bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hot electron and ion spectra on blow-off plasma free target in GXII-LFEX direct fast ignition experiment
Authors: Ozaki T. , Abe Y. , Arikawa Y. , Sentoku Y. , Kawanaka J. , Tokita S. , Miyanaga N. , Jitsuno T. , Nakata Y. , Tsubakimoto K. , Sunahara A. , Jhozaki T. , Miura E. , Komeda O. , Iwamoto A. , Sakagami H. , Okihara S. , Ishii K. , Hanayama R. , Mori Y. , Kitagawa Y. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPolystyrene deuteride shell targets with two holes were imploded by the Gekko XII laser and additionally heated by the LFEX laser in a direct fast ignition experiment. In general, when an ultra-intense laser is injected into a blow-off plasma created by the imploding laser, electrons are generated far from the target core and the energies of electrons increase because the electron acceleration distance has been extended. The blow-off plasma moves not only to the vertical direction but to the lateral direction against the target surface. In a shell target with holes, a lower effective electron temperature can be realized by reducing the inflow of the implosion plasma onto the LFEX path, and high coupling efficiency can be expected. The energies of hot electrons and ions absorbed into the target core were calculated from the energy spectra using three electron energy spectrometers and a neutron time-of-flight measurement system, Mandala. The ions have a large contribution of 74% (electron heating of 4.9 J and ion heating of 14.1 J) to target heating in direct fast ignition.
Recycled waste glass usage for construction materials
Authors: Tihomirovs P , Korjakins A 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Recycling glass waste obtained from different industries is an issue in today’s economy. One of the ways of recycling is to produce lightweight ceramic by applying glass waste, clay, and gasifier as raw materials. The present research has been devoted to the evaluation of the influences of different clays extracted from two Latvian quarries (Lielauce un Samini) on the properties of lightweight ceramics. The main criteria of applicated clay as raw materials for producing lightweight ceramic are the following: saturation of SiO2 should be a maximum of 70% and Al2O3 minimum of 12%. The aim of the present research was to elaborate a composition for producing glass ceramic from glass waste with minimum energy consumption with a gasifier. The most important properties of the final product are thermal conductivity, compression strength, volume density, size, granulometry, and pore distribution. Two parameters of them, compression strength and volume density have been tested and analysed in the present research framework. Burning time is one more important additional parameter, which has been considered evaluating the properties of the final product. The obtained volume density is in the range of 226.75 kg/m3 to 475.78 kg/m3 depending on the composition.
Comparison of thermal conductivity of foamed geopolymers containing phase change materials
Authors: Bąk Agnieszka , Pławecka Kinga , Łach Michał 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of Phase Change Materials on the insulation properties - thermal conductivity coefficient [λ], of fabricated foamed geopolymer panels. Phase Change Materials have been widely reported in the public literature, making them increasingly popular in recent times. PCMs have the ability to accumulate heat, which they can absorb or release due to thermal transformation, which contributes to energy efficiency. This paper presents the results of research on geopolymers based on fly ash with the addition of microencapsulated and macroencapsulated phase change materials (PCMs). Geopolymer composites were prepared by adding 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% PCM and the curing process was carried out at 60°C. Three different phase change materials with melting points of 28°C (MicroCapsPCM28 (Slovenia)) and 25°C and 42°C (PX25 and GR42 (Germany), respectively) were used. All the phase change materials used belong to the paraffin group. The obtained composite sheets were subjected to thermal conductivity tests in 3 temperature ranges (0-20°C; 20-40°C; 30-50°C). The paper also presents the density results of the foamed composites investigated, as well as the visual evaluation and the morphology of the porous structure using scanning electron microscopy. As a result of the study, it was found that foamed geopolymer composites without PCM addition have lambda coefficient values of 0.06 - 0.07 [W/m*K], while with the addition of phase change materials 0.07 - 0.085 [W/m*K]. The obtained test results give the potential to use these materials in construction as insulating materials. The use of these substances in building partitions results in the decrease of daily temperature amplitudes inside the building, as well as in the phase shift of the time of release of stored heat.
The influence of modified biopolymer on mechanical, hygrothermal properties and durability of ecological clay materials
Authors: Trambitski Y , Kizinievič O , Kizinievič V 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this study, the effect of modified biopolymer (retrograded corn starch) on the mechanical and hygroscopic properties of clay materials was investigated. Also, described the technology of a modified biopolymer preparation. Clay materials were fabricated using different amounts of modified biopolymer. These studies have shown that the addition of modified polymer has a significant effect on the properties and durability of the clay materials. The incorporation of modified polymers into the clay matrix contributed to an increase in compressive strength by 62% (6.8 to 11 MPa). The surface moisture adsorption increased by 29% (from 141.1 to 179.3 g/m2). Durability of the clay materials also significantly increased. Also, it was found that the modified polymers had a significant influence on the structure of ecological clay materials.
Experimental investigation of heat transfer in bio-based building block with microencapsulated PCM
Authors: Cieślikiewicz Łukasz , Łapka Piotr , Dietrich Fabian , Wendołowicz Mateusz , Brzyski Przemysław 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The paper presents the investigation of heat transfer in hemp shives and magnesia binder composite with microencapsulated phase change material (PCM) to increase the building material’s thermal mass. The investigated sample was prepared as a three-layer block of dimensions 600×400×480 mm. The external layers of the block had a density of approximately 400-450 kg/m3 and a thickness of 50-60 mm, while the inner layer had a density of approximately 200-250 kg/m3 and a thickness of 290 mm. The study was performed with a block placed between two specially designed climatic chambers. Conditions in chambers were fully stabilized. Additionally, 50 mm wide channels with fans in both chambers were added close to the sample surfaces to force uniform airflow along both sample surfaces. For parameters control in the chambers, dedicated software was developed. Inside the sample nine temperature sensors were placed. During measurements, the temperature of 30°C and relative humidity of 40% was maintained in one chamber, while in the second one, after stabilization in temperature of 20°C and relative humidity of 50%, the temperature was decreased to 15°C without humidity control. During measurement insulating properties of PCM in dynamic conditions were analyzed.
Experimental verification of conditions within the cups in the cup method of water vapor permeability measurement
Authors: Pietrak K , Krakowiak M , Łapka P 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Vapor transmission coefficients of building materials can be determined using the cup method, known from ASTM and ISO standards. The measurement principle is simple, but the method is known to be problematic. In this paper, problems concerning the discrepancy between assumed and real values of relative humidity inside the cups are investigated. This concerns especially dry cups, in which desiccants are expected to produce relative humidity close to 0%. Interestingly, there are studies which suggest a much greater value should be used. To verify these claims, experiments were conducted for cups filled with calcium chloride (CaCl2), and saturated aqueous solution of potassium nitride (KNO3), covered with hemp-lime concrete samples. The study confirms earlier reports of a discrepancy between actual and assumed values of relative humidity inside the cups and shows that they might introduce significant error in the measurement of water vapor transmission coefficients.
Environment Risk Management of Warehouse and Production Hall Investment Projects
Authors: Kalisa Ing. Eric , Korytárová Jana 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Planning, implementation and operation of buildings and related outdoor areas in accordance with the principle of sustainable construction represent a current topic.
Important elements of sustainability include the environmental impact assessment of construction works which may include CO2 emissions. Warehouses and manufacturing facilities are significant environmental polluters and emitters of CO2. Management of industrial companies seeks to manage this environmental risk and find ways of its reduction within the framework of sustainable development.
The article deals with environmental risk management in general, its identification, assessment methods and development of the countermeasures to reduce or eliminate them. Continuous monitoring and control of the functioning of the measures represent an important component of their management. An analysis of a research sample of warehouse and manufacturing facility projects located in industrial zones shows that if companies fail to continuously reduce emissions, they may face secondary risks which may be related to the company’s social impact, sales or reputation of the company and may affect, for example, their share prices.
The output of the research presented in this article is a list of initiatives on reducing environmental risks (especially CO2) of warehouses and manufacturing facilities, determination of the costs associated with them and assessment of the socioeconomic impacts (benefits to society). The research serves as one of the steps towards determining the overall socio-economic effectiveness of these measures.
Experimental analysis of timber-concrete composite behaviour with synthetic fibres
Authors: Buka-Vaivade K , Serdjuks D , Zvirina D , Pakrastins L 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
With the growing importance of the principles of sustainable construction, the use of load-bearing timber-concrete composite structures is becoming increasingly popular. Timber-concrete composite offers wider possibilities for the use of timber in construction, especially for large-span structures. The most significant benefit from combining these materials can be obtained by providing a rigid connection between the timber and concrete layers, which can be obtained by the adhesive timber-to-concrete connection produced by the proposed stone chips method. A sustainable solution involves the abandonment of steel longitudinal reinforcement. The use of such a solution in practice is often associated with fears of a fragile collapse. Therefore, the issue of how to increase the safety factor of the proposed material is topical now. The experimental investigation is made to determine the effect of synthetic fibre use on timber-concrete composite behaviour by testing a series of timber-concrete composite specimens with and without fibres in the concrete layer. The obtained results show that adding 0.5 % of synthetic macro fibres allows to abandon the use of longitudinal steel reinforcement and prevents the formation of large cracks in concrete and the disintegration of the concrete layer in case of collapse.
Effective thermal conductivity of composites with anisotropic particles of various shapes embedded in an isotropic matrix
Authors: Pietrak K , Furmański P , Łapka P 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The paper demonstrates a method to calculate effective thermal conductivity in a two-phase medium with an isotropic host phase and embedded anisotropic particles. The presented scheme enables easy incorporation of various regular shapes of filler particles if the principal values of their Eshelby tensor are supplied. Basic shapes, such as spheroids, may approximate a wide range of fillers used to enhance thermal conduction, such as polymers filled with highly conductive metal and ceramic powders, graphite and graphene flakes, and nanotubes. Different spatial orientations and sizes of particles may be supplied to the model in the form of probability distributions. The method is well suited to numerical implementation, and the resulting computations are less demanding than popular mesh-based methods, i.e., Finite Volume and Finite Element Methods. It does not include interfacial thermal resistance between particles and matrix, but the addition of this component is planned in future papers.
Complex coating system for improving corrosion resistance of AZ31 magnesium alloy
Authors: Drunka R , Iesalniece P , Steins I , Grase L , Eiduks T V , Savkovs K , Blumbergs I 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Complex coating for corrosion protection was developed on magnesium alloy AZ31 using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), spray pyrolysis (SP) and two-part paint. PEO coatings were obtained using electrolyte with phosphate modifier. The oxide layer formed via PEO was sealed using pyrolyzed TiO2 and finally coated with spray primer-paint system to further protect the surface. The specimens were tested for corrosion using immersion gravimetric method in 3% NaCl solution for 1 week and mass loss was recorded. Morphology of the PEO and SP coatings were studied using SEM and chemical analysis of SP coating by EDS. It was found that 30 minutes of spray time in SP process caused surface cracks in the coating. Paint was applied in varying numbers of primer and paint layers and 2 layers each produced the best results in terms of corrosion resistance.
Optimal Sensor Placement in Composite Circular Cylindrical Shells for Structural Health Monitoring
Authors: Rucevskis Sandris , Kovalovs Andrejs , Chate Andris 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis work presents an approach for optimal placement of strain sensors in composite circular cylindrical shells. The approach uses numerical strain values in longitudinal and transverse directions extracted from the top surface of the thin-walled composite cylindrical shell. Numerical model of composite cylindrical shell was modelled using the FE commercial solver ANSYS. The modal analysis was performed to determine the first 12 natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes. Number of sensors and their locations were obtained taking into account physical constraints of strain sensors and optimization strategies. Finally, the optimal sensor placements were obtained. Maximal number of sensors in each direction equals 30.
Thermal Oxidation of Tungsten Coatings for Detection by Infrared Spectrometry Method
Authors: Goldmane Annija Elizabete , Avotina Liga , Vanags Edgars , Trimdale-Deksne Aija , Zaslavskis Aleksandrs , Kizane Gunta , Dekhtyar Yuri 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) of metallic thin films is used extensively in the fabrication of semiconductor technology devices - use as of lately for them have grown. Tungsten (W) is a low resistivity, refractory metal, that is often deposited by PVD methods for use as a gate contact to semiconductor devices and due to the low work function and high thermal stability, W can be used for the fabrication of field emitters in microelectronics [1-3]. In order to monitor quality of the synthesized thin films by magnetron sputtering method, it is necessary to develop methodology suitable for the analysis of these thin films. Infrared spectrometry is a sensitive method for the analysis of chemical bonds, but W thin films contain weakly polar and non-polar W-W bonds, that cannot be directly detected by infrared spectrometry, therefore oxidation of W is selected as thermal oxidation method for detecting oxidized products for thin films of thickness 150 nm, for instance, W-O bonds. After oxidation, it was observed, that the oxidation of W thin films takes place already at a 600 °C in the air atmosphere. The Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) spectra of modified coatings showed formation of additional new signals in the region of 700-900 cm−1 attributed to W-O, O-W-O, W=O bonds - formation of W-oxygen bonds on Si-SiO2 substrate was achieved. For coating homogeneity and production quality formation, additionally synthesized control samples are recommended for FTIR analysis.
Al-Ti-Mg composite target for PVD protective coatings for magnesium made by powder metallurgy technique
Authors: Zemcenkovs Vjaceslavs , Lisnanskis Marks , Pole Eleonora 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Target metal plates for PVD application made from ternary metal composites of Al, Ti* and Mg were produced by compacting metal powders. Al content was fixed at 70 wt. % and the other two were changed to study the effect of composition on the properties of the plates. Ti* powder, in the form of Ti6Al4V alloy, and pure Mg powder were varied in ratios of 2, 1 and 0.5 by weight. The compositions can be written as Al-70 wt.% Ti*-X wt.% and Mg-Y wt.% (X=20, 15,10, and Y=10, 15, 20). The powders were wet milled and compacted under uniaxial compressive load to form the plates. The strength of the plates was measured by performing 3-point bending tests and load till failure was reported. Effect of cold compaction load, mixing time of the powders and Ti* powder content on the microstructural and mechanical properties was studied.
Cu-Al-Ag composite target for PVD protective coatings for magnesium made by powder metallurgy technique
Authors: Zemcenkovs Vjaceslavs , Lisnanskis Marks , Pole Eleonora 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A new composite metal target for physical vapor deposition (PVD) coating on Mg alloys was produced using powder metallurgy (PM) technique. The ternary Cu-Al-Ag composite metal targets were produced in three different compositions with Cu content fixed at 80 wt. % and varying Al/Ag ratios of 1, 1.5 and 7, respectively, resulting in composition Cu-80 wt. % Al-X wt.% and Ag-Y wt.% (X=10.0, 15.0,17.5, and Y=10.0, 5.0, 2.5). Target plates in the chosen composition were synthesized using powder compaction method. Effect of powder mixing time and compaction load on the density and strength of green parts was studied. The effect of powder mixing time, compaction force and silver addition on microstructural and mechanical properties of PVD targets investigated.
Impact of amino acids as performance-controlling additives on the hydration of reactive MgO
Authors: Liang Shuang , Zhou Xiangming , Hou Pengkun 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Since reactive magnesia (MgO) is produced at a lower temperature than CaO and is capable of sequestering significant quantities of CO2, it is considered to be a technically superior and more sustainable alternative to Portland cement. To obtain maximum carbonation and associated high strength, a variety of additives are investigated for MgO. Using amino acids as an additive is a new concept to control the polymorphism of carbonates. As the hydration of magnesia plays an important role in magnesia carbonation, this study investigates the impact of amino acids (i.e. L-arginine (L-Arg) and L-aspartic (L-Asp)) on the hydration of magnesia. Subsequent tests, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), pH tests, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), thermogravimetry (TG) - differential thermogravimetry (DTG), and scanning electron microscopy-Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) were conducted after the measurement of their strength development. The results revealed that magnesia hydrated with/without amino acids only formed brucite (Mg(OH)2) as the hydration product. A lower hydration degree was observed in the hydrated composites with the presence of amino acids, regardless of the type of amino acids. Specifically, the use of L-Asp not only delayed the hydration of MgO but also reduced the amount of brucite. The increasing amorphousness of brucite with increasing L-Asp concentration was also observed, compared to the control batch. Additionally, Mg2+ concentration was increased with the addition of L-Asp, allowing the blends to absorb more CO2 with a higher concentration of Mg2+.
Methods for measuring plastic shrinkage and related cracking of 3D-printed concrete
Authors: Markin Slava , Mechtcherine Viktor 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Developments in the application of the 3D concrete printing (3DCP) technology in the construction industry over the past few years are providing a chance to increase productivity and cost efficiency. However, before reaching an industrial stage of the 3DCP technology several hurdles should be overcome. One of the major challenges is to guarantee high durability and long-life cycle of the printed elements. Since 3D-printed elements are subjected to very early and fast evaporation of the pore water, accelerated capillary pressure build-up may lead to severe plastic shrinkage and, consequently, a high cracking propensity of the 3D-printed elements. Durability and robustness would be severely impaired. Experimental quantification of the plastic shrinkage and related cracking is essential to identify appropriate mitigation strategies. The article at hand presents innovative approaches for quantification of the plastic shrinkage and related cracking of the printable cementitious compositions by means of contactless 3D digital image correlation technique. Various experimental setups were presented and their effectiveness for measurement of the plastic shrinkage and plastic shrinkage cracking were analysed.
Two approaches for analysis of the dynamic pile bearing capacity via pile driving formulas
Authors: Kovzels J , Paeglitis A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Piling is considered the most cost-efficient solution in deep foundation structures, and it involves many modern-day solutions in every field, such as modern-day materials and construction equipment. However, analysis of pile bearing capacity that includes evaluating of soil conditions and its mechanical properties is relatively new compared to piling itself. Pile bearing capacity depends on two factors – the strength of the structural element itself and the resistance of the soil around the pile. This resistance must be enough to avoid excessive displacements, rotations and other movements that make the superstructure unstable. The structural strength of the pile itself could be determined, though soil resistance is affected by many factors. One of the pile bearing capacity establishment methods is pile driving formulas – equations that establish pile bearing capacity considering set per blow and hammer impact energy. However, given establishment approach is considered unreliable and out of date, although this approach has several advantages – fast execution and minimum additional equipment required. Paper deals with two approaches for analysing the dynamic pile bearing capacity via pile driving formulas and correlation establishment between dynamic load test and static load test. In paper correlation between both dynamic pile bearing capacity approaches and static load test is established.