bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Iranian Cyber Threat
Authors: Freilich Charles D. , Cohen Matthew S. , Siboni Gabi 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Iran is an emerging actor in the cyber realm and a growing threat. Iran is also of particular importance to Israel’s security, in both the physical and cyber realms. This chapter, therefore, offers the most comprehensive discussion to date of Iran’s cyber strategy, institutions, capabilities, and actions. It further explores why Iran chose to focus on developing its cyber capabilities, including the major role played by Israel and the United States in those considerations. The chapter describes in detail Iranian cyberattacks aimed at both Israel and other countries around the world. It concludes by discussing the impact of Iran’s cyberattacks and notes that the ramifications are not entirely clear.
National Capacity Building
Authors: Freilich Charles D. , Cohen Matthew S. , Siboni Gabi 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes Israel’s cyber ecosystem and explores the cultural elements of how Israel built itself into a global cyber power, what the chapter calls “chutzpah gone viral.” It provides an overview of the civil cyber realm in Israel, including its size and scope, number of domestic and international companies, and investment in research and development. The chapter delineates the cultural reasons for Israel’s success and looks at four particular aspects: cyber R&D and technology spillovers, development of cyber human resources, Israel’s innovative cyber culture, and social networks. Building on all of this, the chapter explores the importance of the unique connections between the Israel Defense Force, and defense establishment generally, and the civil sector. The chapter argues that Israel’s national cultural strengths are well suited to success in the cyber realm and concludes by examining some potential dangers and opportunities for Israel moving forward.
Introduction
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
We often think about what to do and actually do what we found to be a good thing to do. Is there a concept basic to such thinking, to practical reason? Immanuel Kant claimed that the concept of what we ought to do holds this role, whereas most ancient writers thought that the concept of the good is central. This book argues that ‘ought’ is not basic, indeed that it is not the case that we ought to do things. On the other hand, it argues that it is in terms not of good things simply, but of what it is good to do for somebody under the circumstances, that practical reason can be understood.
How to find out what are good things for one to do
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Through experience we find what is good for somebody to do under the circumstances. How we and others fared with what we and they did helps us see how to go on. Moral judgments in particular are not reached by a priori means, as Michael Smith suggests, nor does their categorical character on which Kant insists prohibit founding them on experience. The rationalism of this view is contested by Hume who gives the passions the determining role in action, by Bernard Williams who requires that agents be able to act for the reason that something is good to do, and by several contemporary writers for whom an action’s value must be grounded in the agent’s valuing. Both Hume’s and the contemporary authors’ claims, however, lack sufficient support, whereas Williams’ practicality requirement is consistent with the view defended here.
Dwight’s Journal of Music
Authors: Faucett Bill F. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Dwight founded his eponymous Dwight’s Journal of Music in 1852. Although there has long been a certain romanticism that accompanies the notion that Dwight founded the Journal out of desperation, that notion belies two characteristics that he possessed in abundance: a spirit of entrepreneurialism and the ability to spot a business opportunity. As he grew as a businessman, he also grew as a critic. Dwight was influenced by European writers and periodicals, none more than English critic Henry F. Chorley and Die Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, one of Germany’s leading music publications. Within Dwight’s small circle of friends and supporters, Dwight’s Journal was an immediate hit. But others implored him to banish from its pages “German mysticism and Boston transcendentalism.” Changes for the better—and for the worse—occurred in April 1859, when Dwight’s Journal commenced publication under the auspices of Oliver Ditson & Company.
The End of Dwight’s Journal of Music
Authors: Faucett Bill F. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
If Dwight’s Journal managed to survive persistent financial struggles, competition proved a more formidable foe. The Civil War created a revolution in the newspaper business, and when the conflict ended, the publication of concert reviews and other music-related news soared. The rise of newspapers and music criticism in Boston negatively impacted Dwight’s Journal, and a public feud with his nemesis, Benjamin Edward Woolf of the Saturday Evening Gazette, only exposed cracks in Dwight’s critical hegemony. Further upsets attended the end of Dwight’s twenty-year publishing relationship with the Ditson company. Dwight’s Journal of Music, a consistent and reliable arbiter of musical taste for just short of thirty years, breathed its last with the issue of September 3, 1881.
Politicizing Islam in Central Asia
Authors: Collins Kathleen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A study of Islamist emergence and mobilization in Central Asia from 1917 through 2022, this book explores the causes, dynamics, and variation in Islamist movements—within the USSR, and then in post-Soviet Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan. During the Soviet era, atheist state repression politicized Islam. By the 1970s, those passing on narratives of religious oppression encountered new ideologies promising justice through an Islamic state—Islamist ideas and models seeping into the USSR from the Middle East, Afghanistan, and South Asia. A new generation of young mullahs in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan became religious entrepreneurs and founded a first wave of Islamist movements to challenge communism. From the late 1990s to the mid-2000s, a second wave emerged, this time in response to post-Soviet state oppression of religion. This wave included the Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan, which attempted to compete as a peaceful, Islamic democratic party; the transnational, pro-caliphate Hizb ut-Tahrir, which sought to overthrow the Central Asian regimes nonviolently; and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, which began by declaring jihad against the Karimov regime but then intertwined itself with al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. A third Islamist wave emerged following the rise of ISIS. Central Asians became one of the largest regional groups of foreign fighters in Syria, as thousands joined either ISIS or al-Qaeda. After the Syrian caliphate collapsed, many continued waging jihad in Afghanistan. The book explains the strategies and relative success of each movement. In each case, state repression of Islam and Islamist ideology motivated and enabled Islamist mobilization.
Secular Authoritarianism, Ideology, and Islamist Mobilization
Authors: Collins Kathleen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 develops the book’s arguments and analytical framework, reviewing the elements of an ideational approach to religion and politics and establishing the process by which Islamist emergence and mobilization take place in Central Asia. Four key variables shape how this process unfolds over time: religious repression, Islamist ideology, religious entrepreneurs, and associational space. State repression of Islam triggers contention, political exclusion, and latent politicization of Muslim identity under conditions of virtually no associational space. Islamist ideas spread, inspiring religious entrepreneurs to emerge and organize an underground opposition. Increasing associational space and political opportunity are likely to trigger open mass mobilization. The chapter also examines the three strategies used by religious entrepreneurs to facilitate mass mobilization in high-risk, authoritarian contexts: ideological adaptation, emphasizing congruence with a local religious and historical context; building sacred authority; and developing both local and transcommunal networks.
Society and Islamist Ideas in Tajikistan
Authors: Collins Kathleen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 uses focus groups and interviews with communal leaders to argue that Tajiks were overwhelmingly pious, but not radical. Consequently, much of society was open to or actively supportive of the mainstream ideas about Islam and politics proposed by the IRPT, but strongly opposed to the more radical, antisystemic ideas and militant strategies of other Islamists. Many Tajiks—across regions, genders, and socioeconomic groups—favored ideas about national Islamic revival, state support for Islamic education, Muslim religious freedom, justice, and an end to corruption and repression through nonviolent means. Many were skeptical of Western democracy but supported integrating shariat and democracy in some way. While most Tajik respondents understood jihad as a militant defense of their religion and country, most also rejected other forms of violence and especially suicide bombing and terrorism, whether used in Tajikistan or against Israel, the West, or Russia.
Making Extremists
Authors: Collins Kathleen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Karimov’s brutal repression of Islam and widespread torture of Muslims led to a second, violent Islamist wave. Chapter 9 traces the dynamics of the IMU’s emergence, rise, and decline, and argues that Karimov’s policy was the fundamental driver of the IMU. However, radical Islamist ideologies—particularly those of al-Qaeda—strongly influenced the movement’s agenda, tactics, and offshoots. Finding shelter and associational space to network inside Taliban-controlled Afghanistan, the IMU mobilized and fought for nearly two decades. Adopting al-Qaeda’s violent ideology, the IMU not only was militant but also used terrorism and suicide bombing. The chapter further explains how, despite the obstacles to growth in a war zone, the IMU attracted recruits and remained durable by constructing sacred authority, building new networks, and adapting its ideology to attract support from al-Qaeda. Although never posing a serious challenge to Uzbekistan, the IMU did regularly threaten the International Security Assistance Force and U.S. policy in Afghanistan.
Religious Liberalization and Civil Islam in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Collins Kathleen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 11 discusses the nonemergence of Islamism in Kyrgyzstan in the 1990s, even while the first wave mobilized in neighboring states. The chapter argues that President Akayev’s religious liberalization from perestroika through the early 2000s precluded the birth of an Islamist movement in Kyrgyzstan during this period. Instead, ordinary “Muslim politics” and “civil Islam” emerged. Muslim politics involved imams voicing opinions on political matters or politicians using Muslim symbols to appeal to voters—as in some Western democracies. Civil Islam involved the emergence of dynamic Muslim organizations that played a civic role, from education to human rights work. Muslim politics and civil Islam were not always liberal, but they did not reject democratic politics. Even potential religious entrepreneurs, who were prominent in southern Kyrgyzstan, did not pursue their preference for an Islamic state; they recognized that the pluralist, albeit flawed, democratic system in Kyrgyzstan protected Islam and their religious freedom.
Building Permanently Active National Committees, 1912–1932
Authors: Heersink Boris 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the history of the Democratic and Republican National Committees (DNC and RNC) in the period 1912–1932. Starting after the 1912 election, both committees retained active headquarters for the first time. The chapter shows how throughout this period national committee chairs like Will Hays, George White, Cordell Hull, and John Raskob focused on building up their committee’s publicity role and using it to promote what they believed to be the most effective party brand to win electoral support in future elections. However, the chapter also shows that this branding role could be controversial: for example, Raskob’s attempts at branding the Democratic Party as opposed to Prohibition caused considerable outrage among conservative Democrats. And, at other times, the committees saw considerable decline—either because of financial difficulties or because branding was not in the interest of incumbent presidents.
“We Either Have a National Party or We Do Not Have,” 1953–1968
Authors: Heersink Boris 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses the activities of the Democratic and Republican National Committees during the presidencies of Dwight Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy (JFK), and Lyndon Johnson (LBJ). The chapter shows that during the 1950s, the Democratic National Committee (DNC) changed its electoral strategy from a “unity” approach—focused on downplaying civil rights in the hopes of regaining Southern support—to one of presenting the Democratic Party as a liberal party supporting civil rights, unions, and more active federal government. However, after the 1960 election, the DNC’s role declined—particularly under LBJ, who saw little use in the DNC as a branding organization. In contrast, Eisenhower maintained an active Republican National Committee (RNC) with the hope of rebranding the GOP as a moderate, centrist party. After the 1960 election, conservatives gained control of the RNC and instead used it to promote conservative policies and appeal to White Southern voters. After Barry Goldwater’s dramatic 1964 defeat, moderates regained control of the RNC and again promoted the GOP as a moderate party, while also appealing to Black voters in major cities.
“Reagan’s Party” versus “Recapturing the Center of American Politics,” 1981–2000
Authors: Heersink Boris 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses the activities of the Democratic and Republican National Committees (DNC and RNC) during the presidencies of Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton. The chapter shows that during the Reagan–Bush era, the RNC focused much of its activities on promoting the president as party leader. Most importantly, the RNC embraced Reagan fully and began promoting the GOP as “Reagan’s party” throughout his two terms in office. During the same period, the DNC struggled with reframing the image of the Democratic Party in the wake of massive defeats in the 1980, 1984, and 1988 presidential elections. Throughout this period, DNC chairs aimed to promote the party as a moderate, centrist party that was tough on crime, hawkish on foreign policy, and open to cutting major federal government programs. After Clinton’s victory in 1992, the DNC initially promoted his policies and administration—to the frustration of many Democrats in Congress. Even after the massive Democratic losses in 1994, the DNC invested heavily in promoting Clinton’s re-election, though it did so in part with questionable donations. The RNC, after 1992, invested heavily in new communication tools and used it to attack Clinton and the Democrats. Notably, the party did not try to set policy as much—in part because of the increasingly early start of presidential primary campaigns.
Living communities in rivers and streams
Authors: Hildrew Alan , Giller Paul 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Living communities in streams and rivers are diverse and spatially variable. Are differences driven by environmental factors or by species interactions? Communities are assembled from species locally available with traits that enable them to survive. Dispersal ability can also limit presence. At large scales, most groups of organisms (with interesting exceptions) are most diverse at low latitudes. At smaller scales, there are strong patterns along rivers, and laterally and vertically away from the channel. Communities change with time, so can we distinguish ‘natural’ fluctuations from sustained change? Sustained changes are often associated with anthropogenic impacts (e.g. on water quality, or due to climatic shifts). How important is ‘disturbance’ (discrete events, such as floods and droughts) for communities—and how far is it mitigated by refugia? The physical nature of river systems as branching networks with divided local communities in different ‘patches’ could promote overall stability via dispersal among them.
Structures of Autobiographical Understanding
Authors: Hagberg Garry L. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the deep analogies (as suggested by Wittgenstein) between the work of a draughtsman who renders all the relations between the parts of a building perspicuously and the work of the autobiographer who does very much the same in achieving word-borne self-understanding. The chapter then progresses to a discussion of the literary structuring devices we use (of a broadly Aristotelian kind) as “self-architects” in the composition of a “dot-connecting” self-narrative, and the special sense in which the achievement of a stabilized long-arc life-narrative can prove cathartic. And we see here that words of self-description can, when first negotiated and then settled in, function in a way that is more powerful in self-constitutive terms than we might initially have imagined.
The Transformation of the ECB in Sovereign Bond Markets
Authors: Borger Vestert 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers whether the European Central Bank (ECB) may be viewed as having become a ‘new entity’ based on its activity on sovereign bond markets. It concludes that the ECB has not simply evolved, it has transformed. This transformation of the ECB, evidenced by its Securities Markets Programme (SMP) and Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT) programme, forms part of a broader constitutional overhaul of the currency union during the sovereign debt crisis, characterized by a widening of its conception of stability. The chapter first illustrates how this transformation was initiated by the heads of state and government when they committed to safeguard financial stability on 11 February 2010 and was subsequently developed through interaction between these political leaders and the ECB. It then analyses how the transformation was sealed by the European Court of Justice in Gauweiler. The chapter finally argues that the transformation brings with it an institutional repositioning of the ECB, not least in relation to courts. It illustrates this by showing how both the German Constitutional Court and the European Court of Justice grappled with the question of how intensely to review the ECB when they had to rule on its third bond programme, the Public Sector Purchase Programme (PSPP).
Doxastic Rationality
Authors: Wedgwood Ralph 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 is concerned with the distinction that most contemporary epistemologists express by distinguishing between “propositional” and “doxastic” justification. The goal is to develop an account of this distinction that applies, not just to full or outright beliefs, but also to partial credences—and indeed, in principle, to attitudes of all kinds. The standard way of explaining this distinction, in terms of the “basing relation”, is criticized, and an alternative account—the “virtue manifestation” account—is proposed in its place. This account has a certain kinship with the epistemological approach that is known as “reliabilism”, but it also has certain key differences—above all, it is compatible with an internalist view of rationality.
The Measurement of Incorrectness
Authors: Wedgwood Ralph 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 turns to the question of how to measure the incorrectness of the intermediate doxastic attitudes—that is, partial degrees of belief that do not involve believing (or disbelieving) anything with certainty. It is argued that the incorrectness score for each precise credence in a particular proposition must have the features that are known as symmetry, continuity, and strict propriety. It follows that this score is simply the well-known Brier score (the square of the difference between the credence and the proposition’s real truth value); and, as argued in the previous chapter, the score for a whole system of such precise credences is simply a weighted sum of its scores for the propositions over which it is defined. Then it is explained how to generalize this approach to deal with belief-systems involving imprecise credences, attitudes of suspended judgment, and conditional credences (or inferences).
Justifying Equity’s Control of Power
Authors: Hudson Jessica 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the concept of fiduciary status, and its relevance and limits as a justification for equity’s control of power. Some of the problems with fiduciary status have been pointed out before, particularly in relation to one equitable control, fiduciary loyalty. This chapter makes the broader argument that fiduciary status should not be relied upon to justify equity’s control of power generally, including but not limited to, fiduciary loyalty. Fiduciary status is a convenient analytical shortcut or bypass to what is the (real) justification for this phenomenon; equity’s commitment to the terms on which a power is held. The chapter goes on to consider how equity’s commitment to the terms may, in the future, help to answer some of the questions that fiduciary status has previously been relied upon to answer, such as equity’s role in controlling contractual powers and the value(s) underpinning fiduciary loyalty.
Back to the Theoretical Approach
Authors: Rucht Dieter 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The perspectives of interaction, social construction, and process-orientation complement each other and can be integrated in a general approach to study social movements. Based on this approach, a refined conceptualization of social movement is proposed. Social movements are conceived of as both collective actors and action systems. In studying social movements, researchers should maintain a delicate balance between closeness and detachment in a spirit of engaged scholarship that is value-oriented and respects scientific standards. Gradually, a stock of solid knowledge about social movements is built. Future research can better exploit the potential of hermeneutic analyses, engage in closer cooperation of historians and sociologists, and take a broader comparative view on social movements as products and producers of social change.