bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a three-degree-of-freedom piezoelectric actuator
Authors: Wei Fenglong , Wang Xueliang , Dong Jingshi , Guo Kang , Sui Yongxin 
Published: February 2023

Multi-degree of freedom piezoelectric actuators are strongly needed for industrial applications, especially when manipulating a large and heavy mirror or lens in an optical system. A novel three-degree-of-freedom piezoelectric actuator, which is driven by two pairs of piezo-stack actuator with spatial compliant mechanisms designed to guide the motion and preload the piezo-stack actuators, is herein proposed. The structure and working principle of the proposed actuator are illustrated and its kinematic characteristic is analyzed. The stiffness of the spatial compliant mechanisms is modeled, and the dynamic characteristics are analyzed, Finite Element method is utilized to validate the correctness of the stiffness modeling and the free vibration analysis of the proposed actuator. A prototype actuator is fabricated and its output performances have been tested. Working space of X ranging from −7.1 to 5.6 μm, Y ranging from −6.2 to 8.2 μm and Z ranging from −2.3 to 2.1 μm, displacement resolutions of 15/16/21 nm along X-/Y-/Z-axis and average velocities of 52.3, 82.8 and 29.5 µm/s along X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis with carrying load up to 2 kg and driving frequency of 500 Hz have been achieved by the prototype actuator. The method of waveform generating for the proposed actuator has been developed with the inverse hysteresis compensation, and test results indicate that the positioning accuracy of the prototype actuator in the open loop has been improved from 0.94 to 0.23 μm for a circular trajectory tracking, from 0.48 to 0.29 μmm for an elliptical trajectory tracking, and from 0.61 to 0.32 μm for a rectangular trajectory tracking with the compensated waveform of driving voltage.
Non-local architecture for spin current manipulation in silicon platforms
Authors: Zucchetti C. , Scali F. , Grassi P. , Bollani M. , Anzi L. , Isella G. , Finazzi M. , Ciccacci F. , Bottegoni F. 
Published: February 2023

We have developed a non-local architecture for spin current injection, manipulation, and detection in n-doped bulk Si at room temperature. Spins are locally generated at the indirect gap of bulk Si by means of circularly polarized light and then detected by exploiting the inverse spin-Hall effect (ISHE) occurring inside a thin Pt pad deposited at the top of the Si substrate. We demonstrate that it is possible to modulate the transport properties of the optically injected spin current by applying a bias voltage along the direction of motion of the particles. In this case, we are able to explore both the spin diffusion regime, characterized by a spin diffusion length Ls ≈ 12 μm, and the spin drift regime with applied electric fields up to E = 35 V/cm. We demonstrate that the spin transport length of the electrons can be increased (or decreased) by more than 100% for electric fields antiparallel (or parallel) to the diffusion direction. As a consequence, the ISHE signal can be electrically controlled to have high or low output voltages from the non-local device.
Two-dimensional spin systems in PECVD-grown diamond with tunable density and long coherence for enhanced quantum sensing and simulation
Authors: Hughes Lillian B. , Zhang Zhiran , Jin Chang , Meynell Simon A. , Ye Bingtian , Wu Weijie , Wang Zilin , Davis Emily J. , Mates Thomas E. , Yao Norman Y. , Mukherjee Kunal , Bleszynski Jayich Ania C. 
Published: February 2023

Systems of spins engineered with tunable density and reduced dimensionality enable a number of advancements in quantum sensing and simulation. Defects in diamond, such as nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers and substitutional nitrogen (P1 centers), are particularly promising solid-state platforms to explore. However, the ability to controllably create coherent, two-dimensional spin systems and characterize their properties, such as density, depth confinement, and coherence, is an outstanding materials challenge. We present a refined approach to engineer dense (≳1 ppm ⋅ nm), 2D nitrogen, and NV layers in diamond using delta-doping during plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition epitaxial growth. We employ both traditional materials techniques, e.g., secondary ion mass spectrometry, alongside NV spin decoherence-based measurements to characterize the density and dimensionality of the P1 and NV layers. We find P1 densities of 5–10 ppm ⋅ nm, NV densities between 1 and 3.5 ppm ⋅ nm tuned via electron irradiation dosage, and depth confinement of the spin layer down to 1.6 nm. We also observe high (up to 0.74) ratios of NV to P1 centers and reproducibly long NV coherence times, dominated by dipolar interactions with the engineered P1 and NV spin baths.
Development of a cryogenic passive-scattering-type near-field optical microscopy system
Authors: Lin Kuan-Ting , Weng Qianchun , Kim Sunmi , Komiyama Susumu , Kajihara Yusuke 
Published: February 2023

Passive scattering-type, scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) has been employed to study localized, long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) surface waves without external illumination. Here, we develop a cryogenic passive s-SNOM instrument in a vacuum chamber with 4 K liquid-helium cooling. Notably, the extremely low-temperature environment inside the chamber enables the realization of passive near-field detection with low background thermal noise. The technique mainly utilizes a highly sensitive LWIR confocal optical system and a tuning fork-based atomic force microscope, and the near-field detection was performed at a wavelength of 10.2 ± 0.9 µm. In this paper, we discuss the cryogenic s-SNOM implementation in detail and report the investigation of thermally excited surface electromagnetic fields on a self-heated NiCr wire deposited on SiO2 at a temperature of 5 K. The origin of the surface electromagnetic fields was established to be the thermally excited fluctuating charges of the conduction electrons. The cryogenic s-SNOM method presented herein shows significant promise for application in a variety of spheres, including hot-carrier dissipation in ballistic conductors.
Types of German causal clauses and their syntactic-semantic layers
Authors: Frey Werner 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to discuss some distinguishing syntactic and interpretative properties of German causal weil-clauses, da-clauses and verb-first causal clauses. The chapter argues that these different properties can be fruitfully analysed in Krifka’s (2018, to appear) system of decomposition of a speech act into the levels of a proposition, of a judgement, of a commitment and of a speech act. These semantic levels are represented in syntax by TP, JP, ComP and ActP, respectively.
Standardly, a weil-clause is just a TP (covered by a CP-shell). In contrast, a da-clause is of the more complex category JP (covered by a CP-shell), which is adjoined to the JP of its host, i.e., a da-clause is interconnected with a judgement. Related to this there are, for example, the findings that in contrast to the situation with a weil-clause, a da-clause cannot be narrowly focal, that the causal relation expressed by da is not at-issue, and that there is no binding from the host into a da-clause. Furthermore, a da-clause may host a certain type of root phenomena. A verb-first causal clause is of the most complex category ActP and is licensed by an ActP. It cannot be syntactically embedded and it has illocutionary force, which, however, has a supporting function with regard to the illocutionary force of the preceding sentence. A verb-first causal clause may host all kinds of root phenomena.
The chapter also compares Krifka’s layers of interpretation and Sweetser’s (1990) three domains of interpretation (content, epistemic, speech act) and shows that these two classifications complement each other with correlations.
Layers of subordinate clauses
Authors: Angantýsson Ásgrímur , Jędrzejowski Łukasz 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The main aim of this chapter is to examine adverbial causal af-því-að-clauses in modern Icelandic. Semantically, we argue that af-því-að-clauses can be interpreted as eventuality-related, as evidential or as speech-act-related causal clauses. Syntactically, we show that af-því-að-clauses can be analyzed as central, peripheral or disintegrated adverbial clauses in the sense claimed by Haegeman (2010, 2012), Schönenberger and Haegeman (this volume), and Frey (2011, 2012, 2016). Based on Krifka (to appear) and Frey (2020, to appear, this volume), we assume af-því-að-clauses to be assertive clauses attaching – depending on their interpretation – as Tense Phrase, Judge Phrase or Act Phrase adjuncts. Essentially, we take interpretative differences to follow from the distinct attachment heights. Main arguments for this three part division are based on binding data, embeddability, movement restrictions, and clausal anaphora.
On the syntax of causal clauses in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Pan Victor Junnan , Zhu Bin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines problems and issues related to the syntax of causal-consequent clauses in Chinese. Conjunctions that introduce these clauses in Chinese do not form a homogeneous syntactic category: Some are analyzed as complementizers, whereas the others as prepositions. Furthermore, both orders, “causal clause > consequent clause” and “consequent clause > causal clause”, are observed in Chinese and we will argue that there is not necessarily any derivational relation between them. A causal clause will be analyzed as an adjunct to a consequent clause. Sentence-final particles in Chinese head different types of functional projections in the left-periphery and they can take a causal or a consequent clause as their complement. The interaction between clauses and particles will also be examined in detail.
Elephants in Zoos: Conservation Gains versus Welfare Losses
Authors: Rees Paul A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe first recorded elephant in England arrived in 1255; a gift to King Henry III from King Louis IX of France. Elephants have been kept in zoos in the United States for over 200 years and, throughout the world, they are extremely popular with zoo visitors. Since the 1980s there have been captive breeding programmes for elephants in zoos but these have not been successful in creating self-sustaining zoo populations. Many people now believe that the welfare compromises endured by captive elephants outweigh any actual or potential benefits for elephant conservation that accrue from their being kept in zoos. Although there have been recent improvements in the longevity of elephants living in zoos, many zoos have given up keeping elephants and some have sent their animals to elephant sanctuaries. This case study considers the relative merits of the claims that elephants living in zoos have conservation and scientific functions and the counter-claims that, not only do they have no legitimate function, but they suffer significant welfare harms.
One Health predatory symposiums and publishers in Brazil and Latin America: How to recognize and find solutions to avoid them?
Authors: Pettan-Brewer Christina , Vezeau Neil , Barbosa David Soeiro , Biondo Alexander W 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

‘One Health’ (
‘Saúde Unica’, ‘Una Salud’,
‘
Uma So Saúde’)
has become a fashionable topic in Latin America. The funding for education and research grants has increased exponentially in recent years. However, this term is indiscriminately applied. Many claimed expertise while having little knowledge or history of the subject. Projects with ‘One Health’ in the title were awarded grants to applicants with no previous experience or basic knowledge of the concept. Virtual courses, certificate programs and publication opportunities have been advertised to attract a large number of participants at conferences as well as incentives for expected academic achievements and career promotion demands in any area.

One Health Impact Statement
The authors strongly believe that this ethical discussion is of high importance for the successful continuing of implementation, and development of One Health with integrity and legitimacy in Latin America and in the world.
Adaptive charge control for the space inertial sensor
Authors: Yang Fangchao , Hong Wei , Li Honggang , Ma De 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Inertial sensors are key components of gravitational wave observations and Earth geodesy missions. An inertial sensor includes an isolated free-floating test mass (TM) surrounded by capacitive electrodes and a housing frame (EH) to perform the relative-position measurement and control the TM in six degrees of freedom. Owing to galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic particles, many additional accelerations are introduced through the Coulomb interaction between charged TMs and their surrounding conducting surfaces. Thus, the TM charge control is critical in space-based missions. A contact-free and ultraviolet light-based charge management system (CMS) was developed to reduce charge-induced noises acting on the TMs and minimize force disturbances that can perturb measurements or interrupt science tasks. However, the operating environment for space charge control is full of uncertainties and disturbances. Physical parameters in the discharging process are rarely measured and will vary owing to changes in solar activity, temperature, and so on. The unpredictability and variability of these parameters affects the CMS performance in long-term space missions and must be evaluated or eliminated. This paper presents a simplified physical model for the discharge process based on electron exchange between the TM and the opposing EH. Subsequently, a model reference adaptive control (MRAC) is proposed for the CMS with parametric uncertainties to maintain the TM charge below a certain level and improve its robustness. The simulation results show that the MRAC can automatically adjust control parameters to eliminate the effect of the variability of the aforementioned physical parameters, and the control precision can reach 0.1 mV under uncertainties, which is superior to that of a classic proportional–integral–derivative controller. This study demonstrated the effects of adaptive charge control and its potential for actual applications.
Remaining useful life prediction for nonlinear two-phase degradation process with measurement errors and imperfect prior information
Authors: Lin Wenyi , Chai Yi 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Remaining useful life (RUL) prediction is one of the most important issues of prognostic and health management, which can improve the reliability and security of the system. Due to the changeable internal mechanism and external environmental factors, the two-phase degradation process is frequently seen in practice. In addition, measurement errors in degradation signals and the case with imperfect prior degradation information are common, which could decrease the accuracy of RUL prediction. However, the current studies on two-phase degradation usually assume that each phase is linear. Furthermore, the effect of measurement errors and the possibility of incomplete prior degradation data are generally not taken into account simultaneously. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel linear–nonlinear two-phase Wiener process with a measurement errors degradation model, and obtains the probability density function expression of the RUL by fully considering the unknown degradation state at the change point. Meanwhile, in the absence of multiple sets of historical data, a parameter estimation method which only requires a set of prior information is proposed based on an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm and Kalman smoothing. Finally, a numerical example and two practical examples are used to illustrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.
Influences of point defects on electron transport of two-dimensional gep semiconductor device
Authors: Zeng Hui , Zhang Tian-Cheng , Bao Hua-Guang , Zhao Jun , Ding Da-Zhi 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The quantum transport properties of defective two-dimensional (2D) GeP semiconductor nanodevice consisting of typical point defects, such as antisite defect, substitutional defect, and Schottky defect, have been studied by using density functional theory combined with non-equilibrium Green’s function calculation. The antisite defect has indistinctive influences on electron transport. However, both substitutional and Schottky defect have introduced promising defect state at the Fermi level, indicating the possibility of improvement on the carrier transport. Our quantitative quantum transport calculations of I–V
b behavior have revealed that the electrical characters are enhanced. Moreover, the P atom vacancy could induce significant negative differential resistance phenomenon, and the physical mechanism is unveiled by detailed analysis. The transfer characteristic properties could be prominently improved by substitutional defect and vacancy defect. Most importantly, we have proposed a computational design of GeP-based electronic device with improved electrical performance by introducing vacancy defect. Our findings could be helpful to the practical application of novel 2D GeP semiconductor nanodevice in future.
Terahertz absorption spectroscopy for measuring atomic oxygen densities in plasmas
Authors: Wubs J R , Macherius U , Weltmann K-D , Lü X , Röben B , Biermann K , Schrottke L , Grahn H T , van Helden J H 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper describes the first implementation of terahertz (THz) quantum cascade lasers for high-resolution absorption spectroscopy on plasmas. Absolute densities of ground state atomic oxygen were directly obtained by using the fine structure transition at approximately 4.75 THz. Measurements were performed on a low-pressure capacitively coupled radio frequency oxygen discharge. The detection limit in this arrangement was found to be

2
×

10

13

cm−3, while the measurement accuracy was within 5%, as demonstrated by reference measurements of a well-defined ammonia transition. The results show that the presented method is well suited to measure atomic oxygen densities, and it closes the THz gap for quantitative atomic density measurements in harsh environments such as plasmas.
Star-forming galaxies provide a larger contribution to the isotropic gamma-ray background than misaligned active galactic nuclei
Authors: Blanco Carlos , Linden Tim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The total extragalactic γ-ray flux provides a powerful probe into the origin and evolution of the highest energy processes in our universe. An important component of this emission is the isotropic γ-ray background (IGRB), composed of sources that cannot be individually resolved by current experiments. Previous studies have determined that the IGRB can be dominated by either misaligned active galactic nuclei (mAGN) or star-forming galaxies (SFGs). However, these analyses are limited, because they have utilized binary source classifications and examined only one source class at a time. We perform the first combined joint-likelihood analysis that simultaneously correlates the γ-ray luminosity of extragalactic objects with both star-formation and mAGN activity. We find that SFGs produce 48+33
-20% of the total IGRB at 1 GeV and 56+40
-23% of the total IGRB at 10 GeV. The contribution of mAGN is more uncertain, but can also be significant. Future work to quantify the radio and infrared properties of nearby galaxies could significantly improve these constraints.
The Anatomy of a Malpractice Lawsuit
Authors: Attaluri Pradeep K , Wirth Peter J , Moura Steven P , Shaffrey Ellen C , Rao Venkat K 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Medical malpractice lawsuits can be a source of emotional, physical, and financial distress for both providers and patients. A thorough understanding of the medical malpractice process's history and current landscape will help providers navigate malpractice challenges. Given the impact and prevalence of medical malpractice, in this paper, the authors sought to dissect the intricate anatomy of a medical malpractice lawsuit. This includes a comprehensive and detailed report of tort reform, the criteria of a medical malpractice suit, and a description of the court proceedings. In addition, the authors also performed an extensive review of the medicolegal literature and have provided recommendations for healthcare providers to avoid these lawsuits in their practice.

Level of Evidence: 5
Micro RNA in meniscal ailments: current concepts
Authors: Migliorini Filippo , Vecchio Gianluca , Giorgino Riccardo , Eschweiler Jörg , Hildebrand Frank , Maffulli Nicola 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIntroductionMicro RNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that act primarily in posttranscriptional gene silencing, and are attracting increasing interest in musculoskeletal conditions.Source of dataCurrent scientific literature published in PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase and Web of Science databases.Areas of agreementRecently, the potential of miRNAs as biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of meniscal injuries has been postulated.Areas of controversyEvaluation of the role of miRNAs in patients with meniscal tears is still controversial.Growing pointsA systematic review was conducted to investigate the potential of miRNA in the diagnosis and management of meniscal damage.Areas timely for developing researchIntra-articular injection of microRNA-210 in vivo may represent a potential innovative methodology for the management of meniscal injuries. Characterization of the miRNAs expression in the synovial fluid could lead to the development of better early diagnosis and management strategies for meniscal tears.
Deciphering the clinico-radiological heterogeneity of dysexecutive Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Corriveau-Lecavalier Nick , Barnard Leland R , Lee Jeyeon , Dicks Ellen , Botha Hugo , Graff-Radford Jonathan , Machulda Mary M , Boeve Bradley F , Knopman David S , Lowe Val J , Petersen Ronald C , Jack, Jr Clifford R , Jones David T 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Dysexecutive Alzheimer’s disease (dAD) manifests as a progressive dysexecutive syndrome without prominent behavioral features, and previous studies suggest clinico-radiological heterogeneity within this syndrome. We uncovered this heterogeneity using unsupervised machine learning in 52 dAD patients with multimodal imaging and cognitive data. A spectral decomposition of covariance between FDG-PET images yielded six latent factors (“eigenbrains”) accounting for 48% of variance in patterns of hypometabolism. These eigenbrains differentially related to age at onset, clinical severity, and cognitive performance. A hierarchical clustering on the eigenvalues of these eigenbrains yielded four dAD subtypes, i.e. “left-dominant,” “right-dominant,” “bi-parietal-dominant,” and “heteromodal-diffuse.” Patterns of FDG-PET hypometabolism overlapped with those of tau-PET distribution and MRI neurodegeneration for each subtype, whereas patterns of amyloid deposition were similar across subtypes. Subtypes differed in age at onset and clinical severity where the heteromodal-diffuse exhibited a worse clinical picture, and the bi-parietal had a milder clinical presentation. We propose a conceptual framework of executive components based on the clinico-radiological associations observed in dAD. We demonstrate that patients with dAD, despite sharing core clinical features, are diagnosed with variability in their clinical and neuroimaging profiles. Our findings support the use of data-driven approaches to delineate brain–behavior relationships relevant to clinical practice and disease physiology.