bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review the studies of mass transfer and kinetic modeling for production the biodiesel by the transesterification method and the impact of some selected factors
Authors: Alagha Shahad M. , Salih R. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Biodiesel production offers several benefits over traditional fossil fuels, including reduced greenhouse gases emissions and maintain the energy security. Biodiesel production is the process of converting feedstocks such as animal lipids and vegetables oils into biodiesel. This is typically achieved through chemical reactions such as transesterification or alcoholysis. The effects of various factors on the production of biodiesel can have a significant impact on the yield and quality of the final product. The optimal reaction conditions can significantly impact the reaction rate and the yield of biodiesel. Additionally, the final product’s quality and reaction rate can be significantly impacted by the choice of catalyst. This review paper focus on the importance of kinetics and mass transfer studies in the process of producing biodiesel. It explains how mass transfer affects the transfer of reactants and products across phases, while kinetics studies focus on the reaction rate. The review highlights the impact of various factors such as temperature, agitation, and catalyst concentration on biodiesel production and determine the need for these studies to optimize the generating procedure.
Environmental Risks Study of Toxic Metals Contamination for Medical Wastes
Authors: Salih Khalid Ahmed 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Three Hospitals in Iraq were selected as the subject of this study. The study included studying the environmental risks resulting from the process of treating hospital waste by random burning by taking ash samples from the burned waste of the studied hospitals, determining the concentrations of toxic metals present in them, comparing this with the internationally defined levels, and indicating the extent of environmental hazard. The results of the laboratory analysis of fifteen samples of ash from the studied hospitals showed that in all these hospitals the ash contains toxic heavy metals, including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr). It was found that the concentrations of the elements in these toxic metals all exceed the limits permitted by the World Health Organization (WHO) (5, 1, and 5) mg/lliter, as the highest concentration of the lead metal, Pb, was (78.11) mg/lliter in the The third hospital. The highest concentration of cadmium (Cd) is 9.13 mg/lliter in the second Hospital, and the highest concentration of chromium (Cr) is 51.73 mg/lliter in the third Hospital, and it was found that there is no mechanism for disposal of this ash, which makes it a real threat to pollution of ground water and threatens human and animal life if contacted or inhaled.
Hydrological Impact of Ilisu Dam on Al-Gharraf River in southern of Iraq using MIKE11 Hydrodynamic Model
Authors: Al Jawei Abbas Y. , Ghafouri Hamid Reza , Abood Alkhafaji R. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

A 1-dimensional unsteady flow hydraulic model the MIKE 11 model is employed for the flow simulation of the Algharraf River in this study. Algharraf River branches from Tigris River at Alkut barrage and represent the most water source to cities located in Alkut, Thi Qar, and Basra Province. A flow and stage hydrograph in time series format from the field observations is used by the MIKE 11 model. The outcome of this model leads to unsteady flow simulations along a stream of the river. The model was applied to all length of the river from Alkut barrage upstream to Bada’a Barrage downstream. The study aimed to construct a MIK 11 model based on surveyed, stream cross-section data. The results of this study explain that the model gives a good simulation of the flow according to a comparison between the estimated and observed stage hydrograph. The finding of the hydrodynamic model is employed to present the hydrological impact of the Ilisu Dam constructed upstream of the Tigris River (basically predicts changes in future inflow) on the flow of the river. Results discover that the constructed dam will have a strong and clear impact on the inflow regime of the flow to the river. Without taking into account the effects on downstream hydrology and the environment, the first stage of operation of the Ilisu and Cizre Dams results in a reduction of the inflow of up to more than 40%, and with full operation may result in a reduction of more than 70%.
Experimental and Statistical Capacity of Rubberized Continuous Deep Beams under Monotonic and Repeated Load
Authors: Radhy Zainb Hassan , Neamah Mahdi Wahhab , Makki Ola Mazen , Al-Mutairee Hayder M.K. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Continuous Deep Beams (CDBs) are highly exposed to repeated loads especially at the bridges during vehicle loads and adding rubber into it support the ductility to overcome concrete brittleness. Six Beams were designed in considering the strut tie method (STM) and tested under monotonic and repeated loads. Mathematical model for such problem has been investigated. It can be concluded that, the CDBs lose some of its ultimate capacity due to the dropping of concrete compressive strength after aggregate-rubber replacement, while an increment in the deflection could be seen due to the higher deformability of the rubcrete mix i.e., the concrete gained some flexibility after replacing. Also, the ultimate strength of the beams decreases when comparing with the static loads by 14%, 8% and 9% for conventional beam, gravel and sand replacement beams respectively. Fuzzy regression system offers a polynomial from the third degree to represent the Fuzzy data of the CDBs.
Mechanical properties of slurry-infiltrated fiber concrete (SIFCON) as sustainable material with variable fiber content
Authors: Abbas Mustafa Faisal , Mosheer Khamail Abdul-Mahdi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
For any member, sustainability is very important, which refers to the capacity to endure. Normal concrete has low tensile strength and could not exhibit significant tensile strain margins. Accordingly, it is essential to implement strategies that can enhance the behavior of conventional concrete before using it as structural concrete. Therefore, using Slurry-Infiltrated Fiber Concrete (SIFCON) composites is a current innovation in the field of civil engineering that has a considerable influence. This study presented an experimental study to improve the mechanical efficiency of a SIFCON mix with varying fiber content. To satisfy this objective, several SIFCON mixes, incorporating hook-end steel fiber with three different volume fractions (6, 7, and 8.5%) were prepared. The prepared mixtures performed compressive strength tests at 7 and 28 days, splitting tensile strength tests, and flexural strength tests both in the fresh and hardened states. The results pointed out that the fresh state mortar had proper filling and flow ability properties, satisfying the spread diameter requirement (between 240 and 260 mm) for SIFCON mortar, which is equal to 249 mm. For mechanical performance, the maximum compressive strength increased by 53% after 28 days for the mix’s SF of 8.5%. Furthermore, when compared to the reference mix, splitting, and flexural enhancement increased by 44% and 91%, respectively. On the other hand, the failure shape of SIFCON for all tested mixes has an impact on strengthening, that’s assigned to the high vast area of SF.
Finite element analysis of RC beams strengthened with near-surface mounted reinforcement bars under pure torsion
Authors: Ali Mariam I , Al-Azzawi Adel A 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This study’s primary objective is to investigate the pure torsional behavior of reinforced concrete beams with inadequate resistance to applied loads. The beam needs to be strengthened with a simple and effective technique, the near-surface mounted. This paper was conducted to check the validity and accuracy of experimental results. This numerical study included testing three specimens; one was control beams, while the remaining were strengthened beams with two configurations with NSM closed and U-stirrups steel stirrups and longitudinal NSM bars. Each beam has three variables: Remove NSM longitudinal bars, use concrete’s compressive strength (20,60) MPa, and Strengthen with NSM GFRP and CFRP bars. All beams have a cross-section (300x300 mm), and the length of the beam was constant (2100 mm). The numerical analysis showed close results to those obtained from the experimental work. This convergence was evident in failure and ultimate torque patterns and mechanisms. The ultimate torque increased when strengthening with four faces of NSM closed stirrups and three faces of NSM stirrups (U-shape) at a spacing of 130mm. On the other hand, The increase in compressive strength leads to an increase in the ultimate torque. Lowering compressive strength leads to more ductile behavior with lower ultimate torque. Removing the additional longitudinal reinforcement has a minor effect on behavior. The type of bars, steel, CFRP, and GFRP, have a marginal impact on the behavior with more ductile behavior for the steel reinforcement bar beams.
Repairing of reinforced concrete continuous beams by CFRP sheets
Authors: Kamonna H H , Alkinani A Y 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Although continuous beams may be found in a range of projects such as garages, bridges, and multi-story structures, studies have been still restricted to a limited field. Flexural cracks are a common issue in continuous beams; therefore, this article outlines an investigation study used to assess the performance of two-span reinforced concrete beams repaired by attaching (CFRP) sheets. The program included seven beam specimens with a length of 2800mm and rectangular cross sections of 150*250mm. All beams were strengthened externally on the tension zones via CFRP-sheet considering changing the ratio of sheet length to beam span which is 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 except one was chosen as a reference beam. Repaired beams were preloaded with damage ratios of 45% and 65% with respect to the reference beam. The findings showed that using style 0.7L for both positive and negative regions achieve an appropriate restored percentage of ultimate capacity of about 101.7% and 98.2%. In addition, eliminating the sheet length in the positive moment regions gives higher stiffness. it is also found that when the CFRP sheet length in the tension part is increased, the tensile rupture of the sheet was the dominant failure mode.
A review of retrofitting in the structural steel buildings using bracing systems
Authors: Hassan Zainab Q , Al-Wazni Saad 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The multi-storey buildings and towers that are constructed of steel frames are exposed to lateral loads such as wind loads, earthquakes and explosions, which cause a vibrational movement in the structure. Therefore, the horizontal drift and deformations increase and lead to instability in the structure. So, it is necessary to retrofit the structural steel buildings by increasing the lateral stiffness and ductility of the structure. This is made by choosing a suitable bracing system type to retrofit the building. In this research, the bracing system types are taken to achieve the desired purpose. A summary of this system and its types, and a historical overview of the use of this system were studied. The results are compared by investigating several parameters, such as the total mass of the structure, the cost, lateral stiffness, and lateral displacement. Also, previous research was categorized following how it affected the reinforcement system. The main objectives of the study are to determine the most efficient bracing system for steel buildings under the influence of retrofitting against a lateral load and to compare the structural performance of various types of bracing systems. Also, the outcomes demonstrated that the bracing system decreases lateral displacement and boosts energy dissipation.
The improvement of concrete strength through the addition of sustainable materials (agro-waste loaded with copper ions)
Authors: Rajaa Nagham , Kadhim Firas Jawad , Abbas Mohammed Nsaif , Banyhussan Qais Sahib 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The country’s rapid industrialization and urbanization stimulated extensive infrastructure development. This technique results in a shortage of construction materials, increased trash generation, and other side effects. The production of long-lasting and environmentally friendly plain concrete slabs is a critical requirement for this task. It is intriguing to observe that the ions of copper in wastewater added to agro-waste (waste tea leaves) can be used to boost the compressive strength and plain concrete slabs’ workability (or walls) as sustainable materials. Waste tea leaves+Cu were incrementally added in 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 1.3%, and 1.75% by weight. Casting and testing 36 specimens (12 sets x 3 specimens) for seven- and twenty-eight- days strength. The results indicate that the strength of the sample with 0.7% waste tea+Cu is 55% and 15% more than the reference and that having only tea leaves pieces after seven days, respectively. In contrast, the 0.7% group had 46 percent and 20 percent greater strength after 28 days. These findings propose an innovative approach to dealing with toxic trash and give an accessible, practical, cost-effective, sustainable, and ecologically acceptable way of removing numerous forms of garbage.
Efficient use of ceramic waste powder in Cementitious Grout for the Development of Sustainable Semi-Flexible Pavement Surfaces
Authors: Al-Nawasir Rania I. , Al-Humeidawi Basim H. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Cement-based grouts are described as a liquid mixture with higher flowability that contains cement, additives, water, and a superplasticizer. Cement-based grouts can be utilized to fill minor voids and gaps in addition to repairing cracks in earthen structures to restore structural continuity. In most cases, structural grouting is used in conjunction with other strengthening methods like adding tie-rods or reinforcing meshes. Grout is usually used with semi-flexible pavement (SFP). SFP is a new pavement technology comprised of open-graded asphalt concrete with a high air void content that is filled by injecting special grouting materials. The goal of this research is to figure out what happens to the mechanical properties of grout when a proposed by-product is used as a supplement to cementitious materials. The specified grouts were made from cement, water, ceramic waste powder (CWP), and superplasticizer (SP). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis were used to characterize the physical and chemical properties of the waste material after it had been crushed and finely ground. The pozzolanic behaviour of the material was evaluated by substituting ceramic waste for Portland cement at varying percentages (from 15% to 50%), and the modified grout was characterized through a variety of tests that included flow cone testing, as well as compression and flexural strength tests Based on the results of these tests, the best amount of CWP to use as a replacement for cement in terms of its mechanical properties is 20%.
Laboratory evaluation of properties of modified asphalt binder with different types of additives
Authors: Al-gurah Esraa R. , Al-ghurabi Sahar J. , Al-Humeidawi Basim H. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This research aims to assess the properties of Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB) binder prepared with different types of additives such as (Waste low density polyethylene (W-LDPE) and crumb rubbers (CR)and Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS)). Most of these additives are sustainable materials since it is derived from old scrap materials. All the above-mentioned materials (W-LDPE, CR and SBS) were added with percentages of (2, 4, and 6 percentage) of the weight of pure asphalt binder. Several tests were conducted to evaluated the properties of improved asphalt binder such as penetration test, Ductility test, Softening point test, Rotational viscosity test as well as thin-film oven test. The results of investigation revealed that, the using of different types of PMB significantly improved the physical properties and performance of asphalt. The using of sustainable waste materials such as W-LDPE and CR significantly improve the properties of PMB and contribute in recycling great amount of waste materials. Also, the results showed that the using of high percentage of SBS (6%) significantly increase the viscosity of asphalt binder and that can affect workability of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) compared with same percentages of W-LDPE and CR).
Evaluation of the Selected Sustainable Indicators for Urban Roads Network: Al-Kufa City as a Case Study
Authors: Al-shammari A , Al-jameel H 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
One of the major concerns of the modern world is sustainable development. Sustainable transportation development is crucial in light of the increasing congestion and pollution in urban areas. Al-Kufa City is one of the most significant cities in Iraq. This study focuses on specific criteria such as public transportation, pedestrian facilities, pavement markings, noise level, and population density on the number of existing roads. The collected data showed that the average percentage of public transportation at selected locations is 4% for buses and 24.6% for minibuses with unplanned routes. Furthermore, pavement markings cover only about 0.48% of the whole network. Regarding the noise level, it was high and exceeded the standard limitations, reaches to 93.48 dBA. At the same time, the indicator of pedestrian facilities showed a significant lack of footbridges. Finally, the density of roads per population is 60.32km/100000 which is less than the expected value. Therefore, actions and improvements are necessary for the short and long term to develop a sustainable city living environment.
Investigating the Key Components of Walking Behaviour in Baghdad City
Authors: Subhi Farah Ahmed , Jameel Abeer Khudhur 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In Iraq, walking is primarily used for short trips despite its importance as a sustainable mode of transportation. To improve walking as a means of transportation, it should be considered in transportation planning. This study aims to investigate the factors influencing walking behaviour in Baghdad City from the perspective of road users. An electronic self-designed questionnaire was utilized to gather information, consisting of two parts. The first part includes demographic questions while the second part includes questions related to walking preferences, timing, destinations, and obstacles. The results indicate that 26.242% of respondents prefer walking while 37.113% may walk if the conditions are favourable and 36.645% prefer other modes of transportation. The key factors influencing walking effectiveness are car ownership, trip distance, weather conditions, and availability of safe walking infrastructure.
Review of traffic demand management strategies
Authors: Muslih Muneer , Abduljabbar Ahmed , Joni Hasan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This review article seeks to determine the most effective strategies to reduce traffic congestion which have been implanted in different countries and cities around the world. In this review, previous research work was gathered focusing on approaches for mitigating traffic congestion issues. The paper discovered that there are two ways to control congestion which are through supply-side actions, and demand-side actions, the paper also discovered that traffic modelling and simulation software packages are crucial to decision-makers because of its capability to evaluate and simulate the effects of any suggested improvements or strategies to reduce traffic congestions for a certain street network and for a whole city.
Evaluation of the Pavement Distress and its Impact on the Sustainability of the Traffic Operation for Selected Roads in Al-Diwaniyah City
Authors: Al-Zubaidi Manal Ghadban , Zubaidi Hamsa , Al-Humeidawi Bassim H. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Roads and transportation infrastructure are critical assets for supporting political stability as well as economic and sustainable expansion in developing countries. Yet, pavement maintenance backlogs and the high capital expenditures of road rehabilitation need the adoption of pavement evaluation methods to ensure the best value for the investment. road maintenance is considered one of the main factors for preserving the road structurally and functionally, and before carrying out maintenance, pavement defects must be identified by evaluating the condition of the pavement to perform the appropriate maintenance. In this study, the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method was relied upon to evaluate roads in Al-Diwaniyah City. Where several data were collected for the study, including the number of crashes for each region, the number of lanes, street width, the presence of a median, and the pavement condition evaluated for the regions with the highest crash rate, which are Al-Askari District with 707 crashes, Al-Urouba District with 379 crashes, Al-Wahda District with 271 crashes, Al-Jamhouri District with 235 crashes, and Al-Jazaer District with 212 crashes. This study is considered the first study to evaluate roads in Al-Diwaniyah city. The results of the study showed that the condition of the roads ranged from poor to satisfactory and there is no road reach to serious and failed. The results showed that the worst road is Al-Askari District, which lacks a lot of maintenance, at a rate of PCI 52.1. It is followed by Al-Wahda District with a PCI rate of 57.6, Al-Jamhouri District with a PCI rate of 67.2, Al-Urouba District with a PCI rate of 70.7, and Al-Jazaer District with a PCI rate of 73.7. The deterioration of the pavement surface condition affects the rash rate, and it is more dangerous when it is correlated to other road factors. Additionally, it was noted that the most prominent defects in the pavement surface of the five evaluated roads are: potholes, rutting, longitudinal and transverse cracks, corrugation, patching, raveling, depressions, and alligator cracks. The study recommended conducting more research on evaluating more roads in Al-Diwaniyah City on an annual basis and conducting periodic maintenance in order to improve the status of this city, which suffers from neglect in all respects, measures must be taken to enhance the environment and economy, sustain the streets, reduce maintenance costs, ensure traffic safety, and protect the lives of citizens.