Management and Supervision in Croatian School Education in the Historical Context and Continuity / Upravljanje i nadzor u hrvatskom školstvu u povijesnom kontekstu i kontinuitetu
Authors: Dubovicki Snježana , Munjiza Emerik 
Published: August 2023

The authors examined the phenomenon of management and supervision in Croatian public school education between the enactment of the General School Order in 1774 and the beginning of the Second World War. The research possesses all the characteristics of longitudinal research, since it analyses the phenomenon of management and supervision in Croatian school education in the period of nearly two centuries (171) years. The research is based on archival and published material; school acts and subacts; official textbooks of pedagogy and relevant literature. School management and supervision were analysed in different territorial-political-social circumstances within the Austrian Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. External and internal forms of management have been identified: administrative bodies, administrative school bodies and administrative bodies in schools. Administrative bodies have been hierarchically organized from state (country) to municipal or school bodies. School supervision has also been organized on a territorial-hierarchical principle from state to school supervision. According to the content/area, administrative-financial-material, professional-pedagogical and religious forms of supervision have been determined. The greatest interest in school practice was aroused by municipal school boards and local school supervisors. School management has all the characteristics of a collegial body, and school supervision of an individual independent body. In school research projects, the area of school management and supervision has not been particularly frequent. At the same time, school has been in constant modernization and innovation. Modern research also indicates that school management and supervision are a significant development factor in school transformation and modernization. Contemporary research rarely relies on historical experiences in this area, nor is there a critical analysis of the stated phenomenon. In order to more easily understand the present and trace the future, it is necessary to know the past with all the desirable and undesirable (limiting) characteristics.Key words: external and internal management; external and internal supervision; professional-pedagogical administrative-material and religious supervision. --- Autori su istražili fenomen upravljanja i nadzora u hrvatskom javnom školstvu između donošenja Općeg školskog reda 1774. godine i početka Drugog svjetskog rata. Istraživanje ima sve oznake longitudinalnoga istraživanja jer analizira fenomen upravljanja i nadzora u hrvatskom školstvu u razdoblju od blizu dva stoljeća (171 godina). Istraživanje se temelji na arhivskoj i objavljenoj građi, školskim zakonima i podzakonskim aktima, službenim udžbenicima pedagogije i relevantnoj literaturi. Školsko upravljanje i nadzor analiziran je u različitim teritorijalno-političko-društvenim prilikama u okviru Austrijskog Carstva, Austro-Ugarske Monarhije i Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca, kasnije Kraljevine Jugoslavije. Utvrđeni su eksterni i interni oblici upravljanja: upravi organi, upravni školski organi i upravni organi u školama. Upravni organi su hijerarhijski organizirani od zemaljskih (državnih) do općinskih odnosno školskih. Školski nadzor također je organiziran na teritorijalno-hijerarhijskom načelu od zemaljskoga (državnog) do školskoga. Prema sadržaju/području utvrđeni su upravno-financijsko-materijalni, stručno-pedagoški i vjerski oblici nadzora. Najveći interes školske prakse izazvali su općinski školski odbori i mjesni školski nadzornici. Školsko upravljanje ima sve oznake kolegijalnoga organa, a školski nadzor individualnoga inokosnog organa. U školskim istraživačkim projektima područje školskoga upravljanja i nadzora nije posebno frekventno. Istovremeno škole su u permanentnom osuvremenjivanju i inoviranju. I suvremena istraživanja ukazuju da je u školskoj transformaciji i modernizaciji značajan faktor razvitka školsko upravljanje i nadzor. Suvremena istraživanja rijetko se oslanjaju na povijesna iskustva iz ovog područja, nema u njima ni kritičke analize navedenoga fenomena. Kako bi lakše razumjeli sadašnjost i trasirali budućnost, nužno je poznavati prošlost sa svim poželjnim i nepoželjnim (ograničavajućim) karakteristikama.Ključne riječi: eksterni i interni nadzor; eksterno i interno upravljanje; materijalni i vjerski nadzor; stručno-pedagoški