bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitutional Legitimacy beyond the State
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The principle of public reason (PR) fits well supranational authorities which produce de facto binding directives to nation states. This chapter begins by arguing that in the triangle of concepts—legitimacy, democracy, national statehood—we should resist the temptation to uncouple the link between national statehood and democracy. Such uncoupling is often a non-starter, due to the apparent weakness of democracy at a supranational level. Rather, we should follow a different strategy, and uncouple legitimacy and democracy (at least, of an electoral or participatory kind). We should further hypothesize that the legitimacy of supranational authorities is often grounded in the type of arguments provided by supranational entities, and in particular, their appeal to public reason—a legitimacy-conferring device well-suited to supranational authorities. And particularly good instances of such ‘supranational public reason’ (to be distinguished from Rawls’s ‘public reason of the Society of Peoples’) are provided by adjudicatory or quasi-adjudicatory supranational bodies, such as the two regional human rights courts and the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement branch discussed in this chapter. It is also argued that we should not see the relationship between statehood legitimacy (optimally based on electoral democracy) and supranational legitimacy (based on public reason) as mutually antagonistic and engaged in a zero-sum competition, but rather as allowing scope for synergy. This also leads to a view which rejects a conventional conception of primacy of constitutional over international law.
Introduction
Authors: Day Matthew 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The introduction sets out the aim, scope and structure of the monograph, its scholarly context and its primary sources. The monograph aims to reassess how and to what extent Renaissance humanism impacted the reception of Virgil in fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century England. Whereas previous studies of Virgil’s reception have tended to focus either on the Middle Ages or the Renaissance, the study examines changes and continuities between these time periods. Building on current work in book history and classical reception, the first half of the monograph analyses manuscripts and early printed editions for evidence of readers’ approaches to Virgil’s texts. Meanwhile, the second half analyses the earliest extant English translations of the Aeneid. The introduction outlines the processes of identifying relevant manuscript and printed sources, and indicates that the focus of the monograph is on exegetic commentaries and readers’ annotations.
Printed Editions
Authors: Day Matthew 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines a sample of printed copies of Virgil’s works which were owned in England during the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. Building on Chapter 1’s analysis of Virgil manuscripts and the influence of the late antique commentator Servius, the first half of Chapter 2 shows that humanist readers’ annotations continued to follow the same traditions of exegetic practice in the age of print. While the printing press initiated significant changes in the publication and presentation of Virgil’s texts, readers’ intellectual approaches remained consistent with earlier, well-established procedures of grammatical and rhetorical pedagogy. The second half of the chapter discusses Richard Pynson’s c. 1515 edition of Virgil’s works, the earliest extant edition of Virgil printed in England. The edition contains a set of printed marginalia designed to facilitate these traditional modes of exegesis.
Surrey’s Aeneid
Authors: Day Matthew 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 reconsiders the Earl of Surrey’s reputation as an exemplar of English humanist translation. His translations of Books II and IV of the Aeneid reveal an idiosyncratic, highly experimental translator. Although often and rightly praised for his concise, scrupulously faithful rendering of the Aeneid, Surrey achieved this concision by selectively omitting words from Virgil’s original Latin. His compression of Virgil’s text was driven by his experiments to capture the formal effects of Latin metre. In certain passages, he sought exact line-for-line translations between his English pentameters and Virgil’s hexameters. However, his experiments in poetic form were not taken up by later English translators. Surrey represents only a modern ideal of English humanism, and is unrepresentative of wider sixteenth-century translation practice.
Financing the Future
Authors: Humphrey Chris 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis book explains how the governance and operational model of multilateral development banks shapes their behavior as a unique class of international organization. The book proposes a theoretical framework—based around MDB governance arrangements and the financial imperatives built into the MDB model—that permits a systematic analysis of the entire range of existing MDBs, regardless of their size and membership. Based on extensive document research, data collection, and interviews with MDB staff and country shareholders, the book then shows how this theoretical framework plays out in three different sets of MDBs: the World Bank and major regional MDBs controlled by wealthy countries; a group of twelve smaller, borrower-led MDBs; and the recently-created New Development Bank and Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank. Compared to existing literature on MDBs, this book takes a broader approach to understanding how shareholder interests impact MDBs by looking beyond the U.S. and G7 and focusing on the balance of power between borrower and non-borrower country shareholders. It also digs much deeper into the mechanics of how the financial imperatives built into the MDB model affect MDB behavior, in particular the need to obtain three types of resources: shareholder capital, external funding and borrower demand for loans. The book is targeted to both academia and the development policy community, as well as those with a general interest in international organizations and international development.
Borrower-Led MDBs
Authors: Humphrey Chris 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSome twenty-odd MDBs owned and controlled by developing countries themselves operate around different regions of the globe. Although smaller than the legacy MDBs and long-overlooked by academic and policy research, a number of these borrower-led MDBs have begun growing rapidly in recent years in Latin America, Africa, and western Asia. The chapter explores the particular challenges and opportunities faced by these MDBs. Because they have no or only small influence of wealthy non-borrower nations in their governance, borrower-led MDBs have a harder time offering the low-cost loans and high-quality technical assistance of the legacy MDBs. On the other hand, they are much closer to regional member countries, quicker and unbureaucratic, and less inclined to force their policy ideas on borrower governments. The chapter begins with an overview of borrower-led MDBs, followed by an in-depth examination of the characteristics of a set of twelve borrower-led MDBs. The subsequent section takes CAF as a case study, reviewing its evolution from obscurity in the 1970s to a major development institution now.
New MDBs Step onto the Stage
Authors: Humphrey Chris 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn 2016, two new multilateral development banks were launched: the Asian Infrastructure Development Bank (AIIB) and the New Development Bank (NDB). By the end of 2020, AIIB and NDB were both well on their way to establishing themselves as major new players in global development finance, with a substantial shareholder capital, a rapidly growing staff, and over US$20 billion in approved loans each. AIIB and NDB’s founders looked closely at existing MDBs, and have replicated many aspects of their organizational design, governance structures, and financial and operational policies. By following this basic model, AIIB and NDB are facing the same tensions and trade-offs faced by the other MDBs discussed in this book so far. These are playing out in unique ways, however, due to the context in which they were founded and the constellation of countries making up their membership, and in particular the role of China. This chapter explores how governance dynamics and financial realities have play out over the first five years of AIIB and NDB. The chapter begins with a brief review of the background of and motivations for the creation of AIIB and NDB, before moving on to their governance, operations, environmental and social safeguards, and financial performance.
Looking Forward
Authors: Humphrey Chris 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe preceding chapters have illustrated how useful the MDB model can be to face the challenges of coming decades, but also the trade-offs and problems posed by financial and governance pressures. This chapter lays out a number of conclusions and implications from the book’s analysis to help inform how MDBs can be reformed going forward. Underneath it all is governance, and all three groups of MDBs reviewed in this book need to consider reforms to their governance arrangements to improve their operational usefulness. The core financial model of the MDB remains solid and should be bolstered with more capital from shareholders. To build consensus on greater MDB capitalization, shareholders need to rethink the developmental purpose of the MDBs, moving away from old rhetoric and looking fresh at the best way to make use of MDBs to help reach the SDGs and face the realities of climate change.
Melville, Beauty, and American Literary Studies
Authors: Marrs Cody 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This book examines Herman Melville’s engagements with beauty as both a concept and a shared experience. Throughout his prose and poetry, Melville reflects on the origins and effects of beauty, which he associates with natural forms and states of interdependence. Melville develops this perspective on beauty across his career, and it anchors the philosophy and aesthetics of books such as Moby-Dick, Timoleon, and Weeds and Wildings. In this book, Cody Marrs reconstructs how and why Melville cultivated this perspective on beauty, which emerged out of Melville’s lifelong interest in painting, sculpture, science, and metaphysics. The book begins by reconsidering Melville’s longstanding reception as a writer of the sublime and retracing the evolution of American literary studies as a field. The chapters examine three of the major modes through which Melville apprehends beauty, moving from ancient aesthetics to floral forms to psychological experiences of beauty. The book concludes with a reflection on the methods of literary studies and the viability of Pragmatism for thinking about aesthetics. Melville, Beauty, and American Literary Studies thus provides a revisionary account of Melville’s career and a new interpretive framework for literary studies.
Postscript
Authors: Marrs Cody 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This afterword contends that American literary studies, particularly when it comes to matters of aesthetics, should pay less attention to European philosophers and more attention to Pragmatist philosophy. Literature inspires an astounding array of feelings, sensations, and ideas, many of which are quite intense and impactful, and that makes it necessary to discover precisely what a piece of writing does. To be useful and accurate, criticism must concentrate not on a priori beliefs (whether the author’s or the critic’s) but on the distinct cluster of impressions produced by a work of literature. Through a rereading of John Dewey’s Art and Experience, this Postscript outlines some ways in which Pragmatism might be integrated into the emerging methods of American literary studies. It also discusses recent scholarly debates about historicism, critical versus postcritical reading, ideological critique, and the purpose of literary studies.
Introduction
Authors: Atrey Shreya , Fredman Sandra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The purpose of the introductory chapter is twofold: first, to explain the meaning of the term ‘exponential inequalities’ which is the subject of this book; and, secondly, to set out the context and significance of the research in the individual contributions and the book as a whole. The chapter shows how the book uses a comparative and interdisciplinary approach to isolate the features of exponential inequalities that have arisen during the pandemic and other past crises, and to lay down a template of thinking about exponential inequalities in future crises such as climate emergencies, democratic deficits, wars, refugee crises, etc. It also explains how equality law in international and comparative contexts has responded to exponential inequalities and identifies the normative and doctrinal gaps that exist in equality law across jurisdictions. Finally, the chapter points to the possibilities within the extant normative and doctrinal framework of equality law to address exponential inequalities.
Social Security, Exponential Inequalities, and Covid-19
Authors: Reeves Aaron , Andersen Kate , Reader Mary , Warnock Rosalie 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Covid-19 has put social security systems under immense pressure. Governments saw demand for social security rise dramatically whilst attempting to support those whose employment had temporarily stopped once severe economic restrictions were put in place. Drawing on a range of evidence (including original interviews), this chapter focuses on the experience of larger families (households with three or more children) during the pandemic as a way of illuminating how these pandemic-induced policy responses often failed to reach those groups who have been subject to austerity measures over the previous decade. We explore this in three ways. First, we unpack how the government’s response to Covid-19 left larger families in a precarious position. Secondly, we situate the experience of larger families in the context of a wider set of reforms to social security—such as the benefit cap, the two-child limit, and the benefits freeze—which have already pushed even more larger families into poverty over the last decade. The final section of the chapter draws out how these policy decisions exacerbate inequalities between groups, while alluding to implications for protected characteristics as enshrined in the Equality Act 2010. This analysis not only illuminates how the pandemic has increased gender and ethnic inequalities but also suggests that the degree to which the pandemic was inequality-generating is rooted in policy decisions made before the pandemic even began. Avoiding exponential inequalities in response to future crises requires that policies—and the discourses which surround them—are sensitive to the potential for other kinds of societal shock.
The Proportionality of an Economic Crisis
Authors: Campbell Meghan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Is imposing income poverty on vulnerable groups a proportionate response to an economic crisis? The regularity of ‘unprecedented’ fiscal emergencies means the United Kingdom (UK) Supreme Court has repeatedly been asked this question. It has accepted that the austerity measures implemented in light of an economic crisis are indirectly discriminatory against women, children, and disabled persons. However, these inequalities are justified in pursuit of economic recovery. The violation of the right to equality is permitted through a highly deferential light-touch limitation review. The justification analysis ignores the role of the economic crisis in prompting the welfare reforms and, echoing the political rationale for austerity, overemphasizes the recklessness of unchecked welfare spending. This chapter rebalances the limitation arguments by placing the need for discriminatory austerity policies within its full context. A more searching justification analysis, which uses a high intensity proportionality framework, can accurately account for the economic emergency. This in turn shifts the focus at justification away from the perceived overdependence of welfare recipients and towards questioning whether it is fair to ask the most vulnerable and marginalized to bear the costs of the crisis. Taking seriously the role of the economic crisis in perpetuating inequalities can challenge the accepted political–economic orthodox narrative and call into question whether the discrimination against protected groups who live in poverty can be justified in the name of austerity.
Introduction
Authors: Kopf Simon Maria 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In recent theological scholarship, it has become common to conceive of God’s providence in action terms. A telling example is the so-called divine action debate, which is largely based on two principles: (i) providence is best conceptualised in terms of divine action; and (ii) divine action is best modelled on human action. The introduction first indicates that due to principle (ii), the main challenge for this action-based approach has been to find room for God to act in nature, which appears to be fully accounted for by natural causes. More importantly, while problems concerning principle (ii), namely the modelling of divine action on human action, have not gone unnoticed in recent years, principle (i), the exposition of divine providence in terms of divine action, has gained relatively little scholarly attention. The introduction thus outlines how this book challenges the more fundamental assumption that the concept of action best conceptualises divine providence, and advocates a reframing of the doctrine of providence and a notion of providence modelled on the virtue of prudence rather than human action. To this end, this chapter introduces the notion of divine providence as well as two historically relevant approaches to the doctrine of providence that function as central categories for the book’s analysis: action-based, or ‘actionistic’, and prudence-based, or ‘prudential-ordinative’, providence. The chapter also gives a quick overview of the divine action debate, its current state, and the nature of the contribution this book seeks to make. The introduction concludes with a brief chapter overview.
The Divine Action Project (1988–2003)
Authors: Kopf Simon Maria 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 shows how, within the Divine Action Project (1988–2003), the previously established category of special divine action (SDA) was turned into a new and systematic research programme. First, the chapter outlines the wider theological debate and how the perceived chasm between Protestant liberalism and conservatism affected the Divine Action Project. The chapter suggests viewing the non-interventionist objective (special) divine action (NIODA) research programme as an alleged breakthrough between ‘liberal’ subjective SDA and ‘conservative’ objective but interventionist SDA, by decoupling objective SDA and divine intervention. Next, the chapter takes a closer look at the notion of intervention and its purported entailment of a violation of the laws of nature. After this critical evaluation of the NIODA framework, the chapter presents the three main NIODA models—whole-part, chaos, and quantum divine action—concluding that all of them face considerable scientific objections.
The Reason for the Deadlock
Authors: Kopf Simon Maria 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It has become a common view in the contemporary theological debate to assume that God needs room to act in the world. Chapter 3 argues that this purported need for metaphysical space arises primarily from theo-physical incompatibilism, or the view that special divine action (SDA) in an objective sense is incompatible with causal determinism. First, this chapter introduces the notion of theo-physical incompatibilism, which, it argues, is firstly an import from the philosophy of action and secondly a corollary of an action-based, or ‘actionistic’, approach to providence: just as human (libertarian) free action presupposes causal indeterminism, so, too, divine action in the world is assumed to presuppose causal indeterminism. Next, the chapter shows that theo-physical incompatibilism is not only a core assumption of the NIODA programme examined in Chapter 2 but also among the main reasons for the current deadlock in divine action theories. The chapter then argues that this approach is tantamount to a new, ontologically rendered God-of-the-gaps strategy that should be avoided for theological, philosophical, and scientific reasons. Finally, the chapter indicates that dropping this presupposition, which is compatible with other forms of incompatibilism, such as libertarianism, may open up new avenues of research.
Divine Providence, Natural Contingency, and the Doctrine of Transcendence
Authors: Kopf Simon Maria 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Aquinas’ theory of providence has two major features that are essential for the purpose of establishing a prudential-ordinative view of providence: the doctrine of divine transcendence and natural teleology. Chapter 5 examines the relation of divine providence to natural contingency in Aquinas’ account. It argues that divine transcendence is key in understanding the compatibility of divine providence and natural contingency. First, the chapter goes through various meanings of contingency and its relation to providence. Next, the chapter develops what Bernard Lonergan calls ‘the doctrine of divine transcendence’ in Aquinas, by showing a parallelism between divine intellect, will, and operation. On this basis, the chapter concludes that, on Aquinas’ account, divine operation is transcendent, universal, and holistic. Finally, the chapter suggests moving beyond theo-physical incompatibilism, by rejecting a zero-sum perspective of divine and natural causation.
The Teleological Nature of Providence and the Teleological Natures of Creatures
Authors: Kopf Simon Maria 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 discusses the notion of teleology and elaborates on the teleological nature of ‘prudential-ordinative’ providence. First, the chapter revisits the notions of teleology and final causation, it illustrates the modern transformation of teleology, and shows why final causation matters for the doctrine of providence. Next, the chapter defends the view that Aquinas envisions the providential ordering of all creatures through immanent teleology against an inconsistency objection stating that due to the so-called ‘cognition condition’, Aristotelian teleology is not available in Aquinas’ account of providence. The chapter argues that this claim can be illustrated by the scholastic notion of appetitus. The chapter then develops at length a theory of appetency, by revisiting the notion of a (natural) appetite, which the chapter renders and explains in terms of formal and material natural inclinations. Finally, the chapter shows how God can providentially guide the world through appetites and what role final causes play in his providence.