bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reaction of Poliovirus and Formaldehyde in Magnesium Chloride Solution to Enhance Potency of Killed-Virus Vaccine
Authors: Ozaki Yoshikatsu , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Inactivation of type 1 and type 3 polioviruses with formalin in the presence of 1 M MgCl2 at 37°, 45° and 50°C was studied. There was marked slowing in the rate of inactivation by formalin at the higher temperatures in the presence of MgCl2, and the reaction tended to proceed as a first order reaction. This suggests that the Mg ions, which stabilize the virus to thermal inactivation, allow the virus to be inactivated by the formalin alone. Preparations whose infectivity was destroyed by formalin in the presence of 1 M MgCl2 gave much higher antigenic potency than controls inactivated in the absence of Mg ions.
Pseudomon as Pseudomallei and Pseudomon as Aeruginosa as Adjuvants in the Production of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Lipton Murray M. , Steigman Alex J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Pseudomonas pseudomallei and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, killed and dried, can replace the killed mycobacteria of complete Freund's adjuvants in the production of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the guinea pig. Homologous guinea pig spinal cord is the source of the encephalitogenic “antigen” or “hapten.” The disease produced is milder than that produced when mycobacteria are used. P. pseudomallei organisms are also effective mycobacterial substitutes when used with whole bovine spinal cord or lipid extract thereof. Heterologous spinal cord, in this case bovine spinal cord, can cause mild central nervous system lesions of EAE even with incomplete Freund's adjuvants.
Further Observations on the Serologic Specificity of Sialic Acid for Rho(D) Antibody
Authors: Dodd Matthew C. , Bigley Nancy J. , Geyer Virginia B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The previous work showing that certain crude preparations of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA), a brain ganglioside containing NANA, and degradation products such as N-acetylglucosamine and mannosamine specifically inhibited Rho(D) antibody has been found to be dependent on factors such as the time of incubation of inhibitor and antiserum, the amount of antibody used and the nature of the preparation. Absorption of anti-D serum with D-negative cells to which these substances had been coupled demonstrated that NANA from human plasma which did not inhibit, and poor inhibitors such as N-acetylglucosamine, bound anti-D and removed it from serum as efficiently as good inhibitors.
Studies of γ- and β2A-Globulins
Authors: Fahey John L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immunochemical properties of proteins formed in plasma cells of inbred mice were studied by comparison of intact molecules and S and F (papain-produced) fragments of γ- and β2A-myeloma proteins from BALB/c and C3H/He mice.
Mouse β2A-myeloma proteins were reduced to two antigenically different classes of fragments (S and F). Each molecule appeared to contain two S and one F piece. The F fragments of the β2A-myeloma proteins could be crystallized.
Antigenic determinants specific for β2A-globulins were found on the F fragments. The antigenic determinants common to both the γ and β2A-globulins were found on the S fragments of both globulin types.
Two γ-myeloma proteins from BALB/c plasma cell tumors were found to have distinctive as well as common antigenic determinants. The antigenic differences were located in both the S and F fragments.
Hemagglutination Studies with Formalinized Erythrocytes
Authors: Butler William T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Formalinized erythrocytes sensitized with diphtheria toxoid using bisdiazotized benzidine (BDB) as a coupling agent, will detect 0.00015 units/ml of standard diphtheria antitoxin. Therefore, such erythrocytes are at least as sensitive as fresh or formalinized erythrocytes sensitized by the tannic acid method. They can be stored frozen, and thawed at any time for use.
The concentration of BDB in the reaction mixture is crucial. In contrast, optimal sensitization occurs over a wide range of diphtheria toxoid concentration, and 100-fold less antigen is necessary than had previously been needed to sensitize nonformalinized erythrocytes by the BDB method. The coupling procedure is complete within 5 to 10 min at 37°C.
Other factors related to the preparation of formalinized erythrocytes, tannic acid treatment of such erythrocytes, preparation of the BDB-antigen-erythrocyte reaction mixture, and performance of the hemagglutination test are discussed.
The Detection of Humoral Antibodies Directed against Salicylates in Hypersensitive States
Authors: Weiner Lawrence M. , Rosenblatt Melvyn , Howes Homer A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Conjugates of aspirin have been prepared which are able to stimulate antibody production in rabbits and sensitize guinea pigs to fatal anaphylactic shock. In addition, the indirect hemagglutination technique has been modified so that tanned sheep red blood cells treated with aspiryl-conjugates are able to combine with antibodies in the serum of individuals clinically sensitive to aspirin and para-aminosalicylic acid.
Effect of Thymectomy and Bursectomy on the Survival of Skin Homografts in Chickens
Authors: Aspinall Richard L. , Meyer Roland K. , Graetzer Mary A. , Wolfe Harold R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two strains of chickens were thymectomized and/or bursectomized at 1 to 3 days after hatching and skin homografts made at 4 or 6 days of age. Thymectomy delayed skin homograft rejection, but neither steroidal or surgical bursectomy had any effect.
The Roles of Cellular Division and Maturation in the Formation of Precipitating Antibody
Authors: Urso Paul , Makinodan T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The role of somatic division in secondary anti-BSA responses by isolated rabbit cells was investigated with the use of tritiated thymidine as a marker in combination with Coon's immuno-fluorescent technique and colchicine, a mitotic inhibitor. The cells were cultured in 0.1-µ porosity diffusion chambers implanted into x-irradiated rabbits and mice. The results showed that not only were antibody-containing cells dividing but that they were dividing at a rate significantly higher than that of the incompetent cells during the log phase of activity. The mean generation time was 12 hr during the log phase and 24 hr in the stationary phase. A direct correspondence was found between the rise in percentage of antibody-containing cells and rise in antibody titer of culture chamber fluid. We also observed that all the competent cells of the stationary phase were derived from precursor cells through somatic division. Cytomorphologic examinations of antibody-containing cells at intervals after antigenic stimulation suggest a gradual transition in the number and distribution of sites of antibody synthesis.
Induction of Unresponsiveness and Immunity in Newborn and Adult Mice with Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Siskind Gregory W. , Paterson Philip Y. , Thomas Lewis 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Newborn mice can be immunized or rendered unresponsive (paralyzed) to type II pneumococcal polysaccharide as determined by their response to subsequent pneumococcal challenge. When challenged at a given age, relatively high doses of S II at birth lead to unresponsiveness, somewhat lower doses lead to immunity, and very low doses have no apparent effect. Unresponsiveness induced by the neonatal injection of S II disappears slowly with time and is followed, without further injection of antigen, by immunity. Immunity induced by neonatal injection of small doses of S II diminishes slowly with time. There is no apparent difference between newborn and young adult mice with respect to ease of induction of unresponsiveness to S II. The data suggest that newborn mice can be immunized with S II more effectively than can older mice. It is suggested that dose and persistence of antigen, rather than neonatal presentation, are more important factors in the induction and maintenance of immunologic unresponsiveness. When the amount of antigen present in the animal decreases below a critical level the animal ceases to be unresponsive and is, in fact, immunized by the residual antigen present.
The Formation of Soluble Complexes in the Region of Antibody Excess with Protein Antigens and Their Rabbit Antibodies
Authors: Forster Othmar , Weigle William O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Using the technique of Nisonoff and Winkler of slow addition of antigen to antibody under vigorous mixing, the formation of soluble complexes in antibody excess have been studied with egg albumin, bovine serum albumin and bovine γ-globulin. With all three systems the formation of soluble antibody excess complexes was possible, although the antibody concentrations required increased with the molecular weights of the antigens.
Thorough mixing seemed to be of primary importance in order to maintain a high antibody excess at the site of reaction. The time of addition may be relatively short without impairing the result, whereas stirring over a prolonged period leads to denaturation of the antibody and to increased precipitation.
The formation of the complexes can be inhibited, and preformed complexes can be precipitated by a heat labile factor present in the euglobulin fraction of fresh guinea pig serum and rabbit serum. This factor is probably complement-nitrogen. The composition of the complexes was determined using fresh guinea pig serum for precipitation of complexes formed with I131 labeled EA and I125 labeled anti-EA. The antibody: antigen ratio found was higher than the initial combining ratio.
Preparation of Primary Human Amnion Cells by Pancreatin Procedure and Their Susceptibility to Enteroviruses
Authors: Hayashi Hajime , LoGrippo Gerald A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A new method for the preparation of primary human amnion cells is reported in which pancreatin solution is used instead of trypsin for the digestion of amnion membranes. The chief advantage of the pancreatin digest is in its mucolytic action and cell dispersion, both being accomplished during a one-step procedure. Cells obtained by this means can be grown and can support the growth of viruses equally as well as the cells obtained by the trypsinization procedure. Such cells are also satisfactory for primary virus isolation from clinical material.
The Relationship of Agglutinogen to Other Antigens of Bordetella Pertussis
Authors: Schuchardt L. F. , Munoz J. , Verwey W. F. , Sagin J. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified Bordetella pertussis agglutinogen has been prepared from supernatants of sonically disrupted cells by precipitation with sodium sulfate. The agglutinogen produced a single band of precipitation in the agar diffusion test and was found to give rise to the production of agglutinins in mice as well as rabbits. This antigen was shown to be different from the heat stable and heat labile toxins, the histamine sensitizing substance, the hemagglutinin, and the protective antigen of B. pertussis.
The Immunologic Response of Dogs to Soluble Protein Antigens
Authors: Patterson Roy , Chang Walter W. Y. , Pruzansky Jacob J. , Portney Gerald L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The tanned red blood cell hemagglutination technique was the most useful test for detection and estimation of quantity of antibodies in dogs immunized with heterologous proteins. Immunization with antigens in Freund's adjuvant resulted in the highest antibody levels by the TRBC hemagglutination technique. In general, the dog appears to be a poor producer of precipitating antibodies against the antigens used. The use of I131-labeled antigens in quantitative precipitin reactions is a useful method for study of canine antisera containing sufficient antibody to precipitate. Canine antibody against bovine serum albumin showed a precipitin reaction with soluble complexes in both the antigen and antibody excess zones.
The Response of Inbred Rabbits to Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Pincus William B. , Flick John A. , Ingalls Theodore H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The nature of the cutaneous lesion following infection with vaccinia virus has been studied, using the cutaneous lesion of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection for a reference. Rabbits inbred for susceptibility and resistance to tuberculosis were infected with vaccinia virus, and 1 week later with BCG. The vaccinia lesion and BCG lesions behaved similarly with respect to timing, magnitude and severity within each rabbit strain. Rabbits resistant to tuberculosis rapidly developed severe BCG and vaccinia lesions which healed readily; susceptible rabbits slowly developed smaller lesions which healed with difficulty. Delayed hypersensitivity to vaccinia virus antigens and O.T. appeared early in the resistant rabbits, late or not at all in susceptible ones.
In spite of the variation in size and severity of the cutaneous vaccinia lesions among the strains of rabbits, there was no significant difference in the titer of virus recovered from the inoculation sites.
The similarity in development of cutaneous lesions and delayed hypersensitivity in inbred strains of rabbits following infection with BCG and vaccinia virus was considered to support the hypothesis that delayed hypersensitivity contributes to the pathogenesis of the primary vaccinia lesion.
Studies of the Immune Globulins of Human Serum
Authors: Vaerman J.-P. , Heremans J. F. , Vaerman C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method is described which allows the isolation of antigenically pure samples of the three immune globulins: γss (=7 S γ), γ1M (=19 S γ) and γ1A (=β2A), starting from individual serum samples.
The γss-globulin is obtained by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose. Preparative ultracentrifugation in a sucrose density gradient is used to obtain the γ1M-globulin from a euglobulin precipitate. The γ1A-globulin is isolated from the remaining pseudoglobulin solution, by means of a modified fractionation procedure using precipitation with zine sulfate, preparative electrophoresis and salting out with ammonium sulfate, in the order indicated.
The purity and recovery rates of the three immune globulin fractions are assessed, and their value as representatives of the corresponding immune globulin groups of native serum is critically discussed.
The Synthesis of γ-Globulin by Rabbit Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Fleischman Julian B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments were performed to test the possibility that the three papain fragments of rabbit γ-globulin are synthesized separately in lymph node cells. Cell suspensions were incubated with tritiated leucine for periods between 30 sec and 24 hr. Incorporation of the label was stopped at the desired time by dilution with unlabeled L-leucine. The cells were harvested, washed and homogenized, and the labeled intracellular γ-globulin was isolated in the presence of carrier, cleaved with papain, and examined for the distribution of radioactivity among the three fragments. Essentially uniform labeling was found in all experiments. It is therefore unlikely that the papain fragments form separate pools from which the whole γ-globulin molecule is assembled.
Biologic Activity of Soluble Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Sugahara Takao 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Skin reactivity and complement-fixing properties of soluble antigen-chicken antibody complexes were studied. It was found that the soluble complexes composed of rabbit γ-globulin induced skin reactions in normal guinea pigs. Chicken antibody directed toward the major rabbit γ-globulin antigenic determinant in Fr. III segment and that to the minor determinant in Frs. I and II (Porter's terminology) are comparable with respect to the ability to form skin reactive complexes. The complexes composed of either bovine serum albumin or Fr. (I + II) and homologous chicken antibodies failed to give the skin reaction. The results indicated the parallelism between the skin reactivity of the soluble complexes and the reversed passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions with the antigen-antibody systems.
The soluble complexes of chicken antibody did not inactivate a significant amount of guinea pig complement in vitro.
Studies on the Adjuvant Action of Bacterial Endotoxins on Antibody Formation
Authors: Merritt Katharine , Johnson Arthur G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The adjuvant action of endotoxin on antibody formation to a single injection of a soluble protein antigen (BGG) was demonstrated in an inbred strain of Balb mice. The adjuvant action of endotoxin was expressed in this system by decreasing the induction period and increasing peak titer. The length of time in relation to antigen administration during which endotoxin would exert its adjuvant action was found to be longer in the mouse (from 7 days before to 6 days after antigen) than in previous studies in the rabbit.
The DNA analogue 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FUDR) was found to inhibit antibody formation to BGG in these Balb mice when given daily in small doses or in a single large dose 24 or 48 hr after antigen. This single large dose of FUDR was found to be stimulatory to antibody formation when given near the time of antigen injection (1 hr before, with, or 1 hr after) or when given 4 days after antigen injection. No drug-induced tolerance to BGG in adult mice was achieved.
Studies on Synthetic Polypeptide Antigens
Authors: Gill Thomas J. , Dammin Gustave J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The majority of the skin reactions in rabbits immunized with a variety of synthetic polypeptide antigens which elicited the production of circulating antibody were the classical active Arthus reactions (Arthus type I). However, the polypeptide preparation Glu56Lys43Tyr1-1 elicited a skin reaction which followed the course of the delayed, or tuberculin, reaction despite the fact that it elicited the production of circulating antibody (Arthus type II). On the basis of the skin reactions elicited by the various synthetic polypeptides, the hypothesis was advanced that the character and intensity of the skin reactions are determined in part by the amino acid composition of the antigen.
Adenovirus Vaccine Prepared by Thermal Inactivation of the Infective Molety of the Virus in Magnesium Ions
Authors: Yang Czau-Siung , Tai Fu-Hsiang , Wallis Craig , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
MgCl2-inactivated adenovirus vaccine (type 7) was prepared by heating at 50°C for 30 min, six times longer than necessary to inactivate the infective moiety of the virus. The vaccine proved to be as antigenic in rabbits as the live virus, producing the same neutralizing and complement-fixing antibody titers. Infectivity could not be restored by removal of the MgCl2 through dialysis.
Dynamics and Quantitative Analysis of Passively Transferred Tuberculin Hypersensitivity
Authors: Feldman Joseph D. , Najarian John S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Tuberculin sensitivity in guinea pigs was transferred by intravenous injection of H3-thymidine-labeled sensitized lymphoid cells. PPD and mineral oil were administered at the same time to elicit specific and nonspecific lesions. From 6 to 70 hr later, the skin sites were removed and the total radioactivity of the lesions counted.
Radioactivity increased to a peak in the PPD skin sites at 18 to 24 hr and declined over the next 2 days. In the control sites and in untreated skin, radioactivity was low or negligible throughout the period of observation. From these data and observations made in previous autoradiographic studies, the skin lesions of tuberculin sensitivity were shown to be composed of two concurrent processes; one, an accumulation of sensitized cells apparently in response to specific antigen; and two, an infiltration of mononuclear cells contributed by the host, probably as a response to injury. The absolute numbers of cells contributed by donor and host were also calculated. Less than 1% of transferred sensitized cells arrived at the site of antigen deposition and contributed a minor proportion of all the infiltrating mononuclear elements in the test lesion.
The J Substance of Cattle
Authors: Bednekoff A. G. , Tolle A. , Datta S. P. , Friedman Janis , Stone W. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sera and saliva of about 67% of 300 rabbits contained a substance which was capable of inhibiting the reaction between cattle anti-J serum and J-positive cells. The presence of this J-like substance in rabbit serum and presumably in saliva is controlled by an autosomal dominant gene. A J-like substance was found also in a nondialyzable fraction of rabbit urine. Rabbits lacking the J-like substance when injected with saliva from cattle containing J produced specific immune anti-J. Naturally occurring antibodies of rabbits did not show seasonal variation, but this could possibly be explained by the constant climatic conditions under which the rabbits were kept.
Biologic Characteristics of a Continuous Kidney Cell Line Derived from the African Green Monkey
Authors: Hopps Hope E. , Bernheim Barbara C. , Nisalak Ananda , Tjio Joe Hin , Smadel Joseph E. 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
A continuous cell line derived from kidney tissue of the African green monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops and designated BS-C-1, has been maintained through 142 subcultures. Cultures of the BS-C-1 line support the growth of simian virus 40 to the same extent as do primary Cercopithecus kidney cell cultures; moreover, the pathognomonic vacuolating changes induced by this virus are as apparent in the continuous cell line as in the primary cell cultures. The BS-C-1 cell cultures are suitable for propagating several viruses, including polio, measles, Rift Valley fever, respiratory syncytial, Coxsackie A9, O'Malley's A-1 agent, and simian agents 1, 4 and 5. In contrast, several strains of influenza A and B viruses and of adenoviruses 3, 4 and 7 as well as simian virus 2 failed to multiply in BS-C-1 cells.
No change in the susceptibility of the BS-C-1 cultures of SV40 virus was detected throughout 142 passages of the cell line. On the other hand, during this period of culture the cell line changed its chromosomal characteristics. Thus, the pattern remained diploid, i.e., 60 chromosomes, beyond the 20th subculture, and became subdiploid by the 41st passage after which it continued to change its characteristics with a majority of the cells in the 52nd passage having 59 chromosomes and the remainder 58; most of the cells had a dicentric chromosome. By the 111th passage, most of the cells approached the hypotetraploid state with 83% of the cells having 114 to 117 chromosomes. To our knowledge, this represents the first instance in which continuous observations have been made on the susceptibility of a tissue culture cell system to a given virus during a period when its cells changed from the diploid to the polyploid state. In this particular system the changes in chromosomal pattern were not associated with change in susceptibility to the virus. The BS-C-1 line is apparently free of extraneous microbial agents; seed cultures can be maintained in the frozen state; it grows rapidly and is not fastidious in its nutritional requirements.
The BS-C-1 continuous cell line provides the virologist with another tool for diagnostic and research work and perhaps for the large scale cultivation of viral agents for vaccines. As regards the last mentioned possibility the employment of continuous cell lines has recently received a cautious endorsement (22) for use in carefully planned, progressively expanding studies.