bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Digital Euro Package: From Legal Tender to Payment Services Providers
Authors: Zatti Filippo , Barresi Rosa Giovanna 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis paper delves into the proposals for regulating the digital euro, establishing a connection between its legal standing and physical euro cash, and requiring payment services providers to offer digital euro services regardless of their location. It raises questions about the fundamental implications of treating the digital euro as legal tender. However, labelling the digital euro as a legal tender raises uncertainties about its core nature and purpose. The analysis challenges the notion that the digital euro is merely a digital version of physical cash, emphasising the evolving roles of central bank digital currencies and their legal and policy ramifications. With the digitalisation of the economy in mind, it examines how the involvement of payment services providers in distributing the digital euro could impact individual and economic rights. It underscores the importance of balancing security measures, privacy, and data protection while fostering competition. The paper aims to provide policymakers with insights into the design and regulation of the digital euro, underlining the necessity of clarifying its legal standing and reconsidering its classification as legal tender. It stresses the importance of thoroughly examining the conceptual foundations of the digital euro to ensure its successful implementation and regulation.
Digital Identity in a European User-Centric Ecosystem and Its Similarities with the Digital Euro Proposal
Authors: Blasco Ainhoa Inza 
Published: January 2025

AbstractDigital identity systems have evolved from institutional databases from the sixties through the advent of the Internet and public key infrastructure, social networks, national ID, blockchain implementations and the EUDI Wallet. To ensure the success of implementing and adopting any digital identity system, the critical factor is the digital ecosystem the user can interact with, fostering not only the interactions of the netizens with public services but also between netizens and private entities or even between netizens online. Without habitual use and ease of adoption, resistance to change and increased friction could lead to abandoning the digital identity solution. As the European Digital Identity Wallet is defined in the Regulation and standards are published to complement the requirements laid out, other proposals, like the Digital Euro initiative, share similar broad requirements on usage and acceptance. The results and experience with the EUDI Wallet will be a learning opportunity to ensure the preferred outcome when implementing similar initiatives.
The National Security Framework as a Cybersecurity Reference for Information Cryptosystems
Authors: López Pablo 
Published: January 2025

AbstractIn today's hyper-connected world, implementing security in cyberspace has become a global strategic priority. As technology’s role in society increases, cybersecurity becomes an increasingly bigger challenge. In addition, the cyber threat landscape is evolving, with the emergence of new risks and the sophistication of existing threats. Cybercriminals are increasingly targeting specific sectors, such as energy, finance, government, and healthcare, to cause maximum disruption and financial gain or loss. In Spain, the successive editions of the National Report on the State of Security (INES) and the body of CCN-STIC security guides have resulted in greater accumulated experience in its application and better knowledge of the situation. The new National Security Framework 2022 stands as a pivotal platform, addressing cybersecurity in a manner intricately linked to digital transformation. This is achieved through a robust and consolidated regulatory framework, making it the most significant development in this field. In this sense, Royal Decree 311/2022 is a guiding light for security in the digital society. Its applicability to crypto-asset systems is crucial to building a reliable foundation in the new financial paradigm. It represents a reference framework, a robust framework for assessing and improving security in systems that handle crypto assets.
Stablecoins in the MiCA Regulation
Authors: Martínez Nadal Apol·lònia 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis work offers a legal analysis of stablecoins, a novel form of cryptocurrency that has emerged as a distinctive alternative to previous cryptocurrencies, which are characterised by their oscillating and highly volatile value, making them unsuitable for use as a payment instrument or functional legal tender equivalent. The pivotal legal framework for stablecoins is the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA), which addresses the conceptual aspects of stablecoins. Despite its presence in MiCA, stablecoins lack a specific legal definition therein. The Regulation’s classification is based on whether crypto assets aim to stabilise their value relative to other assets. This chapter, therefore, focuses on the in-depth examination of the two subcategories of the Regulation that fall under the umbrella of stable crypto assets: asset-referenced tokens and electronic money tokens. We delve into their unique characteristics, including their vocation for stability and, in turn, the intriguing differences between the two subcategories.
Linear regression analysis for complete blood count parameters during radiotherapy
Authors: Berpan Aniwat , Janhom Nattapatch 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Objective
This study aimed to evaluate the correlations between complete blood count (CBC) during radiotherapy and patient and treatment factors.

Patients and methods
Data of cancer patients, including age, sex, concurrent chemotherapy (CCRT), radiotherapy dose (equivalent dose in 2‑Gy fractions with an alpha/beta value of 10 Gy, EQD2Gy10), radiotherapy location, and baseline CBC were collected. Linear regression was used to determine results during radiation. Validation data comprised 20% of the whole cohort.

Results
A total of 496 radiotherapy courses and 1884 weekly CBC results during treatment were analyzed. Baseline hemoglobin (Hb) was positively associated with subsequent Hb. Each 1 g/dL increase in baseline Hb predicted a 0.73 g/dL increase in Hb during treatment (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.7–0.76). Male sex was associated with a 0.16 g/dL higher Hb (95% CI 0.04–0.29), while female sex showed the opposite trend. CCRT was associated with a 0.18 g/dL reduction in Hb (95% CI −0.33 to −0.03). Radiotherapy to the pelvis, bone, and head and neck regions resulted in Hb reductions of 0.18, 0.34, and 0.94 g/dL, respectively (95% CI −0.33 to −0.03, −0.53 to −0.15, and −1.26 to −0.62, respectively), while brain irradiation increased Hb by 0.22 g/dL (95% CI 0.05–0.38). Age, cumulative dose, and thoracic irradiation did not show a significant correlation with Hb changes. Adjusted R‑squared for the development and validation data were 0.6 and 0.71 for Hb, 0.42 and 0.11 for white blood cell count, 0.36 and 0.32 for neutrophils, 0.42 and 0.06 for absolute neutrophil count, and 0.43 and 0.36 for platelets, respectively.

Conclusion
Hb levels during radiotherapy could be explained using linear regression, although they did not negatively correlate with cumulative dose.
Galectin-1 and galectin-3 in male reproduction - impact in health and disease
Authors: Fijak Monika , Hasan Hiba , Meinhardt Andreas 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe formation and differentiation of mature, motile male germ cells, which can fertilize the egg and ensure successful implantation and development of a healthy embryo, are essential functions of the testis and epididymis. Spermatogenesis is a complex, multistep process that results in the formation of motile haploid gametes, requiring an immunoregulatory environment to maintain tolerance to developing neo-antigens. Different cell types (Sertoli cells, macrophages), immunoregulatory factors and tolerance mechanisms are involved. In this context, possible effects of galectins on the immunoregulatory functions and fertilization ability of male germ cells are postulated. Galectins are pleiotropic lectins involved in the homeostasis, modulation of immune responses and pathological processes. Despite the well-recognized role of galectins in female reproduction, the functions of galectins in the male reproductive organs, particularly the testis and epididymis, remain largely unexplored. Among the galectins, galectin-1 and galectin-3 are the best-studied in these organs. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the cellular expression and the roles of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in testis and epididymis and discusses their functions in spermatogenesis, steroidogenesis, epididymal maturation of spermatozoa and inflammatory response.
Assessment of decision-making with locally run and web-based large language models versus human board recommendations in otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery
Authors: Buhr Christoph Raphael , Ernst Benjamin Philipp , Blaikie Andrew , Smith Harry , Kelsey Tom , Matthias Christoph , Fleischmann Maximilian , Jungmann Florian , Alt Jürgen , Brandts Christian , Kämmerer Peer W. , Foersch Sebastian , Kuhn Sebastian , Eckrich Jonas 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Introduction
Tumor boards are a cornerstone of modern cancer treatment. Given their advanced capabilities, the role of Large Language Models (LLMs) in generating tumor board decisions for otorhinolaryngology (ORL) head and neck surgery is gaining increasing attention. However, concerns over data protection and the use of confidential patient information in web-based LLMs have restricted their widespread adoption and hindered the exploration of their full potential. In this first study of its kind we compared standard human multidisciplinary tumor board recommendations (MDT) against a web-based LLM (ChatGPT-4o) and a locally run LLM (Llama 3) addressing data protection concerns.

Material and methods
Twenty-five simulated tumor board cases were presented to an MDT composed of specialists from otorhinolaryngology, craniomaxillofacial surgery, medical oncology, radiology, radiation oncology, and pathology. This multidisciplinary team provided a comprehensive analysis of the cases. The same cases were input into ChatGPT-4o and Llama 3 using structured prompts, and the concordance between the LLMs' and MDT’s recommendations was assessed. Four MDT members evaluated the LLMs' recommendations in terms of medical adequacy (using a six-point Likert scale) and whether the information provided could have influenced the MDT's original recommendations.

Results
ChatGPT-4o showed 84% concordance (21 out of 25 cases) and Llama 3 demonstrated 92% concordance (23 out of 25 cases) with the MDT in distinguishing between curative and palliative treatment strategies. In 64% of cases (16/25) ChatGPT-4o and in 60% of cases (15/25) Llama, identified all first-line therapy options considered by the MDT, though with varying priority. ChatGPT-4o presented all the MDT’s first-line therapies in 52% of cases (13/25), while Llama 3 offered a homologous treatment strategy in 48% of cases (12/25). Additionally, both models proposed at least one of the MDT's first-line therapies as their top recommendation in 28% of cases (7/25). The ratings for medical adequacy yielded a mean score of 4.7 (IQR: 4–6) for ChatGPT-4o and 4.3 (IQR: 3–5) for Llama 3. In 17% of the assessments (33/200), MDT members indicated that the LLM recommendations could potentially enhance the MDT's decisions.

Discussion
This study demonstrates the capability of both LLMs to provide viable therapeutic recommendations in ORL head and neck surgery. Llama 3, operating locally, bypasses many data protection issues and shows promise as a clinical tool to support MDT decisions. However at present, LLMs should augment rather than replace human decision-making.
Gender gap in surgical societies awards
Authors: Jalloh Karimatu , Bader Amanda , Okorji Leslie M. , Kelz Rachel , Tatarian Talar , Altieri Maria S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Introduction
Despite remarkable progress, gender inequality in medicine remains a significant issue. This disparity extends beyond clinical practices and educational programs; it is also evident in the recognition and awards received by surgeons. Underrepresentation of women in Surgical Society awards is a multi-layered issue that needs a holistic approach since these awards are used to hire, promote, and advance surgeons.

Methods and Procedures
A retrospective observational study was performed between 1936 and 2023 on all recipients of awards from 22 surgical societies. The study examines the relationship between recipient gender and award year. Medians, and interquartile ranges (IQRs) were used for continuous data, and frequencies and percentages were used for categorical data. Chi-square and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to compare female and male recipients. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the probability that a female will receive an award.

Results
A total of 2588 awards were given out between 1936 and 2023. Among the 2588 awards, 2024 went to male surgeons, and 564 to female surgeons. Since 1936, there have been 0–25 women awarded annually, with a proportion of female awardees between 0 and 0.5. Since 1936, the proportion of women awardees has increased significantly (p < 0.01). Since 2006, female award winners have increased by 0.7% (95% CI 0.007–0.008, p = 0.001) when controlling for surgical societies. A woman’s odds of receiving an award from a surgical society have increased by only 3% per year since 2006 (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.07, p = 0.004). Accordingly, female surgeon awards grew from 0.22 in 2006 to 0.35 in 2023.

Conclusion
Female surgeons’ continuous underrepresentation in Surgical Society awards is a crucial issue. The selection process of surgical societies needs to be more intentional as female recipients have steadily increased in recent years. Closing this gender gap is not only a matter of fairness but also imperative for the field’s progress.
An estimate of the Arctic climate sensitivity based on the Arrhenius’s rule
Authors: Triacca Umberto 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Estimating the magnitude of the Arctic equilibrium climate sensitivity is key for understanding the climate dynamics of this polar region. Using a linear regression model, we find that the Arctic equilibrium climate sensitivity is 3.61°C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that an estimate of the Arctic equilibrium climate sensitivity is provided. The obtained results confirm that this region is more sensitive to climate change than the rest of the world. The Arctic sensitivity is almost one and a half times that of the global sensitivity. In this paper, we have used the estimated Arctic equilibrium climate sensitivity to obtain projections of the Arctic temperature under different forcing scenarios.
Osteoporosis and stroke: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study
Authors: He Miao , Yong Haochuan , Cao Zhidong , Li Jie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Introduction
Numerous observational studies have identified a link between osteoporosis and stroke. However, the causal genetic relationship between these conditions remains unclear. This study employs a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to ascertain the causal relationship between osteoporosis and stroke.

Materials and Methods
We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to investigate the potential causal relationship between osteoporosis and stroke, including its subtypes. Genetic data for osteoporosis and stroke, along with their subtypes, were sourced from published genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) demonstrating genome-wide significance (p < 5 × 10^ − 8) and independence (r^2 < 0.001) were selected for further analysis, provided they had an F-statistic ≥ 10. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was employed to evaluate causality, with results reported as odds ratios (ORs). Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran’s Q test, while pleiotropy was tested using the MR-Egger intercept test. A leave-one-out sensitivity analysis was performed to ensure the robustness of the results.

Results
Employing the IVW method, MR Egger method, and median-weighted method, we found no significant bidirectional causal relationship between osteoporosis and stroke or its subtypes, irrespective of the inclusion of potential pleiotropic SNPs. Sensitivity analyses affirmed the reliability and stability of these findings.

Conclusion
Our study findings indicate that there is no direct causal relationship between osteoporosis and stroke or its subtypes in either direction. Based on our results, although no direct link was found, secondary effects do exist.
Effect of diabetes and hyperglycaemia on the physical and mechanical properties of dentine: a systematic review
Authors: Hwang Kuan-Chieh , Choi Joanne Jung Eun , Hussaini Haizal Mohd , Cooper Paul R. , Friedlander Lara T. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effect of DM (Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes) and hyperglycaemia on the physical and mechanical properties of dentine which is critical for successful endodontic treatment.

Method
An electronic search of the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science and the grey literature was performed up until July 2024. In vitro and in vivo studies on the effect of DM or hyperglycaemia on the mechanical and physical properties of dentine were included. Non-English language literature was excluded.

Results
Of the 234 articles identified, 15 met the inclusion criteria. Four studies evaluated how artificially induced glycation or natural glycation of dentine due to aging affects the mechanical properties of dentine. Five studies investigated the influence of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) on dentine’s mechanical properties, while two studies focused on the effects of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D). A further, four studies compared the effects of both T1D and T2D on the dentine. The studies were heterogeneous and a range of mechanical and physical properties were evaluated.

Conclusion
DM and AGEs negatively influence the physical and mechanical properties of dentine however, there remains a paucity of evidence and further studies are needed.

Clinical significance
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterised by hyperglycaemia, an altered immune response and complications associated with collagen connective tissues. DM can influence bone metabolism and alter its physical and mechanical properties via glycation processes within collagen and changes to osteoblast activities. While bone and dentine share similarities, dentine is unique as it is intimately associated with the dental pulp. Inflammation within the pulp can induce calcification and tertiary dentine deposition and so exploring the influence of DM on the mechanical properties of dentine is warranted to understand the clinical significance.
The efficacy of adaptive training in immersive virtual reality for a fine motor skill task
Authors: Lui Lasse F. , Radhakrishnan Unnikrishnan , Chinello Francesco , Koumaditis Konstantinos 
Published: January 2025

AbstractImmersive virtual reality (IVR) offers novel and promising ways of continuously adapting training content and difficulty to the individual trainee, thus paving the way for an improved fit between training content and trainee needs. The objective of the present study was to investigate the efficiency of utilising self-efficacy and performance measures to continuously adapt training content to the individual trainee. Using a preregistered, between-subjects experiment, 130 participants were randomly assigned to receive virtual training content that was either based on behavioural measures at the beginning of the study (fixed training) or that continuously adapted to the behaviour of the trainee (adaptive training). The results revealed no significant difference between the groups for either performance or self-efficacy, suggesting that the additional development required for fully adaptive training may be unwarranted in some cases. Further research should investigate when the additional complexity of adaptive training is outweighed by enhanced efficiency. That said, results revealed an overall beneficial effect of IVR-based training. However, while IVR had an overall positive effect on performance, transfer was only observed to a limited extent. Specifically, participants improved in both accuracy (d = −0.41) and speed (d = −0.43) on a virtual performance test, while performance on a real equivalent (i.e., transfer of skill) showed improved accuracy (d = −0.25) but reduced speed (d = 0.17). In other words, the study demonstrates that performance measures in IVR should not necessarily be expected to transfer to similar tasks outside IVR without a potential loss in performance, emphasising the need for future studies to include measures of skill transfer when investigating IVR-based training.
Osteogenic potential of silver nanoparticles in critical sized mandibular bone defects: an experimental study in white albino rats
Authors: Sabry Gehad Mohamed , Sultan Nessma , Abouelkhier Mazen Tharwat , Farouk Soussa Essam 
Published: January 2025

AbstractNatural bone is a self-regenerating nanocomposite made of proteins and minerals. Such self-regenerative capacity can be negatively affected by certain diseases involving the bone or its surrounding tissues. Our study assesses the ability of bone grafting material to regenerate bone in animals who have artificially created critical-sized defects. Nanohydroxyapatite (HANPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized and underwent characterization by transmission electron microscopy. The cytotoxic effect of the nanomaterials was evaluated by MTT assay using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs). Five mm critical size defects in white albino rats were utilized to assess the material’s biocompatibility, and regenerative capacity. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses using collagen-I and tumor necrotic factor-alpha were also performed. Clinically, the tested materials did not cause any pathological changes. MTT results suggested that both materials showed high biocompatibility. Gel form of AgNPs achieved bone regenerative potential and anti-inflammatory effect being significantly higher than what was seen in HANPs after 21 days post-surgically. The utilization of AgNPs to improve anti-inflammatory and osteoregenerative activities was the primary research outcome of this study. AgNPs have the potential to be useful biomaterial in accelerating bone healing process.
Universal Enveloping Algebras of Poisson Superalgebras
Authors: Lamkin Thomas 
Published: January 2025

AbstractIn this paper, we define and study the universal enveloping algebra of a Poisson superalgebra. In particular, a new PBW Theorem for Lie-Rinehart superalgebras is proved leading to a PBW Theorem for Poisson superalgebras, we show the universal enveloping algebra of a Poisson Hopf superalgebra (resp. Poisson-Ore extension) is a Hopf superalgebra (resp. iterated Ore extension), and we study the universal enveloping algebra for interesting classes of Poisson superalgebras such as Poisson symplectic superalgebras.
Dynamics of the temporal evolution in radiating stars
Authors: Maharaj S. D. , Govinder K. S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We study the dynamics of a charged radiating star in general relativity. The junction conditions at the surface of the star lead to a restriction that connects the radial pressure to the heat flux. The master equation reduces to a nonlinear second order differential equation which determines the temporal evolution. The dynamical behaviour is studied via a phase plane analysis which reveals interesting behaviour. The presence of both the electromagnetic field and the cosmological constant are included in our treatment. They affect the temporal evolution of the gravitating star. We identify the restrictions on the parameters that lead to a stable asymptotic end state of the star.