bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cas1–Cas2 physically and functionally interacts with DnaK to modulate CRISPR Adaptation
Authors: Killelea Tom , Dimude Juachi U , He Liu , Stewart Alison L , Kemm Fiona E , Radovčić Marin , Ivančić-Baće Ivana , Rudolph Christian J , Bolt Edward L 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Prokaryotic Cas1–Cas2 protein complexes generate adaptive immunity to mobile genetic elements (MGEs), by capture and integration of MGE DNA in to CRISPR sites. De novo immunity relies on naive adaptation—Cas1–Cas2 targeting of MGE DNA without the aid of pre-existing immunity ‘interference’ complexes—by mechanisms that are not clear. Using E. coli we show that the chaperone DnaK inhibits DNA binding and integration by Cas1–Cas2, and inhibits naive adaptation in cells that results from chromosomal self-targeting. Inhibition of naive adaptation was reversed by deleting DnaK from cells, by mutation of the DnaK substrate binding domain, and by expression of an MGE (phage λ) protein. We also imaged fluorescently labelled Cas1 in living cells, observing that Cas1 foci depend on active DNA replication, and are much increased in frequency in cells lacking DnaK. We discuss a model in which DnaK provides a mechanism for restraining naive adaptation from DNA self-targeting, until DnaK is triggered to release Cas1–Cas2 to target MGE DNA.
Typhoid Control in an Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Vanderslott Samantha , Kumar Supriya , Adu-Sarkodie Yaw , Qadri Firdausi , Zellweger Raphaël M 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Historically, typhoid control has been achieved with water and sanitation interventions. Today, in an era of rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR), two World Health Organization-prequalified vaccines are available to accelerate control in the shorter term. Meanwhile, water and sanitation interventions could be implemented in the longer term to sustainably prevent typhoid in low- and middle-income countries. This article first approaches typhoid control from a historical perspective, subsequently presents how vaccination could complement water and sanitation activities, and finally discusses the challenges and opportunities for impactful control of typhoid infection. It also addresses data blind spots and knowledge gaps to focus on for typhoid control and to ultimately progress towards elimination. This article presents a synthesis of discussions held in December 2021 during a roundtable session at the “12th International Conference on Typhoid and Other Invasive Salmonelloses”.
Impact of pod and seed photosynthesis on seed filling and canopy carbon gain in soybean
Authors: Cho Young B , Stutz Samantha S , Jones Sarah I , Wang Yu , Pelech Elena A , Ort Donald R 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
There is a limited understanding of the carbon assimilation capacity of nonfoliar green tissues and its impact on yield and seed quality since most photosynthesis research focuses on leaf photosynthesis. In this study, we investigate the photosynthetic efficiency of soybean (Glycine max) pods and seeds in a field setting and evaluate its effect on mature seed weight and composition. We demonstrate that soybean pod and seed photosynthesis contributes 13% to 14% of the mature seed weight. Carbon assimilation by soybean pod and seed photosynthesis can compensate for 81% of carbon loss through the respiration of the same tissues, and our model predicts that soybean pod and seed photosynthesis contributes up to 9% of the total daily carbon gain of the canopy. Chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) shows that the operating efficiency of photosystem II in immature soybean seeds peaks at the 10 to 100 mg seed weight stage, while that of immature pods peaks at the 75 to 100 mg stage. This study provides quantitative information about the efficiency of soybean pod and seed photosynthesis during tissue development and its impact on yield.
Biaxial stretching of polytetrafluoroethylene in industrial scale to fabricate medical ePTFE membrane with node-fibril microstructure
Authors: Wang Gang , Feng Yusheng , Gao Caiyun , Zhang Xu , Wang Qunsong , Zhang Jie , Zhang Hongjie , Wu Yongqiang , Li Xin , Wang Lin , Fu Ye , Yu Xiaoye , Zhang Deyuan , Liu Jianxiong , Ding Jiandong 
Published: June 2023

AbstractExpanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) is promising in biomedical fields such as covered stents and plastic surgery owing to its excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties. However, ePTFE material prepared by the traditional biaxial stretching process is with thicker middle and thinner sides due to the bowing effect, which poses a major problem in industrial-scale fabrication. To solve this problem, we design an olive-shaped winding roller to provide the middle part of the ePTFE tape with a greater longitudinal stretching amplitude than the two sides, so as to make up for the excessive longitudinal retraction tendency of the middle part when it is transversely stretched. The as-fabricated ePTFE membrane has, as designed, uniform thickness and node-fibril microstructure. In addition, we examine the effects of mass ratio of lubricant to PTFE powder, biaxial stretching ratio and sintering temperature on the performance of the resultant ePTFE membranes. Particularly, the relation between the internal microstructure of the ePTFE membrane and its mechanical properties is revealed. Besides stable mechanical properties, the sintered ePTFE membrane exhibits satisfactory biological properties. We make a series of biological assessments including in vitro hemolysis, coagulation, bacterial reverse mutation and in vivo thrombosis, intracutaneous reactivity test, pyrogen test and subchronic systemic toxicity test; all of the results meet the relevant international standards. The muscle implantation of the sintered ePTFE membrane into rabbits indicates acceptable inflammatory reactions of our sintered ePTFE membrane fabricated on industrial scale. Such a medical-grade raw material with the unique physical form and condensed-state microstructure is expected to afford an inert biomaterial potentially for stent-graft membrane.
The forms of societal interaction in the social sciences, humanities and arts: Below the tip of the iceberg
Authors: Giménez-Toledo Elea , Olmos-Peñuela Julia , Castro-Martínez Elena , Perruchas François 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Science policymakers are devoting increasing attention to enhancing the social valorization of scientific knowledge. Since 2010, several international evaluation initiatives have been implemented to assess knowledge transfer and exchange practices and the societal impacts of research. Analysis of these initiatives would allow investigation of the different knowledge transfer and exchange channels and their effects on society and how their effects could be evaluated and boosted. The present study analyses the transfer sexenio programme, which is a first (pilot) assessment that was conducted in Spain to evaluate the engagement of individual researchers in knowledge transfer to and knowledge exchange with non-academic stakeholders, including professionals and society at large. The breadth of the information and supporting documentation available (more than 16,000 applications and 81,000 contributions) allows an exploration of knowledge valorization practices in terms of the transfer forms used and the researchers involved—distinguishing between the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) and Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts (SSHA) areas. By focusing on SSHA fields, we explore knowledge dissemination via enlightenment or professional outputs. We conduct quantitative and qualitative analysis which provide a more comprehensive overview of knowledge transfer practices in Spain in the SSHA field, in particular, and has implications for future assessment exercises.
Due Reparation. Honour Disputes in Biomedical Sciences in Buenos Aires, 1870–1940
Authors: Souza Pablo Andrés 
Published: June 2023

Summary
This manuscript focuses on the incidents, trials at courts of honour and duels involving important figures at the University of Buenos Aires School of Medical Sciences, which ruptured the peaceful surface of this institution in order to protect epistemic practices and settings. The existence in itself of the honour culture in the Buenos Aires aristocratic elite is, perhaps, as curious as its use by distinguished local doctors with the purpose of resolving disputes caused by clashing interests—which were related to their profession and experimental work. The conflicts discussed here shed light on a classic issue in the social history of science, technology and medicine: the collective bargaining of credibility in matters personal, professional and research-related.
Association between hemoglobin glycation index and 5-year major adverse cardiovascular events: the REACTION cohort study
Authors: Wang Yuhan , Liu Hongzhou , Hu Xiaodong , Wang Anping , Wang Anning , Kang Shaoyang , Zhang Lingjing , Gu Weijun , Dou Jingtao , Mu Yiming , Chen Kang , Wang Weiqing , Lyu Zhaohui 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Background:
The hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) was developed to quantify glucose metabolism and individual differences and proved to be a robust measure of individual glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) bias. Here, we aimed to explore the relationship between different HGIs and the risk of 5-year major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) by performing a large multicenter cohort study in China.

Methods:
A total of 9791 subjects from the Risk Evaluation of Cancers in Chinese Diabetic Individuals: a Longitudinal Study (the REACTION study) were divided into five subgroups (Q1–Q5) with the HGI quantiles (≤5th, >5th and ≤33.3th, >33.3th and ≤66.7th, >66.7th and ≤95th, and >95th percentile). A multivariate logistic regression model constructed by the restricted cubic spline method was used to evaluate the relationship between the HGI and the 5-year MACE risk. Subgroup analysis between the HGI and covariates were explored to detect differences among the five subgroups.

Results:
The total 5-year MACE rate in the nationwide cohort was 6.87% (673/9791). Restricted cubic spline analysis suggested a U-shaped correlation between the HGI values and MACE risk after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors (χ
2 = 29.5, P <0.001). After adjustment for potential confounders, subjects with HGIs ≤–0.75 or >0.82 showed odds ratios (ORs) for MACE of 1.471 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.027–2.069) and 2.222 (95% CI, 1.641–3.026) compared to subjects with HGIs of >–0.75 and ≤–0.20. In the subgroup with non-coronary heart disease, the risk of MACE was significantly higher in subjects with HGIs ≤–0.75 (OR, 1.540 [1.039–2.234]; P = 0.027) and >0.82 (OR, 2.022 [1.392–2.890]; P <0.001) compared to those with HGIs of ≤–0.75 or >0.82 after adjustment for potential confounders.

Conclusions:
We found a U-shaped correlation between the HGI values and the risk of 5-year MACE. Both low and high HGIs were associated with an increased risk of MACE. Therefore, the HGI may predict the 5-year MACE risk.
Development of screening assays for use of broadly neutralizing antibodies in people with HIV
Authors: Lynch Rebecca M. , Bar Katharine J. 
Published: June 2023

Purpose of review
Treatment with combinations of complementary broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) has increased the proportion of participants for whom bnAbs can maintain virus suppression upon cessation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). There remains, however, a population of trial participants who experience virus rebound despite high plasma concentrations of bnAbs. Thus, baseline resistance remains a critical barrier to the efficacy of bnAbs for use in the treatment and cure of HIV, and the development of a screening assay to guide bnAb selection is a high priority.

Recent findings
There are two conceptual approaches to assess the putative rebound-competent HIV-1 reservoir for bnAb sensitivity: to assess neutralization sensitivity of reactivated virus in outgrowth assays and sequence-based approaches that include a selection for intact genomes and assessment of known resistance mutations within the env gene. Currently, the only phenotypic assay for bnAb screening that is clinical laboratory improvement amendments certified (CLIA certified) and available for clinical trial use is Monogram Biosciences’ PhenoSense HIV Neutralizing Antibody Assay.

Summary
Several new approaches for screening are currently under development and future screening methods must address three issues. First, complete sampling of the reservoir may be impossible, and determination of the relevance of partial sampling is needed. Second, multiple lines of evidence indicate that in vitro neutralization measures are at least one correlate of in vivo bnAb activity that should be included in screening, but more research is needed on how to use in vitro neutralization assays and other measures of antibody functions and measures of other antibody features. Third, the feasibility of screening assays must be a priority. A feasible, predictive bnAb screening assay will remain relevant until a time when bnAb combinations are substantially more broad and potent.
Broadly neutralizing antibodies and long-acting antiretroviral drugs as treatments for HIV
Authors: Kuritzkes Daniel R. 
Published: June 2023

Purpose of review
To discuss progress and challenges in the development of antiretroviral regimens that combine broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) and long-acting (LA) small-molecule antiretroviral drugs (ARVs).

Recent findings
Data are extremely limited, with results from only a single phase 1a clinical trial reported to date. That study, a combination of lenacapavir plus the bNAbs teropavimab and zinlirvimab, maintained viral suppression over 26 weeks in 18 of 20 participants. A second pilot study, ACTG A5357, which tests the safety and virologic efficacy of the combination of LA injectable cabotegravir with the bNAb VRC07-523LS is fully enrolled; results are expected in the second half of 2023.

Summary
The development of regimens that combine bNAbs and LA ARVs has been challenging. Both agents need similar half-lives in order to harmonize dosing schedules. In addition, the need to perform bNAb susceptibility testing to assure activity of the bNAb in order to protect against the risk of developing resistance to the LA ARV has slowed enrollment into trials and poses substantial logistical challenges to widespread adoption of these combinations should they prove safe and effective. Improvements in manufacture that reduce the cost of goods and advances in delivery systems are needed to ensure equitable access to these regimens.
Perioperative visits in minimally invasive gynecologic surgery
Authors: Ingraham Caitlin , Makai Gretchen 
Published: June 2023

Purpose of review
Perioperative visits for gynecologic surgery patients have traditionally included in-person examinations and counseling, but the advent of telemedicine has prompted clinicians to consider varying approaches to perioperative care. We aim to educate readers on the optimal setting and context of perioperative visits and provide insight from our experience to optimize care.

Recent findings
The widespread adoption of telemedicine and a focus on equity and access has prompted gynecologic surgeons to reconsider traditional preoperative and postoperative visits.

Summary
This review summarizes evidence for new approaches to perioperative care for minimally invasive gynecologic surgery, including transition to telemedicine for preoperative and postoperative care, adjuvant tools for perioperative counseling, and the value of in-person visits for preoperative planning.
Diagnostic and surgical approaches to congenital uterine anomalies for the minimally invasive gynecologic surgeon
Authors: Murphy Colleen , Wilcox Annemieke , Vash-Margita Alla 
Published: June 2023

Purpose of review
Congenital uterine anomalies (CUAs) impact the physical and psychosocial wellbeing of affected patients. Managing these conditions depends on the clinical scenario, and in some cases, can involve the use of minimally invasive surgical techniques. The purpose of this review is to provide an update of the diagnosis, perioperative considerations, and treatment of CUAs.

Recent findings
The American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) updated the guidelines for classification of CUAs to provide practitioners with a standardized classification system and have created an interactive tool designed for provider use.

Summary
Gynecologic surgeons are likely to encounter CUAs during their career. This review provides updated guidance for the workup and treatment of CUAs.
Changes in Teleworking and Physical Activity Behaviors in the United States Before and After Emergence of COVID-19
Authors: Webber Bryant J. , Soto Graycie W. , Smith Akimi , Whitfield Geoffrey P. 
Published: June 2023

Objective
The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of perceived decreases in three physical activity (PA) behaviors and meeting the PA guideline, by changes in telework.

Methods
US workers (N = 2393) reported teleworking and PA behaviors before and after COVID-19 emergence. Those reporting more and less telework were compared with those reporting stable telework on prevalence of (1) decreasing behaviors and (2) meeting the aerobic guideline (≥150 min/wk of moderate-intensity PA).

Results
Compared with workers with stable telework, those with increased telework were more likely to report decreases in any PA (by 61%), active transportation (65%), and park use (52%). Workers who deceased telework were also more likely to report decreases in these behaviors. Groups were equally likely to meet the guideline.

Conclusions
Changes in teleworking status—either more or less—may be associated with decreased participation in PA behaviors.
Physical activity and nutrition in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Wang Angela Yee-Moon , March Daniel S. , Burton James O. 
Published: June 2023

Purpose of review
Lifestyle intervention is considered a cornerstone in chronic kidney disease management and has been recommended in different international or regional clinical practice guidelines in chronic kidney disease. However, evidence was largely based on the general population. Here we summarized the latest evidence supporting lifestyle intervention in chronic kidney disease.

Recent findings
Both observational cohort studies as well as randomized controlled trials have demonstrated health benefits with more physical activity in chronic kidney disease. There are compelling observational data supporting different health and kidney benefits with a healthy dietary pattern rich in fruits and vegetables, whole grains, plant-based foods and low in salt, low in sugar, saturated fat, red meat and ultraprocessed foods, a plant-based diet or Mediterranean diet in chronic kidney disease population. Clinical and epidemiologic studies also showed that higher 24 h urine potassium excretion (as proxy of higher dietary potassium intake) may be associated with lower blood pressure, better kidney outcomes and lower mortality in chronic kidney disease population. Randomized controlled trials also suggested that salt substitutes improved blood pressure control, reduced all-cause death and cardiovascular event risk in the general population compared with regular salt.

Summary
Accumulating evidence supports the current recommendation of encouraging physical activity and promoting a healthy dietary pattern in chronic kidney disease patients. Whether potassium needs restriction in chronic kidney disease diet requires further review. The safety versus benefits of salt substitutes in patients with moderate and advanced chronic kidney disease warrants further investigation.
Atypical thymic carcinoid tumor with ectopic ACTH syndrome in a 33-year-old male patient: A rare case report and literature review
Authors: Li Le-Yao , Zhao Huan-Yu , Tong Hai-Chao , Li Ying-Chun , Xu Hong-Tao , Ma Shuang , Yang Lian-He , Zhang Wan-Lin , Wildes Tyler , Wang Endi 
Published: June 2023

Rationale:
Atypical thymic carcinoid tumor is an exceedingly rare thymic neuroendocrine tumor derived from the cells of neuroendocrine system. Misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis may result in disease progression to advanced stages and eventually leads to a poor prognosis. It is therefore necessary to make a correct diagnosis and provide an adequate treatment.

Patient concerns:
A 33-year-old Chinese male presented with numbness in bilateral lower extremities and general fatigue for a month. Chest computed tomography revealed a superior anterior mediastinal mass. Thymoma was initially considered, given the location of the mass and radiographic presentation.

Diagnosis:
Microscopic findings showed that the tumor cells are arranged in pseudoepitheliomatous growth or irregular nested growth pattern in a background of fibroconnective tissue, with focal infiltration into adipose tissue. The chrysanthemum-like structure or beam-like structure seen often in typical carcinoid tumor was not identified in this case. The tumor cells are spindled or oval, with focal active mitosis. The immunohistochemical staining showed strong positivity for CD56, CgA and Syn, positivity for CK, ACTH, and TTF-1, negativity for Vimentin, and ki67 labeled proliferation index was up to 10% in focal areas. According to the radiological and pathological findings, the diagnosis of atypical thymic carcinoid was made.

Interventions:
The patient underwent surgical resection of the mass.

Outcome:
No recurrence or metastasis was identified during the follow up.

Lessons:
Because of its low incidencen, onspecific clinical symptoms, tissue location, and radiological findings, atypical thymic carcinoid tumor may sometimes be misdiagnosed as thymoma. Attention should be paid to avoid misdiagnosis.
Effect of intraoperative mild hyperventilation on the incidence of shoulder pain after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: A randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Yang Chaojie , Rong Peng , Zhang Jian , Fan Chaotao , Ling Bin , Wang Wei 
Published: June 2023

Backgrounds:
To observe the effect of using mild intraoperative hyperventilation on the incidence of postlaparoscopic shoulder pain (PLSP) in patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

Methods:
Eighty patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, aged 22 to 36 years, with American Society of Anesthesiologists grade I or II, were divided into 2 groups according to method of random number table. A mild hyperventilation was used in group A with controlling pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2) of 30 to 33 mm Hg, while conventional ventilation was used in group B with PETCO2 35 to 40 mm Hg during the operation. The incidence and severity of PLSP, dosage of remedial analgesia and adverse reactions such as nausea and vomiting at 12, 24, 48, 72 hours and 1 week after surgery were recorded. Arterial blood gas was recorded before anesthesia induction, 20 minutes after pneumoperitoneum, during suture skin, and 24 hours after surgery.

Results:
Compared with 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after operation, the incidence of PLSP at 1 week decreased significantly (P < .01). Compared with group B, the incidence of PLSP, pain score, and dosage of remedial analgesic at 12, 24,48, 72 hours, and 1 week after surgery were significantly decreased (P < .01). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in arterial blood gas analysis before anesthesia induction, 20 minutes after pneumoperitoneum, during suture skin, and 24 hours after surgery (P > .05). There were no significant difference of the occurrence of adverse reactions such as nausea and vomiting between the 2 groups within 1 week after surgery (P > .05).

Conclusion:
Mild hyperventilation can reduce the incidence and severity of PLSP after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy without increasing the associated adverse effects.