bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Results of the Specific Treatment of Late Hay Fever
Authors: Rackemann Francis M. , Graham Lillian B. , Scully Margaret A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hay fever in New England occurs in at least three groups. The first depends upon a hypersensitiveness to the pollen of trees which causes symptoms in May and early June. The second depends upon a hypersensitiveness to the grasses. Here the symptoms begin late in May or early in June and last through the month of June and into July. In both groups the causes of trouble are multiple since the patient is rarely, if ever, hypersensitive to the pollen of a single tree or of a single grass or even to any simple combination of a few different pollens: Usually skin tests reveal positive reactions to a wide variety of different pollens. For example, in this second group, it is unusual to find a hypersensitiveness to timothy alone. Red top, orchard grass, Bermuda grass, Johnson grass, rye grass, and other grasses, will frequently produce skin reactions at the same time and often of approximately the same intensity.
Upon the Anticomplementary Action of Pancreatic Extracts
Authors: Grove Ella F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The anticomplementary effect of pancreatic extracts, first described by Michaelis and Skwirsky, was ascribed by these investigators to the tryptic ferments. In the present study, it is shown that the ratio of the digestive power of two pancreatic extracts (1:1) may be very different from the ratio of the anti-complementary power of the two extracts (1:100).
This observation indicates that the proteoclastic and the anti-complementary functions of a pancreatic extract reside in two different substances.
Attempts to separate the two functions in a single extract failed.
The Immunological Characteristics of a Water-Insoluble Protein in Type I Antipneumococcus Sera
Authors: Felton Lloyd D. , Bailey G. Howard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The fact that it has been found possible to separate the protective substance of antipneumococcus sera by a method (1) which involves little physical or chemical manipulation, instead of precipitation by high concentration of neutral salts, prolonged dialysis, or by specific antigens, led to a study of the immunological characteristics of this precipitated substance. The work was stimulated by the observations of Izar and Caruso (2) and of Izar (3), and the persistent thought of the possibility of antibodies, as evidenced by agglutination, precipitin, complement-fixation reactions, etc., being the manifestation of a single substance. Two views have been presented, the one sponsored by Ehrlich affirming the multiplicity of specific immune substances, and the other, by Bordet, Nicolle (4), and others, maintaining their essential unity. A comprehensive review of this second thought has been given by Zinsser (5) who advocates the essential identity of antibodies.
Studies in Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Levine Philip , Coca Arthur F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The pioneer observations of Noon (1) and Freeman (2) in England, of Clowes (3), Koessler (4), and Cooke (5), in this country, and the subsequent confirmatory experiences of many others with the specific treatment of atopic conditions (hay fever and bronchial asthma) leave no doubt of a certain effectiveness of the method. This method consists in the subcutaneous injection, at intervals of several days, of gradually increasing quantities of the exciting agent.
The method referred to was conceived upon the basis of the procedure of desensitization in anaphylactic hypersensitiveness. However, there are at hand some observations by R. A. Cooke, which make it at least doubtful that the alleviating effect of the specific treatment of atopic hypersensitiveness is due to a desensitization, in the proper sense of that term. Cooke has found that, in individuals who have obtained complete relief from hay fever, as a result of injections of pollen extract, the degree of sensitiveness of the skin and even of the conjunctiva to the extract is the same as it was before the injections were begun.
Studies of the Toxins of the Hemolytic Streptococci Associated with Scarlet Fever
Authors: Kirkbride Mary B. , Wheeler Mary W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ever since laboratory procedure established the almost constant presence of hemolytic streptococci in the early stages of scarlet fever, researches have been directed toward determining the etiological relationship of these organisms to the disease. It is only recently, however, that a satisfactory evaluation of clinical and laboratory evidence has been made possible through the application of newer methods by Dochez (1, 2, 3, 4, 5,) and the Dicks (6, 7, 8, 9, 10). These studies are so familiar that it is unnecessary to review them here. It is evident, however, that further advances in our conception of the rôle of hemolytic streptococci in scarlet fever and in other infectious processes are largely dependent on a more exact knowledge of streptococcus toxins and their antitoxins. As a basis for such studies, uniform and readily applicable methods for the preparation and standardization of both the toxins and antitoxins must be developed.
The Effects of Specific Metals on the Antigenic Structure of Alkaline Phosphatase from Escherichia Coli
Authors: Reese R. T. , Treffers H. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Native alkaline phosphatase has been compared with its Zn (II) and Co (II) reconstituted forms by using direct inhibition of enzyme activity by antiserum, quantitative precipitation and serologic analysis with an aqueous polymer phase system. All three of the enzyme forms are differentiable by this combination of methods which allows measurements to be taken at ratios of enzyme and antibody which are in antigen or antibody excess as well as at equivalence. Although difficult to detect by physical techniques, the removal of divalent cations distinctly alters the structure of the enzyme as measured by quantitative precipitin analysis. Data from kinetic studies were interpreted as suggesting that at best, only part of the antibodies bound close to, or directly modified, the enzyme's active site. This was used as supported for the theory that this enzyme must undergo a conformational change in order to catalyze the hydrolysis of substrate.
Purification and Characterization of Coliphage MS2 Hapten Conjugates
Authors: Curtiss Linda K. , Krueger Robert G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Conjugation of the RNA coliphage MS2 to either dinitrophenol (DNP) or picolinimidate (P), and separation from the reaction mixture on Sephadex G-25 results in the generation of at least two phage populations with differing sedimentation rates. These populations also can be separated on the basis of density. One phage population contains intact, infectious phage particles and conjugated hapten. The data presented shows that neither the density nor sedimentation rate change as a result of conjugation, nor is there any detectable alteration in the purified, conjugated particle that makes it any more sensitive to altered physical and chemical conditions. However, distinct differences between conjugated and unconjugated phage can be seen when they are neutralized with anti-MS2 sera.
Predominance of Theta-Positive Lymphocytes in Gut-Associated and Peripheral Lymphoid Tissues of Newborn Mice
Authors: Chanana A. D. , Schaedeli J. , Hess M. W. , Cottier H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Morphologic and isotope-labeling studies on newborn mice have not only suggested a substantial thymocyte production (1) and peripheralization (2), but have also provided direct evidence for the thymic origin of a majority of lymphocytes in mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches (3, 4). The presence of θ-alloantigen on thymocytes of mice (5) has been utilized to evaluate the relative proportions of thymus-derived cells in lymphoid tissues (6). The values obtained by the use of cytotoxic anti-θ serum (7) are, however, significantly lower than those suggested by morphologic and isotope-labeling studies (3, 4). We have evaluated the relative numbers of θ-positive cells in the lymphoid tissues of newborn mice by indirect immunofluorescent staining (8). The results indicate that most of the lymphocytes in lymph nodes and Peyer's patches of mice are θ-positive.
Materials and Methods. Anti-θ and control anti-θ reagents (anti-θ, control reagent, respectively) were prepared by immunizing AKR mice with C3H mouse thymocytes.
Enhancement of an Anti-Hapten Antibody Response by an Antiserum to the Carrier Protein
Authors: Pincus Carolyn , Miller Gary , Nussenzweig Victor 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The administration of relatively small doses of antiserum to BSA to mice receiving an injection of DNP 12BSA resulted in a concomitant enhancement of both the anti-BSA and anti-DNP antibody responses. It thus appears that under suitable conditions the “helper effect” may be mimicked by anti-carrier antiserum.
Monoclonal IgA and IgM in the Serum of a Single Patient (SC)
Authors: Seon B.-K. , Yagi Y. , Pressman D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A comparative study was carried out with the light chains of IgA and IgM from a single patient (SC). Both light chains were of κ type and were homogeneous. They were not distinguished by urea disc electrophoresis, amino acid composition, N-terminal amino acid sequence (consequently Vκ subgroup), Inv allotype and peptide map. Both were of VκIII subgroup which is found in very low frequency among human κ chains. It appears that both light chains of SC IgA and SC IgM were synthesized by the same genes (the same variable portion gene and the same constant portion gene).
Heterologous Antiserum to Mouse Thymus-Derived Lymphocytes
Authors: Bron Claude , Sauser Daniel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By immunization of rabbits with mouse thymocyte membranes, antisera were obtained which reacted, after proper absorption, with 95 to 100% of mouse thymocytes and 35 to 40% of mouse spleen lymphocytes as shown by immunofluorescence and cytotoxic testing. After absorption of such antisera with mouse thymocytes of different θ-allotypes and mouse spleen lymphocytes pretreated with isologous anti-θ serum and complement, the remaining antigen(s) detected by heterologous antisera appeared to be distinct from the θ-alloantigen but present on the same population of spleen lymphocytes.
The simultaneous use of two in vitro tests whereby both humoral and cellular immune responses can be demonstrated in the same animal with one alloantigen shows that the differentiation antigen detected is specific for thymus derived Tlymphocytes.
Effects of Natural Thymocytotoxic Autoantibody of NZB Mice and of Specifically Prepared Antilymphocyte Serum on the Tissue Distribution of 51Cr-Labeled Lymphocytes
Authors: Shirai Toshikazu , Yoshiki Takashi , Mellors Robert C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study deals with the effect of natural thymocytotoxic autoantibody (NTA) of NZB mouse serum and of specifically prepared antilymphocyte serum upon the tissue distribution of 51Cr-labeled mouse lymph node cells in syngeneic recipients. By cytotoxicity test both sera were found to be cytotoxic for the same population of lymph node cells, which were believed to be thymus dependent lymphocytes (T-cells). C57BL/6J mice were injected intravenously with syngeneic 51Cr-labeled lymph node cells which had been previously incubated at 4°C for 60 min with either of these sera, in the absence of complement, or with normal control sera. Twenty-four hours after injection, a substantial decrease in migration to lymph nodes and spleen and an increase in migration to liver were observed with 51Cr-labeled cells which had been treated with either the NTA-positive NZB mouse serum or the antilymphocyte serum as compared with control groups. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that NTA has a causal relation to the observed age decrease of recirculating T-cells in NZB mice and that T-cell depletion is mediated by a continuous process of autosensitization phagocytosis.
Chicken γA: Physicochemical and Immunochemical Characteristics
Authors: Bienenstock John , Perey Daniel Y. E. , Gauldie J. , Underdown B. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Column chromatography on Sephadex G-200 of ammonium sulfate preparations of chicken bile and duodenal washings revealed γA in a high molecular weight form with elution immediately after the void volume. γA from intestinal secretions was further purified by recycling chromatography on a Bio-Gel A-5M column. A constant S value was not obtained for the γA, values of 11.9 to 16.2S being recorded under various conditions. The sedimentation coefficient was relatively unaltered by mild reductive procedures with 0.1 M β-mercaptoethanol and 0.005 M dithiothreitol. Serum γA was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE chromatography. The majority of serum γA was in a high molecular weight form, eluting from a G-200 column mainly at the void volume. A smaller amount of γA eluted in the 7S region. The addition of 125I-labeled human secretory component (SC) to fresh chicken serum and subsequent sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation resulted in a 10 to 17% shift of radioactive counts to the heavier portions of the gradients. Radioautography of these fractions with heavy chain specific antisera revealed binding to γA in 3/3, to γM in 1/3 and to γG in 0/3 experiments. Addition of human SC to biliary γA did not result in binding to the γA molecule. This suggests that chicken γA obtained from secretions may possess its own form of SC.
Increased Responsiveness to Phytohemagglutinin and Graft-vs-Host Reactivity of Thymus Cells from Snell-Bagg Dwarf Mice
Authors: Duquesnoy René J. , Ahrens Richard C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Autosomal recessive pituitary dwarf mice of the Snell-Bagg (SB)2 and Ames strains develop severe immunodeficiency which primarily affects the thymus-dependent system (1–5). The thymus undergoes a progressive involution which initially occurs as a depletion of thymocytes from the cortex accompanied by an increased number of lymphoid cells in the medulla. The next stage of thymus degeneration is a loss of lymphoid cellularity of the medulla, thereby causing complete atrophy (5).
In order to evaluate the immunologic reactivity of dwarf thymus and spleen cells, we have investigated their blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and their ability to induce a graft-vs-host (GVH) reaction in immature F1 hybrid mice. Both tests determine the immunocompetence of thymus-dependent lymphoid cells.
Four-week-old dwarf and normal SB mice of both sexes were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Their spleens and thymuses were removed and suspensions of each organ were prepared in cold Eagle's minimal essential medium (MEM) (Grand Island Biological Co., Grand Island, N. Y.).
Greater Sensitivity to Inhibition by Anti-Immunoglobulin of Splenic than of Bone Marrow B-Lymphocytes
Authors: Mond J. J. , Thorbecke G. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Bone marrow derived (B)3 lymphocytes in lymphoid organs represent the precursors of antibody-producing cells and are known to bear immunoglobulin molecules on their cell surface representative of the antibody ultimately to be produced. It has been suggested that B-cells in bone marrow, although at least partially sensitive (1), are more resistant than splenic B-cells to inactivation by incubation with highly radioactive antigen (2). Similarly, induction of tolerance by injection of ultracentrifuged human γ globulin (HGG) occurs much more rapidly in B-cells of the spleen than of the bone marrow (3). In light of these observations and in view of the fact that Ig receptors on the surface of B-cells most probably mediate their interaction with antigen, it seemed interesting to compare the relative sensitivities of mouse bone marrow and spleen precursors of antibody-forming cells to inactivation by anti-Ig antisera.
Evolutionary Studies on the Expression of Allotype Markers on Rabbit Immunoglobulin Molecules
Authors: Conrad A. H. , Rodkey L. Scott 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Preparations of immunoglobulin F(ab′)2 molecules from individual cottontail sera were examined by indirect precipitation techniques for the expression of allotypic determinants expressed by the a and b loci in domestic rabbits. The data indicate that cottontail immunoglobulins express some but not all of the determinants specified by the a2, a3, b4 and b5 alleles in the domestic rabbit, but none of the determinants specified by the a1 allele in the domestic rabbit. Inhibition tests to compare the domestic rabbit allotype determinants expressed by individual cottontails suggested that the b4 and b5 markers carried by cottontail rabbits were similar from one positive individual to another, but that the a2 and the a3 determinants may differ from one positive individual to another.
Genetic Control of the in Vitro Responses of Rat Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes to Phytohemagglutinin and Concanavalin A
Authors: Newlin Carol M. , Gasser David L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Incorporation of tritiated thymidine was used to quantitate the in vitro responses of rat peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A). By this criterion, cells from Brown Norway (BN) rats respond less vigorously to these phytomitogens than cells from Lewis strain animals. Cells from (Lewis × BN) F1 hybrids respond as well as cells from Lewis donors, so high responsiveness appears to be fully dominant over low responsiveness. Studies on the inheritance of mitogen response levels suggest that a single gene is of primary importance in regulating the level of response to both PHA and Con A. The locus involved is not closely linked to the major histocompatibility antigen locus, AgB.
Studies of Guinea Pig Complement Component C9: Reaction Kinetics and Evidence that Lysis of EAC1–8 Results from a Single Membrane Lesion Caused by One Molecule of C9
Authors: Rommel Fred A. , Mayer Manfred M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The generation of EAC1–9 from EAC1–8 by reaction with C9 proceeds without time lag and the initial reaction velocity is directly proportional to the concentrations of C9 and EAC1–8. These characteristics, as well as the low temperature sensitivity, indicate that the reaction is not enzymatic. The subsequent lysis of EAC1–9 is highly sensitive to temperature, the Q10 being approximately 2. Rabbit anti-guinea pig C9 blocks the reaction of C9 with EAC1–8, but does not interfere with lysis of EAC1–9. Input of 1 to 2 molecules of C9 suffices for lysis of 1 EAC1–8. The rate of lysis of EAC1–9 is proportional to the concentration of C9 per cell. The dose-response curve in the titration of C9 follows a monotonic course concave to the abscissa representing the concentration of C9. It is concluded from these results that lysis of EAC1–8 results from a single membrane lesion caused by 1 molecule of C9.
Functional Heterogeneity of Murine Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Stobo John D. , Paul William E. , Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Murine thymus-derived (T) cells may be divided into two distinct subgroups on the basis of differences in their relative density of the T differentiation antigen theta (ϑ), differential responsiveness to the T dependent mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) as well as by differences in recirculation patterns and radiation sensitivities. Thus, among splenic lymphocytes one population of T cells bears a relatively high density of ϑ determinants, demonstrates relatively equal responsiveness to PHA and to Con A, resides within the recirculating pool of lymphocytes and is relatively radiation sensitive. Another population of splenic T cells bears a relatively reduced density of ϑ determinants, demonstrates reactivity predominantly to Con A and belongs to a sessile, radiation resistant lymphocyte pool. The ability to delineate T cell subgroups by these characteristics provides a useful means of investigating the functional characteristics of T cell subsets.
In this report, we demonstrate that T cells from the spleens of nonimmunized mice which are reactive in one-way allogeneic mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) belong to a T cell subset distinct from that population of T cells, present in spleens of immune mice, which is capable of lysing allogeneic cells. Thus, the administration of limiting amounts of anti-thymocyte serum (ATS) or sublethal irradiation to normal C57BL/6 mice removes the recirculating, radiation sensitive population of cells. The residual spleen T cell population does not manifest mixed lymphocyte reactivity to (C57BL/6 × BALB/c)F1 spleen cells. On the other hand, the cytolytic activity of spleens from alloimmunized C57BL/6 mice is unaffected by these treatments.
Irradiation or ATS treatment before immunization, however, completely ablates the development of cytolytically active splenic lymphocytes. Thus, although the MLC reactive cells and the cytolytically active cells belong to different splenic T cell populations, the MLC cell appears to be required to generate cytolytic activity. Possible mechanisms to explain this requirement are presented.
Production of Migration Inhibitory Factor by Non-Dividing Lymphocytes
Authors: Rocklin R. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocyte proliferation in response to antigen was essentially eliminated by treatment with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine and light. The remaining lymphocytes were restimulated with the same antigen and the production of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was determined. Under these conditions, MIF activity was still present. In addition, the absence of dividing cells did not appear to diminish significantly the amount of MIF produced.
Studies on the Mechanism of Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytolysis
Authors: Plaut Marshall , Lichtenstein Lawrence M. , Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of cytochalasin B and colchicine on thymus-derived lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis in vitro has been studied.
Cytochalasin B reversibly inhibited (range 0.1 µg/ml to 10 µg/ml) the cytolysis of DBA/2 mastocytoma cells by splenic lymphocytes from allo-immunized C57BL mice. The drug itself was not cytotoxic. No evidence was found that “activation” of lymphocytes occurred in the presence of target cells and cytochalasin B. Inhibition occurred at a very early stage in the cytolytic pathway, possibly by preventing intimate contact between target cell antigens and lymphocyte receptor sites.
Colchicine inhibited cytolysis irreversibly (range 10-7 M to 10-3 M). This inhibitor was found to act exclusively on the effector lymphocyte population, preventing, by a non-cytotoxic mechanism, the expression of cytolytic activity. Colchicine appeared to act later in the cytolytic cycle than cytochalasin B. Supportive evidence of this viewpoint was the finding that reaction mixtures inhibited with cytochalasin B were further suppressed when this drug was removed and replaced with colchicine.
Cytochalasin B and colchicine were neither additive nor synergistic in their combined inhibitory activity. The inhibition observed with mixtures of these drugs was always equivalent to that found with the more potent inhibitor alone.
Among other activities, cytochalasin B has been demonstrated to affect microfilaments. The reversibility with which cytochalasin B inhibits cytolysis and the dose range over which it is active are consistent with the view that its inhibitory activity in this system is microfilament associated. Colchicine shows a great specificity for binding to the dimeric sub-unit of microtubules, and by so doing prevents microtubular aggregation. The present study suggests that this binding is the basis for inhibition of cytolysis. Consequently, the present findings support a role for both microfilaments and microtubules in lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis; the former possibly being necessary for effective lymphocyte-target cell interactions, the latter apparently being involved in a terminal cellular secretory event associated with the lysis of the target cell.