bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
119 Differential Alveolar Toxicity of Exhaust and Non-Exhaust Fine Particulate Matter
Authors: Parkin James , Dean Lareb S N , Raj Helen S V , Cooper Dawn , Ridley Robert , Davies Elizabeth R , Conforti Franco , Bell Joseph A , Wang Yihua , Downward Julian , Cooper Matthew J , Cassee Flemming R , Davies Donna E , Cook Richard , Loxham Matthew 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Airborne fine particulate matter (diameter &lt;2.5μm; PM2.5) is a leading risk factor for ill health and premature death. Road vehicle technology is decreasing exhaust-derived PM emissions but poorly characterised, unregulated non-exhaust PM persists. This study aimed to characterise the toxicology of brakewear PM2.5 (BWPM) from 4 brakepad types, and roadwear PM, compared to diesel exhaust PM2.5 (DEP).

Methods
An alveolar type-II epithelial cell line (ATIIER:KRASv12) was exposed to 3.9-31.6µg/cm2 PM2.5 generated from 4 brake pad types (low-metallic/semi-metallic/non-asbestos organic [NAO]/ceramic), roadwear, or DEP for 2-24h. PM composition was determined by ICP-MS, cytotoxicity by LDH and MTT assays, cytokine release by ELISA, gene expression by RT-qPCR and RNA-Seq, and protein expression by western blot.

Results
NAO and ceramic BWPM, enriched in copper and zirconium, exerted greatest increases in cytotoxicity, cytokine release (IL-6: NAO 26-fold, ceramic 20-fold; p&lt;0.05), and oxidative stress-related (HMOX1 – NAO 28-fold, ceramic 26-fold, p&lt;0.001) and metal homeostasis genes (MT1G: NAO 197-fold, ceramic 183-fold; p&lt;0.001), consistently greater than roadwear PM or DEP. Amelioration by copper-chelating tetraethylenepentamine implicated BWPM copper. RNA-Seq showed NAO and ceramic BWPM induced most differentially expressed genes vs. control, related to inflammatory, oxidative stress, heat-shock, and hypoxia responses. Effects on hypoxia signalling were confirmed through HIF1α western blot and HIF-signalling reporter assay.

Conclusions
NAO and ceramic BWPM were the most potent across multiple endpoints. Future work will study the relevance of HIF-related responses, which have been implicated in fibrotic lung disease. Understanding source-dependent toxicity may facilitate manufacturing- and healthcare-related mitigation of PM toxicity.
125 Effect of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Exposure on wild type and p53+/- Rat Lungs
Authors: Barthel Hélène , Sébillaud Sylvie , Lorcin Mylène , Wolff Henrik , Viton Stéphane , Cosnier Frédéric , Gaté Laurent , Seidel Carole 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are nanomaterials that can be inhaled by employees during production or handling. One CNT, Mitsui-7 (MWNT-7), has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as “possibly carcinogenic to humans”. In addition, there is a proposal coming from the risk assessment committee of ECHA to classify all fibres with dimension’s compatible with the “Fibre Paradigm” (FP), as carcinogenic. However, there is a lack of clarity regarding the fibres that do not fill the criteria of the FP. In this study, we compared Mitsui-7, compatible with the FP criteria, to a CNT, NM-403, too short and thin to fill this principle. We exposed Sprague Dawley female rats deficient for p53 (GMO), or wild type (WT), by intratracheal instillation to these two CNTs. The animals (GMO and WT) were exposed once a week for 4 consecutive weeks to 0.25 mg/rat of CNT and were sacrificed 3 days and 8 months after the last instillation. Exposure to both CNTs induced acute lung inflammation, which persisted after 8 months in the lungs of rats only exposed to NM-403. On the top of a persistent inflammation, NM-403 also stimulated hyperplasic changes in the rat lungs, which can be considered as a precursor stage for neoplasia. However, no adenoma nor carcinoma was detected. The hyperplasia was significantly more pronounced in the GMO rats. The results suggest that CNT not filling the criteria of the FP can cause persistent inflammation and pre-neoplastic changes. Their safety should be addressed with caution.
126 Emission and Exposure Characterization During Metal Waste Recycling
Authors: Isaxon Christina , Lovén Karin , Ahlberg Erik , Bermeo Marie , Messing Maria , Kåredal Monica , Hedmer Maria , Rissler Jenny 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest-growing waste streams in the EU. The airborne occupational and environmental exposures generated by this waste handling are poorly quantified, and the growing use of nanomaterials in electronics adds to the uncertainty of risk assessment. Emission and personal exposure measurements were carried out during industrial recycling for three different metal waste flows: WEEE, metal scrap and cables. Size distributions and number-, mass- and lung deposited surface area concentrations were assessed by on-line techniques, and filter samples were collected for gravimetric analyses, metal content, and electron microscopy. Samples for elemental analyses with Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) was collected by a 12-stage low-pressure impactor . Additionally, low-cost sensors were deployed for long term monitoring. By number, the size distributions from all three flows were heavily dominated by particles &lt;100 nm. Electron microscopy showed that there are many different elements in the same particle and that the composition of different particles vary considerably. Abundant elements, according to ICP-MS, were Fe, Al, Zn, and Cu, but Pb, Mn, Ba, and Co were also detected. PIXE analysis showed that the chemical composition indeed is different in different particle sizes, with e.g. Cr almost exclusively being present in particles &lt; 200 nm. Low-cost sensors, not previously used for monitoring in highly polluted industrial settings, functioned well after 30 days. This study shows that detailed particle characterization is crucial for understanding of today’s and tomorrow’s waste recycling exposures, and as input to future toxicological assessments.
142 Short-Term Exposure to Nanomaterials and Effect Biomarkers at Local and Systemic Levels: dose-Response Modelling Results from the Nanoexplore Project
Authors: Canu Irina Guseva , Hemmendinger Maud , Squillacioti Giulia , Ghelli Federica , Charreau Thomas , Sauvain Jean-Jacques , Suarez Guillaume , Hopf Nancy B , Progiou Athena , Fito Carlos , Bergamaschi Enrico 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
We aimed at analyzing dose-response relationship between occupational exposure to a mixture of nanomaterials (NMs) and effect biomarkers measured according to the NanoExplore protocol in exhaled breath condensate (EBC, local pulmonary level)) and urine (systemic level) of 141 workers. Two exposure metrics: particle number concentration (PNC) and lung deposited surface area (LDSA) were monitored using DiSCMini for 2-4 8h-workshifts. Biological samples were collected twice, before and after exposure monitoring. We assumed that current or short-term exposure to NMs is associated in a linear dose-response manner to the effect biomarker concentration. We analyzed each biomarker separately, using the multilevel mixed-effects interval regression models to properly manage the biomarker concentrations the LOD or in the interval between the LOD and the limit of quantification. We used directed acyclic graphs to identify all potential confounders: age, smoking status, medication status, and study center. Center and the participant’s ID were modeled as random effect variables. For IL-10, IL-1β and TNF-α in EBC we observed consistent positive dose-response relationships with both PNC and LDSA. For urinary Total Antioxidant Power the relationship was consistently negative. For MDA, KL-6, hs-CRP or NOTyr in EBC and urinary MDA and 8-Isoprostane, no relationship was found. These results suggest an activation of the innate immune response rather than oxidative stress as the main effect of the mixture of NM investigated. This study offers new insights into the dose-response relationship between exposure to NMs and possible indicators of early and long-term biological alterations in the cohort of recruited workers.
149 Chronic Immunotoxicity of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Macrophages via MMP-12
Authors: Ishimaru Naozumi , Otsuka Kunihiro , Tsunematsu Takaaki , Taquahashi Yuhji , Kanno Jun 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Background
The toxicological effects of nanomaterials, such as multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), on the immune system are considerably understood. However, the precise relationship between long-term exposure to MWCNTs and chronic inflammation remains unclear.

Methods and Finding
In this study, exposure to Taquann-treated MWCNTs (T-CNTs) was performed using aerosols generated in an inhalation chamber. At 12 months after T-CNT exposure, alveolar inflammation with macrophage accumulation and hypertrophy of the alveolar walls were observed. The fibrotic lesions were enhanced by T-CNT exposure. The cell surface phenotype of macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was shifted to the M1 macrophage phenotype. In addition, the alveolar macrophages of T-CNT-exposed mice produced matrix metalloprotinase-12 (MMP-12). By contrast, a mouse model of chronic peritonitis was also established using intraperitoneal injection of T-CNTs with high dispersion efficiency. Chronic peritonitis with fibrosis was observed in T-CNT-injected mice, but not in Taquann-treated TiO2-injected mice. In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that MMP-12 of macrophages was upregulated by T-CNT to enhance fibroblast activation and profibrotic molecule expression in fibroblasts. In addition, T-CNT-induced peritonitis reduced MMP-12 expression in Nfκb1−/− mice, suggesting that MMP-12-producing macrophages play a key role in chronic inflammation due to T-CNT exposure though NF-κB activation.

Conclusion
These results using the two models suggest that T-MWCNT exposure promoted chronic inflammation and fibrotic lesion formation in profibrotic macrophages via MMP12 for prolonged periods. The results of this study could be helpful in understanding the molecular toxicity of nanomaterial and chronic inflammation.
150 The Innomat.Life Extended Fibre Human Risk Banding Scheme
Authors: Broßell Dirk , Wolf Sebastian , Dziurowitz Nico , Thim Carmen , Meyer-Plath Asmus , Plitzko Sabine , Wiemann Martin , Pfohl Patrizia Marie , Wohlleben Wendel , Stahlmecke Burkhard , Wolf Carmen , Haase Andrea 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
High aspect ratio materials (HARMs) like multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) show material properties that enable innovative applications but also raise concerns about harmful effects to humans due to their asbestos-like pathogenicity. The fibre-pathological paradigm was established for asbestos and other HARM, linking fibre-specific adverse effects to certain material properties such as fibre length, respirability and bio-persistence. A new risk banding scheme for such hazard- and exposure-related properties is introduced. For each relevant property, we defined descriptors and developed/validated methods for their measurement. Based on results from studies conducted in the project or obtained from literature, we defined quantitative band limits. While the fibre-pathological paradigm acted as a starting point, observations of in vitro effect of nanofibers motivated us to incorporate additional properties. Studying macrophage-fibre interactions led us to highlight the importance of the flexural rigidity of fibres for their uptake by macrophages. Also, the bundling of thin constituent fibres was recognized as a mechanism possibly generating less flexible and, therefore, more harmful inhalable particles with high aspect ratio from harmless precursors. Transformation dynamics of fibres in fluids like the phagolysosomal medium were investigated as well to gain a better understanding about fibre bio-durability. Overall, the risk for humans exposed to HARMs is described by the risk banding scheme in which property bands relevant for the hazard potential were juxtaposed to the respective exposure potential. We present results for a selection of HARMs including multiple MWCNTs with varying properties, TiO2 fibres, SiC whiskers, as well as silver and copper nanowires.
154 Toward a General Approach to Risk Assessment of Naturally Occurring Asbestos and Asbestos-Like Minerals: the case of Fibrous Antigorite
Authors: Turci Francesco , Petriglieri Jasmine Rita , Barale Luca , Gazzano Elena , Aldieri Elisabetta , Tomatis Maura , Ballirano Paolo , Piana Fabrizio , Campopiano Antonella , Pacella Alessandro 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The natural occurrence of asbestos and asbestos-like minerals (NOA) poses a risk to the environment and human health, notably when natural processes and anthropic activities promote fibre dispersion. Hundreds of potentially hazardous elongated mineral particles (EMPs, NIOSH 2011 definition) exist, and their toxicological profile is often unknown. We aim here to define a general approach, from field analysis to nano-structural investigation, to assess whether a fibrous mineral occurring in a specific site could pose a risk to human health. To evaluate the hazard associated with NOA, a multi-scale and multi-analytical integrated approach was adopted. Specifically, the geological factors that control the occurrence and distribution of NOA on site, and the mechanisms of formation and liberation of airborne fibres were investigated. In parallel, we explored the key bulk and surface properties of several natural mineral fibres and defined crystallographic, chemical, and morphological aspects that should be considered during hazard assessment. Also, the effect of standardized mechanical stress was used to simulate variation on morphometric parameters of investigated minerals and allowed us to quantitatively evaluate the potency to generate inhalable fibres. This property was connected with the mineral characteristic and the rock fabric. Isolated fibre specimens were used to assess solubility in simulated body fluids, surface reactivity, and toxicological endpoints in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these findings allowed us to build a multidimensional description of the hazard parameters of a mineral fibre and paved the way for a science-based risk assessment in an unexplored NOA site.
155 A test Chamber to Quantify Emission Factors for Welding Fumes
Authors: Quecke Emily , Hashisho Zaher , Quemerais Bernadette 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
A conical test chamber was built to quantify emission factors for various types of welding processes. The chamber was built according to American Welding Society (AWS) standard F1.2:2013. Fumes were collected on pre-dried and pre-weighted 293 mm glass fiber filters using a high-volume sampling pump running at approximately 30 cfm. Consumables were weighted before and after welding to calculate the amount of fume emitted per weight of consumable. All the welding was performed by a professional welder. The chamber was calibrated prior to any use to adjust the flowrate inside the chamber. The test chamber was used to calculate emission factors for Shielded Metal Arc Welding process using four different electrodes (E6013, E6011, E7018, E7014) and three different currents for each electrode as fume emission increases with current. Each test was done in triplicates to investigate for variation. Emission factors were calculated by diving the amount of fume on the filters by the weight of consumables used (g/kg). In general test were reproducible with coefficient of variations varying from 0.2 to 18.1% with most variation below 15%. Emission factors were highly dependent on the type of electrode with the lowest values found for E6013 and the highest for E6011. Emission factors increased significantly with increasing current. The chamber works properly and can be used to test other processes such as Gas Metal Arc Welding, Metal Core Arc Welding, Flux Core Arc Welding, as well as Gas Tungsten Arc Welding. Emission factors will also be calculated for metals.
7 Construction and Characterization of a Thermal Spray Coating Aerosol Generator
Authors: Lee Eun Gyung , Afshari Aliakbar , McKinney Walter , Kodali Vamsi K , Friend Sherri , Antonini James M , Virji M Abbas 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Thermal spray coating (TSC) is a surface treatment process whereby feedstock material is sprayed onto surfaces under pressure where it solidifies and forms a solid coating. In metal TSC processes, large quantities of aerosols, including fine and ultrafine metal particles are generated. However, exposure assessment for TSC is lacking. The goal of this study was to construct a TSC aerosol generation system and to characterize the physicochemical properties of aerosols generated during coating processes. A computer-controlled, automated electric arc wire-TSC aerosol generator system was built in an enclosed room, where a rotary motor rotates a metal feedstock pipe in circular and up-and-down directions to allow even deposition of coating material on the pipe surface. The characteristics of aerosolized particles during spray coating using a stainless-steel wire (PMET 720) showed that: 1) respirable mass concentrations ranged from 142–218 mg/m3 (3 spray shots with each shot of 1-sec during 20-min sampling), 2) diameter of peak particle number concentrations was between 360 nm and 400 nm, 3) mass median aerodynamic diameter determined by an impactor ranged from 290–370 nm, 4) particle morphology was observed to be diverse including chain-like agglomerates and spherical and cylinder-like shapes, and 5) metal composition was 80% iron, 17% chromium, and 3% manganese with trace amounts of nickel and copper. These findings are limited to one wire type and suggests the need for further investigations evaluating various parameters (e.g., wire/powder types, high/low energy, ventilation on/off) to obtain emission rates and recommend control measures.
22 Development of an Integrated Exposure Pathway Model for Health Impact Assessment of Traffic Ultrafine Particles (H2020 Ultrhas-Project)
Authors: Korhonen Antti , Lehtomäki Heli , Rumrich Isabell , Roponen Marjut , Bølling Anette , Aasvang Gunn Marit , Jalava Pasi , Rothen-Rutishauser Barbara , Bucchianico Sebastiano Di , Zimmermann Ralf , Øvrevik Johan , Hänninen Otto 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Recently, the causal associations between traffic emissions and health effects were strengthened by the systematic reviews by the Health Effects Institute (HEI#23, 2022). According to EuroStat data Europeans spend 87-97% of their time indoors in homes, workplaces, schools and nurseries. Breathing volumes are dominated by the time spent indoors (16 m³ indoors and 1.4 m³ outdoors), even though breathing rates in outdoor environments are higher. This demonstrates the importance of taking into account time activity as well as infiltration to indoor spaces when estimating intake of particles.
The ULTRHAS project aims to link in vitro toxicological evidence for particulate matter to health impact assessments to look specifically into this. An integrated exposure pathway model will consider for different microenvironments, and physical activity patterns to quantify the particle intake in selected gender and age groups. Relative to the commonly applied approach using residential address and corresponding outdoor pollution levels we specifically add handling of (i) infiltration into indoor spaces and (ii) variability in breathing volumes based on physical activities. The model will provide inhalation volumes for selected target populations, to be applied in the intake-DALY estimation of burden of disease parameters in the following phases of the project.
29 Fugitive Emissions from Carbon Dioxide Laser Cutting Activities
Authors: Tsai Candace , Munoz Alejandro , Schmidt Jacob , Suffet Mel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Carbon Dioxide laser cutters are used to cut and engrave on various types of materials, including metals, wood, and plastics. Although many are equipped with fume extractors for removing airborne substances generated during laser cutting, gases and particulate matter can be released upon opening the lid after completion. Real-time instruments were utilized to monitor both particulate concentrations and size distributions, while the novel Tsai Diffusion Sampler was used to collect particulate samples on a polycarbonate membrane and TEM grid. Preliminary detection of released gases consisted of the use of gas sampling with Teflon Gas Bags and followed with analysis using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). A portable ambient infrared air analyzer was used to quantify the concentrations of the chemicals released by the laser cutting activities. Results of the study found that a significant concentration of particulate matter ranging 15.4 - 86 nm in particle sizes were released each time the laser cutter lid was opened and were observed to gradually increase in concentration for a period of at least 20 minutes after the completion of a cut. The GC-MS gaseous samples primarily contained methyl methacrylate at a low level close to the detection limit of the infrared air analyzer.
43 Particle and VOC Emissions During the Thermal Processing of Plastics to make Filaments for 3D-Printing
Authors: Eden Gunilla Runström , Möller Rickie , Tinnerberg Håkan , Almstrand Ann-Charlotte , Bredberg Anna 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Introduction
3D-printing is continuing to grow as an industry, which creates a demand for printing material. Studies on 3D-printing have shown that printers emit nanoparticles and VOC, depending on printing method, and some adverse health effects have been reported. Emissions during production of 3D-printer filament is less studied, and interesting as it can be likened to a larger material extrusion printer.

Materials and methods
Measurements were made at a factory producing 3D-printer filaments, using an array of instruments to characterise the emissions and exposure for the staff. Particle emissions were assessed using condensation particle counters (20nm-1um), DataRAM (0.1-10 um) and a particle sensor (0.35-40 um). VOC emissions and exposure were assessed using Tenax tubes and VOC sensors. Measurements were performed for 1-2 days, apart from sensors, which were placed at the facility for a full working week, including after a longer break .

Results
High concentrations of nanoparticles were found in the production rooms (25 000-100 000 pt/ml) and close to the extruder nozzle (100 000-500 000 pt/ml). Levels of nanoparticles were also high in office rooms near production(25 000-50 000 pt/ml). VOC sensors showed the same trend in all rooms, including offices and staff kitchen, indicating spread of emissions from the source and inadequate ventilation. The particle sensor also showed variation over the week in correlation with work performed.

Conclusion
Production of 3D-printer filaments emit nanoparticles and VOC. Inadequate ventilation can lead to high concentrations of nanoparticles. Sensors were a useful tool to show emission trends.