bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Observability of Surviving Companions of Stripped-envelope Supernovae: A Case Study of Type Ic SN 2020oi
Authors: Chen 陳 Hsin-Pei 昕霈 , Rau 饒 Shiau-Jie 孝節 , Pan 潘 Kuo-Chuan 國全 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Stripped-envelope (SE) supernovae (SNe) were considered as the explosions of single massive stars with strong stellar winds, while later observations favor binary origins. One direct piece of evidence to support the binary origins is to find the surviving companions of SE SNe because previous numerical studies suggested that the binary companion should survive the SN impact and could be detectable. Recently, Gagliano et al. reported that the nearby Type Ic SN 2020oi in M100 (∼17.1 Mpc) resulted from a binary system based on the Hubble Space Telescope photometric and spectroscopic observation. Based on the suggested binary properties of SN 2020oi, we conduct 2D hydrodynamics simulations of SN–companion interactions and the subsequent post-impact evolution of the companion. Our results suggest that a surviving companion becomes brighter in 2 orders of magnitude and temporarily redder after the SN impact. The companion might be detectable with the JWST NIRCam short-wavelength channel in a few years. Furthermore, the predicted magnitudes of surviving companions show a significant magnitude gradient around the peak. This could be another indicator to identify the surviving companion from an SE SN.
High-altitude Magnetospheric Emissions from Two Pulsars
Authors: Yuan Mao , Zhu Weiwei , Kramer Michael , Peng Bo , Lu Jiguang , Xu Renxin , Shao Lijing , Wang Hong-Guang , Meng Lingqi , Niu Jiarui , Zhao Rushuang , Miao Chenchen , Miao Xueli , Xue Mengyao , Feng Yi , Wang Pei , Li Di , Zhang Chengming , Champion David J. , Fonseca Emmanuel , Hu Huanchen , Yao Jumei , Freire Paulo C. C. , Guo Yanjun 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
We discover three new weak pulse components in two known pulsars, one in PSR J0304+1932 and two in PSR J1518+4904. These components are emitted about halfway between the main emission beam and the interpulse beam (beam from the opposite pole). They are separated from their main pulse peak by 99° ± 3° for J0304+1932 and 123.°6 ± 0.°7 (leading) and 93° ± 0.°4 (trailing) for J1518+4904. Their peak-intensity ratios to main pulses are ∼ 0.06% for J0304+1932 and ∼0.17% and ∼0.83% for J1518+4904. We also analyzed the flux fluctuations and profile variations of the emissions for the two pulsars. The results show correlations between the weak pulses and their main pulses, indicating that these emissions come from the same pole. We estimated the emission altitude of these weak pulses and derived a height of about half of the pulsar’s light-cylinder radius. These pulse components are a unique sample of high-altitude emissions from pulsars, and challenge the current pulsar emission models.
Spatial Intermittency of Particle Distribution in Relativistic Plasma Turbulence
Authors: Vega Cristian , Boldyrev Stanislav , Roytershteyn Vadim 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Relativistic magnetically dominated turbulence is an efficient engine for particle acceleration in a collisionless plasma. Ultrarelativistic particles accelerated by interactions with turbulent fluctuations form nonthermal power-law distribution functions in the momentum (or energy) space, f(γ)d
γ ∝ γ
−α

d
γ, where γ is the Lorenz factor. We argue that in addition to exhibiting non-Gaussian distributions over energies, particles energized by relativistic turbulence also become highly intermittent in space. Based on particle-in-cell numerical simulations and phenomenological modeling, we propose that the bulk plasma density has lognormal statistics, while the density of the accelerated particles, n, has a power-law distribution function,

P
(
n
)
dn

∝

n

−
β

dn

. We argue that the scaling exponents are related as β ≈ α + 1, which is broadly consistent with numerical simulations. Non-space-filling, intermittent distributions of plasma density and energy fluctuations may have implications for plasma heating and for radiation produced by relativistic turbulence.
Revisiting the Spectral Energy Correlations of GRBs with Fermi Data. I. Model-wise Properties
Authors: Li Liang 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) exhibit a diversity of spectra. Several spectral models (e.g., Band, cutoff power law (CPL), and blackbody) and their hybrid versions (e.g., Band+blackbody) have been widely used to fit the observed GRB spectra. Here, we attempt to collect all the bursts detected by Fermi/GBM with known redshifts from 2008 July to 2022 May, having been motivated to (i) provide a parameter catalog independent of the official Fermi/GBM team and (ii) achieve a “clean” model-based GRB spectral energy correlation analysis. A nearly complete GRB sample is created, containing 153 such bursts (136 long GRBs and 17 short GRBs). Using the sample and by performing detailed spectral analysis and model comparisons, we investigate two GRB spectral energy correlations: the correlation of the cosmological rest-frame peak energy (E
p,z
) of the ν
F

ν
prompt emission spectrum with (i) the isotropic-bolometric-equivalent emission energy E

γ,iso (the Amati relation) and (ii) the isotropic-bolometric-equivalent peak luminosity L
p,iso (the Yonetoku relation). From a linear regression analysis, a tight correlation between E
p,z
and E

γ,iso (and L

γ,iso) is found for both Band-like and CPL-like bursts (except for CPL-like long burst E
p,z
–E

γ,iso correlation). More interestingly, CPL-like bursts do not fall on the Band-like burst Amati and Yonetoku correlations, suggesting distinct radiation processes, and pointing to the fact that these spectral energy correlations are tightly reliant on the model-wise properties.
The Earliest Stage of Galactic Star Formation
Authors: Steinhardt Charles L. , Rusakov Vadim , Clark Thomas H. , Diaconu Andrei , Forbes John , McPartland Conor , Sneppen Albert , Weaver John 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Using a recently developed technique to estimate gas temperatures (T
SF) in star-forming regions from large photometric surveys, we propose a diagram, analogous to the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram for individual stars, to probe the evolution of individual galaxies. On this T
SF-sSFR (specific star formation rate) diagram, a small fraction of star-forming galaxies appear to be dominated by different feedback mechanisms than typical star-forming galaxies. These galaxies generically have younger stellar populations and lower stellar masses and increase in relative abundance toward higher redshifts, so we argue that these objects are in an earlier stage of galactic star formation. Further, Hubble observations find that these “core-forming” galaxies also exhibit distinct morphology and that tracks on the T
SF-sSFR diagram are also a morphological sequence. Thus, unlike starburst phases which can be triggered environmentally, these earliest core-forming galaxies appear to be a stage that typical galaxies go through early in their star formation history. We therefore argue that most galaxies first go through a core formation stage, then subsequently disk formation, and finally become quiescent.
Origins of the Evil Eye: M64's Stellar Halo Reveals the Recent Accretion of an SMC-mass Satellite
Authors: Smercina Adam , Bell Eric F. , Price Paul A. , Bailin Jeremy , Dalcanton Julianne J. , de Jong Roelof S. , D’Souza Richard , Gozman Katya , Jang In Sung , Monachesi Antonela , Nidever David , Slater Colin T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
M64, often called the “Evil Eye” galaxy, is unique among local galaxies. Beyond its dramatic, dusty nucleus, it also hosts an outer gas disk that counter-rotates relative to its stars. The mass of this outer disk is comparable to the gas content of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), prompting the idea that it was likely accreted in a recent minor merger. Yet, detailed follow-up studies of M64's outer disk have shown no evidence of such an event, leading to other interpretations, such as a “flyby” interaction with the distant diffuse satellite Coma P. We present Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam observations of M64's stellar halo, which resolve its stellar populations and reveal a spectacular radial shell feature, oriented ∼30° relative to the major axis and along the rotation axis of the outer gas disk. The shell is ∼45 kpc southeast of M64, while a similar but more diffuse plume to the northwest extends to >100 kpc. We estimate a stellar mass and metallicity for the southern shell of M
⋆ = 1.80 ± 0.54 × 108
M
⊙ and [M/H] = −1.0, respectively, and a similar mass of 1.42 ± 0.71 × 108
M
⊙ for the northern plume. Taking into account the accreted material in M64's inner disk, we estimate a total stellar mass for the progenitor satellite of M
⋆,prog ≃ 5 × 108
M
⊙. These results suggest that M64 is in the final stages of a minor merger with a gas-rich satellite strikingly similar to the SMC, in which M64's accreted counter-rotating gas originated, and which is responsible for the formation of its dusty inner star-forming disk.
Requirements of IL-4 during the Generation of B Cell Memory
Authors: Chakma Clarissa R , Good-Jacobson Kim L 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
IL-4 has long been established as a key regulator of Th cells and for promoting effective B cell survival and isotype class switching. Yet, despite having been extensively studied, the specific role of IL-4 in generating humoral memory in vivo is unclear. In this review, we explore the recent studies that unravel the cellular sources and spatiotemporal production of IL-4, the relationship between IL-4 and IL-21 during germinal center responses and the formation of Ab-secreting cells, and the current understanding of whether IL-4 promotes or suppresses memory B cell generation in vitro and in vivo.
Are we moving from symptomatic to asymptomatic syphilis
Authors: Kaur Ravneet , Gupta Sharang , Sarangal Rishu , Chopra Dimple , Singh Harmeet 
Published: June 2023

Background:
Syphilis remains a global health problem with recent reports of resurgence from various parts of the world. We undertook this study to analyze the current epidemiological and clinical trends of syphilis in our part of the country.

Aim and Objectives:
To analyze the changing trends in clinical presentation of syphilis and the current status of HIV/AIDS-syphilis co-infection in our area.

Materials and Methods:
This is a hospital-based retrospective analysis of records of sexually transmitted disease (STD) patients enrolled in “Suraksha clinic” in the department of Skin and VD at a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India. Patient records were analyzed from January 2018 to December 2021. The demographic, clinical, and serological profiles of patients were assessed to study the percentage of syphilis patients attending the STD clinic and their clinical presentations.

Results:
A total of 7153 patients were enrolled in the”Suraksha clinic” from January 2018 to December 2021, these included the venereal disease patients (3137) and nonvenereal disease patients (4016) who were registered for HIV and venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) screening from the dermatology outpatient department. Out of 3137 sexually transmitted infection (STI) patients, 139 patients tested positive for VDRL. Treponema pallidum hemagglutination was found positive in 137 patients and negative in two patients. Hence, 137 patients were confirmed syphilis cases, constituting 4.36% of total STD cases in our STI clinic in 4 years. Out of 137 patients, 2 (1.45%) presented with primary chancre, 6 (4.37%) with lesions of secondary syphilis and 129 (94.16%) were found serologically reactive without any symptoms or clinical signs, i.e., in latent syphilis. Our records also showed 14 (10.21%) cases of HIV and syphilis co-infection.

Conclusion:
In our study, a remarkable rise in the number of patients in the latent syphilis stage is observed over primary and secondary syphilis stage. This signifies the persistence of syphilis in subclinical phase in the community and unfortunately, it goes unnoticed. These could be “warning signs” for changing disease pattern of syphilis in India and points toward hidden resurgence of syphilis as being reported in various parts of the world. To actively look for these “hidden cases,” there is a need to strengthen “Suraksha clinics.” VDRL testing should be mandatory along with routine testing in all patients visiting the hospital irrespective of their disease. We also propose for the central registration of syphilis patients on lines of HIV-infected patients' registry.
Immunovirological discordance among people living with human immunodeficiency virus at a center in Western India
Authors: Kacker Mayank , Vashisht Rohit , Menon Anil S. 
Published: June 2023

Background and Objectives:
Treatment of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLHIV) is monitored using plasma HIV viral load levels and CD4 counts. Patients with either immunological nonresponse (virological suppression achieved) or virological nonresponse (immune reconstitution achieved) are termed as having a discordant response. These patients are at higher risk for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related infections/diseases/neoplasms, non-AIDS-related illnesses (cardiovascular, neurological, renal, hepatic diseases), and all-cause death. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of immunovirological discordance among PLHIV after completion of at least 1 year of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) at an antiretroviral therapy (ART) plus center in India and analyze contributory factors.

Methods:
The study was a retrospective study of PLHIV receiving cART at the ART plus clinic in Western India from January 18 to December 21. Four hundred and ninety-six patients were studied based on sample size calculated and assessed for CD4 and viral load response at 0, 6, and 12 months of ART.

Results:
Of the 496 patients, 48 patients (9.7%) had immunovirological discordance. Out of them, 36 patients (75%) had a virological response (immunological nonresponse) and 12 (25%) patients had an immunological response (virological nonresponse). The factors contributing to immunological nonresponse were as follows – low baseline CD4 levels (<100 cells) (36.1%), adherence <95% (33.3%), presence of opportunistic infections (16.6%), and failure on first-line therapy (11.1%). Other factors noted included higher baseline viral load (2.7%), chronic kidney disease (5.5%), and chronic hepatitis B virus co-infection (5.5%). Virological nonresponse was associated with poor adherence to therapy <95% (33%) and failure of first-line regimen (33%). Opportunistic infections were noted among 33% of patients and 8.3% of patients were found to have higher baseline viral load.

Interpretation and Conclusion:
Immunovirological discordance is an important factor influencing response to cART and is associated with many complications such as AIDS and non-AIDS-related events and even death. Improved adherence and timely identification and management of opportunistic infections are measures that are beneficial in reducing the incidence of immunovirological discordance.
Clinicoepidemiological study of adverse cutaneous drug reactions among immunocompromised children at a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Jarang Tulasi , Katakam Bhumesh Kumar , Bollepaka Kiran Kumar , Gindham Harilitha 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is used to treat human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced the HIV/AIDS associated morbidity and mortality significantly. But 25% of all patients discontinue treatment because of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Adverse cutaneous drug reactions (ACDR) are very common with ART regimens, which may range from mild pruritus, maculopapular rash to serious Steven Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN). ACDRs comprise 10%–30% of all reported ADRs.

Aims and Objectives:
To assess the different types of cutaneous adverse drug reactions in immunocompromised children of less than 18years.

Materials and Methods:
This is a retrospective record-based study, conducted at department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Government Medical College (GMC)/Government General Hospital (GGH), Suryapet, Telangana, India. Data was collected from the records available at ART centre, from November 2018 to October 2021 GGH, Suryapet. All the HIV infected children ≤18 years who were on ART, were included in this study. Patients of more than 18 years and on other medications were excluded. Demographic data, socio economic status, vaccination status, height, weight, complete blood analysis, complete urine analysis, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, liver and renal function tests and CD4 counts were recorded before initiation of ART.

Results:
A total of 330 children of less than 18 years were initiated for ART, at ART centre, Government General Hospital, Suraypet. Out of 330 children, 27.8% (92) children developed ACDRs. 58.7% (54) were males and 41.3% (38) were females. Maculopapular rash was seen in 65.2% (60) cases, urticaria was seen in 15.3% (14) cases, Steven Johnson Syndrome (SJS) was seen in 9.8% (9) cases, SJS/TEN overlap was seen in 6.5% (6) cases and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) was seen in 3.2% (3) case. CD4 count was below 300 in 65.3% (60) cases above 300 in 34.7% (32) cases. Gap between initiation of the treatment and onset of reaction was less than one month in 65.3% (60) cases, and more than one month in 34.7% (32) cases.
Trends of syphilis seroprevalence at a tertiary care center in New Delhi, India
Authors: Srivastava Prakhar , Bhargava Aradhana , Bansal Shikha , Khunger Niti , Saxena Ashok Kumar 
Published: June 2023

Objectives:
Syphilis has been called the great mimicker or the great imitator due to its myriad of clinical presentations. Despite strenuous concerted efforts toward the elimination of syphilis, it still remains a goal to be achieved. During recent years, many different trends of syphilis have been reported from around the globe.

Methods:
A retrospective observational clinico-investigative study was carried out to analyze the 10-year trends of syphilis at one of the largest public sector hospitals in India.

Results and Conclusion:
Both venereal disease research laboratory and Treponema pallidum Hemagglutination assay positivity rates showed a significant declining trend from 2007 to 2016, reflecting the success of the National Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention and Control Program.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Patient Relatives Regarding Face Masks in COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Das Anirban , Goswami Preetam , Sen Pronoy 
Published: June 2023

Objective:
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was declared as a global pandemic on the March 12, 2020. Face masks are recommended to control COVID-19 transmission, whose filtering capability depends on the different materials mask is made of and its structural design. The knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward facemasks play an integral role to understand society's readiness to accept and follow preventive guidelines. The main objective was to estimate various factors affecting KAP in the study population and also to calculate the knowledge score (KS) from the data.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 5, 3, and 5 questions on KAP, respectively. Score of 1 was assigned to the correct response and score of 0 for the incorrect response. Accordingly, score of <3 depicted that individual had poor knowledge, while ≥3 indicated good knowledge. Data were analyzed using appropriate descriptive statistical tests. An independent t-test was used to determine differences in groups concerning mask usage.

Results:
Out of total 110 participants, majority were males (53.6%). Majority (78.2%) had a good KS and the mean KS was 3.41. The KS was higher in the 18–40 years age group (P = 0.026), males (P = 0.030), literate people (P = 0.011), and in the urban population (P = 0.021). Majority (97.3%) knew that it is necessary to wear face mask during this pandemic. Participants with higher KS covered both their nose and mouth with face mask and also, they removed their mask completely while eating.

Conclusions:
Most of the patient's relatives had satisfactory knowledge, a positive attitude, and good practices toward the use of face masks to limit the spread of COVID-19 in the community.
Knowledge and Perceptions of Medical Students About Generic Medicines in a Medical College in North India
Authors: Kumari Anita , Chauhan Renu , Prajapati Himani 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:
Prescription of generic drugs reduces the out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines by the patients. However, the lack of knowledge about generic medicines and unfavourable attitude toward them can adversely impact their prescription by doctors, as well as utilization by the patients. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude of medical students toward generic medicines.

Materials and Methods:
It was questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study. The study participants were final year MBBS students. Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) approval and written informed consent of study participants were taken before starting the study. SPSS software version 26 was used for the data analysis.

Results:
A total of 82 participants were included in this study, 52.4% were male and 47.6% female. Fifty-two (63.41%) students were aware that generic medicines are interchangeable with innovator drugs. Forty-two (51.21%) students knew that generic medicine can be marketed after expiry date of patent drug. 91.46% agreed that generic medicines have the same strength, safety, and effectiveness as brand name medicines. 47 (57.31%) students were aware of Jan Aushadhi scheme and 62 (75.60%) participants knew that generic medicines are bioequivalent to brand name medicines. Perception: Sixty-one (74.3%) felt that use of generic medicines can decrease health-care expenditure. Fifty-seven (69.5%) students felt that the rationale behind prescribing generic medicine must be discussed with the patients while 46 (56.1%) students disagreed that therapeutic failure is more with generic medicines.

Conclusion:
Our study shows that medical students have inadequate knowledge but favourable attitude toward generic medicines. Regular awareness and training programs should be held for doctors, students, and general public, for enhancing the knowledge and positive perceptions toward generic medicines.
Mediation Effect of Sleep Quality and Internet Addiction on Depression Among Indian Medical Graduate Students
Authors: Meratwal Gaurav , Tandon Praveena , Kumar Ashok 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:
There is a complex interaction between poor sleep quality, Internet addiction (IA), and depression. This study aimed to determine whether sleep quality or IA statistically mediates the association between the other two variables.

Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2022 to October 2022 in a medical college in Ajmer, Rajasthan. Data were collected from 400 undergraduate medical students. Data were collected using Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Young's IA tools. Data were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression and the PROCESS program in SPSS 20.0.

Results:
The mean (standard deviation) age of the students was 20.9 (1.68) years. About 43% of students (n = 174) had depression, 40.3% (n = 161) had poor sleep, and 54% (n = 216) had IA. The age of the students (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.92), screen time per day (aOR = 1.06), smoking (aOR = 13.20), sleep quality (aOR = 1.16), and IA (aOR = 11.64) were significantly associated with depression. IA mediated 30.55% of the indirect effect of sleep quality on depression, whereas sleep quality mediated 18.18% of the indirect effect of IA on depression.

Conclusion:
Sleep quality and IA have a differential independent indirect effect on the association between depression and the other variable. Programs and counseling sessions that promote mental health should also address the adverse impact of poor sleep and IA.