bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracer observation of egress and way‐home crowd behavior at stadiums: From the perspective of crowd control in emergency evacuations
Authors: Minegishi Yoshikazu 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis paper discusses crowd control at stadiums in emergency evacuation situations such as fire, bomb threat, and terror incidents. As a comparative reference for this study, the author observed egress/way‐home crowd behavior at eight stadiums by walking with the crowd as a tracer. At some stadiums, the crowd was controlled by closing certain exits, installing temporary fences, and providing staff guidance to relieve congestion and counterflow outside the stadiums. At other stadiums, there was no accumulation, and spectators egressed freely. In case of a fire, flames and smoke can be controlled by fire extinguishment, smoke control, etc.; therefore, the need for urgent evacuation can be relieved to some extent. However, urgent evacuation is needed in emergencies such as a fire in a closed‐roof stadium or indoor premises, or a bomb threat. In such situations, sufficient space for accumulation outside the stadium is required. Therefore, stadiums that let spectators returning home walk freely after normal events are desirable because urgent evacuation can be completed in the same manner. The above aspects should be considered in the whole process of selecting stadium sites, planning circulation in stadiums, and deploying guiding staff.
Effects of surface curvature on electron Monte Carlo (eMC) calculation results
Authors: Polignani Jonathan A. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractSome clinical situations in radiotherapy require electron beams to be incident on curved patient surfaces. This study presents central‐axis dose output (cGy/MU) and percent dose versus depth (PDD) data that show the effects of curvature on results computed by the Varian eMC v15.6 algorithm using 6, 9, 12, 16, and 20 MeV electron beams incident on virtual phantoms with curved surfaces. The phantoms were designed to simulate common treatment sites. The dose outputs at the depth of maximum dose (dmax) on the central axis were observed to decrease 0%–14%, and several features of the PDDs for the A10 applicator changed, including up to 12% increased entrance dose. These dosimetric changes have the greatest effect on treatment sites with a radius of curvature of 10 cm or less, such as the scalp, nose, neck, and extremities. The concept of applying a curvature correction factor based on relative output data is presented to help clinical users mitigate discrepancies between calculations performed by simple monitor unit verification systems and accurate treatment planning dose algorithms.
Command‐filter‐based fast finite‐time composite adaptive neural control for nonlinear systems with input dead‐zone
Authors: Jiang Wei , Wang Huanqing , Wang Wei 
Published: May 2023

SummaryIn this paper, a command‐filter‐based fast finite‐time composite adaptive control scheme is proposed for nonlinear systems with input dead‐zone. The neural networks (NNs) are used to approximate the unknown functions of the controlled systems. The series‐parallel nonsmooth estimation models are used to predict the errors. In addition, the tracking error and prediction errors are anastomosed to update the weights of the NNs. To solve the problem of “explosion of complexity,” the command‐filter technology is adopted. Combining the Lyapunov stability theory and the adaptive backstepping algorithm, a composite adaptive backstepping control scheme is proposed. The proposed scheme dissolves the singularity problem which may emerge in the design process and the neural networks approximation performances can be realized as well. Meanwhile, the proposed scheme guarantees the tracking error converges into a small neighborhood of zero in fast finite‐time and the boundedness of all the closed‐loop signals. Finally, the simulation example is provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Biomimetic 4D Printing Catapult: From Biological Prototype to Practical Implementation
Authors: Li Guiwei , Yang Shida , Wu Wenzheng , Chen Fan , Li Xiujuan , Tian Qi , Wang Kunyang , Zhao Yihang , Wang Jiaqing , Liu Qingping , Ren Lei , Han Zhiwu , Ren Luquan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract4D printing technologies are currently suffering from the inability to produce rapid motions, which limit their applications that require fast shape transformation such as rapid unlocking and deployment of aerospace equipment. Herein, inspired by the shooting mechanisms of Viola verecunda fruit for seed dispersal, the 4D‐printed biomimetic catapult is developed. Based on the structure change characteristics of gradient fan‐shaped cells of the fruit pods during seed ejection, the biomimetic smart catapult is processed via the programming of spatial distribution of heterogeneous materials with various storage modulus enabled by additive manufacturing. This catapult can achieve high‐speed ejection with the logically stimuli of external force, temperature, light, humidity, or electricity. The proposed biomimetic 4D printing strategy has broken through the limitations in motion speed, which helps fully unleash the potential of 4D printing.
High Cycling Rate‐Induced Irreversible TMO6 Slabs Glide in Co‐Free High‐Ni Layered Cathode Materials
Authors: Yu Lei , Huang Yin , Han Qiaofeng , Zhu Junwu , Lu Jun 
Published: May 2023

AbstractCo‐free high‐Ni layered transition metal oxide is a promising cost‐effective cathode material for high‐energy Li‐ion batteries, but it suffers from undesirable rate performance and rapid capacity decay upon high‐rate cycling. The underlying structural changes under fast electrochemical processes remain unclear to date. In this study, atomic scale structural evolutions of Co‐free high‐Ni layered cathode at different cycling rates are revealed by advanced TEM characterization. It is found that the phase transition after high‐rate cycling is much different from that after low‐rate cycling. The low‐rate cycled sample shows a typical layer‐to‐rock salt transition. However, O1‐type stacking faults are uncovered in the high‐rate cycled sample owing to irreversible TMO6 slabs glide, which induces severe lattice distortion and structural dislocations. These findings deepen the understanding of the rate‐dependent structural degradation mechanism of Co‐free high‐Ni layered cathodes, and have significant implications for improving current materials to withstand high‐rate applications.
High‐Voltage Stimulation Effect on Lithium Deposition for 4.6 V‐Class Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Yang Hao , Zhao Tong , Huang Kai , Shen Yue , Huang Yunhui , Luo Wei 
Published: May 2023

AbstractRechargeable Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) are ubiquitous in present society and play an important role in consumer electronics and electric vehicles. Increasing LIBs’ energy density is therefore becoming a crucial research challenge with great implications. Li metal is a high‐specific‐capacity anode, which suffers from uneven Li deposition, “dead” Li formation, dendrite growth, and the resulting severe capacity fading. Here, a strategy to enable a tremendous improvement for LiCoO2‐based Li metal batteries (Li||LCO) is described and experimentally demonstrated. By simply adjusting the charge cut‐off voltage from 4.1 to 4.6 V, a high‐voltage stimulation effect (HvSE) is demonstrated, which offers a uniform, dense, and crack‐free Li deposition. As a result, the Li||LCO cell delivers a high energy density (ED) of 891 Wh kg‐LCO−1 and a high capacity of 217 mAh g−1 can be maintained for more than 69 cycles. In contrast, the Li||LCO cell with the lower charge cut‐off voltage of 4.1 V only delivers a low ED (458 Wh kg‐LCO−1), specific capacity (117 mAh g−1), and “capacity diving” occurs after only 35 cycles. This HvSE is also applied to run pouch cells, which generate greater than 20% capacity and cycling performance improvement with the higher charge cut‐off voltage.
Nanosecond Pulsed Laser‐Assisted Deposition to Construct a 3D Quasi‐Gradient Lithiophilic Skeleton for Stable Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Hui Yu , Wu Yingbin , Sun Wenping , Sun Xudong , Huang Gang , Na Zhaolin 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe continuous growth of Li dendrites and volumetric deformation of Li severely impede the commercial application of Li metal anodes. To regulate Li stripping/plating, electrodeposition or magnetron sputtering is extensively utilized to fabricate lithiophilic‐metal deposited 3D Li hosts. However, the binding force between lithiophilic‐metal and host is weak, inevitably leading to numerous cracks/defects of lithiophilic‐surface‐layer during Li plating/stripping. Herein, a quasi‐gradient (Cu‐Cu3Sn‐Sn‐SnO2) 3D skeleton consisting of hierarchical Sn/SnO2 composite metallurgically bonded to copper foam through Cu3Sn alloy (LAD‐SSC@CF) is designed, and prepared in one‐step by a nanosecond‐pulsed‐laser‐assisted deposition strategy. The homogeneous Li nucleation sites provided by Li22Sn5 formed by the reaction of Sn/SnO2 with Li can inhibit Li dendrites growth. Meanwhile, the porous space and strong bonding of Cu3Sn layer avoid structural deterioration of anodes. Consequently, a symmetric cell based on LAD‐SSC@CF@Li exhibits an outstanding cycling stability of 1500 h at 1 mA cm−2. In particular, a full cell with LiFePO4 cathode provides good capacity retention of 81.3% at 5 C after 600 cycles. Moreover, the successful preparation of other composite materials (In, Zn, Sn‐Bi, etc.) loading on various substrates (Kapton film, ceramic, copper foil, etc.) demonstrates the versatility of pulsed‐laser‐assisted deposition strategy for preparing battery materials.
Carbon Dots with Blue‐to‐Near‐Infrared Lasing for Colorful Speckle‐Free Laser Imaging and Dynamical Holographic Display
Authors: Zhang Yongqiang , Wang Jinping , Wang Lu , Fu Rui , Sui Laizhi , Song Haoqiang , Hu Yongsheng , Lu Siyu 
Published: May 2023

AbstractAs a new solution‐processable laser material, carbon dots (CDs) offer advantages of non‐toxicity, low‐cost, and high‐stability, which are conducive to the sustainable development of miniaturized lasers. Full‐color CDs (FC‐CDs) with bright‐blue, green, yellow, red, deep‐red, and near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence are prepared. Their photoluminescence emission ranges from 431 to 714 nm. The FC‐CDs show narrow full widths at half maximum in the range of 44–76 nm, with concurrent high radiative transition rates (KR) of 0.54–1.74 × 108 s−1; their performance is comparable to that of organic laser dyes, indicating their good gain potential for lasers. Laser pumping of the FC‐CDs gives laser outputs at 467.3, 533.5, 577.4, 616.3, 653.5, and 705.1 nm, spanning from blue to NIR region, and covering 140% of the NTSC color gamut. The FC‐CDs show high Q‐factors (2000–5500), appreciable gain coefficients (9–21.5 cm−1), and better stability (≈100%@4–7 h) than commercial laser dyes. These excellent properties make them suitable for high‐quality, colorful, speckle‐free laser imaging and dynamic holographic display. The findings will be helpful in promoting the practical applications and development of solution‐processable CD‐based lasers.
MXene‐Based Functional Platforms for Tumor Therapy
Authors: Gao Fan , Xue Chun , Zhang Tian , Zhang Lu , Zhu Guo‐Yin , Ou Changjin , Zhang Yi‐Zhou , Dong Xiaochen 
Published: May 2023

AbstractRecently, 2D transition metal carbide, nitride, and carbonitrides (MXenes) materials stand out in the field of tumor therapy, particularly in the construction of functional platforms for optimal antitumor therapy due to their high specific surface area, tunable performance, strong absorption of near‐infrared light as well as preferable surface plasmon resonance effect. In this review, the progress of MXene‐mediated antitumor therapy is summarized after appropriate modifications or integration procedures. The enhanced antitumor treatments directly performed by MXenes, the significant improving effect of MXenes on different antitumor therapies, as well as the MXene‐mediated imaging‐guided antitumor strategies are discussed in detail. Moreover, the existing challenges and future development directions of MXenes in tumor therapy are presented.
Multi‐Task and Multi‐Scale Intelligent Electromagnetic Sensing with Distributed Multi‐Frequency Reprogrammable Metasurfaces
Authors: Wang Zhuo , Zhang Hongrui , Zhao Hanting , Hu Shengguo , Cui Tie Jun , Li Lianlin 
Published: May 2023

AbstractReprogrammable metasurface (RM) has been demonstrated as a key enabling technology for resolving the difficulties arising in conventional electromagnetic (EM) sensing strategies, and the RM‐enabled intelligent EM sensing has emerged as a new paradigm with many advanced functionalities that are thought to be impossible. However, the RM‐enabled sensing strategies developed so far are usually limited to the single‐scale sensing task and the cooperative target, since they are designed to operate at a single frequency band and have the relatively small view angle. To address the formidable challenges, here the concept of multi‐task multi‐scale intelligent sensing is proposed with algorithm‐driven distributed multi‐frequency RMs. For principle illustration, a proof‐of‐principle system working at S‐, C‐, and X‐bands is designed, and it is experimentally demonstrated that the system is capable of monitoring continuously the action behavior and healthy status of the target acting freely in real‐world indoor settings. It is faithfully expected that the presented strategy could open a new avenue in the areas of internet‐of‐things (IoTs), digital twins, and so on.
Copper‐Catalyzed N‐Alkylations of NH‐Sulfoximines Under Visible Light
Authors: Shi Peng , Tu Yongliang , Ma Ding , Bolm Carsten 
Published: May 2023

AbstractA copper‐catalyzed N‐alkylation of NH‐sulfoximines with alkyl diacyl peroxides under blue light LED irradiation is reported. The process has a good functional group tolerance, and the products are obtained in yields ranging from 45–91%.magnified image
Advancements in the Synthesis of Diaryliodonium Salts: Updated Protocols
Authors: Linde Erika , Mondal Shobhan , Olofsson Berit 
Published: May 2023

AbstractOur group has reported several one‐pot protocols for the synthesis of diaryliodonium salts, which have been recognized as attractive multi‐purpose reagents in areas ranging from organic synthesis to materials chemistry. Over the years, we have identified limitations in the published protocols concerning synthesis of mixed electron‐rich and electron‐poor, as well as highly electron‐poor diaryliodonium salts, as the corresponding starting materials are either too reactive or too unreactive. In this update, we discuss the underlying limitations concerning the stability and reactivity of the involved reagents and provide strategies to overcome these challenges through updated synthetic protocols.
Calculation Model of Contact Load and Axial Stiffness of Planetary Thread Roller Bearing Based on Direct Stiffness Method
Authors: Xie Zhijie , Wang Yu , Zhan Hao , Xie Wenjian , Deng Jixian , Yu Di , Yin Jihui 
Published: May 2023

AbstractPlanetary Threaded Roller Bearing (PTRB) is a new bearing suitable for the heavy load linear drive mechanism. The load is transferred internally through annular threads, affecting the bearing capacity of the thread's contact load distribution characteristics. The structure of PTRB is discretized to study the contact load distribution of PTRB. The axial stiffness of the thread's teeth, its axial stiffness, and the contact stiffness of contact points are calculated. Moreover, a 1D equivalent spring network model is proposed based on discretized structure and stiffness. The PTRB contact load calculation model is proposed using the direct stiffness method and a 1D equivalent spring network model. Finally, the accuracy of the model proposed in this paper for calculating the contact load distribution of threaded teeth is verified by comparing the results obtained from theoretical model calculations, finite element methods, and experiments. The theoretical model proposed in this paper can provide theoretical guidance for PTRB parameters.
Confinement of SnCuxO2+x Nanoclusters in Zeolites for High‐Efficient Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction
Authors: Zhu Yanbin , Li Peize , Yang Xiaoju , Wang Muqin , Zhang Yali , Gao Pengkun , Huang Qikang , Wei Yan , Yang Xuan , Wang Deyu , Shen Yan , Wang Mingkui 
Published: May 2023

AbstractElectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2RR) to methane has achieved impressive Faradaic efficiencies of over 40% with copper‐based catalysts including Cu2O, copper‐silver alloys and others. Although copper‐based catalysts work effectively in the CO2RR, they suffer from a major disadvantage: low selectivity of desired products due to the difficulty of regulating the intermediate coverage on the catalyst surface. Here, this work presents new SnCuxO2+x nanocluster electrocatalysts encapsulated in purely siliceous MFI zeolites (coded as SnCuxO2+x@MFI) for a high‐efficient CO2RR. This allows the formation of *CO intermediates in the channels of zeolites, which further undergoes a multi‐step protonation process to generate methane, a very attractive feature for Li‐CO2 batteries that use the CO2RR catalyst as the cathode. The obtained SnCu1.5O3.5@MFI catalyst possesses a desired catalytic performance with the Faradaic efficiency of CO2 reduction to methane at 66.6 ± 3.2% in a 0.1 m KHCO3 electrolyte. Using the SnCu1.5O3.5@MFI as a cathode within a Li‐CO2 battery, this work achieves a full discharge specific capacity of 23 000 mAh g−1 at a cut‐off voltage of 2.0 V (vs Li+/Li) and an operational life over 100 cycles at 1000 mAh g−1 cutoff specific capacity. This novel confinement catalyst offers a viable pathway to develop efficient CO2RR and Li‐CO2 batteries with attractive properties for practical applications.
Natural recovery of old crop fields in a South African grassland biome
Authors: Coetzer Willem G. , Coetzer Kayleigh 
Published: May 2023

AbstractChanging land‐use practices have led to an increased rate of cropland abandonment in South Africa. Globally, climate change has increased the need for additional studies on the impact of land abandonment on soil health in arid and semi‐arid environments. We, therefore, aimed to measure the changes in soil health with time following abandonment. The study site is located in the Winterberg Mountains of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Standard soil characteristics were assessed for three recovering old crop fields. Samples from the surrounding natural habitat were also included for comparison. Significant positive changes in soil water‐holding capacity and carbon and nitrogen characteristics were observed with increased age since abandonment, pointing to soil quality recovery. It will, however, still take a significant amount of time for total recovery to be achieved. Continuous monitoring of old crop fields in agricultural and formally protected areas is needed to fully understand the long‐term effects of cropping on soil quality in this region.
Relaxing the constant molar overflow assumption in distillation optimization
Authors: Mathew Tony Joseph , Tawarmalani Mohit , Agrawal Rakesh 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe constant molar overflow (CMO) framework, while useful for shortcut distillation models, assumes that all components have the same latent heats of vaporization. A simple transformation, from molar flows to latent‐heat flows, allows shortcut models to retain the mathematical simplicity of the CMO framework while accounting for different latent heats, resulting in the constant heat transport (CHT) framework for adiabatic distillation columns. Although several past works have already proposed this transformation in the literature, it has not been well utilized in recent times. In this article, we show the utility of this transformation in upgrading various applications such as identifying energy‐efficient multicomponent distillation configurations based on heat duty rather than surrogate vapor flow. The method transforms the diagram to a diagram. Furthermore, we derive new and insightful analytical results in distillation, such as cumulative latent‐heat stage fractions having monotonic profiles within a distillation column under the CHT framework.
Anticipating and Addressing Chemical Supply Chain Disruptions in the Water Industry
Authors: Gorzalski Alexander S. , Kuhnel Benjamin , Smoak Patrick 
Published: May 2023

Key TakeawaysBulk treatment chemicals often have supply chains or market pricing of a global nature, making utilities vulnerable to supply disruptions and price shocks from events around the world.At the same time, the cost of hauling chemicals often limits competition within a local geographic area.Strategies and resources are available to help utilities prepare for chemical supply chain disruptions.
Effect of protein fouling on filtrate flux and virus breakthrough behaviors during virus filtration process
Authors: Suh Dongwoo , Jin Hoeun , Park Hosik , Lee Changha , Cho Young Hoon , Baek Youngbin 
Published: May 2023

AbstractVirus filtration process is used to ensure viral safety in the biopharmaceutical downstream processes with high virus removal capacity (i.e., >4 log10). However, it is still constrained by protein fouling, which results in reduced filtration capacity and possible virus breakthrough. This study investigated the effects of protein fouling on filtrate flux and virus breakthrough using commercial membranes that had different symmetricity, nominal pore size, and pore size gradients. Flux decay tendency due to protein fouling was influenced by hydrodynamic drag force and protein concentration. As the results of prediction with the classical fouling model, standard blocking was suitable for most virus filters. Undesired virus breakthrough was observed in the membranes having relatively a large pore diameter of the retentive region. The study found that elevated levels of protein solution reduced virus removal performance. However, the impact of prefouled membranes was minimal. These findings shed light on the factors that influence protein fouling during the virus filtration process of biopharmaceutical production.
Management of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: Review of current diagnosis and treatment options
Authors: Eid Michal , Foukal Jakub , Sochorová Dana , Tuček Štěpán , Starý Karel , Kala Zdeněk , Mayer Jiří , Němeček Radim , Trna Jan , Kunovský Lumír 
Published: May 2023

AbstractPheochromocytomas (PCCs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors derived from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. When these tumors have an extra‐adrenal location, they are called paragangliomas (PGLs) and arise from sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, particularly of the para‐aortic location. Up to 25% of PCCs/PGLs are associated with inherited genetic disorders. The majority of PCCs/PGLs exhibit indolent behavior. However, according to their affiliation to molecular clusters based on underlying genetic aberrations, their tumorigenesis, location, clinical symptomatology, and potential to metastasize are heterogenous. Thus, PCCs/PGLs are often associated with diagnostic difficulties. In recent years, extensive research revealed a broad genetic background and multiple signaling pathways leading to tumor development. Along with this, the diagnostic and therapeutic options were also expanded. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge and recent advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of PCCs/PGLs with respect to the underlying gene alterations while also discussing future perspectives in this field.