bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Irrigation Water Requirements in Regions along Euphrates River in Iraq: Role and implications of Climate Change
Authors: Dagher Dheyaa H , Obead Imad H 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This research aimed to predict how projected climate change will affect the quantity of water needed for irrigation. The case study focused on the Iraqi cities of Anbar and Babylon, located in the Euphrates River Basin (ERB). The CROPWAT model was fed by current and future climate data. Three climate change scenarios for the reference period from 1995-2014, SSP1-2.6 (2020-2039) and SSP2- 4.5 (2040-2059), were implemented in this research. The obtained results showed that annual increases in the temperature for Anbar are 1.1 and 1.85 °C, and for Babylon, they are 0.9 and 1.88 °C for the two scenarios SSP1- 2.6 and SSP2-4.5 concerning the reference period scenario. In addition, the annual decrease in precipitation is 3.61 and 4.63 mm for Anbar and 3.61 and 2.66 mm for Babylon Province. The average annual reference evapotranspiration for the three climate scenarios is 157, 202, and 206 mm for Anbar and 187.5, 195.6, and 224 mm for Babylon Province. The total annual irrigation water requirements for the crop growth cycle are 1.10, 1.43, and 1.46 for Anbar and 3.96, 4.13, and 4.76 billion cubic meters for Babylon.
Identification the Hydrogeochemical Facies of Groundwater in Rutba-Dhabaa, Western Iraq Using Multivariate Statistics Methods
Authors: Al-Heety Emad A , Al-Kubaisi Mahmood H , Al-Kubaisi Qusai Y , Jasim Ammar A 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The groundwater in the Rutba-Dhabaa region in Western Iraq has been studied using multiple statistical methods. These methods proved successful in giving a hydrochemical description of water as an alternative to the Piper scheme, and therefore they can be relied upon in future studies, whether for groundwater or surface water. The groundwater in the Rutba-Dhabaa region is hard and the percentage of calcium is high, due to the type of rocks incubating that groundwater, represented by the carbonate rocks that make up the Mulussa aquifer in the study area. According to the Piper diagram, correlation matrix analysis, cluster analysis, and principle component analysis, the hydrogeochemical facies are: Class 1 (Ca2+ - Mg2+ - Cl− - SO4
2-) where the wells (W1, W4, W13, W15, W16, W17, W20) fall within the category I (SO4
2- - Cl− and Ca2+ - Mg2+) and rest of the samples falls within the category V (Mixing zone); Class 1 (Ca2+ - Mg2+ - Na+ - SO4
2-- Cl− - HCO3
−), Class 2 (Na+ - Ca2+ - SO4
2-), and Class 3 (Na+ - HCO3
−); Class 1 (Mg2+, Na+, and K+), Class 2 (HCO3
−and SO4
2-), and Class 3 (Cl− and Ca2+); and Class 1 (Mg2+, HCO3
−, and Cl−), and Class 2 (Na+, K+, and SO4
2-) respectively.
Spatial and Temporal Analyses of Precipitation and Temperature in Iraq
Authors: Alattar Mustafa H , Attiya Bashar H 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Historical climate observations show that Iraq, and the rest of the world, is passing through a dramatic change in precipitation and temperature for the last twenty decades. Temperature trends are increasing with extreme precipitation events causing flooding, heatwaves, and drought affecting millions of people and costing billions. This study is focusing on the trends, seasonal variability, and the relationship between precipitation and temperature in Iraq. The study includes two analyses, spatial and temporal. The spatial analysis is investigating the relationships between precipitation and four other parameters: ground elevation, temperature, latitude, and longitude. The purpose of this analysis is to see how well precipitation is correlated spatially to these climatological and topographical variables. Results show that there is a good relationship between precipitation and latitude, which represents the distance from the equator, with coefficients of determination, R2, of 0.907. Temperature and elevation have a weak spatial relationship with precipitation, especially in the western part of the country. The second analysis includes the temporal trends of precipitation and temperature. Temporal analysis of precipitation shows the extreme climate events by calculating the error of observed precipitation from the best fit curve of historical data. Finally, both spatial and temporal analyses of precipitation were validated using different periods of observed data. The first 50% of the data was used for calibration and the second 50% of the data for validation and verse versa. Results show that calibrated equations have similar coefficients of determination compared with the validation results. In general, the relationships between monthly precipitation and both seasonality change and temperature are weak with coefficients of determination, R2, of 0.697 and 0.6858 respectively.
Effect of Date Residues and Organic Acids on Some Physical Properties of Gypsiferous Soil
Authors: Alalwani Sara A. , Alkhateb Bassam H. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
A laboratory experiment was carried out at the College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, located at 43°20‘09.7“E longitude, 33°25‘36.7“N latitude for the period from 1/10/2021 to 1/10/2022, to study the effect of date residues, organic acids, and wetting / drying cycles on some physical properties of gypsiferous soil. The soil was selected from the site of the Fallujah palm station that located at longitude 43º51'. 05. 36 E. and latitude 33º17'. 46. 82‘N., date residues were added in three levels, without addition (comparison treatment), 0.1% and 0.2% mixed with soil. Organic acids was added at 0% and 0.1% and packaged in plastic cylinders and the treatments were exposed for two levels of wetting and drying cycles (6 and 8) cycles. The stability of aggregates, dispersion ratio, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and cumulative infiltration were measured. The results showed that the addition of date residues by 0.2% improved all the physical properties. Aggregates stability values increased by 13.41% and saturated hydraulic conductivity values decreased, which reached 4.33 cm.h-1. Accumulator infiltration up to 24.01cm and the capillary height reached to 40.0 cm, while the dispersion rate decreased to 37. 27%. The aggregates stability increased and the dispersion ratio, water conductivity and infiltration decreased by adding organic acids when their averages reached 12.12%, 40.77%, 5.19 cm-1 and 21.41cm, respectively. Increasing the number of wetting / drying cycles negatively affected most of the studied properties, as the dispersion ratio increased to 42.08%, and the cumulative infiltration decreased to 21.73 cm.
Adsorption, Isotherms, and Kinetics for Phenol Removal on Biochar Prepared from Wheat Husk
Authors: Al Rawi Marwa F , Al Kindi Ghayda Yaseen , Al Refaae Jwad Kadham , Hussain Tariq Abed , Al-Haidri Husam A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this study, wheat husks were transformed into biochar (BCs). It has been used to remove phenol from the wastewater. BCs it was prepared by hydrothermal carbonization and after activation with H3PO4 Therapy. the Tube furnace were used for carbonization. many examinations were used to study the BC properties such as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). in batch reactor, the operation condition were studied by many parameter in different dose, such as (pH, doses of BC and phenol ). also, to determine maximum removal efficiency of phenol on biochar. From results the best operating condition were pH and contact time 4, 1 hr, the BC dose 0.5 g / L, and 50mg/L for phenol dose. with constant for others parameters such as (agitation velocity of 150 rpm, ambient temperature, and initial phenol concentration 50 mg /L). the maximum removal efficiency for phenol reach to (84%). the second order was the best adsorption kinetic. Freundlich isotherm model has introduced a fair description for sorption, so, the BC could be utilized effectively as an adsorbent.
Investigations of Groundwater and Soil Specification at AL-Warrar Canal Reach, Ramadi City-Iraq
Authors: Abbood Rea’am T , Mustafa Ayad S , Al-Somaydaii Jumaa A 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The study area is located in Anbar Governorate, western Iraq, within the city of Ramadi, in the area adjacent to Al-Warrar Canal. The study area suffers from a lack of previous hydraulically studies, hydrological, the geological, and topographical characteristic and the soil characteristics, also suffers from a significant increasing in levels of groundwater. Three wells were drilled in area adjacent of the Al-Warrar canal with a diameter of 0.1524m, 10m in depth and 100 m the distance between each well, to observe water level of the groundwater with the change in the levels in Al-Warrar canal. The physical properties of soil, as well as their chemical properties, were studied in order to straighten. According to these tests, the soil of the study area was found to have a high concentration of sulfite, gypsum, salts and moisture content in the upper layers of clayey sand and clay, with low plasticity. As well as the increase of level in Al Warrar Canal water leading to an increase the hydraulic heads in the groundwater level in the area of study. Depending on the two possibilities were taken for the movement and transmission of groundwater, one of which is the movement of groundwater from the study area to Al Warrar Canal and the other is groundwater movement from the canal to the study area depending on the increase and decrease in the water level of Al Warrar Canal.
Morphological of the Euphrates River between Al-Qaim and Hit City Using Modern Technology
Authors: Jassim Saad M , Mohamed Fouad A , Abdullah Taha Y 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The study aims to illustrate the River characteristics, river morphology and river processes in the study area Landscape. The river and morphological variables used in the study were derived from the satellite imageries available, digital elevation models, and relevant maps. River morphology is used to describe the shapes of river channels and how they change in shape and direction over time. River channel morphology is an indicator of a number of environmental processes and conditions. The river channel is the product of many geographical and geomorphological components that are determined by many factors, which are independent variables of the landscape (Geology, Climate, And Man) and reflect their influence in shaping the variables dependent on the landscape and the channel (sediment supply, stream discharge, and vegetation). Based on the aforementioned variables, the landscapes of the Euphrates River profile between the cities of Al-Qaim and Hit were chosen, which affect the formation and development of the channel. Where it leads to creating the shape of the planform and the active river area. The topography of the study area is characterized as a plateau crossed by the Euphrates River. It was affected by tectonic activity and this was reflected in the shape planform and geomorphic characteristics.The length of the river distance for the studied profile is 348 km, and it was divided into four reaches.It appeared that the index of this distance is characterized by sinuosity, as it reached 1.4, now the meanders are present in the second and fourth reach, while braiding prevailed in the first reach. The emergence of human settlements and increased until the present time, represented by the construction of a group of dams on its basin. It led to the occurrence of a series of hydrological and geomorphological changes, which necessitates the restoration of this basin and finding ways to ensure the stability and well-being of the inhabitants of its basin.
Water Management of Agricultural Lands in Diyala Governorate
Authors: Kazkoz Kamal S , Al-Azzawi Monem A 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The existence of a large water deficit in Diyala Governorate, especially in July and August of the year 2020-2021 AD, and the reasons are due to the natural factors to which Iraq in general and the study area in particular were exposed, such as thermal inclusion and lack of precipitation, and human factors that are specific to the water policies of neighboring countries and events After 2003, a number of factors and field manifestations also combined to complicate the picture of the water deficit in the study area, represented in the pollution and lack of purification of waterways and the disruption of many water barriers and lifting stations. It was found from the results of analyzes of river water samples The drains have a quality within the second category (C 2). As for the drainage water, it was shown that it has a salinity of (2215-2230) micromoz / cm, and it falls within the third category (C3) and it is of high salinity. This water is used only in the presence of an effective drainage network and for crops High tolerance to salinity.
Effect of Surface, Subsurface Drip Irrigation and Nanotechnology Perfusion Methods on Irrigation Efficiency and Saved Water Ratio in Plowed and Unplowed Soils
Authors: Al-Shaabani Ehab M , Al-Obeid Abdilwahab K , Alrubaye Arkan A , Wissam A , Ahmed Yasser M , Al-maamri Haider A , Al-budeiri Muntdher H 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in Al-Habbaniyah district / Al- Khalidiya district / Al-Anbar governorate, western Iraq, in Silty loam soil during the fall season 2020, to study the effect of surface and subsurface drip irrigation and perfusion irrigation with nanotechnology on irrigation efficiency, the amount of added water and the percentage of water saving in plowed and non-plowed soils. Perfusion was done when 50% of the prepared water was depleted. The treatments were distributed according to the Nested-Factorial Experiments Design (NFED) with three replications. The yellow corn, cultivar Euphrates, was planted on 2020/15/7. The American evaporation basin, type A, was used in the timing of irrigation. According to the rate of water consumption in terms of the equivalent depth of the added water, the total yield and the efficiency of water use. The results of the study showed the uniqueness of the drip irrigation system by giving the highest irrigation efficiency of 100% for the two plowing modes, while the surface drip irrigation system gave an irrigation efficiency of 83% in the uncultivated soil, and the lowest amount of water was added during the season, which amounted to 5215 m3. ha-1 in the nano-technology perfusion irrigation method with a savings rate of 29.97 and 13.19% compared with the surface drip irrigation method, while it reached 15.23 and 8% compared with the subsurface drip irrigation method in the plowed and non-plowed soils sequentially, the highest average total production was 11.7 tons of grain per hectare for the tillage and no-till treatment, and it decreased significantly to 7.5 tons ha-1 in the surface drip irrigation method, while the tillage treatments did not record significant differences in the short-term grain yield.
Water Balance for the Euphrates Aquifer, South of Haditha District, Al-Anbar Governorate
Authors: Al-Dulaimi Ali M , Al- Shammaa Ayser M 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Groundwater balance calculation was carried for the Euphrates aquifer extended in the southern parts of Haditha district within Al-Anbar Governorate, where the Euphrates aquifer in this area is considered as unconfined with a flow direction towards the Euphrates River. The yearly recharge quantity for the Western Desert catchment-basin (1664.19 ×106 m3/year); whilst the ground-water quantity that intervenes study area (1155926.53 m3/ year), as regenerated storativity. The quantity of consumed ground-water in the area through the present study (423567.36 m3/year) for both industrial and domestic uses. Therefore, the quantity of the ground-water storage change (ΔS) you will be (732359.17 m3/year). It is obviously that there is an increase in the continual storativity and the regenerated storage is sufficient to cover the water requirement.
Daily Evapotranspiration Prediction at Arid and Semiarid Regions by Using Multiple Linear Regression Technique at Ramadi City in Iraq Region
Authors: Mohammed Ahmed S , Al-Hadeethi Basheer , Almawla Atheer S 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
For many decades, because of the climate change, the interest in water resources management have been increased. The researchers curried out huge efforts to investigate the factors that influence the water resources quantities. Many of these efforts focused on studying the water losses by evapotranspiration. In the current study, a new mathematical model is introduced. It was built based on Multiple linear regression method (MLR). This model was utilized to estimate the daily evapotranspiration in Ramadi city which characterized with arid and semiarid environment and to investigate the influence of different parameters on the evapotranspiration process. The field data were collected from the digital meteorological station at the Upper Euphrates basin Developing Centre during the period from 23/11/2020 to 1/10/2022. These data include the evapotranspiration, maximum temperature, the minimum temperature, the average temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and solar radiation. The model was calibrated using 80% of the data set, while 20% of the data set were used for validation. The solar radiation shows the highest impact on ET, while the lowest was recorded by relative humidity. High performance of the model was proved by testing it using Performance Indicators such as RMSE, NAE, MAPE, NSE, and R2.
Removal of the Minerals Salts from Water Wells by Using the Solar Distillation
Authors: Ahmed Rand R , Karaghool Haneen A. , Ismail Nizar N , Alabdraba Waleed M 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Using groundwater optimally is a science in itself if this process is used or applied correctly. Distillation is a series of industrial processes carried out to remove all or part of excess salts and minerals dissolved in water so that such water can be used in practical life such as agriculture, drinking and industry. Desalination requires expensive and highly energy-consuming techniques that have adverse effects on the environment. The amount of energy consumed in the desalination is an important problem that needs to be overcome. In this study, we aim to investigate the solar desalination by using samples of wells water to determine the concentration of some of the most important physical and chemical properties and salts in these wells. A solar distillation device was manufactured locally for this purpose. Two samples were taken monthly from five wells for period of three months, and 6 of the physical and chemical tests were carried out. The results show the water obtained from this method suitable for domestic human use, such as cleaning and washing, but not suitable for drinking due to its high hardness and unless submit to sterilization. Solar distillation is a simplified system; materials are locally available and inexpensive. It does not require large capital upon installation and operation and maintenance.
Estimate Raw Water Salinity for the Tigris River for a Long Time Using a Mathematical Model
Authors: Kadhim A , khadhair Basim H , Jaafar Mahdi S 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The measurement data of the raw water quality of Tigris River were statistically analyzed to measure the salinity value in relation to the selected raw water quality parameters. The analyzed data were collected from five water treatment plants (WTPs) assembled alongside of the Tigris River in Baghdad: Al-Karkh, Al-Karama, Al-Qadisiya, Al-Dora, and Al-Wihda for the period from 2015 to 2021. The selected parameters are total dissolved solid (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), pH and temperature. The main objective of this research is to predicate a mathematical model using SPSS software to calculate the value of salinity along the river, in addition, the effect of electrical conductivity on the salinity value was estimated. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) models were used to estimate the mathematical models for calculating water salinity value in Tigris River and to present the highest effective parameter that effect on water salinity. In general, the results showed an increase in the water salinity level downstream of the Tigris River towards the south of Baghdad and the EC is the most significant effect on water salinity, and MLR and ANN analyses present a good indication of the mathematical models with highest coefficient of correlation (R2) as (0.999 and 0.998), respectively. In addition, the regression equations proved good performance in predicting the salinity value with error percentage less than 10% for all WTPs.
Hydrochemical Study of Artesian wells in Babylon Governorate - Middle of Iraq
Authors: Al-Turaihi Ahmed S , Khawaja Ahmed M , Shaker Inas H , Al-Zubaydi Jaffar HA 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This study tended to evaluate the quality of groundwater of three artesian wells (free ground water) distributed randomly in the province of Babylon in order to knowledge a better using of this water. Three water samples were chosen from each well to achieve this purpose. Groundwater samples were analyzed in the laboratory of the department of applied geology in terms of the following variables: total dissolved substances (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), positive cations and negative ions, and the heavy elements. The results showed that the water of the artesian wells 1, and 3 have extreme salinity, whit high Electrical Conductivity ranging from 3200 to 8800 µS/cm. In addition, they are characterized by exceeding the critical limits for the percentage of magnesium and show more extent of the sodium element through a high percentage of soluble sodium (SSP%)and they were characterized by exceeding the permissible values for chloride ions. And also, the analysis result of heavy elements shows wells 1 and 3 have slight copper contamination and high cadmium contamination, so that my causing damage in plant growth. While the analysis results of water of well 1 confirm to be valid for the irrigation of sensitive plants. Our recommendation is good management of water resources is essential for preserving the region's soil and surface water and reducing underground pollution.