bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluasi Penerapan Rekam Medis Elektronik dengan Pendekatan Technology Acceptance Model di Rumah Sakit X di Kota Surabaya
Authors: Intansari Intansari , Rahmaniati Martya , Hapsari Dian Fajar 
Published: June 2023

Rekam medis elektronik mempunyai peran yang cukup penting didalam penyelenggarakan pelayanan kesehatan di rumah sakit dimana rekam medis elektronik merupakan sumber data dan informasi kesehatan yang dapat digunakan dalam menilai baik buruknya pelayanan kesehatan. Rumah sakit X telah mengimplementasikan penggunaan rekam medis elektronik sejak tahun 2020 akan tetapi belum pernah dilakukan evaluasi terhadap penerapan rekam medis elektronik sehingga diperlukan upaya evaluasi yang formatif untuk melihat kualitas rekam medis elektronik dengan menggunakan Technology Acceptance Model yaitu menilai sebuah sistem berdasarkan dimensi kemudahan (ease of use) dan persepsi manfaat (usefulness) yang dapat mempengaruhi penggunaan sistem (attitude toward using) dan mengaplikasian sistem secara berkelanjutan (actual usage). Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menggunakan analisis uji korelasi bivariat untuk dapat menilai hubungan antara variabel yang diteliti. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan (p-value 0.001, r = 0,717) antara keyakinan bahwa EMR dapat digunakan dengan mudah (perceived ease of use) dan manfaat dalam performa kinerja dan produktivitas kinerja (perceived usefulness), Hubungan positif signifikan (p-value 0.001, r = 0,747) antara variabel EMR dapat memberikan manfaat dalam performa kinerja dan produktivitas kinerja (perceived usefulness) dan sikap penggunaan EMR (Attitude toward using). Keyakinan bahwa EMR dapat digunakan dengan mudah (perceived ease of use) berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap sikap penggunaan EMR (Attitude toward using) dengan nilai p-value 0.001, r = 0,7, serta hubungan yang signifikan nilai p-value 0.001, r = 0,717 antara keyakinan bahwa sikap penggunaan EMR (Attitude toward using) dan signifikan terhadap penggunakan EMR secara aktual (actual usage)
Depression and anxiety among persons with type II diabetes mellitus and hypertension; A cross-sectional analytical study in the rural field practice area of a tertiary care center in Puducherry
Authors: Salim Simi , Saya Ganesh Kumar , Kattimani Shivanand , Kar Sitanshu Sekhar 
Published: June 2023

Objectives:
To determine the proportion of depression and anxiety disorders; their association with sociodemographic, NCD-related factors and Quality of Life among persons with type II Diabetes Mellitus or Hypertension at a rural health center in Puducherry.

Materials and Methods:
This facility-based cross-sectional analytical study recruited 692 participants from May 2020 to September 2021. A structured questionnaire collected sociodemographic and NCD-related history; The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and The World Health Organization quality of life (WHOQOL) - BREF questionnaires for depression, anxiety and QOL assessment, respectively. Independent variables were assessed for relationship with depression and anxiety using univariate analysis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to determine the predictors of depression and anxiety.

Results:
Nearly 17.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] - 13.8%–22.4%) had depression and 12.7% (95% CI - 9.5–16.7%) had anxiety. Age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] - 0.97; 95% CI - 0.95–0.99), depression/anxiety disorders family history (aOR - 2.58; 95% CI - 1.26–5.26), overall QOL score reduction (aOR - 0.76; 95% CI - 0.60–0.97), and social domain score reduction (aOR - 0.98; 95% CI - 0.97–0.99) were the significant predictors of depression. No formal education (aOR - 10.84; 95% CI - 4.54–25.86), being homemaker (aOR - 3.49; 95% CI - 1.29–9.42), no DM/HTN family history (aOR - 1.51; 95% CI - 0.66–1.54), psychological domain score reduction (aOR - 0.97; 95% CI - 0.95–0.99) and environmental domain score reduction (aOR - 0.96; 95% CI - 0.94–0.98) were significant predictors of anxiety.

Conclusion:
Nearly one-fifth had depression and more than one-tenth had anxiety among the participants. A fair number of persons with HTN/DM have higher anxiety and depressive scores and most domains had a poor QOL score with depression alone having associated with a depression/anxiety family history.
Pengaruh Penggunaan Mulsa Plastik Bawah Tanah terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Empat Varietas Kedelai
Authors: Ajmilatunnisa  , Sulistyono Eko , Kusumo Yudiwanti Wahyu Endro 
Published: June 2023

Kedelai merupakan salah satu komoditas pangan penting yang dapat diolah menjadi tahu, tempe, susu kedelai, dan kecap. Peningkatan produksi kedelai dapat dilakukan dengan perluasan areal tanam dan peningkatan produktivitas. Peningkatan produktivitas dapat dilakukan dengan pemberian air yang cukup bagi tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan informasi mengenai pengaruh mulsa plastik bawah yang dipasang dibawah permukaan tanah terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi empat varietas kedelai. Penelitian dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan IPB Sawah Baru dari bulan Januari hingga Mei 2021. Percobaan menggunakan rancangan petak terbagi dengan tiga ulangan. Petak utama yaitu perlakuan mulsa plastik bawah tanah dan tanpa mulsa plastik bawah tanah dan anak petak yaitu kedelai varietas Detam-1, Gepak Kuning, Grobogan, dan Anjasmoro. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan mulsa plastik bawah tanah dapat meningkatkan kelembapan tanah, tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun trifoliate, jumlah cabang, dan indeks luas daun. Gepak Kuning merupakan varietas yang menghasilkan jumlah polong, jumlah polong isi, jumlah biji, jumlah biji per polong, dan produksi riil (3,43 ton ha-1) yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan varietas lainnya yaitu 2.53; 2.74; 2.58 ton ha-1 masing-masing untuk Detam-1, Grobogan and Anjasmoro. Detam-1 memiliki jumlah polong hampa, persen polong hampa, bobot basah polong hampa, dan evapotranspirasi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan varietas lainnya. Anjasmoro dan Gepak Kuning memiliki nilai efisiensi pemakaian air yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dua varietas lain. Tidak ada pengaruh pemberian mulsa terhadap produktivitas kedelai yang dicoba. Pemberian mulsa di bawah tanah hanya memperbaiki pertumbuhan vegetaif tanaman saja.
Kata kunci: gepak kuning, indeks luas daun, kelembapan
Keragaman Karakter Agronomi Populasi M2 Kacang Hijau (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)
Authors: Tania Devi , Marwiyah Siti , Sutjahjo Surjono Hadi 
Published: June 2023

Induksi mutasi fisik dengan iradiasi sinar gama merupakan salah satu pendekatan untuk meningkatkan keragaman genetik sehingga mendukung proses seleksi dalam program pemuliaan tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan informasi keragaman karakter agronomi dan seleksi populasi kacang hijau M2 VR10. Pengujian populasi M2 VR10 hasil iradiasi sinar gama 880 Gy dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Leuwikopo IPB pada Februari hingga Juni 2018. Sebanyak 480 tanaman M2 dan 120 tanaman M0 (VR10) sebagai kontrol ditanam bersamaan. Populasi M2 VR10 menunjukkan keragaman karakter warna hipokotil, pertumbuhan daun pertama, keberadaan warna antosianin serta trikoma pada batang dan tangkai daun, bentuk biji, warna biji, dan kekilapan biji. Keragaman genetik berdasarkan nilai heritabilitas tergolong tinggi (50.7-93.0%), teridentifikasi pada karakter tinggi tanaman (saat berbunga, panen pertama, panen terakhir), umur berbunga, umur panen (panen pertama, panen terakhir), periode panen, bobot polong total, jumlah biji per polong, jumlah polong total, dan panjang polong. Seleksi karakter periode panen berdasarkan frekuensi seleksi 10% menghasilkan 46 genotipe M2-VR10 dengan periode panen 13-31 hari dan memberikan diferensial seleksi -2.99.
Kata kunci: frekuensi seleksi, heritabilitas, M0, periode panen, seleksi diferensial
Pengelolaan Pemetikan Tanaman Teh (Camellia sinensis (L.). O. Kuntze) di Wonosobo, Jawa Tengah
Authors: Salimah Sarah Najma , Junaedi Ahmad , Sudradjat  
Published: June 2023

Teh merupakan salah satu komoditas perkebunan yang berperan penting dalam perekonomian Indonesia sebagai sumber devisa dari kegiatan ekspor. Pemetikan merupakan kegiatan pemanenan hasil dari tanaman teh yang dapat mempengaruhi kualitas dan kuantitas pucuk. Penelitian bertujuan mempelajari dan menganalisis pengelolaan pemetikan tanaman teh yang dilakukan pekerja dibanding standar yang dimiliki perusahaan. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Wonosobo, Jawa Tengah pada bulan Januari – Maret 2020. Percobaan disusun menggunakan uji t berpasangan dengan membandingkan umur tanaman terhadap mutu hasil petik tanaman teh. Hasil pengamatan menunjukan bahwa tinggi bidang petik, diameter bidang petik, tinggi jendangan, gilir petik, analisis pucuk, dan kapasitas pemetik telah memenuhi standar yang ditetapkan. Hasil analisis petik menunjukan perlu adanya peningkatan dalam teknik pemetikan di lapangan agar kualitas pucuk memenuhi standar yang ditetapkan. Kapasitas pemetik tidak dipengaruhi oleh usia dan lama kerja pemetik.
Kata kunci: daun pemeliharaan, gilir petik, kapasitas pemetik
Keanekaragaman Jenis Serangga di Taman Singha Merjosari Kota Malang
Authors: Safitri Alfa , Rizky Fitriya Nur , Husna Ihda Maf’ulatul , Pranata Ivandra Bagus , Hidayatullah Moh. Arif Nur , Maulana Muhammad Rizal , Fardhani Indra 
Published: June 2023

Serangga adalah kelompok makhluk hidup yang mempunyai jumlah spesies terbanyak. Serangga ini berperan penting dalam rantai makanan pada suatu ekosistem. Penelitian ini mengkaji keragaman jenis serangga yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman jenis serangga yang terdapat di Taman Singha Merjosari Kota Malang. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada hari Senin, 7 November 2022. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode observasi cara mengumpulkan datanya dengan cara pengamatan secara langsung. Metode ini digunakan sebagai pengamatan terhadap objek penelitian khususnya pada fokus masalah yang diteliti. Data yang diperoleh berupa jumlah spesies dan ciri morfologi tubuh dari spesies serangga. Hasil penelitian terdapat enam spesies serangga yang ditemukan dengan morfologi tubuh yang berbeda-beda. Ciri khusus serangga tubuhnya terbagi menjadi tiga bagian utama yaitu kepala (Caput), dada (Thorax) dan perut (Abdomen). Pada umumnya serangga ini mempunyai fungsi untuk membantu penyerbukan atau pembuahan bunga, sebagai dekomposer atau pengurai, sebagai bioindikator lingkungan, sebagai penghasil bahan-bahan yang yang mempunyai nilai ekonomis yang tinggi seperti penghasil madu, bahan obat-obatan, sebagai pembersih dan penggembur tanah sehingga dapat ditemukan persebarannya di area sekitar Taman Singha Merjosari Kota Malang (Aswir & Misbah, 2018).
HYBRID IMAGE DENOISING USING WIENER FILTER WITH DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM AND FRAMELET TRANSFORM
Authors: Sultan Nora Hussam 
Published: June 2023

Removal of noise from an image is an essential part of image processing systems. In this paper a hybrid denoising algorithm which combines spatial domain Wiener filter and thresholding function in the wavelet and framelet domain is done. In this work three algorithms are proposed. The first hybrid denoising algorithm using Wiener filter with 2-level discrete wavelet transform (DWT), the second algorithm its using Wiener filter with 2-level framelet transform (FLT) and the third hybrid denoising algorithm its combines wiener filter with 1-level wavelet transform then apply framelet transform on LL of wavelet transform. The Wiener filter is applied on the low frequency subband of the decomposed noisy image. This stage will tend to cancel or at least attenuate any residual low frequency noise component. Then thresholding detail high frequency subbands using thresholding function. This approach can be used for grayscale and color images. The simulation results show that the performance of the first proposed hybrid denoising algorithm with discrete wavelet transform (db5 type) is superior to that of the second and third proposed algorithms and to that of the conventional denoising approach at most of the test noisy image with Gaussian noise and Slat & pepper noise while the third proposed denoising algorithm with hybrid wavelet & framelet transform is superior to that of the other proposed algorithms at noisy images with speckle noise.
FACTORS AFFECTING CONSTRUCTION LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN IRAQ USING BASRA CITY AS A CASE STUDY
Authors: J.Dakhil Ammar , M.Naji Zaher , K.Faleh Saddam 
Published: June 2023

The construction industry has a multifaceted relationship with most sectors of the economy in all nations, as well as playing a vital role in social and economic development. One of the main factors that affect the development of the construction industry is labour productivity. The aim of this paper is to identify and rank the importance of the factors perceived in the literature to influence labour productivity in the Iraqi construction industry using Basra city as a case study. From the literature a total of 59 main factors were identified that may affect labour productivity on construction sites. These factors were classified into ten primary groups: (1) Managerial; (2) Environmental; (3) Manpower; (4) materials and equipment; (5) Schedule; (6) Safety; (7) Quality; (8) Motivation; (9) Technical; (10) External. The statistical analysis of these factors was prepared by using the Relative Importance Index (RII) and SPSS 23 programme. The grades obtained made it possible to assess the comparative importance of the factors as perceived by respondents.Â The study provides comprehensive and explicit data for the construction contractors working in Iraq before providing the proposal for the bids taking in account the risks and the challenges mentioned in the study. Also it observed that the Iraqi government authority enforcement is essential to ensure that the construction labour productivity is fulfilled without losing in time and money. A structured questionnaire survey was sent to construction project managers, as a target group and the results showed in order to improve labour productivity in Basra city in particular and in Iraq in general. The results are show that the ten essential factors affect on construction labour productivity with different level of importance. In addition, all types of corruption must be considered to be serious problems affecting labour productivity. Enforcement, conduct education and training for manpower by using new techniques are decreasing the difference between estimated and actual labour productivity.
EXPERIMANTAL STUDY OF EFFECT OF HEXAGONAL HOLES DIMENSIONS ON ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF CASTELLATED STEEL BEAM
Authors: Al-Thabhawee Hayder Wafi 
Published: June 2023

Nowadays, use of castellated steel beams (CSBs) has become very common because of their advantageous implementations in construction of buildings. Castellated Steel Beams (CSBs) are those members that are fabricated from standard hot rolled steel (HRS) I- sections by cutting along its web in "zigzag" pattern and thereafter rejoining the two halves on one another by welding together to form a castellated beam, so that generally the depth of Â a section will be increased. This research analyses the experimental results of six specimens of castellated steel beams and compares with control beam (Parent section). The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of hexagonal hole dimensions on the ultimate strength and stiffens response of the castellated steel beam. Also, the effect of number of holes on the behavior of the castellated steel beams that have the same span and ratio of expansion was investigated. All specimens of the castellated steel beam were fabricated from hot rolled steel section (IPE140) and were expanded to (1.56) times the parent section depth. From the test results, it is observed that best dimension of castellated steel beam was (span length to holes space ratio L/S = 8.0); hole depth to Castellated beam depth ratio is h/H=0.56, and hole space to the castellated beam depth ratio is S/H = 1.03. The ultimate strength of the castellated steel beam was increased about (50%) stronger than the original beam.
LIMITS OF CAPACITY INCREASE IN CELLULAR NETWORKS DUE TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DEVICE TO DEVICE COMMUNICATIONS
Authors: Rahi Kareem Dhahir 
Published: June 2023

(D2D) Device to Device communications is a new approach which proposes the separation of data planes and control, thus revolutionizing the traditional methods of communication. This approach is capable of increasing the capacity of the system significantly by providing three types of gain: proximity gain, hop gain and reuse gain, thus it is considered as an approach for the next generation of cellular networks. However, this type of communications can cause interference within the cellular network if not properly designed. To investigate the possible increase in the system capacity and reduce the effect of interference, a three-step algorithm was proposed and evaluated against three matrices: throughput gain, user capacity and access rate. Â The simulation results showed that as the D2D pair gets closer to each other the access rate increases and it can reach up to 98%. Also the throughput gain is directly effected by the distance between the D2D pair as it can reach up to 100% when placing the D2D at an area of 100 m2 and decreases gradually when increasing the distance, while placing the D2D pair at the edge of the cell will result in higher throughput gain as it can reach up to 130% at D2D to CU ratio equals to 1. Finally, the simulation results proved that it is possible to add an extra 60% of the already existed users when using the D2D communication within the cell.
AN ERROR ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH RECOUNT TEXTS WRITTEN BY INDONESIAN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Authors: Anakampun Rizky Ananda , Fithriani Rahmah 
Published: June 2023

Error analysis is widely used in EFL teaching and learning to identify the types and causes of errors made by EFL learners and to determine whether those errors are systematic or random. By examining these errors, teachers can develop effective solutions to reduce, eliminate or improve them. The purpose of this study was to investigate the grammatical errors made by senior high school students when composing recount texts. The study used a descriptive quantitative approach by analysing a corpus of 30 essays written by 15 students. Utilizing Dulay, Burt, Krashen's (1982) framework of surface structure taxonomy for data analysis, the results reveal that students committed errors in four categories: disinformation, misordering, omission, and addition (ordered accordingly from the most to the least produced one). This study implies that recognizing students' writing errors may assist teachers in determining the focus of their instruction in order to enhance student’s learning to a better condition.
The Russian-Ukrainian Conflict and the Future World Order
Authors: Kortunov Andrey 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This paper addresses the resilience demonstrated by the international system when confronted by the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. The author argues that this resilience might not be sustainable and that in the mid-term perspective we might observe some explicit disintegration in the system that affects multilateral institutions, international public law, and the global governance at large. Four independent variables are important in shaping the future world order: the outcome of the Russian-Ukrainian and the Russian-Western confrontation, the dynamics of the US-China relations, the sustainability of Western cohesion, and the prospects for a new cycle of globalization.
Preparation and Quality Evaluation of Ready to Serve (RTS) Wheatgrass Juice
Authors: Adhikari Babita , Joshi Sanil 
Published: June 2023

Wheatgrass is an inexpensive and efficient source to provide all the required nutrients and medicinal benefits for a healthy body. The major objective of this study is to formulate a health-beneficial beverage that could be organoleptically accepted by people of all age groups, to bring forward a new product from wheatgrass that has mostly remained unexplored. The wheatgrass harvested on the 9th day (optimized on the basis of chlorophyll, tannin, total polyphenols, flavonoids and DPPH radical scavenging activity) was taken for study. The wheat seeds (WK 1204 variety), collected from Agriculture Botany Division, Nepal Agriculture Research Council were used for the preparation of ready-to-serve juice. Eight different formulations of RTS were prepared with the help of Design-Expert®, version 7, keeping juice content 7-13%, TSS 9-16 °Bx and constant acidity at 0.3%. Response Surface Methodology, D-optimal design was adapted for the formulations. The optimization of the formulation was intended to be carried out based on sensory analysis. Proximate and phytochemical (Chlorophyll, Polyphenol, Flavonoids, Tannins and Antioxidant properties) composition of 9th days harvested wheatgrass, its extracted juice and the final product was also carried out. The statistical analysis (two-way ANOVA, no blocking) was done in order to evaluate the outcomes of sensory analysis. There was a significant difference for sensory attributes like flavor, taste, body and overall acceptability at p<0.05, whereas color wasn’t found to be significantly different. Sensory analysis revealed that the beverage consisting of 12.8% Wheatgrass juice, 12.5°Bx TSS and 0.3% acidity was considered best among all the combinations.
भाषा शिक्षणमा सूक्ष्म तथा सहपाठी शिक्षणको प्रयोगात्मक ढाँचा, स्वरूप र उपादेयता
Authors: नेपाल शक्तिराज 
Published: June 2023

भाषा शिक्षणमा सूक्ष्म तथा सहपाठी शिक्षणको प्रयोगात्मक ढाँचा, स्वरूप र उपादेयता नै यस लेखको शीर्षक हो । भाषा शिक्षणमा भाषाका चारवटै सिपको एकीकृत शिक्षण गरिन्छ । भाषाका सिपको विकास हुनु नै भाषा शिक्षणमा सिकाइ उपलब्धि हो । भाषा शिक्षणको प्रकृति नै प्रयोगात्मक छ । विषयको प्रकृति नै प्रयोगात्मक हुने भएकाले यसमा नीतिगत रूपले नै सैद्धान्तिक तथा प्रयोगात्मक भनी कोर्स वा पाठ्यवस्तु छुट्याइएको हुन्छ । भाषा शिक्षणका सन्दर्भमा शिक्षण अभ्यासको महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका हुन्छ । भाषा शिक्षणको पठनपाठन सैद्धान्तिक प्रकृतिको हुने भएकाले शिक्षण अभ्यासको कार्यक्रम राखी यसलाई थप प्रयोगात्मक र पारदर्शी बनाउन खोजिएको हो । शिक्षण अभ्यासले विद्यार्थीलाई पूर्ण शिक्षक बन्ने अभ्यास गर्ने मौका दिन्छ । शिक्षण अभ्यास कार्यक्रममा जम्मा तीन तहका अभ्यासात्मक कार्यक्रमहरू हुन्छन: सूक्ष्म शिक्षण, सहपाठी शिक्षण र स्कुल तथा क्याम्पस वा कलेज शिक्षण । यो कार्यक्रम भनेको शिक्षार्थीका लागि वास्तविक शिक्षक बन्ने तथा अग्र एवं पृष्ठपोषण सङ्कलन गर्ने अभ्यासको कार्यक्रम हो । शिक्षकले सानो आकारको विद्यार्थीको कक्षामा कसरी शिक्षण गर्ने, ठुलो आकारको विद्यार्थी सङ्ख्या भएका कक्षामा कसरी शिक्षण गर्ने भन्ने कुराको अभ्यास क्याम्पस वा कलेजमा नै गर्ने गराउने भएकाले यस कार्यक्रमलाई पूर्व स्कुल/क्याम्पस शिक्षण कार्यक्रम र पश्च स्कुल कार्यक्रम गरी दुई चरणमा अभ्यास गराउने गरिएको छ । यसै प्रसङ्गमा यस लेखमा भाषा शिक्षणका सन्दर्भमा सूक्ष्म शिक्षण र सहपाठी शिक्षणको सैद्धान्तिक अर्थ, प्रयोग, महत्त्व, कक्षाकोठाको स्वरूप, तरिका र पद्धतिका बारेमा चर्चा गरिएको छ । पुस्तक कार्यको प्रक्रिया तथा विभिन्न अनुसन्धानात्मक सामग्रीहरूको अध्ययन गरी सैद्धान्तिक ढाँचा निर्माण गरिएको छ । वर्णनात्मक दार्शनिक आधारमा संरचित यस लेखमा गुणात्मक पद्धति तथा पुस्तक पठन विधिलाई अपनाइ सामग्रीको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । भाषा शिक्षणलाई शैक्षिक क्रियाकलापका रूपले पनि औचित्यपूर्ण बनाउन यस लेखले सहयोग पुर्याउने देखिएको छ ।
The Missing Concordat in the Czech Republic
Authors: Přibyl Stanislav 
Published: June 2023

The present article discusses certain aspects of the Treaty between the Czech Republic and the Holy See. The text of the treaty was signed at the level of the government, however, it has not been ratified so far. Some provisions of the treaty are rather superfluous or lack sufficient normative basis. Nevertheless, as the example of Article 9 of the treaty on the recognition of civil effects of church marriages shows that the approval of the treaty by the Parliament of the Czech Republic would have been very beneficial. In fact, in the process of preparation for a new civil code an attempt was made to repeal church marriages recognized by the state. Such a project would have been made impossible by the concordat because church marriage would have been supported by an obligation of the state under international law. Fortunately, the civil code kept church marriages, and confessional law in the Czech Republic has to develop without a valid concordat.