bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is prescribing medicine with generic formula the practical solution to control price?
Authors: Jameel Maria , Rehna Tasnim 
Published: February 2023

The Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP) recently sent a letter to all provincial health departments advising their health professionals to prescribe a drug’s generic formula instead of its generic name. The decision was taken to control the price of drugs and break the nexus between pharmaceutical companies and doctors 1who prescribe the company-promoted branded medication. The Prime Minister's Performance delivery unit took this initiative in response to several complaints received regarding doctors prescribing brand names of expensive medicines despite the cheaper available alternatives in the market.
The matter rose to prominence, particularly during the pandemic of COVID-19 when pharmaceutical companies suddenly overpriced different medicines crucial for the sufferers of the pandemic. People started complaining and questioning on the agreement between the doctors and pharmaceutical companies regarding this malpractice of prescribing drugs.
The irresponsible attitude of using medicines by the consumers and unnecessary prescription of drugs by doctors has been a global problem,,2 moreover, it has been observed that healthcare costs in general and drug costs are rising everywhere, largely because of new medicines. But the overpricing in last years was due to the DRAP policies.3
The whole idea of using the generic formula on prescription is not the only way to control medicine’s price. Still it involves other serious issues, such as an agreement between pharmacy and pharmaceutical companies to give their brand when the doctor does not prescribe the drug by name. The suggestion is not workable because the doctor decides a medicine to be given to a patient based on his disease, needs and condition. The doctor selects a particular brand based on his experience and confidence in that brand. So, his expertise and brand reputation play an essential role in his prescription decisions. Moreover, there is a shortage of qualified, trained pharmacists so implementing the suggestion could be harmful to patients’ health because it would encourage substandard drugs.4
The government can control the price by using more practical andless uncomplicated strategies. The high cost and inaccessibility of essential medicine across Pakistan are related to weak quality assurance regulations, poor affordability, and irrational use.3 One of the critical solutions to the problem of price control is to set the price of generic brands in respect to the average price of the similar generic drugs available in the market.
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COVID-19 related risk perception and altruistic response amongst undergraduates on reopening of educational institutes
Authors: Bushra Rabbani  , Faisal Ahmed  , Ammarah Saeed  , Syed Muhammad Zulfiqar Hyder Naqvi  , Mariam Tariq  , Mehrunnisa Umar  
Published: February 2023

Objective: To determine the coronavirus disease-2019-related risk perception and altruistic response among undergraduate medical students post-lockdown.
Method: The analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from October 1, 2020, to March 31, 2021, at the Baqai Medical University, Karachi, and comprised undergraduates aged 16 and above, studying in medical, dental, physiotherapy, pharmacy and Information technology departments. Data was collected using a structured and standardised online questionnaire. Positive responses led to a perceived risk score ranging 0-9, with a higher score indicating a greater perception of risk. The score was corelated with demographic variables. Data was analysed using SPSS 21.
Results: Of the 743 subjects, 472(63.5%) were females. The overall mean age of the sample was 21.34±1.8 years. The mean risk perception score was 3.8±2.5, and it was significantly associated with disease exposure (p<0.001). Altruism had a strong association with the perceived risk score (p<0.001), indicating lower risk perception.
Conclusion: The risk perception among the students was low, pointing towards a need of psychological assistance program for the students.
Key Words: COVID-19, Risk, Perception, Students, Academics, Institutes.
A morphological study comparing heart size measurement on chest radiograph with echocardiography in local population
Authors: Ahmed Ali Khan  , Aisha Qamar  
Published: February 2023

Objectives: To investigate heart size on chest X-ray via cardiothoracic ratio, and to correlate it with echocardiographic measurements.
Method: The comparative analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Pakistan Navy Station Shifa Hospital, Karachi, between January 2021 and July 2021. The radiological parameters were measured on chest X-rays posterior-anterior view, and the echocardiographic parameters were measured using 2-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. The absence or presence of cardiomegaly on both imaging modalities was modelled as a binary categorical variable and compared. Data was analysed using SPSS 23.
Results: Of the 79 participants, 44(55.7%) were males and 35(44.3%) were females. The mean age of the sample was 52.71±14.54 years. There were 28(35.44%) enlarged hearts on chest X-ray and 46(58.22%) on echocardiography. The sensitivity and specificity of chest X-ray were 54.35% and 90.90%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 89.28% and 58.82%, respectively. The accuracy of chest X-ray in identifying an enlarged heart was 69.62%.
Conclusion: The cardiac silhouette on a chest X-ray could demonstrate heart size through simple measurements with high specificity and reasonable accuracy. However, a normal heart size on chest X-ray may not have a normal function.
Key Words: Heart size, Cardiomegaly, Cardiothoracic ratio, Chest X-ray, PA view, Transthoracic echocardiography.
Novel Surgical Procedure for Punctal Stenosis: Advantages of Implementation in Pakistan
Authors: Aleenah Mohsin  , Syeda Rabab Fatima  , Aiman Idrees  
Published: February 2023

Dear Editor,
Punctal stenosis is the occlusion of the external opening of the lacrimal canaliculus. It is clinically diagnosed using fluorescein dye in addition to other methods. Over half of the population coming to ophthalmology centres for routine checkups are found to have punctal stenosis [1]. Research revealed that punctal stenosis could be caused by multiple factors such using topical anti-glaucoma medications, ectropion and chronic blepharitis. The latter, in turn, has many unknown causes, with the clinical presentation being increased lacrimation, redness and discomfort of the eyes [2]. Moreover, advancing age increases the risk of punctal stenosis [3].
The treatment of punctal stenosis can be carried out by various stenting procedures (including perforated punctal plugs), balloon dilatation and multiple punctal snip procedures differing based on the number of incisions (one snip, two snips, three snips and four snip punctoplasty [4]), with each new procedure better than the previous one. A study published in 2018 presented a novel, modified rectangular three snips punctoplasty procedure involving three interrupted suture placements in the posterior wall of the ampulla, which decreased the chances of restenosis. The surgery showed improved subjective symptoms, with anatomical and functional success rates of 94% and 92%, respectively. It also showed a significant decrease in mean tear meniscus height (TMH) and recurrence rate in comparison with conventional three snip punctoplasty (TSP) [5].
The introduction of this surgery in Pakistan could be used as a panacea, given the country’s current state. The high recurrence rate of punctal stenosis after the conventional TSP calls for a second surgery which not only alarmingly increases the odds of disruption of the normal anatomy and physiology of the lacrimal system but also causes prolongation of hospital stay, leading to increasing exhaustion for the patient. Moreover, a second surgery after the first jeopardizes the doctors’ credibility as the patient expects complete recovery after the first surgery. There is an increased incidence of punctal stenosis due to infection and inflammation in the rural areas of Pakistan, where more than half of the population resides, with few or no ophthalmology centres. People from these areas travel a long distance to resolve their ophthalmic issues. These setbacks slim the chances of seeking a second surgery in case of recurrence. Reluctance stemming from financial restrictions to seek a second surgery in case of recurrence can complicate the patient’s condition by causing excessive lacrimation and hence a lot of discomforts.
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Impact of Environmental and Social Disclosure on Return on Asset of Listed Oil and Gas Companies in Nigeria
Authors: Ayuba Toma , Yunusa Grace 
Published: February 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of environmental and social disclosure on return on asset of listed oil and gas companies in Nigeria.
Methodology: The study used expo factor research. The population of the study comprises of all the thirteen (13) oil and gas companies and eight (8) of those companies made up the sampled population. The study used three variable, the dependent, independent and control variable. ROA is the dependent variable, environmental and social disclosure is the independent variable while firm size and firm age are the control variable. The study used secondary data sourced from annual report and account of the sampled companies for the period 2010 to 2019. To examine the study data, descriptive statistics, correlation matrix and multivariate regression analysis were used.
Findings: The study revealed that environmental and social disclosure have negative impact on return on asset (ROA) of listed oil and gas companies in Nigeria.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommended that there should be proactive effort from policy makers like National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency and other standards setting bodies to introduce a standard framework for mandatory disclosure of corporate environmental information.
Wlliam Mooduto
Authors: Lasimpala Feldi , Mooduto Wilyam , Kadir Ikbal 
Published: February 2023

This final report aims to find out the truth of the data on beneficiaries in Lembah Hijau Village so that there is no more partial or double distribution.
The method in this final report uses triangulation data collection techniques consisting of observations, interviews, and documentation.
The results showed that the data in Lembah Hijau Village can be said to be good from previous years because according to the report, there are only a few people who have received double assistance. This is due to the lack of communication between the village government and the existing aid assistants.
Interdecadal glacier inventories in the Karakoram since the 1990s
Authors: Xie Fuming , Liu Shiyin , Gao Yongpeng , Zhu Yu , Bolch Tobias , Kääb Andreas , Duan Shimei , Miao Wenfei , Kang Jianfang , Zhang Yaonan , Pan Xiran , Qin Caixia , Wu Kunpeng , Qi Miaomiao , Zhang Xianhe , Yi Ying , Han Fengze , Yao Xiaojun , Liu Qiao , Wang Xin , Jiang Zongli , Shangguan Donghui , Zhang Yong , Grünwald Richard , Adnan Muhammad , Karki Jyoti , Saifullah Muhammad 
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Multi-temporal glacier inventories provide key information about the
glaciers, their characteristics, and changes and are inevitable for glacier
modelling and investigating geodetic mass changes. However, to date, no
consistent multi-temporal glacier inventory for the whole of the Karakoram
exists, negatively affecting the monitoring of spatio-temporal variations in glaciers' geometric parameters and their related applications. We used a
semi-automatic method combining automatic segmentation and manual correction and produced a multi-temporal Karakoram glacier inventory (KGI) compiled from Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI (Thematic Mapper, Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus, and Operational Land Imager) images for the 1990s, 2000s, 2010s, and 2020s. Our assessments using independent multiple digitisation of 37 glaciers show that the KGI is sufficiently accurate, with an overall uncertainty of ±3.68 %. We also performed uncertainty evaluation for the contiguous glacier polygons using a buffer of half a pixel, which resulted in an average mapping uncertainty of ±5.21 %. We calculated more than 20 attributes for each glacier, including coordinates, area, supraglacial debris area, date information, and topographic parameters derived from the ASTER GDEM (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer global digital elevation model). According to KGI-2020s, approximately 10 500 alpine glaciers (>0.01 km2 each) cover an area of 22 510±828 km2 of which 10.18±0.38 % (2290±84 km2) is covered by supraglacial debris. Over the past 3 decades, the glaciers experienced a loss of clean ice and/or snow area but a gain in supraglacial debris. Supraglacial debris cover has increased by 17.63±1.44 % (343.30±27.95 km2), while non-debris-covered glaciers decreased by 1.56±0.24 % (319.85±49.92 km2). The total glacier area was relatively stable and showed only a slight insignificant increase of 23.45±28.85 km2 (0.10±0.13 %). The glacier area has declined by 3.27±0.24 % in the eastern Karakoram, while the glacier area slightly increased in central (0.65±0.10 %) and western Karakoram (1.26±0.11 %). Supraglacial debris has increased over the whole of Karakoram, especially in areas above 4200 m a.s.l. (above sea level), showing an upward shift. The glacier area changes were characterised by strong spatial heterogeneity, influenced by surging and advancing glaciers. However, due to global warming, the glaciers are on average retreating. This is in particular true for small and debris-free glaciers. The multi-temporal KGI data are available at the National Cryosphere Desert Data Center of China: https://doi.org/10.12072/ncdc.glacier.db2386.2022 (F. Xie et al., 2022).
The role of long-term mineral and manure fertilization on P species accumulation and phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms in paddy red soils
Authors: Chen Shuiqing , Gao Jusheng , Chen Huaihai , Zhang Zeyuan , Huang Jing , Lv Lefu , Tan Jinfang , Jiang Xiaoqian 
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Understanding soil phosphorus (P) transformation and turnover under various fertilization managements is important for evaluating sustainable P fertility and potential bioavailability in agriculture managements. Thus, long-term fertilization experiments (∼ 38 years) with the application of different inorganic and organic fertilizers in paddy red soils were
conducted to determine the effect of different fertilizer applications on P
pool accumulation and microbial communities, especially for phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs). Long-term inorganic P (IP) fertilization increased the concentrations of total P (TP) (∼ 479 mg kg−1), available P (AP) (∼ 417 mg kg−1) and
inorganic P (∼ 18 mg kg−1), but manure
fertilization accelerated the accumulation of organic P, especially for
orthophosphate monoesters (e.g., myo-IHP, ∼ 12 mg kg−1). Long-term mineral fertilization decreased bacterial richness,
evenness and complexation of bacterial networks. In contrast, long-term
manure fertilization and rhizosphere accumulated more amounts of total
carbon, total nitrogen, and organic carbon, as well as regulated the soil
pH, thus improving the separation of bacterial communities. Furthermore, PSM compositions were greatly influenced by fertilization managements and
rhizosphere. For example, inorganic P fertilization increased the abundance
of Thiobacillus (i.e., the most abundant phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) in this study) and shifted the community structure of PSB. Correspondingly, the concentrations of inorganic and total P were the key factors for the variation of the PSB community structure. These findings are beneficial for understanding the variation of inorganic and organic P pools and the microbial community, especially for PSMs under long-term inorganic and/or organic fertilization.
Does Reward System Effect Employee Job Satisfaction: Evidence from Public Sector
Authors: Siregar Zulkifli Musannip Efendi , Marihot Marihot , Lubis Ikhwanuddin 
Published: February 2023

Job satisfaction is one of the most important issues for employees. High job satisfaction will make employees have higher work productivity. Research examines the reward system as an antecedent variable that affects employee job satisfaction. The research was conducted with a quantitative approach. The sample in this study were agricultural extension workers at the Labuhanbatu District Agriculture Office. Until the research as many as 38 respondents. The data analysis technique was carried out by SEM Smart PLS. The results of the study show that it is proven that the reward system can have an influence on increasing employee job satisfaction at work.
Keywords: Reward System, Job Satisfaction
Analysis of Tin Stock Investment Projections during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Nugroho Ari Agung , Sumar Sumar , Khairiyansyah Khairiyansyah , Yanuar Doni 
Published: February 2023

Indonesia and other countries in the world are still experiencing the Covid-19 pandemic and continue to struggle for the country's health and economic recovery. The government along with all elements of society are tackling the impact of Covid-19 by implementing 3M (wearing masks, washing hands, maintaining distance), implementing health protocols, vaccination programs and implementing Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB). The community collaborates on advances in smartphone technology with PSBB activities in their daily activities. With the advancement of technology platforms, it is very easy for people to transact in the stock investment mechanism and have an impact on people's lives.
99% of Indonesia's tin mineral potential is in the Bangka Belitung Archipelago Province, while the rest is in the Riau Islands, Riau and West Kalimantan. The economic condition of the Bangka Belitung Islands province is still supported by the mining and quarrying sector, especially tin mining and the tin processing industry, in line with Irawan's study. So the tin stock investment instrument is still one of the instrument models that can be used during the Covid 19 pandemic. In the world of stock investment, there are two types of analysis known, namely fundamental analysis and technical analysis. Technical analysis attempts to test historical data in predicting stock prices in order to buy or sell an investment instrument.
Keywords: Covid 19, Stocks, Tin, Investment
The reflection of Netflix's Drama on cultural and social values in Arab World
Authors: Abdullah Almahraj Dr.Yazeed , Tilal Dagnah Mr.Siraj 
Published: February 2023

The study aimed to identify the most cultural and social values ​​that the Netflix platform adopts within its original dramas, and to explore the reflection of the promotion of these values on viewers. A pilot study was conducted on a sample of Netflix original drama series to find out the most popular cultural and social values for the period from (01-01-2020 to 01-06-2021). The pilot study concluded that homosexual acts were among the most imposed and promoted on viewers as a cultural and moral value within the Netflix dramas. Accordingly, the content of those dramatic scenes was analyzed, then the frequencies and proportions of the themes and dramatic contexts promoting homosexuality were calculated.
This study utilize the mixed method, as it began with a qualitative analysis to reach the themes covered by the original Netflix dramas, followed by a quantitative analysis to identify the volume of topics and the negative and positive contexts of homosexual scenes. The results of the study concluded that the Netflix platform presented its homosexuality dramas in a scientific method. Moreover, Netflix has used seven media frameworks that are consistent with the frame analysis theory. It also showed its focus on addressing five main themes, which are: homosexual contexts, homosexual behavior, homosexual rights, motivations, and characteristics. It has 13 categories, composed of 119 Codes.
The theme of homosexual contexts classified as highest percentage by (35.46%), followed by the theme of homosexual behaviors by (29.77%), While the theme of characteristics occupies the bottom of the list by (%3.15).
Data showed that all original Netflix series topped the list of most popular and watched for the year 2020-2021It's got homosexuality scenes. that the total time of homosexuality scenes appearance was about 312.83 minutes, for 424 scenes. This confirms that there is at least one homosexuality scene every 42 minutes, and homosexuality intercourse scene were in every 15 episodes. homosexuality verbal terms are the most frequently used by %57.54. homosexuality action was the second frequent scene by %14.15.
The data also showed an increase in the size of direct homosexuality contexts by (81.94%), compared to the size of the indirect homosexuality contexts, which was %18.06.Despite this, indirect contexts were also employed in a way that works to achieve moral sympathy for the viewer towards homosexuals, by showing the suffering that homosexuals face from the society around them. The study recommends the importance of conducting more qualitative and quantitative studies to identify the impact of homosexual scenes promoted through digital video platforms on the viewer’s perception, the extent of their mental acceptance, and the need for the competent bodies to protect intellectual security to educate the lllviewer about the seriousness of what these platforms offer, activate their supervisory role and block scenes that contradict with Islamic and cultural values.
The Effect of electronic advertising on the Sudanese consumer
Authors: Mohammed El Hassan Dr.Mohammed El Hassan , Mohammed Dr.Ibrahim Gasmallah 
Published: February 2023

The problem of the research is to figure out the effect of electronic advertising on the purchasing behavior of the Sudanese consumer. This research aims to achieve numerous purposes; consolidating the concept of electronic advertising , clarifying the impact of electronic advertising on the behavior of the Sudanese consumer towards commodities.
Highlight the characteristics and advantages of electronic advertising.
The study has come out with some results , the study prove that the online advertising promotes the products, goods, services and ideas on the websites affected by the consensus of the respondent, the study showed that respondent trust the advertisements they find online, it showed that the majority of respondents strongly agree to make the purchase or request the services electronically .
The recommendations have come follows: keeps on electronic advertising companies should use social media sites mainly to promote largest number of consumers.