bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Radiatively Active Frozen Hydrometeors Mass in CMIP6 Global Climate Models Using CloudSat‐CALIPSO Observations
Authors: Li J.‐L.F. , Xu Kuan‐Man , Tsai Yu‐Cian , Lee Wei‐Liang , Jiang Jonathan H. , Yu Jia‐Yuh , Fetzer Eric , Wu Longtao , Stephens Graeme 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis study uses derived 2C‐ICE estimates of frozen hydrometeors path (IWP) and vertical profile of ice water content (IWC) from CloudSat‐CALIPSO satellite measurements to evaluate stratiform floating ice (CIWP/CIWC), falling ice (snow) (SWP/SWC) and total ice (TIWP/TIWC) simulated by three subsets of CMIP6 models. They include those neglecting the falling ice (snow) radiative effects (NOS) or those considering these effects (SON) but with separate (SON2) or combined (SON1) frozen hydrometeors (cloud ice and falling ice) interacting with radiation. CIWP from NOS subset agrees with 2C‐ICE estimates better than SON2 except for overestimating over the trade‐wind regions. This is also the case for vertical profiles of regionally‐averaged CIWC, with the exception of overestimates in the lower troposphere of high latitudes by NOS. Falling ice (SWP/SWC) is simulated reasonably well in SON2 models against 2C‐ICE estimates, but with significant underestimates over mid‐ and high‐latitudes. Vertical shapes of regionally‐averaged SWC profiles are well reproduced but magnitudes are underestimated for all regions except for the middle troposphere of the tropical region. The inclusion of snow improves the agreement between the simulated TIWP/TIWC of SON1 and SON2 subsets and 2C‐ICE estimates, compared to the NOS subset. However, TIWP/TIWC are underestimated over the storm track and high latitude for all three subsets except for the tropical region of SON2. The aforementioned discrepancies are likely due to model physics, but observational estimates of frozen hydrometeors mass and content are also highly uncertain. Further studies are needed to improve both models and observational estimates of frozen hydrometeors mass.
Geochemical Differences Between Alive, Uncrusted and Dead, Crusted Shells of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma: Implications for Paleoreconstruction
Authors: Hupp Brittany N. , Fehrenbacher Jennifer S. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPlanktic foraminiferal‐based trace element‐calcium ratios (TE/Ca) are a cornerstone in paleoceanographic reconstructions. While TE‐environment calibrations are often established through culturing experiments, shell growth in culture is not always consistent with growth in a natural setting. For example, many species of planktic foraminifera thicken their shell at the end of their life cycle, producing a distinct “gametogenic” crust. Crust is common in fossil foraminifers, however, shells grown in culture do not often develop a thick crust. Here, we investigate potential vital effects associated with the crusting process by comparing the trace element (Mg/Ca, Na/Ca, Ba/Ca, Sr/Ca, Mn/Ca, Zn/Ca) and stable isotope (δ13C, δ18O) composition of alive, fully mature, uncrusted shells to recently deceased, crusted shells of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma collected from the same plankton tows off the Oregon (USA) coast. We find that uncrusted (N = 55) shells yield significantly higher Ba/Ca, Na/Ca, Mn/Ca, and Sr/Ca than crusted (N = 66) shells, and crust calcite records significantly lower TE/Ca values for all elements examined. Isotopic mixing models suggest that the crust calcite accounts for ∼40%–70% of crusted shell volume. Comparison of foraminiferal and seawater isotopes indicate that N. pachyderma lives in the upper 90 m of the water column, and that crust formation occurs slightly deeper than their average living depth habitat. Results highlight the necessity to establish calibrations from crusted shells, as application of calibrations from TE‐enriched uncrusted shells may yield attenuated or misleading paleoceanographic reconstructions.
Establishment and effectiveness evaluation of pre-test probability model of coronary heart disease combined with cardiopulmonary exercise test indexes
Authors: Liu Si Xu , Yu Sheng Qin , Yang Kai Jing , Liu Ji Yi , Yang Fan , Li Ye , Yao Chang Li , Zhao Guang Sheng , Sun Feng Zhi 
Published: September 2023

AbstractTo establish a pre-test probability model of coronary heart disease (CHD) combined with cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) indexes and to compare the clinical effectiveness with Duke clinical score (DCS) and updated Diamond-Forrester model (UDFM), thus further explore the predictive value. 342 cases were used to establish the prediction model equation and another 80 cases were used to verify the effectiveness. The patients were divided into CHD group (n = 157) and non-CHD group (n = 185) according to coronary artery stenosis degree >50% or not. Combining DCS and UDFM as reference models with CPET indexes, a multivariate logistic regression model was established. The area under the ROC curve of the three models were calculated to compare the predictive effectiveness. There were significant differences in gender, chest pain type, myocardial infarction history, hypertension history, smoking, pathological Q wave and ST-T change between two groups (P < 0.01), as well as age, LVEF, heart rate at anaerobic domain, peak oxygen uptake in kilograms of body weight, percentage of peak oxygen uptake to the predicted value, the oxygen uptake efficiency slope and carbon dioxide ventilation equivalent slope (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed gender, age, chest pain type, myocardial infarction history, hypertension history, smoking, pathological Q wave, ST-T change, and peak oxygen pulse were independent risk factors of CHD. The pre-test probability model of CHD combined with CPET indexes has good distinguish and calibrate ability, its prediction accuracy is slightly better than DCS and UDFM, which still needs to be verified externally in more samples.
Sandwich-type double-layer piezoelectric nanogenerators based on one- and two-dimensional ZnO nanostructures with improved output performance
Authors: Fakhri Parisa , Eaianli Naeimeh , Bagherzadeh Roohollah , Jaleh Babak , Kashfi Mohammad , Fausto Rui 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPiezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) have attracted great interest owing to their broad range application in environmental mechanical energy harvesting to power small electronic devices. In this study, novel flexible and high-performance double-layer sandwich-type PENGs based on one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures and Ni foam as the middle layer have been developed. The morphology and structure of 1- and 2-D ZnO nanostructures have been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). To investigate the effect of structural design on the piezoelectric performance, single-layer PENGs were also fabricated. The piezoelectric output of all prepared PENGs were evaluated under different human impacts at various forces and frequencies. The double-layer designed PENGs showed a two times larger voltage output compared to the single-layer PENGs, and the use of Ni foam as middle-layer and of 2-D ZnO nanosheets (compared to 1-D nanorods) was also found to increase the performance of the designed PENGs. The working mechanism of the prepared PENGs is also discussed. The design of nanogenerators as double-layer sandwich structures instead of two integrated single-layer devices reduces the overall preparation time and processing steps and enhances their output performance, thus opening the gate for widening their practical applications.
Enhancement of spintronic terahertz emission enabled by increasing Hall angle and interfacial skew scattering
Authors: Wang Yangkai , Li Weiwei , Cheng Hao , Liu Zheng , Cui Zhangzhang , Huang Jun , Xiong Bing , Yang Jiwen , Huang Haoliang , Wang Jianlin , Fu Zhengping , Huang Qiuping , Lu Yalin 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSpintronic terahertz (THz) emitters (STEs) based on magnetic heterostructures have emerged as promising THz sources. However, it is still a challenge to achieve a higher intensity STE to satisfy all kinds of practical applications. Herein, we report a STE based on Pt0.93(MgO)0.07/CoFeB nanofilm by introducing dispersed MgO impurities into Pt, which reaches a 200% intensity compared to Pt/CoFeB and approaches the signal of 500 μm ZnTe crystal under the same pump power. We obtain a smaller spin diffusion length of Pt0.93(MgO)0.07 and an increased thickness-dependent spin Hall angle relative to the undoped Pt. We also find that the thickness of a Pt layer leads to a drastic change in the interface role in the spintronic THz emission, suggesting that the underlying mechanism of THz emission enhancement is a combined effect of enhanced bulk spin hall angle and the interfacial skew scattering by MgO impurities. Our findings demonstrate a simple way to realize high-efficiency, stable, advanced spintronic THz devices.
Running Critical Power: A Comparison Of Different Theoretical
Models
Authors: Ruiz-Alias Santiago A. , Ñancupil-Andrade Alberto A , Pérez-Castilla Alejandro , García-Pinillos Felipe 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis study aimed (i) to compare the critical power (CP) and work capacity over CP
(W´) values reported by the different CP models available in current
analysis software packages (Golden Cheetah and Stryd platform), (ii) to locate
the CP values in the power-duration curve (PDC), and (iii) to determine the
influence of the CP model used on the W´ balance. Fifteen trained
athletes performed four time trials (i. e., 3, 5, 10,
20 minutes) to define their PDC through different CP models: work-time
(CPwork), power-1/time (CP1/time),
Morton hyperbolic (CPhyp), Stryd platform (CPstryd), and
Bioenergetic Golden Cheetah (CPCheetah). Three additional time trials
were performed: two to locate the CP values in the PDC (30 and
60 minutes), and one to test the validity of the W’ balance
model (4 minutes). Significant differences (p<0.001) were
reported between models for the estimated parameters (CP, W´).
CPcheetah was associated with the power output developed between
10 to 20 minutes, CP1/time, CPstryd
CPwork and CPhyp. The W´ reported by the
three-parameter CP models overestimated the actual 4 minutes time to
exhaustion, with CPwork (0.48 [− 0.19 to 1.16]
minutes); and CP1/time (0.40 [− 0.13 to 0.94]
minutes) being the only valid models (p≥0.240).
Facile Installation of β-Hydroxyarylethylamino Motifs at the C2-Position of Quinoline Moiety via Copper-Catalyzed [3+3]-Cycloaddition Reaction of N-Oxide with N-Ts Aziridine
Authors: Das Animesh , Konwar Monuranjan , Das Tapashi , Naskar Arpan , Murmu Ranjit 
Published: September 2023

AbstractA general and atom-efficient synthesis of quinoline-C2-substituted β-hydroxyarylethylamino derivatives was achieved by copper-catalyzed [3+3]-cycloaddition reaction of N-oxide with N-Ts aziridines. Notably, temperature has a huge impact on this transformation as evidenced by the fact that, at 80 °C, exclusively the [3+3] cycloadduct was isolated whereas, at elevated temperature (140 °C), it has been converted into the aminated product with good yield. Notably, there is no byproduct in the overall process. The use of base-free conditions, excellent site selectivity, and good functional group tolerance are the important features of the process.
Pd-catalyzed Stereodivergent [4+2] Annulation to Access [6.7]-Fused N-Heterocycles
Authors: Huang Yuan , Ma Zhan-Cai 
Published: September 2023

AbstractStereodivergent synthesis of N-heterocycle frameworks bearing 1,3-nonadjacent stereogenic centers through a single transformation remains a high-priority challenge in organic synthesis. Herein, we highlight our recent discovery of stereodivergent access to such useful structural motifs using Pd-catalyzed [4+2] annulation reactions of vinyl benzoxazinaones and seven-membered cyclic N-sulfonyl aldimines. A wide range of N-heterocycles with 1,3-nonadjacent stereogenic centers were obtained in high efficiency and stereodivergency. Importantly, the polarity of solvents was found to play a key role in switching the diastereoselectivity. Furthermore, good enantioselectivities of these reactions were achieved by the employment of commercially available Wingphos as the chiral ligand.
An ultra-stable laser based on molecular iodine with a short-term instability of 3.3 × 10−15 for space based gravity missions
Authors: Zhang Zhenqi , Wang Zhiyuan , Liu Hongli , Yuan Wenhao , You Wen , Zhang Jie , Deng Ke , Lu Zehuang 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Many space based gravity missions require frequency stabilized lasers with stringent requirements. Toward those requirements, we develop a compact frequency-stabilized laser which is referenced to the R(56)32−0: a1 transition of molecular iodine based on the modulation transfer spectroscopy technique. The stability of the laser is limited by the beam pointing noise, the electronic servo noise, and the residual amplitude modulation (RAM) noise. To improve the beam pointing stability, the system is constructed by gluing most components of the optical system on an ultra-low expansion glass base. We use a pre-amplifier to suppress the electronic servo noise, and use a wedged electro-optic phase modulator to suppress the RAM noise. The fractional frequency instability of the system is evaluated to be 3.3 × 10−15 at 2 s and 4 s averaging time, and is lower than 6 × 10−15 at averaging times from 1 s to 10 000 s. To our knowledge, this is the best short-term (1–4 s) instability reported so far for an iodine stabilized laser. The stability fully meets the requirements of next generation gravity mission and laser interferometer space antenna mission.
Superconductor-semiconductor hybrid capacitance with a nonlinear charge–voltage profile
Authors: Lauwens Joachim , Kerkhofs Lars , Sala Arnau , Sorée Bart 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Electronic devices that work in the quantum regime often employ hybrid nanostructures to bring about a nonlinear behaviour. The nonlinearity that these can provide has proven to be useful, in particular, for applications in quantum computation. Here we present a hybrid device that acts as a capacitor with a nonlinear charge–voltage relation. The device consists of a nanowire placed between the plates of a coplanar capacitor, with a co-parallel alignment. At low temperatures, due to the finite density of states on the nanowire, the charge distribution in the capacitor is uneven and energy-dependent, resulting in a charge-dependent effective capacitance. We study this system analytically and numerically, and show that the nonlinearity of the capacitance is significant enough to be utilized in circuit quantum electrodynamics. The resulting nonlinearity can be switched on, modulated, and switched off by an external potential, thus making this capacitive device highly versatile for uses in quantum computation.
Unveiling of incubation and absorption-enhanced effects occurring during multi-shot femtosecond laser ablation of aluminum and steel surfaces
Authors: Wang Pengjie , Peng Qing 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Interactions between ultrafast lasers and metal targets are crucial in various laser micro/nano-machinings. However, the underlying incubation and absorption-enhancement mechanisms remain elusive, which hinders the quality control of laser processing. Herein, we studied the incubation effect and absorption enhancement during multi-shot femtosecond-laser ablations via combining experiments and hydrodynamic simulations, taking aluminum alloy and stainless steels as paradigm materials. Accumulation effects of heat and damage-induced deformation were revealed by the evolutions of microstructures induced by low-energy femtosecond lasers. The calculated ablation thresholds were reduced with shot number, demonstrating the incubation effect. Calculation of threshold fluence via crater diameter is better than ablation depth, because that the latter is determined by different parameters at low- and high-energy conditions. Experimental observations and hydrodynamic simulations indicated that the enhanced absorption could be attributed to several factors, including laser-induced surface micro/sub-micro structures, photoionization, and plasma evolutions.
Azimuthal ion movement in HiPIMS plasmas—part I: velocity distribution function
Authors: Thiemann-Monjé S , Held J , Schüttler S , von Keudell A , Schulz-von der Gathen V 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Magnetron sputtering discharges feature complex magnetic field configurations to confine the electrons close to the cathode surface. This magnetic field configuration gives rise to a strong electron drift in azimuthal direction, with typical drift velocities on the order of 100 km s−1. In high power impulse magnetron sputtering plasmas, the ions have also been observed to follow the movement of electrons with velocities of a few km s−1, despite being not magnetized. In this work, we report on measurements of the azimuthal ion velocity using spatially resolved optical emission spectroscopy, allowing for a more direct measurement compared to experiments performed using mass spectrometry. The azimuthal ion velocities increase with target distance, peaking at about 1.55 km s−1 for argon ions and 1.25 km s−1 for titanium ions. Titanium neutrals are also found to follow the azimuthal ion movement which is explained with resonant charge exchange collisions. The experiments are then compared to a simple test-particle simulation of the titanium ion movement, yielding good agreement to the experiments when only considering the momentum transfer from electrons to ions via Coulomb collisions as the only source of acceleration in azimuthal direction. Based on these results, we propose this momentum transfer as the primary source for ion acceleration in azimuthal direction.
Tuning and exploiting interlayer coupling in two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures
Authors: Jiao Chenyin , Pei Shenghai , Wu Song , Wang Zenghui , Xia Juan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials can stack into new material systems, with van der Waals (vdW) interaction between the adjacent constituent layers. This stacking process of 2D atomic layers creates a new degree of freedom—interlayer interface between two adjacent layers—that can be independently studied and tuned from the intralayer degree of freedom. In such heterostructures (HSs), the physical properties are largely determined by the vdW interaction between the individual layers, i.e. interlayer coupling, which can be effectively tuned by a number of means. In this review, we summarize and discuss a number of such approaches, including stacking order, electric field, intercalation, and pressure, with both their experimental demonstrations and theoretical predictions. A comprehensive overview of the modulation on structural, optical, electrical, and magnetic properties by these four approaches are also presented. We conclude this review by discussing several prospective research directions in 2D HSs field, including fundamental physics study, property tuning techniques, and future applications.
Robust stellarator optimization via flat mirror magnetic fields
Authors: Velasco J.L. , Calvo I. , Sánchez E. , Parra F.I. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Stellarator magnetic configurations need to be optimized in order to meet all the required properties of a fusion reactor. In this work, it is shown that a flat-mirror quasi-isodynamic (QI) configuration (i.e. a QI configuration with sufficiently small radial variation of the mirror term) can achieve small radial transport of energy and good confinement of bulk and fast ions even if it is not very close to perfect omnigeneity, and for a wide range of plasma scenarios, including low β and small radial electric field. This opens the door to constructing better stellarator reactors. On the one hand, they would be easier to design, as they would be robust against error fields. On the other hand, they would be easier to operate since, both during startup and steady-state operation, they would require less auxiliary power, and the heat loads on plasma-facing components caused by fast ion losses would be reduced to acceptable levels.
Drift kinetic theory of neoclassical tearing modes in tokamak plasmas: polarisation current and its effect on magnetic island threshold physics
Authors: Dudkovskaia A.V. , Connor J.W. , Dickinson D. , Hill P. , Imada K. , Leigh S. , Wilson H.R. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
A nonlinear 4-dimensional drift island theory derived in (Imada et al 2019 Nucl. Fusion
59 046016 and references therein) provides qualitative predictions of the plasma response to a stationary neoclassical tearing mode (NTM) magnetic island in a low beta, large aspect ratio tokamak plasma. (Dudkovskaia et al 2021 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion
63 054001) refines a model for the magnetic drift frequency and exploits the limit of rare collisions, reducing this theory to 3-dimensional and thus providing a more accurate treatment of the trapped-passing boundary layer. The drift island theory is further improved in (Dudkovskaia et al 2023 Nucl. Fusion
63 016020) by introducing plasma shaping and finite beta effects. In the present paper, an improved model is adopted to resolve the drift island separatrix boundary layer, allowing one to investigate the polarisation current contribution that exists around the magnetic island separatrix, including in the presence of the background electric field. In particular, different magnetic topologies from both sides of the separatrix generate a radial discontinuity in the distribution function gradient there, when collisions are neglected. Allowing for collisional dissipation in the leading order distribution function around the separatrix resolves this discontinuity, smoothing the density distribution. The overall effect of the polarisation current on the NTM threshold is then combined from the outer contributions that exist outside the layer, as well as the separatrix layer piece, and self-consistently accounts for the electrostatic potential reconstructed from plasma quasi-neutrality. The corresponding NTM threshold is quantified and compared with previous predictions of (Dudkovskaia et al 2021 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion
63 054001, Dudkovskaia et al 2023 Nucl. Fusion
63 016020).
A production interface to enable legacy factories for industry 4.0
Authors: Kwok Tsz Ho , Gaasenbeek Tom 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Due to the recent pandemic, our factory operations have experienced significant setbacks, prompting the need for factory automation to maintain productivity. However, most of our factories rely heavily on human input and oversight and cannot operate remotely. Automating our factories has revealed technological gaps that fall short of our expectations, needs, and vision. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to bridge this gap by introducing practical methodologies and applied technology that can enhance legacy factories and their equipment. Our proposed solution is the ORiON Production Interface (OPI) unit, which can function as a smart networked edge device for virtually any machine, allowing the factory to operate efficiently. We have incorporated various computer vision algorithms into the OPI unit, enabling it to autonomously detect errors, make decentralized decisions, and control quality. Despite the concept of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) being known, many machines in use today are closed source and unable to communicate or join a network. Our research offers a viable solution to implement Industry 4.0 in existing factories, and experimental results have demonstrated various applications such as process monitoring, part positioning, and broken tool detection. Our intelligent networked system is novel and enables factories to be more innovative and responsive, ultimately leading to enhanced productivity. All manufacturing companies interested in adopting Industry 4.0 technology can benefit from it, and the OPI, being an IoT device, is also an appealing option for developers and hobbyists alike.