bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Method for Further Separation of Specifically purified Antibodies by Liquid Isoelectric Focusing
Authors: Freedman M. H. , Painter R. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Specifically purified anti-p-azophenyltrimethylammonium antibodies from individual rabbits have been separated by isoelectric focusing on a preparative scale over a pH range of 5 to 8 into as many as 30 components differing in isoelectric properties and demonstrating reduced heterogeneity. A number of these components have many of the properties characteristic of homogeneous antibodies. The isolated antibodies are electrophoretically discrete and show homogeneous binding properties towards the p125I-iodophenyltrimethylammonium hapten, giving two combining sites/mol protein with a heterogeneity index of 1.00 ± 0.05. On alkaline urea disc electrophoresis, the fully reduced and alkylated antibody light chain patterns were monodisperse. Several specifically purified rabbit and goat antibodies directed against neutral, positively charged and negatively charged haptens have been purified. This procedure appears to afford a general method for the further purification of antibodies to a state suitable for sequence studies and detailed structural studies on the nature of the combining sites.
The Molecular Restriction of Neonatal Anti-Hapten Antibody
Authors: Montgomery P. C. , Williamson A. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Neonatal New Zealand White rabbits were primed with DNP-BγG intraperitoneally within 11 hr of birth and boosted s.c. with the same antigen prior to day 16 of life. Sera obtained from serial bleedings were subjected to isoelectric focusing on thin layers of polyacrylamide gel. The specific antibody spectrum was visualized by interaction with labeled hapten, fixation and autoradiography. Binding studies were carried out by the modified Farr technique. Eighty-three per cent of the neonates were producing anti-DNP antibody after the first boost and of these 64% gave restricted isoelectric spectra. Eleven percent of the restricted responders displayed isoelectric spectra analogous to those seen with myeloma proteins and were classified as uniform responders. All uniform responders possessed α values of unity and there was a general correlation between the α values and the isoelectric spectra. The data demonstrated that neonates can frequently produce structurally restricted antibody directed against a complex antigenic stimulus.
Relationship of Amyloidosis to Bence Jones Proteins and Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
Authors: Osserman Elliott F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies of 70 cases of amyloidosis (A) in the past 18 years have provided strong evidence of a significant association between this condition and underlying plasma cell dyscrasias (PCD), particularly with Bence Jones (BJ) proteins (New England J. Med., 261: 1008, 1959; Sem. Hemat., 1: 3, 1964). In all cases of A with the so-called “primary,” “atypical” distribution of infiltrates (i.e., tongue, heart, GI, skin), BJ proteinemia and/or proteinuria was demonstrable with a majority (⅔) of type L. This preponderance of type L over type K is significantly greater than that observed in our cases of myeloma (K:L, approx. 1:1) and indicates a particular association between type L BJ and A. As previously reported (Sem. Hemat., 1: 3, 1964), A-related BJ proteins were labeled with fluorescein (A-BJ-Fl) and compared with non-A-related BJ proteins (also Fl-labeled) for binding affinity to normal tissues (muscle, kidney, liver).
Auto-Immunity and the Origin of Plasma Cell Tumors
Authors: Warner Noel L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two general observations form the basis for considering the possible autoimmune etiology for plasma cell tumors in man and mouse. 1) Antibody specificity of myeloma proteins. Although the true percentage of such proteins with autoantibody activity is not clear, it is certainly apparent that a significant proportion of myeloma and Waldenström macroglobulins show autoantibody specificity. This particularly includes several types of antiglobulin specificity such as a true anti-antibody activity (Warner, McKenzie and Fudenberg), and several anti-DNP myelomas with cross-reaction to γ globulin (a mouse IgG2a globulin and a human Waldenström macroglobulin). 2) Genetic susceptibility to plasma cell tumor induction. Mice of different inbred strains and hybrids were treated with three injections of mineral oil early in life. A high incidence of plasma cell tumors subsequently developed in BALB/c, NZB and (BALB/c × NZB) F1 hybrid mice.
Genetically Determined Immune Deficiency As the Predisposing Cause of “Auto-Immunity” and Lymphoid Neoplasia
Authors: Fudenberg H. Hugh 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Burnet has postulated that autoimmunity arises from emergence of “forbidden clones” which make auto-antibody. Our postulate, in contradistinction, is that auto-antibody-producing cells are always present, producing enough autoantibody to remove damaged or aged tissues. In normals, the number of such cells is kept in check by normal T-cells. When T-cell function is defective, the “governing system” controlling auto-antibody producing clones fails, and autoimmune disease, mediated in most diseases by cellular immunity, emerges. The governing mechanism in normals may be one analogous to that which limits the amount of antibody produced to a given antigen, and keeps the antibody (and Ig levels) from continuously rising in normal subjects. Experimental data for this concept are provided by several lines of evidence: 1) Normals have low levels of rheumatoid factor and other “auto-antibodies” in their serum.
Suppression of Antibody Synthesis
Authors: Fauci Anthony S. , Johnson John S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Suppression of the hapten-specific response to a hapten-carrier conjugate was seen when the conjugate was injected either together with another hapten conjugated to an homologous carrier or together with the homologous unconjugated carrier. Simultaneous injection of non-immunogenic, unconjugated hapten did not suppress the anti-hapten response to a different hapten conjugated to a carrier. Preimmunization with unconjugated carrier, which augments the carrier-specific response, suppressed the hapten-specific primary response to a hapten-carrier conjugate and enhanced the degree of competition seen when two hapten-carrier conjugates were given simultaneously.
Immunity to Hemophilus Influenzae Type b
Authors: Rodrigues Louis P. , Schneerson Rachel , Robbins John B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The capsular substance of H. influenzae type b was isolated in a highly purified form. Serologic identity was demonstrated among the polysaccharides of seven different strains of H. influenzae type b. The polysaccharide had a molecular weight greater than 200,000 estimated by gel filtration and 152,000 by analytic ultracentrifugation and was shown to be relatively non-toxic and non-pyrogenic for laboratory animals.
The Immediate Allergic Response: in Vitro Action of Cyclic Amp-Active and Other Drugs on the Two Stages of Histamine Release
Authors: Lichtenstein Lawrence M. , DeBernardo Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The catecholamine isoproterenol, which inhibits the in vitro allergic response, does so early in the reaction in the first or activation stage of IgE-mediated histamine release and then at concentrations 104 lower than in the whole reaction. This inhibition is markedly decreased by the beta blocker propranalol but not by the alpha blocker phentolamine. Prostaglandin E1, which like the catecholamines stimulates leukocytic adenylcyclase, similarly inhibits in the first stage. Theophylline and dibutyryl cyclic AMP also inhibit primarily in the first stage but have a small but significant inhibitory effect later in the reaction, in the second stage. The metabolic inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose, on the other hand, inhibits only in the second or histamine release stage. Diethylcarbamazine inhibits both stages equally but a concentration of 10-2 M is required for a maximal effect. The action of the cyclic AMP-active drugs early in the reaction sequence strengthens the hypothesis that this system operates as a “second messenger” in the allergic release of histamine.
The Carbohydrate Moieties of Mouse Immunoglobulins: Composition and Evidence against a Role in Transplacental Transport
Authors: Miller Frederick 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The carbohydrate composition of several mouse myeloma proteins was determined. The basic IgG glycopeptide contained five residues of N-acetyl-glucosamine, two of fucose, one of galactose and six of mannose with only occasional units having neuraminic acid. Similarities in sugar content between human and mouse IgA and IgM are noted. Glycopeptides derived from immunoglobulins were not immunogenic in rabbits and antibodies prepared against heavy chains did not appear to react against oligosaccharide determinants. Sugar-depleted immunoglobulins, prepared by the use of specific glycosidases, behaved no differently from control material in transplacental transport suggesting no major role for the sugars in this function. Data pertaining to the location of the labile disulfide bonds, roughly analogous to that for man, is presented.
Comparison of the Effect of Elastase on Human Secretory IgA and Serum IgA
Authors: Tax Anne , Korngold Leonhard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During the last several years three papers were published on the effect of pancreatic elastase on immunoglobulins (1–3). De Vaux St. Cyr and Heremans (1) reported that digestion of human IgG with elastase yielded two fragments which they believed to be similar to the Fab and Fc produced by trypsin digestion of IgG, and Waller et al. (3) demonstrated that the two fragments resulting from elastase digestion of IgG gave a reaction of identity in gel diffusion studies with the Fab and Fc obtained by papain digestion.
To date there has been no report on the effect of elastase digestion on serum IgA or secretory IgA. Recent studies (4–7) have suggested that human secretory IgA is less susceptible to proteolytic degradation than serum IgA. The following investigation was undertaken in order to compare the effect of elastase digestion on these two immunoglobulins.
Materials and Methods. Secretory IgA was prepared from colostrum obtained 1 to 4 days postpartum.
Detection of Anti-Phage Antibody by Passive Hemagglutination
Authors: Walker W. S. , Fishman M. , Adler F. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A hemagglutination test capable of detecting 2.5 × 10-5 µg of antibody nitrogen was applied to the measurement of anti-T2 phage activity during early phases of the antibody response induced in vivo or in vitro. Using this test serum antibody was detected within 24 hr of immunization and rose rapidly, whereas conventional neutralization tests indicated a slow increase in activity. Neutralization tests in the presence of complement indicated a rise in activity with time that paralleled the increase in hemagglutination activity. Antibody induced in vitro was detected by the conventional neutralization test only with difficulty but was readily demonstrable by the hemagglutination test.
Spontaneous Thyroiditis in the Obese Strain of Chickens
Authors: Nilsson Lars-Å. , Rose Noel R. , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By means of radioimmunoelectrophoresis and radioelectrophoresis, thyroxinebinding antibodies were demonstrated on one or several occasions in about 16% of obese strain (OS) chickens, but not in normal White Leghorn chickens. Thyroxine antibodies were generally demonstrated at a later time than hemagglutinating thyroglobulin antibodies. By means of absorption experiments, evidence was obtained that thyroxine is present as an antigenic determinant on the chicken thyroglobulin molecule. Thyroxine-binding antibodies occurred in greater frequency in sera with higher hemagglutinating antibody titers. Thyroxine-binding antibodies were present in 22% of chickens with moderate thyroid infiltration and residues of functioning thyroid tissue but only in 9% of chickens with total or almost total destruction of the thyroid tissue. Intravenous injection of OS sera with thyroxine-binding antibodies into normal chicken embryos caused an increase of the mean thyroid follicle diameter. This was explained as due to hypophyseal feedback after binding and inactivation of the thyroxine.
Herpesvirus Neutralization: the Role of Complement
Authors: Wallis Craig , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Complement functions in the neutralization of herpesvirus by causing immunoaggregation. Complement-requiring antibody (CRA) in early immune serum appears to behave like a monovalent antibody since it sensitizes virus to the action of complement, but immunoaggregates fail to develop until complement is added. It appears that each aggregate contains many virions and antibody molecules, but it functions only as a single infectious unit. The titer is reduced in proportion to the degree of immunoaggregation. Late immune serum is polyvalent since it is able to aggregate and neutralize virus in the absence of complement. However, complement may also enhance the neutralizing activity of such late immune serum. This enhancement can be detected only if monodispersed virus is used in the test system. Aggregates present in usual virus harvests resist neutralization (persistent fraction). Antibody can decrease virus titers only to the level of the number of virus aggregates present in the harvest.
Direct Observations on the Effect of “Proliferation Inhibitory Factor” on the Clonal Growth of Target Cells
Authors: Badger Alison M. , Cooperband Sidney R. , Green Jon A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A colony assay system is described in which the division of target cells can be microscopically observed for several days in the presence of proliferation inhibitory factor (PIF). At dilutions of 1:20 and higher PIF suppresses cell division in HeLa target cell cultures without loss of viability. Dilutions of 1:10 and lower have some cytotoxic activity. Both unstimulated and PHA-stimulated leucocyte culture supernatants have PIF activity; however, unstimulated supernatants are not as potent, and dilutions of 1:10 suppress cell division by 50% in the absence of cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic effect can be abrogated by dilution or by adding the PIF to colonies of more than one cell. Loss of target cells from the glass surface measured by visual observation does not account for the inhibition of DNA synthesis. The PIF effect can be reversed by removal of the PIF-containing medium from the target cells and its replacement with fresh or conditioned medium. Although highly effective on HeLa cells, PIF has no effect on cell replication of mouse L cells.
Acute Viral Infection: Tissue Injury Mediated by Anti-Viral Antibody through a Complement Effector System
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anti-viral antibody was able to injure virus-infected cells in the presence of a complement effector system. In lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) and mumps infected culture cells, viral antigen was present on the surface of cells and accessible to interact with anti-viral antibody. Once complement had been activated, cellular injury ensued with the amount of damage directly related to the proportion of cells containing viral antigen. Mice treated with cobra factor were protected from the lethal effects of LCM challenge while showing no deficiency in either infectious viral replication or presence and activity of sensitized lymphoid cells. Such mice showed significant depletion of C3 and total complement levels. Once cobra factor treatment was ended, protection disappeared rapidly, and C3 and total complement levels returned to normal.
Characterization of a Soluble Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Antigen Reactive with Sle Sera
Authors: Mattioli Martha , Reichlin Morris 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A soluble nuclear ribonucleoprotein antigen reactive with SLE sera in precipitin and complement fixation reactions is described. The antigen was shown to be quite labile and was not recovered from human autopsy material (liver and spleen) but was easily demonstrated in extracts of surgically removed human thymoma and thymus, as well as in extracts of human chronic myeloid leukemia and normal bone marrow cells. It could also be extracted from calf thymus tissue and the thymus and spleen of the rabbit. It was characterized as ribonucleoprotein because the antigenic activity was destroyed by both ribonuclease and trypsin and the washed immune precipitate contained material which yielded an orcinol reaction product with an absorption spectrum indistinguishable from ribose. The antigen was found to be unstable at relatively moderate temperatures (40°C), at pH below 5.0 and above 9.0, and was destroyed by treatment with sodium metaperiodate. Antibodies to this antigen, designated Mo, were found in a high proportion of SLE sera and were absent from a variety of sera from patients with other connective tissue diseases as well as normal sera. The nuclear fluorescent pattern associated with this system was shown to be “speckled.”
Studies on Rabbit Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Sell Stewart , An Teisa 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Polyacrylamide beads 400 µ to 800 µ in diameter were covalently coated with antibody globulin and the coated beads were used to fractionate lymphocyte populations. Beads coated with anti-lymphocyte, anti-immunoglobulin and anti-allotypic globulins bound rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes. Adherent cells were eluted from coated beads after non-adherent cells had been washed off. The eluted population of lymphocytes adherent to anti-immunoglobulin- or anti-allotypic globulincoated beads was enriched in cells that contain detectable immunoglobulin antigens. Although only partial separation was obtained, it was concluded that this method might be applied with more satisfactory results to cell mixtures of other types.
Effect of Blocking Cell Receptors on an Immune Response Resulting from in Vitro Cooperation between Thymocytes and Thymus-Independent Cells
Authors: Doria G. , Agarossi G. , Pietro S. Di 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immune capacity of spleen cells from neonatally thymectomized mice to produce antibodies to sheep RBC in vitro was restored by adding thymocytes to culture. This cell cooperation was prevented when the spleen cells but not thymus cells were treated with rabbit antibodies to mouse serum proteins prior to culture. Thymocytes appeared to lack demonstrable receptor molecules such as those detected on thymusindependent cells and present in normal serum.
Carrier Function in Anti-Hapten Antibody Responses
Authors: Katz David H. , Paul William E. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The transfer of immunocompetent lymphoid cells from inbred guinea pigs to allogeneic recipients that had been primed with DNP-ovalbumin prepared such recipients for striking secondary anti-DNP antibody responses to an appropriately timed challenge with DNP-bovine γ globulin. This phenomenon (“allogeneic effect”) involved activation of host antibody-forming cell precursors (ACFP) as a result of the specific immunologic attack of donor cells. Thus, parental (strain 2) donor lymphoid cells elicited this phenomenon in (2 × 13)F1 recipients, whereas, as shown previously, F1 donor cells failed to elicit the response in parental recipients. The allogeneic effect can be elicited in recipients primed as early as 1 day or as long as 130 days prior to allogeneic cell transfer, although the effect was maximal at 21 days. Furthermore, the allogeneic effect appeared to cause expansion of the AFCP population of the recipient as well as differentiation of such cells into antibody-secreting cells.
Effect of Age upon Primary Alloantigen Recognition by Mouse Spleen Cells
Authors: Adler William H. , Takiguchi Tomoo , Smith Richard T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The response of spleen cells from three mouse strains, C57BL/6 CBA and A/J, to alloantigenic stimulation in mixed cell cultures was studied throughout the first year of life. The degree of stimulation by alloantigen of spleen cells from each of the strains and the stimulation pattern in relation to the age of the animal were both variable. Spleen cells from the three strains had no reactivity to alloantigen at birth. Following a period of 1 to 4 weeks, the reactivity increased rapidly. Peak values for all strains occurred between 14 and 20 weeks of age. In the C57BL/6 and CBA mice the responsiveness of the spleen cells to alloantigen declined markedly and was minimal at a year of age. However, in the A/J mice the reactivity appeared to remain at near peak levels throughout the first year of life.
Isolation of H-2 Alloantigens Solubilized by the Detergent NP-40
Authors: Schwartz Benjamin D. , Nathenson Stanley G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Murine tumor cells of two different H-2 genotypes (H-2b and H-2d) were radiolabeled in suspension culture with 3H-fucose, and intact, labeled cells were extracted with the non-ionic detergent NP-40. Solubilized native molecules bearing H-2 alloantigenic activity were isolated from other cell constituents by indirect immuno-precipitation. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of specific precipitates of 3H-fucose-labeled H-2 alloantigens resulted in radiolabel patterns, that gave single peaks for each mouse strain examined. These peaks were proved to be H-2 alloantigens by competition experiments in which the alloantiserum used in the indirect precipitation was pretreated with a papain-solubilized, unlabeled, highly purified splenic H-2 alloantigen preparation of the same H-2 type. The efficiency of the NP-40 solubilization procedure was estimated to be nearly 100%.
Cytophilic Binding of Antigen-Conjugated Erythrocytes: A Sensitive Assay
Authors: Thrasher Susan G. , Doroszczak Nadia , Cohen Stanley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Certain antibodies may attach to the surface of macrophages by means of a receptor site located on the Fc portion of the molecule. This property, which is known as cytophilic binding, may be used as the basis of an assay procedure for the detection of antibody. If the antigen is conjugated to the surface of an erythrocyte, the cytophilic antibody can then act as a bridge linking the erythrocyte to the macrophage. This leads to the formation of rosettes which are readily visible in either stained or unstained preparations. When the reaction is performed with serial dilutions of antibody, reproducible end-points are obtained at low antibody concentrations. The sensitivity of the method compares favorably with that of several other immunologic procedures examined. Thus, cytophilic binding may be of use either for detecting antibody activity in an unknown preparation, or for the further characterization of a known antiserum in terms of its various Fc-dependent properties.