bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Organic Nutrient Sources and Inorganic Fertility Levels on Nutrient Uptake of Aerobic Rice (Oryza sativa L.) during Kharif Season
Authors: Rani J. S. Sudha , Sreedevi B. , Vani K. P. , Ramana M .Venkata , Latha P. C. , Surendrababu P. , Yakadri M. , Lokesh C. 
Published: June 2023

A field study was taken up to evaluate the influence of organic sources of nutrients and inorganic fertility levels in aerobic rice during kharif 2017 and kharif 2018 at Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The treatment comprised of M1: Neem leaf manure 6 t ha-1; M2: Vermicompost 2 t ha-1; M3: Goat manure 5 t ha-1; M4: Microbial consortia [seed treatment 4g kg-1 + soil application 4 kg ha-1]. The sub-plot treatments comprised of S1: Control; S2: 50 % RDF; S3: 75 % RDF; S4: 100 % RDF [Recommended Dose of Fertilizer 120:60:40 kg ha-1]. It was observed that, nutrient uptake by aerobic rice was significantly influenced with application of organic nutrient sources and inorganic nutrient levels. N, P and K uptakes by rice were higher with vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1 or goat manure @ 5 t ha-1 among organic sources and 100% RDF among nutrient levels. Vermicompost recorded significantly highest nitrogen (55.76, 71.7, 91.6 and 103.5 kg ha-1 respectively), phosphorus (9.04, 15.4, 18.0 and 20.5 kg ha-1) and potassium (39.7, 60.0, 76.3, 107.1 kg ha-1) uptake by rice crop at MT, PI, 50% FL and harvest and it was found at par with goat manure ( viz; nitrogen : 50.79, 66.1, 85.6 and 97.7 kg ha-1 ; phosphorus : 8.33, 14.11, 16.4 and 19.2 kg ha-1 and potassium : 38.2, 59.5, 75.2 and 84.0 kg ha-1 at MT, PI, 50% FL and harvest ) while the lowest nutrient uptake (viz; nitrogen: 37.86, 46.1, 60.9 and 77.3 kg ha-1, phosphorus: 5.74, 8.59, 11.4 and 12.6 kg ha-1 and potassium: 25.8, 41.3, 48.6 and 71.5 kg ha-1) was found with application neem leaf manure. Application of 100% RDF significantly increased N (63.58, 80.0, 99.1 and 123.1 kg ha-1), P (9.90, 17.1, 19.9 and 24.3 kg ha-1) and K (47.3, 70.8, 88.9 and 119.5 kg ha-1) and the lowest N (26.37, 32.5, 45.6 and 47.0 kg ha-1), P (4.11, 6.12, 7.7 & 7.8 kg ha-1) and K (19.3, 28.3, 34.7 and 56.7 kg ha-1) was recorded with control. Conjunctive use of 75% of RDF along with vermicompost (M2S3) or goat manure (M3S3) resulted in statistically on par nitrogen and phosphorus uptake with that of 100% RDF and the lowest nitrogen and phosphorus uptake were recorded with combination of either neem leaf manure or microbial consortia and no application of fertilizer (M1S1 and M4S1, respectively).
Comparison of Desensitizing Agents for Tooth Bleaching: Evaluating the Influence of Ozonated Sunflower Oil and Potassium Nitrate/Sodium Fluoride on Sensitivity and Shade Change
Authors: Roque Joao Vitor Oribka , Vanolli Rafael da Silva , Campos Francisco Ubiratan Ferreira de , Colognese Maria Ritha Veiga , Silva Marina Pereira , Ueda Julio Kathuide , Mendonça Márcio José , Camilotti Veridiana 
Published: June 2023

Aims: Due to controversial results in relation to the influence of desensitizing agents on sensitivity during bleaching, the present study evaluated the degree of tooth bleaching sensitivity, color change, and patient acceptability of desensitizing agents containing potassium nitrate/sodium fluoride (PNF) or ozonized sunflower oil associated with in-office bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP).
Place and Duration of Study: The study described above was conducted at the Dentistry Clinics of a local university in Brazil. The duration of the study spanned from January to November 2021.
Sample: The researchers recruited a total of 30 volunteer patients who met the eligibility criteria and agreed to participate in the study.
Methodology: A clinical trial was conducted with a split-mouth design. The sample consisted of 30 volunteers randomized into 2 experimental groups according to the desensitization protocol. Potassium nitrate and sodium fluoride was applied to the hemiarch corresponding to the control group for 10 minutes, while in the hemiarch of the test group, ozonized sunflower oil was applied for 2 minutes with a rubber cup in low rotation, followed by a potassium nitrate and sodium fluoride application for 10 minutes. In sequence, both arcades were bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide for 50 minutes.
Results: Previous application of ozonated sunflower oil resulted in a significant reduction in sensitivity in the first 24 hours after removal of the bleaching gel, as well as the test group showed lower tooth sensitivity in times measured up to 1 hours after removal of the bleaching gel. Both experimental groups presented satisfactorily lighter shades, but no statistically significant differences were observed regardless of the desensitization protocol employed.
A Review of Medical Emergencies Related to the Embolic, Inflammatory, and Mechanical Complications in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Nabhani Hassan 
Published: June 2023

Although the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) has decreased in the United States, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains a major medical problem. Many patients still need emergency care in the emergency department (ED) due to complications due to mechanical, inflammatory, and embolic factors. This summary aims to provide a brief summary of the available evidence in clinical medicine regarding the evaluation and management of mechanical, inflammatory, and embolic complications after myocardial infarction. Although 30-day mortality after AMI has decreased in recent years, it remains high at 7.8% due to many subacute complications that occur within a few weeks. Mechanical problems such as ventricular free wall rupture, ventricular septal rupture, mitral regurgitation, and left ventricular aneurysm formation have a high risk of morbidity. The complications of MI can vary in severity and can affect different organs and systems of the body. Heart attacks can disrupt the normal electrical activity of the heart, leading to irregular heart rhythms, such as ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. A heart attack can weaken the heart muscle, making it difficult for the heart to pump blood effectively. This can lead to heart failure, a condition where the heart is unable to meet the body's demand for blood and oxygen. In severe cases, a heart attack can cause cardiogenic shock, a condition characterized by a significant drop in blood pressure and inadequate blood flow to vital organs. This is a life-threatening situation that requires immediate medical attention. Sometimes, a heart attack can cause a rupture in the wall separating the heart's chambers (ventricular septum), leading to the formation of a VSD. This condition allows blood to flow between the ventricles, decreasing the heart's ability to pump blood effectively.
Mechanical, inflammatory, and embolic complications associated with AMI can have a significant impact on morbidity and mortality. Physicians should check for existing conditions when considering other diagnoses. In addition to monitoring disease progression and physical examination, electrocardiography and point-of-care echocardiography allow rapid and noninvasive assessment of the underlying pathophysiology. Management may vary depending on the particular presentation and etiology; however, relationships with cardiologists and cardiologists are recommended.
Improvement of Ceramic Insulation of Cook Stoves Using Carbonized Organic Waste
Authors: Kyuvi Esther , Nyangaya James , Aganda Alex 
Published: June 2023

Many households and small hotels in Kenya source their energy from biomass; mainly wood and charcoal. For the urban poor, their energy source is basically charcoal. With increasing population, rural urban migration, tough economic times, the use of charcoal must be as efficient as possible. In cognizance of this need, development of energy efficient biomass (charcoal) cook stoves is paramount.
The main objective of the project was to optimize the insulating properties of ceramic insulation used in ceramic cook stoves using carbonized organic waste as the burnout additive. Carbonized organic waste herein referred to as char was collected and ground to fine dust. The char was used as a burnout medium in the clay to create pores, reduce density and increase porosity thereby improving insulation properties of the fired clay. Optimization was achieved by using different ratios of clay to char. Testing of biomass cook stove is provided for in ISO- 19867-0; the harmonized laboratory test protocol.
The results showed that the apparent porosity of the sample increased from 34% with no char to 87% when the sample had 50% char. On the other hand, the bulk density reduced from 2.8 g/cm3 with no char to 1.2 g/m3 with 50% char. The prototype thermal efficiency was 33% and 25.8% for the control cook stove. The prototype and control cook stove cooking power were 0.97kW and 0.71kW respectively. The prototype PM2.5 emissions estimated to be 76 mg/MJd and CO emissions at 21 g/MJd which were lower than the Kenya standard KS 1814:2019 maximum emission of 137 mg/MJd and 25 g/MJd respectively
This study has shown that when clay was mixed with char, there was a significant increase in desirable characteristics, which results in increased efficiency of biomass (charcoal) cook stoves and lower emissions.
Neurotoxicology and Behavior
Authors: Boyes William K. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Neurotoxicity is important to consider as a component of occupational and environmental safety and health programs. The failure to do so has contributed to a number of tragic cases in which people were irreparably harmed by exposure to compounds that proved toxic to the nervous system. The field of neurotoxicology originated in response to several episodes of mass poisoning and developed through advances in clinical practice, scientific research, and regulatory actions. This chapter reviews broadly the development of the field of neurotoxicity and discusses some of the predominant current issues. The chapter includes consideration of the features of the nervous system that make it susceptible to toxicity, the response to injury, the evaluation of sensory, cognitive, and motor functions, and effects on emotionality, mood, and social conduct. An emphasis is placed on functional outcomes that may be especially important in occupational and industrial hygiene settings. There is increasingly an emphasis on potential toxic effects on neurodevelopment and contributions to neurodegenerative diseases. Also, there is a large and growing effort to develop more rapid and cost‐efficient screening tests for potential neurotoxicity. A brief overview of some of the major classes of neurotoxic substances is provided including metals, solvents, pesticides, persistent organic compounds, and air pollution. Finally, the need for programs to prevent neurotoxic illness is discussed.
Mercury
Authors: Farina Marcelo , Aschner Michael , Rocha Joao B.T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Mercury is a global pollutant that exists in three oxidation states: Hg
0
(metallic), Hg
+
(mercurous), and Hg
2+
(mercuric) mercury. In organometallic derivatives, such as methylmercury (CH
3
Hg
+
), mercury is covalently bound to carbon. In its elemental form, mercury is a dense, silvery‐white, shiny metal, which is liquid at room temperature and boils at 357°C. At 20°C, the vapor pressure of the metal is 0.17 Pa (0.0013 mmHg), and a saturated atmosphere at this temperature contains a mercury concentration of 14 mg Hg/m
3
, which is more than 200 times the occupational exposure limit. Hg
0
residence in the atmosphere can be high (greater than a year). Mercury compounds differ greatly in their solubility, with metallic mercury being very sparingly soluble, and several salts, such as mercuric chloride, being soluble in water. Of relevance for its environmental fate, methylmercury interacts with nucleophilic groups (i.e. thiols) in aquatic organisms (mainly fish), being bioaccumulated and biomagnified in the aquatic food chain, which represents a major source of human exposure. Both Hg
2+
and methylmercury have strong affinity for thiol groups, in such a way that in the presence of living cells and dissolved organic matter, they will be found mainly bound to sulfide‐ or thiol‐containing molecules.
Lead
Authors: Jacobs David E. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Lead is an important industrial commodity that has numerous adverse health effects, even at relatively low levels of exposure. The mining of lead‐containing ores began in antiquity and was used in coins, weights, ornaments, cosmetics, utensils, ceramic glazes, solder, paints, gasoline, conduits for drinking water, and others. Although descriptions of the toxic effects of lead appeared very early in history, the association between the use of lead in industry, construction, and commerce and health effects was very slow to evolve. Insights into mechanisms of lead toxicity did not appear until the twentieth century. The correlation between pathological and clinical and sub‐clinical effects of lead on organ systems and routes of exposure in both the workplace and the community are reviewed. There continues to be an extensive body of new scientific literature to this day regarding the effects of lead, which allows for more precise interpretation of relationships between exposure and effect, especially “low level” lead exposures in both children and adults. The best treatment is the prevention of exposure. The objective of this chapter is to integrate the emerging scientific advances in the toxicology of lead with the occurrence and recognition of both clinical and more subtle subclinical effects. A list of current publications regarding health criteria and protective regulatory and guidance measures for exposure to lead in both the occupational setting and the community (with a focus on children) are provided.
Zirconium and Hafnium
Authors: Bevan Ruth 
Published: June 2023

AbstractZirconium and hafnium belong to the group IVB of the periodic table. A characteristic feature of these transition elements is the ease with which they form stable complex ions. Features that contribute to this ability are favorably high charge‐to‐radius ratios and the availability of unfilled d orbitals. The ability of forming metallic bonds is demonstrated by the existence of a wide variety of alloys among different transition metals. Other features of these metals are high densities, high melting points, and low vapor pressures. Within this group, these properties tend to increase with increasing atomic weight.This chapter discusses the chemical and physical properties followed by the toxicity of each chemical and compound in two sections: the first section provides details on zirconium, and the second section on hafnium.
Manganese and Rhenium
Authors: Santonen Tiina , Sainio Markku 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Manganese (Mn) and rhenium (Re) are group 7 (VIIB) transition elements. They both can exist in multiple valence states ranging from −3 to +7. While manganese is one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust, rhenium is one of the rarest elements. The main use of manganese is in steel production. Organic manganese compound methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is used as an additive to gasoline. Rhenium is one of the densest metals known. It is used in high‐temperature superalloys and, for example, in platinum–rhenium catalysts.
Manganese is an essential nutrient and readily available from a wide variety of foods. The main target organ of manganese toxicity is the brain. Clinical adverse effects have been described in occupational settings due to inhalation of Mn fumes and dusts, but excessive manganese intake may also result from dietary, environmental, or from its dysfunctional excretion. High exposure to manganese in miners and smelters has led to manganism, that is, a severe movement disorder, cognitive dysfunction, behavioral disturbances, and loss of libido. This is due to manganese accumulation and adverse effects in the brain basal ganglia. Recognition of subtle neurobehavioral effects in workers exposed to lower levels of manganese has led to progressive actions to limit occupational exposure. Manganese exposure has shown also effects in the respiratory system, which, however, may rather be due to particulate matter than to manganese ion. High doses of manganese have affected the sperm parameters and fertility of males in animal studies. Developmental neurotoxicity studies in animals suggest that early Mn exposure may impair learning, memory, and attention of the offspring. Very few information exists on the toxicity of rhenium. Limited evidence suggests low acute toxicity of perrhenates. Perrhenates accumulate in the thyroid. Repeated exposure to ammonium perrhenate has resulted in thyroid enlargement and follicular cell hypertrophy in animals at high doses.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Methylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Polycyclic Azaaromatic Compounds
Authors: Beland Frederick A. , Camacho Luísa , Marques M. Matilde 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polycyclic azaaromatic compounds (carbazoles and acridines) are chemicals formed by the incomplete combustion of organic matter. These compounds have been detected in a wide variety of sources, including mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke, mainstream smoke of marijuana cigarettes, gasoline, coal, and oil, gasoline and diesel engine exhaust, emissions from the combustion of oil, coal, wood, and garbage, grilled and smoked fish and meats, cooking oils, butter, and margarine, urban air, and various workplace scenarios. Due to their ubiquitous distribution, human exposure to these chemicals invariably occurs. A major concern regarding these agents is their potential carcinogenicity. In this chapter, we review the general properties, production, use, exposure assessment, metabolism, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity of specific chemicals from each of these classes. The focus is on agents that have been reviewed for carcinogenicity by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP).
Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids: Unsaturated
Authors: Bolt Hermann M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
As a class, the unsaturated carboxylic acids have been subjected to an extensive battery of studies, including acute, short‐term, and chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity tests and reproductive and developmental toxicity and genotoxicity tests. Overall, these acids have a low level of mammalian toxicity, although they are strong skin and eye irritants in animal tests and are irritating to mucosal membranes in humans. For those acids for which adequate studies have been conducted, there is no evidence that they are reproductive or developmental toxicants or carcinogens. Mutagenicity and clastogenicity studies suggest that this group of acids is devoid of genotoxic activity. The biochemistry of many of these acids can be found in general textbooks. Rapid metabolism to other fatty acids may explain their general low degree of toxicity.
Carbon Black
Authors: McCunney Robert J. , Levy Len , Chaudhuri Ishrat , Ngiewih Yufanyi , Yong Mei , Wampler Wesley 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Carbon black is a powdered form of elemental carbon in the form of near‐spherical colloidal particles and coalesced particle aggregates of colloidal size, obtained by partial combustion or thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons. Due to its structure of aciniform (grape‐like) aggregates, carbon black is a member of the class of substances known as industrial aciniform aggregates (IAA), which also include precipitated amorphous silica, pyrogenic silica, titania, and pyrogenic alumina. It is distinguishable from other commercial carbons, such as charcoal, by its fine particulate nature and the shape, structure, and degree of fusion of the particles observed with the electron microscope. The fundamental unit of a carbon black particle is the aggregate.
Toxicokinetics
Authors: Clewell Rebecca A. , Clewell Harvey J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of current toxicokinetic modeling approaches for describing the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of toxic chemicals in the body, and provides several examples of the application of toxicokinetic modeling in various aspects of chemical risk assessments. The concepts described in this chapter are important elements for understanding the determinants of chemical disposition, for determining the mode of action for the toxicity of a chemical, and for supporting more accurate extrapolations across dose and species for estimating the risks associated with exposures to the chemical.
Candidatus Nanoclepta
Authors: St. John Emily , Reysenbach Anna‐Louise 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Na.no.clep'ta. Gr. masc. n.
nânos,
a dwarf; Gr. masc. n.
kleptês,
a thief; N.L. masc. n.
Nanoclepta,
a small thief, a small organism that steals from its host.

Nanoarchaeota / Nanobdellia / Nanobdellales / Nanobdellaceae / Candidatus
Nanoclepta

The genus
Candidatus
Nanoclepta currently comprises a single species,
Candidatus
Nanoclepta minutus Ncl‐1, an anaerobic hyperthermophile (optimal growth observed from 80 to 85°C) cultivated from a New Zealand hot spring. Cells are ultra‐small cocci (∼200 nm) with archaeal flagella and are cultivated in near‐neutral pH conditions (pH ∼6.0). Like several other
Nanoarchaeota
,
Ca
. N. minutus cells are epibionts on the surface of a host from the
Crenarchaeota
. Although this symbiosis is obligate for
Ca
. N. minutus, the relationship is not required for the host,
Zestosphaera tikiterensis
NZ3
T
, which can survive as a free‐living organism.
Ca
. N. minutus has a highly reduced genome (∼0.58 Mb) with minimal biosynthetic potential and no detected ATP synthase genes, and
Ca
. Nanoclepta cells likely rely on their host for many metabolic precursors.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
:
32.2 (genome analysis).

Type species
:
Candidatus Nanoclepta minutus
St. John et al. 2019a.
Tsuneonella
Authors: Zhou Peng , Bu Yu‐Xin , Xu Xue‐Wei 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Tsu.ne.o.nel'la. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Tsuneonella
, named in honor of Tsuneo Shiba who established genus
Erythrobacter
.

Pseudomonadota / Alphaproteobacteria / Sphingomonadales / Erythrobacteraceae / Tsuneonella

The members of the genus
Tsuneonella
have been isolated from various environments, including air, freshwater, sediment, and sea urchin. Cells are ovoid to rod‐shaped, non‐spore‐forming, Gram‐stain‐negative, and nonmotile. They are aerobic or facultatively aerobic and contain carotenoid pigments but not bacteriochlorophyll
a
. The predominant quinone is ubiquinone‐10, and the major fatty acid is C
18:1
ω7
c
or summed feature 8 (C
18:1
ω7
c
and/or C
18:1
ω6
c
). The major polar lipids include diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Based on phylogenic analysis of the core genome, the genus
Tsuneonella
represents a distinct lineage in the family
Erythrobacteraceae
of the class
Alphaproteobacteria
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 60.5–67.0 (genome sequence).

Type species
:
Tsuneonella dongtanensis
Xu et al. 2020
VP
(basonym: Altererythrobacter dongtanensis Fan et al. 2011
VP
).