bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Features of SARS-CoV-2 Infection During Pregnancy and Associated Placental Pathologies
Authors: Ryan Emily E. , Brar Nivaz , Allard Grace , Wang Aihui , Winn Virginia D. , Folkins Ann , Yang Eric J. , Tan Serena , Hazard Florette K. , Howitt Brooke E. 
Published: February 2023

Summary
We reviewed the clinicopathologic findings of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-exposed placentas at our institution. We identified patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy (March–October 2020). Clinical data included gestational age at diagnosis and delivery and maternal symptoms. Hematoxylin and eosin slides were reviewed for maternal vascular malperfusion, fetal vascular malperfusion, chronic villitis, amniotic fluid infection, intervillous thrombi, fibrin deposition, and infarction. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for coronavirus spike protein and RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) for SARS-CoV-2 was performed on a subset of blocks. A review of placentas from age-matched patients received March–October 2019 was conducted as a comparison cohort. A total of 151 patients were identified. Placentas in the 2 groups were similar in weight for gestational age and had similar rates of maternal vascular malperfusion, fetal vascular malperfusion, amniotic fluid infection, intervillous thrombi, fibrin deposition, and infarction. Chronic villitis was the only significantly different pathologic finding between cases and controls (29% of cases showed chronic villitis vs. 8% of controls, P<0.001). Overall, 146/151 (96.7%) cases were negative for IHC and 129/133 (97%) cases were negative for RNA ISH. There were 4 cases that stained positively for IHC/ISH, 2 of which showed massive perivillous fibrin deposition, inflammation, and decidual arteriopathy. coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-positive patients were more likely to self-identify as Hispanic and more likely to have public health insurance. Our data suggests SARS-CoV-2 exposed placentas that stain positively for SARS-CoV-2 show abnormal fibrin deposition, inflammatory changes, and decidual arteriopathy. The group of patients with clinical COVID-19 are more likely to show chronic villitis. IHC and ISH evidence of viral infection is rare.
Single-Case Experimental Design in Rehabilitation: Basic Concepts, Advantages, and Challenges
Authors: Yang Lujia , Armijo-Olivo Susan , Gross Douglas P. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Single case experimental design (SCED) is a family of experimental methods that can be used to examine the efficacy of interventions by testing a small number of patients or cases. This article provides an overview of SCED research for use in rehabilitation as another option along with traditional group-based research when studying rare cases and rehabilitation interventions of unknown efficacy. Basic concepts related to SCED and the characteristics of common subtypes (N-of-1 randomized controlled trial, withdrawal design, multiple baseline design, multiple treatment design, changing criterion/intensity design, and alternating treatment design) are introduced. The advantages and disadvantages of each subtype are discussed along with challenges in data analysis and interpretation. Criteria and caveats for interpreting SCED results and their use in evidence-based practice decisions are discussed. Recommendations are provided for appraising SCED articles as well as using SCED principles to improve real-world clinical evaluation.
Incision and Capsular Contracture Risk
Authors: Swanson Eric 
Published: February 2023

Background
Breast implants can be introduced through a variety of incisions, most commonly an inframammary incision, but also a periareolar incision or an axillary incision. Usually, the implant is inserted through the same incision used in performing an augmentation/mastopexy. Some authors use a separate inframammary incision. Capsular contracture is the most common complication of breast augmentation. One theory holds that it is caused by an infected biofilm, prompting surgeons to minimize implant handling, known as the “no touch” technique. This review was undertaken to investigate the relationship, if any, between the access incision and the risk of capsular contracture.

Methods
An electronic literature search was conducted to identify publications comparing capsular contracture rates by the access incision.

Results
Ten studies were evaluated. Most were retrospective series. Three were prospective core studies. Some studies reported an increased risk of capsular contracture for a periareolar incision; a similar number did not. One study supported a separate inframammary incision at the time of vertical augmentation/mastopexy.

Discussion
Bacterial studies in the last decade show that the resident bacteria on the skin surface and within breast tissue are similar. Sophisticated microbiological evaluation of breast capsules reveals that the microbiome relates to the patient, as opposed to a specific bacterial profile for capsular contracture. A review of the statistics used in determining an advantage for a separate incision at the time of vertical augmentation/mastopexy reveals that there is no statistically significant risk reduction when using an additional inframammary incision, which adds an unnecessary scar.

Conclusions
The access incision at the time of breast augmentation or augmentation/mastopexy is unlikely to affect the capsular contracture risk. There is no need to make a separate incision to insert the implant at the time of augmentation/mastopexy, or to isolate the implant from contact with breast parenchyma. Little evidence supports the “no touch” technique. The etiology of capsular contracture remains unknown.
Do Racial and Ethnic Disparities Exist in Management of Pediatric Mandible Fractures? A 30-Year Outcome Analysis
Authors: Lopez Christopher D. , Girard Alisa O. , Yusuf Cynthia T. , Yesantharao Lekha V. , Redett Richard J. , Manson Paul N. , Lopez Joseph , Yang Robin 
Published: February 2023

BackgroundMandibular fractures are the most common of pediatric facial fractures. The effect of race on management/outcomes in these injuries has not been previously studied. Given the significant association between race and healthcare outcomes in many other pediatric conditions, an in-depth study of race as related to mandibular fractures in the pediatric patient population is warranted.MethodsThis was a 30-year retrospective, longitudinal study of pediatric patients who presented to a single institution with mandibular fractures. Patient data were compared between patients of different races and ethnicities. Demographic variables, injury characteristics, and treatment variables were analyzed to find predictors of surgical treatment and posttreatment complications.ResultsOne hundred ninety-six patients met inclusion criteria, of whom 49.5% were White, 43.9% were Black, 0.0% were Asian, and 6.6% were classified as “other.” Black and “other” patients were more likely than their White counterparts to be injured as pedestrians (P= 0.0005). Black patients were also more likely than White patients or “other” patients to be injured by assault than by sports-related injuries or animal-related accidents (P= 0.0004 andP= 0.0018, respectively). Race or ethnicity were not found to be a predictor of receiving surgical treatment (ORIF) or of posttreatment complications. The posttreatment rates for all the complications observed were comparable among all race and ethnic groups. Higher mandible injury severity score (odds ratio [OR], 1.25), condyle fracture (OR, 2.58), and symphysis fracture (OR, 3.20) were positively correlated with receiving ORIF as treatment. Mandible body fracture (OR, 0.36), parasymphyseal fracture (OR, 0.34), bilateral mandible fracture (OR, 0.48), and multiple mandibular fractures (OR, 0.34) were negatively correlated with receiving ORIF as treatment. Only high mandible injury severity score (OR, 1.10) was identified as an independent predictor of posttreatment complications. Lastly, Maryland's transition to an all-payer model in 2014 also had no impact on treatment modality; treatment of fractures among race and ethnicity were not significantly different pre- and post-2014.ConclusionsThere is no difference in how patients are treated (surgically vs nonsurgically) and no difference in outcomes for patients based on race at our institution. This could be due to institutional ideology, services provided by a tertiary care center, or simply the more diverse patient population at baseline.
Evaluation of Perioperative Versus Extended Courses of Antibiotic Prophylaxis After Immediate Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Zhang Casey , Moroni Elizabeth A. , Bustos Samyd S. , De La Cruz Carolyn , Gimbel Michael L. , Nguyen Vu T. 
Published: February 2023

Background
Immediate implant-based breast reconstruction (IIBR) is the most commonly used method in breast reconstruction in the United States. However, postoperative surgical site infections (SSIs) can cause devastating reconstructive failure. This study evaluates the use of perioperative versus extended courses of antibiotic prophylaxis after IIBR for the prevention of SSI.

Methods
This is a single-institution retrospective study of patients who underwent IIBR between June 2018 and April 2020. Detailed demographic and clinical information was collected. Patients were divided into subgroups based on antibiotic prophylaxis regimen: group 1 consisted of patients who received 24 hours of perioperative antibiotics and group 2 consisted of patients who received ≥7 days of antibiotics. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSSv26.0 with P ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results
A total of 169 patients (285 breasts) who underwent IIBR were included. The mean age was 52.4 ± 10.2 years, and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 26.8 ± 5.7 kg/m2. Twenty-five percent of patients (25.6%) underwent nipple-sparing mastectomy, 69.1% skin-sparing mastectomy, and 5.3% total mastectomy. The implant was placed in the prepectoral, subpectoral, and dual planes in 16.7%, 19.2%, and 64.1% cases, respectively. Acellular dermal matrix was used in 78.7% of cases. A total of 42.0% of patients received 24-hour prophylaxis (group 1), and 58.0% of patients received extended prophylaxis (group 2). Twenty-five infections (14.8%) were identified, of which 9 (5.3%) resulted in reconstructive failure. In bivariate analyses, no significant difference was found between groups in rates of infection (P = 0.273), reconstructive failure (P = 0.653), and seroma (P = 0.125). There was a difference in hematoma rates between groups (P = 0.046). Interestingly, in patients who received only perioperative antibiotics, infection rates were significantly higher in those with BMI ≥ 25 (25.6% vs 7.1%, P = 0.050). There was no difference in overweight patients who received extended antibiotics (16.4% vs 7.0%, P = 0.160).

Conclusions
Our data demonstrate no statistical difference in infection rates between perioperative and extended antibiotics. This suggests that the efficacies of current prophylaxis regimens are largely similar, with choice of regimen based on surgeon preference and patient-specific considerations. Infection rates in patients who received perioperative prophylaxis and were overweight were significantly higher, suggesting that BMI should be taken into consideration when choosing a prophylaxis regimen.
Homeostatic inflammation in the placenta is protective against adult cardiovascular and depressive outcomes
Authors: Fitzgerald Eamon , Shen Mo Jun , Juen Yong Hannah Ee , Wang Zihan , Pokhvisneva Irina , Patel Sachin , O’Toole Nicholas , Chan Shiao-Yng , Chong Yap Seng , Chen Helen , Gluckman Peter D , Chan Jerry , Ming Lee Patrick Kia , Meaney Michael J 
Published: February 2023

AbstractPathological placental inflammation increases the risk for several adult disorders, but these mediators are also expressed under homeostatic conditions, where their contribution to adult health outcomes is unknown. Here we define an expression signature of homeostatic inflammation in the term placenta and use expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) to create a polygenic score (PGS) predictive of its expression. Using this PGS in the UK Biobank we carried out a phenome-wide association study, followed by mendelian randomization and identified protective, sex-dependent effects of the placental module on cardiovascular and depressive outcomes. Genes differentially regulated by intra-amniotic infection and preterm birth were also over-represented within the module. Our data support a model where disruption of placental homeostatic inflammation, following preterm birth or intra-amniotic infection, contributes to the increased risk of depression and cardiovascular disease observed in these individuals. Finally, we identify aspirin as a putative modulator of this homeostatic inflammatory signature.
A Mummers Farce - Retractions of Medical Papers conducted in Egyptian Institutions
Authors: Menshawey Rahma , Menshawey Esraa , Mahamud Bilal A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractRationale and ObjectiveEgypt currently holds a record for the most retractions in the continent of Africa according to the Retraction Watch database, and the 2ndhighest of countries in the Middle East. The purpose of this study was to perform a specific analysis on retracted medical publications from Egyptian affiliations to outline or delineate specific problems and solutions.Materials and MethodsThe Retraction Watch Database, Google Scholar, SCOPUS, PubMed, and journals sponsored by the Egyptian Knowledge Bank were searched for all Egypt affiliated retracted medical publications up to the date of August 31st2022. We observed for the reason(s) for retraction, number of citations, the length of time between publication and retraction and more.Results68 retractions were identified that could be linked directly to a known Egyptian institution listed in the study methodology. Most retractions originated from the speciality of Obstetrics and Gynecology (n=22), followed by Anesthesia (n=7). The top 3 reasons for retraction included unreliable results, FFP level misconduct, and duplicate publication. The number of retractions significantly increased over the years, especially in 2022. When taking into account the number of medical publications per institution, the institute with the highest rate of retractions was Mansoura University, while the lowest rate was Cairo University.ConclusionThe number of retracted medical Egyptian publications continues to increase over time, as more issues are uncovered in research coming from this region. Medical papers from this area have been the focus of investigations that have suggested that many results are statistically unlikely to have occurred. Authors must employ a higher ethical standard in their work, while institutions must be openly collaborative with investigations and enact penalties where needed to deter future misconduct. Future studies on retracted articles should employ a methodology that considers the institutions where the studies were conducted in order to obtain a better understanding of specific problems in certain countries or regions.
Redefining Left Bundle Branch Block from High-density Electroanatomical Mapping
Authors: Zou Jun-Hua , Hua Bao-Tong , Shao Xiao-Xia , Wang Chao , Li Hao , Lu Ya-Nan , Tian Xin , Li Zhi-Xuan , Pu Li-Jin , Wang Jing 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe current ECG criteria for diagnosing left bundle branch block (LBBB) still cannot fully differentiate between true and false blocks. The absence or presence of an LBBB is key in improving the response rate of clinical cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).MethodsWe hypothesized that the notch width of the QRS complex in the lateral leads (I, avL, V5, V6) on the LBBB-like ECG could further confirm the diagnosis of true complete left bundle branch block (t-LBBB). We performed high-density, three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping in the cardiac chambers of 37 patients scheduled to undergo CRT and whose preoperative electrocardiograms met the ACC/AHA/HRS guidelines for the diagnosis of complete LBBB. If the left bundle branch potential could be mapped from the bottom of the heart to the apex on the left ventricular septum, it was defined as a false complete left bundle branch block (f-LBBB). Otherwise, it was categorized as a t-LBBB. We compared the clinical characteristics, the real-time correspondence between the spread of ventricular electrical excitation and the QRS wave, the QRS notch width of the lateral leads (I, avL, V5, V6), and the notch width/left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (Nw/LVd) ratio between the two groups. Through ROC correlation analysis of Nw/LVd and t-LBBB, the sensitivity, specificity, and cut-off value of Nw/LVd diagnostic authenticity were obtained.ResultsTwenty-five patients were recruited to the t-LBBB group, and 12 to the f-LBBB group. In the t-LBBB group, the first peak of the QRS notch corresponded to the depolarization of the right ventricle and septum, the trough corresponded to the depolarization of the left ventricle across the left ventricle, and the second peak corresponded to the depolarization of the left ventricular free wall. In the f-LBBB group, the first peak corresponded to the depolarization of the right ventricle and most of the left ventricle, the second peak corresponded to the depolarization of the latest, locally-activated myocardium of the left ventricle, and the trough was caused by the off-peak delayed activation of the left ventricle. The QRS notch width (45.2 ± 12.3 ms vs. 52.5 ± 9.2 ms,P<0.05) and the Nw/LVd (0.65 ± 0.19 ms/mm vs. 0.81 ± 0.17 ms/mm,P<0.05) were compared between the two groups. Through ROC correlation analysis, the sensitivity (88%), specificity (58%), and cut-off value (0.56) for Nw/LVd diagnosis of t-LBBB was obtained.ConculuionUsing the current diagnostic criteria of LBBB, increasing the Nw/LVd value can diagnose LBBB more effectively.
Single shot dendritic cell targeting SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate induces broad and durable systemic and mucosal immune responses
Authors: Zhi Cheang Nicholas You , Tan Peck Szee , Purushotorma Kiren , Yap Wee Chee , Leong Chua Benson Yen , Tan Kai Sen , Tullett Kirsteen McInnes , Yeoh Aileen Ying-Yan , Hui Tan Caris Qi , Qian Xinlei , Wen Tay Douglas Jie , Caminschi Irina , Tan Yee Joo , Macary Paul Anthony , Tan Chee Wah , Lahoud Mireille Hanna , Alonso Sylvie 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACTCurrent COVID-19 vaccines face certain limitations, which include waning immunity, immune escape by SARS-CoV-2 variants, limited CD8+cellular response, and poor induction of mucosal immunity. Here, we engineered a Clec9A-RBD antibody construct that delivers the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) from SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1). We showed that single dose immunization with Clec9A-RBD induced high RBD-specific antibody titers with a strong T-helper 1 (TH1) isotype profile and exceptional durability, whereby antibody titers were sustained for at least 21 months post-vaccination. Uniquely, affinity maturation of the antibody response was observed over time, as evidenced by enhanced neutralization potency and breadth across the sarbecovirus family. Consistently and remarkably, RBD-specific T-follicular helper cells and germinal center B cells were still detected at 12 months post-immunization. Increased antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity of the immune sera was also measured over time with comparable efficacy against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and variants, including Omicron. Furthermore, Clec9A-RBD immunization induced a durable poly-functional TH1-biased cellular response that was strongly cross-reactive against SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron, and with robust CD8+T cell signature. Lastly, Clec9A-RBD single dose systemic immunization primed effectively RBD-specific cellular and humoral mucosal immunity in lung. Taken together, Clec9A-RBD immunization has the potential to trigger robust and sustained, systemic and mucosal immune responses against rapidly evolving SARS-CoV2 variants.
Learning-induced reorganization of neuronal subnetworks in the primary sensory cortex
Authors: Yang Yexin , Shen Hao , Kwon Sung Eun 
Published: February 2023

AbstractPerceptual learning alters the representation of sensory input in primary sensory cortex. Alterations in neuronal tuning, correlation structure and population activity across many subcortical and cortical areas have been observed in previous studies. However, relationships between these different neural correlates - and to what extent they are relevant to specific perceptual tasks - are still unclear. In this study, we recorded activity of the layer 2/3 neuronal populations in the whisker primary somatosensory cortex (wS1) using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging as mice were trained to perform a self-initiated, whisker vibration frequency discrimination task. Individual wS1 neurons displayed learning-induced broadening of frequency sensitivity within task-related categories only during task performance, reflecting both learning-and context-dependent enhancement of category selectivity. Learning increased both signal and noise correlations within pairs of neurons that prefer the same stimulus category (‘within-pool’), whereas learning decreased neuronal correlations between neuron pairs that prefer different categories (‘across-pool’). Increased noise correlations in trained animals resulted in less accurate decoding of stimulus categories from population activity but did not affect decoding of the animal’s decision to respond to stimuli. Importantly, within-pool noise correlations were elevated on trials in which animals generated the learned behavioral response. We demonstrate that learning drives formation of task-relevant ‘like-to-like’ layer 2/3 subnetworks in the primary sensory cortex that may facilitate execution of learned behavioral responses.Significance StatementWe found that cortical plasticity during perceptual learning alters both neuronal tuning and the structure of pairwise correlations such that they become increasingly aligned to task-related categories, indicating the formation of ‘like-to-like’ subnetworks in layer 2/3 of sensory cortex. Category-specific increases in signal and noise correlations were induced by learning and only observed during active task performance, which points to top-down feedback as a driver of task-related subnetworks.
Rab12 regulates LRRK2 activity by promoting its localization to lysosomes
Authors: Bondar Vitaliy V. , Wang Xiang , Davis Oliver B. , Maloney Michael T. , Agam Maayan , Chin Marcus Y. , Ho Audrey Cheuk-Nga , Joy David , Lewcock Joseph W. , Di Paolo Gilbert , Thorne Robert G. , Sweeney Zachary K. , Henry Anastasia G. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractLeucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) variants associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Crohn’s disease lead to increased phosphorylation of its Rab substrates. While it has been recently shown that perturbations in cellular homeostasis including lysosomal damage and stress can increase LRRK2 activity and localization to lysosomes, the molecular mechanisms by which LRRK2 activity is regulated have remained poorly defined. We performed a targeted siRNA screen to identify regulators of LRRK2 activity and identified Rab12 as a novel modulator of LRRK2-dependent phosphorylation of one of its substrates, Rab10. Using a combination of imaging and immunopurification methods to isolate lysosomes, we demonstrated that Rab12 is actively recruited to damaged lysosomes and leads to a local and LRRK2-dependent increase in Rab10 phosphorylation. PD-linked variants, including LRRK2 R1441G and VPS35 D620N, lead to increased recruitment of LRRK2 to the lysosome and a local elevation in lysosomal levels of pT73 Rab10. Together, these data suggest a conserved mechanism by which Rab12, in response to damage or expression of PD-associated variants, promotes the recruitment of LRRK2 and phosphorylation of its Rab substrate(s) at the lysosome.