bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Analysis of the Reaction of C9 with EAC1-8: Reaction of C9 with EAC1-8
Authors: Kitamura Hajime , Inai Shinya 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The hemolytic dose-response curve of either C9gp or C9hu using EAC1-8gp was shown to be concave to the abscissa representing the concentration of C9, but that of either C9gp or C9hu using EAC1-8hu was sigmoidal. When the number of molecules of C9 bound to EAC1-8 was calculated by subtracting the number of residual C9 molecules, which was not bound to the cells after reaction with EAC1-8, from that of added C9, it was found that one molecule of C9 bound to EAC1-8gp could generate about one site, but four or more molecules of bound C9 per cell might be necessary to generate one site on EAC1-8hu. Kinetic studies using EAC1-8hu and C9gp revealed that the generation of E* and lysis of E* proceeded with lag phase and the maximal velocities of these reactions were not proportional to the concentration of C9gp and EAC1-8hu. It was concluded from these results that EAC1-8gp could be lysed by one molecule of either C9gp or C9hu, and that more than one molecule of C9gp or C9hu might be necessary to produce a membrane lesion responsible for the hemolysis of EAC1-8hu.
Cellular Immunity to Leishmania Donovani
Authors: Skov Clare B. , Twohy Donald W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
C57BL/6J mice were infected with Leishmania donovani after a series of treatments that were designed to deplete thymus-dependent (T) cell populations. Deprived mice did not acquire immune resistance to the parasite. The capacity to resist infection was restored by either lymph node cells (LNC) or thymocytes, but 20 to 25 times more thymocytes than LNC were required. Reconstitution of immunocompetence by both cell types was inhibited by in vivo treatment with azathioprine or anti-brain associated θ serum. Limiting dilution experiments showed that constant minimal numbers of LNC combined with graded numbers of thymocytes, or vice versa, conferred greater protection than expected from the additive effect of both cell types acting independently. Cultured peritoneal macrophages, harvested from normal and reconstituted mice 44 days after infection, suppressed parasite multiplication. Macrophages from infected deprived mice were unable to prevent parasite multiplication in vitro. These results provide strong evidence that acquired resistance of mice to L. donovani involves T-T cell synergy and relies principally on cellular immunty.
Rat-Mouse Radiation Chimeras: Characterization of an Antibody-Mediated Graft-Vs-Host Reaction
Authors: Kateley John R. , Gengozian Nazareth 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A modification of the Jerne hemolysis-in-agar technique was used to demonstrate antibody-mediated graft-vs-host (GvH) hemolytic activity in lymphoid tissues of rat-mouse radiation chimeras. Initial foci of hemolytic activity were detected on the 3rd day in spleens of lethally x-irradiated mice infused with rat spleen cells (950 R-RSp chimeras). The peak GvH foci response occurred near the end of the 1st week when 70% of 950 R-RSp chimera spleens examined contained an average of 18 to 21 foci per spleen. GvH hemolytic activity was also detected in mice reconstituted with rat bone marrow (950 R-RBM chimeras); however, only 40% of these chimeras contained splenic foci (nine foci per spleen) on day 8, the peak day of response. Mesenteric lymph nodes from 950 R-RSp chimeras, but not 950 R-RBM chimeras, also contained GvH hemolytic foci. Specificity experiments demonstrated that the GvH hemolytic reaction could be inhibited with rabbit anti-rat IgM serum and host (C3BF1) antigenic cell fragments. Indirect (IgG) hemolytic activity was also observed in spleens of 950 R-RSp chimeras 6 to 10 days after treatment. At least 90% of indirect foci appeared coincident with direct foci. Rat IgM and IgG containing cells beneath hemolytic foci were observed by combining the fluorescent antibody and foci techniques. To determine whether the foci response reflects an in vivo sensitization of donor cells, spleen cell transfer experiments were done. The results indicate that spleen cells from 950 R-RSp chimeras were more effective in accelerating mortality and anemia and induced a higher incidence of Coombs' positive red cells in lethally irradiated isogeneic recipients than spleen cells from 950 R-RBM chimeras; spleen cells from either chimera were more effective in accelerating GvH indices than spleen and marrow cells from normal rats.
Spontaneous and Methylcholanthrene-Enhanced Thyroiditis in Buf Rats
Authors: Silverman David A. , Rose Noel R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immunization of Buffalo strain (BUF) rats with rat thyroid extract and Bordetella pertussis vaccine without complete Freund's adjuvant resulted in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) in 90% of the rats by the 10th day after immunization. The treatment did not elicit thyroiditis in Lewis strain (LEW) rats. This susceptibility to the induction of EAT without the use of complete Freund's adjuvant was inherited by F1 hybrids of BUF and LEW. Neither histamine sensitizing factor from B. pertussus nor Escherichia coli vaccine could substitute for whole pertussis vaccine.
Dissociation of the Immunologic Release of Histamine and Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis from Human Lung Using Cytochalasins A and B
Authors: Orange Robert P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cytochalasins A and B at low doses resulted in enhancement of the antigen-induced and anti-IgE-mediated release of histamine from human lung fragments in vitro. Both compounds appeared to effect a dose-dependent inhibition of the antigen-induced release of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis. Although the effects observed with cytochalasin B were at least partially reversible, the effects of cytochalasin A could not be readily reversed. The cytochalasins appeared to be more effective when present during the antigen-dependent activation phase of mediator release rather than during the calcium-dependent release phase.
An in Vitro Method for Study of Human Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity against Mumps-Virus-Infected Target Cells
Authors: Andersson Torbjörn , Stejskal Vera , Härfast Bengt 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A chromium release assay was used to study lymphocytemediated cytotoxicity against mumps virus-infected target cells in vitro. Purified lymphocytes from randomly selected donors killed significantly more virus-infected Vero cells than non-infected cells. Lymphocyte-target cell ratios of 50 to 100:1 and incubation period from 16 to 20 hr were optimal for determination of cytotoxicity. The lymphocyte induced chromium release was not obviously correlated with serum mumps hemagglutination-inhibition titers of the effector cell donors. However, the lymphocyte reaction against virus-infected target cells seems to have an immunologic basis. Thus, the more pronounced susceptibility of mumps-infected target cells as compared to non-infected cells was not due to a cytocidal effect of the virus, since spontaneous isotope release from both target cells was the same. Also, cord blood lymphocytes which had exhibited good cytotoxicity when induced either with phytohemagglutinin or with antiserum against target cell antigens were not cytotoxic for mumps-infected Vero cells. Moreover, the lymphocyte reaction against virus-infected target cells could be inhibited by high concentrations of hyperimmune rabbit antimumps sera. On the other hand, lower concentrations of antisera specifically potentiated the lymphocyte-mediated isotope release from mumps-infected target cells.
Characterization of Cytotoxic Effector Cells in the Mouse Mammary Tumor System
Authors: Lane Mary-Ann , Roubinian Jirayr , Slomich Maxwell , Trefts Park , Blair Phyllis B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cell types involved in the immune response in vitro to MTV-induced BALB/cfC3H mammary tumors have been studied with techniques designed to inactivate or deplete different cytotoxic effector cells from spleen cell populations. The minimal activity of spleen cells from neonatally MTV-infected virgin BALB/cfC3H females is dependent upon the presence of T cells. Spleens from multiparous BALB/cfC3H females have a more active T cell population, and, in addition, a non-T cell population which is active early in the culture period. Responses of spleen cells from multiparous BALB/cfC3H females bearing small tumors are similar to those of tumor-free multiparous females. However, after the tumors grow to large size, the activity of the non-T cell population is no longer detectable. The cytotoxic activity of spleen cells from BALB/c females older than 14 weeks (supposedly not infected with MTV) is not dependent upon the presence of T cells. No activity is shown by spleen cells from BALB/c females younger than 14 weeks. Positive control spleen cells were obtained from C3H female mice who had been immunized to BALB/c histocompatibility antigens by a skin allograft; both a T cell and a non-T cell response were found.
Similar Idiotypic Specificity for the Membrane IgD and IgM of Human B Lymphocytes
Authors: Fu S. M. , Winchester R. J. , Kunkel H. G. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Certain cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia possess monoclonal bands in the serum. Idiotypic antibodies to the isolated IgM protein of one such case demonstrated that the leukemic lymphocytes carried the identical specificity on their lymphocytes. Both the lymphocyte IgM and the IgD possessed this same specificity. This was demonstrated best through the use of rhodamine-conjugated Fab fragments of IgM- and IgD-specific antisera which were both capped by the idiotypic antiserum.
A Radioimmunoassay for Human Antigen-Antibody Complexes in Clinical Material
Authors: Cowdery John S. , Treadwell Perry E. , Fritz Robert B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Soluble antigen-antibody complexes have been detected by a radioimmunoassay with rheumatoid factor as the primary antibody to bind 125I immune complexes or heat aggregated IgG. Bound complexes are precipitated by rabbit anti-human IgM. The binding of the rheumatoid factor to the iodinated altered IgG can be inhibited by preincubation of the rheumatoid factor with human antigen-antibody complexes. The degree to which immune complexes inhibit the binding of rheumatoid factor to heat aggregated IgG has been shown to be dependent upon the antigen-antibody ratio of the complexes, with complexes formed at or near the point of equivalence exhibiting maximum inhibitory activity. Sera from individuals suffering from certain connective tissue disorders were found to inhibit the binding of rheumatoid factor to 125I aggregated IgG; sera from normal individuals did not inhibit this reaction when used at comparable dilutions. This procedure can be used as a relatively simple, reproducible means of detecting immune complexes in clinical specimens. The assay is sufficiently sensitive to detect 125 ng of soluble immune complexes.
Quantitative Determination of Allotypic and Idiotypic Markers with Antisera Coupled to N-Hydroxysuccinimide-Activated Sepharose
Authors: Gottlieb A. Bendix , Seide R. K. , Kindt T. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
N-hydroxysuccinimide activated Sepharose beads (HAS) were used to immobilize allotypic and idiotypic antisera for use in radioimmunoassays. These HAS antisera were compared to antisera solidified with ethylchloroformate (ECF) with respect to their reactivity, specificity, and ability to detect subspecificities of the group a allotypes. The HAS antisera rated favorably in all comparisons with ECF antisera and are far superior with respect to ease of preparation and retention of antibody activity.
The Release of Four Mediators of Immediate Hypersensitivity from Human Leukemic Basophils
Authors: Lewis Robert A. , Goetzl Edward J. , Wasserman Stephen I. , Valone Frank H. , Rubin Robert H. , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The availability of a patient with basophilic leukemia manifesting 75 to 90% mature basophils permitted the use of a cell concentration sufficient to generate and release mediators upon interaction with a calcium ionophore in quantities adequate for their physicochemical characterization. The mediators were defined in terms of their physicochemical characteristics: slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) by purification through silicic acid chromatography and inactivation by arylsulfatase; eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A) by its gel filtration through Sephadex G-25 and inactivation by subtilisin and not trypsin; and platelet-activating factor (PAF) by its inherent binding to albumin. Both ECF-A and histamine were present in their preformed state, and for histamine it was possible to establish that the concentration per cell was comparable to that of normal human basophils. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP suppressed release of histamine and SRS-A, indicating that their availability was under a control similar to that observed with normal cells subjected to immunologic activation. The demonstration that a suspension of leukemic human basophils contained the preformed mediators, histamine and ECF-A, and generated SRS-A and PAF for release along with histamine and ECF-A, after activation with a calcium ionophore, establishes that a single cell type can serve as a source of the four recognized mediators of immediate-type hypersensitivity.
Phylogeny of Complement Components in Non-Human Primates
Authors: Schur Peter H. , Connelly Anne , Jones T. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antigenic properties and functional activities of complement components were analyzed in primates to determine their relative evolutionary development. The sera of eight different sub-human primate species were examined by double diffusion in agar and compared to a pool of human serum with rabbit and goat antisera to human complement components C1q, C1s, C4, C2, C3, C5, C6, C8, C9, properdin, factor B (B), and C1 inhibitor. There are no apparent antigenic differences in complement proteins between man and the apes except for C1q. Old World monkeys are antigenically deficient in C1q, C1s, C9, and variably deficient in C4, C3, and C8. New World monkeys are antigenically deficient in all components (measured) except C5, C6, and properdin factor B. Prosimians are antigenically deficient in all components. Functional analyses of complement components showed similar levels in man and primates, except in Prosimians. There is a dissociation between hemolytic assays and antigenic analyses, suggesting that functional sites may be separate from antigenic sites.
Characterization of Chemotactic Activity Produced in Vivo by a Cell-Mediated Immune Reaction in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Postlethwaite Arnold E. , Snyderman Ralph 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A system that allows repeated sampling of peritoneal fluid at various time intervals has been adapted to study mechanisms of leukocyte accumulation in vivo. Application of this technique in guinea pigs exhibiting delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to horse radish peroxidase (HRPO) has allowed characterization of some events after i.p. challenge with the sensitizing antigen. Within 24 hr of the administration of HRPO i.p. to such animals there is a significant increase in the number of peritoneal macrophages and in the chemotactic activity (CTX) for macrophages in the sampled peritoneal fluid. At 48 and 72 hr the CTX returns to the pre-challenge level and i.p. macrophages appear to be actively phagocytic.
Molecular sieve chromatograms of concentrated peritoneal fluid obtained 24 hr after i.p. challenge with HRPO and of supernatants derived from immune spleen cells cultured in the presence of HRPO in vitro revealed that the major portion of CTX for homologous macrophages eluted in the region of the 12,500 dalton protein marker. The partially purified CTX obtained from peritoneal fluid and supernatants of spleen cell cultures was heat stable (56°C for 30 min) and was destroyed by trypsin digestion.
These data demonstrate that a chemotactic factor for macrophages, similar to a lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor (LDCF) obtained in vitro, is present in vivo at the site of a cell-mediated immune reaction. Moreover, these observations demonstrate the feasibility of studying the kinetics of leukocyte accumulation and the production of mediators of inflammation at the site of well defined immunologic reactions in vivo.
Quantitative Comparison of Techniques Used to Measure Complement-Mediated Cytotoxicity of Nucleated Cells
Authors: Detrick-Hooks Barbara , Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cytotoxicity of nucleated cells by specific antibody and complement can be quantitated in vitro by several methods. Trypan blue exclusion, 51Cr release, inhibition of uptake of 3H-thymidine, and inhibition of colony formation are the four assays that we used to quantitatively compare the C-mediated cytotoxicity of Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells. CHL cells were sensitized with either guinea pig or rabbit anti-CHL antisera, and exposed to guinea pig, human, or rabbit C. We found that the relative activities of the antibodies and the complements were not dependent on the method of measurement of cytotoxicity, i.e., a given pair of antiserum-complement combination had the same antiserum-complement titer, regardless of the assay used to measure cytotoxicity. However, the titers of the different antibody-complement pairs differed from each other.
Increased Immunologic Reactivity between Human Glomerular Basement Membrane and Group A Type 12 Streptococcal Cell Membrane after Carbohydrase Treatment
Authors: Blue William T. , Lange Charles F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anti-streptococcal cell membrane and anti-human glomerular antisera were evaluated on normal human kidney sections by an indirect immunofluorescent test both before and after absorptions with homologous and heterologous membrane preparations. The observed cross-reactions were potentiated by removal of carbohydrate units from both membrane-types by carbohydrase, a mixture of carbohydrate-cleaving enzymes.
Migration Inhibitory Factor and Type II Interferon in the Circulation of Mice Sensitized with Mycobacterial Components
Authors: Salvin S. B. , Ribi E. , Granger D. L. , Youngner J. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and Type II interferon were released into the circulation after mice had been sensitized i.v. with a bacillus of Calmette and Guerin (BCG) cell-wall-in-oil vaccine and then challenged four weeks later with 50 mg old tuberculin. At least two components of BCG, protein (PPD) and lipid (P3), have been identified which are essential for the type of sensitization in which mediators are released after appropriate challenge. The route of sensitization had a marked effect on the development of delayed footpad reactions, release of lymphokines, and resistance to infection with virulent tubercle bacilli. Sensitization by the subcutaneous route tended to induce more pronounced delayed footpad reactions, whereas the i.v. route of sensitization was associated with maximum release of mediators. A close correlation existed between the conditions of sensitization that resulted in maximum production of lymphokines (MIF and Type II interferon) and those that caused protection against aerosol challenge with a virulent strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Immunofluorescent Studies on Antibodies Directed to a Buried Membrane Structure Present in Lymphocytes and Erythrocytes
Authors: Winchester R. J. , Fu Shu Man , Winfield J. B. , Kunkel H. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Brief digestion of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by vibrio cholera neuraminidase (VCN) revealed hidden components of the membrane. Autologous human serums contained antibodies directed to these components that were readily demonstrated by immunofluorescence. Antibodies of similar specificity were found in all normal serums. The antibodies were principally of the IgM variety with lesser amounts of the IgG class present. They were equally active at 4°C and 37°C. The VCN revealed membrane determinants were present in normal B and T lymphocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes of patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia and cells of lymphoid lines. The newly revealed determinants slowly disappeared upon culture of the lymphocytes.
These hidden components were similarly demonstrated in erythrocyte membranes and represent the T antigen long known for the red blood cells. Absorption by either VCN treated autologous lymphocytes or erythrocytes removed all of the antibodies capable of reacting with both cell types. Absorption by VCN digested isologous lymphocytes removed all reactivity with autologous lymphocytes.
A Lectin Model for Unresponsiveness
Authors: Chauvenet Allen R. , Scott David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A mitogen model for unresponsiveness has been studied. In 72-hr cultures the lowest supraoptimal dose of Concanavalin (Con A) showing no stimulation of rat thymocytes above background was 160 µg/ml. This dose was also found to inhibit substantially (50%) the high spontaneous DNA synthesis by thymocytes during the first 24 hr of culture. This effect was most significant 12 to 24 hr after addition of high-dose Con A. It was not necessary for the cells to remain continuously with high-dose Con A, since washing out unbound Con A after 1 hr still led to reduced 3H-thymidine incorporation at 24 or 72 hr. Furthermore, high-dose Con A treatment suppressed DNA synthesis when added at 48 hr to cultures optimally stimulated with Con A. Interaction with high-dose Con A appears to inhibit the ability of cells to initiate new rounds of DNA synthesis without blocking ongoing DNA replication. Removal of Con A with α-methyl-D-mannopyranoside (mannose) led to only partial reversal of these effects after 1 hr although “unresponsiveness” was reversible at 15 min. Suppression was not due to cytotoxic or agglutinating effects of the high-dose Con A. Two × 106 thymocytes exposed to 160 µg of Con A for 1 hr bound 1.7 µg, 86% of which was elutable with mannose. There was no reduction in the ability of high-dose treated cells to bind a subsequent optimal dose of Con A. Since Con A binds to essentially all thymocytes, this system is useful in following early events in the induction of lectin “unresponsiveness” as a model for immunologic tolerance.
Canine Radiation Chimeras: An Attempt to Demonstrate Serum Blocking Factors by an in Vivo Approach
Authors: Schroeder Maria-Louise , Storb Rainer , Graham Theodore C. , Weiden Paul L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An attempt was made to demonstrate in vivo the presence of blocking factors in the serum of canine chimeras with grafts of chimeric skin onto the marrow donor as an indicator system. Even very large amounts of chimeric serum (one-fourth of the plasma volume infused daily from day 2 before skin grafting until rejection) failed to modify first and third set skin graft rejection patterns. Thus, serum blocking factors could not be demonstrated by this in vivo approach.