bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
City of Refuge
Authors: Watts A.G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the evacuation of universities in London to the provinces during the Second World War. The largest number of students went to Cambridge, from universities such as the London School of Economics (LSE), Queen Mary College (QMC), the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), Bedford College, St Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical College (Barts), the London Hospital Medical College, and the Bartlett School of Architecture. The looks at the awareness of students of the differences between their lives in Cambridge and in London. Even with the severe dislocation, both London and Cambridge colleges benefited from this relationship. The chapter references how the LSE learned the benefits of residential accommodation, and Cambridge colleges received access to new subjects such as sociology.
Field Theory and Expertise: Analytical Approaches and the Question of Autonomy
Authors: Griffen Zachary , Panofsky Aaron 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the use of field theory in the study of expertise. First, it considers a tension between approaches that either conceptualize fields as heuristics for explaining social action among experts or that focus on the distinctive, field-specific authority expertise has acquired in differentiated capitalist societies. This tension in the literature is not fully resolved, but it points to another issue for field theory: a normative concern with how to preserve field autonomy in the context of political battles over expert legitimacy. The second part of the chapter examines different approaches to the problem of relative autonomy over work in fields of expertise, and it argues via empirical examples that the politics of expertise should be distinguished from the political views of individual experts. Finally, it concludes with ideas for how field theory might be applied to expertise in the future.
Trust and Distrust of Scientific Experts and the Challenges of the Democratization of Science
Authors: Weingart Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The chapter analyses the challenges posed to the trust of scientists as experts by a secular development: the end of the “exceptionalism” of science as an institution. Certified knowledge as the basis of expert advice (expertise) has a legitimating function, alongside the popular vote, but because of its instrumental value in political decision-making is always in danger of being politicized. This is exacerbated by a general movement toward the “democratization” of expertise, the recourse to expertise and “counterexpertise.” The pressure on science to be accountable has triggered an orientation toward public attention and the media (medialization), which, in turn, has initiated widespread “science communication” activities. Not least, digitization has created new opportunities and pressures. We are witnessing a self-reinforcing dynamic of continued dependence on the knowledge produced and represented by experts, triggering growing skepticism of the experts and their knowledge.
(In)expertise and the Paradox of Therapeutic Governance
Authors: Carr E. Summerson 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
American experts of many stripes have long worked to manage public mistrust. At the heart of this mistrust are culturally saturated anxieties about the external direction of and authority over ostensibly autonomous, self-governing subjects. Although these anxieties have haunted and shaped the project of American democratic governance writ large, they are heightened when small-d democrats and experts take human subjectivity and behavior to be their areas of expertise. This chapter tracks how proponents of an American behavioral therapy—which has enjoyed broad institutional uptake in the United States and beyond—take on and manage the question of expert direction of American automatons, in part by training professionals to perform (in)expertise. In their pronounced and unusually explicit formulations of (in)expertise, we can decipher a prominent and telling way that American expertise and American democratic ideals have been ideologically and practically reconciled.
Media Metacommentary, Mediatization, and the Instability of Expertise
Authors: Townsley Eleanor 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Media metacommentary—a form of media criticism in which the comparison of media formats and media texts is the basis for critical judgment—is analyzed as a case study of how media have transformed expertise in the last half century. A close reading of John Oliver’s use of media metacommentary documents the way his performances simultaneously rely on and destabilize other expert claims. The net result is to accelerate the destabilization of all expert performances. Oliver’s critical performances are also transmedia narratives, which unfold in real time beyond the moment of performance and shape the media practices of his audience, other journalists, and political principals. As transmedia, these performances both leverage the widespread mediatization of society, where pervasive media logics have reshaped and connected all other social institutions, and also stitch together the attention of diverse audiences to craft authentic collective narratives and invoke large democratic publics. Critical media expertise in the new media environment is not only required for all expert performances, then, but also for the constitution of democratic publics.
A Regulatory State of Exception
Authors: Lakoff Andrew 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of “public trust” in regulatory science by examining the role of experts and government officials in the authorization of a COVID vaccine. It focuses on the period during summer and fall 2020 when there was a widespread public discussion around the vaccine regulation process. The chapter examines how, at this critical moment, key actors defended the autonomy of the regulatory process. An alliance of academic scientists, federal agency staff, and drug-industry leaders drew on the specter of vaccine hesitancy to fend off political interference. Trust in the safety of technical objects such as vaccines is often seen to depend on the objectivity of experts and the autonomy of regulatory agencies; however, the converse was the case here: experts and regulatory officials used the construct of public trust as a means to preserve their autonomy.
Experts in Law
Authors: Golan Tal 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
No other modern institution has explored the application of technoscientific expertise in the pursuit of truth and justice for longer and in more depth than the law. Science has long provided the law with evidence and facts, and the law has provided science with a stage and authority. As science grew influential and authoritative, the legal system was pressed to differentiate genuine scientific expertise from charlatanism and to allow only the first kind into the courtroom. The task has proven to be challenging. This chapter describes and analyses the efforts that led the American judiciary ever deeper into exotic scientific territories of experimental protocols and error rates, charged with the awkward duty of weighing the merit of highly specialized claims.
Taxation
Authors: Beramendi Pablo 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines the central elements of a historical political economy of taxation. It begins by mapping its main trends and conceptualizing tax development as a collective action problem over an investment that generates potential long-run benefits and certain short-term costs. Thereafter it outlines the conditions under different political responses that have emerged in different regions of the world, paying specific attention to three factors: geography, institutions, and the interdependency between domestic and international factors. The chapter ends with a brief analysis of the distributional implications of long-run historical fiscal legacies.
The Cultural Evolution of Religion and Cooperation
Authors: Bendixen Theiss , Lightner Aaron D. , Purzycki Benjamin Grant 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Since the earliest days of the social sciences, the relationship between religion and cooperation has been a central topic. In this chapter, we critically review popular cultural evolutionary perspectives on religion and cooperation and consider how they frame the relationships between religious beliefs, behaviours, and the moral rules that motivate cooperation. We then offer an account of how religious systems can contribute to the stability of social life more generally, with cooperative dilemmas occupying a subset of a broader range of socioecological challenges that supernatural appeals might help resolve. We also provide a critical overview of methods used throughout much of the contemporary work on religion and cooperation. In doing so, we provide useful ways forward for testing how appeals to gods, spirits, and other supernatural forces can, in at least some cases, address locally important challenges to cooperation.
Ensuring access to innovative therapies for children, adolescents, and young adults across Canada: The single patient study experience
Authors: Revon-Riviere Gabriel , Young Leah C , Stephenson Elizabeth A , Brodeur-Robb Kathy , Cohen-Gogo Sarah , Deyell Rebecca , Lacaze-Masmonteil Thierry , Palmer Antonia , Parekh Rulan S , Whitlock James A , Morgenstern Daniel A 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Innovative therapeutic approaches are needed to alleviate the burden of life-limiting, rare, and chronic conditions affecting children, adolescents, and young adults (CAYA). This includes a need for improved access to both clinical research and to non-approved or off-label therapies, together with, ultimately, more therapies achieving regulatory approval in Canada. The single patient study (SPS), also known as an open label individual patient (OLIP) study, was introduced by Health Canada to open access to non-marketed drugs where a clinical trial is not readily available, but the drug is considered too investigational to be managed on a standard Special Access Program. SPS is designed for patients who have a serious or life-threatening condition and have exhausted available treatment options. Our report summarizes this relatively new development in the Canadian regulatory environment and highlights the opportunities and challenges as identified by regulators, pharmaceutical representatives, academic researchers, and patient/parent advocates.
Enhancement of dilepton production rate and electric conductivity around the QCD critical point
Authors: Nishimura Toru , Kitazawa Masakiyo , Kunihiro Teiji 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
We investigate whether the soft mode that becomes massless at the QCD critical point (CP) causes an enhancement of the dilepton production rate (DPR) and electric conductivity around the CP through modification of the photon self-energy using the two-flavor Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model. The modification is described by the so-called Aslamazov–Larkin, Maki–Thompson, and density of states terms, which have been taken into account in our previous study on the DPR near the color-superconducting phase transition, with a replacement of the diquark modes with the soft mode of the QCD CP. We show that the coupling of photons with the soft modes brings about an enhancement of the DPR in the low-invariant-mass region and the conductivity near the CP, which would be observable in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.
The Term Structure of Short Selling Costs
Authors: Weitzner Gregory 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Short sellers care about (i) how overvalued an asset is and (ii) when the overvaluation will be corrected. Hence, short selling costs should be higher over horizons when negative information is more likely to arrive. This article presents a model formalizing this intuition and tests the model using the put–call parity condition. Forward shorting costs predict future costs and stock returns, consistent with an expectations hypothesis in the shorting market. Additionally, an upward sloping term structure around earnings announcements increases the probability of a negative earnings surprise, evidence that short selling costs are higher over horizons when negative information is more likely to arrive. My findings suggest that the term structure of short selling costs conveys how long overpricings are expected to persist.
Redox-regulation and anti-inflammatory system activation by quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-rich fraction from Spondias mombin leaves: biochemical, reproductive and histological study in rat model of dichlorvos toxicity
Authors: Bukunmi Ogunro Olalekan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Objective
This study was designed to investigate the redox-regulation capacity of Spondias mombin leaf fraction rich in Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (Q3G-RF) in rat model of dichlorvos (DDVP) toxicity.

Method
Male Wistar rats randomly allotted to six groups with 12 rats each were administered appropriate regimens orally – sunflower oil, Q3G-RF (100 mg/kg), dichlorvos (8.8 mg/kg), Q3G-RF (100 mg/kg) + dichlorvos (8.8 mg/kg), Q3G-RF (50 mg/kg) + dichlorvos (8.8 mg/kg), and Q3G-RF (100 mg/kg) + clomid (0.35 mg/kg) for groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 respectively.

Key findings
DDVP reduced the SOD, CAT, GST, GPx, GR, QR, T-SH, GSH, TAC; ALP, ACP, glucose, sialic acid, 3- and 17-β-HSD, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, NO, MPO, caspase 3; sperm functions; testosterone, FSH, LH, estradiol, testosterone/estradiol ratio; organ-body weight, body weight, without altering semen volume and semen pH but increased the morphological abnormalities number of sperm cells in head, neck, and tail; level of lipid peroxidation, cholesterol and H2O2 relative to control animals. Co-administration with Q3G-RF or clomid revoked dichlorvos effect relative to the control.

Conclusion
Q3G-RF reversed the induced oxidative stress and inflammation as well as suppressed sperm function and reproductive parameters caused by dichlorvos, suggesting the exploration as a therapeutic agent in managing male fertility disorders.
Surgical Reconstruction of Stage 3 and 4 Pressure Injuries: A Literature Review and Proposed Algorithm from an Interprofessional Working Group
Authors: Awad Samir S. , Stern James D. , Milne Cathy T. , Dowling Shane G. , Sotomayor Ron , Ayello Elizabeth A. , Feo Aguirre Leandro J. , Khalaf Basil Z. , Gould Lisa J. , Desvigne Michael N. , Chaffin Abigail E. 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVEStage 3 and 4 pressure injuries (PIs) present an enormous societal burden with no clearly defined interventions for surgical reconstruction. The authors sought to assess, via literature review and a reflection/evaluation of their own clinical practice experience (where applicable), the current limitations to the surgical intervention of stage 3 or 4 PIs and propose an algorithm for surgical reconstruction.METHODSAn interprofessional working group convened to review and assess the scientific literature and propose an algorithm for clinical practice. Data compiled from the literature and a comparison of institutional management were used to develop an algorithm for the surgical reconstruction of stage 3 and 4 PIs with adjunctive use of negative-pressure wound therapy and bioscaffolds.RESULTSSurgical reconstruction of PI has relatively high complication rates. The use of negative-pressure wound therapy as adjunctive therapy is beneficial and widespread, leading to reduced dressing change frequency. The evidence for the use of bioscaffolds both in standard wound care and as an adjunct to surgical reconstruction of PI is limited. The proposed algorithm aims to reduce complications typically seen with this patient cohort and improve patient outcomes from surgical intervention.CONCLUSIONSThe working group has proposed a surgical algorithm for stage 3 and 4 PI reconstruction. The algorithm will be validated and refined through additional clinical research.
Sternal Wound Management in Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Patients: A Novel Strategic Interprofessional Approach
Authors: Jha Neerod Kumar , Shafique Muhammad , Thomas Raisy , Pangilinan Cruz Salvacion , Tariq Gulnaz , Kiraly Laszlo 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
Information on sternal wound management in children after cardiac surgery is limited. The authors formulated a pediatric sternal wound care schematic incorporating concepts of interprofessional wound care and the wound bed preparation paradigm including negative-pressure wound therapy and surgical techniques to expedite and streamline wound care in children.

METHODS
Authors assessed knowledge about sternal wound care among nurses, surgeons, intensivists, and physicians in a pediatric cardiac surgical unit regarding the latest concepts such as wound bed preparation, NERDS and STONEES criteria for wound infection, and early use of negative-pressure wound therapy or surgery. Management pathways for superficial and deep sternal wounds and a wound progress chart were prepared and introduced in practice after education and training.

RESULTS
The cardiac surgical unit team members demonstrated a lack of knowledge about the current concepts of wound care, although this improved after education. The newly proposed management pathway/algorithm for superficial and deep sternal wounds and a wound progress assessment chart were introduced into practice. Results in 16 observed patients were encouraging, leading to complete healing and no mortality.

CONCLUSIONS
Managing pediatric sternal wounds after cardiac surgery can be streamlined by incorporating evidence-based current wound care concepts. In addition, the early introduction of advanced care techniques with appropriate surgical closure further improves outcomes. A management pathway for pediatric sternal wounds is beneficial.
Best Practices in Pediatric Oncology Pain Management
Authors: Taam Brittany , Lim Fidelindo 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT:
Pediatric oncology patients are vulnerable to pain that may be caused by the disease or its treatment, and this symptom can be challenging to manage. This article focuses on the importance of pain control, pain assessment and treatment, and special considerations in pediatric oncology pain management, including preparing children for painful procedures and the family's role in managing pain.
Paving the Way Forward for Evidence-Based Continuing Professional Development
Authors: Jeyakumar Tharshini , Karsan Inaara , Williams Betsy , Fried Joyce , Kane Gabrielle , Ambata-Villanueva Sharon , Bennett Ashleigh , McMahon Graham T. , Paton Morag , Williams Nathaniel , Younus Sarah , Wiljer David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Continuing professional development (CPD) fosters lifelong learning and enables health care providers to keep their knowledge and skills current with rapidly evolving health care practices. Instructional methods promoting critical thinking and decision making contribute to effective CPD interventions. The delivery methods influence the uptake of content and the resulting changes in knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behavior. Educational approaches are needed to ensure that CPD meets the changing needs of health care providers. This article examines the development approach and key recommendations embedded in a CE Educator's toolkit created to evolve CPD practice and foster a learning experience that promotes self-awareness, self-reflection, competency, and behavioral change. The Knowledge-to-Action framework was used in designing the toolkit. The toolkit highlighted three intervention formats: facilitation of small group learning, case-based learning, and reflective learning. Strategies and guidelines to promote active learning principles in CPD activities within different modalities and learning contexts were included. The goal of the toolkit is to assist CPD providers to design educational activities that optimally support health care providers' self-reflection and knowledge translation into their clinical environment and contribute to practice improvement, thus achieving the outcomes of the quintuple aim.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Mediates Inflammation-induced Early-Stage Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction
Authors: Manilall Ashmeetha , Mokotedi Lebogang , Gunter Sulè , Le Roux Regina , Fourie Serena , Flanagan Colleen A. , Millen Aletta M. E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract:
Elevated systemic inflammation contributes to pathogenesis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), but molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Although left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is the main cause of HFpEF, subclinical systolic dysfunction also contributes. We have previously shown that rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) have systemic inflammation, LV diastolic dysfunction, and that increased circulating TNF-α contributes to inflammation-induced HFpEF pathogenesis, but does not mediate LV diastolic dysfunction in CIA rats. Contribution of systemic inflammation to dysfunction of the active process of LV diastolic and systolic function are unknown. In the present study, we used the CIA rat model to investigate the effects of systemic inflammation and TNF-α blockade on systolic function, and mRNA expression of genes involved in active diastolic relaxation and of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms. Collagen inoculation and TNF-α blockade did not affect LV mRNA expression of genes that mediate active LV diastolic function. Collagen-induced inflammation impaired LV global longitudinal strain (P = 0.03) and velocity (P = 0.04). This impairment of systolic function was prevented by TNF-α blockade. Collagen inoculation decreased mRNA expression of α-MyHC (Myh6, P = 0.03) and increased expression of β-MyHC (Myh7, P = 0.0002), a marker, which is upregulated in failing hearts. TNF-α blockade prevented this MyHC isoform-switch. These results show that increased circulating TNF-α changes the relative expression of MyHC isoforms, favoring β-MyHC, which may underlie changes in contractile function that impair systolic function. Our results indicate that TNF-α initiates early-stage LV systolic, rather than LV diastolic dysfunction.