bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital Trade
Authors: Peng Shin-yi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Digital technology has transformed the way trade is conducted, and the need to modernize trade agreements to reflect this reality is long overdue. In terms of market access, WTO case law has confirmed that GATS disciplines and obligations apply to digital means of service delivery that have emerged since the WTO was concluded in 1994. However, judicial interpretation may not be the most appropriate method of clarifying whether the W/120 and the CPC cover certain international trade enabled by digital technologies. GATS classification/scheduling system must be reformed in light of innovative advances and trends toward a data-driven economy. In terms of domestic regulation, governments are facing dilemmas between maximizing opportunities stemming from digital trade by freeing the flow of data and managing the impact of cross-border data flows for other policy objectives, which include privacy and cybersecurity. Drawing from the experiences of the FTAs, an obvious challenge is the inherent sensitivity of interfering with other parties’ ‘digital sovereignty’. Particular attention should be paid to the soft legal nature of certain provisions and loose exceptions under the digital trade/e-commerce chapters. Furthermore, ‘special and differential treatment’ will eventually be the focal points of digital trade and data governance.
Interpretation
Authors: Van den Bossche Peter , Ganeriwal Parika 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter on the interpretation of WTO agreements and regional trade agreements seeks to answer the relevant ‘how’ and ‘what’ questions, namely ‘how’ to interpret these agreements and ‘what’ rules apply to the interpretation. To that end, this chapter addresses the principles of and the jurisprudence on the interpretation of trade agreements. It begins with an exploration of the provisions of the WTO agreements that provide guidance on the interpretation of WTO law. It subsequently discusses the codified rules on treaty interpretation as comprised in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) and examines the application of these rules by the WTO Appellate Body in its interpretation of provisions of the WTO agreements. The application by the Appellate Body of non-codified principles of interpretation, such as the principle of effectiveness and the principle of in dubio mitius, as well as the evolutionary approach to interpretation are also discussed. This chapter concludes with an examination of the rules applicable on, and applied to, the interpretation of free trade agreements other than the WTO agreements.
The Regulation of International Trade
Authors: Saggi Kamal , Schropp Simon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the various economic rationales that underlie international trade agreements and analyses how the principal rules and design features of such agreements help achieve their key objectives. Our contribution is twofold. First, we provide an intuitive discussion of the economics of international trade agreements in general and the GATT 1947/WTO Agreement in particular. Second, we examine the economic underpinnings of some of the key rules of the international trading system, including the most-favored-nation and the national-treatment obligations, the principle of reciprocity, as well as various exceptions to non-discrimination found in the GATT 1947/WTO system, and address some important regulatory developments since the early GATT years.
West- and East-European Sources and Contexts for the Late-Soviet Underground
Authors: Glanc Tomáš 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The import of foreign cultural stimuli played a fundamental role in the Soviet underground. The Soviet cultural politics, on the one hand, limited an access to foreign materials and information. On the other hand, precisely these factors heightened interest in anything “prohibited” or difficult to access. Other socialist countries’ cultural contexts and their representatives played a specific role in adjusting relationships between the “homegrown” and the “foreign” (Western). Channels of communication can be divided into media and person-to-persona and include different forms of appropriation and translations, cultural diplomacy and black market. In all these cases, situations of mis- or incomprehension accompanies processes of appropriation and translation (not only linguistic) of cultural materials.
Indigenous Archaeology in Waitukubuli (Dominica)
Authors: Auguiste Irvince Nanichi , Hofman Corinne L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Dominica is currently home to approximately 3,200 Carib or Kalinago. They named their island Oüaitoucoubouli/Waitukubuli (tall is her body). For more than two centuries, colonial forces attempted to gain control of the island, but the Kalinago met them with fierce resistance. The most devastating impact of the European invasion on Kalinago culture was on the Kalinago language. Until the 1920s, few Kalinago could speak or remember the language; the Kalinago language was rapidly replaced by French Kwéyol and, to a lesser extent, English. Today, most Kalinago are unable to speak their native language, but many Kalinago names and words remain in common use. At present, the Kalinago are strongly engaged in promoting their heritage in light of economic development to provide both direct and indirect economic gains to the residents of the community and to foster greater awareness and appreciation of the Kalinago culture. This chapter discusses the long-lasting relationship between the Kalinago communities and archaeologists with a view to contributing to these efforts. The co-creation between archaeologists and community members in all stages of research has stimulated interest in and a better understanding of the archaeological work done on the island. Moreover, it has brought together a number of Indigenous leaders and other public figures in archaeological forums for the first time.
Defining Mission Studies for the Third Millennium of Christianity
Authors: Kollman Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Given the multiple definitions—speaking theologically and historically—of the word “mission,” the field of “mission studies” naturally also resists a self-evident univocal meaning. Mindful that academic disciplines (or sub-disciplines) require certain self-limitation, however, this chapter will offer a brief historical perspective on the field, then seek such self-limitation. It will explore a variety of types of studies that constitute mission studies to argue that the field must always necessarily operate on two levels. First, it must remain grounded in the actual realities of discourses and practices that are identified as mission in the present. Second, mission studies must remain open to discourses and practices to be identified as mission later, or, looking into the past, retrospectively. In so doing, mission studies remains true to the limitless possibilities implied by the theological categories that have long been central to its enactment while remaining grounded in empirical realities.
Mission and the Anthropology of Christianity
Authors: Lauterbach Karen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines the long relationship and mutual engagement between mission studies and anthropology. It focuses in particular on the anthropology of Christianity and how this sub-field of anthropology can be of benefit to mission studies. The chapter uses a study of Congolese Pentecostal churches, so-called refugee churches, in Kampala, Uganda, to show how lived experiences, lived Christianity, and a displacement context are crucial factors to consider when studying mission in a multi-directional and interdisciplinary way. Through the concepts of ethical practice and existential mobility the chapter shows how the study of global Christianity and mission can include experiential and epistemological diversity.
Christian Mission and Buddhists
Authors: Lai Pan-chiu 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The modern Christian missionary activities to the Buddhists in Asia were shaped not only by the religious backgrounds of the missionaries, but also the international politics as well as the sociopolitical situations of the relevant countries in Asia. As Buddhism is an integral part of the traditional culture in Asia, cultural politics were involved in the encounter between Christianity and Buddhism. Through encountering Christianity, some Buddhists transformed their interpretations as well as practices of Buddhism, which became modernized and globalized. Through encountering the Buddhists, some Christian missionaries changed their understandings as well as praxes of Christian mission. Some Christian theologies with Buddhist characteristics were formed in Asia, and they enriched the development of Christianity as a global movement. These developments of the two religions make possible the interaction and cooperation between them in their respective missions to the contemporary world.
Christian Mission and Ecology Amidst Global Warnings
Authors: Kaoma Kapya J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Christianity is coming to terms with the ongoing ecological crisis. Climate change and ecological despoilations, the chapter argues, are not only human-induced disasters of untold magnitude, but also “global warnings” of the annihilation of life on planet Earth. In addition to exploring missiological responses to the ongoing environmental crisis, the chapter argues that Christian mission must become ecocentric in theory and application. Re-conceptualized or eco-reformed Christian mission of the Creator, the chapter argues, allows humanity to sacredly relate to the web of life, whose origin is in Christ. Building on African theology of Christ as our ancestor, the chapter identifies Christ as the ecological ancestor, who is sacramentally present in the creation. This understanding has strong missiological implications for Christian participation in Earth care.
Mission Studies as Intercultural Theology
Authors: Wrogemann Henning 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the last two decades, the term intercultural theology has gained currency in European countries and in North America as a technical term for what used to be called mission studies. The chapter begins by analyzing several contributions in order to identify which substantial changes in emphasis are being associated with the new term in the controversial academic debates which have ensued. The author then formulates his own understanding of mission studies as intercultural theology, on the basis of which he discusses fundamental issues related to the academic locus, which ranges between cultural studies theories (such as discourse theory, postcolonial studies, semiotics) and theological approaches (such as world Christianity, mission theology). The thesis is put forward that it is precisely by integrating different perspectives that intercultural theology can make an important contribution towards a hermeneutics of intercultural relations, mission theology, and the praxis of mission in the age of globalization.
State Capitalism and the Firm
Authors: Wright Mike , Wood Geoffrey T. , Cuervo-Cazurra Alvaro , Sun Pei , Okhmatovskiy Ilya , Grosman Anna 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this introduction to The Handbook of State Capitalism and the Firm, we provide an overview of state capitalism, its evolution, diversity, and theoretical implications. We clarify the tension between the market and the government that drives state intervention in the economy. A brief historical overview of state capitalism provides a much-needed background to explicit and implicit discussions of the diversity of dimensions of state capitalism. We document how state capitalism seems to have followed a pendulum between periods of high dominance and periods of retrenchment that have resulted in the transformation of the literature over time. We also explain the variety of state capitalism that has been implemented across countries and time. We then outline the diversity in the theorization of state capitalism as a phenomenon and the implications of the cross-border expansion of state capitalism. We conclude with an overview of the potential avenues for future research on state capitalism and the firm.
The Internationalization of State-Owned Firms
Authors: Cuervo-Cazurra Alvaro , Li Cheng 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We analyze the impact of state ownership on firm internationalization. We propose and explain four drivers of the variation in the internationalization of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) from the same country: 1) Industry, in which SOEs created to provide public services are less likely to internationalize, while those created to facilitate industrial upgrading are more likely to expand abroad; 2) type of state ownership, in which SOEs owned by lower-level governments like municipalities are less likely to internationalize, while those owned by higher-level governments such as the central administration are more likely to go abroad; 3) level of state ownership, in which SOEs with higher state ownership are less likely to expand overseas, while those with lower state ownership are more likely to internationalize; and 4) managerial independence, in which SOEs with lower managerial independence are less likely to internationalize, while those with higher independence are more likely to expand abroad.
Industrial Policy
Authors: Mamica Łukasz , Dolfsma Wilfred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The 2008 crisis has highlighted the need for a more active industrial policy, and the lockdown and the collapse of supply chains due to the 2020 pandemic only reinforced this process. In this chapter, we show that the effectiveness of practical industrial policy solutions requires taking into account their geographical and sectoral aspects. Of particular importance are activities in the area of R&D support policy, which not only contribute to increased competitiveness of industry, but also determine the possibility of its transformation toward climate neutrality, especially in the renewable energy sector. We are well aware of the potential threats associated with the spending of public funds as they may interfere with the free market, but with an appropriate industrial policy these actions are likely to have more beneficial than potential negative effects. Taking into account the areas where firms source their inputs and the areas where they sell their products and services (they may do both locally and globally), we propose categorizing firms into four groups or cells. For each category, we propose a catalog of industrial policy tools. In our opinion, only actions that reflect the specificity of firms stand a chance of delivering the planned results. We suggest a generic way, from an institutional economic point of view, to analyse government policy in general and industrial policy in particular.
The State as a Facilitator of Innovation
Authors: Wang Yong , Hua Xiuping 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of the state in facilitating innovation and industrial development. An overview is given of theoretical research on the importance of government support on innovation and technology upgrading. Both strengths and weaknesses with regards to state intervention activities are explored by summarizing empirical evidence. It then addresses the facilitating role of the state in cultivating emerging high-tech industries and promoting corporate innovation in both developed and emerging economies. Finally, a discussion is made of industrial and innovation policies in China from a historical and dynamic perspective. Grounded in our discussions, we offer key implications for theory and practice, and suggest that despite uncertainty in policy impacts, the state in emerging economies should not only work on overcoming market failures in most industries, but also actively create and shape markets in newly emerged and innovative industries.
State Capitalism in the Middle East
Authors: Sidani Yusuf M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Military capitalism takes many forms in the Arab world; Egypt is just one striking example where the army commands a growing and extensive role with significant influences in the political and economic spheres. The military discourse has made a strong argument that country stability and security require the army’s direct intervention, not only at the military front, but also in the economic sphere. Critics point that there are many drawbacks attached to military capitalism. The ability of the current Egyptian leadership to signal that it is in control provides assurance as to the relative stability of the country. This is needed to attract foreign investment and help the economy recover. On the other hand, the sustained military meddling in the economy could mean that structural reforms could be challenged by those who have vested interests in keeping things as they are.
State Capitalism in Western Europe
Authors: Colli Andrea 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Notwithstanding the intense wave of privatizations which has deeply transformed the physiognomy of Western European economies since the mid-1980s, Governments are still playing a relevant role as direct owners of companies in several industries, particularly those with a strategic relevance. What has changed is, however, both the structure of state involvement in the companies’ ownership, and also the strategic orientation of the companies themselves. As far as ownership is concerned, in several (but not in all) cases Western European governments have reduced the size of their shareholdings to the minimum threshold of control. This has meant the floating of a consistent part of the companies’ capital on the international stock market, and the involvement of relevant constituencies as institutional investors. This has had, of course, a relevant impact on these companies’ corporate governance practices, which are now subject to a much closer scrutiny than in the past. The consequence of this process has been a radical change in the companies’ strategies, now facing a much more diversified constituency of shareholders. Inward-looking, domestic-oriented market strategies have given room to outward-looking behaviors based on aggressive internationalization. This process in its turn has impacted on other aspects of corporate life as for instance the hiring of top management. The chapter analyses the contours of the phenomenon suggesting a taxonomy useful for understanding the different typologies of state-ownership.
Old England and New in Anne Bradstreet’s Poetry
Authors: Auger Peter 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter observes that tightly historicised readings of Anne Bradstreet’s poetry are most possible for when it emerged in the London publishing industry and the English political landscape in July 1650, because seventeenth-century archives are biased towards male actors in metropolitan centres of power. It then looks back at how Bradstreet’s settler poetics addressed a ‘narrowly transatlantic’ relation between Old and New England when she wrote, especially in the ‘Dialogue between Old England and New’ (1642). Next it examines how the print editions repurposed her poetry, first for readers in the newly formed Commonwealth in 1650 and later for New England readers in 1678. This chapter concludes with a reading of ‘David’s Lamentation for Saul and Jonathan’ which shows that the more we historicise Bradstreet’s poetry to its reception in 1650, the further her authorial agency recedes from view, in this case even calling into question whether she wrote the poem.
Early Modern Dutch and English Women Across Borders
Authors: van Elk Martine 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
England and the Dutch Republic had a complex relationship to each other in the early modern period. Recent scholarship has been exploring women transnationally, looking at how they crossed borders both in physical terms of travel and in less tangible ways. This chapter applies this approach to early modern women from England and the Dutch Republic by looking closely at examples of women who addressed Anglo-Dutch relationships in a variety of ways. The chapter explores intellectual networks and ties between women and men in England and the Dutch Republic; women stationers who moved between England and the Dutch Republic; and women’s poems about the other country. Using theories of the public sphere, the chapter examines how their work represented them as figures with public standing. They show the need for cross-cultural and transnational approaches that acknowledge the rich variety with which women looked across the Channel.
‘On the Picture of Ye Prisoner’
Authors: Chalmers Hero 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers a fresh reading of Lucy Hutchinson’s elegies, composed after her husband’s death in prison in 1664. It focuses on showing how these poems draw on the royalist hagiography, Eikon Basilike (1649), printed to coincide with the execution of the king, Charles I. Much as Eikon Basilike has been read as crafted to appeal to a spectrum of political opinion then, Lucy Hutchinson’s appropriations of the king’s image in responding to her husband’s plight may be read as available to readers whose political sympathies eschew straightforward binarism. Hutchinson does not only repurpose the language and visual iconography of Eikon Basilike in order to represent John Hutchinson as the true exemplum of a devout, suffering, imprisoned prince. Her elegies use the same language and imagery to characterise her own experience as a grieving widow. Such an approach constitutes a hitherto undetected aspect of her exploration of the illicit nature of excessive grief.
Non-Elite Women and the Network, 1600–1700
Authors: Wiseman Susan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter asks how helpful is it to place non-elite women’s writing in relation to networks, taking this as a vantage point from which to examine key approaches to non-elite writing to date. The chapter uses three case studies—Isabella Whitney; exchanges between women and servants; and women in the Muggletonian network—to explore assumptions about non-elite women’s writing; which networks become visible in print, the inevitable privileging of religious networks and the ramifications of that; the place of women in non-elite writing studies; and the question of with whom we can expect women to be networking regularly and the nature of networks that include women of different status. Thinking about when and how non-elite women’s networks become visible allows us to see social relations expressed in a range of discourses where different motivations and crises shape women as writers, and others that show non-elite women as speakers, agents, and writers.
‘A Telescope for the Mind’
Authors: Flanders Julia 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Digital methodologies in general emerge in large part out of the study of marginalised groups, as part of early initiatives to bring these margins into visibility through what was at the time viewed as a democratising set of technological affordances. In exploring digital methodologies for early women's writing, we are both appropriating tools whose deepest ideological entailments are with global systems of power, and also working within a long tradition of such appropriations, a history that has been directly shaped by the study of early women's writing and other ‘peripheral’ traditions. This chapter focuses on key methodological areas of particular relevance to early modern women’s writing: text markup, data modelling, and digital traditions of scholarly editing; large-scale data analysis; and network analysis. In addition to examining these major methodological spaces, this chapter considers their pedagogical inflections as well as the major challenges that face scholars of early modern women's writing.