bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Hemolytic Streptococcus
Authors: Menten Maud L. , Finlay Harold H. , Stock Aaron H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Approximately half of the individuals skin tested for susceptibility to scarlet fever gave positive Dick reactions. Varying degrees of refractoriness to immunization were encountered among the positive reactors. The results of immunization against scarlet fever with dosages varying from 750 to 15,000 STD of erythrogenic toxins of increasing degree of purification are reported. A high degree of protection against scarlet fever as evidenced by the low incidence of the disease in the immunized communities as compared to that in many of the contiguous districts has been observed for three years following immunization with the partially purified toxin.
Orientation of Antigen-Antibody Specificity in Monomolecular Films
Authors: Chambers Leslie A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A technic for studying the orientation of reaction-specificity in monofilms of complex proteins has been developed. It consists in estimating the degree of antigen-antibody reaction at the two faces of deposited monofilms by comparison of specific bacterial adsorption in the two cases.
Application of the procedure has, in the case of a specific streptococcal agglutinogen (nucleoprotein), demonstrated that the deposited monofilms are not only immunologically active, but that there is a definite orientation of specificity toward antisera correlated with structural orientation.
The Isolation and Properties of the Specific Polysaccharide of Type B Hemophilus Influenzae
Authors: Dingle John H. , Fothergill Leroy D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A simplified, peptone-free, liquid medium has been found suitable for the growth of H. influenzae from which a specific polysaccharide has been isolated. A description of some of the chemical properties of the preparation has been given. Immunologically, the substance was extremely reactive in that specific precipitation occurred in a dilution of 1:35,000,000 with immune horse serum and 1:12,000,000 with immune rabbit serum. Although precipitation with various immune rabbit sera was specific, certain heterologous immune horse sera exhibited cross-reactions in the presence of the carbohydrate; the latter, however, apparently did not depend on the presence of more than one antigen.
A Simplified Formula for Diphtheric Toxin Broth
Authors: Mueller J. Howard 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Detailed directions are given for the preparation of a peptone— and meat infusion—free medium upon which a relatively powerful (60 Lf.) diphtheric toxin may be regularly obtained with a strain of the Park 8 organism. The problem of still further improvements in this medium is under investigation in this laboratory, as is the question of toxin production by other strains of C. diphtheriae.
Gonadotropic Inhibitory Substance and Precipitins in the Blood of Monkeys Receiving Gonadotropic Hormone Preparations
Authors: Meyer Roland K. , Wolfe Harold R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antigonadotropic effect and precipitin titer of the blood of monkeys injected with relatively small amounts of pregnant mare serum having gonadotropic activity, or a highly purified gonadotropic hormone prepared from pregnant mare serum, or the serum of the non-pregnant mare were determined. These substances were given in a series of injections at intervals of 30 days or more and during a period of several months. Monkeys which received pregnant mare serum showed relatively high precipitative titers and antigonadotropic action 10 days after the last injection of the third and subsequent series of injections, but decreased markedly 30 days or more after the last injection of each series. Reinjections restored both substances. The monkeys injected with non-pregnant mare serum produced precipitins but no antigonadotropic substances, whereas the blood of monkeys given the purified gonadotropic extract showed an anti-substance but no evidence of precipitins.
The results show that the antigonadotropic substance can be produced by the injection of relatively small quantities of hormone and also indicate that precipitins are not responsible for the antigonadotropic action of the sera. The similarity in the time of appearance and disappearance of the anti-substance and precipitins offers additional evidence for the concept that the anti-substance may be an antibody.
A Study of Natural and Acquired Immunity to Staphylococcal Toxin in Monkeys
Authors: Weiss Charles , Taranik Jeanette D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The natural antistaphylolysin (alpha) of the serum of a series of 65 monkeys (M. irus and M. mulatta) was found to vary from 0 to 25 international units; the largest number had from 4 to 5. Individual monkeys, like rabbits and human beings, varied in their response to parenteral introduction of staphylotoxin. The maximal titers reached depend upon the route of injection, as well as upon their natural levels. Animals with high initial titers (10 units or more per cubic centimeter) develop antibodies more rapidly and reach a much higher level than those with low values. High titers, up to 250 units per cubic centimeter, resulted from repeated injection of small doses of toxin, either intracutaneously or intrabronchially, the rapidity of antibody-production being in the order given. Intranasal instillation, with or without ether-anesthesia, yielded low titers. Neither after active nor passive immunization could any definite relationship be established between the titers of circulating antibody (alpha-antistaphylolysin) and the intensity of cutaneous reactions to staphylotoxin. As is true with the Schick test, there was no fixed level at which individual animals passed from the negative to the positive group or vice versa. After injection of antitoxin, skin reactions remained negative at a time when the serum titers had returned to approximately their original levels.
Studies of the Sparing Effect of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis on Experimental Poliomyelitis
Authors: Dalldorf Gilbert 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The criteria used in establishing the sparing effect of lymphocytic choriomeningitis on experimental poliomyelitis have been the clinical behavior of the animals and survival (1–2). Since the diseases are dissimilar in the monkey and poliomyelitis of the kind we have used is almost invariably fatal, these criteria have sufficed not only to determine that an effect occurs, but also to establish certain features of this effect. To extend our knowledge, other criteria seemed necessary. The present report is based on determinations of the infectivity of appropriate tissues of monkeys influenced by both diseases.
Methods. Poliomyelitis has been produced, as in the earlier experiments, by the intracerebral injection of 0.2 cc. of the supernate of a 10 per cent centrifuged emulsion of pooled monkey cord. Mixed virus (MV) has been used. In all but the preliminary experiments monkeys were sacrificed when their temperatures fell to 98°F. This was done for several reasons.
Behavior of Acid-Treated Antipneumococcal Rabbit Antibodies
Authors: Weil A. J. , Moos A. M. , Clapp Frances L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Pneumococcal rabbit antibody treated with acid shows an increase of nitrogen precipitable by S. A shift in the combining ratio occurs at the same time. The ratio of mouse-protective value / N precipitated by S is lowered. The complement-fixing quality of acid-treated sera is impaired or lost when the ratio of mouse-protective power / N precipitable is lowered. Loss of complement-fixing quality was also observed with antibody subjected to a process of partial peptic digestion. The properties of causing capsular swelling and of eliciting passive anaphylactic shock are unimpaired in acid-treated sera. The implications of these observations are discussed.
Mechanism of the Toxic Action of Germicides on Whole Blood Measured by the Loss of Phagocytic Activity of Leucocytes
Authors: Welch Henry 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The thermolabile component of complement in guinea pig blood which accelerates phagocytosis is an essential factor in the proposed method for determining the toxicity of germicides.
The thermostabile opsonin appears to be responsible for the greater resistance of human blood to the action of germicidal substances.
The expected normal variation in the opsonic activity of guinea pig complement had no effect on the “toxic endpoint” of a germicide when tested by the proposed method.
The toxic effect of germicides when tested on human or guinea pig blood as a tissue appears to be directed against the humoral in contrast to the cellular elements.
Protein Fractions of a Strain of Group “A” Hemolytic Streptococci. III
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Scherp Henry W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Further attempts at fractionation of proteins of a scarlatinal strain (C 203) of Streptococcus hemolyticus group A have furnished new evidence that much of the nucleic acid present is bound more firmly than in dissociable salt linkage. The nucleic acid isolated by alkaline degradation of the neutral-extractible D fraction appeared to contain an impurity antigenically distinct from “C” substance or the protein-fractions identified. Antisera to the protein-fractions behaved much like antisera to the whole cell and supplied similar evidence for the serologic difference of fractions E, F, G, and K from fraction D and its alkaline derivatives. As stated in an earlier paper, the hemolytic streptococcal strain studied, C 203, therefore contains at least two protein-antigens which are not type-specific, and the utility of the fractionation procedure then used is still apparent.
The Natural Transmission of Immunity Against Trypanosoma Duttoni from Mother Mice to Their Young
Authors: Culbertson James T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mother mice which have recovered from an infection with Tryp. duttoni transmit to their young protective substances which render the young resistant to infection with this parasite. The young animals acquire their resistance principally after birth through the ingestion of milk from the immune mother. The young born of a normal mother promptly acquire resistance against Tryp. duttoni if permitted to nurse the specifically immune mother.
The immune substances are secreted by the mother not only in the colostrum, but also in the milk later passed, and nurslings until 15 days old as well as those newly born can absorb the protective substances from the intestine after ingesting the milk of the immune mother. Accordingly, it is possible for a mother who has been infected after the birth of her litter to develop and transmit protective substances to her nurslings in sufficient amount to protect them measurably against a subsequent infection.
A mother mouse passively immunized by the injection of serum from a mouse which has recovered from Tryp. duttoni is also able to transmit protective substances to the young which nurse her.
The immunity of the young mice is specific, and nurslings injected with Tryp. cruzi will become infected even though they nurse a mother immune to Tryp. duttoni.
It is pointed out, in discussion, that the mouse differs as to the principal route of transfer of the protective substances to the young from that generally accepted for hemochorial mammals.
A Comparison of Acquired Immunity and Species Resistance Based on the Cultivation of Virus III in Vitro
Authors: Pearce John M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Virus III can be cultivated in vitro indefinitely by serial transfer in simple, minced-rabbit-testis tissue-cultures. The rate of multiplication of the virus rapidly reaches a maximum at which it remains constant. The virus also survives and multiplies readily in rabbit testis tissue-cultures made from the testes of rabbits immunized by previous infection, provided normal, non-immune rabbit serum is used in the preparation, as well as in normal rabbit testis cultures containing the sera of animals of species naturally resistant to the infection. On the other hand, virus III does not survive in tissue-cultures containing the serum of a rabbit immunized by previous infection, nor does it survive in cultures made from the testes of animals of species naturally resistant to the virus, irrespective of the type of serum used.
From these observations on the behavior of virus III cultivated in vitro, it may be concluded in respect to infection by this virus that acquired immunity is humoral in character and depends on the presence of neutralizing antibody. Species immunity, or natural resistance, on the other hand, is cellular in character, and is not related to the presence of an inactivating substance in the blood.
Vaccination of Man Against the Virus of Equine Encephalomyelitis (Eastern and Western Strains)
Authors: Beard J. W. , Beard Dorothy , Finkelstein Harold 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A group of 100 men and women have been vaccinated with the crude formolized chickembryo-vaccines of the sort employed in the protection of horses against equine encephalomyelitis. A bivalent vaccine effective against both Eastern and Western strains of virus was used.
General and local reactions to the vaccine-material were mild or absent except in one instance in which muscular stiffness developed subsequent to vaccination.
Response to the vaccines as measured by serum-neutralizing antibody-content was high and apparently more rapid for the Western strain antigen than for the Eastern. With the former, high titers were observed seven days after the first injection while comparable titers for the latter were found after fourteen days.
The results yield no contraindications to the use of properly prepared and tested vaccines of this nature in man. On the contrary, the findings together with consideration of the demonstrated prevalence of subclinical and clinical infections with both strains of virus constitute emphatic indications for the vaccination of people frequently exposed to the virus in the laboratory and in the field.
Studies on the Relationship of Sex Hormones to Infection
Authors: Sprunt Douglas H. , McDearman Sara 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a recent publication (1), we reported that the estrogenic hormone, when injected into castrate rabbits, decreased the spread of India ink and increased the resistance of the rabbit to infection with vaccinia. In another paper, pseudopregnancy was shown to decrease the spread of India ink (2). In these papers, we cited a number of other workers who had shown that related endocrine states caused a change in the resistance of the host to infection.
A further study of the relationship of the endocrine pattern of the host to infection was considered desirable. The value of such a study would be greatly enhanced, furthermore, if the resistance of the host could be determined on a quantitative basis. The only report of a quantitative study which we found was the paper by Rosahn, Hu and Pearce (3). These workers showed by the statistical analysis of data derived from a large number of rabbits that pregnancy increases the resistance of rabbits to infection.
An Improved Serologic Method for the Determination of the Precipitative Titers of Antisera
Authors: Cannon Paul R. , Marshall Charles E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A method has been described for the determination of the precipitative strength of an antiserum, utilizing the combined methods of agglutination of collodion-particles coated with a purified protein, and the resuspension-agglutination technic. It is possible in this way to determine precipitative titers simply and accurately by serial dilution of the antiserum, as with other serologic procedures. Because of the simplicity of the collodion-agglutination method, relatively large numbers of antisera can be quickly and conveniently titrated and their precipitative strengths determined and compared with the skin-reactivity of the animals from which the serums were secured. The method is sharply specific, and is delicate enough to demonstrate the presence of precipitins in sera so weak that no visible precipitate occurs when they are mixed with varying dilutions of specific antigen. By this method, specific precipitins have been demonstrated in sera from patients hypersensitive to egg-protein, tuberculin and crystalline-insulin. There is reason to hope, therefore, that it may be of value for the quantitative study of the relationship of precipitins to various types of hypersensitive reactions.
The Bactericidal Power of Blood from Patients and Normal Controls for Staphylococci
Authors: Spink Wesley W. , Paine John R. , Jermsta Jean 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
An attempt has been made to demonstrate the presence of antibacterial immunity in patients with staphylococcal sepsis. The bactericidal power of whole defibrinated blood from patients and normal individuals has been evaluated for several strains of staphylococci. The killing power of the bloods from twenty-five patients and eighteen normal persons has been determined. Thirty-one strains of staphylococci were used, seventeen of them isolated from patients included in this report. All the strains proved to be pathogenic when studied by one or more tests for pathogenicity. The bloods of both patients and normal controls possessed little or no killing power for the seventeen strains isolated from the patients. In some instances, an appreciable number of organisms from heterologous strains were killed by the bloods of patients and normal controls. The significance of this is discussed.
Antibodies to Strychnine
Authors: Hooker Sanford B. , Boyd William C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibodies specific for strychnine were obtained from rabbits injected with mono-aminostrychnine-azohemocyanin. Precipitation with caseinazostrychnine was inhibited by the alkaloid and some of its amino, nitro, and methoxyl derivatives, but not by morphine, quinine, etc., or even by tryptophane, which like strychnine, contains the indol nucleus. The sera were too weak (0.05 mg ab-N/ml) to neutralize the lethal effect of strychnine in mice.
A failure to produce antimorphine is recorded.
Various aspects of the general topic are discussed.
Comparison of Various Physical Means of Liberation of the Agglutinogen from H. Pertussis in Phase I
Authors: Flosdorf Earl W. , Kimball Anne C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The sonic method of cellular disintegration is the most effective of the six physical means tried for liberation of the phase I-agglutinogen of H. pertussis. The low temperature ball-mill is next and offers more effective means of obtaining the agglutinogen than grinding the dried organisms at room temperature. Semi-quantitative agglutinin-absorption was used as the method of biological assay. Soluble nitrogen content of the extracts does not afford a satisfactory criterion of relative efficiency of extraction of surface-antigen.
The Proteins and Antibodies of Serum after Prolonged Dialysis
Authors: Raffel Sidney , Terry M. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The fractionation of rabbit sera by prolonged dialysis against distilled water with removal of the precipitate at the termination of the period of dialysis has been investigated.
The character of the precipitate is comparable to that previously described for sera similarly dialyzed with successive removals of precipitate as it formed. The quantity and composition differ, however. In this case there is less total precipitate, primarily because of the sedimentation of less albumin-like protein, and partly also because less globulin precipitates.
The quantitative and qualitative distribution of antibody between the dialyzed fractions lends support to the view previously expressed that the specific globulin with which immune body is associated depends on the intensity of the immunizing process. In the rabbit, multivalent antibody appears to be associated with the water-soluble globulin. As this type of antibody increases in amount with progressive vaccination, an increasingly greater part of the total antibody of the serum is found in association with this globulin, while a progressively smaller part occurs in the water-insoluble portion.
Non-Specific Factors in Resistance
Authors: Locke Arthur 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method is described for judging functional efficiency (through observation of the respiratory response to inhaled 5 per cent CO2) which gives indications of correlated resistive efficiency consistent with the record for subsequently observed incidence of common cold.
The resting subject is connected with an apparatus recording the rate and depth of breathing. Rest is continued until the ventilation per minute has declined to the estimated basal level (BVR). Air containing 5 per cent CO2 is then given for 1 to 2 minutes. The quotient (VQ) of the ventilation rate during the first minute of CO2-stimulation, by the BVR, is compared with the VQ 1.29 representing optimum and reported in terms of percentile divergence from that optimum.
Minimal incidence of common cold appeared to be associated with VQs within 5 per cent of 1.29 and heightened incidence with VQs more than 5 per cent divergent from 1.29, in persons free of allergy. A tendency toward hyper-reaction to inhaled CO2, possibly derived from an underlying hyper-responsiveness to stimulus such as predisposes to histamine shock, in the rabbit, and not associated with heightened susceptibility to common cold, was observed in a small group of persons with untreated, non-acute, non-infectious allergic dermatitis. The more usual type of hyper-reaction to CO2, associated with heightened susceptibility to common cold and possibly derived from an underlying shrinkage in circulating blood volume, was observed in non-allergic dermatitis and in diabetes. Unusual local effects on pain and limitation to movement were observed following CO2-inhalation in rheumatoid arthritis. Evidence is considered to the effect that CO2 may be a determinant, as well as an indicator, of capacity for sustaining circulation, function and resistance.
The Study of Problems of Immunity by the Tissue Culture Method
Authors: Burrows Montrose T. , Suzuki Yoshio 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Many attempts have been made to devise a simple and accurate laboratory method for determining the presence of toxic and antitoxic substances in the blood of persons suffering from acute infections of various kinds and in the blood of normal individuals. Several methods adapted for the study of certain toxins have resulted. Many of these in the hands of most workers have been difficult to manipulate. Others have failed to give the qualitative and quantitative data necessary. It has been evident since the beginning of the study of toxins and antitoxins that their presence or absence must be determined by testing their effect upon animal tissues. Other and more accurate methods will probably not be devised until the chemical and physical properties of these substances are better understood.
For a long time it has seemed apparent that the tissue culture method might aid very materially in making such determinations.