bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Residual Stresses Caused by Turning on Probabilistic Risk of Aeroengine Titanium Disks
Authors: Li Guo , Cai Wenhao , Zhou Huimin , Liu Junbo , Ding Shuiting 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The residual stresses generated during the manufacturing process of aero-engine life-limited parts, such as turbine disks, affect the formation of cracks and thus influence the risk of failure. This study proposes a probabilistic risk assessment method for titanium aero-engine disks considering the residual stresses caused by turning. Specifically, a turning simulation model is firstly established by ABAQUS, and the residual stresses on the turning surface are obtained by conducting numerical analysis. Then, with the work stresses of a typical titanium turbine disk, the residual stresses are input into the failure probability evaluation model. Last, based on linear elastic fracture mechanics analysis, the crack propagation calculation is conducted, and the probabilities of failure of the disk are carried out. The results show that after considering residual stresses introduced by turning, the failure risk of the disk has declined. The probability of failure is predicted to reduce by nearly 8% under turning. The proposed method predicts the failure risk more accurately and is thus beneficial to the guidelines for the safety assessment of turbine disks.
A Multi-Scale Model for Microstructure Evolution During a Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing Process
Authors: Abubakar Abba A. , Al-Athel Khaled S. , Akhtar Syed S. , Abubakar Abdulazeez 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Powder-based additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are commonly used to fabricate intricate-shape three-dimensional (3D) composite parts. The present study provides further insights into powder melt pool behavior and microstructure evolution during additive manufacturing of Hastelloy(HX)/WC composite using sequentially coupled multi-scale models. At the macro-scale, the heat transfer model is used to predict the temperature distribution and melts pool geometry formed during laser heating of multi-material powder bed. At the mesoscale, the phase-field and heat transfer models are coupled to predict the evolution of grains during the solidification of the powder melt. The computational results are reasonably comparable to that of the experiments. It is found that an ellipsoidal melt pool shape is formed around the irradiated zone. The temperature, thermal gradient and cooling rate changes across the melt pool dimensions. Due to epitaxial growth, columnar (elongated) grains are developed near the solid-liquid interface. In contrast, equiaxed grains are formed near the top regions of the melt pool due to higher cooling rates. The elongated grains become split into equiaxed ones due to the presence of the WC particles. The presence of the larger WC particles enhances the cooling rate; thereby, resulted in grain refinement. Reducing the WC particle size still results in grain refinement due to the pinning effect on grain boundaries; however, the grain size becomes affected by the WC particle size. The inclusion of foreign particles could be used to inhibit anisotropic behavior in 3D printed parts.
A New Approach to the Study and Prevention of the Clutch Judder
Authors: Tentarelli Manuel , Cantelli Stefano , Sorrentino Silvio , De Felice Alessandro 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The clutch judder observed in hydraulically actuated dual clutch transmissions cannot be fully explained by the current scientific literature.
Using a new methodological approach for the analysis of clutch judder, this study shows that a fluctuating oil pressure makes the clutch a parametrically excited system and gives rise to regions of instability as a function of the operating conditions of the clutch.
The system’s dynamic behaviour, characterized by both mechanical and structural high complexity, is here investigated through stability analysis of a mathematical model of the driveline. In particular, stability boundaries are identified by means of Floquet analysis, as well as the occurrence of both parametric resonance regions and linear resonance conditions.
This opens a new perspective on NVH of automotive drivelines, showing that clutch judder can potentially occur in a much wider range of conditions than documented in the current scientific literature.
The results of the experiments in progress on a test bench, designed in partnership with CNH Industrial, are validating the proposed model and will allow to calibrate the parameters of a predictive mathematical model to avoid the phenomenon of clutch judder in the design phase.
Stability Analysis of Parametrically Excited Isotropic Rotors on Anisotropic Supports
Authors: De Felice Alessandro , Sorrentino Silvio 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The stability of slender rotors which are parametrically excited by external loads is studied under the effects of an-isotropic supports. An axisymmetric shaft is considered, described by scaling a spinning Timoshenko beam, carrying a disk and loaded by oscillating axial end thrust and twisting moment. The supports are modelled including ‘principal’ stiffness and damping distributions, able to modify the closely separated modes generated by angular speed (with ‘splitting’ of eigenfrequencies in forward and backward pairs). The proposed model includes all the general features of slender rotors which are relevant for this kind of stability analysis, gyroscopic effects comprised. Stability is studied after discretization of the equations of motion into a set of coupled ordinary differential Mathieu-Hill equations. The influence of angular speed combined with anisotropy in the supports is analyzed with respect to frequency and amplitude of the external loads on stability charts in the form of Ince-Strutt diagrams. The occurrence of different kinds of critical solutions, simple and combination, is investigated, highlighting their dependency on both the degree of anisotropy in the supports and angular speed.
Method for Improved Alignment of Large Area, Unstructured Sandy Desert 3D Elevation Maps Acquired by LiDAR Aerial Mapping With GNSS RTK Fixed GPS
Authors: Bjelotomic Marko , Subramaniam Prashanth , Khalil Mohamad , Mohammed Abdallah Nasir Abdo , Nikolakakos Iraklis , Weston Michael , Anzil Mohammed Minhas , Almaeeni Khuloud 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper explores the possibilities of alignment methodologies using software tools, regardless of the industry they are intended for. We present a comparison of several methods for the alignment of temporal 3D elevation maps using commercially available software as compensation for the GPS tagging inaccuracies. Through the process of 3D elevation map alignment, the capabilities of seemingly unrelated software tools for aerial mapping are explored and compared. This paper presents the workflow capabilities of CAD inspection programs, reverse engineering software, and map analysis software tools approaching the 3D elevation maps as 3D models and maps at the same time. Furthermore, the utilization of enduring features — like vegetation instances occurring sparsely in some desert environments is studied in terms of suitability to provide a ground reference. Vegetation occurrences, which seldom grow in the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula, are inappropriate for precise mapping by LiDAR. Nevertheless, they create a prominent point cloud that may be used as a reference feature under specific consideration. Better map alignment allows for better 3D elevation map comparison, leading to further research of sandy deserts and their fluid-like behavior to increase renewable energy generation in such environments.
Research of Task Complexity Decision System for Manual Assembly Tasks Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps to Construct Bayesian Networks
Authors: Xuan Zhao , Shengen Zheng 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
With the evolution towards intelligent manufacturing, Industry 4.0 has revolutionized and gradually improved product quality and efficiency. When applied to the assembly sector, Assembly 4.0 has also attracted widespread attention. Assembly 4.0 requires lean production, automated learning, and the ability to solve real-time design decisions through technology and convert the direct labor of operators into management information and decisions. Therefore, to better assess the complexity of manual assembly tasks, we believe it is necessary to build a multi-view and multi-dimensional decision-making system from the perspective of manual assembly. For this purpose, we propose in this study, a Bayesian network model based on fuzzy cognitive maps. Simultaneously, we use Genie3.0 to build the Bayesian network model. For optimum quantization parameter values as well as conditional probability directions’ optimization between the parent node and the child node of the Bayesian network, we use the max-min hill-climbing (MMHC) algorithm and the Expectation Maximum (EM) algorithm. The influencing factors can be managed through the Bayesian network using this model, and the users can fully understand the changing rules among task complexity factors. This model can also provide theoretical and technical support for users, starting from the initial stage of product conception down to the completion of production.
Numerical Study and Validation of Hot Metal Desulfurization Using Calcium Carbide in the Ladle
Authors: Guo Xipeng , Mao Congshan , Walla Nicholas , Silaen Armin K. , Zhou Chenn 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Hot metal desulfurization using lance injection in the transfer ladle is widely used in the industry. Many mathematical models are developed based on the thermodynamics, mechanism, and kinetics of hot metal desulfurization by using different reagents, but these works are often based on 1D calculation. In this work, a 3D transient Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is developed to simulate hot metal desulfurization (HMD) using calcium carbide in the experimental scale ladle. The capacity of the ladle is 70 kg, and the iron temperature is 1623.15 K. The efficiency of reagent particles penetrating carrier gas bubbles is considered. The model is validated with experiment work with an average difference of 6.8%. The effects of two different calcium carbide particle sizes and two different iron temperatures on desulfurization rates are discussed. The results show that smaller calcium carbide particles and higher iron temperatures can benefit the hot metal desulfurization rate.
Effect of Cell-Wall Angle on the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Hierarchical Re-Entrant Honeycomb
Authors: Zhan Chi , Li Mingzhe , Lu Weiyi 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Both hierarchical and auxetic structures have shown unusual mechanical properties and draw great attention for multiple engineering applications. Recently, a triangular 2nd order of hierarchy has been successfully integrated into re-entrant honeycomb, one specific type of auxetic structures, by the emerging additive manufacturing method. The resulted hierarchical re-entrant honeycomb (H-ReH) outperforms the conventional re-entrant honeycomb (C-ReH) in stiffness, initial buckling strength, densification strain and specific energy absorption capacity (SEA). However, the optimized designs of the cell structures in H-ReH are still elusive and yet to be explored, which is critical for advanced safety applications. The mechanical performance and deformation mode of H-ReH are mainly determined by the geometric parameters of the structure, among which the cell-wall angle is one of the most critical design parameters.
To this end, we designed H-ReHs with three different cell-wall angles, i.e. 60°, 75° and 90°. C-ReHs with the same three angle designs were processed through the same 3D-printing method as reference samples. The mechanical performance of the fabricated specimens was characterized by the uniaxial quasi-static compression tests. The evolution of the strain field in all the samples was measured and analyzed by the Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The results show that the angle designs have significant influences on the elastic modulus, strength, structural stability, and SEA of H-ReH. By increasing the angle from 60° to 75°, the densification strain and the SEA are increased by 60% and 75%, respectively. This is due to the altered deformation modes of the H-ReHs with different cell-wall angles. By contrast, the C-ReHs are found to be nearly inert to the angle change, due to its bending-dominated behavior regardless of the cell-wall angle change. When further increase the cell-wall angle to 90°, both H-ReH and C-ReH exhibit notable enhancement on the elastic modulus and the strength, but at a much-compromised structural stability. The vertical member of both structures buckles and fractures at a small strain.
In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that the mechanical properties of H-ReH is sensitive to the cell-wall angle. Furthermore, the H-ReH has much better mechanical tunability over C-ReH through the angle designs due to its unique deformation mechanisms. These findings will guide the future design of H-ReH and other types of lightweight robust materials and structures.
On the Accuracy and Efficiency of Convolutional Neural Networks for Element-Wise Refinement of FEM Models
Authors: Petrolo Marco , Iannotti Pierluigi , Pagani Alfonso , Carrera Erasmo 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this paper, a new methodology for the choice of the best structural theories through Machine Learning (ML) techniques is described, with a particular focus on composite shells. The identification of the most adequate theory can be operated very efficiently using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) as surrogate models to replicate the performances of a Finite Element (FE) formulation, although requiring only a small fraction of the usual amount of analyses. Enhanced by the introduction of the Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF), the FE Method (FEM) provides the results necessary for the training of the networks, while the Node Dependent Kinematics (NDK) approach opens to the practical implementation of local refinement capabilities. The evaluation of different structural theories is carried out with the Axiomatic/Asymptotic Method (AAM) and this can be done for both static and dynamic analyses, with The Best Theory Diagrams (BTD) being the outcome of this rating procedure. As shown in the results, CNNs can properly identify and reproduce the underlying connections between different sets of problem features and the accuracy of a given structural theory with just a very small amount of available reference data.
Low-Cost Portable High-Speed Data Logging
Authors: Kerr Colton , Rogers John 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This research describes a low-cost design for high-speed, portable, and configurable data acquisition and logging. Drone launch from in-flight aircraft produces short-duration, impactlike peak stresses in aircraft structure. Testing environments such as on aircraft require portable data acquisition hardware systems. Commercially available data acquisition systems typically have at least one drawback of being expensive, not portable, not high speed, or not configurable. These drawbacks make it difficult to use commercial systems in field experiments such as on aircraft in flight. This research describes a data logging system that is low-cost (materials &lt; $200), portable (&lt; 1kg), has one single-ended high-speed analog input channel (20k samples/second), and a resolution of 12 bits. The microcontroller used is a Digilent WiFire board with a microchip PIC32MZ2048EFG100 microcontroller. This microcontroller is programmed using Simulink and is configurable in its sample rate, data type, number of channels, and resolution. Data are logged locally on an SD card using an open-source OpenLager device that was developed by drone racing company dRonin for high-speed data. Data logging is in binary format, and the 12-bit value is logged as two 8-bit (upper and lower) bytes due to limitations of the OpenLager. A MATLAB script reassembles the bytes in a postprocessing step. Performance of the prototype is compared to commercial data logging systems by simultaneous logging of one event. A hammer strike force-impulse experiment is used as a proxy for the stresses in aircraft structure during impact-like events. Conclusions and recommendations on the use of the new system and existing commercial systems are made based on the results of the experiments. The experiment was designed to log signals from a strain gage-Wheatstone bridge-amplifier system, but the prototype is configurable and may be used in any applications that require portable logging of voltage signals with sample rates in the 20 kHz range.
Domain Segmentation Optimization of Multiple Anisotropic Materials With Varying Orientation Angles Using a Topology Optimization Based on the Extended Level Set Method
Authors: Noda Masaki , Matsushima Kei , Noguchi Yuki , Yamada Takayuki 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this study, we propose a method to optimize a domain segmentation of multiple anisotropic materials having varying orientation angles (OAs). The feature of this method is that anisotropic materials having different OAs are considered as different materials for each angle and the domain segmentation is optimized. First, the formulation of a multi-material topology optimization problem is described in which anisotropic materials with different OAs are considered as different materials. Then, linear elasticity topological derivatives are calculated when an anisotropic material is replaced with a different anisotropic material. Subsequently, we outline a topology optimization method based on the extended level set method, which is used to solve the multi-material topology optimization problem. Finally, we apply the proposed method to a stiffness maximization problem and demonstrate its effectiveness using multiple numerical examples.
Comprehensive Analysis of Cyber-Manufacturing Attacks Using a Cyber-Manufacturing Testbed
Authors: Prasad Romesh , Moon Young 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Cyber-Manufacturing Systems (CMS) are vulnerable to cyber-manufacturing attacks ironically because of its very beneficial advance: seamless integration with informational and operational entities. Beyond traditional cyber-attack practices, attackers against CMS have an enlarged attack vectors to penetrate CMS through and have a broader spectrum of eventual consequences. Although the significance of this new problem started being widely recognized, actual occurrences of cyber-manufacturing attacks — that can provide useful empirical data — have been relatively of a low number. Furthermore, recent research has been focused on developing solutions to prevent or detect cyber-manufacturing attacks. However, such solutions can be more effectively devised if a thorough understanding of the nature of various attacks is achieved first. To develop effective solutions against cyber-manufacturing attacks, it is of utmost important to understand motivations of the attacker, behaviors of the attacks, patterns of the attack, and impacts of these attacks. The comprehensive analysis of cyber-manufacturing attacks can be achieved by conducting an in-depth investigation of the attacks, identifying vulnerabilities caused by the attacks, and experimenting the attacks in a controlled CMS environment. This research presents how a cyber-manufacturing testbed can be utilized to achieve the above goal. It contributes toward the goal by accomplishing four tasks. First, it established a cyber-manufacturing system testbed. Second, the research identified attack surfaces in the designed testbed and performed an in-depth investigation for cyber-attacks that can infiltrate the established testbed. Based on the second task, it developed a ranking system. Finally, based on the ranking system, high-impact attack scenarios have been identified, demonstrated and analyzed on the cyber-manufacturing testbed.
Effects of Loading Frequencies on Fatigue Strength of Aluminum 6061-T6
Authors: Le Xiaobin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Material fatigue properties include a fatigue strength at a given number of cyclic stresses and fatigue life at a specified cyclic stress level. Typically, provided material fatigue properties don’t show or specify whether there is any effect of cyclic loading frequency on fatigue strength. Some research concluded that the effects of cyclic loading frequency on fatigue strength are very limited and can be ignored. But some research indicated that there are significant effects of cyclic loading frequency on fatigue strength and cannot be ignored. Lots of literature evaluates the effects of ultrasonic load frequencies on material fatigue strength. But most of the component failures in industries are due to the not-ultrasonic cyclic stresses which are typically induced by rotating unbalance or mechanical vibration. When evaluating the effects of load frequencies on material fatigue strength, a lot of literature compared the S-N curves. But metal fatigue is the initiation and propagation of inherent defects or cracks in a component due to cyclic loading. Because inherent defects or cracks are randomly distributed and randomly initiated ins a component, fatigue failure is a random event. This paper studies the effects of loading frequencies on Aluminum 6061-T6 fatigue strength. Five groups of fatigue tests are conducted on the same specimen under the same cyclic axial load but at varying frequencies of 10 Hz, 20 Hz, 30 Hz, 40 Hz, and 50 Hz. Each group will have more than 30 tests. Then we evaluate the effects of load frequencies on material fatigue strength by comparing the distributions of the fatigue life. The T-Test is used to check whether the effects of load frequencies on the fatigue strength are statistically significant differences or not.
Computational and Mathematical Models to Assess Early Stages Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) Growth
Authors: AL-Rawi Mohammad , Al-Jumaily Ahmed , Belkacemi Djelloul 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases such as Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) can be effectively modelled for biomechanical studies using computational and mathematical tools enabling development of non-invasive algorithms for disease diagnoses. AAA is usually infrarenal and occurs when the abdominal aorta balloons abnormally, wherein a major expansion (at least one and half times the diameter of healthy aorta) to the lumen diameter leads to a decrease in blood supply to key organs and limbs, as well as the possibility of artery rupture. A realistic abdominal aorta for a patient showing the potential for AAA growth is investigated using ANSYS®2021 R1 Fluent after converting 2D MRI images (segments) to a 3D model considering the abdominal aorta and the iliac bifurcation. The 3D model is analysed using clinical boundary conditions presented as the blood waveform at the inlet of the aorta and the pressure waveforms at the outlet of the iliac bifurcation using Two-Way Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) methods. In this study, the wall shear stress (WSS) and circumferential strain (CS) are investigated at four different times: 0.15s when the aortic valve opens; 0.35s at the systolic pressure; 0.45s when the aortic valve closes; and 0.85s at diastolic pressure based on the propagated waveforms. The abdominal aorta is examined using Non-Newtonian Carreau-Yasuda blood flow properties for specific patient data. The phase angle (PA) between WSS and CS shows the effect of early-stage abdominal aorta geometry growth rate due to the risk of aneurysm growth, on wave propagations with a range 200° to −180°.