bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multidirectional corneoconjunctival transposition in the treatment of large keratomalacia in 7 dogs and 5 cats
Authors: Dulaurent Thomas , Rozoy Manon , Steun Laure , Isard Pierre‐François 
Published: March 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the use of multidirectional corneoconjunctival transposition (CCT) as a surgical treatment for large keratomalacia.MethodA prospective study including dogs and cats initially presenting with keratomalacia larger than 6 × 6 mm and affecting more than half of the corneal thickness. Signalment, concurrent eye diseases, ulcer size, bacterial culture and susceptibility testing results, follow‐up, and outcome were recorded. The surgery consisted of harvesting of two or three opposite corneoconjunctival grafts, after removal of the malacic tissue using a square‐edge keratectomy. The medical treatment consisted of administration of topical and systemic antibiotics, topical atropine, and N‐acetylcysteine. Follow‐up examinations were performed at D7, D14, D21, and D28, and then at various time points. The corneal clarity score (CCS) was recorded upon completion of the follow‐up period.ResultsSeven dogs and five cats were included. Brachycephalic dogs were overrepresented, with no breed predisposition in cats. Concurrent eye diseases were corneal pigmentation in three dogs, hypopyon in two dogs, nictitating membrane wound in one dog, and corneal perforation in one cat. The size of the keratomalacia ranged from 6 × 6 to 9.5 × 11.5 mm. The short‐term complications were suture dehiscence (two of 12) and progression of the keratomalacia (one of 12). The long‐term complications were corneal pigmentation (10 of 12), corneal epithelial inclusion cyst (two of 12), and marginal synechiae (one of 12). All animals were sighted at the last follow‐up. The median CCS was G3 (range G2–G4).ConclusionMultidirectional CCT is an effective surgical treatment for large keratomalacia in dogs and cats.
Longitudinal Changes in Body Composition and Resting Metabolic Rate in Male Professional Flat Jockeys: Preliminary Outcomes and Implications for Future Research Directions
Authors: Wilson George , Langan-Evans Carl , Martin Dan , Kasper Andreas M. , Morton James P. , Close Graeme L. 
Published: March 2023

Jockeys are unique given that they make weight daily and, therefore, often resort to fasting and dehydration. Through increasing daily food frequency (during energy deficit), we have reported short-term improvements in jockey’s body composition. While these changes were observed over 6–12 weeks with food provided, it is unclear whether such improvements can be maintained over an extended period during free-living conditions. We, therefore, assessed jockeys over 5 years using dual X-ray absorptiometry, resting metabolic rate, and hydration measurements. Following dietary and exercise advice, jockeys reduced fat mass from baseline of 7.1 ± 1.4 kg to 6.1 ± 0.7 kg and 6.1 ± 0.6 kg (p < .001) at Years 1 and 5, respectively. In addition, fat-free mass was maintained with resting metabolic rate increasing significantly from 1,500 ± 51 kcal/day at baseline to 1,612 ± 95 kcal/day and 1,620 ± 92 kcal/day (p < .001) at Years 1 and 5, respectively. Urine osmolality reduced from 816 ± 236 mOsmol/L at baseline to 564 ± 175 mOsmol/L and 524 ± 156 mOsmol/L (p < .001) at Years 1 and 5, respectively. The percent of jockeys consuming a regular breakfast significantly increased from 48% at baseline to 83% (p = .009) and 87% (p = .003) at Years 1 and 5, alongside regular lunch from 35% to 92% (p < .001) and 96% (p < .001) from baseline to Years 1 and 5, respectively. In conclusion, we report that improved body composition can be maintained in free-living jockeys over a 5-year period when appropriate guidance has been provided.
Offset Loading in a Bilateral Squatting Movement Pattern Influences Ground-Reaction Force and Muscle Activity in the Dominant and Nondominant Limb
Authors: Ottinger Charlie R. , Tufano James J. , Cochrane-Snyman Kristen C. , Gheith Raad H. , McBride Jeffrey M. 
Published: March 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore whether offset loading in the barbell squat altered ground-reaction force (GRF) and muscle activation in the dominant (D) and nondominant (ND) lower limb compared to traditional squats. Methods: Twelve well-trained men (age 26.4 [3.2] y; 10.3 [1.9] y experience) performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 60% of their previously measured 1-repetition maximum. Sets were quasi-randomized between traditional loading (TDL), dominant-side offset loading (OS-D), and nondominant-side offset loading (OS-ND). All repetitions were performed on a dual force plate with electromyography sensors on the prime mover muscles of the squat. GRF symmetry was assessed using the symmetry index (SI) to determine the direction (D [+] or ND [−]) and magnitude (%) of the asymmetry. Finally, the first 3 and final 3 repetitions of each set were compared for compensatory changes in symmetry. Results: OS-D induced a significant change in limb SI relative to TDL (5.21% vs 1.44%; P = .011); however, no significant difference in limb SI was seen between TDL and OS-ND (−0.66% vs 1.44%; P = .278). No asymmetries between D and ND muscle activation were present in any condition. TDL and OS-D squats exhibited significant improvements in limb SI between the first 3 and final 3 repetitions (P = .035 and .011, respectively); however, no such improvement was seen in OS-ND. Conclusions: OS-D is capable of significantly altering GRF limb SI in a bilateral squat; however, OS-ND appears to exhibit no GRF or electromyography effects relative to TDL. Thus, the results of this study do not support the use of OS-ND in the pursuit of strengthening a weaker limb, suggesting that unilateral training may be a preferred mode of exercise for this desired outcome.
Hip Abductor and External Rotator Strengths Correlate With Hop Symmetry in Men Athletes 2 Years After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Nawasreh Zakariya H. , Yabroudi Mohammad A. , Kassas Mohamed N. , Daradkeh Sharf M. , Bashaireh Khaldoon M. 
Published: March 2023

Context: Hip muscle strength and hop performance limb symmetries after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) are not well studied. This study aimed to determine the differences in hip abductors’ (ABD) and external rotators’ (ER) muscle strength measures between limbs, and the relationship between hip ABD and ER muscle strengths and hop performance limb symmetry indices (LSIs) 2 years after ACLR. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Forty (level I/II) men athletes 2 years after unilateral ACLR completed 4 single-legged hop tests and involved hip ABD and ER strength testing (maximum voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC]; isokinetic peak torque [PKTQ] at 60°, 180°, and 300°/s; and isotonic peak velocity at 75% of their MVICs). Muscle strength measures were normalized to body mass, and hop performances were reported as LSIs. Paired t test was used to determine strength differences between limbs, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between involved hip muscle strength measures and hop performance LSIs. Results: Hip ER-MVIC (involved: 60.26 [12.01], uninvolved: 63.68 [13.17] N·m/kg) and ER eccentric PKTQ at 60°/s (involved: 32.59 [9.28]; uninvolved: 35.73 [10.50] N·m/kg) were significantly different between limbs (P ≤ .018). Single-hop LSI correlated with hip ER-PKTQ at 180°/s (r = .354) and 300°/s (r = .324, P ≤ .041), while triple-hop LSI correlated with hip ER-MVIC (r = .320), concentric ER-PKTQ at 180°/s (r = .355), eccentric ER-PKTQ at 60°/s (r = .314), and hip ABD-PKTQ at 60°/s (r = .364) and 300°/s (r = .336, P ≤ .049). Conclusions: Men athletes demonstrated symmetrical hop performance and hip muscle strengths, except for ER hip’s MVIC and isokinetic eccentric peak torque at 60°/s 2 years after ACLR. Hop performance LSIs had a few, yet positive moderate relationships with involved hip ABDs and ER strength measures. This may indicate that hip ABD and ER muscle strength measures contribute to athletes’ hop performances 2 years after ACLR. Post-ACLR rehabilitation programs might incorporate hip muscle strengthening training to improve athletes’ functional performances.
Lung cancer resection in patients with underlying usual interstitial pneumonia: a meta-analysis
Authors: Patel Akshay Jatin , Walters Gareth I , Watkins Steven , Rogers Vanessa , Fallouh Hazem , Kalkat Maninder , Naidu Babu , Bishay Ehab S 
Published: March 2023

ObjectivePatients with lung cancer with underlying idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern on CT represent a very high-risk group in terms of postoperative UIP acute exacerbations (AEs) and in-hospital mortality. We sought to investigate the outcomes in these patients.MethodsWe carried out a meta-analysis, searching four international databases from 1 January 1947 to 27 April 2022, for studies in any language reporting on the acute postoperative outcomes of patients with lung cancer undergoing surgical resection with underlying UIP (the primary outcome). Random effects meta-analyses (DerSimonian and Laird) were conducted. We analysed the difference in incidence of postoperative AE as well as the difference in long-term overall survival among subpopulations. These were stratified by the extent of surgical resection, with meta-regression testing (uniivariate and multivariate) according to the stage of disease, operative decision making and country of origin. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022319245).ResultsThe overall incidence of AE of UIP postoperatively from 10 studies (2202 patients) was 14.6% (random effects model, 95% CI 9.8 to 20.1, I2=74%). Sublobar resection was significantly associated with a reduced odds of postoperative AE (OR 0.521 (fixed effects model), 95% CI 0.339 to 0.803, p=0.0031, I2=0%). The extent of resection was not significantly associated with overall survival following lung cancer resection in UIP patients (HR for sublobar resection 0.978 (random effects model), 95% CI 0.521 to 1.833, p=0.9351, I2=71%).ConclusionsWith appropriate implementation of perioperative measures such as screening for high-risk cases, appropriate use of steroids, antifibrotics and employing sublobar resection in select cases, the risk of local recurrence versus in-hospital mortality from AEUIP can be balanced and long-term survival can be achieved in a super-selected group of patients. Further investigation in the form of a randomised study is warranted.
Recent nucleosynthesis in the solar neighbourhood, detected with live radionuclides
Authors: Korschinek Gunther , Faestermann Thomas 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn this article we try to summarize all information, gathered in the last three decades, on short-lived (order of Myr) radionuclides found in the Solar System with interstellar origin, most probably due to stellar processes like supernovae. The most important isotope is$$^{60}$$60Fe, but we discuss also information on$$^{26}$$26Al,$$^{244}$$244Pu and$$^{53}$$53Mn. We describe the environment of the Solar System during the past$$\approx 10$$≈10Myr as well as the likely locations where the supernovae occured. Confirming evidence has been found in the composition and energy distribution of galactic cosmic rays. Finally, we discuss the effects that the recent supernova activity might have had on Earth’s climate and biosphere.
Five-year Survival Trends for Young Adult Cancers Diagnosed from 2002 to 2014 in Taiwan and the United States
Authors: Tsai Yu-Han , Teng Yu-Tung , Kuan Tai-Chuan , Liu Jason J. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Background:
Young adult cancer incidence has been increasing in Taiwan, but no studies have examined their survival trends.

Methods:
We analyzed data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database and the U.S. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. We obtained the five-year survival estimates and trends for primary invasive cancers diagnosed at 20–39 years of age from 2002 to 2014. When analyzing specific cancers, we focused on the common young adult cancers in Taiwan. For the trend analysis, the average annual percent change (AAPC) was calculated using joinpoint Regression Program. We also obtained estimates stratified by sex or age at cancer diagnosis.

Results:
The five-year age-standardized relative survival for all young adult cancers combined significantly increased in Taiwan [AAPC = 1.4%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.3%–1.5%] and the United States (AAPC = 0.4%; 95% CI, 0.3%–0.6%). Cancers occurring in both sexes had similar trend directions for both sexes. Lung and bronchus cancer, liver cancer, and leukemia had the most survival improvement in both regions. However, the five-year relative survival for cervical cancer declined in Taiwan (AAPC = −0.6%; 95% CI, -1.0% to −0.1%) and did not improve in the United States (AAPC = −0.1%; 95% CI, −0.4%–0.2%).

Conclusions:
Survival has improved for most but not all of the common young adult cancer types in Taiwan. Additional studies can understand why survival has not improved for certain cancer types, and examine subtype-specific survival trends.

Impact:
This is the first study of five-year survival trends for young adult cancers in Taiwan and the United States stratified by sex or age at diagnosis.
Percepções de mulheres sobre gestação e os sentidos do trabalho
Authors: Toledo Jackeline de Souza , Martins Júlia Tomedi , Gonçalves Júlia 
Published: March 2023

O trabalho é central na vida dos indivíduos e os sentidos atribuídos a ele são construídos a partir de percepções subjetivas e influenciados pelo contexto social-histórico. No entanto, marcos da vida como a gestação, para muitas mulheres, exigem reorganização da identidade e de prioridades. Essa pesquisa compreendeu os sentidos do trabalho para mulheres em período gestacional. Para tanto, oito gestantes trabalhadoras foram entrevistadas e os dados submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Um trabalho com sentido, para as entrevistadas, é aquele que proporciona prazer, satisfação e realização. Quanto à relação entre trabalho e gestação, apesar de notarem mudanças no modo de realização das atividades laborais, as mulheres não consideram a gravidez um impeditivo e consideram o trabalho como fonte de segurança financeira e de subsistência. Dessa forma, identifica-se um deslocamento dos sentidos do trabalho que antes eram predominantemente positivos, e durante a gestação ocorre o fortalecimento da perspectiva instrumental. Refletir sobre as percepções entre o trabalho e a gestação permite construir subsídios capazes de mitigar aspectos de desigualdade e discriminação deste contexto.
Cerebral and Retinal Infarction in Bicuspid Aortic Valve
Authors: Huntley Geoffrey D. , Michelena Hector I. , Thaden Jeremy J. , Alkurashi Adham K. , Pislaru Sorin V. , Pochettino Alberto , Crestanello Juan A. , Maleszewski Joseph J. , Brown Robert D. , Nkomo Vuyisile T. 
Published: March 2023

Background
Description of cerebral and retinal infarction in patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is limited to case reports. We aimed to characterize cerebral and retinal infarction and examine outcomes in patients with BAV.

Methods and Results

Consecutive patients from 1975 to 2015 with BAV (n=5401) were retrospectively identified from the institutional database; those with confirmed cerebral or retinal infarction were analyzed. Infarction occurring after aortic valve replacement was not included. Patients were grouped according to infarction pathogenesis: embolism from a degenerative calcific BAV (BAVi); non‐BAV, large artery atherosclerotic or lacunar infarction (LAi); and non‐BAV, non‐large artery embolic infarction (nLAi). There were 83/5401 (1.5%) patients, mean age 54±12 years and 28% female, with confirmed cerebral or retinal infarction (LAi 23/83 [28%]; nLAi 30/83 [36%]; BAVi 26/83 [31%]; other 4/83 [5%]). Infarction was embolic in 72/83 (87%), and 35/72 (49%) were cardioembolic. CHA
2
DS
2
‐VASc score was 1.4±1.2 in BAVi (
P
=0.188 versus nLAi) and 2.3±1.2 in LAi (
P
=0.005). Recurrent infarction occurred in 41% overall (50% BAVi,
P
=0.164 and 0.803 versus LAi and nLAi). BAVi was more commonly retinal (39% BAVi versus 13% LAi,
P
=0.044 versus 0% nLAi,
P
=0.002). Patients with BAVi and LAi were more likely to have moderate‐to‐severe aortic stenosis and undergo aortic valve replacement compared with patients with nLAi.

Conclusions
Cardioembolism, often from degenerative calcification of the aortic valve, is a predominant cause of cerebral and retinal infarction in patients with BAV and is frequently recurrent. Cerebral and retinal infarction should be regarded as a complication of BAV.
Reward Maximization Through Discrete Active Inference
Authors: Da Costa Lancelot , Sajid Noor , Parr Thomas , Friston Karl , Smith Ryan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Active inference is a probabilistic framework for modeling the behavior of biological and artificial agents, which derives from the principle of minimizing free energy. In recent years, this framework has been applied successfully to a variety of situations where the goal was to maximize reward, often offering comparable and sometimes superior performance to alternative approaches. In this article, we clarify the connection between reward maximization and active inference by demonstrating how and when active inference agents execute actions that are optimal for maximizing reward. Precisely, we show the conditions under which active inference produces the optimal solution to the Bellman equation, a formulation that underlies several approaches to model-based reinforcement learning and control. On partially observed Markov decision processes, the standard active inference scheme can produce Bellman optimal actions for planning horizons of 1 but not beyond. In contrast, a recently developed recursive active inference scheme (sophisticated inference) can produce Bellman optimal actions on any finite temporal horizon. We append the analysis with a discussion of the broader relationship between active inference and reinforcement learning.
Efficient Long-Text Understanding with Short-Text Models
Authors: Ivgi Maor , Shaham Uri , Berant Jonathan 
Published: March 2023

AbstractTransformer-based pretrained language models (LMs) are ubiquitous across natural language understanding, but cannot be applied to long sequences such as stories, scientific articles, and long documents due to their quadratic complexity. While a myriad of efficient transformer variants have been proposed, they are typically based on custom implementations that require expensive pretraining from scratch. In this work, we propose SLED: SLiding-Encoder and Decoder, a simple approach for processing long sequences that re-uses and leverages battle-tested short-text pretrained LMs. Specifically, we partition the input into overlapping chunks, encode each with a short-text LM encoder and use the pretrained decoder to fuse information across chunks (fusion-in-decoder). We illustrate through controlled experiments that SLED offers a viable strategy for long text understanding and evaluate our approach on SCROLLS, a benchmark with seven datasets across a wide range of language understanding tasks. We find that SLED is competitive with specialized models that are up to 50x larger and require a dedicated and expensive pretraining step.
Becoming Turāth: the Islamic Tradition in the Modern Period
Authors: Elston Mary 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In Egypt today, turāth (often translated as “heritage”, “legacy”, or “tradition”) is a pivotal concept for the Muslim religious scholars (ʿulamāʾ) of al-Azhar, the preeminent institution of Sunni learning located in Cairo. Although scholarly interest in turāth has grown in recent years, this literature has focused primarily on articulations of the concept at the hands of the Arab intelligentsia without attention to the ʿulamāʾ. To address this lacuna, and in so doing, offer a more complete understanding of the politics and contours of turāth debates in the contemporary Arab Muslim world, this article analyzes turāth in the writings and statements of ʿAlī Jumʿa (b. 1952), one of its most prolific interpreters amongst the contemporary Egyptian ʿulamāʾ. Sections one and two explore the semantic evolution of turāth in the intellectual genealogy within which Jumʿa locates his understanding of the concept, which includes two students of al-Azhar: Muḥammad ʿAbduh (1849–1905) and Ṭāhā Ḥusayn (1889–1973). The third section analyzes Jumʿa’s conceptualization of turāth and compares it to those of ʿAbduh and Ḥusayn. The article argues that Jumʿa’s representation of turāth is central to his efforts to reassert the intellectual and religious primacy of the ʿulamāʾ in the contemporary Muslim world.
Influence of Conditional Factors on the Financial Liberalization and Economic Growth Nexus in Tanzania
Authors: Hungu Obed A. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The current study analyzes the influence of conditional factors on the relationship between financial liberalization and economic growth in Tanzania. The motivation of the study is based on the inability of the developing countries to attain the targeted growth of their economies and the divided findings and conclusions of the existing studies on the topic. The study employed time series data spanning from 1970 to 2017 to examine the topic. Data was collected from the Bank of Tanzania and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. The Augmented Dicky-Fuller and Phillips-Perron were used for unit root tests, the Bounds Approach for co-integration tests, and Process Macro for estimation. The study contributes to the literature by analyzing conditional factors on the relationship between financial liberalization and economic growth in Tanzania. The study reveals that out of the four conditioning factors (financial development, trade openness, government size, and inflation), only government size (captured by government expenditure) was found positive and statistically significant. The findings imply that financial liberalization enhances economic growth in Tanzania, subject to the level of government size. The study concludes that the relationship between financial liberalization and economic growth lacks support from a sufficient number of macroeconomic conditioning factors in spurring the economic growth of Tanzania. This scenario might contribute to the sluggish growth of the economy of Tanzania, which is below the target. Therefore, the study suggests a review of policy on the government size conditional factor so as to enhance more economic growth in Tanzania.
Even Chameleons Stalk Their Prey: Rinonyenga Rinohwarara Rinosumudza Musoro Rawana, Twenty-First Century Imperial Sleights of Hand and the Recolonisation of Africa
Authors: Nhemachena Artwell 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Arguing that chameleons know best how to appear to be stationary even as they are motionary towards targeted flies, at which they suddenly dart their swift tongues once within range, this paper contends that the emergent postbinary world order is a chameleons’ world; it is a world where Africans – deemed, in Eurocentric animistic discourses, to be indistinct from flies – will be increasingly cannibalised. Of course, chameleons use sleights of tongue when they feast on flies but imperialists also use sleights of hand when they want to feast on Africans. Drawing on the Shona (a people of Zimbabwe) proverbial warning rinonyenga rinohwarara rinosumudza musoro rawana (he who courts may trick the subject of courtship, to feel safe and loved, only to become violent once he has achieved his goal), this paper argues that neoimperialism is using sleights of hand to recolonise Africans in the twenty-first century. Postulating a theory of rinonyenga rinohwarara rinosumudza musoro rawana for international relations, society and politics, this paper argues for the application of Ubuntu theory in international relations but with a caveat that imperial chameleon politics and relations premised on trickery are not part of the canons of Ubuntu.