bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polarons, Bipolarons, and Electrical Properties of Crystalline Conducting Polymers
Authors: Furukawa Yukio , Shimokawa Daichi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In this review article, we focus on the electrical conductivity (σ), the charge number densities (n), and the carrier mobilities (μ) in crystalline conducting polymers doped by various methods, including doping with an ionic-liquid-gated transistor (ILGT) configuration and H2SO4 treatment. Electrical properties of crystalline conducting polymer poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT) were investigated with a combination of ILGT configuration doping and operando Raman spectroscopy. The type of carrier, a positive polaron or a positive bipolaron, was determined with Raman spectroscopy. The values of σ and μ were determined as a function of n. The highest mobility of positive bipolarons was 1.2 cm2 V−1 s−1 at n = 6.2 × 1020 cm−3. The electrical conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was increased upon H2SO4 treatment. The H2SO4 treatment caused anion exchange, resulting in crystallization of the doped PEDOT. The charge density was 7.3 × 1021 cm−3. The mobility of positive bipolarons was 1.9 cm2 V−1 s−1. In heavily doped crystalline PBTTT and PEDOT, spinless positive bipolarons existed stably, and were highly mobile.
Hamstring Strain Injury Risk Factors in Australian Football Change over the Course of the Season
Authors: SIM AYLWIN , TIMMINS RYAN G. , RUDDY JOSHUA D. , SHEN HAIFENG , LIAO KEWEN , MANIAR NIRAV , HICKEY JACK T. , WILLIAMS MORGAN D. , OPAR DAVID A. 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT

Background/aim
This study aimed to determine which factors were most predictive of hamstring strain injury (HSI) during different stages of the competition in professional Australian Football.

Methods
Across two competitive seasons, eccentric knee flexor strength and biceps femoris long head architecture of 311 Australian Football players (455 player seasons) were assessed at the start and end of preseason and in the middle of the competitive season. Details of any prospective HSI were collated by medical staff of participating teams. Multiple logistic regression models were built to identify important risk factors for HSI at the different time points across the season.

Results
There were 16, 33, and 21 new HSIs reported in preseason, early in-season, and late in-season, respectively, across two competitive seasons. Multivariate logistic regression and recursive feature selection revealed that risk factors were different for preseason, early in-season, and late in-season HSIs. A combination of previous HSI, age, height, and muscle thickness were most associated with preseason injuries (median area under the curve [AUC], 0.83). Pennation angle and fascicle length had the strongest association with early in-season injuries (median AUC, 0.86). None of the input variables were associated with late in-season injuries (median AUC, 0.46). The identification of early in-season HSI and late in-season HSI was not improved by the magnitude of change of data across preseason (median AUC, 0.67).

Conclusions
Risk factors associated with prospective HSI were different across the season in Australian Rules Football, with nonmodifiable factors (previous HSI, age, and height) mostly associated with preseason injuries. Early in-season HSI were associated with modifiable factors, notably biceps femoris long head architectural measures. The prediction of in-season HSI was not improved by assessing the magnitude of change in data across preseason.
Translation and validation of Suicide Risk Scale for Medical Inpatient (SRMI) in Urdu Language
Authors: Mehmood Mobeen , Zaman Noshi Iram 
Published: September 2023

Objective: To translate and validate the suicide risk scale for medical inpatients in the Urdu language.
Methods: A correlational study with non-random sample approach was conducted from February to May 2020, data was collected from various hospitals in Rawalpindi, Islamabad, and Lahore. In the first phase, the suicide risk scale for medical inpatients was translated from the source language (English) to the target language (Urdu) via forward and backward translations. In the second phase, the Psychometric properties of the Urdu version were established. Exploratory factor analysis, reliability (Cronbach’s alpha & split-half), and validity analysis (convergent and discriminant) were also computed.
Results: A total of 200 individuals with renal failure, with a mean age of 45.33 years (range; 18-80 years) were approached for the data collection. Exploratory factor analysis computed two factors. Cronbach’s alpha value showed internal consistency and Pearson’s moment correlation indicated association among similar variables (convergent validity) and less association among dissimilar study variables (discriminant validity).
Conclusion: The Urdu version of the suicide risk scale for medical inpatients was found to be a reliable and valid instrument for assessing suicide risk in medical inpatients in Pakistani culture.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.6.7000
How to cite this: Mehmood M, Zaman NI. Translation and validation of Suicide Risk Scale for Medical Inpatient (SRMI) in Urdu Language. Pak J Med Sci. 2023;39(6):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.6.7000
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Translation, reliability, and validation of the Dutch Safe Use of Mobility Aid Checklist (SUMAC-NL) for walker use in people living with dementia
Authors: Kroesen Jesper , Hobbelen Hans , Hunter Susan , Bruinsma Helen , Drenth Hans 
Published: September 2023

Background: People with dementia have a yearly risk of falling of 60 to 80 percent. Therefore, a walker is often recommended. However, the use of a walker in people with dementia is associated with a threefold increased odds of falls compared to their healthy peers. Better advice and training could reduce fall risk. Therefore, a tool to assess functional walking skills with a walker is needed. The SUMAC was developed to fill this gap. So far, there is no Dutch instrument available that can assess functional walking skills with a walker in people with dementia. Methods: Reliability was evaluated by scoring videos of people with dementia (n = 9) using a walker performing the SUMAC-NL. ICC was used to assess inter-rater and test-retest reliability. An expert panel (n = 8) evaluated the content validity using the content validity index (CVI) and the content validity ratio (CVR). Results: Inter-rater reliability of the SUMAC-NL was statistically significant for the PF domain (ICC = 0.94, 95%CI (0.84, 0.98, p < 0.001) and for the EQ domain (ICC = 0.79, 95%CI (0.49 – 0.95), p < 0.001). Test-retest reliability was statistically significant for both the PF domain (ICC = 0.95, 95%CI (0.89, 0.99), p < 0.001) and EQ domain (ICC = 0.92, 95%CI (0.82, 0.98), p < 0.001). The SUMAC-NL shows content validity with a CVI >0.79 for both domains and a CVR of 0.53 on the PF domain and 0.78 on the EQ domain. Conclusions: The SUMAC-NL shows good to excellent reliability and content validity for both the PF and the EQ domain. The SUMAC-NL seems to be a promising tool to assess walking with a walker in people with dementia in the Netherlands.
The association between preoperative COVID-19-positivity and acute postoperative complication risk among patients undergoing orthopedic surgery
Authors: Mercier Michael R. , Koucheki Robert , Lex Johnathan R. , Khoshbin Amir , Park Sam S. , Daniels Timothy R. , Halai Mansur M. 
Published: September 2023

AimsThis study aimed to investigate the risk of postoperative complications in COVID-19-positive patients undergoing common orthopaedic procedures.MethodsUsing the National Surgical Quality Improvement Programme (NSQIP) database, patients who underwent common orthopaedic surgery procedures from 1 January to 31 December 2021 were extracted. Patient preoperative COVID-19 status, demographics, comorbidities, type of surgery, and postoperative complications were analyzed. Propensity score matching was conducted between COVID-19-positive and -negative patients. Multivariable regression was then performed to identify both patient and provider risk factors independently associated with the occurrence of 30-day postoperative adverse events.ResultsOf 194,121 included patients, 740 (0.38%) were identified to be COVID-19-positive. Comparison of comorbidities demonstrated that COVID-19-positive patients had higher rates of diabetes, heart failure, and pulmonary disease. After propensity matching and controlling for all preoperative variables, multivariable analysis found that COVID-19-positive patients were at increased risk of several postoperative complications, including: any adverse event, major adverse event, minor adverse event, death, venous thromboembolism, and pneumonia. COVID-19-positive patients undergoing hip/knee arthroplasty and trauma surgery were at increased risk of 30-day adverse events.ConclusionCOVID-19-positive patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery had increased odds of many 30-day postoperative complications, with hip/knee arthroplasty and trauma surgery being the most high-risk procedures. These data reinforce prior literature demonstrating increased risk of venous thromboembolic events in the acute postoperative period. Clinicians caring for patients undergoing orthopaedic procedures should be mindful of these increased risks, and attempt to improve patient care during the ongoing global pandemic.Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(9):704–712.
Theoretical study of graded-index fiber for beam quality improvement and SRS suppression
Authors: Jiang Mingrui , Zhang Entao , Wang Danfeng 
Published: September 2023

A confined-doped graded-index fiber model was established with reference to Nufern’s
42C ytterbium-doped fiber. The core NA of the fiber is ∼0.06; the doping/core/cladding diameter is
30/42/250 µm; and the gain ion doping distribution is double
parabolic. Based on a forward tandem-pumped amplifier structure, the
numerical simulation was carried out on the physics characters of the
fiber model. The fourth-order Runge–Kutta method was used to solve the
boundary value problem during the numerical simulation. The
differences between the graded-index fiber (GIF) and the step-index
fiber (SIF) were studied theoretically, and the results illuminated
that the beam quality of the GIF was better than the SIF. The
stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) power in the GIF was lower than that
in the SIF. These results show that the GIF has great potential for
increasing the laser output power while maintaining good beam quality
and can provide theoretical guidance and reference to experimental
research of the high-power fiber laser.
Estimating the proportion of clinically suspected cholera cases that are true Vibrio cholerae infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Wiens Kirsten E. , Xu Hanmeng , Zou Kaiyue , Mwaba John , Lessler Justin , Malembaka Espoir Bwenge , Demby Maya N. , Bwire Godfrey , Qadri Firdausi , Lee Elizabeth C. , Azman Andrew S. 
Published: September 2023

BackgroundCholera surveillance relies on clinical diagnosis of acute watery diarrhea. Suspected cholera case definitions have high sensitivity but low specificity, challenging our ability to characterize cholera burden and epidemiology. Our objective was to estimate the proportion of clinically suspected cholera that are trueVibrio choleraeinfections and identify factors that explain variation in positivity.Methods and findingsWe conducted a systematic review of studies that tested ≥10 suspected cholera cases forV.choleraeO1/O139 using culture, PCR, and/or a rapid diagnostic test. We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies that sampled at least one suspected case between January 1, 2000 and April 19, 2023, to reflect contemporary patterns inV.choleraepositivity. We estimated diagnostic test sensitivity and specificity using a latent class meta-analysis. We estimatedV.choleraepositivity using a random-effects meta-analysis, adjusting for test performance. We included 119 studies from 30 countries.V.choleraepositivity was lower in studies with representative sampling and in studies that set minimum ages in suspected case definitions. After adjusting for test performance, on average, 52% (95% credible interval (CrI): 24%, 80%) of suspected cases represented trueV.choleraeinfections. After adjusting for test performance and study methodology, the odds of a suspected case having a true infection were 5.71 (odds ratio 95% CrI: 1.53, 15.43) times higher when surveillance was initiated in response to an outbreak than in non-outbreak settings. Variation across studies was high, and a limitation of our approach was that we were unable to explain all the heterogeneity with study-level attributes, including diagnostic test used, setting, and case definitions.ConclusionsIn this study, we found that burden estimates based on suspected cases alone may overestimate the incidence of medically attended cholera by 2-fold. However, accounting for cases missed by traditional clinical surveillance is key to unbiased cholera burden estimates. Given the substantial variability in positivity between settings, extrapolations from suspected to confirmed cases, which is necessary to estimate cholera incidence rates without exhaustive testing, should be based on local data.
Implementing physical activity calorie equivalent (PACE) food labelling: Views of a nationally representative sample of adults in the United Kingdom
Authors: Daley Amanda J. , Kettle Victoria E. , Roalfe Andrea K. 
Published: September 2023

Background
Nutritional labels aim to support people to make informed healthy food choices, but many people do not understand the meaning of calories on food labels. Another approach is to provide calorie information with an interpretation of what the calorie content of food means for energy expenditure, known as physical activity calorie equivalent (PACE) labelling. PACE aims to illustrate how many minutes of physical activity are equivalent to the calories contained in food/drinks. This study investigated the views of the public about the possible implementation of PACE labelling.

Methods
Data was obtained from a nationally representative sample of adults in the United Kingdom and collected by UK Ipsos KnowledgePanel. Panellists are recruited via a random probability unclustered address-based sampling method. 4,000 panellists were randomly invited to participate and asked to compare their views about traffic light and PACE labelling preferences and behaviour parameters.

Results
Data were analysed descriptively and using logistic and multinomial regression analyses. 2,668/4,000 (67%) of those invited participated. More participants preferred traffic light (43%vs33%) than PACE labelling, but more reported PACE was easier to understand (41%vs27%) and more likely to catch their attention (49%vs31%). More participants thought PACE was more likely to help them avoid high calorie food than traffic light labelling (44%vs28%). Physically active (3–4 or 5+ days/week) respondents were more likely to report PACE would catch their attention than traffic light labelling, compared with less active participants (weighted adjusted relative risk ratio = 1.42 (1.00–2.00) and 1.45 (1.03–2.05 respectively)). Perceived overweight was the most predictive factor (weighted adjusted OR = 2.24 (1.19 to 4.20)) in whether PACE was considered useful in helping people decide what to eat/buy.

Conclusion
The public identified value to their health in labelling food with PACE information. PACE labelling may be a useful approach to complement current approaches to food labelling.
The development of Dutch COVID-19 ICU triage guidelines from an institutional work perspective
Authors: Broughton Tamara Christina , Weggelaar-Jansen Anne Marie , de Graaff Bert 
Published: September 2023

IntroductionThroughout the COVID-19 pandemic, two ICU triage guidelines were developed in the Netherlands—the Pandemic Guideline and the Guideline Code Black—ostensibly to tackle the threat of absolute care scarcity. Healthcare guidelines are generally based on evidence and prescribe what healthcare professionals should do in certain situations. We used the institutional work perspective, focusing on the human agency to create, maintain, and/or disrupt institutional structures, to study the development of these guidelines and observed that they did a lot more than just offering guidance to healthcare professionals. By including the Actor Network Theory (ANT) perspective on materiality’s agency in our theoretical lens, we show how guidelines, as a materiality—a non-human artefact—interact with human actors and as such shape and are shaped by the social context.Methods17 online documents were analyzed. This analysis resulted in a timeline of events, which was used to identify key actors in the guideline development process. We included 12 purposely sampled respondents for semi-structured interviews. Interview transcripts were thematically coded.ResultsDuring their development, the guidelines played a role in diverse forms of institutional work performed by a variety of stakeholders to: 1) strengthen the medical profession of intensivists; 2) control the medical profession; 3) gain support for the actions needed; and 4) protect the medical profession. In turn, institutional work performed by these stakeholders also shaped the guidelines, indicating the two-sidedness of the interaction between human actors and materiality in the healthcare context.ConclusionsThis case study shows how guidelines as a materiality and human actors interact and influence each other in multiple ways, resulting in institutional work and thus shaping two institutions: the guidelines and healthcare professions. We found that a materiality does not stand on its own but influences and shapes institutional work in relation to human actors. By studying the development, implementation, and use of the guidelines, we gained more empirical insights into the impact materiality can have on the social context of healthcare and how this can influence existing institutional environments.
Women’s awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours towards nutrition and health in Pakistan: Evaluation of kitchen gardens nutrition program
Authors: Shah Nadia , Zaheer Sidra , Safdar Nilofer Fatimi , Turk Tahir , Hashmi Shahkamal 
Published: September 2023

Introduction
Vulnerability to malnutrition is very high with low-income women and their children in rural Balochistan with contributing factors including lack of awareness about proper nutrition, low literacy, scarcity of vegetables and fruit, and low purchasing power of households. The Food and Agriculture Organization’s kitchen garden program provides resources to improve nutrition and health knowledge and promote healthy eating practices. The objective of this study was to assess nutrition and health awareness, knowledge, attitudes, behavioural intentions/behaviours (AKAB) of women who attended the kitchen garden program and trainings.

Materials and methods
A community based cross-sectional survey (N = 209) using a two-stage cluster sampling method was used to select households with survey participants being mothers with children under five years of age. A pretested questionnaire was administered via face-to-face surveys by trained enumerators in two districts of Balochistan province of Pakistan. Nutrition and health AKAB were constructed indices. Chi-square tests compared statistical differences in AKAB by women attending against a control group who did not-attend kitchen garden interventions. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to assess kitchen garden program outcomes against key AKAB indicators, while adjusting for covariates.

Results
Significant differences (p<0.001) were identified between intervention and control groups with women attending kitchen garden being more aware of the components of kitchen garden (65.8% vs 36.8%), and more knowledgeable about causes of illnesses caused by poor nutrition including, iron deficiency anemia, pregnancy, and unborn child health complications, compared to women not attending kitchen gardens program. Logistic regression analysis identified women attending kitchen gardens also had higher odds of being more knowledgeable (OR = 1.59, 95%CI 1.27–1.99, p<0.001), having improved attitudes (OR = 4.86, 95%CI 2.77–8.53, p <0.001), and behavioural intentions/behaviours (OR = 1.98, 95%CI 1.26–3.12, p = 0.003) towards improved nutrition and health.

Conclusions
Substantial opportunities exist for achieving improved nutrition and health outcomes with vulnerable groups in Balochistan, through greater participation in kitchen gardens behavioural change programs and interventions. As part of scaling-up efforts, academically rigorous project evaluations should be institutionalized for continuous improvement of nutrition programs to address micronutrient deficiencies in rural communities.
Burnout and fatigue amongst internal medicine residents: A cross-sectional study on the impact of alternative scheduling models on resident wellness
Authors: Yuan Jack H. , Huang Yiming , Rosgen Brianna K. , Donnelly Sarah , Lan Xiaoyang , Katz Steven J. 
Published: September 2023

Background
Fatigue and burnout are prevalent among resident physicians across Canada. Shifts exceeding 24 hours are commonly purported as detrimental to resident health and performance. Residency training programs have employed strategies towards understanding and intervening upon the complex issue of resident fatigue, where alternative resident scheduling models have been an area of active investigation. This study sought to characterize drivers and outcomes of fatigue and burnout amongst internal medicine residents across different scheduling models.

Methods
We conducted cross-sectional surveys were among internal medicine resident physicians at the University of Alberta. We collected anonymized socioeconomic demographics and medical education background, and estimated associations between demographic or work characteristics and fatigue and burnout outcomes.

Results
Sixty-nine participants competed burnout questionnaires, and 165 fatigue questionnaires were completed (response rate of 48%). The overall prevalence of burnout was 58%. Lower burnout prevalence was noted among respondents with dependent(s) (p = 0.048), who identified as a racial minority (p = 0.018), or completed their medical degree internationally (p = 0.006). The 1-in-4 model was associated with the highest levels of fatigue, reported increased risk towards personal health (OR 4.98, 95%CI 1.77–13.99) and occupational or household harm (OR 5.69, 95%CI 1.87–17.3). Alternative scheduling models were not associated with these hazards.

Conclusions
The 1-in-4 scheduling model was associated with high rates of resident physician fatigue, and alternative scheduling models were associated with less fatigue. Protective factors against fatigue are best characterized as strong social supports outside the workplace. Further studies are needed to characterize the impacts of alternative scheduling models on resident education and patient safety.