bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experiments and Modelling of the Load Capacity of Green Wood
Authors: Loske Simon , Muench Ingo 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe material properties of green wood in the shaft of vital trees differ significantly from the generally known material properties of technically processed, dried wood. Furthermore, completely different residual stresses and fracture mechanisms are present in the natural full cross‐section [1]. The properties also depend on the tree species. Our work focuses on green wood from european beech (Fagus sylvatica). A large number of experiments on small test specimens of green wood are known from [2]. We present both, experiments on small and large‐scaled specimens. Latter are bending test on trunks with full cross‐section. Combining results and considering micro‐mechanical properties of cellular wood components [3], a computational model is fitted to our experimental results. This aspect influences the fracture resistance of a tree and should be representable in a computational model. This is particularly important in order to better assess the risk of building on vital trees.
Vibration and damping analysis of cantilever sandwich plates with viscoelastic core using zig‐zag theory
Authors: Gao Yingshan , Zhang Shunqi , Ma Songyun , Markert Bernd 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn the present work, an FE formulation using the zig‐zag hypothesis is developed for cantilever sandwich plates with viscoelastic care layer. Both viscoelastic and elastic layers of sandwich structures are considered based on the first‐order shear deformation theory to achieve higher accuracy. The FE simulation is validated by a frequency and loss factor analysis of sandwich plate. Furthermore, the damping characteristics and transient response of the cantilever sandwich plates are systematically studied.
Numerical modeling of reactive flow in porous media at the pore scale
Authors: Toktaliev Pavel , Iliev Oleg 
Published: May 2023

AbstractDifferent numerical algorithms for the solution of a class of unsteady convection‐diffusion‐reaction (CDR) equations are presented and compared in this paper. The fully implicit in time discretizations are usually preferred because they are unconditionally stable for linear problems. However, when implicit discretization is used for nonlinear problems, iterations over the nonlinearity have to be performed. Picard (simple linearization) or Newton's methods can be used for this purpose. An alternative to the fully implicit discretization is fractional time‐step methods, e.g. splitting with respect to physicochemical processes. The study of the latter class of discretization is especially interesting in the case when only the reactive term contains nonlinearity, while the convection and diffusion operators are linear. The CDR models used to describe processes in catalytic filters belong to this class. Numerical experiments for CDR equation with controllable stiffness of reaction term for different transport regimes, which are described by Peclet and Damkohler numbers are demonstrated and analyzed.
Stability in mechanics and dynamics; a brief historical tour from Newton to modern tools, including Riemannian structures and entropy
Authors: Gunesch Roland 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis article presents some historical developments in the theory of stability in mechanics from a dynamical systems point of view, focusing on mathematical methods from the earliest developments (Newton) and explaining some classical and some recent methods used, including Riemannian structures, entropy and notions of stability in dynamics.
Mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of amine‐ and non‐functionalized reduced graphene oxide/epoxy carbon fiber‐reinforced polymers
Authors: Ackermann Annika C. , Demleitner Martin , Guhathakurta Jajnabalkya , Carosella Stefan , Ruckdäschel Holger , Simon Sven , Fox Bronwyn L. , Middendorf Peter 
Published: May 2023

AbstractGraphene and its related materials are increasingly applied in fiber‐reinforced polymers to tailor their material properties for high performance composites. Yet, the use of graphene derivatives that underwent a plasma functionalization process is not well understood. This study uses 1.50 wt.% of unfunctionalized (rGO) or plasma‐treated reduced graphene oxide with amine‐functionalities (frGO) in an epoxy matrix to prepare unidirectional pre‐impregnated carbon fibers. The material characteristics of the graphene‐modified carbon fiber‐reinforced polymers (g‐CFRP) are compared to the neat carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer (CFRP). Both g‐CFRP configurations exhibit a higher void content than the neat CFRP. No significant difference between the CFRP and the g‐CFRPs is observed with respect to the Young's modulus, glass transition temperature, storage modulus, specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity at room temperature, and in‐plane electrical conductivity. Yet, a reduction in ultimate tensile strength of up to −13% is noted. In addition, the apparent interlaminar shear strength and transverse electrical conductivity are increased by up to +12% for the rGO‐CFRP and +52% for the frGO‐CFRP. This knowledge will support the selection of additives for fiber‐reinforced polymers for, for example, lightning strike protection in aircrafts, sensory materials, electromagnetic interference shielding or heat transfer elements.
Effects of cyclic absorption–desorption of model fuels by aerospace‐grade carbon/epoxy composites
Authors: Harich Naoufal , Priddy Matthew W. , Lacy Thomas E. , Pittman Charles U. , Kundu Santanu 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe aviation industry is in the process of using several alternative fuels sourced from renewable sources to decrease its impact on the environment. These alternative fuels are mostly comprised of aliphatic hydrocarbons and have low to no aromatic content. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has approved several drop‐in fuels, in which alternative fuels are typically blended with conventional Jet A fuel. Because of blending, the drop‐in fuels consist of both aliphatic and aromatic components. To achieve a fundamental understanding of how individual aliphatic and aromatic components interact with the aerospace‐grade composites, we have considered four model fuels, three aliphatic with varying chain lengths and one aromatic. The absorption of these model fuels by composites in three absorption/desorption cycles was captured and compared to the conventional Jet A fuel. The equilibrium weight gain by the composites due to absorption was low but was different for each model fuel, and the trend could be validated using Hansen solubility parameters. The absorption of model fuels decreased the glass transition temperature of composites. The change in glass transition temperature was not significantly different between the model fuels and the conventional fuel. These results can be translated to alternative fuels, making them a possible substitute for Jet A in the aviation industry.
Immunoaffinity separation of miroestrol and deoxymiroestrol from Pueraria candollei var. mirifica (Airy Shaw & Suvat.) Niyomdham using fragment antigen‐binding antibody produced via Escherichia coli
Authors: Juengsanguanpornsuk Wipawee , Poopanee Nut , Krittanai Supaluk , Sakamoto Seiichi , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Putalun Waraporn , Yusakul Gorawit 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIntroductionMiroestrol and deoxymiroestrol are potent phytoestrogens and are oestrogen markers of Pueraria candollei var. mirifica. However, purifying these compounds is difficult because they only exist in trace amounts.ObjectivesActive fragment antigen‐binding (Fab) antibodies were produced via Escherichia coli SHuffle® T7 and used to selectively separate these compounds.Materials and methodsTwo immunoaffinity separation approaches were developed, namely the immunoaffinity column (IAC) and a cell‐based method. Group‐specific Fab antibodies against miroestrol and deoxymiroestrol (anti‐MD Fab) were used as biological binding reagents for selective separation.ResultsThe Fab‐based IAC effectively separated miroestrol and deoxymiroestrol (0.65 and 2.24 μg per 2 mL of resin, respectively) from P. mirifica root extract. When P. mirifica extract was added to E. coli cultures during Fab expression via a cell‐based method, the target compound accumulated in intracellular compartments and, thus, were separated from E. coli cells after the removal of other compounds. A yield of 1.07 μg of miroestrol per gram of cell pellet weight was obtained. Miroestrol and deoxymiroestrol were successfully purified from P. mirifica extract using anti‐MD Fab via the IAC and an intracellular cell‐based method.ConclusionThe proposed methods can simplify the miroestrol and deoxymiroestrol extraction process and provide a basis for applications utilising recombinant antibodies to separate target compounds.
Functional characterization of a hypothetical protein (TTHA1873) from Thermus thermophilus
Authors: Iyyappan Yuvaraj , Dhayabaran Vaigundan , Elayappan Mohanapriya , Chaudhary Santosh Kumar , Palaniappan Chandrasekaran , Kanagaraj Sekar 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThermus thermophilus is an extremely thermophilic organism that thrives at a temperature of 65°C. T. thermophilus genome has ~2218 genes, out of which 66% (1482 genes) have been annotated, and the remaining 34% (736 genes) are assigned as hypothetical proteins. In this work, biochemical and biophysical experiments were performed to characterize the hypothetical protein TTHA1873 from T. thermophilus. The hypothetical protein TTHA1873 acts as a nuclease, which indiscreetly cuts methylated and non‐methylated DNA in divalent metal ions and relaxes the plasmid DNA in the presence of ATP. The chelation of metal ions with EDTA inhibits its activity. These results suggest that the hypothetical protein TTHA1873 would be a CRISPR‐associated protein with non‐specific DNase activity and ATP‐dependent DNA‐relaxing activity.
Virulence and transgenerational effects of Metarhizium anisopliae on Oxycarenus hyalinipennis
Authors: Shaukat Rana Farjad , Freed Shoaib , Ahmed Rizwan , Raza Mehtab , Naeem Afifa 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBACKGROUNDInsect pests cause major yield losses to Gossypium hirsutum, often requiring the use of chemical insecticides. To avoid human health, environmental and resistance problems, entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) can be used to control insect pests. In our study, the pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae to Oxycarenus hyalinipennis was determined by the immersion method. Furthermore, the sublethal and lethal effects of M. anisopliae on the biological parameters of O. hyalinipennis were investigated by age‐stage, two‐sex life table software.RESULTSM. anisopliae infection was lethal to the fourth instar of O. hyalinipennis with LC50 values of 8.84 × 104 spores mL−1. The sublethal and lethal concentrations of M. anisopliae not only affected the parental generation (F0) but also the demographic parameters of the offspring of the filial generation (F1). Transgenerational results of F1 infected with M. anisopliae showed decreased net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r) and mean generation time (T) compared to those of the control group. The larval developmental duration significantly decreased to 15.52 and 19.02 days in the LC50 and LC20 groups, respectively, compared to 21.08 days in the control group. There was a noteworthy decline in mean fecundity in the LC50 and LC20 groups, i.e., 16.0 and 20.96 eggs, compared to 33.26 eggs in the control group. Adult longevity was likewise considerably reduced in the LC50 and LC20 treated groups.CONCLUSIONThe study showed that M. anisopliae can have an enduring impact on the biological parameters of O. hyalinipennis, which may enhance its use in eco‐friendly management programs. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Salidroside ameliorated the pulmonary inflammation induced by cigarette smoke via mitigating M1 macrophage polarization by JNK/c‐Jun
Authors: Feng Haoshen , Zhang Dan , Yin Yan , Kang Jian , Zheng Rui 
Published: May 2023

AbstractPulmonary inflammation induced by cigarette smoke (CS) promoted the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and macrophage polarization caused by CS modulated inflammatory response. Previous studies indicated that salidroside exerted therapeutic effects in COPD, but the anti‐inflammatory mechanisms were not clear. This study aimed to explore the effects and mechanisms of salidroside on macrophage polarization induced by CS. Wistar rats received passively CS exposure and were treated intraperitoneally with salidroside at a low, medium or high dose. Lung tissues were stained with hematoxylin–eosin. Emphysema and inflammatory scores were evaluated by histomorphology. Lung function, cytokines, and cell differential counts in BALF were detected. The macrophage polarization was determined by immunohistochemistry in lung tissues. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) were isolated and treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE), salidroside or inhibitors of relative pathways. The polarization status was determined by qPCR, and the protein level was detected by Western blotting. CS exposure induced emphysema and lung function deterioration. The inflammatory scores, cytokines level and neutrophils counts were elevated after CS exposure. Salidroside treatment partly ameliorated above abnormal. CS exposure activated M1 and M2 polarization of AMs in vivo and in vitro, and salidroside mitigated M1 polarization induced by CS. CSE activated the JNK/c‐Jun in AMs and the M1 polarization of AMs was inhibited by the inhibitors of JNK and AP‐1. Salidroside treatment deactivated the JNK/c‐Jun, which indicated that salidroside mitigated the M1 polarization of AMs induced by CS via inhibiting JNK/c‐Jun. Salidroside treatment ameliorated the pulmonary inflammation and M1 polarization of AMs induced by CS, and the process might be mediated by the deactivation of JNK/c‐Jun.
A stochastic stability equation for unsteady turbulence in the stable boundary layer
Authors: Boyko Vyacheslav , Vercauteren Nikki 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe atmospheric boundary layer is particularly challenging to model in conditions of stable stratification, which can be associated with intermittent or unsteady turbulence. We develop a modelling approach to represent unsteady mixing possibly associated with turbulence intermittency and with unresolved fluid motions, called sub‐mesoscale motions. This approach introduces a stochastic parametrisation by randomising the stability correction used in the classical Monin–Obhukov similarity theory. This randomisation alters the turbulent momentum diffusion and accounts for sporadic events that cause unsteady mixing. A data‐driven stability correction equation is developed, parametrised, and validated with the goal to be modular and easily combined with existing Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes models. Field measurements are processed using a statistical model‐based clustering technique, which simultaneously models and classifies the non‐stationary stable boundary layer. The stochastic stability correction obtained includes the effect of the static stability of the flow on the resolved flow variables, and additionally includes random perturbations that account for localised intermittent bursts of turbulence. The approach is general and effectively accounts for the stochastic mixing effects of unresolved processes of possibly unknown origin.
Aerial online mapping on‐board system by real‐time object detection for UGV path generation in unstructured outdoor environments
Authors: Lee Jehong , Lim Jeonggeun , Pyo Sangjin , Lee Jongho 
Published: May 2023

AbstractAn optimal path provides efficient operation of unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) for many kinds of tasks such as transportation, exploration, surveillance, and search and rescue in unstructured areas that include various unexpected obstacles. Various onboard sensors such as LiDAR, radar, sonar, and cameras are used to detect obstacles around the UGVs. However, their range of view is often limited by movable obstacles or barriers, resulting in inefficient path generation. Here, we present the aerial online mapping system to generate an efficient path for a UGV on a two‐dimensional map. The map is updated by projecting obstacles detected in the aerial images taken by an unmanned aerial vehicle through an object detector based on a conventional convolutional neural network. The proposed system is implemented in real‐time by a skid steering ground vehicle and a quadcopter with relatively small, low‐cost embedded systems. The frameworks and each module of the systems are given in detail to evaluate the performance. The system is also demonstrated in unstructured outdoor environments such as in a football field and a park with unreliable communication links. The results show that the aerial online mapping is effective in path generation for autonomous UGVs in real environments.
Which direction for sustainable development? A time series comparison of the impacts of redistributive versus market policies in Bolivia and South Korea
Authors: Bell Karen , Hickel Jason , Arbon Rob , Zoomkawala Huzaifa 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis article examines two major policy frameworks for achieving sustainable development: the market‐based ‘Green Economy’ approach (exemplified by South Korea), and the redistributive ‘Living Well’ approach (exemplified by Bolivia). We compare the two paradigms in qualitative terms using document analysis, and we assess quantitatively how they have fared in terms of delivering progress towards sustainable development in each country. Time series data for the Sustainable Development Index and the Gini index were examined. The results show that, since ‘Living Well’ was initiated, social outcomes have continued to improve in Bolivia and, while emissions and material footprint have increased, they remain low and within or near sustainable boundaries. By contrast, South Korea has regressed in terms of sustainability. Social indicators have improved, but the Green Economy policy has failed to reduce ecological pressures. This raises significant questions about the legitimacy of the Green Economy paradigm as a model for achieving sustainable development.
Fracture Toughness Characteristics of Stacked Bilayer Graphene via Far‐Field Displacement Measurements
Authors: Arshad Muhammad Usama , Gan Yuxiang , Wei Congjie , Li Jiaoli , Wu Chenglin , Naraghi Mohammad 
Published: May 2023

AbstractMechanical properties of graphene, e.g., strength, modulus, and fracture toughness are extremely sensitive to flaws. Here the fracture properties of stacked bilayer graphene sheets (SBLG) are reported, obtained via stacking two individually grown graphene sheets. The SBLG is presented here as a building block for flaw‐resilient nanomaterials. The fracture properties of freestanding SBLG sheets, suspended on transmission electron microscope (TEM) grids, are characterized by stretching the TEM grid inside an scanning electron microscope (SEM) chamber and monitoring the local displacements in real‐time. The fracture toughness is measured and expressed as a function of the critical displacement required to propagate existing cracks in the experiment via computational models. This approach decouples force and displacements measurements, and utilizes the known elastic modulus along with the known displacement boundary conditions at the onset of crack growth to estimate the far field force and stress. This strategy represents a breakthrough in nanoscale fracture mechanics for statistical analysis and high throughput experimens on multiple samples at a time. Results demonstrate that the SBLG is markedly tougher than as‐grown single or multilayer graphene, with a mode I fracture toughness of ≈28.06 ± 7.5 MPa. The mechanisms leading to a higher toughness of SBLG are also analyzed and discussed.
Charges Transfer in Interfaces for Energy Generating
Authors: Jiang Yisha , Wu Yitian , Xu Guoheng , Wang Senyao , Mei Tingting , Liu Nannan , Wang Tao , Wang Yude , Xiao Kai 
Published: May 2023

AbstractUnder the threat of energy crisis and environmental pollution, the technology for sustainable and clean energy extraction has received considerable attention. Owing to the intensive exploration of energy conversion strategies, expanded energy sources are successfully converted into electric energy, including mechanical energy from human motion, kinetic energy of falling raindrops, and thermal energy in the ambient. Among these energy conversion processes, charge transfer at different interfaces, such as solid–solid, solid–liquid, liquid–liquid, and gas‐contained interfaces, dominates the power‐generating efficiency. In this review, the mechanisms and applications of interfacial energy generators (IEGs) with different interface types are systematically summarized. Challenges and prospects are also highlighted. Due to the abundant interfacial interactions in nature, the development of IEGs offers a promising avenue of inexhaustible and environmental‐friendly power generation to solve the energy crisis.
Water and sediment quality of an agro‐industrial area through different approaches: Physicochemical parameters and ecotoxicity with amphibians
Authors: Peluso Julieta , Aronzon Carolina M. , Martínez Chehda Agostina , Cuzziol Boccioni Ana Paula , Peltzer Paola M. , Gonzalez Florencia , Valenzuela Lautaro , De Geronimo Eduardo , Aparicio Virginia , Lajmanovich Rafael C. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractAmphibians are subject to several stressors in the aquatic and terrestrial environments, and human activities have profoundly impacted this vertebrate group. The aim of the present study was to analyze physicochemical parameters, metals and pesticide residues, and the toxicity of water and sediment samples from an environment with high agricultural activity (S1: Salto stream; S2: drainage channel downstream from S1) by means of bioassays using Rhinella arenarum (Amphibia: Anura) larvae. Metals and pesticides were analyzed in water and sediment samples by fluorescence spectrometer of X‐ray by total reflection and ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐MS/MS, respectively. For lethality bioassays, 10 larvae (in triplicate) were exposed for 504 h to water and sediment samples. Also, 50 larvae were exposed for 96 h (in triplicate) to water and sediment samples for the evaluation of biomarkers of neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity. Twenty‐six different pesticides (mainly herbicides) were detected in both sites, and Cu, Zn, and Pb exceeded the limit for protection of aquatic life. Lethality was observed in larvae exposed to water and sediment samples from both sites at chronic exposure. Oxidative stress was observed in larvae exposed to both sites. In larvae exposed to samples from S1, alterations in the neurotoxicity biomarkers were observed. These results alert about the degradation of the sites and highlight the need to monitor and control the use of pesticides.Practitioner Points
Twenty‐six pesticides were detected in water and sediment from Salto stream basin.
Significant mortality was observed in larvae exposed to samples from all sites.
Sublethal effects were observed mainly in larvae exposed to samples from Salto stream.
The degraded quality can be associated with the agricultural activities of the area.