bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Child Protection in Lebanon
Authors: Rizk Hoda 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into Lebanon’s child protection system. It highlights the significance of the National Social Development Strategy which includes measures for improved protection of children. Higher Council for Childhood is the principal body established for the coordination of children’s issues with the governmental, non-governmental and international parties concerned with children's rights. Additionally, the HCC pursued the implementation of the Committee on the Rights of the Child and its respective recommendation. The legal system gives religious communities judicial autonomy on issues of custody and maintenance. All religions, moreover, agree on the responsibility of the parents to provide for their children.
A New Era for Child Protection in Japan
Authors: Tokunaga Shoko , Fukui Mitsuru , Saigo Misa , Nagano Saki 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter expounds on the challenges of Japan in terms of serving children who cannot live with their biological parents due to maltreatment issues. The Child Welfare Act (1947) determines the roles of local child welfare authorities and their funding, while the Child Abuse Prevention Act (2000) codifies the definition of child abuse and establishes guidelines for early intervention and child protection and services. Additionally, the Child Guidance Centres are the frontline in child protection work with social workers at the core. The chapter also discusses institutional care and family-based care for looked after children. It mentions how Japan fronted the challenge of encouraging youth participation in policy-making.
The Child Protection System in Nigeria
Authors: Elekwachi Chimezie L. , Ebigbo Peter O. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Nigerian child protection system. Child maltreatment in Nigeria is a significant issue, while HIV/AIDS remains to be a major issue currently influencing child protection. As inequality grows rapidly, the unstable economic growth of Nigeria continued to impose substantial welfare costs on Nigerian households. The lack of job opportunities is the core of high poverty levels, regional inequality, and social and political unrest across Nigeria. Moreover, the majority of children never tell anyone about the physical violence or sexual violence they experienced, while only less than 5% of them receive the support they need to recover. Child labor becomes the focus of the child protection programming in Nigeria and the rest of Africa.
Child and Adolescent Protection Systems in Ecuador
Authors: Jiménez Borja Verónica , Jiménez-Borja Micaela , Borja-Álvarez Teresita 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines Ecuador’s child protection systems. Ecuador’s signing of the Convention of the Rights of the Child in 1989 was the result of a long struggle to institutionalize and legislate children’s rights in the country. There have been important improvements in terms of the availability of a comprehensive public child protection system. However, ongoing political, economic, institutional, and legislative upheaval in the country poses difficulties to the implementation of the rights of children. As such, this chapter explores difficulties in the implementation of the National Decentralized Comprehensive Child Protection System. In particular, it highlights how Ecuador is suffering from deep structural socio-economic, regional, ethnic, and gender inequality.
Child Protection Systems
Authors: Duerr Berrick Jill , Gilbert Neil , Skivenes Marit 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the global typology of child protection systems. It also highlights how child protection continues to evolve within and across countries. In line with the UNCRC, countries are mandated to protect children’s civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights equal to those of adults. The UNCRC’s Article 19 is primarily focused on protecting children from abuse, neglect, and maltreatment when parents or families are incapable of caring for them. Additionally, the legal authority and responsibility of states are the essential features of child protection systems. Research sparked insights into how societal and cultural differences affect protective services and preliminary typologies of child protection systems. Interventions were driven by high-risk situations for the child in the child protection system and their needs in the family service system.
Child Protection in Finland and Sweden
Authors: Höjer Ingrid , Pösö Tarja 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses Finland and Sweden’s child protection which is based on the principle that children’s overall well-being need a wide range of universal services and benefits. Child protection measures are only evoked when the children and families’ universal services and needs are insufficient to ensure children’s well-being. However, vulnerability related to socio-economic factors is often overlooked when child protection issues are at hand. The chapter notes the differences between the Swedish and Finnish systems with regards to legislation, organisation, decision-making, and practice of child protection.
The Anthropocene and Ecosophy
Authors: Canavan Gerry 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Popularized by Paul Crutzen, the “Anthropocene” names the present geological era, when the effects of human activity on the environment are becoming visible in the planet’s geological, climatological, and fossil record. Much contemporary science fiction (sf) film frames itself as a response to climate change and related ecological crises, visualizing transformations in the global climate, while suggesting how we might counter such trends. These films typically favor a radical, “deep ecological” politics that seeks to imagine alternative relationships between humans, animals, and the natural world. This chapter examines this dual agenda of representation and political activism, considering how these goals align and how they are at odds. It examines Simon Wells’s version of The Time Machine, which uses time-lapse cinematography and the orbital zoom out to visualize the vastness of the Anthropocene—effects that demonstrate the temporal and spatial dislocation that has become common to sf cinema’s environmentalist rhetoric.
Object-Oriented Ontology and Science Fiction Cinema
Authors: Bryant Levi R. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter approaches science fiction cinema from the standpoint of objects, proposing that we view science fiction (sf) as an exploration of the agency of objects in society and in our lives. Drawing on the resources of object-oriented ontology, the chapter argues that objects constitute dynamic characters within these fields. Drawing on such films as The Flat (1968), Total Recall (1990), and Cube (1997), the text explores the genre from the standpoint of how objects afford and constrain people’s agency or ability to act in the world, how they afford people ways of escaping from oppressive assemblages, and finally from the fraught and precarious relationships between parts and wholes. What emerges is a picture of sf in which the dramatic arc of its films unfolds around disruptive and unruly objects.
Introduction
Authors: Telotte J. P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The introduction describes science fiction’s ongoing process of genre-izing, that is, the various efforts to give the form a name, set its boundaries, and establish a reliable corpus of markers, and of semantic and syntactic elements. In the case of science fiction (sf) cinema, that process has consistently underscored the genre’s high level of fluidity—or slipperiness—a character especially evident in contemporary film, where audiences commonly encounter not one version of sf, but rather a rich and challenging variety of genre forms. These various “slant” forms of sf, or “new sf cinemas,” demonstrate how the form’s very fluid character has allowed it to effectively respond to different cultural stresses, and to give voice to some of the latest theoretical accounts of humanity’s present and future condition.
Ethnogothic Film
Authors: Morris Susana M. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Ethno-Gothic films frame the African American historical situation within a Gothic context, one that, Ytasha Womack argues, provides ethnic audiences a distinctive way of dealing with cultural trauma. While drawing heavily on a gothic tradition most often associated with horror, it merges that material with a Black cultural context, an iconography that emphasizes a haunting sense of otherness, which it then uses to interrogate the contemporary techno-scientific world—as both a repressive power and a power that might be turned upon itself—and to sketch the complexly haunted identity of the African American experience within a science fiction (sf) frame.
Concealments and Exposures
Authors: Kothari Rita 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter is based on the premise that language is both expressive and constitutive of caste. It is in language that the most embedded and almost invisibly settled ideologies of caste can be seen—glimpses of which become evident if quotidian language is examined closely. Caste often lies in the ellipsis, the half-said, and the unspoken. Through attention to language, the chapter demonstrates that caste is illegible and does not demonstrate the kind of structure assumed in the English word “caste.” By drawing from examples in several Indian languages, particularly Gujarati, the chapter also shows how language works to hide and to reveal caste. The chapter draws particular attention to the language of the upper castes and the sophistry they use to find out about caste.
The Stoic Lesson
Authors: Erler Michael 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In the Stoic tradition Cornutus and Epictetus deserve special attention. Both were famous Stoics at their time with great influence and important pupils; they were involved in the political situation of the time and are also of importance because of the contribution they could make toward understanding better some of the Stoic teachings used by Latin poets. Both have their teachings presented in literary formats that are early examples of educational treatises and are to be understood in the context of Roman Stoic philosophical education, but also were of great influence in antiquity and beyond. The so called Epidrome of Cornutus and the Manual or Encheiridion of Epictetus belong in the tradition of systematic handbooks. The handbooks of Cornutus and of Arrian wish to introduce readers to Stoic philosophy or special aspects of this school. In addition the eight books of the “dissertations” of Epictetus, written down again by Arrian offer the content of Epictetus’s stoic teachings. But they also reflect on Epictetus’s teaching method. Thus the dissertations allow for an insight in Epictetus’s classroom.
Consolation
Authors: Ker James 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Organized efforts to assuage a person’s grief and to counter lament were already commonplace in Greek literature predating the formalization of philosophy, and throughout the Greco-Roman tradition the “consolation” (Lat. consolatio; Gk. paramuthêtikos logos) is recognized above all as a rhetorical enterprise. Yet when deployed by philosophers the discourse included morally and psychologically specific analyses and arguments regarding grief as well as the nature of death. The fullest Roman examples of consolatory theory and practice arise in the writings of Cicero and Seneca the Younger, where we learn much of what we know about the distinct responses to grief recommended by the various ancient schools, especially the Academics, the Stoics, and the Epicureans—though even philosophical consolers were generally permitted to make use of whatever technique held the most promise of success. Philosophy’s role, however, is molded by the highly specific social and biographic situations of these writers. This is also the case in the wide array of Roman authors who experiment with consolation, writing in poetry and prose, in Latin and in Greek, in both real-life and fictional scenarios. Philosophical ideas provide both an organizing framework and a foil, especially in cases where consolation is diverted into parody or where it is allowed to fail conspicuously and thereby throw a more powerful light upon grief. Christian eschatology, however, put at the disposal of authors such as Jerome a new and more decisive argument against grieving at all.
Time
Authors: Kennedy Duncan F. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the ways in which Lucretius and Augustine engage with Greek philosophies of time in distinctive ways that continue to resonate through subsequent philosophical thinking about human mortality, the question of the creation of the world, the relationship of the human and the divine, change and permanence, the relationship between discourse about the world and the world it seeks to describe, and not least time itself. Time poses particular challenges in reconciling first-person (“am”) ontology and third-person (“is”) ontology, the human experience of change and the world as it “really” is that both authors directly confront from their very different Epicurean and Christian perspectives. As well as detailed engagement with their discussions, this chapter seeks to situate those discussions within the history of debates about time that continue to be pressing now.
Ethical Argument and Epicurean Subtext in Horace, Odes 1.1 and 2.16
Authors: Davis Gregson 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate the prominence of Epicurean thought in the ethical subtext of Horatian lyric by focusing on two key poems (C.1.1 and 2.16) that frame his deep-seated “conversations” regarding central precepts of the Garden. Both of these Odes on the eudaimonist theme rely on the self-defining scaffolding of the priamel: the programmatic inaugural poem of the Tribiblos (C.I.I) robustly endorses the fundamental Epicurean doctrine of pleasure (hedone/voluptas) as the summum bonum, while the argument of C.2.16 advances the central view that happiness is best pursued through the attainment of ataraxia/otium. In both Odes the poet engages in oblique dialogue with Epicurean ethical norms as filtered principally through allusions to canonic texts attributed to the founder of the school, such as the collection of maxims, Kuriai Doxai, and the Letter to Menoeceus.
Apuleius and Roman Demonology
Authors: Ulrich Jeffrey 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Apuleius’s status as philosopher and intellectual has long been diminished in scholarship, and his lectures on demonology, Platonic doctrine, and cosmology disregarded as lacking innovation and “popularizing.” This chapter reassesses Apuleius’s relationship to his predecessors in the philosophical discourse of demonology: rather than searching for the Greek sources for his “hack” pastiche treatises on daemones, it analyzes instead how he embodies the role of translator and intermediary of demonological doctrine for his local, African audience—both by phrasing Platonic ideas about the divine in terms of ancient Roman ritual and archaic and classicizing poetry, and by positioning himself, in turn, as a Socrates Africanus for his Carthaginian listeners/readers.
Small RNAs &gt;26 nt in length associate with AGO1 and are upregulated by nutrient deprivation in the alga Chlamydomonas
Authors: Li Yingshan , Kim Eun-Jeong , Voshall Adam , Moriyama Etsuko N , Cerutti Heriberto 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNAs) associate with ARGONAUTE (AGO) proteins forming effector complexes with key roles in gene regulation and defense responses against molecular parasites. In multicellular eukaryotes, extensive duplication and diversification of RNA interference (RNAi) components have resulted in intricate pathways for epigenetic control of gene expression. The unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii also has a complex RNAi machinery, including 3 AGOs and 3 DICER-like proteins. However, little is known about the biogenesis and function of most endogenous sRNAs. We demonstrate here that Chlamydomonas contains uncommonly long (&gt;26 nt) sRNAs that associate preferentially with AGO1. Somewhat reminiscent of animal PIWI-interacting RNAs, these &gt;26 nt sRNAs are derived from moderately repetitive genomic clusters and their biogenesis is DICER-independent. Interestingly, the sequences generating these &gt;26-nt sRNAs have been conserved and amplified in several Chlamydomonas species. Moreover, expression of these longer sRNAs increases substantially under nitrogen or sulfur deprivation, concurrently with the downregulation of predicted target transcripts. We hypothesize that the transposon-like sequences from which &gt;26-nt sRNAs are produced might have been ancestrally targeted for silencing by the RNAi machinery but, during evolution, certain sRNAs might have fortuitously acquired endogenous target genes and become integrated into gene regulatory networks.
Central sensitization in CRPS patients with widespread pain: a cross-sectional study
Authors: De Schoenmacker Iara , Mollo Anna , Scheuren Paulina Simonne , Sirucek Laura , Brunner Florian , Schweinhardt Petra , Curt Armin , Rosner Jan , Hubli Michèle 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Objective
Widespread pain hypersensitivity and enhanced temporal summation of pain (TSP) are commonly reported in patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and discussed as proxies for central sensitization. This study aimed to directly relate such signs of neuronal hyperexcitability to the pain phenotype of CRPS patients.

Methods
Twenty-one CRPS patients and 20 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. The pain phenotype including spatial pain extent (assessed in % body surface) and intensity were assessed and related to widespread pain hypersensitivity, TSP, and psychological factors. Quantitative sensory testing (QST) was performed in the affected, the contralateral and a remote (control) area.

Results
CRPS patients showed decreased pressure pain thresholds in all tested areas (affected: t(34)  = 4.98, P &lt; .001, contralateral: t(35) = 3.19, P = .005, control: t(31) = 2.65, P = .012). Additionally, patients showed increased TSP in the affected area (F(3,111) = 4.57, P = .009) compared to HC. TSP was even more enhanced in patients with a high compared to a low spatial pain extent (F(3,51) = 5.67, P = .008), suggesting pronounced spinal sensitization in patients with extended pain patterns. Furthermore, the spatial pain extent positively correlated with the Bath Body Perception Disturbance Scale (ρ = 0.491; P = .048).

Conclusions
Overall, we provide evidence that the pain phenotype in CRPS, that is, spatial pain extent, might be related to sensitization mechanism within the central nociceptive system. This study points towards central neuronal excitability as a potential therapeutic target in patients with more widespread CRPS.
Intelligent decision support in medical triage: are people robust to biased advice?
Authors: van der Stigchel Birgit , van den Bosch Karel , van Diggelen Jurriaan , Haselager Pim 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Background
Intelligent artificial agents (‘agents’) have emerged in various domains of human society (healthcare, legal, social). Since using intelligent agents can lead to biases, a common proposed solution is to keep the human in the loop. Will this be enough to ensure unbiased decision making?

Methods
To address this question, an experimental testbed was developed in which a human participant and an agent collaboratively conduct triage on patients during a pandemic crisis. The agent uses data to support the human by providing advice and extra information about the patients. In one condition, the agent provided sound advice; the agent in the other condition gave biased advice. The research question was whether participants neutralized bias from the biased artificial agent.

Results
Although it was an exploratory study, the data suggest that human participants may not be sufficiently in control to correct the agent’s bias.

Conclusions
This research shows how important it is to design and test for human control in concrete human–machine collaboration contexts. It suggests that insufficient human control can potentially result in people being unable to detect biases in machines and thus unable to prevent machine biases from affecting decisions.
Mahler measure of a non-reciprocal family of elliptic curves
Authors: Samart Detchat 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In this article, we study the logarithmic Mahler measure of the one-parameter family $$Q_\alpha=y^2+(x^2-\alpha x)y+x,$$ denoted by $\mathrm{m}(Q_\alpha)$. The zero loci of Qα generically define elliptic curves Eα, which are 3-isogenous to the family of Hessian elliptic curves. We are particularly interested in the case $\alpha\in (-1,3)$, which has not been considered in the literature due to certain subtleties. For α in this interval, we establish a hypergeometric formula for the (modified) Mahler measure of Qα, denoted by $\tilde{n}(\alpha).$ This formula coincides, up to a constant factor, with the known formula for $\mathrm{m}(Q_\alpha)$ with $|\alpha|$ sufficiently large. In addition, we verify numerically that if α3 is an integer, then $\tilde{n}(\alpha)$ is a rational multiple of $L^{\prime}(E_\alpha,0)$. A proof of this identity for α = 2, which corresponds to an elliptic curve of conductor 19, is given.
Income, Liquidity, and the Consumption Response to the 2020 Economic Stimulus Payments
Authors: R. Baker Scott , Farrokhnia Robert A , Meyer Steffen , Pagel Michaela , Yannelis Constantine 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The 2020 CARES Act directed large cash payments to households. We analyze households’ spending responses using data from a Fintech nonprofit, exploring heterogeneity by income, recent income declines, and liquidity as well as linked survey responses about economic expectations. Households respond rapidly to payments, with spending increasing by about $0.14 per dollar during the first week and plateauing around $0.25–$0.30 over 3 months. In contrast to previous stimulus programs, we see little response of durables spending. Households with lower incomes, greater income declines, and less liquidity display stronger responses whereas households that expect employment losses and benefit cuts display weaker responses.