bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
General Conclusion
Authors: Verellen Thomas 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn the introduction to the book, federalism was defined as a combination of self-rule and shared rule. Federalism thus understood has four components: power allocation, conflict resolution, political safeguards of federalism, and intergovernmental relations. Bringing together the findings with regard to these four components, this concluding chapter identifies four approaches to the quintessentially federal objective of striking a balance between unity and diversity in the foreign relations context. The US approach constitutes a ‘unity +’ approach, the Canadian approach an ‘external unity, internal diversity’ approach, and the Belgian approach a ‘diversity +’ approach. Compared with these three federations, the EU’s brand of foreign relations federalism represents a ‘diversity ++’ approach, characterized as it is by a balance between unity and diversity that tilts quite strongly—and arguably altogether too strongly—towards the pole of diversity. This negative assessment of the emphasis of the EU’s foreign affairs constitution on diversity is justified due to the democratic deficit that it entails. Diversity as it is understood in the EU foreign affairs constitution has a cost: the strong political safeguards of foreign relations federalism and the concomitantly weak checks on the two Councils shield EU foreign policy-making from the constraints imposed by representative democracy. The final section of this concluding chapter puts forward three proposals for reform that aim to put EU foreign relations on a firmer democratic footing.
The Evolution of Constitutional Adjudication in Europe
Authors: Villalón Pedro Cruz 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The chapter outlines the evolution of constitutional adjudication in Europe over a period spawning from 1815 until 2009, considered from the perspective of the European legal space. It aims to present an overall concept of this evolution, in which developments described as purely national in earlier times can now be seen as European. The year 1918 marks the watershed in this long evolution. The long nineteenth century shows a variety of scattered and largely insignificant institutions (judicial review of legislation, constitutional conflicts, individual complaints) related to the judicial guarantee of mostly monarchical and substantively poor constitutions. Reversely, the first afterwar period witnessed the emergence of a consistent notion of the normative—now republican—constitution in Europe that is consequently accompanied by the first examples (Austria, Czechoslovakia, Spain) of a characteristic system of judicial review, embodied in singular constitutional courts. Nevertheless, it is only in the time after 1945 when these first experiments take root. The success of the German and Italian Courts leads to the gradual but unfailing spread of the model to the rest of Europe. Parallel to this, the notion of constitutional interpretation becomes the defining feature of constitutional adjudication. The end of this evolution is signalled by the emergence of a complex European judicial space, following the transfer of constitutional responsibilities to the EU Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights (judicial dialogue).
Constitutional Courts Securing Their Legitimacy : An Institutional-Procedural Analysis
Authors: De Visser Maartje 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter contributes to the ongoing discussion regarding the legitimacy of constitutional jurisprudence. It shows the multitude of techniques relied on by constitutional courts in Europe to navigate the law–politics–society divide, in particular the adoption of rulings that are less invasive than the annulment of legislation. Methods such as saving constructions, findings of temporary constitutionality, and declarations without or with delayed annulment, allow the courts to exercise their authority cautiously. The chapter analyses how the legitimacy of constitutional courts, and a potential backlash, is also related to the possibilities to access the court. If the procedural framework makes it easy to refer all manner of constitutional questions to the court, it becomes more important still for the latter to think carefully about the adjudication of such questions on their merits, in part to ensure that the political branches are not overly stymied in the realization of their mandate and objectives.
Estate Landscapes of the Learned
Authors: FitzPatrick Elizabeth 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the scale and organization of learned kindred estates, and their land-use and resources, within the framework of estates as landscapes. Field-based case studies, historical records, and place names are used to profile them. Certain estate naming styles served to generate a sense of deep roots and visibility in the lordships for kindreds of literati who were relative newcomers. Descriptions of estates and their land-use histories, combined with chronicle and bardic references to livestock, suggest that pastoral agriculture was dominant on estates. However, evidence of enclosure and kilns on some lands, the recovery of millstones and deposits of grain, and remarks by scribes about harvesting, imply that tillage was equally important and expected on learned kindred landholdings. Gaelic chiefs had parkland by the sixteenth century at least, within which secular literati were allocated estates. Later modern emparkment of these, within landed estates of the seventeenth to late nineteenth century, is a lens through which their previous histories as grazing for mixed herds, including deer, can be perceived. Attention is drawn to the occurrence of metal ores and quarriable stone in the environs of learned kindred estates, and to the incorporation of resources into boundaries of estate lands.
Introduction
Authors: Wu Wayne 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the idea of a biology of agency that includes philosophical analysis and which is the outlook of the book’s investigation. It summarizes the book’s main ideas. Chapter 1 discusses the structure of action. Chapter 2 presents the theory of attention and attending as action. Chapter 3 explicates intention as a type of practical memory. Chapter 4 discusses intending as an action that involves continued practical reasoning while intentional action unfolds. Chapter 5 examines biases on attention that yield actions of ethical and epistemic concern. Chapter 6 examines deduction as a form of cognitive attention. Chapter 7 discusses two forms of introspection of perceptual consciousness and investigates their reliability in core cases.
Roots
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe define the classical syllogistic, together with its extensions by either noun-level negation or transitive verbs, showing that the satisfiability problem for all three fragments is NLogSpace-complete. We show, however, that the satisfiability problem for the extension with both these features is ExpTime-complete. We go on to establish that the Aristotelian syllogisms---together with some auxiliary rules---constitute a sound and complete proof system for the classical syllogistic and its extension by noun-level negation. We exhibit a set of syllogism-like rules that is sound and refutation-complete for the extension by transitive verbs, and show that there is no such system which is sound and complete for this fragment. Finally, we show that, for the extension by both noun-level negation and transitive verbs, there is no system of syllogism-like rules that is even sound and refutation-complete.
Guards
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe consider the guarded fragment of first-order logic together with its k-variable subfragments. Using the technique of resolution theorem proving, we show that the satisfiability problem for the guarded fragment is in 2-ExpTime, falling to ExpTime if the number of variables is bounded. We obtain matching lower bounds by reduction to the bounded halting problem for alternating Turing machines. We also show that the guarded fragment has the finite model property, and obtain a semantic characterization of its expressive power. An appendix to the chapter provides a proof of the refutation-completeness of resolution-theorem proving with atom orderings and selection functions.
Fluting
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe consider the so-called fluted fragment, a fragment of first-order logic originating in the work of W.V.O. Quine in which, roughly speaking, the order of quantification of variables is constrained to match the order of occurrence of those variables in atomic formulas. We show that this fragment has the finite model property, and that its satisfiability problem is decidable, but with non-elementary complexity. We also determine, within certain bounds, the complexity of satisfiability for the k-variable subfragment, for all k.
Modalities
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe explain how propositional modal logics can be understood as subfragments of the two-variable fragment of first-order logic, in which the interpretation of a distinguished binary relation is subject to various semantic constraints, in particular, the properties of reflexivity, seriality, symmetry and transitivity. We introduce graded modal logic, which extends propositional modal logics (thus understood) with counting quantifiers. We determine the complexity of the satisfiability problems for modal logics and graded modal logics defined by all possible conjunctions of the semantic constraints just mentioned. We also characterize the expressive power of propositional modal logic and briefly consider some extensions contained within the two-variable fragment of first-order logic.
Transitivity
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe consider the two-variable fragment of first-order logic with counting quantifiers, but where k distinguished binary predicates are constrained to be interpreted as equivalence relations. We show that, if k=1, the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems for the resulting logic remain NExpTime-complete. Our treatment here employs the full power of the results on integer linear programming obtained in Chapter 7. In addition, we show that, if k=2, the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems for the resulting logic become undecidable.
Trees
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe consider the two-variable fragment of first-order logic interpreted over finite, ordered trees. The tree structure is accessed by means of a collection of distinguished, navigational predicates. These include the relations mother-daughter, descendant, next-sister and younger-sister. We determine the complexity of satisfiability for each combination of these navigational predicates. In the presence of counting quantifiers, most such logics are undecidable or have enormous complexity. However, if only the mother-daughter relation is available, then complexity is reduced. We show that the finite satisfiability problem for the two-variable fragment of first-order logic with counting quantifiers remains in NExpTime, even in the presence of up to two distinguished relations interpreted as the mother-daughter relation in (independent) trees.
The reasons for research on data subjects
Authors: Malgieri Gianclaudio 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter explains the research question at the heart of the book: ‘what is the notion of the data subject in the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation, considering different levels of data subjects’ vulnerabilities, and how can we improve the protection of vulnerable data subjects?’ While in EU data protection law there are clear definitions of ‘data controllers’ and ‘data processors’, which are even classified according to size, responsibility, data protection risks, territoriality, etc, there is no precise definition or classification of data subjects. Privacy and data protection law aim to right the unfair imbalance between the processing party and the data subject and thus to mitigate an individual’s vulnerability. However, increased awareness in the social sciences about the personal conditions of individuals (in terms of understanding, awareness, exposure to manipulation and discrimination, resilience to attacks, etc) suggest that different layers of data subjects’ vulnerability ought to be considered. In the GDPR (and in the Data Protection Directive that preceded it), it is clear that some rules are conceived for ‘average’ data subjects. However, an increasing number of provisions seem to refer to a broad notion of the data subject, which also includes vulnerable subjects.
Data protection rights and duties and vulnerable data subjects
Authors: Malgieri Gianclaudio 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses data protection rights and duties under the perspective of data subjects’ personal conditions, in particular considering data subjects’ vulnerabilities. As regards data protection rights in the GDPR, this chapter focuses mainly on transparency rights (the right to receive information about data processing cited in Articles 13 and 14, and the right to access to information about the data processing and the personal data processed in Article 15), the right to erasure (Article 17), the right to object (Article 21), and the right not to be subject to automated decision-making (Article 22). As regards the data controller’s duties in the GDPR, this chapter dedicates particular attention to the references of ‘categories of data subjects’ in the records of data processing activities and the security measures for data processing (including measures in case of a data breach), to the risk-based approach, to the principle of data protection by design, and the Data Protection Impact Assessment. The chapter argues that, at least in these cases, data subjects’ personal situations or conditions are relevant. In particular, for some of those accountability duties (record of data processing, data breach notifications), the data controller needs to identify ‘categories of data subjects’, in other cases (risk-based approach, data protection by design, DPIA), the data controller needs to perform an analysis of risks for data subjects. This analysis should include the level of vulnerability of the data subject in a given situation.
The Domestic Abuse Commissioner (Sections 4–21)
Authors: Edwards Susan , Mullane Frank 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter expounds on the sections established by the Domestic Abuse Commissioner. The interrelationship of duties and obligations mandates the promotion of good practice regarding domestic abuse protection, which subsequently facilitates the development of plans and strategies for better understanding and prevention. The statutory appointment by the Secretary of State of the office of Commissioner aims to promote and steer change and raise awareness in particular areas of public concern and importance. The chapter details the provisions surrounding the duties and powers of the Secretary of State. It also considers the sections concerned with the disclosure of information, miscellaneous, and supplementary.
Domestic Abuse Protection Notices and Orders, Definitions, Breaches, and the Police Role (Sections 22–27)
Authors: O’Neill Martin 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the correlation between domestic abuse protection notices and orders, definitions, breaches, and police roles. It explains the design of notices provides short-term breathing space for domestic violence victims to allow them to consider their next move following an incident. The Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) 2021 creates new notices and orders that replace the existing domestic violence protection notice (DVPN) and domestic violence protection order (DVPO). Meanwhile, unlike the DAPN, the Domestic Abuse Protection Order (DAPO) can include both prohibitions and requirements. The chapter elaborates on the guidance to police officers which suggests prohibitions that involve prohibiting access to premises or setting clear geographical restrictions such as how close to the premises the perpetrator is allowed.
Domestic Abuse Protection Orders, the Court Procedure (Sections 28–38)
Authors: Malone David 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the provisions addressing the court procedure that concerns Domestic Abuse Protection Orders (DAPO). It starts with Section 28 which enables applications for DAPOs to be made by either the victim, police, relevant third party, or any other period with the leave of the court. The DAPO provisions are designed to make DAPOs more accessible by enabling applications to be made to a wide spectrum of courts. The chapter also looks into provisions for electronic monitoring and requirements that may be imposed by others. It considers the provisions that allow the court to be flexible when establishing the effective period by explicitly prescribing a specified period or by using the occurrence of a specified event to terminate the effective period.
Local Authority Support and Local Partnership Boards (Sections 57–61)
Authors: Hague Gill , Jarrett Sophie , Hemingway Tina 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the support provided by the local authority and local partnership boards (LPB). It highlights the significance of accessing safe and secure housing for victims and survivors of domestic violence if they are forced to leave their homes. The Women’s Aid federations played an important role in the drafting and re-drafting of the Homeless Persons Act (HPA) 1977 to include domestic abuse as the accepted cause and criteria of homelessness. The chapter notes the attempts of the Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) to improve the waiting situation. It also mentions that the LPB and its required functions play a critical role in guiding local areas in implementing the duty of domestic abuse safe accommodation.
Immigration, Contact Centres, Powers of Secretary of State (Sections 81–91)
Authors: Patel Pragna , Walker Janaya , Ishmael Fazeela , George Rob , Edwards Susan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the notions of immigration, contact centres, and powers of the Secretary of State under the Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) 2021. It discusses the struggle to institute a firewall or safe reporting mechanisms between public services and the Home Office. Moreover, the lack of statutory regulations and inconsistent levels of training and resourcing for contact centres are significant safety concerns. The chapter also entails the powers and guidance of the Secretary of State in accordance with the DAA 2021. Under Section 84, the Secretary of State may issue guidance when concerned with the effect of any provisions made by or under other sections of the act.
The Open-Question Argument in Ethics
Authors: Zalabardo José L. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the challenge posed by a version of the open-question argument to the project of identifying the referents of ethical terms. On the construal developed here, the crucial thought is that someone can mean by an ethical predicate what we mean by it even though their ascriptions of the predicate are not in line with their views on the instantiation of any property we might want to treat as the referent of the predicate. It argues that the standard version of the argument can be blocked by a naturalist conception of the reference of ethical terms, but that the argument can be modified to overcome this obstacle. The chapter includes a discussion of the parallels and differences between the version of the argument presented here and the Moral Twin Earth argument developed by Terence Horgan and Mark Timmons. It outlines the challenges faced by the attempt to solve these difficulties by embracing moral intuitionism.
Some Reactions
Authors: Zalabardo José L. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Previous chapters have developed an argument for the view that ethical discourse and some central semantic discourses cannot have representationalist meaning grounds, since no properties can play the role of referents for the central predicates of these discourses. This chapter considers two ways in which one might react to this outcome. The first consists in defining the referents of the target predicates in terms of the procedures that we employ for deciding when to count a speaker as meaning by one of their predicates what we mean by one of the target predicates. Ethical subjectivism and interpretivism concerning ascriptions of propositional attitudes and meanings are instances of this approach. The chapter argues that these proposals face formidable obstacles. The second is the idea that the sentences of the target discourses have a function other than representing the world—one that can be performed by sentences without representationalist meaning grounds. Ethical noncognitivism, deflationism about truth, instrumentalism about the attitudes, and Kripke’s sceptical solution are instances of this approach. Quasi-realism offers a strategy for making these views compatible with our intuition that the target sentences represent the world. The chapter argues that the strategy is unsuccessful, since once we include a non-representational function in the meaning grounds of these sentences, their representational credentials are unavoidably inferior to those of sentences with representationalist meaning grounds.
Transcendental Subjectivity in Phenomenology of Perception
Authors: Berendzen Joseph C. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 set to the side some problems that arise for the transcendental interpretation of Phenomenology. This chapter considers those problems insofar as they are related to consciousness and subjectivity. Merleau-Ponty’s emphasis on the connection between body and world suggests the possibility that our experience is shaped by elements outside the scope of subjectivity. Specifically, his notion of an “anonymous” element of our experience poses difficulties for the transcendental idealist conception of the mind. Despite these problems, this chapter argues that Merleau-Ponty’s view is ultimately compatible with the transcendental interpretation. This leads to a consideration of the “tacit cogito” and temporality, and deepens the book’s consideration of Merleau-Ponty’s conception of the embodied mind.
Conclusion
Authors: Berendzen Joseph C. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The conclusion has three aims. First, it briefly summarizes the general results of the book. As a part of this, it emphasizes the way in which Merleau-Ponty’s view is genuinely an idealism. Second, it considers how the transcendental idealist interpretation of Merleau-Ponty’s early thought might be affected by the views expressed in his later works. Those later works appear to pose a stronger and more overt challenge to transcendental idealism. The conclusion briefly considers this possibility and gives some reasons for thinking that this should not change the results of the current book. Finally, the conclusion considers some possible avenues for further research based on the results of this book.