bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aristotle and the Later Fourth Century
Authors: Moore Christopher 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Aristotle provides the only robust theory of sôphrosunê from the classical period, principally in Nicomachean Ethics 3.10–12, though with briefer versions in Eudemian Ethics and Magna Moralia. He argues that it amounts to moderation of some of the desires of touch, specifically those associated with nutrition and reproduction: food, drink (wine), and sex. He presents his analysis as deriving from ordinary language use, but by comparison with the uses of Sophocles (someone he read) and Isocrates (a contemporary), we see that it cannot. Instead, Aristotle’s theory of the virtue tracks his biology, psychology, and taxonomic aims, ensuring that each virtue has non-overlapping scope. Desire-control mostly gets shunted off to self-control, judgment about authoritative norms to practical judgment or wisdom. For Aristotle, sôphrosunê retains a basal role in maturity—it is a core precondition for rational agency—but it loses its position as a primary concept for thinking about human maturity. At chapter’s end we consider various Peripatetic and contemporary Academic accounts of sôphrosunê, noting their differences from Aristotle’s.
Pythagorean Sôphrosunê
Authors: Moore Christopher 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Among many other works, the Peripatetic Aristoxenus wrote Pythagorean Precepts and Life of Archytas. Both reflect Pythagorean thinking about sôphrosunê from the early fourth century relatively independent of the Socratic tradition studied in the previous chapters. The first text presents desire as naturally wayward; sôphrosunê amounts to subservience to authoritative norms, inculcated through belief in all-seeing and all-caring gods and a conservative obedience to rules promulgated by civic elders. Harmony and stability are praised over intellectual creativity and ethical innovation. The second text presents a debate between Archytas and Polyarchus parallel to that between Socrates and Callicles on the value of unimpeded desire-satisfaction. Polyarchus argues that the unlimited pursuit of pleasure is natural and to be advised; Archytas cites numerous problems with that pursuit.
How Journalists Trust
Authors: Robinson Sue 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 lays out the major arguments for How Journalists Trust and defines what is meant by trust, engagement, identity, care, listening, and learning. Trust building happens through the nurturing of personal, organizational, and institutional relationships that people have with information, sources, news brands, journalists, and each other during what is commonly referred to as “engagement.” For trust building to occur, journalistic engagement needs to be practiced with identity-aware caring and enacted through listening and learning. The trust-building movement is made up of at least nine submovements that have taken root in Western countries since 2010, some of them extending to much earlier movements in our histories; these include the fact-checking industry, a radical transparency movement, community-based journalism, engagement journalism, solutions journalism, antiracism journalism, public-service journalism, movement journalism, and solidarity journalism.
World of Worldly Gods
Authors: Tashi Kelzang T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This book offers the first comprehensive examination of the tenacity of Shamanic Bon practices, as they are lived and contested, in the presence of an invalidating force—Buddhism. Through a rich ethnography of Goleng and nearby villages in central Bhutan, the book investigates why people, despite shifting contexts, continue to practice and engage with Bon, which has survived over a millennium of impatience from a dominant Buddhist religious structure. Against the backdrop of long-standing debates around practices unsystematically identified as “Bon,” and how they relate to what anthropologists refer to as syncretism, the book reframes the often stale and scholastic debates by providing the most clear and succinct statement on how these practices should be conceived in the region. The book argues that the reasons for the tenacity of Bon practices and beliefs amid censures by Buddhists are manifold and complex. While a significant reason for the persistence of Bon is the recency of formal Buddhist institutions in Goleng, the book demonstrates that Bon beliefs are so deeply embedded in village social life that some Buddhists paradoxically feel it necessary to reach a rather awkward accommodation with Bon priests. Through an analysis of the relationship between Shamanistic Bon and Buddhism, and the contemporary dynamics of Bhutanese society, the book tackles the long-standing concern of anthropology, cultural persistence and change; discusses the mutual accommodation and syncretism between Buddhism and Bon; and offers fresh perspectives on the central distinguishing features of great and little traditions.
Introduction
Authors: Tashi Kelzang T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets out the problem and objectives of the book. It is farmed in long-standing debates around pre-Buddhist Bon, which has been looked down on by Buddhists for centuries even as it continues to exist and to exert its influence on people’s everyday lives down to the present day. Ordinary people identify themselves as Buddhists, but they have no problem in propitiating the local Bon gods and deities, or having recourse to Bon rites after or prior to Buddhist rituals and biomedical therapies. This book aims to investigate why people, despite shifting contexts, continue to engage with Bon practices while recognizing that what they are doing is antithetical to the civilizing mission of the Buddhist priests. The chapter ends by outlining the rest of the book.
Phallic Rituals and Pernicious Gossip
Authors: Tashi Kelzang T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines two phallic rituals that are centered on protection, fertility, and reproduction. It focuses on the significance of phallic objects and images to the villagers and investigates how they, in the context of the antigossip ritual, which involves the construction of a structure bearing a phallus, operate to prevent misfortune due to the pernicious gossip that is rife in the sociality. The extensive use of phallic symbols suggests that one of the ways to deal with gossip is a series of Bon rituals that emphasize fertility and draw on phallic symbolism. The chapter ends by reflecting on the phallic symbols incorporated into Buddhist rituals and illustrates that Bon beliefs are unintentionally perpetuated by some lay Buddhist priests.
Buddhist Accommodation of Bon Rites and Practices
Authors: Tashi Kelzang T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the extent of accommodation of Bon beliefs in the context of naming traditions and two syncretic Buddhist rituals by lay Buddhists priests. It demonstrates that while the incorporation and accommodation of Bon deities and rituals is oriented to remodel, reinterpret, and reinvent Bon beliefs under the guise of Buddhist iconographies, they, rather than eliminating Bon beliefs, tend to promote Bon’s vitality and inclusivity. The Buddhist incorporation of Bon rites and practices is then briefly contrasted with Clerical Bon’s accommodation of Buddhist canons and pantheon. The chapter concludes that when powerful Bon deities are subjugated and subsequently incorporated into Buddhist protectors by Buddhist masters, they become even more central to people’s lives.
Desire
Authors: Massicotte Claudie 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the relationship between Flournoy and Smith and the psychologist’s theorizations of the unconscious through his studies of the medium. It contrasts Flournoy’s unconscious with Freud’s early discoveries through female hysteria. One of the most frequently cited stories in the history of psychoanalysis is that of Anna O., who developed a hysterical pregnancy as a consequence of the unexplored seduction in her analysis. In retracing a similar event shaping the dynamic between Smith and Flournoy, this chapter suggests that the vocabulary of labor and bearing illuminates the excesses of an unacknowledged desire. While Flournoy found in this event proof of the creativity and suggestibility of the unconscious self, Freud largely discovered the sexual nature of transference and countertransference through Anna O.’s story. This chapter concludes that Anna O. and Hélène Smith’s phantom pregnancies traced two different lineages for the discovery of the unconscious while illuminating women’s unrecognized labor in production of scientific discourse.
Reasons in favour
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Understanding practical reason just in terms of what is good to do for one and dropping things one ought to do leads to a simpler theory. After all, authors committed to there being things we ought to do, like Kant, John Stuart Mill, and Scanlon, see it also as a good thing for the agent to do as required. In fact, there are no requirements unsupported by its being good to do what is required, as the biblical Abraham story suggests there are. Nor does better knowledge of what is good to do give somebody the authority to impose requirements on others, as Joseph Raz argued.
Historical Background and Colonial Afterlives
Authors: Omer Atalia 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter sketches the relevant conflict and peace narratives in Kenya and the Philippines to contextualize the book’s analysis of religion and the practices of peace. The chapter foregrounds two themes in particular. The first relates to the integration of both Kenya and the Philippines into the global “war on terror.” This entails the abstraction and assimilation of Muslims from their specific historical grievances in the postcolonial contexts of each country into a “Muslim threat,” as articulated by the United States and its allies. This orientalist articulation diffuses anti-Muslim racialization. The second theme relates to an exposition of each case’s colonial legacies and their afterlives in various conflict narratives and experiences of marginalization. The chapter also touches on how the different conflict narratives inform reductive approaches to religion and peacebuilding practices.
Religion and “Soft” Security
Authors: Omer Atalia 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the securitization of religion, which entails capitalizing on mothers, caregivers, and teachers as part of an ever-devolving security infrastructure. These religious actors in the social reproductive sphere function as the ears and eyes of the state’s effort to identify “warning signs” of radicalization and recruitment among (mostly) young men to violent movements that deploy religion. Religion as a “soft power” thus becomes a site of security work. Hence, the chapter examines how knowing religion or intrafaith hermeneutical first-aid becomes a crucial site of peacebuilding and security practice. Securitization of religion as soft power concerns itself with strategizing and galvanizing the influence or the doing of bottom-up players rather than with their knowing or learned engagement with religious and cultural traditions. Accordingly, religious literacy allows policy and development practitioners to leverage soft power or bottom-up securitizing strategies more effectively without disturbing the top-down neoliberal status quo, with its global inequities and structural injustice.
Preaching, The Dial, and the Harvard Musical Association
Authors: Faucett Bill F. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In May 1840, following several frustrating years of stand-in preaching, Dwight was ordained as minister of the Congregational Church in Northampton, Massachusetts. Beloved by a few, he was ultimately dismissed for his crimes of Transcendentalism. Dwight also wrote for The Dial (1840–1844), an organ designed to spread the gospel of Transcendentalism. His first essay was a Northampton sermon, “The Religion of Beauty,” a lesson steeped in Transcendentalism and one that unearths Dwight’s youthful aesthetic stance. Dwight was involved in the effort to remake his old Harvard club, the Pierian Sodality, into a more permanent and impactful group, the Harvard Musical Association, which sought to organize, encourage, advocate, and develop a framework for the advancement of music in Boston. Dwight’s essays “Music, as a Branch of Popular Education” and the “Address Delivered before the Harvard Musical Association” congratulate his audience “on the brightening omens of our cause.”
The Maturing Critic
Authors: Faucett Bill F. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Dwight returned to Boston in the autumn of 1848 and immediately set about launching a career in journalism. He continued as a correspondent for The Harbinger, and he wrote reviews for the fashionable Boston Evening Transcript. More important was his stint at the Daily Chronotype, Elizur Wright’s Free Soil newspaper which took on women’s rights, temperance, and other pressing issues. Dwight did not forsake the writing of long-form essays, one of which was his Transcendentalist article “Music,” which appeared in Elizabeth Palmer Peabody’s groundbreaking publication Aesthetic Papers (1849). Dwight also contributed to Sartain’s Magazine and Graham’s Magazine, two popular, widely circulated periodicals in which he adapted his critical style to a general audience. As music editor, Dwight reshaped the repertoire included in both magazines to reflect a more elevated style. Unjustly accused of plagiarism, Dwight was also assailed as a Transcendentalist.
Muslim Belief and Everyday Resistance
Authors: Collins Kathleen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines Central Asian society during the later Soviet era. Oral histories and focus group interviews reflecting on the Soviet era reveal that being Muslim was deeply intertwined with being Tajik, Uzbek, or Kyrgyz. Ordinary people engaged in both “hidden” and “public transcripts,” performing religious rituals and maintaining their Muslim beliefs and identity in private, while participating in communist rituals in public. While most accepted Soviet rule and the economic and educational advantages brought by the USSR, and few believed that being Soviet and being Muslim were wholly incompatible, many nonetheless considered Soviet religious policy repressive, even in the less brutal years of the 1970s and 1980s. These interviews confirm that Soviet policy politicized being Muslim; prayer, teaching one’s children about Islam, and studying Islam were illegal, and thus became political acts of everyday religious resistance that reflected discontent with the regime.
The Islamic Revival Party Challenges Communism
Authors: Collins Kathleen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 traces the emergence and development of the first wave of Islamism in Tajikistan, beginning with the formation of Nahzat-i Islami during the 1970s, an underground group motivated by the severe religious repression in the Tajik republic, which extended from the Stalin-era Red Terror through the Khrushchev-era closure of shrines. The spread of ideas about cleansing Soviet influences, Islamic political justice, the anti-Soviet mujahidin’s victory in Afghanistan, and the Iranian Revolution’s success further spurred the Nahzat to religious entrepreneurship. Ongoing religious repression but growing associational space during perestroika led the Nahzat to form an Islamic party to contest power through open mobilization as the USSR crumbled. The IRPT was joined by a broad coalition of Islamic leaders, together with nationalists and democratic parties. The Tajik regime’s crackdown on peaceful protests escalated into violence, and the Islamists became the leading opposition faction in the five-year civil war.
Central Asians Join the Syrian Jihad
Authors: Collins Kathleen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 14 examines the exodus of Central Asians to Syria and Iraq to become foreign fighters. As early as 2011, some Central Asian religious entrepreneurs left for Syria to form militias and fight in a new, great jihad against Assad and his Russian-backed, secular dictatorship. This chapter lays out the three common factors leading to the emergence of two major groups: Katibat al-Tawhid wal Jihad (KTJ), which fought with al-Qaeda; and, collectively, Central Asians in ISIS. First, injustice and religious repression both at home and in Syria motivated opposition. Second, entrepreneurs propagated a new, caliphate-centered ideology of justice. Third, closing associational space at home pushed Islamists to move abroad, to a terrain where they anticipated victory. Whether under al-Qaeda or ISIS, these groups achieved some success through new network formation, but KTJ arguably did more to build sacred authority. Both only partially adapted their ideational propaganda to Central Asians’ concerns.
From Central Asia to Afghanistan, Syria, and Beyond
Authors: Collins Kathleen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The concluding chapter reviews the core arguments about the factors that drove three waves of Islamism in Central Asia and the strategies that proved more successful in mobilizing under extraordinarily challenging conditions. This chapter considers whether those conditions have changed. The picture is mixed: marginally improved but still uncertain in Uzbekistan, worsening in Kyrgyzstan, and significantly darkening in Tajikistan. The chapter next focuses on the implications of the Taliban’s return to power in Afghanistan and the growth of ISIS-K for the future of Central Asian militant Islamists. Finally, it briefly considers how the insights of the book help us understand Islamism in secular authoritarian cases beyond Central Asia.
Lessons Learned
Authors: Schwartz Andrew A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
For crowdfunding to be a realistic financing option, compliance costs must be kept to an absolute minimum. This means that the regulatory framework needs to be exceptionally liberal—the exact opposite of our usual tendency in securities regulation (both in the United States and abroad). Accordingly, policymakers should accept the challenge of embracing a simple, low-cost regime that lacks all the usual bells and whistles of “investor protection,” like mandatory disclosures and direct regulatory oversight. The best way to keep compliance costs down is reject the standard model and enact a liberal regime that minimizes the number and complexity of regulations and relies, instead, on private ordering to govern and police the investment crowdfunding market. The outperformance over the past decade by the liberal jurisdictions of the United Kingdom and New Zealand provides real-world evidence of this thesis.
Conclusion
Authors: Schwartz Andrew A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Investment crowdfunding has great potential and enjoys widespread support from across the political spectrum and around the world—but it will only fully flower under a liberal regulatory regime that relies primarily on private ordering rather than government regulation. Investment crowdfunding gives startup companies a new source of capital, helping to grow the economy, create jobs, and develop new products and services. Entrepreneurs of all types, regardless of geography, gender, race, or anything else, are invited to participate. And investment crowdfunding is a democratic market that is open to all investors, not just the wealthy and connected. These investors—being a large, diverse crowd—may appreciate needs and niches that might otherwise have gone unrecognized by traditional VC and angel investing. Theory and experience over the past decade shows that the liberal model adopted in the United Kingdom and New Zealand is better suited to achieving these goals than the more traditional “standard model” enacted in the United States, Canada, Australia, and the European Union.
Conclusion
Authors: Knight Frances 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter pulls together the book’s religious themes to provide an analysis and summary of Howard’s spiritual life. It argues that his ideas on religion developed to a much greater extent than his ideas on town planning, and that he found it easy to incorporate new religious ideas with existing beliefs, blending Spiritualism and Theosophy into the English Dissenting tradition, and into the late nineteenth-century Congregationalism in which he had been brought up. The chapter concludes by assessing his legacy in the century since his death, and the ways in which he has been elevated to a form of secular sainthood.
Introduction
Authors: Cooper Helen , Edwards Robert R. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The introductory chapter to Volume 2 of The Oxford History of Poetry in English sets out to survey the scope and major themes of Middle English poetry and the organisation of this book. The chapters are grouped into five main parts. Part I, ‘Contexts’, covers such matters as the emergence of Middle English literature after the Norman Conquest, the locations of its production, and manuscript culture. Part II, ‘Literary Culture’, considers the relations among the languages of trilingual England, verse forms, and medieval literary theory. Part III, ‘“Matere”’, describes the major areas of poetry’s engagement with contemporary concerns and sacred narratives. Part IV, ‘Genre Poetics’, examines the imaginative and formal range of Middle English lyric and narrative. Part V, ‘The Ricardian Poets’, offers comprehensive views of the artistry of the late-fourteenth-century poets who have since become canonical authors. The final chapter looks forwards to the reception of an established poetic tradition in the fifteenth century.
Historical and Political Changes
Authors: Ashe Laura 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
During a period of warfare, nation-building, and complex political involvement with France, when Latin and French literature flourished, English poetry must have thrived in an oral culture largely lost to us. In the extant written record it emerges in three genres: didactic poetry, lyric, and narrative. The first was essential for pastoral care of a largely monolingual population; this necessity produced the earliest major work in Middle English verse, the Ormulum. Contemporaneously appear fragments of English devotional lyrics; thirteenth-century manuscripts preserve virtuosic religious lyrics in the affective tradition, alongside the emergent secular love lyric, all embedded in a multilingual, intertextual context. Most well known is narrative poetry, including romance and historiography; earliest here is Layamon’s immense Brut, a translation that is also an act of creation, clarifying the cultivation and aesthetic virtuosity now sought and achieved in English verse.
Poetic Sites
Authors: Hanna Ralph 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The entry of Piers Plowman C into the London book trade, c 1390–5, marks a step-change in the production and dissemination of poetry in English. Before this event, English poetry is distinctly ‘sited’, the property of dispersed provincial locales. Rather than ‘public product’, its production and dissemination are most usually associated with households, familiae of diverse sorts, prominently magnatial and ecclesiastical. As a result, authors and book-producers are apt to represent moonlighting clerical staff, and their intended audience their lordly employers. The chapter examines an expanding range of such units; most particularly it demonstrates, in the case of the Lichfield Prick of Conscience, the revision necessary, in a pre-public era, to accommodate the product of one site to the needs of another.