bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Has the degree of outcome reporting bias in surgical randomized trials changed? A meta‐regression analysis
Authors: Wang Andy , Menon Rahul , Li Tom , Harris Laura , Harris Ian A. , Naylor Justine , Adie Sam 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBackgroundOutcome reporting bias in individual trials can compromise the validity of pooled estimates within systematic reviews. Recent strategies have attempted to address outcome reporting bias, which favours the full reporting of statistically significant outcomes over non‐significant outcomes. We examined whether the association between full outcome reporting and statistical significance in surgical trials has changed from 2009 to 2019.MethodsWe systematically searched for 350 surgical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from 2009 and 350 surgical RCTs from 2019. Outcomes were classified as fully reported, partially reported, qualitatively reported or unreported. For each outcome, a contingency table was populated with full outcome reporting (yes/no) and statistical significance (yes/no). We combined odds ratios in random effects meta‐analysis to estimate the association between full outcome reporting and statistical significance in 2009 compared with 2019.ResultsTwenty‐eight percent of outcomes in 2009 were incompletely reported, compared with 30% in 2019. In 2009, significant outcomes were more likely to be fully reported than non‐significant outcomes (OR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.7–3.4, I2 = 35%), but the opposite association was seen in 2019 (OR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.34–0.77, I2 = 43%). RCTs from 2019 were less likely to demonstrate outcome reporting bias favouring significant outcomes (OR = 0.21, 95% CI 0.12–0.35, P < 0.001).ConclusionOutcome reporting bias favouring the full reporting of significant over non‐significant outcomes was demonstrated in 2009, but the opposite association was seen in 2019. There remains a high prevalence of incomplete outcome reporting. We recommend ongoing adherence to trial protocol guidelines to improve outcome reporting transparency and completeness.
Estimation of genetic parameters for production, reproduction, and growth curve of Fars indigenous chicken
Authors: Neysi Saeid , Ghaderi‐Zefrehei Mostafa , Rafeie Farjad , Dolatabady Mustafa Muhaghegh , Elahi Torshizi Mahdi , Zakizadeh Sonia , Smith Jacqueline 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIranian native chicken, including Fars indigenous chicken, is an important genetic resource due to its adaptation to stressful environmental conditions, good endurance and resistance to disease. The aim of this research was to determine the genetic infrastructure of Fars indigenous chicken using several nonlinear functions. The dataset included body weight at hatch (BW1), body weight at the 8th week (BW8), body weight at the 12th week (BW12), weight at sexual maturity (WSM), age at sexual maturity (ASM), number of eggs in the first 12 weeks of laying period (EN), egg weight at the first day of laying (EW1), average egg weight at the 28thday of laying (EW28), and average egg weight at weeks 28, 30, and 32 of the laying period (AEW). Growth models were fitted using the NLIN procedure and WOMBAT software was used to predict variance components for the best fit model parameters. Results suggested three‐parameter models, for example, Gompertz, fitted better to the data than others. The maturity weight (A), initial weight (B), and maturity rate (K) parameters in the Gompertz model were 1996.8 ± 6.63, 4.11 ± 0.03, and 0.021 ± 0.0001, respectively. The heritability of A, B, and K parameters were 0.03, 0.05, and 0.12, respectively.
Estimating Population Size: The Importance of Model and Estimator Choice
Authors: Schofield Matthew R. , Barker Richard J. , Link William A. , Pavanato Heloise 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWe consider estimator and model choice when estimating abundance from capture–recapture data. Our work is motivated by a mark–recapture distance sampling example, where model and estimator choice led to unexpectedly large disparities in the estimates. To understand these differences, we look at three estimation strategies (maximum likelihood estimation, conditional maximum likelihood estimation, and Bayesian estimation) for both binomial and Poisson models. We show that assuming the data have a binomial or multinomial distribution introduces implicit and unnoticed assumptions that are not addressed when fitting with maximum likelihood estimation. This can have an important effect in finite samples, particularly if our data arise from multiple populations. We relate these results to those of restricted maximum likelihood in linear mixed effects models.
False alarms and information transmission in grouping animals
Authors: Gray Leah , Webster Mike M. 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACTA key benefit of grouping in prey species is access to social information, including information about the presence of predators. Larger groups of prey animals respond both sooner and at greater distances from predators, increasing the likelihood that group members will successfully avoid capture. However, identifying predators in complex environments is a difficult task, and false alarms (alarm behaviours without genuine threat) appear surprisingly frequent across a range of taxa including insects, amphibians, fish, mammals, and birds. In some bird flocks, false alarms have been recorded to substantially outnumber true alarms. False alarms can be costly in terms of both the energetic costs of producing alarm behaviours as well as lost opportunity costs (e.g. abandoning a feeding patch which was in fact safe, losing sleep if an animal is resting/roosting, or losing mating opportunities). Models have shown that false alarms may be a substantial but underappreciated cost of group living, introducing an inherent risk to using social information and a vulnerability to the propagation of false information. This review will focus on false alarms, introducing a two‐stage framework to categorise the different factors hypothesised to influence the propensity of animal groups to produce false alarms. A number of factors may affect false alarm rate, and this new framework splits these factors into two core processing stages: (i) individual perception and response; and (ii) group processing of predator information. In the first stage, individuals in the group monitor the environment for predator cues and respond. The factors highlighted in this stage influence the likelihood that an individual will misclassify stimuli and produce a false alarm (e.g. lower light levels can make predator identification more difficult and false alarms more common). In the second stage, alarm information from individuals is processed by the group. The factors highlighted in this stage influence the likelihood of alarm information being copied by group members and propagated through the group (e.g. some animals implement group processing mechanisms that regulate the spread of behavioural responses such as consensus decision making through the quorum response). This review follows the structure of this new framework, focussing on the causes of false alarms, factors that influence false alarm rate, the transmission of alarm information through animal groups, mechanisms to mitigate the spread of false alarms, and the consequences of false alarms.
Not When But Whether: Modality and Future Time Reference in English and Dutch
Authors: Robertson Cole , Roberts Seán G. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPrevious research on linguistic relativity and economic decisions hypothesized that speakers of languages with obligatory tense marking of future time reference (FTR) should value future rewards less than speakers of languages which permit present tense FTR. This was hypothesized on the basis of obligatory linguistic marking (e.g., will) causing speakers to construe future events as more temporally distal and thereby to exhibit increased “temporal discounting”: the subjective devaluation of outcomes as the delay until they will occur increases. However, several aspects of this hypothesis are incomplete. First, it overlooks the role of “modal” FTR structures which encode notions about the likelihood of future outcomes (e.g., might). This may influence “probability discounting”: the subjective devaluation of outcomes as the probability of their occurrence decreases. Second, the extent to which linguistic structures are subjectively related to temporal or probability discounting differences is currently unknown. To address these, we elicited FTR language and subjective ratings of temporal distance and probability from speakers of English, which exhibits strongly grammaticized FTR, and Dutch, which does not. Several findings went against the predictions of the previous hypothesis: Framing an FTR statement in the present (“Ellie arrives later on”) versus the future tense (“…will arrive…”) did not affect ratings of temporal distance; English speakers rated future statements as relatively more temporally proximal than Dutch speakers; and English and Dutch speakers rated future tenses as encoding high certainty, which suggests that obligatory future tense marking might result in less discounting. Additionally, compared with Dutch speakers, English speakers used more low‐certainty terms in general (e.g., may) and as a function of various experimental factors. We conclude that the prior cross‐linguistic observations of the link between FTR and psychological discounting may be caused by the connection between low‐certainty modal structures and probability discounting, rather than future tense and temporality.
The Bias–Variance Tradeoff in Cognitive Science
Authors: Doroudi Shayan , Rastegar Seyed Ali 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe bias–variance tradeoff is a theoretical concept that suggests machine learning algorithms are susceptible to two kinds of error, with some algorithms tending to suffer from one more than the other. In this letter, we claim that the bias–variance tradeoff is a general concept that can be applied to human cognition as well, and we discuss implications for research in cognitive science. In particular, we show how various strands of research in cognitive science can be interpreted in light of the bias–variance tradeoff, giving insight into individual differences in learning, the nature of cognitive processes, and debates in cognitive science research.
Prevalence and characteristics of anxiety in patients with unconfirmed pulmonary nodules
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Hui , Wang Ting , Ao Min , He Jinglan , Duan Jun , Cui Long‐Biao , Guo Shuliang , Yang Li 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis study focuses on the prevalence and characteristics of anxiety in patients with pulmonary nodules that was assessed by Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) scores. A total of 890 patients were enrolled in this study, including incidence of absence of anxiety n = 343 (38.54%), mild or probable anxiety n = 459 (51.57%) and moderate or definite anxiety n = 79 (8.88%) and obvious anxiety n = 9 (1.01%), respectively. According to the definition of anxiety, 88 (9.89%) patients were enrolled in anxiety group. The incidence of anxiety in females was significantly higher than male (11.98% vs. 7.20%, p = 0.018), patients with respiratory symptoms were significantly higher than without respiratory symptoms (13.33% vs. 8.50%, p = 0.029) and diameter of pulmonary nodules >8 mm is significantly higher than ≤8 mm (13.35% vs. 7.10%, p = 0.002). Regression analysis showed that female (OR = 0.548, 95% CI: 0.340–0.884), family history of malignant tumour (OR = 1.691, 95% CI: 1.067–2.678), respiratory symptoms (OR = 1.713, 95% CI: 1.073–2.733) and diameter >8 mm (OR = 2.135, 95% CI: 1.350–3.375) were independent risk factors of anxiety. Further analysis of 88 patients with anxiety showed the sum of psychic anxiety was significantly higher than somatic anxiety (16.66 ± 2.46 vs. 0.97 ± 1.10, p < 0.0001). Hence, vast majority of patients with unconfirmed pulmonary nodules suffered various severity of anxiety and manifested as psychic anxiety. And gender, respiratory symptoms, family history of malignant tumour and diameter of pulmonary nodules were independent influencing factors of anxiety. Effective strategies urgently need exploring and providing for improving the mental health.
Physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic model to investigate the effect of pregnancy on risperidone and paliperidone pharmacokinetics: Application to a pregnant woman and her neonate
Authors: Mahdy Walaa Y. B. , Yamamoto Kazuhiro , Ito Takahiro , Fujiwara Naoko , Fujioka Kazumichi , Horai Tadasu , Otsuka Ikuo , Imafuku Hitomi , Omura Tomohiro , Iijima Kazumoto , Yano Ikuko 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the effects of pregnancy and ontogeny on risperidone and paliperidone pharmacokinetics by assessing their serum concentrations in two subjects and constructing a customized physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. Risperidone and paliperidone serum concentrations were determined in a pregnant woman and her newborn. PBPK models for risperidone and paliperidone in adults, pediatric, and pregnant populations were developed and verified using the Simcyp simulator. These models were then applied to our two subjects, generating their “virtual twins.” Effects of pregnancy on both drugs were examined using models with fixed pharmacokinetic parameters. In the neonatal PBPK simulation, 10 different models for estimating the renal function of neonates were evaluated. Risperidone was not detected in the serum of both pregnant woman and her newborn. Maternal and neonatal serum paliperidone concentrations were between 2.05–3.80 and 0.82–1.03 ng/ml, respectively. Developed PBPK models accurately predicted paliperidone's pharmacokinetics, as shown by minimal bias and acceptable precision across populations. The individualized maternal model predicted all observed paliperidone concentrations within the 90% prediction interval. Fixed‐parameter simulations showed that CYP2D6 activity largely affects risperidone and paliperidone pharmacokinetics during pregnancy. The Flanders metadata equation showed the lowest absolute bias (mean error: 22.3% ± 6.0%) and the greatest precision (root mean square error: 23.8%) in predicting paliperidone plasma concentration in the neonatal population. Our constructed PBPK model can predict risperidone and paliperidone pharmacokinetics in pregnant and neonatal populations, which could help with precision dosing using the PBPK model‐informed approach in special populations.
Pyridoxamine reduces methylglyoxal and markers of glycation and endothelial dysfunction, but does not improve insulin sensitivity or vascular function in abdominally obese individuals: A randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Van den Eynde Mathias D. G. , Houben Alfons J. H. M. , Scheijen Jean L. J. M. , Linkens Armand M. A. , Niessen Petra M. , Simons Nynke , Hanssen Nordin M. J. , Kusters Yvo H. A. M. , Eussen Simone J. M. P. , Miyata Toshio , Stehouwer Coen D. A. , Schalkwijk Casper G. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAimTo investigate the effects of pyridoxamine (PM), a B6 vitamer and dicarbonyl scavenger, on glycation and a large panel of metabolic and vascular measurements in a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial in abdominally obese individuals.Materials and methodsIndividuals (54% female; mean age 50 years; mean body mass index 32 kg/m2) were randomized to an 8‐week intervention with either placebo (n = 36), 25 mg PM (n = 36) or 200 mg PM (n = 36). We assessed insulin sensitivity, β‐cell function, insulin‐mediated microvascular recruitment, skin microvascular function, flow‐mediated dilation, and plasma inflammation and endothelial function markers. PM metabolites, dicarbonyls and advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) were measured using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Treatment effects were evaluated by one‐way ANCOVA.ResultsIn the high PM dose group, we found a reduction of plasma methylglyoxal (MGO) and protein‐bound Nδ‐(5‐hydro‐5‐methyl‐4‐imidazolon‐2‐yl)‐ornithine (MG‐H1), as compared to placebo. We found a reduction of the endothelial dysfunction marker soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (sVCAM‐1) in the low and high PM dose group and of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (sICAM‐1) in the high PM dose, as compared to placebo. We found no treatment effects on insulin sensitivity, vascular function or other functional outcome measurements.ConclusionsThis study shows that PM is metabolically active and reduces MGO, AGEs, sVCAM‐1 and sICAM‐1, but does not affect insulin sensitivity and vascular function in abdominally obese individuals. The reduction in adhesion markers is promising because these are important in the pathogenesis of endothelial damage and atherosclerosis.
Design of an interactive system for access cavity assessment: A novel feedback tool for preclinical endodontics
Authors: Choi Seongwon , Choi Jiwon , Peters Ove A. , Peters Christine I. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIntroductionA software program was developed to provide visual, guided feedback to students for access cavity preparations in preclinical learning. The specific aim of the study was to investigate students' overall experiences with the new learning method and compare their experiences with traditional teaching.Materials and MethodsA workflow based on freely available software was designed to interactively register three‐dimensional models of molars with access cavities, and to metrically compare these to instructor‐prepared standard cavities.Third‐year students practicing molar endodontics access cavity preparation in the preclinical course were then surveyed. A total of 44/79 students completed self‐administered questionnaires prior and after the use of the feedback software to gauge their learning experience.ResultsThe results of the post‐training questionnaire illustrated that all surveyed students agreed/strongly agreed that the software assisted their learning in access cavity preparation. In addition, 86 and 89%, respectively, of students agreed that the use of the software improved their skills of access cavity preparation and felt more confident about their access cavity preparation skills after using the software package, 3D Dental Align.DiscussionThe presented software solution permitted setting and comparing access cavity preparations by students against a standard access prepared by an instructor. The process of data acquisition and registration was fast and straightforward. Student feedback was very positive and suggested the integration of this type of experiential learning into the preclinical curriculum.ConclusionThis feasibility study demonstrated the utility of the new technology to assist dental students' access cavity preparation learning.
Platelet kinetics in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopaenia treated with thrombopoietin receptor agonists
Authors: Pravdic Zlatko , Suvajdzic‐Vukovic Nada , Djurdjevic Predrag , Pantic Nikola , Bukumiric Zoran , Virijevic Marijana , Todorovic‐Tirnanic Mila , Thachil Jecko , Mitrovic Mirjana 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIntroductionThrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO‐RAs) increase platelet counts (PC) in the majority of patients with chronic immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP). Platelet kinetics study (PKS) might contribute to the understanding of mechanisms that lead to durable response.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effects of TPO‐RAs on PKS parameters in chronic ITP patients.MethodsFifteen chronic ITP patients, aged 59 years [range: 22–84], female/male: 10/5, splenectomised 7/15, were treated with TPO‐RAs (eltrombopag/romiplostim: 11/4). Durable response was defined as PC ≥30 × 109/L at 6 months. Autologous 111Indium‐oxinate PKS was performed before and 5 months after TPO‐RAs initiation. Accordingly, platelet survival (PS), platelet turnover, production ratio and sequestration site were assessed.ResultsDurable response was achieved in 13/15 of patients (eltrombopag/romiplostim: 10/3). Pre‐treatment parameters were: PC 10 × 109/L [range: 1–110], PS 0.5 days [range: 0.1–1.7 (normal values: 7–10)], platelet turnover 30 857 Plt/μL/day [range: 944–103 500] and platelet production ratio 0.64 [range: 0.01–3.2 (normal values: 1 ± 0.2)]. Post‐treatment assessment showed significantly higher: PC 92.5 × 109/L [range: 28–260, p = .001], PS 2.2 days [range: 0.1–3.6, p = .008], platelet turnover 70 213 Plt/μL/day [range: 2800–462 236, p = .02] and platelet production ratio 1.8 [range: 0.5–37.9, p = .011] compared to the pre‐treatment values. Platelet sequestration site altered in 3/15 treated with TPO‐RAs.ConclusionsTPO‐RAs could increase PC by simultaneous increasing of platelet production and decreasing of platelet destruction.
Desmopressin as a hemostatic and blood sparing agent in bleeding disorders
Authors: Mohinani Ajay , Patel Sarah , Tan Virginia , Kartika Thomas , Olson Sven , DeLoughery Thomas G. , Shatzel Joseph 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIntranasal, subcutaneous, or intravenous desmopressin can be utilized to release von Willebrand Factor and Factor VIII into circulation, enhance platelet adhesion and shorten bleeding time. Due to these properties, desmopressin can be effective in controlling bleeding in mild hemophilia A, certain subtypes of von Willebrand disease and in acute bleeding from uremia, end stage renal disease, and liver disease. Its use, however, can be complicated by hyponatremia and rarely arterial thrombotic events. While desmopressin has also been used as a prophylactic blood sparing agent in orthopedic, renal, and hepatic procedures, clinical studies have shown limited benefit in these settings. The purpose of this article is to review the evidence for desmopressin in primary hematologic disorders, discuss its mechanism of action and evaluate its utility as a hemostatic and blood sparing product in various bleeding conditions.
Acute stress alters probabilistic reversal learning in healthy male adults
Authors: Wieland Lara , Ebrahimi Claudia , Katthagen Teresa , Panitz Martin , Luettgau Lennart , Heinz Andreas , Schlagenhauf Florian , Sjoerds Zsuzsika 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBehavioural adaptation is a fundamental cognitive ability, ensuring survival by allowing for flexible adjustment to changing environments. In laboratory settings, behavioural adaptation can be measured with reversal learning paradigms requiring agents to adjust reward learning to stimulus–action–outcome contingency changes. Stress is found to alter flexibility of reward learning, but effect directionality is mixed across studies. Here, we used model‐based functional MRI (fMRI) in a within‐subjects design to investigate the effect of acute psychosocial stress on flexible behavioural adaptation. Healthy male volunteers (n = 28) did a reversal learning task during fMRI in two sessions, once after the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), a validated psychosocial stress induction method, and once after a control condition. Stress effects on choice behaviour were investigated using multilevel generalized linear models and computational models describing different learning processes that potentially generated the data. Computational models were fitted using a hierarchical Bayesian approach, and model‐derived reward prediction errors (RPE) were used as fMRI regressors. We found that acute psychosocial stress slightly increased correct response rates. Model comparison revealed that double‐update learning with altered choice temperature under stress best explained the observed behaviour. In the brain, model‐derived RPEs were correlated with BOLD signals in striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Striatal RPE signals for win trials were stronger during stress compared with the control condition. Our study suggests that acute psychosocial stress could enhance reversal learning and RPE brain responses in healthy male participants and provides a starting point to explore these effects further in a more diverse population.