bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Petrous Carotid to Upper Posterior Circulation Bypass for the Treatment of Basilar Trunk Aneurysm: A Novel High-Flow Intracranial–Intracranial Skull Base Bypass for Posterior Circulation
Authors: Wang Xuan , Tong Xiaoguang , Liu Jie , Shi Minggang , Shang Yanguo , Wang Hu 
Published: February 2023

BACKGROUND:
Basilar trunk aneurysms are the most surgically challenging, and the spectrum covers small fusiform to dolichoectatic aneurysms and may lead to rupture, brain ischemia, or direct brainstem compression. The current strategy remains cerebral revascularization coupled with aneurysm trapping. Available bypass options for upper posterior circulation (UPC) are based on (1) different flow volumes from diverse blood supplies and (2) distinct modulation purposes for cerebral revascularization; however, the potential compromise of eloquent perforators of the basilar trunk and the occurrence of fatal brainstem infarcts remain unacceptable.

OBJECTIVE:
The aim is to innovate a high-flow intracranial–intracranial skull base bypass for posterior circulation to afford robust retrograde flow and shorten the graft length.

METHODS:
We retrospectively reviewed our experience in the treatment of a patient with basilar trunk aneurysm and reported a novel bypass alternative supplied by petrous internal carotid artery to augment blood flow to the UPC by a pretemporal approach.

RESULTS:
The postoperative course was uneventful, and there was no pons or midbrain ischemia or other complications. Postoperative computed tomography angiogram revealed the patency of bypass. There was no further development or rerupture observed during follow-up.

CONCLUSION:
Petrous internal carotid artery as a donor site is a reliable bypass modality for UPC. This approach provides the utmost retrograde flow to alleviate the development of dissecting aneurysms, preserves eloquent perforators of the basilar trunk, maintains bypass patency, and shortens the graft course. Therefore, this novel therapeutic alternative could be beneficial for improving the prognosis of basilar trunk aneurysms.
The Lower Limbs of Sprinters Have Larger Relative Mass But Not Larger Normalized Moment of Inertia than Controls
Authors: SADO NATSUKI , ICHINOSE HOSHIZORA , KAWAKAMI YASUO 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Sprinters exhibit inhomogeneous muscularity corresponding to musculoskeletal demand for sprinting execution. An inhomogeneous morphology would affect the mass distribution, which in turn may affect the mechanical difficulty in moving from an inertia perspective; however, the morphological characteristics of sprinters from the inertia perspective have not been examined. Here we show no corresponding differences in the normalized mass and normalized moment of inertia between the sprinters and untrained nonsprinters.

Methods
We analyzed fat- and water-separated magnetic resonance images from the lower limbs of 11 male sprinters (100 m best time of 10.44–10.83 s) and 12 untrained nonsprinters. We calculated the inertial properties by identifying the tissue of each voxel and combining the literature values for each tissue density.

Results
The lower-limb relative mass was significantly larger in sprinters (18.7% ± 0.7% body mass) than in nonsprinters (17.6% ± 0.6% body mass), whereas the normalized moment of inertia of the lower limb around the hip in the anatomical position was not significantly different (0.044 ± 0.002 vs 0.042 ± 0.002 [a. u.]). The thigh relative mass in sprinters (12.9% ± 0.4% body mass) was significantly larger than that in nonsprinters (11.9% ± 0.4% body mass), whereas the shank and foot relative masses were not significantly different.

Conclusions
We revealed that the mechanical difficulty in swinging the lower limb is not relatively larger in sprinters in terms of inertia, even though the lower-limb mass is larger, reflecting their muscularity. We provide practical implications that sprinters can train without paying close attention to the increase in lower-limb mass and moment of inertia.
Descriptive Epidemiology of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in UK Adults: The Fenland Study
Authors: GONZALES TOMAS I. , WESTGATE KATE , HOLLIDGE STEFANIE , LINDSAY TIM , WIJNDAELE KATRIEN , FOROUHI NITA G. , GRIFFIN SIMON , WAREHAM NICK , BRAGE SOREN 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is rarely measured in population studies. Most studies of CRF do not examine differences by population subgroups or seasonal trends. We examined how estimated CRF levels vary by anthropometric, sociodemographic, and behavioral characteristics in a population-based cohort of UK adults (the Fenland Study).

Methods
We used a validated submaximal exercise test to obtain CRF estimates (CRFestimated) in 5976 women and 5316 men, residing in the East of England. CRFestimated was defined as estimated maximal oxygen consumption per kilogram total body mass (V̇O2maxtbm) and fat-free mass (V̇O2maxffm). Descriptive statistics were computed across anthropometric and sociodemographic characteristics, and across the year. Progressive multivariable analyses were performed to examine associations with physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and body mass index (BMI).

Results
Mean ± SD V̇O2maxtbm was lower in women (35.2 ± 7.5 mL·min−1·kg−1) than men (41.7 ± 7.3 mL·min−1·kg−1) but V̇O2maxffm was similar (women: 59.2 ± 11.6 mL·min−1·kg−1; men: 62.0 ± 10.3 mL·min−1·kg−1). CRFestimated was inversely associated with age but not after adjustment for PAEE. People in more physically demanding jobs were fitter compared with those in sedentary jobs, but this association was attenuated in women and reversed in men after adjustment for total PAEE. Physical activity energy expenditure and BMI were positively associated with CRFestimated at all levels of adjustment when expressed relative to fat-free mass. CRFestimated was 4% higher in summer than in winter among women, but did not differ by season among men.

Conclusions
CRFestimated was inversely associated with age but less steeply than anticipated, suggesting older generations are comparatively fitter than younger generations. Physical activity energy expenditure and BMI were stronger determinants of the variance in CRFestimated than other characteristic including age. This emphasizes the importance of modifiable physical activity behaviors in public health interventions.
UBC-Nepal Expedition: Motor Unit Characteristics in Lowlanders Acclimatized to High Altitude and Sherpa
Authors: RUGGIERO LUCA , MCNEIL CHRIS J. 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Introduction
With acclimatization to high altitude (HA), adaptations occur throughout the nervous system and at the level of the muscle, which may affect motor unit (MU) characteristics. However, despite the importance of MUs as the final common pathway for the control of voluntary movement, little is known about their adaptations with acclimatization.

Methods
Ten lowlanders and Sherpa participated in this study 7 to 14 d after arrival at HA (5050 m), with seven lowlanders repeating the experiment at sea level (SL), 6 months after the expedition. The maximal compound muscle action potential (Mmax) was recorded from relaxed biceps brachii. During isometric elbow flexions at 10% of maximal torque, a needle electrode recorded the MU discharge rate (MUDR) and MU potential (MUP) characteristics of single biceps brachii MUs.

Results
Compared with SL, acclimatized lowlanders had ~10% greater MUDR, ~11% longer MUP duration, as well as ~18% lower amplitude and ~6% greater duration of the first phase of the Mmax (all P < 0.05). No differences were noted between SL and HA for variables related to MUP shape (e.g., jitter, jiggle; P > 0.08). Apart from lower near-fiber MUP area for Sherpa than acclimatized lowlanders (P < 0.05), no Mmax or MU data were different between groups (P > 0.10).

Conclusions
Like other components of the body, MUs in lowlanders adapt with acclimatization to HA. The absence of differences between acclimatized lowlanders and Sherpa suggests that evolutionary adaptations to HA are smaller for MUs than components of the cardiovascular or respiratory systems.
Effects of 2-Year-Long Maintenance Training and Detraining on 558 Subacute Ischemic Stroke Patients’ Clinical–Motor Symptoms
Authors: TOLLÁR JÓZSEF , VETROVSKY Tomas , SZéPHELYI KLAUDIA , CSUTORÁS BENCE , PRONTVAI NÁNDOR , ÁCS PONGRÁC , HORTOBÁGYI TIBOR 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Purpose
This study aimed to determine the effects of a 2-yr-long maintenance training (MT) exergaming and detraining (DT) on clinical–motor symptoms in subacute ischemic patients with stroke (PwST). The hypothesis was that MT motor rehabilitation program would further increase the effects of the initial rehabilitation.

Methods
After high-intensity and high-frequency exergaming twice or once a day, 5 times per week for 5 wk (EX2: 50 sessions; EX1: 25 sessions, results reported previously), 558 PwST were randomized to EX2-MT, EX2-DT, EX1-MT, and EX1-DT. MT exergaming consisted of once a day, 3 times per week for 2 yr, and DT did not train. Outcomes were measured at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. The data were analyzed using longitudinal linear mixed-effects models and general linear hypotheses testing.

Results
Modified Rankin Score (primary outcome), body mass, Mini-Mental State Examination score, Beck Depression Inventory, measures of quality of life, Berg Balance Scale, 6-min walk test, and four measures of center of pressure path tended to retain the initial rehabilitation-induced gains in the MT patients in selected outcomes (especially walking capacity). The scores tended to mildly worsen after DT, partially supporting the hypothesis.

Conclusions
MT successfully maintained, but only in selected variables did it further increase the initial exergaming rehabilitation-induced robust improvements. DT modestly reduced the initial exergaming rehabilitation-induced improvements. MT programs might be needed after initial stroke rehabilitation to reduce subsequent losses of quality of life and further improve clinical–motor symptoms.
Associations between Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity and Fecal Microbiota in Adults with Overweight and Obesity
Authors: HUGHES RILEY L. , PINDUS DOMINIKA M. , KHAN NAIMAN A. , BURD NICHOLAS A. , HOLSCHER HANNAH D. 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Purpose
We aimed to assess whether total daily physical activity (PA), PA intensities, sedentary time (ST), and prolonged ST are associated with differences in the gut microbiota composition or short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profile of adults with overweight or obesity.

Methods
Cross-sectional associations between total daily PA (counts per minute), PA intensities (light and moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA)), ST, prolonged ST, and fecal microbiota composition were assessed in adults (n = 124) between 25 and 45 yr of age with body mass index ≥25 kg·m−2. Fecal microbiota composition was assessed with 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Daily PA and ST were measured with a hip-worn ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer.

Results
Daily PA volume and intensity were positively associated with relative abundance of Faecalibacterium (P = 0.04) and negatively associated with the abundances of Alistipes, Parabacteroides, and Gemmiger (P = 0.003–0.04) as well as the concentrations of acetate, butyrate, and total SCFA (all P = 0.04). Conversely, ST was negatively associated with abundance of Faecalibacterium but positively associated with the abundances of taxa, including Ruminococcaceae, Parabacteroides, Alistipes, and Gemmiger. Clustering of participants based on whether they met PA recommendations suggested that SCFA profiles differed between individuals who did and did not meet PA recommendations. K-means clustering based on percent of time spent in MVPA and ST also identified differences in fecal microbiota composition between cluster 1 (lower MVPA, higher ST) and cluster 2 (higher MVPA, lower ST), including a higher abundance of Alistipes in cluster 1.

Conclusions
The current analysis suggests a beneficial association of daily PA on the fecal microbiota and a negative association of ST, particularly with respect to the associations of these variables with the genera Faecalibacterium, a butyrate-producing taxon.
Shorter High-Intensity Cycling Intervals Reduce Performance and Perceived Fatigability at Work-Matched but Not Task Failure
Authors: MCCLEAN ZACHARY , IANNETTA DANILO , MACINNIS MARTIN , ABOODARDA SAIED JALAL 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The intensity, duration, and distribution of work and recovery phases during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) modulate metabolic perturbations during exercise and subsequently influence the development of performance fatigability and exercise tolerance. This study aimed to characterize neuromuscular, perceptual, and cardiorespiratory responses to work-to-rest ratio-matched HIIT protocols differing in work and rest interval duration.

Methods
Twelve healthy individuals (six women) first completed a ramp incremental test to determine 90% of peak power output, and then in three randomized visits, they completed three cycling protocols to task failure at 90% of peak power output: (i) 3- to 3-min work-to-passive rest ratio HIIT (HIIT3min), (ii) 1- to 1-min work-to-passive rest ratio HIIT (HIIT1min), and (iii) constant load (CL). Interpolated twitch technique, including maximal voluntary isometric knee extensions and femoral nerve electrical stimuli, was performed at baseline, every 6 min of work, and task failure. Perceptual and cardiorespiratory responses were recorded every 3 min and continuously across the exercises, respectively.

Results
The work completed during HIIT1min (8447 ± 5124 kJ) was considerably greater than HIIT3min (1930 ± 712 kJ) and CL (1076 ± 356) (P < 0.001). At work-matched, HIIT1min resulted in a lesser decline in maximal voluntary contraction and twitch force compared with HIIT3min and CL (P < 0.001). Perceived effort, pain, and dyspnea were least in HIIT1min and HIIT3min compared with CL (P < 0.001). At task failure, HIIT1min resulted in less voluntary activation than HIIT3min (P = 0.010) and CL (P = 0.043), and engendered less twitch force decline than CL (P = 0.021).

Conclusions
Overall, the mitigated physiological and perceptual responses during shorter work periods (HIIT1min) enhance exercise tolerance in comparison to longer work intervals at the same intensity (HIIT3min, CL).
Six Months of Exercise Training Improves Ventilatory Responses during Exercise in Adults with Well-Healed Burn Injuries
Authors: WATSO JOSEPH C. , ROMERO STEVEN A. , MORALEZ GILBERT , HUANG MU , CRAMER MATTHEW N. , JAFFERY MANALL F. , BALMAIN BRYCE N. , WILHITE DANIEL P. , BABB TONY G. , CRANDALL CRAIG G. 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Pulmonary function is lower after a severe burn injury, which could influence ventilatory responses during exercise. It is unclear whether exercise training improves pulmonary function or ventilatory responses during exercise in adults with well-healed burn injuries. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that exercise training improves pulmonary function and ventilatory responses during exercise in adults with well-healed burn injuries.

Methods
Thirty-nine adults (28 with well-healed burn injuries and 11 non–burn-injured controls) completed 6 months of unsupervised, progressive exercise training including endurance, resistance, and high-intensity interval components. Before and after exercise training, we performed comprehensive pulmonary function testing and measured ventilatory responses during cycling exercise. We compared variables using two-way ANOVA (group–time; i.e., preexercise/postexercise training (repeated factor)).

Results
Exercise training did not increase percent predicted spirometry, lung diffusing capacity, or airway resistance measures (time: P ≥ 0.14 for all variables). However, exercise training reduced minute ventilation (V̇
E; time: P ≤ 0.05 for 50 and 75 W) and the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (V̇
E/V̇O2; time: P < 0.001 for 75 W) during fixed-load exercise for both groups. The ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (V̇
E/V̇CO2) during exercise at 75 W was reduced after exercise training (time: P = 0.04). The percentage of age-predicted maximum heart rate at the ventilatory threshold was lower in adults with well-healed burn injuries before (P = 0.002), but not after (P = 0.22), exercise training. Lastly, exercise training increased V̇
E and reduced V̇
E/V̇O2 during maximal exercise (time: P = 0.005 for both variables).

Conclusions
These novel findings demonstrate that exercise training can improve ventilatory responses during exercise in adults with well-healed burn injuries.
Passive Cycle Training Promotes Bone Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury without Altering Resting-State Bone Perfusion
Authors: YARROW JOSHUA F. , WNEK RUSSELL D. , CONOVER CHRISTINE F. , REYNOLDS MICHAEL C. , BUCKLEY KINLEY H. , KURA JAYACHANDRA R. , SUTOR TOMMY W. , OTZEL DANA M. , MATTINGLY ALEX J. , BORST STEPHEN E. , CROFT SUMMER M. , AGUIRRE J. IGNACIO , BECK DARREN T. , MCCULLOUGH DANIELLE J. 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Spinal cord injury (SCI) produces diminished bone perfusion and bone loss in the paralyzed limbs. Activity-based physical therapy (ABPT) modalities that mobilize and/or reload the paralyzed limbs (e.g., bodyweight-supported treadmill training (BWSTT) and passive-isokinetic bicycle training) transiently promote lower-extremity blood flow (BF). However, it remains unknown whether ABPT alter resting-state bone BF or improve skeletal integrity after SCI.

Methods
Four-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats received T9 laminectomy alone (SHAM; n = 13) or T9 laminectomy with severe contusion SCI (n = 48). On postsurgery day 7, SCI rats were stratified to undergo 3 wk of no ABPT, quadrupedal (q)BWSTT, or passive-isokinetic hindlimb bicycle training. Both ABPT regimens involved two 20-min bouts per day, performed 5 d·wk−1. We assessed locomotor recovery, bone turnover with serum assays and histomorphometry, distal femur bone microstructure using in vivo microcomputed tomography, and femur and tibia resting-state bone BF after in vivo microsphere infusion.

Results
All SCI animals displayed immediate hindlimb paralysis. SCI without ABPT exhibited uncoupled bone turnover and progressive cancellous and cortical bone loss. qBWSTT did not prevent these deficits. In comparison, hindlimb bicycle training suppressed surface-level bone resorption indices without suppressing bone formation indices and produced robust cancellous and cortical bone recovery at the distal femur. No bone BF deficits existed 4 wk after SCI, and neither qBWSTT nor bicycle altered resting-state bone perfusion or locomotor recovery. However, proximal tibia BF correlated with several histomorphometry-derived bone formation and resorption indices at this skeletal site across SCI groups.

Conclusions
These data indicate that passive-isokinetic bicycle training reversed cancellous and cortical bone loss after severe SCI through antiresorptive and/or bone anabolic actions, independent of locomotor recovery or changes in resting-state bone perfusion.
Interlimb and Intralimb Coordination of Rectus Femoris and Biceps Femoris Muscles at Different Running Speeds
Authors: KAKEHATA GAKU , GOTO YUTA , YOKOYAMA HIKARU , ISO SHIGEO , KANOSUE KAZUYUKI 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between spatiotemporal variables and the muscle activity of the rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) in both legs at various running speeds.

Methods
Eighteen well-trained male athletes (age: 20.7 ± 1.8 yr) were asked to run for 50 m with 7 different “subjective efforts (SE)” (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 90%, 95%, and 100% SE). SE scaled relative to the maximal effort running (100%). The spatiotemporal variables (running speed, step frequency, step length) were measured over the distance from 30 to 50 m. The RF and BF muscle activities were obtained from both legs with wireless electromyography (EMG) sensors. We calculated RF and BF onset/offset timings in both legs (e.g., ipsilateral leg RF is “iRF,” contralateral leg BF is “cBF”), which were expressed as % of a running cycle. Based on those timings, we obtained the EMG timing variables (%), as Switch1 (iBF offset to iRF onset), Switch2 (iRF offset to iBF onset), Scissors1 (cBF onset to iRF onset), and Scissors2 (iRF offset to cBF offset).

Results
running speed was well correlated with the SE, and higher running speed (>9 m·s−1) was achieved with higher step frequency (>4.0 Hz). Relative timings of RF and BF onset/offset (%) appeared earlier and later, respectively, with an increase in running speed. The absolute duration of RF activation (s) was elongated with the decrease in absolute running cycle time (increase in running speed). Both Switch and Scissors showed significant negative correlations with running speed and step frequency.

Conclusions
The RF and BF excitation in both legs, as evidenced by changes in both Switch and Scissors, is coordinated for controlling running speed, as well as step frequency.
Excessive Ethanol Intake in Mice Does Not Impair Recovery of Torque after Repeated Bouts of Eccentric Contractions
Authors: MOSER SAMANTHA E. , BROWN AUSTIN M. , GANJAYI MUNI SWAMY , OTIS JEFFREY S. , BAUMANN CORY W. 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Alcoholics develop muscle atrophy and weakness from excessive ethanol (EtOH) intake. To date, most research has examined outcomes of alcohol-induced atrophy and weakness under basal or unstressed conditions despite physical stress being a normal occurrence in a physiological setting. Therefore, this study set out to determine if recovery of torque is impaired after repetitive bouts of physical stress in skeletal muscle during excessive short-term (experiment 1) and long-term (experiment 2) EtOH consumption.

Methods
Twenty male and female mice were assigned to receive either 20% EtOH in their drinking water or 100% water. Short- and long-term consumption was predetermined to be EtOH intake starting at 4 and 26 wk, respectively. Anterior crural muscles performed repeated bouts of physical stress using in vivo eccentric contractions, with tetanic isometric torque being measured immediately pre- and postinjury. A total of 10 bouts were completed with 14 d between each bout within bouts 1–5 (experiment 1) and bouts 6–10 (experiment 2), and 12 wk between bouts 5 and 6.

Results
Mice consuming EtOH had blood alcohol concentrations up to 270 mg·dL−1. In experiment 1, five bouts of eccentric contractions did not reduce recovery of torque, regardless of sex or EtOH treatment (P ≥ 0.173). Similarly, in experiment 2, preinjury torques did not differ from day 14 values regardless of sex or treatment (P ≥ 0.322). However, there was a group effect in female mice for bouts 6 and 10 during experiment 2, with female EtOH mice being weaker than controls (P ≤ 0.002).

Conclusions
Excessive short- or long-term EtOH misuse in a mouse model did not affect the muscle’s ability to regain strength after repeated bouts of eccentric contractions, suggesting that EtOH may not be as detrimental to recovery as once predicted.