bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Matter and spirit: The great illusion
Authors: Loreau Michel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Behind the two seemingly opposing notions of matter and spirit lies an immense confusion, which contributes to maintaining the subject-object duality in human thoughts and actions. In physics, the matter-energy duality is an arbitrary representation of the complex “substance” of the world, which inextricably mixes the properties of matter and energy. Like energy, the “spirit” of animists and spiritualists is merely the active, immaterial side of what has been reified as inert matter in modernity. Counterintuitively, modern materialism is a disguised form of spiritualism that legitimizes the spiritual power of humans over inert matter. Capitalism itself arose from an ascetic will to work for the glory of the Christian God in this world. Therefore, the solution to the ills of modernity and capitalism lies not in spirituality, but in reconnecting with the sensible world within and around us, at once in all its materiality and in all its spirituality.
Embracing life that flows through us
Authors: Loreau Michel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Although unprecedented in human history, the challenge of building a new relationship with nature is within our reach. The main obstacle to its realization lies in the power of the collective fictions that permeate human thoughts and behavior. Major social transformations generally result from the convergence of two factors: a slow evolution of collective consciousness and a crisis situation. The two factors are currently maturing, but there is a considerable gap between the urgency of the necessary transformation and the slow pace of change in human consciousness, action, and demography. This is no reason, however, to contemplate, powerless, the prospect of a seemingly inevitable catastrophe. Life is the most precious thing humans have. It never ceases to surprise, and it calls on people to give the best of themselves to help it flourish as an integral part of nature.
The Ghost of Patrick Henry
Authors: Bogus Carl T. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
James Madison takes his seat in the House of Representatives. He is politically committed to write and pass a bill of rights but encounters resistance from federalists and antifederalists. Madison writes a bill of rights and works to move it through Congress. One of his colleagues says Madison was “haunted by the ghost of Patrick Henry” in pursuing this project. The House refers Madison’s proposal to a committee that includes Roger Sherman of Connecticut, who believed it necessary to assure the South that the North could not interfere with slavery. The chapter follows Madison’s proposal through debates, revisions, and adoption.
Conclusion
Authors: Bogus Carl T. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
On August 17, 1814, British forces are marching on Washington, DC. Secretary of War John Armstrong informs President James Madison that “as the battle would be between militia and regular forces, the former would be beaten.” He is right. Although on foreign soil and facing a much larger force, British regulars make short work of American militia and burn the Capitol and White House to the ground. These are the fruits of Madison following Jefferson and becoming less of a nationalist, and perhaps, too, of writing a Second Amendment to protect slavery rather than national defense.
Lamentations and the Mourners for Zion
Authors: Andruss Jessica 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the “Mourners for Zion”—the Karaites of Jerusalem—and shows how the biblical book of Lamentations became a spiritual and intellectual resource for their community. While the ancient rabbis generally read Lamentations as a paradigm for later catastrophes and advocated quietist attitudes toward a future redemption, the establishment of a Karaite community in Jerusalem in the late ninth century fundamentally altered the exilic context of Jewish biblical interpretation. In Lamentations, the Karaites found a vocabulary of mourning to ground their liturgy and ritual practice, a framework for theological teachings on sin and retribution, and a spiritual justification for their presence in Jerusalem. The chapter introduces Salmon ben Yerūḥīm—author of the earliest extant Karaite commentary on Lamentations—and related scholars of the Judeo-Arabic tradition. These scholars include Daniel al-Qūmisī, Yaʿqub al-Qirqisānī, Saadia Gaon, David ben Abraham al-Fāsī, Yūsuf b. Nūḥ, Yefet b. ʿElī, and Sahl b. Maṣliaḥ.
Salmon’s Engagement with Rabbinic Sources
Authors: Andruss Jessica 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Karaite movement is known for its antagonism to the traditions and institutions of the ancient rabbis and their intellectual heirs, the medieval Rabbanites. Yet scholars have demonstrated that Salmon and his fellow Karaites were not only familiar with rabbinic texts but also actively engaged with these sources when formulating their own literature. This chapter analyzes Salmon’s allusions to rabbinic sources, from the Targum and the Talmud to the Pesikta de Rab Kahana and Lamentations Rabbah. The purpose of this analysis is to show that Salmon relied upon and strategically reconceived rabbinic teachings as a way of confirming exegetical points, crafting homilies, or constructing anti-Rabbanite polemics. This chapter focuses on the deep imprint of rabbinic culture in Salmon’s intellectual formation, arguing that his genius lies, in part, in his ability to reformulate the rabbinic tradition as a building block of Karaite Judaism.
Salmon’s Approach to Figurative Language
Authors: Andruss Jessica 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Lamentations is full of poetic imagery and figurative language, and Salmon uses Arabic literary theory to make sense of its meaning. This chapter explores Salmon’s use of linguistic terminology such as majāz (figurative language), istiʿāra (metaphor), tamthīl (analogy), mathal (parable), and ḥaqīqa (true meaning). Salmon’s fluid use of this technical vocabulary places him alongside contemporary Muslim exegetes, who also implemented such terminology experimentally as its meaning evolved during the tenth century. His discussions of figurative language indicate his participation in an Arabic intellectual milieu in which interpretive challenges stretched across religious boundaries. For Salmon, the study of rhetoric was not an end unto itself but, rather, a tool for determining and demonstrating the spiritual message of Lamentations.
Invocation
Authors: Andruss Jessica 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Lamentations commentary opens with words of praise for God. This Arabic prose composition—variously referred to as the dībāja, khuṭba, or taḥmīd—is somewhat formulaic. It contains concepts and vocabulary familiar from the broader Arabic-Islamic literary and philosophical traditions, as well as distinctively Jewish elements. The initial Hebrew phrase invoking the name of God recalls the basmala of Muslim texts. The assemblage of biblical verses in praise of God’s justice and righteousness are thematically suited to the commentary, since Salmon claims that God’s punishments, as recounted in Lamentations, are inherently just. While divine justice is the predominant theme of the Invocation, Salmon praises God in other terms that resonate with Muʿtazilite thought. He emphasizes divine unity and eternality, glorifies God as Creator of the world ex nihilo, and notes that rational beings recognize their Creator.
Lamentations 4
Authors: Andruss Jessica 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In his comments on Lamentations 4, Salmon expands upon his principles of reflection on history (iʿtibār) and requital in kind (bāb al-muqābala), demonstrating that divine punishments correspond to Israel’s crimes. He often marshals these principles in service of Karaite anti-Rabbanite polemics, as when he contends that God “kindled a fire in Zion” (Lam 4:11) as retribution for unlawful Jewish practices of kindling fires on the Sabbath. This chapter contains one of Salmon’s most explicitly theological passages. For him, Lamentations 4:20 refers to King Josiah, whose death was not a punishment for any sin but, rather, the result of God’s grace in sparing the righteous king from the exile and suffering that the nation deserved because of their corruption. Salmon uses Muʿtazilite terminology to explain that God will compensate Josiah in the Hereafter for the trial of his premature death. Throughout these comments, Salmon emphasizes that Lamentations is Jeremiah’s instruction for Israel. He reads Jeremiah 8 as prophetic instruction for how the Jewish people must lament for themselves in periods of exile (Lam 4:1). Further, he embeds a lament homily of possible liturgical usage, assembled from biblical verses that promote weeping over Israel’s losses (Lam 4:15). The chapter contains translations of Salmon’s comments to Lamentations 4:1, 6, 11, 15, 17, 20, and 22.
Two Mirrors, Fleeting Reflections
Authors: Li Shenghai 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces Dandin’s Mirror of Literature (Kāvyādarśa) in East Asia. Although the Mirror was never adapted into premodern Chinese, indirect knowledge of it and of Sanskrit poetics more generally can be deduced. The chapter follows three extended moments of cultural exchange between South Asia and East Asia. The first phase consists of the earliest (pre-Dandin) wave of translations of Buddhist literature into Chinese, where knowledge of Sanskrit ornaments (alaṅkāra) is demonstrable. The second is found in an early ninth-century anthology of Chinese poetics by the Japanese scholar Kukai who had studied in China; his Mirror of Literature and Treasury of Mysteries has suggestive parallels with Dandin’s Mirror, especially in its discussion of literary flaws and of patterns of syllabic repetition. The third was under the auspices of Song emperor Taizong (927–997), when Indian visual poetry stimulated the development of Chinese counterparts, with some striking parallels to Dandin.
Grounding and Fundamentality
Authors: deRosset Louis 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter introduces the notion of grounding, describes the rudiments of a theory of grounding, and says in detail how it is used to understand the idea that some facts are more fundamental than others. A link between grounding and a familiar kind of explanation is developed. Three sources of insight into the nature and features of grounding are described. These sources of insight include a battery of familiar cases in which inquiry into grounds has yielded definitive results, a large class of highly intuitive cases in which we have grounding and in which we have lack of grounding, and a well-established and often successful practice of proposing and assessing explanations of the sort which accompany grounding. The idea that nature is structured into layers, with phenomena in higher layers dependent on and determined by those in lower layers is described and given a ground-theoretic interpretation.
Skepticism
Authors: deRosset Louis 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter describes some skeptical challenges that have been proposed in the literature, develops a couple of new challenges, and explores the prospects for meeting the challenges. Skeptics of the sort under discussion hold that there are dispositive reasons to think in advance that the project of the book, to develop and fruitfully apply the theory of grounding, is in principle defective. Three types of skepticism are identified. Hard eliminativists hold that grounding claims are never true; soft eliminativists, that, even if such claims are true, the notion of grounding is unsuitable for theorizing; and revolutionary reductionists, that even if such claims are true and the notion is suitable for theorizing, there are other notions that are better suited for the theoretical purposes for which grounding is recruited. Motivations for each type of skepticism are discussed, and reasons for optimism at this early stage are identified.
Preventing Collapse
Authors: deRosset Louis 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis is a transitional chapter including both substantial further development of the theory of grounding and an application to a problem of wider significance. The question addressed in this chapter concerns how the connections of ground themselves may be dependent on and determined by more fundamental facts. In the absence of an answer, we seem to have good reason to believe that we have not captured the idea that nature is structured into layers. The chapter argues (following Ted Sider) that a similar question arises more generally for any view which accommodates the idea that some facts are more fundamental than others, and so a solution serves any attempt, ground-theoretic or not, to articulate the idea that nature is structured into layers. A ground-theoretic solution to this problem is proposed. The chapter offers reasons for thinking that this ground-theoretic solution is completely satisfactory.
Resurrecting Biological Essentialism
Authors: Devitt Michael 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chapter defends the doctrine that Linnaean taxa, including species, have essences that are partly intrinsic underlying, probably largely genetic, properties. The consensus among philosophers of biology is that such essentialism is deeply wrong, indeed incompatible with Darwinism. I argue that biological generalizations about the morphology, physiology, and behavior of species require structural explanations that must advert to these essential properties. The objection that, according to current “species concepts”, species are relational is rejected. These concepts are primarily concerned with what it is for a kind to be a species and throw little light on the essentialist issue of what it is for an organism to be a member of a particular kind. Finally, the chapter argues that this essentialism can accommodate features of Darwinism associated with variation and change. In particular, essentialism can accept gradual change and a certain indeterminacy about species.
CARBON DIOXIDE AND THE ROCKS OF THE EARTH
Authors: Dolman Han 
Published: March 2023

AbstractCarbon comes in many forms that continuously cycle around on and in the Earth. Antoine Lavoisier was the first to make the connection between the carbon found in chalks and marbles and the carbon dioxide in the air. But the real insight in matter cycling around on Earth came from James Hutton, the founder of geology. He realized that exposed rock was continually being eroded and that the eroded material would have to be transported into the seas, where adding layer after layer produced compaction and eventually new rock. Jacques Ébelmen did further establish the key elements of the carbon cycle. Ébelmen realized that chemical reactions between the material that formed the rocks and carbon dioxide could take it out of the air and eventually move it into the ocean. Harold Urey would put this into the now classic Urey equations. The combination of availability of water and carbon dioxide provides a key to the geological thermostat. CO2 does play a pivotal role in the Earth’s climate. The Russian scientist Vladimir Vernadsky established that life was not only driven by geology, but also could act to shape geology. He coined the term biosphere for all the living matter on the planet. His friend Victor Goldschmidt subsequently linked the organic carbon cycle (which consists of producing organic biomass and respiring it) with the geological cycle and with the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. His final estimates of the size of the Earth’s carbon reservoir were eerily close to today’s estimates.
HUMANS, FIRE, FOSSIL FUEL, AND THE RISE OF ANTHROPOGENIC CO2
Authors: Dolman Han 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAt the beginning of the Holocene, 10,000 years ago, 71% of the Earth’s habitable land was covered by forests. We now have cut or burned down 50% of the original forest areas, so are left with only 38% forest cover remaining. The carbon of these trees ends up in the atmosphere when trees are burnt or left to decompose. Historically, changes in atmospheric CO2 were caused by deforestation and land-use change; today these emissions are surpassed by emissions from burning fossil fuel. Before 1950 most of the fossil fuel emissions came from coals, the share of oil and gas increasing after that. Up to 1950, roughly 90% of the emissions came from Europe and the US. In the latter part of the twentieth century CO2 emissions from China, the rest of Asia, and some countries in Latin America picked up. In 2006 China became the largest fossil fuel-related CO2 emitter, surpassing the US. The western world, i.e. the US and Europe, is responsible for over 50% of the cumulative emissions since industrialization. The world’s Gross Domestic Product, global primary energy consumption, and carbon intensity drive the global emissions. Roughly half of the fossil fuel emissions ends up in the atmosphere. Both the ocean and the land currently take up the other part of the emitted CO2. This free hoover service helps regulating the atmospheric load. So far, this service appears to hold, but it is unclear for how long…
DETERMINING ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CARBON DIOXIDE
Authors: Dolman Han 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWe get acquainted with measurements of the concentration (mole fraction) of CO2 in the atmosphere. Charles David Keeling started the famous Mauna Loa series in 1958 that is now the iconic symbol of human impact on the climate. He made direct measurements of the mole fraction, rather than the indirect measurements obtained by chemical titration. He noticed that there was a small gradual increase per year in the baseline. Soon he related this to the impact of fossil fuel burning. In 1957 Roger Revelle and Hans Suess stated famously that ‘human beings are now carrying out a large-scale geophysical experiment of a kind that could not have happened in the past nor be reproduced in the future.’ Bert Bolin subsequently showed that taking up CO2 by the surface ocean is one thing but bringing it down to the deep ocean quite another. Measuring carbon in the ocean is more difficult than in the atmosphere as it comes in three different forms, dissolved CO2, carbonate, and bicarbonate. The three are in intricate chemical equilibrium, which can shift depending on the availability of one or more of the components. This equilibrium forms the basis for the buffering capacity of the ocean. The US-based Japanese scientist Taro Takahashi did for ocean measurements what Keeling had done for the atmosphere—he developed a system to directly measure the concentration of CO2 in ocean surface waters. Today, observations in the atmosphere and ocean are coordinated by several large international programmes.
The Bible in Insular Tradition
Authors: McNamara Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter considers the Latin Bible in Insular tradition, principally that of Ireland, from earliest times until around the fourteenth century. It first examines the relevant background in Ireland during this period, noting the manifold contacts with Northumbria, Bede, and Anglo-Saxon England. It then lists and discusses Irish biblical manuscripts, in the sequence of complete Bibles, psalters (containing the Gallicanum and Hebraicum texts), gospel books, glosses on the Pauline Epistles and commentaries on other New Testament books. The biblical text of these is largely Vulgate, but with distinctive Irish features many of which go back to Old Latin tradition. Finally, mention is made of Irish scribes and scholars on the European continent.
The Latin Bible in the Renaissance and Early Print Culture
Authors: Needham Paul 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Abstract: Four stages may be identified in the transmission of the Vulgate text in the first century of its printing. First is the Gutenberg Bible, probably completed in 1455, closely related to the tradition of Paris Bibles. Next come the partial corrections in a 1462 Mainz edition, followed by additional adjustments in Franz Renner’s 1475 Venice Bible. Finally, there are the emendations of Robert Estienne’s Paris editions of 1528, 1532, and 1540, leading to the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate. Other humanist printers and scholars made major contributions in this period, most notably Desiderius Erasmus, Anton Koberger, Lucantonio Giunta, Santi Pagnini, and Sebastian Münster. The most advanced textual scholarship, by Gobelinus Laridius on the Old Testament, did not become part of broader tradition. An important role was also played by the development of multilingual editions, especially the Complutensian Polyglot and multiple-column psalters. Developments in the selection of biblical books and the creation of paratextual material and indexes are also considered, as well as the printing of the standard medieval commentaries alongside the biblical text.
A Polyphenol Oxidase Catalyzes Aurone Synthesis in Marchantia polymorpha
Authors: Furudate Hiraku , Manabe Misaki , Oshikiri Haruka , Matsushita Ayako , Watanabe Bunta , Waki Toshiyuki , Nakayama Toru , Kubo Hiroyoshi , Takanashi Kojiro 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Aurones constitute one of the major classes of flavonoids, with a characteristic furanone structure that acts as the C-ring of flavonoids. Members of various enzyme families are involved in aurone biosynthesis in different higher plants, suggesting that during evolution plants acquired the ability to biosynthesize aurones independently and convergently. Bryophytes also produce aurones, but the biosynthetic pathways and enzymes involved have not been determined. The present study describes the identification and characterization of a polyphenol oxidase (PPO) that acts as an aureusidin synthase (MpAS1) in the model liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha. Crude enzyme assays using an M. polymorpha line overexpressing MpMYB14 with high accumulation of aureusidin showed that aureusidin was biosynthesized from naringenin chalcone and converted to riccionidin A. This activity was inhibited by N-phenylthiourea, an inhibitor specific to enzymes of the PPO family. Of the six PPOs highly induced in the line overexpressing MpMyb14, one, MpAS1, was found to biosynthesize aureusidin from naringenin chalcone when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MpAS1 also recognized eriodictyol chalcone, isoliquiritigenin and butein, showing the highest activity for eriodictyol chalcone. Members of the PPO family in M. polymorpha evolved independently from PPOs in higher plants, indicating that aureusidin synthases evolved in parallel in land plants.
Higher-order NLS with anisotropic dispersion and modulation spaces: a global existence and scattering result
Authors: Chaichenets L , Pattakos  N 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In this paper we transfer a small data global existence and scattering result by Wang and Hudzik to the more general case of modulation spaces $M_{p, q}^s(\mathbb{R}^d)$ where q = 1 and $s \geq 0$ or $q \in (1, \infty]$ and $s \gt \frac{d}{q^{\prime}}$ and to the non-linear Schrödinger equation with higher-order anisotropic dispersion.