bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Behavior of C3 in Normal, C4-Deficient (C4D) and Cortisone-Treated Guinea Pigs
Authors: Atkinson John P. , Shin Hyun , Frank Michael M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
C3 was isolated from the pseudoglobulin fraction of guinea pig serum by DEAE and CM-cellulose chromatography and Pevikon block electrophoresis. The final product, which was functionally and chemically pure, was radiolabeled with 125I by chloramine-T and used for turnover studies. In normal guinea pigs, metabolic studies revealed the following: fractional catabolic rate (FCR), 7.9 ± 0.4%/hr (S.E.); synthetic rate, 6.2 ± 0.4 mg/kg/hr; and percent of C3 in the plasma pool, 51 ± 2. The corresponding means were not significantly different in C4 deficient animals, suggesting that activation of the classical complement pathway is not essential for significant C3 turnover in the resting state. Guinea pigs were given 20 (low) or 100 (high) mg cortisone acetate/kg. Serum C3 levels fell 27 ± 6% and 52 ± 5%, respectively, over the course of 2 weeks of therapy and stabilized at the lower values. In cortisone-treated animals studied during steady state conditions (after 14 days of continuous therapy), the FCR was 9.2 ± 4%/hr and 12.5 ± 7%/hr for the low and high dose groups, respectively. Synthetic rates and per centage of C3 in the intravascular pool were similar in treated and untreated animals. Two weeks after discontinuing therapy, the serum C3 and FCR had returned to normal. Thus, an increased fractional catabolic rate is primarily responsible for the depressed serum levels of C3 observed in cortisone-treated animals.
Immunologic Functions of Isolated Human Lymphocyte Subpopulations
Authors: Chess Leonard , MacDermott Richard P. , Schlossman Stuart F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Soluble and cell surface antigen-induced triggering of highly purified human T and B cells was studied measuring 3H-thymidine incorporation in vitro. T cells but not B cells from antigen-sensitive donors responded to specific soluble antigen challenge. Nonsensitized cells failed to respond. The addition of sensitized T cells to autologous B cells did not induce B cells to proliferate in response to soluble antigen. In one-way mixed leukocyte cultures, T cells but not B cells incorporated 3H-thymidine in response in allogeneic mitomycin-treated targets. In contrast, both T and B target cells were capable of inducing proliferation of allogeneic T cells.
Studies on the Human T-Lymphocyte Population
Authors: Owen Frances L. , Fanger Michael W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An IgG fraction of a goat antibody prepared against human thymus cells and absorbed with red blood cells, insolubilized human Ig, and cells from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (ATG) has been found to react specifically with the human T lymphocyte population (1). This antibody blocked spontaneous rosette formation by human peripheral lymphocytes and sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The F(ab′)2 and Fab′ fragments of ATG were also effective in blocking rosette formation. Moreover, capping of SRBC on lymphocytes was observed when cells were incubated with the F(ab′)2 fragment of ATG, but not with the Fab′ fragment. The data suggest that on human peripheral lymphocytes the receptor for SRBC and a T-specific antigen may be the same or may be linked. A soluble extract of human peripheral lymphocytes contained material capable of reacting with ATG. Fractions of this extract obtained from Sephadex G-200 and G-75 columns and corresponding to molecular weights of approximately 35,000 and 70,000 were capable of blocking ATD's inhibition of rosette formation. The active components appeared to be glycoproteins and migrated with Rf values of 0.96 on acrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Immune Response of Mice to Thy-1.1 Antigen: Genetic Control by Alleles at the Ir-5 Locus Loosely Linked to the H-2 Complex
Authors: Zaleski Marek , Klein Jan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The primary response of mice to Thy-1.1 antigen was measured by means of a plaque assay detecting cells which produce antibodies lytic for AKR thymocytes. It was found that F1 hybrids between the low responder strains C57BL/6J, C57BL/10J, or B10.T and the DBA/2J strain produced significantly more plaque-forming cells per spleen than either parental strain. In backcross populations of these three F1 hybrids to C57BL/6J, C57BL/10J, or B10.T parents, 16.1 to 21% of H-2 heterozygotes were low responders as was the H-2 homozygous parent. These low responder H-2 heterozygotes, when mated to the C57BL/6J parent, produced 70.2% low responder H-2 heterozygotes, whereas when mated to the DBA/2J parent they produced only 5.7% low responder H-2 heterozygotes. The data obtained were interpreted as evidence for the existence of the locus designated Ir-5, which participates in the control of the immune response to the Thy-1.1 antigen together with loci belonging to the I region of the H-2 complex designated Ir-Thy-1. From the recombination frequency between the Ir-5 locus, the H-2 complex, and the T locus in the (B10.T × DBA2/J)F1 × B10.T backcross population, the relative position of the Ir-5 locus has been estimated. This locus falls about 19 map units to the right of the H-2 complex.
A Rabbit with the Allotypic Phenotype: a1a2a3 b4b5b6
Authors: Strosberg A. Donny , Hamers-Casterman Cecile , Van Der Loo Wessel , Hamers Raymond 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A rabbit of allotype a1a3, b4b5 was hyperimmunized with lyophilized Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Two weeks after the appearance of antibodies of restricted heterogeneity, the serum immunoglobulins of this animal reacted with anti-a1, anti-a2, anti-a3, and anti-b4, anti-b5, and anti-b6 allotype antisera. Control experiments showed that the reaction was specific for the allotypic determinants and that cross-reactions could be excluded. Isolated light chains were shown to contain the b4, b5, and b6 allotypic specificities. Serial bleedings indicated that all six allotypic specificities were present in most bleedings, but occasionally one or more of the allotypic specificities could not be detected.
Studies on the Induction and Expression of T Cell-Mediated Immunity. III. Amplification by Papain of the Generation of Cytotoxic Lymphocytes to Allogeneic Cells
Authors: Kedar Eli , Bonavida Benjamin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have demonstrated in a recent study (1) that mild proteolytic treatment of immune cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL)2 leads to a 3- to 5-fold increase in the in vitro cytolytic activity upon target cells bearing the sensitizing antigens. In the present report we describe the potentiation of the generation of CL after treatment of normal lymphoid cells with low concentrations of papain. Thus, BALB/c (H-2d) splenocytes treated with papain and subsequently sensitized in vitro or in vivo against allogeneic C57BL/6 (H-2b) lymphoid cells exhibit an enhanced specific cytotoxic capacity as compared with untreated cells. Furthermore, the induction of CL with papain-treated cells occurs under conditions in which non-treated cells show little or no reactivity.
Materials and Methods. The preparation of spleen cells and enzymatic treatment with papain were described previously (1).
Modulation of Help and Suppression in a Hapten-Carrier System
Authors: Eardley Diane D. , Sercarz Eli E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Provision of β-galactosidase (GZ) under defined conditions of dose and time can either help or suppress a subsequent response to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-GZ in CBA/J mice. The optimal helper effect occurs when 107 spleen cells from mice primed 9 or more days previously with 10 µg GZ are adoptively transferred to irradiated recipients which are then challenged with 10 µg TNP50GZ. Optimum suppression results from the transfer of spleen cells from mice primed 3 days previously with 100 µg GZ and challenge of recipients with TNP150GZ. Both help and suppression are carrier-specific and mediated by T cells. In experiments where helper or suppressor cells were mixed with normal cells, the anti-TNP response was proportional to the number of primed cells transferred.
The results point to a wave of suppression as the initial event after immunization, which is succeeded by period in which the helper effect dominates.
Experimental Allergic Orchitis and Aspermatogenesis
Authors: Carlo D. J. , Hagopian A. , Jackson J. J. , Limjuco G. A. , Eylar E. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Typical experimental allergic orchitis (EAO) and aspermatogenesis were successfully transferred to strain 13 guinea pigs with peritoneal exudate and lymph node cells from male and female donor guinea pigs (lacking detectable antibody) previously sensitized with 9 µg of highly purified GP1 glycoprotein isolated from the sperm acrosome. Attempts to transfer the disease with circulating antibody from hyperimmunized animals were not successful. These studies support a cell-mediated basis for the immunopathologic events in EAO.
Production of Large Amounts of Antibodies in Individual Mice
Authors: Tung Amar S. , Ju Shyr-Te , Sato Shigeru , Nisonoff Alfred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method is described for the elicitation of substantial amounts of anti-hapten and anti-protein antibodies in ascitic fluids of individual mice of various strains. The method utilizes repeated i.p. inoculations of 0.5-mg quantities of antien in complete Freund's adjuvant. A high volume ratio of adjuvant to antigen solution, and the volume used per inoculation, were shown to be critical factors. Asctic fluids developed after three to five inoculations and were subsequently tapped repeatedly over a period of several weeks. All strains tested produced substantial amounts of anti-KLH antibodies, but marked differences were noted with respect to response to a hapten. Titers were enhanced in low responders by priming before the induction of ascites. The method is also useful for the production of “nonspecific” IgG and other serum components.
Protective Effects of Specific Antibodies in Trypanosoma Cruzi Infections
Authors: Krettli Antoniana Ursine , Brener Zigman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The action of immune sera from animals with chronic Chagas disease on Trypanosoma cruzi bloodstream forms (Y and CL strains) was investigated. Y strain trypomastigotes were agglutinated by anti-CL or anti-Y immune sera and their infectivity was decreased when inoculated into normal mice. CL strain trypomastigotes, however, remained apparently unchanged, with neither agglutination nor decline of infectivity being observed after incubation with both immune sera. Sera from three patients with chronic Chagas disease clearly agglutinated and two of them decreased the infectivity of Y strain trypomastigotes. Passive transfer of immunity was achieved in mice that received anti-CL or anti-Y immune sera and that were challenged with Y strain parasites. These results suggest that humoral immunity participates in the protective immune response against T. cruzi and that bloodstream trypomastigotes represent a more suitable model for studies of antigenic variation in these infections.
Role of Monosaccharides in the Interaction of Two Lymphocyte Mediators with Their Target Cells
Authors: Rocklin Ross E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of monosaccharides on the interaction of two lymphocyte mediators related to the human cell migration inhibition systems with their respective target cells has been investigated. Human MIF activity on blood monocytes was significantly reduced by several 5-methylpentose sugars including l-fucose, l-rhamnose and 6 deoxy-d-glucose. Certain structurally unrelated monosaccharides such as d-galactose, methyl α-d-mannoside and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine had no effect on this system. Incubation of human monocytes with α-l-fucosidase, a glycosidase which cleaves terminal l-fucose moieties, reversibly prevented their response to MIF. These results indicate that α-l-fucosyl residues form an integral part of the receptor for MIF on human monocytes, and furthermore, this interaction may be somewhat nonspecific in that the 5-methylpentose configuration per se is recognized. In contrast, human LIF activity on PMN leukocytes was significantly reduced by N-acetyl-d-galactosamine, but not by 5-methylpentoses, d-glucose, N-acetyl-d-galactosamine, methyl α-d-mannoside or d-galactose. The latter finding suggests that a subterminal sugar may form part of the receptor to LIF on human PMN leukocytes.
Response to Antigenic Determinants of Neisseria Meningitidis Lipopolysaccharide Investigated with A New Radioactive Antigen-Binding Assay
Authors: Bertram Mary Ann , Griffiss J. McLeod , Broud Dennis D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adaptations of the Farr technique have resulted in a specific and reproducible radioactive antigen-binding assay for antibodies directed against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Neisseria meningitidis. LPS was intrinsically labeled with 14C acetate during 16-hr growth in a modified Frantz media, extracted by hot phenol-H2O, and purified by dialysis, ultracentrifugation, and ethanol precipitation. LPS, which aggregates in aqueous solutions, was maintained in a monomeric form in 3% sodium deoxycholate (NaD) as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. Since NaD is insoluble in (NH4)2SO4, polyethylene glycol, 20%, was used to precipitate immunoglobulins of all three major classes.
Data obtained with the assay provide evidence that host responses to meningococcal LPS vary both quantitatively and qualitatively. Preliminary investigations of these differences by ultra high resolution chromatography indicate that the binding of unchromatographed or “native” LPS represents the summation of individual binding of antigenically distinct molecules, and that the response to these individual determinants within a given LPS may vary considerably from one host to another.
Carrier Determined Tolerance with Various Subclasses of Murine Myeloma IgG
Authors: Borel Yves , Golan Dov T. , Kilham Lynne , Borel Halina 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Groups of BALB/c mice were treated with various conjugates of 2,4 dinitrophenyl (DNP) and BALB/c myeloma proteins belonging to the four subclasses of IgG (IgG1, IgG2, IgG2b, IgG3). Immediately thereafter, they were challenged with DNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin in complete Freund's adjuvant and antibody to the hapten was measured by direct and indirect hemolytic plaque assay. The results show that all subclasses of IgG are effective as tolerance-inducing carriers. However, the ability to induce tolerance is dependent upon the concentration of hapten bound to each myeloma protein. Tolerogenic conjugates suppress both direct and indirect plaque-forming cells in all types of antibodies measured (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgGa), whereas, non-tolerogenic conjugate failed to suppress them. The intact molecule of IgG but not its fragments (Fab, F(ab)2′, Fc) appear necessary as tolerance-inducing carriers. It is suggested that the ability to induce tolerance is related to the capacity of the tolerogenic conjugates to cause receptor blockade.
Heterologous Sera: A Target for in Vitro Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity
Authors: Forni Guido , Green Ira 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During the course of studies in inbred Strain 2 Guinea pigs on in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity to viral induced fibrosarcomas, it was observed that fetal calf serum in the medium in which the target cells were grown was responsible in some instances for much of the cytotoxicity observed. This fetal calf serum-specific cytotoxicity seemed mainly mediated by T cells and appeared to be independent on histocompatibility between target and killer cells.
The Development by Cytomegalovirus-Infected Cells of Binding Affinity for Normal Human Immunoglobulin
Authors: Westmoreland Diana , St. Jeor Stephen , Rapp Fred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
After infection with human cytomegalovirus (CMV), cells develop an affinity for normal human immunoglobulin G (IgG). This was demonstrated using 125iodine-labeled purified IgG. It was further demonstrated that the immunoglobulin molecule binds to CMV-infected cells via its Fc portion, and competition for binding to infected cells occurred between purified preparations of human IgG and the Fc fragment of human IgG.
Whole sera from individuals with or without a high titer of anti-CMV antibody were labeled with 125iodine and it was demonstrated that serum from individuals with no anti-CMV antibody had an affinity for CMV-infected cells which probably reflected binding of IgG via its Fc fragment. The possible significance of these results in immunologic studies of human CMV is considered.
Neonatal Infection with Mouse Thymic Virus: Effects on Cells Regulating the Antibody Response to Type III Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Morse Herbert C. , Cross Sue S. , Baker Phillip J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice infected neonatally with mouse thymic virus (TA) were evaluated at different ages with respect to their ability to give a plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III), as well as the degree of amplifier and suppressor thymus-derived (T) cell activity present. B cell activity matured rapidly from 2 to 4 weeks of age and was not affected by TA infection. Amplifier T cell activity matured progressively over the first 8 weeks of life and was transiently suppressed in TA-infected mice at 4 weeks of age. Suppressor T cell activity measured at 2, 4, and 6 weeks of age was unaffected by TA. The findings suggest that TA is highly tropic for T cells and has selective effects on subpopulations of T cells.
Graft-vs-Host Reactions in F1 Mice Induced by Parental Lymphoid Cells: Nature of Recruited F1 Cells
Authors: Romano T. J. , Ponzio N. M. , Thorbecke G. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Graft versus host (GVH) reactivity of parental lymph node (LN) cells was assayed by measurements of 3H-thymidine incorporation in vivo. Mitomycin (Mit.) treatment of parental cells abolished their proliferative activity but the combination of such Mit.-treated parental cells with F1 LN cells resulted in much higher proliferation than either one population alone. This recruitment into proliferation of F1 cells was prominent on days 3 and 4 after cell injection and amounted to 35 to 51% of the total activity seen after injection of untreated parental cells alone. The F1 cell sensitive to recruitment was resistant to anti-Thy 1.2 treatment, was not removed by carbonyl iron-magnet separation; and was not present in thymus. The parental cell inducing recruitment was, however, sensitive to anti-Thy 1.2. When spleen cells from hapten immune F1 donors were injected together with Mit.-treated parental LN cells and boosted with hapten on another carrier, a typical “allogeneic effect” was observed in the anti-hapten immune response. It was concluded that Mit.-treated parental T cells exerted a mitogenic effect on F1 B cells resulting in extensive recruitment similar to that seen in murine mixed lymphocyte reactions.
The Inhibition of Cutaneous Basophil Hypersensitivity Reactions by a Heterologous Anti-Guinea Pig T Cell Serum
Authors: Stadecker Miguel J. , Leskowitz Sidney 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Systemic treatment with a heterologous anti-T cell serum of guinea pigs immunized with EA in IFA markedly suppressed CBH reactivity to specific antigen and T cell mitogens, as judged by gross reactivity, histology, and skin histamine. The antiserum produced a marked drop in circulating lymphocytes, mainly at the expense of T cells, as indicated by the ability of surviving lymphocytes to rosette with rabbit RBC.
It was postulated that the suppression of CBH reactivity is due to the depletion of T cells, which would have released a factor chemotactic for basophils. The data therefore provide further evidence that cutaneous reactions rich in basophils are primarily dependent on a population of T cells.
Structural Features and Biologic Properties of Fragments Obtained by Limited Proteolysis of C3
Authors: Conroy Mary Carol , Ozols Juris , Lepow Irwin H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Limited proteolysis of the third component of human complement (C3) was performed by using trypsin and streptococcal proteinase and the digests were analyzed for biologic activity. Incubation of C3 with trypsin for 1 min yielded a peptide with smooth muscle-contracting activity but no chemotactic activity, whereas the digest obtained after 15 min of incubation had only chemotactic activity. The conversion of muscle contracting to chemotactic activity could be correlated with the time course of trypsin hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of C3 with streptococcal proteinase gave a digest demonstrating only chemotactic activity. Each digest was resolved on a Sephadex G-100 column and the fractions containing biologic activities were characterized. The amino acid composition of the trypsin fragments, despite having different biologic activities, was remarkably similar, although differences in NH2-terminal amino acids were demonstrable. The fragments obtained by digestion of C3 with the streptococcal proteinase had an amino acid composition different from the trypsin fragments and displayed marked heterogeneity of NH2-terminal residues. These results suggest that slight alterations in the primary structure of C3 fragments may yield significant changes in their biologic activities and that the structural requirements for chemotactic activity are not confined to a single peptide species.
Suppression of Reaginic Antibody Formation
Authors: Lee Weng Y. , Sehon Alec H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
From the study of the effect of epitope density on the immunogenicity of haptenated ovalbumin (DNP-OA) it was concluded that the lightly haptenated conjugate, DNP0.5-OA, induced, on the one hand, only low titers of anti-DNP hemagglutinating antibody and no reaginic antibodies to the hapten and, on the other, high reaginic and high hemagglutinating antibody responses to the carrier. The conjugate with a slightly higher degree of haptenation, i.e., DNP2.3-OA, induced both reaginic and hemagglutinating antibodies to both the hapten and the carrier. By contrast, the heavily haptenated conjugate, DNP20-OA, elicited reaginic and hemagglutinating antibodies only against the hapten but not against the carrier.
Specific suppression of anti-hapten reaginic antibody formation had been achieved by treatment of mice with a tolerogen consisting of the hapten (DNP) conjugated covalently to isologous γ globulins (MγG). The epitope density of the DNPx-MγG conjugates was shown to play a dominant role in determining whether or not the conjugate was tolerogenic. Thus, lightly haptenated conjugates (DNP0.5-MγG, DNP1.3-MγG or DNP1.9-MγG) were not tolerogenic, moderately haptenated conjugates (DNP4.2-MγG, DNP8-MγG, and DNP14-MγG) were tolerogenic, and heavily haptenated conjugates (DNP32-MγG and DNP53-MγG) were immunogenic, being capable of priming the recipients for the DNP hapten.
Further evidence for the nonimmunogenicity of DNP8-MγG conjugate was inferred from its rate of clearance in tolerized and normal mice. Thus, the half-life of 125I-labeled DNP8-MγG in circulation was not significantly different for normal and tolerized mice; it was 3.7 and 3.5 days, respectively, which is within the range of data reported for clearance of normal MγG. These results suggest that DNP8-MγG was catabolized at a rate similar to that of nonconjugated, isologous MγG. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the localization of DNP8-MγG in identical organs (spleen, thymus, kidney, and liver) of normal and tolerized mice.
All the multivalent DNPx-MγG conjugates were shown to be able to elicit passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction on i.v. Challenge of rats which had been pre-sensitized i.d. with anti-DNP reaginic antibodies.