bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Conditions Influencing Complement Fixation
Authors: McMeans J. W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Several years ago, while making many routine examinations of spinal fluid it was occasionally disconcerting to find one which had a normal cell count, negative globulin reaction and yet which gave a positive Wassermann test. In checking them up, it was found that the individual making the cell counts had, at times, introduced a small amount of acetic acid into the specimen of spinal fluid. The technic employed was that of drawing glacial acetic acid into a white blood pipette and then blowing the excess of acid from the pipette. The spinal fluid was then drawn into the pipette, the small amount of acid which remained in the pipette being sufficient to differentiate the white cells for counting. When a small amount of fluid was withdrawn from the main bulk and used only for the Wassermann test the difficulty cited above was no longer encountered.
The Inhibition Zone in Precipitin Reactions with the Soluble Specific Substance of Pneumococcus
Authors: Morgan Hugh J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The observations of Dean and Opie upon the importance, in precipitin reactions, of the quantitative relationship between an immune serum and its antigen, also hold for antipneumococcus serum and pneumococcus soluble specific substance. Within the limits of pH 5 to 9, the reaction at which the precipitin test is performed in buffer mixture has little if any influence upon this relationship. In order to obtain the maximum precipitate from any given quantity of antipneumoccoccus serum, a definite, or optimum amount of soluble specific substance must be employed. The ratio between immune serum and reacting substance is practically constant; when an excess of reacting substance is present, the precipitate is not only decreased in amount, as determined by inspection and weight, but its appearance is altered.
Production of Monovalent Botulinus Antitoxic Serum Types A and B
Authors: Wheeler M. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Potent monovalent botulinus antitoxic serums, types A and B, were produced by immunization of horses with homologous botulinus toxins. The maximum titer of 1400 units per cubic centimeter was obtained with type A toxin.
Not all horses respond to such rapid increases in the doses of botulinus toxin as were given in the first method of immunization described. Two of the three horses immunized by this method succumbed after the tenth or twelfth dose with typical symptoms of botulism.
Antitoxin production with the one horse immunized by the second method (slow increase of dosage with intervals of rest) was slower than with the horses immunized by the other methods.
The small doses of toxin given at the beginning in the third method of immunization (frequent injections of toxin with slow increase in dosage) apparently stimulated antitoxin production as readily as the larger doses used at the beginning in the first method (frequent injections of toxin with rapid increase in dosage) and with less danger to the animal.
The Isolation in Tissue Culture, Chick Embryo and Suckling Mice of Filtrable Agents from Healthy Dairy Cattle
Authors: Kunin Calvin M. , Minuse Elva 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The isolation of eight filtrable agents from apparently healthy dairy cattle in cattle kidney tissue culture has been described. Evidence has been presented that they are viral in nature, serologically similar, fairly widespread in the cattle population and probably of little importance in human disease. Studies with the partition cell in the ultracentrifuge indicate that they are relatively small particles with a sedimentation constant of 150 to 200 Sved. Their host range includes monkey kidney tissue culture, chick embryos and 1-day-old suckling mice. The appearance of melanin-like granules in the amniotic fluid of pigmented Barred Rock chick embryos is of interest. The isolation of many new viral agents by the techniques outlined should be productive.
Tissue Culture Studies of Cellular Hypersensitivity in Rheumatic Fever
Authors: Weiss Gertrud , Florio Lloyd , Lewis Gladys K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Human fibroblasts grown from the heart and skin of patients with and without rheumatic heart disease have been compared in their responses to crude streptococcal filtrates and to disintegrated organisms derived from streptococcal strains presumed to have caused rheumatic fever. These test substances were incorporated in nutrient media which contained either pooled serum from normal individuals or serum from patients with active rheumatic fever. Fibroblastic growth was evaluated at the end of the second week of culture.
Fibroblasts grown from the skin and heart responded similarly to the streptococcal products tested. The use of rheumatic in place of normal serum did not alter the response.
Fibroblasts grown from rheumatic individuals were nearly always inhibited by a 3% concentration of streptococcal filtrate, while those from normal individuals were not. While the 1% concentration showed some inhibition of the rheumatic tissues compared to the normal, it was not as definite as that found in the 3% concentration. A concentration of 10% resulted in the inhibition of growth of all tissues tested.
Disintegrated streptococci in final concentrations of 0.1 and 0.2% inhibited fibroblastic growth of tissues from rheumatic patients more frequently than from normal individuals. There was complete suppression or inhibition in all cases with the 1.5% concentration.
While the above conclusions were apparent from the study of the grouped data, there was no “all or none effect,” so that it was impossible to determine whether or not an individual specimen was derived from a normal or rheumatic patient. If cellular hypersensitivity to streptococcal antigens does exist in fibroblasts of rheumatic fever patients, the observations in tissue culture with the methods here described would indicate a subtle rather than a striking phenomenon.
In Vitro and In Vivo Studies on a Tissue Culture Cell Line Derived from Normal Monkey Heart
Authors: Coriell L. L. , McAllister R. M. , Greene A. , Flagg W. , Tall M. , Wagner B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The SCH tissue culture cell line derived from cynomolgus monkey heart by Salk and Ward (1) was found to grow vigorously in serial tissue culture. Data are presented on its growth characteristics, microscopic appearance, mitotic index, adhesion to glass, abnormal mitoses, chromosome number, susceptibility to infection with poliovirus Types 1, 2, and 3, and to adenovirus Types 3, 4, and 7, serologic relationship to human and monkey cell antigens, and results of transplantation into normal and into cortisone-x-ray treated monkeys (10 animals) and Wistar rats (171 animals). These studies suggest that the SCH cell has characteristics which make it a valuable addition to tissue culture technology. Large scale production of polioviruses in this cell is feasible. However, the SCH cell produces fatal tumors in specially prepared Wistar rats and careful evaluation of this property is indicated before the cell line can be used in preparation of biologic products intended for human use.
Russian Coxsackie A-7 Virus (“AB IV” Strain)—Neuropathogenicity and Comparison with Poliovirus
Authors: Horstmann Dorothy M. , Manuelidis Elias E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The behavior of the Russian AB IV strain of virus has been observed in mice, chimpanzees and monkeys. The observations of Johnsson and Lundmark (2) and Habel and Loomis (3) that this strain is immunologically identical with Coxsackie A-7 virus and produces characteristic muscle lesions in mice, have been confirmed. It was established, furthermore, that the agent responsible for paralysis in monkeys is also neutralized by Coxsackie A-7 antiserum. Inapparent infection was produced in 2 chimpanzees fed the virus. Nine CNS passages in monkeys have been carried out, and many levels of the CNS of monkeys from passages 1 through 6 have been studied. The disease in monkeys resembles mild paralytic poliomyelitis. Histologically the lesions are similar to those produced by polioviruses, but in general milder in degree, and less restricted in their distribution in the forebrain: certain areas such as the corpus striatum and the temporal and occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex which are rarely, if ever, involved in poliomyelitis, show mild lesions with considerable regularity with the Russian strain of virus.
The Russian strain is concluded to be a member of the A-7 group of Coxsackie viruses which has certain unusual but not unique properties, and in its behavior falls somewhere between the usual Coxsackie and polioviruses.
Multiplicity of the Components of Rat Kidney Antigen Responsible for the Localization of Antirat Kidney Antibodies
Authors: Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Heating and treatment with 60% trichloroacetic acid were shown to affect various rat kidney antigens differently. Heat treatment of the saline insoluble sediment of rat kidney at 100°C for 30 min at pH 6 caused an important but not total loss in its ability to absorb localizing iodinated antirat kidney antibody. Antibody so absorbed and subsequently eluted still localized in kidney. The comparison of this eluate with the eluate obtained from unheated sediment revealed that some of the antigens are more heat stable than others.
Further strong evidence for the multiple nature of kidney antigens responsible for fixing antikidney antibodies in vivo was the fact that heated or unheated trypsin digest of kidney sediment neutralized localizing antibodies differently in a qualitative manner.
Trichloroacetic acid (60% TCA) dissolved a large part of kidney sediment and the dissolved material precipitated on dilution with water. The TCA soluble and insoluble materials were able to absorb part of the in vivo localizing antikidney antibodies from I131 G-anti-RK. Assay of the antibody eluted subsequently indicated the existence of antigenic components with different degrees of stability against TCA.
Neutralizing properties of trypsin digests of TCA-treated materials were compared with those of digests of the original kidney sediment. The neutralization curves were different in shape in each case indicating that only some components were TCA stable.
Antibody Production by Guinea Pig Cells Demonstrated by the Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis Reaction
Authors: Rosenberg Leon T. , Chandler Marion H. , Cordon Albert S. , Fischel Edward E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction has been used to detect antibody produced by 1 to 5 million cells removed from donor guinea pigs following single primary intravenous injections of antigen and implanted intracutaneously into recipient guinea pigs.
When cells were removed within the first week following immunization the time required for sensitization of skin sites varied from 12 hr to 3 days. This time interval was short when cells were transferred 7 days after immunization, and was longer as cell transfer was carried out sooner after immunization. The disappearance of antibody synthesis several days after transfer may be a functional manifestation of the homotransplant reaction.
Suspensions of spleen cells were consistently effective, and thymus cells occasionally effective in sensitizing skin sites in recipients. Cell suspensions of lymph node, bone marrow, circulating leukocytes and liver did not appear to produce sufficient antibody to sensitize skin sites in recipients under these conditions.
Hydrocortisone, administered to recipients in doses of 10 or 25 mg per day for up to 6 days had no measurable effect on the ability of transferred cells to evoke passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions.
Increased Susceptibility of Mice with Brucellosis to Bacterial Endotoxins
Authors: Abernathy Robert S. , Bradley G. Mary , Spink Wesley W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Infection with Brucella melitensis or Brucella abortus strain 19 increases the susceptibility of ABC mice to the lethality of brucella endotoxin. Mice infected with B. melitensis die within 8–48 hr after challenge with brucella endotoxin. This susceptibility is maximal between 2 and 4 weeks and persists for at least 8–12 weeks. The degree of susceptibility to brucella endotoxin has no correlation with quantitative spleen cultures in brucella-infected mice. Mice infected with B. melitensis are also more susceptible to the lethality of typhoid and coli endotoxins.
The Magnitude of the Immune Response Incited by Killed and Attenuated Mycobacteria
Authors: Hanks John H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Results of the present inquiry indicate that the problem of securing protection against mycobacterial disease cannot be attributed to a failure of available antigens to incite high orders of immune response in the “average” person or animal. The calculated enhancements of resistance after moderately effective immunization of rats against murine leprosy by means of BCG or heat-killed M. lepraemurium were equivalent to × 105 challenge doses. An adjuvant combination of these antigens raised this value to nearly × 1011 challenge doses. On the basis of relative extensions of incubation or survival periods, evidence was presented that equal or superior responses have been observed following the use of BCG to immunize mice against experimental tuberculosis. The degree and persistence of these immune responses were consistent with the known potency of mycobacterial antigens as judged by sensitization, antibody production and adjuvant effects.
These facts have permitted a reinterpretation of the classical observations of small differences between control and immunized groups, of greater differences between individuals within a group than between experimental groups, and of the prolongations of incubation or survival periods without complete protection against mycobacterial disease. It is concluded that basic difficulties concern the exceptionally high activations required to deal effectively with the agents of mycobacterial disease and the problem of maintaining these levels in individuals who are unable to make an “average” response.
Preparation and Immunologic Properties of Trifidin A, an Antigen from Giant Ragweed Pollen
Authors: Goldfarb A. R. , Bhattacharya A. K. , Koerner S. K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A material, Trifidin A, has been isolated from giant ragweed pollen. It is chromatographically and electrophoretically homogenous.
Quantitative precipitin, Ouchterlony and Oudin tests have been used to establish that Trifidin A is a single antigen.
It is shown that Trifidin A has skin reactive properties and is active physiologically on sensitive individuals.
Preparation and Properties of Purified Antilactic Dehydrogenase
Authors: Gregory Kenneth F. , Wróblewski Felix 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibodies inhibitory to rabbit muscle lactic dehydrogenase (LD) have been produced in roosters and purified. A reliable assay procedure for anti-LD activity has been devised and a unit of anti-LD activity defined. In these experiments the route of injection (intravenous or subcutaneous + intravenous) did not appear to influence the titer obtained. The peak of anti-LD activity occurred sooner than did the peak of precipitin activity.
The purified antienzyme was found to serve as a noncompetitive inhibitor of rabbit lactic dehydrogenase. A plot of the logarithm of anti-rabbit LD concentration vs. the per cent inhibition of lactic dehydrogenase resulted in a sigmoid curve, showing that the use of large concentrations of anti-LD could approach but never attain 100% inhibition. A study of inhibition kinetics suggested that one molecule of anti-LD was sufficient to inhibit one molecule of LD. An increased concentration of LD resulted in a lower per cent inhibition with a fixed quantity of anti-LD. The per cent inhibition obtained was independent of temperature. It was also apparently independent of the order in which the reagents were added but an excessively long time interval was required for equilibration of anti-LD with LD when the coenzyme (DPNH) was mixed with enzyme before the addition of antienzyme.
Purified antirabbit LD showed various degrees of inhibition of the lactic dehydrogenases from diverse species. In general considerable cross reaction occurred with mouse LD.
Primary Antibody Response to a Closely Related Heterologous Antigen After Varying Doses of X-Radiation, and its Significance to Related Biologic Phenomena
Authors: Makinodan Takashi , Gengozian Nazareth 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The intraperitoneal route of antigen injection in normal adult mice was closely comparable to the intravenous route in terms of induction period, rate of appearance of antibodies and mean peak titer, and was superior only in terms of the mean total titer. Increase in the antigen concentration from 1 to 10% in 1 ml of RBC did not significantly raise the agglutinin titers of 500-r mice on days 6 to 50, but did raise the mean total titer slightly. A curvilinear relation for the radiation dose and antibody response was obtained in terms of the induction period, rate of appearance of antibodies, mean peak titer, and mean total titer. The significance of these findings is discussed.
The Quantitative Effects of Cations on Erythrocyte Agglutination by Influenza Virus Vaccine
Authors: Bogert Alwin B. , Corbett John J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
This investigation of a particular lot of distilled water shows that the concentration of metal ions in the water is a critical factor in the agglutination of chicken red cells by influenza virus vaccine. Not only is the total ionic concentration a factor, but certain cations (e.g., Cu) may, by themselves, be capable of exerting a modifying influence. The effect may be of considerable significance if the test vaccine and the standard preparation are not homogeneous as to strain. The CCA values obtained are either elevated or depressed by the ionic concentration, depending upon the total modifying action of the particular combination. Valid reproducible potencies can only be obtained with certainty by the use of triple distilled water or water of comparable purity in the preparation of the saline and buffer solutions.
Immunochemical Studies of Poliovirus
Authors: Roizman Bernard , Mayer Manfred M. , Roane Philip R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Exposure of purified poliovirus, Fraction SDGD, which comprises ID+ and NID+ particles, to heat at 56°C or to ultraviolet light, results in loss of infectivity and in a change in immunologic specificity, manifested by a loss of reactivity in complement fixation tests with suitable convalescent phase sera from poliomyelitis patients, and a concomitant appearance of reactivity with certain acute patient phase sera.
The rate of loss of infectivity on heating at 56°C was about the same as the rate of conversion of immunologic specificity. On the other hand, upon exposure to ultraviolet light the rate of loss of infectivity was far greater than the rate of serologic change.
The altered antigen has been designated as denatured D-antigen. We consider it likely that the NIC- particles described in the previous report (9) are immunologically identical with, or similar to, denatured D-antigen.
Studies on the Transfer of Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna , Tulsky Emanuel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbit lymph node cells incubated in vitro with antigenic material for transfer to recipient rabbits were subjected to roentgen irradiation, and the effects of such irradiation were studied by observation of the production of antibody in the recipient animals.
Following transfer of cells irradiated at doses between 150 r and 400 r there was a reduction in the subsequent agglutinin titers of the recipients ranging from substantial reduction to complete suppression. Such effects were found whether the cells were irradiated in the tissues of the donor or recipient animal or in vitro. The transfer of irradiated cells to normal recipients did not yield higher titers than did transfer of these cells to irradiated animals.
The possibility was examined that lymph node cells engaged in antibody formation might have greater resistance to irradiation injury than “resting” cells, as measured by their effectiveness in the formation of antibodies to another antigen. The data of some experiments suggested such an effect, but this was not consistently demonstrated throughout the study.
Persistence of Passively Administered Homologous and Heterologous Antibody in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Chandler Marion H. , Rosenberg Leon T. , Fischel Edward E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Systemic and local anaphylaxis were passively induced in the guinea pig with known amounts of homologous (guinea pig) and heterologous (rabbit and mouse) antibody. Administration of an increased amount of antibody resulted in more prolonged persistence of sensitivity. Furthermore, sensitivity induced with guinea pig antibody persisted longer, both locally and systemically than that induced with an equal amount of heterologous antibody.
Acute and Protracted Anaphylactic Shock in Guinea Pigs after Subcutaneous Eliciting Injection of Antigen
Authors: Stone Sanford H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Guinea pigs actively sensitized with chicken egg albumin, sheep erythrocytes or rat erythrocytes combined with paraffin oil adjuvants, reacted to the subcutaneous injection of the homologous antigen with a protracted systemic anaphylactic shock. The symptoms of systemic protracted shock followed this sequence: Pruritus, dyspnea, erection of the papillae of the skin, hypothermia, collapse. The temperature may fall to 33–35°C after an hour. Death may occur from 1–30 hr after the eliciting dose. At necropsy, the most striking observation was stasis and/or hemorrhages of the stomach and intestinal walls. Guinea pigs passively sensitized with rabbit or guinea pig antibody 19–20 hr prior to subcutaneous challenge died in acute or protracted shock, depending upon the amount of passively transferred antiserum. Within certain limits the speed of death increases with decreases in the quantity of antibody injected indicating that “excess” antiserum presumably free in the circulation, acts to prolong the syndrome. Actively sensitized guinea pigs immunized without paraffin oil adjuvants suffered a more acute shock after subcutaneous challenge than did animals immunized with incomplete adjuvants. Pyribenzamine and Phenergan injected intraperitoneally in actively or passively sensitized guinea pigs prior to a subcutaneous eliciting injection protected against the respiratory symptoms. Nevertheless, a severe or lethal protracted anaphylactic shock occurred in antihistamine treated animals. In these guinea pigs, necropsy revealed little if any lung involvement.
Stickiness of Erythrocytes Caused by Certain Agglutinins
Authors: Boyd William C. , McMaster Marjorie H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An investigation of the phenomenon of adherence of agglutinated erythrocytes to the walls of the test tubes in which the reactions were carried out supports Landsteiner's suggestion (8) that it is due to the adsorption of a layer (or layers) of molecules of agglutinin on the walls of the test tube, followed by specific adherence of the agglutinated cells to the adsorbed molecules of agglutinin. The agglutinin can be adsorbed to a wide variety of surfaces. In the case of lima bean anti-A agglutinin (lectin), but not in the case of chicken antihuman agglutinin, the sticking can be completely prevented by the addition of lima bean trypsin inhibitor, leaving the cells powerfully agglutinated but free from the glass.