bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Tartar Emetic and Niridazole: Suppression of Schistosome Egg Granuloma
Authors: Mahmoud Adel A. F. , Warren Kenneth S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Treatment of cerebral schistosomiasis japonica with tartar emetic produces a remarkable and rapid improvement which cannot be explained on the basis of worm destruction alone. In dracunculiasis, niridazole appears to have an anti-inflammatory effect facilitating the extraction of the adult worms. In addition to their antischistosome effects these drugs may serve to suppress the response to schistosome eggs which has been demonstrated to be a form of delayed hypersensitivity. Niridazole and tartar emetic were administered, in their recommended therapeutic doses, to mice. In unsensitized animals granulomas appeared by the 4th day and reached their peak at 16 days. Treatment with the drugs resulted in no reaction at 4 days, minimal reaction at 8 days, and marked suppression at 16 days. Mice sensitized by the prior injection of eggs developed large reactions 1 day after intravenous egg injection and massive reactions by 8 days. No reaction was seen at 24 hr in the treated animals and, at 8 days, the reactions were 50% smaller than in the controls. In egg-sensitized mice both drugs suppressed delayed footpad swelling to soluble egg antigens, another parameter of delayed hypersensitivity. The degree of inhibition of granuloma formation by niridazole and tartar emetic was similar to that of many of the major immunosuppressive drugs, neonatal thymectomy and antimacrophage serum. The rapid amelioration of cerebral schistosomiasis, the ease of guinea worm extraction, and some of the other effects of these drugs, may be explained by these observations.
The Percentage of Monocytes among “Mononuclear” Cell Fractions Obtained from Normal Human Blood
Authors: Zucker-Franklin Dorothea 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human peripheral blood “mononuclear” cell fractions obtained by Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation contained 44% of cells able to phagocytose latex particles. Such cells could be removed magnetically following their incubation with iron filings. Glass wool column filtration was less effective. Very few phagocytic cells were found among cells obtained from patients with CLL. It is concluded that the percentage of monocytes in normal blood is at least twice as high as is commonly recognized on routine smears. These observations point up the need for further purification steps whenever “mononuclear” cells are used in studies concerned with the function of lymphocytes.
Specificity of Autoantibodies to Tubular and Glomerular Basement Membranes Induced in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Lehman David H. , Marquardt Hans , Wilson Curtis B. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
All twenty-eight guinea pigs immunized with a variety of bovine renal basement membrane (RBM) preparations developed similar interstitial nephritides, with minimal glomerular abnormalities. Direct immunofluorescence revealed linear deposition of IgG along the tubular basement membranes (TBM) of all guinea pigs and along the glomerular basement membranes (GBM) of 13 of them. Elution of renal-bound IgG demonstrated that all guinea pigs had antibodies against both TBM and GBM, although anti-GBM activity was usually not detectable at low concentrations of IgG in the eluates. Absorption of pooled eluates with a variety of guinea pig RBM immunoabsorbents revealed the following: 1) approximately three-fourths of the eluted IgG comprised antibody to RBM; 2) all of the eluted autoantibody reacted with TBM, while only 36 to 46% crossreacted with GBM; 3) TBM appeared to have antigenicities both separate from and shared with GBM; 4) guinea pigs immunized with whole bovine TBM appeared to form antibodies to both the collagenous and noncollagenous portions of RBM.
Successful Treatment of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Guinea Pigs with Homologous Myelin Basic Protein
Authors: Driscoll Bernard F. , Kies Marian W. , Alvord Ellsworth C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Homologous myelin basic protein has been used successfully for treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in NIH and strain 13 guinea pigs. Response of strain 13 guinea pigs to both induction and treatment of EAE was more consistent than response of outbred, NIH guinea pigs. Serum levels of antibasic protein antibody were related to the amount of mycobacteria used for sensitization rather than to disease severity or success of treatment.
Antibody-Dependent Lymphoid Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity: Role of Complement
Authors: van Boxel John A. , Paul William E. , Green Ira , Frank Michael M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Unsensitized lymphoid cells have the capacity to destroy antibody-coated target cells in vitro. Definitive studies to rule out the participation of complement (C) components in this reaction require a system with a complete absence of C components and with no possibility of endogenous synthesis of C by cells in culture. Such a system is provided by using lymphoid effector cells from animals genetically deficient in certain C components and serum from these C-deficient animals to support the cultures. Lymphoid cells from animals genetically deficient in C4, C5 or C6 were found to be fully capable of destroying antibody-coated target burro erythrocytes. Direct C-mediated hemolysis of target cells via the classical or alternate pathways is thus ruled out. Furthermore, serum depleted of C3-9 by cobra venom factor treatment fully supported target cell lysis suggesting that the late C components derived from the serum are also not important. The role of the C3 receptor in promoting the binding of the effector cells to the antibody-coated targets was examined by competitive inhibition experiments. Whereas an excess of unrelated target cells coated with IgG inhibited cytotoxicity by competing for the aggregate receptor on the effector cell, coating of such competing cells with C in addition resulted in no further inhibition. Moreover an excess of unrelated target cells coated with IgM and C was not inhibitory. These findings indicate that the C3 receptor does not have a major role in this reaction in vitro.
Regulation of the Antibody Response to Type III Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Baker Phillip J. , Stashak Philip W. , Amsbaugh Diana F. , Prescott Benjamin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present study was conducted primarily to obtain information concerning the mechanism by which suppressor thymic-derived (T) cells influence the magnitude of the antibody response to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III). This was accomplished by examining the effects of treatment with antilymphocyte serum (ALS) and Velban, a mitotic inhibitor, on the kinetics for the appearance of plaque-forming cells (PFC) in mice immunized with SSS-III. Without ALS-treatment, the kinetics were essentially biphasic. First, there was a phase during which PFC appeared at a relatively rapid rate; this was followed by a phase during which the rate of appearance of PFC gradually declined until maximal numbers were attained. In contrast, similar rate changes were not noted for mice given ALS; here, PFC increased at a uniform exponential rate throughout the 1st 5 days of the antibody response. Velban completely arrested the development of additional PFC in ALS-treated but not non-ALS-treated mice. These findings indicate that suppressor T cells act primarily by limiting the extent to which antibody-forming bone marrow-derived cells proliferate following immunization.
Circulating Immune Complexes in Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Infection
Authors: Biberfeld Gunnel , Norberg Renee 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Immune complexes were detected by the platelet aggregation technique in the sera of 16 (41%) out of 39 patients with acute respiratory illness due to M. pneumoniae. Immune complexes were demonstrable during the first 2 weeks after onset of illness and then rapidly disappeared. The size of the immune complexes was 19S or larger.
Blocking Activity Induced by Solubilized Alloantigens
Authors: Zighelboim Jacob , Bonavida Benjamin , Rao V. Srinivasa , Fahey John L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In recent years, several investigations have been directed toward delineating the biologic role of transplantation and tumor-associated antigens present on cell membranes. One approach has been the solubilization of these antigens and the study of their immunologic and biochemical characteristics. Medawar (1) was the first to report that mice injected with crude membrane preparations derived from allogeneic mouse lymphoid tissue induced prolonged skin allograft survival. Since then, contradictory results have been reported in which either accelerated rejection (2) or prolonged survival of skin allografts (3) were observed after injections of different forms of soluble alloantigens into the recipient mice. Recently, Von Hachen et al. (4) have demonstrated active enhancement of rat kidney allografts and weak GVH in recipients which were pretreated with soluble transplantation antigens. The observed biologic effects induced by solubilized membrane antigens are considered to be of an immunologic nature.
Stimulation of Early Protein Synthesis as an Assay of Immune Reactivity: Analysis of the Cells Responding to Mitogens and Alloantigens
Authors: Gorczynski Reginald M. , Rittenberg Marvin B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from nonimmune mice were cultured for 24 hr in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or alloantigens. Data are presented to show that within this time period all three stimuli caused an increase in protein synthesis. The response to PHA and alloantigens was defined as a T cell response by virtue of the effects of anti-θ antibody, adult thymectomy, and velocity cell sedimentation. Similarly, the response to LPS was determined to be a B cell response since it was unaffected by anti-θ antibody or adult thymectomy but was abolished by treatment of responder cells with anti-Ig antiserum and complement. Furthermore, the cells responding to LPS were physically separable from those responding to PHA and alloantigens and sedimented with a velocity characteristic of B lymphocytes.
Separation of T and B Lymphocytes and Their Role in the Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction
Authors: Boehmer Harald v. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Electrophoretic separation was used to purify mouse spleen T and B lymphocytes for a study of the stimulating and proliferating cells in mixed lymphocyte reaction. In one-way mixed lymphocyte studies with mouse lymphocytes it is shown that mitomycin C-blocked T cells as well as 100% pure mytomycinblocked B lymphocytes can induce high and significant stimulation when cultured together with allogeneic T lymphocytes. Exclusively T lymphocytes have the ability to recognize allogeneic lymphocytes and, as a consequence to this event, to initiate proliferation in MLR. Mitomycin C-treated T cells can, after allogeneic recognition, stimulate lymphocytes which by themselves are not able to proliferate in response to an allogeneic stimulus. The implication of these findings in regard to experiments published elsewhere, in which non-T cells “responded” in mixed lymphocytes, is discussed.
Decline in Suppressor T Cell Function with Age in Female NZB Mice
Authors: Barthold David R. , Kysela Susan , Steinberg Alfred D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSSIII) did not cross-react with the nucleic acid antigen polyinosinic · polycytidylic acid when tested in NZB or CBA mice. Neither antigen requires thymic helper cells for the induction of an antibody response. The antibody response to each antigen, given alone or together, was increased by simultaneous administration of antithymocyte serum.
Studies of the immune response to SSSIII were conducted in NZB mice since it was felt that this autoimmune strain might represent a natural model for the loss of suppressor T cells. The number of plaque-forming cells to SSSIII following immunization increased with age in female NZB mice. No such age-associated increase was observed in non-autoimmune BALB/c mice, suggesting that NZB mice might have a loss of suppressor function with age. This was supported by the reduction in the high PFC response to SSSIII of 10-month-old NZB mice by transfer of thymocytes from 4-week-old NZB mice.
Determination of Soluble Immune Complex Molar Composition and Antibody Association Constants by Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation
Authors: Arend William P. , Mannik Mart 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The interaction between rabbit IgG anti-HSA and HSA was studied by ammonium sulfate precipitation of the complexes formed throughout a wide range of antigen excess. The Ag/Ab molar ratio varied between 0.85 and 1.20 in the range of five to 60 times antigen excess. In greater degrees of antigen excess (up to 500-fold) the molar ratio of the complexes remained at a plateau between 1.20 and 1.25. Identical results were obtained using antibodies isolated by immunoadsorbent techniques or using antibodies in antiserum. The molecular composition of the limiting complexes was primarily Ag2Ab2 and Ag1Ab1, but a small amount of Ag2Ab1 could have been present.
The association constant between anti-HSA and HSA was determined with isolated antibodies and with anti-HSA in antiserum. The association constants were similar, ranging from 2.19 × 107 to 3.20 × 107 liters/mole. However, the values for the association constant were partially dependent upon the absolute amounts of antigen and antibodies present and upon the relative amounts of each.
Production of Augmented Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis Lesions by Combined Transfer of Antiserum and Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Sharp Gordon C. , Mullen Helen , Kyriakos Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Combined transfer of thyroid-sensitized lymph node cells and hyperimmune rabbit antiserum to guinea pig thyroglobulin in inbred strain 13 guinea pigs resulted in a higher incidence and greater severity of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis than that which followed transfer of cells or serum alone. The lesions produced by combined transfer of cells and antiserum were comparable to lesions induced by active immunization of strain 13 animals. These data provide evidence for the participation of both cellular and humoral factors in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroiditis.
Early Appearance of Sensitized Lymphocytes in Mice Infected with Listeria Monocytogenes
Authors: Zinkernagel Rolf M. , Blanden Robert V. , Langman Rodney E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
These experiments were designed to detect the earliest appearance of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in primary Listeria infection. Two lines of evidence suggested that CMI was operating by day 3 after infection. First, in the livers and spleens of mice treated with anti-thymocyte serum, a potent suppressor of CMI, bacterial numbers were similar to those in control mice for the first 2 days after primary infection, but were consistently higher on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th days. Second, spleen cells from Listeria-infected donors were capable of conferring an antibacterial effect on infected recipients if transferred 3, 4, or 5 days (but not 2 days) after donor infection. The full expression of the potency of the immune cells was ensured by culturing them in vitro for the 22 hr prior to transfer under conditions which virtually eliminated the large numbers of cell-associated viable Listeria remaining from the immunizing infection.
Studies on Delayed Hypersensitivity with Trachoma Organisms
Authors: Kuo Cho-Chou , Grayston J. Thomas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pigs sensitized via the footpad with inactivated trachoma organisms in complete Freund's adjuvant developed delayed hypersensitivity to trachoma at the 9th day as demonstrated by skin tests and in vitro blastogenic transformation of lymphocytes obtained from the regional lymph nodes. The supernatant of lymph node lymphocytes cultured in the presence of trachoma antigen for 24 hr and concentrated 10-fold induced erythema in the normal guinea pig skin. Similar supernatant cultured for 5 days was shown to inhibit the growth of the mouse L cell at a 1:4 dilution.
Effect of Irradiation and Cyclophosphamide on Anti-KLH Antibody Formation in Mice
Authors: Hoffsten Phillip E. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of cyclophosphamide and x-irradiation on antibody formation in two strains of mice was studied. Cyclophosphamide was found to prevent a primary response if given prior to KLH used as antigen. An established antibody response to KLH was depressed but not ablated even after 9 months of drug administration. Single weekly administered doses of irradiation were found to markedly enhance primary antibody responses at low doses of x-irradiation and suppress only at higher doses. X-irradiation markedly enhanced anti-KLH antibody formation if given after the immune response was established.
Antibodies Specific for the ϑ- and Ly-Alloantigens in Various Rabbit Antisera
Authors: Rabinowitz Ruth , Cohen Ada , Laskov Reuven , Schlesinger Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antisera against murine thymus derived (T) lymphocytes were raised by immunizing rabbits with BALB/c thymus cells, boiled thymus, brain homogenate, or SJL/J lymphosarcoma cells. These antisera were tested for the presence of antibodies to the ϑ and Ly alloantigens. Four types of antibodies were found: Cross-reactive ϑ antibodies cytotoxic for lymphocytes of both ϑ-C3H and ϑ-AKR mice were demonstrated in all antisera tested. Antibodies specific for the ϑ-C3H alloantigen were detected in rabbit anti-boiled BALB/c thymus and anti-SJL/J lymphosarcoma sera. Rabbit anti-thymus serum and rabbit anti-lymphosarcoma contained antibodies which seemed to cross-react with various Ly allospecificities. Rabbit anti-thymus serum may also possess a small amount of antibodies specific for the Ly-A.2 Ly-B.2 antigenic determinants.
Antigen-Induced Proliferation of Guinea Pig Lymphocytes in Vitro: Functional Aspects of Antigen Handling by Macrophages
Authors: Waldron James A. , Horn Robert G. , Rosenthal Alan S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Macrophages were incubated in vitro with purified protein derivative (PPD) under various experimental conditions, washed to remove unbound antigen, and assayed for immunogenicity by addition to cultures of purified PPD-immune lymph node lymphocytes. Proliferative responses elicited in the “indicator lymphocytes” served as semiquantitative indices of macrophage-associated immunogenicity. The accumulation of immunogenic activity by macrophages during a 1-hr pulse with PPD exhibited marked temperature dependency; immunogenicity of macrophages pulsed at 37°C exceeded that of cells pulsed at 4°C at every concentration of PPD utilized. The immunogenicity associated with macrophages pulsed with PPD at 4°C could be completely removed by trypsinization of the cells immediately after termination of the pulse. In contrast, only a fraction of the immunogenicity associated with macrophages pulsed with PPD at 37°C could be removed by trypsinization. When macrophages pulsed with antigen at 4°C were incubated at 37°C before trypsinization, the macrophage-associated immunogenicity became progressively more resistant to removal with trypsin. Kinetic studies of the accumulation of immunogenicity by macrophages pulsed with PPD at 37°C revealed that the trypsin-insensitive fraction of the total macrophage-associated immunogenicity became progressively greater with pulses of 0 to 60 min duration. The results suggest that accumulation of relevant antigen molecules by macrophages proceeds by a two step mechanism, involving membrane binding and subsequent metabolic dependent sequestration of bound antigen by the macrophage.
Endotoxin-Stimulated Spleen Cells: Mitogenesis, the Occurrence of the C3 Receptor, and the Production of Immunoglobulin
Authors: Gormus Bobby J. , Crandall Richard B. , Shands Joseph W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Endotoxin (LPS)-stimulated mouse spleen cells were investigated in an attempt to correlate three markers for B lymphocytes: 1) LPS-induced blastogenesis, 2) rosette formation via the C3 receptor site, and 3) immunoglobulin production. After 24 hr stimulation 86% of LPS-induced blast cells formed rosettes indicating that these cells were B lymphocytes. Subsequently there was a progressive decrease in the percentage of rosette-forming blast cells to a low of 39% at 72 hr. The percentage of cells producing IgM increased progressively to a maximum of 54% after 72 hr of LPS stimulation These data indicate that at given times correlations between the three markers vary, and that no one of the three alone allows a strict categorization of cell types. The data presented are consistent with the hypothesis that LPS is a mitogen for B lymphocytes, although the possible involvement of other cell types was not ruled out.
Cell Interactions between Histoincompatible T and B Lymphocytes. V. Failure of Histoincompatible T Cells to Interfere with Physiologic Cooperation between Syngeneic T and B Lymphocytes
Authors: Katz David H. , Hamaoka Toshiyuki , Dorf Martin E. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have recently reported a series of experimental studies demonstrating certain genetic requirements for optimal thymus-derived-bone marrow-derived (T-B)2 cell cooperative interactions in the development of antibody responses to hapten-protein conjugates (1–4). Briefly, these studies have shown that in order for optimal physiologic, i.e., antigen-specific, T-B cell cooperation to occur, the interacting cells must share certain genes located in the histocompatibility gene complex. The experimental system employed in these studies was designed specifically to eliminate nonspecific T cell influences, of either an enhancing or suppressing nature, from the potential development of an “allogeneic effect” (reviewed in Reference 5). Indeed, in our initial attempts to investigate this problem, we found that adoptive transfer of spleen cells from donor mice primed to 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) into unprimed x-irradiated histoincompatible recipients resulted in nonspecific enhancement of anti-DNP antibody responses after challenge with a heterologous DNP-protein conjugate (1).
Failure of Terminal Complement Components to Induce Lysis of Moloney Virus Transformed Lymphocytes
Authors: Cooper Neil R. , Polley Margaret J. , Oldstone Michael B. A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis of a viral-induced lymphoma cell was confined to the G1 phase of the cell cycle. During the portion of the cell cycle in which the cells were resistant to complement-mediated lysis (S, G2, and M), C5 and C8 became bound to the plasma membrane and ultrastructural lesions characteristic of complement membrane attack developed after incubation of the cells with antibody and complement. Quantitative studies revealed that the plasma membrane of cells bound equivalent numbers of C8 molecules in all phases of the cell cycle. These findings emphasize the importance of events occurring subsequent to activation and attachment of the cytolytic effector system for destruction of this tumor cell.