Connectivity between long-term care homes and subsequent SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks
Authors: Xia Yiqing , Ma Huiting , Malikov Kamil , Straus Sharon E. , Fahim Christine , Moloney Gary , Huang Qing , Asgari Sahar , Boyd Jamie M. , Ferro Irene , Johns Jaimie , Khan Kamran , Mistry Jaydeep , Wang Linwei , Chan Adrienne K. , Baral Stefan D. , Maheu-Giroux Mathieu , Mishra Sharmistha 
Published: January 2025

AbstractObjectivesTo describe the relationship between individual workers employed at more than one LTCH (inter-LTCH connectivity) across long-term care homes (LTCH) and SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks.DesignA retrospective cohort study using long-term care home surveillance and mobile geolocation data.SettingUsing data observed between February 26th, 2020, and August 31st, 2020, from Ontario, the province where close to one-third of the Canada’s SARS-CoV-2 cases among long-term care homes residents were reported.ParticipantsWe included all 179 LTCH in the Greater Toronto Area (population 6.7 million, where close to 50% of Ontario population resides).ExposuresThe main exposure of interest was the inter-LTCH connectivity, generated from geographic position system location data procured across apps on different platforms.Main outcomes and measuresThree outcomes were examined: 1) at least one SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis among residents, 2) cumulative cases among residents in each facility, and 3) time to first outbreak.ResultsThe median degree of connectivity for LTCH that experienced an outbreak (59%; 106/179) was 1.2 times the degree of those without an outbreak (6 compared to 5). LTCH with higher inter-LTCH connectivity also had larger numbers of residents and beds, and were more likely to have for-profit ownership. After adjusting for facility-level and neighbourhood-level factors, every additional connection to another LTCH increased the odds of an outbreak in the respective LTCH by 8% (adjusted odds ratio=1.08, 90% credible interval [CrI]: 1.02-1.09). Inter-LTCH connectivity was also associated with higher risk of earlier occurrence of a first SARS-CoV-2 case (adjusted hazard ratio=1.05, 90%CrI: 1.02-1.09), but not with outbreak size.Conclusions and RelevanceStaff cohorting was associated with reduced importation risk of SARS-CoV-2 cases into LTCH. However, findings suggest that once importation has occurred, other facility-level factors including facility infrastructure and staff benefits are more important in shaping outbreak size. Implementing these structural strategies to meet the LTCH workers and residents’ needs are pivotal to prevent and manage future respiratory virus outbreaks.Key pointsQuestionWere movement of long-term care homes (LTCH) workers between facilities (staff connectivity) associated with the risk, size, and timing of SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in these facilities during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.FindingAfter adjusting for facility-level and neighbourhood-level factors, a higher degree of staff connectivity between LTCH was associated with a greater risk of outbreaks (2.2-fold the risk of a LTCH connected with 10 more other LTCHs) and a higher risk of experiencing an earlier outbreak (1.7-fold the hazard with 10 more staff connections with other LTCH). However, we did not observe an association between connectivity and the size of outbreaks.Meaning“One-site” strategy to cohort staff by facility and minimizing movement may reduce risk of pathogen importation. However, structural strategies (e.g. improve facility design and infrastructure) to reduce nosocomial transmission within these facilities remain pivotal to prevent and manage future respiratory virus outbreaks.