bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro and in vivo effector function of rat IgG2a monoclonal anti-S. mansoni antibodies.
Authors: Grzych J M , Capron M , Bazin H , Capron A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rat IgG2a monoclonal antibodies have been produced after fusion of spleen cells from LOU/C rats infected with S. mansoni for 5 wk and IR983F nonsecreting rat myeloma cells. The cell supernatants of one particular IgG2a-producing clone (IPL Sm1) as well as ascitic fluids induced by this clone revealed anti-S. mansoni activity detected by immunofluorescence on schistosoma sections. In vitro studies of the effector function of such antibodies revealed that the rat IgG2a monoclonal antibodies mediated high levels of rat eosinophil-dependent cytotoxic effect against S. mansoni schistosomula, similar to that obtained with 5-week infected rat serum. Passive transfer experiments carried out with IPL Sm1 ascitic fluid showed a significant level of passive protection against a challenge infection. These results indicate a possible use of the monoclonal antibodies in analyzing in vivo functions of IgG2a antibodies, as well as in isolating potentially protective target antigens.
Specificity of T lymphocyte cytotoxicity to autologous hepatocytes in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: evidence that T cells are directed against HBV core antigen expressed on hepatocytes.
Authors: Mondelli M , Vergani G M , Alberti A , Vergani D , Portmann B , Eddleston A L , Williams R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peripheral blood T lymphocytes from 21 patients with chronic HBV infection were incubated with autologous hepatocytes in a microcytotoxicity assay. Cytotoxicity was significantly increased in 13 cases, and in 12 of these the cytotoxic effect of the T lymphocytes was inhibited by preincubating the liver cells with IgG containing antibodies to the hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg). Normal human IgG and IgG containing antibodies to the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG) were without effect. Control experiments using autologous fibroblasts as target cells showed low levels of T cell cytotoxicity and no blocking effect of anti-core antibody. All patients in whom it was possible to demonstrate HBcAg in liver tissue had significantly increased T cell cytotoxicity to autologous hepatocytes. These studies suggest that T cell cytotoxicity in patients with chronic HBV infection is directed against determinants resembling the hepatitis B core antigen on the plasma membrane of hepatocytes.
Macrophage activation for tumor cytotoxicity: induction of macrophage tumoricidal activity by lymphokines from EL-4, a continuous T cell line.
Authors: Meltzer M S , Benjamin W R , Farrar J J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Supernatant culture fluids from a phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulated variant of the murine EL-4 thymoma cell line activated inflammatory macrophages for nonspecific tumoricidal activity in vitro; active supernatants fluids were not directly toxic to tumor target cells in the absence of macrophages. Macrophages treated with culture fluids of unstimulated and concanavalin A-stimulated EL-4 or PMA-stimulated cells derived from any of ten other continuous T cell lines were not cytotoxic. The titer of activity in lymphokines from PMA-stimulated EL-4 was similar to that from antigen-stimulated spleen cell cultures. Spleen cell and EL-4 derived activities were both retained within a dialysis membrane and destroyed by heating at 100 degrees C for 15 min. However, unlike the activity in spleen cell-derived LK, activity in EL-4 culture fluids was stable to dialysis against pH 2 buffer. Further physicochemical characterization of the EL-4 activity showed two different factors that activated macrophages for cytotoxicity: one was indistinguishable from gamma interferon (IFN) (antiviral activity, 50,000 m.w., pI 4.2 to 6.0, pH 2 labile and neutralized by anti-gamma IFN serum); the other was clearly distinct (no antiviral activity, 23,000 m.w., pH 2 stable and unaffected by anti-gamma IFN serum). These results suggest that the EL-4 cell line may produce one or more of the macrophage activation factors present in spleen cell-derived lymphokines.
Major histocompatibility antigens and mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate in benign nevomelanocytic proliferations and malignant melanoma.
Authors: Ruiter D J , Bhan A K , Harrist T J , Sober A J , Mihm M C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The presence of major histocompatibility antigens in malignant melanoma and benign nevomelanocytic lesions and the nature of associated mononuclear inflammatory cells were studied in situ by using monoclonal antibodies and an immunoperoxidase technique. HLA-A,B,C (HLA) and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) were found on malignant melanocytes in primary cutaneous and metastatic melanomas. In contrast, HLA antigens were not identified on nevomelanocytes in benign hyperplasia or nevocellular nevi, although in some cases faint staining for beta 2m was present. The staining of nevomelanocytes for HLA and beta 2 was variable in cases of nevomelanocytic dysplasia. The degree of mononuclear cellular response correlated with the expression of HLA (or beta 2m) on nevomelanocytes. Most of the inflammatory cells were identified as T cells. The majority of T cells were of helper/inducer phenotype, whereas a lesser number were phenotypically suppressor/cytotoxic T cells. The findings suggest that expression of HLA may be involved in triggering or eliciting a cellular immune response against dysplastic or malignant nevomelanocytes.
Mechanisms of human cell-mediated cytotoxicity. III. Dependence of natural killing on microtubule and microfilament integrity.
Authors: Katz P , Zaytoun A M , Lee J H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To date, the mechanisms of human natural killer (NK) cell activity have been poorly defined. Since microtubules and microfilaments are important in many non-NK leukocytic processes, the potential roles of these cellular elements in natural killing were assessed in simultaneously performed 51-chromium-release microcytotoxicity and single cell cytotoxicity assays. The microtubule inhibitors colchicine, vincristine, and vinblastine suppressed chromium-release in a concentration-dependent fashion. This suppression could be prevented by the promoters of microtubule assembly, deuterium oxide and cyclic GMP. Microtubule inhibitors did not affect the binding of natural killer cells to target cells but did suppress the lysis of bound targets. The "recycling" of natural killer cells to repeat the lytic sequence was not altered by microtubule-disrupting agents. Cytochalasin B, a microfilament inhibitor, induced dose-dependent suppression of lytic activity in the chromium-release assay. Concentrations of cytochalasin B greater than 2 micrograms/ml prevented the binding of effector cells to target cells. Concentrations of cytochalasin B less than 2 micrograms/ml depressed killing in the chromium-release assay but did not alter target cell binding or the lysis of bound targets indicative of an inhibition of effector cell recycling. Concentrations of cytochalasin B greater than 2 micrograms/ml did not affect the lysis of bound targets once binding had occurred. The roles of microtubules and microfilaments in the lytic sequence can therefore be subdivided based on these data: 1) the binding of natural killer cells to target cells in dependent on microfilaments; 2) the lysis of bound targets requires microtubule assembly; and 3) the subsequent post-lytic recycling of natural killer cells necessitates a intact microfilament system.
A New Plan for Applying the Specific Treatment of Pollen Hay Fever (Perennial Treatment)
Authors: Brown Aaron 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A modification of the specific treatment of hay fever is presented consisting in a distribution of the injections at three- to four-week intervals, throughout the year, instead of the usual pre-seasonal injections at five- to seven-day intervals. The few constitutional reactions observed in the treatment are not sufficient to contraindicate its use.
Blood Grouping of the Polar Eskimo
Authors: Heinbecker Peter , Pauli Ruth H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions
The blood grouping of the Polar Eskimo has been determined. Of the individuals studied 80.65 per cent fall into group I. Those falling into groups II, III, IV, were generally shown to be half-breeds. The blood of the pure Polar Eskimo falls into group I (Landsteiner-Jansky).
The Absorption of the Toxic Substance of Normal Goat Serum by Guinea Pig Tissue
Authors: Aronson Joseph D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It has long been recognized that certain tissue cells can fix toxic substances. Wassermann and Takaki (1) claimed that the brain and cord of normal guinea pigs could fix tetanus toxin. Similar claims have been made by Kempner and Schepilewsky (2) for botulinus toxin, and by Guillain, Laroche and Grigaut (3) for diphtheria toxin. Sachs (4) has shown that arachnolysin prepared from spiders is hemolytic for rabbit cells but that it is not hemolytic for guinea pig cells, and furthermore, corresponding with this specificity, the hemolysin of arachnolysin is absorbed by the stroma of rabbit erythrocytes, but not by the stroma of guinea pig erythrocytes. Similar observations were made by Jacoby (5) with crotin, prepared from the seeds of Croton tiglium, which is hemolytic for rabbit cells, but not for those of the guinea pig or dog. That calf erythrocytes have a selective action for the neurotoxic and hemolytic property of cobra venom has been claimed by Bang and Overton (6).
Characterization of warm-reactive IgG anti-lymphocyte antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Relative specificity for mitogen-activated T cells and their soluble products.
Authors: Litvin D A , Cohen P L , Winfield J B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In addition to previously described cold-reactive IgM anti-lymphocyte antibodies maximally cytotoxic for resting cells at 15 degrees C, sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were found to contain a new type of antibody preferentially reactive at physiologic temperatures with mitogen-activated lymphocytes. This antibody lacked specificity for unstimulated lymphocytes, and was shown to be of the IgG class both by indirect immunofluorescence and in immunochemical experiments. Certain SLE sera also contained IgG antibodies with the capacity to develop plaques with mitogen-activated T lymphocyte preparations used in a reverse hemolytic plaque assay, indicating reactivity with products released by activated cells. The elimination of the ability of SLE sera to develop plaques after absorption with viable mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, but not with resting cells, suggested that these antibodies were directed toward activation "neoantigen(s)" shed from the cell surface membrane. Surface membrane phenotype analyses performed by using a variety of monoclonal antibody reagents indicated that the plaque-forming cells (PFC) detected with SLE sera were activated T lymphocytes not restricted to single OKT4+, OKT8+, or Ia antigen+ subpopulations. Essentially all PFC expressed transferrin receptors. The present data raise the possibility that certain of the interesting effects of anti-lymphocyte antibodies on immunologic function in SLE may be mediated by interactions of these new type(s) of antibodies with activated lymphocytes or their products, rather than through blocking or depletion effects on resting precursor cells.
Induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in PL/J and (SJL/J x PL/J)F1 mice by myelin basic protein and its peptides: localization of a second encephalitogenic determinant.
Authors: Fritz R B , Chou C H , McFarlin D E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
SJL/J, PL/J, and (SJL/J x PL/J)F1 mice were immunized with bovine, guinea pig, mouse, or rat myelin basic proteins (MBP) in adjuvant containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. Twenty-four and 72 hr later, Bordetella pertussis vaccine was given i.v. All MBP tested induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL/J and F1 mice; however, bovine MBP was inactive in PL/J mice. Each strain was immunized in a similar manner with peptic peptides, residues 1-37, 43-88, and 89-169 of guinea pig MBP. In contrast to the SJL/J strain, which has been shown to recognize a major encephalitogenic determinant in peptide 89-169, PL/J and F1 mice responded primarily to an encephalitogenic determinant within peptide 1-37. Analysis of antibody levels showed that SJL/J mice made no antibody to peptide 1-37, although anti-peptide 89-169 antibodies were consistently found. Conversely, PL/J mice responded well to peptide 1-37, but only an occasional animal made a significant response to peptide 89-169. (SJL/J x PL/J)F1 mice were more susceptible to EAE than either parental strain, as shown by the percentage of animals showing neurologic signs and by clinical severity.
The effect of temperature on the activation of thymocytes by interleukins I and II.
Authors: Hanson D F , Murphy P A , Silicano R , Shin H S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Endogenous pyrogen (EP) and interleukin (IL 1) appear to be closely related or identical. We therefore conducted experiments to test whether the central action of EP (fever) enhanced its local action (potentiation of immune responses). We found that 3H-TdR incorporation by thymocytes stimulated with IL 1 in the presence of 5 micrograms/ml of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was strongly enhanced by small rises of temperature in the 32 to 38 degrees C range. Responses at 40 degrees C were generally less than those seen at 38 degrees C. Calculated values for the temperature coefficient (Q10) of the PHA-facilitated response to IL 1 varied between 50 and 300 in different experiments. Thymocytes had a variable response to IL 1 in the absence of PHA. However, thymocytes that failed to agglutinate with peanut agglutinin responded consistently to IL 1 alone, and these mitogenic responses were strongly temperature sensitive (Q10, 50 to 100 in different experiments). Thymocyte responses to 5 micrograms/ml PHA were only modestly sensitive to temperature (Q10, 3 to 8), and responses to interleukin 2 gave Q10 values of 3 to 24, with a mean of about 9. The responses of CTL cells to IL 2 were also modestly enhanced by small increases of temperature, and calculated Q10 values were similar to those observed for thymocytes. IL 1 production by macrophages was also not greatly enhanced by temperature (Q10, 2 to 5). These observations suggest that small increases of temperature enhance IL 1 activity to a much greater degree than they enhance the activity of other components of the immune response. This may help to explain the conservation of two such apparently disparate activities as EP and IL 1 in the same molecules.
Modulation of IL 2-dependent growth of mouse NK cells by interferon and T lymphocytes.
Authors: Riccardi C , Vose B M , Herberman R B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The regulatory role of interferon (IFN) on the growth of mouse natural killer (NK) cells in the presence of interleukin 2 (IL 2) was analyzed by the limiting dilution assay. Pretreatment for 5 hr with IFN (600 U/ml) was able to augment the frequency of proliferating cells and NK effector cells when spleen cells of BALB/c nu/+ and BALB/c nu/nu were cultured for 7 days in the presence of IL 2. When IFN was present during the 7-day culture period, we again found an increase in proliferative and cytotoxic frequencies in cultures of spleen cells from nude mice, but in contrast, found a decrease in these frequencies in cultures of spleen cells from euthymic mice. Addition of irradiated (3000 R) spleen or thymus feeder cells from euthymic mice to the nu/nu cultures caused an inhibitory activity of IFN also on nu/nu cells. These data indicate that IFN can have both positive and negative regulatory effects on the in vitro growth and differentiation of mouse NK cells and that the inhibitory effects are mediated via T lymphocytes.
Acrosomal autoantigens of guinea pig sperm. I. The purification of an aspermatogenic protein, AP2.
Authors: Teuscher C , Wild G C , Tung K S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A soluble aspermatogenic autoantigen (AP2) capable of inducing experimental allergic orchitis (EAO) in the guinea pig has been isolated from the soluble acrosomal contents (SAC) released from guinea pig cauda epididymal sperm during the in vitro Ca+2 ionophore A23187-induced acrosome reaction. AP2 purification was achieved by heat inactivation of SAC enzymatic activity, followed by chaotropic solubilization and ultracentrifugation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-50, preparative isoelectric focusing, and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Approximately 80 micrograms of AP2 was obtained from 1 to 2 x 10(10) cauda epididymal sperm. AP2 has a m.w. of 9500 +/- 1500 as determined by unreduced SDS-PAGE and an isoelectric point of 5.52 +/- 0.11. Amino acid analysis of AP2 indicates that it is a protein. AP2 has no detectable hexose or hexosamine as determined by gas liquid chromatographic analysis and is therefore probably not a glycoprotein. Five micrograms of AP2 are capable of inducing severe EAO in 100% of guinea pigs tested, whereas 0.5 to 2.0 micrograms induces mild lesions consisting primarily of aspermatogenesis in 66% of guinea pigs tested.
Phagocytosis of mast cell granules by cultured fibroblasts.
Authors: Subba Rao P V , Friedman M M , Atkins F M , Metcalfe D D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cultured rat embryonic skin fibroblasts phagocytosed rat mast cell granules added to the medium or released from co-cultured mast cells by rabbit anti-rat IgE or Compound 48/80. Electron microscopy of fibroblasts incubated with mast cell granules revealed that granules adjacent to the plasmalemma were engulfed by long, thin cytoplasmic processes. Internalization proceeded to fusion of encircling processes and formation of phagosomes. Microtubules and 60 A microfilaments became closely associated with the phagosomal membrane to which small vesicles and cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum fused. The rate of uptake of mast cell granules by fibroblasts was dependent upon temperature and granule concentration. Cytochalasin B inhibited granule uptake whereas colchicine and nocodazole had little effect. Phagocytosis was not influenced by actinomycin D and cycloheximide, was partially inhibited by fluoride, and was markedly inhibited by cyanide, azide, and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Supernatants from fibroblast cultures incubated with mast cell granules for 24 and 48 hr, during which period phagocytosis occurred, contained elevated levels of collagenase and beta-hexosaminidase, but normal levels of lactate dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase. These results support the concept that immediate hypersensitivity reactions are in part terminated by phagocytosis of biologically active discharged mast cell granules by resident connective tissue fibroblasts. Further, it is suggested that a consequence of this process is an alteration in fibroblast behavior, providing a unique link between immediate hypersensitivity reactions and connective tissue responses to inflammation.
Malignant rabbit fibroma virus causes secondary immunosuppression in rabbits.
Authors: Strayer D S , Skaletsky E , Cabirac G F , Sharp P A , Corbeil L B , Sell S , Leibowitz J L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Shope fibroma virus (SFV) causes a localized, self-limited, fibroblastic proliferation in adult rabbits. Extracts of Shope fibroma tumors were found to contain a second virus that induces a rapidly progressive disseminated tumor. Dissemination of this malignant fibroma is associated with activation of commensal mucosal infection with Pasteurella multocida, causing purulent conjunctivitis and rhinitis and resulting in death from nasal obstruction. We have isolated this new agent by two cycles of plaque purification. It is a poxvirus that is antigenically virtually identical to SFV as measured by a plaque reduction assay, but behaves differently both in vivo and in vitro. We have called this virus malignant rabbit fibroma virus (MV). Electrophoresis of restriction digests made with HIND III indicates that despite the antigenic similarity of SFV and MV, the locations of HIND III sites in the two viral genomes are quite different. These experiments have enabled us to determine that MV was present in small quantities in our initial uncloned stock of Patuxent strain SFV. Lymphocytes from rabbits bearing MV-induced tumors responded poorly to both B and T lymphocyte mitogens. This nonspecific immunologic dysfunction is evident at or before the time when metastases and Gram-negative infection develop, and it becomes more profound as the disease progresses. MV-induced tumors may provide a model for Gram-negative infection and decreased immunologic responsiveness associated with malignancies.
Lymphocyte function in experimental African trypanosomiasis. V. Role of antibody and the mononuclear phagocyte system in variant-specific immunity.
Authors: Dempsey W L , Mansfield J M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of parasite-specific antibody and the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) in immunity to the African trypanosomes was examined. For this study C57BL/10SnJ mice were infected with Trypanosoma rhodesiense clone LouTat 1.0. Infected mice were injected with 75Se-labeled LouTat 1.0 trypanosomes, and clearance from the blood upon reexposure was measured throughout the course of infection. Clearance of labeled organisms occurred only on or after day 5, which was the day of natural elimination of LouTat 1.0 from the blood. Clearance was dependent on a functional immune system and correlated with the appearance of antibody to the variant-specific surface antigen (VSSA) of the trypanosomes. The ability to clear trypanosomes was transferred to normal, uninfected mice by immune serum. Both the IgM and IgG fractions of immune serum mediated the clearance, and VSSA-specific IgM fractions were as efficient in clearing LouTat 1.0 as the IgG fractions. Normal levels of complement (C3) were not required for clearance. The liver was the primary organ of clearance, and the ability of the liver to sequester radiolabeled trypanosomes was not impaired in the terminal phase of the disease or by large numbers of circulating trypanosomes present representing different variant antigenic types (VAT). We conclude that in African trypanosomiasis the MPS is not depressed in its ability to clear trypanosomes of the infecting VAT at any time during the course of infection. The observed clearance function requires parasite-specific antibody but normal levels of C3.
The role of Ia molecules in the activation of T lymphocytes. II. Ia-restricted recognition of allo K/D antigens is required for class I MHC-stimulated mixed lymphocyte responses.
Authors: Rock K L , Barnes M C , Germain R N , Benacerraf B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of Ia molecules in the T cell proliferative response to class I (H2K/D) MHC alloantigens was examined. Proliferation in response to allo-K/D antigenic stimulation, but not to allo-Ia, was markedly inhibited by the addition of monoclonal anti-responder Ia antibodies to cultures in the absence of C. This anti-Ia blocking was observed in responses against both allelic and mutant class I antigens. Partial blocking was observed by using an anti-I-A or anti-I-E monoclonal antibody alone, whereas marked inhibition was seen with these two reagents together when the proliferating cells derived from a responder strain expressing both IA and IE gene products. Syngeneic Ia molecules appear to function as restriction elements, because they are required even in the presence of a source of exogenous second signal, phorbol myristic acetate or IL 1. The K/D-specific response required a responding cell that bears both Lyt-1 and -2 antigens, whereas responses generated to alloantigenic differences, including the I region, require only an Ly-1+ cell. The implications of these data with respect to the repertoire of the alloreactive proliferating T cell and the expression of the Lyt-2 antigen by such cells are discussed.