bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practical Political Liberalism
Authors: Perl Caleb 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces a new version of political liberalism, or at least a new, very close cousin of political liberalism. The new version differs from traditional kinds of political liberalism in its focus on practical rather than doxastic commitments. One might be committed to paying taxes, and might also believe that paying taxes is morally required. The former is a practical commitment: a commitment to act. The latter is a doxastic state: belief in a proposition. This chapter focuses exclusively on the practical states necessary for cooperating together in the right way. So the author calls the new version practical political liberalism. The chapter introduces practical liberalism as particularly accommodating to religious citizens. For instance, it can seem like more traditional kinds of political liberalism require religious citizens to be skeptics about religious questions. Practical liberalism will explain why skepticism isn’t required. And the explanation illustrates more generally how practical liberalism doesn’t require religious citizens to accept additional commitments that they’d find objectionable. The chapter then argues that all political liberals should be practical liberals.
Political Liberalism and the Dismantling of the Gendered Division of Labor
Authors: Gheaus Anca 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Women continue to be in charge of most childrearing; men continue to be responsible for most breadwinning. There is no consensus on whether this state of affairs, and the informal norms that encourage it, are matters of justice to be tackled by state action. Feminists have criticized political liberalism for its alleged inability to embrace a full feminist agenda, inability explained by political liberals’ commitment to the ideal of state neutrality. The debate continues on whether neutral states can accommodate two feminist demands: to enact policies aimed at dismantling the feminization of caregiving, especially childrearing, and to compensate women for some of the disadvantages they incur by being primary care-givers. I contribute to this debate with three arguments in support of policies meant to de-gender care-giving and compensate care-givers. The first appeals to equality of opportunity to positions of advantage and justifies policies that prevent or mitigate statistical discrimination and implicit biases. The second draws attention to a possible causal relationship between the specialization of women in early childcare and misogyny; since the latter is incompatible with political liberal justice, it yields the conclusion that political liberals ought to further investigate the causal hypothesis with the aim of establishing or refuting it. The third argument concludes that legitimate childrearing prohibits adults from socializing children or, at least girls, into gender norms; it justifies duties of justice on the side of parents, educators, and economic agents, and state policies meant to offset foreseeable breaches of some of these duties.
Self-Sovereignty, Drugs, and Prostitution
Authors: Marneffe Peter de 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Portugal and the state of Oregon have decriminalized drugs, but they have not legalized them. There are no criminal penalties for using drugs or possessing small quantities, but there are criminal penalties for the commercial manufacture and sale of drugs. Sweden, Norway, and Denmark have decriminalized prostitution, but they have not legalized it. There are no criminal penalties for the sale of sexual services by private individuals, but there are criminal penalties for operating a sex business such as a brothel or escort agency. This chapter defends one possible rationale for these policies: that laws that prohibit the use of drugs or the sale sex violate our right of self-sovereignty—the right we have to control our own minds and bodies—but laws that prohibit us from engaging in related commercial enterprises do not. The chapter presents a theory of self-sovereignty and explains why, given this theory and certain normative and empirical assumptions, it makes sense to hold that whereas criminalization violates our right of self-sovereignty, nonlegalization does not. For this reason, one cannot validly infer from the premise that criminalization violates our rights that nonlegalization does too.
Liberty, Security, and Accountability: The Rise and Fall of Illiberal Democracies
Authors: Gratton Gabriele , Lee Barton E 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
We study a model of the rise and fall of illiberal democracies. Voters value both liberty and economic security. In times of crisis, voters may prefer to elect an illiberal government that, by violating constitutional constraints, offers greater economic security but less liberty. However, violating these constraints allows the government to manipulate information, in turn reducing electoral accountability. We show how elements of liberal constitutions induce voters to elect illiberal governments that remain in power for inefficiently long—including forever. We derive insights into what makes constitutions stable against the rise of illiberal governments. We extend the model to allow for illiberal governments to overcome checks and balances and become autocracies. We show that stronger checks and balances are a double-edged sword: they slow down autocratization but may make it more likely. We discuss the empirical relevance of our theoretical framework and its connection to real world examples.
Association between hypogammaglobulinaemia and severe infections during induction therapy in ANCA-associated vasculitis: from J-CANVAS study
Authors: Omura Satoshi , Kida Takashi , Noma Hisashi , Sunaga Atsuhiko , Kusuoka Hiroaki , Kadoya Masatoshi , Nakagomi Daiki , Abe Yoshiyuki , Takizawa Naoho , Nomura Atsushi , Kukida Yuji , Kondo Naoya , Yamano Yasuhiko , Yanagida Takuya , Endo Koji , Hirata Shintaro , Matsui Kiyoshi , Takeuchi Tohru , Ichinose Kunihiro , Kato Masaru , Yanai Ryo , Matsuo Yusuke , Shimojima Yasuhiro , Nishioka Ryo , Okazaki Ryota , Takata Tomoaki , Ito Takafumi , Moriyama Mayuko , Takatani Ayuko , Miyawaki Yoshia , Ito-Ihara Toshiko , Yajima Nobuyuki , Kawaguchi Takashi , Fukuda Wataru , Kawahito Yutaka 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate the association between decreased serum IgG levels caused by remission-induction immunosuppressive therapy of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) and the development of severe infections.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with new-onset or severe relapsing AAV enrolled in the J-CANVAS registry, which was established at 24 referral sites in Japan. The minimum serum IgG levels up to 24 weeks and the incidence of severe infection up to 48 weeks after treatment initiation were evaluated. After multiple imputations for all explanatory variables, we performed the multivariate analysis using a Fine–Gray model to assess the association between low IgG (the minimum IgG levels &lt;500 mg/dl) and severe infections. In addition, the association was expressed as a restricted cubic spline (RCS) and analysed by treatment subgroups.

Results
Of 657 included patients (microscopic polyangiitis, 392; granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 139; eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 126), 111 (16.9%) developed severe infections. The minimum serum IgG levels were measured in 510 patients, of whom 77 (15.1%) had low IgG. After multiple imputations, the confounder-adjusted hazard ratio of low IgG for the incidence of severe infections was 1.75 (95% confidence interval: 1.03–3.00). The RCS revealed a U-shaped association between serum IgG levels and the incidence of severe infection with serum IgG 946 mg/dl as the lowest point. Subgroup analysis showed no obvious heterogeneity between treatment regimens.

Conclusion
Regardless of treatment regimens, low IgG after remission-induction treatment was associated with the development of severe infections up to 48 weeks after treatment initiation.
Socio-economic framework for the design of national household insolvency systems
Authors: Wang Xiaojing , Ward Anne Marie 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Lessons learned in the aftermath of the Financial Crisis of 2008 include that long, punitive household insolvency regimes have a negative societal impact, increase the potential for financial instability and hamper national economic recovery. We propose the Socio-Economic Framework for Household Insolvency System Design as a regulatory mechanism that aims to control national household debt and productivity levels. The system facilitates an informal resolution of the conflict between over-indebted households and their creditors. When this is not possible, the system grants immediate relief to no-income, no-assets and ‘honest’ households, that experienced over-indebtedness because of an external negative shock, such as a medical emergency. Finally, when the household does not qualify for immediate relief, the system allocates the costs of insolvency between the household and creditors, based on responsibility for the over-indebtedness. This reduces the moral hazard.
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Promotes Mesenchymal Stem Cell Migration by Regulating Glycolysis-Dependent β-Catenin Signaling
Authors: Lu Junhou , Zhang Yu , Wang Dongyan , Xu Xiaojing , Xu Jianwei , Yang Xinyu , Qian Hongxiang , Zhang Huanxiang 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Migration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to the site of injury is crucial in transplantation therapy. Studies have shown that cell migration is regulated by the cellular microenvironment and accompanied by changes in cellular metabolism. However, limited information is available about the relationship between MSC migration and cellular metabolism. Here, we show that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) promotes the migration of MSCs with high levels of glycolysis and high expression of hexokinase 2 (HK2), a rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis. The enhancement of glycolysis via the activation of HK2 expression promoted the migration of MSCs, whereas the inhibition of glycolysis, but not of oxidative phosphorylation, inhibited the bFGF-induced migration of these cells. Furthermore, bFGF enhanced glycolysis by increasing HK2 expression, which consequently promoted β-catenin accumulation, and the inhibition of glycolysis inhibited the bFGF-induced accumulation of β-catenin. When the accumulation of glycolytic intermediates was altered, phosphoenolpyruvate was found to be directly involved in the regulation of β-catenin expression and activation, suggesting that bFGF regulates β-catenin signaling through glycolytic intermediates. Moreover, transplantation with HK2-overexpressing MSCs significantly improved the effect of cell therapy on skull injury in rats. In conclusion, we propose a novel glycolysis-dependent β-catenin signaling regulatory mechanism and provide an experimental and theoretical basis for the clinical application of MSCs.
Peptide RL‐QN15 promotes regeneration of epidermal nerve fibers and recovery of sensory function in diabetic skin wounds
Authors: Wu Yutong , Wang Ying , Fu Zhe , Sun Huiling , Liu Yixiang , Li Chao , Wang Yinglei , Liu Naixin , Huang Yubing , Yin Saige , Guo Kun , Feng Chengan , Tang Jing , He Li , Yang Ying , Yang Xinwang 
Published: March 2023

AbstractEpidermal nerve fiber regeneration and sensory function are severely impaired in skin wounds of diabetic patients. To date, however, research on post‐traumatic nerve regeneration and sensory reconstruction remains scarce, and effective clinical therapeutics are lacking. In the current study, localized treatment with RL‐QN15, considered as a drug candidate for intervention in skin wounds in our previous research, accelerated the healing of full‐thickness dorsal skin wounds in diabetic mice and footpad skin wounds in diabetic rats. Interestingly, nerve density and axonal plasticity in the skin wounds of diabetic rats and mice, as well as plantar sensitivity in diabetic rats, were markedly enhanced by RL‐QN15 treatment. Furthermore, RL‐QN15 promoted the proliferation, migration, and axonal length of neuron‐like PC12 cells, which was likely associated with activation of the phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway. The therapeutic effects of RL‐QN15 were partially reduced by blocking the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway with the inhibitor LY294002. Thus, RL‐QN15 showed positive therapeutic effects on the distribution of epidermal nerve fibers and stimulated the recovery of sensory function after cutaneous injury. This study lays a solid foundation for the development of RL‐QN15 peptide‐based therapeutics against diabetic skin wounds.
Distal Radius Salter–Harris II Fracture Loss of Reduction: The Importance of Coronal Plane Angulation in Older Children
Authors: Rivera Asdrubal E. , Welbeck Arakua , Cummings Jason L. , Goldfarb Charles A. , Hosseinzadeh Pooya 
Published: March 2023

Objectives:
To assess factors affecting the loss of reduction (LOR) in a large cohort of children with Salter–Harris Type II (SH II) distal radius physeal fractures treated with closed reduction.

Design:
Retrospective chart review.

Setting:
Pediatric Level I Trauma Center.

Patients/Participants:
A total of 141 pediatric patients (73% male, average age: 12.15 ± 2.55 years) that had undergone closed reduction and casting for distal radius physeal fractures from 2006 to 2019 were included in this study.

Intervention:
Closed reduction and casting.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Five different radiographic measurements were analyzed at 4 different time points. Follow-up radiographs were assessed in relation to initial reduction. LOR was defined as >5 degrees change of angulation on PA radiographs, >10 degrees change of angulation on lateral radiographs, and/or >25% translation on PA or lateral radiographs.

Results:
LOR was seen in 28.4% of the patients, most often (68%) in the first 2 weeks after initial reduction. Seven (17.5%) of these patients (average age: 15.2 ± 2.0 years) were treated surgically with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (CRPP). Patients undergoing CRPP for LOR were an average of 3.4 years older (P < 0.001) than those who underwent nonoperative treatment of LOR. Patients with initial angulation more than 5 degrees on the PA view to be twice as likely to have LOR (P = 0.03).

Conclusions:
LOR was seen in nearly 1/3 of these patients. Patients with initial higher degree of angulation on the coronal plane are at higher risk for LOR. Age, not the degree of angulation, is the main predictor for potential surgical treatment.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Where Are We in 2022? A Summary of 11,000 Open Tibia Fractures Over 4 Decades
Authors: Castillo Isaac A. , Heiner Jacob A. , Meremikwu Ramzy I. , Kellam James , Warner Stephen J. 
Published: March 2023

Objectives:
To determine the infection and nonunion rates for open tibia fracture treatment over the past 4 decades since the introduction of the Gustilo–Anderson (GA) open fracture classification.

Data Sources:
PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases were reviewed using the PRISMA checklist for articles between 1977 and September 2018.

Study Selection:
One hundred sixty-one articles meeting the following inclusion criteria: English language, published between 1977 and 2018, reported infection rates, reported nonunion rates, and fractures classified by the GA open fracture criteria were selected.

Data Extraction:
All articles were thoroughly evaluated to extract infection and nonunion data for open tibia fractures.

Data Synthesis:
Due to variability in the data reviewed, statistical evaluation could not be reliably done.

Results:
11,326 open tibia fractures were reported with 17% type I, 25.2% type II, 25.3% type IIIA, and 32.5% type IIIB/C. The average infection rate over 4 decades was 18.3%, with 24.3% superficial, 11.2% deep, and 14.7% pin tract. The infection rate by decade was 14% for 1977–1986, 16.2% for 1987–1996, 20.5% for 1997%–2006%, and 18.1% from 2007 to 2017. The overall nonunion rate was 14.1%. The nonunion rate was 13% for 1977–1986, 17% for 1987–1996, 12.8% for 1997%–2006%, and 12.3% for 2007–2017.

Conclusions:
This in-depth summary has demonstrated that the percentage rate for infections and nonunion has remained similar over the past 40 years.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Robotics Coupled With Navigation for Pediatric Spine Surgery: Initial Intraoperative Experience With 162 Cases
Authors: Welch Nicole , Mota Frank , Birch Craig , Hutchinson Lauren , Hedequist Daniel 
Published: March 2023

Background:
This study assesses intraoperative efficacy, accuracy, and complications of pedicle screw placement using robotic-assisted navigation (RAN) in pediatric spine surgery.

Methods:
A retrospective review of patients who underwent spine deformity surgery using RAN at a single pediatric institution from 2019 to 2021 was conducted. Patient demographics, perioperative metrics, screw execution and accuracy, technical difficulties, and other outcomes were summarized. In cases with postoperative computed tomography scans, screws were classified using the Gertzbein and Robbins classification scale. Fisher exact tests were used to assess the relationship between procedural changes and lateral screw malposition.

Results:
One hundred sixty-two cases with an average patient age of 15.1 years (range, 4 to 31 y) were reviewed. The most common diagnosis was adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (n=80) with an average major curve of 65 degrees. Of 1467 screws attempted, 1461 were executed successfully (99.6%). All failures were in Type D pedicles and were lateral deviations recognized with routine intraoperative fluoroscopy. In cases with postoperative computed tomography imaging, 100% of screws (n=197) were placed with complete containment (Grade A). Remaining screws were graded as accurate by mirroring fluoroscopy and planned computer software positions. In 4% of cases, loss of registration was detected by a safety check before drilling at the planned level. There were no neurological deficits or returns to the operating room. Two changes occurred as part of the learning curve associated with this technique. (1) Adoption of a high-speed navigated drill: Change 1 (last 74 cases). (2) Drilling all pilot holes robotically first, then placing screws within the robotically established tracts to avoid motion and subsequent registration disruption: Change 2 (last 39 cases). Change 1 was less likely to result in screw malposition as no screws skived lateral with the technique (P=0.03). Change 2 trended toward statistical significance for avoidance of screw malposition and loss of registration, as no loss of registration occurred after adopting this technique.

Conclusion:
This study highlights the safety and screw accuracy associated with the use of RAN in pediatric patients.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Declining Rates of Legg–Calvé–Perthes Surgery in the United States: National Trends Using the Kids’ Inpatient Database and Pediatric Health Information System
Authors: LaGreca Jaren , Nickel Amanda , Finch Michael , Martin Benjamin D. , Laine Jennifer C. 
Published: March 2023

Background:
In 2004 and 2008 two large prospective, multicenter studies were published which resulted in improved understanding of operative indications for the treatment of Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease (LCPD) based on patient age, disease severity, and resultant radiographic outcomes. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the trends in surgical management of LCPD in the United States prior, and subsequent to, the publication of these landmark studies.

Methods:
Cross-sectional retrospective analysis of US pediatric hospitalizations for the surgical management of LCPD was conducted using the Kids’ Inpatient Database from 2000 to 2016. Patients 12 years of age and younger were included who had a primary admission diagnosis of LCPD and a LCPD-related procedure during the hospitalization. Data was subsequently weighted to produce national-level estimates and variables pertaining to patient age group, procedure, demographics, and hospital characteristics were analyzed. In a post hoc analysis, the results of the Kids’ Inpatient Database were also corroborated with the Pediatric Health Information System database.

Results:
A weighted sample of 2786 LCPD surgical admissions met inclusion and exclusion criteria; 11.2% of surgical admissions were patients below 6 years of age, 35.9% were 6 to 8 years of age, and 52.9% were above 8 years of age. There was a significant decrease in admissions for surgical management of LCPD in all age groups over time, however there was no appreciable change in the proportion of LCPD surgical admissions performed among the above 8 to below 12, above 6 to below 8, or below 6 years age groups. Femoral osteotomy remained the most common surgical procedure, while other osteotomy types, including pelvic and unspecified osteotomies involving the hip, decreased over time (P<0.001).

Conclusions:
There is a decreasing rate of hospital admissions for LCPD surgery since 2000, perhaps indicating a decline in incidence of disease. Furthermore, despite evidence supporting LCPD surgical outcomes related to patient age, there has been no change in the proportion of patients undergoing surgery by age group over time.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective study.
Does Shorter Time to Treatment of Pediatric Supracondylar Humerus Fractures Impact Clinical Outcomes?
Authors: Sullivan Mikaela H. , Wahlig Brian D. , Broida Samuel E. , Larson A. Noelle , Shaughnessy William J. , Stans Anthony A. , Milbrandt Todd A. 
Published: March 2023

Background:
Treatment of supracondylar humerus (SCH) fractures within 18 hours of presentation is a tracked quality metric for ranking of pediatric hospitals. This is in contrast with literature that shows time to treatment does not impact outcomes in SCH fractures. We aim to determine whether an 18-hour cutoff for pediatric supracondylar humerus fracture treatment is clinically significant by comparing the complication risks ofpatients on either side of this timepoint. Our hypothesis is that there will be no statistically significant differences based on time to treatment.

Methods:
A retrospective review of clinical outcomes was performed for 472 pediatric patients who underwent surgical management of isolated supracondylar humerus fractures between 1997 and 2022 at a single level I pediatric trauma hospital. The cohort was split based on time to surgery (within or ≥18 h from Emergency Department admission).

Results:
Surgical treatment occurred within 18 hours of arrival in 435 (92.2%) patients and after 18 hours in 37 (7.8%) patients. Mean age was 5.6±2.2 years and 51.5% of patients were female. Gartland fracture classification was type II [n=152 (32.3%)], type III [n=284 (60.3%)], type IV [n=13 (2.8%)], or flexion-type [n=18 (3.8%)]. There were no differences in demographic characteristics or fracture classification between cohorts. Fractures in the ≥18-hour cohort were treated more commonly with 2 pins (62.2% vs. 38.5%, P=0.04). There were no statistically significant differences in open versus closed reduction, utilization of medial pins, or postoperative immobilization between cohorts. We were unable to detect any differences in postoperative complications, including non-union, delayed union, stiffness, malunion, loss of reduction, iatrogenic nerve injury, or infection. This remained true when type II fractures were excluded.

Conclusions:
Using an arbitrary time cutoff of <18 hours does not influence clinical outcomes in the surgical treatment of SCH fractures. This held true when type II fractures were excluded. For this reason, we recommend modification to the USNWR guidelines to decrease emphasis on time-to-treatment of SCH fractures.

Level of Evidence:
Level III