bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bioethics, Sociality, and Mental Illness
Authors: Englander Magnus 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The phenomenology of bioethics is approached here in relation to the lived experience as it relates to the everyday lifeworld of persons suffering from mental illness. Taking a road less traveled, the purpose here is to elucidate ethical issues relating to sociality, using findings from qualitative phenomenological psychological research. Qualitative studies of schizophrenia and postpartum depression serve as examples. Layered throughout is the applied phenomenological argument pointing to the importance of returning to mundane intersubjectivity and the reversibility between mental illness, the existential context of suffering, and sociality.
Anti-abortionist Action Theory and the Asymmetry between Spontaneous and Induced Abortions
Authors: Anderson Matthew Lee 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This essay defends the asymmetry between the badness of spontaneous and induced abortions in order to explain why anti-abortionists prioritize stopping induced abortions over preventing spontaneous abortions. Specifically, it argues (1) the distinction between killing and letting-die is of more limited use in explaining the asymmetry than has sometimes been presumed, and (2) that accounting for intentions in moral agency does not render performances morally inert. Instead, anti-abortionists adopt a pluralist, nonreductive account of moral analysis which is situated against a backdrop that sees the limits of our ability to control the process of fertility as themselves valuable. Although this view is complex, the paper concludes by arguing that it has the advantage of explaining features of the anti-abortion outlook that have sometimes been overlooked. First, it accounts for why the pre-Roe regime of abortion restrictions primarily imposed penalties on doctors who induced abortions rather than the women who seek them. Second, it explains why the advent of ectogestation will not prompt anti-abortionists to compromise on ‘disconnect abortions,’ which putatively let the embryo die by extracting it from the mother’s womb.
Language structure is influenced by the proportion of non-native speakers: A reply to Koplenig (2019)
Authors: Kauhanen Henri , Einhaus Sarah , Walkden George 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A recent quantitative study claims language structure, whether quantified as morphological or information-theoretic complexity, to be unaffected by the proportion of those speaking the language non-natively [A. Koplenig, Royal Society Open Science, 6, 181274 (2019)]. This result hinges on either the use of a categorical notion of ‘vehicularity’ as a proxy for the proportion of L2 (second-language) speakers, or the imputation of an assumed zero proportion of L2 speakers for languages that are considered non-vehicular but for which no direct estimate of that proportion exists. We provide two alternative analyses of the same data. The first reanalysis treats uncertain non-vehicular languages as missing data points; the second one employs multiple imputation to fill in the missing data. Mixed effects models find a statistically significant negative relationship between proportion of L2 speakers and morphological complexity: in both reanalyses, a higher proportion of L2 speakers predicts lower morphological complexity. We find no statistically significant evidence for a relationship between proportion of L2 speakers and information-theoretic complexity, however.
Epidemiology of Sepsis in US Children and Young Adults
Authors: Magill Shelley S , Sapiano Mathew R P , Gokhale Runa , Nadle Joelle , Johnston Helen , Brousseau Geoff , Maloney Meghan , Ray Susan M , Wilson Lucy E , Perlmutter Rebecca , Lynfield Ruth , DeSilva Malini , Sievers Marla , Irizarry Lourdes , Dumyati Ghinwa , Pierce Rebecca , Zhang Alexia , Kainer Marion , Fiore Anthony E , Dantes Raymund , Epstein Lauren 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Background
Most multicenter studies of US pediatric sepsis epidemiology use administrative data or focus on pediatric intensive care units. We conducted a detailed medical record review to describe sepsis epidemiology in children and young adults.

Methods
In a convenience sample of hospitals in 10 states, patients aged 30 days–21 years, discharged during 1 October 2014–30 September 2015, with explicit diagnosis codes for severe sepsis or septic shock, were included. Medical records were reviewed for patients with documentation of sepsis, septic shock, or similar terms. We analyzed overall and age group–specific patient characteristics.

Results
Of 736 patients in 26 hospitals, 442 (60.1%) had underlying conditions. Most patients (613 [83.3%]) had community-onset sepsis, although most community-onset sepsis was healthcare associated (344 [56.1%]). Two hundred forty-one patients (32.7%) had outpatient visits 1–7 days before sepsis hospitalization, of whom 125 (51.9%) received antimicrobials ≤30 days before sepsis hospitalization. Age group–related differences included common underlying conditions (&lt;5 years: prematurity vs 5–12 years: chronic pulmonary disease vs 13–21 years: chronic immunocompromise); medical device presence ≤30 days before sepsis hospitalization (1–4 years: 46.9% vs 30 days–11 months: 23.3%); percentage with hospital-onset sepsis (&lt;5 years: 19.6% vs ≥5 years: 12.0%); and percentage with sepsis-associated pathogens (30 days–11 months: 65.6% vs 13–21 years: 49.3%).

Conclusions
Our data suggest potential opportunities to raise sepsis awareness among outpatient providers to facilitate prevention, early recognition, and intervention in some patients. Consideration of age-specific differences may be important as approaches are developed to improve sepsis prevention, risk prediction, recognition, and management.
Compassionate Use of Bacteriophages for Failed Persistent Infections During the First 5 Years of the Israeli Phage Therapy Center
Authors: Onallah Hadil , Hazan Ronen , Nir-Paz Ran ,   Israeli Phage Therapy Center (IPTC) Study Team, Yerushalmy Ortal , Rimon Amit , Braunstein Ron , Gelman Daniel , Alkalay Sivan , Abdalrhman Mohanad , Stuczynski Daniel , Coppenhagen-Glazer Shunit , Gelman Shira , Khalifa Leron , Adler Karen , Yerushalmy Ortal , Rimon Amit , Braunstein Ron , Alkalay Sivan , Stuczynski Daniel , Coppenhagen-Glazer Shunit , Abdalrhman Mohanad , Moses Allon E , Oster Yonatan , Liebergall Meir , Perets Itay , Rivkin Gurion , Weil Yoram A , Dekel Michal , Ben-Ami Ronen , Khoury Amal , Kedar Daniel J , Meijer Suzy E , Bishouty Nancy , Yahav Dafna , Shostak Eran , Livni Gilat 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The use of bacteriophages (phages) is reemerging as a potential treatment option for antibiotic-resistant or nonresolving bacterial infections. Phages are bacteria-specific viruses that may serve as a personalized therapeutic option with minimal collateral damage to the patient or the microbiome. In 2018 we established the Israeli Phage Therapy Center (IPTC) as a shared initiative of the Hadassah Medical Center and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, aiming to conduct all of the steps required for phage-based solutions, from phage isolation and characterization to treatments, for nonresolving bacterial infections. So far, a total of 159 requests for phage therapy arrived to the IPTC; 145 of them were from Israel and the rest from other countries. This number of registered requests is growing annually. Multidrug-resistant bacteria accounted for 38% of all phage requests. Respiratory and bone infections were the most prevalent among clinical indications and accounted for 51% of the requests. To date, 20 phage therapy courses were given to 18 patients by the IPTC. In 77.7% (n = 14) of the cases, a favorable clinical outcome of infection remission or recovery was seen. Clearly, establishing an Israeli phage center has led to an increased demand for compassionate use of phages with favorable outcomes for many previously failed infections. As clinical trials are still lacking, publishing patient data from cohort studies is pertinent to establish clinical indications, protocols, and success and failure rates. Last, workflow processes and bottlenecks should be shared to enable faster availability and authorization of phages for clinical use.
The Jukebox Fifties
Authors: Sprengler Christine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4, “The Jukebox Fifties,” considers youth culture and the privileging of music within it. Teenagers, a relatively new identity category that became entrenched in the 1950s, and the popular music geared toward them, were a dominant force in some of the earliest cinematic representations of the postwar era. This chapter devotes space to one early example, namely, Grease (1978), to survey the internal fractures that in many ways defined this film and set it apart from other Fifties revivals of the 1970s. What’s more, as a cult film, Grease thrives in the popular imaginary, continuing to circulate in various forms, re-stagings, and fan practices. This chapter argues that it harbored a critical edge, sometimes in spite of itself, and one that depended in large part on various nascent postmodern strategies invested in cultural memory. These concerns continue to dominate Grease’s progeny, even if these later films diverged quite substantially from it. The aim here is to follow one key thread to demonstrate the ways in which its legacy persists. Specifically, this chapter tracks how the “greaser,” a working-class identity construct, continues life not just through various film roles but through rockabilly culture, itself of recent interest to photographers and documentarians, including Jennifer Greenburg. This work is noted after an analysis of April Mullen’s independent film, Badsville (2017).
Conclusion
Authors: Sprengler Christine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This brief conclusion reflects on the surge of 1950s-set releases in the last few years and, especially, the significant number of recent long-form television series engaged with the postwar period in America. It suggests directions for future research including a focus on television, an expanded global corpus, and a more in-depth consideration of 1950s set films in scholarship on “history films.” The inclusion of these films in academic discourses concerned with cinematic representations of history could be especially productive given the ways in which this corpus is invested in historicity, in excavating the relationship between past and present in ways that highlight historical processes, and in exposing in genuine and nuanced terms why the history or, rather, histories, of the 1950s matters.
Part-Time for All
Authors: Nedelsky Jennifer , Malleson Tom 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Part-Time for All offers solutions to four pressing problems: inequality for care-givers; family stress from demands of work and care; chronic time scarcity; and policy makers who are ignorant of care and care-givers with little access to policy making—the care/policy divide. Only a radical restructuring of both work and care can redress all these problems. We propose new norms: no one does paid work for more than 30 hours a week, and everyone contributes roughly 22 hours of unpaid care to family, friends, or their chosen community of care. Other approaches provide only partial solutions. For example, wages for housework, or excellent daycare, or flexible work hours would not overcome the care/policy divide. We explain why everyone needs to acquire the knowledge and dispositions that come from the sustained experience of providing care throughout one’s life. We show how work can be transformed to allow time for care giving, and how these new norms will generate a cultural shift in the value accorded care. While we focus primarily on human-to-human care, we include care for the earth. The final two chapters describe how these processes of transformation could be feasibly accomplished and why these changes are possible in high-income countries within our current global economy. Every one of our proposals already exists in at least one country; the task is to integrate the key reforms and scale them up. Given the magnitude of the current problems, deep changes are needed. Part-Time for All offers a feasible path forward.
Permissible Defensive Harm and Liability
Authors: Strawser Bradley Jay 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of various rights-based accounts of permissible defensive harm, for self or others. It maps the main lines of positions within the rights-based accounts, showing strengths and weaknesses of various approaches. It focuses on the conditions necessary for someone to become liable to defensive harm. Someone becomes liable to such harm only because of, and in order to, block an unjust threat that person poses. This will raise difficult questions around responsibility and nonresponsibility for a given threat of harm, and demand answers for force-choice scenarios. I argue that liability to harm requires some level of moral responsibility by the agent for the wrongful threat posed. What does it mean to say someone is responsible? It could mean simple culpability on one end all the way to bare agency on the other. I reject both accounts as failing to deliver the right grounds for responsibility necessary to incur liability. This sets up the next chapter where I offer a new account of the responsibility criterion.
The Puzzle of Benevolent Aggression
Authors: Strawser Bradley Jay 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn chapters 6 and 7, the book explores the idea of collective national defense and the ways in which it can be justified upon a liberal commitment to the value of individual autonomy. I argue across both chapters that it can be. To make this case, I first set up what I call the Puzzle of Benevolent Aggression. Chapter 6’s primary aim is to set up the puzzle and to show why benevolent aggression is so difficult for liberalism to resolve. Namely, if there was mere conditional aggression by one state against another, and it not only wouldn’t harm any individuals in the attacked state but would actually improve their individual lives, on what liberal grounds could they claim justified national defense? I explore the intuition that they can still justifiably defend their nation, and I resolve this challenge in the next chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Villarreal Ricardo 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The word artisanal has had a significant impact on the marketing of consumer products. Artisanal-labeled products can be found in the shops of true artisans, reflecting a genuine connection between the term and the product. On the other hand, artisanal-labeled commodities can also be found on global chains’ products, reflecting a disconnect between the term and the manufactured goods. This indiscriminate use has damaged what artisanal means for consumers. A solution to reclaiming the meaning of artisanal or repositioning completely is to focus on the fundamental marketing tools of the 4Ps (product, price, place, promotion); segmentation, targeting, and positioning; and branding. Combining these tools can help artisanal producers develop marketing and communications strategies to build meaningful relationships with their target market.
The Peripheral Nervous System
Authors: Uysal Suzan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A basic knowledge of the functional anatomy of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) forms a foundation for understanding the neurocircuitry of sensory and motor functions, the methods of the neurological examination, and interpretation of neurological exam findings. The PNS consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves. These nerves carry afferent fibers transmitting sensory information from the body and head to the central nervous system (CNS), and efferent fibers from the CNS to the effector organs (i.e., muscles and glands) of the body and head. The spinal nerves emanate from the spine and serve the sensory and motor functions of the body. The cranial nerves emanate from the cranium and serve the sensory and motor functions of the head and neck, the special senses, and parasympathetic innervation. Each cranial nerve is associated with one or more cranial nerve nuclei, mostly located in the brainstem.
The Spinal Cord
Authors: Uysal Suzan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The spinal cord serves as a conduit for efferent pathways leaving the brain en route to the effector organs (i.e., muscles and exocrine glands) of the body (below the head), and somatosensory pathways from the body en route to the brain; thus, it functions as the neural link between the brain and the body. Additionally, the spinal cord serves integrative and signal-processing functions and coordinates subconscious activities through spinal reflexes (such as immediate withdrawal of a limb from a potentially harmful stimulus). This chapter introduces the reader to spinal cord gross anatomy, segmental organization, and functional organization, as well as spinal reflexes and spinal cord injury syndromes.
The Cerebellum
Authors: Uysal Suzan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
As the largest motor structure of the central nervous system, the cerebellum plays a critical role in movement, while damage to it leads to disorders of motor function. The cerebellum regulates the rate, rhythm, force, and accuracy of movements, and cerebellar damage produces movement incoordination. The cerebellum also plays a role in non-motor functions, although in ways that are far less understood. This chapter details the anatomy of the cerebellum, functional divisions of the cerebellum, and signs and symptoms of cerebellar damage. Causes of cerebellar dysfunction include stroke, tumors, multiple sclerosis, neurodegenerative disease, neurodegeneration due to chronic alcoholism, and acute alcohol intoxication. Congenital malformations affecting the cerebellum include Chiari malformations and Dandy-Walker syndrome.
The Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Uysal Suzan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of gray matter that covers the two cerebral hemispheres. It is especially well developed in humans and is the part of the brain that is most closely associated with cognition and voluntary behavior. A basic knowledge of cortical anatomy is critical to understanding disorders of higher brain functions. This chapter discusses the anatomy of the cerebral cortex and its connections, history of the concept of cortical localization, functional maps, the concept of hierarchical cortical function, and Brodmann’s cytoarchitectural map. In addition, it describes cortical disconnection syndromes, corpus callosotomy, and agenesis of the corpus callosum.
The Temporal Lobes and Associated Disorders
Authors: Uysal Suzan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The temporal lobes encompass several anatomical regions with distinct functional roles involving the special senses of audition, olfaction, and vision, as well as the complex processes of language, memory, and emotion. The principal symptoms of temporal lobe damage are disorders of auditory perception, olfactory perception, visual perception and object recognition, episodic memory, semantic memory, language comprehension, and affective behavior. This chapter focuses on describing temporal lobe anatomy and its role in audition, olfaction, and Alzheimer’s disease. The role of the temporal lobes in visuoperceptual processing, memory, language, and emotion is discussed in other chapters of this volume due to the scope and importance of these processes.
Stroke and Vascular Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Uysal Suzan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Stroke is defined as the acute onset of a non-convulsive, neurologic deficit that is caused by a disturbance of the cerebral circulation. It is the most common neurologic disorder and the most common cause of brain lesions. The signs and symptoms of stroke vary widely from person to person, however, in all strokes the neurologic deficit has an abrupt onset. Stroke is due to either ischemia (i.e., a loss of blood flow to a focal area of neural tissue) or hemorrhage (i.e., rupture of a blood vessel and bleeding). This chapter describes the pathophysiology and anatomic classification of ischemic stroke; transient ischemic attack; the pathophysiology of hemorrhagic stroke; stroke diagnosis, treatment, and prevention; and vascular cognitive impairment.
Epilepsy
Authors: Uysal Suzan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by recurrent seizures. A seizure is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain. There are many different types of seizures, and they are classified based on where they start in the brain (onset), whether awareness is affected, and whether motor symptoms are present at seizure onset. There is no single pathology underlying all seizures, however, they all share a common mechanism that involves disruption in the balance between inhibitory and excitatory neuronal activity that results in hyperexcitability. This chapter discusses electrophysiological methods used in the diagnosis of epilepsy, seizure classification, epilepsy syndromes, medical treatment, seizure focus localization, functional mapping, surgical treatment, and neuromodulation treatments by electrical stimulation.
White Matter Disease
Authors: Uysal Suzan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A central tenet of clinical behavioral neuroscience is that it is the location of the neuropathology, rather than the specific pathology, that is key to understanding brain-behavior relationships and sequelae of brain injury and disease. Perception, cognition, emotion, and behavior are mediated by neural circuits consisting of multiple gray matter nodes (cortical zones or subcortical nuclei) and white matter tracts connecting those nodes. The gray matter nodes serve local information processing, while white matter serves information transfer. White matter allows for faster communication by enhancing the speed of electrical signaling within neurons, and abnormalities of myelination diminish the efficiency and efficacy of information transfer. White matter, therefore, is critical to optimal brain function. Lesions in white matter connections can undermine the function of distributed neural networks, even when their gray matter components remain intact. This chapter introduces the reader to the basics of white matter and the white matter diseases.
The Motor System and Motor Disorders
Authors: Uysal Suzan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The nervous system as a whole directs behavior adaptively in the interests of survival and reproduction, but ultimately behavior is expressed through the motor system. Movement can be involuntary (reflexes) or voluntary (purposeful, learned), or can contain both reflexive and intentional components, and it occurs on a background of postural tone. The basic elements of the motor system are muscles, primary motor neurons, spinal cord, motor cortex, multiple brainstem motor nuclei, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and the neuronal pathways connecting these structures. The goals of this chapter are to introduce the reader to the basic anatomy of the motor system from muscle to cerebral cortex, and to some motor disorders that arise from pathologies at various levels of the motor system, namely myasthenia gravis, cerebral palsy, motor neuron diseases, apraxia, and alien hand syndrome.