bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dutch Iliac Stent Trial
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery assessing whether primary stenting improved outcomes compared to selective stenting in patients with iliac artery disease. The Dutch Iliac Stent Trial demonstrated that selective stent placement in the iliac artery had a better outcome for symptomatic success compared with patients treated with primary stent placement. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Meta-analysis of Open and Endovascular Repair of Popliteal Artery Aneurysms
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery reporting on the outcomes of open versus endovascular surgery for patients with popliteal artery aneurysms. The meta-analysis conducted in this study demonstrated that endovascular repair for popliteal aneurysms had inferior primary patency but not secondary patency out to 3 years. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
5-Year Outcomes of a Randomized Trial of Treatments for Varicose Veins
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery comparing the outcomes of foam sclerotherapy and laser and surgical treatment of primary varicose veins. The Comparison of Laser, Surgery, and Foam Sclerotherapy (CLASS) trial demonstrated similar quality-of-life measures among the study groups, with the exception of a slightly worse disease-specific quality of life in the foam sclerotherapy group. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Long-Term Functional Patency and Cost-Effectiveness of Arteriovenous Fistula Creation Under Regional Anesthesia
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery assessing whether regional anesthesia improved outcomes compared to local anesthesia in patients undergoing arteriovenous fistula formation. The trial, in which patients were randomized to receive regional or local anesthesia during fistula creation, demonstrated improved patency at 1 year and cost-effectiveness with regional anesthesia. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Durability of Endovascular Repair in Blunt Traumatic Thoracic Aortic Injury
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery assessing the early and long-term survival and reintervention rates in patients undergoing thoracic stenting for blunt traumatic aortic injury. The study, which was a retrospective review, demonstrated that stenting allowed rapid and effective therapy in trauma patients with blunt aortic injury. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Renal stones
Authors: Glass Jonathan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Percutaneous surgery is the treatment of choice in the management of large and staghorn stones of the urinary tract. Imaging with preoperative computed tomography scanning is mandatory. The procedure has undergone a number of modifications over the past 40 years since first being described by Alken and colleagues in 1982. Developments have included the challenge as to whether prone is the best position, miniaturization of the access tract, the use of multiple tracts, the abandonment of the post-procedure nephrostomy, and the combination of simultaneous flexible ureteroscopy with percutaneous nephrolithotomy. It is, however, a complex procedure with a significant complication rate including postoperative bleeding and sepsis, particularly with staghorn stones. This case illustrates the use of percutaneous surgery in a patient with a staghorn stone complicated by a postoperative bleed managed by super-selective arterial embolization.
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction
Authors: Pathak Sanjeev , Oakley Neil 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is a complete or partial obstruction of urine flow from the renal pelvis into the ureter. Congenital UPJO is the most common cause of ureteric obstruction during the antenatal period but often presents in adulthood too. The clinical presentation depends upon whether it is acute or chronic, complete or partial, and/or concomitant urinary infection. In asymptomatic patients, there is a major concern of ‘silent renal loss’ resulting in significant deterioration of irreversible renal function. The aetiology of UPJO is thought to be primarily functional but there is a mechanical component too. Although the incidence of a horseshoe kidney is 1 in 500 in the normal population, there is a disproportional increased incidence of coexisting UPJO. This case involves a 29-year-old male who presented with acute, unilateral UPJO in a horseshoe kidney complicated with a significant bilateral renal stone burden. This complex case facilitates discussion of the clinical presentation and management, along with clinical tips, learning points, evidence base, and an expert commentary.
Localized prostate cancer
Authors: Altan Omer , Lamb Alastair , Hamdy Freddie C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In patients with high-volume, clinically localized, intermediate-risk prostate cancer who are sexually active, preoperative surgical planning is critical. There is an increasing dilemma in deciding whether to undertake a nerve-sparing procedure during radical prostatectomy, or to sacrifice one or both neurovascular bundles, which affects functional outcomes. This case describes such a situation and explains how preoperative information, imaging and histopathology techniques, and careful patient counselling can help surgical management to optimize oncological and functional outcomes in these patients.
Advanced and metastatic penile cancer
Authors: Alnajjar Hussain , Muneer Asif 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Penile cancer is a rare cancer, and accounts for &lt;1% of all male malignancies in the UK. The incidence of penile cancer in England and Wales is 1.2–1.5 per 100,000 per year. Although the majority of men are diagnosed at a localized stage and carry a good long-term prognosis, up to 40% of patients present with locally advanced or metastatic disease and outcomes for these patients have historically been poor. This case discusses the management of locally advanced and metastatic penile cancer.
Chronic retention, renal failure, and diuresis
Authors: Ho Cherrie , Jenkins James , Drake Marcus 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chronic urinary retention is chronic or repeated inability to empty the bladder, despite the ability to pass some urine. High-pressure chronic retention is a risk factor for renal failure. If renal failure is present, catheterization is needed to recover renal function. Catheterization may be followed by post-obstructive diuresis, due to the impaired concentrating ability of the renal tubules, and the accumulated salt, water, and toxins. Consequently, fluid replacement might be needed while renal function improves. Once stabilized, a period of intermittent catheterization may help improve function. Urodynamic testing enables determination of likelihood of response to surgical intervention. Where bladder outlet obstruction is the cause of chronic urinary retention, there is a good chance of responding to procedures such as transurethral resection of the prostate and laser prostatectomy. If detrusor underactivity is the cause, there may be minimal benefit from interventional procedures.
Renal transplantation
Authors: O’Callaghan John M. , Gilbert James A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Renal replacement therapy options for patients with end-stage renal disease include haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and renal transplantation. Renal transplantation offers the best survival benefit and quality of life. Kidney donation options include live donors and deceased donors, which can be following brain death or circulatory death. Donor and recipient assessment are complex and require a multidisciplinary approach prior to surgery. All attempts are made to identify well-matched donors and recipients and to use effective antirejection therapies. While the outcomes of renal transplantation are very good, there can be significant complications in the short and long term for some patients. Cardiovascular and infectious complications are particularly significant in this population. Ultimately, the lifespan of a transplanted organ is finite and many patients will need to have more than one transplant.
Undescended testis
Authors: Figueroa-Díaz María S. , Aikins Kimberly , Mushtaq Imran 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe first case discusses the management of the common condition of bilateral palpable undescended testes in male infants, debating the issues of optimal age for surgery, the potential impact of delayed surgery, and cancer risk. The second case relates to the presentation of a child with hypospadias in association with bilateral impalpable testes, and what investigations are required and the complexity of management based on the findings at diagnostic laparoscopy.
Acute interventional radiology procedures in urology
Authors: Shahin Yousef , Kennish Steven 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This case presents and discusses the complex management of an 81-year-old male patient who underwent radical surgery (anterior pelvic exenteration) for advanced rectal carcinoma and developed several complications in the postoperative course. The role of interventional radiology was of paramount importance in the management of these complications as immediate surgery would have been extensive and high risk. The patient developed a leak from the ileal conduit which was managed by initially diverting urine with the insertion of bilateral nephrostomies (non-dilated urinary collecting systems) and the percutaneous drainage of the urinoma. The urostomy subsequently became ischaemic and a laparotomy was performed to revise it, although the leaking proximal portion was too stuck down to safely mobilize. The patient continued to have a persistent leak from the ileal conduit resulting in a presacral collection which was drained multiple times under computed tomography guidance. The patient had bilateral retrograde ureteric stents inserted utilizing the nephrostomy access for antegrade guidewire placement and the nephrostomy drains were subsequently removed. The patient is now clinically stable on follow-up.
Solar wind interaction with Mars: electric field morphology and source terms
Authors: Wang Xiao-Dong , Fatemi Shahab , Nilsson Hans , Futaana Yoshifumi , Holmström Mats , Barabash Stas 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACTThe correlation between space environment conditions and the properties of escaping ions is a central topic of Mars research. Although empirical correlations have been visible in the data, a physics-based interpretation, rather than statistics-based pictures, has not been established yet. As a first effort, we investigate the electric field, the direct contributor to ion acceleration, in the Mars plasma environment from a hybrid plasma model (particle ions and fluid electrons). We use Amitis, a hybrid model combined with an observation-based ionospheric model, to simulate the Mars–solar wind interaction under nominal solar wind plasma conditions for perpendicular and Parker spiral directions of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The simulations show following results: (1) the electric field morphology is structured by the IMF direction and the different plasma domains in the solar wind–Mars interaction; (2) asymmetry of the electric field between the hemispheres where the convective electric field points inward and outward, respectively, due to the mass loading and asymmetric draping of the magnetic field lines; (3) the motional electric field dominates in most regions, especially in the dayside magnetosheath; and (4) the Hall term is an order of magnitude weaker and significant in the magnetotail and plasma boundaries for a perpendicular IMF case. The Hall term is relatively stronger for the Parker spiral case. (5) The ambipolar electric field, in principle, agrees with Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution measurements in the magnetosheath.
Quakes of compact stars
Authors: Lu Ruipeng , Yue Han , Lai Xiaoyu , Wang Weihua , Zhang Shenjian , Xu Renxin 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACTGlitches are commonly observed for pulsars, which are explained by various mechanisms. One hypothesis attributes the glitch effect to the instantaneous moment of inertia change of the whole star caused by a starquake, which is similar to earthquakes caused by fast dislocation occurring on planar faults for the static stress, though the quake-induced dynamics responsible for glitch (superfluid vortex versus pure starquake) remains still unknown. However, a theoretical model to quantitatively explain the stress loading, types of starquakes, and co-seismic change of moment of inertia is rarely discussed. In this study, we incorporate elastic deformation theories of earthquakes into the starquake problems. We compute the field of stress loading associated with rotation deceleration and determine the optimal type of starquakes at various locations. Two types of pulsar structure models, i.e. neutron and strangeon star models, are included in the computation, and their differences are notable. Our calculation shows that the observed glitch amplitude can be explained by the starquakes in the strangeon star model, though the required scaled starquake magnitude is much larger than that occurred on Earth. We further discuss the possibility to compute the energy budget and other glitch phenomena using the starquake model in the elastic medium framework.
Perceived Sensory Characteristics of Blended and Ambiguous “Concept” Flavors Among Adolescent and Young Adult E-cigarette Users
Authors: Kreslake Jennifer M , O’Connor Katie M , Stephens Daniel , Vallone Donna M , Hair Elizabeth C 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Flavors with names describing blended tastes/sensations or with ambiguous terminology (“concept flavors”) are available on the e-cigarette market.

Aims and Methods
This study investigates adolescent and young adult use and sensory perceptions of blended and concept flavors. Current e-cigarette users aged 15–24 years (N = 2281) completed an online convenience sample survey (October 20–November 23, 2020) and rated the sensory attributes (fruity, cooling, sweet, and minty) of their current flavor(s) using nine-point scales. T-tests compared mean sensory perception scores within and between flavors. To compare concept flavors to blends, reference categories used the average of blends with relevant descriptors: fruit (Banana Ice, Iced Mango, Melon Ice, Cool Cucumber); cooling (Banana Ice, Iced Mango, Melon Ice, Blue B Ice, Cool Cucumber, Lush Ice, and Menthol Purple); sweet (Vivid Vanilla) and mint (Mint-sation).

Results
Most respondents had used at least one product with blended descriptors (74.8%) or concept flavor (57.9%) in the past 30 days. All flavors had high perceived strength for at least two sensory attributes. Mint taste was not perceived to be a strong sensory characteristic for all but two flavors (Mint-sation and Winter) in the study. The most commonly used flavors used blended descriptors (Iced Mango was used by 30.2% of the sample; Banana Ice: 26.2%; Lush Ice: 23.8%; Melon Ice: 22.9%). Some concept flavors did not significantly differ from flavor blend reference categories for strength of: fruit taste (Bahama Mama and Tropic); cooling sensation (Marigold, Island Breeze, Winter); sweet taste (Bahama Mama, Honeymoon, Island Breeze, Island Cream, Meteor Milk, OMG, Royal Dagger and Tropic); and mint taste (Winter).

Conclusions
Blended and concept flavors are used by most young e-cigarette users, who describe these products as fruity, sweet, and cooling. A variety of flavored products with high youth appeal are available in the U.S. market.

Implications
This study of adolescent and young adult e-cigarette users finds evidence of the popularity of e-cigarette flavors combining a cooling sensation with fruity and sweet flavorings. Some products with this flavor profile do not use characterizing descriptors. Findings inform public health interventions intended to reduce e-cigarette use in young people.
Real-world Use of Bezlotoxumab and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Infection
Authors: de la Villa Sofía , Herrero Sergio , Muñoz Patricia , Rodríguez Carmen , Valerio Maricela , Reigadas Elena , Álvarez-Uría Ana , Alcalá Luis , Marín Mercedes , Olmedo María , Kestler Martha , Chamorro Esther , Bouza Emilio 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Background
We aimed to describe the frequency of use and effectiveness of bezlotoxumab (BZX) and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in patients with Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in real-world practice.

Methods
This was a retrospective study conducted in a university hospital in which adult patients treated with BZX or FMT from January 2018 to April 2021 were included. The primary objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of BZX and FMT in preventing early (within 8 weeks) and late (within 1 year) CDI recurrences (rCDI). A multivariate analysis of risk factors for early recurrence was performed.

Results
Of 1377 consecutive CDI episodes, 117 (8.5%) received BZX or FMT, with full information available for 100 of the episodes: 51 received BZX, and 49 received FMT. BZX was used mostly in immunosuppressed patients (66.7%) and in first episodes or first recurrences in 70.6% of the cases. FMT was prescribed only in CDI recurrences. Despite the different conditions of the patients, there were no significant differences between BZX and FMT in preventing early rCDI (19.6% vs 24.5%; P = .55) or late rCDI (9.8% vs 18.4%; P = .31). In the multivariate analysis, risk factors for recurrence were presence of ≥2 previous rCDI episodes (odds ratio [OR], 2.90; 95% CI, 1.03–8.63) and use of non-CDI antibiotics (OR, 3.45; 95% CI, 1.24–9.57).

Conclusions
BZX and FMT were infrequently used in real-world practice. Both treatments had similar effectiveness in preventing CDI recurrence despite their application to different populations.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges in DisseminatedMycobacterium colombienseInfection Caused by Interferon-γ Neutralizing Autoantibodies
Authors: Matono Takashi , Suzuki Shotaro , Yamate Ryosuke , Nakamura Kenichi , Sakagami Takuro 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAdult-onset immunodeficiency due to interferon-γ-neutralizing autoantibodies (nIFNγ-autoAbs) can remain underdiagnosed. We present a case of severe Mycobacterium colombiense infection with nIFNγ-autoAbs. To ensure early diagnosis, clinicians should have a high index of suspicion in patients of Asian descent with opportunistic infections and perform QuantiFERON-TB assay for disease screening.
Confucianism in Japan
Authors: Paramore Kiri 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Confucianism has been integral to statecraft and state since the inception of Japan’s government in the fifth century CE. Although its forms and visibility have varied widely over this period, Confucianism has consistently fed two competing, paradoxical rationales: one arguing for communal harmony, the other sanctioning state brutality. At times, this paradox underlying Confucianism has also been deeply connected with major trends in literary culture and religious practice and expression. This essay considers Confucianism’s varied manifestations in Japanese history and shows how in contrast to most scholarly claims, Confucianism’s political relevance persisted not only through the premodern period, but also into the twentieth century and beyond 1945, including regional consequences in areas occupied by Japan in the twentieth century. The Tokugawa era, in which there was a multifaceted flourishing of Confucianism, is addressed in a separate essay.
Confucianism in Korea
Authors: Pettid Michael J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the development and changes brought about by the introduction of Confucianism to the Korean peninsula. It begins by describing the arrival and early spread of Confucianism, concluding that the influence of Confucianism before the tenth century was limited to the upper echelons of society, and even there had only a minimal amount of sway over extant indigenous folk practices and social systems. This changed during the Koryŏ dynasty when the influence of Confucianism—particularly in the administration of the state—became increasingly prominent. After describing the impact of Confucianism during the Chosŏn period, the chapter considers Confucianism during the colonial period. Also examined are the structural changes to society and some of the conflicts brought about by the imposition of Confucian notions. Finally, the role of Confucianism in contemporary Korea is discussed to demonstrate the lasting influence of this belief system.
Confucianism and the Lives of Women
Authors: Rosenlee Li-Hsiang Lisa 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The connections between Confucianism and the lives of women have been a subject of interest since the turn of the 19th century, taken up, first, by missionaries and travelers as part of their anthropological observations of the “natives”; then by the Reform Movement and the May Fourth Movement, culminating in the Cultural Revolution as part of the nationalistic discourse; and lastly by the contemporary feminists as part of their “outreach” effort to form a global sisterhood. In all these three approaches, Confucianism is portrayed as a negative force in the lives of women. Up to the mid-1990s, the notion of universal victimhood of women overshadowed the notion of female agency in Chinese gender studies. Now with the rise of the field of comparative feminist philosophy exploring positive feminist space within Confucianism, the theoretical construction of Confucian feminism emerges as the latest attempt to reconceptualize the complex connections between Confucianism and the lives of women.