bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Triggering of Cultured Neoplastic Mast Cells by Antibodies to the Receptor for IgE
Authors: Isersky Chaviva , Taurog Joel D. , Poy George , Metzger Henry 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cell surface receptors for IgE were isolated from detergent lysates of iodinated, IgE-saturated, rat basophilic leukemia cells by precipitation with anti-IgE antibodies followed by chromatography at acid pH. The isolated material showed a single 125I-band (m.w. ∼58,000) on gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl surfate and was used to immunize a rabbit. The resulting antiserum was reacted with lysates of surface iodinated mouse or rat tumor mast cells. Analysis of the precipitates on (10%) gel electrophoresis revealed one major peak comprising &gt;80% of the detectable counts and having an estimated m.w. of ∼58,000. The antiserum reacted with detergent-solubilized and cell-bound receptors in the presence of absence of excess IgE; it also inhibited the binding of 125I-IgE. Cultured mouse mastocytoma cells never exposed to IgE released 3H-serotonin when incubated with F(ab′)2, but not Fab′ fragments of the antiserum, which had been rigorously freed of IgE and anti-IgE. The release was inhibited in the presence of excess IgE, was Ca++ dependent, and equaled 80% of the maximum obtained with IgE and anti-IgE. We conclude that aggregation of the receptors for IgE provides the critical signals for cell activation.
Subclass Restriction of Murine Anti-Carbohydrate Antibodies
Authors: Perlmutter Roger M. , Hansburg Daniel , Briles David E. , Nicolotti Robert A. , David Joseph M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Examination of the subclass distribution of murine antibodies directed against groups A and C streptococcal carbohydrate, α-(1→3) dextran and phosphocholine yields the surprising observation that these carbohydrate antigens stimulate IgG responses largely restricted to the rare IgG3 subclass. This subclass restriction is particularly impressive in light of the low circulating levels of IgG3 in nonimmune mouse serum and the failure of a variety of other antigens including proteins and aromatic haptens to stimulate IgG3 antibody production. Attempts to alter the subclass restriction of antibodies with carbohydrate specificity by immunization with carbohydrate-coupled protein have been unsuccessful and indicate that immunoregulation of subclass expression probably occurs at the level of the antibody forming (B) cell. It is therefore conceivable that VH regions of murine immunoglobulins may be restricted to particular IgG subclasses. A similar type of subclass restriction has been reported in human and rat anti-carbohydrate antibodies. This recruitment of a minor immunoglobulin isotype by carbohydrate antigens in several species further supports the concept of immunoregulation at the level of subclass, and suggests that these and other mammals may share a structurally similar isotype with perhaps a common evolutionary origin.
Mechanism of Allosuppression: Evidence for Direct Suppression of Responding B Cells
Authors: Swain Susan L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The mechanism of allosuppression has been investigated. As previously described, negative allogeneic effects result when T cells recognize MHC-encoded alloantigens on responding lymphocytes, preventing the generation of a secondary anti-PFC response in vitro. Several experiments suggested that this suppression was not due to the generation of cytotoxic effectors. First, effective suppression occurred only when T cells, either unprimed or alloantigen activated, were added during the first 24 hr of the responding culture. Even previously generated cytotoxic effectors were relatively ineffective when added late in the responde. Furthermore, no detectable cytotoxic effectors were found in supporessed cultures.
The major target of suppression was the responding B cell. Only B cells carrying alloantigens (thus recognized by the T cells) were suppressed; bystander B cells were little affected. Thus allosuppression appears to involve the recognition by T cells of alloantigens on responding B cells and direct suppression of some early event in the development of these B cells into PFC.
The responses of primed B cells were found to be preferentially sensitive to the suppressive effects of allo-T cells, whereas the response of unprimed B cells was influenced preferentially by the helper effects of alloantigen-activated T cells. It is possible that the state of differentiation of the B cell may determine the outcome of the interaction with regulatory T cells.
Differential Endotoxin Sensitivity of Lymphocytes and Macrophages from Mice with an X-Linked Deffect in B Cell Maturation
Authors: Rosenstreich David L. , Vogel Stefanie N. , Jacques Allen , Wahl Larry M. , Scher Irwin , Mergenhagen Stephan E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The in vitro sensitivity of B lymphocytes and macrophages derived from (CBA/N × DBA/2N) F1 male mice, which carry an X-linked recessive gene that produces defective B cell maturation, was compared to phenotypically normal F1 female mice. B lymphocytes of F1 males exhibit an abnormal mitogenic response to LPS in serum-free culture conditions, which is partially reversed in the presence of serum. In contrast, both resident and thioglycollate-induced peritoneal macrophages of F1 male mice respond normally to LPS. In response to LPS in vitro, F1 male macrophages produce the monokine, lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) and release prostaglandins. Furthermore, F1 male macrophages are sensitive to the lethal effects of LPS. Therefore, the defective CBA/N gene appears to be expressed only in B lymphocytes and not in macrophages. Since F1 male mice are normally sensitive to the lethal and adjuvant effects of LPS in vivo, these findings suggest that a mature B lymphocyte population is not required for these effects and support the role of the macrophage in the mediation of LPS-induced lethality and adjuvanticity.
Persistent Activity of Suppressor Cells in T Cell-Mediated Immune Response
Authors: Polak Ladislav , Rinck Claude 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tolerance to dinitrochlorobenzene contact sensitivity induced by i.v. injection of dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid in guinea pigs is a long-lasting phenomenon (up to 1 year). The tolerogen, however, was traceable in the circulation only up to 3 months after its application. In spite of that, tolerance was adoptively transferred by parabiosis 6 months after being induced. Moreover, active suppressor cells eliminated by cyclophosphamide treatment are able to regenerate in those adoptively tolerized animals.
These results indicate that the tolerogenic injection stimulates precursors of suppressor cells to generate active suppressor cells and memory cells of suppression. The further formation of active suppressor cells from memory cells seems to be tolerogen independent, but the existence of specific stimulator cells for suppression may be considered. These cells may bind undetectable small amounts of tolerogen.
The recovery of suppression might, however, be also due to recovery of suppressor cells which were temporarily inactivated but not destroyed by cyclophosphamide treatment.
Characterization and Genetic Control of the Immune Response to Synthetic Polypeptide Antigens of Defined Geometry
Authors: Singh Bhagirath , Fraga Ester , Barton Moira A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to the synthetic helical hapten-carrier conjugate poly-Glu-Tyr-Lys(TNP)-(Glu-Tyr-Ala)5 were found to be linked to the major histocompatibility locus in mice and guinea pigs. The responder mouse strains (H-2d haplotype) showed a primary IgM response with an IgG component appearing after the secondary immunization. The antibody response was accompanied by a positive DTH reaction in responder strains. Nonresponder mice (H-2b or H-2k haplotypes) showed neither IgM nor IgG antibodies and the DTH reaction was negative. Administration of the antigen as a complex with an immunogenic carrier was not effective in inducing a response in nonresponder mice. In guinea pig studies, it was found that strain 2 animals were able to mount an antibody response against the TNP-hapten and a DTH response against the polypeptide backbone. Strain 13 animals gave no anti-TNP antibodies at the lower dose levels and DTH activity was entirely negative for all doses of immunizing antigen. Replacement of the TNP hapten by the arsanilazo dipeptide derivative, BOC-gly-ARA-tyrosine, converted the nonresponder strain 13 guinea pigs into complete responders showing antibody and DTH reactions to both the hapten and the polypeptide backbone.
Antibodies to Guinea Pig Lymphokines
Authors: Sorg Clemens , Geczy Carolyn L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It was shown previously, that an antiserum directed against highly purified fractions of migration inhibitory factor inhibits delayed hypersensitivity reactions in vivo and in vitro. Using radiolabeling techniques we determined that the anti-lymphokine serum reacted primarily with three lymphocyte activation products (m.w. 60,000, 45,000, and 30,000) all of which had a similar isoelectric point of 5.2. The cellular origin of this material was investigated. It was found that activated B cells, B leukemia cells (L2C), and growing fibroblasts produced material of a similar m.w. as analyzed on SDS-PAGE. No cross-reaction was found with radiolabeled products of activated murine and human lymph node cells and of SV 40-infected African green monkey kidney cells. The isoelectric point of the reactive material from B cells, leukemia cells, and fibroblasts was determined at 5.2. In addition to material with pI 5.2, lymph node cells also produced material with pI 3.5 to 4.5, which focused at pH 5.0 to 5.4. After neuraminidase treatment macrophage migration inhibitory activity in fibroblast culture supernatants could be absorbed specifically to insolubilized anti-lymphokine antibody. These findings suggests that lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells are capable of producing molecules whose physicochemical and functional properties appear to be identical.
Inhibition of Migration of Tumor Cells in Vitro by Lymphokine-Containing Supernatants
Authors: Cohen M. C. , Goss A. , Yoshida T. , Cohen S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphokine-containing supernatants derived from seven different human lymphoid cell lines and lymphokine-containing supernatants from concanavalin Astimulated murine lymphocytes were found to be capable of reversibly inhibiting the migration of tumor cells in vitro. The tumor cell lines used in these studies were the P815 mastocytoma, Ehrlich ascites, Walker carcinosarcoma, Hepatoma 129, and Sarcoma 37. Preliminary physicochemical evidence suggests that the mediator, here termed TMIF, is distinct from MIF. In any case, these results suggest the possibility that lymphokines other than lymphotoxin or macrophage-activating factors may play a role in tumor immunity.
Intracellular Control of Human Neutrophil Secretion
Authors: Henson Peter M. , Zanolari Bettina , Schwartzman Nannette A. , Hong Steven R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human neutrophils released the granule constituents myeloperoxidase and lysozyme, but not the cytoplasmic enzyme lactic dehydrogenase, when pretreated with cytochalasin B and stimulated with purified human C5a. Prior exposure to C5a before the cytochalasin B, however, abrogated the subsequent secretory process. Interaction of neutrophils with C5a was shown to result in a concentration-dependent rapid desensitization that could not be overcome by later addition of cytochalasin B or of cytochalasin B and C5a. The effect was relatively stimulus specific in that neutrophils desensitized in this manner could be induced to release granule enzymes by casein or by complement-coated zymosan particles. Cytochalasin B effects on neutrophils appear to mimic those of surface binding of soluble stimuli such as C5a and immune complexes. It is suggested that desensitization in concert with surface stimulation may represent an important intracellular mechanism for limiting neutrophil secretion.
Structural Studies of the H-2D Products of the Mouse Mutant BALB/c-H-2Ddb and the Parental Strain BALB/cKh-H-2Dd
Authors: Nairn Roderick , Nathenson Stanley G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The tryptic peptide profile characteristics of the H-2D glycoprotein, isolated by immunoprecipitation from the MHC mutant mouse strain BALB/c-H-2Ddb, were compared with those of the H-2D molecule from the parent strain BALB/cKh-H-2Dd. At each stage of purification these molecules exhibited identical biochemical properties and on peptide mapping we observed that the Ddb molecule showed no detectable peptide differences from the Dd molecule of the nonmutant parent. These data thus support the concept that the site of mutation in this mutant strain, although located in the D region of the MHC, is distinct from the gene coding for molecules bearing the H-2.4 private specificity.
Role of Blocking Antibody in Disseminated Gonococcal Infection
Authors: Allen Mccutchan J. , Katzenstein David , Norquist Donna , Chikami Gary , Wunderlich Annette , Braude Abraham I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Gonococci (GC) isolated from patients with disseminated infection (DGI) are uniformly resistant to killing by normal human serum (NHS), but are killed in large numbers by normal rabbit serum (NRS). Since resistance to human serum is necessary for DGI, we examined the mechanism of resistance by GC to NHS.
Our bactericidal assay exposes 10-fold dilutions of 108 plate-grown GC/ml to undiluted serum and measures the number of GC the serum can kill. Killing is expressed as the reduction in GC compared with paired, heat-decomplemented controls.
NRS sterilized &gt;105 GC/ml of six DGI strains. When NRS was mixed (1:1) with nonbactericidal NHS, killing was reduced to &lt;103 GC/ml. This potent inhibitor of rabbit serum could be adsorbed to preincubated and washed GC. The heat (65°C) lability of the inhibitor suggested blocking antibody. Human cord serum containing maternal IgG, but no IgM or IgA, blocked rabbit serum as effectively as normal adult or matched maternal serum. IgG fractions added to rabbit serum reduced killing of DGI strains, but IgM and IgA did not. Absorption of NHS with resistant strains increased killing of the same and other resistant strains and removed the ability to block killing by rabbit serum. Absorption with sensitive strains decreased killing. Thus, resistant strains adsorb blocking antibody and sensitive strains adsorb killing antibody.
We conclude that NHS contains an IgG blocking antibody that competes with natural bactericidal antibody in man and rabbits. We believe that natural IgG binds to certain gonococci possessing the appropriate receptor and enables them to disseminate in the blood by protecting them from killing by antibody and complement.
In Vitro Growth of Murine T Cells
Authors: Rosenberg Steven A. , Spiess Paul J. , Schwarz Susan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Supernatants of murine lymphoid cultures stimulated with Concanavalin A contain factor(s) capable of sustaining continuous growth of murine lymphoid cells in vitro. Methods for the optimal generation of these growth factors (GM) have been defined, including number of cells required, optimal concentration of Concanavalin A, incubation time, and strain differences in GM production. With GM, cells have been grown for over 15 10-fold generations over a 2-month period. The growing cells express the θ surface marker and do not express surface Ia antigens.
Studies on the Terminal Stages of Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Boyle Michael D. P. , Langone John J. , Borsos Tibor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The inhibitory effects of metal salts on the formation and transformation of E* to ghosts was studied. Ferrous and ferric salts inhibited the binding of C9 to EAC1–8 cells but had no other inhibitory role in the reaction. Uranyl, copper, and zinc salts inhibited the transformation of the EAC1–9inserted intermediate to E ghosts. This inhibition occurred at a stage prior to detectable damage as measured by 86Rb or hemoglobin release and at a step prior to that inhibitable by high molarity EDTA. Consequently a further step in the reaction sequence of E* to ghosts was identified. The reaction sequence leading from EAC1–9 to ghosts can be summarized as follows:
Synthesis of IgM by Cells of NZB and SWR Mice and Their Crosses
Authors: Manny Noga , Datta Syamal K. , Schwartz Robert S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spontaneous and LPS-induced secretion of IgM by cultured spleen cells of NZB and SWR mice were measured after a 4-hr pulse with 3H-leucine. Similar experiments were done with fetal liver cells of NZB, CBA, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 mice. In short-term (4-hr) cultures there was marked hypersecretion of IgM by NZB cells relative to SWR cells. This abnormality was attributed to two factors: an increased number of IgM-containing cells and an increased secretion of IgM per cell. These two factors segregated as independent phenotypes in the progeny of the crosses. Liver cells from 18- to 19- day NZB fetuses matured into IgM hypersecretors in vitro in the absence of T cells. This phenomenon was uninfluenced by addition of thymocytes to cultured fetal liver cells. By contrast with the foregoing, NZB spleen cells maintained in vitro for 5 days, with or without LPS, made as much IgM during a 4-hr pulse with 3H-leucine as identically treated SWR cells. Con A-induced suppressor cells from NZB spleen cells inhibited LPS-stimulated IgM synthesis normally. There appear to be two populations of B cells in NZB mice: abnormal, spontaneously activated hypersecretors of IgM and cells that respond normally to LPS. The former population seems to arise early in life under the influence of two or three different genetic systems and functions independently of T cells.
Two Spontaneous BALB/c Lymphomas Synthesize IgM: Monomers and Half Molecules Are Isolated and Characterized Whereas Another Molecule Resembles IgD
Authors: McKeever Paul E. , Jin Kim K. , Nero Gregory B. , Laskov Reuven , Merwin Ruth M. , Logan Weltha J. , Asofsky Richard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spontaneous lymphomas of BALB/c mice, both in vivo tumors and cell lines established in long term tissue cultures, were investigated for their ability to synthesize IgM by using radiolabeled amino acid precursors. Immunoglobulins manufactured by lymphomas K46 and L10A had the m.w. of monomeric IgM and IgM half molecule. Both of these molecules could be immunoprecipitated with class-specific anti-IgM but not anti-IgA or anti-IgG. When precipitated with polyvalent anti-Ig L10A synthesized monomeric immunoglobulins that migrated as two peaks in contrast to their single counterpart precipitated with anti-IgM. The second peak migrated in the region expected for IgD. Monomer and half molecules were composed of similar ratios of µ-chains to light chains linked by disulfide bonds. The µ2L2 monomer of these B cell lines migrated slightly slower in SDS PAGE than a µ2L2 secreted by a myeloma. Thus, these lymphomas synthesize immunoglobulins with the chemical and antigenic characteristics typical of monomeric membrane-attached IgM and IgM half molecules, plus a molecule resembling IgD on L10A only. Lymphoma assembly of monomeric IgM may follow the same initial biosynthetic sequence as myeloma assembly.
The Induction of TNP-Altered, Self-Reactive Human Cytotoxic T Cells by Soluble Factors: The Role of Ia Antigens
Authors: Friedman Steven M. , Kuhns Janet , Irigoyen Oscar , Chess Leonard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This report demonstrates that human peripheral blood T lymphocytes, triggered by allogeneic cells or soluble antigens, elaborate helper factor(s) that promotes the in vitro differentiation of TNP altered-self reactive human CTL. Helper factor(s) alone is not sufficient for the generation of these killer cells, but requires the presence of TNP-derivatized autologous stimulators during sensitization. Additional experiments were performed with antisera to a human Ia-like antigen, p23, 30. These studies indicate that human Ia-like antigens play an important role in both the induction of helper factor(s) and in the functional activity of preformed helper factor(s) molecules.
Genetic Study of Mouse Sensitivity to MHV3 Infection: Influence of the H-2 Complex
Authors: Lévy-Leblond E. , Oth D. , Dupuy J. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Genetic study of acute and chronic mouse hepatitis virus type 3 disease was carried out in segregating generations of a cross involving a susceptible (C57BL/6) and a resistant (A/J) mouse strain. The data obtained indicate that one or two recessive genes may be involved in resistance of acute and chronic diseases but suggest that the genes involved in both diseases are different. In this cross, no correlation was observed between H-2 and acute or chronic disease.
In mice of congenic lines, however, A/Sn (H-2a), A.SW (H-2a), A.BY (H-2b), and A.CA (H-2f), it appeared that the presence of the H-2f allele conferred to heterozygote as well as to homozygote animals the capacity to resist the development of chronic disease. It seems, therefore, that MHV3 sensitivity in mice is under the influence of at least two major genes: one for the acute disease and the other, H-2 linked, for the chronic disease.
Synergy between T Cell-Replacing Factor and Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the Primary Antibody Response in Vitro: A Model for Lipopolysaccharide Adjuvant Action
Authors: Jacobs Diane M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Unfractionated spleen cells, B cells from normal mice, and nu/nu spleen cells respond to the addition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and T cell-replacing factor (TRF) by production of plaque-forming cells (PFC) in excess of the number expected from the addition of LPS and TRF separately. This synergistic activity is dependent on the presence of the antigen, SRBC. Supernatants of both allogeneic spleen cell mixtures and spleen cells cultured with Con A are effective and synergize best at concentrations suboptimal for their ability to act as TRF alone. Culture supernatants of unstimulated normal or fractionated cell populations are ineffective. Synergy is not dependent on the presence of macrophages in the cultures. Purified LPS free from active contaminants, as well as commercially available LPS, show synergy with TRF. Synergy was seen when TRF was added at initiation of culture or 24 hr later. It is suggested that synergy is the equivalent of LPS adjuvant activity, that the role of T cells in LPS adjuvanticity is that of a conventional cooperating cell, and that LPS acts as an adjuvant by inducing B cells to become more sensitive to T cell helper factors.
Lipid-Modified Antigens
Authors: Janeway C. A. , Horowitz M. , Dailey M. O. , Hunter R. A. , Wigzell H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Dodecanoic acid side chains were coupled to the antigen 2,4-dinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) to make DNP-BSA-lipid. T cells from guinea pigs primed with DNP-BSA-lipid proliferate in vitro when stimulated by most, but not all, DNP-carrier conjugates. Furthermore, DNP-BSA-lipid is a potent stimulator of T cells from DNP-mycobacteria primed animals. This results from its ability to stimulate virtually all DNP-reactive T cells present in such animals, whereas unmodified DNP-BSA stimulates only DNP-BSA reactive clones. When DNP-BSA-lipid was presented to T cells by first absorbing it to peritoneal exudate cells (PEC), it was found that the PEC and the immune T cells had to share I region genes for stimulation to occur. DNP groups can be shown to be present on the surfaces of DNP-BSA-lipid pulsed PEC, as determined by binding of radioactive anti-DNP antibody. Unlabeled anti-DNP will inhibit the binding of labeled anti-DNP to the pulsed PEC, but the presence of the anti-DNP in culture will not prevent stimulation of DNP-reactive T cells by the same pulsed PEC. Taken together, these data suggest that lipid modification of DNP-BSA leads to an increase in its affinity for cell surfaces. Furthermore, they may indicate that this antigen can mimic other DNP-protein antigens by means of a nonspecific association with I region gene products on the surfaces of antigen-presenting cells.