bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Growth and Cytopathogenicity of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus in Tissue Culture
Authors: Bachrach H. L. , Callis J. J. , Hess W. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) produces a cytopathogenic effect in roller-tube cultures of bovine tongue epithelium and guinea-pig kidney. Infectivity is first detected at about 15 hours by the formation of microscopic plaques of killed epithelial cells. Later the plaques increase in size and give the epithelial sheets a moth-eaten appearance.
A titration-passage technique was devised to carry New Jersey type VSV in serial passage to a final dilution of 10-62. In this method each effective passage is made with a dilution of the preceding fluid which contains a minimal number of infectious units. The tissue culture virus retained its ability to infect chick embryos and to produce typical vesicular stomatitis in guinea pigs and cattle. The cytopathogenic activity of New Jersey type culture virus was neutralized by New Jersey immune but not by normal or Indiana immune guinea pig serum.
Guinea pig cell clusters prepared by trypsinization were found to produce extensive coverage of the tube with cellular outgrowth. This technique was used for virus assay in which titers were read by color changes in the pH indicator as well as by cytologic change. Conventional serial passage of New Jersey type VSV in such cultures produced material with a tissue culture ID50 value of 106.2 per ml. Indiana type VSV extracted from infected bovine tongues gave tissue culture ID50 values of this same magnitude.
Antibody Production by Thymus and Peyer's Patches Intraocular Transplants
Authors: Stoner Richard D. , Hale William M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Thymus and Peyer's patch tissue produce tetanus antitoxin when transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eyes of cobalt-60 γ-irradiated mice. Intraocular transplants of thymus and Peyer's patch tissue exhibit a recall antibody response when recipient mice are given an intravenous injection of the specific antigen. Peyer's patch and thymus transplants produced antitoxin when the tissues were obtained from donor mice immunized by subcutaneous and intra-abdominal routes. These tissues failed to produce significant amounts of antitoxin as intraocular transplants when the donor tissue was taken from mice immunized by intravenous route. Thymus transplants obtained from immunized donor mice 6 to 15 months of age produce tetanus antitoxin as well as intraocular thymus transplants obtained from donor animals 2 to 3 months of age.
Quantitative Studies on the Bactericidal Actions of Serum and Complement
Authors: Muschel Louis H. , Treffers Henry P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Measurements of the bactericidal activity toward Salmonella typhosa of a variety of human and rabbit antisera have been made with the photometric growth assay technique. The strains employed were the 0901, Vi I and Ty 2, which differ in their content of the O- and Vi-antigens. Increases in bactericidal activity of human sera have been demonstrated following immunization with T.A.B. vaccine, or during the course of typhoid fever. The presence of Vi-antibody has been shown to increase the slope of the response curve. It has been discussed whether this may be related to the relative efficiencies of O- and Vi-antibodies in animal infections with S. typhosa.
Quantitative Titration of Vaccinia Virus on the Chorioallantoic Membrane
Authors: Overman John R. , Tamm Igor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Detailed studies of vaccinia virus titrations on the chorioallantoic membrane of the embryonated egg are described. Experiments to determine the optimal experimental techniques for such titrations indicate that the use of membranes free from non-specific damage is essential. In addition, 12-day-old eggs inoculated with 0.2 ml of virus suspension and incubated for 3 days give results of considerable precision. Within a range of 3 to 20 pocks per membrane, a linear relationship exists between the number of pocks and virus dilution. Precision is greatest when pock counts number between 10 and 20 per membrane. Various aspects of pock-counting titrations with vaccinia virus are discussed.
Transmission of West Nile (B956 Strain) and Semliki Forest Virus (MBB26146-M-404744-958 Strain) to Suckling Hamsters During Lactation
Authors: Reagan Reginald L. , Yancey Frances S. , Chang Sing Chen , Brueckner A. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
From this observation it appears that West Nile virus and Semliki Forest virus may be transmitted from lactating hamsters to suckling hamsters. One hundred per cent of the mothers from both virus groups showed symptoms of central nervous system involvement from 9 to 10 days after exposure to the respective viruses. Thirteen of 18 suckling hamsters in the West Nile group developed West Nile disease, and 11 of 16 in the Semliki Forest group developed Semliki Forest symptoms.
Growth of Histoplasma Capsulatum in Normal, Superinfected, and Immunized Mice
Authors: Rowley Donald A. , Huber Margret 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Chronic infections were produced in mice by small numbers of viable yeast cells of Histoplasma. After initial rapid multiplication of Histoplasma, there was progressive decline in the number of viable organisms in tissues of mice. Chronically infected mice were resistant to the death-producing effects of large doses of yeast cells. Growth of Histoplasma was inhibited in superinfected mice. Growth of Histoplasma in mice was not affected by treatment of mice with serum from chronically infected mice or rabbits. Growth of Histoplasma in mice was not affected by immunization of the mice with a vaccine of Histoplasma.
The Establishment of Strains of Human Cells in Tissue Culture
Authors: Henle Gertrude , Deinhardt Friedrich 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The establishment of five human cell lines has been described. They were derived from human embryonic intestine, liver, lung, skin and muscle explants, and from a liver biopsy. The early cultures revealed fibroblasts and histiocyte-like cells but after 60 to 92 days of total cultivation new types of cells appeared, which grew rapidly and could be maintained thereafter in serial passage, whereas the earlier types of cells were lost. The cells finally established fall into two groups: (I) epithelial-like cells (intestine 407, liver 407, R and MAF-E lines) which resemble morphologically other cell strains derived from malignant (HeLa, KB) and normal human tissues (Chang's intestine, liver, kidney and conjunctiva); and (II) small, round, or irregularly shaped cells (Lung To) which are indistinguishable from McCulloch's MCN cells obtained from leukemic bone marrow. The implications of these findings have been discussed.
Studies on Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus Combined Immunization in Children
Authors: Chen Bei-Loo , Chow Chi-Tao , Huang Chien-Tao , Wang Yao-Tung , Ko Hsiu-Hua , Huang Wang-Cheng , Ling Che-Fu 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A group of 68 children was given a booster dose of 0.5 or 0.2 ml of DPT vaccine 11–15 mo after the primary vaccination. The serum antibody content of the three systems titrated 30–45 days after booster injection showed that all the children were adequately protected according to generally accepted criteria.
Over the range of prevaccination titers studied, a rectilinear relationship was shown to exist in all the three systems between the log prevaccination titer and the log fold-increase in titer after booster injection. The slopes of the 0.2-ml dose were steeper than those of the 0.5-ml dose, moving beyond the hypothetical positions toward the higher initial titer side. The departure was ascribed to the interference effect of high levels of pre-existing antibodies upon the homologous antigens introduced.
Some general problems in secondary immunization like the dose-response relationship, the comparison between groups, and the choice of use of large versus small dose, etc., were discussed in the light of the observations made.
Report of a Blood Group System in Swine
Authors: Saison Ruth 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A blood group system in swine is described involving 4 factors, Ea, Eb, Ec and Ed. Four combinations of these 4 factors have been observed. The genetics of the system are consistent with the existence of 4 alleles. When the gene for factor Ea is present on a chromosome as 1 member of the allelic pair, the other 3 genetic factors are missing. The corresponding allele is identified, therefore, as Ea - - -, the dashes representing the absence of the genetic factors of the other 3 known antigens of the system. A chromosome not possessing the genetic factor for antigen Ea appears always to carry the genetic factor for Ed and at least 1 of the 2 remaining genetic factors and may carry all 3:e.g.-EbEcEd, -Eb-Ed, or - - EcEd, the dash again representing a missing genetic factor. An animal may possess a combination of any 2 of these 4 groups of genetic factors. That these groups of factors behave as alleles is demonstrated by the fact that when a chromosome possesses any of the groups described above, these factors appear to be inherited as a block or complex similar to those in some blood group systems of cattle.
The system exhibits no dominance; each character present can be detected in the corresponding phenotype, whether in the homozygous or heterozygous state.
The inheritance of this blood group system is illustrated by the results of tests of the red cells of the sires and dams of 8 matings and their offspring with antisera specific for the 4 factors. In each litter the phenotypes of the young agree with the mode of inheritance described.
Rift Valley Fever Virus in the One-Day-Old Chick Embryo
Authors: Matumoto Minoru , Saburi Yasuo , Nishi Ichiro 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rift valley fever virus, pantropic and neurotropic, proliferates very well when inoculated in the blastoderm of the 1-day-old hen's egg. Parallel titrations gave slightly lower titers in day-old embryos than in mice with both the pantropic and neurotropic viruses. The virus multiplication declines with the age of the developing embryo. Embryos of two or three days of age support virus multiplication as well as those one day old and then multiplication declines to a very low level by seven days of age. Serial passage of the virus was readily accomplished in day-old embryos. However, during the course of the serial passage, the virus showed no changes in antigenicity, pathogenicity for mice or growth rate in fertile eggs of various ages.
Relation of Secondary Antigen Injection to Time of Irradiation on Antibody Production in Mice
Authors: Makinodan T. , Friedberg Betsy H. , Tolbert M. Guthrie , Gengozian N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The maximum depression period of the secondary antibody response takes place when antigen is injected 1 day before to 1 hr after x-radiation. Recovery of the secondary immune mechanism of irradiated mice takes place within 2 weeks. Above-normal mean total titers were observed when a second antigen injection is given 5 and 10 days after 710 r. No significant decrease or increase in mean peak titer was observed regardless of the x-radiation-secondary antigen injection time relationship.
Studies on Measles Virus in Tissue Culture
Authors: Underwood Gerald E. , Weed Sheldon D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Measles virus was grown in tissue cultures prepared from human amnion, from HeLa cells and from monkey kidney cells. The identity of the virus was established by the marked rise in neutralizing antibodies found in convalescent serum obtained from measles patients. Growth curves for the virus were prepared and it was found that the initial virus inoculum could be very low without sacrificing titer, provided the time of harvest coincided with maximum cytopathogenicity. Somewhat higher infectivity titers were obtained when infected cultures were maintained at 32°–33.5°C, rather than at 37°C. A plaque assay for measles virus, using a plasma overlay, was described. This method appeared to be more sensitive and more useful for quantitation than the roller tube assay. Using the plaque assay, a minimum adsorption time of 1 hr for measles virus on HeLa cells was obtained.
A Quantitative Study of Cellular Immunity
Authors: Snell G. D. , Winn H. J. , Kandutsch A. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice were injected subcutaneously with either foreign or native strain thymus cells labeled with P32, and the radioactivity of DNA, extracted from the draining nodes and spleen, was determined at days 1 and 2. Intense activity was already present in the nodes and a lesser (although considerable) level of activity was present in the spleens at day 1. This is taken to mean that in mice immunized with thymus, large amounts of antigen reach the lymphoid organs within 24 hr.
In mice thus immunized, and in mice immunized with implanted embryo, the fluctuations with time of the cellular immunity of draining nodes and spleens, and in some cases of contralateral nodes or of pooled nodes and of thymus, were measured. The measure used was the assay of Winn, in which serial dilutions of presumptively immune cells are mixed with target tumor cells and implanted subcutaneously in appropriate hosts. Weight of the tumors at 1 week measures the level of immunity.
In mice immunized with thymus, a rapid rise to peak immunity was found on days 5 or 6, followed by a rapid decline. The rise in the draining nodes preceded the rise in contralateral nodes and spleen by about 1 day. Immunity persisted at a low level to day 31 when observations were terminated. There was a suggestion of a low point in immunity about days 14 to 17 with a slight rise about day 24. The height of the peak at 5 to 6 days indicated a tremendous production of immune cells. There was measurable immunity in the thymus on day 6, although much less than in the other organs assayed.
In mice immunized with embryo, a high level of cellular immunity was also attained, but the immune level dropped less rapidly, and the lag in the spleen as compared with the draining nodes was greater in these mice than in mice immunized with thymus.
The cell yield of the draining nodes showed a 2- or 3-fold increase at the time of peak immunity, and fell again as the immunity fell. There was no comparable increase in the spleen, although the immunity per cell was essentially the same in the two organs.
The timing of the immune response found in this study is compared with the timing found in histologic studies of the lymphoid organs and with the time relationships of the homograft reaction. An adequate antigenic stimulus sets in motion an abundant production of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and spleen. Mitoses begin at about 2 days; mature lymphocytes are present at about 6 days and are probably rapidly released. This is concordant with the peak in cellular immunity which we find at days 5 and 6. Also concordant are descriptions of the homograft reaction which show a massive invasion of tumor transplants by lymphocytes or histiocytes (which we presume to be derived from lymphocytes) on approximately day 6. The graft, which flourishes up to this point, at once begins to show degenerative changes. All these facts emphasize the role of the lymphocyte as a specifically immune cell.
The possible significance of the immune cell in disease is briefly discussed.
A Comparison of Cytopathology Caused by Myxoviruses
Authors: Bader John P. , Morgan Herbert R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A comparison of cytopathology in HeLa and L cells caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV), PR8-influenza virus and mumps virus demonstrated that all viruses produced cytopathic effects (CPE) in both cell lines but mumps virus, which failed to lyse L cells. A high virus/cell ratio was required for production of CPE by PR8 virus in HeLa cells and for PR8 virus and NDV in L cells. Replication of infectious virus could be demonstrated only for NDV and mumps virus in HeLa cells, but noninfectious hemagglutinins were produced in both cell lines after infection with high multiplicities of NDV or PR8 virus. The production of these noninfectious hemagglutinins by individual cells was demonstrated by a modification of the hemadsorption technique.
The specificity of the cytopathic action of these myxoviruses was indicated by the facts that the CPE were dependent on adsorption of the viruses to the cells and that when the cell surface was altered by RDE that the viral CPE were prevented. Cellular receptors involved in the viral CPE appeared to be identical for all three viruses since RDE was uniformly effective for all three viruses, and saturation of cells with one virus prevented the adsorption of a second virus.
The CPE of these viruses on HeLa and L cells were shown to involve two stages, the first of which was dissociable by RDE which prevented the CPE. Following this initial stage at 37°C, the initial virus-cell complex proceeded rapidly to a stage which was not affected by RDE or specific antibody since the cells were lysed on further incubation.
On the Nature of the “Cohesive Factor” in Spontaneous Agglutination of Bacteria
Authors: Mellon Ralph R. , Hastings W. S. , Anastasia C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. This study purports to make inquiry into the physico-chemical nature and methods of combating the marked cohesion exhibited by many bacteria. As the studies of Northrup and DeKruif (1) have shown, cohesion plays an important part in the well known phenomenon of spontaneous agglutinability which interferes in serologic work with such strains. In previous papers (2, 3, 4) we have shown for the first time that the factor of cohesion may be intimately associated with the hereditary mechanism of the bacterial cell. Stable variants could be bred from certain large pleomorphic forms arising from the agglutinable strain, proving conclusively that physiologic differences may so arise in pure lines of bacteria. The primitive sexual nature that one of us (Mellon) has shown elsewhere for certain of these forms readily explains such physiologic differences, thus entitling them to an evolutionary rating instead of the involutionary one customarily attached to them.
A Further Study of Agglutination of Bacillus Diphtheriae
Authors: Doyle Dorothy G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The use of a widely polyvalent serum for the determination of the presence of diphtheria bacilli in field cultures has received little or no attention up to the present time. Various phases of the serological relations of B. diphtheriae have been investigated. Durand (1), Mason (2), Park, Williams, and Mann (3), Paxson and Redowitz (4), Bell (5), Baxter and Eagleton (6), and others, using specific monovalent serum, have established the fact that there exist several serological types of B. diphtheriae which may be differentiated by agglutination reactions. Durand and Mason, by means of the agglutination reaction, have distinguished strains of true B. diphtheriae from diphtheroids.
The exact number of existing serological types of diptheria bacilli is unknown. Havens has found two, Durand distinguishes five different groups, while Scott (7) has divided his total strains into eight groups. We have isolated four different groups to date.
Role of the Thymus in Tolerance
Authors: Toullet Francine T. , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Neonatally thymectomized A mice, grafted at 3 weeks with 3-week-old isogenic thymus or injected with 100 × 106 thymus cells, showed a nearly normal ability to reject CBA and C57B1/Ks skin grafts, which differ from A by a strong histocompatibility gene. When grafted with thymus or injected with thymus cells from mice tolerant to CBA, they showed a specific inability to reject CBA skin. On the basis of control experiments, it appeared that these animals had adoptive tolerance conveyed by the tolerant thymus cells and depending on thymus chimerism.
Antibody Responses in Bursa-Deficient Chickens
Authors: Claflin Alice J. , Smithies O. , Meyer R. K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Normal and bursa-deficient chickens (obtained by surgery or 19-nortestosterone treatment) were immunized at 6 weeks with killed Brucella abortis. Antibody responses were assayed by a sensitive microagglutination test.
Chickens with bursa weight &gt; 1000 mg showed a rapid increase in mean log2 total antibody titer from 7 to a maximum of 21 at day 5 after immunization. Bursaless animals showed an increase from 3 to a maximum of 15 at day 7. The antibodies were chiefly mercaptoethanol-sensitive (IgM). By day 9 the total antibody titers in the bursaless and normal animals were almost the same—14 and 16. Bursaless chickens showed a very low ME-resistant (IgG) antibody titer (2) at day 9 when the normal chickens had IgG titers of 9.
The IgG titers at day 9 of all animals, normal and bursa-deficient, were strongly correlated with the IgM titers at the time (day 2) of the first clearly detectable response. The log2 antibody titer on day 2 in turn was linearly related to log bursa weight from 6000 mg down to about 200 mg. When the bursa weight was below about 100 mg, the day 2 response was not different from that of bursaless animals.
The observed subnormalities of bursa-deficient animals are consistent with a decrease in a largely bursa-dependent early immune response (and IgM antibody level) which determines the later, more severe impairment of IgG antibody synthesis.
γM and γG Antibodies in Mice: the Response to S. Adelaide and the Effect of Splenectomy
Authors: Blinkoff Richard C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The primary antibody response to S. adelaide has been studied in mice using a flagellar immobilization assay. The change in spleen weight is bimodal with time: the first peak occurring on day 4 of the response and the second on day 10. Spleen homogenate supernatants also exhibit two distinct antibody peaks, but there is no direct correlation between the size of a spleen and its antibody content.
The primary antibody response consists of the early, transient production of γM antibodies followed by the production of γG antibodies. This response is quantitatively reduced by the removal of spleens from mice before antigen injection. Splenectomy does not, however, alter the proportion of γM to γG as compared to intact mice.
Preparative Purification of Lung-Localizing Rabbit Anti-Rat Lung Antibodies in vitro
Authors: Tsuzuku Osamu , Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A “new” blood factor Kc of chimpanzee red cells is described, defined by an antiserum produced in a chimpanzee cross-immunized with white cell enriched human blood. This is the third distinct blood factor of chimpanzees demonstrated by such cross-immune anti-human chimpanzee sera.
Chimpanzee Red Cell Isoantibody of a “New” Specificity, Anti-Kc, Produced by Cross-Immunization of Chimpanzees With Human Blood
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Hanly Carey , Moor-Jankowski Jan , Gordon Eve B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A “new” blood factor Kc of chimpanzee red cells is described, defined by an antiserum produced in a chimpanzee cross-immumized with white cell enriched human blood. This is the third distinct blood factor of chimpanzees demonstrated by such cross-immune anti-human chimpanzee sera.