bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disability Representation in Opera
Authors: Armstrong Charlotte 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Deadly diseases and unhealing wounds, visual impairments and deafness, lost limbs and spinal deformities: opera has long been an art form that depicts disability. In addition to disability’s representation in librettos and scores, opera productions both on stage and on our screens provide a form of mediation between the cultural-historical origins of opera’s disability narratives and the politics and practice of “performing” disability amid contemporary debates about diversity, equity, and inclusion. In this way, opera provides a vantage point from which to explore key issues in music and disability studies: from inaccessible spaces and education programs, to demeaning, stereotypical roles and problematic performance practices. This chapter unpacks some of these issues by exploring the data gathered in the Musical Representations of Disability Database, and by highlighting operatic works and practices that interrogate and extend the creative possibilities of opera’s frequent engagement with disability.
Gender and Class
Authors: Higham-Edwards Beth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter draws on the author’s lived experience as a female percussionist reflecting on personal educational and class background to highlight barriers to instrumentalists in the classical music industry based on gender and access. Key challenges that are discussed in this chapter include: the presence of “lad culture” (a British subculture) within conservatoires and the profession; difficulties of women in obtaining secure and prestigious freelance positions (such as in an orchestra or teaching in a conservatoire); and the effects of schooling, and therefore social class, on musicians’ ability to enter conservatoires and the profession. The author writes about how experiences led to activism, and shares insights from activist work.
(Un)Silencing Blacktivism in Opera
Authors: Cuyler Antonio C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores “Blacktivism” in opera in the US from the perspective of Black opera administrators. Blacktivism refers to Black people’s use of advocacy, personal agency, and political action to actualize racial equity and justice. The chapter recounts a conversation between Antonio Cuyler, an academic and an access, diversity, equity, and inclusion consultant, and the founder of Black Administrators of Opera, Quodesia Johnson. The chapter describes how Blacktivists have made noteworthy progress using Blacktivism to advocate for racial equity and justice in opera. But despite this, some levers of power remain obstructed by opera’s White supremacy culture, defined as internalized attitudes and behaviors that do not serve humans because they target and violate Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) and communities with the intent to destroy them. White supremacy also targets and violates White people with a persistent invitation to collude that will inevitably destroy their humanity.
Urban and Rural Road Planning and Finance before the Automobile
Authors: Taylor Brian D. , Morris Eric A. , Brown Jeffrey R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Long before the advent of the freeway, local, state, and in a few instances the federal government were involved with building and paying for city streets and major roads between cities. For most of American history, though, relatively little planning for streets and highways took place. During the more than two centuries that preceded the automobile’s arrival, urban and rural road planning in colonial and then post-Revolutionary America was a haphazard affair, with roads built and maintained using an irregular and rudimentary finance system. But when planning for roads did occur, there were important differences between planning and paying for roads within cities and for roads between them.
The Rise of the Freeway Era
Authors: Taylor Brian D. , Morris Eric A. , Brown Jeffrey R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
With the passage of the landmark Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, the federal government had followed the lead of California in establishing a trust fund to serve as a repository for motor fuel tax and related highway-user revenues. Money was disbursed from both federal and state trust funds to state highway departments for road design, construction, operations, and maintenance. With this political decision, the conflicts between urban and rural highway planning principles, and between financial imperatives and planning ones, came to a head. Finance now trumped planning, as authority over highways within cities as well as between them was now jointly vested in Washington and the state capitals. With money in hand and the mandate to build, the mass production of freeways, including in cities, commenced in the late 1950s and proceeded at a furious pace into the early 1970s. City officials’ willingness to surrender control of planning decisions in exchange for the state and federal dollars needed to build the freeways resulted in a triumph of rural planning ideals and principles over urban ones, with a cascading set of consequences for cities.
Turning Back the Clock
Authors: Taylor Brian D. , Morris Eric A. , Brown Jeffrey R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
With the advent of the post-Interstate era in the 1990s, the U.S. transportation-planning process came full circle—from local, to national, to local again; from multimodalism, to a myopic focus on the auto, and then back to multimodalism; and from relative penury, to wealth, and back to penury. This is nowhere more evident than in the federal surface-transportation program and its partnerships with state departments of transportation, which have eroded considerably amidst a return to a more decentralized transportation policy. The shift back to more local control has raised public transit investment in metropolitan areas, increased attention paid to the environmental costs of travel, and resulted in little consensus over whether to build new roads or rebuild the nation’s now-aging freeways systems. This lack of policy consensus helps to explain the persistent lack of fiscal consensus over how to pay for street, highway, and transit systems. Into this vacuum, states and metropolitan areas have experimented with many ways to increase revenues to pay for aging road infrastructure and invest in public transit. These range from increased general fund expenditures, to increased borrowing (and, at the federal level, deficits), to increased state fuel taxes, to earmarking sales tax increases for transportation, to new forms of electronic tolling. While this fiscal innovation has increased transportation spending substantially in some places, the results have varied across the U.S. and no obvious fiscal successor to fuel taxes has yet to emerge.
Conclusion
Authors: Taylor Brian D. , Morris Eric A. , Brown Jeffrey R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Freeways in the U.S. are enormously consequential. Research on them finds they have contributed significantly to economic efficiency and growth, improved goods movement, and increased traffic safety. In metropolitan areas they connect center cities with suburban living favored by many. On the other hand, the economic benefits of additional freeway investment are diminishing and they generate substantial emissions and noise, to the detriment of public health. These negative effects are especially problematic in cities, where freeways disproportionately cut through poor, Black, and Latino neighborhoods. The state of metropolitan transportation planning in the U.S. today is not so different from a century ago. The geopolitics of transportation finance remain firmly established at all levels of government. The emphasis on flashy transportation capital investments over operations and maintenance spending shows little sign of abating. The transportation policy challenges today are many. The balance between federal and local control has swung back toward the latter, to the detriment of, for example, effective goods movement planning. The inequities inherent in transportation decision-making are myriad and need to be more comprehensive addressed. Public participation is often not representative and tends to stop all manner of projects. Looking ahead, electric vehicles are likely to substantially reduce emissions, benefitting both the climate and public health. Post-pandemic working and shopping from home are fundamentally changing travel patterns. Less likely are the imminent arrival of automated vehicles and whether we will even summon the political will to finally tame congestion in metropolitan areas. But whatever the future holds for transportation, we will have to reckon with urban freeways for decades to come.
Greening the Universe
Authors: Owe Andrea 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
“Greening the Universe: The Case for Ecocentric Space Expansion” puts forth the claim that while humanity’s greatest immediate challenge is to survive the next century or two, our greatest achievement will be eventually greening the universe and bringing it to life. The idea of becoming multiplanetary is relevant to many moral values inherent in the Earth ecosphere. Contrary to many of my fellow environmentalists’ hesitation toward a civilizational expansion into space, this chapter makes a deeply environmental case for space expansion. Specifically, it advances an argument for ecocentric space expansion and an ecocentric argument for space expansion: the long-term space future is about the continuation and potentiality of the total story of life on and from Earth.
What else can go wrong with your memory?
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Kensinger Elizabeth A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Common causes of memory loss include side effects of medications (especially anticholinergics, antihistamines, typical antipsychotics, and benzodiazepines). Vitamin deficiencies can also cause memory loss (especially vitamin B12, B1, and D). Hormonal imbalances, particularly thyroid disorders, can mimic memory disorders. Memory problems can also come from bodily stress, infections, and diseases (including Lyme disease, COVID-19, encephalitis, diabetes, major surgeries and anesthesia, organ failure, and poor sleep). Many neurologic disorders can cause memory problems, particularly if the hippocampus, frontal lobes, or temporal lobes are involved. Neurologic disorders include brain tumors, epilepsy and seizures, multiple sclerosis, strokes, transient global amnesia, and traumatic brain injury. Psychiatric disorders can also cause memory problems, including anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disease, schizophrenia, electroconvulsive therapy, dissociative amnesia, and alcohol or drug use.
Activity, attitude, music, mindfulness, and brain training
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Kensinger Elizabeth A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
How do you keep your memory strong and your brain healthy? In addition to performing regular aerobic exercise, eating Mediterranean-style meals, limiting alcohol and cannabis, not using illegal drugs, and sleeping well, the activities reviewed in this chapter will help to keep your memory strong. Participate in social activities. Listen to music—but make sure that they are the right tunes for your studying. Likely because it combines exercise, social activities, and music, dancing may be one of the best activities to keep your memory strong. Practice mindfulness. Mindfulness can improve your ability to focus your attention, which, in turn, will help you remember. Keep a positive mental attitude. Engage in novel, cognitively stimulating activities. Enjoy brain-training games, but don’t expect that they will help your memory.
The Culture of War
Authors: Ruse Michael 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Philosophers have struggled with the nature and morality of war. Pacifists will have none of it, usually referring back to the condemnation of hatred and violence in the Sermon on the Mount. Most, however, including Christians, believe that war can sometimes be justified—but only if it is morally constrained. Just War Theory—articulated and developed by Cicero, Augustine, Aquinas, and others—has wrestled with these problems. Looking at the wars of the last century, regretfully there was not overwhelming use of their ideas—bombing civilians is by any measure wrong—but as the century proceeded one does see increasing effort, as in Desert Storm, to bring warfare into the moral domain.
Grace, Too
Authors: Throop Jason 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter will explore the contours of Bergson’s early intimations of an “ethics” made visible in his address on Politesse (1885/1892). In an effort to further elucidate what such an ethics might entail, the paper traces how grace and sympathy, two concepts that play a central role in the address, are taken up and rethought in the context of his influential Essai sur les donnees immediates de la conscience (1889). Juxtaposing this early work with his more explicit engagement with morality in his final book—Les deux sources de la morale et de la religion (1935)—the early roots of Bergson’s call for an open, dynamic, and creative understanding of moral experience are made clear. The paper concludes with some brief reflections on the significance of Bergson’s interventions for the contemporary ethical-turn in the field.
God’s Thoughts
Authors: Lincoln Don 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Esther Polianowski once had a conversation with Albert Einstein in which he told her what interested him. He wasn’t interested in the details of science; he was interested in the big picture, what he called “God’s thoughts.” He was interested in why the universe was the way it is. To answer that properly requires that scientists identify the building blocks of nature and the law or laws that govern them. This chapter illustrates how very disparate things often have common origins; for instance, the laws of physics explain how the sun burns, galaxies rotate, sodas fizz, and why kittens are fuzzy. While Einstein wasn’t interested in each of those things individually, he was interested in the connections between them.
Dark Matter
Authors: Lincoln Don 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
While Einstein’s theory of general relativity does a good job of describing the motion of many astronomical objects, mysteries remain. Galaxies rotate faster than their visible mass and the laws of physics allow. Clusters of galaxies remain bound together despite moving faster than gravity can contain. The explanation of these mysteries is unknown, with possible solutions ranging from invisible matter, called dark matter, to needing to rewrite the laws of either motion or gravity. This chapter explains the myriad of possible explanations, rules out many, and leaves a few. Given that dark matter is five times more prevalent than ordinary atomic matter, it is imperative that these mysteries be explained.
Music Education Research
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Designed to be used as a primary text in introductory research methods courses, Music Education Research: An Introduction aims to orient even the most novice researchers toward basic concepts and methodologies, offering sustained attention to historical, philosophical, qualitative, quantitative, and action research approaches, including overviews of how to read, interpret, design, and implement research within each framework. Readers will also find information and advice pertaining to approaches for (a) conducting a review of research literature, (b) scholarly writing, and (c) disseminating their research. This book invites readers to consider how conducting research can serve to satisfy their curiosity while also contributing to the collective professional knowledge of the field.
Quantitative Descriptive and Correlational Research
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents research designs for descriptive and correlational quantitative research. Descriptive research designs are used to address the question “What is x?” Correlational research designs are used to address the question “How are things related?” In contrast to some experimental research designs, in these design types the primary area of interest under investigation is not manipulated by the researcher. Researchers investigating descriptive or correlational research questions commonly use surveys or observational methods to gather data. Surveys are an efficient method for gathering large amounts of information about such things as individuals’ experiences, beliefs, and attitudes. When designing a survey, researchers must consider many things, such as how long it will be and what it will cover. Observation is an important means of gathering data, as when researchers observe video recordings of teachers or students in various situations. Another approach to observational research is the experience sampling method (ESM). In ESM, participants are interrupted at random times throughout the day and asked to respond to questions concerning their experiences in real time. In other words, researchers ask participants what they are doing at the moment they are contacted.
Personal Renewal
Authors: Wicks Robert J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Stress management basics are covered to prevent or limit impairment of psychological and physical health. One of these basics is to be able to recognize the signs that trigger the need to reach out for support. In addition, to aid in personal renewal, information is provided for designing a realistic but ambitious self-care protocol. This is accomplished by offering questions to unearth one’s present views of the meaning and importance of “self-care” and to offer a broader list of possibilities to consider. In doing this, emphasis is placed on the importance of exercise and exposure to nature as well as those activities which may be considered a luxury but are actually part and parcel of truly healthy self-care.
The Simple Care of a Hopeful Heart
Authors: Wicks Robert J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The “range of resilience” is different for each person based on a unique combination of hereditary, psychological, and sociological factors. However, if we are truly interested in resilience, the goal is to find ways to maximize our own range of resilience and, in so doing, improve our quality of life and the ability to continually renew ourselves. It has been emphasized throughout this book that there are key elements that can help us to maintain resilience: minimizing the effects of stress; cultivating an inner life; and developing new skills and actions that can help us thrive rather than merely survive. In Bounce, these broad areas were addressed by viewing chronic and acute stress; developing a tailored self-care program/protocol; understanding anew the need for a healthy and balanced circle of friends; appreciating and applying wherever possible themes from the literature on posttraumatic growth; embarking on a disciplined self-awareness process that includes discovering and enhancing our own signature strengths; and being aware of the powerful renewing possibilities of solitude, silence, and mindfulness.
How “Alternative Proteins” Create a Private Solution to a Public Problem
Authors: Simon Michele 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Backed by millions of dollars from donors and investors alike, certain (mostly white male) activists in the vegan movement have pushed aside all other solutions in favor of a marketplace approach that emphasizes the promotion of “alternative proteins.” This rogue wing of “Effective Altruists” has isolated itself from the rest of the food movement by promoting a private capital solution to the myriad problems caused by factory farming, thus moving these problems out of the public policy arena. Effective Altruism’s current focus on markets to save animals is doomed to failure because it does nothing to address the political and economic engine of the meat and dairy industries. Instead of the promotion of “alternative proteins,” a more inclusive approach is needed to create a political movement that brings in a wide range of people and organizations.
The Wisdom Gained from Animals Who Self-Liberate
Authors: McCrystal Rachel 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In August 2018, at an animal auction house in Hackettstown, New Jersey, over sixty goats, sheep, and piglets escaped through a fence that was pushed open overnight. There was press coverage that told the story of Fred, a goat who escaped from that same auction house the prior year, and who had seemingly returned to liberate others. What followed was a race to save Fred as the auction house owners tried to capture him and shut down the story that was bringing them unwanted attention. Can the value of his life and his liberation be recognized within an Effective Altruist framework? Those who profit off of animal agriculture know the power of individual farmed animals and their acts of rebellion. Does the animal rights movement? Fred’s story illustrates the lengths that we can go to try to save an individual, and why that matters.
Against “Effective Altruism”
Authors: Crary Alice 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Despite its superficial appeal and the sincerity of its many adherents, Effective Altruism (EA) is a textbook case of moral corruption. It owes its success primarily not to its underlying ethical theory, which is problematic, but to its compatibility with political and economic institutions responsible for some of the very harms it addresses. The criticisms to which EA is subject are much more devastating than its advocates acknowledge. This is clear upon an examination of the institutional critique of EA, which has already received some attention, especially when this is combined with one kind of philosophical critique to which EA is vulnerable, and when these two lines of criticism are combined into a composite critique, which brings the core tenets of EA into question, suggesting it ought to be abandoned as philosophically bankrupt and politically pernicious.
Letters and Conversations
Authors: Li Ji 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces Caubrière’s private writings and examines his philosophy of personal documentation over the decades. Personal documentation was a technique through which adventurers and missionaries such as Caubrière could develop their interpretations of the world. Their grassroots narratives played a central role in presenting the indigenous society and shaping the popular perception of the empire at home. In an age that celebrated the social sciences, Caubrière’s writing was not only an exercise in everyday martyrdom but also a personal scientific journey undertaken to cope with the profound social and cultural disorder resulting from the encounter of faith and empires.
The Church
Authors: Li Ji 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter turns to the development of the church system in local Manchurian society and its implications for today’s state-church controversies. The author argues that what the nineteenth-century Catholic missions introduced to Manchuria was not a new, foreign religion but rather the global institution of the Catholic Church, which laid the foundation for local religious governance before the intense state-building of the twentieth century. Besides illustrating the process of institution building and the local church’s indigenization, Caubrière’s detailed grassroots narrative shows how the universal sensibility of pain and suffering served as a vehicle to facilitate Chinese Catholics’ membership in the global Catholic community.