bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Does the Materials-Handling Equipment Manufacturer Need to Know to Make a Successful Installation?
Authors: Preble N. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The answer to the problem of making a successful installation of material-handling equipment is not always simple and, due to varying conditions, is not always the same. In general, however, the following conditions must be examined: (1) Purpose of proposed handling installation. (2) Nature, weight, size, etc., of material or articles to be handled. (3) Capacity required. (4) The path which the material must follow. (5) Details of building or space within which the equipment is to be used. (6) General information as to power available; unusual conditions of temperature, moisture, etc.; erection conditions; and the like. The paper outlines in detail these various items, with a view to assisting the buyer.
Materials Handling in the Plant of the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
Authors: Stuber C. C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In the plant described, 964 people are kept busy transporting an average of 1,863,269 lb. of material in process of manufacture over a floor space of 6,443,419 sq. ft. by the use of 17,000 electric power trucks, industrial hand trucks, and platform skids. This equipment would make a train 19 miles long. There are 81 elevators and 29,654 ft. of conveyors. The industrial trucks are under centralized control.
Economies Which May Be Effected in Power Transmission
Authors: Nichols W. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
From an economical standpoint of maintenance, power-transmission equipment is not given careful consideration by management. It should not be left to the supervision of some old-time millwright. Belting is not given a close enough inspection upon its receipt to determine if it meets all the requirements laid down by the specifications for its purchase. Many machines upon production work are over-belted, and little attention is given to the correct determination of the size of belt necessary for the work. Heavier belts could be installed profitably. By this means unnecessary wear and tear upon countershaft clutches would be eliminated. More attention should be given to the application of the correct size of motor to individually motor-driven machine tools. Great loss and low power factor result from the methods now pursued. The question of group driving and the economies effected thereby are deserving of being more closely considered and of having their cost compared with individually motor-driven tools, both from an initial standpoint and a maintenance standpoint.
Some Practical Deductions From the Theory of Lubrication of Short Cylindrical Bearings
Authors: Cardullo F. E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the author tells of desirable characteristics which a fluid lubricant should have, and explains the effects of viscosity. He develops a theory with many mathematical equations on the phenomena of longitudinal flow of lubricants in bearings. Conclusions are given regarding general design and operation of bearings, the load carrying capacity, the power loss, and the ultimate rise in temperature of a bearing operating continuously with a particular eccentricity ratio.
Research of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics on Aircraft Diesel Engines
Authors: Kemper Carlton 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics has studied the theoretical performance possible with a Diesel engine operating upon a dual-combustion cycle. It has investigated the great number of factors which control the injection characteristics of fuel sprays, and coordinated and applied results from test information on fuel injection and combustion to the design of combustion chambers. Considerable progress has been made.
Nitride Hardening of Alloy Steel for Diesel-Engine Use
Authors: Alden C. R. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the author discusses metallurgical developments in the nitride hardening of alloy steels and the advantages that may be expected from increased use. With correct analysis of the steel, freedom from distortion in hardening depends upon the operations preceding nitriding. A sequence of operations is given, and nitriding equipment is described. Time necessary to produce and the cost of the nitrided product are given.
Purification of Diesel-Engine Lubricating Oil
Authors: Flowers A. E. , Dietrich M. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper is a continuation of earlier research on a 10 by 12 Diesel engine. Its most important novelty appears to be a reference to avoiding dilution of the lubricating oil from mechanical leakage, an explicit statement upon this subject being contained in the paper. Deterioration of the lubricating oil and its increasing contamination with various substances not originally present are again shown as a function of operating power, and emphasis is placed on the large percentage of products resulting from cracking. It is not stated, however, whether the cracking products are traceable to the fuel or to the lubricating oil.
Lubrication of Power Cylinder of Diesel Engines and Causes of Cylinder Wear
Authors: Harshman J. B. , McGregor John M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
To determine methods of reducing Diesel cylinder-liner wear and to establish reasons for great differences in the rate of wear, a series of tests and experiments, extending over a period of four years, were carried out by the authors. The cost of the renewal of liners on a large pipe-line system is very considerable, but it is only a portion of the total losses. Added to liner-renewal expenses are the troubles likely to accrue from contamination of the oil in the crankcase, from loss of power, etc., which add greatly to operating costs.
In this paper the authors attempt to show how liner life may be lengthened with a resulting greater economy in the operation of the Diesel engine. Methods adopted for applying the cylinder oil and other causes allied to poor lubrication are discussed. The tables in the paper show what can be effected by changing the grade of oil in use and by correct treatment of fuel oil and the air.
Economics of Pumping Oil at Low Friction Losses
Authors: Karge Fritz 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A study of California pipe lines and perusal of many articles in magazines of the oil industry indicate that most trunk-line systems are operated at pressures ranging around 750 lb. per sq. in. These pressures result from high friction losses in 8-in. pipe, which appears to be the predominantly favored size. This paper shows that the greater cost of larger pipe lines for pumping oil at lower friction losses will be returned in a comparatively short time by the saving in power cost. It also indicates the way toward a proper estimate of the power-operating costs for new lines.
Application of these principles to the redesign of existing pipe lines is not attempted since the wide variation in the arrangements and characteristics of such lines does not permit generalization. The principles apply nevertheless.
A number of California trunk pipe lines are too small in size. This is particularly evident in winter when the oil becomes cold and viscous. Many of these lines were laid before any definite knowledge had been developed concerning the friction losses in oil pipe lines. It is a more or less common occurrence that while holding the pressure at 800 lb. per sq. in. or higher, the pumps will move less and less oil until the line “freezes.” It then becomes necessary to plug it out with light oil. Several means of improving this condition have been under consideration from time to time, such as steam-heating stations and booster stations at intermediate points between pump stations. Electric heaters were tested out on at least two lines. Looping of lines has also been suggested and resorted to more or less. None of these means, however, is entirely satisfactory and most of them cost more than can be justified.
The laying of larger lines to improve pumping conditions has also been thought of, having in view the use of standard line pipe. The cost of such heavy large lines has usually been considered prohibitive. Now changes in the art of making and joining pipe of lighter weight have brought the larger sized lines within economic reach.
Temperature Observations for One Year on Streams of Petroleum Flowing in Mid-Continent Oil Pipe Lines
Authors: Martin Bert , Heltzel William G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The designer of an oil-pipe-line system could obtain valuable data on the contraction of the lines if he knew more about the temperature variations of the oil flowing through them. In the transportation of oil over long distances through pipe lines, a change in the temperature of the oil is likely to occur, thus affecting the volume. It is valuable to be able to predict the amount of change in volume for temperature changes over long distances. An important factor is the viscosity of the petroleum, for temperature variations in the oil stream cause the viscosity to vary. The paper shows how these results may be obtained, and gives charts as an indication of the temperature conditions of the oil flowing through the oil-pipe-line systems of the Mid-Continent.
The Munder System for Paper Selection
Authors: Munder Norman T. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
There are many makers of paper, and each one sends out sample books. These books are generally addressed to some individual in a printing or advertising house and become his property. The Munder system for paper selection provides a cabinet containing the paper-sample books of 54 paper makers. These books, over 400 in number, are indexed by uses, qualities, and prices, and provide an easy reference for all in an office who are interested in the selection of paper for various uses.
Design of the New Harris Automatic Two-Color Flat-Bed Press
Authors: Harris Alfred S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A recent design of two presses, one a single-color and the other a two-color press, includes the standardization of parts and units to such an extent that 72 per cent of these parts are common to both presses. A few of the points described in the design are those contributing to rigidity of frame, impressional strength, uniformity of bed travel during the printing stroke, evenness of ink distribution, and accuracy of register. Accessibility to its adjustments and convenience for make-ready also received attention.
Design and Application of Rail Motor Cars
Authors: Guernsey Charles O. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The rail car is capable of performing certain services to better advantage than motive power of any other current type. It is not a competitor of the locomotive in the locomotive’s proper field. It is capable of performing services within its scope at a cost and with an availability and reliability at least equal to other railroad equipment.
Satisfactory operation depends on correct design, correct application, proper handling by the operators, and intelligent and thorough maintenance. The maintenance should be in the hands of an intelligent, properly trained supervisor, who has sufficient authority to handle his work without clearing details through other officials. The design must be such that all wearing parts are renewable, at the minimum of expense, and with a minimum of time out of service. The exhaust valves are apt to require attention more frequently than other features of the engine, therefore the design should be such as to give maximum exhaust-value life. Twin exhaust valves have been found desirable for this purpose.
Cooling systems must be designed to operate effectively regardless of car speed or direction. Transmission equipment should be capable of delivering to the rails the maximum possible percentage of engine power throughout the range of car speeds, at least to 60 m.p.h. The parasites and accessories can be handled to best advantage by the use of a small separate power plant. Cars of current designs are proving their worth in millions of miles of service annually on many different railroads in various parts of the world. The rail car is generally accepted as a proved tool for the reduction of operating costs and improvement of service within its field.
This paper gives the field for application of motor cars, some problems of design and use, and conclusions as to design, operation, and maintenance.
High-Pressure Locomotive Developments
Authors: Stuebing A. E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper discusses two types of high-pressure locomotives recently built, the Loeffler type and the Winterthur locomotive. The former is an express locomotive of about 2500 hp. with a pressure of 1470 lb. per sq. in. and the latter of about 1200 hp. with a boiler pressure of 850 lb. per sq. in. The Loeffler locomotive is expected to result in a fuel saving of from 40 to 45 per cent compared with modern superheated locomotives. In a road test of the Winterthur locomotive, but 330 lb. of coal was necessary for firing up as compared with double the amount necessary for a conventional locomotive of equivalent output.
High-Pressure and High-Temperature Steam for Locomotives
Authors: Hirshfeld C. F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The author states his position as that of giving to railroad men the benefit of experience had in stationary steam-power-plant practice and not as that of telling them what to do in locomotive practice. The advantages of high pressures and temperatures in stationary practice are considered separately for condensing operation and for back-pressure operation, respectively, and the differences are stressed. Certain experiences and observations regarding the behavior of metals and the boiler circulation under extreme conditions are given, and these are followed by speculations regarding the possible lines of development of locomotives.
Airplane Spruce
Authors: Fishbaugh E. J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The author seeks to prove that wood is a better material than metal in airplane construction where strength is required, airplane spruce being the material against which all other materials are checked for suitability. The paper indicates that airplane spruce gives the least possible weight with the greatest possible strength. There is a stand of Sitka spruce available for airplane manufacture, the author attempts to show by statistics, that will outlast the present generation of builders.
Simulation of Liquor Blow, Thrust Force, and Risk of Condensation Hydraulic Shock in a Pulp-Digester Piping System
Authors: Carlson Andrew , Narayanan Chidambaram , Lakehal Djamel 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This study is an industrial case study for the application of a validated flashing and hydraulic shock modeling approach to the safety and design of a reactor blow line. The maximum flowrate is important for sizing of downstream components. The high pressure of the blow and flashing of the liquid can result in significant forces on pipe bends and other geometrical features. Analysis and prediction of such forces are of importance for the structural design and anchoring of the piping. Another concern for a liquid blow under high pressure is the potential for condensation-induced hydraulic shock. The collapse of the flashed vapor to the liquid phase creating shock waves of large amplitudes is a serious safety concern. The computational fluid dynamics model used the homogeneous mixture model with a flashing model for phase change of the fluid. The properties of the fluid were defined by a custom function which interpolated between tabulated values of the thermodynamic and transport properties. The simulations predicted the occurrence of a condensation hydraulic shock when the blow down is initiated with empty pipes and demonstrated that a hydraulic shock could be prevented with liquid-filled condition. The pipework geometry was also optimized to reduce the forces acting at the junctions. The vapor quality at the outlet as a result of flashing was estimated, which is necessary for the design of downstream systems.
Effect of Heating Power on Ball Grid Array Thermal Shock Reliability for a Fanout Package
Authors: Zhong Ke , Wang Huanpeng , Wang Jingrou , Xu Yuehang 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The reliability of Fanout package with a ball grid array (BGA) for microsystem is studied under thermal shock. Different heat source powers are applied to the silicon substrate to imitate the power dissipation induced heat of power devices and the thermal fatigue life of the package are studied using the Anand constitutive model and Darveaux life model. The finite element method simulation results show that the thermal fatigue life is not positively correlated with the heat source power. In a certain power range, the life first increases and then decreases. To explain this abnormal phenomenon, the fatigue analysis of solder balls with different heating power (10–55 W) is carried out. The results show that in the low temperature stage, with the increase of the heat source power, the heat source offsets the low temperature effect to a certain extent, and the stress value of the solder balls decreases. And during the high temperature stage, the stress of the ball is hardly affected. However, with the increase of the heat source power, the thermal deformation of the structure is gradually serious, the effect of offsetting the low temperature effect is reduced, and the thermal fatigue life increases with the increase of the heat source power. The results of the paper can be useful for microsystem package design.
RECAST: Study protocol for an observational study for the understanding of the increased REsilience of Children compared to Adults in SARS-CoV-2 infecTion
Authors: Stricker Sebastian , Ziegahn Niklas , Karsten Martin , Boeckel Thomas , Stich-Boeckel Heike , Maske Jakob , Rugo Evelyn , Balazs Anita , Millar Büchner Pamela , Dang-Heine Chantip , Schriever Valentin , Eils Roland , Lehmann Irina , Sander Leif E , Ralser Markus , Corman Victor M , Mall Marcus A , Sawitzki Birgit , Roehmel Jobst 
Published: April 2023

IntroductionThe SARS-CoV-2 pandemic remains a threat to public health. Soon after its outbreak, it became apparent that children are less severely affected. Indeed, opposing clinical manifestations between children and adults are observed for other infections. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak provides the unique opportunity to study the underlying mechanisms. This protocol describes the methods of an observational study that aims to characterise age dependent differences in immune responses to primary respiratory infections using SARS-CoV-2 as a model virus and to assess age differences in clinical outcomes including lung function.Methods and analysisThe study aims to recruit at least 120 children and 60 adults that are infected with SARS-CoV-2 and collect specimen for a multiomics analysis, including single cell RNA sequencing of nasal epithelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, mass cytometry of whole blood samples and nasal cells, mass spectrometry-based serum and plasma proteomics, nasal epithelial cultures with functional in vitro analyses, SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing, sequencing of the viral genome and lung function testing. Data obtained from this multiomics approach are correlated with medical history and clinical data. Recruitment started in October 2020 and is ongoing.Ethics and disseminationThe study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (EA2/066/20). All collected specimens are stored in the central biobank of Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and are made available to all participating researchers and on request.Trial registration numberDRKS00025715, pre-results publication.
Analysing multimodal data that have been collected using photovoice as a research method
Authors: Mooney Roisin , Bhui Kamaldeep 
Published: April 2023

BackgroundCreative arts practice can enhance the depth and quality of mental health research by capturing and foregrounding participants’ lived experience. Creative methods are emotionally activating and promote multiple perspectives, tolerating ambiguities and uncertainties, which are shared and even celebrated.Key argumentsMethods such as photovoice use imagery to elucidate narratives that are not easily captured by more traditional interview-based research techniques. However, the use of creative methods and participatory research remains novel as there is little guidance of how to navigate conceptual, practical, and analytical challenges.ConclusionThis paper considers these challenges, and puts forward practical and theory informed recommendations, using as study of photovoice methods for investigating ethnic inequalities in the use of the mental health act (Co-Pact) as a case study.
Feasibility pilot trial for the Trajectories of Recovery after Intravenous propofol versus inhaled VolatilE anesthesia (THRIVE) pragmatic randomised controlled trial
Authors: Tellor Pennington Bethany R , Colquhoun Douglas A , Neuman Mark D , Politi Mary C , Janda Allison M , Spino Cathie , Thelen-Perry Steven , Wu Zhenke , Kumar Sathish S , Gregory Stephen H , Avidan Michael S , Kheterpal Sachin 
Published: April 2023

IntroductionMillions of patients receive general anaesthesia for surgery annually. Crucial gaps in evidence exist regarding which technique, propofol total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) or inhaled volatile anaesthesia (INVA), yields superior patient experience, safety and outcomes. The aim of this pilot study is to assess the feasibility of conducting a large comparative effectiveness trial assessing patient experiences and outcomes after receiving propofol TIVA or INVA.Methods and analysisThis protocol was cocreated by a diverse team, including patient partners with personal experience of TIVA or INVA. The design is a 300-patient, two-centre, randomised, feasibility pilot trial. Patients 18 years of age or older, undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery requiring general anaesthesia with a tracheal tube or laryngeal mask airway will be eligible. Patients will be randomised 1:1 to propofol TIVA or INVA, stratified by centre and procedural complexity. The feasibility endpoints include: (1) proportion of patients approached who agree to participate; (2) proportion of patients who receive their assigned randomised treatment; (3) completeness of outcomes data collection and (4) feasibility of data management procedures. Proportions and 95% CIs will be calculated to assess whether prespecified thresholds are met for the feasibility parameters. If the lower bounds of the 95% CI are above the thresholds of 10% for the proportion of patients agreeing to participate among those approached and 80% for compliance with treatment allocation for each randomised treatment group, this will suggest that our planned pragmatic 12 500-patient comparative effectiveness trial can likely be conducted successfully. Other feasibility outcomes and adverse events will be described.Ethics and disseminationThis study is approved by the ethics board at Washington University (IRB# 202205053), serving as the single Institutional Review Board for both participating sites. Recruitment began in September 2022. Dissemination plans include presentations at scientific conferences, scientific publications, internet-based educational materials and mass media.Trial registration numberNCT05346588.