bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adults in Charge: The Limits of Formal Child Participatory Processes for Societal Transformation
Authors: Imoh Afua Twum-Danso 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe Convention on the Rights of Child was supposed to represent a turning point in depictions and perceptions of children in international law and social policy. In particular, the Convention took the position that children were rights-holders who have views and ideas about their own lives and have a right to genuine participation in decision-making affecting them. Its centrality to the Convention is evidenced by the fact that the concept of child participation is included not only within the body of the Convention, but also as one of its four guiding principles. However, despite the vision behind the Convention and the excitement that the participation principle evoked around the world at the time of its adoption, it was, from the outset, limiting in its capacity for genuine transformational impact. This is primarily due to the fact that while the Convention foregrounds the importance of children’s views and involvement in decision-making, it also ensures that adults remain in control in deciding the terms relating to who participates, how they participate, the topics on which they participate and ultimately, the outcome of participatory initiatives. Thus, in this way, the control of children’s participation rights is firmly handed to the management of adults. As a result, what emerges within the Convention is a persisting understanding of children’s rights as being a gift of adults which they then give to children—whether this gift is linked to children’s care and protection rights or their participation rights. This limitation surely then raises questions about the extent to which the Convention actually represents a genuine shift from earlier human rights law and social policies which explicitly depicted children as objects of rights. Therefore, this chapter seeks to critically examine the extent to which the Convention and its attendant initiatives and policies around the world focusing on child participation represents not only a genuine shift in depictions of children within international law, but also a framework for the achievement of transformational impact. This assessment, which will focus on the language and concepts articulated in the Convention and the practices it has inspired, will reveal the limitations associated and inherent within dominant understandings of child participation. Instead, the chapter will call for the need to look outside this dominant child participation framework in search for examples of genuine transformative child participation. An example of the transformative impact of what may be considered non-CRC-framed children’s participation is provided through an analysis of the role of children in the struggle to end apartheid in late twentieth century South Africa. It will finally discuss the implications of such examples of children participating and transforming their society—either independently from adults or with adults—for dominant child participation and children’s rights discourses.
Representing the Child Before the Court
Authors: Tchermalykh Nataliya 
Published: March 2023

AbstractDespite the recent international ascendance of children as independent actors and rights bearers, reiterated by the UNCRC, in the eyes of the state children appear as not-yet-fully-citizens. As minors, they do not have the capacity to launch legal procedures on their own behalf or to formally approach a court of law to vindicate their rights, independently of their parents or legal guardians. In other words, in the twenty-first century, when child-driven effective pro se representation, or a form of representation of a child by a child before the court, still appears utopian, the indispensability of adult legal actors as conduits to children’s access to justice is an undeniable reality and contingent on a multiplicity of social, political and economic factors that influence what forms of children’s representation that is made possible. However, while the representation of children by the third parties has received criticism both in social anthropology, and in (critical) childhood studies, scholars have only rarely addressed forms of representation and active litigation on behalf of the child, conducted by legal professionals in different arenas—in the domestic courts, such as the immigration courts, and in international institutions, such as the EHRC and the UNCRC.This chapter builds on earlier published anthropological and socio-legal analysis of court cases related to migration and political activism as well as on a number of original cases from both national and international tribunals collected through interviews and fieldwork observations. It aims at complexifying the existent models of children’s representation, while tackling broader issues of access to justice of the disadvantaged groups. By laying the focus on interactions among children and their lawyers, the objective is to deepen the conceptual understanding of the ways children and their lawyers conceptualize processes of justice-making and make sense of shifting social and legal terrains around the conceptions of representation. In what way are professional legal representation any different from other forms of representation and are they alienating or empowering? What are the exact legal mechanisms, social processes and agents that enable such cases to become legally actionable and contribute to recognizing children’s role as legal subjects?
‘Could It Be That They Do Not Want to Hear What We Have to Say?’ Organised Working Children and the International Politics and Representations of Child Labour
Authors: van Daalen Edward 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter is primarily concerned with exploring and problematising the representational strategies deployed in processes of global governance and advocacy related to child labour. It is observed that on the international level the broad category of ‘child labour’ is narrowly represented as a form of modern slavery by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and influential NGOs such as the Global March Against Child labour. Actors that challenge such narratives, in particular working children’s movements, are excluded from exerting influence. To better understand how we arrived as this impasse and how we can move forward, the chapter aims to reconstruct, analyse and problematise the institutional and geo-political developments that have resulted in the current status quo, with a special focus on the efforts of organised working children to influence this process. Using the theoretical constructs of the ‘paradox of institutionalisation’, the ‘paradox of a children’s right to participation’ and the ‘problematic of representational power’ to analyse the chapter’s empirical reconstruction, it is concluded that the ILO is to reconsider its restrictive advocacy campaign in favour of identifying more nuanced and evidence-based programmes and policies on child labour.
Deceiving ML-Based Friend-or-Foe Identification for Executables
Authors: Lucas Keane , Sharif Mahmood , Bauer Lujo , Reiter Michael K. , Shintre Saurabh 
Published: March 2023

AbstractDeceiving an adversary who may, e.g., attempt to reconnoiter a system before launching an attack, typically involves changing the system’s behavior such that it deceives the attacker while still permitting the system to perform its intended function. We develop techniques to achieve such deception by studying a proxy problem: malware detection.Researchers and anti-virus vendors have proposed DNNs for malware detection from raw bytes that do not require manual feature engineering. In this work, we propose an attack that interweaves binary-diversification techniques and optimization frameworks to mislead such DNNs while preserving the functionality of binaries. Unlike prior attacks, ours manipulates instructions that are a functional part of the binary, which makes it particularly challenging to defend against. We evaluated our attack against three DNNs in white- and black-box settings and found that it often achieved success rates near 100%. Moreover, we found that our attack can fool some commercial anti-viruses, in certain cases with a success rate of 85%. We explored several defenses, both new and old, and identified some that can foil over 80% of our evasion attempts. However, these defenses may still be susceptible to evasion by attacks, and so we advocate for augmenting malware-detection systems with methods that do not rely on machine learning.
Using Amnesia to Detect Credential Database Breaches
Authors: Wang Ke Coby , Reiter Michael K. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractKnown approaches for using decoy passwords (honeywords) to detect credential database breaches suffer from the need for a trusted component to recognize decoys when entered in login attempts, and from an attacker’s ability to test stolen passwords at other sites to identify user-chosen passwords based on their reuse at those sites. Amnesia is a framework that resolves these difficulties. Amnesia requires no secret state to detect the entry of honeywords and additionally allows a site to monitor for the entry of its decoy passwords elsewhere. We quantify the benefits of Amnesia using probabilistic model checking and the practicality of this framework through measurements of a working implementation.
How Discrete
Authors: Viola Lorella 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses the third use case of the book, the analysis of digital objects. Through the example of topic modelling as a technique to mine large textual repositories, it shows key concepts and methods for applying the post-authentic framework. I first discuss the dangers for knowledge production and for society in general of conflating specific mathematical concepts such as discrete versus continuous modelling of information with metaphorical language to name computational techniques. I specifically reflect on the implications for notions of causality and correlations, particularly in relation to the ’big data philosophy’. After unpacking the properties and assumptions of topic modelling as a computational technique that treats a collection of texts as discrete data, I then show how the post-authentic framework can be applied to engage critically with topic modelling. My discussion will devote special attention to the aspects of the analysis that are key for maintaining a mutualistic, symbiotic connection with the sources: pre-processing, corpus preparation and choosing the number of topics.
What the Graph
Authors: Viola Lorella 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter is dedicated to the fourth and last use case of the book, the visualisation of a digital object. Specifically, I analyse two cases of graphical display: user interface (UI) and visualisation of digital material. Following the discussions in the previous chapters, I first present work done towards developing an interface for topic modelling that facilitates critical engagement with the method. I then discuss the conceptual challenges of building UI elements that reflect the adoption of a critical approach to visual display, for instance, by visualising the ambiguities and uncertainties of digital methods. Throughout the chapter, I exemplify how the post-authentic framework can be applied to achieve a mutualistic, symbiotic connection between human and technological processes in visual interactions; this, I argue, helps create a digital conscience and keeps the work honest and accountable. Through the examples, I show how it is in fact through the visual display of the ambiguities and uncertainties of computational methods that the active and critical participation of the researcher is acknowledged as required.
Soviet Colonialism Reloaded: Encounters Between Russians and East Central Europeans in Contemporary Literature
Authors: Finkelstein Miriam 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe chapter analyses reciprocal representations of current and former citizens from the Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia and different Eastern and East Central European states in order to demonstrate how contemporary writers from the Czech Republic, Poland, Russia, and Slovenia reflect upon relationships between representatives of the aforementioned states when they share the same space, namely Berlin. The underlying assumption is that anywhere they go in the West, migrants encounter highly heterogeneous societies that consist, to a considerable degree, of other migrants. The question central to this chapter is therefore what happens when former nationals of the Soviet Union, the colonising power, and individuals from the formerly colonised East Central- and Eastern European states meet outside their respective home countries, years after the fall of the Iron Curtain? It will demonstrate that Russian-German fiction about Berlin frequently engages in a re-colonisation of the city space by Soviet-Russian migrants. Writers from East Central-, Eastern-, and South-eastern Europe react to these Russian neo-colonial aspirations and, in the sense of a postcolonial “writing back,” deny Russian claims to authority and exclusivity. Finally, texts about Berlin by writers from non-European countries emphasise the utopian potential of these encounters to create a whole new Central cum Eastern–Europe.
Polish Stereotypes of the East: Old and New Mechanisms of Orientalisation in the Regional and Transnational Dimensions
Authors: Zarycki Tomasz 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe chapter sets out to delineate a synthesising picture of the fundamental types and features of stereotypical images of “the East” in contemporary Polish identity discourses. They are analysed from a critical perspective in relation to postcolonial theory and the cultural/discursive problem of Orientalisation. The chapter also attempts to link the development mechanisms of stereotypical imaginaries of “the East” in contemporary Poland with so-called structural conditions, meaning dependencies of an economic and geopolitical kind. The Orientalism they engender, as the text sets out to prove, relates both to the countries neighbouring Poland, and to regions of eastern Poland which can be called the “internal Orient.” The author differentiates between two basic types of Orientalism, which he subsequently links with two ideological orientations: the conservative and the liberal. Conservative Orientalism is often branded as “classical,” and features the traditional Polish Eastern Borderlands (Kresy)as its dominant rhetorical figure. Liberal Orientalism characterised has less overt and less distinctive forms, and its manifestations are analysed using examples of new Borderlands discourses, which are often built in opposition to the traditional Eastern Borderlands stereotypes. The chapter also offers a comparative survey of reactions to Polish discourses of the East and analogical discursive mechanisms in the countries neighbouring Poland to the east.
Reportage from the (Post-)Contact Zone: Polish Travellers to Decolonised India (1950–1980)
Authors: Sadecka Agnieszka 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe texts analysed in this chapter span the first three decades of India’s independence. Polish reporters document both the change that occurred in postcolonial India, and the lingering effects of foreign rule on society and culture of the Subcontinent. It is a former contact zone, a post-contact zone, where the former colonisers are absent but their presence can still be felt. Polish reporters visiting India in the 1950s and early 1960s, such as Witold Koehler, Jerzy Ros and Wiesław Górnicki often voice their critique of British colonialism, especially as (semi-official) representatives of a communist state, the Polish People’s Republic. In their accounts, they mention clubs allowing entry only to foreigners, the conflicts stirred by the colonial administration, lasting longer than the British rule, the greed of industrialists and the oppression of peasants. The reporters underline their anti-colonial viewpoint, but in many situations, they are trapped in the convention of colonial relations. Thus, the main question is whether reporters from socialist Poland can truly be anti-colonial, and, given their own dependence from the Soviet Union, can they be anti-imperialist?
An East Central European “Sahib” in a Former Colony: Andrzej Bobkowski in Guatemala (1948–1961)
Authors: Wierzejska Jagoda 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe chapter analyses a case of colonial othering manifested by immigrants from Soviet-dominated countries after World War II in former Western colonies which stood in a position of dependency towards Western powers at that time. In a paradoxical manner, immigrants, who themselves had experienced subjection to foreign rule, took on the role of the white colonisers in postcolonial spaces, at least in attitudes and perceptions.
Between Pedagogy and Self-Articulation: Roma Necessary Fictions in East Central Europe
Authors: Kledzik Emilia 
Published: March 2023

Abstract“Necessary fictions,” a term coined by Homi K. Bhabha (The theory of reading, The Harvester Press, Brighton, 1989), refers to literature of postcolonial nations rewriting their history in such a way as to compensate for the lack of independence and agency in the colonial period. The Roma nation in East Central Europe has all the features of what in postcolonial studies is defined as the subaltern—no voice and representation of their own. This minority, due to a range of reasons, did not create such “necessary fictions” that we could compare to the postcolonial ones. The lack of such literary self-presentation in the national languages of East Central Europe has often been seen as a challenge for non-Romani or/and assimilated Roma writers. This was especially the case after World War II, when a massive action of enforced settlement of this nomadic nation took place across all communist countries, and there was a strong need to promote Roma culture as a—although not equivalent—part of local national landscapes. A need to “translate” Roma culture in the literary language was an important part of the state-planned assimilation. These translations were meant as the substitute for the authentic “necessary fictions” archive of literature. This trend continued after the political breakthrough of 1989, already in a different social context.
A Conceptual Framework for Civic Statistics and Its Educational Applications
Authors: Gal Iddo , Nicholson James , Ridgway Jim 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents a comprehensive conceptual framework of 11 facets and tools which together describe the knowledge, skills and dispositions that (young) adults need in order to comprehend, critically evaluate, communicate about, and engage with Civic Statistics regarding ‘burning’ societal issues, and that may enhance citizen empowerment. The framework is organized around three key dimensions involving engagement & action, knowledge, and enabling processes. It identifies knowledge-bases covering meaning for society and policy and critical evaluation and reflection; selected statistical and mathematical constructs and skills; core literacy and mathematical skills; understanding models and modelling, multivariate ideas and textual and rich visual representations; knowledge of research and data production methods and extensions related to official statistics and risk on the societal level; and it emphasises the importance of appropriate dispositions, critical stance, and habits of mind. We offer examples and curriculum tasks that illustrate each of the 11 facets and their interconnectedness. We also describe the use of a ‘radar plot’ tool to support the analysis of how balanced are prospective class activities or test items in terms of covering the 11 facets and tools. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of the implications of the conceptual model and its 11 facets for planning curricula, instruction, and assessments that can promote teaching and learning about Civic Statistics within mathematics education, statistics and data science education, and related disciplines.
On Monism and Pluralism: A Reply to Dickins, T. E.
Authors: Rodrigues António M. M. , Gardner Andy 
Published: March 2023

AbstractDickins has made some thoughtful suggestions as to why the important contributions of inclusive fitness theory have not been more celebrated by the proponents of the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis, considering the extent to which inclusive fitness theory has accommodated and illuminated—and, indeed, been motivated by—their “laundry list” of supposedly neglected evolutionary factors. We agree that this oversight could be explained, in part, by their seeing inclusive fitness as a “monist” alternative to a more “pluralist” multilevel selection that was not part of the Modern Synthesis. Here we clarify that multilevel selection and inclusive fitness are not competing explanations, but rather they address orthogonal issues, concerning the process of selection and the purpose of adaptation, respectively. We discuss the sense in which inclusive fitness is “monist” in providing the only generally correct adaptive maximand, but also “pluralist” in the sense of accommodating a diversity of adaptive agents. We also emphasise that multilevel selection was, in fact, part of the Modern Synthesis and, indeed, its inadequacies as a theory of organismal adaptation provided a crucial motivation for the concept of inclusive fitness.
Inclusive Fitness Theory as a Scientific Revolution: A Commentary on Futuyma
Authors: Rodrigues António M. M. , Gardner Andy 
Published: March 2023

AbstractFutuyma reviews what he suggests are the main controversies to have gripped the field of evolutionary biology since the time of the Modern Synthesis. He argues that although some of these developments have led to significant and lasting insights (and he names the neutral theory as having been the most important in this respect), none have amounted to an actual revolution in the sense of the “overturning of a former verity”. Futuyma then considers the call for an Extended Evolutionary Synthesis, and he argues that this is, in effect, already underway, though only as part of the normal evolution of our field, which proceeds by building upon—rather than rejecting—that which has come before. We fully agree with Futuyma's assessment of the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis. However, we disagree with his suggestion that there have been no revolutions within evolutionary biology since the time of the Modern Synthesis. We contend that the explosive and far-reaching growth of inclusive-fitness theory represents a major revolution in evolutionary understanding. Indeed, the inclusive-fitness revolution has involved the only revision to the core logic of Darwinism since the 1850s—let alone the 1950s. And its ramifications certainly far surpass those of the neutral theory.