bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethnic Variations in Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes From Newer Glucose‐Lowering Drugs: A Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Outcome Trials
Authors: Tang Huilin , Chen Weihan , Bian Jiang , O'Neal LaToya J. , Lackland Daniel T. , Schatz Desmond A. , Guo Jingchuan 
Published: May 2023

Background
Hispanic populations are more likely to develop diabetes and its related diseases than non‐Hispanic White populations. Little evidence exists to support whether the cardiovascular and renal benefits of sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists are generalizable to the Hispanic populations.

Methods and Results

We included the cardiovascular and renal outcome trials (up to March 2021) that reported the major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), cardiovascular death/hospitalization for heart failure, and composite renal outcomes by ethnicity in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D), calculated pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs using fixed‐effects models, and tested the differences between Hispanic and non‐Hispanic populations (
P
for interaction [
P
interaction
]). In 3 sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor trials, there was a statistically significant difference between Hispanic (HR, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.54–0.91]) and non‐Hispanic (HR, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.86–1.07]) groups in treatment effects on MACE risk (
P
interaction
=0.03), except for risks of cardiovascular death/hospitalization for heart failure (
P
interaction
=0.46) and composite renal outcome (
P
interaction
=0.31). In 5 glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist trials, there was no statistically significant difference in treatment effect on MACE risk between Hispanic (HR, 0.82 [95% CI, 0.70–0.96]) and non‐Hispanic (HR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.84–1.00]) populations (
P
interaction
=0.22). In 3 dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor trials, the HR for MACE risk appeared greater in Hispanic (HR, 1.15 [95% CI, 0.98–1.35]) than non‐Hispanic (HR, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.88–1.04]) populations (
P
interaction
=0.045).

Conclusions
Compared with non‐Hispanic individuals, Hispanic individuals with T2D appeared to obtain a greater benefit of lowered MACE risk with sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors.
Association Between Life's Simple 7 and Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease: Aldosterone, Interleukin‐6, C‐Reactive Protein
Authors: Yuan Yan Emily , Haas Andrea V. , Williams Gordon H. , Taylor Herman , Seely Ellen W. , Adler Gail K. 
Published: May 2023

Background
To promote ideal cardiovascular health, the American Heart Association recommends adhering to Life's Simple 7 (LS7)—achieving healthy targets for body mass index, physical activity, dietary intake, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and cholesterol, along with smoking abstinence. Poorer achievement of LS7 (lower score) has been associated with the development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. However, less is known about the associations between LS7 and specific biomarkers linked to cardiovascular health: aldosterone, CRP (C‐reactive protein), and IL‐6 (interleukin‐6).

Methods and Results

We analyzed 379 individuals (age 18–66 years) from the HyperPATH (International Hypertensive Pathotype), who were maintained on ≥200 mEq of sodium daily for 1 week. We calculated a 14‐point summative LS7 score according to participants' baseline data. Based on the range of LS7 score in this population (3–14), we classified participants as “inadequate” (3–6), “average” (7–10), and “optimal” (11–14). Regression analyses found that a higher LS7 score group was associated with lower levels of serum and urinary aldosterone (
P
trend
<0.001 and
P
trend
=0.001, respectively), lower plasma renin activity (
P
trend
<0.001), and a blunted increase in serum aldosterone with angiotensin II infusion (
P
trend
=0.023). Being in the “optimal” LS7 score group was associated with lower serum CRP (
P
trend
=0.001) and IL‐6 (
P
trend
=0.001).

Conclusions
A higher LS7 score was associated with a lower activity of the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system and lower levels of the inflammatory markers CRP and IL‐6. These findings offer a possible link between ideal cardiovascular health targets and biomarkers known to play a central role in the development of cardiovascular disease.
Reversibility of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Lesions in Patients With Ischemic Stroke in the WAKE-UP Trial
Authors: Scheldeman Lauranne , Wouters Anke , Bertels Jeroen , Dupont Patrick , Cheng Bastian , Ebinger Martin , Endres Matthias , Fiebach Jochen B. , Gerloff Christian , Muir Keith W. , Nighoghossian Norbert , Pedraza Salvador , Simonsen Claus Z. , Thijs Vincent , Thomalla Götz , Lemmens Robin 
Published: May 2023

Background:
Reversibility of the diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesion means that not all of the DWI lesion represents permanently injured tissue. We investigated DWI reversibility and the association with thrombolysis, reperfusion and functional outcome in patients from the WAKE-UP trial (Efficacy and Safety of Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Based Thrombolysis in Wake-Up Stroke).

Methods:

In this retrospective analysis of WAKE-UP, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) between September 2012 and June 2017 in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Spain and United Kingdom, a convolutional neural network segmented the DWI lesions (b=1000 s/mm
2
) at baseline and follow-up (24 hours). We calculated absolute and relative DWI reversibility in 2 ways: first, a volumetric (baseline volume−24-hour volume >0) and second, a voxel-based (part of baseline lesion not overlapping with 24-hour lesion) approach. We additionally defined relative voxel-based DWI-reversibility >50% to account for coregistration inaccuracies. We calculated the odds ratio for reversibility according to treatment arm. We analyzed the association of reversibility with excellent functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score of 0–1), in a multivariable model.

Results:
In 363 patients, the median DWI volume was 3 (1–10) mL at baseline and 6 (2–20) mL at follow-up. Volumetric DWI reversibility was present in 19% (69/363) with a median absolute reversible volume of 1 mL (0–2) or 28% (14–50) relatively. Voxel-based DWI reversibility was present in 358/363 (99%) with a median absolute volume of 1 mL (0–2), or 22% (9–38) relatively. In 18% of the patients (67/363), relative voxel-based DWI reversibility >50% was present. Volumetric DWI reversibility and relative voxel-based DWI reversibility >50% was more frequent in patients treated with alteplase versus placebo (OR, 1.86 [95% CI, 1.09–3.17] and OR, 2.03 [95% CI, 1.18–3.50], respectively). Relative voxel-based DWI reversibility >50% was associated with excellent functional outcome (OR, 2.30 [95% CI, 1.17–4.51]).

Conclusions:
Small absolute volumes of DWI reversibility were present in a large proportion of randomized patients in the WAKE-UP trial. Reversibility was more often present after thrombolysis.
Rise or Recede? How Climate Disasters Affect Armed Conflict Intensity
Authors: Ide Tobias 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Disasters play a key role in debates about climate change, environmental stress, and security. A qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) investigates how major climate-related disasters shape the dynamics of ongoing armed conflicts. Quantitative and qualitative data are presented for twenty-one cases across Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. After climate-related disasters, 29 percent of these armed conflicts escalated, 33 percent de-escalated, and 38 percent did not change. Furthermore, only countries highly vulnerable to disasters experienced changes in conflict dynamics. Armed conflicts tend to escalate when the disaster induces shifts in relative power, whereby one conflict party (usually the rebels) subsequently scales up its military efforts. But if at least one conflict party is weakened by a disaster and the other lacks the capability to exploit this change, armed conflict intensity declines. Findings provide empirical support for a proposed power differential mechanism connecting climate-related disasters to armed conflict dynamics via short-term shifts in power relations between the conflict parties. Climate change can also act as a threat reducer by temporarily causing lower conflict intensity.
Dealers and Brokers in Civil Wars: Why States Delegate Rebel Support to Conduit Countries
Authors: Karlén Niklas , Rauta Vladimir 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
External state support to non-state armed groups is commonly seen as a direct relationship between a state sponsor and a rebel group. But powerful states often use third-party states as conduits of military aid. These intermediary states are secondary, subordinate principals that are part of extended chains of “dual delegation.” Because intermediaries are likely to have their own separate agendas, powerful states often face a double principal-agent problem when providing material support to rebel groups. The difficulties and problems associated with controlling the agent are reflected in the relationship between the principal and the intermediary. States need to identify the alignment of interests at an early stage, or risk strategic failure. There are two ideal types of intermediaries—dealers and brokers. Case studies of the United States’ support to the Mujahideen in Afghanistan and to UNITA in Angola (channeled through Pakistan and Zaire, respectively) demonstrate that intermediaries affect the provision of external support. States engaging in counterterrorism need to look beyond sponsors of terrorism and explore the role of all states involved in the process of conflict delegation. That states use intermediaries when providing support to non-state armed groups indicates that holding states accountable for violating the nonintervention principle under international law should be reconsidered.
Listening to Yourself and Watching Your Tongue: Distinct Abilities and Brain Regions for Monitoring Semantic and Phonological Speech Errors
Authors: McCall Joshua D. , DeMarco Andrew T. , Mandal Ayan S. , Fama Mackenzie E. , van der Stelt Candace M. , Lacey Elizabeth H. , Laks Alycia B. , Snider Sarah F. , Friedman Rhonda B. , Turkeltaub Peter E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Despite the many mistakes we make while speaking, people can effectively communicate because we monitor our speech errors. However, the cognitive abilities and brain structures that support speech error monitoring are unclear. There may be different abilities and brain regions that support monitoring phonological speech errors versus monitoring semantic speech errors. We investigated speech, language, and cognitive control abilities that relate to detecting phonological and semantic speech errors in 41 individuals with aphasia who underwent detailed cognitive testing. Then, we used support vector regression lesion symptom mapping to identify brain regions supporting detection of phonological versus semantic errors in a group of 76 individuals with aphasia. The results revealed that motor speech deficits as well as lesions to the ventral motor cortex were related to reduced detection of phonological errors relative to semantic errors. Detection of semantic errors selectively related to auditory word comprehension deficits. Across all error types, poor cognitive control related to reduced detection. We conclude that monitoring of phonological and semantic errors relies on distinct cognitive abilities and brain regions. Furthermore, we identified cognitive control as a shared cognitive basis for monitoring all types of speech errors. These findings refine and expand our understanding of the neurocognitive basis of speech error monitoring.
A French Manuscript on Trade and Diplomacy in Iran during the Zand Era
Authors: Preud’homme Nicolas J. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
A highly interesting memoir about Iran, written by Jean-François-Xavier Rousseau (1738–1808), an agent of the French East India Company (Compagnie des Indes orientales) in Basra, apparently unpublished and unknown until now, covers the political situation of the late Zand period of the 1770s in an effort to promote French trade in the Persian Gulf. This text, entitled Situation actuelle du royaume de Perse (The Current Situation of the Kingdom of Persia), is a valuable document that sheds light on the French commercial strategy towards Iran and testifies to the social contacts between European merchants, diplomats, local rulers, and the Zand court in the eighteenth century.
Univerbation and prosodic change
Authors: Wandl Florian 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This paper argues that the unexpected accentuation of the Slavic definite adjectives inflecting according to accent paradigms b and c can be convincingly explained by considering the relative chronology of the rise of the definite adjective and certain changes in the prosody of Slavic. It is supposed that the construction eventually becoming the definite adjective arose at a time when paradigmatic mobility had not yet developed in oxytone o- and ā-stem adjectives and when word-final vowels had not yet been shortened. Endings which were internalized due to the attachment of the enclitic definiteness marker, therefore, preserved their original prosodic features. Later accent retractions such as Dybo’s law and Ivšić’s law as well as paradigmatic leveling then resulted in the attested accentuation. As an exemplary case, the Slavic definite adjective accentuation is interesting for studying the prosodic development of word forms resulting from univerbation of two originally independent elements.
Functional Variation of German Also across Registers and Speaker Groups
Authors: Labrenz Annika 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This study investigates the variation of the polyfunctional linguistic item also across registers and language contact settings. I present findings from a corpus study using the corpus of the Research Unit Emerging Grammars, RUEG for short (Wiese et al., 2019), which provides comparable, register-differentiated data of bilingual and monolingual speakers of German in Germany and bilingual heritage speakers of German in the US. The data suggest that functional variation of a specific lexical item reflects the use of functional features in specific communicative situations. The data further indicate an impact of the societal status that a language occupies in the larger society (majority vs. heritage language) on the distribution of such functions.
The ‘Bronze Age’ Concept and Nubia during the Second Millennium bce: Does One Size Fit All?
Authors: de Souza Aaron 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This paper considers the extent to which ancient Nubian cultures might be considered ‘Bronze Age’ during the Second Millennium bce and questions the application of the term ‘Bronze Age’ to Middle Nubian cultures in some scholarly discourse. Using evidence from Nubian cemeteries and settlements in the Nile Valley, it is argued that while the Kerma culture and ancient Kush might be seen to participate in Bronze Age networks, other contemporaneous Nubian cultures did not directly participate. The author stresses the important of defining terminologies and a deeper consideration of Eurocentric perspectives when studying ancient northeast African cultures.
Retailers’ perspectives on the prevention of underage tobacco and electronic nicotine delivery system sales
Authors: Jayawardene Wasantha , Parker Maria , Blume Catherine , McDaniel Justin , Agley Jon 
Published: May 2023

Background: Tobacco retailers have an important role to play in reducing access to tobacco among youth, but in the USA, their role has become more complicated because of recent developments in policies and industry, such as the Indiana Tobacco-21 law and the rising popularity of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) products. This study aimed to explore Indiana retailers’ knowledge, attitudes, and skills related to the prevention of underage sales of tobacco and ENDS products and identify retailers’ needs for further education and training. Methods: The study involved a secondary analysis of anonymous cross-sectional data from the 2020 Indiana Tobacco Compliance Survey conducted by the Indiana Division of Mental Health and Addiction (DMHA). Managers and owners of retail stores who sold tobacco or ENDS products (i.e., large corporate-owned stores and smaller venues such as tobacco shops, vapour shops, and convenience stores) were eligible for inclusion. Records of retailers’ tobacco certificates were utilised for random sampling. Subgroup comparisons were conducted using chi-square tests. Results: The survey sample ( n = 102) included participants from all 10 DMHA planning regions in Indiana and all types of tobacco retail stores. Many retailers did not know about or understand the negative impacts of ENDS products on young people or existing regulations to minimise these impacts and the Indiana State Tobacco-21 law. Retailers in larger stores had a greater objective knowledge and reported more frequent prevention programme utilisation than smaller stores (e.g., by means of ‘We Card’). Conclusions: Underage tobacco sale prevention procedures varied significantly, but resources such as ‘We Card’ and ‘This is Our Watch’ were more popular than alternatives. Retailers reported a need for more convenient education and training options on how to check photo identification and refuse sales to minors.
Occupational therapy students’ perception on mental health recovery: A descriptive qualitative exploration
Authors: Kuek Jonathan Han Loong , Tan Bhing Leet , Tan Cynthia Jia Ning , Boh Charlyn , Koh Ghee Kian , Owyong Jenna Qing Yun , Goh Yong Shian 
Published: May 2023

Introduction:In occupational therapy, emphasis is placed on the complex interplay between the client, the occupation and the environment, providing an opportunity for its practitioners to adopt recovery-oriented outcomes in interventions for people with mental health conditions. In this study, we seek to understand occupational therapy undergraduates’ perceptions of recovery for people with mental health conditions.Method:A qualitative descriptive study was conducted at a university in Singapore, which provides a pre-registration occupational therapy programme. Seventeen undergraduates were recruited (year 1, n = 5; year 2, n = 7 and year 3, n = 5). A semi-structured interview guide was used during the interview. Data collection took place from June to August 2022.Results:Using thematic analysis, two macro themes were discerned: the understanding of mental health conditions and the meanings of recovery. Sub-themes were created under each grouping to describe the data.Conclusions:This study explored the perceptions of mental health recovery among occupational therapy undergraduates. Occupational therapy students appeared to be well-aligned with personal and functional recovery perspectives when providing support for people with mental health conditions. However, there seems to be a need to emphasise the more nuanced aspects of delivering care within the culturally diverse setting of Singapore.
Severe hepatotoxicity during treatment with capmatinib
Authors: Valencia Soto Carmen María , Martínez Callejo Virginia , García-Avello Fernández-Cueto Adela , Villacañas Palomares María Victoria , Barbadillo Villanueva Sara , Ochagavía Sufrategui María , López-Brea Piqueras Marta Francisca , Valero Domínguez Marta 
Published: May 2023

Introduction Capmatinib is a mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) inhibitor authorized for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with MET exon 14 skipping mutation treatment in adult patients. Case report We report a case of an elderly female with a diagnosis of metastatic NSCLC with MET exon 14 skipping mutation who developed a severe hepatotoxicity after 7 weeks under treatment with capmatinib. Management & Outcome Capmatinib was immediately discontinued. Hepatotoxicity is included as “warning and precautions” in the product information sheet. The patient was admitted with severe acute hepatitis, secondary hypocoagulability and acute deterioration of renal function. She experienced a rapid worsening with a fatal outcome three days after admission. The causal relationship between capmatinib and the appearance of hepatotoxicity was determined as probable according to Naranjo's modified Karch and Lasagna's imputability algorithm. Discussion The recognition and diagnosis of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) are often difficult and delayed. Molecularly targeted agents require careful assessment of liver function both prior to and during therapy. Capmatinib hepatotoxicity is an infrequent but severe adverse drug reaction (ADR). Prescribing information includes recommendations about liver function monitoring. The main approachment for DILI is the removal of the causative agent. Detection and communication of ADRs to the Pharmacovigilance Systems have special relevance for novel drugs, with little data in real life setting.
Basal evaluation and rates of progression based on visual fields in six different glaucoma types of a large population
Authors: García Caride Sara , Sáenz-francés San Baldomero Federico , Morales Fernández Laura , Perucho González Lucia , García Feijoo Julián , Martínez de la Casa José María 
Published: May 2023

Purpose The aim of this study is to analyze the distribution of visual field (VF) mean defect (MD) in six subgroups of glaucoma patients at baseline and follow-up. Methods We assessed glaucoma patients treated in a Spanish tertiary care setting with a follow-up of at least 10 months. We have included 1036 visual fields and the following glaucoma subtypes: open-Angle Glaucoma (OAG); Angle-Closure Glaucoma (ACG); Congenital Glaucoma (CG); Ocular hypertension (OHT); Pseudoexfoliative Glaucoma (PSXG); Pigmentary Glaucoma (PG). We have calculated the baseline MD and the progression MD. We have stratified the MD progression in slow (MD rate > −0.5 dB/year); moderate (MD rate between −0.5 and −1 dB/year) fast (MD rate between −1 and −2 dB/year) and catastrophic (<−2 dB/year) progression and their glaucoma subtype. Results The glaucoma types with the worse baseline MD were CG and PG. We found significant differences after comparing the baseline MD of CG and OAG, ACG, OHT and between PG and OHT. Concerning the MD progression rate: OAG 73.54% showed slow MD progression rate; 9.85% fast; 7.3% moderate and 9.3% catastrophic. ACG 82.22% slow; 8.89% moderate; 2.22% fast and 6.67% catastrophic. CG 68.83% slow; 9.09% fast; 7.79% moderate and 14.29% catastrophic. OHT 88.6% slow; 6.14% moderate; 4.39% fast and 0.88% catastrophic. PSXG 63.24% slow, 13.24% moderate; 8.8% fast and 14.7% catastrophic. PG 89.29% slow; 3.57% moderate and 7.1% fast. Conclusions The CG requires special attention because of its aggressive presentation and progression.