Abstract PR03: Cooperative anti-tumor effects of combined inhibition of KRASG12C plus autophagy in preclinical models of KRASG12C-driven lung cancer
Authors: Ghazi Phaedra C. , Kinsey Conan , Bogdan Madhumita , Smith Bryan D. , Flynn Daniel L. , McMahon Martin 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Approximately 25% of lung cancers are driven by mutationally-activated KRAS. A major obstacle in treating lung cancer is resistance to current therapeutic treatments. The recent FDA approval of sotorasib, a direct pharmacological inhibitor of KRASG12C, marks a critical milestone in the treatment of this important subset of lung cancer. However, the twin problems of primary or acquired resistance to direct pharmacological inhibition of KRASG12C remain major obstacles in sustaining the deepest and most durable patient responses. In response to cellular stresses such as RAS pathway-targeted therapeutics, RAS-mutated cancer cells have been demonstrated to increase autophagy, an intracellular recycling pathway. Moreover, combined inhibition of RAS pathway signaling plus autophagy had potent anti-tumor effects in preclinical models of melanoma or pancreatic cancer. However, the mechanism(s) underlying treatment-induced autophagy is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that KRASG12C-driven lung cancer cells increase autophagic flux in response to treatment with KRASG12C inhibitors. Moreover, combined treatment of such cells with a specific, selective and potent inhibitor of the ULK1/2 protein kinases, master regulators of autophagy, led to superior anti-tumor effects in human cell line xenograft models. Previous work to understand why inhibiting autophagy sensitizes KRAS mutant cancer cells to targeted therapy has been confounded by the use of non-specific lysosomal inhibitors such as hydroxychloroquine. Using selective autophagy inhibitors, such as ULK1/2i, provides a unique opportunity to investigate the precise mechanism as to why inhibition of autophagy sensitizes cells to KRASG12C inhibition. Additionally, about 30% of lung cancer patients with KRAS mutations also have deletions or inactivating mutations in LKB1, a protein involved in regulation of nutrient sensing and autophagy. Patients with KRAS-mutated lung cancer whose tumors also lack LKB1 expression are characterized by aggressive behavior and resistance to standard treatment. In other KRAS-driven cancers, the LKB1&gt;AMPK&gt;ULK1 signaling axis is a proposed mechanism as to how autophagic flux increases following KRAS pathway inhibition. However, our preliminary data suggests that LKB1 is dispensable for sotorasib-induced autophagy in KRASG12C-driven lung cancer cells. To this end, KRASG12C-driven lung cancer cell lines with loss of LKB1 expression significantly increased autophagic flux after treatment with either a KRASG12C inhibitor or inhibitors of RAF&gt;MEK&gt;ERK signaling suggesting that the mechanism(s) of autophagy induction in KRASG12C-driven may be different to those detected in other KRAS mutated cancers. Consequently, we have generated new genetically engineered mouse models of KRASG12C-driven lung cancer in which LKB1 is silenced to further investigate the role of LKB1 in the autophagy response of KRASG12C-driven lung cancers to pathway-targeted blockade of oncogenic KRAS signaling.
Citation Format: Phaedra C. Ghazi, Conan Kinsey, Madhumita Bogdan, Bryan D. Smith, Daniel L. Flynn, Martin McMahon. Cooperative anti-tumor effects of combined inhibition of KRASG12C plus autophagy in preclinical models of KRASG12C-driven lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Targeting RAS; 2023 Mar 5-8; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2023;21(5_Suppl):Abstract nr PR03.