bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Service per Conception on Sheep in Langkat District
Authors: Sitepu Sukma Aditya , Kurniawan Media Agus , Marisa Julia , Hidayat Rahmad 
Published: February 2023

Aims: To find out the Service per Conception of sheep in the Artificial Insemination program in Langkat Regency.
Study Design: Descriptive analysis.
Place and Duration of Study: Langkat Regency, Indonesia. between July 2022 and October 2022.
Methodology: Artificially inseminated sheep are 50 lambs using frozen semen. Data were obtained through interviews using questionnaires with sheep farmers. Data were analyzed descriptively.
Results: The results showed that the average Service per Conception observation value for sheep in Langkat Regency was 1.30 ± 0.20.
Conclusion: Service per Conception of sheep in Langkat Regency is still normal. But the management of maintenance and handling of Artificial Insemination needs to be improved.
India-China Agricultural Trade Based on Virtual Water: A Heckscher- Ohlin Approach
Authors: Kamesh T. M. 
Published: February 2023

Aim: This paper provides the economics of Virtual Water (VW) exporting to other countries through major agricultural commodities from India. Virtual Water is interconnected with food sustainability and it is the amount of hidden water transferred to other countries through trade. India produces and exports high water-consuming products but contains only 2.56 per cent of total water available in our world. By analysing VW, the total VW export from and import to India and the comparative advantage in producing the commodity in India can be obtained.
Methodology: VW for major crops is estimated by dividing the total water required or applied for the specified crop by the total yield of the crop. In this paper, we computed the virtual water trade for the major crops in India and analysed the comparative advantage for India in producing the crop. The data required for the analysis are collected from various secondary sources like the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES, GoI), Indian Agricultural Statistical Research Institute (IASRI), EXIM Bank, and FAO Aqua Stat.
Results: In the years 2018-19 and 2017-18, India exported 34515 MCM and 41080 MCM of VW through rice followed by 420 MCM and 622 MCM of VW through Wheat, 276 MCM and 184 MCM of VW through Maize. When comparing the production of rice and groundnut in China and India in water requirement aspect, India has the comparative advantage in the production of groundnut and china has the comparative advantage in the production of rice and also shows the same in the yield aspect.
Conclusion: With the growing water scarcity in India, we should shift the focus from the high-water requirement crop to the lower crop. In the end, we sort out the water scarcity problem and can attain sustainability.
The Extension of Diagram Group over Semigroup Presentation
Authors: Almabrok Kalthom Mahmood 
Published: February 2023

In this paper, we will discuss the diagram groups from union of two semigroup presentations namely 2S , =< X,Y : X = Y >, 3S = < a,b,c : a = b, b = c,c = a, > and their two complex graphs will be presented. The covering space will be determined by selecting normal subgroup from diagram group that previously obtained from 2S U3S . Finally, the number of generator and relations of the diagram group can be computed.
Single neuron PID based method for deformation suppression during CNC machining of parts
Authors: Ma Tinghong , Han Yajun , Li Huilan 
Published: February 2023

AbstractCNC machining realizes the automatic control of machine tools with digital information, which is an advanced technology widely used in today's machinery manufacturing industry. In the process of NC lathe machining of parts, thin‐walled workpieces are prone to deformation due to poor rigidity and thinner wall thickness. Therefore, it is necessary to study the deformation suppression of NC parts. By combining fuzzy control with single neuron PID and introducing fast non dominated sorting genetic algorithm, the parameters of thin‐walled workpiece milling are optimized. The results show that the neuron PID algorithm of fuzzy control has no overshoot in the environment with or without interference, and has fast response speed and strong anti‐interference ability. In the case verification, the cutting force controlled by fuzzy neuron PID can quickly reach the reference 240 N and remain stable. The removal rate fluctuates less in the range of 8000–12,000. It can improve the metal removal rate while maintaining a constant cutting force, so as to restrain the machining deformation of parts. At the same time, the introduced fast non dominated sorting genetic algorithm can increase the maximum rotational speed to 10,486.5, the maximum feed rate per tooth from 0.075 to 0.112, and the rotational speed is nearly doubled, effectively improving the processing quality, providing a technical reference for the stable control of the NC machining system, and providing a new idea and method for part deformation suppression.
Strain‐Invariant, Highly Water Stable All‐Organic Soft Conductors Based on Ultralight Multi‐Layered Foam‐Like Framework Structures
Authors: Barg Igor , Kohlmann Niklas , Rasch Florian , Strunskus Thomas , Adelung Rainer , Kienle Lorenz , Faupel Franz , Schröder Stefan , Schütt Fabian 
Published: February 2023

AbstractSoft and flexible conductors are essential for the development of soft robots, wearable electronics, electronic tissue, and implants. However, conventional soft conductors are inherently characterized by a large change in conductance upon mechanical deformation or under alternating environmental conditions, e.g., humidity, drastically limiting their application potential. This work demonstrates a novel concept for the development of strain‐invariant, highly elastic and highly water stable all‐organic soft conductors, overcoming the limitations of previous strain‐invariant soft conductors. For the first time, thin film deposition technologies are combined in a three‐dimensional fashion, resulting in micro‐ and nano‐engineered, multi‐layered (<50 nm), ultra‐lightweight (< 15 mg cm−3) foam‐like framework structures based on Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) and Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), characterized by a highly strain‐invariant conductivity (≈184 S/m) between 80% compressive and 25% tensile strain. Both the initial electrical and mechanical properties are retained during long‐term cycling, even after 2000 cycles at 50% compression. Furthermore, the PTFE thin film renders the framework structure highly hydrophobic, resulting in stable electrical properties, even when immersed in water for a month. Such innovative multi‐scaled and multi‐layered functional materials are of interest for a broad range of applications in soft electronics, energy storage and conversion, sensing, water and air purification, as well as biomedicine.
Design and Fabrication of Segmented GeTe/(Bi,Sb)2Te3 Thermoelectric Module with Enhanced Conversion Efficiency
Authors: Pei Jun , Shi Jian‐Lei , Li Hezhang , Jiang Yilin , Dong Jinfeng , Zhuang Hua‐Lu , Cai Bowen , Su Bin , Yu Jincheng , Zhou Wei , Zhang Bo‐Ping , Li Jing‐Feng 
Published: February 2023

AbstractGeTe and (Bi,Sb)2Te3 are two representative thermoelectric (TE) materials showing maximum performance at middle and low temperature, respectively. In order to achieve higher performance over the whole temperature range, their segmented one‐leg TE modules are designed and fabricated by one‐step spark plasma sintering (SPS). To search for contact and connect layers, the diffusion behavior of Fe, Ni, Cu, and Ti metal layers in GeTe is studied systematically. The results show that Ti with a similar linear expansivity (10.80 × 10−6 K−1) to GeTe, has low contact resistance (3 µΩ cm2) and thin diffusion layer (0.4 µm), and thus is an effective metallization layer for GeTe. The geometric structure of the GeTe/(Bi,Sb)2Te3 segmented one‐leg TE module and the ratio of GeTe to (Bi,Sb)2Te3 are determined by finite element simulation method. When the GeTe height ratio is 0.66, its theoretical maximum conversion efficiency (ηmax) can reach 15.9% without considering the thermal radiation and thermal/electrical contact resistance. The fabricated GeTe/(Bi,Sb)2Te3 segmented one‐leg TE module showed a ηmax up to 9.5% with a power density ≈ 7.45 mW mm−2, which are relatively high but lower than theoretical predictions, indicating that developing segmented TE modules is an effective approach to enhance TE conversion efficiency.
Length‐Controlled Construction of Ceria Nanowires with Ultrafine Diameter and Stable Morphology for Targeted Acute Lung Injury Therapy
Authors: Liu Qingshan , Shi Guangyou , Yang Lu , Li Wu , Yang Wang , Wu Qianqian , Zou Ling , Zhang Anwei , Cao Jiang , He Jian , Yang Xiaochao 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the major reasons for the aggravation of acute lung injury (ALI). Smaller‐sized ceria nanoparticles featured with higher ROS scavenging capability than their bigger‐sized counterparts are potential candidates for ALI therapy. However, smaller‐sized ceria nanoparticles are more easily accumulated in spleen and liver rather than lung. Herein, it is reported that this obstacle can be addressed by constructing ceria into ultrafine nanowires, through which the ultrafine diameter ensures the high ROS scavenging activity and the high aspect ratio promotes the lung targeted accumulation. To demonstrate the feasibility of this conception, a platform is developed to realize length‐controlled ceria nanowires (diameter of ≈1.5 nm) synthesis. These nanowires are PEGylated using a carefully optimized procedure that can preserve their fragile crystal structures. The PEGylated nanowires exhibit higher ROS scavenging capabilities than the ≈3.9 nm sized nanoparticles. Most importantly, lung targeted accumulation can be realized through modulating the length of the nanowires, where the longer nanowires (>100 nm) show much higher lung accumulation. Due to these properties, the longer ceria nanowires can effectively scavenge the overproduced ROS during the progression of ALI, and thereby inhibit the edema and inflammation in the lung tissue.
Sustained Release of Human Adipose Tissue Stem Cell Secretome from Star‐Shaped Poly(ethylene glycol) Glycosaminoglycan Hydrogels Promotes Motor Improvements after Complete Transection in Spinal Cord Injury Rat Model
Authors: Silva Deolinda , Schirmer Lucas , Pinho Tiffany S. , Atallah Passant , Cibrão Jorge R. , Lima Rui , Afonso João , B‐Antunes Sandra , Marques Cláudia R. , Dourado João , Freudenberg Uwe , Sousa Rui A. , Werner Carsten , Salgado António J. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAdipose tissue‐derived stem cells (ASCs) have been shown to assist regenerative processes after spinal cord injury (SCI) through their secretome, which promotes several regenerative mechanisms, such as inducing axonal growth, reducing inflammation, promoting cell survival, and vascular remodeling, thus ultimately leading to functional recovery. However, while systemic delivery (e.g., i.v. [intravenous]) may cause off‐target effects in different organs, the local administration has low efficiency due to fast clearance by body fluids. Herein, a delivery system for human ASCs secretome based on a hydrogel formed of star‐shaped poly(ethylene glycol) (starPEG) and the glycosaminoglycan heparin (Hep) that is suitable to continuously release pro‐regenerative signaling mediators such as interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐6, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, glial‐cell neurotrophic factor, and beta‐nerve growth factor over 10 days, is reported. The released secretome is shown to induce differentiation of human neural progenitor cells and neurite outgrowth in organotypic spinal cord slices. In a complete transection SCI rat model, the secretome‐loaded hydrogel significantly improves motor function by reducing the percentage of ameboid microglia and systemically elevates levels of anti‐inflammatory cytokines. Delivery of ASC‐derived secretome from starPEG‐Hep hydrogels may therefore offer unprecedented options for regenerative therapy of SCI.
Comparison of Fabrication Methods for Fiber‐Optic Ultrasound Transmitters Using Candle‐Soot Nanoparticles
Authors: Bodian Semyon , Aytac‐Kipergil Esra , Zhang Shaoyan , Lewis‐Thompson India , Sathasivam Sanjayan , Mathews Sunish J. , Alles Erwin J. , Zhang Edward Z. , Beard Paul C. , Gordon Ross J. , Collier Paul , Parkin Ivan P. , Desjardins Adrien E. , Colchester Richard J. , Noimark Sacha 
Published: February 2023

AbstractCandle‐soot nanoparticles (CSNPs) have shown great promise for fabricating optical ultrasound (OpUS) transmitters. They have a facile, inexpensive synthesis whilst their unique, porous structure enables a fast heat diffusion rate which aids high‐frequency ultrasound generation necessary for high‐resolution clinical imaging. These composites have demonstrated high ultrasound generation performance showing clinically relevant detail, when applied as macroscale OpUS transmitters comprising both concave and planar surfaces, however, less research has been invested into the translation of this material's technology to fabricate fiber‐optic transmitters for image guidance of minimally invasive interventions. Here, are reported two fabrication methods of nanocomposites composed of CSNPs embedded within polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) deposited onto fiber‐optic end‐faces using two different optimized fabrication methods: “All‐in‐One” and “Direct Deposition.” Both types of nanocomposite exhibit a smooth, black domed structure with a maximum dome thickness of 50 µm, broadband optical absorption (>98% between 500 and 1400 nm) and both nanocomposites generated high peak‐to‐peak ultrasound pressures (>3 MPa) and wide bandwidths (>29 MHz). Further, high‐resolution (<40 µm axial resolution) B‐mode ultrasound imaging of ex vivo lamb brain tissue demonstrating how CSNP‐PDMS OpUS transmitters can allow for high fidelity minimally invasive imaging of biological tissues is demonstrated.
Ring‐Opening Cyclization of Spirocyclopropanes with Stabilized Phosphorus Ylides: Access to Indane and Azulene Skeletons
Authors: Onuki Yuta , Yamazaki Koga , Masuda Yuto , Yakura Takayuki , Nambu Hisanori 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIn this study, regio‐ and diastereoselective ring‐opening cyclization of spirocyclopropanes with phosphorus ylides stabilized by electron‐withdrawing groups were developed. The reaction of various cyclohexane‐1,3‐dione‐2‐spirocyclopropanes with phosphorus ylides bearing alkoxycarbonyl groups proceeded smoothly without any additives to provide the corresponding 6,7‐dihydroindan‐4‐ones in 32–87% yields. Cycloheptane‐1,3‐dione‐2‐spirocyclopropanes were also used in this reaction, producing the corresponding products 1,2,3,6,7,8‐hexahydroazulen‐4‐ones in 52–67% yields. The resulting [5.6]‐ and [5.7]‐fused carbocyclic products were readily converted into highly substituted indanes and azulenes, respectively, by oxidation.
Recycling Useful Materials of Perovskite Solar Cells toward Sustainable Development
Authors: Meng Fanning , Bi Jiayu , Chang Jiarun , Wang Guiqiang 
Published: February 2023

AbstractTo date, the highest certified efficiency has reached 25.7% for laboratory‐scale perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Breakthroughs in the commercialization of PSCs is achieved continuously. Therefore, the recovery of decommissioned devices that are closely related to the commercialization is extremely urgent. More importantly, lead (Pb) and other materials in PSCs are ecotoxic and biotoxic. Due to improper disposal of the decommissioned devices, serious heavy metal Pb and solid waste pollution incidents may occur. In fact, PSCs contain a great deal of recyclable and valuable materials. To achieve the goal of sustainable PSCs, recycling and reusing these useful materials are advocated. In this review, the authors retrospect structures and key materials of PSCs briefly. Benefits of recycling useful materials from the decommissioned PSCs are analyzed in terms of environmental and economic profits, including reducing the material costs, saving energy, reducing negative environmental impacts and conserving natural resources. Research progresses on recycling and reusing the useful materials are summarized and discussed from the perspectives of feasible pathways, recovery solvents, recovery effects and performance analysis of the corresponding devices. Finally, current challenges and future opportunities to prevent Pb leakage and recycle PSCs in an environmentally viable manner are proposed toward sustainable development.
Type‐Independent 3D Writing and Nano‐Patterning of Confined Biopolymers
Authors: Yang Un , Kang Byunghwa , Yong Moon‐Jung , Yang Dong‐Hwan , Choi Si‐Young , Je Jung Ho , Oh Seung Soo 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBiopolymers are essential building blocks that constitute cells and tissues with well‐defined molecular structures and diverse biological functions. Their three‐dimensional (3D) complex architectures are used to analyze, control, and mimic various cells and their ensembles. However, the free‐form and high‐resolution structuring of various biopolymers remain challenging because their structural and rheological control depend critically on their polymeric types at the submicron scale. Here, direct 3D writing of intact biopolymers is demonstrated using a systemic combination of nanoscale confinement, evaporation, and solidification of a biopolymer‐containing solution. A femtoliter solution is confined in an ultra‐shallow liquid interface between a fine‐tuned nanopipette and a chosen substrate surface to achieve directional growth of biopolymer nanowires via solvent‐exclusive evaporation and concurrent solution supply. The evaporation‐dependent printing is biopolymer type‐independent, therefore, the 3D motor‐operated precise nanopipette positioning allows in situ printing of nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and proteins with submicron resolution. By controlling concentrations and molecular weights, several different biopolymers are reproducibly patterned with desired size and geometry, and their 3D architectures are biologically active in various solvents with no structural deformation. Notably, protein‐based nanowire patterns exhibit pin‐point localization of spatiotemporal biofunctions, including target recognition and catalytic peroxidation, indicating their application potential in organ‐on‐chips and micro‐tissue engineering.
Anatomical functional traits and hydraulic vulnerability of trees in different water conditions in southern Amazonia
Authors: Ribeiro‐Júnior Norberto G. , Marimon Ben Hur , Marimon Beatriz S. , Cruz Wesley J. A. , Silva Ivone V. , Galbraith David R. , Gloor Emanuel , Phillips Oliver L. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractPremiseUnderstanding tree species' responses to drought is critical for predicting the future of tropical forests, especially in regions where the climate is changing rapidly.MethodsWe compared anatomical and functional traits of the dominant tree species of two tropical forests in southern Amazonia, one on deep, well‐drained soils (cerradão [CD]) and one in a riparian environment (gallery forest [GF]), to examine potential anatomical indicators of resistance or vulnerability to drought.ResultsLeaves of CD species generally had a thicker cuticle, upper epidermis, and mesophyll than those of GF species, traits that are indicative of adaptation to water deficit. In the GF, the theoretical hydraulic conductivity of the stems was significantly higher, indicating lower investment in drought resistance. The anatomical functional traits of CD species indicate a greater potential for surviving water restriction compared to the GF. Even so, it is possible that CD species could also be affected by extreme climate changes due to the more water‐limited environment.ConclusionsIn addition to the marked anatomical and functional differences between these phytophysiognomies, tree diversity within each is associated with a large range of hydraulic morphofunctional niches. Our results suggest the strong potential for floristic and functional compositional shifts under continued climate change, especially in the GF.
Technical note: Application and potentiality of quantitative ultrasonometry for the evaluation of bone mineral density status
Authors: Pasini Alba , Rinaldo Natascia , Bramanti Barbara , Gualdi‐Russo Emanuela 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe evaluation of bone mineral density (BMD) is an important task in paleopathology. Techniques commonly applied in bone quantity assessment, such as DXA or radiogrammetry (XR), suffer from several limitations when applied to skeletal remains. In recently published research, we developed a new methodology and new reference curves for the evaluation of BMD on human skeletal remains, applying for the first time Quantitative Ultrasonometry (QUS), a user‐friendly, portable, and reliable clinical technique. This study aims to apply this new methodology to an archeological sample and to compare the results with those obtained through XR. We apply QUS and XR to a sample of 104 adults from Medieval Italian cemeteries. Fragility fractures were recorded. Descriptive statistics and comparisons between sexes, age‐at‐death cohorts, and individuals with and without fragility fractures were performed. Moreover, univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to define the parameters most predictive of fracture risk in past populations. The comparison between sexes showed no significant results concerning BMD parameters, whereas a decrease in BMD with increasing age is confirmed. The comparison between fracture and non‐fracture individuals and the logit model demonstrated that QUS parameters, especially UBPI, are more reliable predictors of fracture risk in comparison to XR. Our results confirmed that QUS is a valuable technique that can be efficiently applied to archeological remains, also considering its portability. We also propose a modification of the previously published QUS standard curves, to easily assess osteopenia and osteoporosis in archeological material.
Photoswitchable Oxidopyrylium Ylide for Photoclick Reaction with High Spatiotemporal Precision: A Dynamic Switching Strategy to Compensate for Molecular Diffusion
Authors: Xie Xinyu , Hu Fuqiang , Zhou Yuqiao , Liu Zhihao , Shen Xin , Fu Jielin , Zhao Xiaohu , Yu Zhipeng 
Published: February 2023

AbstractWe describe a novel type of photoclick reaction between 2,3‐diaryl indenone epoxide (DIO) and ring‐strained dipolarophiles, in which DIO serves as a P‐type photoswitch to produce mesoionic oxidopyrylium ylide (PY) to initiate an ultra‐fast [5+2] cycloaddition (k2hν=1.9×105 M−1 s−1). The photoisomerization between DIO and PY can be tightly controlled by either 365 or 520 nm photo‐stimulation, which allows reversion or regeneration of the reactive PY dipole on demand. Thus, this reversible photoactivation was exploited to increase the chemoselectivity of the [5+2] cycloaddition in complex environments via temporal dual‐λ stimulation sequences and to recycle the DIO reagent for batch‐wise protein conjugation. A dynamic photoswitching strategy is also proposed to compensate for molecular diffusion of PY in aqueous solution, enhancing the spatial resolution of lithographic surface decoration and bioorthogonal labeling on living cells via a spatiotemporal dual‐λ photo‐modulation.