bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Circle of Sound
Authors: Knyt Erinn E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 delineates how Busoni’s views about space and multi-dimensionality influenced his decisions about timbre, placement of instruments, and dramaturgy. Busoni’s compositions from the 1910s and 1920s feature sound radiating from different directions, textural layering, and evocations of depth and height through a play with register, timbre, acoustics, and time. Many of his aesthetic ideas were based on metaphysical notions of inaudible sound in the universe that he translated into audible sound using the model of physical space in architectural buildings. He also posited novel theories about how music could encircle a stage and envelop listeners as it emanated from different locations simultaneously. Architectural drawings for novel theatrical spaces, such as a triple stage opening inspired by Henry van de Velde, or a multilevel stage area, although never realized, informed his ideas about spatial instrument placement and inspired simultaneity of musical textures in Doktor Faust, BV 303.
Dark Energy
Authors: Lincoln Don 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
With the realization that the universe began in a colossal explosion called the Big Bang and that the cosmos is expanding, scientists asked what the ultimate fate of the universe would be. Would it expand forever, never stopping? Would it expand, ever slowing, and stopping in the infinite future? Or would the expansion reverse, and the universe collapse together in a “Big Crunch?” In 1998, scientists looked to the sky to answer the question and found, to their surprise, that the expansion of the universe is speeding up. The proposed explanation is that the universe is filled with an energy field that is a repulsive form of gravity. This field is called “dark energy.” This chapter discusses the discovery of dark matter and what it might be. Given that dark energy is about 70% of the matter and energy of the universe, understanding it is crucially important to understanding the cosmos.
Ultimate Building Blocks
Authors: Lincoln Don 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Over 2,500 years ago, the Greek philosopher Democritus postulated that the nature of matter consisted of ultimate building blocks that he called atomos. Over the ensuing millennia, we have realized that he was broadly correct. We know of molecules, atoms, protons, neutrons, and electrons, and now we even know of quarks, which are found inside protons and neutrons, and leptons, of which the electron is the most familiar example. However, there was a time when we didn’t know of the constituents of atoms; we simply knew of the patterns of the chemical periodic table of elements. We’re in a similar point today, where we see patterns in the quarks and leptons and ask if they could be built of even smaller particles. In this chapter, we explore that idea and get a sense of how tricky figuring that out will be.
Unfinished revolutions
Authors: Norton Anne 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This set of theses makes the case that even the liberal revolutions of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are not yet completed. Though many call themselves democrats and praise democracy, we do not yet rule ourselves as free people. We are not democrats yet. These theses remind us that self-rule is a discipline. Anarchy is the training ground of that discipline. Democracy is not an idyllic state, still less a state that we have achieved. The struggle for democracy continues throughout the world. In the West, feudal hierarchies have transformed and persisted in hierarchies of race and gender. These theses draw on the writing and political practices of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Sheldon Wolin, the speeches of revolutionaries and the experiences of fugitives.
The direction of the democratic
Authors: Norton Anne 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The theses in this section address the presence of conservatism, progressivism and radicalism among people who rule themselves. All can have a place where people govern themselves. Conservative currents and commitments show themselves when people look to their histories and their ancestors, taking the dead as well as the living as their own people. Progressivism and utopianism look to a future that may be seen either as inevitable or as requiring the work of the living people. These theses discuss the different ways in which people see the direction of their countries in time and the effects that these perspectives and directions have on political action.
Democratic spaces
Authors: Norton Anne 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The theses in this section declare that people carry their rights with them. Where their bodies are their rights are as well. They preserve the anarchic and nurture the democratic when they assemble. Theses in this section argue that the democratic can prosper in both rural and urban spaces. They carry their rights into their workplaces, their schools, their churches, into both public and private space. Rights do not apply only in relation to the government. They cannot be fenced out of the aptly named economic realm or the social order. Where bodies go, rights are present and can be called upon. Rights live -and are endangered- in each person’s body.
Points of New Light Amid Darkness
Authors: Wicks Robert J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Posttraumatic growth (PTG) occurs when a person deepens in ways that would not have been possible had trauma or stress not occurred in the first place. When it does occur, the person does not play down, minimize, deny, or romanticize the significant negative experience they have had; rather, the person remains open to what they might learn and where the undesirable events might take them psychologically and spiritually, which might not have been possible in the past. The literature on PTG is helpful even when trauma has not occurred because the themes it examines can turn out to be new points of light for anyone experiencing stress who wishes to respond in the most personally beneficial way possible.
The First Steps Toward Self-Knowledge
Authors: Wicks Robert J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Understanding how resilience can be strengthened through enhanced self-knowledge, more enlightened behavior, and clearer awareness of our cognitions (ways of thinking, perceiving, and understanding) is presented. In addition, “self-regulation” (a term used in both behavioral and dynamic psychology referring to the conscious and less conscious management of our physical and emotional impulses, drives, and anxieties) is also discussed. Appreciation of how we understand and deal with anxiety and low periods in our life is also covered, as well as how to embark on a disciplined search of self; increase our awareness of our personal agendas; face failure in a productive way; improve critical thinking; and develop sensitivity to our own resistances to change and self-talk.
States: Analog and Digital
Authors: Johns Fleur 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
States’ growing recourse to shifting streams of digital data for purposes of trying to understand the needs, wants, and circumstances of their constituents and affording them humanitarian assistance is giving rise to new ways of seeing and being a state: these are the focus of this chapter, which makes use of the analog-digital friction introduced earlier in the book. No longer are techniques of simplification, legibility, and planning necessary preconditions to state action. In many instances, an early warning signal assembled from real-time digital data will suffice to prompt states to canvass possibilities for humanitarian action and rule out other registers of political action. Nonstate actors and infrastructures condition and mediate these efforts in politically impactful ways. States of the Global South must especially contend with a litany of data doubles: digital representations of their polities, and social and economic conditions within their territories, assembled by commercial actors and/or other, surveillant states in parallel with, and sometimes in lieu of, national data. States are increasingly subject, in effect, to a standard of datafication whereby their capacity to maintain their statehood on the global plane is contingent on their ability to collect, marshal, and analyze digital data. With these changes in the logics of state governance, digital humanitarianism is tugging states away from the parameters of statehood presupposed by international law.
Law and Policy: Infrastructures of Interface
Authors: Johns Fleur 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates how the digital interfaces depicted throughout this book tend to be produced and reproduced in the way that they do, even as they remain ever open to customization and improvement. It focuses on one dimension of the forces or factors that help to sustain this reproduction: international legal and policy infrastructures. As well as suggesting their heterogeneous provenance and supports, this analysis suggests digital interfaces’ openness to reassembly (more thoroughgoing than customization) and multiple possible sites of entry for that purpose. For this and other purposes, this chapter argues that there is value in investigating international law and policy surrounding humanitarian digital interfaces infrastructurally building on structuralist and post-structuralist practices of reading. The chapter’s revisitation of those practices helps to situate this book in relation to prior work in the international legal field.
Introduction
Authors: Braver Joshua 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The people are the ultimate source of the authority for a constitution. But who are the people? This book examines how law may construct a plural people to stave off the establishment of semi-authoritarian constitutions. Both “radical” proponents and “legalist” critics of popular constitution-making share Carl Schmitt’s definition of the people as above, outside of, and superior to all law. Legalists invoke law to smother the people, while radicals destroy law in order to unleash them. This book considers the normative implications of the fact that, in real-world constitution-writing processes, existing constitutions are often neither fully respected nor suspended wholesale. Rather than adhering to an uncompromising legalism or slipping into a radical constitutional free-fall, constitution-makers draw on the existing constitution of their polity even as they abrogate certain of its provisions. This alternative approach to constitutional change –the “extraordinary adaptation” of existing constitutions -- has escaped the attention of scholars of democratic theory and constitutional law. This book theoretically develops the principles implicit in this approach, asking, how is the legitimacy of a project of constitutional renewal affected by partial adherence to existing constitutional rules and limitations? Can political actors justifiably violate the old constitution to create a new one if they grant a role for existing institutions and, in doing so, acknowledge the fundamental plurality of the people? In answering these questions, this book shows how hopes for large-scale constitutional change be fulfilled without sliding into a legal abyss.
How Effective Altruism Fails Community-Based Activism
Authors: Sanders Brenda 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Judging the effectiveness of community organizing based on a “return on investment” model is, at its core, based on a white-centric view of activism. Gauging the effectiveness of community-based activism needs to be done through an entirely different lens, by someone who understands how activism works in marginalized communities. In the decade that Brenda Sanders has been doing vegan activism in low-income communities of color, she has seen why it’s vital that this information be conveyed by those who understand the specific needs of their communities and can build trust from a place of shared experience. On-the-ground activism is an integral part of influencing the culture in communities that are closed off to outsiders, and it is important and worthwhile work. Because of the vegan activism being done at the community level across the country, African Americans are one of the fastest-growing vegan demographics.
Animal Advocacy’s Stockholm Syndrome
Authors: deCoriolis Andrew , Gross Aaron S. , Tuminello Joseph , Gross Steve J. , Channin Jennifer 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
While Effective Altruism helps influencers do good by supporting farmed animal causes, it has been woefully inadequate in guiding strategies within the farmed animal advocacy space. Moreover, Effective Altruist funding has generated troubling consequences. Focusing on short-term incremental improvements, advocates are taking their eyes off the prize: the end of factory farming. The farmed animal movement has more investments than ever going into corporate campaigns, but meaningful returns have been diminishing. While advocacy groups receive significant funding for incremental improvements, other promising strategies tied to a bolder vision for systemic change remain underfunded. We don’t need to accept the factory farm as an inevitable evil and content ourselves with making it “more humane.” Funders can do enormous good within their lifetimes, but only through a willingness to confront complex social challenges. The movement needs funders with fearlessness, an entrepreneurial spirit of experimentation, and the moral imagination to end industrial farming.
Diversifying Effective Altruism’s Long Shots in Animal AdvocacyAn Invitation to Prioritize Black Vegans, Higher Education, and Religious Communities
Authors: Halteman Matthew C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Long Shots, this chapter acknowledges the value of certain aspects of Effective Altruism’s methods but considers two potential critical concerns. First, it isn’t always clear that EA succeeds in doing the most good, especially where long shots like foiling misaligned AI or producing meat without animals are concerned. Second, one might worry that investing large sums of money in long shots like these, even if they do succeed, has the opportunity cost of failing adequately to combat systemic injustice in the shorter term. This chapter explains each of these reservations and goes on to suggest some exciting new initiatives—institution-building in Black veganism, higher education, and religious communities—that could mitigate these reservations, energize and diversify the movement, and remain true to the EA method of supporting underexploited but potentially high-impact causes that produce nonfungible goods otherwise unlikely to be funded.
Coda
Authors: Adams Carol J. , Crary Alice , Gruen Lori 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Coda offers a critique of longtermism, a particular application of Effective Altruism (EA). Concern for future generations is not new within ethics and social thought, but longtermism rehearses EA’s familiar “utilitarianesque” moves, now with regard to future generations, in ways that replicate EA’s current threats to crucial social justice work, bringing the threats into the future. Longtermism is perhaps at its most objectionable with regard to nonhuman animals. By developing core themes of EA in reference to the future, longtermism brings out yet more luridly the moral bankruptcy of a tradition that, with its deceptive talk of doing the “most good,” silences marginalized voices.
The Village
Authors: Li Ji 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the formation of Santaizi’s Catholic community and its everyday life. In the early nineteenth century, the community was established by Catholic immigrants from other parts of China and survived dramatic political changes to endure to the present. By describing the village’s multigenerational Catholic families and their everyday practice of faith and identity, this chapter shows that maintaining close family and community relations was key to the spiritual and emotional rehabilitation of the traumatized villagers after the Boxer Uprising. It helped them survive the hostility directed at Chinese Catholics in the subsequent decades. Through interrogating the many riveting details of everyday life in Caubrière’s work, this chapter explores the negotiation of faith and identity in rural society, providing a crosscultural and intimate angle on daily life in a turbulent time.
The Bandits
Authors: Li Ji 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates ground-level encounters between missionaries and “bandits” (unsettled migrants, outlaws, rebels, revolutionaries, and members of secret societies, all of whom Caubrière tended to put into the same category) to illustrate how marginal groups reacted to and were affected by grand political changes and the religion of Catholicism. These interactions redrew social and political boundaries in the emerging modern Manchurian society and created surprising crosscurrents in the politics of church and state. The chapter’s focus on marginalized populations and peripheral regions affords a novel perspective on the interplay of church and imperial power in the local society in early twentieth century China.
Ancestry Reimagined
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Recent social and psychological research indicates that increased access to ancestry testing has strengthened the notion of genetic essentialism among some groups, or the idea that our biology ties us to particular ethnic identities. This can boost a sense of cultural pride and prosocial behaviors among communities that are perceived to be similar. In the worst-case scenarios, however, this phenomenon can contribute to deeper social woes like misinformation, anti-science agendas, and even social hatred among those who believe in racial superiority. Using research from both the social sciences and the genetics literature as support, Ancestry Reimagined establishes realistic expectations about what we can learn from our DNA as a foundation for examining the psychological impact of ancestry testing, including the differences between how this information is perceived versus its reality. Kampourakis argues that DNA ancestry testing cannot reveal a person’s true ethnic identity because ethnic groups are socially and culturally constructed. In 10 accessible chapters, he explains the assumptions underlying the scientific study of ancestry, and the resulting paradoxes that are often overlooked. What the study of human DNA mostly shows is that human DNA variation is continuous, and it is not possible to clearly delimit ethnic groups based on DNA data. As a result, we are all members of a huge, extended family, and not of genetically distinct ethnic groups.
The State and Internal Security in India
Authors: Ahuja Amit , Kapur Devesh 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Internal security is a core responsibility of all states. This chapter first characterizes its constitutive elements. It then outlines and contextualizes a wide array of internal security threats faced by the Indian state and examines the empirical trends regarding different forms of public violence. Subsequently, it discusses the role and record of an expanding range of state instruments created for establishing order and controlling violence. Finally, the chapter reflects on the implications of the state’s internal security approach for individual freedoms, democratic institutions, and state building.
Contraception Outside of the Clinic
Authors: Moussa Hadiza , Kang Alice J. , Cooper Barbara M. , Kammerer Natalie 
Published: February 2023

AbstractDespite the low uptake of biomedical contraception in Niger, women share with one another practical knowledge of a variety of other techniques. The variety of these natural, traditional, and magico-religious methods gives evidence of women’s sometimes hidden desire to regulate their fertility. For some, economic concerns contribute to their pursuit of such techniques, while for others birth spacing to protect the existing children is their concern. Closely spaced births, giving evidence to unconstrained marital sexuality, can provoke shame and ridicule. Pregnancy while nursing is particularly shameful, contributing to a pattern of early weaning. Infant mortality is associated in popular thinking with close pregnancies. Contraceptive charms, lactational amenorrhea, postpartum abstinence, withdrawal, the calendar method, and post-coital baths are among the tools women and sometimes their partners rely upon to regulate their pregnancies. Some women call upon unregulated itinerant street pharmacies for discreet access to contraceptive pills. Popular knowledge of abortifacient substances may be drawn upon to eliminate an undesired pregnancy.
The Realities of Abortion
Authors: Moussa Hadiza , Kang Alice J. , Cooper Barbara M. , Kammerer Natalie 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores how abortion is understood in popular discourse, the reasons married women seek abortions, and the range of methods they draw upon. Abortion is illegal in Niger and is associated in popular discourse with the illicit sexuality of unmarried women. Married women use abortion to resolve the inconvenience, failure, or rejection of contraception; and they do not necessarily distinguish it from contraception. Some women seek birth spacing, some want to end their childbearing years, and some want to terminate a failed marriage. While the loss of a pregnancy can be disguised as a miscarriage, in-laws scrutinize married women closely. Women seek the return of their menses through a variety of ingredients known or thought to be dangerous to pregnant women. They may engage in activities thought to be dangerous such as carrying heavy weights or violate taboos understood to protect fertility. Married women may ask for assistance from friends in the medical profession who can administer drugs to induce labor or who can perform curettage. Some travel in search of abortion specialists in neighboring countries.
Leveraging Latency
Authors: Volpe Tristan A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractOver the last seven decades, some states successfully leveraged the threat of acquiring atomic weapons to compel concessions from superpowers. For many others, however, this coercive gambit failed to work. When does nuclear latency—the technical capacity to build the bomb—enable states to pursue effective coercion? In Leveraging Latency, Tristan A. Volpe argues that having greater capacity to build weaponry doesn’t translate to greater coercive advantage. Volpe finds that there is a trade-off between threatening proliferation and promising nuclear restraint. States need just enough bomb-making capacity to threaten proliferation, but not so much that it becomes too difficult for them to offer nonproliferation assurances. The boundaries of this sweet spot align with the capacity to produce the fissile material at the heart of an atomic weapon. To test this argument, Volpe includes comparative case studies of four countries that leveraged latency against superpowers: Japan, West Germany, North Korea, and Iran. In doing so, Volpe identifies a generalizable mechanism—the threat-assurance trade-off—that explains why more power often makes compellence less likely to work. This framework illuminates how technology shapes broader bargaining dynamics and helps to refine policy options for inhibiting the spread of nuclear weapons. As nuclear technology continues to cast a shadow over the global landscape, Leveraging Latency provides a systematic assessment of its coercive utility.