bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“A God Who was Condemned”
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Before the life of Jesus is retraced within the gospels (in later chapters), it is reasonable to ask how his life is recollected outside them. Therefore, this chapter introduces the surviving Syrian, Roman, and Judaean texts about Jesus from the first two centuries CE. Certain commonalities are noted. For instance, in both Syrian and Roman texts, Jesus seems to represent something "new." Further, opinions about Jesus are sharply divided in early non-Christian texts. Reading them, we are led to ask: Is he a philosopher, or a sophist? A god, or a dead convict? A wise man, or a deceiver?
Judaean Philosophies and Confused Judges
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Before the life of Jesus is retraced within the gospels (in later chapters), it is reasonable to ask: What are the main traditions of thought that were present in Galilee and Judaea in the early first century CE? This chapter offers very brief introductions to Jerusalem's landed aristocracy, the Sadducees; to a rigorist lay-movement, the Pharisees; to a separatist ascetic communion, the Essenes; and to a tradition of violent resistance, the Zealots. It is argued that Jesus demonstrably belongs to none of these traditions--or, as the historian Josephus calls them, "philosophies." It is because of this that Jesus' judges, in the gospels, do not know what to make of him. In other words, the figure of Jesus that emerges from the four gospels is--within an early first-century context--a confusing one.
Jesus among the Believers
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
There is a remarkable scene in Luke 12, in which Jesus is asked to divide an inheritance. Significantly, Jesus refuses to do so. Yet the exact meaning of his refusal is hard to establish--until this passage in Luke 12 is compared to a passage in Acts 7, on the life of the prophetic legislator Moses. Once these texts are read in conjunction, it becomes clear that Jesus portrays himself, in Luke, as a prophet who is importantly different from Moses. In what way? Where Moses came as a political judge, Jesus seems to see himself only as a mystical judge. His words, and his "laws," do not judge the body--but only, the soul.
Jesus among the Rulers
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a new interpretation of the scene in which Jesus memorably says: "Hand back to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's." What is the context of this saying? Why are we told in Matthew, Mark, and Luke that this saying's first hearers "marveled" at it? How does this saying relate to some of Jesus' other sayings about God and Currency? And how does it set up a contrast between Jesus and those he calls, in Luke 22, "the kings of the gentiles"? This chapter argues that Jesus does not only refuse to act as a political judge (in chapters 10 and 11); he refuses to act as a rebel, too.
Jesus the Reject
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a new reading of Jesus' arrest, and his interrogation by a council--or "Sanhedrin"--which is said to have been convened by the Judaean high priest, Caiaphas. It is on the night before Jesus' death that he is questioned and, finally, condemned by the rulers of his own ancestral cultus. But what are the charges which are brought, according to the gospel-writers? Who testified against him? And on what grounds was he eventually condemned? These are intricate questions, which require great care. But it is argued, here, that early first-century Judaea must be understood to have been--like first-century Rome--a "temple-state." And it is as a perceived threat to his ancestral "temple-state" that Jesus is condemned by Caiaphas.
Blasphemy and Majesty
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
It seems clear that Jesus changed hands on the morning of his death. This is attested by the gospel-writers, and by the historian Josephus. Having been interrogated by Judaeans (in chapter 17), he is consequently put to death by Romans. This both heightens and complicates the drama of Jesus' death. And in this chapter, a new interpretation of the legal question at stake in his Roman trial is offered. It is argued that the Judaean crime of "blasphemy" is, finally, translated into the Roman crime of "majesty." And this translation is possible because Rome, no less than Judaea, is a "temple-state."
Jesus the Convict
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a new reading of the Roman trial of Jesus. It is argued that the basic structure of this trial in Mark--the first gospel to be written--is maintained by the writers of Matthew, Luke, and John. Special attention is given to two traditions which are unique to the Roman trial in Matthew. Namely, the saying in which a crowd massed before Pilate's tribunal seems to inculpate the entire nation of Israel; and the gesture by means of which Pilate seems to exculpate himself. It is argued that both traditions have been catastrophically misinterpreted by many in Christian history, and that neither tradition is--per se, and within the literary horizons of Matthew--anti-Judaic, or anti-Semitic.
Death and Paradise
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a concluding reflection on the death of Jesus as it is remembered in Luke. Here, Jesus converses with one of the convicts who is crucified with him on a hill called "Skull." Their exchange serves to reintroduce the question of "Christian difference" that Julia Kristeva articulated in one of her books. And it is argued, in conclusion, that Jesus' death--and his promise of "Paradise"--supports Friedrich Nietzsche's argument that Christianity is "a religion of love." The gospels' religion proves not to be a negation of political reason, but it is nevertheless a challenging reminder that our highest desires lie beyond the political. And our sense of that beyond owes incalculably much to the political life, and death, of Jesus.
Introducing Moore’s Paradox
Authors: Williams John N. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 provides a brief historical overview of Moore’s paradox, and summarizes currently orthodox thinking about the paradox. A central tenet of the orthodox view is that Moorean absurdity in assertion is to be explained in terms of Moorean absurdity in belief: a claim that will be challenged in subsequent chapters. The chapter then sets out the aims for the rest of the book.
Moore on Moore’s Paradox
Authors: Williams John N. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines G. E. Moore’s own views on his eponymous paradox, with particular attention to the question of in what sense assertions like ‘It’s raining but I don’t believe it’ and ‘It’s raining but I believe it isn’t’ are absurd. Omissive and commissive versions of Moore’s paradox are distinguished from one another, as are assertions that are Moorean and assertions that are Moore-paradoxical.
Wittgenstein on Moore’s Paradox
Authors: Williams John N. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores Wittgenstein’s remarks on Moore’s paradox. Though suggestive, these remarks do not ultimately yield a satisfactory solution to the paradox. Wittgenstein distinguishes between Moorean utterances and Moore-paradoxical assertions; this distinction reveals that to achieve a successful diagnosis of Moore-paradoxical assertion, we need to gain a deeper understanding of the nature of assertion itself. The chapter concludes with a summary of the distinctive features of Moore-paradoxical assertion.
Expressing Belief and Knowledge, Assertion, and the Expressivist Approach
Authors: Williams John N. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 argues that we need to analyse assertion, if we are to diagnose the absurdity of Moore-paradoxical assertions. An analysis of assertion is provided in terms of the assertor’s expressive intentions with regard to actual or potential interlocutors. An expressivist account of Moore-paradoxical assertion is developed in the light of this analysis.
An Account of Belief
Authors: Williams John N. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 describes different types of belief—occurrent, dispositional, conscious, and unconscious—and argues that it’s possible for someone to have overtly contradictory beliefs. Searle’s principle, that if one has a belief then one has the ability to think the thought of its content, is defended against various objections. Accounts of beliefs as assignments of subjective probabilities are criticized for being psychologically unrealistic.
The Priority of Belief Thesis and the Incredibility of the Assertor
Authors: Williams John N. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 10 argues against the priority of belief thesis, according to which Moore-paradoxical assertions are absurd because they express absurd Moore-paradoxical beliefs. If this thesis is to be non-vacuous, it should be understood as the claim that the practical irrationality of Moore-paradoxical assertions is explained by the epistemic irrationality of Moore-paradoxical beliefs. However, there are counterexamples to this version of the thesis, as well as other cases of deviant assertion, which militate in favour of the incredibility of the assertor approach, according to which Moore-paradoxical assertions are absurd when the assertor cannot be rationally believed. The incredibility of the assertor approach also accommodates other examples of Moore-paradoxical assertion.
Conscious Belief
Authors: Williams John N. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 11 argues that conscious belief collects (as well as distributes) over conjunction. The chapter then discusses Rosenthal’s principle, according to which if one consciously believes that p, then one believes that p and believes that one oneself believes that p. The principle is strengthened to require conscious belief in the consequent, but then restricted to first- and second-order beliefs to block infinite regress. This explains the epistemic irrationality of fully conscious Moore-paradoxical beliefs. The chapter concludes by discussing cases of Moore-paradoxical beliefs that arise diachronically due to ‘dawning awareness’.
Eliminativism, Dialetheism, and Moore’s Paradox
Authors: Williams John N. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 13 considers the case of Ellie, an eliminativist about mental states like belief who makes assertions such as ‘It is raining but I do not believe that it is raining.’ According to John Turri, Ellie’s assertion is neither unreasonable nor absurd, if the sincerity of her assertion requires her to believe its content. A commissive counterpart of Ellie is Di, a dialetheist who asserts or believes, ‘The Russell set includes itself but I believe that it is not the case that the Russell set includes itself.’ It is argued that neither Ellie’s assertion nor her belief is irrational yet both are absurd. Likewise neither Di’s assertion nor her belief is irrational, yet in contrast neither is absurd. Thus not all Moore-paradoxical assertions or beliefs are irrational, and the syntax of Moore’s examples is not sufficient for the absurdity found in them.
Moore’s Paradox and Sorensen’s Iterated Cases
Authors: Williams John N. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 14 argues that Sorensen’s iterated cases ‘p and I don’t believe that I believe that p’ and ‘p and I believe that I believe that not-p’ do not display Moore-paradoxical absurdity. Moreover, the chapter argues Sorensen is wrong that Moore-paradoxical absurdity decreases further with subsequent iterations, as in ‘p and I don’t believe that I believe that I believe that p’ and so on.
The Justification Approach to Moore-Paradoxical Belief
Authors: Williams John N. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 15 begins with an externalist argument to the effect that if one is justified in believing that p, then one is justified in believing that one oneself believes that p. This principle is used to explain the epistemic irrationality of omissive and commissive Moore-paradoxical beliefs. Objections raised by Hamid Vahid and Jordi Fernández are answered. In response to Anthony Brueckner, the account is generalized to internalist conceptions of justification. Finally, the account is applied to other examples of Moore’s paradox.
Moore’s Paradox and Desire
Authors: Williams John N. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 17 introduces Moorean desires as the syntactic counterparts of Moorean beliefs, and distinguishes a Moorean desire from a ‘Frankfurt’ conjunction of desires. The chapter then discusses putative examples of rational and irrational desires, suggesting that there are norms of rational desire. It is shown that there are rational as well as irrational Moorean desires. Those that are irrational are also absurd, although there seem to be absurd desires that are not irrational. The chapter concludes that certain norms of rational desire should be rejected.
How to be a plant macroparasite
Authors: Gilbert Gregory S. , Parker Ingrid M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Two groups of larger organisms cause disease on plants: plants and nematodes. Parasitic plants may be holoparasites that depend on their host plants for water, nutrients, and sugars, whereas hemiparasites tap into xylem and exploit their hosts for water only. Mistletoes, dodder, and witchweeds are well-known examples. Parasitic plants evolved independently many times from diverse lineages of flowering plants. Nematodes (also called roundworms) are animals in the phylum Nematoda. Nematodes can reproduce sexually or asexually via parthenogenesis. Plant parasitic nematodes are recognized by their retractable stylets, which they use to pierce plant cell walls to feed on cellular contents. Some nematodes are migratory, moving among plants to feed; others are sedentary, manipulating plant hormones to create stable sites on plant roots from which to feed.
Types of plant diseases
Authors: Gilbert Gregory S. , Parker Ingrid M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Plant pathogens affect their hosts in diverse ways. Some deprive the host of carbon by parasitizing it or by reducing photosynthetic tissue, and some restrict access to water by disrupting the vascular system; either can slow the growth of the plant and reduce host fecundity. Other pathogens directly kill parts or all of the plant, and still other pathogens change growth patterns by manipulating host physiology or genetics. All plants can experience foliar diseases, developmental diseases caused by hormonal manipulation by the pathogen, stunting or dwarfing, damping off, vascular diseases, and root rot. Diseases of woody plant species include cankers and heart rot/butt rot. Some pathogens attack flowers and the reproductive organs of plants, including smut fungi on the anthers of flowers, fruit rot, and seed-decay fungi. All these impacts can reduce the fitness of the plants, altering population dynamics or driving down crop yields. Necrotrophs actively kill cells, causing chlorosis and necrosis, while biotrophs like rusts and viruses depend on live plant tissue to grow and reproduce. The life-history strategies of the pathogens, whether necrotrophs, biotrophs, or opportunistic saprotrophs, often strongly influence the impacts they have on their hosts as well as their level of host specificity.
How to do disease ecology
Authors: Gilbert Gregory S. , Parker Ingrid M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Plant disease ecologists rely on a wide array of technical skills to diagnose and study plant disease. Disease intensity can be measured as the prevalence of disease across a host population or the severity of disease in individual plants. Sampling plans must consider both precision and accuracy. Plant diseases are diagnosed through the combination of symptoms in the host and signs of the pathogen itself. Pathogens can be detected in plants or in the environment using cultural methods by growing pathogens in medium (including dilution plating), through serological approaches that use antibodies to detect the pathogen, or through a variety of DNA-based molecular approaches. PCR is used to amplify standard organismal barcodes such as the ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS); the DNA sequence of the ITS uniquely identifies many fungal pathogens to species or genus and is used to distinguish among fungi. Alternatively, pathogen-specific primers are used to detect pathogens and sometimes to quantify them through real-time PCR. Disease severity is measured by assessing the amount of plant tissue affected by the pathogen, and a range of methods is available to aid precision and accuracy. Impact on the host can be quantified via experimental or observational studies. Disease progress over time is synthesized from repeated measurements of disease prevalence in a population using the area under the disease progress curve.
Population ecology of plant disease
Authors: Gilbert Gregory S. , Parker Ingrid M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Population ecology concerns the structure and numerical dynamics of populations; it uses mathematical models to understand patterns in groups of organisms and their interactions. In plant populations, the spread of disease through time generally falls into two types: monocyclic and polycyclic. For monocyclic diseases, plants are infected from primary inoculum of pathogens present in the environment, and the pathogen only reproduces at the end of the life span of the host. Spread to new hosts requires waiting for the next generation of plants. For polycyclic diseases, each infected plant has the potential to serve as a source of pathogen inoculum that can spread to neighboring plants during the same growing season. Polycyclic diseases then follow a logistic model of disease spread, including an exponential phase of spread, followed by a saturating curve as susceptible hosts become limiting. Pathogens with monocyclic life cycles lack the exponential phase; change over time saturates as susceptible hosts become limiting. Plant diseases can also be modeled with the SEIR compartmental models commonly used for diseases of humans and other animals; however, unlike animals, plants seldom recover (R) from disease, and so hosts are removed from the infected compartment primarily via death. Plant population dynamics are investigated with a range of stage-structured models such as matrix models; these provide a robust framework to evaluate the impacts of disease on wild plant populations. Density-dependence is a key ecological feature of populations that influences plant population dynamics as well as population cycles of hosts and pathogens.
Physiology and genetics
Authors: Gilbert Gregory S. , Parker Ingrid M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Plants lack antibody-based immune systems, but they do have a robust system of defenses against pathogens. Constitutive defenses are a broad array of constitutively-produced physical structures and chemical compounds that protect most plants from infection by most pathogens. The three major groups of plant chemical defenses are phenolics, terpenoids, and the nitrogen-containing alkaloids and glucosinolates. Pathogens have evolved enzymes and specialized growth structures to overcome the constitutive defenses of their host plants. Inducible (or induced) defenses are produced in response to pathogen attack, and they rely on the plant detecting the presence of the pathogen. Local induced defenses are initiated when pattern recognition receptors (PRR) recognize specific microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs, otherwise known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) or effectors and induce pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) or effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Defense responses can include production of toxic phytoalexins or reactive oxygen species (ROS). Host responses may include a hypersensitive response that leads to rapid cell death in the host, limiting colonization by biotrophic pathogens. In many cases, there is a correspondence between specific pathogen genes that code for effectors, which determine virulence (here meaning pathogenicity), and host R-genes that code for receptors, which determine resistance relative to that particular virulence genotype in the pathogen. This correspondence is the gene-for-gene system first discovered in flax rust. In addition to local defense responses, plants can mount systemic resistance defenses in response to pathogen attack, using signaling pathways based on salicyclic acid, jasmonic acid, or ethylene.
Community ecology
Authors: Gilbert Gregory S. , Parker Ingrid M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Community ecology is the study of interactions among species and the resulting diversity, composition, and structure of communities of organisms. Diversity is comprised of the number, types and relative abundances of species in the community. Most communities have a few common species and many rare ones. Within-community diversity is called alpha diversity and is compared among samples using rarefaction; between-community diversity is beta diversity, and differences among communities are visualized through ordination. The collection of interactions among pathogens and plants can be described as a bipartite network, with structural features like modularity and connectedness that influence pathogen spread. Maintenance of plant diversity requires mechanisms that counteract competition, which would otherwise lead to the decline of plant species over time. These include equalizing mechanisms such as the growth-resistance tradeoff, and stabilizing mechanisms, such as niche partitioning, the storage effect, and conspecific negative density dependence. Pathogens are commonly responsive to the density of their hosts, so diseases can be important stabilizing mechanisms promoting plant diversity (Janzen–Connell Hypothesis). Pathogen spillover from one species that is a competent host (supporting pathogen reproduction) to a neighboring species that is susceptible can lead to apparent competition. Plant-soil feedbacks occur when a plant changes its associated soil microbial community in a way that either benefits (enhancing mutualists) or harms (enhancing pathogens) subsequent generations of that species or of other plants. The spread and impact of pathogens can be modulated by a plant community’s composition and structure. Increasing plant diversity sometimes reduces disease pressure, called the dilution effect.