bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Systems of Ventilation and Environmental Control in Dairy Barns
Authors: Kains Franklin A. 
Published: March 2023

Dairy barn ventilation is more evolutionary than revolutionary. Changes in the management of the ventilation system have been as significant as the changes in hardware. The changes discussed are based on our experience with warm tie stall dairy barns of both new and old two story construction which are the predominant dairy housing used in Ontario. The major change in tie stall dairy barn ventilation has been the lowering of the barn temperature. With the increased ventilation rate, pathogen and gas levels are significantly lowered. In some situations, recirculation can improve distribution of air within the barn if a cross ventilation system is inadequate. Heat exchangers are a good source of supplemental heat but must be evaluated against other sources of heat on a cost recovery basis to justify them. Finally, the enthusiasm the swine farmers have had for natural ventilation has spilled over to tie stall dairy barns. Several new and retrofitted old barns have gone this route recently and it seems to be a continuing trend.
Inducing Natural Defense Mechanisms to Promote Mastitis Control
Authors: Paape M. J. 
Published: March 2023

Strategies to control mastitis now rely heavily upon antibiotics and topical germicides; but are coming under increasing scrutiny and regulation because of the potential for adulteration of the food product. The considerable therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics especially when administered during the dry period, has led to too great reliance on curing the disease rather than preventing it on the farm, and has discouraged efforts in research laboratories to develop alternative means of protection, such as enhancement of natural mammary defense mechanisms. Among the components which comprise the intramammary defense mechanisms, the streak canal, lactoferrin, and phagocytic activity of PMNL seem the most accessible to enhancement. The methods used to enhance these defense mechanisms will be discussed in this paper. The discovery that significant variation exists among cows in the ease in which substances can penetrate the streak canal, offers the possibility of selecting cows with heightened genetic resistance to mastitis. The successful manipulation of the lactoferrin to citrate ratio in mammary secretions offers the possibility of enhancing the control of coliforms. The phagocytic and bactericidal properties of leukocytes appear to be regulated by a number of control mechanims that are accessible to man.
Making Further Progress in Low Somatic Cell Count Herds
Authors: Erskine R. J. 
Published: March 2023

Somatic cell counts (SCC) serve as valuable indicators of prevalence of intramammary infection (IMI). A strong positive correlation between bulk tank SCC and prevalence of infection has been well established. However, herds with low prevalences of subclinical infection may yet have a mastitis problem, particularly that caused by organisms of environmental origin.These would include primarily streptococci other than agalactiae (nonag. strep.), and the lactose fermenting organisms of the family Enterobacteriaceae, loosely termed coliforms. This paper reviews the problems facing dairy farmers that have been able to maintain their herd SCC, and thus subclinical mastitis, at a low level. Means to assess the mastitis problem in such herds and mastitis control methods thought to be effective is discussed. With adequate mastitis control measures available to control Strep. agalactiae and Staph. aureus, future mastitis research should necessarily be directed to control of environmental organisms.
Stray Voltage Update
Authors: Southwick Lee H. 
Published: March 2023

Stray voltage, also known as Neutral to Earth Voltage, refers to the condition which results in current flowing through a cow's body and causes all sorts of grief for both man and animal. There are there basic causes of Neutral to Earth Voltage: 1. Unbalanced 120 loads; 2. Ground faults; 3. Voltage drop on the neutral wire. I would like to accomplish three things in this presentation: 1. Make you aware of the nature of stray voltage and its basic sources; 2. Review research on stray voltage presented at the National Stray Voltage Symposium held in October 1984; 3. Bring you up to date on the continuing research in Stray Voltage.
What's in a Veal Formula and Why?
Authors: Polzin Herbert W. 
Published: March 2023

Veal formulas are produced utilizing by-products of the dairy processing and animal slaughtering industry and various micro-ingredients such as minerals, vitamins and antibiotics. This article will attempt to list all ingredients currently used by veal feed manufacturers in the United States and also elucidate what these ingredients actually are and why they are used. The initial paragraph for each ingredient will be the official definition per AAFCO. The remaining test will elaborate on what these products are and why they are used. Please keep in mind that various feed manufacturers practice discretion on the types and qualities of each of these ingredients that are used in their specific productions.
Possible Fescue Toxicosis in Incoming Feeder Cattle
Authors: Perino Louis 
Published: March 2023

Cattle are received into feedyards in the Southwest from nearly all parts of the nation, including groups off of summer fescue pastures. This paper presents a case of epidemic heat stroke in several groups of cattle received during June from summer fescue pastures known to be infected with the endopytic fungus Epichloe typhina ( Acremonium coenophialum). Given the absence of a definitive diagnostic test to confirm fescue toxicosis or "summer syndrome" it is based on circumstantial evidence, history, clinical observations, laboratory and post-mortem findings and rule outs.
Upholstered Freestalls as an Aid to Control of Coliform Mastitis
Authors: Glore Reilly 
Published: March 2023

Acute coliform mastitis is a notoriously difficult condition to treat successfully, hence prevention is the most effective tool for us to use. Recent studies have confirmed previous clinical impressions that a major source of the infectious organism, Klebsiella pneumoniae, is sawdust bedding. Various approaches have been advocated to avoid using sawdust for comfort stalls. These include rubber mats, straw, sand, cement, and various combinations of those. One of our clients has conceived of an alternative bedding system which for lack of a better term I call the upholstered freestall. it is apparent that the concept of upholstered freestalls is a workable solution to the coliform mastitis dilemma. Perhaps in the future even more durable material will be found which will give added longevity to the installations.
Engineering Tomorrow's Cow
Authors: Foote R.H. 
Published: March 2023

Artificial insemination (A. I.) is an example of the greatest single biotechnology applied to livestock, particularly dairy cattle. This opened the field of sperm physiology and the study of fertilization and embryo mortality, as well as the control of certain infectious diseases. A study has demonstrated that embryos can be sexed with about 80 to 85% accuracy, using a male-specific antibody which was conjugated with the green fluorescent dye, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). In some of the earlier work about half of the embryos bisected as blastocysts produced pregnancies. The possibility of immediately modifying the gene complex of an animal by inserting genetic material into recipients has stimulated much excitement.
Idaho's Approach to Marketing Large Animal Veterinary Services
Authors: Shelton Dr. , Risa Dr. , Glarborg Dr. 
Published: March 2023

The Idaho PR/ PD committee created a 41 page manual entitled Agricultural Lenders Economics: The Influence of Veterinary Services Upon Producer Profits and Ability to Repay Agricultural Loans. This manual is designed specifically for agricultural lenders involved in either beef or dairy operations.
The manual outlines the economic advantages of utilizing veterinary services. It compares:1. Investment costs.2. Operating Costs.3. Return on investment figures for specific operational procedures with and without veterinary input.
Newsletters, Questionnaires and Phone Contacts
Authors: Harness J. K. 
Published: March 2023

Competition is something new. Twenty years ago we could practice just about anyway we wanted and be successful. Those days are gone and it's probably a good thing. We now face competition from many quarters. It's no longer enough just to be a good veterinarian. We must apply principles of business management if we are to position our practices to prosper through the end of the twentieth century.
Those interested in business growth, in the personal satisfaction of a successful enterprise, in selling a vital business to a colleague, or in providing for a carefree retirement must learn to compete. It's hard work and it doesn't come naturally to veterinarians with little aptitude for or training in business.
How to Conduct and Interpret Field Trials
Authors: Erb Hollis N. 
Published: March 2023

Some bovine practitioners are beginning to conduct their own field trials in order to test new drugs, surgical techniques, feed additives, management programs, and the like. Other practitioners are being asked by scientists in universities or industry to participate in trials, and all practitioners should be reading reports of field trials in journals. There is a science to field trials. Trials that are bad science shouldn't be conducted or believed.
In this essay I will discuss 6 of the major issues in the design of field trials: controls, sample size, informed consent, baseline measurements, assignment of treatments, and blindness. I will not discuss statistical issues other than some general comments regarding sample size. I'll generally take the point of view of the practitioner trying to design his or her own trial, but these same issues may be used to evaluate the quality of other people's trials. (For further reading, there's an excellent recent article by Dohoo and Waltner-Toews (1), and a very good, non-statistical introductory textbook by Friedman et al. (2).)
Strep. Agalactiae Herd
Authors: Parr Boyd H. 
Published: March 2023

Strep. agalactiae as the causative agent in problem mastitis, elevated somatic cell count (SCC), and/or high tank standard plate count (SPC) herds has been around for some time. It is not as new and exotic as are some of the more recently identified pathogens, yet it remains a significant contributor to the number of problem mastitis herds throughout the country, despite its relative ease of control. Therefore, it is important that we not bypass Strep. Ag. in a discussion of Quality Milk Production.
This case is typical of the way a Strep. ag. problem herd has presented itself during my clinical experience.
Fescue Toxicity Syndrome
Authors: Trimble Richard L. 
Published: March 2023

This morning you have been exposed to a great deal of information concerning toxic fescue. What makes fescue toxic? How does the toxicity impact animals that consume the fescue? And much more!!
The major question that is probably left to be examined and which I will address in my presentation, involves that of economics. Is there an economic method by which producers can attempt to solve the problems associated with fescue toxicity?
As will become obvious shortly, I believe there is an economic method by which producers can solve their fescue toxicity problems. However, there are a few "ground rules" that have to be established before we can examine the economics of the solution.
External Parasite
Authors: Clymer Bill C. 
Published: March 2023

The livestock industry is an interesting and very complex system. Oftentimes we lose sight of how complicated it really is. We have come a long way from our initial involvement in the cattle industry. Our ranchers many years ago ran cattle out on the open range, and spent most of their time on horseback. Now we use cellular phones and may round up cattle with a helicopter.
Our industry has changed a lot. We've gone to more of a sohpisticated system. We now have beef factories, as we often call the feedlots. We have trucks that move these cattle around. This is one of the things that causes a great deal of concern in our parasite control program in the cattle industry. We seldom ever know the exact origin of the calf, where it came from nor how many places it has been before it becomes involved in our particular operation. We may have cattle come out of the southeast United States, come to the Texas panhandle on wheat, go to New Mexico or southern Oklahoma or the flint hills in Kansas for summer grass and end up in the feedlot from Texas to California.
MGA and PGF₂α for Estrus Synchronization
Authors: Odde K. G. 
Published: March 2023

Our goal in studying estrous cycle control is to develop a low cost system that will elicit a highly fertile, tightly synchronized estrous response in a large percentage of the treated animals.
Melengestrol acetate (MGA), an inexpensive oral progestogen, is currently approved and used to suppress estrus and promote growth in feedlot heifers. Even though MGA effectively synchronizes estrus in cattle, the estrus following MGA treatment is subfertile while the fertility of subsequent estrus periods is normal (Zimbelman et al., 1966; DeBois et al., 1970). This decreased fertility has limited the use of MGA for estrous synchronization.
It is well known that prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) is only effective for estrous synchronization in cows between days 5 and 15 (the luteal phase) of their estrous cycle. Recent research has shown that stage of cycle within this luteal phase further affects both estrous response and the interval to estrus following PGF2a injection, with early cycle animals (days 5-9) having a lower percentage response and showing heat sooner (a shorter interval to estrus) than late cycle animals (King et al., I 982). Another study shows that PGF2α injected during the late stage of the cycle (days 10-15) may result in a more fertile estrus than if it were injected in the early stage of the cycle (Bearden and Fuquay, 1984). Thus, by manipulating a group of heifers to increase the percentage in the late stage of their estrous cycle when PGF2α is injected, estrous response and degree of synchrony, as well as fertility would theoretically be improved.
Approaches to Acquisition and Management of New Knowledge
Authors: Bushby Philip A. 
Published: March 2023

The computer has become accepted as an informationmanagement tool in many fields. Yet veterinarians are very selective with the level to which we will rely oncomputerized information systems and with the types of information we will manage with computers. Traditionally we have accepted the computer as a means of managing numerical or financial information. More recently we have begun to accept the computer as an information tool for practice management, medical records, and herd health data. Now computer software is giving us the means to develop easy-to-use medical information systems. Two basic software concepts are presented in this paper, hypertext applications and the Problem Knowledge Coupler.™
The concept of "hypertext" was first introduced to the computer community by Ted Nelson in the 1960s. Put simply, hypertext is the means to link textual information to other textual information. Hypertext programs give one the ability to create large, cross-referenced documents with virtually unlimited search capabilities. Hypertext provides a means of navigating through large volumes of information. With the cross-referencing and search capabilities of hypertext documents it becomes possible to develop systems to successfully deal with information overload. With the geometrically increasing volume of information in veterinary medicine simple and effective means for navigation through information are essential.
Environmental Mastitis
Authors: Smith K. Larry , Hogan J. S. , Todhunter D. A. , Schoenberger P. S. 
Published: March 2023

Bovine mastitis continues as a major disease problem of dairy cattle (1). Improved control is needed to maximize dairymen's profits and to improve the quality of milk to consumers. Development of a single uniform method of control has been difficult as mastitis is not caused by a single pathogen but is a disease involving multiple microorganisms (primarily bacteria) which can and do infect the mammary gland. In reality, mastitis is multiple different diseases occurring in the bovine mammary gland.
The primary bacteria associated with mastitis (Table 1) can be grouped according to their primary origin and means of spread within a dairy herd. These pathogen groups are contagious, environmental, and skin flora opportunists. The two major contagious pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae, exist primarily in infected quarters and are spread to uninfected quarters during the milking process. Progress for control of the contagious pathogens has been achieved (2,3). Implementation of post-milking teat end disinfection and total dry cow therapy can eliminate Str. agalactiae from a dairy herd and reduce the prevalance of S. aureus infection to less than 1 % of quarters.
Summary of Activities of the FDNCVM Advisory Committee 1984-1988
Authors: Hoffsis Glen F. 
Published: March 2023

It is an opportune time to reflect on the VM/AC activity inasmuch as four years have elapsed since the recreated committee convened. I was privileged to serve this first committee as chairman. My selection indicates in part the confidence CVM places in the AABP.
The committee was very active during the years I served as chairman. I think it acted in a manner which has been helpful to the agency as well as the regulated industries and the American public. The issues considered by the committee were primarily requested from CVM. The following is a recap of some of the issues discussed by the committee along with its recommendations.
The committee was asked to consider the efficacy and labeling requirement for antimicrobial agents used in veterinary medicine.
The committee discussed the extra-label use of drugs in food producing animals and made the following reommendations.
The committee was asked to consider ways to improve the credibility and respect for the prescription veterinary legend.
The committee was asked to critique a revision of the Rx/OTC labeling policies for Rx and OTC drugs. The committee recommended that products be approved only as Rx or OTC with none labeled as both, but if dual labeling was necessary, that CVM provide all label claims in the Rx product label for those products which are approved for both Rx and OTC designation.
The committee was asked to consider the criteria for determining Rx/OTC designation.
Hepatic Lipidosis
Authors: Rings D. Michael 
Published: March 2023

Ketosis has been a recognized problem in dairy cattle since the late 1920's when the role of glucose and energy demands were first associated with this condition.1 Descriptions of a disease syndrome, now thought to be ketosis, characterized by anorexia, decreased milk production, and constipation appeared in veterinary texts 50 years prior to this.2,3 A more complex type of ketosis was recognized by Sollman4 and Alston5 which, unlike simple ketosis, was associated with high mortality and a variety of concurrent disease problems. Morrow6 called this disease "Fat Cow Syndrome" based on the physical condition of affected cattle. Like simple ketosis, the disease occurred at or around parturtion. The typical histologic lesion common to these affected cows was severe fatty infiltration of the liver (hepatic lipidosis).
This same finding (hepatic lipidosis) is not only found in overly conditioned cattle but also in poorly conditioned animals during the periparturient period. As with the Fat Cow Syndrome cows, these cattle also suffer from a variety of concurrent diseases.
California Studies on Diagnostic Procedures, Female Immune Responses and Epidemiology of Bovine Trichomoniasis
Authors: BonDurant R. H. 
Published: March 2023

In spite of concerted efforts to develop a sensitive and specific immuno-diagnostic assay for bovine trichomoniasis, the most reliable method for establishing a diagnosis in an infected herd is the culture of preputial or vaginal secretions on Diamond's medium (or equivalent). Recent improvements in packaging of media have made it possible to expedite the culture procedure without significant loss of sensitivity. Studies on the immune responses of experimentally infected heifers have shown that a large number of antigens of T. foetus are recognized by immunoglobulins (especially IgA and IgG1) in local secretions of the reproductive tract, with little systemic response seen in the serum.
A survey of randomly selected cow-calf herds in California, in which bulls from each herd were cultured for T. foetus, showed that approximately 15 % of all herds, and 5% of all bulls, were infected. Without an effective legal treatment for either cows or bulls, the need for inexpensive accurate diagnostics and effective immunoprophylaxis is urgent.
Experience with an Established and on-going IRM Program in the Midwest
Authors: Hudson Don 
Published: March 2023

A major effort in Integrated Reproductive Management (IRM) began at the University of Nebraska under the Cooperative Extension Service and the Agricultural Research Division in 1983. Research in cow/calf systems modeling and reproductive management was developed and continues. Extension developed a five year demonstration herd project. A steering committee composed of beef producers, University extension specialists and researchers, and researchers from USDA (MARC) assembled to help guide the project. In February of 1984, the steering committee selected 9 cow/calf producers to cooperate as demonstration herds from 80 nominated by agricultural agents and veterinarians across Nebraska. Selected herds had resources "typical" of their respective areas.
An IRM team was developed for each cooperator composed of the local agricultural extension agent, an extension beef specialist, the veterinarian used by the cooperator, other university and non-university personnel (producer, industry representative) and the technical coordinator. The IRM team analyzed the cow/calf enterprise and recommended alternative management practices for the producer to consider that would optimize use of the available resources and increase reproductive efficiency.
Production information on the cow/calf enterprise was collected beginning in 1984 and ended in 1988. Financial inputs and feed used by the cow/calf enterprise were collected in 1987 and 1988 for enterprise evaluation. This information was used to monitor changes in the cow/calf enterprise of cooperating herds. On average, percent calves weaned of females exposed increased 11.5 percentage points between 1984 and 1988. Actual and adjusted weaning weights increased 93 and 100 pounds, respectively, over the 5 years. Pounds of calf weaned per cow exposed increased 139 pounds between 1984 and 1988. Net cost per calf weaned in 1987 and 1988 was $.73 and $.74, respectively, for low cost producers and $.99 and $.92 for high cost producers.
Eight field days were held to discuss IRM concepts and profitable management practices. Numerous news articles, radio tapes, proceedings, extension publications, and educational meetings were developed using information collected in the IRM demonstration herd project. A cow/calf record-keeping program (PC-COWCARD) for microcomputer was develop~d and made available commercially to producers. Cooperators "integrated" recommendations made by agents, specialists, veterinarians, nutritionists, lenders, ..... into a working management practice for their resources.