bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Marten James 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of youth culture, which represents multiple communities and values. It begins by considering the difference on how historians and social scientists examine youth culture. While social scientists are consciously trying to find solutions to perceived problems, historians are more interested in explaining why particular aspects of youth culture are perceived as problems. The chapter then explores how histories of youth culture can be divided into several categories of inquiry: juvenile delinquency, child labor, child soldiers, youth activism, girlhood, and popular culture. It also outlines the subsequent chapters, which, taken together, demonstrate that youth culture has developed out of efforts by adults to shape coming of age and the efforts of youth themselves to find their own paths. Throughout, the authors distinguish between the histories of youth and the histories of youth culture.
Privatized Higher Education in Thailand
Authors: Kanwar Prachayani Praphamontripong , Lo Florence 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Over the last few decades, the Thai government has been pushing for privatization of public higher education institutions along with promotion of private higher education sector. This has significantly increased student enrollment and expanded the country’s higher education system but Thailand has started facing major challenges including a declining population, stagnating enrollment, and slow economic growth. Most higher education institutions are struggling with academic quality and profitability and hardly claim international academic recognition. This chapter approaches the private–public dynamics of Thai higher education and analyzes the ongoing issues of access, quality control, and finance in relation to the government’s policy initiatives on privatization.
The Neuroarchaeology of Language Origins
Authors: Putt Shelby S. J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Working within a neuroarchaeological framework, this chapter discusses the results of multiple studies that demonstrate that linguistic instruction is not necessary to learn how to make complex Acheulian handaxes, and furthermore, there is limited involvement of established language structures of the brain during Acheulian tool-making. The transition from Oldowan to Acheulian technology may be more informative about the origins of music than the origins of language. Acheulian tool-making utilizes a vast working memory network in the brain, which perhaps uncoincidentally is also activated when pianists play the piano. This research suggests that selective pressures to exploit novel food resources with advanced tools may have resultantly selected for enhancements in working memory, including a working memory system dedicated to the processing of verbal information. Overall, what can be gleaned from these studies is that the Acheulian transition was probably not because of a punctuated language evolutionary event but rather may be evidence of advancements in working memory capabilities over time. Language subsequently evolved in a mosaic fashion over a longer period of time, which could explain the lengthy tenure of the Acheulian industry as evidenced in the archaeological record.
Where Are the Children?
Authors: de Beaune Sophie A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
From the principle that children must have formed a significant percentage of the population in the Palaeolithic societies, it can be deduced that a large part of the archaeological remains should concern them. However, few prehistorians were interested in them, perhaps because they considered that their presence was not perceptible, except in a funerary context, or, quite simply, because their contribution to the life of the group was negligible. The author offers here a review of archaeological evidence attesting to the presence of children in the decorated caves and settlements. Taken together, these clues give an idea of the place of children in the hunter-gatherer societies of the Upper European Palaeolithic and their activities—learning how to knap flint, possibly participating in the decoration of caves, games, and toys—as well as the treatment they received in death.
Increasing Cohabitation and Decreasing Marriage: Explanations
Authors: Sánchez Gassen Nora E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In most cultures and religions, marriage has long been one of the fundamental building blocks of adult life, offering social recognition, legal stability and financial benefits to spouses and their children. Cohabitation, on the other hand, has traditionally been viewed as the less desirable form of union. It used to be socially stigmatized or even legally prohibited in many countries. Even today, cohabitation generally does not entail the same legal rights and obligations as marriage and is still frowned upon or even illegal in some countries. Nonetheless, during the most recent decades, cohabitation has started to spread in large parts of the world. This chapter reviews some of the reasons behind the surge in popularity of this union type, focusing on macro-, meso-, and micro-level explanations.
Human Intersexual Courtship
Authors: Caton Neil R. , Lewis David M. G. , Al-Shawaf Laith , Evans Kortnee C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
From cockroaches and cuttlefish to crocodiles and chimpanzees, organisms across diverse taxa are equipped with physical and psychological systems for courting opposite-sex conspecifics. In this chapter, we focus on the colorful—literally and figuratively—collection of courtship ornaments, tactics, and strategies of one primate species: Homo sapiens. Humans use their vocal qualities—deep voices, soft voices, expressive voices—to show their dominance, kindness, and intelligence. They dance dynamically, kiss passionately, and offer caring (as well as deceptive) compliments. Humans’ courtship signals and the psychophysical systems that detect them span the senses: visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory. We review research across these perceptual modalities and offer suggestions for future work into the many uncharted areas of this fascinating domain.
Initiation of Non-Heterosexual Relationships
Authors: Varella Valentova Jaroslava , Amaral Bruno Henrique , Varella Marco Antonio Correa 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Human sexual orientation is an intriguing phenomenon, still poorly understood but with important evolutionary implications. Evolutionary-based studies mostly focus on heterosexual individuals and relationships, probably because non-heterosexuality concerns a minority of the population and decreases individual direct reproductive success. To better understand human nature, it is important to analyze whether the mating psychology of minorities exhibit specific evolved sexual/reproductive strategies. Here we review studies on partner preferences, mate choice, and flirting in non-heterosexual populations, to identify which patterns are similar to or different from heterosexuals. The general pattern supports the notion that sex differences are larger than within sex variation among people of different sexual orientations. However, although some mating strategies among non-heterosexuals resemble heterosexuals of the same sex, others resemble heterosexuals of the opposite sex, and yet in others, the pattern is different than among either heterosexual men or women. We point to limitations of the current state of this research, and we suggest possible future directions in the study of non-heterosexual relationship initiation.
Borges, Anthologizer of the Fantastic
Authors: Esplin Emron 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Jorge Luis Borges was the great disseminator of the fantastic in the twentieth century. He wrote and cowrote several fantastic stories, but his most profound effect on the spread of fantastic literature emerged from his work as an anthologizer and editor. Borges co-created various anthologies of fantastic literature throughout his career, directed a literary magazine that published works of fantastic literature, and served as the literary voice behind two multivolume libraries or book series that included works of the fantastic. This chapter approaches Borges the anthologizer as a “rewriter” of the fantastic; examines the power of the anthologization process; details the difficulties of defining what Borges meant by the term “fantastic”; and explores the multiple and collaborative anthological projects that Borges propagated throughout his career to show how Borges challenged realist literary traditions and elevated the reputation of the fantastic literature that he and his colleagues specifically read for pleasure.
Self-Determination Theory as the Science of Eudaimonia and Good Living
Authors: Martela Frank 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
What makes life good, and what should we ultimately strive for in order to have a valuable and flourishing existence? One of the key appeals of self-determination theory (SDT) is that it provides an empirical research program that can illuminate many of the fundamental issues revolving around the question of good living. Within SDT, eudaimonia is seen as a way of living characterized by intrinsic goals, autonomous motivation, and psychological need satisfaction that are all conducive to produce subjective well-being. This chapter reviews how SDT defines eudaimonia, the role of psychological needs in eudaimonia, and what empirical research tells us about more eudaimonic motives and activities for human beings. It concludes by discussing prosocial motivation and the crucial role of social contexts in nurturing or thwarting basic psychological needs, thus significantly affecting whether the brighter or darker side of human nature becomes prominent, and whether the person is able to flourish.
Conditional Regard in Development and Relationships
Authors: Kanat-Maymon Yaniv , Assor Avi , Roth Guy 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on conditional regard as an influence practice in parenting, at school, and among romantic partners. It distinguishes between conditional negative regard (CNR), giving less affection and esteem when others do not comply with one’s expectations, and conditional positive regard (CPR), giving more affection and esteem when others comply. As CPR involves positive emotional reinforcement, behaviorally oriented theorists may view it as a benign and useful practice. However, research shows that CPR, and not only CNR, leads to serious performance, emotional, and relational costs. These negative effects occur because these practices provide a diluted and provisional experience of relatedness satisfaction at the cost of significant autonomy frustration. These need experiences then lead to stressful and resentful internalization, which underlies most of the negative effects of conditional regard. Additionally, the chapter discusses potential antecedents and moderators of conditional regard along with conceptual clarifications and challenges as a basis for future research.
Supporting Children’s Autonomy Early On
Authors: Joussemet Mireille , Mageau Geneviève A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
There is a growing scientific interest regarding the importance of parental autonomy support (AS) in early childhood. The purpose of this chapter is to review studies on this topic, describe how parental AS toward young children (i.e., infants, toddlers, and preschoolers) has been measured, and document what child characteristics and outcomes have been associated with it. The chapter reviews studies whose AS measure was consistent with self-determination theory’s conceptualization and organizes them by the social context in which it was assessed: play, conversation, help provision, and socialization. After describing each study’s procedure, AS operationalization, and main results, the chapter addresses conceptual issues that should be considered in future studies.
Developmental Issues in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Ratelle Catherine F. , Guay Frédéric 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on emerging adulthood, a developmental stage spanning the late teens, as youths leave adolescence and secondary education, to the mid-20s, when many leave postsecondary education and enter the job market. Based on self-determination theory, the chapter examines young adults’ psychological need satisfaction (for autonomy, competence, relatedness) and motivational functioning (motivations, goals, aspirations) as well as how these processes support their ability to tackle important developmental challenges. Among these issues are young adults’ identity development, their career decision-making, and their psychological adjustment and thriving. Special attention is devoted to the role of psychological need frustration and motivational deficits in the emergence of physical and psychological issues during this period. The chapter ends with recommendations for intervention and future research.
Cognitive Evaluation Theory
Authors: Reeve Johnmarshall 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Cognitive evaluation theory (CET) explains how environmental events (rewards), social contexts (classroom climates), and intrapersonal events (self-set goals) influence the ups and downs of intrinsic motivation. The theory’s core insight is that the psychological meaning of these events can be informational, controlling, or amotivating, and it is the relative salience of these three aspects that explains the effect of each event on the recipient’s intrinsic motivation. This core insight provided the basic building blocks for the now large literatures on interpersonal motivating styles and the dual-process model. Overall, CET arose as self-determination theory’s first mini-theory to explain the controversy on the effect of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation, and it now provides the contemporary insights self-determination theory needs to continue its theoretical growth and applied relevance.
Self-Determination Theory in Cross-Cultural Research
Authors: Lynch Martin F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Self-determination theory (SDT) has garnered interest from scholars around the world. That interest has generated a large body of cross-cultural, empirical research and has led to important questions for researchers to consider, both conceptual and methodological. Conceptually, the construct of basic psychological needs provides a focus for SDT’s cross-cultural research that is both confirmatory and exploratory. The confirmatory agenda centers on testing the universality of basic needs and whether need satisfaction leads reliably to positive outcomes in countries and cultures around the world. The exploratory agenda involves investigating the possibility that other needs exist that would emerge through deeper inquiries within cultures. This chapter addresses methodological issues relevant to these agenda and suggests several new directions for research, stemming from an understanding of SDT as a critical theory.
How to Motivate People to Care about Prejudice Reduction in the Workplace
Authors: Legate Nicole , Weinstein Netta 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Despite investing billions of dollars annually, workplace efforts to curb prejudice and discrimination typically fall short of creating effective or long-lasting change. This chapter uses insights from self-determination theory to understand why that is, and suggests the remedy is to motivate employees to care about prejudice reduction. Workplaces can inspire this type of motivation by supporting employees’ needs for autonomy (aligning prejudice reduction with people’s core values and beliefs), competence (providing concrete guidance and skills to change), and relatedness (fostering connections with the motivator and diverse others). The chapter reviews the specific need-supportive strategies that promote motivation to care about prejudice reduction and what these might look like in the context of workplace diversity initiatives. It discusses evidence for existing need-based prejudice-reduction approaches, including within policing, an organizational setting in which prejudice reduction is of utmost importance. It advocates that organizations infuse these motivational strategies into ongoing diversity initiatives to inspire long-lasting change.
Ethics versus Ethical Codes
Authors: Van Alst Emily C. , Pyburn K. Anne 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Ethical standards codified by major professional archaeological organizations mainly serve an educational purpose, given that sanctions are beyond the purview of most such bodies (but see below discussion of Register of Professional Archaeologists (RPA). The three main problems with these codes are (1) People do not read them; (2) People do not understand them; and (3) Organizations do not update them. To be effective, codes of ethics must be regularly revisited and deliberately founded on a commitment to a defined “good” sensu Wylie’s 2003 interpretations of Kant. In the case of archaeology, that commitment must be to human rights as defined in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). Although the ethical practice of archaeology falls under the requirements set out in several of the UN articles, this chapter will focus on Article 12.
Cognitive Systems in NSSI and Co-Occurring Conditions
Authors: Browning Morgan E. , Muehlenkamp Jennifer J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is conceptualized as an emotion-avoidant behavior similar to other co-occurring maladaptive behaviors such as substance abuse, disordered eating, and obsessive-compulsive behaviors. Although all these behaviors are motivated by emotion avoidance resulting in short-term benefits, a variety of cognitive processes are vital to understanding the onset and maintenance of these behaviors. This chapter overviews current research on the cognitive processes and related neurobiological features believed to increase vulnerability to NSSI. The chapter provides an integrative summary proposing that NSSI originates from a cognitive control dysfunction, rumination, and attentional biases toward negative emotions that result in the use of NSSI or other maladaptive regulation strategies. Continued use of the behavior leads to a cyclical pattern of reward that increases positive expectancies, attentional biases, development of rule-governed behavior, and cognitive inflexibility, and reliance on NSSI for coping is exacerbated. The integrated cycle of cognitive processes discussed in this chapter complements recent transdiagnostic models of emotion-avoidant disorders and helps to expand current emotion-focused theoretical understandings of NSSI.
Cultural Planning and a “Community Turn” in the Arts
Authors: Borrup Tom 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the evolution and purposes of the formal practice of cultural planning since its origins in the 1970s. It compares surveys from 1994 and 2017 asking local arts agencies that commissioned cultural plans about their planning process, expectations, and subsequent outcomes from planning. In earlier years, cultural planning demonstrated an ability to build cooperation among nonprofit arts organizations and to elevate their collective capacity to attract public and private funding. This primarily benefited established and Eurocentric arts institutions and organizations. Surveys provide evidence that more recent cultural planning has mobilized cultural resources in ways that have contributed to a wider variety of civic and social concerns. This represents and parallels what has been described as a “community turn” in the arts. However, one of the areas identified in the more recent survey as having disappointing outcomes is advancing racial equity in the arts. The chapter concludes by describing five forces or phenomena that have limited the potentials in cultural planning.
Analyzing the Cultural and Creative Industries Ecosystem Under the Lens of Complex Adaptive Systems
Authors: Mazzoni Leonardo , Oliva Stefania , Lazzeretti Luciana 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Despite the growing popularity of the ecosystem vision of complex adaptive systems in the social sciences, the cultural and creative sectors are still theoretically and empirically studied with a prevalent industrial focus. However, several scholars have depicted culture and creativity as connected living organisms, with different components, norms, and behaviors, interacting in local and global networks. This chapter explores how the concept of the cultural and creative industries (CCIs) evolved over time and whether an ecosystem approach may be considered a new representation of the relationships and dynamics of CCIs as an alternative to those based on industrial specializations. Starting from the model of culture-economy-society-technology and moving through the contribution of the complex adaptive systems framework, the chapter maps the evolution of actors, relationships, and structures of the CCIs ecosystem.
Knowledge Management in Arts and Cultural Organizations
Authors: Vakharia Neville 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses the role of organizational knowledge and knowledge management through multiple bodies of literature and relevant empirical studies. A new conceptual framework for arts and cultural organizations is proposed that links knowledge management enablers, a knowledge management orientation, and organizational performance. By understanding the enabling factors that foster knowledge creation, their relationship to knowledge management practices and behaviors, and the impact on organizational performance, this framework opens a new line of inquiry and a set of related propositions for arts and cultural research. Aligning with and adapting to broader empirical studies and bodies of literature brings this conceptual framework for arts and cultural organizations and research into the larger study of organizational knowledge and its management.
Ethics in Cultural Leadership
Authors: Price Jonathan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the relationship of cultural leadership to common ethical challenges faced by arts and cultural organizations. It considers issues and dilemmas that arise when different planes of value intersect and come into conflict in cultural practice. Drawing on examples from practice in a range of international contexts, the chapter identifies reasons cultural organizations come under scrutiny in relation to their ethics and are held to account by their stakeholders, distinguishing the self-interested need to protect reputation from the provision of principled ethical leadership. The analysis suggests elements that are distinctly “cultural” about cultural leadership, expanding the definition of this contested term and relating it to questions of direction-finding, prioritization, and value in organizational settings. The analysis produces a framework for assessing integrity in a sector riven with contradictions, and argues for the importance of cultural organizations clearly articulating their ethical identity and differentiating their fundamental purpose from their habitual activities. While arts boards are recognized as key sites of ethical responsibility, problems of accountability are identified in the external influences that distinguish leadership processes from the roles of designated leaders, and in sectoral challenges that exceed the scope of individual organizations.