bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing toxicant emissions from e-liquids with DIY additives used in response to a potential flavour ban in e-cigarettes
Authors: El-Hellani Ahmad , Soule Eric K , Daoud Mohammad , Salman Rola , El Hage Rachel , Ardati Ola , El-Kaassamani Malak , Yassine Amira , Karaoghlanian Nareg , Talih Soha , Saliba Najat , Shihadeh Alan 
Published: December 2022

SignificanceElectronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) aerosolise liquids that contain nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerol and appealing flavours. In the USA, regulations have limited the availability of flavoured e-cigarettes in pod-based systems, and further tightening is expected. In response, some e-cigarette users may attempt to make their e-liquids (do-it-yourself, DIY). This study examined toxicant emissions from several aerosolised DIY e-liquids.MethodsDIY additives were identified by reviewing users’ responses to a hypothetical flavour ban, e-cigarette internet forums and DIY mixing internet websites. They include essential oils, cannabidiol, sucralose and ethyl maltol. E-liquids with varying concentrations and combinations of additives and tobacco and menthol flavours were prepared and were used to assess reactive oxygen species (ROS), carbonyl and phenol emissions in machine-generated aerosols.ResultsData showed that adding DIY additives to unflavoured, menthol-flavoured or tobacco-flavoured e-liquids increases toxicant emissions to levels comparable with those from commercial flavoured e-liquids. Varying additive concentrations in e-liquids did not have a consistently significant effect on the tested emissions, yet increasing power yielded significantly higher ROS, carbonyl and phenol emissions for the same additive concentration. Adding nicotine to DIY e-liquids with sucralose yielded increase in some emissions and decrease in others, with freebase nicotine-containing e-liquid giving higher ROS emissions than that with nicotine salt.ConclusionThis study showed that DIY additives can impact aerosol toxicant emissions from e-cigarettes and should be considered by policymakers when restricting commercially available flavoured e-liquids.
The full set of polarized deep inelastic scattering structure functions at NNLO accuracy
Authors: Borsa Ignacio , Florian Daniel de , Pedron Iván 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWe present the second order contributions to the coefficient functions for the parity violating polarized structure functions $$g_L$$

g
L

and $$g_4$$

g
4

, thus completing the $${\mathcal {O}}(\alpha _S^2)$$

O
(

α
S
2

)

knowledge on DIS structure functions. We obtain the missing $${\mathcal {O}}(\alpha _S^2)$$

O
(

α
S
2

)

pieces from the known parity conserving unpolarized coefficient functions. We also present a phenomenological analysis for the phase space region the future Electron-Ion Collider is set to explore.
RETRACTION NOTICE TO "Aplikasi Model Diffence in Difference Pada Regresi Binomial Logistik"
Authors: Sihombing Pardomuan Robinson , Pratiko Wisnu 
Published: December 2022

This article entitled “Aplikasi Model Diffence in Difference Pada Regresi Binomial Logistik (Studi Kasus: Implementasi Program Indonesia Pintar Terhadap Status Sekolah Anak)” (2022), authored by Pardomuan Robinson Sihombing and Wisnu Pratiko, published in Vol. 2, No. 3 of Jurnal Ekonomi dan Statistik Indonesia. 2(3), 244 – 249 has been retracted as requested by the authors.
Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Risk of Alzheimer Disease and Mortality: A Latent Class Approach
Authors: Ruthirakuhan Myuri , Cogo‐Moreira Hugo , Swardfager Walter , Herrmann Nathan , Lanctot Krista L. , Black Sandra E. 
Published: December 2022

Background
Cardiovascular risk factors co‐occur with one another, and little is known about the extent of their clustering and risk of Alzheimer disease (AD). We identify groups of cardiovascular risk factors in cognitively normal individuals and investigate between‐group differences in incident AD and death.

Methods and Results

Cognitively normal individuals were recruited from the National Alzheimer's Coordinator Center. A latent class analysis was conducted with hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, heart condition, stroke, smoking history, diabetes, and high body mass index. Between‐group differences in the incidence of AD, mortality, and mortality‐adjusted AD were investigated. This study included 12 412 cognitively normal individuals (average follow‐up, 65 months). Three groups were identified: (1) low probabilities of cardiovascular risk factors (reference; N=5398 [43%]), (2) hypertension and hypercholesterolemia (vascular‐dominant; N=5721 [46%]), and (3) hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and high body mass index (vascular‐metabolic; N=1293 [10%]). Both vascular groups were significantly older, had more men, were slightly less educated, and were slightly more cognitively impaired than the reference group (all
P
<0.05). However, only the vascular‐metabolic group had a significantly younger age of death compared with the reference group (84.3 versus 88.7 years,
P
<0.001). Only the vascular‐dominant group had a greater incidence of AD (odds ratio [OR], 1.30;
P
<0.001) compared with the reference group. Mortality was greater in the vascular‐dominant (OR, 3.26;
P
<0.001) and vascular‐metabolic groups (OR, 1.84;
P
=0.02). Mortality‐adjusted AD was greater in the vascular‐dominant (OR, 1.54;
P
=0.02) and vascular‐metabolic groups (OR, 1.46;
P
=0.04).

Conclusions
Three distinct cardiovascular risk factor groups were identified in cognitively normal elderly individuals. Only the vascular‐dominant group was associated with a greater incidence of AD. Selective mortality may contribute to the attenuated association between the vascular‐metabolic group and incident AD.
Long‐Term Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Severe Tricuspid Regurgitation
Authors: Nishiura Naoki , Kitai Takeshi , Okada Taiji , Sano Madoka , Miyawaki Norihisa , Kim Kitae , Murai Ryosuke , Toyota Toshiaki , Sasaki Yasuhiro , Ehara Natsuhiko , Kobori Atsushi , Kinoshita Makoto , Koyama Tadaaki , Furukawa Yutaka 
Published: December 2022

Background
The natural history and optimal interventional timing in patients with isolated severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) have not been well studied. This study aimed to investigate long‐term clinical outcomes and risk factors associated with poor prognosis in patients with isolated severe TR.

Methods and Results

Consecutive transthoracic echocardiographic examinations in 2877 patients with isolated severe TR were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with significant left‐sided valve disease or repeated examinations were excluded. Primary outcome was defined as a composite of all‐cause death and hospitalization for heart failure. Among the 613 enrolled patients (mean age, 74±13 years; men, 38%), 141 died, and 62 were hospitalized for heart failure during the median follow‐up period of 26.5 (interquartile range, 6.0–57.9) months. The 5‐year event‐free rate was 60.1%. TR pressure gradient (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.03 [95% CI, 1.01–1.04]), blood urea nitrogen (adjusted HR, 1.02 [95% CI, 1.01–1.04]), left atrial volume index (adjusted HR, 1.01 [95% CI, 1.002–1.02]), and serum albumin (adjusted HR, 0.56 [95% CI, 0.36–0.95]) were identified as independent predictors of adverse events. A risk model based on the 4 clinical factors that included pulmonary hypertension (TR pressure gradient >40 mm Hg), elevated blood urea nitrogen levels (>25 mg/dL), decreased albumin levels (<3.7 g/dL), and left atrial enlargement (left atrial volume index <34 mL/m
2
) revealed a graded increase in the risk of adverse events (
P
<0.001).

Conclusions
The prognosis of isolated severe TR is not always favorable. Careful attention should be paid to patients with concomitant risk factors, such as pulmonary hypertension, elevated blood urea nitrogen levels, decreased albumin levels, and left atrial enlargement.
Occult Diastolic Dysfunction and Adverse Clinical Outcomes in Adolescents and Young Adults With Fontan Circulation
Authors: Peck Daniel , Averin Konstantin , Khoury Philip , Veldhuis Grant , Alsaied Tarek , Lubert Adam M. , Hirsch Russel , Whiteside Wendy M. , Veldtman Gruschen , Goldstein Bryan H. 
Published: December 2022

Background
In Fontan circulation, diastolic dysfunction portends a worse clinical outcome but may be concealed during routine assessment. Invasive evaluation with rapid volume expansion (RVE) can identify patients with occult diastolic dysfunction (ODD). We sought to evaluate the association between ODD and adverse clinical outcomes at medium‐term follow‐up.

Methods and Results

We conducted a single‐center observational study of patients with Fontan circulation who underwent clinical catheterization with RVE from 2012 to 2017. ODD was defined as post‐RVE end‐diastolic pressure ≥15 mm Hg. A composite adverse clinical outcome included mortality, cardiac transplant, ventricular assist device, plastic bronchitis, protein‐losing enteropathy, arrhythmia, stroke/thrombus, or cardiac‐related hospital admission. Proportional hazards regression was used to compare the ODD‐positive and ODD‐negative groups for risk of the composite adverse clinical outcome. Eighty‐nine patients with Fontan circulation (47% female patients) were included at a median age of 14 years. ODD was identified in 31%. Fontan duration was longer in the ODD group (
P
=0.001). The composite adverse clinical outcome occurred more frequently in the ODD group (52 versus 26%,
P
=0.03) during a median follow‐up duration of 2.9 years after catheterization. ODD (hazard ratio [HR], 2.68 [95% CI, 1.28–5.66];
P
=0.02) and Fontan duration (HR, 1.07 [95% CI, 1.02–1.12];
P
=0.003) were associated with the composite adverse clinical outcome. When stratified by Fontan duration, ODD remained significantly associated with the hazard of adverse clinical outcomes in patients with a Fontan duration ≥10 years (HR, 2.57 [95% CI, 1.03–6.57];
P
=0.04).

Conclusions
Cardiac catheterization with rapid volume expansion reveals a significant incidence of ODD, which relates to Fontan duration. ODD is associated with an increased hazard of adverse clinical outcomes during medium‐term follow‐up, especially in patients with longer Fontan duration. ODD may portend a worse prognosis in Fontan circulation.
Lipid‐Lowering Trials Are Not Representative of Patients Managed in Clinical Practice: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Exclusion Criteria
Authors: Aeschbacher‐Germann Martina , Kaiser Nathalie , Speierer Alexandre , Blum Manuel R. , Bauer Douglas C. , Del Giovane Cinzia , Aujesky Drahomir , Gencer Baris , Rodondi Nicolas , Moutzouri Elisavet 
Published: December 2022

Background
Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) might not be representative of the real‐world population because of unreasonable exclusion criteria. We sought to determine which groups of patients are excluded from RCTs that included lipid‐lowering therapy.

Methods and Results
We retrieved all trials from the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists Collaboration and systematically searched for large (≥1000 participants) lipid‐lowering therapy RCTs, defined as statins, ezetimibe, and PCSK9 inhibitors. We predefined groups: older adults (>70 or >75 years), women, non‐Whites, chronic kidney failure, heart failure, immunosuppression, cancer, dementia, treated thyroid disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mental illness, atrial fibrillation, multimorbidity (≥2 chronic diseases), and polypharmacy. We counted the number of RCTs excluding patients of the predefined groups and meta‐analyzed the prevalence of included patients to obtain pooled estimates with a random‐effects model. We included 42 RCTs (298 605 patients). Eighty‐one percent of trials excluded patients with severe and 76% those with moderate kidney failure. Seventy‐one percent of trials excluded groups of women, 64% excluded patients with moderate to severe heart failure, 64% those with immunosuppressant conditions, 48% those with cancer, 29% those with dementia, and 29% of trials excluded older adults. The pooled prevalence for patients >70 years of age was 25% (95% CI, 0%–49%), 11% (3%–18%) for >75 years of age, and 51% (38%–63%) for multimorbidity.

Conclusions
The majority of lipid‐lowering therapy trials excluded patients with common diseases, such as moderate‐to‐severe kidney disease or heart failure or with immunosuppression. Underrepresenting certain populations, including women and older adults, might lead to limited transportability of study results and uncertainty on possible side‐effects and efficacy in these groups. Future trials should promote diversity in the recruitment strategies and improve equity in cardiovascular research.

Registration
URL: ClinicalTrials.gov; Unique Identifier: CRD42021253909.
Urinary Sodium Excretion and Salt Intake Are Not Associated With Blood Pressure Variability in a White General Population
Authors: Zhou Tan Lai , Schütten Monica T. J. , Kroon Abraham A. , Henry Ronald M. A. , Houben Alfonsius J. H. M. , van der Kallen Carla J. H. , van Greevenbroek Marleen M. J. , de Leeuw Peter W. , Stehouwer Coen D. A. 
Published: December 2022

Background
Salt restriction may lower blood pressure variability (BPV), but previous studies have shown inconsistent results. Therefore, we investigated in an observational study and intervention trial whether urinary sodium excretion and salt intake are associated with 24‐hour BPV.

Methods and Results
We used data from the cross‐sectional population‐based Maastricht Study (n=2652; 60±8 years; 52% men) and from a randomized crossover trial (n=40; 49±11 years; 33% men). In the observational study, we measured 24‐hour urinary sodium excretion and 24‐hour BPV and performed linear regression adjusted for age, sex, mean blood pressure, lifestyle, and cardiovascular risk factors. In the intervention study, participants adhered to a 7‐day low‐ and high‐salt diet (50 and 250 mmol NaCl/24 h) with a washout period of 14 days, 24‐hour BPV was measured during each diet. We used linear mixed models adjusted for order of diet, mean blood pressure, and body mass index. In the observational study, 24‐hour urinary sodium excretion was not associated with 24‐hour systolic or diastolic BPV (β, per 1 g/24 h urinary sodium excretion: 0.05 mm Hg [95% CI, −0.02 to 0.11] and 0.04 mm Hg [95% CI, −0.01 to 0.09], respectively). In the intervention trial, mean difference in 24‐hour systolic and diastolic BPV between the low‐ and high‐salt diet was not statistically significantly different (0.62 mm Hg [95% CI, −0.10 to 1.35] and 0.04 mm Hg [95% CI, −0.54 to 0.63], respectively).

Conclusions
Urinary sodium excretion and salt intake are not independently associated with 24‐hour BPV. These findings suggest that salt restriction is not an effective strategy to lower BPV in the White general population.

Registration

URL:
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02068781
Impact of Race and Ethnicity on Use and Outcomes of Septal Reduction Therapies for Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Patlolla Sri Harsha , Schaff Hartzell V. , Nishimura Rick A. , Eleid Mackram F. , Geske Jeffrey B. , Ommen Steve R. 
Published: December 2022

Background
Information on impact of race and ethnicity on use and early outcomes of septal reduction therapies (SRTs) for obstructive hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy are limited.

Methods and Results

Using the National Inpatient Sample from January 2012 through December 2019, we identified all adult admissions with a primary diagnosis of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and those undergoing SRT. Predictors of receiving SRT and outcomes including in‐hospital mortality, complications, and resource use were evaluated in racial and ethnic groups. Among a total of 18 895 adult admissions with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, SRT was performed in 7255 (38.4%) admissions. Septal myectomy was performed in 4930 (26.1%), while alcohol septal ablation was performed in 2325 (12.3%). In adjusted analysis, Black patient (versus White patient adjusted odds ratio, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.57–0.73];
P
<0.001) and Hispanic patient admissions (versus White adjusted odds ratio, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.66–0.92];
P
=0.003) were less likely to receive SRT. Among admissions undergoing SRT, in‐hospital mortality was significantly higher for Hispanic (adjusted odds ratio, 3.38 [95% CI, 1.81–6.30],
P
<0.001) and other racial and ethnic groups (adjusted odds ratio 2.02 [95% CI, 1.00–4.11];
P
=0.05) compared with White patient admissions, whereas Black patient admissions had comparable mortality. Black, Hispanic, and other ethnic group patients had higher rates of SRT complications and more frequent dismissals to acute care facilities.

Conclusions
Among obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hospitalizations, minoritized racial groups were less likely to receive SRT. Importantly, hospitalizations of Hispanic and other ethnic patients undergoing SRT had significantly higher in‐hospital mortality and complication rates. Further studies with granular echocardiographic information to assess indications for SRT are needed to better understand these differences.
Biomarker Concentrations and Their Temporal Changes in Patients With Myocardial Infarction and Nonobstructive Compared With Obstructive Coronary Arteries: Results From the PLATO Trial
Authors: Hjort Marcus , Eggers Kai M. , Lakic Tatevik Ghukasyan , Lindbäck Johan , Budaj Andrzej , Cornel Jan H. , Giannitsis Evangelos , Katus Hugo A. , Siegbahn Agneta , Storey Robert F. , Becker Richard C. , Wallentin Lars , Lindahl Bertil ,   the PLATO trial investigators*
Published: December 2022

Background
The pathobiology of myocardial infarction (MI) with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is often uncertain. Investigating biomarker concentrations and their changes may offer novel pathophysiological insights.

Methods and Results
In this post hoc study of the PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes) trial, concentrations of hs‐cTnT (high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T), NT‐proBNP (N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide), hs‐CRP (high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein), and GDF‐15 (growth differentiation factor 15) were measured in patients with MINOCA at baseline (n=554) and at 1‐month follow‐up (n=107). For comparisons, biomarkers were also measured in patients with MI with obstructive (stenosis ≥50%) coronary artery disease (baseline: n=11 106; follow‐up: n=2755]). Adjusted linear regression models were used to compare concentrations and their short‐ and long‐term changes. The adjusted geometric mean ratios (GMRs) in patients with MINOCA (median age, 61 years; 50.4% women) indicated lower hs‐cTnT (GMR, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.68–0.88]) but higher hs‐CRP (GMR, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.08–1.37]) and GDF‐15 concentrations (GMR, 1.06 [95% CI, 1.02–1.11]) at baseline compared with patients with MI with obstructive coronary artery disease, whereas NT‐proBNP concentrations were similar. Temporal decreases in hs‐cTnT, NT‐proBNP, and hs‐CRP concentrations until 1‐month follow‐up were more pronounced in patients with MINOCA. At follow‐up, patients with MINOCA had lower concentrations of hs‐cTnT (GMR, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.60–0.84]), NT‐proBNP (GMR, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.36–0.56]), and hs‐CRP (GMR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.53–0.86]). One‐month GDF‐15 concentrations were similar between both groups with MI.

Conclusions
Biomarker concentrations suggest greater initial inflammatory activity, similar degree of myocardial dysfunction, and less pronounced myocardial injury during the acute phase of MINOCA compared with MI with obstructive coronary artery disease but also faster myocardial recovery.

Registration

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT00391872.
Lifetime Burden of Morbidity in Patients With Isolated Congenital Ventricular Septal Defect
Authors: Eckerström Filip , Nyboe Camilla , Redington Andrew , Hjortdal Vibeke Elisabeth 
Published: December 2022

Background
The lifetime burden of morbidity in patients with isolated congenital ventricular septal defect (VSD) is not completely described.

Methods and Results
In a population‐based cohort study in Denmark using nationwide medical registries, we included 8006 patients diagnosed with a congenital VSD before 2018 along with 79 568 randomly selected controls from the general Danish population matched by birth year and sex. Concomitant congenital cardiac malformations and chromosomal abnormalities were excluded. Cox proportional hazard regression, Fine and Gray competing risk regression, and Kaplan‐Meier survival function were used to estimate burden of morbidity, compared with matched controls. Median follow‐up was 23 years (interquartile range, 11–37 years). The hazard ratio (HR) of heart failure was high in both patients with unrepaired and surgically closed VSD when compared with their corresponding matched controls (5.4 [95% CI, 4.6–6.3] and 30.5 [95% CI, 21.8–42.7], respectively). Truncated analyses with time from birth until 1 year after VSD diagnosis (unrepaired) or surgery (surgically closed) censored revealed reduced but persisting late hazard of heart failure. Similarly, the late hazard of arrhythmias and pulmonary arterial hypertension was high irrespective of defect closure. The HR of endocarditis was 28.0 (95% CI, 19.2–40.9) in patients with unrepaired defect and 82.7 (95% CI, 37.5–183.2) in patients with surgically closed defect. The increased HR diminished after VSD surgery. In general, the incidence of morbidity among patients with unrepaired VSD accelerated after the age of 40 years.

Conclusions
Patients with isolated congenital VSD carry a substantial burden of cardiovascular morbidity throughout life, irrespective of defect closure.
Association of Cardiovascular Health Score With Early‐ and Later‐Onset Diabetes and With Subsequent Vascular Complications of Diabetes
Authors: Choi Yuni , Jacobs David R. , Bancks Michael Patrick , Lewis Cora E. , Cha EunSeok , Yan Fengxia , Carnethon Mercedes R. , Schreiner Pamela J. , Duprez Daniel A. 
Published: December 2022

BACKGROUND
Little attention has been paid to how well the American Heart Association's cardiovascular health (CVH) score predicts early‐onset diabetes in young adults. We investigated the association of CVH score with early‐ and later‐onset diabetes and with subsequent complications of diabetes.

METHODS AND RESULTS
Our sample included 4547 Black and White adults in the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study without diabetes at baseline (1985–1986; aged 18–30 years) with complete data on the CVH score at baseline, including smoking, body mass index, physical activity, diet quality, total cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose. Incident diabetes was determined based on fasting glucose, 2‐hour postload glucose, hemoglobin A1c, or self‐reported medication use throughout 8 visits for 30 years. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the association between CVH score and diabetes onset at age <40 years (early onset) versus age ≥40 years (later onset). Secondary analyses assessed the association between CVH score and risk of complications (coronary artery calcium, clinical cardiovascular disease, kidney function markers, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic neuropathy) among a subsample with diabetes. We identified 116 early‐ and 502 later‐onset incident diabetes cases. Each 1‐point higher CVH score was associated with lower odds of developing early‐onset (odds ratio [OR], 0.64 [95% CI, 0.58–0.71]) and later‐onset diabetes (OR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.74–0.83]). Lower estimates of diabetic complications were observed per 1‐point higher CVH score: 19% for coronary artery calcification≥100, 18% for cardiovascular disease, and 14% for diabetic neuropathy.

CONCLUSIONS
Higher CVH score in young adulthood was associated with lower early‐ and later‐onset diabetes as well as diabetic complications.