bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Feminist Ethics of Care Critique of Effective Altruism
Authors: Adams Carol J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This essay introduces the concept of the rational-economic man and describes how the commitment to this concept influenced the rise of white men to places of power in the animal advocacy movement. It also shows how the precepts of Effective Altruism (EA) adhere to this concept. It examines the privilege that Effective Altruists like Peter Singer and Jeff Sebo fail to consider in forwarding EA. It suggests that an alternative ethical approach exists, a “feminist ethics of care,” but that through the abjection of sympathy or sentiment in a patriarchal culture, it becomes disregarded as Effective Altruism opts for an arid rationality. And yet, because each person, including theorists, are located somewhere, individuals will find the approach of Effective Altruism cannot illumine the decision-making required from our specific social locations. Finally, it considers how Animal Charity Evaluators contributed to the harm of sexual exploitation while making it harder to fix the problem.
The Empty Promises of Cultured Meat
Authors: Abrell Elan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Cultured meat is often framed in many Effective Altruist circles as a grand solution to the problem of animal agriculture and its disastrous impacts on animal well-being, human health, and the environment. Indeed, Effective Altruist–influenced organizations such as the Good Food Institute tout investment in cultured-meat companies as an essential strategy in ending industrial animal agriculture. However, recent techno-economic analyses indicate that it will not be financially or technologically feasible to produce commercial cultured products that could compete with conventional meat products at any significant scale in the next decade, suggesting that cultured meat will not be capable of displacing conventional meat fast enough to avoid the disastrous effects of accelerating climate change. This chapter argues this investment-focused strategy has misdirected financial and activist resources away from alternative strategies that could better respond to the pressing necessity of ending animal agriculture more immediately.
Introduction
Authors: Li Ji 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter situates Caubrière’s documentation in the modern context of Western expansion, imperialism, and imperial legacy in modern China. As imperial competition undermined the world’s frontiers, the Catholic Church’s missionary enterprise was intertwined with the European empires’ expansion into indigenous societies. The French missionary movement became the most extensive front in France’s overseas empire-building. In Manchuria, the expansion of the Catholic Church was under the French Religious Protectorate and encountered regional imperial powers of Russia and Japan. How to place Catholic missions and missionary writings within the historical narratives and ideological framework is a critical point in understanding missions and empire-building in modern times.
The Battlefield
Authors: Li Ji 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter reconstructs the battlefield of the Boxers’ attack on the Santaizi village church based on Caubrière’s detailed descriptions of the Boxers, the Catholic fighters and survivors, and the local magistrates who provided mediation in the aftermath. Caubrière’s words and drawings portray how local people made sense of the event. It adds a valuable account to the mainstream narrative of the Boxer Uprising, which drowns out the voices of individual participants, especially those in rural communities. Drawing on Caubrière’s compelling accounts of raw emotions and profound injury, this chapter also explores the suffering and survival of Chinese Christianity at the dawn of modern China.
Obligation and Responsibility
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains the four principal issues that are explored in this book. The four items on the Putative Contrasts list summarize these issues: (1) Both moral responsibility and moral obligation require freedom, but whereas, seemingly, the former does not require freedom to do otherwise, the latter does. (2) Semicompatibilism regarding responsibility (or obligation) is the thesis that even if determinism is incompatible with freedom to do otherwise, it is compatible with responsibility (or obligation). Arguably, while responsibility semicompatibilism is plausible, obligation semicompatibilism is far less tenable. (3) Externalism about responsibility or obligation is the view that how you acquire apt antecedents of action, such as beliefs, desires, and values, may influence whether you are responsible for, or are morally obligated to do, something. It appears that whereas responsibility externalism is true, there is little or no reason to believe that obligation externalism is true. (4) While obligations can change with time’s passage, blameworthiness cannot. The general conclusion argued for is that the only item on this list that captures a real difference is item 3. Obligation and responsibility are far more similar to each other than items 1, 2, and 4 suggest. A chapter-by-chapter synopsis concludes the discussion.
More Radical Reversal Stories and Appraisals
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter tests the hypothesis that responsibility is historical—how one acquires one’s springs of action can affect responsibility—because responsibility is primarily an agent-focused appraisal, while obligation is not historical in virtue of obligation’s being a fundamentally act-focused appraisal. Assessments or judgments of practical rationality, which are judgments regarding what one takes practical reason to require, permit, or forbid, are agent-focused assessments. In contrast, judgments of practical reason are act-focused. If the hypothesis is correct, we would expect radical reversal cases, which feature invasive manipulation of agents who are unaware of being manipulated, to undermine judgments of practical rationality but not those of practical reason. This is, indeed, borne out by apt radical reversal cases. Next, the chapter defends the view that how one acquires apt constituents of love can affect whether one indeed loves another or the value of the sort of love one displays. Finally, the chapter discusses whether determinism undermines requirements or obligations of love, and whether determinism imperils being blameworthy or praiseworthy from love’s standpoint as opposed to the moral standpoint.
Obligation, Overridingness, and Punishment
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The overridingness thesis says that of the different sorts of obligation such as moral, legal, or prudential obligation, moral obligation is supreme or overriding. For instance, if at some time one morally ought to do something and one prudentially ought to do something else, but one cannot at this time do both, then one “plain ought” to do what morality requires. The thesis presupposes an “ought” (“plain ought”) that is distinct from the “ought” of ordinary normative standpoints, such as the moral, prudential, legal, or etiquettical standpoints. The chapter defends the view that determinism compromises “plain ought,” thereby calling into question the overridingness thesis. In addition, the chapter unearths an important implication of the argument developed in a previous chapter for the incompatibility of determinism and obligation. Some philosophers have proposed that there is no free will problem for punishment because attractive justifications of punishment, such as quarantine or apt deterrent justifications, are entirely divorced from blameworthiness. The chapter introduces a new free will obstacle for punishment that arises in virtue of the commitments of these justifications to moral obligation.
The Application of the Third Geneva Convention in Fluid Conflicts
Authors: Blank Laurie R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Armed conflicts that fluctuate between international (IAC) and non-international (NIAC), based on the changing character of the parties involved or the involvement of additional parties, present significant complexities regarding the status and protection of persons. The usually straightforward determination during IAC that a captured enemy soldier is a prisoner of war (POW) becomes the much more difficult question of what authority the detaining party has and what treatment and disposition that soldier is owed when the conflict becomes a NIAC. The internationalization of a NIAC raises the challenging question of whether detainees meeting the criteria for prisoners of war but captured during the NIAC, when such status did not exist, should now be characterized as prisoners of war. Understanding how these transitions in a fluid conflict can and should affect the status and treatment of persons is essential for effective operational planning and preparation. After examining the application of specific key terms in the Third Geneva Convention in such fluid conflicts, specifically regarding the status of detainees and the obligation to release and repatriate, this chapter highlights the underlying questions at the heart of the application of the Geneva Conventions in search of a coherent theme or principle to drive such analyses. A deeper examination of the Convention, including the basis for the key applicable provisions, suggests that although the Third Geneva Convention’s meaning and intent are readily decipherable, if not explicit, the debate rests on the underlying “storyline” or theme that could or should drive interpretation in such situations.
The Use of Force Against Prisoners of War: Operationalizing Article 42
Authors: Hanna Chris , “Ossie” Oswald Bruce 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the application of force against prisoners of war (POWs) by deconstructing Article 42 of the Third Geneva Convention. It does this by focusing on key words in Article 42, particularly (1) “use of weapons,” (2) “escaping or attempting to escape,” (3) “extreme measures” and “warnings.” It also discusses whether a law enforcement paradigm is useful when considering the use of lethal force against POWs and urges care in associating or promoting such a paradigm in relation to the management of POWs. The chapter is set in the specific historical context of a mass escape of Japanese POWs from an Australian POW camp during the Second World War. This incident, and the analysis of the law concerning the incident, are offered as a prompt to treat the prospect of the use of force against POWs as requiring prior consideration and planning. Accordingly, the chapter concludes with several suggestions of how States may wish to interpret and apply Article 42 in doctrine and orders. These suggestions are made to ensure that military planners and commanders can maintain the required levels of security in POW camps while making certain that the protective status to which POWs are entitled are safeguarded.
ICRC Perspectives on the Interpretation of the Third Geneva Convention More Than Seventy Years after Its Adoption
Authors: Henckaerts Jean-Marie , Mačák Kubo , Orkin Mikhail , Policinski Ellen 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to share the ICRC’s experience and insights in applying the treaty interpretation methodology set out in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties to the interpretation of the Geneva Conventions. It draws on the work accomplished in updating the first three Commentaries on the Geneva Conventions, focusing on the Third Geneva Convention. It explains how the rules for treaty interpretation have been applied in this process. It looks in particular at the requirement that an interpretation be carried out in good faith, the concepts of the “ordinary meaning of terms” and the “object and purpose” of a Convention. It further examines the impact of subsequent developments in practice and law on the interpretation of the Conventions and surveys the supplementary means of interpretation set out in the Vienna Convention. Finally, it examines how the Commentaries have drawn a distinction between the law as it stands today (lex lata) and the law as it should be (de lege ferenda).
Introduction
Authors: Levitt Peggy , Dobbs Erica , Sun Ken Chih-Yan , Paul Ruxandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
How do individuals protect and provide for themselves in a world where, by choice or by force, so many are long-term residents without full membership and long-term citizens without residence in the places where they are entitled to rights? The introductory chapter discusses what has changed about social welfare provision in this world on the move where states are backing away from their role as social welfare providers. This chapter describes a new regime of hybrid transnational social protection (HTSP) which brings to light how migrants (and nonmigrants) piece together resource environments across borders from multiple sources, including the state, the market, nongovernmental organizations, and social networks. This chapter identifies four logics upon which social protection is based. In addition to the traditional logic of citizenship which entitles people to protection on the basis of their constitutional rights, people also see the logic of personhood/humanity, the logic of the market, and the logic of community. In each logic, social protection involves choices and ranges of actors: local, subnational, national, and supranational potential providers, some only accessible through international migration. Migration thus becomes a form of social protection, transforming how and where individuals and families provide for themselves. HTSP is by no means a panacea. It redistributes inequalities rather than ameliorating them, creating new winners and losers.
Children and Families
Authors: Levitt Peggy , Dobbs Erica , Sun Ken Chih-Yan , Paul Ruxandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 explores the ways children’s rights to protection are reconstituted in the context of transnational migration. This chapter examines social protections for five categories of children: (1) children left behind, (2) noncitizen children born or growing up in countries of destination, (3) children sent ahead, (4) children sent back, and (5) internationally adopted children. Each group faces unique challenges and has access to different types and levels of resources, legitimated by the intersecting and sometimes competing logics of rights and entitlements—as minors, as family dependents, as citizens, and as consumers or commodities. Analyzing these different experiences makes visible the drastic changes that children and their families experience in our world on the move. The experiences of these children also underscore the importance of disaggregating citizenship and social rights, going beyond the nation to understand social protection strategies, and decentering the state’s role in the safety net.
Marx and Markets
Authors: Kain Philip J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
To make the case that Marx accepts social democracy, it must be shown that he accepts markets. But markets produce fetishism or alienation. In Marx’s earlier writings, overcoming such fetishism, it seemed, required eliminating markets altogether. By the time of Capital, however, Marx thinks socialist society can end fetishism by controlling the market to prevent it from dominating us. Chapter 1 tries to discover how far along the spectrum from social democracy to full socialism society must move in order to control the market. It argues that social democracy could do so, whereas, full state ownership—full socialism—might fail to control markets and produce even greater fetishism. It also examines briefly the argument of Weber, Mises, and Hayek that a socialist economy without markets, money, and prices would be unable to calculate efficiently and thus unable to effectively control its economy.
Marx and Democracy
Authors: Kain Philip J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Wouldn’t it require a powerful and dominating state to control the market? Wouldn’t that produce political alienation? Do we just have to choose between one sort of alienation or another: market fetishism or political alienation? This is the issue that Chapter 2 takes up. How can a dominating political state and political alienation be avoided? Marx’s answer from 1843 on is democracy—the greatest possible extension of voting. Even the dictatorship of the proletariat is simply the proletariat democratically outvoting the bourgeoisie. For Marx, the state should be understood as a battleground where classes fight it out—and where the proletariat can, as the Communist Manifesto puts it, “win the battle of democracy.” But there is yet another problem. Marx realizes that the proletariat is not the majority anywhere in Europe—the peasants are. This is an issue that will have to be faced in subsequent chapters.
Marx and Majority Revolution
Authors: Kain Philip J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 argues that with his theory of historical materialism Marx moves away from a theory of minority revolution toward a theory of majority revolution in an advanced capitalist society. The social relations of production will come to fetter the forces of production and produce a polarization of classes and the immiseration of the proletariat. That will lead to an insurrection by the immense majority—which would make possible a democratic society that could proceed without a powerful state standing over and dominating society. The problem is that the industrial proletariat never becomes the majority in any society. Another problem is that both models for revolution discussed so far put the political revolution before the social revolution. And that imperils democracy. These problems will have to be addressed in Chapter 5.
Marx and Social Democracy
Authors: Kain Philip J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 characterizes social democracy in greater detail. The Meidner Plan of Sweden, very interestingly, demonstrated the possibility of socialism emerging within and out of capitalism—that is, that it is quite possible for a social democratic society to move to collective ownership of the means of production through a fully democratic, peaceful, and legal process employing nothing but ordinary capitalist mechanisms. It also suggests that the Swedish economy would not have ended up looking anything like what Hayek and Mises would suggest. Chapter 6, following Galbraith and others, points out that capitalism, as it develops larger and larger corporations, necessitates a great deal of planning. Again, socialism emerges within capitalism. Consequently, there is even less of a structural obstacle to moving peacefully and democratically toward planning in a social democratic society.
Sibling Therapy
Authors: Lewis Karen Gail 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Siblings share a unique relationship: They have known each other longer than anyone else. No matter how close or distant siblings are today, they are part of each other. As adults, they actually are part of two sibling sets. The original siblings are the ones who grew up together and have changed and aged together. The second set is the creation of their childhood perceptions, feelings, hurts, and resentments, as well as idealizations about the original siblings. These siblings, like ghosts, are not visible; they never age. While these ghosts mostly lie dormant, when they jump into action, they distort how adults relate to their siblings now. The ghosts have four components—frozen images, crystallized roles, unhealthy loyalty, and sibling transference—each of which has a unique effect on one’s adult life, and all of which may be transferred onto important adults in their lives, including spouses and lovers, people at work, and friends. For therapists of all theoretical orientations, Sibling Therapy is the first book that provides a theoretical framework for working with adult siblings and will be helpful in understanding the influences of clients’ ghosts, especially when dealing with intractable problems. While based in systemic theory, the book goes beyond, looking at the specific issues related to being siblings. The ideas and the numerous clinical examples presented here are applicable for family therapists, social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists, counselors, pastoral counselors, and anyone working in a therapeutic position, as well as masters and doctoral students in these fields.
Recognizing Sibling Ghosts in Your Clients’ Treatment
Authors: Lewis Karen Gail 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The way therapists see their clients’ problems—whether individual or couples—may have a sibling connection. Learning to help clients see the connection themselves can lead to better outcomes, especially for those with intractable problems. How to prepare for inviting siblings into your clients’ sessions and problems that might arise in a variety of circumstances are discussed. When siblings attend, they can provide missing information that may clarify your client’s understanding of their history. Sometimes siblings find the session so helpful, they choose to participate in the sibling therapy. This chapter discusses how to begin the sessions. Examples include an emphasis on how to point out indications of clients’ frozen images, crystallized roles, and any unhealthy loyalties that may be affecting them.
Treatment for Those Requesting Sibling Therapy
Authors: Lewis Karen Gail 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The reasons siblings seek therapy can color the direction and physical space for ensuing therapy sessions, but across all modalities, the primary ingredient is a good therapeutic relationship. The importance of the first session’s structure is discussed, with an emphasis on the therapist’s efforts to determine the ghosts that may be present and the effective use of a genogram. Eleven common causes of sibling conflict (with clinical examples) are discussed, including the role of parental involvement in adult sibling conflict. Why listening for key words is important and when a therapist should intervene, flexibility around which siblings to involve, session logistics (including problems with video therapy sessions), and ending therapy are covered.
The Myth of the Community Fix
Authors: Cate Sarah D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Myth of the Community Fix: Inequality and the Politics of Youth Punishment explores the consequences of the widespread bipartisan embrace of the community-based reform movement in the juvenile justice system. Using a qualitative comparative case study focused on Texas, California, and Pennsylvania, the book traces the historical development of juvenile justice policy and the limitations of the community-based reform movement. The book is organized around four key findings from the case studies. First, rather than eliminate the negative effects of juvenile incarceration, the community-based reform movement shifts punishment to the local level and diminishes democratic accountability. Second, the reforms create incentives for carceral expansion rather than retraction by opening up new avenues for the privatization of juvenile prisons, programs, and policymaking decisions. Third, this reform strategy individualizes the solutions to delinquency at the expense of needed structural solutions. Finally, community-based reforms perpetuate and expand punitive policies in the juvenile justice system. These reforms are not fundamentally improving the lives of youth caught in the juvenile justice system, and in fact, the current community-based reform movement has led to a number of negative consequences, particularly for racial minorities and working-class youth. By contextualizing the community-based reform movement as part of the broader shift away from the centralized provision of public goods in the United States this book demonstrates why those committed to addressing the problems of mass incarceration should be wary of the community fix.