bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Don’t lose it on the bus!’: Casting the normative biosexual citizen in early Scottish pre‐exposure prophylaxis provision
Authors: Young Ingrid , Boydell Nicola 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe introduction of HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) raises important questions around how new biotechnologies are negotiated within contemporary settings and how they can shape the moral governance of biocitizens, or as we explore, biosexual citizens. This article draws on qualitative interviews and focus groups to consider how the normative biosexual citizen was cast at the start of provision in Scotland by clinical and community practitioners. Our findings show how practitioners navigated ideas around who was deserving of support and access to PrEP in the context of limited resources, interpreted what legitimate risk narratives might look like for different groups and translated particular gendered, sexualised and racialised risk profiles in the context of PrEP provision. This draws attention to how normative biosexual citizenship was not determined through meeting a set of clinical criteria and adhering to a prophylaxis regime but cast through ongoing negotiations with clinical and community practitioners in relation to normative ideas of essential care, constrained resources, risk narratives and gendered and racialised bodies. Our research indicates how access to PrEP will continue to demand particular enactments of normative biosexual citizenship that may well be at odds with the experiences and needs of communities affected by HIV.
Understanding racial disparities in pretrial detention recommendations to shape policy reform
Authors: Skeem Jennifer , Montoya Lina , Lowenkamp Christopher 
Published: March 2023

AbstractResearch SummaryFederal pretrial services and probation officers assess defendants and make influential recommendations that defendants be either released or detained, based on their threat to community safety and risk of flight. To inform efforts to reduce disparities in pretrial detention, we examined officers’ decision making about 149,815 defendants across 81 districts. Overall, the probability of a detention recommendation was 34% higher for Black than White defendants. Racial disparities were most pronounced in ambiguous cases that invoked substantial officer discretion—including cases where the defendant had little or no criminal record. Nevertheless, mediation analyses revealed that up to 79% of the racial disparity in detention recommendations operates through institutionalized factors (i.e., pretrial policy) rather than personally mediated factors (e.g., implicit racism or classism). The lion's share of the disparity operates through one institutionalized factor alone: criminal history.Policy ImplicationsThis study illustrates an empirical strategy for understanding the pathways through which disparities operate, which is crucial for shaping effective solutions. Providing officers with training and decision guides could reduce personally mediated bias—which is crucial for high discretion cases. However, this study shows that disparities mostly flow through institutionalized bias. So, greater gains may be had by making strategic shifts in policies and their implementation. One promising direction is to corral criminal history by adopting a tight definition that demonstrably predicts violence and failure to appear, and limiting the weight assigned to criminal history versus other predictive factors, when making recommendations. Another promising direction is to adopt risk‐based release policies that leverage an existing tool to reduce both detention rates and racial disparities.
Epidemiological landscape of esophageal cancer in Asia: Results from GLOBOCAN 2020
Authors: Zhu Hongcheng , Wang Zezhou , Deng Bingbin , Mo Miao , Wang Honggang , Chen Ke , Wu Haoxuan , Ye Ting , Wang Boyan , Ai Dashan , Hao Shennan , Tseng Ihsuan , Zhao Kuaile 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackgroundEsophageal cancer (EC) is a global health problem. Asia represents a huge burden of EC globally, and incidence and mortality vary considerably across different Asian regions.MethodsData on incidence, mortality, and preference were extracted from GLOBOCAN 2020. Age‐standardized incidence and mortality rates were calculated overall by sex, age, country, region, and continent. The predicted burden of incidence and mortality in 2040 was calculated based on global demographic projections.ResultsIt was estimated there were 481 552 new cases of and 434 363 deaths from EC in Asia in 2020, accounting for 79.7% and 79.8% of world EC cases and deaths, respectively. EC incidence and mortality in Asia ranked the highest among all continents. Eastern Asia represents the highest age‐standardized world incidence rate (ASWIR) of 12.3 per 100 000 for all Asian regions. Western Asia represents the lowest ASWIR of 1.7 per 100 000, accounting for 0.7% of the globe. There exist obvious differences in epidemiological features in Asian countries, including incidence, mortality, prevalence, and mortality incidence ratio. There is forecast to be up to 781 000 new cases of EC in Asia by 2040, with increasing rates of 63% for incidence and 72% for mortality from 2020.ConclusionsAsia has an increasing number of EC cases and deaths. Strategies for targeting in high‐incidence areas, the elderly, and survival should be prioritized to reduce the global EC burden, especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries in Asia.
The impacts of COVID‐19 measures on drug markets and drug use among a cohort of people who use methamphetamine in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Rathnayake Kasun , Agius Paul A. , Ward Bernadette , Hickman Matthew , Maher Lisa , Stoové Mark , Doyle Joseph S. , Hellard Margaret , Wilkinson Anna , Quinn Brendan , Crawford Sione , Sutton Keith , Dietze Paul 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackground and AimsFew studies of the impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) public health measures on drug markets and drug use patterns have used longitudinal data. We aimed to examine whether COVID‐19 measures were associated with increases in methamphetamine price, decreases in methamphetamine use frequency and subsequent changes in secondary outcomes of other drug use frequency in metropolitan Melbourne and regional Victoria.DesignLongitudinal analysis framework was used from a longitudinal cohort of people who use methamphetamine.SettingVictoria state, Australia.ParticipantsOne hundred eighty‐five VMAX study participants who reported a methamphetamine purchase after the onset of the pandemic were used for the price paid analysis. Methamphetamine or other drug use frequency analysis was performed using 277 participants who used methamphetamine during the pandemic or in the year before the pandemic.MeasurementsPrice paid per gram of methamphetamine derived from the most recent purchase price and most recent purchase quantity. Frequency of methamphetamine and other drug use measured as the average number of days per week used in the last month.FindingsCompared with pre‐COVID‐19 period, methamphetamine prices increased by AUD351.63 (P value <0.001) and by AUD456.51 (P value <0.001) in Melbourne and regional Victoria, respectively, during the period in which the most intense public health measures were implemented in Victoria. Although prices decreased after harder restrictions were lifted (by AUD232.84, P value <0.001 and AUD263.68, P value <0.001, in Melbourne and regional Victoria, respectively), they remained higher than pre‐COVID‐19 levels. A complementary 76% decrease was observed in relation to methamphetamine use frequency in regional Victoria (P value = 0.006) that was not offset by any changes in the frequency of use of other drugs such as alcohol, tobacco or other illicit drugs.ConclusionCOVID‐19 public health measures in Victoria state, Australia, appear to have been associated with major price changes in the methamphetamine market and decreased frequency of use of the drug.
Second‐trimester amniotic fluid proteins changes in subsequent spontaneous preterm birth
Authors: Marcellin Louis , Batteux Frédéric , Chouzenoux Sandrine , Schmitz Thomas , Lorthe Elsa , Mehats Céline , Goffinet François , Kayem Gilles 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIntroductionThe global sequence of the pathogenesis of preterm labor remains unclear. This study aimed to compare amniotic fluid concentrations of extracellular matrix‐related proteins (procollagen, osteopontin and IL‐33), and of cytokines (IL‐19, IL‐6, IL‐20, TNFα, TGFβ, and IL‐1β) in asymptomatic women with and without subsequent spontaneous preterm delivery.Material and methodsWe used amniotic fluid samples of singleton pregnancy, collected by amniocentesis between 16 and 20 weeks' gestation, without stigmata of infection (i.e., all amniotic fluid samples were tested with broad‐range 16 S rDNA PCR to distinguish samples with evidence of past bacterial infection from sterile ones), during a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial to perform a nested case–control laboratory study. Cases were women with a spontaneous delivery before 37 weeks of gestation (preterm group). Controls were women who gave birth at or after 39 weeks (full term group). Amniotic fluid concentrations of the extracellular matrix‐related proteins and cytokines measured by immunoassays were compared for two study groups. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00718705.ResultsBetween July 2008 and July 2011, in 12 maternal‐fetal medicine centers in France, 166 women with available PCR‐negative amniotic fluid samples were retained for the analysis. Concentrations of procollagen, osteopontin, IL‐19, IL‐6, IL‐20, IL‐33, TNFα, TGFβ, and IL‐1β were compared between the 37 who gave birth preterm and the 129 women with full‐term delivery. Amniotic fluid levels of procollagen, osteopontin, IL‐19, IL‐33, and TNFα were significantly higher in the preterm than the full‐term group. IL‐6, IL‐20, TGFβ, and IL‐1β levels did not differ between the groups.ConclusionsIn amniotic fluid 16 S rDNA PCR negative samples obtained during second‐trimester amniocentesis, extracellular matrix‐related protein concentrations (procollagen, osteopontin and IL‐33), together with IL‐19 and TNFα, were observed higher at this time in cases of later spontaneous preterm birth.
Review article: An analysis of the pharmacological rationale for selecting drugs to inhibit vomiting or increase gastric emptying during treatment of gastroparesis
Authors: Sanger Gareth J. , Andrews Paul L. R. 
Published: March 2023

SummaryBackgroundDrugs which can inhibit nausea/vomiting and/or increase gastric emptying are used to treat gastroparesis, mostly ‘off‐label’. Within each category, they act at different targets and modulate different physiological mechanisms.AimsAddress the questions: In gastroparesis, why should blocking one pathway causing vomiting, be more appropriate than another? Why might increasing gastric emptying via one mechanism be more appropriate than another?MethodsDrugs used clinically were identified via consensus opinions and reviews, excluding the poorly characterised. Their pharmacology was defined, mapped to mechanisms influencing vomiting and gastric emptying, and rationale developed for therapeutic use.ResultsVomiting: Rationale for 5‐HT3, D2, H1or muscarinic antagonists, and mirtazapine, amitriptyline, nortriptyline, are poor. Arguments for inhibiting central consequences of vagal afferent transmission by NK1antagonism are complicated by doubts over effects on nausea. Gastric emptying: Confusion emerges because of side‐effects of drugs increasing gastric emptying: Metoclopramide (5‐HT4agonist, D2and 5‐HT3antagonist; also blocks some emetic stimuli and causes tardive dyskinesia) and Erythromycin (high‐efficacy motilin agonist, requiring low doses to minimise side‐effects). Limited trials with selective 5‐HT4agonists indicate variable efficacy.ConclusionsSeveral drug classes inhibiting vomiting have no scientific rationale. NK1antagonism has rationale but complicated by limited efficacy against nausea. Studies must resolve variable efficacy of selective 5‐HT4agonists and apparent superiority over motilin agonists. Overall, lack of robust activity indicates a need for novel approaches targeting nausea (e.g., modulating gastric pacemaker or vagal activity, use of receptor agonists or new targets such as GDF15) and objective assessments of nausea.
How transgressor's moral identity leads to high‐quality apologies: The positive effects of guilt
Authors: Iwai Tatiana , de França Carvalho João Vinícius , Islam Gazi 
Published: March 2023

AbstractComprehensive apologies are effective strategies to solve interpersonal conflict and promote reconciliation. However, transgressors tend to avoid providing comprehensive apologies because it is more threatening to do so. As a result, transgressors usually offer perfunctory apologies and hinder their own chances of being forgiven. Given the importance of promoting high‐quality apologies, we investigate the role of moral identity in increasing apology comprehensiveness. Across three studies using a combination of experimental and correlational designs with autobiographical recall paradigm, we demonstrate that transgressors high in moral identity feel guiltier after committing a transgression. As a result, they offer more comprehensive apologies. Moreover, the effects of guilt on transgressors' apologizing are conditional on the perceived apology effectiveness. Guilt is particularly important to boost apology quality when perceived apology effectiveness is low. In such cases, guilt leads transgressors to make more reparative efforts towards reconciliation despite the low possibility of apology's acceptance.
Transurethral ventral inlay buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty: technique and intermediate outcomes
Authors: Sterling Joshua , Daneshvar Michael , Nikolavsky Dmitriy 
Published: March 2023

ObjectiveTo outline our step‐by‐step surgical technique for a transurethral ventral buccal mucosa graft inlay urethroplasty to treat fossa navicularis and distal urethral strictures.MethodsThe transurethral ventral inlay urethroplasty is accomplished in four steps. First, after obtaining proper exposure the cicatrice is excised via a transurethral ventral urethrotomy until the lumen is at least 24fr. Second, double arm 6‐0 polydioxanone suture is used to deliver the triangular buccal mucosal graft to the proximal extent of the urethrotomy and secured externally. Third, the graft is secured to the meatus with 5‐0 polyglactin sutures and additional 6‐0 double arm polydioxanone sutures are used to quilt the graft for spread fixation. Finally, a 16fr silicone catheter is placed. Patients are discharged the same day and return for void trial after one week. A retrospective, single institution review was conducted to include all patients who underwent this procedure with a minimum of 1 year follow‐up. Patients were analyzed for recurrences, and pre‐ and post‐operative urine flow rates, post void residuals, and patient questionnaires were also reviewed.Results44 patients met our inclusion criteria. Median surgical time was 120 minutes. At a mean follow up of 36 months (IQR 22‐50) 95% of patients are patent without additional interventions. The 2 patients that did have stricture recurrence were found to have urethral stenosis that extended more proximally, and both were successfully treated with a dorsal onlay buccal urethroplasty. There were significant improvements in urine flow rate, post void residuals, international prostate symptom score and quality of life scores post operatively. There was no difference in post operative sexual function scores.ConclusionThis minimally invasive transurethral ventral urethroplasty has excellent intermediate term outcomes in terms of traditional objective measures of urethroplasty success and patient reported outcomes.
Cut‐point values for classifying active children and validity and reliability of physical activity questionnaire for children in Morocco
Authors: Baddou Issad , el Harchaoui Imane , Benjeddou Kaoutar , Reilly John J. , el Menchawy Imane , el Hamdouchi Asmaa 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ‐C) is widely used to assess physical activity in populations; however, there is a lack of information about the psychometric properties (validity and reliability) and about the PAQ‐C score meaning in populations from low‐middle income countries.AimsThe aim of this study is to evaluate the reliability and validity of PAQ‐C and to determine the cut‐point values of PAQ‐C using accelerometry as a reference in a group of Moroccan children.MethodsIn a sample of 171 children and adolescents aged 8 to 14 years, physical activity was assessed with the GT3X + accelerometer and the PAQ‐C. PAQ‐C was administered for a second time (retest) after 1 week for a subsample (n = 73). Reliability was analyzed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The PAQ‐C was compared against count per minute CPM and moderate to vigorous intensity PA (MVPA) obtained by accelerometry. Receiver operating curve analyses were performed to assess the performance of PAQ‐C in identifying MVPA as measured by accelerometry (reference method).ResultsTest–retest reliability was poor with an ICC = (0.48 [0.27; 0.63] for the whole sample, while for the ≥11 year group, the intra‐class correlation coefficient was moderate (0.71 [0.42; 0.86]. PAQ‐C scores were significantly related to accelerometry‐derived metrics of physical activity, CPM (R = 0.29, P < 0.001) and MVPA (R = 0.26, P < 0.001). For the age group ≥11 years, the associations between PAQ‐C Scores and CPM and MVPA were stronger, respectively, R = 0.37 (P < 0.001), R = 0.38 (P < 0.0001). We identified that a PAQ‐C Score cut‐point of 2.33 (95%CI [0.43–0.68]) discriminated adequately between those who met physical activity guidelines and those that did not in the overall sample.ConclusionsThe PAQ‐C is valid and useful to assess population level physical activity in those ≥11 years in Morocco and so might be helpful in population surveillance of physical activity in Moroccan adolescents.
Zonula occludens‐1 distribution and barrier functions are affected by epithelial proliferation and turnover rates
Authors: Imafuku Keisuke , Iwata Hiroaki , Natsuga Ken , Okumura Makoto , Kobayashi Yasuaki , Kitahata Hiroyuki , Kubo Akiharu , Nagayama Masaharu , Ujiie Hideyuki 
Published: March 2023

AbstractZonula occludens‐1 (ZO‐1) is a scaffolding protein of tight junctions, which seal adjacent epithelial cells, that is also expressed in adherens junctions. The distribution pattern of ZO‐1 differs among stratified squamous epithelia, including that between skin and oral buccal mucosa. However, the causes for this difference, and the mechanisms underlying ZO‐1 spatial regulation, have yet to be elucidated. In this study, we showed that epithelial turnover and proliferation are associated with ZO‐1 distribution in squamous epithelia. We tried to verify the regulation of ZO‐1 by comparing normal skin and psoriasis, known as inflammatory skin disease with rapid turnover. We as well compared buccal mucosa and oral lichen planus, known as an inflammatory oral disease with a longer turnover interval. The imiquimod (IMQ) mouse model, often used as a psoriasis model, can promote cell proliferation. On the contrary, we peritoneally injected mice mitomycin C, which reduces cell proliferation. We examined whether IMQ and mitomycin C cause changes in the distribution and appearance of ZO‐1. Human samples and mouse pharmacological models revealed that slower epithelial turnover/proliferation led to the confinement of ZO‐1 to the uppermost part of squamous epithelia. In contrast, ZO‐1 was widely distributed under conditions of faster cell turnover/proliferation. Cell culture experiments and mathematical modelling corroborated these ZO‐1 distribution patterns. These findings demonstrate that ZO‐1 distribution is affected by epithelial cell dynamics.
Superiority of ibrutinib plus bendamustine and rituximab in newly diagnosed patients with mantle‐cell lymphoma ineligible for intensive therapy: A network meta‐analysis
Authors: Sheng Zhixin , Wang Lida 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBecause of lacking of head‐to‐head comparison among recently effective novel agents’ combination regimens for newly diagnosed patients with mantle‐cell lymphoma (MCL) who are ineligible for intensive therapy like autologous stem‐cell transplantation, the optimal option for these patients still remains undefined. We searched relevant published reports. Three randomized controlled trials with 1459 subjects were identified. In the network meta‐analysis, ibrutinib plus bendamustine and rituximab (Ibru + BR) significantly improved progression‐free survival (PFS) when compared to bortezomib, rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone (VR‐CAP; hazard ratio [HR]: 0.55, p = .03) and rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R‐CHOP; HR: 0.35, p < .001) for newly diagnosed patients with MCL ineligible for intensive therapy. Among these first‐line treatment regimens (Ibru + BR, VR‐CAP, R‐CHOP, and BR), Ibru + BR had the highest probability of 94.9% to be the best intervention in PFS analysis. No significant difference was found in adverse events analysis. Our data indicated that Ibru + BR seemed to prolong the PFS when compared to VR‐CAP and R‐CHOP for newly diagnosed patients with MCL ineligible for intensive therapy. Considering our limits, prospective clinical trials directly comparing these regimens are warranted.