bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation of Tribological and Rheological Behaviour of Hybrid Nanolubricants for Applications in Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: del Río José M. Liñeira , Rial Ramón , Nasser Khodor , Guimarey María J. G. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIn this study, the improvement in SAE 10W-40 engine oil tribological performance after the addition of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoadditive and two different phosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs) was investigated. Besides, the rheological behaviour of MgO-based nanolubricant and IL-based hybrid nanolubricants at the temperature range from 293.15 to 363.15 K was studied. The nanoparticle characterization was performed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tribological properties, friction coefficients and wear parameters of the formulated oil modified with 0.01 wt% MgO and 1 wt% ILs compared with the neat 10W-40 oil were performed and analysed using a ball-on-three-pins tribometer and a 3D optical profilometer, respectively. Further analysis on the worn surface was shown by Raman spectroscopy and SEM images illustrating the formation of the protective IL and MgO tribo-films as hybrid additives. In friction tests with sliding steel-steel tribo-pairs, IL3-based hybrid nanolubricant decreased the coefficient of friction and wear volume by 7% and 59%, respectively, in comparison with the neat SAE 10W-40, hence better positive synergies were found for MgO and IL3 as hybrid additives. Interestingly, the thermophysical characterization by rheology also revealed that the nanoparticle and ionic liquids addition did not affect neither the viscosity response nor the Newtonian behaviour of the engine oil, adequately meeting the requirements for their use in internal combustion engines.
Graphical Abstract
When Should the Master Answer? Respondeat Superior and the Criminal Law
Authors: Silver Kenneth 
Published: February 2023

AbstractRespondeat superior is a legal doctrine conferring liability from one party onto another because the latter stands in some relationship of authority over the former. Though originally a doctrine of tort law, for the past century it has been used within the criminal law, especially to the end of securing criminal liability for corporations. Here, I argue that on at least one prominent conception of criminal responsibility, we are not justified in using this doctrine in this way. Firms are not answerable for the crimes committed by their employees, because firms cannot answer as to why the crime was committed; they lack the authority to offer the employee’s reasons for action. Though this rules out respondeat superior as a general principle, I show contexts in which vicarious liability is still appropriate in the criminal law, and I respond to a number of other concerns raised by this picture.
Science under pressure: how research is being challenged by the 2030 Agenda
Authors: Büttner Leonie , Darbi Marianne , Haase Annegret , Jax Kurt , Lepenies Robert , Priess Jörg , Zeug Walther 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIn this comment, we scrutinize how research is being challenged by the 2030 Agenda and what may be required for research to contribute to transformative change toward sustainability. Building on the current debate and state of knowledge, we argue that we need a stronger engagement with norms and values within science. Conflicting goals, values and visions need to be made explicit and taken into account in the (co-)production of knowledge in a transparent way. This requires the ability for normative reflection on the part of scientists, both about the norms at play and their own role. To produce transformative-oriented knowledge needed for the implementation of the sustainable development goals, we argue, fundamental changes are required within the science system, from the production to the assessment of knowledge.
Effect of Tannins on Cholesterol Content and Its Oxidation in Egg Pasta as Related to Different Pasta Shapes
Authors: Bonciolini Ambra , Cantele Carolina , Salgarella Nicolò Ivan , Zeppa Giuseppe , Bertolino Marta , Cardenia Vladimiro 
Published: February 2023

AbstractEgg pasta contains high amount of cholesterol, that upon oxidation, generates oxysterols (COPs), which play a key role in the onset of several human diseases. In this study, the effect of two tannins (esters of ellagic acid, A; esters of gallic acid, B) at three different concentrations (0.25%, 0.50%, 1.00%) was tested in egg pasta considering two different pasta shapes (squared, S; rectangular, F). When tannin B was added, the total phenolic content (TPC) in fresh pasta increased (p < 0.01) and after cooking its content was greater than those obtained with tannin A. The pasta shape affected the presence of cholesterol; its amount in uncooked F shape samples (27.67 ± 0.28 mg/g pasta) was higher than that found in S shape (21.18 ± 0.49 mg/g pasta). In addition, tannin B significantly (p < 0.01) increased the presence of cholesterol in the cooking water (up to 1.04 ± 0.05 μg/mL), in particular in S pasta shape. Tannin B was also greater than tannin A to reduce the content of COPs in fresh egg pasta, while the cooking process did not impact (p > 0.05) the oxidation of cholesterol. The results suggest that tannin B could be applied in the formulation of egg pasta as a strategy for reducing the content of cholesterol and its oxidation products.
Work stressors and their controllability: Content analysis of employee perceptions of hindrances to the flow of work in the health care sector
Authors: Lahti Heidi , Kalakoski Virpi 
Published: February 2023

AbstractHigh levels of work stress are prevalent today, and the underlying working conditions need to be tackled urgently. In this study, our aim was to identify the range of factors that employees themselves perceive as hindrances to the flow of work, that is, hindrance stressors. We analysed the open-ended questionnaire responses of 4766 employees working in the health care sector using semi-automated content analysis. We then used more detailed conventional content analysis to compare the responses of the groups that reported high (n = 1388) and low (n = 833) levels of subjective stress. Finally, we interpreted and categorised the stressors raised by the respondents from the viewpoint of controllability, to shed light on where to target interventions. The main hindrance stressors reflected inadequate staffing, work overload, time pressure, and management-related issues, of which the responses revealed concrete examples. Interruptions and problems related to cooperation and instructions were also commonly mentioned. The respondents in the high stress group emphasised work overload and issues related to management and clients. Our results suggest that the major hindrances to daily work are beyond employees’ control and require decisions and resources at the level of supervisors, managers, directors, and policymakers. Future studies on work stress should explore the controllability of common stressors in more detail and include the appraisal of controllability in explanatory models. Avoiding overemphasis of psychological coping and instead targeting harmful working conditions and the organisational actors who can influence these could make workplace stress management interventions more effective.
Resolution of persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection with prolonged intravenous remdesivir and vaccination in a patient post CAR-T
Authors: Ambati Sai , Ali Bazga , Seddon Owen , Godkin Andrew , Scurr Martin , Moore Catherine , Rowntree Clare , Underwood Jonathan 
Published: February 2023

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 virus is a single-stranded enveloped RNA virus, which causes coronavirus disease. Most of the immunocompetent patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection do have mild to moderate respiratory illness; however, in immunocompromised patients, the course of infection is unpredictable with high rates of infectivity and mortality. So, it is important to identify the immunocompromised patients early and establish the course of treatment accordingly. Here, we describe a 25-year-old male with background of B cell ALL, post-BMT and CAR-T therapy who received treatment with remdesivir and vaccination and was followed up for six months from the onset of symptoms to post vaccination, which showed resolution of symptoms and improvement of immunological markers. Here, we review the literature concerning the course and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection aimed at achieving cure in this patient.
A Greener Facile Approach to Develop Durable Multifunctional Cellulosic Pigment Prints Using β-CD, ZnO-NPs and Several Bioactive Guest Molecules
Authors: Ibrahim Nabil A. , El-Zairy Enas M. , Allah Shimaa S. Abd , Emam El-Amir M. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIn the present work, β-CD, ZnO-NPs, and several eco-friendly bioactive guests, namely, cinnamon oil, lemon oil, lavender oil, and vanillin along with environmentally benign pigment paste constituents were applied to cotton, viscose, cotton/viscose, and cotton/linen cellulosic substrates to develop durable multi-functional pigment prints in a single step using the pad-dry-thermofixation method. The developed one-step pigment coloration and multi-functionalization method resulted in a remarkable improvement in antibacterial efficacy, UV-protection ability, aroma property along with a noticeable increase in depth of the obtained pigment prints, making them very useful for a wide range of potential applications. The extent of enhancement in the above-mentioned functional and coloration properties is governed by type of cellulosic substrate, presence of β-CD/ZnO-NPs, type of bioactive agent as well as kind of pigment colorant. Among the used bioactive agents, lavender oil proved to be the best for attaining multi-functional and pigment coloration properties, keeping other parameters constant. The obtained results also demonstrated that increasing washing cycles up to 15 washes resulted in a slight decrease in the imparted functional and coloration properties, regardless of the used cellulosic substrate. Both SEM images and EDX spectra confirmed the surface modification and ZnO-NPs immobilization onto the selected fabric surfaces. Mode of interactions among the different printing paste constituents and the cellulosic substrates were also suggested.
Adsorption of cationic dye on nanostructured biocarbons: kinetic and thermodynamic study
Authors: Bazan-Wozniak Aleksandra , Pietrzak Robert 
Published: February 2023

AbstractNanostructured bio-adsorbents were prepared by physical or chemical activation of the residue of supercritical extraction of raspberry seed. Their physicochemical properties were determined by elemental analysis, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption/desorption, Boehm titration and scanning electron microscopy. The biocarbon obtained as a result of physical activation of the precursor showed basic character of the surface and its SBET was 700 m2/g. The chemical activation of the residue of supercritical extraction of raspberry seed with potassium carbonate favored generation of acidic functional groups and SBET of this biocarbon was 1177 m2/g. The nanostructured biocarbons were used for removal of Rhodamine B from its aqueous solutions. The process was best described by the Langmuir isotherm and the maximum capacity of the monolayer was 181.82 mg/g and 277.83 mg/g for the physically and chemically activated samples, respectively. The adsorption energy obtained from the Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm indicated that the process observed was physisorption, while the kinetics of the process was best described by the pseudo-second-order model. The negative values of Gibbs free energy indicated the spontaneous character of the process. For the chemically activated sample, the highest sorption capacities toward Rhodamine B were obtained in an acidic environment, while for the physically activated sample—in a basic environment. The yield of desorption decreased for the media: distilled water > hydrochloric acid > acetic acid, which means that Rhodamine B molecules were weakly bound to the biocarbon surface.
Trait-based approach revealed the seasonal variation of mesozooplankton functional groups in the South Yellow Sea
Authors: Zhang Zhishuang , Chen Hongju , Li Yixuan , Ge Ruping , Liu Guangxing , Ali Shaukat , Zhuang Yunyun 
Published: February 2023

AbstractFunctional traits determine the fitness of organisms and mirror their ecological functions. Although trait-based approaches provide ecological insights, it is underexploited for marine zooplankton, particularly with respect to seasonal variation. Here, based on four major functional traits, including body length, feeding type, trophic group, and reproduction mode, we quantified the seasonal variations of mesozooplankton functional groups in the South Yellow Sea (SYS) in the spring, summer, and autumn of 2018. Strong seasonal dynamics were identified for all traits but patterns varied among traits. Small zooplankton (47.7–88.6%), omnivores–herbivores (81.3–97.6%), and free spawners (54.8–92.5%) dominated in three seasons, while ambush feeders and current feeders dominated in spring (45.7%), and autumn (73.4%), respectively. Cluster analysis of the functional traits showed that the mesozooplankton in the SYS can be classified into eight functional groups. The biogeographic and seasonal variations of functional groups can be partially explained by environmental drivers. Group 1, represented by omnivores–herbivores, was the most dominant functional group, the abundance of which peaked in spring and was positively correlated with chlorophyllaconcentration, indicating its close association with phytoplankton dynamics. The contribution of giant, active ambush carnivores, passive ambush carnivore jellyfish, current omnivores–detritivores, and parthenogenetic cladocerans increased with sea surface temperature. The proportion of giant, active ambush carnivores and active ambush omnivore–carnivore copepods decreased with salinity in autumn. This study presents a new perspective for understanding the dynamics of zooplankton and paves the way for further research on the functional diversity of zooplankton in the SYS.
Structural stability of thin-walled austempered ductile iron castings
Authors: Górny M. , Gondek Ł. , Angella G. , Tyrała E. , Kawalec M. , Bitka A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The structural stability of ausferrite in thin-walled Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) castings with 5 mm wall thickness is compared to a reference casting with 25 mm wall thickness. The thin-walled and reference castings were first austenitized between 850 and 925 °C, and then austempered between 250 and 380 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations with changing temperature were performed between − 260 up to + 450 °C to investigate the change of phase fraction, lattice parameters and strain in ausferrite. The role of the austenitization temperature on structural stability and homogeneity of the investigated ADI castings has been provided. In addition, the problem of the occurrence of “blocky” high-carbon austenite that was not completely involved during austempering, has been taken into account. Finally, it has been shown that the thin-walled castings provided higher structural homogeneity and stability if compared to the reference castings.
Disturbance growth in a laminar separation bubble subjected to free-stream turbulence
Authors: Jaroslawski Tomek , Forte Maxime , Vermeersch Olivier , Moschetta Jean-Marc , Gowree Erwin R. 
Published: February 2023

Experiments were conducted to study the transition and flow development in a laminar separation bubble (LSB) formed on an aerofoil. The effects of a wide range of free-stream turbulence intensity (

$0.15\,\%< Tu<6.26\,\%$

) and streamwise integral length scale (

$4.6\ {\rm mm}<\varLambda _{u}<17.2\ {\rm mm}$

) are considered. The co-existence of modal instability due to the LSB and non-modal instability caused by streaks generated by free-stream turbulence is observed. The flow field is measured using hot-wire anemometry, which showed that the presence of streaks in the boundary layer modifies the mean-flow topology of the bubble. These changes in the mean flow field result in the modification of the convective disturbance growth, where an increase in turbulence intensity is found to dampen the growth of the modal instability. For a relatively fixed level of

$Tu$

, the variation of

$\varLambda _{u}$

has modest effects. However, a slight advancement of the nonlinear growth of disturbances and eventual breakdown with the decrease in

$\varLambda _{u}$

is observed. The data show that the streamwise growth of the disturbance energy is exponential for the lowest levels of free-stream turbulence and gradually becomes algebraic as the level of free-stream turbulence increases. Once a critical turbulence intensity is reached, there is enough energy in the boundary layer to suppress the laminar separation bubble, resulting in the non-modal instability taking over the transition process. Linear stability analysis is conducted in the fore position of the LSB. It accurately models incipient disturbance growth, unstable frequencies and eigenfunctions for configurations subjected to turbulence intensity levels up to 3 %, showing that the mean-flow modification due to the non-modal instability dampens the modal instability.
ON THE DOUBLING CONDITION IN THE INFINITE-DIMENSIONAL SETTING
Authors: KOSZ DARIUSZ 
Published: February 2023

AbstractWe present a systematic approach to the problem whether a topologically infinite-dimensional space can be made homogeneous in the Coifman–Weiss sense. The answer to the question is negative, as expected. Our leading representative of spaces with this property is
$\mathbb {T}^\omega = \mathbb {T} \times \mathbb {T} \times \cdots $
with the natural product topology.
Description ofParavulvus zhongshanensissp. nov. (Dorylaimida: Nygolaimidae) from Nanjing, China
Authors: Sun S. , Zeng Q.L. , Qing X. , Li H. , Álvarez-Ortega S. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractParavulvus zhongshanensissp. nov., isolated from soil in a location at Jiangsu Province, China, is described and illustrated based on morphological, morphometric and molecular characterizations. The new species is characterized by its body 1.17–1.53 mm long, lip region offset by marked constriction and 12.1–13.8 μm broad, mural tooth deltoid and 9.6–11.7 μm long, neck 278–360 μm long, pharyngeal expansion 164–208 μm long or occupying more than one-half (54–62%) of total neck length, uterus 32.5–35.3 μm long or 1.0–1.1 times the corresponding body diameter,V= 47.8–53.4, paravulvae absent, female tail subcylindrical conoid (30.5–39.5 μm,c= 36.0–45.5,c′ = 1.7–2.2) with widely rounded end, and male unknown. The new species was compared with six known species of the genus includingParavulvus acuticaudatus,Paravulvus confusus,Paravulvus hartingii,Paravulvus iranicus,Paravulvus loofiandParavulvus microdontusmainly by similarities in having conical tail andc′ value larger than 1.3. The rRNA and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 genes of the new species were obtained and were used for reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships of the new species.
IMF lending in sovereign default
Authors: Stefanidis Georgios 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis paper proposes that an International Monetary Fund (IMF) policy shift was the reason behind major changes in sovereign debt negotiation outcomes observed in 1989. The new policy, in marked departure from past policy, allowed the IMF to lend to nations in default. The paper highlights the stark improvements in debt forgiveness and post-negotiation debt servicing ability coincident with the IMF policy shift. A theoretical framework is proposed in which the IMF policy shift causes the observed changes in negotiation outcomes. The model highlights the policy’s potential to improve a country’s outside option during negotiations of defaulted debt. In the model, this improvement leads to increased debt forgiveness which in turn leads to less post-negotiation debt servicing difficulties. The model is then used to address an important question regarding the nature of post-negotiation default risk. The case is made that countries face persistent, rather than temporary, default risk after such negotiations. To avert such risk, they moderate their borrowing.
Explaining Forcing Efficacy With Pattern Effect and State Dependence
Authors: Zhou C. , Wang M. , Zelinka M. D. , Liu Y. , Dong Y. , Armour K. C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe magnitude of global surface temperature change in response to unit radiative forcing depends on the type and magnitude of forcing agent—a concept known as a “forcing efficacy.” However, the mechanisms behind the forcing efficacy are still unclear. In this study, we perform a set of simulations using CESM1 to calculate the efficacy of 10 different forcing agents defined in terms of fixed‐SST effective radiative forcing, and then use a Green's function approach to show that each forcing efficacy can be largely understood in terms of the radiative feedbacks associated with the different surface temperature patterns induced by the forcing agents (a pattern effect). We also quantify how the state dependence of feedbacks on global mean surface temperature anomalies impacts forcing efficacies. The results show that the forcing efficacy can be well reconstructed with a combination of pattern effect and state dependence.
Electron Densities and Temperatures in the Martian Ionosphere: MAVEN LPW Observations of Control by Crustal Fields
Authors: Andrews David J. , Stergiopoulou Katerina , Andersson Laila , Eriksson Anders I. E. , Ergun Robert E. , Pilinski Marcin 
Published: February 2023

AbstractMars Express and Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) observations have demonstrated the influence of Mars's spatially variable crustal magnetic fields upon the configuration of the plasma in the ionosphere. This influence furthermore leads to variations in ionospheric escape, conceivably in part through the modification of the plasma density and electron temperature in the upper ionosphere. In this study, we examine MAVEN Langmuir Probe and Waves data, finding a clear correspondence between the structure of the crustal fields and both the measured electron temperatures and densities, by first constructing an “average” profile from which departures can be quantified. Electron temperatures are shown to be lower in regions of strong crustal fields over a wide altitude range. We extend previous analyses to cover the nightside ionosphere, finding the same effects present to a lesser degree, in contrast to previous studies where the opposite relationship was found between densities and crustal fields. We further determine the altitude range over which this coupling between both plasma density (and temperature) and crustal fields is effective and use measurements made by MAVEN in the solar wind to explore the dependence of this crustal field control on the coupling to the solar wind and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Based on this, there is some suggestion that variations in the solar wind dynamic pressure are associated with modulation of the effects of the crustal fields on plasma density, whereas the strength of the IMF modulates the crustal fields effects on both electron densities and temperatures.