bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Politics and Society
Authors: Willis Michael J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The progressive marginalization and alienation of the ordinary population from engagement in formal politics was a notable feature of the Bouteflika presidency. However, the large size of the protest movement that emerged in 2019 demonstrated that the population was far from disengaged and uninterested in politics more generally. Survey data and ethnographies reveal identifiable features of political attitudes among the Algerian population that help explain this. Younger Algerians in particular are alienated from elections and political parties, but see value in smaller scale, more locally based forms of activism to bring about change. Youth are less fatalistic about their ability to change things than older Algerians. The civil conflict of the 1990s has had a complex legacy, reducing support for Islamist movements but encouraging individual religious piety. Ideological divisions within society, notably those relating to identity, have greatly reduced with a greater apparent tolerance of diversity of lifestyles. Education, class, family, religion, and traditional and new social media all have varying influences on both Algerian men and women, with the latter playing an increased role in politics and society.
The Return Of Geopolitics
Authors: Auer Stefan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe focus of this chapter is on EU–Russia relations, particularly against the background of the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea. These relations have been shaped by the tension between the EU’s ambition to become a major global player and the reality of its limited power. Europe's challenges are illuminated through some of Carl Schmitt’s basic concepts, such as geopolitics. In response to an increasingly revanchist and, in many ways, "Schmittian" Russia, the European Union would do well to draw its own lessons from Schmitt's critique of liberalism. Like its reluctant hegemon, Germany, Europe too was partly paralyzed by its own reticence to think in terms of geopolitics and power. While the EU was meant to become more than the sum of its member states, in some important areas it is less than its individual members might have been. The chapter concludes by advocating a more muscular liberalism that can stand up to Putin's Russia.
Conclusion
Authors: Auer Stefan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter revisits the questions that animate the book: What is the appropriate size of a political community? If a supranational state is undesirable, can Europeans reclaim more control at the national level? Can the European Union prove itself an effective global actor, able to stand up for its interests vis-à-vis China, Russia, and the United States? The exceptional challenges that Europe faced at the beginning of 2020s, such as the Covid-19 pandemic, led to erratic responses that proved suboptimal: the politics of the emergency alternated with the technocratic rule of rules, undermining democracy in the process. The chapter questions the assumption popular within EU studies that crises are ultimately conducive to European unity. It concludes by urging Europe's political elites to stop chasing Arcadia--the promised land of a post-national, or supranational democracy--in order to regain popular support.
Pandemic India
Authors: Arnold David 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Covid-19 has given renewed and urgent attention to the idea of a pandemic as a devastating and recurrent global phenomenon. Today the term is freely and widely used--but, in reality, it has a long and contested history, centering in particular on South Asia. Pandemic India is an innovative and wide-ranging enquiry into the emergence of the pandemic idea and the changing meaning of pandemics, exploring the pivotal role played by--or assigned to--India over the past 200 years. Using the perspectives of the social historian and the historian of medicine, and a diversity of historical and contemporary sources, it explains how and why past pandemics were so closely identified with South Asia; the factors behind the exceptional destructiveness of pandemics in India; the responses of society and the state during and since the colonial era; and how such collective catastrophes have informed politics, changed lives, and been either memorialized or forgotten. Taking a "long history" view of India's recent coronavirus pandemic, the book offers comparisons and connections with three earlier pandemics—cholera, bubonic plague, and influenza. The author assesses the distinctive characteristics and legacies of each of these deadly episodes, the changing nature of public engagement with disease, and the evolution of public health measures and containment strategies. This is a historian's reflection on time as seen through the pandemic prism, and on the ways the past is used--or misused--to serve the needs and interests of the present.
Introduction
Authors: Arnold David 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Departing from the deadly impact of the recent Covid-19 pandemic on India, in which as many as four million people may have died, this chapter argues for the need to re-investigate and unsettle the region's long and complex pandemic history. It proposes to do so by addressing the idea of a pandemic as a historical construct and not merely an epidemiological phenomenon, as a relatively recent concept bound up with ideas of shifting or entangled temporalities, and the centrality of empire in the imaging of pandemic disease. The chapter identifies pandemic history with the revisionist project of decolonizing history, the reappraisal of empire and its postcolonial legacies, and the quest for new historical voices; but also with histories of violence and with the question of who either denies responsibility or seeks practically or polemically to establish "ownership" over a pandemic.
What is a Pandemic?
Authors: Arnold David 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
While epidemics have been extensively defined and discussed, the idea of what constitutes a pandemic has remained elusive and subjective. Progressing from a consideration of four commonly held pandemic propositions and the function of pandemics as metaphor and myth, the chapter employs the term pandemicity to encompass the historical and epidemiological characteristics of pandemics and to distinguish them from epidemics. It examines the genealogy of the pandemic idea, the historical stages by which the concept emerged over the course of the nineteenth century, in relation to Western narratives of "world disease", increasing globalization, and the observational opportunities empire created. Pandemics were predicated on the threat of universality, but also on persistent notions of a divided world, in which deadly contagions were thought far more likely to inhabit, and migrate from, some regions of the world than others, India being one of the foremost of these pandemic homelands. European reactions to the Spanish Flu of 1918–19 in South Asia are cited to illustrate this discriminatory logic.
War Fever
Authors: Arnold David 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The influenza pandemic of 1918–19 (the "Spanish Flu") had an exceptionally devastating impact on India with as many as 12 to 20 million deaths, most falling in the closing months of 1918. The chapter considers why India suffered such extreme mortality, primary factors being India's involvement in World War I and the way the intense drive for Indian recruits impacted on agricultural productivity, the already disease-weakened population, and the conjunction of the pandemic with famine conditions and soaring commodity prices. By contrast with the early plague years, the state's response was muted, partly due to the speed and scale of the pandemic and an overstretched medical service. Unlike in the late 1890s, therefore, there was little overt resistance to state public health measures. Instead, Indians turned to their own philanthropy and self-reliance, thereby creating fresh opportunities for non-Western medicine.
Conclusion
Authors: Arnold David 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In making an overall assessment of India's pandemic experience from cholera in the nineteenth century to Covid-19 in the twenty-first, the Conclusion restates the recent and contested nature of the pandemic idea and the centrality of India, or perceptions of India, within it. It stresses the importance of regarding pandemics in the light of human experience and diverse subjectivities and not solely in terms of mortality statistics and state policy. Empire looms large in this story--as science, sanitation, and trauma, as violence and coercion, indifference, and neglect; but, without providing clear lessons for the future, the legacies of past pandemics have a significant (not always positive) bearing on postcolonial health policy and the ongoing politicization of health and disease. Pandemics are momentous, life-shattering events, but their capacity to radically transform society, politics, and our way of thinking, also needs to be questioned.
Revolution and its Aftermath
Authors: Monshipouri Mahmood 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores the Iranian Islamic Revolution and its aftermath in light of the ongoing power struggle between and among hard-liners, reformists, and moderates. I argue that the dynamic interplay of domestic power struggles and foreign influence in the region has shaped Iran's foreign policy. Both regional actors and patrons--most predominantly the United States--have shaped the region's security landscape. Aside from larger structural causes of insecurity, it should be noted that the disregard for human security concerns has given rise to the issues of sectarianism, identity politics, and political rivalries on the regional level.
Reform and the Human Rights Campaign
Authors: Monshipouri Mahmood 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter looks the ongoing debate over the tension between security and human rights and the way in which it affects government policies. I explain the state of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran with a particular focus on social change in the post-revolutionary era. In the ensuing sections, I examine women's rights, student unrest, the Green Movement protests, the status of religious minorities, and the recent protests that erupted in small cities, rural areas, and remote villages before spreading to other parts of the country. The country's human rights conditions have also worsened as protests have broken out and the regime has responded in a heavy-handed way.
Iran’s Foreign Policy
Authors: Monshipouri Mahmood 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter investigates the evolution of Iran's foreign policy in the post-Khomeini era by explaining recent developments in the Persian Gulf region in an attempt to understand the shifting security paradigms in the Persian Gulf, the downsizing of US military presence in the region, the cold war between Riyadh and Tehran, and finally the Abraham Accords and their implications. A closer look at these developments illustrates the expansion of Iran's influence as well as its limits. On balance, however, a geopolitical and pragmatic agenda--not ideological, cultural, or historical factors--have influenced Iran's foreign policy decisions.
The Iran Nuclear Program
Authors: Monshipouri Mahmood 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides a nuanced understanding of the history, dynamics, and broader implications of the US–Iran relationship in this context, underscoring the importance of the role that diplomacy played in producing the 2015 nuclear deal. The Trump administration pushed, however unsuccessfully, for tearing up the agreement, opening the door to the unconstrained resumption of Iran's nuclear program and set in motion uncertain escalatory pressures in an already volatile Middle East. Trump's move indicated a relinquishment of US leadership on the international scene.
Conclusion
Authors: Monshipouri Mahmood 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter concludes by noting that ending a longstanding and turbulent history of US–Iranian relations since the 1979 revolution requires that Washington and Tehran recognize that it is in their long-term interests to marginalize skeptics by marching forward on the restoration of the nuclear deal. Lack of direct diplomatic communications for the most part of the past four decades has trapped Iran and the United States between past and present, presenting a major barrier to dismantling the wall of distrust between the two countries. Engagement and weakening the impression of Iran as a securitized threat is the way forward.
Introduction
Authors: Vogel Christoph N. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book and presents its main topics, its central theoretical premises as well as its argument and structure. The chapter begins with wide angle on twenty-first-century activism and the perception of contemporary civil wars. It revisits global theorization and policymaking on so-called resource wars and introduces the evolution of "conflict minerals" as a paradigm case in which violence, ethics and capitalism have led to unprecedented policy change, yet without addressing core drivers of violence and war.
Peace, Ethics and Congo
Authors: Vogel Christoph N. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter posits a set of problems about how global supply chain capitalism, conflict resolution, and ethical "capital" intersect with postcolonial peripheries. These are often marked by friction, and violence--but also "strategies of extraversion", such as when local elites join foreign interveners in the larger gambit of extracting rent. This links back to the "conflict minerals" narrative that has entrenched an image of eastern Congo's mining sector as void, empty of regulation. The chapter connects the specific story of "conflict minerals" with the broader interplay of transnationalism and postcolonial statehood to the wider world. It also problematizes prevailing--often flat and binary-- readings of international development and peacebuilding that clash with the reality of conflict areas that is ambiguous and volatile. But it is, in essence, characterized by highly pragmatic and extraordinarily rational actors and decisions, defying the alleged murkiness and messiness of far-flung conflict zones. It closes by framing an argument for the redefinition of rationality, reconquering the very term from utilitarian economics and econometric research thus calling for radical political change in how we think about policies geared at transparency, ethical consumption, and peacebuilding in and beyond eastern Congo.
The Park Chung-hee Era 1961–79
Authors: Pacheco Pardo Ramon 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Park Chung-hee took power with a coup d'etat in 1961. The coup had the support of a majority of South Koreans, plus the US, given the poverty that still afflicted the country. Park laid the foundations for a period of high economic growth, known as the 'Miracle on the Han River'. Over a period of almost two decades, the Park government and the big conglomerates or chaebol central to the South Korean economy led the country, as it moved away from an agrarian economy towards incipient industrialization. This laid the foundations for the emergence of a middle class for the first time in (South) Korean history. At the same time, the Park government became increasingly authoritarian and repressive, eventually launching a full-blown dictatorship during the Yushin Constitution years from 1972. Ultimately, domestic tensions resulted in Park's assassination in 1979.
The Terrorist Image
Authors: Winter Charlie 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The summer of 2014—when the Islamic State seized Mosul, Iraq's second city; captured vast swathes of eastern Syria; and declared itself a latter-day Caliphate—marked a turning point in the history of photography, one that pushed its already contested relationship with reality to its very limits. Uniquely obsessed with narrative, image management and branding, the Islamic State used cameras as weapons in its formative years as a Caliphate. The tens of thousands of propaganda photographs captured during this time were used to denote policy, to navigate through defeat and, perhaps most importantly, to construct an impossible reality: a totalising image-world of Salafi-Jihadist symbols and myths. Based on a deep examination of the 20,000 photographs Charlie Winter collected from the Islamic State's covert networks online in 2017, this book explores the process by which the Caliphate shook the foundations of modern war photography. Focusing on the period in which it was at its strongest, Winter identifies the implicit value systems that underpinned the Caliphate's ideological appeal, and evaluates its uniquely malign contribution to the history of the photographic image. The Terrorist Image travels to the heart of what made the Islamic State tick during its prime, providing unique insights into its global appeal and mobilisation successes.
Disentangling the Islamic State Brand
Authors: Winter Charlie 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the 5,441 photo-reports the Islamic State published between December 2015 and September 2017, familiarizing readers with key topographical features of the corpus. First, there is a structural overview, in which its breadth and scope are set out. Next, its geographic characteristics are analyzed, with trends in the national and subnational provenance identified. The chapter then explores the corpus's thematic networks, identifying the concepts of jihād and khilāfah as the two central paradigms that underpin it. This last section is the most extensive part of the discussion; through it, readers will become well acquainted with the basic thematic constitution of these images, a necessary contextual step to take before moving on to the semiotic portion of the investigation.
The Soldier
Authors: Winter Charlie 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter is the first of three semiotic explorations of the Islamic State's war-related photo-propaganda. Focusing on how the group used photography to idealize soldiers in its rank-and-file as warriors, victors, sentinels, devotees, and martyrs, the discussion sets out the visual parameters of its warrior archetype, demonstrating how it articulated and, in the context of its supporters at least, sought to internalize a predetermined set of ideals about what it was to fight as part of its jihād.
The Enemy
Authors: Winter Charlie 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
As Chapters 5 and 6 demonstrate, the soldiers and army of the Islamic State took center stage in its image-world. However, they did not exist in a vacuum. Instead, the idea of them was constantly juxtaposed with that of the enemy, a generic grouping with which they, as exemplars of its Sunni Muslim in-group, had an almost perfectly dissymmetric relationship. This chapter explores the especially restrictive visual code that was employed in this context, one that cast the "enemy"—regardless of race, religion or political persuasion—as a primeval opponent of the Islamic State's favored demographic. Whether Iraqi, Syrian, Russian, American, Sunni, Shi’ite, Christian or secular, they would be portrayed as craven beings bent on genocide and in need of thorough extermination.
The State
Authors: Winter Charlie 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter is the first of three thematically orientated semiotic explorations of the Islamic State's civilian-life-related photo-propaganda. Focusing on how it used photography to idealise its forays into governance—a practice which, as outlined in Chapter Three, was characterized by six organising themes: law and order, municipal services, outreach, social welfare, education, and healthcare—it sets out the visual parameters of its vision for jihadist statehood.
The Victim
Authors: Winter Charlie 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Islamic State framed quotidian existence in its caliphate as paradisaical, characterized by abundance, piety, and beauty. This movement, the pictorial line went, had ushered in a new golden age of Islam, one that had returned the faith and its people to their former glory. However, notwithstanding this overwhelmingly positive message, the Islamic State was always careful to point out that it was not all good news: just as the Muslim community faced out-group threats during its first golden age at the time of the Prophet Muḥammad, so too did this new Islamic utopia face attacks from without. Instead of hiding this reality, the impact of enemy incursions was documented in detail, often with gruesome results. This chapter explores why that made sense to this movement, as well as what impact that had on its overall strategic offering.
Introduction
Authors: Al-Arian Abdullah 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Far and away the most popular sport in the world, football has a special place in Middle Eastern societies, and for Middle Eastern states. With Qatar hosting the 2022 FIFA World Cup, this region has been cast into the global footballing spotlight, raising issues of geopolitical competition, consumer culture, and social justice. The establishment of football as a national sport offers significant insight into the region's historical experiences with colonialism and struggles for independence, as well as the sport's vital role in local and regional politics today--whether at the forefront of popular mobilisations, or as an instrument of authoritarian control. Football has also served as an arena of contestation in the formation of national identity, the struggle for gender equality, and the development of the media landscape.
The Trivialization of Women’s Football in Turkey
Authors: Nuhrat Yağmur 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Football is considered mainly a men's sport and pastime in Turkey, much like around the world, resulting in unequal treatment towards female practitioners. Women are othered through football, one manifestation of which is the trivialization of sport when played by women. This chapter addresses the trivialization of women's football in Turkey on multiple levels, from mundane procedures on match days to larger scale labor exploitation tied to lack of professionalization. I demonstrate that the multiple hierarchies within which Turkey's female footballers are situated make this a field of insecurity and precarity for them, limiting their resources for mobilization or resistance. The chapter is based on four months of qualitative fieldwork, mostly in Istanbul, with a total of 38 participants including footballers, coaches, club and federation administrators, sponsors, media representatives, and academics.
Homeland
Authors: Griffin Thomas Ross 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the increasingly globalized world of twenty-first-century sports, what had long been considered rigid markers of identity were called into question by Qatar's victory in the 2019 Asian Cup. This chapter examines the performances of national identity by these Qatar players in the light of banal and social nationalism, and argues that each performative iteration forms a praxis that contributes to the construction of what Norbert Elias calls "the national habitus," or national character of the nation. The research emphasizes the importance of contribution as a means of manipulating the player's perceived identity and argues that the politics of exclusion often found in Gulf societies are challenged by performances of nationalism online and in public spaces. The study concludes by arguing that the performances of national identity by the players are very public contributions which integrate them further into Qatari society and allow them to move from "thinner" to "thicker" forms of citizenship.