molina , Johnson Matthew G , Smart Lawrence B , Keefover-Ring Ken , Yin Tongming , Ma Tao , DiFazio Stephen P , Liu Jianquan , Olson Matthew S 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Despite the economic, ecological, and scientific importance of the genera Salix L. (willows) and Populus L. (poplars, cottonwoods, and aspens) Salicaceae, we know little about the sources of differences in species diversity between the genera and of the phylogenetic conflict that often confounds estimating phylogenetic trees. Salix subgenera and sections, in particular, have been difficult to classify, with one recent attempt termed a “spectacular failure” due to a speculated radiation of the subgenera Vetrix and Chamaetia. Here, we use targeted sequence capture to understand the evolutionary history of this portion of the Salicaceae plant family. Our phylogenetic hypothesis was based on 787 gene regions and identified extensive phylogenetic conflict among genes. Our analysis supported some previously described subgeneric relationships and confirmed the polyphyly of others. Using an fbranch analysis, we identified several cases of hybridization in deep branches of the phylogeny, which likely contributed to discordance among gene trees. In addition, we identified a rapid increase in diversification rate near the origination of the Vetrix–Chamaetia clade in Salix. This region of the tree coincided with several nodes that lacked strong statistical support, indicating a possible increase in incomplete lineage sorting due to rapid diversification. The extraordinary level of both recent and ancient hybridization in both Salix and Populus have played important roles in the diversification and diversity in these two genera.
Structural-and-dynamical similarity predicts compensatory brain areas driving the post-lesion functional recovery mechanism
Authors: Chakraborty Priyanka , Saha Suman , Deco Gustavo , Banerjee Arpan , Roy Dipanjan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The focal lesion alters the excitation–inhibition (E–I) balance and healthy functional connectivity patterns, which may recover over time. One possible mechanism for the brain to counter the insult is global reshaping functional connectivity alterations. However, the operational principles by which this can be achieved remain unknown. We propose a novel equivalence principle based on structural and dynamic similarity analysis to predict whether specific compensatory areas initiate lost E–I regulation after lesion. We hypothesize that similar structural areas (SSAs) and dynamically similar areas (DSAs) corresponding to a lesioned site are the crucial dynamical units to restore lost homeostatic balance within the surviving cortical brain regions. SSAs and DSAs are independent measures, one based on structural similarity properties measured by Jaccard Index and the other based on post-lesion recovery time. We unravel the relationship between SSA and DSA by simulating a whole brain mean field model deployed on top of a virtually lesioned structural connectome from human neuroimaging data to characterize global brain dynamics and functional connectivity at the level of individual subjects. Our results suggest that wiring proximity and similarity are the 2 major guiding principles of compensation-related utilization of hemisphere in the post-lesion functional connectivity re-organization process.
Diet and Injection, Important Recommendations to Characterize Clavibacter michiganensis–Tomato Interactions
Authors: Brochu Anne-Sophie , Durrivage Jeanne , Torres Dagoberto , Pérez-López Edel 
Published: July 2023

Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important vegetables in the world. Its extensive cultivation has made this plant the target of many viral, fungal, and bacterial diseases. Among them, bacterial canker of tomato caused by Clavibacter michiganensis ( Cm) has been named one of the most devastating diseases affecting the tomato industry worldwide. It can significantly reduce the yields and profitability of this crop. One of the big challenges we found when working with Cm and trying to characterize the virulence of different isolates was the lack of a consensus methodology to inoculate tomato plants, fertilize them, and characterize Cm virulence. The aim of this research was to identify an artificial inoculation method to induce bacterial canker on tomato plants in greenhouse conditions to homogenize the results of different studies with Cm. We compared two inoculation methods, the scalpel and syringe methods, with two levels of fertilization, low and high fertilization. After evaluating several variables, such as the percentage of necrotic leaves and the height of the plants, the results showed that syringe inoculation with low fertilization was the most effective inoculation method, allowing for the development of a multilevel scale that can be used to study the interaction between tomato plants and Cm isolates. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
An Observational Study of Outcomes Associated with Virtual Pain Management Programmes Based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Implemented During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Hollyfield Shakira , Travers Warren , Sondh Satwinder K , Wilczek Angelika , Jacobs Clair , McCracken Lance M , Scott Whitney 
Published: July 2023

Objective:
In response to COVID-19, virtual, group-based interdisciplinary pain management programmes (PMPs) were rapidly implemented. This included implementing different intensities and formats of virtual PMPs to address a range of patient needs and complexity. This observational study investigated outcomes associated with virtual high and low intensity and pre-neuromodulation PMPs based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) as part of routine care during the pandemic.

Methods:
Depending on patients’ needs, participants completed a virtual high- or low-intensity PMP, or a virtual PMP in preparation for neuromodulation, from June 2020 to June 2022. Participants completed standardized measures of pain intensity and interference, work and social adjustment, depression, and pain acceptance before and after treatment. Data from 2018 and 2019 for in-person residential (n=561), outpatient (n=123), and pre-neuromodulation (n=207) PMPs were also examined to provide an historical benchmark of performance.

Results:
The virtual high-intensity PMP (n=294) showed significant improvements on all variables, with small effects. There were significant improvements with small effects for pain interference, depression, and acceptance for the virtual pre-neuromodulation PMP (n=129). No statistically significant improvements were observed for the virtual low intensity PMP (n=90). The improvements associated with pre-pandemic in-person PMPs were generally larger relative to the virtual PMPs of comparable intensity delivered during the pandemic.

Discussion:
These data provide preliminary support for the potential benefits of high, but not low, intensity virtual ACT-based PMPs, including in the context of neuromodulation. Research is needed to maximize the impact of virtual PMPs and match patients with the most appropriate delivery format.
Characterizing a Joint Reflection-Distortion OAE Profile in Humans With Endolymphatic Hydrops
Authors: Stiepan Samantha , Shera Christopher A. , Abdala Carolina 
Published: July 2023

Objectives:
Endolymphatic hydrops (EH), a hallmark of Meniere disease, is an inner-ear disorder where the membranes bounding the scala media are distended outward due to an abnormally increased volume of endolymph. In this study, we characterize the joint-otoacoustic emission (OAE) profile, a results profile including both distortion- and reflection-class emissions from the same ear, in individuals with EH and speculate on its potential utility in clinical assessment and monitoring.

Design:
Subjects were 16 adults with diagnosed EH and 18 adults with normal hearing (N) matched for age. Both the cubic distortion product (DP) OAE, a distortion-type emission, and the stimulus-frequency (SF) OAE, a reflection-type emission, were measured and analyzed as a joint OAE profile. OAE level, level growth (input/output functions), and phase-gradient delays were measured at frequencies corresponding to the apical half of the human cochlea and compared between groups.

Results:
Normal hearers and individuals with EH shared some common OAE patterns, such as the reflection emissions being generally higher in level than distortion emissions and showing more linear growth than the more strongly compressed distortion emissions. However, significant differences were noted between the EH and N groups as well. OAE source strength (a metric based on OAE amplitude re: stimulus level) was significantly reduced, as was OAE level, at low frequencies in the EH group. These reductions were more marked for distortion than reflection emissions. Furthermore, two significant changes in the configuration of OAE input/output functions were observed in ears with EH: a steepened growth slope for reflection emissions and an elevated compression knee for distortion emissions. SFOAE phase-gradient delays at 40 dB forward-pressure level were slightly shorter in the group with EH compared with the normal group.

Conclusions:
The underlying pathology associated with EH impacts the generation of both emission types, reflection and distortion, as shown by significant group differences in OAE level, growth, and delay. However, hydrops impacts reflection and distortion emissions differently. Most notably, DPOAEs were more reduced by EH than were SFOAEs, suggesting that pathologies associated with the hydropic state do not act identically on the generation of nonlinear distortion at the hair bundle and intracochlear reflection emissions near the peak of the traveling wave. This differential effect underscores the value of applying a joint OAE approach to access both intracochlear generation processes concurrently.
Evaluating Surgical Cervical Arthrodesis With a Novel MRI Grading Score
Authors: Mazur-Hart David J. , Godil Jamila A. , Larson Erik W. , Nugent Joseph G. , Gerges Christina , Pettersson David R. , Ross Donald A. 
Published: July 2023

Study Design:
This was a single-institution retrospective study.

Objective:
Evaluate a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-scoring system to differentiate arthrodesis from pseudoarthrosis following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion.

Summary of Background Data:
Diagnostic workup following fusion surgery often includes MRI to evaluate neural structures and computed tomography (CT) and/or dynamic x-rays to evaluate instrumentation and arthrodesis. The use of MRI alone for these evaluations would protect patients from harmful CT and x-ray ionizing radiation.

Methods:
Neurosurgical attending evaluated CTs for arthrodesis or pseudoarthrosis. Blinded neuroradiology attending and neurosurgery senior resident evaluated independent T1 and T2 region of interest (ROI) signal intensity over instrumented disk space. Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) at the cisterna magnum and distal adjacent uninstrumented vertebral body (VB) were also calculated. ROIinterspace/ROICSF and ROIinterspace/ROIVB quotients were used to create T1- and T2-interspace interbody scores (IIS).

Results:
Study population (n=64 patients, 50% female) with a mean age of 51.72 years and 109 instrumented levels with 45 fused levels (41.3%) were included. T1-weighted MRI, median T1-IISCSF for arthrodesis was 176.20 versus 130.92 for pseudoarthrosis (P<0.0001), T1-IISVB for arthrodesis was 68.52 and pseudoarthrosis was 52.71 (P<0.0001). T2-weighted MRI, median T2-IISCSF for arthrodesis was 27.72 and 14.21 for pseudoarthrosis (P<0.0001), while T2-IISVB for arthrodesis was 67.90 and 41.02 for pseudoarthrosis (P<0.0001). The greatest univariable discriminative capability for arthrodesis via AUROC was T1-IISVB (0.7743).

Conclusion:
We describe a novel MRI scoring system that may help determine arthrodesis versus pseudoarthrosis following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Postoperative symptomatic patients may only require MRI, which would protect patients from ionizing radiation.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Effectiveness of Halo-Pelvic Traction and Thoracoplasty for Pulmonary Artery Pressure and Cardiopulmonary Function in Patients With Severe Spinal Deformity
Authors: Tan Kunyue , Liu Chunxia , Zhao Zhengkai , Wang Shuzhen , Liang Yijian , Yu Bin , Xiong Feng 
Published: July 2023

Study Design:
Retrospective review.

Objective:
To evaluate the effectiveness of halo-pelvic traction and thoracoplasty for pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and cardiopulmonary function in patients with severe spinal deformity.

Summary of Background Data:
The effect of severe spinal deformity on pulmonary arterial hypertension, cardiac structure, and function has received little attention before.

Patients and Methods:
A total of 21 patients with severe spinal deformity were included in our study; all patients were examined by echocardiography and pulmonary function test before and after treatment. The correlations between PAP and pulmonary function were examined using Pearson correlation analysis.

Results:
The PAP decreased from 58.67 ± 20.24 to 39.00 ± 12.51 mm Hg, and the PAP of 42.86% of the patients returned to normal after treatment. Right cardiac enlargement, left ventricular diastolic function, and pulmonary function were improved at the same time. The ratio of left ventricular to right ventricular diameter returned to normal. Moderate correlations (correlation coefficient: −0.513 to −0.559) between PAP and forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in the first second were identified.

Conclusions:
Pulmonary arterial hypertension, ventricular diastolic function, and pulmonary function were improved after halo-pelvic traction and thoracoplasty. A moderate negative correlation was identified between PAP and pulmonary function: the more pulmonary function improved, the more PAP decreased.
Role of adipokines in sarcopenia
Authors: Lu Wenhao , Feng Wenjie , Lai Jieyu , Yuan Dongliang , Xiao Wenfeng , Li Yusheng 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Sarcopenia is an age-related disease that mainly involves decreases in muscle mass, muscle strength and muscle function. At the same time, the body fat content increases with aging, especially the visceral fat content. Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that secretes biologically active factors called adipokines, which act on local and distant tissues. Studies have revealed that some adipokines exert regulatory effects on muscle, such as higher serum leptin levels will cause a decrease in muscle function and adiponectin inhibits the transcriptional activity of Forkhead box O3 (FoxO3) by activating peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-γ coactivator -1α (PGC-1α) and sensitizing cells to insulin, thereby repressing atrophy-related genes (atrogin-1 and muscle RING finger 1 [MuRF1]) to prevent the loss of muscle mass. Here, we describe the effects on muscle of adipokines produced by adipose tissue, such as leptin, adiponectin, resistin, mucin and lipocalin-2, and discuss the importance of these adipokines for understanding the development of sarcopenia.
Effects of radiation therapy on tumor microenvironment: an updated review
Authors: Zhang Zewen , Peng Yuanhao , Peng Xin , Xiao Desheng , Shi Ying , Tao Yongguang 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Cancer is a major threat to human health and causes death worldwide. Research on the role of radiotherapy (RT) in the treatment of cancer is progressing; however, RT not only causes fatal DNA damage to tumor cells, but also affects the interactions between tumor cells and different components of the tumor microenvironment (TME), including immune cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, extracellular matrix, and some soluble products. Some cancer cells can survive radiation and have shown strong resistance to radiation through interaction with the TME. Currently, the complex relationships between the tumor cells and cellular components that play major roles in various TMEs are poorly understood. This review explores the relationship between RT and cell–cell communication in the TME from the perspective of immunity and hypoxia and aims to identify new RT biomarkers and treatment methods in lung cancer to improve the current status of unstable RT effect and provide a theoretical basis for further lung cancer RT sensitization research in the future.