bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of E-selectin-binding glycoprotein ligands on human lymphocytes, neutrophils, and bovine gamma delta T cells.
Authors: Jones W M , Watts G M , Robinson M K , Vestweber D , Jutila M A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We compared E-selectin-binding cell surface ligands on bovine gamma delta T cells and human leukocytes using an E-selectin/Ig chimera. The chimera worked well in flow cytometric studies and showed that bovine gamma delta T cells were the only lymphocyte population in newborn animals that bound E-selectin chimera. Furthermore, the chimera blocked gamma delta T cell rolling on E-selectin. Chimera reacted with four potential glycoprotein ligands of 180, 200, 250, and 300 kDa in Western blot analysis of gamma delta T cell detergent lysates, and it specifically precipitated at least two of these E-selectin ligands (200 and 250 kDa) from lysates of cell surface biotinylated gamma delta T cells. Preclearing bovine gamma delta lysates of GD3.5 Ag and workshop cluster 1 did not abrogate E-selectin ligand precipitation, suggesting that these surface markers do not represent E-selectin ligands. Human neutrophils possessed three E-selectin-binding ligands of approximately 80 to 90, 130, and 230 kDa, while human lymphocytes variably possessed three ligands of 120, approximately 220 to 240, and 260 kDa. Cross-precipitation experiments confirmed the results of others that neutrophil L-selectin serves as the 80 to 90-kDa E-selectin ligand. The human lymphocyte approximately 220 to 240-kDa and 260-kDa ligands may be analogous to the bovine gamma delta T cell molecules, whereas the 120-kDa is unique to human cells. The identities of the human and bovine lymphocyte E-selectin ligands are unknown. Finally, E-selectin ligand-1 apparently may have a minimal role, if any, in lymphocyte/E-selectin interactions, since a polyclonal anti-E-selectin ligand-1 serum stained a minimal number of cutaneous lymphocyte-associated Ag-positive human lymphocytes and bovine gamma delta T cells.
TGF-beta production regulates the development of the 2,4,6-trinitrophenol-conjugated keyhole limpet hemocyanin-induced colonic inflammation in IL-2-deficient mice.
Authors: Lúdvíksson B R , Ehrhardt R O , Strober W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A severe, Th1-mediated experimental colitis with similarities to inflammatory bowel disease in humans can be induced by a single injection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP)-substituted protein plus adjuvant in IL-2-/- mice. To determine the early events involved in the pathogenesis of IL-2-/-colitis, we compared the function of lamina propria (LP) T cells from IL-2-/- and IL-2+/+ mice subjected to disease-inducing (TNP-conjugated keyhole limpet hemocyanin [TNP-KLH]) and disease-inhibiting (anti-CD3) immunization protocols. We show that LP T cells in TNP-KLH-immunized IL-2-/- mice fail to produce TGF-beta early (day 2), whereas LP T cells in TNP-KLH-immunized IL-2+/+ mice exhibit an approximately eightfold rise in TGF-beta secretion. The critical importance of local TGF-beta production was further substantiated by the following findings. 1) LP T cells from TNP-KLH-immunized IL-2-/- mice administered anti-CD3 (i.p.) exhibit a significant rise in TGF-beta, production but fail to produce IFN-gamma, and such mice do not develop colitis. 2) TNP-KLH-immunized IL-2-/- mice administered anti-CD3 and coadministered anti-TGF-beta mAb again give rise to IFN-gamma-producing LP cells, and such mice develop colitis. 3) TNP-KLH-immunized IL-2+/+ mice administered anti-TGF-beta mAb exhibit pockets of mononuclear cell infiltrates in the LP. These results indicate that the disposition of IL-2-/- mice to develop chronic colonic inflammation is due to a Th1 cell response in the LP that is not appropriately counter-regulated by the production of the suppressor cytokine, TGF-beta.
Specificity for in vivo graft prolongation in gamma delta T cell receptor+ hybridomas derived from mice given portal vein donor-specific preimmunization and skin allografts.
Authors: Gorczynski R M , Chen Z , Zeng H , Fu X M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
gamma delta TCR+ hybridoma cells prepared from mesenteric lymph node cells of animals receiving donor-specific immunization via the portal vein can adoptively transfer this increased graft survival to naive animals. Analysis of TCR gamma-chain junctional sequence diversity suggested that some 40 to 50% of the hybridomas expressed gamma-chain junctional sequence diversity and were stimulated to produce cytokines both by heat shock proteins and by minor histocompatibility Ag-specific irradiated peritoneal cells. The remaining gamma delta TCR+ hybridoma cells expressed TCR with a common gamma-chain junctional sequence and were stimulated to cytokine production by MHC-matched, but minor histocompatibility Ag-mismatched (as well as matched), peritoneal cells, but not by heat shock proteins. We have compared the effectiveness of representative hybridomas expressing unique gamma-chain junctional sequences or common gamma-chain junctional sequences for prolongation of donor-specific or third-party (MHC-matched or MHC-mismatched) skin grafts. Our data show a good correlation between the specificity for stimulation for cytokine production in vitro and efficacy in graft prolongation assays in vivo. Hybridoma cells expressing unique gamma-chain junctional sequences that showed Ag-specific stimulation of cytokine production in vitro and skin graft survival in vivo augmented survival of third-party skin grafts if simultaneously transplanted with both Ag-specific and third-party skin grafts. Graft prolongation in vivo using cells from either population of gamma delta TCR+ hybridomas was decreased by infusion of anti-IL-10 mAb and abolished when both anti-IL-10 and anti-TGF-beta Abs were used together.
Intracellular routes and selective retention of antigens in mildly acidic cathepsin D/lysosome-associated membrane protein-1/MHC class II-positive vesicles in immature dendritic cells.
Authors: Lutz M B , Rovere P , Kleijmeer M J , Rescigno M , Assmann C U , Oorschot V M , Geuze H J , Trucy J , Demandolx D , Davoust J , Ricciardi-Castagnoli P 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immature dendritic cells (DC) use both macropinocytosis and mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis to internalize soluble Ags efficiently. These Ags are ultimately presented to T cells after DC maturation and migration into the lymph nodes. We have previously described the immortalized myeloid cell line FSDC as displaying the characteristics of early DC precursors that efficiently internalize soluble Ags. To describe the different routes of Ag uptake and to identify the Ag retention compartments in FSDC, we followed the intracellular fate of FITC-coupled OVA, dextran (DX), transferrin, and Lucifer Yellow using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and immunoelectron microscopy. OVA and DX gained access into macropinosomes and early endosomes. DX was preferentially sorted into endosomal compartments, while most of the OVA entered macropinosomes via fluid phase uptake. We found a long-lasting retention of DX and OVA of up to 24 h. After 6 h of chase, these two molecules were concentrated in common vesicular compartments. These retention compartments were distinct from endosomes and lysosomes; they were much larger, only mildly acidic, and lacked the small GTP binding protein rab7. However, they were positive for lysosome-associated membrane protein-1, the protease cathepsin D, and MHC class II molecules, thus representing matured macropinosomes. These data suggest that the activity of vacuolar proteases is reduced at the mildly acidic pH of these vesicles, which explains their specific retention of an Ag. The retention compartments might be used by nonlymphoid tissue DC to store peripheral Ags during their migration to the lymph node.
The epithelial cell-specific integrin, CD103 (alpha E integrin), defines a novel subset of alloreactive CD8+ CTL.
Authors: Hadley G A , Bartlett S T , Via C S , Rostapshova E A , Moainie S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The interaction of CD8+CTL with epithelial layers is an important but poorly defined aspect of organ allograft rejection. We herein report that CD103 (formerly alpha E integrin), a known receptor for the epithelial cell-specific ligand E-cadherin, is expressed by a major subset of CD8 + CTL elicited in response to allogeneic renal epithelial cells (REC). In contrast, CD103 was expressed poorly on CD8 + CTL generated in the conventional manner by stimulation with allogeneic leukocytes, although expression could be dramatically up-regulated by supplementing cultures with REC or exogenous TGF-beta 1. That TGF-beta controls the expression of CD103 on CD8+ CTL was further supported by the capacity of anti-TGF-beta mAb to block the generation of such cells in anti-REC cultures. Clonal analyses of anti-REC cultures revealed that individual CD8+ CTL clones were discretely CD103+ or CD103-, nd maintained their respective phenotypes independently of the cell type used for clonal restimulation. In a mouse model of graft-vs-host disease, 16.4 +/- 2.7% of CD8 cells that infiltrated host kidneys were CD103+ (n = 4). CD8 kidney-infiltrating lymphocytes were predominantly of donor origin and displayed an activated/memory phenotype (CD62L-, CD44high), consistent with expression of CD103 on a CD8 effector subset elicited in vivo following allogeneic transplantation. Taken together, the present data demonstrate that CD103 identifies a novel CD8 effector subset and, moreover, that such cells may comprise a significant component of the response to allogeneic tissues. The potential for CD103+ CTL as an important effector mechanism in organ allograft rejection, and more generally, as a mechanistic basis for tissue-specific immune phenomena, is discussed.
Maintenance of clonotype specificity in CD95/Apo-1/Fas-mediated apoptosis of mature T lymphocytes.
Authors: Hornung F , Zheng L , Lenardo M J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ag-induced mature T cell apoptosis is the result of death-inducing cytokines, including the ligand for CD95 (Apo-1/Fas). This raises the possibility that expression of this death molecule could affect bystander T cells that were not directly antigenically stimulated but that express the CD95 receptor. We show here that bystander T cells, even if they express the CD95 receptor, are not killed when exposed to T cells undergoing Ag-induced apoptosis. Rather, cell death is restricted to T cells that bear the receptor clonotype that is specifically engaged by TCR ligands. At least one mechanism of clonotype restriction is a significant enhancement of CD95-induced apoptosis by TCR ligation. Our results demonstrate that, in addition to the well-known ability of TCR to stimulate apoptosis by inducing CD95 ligand expression, TCR signals at the time of CD95 engagement can effectively increase apoptosis. Therefore, we put forward the hypothesis that strict clonotype specificity is preserved when death cytokines such as CD95 ligand induce autoregulatory mature T cell apoptosis, at least in part through a sensitization signal provided by the TCR stimulation.
Cytokines promote glomerular mesangial cell survival in vitro by stimulus-dependent inhibition of apoptosis.
Authors: Mooney A , Jobson T , Bacon R , Kitamura M , Savill J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Resolution of glomerular inflammation requires the removal of proliferating resident glomerular mesangial cells, but excessive loss of glomerular cells is a feature of postinflammatory scarring. Because apoptosis regulates mesangial cell number in glomerular inflammation, we have studied the exogenous control of apoptosis triggered in cultured mesangial cells by stimuli likely to be important in vivo. Apoptosis could be induced by serum deprivation to model decreased availability of survival factors, by etoposide as an example of DNA-damaging agents, by ligation of mesangial cell Fas, and by protein synthesis inhibition by cycloheximide. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-II, and basic fibroblast growth factor were each able to suppress apoptosis induced by serum deprivation, whereas TGF-beta 1, epidermal growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor had no effect. IGF-I and IGF-II (but not basic fibroblast growth factor) were also able to protect cells from apoptosis induced by etoposide or cycloheximide. However, Fas-mediated apoptosis was resistant to suppression by all three cytokines. None of the cytokines tested caused a change in the levels of expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Bcl-x, or Bak proteins. The survival-promoting properties of serum-free medium conditioned by mesangial cells was abrogated by neutralizing IGF-I Ab. These experiments are the first to define cytokines that inhibit apoptosis and thereby promote survival of mesangial cells, and the data indicate a paracrine survival signaling role for IGF-I. Finally, the data show that Fas ligation can override cytokine survival signaling, emphasizing a candidate role for this molecule in the undesirable apoptotic loss of mesangial cells during the progression of glomerular scarring.
IL-18 accounts for both TNF-alpha- and Fas ligand-mediated hepatotoxic pathways in endotoxin-induced liver injury in mice.
Authors: Tsutsui H , Matsui K , Kawada N , Hyodo Y , Hayashi N , Okamura H , Higashino K , Nakanishi K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When LPS is administered to heat-killed Propionibacterium acnes-primed BALB/c nude mice, they develop endotoxin-induced liver injury. As previously reported, this liver injury can be prevented by treatment with an Ab against IL-18, a novel cytokine with the ability to induce IFN-gamma production and up-regulate functional Fas ligand (FasL) expression. To identify the pathologic role of IL-18 in this liver injury, we investigated the hepatic cytokine network and FasL induction after LPS challenge. After LPS challenge to BALB/c nude mice, their livers expressed IL-12 mRNA, followed by the induction of IFN-gamma and FasL mRNA and then by the late elevation of TNF-alpha mRNA, but stably expressed IL-18 mRNA. The TNF-alpha induction curve had two peaks. The first peak was the result of the direct reaction to LPS, and the late peak might have been induced, since P. acnes-elicited Kupffer cells showed one-peak TNF-alpha kinetics in response to LPS stimulation in vitro. LPS-activated P. acnes-elicited Kupffer cells secreted both IL-12 and IL-18, as determined by ELISA and bioassay, respectively. The in vivo administration of anti-IL-18 just before an LPS challenge suppressed not only the induction of IFN-gamma and the late TNF-alpha elevation, but also the FasL induction, resulting in the total prevention of liver injury, whereas such an anti-IL-12 treatment did not. Anti-IFN-gamma treatment reduced the late increase in TNF-alpha, but not FasL, resulting in a partial prevention of the liver injury. The administration of anti-TNF-alpha just before elevation of the late TNF-alpha peak also markedly, but incompletely, suppressed the LPS-induced liver injury. These data suggested that IL-18 activates both TNF-alpha- and FasL-mediated hepatocytotoxic pathways in endotoxin-induced liver injury.
Differential regulation of mast cell function by IL-10 and stem cell factor.
Authors: Lin T J , Befus A D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the development of rodent mast cells (MC), IL-10 significantly enhances the growth factor activity of stem cell factor (SCF). The differential effects of IL-10 and SCF on function of rat peritoneal MC (PMC) are investigated in this study. IL-10 inhibits both constitutive and Ag-induced nitric oxide production by PMC in a dose-dependent manner, whereas SCF does not affect nitric oxide production by PMC. Short term (20-min) incubation with IL-10 does not affect Ag-induced histamine secretion, whereas long term (24-h) incubation with IL-10 significantly potentiates Ag-induced histamine secretion, an effect similar to those reported for IL-3 and IL-4 in mouse MC. By contrast, SCF significantly potentiates Ag-induced histamine secretion in both short term (20-min) and long term (24-h) experiments. Both constitutive and Ag-induced TNF-alpha production by PMC are dose-dependently inhibited by IL-10, whereas they are not affected by SCF at all doses tested (2-500 ng/ml) and incubation times observed (3-24 h). Interestingly, rat PMC constitutively express IL-10 mRNA and proteins, as tested by reverse transcription-PCR and immunocytochemistry. In addition, it was found by flow cytometry that 23.5% PMC express surface IL-10. Moreover, treatment of PMC with anti-IL-10 Ab for 6 h significantly potentiates constitutive and Ag-induced TNF-alpha production by rat PMC. Thus, IL-10 and SCF exert different regulatory effects on MC secretory function. IL-10 produced by MC has the potential to regulate MC function in an autocrine manner, an effect that may be highly relevant to responses involving MC activation.
The Mode of Action of Formaldehyde on Complement Fixation Systems
Authors: Reyner C. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The action of formaldehyde in intensifying and in accelerating the fixation of complement has been shown in studies previously reported (1, 2 and 3). Not only is this sensitizing action of formaldehyde exhibited in specific systems in which the antigenic component is formed, such as the bacterial cell, but it also is manifest in the non-specific Wassermann system in which the antigen is composed of unformed materials. With the formaldehyde in appropriate concentrations the sensitizing action is specific, but the nature of the change induced by the formaldehyde has not been entirely clear, and a study of the mode of action necessitates the use of specific antigens rather than the use of antigenic systems as employed in the Wassermann reaction. To this end, studies along various lines have been made and the work here reported embodies the results of some of these experiments.
The Pathogenicity of the Avian Tubercle Bacillus
Authors: L'Esperance Elise S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Until recent years the avian tubercle bacillus has received very little attention from the host of investigators in the field of tuberculosis. The most plausible explanation for this neglect appears to be the generally accepted view that the avian tubercle bacillus is only slightly pathogenic for mammalia.
Koch, in 1890, raised the practical question as to whether the avian bacillus might be pathogenic for human beings and suggested continued study of this point through efforts to cultivate this organism from human disease.
Plum (Copenhagen, 1925), in a recent monograph on the incidence of avian tuberculosis in mammalia finds in a review of the literature and from personal observations, that the avian bacillus is pathogenic in varying degrees for man and other mammalian animals.
Isolated instance of spontaneous avian infection in man have been reported (Löwenstein, Pansini, Joannovic, Landouzy and others). The majority of these cases were characterized by a septicaemic type of disease.
The Relation of Serum Dilution and of Antigen Density to the Non-Specific Precipitations of Fowl Serum
Authors: Schilling S. J. , Schilling G. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In conducting the agglutination test on the blood of fowls to determine which birds are carriers of Salmonella pullorum, the etiologic agent of bacillary white diarrhea of chicks, a non-specific precipitation has been encountered by most, if not all, workers. This phenomenon, commonly called the cloudy reaction, frequently obscures and may in some instances inhibit the agglutination reaction.
A number of studies have appeared in which the investigators were concerned with finding the cause of this non-specific precipitation and with finding a means of avoiding it. It has been proposed to starve (1) the birds for a period before obtaining blood samples, and to add NaOH to a concentration of 0.04 per cent (2) or formalin to yield a concentration of 0.1 per cent in the agglutinating antigen (3). The means of avoiding the cloudy reaction by addition of NaOH although not uniformly effective, appears to be finding wide acceptance.
Quantitative Studies on the Action of Compound Hemolysins
Authors: Gahl Rudolf , David Norman , Kelleher Alice 
Published: December 2022

Summary
New experimental material was presented in graphical form. The shape of the curves which are characteristic of the hemolytic reaction, their zones and the systems which they form were discussed in a qualitative way.
One of the zones was proven to be due to the presence of amboceptor in the complement. Regarding another zone the thesis was proposed that it is due to the presence of complement in the amboceptor which would imply that heat inactivation, at least as ordinarily conducted, does not destroy all the complement contained in the amboceptor before inactivation. A third zone was considered as representing the reaction between amboceptor and complement uncontaminated by side reactions. It was shown that this zone is utilized in the Wassermann test. It was also shown that the shape of the characteristics within this zone does not vary with the specimen of amboceptor and complement serum.
Cross-section curves show the typical S-shape observed by Manwaring. This shape was found to be due to the varying resistance of the individual corpuscles towards lysis.
The idea advanced in the second part of this paper that the shape of the characteristic curves depends only on amboceptor and complement serum but not on the concentration and character of the blood corpuscles was supported by experimental evidence.
Distribution of Antibodies in the Serum and Organs of Rabbits
Authors: Freund Jules 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous work (1) has shown that agglutinins can be recovered from the organs of actively or passively immunized rabbits by extraction with salt solution, and that there is a definite quantitative relation between the antibody content of the serum and that of the organs. The purpose of the present work is to establish whether such a relation holds true for other antibodies.
In the literature on the subject there are several reports on the quantitative relation between the antibody content of the serum and organs of lower animals and man. (a) One group of studies were undertaken to establish the site of antibody-production. In these studies, most of the animals were examined very shortly after the injection of antigen, at a time when presumably the antibody-content of the site of antibody-production is relatively high, i.e., when the final distribution of the antibodies produced has not been reached.
Immunological Investigations in Tropical Sprue in Porto Rico
Authors: Weiss Charles , Costa Mandry O. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
An investigation was made to determine whether the untoward gastro-intestinal reactions observed in sprue patients (diarrhoea, tympanites, flatulence, etc.) after eating certain types of food might be of the nature of specific hypersensitiveness. A careful survey was made of the foods commonly eaten by the people of Porto Rico and representative types were selected for cutaneous tests. These include proteins prepared from rice, beans, pork, cod-fish, cocoanut, etc., sugars (saccharose and fructose), fats and oils (lard, butter, etc.), starches prepared from rice potatoes, beans, etc., and local spices and coffee.
Our results were clearly negative and indicate that the untoward digestive symptoms of sprue patients are not due to any specific sensitization to any food products.