bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of neonatal idiotype suppression. II. Alterations in the T cell compartment suppress the maturation of B cell precursors.
Authors: Fung J , Köhler H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cellular mechanism in neonatally suppressed BALB/c mice, which maintains the chronic suppressed state of the TEPC-15 idiotype in the antibody response to phosphorylcholine (PC), was investigated. Cells taken from these suppressed mice cannot transfer suppression to adult BALB/c or affect the in vitro response to PC of adult BALB/c spleen cells. However, spleen cells or T cells from neonatally suppressed mice given to neonatal animals induce chronic suppression of the TEPC-15 idiotype in the anti-PC response. Co-transfer of T cells from neonatally suppressed cells with normal T cells prevented the induction of suppression in neonates. Transfer of T cells from normal or keyhole limpet hemocyanin-primed BALB/c increased the expression of TEPC-15 idiotype in chronically suppressed mice, whereas T cells from neonatally suppressed were ineffective. These findings show that T cells in neonatally suppressed mice can affect the development of immature but not mature cells. The restoration of TEPC-15 expression in neonatally suppressed animals by normal T cells and the failure to induce suppression in neonates by co-transfers of T cells from normal and chronically suppressed mice demonstrate the profound role of an altered T cell compartment in sustaining chronic idiotype suppression.
Transient populations of terminal transferase positive (TdT+) cells in juvenile rats and mice.
Authors: Sasaki R , Bollum F J , Goldschneider I 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Transient populations of TdT+ cells are present in peripheral blood, lung, liver, and spleen of rats and mice between birth and 7 wk of age. TdT+ blood cells appear to be post-thymic cells, as evidenced by their absence from nu/nu mice and their pattern of TdT fluorescence. TdT+ cells in lung, liver, and spleen appear to be prethymic cells. All transient populations of TdT+ cells are sensitive to dexamethasone. Only TdT+ cells in bone marrow and thymus persist into adult life.
Characterization of accessory cells required for helper T cell induction in vitro: evidence for a phagocytic, Fc-receptor, and Ia-bearing cell type.
Authors: Erb P , Stern A C , Alkan S S , Studer S , Zoumbou E , Gisler R H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The nature of the accessory cell type required for the in vitro induction of antigen-specific helper T (Th) cells to soluble antigen was determined. Two different sources of adherent accessory cells were investigated: peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) and macrophages derived from bone-marrow cells (BMM phi), which were cultured for 8 days in vitro with colony-stimulating factor. PEC and BMM phi were rosetted with EA-SRBC and separated by sedimentation into Fc gamma receptor-positive and negative fractions. Only the Fc gamma receptor-positive fraction was active in Th-cell induction. By means of the fluorescence-activated-cell sorter (FACS-II), PEC or BMM phi were separated either into phagocytic and nonphagocytic, or Ia-positive and Ia-negative cell populations. Only phagocytic and Ia-positive accessory cells induced antigen specific Th cells. In conclusion, the accessory cell is adherent, phagocytic, carries Fc gamma-receptors and Ia products, and thus expresses the most important characteristics of the macrophage lineage.
The murine Kupffer cell. II. Accessory cell function in in vitro primary antibody responses, mitogen-induced proliferation, and stimulation of mixed lymphocyte responses.
Authors: Nadler P I , Klingenstein R J , Richman L K , Ahmann G B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of murine Kupffer cells to function in several in vitro immunologic systems was investigated. These cells have been shown previously to function as accessory cells in antigen-stimulated T cell proliferation in response to protein antigens. In the present study it has been demonstrated that murine Kupffer cells also are competent as accessory cells in in vitro primary antibody responses to TNP-KLH and for T cell proliferative responses to concanavalin A. In addition, murine Kupffer cells were found to be potent stimulators of mixed lymphocyte responses. These studies extend previous observations by demonstrating that Kupffer cells are competent accessory cells in several distinct in vitro correlates of in vivo immune responses. The role of Kupffer cells in in vivo immune responses, particularly those to enterically derived antigens, may require re-evaluation in the light of these findings.
Intrathymic differentiation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) precursors. I. The CTL immunocompetence of peanut agglutinin-positive (cortical) and negative (medullary) Lyt 123 thymocytes.
Authors: Wagner H , Hardt C , Bartlett R , Röllinghoff M , Pfizenmaier K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To analyze the developmental and functional interrelationship between cortical and medullary thymocytes, the peanut agglutinin-(PNA) binding capacity was used to separate thymocytes into PNA+ (cortical) and PNA- (medullary) thymocytes. Virtually, all positively selected PNA+ thymocytes (90% of the overall thymocyte population) expressed the Lyt 123 phenotype, whereas 90% of negatively selected PNA- thymocytes expressed Lyt 1 alloantigens, about 10% being Lyt 123 thymocytes. Provided, the requirement of Lyt 1 T helper cells was bypassed by Interleukin 2, a nonspecific mediator of T help, PNA+ Lyt 123 thymocytes mounted cytotoxic T cell responses comparable in magnitude to that of peripheral T cells. Their repertoire included antigenic disparities coded for by the complete MHC complex, H-2K, I-A, H-2D, mutational events at H-2K, as well as antigenic disparities expressed on TNP conjugated- and Sendai virus-infected syngeneic cells. PNA- Lyt 123 thymocytes represent a highly reactive pool of primary cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) precursors for both alloreactive and H-2-restricted CTL responses. Since PNA- thymocytes include also Lyt 1 T helper cells, PNA- responder thymocytes are able to mount autonomously (CTL responses. Our data are first to provide direct evidence that Lyt 123 cells represent a common source of alloreactive and H-2-restricted CTL precursors in unprimed lymphocyte populations. Moreover, the apparent immunocompetence of cortical PNA+ thymocytes is now explained by their lack of T helper cells.
Biochemical and biologic characterization of lymphocyte regulatory molecules. III. The isolation and phenotypic characterization of Interleukin-2 producing T cell lymphomas.
Authors: Gillis S , Scheid M , Watson J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To isolate a stable tumor cell line source of Interleukin 2 (IL-2 formerly referred to as T cell growth factor), over 40 murine leukemia and lymphoma cells as well as 9 clonal helper and killer IL-2-driven T cell lines were screened for both constitutive and mitogen-stimulated IL-2 production. A radiation-induced splenic lymphoma from the B10.BR mouse, the LBRM-33 cell line, could be stimulated to produce over 1000 units/ml of IL-2 after 24 hr exposure to T cell mitogens. Peak IL-2 activity was found in supernatants harvested from 24-hr cultures of either 1% PHA or 20 micrograms/ml Con A-stimulated LBRM-33 cells (10(6) cells/ml). IL-2 production observed in both serum-free and serum-containing cultures represented between 1000 and 5000 times the quantity of IL-2 produced in conventional cultures of mitogen-activated rat or mouse spleen cells. Peak IL-2 production by LBRM-33 cultures (stimulated at either optimal Con A or PHA concentrations or co-stimulated with suboptimal amounts of mitogen and phorbol myristate acetate) was consistently accompanied by LBRM-33 cell death. Phenotypic characterization of the producer cell revealed LBRM-33 cells to be Thy 1+, Ly 1+, Ly 2+, Ly 3+, Qa 2-3+, Qa 3.2+, Qat 4+, and Ly 5+. These studies provide further evidence that IL-2 is a T cell product and establish a source of IL-2 that will be a valuable reagent for the isolation and further molecular characterization of this immunoregulatory molecule.
Suppression by prostaglandin E1 of vascular permeability induced by vasoactive inflammatory mediators.
Authors: Fantone J C , Kunkel S L , Ward P A , Zurier R B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Systemic treatment of rats with prostaglandin E1 or with its stable derivative, 15-(S)-15-methyl-Prostaglandin E1, markedly reduce the increases in vasopermeability induced by the intradermal injection of histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, C3a, and compound 48/80. This inhibition is dependent on the dose of the vasopermeability factor and the duration of time between injection of the prostaglandin and intradermal injection of vasopermeability factor. The inhibition of associated ultrastructurally with a preservation of tight junctions between endothelial cells. The structure-function specificity of the inhibitory effects of the prostaglandin is shown by the diminished effects of prostaglandin A2, and the lack of inhibition by prostaglandin F2 alpha. These data provide evidence that PGE1 interferes with the local effects of vasopermeability mediators and may explain the earlier observations at PGE1 protects animals from immune complex-induced nephritis.
Specific cytotoxicity of a human immunoglobulin-directed Fab'-ricin A chain conjugate.
Authors: Raso V , Griffin T 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The toxic A chain of ricin and the Fab' fragment of antibody directed against human immunoglobulin (Ig) have been disulfide linked via their intrinsic sulfhydryl groups. This Fab'-A chain conjugate retained the activities of its component parts. It produced effective inhibition of protein synthesis in a cellfree rabbit reticulocyte lysate system and bound tightly ti Ig determinants on human cells. Attachment of the intact molecule to the cell surface was revealed by using fluorescein-labeled antibodies directed against both its Fab' and A chain halves. The Fab'-A chain conjugate was evaluated for cytotoxicity by using human, surface Ig positive target cells and surface Ig negative control cells. In vitro toxicity was entirely selective since the conjugate produced inhibition of de novo protein synthesis, impedence of growth, as well as death and lysis, only for cells possessing surface Ig determinants. Moreover, the effects on Ig positive cells were abrogated by the addition of free human IgG that competitively blocked the Fab' combining site of this conjugate and prevented cell surface binding. Addition of lactose, which inhibits binding of whole ricin, did not influence the action of the Fab'-A chain conjugate. These results verified that the specific binding site on the antibody half of the molecule could function as a directional carrier that facilitates A chain entry into the cytoplasm. Expression of cytotoxic effects was thereby restricted exclusively to cells bearing the appropriate target site. This new conjugate molecule thus possessed both the absolute specificity of the antibody and the potent lethality of its parent toxin.
Analysis of solute diffusion across the C5b-9 membrane lesion of complement: evidence that individual C5b-9 complexes do not function as discrete, uniform pores.
Authors: Sims P J , Lauf P K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have investigated the diffusion of radiolabeled nonelectrolytes across the membranes of resealed erythrocyte ghosts that had been treated with the terminal complement components C5b-9 and incubated under nonlytic steady state conditions. For all solutes tested, we note that diffusion across the C5b-9 lesion is retarded to rates more than 2 orders of magnitude slower than can be anticipated for a transmembrane diffusional channel of the dimensions suggested by the ultrastructure of the C5b-9 membrane lesion. Furthermore, direct measurement of the relative selectivity of the C5b-9 membrane lesions to permeation by solutes of differing molecular radii suggests that individual membrane lesions are not of uniform functional size. Data are presented that suggest that the functional heterogeneity of the membrane lesion is due to the aggregation of individual membrane bound C5b-9 complexes into larger functional units and not due to variable stoichiometry of C9 within the individual C5b-9 complex.
In vitro immune response of human peripheral lymphocytes. VI. Distribution and characterization of precursors for PHA- and protein A-induced colony-forming B cells.
Authors: Kuritani T , Kishimoto T , Muraguchi A , Yamamura Y 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
B cells from peripheral blood or cord blood formed colonies by stimulation with either PHA or protein A. On the other hand, tonsillar B cells did not form protein A-induced colonies, although PHA-induced colony formation was comparable to that observed in peripheral B cells. Lack of protein A-induced colony formation in tonsillar B cells was not due to the defect of helper T cells in preculture or to the presence of suppressor cells but was due to the absence of precursors for colony formation. The result showed that PHA- and protein A-induced colony-forming cells belonged to distinct subsets of B cells. Depletion of mu-bearing cells from peripheral B cells abrogated both PHA- and protein A-induced colony formation. Depletion of delta-bearing cells did not affect PHA- and protein A-induced colony formation and the population enriched with delta-bearing cells also showed colony formation. Depletion of complement receptor (CR)-positive cells removed precursors for both PHA- and protein A-induced colony formation. These results showed that precursor cells for PHA- and protein A-induced colony formation were IgM+, IgD+ and CR+ or IgM+, IgD- and CR+.
In vitro immune response of human peripheral lymphocytes. VII. Effect of anti-mu and anti-delta antibodies on B colony formation and detection of abnormal B cells in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: Muraguchi A , Kishimoto T , Kuritani T , Yamamura Y 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Effect of anti-mu and anti-delta antibodies on PHA- and protein A-induced B colony formation was studied. Anti-mu antibody at any concentrations tested did not show inhibitory or enhancing effect on colony formation. On the other hand, anti-delta antibody enhanced both PHA- and protein A-induced colony formation. Optimum concentration of anti-delta antibody for maximum enhancement was 0.1 microgram/ml. and F(ab')2 fragment of anti-delta antibody also showed comparable enhancing effect. Simultaneous addition of IgD with anti-delta antibody abrogated anti-delta-induced enhancement, and anti-delta antibody did not show any facilitation of colony formation in IgM+ IgD- cell population. In marked contrast with normal B cells, anti-mu antibody showed a remarkable enhancing effect on protein A-induced colony formation of B cells from JRA patients. F(ab')2 fragment of anti-mu antibody also showed comparable enhancing effect. Anti-mu antibody did not show any enhancement of colony formation of B cells from several other autoimmune diseases. The result indicated the presence of abnormal B cells in JRA patients.
T cell lines with dual specificity for strong Mls and H-2 determinants.
Authors: Molnar-Kimber K L , Webb S R , Sprent J , Wilson D B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To examine the relationship of T cell specificity for Mls vs H-2 determinants, BALB/c (H-2d,Mlsb)(d,b) T cells were stimulated repeatedly in vitro with H-2-compatible, Mls-incompatible DBA/2(d,a) stimulators. This line of T cells gave strong mixed-lymphocyte reactions to the priming Mlsa determinants but, in addition, gave appreciable responses to various foreign H-2 determinants. When this T cell line was subsequently stimulated over a period of 2 mo with Mlsa-negative cells of a particular foreign H-2 haplotype, e.g., H-2k, the cells gave high responses to H-2k determinants but only very low responses to third-party H-2 determinants. Significantly, the cells retained high reactivity for Mlsa determinants. In other experiments, BALB/c T cells positively selected to Mlsa,d-negative H-2-incompatible stimulator cells retained high reactivity for Mlsa determinants. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated antibacterial activity: K lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes are effective against shigella.
Authors: Lowell G H , MacDermott R P , Summers P L , Reeder A A , Bertovich M J , Formal S B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes decreased the viability of Shigella flexneri in vitro in cooperation with heat-inactivated rabbit hyperimmune anti-shigella antisera. Purified K and T lymphocyte populations used before the removal of Fc receptor-bearing cells were effective in this antibody-dependent complement-free system. In contrast, B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes from which Fc receptor-bearing cells were removed exhibited no activity. In the absence of antisera, lymphocytes and monocytes were ineffective whereas granulocytes were only moderately effective even when cells from patients recently infected with shigella were used. Convalescent (but not pre-infection) sera from these patients, however, induced marked cell-mediated antibacterial activity against their homologous infecting shigella whether the cells were from uninfected or infected individuals. These data suggest that Fc receptor-bearing lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes play a role in host immune defense against enteric pathogens such as shigella even in locations where complement may be functionally deficient such as among secretory mucosal surfaces.
Enhancement of the functional activities of human T cells after their interaction with SRBC.
Authors: Silva A , Lopez-Botet M , Alvarez J , de Landazuri M O 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have examined the functional consequences of the exposure of human lymphocytes to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were incubated wih SRBC under optimal conditions for their interaction and, after lysis of the erythrocytes, the unfractionated PBL were examined for several T cell functions. Only after exposure to SRBC, but not after incubation with mouse, ox, chicken, or human erythrocytes, the unfractionated PBL showed an increased reactivity in the following functions: 1) Production of T cell growth factor, after PHA stimulation; 2) mitogenic response to suboptimal doses of PHA and Con A, and 3) response in mixed lymphocyte culture. Other functional activities, such as natural cytotoxicity (NK) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) were also enhanced by the interaction of PBL with SRBC, but the increases in cytotoxic activities were not consistently detected. Taken together, these results indicate that the interaction of PBL with SRBC has functional consequences in the reactivity of T cells producing an enhancement of several in vitro T cell functions.
Inability of mice to generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes to vesicular stomatitis virus restricted to H-2Kk or H-2Dk.
Authors: Rosenthal K L , Zinkernagel R M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
H-2k mice are unable to generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). This apparent unresponsiveness is found for both major serotypes of VSV, VSV-Indiana and VSV-New Jersey. CTL unresponsiveness occurs despite the ability of H-2k mice to generate a humoral immune response against VSV that is comparable to that found in responder (H-2b and H-2a) strains. All H-2k mice regardless of background genes, including various Ig allotypes, were found to be nonresponders. H-2k-linked unresponsiveness mapped to both H-2Kk and H-2Dk and occurred despite the presence of responder alleles in (responder x nonresponder)F1 mice. The unresponsiveness cannot be attributed to an inability of VSV-infected H-2k target cells to express viral surface antigens of H-2 molecules. Further, unresponsiveness cannot be overcome by using secondary stimulation in vivo or in vitro. H-2k-linked unresponsiveness does not appear to be due to suppression, and no complementation has been found in various (nonresponder x nonresponder)F1 mice. Thus unresponsiveness to VSV in association with H-2Kk or H-2Dk appears to represent an extensive defect of immune responsiveness that probably occurs because VSV is not a natural mouse pathogen.
Inhibition of cytolytic T lymphocyte clones reactive with Moloney leukemia virus-associated antigens by monoclonal antibodies: a direct approach to the study of H-2 restriction.
Authors: Weiss A , MacDonald H R , Cerottini J C , Brunner K T 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
H-2 restriction in cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated lysis of syngeneic murine Moloney leukemia virus (MoLV)-induced tumor cells was studied at the clonal level by testing the inhibitory effect of monoclonal anti-H-2 antibodies on the lytic interaction between CTL clones and target cells. Large numbers of MoLV-specific CTL clones were generated by placing limiting numbers of C57BL/6 regressor (responder) spleen cells into micro-mixed leukocyte-tumor cell cultures. The clonal CTL populations thus obtained were split into 5 aliquots and tested for lytic activity in the presence (or absence) of 1 of 3 monoclonal antibodies or of an anti-whole H-2b haplotype antiserum. Two of the monoclonal antibodies were directed against H-2Db and one against H-2Kb determinants. Specificity of these reagents had been verified by demonstrating inhibition of lysis by CTL populations directed against H-2Db and H-2Kb alloantigens. In 44 of a total of 51 clones tested, results showed selective inhibition by the anti-H-2Db (and the anti-whole haplotype) reagents, and lack of inhibition by the anti-H-2Kb antibody., Of the remaining 7 clones, none was inhibited by the anti-H-2Db antibody, and 3 were inhibited by the anti-whole haplotype antiserum. These studies show that the recognition of MoLV-associated antigens by the majority of CTL clones was restricted to the H-2Db region, and that there exists limited heterogeneity in the H-2 restriction of such clones.
Human helper T cell factor(s) (ThF). I. Partial purification and characterization.
Authors: Hirano T , Teranishi T , Toba H , Sakaguchi N , Fukukawa T , Tsuyuguchi I 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
T cells obtained from pleural effusion of patients with tuberculous pleurisy were stimulated in vitro with PPD. The culture supernatant was shown to be substituted for T cells in PWM-induced IgG production by human B cells. As many as 0.5 to 3 x 10(9) lymphocytes were obtained from 1 patient, and about 85% of them were E-rosette positive, making it possible to purify human helper T cell factor(s) (ThF). Helper activity was sensitive to heating at 70 degrees C for 5 min and treatment with trypsin. ThF did not have conventional Ig determinants and was recovered in the 50 to 67% ammonium sulfate fraction. The purification was done by successive DEAE-Sephadex and CM-Sephadex ion-exchange chromatography, Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, and isoelectric focusing. It was shown that ThF activity was eluted by gel filtration in the fraction with a m.w. of about 20,000. Isoelectric focusing of this fraction revealed that ThF activity distributed in the pl range of 6.5 to 8.0, whereas TCGF activity was focused in a single peak at pI of 6.5, indicating the existence of a helper factor without TCGF activity.