bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainable Investment in Retirement Funds
Authors: Mitchell Olivia S. , Hammond P. Brett , Maurer Raimond 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Since its green shoots first emerged around 50 years ago, acceptance of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations in institutional investing—especially in pension funds—has evolved with distinct shifts in investor preferences. This Pension Research Council volume traces these shifts and their implications, leading up to the present day. The book notes that investors have diverse reasons for devoting attention to ESG criteria when deciding where to invest their money. Some have had religious motives, such as Quakers who focus on values; this approach can offer some risk mitigation. Nevertheless, studies that look at whether divestment actually changes behaviors of companies show that this rarely occurs. Accordingly, this book offers a variety of distinct viewpoints from a variety of countries, on whether, how, and when ESG criteria should, and should not, drive pension fund investments. Authors also find that policymakers should consider fund consolidation in private sector retirement systems, along with whether service-provider incentives could be better be aligned with sustainability incentives. For instance, boosting transparency in these markets would help generate better-informed policies, while providing beneficiaries with information relevant to their savings choices.
ESG and Expected Returns on Equities
Authors: Geczy Christopher C. , Guerard Jr. John B. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Using conventional models for expected returns of US equities, we show that firm environmental ratings interact with those forecasted returns to produce excess returns both unconditionally and conditionally. Well-known factor models do not incorporate either environmental-related return differentials or expected return premia from those scores and models. In addition, combining information from both inputs—expected return models and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) information—may provide an advantage in selecting investments. The evidence shifts the conversation about ESG reflecting only constraints to one of an expanded information and possibly investment opportunity set. Yet while we demonstrate that ESG scores can provide important information to investors about expected return, we do not evaluate whether portfolios formed from only high scoring ESG firms maximize Sharpe ratios. Future work will explore this point.
Global Pensions and ESG
Authors: Nikulina Luba 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The influence of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors has been growing exponentially in the last five years. This chapter explores whether purpose with multiple stakeholders, responsibility for the impact of investments, and systems-level engagement apply to global pension funds. Aside from government spending, global pension assets represent the largest pool of capital on the planet with the longest time horizon and multiple stakeholders across different generations. The power of influence of this capital is enormous. Many international challenges can only be solved with a global intergenerational mindset. Global pensions have great potential to address global critical issues, but our global investment value chain has mostly been missing the ‘voice from the top.’ Society would be amiss not to harness the power of this capital, but for this to happen, pension funds need to go through a transformational change which involves strengthened governance, system-wide collaboration, and innovation.
SOME USEFUL AND HARMFUL TENDENCIES WHICH RESULT FROM THE JOINT EFFECTS OF PLAN INSTRUCTIONS AND INCENTIVES
Authors: Kornai János 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the result of the joint effects of plan instructions and incentives in the economy. It mentions instructions and reliance on economic motives as the essential elements in the interconnected factors. The systems of instructions and incentives jointly result in a very powerful product leading to production increases. However, the fulfilment of plans depends primarily on doing good work. The chapter looks into the occurrence of uneven production within the machinery industry, coal mining, and light industry. It also considers the conflict of risking the future development of their enterprises for the sake of fulfilling or overfulfilling the quarterly plans of a current period.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ENTERPRISES
Authors: Kornai János 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the relationship between enterprises by looking into the roles of enterprises as buyers and sellers. When enterprises take the role of sellers, they dispose of their products. On the other hand, enterprises purchase the means of production they require for the manufacturing process when they act as buyers. The chapter then explains the relationship between light industry and domestic commerce, and the achievement of a proper balance between production and consumption. It elaborates on the model of economic mechanism wherein the system of centralized instructions and incentives regulates the productive activity of enterprises from day to day.
The Making of Black Lives Matter
Authors: Lebron Christopher J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The Making of Black Lives Matter presents a condensed and accessible intellectual history that traces the genesis of the ideas that have built into the #BlackLivesMatter movement. Drawing on the work of revolutionary black public intellectuals, including Frederick Douglass, Ida B. Wells, Langston Hughes, Zora Neal Hurston, Anna Julia Cooper, Audre Lorde, James Baldwin, and Martin Luther King Jr., the author clarifies what it means to assert that "Black Lives Matter" when faced with contemporary instances of anti-black law enforcement. The book also illuminates the crucial difference between the problem signaled by the social media hashtag and how we think that we ought to address the problem. As the author states, police body cameras, or even the exhortation for civil rights mean nothing in the absence of equality and dignity. To upset dominant practices of abuse, oppression and disregard, we must reach instead for radical sensibility. Radical sensibility requires that we become cognizant of the history of black thought and activism in order to make sense of the emotions, demands, and arguments of present-day activists and public thinkers. Only in this way can we truly embrace and pursue the idea of racial progress in America.
World War I
Authors: Chafe William H. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the influence of World War I on Black American activists. It starts with President Woodrow Wilson mandating a system of Jim Crow segregation in the government while declaring war to promote self-determination and equal rights around the world. W. E. B. Du Bois took a risk and encouraged African Americans to “close ranks” in support of the war effort. While Black people engaged in the war effort, the war also triggered changes in increased membership and mobilization within the NAACP, mass migration of Blacks toward the North and toward cities within the South, and greater employment opportunities for Blacks. The chapter also mentions how white Southerners and Northerners resisted Black demands for equity, violently repressed Black migrants, and defended the politics of white supremacy.
Why Didn't Nietzsche Get His Act Together?
Authors: Millgram Elijah 
Published: July 2023

AbstractNietzsche did his philosophizing while he was coming apart at the seams. His writing is hard for readers to find their way around because he was all over the place when he produced it. But it’s philosophy of coming apart at the seams and being all over the place, and also philosophy as a way of coping with that predicament—which makes it both fascinating and important. Why Didn’t Nietzsche Get His Act Together? has three main tasks on its agenda. Nietzsche is hard to make sense of; this is a guide, a book that shows you how to read him for yourself. Second, Nietzsche coped with his disintegrating self by philosophizing, and so this is a work that takes up disunified agency through Nietzsche’s own engagement with the topic. Third and finally, Nietzsche managed his fragmenting personality by inventing one after another meaning of life for himself; examining those inventions and the job they did for him is an occasion to ask what a meaning of life is for.
Who Was the Author of Nietzsche’sZarathustra?
Authors: Millgram Elijah 
Published: July 2023

AbstractWhy would Nietzsche have written a text that presents itself as the holy scripture of a nonexistent religion? Nietzsche parodied a book of prophesy in order to pose a problem for his own very ambitious agenda. Right now, humanity is teetering on the brink of being completely worthless, but it can be made valuable—by inventing values. However, introducing novel values normally requires institutionalizing them and, Nietzsche holds, that is bound to have perverse consequences. Nietzsche presumed familiarity with the Higher Criticism—the secular Bible scholarship of his time—and consequently expected Thus Spoke Zarathustra to be read as making a point about the sort of person who composes a religion’s canonical texts. Because the officials of an institutionalized religion are unable faithfully to represent the sorts of values Nietzsche hoped we would come to have, Zarathustra demos the need for an alternative means of rendering new values personally and socially effective.
What Is the Meaning of Life?
Authors: Millgram Elijah 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIf we follow Nietzsche’s instructions when we assess his life and accomplishments, he comes off remarkably well, not least for having invented one after another meaning of life for his own use; it emerges that the different forms a meaning for a life can be given suit different personality architectures. However, Nietzsche’s own transitions from one such architecture to another show that his famous success criterion for a life—the Eternal Return—will not do the job it is meant for. The lesson is that one should not aim to assess one’s life as a whole.
Bureaucratic Discretion and State Capacity in Russian Regions
Authors: Duvanova Dinissa 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Is bureaucratic discretion a part of state capacity? The chapter argues that administrative capacity and administrative discretion do not necessarily go hand in hand. In some situations, discretion may enable corruption and undercut bureaucratic capacity to implement policy. The chapter analyzes 85 Russian provinces and finds that administrative resources, statutory constraints, and intra-agency regulatory specificity are distributed unevenly, further reinforcing the notion that discretion should be analyzed as a separate aspect of the regulatory state. My investigation shows that formal constraints of the state bureaucracy are most beneficial for macro- and micro-economic outcomes under high-capacity settings. This conclusion is supported by the examination of the bureaucracy's impact on regional private investment, development of the SME sector, and SME turnover. My investigation suggests that state capacity is the precondition and not a substitute for predation-reducing regulatory consistency.
Towards a Theory of the Authoritarian Regulatory State
Authors: Duvanova Dinissa 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This final chapter connects the theory of the authoritarian regulatory state to the larger themes in the study of post-Soviet politics, economic development, authoritarianism, and state governance. It discusses how regulatory state-building in post-Soviet cases can explain ways in which modern authoritarianism oscillates between repression and appeasement, personal freedoms and state control, and the embrace of the neoliberal economic order and the statist economy. The chapter discusses how the authoritarian regulatory state theory can account for various economic, political, and social developments in modern authoritarian regimes, including their ambivalent relationship with corruption and the rule of law, and their selective embrace of neoliberal and developmental agendas. By piecing together different aspects of the regulatory environment analyzed throughout the book, this concluding chapter puts the state regulatory function at the center of the authoritarian state capacity building project.
Stage
Authors: Sharpe Will 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 looks at the evidence for collaboration from a theatre-historical perspective. In examining the extant repertory it reconstructs the wider picture and considers the development of collaboration as a practice from the early days to the 1642 closure of the theatres, and Shakespeare’s particular part in it. It also considers how it was used in other companies’ repertories. Another section considers the evidence for the managing of collaborative projects, the logistics of their commissioning and writing, including plotting, payment structures, and ideas of apprenticeship and hierarchy. The chapter further considers the particular difficulties encountered by playwrights in a freelance model that Shakespeare as shareholder managed to work outside of.
Idealization in Epistemology
Authors: Greco Daniel 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
It's standard in epistemology to approach questions about knowledge and rational belief using idealized, simplified models. But while the practice of constructing idealized models in epistemology is old, metaepistemological reflection on that practice is not. In this book I argue that the fact that epistemologists build idealized models isn't merely a metaepistemological observation that can leave first-order epistemological debates untouched. Rather, once we view epistemology through the lens of idealization and model-building, the landscape looks quite different. I defend a package of epistemological views that might otherwise have looked indefensibly dismissive of our cognitive limitations—a package according to which we know a wide variety of facts with certainty, including what our evidence is, what we know and don't know, and what follows from our knowledge. This package turns out to be much more plausible once viewed through the lens of idealization.
Idealization and Modeling
Authors: Greco Daniel 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In chapter one I introduce the concepts of idealization and modeling, discuss their relation, and provide some examples of model-building in philosophy. I show that idealization, at least in the broad sense in which I use the term, is ubiquitous in epistemology. I also address the question of how models can be evaluated, given that they cannot be straightforwardly true or false.
Boundary-Layer Receptivity
Authors: Ruban Anatoly I. , Gajjar Jitesh S. B. , Walton Andrew G. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Receptivity theory studies the process of excitation of instability modes in boundary layers by various ‘external perturbations’, such as free-stream turbulence, acoustic noise, and body surface roughness. Using triple-deck theory we analyse the process of Tollmien-Schlichting wave generation by a vibrating ribbon installed in the boundary layer. We first study harmonic oscillations of the ribbon and calculate the amplitude of the generated Tollmien-Schlichting wave. This leads to the concept of a receptivity coefficient. Then, an initial value problem is considered where the ribbon starts to oscillate at a certain time, creating a wave packet in the boundary layer. This is followed by analysis of the Tollmien-Schlichting wave generation by acoustic noise interacting with the wall roughness.
Coherent Structures and Self-Sustaining Processes in Shear Flows
Authors: Ruban Anatoly I. , Gajjar Jitesh S. B. , Walton Andrew G. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A self-sustaining process (SSP) is a series of interactions by which distinguishable flow structures known as rolls and streaks, which would otherwise decay due to the action of viscosity, are maintained by extracting energy from wave disturbances. In turn, the waves are themselves supported by the very structure they help to preserve. For moderate to high Reynolds numbers, these equilibrium solutions correspond to certain coherent states visited by turbulent flows. We investigate the mathematical nature of these states at both finite Reynolds number, and at asymptotically large Reynolds number where it is often referred to as a vortex-wave interaction (VWI). Here the process can be given a rigorous mathematical foundation, with the roll and streak described by a system of nonlinear three-dimensional partial differential equations, and the wave satisfying a nonlinear eigen-value problem. In a particular class of these interactions, the critical layer plays a vital role in the process.
On Indirect Rule
Authors: Forjwuor Bernard 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a historical exposition of the politics of indirect rule in Ghana. It challenges the self-evidentiality of political independence as constituting the full terms of political decolonization. Using primary and secondary sources, the chapter analyzes the policies and projects designed to transform direct coercive colonial rule (transfer of colonial administrative control) into an indirect form (self-governing colonialism). It defines this transformation of colonial governance and the logic underlying this approach as colonial renewal/revival. It demonstrates how colonial power was delegated and the mechanism of its dissemination strategically decentered. Thus, colonial power was fashioned to actively engage colonized people to participate in their own subjugation. At the same time, the sheer force of exploitative colonial obligations was filtered through the legitimate and sovereign will that should only reside with the colonized population. The chapter distinguishes between the purpose (ontological) and processes (ontic references) of colonialism. The purpose of colonialism, it argues, was designed to remain resolutely fixed, while the processes through which it is affirmed and elaborated remain in flux. The chapter also argues that this colonial form is a system of racecraft that produced the colonized as natives (as an innate and immutable racial condition), and this racial condition became the condition of possibility for the intensification of colonial obligation.
Mythologies of Political Decolonization
Authors: Forjwuor Bernard 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter reconsiders the meaning of political decolonization within the context of Ghana. It accounts for the colonial jurigenerative moment of the 1957 Independence Act (a declaration of independence) and the Independence Constitution. In this jurigenerative moment, self-determination/self-governance, and global liberal discourses of political organization were articulated as part of a series of preconditions for decolonization. Ironically, self-governance, in the form of indirect rule, was already a constitutive part of the colonial arrangement. Thus, the post-independence adoptions/affirmation of these colonial dictations and practices were a priori tainted. To critique the meaning of political decolonization, then, the chapter interrogates how indirect rule, standing at the intersection of two warring desires (colonialism and decolonization), implicates the colonial within the terms and practices of the politics of decolonization. In other words, indirect colonial rule allows for a re-articulation of decolonization that has no autonomy from the colonial it seeks to negate. In this stead, decolonization is always in excess of its articulated meanings and practices, where any specific articulation of decolonization reifies the assumed transgressed colonial.
Critique of Liberal Democracy
Authors: Forjwuor Bernard 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a critical interrogation of liberal democracy as constituted by an original colonial contract. It attempts to confront the foreclosed, if also disavowed, colonial in liberal democracy. The engagement with liberal democracy in this chapter is specific. It is a critique of the Western liberal variant introduced into Ghanaian political practices. Thus, the following are among the questions that inform the discussion: Can democracy be forcefully or otherwise imposed? Can it be established outside the constitutive will of the colonized people? If it could be imposed or established in isolation from the people’s will, does it remain democratic, or does it become something else? In what ways can we read the colonial and liberal democracy as constitutively entangled?
Introduction
Authors: Kinsey Christopher 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This book is an attempt to move the study of mercenaries and private military and security contractors forward into new areas of research. In this respect, it takes a unique approach with both its historical and contemporary analysis. First, it takes an in-depth approach to examining the role of mercenaries in South America’s Wars of Independence, Congo, and the Yemen. Second, the book attempts to explain why some mercenary operations succeed while others do not, using management theory. This is a significant point of departure, as the success or failure of mercenary operations is more usually explained using theories derived from international relations. Third, the focus on Russia and China is new. None of the books mentioned in the chapter discuss their use of mercenaries or private military and security contractors. This is not surprising given that they were written before these countries started using them in significant numbers. The book explains why both countries will continue using these actors in support of their foreign policy and strategic ambitions into the future. It does this through examining the strategic and political drivers behind their use. In the case of Russia, using mercenaries as irregular troops to advance the Kremlin’s foreign and strategic aims in Africa is standard, and part of a wider historical picture of using irregular troops at home and abroad. In the case of China, the country is likely to follow a similar path to that of the USA when it comes to using military and security contractors.
Who Is a Mercenary in the Twenty-First Century?
Authors: Kinsey Christopher 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter is the first of the contemporary chapters and is focused on Africa and the Middle East. When governments from these regions turn to the mercenary instrument for the reasons discussed earlier the West has been highly critical of them, condemning their actions as ill-judged and irresponsible. Yet, STTEP’s intervention in Nigeria during 2015 has shown, that the mercenary can have a positive impact in helping to stem civil wars. Why is it, then, that when African leaders turn to the mercenary instrument they are condemned, but when the West uses military contractors (another name for mercenaries) it is seen as legitimate? As this chapter shows, modern mercenary operations contracted by African states themselves can be successful. Despite this, the stigma they carry, as reinforced by the West, often disincentivizes local governments from utilizing them. How much longer this will remain the case is unclear. If the mercenary is going through a transformation that is likely to result in him being more politically acceptable in future, then his utility to the state as a military instrument will only grow. Therefore, the book includes analysis of the important perception that ‘one state’s mercenary is another state’s private military contractor’.