bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond the Book
Authors: Phillips Harriet 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Early modern England was at once a highly textualized society and one in which the experience of texts went well beyond the codex. Early moderns had many responses to writing outside reading, responses which are often invited or presupposed by the texts themselves. This could be a communal, aural, visual, or otherwise object-centred experience beyond not just the book but also what we might think of as ‘reading’. This essay focuses on single-sheet printing as one of the most omnipresent textual forms in early modern England. The broadsheet was a highly flexible form, supporting a plurality of adaptive responses to diverse content. Traces of use include blotches, folds, and holes, alongside annotation and more conventional marks of reading. Reading broadsides through this history of use testifies to the range of textual encounter outside the codex in early modern England.
Science and the Book in Early Modern England
Authors: Johns Adrian 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys the ways in which practitioners of the sciences engaged with the risks and opportunities presented by printing in early modern England. It argues that to achieve success they had to manage print actively, in a craft environment that was not necessarily sympathetic to their efforts. The chapter uses examples from astrology, medicine, and the mathematical sciences to make this point, showing how in each domain the crafts of the book intersected in complex and ambiguous ways with those of natural knowledge. It then examines how Baconianism came into being via the contested editing of Francis Bacon’s works. Finally, it turns to the Royal Society, the primary institution of Baconian science, to demonstrate the importance of the practices of reading, writing, and publishing that emerged there. These were instantiated above all in the society’s journal, the Philosophical Transactions, which inaugurated a genre still central to science today.
Internationalism and the English Book Trade
Authors: de Lange Hanna , Pettegree Andrew 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
For the first two centuries of print, English collectors relied heavily on books produced in the larger Continental markets. In the seventeenth century, all this began to change. The buoyant Dutch market became an important supplier of books, while domestic production became more ambitious. Increasing numbers of English books made their appearance in the libraries of collectors abroad. English booksellers began to push back against the swamping of their domestic market by cheaper Continental editions supplied by the Dutch. In the second half of the seventeenth century, the works of English scientific writers began to find a wider Continental market. English authors permitted their works to be published in Amsterdam to secure easier access to the European market: books published in England remained too expensive. Yet, by the beginning of the eighteenth century the seeds had been sown for Britain’s later role as a cornerstone of the global book market.
Contexts for Circulation
Authors: O’Callaghan Michelle 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Books at the universities and the Inns of Court, and within households and professional circles, were transmitted through material and textual exchanges that made up the physical and conceptual fabric of these places. Books have connective properties and a social life. They can be passed hand to hand, sent via others, and read and performed and, as such, bring people together within environments that, in turn, are defined by these social uses of the book. Attention to contexts of circulation allows us to understand how books are not self-contained textual objects; rather their meaning is distributed across time and space and changes as they move through networks of transmission. Within these environments, textual material was put to different uses and connected people and places through reading, performance, and acts of making and remaking in ways which prompt a reconsideration of the media through which texts were transmitted.
Self-Reading Books
Authors: Smith Emma 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Reviewing the recent interest and excitement in marginalia and readers’ marks, this chapter offers some methodological reflection. Often marginalia are read for their biographical information about the writing reader, with the attendant excitement of human connection across time and place: I discuss the imaginary life-story of the early annotator reverse-engineered from the notes in a copy of Shakespeare’s First Folio. This biographical approach restricts marginalia to self-disclosure. Instead, using reader-response criticism, I suggest the possibility of that the book itself might act as speaking subject, via the much-reproduced sixteenth-century Mannerist painting by Arcimboldo known as The Librarian, and the early modern rhetorical term prosopopeia.
Transience and Loss
Authors: Hill Alexandra 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Transience and loss play a fundamental role in our perception of the book in early modern England. While a physical copy may be lost, its ideas can survive and thrive in the oral and manuscript world. Conversely a book may be put on a shelf and never have an influence further than the walls of a bookshop or library. Books can be lost through simple use and changing tastes or by more dramatic forms of destruction such as censorship and war. Without addressing what has been lost can we ever truly understand what has survived? This chapter will explore what transience and loss means for the study of the early modern book and the ways in which lost print can be rediscovered. It will also consider how lost books can be recorded and analysed alongside extant counterparts to build a broader picture of the print industry of early modern England.
Broken Books and Fragile Print
Authors: Tomkins Nikki 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the study of the book from a conservation perspective, focusing on what the material form of a book can tell the reader about its history and how that affects conservation decision-making. Taking the Nicholas Crouch collection of seventeenth-century tract volumes as its focus, the chapter explores theoretical and practical approaches to conserving the ephemeral, balancing both preservation of the object and enabling access. A significant feature of the collection is Crouch’s handwritten contents pages, sometimes listing the cost, date, and name of the binder. Collating and interpreting this information has enabled connections to be made between the binders, the books, and their readers across the collection, revealing how the objects were made and used over the centuries.
The History of the Early Modern Book in the Digital Age
Authors: Trettien Whitney 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In the middle of the twentieth century, book history and humanities computing both emerged at the peripheries of literary studies. Many decades later, early modern book history, media studies, and digital humanities have become deeply entangled. Taking stock of both where digital book history has been and where it is going, this chapter identifies six research clusters that are currently transforming how early modernists study books as and with media technologies. The first three—forensics, computer vision, and facsimiles—take up the issue of remediation, specifically new digital imaging technologies and machine learning techniques. The last three clusters consider how digital technologies are changing the scale of analysis. Specifically, they turn to how databases are transforming cataloguing practices, what quantification means for studying literary style and printing, and the ways in which networks offer a new perspective on both the internal dynamics of texts and the external exchange of books and letters.
Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Duroselle-Melish Caroline 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the nature of curatorial work with early modern English books. It argues that such work evolves in relation to societal changes and our advancing understanding of books. Curators now engage in a multitude of ways with early modern books through a range of activities in collaboration with other library and book trade professionals, researchers, and increasingly the broader public. This work continues to reshape our understanding of collections and contributes to making visible unexplored parts of collections. To overcome increasing constraints, library professionals in the future may wish to strengthen institutional collaboration in all aspects of their work.
Religion and the History of the Book
Authors: Cummings Brian 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Religion and the book are inseparably linked. Religion is among the oldest motives for making texts: from the Jewish Torah, made up of a scroll, to the codices of Christian gospel books and the Qur’an in Islam. The history of the book as a discipline has found it harder to acknowledge this centrality of religious texts in the formation of book history. This chapter offers to compensate for this lack by examining, first, liturgical books, from the early printed missals and breviaries to the Book of Common Prayer; and second, Bibles, not only in English translation but also the much larger trade in Latin Bibles. The final section of the chapter considers the ‘confessionalization’ of the book trade, in the proliferating controversy between conformism, Catholics, and puritans. The result is to confirm a sense that early modern religion is yoked to the book as well as vice versa.
What Was a Printing Shop, and What Happened There?
Authors: Nash Paul W. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The early modern printing shop, or printing office, was both a building and a workplace, a factory and a place of business, in which printed books and ephemera were manufactured in order to generate income for a master printer. This chapter describes the structure and location of the typical printing shop. It also details the paper, ink, presses, type, woodcuts and ornaments, tools and other equipment and furniture that were used there, as well as examining the personnel, working conditions and practices of the early modern printing industry, and the processes of type-founding, hand-composition and printing with a wooden hand-press.
Conspiracy Theories
Authors: Stubbersfield Joe 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Conspiracy theories have been part of human culture for hundreds of years, if not millennia, and have been the subject of research in academic fields such as social psychology, political science, and cultural studies. At present, there has been little research examining conspiracy theories from a cultural evolution perspective. This chapter discusses the value of cultural evolution approaches to understanding the diffusion of conspiracy theories. Focusing on the role of biases in cultural transmission, it argues that a key advantage of applying a cultural evolution approach to this phenomenon is that it provides a strong theoretical and methodological framework to bridge the individual-, inter-individual-, and population-level factors that explain the cultural success of conspiracy theories, with potential for producing insights into how to limit their negative influence.
Burden, trend and determinants of various forms of domestic violence among reproductive age-group women in India: findings from nationally representative surveys
Authors: Ramasubramani Premkumar , Krishnamoorthy Yuvaraj , Vijayakumar Karthiga , Rushender Rajan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBackgroundViolence, a notable human rights concern, has a public health impact across the globe. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and determinants of domestic violence among ever-married women aged 18–49 years in India.MethodsSecondary data analysis with National Family Health Survey 5, 2019–21 data (NFHS-5) was conducted. The complex sampling design of the survey was accounted-for during analysis. The primary outcome was domestic violence. Prevalence was reported with 95% confidence interval (CI). Prevalence ratio was reported to provide the factors associated with domestic violence using Poisson regression.ResultsAbout 63 796 ever-married women aged 18–49 years covered under domestic violence module of NFHS-5 survey were included. Prevalence of domestic violence (12 months preceding the survey) was 31.9% (95% CI: 30.9–32.9%). Physical violence (28.3%) was the most common form followed by emotional (14.1%) and sexual violence (6.1%). Women with low education, being employed, husband being uneducated or with coercive behavior had significantly higher prevalence of domestic violence.ConclusionsOne-third of the reproductive age-group women were facing some form of domestic violence. Target group interventions like violence awareness campaigns, women supportive services and stringent law enforcement should be implemented to eliminate domestic violence by year 2030.
Wealth of Two Nations: The U.S. Racial Wealth Gap, 1860–2020
Authors: Derenoncourt Ellora , Kim Chi Hyun , Kuhn Moritz , Schularick Moritz 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The racial wealth gap is the largest of the economic disparities between Black and white Americans, with a white-to-Black per capita wealth ratio of 6 to 1. It is also among the most persistent. In this article, we construct the first continuous series on white-to-Black per capita wealth ratios from 1860 to 2020, drawing on historical census data, early state tax records, and historical waves of the Survey of Consumer Finances, among other sources. Incorporating these data into a parsimonious model of wealth accumulation for each racial group, we document the role played by initial conditions, income growth, savings behavior, and capital returns in the evolution of the gap. Given vastly different starting conditions under slavery, racial wealth convergence would remain a distant scenario, even if wealth-accumulating conditions had been equal across the two groups since Emancipation. Relative to this equal-conditions benchmark, we find that observed convergence has followed an even slower path over the past 150 years, with convergence stalling after 1950. Since the 1980s, the wealth gap has widened again as capital gains have predominantly benefited white households, and convergence via income growth and savings has come to a halt.
Preliminary study of chromosome aberrations using Giemsa, two-colour fish, and micronucleus assays in lymphocytes of individuals living in elevated radon concentration areas
Authors: Ramadhani Dwi , Purnami Sofiati , Suvifan Viria Agesti , Wanandi Septelia Inawati , Wibowo Heri , Syaifudin Mukh 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The frequencies of unstable and stable chromosome aberrations and micronuclei were examined in peripheral blood samples from 10 individuals living in elevated radon concentration areas (Takandeang Village, Mamuju, Indonesia). Blood samples from 10 people living in Topoyo Village were used as a control group. For unstable chromosome aberration analysis, a dicentric chromosome assay was conducted using conventional Giemsa staining. Chromosomal painting of chromosomes 1 and 4 using the fluorescence in situ hybridisation technique was also applied to four subjects to assess the stable chromosome aberration. Our study showed no significant increases across all groups in dicentric and other unstable chromosome aberrations, such as rings and acentric fragments. Translocations were found in one person from Takandeang Village and two Topoyo Village inhabitants. The translocations found in the subjects from Takandeang Village were due more to aging factors than to radon exposure. The number of micronuclei per 1000 binucleus cells in Takandeang Village inhabitants was not significantly different than that in the control group (p = 0.943). A more comprehensive analysis should be conducted in a subsequent study by increasing the number of study donors and the number of metaphases to be analysed in both dicentric chromosome assay and fluorescence in situ hybridisation assays. Such research could provide valid information on the cytogenetic effects of elevated indoor radon exposure.
EPR-based uncertainty validation of the calculated external doses for population exposed in the urals region
Authors: Shishkina E A , Degteva M O , Napier B A 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Tooth enamel Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used as a method for external dosimetry in the territories contaminated in the 1950s by PA ‘Mayak’ (Urals region) to validate the mean dose estimates predicted by the Techa River Dosimetry System (TRDS). The purpose of this study is to validate the uncertainties of TRDS doses. Ninety percent confidence intervals (90% confidence interval, CI) of dose estimated with both methods were compared for 220 people. All data were grouped according to the width of 90%CI, viz.: (1) 90%CI of EPR-based dose ≤  90%CI of TRDS prediction (38 cases); (2) 90%CI of EPR-based dose &gt;  90%CI of TRDS prediction (182 cases). About 91% of 90%CIs overlap. In group 1, 100% cases overlap. In group 2, 80% of the cases were non-contradictive (the calculated 90%CI is completely within the measured one). Interval comparison of doses predicted retrospectively and estimated based on individual measurements are non-contradictory and demonstrate a good agreement.
Twenty-two years later: consistent dose estimation of an accidental overexposure by retrospective biological dosimetry
Authors: Martinez J S , Grégoire E , Fernandez P , Dugué D , Jikia D , Gruel G 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The goal of this study was to retrospectively estimate the exposure dose of a victim from the Lilo radiological accident in Georgia after 22 y and compare it with the original cytogenetics-based analysis performed in our laboratory. Similar types of studies have been published, notably involving victims of the Chernobyl, Goiânia and Tammiku accidents. Nevertheless, their estimations were done after shorter periods of time post-exposure, and in some cases, the exposure might not have been exclusively of an external nature. In this study, Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) was used to score chromosomal translocations in lymphocytes from a recent blood sample of the victim and the dose assessment was performed using our laboratory’s FISH calibration curve. The resulting whole-body exposure dose of 0.35 Gy [0.12, 0.72] was similar to the one obtained when reanalysing the original scoring data from 1997 (0.38 Gy [0.13–0.75]), suggesting that our current calibration curve could be used for relative dose estimations long time after external exposure.
EPR biodosimetry: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Swartz Harold M , Flood Ann Barry 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This paper briefly examines electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques to measure dose from exposure to external radiation, assessing their current status, potential future uses and the challenges impacting their progress. We conclude the uses and potential value of different EPR techniques depend on the number of victims and whether they characterize short- or long-term risks from exposure. For large populations, EPR biodosimetry based on in vivo measurements or using co-located inanimate objects offer the greatest promise for assessing acute, life-threatening risk and the magnitude and extent of such risk. To assess long-term risk, ex vivo EPR methods using concentrated enamel from exfoliated teeth are most impactful. For small groups, ex vivo EPR biodosimetry based on available samples of teeth, nails and/or bones are most useful. The most important challenges are common to all approaches: improve the technique’s technical capabilities and advance recognition by planning groups of the relative strengths EPR techniques offer for each population size. The most useful applications are likely to be for triage and medical guidance in large events and for radiation epidemiology to evaluate long-term risks.
The use of double-integral of experimental EPR spectra for tooth enamel EPR dosimetry
Authors: Tuner Hasan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The presence of background signal in tooth enamel EPR dosimetry is the most challenging situation to overcome. This becomes even more important because it obscures the radiation-induced signal, especially at radiation doses below 1 Gy. In order to overcome this problem, subtraction of the unirradiated sample signal from the irradiated one and the simulation methods are the most widely used methods in the literature. These methods have their own difficulties. Obtaining the double integral of the experimental EPR spectra (first derivative) of tooth enamel and its advantages are presented in the present work. This method offers the opportunity to handle the whole experimental spectrum, both background, and radiation-induced signals, without performing any subtraction or simulation operations, and to overcome the signal-to-noise effects.
Novel biomarkers for acute radiation injury and countermeasures using large and small animal models and multi-omics approach
Authors: Singh Vijay K , Fatanmi Oluseyi O , Wise Stephen Y , Carpenter Alana D , Janocha Brianna , Seed Thomas M 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Threats of radiological or nuclear disasters are of serious concern and a top priority for government agencies involved in domestic security and public health preparedness. There is a need for sensitive bioassays for biodosimetric assessments of radiation exposures originating from unanticipated nuclear/radiological events. The Food and Drug Administration Animal Rule approval pathway requires an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of radiation injury, drug efficacy and biomarkers for radiation medical countermeasure approval. Biomarkers can be helpful for extrapolating the efficacious countermeasure dose in animals to humans. We summarised here our studies to identify candidate biomarkers for the acute radiation injury using various omic platforms (metabolomics/lipidomics, proteomics, microbiome and transcriptomics/microRNA) using murine and non-human primate models conducted in our laboratory. Multi-omic platforms appear to be highly useful in assessing radiation exposure levels and for identifying biomarkers of radiation injury and countermeasure efficacy, which can expedite the regulatory approval of countermeasures.