bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship of the Protein-Reserves to Antibody-Production
Authors: Wissler Robert W. , Woolridge Robert L. , Steffee C. Harold , Cannon Paul R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The ability of protein-deficient adult white rats to fabricate anti-sheep cell hemolysin was compared with that of similar animals which had been supplied with high-quality dietary protein or a protein derivative (Amigen) for a few days prior to injection of antigen. The purpose of the experiments was to accomplish repletion of the depleted protein stores in order to enhance the capacity of the antibody-producing cells to synthesize antibody globulin. Hemolysin titers were determined at intervals after injection of antigen and were compared with those obtained in well-nourished control animals simultaneously injected with antigen. The results were as follows: Protein-repletion of protein-depleted rats by the feeding of high-quality protein, or a hydrolysate of a high quality protein led to a markedly increased output of hemolysin, evident as early as after two days of repletion and pronounced within seven days.The antibody-producing mechanism of rats is not permanently damaged even after feeding a low-protein ration for 191 days, and may be restored to nearly normal levels by the ingestion of adequate amounts of high-quality protein.Protein-repletion of protein-depleted rats may give a temporary increase in the rate of protein anabolism, even exceeding the normal rate in rats which have never undergone depletion.The daily ingestion of 5 mg of ascorbic acid by hypoproteinemic rats exerted no effect upon the output of hemolysin. Experiments are in progress to determine the effect of other vitamins upon production of antibody.
The Preparation of a Potent Toxin of Shigella Dysenteriae (Shiga) on a Semi Synthetic Medium and its Use for the Preparation of an Alum-Precipitated Toxoid
Authors: Olitzki Leo , Bichowsky Leah 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Shiga toxoid was prepared from cultures of S. dysenteriae on a semi-synthetic medium. Small quantities of this toxoid adsorbed on alum, concentrated, and injected subcutaneously immunized rabbits against multiple lethal doses of toxin.
Studies on the Reversibility of the Antigen-Antibody Reaction
Authors: Morris Marion C. , Karr Helen V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Type III pneumococci sensitized with homologous rabbit antiserum show decreased capsular swelling upon exposure to homologous polysaccharide. This reversal of capsular swelling is type-specific. Following the loss of capsular swelling, the washed suspensions may exhibit swelling again upon exposure to homologous but not to heterologous antiserum. Treatment of sensitized type III pneumococci with type III carbohydrate leads to an increase in mouse-infectivity. The mechanism of these reactions is discussed.
Studies of the Complement-Fixation Reaction in Virus Systems
Authors: Rice Christine E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
From these studies of vaccinial systems a short quantitative method of titrating the complement-fixing capacity of vaccinial sera and antigens has been derived. The method is based on that developed in this laboratory (5) for the routine complement-fixation test for syphilis, and involves the use of tables of conversion factors for the determination of the amount of complement needed for 50-per-cent hemolysis under various conditions. The test has been useful in differentiating reactions of sera with several different antigens and of antigens with different sera.
A Heterologous Principle in Human Cancerous Liver: Its Effect Upon the Brown-Pearce Tumor
Authors: Penn H. S. , Jacobsen Elly M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method for obtaining a heterologous acetone-soluble fraction from human cancerous tissue is described.
This fraction coupled with a protein was employed to obtain an antiserum by injection into rabbits.
Both the acetone-soluble fraction and its antiserum were subjected to experimental procedure by injection into rabbits previously inoculated intraocularly with Brown-Pearce carcinoma.
Two types of controls, both with intraocular implants, were used: (1) noninjected animals and (2) animals injected with normal antigen obtained from human non-cancerous tissue and with normal rabbit serum.
The tumor growth was not modified by injection with normal rabbit serum and acetone-soluble, protein-coupled fraction obtained from human non-cancerous tissue.
Inhibition of tumor growth was demonstrable in those animals inoculated with a rapidly growing Brown-Pearce tumor and injected with a heterologous acetone-soluble lipoid fraction obtained from human cancerous tissue and with its antiserum.
Quantitative Studies on the Neutralization of Pathogenic Agents in Tissues by Circulating Antibodies
Authors: Friedemann Ulrich , Traub Frederick B. , Langstadt Dorett 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of substances augmenting capillary permeability, on the in vivo reactions between toxins and antitoxins, has been studied. The capillary effect can be demonstrated by the indirect intracutaneous test with diphtheric toxin and the indirect intramuscular test with tetanal toxin. It cannot be demonstrated by the indirect intramuscular test with diphtheric toxin. These findings have been explained on the basis of the nerve carriage theory of Meyer and Ransom. Nutrient broth, Difco peptone, Savita broth without peptone, histamine, the blood group substances, saliva, testicular extract and leech extract were shown to have a strong capillary effect. It is undecided whether or not the capillary effect of the blood group substances is due to impurities. The capillary factor in testicular extract is distinct from the spreading factor. Most substances affecting capillary permeability increase capillary permeability to such an extent that the concentrations of antitoxin in blood plasma and tissue fluid become identical. The indirect test provides a convenient method for studying the effects of substances affecting capillary permeability quantitatively. Some practical implications of our findings are discussed.
Specific Complement-Fixing Diagnostic Antigens for Neurotropic Viral Diseases
Authors: DeBoer Carl J. , Cox Herald R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A method has been described for the preparation of complement-fixing antigens for eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis and St. Louis and Japanese B encephalitis viruses. Extraction of the antigens in the lyophilized state with benzene, toluene or dichlor-ethylene, renders them specific without producing any appreciable adverse effect upon the antigenicity. The antigens are specific in that they fix complement only in the presence of their homologous immune sera and do not give rise to false positive reactions with human syphilitic or malarial sera when the method of Kolmer and Boerner is employed. The antigens so prepared are quite stable and non-infectious. The method of preparation is a simple one and apparently can be used for the preparation of antigens from various tissues shown to be rich in either viruses or rickettsiae.
Effect of Tris(Beta-Chloroethyl)Amine on Antibody-Production in Goats
Authors: Philips Frederick S. , Hopkins Frances H. , Freeman Marion L. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The serum antibody-content of goats which had been actively immunized against ricin was allowed to decline by cessation of antigen administration. When serum antibody had reached negative levels of activity, the injection of a single stimulating dose of ricin caused a prompt increase in circulating antibodies such that within one week levels were obtained equal to or greater than previous maxima. However, if immune goats with negative antibody-levels were injected with chronic, leucopenic doses of the nitrogen mustard, tris(beta-chloroethyl)amine, before the administration of the stimulating dose of ricin, anamnestic responses were delayed in all animals and in a few actually decreased by comparison with the responses of controls.
The fact that prior treatment with amine mustard influenced the course of anamnesis was discussed in relation to the untoward effect of the treatment on leucopoietic tissues. It was considered reasonable to attribute untoward change in anamnestic response to a direct toxic action of the agent on leucopoietic tissues which was not mediated by primary stimulation of the adrenal cortex.
Studies on the Immunization of Swine against Infection with the Swine Influenza Virus
Authors: McLean I. W. , Beard Dorothy , Beard J. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A disease easily characterizable and measurable in severity by clinical observations on the height and duration of fever, loss of weight and anorexia was produced in normal, unvaccinated swine by exposure to active swine influenza virus contained in chick-embryo chorio-allantoic fluid. The animals were uniformly highly susceptible to infection, giving a morbidity score of 94.1 per cent, but no deaths occurred. There was no evidence of synergistic bacterial infection.
Vaccination with formalin-inactivated, purified swine influenza virus given subcutaneously produced an overall reduction in the incidence and severity of the clinical disease, resulting in a morbidity score of 59 per cent. No significant difference could be seen between the effects of 1, 2 or 3 injections of 0.5-mg amounts of the inactive virus, though the respective morbidity scores were numerically slightly smaller with repeated vaccinations. The results were not related to the age or size of the animals nor to the time of year of the tests. The antibody titers of the vaccinated animals were consistently greatly increased following exposure to active virus, whether symptoms developed or not. The levels of antibody titer 2 weeks after exposure to active virus were related directly to the number of vaccinations preceding the exposure.
The degree of immunity or resistance conferred by vaccination, 37 per cent, was far less than that induced by exposure to active virus, 82 per cent, regardless of the severity or mildness of the disease, and the same was true for animals tested with active virus a second time after previous vaccination and exposure to active virus. The levels of antibody titer of animals in these categories rose little, or not ar all, on repeated exposure to active virus, indicating a very low degree, if any, of asymptomatic infection under these conditions.
The findings are discussed in relation to their bearing on the control of influenza in man by vaccination.
The Effect of Tubercle Bacilli on the Antigenicity of a Synthetic Ester of Oleic Acid
Authors: Middlebrook Gardner , Dubos René J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Injection of rabbits with formalin-killed human or avian tubercle bacilli grown in a medium containing the synthetic water-soluble oleic acid ester, “Tween 80”, elicits the production of serum antibodies capable of precipitating this synthetic ester. Tubercle bacilli grown in the presence of “Tween” or artificially coated by “Tween” are agglutinated by such sera in high titer. “Tween 80” per se is non-antigenic when given intravenously to rabbits under the conditions studied. Serological cross-reactions occur between “Tween 80” and various other chemically related water-soluble fatty acid esters.
Diagnostic Antigens for Epidemic Typhus, Murine Typhus and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Authors: van der Scheer James , Bohnel Emil , Cox Herald R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Epidemic typhus and murine typhus vaccines prepared from infected yolk-sacs by ether-extraction process give nonspecific reactions in complement-fixation tests with Wassermann-positive human syphilitic sera if the technic of fixation for 18 hours at icebox temperature is used.
Purified and concentrated soluble antigens were prepared from epidemic typhus, murine typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever vaccines by further treating the ether-extracted preparations with benzene followed by precipitation with sodium sulfate.
The purified soluble antigens gave little or no reaction with human syphilitic sera using complement-fixation at icebox temperature.
Complement-fixation tests with the purified and concentrated soluble antigens clearly differentiate cases of epidemic and murine typhus from Rocky Mountain spotted fever and will often, but not always, distinguish between epidemic and murine typhus cases.
Colorado Tick Fever
Authors: Koprowski Hilary , Cox Herald R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The mouse brain adapted Florio strain of Colorado tick fever virus was cultivated by yolk-sac passage in the developing chick embryo through 78 generations. The virus multiplied slowly and reached its maximal titer on the 4–5th day after inoculation.
Experiments indicated that virus is present in significant amounts only in the central nervous system.
The virus retained its virulence for intracerebrally inoculated mice but lost its invasive power for mice and hamsters inoculated parenterally.
The virus introduced parenterally in minimal amounts elicited an immune response in mice which withstood subsequent intracerebral challenge with mouse brain virus.
The 37th egg passage of the virus injected subcutaneously into four volunteers caused only minor clinical manifestations and induced the formation of homologous virus-neutralizing antibodies in all four vaccinated individuals.
The Significance of Protection Tests with the Serum of Man and Other Animals against the Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Hammon W. McD. , Mack W. N. , Reeves W. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Seventy-eight per cent of the sera from 55 domestic cows from Western States and Okinawa neutralized the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus while of 18 “controls” from Nevada desert range none protected. In fresh bovine sera antiviral substances were frequently present which disappeared after storage for 2 or 3 months. Sixty-seven per cent of a similar group of 48 horses were positive and only one of 15 desert controls protected. Forty-four per cent of 112 domestic or “exposed” chickens were positive while only 2 of 43 controls sheltered in the laboratory protected. Of other domestic mammals 45 per cent of 58 protected while none of 30 from wild species were positive. Of domestic birds other than chickens 30 per cent of 63 protected while 19 per cent of 26 from wild species were positive. None of 31 sera from laboratory monkeys, guinea pigs, rabbits, pigeons or doves were positive. Sera from many of these had high titers to one or more of the encephalitis viruses. Monkeys, cotton rats and hamsters inoculated with monkey cord virus of a strain immunologically related to the Lansing strain (MEF-1) responded with neutralizing antibodies though showing no other signs of infection. Three other strains of virus (Brock, Lemos and Bigelow) produced no such response. Chickens inoculated with MEF-1 and other virus strains did not develop antibodies. Furthermore, serum from chickens frequently behaved in an irregular and unexplainable manner. No virus could be isolated from the feces of chickens which were fed or were inoculated with a freshly isolated poliomyelitis virus. Paired, two phase sera from 102 poliomyelitis patients gave the following results: 84 had a high titer at onset or showed no change; 10 showed an increase and 8 a decrease. Few of the human sera taken at onset gave an equivocal result; they tended to be either definitely negative or positive. Fifty-seven of 84 were positive. It is concluded that some strains of poliomyelitis virus fail to stimulate any or significant titers of antibody to the Lansing strain and that others do, this probably is the result of antigenic differences. However, it is far from being established that all Lansing antiviral substances encountered in man or animals are due to contact with poliomyelitis virus.
Preparation of an Antigen Mixture from H. Pertussis by Selective Denaturation
Authors: Hink John H. , Johnson Frederick F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A simple method is given for obtaining a partially purified mixture of antigens from H. pertussis organisms. Certain physical and chemical properties of the antigens are described. The use of the antigen mixture as an agent for distinguishing between normal rabbits and rabbits immunized with Merthiolate-killed H. pertussis suspensions is reported. Electrophoretic separations were performed and the resultant data show that at least two antigens are recovered. One of these absorbs agglutinins but seems not to contain “skin-test” activity. The other has “skin-test” activity and its lack of agglutinin absorbing activity is suggested but not proved by the present data.
Latent Mouse Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. , Riordan John T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
These observations are concerned with the chance occurrence of latent mouse encephalomyelitis, either the paralytic TO or encephalitic FA type, in normal stock Swiss mice.
In the course of experiments utilizing about 40,000 mice purchased chiefly from two animal dealers, the TO type of encephalomyelitis was encountered spontaneously in 4 instances, and following non-specific inoculations in 3 instances. The FA virus was found to be the cause of encephalomyelitis occurring in one instance spontaneously, and in 7 instances following intracerebral inoculation of non-infectious material or of murine-adapted strains of human poliomyelitis virus.
In the latter instances, the inoculated murine-adapted virus and the contaminating FA strain were separated into pure lines of each strain. The contaminated murine-adapted human strains were freed of FA virus by treatment with FA hyper-immune serum or by passage through the monkey, a host which is not susceptible to the FA virus. FA virus was readily obtained from the mixture of strains by serial passage of brains of mice showing only encephalitic signs or by passage through chick embryos.
The virus strains were identified by complement fixation and/or virus neutralization tests as well as by their host spectrum and “clinical” signs.
There was no evidence that the interference phenomenon prevented the simultaneous passage of the Lansing and the FA strains through several serial transfers in mice.
Induced Resistance to Streptomycin
Authors: Seligmann Erich , Wassermann Michael 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Some chromogenic bacteria and a group of salmonella strains were “trained” to high streptomycin resistance in vitro. A few equally resistant strains were recovered from streptomycin treated patients. Acquired resistance is accompanied by marked alteration of metabolic activities of the bacteria. Decreased rate of growth and of reducing intensity, changed fermentation of carbohydrates and protein derivatives (H2S production), loss of pigment formation of B. pyocyaneus, loss of animal pathogenicity in salmonellae are the main indications of a damaged enzymatic system. No streptomycin destroying qualities develop in resistant strains. It is suggested that induced resistance to streptomycin is not so much the result of a selective process but rather the physiological response of the bacterial cell against the damaging drug. The mode of drug action and clinical implications are discussed.
Chemotherapy of Virus Infections
Authors: Cutting Windsor C. , Dreisbach Robert H. , Halpern Richard M. , Irwin Elizabeth Ann , Jenkins Doris W. , Proescher Frederick , Tripi Helen B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chemotherapy has become increasingly effective in attenuating the striking power of protozoal and bacterial diseases, but, except in isolated instances, this approach to the control of virus diseases has been unsuccessful. The exceptions, lymphopathia venereum, trachoma, inclusion blenorrhea, mouse pneumonitis and some members of the ornithosis group, are susceptible in varying degree to sulfonamides and penicillin (1). In a sense, this susceptibility to chemotherapeutic attack separates these diseases from the greater number of virus infections and suggests their more immediate descent from bacteria responsive to usual chemotherapeutic measures. It should be noted even here, that while the animals may be saved, active virus can sometimes be recovered from them. Although infections by viruses other than the noted exceptions may be influenced, and even controlled, by natural immune bodies, and by “interference” from other viruses, ordinary medicinal therapy has failed completely.
Studies in Dysentery Vaccination
Authors: Cooper Merlin L. , Keller Helen M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Active immunization of mice with vaccines of Shigella sonnei, Shigella ambigua, Shigella flexneri VI (Boyd 88) and Shigella flexneri III-Z followed by homologous and heterologous challenge infections demonstrated consistently a higher degree of homologous than heterologous immunity.
Active hyperimmunization of mice first with vaccine of Shigella flexneri III-Z, then by injection with many LD50 doses of living homologous Shigella, stimulated a higher degree of heterologous immunity against Shigella flexneri II-W than occurred in mice immunized with vaccine alone.
Active immunization of mice with a Seitz filtrate of broth culture and a Seitz filtrate of saline suspension of an agar culture of Shigella flexneri III-Z stimulated surprising amounts of homologous immunity.
A Single-Dilution Method for the Estimation of LD50 Titers of the Psittacosis-LGV Group of Viruses in Chick Embryos
Authors: Golub Orville J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been demonstrated with several members of the psittacosis-LGV group of viruses that there exists a linear relationship between the concentration of virus inoculated into eggs by the yolk-sac route and the average day of death of the embryos. By plotting of repeated large scale titrations according to the average day of death at each dilution and the LD50 values obtained, an average line is drawn from which it is possible to estimate directly the LD50 value of a virus suspension from the average day of death of a group of eggs inoculated with one dilution. The linear relationship has been shown to hold with two strains of psittacosis virus (Gleason and 6BC), meningopneumonitis virus (Cal 10), and Louisiana pneumonitis virus (Borg).
It is possible to use either eight or nine day old embryonated eggs, the resulting titer differences being within the limits of error of the test.
Some Factors Influencing the Selection of a Complement-Fixation Method
Authors: Rice Christine E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Requirements in regard to accuracy and the difficulties likely to be encountered in evaluation of the results are the two major factors governing the selection of a quantitative complement-fixation method. In this paper, two quantitative complement-fixation procedures are evaluated on these bases.
If only a rough estimate of antibody activity is needed, the serum dilution titer determined by method 1 is adequate. If however a more precise measurement of antibody content is required, method 2 will prove more satisfactory. Especially will this be the case in comparison of the relative efficiency of different methods of preparing antigen, in determination of antigenic relationships or in measurement of the relative specific, non-specific and cross-activities of a serum.
When antigens are crude containing relatively large amounts of extraneous material, method 1, which employs a lower antigen dose may be preferable. If so, calculation of the increment ratio titer as indicated in the second section of this paper, may give a more precise estimate of titer than the usual method of recording serum-dilution titers in terms of the dilution factor. Not only do the increment ratios provide a sharper differentiation in relative titers than the latter, but they enable the reactions of anticomplementary sera to be recorded in numerical terms. Furthermore, it is possible to introduce a correction factor for variation in the stability of different lots of complement during preliminary incubation. The use of increment ratios in defining the relative “specific” and “nonspecific” activities of sera is also described.