bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity of human monocyte subsets in the promotion of B cell colonies and the role of interleukin 1.
Authors: Whisler R L , Newhouse Y G , Lachman L B 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The abilities of human peripheral blood mononuclear-phagocyte (M phi) subpopulations and of interleukin 1 (IL 1) to support human B cell colony formation in semisolid cultures stimulated by staph protein A were analyzed. Human M phi subsets enriched for complement receptors (CR) effectively functioned as accessory cells supporting colony growth, whereas the responses obtained with CR-depleted M phi were 4.6-fold less. In experiments analyzing IL 1 production, CR-enriched M phi secreted four to 12 fold greater amounts of basal and stimulated IL 1 than CR-depleted M phi. Also, the addition of IL 1 to CR-depleted M phi resulted in a fourfold increase of colony numbers. The responses of cultures containing CR-depleted M phi plus IL 1, however, remained 30% less than those observed for cultures supplemented with CR-enriched M phi. Other studies showed that IL 1 was unable to substitute for M phi; the responses of cultures containing IL 1 and B cells were reduced 10-fold compared to cultures supplemented with autologous M phi. These findings indicate that human M phi subsets exist that differ in their ability to function as accessory cells. Although IL 1 can collaborate with certain M phi subsets to restore their accessory cell function, it cannot replace intact M phi. Thus, it is possible that other monokines or lymphokines play a role in M phi accessory cell function.
Separable helper factors support B cell proliferation and maturation to Ig secretion.
Authors: Parker D C 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The 24-hr culture supernatant of Con A-activated spleen cells (SN) contains helper factors that enable maturation to high-rate polyclonal Ig secretion and enhance proliferation in cultures of mouse B cells activated with the F(ab')2 fragment of class-specific rabbit antimouse IgM antibody (anti-Ig). When interleukin 2 (IL 2), also called T cell growth factor, is removed from SN by absorption with an IL 2-dependent cell line at either 4 degrees C or 37 degrees C, all the helper activity for anti-Ig-activated B cells is also removed. Partial removal of IL 2 results in partial removal of helper activity for B cells. However, the IL 2-depleted SN appears to contain another helper factor, TRF, that enables anti-Ig-activated B cell cultures to mature to high-rate Ig secretion. This TRF activity is revealed by adding purified human IL 2 or an IL 2-containing supernatant of a cloned, lectin-activated T cell hybridoma line (FS6-14.13) to Il 2-depleted SN, which restores the polyclonal antibody response to anti-Ig. The hybridoma supernatant by itself supports proliferation of anti-Ig-activated B cell cultures, as measured by an increase in cell number, but not maturation to Ig secretion. This proliferative response is likewise IL 2 dependent, although purified IL 2 with anti-Ig is not sufficient. These experiments define separable combinations of factors acting on anti-Ig-activated B cell cultures, one of which (SN) results in both proliferation and maturation to high-rate Ig secretion, whereas the other (hybridoma supernatant) results in proliferation only. IL 2 appears to be an essential component of both combinations, although the target cell for IL 2 action in this system remains to be determined.
Selective effects of interferon on distinct sites of the T lymphocyte triggering process.
Authors: Leanderson T , Hillörn V , Holmberg D , Larsson E L , Lundgren E 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Lectin- and antigen-induced proliferation of murine T cells consists of two major events, namely, a rapid induction of susceptibility to growth factors and a later-occurring, accessory cell-dependent production of T cell growth factors (TCGF). The mechanism by which interferon (IFN) inhibits T cell responses was studied accordingly. A decrease of Con A-induced proliferation was observed in the presence of increasing amounts of IFN. The reduced proliferative response in such cultures was found to be due to an accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, the results show that IFN did not inhibit the early events in T cell triggering, because the acquisition of responsiveness of resting T cells to TCGF was unaltered in the presence of IFN, nor did it interfere with production of TCGF. In contrast, IFN was found to interfere with the TCGF-dependent T cell blast growth. Cytofluorometric analysis of the proliferative phase revealed that IFN exerts its effect on T cells, which have entered the proliferative cycle, by a postmitotic accumulation in G0/G1, thus reducing the proliferating population. The results demonstrate that IFN primarily affects the later phase of proliferative activity after T cell triggering, leaving the helper cell functions untouched.
Formation of rat IgE-binding factors by rat-mouse T cell hybridomas.
Authors: Huff T F , Uede T , Ishizaka K 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells of rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) were obtained 8 days after infection and were incubated overnight with rat IgE for the formation of IgE-binding factors. These cells were then fused with BW 5147 mouse T lymphoma cells. Two hybrid clones (A4 and B6) obtained by the fusion formed IgE-binding factors upon incubation with IgE. It was found that 1-hr incubation with 3 micrograms/ml of rat IgE was sufficient to induce hybridoma cells to form IgE-binding factors. Both hybrid clones express rat T cell markers; the A4 clone bears Fc epsilon R, whereas the B6 clone bears Fc gamma R on their surface. The IgE-binding factors formed by both clones bound to rat IgE-coated Sepharose and could be eluted from the beads at pH 3.0. The factors also have affinity for mouse IgE but not human IgE nor rat IgG. IgE-binding factors formed by the A4 clone had a m.w. between 26,000 and 30,000; the B6 clone formed IgE-binding factors of 26,000 and 13,000 daltons. The factors of both high and low m.w. failed to bind to lentil lectin and Con A, but had affinity for peanut agglutinin. Purified IgE-binding factors of 13,000 daltons selectively suppressed the IgE-forming cell response of DNP-ovalbumin-primed MLN cells to homologous antigen, whereas the factor of 26,000 to 30,000 daltons neither suppressed nor enhanced the IgE response.
Immunosuppressive ATS. V. Analysis of the effect of anti-thymocyte serum on T lymphocyte subsets.
Authors: Zimmerman B , Swain S L , Dutton R W 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The effect of anti-thymocyte serum (ATS) on functional T cell subsets within the immunoregulatory network was examined. We found that low doses of ATS depleted the IL 2-producing subset of T helper cells and higher doses of antiserum also eliminated cytotoxic precursors. It was estimated that a standard low dose of ATS, which reduced T helper cells 80-fold, depleted cytotoxic precursors only about four-fold. The data indicate that ATS acts on different T cell subsets in a dose-dependent fashion and suggest that monoclonal antibodies might be used to preferentially deplete specific T cell subpopulations. Two monoclonal rat anti-mouse Lyt sera, however, proved ineffective in inducing functional changes in vivo, although an alloantiserum to Lyt1.1 was able to reduce cell-mediated cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent fashion. The results support the feasibility of specific depletion of T cell subsets with anti-lymphoid antibodies.
T cell control of the antibody response to the T-independent antigen, DAGG-Ficoll.
Authors: Nordin A A , Schreier M H 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
C57BL/6J nu/nu mice respond to the type 2 TI antigen DAGG-Ficoll, but not to the TD antigen SRC. A comparable difference can also be seen in vitro, but only at high spleen cell density and in the presence of selected batches of FBS. At low spleen cell density and in the absence of FBS, the DAGG-Ficoll-induced B cell response is strictly dependent on soluble helper factors or cloned specific helper T cells. The B cell response so induced requires that the T cell-depleted spleen cells be compatible in the I-A subregion of the H-2 complex. These helper factors, induced by antigen in an I-A-restricted T cell-macrophage interaction, provide helper for T cell-depleted spleen cells irrespective of their H-2 haplotype. Under conventional culture conditions, the stringent requirement for helper factors in the in vitro response to DAGG-Ficoll is obscured by FBS. In vitro culture of low numbers of spleen cells, in serum-free medium instead of FBS, provides a sensitive assay for helper factors. We have compared the helper activity for a B cell response to SRC or DAGG-Ficoll as provided by antigen-induced supernatants of various individual EA-specific T cell clones. There was a remarkable and consistent heterogeneity among individual T cell clones: their helper activity in the response to TI and TD antigens did not correlate, nor was there any correlation between helper activity and antigen-induced TCGF (interleukin 2) activity.
Neutral glycolipid antigens as developmental markers of mouse teratocarcinoma and early embryos: an immunologic and chemical analysis.
Authors: Willison K R , Karol R A , Suzuki A , Kundu S K , Marcus D M 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Purified rabbit antibodies to neutral glycolipids were analyzed for their binding to mouse embryonal carcinoma cells (ECC) and preimplantation mouse embryos. Antibodies to globotetraosylceramide first bind to 2 to 4-cell embryos and reach a peak of staining intensity with morulae, whereas anti-Forssman antibodies first bind to late morulae and then, most intensely, to early blastocysts. We compared the binding of a monoclonal anti-Forssman antibody with that of rabbit anti-Forssman antibodies and show that although they react similarly with ECC, they do not do so with morulae: The monoclonal antibody stained weakly and unevenly, whereas the rabbit antiserum produced a uniformly bright immunofluorescent staining. Chemical analyses revealed that globotetraosylceramide is the most abundant glycolipid of F9 ECC and that there is poor correlation between the concentration of individual glycolipids in these cells and their reactivity with antibodies to glycolipid molecules. Interestingly, the 2 Forssman antibody-reactive glycolipids of F9 ECC differ in their mobility on TLC plates from the classical Forssman antigen extracted from sheep red blood cells. This illustrates the potential problems in extrapolating from the coincident binding properties of an anti-glycolipid antibody to the chemical structure or abundance of an antigen in different cell types.
Metabolism and clearance of antibody-excess immune complexes in lactating mice.
Authors: Kim Y W , Halsey J F 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The metabolism of antibody-excess immune complexes was compared in lactating and normal female BALB/c mice. The initial rate of clearance of the antigen, dinitrophenyl- (DNP) ovalbumin, when complexed with mouse anti-DNP antibody was considerably faster in lactating mice. The half-life was 4 min in lactating mice compared with 8 min in normal female mice. Tissue distribution studies revealed that by 2 hr the mammary gland had sequestered immune complexes in threefold to fourfold excess over the levels in the liver. These lactating mice were shown to transfer immune complexes to their milk, and small quantities of the complexes could be demonstrated in the circulation of the nursing neonates.
Characterization of antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody (4F2): different molecular forms on human T and B lymphoblastoid cell lines.
Authors: Hemler M E , Strominger J L 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The monoclonal antibody 4F2 recognizes a disulfide-linked ricin-binding glycoprotein complex (Mr congruent to 125,000) composed of a sialylated heavy subunit (Mr congruent to 85,000 on T cell lines) and an unsialylated light subunit (Mr congruent to 41,000). The antigen (T85,41) recognized by 4F2 on T cell lines is structurally distinct from the antigen (B93, 41) on B cell lines. The heavy subunits, but not the light subunits, from all T cell lines examined were uniformly smaller in size than the heavy subunits from several B cell lines. This reflects differences in carbohydrate rather than protein represent in B93,41 compared with T85,41, because both heavy subunits have a common unglycosylated form (p65) and a common partially glycosylated precursor form (p68). Among non-T, non-B hematopoietic cell lines, the monocytoid line U-937 expressed an antigen that resembles B93,41, whereas the erythroleukemic line K-562 expressed an antigen more similar to T85,41. 4F2 recognizes a protein determinant on the heavy subunit (with or without N-linked glycosylation) and also the unglycosylated heavy subunit retains the ability to associate with light subunit. The light subunit itself contains no detectable N-linked carbohydrate. Unlike the transferrin receptor, synthesis of the antigen recognized by 4F2 on the promyelocytic cell line HL-60 did not diminish upon dimethylsulfoxide-induced differentiation, and thus is not tightly correlated with cell proliferation.
Noncovalent association of heavy and light chains of human immunoglobulins. III. Specific interactions between VH and VL.
Authors: Horne C , Klein M , Polidoulis I , Dorrington K J 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Mildly reduced monoclonal human IgM proteins have been cleaved at cysteinyl residues to give VH fragments after S-cyanylation with 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid. The noncovalent interaction between the VH fragments and autologous kappa-chains was studied by ultraviolet difference spectroscopy and circular dichroism. A bimolecular complex was formed with an association constant in excess of 10(7) M-1 at 23 degrees C. Complex formation was accompanied by burial of tryptophan and tyrosine side-chains. In contrast to the studies with autologous species, the VH fragments did not associate with heterologous kappa-chains as judged both by difference spectroscopy and gel filtration using radiolabeled VH fragments. This specificity in the association between VH and VL has been attributed to interactions contributed to by residues in the third hypervariable region of VH encoded by the DH and JH genes.
I-J restriction of T cells that suppress in vivo antibody responses to Thy-1.
Authors: Brunswick M , Sainis K B , Bromberg J S , Lake P 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The contact-sensitizing haptens dinitrophenyl (DNP) and oxazalone (Ox) act as helper determinants for antibody responses to Thy-1 when conjugated to donor thymus cells. The helper effect is transferrable from primed to naive mice with spleen cells, producing specific augmentation of in vivo PFC responses to Thy-1. The helper cells are hapten-specific and require associative recognition of hapten and Thy-1, excluding a role for nonspecific B cell activation. The phenotype of the helper cells is Thy-1+ and Lyt-1+2-. Antigen-specific suppression could be readily generated by using an inoculum of DNP-modified syngeneic RBC. T cells from these suppressed donors (Ts) were shown to abolish the helper effects of TH in adoptive transfer experiments in vivo. These Ts were characterized as Thy-1+ and Lyt-1-2+. A requirement for MHC compatibility at the I-J subregion was necessary between the Ts and the recipient to obtain a transfer of suppression.
Conditioned immune response associated with allogeneic skin grafts in mice.
Authors: Gorczynski R M , Macrae S , Kennedy M 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Groups of CBA mice were given sham skin grafts (conditioned stimulus, CS) or alloantigen only (unconditioned stimulus, US; C57BL/6 lymphoid cells inoculated i.p.). A further group of animals received simultaneous US and CS (alloantigen (US), in this case actually given in the context of a C57BL/6 skin graft). The peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) pool of all animals was analyzed in tissue culture for the frequency of cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTLp) specific for alloantigens on the grafted tissue. After three "conditioning" trials, spaced at intervals to allow recovery in all groups of the CTLp frequency to that of naive control mice, individuals in all groups were sham-grafted (given CS alone). PBL of these mice were tested 2 days after removal of the casts. Only group CS + US, and only some 50 to 60% of these, were able to show a "conditioned" increase in the CTLp frequency specific for alloantigens of the grafted tissue after sham-grafting. When these "responder" mice were subdivided into two groups that were subsequently given two trials of CS only or CS + US, followed by retesting with CS alone, either extinction or reinforcement of the previously conditioned response was observed.
Transplantation in miniature swine. XII. N-terminal sequences of class I histocompatibility antigens (SLA) and beta 2-microglobulin.
Authors: Metzger J J , Lunney J K , Sachs D H , Rudikoff S 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Purified class I histocompatibility antigens (SLA) from three haplotypes were prepared by papain treatment of lymphoid cell membranes obtained from spleens and lymph nodes of miniature swine homozygous at their major histocompatibility complex. Antigens were purified by ion-exchange chromatography followed by gel filtration. Purity was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and antigenic specificity by inhibition of complement-dependent, alloantiserum-mediated cytotoxicity. The SLA antigens were reduced and alkylated, and the component heavy and light chains were isolated by gel filtration under dissociating conditions. N-terminal amino acid sequences were obtained for SLAaa, SLAcc, and SLAdd heavy chains, as well as for the light chain, beta 2-microglobulin. The swine antigens showed high levels of homology with class I antigens from other animal species. Heterogeneity was observed among the swine haplotypes, and several of the positions at which substitutions were found are apparently invariant in other animal species. In contrast, only minimal sequence heterogeneity was detected within haplotypes, the basis of which may be of relevance to understanding the evolutionary development of these molecules.
Lack of specificity for viral and H-2 antigens by anomalous T killer cells generated in murine leukocyte cultures.
Authors: Shain B , Holt C A , Lilly F 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Mouse spleen cells, cultivated in vitro for 6 days in the presence or absence of syngeneic irradiated virus-induced tumor cells, lysed a variety of virus-induced tumor cells and normal cells in a long (19-hr) 51Cr-release cytotoxicity assay. Little or no specificity for viral or H-2 antigens was detected. This anomalous killing (AK) activity contrasted with H-2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity generated in secondary mixed leukocyte-tumor cell cultures and detected in a short (4- to 6-hr) 51Cr-release assay. Studies of competitive inhibition by unlabeled target cells in the long assay suggested that AK effectors were a broadly heterogeneous mixture of cells representing many clones, each recognizing a different antigenic determinant. AK effector cells shared properties with CTL: they could be generated from spleen cells of natural killer cell-deficient mice bearing the beige mutation but not from those of T cell-deficient nude mice; they expressed Thy-1 and Lyt-2 antigens; and they were nonphagocytic. AK activity could be generated from normal spleen cells of mice of all inbred strains examined, but the levels of activity generated varied in a strain-specific manner and were not significantly influenced by H-2 genotype.
Delineation of immunologically and biochemically distinct HLA-A2 antigens.
Authors: Biddison W E , Kostyu D D , Strominger J L , Krangel M S 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Cytotoxic T cell (CTL) recognition of influenza virus in conjunction with HLA-A2 was examined in a population study. Virus-infected target cells from three unrelated A2-positive donors were not lysed by virus-immune CTL from any donor matched only for A2. The A2 antigens of these three donors were indistinguishable from the A2 antigens of other A2-positive donors as assessed by extensive serologic analyses; however, isoelectric focusing (IEF) of A2 molecules from these three donors demonstrated that their A2 heavy polypeptide chains are structurally distinct from those of "normal" A2-positive donors. To date 11% of all A2-positive donors tested exhibited a "variant" A2-associated CTL restriction antigen, and IEF of A2 heavy chains from all "variant" A2-positive cells revealed structural differences in each of these polypeptides. These results suggest there may be considerably greater polymorphism of HLA-A gene products than has been revealed by current serologic techniques.
The alloantibody response in the allogeneically pregnant rat. I. The primary and secondary responses and detection of Ir gene control.
Authors: Smith R N , Sternlicht M , Butcher G W 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We compared the primary pregnancy-induced alloantibody responses with secondary pregnancy-induced responses and with conventional immunologic responses and found there are profound differences. Conventional and secondary responses produce strong lytic sera and readily detectable immunologic memory. The primary pregnancy-induced responses lack memory and produce alloantisera or widely variable titer. Such sera were rarely directly lytic. Pregnancy-induced primary responses detect MHC Ir gene control, even when the allogeneic difference is a complete HMC haplotype. The kinetics of the primary and secondary pregnancy-induced alloantibody responses against DA were different. We conclude that the primary pregnancy-induced alloantibody response is very different immunologically from conventional and secondary pregnancy-induced alloimmunizations.
Immune response of the mouse to gram-negative bacterial outer membrane extracts as assessed with monoclonal antibodies.
Authors: Mackie E B , Longenecker B M , Rabin H R , Di Ninno V L , Bryan L E 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane extracts of known serotype antigens as well as isolates from a linear carriage study were used to immunize mice for subsequent production of monoclonal antibodies. As well, membrane extracts from one strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, serotype M, were used. The degree of specificity of the resulting monoclonal antibodies to the two genera differed markedly when tested with known serotype antigens. That is, antibody from a given clone reacting with more than one serotype specificity was a more frequent occurrence among clones resulting from the Pseudomonas fusion. Preexisting "natural" antibody to several Pseudomonas species is considered at least partially responsible for the diversity of the response to this genus. Evidence is presented for the divergence of specificity with time after immunization with Neisseria.