bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imagined Identities
Authors: Hagberg Garry L. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a reading of the conception of human selfhood developed in American pragmatism (William James, Josiah Royce, George Herbert Mead) that seems particularly well suited to bring to prominence, and to place in perhaps a new light, the powerful role aesthetic (and particularly literary) experience plays in self-formation. With this relational conception of selfhood in place, the chapter proceeds to an examination of what one might call relational word meaning, as shown in detail in a work of fiction (Milan Kundera). Connotations, associations, and a background of word usages and personal resonances are here seen to strongly inflect words as used by persons, where understanding those inflections gives substance to the understanding of a person.
Three Tragedies of the Unexamined Life
Authors: Hagberg Garry L. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines in detail some cases that are powerfully instructive concerning the kinds of human tragedy that ensue from insufficient self-knowledge (first, of a kind resulting from a walled-in denial of both self and other acknowledgment—Don Giovanni; second, of a kind resulting from an encompassing mindfulness of the structure and content of one’s life too long delayed—Henry James’s character Dencombe; and third, of a kind resulting from a presupposition that language is just an instrument for the naming and blunt description of externalities—King Lear). In seeing how these three cases bring out in high relief what a self-draughtsman (or self-composer on a musical analogy) can sometimes tragically and always regrettably obscure, minimize, or leave out entirely, we see three foundational elements that are necessary for the substantial sense of selfhood that this book examines in Chapters 5 and 6.
Ferdinand Christian Baur and the Tübingen School
Authors: Lincicum David 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Tübingen School, centred on Ferdinand Christian Baur (1792–1860), was a theological movement marked by a thoroughgoingly critical approach to biblical and early Christian history, which flourished in a roughly twenty-five-year period, from the 1830s to the mid-1850s. This chapter first considers Baur’s own theological project, attending to the philosophical resources he musters to overcome a divide between rationalism and supernaturalism, and charting a series of his critical results in biblical and historical study. Baur’s distinctive form of historicizing idealism enabled him to see history as the realm of the Spirit’s self-mediation in the world, and so offered meaning to Baur’s historical results. The chapter then turns to offer a brief account of the other members of the ‘School’ before considering the influence of the movement on subsequent theological reflection.
Race, Revelation, and the Comparative History of Religion
Authors: Benes Tuska 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Revelation functioned as a marker of race in early nineteenth-century German religious thought, both in the revelatory and the rationalist models of comparative religious history. The revelatory model, exemplified by J. F. Herder and Friedrich Schlegel, assumed historical transmission of primordial revelation occurred along ethnic lines that language made manifest. The rationalist model, advocated by Christoph Meiners, insisted that the intellectual capacity to know God only developed among benighted peoples capable of renouncing materialism and sensualism. Both approaches racialized revelation, while downplaying the contributions ancient Jews had made to religious history. Comparative historical narratives based on original revelation envisioned race as lineage, creating exclusive communities of descent and depicting religion as an inheritance. Rationalist histories, by contrast, approached religion as an epiphenomenon of race itself, in that belief systems came to reflect intractable physical, cultural, and social conditions.
The Corpus Reformatorum and Other Major Editing Projects
Authors: Purvis Zachary 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In the nineteenth century, scholars across Europe produced massive critical editions of texts from the history of Christianity in large volumes that number in the hundreds. This chapter overviews some of the religio-political circumstances that led to the creation of the greatest edition in German theology: the Corpus Reformatorum. Planned by Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider, the rationalist superintendent in Saxe-Gotha, printed by Carl August Schwetschke in Halle, and launched in 1834, the project entailed collecting, emending, and publishing everything extant written down by major sixteenth-century Protestant reformers: Philip Melanchthon, John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, Martin Luther, and more. The Prussian king, Friedrich Wilhelm III, and Minister of Culture, Karl von Altenstein, supported it as a means of investing the Prussian Union Church—the merger of Lutheran and Calvinist churches from 1817—with an extravagant history and tradition and as a monument to critical German scholarship (Wissenschaft). The work demanded technical skill and innovation. Its influence in modern ecclesiastical history remains deep and profound.
The British Army
Authors: Beckett Ian F. W. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This new history brings together in a single volume past scholarship and the most recent research on the British army and its relationship with state and society from its origins to the present. The constitutional, administrative, political, and military development of the army is set within its international, imperial, national, regional, and local contexts. Such themes as military professionalism, civil–military relations, the army’s largely unrepresentative social composition, contrasting strategic views, and the army’s image and identity all find their place alongside wars and campaigns. The story is followed from the origins of the first standing army in the seventeenth century, to the national army of the eighteenth century, the imperial army of the nineteenth century, the people’s army of the twentieth century, through to the contemporary aspiration for a continuing global role for the army amid the challenges of changing strategic priorities, changing social and cultural environments, and continuing financial pressures.
The ECB and Financial Stability
Authors: Smoleńska Agnieszka , Beukers Thomas 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the extent to which financial stability is or has since the Global Financial Crisis and the following euro area sovereign debt crisis, become part of the mandate of the European Central Bank (ECB), both in law and in practice. Drawing on economic and institutional discussions and legal scholarship on Economic and Monetary Union concerning financial stability, the chapter points to the lack of clarity as to the precise meaning of this term. It is argued that going beyond the content of the Treaty articles and taking a closer look at the operation of the ECB provides a more accurate picture of the role that financial stability plays in the implementation of its mandate. An analysis of various central bank instruments identified by Tomasso Padoa-Schioppa is offered in order to draw out the ways in which the concept is deployed, and to illustrate how financial stability is relevant in the context of, for example, the monetary policy strategy, crisis coordination, or payment system operation. The chapter illustrates the many different relevant dimensions and aspects of the objective of financial stability in general, and of financial stability instruments in the law and practice of the ECB in particular.
The ECB and Economic Integration
Authors: Bauerschmidt Jonathan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the expansive force of monetary policy and how it collides with neighbouring policy areas which apply to all the Member States of the Union, creating tensions for which the EU Treaties are ill equipped. The European Central Bank (ECB) as the main actor of monetary policy is at the centre of these evolutions. By analysing the central bank’s involvement in areas beyond monetary policy, the chapter not only uncovers the tensions with neighbouring policies, but also assesses whether the ECB’s independence and its primary objective of price stability are safeguarded. The chapter focuses on the one hand on the measures to promote budgetary stability to enhance economic policy coordination and to establish a permanent mechanism for financial assistance. On the other hand, it analyses the new forms of supervision for the internal market in order to safeguard financial stability. This chapter finally seeks to reveal the cunning of European Integration and how under the Treaties economics and politics are intrinsically connected creating strong incentives to stand together in the face of even severe crises.
The ECB Mandate—a Comparative Constitutional Perspective
Authors: Petit Christy Ann 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a comparative constitutional analysis of the European Central Bank (ECB)’s mandate with a view to understanding the role undertaken by this and several other important central banks during and after the Great Financial Crisis (GFC). It discusses the relationship between a central bank’s mandate, its objectives, and tasks, in law and in action. Moreover, it gives an overview of both the formal mandate of the ECB, the FED, the Bank of Canada, and the Bank of England, and how these formal mandates have been implemented. Statutory sources remained mostly unchanged whereas policy actions have reshaped the practical scope of central bank mandates. Monetary policy strategy implements central bank mandates through extra-statutory sources, taking advantage of the flexibility granted to the central bank by their frameworks. The common analytical grid of single versus dual mandate may be revisited, giving full credit to a different macroeconomic environment and interactions with other public policies.
The Role of Constitutional Law for the ECB
Authors: Sluis Marijn van der 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the evolution of the constitutional design of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) as it was defined in the Maastricht Treaty and rebuts the common assumption that it has proven to be a failure. Indeed, this chapter posits that the Maastricht Treaty set both economic and political goals, and by including those defining provisions in primary law, Member States made sure that they—and not the EU institutions— remained in charge. Thus, despite the fact that the euro area crisis has led to significant innovations in the day-to-day governance of EMU, the constitutional environment in which the European Central Bank (ECB) operates has not significantly changed. The chapter argues in conclusion that the euro and the ECB must be de-constitutionalized.
The ECB’s E-ROAD Ahead
Authors: Smits René 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This final contribution takes a more critical, forward-looking stance than the other chapters included in this edited volume. It underlines five developments, which, in the author’s opinion, lead to the conclusion that today’s European Central Bank (ECB) operates in an environment that is radically different from the one in which it was established in 1998. This chapter argues that four main changes have occurred that represent both threats and opportunities for the future of the ECB: threats to democracy, technological developments, the COVID-19 pandemic, and climate change and biodiversity loss. The ECB should, then, Reform, Open Up, Address, and Develop to address them and become (or continue to be) a main actor within the EU. In addition, societal challenges, including the call for greater economic equality and inclusion and the need for transparency and responsiveness as an organization are facing the ECB.
Kant’s Theoretical Defense of Moral Freedom
Authors: Kohl Markus 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the lingering worry that remained after the preceding chapter: namely, the concern that practical reason oversteps its legitimate boundaries when it posits free moral agents as the specific noumenal causes of natural events. The chapter shows that Kant is aware of this worry: he addresses theoretical attempts to “naturalize” morality, i.e., to conceive our practical reason and will as a part of the natural order of things. Such attempts are fueled by the aim to preserve the “omnipotence of theoretical reason.” Kant defends the non-natural character of morality and (thereby) our knowledge of noumenal free will by arguing that those who seek to cognize the natural order of things must presuppose their own non-natural (a priori) theoretical representations and their freedom of thought. Since freedom of thought as a species of transcendental freedom is analogous to freedom of will, naturalistic cognizers cannot coherently debunk or explain away our a priori moral self-consciousness as free agents. This appeal to freedom of thought functions not as an independent proof of free will but as a theoretical defense of the practical-moral proof examined in Chapter VIII. The chapter confirms the potency of this defense strategy by showing how it applies to Nietzschean attempts to debunk our moral self-awareness. The chapter further shows how Kant’s defense of absolute human freedom avoids the worry that such freedom is incompatible with divine foreknowledge of human actions.
Introduction
Authors: Wedgwood Ralph 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This is the Introduction to the book—the goal of which it is to present a general theory of rational belief. This book is a sequel to the author’s previous book, The Value of Rationality (Oxford University Press, 2017). It aims to take the general conception of rationality that was developed in that earlier book, and to combine this conception with an account of the nature of belief, to yield an account of what it is for beliefs to count as rational. The central idea of this general conception of rationality is that rational thinking gives the thinker “good news” about this thinking’s degree of correctness—while the more irrational one’s thinking is, the worse the news that it gives one about its degree of correctness. A brief account is given of some of the epistemological questions that the book is designed to address. Then, after some comments on the methodological issues that any book on this subject must confront, the overall plan of the book is outlined. Finally, some of the limits of this project are discussed: in particular, despite the enormous importance of social epistemology, the focus of this book will be on what it is for an individual’s beliefs to count as rational.
The Value of Rational Belief
Authors: Wedgwood Ralph 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 recapitulates the key ideas of the author’s previous book The Value of Rationality. The central idea is that rationality is an evaluative concept: rational thinking is thinking that is good in a certain respect; and the more irrational one’s thinking is, the worse one’s thinking is in that respect. The various belief-systems available to a thinker at a time can be compared as more or less rational than each other, on the basis of how they relate to certain facts that are “given” to the thinker at the time—that is, facts that are beyond the control of the thinker to change through the way in which she reasons at the time. Specifically, a kind of internalism holds of the relevant facts that are “given”: the facts that determine the degree to which an available belief-system is rational for a thinker at a time are all “internal” facts about the thinker’s mental states at that time. However, rationality is not a completely free-standing value: it has an essential connection to another value—the value of “correctness”, which unlike rationality is an “externalist” value. The general idea is that irrational thinking is thinking that gives one “bad news” about how correct it is. This idea of “bad news” is to be understood in probabilistic terms.
Diachronic Constraints
Authors: Wedgwood Ralph 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 13 turns to diachronic constraints on the rational probability function—constraints that the thinker’s past beliefs impose on which probability functions can be in the set that represents the opinions of the “evaluating angel”. Some philosophers—such as Brian Hedden—object that the idea of such diachronic constraints is inconsistent with internalism about rationality. These objections are answered here. It seems clear that the past continues to exert an influence over the present. This lingering influence of the thinker’s past beliefs will be referred to as the “doxastic shadow” that those past beliefs cast into the present. The angel will be guided by this shadow in the following way: first, she will find the “shadow priors”—the probability functions that, of all those that meet all the synchronic constraints, are closest to this doxastic shadow. Then the probability functions that constitute the angel’s opinions are those that result from conditionalizing these shadow priors on the facts that are “given” to the thinker now. This chapter ends with a proposal about what explains why this view of diachronic rationality is correct.
The Palatine Family and the Thirty Years' War
Authors: Pert Thomas 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This work examines the experience of exiled royal and noble dynasties during the early modern period through a study of the rulers of the Electorate of the Palatinate during the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648). By drawing on a wide range of archival source materials, ranging from financial records, printed manifestos, and considerable quantities of diplomatic and personal correspondence, the book investigates the resources available to the exiled ‘Palatine Family’ as well as their attempts to recover the lands and titles lost by Elector Frederick V—the son-in-law of King James VI and I of Scotland and England—in the opening stages of the Thirty Years’ War. This work focuses on the years between Frederick’s death in 1632 and the partial restoration of his son Charles Louis under the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Although the ‘Palatine Question’ remained one of the most divisive and important issues throughout the entire Thirty Years’ War, the years 1632–1648 have been greatly overlooked in previous examinations of the Palatine Family’s exile. By studying the experiences of exiled elites in early modern Europe—such as the relationship between the Palatine Family and the Stuart Dynasty—this work will reveal the influence of dynastic and familial obligations on the high politics of the period, as well as the importance of conspicuous display and diplomatic recognition for exiled regimes in seventeenth-century Europe. The work will demonstrate that dispossessed rulers and houses were not automatically rendered politically insignificant after losing their lands and titles, and could actually remain an important player on the geopolitical stage of early modern Europe.
Introduction
Authors: Pert Thomas 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the main themes and topics of the book, ranging from the experiences of exile for rulers in early modern Europe to the importance of factors such as dynasticism in the high politics of the period as well as the role of ‘widow-regents’ during the Thirty Years’ War. The chapter also provides an overview of the existing historiography relating to the ‘Palatine Family’ and identifies the gaps in the current scholarship which will be filled by this book. The final section of this chapter details the structure of the book, providing brief summaries of each of the subsequent chapters.
Corruption and Global Injustice
Authors: Brock Gillian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The chapter shows how corruption plays an enormous role in sustaining global injustice and hinders efforts aimed at remedying global deprivation. One of the greatest obstacles to wellbeing in developing countries is a lack of clean water, resulting in many avoidable deaths every day. Water and sanitation services are also vital for sustainable pro-poor development. Around 32 percent of the world’s population lacks access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. Although billions of dollars are spent on developing water resources and services, a large amount of this investment is lost to corruption every year. After tracing how corruption in the water sector exacerbates global deprivation, the chapter outlines key parts of Brock’s global justice framework, to appreciate how to target corruption-facilitating features. The combination of effective states and civic participation plays an especially important part in the quest to reduce global injustices of several kinds, including corruption. The efforts of local actors are particularly important and international agents can strengthen these in several ways. As we come to understand with the case of corruption in the water sector, specific details can be extremely useful in analyzing how to assign responsibilities fairly. This is the focus of later chapters, especially Chapter 7. Chapter 2 begins to assemble the normative tools needed for the larger project. Chapter 2 emphasizes the important role domestic actors must play in addressing corruption, and Chapter 3 focuses on the complementary roles for international agents, especially in supporting these domestic actors.
Justice, State Responsibilities, and Human Rights
Authors: Brock Gillian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores some important responsibilities for states and the connections between justice and human rights discourse. The chapter begins by taking readers on a purposeful journey that challenges two core sets of assumptions that underlie our state system. In searching for a compelling justification for state’s rights to self-determination and common assumptions about compatriot favoritism, we see that the justification must include requirements to contribute to resilient communities that are human rights sustaining. Obligations to contribute to global arrangements that are human rights sustaining must feature in any credible justification for why state’s self-determination has standing. The chapter also argues that our human rights practice is an attractive normative vehicle for realizing justice goals here and now. Another important theme from Chapter 3 is that combating corruption and realizing human rights are intimately connected and mutually reinforcing. This chapter also provides defense for the claim that we have obligations to support aspects of our human rights practice that are credible mechanisms for implementing justice. To assess whether our human rights practice delivers on the promise in the case of corruption, we examine core features of that practice with regard to corruption. Chapter 5 focuses on that issue and, as an important part of that assessment, Chapter 4 canvases research on addressing corruption effectively.
Taking Raz Seriously
Authors: Penner James 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter raises some general considerations about the relevance of Raz’s theory of autonomy to private law. It argues that Raz’s theory of autonomy meshes pretty seamlessly with what might be called a “Kantian instrumentalist” account of private law, pointing out an aspect of his theory which has arguably not been given sufficient attention, that is, the “independence” condition for autonomy. Reasons are then provided for proceeding with caution if we aim to show that private law gives effect to the “range of options” condition for autonomy Raz identifies. The final part of the chapter turns to Dagan’s and Heller’s conception of autonomy, distinguishes it from Raz’s, and raises some questions about its nature and effectiveness in explaining private law.