bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Death and the regeneration of trust
Authors: Umbreș Radu 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In mortuary rituals, Săteni villagers represent transcendent morality as enduring trust. The finality and salience of biological death creates, for social actors, a moment to publicly enshrine social relationships into perpetuity. The cultural significance and personal configurations of family, kinship, and friendship come out in the public aspect of ultimate decisions and rituals. From the first minutes after death to long-term commemorations and graveyard arrangements, actors communicate and reproduce a transcendental worldview pitting the moral unity between persons against the threat of fragmentation and conflict. A culture of deep moral obligations limited to specific persons is transmitted and reproduced under the universalistic veneer of Christian Orthodox cosmology. Institutions and events of death rituals play a crucial role in the propagation of social representations symbolizing long-term trust in transactional, interpersonal morality as the primordial resource of social life against the existential peril of generalized indifference.
Utopias
Authors: Sperber Jonathan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that there were three global waves of utopian aspirations during the second half of the twentieth century, each connected to the three most consequential years of the era: 1945, 1968, and 1989. Outlining the nature of each of the three utopian aspirations, this chapter shows the attempts at their realization, disillusion with the utopian aspirations, but also their long-term consequences.
Introduction to insect evolution and biology
Authors: McGavin George C. , Davranoglou Leonidas-Romanos 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Earth formed from gas and debris around 4,600 million years ago (mya). The first traces of life appear as fossils of blue-green algae around 3,600–3,400 mya, and yet for more than 2 billion years, nothing more complicated than bacteria, algae, and minute, unicellular planktonic organisms existed. Then evolution went into overdrive. Known popularly as biology’s ‘big bang’, the time around the beginning of the Cambrian period (543 mya) saw the ‘sudden’ appearance in the fossil record of an incredible assemblage of multicellular animals, some of which were the ancestors of all species on Earth today.
Insect groups that predate the evolution of wings
Authors: McGavin George C. , Davranoglou Leonidas-Romanos 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This is the core chapter of the book, which presents a summary of the key features, the diversity, the natural history, the evolutionary origin, and the economic and medical importance of each of the 27 insect orders. At the end of each order, an extensive list of key references is provided for the inquisitive reader. This chapter primarily serves as an introduction to the enormous diversity of insects, and their relevance in all terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, and it can also be used as an aid to the identification of insects collected. By the end of this chapter, every reader should have a basic grasp of the key attributes of each insect order, and be able to apply their knowledge in the field, as well as for their undergraduate courses and exams. The text is richly furnished with high-quality illustrations and macrophotographs.
‘A Neo-Classical Dream and an Archaeologist’s Nightmare’
Authors: van Eck Caroline 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Basically candelabra are stands, tall, composite shafts or columns, resting on a pedestal or tripod, holding a candle or carrying a disc or dish in which wood or incense could be burned. Their form reflects their myth of origin: a slave holding up a torch or incense dish. They are comparatively little studied by art historians and archaeologists, in spite of their evident importance in Graeco-Roman culture and its revivals. They go back a long time. Homer already mentions lamp holders in the Odyssey. This chapter presents the origins and creation of Piranesi’s three colossal candelabra, their journey to their present location in Oxford and Paris, and their critical reception.
Animation, Immersion, and the Revival of Antiquity
Authors: van Eck Caroline 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Where Chapter 4 looked at the presence of animals in the candelabra, Chapter 5 pursues the issue of animation, in the sense of suggesting stone is animate, a quality of Piranesi’s work that was often noted by his contemporaries. This chapter places this aspect of his work in a historical context of changes c. 1800 in the appreciation of the living presence suggested by art works, as well as in the cultures and conventions of viewing sculptures. Despite much evidence about viewers’ emotional involvement with objects, which often manifested itself in claims of, or behaviour suggesting that these were animate, this phenomenon does not figure very much, or at all, in artistic literature of the period. This chapter considers a series of situations where viewers tried to make objects replace living beings, endow art works with life, become fascinated or immersed in the fictional worlds they afford, and become emotionally entangled with them, prefiguring what recently has been labelled as human–thing entanglement. These cases illustrate the psychological counterpart to the material efforts discussed in previous chapters to make Antiquity present again. The resulting immersive relationship with art works made in a very conscious attempt to bring back classical art is very characteristic of Empire art; its handles, covers, lids, and pedestals thematize embodiment itself. They tell us much about the intense investment in objects, particularly those from the Graeco-Roman past, which is so characteristic for neoclassicism.
Introduction
Authors: Guyer Paul , Horstmann Rolf-Peter 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This introduction offers our definition of idealism proper as the reduction of reality to something mental or conceptual. Then, instead of distinguishing between metaphysical and epistemological versions of idealism, we distinguish between metaphysical and epistemological arguments or motivations for idealism. In this we follow A. C. Ewing rather than Josiah Royce. Our approach prepares the way for our larger argument that the metaphysical arguments for idealism are hard to sustain, but the epistemological arguments for idealism are hard to avoid.
Idealism in Early Modern Rationalism
Authors: Guyer Paul , Horstmann Rolf-Peter 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Neither Descartes nor Spinoza thought of themselves as idealists; according to Wolff’s taxonomy, the first was a dualist, the other a monist. Descartes holding that mind and body are two distinct kinds of finite substance and Spinoza that they are two modes of the one infinite substance. But both opened the door to idealist epistemology by taking “ideas” to be the immediate objects of our knowledge. Leibniz’s monadology, by contrast, is clearly a full-blown idealism motivated by both metaphysical and epistemological considerations.
Publishing and Publicizing the Belsen Trial
Authors: Stewart Victoria 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 focuses on the work of William Hodge & Co, a Scottish legal publishing firm. Having established a series called Notable Trials prior to the First World War, offering general readers transcripts of trials deemed to be of historical and legal significance, in the late 1940s they launched a new subseries, War Crimes Trials. Nine volumes were published between 1948 and 1952. This chapter situates the volume dealing with the trial of personnel captured at Belsen in relation to other contemporary depictions of the trial, such as those that appeared in the popular press and contextualizes it in relation to Hodge & Co’s wider project of educating the general public about legal procedure. James Hodge, editor of the Notable Trials and War Crimes Trials series, saw these books as a corrective to what he considered overly sensationalized press coverage of criminal trials. Where the Belsen Trial was concerned, this chapter argues that press reports, despite their deficiencies, were better able to convey a sense of the trial as an event that comprised of more than just the testimony recorded in the transcript. Taken together, the Hodge & Co volume and the press coverage reveal how, both during the proceedings and in later representations of them, resort was made to interpretative frames that had emerged in relation to domestic criminality. This chapter examines the implications of adapting existing understandings of criminality to what were nevertheless recognized to be unprecedented crimes.
Memoir, Biography, and Justice
Authors: Stewart Victoria 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines texts by and about British prisoners who were held in concentration camps, rather than prisoner-of-war camps, many of them Special Operations Executive agents captured while working undercover, some of whom, including some women, were executed. Reporting of trials relating to these cases was supplemented during the late 1940s and early 1950s by biographical accounts aimed at a popular readership, including Jerrold Tickell’s Odette (1949), which describes Odette Sansom’s time as a prisoner at Ravensbrück concentration camp, Peter Churchill’s The Spirit in the Cage (1954), recounting his captivity in Sachsenhausen and Dachau, and R. J. Minney’s Carve Her Name with Pride (1956), which culminates in an account of Violette Szabo’s execution at Dachau. These texts evidence a tendency to deflect attention away from the wider project of which such camps were a part, contributing to an over-simplified description of Nazi personnel and drawing on stereotypes of either German ‘national character’, or criminal ‘types’. These texts not only contributed to a narrowing of public understanding in Britain as to what constituted Nazi crimes, but also engaged in debates about Britishness and British values in the wake of war. But other examples of this subgenre of agents’ biographies, including Jean Overton Fuller’s Madeleine (1952) and Elizabeth Nicholas’s Death Be Not Proud (1958), do attempt a more nuanced account not only of the agents’ experiences but of the problems, in the wake of the war, of identifying witnesses and constructing coherent narratives of covert activities.
Women's Sexuality and Modern India
Authors: Narayanan Amrita 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Every country has a unique relationship to patriarchy. In a Rapture of Distress: Women’s Sexuality in Modern India lays out the vexed place of ‘women’s sexuality’ in the Indian patriarchal imagination, alongside snapshots of how individual upper-middle-class Indian women experience and imagine their sexuality. The book’s argument is that women’s longstanding adaptations to patriarchy make it complicated to exit its plot: aesthetics, mother-daughter relationships, and inter-generational differences are adhesives to the patriarchal psyche. Using interview excerpts, flash frames from psychotherapy sessions, and literary readings, the author, a psychoanalyst, and clinical psychologist, describes how women experience, escape from, and grieve sex under patriarchy, and what geography might have to do with how sexual liberation gets defined.
If I Win, We Lose
Authors: Narayanan Amrita 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Describes how gender performances are shaped by gendered group affinities and by the presence of spectators. Reiterates how conventional gender performances are programmed to serve the needs of a patriarch-anchored group composite identity that casts women in roles of mourning and mothering while men are allocated aggressive and victorious performances. Introduces a contemporary clinical case and explains how conflicts between individual wishes and group strictures upon women’s identities can result in the production of clinical symptoms. Uses examples to illustrate how performances of sexual triumph are socially forbidden to women, and how women internalize these prohibitions, turning social controls to self-controls. Provides a detailed case example to describe how women’s sexuality is not restricted by a faceless institution of patriarchy but via loyalty to the image of a beloved but desexualized older woman imagined as the mother.
A Wider Bed for ‘Mother’
Authors: Narayanan Amrita 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains why for patriarchy to work effectively, the fantasy of natural mothering—the idea that all girls and women want to be mothers or already are—must be regarded as a truth so deep people can psychologically organize themselves around it. Patriarchy polices women who have not signed themselves as a mother, or women who conduct motherhood alongside workplace ambition. Several examples delineate how the fantasy of natural mothering interrupts women’s sexuality and workplace ambition, while the fantasy of patriarchy interrupts women’s fantasies of workplace success. Explains how motherhood is a sign of the patriarchal control of women’s bodies, and discusses the concept of ‘scrooping’—DIY artificial insemination—as an embrace of motherhood while refusing heterosexuality. The chapter concludes by reiterating that ‘mother’ is too narrowly defined in the cultural and individual imagination, and does not give sufficient room for mother-as-a-subject. It emphasizes that participant-observers and spectators to the performance of mothering must exercise their imagination to widen the range of words and images associated with ‘mother’.
Core Skills
Authors: West Stuart , Turnbull Lindsay 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
There are very few rules about writing that can’t be broken. Skilled writers often play with rules or conventions. But this book isn’t aimed at skilled writers—it is aimed at those who are just starting, or are trying to make their writing better. In this chapter we provide a few core skills to help new and improving writers. Most points are better illustrated in the context of specific paper sections, and we don’t want to front-load this book with too many guidelines that need to be remembered. Consequently, in this chapter, we focus on a small number of points that can be applied in every section of a paper.
Results
Authors: West Stuart , Turnbull Lindsay 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
By the time a reader reaches your Results section, they should already have a good idea about what you have done (Methods), and why you have done it (Introduction). Now, you finally get to tell them what you have found out. Ultimately, this is the heart of any paper and what it will be judged on. You may think simply reporting what you found out will be straightforward.
Abstracts
Authors: West Stuart , Turnbull Lindsay 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Readers use them to quickly form an impression of both the quality and relevance of a paper. Like a good poster or movie trailer, a good Abstract grabs the reader’s attention and makes them want to read on, or at least ensures that they leave with the right impression. In contrast, a poor Abstract will turn readers away, no matter how good your science, and can leave a damaging first impression in the minds of reviewers. So, what makes a good Abstract? We outline four key questions that your Abstract needs to answer. By answering these questions, you will write concise, structured Abstracts that are both powerful and informative.
Cover Letters
Authors: West Stuart , Turnbull Lindsay 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Now that your manuscript is finished, it’s time to submit to a journal. In most cases, this is easy: simply upload it to the website of your chosen journal and press submit. But sometimes, the journal requests a cover letter, to supply extra information for the editors—and you can always provide one, even when you aren’t asked. Cover letters play a vital role in getting a paper published. This is particularly true at the highest-impact journals, where editors use cover letters to help decide which papers to send out to review and which to reject immediately.
Punishment and rehabilitation in the community
Authors: Easton Susan , Piper Christine 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the main options available to the sentencing court which do not entail immediate custody. It therefore deals with community orders as well as suspended prison sentences (see Chapter 7, section 7.5 for financial penalties). It discusses the tensions between imposing proportionate punishment and delivering rehabilitation programmes. It examines the policy aim of reducing reoffending through specifying in court orders requirements to control and rehabilitate the offender in the community, and discusses the theory and practice of rehabilitation that underpins these initiatives. However, because punishment and rehabilitation also take place in the community for those released from prison, this chapter examines supervision for prisoners released on licence. The chapter, therefore, covers the policy changes in relation to the work and remit of the Probation Service.
Regulatory Transparency in International Investment Law
Authors: Chi Manjiao 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Transparency is a key element of the rule of law, which can contribute to the overall legitimacy of regulatory decisions. In the field of international investment law, transparency is not only a procedural requirement, but has also evolved to a substantive standard. Some IIAs explicitly incorporate transparency as an FET (fair and equitable treatment) obligation. Even if this is not the case, it is possible for arbitral tribunals to interpret an FET clause as to include a transparency obligation. More recently, some international investment agreements (IIAs) incorporate a rule-of-law clause, which covers an element of regulatory transparency. It seems that transparency has evolved from a procedural requirement to a substantive obligation on States. Given the growing call for greater rule of law in international investment governance, regulatory transparency obligation is likely to be further recognized and enhanced in IIA-making and arbitration practices.
Rule-of-Law Demands and the Domestic Judiciary
Authors: Kriebaum Ursula 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Promotion of the rule of law is a strong argument in favour of international investment law. This chapter addresses the actual and potential role of rule-of-law criteria for investment tribunals in three areas: whether measures taken by domestic courts constitute expropriation, a denial of justice, or a violation of the effective means standard. It demonstrates that rule-of-law criteria were often the decisive standard in examining judicial decisions of national courts although many of the investment tribunals did not explicitly refer to the concept of the rule of law. Rule-of-law criteria can serve as a useful toolbox for investment tribunals when dealing with alleged denials of justice, judicial expropriation, and violations of the effective means standards. The rule-of-law standards used by investment tribunals are fairly similar to the requirements of human rights treaties and those developed in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights in the context of rule-of-law and judicial proceedings. So far, investment tribunals have not made explicit reference to the concept of the rule of law to justify the criteria they apply when assessing measures of domestic courts. An explicit linkage to the concept of the rule of law could give these criteria additional authority and highlight their importance.
Umbrella Clauses and the Rule of Law
Authors: de Nanteuil Arnaud 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Access to a judge is a rule-of-law requirement that may be satisfied or at least sustained by umbrella clauses in investment treaties, since such provisions primarily aim at ensuring access to arbitration in case of a breach of a State’s commitments. By providing so, umbrella clauses may also prove to be useful for the promotion of legal stability and certainty. However, umbrella clauses can only be a support for the rule of law if a certain interpretation of such clauses is accepted. That is why focusing on umbrella clauses in the context of the rule of law also helps to answer well-known open questions concerning them, namely the question of their applicability to unilateral commitments or the relevance of the nature of the State acts at stake.
International Investment Agreements, Investor Obligations, and the Rule of Law
Authors: Karamanian Susan L. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Critics have claimed that international investment agreements (IIAs) protect investors without regard to the obligations of investors under the applicable law. The critique begs the question whether IIAs and investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS) comport with the rule of law, broadly defined to include both substantive and procedural elements. As for so-called first-generation IIAs, this critique has some merit, yet it is tenuous as various IIAs have recognized that the entry of investments should comply with national law. Arbitral tribunals constituted under IIAs are to interpret treaties under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties in the light of their terms, context, object, and purpose, which further enables tribunals to at least address investor obligations under IIAs. Arbitration rules that recognize the ability of a State to file a counterclaim play a similar function. Engagement of the public in the development of new treaties and the ISDS process has led to a heightened focus on investor obligations, yet the reforms raise new challenges that foreshadow an ongoing adaptation of IIAs and ISDS to a continued rule-of-law critique.
The Impact of Investment Protection Standards on the Rule of Law
Authors: Sattorova Mavluda 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Does the investment treaty regime and its investor-State dispute settlement mechanism strengthen or weaken the rule of law in host States? Does the regime assist developing countries in promoting greater effectiveness of the rule of law at the domestic level? This chapter seeks to explore these questions by drawing on a growing body of empirical insights into the rule-of-law impacts of investment treaties on domestic constituencies, with particular focus on developing countries. The overarching objective of the chapter is to reveal some of the on-the-ground perceptions and experiences that often remain unseen behind conceptual framings of international investment law.
Perfect Cows and Skilled Herdsmen
Authors: Ura Karma 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Cattle holding and grazing lands were two of the four main forms of wealth. Among cattle, mithun crossbreed known as jatsham (female) and jatsha (male) were valued above all others as tailor made for Bhutanese environment, and for their all-round qualities. People crossed mountains to find them and buy. Herds of cattle and yaks moved between summer and winter pastures, consisting of temperate grasslands and sub-tropical forest floors respectively. They were tended by tough and inspiring herdsmen and herdswomen, who became more knowledgeable about insects, plants, and wildlife than any other professions. Allocation of pastures among different cattle owners were decided according to refined rules about division of communal pastures. Provision of such rules took account of carrying capacity of each patch of pasture. Herders were highly skilled crafts persons producing many artisanal wares for everyday use in houses. Crafts they made were often exchanged with grains. A stable commodity-to-commodity exchange rate system allowed fluid barter transactions not only between goods but also between goods and live animals.