Vaccine Preventable Disease Seroprevalence In a Nationwide Assessment of Timor-Leste (VASINA-TL) - study protocol for a population-representative cross-sectional serosurvey
Authors: Arkell Paul , Sheridan Sarah L , Martins Nelson , Tanesi Maria Y , Gomes Nelia , Amaral Salvador , Oakley Tessa , Solano Vanessa , David Michael , Draper Anthony DK , Sarmento Nevio , Silva Endang da , Alves Lucsendar , Freitas Carlito , de Neri Machado Filipe , Gusmão Celia A , Costa Barreto Ismael da , Fancourt Nicholas SS , Macartney Kristine , Yan Jennifer , Francis Joshua R 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACTIntroductionHistoric disruption in health infrastructure combined with data from a recent vaccine coverage survey suggests there are likely significant immunity gaps to vaccine preventable diseases and high risk of outbreaks in Timor-Leste. Community-based serological surveillance is an important tool to augment understanding of population-level immunity achieved through vaccine coverage and/or derived from prior infection.Methods and analysisThis national population-representative serosurvey will take a three-stage cluster sample and aims to include 5600 individuals above one year of age. Serum samples will be collected by phlebotomy and analysed for measles immunoglobulin G (IgG), rubella IgG, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 anti-spike protein IgG, hepatitis B surface antibody and hepatitis B core antigen using commercially available chemiluminescent immunoassays or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In addition to crude prevalence estimates and to account for differences in Timor-Leste’s age structure, we will calculate stratified age-standardised prevalence estimates, using Asia in 2013 as the standard population. Additionally, this survey will derive a national asset of serum and dried blood spot samples which can be used for further investigation of infectious disease sero-epidemiology and/or validation of existing and novel serological assays for infectious diseases.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained from the Research Ethics and Technical Committee of the Instituto Nacional da Saúde,Timor-Leste and the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Northern Territory Department of Health and Menzies School of Health Research, Australia. Co-designing this study with Timor-Leste Ministry-of-Health and other relevant partner organisations will allow immediate translation of findings into public health policy (which may include changes to routine immunisation service delivery and/or plans for supplementary immunisation activities).STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDYThis project is one of very few large-scale, community-based, population-representative serosurveys to be conducted in low-middle income countries.It will provide accurate seroprevalence estimates for multiple vaccine-preventable diseases, which will immediately inform public health policy and support an ongoing programme of vaccine research in Timor-Leste and the surrounding region.A national asset of bio-banked serum samples will be derived, which can be used in cross-sectional and prospective studies of infectious disease epidemiology, including those which evaluate disease control interventions.Diverse, remote communities across Timor-Leste will be visited, with primary sample analysis occurring at the National Health Laboratory in Timor-Leste. Therefore, fieldwork and laboratory-related logistical challenges will need to be overcome.