bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution and Properties of Anaphylactic and Venom-Induced Slow-Reacting-Substance and Histamine in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Middleton Elliott , Phillips Gerald B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A striking parallel between the capacity of specific antigen and cobra venom to give rise to slow-reacting-substance activity in tissues of sensitized guinea pigs was demonstrated. By either method of treatment lung was the major source of slow-reacting-substance. Aorta, ileum, spleen and uterus showed considerably less capacity to form slow-reacting-substance. Antigen and venom showed significant differences in their ability to cause histamine release from various tissues. Both materials caused histamine release from lung, but venom produced considerably more histamine release than antigen from heart, kidney and diaphragm.
Of several tissue lipid extracts examined, only lung lipid extract produced SRS on treatment with venom. Typical SRS activity was found to be present in untreated lipid extracts of brain and small intestine.
Histamine was found in lipid extracts of lung and was dialyzable.
Anaphylactic SRS was not dialyzable until it had been extracted into 80% ethanol in water. SRS formed from chopped lung treated with venom, however, was found to be dialyzable without extraction into ethanol. On the other hand, SRS prepared from lung lipid extract treated with venom was not dialyzable before or after ethanol extraction.
The distribution of ethanol extracted anaphylactic SRS between ether and water at different pH values showed that it was not completely extractable into ether even at pH 2 to 3. Gasliquid chromatography of anaphylactic SRS preparations following methanolysis did not show a pattern of fatty acids different from control samples. On the basis of these observations anaphylactic SRS does not appear to be a fatty acid.
Four metabolites of histamine, N-acetylhistamine, imidazole-acetic acid, methylhistamine and methylimidazole-acetic acid, as well as histamine incubated with venom, failed to show SRS activity.
Neutralizing Activity of Fragments Obtained by Papain Digestion of Viral Antibody
Authors: Cremer Natalie E. , Riggs John L. , Fujimoto Frances Y. , Hagens Shirley J. , Ota Margaret I. , Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When pure by Ouchterlony and immunoelectrophoretic analyses, 3.5 S Fractions I and II from anti-poliovirus γ-globulin and anti-WEE virus γ-globulin neutralized their respective viruses in the metabolic inhibition test, while 3.5 S crystalline Fractions III with trace contamination of Fraction II gave minimal (with poliovirus) or no neutralization (WEE virus).
Pure, 3.5 S Fractions I and II from anti-WEE virus γ-globulin did not give significant neutralization of WEE virus in the mouse, while 3.5 S Fraction III with trace contamination of Fraction II gave significant neutralization (NI ≧ 2).
An Anti-Mycobacterial Principle of Peritoneal Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Ramseier Hansruedy , Suter Emanuel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The anti-mycobacterial substance found in guinea pig peritoneal mononuclear cells is heat labile. Heating at 56°C for 30 min at pH 6.3 destroyed its activity completely.
It was found that peritoneal mononuclear cells contained approximately 0.2 × 10-6 µg of lysozyme/cell. This observation, together with the facts that lysozyme is heat stable and that only relatively high concentrations of the enzyme inhibit virulent tubercle bacilli, led to the conclusion that the inhibitory material is distinct from lysozyme.
The anti-mycobacterial activity was shown to be associated with the nuclear cell fraction. Nuclei of normal and immune cells inhibited tubercle bacilli to about the same degree. The activity of the nuclear fraction proved to be heat sensitive.
The anti-mycobacterial activity of nuclear preparations was susceptible to a variety of hydrolases. Observations on the mode of action of the inhibitor suggest that it is bactericidal rather than bacteriostatic.
The Immunologic Behavior of Baby Pigs
Authors: Locke R. F. , Segre D. , Myers W. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Low molecular weight (6.6S) diphtheria and tetanus antibodies of ovine origin were absorbed relatively efficiently through the intestine of newborn, colostrum-deprived pigs, whereas high molecular weight (18S) antibodies were absorbed poorly or not at all.
Antibodies contained in 750 mg of purified 6.6S ovine globulin, administered orally and intraperitoneally, were eliminated from the circulation of newborn pigs at a constant exponential rate. The 6.6S globulin did not stimulate the production of anti-sheep globulin by the recipient pigs. Intraperitoneal administration of 750 mg of crude ovine globulin, containing antibodies in both the 6.6S and 18S fractions, resulted in an immune-type elimination of the passive antibodies by the recipient newborn pigs. This treatment resulted in the production of anti-sheep globulin by the recipient pigs.
Dilute 6.6S ovine antitoxin, premixed with toxoid and injected intraperitoneally into 3-week-old, colostrum-deprived pigs, induced the production of relatively large quantities of tetanus and diphtheria antibodies by the recipient pigs. Dilute 18S antitoxin plus toxoid, under the same circumstances, failed to stimulate diphtheria antibody formation but resulted in the production of high titers of tetanus antibodies.
Studies of the L Chains of Guinea Pig and Rat Anti-2,4-Dinitrophenyl Antibodies
Authors: Benacerraf Baruj , Merryman Carmen , Binaghi Ruben A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The electrophoretic patterns in starch gel in 8 M urea of the L chains of dissociated guinea pig and rat anti-DNP antibodies were investigated. Guinea pig anti-DNP antibodies isolated from weekly bleedings of individual animals or from pooled guinea pig antisera yielded 5 L chain bands in urea starch gel. Rat anti-DNP antibodies also showed bands in the zone of L chain migration, but their pattern differed from that of guinea pig antibodies.
Guinea pig γ1 and γ2 anti-DNP antibodies yielded the same 5 L chain bands.
A study of the fractions of guinea pig or rat anti-DNP antibodies separated by zone electrophoresis at pH 8.6 revealed that different L chains are obtained from antibodies with different electrophoretic mobilities.
Identification of Hemagglutinins in Chicken Blood Sera Following Homografting
Authors: Gleason Ray E. , Fanguy Roy C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study of hemagglutinins in blood sera following skin homografting was made using 245 Single Comb White Leghorn chicks from a partially inbred population. Homografts were made between full-sibs which were either compatible or incompatible for alleles of the B, D or E blood group system. Donor-host incompatibility at the B and E blood group loci resulted in a significantly greater number of host birds which produced donor-cell hemagglutinins than when donor and host were of compatible blood type. No such increase was noted when donor and host were incompatible at the D locus.
Hemagglutinins specific for the B2, B7, B8, E1 and E2 antigens were identified in host sera following skin homografting. There was some indication that specific D system antibodies are also produced following skin homografting.
Data from host birds showing nonspecific hemagglutinins indicate that there is no relationship between these agglutinins and skin graft survival.
Hemagglutinins resulting from skin homografts were found to form a weaker antigen-antibody complex with erythrocyte antigens than do hemagglutinins resulting from isoimmunizations with erythrocytes. This suggests the skin tissue antigens are similar to but not identical with the red cell antigens.
Repeated skin homografts from the same donor appear to result in increased antibody titer as evidenced by increased mean red cell sediment pattern scores following the first two grafts. After this, the titer apparently levels off and shows a slight decline after rejection of the fourth graft.
Interaction of Rickettsiae and Phagocytic Host Cells
Authors: Wisseman Charles L. , Tabor Harry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In contrast to the focal perivascular collections of mononuclear cells which constitute the classical basic lesion seen in persons dying of typhus fevers, the initial cellular response in man to the presence of typhus rickettsiae, as revealed by the skin window technique, consisted of a typical acute inflammatory reaction. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes appeared within 1.5 hr after introduction of the organisms and increased in numbers during the first 24 hr. Although mononuclear cells began to appear in the lesions between 6 and 12 hr, the polymorphonuclear leukocyte remained the dominant cell throughout the 24-hr observation period. The main difference between the responses of susceptible and immune subjects lay in the more intense polymorphonuclear reaction in the immune subjects. In vivo phagocytosis of living and dead rickettsiae was demonstrable with both polymorphonuclear and larger mononuclear cells in immune as well as nonimmune subjects. The experimental conditions employed reproduced closely the conditions which obtain at the time of natural infection. The implications of these findings with regard to host defense reactions against typhus rickettsiae are discussed.
Biologic Activity of Soluble Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Banovitz Jay 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Soluble antigen-antibody complexes composed of ε, α-DNP-L-lysine and rabbit anti-DNP antibody induced increased permeability of guinea pig skin capillaries, whereas ε-DNP-L-lysine did not form skin reactive complexes with the same antibody. The divalent hapten-antibody complexes, but not the monovalent hapten-antibody complexes, fixed guinea pig complement. An equimolecular mixture of ε,α-DNP-L-lysine with antibody contained a 9.7 S component, which was lacking in an ε-DNP-lysine antibody mixture. By increasing the hapten/antibody ratio in the ε,α-DNP-lysine-antibody mixture, both the 9.7 S component and the biologic activities, such as skin reactivity and complement-fixing properties, decreased. Essential properties of antigen and minimum size of antigen-antibody complexes for the induction of the biologic activities were discussed.
Studies on Species Specificity
Authors: Milgrom Felix , Tuggac Z. Maide , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Species-specific antigens were described which are present in fractions of mammalian tissues prepared by extraction at 100°C. followed by precipitation by ethanol (BE fractions). Interspecies cross-reactions were rather weak; they were more pronounced in closely related species, e.g., man and Rhesus monkey, than in distant species.
Rabbit antisera to BE fractions of human, bovine, porcine and equine origin were used as reagents for identification of the species origin of various blood, urine and tissue specimens. Specimens to be studied were at first processed to obtain the BE fractions, and then they were tested against the antisera. Correct identification of the species origin could be made in testing autoclaved blood, decayed tissues and blood, and processed food products. The antigens under investigation were not destroyed by digestive enzymes and could be demonstrated in the feces of rats fed with bovine and porcine liver.
The possible application of the described methods in forensic medicine was discussed.
The Specificity of the Cytolytic Effect of Sensitized Lymphoid Cells in Vitro
Authors: Rosenau Werner , Moon Henry D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
BALB/c mice were inoculated with L cells (strain 2071), C3H, or C57BL mouse spleen cells. The effect of splenic lymphoid cells of these BALB/c mice on various cell lines was studied in vitro. Cell lines derived from the same mouse strain as the cells used for sensitization were lysed by the sensitized lymphoid cells. Cell lines derived from other mouse strains or heterologous cells in general were not destroyed. The studies provided further evidence of the specificity of cytolytic reaction between lymphoid cells and homologous target cells.
Cellular Activities in Hypersensitive Reactions
Authors: Rauch Helene C. , Raffel Sidney 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A basic protein of small molecular weight isolated from bovine nerve tissue induces allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs when injected in small amount in Freund's adjuvant. This protein has been shown to reside in the myelin sheaths of the animal of origin as well as of guinea pigs and man. The responses which follow the administration of nerve tissue to guinea pigs include a specific reactivity of lymphocytes of nodes and spleen for this purified antigen and delayed skin reactivity to it, in the absence of circulating antibodies detectable by ordinary serologic methods. The relationship of lymphocytic and skin reactivity and of disease induction to a purified protein antigen of the myelin sheath strongly suggests a contingency of the lesions upon the reactivity of the cells. However, the intervention of cell-bound or cell-produced antibodies cannot yet be excluded as a basis for the pathologic process.
Effects of the Rheumatoid Factor and Antigen-Antibody Complexes on the Vessels of the Rat Mesentery
Authors: Baum John , Stastny Peter , Ziff Morris 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The localization and vascular effects of rheumatoid factor, and of antigen-antibody complexes, have been studied in the exposed, living, rat mesentery following intravenous injection of fluoresceinated and unfluoresceinated preparations of these agents, both alone and in combination. Following injection of rheumatoid euglobulin, thrombosis and hemorrhage were observed in the exposed mesentery. Following injection of a chromatographically separated, fluoresceinated 19 S γ-globulin fraction of rheumatoid serum, the vascular changes described were accompanied by a visible layer of fluorescence along the intimal surface of vessel walls. These changes did not occur after injection of a fluoresceinated preparation of Waldenström's macroglobulin.
Although soluble antigen-antibody complexes produced no gross vascular changes, a persistent layer of fluorescence was observed along the intimal surface of vessel walls after injection of fluorescent preparations of such complexes. This localization of fluorescence was prevented by prior injection of normal euglobulin, but not rheumatoid euglobulin.
When rheumatoid euglobulin preparations and fluorescent antigen-antibody complexes were injected together, the injected fluorescent complexes appeared to be bound in the resulting thrombus, as indicated by fluorescence of the thrombus. Fluorescence due to complexes was not observed in a thrombus produced by application of local mechanical pressure on a vessel.
The results described indicate that soluble antigen-antibody complexes and rheumatoid factor, when injected either alone or in combination, are localized at the intimal surface of the vessels of the exposed mesentery. Localization of the complexes is blocked by euglobulin obtained from normal serum but not by rheumatoid euglobulin. These findings suggest that rheumatoid factor and antigen-antibody complexes may play a role in the development of the vascular abnormalities observed in some patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
The Nature of Antibodies Following Experimental Arbovirus Infection in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Bellanti Joseph A. , Russ Sudie B. , Holmes George E. , Buescher Edward L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Following experimental infection of guinea pigs with Japanese encephalitis and Russian spring-summer encephalitis viruses, complement-fixing (CF), hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) and neutralizing (N) antibodies are regularly formed by the 7th to the 10th days. Characterization of these antibodies at various times over a 4-month period revealed that CF antibody was invariably associated with a 7 S γ2-globulin; there was no evidence of an early 19 S complement-fixing antibody. The earliest detectable HI and N antibodies at 7 to 10 days were largely associated with a 19 S γ-globulin; after 14 days, these activities were found in the 7 S γ1 and γ2-globulin moieties.
These data are interpreted to indicate that following experimental infection with these arboviruses, antibody is produced with different physicochemical properties which may account for the temporal dissociation of antibody responses seen following infection.
The Nature of the Antigen-Antibody Complexes Which Initiate Anaphylactic Reactions
Authors: Levine Bernard B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Several nontoxic univalent benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) haptens, a toxic univalent BPO hapten, a divalent BPO hapten and a multivalent BPO hapten were quantitatively compared in regard to their abilities to evoke passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) reactions in guinea pigs sensitized by intravenous injection of rabbit anti-BPO sera.
It was found that the four nontoxic univalent haptens were incapable of evoking PCA, that the toxic univalent hapten could evoke only faint PCA reactions, and that the divalent and multivalent haptens evoked equally intense PCA reactions in animals sensitized with antibodies of comparatively high binding affinities, whereas the divalent hapten was a less effective elicitor than the multivalent hapten in animals sensitized with antibodies of comparatively low binding affinities. Evidence was obtained which demonstrates that the divalent hapten did indeed function as a divalent hapten, and not as a toxic univalent or as an aggregated multivalent hapten.
These results are interpreted as indicating that, at least in this system, for the effective elicitation of PCA reactions mediated by comparatively high binding affinity antibodies, the elicitor must contain at least two haptenic groups per molecule. For effective elicitation of PCA reactions mediated by antibodies of comparatively low binding affinity, the elicitor must contain more than two (possibly in the range of three to six) haptenic groups per molecule.
Immunization of Mice to Coccidioides Immitis: Dose, Regimen and Spherulation Stage of Killed Spherule Vaccines
Authors: Levine H. B. , Kong Yi-Chi M. , Smith C. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice immunized intramuscularly with killed spherules of Coccidioides immitis showed an intranasal LD50 &gt; 3000 arthrospores compared to approximately 50 arthrospores in control animals. The immune response was dependent upon factors pertaining to both the host and the vaccine. As early as 7 days postvaccination, the host survived challenge with 85 arthrospores. However, an additional 19 days were required for the induction of immunity to 1000 arthrospores and the development of optimum immunity required more than 30 days. Removal of the footpad vaccination site prior to 30 days impaired the immune response. The extent of the response to intramuscular vaccination was dose-dependent over a 4-fold range and immunity was augmented by administering the vaccine to multiple sites. Injection of baker's yeast resulted in an increased survival of arthrospore-challenged mice but, compared to specific immunization, the protection was slight.
The magnitude of the immune response was also influenced by the stage of spherulation. Vaccines prepared from mature spherules were superior to those prepared from immature spherules or endospores. Evidently the spherule walls, previously shown to be the primary locus of the immunogens, increased in immunogenicity concomitantly with maturation of the spherules.
Immunity induced by spherules of an old laboratory stock culture and that induced by spherules of a newly isolated strain were comparable in mice challenged intranasally with arthrospores of the homologous or heterologous strains.
The Relative Heat Stability of Antibodies in Chromatographic Fractions of Rabbit Antisera to Various Antigens
Authors: Pike Robert M. , Schulze Mary Louise 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Chromatographic fractions containing, on the one hand, predominantly 7 S, mercaptoethanolresistant antibody and on the other, 19 S, mercaptoethanol-sensitive antibody were prepared from rabbit antisera to the H and O antigens of Salmonella typhosa, Leptospira grippotyphosa, bovine serum albumin, and sheep erythrocytes. Agglutinins in the 7 S fractions were found to be more resistant to inactivation by heat than the agglutinins in the 19 S fractions. A similar difference in resistance to heat was demonstrated for the hemolytic activity of 7 S and 19 S antibodies to sheep erythrocytes and to the somatic antigens of S. typhosa. The observed differences in heat inactivation could not be accounted for by the formation of complexes between antibody and other serum proteins as a result of heating. The relative heat resistance of 7 S antibody as compared to 19 S appears to explain the well known difference in the susceptibility of somatic and flagellar agglutinins to inactivation by heat.
Induction of Mitosis in Macrophages by Endotoxin
Authors: Forbes Ian J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A subcutaneous dose of 12 µg of lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli BV caused a peritoneal reaction which culminated in mitosis of free macrophages in the peritoneal fluid. The mitosis was preceded by a pronounced fall in the number of free macrophages. The appearances suggested, but did not prove, that macrophages were irreversibly damaged by the endotoxin or by products of its metabolism, and that new macrophages arose by transformation from lymphocytes and subsequent mitosis.
Extent of Antigenic Variation of A2 Influenza Viruses from Prototype Strains
Authors: Weinberger H. L. , Buescher E. L. , Edwards V. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Application of the cell culture neutralization (N) test demonstrates that representative strains of the 1963 A2 variant are antigenically homogeneous. Reaction patterns of individual antisera clearly show the differences between the 1957 strain and the current family of A2 viruses. None of these differences could be demonstrated by hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) test alone. The analysis of the patterns of incidence of N antibody in recruit populations lends laboratory support to the epidemiologic descriptions of the progression of the 1963 epidemic across the United States. Despite the presence of considerable N antibody to both the 1957 and 1963 strains of virus, 47 cases of A2 virus infection were confirmed in 1963. The tenuous correlation between humoral antibody to influenza and immunity has been discussed.
Quantitative Determination of Serum Immunoglobulins in Antibody-Agar Plates
Authors: Fahey John L. , McKelvey Eugene M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibody in agar plate test has proved valuable for the quantitative measurement of individual serum immunoglobulins. With this technique, specific antiserum is mixed uniformly in an agar gel plate. Antigen containing solutions are placed in small antigen wells cut in the agar. A concentric ring of antigen: antibody precipitate forms around the antigen well. By graphically comparing the ring diameters with those of appropriate standards, the protein concentration of the test sera can be determined. The probable error in measurement of normal serum immunoglobulins is ±10%. This procedure has been used to quantify protein concentrations as low as 0.003 mg/ml. Multiple samples can be easily tested and less than 0.1 ml of sample is required.
The mean immunoglobulin levels in 20 normal human sera were found to be 12.4 mg/ml for IgG (7 S γ2-globulins); 2.8 mg/ml for IgA (γ1A or β2A-globulins) and 1.23 mg/ml for the IgM (18 S γ1M-globulins). Type K (I) and Type L (II) immunoglobulins were similarly determined. The results by the antibody-agar plate method are similar to those obtained by the isotopic immune inhibition technique, except for the serum IgA and Type K (I) and Type L (II) immunoglobulin levels. With each of these proteins the values obtained by the isotopic immune inhibition test are higher than those found by the antibody-agar plate test. The basis for this difference is discussed.