bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Sensitive, Colorimetric Method for the Measurement of Serum C1̄ Inactivator Using the Substrate N-α-Acetyl-L-Lysine Methyl Ester
Authors: Harpel Peter C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A sensitive, colorimetric procedure for measuring the serum inhibitor of the first component of complement, C1̄ inactivator, has been developed. The assay, which is suitable for multiple determinations, is based on the inhibition by C1̄ inactivator of C1s̄-catalyzed hydrolysis of the synthetic ester substrate N-α-acetyl-L-lysine methyl ester.
Whole serum or purified inhibitor stoichiometrically blocked the esterolytic activity of C1̄ up to 60% inhibition. The concentration of inhibitor in normal plasma was 41.5 ± 8.4 units/ml. Inhibitor was detectable in the sera of 9 of 13 patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema at concentrations of 2% to 12% of normal. Spontaneous hydrolysis of the substrate occurred in two patients, and the enzyme responsible was identified as C1̄.
The in Vitro Transfer of Delayed Hypersensitivity to Rhesus Monkey and Human Lymphocytes with Transfer Factor Obtained from Rhesus Monkey Peripheral White Blood Cells
Authors: Baram P. , Condoulis W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Transfer factor activity has been demonstrated in the non-dialyzable portion of the peripheral white blood cell lysates of rhesus monkeys sensitized to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). The transfer factor is capable of “sensitizing” rhesus monkey lymphocytes in vitro so that they are stimulated by KLH to increased incorporation of tritiated thymidine. The factor is also capable of sensitizing human lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from KLH-sensitive monkeys upon stimulation with KLH show peak thymidine incorporation between 3 and 6 days. Lymphocytes sensitized with transfer factor show no stimulation to KLH at 3 days and in some experiments no stimulation is observed before 6 days. Human lymphocytes incubated with the transfer factor and KLH do not show increased thymidine incorporation before 9 days.
Effect of Phytohemagglutinin on Skin Allograft Survival in Mice
Authors: Stefani Stefano S. , Moore Clark D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) given intraperitoneally effectively suppressed the rejection of skin allografts across the H-2 locus in mice. The administration of one large dose of PHA prior to grafting followed by small daily injections after grafting resulted in a 70% increase in graft survival in the C3H to C57 system and a 130% increase in the F1-hybrid to C57 system. This immunosuppressive effect was not accompanied by any mortality or apparent toxicity of PHA. Studies of the peripheral blood suggest that the suppressive activity of PHA in vivo is not dependent on a lymphopenic effect. PHA thus appears to be comparable to antilyphocytic serum in its effectiveness in suppressing allograft rejection without a direct correlation with lymphopenia and with no deaths in the treated animals. These observations lead to the speculation that combined ALS-PHA therapy may be desirable in preventing allograft rejection in the clinical situation.
Cellular Requirements for the Mitotic Response in Allogeneic Mixed Leukocyte Cultures
Authors: Twomey J. J. , Sharkey O. , Brown J. A. , Laughter A. H. , Jordan P. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The mitotic response that occurs in mixed allogeneic leukocyte cultures does not occur in cultures of mixed allogeneic lymphocytes. The mitotic response in this system requires the presence of macrophages in either the stimulating or responding cell component. The optimal concentration of macrophages is slightly in excess of 1%. Lymphocytes were observed to cluster around some macrophages, which suggests that the participation of macrophages in the mixed leukocyte culture mitotic response involves lymphocyte-macrophage interaction by direct contact. However, an adequate concentration of macrophages does not, by itself, suffice to stimulate allogeneic lymphocytes to divide. It is concluded that the mitotic response in mixed allogeneic leukocyte cultures requires a) mitotically responsive lymphocytes, b) a sufficient number of stimulating allogeneic cells, c) 1% or more macrophages and d) a period of 5 to 7 days of culture. These observations add further indirect evidence that the mitotic response in mixed leukocyte cultures is mediated through immunologic mechanisms.
Biologic Activities of Aggregated Immunoglobulin E
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , Ishizaka Kimishige , Bennich Hans , Johansson S. Gunnar O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Nonspecifically aggregated E myeloma protein induced erythema-wheal reactions in human and monkey skin but not in guinea pig skin. The minimum doses of the aggregated γE required to induce the reactions in the normal human and monkey skin were 1 ng N and 10 ng N, respectively. Monomer protein did not give such a skin reaction in any of the three animal species. Evidence was presented that combination of the aggregated γE with target cells, to which reaginic antibodies attach upon sensitization, is essential for induction of the skin reactions in the primates. Aggregated γG induced erythema-wheal reactions in all of the three animal species studied, but the minimal reactive dose of the aggregated γG was 200 to 500 times more than the dose of aggregated γE. E myeloma proteins sensitized monkey but not guinea pig skin for reversed type passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. In contrast, normal γG that had skin-sensitizing activity in the guinea pig failed to sensitize monkey skin.
Aggregated γE, which had skin reactivity in the primates, did not fix complement. Lack of complement fixation by the aggregated γE was confirmed by C1a and C3 fixation tests. Failure of aggregated γE to fix complement indicated that neither complement nor anaphylatoxin was involved in the mechanisms of reaginic hypersensitivity reaction by γE systems.
Univalent Antigen as Elicitor of Anaphylactic Reactions
Authors: Green James F. , Thielke Karen G. , Raffel Sidney 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The capability of monovalent antigens with appropriate molecular characteristics to elicit dermal anaphylactic reactions has been reaffirmed. This report deals mainly with the demonstration in vitro, through the use of sucrose density gradients, that the monovalent antigen employed remains functionally monovalent in its reaction with antibody, under circumstances that mimic those in the body (i.e., in the presence of albumin). Through a study of the ability of preformed antigen-antibody complexes to elicit immediate anaphylactic reactions in normal animals, it was shown that monovalent antigen lacks this capacity, whereas a divalent or multivalent antigen forms such active complexes. This latter evidence furthers our contention that the monovalent antigen remains so functionally, and is unable to form complexes in vitro of composition appropriate for biologic activity upon injection into animals, and it also supports the thesis discussed that anaphylactic reactions may come about through a variety of pathways, of which interaction of a single (monovalent) antigen with antibody at cell surfaces, in the absence of complement, is one.
The Specificity of Tolerance Induction in Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Goldman Maury , Leskowitz Sidney 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Delayed sensitivity to the azobenzenearsonate (ABA) group in guinea pigs and rats may be suppressed by prior injection of ABA but not azobenzenephosphonate (ABP) conjugates. On the other hand, delayed sensitivity to the ABP group may be suppressed by both kinds of conjugate. This type of cross-reactivity between ABA and ABP groups is similar for reaction with antibody, delayed sensitivity and tolerance induction, thus indicating a similar recognition receptor for each process. The results suggest that in all these processes the binding site that recognizes the phosphanilate group is directed to the doubly-ionized, highly hydrated form, whereas that for the arsanilate group is specific for the singly ionized, less hydrated form. Suppression is more readily achieved by conjugates of polytyrosine than by conjugates of bovine serum albumin, which is probably indicative of the greater number of ABA and ABP-tyrosine determinants formed in the former relative to the latter type of carrier.
Passive Anaphylaxis in Mice with γG Antibodies
Authors: Vaz Nelson M. , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mast cells collected from certain mouse strains (e.g., A, C57BL) were shown to be significantly less susceptible than those collected from other strains (e.g., C3H, DBA/2) to in vitro passive anaphylactic sensitization by purified anti-hapten antibodies. Antibodies of isologous, homologous and heterologous (rat) origin were used with identical results. No relation between the presence or absence of a complement component (MuB1 Ag, C5) and susceptibility to sensitization was found, and no clear pattern of inheritance of this characteristic could be demonstrated.
Production of Hypersensitivity in the Neonatal Mouse
Authors: Hargis Betty J. , Malkiel Saul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When the neonatal mouse is injected intravenously with a single dose of antigen, followed next day by an intravenous injection of Bordetella pertussis phase I vaccine, the following events take place: a) blast cells and foci of mitotic activity are seen in the spleen and thymus, and antibody-producing cells are detectable by the Jerne plaque technique by the 4th day of age; b) marked anaphylactic sensitivity does not become evident until the 5th week, and then persists at a maximum to the 10th week of age; and c) the anaphylactic sensitivity is not correlated with 19S or 7S antibody, precipitating antibody or antigen-binding capacity of the serum.
Biosynthesis and Assembly of Immunoglobulin in Rabbit Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Moav Boaz , Harris T. N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In cells of an antibody-synthesizing lymph node, newly synthesized soluble polypeptides were shown to represent 80% to 85% of the proteins in the post-mitochondrial supernatant. The presence of free light chains and free heavy chains was detected after a short pulse with radioactive amino acids and gel filtration in 1 M propionic acid. Free light chains were also observed by gel filtration in neutral buffers without detergents. Part of the free light and heavy chains detected in the cell at low pH or in the presence of detergents (SDS) could have been a result of the dissociation of IgG molecules or intermediates with an incomplete set of covalent inter-chain disulfide bonds.
Light chains could be dissociated even from secreted IgG molecules by using 1 M propionic acid or hydrochloric acid, but not PBS. This dissociation occurred without reducing agents, suggesting that the S-S bonds between light and heavy chains are formed later than the disulfide bond between the two heavy chains.
Nascent polypeptide chains were released from ribosomes within the cells by adding puromycin to the cell suspension after a short pulse with radioactive amino acids. The release of completed native peptides was reduced by the simultaneous addition of streptovitacin or cycloheximide with puromycin, but this yielded an increased fraction of nascent peptides in the total population of polypeptides released after a short pulse. Incomplete heavy chains were detected after this treatment by gel filtration of the released material in 1 M propionic acid and subsequent immunologic analysis on specific immunoadsorbents.
In Vitro IgM Antibody Synthesis by Human Tonsil-Derived Lymphocytes
Authors: Sloyer John L. , Veltri Robert W. , Sprinkle Philip M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocytes from human palatine tonsils were cultured in vitro with either Sabin poliovirus-2 or polyvalent Salk vaccine. Specific antibody was demonstrated in culture fluids after 7 days incubation. The specific antibody was found to be of the IgM class as determined by selective adsorption with monospecific antiserum to human IgM and by an indirect blocking fluorescent antibody technique. The production of this specific antibody was dependent on DNA synthesis 3 days before the detection of specific antibody. Suppression of specific IGM antibody production was caused by actinomycin-D or mitomycin-C when added simultaneously with antigen. However, when the inhibitors were added 72 hr after antigen treatment, only the actinomycin-D was effective in suppressing specific antibody production.
The Relationship of Binding Affinity to b4 Allotype in Rabbit Anti-Dinitrophenyl Antibody
Authors: Fontana Silvia , Manzo Ciro , Zappacosta Serafino 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The b4:b- ratio has been studied in anti-DNP antibody populations of different affinities, obtained from b4b4 rabbits immunized with DNP185-KLH. The average intrinsic association constant (K0) as well as the b4 percentage were determined in fractions of antibodies obtained by the subsequent addition to serum of limiting amounts of DNP45-BGG. In two reported experiments the sera of two lots of animals bled at several intervals of time after the initial injection of immunogen were pooled, in order to have a wide range of combining affinities. In a third experiment, the whole antibody of single bleedings, taken at the same intervals of time from individual animals, was isolated by means of a DNP-lysine-Sepharose adsorbent. In one of these rabbits the antibody was fractionated by the addition of antigen to each bleeding, in order to study higher affinity populations.
An exponential relationship between antibody binding affinity and b4 light chain content was found in both types of experiments. Results reported in this paper show: a) an absolute increase in b4 (or κ) light chains in the pool of rabbit antibody populations during the maturation of the immune response and, conversely, a decrease in b- (or λ) chains, b) the coexistence, in the serum of immune animals, of several quite discrete populations of b+ molecules of different binding properties, the relative proportions of which vary with the time of immunization, c) the probable existence of a lower level of average binding affinity in b- than in b+ molecules.
Position of the Selective Peptic Cleavage of a Human κ-Chain between the Vκ and Cκ Domains
Authors: Seon Byeong-Kuk , Grossberg Allan L. , Roholt Oliver A. , Pressman David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Solomon and McLaughlin (1) and Karlsson et al. (2) reported that enzymatic digestion of Bence Jones proteins and light chains yields fragments corresponding to the variable and constant portions. The determination of the exact position(s) of the cleavage point(s) appears to be particularly important with regard to the domain hypothesis (3). Recently, Karlsson et al. reported the enzymatic cleavage point of a λ-chain to be in the region between residues 103 and 112 (4). However, the position of the selective enzymatic cleavage in κ-chains has not been reported. The latter represent the majority of human light chains (5). In the present communication we report the exact position of the selective peptic cleavage of a κ-type Bence Jones protein.
In previous communications (6, 7) we reported that the variable half fragment and the constant half fragment resulting from limited peptic digestion of intact (no prior reduction-alkylation) κ-type Bence Jones proteins differed greatly in their subsequent digestibility at different temperatures.
Immunoregulatory α-Globulin: Failure to Inhibit Antibody Response When Administered after Antigen Exposure
Authors: Glasgow A. H. , Menzoian J. O. , Cooperband S. R. , Nimberg R. B. , Schmid K. , Mannick J. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
There exists in the serum α-globulins an immunosuppressive factor(s) which was first described by Kamrin (1), and subsequently separated chromatographically by Mowbray (2), and by our laboratories (3, 4). This factor has been demonstrated to prolong skin grafts (3) and to inhibit antibody formation (5, 6). We have also found that this factor inhibits lymphocyte proliferation induced in vitro by both mitogens and antigens (4). We have recently found that the active factor is a polypeptide(s) which migrates electrophoretically with, and may be bound to, an α-globulin protein(s) (7). We have called the active material “immunoregulatory α-globulin” (IRA).4
The mechanism of action of this immunosuppressive factor remains to be determined. Studying mitogen stimulation of lymphocytes in tissue culture, we have observed that the IRA is not suppressive if this agent is added after the lymphocytes have become activated (8). This observation suggests that the IRA acts upon the early events involved in antigen recognition.
Alternate Pathway of C Activation in Guinea Pig Serum: Characterization of Cofactors
Authors: Hadding U. , Dierich M. , König W. , Limbert M. , Schorlemmer U. , Bitter-Suermann D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the case of human serum, factors of the alternate pathway (C3-proactivator (C3PA), properdin, hydrazine-sensitive factor, C3PA-ase) have been characterized or functionally defined and others have been postulated, but only C3PA has been isolated from guinea pig serum. Starting from guinea pig serum without zymosan adsorption properdin was purified by five chromatographic steps, preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (PAA) and ultracentrifugation. The main problem was the removal of contaminating γ2-globulins, which was achieved only by the last two isolation procedures. The purified properdin was excluded on a Sephadex G-200 column, had a s-rate of 5.2S, an isoelectric point of pH 8.6, and an electrophoretic mobility of a γ1-protein. In dose-response experiments the properdin-dependence of the C3-turnover was demonstrated for the following inducing substances: zymosan, inulin, γ1-immune aggregates, endotoxic lipopolysaccharides (LPS-S, LPS-R, Lipid-A), pneumococcal polysaccharides S III and the newly tested dextran sulfate. Cobra venom factor (CVF) acted independently of properdin.
Role of C3 Proactivator and CVF in the Formation of a C3-Cleaving Enzyme
Authors: Cooper Neil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
On addition of a 150,000 m.w. protein from CVF to serum, the alternate C pathway is activated at the step involving C3. Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugal studies reveal that a C3-cleaving principle having a sedimentation (S) rate of 8 to 9S is formed; immunochemical and radiochemical studies indicate that this C3-cleaving enzyme is a complex of C3 proactivator (C3PA) and CVF. This complex may also be identified by its characteristic mobility on immunoelectrophoretic analysis of CVF treated serum with antiserum to C3PA or CVF. On addition of CVF at less than equimolar CVF:C3PA ratios, part of the C3PA may be demonstrated in complex with CVF while the remaining serum C3PA is cleaved, presumably as a result of C3PA-CVF complex induced formation of an activated hydrazine-sensitive factor (HSFa) from C3. Isolated C3PA and CVF also form a firm complex demonstrable on sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation or Sephadex G-200 chromatography; however, an additional protein, termed factor D, is also required.
C1 Proesterase (C1s): Purification, Molecular Properties and Activation
Authors: Sakai Kouko , Stroud Robert M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Purified C1s was obtained from fresh heparinized plasma by precipitation at a relative salt concentration (RSC) of 0.04 and pH 7.4 in the presence of 0.06 M l-lysine, followed by solubilization upon suspending the euglobulin in 0.02 M EDTA, 0.005 M l-lysine (pH 7.5, RSC 0.04). The supernatant was subjected to DEAE-cellulose column chromatography for final purification. These C1s preparations have a specific hemolytic activity which is 20 to 30 times lower than and a slower electrophoretic mobility on agar at pH 8.6. Reduction of resulted in two major subunits with m.w. of 36,000 and 77,000 as estimated by SDS acrylamide gel electrophoresis. On the other hand, C1s was found to have only one chain after reduction. Amino acid and complete carbohydrate composition of both forms were similar. Preliminary ultracentrifugal analysis showed an S rate of 3.7 for C1s.
The majority of the C1s preparations spontaneously activate during several hours incubation at 37°C.
Role of C3b in Breakdown of C3 in Hypocomplementaemic Mesangiocapillary Nephritis (MCGN)
Authors: Peters D. K. , Williams D. G. , Charlesworth J. , Lachmann P. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Serum from patients with hypocomplementemic MCGN is known to be capable of breaking down C3 in normal human serum (NHS), but is without effect on pure C3. Previous experiments have established that C3 breakdown is the result of the generation of a nephritic C3 convertase by a reaction between a factor—the C3 nephritic factor (C3 NeF)—present in MCGN sera, and a factor or factors present in NHS but evidently depleted from MCGN sera.
A series of experiments was carried out with either MCGN sera or partly purified C3 NeF fractions to examine the mechanism of generation of nephritic C3 convertase. Reagents deficient in, or depleted of, known components of the classical or alternate pathway were studied for their capacity to generate nephritic C3 convertase.
Nephritic convertase was generated in C2-deficient, and C4- and C2-depleted (HAE) serum, but not in C3-depleted NHS.
Binding Properties of the Human C Protein Clq
Authors: Sledge Carlos R. , Bing David H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The interaction between purified human C1q and immunoglobulins was quantitatively measured by determining the ability of IgG, IgM, and (FC)5 µ to inhibit the binding of 125I-labeled C1q to an IgM-Sepharose complex. On a molar basis monomeric IgM was 18 times more effective than monomeric IgG in binding C1q. The following inhibition constants were determined: IgM = 6.42 × 10-6 M; (FC)5 µ = 4.35 × 10-6 M; and IgG = 1.10 × 10-4 M. The heat aggregation of IgM and IgG increased the ability of these proteins to bind 125I-labeled C1q but had no significant effect on the binding properties of (FC)5 µ. 1,4-Diaminobutane was shown to bind directly to C1q, thereby inhibiting the interaction between C1q and IgM. The binding between 125I-labeled C1q and the IgM-Sepharose complex was inhibitable with various small m.w. diamino compounds. The most potent inhibitor studied was 2,5-diaminotoluene.
Complement Activation by Lysozyme-DNA Complexes
Authors: Willoughby W. F. , Ford R. T. , Shin H. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The lysozymes are a closely related family of enzymes (m.w., 15,000; pI, 11.2) which occur naturally in mammalian saliva, tears and serum, avian egg white and certain bacteriophages. In this study, egg-white lysozyme (EWL) was found to form saltlike complexes with double-stranded calf thymus DNA (M-DNA), single-stranded DNA (S-DNA), and yeast RNA at physiologic pH and ionic strength. All three nucleic acid (NA) preparations were capable of forming insoluble precipitates with EWL; addition of increasing amounts of NA to a constant amount of EWL gave a precipitin-type curve, with a zone of optimal precipitation being observed, followed by a marked inhibition of precipitation in a region of NA excess.
Fixation of whole guinea pig C by EWL-S-DNA (but not by EWL-N-DNA or EWL-RNA) complexes was demonstrated by quantitative hemolytic assay. In a typical experiment, complexes of S-DNA (200 µg) and EWL (1 mg) fixed 12/15 CH50 units (80%), while identical amounts of S-DNA and EWL individually fixed only 1.5 (10%) and 0.5 (3.3%) CH50 units, respectively.