bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of Antibody and Immunoglobulin-Producing Cells Appearing in Popliteal Lymph Nodes of Mice Stimulated with Horseradish Peroxidase
Authors: Ternynck Thérèse , Rodrigot Maryvonne , Avrameas Stratis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice were given injections in their hind footpads of peroxidase emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. Kinetics of cells producing antibodies and cells producing immunoglobulins without detectable antibody function were monitored in the draining popliteal lymph nodes by using enzyme-immunocytochemical procedures, a local hemolysis plaque assay, and immune cytoadherence tests. These last two techniques were performed with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) coated with either peroxidase or anti-mouse Ig antibody.
The kinetics observed with the immunocytochemical and plaque assay procedures were comparable although at each interval tested a higher number of positive cells was scored with the first procedure. With these two techniques, the following observations were made: 1) After antigen administration, the first detectable antibody- (Ab+) producing cells appeared on day 7 or 8. They were preceded 4 days earlier by the appearance of cells producing immunoglobulins without detectable antibody function (Ig+Ab-). The peak response of Ab+-producing cells occurred on day 14, 4 days after the maximum response of Ig+Ab--producing cells. 2) The vast majority of these Ig+Ab--producing cells was related to the injection of peroxidase and not to the complete Freund's adjuvant. Ig+Ab--secreting cells were found not to represent cells secreting antibodies directed against SRBC, DNP determinants, or bromelain-treated mouse red cells. 3) After a second injection, Ab+ and Ig+Ab--producing cells appeared rapidly and simultaneously in approximately equal numbers; the peak number of Ab+-producing cells was seen on days 5 to 7 whereas the Ig+Ab--producing cells disappeared 3 days after challenge. 4) The ratio of secreting versus synthetizing cells remained constant throughout the response, around 2:10 for Ab+ cell population and 5:10 for Ig+Ab- cell population.
With the immune cytoadherence test, cells forming rosettes with peroxidase-coated SRBC were not found in lymph nodes of unstimulated mice although they appeared 4 days after antigen injection. Their number increased exponentially until day 8 and then more slowly until day 14. Although after a secondary injection the number of rosette-forming cells was increased, the peak value attained only 20% of the peak value observed during the primary response.
The above results indicate that after injection of mice with peroxidase in complete Freund's adjuvant, the following sequence occurs: a) appearance of an immunocyte population bearing peroxidase receptors, b) appearance of an immunocyte population either synthesizing and secreting, or not, immunoglobulins without detectable antibody function, d) appearance of an immunocyte population either synthetizing and secreting, or not, antibody.
Studies on the Mechanism of Antibody-Dependent Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte-Mediated Cytotoxicity
Authors: Clark Robert A. , Klebanoff Seymour J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were cytotoxic to mammalian tumor cells (LSTRA) in the presence of anti-LSTRA serum as determined by a 51Cr release assay. Cytotoxicity was observed with effector to target cell ratios as low as 0.25:1 and with incubation periods as short as 30 min. Under the conditions employed, human blood mononuclear cells had only minimal cytotoxic activity. Immunologic specificity was demonstrated by 1) the loss of activity when immune serum was preabsorbed with target cells or replaced with normal (preimmune) serum and 2) the lack of 51Cr release from an unrelated target cell. Viable PMN were required as demonstrated by the loss of cytotoxicity on heating or homogenization. Further, an intact PMN metabolic burst was essential for maximal activity since PMN from patients with chronic granulomatous disease were only minimally active. The myeloperoxidase-H2O2-halide system of the PMN was not responsible for cytotoxicity since activity was normal with myeloperoxidase deficient PMN, was preserved in the presence of azide, cyanide or catalase, and was only slightly dependent on halides. Lack of inhibition by heparin militated against a role for PMN granular cationic proteins. Cytotoxicity was blocked by inhibitors of glycolysis, but not by an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation. The use of chelating agents indicated a requirement for divalent actions, primarily Mg++. Inhibition of cytotoxicity by the anti-tubulins, colchicine, and vincristine, suggested a role for microtubules. These studies suggest that antibody-dependent PMN-mediated tumor cell cytotoxicity requires specific antibody, viable PMN, a burst of PMN oxidative metabolism, glycolysis, divalent cations, and microtubular function. The PMN lysosomal constituents, myeloperoxidase and the cationic proteins, did not appear to be involved under the conditions employed.
Effect of Macrophages and Antibodies on in Vivo Growth of Moloney Sarcoma in the Rat
Authors: Miller Glenn A. , Feldman Joseph D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Brown Norway and Lewis rats were challenged with a Brown Norway Moloney sarcoma tumor, MST-1, admixed with nonimmune peritoneal exudate macrophages syngeneic to the host; or admixed with nonimmune peritoneal exudate macrophages and hyperimmune anti-MST-1 antibodies. In vivo growth of MST-1 in BN and Lewis rats was inhibited by admixing Brown Norway or Lewis macrophages, respectively, with BN anti-MST-1 antibodies. The inhibiting BN antibodies were of the IgG2 class, lacking IgG2a antibodies. Brown Norway anti-MST-1 of IgG2 class without macrophages did not affect growth of MST-1. Brown Norway and Lewis anti-MST-1 antibodies of IgG2a class enhanced tumor growth, whether admixed with macrophages or not. Anti-MST-1 antibodies of IgM and IgG1 classes did not influence tumor growth. Peritoneal exudate macrophages removed from Lewis donors 8 to 10 days after inoculation of MST-1 inhibited completely growth of the challenge tumor; macrophages of Brown Norway origin were inhibitory only when harvested from hyperimmune donors, that is, 40 or more days after inoculation of MST-1. Macrophages from hyperimmune donors were specifically cytotoxic to MST-1 and did not inhibit an unrelated syngeneic BN tumor of chemical origin.
Human Lymphocytes Bearing “Ia-Like” Antigens; Absence in Patients with Infantile Agammaglobulinemia
Authors: Hoffman Thomas , Wang Chang Yi , Winchester Robert J. , Ferrarini Manlio , Kunkel Henry G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The new Ia-like antigens, which are primarily expressed on B cells, were studied in detail along with other lymphocyte markers in the peripheral blood of normal individuals and patients with immune deficiency. Rabbit antisera to purified Ia antigens proved of special value in this work although alloantisera gave similar results. The Ia antigens were found on most monocytes and all lymphocytes expressing membrane Ig and in addition on a normal population of cells lacking Ig. Both of these lymphocyte populations were completely absent in patients with infantile agammaglobulinemia with a selective B cell defect. Different findings were obtained for Fc-positive cells. In addition to T cells with Fc receptors, a non-T population was apparent that lacked both surface Ig and Ia determinants; these two cell types were not reduced in patients with infantile agammaglobulinemia.
These findings suggest that all the Ia-positive lymphocytes, both those with and without clearly detectable Ig, belong to the B cell lineage. The special value of the Ia antigens as markers for distinguishing lymphocyte subpopulations was apparent in this study.
Induction of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Suckling Lewis Rats: Role of Age and Type of Sensitizing Neuroantigen
Authors: Fujinami Robert S. , Paterson Philip Y. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Despite previous reports to the contrary, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) can be induced in a variable proportion of suckling Lewis rats after sensitization with neuroantigen-complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Three factors have been identified as essential determinants of EAE in suckling animals: a) sensitization via the intracutaneous route, b) age when sensitized, and c) type of neuroantigen injected. For example, animals as young as 4 days of age regularly developed EAE approximately 2 weeks after injection of highly encephalitogenic emulsions of guinea pig spinal cord homogenate-CFA. In contrast, rats as old as 10 days of age injected with soluble syngeneic myelin basic protein (MBP)-CFA developed no evidence of disease whatsoever. Rat spinal cord homogenates and guinea pig MBP gave intermediate results.
Further studies revealed two additional features of EAE induced in suckling rats: a) comparatively less response to the injection of supplemental pertussis vaccine,a known EAE accelerating and potentiating adjuvant in adult animals; and b) a striking paucity of monocytes and histiocytes within the inflammatory reactions at intracutaneous injection sites and the focal nervous tissue cellular infiltrates of animals manifesting typical clinical neurologic signs of the disease. Immaturity of host monocyte-macrophage responses, including processing of soluble antigen, may well account for the contrasting capacities of suckling rats to develop EAE after sensitization to whole cord versus soluble MBP.
Allogeneic Pregnancy as Immunoabsorbent
Authors: Wegmann Thomas G. , Carlson George A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experiments in the past have indicated that both human and rodent females undergo immune recognition of paternally derived antigens during pregnancy. Although the mechanisms that allow pregnancy to proceed in the face of this process have not yet been clarified, one simple possibility is that the paternal strain antigens are presented in a manner capable of neutralizing the maternal immune response. This predicts that allogeneically pregnant females should be capable of neutralizing passively administered cytotoxic anti-paternal strain antibody, with no consequent harm to the fetus.
In this paper we demonstrate by two different methods that allogeneically pregnant mice rapidly absorb passively administered antibody directed against paternal strain major histocompatibility (H-2) antigens, when compared to control mice pregnant by syngeneic or third party males. The possible sites where this absorption occurs are discussed.
Influence of Inhibitors of Cellular Function on Chemotactic Factor-Induced Neutrophil Aggregation
Authors: O'Flaherty J. T. , Kreutzer D. L. , Showell H. J. , Ward P. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chemotactic factors which induce polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) to migrate directionally and release granular enzyme constituents also induce these cells to aggregate. The potency of these factors in inducing aggregation closely parallels their chemotactic and enzyme-releasing potencies. Several reagents known to influence the migratory and degranulatory response of PMN to chemotactins have been examined for their influence on chemotactic factor-induced aggregation of PMN. We have found that ambient temperatures below 37°C, deoxyglucose, and iodoacetic acid inhibit PMN aggregation, whereas sodium cyanide and dinitrophenol have no effect. Inhibitors of microtubules (colchicine and vinca alkaloids) and of protein synthesis (cyclohexamide) had no effect. Cytochalasin B markedly enhanced aggregation.
We conclude that chemotactin-induced aggregation is similar to the other chemotactin-induced PMN functions in the requirements for proper temperature and intact glycolytic pathways; in contrast, however, an intact cytoskeletal microtubular system appears unessential for this response. This may be explained by assuming that the chemotactic factor-induced aggregation of PMN is predominantly a surface membrane-dependent phenomenon.
Viral Protein Synthesis by Tissues from Avian Leukosis Virus-Infected Chickens
Authors: Welt S. , Purchase H. G. , Thorbecke G. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chickens of susceptible line 15I were infected at hatching with avian leukosis virus. Viral protein synthesis was detected by showing 14C amino acid incorporation into these proteins by tissues in vitro as shown by autoradiography of viral group-specific (gs) protein immunoelectrophoretic patterns. Synthesis of viral gs proteins p27, p15, and p12 was first detected in all tissues examined of 18-day-old chickens (thymus, spleen, bursa, liver, kidney, testis, ovary, and lung), continued up to 7 to 9 weeks, but could not be detected at 10 weeks, except in lung and genital organs. Grossly leukotic chickens showed gs protein synthesis primarily in the bursa and spleen but, depending on the degree of leukotic infiltration, also in the liver and kidney. Tissues from uninfected controls never showed any gs protein synthesis. The results indicated that all tissues tested were active in viral replication during the initial viremic stage of the disease, whereas during the leukotic stage, lymphoma cells were the predominant cell type active in viral protein synthesis.
Enhanced IgG synthesis in spleen tissue from infected chickens during the viremic stage suggested the presence of a humoral immune response to the virus. Leukotic tissue also appeared to produce both IgM and IgG.
Idiotypes on Galactan Binding Myeloma Proteins and Anti-Galactan Antibodies in Mice
Authors: Mushinski Elizabeth B. , Potter Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibodies with specificity for β1,6 linked D-galactoses were induced in mice by immunization with gum ghatti. Idiotypic antisera were prepared in rabbits and mice by immunization with 8 BALB/c IgA(k), β1,6D-galactan binding myeloma proteins (β6GALBMP). Two kinds of idiotypic sera were obtained: cross-specific sera that reacted with two or more β6GALBMP but not other BALB/c myeloma proteins, and individual idiotypic sera that reacted with only the β6GALBMP used in the immunization. Antibodies with specificity for β1,6 linked D-galactans shared cross-specific idiotypes with β6GALBMP. Only one of seven individual idiotypes associated with β6GALBMP was found on galactan antibodies. Since all β6GALBMP thus far have the same Vk and VH isotype composition the results indicate an extensive heterogeneity among galactan-binding immunoglobulins in BALB/c mice. It is speculated that some of this diversity may arise from somatic rather than germ line gene mutations.
B Cell Tolerance
Authors: Cambier J. C. , Uhr J. W. , Kettman J. R. , Vitetta E. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cellular mechanisms and tolerogen dose requirements of hapten-specific unresponsiveness induced in vitro by using 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl human γ-globulin (TNP17HgG) were analyzed in adult and neonatal murine splenocytes. Tolerance induction in both cell populations was found to be independent of non-B cell effects including BAθ-positive cells, Ly 2.2-positive cells, adding or reducing the number of macrophages, and large excesses of HgG. The tolerance induced was specific and not “infectious”, further excluding a role for suppressor T cells. Neonatal splenic B cells were rendered tolerant by doses of TNP17HgG 1000-fold less than those required to produce similar tolerance in splenic B cells from adults. These findings support the concept of functional clonal abortion as a mechanism for producing tolerance to self antigens.
Mechanism for Induction of Anti-DNA Antibodies by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides in Mice
Authors: Izui Shozo , Zaldivar Nieves M. , Scher Irwin , Lambert Paul-Henri 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It has been demonstrated previously that there is first a release of DNA in circulating blood and then an induction of anti-DNA antibodies after injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in mice. These two effects of LPS have been examined in the X-linked B lymphocyte immune-deficient CBA/N mice and LPS-low responder C3H/HeJ mice.
The CBA/N mice and their (CBA/N × DBA/N) F1 hybrid mice injected with 100 µg of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 LPS released DNA in circulating blood in a similar way to the normal CBA/J mice, whereas only the immunologically normal F1 female mice developed anti-DNA antibodies comparable to the CBA/J mice. On the other hand, the LPS-low responder C3H/HeJ mice could neither release DNA in circulating blood nor induce an anti-DNA response to injection of 50 µg Salmonella typhimurium LPS, although they responded to injection of extremely high doses of LPS. However, after reconstitution with spleen cells or anti-θ-treated spleen cells from the LPS-high responder C3HeB/FeJ mice, the C3H/HeJ mice made a substantial anti-DNA response without a significant release of DNA in circulating blood after injection of 50 µg LPS. This indicates that the induction of anti-DNA antibodies by LPS does not require the release of large amounts of DNA in circulating blood.
Inhibition of Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity by Autologous Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Pollack Sylvia B. , Herrick Michael V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A population of lymph node cells that lack the usual T, B, or K cell markers was found to inhibit autologous spleen cells from mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to antibody-coated chicken erythrocytes. Inhibitor cells were not susceptible to treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 or anti-Ig and C; they did not adhere to Sephadex G-10, to nylon wool, or to monolayers of sheep erythrocytes (E) or erythrocytes plus 7S antibody (EA). After a brief (4-min) exposure to 45°C, the ability to inhibit was lost whereas other cellular responses remained intact. ADCC mediated by nonadherent splenic effector cells (presumptive K cells) was highly susceptible to inhibition. Possible mechanisms for and implications of lymphocyte-mediated inhibition of ADCC are discussed.
A Hitherto Undescribed Anomaly in Blood Groups
Authors: Ottenberg Reuben , Johnson Alice 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions
In a case of splenomegaly, hemolysis with a subsequent acute failure of liver function followed a transfusion. The donor's blood contained an abnormal agglutinin active not only against the cells of the patient (who like him belonged to Group III) but also against cells of Groups I, II, and III. It behaved practically like the blood of a foreign species of animal.
It can be inferred that: Donors whose serum agglutinates the cells of the patient (for example “universal” donors, Group I, for patients of Group II, III, or IV) are not necessarily safe.Hemolysis if it occurs is particularly dangerous in diseases of the liver and spleen.It is not enough in transfusion to depend on identity of groups. “Cross tests” of donor's and patient's serum on each other's cells must invariably be done. By this means the danger of hemolysis due to “sub-groups” or rare anomalies can be completely avoided.
On group Specific Substances in Human Spermatozoa
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Levine Philip 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experiments have been performed about one year ago with the purpose of examining the presence of group specific substances in human cells other than erythrocytes. We know of a few contributions dealing with this and related subjects. One is a paper on the organs of dogs by von Dungern and Hirschfeld (1), another is by Halpern (2) and a third is a communication by Ashby1 of which only the title is available.
Of particular interest was the behavior of the sperm cells. If they were found to contain group specific substances these should be present in the cells along with those which determine the heredity of the blood groups. The interesting question then, would arise whether the specifically absorbing substances, namely the isoagglutinogens are themselves involved in the inheritance phenomenon, or not. A similar question presents itself with regard to the species specific substances.
The experiments yielded clear-cut results as to the presence of group specific factors in the sperm cells.
The Chemovaccinotherapeusis of Experimental Meningococcus Infection
Authors: Miller A. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The investigations of Professor Belonovsky have shown that chemical substances in combination with a specific vaccine, injected into the diseased organism, have been transported to the focus of disease by the vaccine, reaching it under the influence of a positive chemotaxis.
In the present study the possibility of a chemovaccinotherapeusis of experimental meningococcus infections has been investigated.
Florand and Fiessinger have already applied the combination of vaccine and chemical substances to the treatment of meningitis, but their iodine-vaccine had no chance of success, as iodine forms a very firm combination with protein.
In my investigations optochin was employed as the chemotherapeutic substance. Optochin is capable in great dilution of inhibiting the growth of meningococcus in vitro and it has been used successfully in the treatment of meningitis by means of lumbar injection (Friedement and Bardachzi).
Some experiments were undertaken to determine the bactericidal power of optochin for the culture, which had been chosen for the tests.
Alterations in Intramembrane Particle Distribution during Interaction of Erythrocyte-Bound Ligands with Immunoprotein Receptors
Authors: Douglas Steven D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Freeze fracture studies have been performed on rabbit pulmonary alveolar macrophages and a nonphagocytic murine lymphoblastoid cell line, PU-5 Fc+, incubated with sheep erythrocytes, sheep erythrocyte-IgG Forssman antibody complex, sheep erythrocyte-IgG Forssman antibody-C complexes and aggregated IgG. Alveolar macrophages show redistribution of intramembrane particles after interaction with E(IgG) and E(IgM)C. The murine lymphoblastoid cell line shows intramembrane particle redistribution consequential to binding of E(IgG) and aggregated IgG. The results demonstrate that after specific immunoprotein receptor-ligand interaction, there is extensive plasma membrane reorganization which results in a redistribution and loss of intramembrane particles. Changes are observed in the protoplasmic face of the plasma membrane after the binding of ligand to the outer membrane surface. The findings suggest that interaction of erythrocyte-bound ligands with specific lymphoid and macrophage plasma membrane receptors leads to a generalized redistribution of integral membrane components in the membrane.
Tolerance to Azobenzenearsonate: Preferential Loss of the Major Normal Cross-Reactive Idiotype
Authors: Benjamin D. C. , Teale J. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A specific tolerant state was induced in A/J mice to the hapten p-aminobenzenearsonate (Ars) by the injection of deaggregated conjugates of Ars and human γ-globulin (Ars-DHGG). The kinetics of tolerance to Ars-DHGG was found to be identical to that of B cell tolerance to human γ-globulin alone. The ability to produce antibody (anti-Ars) bearing the major normal cross-reactive idiotype was found to be preferentially lost. In addition, recovery of the ability to produce anti-Ars bearing this cross-reactive idiotype was found to be delayed as compared to the total anti-Ars response upon spontaneous loss of tolerance.