bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of heavy metals on the radiation shielding capabilities of borated polyethylene: a Geant4 study
Authors: Akhdar Hanan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Research has increasingly focused on polymers for radiation shielding in medical and industrial applications due to their beneficial properties. Polyethylene, a common polymer, is extensively used as a neutron shield in radiation-related environments, particularly in hospitals. Recently, borated polyethylene-created by combining polyethylene with 5% boron by weight-has been employed in hospital doors due to its exceptional durability across a wide temperature range and its effective neutron shielding capabilities. Hospital doors must protect against radiation leakage that could endanger patients and staff while also being lightweight, resistant to moisture and chemicals, sound-absorbent, and flexible during manufacturing. Borated polyethylene meets all these criteria, leading many manufacturers to produce hospital doors from borated high-density polyethylene (BHDPE). In this study, the shielding effectiveness of borated polyethylene, enhanced with 5% of heavy metals such as iron, bismuth, and tungsten, was theoretically analyzed using Geant4 against photons and neutrons with energies ranging from 10 keV to 20 MeV. The results indicated that iron-borated high-density polyethylene (Fe-BHDPE) offers the best neutron shielding, followed by tungsten-borated high-density polyethylene (W-BHDPE) and bismuth-borated high-density polyethylene (Bi-HDPE). For photon shielding, Bi-HDPE performed the best. The choice of metal and its proportion in radiation protection doors should be tailored to the specific type of radiation present in the facility, considering potential interactions, surrounding conditions, scattering effects, and any secondary particles that may be produced.
Potential of neutrino telescopes to detect quantum gravity-induced decoherence in the presence of dark fermions
Authors: Domi Alba , Eberl Thomas , Hellmann Dominik , Krieg Sara , Päs Heinrich 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We assess the potential of neutrino telescopes to discover quantum-gravity-induced decoherence effects modeled in the open-quantum system framework and with arbitrary numbers of active and dark fermion generations, such as particle dark matter or sterile neutrinos. The expected damping of neutrino flavor oscillation probabilities as a function of energy and propagation length thus encodes information about quantum gravity effects and the fermion generation multiplicity in the dark sector. We employ a public Monte-Carlo dataset provided by the IceCube Collaboration to model the detector response and estimate the sensitivity of IceCube to oscillation effects in atmospheric neutrinos induced by the presented model.
Our findings confirm the potential of very-large-volume neutrino telescopes to test this class of models and indicate higher sensitivities for increasing numbers of dark fermions.
Star-crossed labours: checking consistency between current supernovae compilations
Authors: Matthewson W.L. , Shafieloo A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We make use of model-independent statistical methods to assess the consistency of three
different supernova compilations: Union3, Pantheon+ and DES 5-year supernovae. We expand the
available model space of each, using Crossing Statistics, and test the compatibility of each
dataset, against the other two. This is done using (I) a Flat ΛCDM fitting to, and (II)
Iterative Smoothing from, one particular dataset, and determining the level of deformation by
required to fit the other two. This allows us to test the mutual consistency of the datasets both
within the standard model and in the case of some extended model, motivated by features present in
a particular dataset. We find that, in both these cases, the data are only consistent with the
point in the parameter space corresponding to zero deformation (of I and II), at around a
2σ level, with the DES compilation showing the largest disagreement. However, all three
datasets are still found to be consistent to within 1-2σ with each other.
Modified power law cosmology: theoretical scenarios and observational constraints*
Authors: Sharma L. K. , Parekh Suresh , Ray Saibal , Yadav Anil Kumar , Khlopov Maxim , Mehta Kalyani C.K. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This research paper examines a cosmological model in flat space-time via

gravity, where R and G are the Ricci scalar and Gauss-Bonnet invariant, respectively. Our model assumes that

is an exponential function of G combined with a linear combination of R. We scrutinize the observational limitations under a power law cosmology that relies on two parameters, the Hubble constant (

) and the deceleration parameter (q) utilizing the 57-point

data, 8-point BAO data, 1701-point Pantheon+ data, joint data of

+ Pantheon, and joint data of

+ BAO + Pantheon+. The outcomes for

and q are realistic within observational ranges. We also address energy conditions,

analysis, and cosmographical parameters such as jerk, lerk, and snap. Our estimate of

is remarkably consistent with various recent Planck Collaboration studies that utilize the ΛCDM model. According to our study, power law cosmology within the context of

gravity provides the most comprehensive explanation of the important aspects of cosmic evolution.
A method for diagnosing the implosion symmetry in inertial confinement fusion with wide-angle VISAR
Authors: Yuji Wu , Zanyang Guan , Qing Zhang , Longfei Jing , Kuan Ren , Juxi Liang , Xudan Chen , Yulong Li , Feng Wang 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A method for diagnosing implosion symmetry in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) with wide-angle velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR)was proposed in this study. The method considers the object-image relationship of the wide-angle VISAR, characteristics of the fringe pattern, and the symmetry theory; the fringe pattern must be continuous in space to apply this method. Hydrodynamic calculations showed that the radiation-temperature distribution on the surface of capsule was spatially continuous, indirectly proving the applicability of the method. The evolution of P2 asymmetry at different positions of the capsule was examined through an eight-beam laser indirect-drive experiment at a 10 kJ-level laser facility, proving the feasibility of the method. The application of wide-angle VISAR for the diagnosis of implosion symmetry in ICF was more accurate and intuitive and demonstrated high spatiotemporal resolution and wide detection range. This method can provide reference data for the micro-mechanism study of hydrodynamic instability and radiation-driven asymmetry, as well as support for optimizing the implosion compression process to achieve efficient and stable ignition.
Mechanical properties and microbial assessment of additively manufactured diamond and gyroid Ti-6Al-4V ELI scaffolds for interbody fusion cages applications
Authors: Kumar Mohit , Meena Vijay Kumar , Singh Suman 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This study investigates the mechanical behaviour and microbial assessment of additively manufactured porous titanium scaffolds for interbody fusion cages applications. This study is meticulously designed to focus on both the mechanical and microbial assessments. Two types of cubic porous structure scaffolds were manufactured. The type 1 scaffold was designed with a diamond structure, featuring a pore size of 500 microns and 65% porosity. Similarly, the type 2 scaffold was designed with a gyroid structure, having a pore size of 500 microns and 65% porosity. Both the types of scaffolds were manufactured using direct selective laser sintering technique. Both the group of scaffolds tested for quasi static compression testing, fatigue compression testing, compression torsional testing and corrosion testing for mechanical properties evaluation. For microbial evaluation, bio burden tests, total organic carbon and total hydrocarbon tests were conducted on the both type of scaffolds. Static compression testing results reported that there is no significant effect on the compression strength properties. Diamond scaffolds had higher yield force value than gyroid scaffolds. Fatigue compression and compression - torsional results reported the higher endurance strength of diamond scaffolds over the gyroid scaffolds. There was no significant difference reported for corrosion behavior of both scaffolds. In the present study, both types of scaffolds demonstrated an almost negligible biological burden. The total organic carbon and hydrocarbons values reported were also under permissible limit as per ISO 19227.Results demonstrated several advantages such as higher endurance strength of diamond scaffolds over gyroid scaffolds, highly corrosion resistance and negligible bio burden limits.
Catalytic degradation of dyes using gold nanoparticles supported over chitosan coated cotton cloth composite
Authors: Awais  , Ullah Fahim , Khan Adnan , Khan Romana , Khan Sher Bahadar , Alzahrani Khalid A , Ali Nauman , Ul-Islam Mazhar , Chani Muhammad Tariq Saeed , Kamal Tahseen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The increasing environmental threat posed by various dye contaminants in wastewater necessitates the development of efficient catalytic systems for their removal. This research work investigates the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) on chitosan-coated cotton cloth (CH-CC) as a versatile catalyst for the reduction of hazardous dyes, specifically methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RB), and congo red (CR). The Au-CH-CC composite was prepared by treating CH-CC with HAuCl4 and reducing the formed ions using sodium borohydride. XRD, SEM, and EDX were adopted as characterization techniques which confirmed the successful formation of gold nanoparticles. The catalytic performance was evaluated via UV–visible spectrophotometry, revealing rapid dye reductions of 93%, 86%, and 98% for MB, RB, and CR in 12, 9, and 6 min, respectively. Kinetic analysis indicated pseudo-first-order kinetics by using the Au-CH-CC as catalyst, with respective rate constants of 0.18, 0.23, and 0.54 min−1. The recyclability of the catalyst was demonstrated by repeatedly recovering and reusing it in three successive cycles. The findings in this study reveal the potential of utilizing Au NPs on biomass-derived materials for environmentally friendly dye remediation, presenting a sustainable approach to mitigating dyes pollution from wastewater.
Hydrological drivers of flooding in Niamey (Niger): the role of the Sirba River
Authors: Tangam Idi Souley , Yonaba Roland , Ibrahim Boubacar , Adamou Mahaman Moustapha , Karambiri Harouna 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In recent decades, floods have become a major global concern. In Niamey (Niger) in West Africa, flooding is primarily caused by the significant increase in surface runoff resulting from heavy rainfall occuring between July and September in the upstream river basins of the three major tributaries of the Middle Niger River (Sirba, Gorouol ad Dargol catchments). While the Sirba is empirically considered as the largest driver to flooding in Niamey, its contribution have not been precisely established. This study analyzes the influence of these tributaries on the Niger River discharges at Niamey during the rainy season, with a particular focus on the Sirba River basin. Daily annual maximum discharge (AMAX) data from 1990 to 2022 timeseries are used as inputs to various statistical analyses, including trend analyses, change point detection, concordance analysis and flood dependency assessment. The results reveal a significant change point in 2009 and increasing trends between the Sirba and Niger River stations. The flood propagation time delay varies from 1 to 4 days between the upstream river basins tributaries and Niamey station, with a strong concordance in peak discharges, particularly dominant with the Sirba River. The Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and the Gumbel copula analyses highlighted the significant control of the Sirba River basin on flooding in Niamey, while also highlighting the important roles played by other tributaries. These findings are crucial for improving flood prevention and further refine urban flood management strategies in Niamey and other cities globally, affected by fluvial floods.
Enhancing roadway scenario classification through vision transformer features and decision tree algorithms
Authors: P P Anoop , R Deivanathan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Drivers face significant visibility challenges throughout the day and night due to varying environmental and lighting conditions. During the day, heavy rain and dense fog can severely reduce visibility, making it difficult to identify road markings and navigate safely. At night, the absence of natural light exacerbates visibility issues, and the intense glare from high-beam headlights further impairs focus of the driver which affects his reaction times. These challenges significantly increase the risk of accidents. To address these issues, modern vehicles are equipped with advanced systems such as front-mounted cameras and displays to improve road visibility. However, maintaining display clarity under adverse conditions remains a challenge for them. This study proposes a novel method for classifying roadway scenarios using Vision Transformer (ViT) features combined with decision-tree-based classifiers and applying tailored image enhancement algorithms for each scenario. The method effectively distinguishes between six road scenarios, including adverse weather and low-light conditions. Using Random Forest as the classification model, the proposed approach achieved a maximum accuracy of 96.60%, outperforming state-of-the-art methods. By accurately classifying scenarios and applying appropriate enhancement techniques, this approach improves road visibility and enhances driver safety.
Performance of heat transfer in Al2O3/MWCNT hybrid nanofluid flow using machine learning models
Authors: Tota Rakesh Kumar , Nagaraju Dora , Syed Javed , Mohammad Abdul Razack 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This investigation diverges from traditional studies concentrating on single-component nanofluids, instead examining the thermophysical benefits of hybrid nanofluids, like Al2O3/MWCNT, aimed at improving thermal conductivity and heat transfer efficiency in passive systems. Machine learning is a promising solution for designing efficient heat exchangers by understanding intricate relationships and utilizing suitable modelling techniques. Numerical simulations were conducted to validate the benchmark results; later, passive techniques were incorporated into the numerical model to predict the heat transfer characteristics. The dataset derived from numerical simulation results is employed to train contemporary machine learning methodologies, including support vector regression (SVR), decision tree (DT), and random forest (RF). Data from experiments and CFD analysis were gathered for preprocessing and machine learning (ML) analysis. The preprocessing phase involved the application of a standard scaler operation to enhance accuracy levels. The models underwent validation using ten experimental data samples to assess their performance against statistical tool metrics. A higher thermal performance factor (ThPF) is observed with the divergent nozzle insert in the plain tube at 0.028 vol% of MWCNT/Al2O3 (HNF3) at Reynolds number 3093. R2 values of SVR, DT and RF are predicted as 0.95, 0.98 and 0.99, respectively, for the case of HNF3 fluid flowing through the divergent nozzle insert. The investigation broadens its conclusions to include improvements in passive heat transfer, encompassing extended surfaces and geometric alterations, offering practical guidance for developing advanced heat exchanger designs.
Solar parking lot capacity: an abundant dual-use alternative to meet demand for the renewable energy transition
Authors: Markwith Scott 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Most utility-scale solar facilities (USSFs) in the United States (US) are planned or installed in grasslands, pastures, agriculture land, and timberland, with aggressive future expansion plans. Investor-owned electricity providers have lobbied aggressively to remove obstacles to approval of USSFs on agricultural lands and for limits on regulations that support distributed solar installation. Rural USSF expansion may have potentially significant local, state, and regional impacts on agricultural production and the economy, property values and affordability, and conservation of habitats, connectivity, and endangered species. The potential use of parking lots in urban and suburban areas for solar development to meet demands is poorly studied and parking lot solar has not gained much traction in the US. The objective of this research was to estimate whether solar photovoltaic (PV) systems installed in parking lots can meet electricity demands across multiple urban and suburban metropolitan areas within the US. Parking lot data across four municipalities with variation in latitude, solar radiation, and population density was obtained, along with modeled annual electricity demand by sector. Parking lot area and potential generating capacity was calculated for canopy and carport designs using standard and premium efficiency panels, and annual electricity production was estimated using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s PVWatts Calculator. Premium efficiency canopy designs can meet ∼100% of demand in some large car dependent low to medium density municipalities. High density urban areas may receive marginal direct benefit from parking lot solar development within their boundaries. Dual-use of lands without any ecosystem or productive value can substantially contribute to renewable energy mixes to meet demands.
From fragmentation to negotiation, 1851–1875
Authors: 6 Perri , Heims Eva 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Following the neo-Durkheimian explanation’s structure, this chapter first analyses formal and informal social organization in government. It then shows how social organization shaped British policymaking on international telegraphy from the early 1850s to 1875. The chapter argues that in this period, fragmented buffering was slowly modified to allow more negotiated ordering of buffering between civilian commercial considerations in international telegraphy and security, naval, and military ones. Both forms of buffering help us to understand Britain’s decision to join the International Telegraph Union and how grudging commitment to the international regime emerged in British government. The chapter highlights the initial lack of capacity of the General Post Office (GPO) to handle international matters of telegraphy.
The zenith of parallel integration, 1903–1914
Authors: 6 Perri , Heims Eva 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The zenith of parallel integrated buffering was achieved under the Liberal administration after 1905. Social organization among ministers was highly individualistically negotiated but within the machinery of government it was increasingly integrated and rule-based. The chapter shows how this shaped development in the highly complex plan for wartime cable-cutting in which the General Post Office (GPO) played a key role. The same GPO officials were also engaging closely with the International Telegraph Union (ITU) and intimately deepening cooperation with the German telegraph administration and working closely with their German counterparts in the 1913 submarine cable conference.
Trade Agreements Can Empower Women
Authors: Bahri Amrita 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores how trade agreements have addressed women’s concerns by analysing ten different approaches that are employed by countries to add women’s perspective in existing trade agreements. With the help of multiple practice examples from different regions, this chapter prepares a detailed menu of negotiating options for trade negotiators from across the globe. These approaches range from negotiating a stand-alone chapter on trade and women, legally binding provisions, and general affirmations to cooperative actions and policy carve-outs. The chapter also delves into the challenges and benefits of these approaches, highlighting the nuanced ways in which women’s participation in trade may be facilitated or hindered by these inclusions.
Revealing the Active Components and Therapeutic Targets of Sanao Decoction against Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Using Quantitative Analysis of Multi-Components by Single Marker and Network Pharmacology
Authors: Ji Wanli , Wang Jiahong , Huo Yan , Hu Cheng , Zhang Yifan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
As a traditional Chinese medicine, Sanao decoction (SAD) has been used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for multi-years. However, the potential mechanism and targets for its effects of SAD remain unknown. The 94 components of SAD were identified by UPLC–LTQ–Orbitrap MS. Meanwhile, the quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS) method was used to control the quality of SAD, including ephedrine hydrochloride, amygdalin, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid. The method was strictly validated with recovery (90.0–110.0%), precision [relative standard deviation (RSD), 0.79–2.01%], stability (RSD, 1.84–2.64%), repeatability (RSD, 0.45–3.03%) and relative correction factors (RSD, 0.28–2.67%), respectively. All the compounds showed good linearities (R2 &gt; 0.999). Subsequently, 37 target proteins of SAD in the treatment of COPD were screened. The “Compounds-Targets” interaction and protein–protein interaction network found that TNF-α, IL-6 and VEGFA may act a crucial role in the treatment of COPD by SAD. Molecular docking demonstrated that TNF-α had good affinity with the main components of SAD. A strategy of QAMS and network pharmacology was a novel method to assess the quality control of SAD and uncover the targets and potential mechanism of SAD in the treatment of COPD.
Risk stratification for cardiovascular disease: a comparative analysis of cluster analysis and traditional prediction models
Authors: Yacaman Mendez Diego , Zhou Minhao , Brynedal Boel , Gudjonsdottir Hrafnhildur , Tynelius Per , Trolle Lagerros Ylva , Lager Anton 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Aims
Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) relies on effective risk stratification to guide interventions. Current models, primarily developed using regression analysis, can lead to inaccurate estimates when applied to external populations. This study evaluates the utility of cluster analysis as an alternative method for developing CVD risk stratification models, comparing its performance with established CVD risk prediction models.

Methods and results
Using data from 3416 individuals (mean age of 66 years and no prior CVD) followed for an average of 5.2 years for incidence of CVD, we developed a risk stratification model using cluster analysis based on established CVD risk factors. We compared our model to the Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE2), the Pooled Cohort Equations (PCE), and the Predicting Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Events (PREVENT) models. We used Poisson and Cox regression to compare CVD risk between risk categories in each model. Predictive accuracy of the models was evaluated using sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and C-statistic. During the study, 161 CVD events were detected. The high-risk cluster had a sensitivity of 59.0%, a PPV of 7.5%, a specificity of 64.2%, and NPV of 96.9% to predict CVD. Compared to the high-risk groups of the SCORE2, PCE, and PREVENT, the high-risk cluster had a high sensitivity and NPV, but a low specificity and PPV. No statistically significant differences were found in C-statistic between models.

Conclusion
Cluster analysis performed comparably to existing models and identified a larger high-risk group that included more individuals who developed CVD, although with more false positives. Further studies in larger, diverse cohorts are needed to validate the clinical utility of cluster analysis in CVD risk stratification.