bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Making and unmaking kinship
Authors: Umbreș Radu 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This extended chapter tackles two puzzles of Săteni relatedness. First, kinship seems given and permanent yet also appears as created and conditional. Second, relatives should, but not always, act morally toward each other. Villagers have cultural solutions to these problems. Săteni kinship provides a moral contract determined by the facts of nature, genealogy, and ritual. All these forms of relatedness share a common feature, glossed as amity by anthropologists, here treated as trust in the fairness of partners engaged in mutual cooperation. Social expectations of generosity and reciprocity evoke intuitive moral senses, culturally codified in norms of conduct. Conflict and distrust make people stop “holding on to relatives” while enduring cooperation can create kinship out of other social relationships. Inheritance patterns, marriage arrangements, and rituals of kinship show how moral commitments change during one’s life span and how they evolved in recent history in response to societal transformations.
The political stability of social fragmentation
Authors: Umbreș Radu 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A story of distrust turned to trust between two Săteni leaders offers an inside view into the formal institutions and informal mechanisms of local politics. In the background of recurrent state failure or predation, Săteni politics run on trust in persons without trust in formal institutions. In the struggle to control village government and collective resources, allegiances and conflicts follow neither from party ideologies nor essentialized social groups. Strategic and open-ended coalitions emerge in competitive dynamics with opponents by means of personal commitments based on kinship, friendship, and patronage. Despite bitter competition for the spoils of power, a transactional approach to small-scale cooperation maintains political stability but at a low-level equilibrium of underinvestment in public goods, corruption, and the failure of village-wide projects.
Changes in the construction of trust
Authors: Umbreș Radu 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The moral dilemmas of a Săteni entrepreneur reflect several structural changes in cooperation and trust. Mihai’s initial success in the construction industry benefited from his relationships with relatives and friends. Unpredictability, informality, and other social and technological factors of building a house involve costly commitments requiring a complex balance of trust between parties. However, new opportunities and costs expanded the business outside this safe sphere into the wider local economy. The shift from domestic modes of production to division of labor and market exchanges modifies short- and long-term orientations of actors and, subsequently, the value of relatives and strangers as cooperative partners. Increased affluence, social learning, and technological evolution can explain the extension of the circle of trust and cooperation.
Understanding War Crimes Trials in Postwar Britain
Authors: Stewart Victoria 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The introduction identifies depictions of Allied troops’ arrival at Bergen-Belsen in April 1945, and the British-run trial of personnel from the camp held at Lüneberg in September–October the same year, as key reference points for the understanding of the Holocaust in British culture at this period. But other aspects of Nazi criminality, such as the fates of the Allied soldiers who were recaptured after the so-called Great Escape of prisoners of war from Stalag Luft III, or the treatment of Special Operations Executive agents detained while working undercover on mainland Europe, also vied for attention as a narrative of the war began to take shape. Early depictions of the camps show a number of characteristics that persist in the texts to be discussed in detail in later chapters. The names of camps are often used metonymically in place of more extensive descriptions, a device that implies a shared understanding on the part of readers, but which can appear to minimize or pass over important defining details. Similarly, in fictional works, minor characters are often given the burden of representing or standing for the varied fates of the victims of Nazism. While this strategy could also be seen as tokenistic, it often has a disruptive effect on the narrative as a whole. Where autobiographical or biographical accounts are concerned, generic uncertainty is also characteristic, with authors acknowledging, through structural and stylistic experiment, the representational challenges posed by the events they are attempting to describe.
Debating Capital Punishment
Authors: Stewart Victoria 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The book concludes with a consideration of how Nazi crimes were referenced in debates about the potential abolition of capital punishment in Britain in the period between the late 1940s and the trial and execution of Adolf Eichmann in 1961–1962. One focus will be the work of Victor Gollancz. Gollancz protested against Eichmann’s execution at a time when the death penalty was still in force in Britain, and his interventions show him grappling with the issue of where the boundaries of responsibility for Nazi crimes lie, and arguing against the continued contemplation of Nazi crimes, with looking away constructed as a means of maintaining ‘civilized’ values. These arguments were echoed by Pamela Hansford Johnson in On Iniquity (1967), based on her reports from the 1966 trial of Ian Brady and Myra Hindley. Taking place the year after capital punishment was suspended prior to its abolition, this trial, which centred on the torture and murder of children, prompted discussion about whether imprisonment was sufficient punishment for such crimes. The question of whether certain representations of Nazi crimes should continue to be widely and freely available was also debated once Brady’s interest in the Nazis was made public. The continuities between these engagements with Nazi crimes and those discussed elsewhere in this book are traced to show how, even post-Eichmann, viewing war crimes via the lens of other kinds of criminality continued to provide a strategy for the attempted containment of Nazism’s legacy.
Introductions
Authors: West Stuart , Turnbull Lindsay 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Introduction is one of the most important parts of your paper. Once published, the Introduction must convince potential readers that the rest of your paper is worth reading. Remember that potential readers are time stressed, and you have to convince them to go on. They are not obliged to finish reading your paper. Why should they read this paper, and not one of the thousands of other papers competing for their attention? The Introduction can also be one of the most daunting sections to write—so much so, that some writers are paralysed into inactivity. Tough questions that need answers include: What should I include? Do I know enough? How long should it be? How should I structure it? How can I convince a referee or hook a potential reader? Where to begin? Fortunately, we can help you address all of these difficult issues.
The Historical Development of War Reparations
Authors: Moffett Luke 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Reparations have been practised for thousands of years in many cultures and societies around the world to negotiate peace and settle grievances. This chapter does not aim to provide a comprehensive history of reparations in international law, but traces out the broad contours of how such practices have evolved. This chapter begins by briefly discussing some of the reparation practices in ancient times. It then turns to outline the practices of reparations from the emergence of international law from the Treaty of Westphalian, before moving onto focus on the reparation practices around the World Wars. These fashioned epochs demonstrate the use and understanding of reparations in the distant past, the emergence of the nation State, and finally the international legal order based on international peace and security. The reparations that resulted from the two World Wars are explored in depth, given their scale, controversy, and innovation that continue to frame contemporary reparations. These three epochs reflect differing dynamics in how a balance for reparations is struck. Traditionally they reflected victor’s justice, then became more mediated in establishing peace and States settling claims between themselves, and finally part of the Allies’ plans to deal with the past or the wrongdoer State’s effort to make amends to victim groups and injured States.
Victims and Redress: Victimhood, Harm, and Claims-Making
Authors: Moffett Luke 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Reparations are controversial and politically contested as they speak directly to those individuals and groups worth recognizing as victims and considered deserving of support in a post-conflict society. The chapter is split into two sections. The first unpacks the notions of victims, victimization, and victimhood, and the second analyses hierarchies of victimhood. It begins by briefly outlining the normative dimensions of what constitutes a victim in international law, before discussing victimization in times of war and disputed visions of victimhood. It moves on to examine how such victimhood can be contested, collectively identified with, and used to prioritize certain victims over others. This is contrasted to the everyday experience of victims, which is often detached from the political debates. The second section of the chapter explores hierarchies of victimhood, concentrating on three groups—State forces and civilians; national and foreign victims; and complex victims. The final sub-section discusses how victims experience a range of harms in their daily lives that pervades into the home, culture and society.
Introduction
Authors: Dixon Rosalind 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the structure of the book and its key arguments, as well as its relationship to the work of John Hart Ely in Democracy and Distrust, and theories of responsive law and regulation, dialogue, and weak review. It points to the key democratic blockages constitutional courts can help counter, as well as create, and how this should inform courts’ approach to construction, including in the context of constitutional implications, doctrines of proportionality, stare decisis, and remedies.
Toward Strong–Weak/Weak–Strong Judicial Review and Remedies
Authors: Dixon Rosalind 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the notion of strong versus weak judicial review, and the idea of responsive judicial review as a combination of strong and weak remedies and rights-based reasoning. It provides a taxonomy of different forms of judicial weakness, both formal and informal, and explores the role of narrow reasoning, delayed or non-coercive remedies, and weakened norms of stare decisis in reducing the finality of judicial decisions. It further argues that the type and degree of judicial non-finality should match or be responsive to the specific blockage a court is seeking to counter, and risk of reverse inertia, backlash, or debilitation it is seeking to counter. Hence, the chapter proposes different combinations of strong–weak and weak–strong judicial review. It also explores how, in order to promote true dialogue about constitutional norms, weak–strong review must encourage real not just rhetorical dialogue with isolators, and contain incentives for legislative action that translate into a form of “penalty default” logic.
Family First
Authors: Ben-Yishai Ayelet 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The inevitable juxtaposition of Indira Gandhi with her father Jawaharlal Nehru, and the role played by her own son, Sanjay, in the horrific “family planning” schemes are just two elements in a much broader discursive preoccupation that reads the Emergency in terms denoting family and family life. Chapter 2 moves from a survey of the Emergency escalation of a mass, internationally funded sterilization campaign and the class and caste politics always at its core to a discussion of three novels by Gandhi’s cousin, Nayantara Sahgal, published just before, during, and after the Emergency as well as her three tellingly different versions of Indira Gandhi’s biography (1978, 1982, 2012). Sitting side-by-side in this chapter, the two discourses—elite and subaltern-focused; political and biological; individual and collective—reveal that which was perhaps already evident, that there are individual elite families that need to be guarded and preserved and lower-class families of populations that need to be limited and curtailed. An analysis that takes both into account reveals the class politics of the Emergency, but also of its narration; it reinforces the stakes of the Emergency for the rising Indian middle class.
Realism
Authors: Ben-Yishai Ayelet 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter attends to the ways that the political and cultural disintegration of the 1970s was figured and explored in the English novel of the period (here Nayantara Sahgal’s 1978 A Situation in New Delhi), and by those returning to it later (Rohinton Mistry’s 1996 A Fine Balance). More precisely, this chapter is dedicated to the period’s dominant, realistic mode, by then in a decades-long slump. Indeed, among novel genres criticized for their political and formal derivativeness, realism might be the most maligned. The postcolonial realist novel tends to be regarded as complicit with imperialist discourse, as hegemonic, elitist, anachronistic, and perhaps most of all, as a reified, stale form. Reading precisely for and with its ostensibly stale reification, I follow Meenakshi Mukherjee’s call to think of realism as a mode of exploration, addressing realism as reification. The lack of formal and thematic innovation that characterizes the anglophone novel of the 1970s becomes an important correlate of the sense of cultural and political impasse of a class, a nation, and a culture, foregrounding the ongoing malaise undergirding Emergency, rather than the singular crisis, by which it was known.
Introduction
Authors: Lützen Jesper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This is a methodological or philosophical introduction. It analyzes the nature of impossibility theorems (as opposed to other types of mathematical theorems), the difference between meta statements and proper mathematical theorems, the difference between impossibility statements in mathematics and elsewhere and impossibilities as a creative force. Moreover, it introduces a classification of impossibility statements and analyzes why impossibility results have often attracted a great number of amateurs, and why these amateurs have often misunderstood the nature of the impossibility claim.
The Classical Problems
Authors: Lützen Jesper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
After discussing the difference between existence and constructability in ancient Greek geometry, we turn to Pappus’ classification of construction problems into plane, solid, and line-like problems. The plane problems can be solved by a construction using only ruler and compass, whereas solid problems require conic sections. Pappus insisted that if a problem was plane it would be a methodological error to solve it by solid means. He and his contemporaries believed that the classical problems could not be solved by plane means. However, he never came up with a proof. In fact, the idea of such an impossibility proof does not seem to have occurred to him or other Greek mathematicians. We end by studying how Archimedes and Ptolemy used non-constructible quantities.
Euler and the Bridges of Königsberg
Authors: Lützen Jesper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In 1736 Euler showed that it would be impossible to find a tour through Königsberg that crossed each of the seven bridges exactly once. Euler then generalized the problem to towns with other layouts. Euler’s paper is often mentioned as the first example of graph (or network) theory. We analyze Euler’s proof and point out that his proof of impossibility is, in fact, correct but unnecessarily complicated. However, his proof of possibility in the cases where there is such a tour is not rigorous. Euler presented his paper as a contribution to a new area of mathematics that Leibniz had called geometria situs.
Conclusion
Authors: Lützen Jesper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this book, we have followed the history of some of the most famous mathematical impossibility theorems. These histories have followed paths that were specific to each theorem. Still, we have detected some patterns or common trends across the various examples. This conclusion shall sum up some of these trends including the increasing importance attributed to impossibility theorems; the shift from considering impossibilities as meta-statements to considering them as proper mathematical results; the gradual mastering of different types of proofs for different types of impossibility results; impossibility as a creative force; the great number of controversies.
Why Write a Biography of R. H. Charles? Charles in Context
Authors: VanderKam James C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe chapter situates R. H. Charles in the history of scholarship on the Bible and fields related to it. It traces the rise of a new approach to the Scriptures—reading them in their original languages and in their historical contexts—during the Renaissance and Reformation periods and subsequent centuries. The rise of higher criticism especially in Germany led to the identification of sources underlying the Pentateuch and eventually to the conclusion that the Priestly source of the Pentateuch was written at a late time, after the exile. The period after the Judean exile became one of little interest to critical scholars, but Charles was a pioneer in highlighting the importance of the Jewish apocalyptic literature from this time for understanding Judaism and the New Testament.
Introduction
Authors: VanderKam James C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe chapter presents as background for Charles’s early work an account of the University of Oxford in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and the educational reforms that took place in it. In these decades, the reforms moved the university beyond some of its traditional ways toward greater inclusion as well as a research culture. The chapter also describes the gradual and not always peaceful development of critical biblical scholarship in Great Britain in the same period. Some of the controversies it aroused are exemplified through surveys of two publications, Essays and Reviews and Lux Mundi, and the varied reactions they aroused.
2 (Slavonic) Enoch
Authors: VanderKam James C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe chapter describes the way in which Charles became aware of the Slavonic Book of Enoch and the assistance he received from W. R. Morfill in translating it. It describes the content of the book, issues connected with the text and with the last chapters in some copies, the time to which Charles dated it, and the influence of it that he detected in a number of early texts. The chapter also reviews the debate about the book’s astronomy engendered by Charles’s publication and the first-century date to which he assigned it. In addition, the reviews which Charles commentary received and the ongoing influence of the book are examined.
The Assumption of Moses
Authors: VanderKam James C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe chapter opens by describing the contents of the Assumption of Moses and the single palimpsest copy of it in a Latin translation published by Antonio Maria Ceriani in the early 1860s. It goes on to describe Charles’s translation of and commentary on the Latin text together with his understanding of its main teachings. It takes up the issue of what is the correct name of the text and Charles’s theory that once this text, the Testament of Moses, had been combined with another text, the Ascension of Moses. Charles’s dating of the text along with his hypotheses about its original language and the dislocations in the Latin copy likewise come under consideration. The reviews that Charles’s book elicited are surveyed, and the chapter concludes with a discussion of its influence on scholarship today.
The Ascension of Isaiah
Authors: VanderKam James C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe chapter deals with Charles’s next edition of an ancient text, Ascension of Isaiah, which he published in 1900. It describes the contents of the ancient work and the distinctive parts of which it seems to consist. This is followed by a review of the history of scholarship on the Ascension of Isaiah before Charles issued his translation and commentary and a description of the textual evidence for it in several languages—Ethiopic, Latin, Greek, and Slavonic. It explains the ways in which Charles determined the relationships between the textual witnesses and how he arrived at the text he translated. It also takes up his dating of the various parts of the composite text that he distinguished—Vision of Isaiah, Martyrdom of Isaiah, Testament of Hezekiah—and his analysis of major themes expressed or reflected in it, especially the Antichrist, Beliar, and Nero myths. The chapter then examines the reviews of Charles’s book and the effect that his research continues to have in contemporary study of the Ascension of Isaiah.
More Honors and the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs 1901–1908
Authors: VanderKam James C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe chapter focuses on a period in Charles’s career when he received increasing academic honors and wrote some of his most important books. In the former category, it deals with his becoming a Fellow of the British Academy in 1906 and traces the various roles that he played as a Fellow, including his two terms as a member of the Council, and his being awarded the first British Academy Medal for Biblical Studies. It also describes his Grinfield Lectures on the Septuagint (on Daniel). There is, moreover, coverage of his reception of a D. Litt. Degree from the University of Oxford. The bulk of the chapter studies the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, the history of scholarship on it that began already with Robert Grosseteste, Charles’s articles about it and a newly found Aramaic text related to part of it, and Charles’s translation/commentary on the Testaments and his critical edition of the Greek text. The coverage includes his conclusions about the date of the work, its original language, its textual history and growth, and the main ideas in it. The chapter concludes with consideration of the reviews of Charles’s books and their ongoing importance in modern study of the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs.
The Last Oxford Years 1909–1913 andThe Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament
Authors: VanderKam James C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe chapter relates information about Charles becoming a Fellow of Merton College Oxford, his lecture before the Church Conference of 1910 critiquing Albert Schweitzer’s views, the Drew Lecture on Immortality in 1912, and his appointment as Speaker’s Lecturer in Biblical Studies (the lectures were on the Book of Revelation). There is also a consideration of the context for his work on the Zadokite Fragments, recently found and published by Solomon Schechter, the controversy about access to the manuscripts of the work, and his translation and commentary on it. The chapter describes the subsequent find of copies of the text among the Dead Sea Scrolls and surveys the contributions they make to study of the text and the community behind it. Much of the chapter sets the context for and describes Charles’s best-known publication, this time as editor, The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, a two-volume collection of introductions and annotated translations of the texts that fell into both categories. The Pseudepigrapha volume contains many of his own translations and notes on Jewish texts. There is coverage of reviews of the work and the legacy of the book in modern times.