bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Setting the Stage: Community Theater and the Translation of Tales
Authors: Lieber Laura S. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the everyday presence of world of theater and theatricality in Late Antiquity, including its physical infrastructure, its productions, its entanglement with officialdom, and its material traces. A brief history of theater in Late Antiquity, with particular attention to mime and pantomime, is offered, as well as a discussion of official ambivalence about acting and actors, and the uncomfortable affinities of oratory for theatrical styles of performance. The broad contextual presentation is followed by an exploration of how traces of such practices can be discerned within the specific contexts of the three religious traditions under scrutiny in this study, in the writings of Jews, Samaritans, and Christians. Diverse performative adaptations of the sacred canon in hymnody are discussed, including compression of narrative, expansion of narrative, and invention of narrative.
Method Acting: Ethopoeia and the Creation of Character
Authors: Lieber Laura S. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The three modes of performance considered in this study—theater, oratory, and hymnody—share a concern with the compelling presentation of story that appeals both to the senses and to emotions, to body and mind and the entanglements between them. Hymnody, however, occupied a distinctive stage from either theater or oratory. All three modes of performance sought to persuade listeners to imagine episodes from particular perspectives, but this chapter argues that hymnographers sought more enduring conveyances of worldview and lasting understandings of not just the past, but sacred history and existential truths. The chapter further argues that hymns drew on a distinctive body of narratives and characters, which not only afforded them a new body of plots and characters but also empowered them to speak in the voices of cultural heroes, villains, and even the deity. From the perspective of religious leaders, whether Christian, Jewish, or Samaritan, the stakes of effective liturgical performance could not be higher. As the examples indicate, hymns could demonstrate truth, model righteousness, and teach how one should live in the world, using the same persuasive tools that orators deployed in service of individual ambitions and theater employed to disseminate its appealing (in the eyes of authorities) falsehoods.
Adaptation
Authors: Pratt Henry John , Shaffert Kurt F. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The prevalence of the verbal and pictorial dimensions of comics has contributed to a number of adaptations where comics, paired with works of literature or film, are either the source (the adaptation proceeds from comic to x) or adaptation (the adaptation proceeds from x to comic). Notable differences among these art forms spring from differences in their respective media. Because of the characteristic narrative devices produced by comics media, a number of theorists have suggested that adaptation into or out of comics is impossible. After giving prominent examples of such arguments, the view is defended that perfect viability of adaptation into or out of comics is unachievable, but that adaptation is not thereby futile or impossible in any strong sense of the term. Moreover, there are notable similarities among the media of comics and film. These are explained and used to support the conclusion that comics are especially apt, in comparison to works of literature and theater, for adaptation into film.
Social and Moral Problems
Authors: Pratt Henry John , Shaffert Kurt F. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
An ancient objection to mass-media narrative arts found a prominent twentieth-century voice in Fredric Wertham, whose Seduction of the Innocent motivated the notorious Comics Code Authority. Whether such concerns are grounded in medium-specific or other considerations is investigated through, first, the idea that the authors and audiences of comics are prone to immorality; and, second, the ways in which the formatting of comics has driven the reading process. While it is acknowledged that individual comics can be morally problematic, it is argued that it is much harder to make a case against the category itself. The media of comics are largely content neutral, though the cartoon style of depiction, involving the use of caricature, prompts a worry. Christy Mag Uidhir’s argument that media using caricature are epistemically defective is considered, and it is concluded that while vigilance is warranted, there is no ultimate reason to condemn comics as a category.
Introduction
Authors: Ployd Adam 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The introduction situates the present study within the rhetorical turn in early Christian martyr studies, highlighting the gap in scholarship that identifies martyr texts as rhetorical but pays only little attention to the techniques of classical rhetoric used by early Christian authors and fails to speculate on the larger theological significance of this rhetoric for early Christians. Further, it surveys the existing scholarship on Augustine’s approach to martyrdom, identifying the need for a monograph-level study of the subject. The introduction concludes by summarizing the arguments of the subsequent chapters and previewing the argument of the book as a whole.
The first firm steps on the path of new research
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
While still studying the work of the gastric glands, we already had the opportunity to see that appetite not only stimulates the glands generally, but that it also stimulates them to varying degrees depending on what it was aroused by. For the salivary glands the rule is that all the variations observed in their functioning during physiological experiments are reproduced exactly in experiments with psychic stimulation, namely, those experiments in which a given stimulating item does not enter into direct contact with the mucous membrane of the mouth but attracts the animal’s attention from some distance. Here are some examples of this. The sight of dry bread causes a much stronger salivation than the sight of meat, even though the latter, judging by the animal’s body movements, evokes a much livelier interest compared with the former. If you tease the dog with meat or some other edible substance, the mucous salivary glands release concentrated saliva with a heavy content of mucus (lubricating saliva).
Shaping the Emergence and Evolution of the Genocide Master Narrative
Authors: Mwambari David 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 shows how, immediately after the genocide and civil war ended in 1994, initial commemorations were mostly ad hoc or organized by local and nongovernmental actors. It analyses academic literature on that period, using primary sources to illustrate how the postgenocide government used the Holocaust “model” of remembrance and other international reconciliation ideas to inspire its creation of the master narrative over other local approaches presented at conferences in Rwanda by scholars and postconflict entrepreneurs who studied different contexts. The postgenocide government chose a foreign universalized approach legible to many people around the world—including Westerners—but that alienated Rwandan mourning practices. The chapter posits that language, speeches, themes, and other tools were used to create a master narrative domestically and internationally. The chapter shows how these innovations were the products of fierce debates among Rwandan political elites and how this period saw the rise of critics who resisted “the competitive memory” approach to representing the past both within and outside Rwanda. Analytical categories of Champions, Antagonists, and Fatalists are used as a typological tool to systematically understand diversity and power in relation to genocidal memory politics among Rwandans. By identifying these actors and their relationships with the hegemonic memory narrative and with each other, the literature that centers the Rwandan government as the exclusive and most powerful creator and purveyor of memory is challenged, an approach that ignores the agency of other local and international actors that have equally contributed to Rwanda’s postgenocide official memory construction.
Localizing Commemoration and Individual Responses to the Master Narrative
Authors: Mwambari David 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines how Rwandans have responded to the creation of the hegemonic master narrative. It looks at how Champions, Antagonists, and Fatalists emerged in response to public ceremonies such as the one I attended at the Amahoro Stadium in Kigali, in community commemorative events where survivor testimonies were shared around the country, and among the diaspora. It also examines how politicians and military officials played key roles in transmitting the master narrative of the Genocide Against the Tutsi. In addition, I discuss how attendance at commemorations was enforced among Champions, Antagonists, and Fatalists. I analyze commemorations organized at the family level and observe that while changes occurred at both the micro and macro levels, it is the micro-level commemorations that often produced the dissident narratives of Antagonists. These dissident narratives circulated, and sometimes the dissidents were severely punished. The chapter relies on transcultural literature in memory studies to show how the master narrative gained mobility using carriers, including not only physical symbols of memory, but also through Champions, Antagonists, and Fatalists who develop memory narratives of events that happened within Rwanda and beyond its borders.
Speech Acts in Context
Authors: Sbisà Marina 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This paper argues for an Austin-inspired conception of speech acts as context-changing social actions. It explores some ways of conceiving of context in order to determine how context should be defined in this framework. It observes that the context against which Austin assesses infelicities consists of aspects of the world, while according to other speech act theorists, starting from John Searle, felicity conditions require that speakers have certain intentions and other appropriate attitudes. It argues that the context of a speech act should be considered as constructed as opposed to merely given, limited as opposed to extendible in any direction, and objective as opposed to cognitive. It explores whether these claims might be incompatible with each other, concluding that they are consistent. Finally, it takes into consideration the context-changing role of speech acts and the difference between its illocutionary dimension and its perlocutionary one.
Introduction
Authors: Fairweather Abrol , Montemayor Carlos 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Despite the considerable attention the topic of luck has received in ethics and epistemology, very little has been published in the philosophical literature overtly on linguistic luck. The essays collected here provide the first sustained examination of the diverse forms of linguistic luck, the mechanisms available to reduce the impact of linguistic luck, and how to cope with residual luck not eliminated by the causal, inferential, and intentional mechanisms which aim at its eradication. Causation, inference, and agency are amongst the primary vehicles of linguistic luck reduction, each having greater or lesser salience in a given domain of linguistic theory (syntax, semantics, pragmatics) and particular linguistic events. The essays to follow highlight a diverse range of luck reducing mechanisms that are relevant to different areas of linguistic theorizing. In addition to furthering the aims of linguistic theory, our inquiry is important because trust is important. Luck is generally no friend of trust, the two typically trend in opposing directions. While our inquiry into the nature and significance of linguistic luck will proceed autonomously, connections with moral and epistemic luck are always in mind.
Language and Luck
Authors: Ponte María de , Korta Kepa , Perry John 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
We consider three cases of luck. One historically relevant, but not philosophically problematic; one case of lucky necessity, originally presented by Stephen Hales (2016); and a well-known case of linguistic luck presented by Brian Loar (1976). In all three cases, a phrase of the form “It was lucky for A at t that S” is a natural description. This suggests that being lucky is a relation an agent has to a proposition at a time, just as “propositional attitude” reports suggest that believing, hoping, or saying are relations an agent has to a proposition at a time. We have defended an alternative explanation of propositional attitude reports, the “reflexive-referential” account. We apply it here to luck as the natural way of describing it. We use this account to show that, contrary to appearances, lucky necessities do not pose a problem for standard views of luck. Also, we use it to explain Loar’s example and, by doing so, we provide a referentialist view that allows us to appreciate the insights of Frege’s theory of names without accepting his theory of sense and reference.
Laws and Luck in Language
Authors: Rey Georges , Collins John 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The concern in this chapter will be with the different roles of laws and luck in linguistics, and specifically in what ways various phenomena of spoken language depend upon accidental or “lucky” facts that are not sufficiently stable to feature in laws, and so should not serve as the foci of linguistic theory. This “nomological” conception is what drives the Chomskyan study of an “I-language” as an internal computational system underlying human linguistic “competence,” as opposed to the more widespread, commonsensical view, advocated by, e.g., David Lewis and Michael Devitt, of language as fundamentally concerned with conventional “performance.” The chapter briefly reviews some of the crucial data that support this Chomskyan conception in the cases of syntax, phonology, and at least an internalist semantics. With regard to this last case, numerous examples are discussed that suggest that an externalist, referentialist semantics is indeed too subject to “lucky” contextual effects to be nomologically explanatory. The chapter concludes by pointing how such a denial of an externalist semantics does not have the dire consequences for metaphysical realism that both friend and foe of Chomskyan linguistics sometimes seem to assume.
Linguistic Luck
Authors: Devitt Michael 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
§I concerns two questions: To what extent are linguistic tokens in utterances accidental relative to linguistic rules, and hence “r-lucky”? To what extent are linguistic rules, hence expressions governed by them, accidental relative to human nature and, thus “i-lucky”? Linguistic pragmatists (contextualists) have argued, in effect, that there is a lot more r-luck around than has customarily been thought. This chapter presents a case, drawing on more detailed presentations elsewhere, that the pragmatists are wrong about this. Devitt agrees with Chomsky that there is a lot less i-luck than used to be thought. §II, considers Rey and Collins’ (RC’s) critique (Chapter 5, this volume) of Devitt’s views of language and linguistics, views that underlie its theses about linguistic luck. They are particularly concerned to rebut Devitt’s alternative view to the Chomskians’ of “the explanatory scope of linguistics.” That alternative is the “linguistic conception” of grammars according to which a grammar is about a non-psychological realm of linguistic expressions, physical entities forming a representational system. This contrasts with the received Chomskian psychological conception according to which a grammar is about a speaker’s linguistic competence and hence about mental states. RC’s critique revolves around a mantra charging Devitt with “common-sense conventionalism.” With one half of the mantra, RC conflate the linguistic conception with Devitt’s alleged “conventionalism.” The other half of RC’s mantra charges Devitt with an awful methodology and uses this to discredit his position. Both charges are baseless.
Understanding, Luck, and Communicative Value
Authors: Peet Andrew 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Does utterance understanding require reliable (i.e. non-lucky) recovery of the speaker’s intended proposition? There are good reasons to answer in the affirmative: the role of understanding in supporting testimonial knowledge seemingly requires such reliability. Moreover, there seem to be communicative analogues of Gettier cases in which luck precludes the audience’s understanding an utterance despite recovering the intended proposition. Yet, there are some major problems for the view that understanding requires such reliability. First, there are a number of cases in which understanding seems to occur in a lucky way. In light of these cases I argue that we need to narrow down the precise sense in which understanding precludes luck—the anti-luck condition attached to linguistic understanding is importantly different to anti-luck conditions typically applied to knowledge. Secondly, Megan Hyska has recently argued that, assuming understanding precludes luck, we get a communicative analogue of the value problem for knowledge: i.e. why is it better to meet the other conditions for understanding in a reliable way than in a lucky way? It is natural to assume that we can simply port over our favoured responses to the epistemic value problem in response to Hyska’s challenge. I argue that, due to the difference between epistemic and communicative luck (discussed in response to the first problem), this cannot be done. The epistemic and communicative value problems will require different solutions. I close by sketching the beginnings of an alternative answer to the value problem for communication.
From Conflict to Modern Slavery
Authors: Heys Alicia 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Using first-hand accounts from people with lived experience, this work draws comparisons between those who fled conflict to the UK in relative safety, and those who fled but experienced modern slavery. With a broad definition of conflict as an organising concept to encourage understandings that go beyond war, these insights lead to conclusions about the vulnerabilities caused by conflict that can encourage situations of modern slavery. Consideration is given to the ways in which conflict influences how a person’s agency interacts with overarching structures, finding that conflict limits people’s agency and the legitimate options available to them. It is this restriction of agency in the face of inherently risky options, coupled with a breakdown in support networks, that puts individuals at most risk of modern slavery. Reflecting also on the lives of individuals after they have fled conflict and arrived in the UK, insights are drawn about how restrictive policies in the UK generate the same vulnerabilities as conflict and therefore serve to increase the risk of modern slavery. The strength of this title lies in its empirical focus on a comparison between first-hand accounts. It offers personal insights into the experiences of asylum seekers, refugees, victims of modern slavery, and those who work with them in the UK, situating these within current understandings in order to identify specific aspects of people’s journeys out of conflict that can make them vulnerable to modern slavery.
Defining slavery and conflict
Authors: Heys Alicia 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides and justifies the definitions of key terminological choices used throughout the title. It works through slavery legislation, starting from abolition in the 1800s. Considering historical and contemporary understandings of slavery, it goes on to settle with the definition proposed by the Bellagio-Harvard Guidelines which combines the slavery understood by law with that of lived experience. The chapter then works through understandings of conflict, challenging notions that rest heavily on concepts of violence. It takes a broader approach to the remit of conflict to incorporate both legal and non-legal definitions to ensure that, like the definition of slavery, it incorporates both legal understandings and lived experience. A new definition of conflict is developed which is relied upon throughout the title.
Non-Instrumentalism and the Revisionist Morality
Authors: Rudolphy Marcela Prieto 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Part 2 of the book focuses on attenuating the fragility of the instrumentalist justification proposed in Chapter III. It argues that the most promising way in which to do so is to propose an alternative conception of the morality of war that denies that what unjust combatants do is just like killing the innocent. Part 2 thus focuses on the content of the revisionist morality. It provides an overview of revisionism, argues that its most plausible version fails to explain most killing in war, suggests an alternative morality of war, and discusses the reasons that unjust combatants might have for killing and participating in an unjust war.
The Non-liability of Unjust Combatants
Authors: Rudolphy Marcela Prieto 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that a plausible forfeiture-based view of self-defence cannot make many unjust combatants liable to significant or lethal harm and that a lesser-evil justification fails to justify harm to which unjust combatants are not liable. The chapter begins by arguing that a forfeiture theory cannot make many unjust combatants liable: once forfeiture views start to move away from the central case of the villainous aggressor, they lose their appeal. Further, the nature of many unjust combatants’ participation in war makes it very difficult to argue that they have lost rights against significant or lethal harm. As a result, many unjust combatants are not liable to death or significant harm; they are wronged when killed. Second, the chapter discusses the role of lesser-evil justifications in accounting for killing in war, focusing particularly on the ‘combined view’, and argues that the latter fails as a justification for killing in war. Ultimately, we must embrace pacifism or adopt an alternative moral account of killing in war.
Norm(ative) Change in International Relations
Authors: Wiener Antje 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2 Antje Wiener addresses the overall theme of value change from an IR perspective by detailing a bi-focal approach to norms. She reflects on the complex interrelation between fact-based and value-based conceptions of norms and sketches a conceptual framework for practice-based norm(ative) change. In addition, she offers typologies, models, and tools to locate and evaluate contestations and to analyse norm change. Typologies include a distinction between practices of reactive contestation (ie objecting to a norm at face value) and proactive contestation (ie critically engaging with a norm’s values through iterative interaction), respectively. Illustrative case scenarios also indicate how to apply these tools.
The International Criminal Court
Authors: Bower Adam 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 10 by Adam Bower assesses the effect of various contestations on the norms of legal accountability and anti-impunity. Bower studies the contestation of the ICC’s authority. He finds the ICC to be driven by normative tensions inherent in the international justice regime. He argues that the anti-impunity norm was never fully consolidated but has remained aspirational. Still, the observable attacks on the Court, notably the campaign by African states against the ICC, have not resulted in a substantial value change or a legal validity decline but rather a narrowing of the scope of its application. This may be seen as minor change in the legal status of the norm which does not destroy the legally protected value of accountability.