bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IUPsyS ‐ United Nations Activities
Authors: Sabourin Michel 
Published: July 2002

At its 49th plenary meeting in July 1996, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) reaffirmed the importance of the contributions of non‐governmental organizations to the work it accomplishes within the United Nations framework. It decided to recommend that the General Assembly examine the question of the participation of non‐governmental organizations in all areas of the work of the UN, including the General Assembly.The following excerpts are taken from a recent report written by the Secretary General, Kofi Annan, for consideration at the fifty‐third session (that started in September 1998) of the General Assembly. In view of its length and its importance, we will present this report in two parts. The first part (this column) presents a thorough description of the actual work done by the NGOs within the UN system, and especially within those bodies of particular interest to the IUPsyS (UNICEF, UNESCO, WHO, etc…), while the second part (that will be presented in our next column) will look at ways of further enhancing the active participation of NGOs.This report, which is presented in association with Item 58 (“Strengthening of the United Nations system”) of the provisional agenda of the General Assembly, comes at a time when the IUPsyS has just been officially granted a special consultative status with ECOSOC, as well as consultative status with the UN Department of Public Information, and is in the process of planning its actions and getting organized for an optimal contribution to the work of the United Nations.
Injecting drug use and knowledge and self‐report of hepatitis C among Australian gay and homosexually active men
Authors: Van de Ven Paul , Kippax Susan , Crawford June , Rodden Pamela 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine gay and homosexually active men's knowledge of hepatitis C, drug use, injecting practices and testing for hepatitis C. The data were from 3039 men who participated in the Male Call 96 national telephone survey of Australian gay and homosexually active men. Altogether, 9.9% of the men had ever injected and 4.4% had injected in the 6 months prior to data collection. Injecting drug use was more common among gay identified men and gay community attached men. Among the injecting drug users, 73.4% had injected before 25 years of age. There was a fair amount of uncertainty about hepatitis C although 41.3% of the men reported having been tested (higher at 64.2% among those who had ever injected). Sixty‐five men self‐reported a hepatitis C diagnosis, 17 with HIV co‐infection. In a multivariate model, self‐report of hepatitis C diagnosis was associated with being in the 30‐39 or 40‐49 years of age brackets, better knowledge of hepatitis C, HIV positivity and injecting drug use. Needs identified include education and support for both younger and older gay and homosexually active men within a health promotion framework of partnership, harm minimisation and community development.
Hydrogen peroxide in breath condensate during a common cold
Authors: Jöbsis Rijn Q. , Schellekens Susanne L. , Fakkel-Kroesbergen Anoeska , Raatgeep Rolien H. C. , de Jongste Johan C. 
Published: July 2002

Background: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in exhaled air condensate is elevated in inflammatory disorders of the lower respiratory tract. It is unknown whether viral colds contribute
to exhaled H2O2.Aim: To assess exhaled H2O2 during and after a common cold.Methods: We examined H2O2 in the breath condensate of 20 normal subjects with acute symptoms of a common cold and after recovery 2 weeks later and, similarly, in 10 subjects without
infection. H2O2 was measured with a fluorimetric assay.Results: At the time of infection exhaled H2O2 (median, ranges) was 0.20 μM (0.03‐1.2 μM), and this decreased to 0.09 μM (< 0.01‐0.40 μM) after recovery
(p = 0.006). There was no significant difference in lung function (forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec) during and after colds. In the controls, exhaled H2O2 did not change over a 2‐week period.Conclusions: H2O2 in exhaled air condensate is elevated during a common cold, and returns to normal within 2 weeks of recovery in healthy subjects. Hence, symptomatic upper respiratory tract infection may act as a confounder in studies of H2O2 as a marker of chronic lower airway inflammation.
Biomedical benefits of cannabinoids?
Authors: ASHTON C. H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCannabinoids appear to be of therapeutic value as antiemetics, antispasmodics, analgesics and appetite stimulants and may have potential uses in epilepsy, glaucoma and asthma. Scientific evidence for any of these indications, except for antiemetic effects, is extremely sparse and claims for clinical utility are largely based on anecdotal reports. Furthermore, the mechanisms of action of any of the therapeutic effects are unknown. This paper reviews the clinical trials which have been carried out with cannabinoids including Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and synthetic cannabinoids such as nabilone and levonantradol, and discusses the advantages and adverse effects of cannabinoids in clinical use. The place of cannabinoids in modern medicine remains to be properly evaluated, but present evidence suggests that they could be valuable, particularly as adjuvants, for symptom control in a range of conditions for which standard drugs are not fully satisfactory.
Book and Media Reviews
Authors: COOK CHRIS 
Published: July 2002

AbstractBook reviewed in this article:Book reviews in this column will primarily be of titles focusing completely, or in part, on biological aspects of addiction. However, significant titles of general relevance to the addictions field will also be included, even if they are not “biological”, as will titles of general methodological and clinical relevance, even if they are not on “addictions”. Similar considerations will apply to other media (software, audio tapes and CDs, videos, etc). However, specific “addictions” software applications seem to be relatively uncommon and, as these items are rarely reviewed elsewhere, we will endeavour to include reviews of some of the older programmes that are still useful, as well as new titles that appear. I would appreciate suggestions of any items suitable for reviews, but especially software and other media of specific relevance to the addictions. Please contact: Professor Chris Cook, Kent Institute of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Kent at Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK. Email: c.c.h.cook@ukc.ac.uk Smoking in Adolescence: images and identities BARBARA LLOYD & KEVIN LUCAS Drinking and Driving in Great Britain‐A Review. TRL Report 232 G. MAYCOCK Educating Yourself about Alcohol and Drugs MARC SCHUKIT Drugspeak. The Analysis of Drug Discourse JOHN BOOTH DAVIES Clinical Handbook of Psychotropic Drugs 6th revised edition KALYNA Z. BEZCHLIBYNK‐BUTLER & J. JOEL JEFFRIES (Eds) Addicted to Crime? J. R. HODGE, M. MCMURRAN & C. R. HOLLIN Chaos and Intoxication ALAN DEAN Loose Ends? SYDNEY BRENNER Guidelines on the Practice of Ethics Committees in Medical Research Involving Human Subjects
Doxorubicin‐Based Chemotherapy for the Palliative Treatment of AdultPatients with Locally Advanced or Metastatic Soft‐Tissue Sarcoma:A Meta‐Analysis and Clinical Practice Guideline
Authors: Bramwell Vivien H. C. , Anderson Dale , Charette Manya L. 
Published: July 2002

Purpose. To make recommendations for the use of doxorubicin‐based
chemotherapy in patients with soft‐tissue sarcoma.Patients. The recommendations apply to patients with symptomatic
unresectable locally advanced or metastatic soft‐tissue sarcoma who are candidates for
palliative chemotherapy.Methods. A systematic review of the published literature was combined
with a consensus process around the interpretation of the evidence in the context of
conventional practice to develop an evidence‐based practice guideline.Results. Eight randomized trials comparing doxorubicin‐based combination
versus doxorubicin single‐agent chemotherapy were reviewed. Response rates and overall
survival were evaluated using pooled statistical analysis.The pooled response data in 2281
patients showed a slight trend favouring the combination therapy, although this did not reach
statistical significance (odds ratio (OR), 0.79; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.60–1.05; p=0.10).
Survival data could only be abstracted from six studies involving 2097 patients, and showed
no significant advantage for combination therapy (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.67–1.06; p=0.13).
Data on adverse effects could not be combined in a meta‐analysis; however nausea,
vomiting and myelosuppression were consistently more severe with combination
chemotherapy than with single‐agent chemotherapy.Discussion. Single‐agent doxorubicin is an appropriate first‐line
chemotherapy option for advanced or metastatic soft‐tissue sarcoma. Some doxorubicin‐based
combination chemotherapy regimens, given in conventional doses, produce only marginal
increases in response rates, at the expense of increased adverse effects, and with no
improvements in overall survival. Future randomized clinical trials should compare new
regimens, whose activity has been established in single‐arm studies, with
single‐agent doxorubicin, and include quality of life as an outcome measure.
Magnitude comparisons by children with specific language impairments: evidence of unimpaired symbolic processing
Authors: Donlan C. , Bishop D. V. M. , Hitch G. J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA size judgement task was used to investigate number processing skills in children with specific language impairments (SLI). Previous work with unimpaired adults and children has shown that when comparing the size of written numbers and other ordinal stimuli, there is a symbolic distance effect (SDE) such that decision time decreases with the size distance between items. This study examined the ability of children to judge stimulus pairs which were varied to contrast the processing of symbolic material against direct perceptual judgement and to test processing of numeric versus non‐numeric material. Children with SLI were compared with a control group matched on verbal comprehension level. The children with SLI responded faster than the control subjects. The SLI and control groups showed similar SDE and a similar pattern of response across materials. No indication was found in the SLI data of any selective deficit in processing symbolic information. Findings are discussed in relation to theories of numeracy acquisition which acknowledge the importance of nonverbal representation of number meanings.
Column recovery of wall-stabilized d.c. arcs in air
Authors: K R Hearne  , M Rasul  
Published: July 2002

Detailed results are given of the steady-state characteristics, over the current range 4-40 A, for d.c. arcs in air burning through a 5 mm bore in a stack of water-cooled disks. The corresponding decay of the conductance has been determined over a period of 300 μs following rapid interruption (similar 1 μs). These measurements have also been obtained under externally imposed gas-flow conditions (0-2·5 1. min−1).
It has been found that both the steady state and recovery are dependent upon humidity and, furthermore, that the recovery is sensitive to the radial gas flow which is generated after interruption.
The activation energies of chromium, iron and nickel in gallium arsenide
Authors: G A Allen  
Published: July 2002

Measurements have been made of the thermal and optical activation energies of chromium, iron and nickel in gallium arsenide.
The temperature dependence of the broad chromium level may be written in the form E=0·81±0·02−8×10−4
T ev for T>100°K E=0·75±0·01 ev for T->0°K where E is measured from the conduction band.
It is argued that some of the confusion concerning activation energies in the literature results from equating values which are measures of different features of the impurity band and which give significantly different results if the impurity band is broad.
A large-signal treatment of various acoustoelectric phenomena
Authors: R K L Gay  , H L Hartnagel  
Published: July 2002

A treatment of various acoustoelectric problems, using the large-signal expressions for gain and current saturation which were derived by the authors in an earlier paper, is presented.The phenomena dealt with are:Travelling high-field domains in semiconducting CdS.Damped and continuous oscillations in photoconductive CdS.The current-voltage characteristics of thin platelets of photoconductive CdS.The essential characteristics of the above phenomena are obtained in the numerical calculations carried out for specified cases.
Penetration and energy-loss theory of electrons in solid targets
Authors: K Kanaya  , S Okayama  
Published: July 2002

Starting from a simple atomic model giving the potential between electrons and atoms asV(r) =Ze2as−1/srswith the empirical values=fraction six-fifths, we combine the diffusion effect due to multiple collisions and the energy retardation in accordance with a modified Thomson-Whiddington law, with the scattering cross section in the Lenard absorption law. On this basis, consistent expressions are obtained for the fraction of transmitted electrons in amorphous solid targets, the backscattering fraction with depth, the fraction of electrons absorbed per unit mass-thickness and the depth-dose function, which are in good agreement with experiments over the energy range 10-1000 keV.A diffusion model represented by a sphere whose centre is located at the maximum energy dissipation depth, related to the diffusion depth and the range, is found to agree well with experiments.
Activation energy for the slow states in the aluminium-germanium contact
Authors: A Thanailakis  , D S Chan  , D C Northrop  
Published: July 2002

An earlier paper by Thanailakis and Northrop in 1971 reported measurements of the slow reversible barrier height changes which take place in metal-germanium Schottky diodes at constant applied voltage.Further experiments have now been performed on the temperature dependence of these barrier height changes in aluminium-germanium contacts. They have led to the following significant advances in our understanding:There is an activation energy for the barrier height change which varies from 0·05 to 0·75 eV, depending on preparation of the germanium slice, but which is independent of the applied voltage.This result shows that the charge exchange is between the localized oxide states and the conduction band of the semiconductor, since charge exchange with the valence band is not an activated process.The proposed model has been refined to take account of the shape of the oxide barrier and is now fully consistent with all the experimental results.
The prospects for an improved absorption correction in electron probe microanalysis
Authors: H E Bishop  
Published: July 2002

It is shown that the absorption correctionf(χ) is dependent on two parameters: the mean depth which essentially determines the correction forf(χ)>0·8 and which accounts for variations with incident beam energy, and a shape function that is a function of overvoltage ratio and the mean atomic number of the specimen. The commonly used modified Philibert correction represents the mean depth reasonably well but has a very inadequate shape function.The general effect of the shape function can be demonstrated conveniently by the behaviour of the ratiof(χ)/fsq(χ) wherefsq(χ) is the absorption correction predicted by a square model for the depth distribution of ionization. For many practical purposes the overvoltage variation of the shape function can be neglected, but there is always a substantial atomic number dependence in the range 0·05<f(χ)<0·5.Although there are not sufficient consistent experimental data available on which to base an accurate absorption correction covering the full range off(χ), possible forms for such a correction procedure are discussed. A simple expression for use in the case of high absorption,f(χ)<0·2, is proposed.
Strict definiteness of integrals via complete monotonicity of derivatives
Authors: Mattner L. 
Published: July 2002

Let

k
k

be a nonnegative integer and let

ϕ
:
(
0
,
∞
)
→

R

\phi : (0,\infty ) \rightarrow \mathbb {R}

be a

C
∞

C^\infty

function with

(
−

)
k

⋅

ϕ

(
k
)

(-)^k\cdot \phi ^{(k)}

completely monotone and not constant. If

σ
≠
0

\sigma \neq 0

is a signed measure on any euclidean space

R

d

\mathbb {R}^d

, with vanishing moments up to order

k
−
1

k-1

, then the integral

∫

R

d

∫

R

d

ϕ
(
‖
x
−
y

‖
2

)

d
σ
(
x
)
d
σ
(
y
)

\int _{\mathbb {R}^d} \int _{\mathbb {R}^d} \phi ( \|x-y\|^2 ) \, d\sigma (x) d\sigma (y)

is strictly positive whenever it exists. For general

d
d

no larger class of continuous functions

ϕ
\phi

seems to admit the same conclusion. Examples and applications are indicated. A section on ”bilinear integrability” might be of independent interest.
Evaluation of gene prediction software using a genomic data
set: application to Arabidopsis thalianasequences
Authors: Pavy Nathalie , Rombauts Stephane , Déhais Patrice , Mathé Catherine , V. V.Ramana Davuluri , Leroy Philippe , Rouzé Pierre 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: The annotation of the Arabidopsis thalianagenome remains a problem in terms of time and quality. To improve the annotation process, we want to choose the most appropriate tools to use inside a computer-assisted annotation platform. We therefore need evaluation of prediction programs with Arabidopsis sequences containing multiple genes.
Results: We have developed AraSet, a data set of contigs of validated genes, enabling the evaluation of multi-gene models for the Arabidopsis genome. Besides conventional metrics to evaluate gene prediction at the site and the exon levels, new measures were introduced for the prediction at the protein sequence level as well as for the evaluation of gene models. This evaluation method is of general interest and could apply to any new gene prediction software and to any eukaryotic genome. The GeneMark.hmm program appears to be the most accurate software at all three levels for the Arabidopsis genomic sequences. Gene modeling could be further improved by combination of prediction software.
Availability: The AraSet sequence set, the Perl programs and complementary results and notes are available at http://sphinx.rug.ac.be:8080/biocomp/napav/.
Contact: Pierre.Rouze@gengenp.rug.ac.be
Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with TOASiW12‐Modified Al as a Cathode
Authors: Yu Chengzhuo , Hu Yun , Yang Jialin , Huang Jingsong , Li Bao , Wu Lixin , Li Fenghong 
Published: December 2022

AbstractInexpensive metal Al is scarcely utilized as the cathode in the perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) because its violent reaction with perovskite active layer results in poor device stability in air. It is urgent to improve the efficiency and stability of PVSCs with Al as the cathode for mass production of low‐cost PVSCs. Herein, a novel solution‐processed cathode interlayer material, surfactant‐encapsulated polyoxometalate complex [(C8H17)4N]4[SiW12O40] (TOASiW12) is reported. Using TOASiW12‐modified Al as the cathode, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.64% has been achieved in the inverted PVSCs. The findings demonstrate that a thin TOASiW12 layer can effectively obstruct the chemical reaction between Al and perovskite layer, and significantly enhance the device stability. The unencapsulated devices with TOASiW12‐modified Al retain more than 80% of the initial PCE after 350 h storage in the ambient atmosphere at 45% relative humidity. This study provides an excellent alternative cathode interlayer material for efficient and stable inverted PVSCs.
Metal Halide Perovskite Surfaces with Mixed A‐Site Cations: Atomic Structure and Device Stability
Authors: Hieulle Jeremy , Son Dae‐Yong , Jamshaid Afshan , Meng Xin , Stecker Collin , Ohmann Robin , Liu Zonghao , Ono Luis K. , Qi Yabing 
Published: December 2022

AbstractMixing cations in the perovskite structure has been shown to improve optoelectronic device performance and stability. In particular, CsxMA1‐xPbBr3 (MA = CH3NH3) has been used to build high‐efficiency light‐emitting diodes. Despite those advantages, little is known about the exact location of the cations in the mixed perovskite film, and how cation distribution affects device properties and stability. By using scanning tunneling microscopy , the exact atomic structure of the mixed cation CsxMA1‐xPbBr3 perovskite interface is revealed. In addition, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy and inverse photoemission spectroscopy are used to study the stability and electronic properties of the CsxMA1‐xPbBr3 perovskite film. Partial substitution of MA+ by Cs+ induces a modification of the perovskite surface structure, leading to improved device stability is shown. These results provide a better understanding of the key parameters involved in the stability of mixed cation perovskite solar cells.
Weakening Li+De‐solvation Barrier for Cryogenic Li–S Pouch Cells
Authors: Ji Haoqing , Wang Zhenkang , Sun Yawen , Zhou Yang , Li Sijie , Zhou Jinqiu , Qian Tao , Yan Chenglin 
Published: December 2022

AbstractLi–S batteries hold promise for pushing cell‐level energy densities beyond 300 Wh kg‐1while operating at low temperatures (LTs, below 0 °C). However, the capacity release of existing Li–S batteries at LTs is still barely satisfactory, and there is almost no verification of the practicability of Li–S batteries at LTs in the Ah‐level pouch cell. Here, antecedent molecular dynamics (MDs) combined with density functional theory analysis are used to systematically investigate Li+solvation structure in conventional Li–S batteries at LTs, which unprecedentedly reveals the positive correlation between lithium salt concentration and Li+de‐solvation barrier, indicating dilute electrolytes can enhance the Li+de‐solvation kinetics and thus improve the capacity performance of cryogenic Li–S batteries. These insights derived from theoretical simulations invested Li–S batteries with a 67.34% capacity retention at −40 °C compared to their room temperature performance. In particular, an Ah‐level Li–S pouch cell using dilute electrolytes with a high sulfur loading (5.6 mg cm‐2) and lean electrolyte condition is fabricated, which delivers a discharge capacity of about 1000 mAh g‐1and ultra‐high energy density of 350 Wh kg‐1at 0 °C, offering a promising route toward a practical high‐energy cryogenic Li–S battery.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Bromodifluoromethylphosphonates with Arylboron Reagents
Authors: Kuriyama Masami , Maeda Genki , Kamata Kazuya , Kodama Yusuke , Yamamoto Kosuke , Onomura Osamu 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe nickel‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of bromodifluoromethylphosphonates with arylboron reagents was developed with a 1,10‐phenanthroline‐type ligand. In this process, functionalized and heterocycle‐containing boroxines were found to be suitable partners, and the catalytic modification of biologically active molecules, such as fenofibrate and indomethacin, was also successfully achieved. Furthermore, the gram‐scale reaction smoothly proceeded to give the desired product in a high yield.magnified image