bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Imitation of Hanshan’s Poems in Zhongfeng Extensive Record
Authors: Broughton Jeffrey L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This poetry collection consists of one hundred pentasyllabic octets on the model of Hanshan’s Poems. Zhongfeng’s collection is a consistent warning to Chan practitioners about what is required and what must be avoided in practicing Chan (canchan 參禪). In fact, each poem begins with the phrase “practicing Chan.” The patterns are as follows: In practicing Chan, do not . . . ; In practicing Chan, such and such is proper; In practicing Chan, it is necessary to . . . ; Practicing Chan is for the sake of . . . ; In practicing Chan, there is no . . . ; Practicing Chan is not . . . ; Practicing Chan cuts off . . . ; Practicing Chan is supreme in . . .; Practicing Chan is not about . . . . Zhongfeng’s “imitations” are not rooted in the themes of Hanshan’s Poems.
Cross-Legged Sitting Chan Admonitions (with Preface) in Zhongfeng Extensive Record
Authors: Broughton Jeffrey L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This is a short “admonition” on the topic of cross-legged Chan sitting. Admonitions are a prose genre that warns against harmful action and exhorts the practitioner to better conduct. If the Chan practitioner doesn’t understand samsara, everything is useless hustling and bustling about. “Don’t trouble yourself over [Chan’s slogans] direct pointing and the single transmission. Loosen your belly skin and simply maintain.” Thirty years of practice in the world is nothing to be bothered about. Keep the huatou fixed. The 1700 Chan standards are decomposed kudzu vines. At the end is a warning about using this work as a model to compose one’s own Cross-Legged Sitting Chan Admonitions.
Ten Poems on Living in Town in Zhongfeng Extensive Record
Authors: Broughton Jeffrey L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Translation 9 is a collection of ten poems about living in town. The “town” is said to be the major city Kaifeng, though Zhongfeng may never have been there. There is no mention in the biographical sources of Zhongfeng’s going to the city of Kaifeng. The poems state that there is no dharma apart from the visual forms of the lively town, that living in town is the closest thing to the real. The city can serve as the home of a Chan monk. Zhongfeng describes himself as “a mendicant without any plan.” The ascetic practitioner is satisfied with the town-living mode. Zhongfeng speaks of “a Chan summer rainy season retreat in the town marketplace.” The poems are about “the recluse in town.”
Selections from Zhongfeng Dharma Talks in Zhongfeng Record B
Authors: Broughton Jeffrey L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Translation 10 consists of seventeen selected dharma talks. Students bring paper and ask Zhongfeng for an instruction—he proceeds to write one out. Fifteen of the recipients are monks; two are laymen (both Japanese). There is also a Korean Sŏn monk. A very common theme is raising the huatou to awareness and producing the sensation of uncertainty about this huatou. Uncertainty is nothing other than the single great matter of samsara. There are numerous warnings not to be caught up in intellectual knowledge. The ancients awakened by having uncertainty about samsara; present-day Chan people awaken by having uncertainty about the huatou. Both awaken to the same Way. Practicing Chan involves no upāyas. Never produce any thought that serves as “backup” to the huatou. A person doing practice-work is like a thief. Huatous mentioned include wu, to where does the One return, and my original face.
Instructions to the Assembly from Zhongfeng Talks in Zhongfeng Record B
Authors: Broughton Jeffrey L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Translation 11 is a talk (“instructions to the assembly”) delivered before a ninety-day summer retreat period. The Head Seat and Rector come to Zhongfeng and explain that heavy rains are interfering with the approaching summer-retreat period. They suggest that Zhongfeng invite monks to have tea with him and deliver a warning whip, a short talk. Instead, he chooses to write out the talk. Zhongfeng states that, in ultimate terms, the summer retreat begins as soon as the practitioner first arouses the aspiration for awakening. The content of this written dharma talk exhorts the participants to constantly keep an eye on the huatou that has no meaning or taste: separating from the huatou is furtive mind. Zhongfeng says he has written this dharma talk as a substitute for the face-to-face meeting of a tea party.
Revolutionary Democracy
Authors: Hardt Michael 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In Mozambique, Angola, and Guinea-Bissau, the struggles against Portuguese colonial rule developed a notion of revolutionary democracy based on commission structures and radical participation. The fact that Portuguese colonial regimes left few governmental structures that could be used in constructing a postcolonial society provided an opportunity to invent new social and political forms. Popular power was a common notion to emerge from the movements as a structuring principle of a revolutionary democracy. Amilcar Cabral, a leader in Guinea-Bissau, was among those who developed most fully an innovative concept of democracy, especially in oral lessons that he delivered to relatively uneducated party members.
Promise of Another Democracy
Authors: Hardt Michael 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Protests erupted against South Korea’s military dictatorship and its imposition of martial law in May 1980. In Kwangju, citizens organized and rebelled against the dictatorship, successfully expelling the military from the city. Military forces, however, soon reentered the city and restored the military dictatorship. During the few days that the citizens held control of the city, they experimented with new forms of participatory governance, a period that come to be remembered and celebrated as the Kwangju Commune. This instance of participatory democracy, which refused representative structures, stands in contrast with the standard South Korean narrative of democratization that led toward liberal models. It signals instead the possibility of a different democratic form.
New Alliances Against the State
Authors: Hardt Michael 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes two struggles to prevent large state infrastructure projects: the expansion of a military base in the Larzac region of France and the construction of an airport to serve greater Tokyo in Sanrizuka, Japan. Both struggles, which took place in rural regions, were conducted by mounting encampments that blocked the construction projects for almost a decade. Most significant are the dynamics that developed within the encampments of different subjects, notably peasants and urban students, collaborating and together transforming their modes of organization and struggle. These experiences demonstrated both the power of encampents and the problems raised by this political tactic.
The End of Mediation
Authors: Hardt Michael 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In many different national contexts, activists recognized by the 1970s that protest was no longer an effective tool for change. The forms of mediation with which the state and other institutions had previously responded to labor unrest and social protest were no longer active. Instead, progressive and revolutionary movements were subject to increasingly intense forms of violence and repression. Theories of the end of mediation developed in this period foreshadow and cast a new light on more contemporary understandings of neoliberalism. The recognition among activists of the end of mediation led some organizations to opt for strategies of clandestine armed struggle and others to choose a dual strategy combining armed defense and democratic activity.
The Intended Consequences
Authors: Dettlaff Alan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 provides a comprehensive review of the harms that result from forcible family separations and placement in foster care to Black children, families, and communities. Through a thorough review of the research, these harms are described as vast and immense, significantly impacting Black children, families, and communities across generations. This chapter presents an argument that the harms that result from child welfare intervention are both known by actors within the child welfare system and provide evidence of the true intents of this system—the subjugation of Black Americans and the maintenance of White supremacy. Through the awareness of these harms, and knowingly allowing these harms to continue, the true intents of the child welfare system are revealed.
Are Some Properties Moral Status Enhancing?
Authors: Wendler David S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes five considerations which suggest that no properties are moral status enhancing. First, if some properties were moral status enhancing, an implausibly wide range of properties would be. Second, if it were possible for some properties to increase individuals’ level of moral status, it would also be possible for others to decrease it. The fact that there are no moral status decreasing properties thus implies that there are no degrees of moral status. Third, the fact that our actions do not influence our level of moral status suggests that our capacities do not either. Fourth, postulation of degrees of moral status is unable to explain why possession of some properties increases the importance of individuals’ interests, rights, or claims when it does not influence what they have at stake. Fifth, degrees of moral status requires non-arbitrary and morally relevant thresholds, which do not exist.
Is Suffering Really Worse in Humans?
Authors: Wendler David S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In light of the conclusion that there are no degrees of moral status, this chapter reconsiders whether pain and suffering really are morally worse when they occur in human beings rather than animals. It considers evidence that we downplay pain and suffering that we are not able to access personally, as well as the pain and suffering of individuals who are physically different from us. It also considers evolutionary reasons why we assume that we are morally more important than animals. The chapter concludes by arguing that we cannot know whether these factors are influencing our intuitions regarding the moral significance of pain and suffering; hence, these intuitions do not provide evidence that we are morally more important than animals.
Against High-Caste Polygamy
Authors: Vidyasagar Ishvarchandra 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This is the first-ever complete, annotated translation of Ishvarchandra Vidyasagar’s 1871 tract appealing to the British Indian government for legislation abolishing high-caste polygamy. In Bengal, the practice of plural marriage among Brahmin, Kayastha, and other caste communities came to be known as Kulinism. During the nineteenth century, European and Indian observers decried the custom whereby one husband was permitted to marry five, ten, or twenty women. Kulin wives rarely enjoyed marital life with their husbands and often suffered ostracism, neglect, and abuse. Vidyasagar’s work represents a detailed and eloquent indictment of Kulin polygamy that draws on Sanskrit legal literature, historical analysis, and innovative social research. While Vidyasagar had utilized a similar approach successfully to instigate passage of Act X of 1856 granting Hindu widows the right to remarry, following the Indian Rebellion in 1857, such appeals for government intervention lost favor among both British authorities and the Indian public. While Against High-Caste Polygamy may have failed to reach its goal, it nonetheless provides compelling evidence of the diverse tools a modern Brahmin pundit could deploy to press for public recognition of the plight of Kulin women in late nineteenth-century India.
Politics, Politicization, and Public Confidence
Authors: Feaver Peter D. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The public does not yet see the military as a hyperpartisan organization, but there are indications that many partisans would be willing to encourage the military to assume a more partisan role—as long as it remains on their side. A majority of the public believes that members of the military affiliate with a party, and the plurality view is that those affiliations are evenly divided between Republican and Democrats. Respondents are slightly more likely to believe the military aligns with their own party. Only about one-quarter of the public believes the military is too partisan, but Democrats are twice as likely as Republicans to believe this about the military. Overall, public confidence in the military does not derive strongly from a belief that the military is above partisan politics. Partisan politics may also limit the extent of military influence in practice. Military endorsements during a presidential campaign may break through to some independent voters and draw them away from a Republican candidate, but they are not enough to break through the partisan filters of most Democrats or Republicans who likely will support their party’s candidate come what may. Both Democrats and Republicans are far more tolerant of military criticism against their opponents than they are of criticism against their fellow partisans.
Social Desirability Bias
Authors: Feaver Peter D. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Public support for the military is partly due to social desirability bias. When respondents are primed to reflect on the high levels of confidence other Americans express, confidence in the military increases; when informed that confidence in the military among other Americans has dropped in recent years, however, confidence falls. Americans in the aggregate inflate their support for the military because they feel social pressure to do so. This bias shows up in most subgroups in the population, but it is most pronounced among the highly educated, minorities, women, younger people, and those with no family in the military. And, perhaps counterintuitively, this is especially pronounced among moderate Republicans. These findings provide clear evidence of what might be called “hollow confidence”: astronomical numbers of public support that reflect a certain amount of social pressure, with at least some individuals pretending to register confidence because they think that is the socially correct opinion to express. Social pressure and social desirability bias is not all of the story, as survey experiments demonstrate, but it is an underappreciated part of the story.
Supernal Serpent
Authors: Orlov Andrei A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This book is a wide-ranging study of Jewish and Christian traditions about Leviathan as the underworld’s ruler, the foundation of the world, and the embodiment of evil. It explores the Leviathan tradition in its full historical and interpretive complexity through a broad variety of texts, ranging from ancient West Asian accounts to later rabbinic and Muslim sources, paying special attention to the imagery found in the Book of Job, the Book of Revelation, and the Apocalypse of Abraham. The book demonstrates that, in some Jewish materials, Leviathan is envisioned as a living embodiment of the most profound divine mysteries, which are preserved by God from the beginning of Creation but will be revealed fully at the end of time.
Leviathan and Yahoel
Authors: Orlov Andrei A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The third chapter, “Leviathan and Yahoel,” deals with the traditions reflected in chapter 10 of the Apocalypse of Abraham, where the main angelic protagonist of the story, Yahoel, is portrayed as a restraining force over Leviathan. The chapter demonstrates that the angel’s credentials as the personification of the divine Name and the embodiment of God’s Glory are closely related to his ability to exercise control over Leviathan. The chapter shows that the closest antecedent for Yahoel’s controlling powers over the monster comes from God’s own battle against Leviathan. It is these divine strategies for subduing the primordial reptile, reflected in early and late Jewish accounts, that eventually provide the ultimate insight into Yahoel’s way of handling monster in the Apocalypse of Abraham.
From Solitary Heroes to Collective Action
Authors: Nelsen Matthew D. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 asks thirty Chicago high schoolers within four Chicago neighborhoods to reflect upon the historical narratives found within different accounts of American history. While Chapter 3 identifies a causal relationship between course content and political participation, Chapter 4 clarifies why the content is so effective. Analyses of students’ own understanding and interpretation of social studies content, coupled with additional experimental data, enables a more comprehensive examination of the mechanisms that connect course content to intended participation. This mixed-method approach confirms that Black, Latinx, and Asian youth describe feeling more politically empowered when the agency of marginalized groups, and moments of collective action specifically, are centered in the narrative. White youth also benefit from narratives of this kind, expressing greater empathy toward racial and ethnic minorities and greater appreciation for their contributions to American democracy.
Deduction
Authors: Atkins Richard Kenneth 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Peirce maintains that in valid deductions the conclusion is virtually asserted in the premises. Accordingly, in evaluating whether a deduction is valid, one is to take account not only of the formal structure of the inference but also of the meaning of the words used in drawing the inference. Peirce identifies three species of deductive inference: logical analysis, demonstration (whether necessary or probable), and statistical deduction. Peirce does not presume to prove that these species of inference are valid. Rather, he maintains that the validity of the procedures used in deduction is sufficiently obvious so that to object to deduction’s validity we need positive reasons to doubt those procedures. In order to remove such positive reasons for doubt, Peirce responds to nine different objections raised against the validity of deduction. The objection with which Peirce struggles the most throughout his life is the liar paradox.
Induction
Authors: Atkins Richard Kenneth 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Peirce is at pains to respond to objections purporting to show that inductive inferences are not valid. He argues, against Mill, that the very idea of a chance world is absurd. He contends that other solutions to Hume’s problem of induction, such as those proposed by Reid and Kant, fail. Instead, Peirce maintains, inductive inference does not use the principle of uniformity and, moreover, the principle of uniformity is false. To worries that the community of inquirers will eventually come to an end, Peirce replies that logicality requires that we have certain logical sentiments. Although he does not explicitly address the worries, we can find in Peirce’s writings interesting insights bearing on such problems as Goodman’s new riddle of induction and the problem of underdetermination.
Introduction
Authors: Latsis Dimitrios 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The introductory chapter provides an overview of scholarship in the historiography of American cinema during the past forty years. It tracks developments in methodology, the progressive availability of sources, and the philosophy of film history. As such, it provides a rationale for the need for the more thorough reconsideration of the early writings on cinema history and a broader meta-history of the moving image provided by the following chapters. Additionally, the chapter sets forth the twin arguments of the book about the extension of film historiography beyond written sources and the need to consider early histories of the medium as a distinct genre with its own norms and conventions.
Through a Glass Darkly
Authors: Latsis Dimitrios 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a survey of nonfiction and nontheatrical films produced and sponsored by studios and related associations (e.g., National Board of Review) about the inner workings of the industry, its origins, and its growth. Gathered from six international archives, most of these newsreels, promotional shorts, animations, and documentaries are discussed here for the first time as crucial factors in the popularization of cinema’s past. The distinction between showing and telling the history of the silver screen are analyzed alongside ways in which these productions helped shape the trajectory of educational, demonstration, advertising, and industrial varieties of filmmaking that are still with us today. When these first visual chroniclers of the seventh art set out to research extant footage to incorporate in their lectures and ultimately edit into their films, they came up against the intractable problem of early cinema’s ephemeral nature at a time when archives were just emerging as a concept and a rallying cry against the industry’s instance amnesia.
Before Calvin
Authors: Scheuers Timothy R. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets Calvin and the reformers against the backdrop of their inherited medieval and Renaissance legal tradition by identifying diverse voices—ancient, medieval, and humanist—that were instrumental in establishing principles and regulations for the swearing of oaths and vows. The aim of this chapter is to acquire some understanding of the traditionally foundational principles of justice and equity that oaths were intended to promote and preserve in medieval society under various circumstances. It achieves this aim by identifying the unique contexts and controversies that the taking of oaths sometimes occasioned. This section of the study reveals how the reformers’ inherited legal tradition allowed for a use of oaths, vows, and other church ceremonies as binding agents whose power could be mitigated by circumstantial prudence, permissive natural law, and a charitable concern for the protection of weaker consciences.
“Make Them Afraid of Bearing False Witness”
Authors: Scheuers Timothy R. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter enhances the reader’s understanding of Reformation-era developments in the perceived relationship between oaths and the conscience by examining discipline cases in the local context of Calvin’s Geneva. The chapter explores specific concerns about conscience that appear among the anecdotal evidence contained in the Consistory records. The cases examined here illustrate how the residents of Geneva either assimilated the conscience- and oath-driven reform measures of the Consistory, or turned the accusation of conscience against their fellow residents, or appealed to the conscience in order to oppose the disciplinary tactics of the Consistory members themselves. This chapter uncovers the variety of ways that Calvin and his colleagues navigated the challenging relationships between theory and practice, between law and accommodation, and between obedience and charity, in order to protect the sacred dictates of the individual conscience while also removing scandal from the Christian community in Geneva.
An Empirical Examination of the Grievances to Mobilization Model
Authors: Basedau Matthias , Fox, and Jonathan , Zellman Ariel 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a thorough empirical analysis of the impact of religious, political, and economic grievances on nonviolent and violent conflict. In general, grievances heavily influence levels of both types of conflict but the devil is in the details. Different forms of grievances influence different types of conflict. The same is true for other key variables including group capacity, group political influence, overlap between religious and ethnic identity, regime, and group size, among others. Our results provide far more detail as to how grievances, both religious and nonreligious, influence the conflict behavior of religious minorities across the globe.