bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Essential components of a definition for early antibiotic treatment failure: A scoping review
Authors: Iwata Hiroyoshi , Kaneko Makoto , Aoki Takuya , Endo Koji , Nagai Yuki , Kanto Kenji , Yao Masahiro , Hamada Shuhei 
Published: June 2023

Background
Despite the broad global use of antibiotics, there is no established definition of early antibiotic treatment failure (EATF) to aid clinical evaluation of treatment, which leads to inconsistent assessments of drug effectiveness.

Aim
This scoping review aims to identify common components of EATF definitions by synthesizing studies mentioning EATF and its relevant thesaurus matches.

Design
Scoping review

Methods
This scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA Scoping review guidelines. A systematic literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (PubMed), CENTRAL, CINAHL, and Web of Science, as well as a manual Google search. Search terms were EATF and its thesaurus matches. After removing duplications, candidate studies were screened by title and abstract prior to full text searches, and quality analysis was performed on eligible studies using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. From each eligible study, the timing of evaluation, basic components, and detailed information for each definition of EATF were collected. The components of each definition for EATF were then summarized and counted, and finally the most common essential components were identified.

Results
Our systematic literature search found 2,472 candidate studies. After title and abstract screening, full text search and quality assessment, 61 studies, including 56 original studies and five reviews, were eligible for our analysis. Of these 56 original studies, 43 mentioned the timing of EATF evaluation 72 hours after the start of treatment with antibiotics. From these 43 studies, the most common indicators of EATF were extracted, among which a set of essential components for a definition of EATF were identified: mortality, vital signs, fever, symptoms, and additional treatment.

Conclusions
Our scoping review uncovered five essential factors for EATF. Further study is needed to evaluate the validity of our findings.
High rates of kidney impairment among older people (≥ 60 years) living with HIV on first-line antiretroviral therapy at screening for a clinical trial in Kenya
Authors: Penner Jeremy , Ombajo Loice Achieng , Otieno Davies , Nkuranga Joseph , Mburu Margaret , Wahome Simon , Pozniak Anton , Bhagani Sanjay 
Published: June 2023

Background
There is a paucity of data on kidney impairment among older people living with HIV (PLWH). We evaluated kidney function among PLWH age ≥ 60 years on first-line antiretroviral (ARV) therapy during screening for a clinical trial in Kenya.

Methods
The bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (B/F/TAF) Elderly Study is an open-label, randomized, active-controlled, non-inferiority trial conducted at two sites in Kenya. Potential participants were screened for study entry if they were at least 60 years old, had been on ARVs for at least 24 weeks and had no history of treatment failure. At screening, participants had samples collected for serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration 2021 equation.

Results
Between January and April 2022, 714 participants were screened and had creatinine measured. All participants were black, 54.1% were female and the median age was 64 years (range 60 to 87 years). Most participants (666 [93.3%]) were on tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-containing regimens, 711 (99.6%) were on dolutegravir-containing regimens, and only 2 (0.3%) were on a regimen with a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor. Most participants (686 [96.6%]) were virally suppressed. Treatment for comorbidities was common, with 175 (24.5%) on treatment for hypertension and 39 (5.5%) on treatment for diabetes mellitus. The median eGFR was 64.7 mL/min/1.73m2, and 289 (40.5%) participants had an eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m2. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with lower eGFR were female gender (p<0.001), being on treatment for hypertension (p<0.001) and nadir CD4 count < 50 cells/μL (p = 0.008).

Conclusions
Our study identified high rates of impaired kidney function among elderly PLHW in Kenya, which highlights the importance of routine assessment of kidney function and the need to address modifiable risk factors, use of appropriate ARVs, and management of kidney disease in this population.
Neuromodulatory effects and reproducibility of the most widely used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols
Authors: Magnuson Justine , Ozdemir Mehmet A. , Mathieson Elon , Kirkman Sofia , Passera Brice , Rampersad Sumientra , Dufour Alyssa B. , Brooks Dana , Pascual-Leone Alvaro , Fried Peter J. , Shafi Mouhsin M. , Ozdemir Recep A. 
Published: June 2023

Background
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used in both research and clinical settings to modulate human brain function and behavior through the engagement of the mechanisms of plasticity. Based upon experiments using single-pulse TMS as a probe, the physiologic mechanism of these effects is often assumed to be via changes in cortical excitability, with 10 Hz rTMS increasing and 1 Hz rTMS decreasing the excitability of the stimulated region. However, the reliability and reproducibility of these rTMS protocols on cortical excitability across and within individual subjects, particularly in comparison to robust sham stimulation, have not been systematically examined.

Objectives
In a cohort of 28 subjects (39 ± 16 years), we report the first comprehensive study to (1) assess the neuromodulatory effects of traditional 1 Hz and 10 Hz rTMS on corticospinal excitability against both a robust sham control, and two other widely used patterned rTMS protocols (intermittent theta burst stimulation, iTBS; and continuous theta burst stimulation, cTBS), and (2) determine the reproducibility of all rTMS protocols across identical repeat sessions.

Results
At the group level, neither 1 Hz nor 10 Hz rTMS significantly modulated corticospinal excitability. 1 Hz and 10 Hz rTMS were also not significantly different from sham and both TBS protocols. Reproducibility was poor for all rTMS protocols except for sham. Importantly, none of the real rTMS and TBS protocols demonstrated greater neuromodulatory effects or reproducibility after controlling for potential experimental factors including baseline corticospinal excitability, TMS coil deviation and the number of individual MEP trials.

Conclusions
These results call into question the effectiveness and reproducibility of widely used rTMS techniques for modulating corticospinal excitability, and suggest the need for a fundamental rethinking regarding the potential mechanisms by which rTMS affects brain function and behavior in humans.
Perceived threat and fear responses to e-cigarette warning label messages: Results from 16 focus groups with U.S. youth and adults
Authors: Avery Rosemary J. , Kalaji Motasem , Niederdeppe Jeff , Mathios Alan , Dorf Michael , Byrne Sahara , Safi Amelia Greiner 
Published: June 2023

Aims
A warning on e-cigarette packaging is one way the U.S. government can inform the public of known harms of e-cigarette use. Currently, the only required warning on these products is: “WARNING: This product contains nicotine. Nicotine is an addictive chemical.” This exploratory study aims to inform potential future investigations and FDA decisions regarding alternative warnings that may generate fear in addition to being intentionally informational.

Method
Data were obtained from responses by 16 online focus groups with adult (N = 47, age range = 18–64) and youth (N = 32, age range 14–16) participants with various smoking and vaping experiences. We showed each focus group a set of hypothetical e-cigarette warning labels to determine how they respond to currently existing public statements that communicate information on the toxicity of ingredients in e-cigarettes, potential health risks, addiction to nicotine, and the uncertainty of the science regarding health effects of using these products. The focus group interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. Transcripts were subjected to a multiphase coding process to identify common response themes. Codes derived from the Extended Parallel Processing Model were then applied to understand impact of potentially fear-inducing language by warning category and age group.

Results
For adults, all warnings—except those about addiction—gave rise to spontaneous danger control (intended) responses, such as quit intentions. Warnings highlighting cognitive and uncertain effects may be particularly promising for adult consumers of tobacco products because both gengerated danger control and response efficacy without evidence of fear control. However, responses also suggest that warnings risk discouraging some adults who use combustible cigarettes from transitioning to e-cigarettes for harm reduction. For youth, while evidence of response efficacy and danger control emerged among youth exposed to messages in all warning categories but one–addiction—unproductive reactions indicative of fear control were also prevalent among youth respondent across most warning types. On average, youth were more skeptical than adults about the harms of using e-cigarettes.

Policy implications
Implications of study findings for the development of future effective e-cigarette warning messages are explored.
The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on tobacco use: A population-based study
Authors: Alomari Mahmoud A. , Khabour Omar F. , Alzoubi Karem H. , Maikano Abubakar B. 
Published: June 2023

Background
Various aspects of lifestyle seem to change during confinement, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The current study examines confinement’s effects on tobacco smoking habits (SH).

Methods
A survey was distributed among adults living in Jordan (age >18 years) of both genders during April-May of 2020, of which 1925 responded to the survey.

Results
The prevalence of smoking was 33.3%, 46.1%, and 21.1% for cigarettes (Cg), waterpipe (Wp), and E-cigarettes (ECg), respectively. Among the smokers, 38.5–45.8% reported a “no-change,” while 32.1–41.7% reported a “decrease” in SH during confinement. On the other hand, 18.0–22.1% reported an “increase” in the SH. However, concerning the factors that might affect SH, the results showed that age, gender, income, and job sector contribute to the observed changes.

Conclusions
Changes in the SH during COVID-19 have been reported in about 50% of participants who smoke tobacco, with a more reported decrease than increase in use. Studies and interventions are needed to confirm further and understand the current results and discourage smoking during the COVID-19 pandemic.
School absenteeism in children with special health care needs. Results from the prospective cohort study ikidS
Authors: Schlecht Jennifer , König Jochem , Kuhle Stefan , Urschitz Michael S. 
Published: June 2023

Objective
Children with special health care needs (SHCN) due to a chronic health condition perform more poorly at school compared to their classmates. There is still little knowledge on the causal pathways and which factors could be targeted by interventions. We, therefore, investigated school absenteeism in children with SHCN compared to their peers.

Methods
This study was based on data from the German population-based prospective cohort study ikidS (German for: I will start school). Children with SHCN were identified by the Children with Special Health Care Needs screener that captures five consequences of physical or mental chronic health conditions: (1) use or need of prescription medication, (2) above average use or need of medical, mental health, or educational services, (3) functional limitations compared with others of the same age, (4) use or need of specialized therapies, and (5) treatment or counseling for emotional, behavioral, or developmental problems. School absenteeism was defined as days absent from school due to illness during first grade and was reported by classroom teachers. Associations between SHCN consequences and school absenteeism were investigated by negative binomial regression models. Effect estimates were adjusted for confounding variables identified by a causal framework and directed acyclic graphs.

Results
1,921 children (mean age at follow-up 7.3 years, standard deviation 0.3; 49% females) were included; of these, 14% had SHCN. Compared to their classmates, children with SHCN had more days absent (adjusted rate ratio: 1.37; 95% confidence interval 1.16, 1.62). The effect was strongest among children with i) functional limitations, ii) treatment or counseling for emotional, behavioral, or developmental problems, and iii) those who experienced two or more SHCN consequences.

Conclusions
Children with SHCN have higher school absenteeism, which could–at least partly–explain their poorer school performance and lower educational attainment. SHCN-specific targeted interventions may reduce the adverse effects of SHCN on educational outcomes in children.
Trends change in teen pregnancy among adolescent women in Ethiopia based on Ethiopian demographic and health surveys: Multivariate decomposition analysis
Authors: Alamneh Gebeyehu Asaye , Teshome Assefa Agegnehu , Teshager Wondwosen , Teshome Fentaw , Tiruneh Mulu , Dessie Anteneh Mengist , Anely Denekew Tenaw , Tesfaw Aragaw , Damtie Dejen Gedamu , Yenew Chalachew 
Published: June 2023

Background
Teenage pregnancy may adversely affect their health, economic, and social life. Evidence shows that no studies in Ethiopia used decomposition analysis to identify factors for the trend change in teen pregnancy. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the trends and identify contributing factors to teen pregnancy in Ethiopia using multivariate decomposition analysis.

Method
We obtained the data on adolescent women from three Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys. A weighted sample of 3266 in 2005, 4009 in 2011, and 3381 teenagers in 2016 were involved in this study. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA 14. Multivariate decomposition analysis was used to identify contributing factors to the change in teen pregnancy. The coefficient value with a 95% confidence interval was used to identify significant factors associated with teen pregnancy.

Results
The prevalence of teen pregnancy in Ethiopia decreased significantly from 15.9% [95% CI: 14.3, 17.7] in 2005 to 12.5% [95% CI: 10.8, 14.3] in 2016. Multivariate decomposition analysis showed that approximately 83% of the overall change in teen pregnancy over time was due to differences in women’s composition. Age, marital status, education status, working status, contraceptive use, and sexual status before age 18 were statistically significant contributing factors to the decline in teen pregnancy over time.

Conclusion
The prevalence of teen pregnancy in Ethiopia decreased significantly over time. The overall decline in teenage pregnancy is due to differences in population composition. Public health interventions should focus on changing cultural norms or attitudes regarding early marriage and pregnancy within religious leaders and uneducated communities.
Kratom use disorder and unfolded protein response: Evaluating their relationship in a case control study
Authors: Yang Bin , Tan Mei Lan , Zhang Ruiling , Singh Darshan , Leong Bin Abdullah Mohammad Farris Iman 
Published: June 2023

Background and aims
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) is widely use worldwide despite its addictive potential. Although psychostimulant use has been linked to occurrence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, data is lacking on how regular kratom use affects ER stress. This case-control study first determined differences in ER stress sensor protein expression (BiP, sXBP1, ATF4, CHOP, JNK, and p-JNK) between regular kratom users and healthy controls. Second, it evaluated the association between kratom use characteristics, targeted ER stress sensor protein expression, and “kratom use disorder” diagnosed with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders 5th Edition (DSM-5) among regular kratom users.

Methods
In total, 60 regular kratom users and 50 healthy control-group participants were recruited and administered a sociodemographic and clinical characteristics questionnaire. While participants who used kratom were also administered a kratom use characteristics questionnaire. Blood samples were collected from all participants, and targeted ER stress sensor protein expression was determined via Western blot analysis.

Results
The study’s findings revealed first that kratom users registered significantly higher protein expression in all targeted ER stress sensors compared to the control group. Second, higher protein expression of CHOP (B = 5.061, standard error [SE] = 2.547, Wald = 3.948, adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 5.382, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.071 to 9.656, p = 0.047) and p-JNK (B = 5.795, SE = 2.635, Wald = 4.544, AOR = 17.025, 95% CI = 1.395 to 24.123, p = 0.017) increased the odds of kratom use disorder occurrence. Kratom use characteristics and other ER stress sensor protein expression were not associated with kratom use disorder.

Conclusion
Regular kratom use may induce protracted ER stress, leading to the decompensation of the unfolded protein response to maintain ER homeostasis. This effect may be linked to kratom use disorder occurrence.
School-based physical education, physical activity and sports provision: A concept mapping framework for evaluation
Authors: Rocliffe Padraic , O’ Keeffe Brendan T. , Sherwin Ian , Mannix-McNamara Patricia , MacDonncha Ciaran 
Published: June 2023

Objective
Physical education, physical activity and sports provision are important factors in whole school health promotion, however, a standardised evaluation framework to evaluate the contribution of these components is lacking. A framework that accounts for the distinct structures and associated factors, that impact upon provision would facilitate a more coherent evaluation.

Methods
A concept mapping methodology, involving the generation of factors relevant to school physical education, physical activity and sports provision and their subsequent thematic and numeric rating and sorting was utilised. Concept mapping effectively gathers, integrates, and visually and numerically represents the composite thinking of a group of relevant and expert stakeholders around a complex social phenomenon. Following a review of the extant literature and synthesis among 20 expert stakeholders, a list of 95 factor statements relevant to school physical education, physical activity and sports provision were developed.

Results
Each factor statement was rated and sorted by 197 multi-disciplinary participants. An eight-cluster framework that demonstrated good validity (stress value: 0.266), was derived from the data based on: 1. Partnerships and Pupil Centered Physical Education; 2. Physical Activity and Sports; 3. School Demographics; 4. Equipment, Facilities and Budget; 5. Extra Costs; 6. Curriculum and Policy; 7. School Management and 8. Timetable. Statements within the cluster on school management received the highest mean importance and modifiability ratings while statements within the cluster on school demographics received the lowest mean importance and modifiability ratings.

Conclusions
Eight overarching structures which account for school physical education, physical activity and sports provision have been identified. Within each of these, structures and overall factors of greatest importance and modifiability have been illuminated. Findings stemming from this rigorous methodology, provide the foundation for the development of a national provision evaluation index to inform both school-level and national policy and actions. It is recommended the current methodology is replicated in other nations to gain corresponding insights.
The primary care experience of adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). An interpretative phenomenological inquiry
Authors: Madawala Sanduni , Warren Narelle , Osadnik Christian , Barton Chris 
Published: June 2023

Background
Studies of the lived experience of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) reveal a number of challenges patients face when interacting with healthcare providers that may be exacerbated by unwillingness or inability to quit smoking. However, none have explored, in-depth, primary care experiences among patients with COPD in community healthcare settings.

Aims/ objective
The study investigated healthcare experiences of patients living independently in the community with COPD who smoked or had recently quit (at most within the last 5 years), seeking care in primary care settings.

Method
An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) involving thirteen participants purposively recruited from social media posts in COPD and carer support groups, general community groups, community noticeboards and paid adverts on social media. In-depth interviews were held between February and April 2022 by phone or Zoom™ and explored patient experience of primary care, focusing on how smoking patterns, addiction and stigma impact upon and shape these experiences.

Results
Participants were aged between 45 to 75 years. Nine were female and two thirds were current smokers. Problematic experiences including time-constrained consultations, having to self-advocate for care “…go digging myself and then go and see him and say, can we do this, can we do that type of thing?” and guilt about smoking were common. Positive care experiences described non-judgemental interpersonal interactions with doctors, timely referral, proactive care and trust “I have an actual great trust for my GP… they’re awesome, they’ll look after you”. Participants described how their care experience shifted as primary care adapted care delivery during COVID-19.

Conclusions
Pro-active, empathetic care from general practitioners is desired from patients living with COPD. Stigma and fear of judgement was an important underlying driver of negative care experiences contributing to delayed help seeking from general practitioners.