bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rate of Response of Rabbits to Two Antigens of Tubercle Bacilli
Authors: Reed G. B. , Rice Christine E. , Gardiner B. G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In two recent papers (Rice (9); Rice and Reed (10)) it has been shown that colony variation in the acid-fast group of bacteria, in common with that in other species, is accompanied by variation in antigenic content.
These conclusions were based upon a study of the antibody content of the sera of rabbits subjected to a rather long course of immunization with heat-killed S and R types of tubercle bacilli or other acid-fast species. The experimental procedure consisted in determining the amount of complement fixed by the sera in the presence of, first an S antigen prepared from S organisms and secondarily in the presence of an R antigen by the quantitative complement fixation technique of Wadsworth, Maltaner and Maltaner (14). As a control pooled normal rabbit serum was tested with the same antigens. In each case the small value of this non-specific fixation of complement was subtracted from the fixation with the immune serum and the result styled the specific fixation.
Hemolytic Streptococcus Toxins and Antitoxins
Authors: Malcolm Wilbur G. , Wyman Louise 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Identical mixtures of scarlet fever streptococcus toxin and antitoxin have been injected subcutaneously in the ear and intracutaneously in the body of rabbits selected as reactive to this toxin.
The reactivity of the two injection sites is the same for such mixtures. The larger area made available by the use of the body skin may, therefore, be expected to yield results comparable with those obtained by Veldee's method.
For titration of toxins and the residual in formalinized toxins, the ear reactions have proved easier to evaluate than skin reactions.
The Photodynamic Effect of Methylene Blue on Tetanus Toxin
Authors: Lippert Karl M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The toxic properties of tetanus toxin in a filtered broth culture of C. tetani are rapidly diminished by the photodynamic action of methylene blue in certain concentrations. The inactivation of tetanus toxin in the presence of dilute solutions of methylene blue is more marked after one hour exposure to light than when the mixture is exposed for shorter intervals of time. Antigenic property could not be demonstrated in tetanus toxin after partial destruction of its toxicity by exposure to light in the presence of dilute solutions of methylene blue. An optimum concentration of methylene blue for the inactivation of tetanus toxin by light is demonstrated. In the concentrations used, methylene blue does not inhibit the effect of tetanus toxin in vivo.
A Note on the Concentration and Purification of Antimeningococcus Serum
Authors: Murdick Philip P. , Cohen Sophia M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Previous experiments demonstrated that the neutralizing potency of antimeningococcus serum, as shown by the phenomenon of local skin reactivity, is associated with the water-insoluble globulin as are the agglutinative and precipitative activities (1). This fraction was effectively separated from immune horse sera which differed in water-insoluble globulin content, when the sera were dialyzed, diluted with distilled water, and acidified to the point of maximum precipitation. A preliminary report of the results of further purification of the active fraction is now presented.
Three methods were applied: precipitation of the inert protein by zinc or aluminum chloride, isoelectric fractionation, and fractional solution in dilute sodium chloride. The first two procedures with the exception of certain modifications were similar to those used by Felton (2, 3) in the purification of the potent fraction of antipneumococcus serum.
Precipitation of inert protein with zinc chloride was carried out as follows: The isoelectrically precipitated globulin was dissolved in 1 per cent sodium chloride and the reaction was adjusted to pH 7.6.
Factors Influencing the Speed of Flocculation
Authors: Ando K. , Komiyama T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The higher the Lf-units of diphtheria-toxin or anatoxin, the smaller the Kf-value, as has been asserted by many observers. If diphtheria toxin or anatoxin is freed from accompanying substances by dialysis or purification by the calcium-phosphate method, its Kf-value becomes smaller. The Kf-value of diphtheria-toxin or anatoxin largely depends on its pH. Irrespective of the kind of culture media in which toxin was produced, it was found that (a) the Kf of the purified and its original toxin is least in the untreated solution and increases with the amount of acid or alkali added. (b) When purified toxin was mixed with buffer solutions of different pH, the Kf was found to be the smallest in the mixture with the buffer of pH 6. (c) Both original and purified anatoxin had the smallest Kf-value in the most acid range within which flocculation did occur. Anatoxin prepared from semi-synthetic broth toxin the Kf of which was found ∞, showed flocculation when it was dialysed, acidified or purified.
The Individual as a Factor in Antidiphtheria Immunity
Authors: Neill James M. , Sugg John Y. , Richardson Lurline V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The experiments dealt with the influence of different methods of immunization upon the antitoxic response of groups of guinea pigs. The points investigated included the condition of the antigen, the total amount of antigen, the division and spacing of doses and the route of injection.
The adequacy of the different methods for group immunization was analyzed on the basis of the percentage of individuals made Schick negative. The total amount of antigen influenced the immunity response but to different extents in different zones of dosage: its influence was masked in the zone of “hyperimmunization,” but within the zone “adequate for group immunization” it was manifested in speed of response, and within the zone “inadequate for group immunization” both in speed of response and in percentage of a group finally made immune. However, the amount of antigen could be counterbalanced by other factors: to some extent by the route of injection but especially by the division and spacing of injections.
The results are discussed in terms of the expression: A = f(C × S) in which A represents antitoxin production, C, the capacity to respond to specific stimulus and S, the stimulus of the specific antigen. In the present paper this formula was used in the analysis of the development of immunity; in later papers it will be modified for the analysis of immunity possessed long after the last injection of antigen.
Incidence of Serological Types of Hemolytic Streptococci in Recent Cases of Erysipelas
Authors: Spicer Sophie , Gonshorek Mary F. , Spicer Emily L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
From 52 erysipelas cases sixteen strains of hemolytic streptococci of the beta type were isolated. Only two strains, a smooth and a coarse, obtained from the erysipelatous lesion of the same patient fell into one of our previously determined groups, that of type IV scarlet fever. Two other strains absorbed, one from each of 2 serums prepared with the new erysipelas strains. However, we cannot consider having found any new agglutinating groups, 2 not being considered sufficient to constitute a group. The antibacterial potency of 2 erysipelas serums, one prepared by the New York City Department of Health and one by the Lederle firm, proved to be of low value, as evidenced by protection tests on white mice. The Otisville erysipelas serum protected to a greater extent than the Lederle serum against the homologous strain, and both protected to about the same degree against the new erysipelas strains. An antiscarlatinal serum prepared at Otisville and intended to serve as control on type specificity in relation to protection, gave almost as much protection as the Otisville erysipelas serum, and more protection than the Lederle serum against one of the major strains used in their preparation, and better protection than either of the erysipelas serums against the new erysipelas strains. A rabbit serum prepared from one of the strains of the new erysipelas series, while being highly potent against its own strain (homologous strain), protected against the other new erysipelas strains to about the same degree as did the antiscarlatinal serum. It protected, however, against the major type erysipelas strain used in the preparation of both erysipelas horse serums to a greater extent than was its own strain protected by either of the erysipelas serums.
The Adaptation of a Staphylococcus Bacteriophage to an Artificially Produced Anti-Bacteriophagic Serum
Authors: D'Herelle F. , Rakieten M. L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Several reports dealing with the influence of body fluids on staphylococcus bacteriophage have shown that human serum and pus markedly interfere with the in vitro lysis of staphylococci by bacteriophage (Gratia and Mutsaars, 1931; Applebaum and MacNeal, 1932; Colvin, 1933; Burky, 1933). It has been our experience that, while an inhibition of staphylococcus bacteriophage may be demonstrable, there are considerable differences in the action of several races of staphylococcus phages in the presence of the same concentrations of serum. It appears that this difference, the ability of a staphylococcus bacteriophage either to bring about lysis or to be rendered impotent in serum, is dependent upon the “quality” of the bacteriophage. With regard to this statement the observations of Bail (1923), Asheshov (1924); Morrison (1932); Pasricha (1932); Schlesinger (1932); and Burnet (1933) concerning the complex composition of bacteriophages, as they are employed in the laboratory, are extremely important.
The Relation of Heterophile Immunity to the Incidence of Colds
Authors: Rockwell George E. , Van Kirk Herman C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This is a report of a more intensive study of 47 of the 1036 patients reported in a previous article (1). The 47 cases reported in this paper consisted of 30 cases who received the oral vaccine, and 17 cases who were used as controls. The object of this study was to show the relation between the patient's response to the heterophile antigen, and his frequency of colds. These cases were chosen because of the availability of blood samples. An effort was made to distribute the cases who had received the oral immunization between those who had apparently benefited and those who had not. The heterophile titer of the blood sera of the patients was then studied in relation to the distribution of colds in these groups.
The vaccine consisted of rough pneumococci (D.R.I.) and streptococci. The pneumococci were high in heterophile antigen. Each capsule contained one hundred billion of each organism.
Post-Anaphylactic State in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Ostromislensky I. , Openchowski M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sensitized guinea pigs which received on reinjection a sublethal dose of antigen and therefore survived the anaphylactic shock, are in a pathological state. As a rule, this characteristic post-anaphylactic state is easily discovered on the seventeenth day after the reinjection of the antigen. It is expressed in sharply changed reactions of animals to various chemical preparations, e.g., to azo-compounds, and in particular to chrysoidin (2.4-diaminoazobenzol). Subcutaneous injection of chrysoidin produces in these animals a peculiar reaction the symptoms of which greatly resemble those of acute anaphylactic shock in rabbits. In the post-anaphylctic state guinea pigs tolerate some chemical preparations, and in particular chrysoidin, in considerably smaller quantities than do normal animals. The post-anaphylactic state of guinea pigs changes into normal state by itself not later than thirty-one days after the shock. Timely injections of some anti-shock preparations prevent not only the anaphylactic shock, but likewise the post-anaphylactic state of guinea pigs. To these preparations belong: (a) phenylmethylpyrazolone; (b) phenyldimethylpyrazolone (antipyrine); (c) di-phenylmethylpyrazolonyl (Rossium); (d) the sodium salt of Phenyldimethylpyrazolonylaminomethylene sulphonic acid (melubrine); (e) methyloxindol; (f) alpha-phenyl-alpha-acetyl-hydrazine.
The Relationship of Circulating Antibody to the Local Inflammatory Reaction to Antigen (the Arthus Phenomenon)
Authors: Culbertson James T. , Kent John F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results shown in this paper indicate that the presence of circulating precipitin is necessary for local inflammatory reactions of the type described by Arthus. The severity of the Arthus reaction in the skin is directly correlated with the amount of antibody in the blood. When the circulating precipitin disappears with time or is eliminated by an intravenous injection of antigen from an actively sensitized animal known to be capable of giving an Arthus reaction, that animal is no longer sensitive to the skin test. The injection of an amount of antigen just sufficient to remove all the circulating antibody results immediately in the loss of skin sensitivity. All of the evidence obtained indicates that tissue hypersensitiveness in an actively sensitized animal is dependent upon the formation of antibody by the animal and is reflected by the presence of precipitin in the circulation.
The importance of antibody in the Arthus test is further brought out in the experiments upon passive transfer of hypersensitiveness. When the precipitin is absorbed from an antiserum, that antiserum loses its power to sensitize passively a normal animal. Such a serum is also unable to elicit a reaction on injection into the skin of a normal animal which has been injected intravenously with the specific antigen. The tissue sensitizing substance in an antiserum appears to be inseparable from and, probably, identical with the precipitin.
Several of these observations are contrary to those reported by Kahn in his numerous publications upon the subject and cast doubt upon the conclusions to which Kahn has been led. The existence in the skin or other organs of any sensitizing agency other than the antibody appears not to be essential for an explanation of the mechanism of the Arthus reaction. Such an agency has, furthermore, thus far not been demonstrated. The data here offered supports entirely the contention of Opie that the union of antibody with antigen is responsible for the Arthus reaction.
On the Failure of Concentrated Diphtheria Antitoxin to Give the Ramon Flocculation Reaction with Toxin
Authors: Eagle Harry 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
No satisfactory explanation has yet been offered for the fact that highly refined and concentrated solutions of pseudoglobulin prepared from diphtheria antitoxin frequently do not give the Ramon flocculation reaction with toxin, despite the fact that their biological activity as measured by protection experiments on guinea pigs may greatly exceed that of the original serum.
The following experiments were undertaken in order to ascertain whether the absence of flocculation is due to the failure of the antitoxin globulin to combine with toxin in vitro.
Varying quantities of anti-diphtheria horse serum pseudoglobulin were added to one L+ dose of toxin, the mixture was allowed to stand for one-half hour, and the globulin was then precipitated by the addition of a rabbit anti-horse serum. The latter was added until the supernatant fluid contained demonstrable excess of the anti-horse serum antibody, and no demonstrable horse serum protein. The mixture was then centrifuged, and the supernatant fluid tested for its toxin content.
Experiments on Reactivation of the Virus in Neutral Serum-Virus Mixtures
Authors: Goyal Ram Kumar 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Antigen-antibody union occurring in vitro was demonstrable in overneutralised serum-virus mixtures. More or less balanced mixtures were reactivable. There was no evidence of in vitro union in such mixtures. The speed of inactivation of the virus was unlike the slow neutralisation of a toxin by the corresponding antitoxin and could be compared to the destruction of bacteria by specific antisera. Inactivation of the louping-ill virus in vivo by the corresponding antiserum could be effected without any in vitro contact.
No major differences have been elicited between the mechanism of anti-viral and anti-bacterial immunity.
A Study of the Generalized Shwartzman Phenomenon
Authors: Apitz Kurt 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
When rabbits are given intravenous injections of certain bacterial culture filtrates at the beginning and at the end of a period of twenty-four hours, death follows within forty-eight hours after the second injection. At autopsy, characteristic changes in the kidney and hemorrhagic diathesis are frequently noted. An investigation of certain of the factors involved in this phenomenon revealed an almost complete parallelism with those concerned in the hemorrhagic skin reaction (Shwartzman phenomenon). These findings therefore appear to justify its designation as the “generalized Shwartzman phenomenon.” Local and generalized Shwartzman reactions represent different localizations of the same type of injury. Additional evidence has been obtained which indicates that a single injection of a potent bacterial filtrate is sufficient to produce regularly a generalized Shwartzman phenomenon in pregnant rabbits.
Chemical Study of the Pollen-Sensitizing Antibody Combination
Authors: Stevens Franklin M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Following the observation of Prausnitz and Küstner in 1921, that the sera of “protein sensitive” patients were capable of passively transferring specific sensitivities to the skin of most normal people, controversy arose concerning the nature of the antibody. While some immunologists believed that this antibody was identical with the anaphylactic antibody, others, notably Coca, were of the opinion that the two were not the same. He has recently (1) summarized his reasons, based on his own experimentation as well as that of his contemporaries, for believing in the existence of two distinct antibodies endowed with different qualities. He points out that the antibody found in the sera of “protein sensitive” patients is characterized by its human origin, by its specific property of sensitizing the human skin, its inability to passively sensitize the uterus of the guinea pig, and its peculiar inability to render the related “atopen” inactive.
Experiments Upon the Passive Transfer of Antibodies from the Blood to the Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Sekiguchi Shigeki 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The removal of blood from normal dogs followed by the intravenous injection of human syphilitic serum in amounts varying from 30 to 50 cc. per kilogram of body weight was followed by the presence of small amounts of syphilis reagin (the antibody concerned in the Wassermann reaction) in the cerebrospinal fluid. The reagin was found in the cerebrospinal fluid as early as three hours after transfusion with syphilitic serum; tests at shorter intervals were not made. The amount of reagin found in 0.5 cc. of cerebrospinal fluid was small in all experiments as based upon the degree of complement fixation with all antigens. After irritation of the spinal meninges by the preliminary injection of sterile horse serum the amount of reagin gaining access to the cerebrospinal fluid after transfusion of syphilitic serum, appeared to be somewhat greater. All traces of syphilis reagin in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs following transfusion of human syphilitic serum apparently disappeared after 22 to 48 hours as determined by completely negative Wassermann reactions. The intravenous injection of dog-typhoid immune serum into a normal dog in amount of about 30 cc. per kilogram of body weight, was followed by the appearance of traces of agglutinin in the cerebrospinal fluid within three hours after transfusion; fluid removed forty-eight hours later was free of agglutinin. These experiments demonstrate the possibility of the passage of antibody from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid without primary involvement of the central nervous organs or injury to the mechanism concerned in the production of cerebrospinal fluid, when the amount of antibody in the blood has reached a point of high concentration. While it is possible that in human syphilis the presence of traces of reagin in the cerebrospinal fluid may be due to the passive transfer of this substance from the blood, as shown by Wile and Stokes the presence of the reagin with or without other changes in the fluid, as an increase of protein and cells usually indicates the presence and activity of T. pallida in the tissues of the central nervous organs.
The Isolation, Purification and Concentration of Immune Bodies: A Study of Immune Hemolysin
Authors: Kosakai M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The reversibility of the antigen and amboceptor union is proved to be practically complete, so far as the immune hemolysin of the rabbit against sheep's blood is concerned. The isolation of hemolytic amboceptor from its antigen union is accomplished by a simple method: When the hemolytic power of the original immune serum is 1:10,000, it is diluted to 100 times its volume with physiological salt solution; 5 cc. of this diluted serum is poured into 4 cc. blood cells, which are washed free from serum protein with physiological salt solution. After 15 to 20 minutes at room temperature all of the hemolytic amboceptor has been adsorbed by blood cells; and the antigen-amboceptor union is thus obtained. After the sensitized corpuscular sediment is washed with physiological salt solution several times, till the last trace of serum protein has been removed, this pure antigen-amboceptor combination is mixed with an isotonic or slightly hypertonic watery solution of saccharose, glucose or lactose and left at 55°C. for fifteen to thirty minutes, during which time the vessel is shaken several times. The sugar extract, which contains nearly all of the hemolysin used to sensitize the cells, is obtained by centrifugation. In order to purify this sugar extract, which contains substances from destroyed blood cells, it is placed in a separatory funnel and shaken for one to two hours with 5 to 10 volumes of ether, this treatment, if necessary, being repeated twice or thrice, till at last the solution becomes quite colorless. This colorless solution is dialysed in parchment against running water in order to eliminate the sugar and traces of ClNa. The solution thus obtained is concentrated in vacuo to the required volume.
The Immunologic Properties of Uveal Pigment
Authors: Woods Alan C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the course of a detailed study of the anaphylactic theory of sympathetic ophthalmia, a study has been made of the antigenic properties of the uveal tract, especially the uveal pigment, of the eye. From the standpoint of the ophthalmologist the results are of little import beyond their possible correlation with clinical disease. From the standpoint of the immunologist, however, the results appear to be of more scientific interest, in so far as they indicate rather striking immunologic properties for a native body protein. It is, therefore, the purpose of this paper to report the results of this phase of our studies.
The anaphylactic theory of sympathetic ophthalmia, advanced and advocated by Elschnig, assumes that sympathetic ophthalmia is an anaphylactic uveitis brought about in the following manner. The injury to the uvea in the exciting eye, by trauma, intraocular tumor, etc., leads to a destruction or disintegration of uveal tissue.