bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Considering skin-to-muscle depth for successful intramuscular injections in an increasingly obese population
Authors: Hemingway Steve , Lui Steve , White Jacqueline 
Published: July 2023

Background: Intramuscular (IM) injection practice is an essential nursing skill. Current practice relies on clinical judgement to determine needle length (unless specified in the medicine's product licence). Obesity is increasing in the global population, but guidelines have largely ignored how to select needle length to meet individual patient need. Aim: The aim of this review was to systematically review the skin-to-muscle depth required to achieve injection into muscle in adults. The objectives were to identify any implications of obesity status when selecting an appropriate needle length and site in clinical practice. Search and review methodology: Studies of subjects above the age of 18 years using observational or experimental designs where the distance from the skin to muscle had been measured at any IM injection site, and obesity status was reported, were included in the search strategy. The primary outcome of interest was the distance from skin surface to muscle penetration. Findings: 14 studies were identified that investigated the dorsogluteal, ventrogluteal, deltoid and vastus lateralis sites, all used cross-sectional observational designs. Ten used ultrasound, three used computed tomography (CT) and one used magnetic resonance imaging. Obesity status was reported as BMI or hip-to-waist ratio. In all studies there was a correlation between obesity status and the distance from skin surface to muscle. In females this exceeded 37 mm at both gluteal sites, independent of obesity status. Conclusions: There should be an assessment of obesity status before selecting needle length for IM injections in both genders. Needles longer than the standard 37 mm are recommended for all females, whatever their obesity status, for any gluteal site. Injections into gluteal sites should be avoided in females who are obese. Deltoid injections are more likely to achieve muscle penetration in both genders, and in patients who are overweight or obese. Further research is required.
Less early subsidence of cemented Exeter short stems compared with cemented Exeter standard stems in Dorr type A femurs
Authors: Jørgensen Peter B. , Jakobsen Stig S. , Vainorius Dovydas , Homilius Morten , Hansen Torben B. , Stilling Maiken 
Published: July 2023

AimsThe Exeter short stem was designed for patients with Dorr type A femora and short-term results are promising. The aim of this study was to evaluate the minimum five-year stem migration pattern of Exeter short stems in comparison with Exeter standard stems.MethodsIn this case-control study, 25 patients (22 female) at mean age of 78 years (70 to 89) received cemented Exeter short stem (case group). Cases were selected based on Dorr type A femora and matched first by Dorr type A and then age to a control cohort of 21 patients (11 female) at mean age of 74 years (70 to 89) who received with cemented Exeter standard stems (control group). Preoperatively, all patients had primary hip osteoarthritis and no osteoporosis as confirmed by dual X-ray absorptiometry scanning. Patients were followed with radiostereometry for evaluation of stem migration (primary endpoint), evaluation of cement quality, and Oxford Hip Score. Measurements were taken preoperatively, and at three, 12, and 24 months and a minimum five-year follow-up.ResultsAt three months, subsidence of the short stem -0.87 mm (95% confidence interval (CI) -1.07 to -0.67) was lower compared to the standard stem -1.59 mm (95% CI -1.82 to -1.36; p < 0.001). Both stems continued a similar pattern of subsidence until five-year follow-up. At five-year follow-up, the short stem had subsided mean -1.67 mm (95% CI -1.98 to -1.36) compared to mean -2.67 mm (95% CI -3.03 to -2.32) for the standard stem (p < 0.001). Subsidence was not influenced by preoperative bone quality (osteopenia vs normal) or cement mantle thickness.ConclusionThe standard Exeter stem had more early subsidence compared with the short Exeter stem in patients with Dorr type A femora, but thereafter a similar migration pattern of subsidence until minimum five years follow-up. Both the standard and the short Exeter stems subside. The standard stem subsides more compared to the short stem in Dorr type A femurs. Subsidence of the Exeter stems was not affected by cement mantle thickness.Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(7):507–515.
Dual-wavelength off-axis digital holography in ImageJ: toward real-time phase retrieval using CUDA streams
Authors: Zhong Zhi , Song Diyao , Liu Lei , Chen Xiaolei , Shan Mingguang 
Published: July 2023

An ImageJ plug-in is developed to realize automatic real-time phase
reconstruction for dual-wavelength digital holography (DH). This
plug-in assembles the algorithms, including automatic phase
reconstruction based on the division algorithm and post-processing.
These algorithms are implemented and analyzed using a CPU and GPU,
respectively. To hide the CPU-to-GPU data transfer latency, an
optimization scheme using Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA)
streams is proposed in ImageJ. Experimental results show that the
proposed plug-in can perform faster reconstruction for dual-wavelength
DH, resulting in frame rates up to 48 fps even for
one-megapixel digital holograms on a normal PC. In other words, the
proposed plug-in can realize real-time phase reconstruction for
dual-wavelength digital holographic videos.
Cost- and energy-efficient filterless architectures for metropolitan networks
Authors: Tremblay Christine , Archambault Émile , Wilson Rodney G. , Clelland Stewart , Furdek Marija , Wosinska Lena 
Published: July 2023

Network operators are forced to find cost- and energy-efficient solutions for networks supporting new and emerging services with strict latency and ultra-high-capacity requirements. A disruptive approach for delivering network agility in a cost- and energy-efficient manner is employing filterless optical networking based on broadcast-and-select nodes and coherent transceivers. The filterless network concept has been widely studied for terrestrial and submarine applications. In this paper, we investigate the performance of filterless optical networks in metropolitan core and aggregation networks where agility is required due to service dynamics, customer changes, and service flexibility requirements. We compare our results with a conventional metro network based on active switching. The results show that the filterless metro network based on a hierarchical structure similar to its active switching counterpart has comparable installed first cost and spectrum usage at 11 Tb/s of total traffic, as well as cost and wavelength consumption advantages of 19.5% and 16%, respectively, at 107 Tb/s of total traffic. These results confirm that the filterless architecture is an attractive alternative for metro network deployments.
Universal mask for hard x rays
Authors: Ceddia David , Aminzadeh Alaleh , Cook Philip K. , Pelliccia Daniele , Kingston Andrew M. , Paganin David M. 
Published: July 2023

The penetrating power of x rays underpins important applications such
as medical radiography. However, this same attribute makes it
challenging to achieve flexible on-demand patterning of x-ray beams.
One possible path to this goal is “ghost projection,” a method that
may be viewed as a reversed form of classical ghost imaging. This
technique employs multiple exposures of a single illuminated
non-configurable mask that is transversely displaced to a number of
specified positions to create any desired pattern. An experimental
proof of concept is given for this idea, using hard x rays. The
written pattern is arbitrary, up to a tunable constant offset, and its
spatial resolution is limited by both (i) the finest features
present in the illuminated mask and (ii) inaccuracies in mask
positioning and mask exposure time. In principle, the method could be
used to make a universal lithographic mask in the hard-x-ray regime.
Ghost projection might also be used as a dynamically configurable
beam-shaping element, namely, the hard-x-ray equivalent of a spatial
light modulator. The underpinning principle can also be applied to
gamma rays, neutrons, electrons, muons, and atomic beams. Our flexible
approach to beam shaping gives a potentially useful means to
manipulate such fields.
Evaluation of an organisational-level monetary incentive to promote the health and wellbeing of workers in small and medium-sized enterprises: A mixed-methods cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Al-Khudairy Lena , Akram Yasmin , Watson Samuel I. , Kudrna Laura , Hofman Joanna , Nightingale Madeline , Alidu Lailah , Rudge Andrew , Rawdin Clare , Ghosh Iman , Mason Frances , Perera Chinthana , Wright Jane , Boachie Joseph , Hemming Karla , Vlaev Ivo , Russell Sean , Lilford Richard J. 
Published: July 2023

We conducted an independent evaluation on the effectiveness of an organisational-level monetary incentive to encourage small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to improve employees’ health and wellbeing. This was A mixed-methods cluster randomised trial with four arms: high monetary incentive, low monetary incentive, and two no monetary incentive controls (with or without baseline measurements to examine ‘reactivity’ The consequence of particpant awareness of being studied, and potential impact on participant behavior effects). SMEs with 10–250 staff based in West Midlands, England were eligible. We randomly selected up to 15 employees at baseline and 11 months post-intervention. We elicited employee perceptions of employers’ actions to improve health and wellbeing; and employees’ self-reported health behaviours and wellbeing. We also interviewed employers and obtained qualitative data. One hundred and fifty-two SMEs were recruited. Baseline assessments were conducted in 85 SMEs in three arms, and endline assessments in 100 SMEs across all four arms. The percentage of employees perceiving “positive action” by their employer increased after intervention (5 percentage points, pp [95% Credible Interval -3, 21] and 3pp [–9, 17], in models for high and low incentive groups). Across six secondary questions about specific issues the results were strongly and consistently positive, especially for the high incentive. This was consistent with qualitative data and quantitative employer interviews. However, there was no evidence of any impact on employee health behaviour or wellbeing outcomes, nor evidence of ‘reactivity’. An organisational intervention (a monetary incentive) changed employee perceptions of employer behaviour but did not translate into changes in employees’ self-reports of their own health behaviours or wellbeing.
Trial registration: AEARCTR-0003420, registration date: 17.10.2018, retrospectively registered (delays in contracts and identfying a suitable trial registry). The authors confirm that there are no ongoing and related trials for this intervention.
Small change, big difference: A promising praziquantel derivative designated P96 with broad-spectrum antischistosomal activity for chemotherapy of schistosomiasis japonica
Authors: Xu Jing , Dong Lan-Lan , Sun Huan , Huang Ping , Zhang Run-Ze , Wang Xin-Yi , Sun De-Qun , Xia Chao-Ming 
Published: July 2023

Background
Praziquantel (PZQ) has been the first line antischistosomal drug for all species of Schistosoma, and the only available drug for schistosomiasis japonica, without any alternative drugs since the 1980s. However, PZQ cannot prevent reinfection, and cannot cure schistosomiasis thoroughly because of its poor activity against juvenile schistosomes. In addition, reliance on a single drug is extremely dangerous, the development and spread of resistance to PZQ is becoming a great concern. Therefore, development of novel drug candidates for treatment and control of schistosomiasis is urgently needed.

Methodologys/principal findings
One of the PZQ derivative christened P96 with the substitution of cyclohexyl by cyclopentyl was synthesized by School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Shandong University. We investigated the in vitro and in vivo activities of P96 against different developmental stages of S. japonicum. Parasitological studies and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the primary action characteristics of P96 in vitro. Both mouse and rabbit models were employed to evaluate schistosomicidal efficacy of P96 in vivo. Besides calculation of worm reduction rate and egg reduction rate, quantitative real-time PCR was used to evaluate the in vivo antischistosomal activity of P96 at molecular level. In vitro, after 24h exposure, P96 demonstrated the highest activities against both juvenile and adult worm of S. japonicum in comparison to PZQ. The antischistosomal efficacy was concentration-dependent, with P96 at 50μM demonstrating the most evident schistosomicidal effect. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that P96 caused more severe damages to schistosomula and adult worm tegument compared to PZQ. In vivo, our results showed that P96 was effective against S. japonicum at all developmental stages. Notably, its efficacy against young stage worms was significantly improved compared to PZQ. Moreover, P96 retained the high activity comparable to PZQ against the adult worm of S. japonicum.

Conclusions
P96 is a promising drug candidate for chemotherapy of schistosomiasis japonica, which has broad spectrum of action against various developmental stage, potentially addressing the deficiency of PZQ. It might be promoted as a drug candidate for use either alone or in combination with PZQ for the treatment of schistosomiasis.
Risk factors for COVID-19 infections among health care workers in Ghana
Authors: Lartey Margaret , Kenu Ernest , Ganu Vincent Jessey , Asiedu-Bekoe Franklin , Opoku Baafour Kofi , Yawson Alfred , Ohene Sally-Ann 
Published: July 2023

Introduction
Health care workers (HCWs) are crucial to the fight against COVID-19 and are at risk of being infected. We sought to determine the risk factors and associations of COVID-19 among HCWs in Ghana during the period of the pandemic.

Materials and methods
A case-control study was conducted using the WHO COVID-19 HCWs exposure risk assessment tool. A HCW was categorized as “high risk” for COVID-19 if s/he did not respond “always, as recommended” to adherence to Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) measures during a healthcare interaction. A HCW was categorized as “low risk” if s/he responded “always, as recommended” to adherence to IPC measures. We used univariate and multiple logistic regression models to determine associated risk factors. Statistical significance was set at 5%.

Results
A total of 2402 HCWs were recruited and the mean age was 33.2±7.1 years. Almost 87% (1525/1745) of HCWs had high risk for COVID-19 infection. Risk factors identified were profession (doctor- aOR: 2.13, 95%CI: 1.54–2.94; radiographer—aOR: 1.16, 95% CI: 0.44–3.09)), presence of comorbidity (aOR: 1.89, 95%CI: 1.29–2.78), community exposure to virus (aOR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.03–1.55), not performing hand hygiene before and after aseptic procedures performed (aOR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.05–2.45); not frequently decontaminating high-touch surfaces always as recommended (aOR: 2.31, 95%CI: 1.65–3.22; p = 0.001) and contact with a confirmed COVID-19 patient (aOR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.15–1.67). Among those who came into any form of contact with confirmed COVID-19 patient, providing direct care (aOR: 2.0, 95%CI: 1.36–2.94), face-to-face contact (aOR: 2.23, 95%CI: 1.41–3.51), contact with environment/materials used by COVID-19 patient (aOR: 2.25, 95%CI: 1.45–3.49) and presence during conduct of aerosol generating procedures (aOR: 2.73, 95%CI: 1.74–4.28) were associated with COVID-19 infection.

Conclusion
Non-adherence to IPC guidelines puts HCWs at increased risk of COVID-19 infection thus ensuring IPC adherence is key to reducing this risk.
昨天今天明天： 內地與香港電影的政治、 藝術與傳統 (Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow: Hong Kong Cinema with Sino-links in Politics, Art, and Tradition), 吳國坤 Kenny K. K. Ng (2021)
Authors: Yeung Jessica Siu-yin , Cheuk Michael Ka-chi 
Published: July 2023

Review of: 昨天今天明天： 內地與香港電影的政治、 藝術與傳統 (Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow: Hong Kong Cinema with Sino-links in Politics, Art, and Tradition), 吳國坤 Kenny K. K. Ng (2021)
Hong Kong: Chunghwa Bookstore, 288 pp.,
ISBN 978-9-88875-897-5, p/bk, $16.31
Resurgence of measles infection among children: findings from a surveillance-based population study
Authors: Zaini Na’eemah , Idris Idayu Badilla , Mhd. Din Intan Azura , Ahmad Norfazilah 
Published: July 2023

Background There has been a resurgence of measles infection in countries with high vaccination rates, including Malaysia. Understanding the geographical variation in measles resurgence and associated factors is important for measles prevention and control programs, especially where local information is scarce.
Objective To determine the incidence of laboratory-confirmed measles infection and associated factors in the state of Melaka, in the southern region of Malaysia.
Methods We obtained measles surveillance data for 4 years (January 2015 to December 2018) from the e-Measles national database. A comparative cross-sectional study was carried out on these data involving children who had been selected through convenience sampling.
Results A total of 130 laboratory-confirmed measles cases and 213 non-measles cases were included in the study. Among the laboratory-confirmed cases, 56 (43.1%) had not been vaccinated against measles virus. Thirty-eight cases (51.4%) had received at least one dose of measles vaccine, while 36 cases (48.6%) had completed two doses of measles vaccination. There was a higher risk of contracting laboratory-confirmed measles among unvaccinated children (OR 19.39, 95%CI 8.82 to 42.6, P<0.001) and children aged 8–18 years (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.76, P=0.005)
Conclusion Unvaccinated children and children aged 8–18 years have a higher risk of contracting laboratory-confirmed measles. The policy on routine immunization should be strengthened, the vaccine should be accessible to all children, and all children and adolescents should be given booster vaccinations.
Preoperative Risk Factors for Adverse Events in Adults Undergoing Bowel Resection for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: 15-Year Assessment of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program
Authors: Fernandez Cristina , Gajic Zoran , Esen Eren , Remzi Feza , Hudesman David , Adhikari Samrachana , McAdams-DeMarco Mara , Segev Dorry L. , Chodosh Joshua , Dodson John , Shaukat Aasma , Faye Adam S. 
Published: July 2023

INTRODUCTION:
Older adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at higher risk for postoperative complications as compared to their younger counterparts; however, factors contributing to this are unknown. We assessed risk factors associated with adverse IBD-related surgical outcomes, evaluated trends in emergency surgery, and explored differential risks by age.

METHODS:
Using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, we identified adults ≥18 years of age who underwent an IBD-related intestinal resection from 2005 to 2019. Our primary outcome included a 30-day composite of mortality, readmission, reoperation, and/or major postoperative complication.

RESULTS:
Overall, 49,746 intestinal resections were performed with 9,390 (18.8%) occurring among older adults with IBD. Nearly 37% of older adults experienced an adverse outcome as compared to 28.1% among younger adults with IBD (P < 0.01). Among all adults with IBD, the presence of preoperative sepsis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.94–2.24), malnutrition (aOR, 1.22; 95% CI 1.14–1.31), dependent functional status (aOR, 6.92; 95% CI 4.36–11.57), and requiring emergency surgery (aOR, 1.50; 95% CI 1.38–1.64) increased the odds of an adverse postoperative outcome, with similar results observed when stratifying by age. Furthermore, 8.8% of surgeries among older adults were emergent, with no change observed over time (P = 0.16).

DISCUSSION:
Preoperative factors contributing to the risk of an adverse surgical outcome are similar between younger and older individuals with IBD, and include elements such as malnutrition and functional status. Incorporating these measures into surgical decision-making can reduce surgical delays in older individuals at low risk and help target interventions in those at high risk, transforming care for thousands of older adults with IBD.
Effect of 3-Dimensional Imaging Device on Polyp and Adenoma Detection During Colonoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Sun Xiujing , Zhang Qian , Wu Shanshan , Xu Changqin , Zhang Yang , Hao Xiaowen , Meng Ying , Jiao Yue , Li Hongmei , Zhu Siying , Zhou Yanhua , Liu Kuiliang , Xu Hongwei , Zhu Shengtao , Zhang Shutian 
Published: July 2023

INTRODUCTION:
To evaluate the effect of 3-dimensional (3D) imaging device on polyp and adenoma detection during colonoscopy.

METHODS:
In a single-blind, randomized controlled trial, participants aged 18–70 years who underwent diagnostic or screening colonoscopy were consecutively enrolled between August 2019 and May 2022. Each participant was randomized in a 1:1 ratio to undergo either 2-dimensional (2D-3D) colonoscopy or 3D-2D colonoscopy through computer-generated random numbers. Primary outcome included polyp detection rate (PDR) and adenoma detection rate (ADR), defined as the proportion of individuals with at least 1 polyp or adenoma detected during colonoscopy. The primary analysis was intention-to-treat.

RESULTS:
Of 1,196 participants recruited, 571 in 2D-3D group and 583 in 3D-2D group were finally included after excluding those who met the exclusion criteria. The PDR between 2D and 3D groups was separately 39.6% and 40.5% during phase 1 (odds ratio [OR] = 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.76–1.22, P = 0.801), whereas PDR was significantly higher in 3D group (27.7%) than that of 2D group (19.9%) during phase 2, with a 1.54-fold increase (1.17–2.02, P = 0.002). Similarly, the ADR during phase 1 between 2D (24.7%) and 3D (23.8%) groups was not significant (OR = 1.05, 0.80–1.37, P = 0.788), while ADR was significantly higher in 3D group (13.8%) than that of 2D group (9.9%) during phase 2, with a 1.45-fold increase (1.01–2.08, P = 0.041). Further subgroup analysis confirmed significantly higher PDR and ADR of 3D group during phase 2, particularly in midlevel and junior endoscopists.

DISCUSSION:
The 3D imaging device could improve overall PDR and ADR during colonoscopy, particularly in midlevel and junior endoscopists. Trial number: ChiCTR1900025000.
Liver Mass Caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum: A Rare Case Diagnosed by EUS-FNA
Authors: Jao Yue-Sai , Martinez Lemuel , Carlo Victor J. , Micames Carlos G. 
Published: July 2023

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium fortuitum is associated with skin and soft-tissue infections, yet isolated liver involvement is rare. A 67-year-old asymptomatic man was referred for endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) to evaluate a gastric lesion and an incidental liver mass. EUS revealed a heterogeneous liver mass that was sampled. Pathology revealed necrotic granulomatous inflammation and positive acid-fast bacilli stain with M. fortuitum deoxyribonucleic acid. Levofloxacin plus trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole for 3 months were used for complete resolution of liver lesion. Isolated nontuberculous liver involvement is uncommon. We report the first case of a liver mass caused by M. fortuitum diagnosed by EUS-fine needle aspiration.