bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Group polarization, influence, and domination in online interaction networks: a case study of the 2022 Brazilian elections
Authors: Interian Ruben , Rodrigues Francisco A 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The erosion of social cohesion and polarization is one of the topmost societal risks. In this work, we investigated the evolution of polarization, influence, and domination in online interaction networks using a large Twitter dataset collected before and during the 2022 Brazilian elections. From a theoretical perspective, we develop a methodology called d-modularity that allows discovering the contribution of specific groups to network polarization using the well-known modularity measure. While the overall network modularity (somewhat unexpectedly) decreased, the proposed group-oriented approach reveals that the contribution of the right-leaning community to this modularity increased, remaining very high during the analyzed period. Our methodology is general enough to be used in any situation when the contribution of specific groups to overall network modularity and polarization is needed to investigate. Moreover, using the concept of partial domination, we are able to compare the reach of sets of influential profiles from different groups and their ability to accomplish coordinated communication inside their groups and across segments of the entire network. We show that in the whole network, the left-leaning high-influential information spreaders dominated, reaching a substantial fraction of users with fewer spreaders. However, when comparing domination inside the groups, the results are inverse. Right-leaning spreaders dominate their communities using few nodes, showing as the most capable of accomplishing coordinated communication. The results bring evidence of extreme isolation and the ease of accomplishing coordinated communication that characterized right-leaning communities during the 2022 Brazilian elections, which likely influenced the subsequent coup events in Brasilia.
Ibn Sīnā’s legacy
Authors: Adamson Peter 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The book concludes with an overview of Ibn Sīnā’s dramatic impact on philosophy in both the Islamic world and Latin Christendom. In the former sphere he is directly or indirectly the inspiration for about a millennium: this is shown with examples drawn from figures like al-Ghazālī, al-Suhrawardī, Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, and Mullā Ṣadrā. It is then pointed out that his influence in Latin Christendom led to parallel developments in scholasticism, with figures like Aquinas and Scotus unwittingly recapitulating philosophical debates that had already occurred in Arabic and Persian. Some attention is also given to Ibn Sīnā’s major impact in Europe as a medical author.
The observable Universe
Authors: Cottrell Geoff 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept and scope of modern observational astronomy. It describes the use of the first modest telescopes, four centuries ago, and how this gave Galileo the first inkling of big the Universe really is. The chapter introduces the nature of space and time, and how making observations of objects in deep space means they are also viewed in the deep past. Spectroscopy is highlighted as one of the most powerful tools available to astronomers. The most studied of all stars is the Sun, and, when it and other stars were scrutinized this way it revealed the profoundly important fact that the matter in stars is the same type as that found on Earth, only hotter. Stars are the building blocks of galaxies, and deep observations of the cosmos reveal vast numbers of galaxies. How far can we see out into the Universe? Is there a limit to it? Owing of the universal expansion of the Universe, there is a largest distance out to which we can see. The chapter ends by defining how far we can see and what is meant by the observable Universe.
Lawyers
Authors: Wacks Raymond 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on lawyers, who are an essential feature of every developed legal system. The common law profession is divided between barristers and solicitors. Barristers are generally instructed by solicitors, rather than directly by the client, whereas clients may go directly to solicitors, although this rule has recently been relaxed in some jurisdictions. Moreover, unlike solicitors, barristers typically operate as sole practitioners. Meanwhile, civil law jurisdictions recognize two categories of legal professionals: the jurist and the private practitioner. The chapter then looks at the regulation of the profession through bar associations, bar councils, and law societies. It also considers the provision of legal aid to persons unable to afford the cost of a lawyer.
Globalization: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Steger Manfred B. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (6th edition) presents insights into the key aspects of globalization. It elaborates on the notion of globalization, wherein people live in an interconnected world. Ordinary people can become online celebrities, while religious leaders can influence billions of people. This VSI provides an overview of the long history of the phenomenon of globalization and an examination of its major dimensions before tackling the issue of whether globalization is a good or bad thing. It evaluates the unprecedented levels of planetary integration, which also correlates to climate change, pandemics, trade wars, and renewed fears of nuclear conflicts.
Old school ties
Authors: Taub Liba 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
‘Old School Ties’ highlights the importance for ancient philosophers of membership and identification with a particular group or school, including the Garden of Epicurus and the Stoa. Even those individuals who might not be regarded as philosophers made a point of advertising their links to a specific school. This chapter also talks about the significance of personal reputation, noting how ‘heroic’ individuals achieved a sort of celebrity status as mathematicians and philosophers of nature, including Posidonius of Apamea and Archimedes, two figures who achieved great fame in antiquity. Anecdotal evidence from antiquity describes touristic activities linked to particular ‘great men’ of science.
River deep, mountain high
Authors: Taub Liba 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the estimates of the size of natural objects, including mountain heights, sea depths, the distances to the Sun and Moon, and the sizes of the Earth and the cosmos, that were offered by Greek and Latin authors. Aristotle and Eratosthenes gave various estimates of the circumference of the Earth. ‘River Deep, Mountain High’ highlights some of the issues involved in understanding the length of a ‘stade’, a measure of distance representing the length of a running track. The chapter explores the writings of Pliny the Elder and others that provide access to some of the scientific ideas of earlier thinkers. For example, Pliny reports Posidonius’ views about the height at which winds and clouds occur.
Is there scientific progress?
Authors: Taub Liba 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Claudius Ptolemy and Galen of Pergamum made contributions to scientific and medical thought and practice that remained foundational for over 1,000 years. Ptolemy and Galen regarded themselves as innovators and as educators who were philosophically astute, building on the work of their predecessors and synthesizing information for the benefit of others. Ptolemy wrote on a wide range of topics, including geography, harmonics, astronomy, astrology, optics, and scientific instruments. Galen stresses the importance of empirical information for physicians, especially emphasizing the crucial nature of anatomical knowledge. This chapter explores their work, which depended on using theoretical and practical knowledge. They emphasized that knowledge cannot always guarantee results, and can sometimes only aim at a result. For this reason, some practices, including medicine, astrology, and navigation, are called ‘stochastic’.
A global challenge
Authors: Lockwood Julie L. , Welbourne Dustin J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces invasive species as a global challenge. Invasive species are found in all oceans and on all continents and are represented by familiar organisms like plants, animals, and fungi. The chapter highlights the extent of damage that invasive species cause with the example of Ceratitis capitata, also known as Mediterranean fruit fly or medfly, which has caused considerable damage to crops globally. The modern-day pattern of greatly accelerated colonization has real and often major consequences for human livelihoods and the ecosystems into which the species establish.
An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure
Authors: Lockwood Julie L. , Welbourne Dustin J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles invasive species management as a response to the undesirable impacts of invasive species. The management strategies employed by most governments roughly follow the stages of the invasion process, and are referred to as prevention and eradication, containment, and resource protection. It is shown that the cost of management action increases as the population size of the invasive species increases and becomes more widespread. The chapter highlights the various methods used to manage biological invasions throughout the invasion process and how goals shift as invasive species become more common.
Terror and the pursuit of happiness
Authors: Dixon Thomas 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the connected modern histories of happiness and terror, tracing them both back to key political events in the 18th century. Eighteenth-century Europe witnessed the rise of a ‘culture of sensibility’ and English thinker Jeremy Bentham’s idea of numerically measuring happiness emerged in the same era. Happiness was also a key concept for the founders of the United States of America. Meanwhile, historians of the French Revolution have explored how the hope and enthusiasm of the early revolutionaries gave way to terror and vengeance. The chapter then considers ‘emotional labour’, examining the exploitation of the emotions of African American slaves and how patriarchy has imposed expectations of cheerfulness on women.
Symmetry matters
Authors: McKenzie Ross H. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
‘Symmetry matters’ in condensed matter physics because the mathematics of symmetry is key to characterizing the qualitative difference between distinct states of matter. The concept of symmetry is illustrated by considering how the appearance of specific objects does not change when they undergo transformations such as rotations, reflections, and translations. Crystals are composed of repeat units of atoms. Symmetry limits the number of possible types of different repeat units and crystal structures. The spatial arrangement of the atoms in each repeat unit can be determined by diffraction of a beam of X-rays by the crystal. This method was pioneered by William and Lawrence Bragg and is central to molecular biology. The symmetry of a state of matter constrains what physical properties it can have. Symmetry aids a connection between the macroscopic and microscopic properties of a state of matter, such as explaining why snowflakes have sixfold rotational symmetry. The unexpected discovery of a quasicrystal, a distinct state of matter, revised the definition of a crystal.
An endless frontier
Authors: McKenzie Ross H. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
‘An endless frontier’ discusses how it is difficult to predict the future of condensed matter physics, but it is likely to be an exciting one as new discoveries of emergent phenomena, such as novel states of matter, are often not anticipated. Grand challenges are identified including understanding glasses, Schrödinger’s cat, and exploring new materials, and new extremes of temperature, pressure, and magnetic field. Condensed matter physics has a rich history of contributing concepts, techniques, and personnel to other fields, including chemistry, biology, computer science, and materials engineering. This interdisciplinarity is likely to continue with investigations of complex systems, soft matter, and the social sciences. New technologies will aid new discoveries in condensed matter physics and vice versa. Threats to the future vitality of the field are like those for other intellectual enterprises embedded in institutions increasingly controlled by financial values: a preoccupation with short-term commercial outcomes, hype, metrics, and managerialism. Advances have historically come from individuals and groups working within contexts and institutions that valued intellectual freedom, creativity, patience, curiosity, and serendipity.
All change…the calculus of Fermat, Newton, and Leibniz
Authors: Earl Richard 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Calculus is typically credited to the late 17th-century work of Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz, though they built on earlier, pioneering work by many mathematicians, especially Pierre de Fermat. Calculus is usually broken down into differential calculus—the study of change—and integral calculus—the study of accumulated change. These two processes are essentially inverses of one another, something made explicit by the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. ‘All change…the calculus of Fermat, Newton, and Leibniz’ gives a historical take on their work developing calculus, the change in emphasis from Ancient Greek geometric methods, and Newton’s work applying calculus to physics. But it also notes how calculus, in the 17th and 18th centuries, still lacked logically sound foundations: at this time calculus was ‘a collection of ingenious fallacies’.
What’s the problem?
Authors: Macdonald David W. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the threats to biodiversity, which is ultimately driven by the demands of a growing human population. This is mainly due to habitat loss and degradation as natural habitats are converted for agriculture and forestry. The cumulative impacts of species extinctions within an ecosystem may eventually lead to failure of ecological function. Extinctions also threaten natural cycles, process, and other products which are considered ‘natural capital’. The chapter then identifies the causes of extinction and biodiversity loss. It also considers the role of Protected Areas and prioritisation in biodiversity conservation, before studying the United Nations’ 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Wildlife disease
Authors: Macdonald David W. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses the relevance of wildlife diseases to biodiversity conservation, considering HIV, Ebola, SARS, avian influenza, and COVID-19. Wildlife diseases can have major ecological, socio-economic, and health consequences. As such, they prompt intervention, including isolation, habitat modification, and genetic manipulation. The chapter begins by explaining the parameter R0, which is also known as the basic case reproduction number. It then looks at the perturbation effect, vaccination, and rabies, a viral infection generally injected in saliva via a bite that is almost always fatal to people. Finally, the chapter considers how disease intersects with climate change, before discussing the concept of integrated wildlife monitoring.
Human–wildlife conflict
Authors: Macdonald David W. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses human–wildlife conflict (HWC), a struggle between conservation and other human interests that emerges when the presence or behaviour of wildlife is at odds with human goals or ideals and a negative impact or interaction ensues. There are three levels of HWC. Level 1 (dispute level) could involve damage by wildlife to crops, livestock, fisheries, game, property, or facilities. Level 2 (underlying conflicts) arises where the visible issues of Level 1 occur against the background of previous unsatisfactory solutions. HWC escalates to Level 3 (identity-based conflict) if underlying issues align with pre-existing socio-political conflicts. The chapter then considers the role of culture and psychology in HWC.
Climate change
Authors: Macdonald David W. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how the challenges that biodiversity face are worsened by climate change. Climate change has always been a major driver of adaptation. The biological problem is that humans and other animals find unpredictable and uncontrollable change or extremes stressful, even unmanageable, beyond the behavioural and physiological adaptability of their species. The chapter then details the detrimental effects of global warming, considering El Niño, which describes the warming of sea surface temperature that occurs every few years. Climate change can also cause subtle changes in species populations. Strategies for mitigating climate change include the reduction of carbon emissions and consumption, and the development of alternative ways to generate electricity.
Non-ionizing radiation modeling to predict ambient irradiance in work areas at an indoor cannabis farm
Authors: Chmielinski Maximilian , Yost Michael G , Cohen Martin , Inanici Mehlika , Simpson Christopher D 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Agricultural workers frequently experience potentially hazardous exposure to non-ionizing radiation from both solar and artificial sources, and measurement of this exposure can be expensive and impractical for large populations. This project develops and evaluates a vegetative radiative transfer model (VRTM) to predict irradiance in a grow room of an indoor cannabis farm. The model uses morphological characteristics of the crop, manufacturer provided lamp emissions data, and dimensional measurements of the grow room and cannabis hedgerows to predict irradiance. A linear regression comparing model predictions with the measurements taken by a visible light spectroradiometer had slopes within 23% of unity and R2 values above 0.88 for visible (400–700 nm), blue (400–500 nm), green (500–600 nm), and red (600–700 nm) wavelength bands. The excellent agreement between the model and the measured irradiance in the cannabis farm grow room supports the potential of using VRTMs to predict irradiance and worker exposure in agricultural settings. Because there is no mechanistic difference between visible and other non-ionizing wavelengths of radiation in regards to mechanisms of radiative transfer, the model developed herein for visible wavelengths of radiation should be generalizable to other radiation bands including infrared and ultraviolet radiation.
Variability in seed salinity tolerance in an island coastal community
Authors: Walsh Seana K , Wolkis Dustin , Abbriano Raffaela M , Barton Kasey E 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background and Aims
Islands, with their long coastlines and increased vulnerability to sea level rise, offer compelling opportunities to investigate the salinity tolerance of coastal plants. Seeds are generally more vulnerable than other plant stages to increased stressors. The aim of this study was to characterize salinity tolerance during germination across a diverse pool of 21 species from 14 plant families found in coastal communities throughout the Hawaiian Islands in order to increase our general understanding of coastal plant ecology for conservation and restoration.

Methods
Seeds of each species were exposed to unfiltered/untreated seawater (35 ppt total salinity) and two salinity treatments (10 and 20 ppt) in which the seawater was diluted with distilled water, and germination percent and timing were compared to seeds in a distilled water control. Non-germinated seeds were then tested for recovery germination. We quantified and compared germination percent, time and recovery among species and across salinity levels and tested for heterogeneity related to seed size, dormancy class, habit and threatened status.

Key Results
Although salinity tolerance varied considerably among species, salinity exposure generally reduced and delayed germination. The greatest effects were detected at higher salinity levels. Recovery germination overall was higher for seeds that had been exposed to higher salinity. None of the factors we explored emerged as predictors of salinity tolerance except seed mass, which tended to enhance germination at higher salinity.

Conclusions
Species responses to salinity exposure indicate high vulnerability of coastal systems to increased salinity stress, and variability among species could lead to shifts in community assembly and composition under sea level rise. These results can help guide coastal ecosystem conservation and restoration management decisions in the face of climate change.
Do root secondary xylem functional traits differ between growth forms in Fabaceae species in a seasonally dry Neotropical environment?
Authors: da Silva Jane Rodrigues , Yule Tamires Soares , Ribas Augusto Cesar de Aquino , Scremin-Dias Edna 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background and Aims
Whole-plant performance in water-stressed and disturbance-prone environments depends on a suitable supply of water from the roots to the leaves, storage of reserves during periods of shortage, and a morphological arrangement that guarantees the maintenance of the plants anchored to the soil. All these functions are performed by the secondary xylem of roots. Here, we investigate whether different growth forms of Fabaceae species from the seasonally dry Neotropical environment have distinct strategies for water transport, mechanical support and non-structural carbon and water storage in the root secondary xylem.

Methods
We evaluated cross-sections of root secondary xylem from species of trees, shrubs and subshrubs. We applied linear models to verify the variability in secondary xylem anatomical traits among growth forms.

Key Results
Secondary xylem with larger vessels and lower vessel density was observed in tree species. Vessel wall thickness, vessel grouping index, potential hydraulic conductivity and cell fractions (vessels, fibres, rays and axial parenchyma) were not statistically different between growth forms, owing to the high interspecific variation within the groups studied.

Conclusion
Our results showed that the variability in anatomical traits of the secondary xylem of the root is species specific. In summary, the cellular complexity of the secondary xylem ensures multiple functional strategies in species with distinct growth forms, a key trait for resource use in an environment with strong water seasonality.
PyDESeq2: a python package for bulk RNA-seq differential expression analysis
Authors: Muzellec Boris , Teleńczuk Maria , Cabeli Vincent , Andreux Mathieu 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Summary
We present PyDESeq2, a python implementation of the DESeq2 workflow for differential expression analysis on bulk RNA-seq data. This re-implementation yields similar, but not identical, results: it achieves higher model likelihood, allows speed improvements on large datasets, as shown in experiments on TCGA data, and can be more easily interfaced with modern python-based data science tools.

Availability and Implementation
PyDESeq2 is released as an open-source software under the MIT license. The source code is available on GitHub at https://github.com/owkin/PyDESeq2 and documented at https://pydeseq2.readthedocs.io. PyDESeq2 is part of the scverse ecosystem.