bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rural India and Peasantry in Hindi Stories
Authors: Vanashree  
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Rural India and Peasantry in Hindi Stories: Narratives after Premchand deals with the literary representation of peasant life in a vast expanse of land designated as the Hindi Heartland. Multiple regions in north and central India, that might be placed under this rubric, form a continuum of agrarian culture. Exploring non-canonical rural stories in Hindi, those that have not received the much-deserved attention, this study offers rich resources and possibilities for analysis of the diverse modes of expression of peasant culture—their anguish and hopes, desires, and dreams—in a major geo-cultural zone of India. More than thirty stories that are studied here, in ten chapters, inherit a strong tradition of peasant narratives after Munshi Premchand and engage in serious reflection on an intricate array of messy complications and contingencies the rural populace has experienced since the early decades of independent India through the period of liberalization till the recent decades. Undoubtedly, these stories bring to the fore the diverse subterranean issues as well as visible circumstances: the issues of caste, class, gender, intergenerationality, etc. and urge us to revisit the history and politics of famine and floods, rural education, and deforestation, deepening our interest in the topography of north and central Indian peasantry and the records of rural lives almost as reliable as a sociological survey. This book invites us to include the world of rural India and peasantry in our approaches to the studies of human sciences, thereby remapping their contours.
Land Grab: The Dispossessed in the Spectacles of Jugaad
Authors: Vanashree  
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The varied contexts in several stories of the peasantry’s past and since the 1950 and onwards enable us to understand the adverse repercussions of land reforms like Bhudan, and Chakbandi (Land Ceiling Act) and projects like building dams and canals, meant to liberate the landless and small farmer from many pressures. They initially raised the hope in the magic that the spirit of freedom of India could bring about, but soon turned into grim disappointment. The opening story, in flash back and forth, invokes in the memory vision of Ramjatan, images of nineteenth century colonial India, the legend of a small peasant Chelik who refused to surrender his land for the project Indigo, suffered bloody thrashing, by the bullying Angrej Sahib. Chelik’s weird resistance is remembered as a testimony to a peasant’s emotional bond with the land. The successive narratives unfold how since the 1950s the new arrangements in the guise of development programmes dispossessed many of the fertile pieces of lands, leading to endless litigations and migration of small peasants to the cities for alternative means of subsistence.
The Programmatic Response of Social Democratic Parties to the Great Recession
Authors: Bremer Björn 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 analyses how social democratic parties changed their electoral strategies in the context of the crisis. It tests whether crises have an influence on party positions by examining whether social democratic parties changed their programmes strategically in the wake of the 2007-2009 financial crisis. The results show that social democratic parties moved to the left in response to the crisis, but that this leftward shift did not extend to all economic issues. On the one hand, social democratic parties defended the welfare state and opposed economic liberalism after the 2008 financial crisis, which partially reversed their Third Way. On the other hand, many parties supported the reduction of government deficits during the crisis, i.e. they joined the chorus of austerity that became dominant during the eurozone crisis. This confirms that the positions of social democratic parties on fiscal policies did not align with their positions on other socio-economic policies in the shadow of the economic crisis. The rest the book explains this incoherent platform by focusing on the support for austerity among the centre-left.
Public Opinion Regarding Fiscal Consolidation in the Face of Trade-offs
Authors: Bremer Björn 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 analyses the public’s fiscal policy priorities. Traditional survey questions used by the Eurobarometer and other surveys ignore that fiscal consolidation carries substantial trade-offs: in hard times, governments must cut spending or raise taxes to achieve it. This chapter accounts for these trade-offs by using data from two novel survey experiments conducted in Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. First, it uses a split-survey experiment to analyse whether and to what extent individuals support fiscal consolidation when different trade-offs are acknowledged. Second, the chapter uses a conjoint survey experiment in which respondents were asked to evaluate different combinations of fiscal policies, including fiscal consolidation. The results show that voters care less about government debt support than conventional surveys suggest. Although most citizens support fiscal consolidation in principle, reducing government debt is not a priority for them. This suggests that political actors, including centre-left parties, had a greater degree of freedom to respond to the crisis and were not as constrained by public opinion as one-dimensional survey questions suggest.
Conclusion
Authors: Bremer Björn 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 summarizes the main argument and the empirical findings from the previous chapters. It outlines the broader contributions of the book, raises open questions that the book cannot answer, and suggests possible avenues for future research. Finally, the book concludes by re-evaluating the fate of social democracy in Europe in the twenty-first century in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the Great Recession, social democracy experienced a profound electoral crisis across Europe and the conclusion explores whether and how social democratic parties can escape from this crisis. It argues that the policy crisis caused by the pandemic and the war in Ukraine provides both opportunities and risks for the centre-left: it contributed to a favourable shift in economic discourse, but it also massively increased government debt. As the pressures on governments to return to austerity could increase again, social democratic parties need to escape from their electoral and ideational trap identified in the book. They need to rediscover the state as a strong actor that corrects market outcomes and protects the weakest members of society from unwanted excesses of capitalism. To this end, social democratic parties need to develop new bold ideas that respond to some of the biggest economic and political challenges of our time, redefining their raison d’âtre. Only this will allow them to regain their place at the heart of European politics.
Land, Waqf, Ma’tam, and the Moral Economy
Authors: Brown Rajeswary Ampalavanar 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The economic evolution of the waqf, which was institutionalized in law and land, assisted the renaissance of Islamic finance and the creation of Bahrain as the financial hub of the Gulf states. In the contemporary Middle East, Islamic philanthropy has become a vital tool in state control, as in Syria. Fyzee Asaf considered the waqf to be a form of internal colonizing of Mohammedan law, a religious contract that was fundamental for an Islamic moral economy. In Bahrain, the waqf and ma’tam have, to a degree, protected land from appropriation by the state by placing it within the Shari’ah legal code.
Islamic Banking in Bahrain
Authors: Brown Rajeswary Ampalavanar 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Islamic banking is not an abstract principle but is shaped by the context in which it operates. Islamic finance in Bahrain draws on oil capital flows from the rich Gulf states that have made it possible for Bahrain to emerge as a major hub of Islamic finance, next in importance only to Malaysia. Moreover, Bahrain’s colonial past has encouraged a market liberalization of the role of Shari’ah governed by English common law. Bahrain’s experiment with innovative finance has led to the growth of offshore banking and commercial dispute resolution in local municipal and overseas English courts. It is this adaptability and dynamism that has made Bahrain unique in developing innovative instruments and operations in Islamic finance. In developing innovative financial instruments, subtle but important shifts have taken place in the interpretation of Shari’ah.
The Bahrain Stock Market
Authors: Brown Rajeswary Ampalavanar 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Major concerns in the procedures of the Bahrain stock market have been asset pricing, commercial arbitration, and the involvement of political and legal interests in bankruptcy and liquidation. In effect, in many cases intervention came from the commercial banks and state-owned corporations. Contested legal pluralism and jurisdictional fluidity, reflecting Bahrain’s moderate colonial legal heritage, provides a framework for its relations with conservative, oil-wealthy Gulf neighbours seeking global expansion. The stock market demonstrates the Bahrain model of modernity and globalization in finance, in contrast to the fragmenting Islamic parochialism and the limiting stance of Saudi Arabia and of even the UAE.
The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 on the Bahrain Economy
Authors: Brown Rajeswary Ampalavanar 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Bahrain did not escape the impact of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis entirely. However, the oil price boom of Bahrain’s GCC neighbours and major capital inflows had, from the 1990s, fuelled credit growth, inflation, and a rise in real estate and harbour construction. The corporate sector had ridden the boom in credit, although with increased vulnerabilities. Bahrain’s banks retained profits and were a major source of liquidity for the stock market during the crisis. Bahrain’s regulatory regime addressed the role of intermediaries in business, structuring securities transactions and managing non-state participants and participants from secondary markets.
Labour Regimes, Mobility, Productivity, and Migrant National Workers
Authors: Brown Rajeswary Ampalavanar 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
At the initiative of the state, Bahrain’s labour structure and recruitment have changed considerably in recent decades. These initiatives included shifting from oil into diversified industries from the late 1990s. Recognizing the importance of clusters in oil processing through BAPCO and aluminium production through ALBA, the government sought to regulate the employment of expatriates while educating locals for the telecommunications, electronics, and technology industries. There was some hoarding of cheap foreign workers within the private sector, and this proved to be an important cause of poor labour productivity in the 1990s. The public sector performed even more poorly than the private sector. Subsidies in the public sector to maintain wages led locals to remain in inefficient posts and resist opportunities to acquire skills and move into more competitive sectors.
Ethics of Environment
Authors: Brown Rajeswary Ampalavanar 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In recent decades Bahrain has sought to introduce numerous measures to combat climate change, measures taken in the context of powerful market forces. Without doubt, Bahrain faces a long-term threat to the huge oil wealth that has been crucial in financing its modern economic transformation, a threat from the pressures to reduce world dependence on fossil fuels. Bahrain’s measures have included the imposition of energy-saving building regulations that have frequently been related to technological innovation, for example in thee development of wind-power capacity and the increasing use of financial instruments. Important here has been the issuance of Sukuk Islamic Green Bonds to assist in funding climate change projects in Bahrain and beyond.
Conclusion
Authors: Brown Rajeswary Ampalavanar 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The character of capitalism in modern Bahrain has involved an accommodation with the demands of Shari’ah, and in this, counters the oft-repeated assertion that Islam is inimical to economic modernization. Much of the recent literature on the politics and economy of the Middle East has focused on an alleged decline compared to the advance of Europe from the seventeenth century. That ‘decline’ in the Middle East has been greatly exaggerated, indeed recent decades have seen substantial growth, particularly in Islamic finance and in industrialization, an impressive globalization in both sectors. The alleged constraining influence of Shari’ah on capitalism can no longer be sustained. Economic and financial change in Dubai, which has recently emerged as a potential challenger to Bahrain as a major financial hub, provides yet further insight into Bahrain’s distinctive economic and financial transformation in modern times.
Investing in Religion
Authors: Potts Charlotte R. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Studies of the role of religion in a range of pre-industrial economies make it possible, and helpful, to assess the distinctive elements of this subject in ancient Rome by comparison with practice elsewhere. This chapter accordingly surveys the economic significance of Etrusco-Italic sanctuaries in the period preceding the Roman Republic. Beyond providing an analogy for later centuries, however, it suggests that many of the economic aspects of Roman religion were actually shaped by developments in the Archaic period (c.580–480 bc). The characteristic features of Archaic sanctuaries developed in response to a combination of Mediterranean-wide and local circumstances, and arguably met the needs of their communities so successfully that they had a lasting influence on the form and function of their Roman counterparts. Together these factors turned religion, and particularly cult sites, into an economic force. Sanctuaries became privileged places for the exchange of tangible and intangible commodities, and may have established a template for the site and conduct of similar activities in fora and other spaces in the centuries that followed. As such these developments may go beyond providing a point of comparison for Republican and imperial practices by actually outlining their background and rationale: while the scale and complexity of the religious economy may have changed in the Roman period, the social, cultural, and theological elements of the underlying model may have not.
Impact of the Roman Conquest on Temple Economies in Egypt
Authors: Chaufray Marie-Pierre 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
If the Roman reforms of traditional temples in Egypt are no longer seen as being responsible for the decline of Egyptian religion, they did nevertheless have an impact on the internal organization of the priesthood and the management of temple goods. This did not prevent temples from remaining active economic centres in the first two centuries of Roman rule. The bilingual administrative archives of the Egyptian temple of Soknopaios in the village of Dime in the Fayyum give a good idea of the role of the temple in the local economy after the Roman reforms. This chapter aims to present this rich documentation, part of which is still unpublished, and to compare it with the evidence for other temples in Egypt in order to better appreciate the impact of the Roman conquest on temple economies. While Roman reforms brought changes in the temples in the organization of the priesthood, the tax system, and the ownership of temple assets, the reforms did not prevent temples from being active economic centres.
Sacred Gifts, Profane Uses? Transfers and the Roman Religious Sphere
Authors: García Morcillo Marta 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In ancient Rome, gifts made by individuals were subject to moral considerations about the aims and nature of these practices. Beyond the debate about their altruistic or utilitarian purposes, legal texts of the imperial age viewed donations and gift exchange as mechanisms that channelled the acquisition and transfer of wealth, an action that facilitated economic profit and that could both enrich and impoverish. The aim of protecting inheritances and avoiding conflicts on the right of possession ultimately explains why donations needed to be measured and evaluated in monetary terms. Their pecuniary value opened the door to the transformation of gifts into marketable commodities, as well as to the acceptability of coins as valid forms of gifts. In legal literature, gift-giving was essentially regarded and discussed as an instrument of wealth that was fully integrated within the monetary economy. But what happened when donations transcended private affairs and relationships between individuals and entered into the realm of the sacred? Were they submitted to the same norms and considerations? This chapter looks at private donations made with a religious purpose, including votive gifts, monetary contributions, and acts of private generosity, or liberalitas, addressed to sacred places with the aim of distinguishing the different levels of abstraction perceived by the Romans within a practice that was not only defined by the aim of the actors, but also by its capacity to transform the nature and function of objects in various ways.
Basic Desert
Authors: King Matt 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that the blameworthy deserve blame. The desert in question is understood in terms of a kind of fittingness, wherein blame and praise fit the blameworthy and praiseworthy, respectively, by being accurate in their appraisals. One who is blameworthy is responsible for something bad. To blame them is to think badly of them in light of being responsible for that bad doing. Put crudely, since blame is a negative appraisal of the doer in light of the thing done, it fits the blameworthy because the blameworthy are responsible for the bad thing. The blameworthy deserve blame in the same way that the fearsome deserve fear and the admirable deserve admiration. (Praise and praiseworthiness are perfectly parallel.) The chapter also considers two potential objections from opposed directions. First, that blameworthiness involves a more demanding notion of desert, one that would justify hard treatment or sanction. Second, that a theory of responsibility ought to dispense with desert. In response to the first concern, the chapter argues that it is a mistake to think of blame as a sanction or as necessarily requiring hard treatment, and that nothing much about the justification of punishment follows from being blameworthy. In response to the second concern, it contends that any theory of responsibility must give an account of the worthiness relation, and preserving some connection to desert, even if somewhat revisionary, is advantageous.
Intellectual Traditions
Authors: Northrup David 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Beginning some 2,600 years ago, seminal thinkers created new intellectual systems that succeeded in crossing cultural boundaries and endured into present times. These included the ways of thinking, now called philosophy, that originated in South and East Asia and the Hellenic world, early mathematics and scientific inquiry, and two new religions founded in the Near East by Jesus and Mohammad. Focusing on Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, Hellenism, Christianity, and Islam, and the links among them, and the influences that spread or confined them, the chapter explores how still-current thinking about what is now called science and about religion originated in Eurasia in the period concerned.
Renaissances, Reformations, and Mental Revolutions
Authors: Lucena-Giraldo Manuel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
New, often violent encounters on Atlantic coasts and islands, where European explorers, slavers, and missionaries first experienced the shock of meeting previously undocumented and unreported peoples in the fourteenth century, launched a process of mutual adjustment and discovery in which more and more peoples took part, and which led most of them to the conclusion that ‘humankind is one’. From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment, globalization occurred in slow, multidirectional phases, as different cultures became gradually acquainted and fitfully communicative. The worldwide mental revolutions of the early modern period happened only because of the emergence of vast frameworks of common understanding—at least at some level—and accepted codes of translation, in huge new spaces or arenas of communication, where ideas and institutions could incubate, reproduce, and deploy. Global empires supplied these prerequisites not so much by fomenting conflict as by forging community.
Connected by Emotions and Experiences
Authors: Singh Anjana 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The chapter displays the extent of interconnections across the Afro-Eurasian world in early modern times. Port cities of Mediterranean Europe, Arabia, east coast Africa, west and east coast India, Southeast Asia and China were points of conjuncture—spaces for movements to start from and cross-cultural encounters to happen. Seas have almost always connected people. When knowledge of the earth and larger universe was limited and technology only allowed small concessions, environment, especially wind systems and natural harbours, dictated routes and timings. Empires were arenas of exchange. The irruption of European traders and freighters into the Indian Ocean made it possible for Westerners to exploit the economic opportunities of the East, while the appropriation of New World resources by European powers hugely improved Westerners’ access to wealth: to that extent, the rise of the West to global hegemony can be said to have started with the first establishment of Atlantic empires and trade routes in the sixteenth century.
Necessity
Authors: Stevens Robert 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A number of different kinds of claim have been grouped together in support of a general principle that expenditure incurred in circumstances of necessity for another are recoverable. These include: the discharge of the obligations of another; the reciprocal duty to reimburse bailees compelled to incur expenditure on behalf of a bailor; general average; maritime salvage; and necessaries supplied to those incapable of contracting. When examined, the rules governing these disparate categories of case are quite different. These differences reflect the different underlying justifications for these different rules, which cannot be generalised so as to create a new unified category of claim.
Equity: General
Authors: Stevens Robert 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Before it can be understood when constructive and resulting trusts arise, or why ‘tracing’ in Equity is possible, it is necessary to consider the nature of equitable property and equitable rights more generally. Equitable property rights can only be understood as rights in relation to other rights, rather than as rights in relation to things good against the rest of the world. The subject matter of a trust is always a right, never a physical thing, still less ‘value’. The necessary and sufficient condition for a trust to arise is that a rightholder is under a duty not to use a right for their own benefit. A universally recognised example is that of the vendor-purchaser constructive trust, but also explains more complex examples such as the Quistclose trust.