bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability of three pain assessment tools in children requiring dental treatment: A comparative clinical study
Authors: Nagarwal Priya , Rana Vivek , Srivastava Nikhil , Kaushik Noopur , Pruthi Tushar 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:
The appropriate intervention of pain is based on its accurate evaluation, which is a challenge in the pediatric population as they often do not have the language development or cognitive sophistication to describe it correctly. Untreated pain has a negative impact on the psychosocial well-being of children.

Aim and Objectives:
The study aimed to evaluate and compare the reliability of different pain assessment scales, namely, the Wong Baker Facial Pain Rating scale (WBFPS), Modified Emoji Pain Scale (MEPS), and indigenously developed indigenously made GIF Pain Scale (SPGPS) in children undergoing dental treatment under local anesthesia (LA).

Materials and Methods:
The study included 152 children aged 4–6 years with a Frankl behavior rating of score 3 and 4 (positive and definitely positive) requiring dental treatment under LA. After local infiltration, each child with two independent observers was asked to record the response of the current pain on the WBFPS, MEPS, and SPGPS. The reliability of the pain scales was assessed on the basis of similar responses given by all three individuals.

Results:
The Pearson correlation test was performed to determine the correlation among the scales. A very strong correlation was found between the WBFPS and SPGPS (r = 0.848), while a moderate correlation was found among the WBFPS and MEPS (r = 0.691). A strong correlation was found between the SPGPS and MEPS (r = 0.723).

Conclusion:
The SPGPS proved to be a more reliable pain assessment tool compared to the WBFPS and MEPS in clinical pediatric dentistry.
Bite force evaluation at maximal intercuspal position: An in vivo comparative study between stainless steel and zirconia crowns on primary molar teeth
Authors: Maheshkumar K. , Chowdhary Nagalakshmi , Chowdharry Ramesh , Vundela Rajashekar Reddy , Sonnahalli Nithin Kumar , Anuraaga A. Thirumagal 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The objective of this study was to clinically evaluate and compare the mean bite force changes at maximum intercuspal position, along with parental satisfaction following full crown restoration using stainless steel crown/zirconia crown on primary molar teeth using digital occlusal analysis system T-Scan III (Tekscan Corp, Boston, Mass., USA).

Materials and Methods:
Thirty-six primary molars of children aged 6–9 years with pulpal involvement were selected for the study. The selected teeth were allocated to either of the two groups using simple random sampling technique: Group A = stainless steel crowned teeth and Group B = zirconia crowned teeth. The mean bite force was recorded before the placement of the crown, after the placement of the crown, and after 1 month-follow-up. The inter-group and intra-group comparison was done among the groups. After the placement of the crown, parents were asked to fill out a questionnaire for assessing parental satisfaction.

Results:
A significant result in the bite force on crowned tooth, vertical dimension was seen from baseline to 1-month follow-up between the SSC and zirconia groups. In the zirconia crown group, the mean bite force was more compared to the stainless steel crown group. Parents’ satisfaction was higher with zirconia crown in terms of color and esthetics.

Conclusion:
SSC is more acceptable than zirconia crown since occlusal re-equilibration was attained better in SSC as compared to zirconia crown.
Determination and correlation of matrix metalloproteases profile and total antioxidant capacity in severe early childhood caries children – A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Thimmegowda Umapathy , Pai K. Soumya 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT

Background and Objective:
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a multigene family that belongs to the metalloproteinase class of endopeptides, responsible for the remodeling and degeneration of extracellular matrix molecules. MMPs are collectively called Matrixins are known to participate in tooth development and dentin-caries progression. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) is the measure of the amount of free radicals scavenged by a test solution, being used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of biological samples. Oxidative stress can affect the initiation and progression of many inflammatory and infectious diseases such as dental caries. Early childhood caries (ECC) is a serious public health problem that adversely affects children’s physical and mental health.

Aim:
The study aims to investigate and correlate the presence of MMPs and TAC in saliva of children with ECC.

Materials and Methods:
The present study was done on 50 children aged 3–6 years with severe ECC. Unstimulated, whole saliva samples were collected and stored and all 50 samples were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to determine MMPs and were subjected to spectrometry to assess the TAC of saliva. The samples with the presence of MMPs and increased TAC values were subjected to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to check the correlation of MMPs and TAC in ECC.

Results:
TAC was 0.81 ± 0.14 mmol/l in the caries-active group and 0.15 ± 0.05 mmol/l in the caries-free group and was statistically significant at P < 0.001. MMP level in the caries-active group was 715.75 ± 102.42 μg/ml, whereas, in the caries-free group, it was 250.89 ± 86.51 μg/ml and was statistically significant at P < 0.001. The salivary MMP and TAC levels showed a significant positive moderate correlation with caries scores in the caries-active group and the finding was statistically significant at P < 0.001.

Conclusion:
From our results, it can be concluded that the both MMPs and TAC levels were high in caries active group than in the caries-free group. The salivary MMPs showed a moderate positive correlation with TAC in the ECC group. In age-wise comparison, the mean MMP levels in the caries active group were higher in children between 3 and 4 years than in 5–6 years. In the caries-free group, the mean MMP level was similar in both the age groups.
A comparative assessment of efficacy and preference between needleless device INJEX and insulin syringe for anesthetizing primary maxillary teeth in children aged 4–9 years: A split-mouth crossover randomized clinical study
Authors: Patel Megha , Bhatt Rohan , Mehta Miral , Patel Chhaya , Patel Foram , Makwani Disha 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:
Managing pain in children is the most challenging task as it forms the foundation for instilling positive behavior toward dental treatment. Adequate local anesthesia (LA) is the cornerstone of pain management. However, the fear of needles, particularly in young children, can result in complete avoidance and refusal of treatment.

Aim:
This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy and preference between needleless device INJEX and insulin syringe for anesthetizing primary maxillary teeth in children aged 4–9 years.

Materials and Methods:
This randomized clinical study included 46 children aged 4–9 years. The patients were digitally allotted to receive 4% articaine for extractions of primary maxillary teeth, either using needleless device INJEX or insulin syringe on each side of the maxillary arch, in two different appointments after a 1-week washout period. Pain perception was measured by the subjective (Faces Pain Scale–Revised [FPS-R]) and objective pain scores (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability [FLACC]) and hemodynamic parameters (heart rate and oxygen saturation) during LA administration and during extractions. After the second appointment, children were asked about their preference between needleless device INJEX and insulin syringe.

Results:
On evaluating subjective pain scores with FPS-R, intergroup differences between the INJEX and insulin syringe groups were found statistically insignificant, both during LA administration (P = 0.101) and extraction (P = 0.080). However, on assessing pain objectively during extraction using FLACC, the mean pain score was less with insulin syringe (2.78) as compared to INJEX (4.72) and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.000). There was no significant difference in patient preference between the two methods.

Conclusion:
Pain perception was minimal during local anesthesia administration using needleless device INJEX; however, its clinical efficacy during extractions was reported to be lower than insulin syringe.
Comparative evaluation of Tell-Show-Do technique and its modifications in managing anxious pediatric dental patients among 4–8 years of age
Authors: Lekhwani Priyanka Sunil , Nigam Anant Gopal , Marwah Nikhil , Jain Shradha 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:
Dentistry has made a remarkable progress in techniques, materials and technologies, however the anxiety of the child related to dental treatment still remains constant. Tell Show Do is the most common technique behaviour management of the child in the dental clinic since many years. Recently, many modifications of Tell Show Do technique have been researched and most of them provided an enhanced potential for the conventional technique research but were always individually compared to conventional technique.

Aim:
To evaluate the effectiveness of Tell Show Do technique in comparison with its 4 modifications Tell Play Do, Tell Play Do with Smart Phone Dentist Game, Tell Show Play Doh, Ask Tell Ask among 4-8 years old children during restorative treatment.

Methodology:
150 children aged 4-8 years were randomly selected divided into 5 groups comprising of 30 patients each. Evaluation of anxiety was done using Physiologic-Pulse Rate, Facial Image Scale and Venham’s Anxiety Scale.

Results:
Except for Ask Tell Ask Group the anxiety level of the subjects decreased in all groups according to physiologic readings and facial image score. Anxiety Score decreased preoperatively to postoperatively in all groups except for Tell Play Do and Ask Tell Ask group according to venhams anxiety scale.

Conclusion:
Although Tell Show Do technique is most widely accepted and modified technique, due to changing scenarios of today’s children Tell Play Do, Tell Play Do with Smart Phone Dentist Game and Tell Show Play Doh are also showing encouraging results.
Morphology of the occlusal surface of primary molars as a risk factor for caries
Authors: Kaskova Luidmyla , Sadovski Marina , Khmil Olena , Vashchenko Iryna , Morhun Natalia 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT

Aims:
Impact of primary molars is a significant problem for children with early caries, as they are the ones that predominate in the structure of damage to primary teeth. The goal of our study was to investigate the peculiarities of the primary molars occlusal surfaces with the study of their types and possibilities of caries occurrence in them.

Methods:
To study the odontoglyphics of primary molars, a clinical preventive dental examination of 335 children of preschool institutions in the city of Poltava and Poltava region was conducted with the written consent of their parents. As a part of this examination, the occlusal surface of primary molars was studied according to the classic dental examination method with the examination card of each examined child being filled in. After a detailed study of odontoglyphic patterns of occlusal surfaces, photoprotocoling was carried out. A total of 2484 primary molars were examined: 622 maxillary first molars, 634 maxillary second molars, 608 mandibular first molars, and 620 mandibular second molars.

Results:
We found that both maxillary and mandibular primary molars which have a complex relief of the occlusal surface are most often affected by caries.

Conclusions:
The obtained data indicate that the primary molars of the upper and lower jaw, which have a complex pattern of the chewing surface, are most often affected. However, there is a need for preventive measures in children with such types of structure of the chewing surface.
The prevalence of varicella zoster virus, herpes simplex virus type 2, and human papillomavirus in breast cancerous tissues and their adjacent ones in Iran
Authors: Tavakolian Shaian , Faghihloo Ebrahim 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:
Breast cancer is the second type of cancer in the world. Some internal and external risk factors, especially infection diseases, can progress breast cancer. As the relation between varicella zoster virus (VZV), human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and breast cancer has not been understood, it was attempting to find the effect of these viruses and breast cancer in this study.

Materials and Methods:
We collected 40 breast cancer and 50 healthy adjacent tissues from Taleghani and Imam Hossein Hospital, Tehran, Iran, in 3 years starting in 2017. After extracting DNA from breast tissues, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nested PCR, and PCR were done to analyze the prevalence of HSV-2, VZV, and HPV.

Results:
Our results showed that HPV may be one of the important causes of breast cancer. Nested PCR illustrated nine breast cancerous tissues (mean age: 43) and three healthy adjacent ones (mean age: 41) were infected by HPV. Phylogenetic analysis illustrated that all of the infected HPV cancerous and healthy tissues were HPV 18 (except two healthy samples infected with HPV 6). Nevertheless, there were not any infected tissues by HSV-2 and VZV.

Conclusion:
It seems that HPV virus type 18 can have high prevalence in breast cancerous tissues in comparison with healthy adjacent ones, and it is likely to have an effect on breast cancer progression. However, the opposite trend is true for HSV-2 and VZV as we did not find any differences between different kinds of breast tissues.
The complete reversal effect following angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers and beta-blockers after the primary diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Liu Tao , Zhou Ping , Jiang Xin , Wang Na , Shou Jialing , Fang Yuqiang 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:
Whether combination administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and beta-blockers (BBs) has a “reversal” effect on cardiac structure and function for first-diagnosed idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (FSIDCM) patients with unclear etiologies and inducements is unknown.

Materials and Methods:
We studied the effect of the protocol on FSIDCM patients. The effect was investigated in 26 FSIDCM patients. The criteria of “complete reversal” included left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) ≤50 mm for females or ≤55 mm for males and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥45%; the criteria of “partial reversal” was the decreased rate of LVEDD (ΔLVEDD) >10% or the increase rate of LVEF (ΔLVEF) >10%; the criteria of “no reversal” included LVEDD >50 mm for females or >55 mm for males and ΔLVEDD <10%, and LVEF <45% and ΔLVEF <10%.

Results:
Within the follow-up period, nine patients showed “complete reversal,” eight “partial reversal,” and nine “no reversal.” Improvements in echocardiogram parameters were the most significant in “complete reversal” patients (P < 0.001), followed by “partial reversal” and “no reversal” patients (P < 0.05). The QRS (Q wave, R wave, S wave) duration and symptoms duration in “complete reversal” patients were the shortest, followed by “partial reversal” and “no reversal” patients.

Conclusion:
ACEIs or ARBs and BBs have a “complete reversal” effect on the left ventricular size and function of some FSIDCM patients. Patients with a narrow QRS and short symptom duration may have a good response.
Correlation of biofilm formation, virulence factors, and phylogenetic groups among Escherichia coli strains causing urinary tract infection: A global systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Mirzahosseini Hossein Karballaei , Najmeddin Farhad , Najafi Atabak , Ahmadi Arezoo , Sharifnia Hamidreza , Khaledi Azad , Mojtahedzadeh Mojtaba 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:
Different virulence factors are involved in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC); hence, this study aimed to study the prevalence of biofilm formation, virulence factors, and phylogenetic groups and their correlation with biofilm formation among UPEC isolates through a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Materials and Methods:
A literature search was conducted from 1, 2000, to the end of 2021 in different databases for studies that reported biofilm together with virulence genes or phylogenetic groups in UPEC isolates from patients with UTI according to PRISMA protocol. Data were analyzed by Comprehensive meta-analysis software.

Results:
The pooled prevalence of biofilm formers was 74.7%. The combined prevalence of phylogenetic Groups A, B1, B2, and D (s) were reported at 19.6%, 11%, 50.7%, and 20.5%, respectively. The most common virulence genes reported worldwide were fimA, ecpA, and fimH, with a combined prevalence of 90.3%, 86.6%, and 64.9%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of biofilm formation in UPEC isolates with phylogenetic Groups A, B1, B2, D, C, and F were 12.4%, 8.7%, 33.7%, 12.4%, 2.6%, and 2.65%, respectively. Several studies showed a correlation between biofilm production and virulence genes, or phylogenetic groups.

Conclusion:
Regarding data obtained, the high level of combined biofilm formation (74.7%) and the presence of a positive correlation between biofilm production and virulence genes, or phylogenetic groups as reported by the most studies included in the present review, indicates an important role of biofilm in the persistence of UPEC in the UTI.
The adaptation of epoxy resin and calcium silicate-based sealers in the middle third of the root canal wall: In vitro study
Authors: Maharti Ike Dwi , Ahimsa Raissa Ardelia , Putranto Aditya Wisnu 
Published: August 2023

Introduction:
An ideal sealer produces a hermetic closure, does not cause tooth discoloration, is bacteriostatic, insoluble in tissue fluids and biocompatible, and has good adhesion and a long setting time. Until now, no sealer material has met all these criteria. This study analyzed the differences in sealer adaptation between epoxy resin calcium silicate-based sealers in the middle third of the root canal wall.

Materials and Methods:
Thirty-two mandibular premolar teeth were prepared and divided into two groups (n = 16 each) according to the type of sealer used for obturation, Group 1 teeth were obturated with an epoxy resin-based sealer, and Group 2 teeth were obturated with a calcium silicate-based sealer. The teeth were cut vertically and prepared for scanning electron microscopy analysis. Sealer adaptation was scored and then analyzed statistically by a Chi-square test.

Results:
The adaptation scores were poor for 0 (0%) teeth, good for 13 (81.25%), and very good for 3 (18.75%) for the epoxy resin-based sealer and poor for 3 (18.75%) teeth, good for 5 (31.25%), and very good for 8 (50%) for the calcium silicate-based sealer. No statistically significant difference was detected between the adaptation of epoxy resin-based and calcium silicate-based sealers (P > 0.05). Overall, the particles appeared larger for epoxy resin than for calcium silicate.

Discussion and Conclusion:
No statistical difference was detected for sealer adaptation between epoxy resin-based and calcium silicate-based sealers in the middle third of the root canal wall.
Efficacy of corticosteroids on postoperative pain levels after nonsurgical endodontic treatment: An overview of systematic reviews
Authors: Lalfakawmi Serena , Gupta Alpa , Bukhari Seema , Abraham Dax , Singh Arundeep , Mrinalini  
Published: August 2023

Introduction:
According to previously published data, the severity of pain caused by pulp therapy and root canal treatment is more compared to other dental operative procedures. Corticosteroids are one of the most common drugs used in endodontics for reducing postoperative pain levels. The aim of this study is to compare and assess the effect of corticosteroids on postoperative pain levels with an active or passive placebo after nonsurgical endodontic treatment.

Materials and Methods:
The standard Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Checklist was used for framing the review protocol and it was then registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database (CRD42022372527). In this overview, systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis that evaluated the efficacy of corticosteroids alone, irrespective of their route, time, dosage of administration, and tooth vitality, in controlling postoperative pain levels in teeth requiring root canal treatment were included. The assessment of multiple systematic reviews tool was used to investigate the methodological quality of the systematic reviews included in this review.

Results:
The majority of the studies that were selected for this review showed that using corticosteroids led to a significant decrease in pain levels following endodontic treatment, especially at 6 h after completion of treatment. Pain levels were reduced considerably when prednisolone was compared with other forms of corticosteroids. It is suggested that when prednisolone is administered 30 min before the commencement of root canal therapy, it is similar in its effect to using similar doses for a longer duration. However, further randomized controlled trials are required keeping the strict inclusion criteria in mind.

Conclusions:
The systematic reviews summarized in this overview support the conclusion that using corticosteroids greatly reduced postoperative pain following endodontic treatment, and they also dispel any misconceptions about corticosteroids’ routine use in moderation.
Implementing rotary root canal instrumentation in the clinical training of undergraduate students from Saudi Dental Schools: A cross-sectional survey
Authors: Alotaibi Badi B. 
Published: August 2023

Introduction:
Rotary nickel–titanium files for root canal therapy have become standard treatment modalities in general practice and specialized dental centers. Undergraduate dental students should receive proper training in using rotary files before graduation. Therefore, this study aimed to provide detailed insight into the implementation of rotary root canal instruments in the clinical training of undergraduate students in Saudi Arabia.

Materials and Methods:
Two randomly selected private schools and 13 government-owned schools were selected to represent all administrative regions in Saudi Arabia. The SurveyMonkey® questionnaire was sent to each dental school through direct communication. It covered most aspects of the rotary root canal instruments used in the clinical training of undergraduate students before graduation.

Results:
Approximately 92.9% of the included dental schools reported using rotary files in undergraduate teaching; however, only 57.1% had specific clinical requirements for rotary root canal instrumentation in their curricula. Laboratory simulation sessions were the most commonly used preclinical training methods for rotary instrumentation (85.7%). Most dental schools implemented rotary file training in the 4th and 5th years (53.8% and 38.5%, respectively). The ProTaper® (Universal, Next, Gold) was the most commonly used rotary system. Most dental schools had an instructor-to-student ratio of 1:5.

Conclusion:
Most Saudi dental schools have adopted rotary files during their undergraduate training. However, the curricula of some dental schools do not include a predetermined number of clinical cases treated with rotary instrumentation to ensure better training for students before graduation.