bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Antitoxic Titers of Human Subjects Following Immunization with Combined Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids, Alum Precipitated
Authors: Jones F. G. , Moss James M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The antibody response to multiple antigens has been shown by numerous authors. Castellani (quoted by Gay (1)), demonstrated not only that the antibody response to individual antigens is specific, but that several antigens in the form of killed bacteria may be used concurrently and give rise to an immunity that is specific for each of the organisms. Such multiple antibody response is apparently as great against each disease as if a single vaccine had been used.
Other combinations of various products have been presented. Stern (2) considers the simultaneous immunization against smallpox and diphtheria a safe and effective procedure. Ingels (3) has reported a large percentage of Schick negatives in a large group of children previously immunized against diphtheria and typhoid-paratyphoid, and in some instances smallpox vaccine. McKean (4) has also reported successful immunization against diphtheria, typhoid, and smallpox at the same time without more reaction than would be obtained from a single antigen.
Studies on Tetanus Toxoid
Authors: Jones F. G. , Moss James M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a former publication, Jones and Moss (1) reported on the antitoxic titer obtained six and twelve weeks following the immunization of a group of medical students against tetanus. There were three groups in this original study treated as follows: Three injections (0.1, 0.2, and 0.2 cc.) of alum toxoid.Three injections (0.5, 1, and 1 cc.) of untreated toxoid.Two injections (0.2, and 0.3 cc.) of alum toxoid.
Blood specimens were again obtained and tested for antitoxic content six months and twelve months after the above injections. There was a noticeable drop in titer after six months and twelve months in groups I and III, while the titer of group II remained fairly constant. Apparently, while alum precipitated toxoid produced a greater and more rapid immunity, the immunity dropped over an extended period to the level stimulated by untreated toxoid.
Effect of Secondary Stimulus.
The Influence of the Alarm Reaction on the Development of Anaphylactic Shock
Authors: Karady S. , Selye H. , Browne J. S. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Experiments on the guinea pig show that a relatively mild alarm reaction, followed by an interval of 18½ to 24 hours rest, decreases the anaphylactic response of sensitized guinea pigs to the subsequent reinjection with the antigen. This observation gives further support to the conception that the alarm reaction increases the non-specific resistance of the organism against various nocuous agents. If, on the other hand, the alarm reaction is particularly severe and the interval between the treatment with the alarming agent and the reinjection of the antigen is short, such pretreatment may have an inverse effect and may actually increase the severity of the anaphylactic shock.
The Character of Dissociative Changes in Escherichia Coli Affecting Immunizing Values
Authors: Torrey John C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A gradient series of dissociates derived from a single S organism of a virulent strain of Es. coli have been examined for their comparative immunizing values for white mice, particularly in reference to the relative importance of virulence and content in soluble specific substance.
Virulence of this strain, as exhibited following intraabdominal inoculation, is primarily related to an aggressin- or leucocyteparalyzing element. This aggressin is found only in cultures with SSS-containing capsules. It is apparently associated with the SSS substance, but not identical with it, as in the dissociative changes toward the R phase it may become greatly depleted before any decrease in the SSS element has occurred. Further, in reverse dissociation, R toward S, the SSS element may be largely regained without evidence of the reappearance of the aggressin-factor.
The vaccination experiments with the S phase and its gradient dissociates indicated that the aggressin-factor is of somewhat greater importance for immunization than the SSS content, but that the highest degree of protection is afforded when both factors are present in the immunizing antigen in maximum degree.
The immunizing antigens are located largely in the ectoplasmic or capsular region of the bacillus.
The immunizing value of the S phase was found to be approximately six times that of the R phase and also definitely superior to that of the intermediate or O phase.
The nature of the defensive mechanism for this Es. coli strain in normal and immunized mice is discussed.
Antigenic Qualities of Antitoxins
Authors: Weil A. J. , Parfentjev I. A. , Bowman K. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Solutions rich in antitoxin were obtained by a process of partial peptic digestion. The antigenic qualities of such “modified” preparations were highly impaired. A small fraction of unmodified protein seems to account for the residual antigenic activity. The antibody itself in the digested preparations is present in a modified form which has lost its antigenic qualities. Previous observations that antitoxins in unmodified form have the same antigenic qualities as the protein of the species from which they are derived, are confirmed.
The pH-Stability of the Elementary Bodies of Vaccinia
Authors: Beard J. W. , Finkelstein Harold , Wyckoff Ralph W. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The pH range of infectiousness of purified suspensions of the elementary bodies of vaccinia has been determined by titration in rabbits. This infectiousness is most stable between pH 4.5 and pH 10. On the acid side inactivation is immediate below 2.5, on the alkaline side above 11.5. In the analytical ultracentrifuge purified active suspensions give a single fairly sharp boundary with the sedimentation constant s20° = 5400 × 10−13 cm. sec.−1 dynes−1. The elementary bodies become lighter, and hence are broken down, at those pH values at which they are immediately inactivated. The isoelectric point has been determined to be between pH 4.3 and 4.6.
Studies of Antimeningococcal Serum
Authors: Sickles Grace M. , Rice Christine E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The precipitative and complement-fixing activities of meningococcal antibacterial and antifiltrate horse sera were titrated with antigens prepared by ultrafiltration from meningococcal cells and from culture filtrates.
Marked precipitation was obtained with antibacterial and with combined antibacterial and antifiltrate sera in tests with both antigens; only minimal precipitation with antifiltrate serum.
In tests of complement-fixation, the activity of the antifiltrate sera in the first eight to nine months of immunization, was, in general, relatively more marked than that of the antibacterial sera with both antigens.
The differences in complement-fixing activity with the antigens used in these experiments appeared to be quantitative rather than qualitative.
A decrease in complement-fixing activity as determined by the constant-serum method was noted during the course of immunization of some horses.
Studies of the Early Stage of Resistance to Pneumococcic Infection
Authors: McBroom Josephine , Schlesinger Helen 
Published: January 2023

Summary
There occurs in rabbits an early stage of hypersensitiveness to pneumococcic nucleoprotein, appearing simultaneously with the early stage of resistance to pneumococcic infection. Both the early hypersensitivity and the resistance to infection are induced by the same method of treatment, namely, intracutaneous injection of a single dose of whole, heat-killed pneumococci. Both of these responses appear within 72 hours following a single sensitizing injection.
The Elimination of Horse-Serum Specificity from Antitoxins
Authors: Coghill Robert D. , Fell Norbert , Creighton Martha , Brown Gordon 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Digestion of antitoxic plasma or sera with the enzyme “Takadiastase” yields a refined antitoxin which has lost so much of its horse-serum specificity that it can be injected into guinea pigs which have been sensitized to normal horse serum without the appearance of any serious anaphylactic symptoms.
Evidence of the actual mechanism concerned in this change in biological specificity suggests that the process is not only one of purification, but one in which the antitoxic molecule has been altered, not greatly, but enough to change its biological specificity.
A Physical-Chemical Study of Normal and Immune Horse Sera
Authors: Fell Norbert , Stern Kurt G. , Coghill Robert D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A survey has been made of the electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal behavior of immune horse sera and purified antiserumpreparations produced by immunization with the following antigens: diphtheric, scarlet-fever streptococcal, tetanal and perfringens-toxins and pneumococcal (type 1 and 2) vaccines.
A comparison of the immune sera and plasmas with normal serum and plasma in the electrophoretic apparatus of Tiselius with the aid of the unmodified Toepler schlieren-band analysis shows that, under the experimental conditions employed, no extra proteic component appears in the serum following immunization with any of the toxins mentioned. A roughly quantitative evaluation of the electrophoretic diagrams obtained with the schlieren-scanning method of Longsworth reveals significant increases in the relative concentration of either the β- or the γ-globulin present in immune sera as compared with normal serum or plasma. The diagrams given by the enzymatically purified antitoxins were invariably much less complex than those given by the unfractionated sera and indicated the absence or greatly diminished concentration of albumin and the predominance of globulins of low mobility at pH 8 (β- and γ-globulin).
With the exception of scarlet-fever antitoxin, the electrophoretic fractionation of purified antibody-preparations in the separative apparatus of Tiselius did not lead to significant increases of the specific antitoxic activity in the various fractions obtained. With the exception of antipneumococcic serum the same is true for the experiments in which diluted immune sera were subjected to molecular sedimentation in an air-driven ultracentrifuge designed by Beams; the gravitational fields employed were of the order of 66,000 gr. This result tends to show that the antibody-activity in the preparations examined is not linked to heavy proteic molecules of the type previously found in antipneumococcic horse sera.
Complement Fixation in Human Malaria
Authors: Dulaney Anna Dean , Stratman-Thomas Warren K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
We have not been able to demonstrate cutaneous or precipitative reactions specific for malaria. Complement-fixation tests have yielded highly specific results in human malaria. A large number of antigens have been tried but the best results have been obtained from use of an antigen prepared from P. knowlesi parasites collected from laked red cells of highly parasitized monkeys. The parasites were washed free of hemoglobin, dried, and ground. When ready for use this material is rehydrated with saline solution, frozen and thawed. Antigens of P. vivax and P. malariae have been prepared in the same manner from human blood. The malarial antigen is group- rather than species-specific since those of P. vivax, P. malariae or P. knowlesi give strong complement-fixation with sera from patients infected with any one of the 3 types of parasites. We have not found that complement-fixation with malarial antigen is modified by pre-existing syphilis. We have observed that Wassermann-negative patients may give a negative Wassermann reaction and a 4+ complement-fixation for malaria at a time when malarial parasites are easily demonstrated in blood-smears.
Studies on the Mechanism of Sulfonamide Bacteriostasis, Inhibition and Resistance
Authors: Strauss Elias , Dingle John H. , Finland Maxwell 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The bacteriostatic action of five sulfonamide drugs was determined on a strain of S. aureus, using a relatively simple medium which was found to support adequate growth.
Nicotinamide, thiamin, coenzyme I and biotin had no inhibitory effect on sulfonamide bacteriostasis. Uracil, pyruvate and adenylic acid in combination, but not singly, partially inhibited the effect of bacteriostatic concentrations of sulfaguanidine.
Para-aminobenzoic acid inhibited the bacteriostatic action of all the sulfonamide drugs. Methionine and nucleic acid had no inhibitory effect on sulfonamide bacteriostasis when tested with the control strain of S. aureus.
The strain of staphylococcus was made resistant to sulfonamide action. With partially resistant strains, methionine inhibited sulfonamide bacteriostasis but it did not prevent the development of fastness.
Nucleic acid partially prevented the development of resistance of staphylococci in the presence of sulfaguanidine. It is suggested that yeast nucleic acid may contain a weak inhibitor of the action of sulfaguanidine on S. aureus.
Differentiation of the West Nile Virus from the Viruses of St. Louis and Japanese B Encephalitis
Authors: Smithburn Kenneth C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A recently described neurotropic virus, the West Nile virus, was found to be immunologically related to, but distinct from the viruses of St. Louis and Japanese B encephalitis. Antiserum against the West Nile virus does not neutralize either of these viruses. Vaccination with either of the three viruses causes enhanced resistance only to the homologous strain. The immunological relation of the viruses is shown by the fact that antisera against the St. Louis virus may cross-neutralize the West Nile virus and antisera against Japanese B virus have some power to cross-neutralize both the West Nile and the St. Louis viruses.
Immunochemistry of the Proteins
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Many of the present war problems on infectious diseases are concerned with the preparation of effective immunizing antigens, and involve the separation of antigenic substances from tissue or bacterial constitutents. Since the classical non-quantitative immunological approach is not always adequate, it seems desirable to review the literature of protein chemistry and immunology from the viewpoint of the immunochemist with special reference to the applicability of quantitative technics to the further elaboration of these problems. This survey will give a brief description of the quantitative methods of immunochemistry. It will then attempt a summary of the most recent contributions to our knowledge of a number of protein antigens and antibodies and point out how quantitative immunochemical technics may be useful in further studies when coordinated with the refined physicochemical technics of protein chemistry. The review will not consider the extensive and important studies on chemically altered proteins (Landsteiner and others (255) (e.g. azo-proteins) except when they relate directly to the specificity of the original native protein.1
Studies in Human Malaria
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Prout Curtis , Hindle Joseph A. , Rose Augustus S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three paretics were vaccinated intracutaneously, subcutaneously, and intravenously with 3.5 to 4 billion formalinized Pl. vivax together with the accompanying debris of stromata, leucocytes, and platelets. Three weeks after the last injection of vaccine, living Pl. vivax trophozoites of the same strain were injected intravenously. No protection was observed.
Further Studies on the Influence of X-Rays on the Phagocytic Indices of Healthy Rabbits
Authors: Glenn John C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The phagocytic index of the healthy white rabbit can be increased significantly by x-rays. This effect is most marked when treatment is delivered at 140 KV, and when a 100 r dose is used. The maximal increase occurs at 48 hours after treatment. Repetition of the optimal dose produces an increase in the phagocytic index which is only moderately higher than that obtained with a single dose, but the index may be maintained at a high level for a short time. There is a definite tolerance of the animals to x-rays for producing an increase in the phagocytic index, beyond which point a depression occurs. Previously radiated animals show a return of their phagocytic indices to normal at varying lengths of time following treatment, so that subsequent treatments following this event again institute a rise in the phagocytic index which is identical with that observed in untreated animals.
Allergenic and Anaphylactogenic Properties of Vaccines Prepared from Embryonic Tissues of Developing Chicks
Authors: Plotz Colonel Harry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Only one of 180 normal adults skin-tested with typhus-vaccines, egg-white or egg-yolk showed evidence of skin-sensitivity to the three antigens. This individual when subsequently inoculated subcutaneously with typhus-vaccine developed no systemic reaction. Of 150 adults receiving three subcutaneous doses of typhus-vaccine, four individuals developed skin-sensitivity to the whole typhus-vaccine alone, four to both egg-yolk and typhus-vaccine, one to both egg-yolk and egg-white and one to egg-yolk, egg-white and typhus-vaccine. None of these subjects developed a general reaction when subsequently inoculated with typhus-vaccine. In spite of the fact that many millions of soldiers have received egg-embryo vaccines, the number of severe reactions known to have occurred following their use has been minimal. Some severe reactions have occurred however when vaccines were administered to egg-sensitive individuals. The risk is probably greater in children, in which group more egg-sensitive individuals may be encountered. It is considered advisable therefore to be cautious in the administration of egg-vaccines to allergic or egg-sensitive individuals. The use of concentrated washed rickettsial suspensions which are relatively free of egg-antigens could be used as vaccine in these cases.
A New Method for the Large-Scale Production of High-Titre Botulinum Formol-Toxoid Types C and D
Authors: Sterne M. , Wentzel L. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Very potent botulinum toxin Types C and D can be produced in intussuscepted cellophane tubing immersed in nutrient medium. This “dialysate” toxin is 50 to 100 times as potent as toxins prepared in the conventional way. The “dialysate” toxins contain 1/50th to 1/100th of the protein nitrogen per M.L.D., Lf, and L+dose contained in the best of the non-“dialysate” toxins. The M.L.D./mg protein nitrogen of type D “dialysate” toxin is approximately the same as that of pure Type A toxin. Formol-toxoids prepared from these “dialysate” toxins are up to 8000 times as efficient in eliciting immunity as conventionally prepared toxoids. A striking feature of these easily prepared toxoids is their low protein content. A dose that will provoke a very high antibody response in cattle may contain as little as 0.001 mg protein nitrogen. The method is very suitable for preparing botulinum formol-toxoids on a large scale. Much less labour and effort is required than is needed in the preparation of toxoids by conventional methods. There is evidence that the method can be adapted to the preparation of other Clostridial toxins.
Hemagglutinating Substances for Human Cells in Various Egyptian Plants
Authors: Boyd William C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Hemagglutinating substances have long been known to occur in the seeds of certain plants. Renkonen (1) and Boyd and Reguera (2) discovered that extracts of certain plants gave agglutination which was nearly or quite specific for human erythrocytes of certain blood groups. In particular a number of plants yielded extracts which were specific and highly active for blood group A.
The possibility of plant sources for blood grouping reagents is not only of theoretical significance, but also of possible practical importance, since such sources are abundant, and highly active preparations could be simply manufactured at low cost. If plant agglutinins are to compete with human isoagglutinins, however, for use in routine blood grouping, it seems necessary to find also a plant source of a specific anti-B agglutinin. It therefore seemed worthwhile to make a survey of agglutinins found in Egyptian and other Near Eastern plants. The present communication is a report of the results of such tests.
Antitoxin Response to Repeated (Daily) Doses of Diphtheria Toxoid
Authors: Carlinfanti E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antitoxin response to closely spaced injections of diphtheria toxoid has been studied using a quantitative procedure suitable for a precise statistical analysis. The immunization of guinea-pigs with multiple subdivided doses administered over a period of 2, 3, 4 or 7 days gives an antitoxin response greatly superior to that provoked by a single injection of the same total amount of toxoid.
By changing the site of the multiple injections a further increase of the antitoxin response can be obtained.
Some possible interpretations of these results are discussed with special regard to the wastage of antigen as a cause of the low efficiency of a single injection; and the advantage which may be taken of the immunization brought about by closely repeated antigenic stimuli is pointed out.
The Antibody Response to Mumps Vaccine As Evaluated by the Complement Fixation and Serum-Virus Neutralization Tests
Authors: Hoyt Anson , Eby Thomas M. , Ashton Peryl , Veldee M. V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Adults selected without regard to previous history of mumps were immunized with mumps vaccine. They were subsequently bled on one or more occasions and their anti-mumps antibody levels assessed by the complement fixation method. Serum pools prepared from the recovered sera were also compared by serum-virus neutralization tests. The distribution of titers of the sera of these immunized donors was compared with that of a smaller number of convalescent sera. Both series showed CF titers ranging from 0 to 128. Vaccine-stimulated persons seem to attain their maximum antibody levels early and thereafter maintain approximately the same levels in spite of continued immunization. A method of selecting vaccine-immunized donors for the production of pooled mumps immune serum based on CF titers was developed. The resulting pools possessed higher CF titers than formerly were obtained by the random pooling of sera from persons convalescent from mumps as indicated by the clinical record. Serum pools showing CF titers between 32 and 64, when tested in a 1:64 dilution, gave serum-virus neutralization values between 100 and 1000, whereas a pool giving no detectable CF titer failed to show serum-virus neutralization in a 1:2 dilution.