bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes during Coxsackievirus B-3 Infection
Authors: Wong Catherine Y. , Woodruff Judith J. , Woodruff Jack F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The production of cytotoxic cells in the spleens of adult male BALB/c mice infected with Coxsackievirus B-3 has been examined. An in vitro 51Cr release assay was used to measure cytotoxic activity against virus-infected and uninfected neonatal syngeneic fibroblasts. Cytotoxicity of immune spleen cells against virus-infected targets was detected on the 3rd day after infection, reached a peak on day 7, and then declined to low levels by days 12 and 14. Spleen cells obtained 3 and 5 days after infection also exerted cytotoxicity against uninfected fibroblasts, but by the 7th day there was little or no reactivity against uninfected target cells, although activity against infected fibroblasts was maximal at this time. Reciprocal assays performed by using Coxsackie and vaccinia viruses provided evidence of virus specificity of the cytotoxic reaction. When spleen cells were obtained 7 days after infection, the Coxsackievirus-immune population was not cytotoxic for vaccinia-infected fibroblasts, and the vaccinia-immune population was not cytotoxic for Coxsackievirus-infected targets, although each immune cell preparation caused significant lysis of fibroblasts infected with the homologous virus. Additional studies showed that primary mouse or hyperimmune rabbit anti-Coxsackieviral serum could not block immune spleen cell cytotoxicity or induce complement-mediated lysis of in fected targets. The findings indicate that Coxsackievirus infection results in surface membrane alterations, but no evidence was obtained that antiviral antibody could react with the infected cells.
Topographic Determinants on Cytochrome c
Authors: Urbanski G. J. , Margoliash E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit, mouse, and guanaco cytochromes c differ from each other by only two amino acid residues. The identification is described of all of the antigenic determinants of mouse and guanaco cytochrome c that elicit an antibody response in rabbits, and those of the rabbit and guanaco proteins that elicit antibodies in the mouse. All except one of these sites center around single amino acid residue differences between the antigen and the host cytochrome c. The corresponding antibody populations bind only to the areas of the protein in which the substitutions occur. Such antigenic determinants manifested in rabbits by guanaco and mouse cytochromes c are centered around residues 62 and 89, and residues 44 and 89, respectively. Similarly, the mouse recognizes sites containing residues 44 and 62 in guanaco cytochrome c, and residues 44 and 89 in rabbit cytochrome c. In none of these instances has a change in sequence failed to produce an antibody response. Each of these determinants appears to elicit and bind to its antibody, independently of other determinants present on the protein. In addition, two different autoantigenic responses have been detected. The antibodies produced against the determinant formed by glutamyl residue 62 of the guanaco protein in both rabbits and mice, the cytochromes c of which carry an aspartyl residue in that position, also bind to the aspartyl-containing region but with lower affinity. However, mouse and rabbit cytochrome c also elicit antibodies to the area of residue 62 in rabbits and mice, respectively, and these antibodies still bind more strongly to the glutamyl- than to the aspartyl-containing determinant. This last response occurs only when there are residue substitutions elsewhere in the molecule, because mice and rabbits fail to respond to their own cytochrome c. Antibodies produced in mice against the change from alanyl to valyl residue 44 by rabbit and guanaco cytochromes c also bind to the alanyl-containing determinant, except less tightly than to the valyl region. Conversely, antibodies raised in rabbits against the change from valyl to alanyl residue 44 only bind to this region when it carries an alanine. It is suggested that antigenic determinants that arise as a result of amino acid residue substitutions between the immunizing and the corresponding host protein, without a change in the spatial arrangement of the polypeptide backbone, be termed topographic determinants.
Radiosensitivity of T and B Lymphocytes
Authors: Anderson Robert E. , Olson George B. , Autry Johnna R. , Howarth John L. , Troup Gary M. , Bartels Peter H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Groups of 10-week-old female CBA/J mice were exposed in whole body fashion to 0, 5, 50, and 500 rads and sacrificed in serial fashion 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 15, and 30 days after irradiation for morphologic evaluation of thymus, spleen, lymph node, and Peyer's patch, and assessment of the relative numbers of thymus-derived (T) and bone marrow-derived (B) cells in these tissues. The absolute and relative numbers of recirculating T and B cells mobilizable by thoracic duct cannulation were also determined and compared with similar determinations with respect to peripheral blood lymphocytes.
B cell depletion occurred more quickly and was more pronounced in spleen and lymph node than T cell depletion at all three exposure doses. Depletion of T and B cells was roughly equal in peripheral blood and thoracic duct lymph. When present, regeneration of the T cell component occurred more rapidly than did B cell restoration. The latter often was incomplete at the time of the final sacrifice (day 30). PHA-responsive and Con A-responsive cells also appeared to differ with respect to the kinetics of cell death after whole body irradiation.
Neonatal Susceptibility to MHV3 Infection in Mice
Authors: Levy-Leblond E. , Dupuy J. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Up to 3 weeks of age, mice of the resistant A/J strain are fully susceptible to mouse hepatitis virus type 3 infection (MHV3). Immune deficiency, however, resulting from neonatal thymectomy or long term ALS administration led A/J animals to remain susceptible when tested at adult age. Whole spleen cells transferred from normal adult A/J donor mice protected suckling syngeneic recipients from i.p. infection with MHV3. Such a protective capacity of spleen cells was abolished after treatment with anti-θ serum and complement. Spleen cell separation by means of adherence to plastic also showed that neither the nonadherent nor the adherent populations injected separately were able to confer resistance to young mice challenged with the virus. Protection was not achieved with peritoneal cells originating from adult syngeneic animals. Transfer of resistance to MHV3 was obtained, however, when peritoneal cells were associated with adherent spleen cells.
This study indicated that two types of mature cells, at least, were required for transferring MHV3 resistance into newborn mice of the A/J strain: T lymphocytes and an adherent spleen cell population.
A Comparative Study of Detection Methods for Aleutian Disease Viral Antibody
Authors: Crawford Timothy B. , McGuire Travis C. , Porter David D. , Cho H. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Four methods of detecting and quantitating mink antibody against Aleutian disease (AD) virus were compared. Counterelectrophoresis, modified counterelectrophoresis, immunofluorescence, and complement fixation were performed blindly on 274 serum samples. All four methods were reliably specific for AD antibody. Immunofluorescence was less reproducible than the other systems. Immunofluorescence and complement fixation were 4- to 8-fold more sensitive than regular or modified counterelectrophoresis, but were limited by background staining and anti-complementary activity, respectively, when used to detect small amounts of antibody in undiluted sera.
A Microtiter Solid Phase Radioimmunoassay for Detection of the Human Reovirus-Like Agent in Stools
Authors: Kalica Anthony R. , Purcell Robert H. , Sereno Mitzi M. , Wyatt Richard G. , Kim Hyun W. , Chanock Robert M. , Kapikian Albert Z. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The development of a microtiter solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of the human reovirus-like (RVL) agent is described. The test is simple to perform and uses small amounts of reagents; a large number of specimens can rapidly be tested in a single test. Both filtered and unfiltered stool suspensions can be employed. The test was as sensitive as immune electron microscopy, and with an appropriate blocking test, was specific for the human RVL agent.
Modulation of Macrophage C3b Receptor Function by Cytochalasin-Sensitive Structures
Authors: Atkinson John P. , Michael J. Mark , Chaplin Hugh , Parker Charles W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A quantitative rosette assay was employed in order to determine if through pharmacologic probes we could gain an insight into the nature of the interaction between C3b-coated particles and the macrophage C3b receptor. Rabbit alveolar macrophage monolayers were challenged with chromium-labeled, complement-coated (via cold agglutinin) human erythrocytes (HEC3b) and the per cent of bound counts determined in the distilled water lysate. With this assay system in which ingestion is negligible, the cytochalasins (A τ E τ D τ B) produced the most marked inhibition of rosette formation compared to control treated monolayers. No agent examined produced consistent augmentation. Cytochalasin A at 10-5, 10-6, and 10-7 M inhibited rosette formation by 77 ± 2, 44 ± 4 and 15 ± 7 (S.E.), per cent, respectively. Cytochalasin E was also markedly inhibitory. Cytochalasins B and D produced approximately 30% inhibition at 10-5 M. The cytochalasin effect was not secondary to an interaction between these agents and complement-sensitized erythrocytes, although cytochalasin E was also able to reduce erythrocyte-bound C3b reactivity. Cytochalasin A and E modulation of the macrophage C3b reactivity occurred within a few minutes and was only slightly reversible. Cytochalasins A and E could also disrupt preformed rosettes but the effect was not as pronounced as when these agents were present before and/or during the actual adherence phenomenon. Vinblastine and colchicine (10-5 and 10-6 M) also produced significant inhibition of rosette formation, although the magnitude of the effect was less than that for cytochalasins A and E. Further characterization of the vinblastine and colchicine effect demonstrated that the inhibition was rapid, irreversible over a 60-min incubation, and not explained by an alteration in macrophage attachment or in HEC3b reactivity. Agents producing insignificant inhibition of rosette formation included the following: dibutyryl cAMP and cAMP agonists (PGE1, theophylline), 8-bromo cGMP and cGMP agonists (carbachol, ascorbic acid), dimethylsulfoxide, heparin, ethanol, dextran sulfate, DEAE-dextran, and poly-L-lysine. The data suggest that cytochalasin, vinblastine and colchicine sensitive membrane structures, most likely microfilaments and microtubules, are important in the interaction of C3b-coated particles with the macrophage C3b receptor.
Membrane Transport by Murine Lymphocytes
Authors: Strauss Phyllis R. , Sheehan James M. , Kashket Eva R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have investigated membrane transport of thymidine and adenosine by bulk murine nonadherent spleen cells from animals treated with the lectin concanavalin A. Separation of cells from radioactive medium was achieved by means of the oil microfuge technique which permits incubation periods as short as 4 sec. We were able to distinguish between the membrane-linked function of transport and uptake which includes subsequent accumulation and metabolism of the transport solute.
Previously we reported that cells derived from untreated mice could not be shown to translocate thymidine in a carrier-mediated fashion. In contrast, cells from concanavalin A-treated mice showed two membrane transport systems for thymidine, a high affinity system (Km = 160 μM) and one with low affinity (Km = 4 mM). The transport of thymidine conformed to the usual criteria for membrane carrier-linked function: increased uptake with time, substrate saturability and chemical specificity. In contrast to thymidine uptake, the transport of adenosine by cells from lectin-treated mice was similar to that shown by cells from untreated animals. Thus a specific membrane-linked activity is altered differentially in the course of mitogen-effected lymphocyte stimulation. We have found that determination of DNA synthesis by the standard method gave values which were as much as 700% too high, since the counts obtained by direct precipitation with TCA of cells incubated with radiolabeled thymidine exceed the cell-associated radiolabel obtained by the rapid sampling technique. With lectin-stimulated cells, the discrepancy observed was up to three times greater. Hence the validity of the standard assay for blastogenesis must be viewed with caution.
Additional Rabbit IgA Allotypes, f69, f70, g76, g77: Control by the Cαf and Cαg Loci
Authors: Lammert John M. , Dray Sheldon , Knight Katherine L. , Hanly W. Carey 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Genetic and immunochemical studies have led to the identification of four additional rabbit IgA allotypes controlled by the Cαf and Cαg loci. The following linkage combinations of the VHa and the “new” alleles were observed among the populations of rabbits studied: a1f70g76, a1f69g77, and a2f69g77. Cross-reactions among g74, g76, and g77 molecules with various anti-g anti-allotype antisera indicate that the IgA-g allotypic specificities are comprised of multiple antigenic determinants. These studies provide a basis for further understanding of the evolution and genetic control of the immunoglobulin heavy chain chromosomal region.
Genetic Control of the Humoral Response to an H-2 Public Specificity
Authors: Hansen Ted H. , Cullen Susan E. , Shinohara Nobukata , Schurko Elizabeth , Sachs David H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The humoral response of mice to an H-2 public specificity, termed H-2. “28”, was found to be under genetic control. The genes determining this specificity were mapped to both the H-2K and H-2D regions, suggesting possible structural homologies between the products determined by these two regions. Genetic analyses indicated that a single non-H-2-linked gene regulates the anti-H-2. “28” response. In a backcross study, no linkage was detected between this putative H-2. “28” Ir gene and either the VH region or the Ly-2 locus to which the κ-light chain locus is linked. Thus, a regulatory rather than a structural genetic locus seems a more likely basis for differences in response to this antigen. Our data further indicate that control of the humoral response to H-2. “28” is determinant specific since responses of the same backcross mice to other K and D alloantigens were not found to be subject to the same control.
H-2 Homology Requirements for Secondary Cell-Mediated Lympholysis and Mixed Lymphocyte Reactions to TNP-Modified Syngeneic Lymphocytes
Authors: Schmitt-Verhulst Anne-Marie , Garbarino Carol A. , Shearer Gene M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Secondary cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) and mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) were generated in a tissue culture system against trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified murine syngeneic spleen cells. H-2 homology between primary and secondary TNP-modified stimulating cells was required in order to restimulate in the secondary CML. Strong proliferative responses (MLR) were detected only in the secondary cultures, for which H-2 homology was also required between TNP-modified primary and secondary immunogens. Intra-H-2 mapping for the secondary MLR indicated that the relevant regions of homology were I, D, and K and/or I-A. Homology throughout the entire major histocompatibility complex or at K plus I-A gave stronger MLR than did cultures in which there was homology between the primary and secondary phases at I or D only.
Regulation of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Granulopoiesis and Macrophage Formation by Spleen Cells
Authors: Apte Ron N. , Hertogs Chanita F. , Pluznik Dov H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Addition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a B cell mitogen, to mouse spleen cultures strongly stimulated production of colony-stimulating factor (CSF), the humoral regulator of granulopoiesis, and macrophage formation in vitro. Secretion of CSF from LPS-stimulated spleen cells coincided with cellular DNA synthesis and cell transformation and both activities could be attributed to the lipid A moiety of the molecule. Different experimental approaches were used to study the relationship of CSF release and lymphocyte activation in response to LPS: a) modification of LPS with polymyxin B, an antibiotic bactericidal for most Gram-negative bacteria, caused a marked reduction in mitogenic activity, although the ability to induce CSF was not significantly altered; b) spleen cells from CBA/N mice, a mutant strain with an x-linked genetic defect in immunologic and mitogenic responses to polyclonal activators including LPS, showed diminished mitogenic responses; however, high levels of CSF were produced; c) mitotic and DNA inhibitors (colchicine and cytosine arabinoside) did not affect CSF release although they completely inhibited mitogenicity. Thus, the spleen cell population participating in the process of LPS-induced CSF generation is probably a nondividing, terminally differentiated one without need for DNA synthesis. In addition, it was also shown that active RNA and protein synthesis are needed in this process.
Systemic Expression of Cutaneous Basophil Hypersensitivity
Authors: Dvorak Harold F. , Hammond M. Elizabeth , Colvin Robert B. , Manseau Eleanor J. , Goodwin Jane 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pigs primed for cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) with several soluble proteins or with sheep erythrocytes developed a systemic, delayed-onset, maculopapular rash when challenged parenterally with specific antigen. The rash was most readily induced 5 to 7 days after immunization, at a time when local CBH skin test reactivity was also optimal. Microscopically, the rash resembled local CBH skin test reactions, being comprised of a papillary dermal infiltrate of basophils and lymphocytes and a striking dilatation and compaction of superficial venules.
In addition to the systemic rash, animals expressing systemic CBH (SCBH) exhibited a striking eosinophilia at 24 hr which gave way to basophilia at 48 hr. Focal collections of eosinophils, and of smaller numbers of basophils, were found in the lungs and spleen; both eosinophils and basophils infiltrated the medulla of the thymus. Thus, basophilrich infiltrations are favored in the skin even after systemic challenge with antigen and occur only to a much smaller extent in other organs where eosinophils may predominate. These differences in the response of various organs to challenge with parenteral antigen suggest that as yet unidentified local factors play a determinative role in regulating the inflammatory response.
The pathogenesis of SCBH is not yet established, but it shares many of the properties of local CBH: histology, carrier specificity, development early after sensitization in the absence of detectable antibodies. Passive transfer has not been accomplished with serum alone but has been achieved irregularly with cells plus serum. SCBH may serve as a useful model for several disease states in man characterized by a systemic rash and eosinophilia, including certain types of drug reaction.
Cross-Reacting Antigens in Chemically Induced Sarcomas Are Fetal Determinants
Authors: Parker George A. , Rosenberg Steven A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Serologic cross-reactivity has been demonstrated among three MCA-induced sarcomas in C57BL/6N female mice (MCA-2, MCA-3, and MCA-12) with a microcytotoxicity assay. Serum from mice bearing MCA-3 tumor was cytotoxic to both MCA-2 and MCA-3 tumor cells at a titer of 1:8. Sequential absorptions of this serum with syngeneic embryo cells completely eliminated cytotoxicity against MCA-2 cells without affecting the cytotoxic titer against MCA-3 cells. Serum hyperimmune to the MCA-3 tumor reacted with MCA-3, MCA-2, and MCA-12 tumors. Absorption of this serum with embryo cells eliminated cytotoxicity against MCA-2 and MCA-12 cells, but was incapable of lowering the titer against MCA-3 cells below 1:40. Similarly, serum hyperimmune to MCA-2 tumor was lytic to MCA-2, MCA-3, and MCA-12 before absorption, but was lytic only to MCA-2 cells after absorption with sygeneic embryo cells. Thus, the in vitro cross-reactivity between MCA-induced sarcomas is due to a common fetal antigen(s), which is distinct from the individual tumor-specific antigens of each tumor. Since these tumors do not exhibit cross-reactivity in in vivo challenge experiments, it appears that this fetal antigen is not responsible for in vivo immune protection.
Splenic Modifications Induced by Cyclophosphamide in C3H/He, Nude, and “B”-Mice
Authors: Kolb Jean-Pierre B. , Poupon Marie-France M. , Lespinats Geneviève M. , Sabolovic Domagoj , Loisillier Felix 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The spleen cell population of adult C3H/He mice injected with a single sublethal dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) has been analyzed. An initial phase of spleen atrophy is followed by a considerable hypertrophy, and a progressive return to normal. During the phase of spleen atrophy, both B and T cell compartments are depleted, as estimated by the percentages of cells killed by anti-Thy 1–2 and anti-Ig antisera plus complement. During the stage of regeneration, the percentage of Ig + cells increases rapidly, and at the peak of splenomegaly, the percentage of Ig + cells is high whereas almost no Thy 1–2 + cells are detectable. Progressively, the spleen cell content returns to the original values. In thymodeprived mice (nude mice and B mice) the percentage of null cells increases during the stage of regeneration, and B mice develop a large number of Ig +-bearing cells.
Histologic examination shows that follicles (B-dependent areas) disappear 1 to 2 days before periarteriolar sheaths (T-dependent areas). At the peak of splenomegaly the architecture of the spleen is destroyed, and the interstitial tissue is composed of a dense and uniform layer of lymphoid cells. Progressively, the architecture returns to normal. In nude mice, the disappearance of follicles, and the appearance of a homogenous layer of lymphocytes has been observed.
When analyzed for their pattern of electrophoretic mobilities (E.M.), spleen cells from untreated mice reveal two peaks of E.M. 0.80 and 1.15 µm × s-1 × V-1 × cm-1. After CY treatment, during the step of splenic hypertrophy, these two peaks disappear, and a single peak of intermediate mobility appears. In T-deprived mice, a single peak of the same mobility is detected at this stage.
The nature and origin of cells which appear during the phase of regeneration are unclear, but their appearance in T-deprived mice argues against thymo dependence. These spleen cells have the ability to suppress the response of normal spleen lymphocytes to T and B cell mitogens.