bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Age Distribution in Humans of Hemagglutinating-Inhibiting Antibodies Reacting with Avian Strains of Influenza a Virus
Authors: Davenport Fred M. , Hennessy Albert V. , Minuse Elva 
Published: December 2022

Summary
HI antibody against formalinized A/Duck/England/62 was found at low frequencies and low titers in the sera of persons 67 to 97 years of age in 1964. With active virus the values were lower. The same sera contained higher frequencies and higher levels of antibody against A/Equine-2/Milford/63 virus. Avian strain antibody was detectable only when the same specimen contained horse strain antibody. The HI antibody failed to neutralize active virus and reacted as heterologous antibody in the photometric test of Drescher. A low frequency of low HI antibody increases against A/Duck/England/62 was found in the sera of older persons vaccinated with Equine-2 monovalent vaccine. The present data confirm and extend information on the antigenic linkage between avian, horse and human strains of influenza A virus. HI antibody was not found in the serum collection spanning the age range from birth to 97 years of life when tested with A/Duck/England/56, A/Tern/South Africa/61 or A/Turkey/England/63, nor from birth to 66 years of age when tested with A/Duck/England/62.
Immune Cryoglobulins in Rabbit Streptococcal Antiserum
Authors: Davie Joseph M. , Osterland C. Kirk , Miller Edward J. , Krause Richard M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Electrophoretic patterns of certain sera from rabbits immunized intravenously with streptococcal vaccines exhibit discrete protein bands in the γ-globulin region. These were identified as group-specific carbohydrate antibodies. The L-chains of these γ-globulins exhibited electrophoretic homogeneity. This report describes a group B immune serum which possesses unusual cryoprecipitating properties. Ninety per cent of the γ-globulin was cryoprotein and was distributed in two electrophoretically distinct peaks designated fast and slow. Both proteins, isolated by electrophoresis were γG-globulin. The slow cryoglobulin possessed group B antibody activity. Although the fast cryoglobulin agglutinates group B cell walls the exact specificity has not been determined. Electrophoretic patterns of dissociated light chains were studied by a variety of electrophoretic techniques. By disc electrophoresis in acrylamide gel the L-chains of the slow cryoglobulin were heterogeneous and exhibited six bands. L-chains of the fast cryoglobulin were distributed in only two bands. These data suggest that immunization has resulted in the proliferation of a limited population of lymphoid cells which produced γ-globulin with cryoprecipitating properties.
A New Serologic Test for Adenovirus Infection
Authors: Artenstein Malcolm S. , Dandridge Oliver W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A new serologic test for adenovirus infection in man has been described. The SAFA test utilizes an adenovirus tissue culture antigen which is dried upon cellulose acetate discs, incubated with human serum at a single dilution of 1:25 and then reacted with fluorescein-conjugated antihuman globulin antiserum. Fluorescence is read objectively in a fluorometer. The SAFA test is comparable to the CF test for adenoviruses in that it is group-specific rather than type-specific. Twenty-nine of 32 patients with significant CF antibody responses were SAFA test positive. Eleven of 36 CF negative patients were SAFA positive. It would appear that the SAFA test is more sensitive than the CF test since 7 of the 11 had other evidence for adenoviral infection. Other advantages of the SAFA test are the use of a single dilution of serum, the requirement for very small amounts of serum and the stability of the antigens used.
An Aggregating Immunoglobulin in Hyperimmune Equine Anti-Pneumococcal Sera
Authors: Zolla Susan , Goodman Joel W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The antibodies in hyperimmune equine anti-pneumococcal sera which have been described as ultracentrifugally heterogeneous with sedimentation coefficients of 9 S to 15 S were shown to be noncovalently linked aggregates of 6.3 S globulins. The aggregates were dissociated by detergents, urea and elevated salt concentrations but were unaffected by reducing or chelating agents.
A goat antiserum produced by immunization with an SXII-horse-anti-SXII specific precipitate reacted with an immunoglobulin which was antigenically distinct from γG-, γM- and T globulins. This horse immunoglobulin appeared to be the reversibly aggregating protein and was the major antibody type in hyperimmune anti-pneumococcal sera. It was antigenically demonstrable in all of 12 horse sera tested, whether fresh or stored, normal or immune. The relative levels of the immunoglobulin seemed to be related to intensity of the immune response rather than to duration of storage of the sera. Its antigenic specificity could not be simulated by proteolysis, reduction and alkylation, or heat denaturation of other horse immunoglobulins.
Antigenic Analysis of Human Heart Tissue
Authors: Espinosa Enrique , Kaplan Melvin H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
An acid extraction procedure for the solubilization of cardiac antigens present in washed homogenates of myocardium is described. The organ specificity of antigenic components of acid extracts of human heart was studied by immunodiffusion and immunofluorescent techniques. Two antigens, restricted in organ distribution to heart and skeletal muscle, were demonstrated. As indicated by immunofluorescence, these antigens were both localized to sarcolemmal and subsarcolemmal structures of myocardial fibers. One of these antigens was found widely distributed among mammalian species while the other was found only in primate species. Both antigens were susceptible to digestion by trypsin and pepsin, and were found relatively thermolabile. Partial purification of these antigens was obtained by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and by Sephadex G 200 gel filtration. The relationship of heart antigens in such acid extracts to streptococcal cross-reactive antigens(s) is considered.
Modification of the Amino Groups of Rabbit γG-Globulin
Authors: Ljaljevic M. , Ljaljevic J. , Parker C. W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
We have demonstrated that a variety of amino reagents markedly influence the ability of rabbit γG-antibody to mediate passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pig skin. The amino reagents which were screened and found to cause inactivation included acetic anhydride, potassium cyanate, picryl sulfonate, phthalic anhydride, and N-acetylhomocysteine thiolactone. The possibility that the inactivation might be due to modification of the antibody-combining site was excluded by equilibrium dialysis or fluorescence enhancement or both.
The only amino reagent studied in detail which failed to produce marked inactivation was ethyl acetimidate. Ethyl acetimidate, unlike the amino reagents cited above, replaces the cationic ε-ammonium groups of lysine with the positively charged amidine function so that overall protein charge is not altered. While the failure of ethyl acetimidate to produce inactivation might suggest that an alteration of average protein charge is the basis for inactivation, experiments in which rabbit antibody was sequentially treated with ethyl acetimidate and picryl sulfonic acid indicate that this explanation may not be correct. Limited substitution of the amidinated protein by picryl groups, presumably at lysyl residues which had failed to react with ethyl acetimidate, resulted in complete loss of PCA reactivity even though protein charge was altered very little.
Studies on the Mechanism of the Enzymatic Reactivation of Antibody-Neutralized Poliovirus
Authors: Keller Robert 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The infectivity of poliovirus type 2, neutralized by rabbit γ-globulin, was reactivated by papain digestion. However, virus which had been neutralized by papain-produced univalent 3.5 S Fab fragments was not reactivated by equivalent digestions. Proteolysis with pepsin in the absence of reducing agents, leading to the conversion of 7 S γ-globulin to bivalent 5 S F(ab′)2 fragments, was not capable of reactivating neutralized virus. Infectivity of such complexes was reestablished following the reductive cleavage of F(ab′)2 units into univalent 3.5 S Fab′ fragments. Virus neutralized by enzymatically derived peptic fragments F(ab′)2 could also be reactivated by reduction alone. The infectivity of enzymatically reactivated virus was sharply reduced following reaction with goat anti-rabbit γ-globulin antibody, demonstrating that the enzymatic reestablishment of virus infectivity was not the result of the dissociation of antibody fragments from virus. Inhibition of the reactivation developed in zones of high excess of anti-rabbit γ-globulin as well as with univalent anti-rabbit Fab fragments, indicating that reneutralization did not occur as a result of the formation of secondary immune aggregates. These findings suggest that the reestablishment of neutralization was due to the coupling of the heterologous globulins with Fab fragments attached to virus and that this accessory component provides the structural configuration necessary for virus neutralization.
On the basis of this investigation, it is proposed that the efficiency of virus neutralization is not only affected by the specificity of recognition of the antigen-binding sites, but is significantly dependent on the size and possibly the configuration of the globulin structure.
Immunologic and Immunochemical Studies in the Hamster
Authors: Fugmann Ruth A. , Sigel M. Michael 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The capability of the hamster to produce 19 S antibody was demonstrated. The presence, amount and persistence of this immunoglobulin in hamster serum appeared to be markedly influenced by the antigen used for immunization. Antibody of the 19 S class was detected in animals immunized with influenza virus and with sheep erythrocytes. In the former case it was present in significant amounts only in the early phase of immunization, whereas in the latter case hemolytic activity associated with this antibody predominated in all antisera examined. No 19 S antibody was found in anti-bovine γ-globulin sera.
The presence of two populations of 7 S immunoglobulins of differing electrical charge was demonstrated in immune sera following immunization with sheep erythrocytes, with influenza virus, and with bovine γ-globulin. These antibodies could not be distinguished by sucrose gradient centrifugation, treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol, nor by their reactivity in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and complement-fixation tests. There was an indication that the faster migrating of the two IgG populations differed from the other by virtue of greater agglutinating capacity.
Kinetics of Erythrocyte and Lymphocyte Agglutination by PHA
Authors: Stewart C. C. , Nakeff A. , Ingram M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Using a quantitative agglutination technique, the kinetics of erythrocyte and lymphocyte agglutination by purified Phaseolus vulgaris extracts have been determined. It was found that lymphocytes and erythrocytes are agglutinated in the same manner and that a measurable loss of lymphocyte agglutinating activity occurred when PHA was adsorbed onto erythrocytes.
Protein a from Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Forsgren Arne 
Published: December 2022

Summary
By gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis protein A from S. aureus was shown to give one precipitation line against normal guinea pig serum and two lines against guinea pig anti-EA serum. The single line of normal serum corresponded to γ2-globulin and the double lines of immune serum to γ1- and γ2-globulin. The two nonidentical lines for γ1- and γ2-globulin could not be explained by heterogeneity of the protein A preparation. No reaction was detected between protein A and guinea pig γM-globulin.
Protein a from Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Forsgren Arne 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The purpose of this study was to establish which regions of guinea pig γ1- and γ2-globulins react with protein A from S. aureus. In each case the Fc fragment inhibited the reaction between protein A and anti-EA γ1- and γ2-globulin. No reactions between protein A and the Fab and F(ab')2 fragments were observed.
Role of the Thymus in Tolerance
Authors: Horiuchi Atsushi , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Adult rats received 467 r of whole body irradiation with shielding of the thymus and, immediately after, intrathymic or intravenous injection of centrifuged “soluble” or heat-aggregated BγG. Following challenge with BγG in complete adjuvant 3 weeks later, the formation of hemagglutinating and precipitating antibody and the development of Arthus and delayed skin reactivity were specifically inhibited, the effect being greater with soluble than aggregated antigen and much greater with intrathymic than intravenous antigen. Delayed reactivity was only partly inhibited by doses of antigen which completely suppressed other responses. Challenge at 10 weeks showed that specific inhibition was present but much diminished.
Inhibition of Guinea Pig Complement by Maleopimaric Acid and Other Derivatives of Levopimaric Acid
Authors: Glovsky M. Michael , Becker Elmer L. , Halbrook Noah J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Diels Alder addition products of levopimaric acid are a class of newly discovered potent inhibitors of guinea pig complement. Maleopimaric acid, one of the most potent inhibitors in this class, was chosen to study the sites in the complement sequence where the inhibition occurred.
Maleopimaric acid inhibits the formation of EAC′1a from C′ and EA and promotes the dissociation of C′1a from EAC′1a. This latter action does not appear to occur through a chelation of Ca ++. The inhibitor does not affect the stability of binding of C′4 to EAC′4. The formation of EAC′1a,4,2a from EAC′1a,4 + C′2 is depressed by maleopimaric acid. This inhibition is greater than can be accounted for by the action of maleopimaric acid on C′1a. Maleopimaric acid does not change the rate of decay of C′2a on EAC′1a,4,2a, nor does it act by chelating Mg ++.
The formation of EAC′1a,4,2a,3 from C′3 + EAC′1a,4,2a is not interfered with nor is the immune adherence activity of the former intermediate affected by maleopimaric acid. In the presence of the inhibitor EAC′1a,4,2a,3,5, EAC′1a,4,2a,3,5,6 and EAC′1a,4,2a,3,5,6,7 cannot be generated with purified components from the appropriate preceding intermediates. Maleopimaric acid prevents the generation in rabbit serum of chemotactic activity from the activated (C′5, C′6, C′7)ac complex, and inhibits the activity of the already formed chemotactic factor by dissociating it.
Not inhibited by maleopimaric acid are the addition of C′8 and C′9 activity to EAC′1a,4,3,5,6,7 and the subsequent conversion to E*.
The Immunoglobulin Response in Intact and Splenectomized Calves Infected with Anaplasma Marginale
Authors: Klaus G. G. B. , Jones E. W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Two groups of 4-month-old calves (group I intact, group II splenectomized) were infected with Anaplasma marginale. The kinetics of the immunoglobulin response throughout anaplasmosis were assayed by means of the radial diffusion test. In group I, IgM levels increased about 7 days before the onset of patent infection and reached a peak of 200% above the preinfection value for the group. This macroglobulinemia persisted for a long period. Concentrations of IgG increased 11 days after the initial increase in IgM, but the IgG response was neither pronounced nor prolonged. All the calves in group II died. In these, both the IgM and complement-fixing antibody responses were significantly delayed, although some of them synthesized appreciable amounts of IgM before death. It was postulated that enhanced severity of anaplasmosis in splenectomized animals resulted from, 1) decreased sensitivity to low levels of parasite antigens, leading to delayed antibody synthesis and 2) impaired phagocytosis of anaplasma, due to the absence of splenic reticuloendothelial system.
Fixation of C′ and C′la by Rabbit γG- and γM-Antibodies with Particulate and Soluble Antigens
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , Tada Tomio , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Summary
C′ and C′1a fixation by γG- and γM-antibodies was studied with A substance and type A human erythrocytes as antigens and specifically purified rabbit antibodies. In soluble antigen systems, the maximal C′ fixation by γG-antibody was obtained at the equivalence antigen to antibody ratio, whereas the maximal fixation by γM-antibody was obtained in excess antibody. At the optimal antigen to antibody ratio for C′ fixation, the C′-fixing activity of the γG- and γM-antibodies was comparable on a molar basis. Essentially no C′ fixation was observed by soluble antigen-γM-antibody complexes formed in excess antigen. Comparisons of C′1a fixation by γG- and γM-antibodies in both soluble and cell antigen systems indicated that γM-antibody is more effective than γG-antibody on the cell surface, while the effect was reversed when the soluble antigen was used. It was confirmed that a single γM-antibody molecule on the cell surface established one C′1a-fixing site. The γM-antibody complexes with insoluble A substance had much higher C′ and C′1a-fixing activities than those combined with soluble A substance. The different efficiency of C′1a fixation by γM-antibody, depending on the nature of antigen, was ascribed to the number and distribution of antigenic determinants on the surface of antigen involved. The results strongly suggested that a combination of γM-antibody molecules with antigen through multiple combining sites is essential for the induction of C′-fixing activity by γM-antibody.
Stability of Human Leukocyte Granules Which Contain Histamine
Authors: Pruzansky Jacob J. , Patterson Roy 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The stability of human leukocyte granules has been determined in several media. Distilled water alone caused release of almost all of the granular histamine. Ionic solutions of granules were stable provided that sufficient sucrose or other appropriate compounds were also present. Granules were not extruded into the medium during histamine release. In these properties leukocyte granules differ from those reported for rat peritoneal mast cells. The release of β-glucuronidase was quantitatively less than the release of histamine in these experiments.
Macrophage-Lymphocyte Interaction in the Antigen-Induced Blastogenic Response of Human Peripheral Blood Leukocytes
Authors: Hersh Evan M. , Harris Jules E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Glass bead column purified lymphocyte suspensions have reduced blastogenic responses to antigen when compared to unseparated leukocyte suspensions in vitro. Culture of these purified lymphocytes on macrophage monolayers generally restored the cells response to antigen. The response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was unaffected by column purification. The antigens used were streptolysin O (SLO), streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD), purified protein derivative (PPD) and small pox vaccine (POX). The response of the unseparated leukocytes, separated lymphocytes and separated lymphocytes on monolayers were 76%, 74% and 74% blasts generated in response to PHA; 18%, 0.0% and 10.0% blasts generated in response to SLO; 14.0%, 0.5% and 8.5% in response to SK-SD; 6%, 0% and 6% in response to PPD; and 7.5%, 0% and 1% in response to POX. The response of separated and unseparated cells to antigen but not to PHA was found to be dependent on the density of cells in culture. For Leighton tubes the optimal cell concentrations were 3 to 4 × 106 lymphocytes and 0.2 to 0.6 × 106 macrophages per culture. Separation of the lymphocytes and macrophages by a semi-permeable membrane prevented the restoration of blastogenesis. These results are consistent with the view that macrophage uptake of antigen and macrophage-lymphocyte interaction are necessary for the blastogenic response of lymphocytes to antigen in vitro.
The Effects of Heterologous Anti-Thymocyte Sera in Mice
Authors: Mandel Mark A. , Asofsky Richard 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rabbit anti-mouse thymocyte serum was separated into its immunoglobulin fractions. Two parameters of homograft reactivity, the graft-vs.-host reaction and skin graft rejection, were used to assay the suppressive activity of IgM, IgG and IgG subunits. The IgG preparation was found to contain the most activity. A small amount of activity was present in the IgM preparation. The divalent F(ab)2 subunit was less than one-sixth as active as intact IgG while the univalent Fab piece seemingly had no in vivo effect. Maximal anti-thymocyte sera activity appeared to be dependent on intact IgG, suggesting that its mechanism of action involved a biologic function determined by the Fc part of the molecule. In addition, the crude globulin preparation contained more activity than could be accounted for on the basis of its IgG content alone, implying that different immunoglobulin fractions act in a synergistic manner.
Amphibian Plasma Cells
Authors: Cowden Ronald R. , Dyer Robert F. , Gebhardt Bryan M. , Volpe E. Peter 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Cells with the light microscopic and ultrastructural features of mamalian plasma cells were observed in lympoid tissues of long-term stimulated Bufo marinus, the marine toad. Cells with this morphology were the only cells which could be stained by the fluorescent antibody method. The cellular basis of immunoglobulin formation in cold-blooded vertebrates thus appears to be the same as that in mammals. Bufo marinus plasma cells were most abundant in the kidney lymphoid tissue, and in the margins of granulomas formed at the sites of injection of antigen in complete adjuvant.
Induced Localization of Allergic Adrenalitis and Encephalomyelitis at Sites of Thermal Injury
Authors: Levine Seymour , Hoenig Eugene M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was produced by active immunization with neural antigen and by passive transfer with living lymphoid cells. The lesions of both types of EAE localized around areas of brain damaged by heat, as has been reported in the past for a number of other nonspecific brain injuries. Allergic adrenalitis was also produced by active immunization and by passive transfer. Induced localization of both forms of adrenalitis at sites of thermal injury was demonstrated for the first time. Heat lesions 5 days or older were effective. Induced localization occurred within 24 hr and was organ specific. However, 1-day-old heat lesions of brain and 1- or 2-day-old heat lesions of adrenal were not conducive to localization of the corresponding autoimmune disease. The ineffectiveness of these very recent heat lesions was not related to a systemic stress reaction. The longer duration of the period of ineffectiveness in the adrenal was paralleled by a slower evolution of the healing process in the adrenal as compared to the brain, and both may be related to some local tissue characteristic specific for the adrenal.