bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inequality and Stratification in Latin America
Authors: Salgado Mauricio , Castillo Javier 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews current research on inequality, social stratification, and intergenerational mobility in Latin America. It is proposed that ascriptive factors such as gender and ethno-racial markers play a distinctive role that significantly affects the position individuals occupy in the status hierarchy. Besides the traditional mediating factors in the mobility process—such as educational achievement and occupational trajectory—the region also has particularities not observed in other places. On the one hand, average returns on schooling are higher in Latin America than in any other region of the world. On the other hand, Latin American labor markets are characterized by an enormous self-employed sector. This class is much larger and more heterogeneous in Latin America, giving rise to the notion of the “informal” sector. The chapter addresses some of the mechanisms bridging ascriptive characters and social origins with the mediating factors of social mobility.
The World of the Tamil Saṅgam Poetry
Authors: Devadevan Manu V. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the Saṅgam poetry produced in the Tamil-speaking regions of southern India in the early centuries CE against its historical context. The emphasis is on the geopolitical milieu and the settlement geography, which were both undergoing profound and irreversible changes due to the transformation of existing pre-state chieftaincies into state-centred forms of political life sustained by an agrarian economy. It is argued that Saṅgam aesthetics is best understood in light of this transformation and that the recurring themes of melancholy and separation that mark the Saṅgam poetry constitute an aesthetics that the transformation has brought to life.
Treating Opioid Use During Pregnancy and Postpartum Life Phases
Authors: Jones Hendrée E. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the screening, assessment, and treatment of pregnant and postpartum women and people with opioid use disorder. The historical and current status of opioid use among pregnant women and people is first reviewed. Next, the benefits and drawbacks of medically assisted withdrawal (“detoxification”) are presented. The risks and benefits for the birthing person, fetus, and child regarding using the opioid agonist medications methadone and both formulations of buprenorphine are discussed in the context of induction and stabilization during the perinatal period. This chapter also acknowledges that not every person with the capacity for pregnancy identifies as a woman. The chapter also embraces and respects every person’s gender expression, identity, and experience, and desires to be inclusive and helpful to anyone who needs care during the perinatal time.
Data in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Cirone Alexandra 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Empirical data is essential for studies in historical political economy. The range of data is vast—scholars collect quantitative information from both primary and secondary sources, and the scope of data collection over time and space depends on the research study. Yet this chapter provides an overview of different types of quantitative historical data, commonly used in historical political economy: sociodemographic and population data, government or institutional records, geographic and spatial data, political data, economic data, ethnographic data, and civil society data. Research highlighted in this chapter serves as an introductory overview for scholars wishing to work with historical data.
The Cultural Niche
Authors: Boyd Robert 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Humans are a different kind of animal. Our species has a bigger ecological range, cooperates on larger scales, and makes greater use of tools than any other vertebrate species. Many scholars argue that these novel features of human biology are the result of enhanced cognitive ability, especially the ability to create causal explanations of natural phenomena. An alternative hypothesis holds that cumulative cultural evolution has a central role, and that causal reasoning plays a secondary role. This chapter reviews this debate arguing that there are a range of models that differ about the role of causal reasoning, trial-and-error learning, and biased cultural learning. It then presents a laboratory study that indicates that cumulative cultural evolution can occur without causal understanding and an field study among Hadza hunter-gatherers that shows that the design of an essential foraging tool does not depend on a complete understanding of the costs and benefits of alternative designs.
Cultural Evolution of Ineffective Medicine
Authors: de Barra Mícheál 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Until recently, cultural evolutionary processes rarely generated adaptive solutions to medical problems, and many commonplace treatments were more likely to harm than help. Indeed, medicine played a surprisingly limited role in life-expectancy extension until the late nineteenth century. This chapter reviews features of health and disease, and of cognition and cultural transmission, that might have impeded the evolution of effective medicine (or facilitated the persistence of maladaptive treatments). The beneficial effects of treatments are often subtle relative to changes resulting from immunological and other homeostatic processes: both noise and bias, therefore, make the search for effective treatments challenging. Moreover, biased communication of successful outcomes inflates the reputation of treatments and treatments grounded in intuitive but erroneous biological models that can be sustained irrespective of benefits. Finally, medical treatment can sometimes play an important role in signalling a legitimate need for care. These processes continue to influence medical practice.
Advances in single-cell metabolomics to unravel cellular heterogeneity in plant biology
Authors: Pandian Kanchana , Matsui Minami , Hankemeier Thomas , Ali Ahmed , Okubo-Kurihara Emiko 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Single-cell metabolomics is a powerful tool that can reveal cellular heterogeneity and can elucidate the mechanisms of biological phenomena in detail. It is a promising approach in studying plants, especially when cellular heterogeneity has an impact on different biological processes. In addition, metabolomics, which can be regarded as a detailed phenotypic analysis, is expected to answer previously unrequited questions which will lead to expansion of crop production, increased understanding of resistance to diseases, and in other applications as well. In this review, we will introduce the flow of sample acquisition and single-cell techniques to facilitate the adoption of single-cell metabolomics. Furthermore, the applications of single-cell metabolomics will be summarized and reviewed.
Different music types affect mood, focus and work performance: exploring the potential of music as therapy with AI music
Authors: Padillah Raup , Hidayah Nur , Atmoko Adi 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIt is crucial in music therapy to select the right music type especially in the workplace. Exploring the potential of music as therapy and leveraging AI music for genre selection can unlock transformative possibilities in the workplace. The power of music as therapy with AI music and experience its positive impact on mood, focus and overall work performance.
Usefulness of electrocardiogram mA modulation during the electrocardiogram-gated CT scan in paediatrics with high heart rate for different helical pitch: a phantom-based assessment study
Authors: Masuda Takanori , Funama Yoshinori , Nakaura Takeshi , Sato Tomoyasu , Oku Takayuki , Gotanda Rumi , Arao Keiko , Imaizumi Hiromasa , Arao Shinichi , Ono Atsushi , Hiratsuka Junichi , Awai Kazuo 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
We investigated the effect of electrocardiographic (ECG) mA-modulation of ECG-gated scans of computed tomography (CTA) on radiation dose and image noise at high heart rates (HR) above 100 bpm between helical pitches (HP) 0.16 and 0.24. ECG mA-modulation range during ECG-gated CTA is 50–100 mA, the phase setting is 40–60% and the scan range is 90 mm for clinical data during HR for 90, 120 and 150 bpm. Radiation dose and image noise in Housfield units are measured for CT equipment during HR for 90, 120 and 150 bpm between HP 0.16 and 0.24. ECG mA-modulation, dose reduction ratio for HR 90, 120 and 150 bpm are 19.1, 13.4 and 8.7% at HP 0.16 and 17.1, 13.3 and 7.7% at HP 0.24, respectively. No significant differences were observed in image noise between both HP. Dose reductions of 8–24% are achieved with ECG mA-modulation during ECG-gated CCTA scan, which is beneficial even in high HR more than 100 bpm.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Apoptotic Extracellular Vesicles (ApoEVs): Mechanism and Application in Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Zhu Yufan , Chen Xihang , Liao Yunjun 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are commonly used as a source for cellular therapy owing to their strong immunosuppressive and regenerative effects. However, MSCs undergo extensive apoptosis within a short period after transplantation. During apoptosis, MSCs generate several apoptotic extracellular vesicles (MSCs-ApoEVs). MSCs-ApoEVs are rich in miRNomes, metabolites, and proteomes. They are critical intercellular communication mediators that can exert different regulatory effects on recipient cells. MSCs-ApoEVs have been shown to promote regeneration in the skin, hair, bone, muscle, and vascular system, etc. This review describes the production, release, isolation, and functionality of ApoEVs in detail. Furthermore, we summarize the existing mechanisms of MSCs-ApoEVs used for tissue regeneration and evaluate the possible strategies for their clinical application.
Suicide Risk among University Students in Spain: Implications for Social Work
Authors: Reina-Aguilar Pastora , Díaz-Jiménez Rosa María , Caravaca-Sánchez Francisco 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Suicide is a phenomenon that affects university students all over the world, and although vulnerability has been revealed in universities, there are still few studies that include large populations, a large number of universities and students pursuing different degrees. The study presented here aims to detect the risk of suicide in Spanish university students pursuing different areas of study. A total of 2,025 students from 16 Spanish universities and 17 degree programs completed an online questionnaire assessing support and suicide risk factors. The results indicate that 29.2 percent of the university students had experienced suicidal ideation in their lifetime. Logistic regression analysis showed that this risk was associated with depressive symptomatology and having suffered sexual violence. In contrast, self-esteem, life satisfaction, and perceived support were shown to be protective factors. Suicide risk affects one in three students. The present study includes particular implications for decision makers in the university community and other related governmental bodies, as well as for social work.
What causes transformation of the parasitic copepod? A new example of host switching in the family Anthessiidae (Cyclopoida) from Singaporean waters, with the proposal of a new genus
Authors: Uyeno Daisuke , Hashimoto Rina , Watanabe Hiromi K 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Merlionia zeeae , a new species belonging to a new genus, is described as a member of the cyclopoid family Anthessiidae (Copepoda), based on both sexes collected off the coast of Singapore. The new species was found in the gill cavities of the longnosed stargazer, Ichthyscopus lebeck (Actinopteri: Perciformes: Uranoscopidae), although almost all members of the family are associated with molluscan hosts. However, this copepod is not similar to other genera of the family Anthessiidae due to possessing the following characters: the curved hook-like antenna, which is similar to that of the family Chondracanthidae in both sexes; the distal portion of the maxilla covered with numerous spinules; and the lack of the maxilliped in the female. Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inferences using partial SSU (18S) ribosomal RNA genes strongly supported a monophyletic clade formed by the new genus, and three anthessiid genera in this study. However, it was not supported that Anthessiidae and Chondracanthidae are closely related. Therefore, the new genus is considered to be a highly transformed member of the former, and the chondracanthid-form antenna might therefore be a product of convergent evolution attributable to the host-switching event from molluscs to fishes.
Jumping continents and major host lineages: phylogeny and diversity of the enigmatic Cryptotropidae (Platyhelminthes: Digenea)
Authors: Tkach Vasyl V , Chermak Taylor P , Patitucci Kaylyn K , Greiman Stephen E , Thi Binh Tran , Olson Peter D 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Members of several genera in the digenean superfamily Microphalloidea, namely Renschetrema, Rohdetrema, Cryptotropa, Cephalouterina and Pseudocryptotropa, are characterized by an unusual dorsal position of the genital atrium. In the absence of phylogenetic data, their systematic position has been unstable. In the most recent taxonomic revision of the Microphalloidea, they were housed in three different families. We studied the morphology and obtained DNA sequences of several microphallolideans with a dorsal genital pore, collected from vertebrates in Southeast Asia and South America. We used sequences of the nuclear 28S gene to infer a superfamily-level phylogeny and sequences of the mitochondrial cox1 gene for family-level phylogeny and species-level comparisons. Based on the combination of molecular phylogenetic data and morphological features, we restore the Cryptotropidae and synonymize the Renschetrematidae with the Cryptotropidae. We erect new genera Paracryptotropagen. nov. and Armadoatriumgen. nov., provide amended diagnoses of the Cryptotropidae and Renschetrema and provide keys to the identification of genera within the family. We resurrect the genus Novetrema, previously synonymized with Pseudocryptotropa, and remove Renschetrema indicum from Renschetrema. We describe four new species from lizards in Vietnam and birds in the Philippines and Peru. The unique morphological features and unusually broad host associations and geographical distributions of cryptotropids are discussed.
Eccrine Angiomatous Hamartoma with Atypical Localization Treated by Mohs Micrographic Surgery
Authors: D’Acunto Carmine , Riccioni Luca , Scarpellini Francesca , Purpura Valeria , Melandri Davide 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
Eccrine angiomatous hamartoma (EAH) is a rare hamartoma characterized by a benign proliferation of eccrine glands and vascular structures in the dermis. These tumors rarely regress spontaneously, so surgical excision of the involved tissue is required when pain or enlargement occurs. Here, the authors report the clinical case of a patient affected by an extremely painful EAH with the atypical localization at the last phalanx of the thumb of the right hand with involvement of nail matrix and nail bed. This report aims to emphasize the application of Mohs micrographic surgery for the treatment of painful EAH in a very difficult area at potential risk of amputation while preserving the maximum anatomical integrity and function of the damaged area. These results can pave the way for the use of Mohs micrographic surgery for very carefully selected benign neoplasms when their surgical removal is required.
Bone Turnover Markers in Patients With Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament in the Thoracic Spine
Authors: Sasaki Katsuyuki , Doi Toru , Inoue Tomohisa , Tozawa Keiichiro , Nakarai Hiroyuki , Yoshida Yuichi , Ito Yusuke , Ohtomo Nozomu , Sakamoto Ryuji , Nakajima Koji , Nagata Kosei , Okamoto Naoki , Nakamoto Hideki , Kato So , Taniguchi Yuki , Matsubayashi Yoshitaka , Okazaki Ken , Tanaka Sakae , Oshima Yasushi 
Published: June 2023

Study Design.
A prospective, single-center, observational study.

Objective.
To explore the association between serum levels of bone turnover markers and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) in the thoracic spine.

Summary of Background Data.
The relationship between bone turnover markers, such as N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP) or tartrate-resistant acid phosphate 5b (TRACP-5b), and OPLL has previously been examined. However, the correlation between these markers and thoracic OPLL, which is more severe than cervical-only OPLL, remains unclear.

Methods.
This prospective study included 212 patients from a single institution with compressive spinal myelopathy and divided them into those without OPLL (Non-OPLL group, 73 patients) and those with OPLL (OPLL group, 139 patients). The OPLL group was further subdivided into cervical OPLL (C-OPLL, 92 patients) and thoracic OPLL (T-OPLL, 47 patients) groups. Patients’ characteristics and biomarkers related to bone metabolism, such as calcium, inorganic phosphate (Pi), 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1α,25 dihydroxyvitamin D, PINP, and TRACP-5b, were compared between the Non-OPLL and OPLL groups, as well as the C-OPLL and T-OPLL groups. Bone metabolism biomarkers were also compared after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and the presence of renal impairment using propensity score-matched analysis.

Results.
The OPLL group had significantly lower serum levels of Pi and higher levels of PINP versus the Non-OPLL group as determined by propensity score-matched analysis. The comparison results between the C-OPLL and T-OPLL groups using a propensity score-matched analysis showed that T-OPLL patients had significantly higher concentrations of bone turnover markers, such as PINP and TRACP-5b, compared with C-OPLL patients.

Conclusions.
Increased systemic bone turnover may be associated with the presence of OPLL in the thoracic spine, and bone turnover markers such as PINP and TRACP-5b can help screen for thoracic OPLL.
Single-level Anterior Cervical discEctomy and Fusion has Lower Five-year Revisions than Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy in a Large National Cohort
Authors: Jayaram Rahul H. , Joo Peter Y. , Gouzoulis Michael J. , Ratnasamy Philip P. , Caruana Dennis L. , Grauer Jonathan N. 
Published: June 2023

Study Desig.
Retrospective cohort study using the 2010-2020 MSpine PearlDiver administrative dataset.

Objective.
To compare perioperative adverse events and five-year revisions for single-level ACDF versus PCF.

Summary of Background Data.
Cervical disc disease can often be treated surgically using single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) or posterior cervical foraminotomy (PCF). Prior studies have suggested that posterior approaches provide similar short-term outcomes as ACDF; however, posterior procedures may have an increased risk of revision surgery.

Methods.
The database was queried for patients undergoing elective single-level ACDF or PCF (excluding cases performed for myelopathy, trauma, neoplasm, and/or infection). Outcomes including specific complications, readmission and reoperations were assessed Multivariable logistic regression was used to ascertain odds ratios (OR) of 90-day adverse events controlling for age, sex, and co-morbidities. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to determine 5-year rates of cervical reoperation in the ACDF and PCF cohorts

Results.
A total of 31,953 patients treated by ACDF (29,958, 93.76%) or PCF (1,995, 6.24%) were identified. Multivariable analysis, controlling for age, sex, and comorbidities, demonstrated that PCF was associated with a significantly greater odds of aggregated serious adverse events (OR 2.17, P<0.001), wound dehiscence (OR 5.89, P<0.001), surgical site infection (OR 3.66, P<0.001), and pulmonary embolism (OR 1.72, P=0.04). However, PCF was associated with significantly lower odds of readmission (OR 0.32, P<0.001), dysphagia (OR 0.44, P<0.001), and pneumonia (OR 0.50, P=0.004). At five years, PCF cases had a significantly higher cumulative revision rate compared to ACDF cases (19.0% vs. 14.8%, P<0.001).

Conclusions.
he current study is the largest to date to compare short-term adverse events and five-year revision rates between single-level ACDF and PCF for non-myelopathy elective cases. Perioperative adverse events differed by procedure, and it was notable that the incidence of cumulative revisions was higher for PCF. These findings can be used in decision making when there is clinical equipoise between ACDF and PCF.
Granulomatous Cheilitis Preceding Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Crohn's Disease
Authors: Eubanks Bianca N. , Seykora Caitlin M. , Bandino Justin P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract:
We describe a 20-year-old male with no significant medical history who presented with a 1-month history of painless upper and lower lip edema initially treated with antibiotics for suspected cellulitis before arriving to the clinic. After a failed response to that treatment, a lip biopsy was eventually performed and consistent with a diagnosis of granulomatous cheilitis. In addition to oral and topical corticosteroids and tacrolimus, the patient adopted the cinnamon- and benzoate-free diet with some improvement of his lip swelling. Persistent mild tachycardia led to a cardiology referral for further evaluation and sarcoidosis workup. A gastroenterology consult was placed to correlate his presentation with Crohn's disease. The cardiology workup was noncontributory, and the patient was ultimately diagnosed with Crohn's disease after evaluation with laboratory studies and colonoscopy. This case highlights the need to evaluate for Crohn's disease in patients who present with granulomatous cheilitis, even in the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms, and the potential benefit of incorporating a cinnamon- and benzoate-free diet in treatment.
A phase 1/2, open-label, parallel group study to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of DARE-HRT1 (80 μg estradiol/4 mg progesterone and 160 μg estradiol/8 mg progesterone intravaginal rings) over 12 weeks in healthy postmenopausal women
Authors: Thurman Andrea , Hull M. Louise , Stuckey Bronwyn , Hatheway Jessica , Zack Nadene , Mauck Christine , Friend David 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Primary objectives were to evaluate the safety and systemic pharmacokinetics (PK) of DARE-HRT1, an intravaginal ring (IVR), which releases 17β2-Estradiol (E2) with progesterone (P4) for 28 days in healthy postmenopausal women.

Methods
This was a randomized, open-label, 2-arm, parallel group study in 21 healthy postmenopausal women with an intact uterus. Women were randomized (1:1) to either DARE-HRT1 IVR1 (E2 80 μg/d with P4 4 mg/d) or DARE-HRT1 IVR2 (E2 160 μg/d with P4 8 mg/d). They used the IVR for three 28-day cycles, inserting a new IVR monthly. Safety was measured by treatment emergent adverse events and changes in systemic laboratories and the endometrial bilayer width. Baseline adjusted plasma PK of E2, P4, and estrone (E1) was described.

Results
Both DARE-HRT1 IVR were safe. All treatment emergent adverse events were mild or moderate and were distributed similarly among IVR1 versus IVR2 users. Month 3 median maximum plasma (C
max) P4 concentrations were 2.81 and 3.51 ng/mL and C
max E2 was 42.95 and 77.27 pg/mL for IVR1 and IVR2 groups, respectively. Month 3 median steady state (C
ss) plasma P4 concentrations were 1.19 and 1.89 ng/mL, and C
ss E2 was 20.73 and 38.16 pg/mL for IVR1 and IVR2 users, respectively.

Conclusions
Both DARE-HRT1 IVRs were safe and released E2 in systemic concentrations, which were in the low, normal premenopausal range. Systemic P4 concentrations predict endometrial protection. Data from this study support further development of DARE-HRT1 for the treatment of menopausal symptoms.