bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Knock the Shit Out of Them”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger’s increasing reliance on their improved relations with the Soviet Union and China. Ambassador Dobrynin suggests that his government will now assist the US in pressuring the North Vietnamese, while in fact it was secretly increasing its aid to Hanoi. The chapter describes the outbreak of war between India and Pakistan, and the administration’s indifference to the slaughter in East Pakistan. Once again State Department concerns are ignored. In their hostility to Indira Gandhi and one-sided support for Yahya Khan, it argues that Nixon and Kissinger made the crisis worse. Underpinning their moves was a desire to preserve Nixon’s Beijing trip, which was coming soon. Kissinger is severely criticized for his handling of the situation and pro-Pakistan stance. In investigating press “leaks” to reporter Jack Anderson, it emerges that the Joint Chiefs of Staff have been spying on the National Security Council. Although Admiral Moorer seems culpable, Nixon decides to retain him.
“Seize the Hour! Seize the Day!”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of Henry Kissinger and Alexander Haig in preparing the Chinese for Nixon’s February 1972 visit. They try to convince Zhou Enlai that the Soviet Union is embarked on a new aggressive approach, while offering US assistance in case China is threatened. General Haig attempts to enlist Zhou’s help in tricking the US Secretary of State when he arrives with the president. He also tries to produce a communiqué in advance that will enhance Nixon’s public standing. Mao Zedong finds the offer of American help with the Russians amusing. In Vietnam, General Abrams is anticipating a significant North Vietnamese offensive, which means a successful Beijing meeting is essential for Nixon. While ordering massive bombing in South Vietnam, the president arrives in China for his mission of peace. He and Kissinger are excited to meet Mao on their first day there. The visit is a TV extravaganza in the United States, burnishing the president’s image. Meanwhile, their obvious willingness to weaken support for Taiwan infuriates Marshall Green and the State Department.
“Let Us Think of Tanya”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses US military policy after the fall of Quang Tri in early May 1972. It features the limitations of Vietnamization as the war continues, the weakness of ARVN, and the unwillingness of Nixon and Kissinger to accept a defeat in the South. The chapter focuses on the fighting in An Loc as exemplifying the failure of US policy. Kissinger’s negotiations with Le Duc Tho are unproductive. Within the administration there is ongoing debate about whether to cancel the Moscow summit. Secretary John Connally convinces Nixon to continue the plans. General Abrams and Admiral McCain want to stop bombing the North because the planes are urgently needed in the South, but they cannot persuade the president. Nixon publicly announces that the US will be bombing Hanoi and Haiphong (Operation Linebacker), and fresh protests emerge on Ivy League and other campuses. The chapter concludes with Nixon’s historic Moscow summit, where the peacefulness of this mission contrasts with the violence in South Vietnam, with An Loc as an example. A problematic arms control treaty is concluded by Kissinger.
The Topography of Terror and Resistance to the Virtual
Authors: Boswell Matthew , Rowland Antony 
Published: January 2023

AbstractOur analysis of the Topography of Terror in the last chapter functions as a corrective to a reader’s potential sense that all museums and memorials across the globe are engaged in the same progressive development of digital and virtual applications. In contrast, we stress that museums and memorials’ responses to virtual Holocaust memory are dependent on national and institutional contexts. Confronting the vexed histories of German perpetration, collaboration, culpability, and Mitläufer (“fellow travelers”), virtual Holocaust memory finds its limit point. Our final chapter thus functions as a counterpoint to the variety of digital and virtual applications discussed in the previous sections: we emphasize that the sensitive issues surrounding perpetrator memory in Germany—and in Berlin in particular—mitigate against the proliferation of virtual Holocaust memory elsewhere in Europe and the United States.
Racial Climates
Authors: Tuana Nancy 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, racial climates are detailed as multidimensional phenomena that include a number of dimensions: 1. the impacts of the framing of governmental and institutional policies, programs, and initiatives relevant to climate change and to the impacts of climate change; 2. the historical legacies and inherited sensibilities informing the treatment of various racial/ethnic groups, with emphasis on those that entwine environmental exploitation and the exploitation of certain groups of people; 3. structural dimensions of diversity; 4. psychological dimensions of individual and group perceptions and attitudes and the related affective responses regarding which lives and lifeways are considered valuable and which are seen as less worthy of protection; and 5. differential impacts of unavoidable and unavoided climate change. Case studies of the infusing of these dimensions are offered, including mitigation targets, heatwaves and histories of structural racism, Brazil’s charcoal industry, and unfree labor.
Climate Apartheid
Authors: Tuana Nancy 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter engages three case studies of the infusions of systemic racisms and environmental exploitation: (1) climate adaptation practices in Lagos, Nigeria; (2) the enmeshment of race and coal mining in the post–Civil War United States; and (3) the infusing of poverty and urban ecosystems in Brazil. Each case study is approached through an ecointersectional analysis attuned to histories and legacies of systemic racism and environmental indifference. Through detailed genealogical tracings of the lineages of oppression and indifference, these case studies reveal the importance of ecointersectional analyses that trace the ways social inequalities shape ecosystems and ecosystems in turn inform the particularities of social inequalities.
Through the Eye of a Hurricane
Authors: Tuana Nancy 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter’s case study of the impact of Hurricane Katrina on the city of New Orleans illustrates how ecointersectional analyses must attend not only to local formations and practices but also to the complex exchanges of oceans, wetlands, river flows, and oil deposits as they intermesh with the actions and impacts of oil industries, the work of the Army Corps of Engineers, chemical industries, public housing developments, landfill practices, and the afterlives of slavery. This more detailed case study emphasizes that climate injustice, indeed, racial climates, arise out of multiple lineages, multifaceted histories, and complex material exchanges. While tracing the impacts of systems of oppressive practices, beliefs, and institutions is a key component of understanding climate injustice, we overlook the complexity of the exchanges if we do not see how environments are shaped by systems of oppression and are, in turn, crucial contributors to those systems.
Weathering the Climate
Authors: Tuana Nancy 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how racial climates are experienced, their bodily and psychological impacts on individuals and communities. Racial climates are not singular; they are impacted by complexly different histories for different racialized groups. Racial climates also inform conceptualizations such as the distinction between the Global North and the Global South. This formation, central to climate change narratives, enacts and reinforces a set of dualisms that are linked to race as well as to gender. Racist lineages of this distinction permeate discussions of population—both overpopulation and population migration—as crucial factors in global climate change. Cloaking the racial climate with environmentalism or protectionism is just one of the many mechanisms of the ecology of racial climates.
Health Care
Authors: Hausman Daniel M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter reaches some concrete conclusions concerning how health care should be arranged, but it does not address detailed questions concerning what health insurance policies should cover. The chapter argues in defense of universal health care (UHC) on the grounds of efficiency, fairness, freedom, and solidarity and discusses how UHC should be structured. It then argues that for reasons of efficiency, freedom, and solidarity, cost-effectiveness should be an important consideration governing UHC. The chapter examines how the criticisms alleging that cost-effectiveness allocation can be unfair apply in practice to actual cost-effectiveness analyses. The chapter then draws more general conclusions concerning what can be said about fair health care allocations, and it offers a concluding assessment of the use and limits of cost-effectiveness as a guide to the allocation of health-related resources.
Introduction
Authors: Bank Leslie , Sharpley Nelly 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe book starts by discussing social media posts and popular agitation in South Africa at the time of the 2021 elections about the rough transit of coffins on wagons and slays on rutted rural roads. Complaint at the poor state of the roads emerged as a metaphor for deeper concerns about spiritual insecurity, cultural crisis, and threatened social reproduction linked to the Covid-19 pandemic crisis. The book shows how South Africa readily joined the global "war on Covid" and bought into the Northern bio-medical approach to the pandemic, focused on regulating and disciplining individual bodies. In this process, customary practices and forms of sociality associated with African values such as ubuntu (human togetherness) were stigmatized as dangerous and potential super-spreaders of the virus. At the same time, the Introduction reveals how rituals and customary practices forged the social bonds that underpinned livelihood-making, resilience, and family social reproduction in rural areas. Banning custom and shutting down funerals thus had far-reaching implications beyond the infringement of individual or cultural rights. The book explains how and why this is so, and what consequences it might have for the future of rural life in South Africa.
Death and Naked Life
Authors: Bank Leslie , Sharpley Nelly 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter seeks to explore the impact of suspended rights and enforced social distancing associated with the Covid-19 lockdown on rural communities in South Africa. Using the Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben's ideas about "states of exception", the chapter shows how the bio-medical model and discourse returned to old liberal, colonial narratives that pathologized customary practice. On public occasions it was common for the President and senior politicians to warn against the culture of customary practices in rural areas, especially large rural funerals. This fear mongering was backed up by the police and army that swept through rural areas tipping over home-brewed beer and meat pots, while closing initiation school and effecting tens of thousands of arrests, including migrants going home. As communities and families could no longer gather, stripped-down death rituals and social events caused fear and panic rather than closure and certainty. In the context of death and indignity, the "bare life" of post-apartheid poverty and precarity had descended into a kind of "naked life," where the possibility of social reproduction appeared to ebb away in the cultural crisis of Covid.
Divided Homesteads
Authors: Bank Leslie , Sharpley Nelly 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores another aspect of "closing the gate" by investigating developments behind the garden or homestead gate following lockdown. In former homelands, households can be fluid and changing as these units are shaped by trans-locality and migration. Social cohesion tends to be periodic and is often fleeting as household members move around, especially the youth after apartheid. With lockdown and job losses in the cities, there was some reverse migration and many unexpected homecomings. The moral order of rural households came under pressure as the youth, women, and the old reunited with their different agendas, identities, and aspirations compressed and isolated in rural home space. The chapter explores these dynamics and highlights resultant gender-based violence and social upheaval in a context of crisis. The chapter shows how Covid death, state regulation, and lockdown rules unsettled the moral economy of rural households by disrupting established rhythms and patterns, opening spaces for rapid rural social change.
Conclusion
Authors: Bank Leslie , Sharpley Nelly 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe Conclusion explores how the cultural crisis of Covid and the associated threat to rural social reproduction in South Africa ignited nostalgia and a return to cultural politics and ethno-nationalism. A comparison is drawn here between post-apartheid and post-Soviet experiences, especially as they relate to neoliberalism and the rise of ethno-national populism. The chapter then reflects on possible scenarios for post-Covid recovery and reconstruction. One key question is whether the culture of migration and persistent doubled rootedness (urban and rural belonging) will survive into the future, or whether the urban- and rural-based segments of post-apartheid households will increasingly disconnect over time as many post-apartheid theorists anticipated. Will the stubborn and intertwined trans-localism of the past persist or will something new emerge from these landscapes that will mark a return to agrarianism and family farming amidst the hunger, poverty, and precarity of post-Covid recovery.
On the Road to Riches and Democracy 1980–87
Authors: Pacheco Pardo Ramon 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chun Doo-hwan led a coup in 1979, eventually establishing a new period of dictatorial rule. However, South Koreans demanded democracy, with the Gwangju Uprising of 1980 symbolizing this demand. The Chun government's brutal crackdown in Gwangju set the tone for the dictator's rule. Over the following years, South Korea would once again achieve high rates of economic growth and the ranks of the middle class continued to grow. However, students, workers, women groups, and, eventually, white-collar professionals continued to demand democracy even as their economic conditions improved. The US also put pressure on South Korea to democratize. Eventually, the Chun government had to concede to domestic demands and announced that a democratic transition would take place. In 1987, South Korea would hold its first free elections in decades.
Freedom and Crisis 1988–97
Authors: Pacheco Pardo Ramon 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Seoul 1988 Olympic Games were South Korea's "coming out" party as a developed and democratic country, boosting minjok and South Koreans' pride in their own country. High rates of economic growth and a growing middle class continued throughout the early years of South Korea as a democratic country. In this context and coinciding with the final years of the Cold War, Roh Tae-woo, South Korea's first post-dictatorship president, launched Nordpolitik, a policy for the South to support the North, which was already much poorer. As a democratic country, South Korea pushed with economic liberalization to an extent unseen previously, following Washington Consensus policies. This helped to boost growth, and South Korea eventually joined the OECD in 1996—seen as a mark of its developed economy status. At the same time, democracy brought freedom to culture and the arts. By the early 1990s, South Korean artists were laying the groundwork for the emergence of K-Pop. In 1997, however, South Korea suffered its biggest economic crisis since the Korean War as a result of uncontrolled economic liberalization and domestic corruption.
Qatar’s Bein Sports and Football Broadcasting in the Middle East
Authors: LaMay Craig L 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Of the many Arab Gulf state investments in international football, none have had the global reach or the regional impact of Qatar's BeIN Sports network. Since it became independent of Al Jazeera Sport in 2013, and through its acquisition of top-tier sports rights, BeIN has become a major plank in Qatar's efforts to brand itself as a global and regional power in the world of sports. The company broadcasts independently or with partners in Europe, North America, Australia, and Asia, but is far and away the dominant sports broadcaster in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), where it has more than 50 percent of the market and the rights to most top-tier sports events in the twenty-three countries it counts in its MENA portfolio. That market dominance was aggressively challenged in 2017, when BeIN suddenly found itself in a fight for its life with BeoutQ, an industrial-scale piracy operation based in Saudi Arabia that roiled international sports broadcasting. The story of that battle and what it means for football broadcasting in the Middle East is the focus of this chapter.
Punishment
Authors: Hussain Adeel 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The fifth chapter assesses Zia-ul-Haq's reform of Pakistan’s legal system, pushing it closer to his shariatic ideal, and the role of blasphemy that he reserved therein. It sheds light on his motives and evaluates the evidence that the state presented in parliament to promote the sharpened blasphemy bill. It concludes that such legislation has severely impacted non-Muslim minority communities within Pakistan, which have suffered forced abductions, conversions, and charges of blasphemy.
Conclusion
Authors: Hussain Adeel 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Taken together, these chapters have argued that Pakistan's legal blasphemy fixation started as a debate between two North Indian revivalist movements to pursue spiritual supremacy. They have shown that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and Lekh Ram's defense of their respective religions, which often transgressed the boundaries of their own claimed faith, later provided the central reference points in legal debates around blasphemy in Pakistan. Rather than framing these early debates as separate theological discourses, this book has read Hindu and Muslim revivalism in tandem and traced how tensions between these movements produced a novel legal and political grammar with profound impacts for the subcontinent. In a short epilogue, the conclusion sketches how Arya Samaj ideas have remained salient in Hindu nationalist thought.
What Is Motivation?
Authors: Locke Edwin A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
As desire, motivation means to want to gain, keep, or protect something. As aversion, motivation means to want to avoid, remove, or destroy something. To lack motivation means to lack such desire or aversion. Because life is a conditional process, action guided by consciousness is critical to the organism’s survival. They must take action to satisfy their needs, and these actions require learning and locomotion. If they fail to act or take the wrong actions, they sicken or perish. The phenomenon of evolution means that surviving species have taken enough of the right actions. Categories of motivation include needs, values, goals, incentives, and self-efficacy. How these types of motivation actually translate into action and performance depends on the person’s unique knowledge and skill. Like motives, emotions also energize action.
Pleasure, Utility, and Goals
Authors: Kim Sung-il 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
To survive and flourish, people must predict and control uncertainty in their environment. A correct prediction brings about pleasure as a reward, reinforcing the action; an incorrect prediction leads to exploration and learning. As a result, the human brain has evolved into a prediction machine that creates meaning by pursuing certain patterns. Motivation is a value-based decision-making process which determines action selection and effort expenditure. This involves the calculation, comparison, evaluation, and updating of hedonic, utility, and goal value. As a result of this cost-benefit analysis, motivated individuals approach the option with the highest overall expected value. If existing motivation theories were to be integrated into this overall value-based decision-making process, then a parsimonious but highly explanatory grand theory would emerge.
Jingle-Jangle Fallacies in Motivation Science
Authors: Pekrun Reinhard 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The term “motivation” is used in a myriad of different ways. This is unfortunate because divergent use of words can lead to misunderstandings and confusion. The jingle-jangle fallacy occurs when one uses the same word to refer to different things (jingle) or uses different words to refer to the same thing (jangle). Nevertheless, despite differences in the range of processes considered, there seems to be a common denominator in the usage of “motivation.” According to this denominator, motivation denotes mental processes that shape the goal direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior. The nature of these processes is left undefined, so a more concrete definition is needed. Thus, core motivation is the mental representation of desired states and actions combined with the feeling of desire.
Academic Self-Concept
Authors: Basarkod Geetanjali , Marsh Herbert W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Academic self-concept is a person’s perceived competence and sense of their own abilities and skills in academic subjects. In an educational setting, having a positive academic self-concept leads to improvements in a host of educational outcomes such as achievement, attainment, persistence, and course selection. Academic self-concept even predicts these outcomes after controlling for previous levels of achievement. Importantly, research has shown academic self-concept to be a stronger predictor of achievement than other motivational constructs, suggesting that it might be one of the most important motivational constructs. The importance of academic self-concept as a central motivation construct in educational settings distinguishes it from related self-belief constructs.
Where Will Michelle Go to College? Culture and Context in the Study of Motivation
Authors: Schutz Paul A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The question, “Are motivational processes universal across cultures and contexts?,” leads motivation researchers to adopt one of three views: absolutist—motivation is cross-culturally generalizable; relativistic—motivation is culturally specific; or universalism—some motivations are generalizable while others are culturally specific. In the latter two views, culture and context are especially important to understanding the nature of motivational processes. The author discusses how, in these cases, it is important to investigate transactions among individuals’ self-systems (e.g., competency, agency, and relatedness), their immediate context (e.g., family, classroom, and school contexts), and the social-historical influences that create and recreate various school contexts (e.g., systemic racism).