bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pressure of Saturated Water Vapor in the Range 100 C to 374 C
Authors: Osborne N. S. , Stimson H. F. , Fiock E. F. , Ginnings D. C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The method and apparatus employed, and the measurements made in this determination of the vapor pressure of water are described, and the results obtained are given and formulated.
The method used was the “static method” in which the pressure is determined at the stationary boundary between the liquid and vapor phase in equilibrium at a constant temperature in a closed container.
The container for the water sample was a calorimeter specially built for high-pressure work. Pressures were measured by a precision piston gage which balances the pressure by the gravitational force on a piston loaded with weights. Temperatures were measured by platinum-resistance thermometers supplemented by thermoelements.
A total of 394 measurements were made at 38 temperatures so distributed as to facilitate formulation of the pressure-temperature relation.
The formulation was made by using an empirical equation which was fitted to the results in two temperature ranges. Values of pressure and its derivative with respect to temperature are tabulated from this formulation in standard atmospheres, centibars, and kilograms per square centimeter at each degree centigrade, and in pounds per square inch at each degree fahrenheit. This provides a mutually consistent group of vapor-pressure tables in convenient form for practical working tables of fundamental steam data.
It is estimated that the results are reliable to 3 parts in 10,000.
Horsepower and Tractive Effort of Steam Locomotives (Locomotive Ratios)
Authors: Lipetz A. I. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Cole’s Ratios, by the use of which the tractive-force curves of locomotives can be calculated and plotted, knowing certain of the locomotive dimensions, have been successfully used for the past 15 to 18 years. The Type E superheater, the feedwater heater, long-travel valve motions, and certain changes and refinements in proportion and design have tended to increase the power of steam locomotives built since 1920. The power calculated by Cole’s method does not therefore accurately represent the actual power of modern steam locomotives. In his paper the author reviews the work of Cole and others, checking it against available test-plant and road-test data, and finds that some of Cole’s constants still hold good in a great many cases. Others he finds it necessary to modify not only as to the figures, but also as to the method itself.
He develops constants for a new, easily applied method, based on boiler evaporation and a factor depending on the number of revolutions of the driving wheels, for use in connection with modern locomotives, and suggests the continued use of Cole’s Ratios for locomotives in the design of which the modern factors are not included.
Canadian Pacific Multi-Pressure Locomotive: Its Machinery, Locomotive Chassis, and Tender
Authors: Ennis J. B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The remarkable thermal efficiency of the multi-pressure locomotive of the German State Railways has commanded the attention of the entire railroad world. The introduction of this type of locomotive to American practice involves far more than the mere reproduction of the German machine, for the difference between the problems of availability, maintenance, and proportionate output on the two continents is profound. The author gives the reasons for the adoption of the type of engine selected to introduce the multi-pressure principle to American service, and describes the leading features of the construction of the chassis and cylinders.
Laminating With Phenolic Resins: Some Practical and Theoretical Considerations Involved
Authors: Merritt Ericsson H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Phenolic resins as wood adhesives have qualities that have been long known, but commercial application has been retarded because of the cost. The method of manufacturing plywood is said to be revolutionary in the manner of applying the adhesive. The paper describes four ways in which these resins may be applied as an adhesive between two or more plies of wood or other material, these being as a varnish, as a film, as a dry powder, and as a colloidal solution. The author concludes that, despite objections raised against the high temperatures employed in laminating with resins, they constitute an ideal adhesive for thin panels.
Fundamentals of Knife-Cutting Veneers
Authors: Roberts John N. , Roberts John R. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In the last 25 years the per capita consumption of veneer in the United States has increased nearly 500 per cent. The manufacturers of veneer and its subproduct, plywood, are constantly finding new uses, better processes, and improved equipment. The principal methods of veneer cutting are undergoing marked changes and developments, requiring a clear understanding of the fundamental principles.
Airplane-Wing Trussing
Authors: Mock Richard M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper compares and analyzes the existing types of wing bracing in conventional airplanes. The internal structure of airplane wings is closely linked with the external system of support, and therefore the paper covers some of the methods of internal bracing, but is mainly devoted to systems of external bracing. The efficiency of the wing trussing is a function of the size of the machine. For a low-wing design the wire-braced wing seems quite efficient, providing the span is not too great compared with the height of the plane. For a larger span, subject to high wing loadings, the high-wing monoplane is very efficient, though there are many points in favor of both the braced and the cantilever wing. For the very large plane, with a normal fuselage, the biplane bracing is advantageous. On large designs where a part of the load can be carried in the wings the monoplane is better aerodynamically.
Stresses in Retaining and Centering Rings for Turbine-Generator Rotors
Authors: Patterson R. , Harms D. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the authors deal theoretically with the distribution of stresses throughout the system of parts enclosing the rotor coil ends of a turbine generator.
This system of parts consists of a disk of uniform cross-section, a cylinder, and a part of the shaft. These parts are fastened together by means of fairly heavy shrink fits and therefore, in the development of formulas for the stresses, the effect of this shrinkage, as well as that of rotation, must be considered.
Since these parts must remain integral for the design considered, the importance of being able to predetermine the speeds at which the various parts may become free is apparent. Therefore formulas were developed for these speeds subject to the boundary conditions which were set up.
An example is given for which the distribution of stresses for two cases is plotted. These two cases are, respectively, for the generator at standstill and at operating speed.
A summary of the significant results is given at the beginning, and a discussion of the main points of interest at the close of the paper.
Thermal Stresses in Thin-Walled Cylinders
Authors: Kent Clarence H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The author, using Föppl’s method, investigates the stresses in (1) a cast-iron cylinder 30 in. long, 20 in. mean diameter, and 1 in. in wall thickness, with the temperature 100 deg. fahr. higher inside than outside; (2) the same cylinder and temperature conditions, but with cylinder supported at the ends; and (3) a steel cylinder of same size with flat heads rigidly attached and subjected to 500 lb. per sq. in. internal pressure. Constant and variable temperature gradients are considered, both in axial and radial directions.
Jets From Manifold Tubes
Authors: Kunz Jakob 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
After a brief reference to previous work on the subject, the author develops an expression for the discharge coefficient. He then determines the flow of a sheet of water through a slot of infinitesimal width in the wall of a pipe by means of a variable and a constant discharge coefficient. The slot is then conceived of as a row of separate holes and the flow problem is solved by means of difference equations for a variable and a constant discharge coefficient. A special case is also considered in which the pipe has a hole through its further (closed) end.
Spiral Springs: A New Theory Regarding Their Stress, Strain, and Energy Functions
Authors: Van den Broek J. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper presents a new theory relative to the stress, strain, and energy functions of spiral springs. This theory differs from the current one in that it takes into account the large deformations implied in the action of spiral springs. In the light of the theory, definite recommendations are made with reference to the design and mounting of spiral springs. It is suggested that springs may be loaded in such a manner as to eliminate all locally overstressed points as well as all friction between leaves. No grease or graphite, therefore, need be employed and the efficiency of spiral springs may thus be increased: (1) By the utilization of space otherwise occupied by a lubricant, from 10 to 20 per cent; (2) by the elimination of all friction between leaves, from 20 to 40 per cent; and (3) by the elimination of locally overstressed points, from 40 to 100 per cent.
Flow Characteristics of Special Fe-Ni-Cr Alloys and Some Steels at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: French H. J. , Kahlbaum William , Peterson A. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the authors give the results of “creep” tests at different temperatures for three groups of alloys. The eleven metals in the first group included commercial alloys of nickel, chromium, and iron, both with and without tungsten, and low-chromium steels containing also tungsten, vanadium, or molybdenum. The second group comprised two carbon steels, a 3½ per cent nickel steel, and two low-nickel-chromium steels which were tested only at 700 deg. fahr.; the twelve alloys of the third group were melted in a high-frequency induction furnace and their compositions were selected to show the general trends at 1000 deg. fahr. in the load-carrying ability of castings of the nickel-chromium-iron system. A metallographic study of the creep-test specimens revealed inter-crystalline weakness in some of the wrought nickel-chromium-iron alloys, especially at temperatures between 1160 and 1390 deg. fahr. A study was also made of the effect of deformation in the creep tests at different temperatures on the hardness and impact resistance of a chromium-vanadium steel at atmospheric temperatures.
Design of Thick-Walled Tubes Subjected to Pressure and Heat Input
Authors: Luster E. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
With the increases in pressure and oil temperature, which have accompanied the development of distillation and cracking equipment in recent years, has arisen the need for a rational method for the design of thick tubes subjected to internal pressure and heat input. The author has accordingly developed in the present paper formulas for temperature and pressure stresses in such tubes, and for calculating the optimum tube for given conditions. Examples of calculations are given, as well as particulars of experimental investigations, both completed and contemplated, for the determination of the values of the constants employed in the formulas.
Engineering Aspects of Interchange of Power With Industrial Plants: Establishment of Means and Facilities for Utilizing Massed Resources to Serve the Power Requirements of Individual Industries
Authors: Wood B. F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Economical operation can be effected and overhead costs greatly reduced in a great many cases where public-utility or other steam-generating or hydro power plants find it possible to hook up with large industrial operations. The advent of high steam pressures has largely increased these possibilities and extended the engineering problems involved in their proper solution. The engineer must seek the maximum overall economy with minimum investment having regard for reliability of service, and then work out a plan for the undertaking that will be to the equal advantage of all parties at interest.
A Method for the Standardization of Centrifugal Pumps
Authors: Stepanov Jos. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In the author’s opinion, the combined application of the preferred-numbers idea and the law of similitude provides an effective means of eliminating unnecessary variety of sizes and of simplifying tool and machinery equipment in any field of industrial production.
In the application of this method to the standardization of centrifugal pumps, the author develops a set of geometric series conforming to the preferred-numbers table. The formation of the series, and their interconnection and use for treating the standardization problem, are illustrated by numerical tables, charts, and diagrams.
Standardizations of hydraulic and mechanical parts of centrifugal pumps are tied together by the use of the law of similitude, resulting in the formation of a set of interconnected geometric series applicable to both cases.
Apprentice Training in Virginia
Authors: Bailey C. F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Virginia, along with the rest of the South, is becoming industrially minded. This stresses the need for education for the industries and the arts. The transportation companies, iron works, and shipbuilding concerns require skilled mechanics, trained through apprenticeship. The primary principles in apprentice training are, first, careful selection of candidates; second, importance of the supervisor; and, third, the sympathy and aid of the management. The advantages of apprentice training include recruiting skilled mechanics, with a spirit of loyalty and service, some of whom will develop to foremen and higher officials. To promote this, training schools, on company’s time, are advisable. The apprentice group should be self-governing. The conclusions are that the wages should be liberal, with opportunity for increased earnings through premium or bonus work. The prospects for apprentice-trained men were never so bright as now. Virginia manufacturers are taking increased interest, and they recognize the necessity and value of apprentice training. The business of building involves both materiel and personnel—the building of men as well as of machines and ships.
Training Apprentices and Foremen
Authors: Perkins Frances 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The experience of the author in labor problems and in legislature affecting workers provides a background for recommendations as to the proper training of apprentices and the development of foremen. Foremen generally are ignorant of the labor law, the health requirements, or of safety. The personnel manager and the safety engineer of the plant should work in closer contact with the foremen. Under the Smith-Hughes Act, the University of the State of New York has a course for training trade, industrial, and technical teachers. The courses are offered in large centers. Should labor management be taught in addition to these other subjects, there would be provided a good course for foreman teaching.
Repair of Worn Parts by Electrodeposition of Iron
Authors: Thomas T. P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper a commercial method is described for salvaging worn or undersized steel parts, such as thread and plug gages, arbors, reamers, motor shafts, gear centers, etc., by electrodeposited iron. Details of the process have been worked out which provide a practicable set of instructions for shop use. The high current efficiency and rate of deposit of the warm concentrated sulphate bath will enable the plater to complete practically any salvage job in one working day.
Material Handling in Mass Production at the General Electric Plant
Authors: Rundle H. C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the author describes the conveyor system used throughout the various buildings where refrigerators are made at the General Electric Company. Before this installation material was handled by tractor-and-trailer trains, lift trucks, and gas and electric trucks. The new system has eliminated congestion, retracing of material routes, delays in schedule, spoilage of material, and maintenance and replacement of the industrial trucks. The conveyor serves as a traveling stockroom, thus releasing floor space for use in manufacturing operations. The conveyor system has linked together four different sections located in 12 separate buildings and maintains a uniform flow of material.
The Industrial-Type Internal-Combustion-Engine Locomotive
Authors: Schenck S. B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper seeks to show that the internal-combustion type of locomotive can be used to advantage and at a much lower operating cost than the steam locomotive for industrial-plant use. The electric drive, in combination with gasoline or Diesel engines, places the internal-combustion type on a par with the steam locomotive so far as mobility is concerned, and ahead of the latter type with respect to availability for service, economy of operation, safety, visibility, convenience, and general performance. The electric drive is declared to be better than the conventional clutch and gear transmission between engine and axle as being better to operate, having more tractive power on grades, and in being much easier on the engine. There is available a wide range of internal-combustion type of locomotives using electric drives.
Suspended Cables With Large Sags
Authors: Strachan Robert C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The curve assumed by a cable having its own weight and the applied load uniformly distributed over its length differs but little from a parabola if the deflection or sag is small; but as the actual curve is a catenary, modified more or less by the elastic deformation of the cable, the difference between the two curves becomes too great to be disregarded when, in the case of suspended structures other than suspension bridges, the sag exceeds a certain limit. The catenary being an exponential curve, its solution presents unavoidable difficulties. As a means of overcoming these in great measure, the author has compiled a table of hyperbolic radians tabulated as angular functions, whose use he shows by means of several worked-out examples.
Heat Recovery From Internal-Combustion Engines
Authors: Clarkson Thos. , Bradford Wm. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Citing the heat losses of locomotives and steam turbines, the authors aver the internal-combustion engine the most efficient mechanism for converting heat into useful work; yet even in this, two-thirds of the heat is wasted in exhaust gases and in cylinder jackets. The need for further heat conservation is urgent. In considering the recovery of heat from exhaust gases of internal-combustion engines, the authors lay down seven basic conditions. Adding to these limitations the avoidance of back pressure and the provision of a simple way of decarbonizing the heating surface, the designing of the ideal waste-heat boiler is not a simple matter. The evolution of the “thimble tube” boiler after 30 years of experience is described.
The Diesel-Engine Situation Today
Authors: Rotter Max 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The first commercially successful Diesel engines were a product of American manufacturers, but now large Diesels are being built principally in Germany. This country, however, is making considerable headway in manufacture of engines up to 1000 b.hp. per cylinder. The author discusses developments in atomization, combustion, and supercharging. He feels that there is now a need for standardization, but it must not interfere with progress.
Design of Furnaces and Fuel Feeders for Burning Refuse
Authors: Hofft M. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper includes a discussion of (1) a recent development in the design of a furnace for burning dry wood refuse in suspension; (2) factors influencing the design of wood-burning furnaces in industrial plants; (3) the development of inclined-grate furnaces for burning refuse fuels; and (4) the development of automatically controlled dry wood-refuse feeders and storage bins.
Curved and Bent Plywood
Authors: Perry Thomas D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Curved surfaces on solid wood reveal unattractive wood grain and are seriously lacking in strength and rigidity. The veneering of curved surfaces on solid wood is an ancient art. A description of the curving of plywood for modern designs is timely, since curved surfaces are passing through a period of style popularity. The paper gives a concise description of the building of curved plywood, as well as of the bending of plywood by processes just emerging from the experimental stage. Suggestions are given for the necessary tolerances in size and shape, the trimming and sanding of the curved shapes, and the accessory equipment required therefor. Attention is called to the fact that, pound for pound, wood is the strongest material known; hence curved plywood has an opportunity to become an industrial product with wide applications and substantial economic value.
Hydraulic Presses for Plywood
Authors: Francis Harry G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper reviews the progress made in the clamping of plywood, especially in the last 35 years, when wooden hand screws and wooden-frame hand-screw presses were in general use. Improved hand clamps, improved hand-screw presses, and power-screw presses have their uses for certain classes of work and comparatively small output, and inverted-cylinder hydraulic presses are necessary for special methods and classes of work. Plywood is an artistic and utilitarian product with increasing appeal for both manufacturing and construction purposes. As the market for plywood products expands, new problems will necessitate further advances in press design. Plywood presses of the future may outdistance those of the present as much as the presses of the present demonstrate improvement over the old hand presses.
Aircraft-Float Design and Construction
Authors: Richardson Holden C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Designs of aircraft floats have included the canoe type, inflated bag or skid, box type, multi-rib type, canoe system with cloth over a thin smooth skin, girder type, and all-metal construction. The author follows the development and discusses necessary characteristics. Late construction is principally of aluminum alloy for both floats and boats. Bulkheads are used to carry concentrated loads, and the bottoms are sometimes reinforced by exterior longitudinals. Extruded shapes, angles, channels, and tees are becoming popular as framing members.
All-Metal Airplane Construction
Authors: Beall Wellwood E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The loads to which airplanes are subjected are pretty well known so the stresses in various members can be calculated. A light structure is necessary, but strength and durability must be increased due to the demand for greater speed and more hours in the air. Metal has thus been called into construction to help the designer.
Some of the advantages from use of metal in airplane construction include ease of determining the strength of members, decreased fire hazard, less danger to passengers in case of a crash, and decreases in cost of production, labor, handling, bulk, and waste.
Use of aluminum alloys is increasing, and monocoque construction is becoming more popular. Methods of analyzing the stresses in various members are given in the paper.