bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blood Pressure and Mortality Risk in Older People: Comparison Between African Americans and Whites
Authors: Blazer Dan G. , Landerman Lawrence R. , Hays Judith C. , Grady Tana A. , Havlik Richard , Corti Maria‐Chiara 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVES: To determine the risk from hypertension for all‐cause mortality in a racially mixed sample of community‐dwelling older adults.DESIGN: Baseline blood pressure was assessed between 1985 and 1986 in a sample of persons 65 years of age and older from five counties of the Piedmont of North Carolina (N = 4,162). All‐cause mortality was monitored annually over the subsequent 6 years as part of the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE) sponsored by the National Institute on Aging.SETTING: Eighteen percent of all respondents in the sample had a systolic blood pressure openface> 160 (17% for whites and 18% for African Americans) and 16% had a diastolic blood pressure openface> 90 (14% for whites and 20% for African Americans). During the 6 years of follow‐up, 29% of the sample died (with no difference in mortality rates between whites and African Americans).PARTICIPANTS: 4,000 community‐dwelling people age 65 years and older; 1,846 were white and 2,154 were African American.MEASUREMENTS: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and all‐cause mortality.RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure positively related to mortality during the 6 years of follow‐up (relative risk = 1.05). Among whites the relationship of diastolic pressure to mortality was nonlinear, with those at the upper and lower ends of the distribution at increased risk. Among African Americans, diastolic pressure was unrelated to mortality. The analyses were controlled for age; gender; education; body mass index (BMI); smoking history; taking a medication to manage blood pressure; a history of cancer, diabetes mellitus, heart attack, or stroke; poor subjective health; impaired functional status; and cognitive impairment.CONCLUSIONS: The findings confirm that among older adults there is a significant relationship overall between systolic blood pressure and mortality over 6 years of follow‐up in both whites and African Americans. Diastolic pressure was a risk factor for whites only.
The development of the DEGRR: A scale to assess pain in young children with cancer
Authors: Gauvain‐Piquard Annie , Rodary Chantal , Rezvani Ali , Serbouti Saı̈d 
Published: July 2002

The Gustave Roussy Child Pain Scale (Douleur Enfant Gustave Roussy, DEGRRScale) is a scale for grading prolonged pain in children aged 2–6 years with cancer. The scale comprised six behaviours specific to pain items, five psychomotor inertia items, and four anxiety items, with a total score ranging from 0 to 60. This work was designed to confirm the scale structure and to study its construct validity and convergent validity.Our work was composed of two parts. In the first part of the study, 152 children with progressive cancer were scored by two nurses using the DEGRRscale, in a cross‐sectional design. And in the second part, 53 of these 152 children were video‐recorded. The tapes were assessed both by a panel of four pain specialists using a 0 to 7 Likert scale and by a nurse using DEGRRscale.As for the 152 children, the mean of the total scores derived from the DEGRRis 20.2 (SD = 6.2). Both the degree of agreement between the nurses (the weightedκcoefficient) and the internal consistency of the scale (Cronbachαcoefficient = 0.90) were high, providing evidence of good reliability. Multivariate factor analyses showed a first factor of intensity of pain (51% of the total variance) and a second factor (14% of the total variance) which distinguishes the psychomotor inertia items from the items concerning voluntary expression of pain. Also, the results showed that psychomotor inertia items contribute to both factors and that it is an important sign of prolonged pain. Construct validity was strengthened by the absence of correlation between DEGRRscores and variables not related to pain, including fever, neutropenia and anaemia (indicative of poor medical condition) and the absence of parents’ visits (indicative of psychological distress).Concerning the 53 video‐recorded children, the nurses’ DEGRRratings were strongly correlated with the specialists panel scores indicating a fairly good case for convergent validity.
In-vitro activity of levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae with various levels of penicillin resistance
Authors: Thomson K. S. , Chartrand S. A. , Sanders C. C. , Block S. L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
This in-vitro study was designed to compare the activity of levofloxacin with that of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, erythromycin, penicillin, amoxycillin, loracarbef, cefaclor, cefpodoxime, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim–sulphamethoxazole, clindamycin and vancomycin against a collection of 202 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates (56% susceptible to penicillin, 34% intermediate, 10% resistant). The isolates (60% nasopharyngeal, 40% middle ear) were obtained from otherwise healthy children at child care centres in urban and rural Nebraska, and at a paediatric clinic in rural Kentucky. MICs were determined by NCCLS agar dilution methodology using an inoculum of 10 4 cfu/spot. Using NCCLS breakpoints, the percentage of penicillin- intermediate and -resistant strains susceptible to the evaluable agents were, respectively, as follows: levofloxacin (99%, 100%), ofloxacin (87%, 100%), erythromycin (52%, 65%), ceftriaxone (93%, 25%), trimethoprim–sulphamethoxazole (7%, 0%), clindamycin (93%, 100%) and vancomycin (100%, 100%). Without NCCLS interpretive criteria, no conclusions could be made concerning the susceptibility of penicillin-intermediate and -resistant strains to the other study drugs. All β-lactam antibiotics, erythromycin and trimethoprim–sulphamethoxazole were less active against penicillin-resistant strains, indicating that these may be suboptimal agents for empirical therapy for suspected S. pneumoniae infections in these patient populations. However, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, clindamycin and vancomycin were equally active against penicillin-susceptible and -resistant strains. These data suggest that the efficacy of levofloxacin should be examined in both adult and paediatric S. pneumoniae infections involving body sites where levofloxacin concentrations &gt;2 mg/L can be achieved safely.
Large–scale heterogeneity of the fossil record: implications for Phanerozoic biodiversity studies
Authors: Smith Andrew B. 
Published: July 2002

Patterns of origination, extinction and standing diversity through time have been inferred from tallies of taxa preserved in the fossil record. This approach assumes that sampling of the fossil record is effectively uniform over time. Although recent evidence suggests that our sampling of the available rock record has indeed been very thorough and effective, there is also overwhelming evidence that the rock record available for sampling is itself distorted by major systematic biases.Data on rock outcrop area compiled for post–Palaeozoic sediments from Western Europe at stage level are presented. These show a strongly cyclical pattern corresponding to first– and second–order sequence stratigraphical depositional cycles. Standing diversity increases over time and, at the coarsest scale, is decoupled from surface outcrop area. This increasing trend can therefore be considered a real pattern. Changes in standing diversity and origination rates over time–scales measured in tens of millions of years, however, are strongly correlated with surface outcrop area. Extinction peaks conform to a random–walk model, but larger peaks occur at just two positions with respect to second–order stratigraphical sequences, towards the culmination of stacked transgressive system tracts and close to system bases, precisely the positions where taxonomic last occurrences are predicted to cluster under a random distribution model.Many of the taxonomic patterns that have been described from the fossil record conform to a species–area effect. Whether this arises primarily from sampling bias, or from changing surface area of marine shelf seas through time and its effect on biodiversity, remains problematic.
Evaluation of Risk of Bias in Neuroimaging-Based Artificial Intelligence Models for Psychiatric Diagnosis
Authors: Chen Zhiyi , Liu Xuerong , Yang Qingwu , Wang Yan-Jiang , Miao Kuan , Gong Zheng , Yu Yang , Leonov Artemiy , Liu Chunlei , Feng Zhengzhi , Chuan-Peng Hu 
Published: March 2023

ImportanceNeuroimaging-based artificial intelligence (AI) diagnostic models have proliferated in psychiatry. However, their clinical applicability and reporting quality (ie, feasibility) for clinical practice have not been systematically evaluated.ObjectiveTo systematically assess the risk of bias (ROB) and reporting quality of neuroimaging-based AI models for psychiatric diagnosis.Evidence ReviewPubMed was searched for peer-reviewed, full-length articles published between January 1, 1990, and March 16, 2022. Studies aimed at developing or validating neuroimaging-based AI models for clinical diagnosis of psychiatric disorders were included. Reference lists were further searched for suitable original studies. Data extraction followed the CHARMS (Checklist for Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modeling Studies) and PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines. A closed-loop cross-sequential design was used for quality control. The PROBAST (Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool) and modified CLEAR (Checklist for Evaluation of Image-Based Artificial Intelligence Reports) benchmarks were used to systematically evaluate ROB and reporting quality.FindingsA total of 517 studies presenting 555 AI models were included and evaluated. Of these models, 461 (83.1%; 95% CI, 80.0%-86.2%) were rated as having a high overall ROB based on the PROBAST. The ROB was particular high in the analysis domain, including inadequate sample size (398 of 555 models [71.7%; 95% CI, 68.0%-75.6%]), poor model performance examination (with 100% of models lacking calibration examination), and lack of handling data complexity (550 of 555 models [99.1%; 95% CI, 98.3%-99.9%]). None of the AI models was perceived to be applicable to clinical practices. Overall reporting completeness (ie, number of reported items/number of total items) for the AI models was 61.2% (95% CI, 60.6%-61.8%), and the completeness was poorest for the technical assessment domain with 39.9% (95% CI, 38.8%-41.1%).Conclusions and RelevanceThis systematic review found that the clinical applicability and feasibility of neuroimaging-based AI models for psychiatric diagnosis were challenged by a high ROB and poor reporting quality. Particularly in the analysis domain, ROB in AI diagnostic models should be addressed before clinical application.
Structural and Functional Adaptive Artificial Bone: Materials, Fabrications, and Properties
Authors: Feng Pei , Zhao Rongyang , Tang Weiming , Yang Feng , Tian Haifeng , Peng Shuping , Pan Hao , Shuai Cijun 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIt is an urgent need that defect repair can develop from simple device fixation to living tissue reconstruction, from short life function replacement to permanent regeneration repair. At present, bone transplantation has become the second largest transplantation surgery after blood transfusion, and artificial bone transplantation generates great hope for the repair and treatment of bone defect. In order to repair bone defect, artificial bone must have good biological properties and sufficient mechanical properties, and it should also have the shape matching to bone defect site and the connected porous structure. For structures and properties requirements of artificial bone, in this review three major challenges faced by artificial bone transplantation are systemtically analyzed and current methods and strategies to address these issues are discussed: 1) the need for developing a type of bone scaffold material with both biological and mechanical properties, 2) the need for realizing the controllable fabrication of individual shape and multistage pore structure of bone scaffold, 3) the need for realizing the transformation from man‐made structure to biological structure. Besides, it summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of these methods and discusses the potential future directions of structural and functional adaptive artificial bone for bone defect regeneration.
Superhydrophilic All‐pH‐Adaptable Redox Conjugated Porous Polymers as Universal and Ultrarobust Ion Hosts for Diverse Energy Storage with Chemical Self‐Chargeability
Authors: Zhong Linfeng , Li Jing , Liu Cong , Fang Long , Yuan Zhongke , Yu Dingshan , Chen Xudong 
Published: March 2023

AbstractHerein, a new fibrous conjugated microporous polymer bearing phenazine species (PNZ‐CMP) is reported as a universal and ultrastable electrode to host various mono‐ and multi‐valent charge carriers for diverse aqueous rechargeable cells combining rapid kinetics, ultralong lifespan, and chemical rechargeability. The porous cross‐linked structure, interconnected donor‐acceptor network, and readily accessible active sites endow PNZ‐CMP with highly‐reversible redox activity, superhydrophilicity, facile electron transport, high ion diffusion coefficient, and all‐pH‐adaptability (−1 to 15) in aqueous electrolytes. Thus, adopting PNZ‐CMP electrodes enables good compatibility with H+/Li+/Na+/K+/Zn2+/Al3+ ions and fast surface‐controlled redox reactions for diverse aqueous battery chemistry. Multiple PNZ‐CMP‐based full cells show superior electrochemical performance especially ultralong lifespan, e.g., ≈84% capacity retention over 200 days for K+, ≈100% over 127 days for Zn2+, and ≈76% over 47 days for anion‐coordinated Al ions, surpassing small molecule counterparts and most previously‐reported corresponding systems. The spontaneous redox chemistry of reduced phenazine species with O2 is first explored to render PNZ‐CMP with repeatable chemical self‐chargeability in four electrolytes. Especially in 0.05 m H2SO4, an accumulative discharge capacity up to 48505 mAh g−1 is achieved via facile self‐charging, which can originate from the “reactive antiaromaticity to stable aromaticity” conversion of the redox moieties as revealed by theoretical studies.
High‐Energy‐Density All‐Organic Dielectric Film via a Continuous Preparation Processing
Authors: Zhang Yang , Li Li , Li Xiaoyu , Feng Rui , Zhao Tingting , Pan Meng , Dong Lijie 
Published: March 2023

AbstractDielectric polymers with high power density and breakdown strength (Eb) are indispensably used in electrostatic energy‐storing systems and devices. However, the discharged energy density (Ue) of dielectric polymers is severely limited due to the relatively low dielectric constant (K). Although current polymer composites improve K, this approach usually faces challenges in enhancing Ue due to the trade‐off relation between K and Eb and difficulties in scalable production of dielectric films. Here, a fully melt‐extrudable, meter‐scale, and high‐Ue ferroelectric polymer‐based all organic composite film comprising a poly(p‐phenylene terephthalamide)‐based fluxible polymer (denoted as f‐PPTA) is reported. The polymer composite with only 2 wt% of f‐PPTA presents a productivity of 12 m2 h−1 and an ultrahigh Ue of 20.7 J cm−3, which outperforms other extruded dielectric polymers reported in the literatures. Such enhancements of dielectric and capacitive properties have been comprehensively investigated and attributed to the crystallization behavior modulations and conformation changes induced by f‐PPTA. As a demonstration of real applications, the dielectric capacitors established based on the extruded films enable tens of times higher efficacy on powering electronic devices than biaxially oriented polypropylene capacitors, in addition to long‐term cyclic stability. This study opens up new avenue for the design and fabrication of high‐Ue polymer dielectrics that are totally compatible with industrial production.
Targeting STING Activation by Antigen‐Inspired MnO2 Nanovaccines Optimizes Tumor Radiotherapy
Authors: Gu Yuan , Lin Subin , Wu Yanxian , Xu Pei , Zhu Wen , Wang Yangyun , Cheng Xiaju , Zhang Leshuai W. , Stauber Roland H. , Wang Yong , Gao Mingyuan 
Published: March 2023

AbstractImmune checkpoint blockers therapy can improve the radiotherapy‐induced immunosuppression by enhancing interferon secretion, but still suffer from low clinical response rate and potential adverse effects. Mn2+‐mediated activation of interferon gene stimulator (STING) pathway provides an alternative for combination radioimmunotherapy of tumor. However, it is still a challenge for specific delivery of Mn2+ to innate immune cells and targeting activation of STING pathway. Herein, a novel antigen‐inspired MnO2 nanovaccine is fabricated as Mn2+ source and functionalized with mannose, enabling it to target innate immune cells to activate the STING pathway. Meanwhile, the release of Mn2+ in the intracellular lysosomes can also be for magnetic resonance imaging to monitor the dynamic distribution of nanovaccines in vivo. The targeting activation of STING pathway can enhance radiotherapy‐induced immune responses for inhibiting local and distant tumors, and resisting tumor metastasis. The study proposes an optimized radiotherapy strategy through targeting STING activation of antigen‐inspired nanovaccines.
Relieving the Ion Migration and Increasing Superoxide Resistance with Glutathione Incorporation for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Jintao , Wang Zhenyu , Chen Shuming , Jiang Ning , Yuan Long , Zhang Jian , Duan Yu 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPerovskite solar cells (PSCs) have the great potential for the next‐generation energy application, while the serious issue about longevity has still been a long‐standing concern. The rapid crystallization process would inevitably introduce defects, and the perovskite film decomposed rapidly when exposed to water/oxygen. Herein, the reduced l‐glutathione (GSH) is introduced into the perovskite precursor to tailor the crystallization process and passivate defects, thus relief the detrimental ion migration. Furthermore, GSH can effectively inhibit the formation of superoxide. As a result, the optimized PSCs demonstrate the champion power conversion efficiency of 22.89% and maintained 91% of its initial efficiency under ambient environment for 1000 h.
Multifaceted Domino Knoevenagel‐Cyclization Reactions; Four Movements for 2H‐Chromenes and Chromans
Authors: Balázs Király Sándor , Tóth László , Kovács Tibor , Bényei Attila , Lisztes Erika , István Tóth Balázs , Bíró Tamás , Kiss‐Szikszai Attila , Kövér Katalin E. , Mándi Attila , Kurtán Tibor 
Published: March 2023

AbstractDomino Knoevenagel‐cyclization reactions of 2H‐chromene and chroman derivatives containing o‐formylaryl amine or ether side‐chain was carried out to produce four series of chiral condensed heterocycles representing four novel skeletons and exhibiting antiproliferative activity. The cyclization step occurred with four different mechanisms: a concerted intramolecular hetero Diels‐Alder reaction (IMHDA), a stepwise polar [2+2] cycloaddition, a [1,5]‐hydride shift‐6‐endo cyclization or a multi‐step nitro hetero Diels‐Alder‐ring‐opening‐Cadogan‐type cyclization sequence. The latter reaction provided a new route to hydroxyindoles by an inverse Cadogan‐type cyclization, in which the nitro group is deoxygenated by a nitro IMHDA‐ring‐opening sequence. The cyclization mechanisms and their stereoselectivity were studied by DFT calculations, based on which we proposed a mechanism for the multi‐step cyclization to hydroxyindoles and explained the observed diastereoselectivity.
Optical and Electrochemical Probes for Monitoring Cytochrome c in Subcellular Compartments During Apoptosis
Authors: Duan Zhijuan , Ouyang Yu , Fu Yuzhe , Huang Fujian , Xia Fan , Willner Itamar 
Published: March 2023

AbstractCytochrome c (Cyt. c) is a key initiator of the caspases that activate cell apoptosis. The spatiotemporal evaluation of the contents of Cyt. c in cellular compartments and the detection of Cyt. c delivery between cellular compartments upon apoptosis is important for probing cell viabilities. We introduce an optical probe and an electrochemical probe for the quantitative assessment of Cyt. c in cellular compartments at the single cell level. The optical or electrochemical probes are functionalized with photoresponsive o‐nitrobenzylphosphate ester‐caged Cyt. c aptamer constituents. These are uncaged by light stimuli at single cell compartments, allowing the spatiotemporal detection of Cyt. c through the formation of Cyt. c/aptamer complexes at non‐apoptotic or apoptotic conditions. The probes are applied to distinguish the contents of Cyt. c in cellular compartments of epithelial MCF‐10A breast cells and malignant MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 breast cells under apoptotic/non‐apoptotic conditions.
Asymmetric Coordination of Iridium Single‐atom IrN3O Boosting Formic Acid Oxidation Catalysis
Authors: Wang Lei , Ji Bifa , Zheng Yongping , Tang Yongbing 
Published: March 2023

AbstractRational design of the proximal coordination of an active site to achieve its optimum catalytic activity is the ultimate goal in single‐atom catalysis, but still challenging. Here, we report theoretical prediction and experimental realization of an asymmetrically coordinated iridium single‐atom catalyst (IrN3O) for the formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR). Theoretical calculations reveal that the substitution of one or two nitrogen with more electronegative oxygen in the symmetric IrN4 motif splits and downshifts the Ir 5d orbitals with respect to the Fermi level, moderating the binding strength of key intermediates on IrN4−xOx (x=1, 2) sites, especially that the IrN3O motif shows ideal activity for FAOR with a near‐zero overpotential. The as‐designed asymmetric Ir motifs were realized by pyrolyzing Ir precursor with oxygen‐rich glucose and nitrogen‐rich melamine, exhibiting a mass activity of 25 and 87 times greater than those of state‐of‐the‐art Pd/C and Pt/C, respectively.
Taphonomic skeletal disturbances in the Sima de los Huesos postcranial remains
Authors: Sala Nohemi , Martínez Ignacio , Lorenzo Carlos , García Rebeca , Carretero José Miguel , Rodríguez Laura , Gómez‐Olivencia Asier , Aranburu Arantza , García Nuria , Quam Rolf , Gracia Ana , Ortega Mª Cruz , Arsuaga Juan Luis 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe postcranial skeleton of fossil hominins is crucial for reconstructing the processes that occurred between the time of death and the recovery of the bones. Thousands of postcranial skeletal fragments from at least 29 hominin individuals have been recovered from the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site in Spain. This study's primary objective is to address the main taphonomic features of the postcranial remains from the Sima de los Huesos sample, including antemortem, perimortem, and postmortem skeletal disturbances. We present an updated assessment of the bone surface modification analysis, the fracture pattern analysis, and the skeletal part representation to facilitate interpretation of the biostratinomic and fossil‐diagenetic processes in this large paleoanthropological collection. We conclude that carnivores (probably bears) had limited access to the hominin bones and complete bodies were probably placed in the site.