bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mediated Cytotoxicity in Murine Schistosomiasis
Authors: Coulis Paul A. , Lewert Robert M. , Fitch Frank W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An impairment of the capacity to generate alloantigenspecific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) was observed in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) established with spleen cells from mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. This impairment, which was observed as early as the eighth week of infection, could be abrogated by the fractionation of spleen cell suspensions by the carbonyl iron/magnet method prior to the establishment of MLC. Cocultivation of normal spleen cells with increasing numbers of splenocytes from S. mansoni-infected syngeneic mice resulted in a dosage-dependent suppression of CTL generation. This “infectious suppression” was not sensitive to antiserum against mouse thymic lymphocyte antigen (MTLA).
The present studies suggest the role of a macrophage rather than a T cell as the suppressor cell in this model of cell-mediated immunity in schistosome-infected mice.
Effects of Carrageenan on Immune Responses
Authors: Ishizaka Shigeaki , Otani Shuzo , Morisawa Seiji 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although C57BL/6 mice showed little response to low dose antigenic stimulation with dinitrophenylated bovine γ-globulin (DNP-BGG), this immune response was enhanced markedly by carrageenan treatment. They also showed a good response to dinitrophenylated ovalbumin (DNP-OA), but this response was much reduced by carrageenan treatment. These results were reversed in C3H/HeN mice. The responder status of these animals seems to depend mainly on macrophages rather than on thymus-derived cell (T cell) or bone marrow-derived cell (B cell) function since similar results were obtained in in vitro experiments with spleen cells from which macrophages had been removed. However, these conclusions do not exclude the possibility that suppressor T cells may have some effect on the low responsiveness of C57BL/6 mice to DNP-BGG.
Genetic Control of the Immune Response to Mammalian Myoglobins in Mice
Authors: Berzofsky Jay A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antibody response to the major chromatographic component IV of sperm whale myoglobin (MbIV) has been found to be under H-2-linked Ir gene control in several series of congenic resistant strains of mice on the C57BL/10, A, and DBA/2 backgrounds by using an assay which measures molar concentration of antibody independent of affinity. The H-2d and H-2s mice were high responders, whereas the H-2k, H-2b, and H-2q mice were low responders. High responsiveness was dominant in the (H-2d × H-2b)F1 cross. The genetic control was mapped to within the I (or S, G) regions by the low response of A.TL mice. The presence of two (or more) genes within this region controlling the response was indicated by the intermediate response of the B10.A, A/J, and B10.A(5R) strains, indicating at least one gene to the right of H-2K but left of I-C, tentatively called Ir-Mb-1, and at least one other to the right of I-E but left of H-2D (presumably in I-C), tentatively called Ir-Mb-2. The former of these was further mapped to the I-A subregion by the high responsiveness of the D2.GD mice (which are d in K and I-A and b elsewhere), virtually identical to that of the DBA/2 (H-2d) mice with which these are congenic. This last observation suggests that either Ir-Mb-1 can confer full responsiveness by itself, or that coupled complementation is active. In contrast, Ir-Mb-2 alone confers only intermediate responsiveness. Whether these genes control the response to different determinants on the myoglobin molecule remains the subject of further study.
In addition, for a given H-2 haplotype, the response of A background mice was about 5-fold higher than that of B10 background mice. Thus, non-H-2-linked genes also control the level of response. All of the above levels of control, both H-2 and non-H-2 linked, appeared to operate both after a single immunization in complete Freund's and after two subsequent booster immunizations.
Cytotoxic Activity of Lymphocytes
Authors: Yano Keisuke , Lucas Zoltan J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To detect the cellular origins of α-lymphotoxin (α-LT), we cultured various subpopulations of human blood lymphocytes separated by erythrocyte-rosetting techniques with various mitogens. T cell-enriched subpopulations responded to PHA by increased 3H-thymidine uptake into DNA and large amounts of α-LT production. SPL and Con A-Sepharose stimulated DNA synthesis in T cell-enriched cultures if the macrophage content was greater than 1.5%; however, α-LT production was not induced by these two mitogens even when reconstituted with 10% macrophages. B and/or null cell-enriched populations severely depleted of T cells (less than 0.7%) did not respond to PHA, SPL, or Con A-Sepharose. However, reconstitution to 5 or more percent in E-RFC allowed all three mitogens to stimulate DNA synthesis and α-LT production. The LT made by all cell populations 5 and 7 days after stimulation were equally neutralized by a heterologous antiserum to α-LT. These results show that human T and B and/or null cells, when appropriately stimulated, can produce α-LT.
An Antigen-Specific I Region Gene Product That Augments the Antibody Response
Authors: Tokuhisa Takeshi , Taniguchi Masaru , Okumura Ko , Tada Tomio 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The extracts of thymocytes and spleen cells of mice that had been primed with a carrier antigen (keyhole limpet hemocyanin, KLH) were found to augment the in vitro secondary antibody response of spleen cells against a hapten (2,4-dinitrophenyl, DNP) coupled to KLH, when they were added to the culture 1 to 3 days after the start of cultivation. The factor that augments the antibody response (TaF) had similar physicochemical properties to those of the previously reported antigen-specific suppressive T cell factor (TsF) and was removed by absorption with the immunoadsorbent composed of only relevant antigen (KLH) but not of anti-immunoglobulin antibodies. TaF and TsF were, however, distinguishable by differential absorption with various alloantisera directed at different subregions of the H-2 histocompatibility complex. The activity of TaF was removed by antisera reactive to the products of the I-A subregion, being distinct from TsF which was absorbed by those specific for the I-J subregion. Evidence was presented that the I-region determinants on TaF are distinct from those on Ia antigens that are primarily detectable on B cells, suggesting that TaF is determined by a different locus (Ia-6 ?) from that for B cell Ia antigen (Ia-1). Furthermore, it was shown that TaF is a product of Lyt-1+, 2-, 3- T cells, a fact which clearly distinguishes the cellular origin of TaF from that of TsF which is Lyt-1-, 2+, 3+.
TaF can enhance the antibody response only if the helper T cell having the same carrier-specificity was present in the culture, indicating that TaF is not a helper T cell-replacing factor. The presence of both suppressive and augmenting T cell factors determined by different I subregions in the extract of primed lymphoid cells suggests that the balance of these T cell factors determines the magnitude of the antibody response.
Quantitative Studies on the Precursors of Cytotoxic Lymphocytes
Authors: Teh H.-S. , Phillips R. A. , Miller R. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Murine cytotoxic lymphocyte precursor cells (CLP) appear to be specificity restricted, yet 2 to 4% of the total pool appears to be activated in a response against a single foreign H-2 alloantigen. The simplest model that provides enough CLP for all possible reactions is that H-2 antigens have cross-reacting determinants. Experimentally, we observed that activation of RNC-nu/+ (H-2k) LN cells with H-2b spleen cells activated 1200 to 1800 CLP per 106 LN cells capable of lysing H-2b target cells. Of these, 3 to 4% could also lyse H-2d target cells. In addition, a small number of clones (approximately 25/106 LN cells) were activated which could lyse H-2d but not H-2b target cells. However, the total number of such apparent nonspecifically activated clones is small since greater than 80% of all the CLP activated on culturing with H-2b alloantigens will lyse H-2b targets. The results are discussed in terms of specificity restriction and possible subpopulations of CLP.
Characterization of the Target Cell Receptor for IgE
Authors: Conrad Daniel H. , Froese Arnold 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The receptor for IgE from surface-labeled and Nonidet P-40- (NP-40) solubilized rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells was isolated with the aid of IgE coupled to Sepharose, by using KSCN as the eluting agent. The IgE-rebinding capacity of this eluate was only 12 to 19% suggesting that some alteration of the receptor had taken place. Upon sucrose density gradient centrifugation and gel filtration the receptor exhibited considerable size heterogeneity, most likely as a consequence of detergent binding. Detergent binding could also be implied from isopycnic centrifugation which yielded a density for receptor which was below that of free IgE. When these experiments were repeated in the presence of SDS, the size heterogeneity disappeared and the density was found to be 1.28 g/ml which is in the normal range for proteins. Analysis of the receptor eluate by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on 5% gels indicated a single component with a slightly slower mobility than that of receptor coprecipitated with IgE. When the same receptor eluate was analyzed on 10% gels, two components, with apparent m.w. of 45,000 daltons and 55,000 daltons were seen. Coprecipitated receptor again exhibited only a single peak with an identical relative mobility to that of the 45,000-dalton component in KSCN eluate. The binding of both components to IgE-Sepharose could be inhibited by free IgE; identical concentrations of a purified fraction of rat IgG had no effect. Although complete inhibition of binding was seen only with the lower m.w. component, the inhibition data still suggest some specificity in the interaction of the 55,000 dalton component with IgE.
Fragments Ba and Bb Derived from Guinea Pig Factor B of the Properdin System: Purification, Characterization, and Biologic Activities
Authors: Hamuro Junji , Hadding Ulrich , Bitter-Suermann Dieter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Functionally active guinea pig factor B was purified by a combination of chromatographic steps including Sephadex G-25, QAE A25, QAE A50, CM C50, and Sepharose 4B coupled with purified cobra venom factor. Purified factor B had a m.w. of 106,000 daltons and a single subunit structure. It was heat labile. After cleavage of native B with cobra venom factor coupled to Sepharose 4B in the presence of D̄, the resulting two fragments, the larger one (Bb) and the smaller one (Ba), were further purified. The m.w. of Bb and Ba was determined as 64,000 and 53,000 daltons, respectively, by SDS-PAGE. Neither of the fragments evoked a contraction of guinea pig ileum or histamine release from rat mast cells. Only the smaller fragment Ba (at a concentration of 120 nM) stimulated guinea pig peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes to respond with increased movement. This activity as well as the antigenicity of Ba were heat stable, but were sensitive to trypsin digestion, whereas the antigenicity of Bb was heat labile.
Stimulation of an Enhanced in Vitro Immune Response by a Synthetic Adjuvant, Muramyl Dipeptide
Authors: Specter Steven , Cimprich Roberta , Friedman Herman , Chedid Louis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Various subcellular bacterial fractions are known to enhance immune responses and serve as potent adjuvants. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a synthetic adjuvant mimicking a component of mycobacterial cell walls, enhances humoral immunity to soluble antigens and can increase macrophage cytotoxicity toward mastocytoma cells in vitro. In the present study MDP was found to enhance the hemolytic antibody plaque response of normal mouse spleen cells in vitro to SRBC at a level equal to or greater than that induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, MDP was found to enhance the antibody response to SRBC nonspecifically in unimmunized spleen cell cultures, suggesting that similar to LPS the synthetic dipeptide may induce a generalized clonal expansion of committed lymphocytes and thus serve as a “polyclonal activator.” MDP also enhanced the immune responsiveness of normal splenocytes to suboptimum concentrations of SRBC, indicating that this material may be useful in enhancing immunity in situations where there would normally be a poor immune response.
Antigenicity of the Major Polypeptides of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg)
Authors: Shih J. Wai-Kuo , Tan Peter L. , Gerin John L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The major polypeptides (P-1, P-2, and P-6) of HBsAg were isolated from purified preparations of 22-nm HBsAg particles, iodinated, and analyzed by double-antibody radioimmunoprecipitation assays for the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific antigens. Each polypeptide fraction contained both group (a) and subtype (d) specific determinants in common by virtue of their immunoreaction with antiserum to native HBsAg and antisera to the other structural polypeptides. The antigenic and structural similarities of the HBsAg polypeptides establish that they are not each unique gene products of the HBV genome.
Acceleration of Human Lymphocyte Activation after Preliminary Culture
Authors: McCombs Candace C. , Michalski Joseph P. , Talal Norman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells which are precultured in tissue culture medium containing 5% fetal calf serum (FCS) have markedly augmented reactivity to a suboptimal concentration of phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The augmentation of response is due in part to an acceleration of lymphocyte activation. Precultured cells also respond in an accelerated manner to allogeneic cells. The augmentation is apparent after 24 hr of preliminary culture, and reaches a maximum at 4 to 7 days. Kinetic studies of the culturally augmented PHA response indicate that an increased number of reactive lymphocytes rather than an increased rate of proliferation accounts for the effect. Adding fresh cells to the precultured cells does not suppress their augmented response. when human serum is substituted for FCS in the preliminary culture, the augmentation of response does not occur. Serum-mixing experiments indicate a suppressive effect of human serum. These studies may be relevant for understanding immunologic mechanisms related to transplantation and autoimmunity.
Differential Immunosuppressive Effects of Ascites Fluid from Mastocytoma-Bearing Mice on Primary vs Secondary Immunocyte Responses
Authors: Kamo Isao , Friedman Herman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of immunosuppressive ascites fluids from mastocytoma-bearing mice on the primary vs secondary immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was examined. Injection of mice with ascites fluid from tumor-bearing mice markedly depressed the primary immune response of normal syngeneic mice challenged with SRBC. However, there was a preferential depression of the 19S IgM antibody response as compared with the 7S IgG response. Injection of ascites fluid shortly before secondary immunization of mice with SRBC also resulted in depressed IgM PFC responses but only a slight to moderate depression of IgG PFC. Treatment of mice with the ascites fluid before primary immunization had little if any effect on the secondary IgG PFC response, although the IgM response was moderately depressed. These results indicate that the immunosuppressive factor(s) present in the ascites fluid of mastocytomabearing mice has a differential effect on distinct classes of immunocytes. Those immunocytes or their precursors involved in formation of low efficiency 7S IgG antibody are more resistant to immunodepression. Such differences appear due to different sensitivities of cells involved in the immune response system.
BCG-Induced Suppressor Cells
Authors: Klimpel Gary R. , Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells obtained from mice 5 to 40 days after infection with viable BCG organisms (BCG-spleens) were found to be unresponsive in vitro to both mitogenic and alloantigenic stimuli. Moreover, suppressor cells could be demonstrated in the spleens from these infected animals. When spleen cells from BCG-infected mice were added to either syngeneic or allogeneic normal spleen cells, the mixtures neither proliferated nor developed cytotoxic activity when cultured with alloantigen or with concanavalin A (Con A). The development of unresponsiveness post-infection paralleled the onset of suppressive activity. Spleen cells obtained from mice given heat-killed BCG were neither suppressive nor unresponsive.
The suppressive activity of BCG-spleen cells was associated with an adherent, phagocytic cell that lacked membrane-associated Thy-1 antigen. Removal of this cell by passage through nylon wool columns resulted in a cell population that was no longer capable of suppression and that responded normally to alloantigen and to Con A.
It would thus appear that BCG infection results in the development of a “suppressor” macrophage-like cell population within the spleen. The role of this cell type in regulation of the immune response in BCG-infected animals is as yet undefined.
Subpopulations of Splenic T Cells Regulating an Anti-Hapten Antibody Response
Authors: Muirhead Donna Y. , Cudkowicz Gustavo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
There was a pronounced quantitative difference between the helper activities of B6C3F1 splenic T cells sensitized with unmodified vs modified antigens of SRBC. Modified SRBC induced the greater helper activity which was measured by the magnitude of an anti-TNP response (IgM and IgG) elicited in vivo by virgin B lymphocytes. Antigen modification was produced by conjugating SRBC with the hapten or simply by incubating SRBC in cacodylate buffer. There were restrictions with respect to both erythrocyte species and mouse strains for this differential priming to occur.
The relatively poor performance of SRBC-primed T lymphocytes was apparently not due to suppressor T cells, but rather to activation of only one of two identified T cell subpopulations required for full helper activity. Unmodified SRBC activated a subpopulation of “helper” cells characterized as sensitive to elimination by ATS and long-lived after ATx, but failed to activate in B6C3F1 mice a second subpopulation of “amplifier” cells resistant to elimination by ATS and short-lived after ATx. In contrast, modified SRBC activated both helper and amplifier cells. Under appropriate conditions these subsets of T cells were strongly synergistic in promoting antihapten antibody formation especially of the IgG class. The involvement of two distinct types of T lymphocytes in the positive regulation of antibody responses raises interesting and novel questions concerning the sequence of events in the triggering of B cells and the subsequent development of the response.
In Vitro Mitogenic Stimulation of Murine Spleen Cells by Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Kirchner Holger , Darai Gholamreza , Hirt Hans Martin , Keyssner Katharina , Munk Klaus 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells of B6 mice not previously immunized were induced to DNA synthesis by supernatants from HSV-infected tissue culture. The stimulatory principle could be passed through a 45-µm filter and sedimented at 100,000 × G. It was abolished by UV light, heating at 56°C, and by an anti-HSV serum. The possibility that the observed stimulation was caused by LPS was therefore excluded, and there was also no indication of mycoplasma contamination. Partial purification of spleen cells from macrophages resulted in an increased stimulation by HSV. From experiments with nylon columns, anti-θ antibody, and nude mice it was concluded that HSV acted as a B cell mitogen. Strains of both HSV types 1 and 2 were stimulatory for B6 spleen cells. Of nine freshly isolated HSV strains with identical passage history (twice in HEF) four were strongly stimulatory, three showed a moderate stimulation, and two did not stimulate. Spleen cells from A/J and DBA/2 mice were stimulated to the same extent by HSV (WAL) as spleen cells from B6 mice. No viral replication was demonstrable in B6 spleen cell cultures stimulated for DNA synthesis by HSV. Thus our study demonstrates induction of cellular DNA synthesis in B lymphocytes by HSV which is abolished by inactivation of the virus.
Rfv-1 and Rfv-2, Two H-2-Associated Genes That Influence Recovery from Friend Leukemia Virus-Induced Splenomegaly
Authors: Chesebro Bruce , Wehrly Kathy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two genes, Rfv-1 and Rfv-2, that influence recovery from Friend virus leukemia have been identified within or adjacent to the mouse major histocompatibility gene complex (H-2). Rfv-1 was determined to be in the H-2G or H-2D regions by testing of mice with recombinations both to the left and right of these regions. Rfv-2 was located either in the H-2K or H-2I regions or in the Tla region. The Rfv-2 effect was not seen in the high recovery H-2D(Rfv-1)b/b mice. This could be an indication that this gene is weaker than Rfv-1 in its influence on leukemia. The influence of H-2 on recovery from leukemia appeared to operate in a gene-dose fashion (H-2b/b&gt;H-2a/b&gt;H-2a/a).
Effect of Liposomal Model Membrane Composition on Immunogenicity
Authors: Dancey George F. , Yasuda Tatsuji , Kinsky Stephen C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have examined the effect of composition on the immunogenicity in mice of liposomal model membranes sensitized with dinitrophenyl-ε-aminocaproyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DNP-Cap-PE) derivatives. Neither cholesterol content nor incorporation of exogenous charged amphiphile (dicetylphosphate, stearylamine) exerted a significant influence on the in vivo anti-DNP response as measured by the appearance of direct plaque-forming cells in the spleen. Similarly, the nature of the fatty acids (saturated vs unsaturated) present in DNP-Cap-PE had no effect. In contrast, the nonpolar region of the basic phospholipids comprising the liposomal bilayers played an important role as revealed by a comparative study of model membranes prepared with beef sphingomyelin (SM), egg phosphatidylcholine (PC), and synthetic distearoyl-, dimyristoyl-, dilauroyl-, and dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholines (DSPC, DMPC, DLPC, DOPC). Thus, liposomes with a large content of phospholipids possessing a high transition temperature (e.g., beef SM, DSPC) were more immunogenic than those containing phospholipids of low transition temperature (e.g., egg PC, DOPC). This correlation held for both unsonicated and sonicated liposomes. These findings may have a bearing on the phenomenon of membrane-localized antigen expression.
Immunologic Responses to Candida Albicans
Authors: Pearsall Nancy N. , Adams Bonnie L. , Bunni Raad 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Passive transfer of immune serum gave a significant degree of protection against deep seated candidiasis in mice. Repeated attempts to transfer resistance by the transfer of sensitized lymphoid cells gave negative results, even though cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity was transferred by the cells. The results suggest that cell-mediated immunity is not of primary importance in this model of murine candidiasis, and that humoral immunity contributes to protection.