bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contextualizing Racialized Exclusion and Criminalization in Postcolonial Israel
Authors: Ravid Maayan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at the case study of Israel to demonstrate the racialized ways in which criminal subjectivities constructed and rooted in colonial racial hierarchies remain ingrained in national orders over time. The chapter focuses on exclusion, criminalization, and enforcement of state power upon two racialized groups—Ethiopian Jews, constructed as internal others, and Sudanese and Eritrean asylum seekers, constructed as external threats. Examining the treatment of these two groups in discussion of the criminal question—who the state chooses to police or detain, and through a postcolonial lens—enables us to trace a coherent line between them and populations racialized and criminalized before them and alongside them; principally Palestinians. Examination of state acts to differentiate and exclude racialized groups through structural and direct violence, using means developed from British colonial structures, indicates that colonial racism and control mechanisms still operate today. Distinct group exclusions thus emerge as reiterations of the same racialized colonial logics, over time and in evolving forms. Racialization, criminalization, and exclusion of non-white groups emanates from a Eurocentric postcolonial social order of racial differentiation that accompanied Jewish settlement in Palestine. The hierarchical order became ingrained in the state and has evolved over time to exclude different groups of ‘Others’: Palestinians, Ethiopian Jewish citizens, and African asylum seekers. State practices examined in the chapter demonstrate how racial formations and hierarchies animate both penal and citizenship regimes.
Conclusion
Authors: Aliverti Ana , Carvalho Henrique , Chamberlen Anastasia , Sozzo Máximo 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This final chapter assesses the achievements of decolonizing efforts dialoguing with the different chapters that make up the book and, more generally, with the recent literature on the subject. It also seeks to map an agenda for future work within the framework of this collaborative and collective project. In this sense, decolonization is understood as both a work of tearing apart (or teasing out), and building up, which involves intellectual, political, and ethical dimensions. The structure of this chapter follows three axes. First, it addresses the relationship of colonialism with the production and circulation of knowledge regarding the criminal question. Then, the chapter discusses how to approach the issue of the influence and embedment of coloniality on institutions and practices of criminal justice and social control. Third, through a reflection on methodology, the possibility and manifestations of struggle and resistance against colonial legacies, matrices, and logics are scrutinized. The chapter ends with an analysis of the political and ethical dimensions involved in the effort of decolonizing the criminal question.
What Would It Take to Move the Global AMR Agenda Forward in the Global South?
Authors: Mpundu Mirfin , Mathew Philip , Chanda Raphael , Chiara Francesca 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the greatest public health challenges that threatens to undermine the progress of modern medicine and our ability to treat infectious diseases successfully. Since 2015 some progress has been made through various international initiatives driven by the Tripartite and other health and funding organizations, however low- and middle-income countries have struggled to take the AMR agenda forward. AMR is a complex problem encompassing human, animal, and environmental health and solutions require significant behavioural change, political commitment, and coordination among diverse sectors. A systematic paradigm shift is needed in the Global South to drive long-term sustainable change focused on strengthening infrastructures, increasing financial resources, and promoting the public attention needed to elevate AMR as a global health issue.
One Health and AMR Governance
Authors: Kahn Laura H. , Dunham Bernadette 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens the use of safe and effective antimicrobials which are the foundation of modern medicine. A One Health approach is needed if we are to adequately address the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). One Health recognizes that the health of people, animals, plants, the environment, and ecosystems are interconnected. One Health provides a framework for understanding the complexities of the highly integrated aetiologies surrounding AMR. This framework can be represented as a three-dimensional matrix, which can be used as a tool to examine complex issues such as AMR. This One Health three-dimensional matrix tool will be described in this chapter. One Health requires the full engagement of multiple disciplines including medicine, veterinary medicine, agriculture, and environmental science. There are many national and international AMR efforts. Most of them focus on humans and food animals, which constitute a small part of the One Health matrix tool. This chapter briefly discusses AMR programmes in the United States and Denmark as well as international efforts spearheaded by the United Nations, the World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). Barriers to successful AMR implementation efforts will be discussed. The chapter will conclude with national and international policy recommendations. Ultimately, policy-makers must provide leadership, political support, and funding to ensure policies and programmes successfully address AMR.
Chimpanzees, War, and History
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Why do people make war? Why is war so common? Is it human nature for men to kill outsiders? Many say yes, and claim this is shown by a supposedly confirmed innate tendency of chimpanzees to kill outsiders. Chimpanzees, War and History challenges that consensus, with detailed contextual evidence showing how human disturbance leads directly to bloodshed, and can intensify status conflicts up to deadly display and payback violence. The contrast of peaceable bonobos is explained by ecologically and sexually grounded differences in social organization, which fit with recent advances in evolutionary theory. Finally, a species-specific anthropological perspective on human war is described and applied across diverse situations of collective violence, which addresses the connection of masculinity and killing.
From Nice to Brutal
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of how chimpanzees got a killer reputation and where the idea came from that people get their mean streak from apes. It considers the construction of the image of chimpanzee violence as the first step in evaluating scientific claims about humanity’s supposedly lethal heritage. It also mentions field observers who agreed that chimpanzees are amiable and quite unaggressive, and there is no reason to suppose that man’s prehuman primate ancestors were in any way different. The chapter considers Jane Goodall as the great communicator about chimpanzees, citing her message that chimpanzees are like humans and humans like chimpanzees. It highlights the Great Revision, which totally changed the general picture of chimpanzee groups and interactions between them.
Theoretical Alternatives
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents theoretical alternatives to the Gombe paradigm from mainstream panology and then the resource competition hypothesis. It investigates the panological theory about intergroup killing, which distinguishes and names the rival coalition reduction hypothesis (RCRH) from the resource competition hypothesis (RCH). The RCH argues that intergroup violence is to defend or enhance access to resources, while the RCRH is close to the imbalance of power hypothesis (IoPH), but with a difference in emphasis. The chapter notes the interchangeable use of IoPH and RCRH, referring to the two-part concept of numerical superiority and reducing rivals. RCRH puts emphasis on the rival reduction aspect, while IoPH focuses on significance of numerical advantage for attackers.
Kibale
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter talks about the Kibale National Park (KNP), which provides the most compelling evidence of chimpanzee “war” in all of Africa by never-provisioned chimpanzees. It introduces the area, the research, and the history of habitat disturbance in and around the Park. It also describes two research sites, Kanyawara and Ngogo, wherein twenty-five of the twenty-seven individuals that were killed in the intergroup fighting came from Ngogo and the attackers appropriated the killing ground into their rangeland. The chapter shows that without Ngogo, adaptationist predictions about chimpanzee violence have very little support. It explores why Kibale is the adaptive lynchpin that requires careful and detailed empirical and theoretical consideration.
The Ngogo Expansion, RCH + HIH
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the context to direct competition over preferred foods, which is the immediate sources of intergroup contention and violence among chimpanzees. It proposes that Ngogo and neighbors sustained the substantial costs and risks of patrolling and fighting because they experienced scarcity of key, preferred foods, due to human impacted growth in numbers and density, and constriction/displacement of ranging areas. It also points out that killings in chimpanzee groups may have gotten a jump start because of drought. The chapter mentions Ngogo researchers, who concluded that nutritional shortfall cannot explain short-term variations in hunting being more frequent during times of higher fruit availability. It considers the Ngogo study as possibly the only one that provided strong evidence that predation other than by humans has resulted in a pronounced decline in the population of a nonhuman primate species
Sonso
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the historical narrative of Sonso that encases thick theoretical issues on the sudden immigration of parous females with male offspring, the subsequent infanticide by females, and the astounding string of Sonso males killing Sonso infants. It explores the historical trajectory of Sonso, which started with relatively undisturbed peace and plenty around 1990, then anthropogenic scarcity and social disruption, and finally the deadly violence by the 2010s. It also talks about the habituation efforts that began in 1990 and Nicholas Newton-Fisher, who was able to approach and follow chimpanzees in August 1994. The chapter considers the Four Year War in 1994 as the archetype of intergroup relations. It cites Newton-Fisher’s dissertation, which mentions that the noisy Busingiro gatherings of chimpanzees may in fact have been encounters between large parties from different communities, converging independently on the same food source.
Tai and Its Afflictions
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter talks about the Tai National Park in Ivory Coast, which provides the only long-term study of Western Chimpanzees wherein relations between neighboring groups are well investigated. The Park is 435,000 hectares of dense evergreen rainforest. Research findings from Tai expands the ongoing variation demonstration, with distinctive use of territory and intergroup clashes more sophisticated than any previous discussions. It recounts the three deadly intergroup assaults of male chimpanzees from 2002 to 2007 that disrupted Tai chimpanzee communities as two very young males fought their way to the peak and led the killings. The chapter document the anthropogenic destruction of Tai chimpanzee populations, beginning with leopards as a natural killer. Most reports about leopard predation come from 1985–1990, when there were twenty-nine observed or inferred chimpanzee–leopard interactions.
Sociality and Intergroup Relations
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the Tai way of territoriality, which is considered sophisticated, coordinated, and nonkilling. It looks at the earlier record at Tai that exemplifies a developed system of nonlethal territoriality, which was rendered inoperative by drastic population losses. It also shows how Tai subverts the male-centered sociology of Gombe vision and how additional disturbance created the conditions for deadly demonstration violence among chimpanzees. The chapter talks about the deviation of Tai from the standard donut image of males roaming about a protected female core, noting the North group females that ranged over ninety-three percent of the space used by males. It looks at evidence on chimpanzee female sociality, which can vary dramatically between populations.
Pan paniscus
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses how bonobos provide the great contrast to chimpanzee’s significance for assessing human nature. Bonobos exhibited broad behavioral contrasts to chimpanzees as they do not form aggressive male coalitions, patrol territorial boundaries, stealthily penetrate neighbors’ ranges, or kill outsiders. It shows how bonobos cleave off from both humans and chimpanzees by lacking the suite of behaviors that constitutes male demonism and hunting. The chapter addresses the question of whether the chimpanzee/bonobo differences are innate and are the result of long-term natural selection. It examines different resources and impact situations channeled through a distinctive social organization and temperamental differences from nature/nurture interaction to explain the contrast between bonobos and chimpanzees.
Killing Infants
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on infanticide, covering some summary points about the empirical record regarding all killings, the total tallies. It points out how more infants are killed than adults, which omits hypotheticals, certain-to-possible infant killings, and validates an adaptationist approach. It also scrutinizes predictions that were about killing specific relational categories of infants in circumstances that hypothetically confer reproductive benefits to killers. The chapter mentions Sarah Hrdy’s development of the sexually selected infanticide (SSI) theory from observations of monkeys in India in order to explain infant killings as an evolved reproductive practice. It talks about the reconceptualization of infanticide in many species, not as abnormal and maladaptive behavior but as a normal and individually adaptive activity.
Introduction
Authors: Brendese P.J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The introduction defines the concept of segregated time and establishes the theoretical and political relevance of the work. By focusing on segregated time, this study convenes a broader discourse that discloses the racial components of prevailing temporalities. To gain clarity on these issues and their implications, the introduction foregrounds the subsequent study of how time functions as a vector of political power, affect, and resistance. Beginning with Martin Luther King’s contestation of racial inequalities experienced as impositions on human time, the introduction connects the racial amnesia of segregated memory with the weaponization of segregated time. Simply put, the introduction makes the case for why the book is worth the reader’s time.
White Time
Authors: Brendese P.J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter advances a provisional theory of white time as a temporal force field that exerts regulative, normalizing powers that shape the racial order of things as well as subjective experiences of time, or temporalities. The chapter surveys the philosophical and historical roots of contemporary modes of understanding and inhabiting time. It then analyzes Euro-colonial temporal ordering as a colonizing force where the conquest of space is tied to domination of time. Specifically, it examines the racial subjectivity required to apprehend time and space as available to be possessed as productive of segregated time generally and white temporality specifically. It introduces a theory of white time abetted by law and policed by the historically entrenched norms of white supremacy. Drawing from critical race theorist Cheryl I. Harris’s influential concept of whiteness as property and Aboriginal anthropologist Aileen Moreton-Robinson’s The White Possessive, the chapter consider white temporality as a mode of apprehension, in the multiple senses connoting perception, objectification, arrest, and anxiety. In short, the time of whiteness is a possessive tense—and a highly imperfect one at that.
Borrowed Time
Authors: Brendese P.J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes as its point of departure the peculiar temporal dynamic whereby populations from whom so much has been taken are racially branded as perpetually indebted by white time and forced to live on borrowed time. Recent scholarship has contended that the debt crisis has made everyone into “a race of debtors” without sufficiently acknowledging the temporal legacies of racial capitalism. The chapter explores how racial stigma functions an accelerant of subprime time; a time zone that promises to synch up with civilizational-colonial powers flows of white progress and prosperity, but ultimately “races” its subjects toward ever-imminent expropriation and foreclosure. In so doing, the analysis addresses the dynamic whereby some are subjected to immediate expendability while others are saved for later as reserve populations. The line of inquiry is developed by viewing the 2009 mortgage crisis of predatory lending that disproportionately impacted so many African Americans through a genealogical prism of Native Americans dispossessed by the early settlers’ use of a then-novel innovation: the foreclosable mortgage. The chapter builds upon Cheryl I. Harris’s formulation of whiteness as property to theorize whiteness as a sociopolitical currency available to be leveraged and negotiated as a form of credit over segregated time.
Introduction
Authors: Duncan Pansy , Henry Claire , Molloy Missy 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This introduction identifies a body of cinematic texts that, spanning a range of generic, national, and industrial contexts, proposes new models of the relationship between human and nonhuman worlds. It situates this body of film texts against the backdrop of technological, ecological, and social changes that have recently brought established assumptions about the human into question. It further introduces critical posthuman theory, the corpus of scholarship that the book as a whole deploys to analyze what it dubs the “posthuman on screen.” In doing so, it disintricates cultural, deconstructive, and materialist strands of critical posthumanism; rehearses the conversations most relevant to interpreting posthuman cinema; and emphasizes the critical gaps that the volume aims to fill.
The Eco-material Posthuman in the Age of the Anthropocene
Authors: Duncan Pansy 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores the question of the human in the context of the “Anthropocene,” an epoch of environmental crisis that both elevates the human to the status of geological agent and strips the human of its foundational claims to mastery over the natural world. More specifically, it argues that the Anthropocene has given rise to what might be dubbed the “eco-material posthuman”—a specific iteration of critical posthumanism characterized by a renewed emphasis on the way our material bodies embed us in a more-than-human material world. It further argues that the theoretical preoccupations of the “eco-material posthuman” find echoes across a distinct body of feature films examining the fallout of the Anthropocene. The films in question are geographically and culturally diverse, ranging from Chinese drama 三峡好人/Still Life, to off-beat Icelandic-Ukrainian comedy Kona fer í stríð/Woman at War (Benedikt Erlingsson, 2018), and American horror Mother! (Darren Aronofsky, 2017). All, however, fully attend to the questions the Anthropocene raises about the interdependence of human and nonhuman worlds through their eco-materialist recourse to the materiality of the human body. While the models of human bodily materiality at issue here are manifold, this chapter zeroes in on three in particular: the body as cell, the body as affect, and the body as vital materiality. These models of the human body, it argues, cast the body not as a guarantor of human exceptionalism but as an aperture to the nonhuman outside.
Rural Landscapes and the Pastourelle
Authors: Saltzstein Jennifer 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the landscape described in medieval pastourelle songs and compares this landscape to the agricultural practices in use at the time and place of their composition. Determining, through this comparison, that the landscape described in most songs is realistic but out of date, this chapter explores the symbolic resonances of the nature imagery found in these songs and how the imagery relates to the identities of the characters within the songs as well as the audiences and patrons who consumed them. An examination of a subset of the pastourelle repertoire in which the shepherdess character is raped reveals that the songs tend to locate her in a woodland environment strongly evocative of knightly identity, forecasting the knight’s coming transgression through the landscape. The chapter then addresses the urban context of many of the songs authors and patrons, examining how townspeople and wealthy, nonnoble patrons may have identified themselves against the identity of the medieval peasant.
Totonacapan
Authors: Rinke Stefan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the arrival of the Spaniards in Totonac territory. It discusses the welcoming gifts the envoys of Moctezuma exchanged with Hernán Cortés. Most colonial chronicles recorded that Mexicans perceived the Spanish as gods, which gave the Spaniards a decisive psychological advantage, which contributed to the fall of Tenochtitlan. Ethnohistorical literature of the late twentieth century, however, disagrees about the myths surrounding the return of the gods. They argue that the stories could have been invented by Christian chroniclers out of a colonialist impulse or reinterpreted ex post facto into their own and indigenous narratives to legitimize the Conquest and Christianization. The chapter discusses the suggestion that Cortés took advantage of the practice among the people of Mexica to punish their subordinates and force Totonacs to hand over their children for sacrifice. It then narrates the resulting rebellion of the Totonacs.
Tenochtitlan
Authors: Rinke Stefan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Spanish entry into Tenochtitlan. It recognizes discrepancies between varying reports and chronicles by indigenous and European authors. The Spanish conquistadors would have not survived without the help of their indigenous allies, the Totonacs and Tlaxcalans. In Cortés’s absence, his captain Pedro de Alvarado massacred parts of the Aztec elite during the Toxcatl festivities. The chapter details the Battle of Toltec Canal, which became known as La Noche Triste in European history. It was the first great defeat of European troops in the New World.