bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in B lineage cell population in liver and spleen of normal neonatal mice.
Authors: Jyonouchi H , Kincade P W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The frequency and characteristics of B lymphocyte lineage cells in neonatal murine liver and spleen were studied during the first 10 days after birth. These were distinguished as B cells with surface IgM (slgM), immediate precursors of B cells (pre-B cells) lacking slgM but containing micron-heavy chains of IgM, and earlier precursors that did not synthesize immunoglobulin but could be detected with monoclonal 14.8 antibody. Experiments were also done to relate these to cells capable of clonal proliferation in mitogen-containing semisolid agar cultures and cells that acquire this function only after preculture in liquid medium. Newborn liver contained large numbers of early precursors as well as pre-B cells, and culture studies revealed that a majority of the colony-forming B cells present at that time were slg-. Adherent accessory cells in newborn liver suspensions facilitated the maturation of these into functional B cells in vitro. At most ages, however, numbers of slg+ B cells detected in that tissue were surprisingly low. Possible explanations for this include a rapid exit of newly formed B cells and their immediate precursors from liver and/or a high rate of abortive lg gene rearrangements during the neonatal period. In contrast, whereas the spleen contained early precursors and pre-B cells at birth, these cells steadily declined in number with age as the numbers of slgM+ B cells increased. Adherent cells in liver but not spleen of immunodeficient CBA/N mice suppressed B lymphocyte formation in semisolid or liquid cultures. These observations document population dynamics in B lineage cells during a critical period of development.
Interactions of lectins and monoclonal antibodies with human mononuclear cells. I. Specific inhibition of OKT4 and OKT8 binding by Ricinus communis agglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin.
Authors: Boldt D H , Dorsey S A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We used flow cytometry to examine effects of lectins on interactions between human lymphocytes and the anti-T cell monoclonal reagents OKT4 (T helper-specific) and OKT8 (T suppressor-specific). Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) inhibited OKT8 binding to lymphocytes by a mean 77% and Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA-I) inhibited OKT4 binding by 66%. Inhibition was abolished in each case by appropriate carbohydrate hapten inhibitors of lectin binding, indicating it was mediated by the lectin saccharide combining sites. Neither WGA nor RCA-I inhibited binding of OKT3, a pan-T cell monoclonal reagent. In addition, a group of other lectins with a variety of nominal carbohydrate specificities did not inhibit OKT4 or OKT8 binding. Preincubation experiments and gel filtration indicated that inhibition in each case was due to competition between lectin and monoclonal for binding to cell surfaces, not to direct lectin-monoclonal antibody interactions. Treatment of lymphoid cells with OKT8 and complement reduced OKT8- and WGA-binding cells concurrently, whereas treatment with OKT4 and complement did not reduce percentages of either type of cell. Similarly, specific depletion of OKT8-binding cells abolished the mitogenic response to WGA but not that to PHA. Cell populations enriched for WGA-binding cells prepared by flow cytometry and cell sorting demonstrated parallel enrichment for OKT8-binding and depletion of OKT4-binding cells. Therefore, these data demonstrate specific inhibition of OKT4 and OKT8 binding by the lectins, RCA-I and WGA, respectively. Inhibition was mediated by lectin binding to lymphoid cell surfaces, perhaps directly to the T4 or T8 antigens. The observations indicate that lectins may prove useful for investigating structural features of some immunologic cell surface markers. Furthermore, they provide the possibility that certain in vitro effects of lectins on immune function may result from their interactions with molecules such as the T4 and T8 antigens.
Secretion of immune interferon and generation of cytotoxic T cell activity in nude mice are dependent on interleukin 2: age-associated endogenous production of interleukin 2 in nude mice.
Authors: Klein J R , Bevan M J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have examined the relationship between the Con A-mediated induction of CTL effector function and immune IFN secretion in congenitally athymic nude mice. Spleen cells from young adult nude mice (2 mo of age) were found to require an exogenous source of IL 2 for the activation of a CTL effector response and for the release of immune IFN. However, the response of spleen cells from nude mice 9 mo of age differed from that of younger animals in that exogenous IL 2 was not required for the activation of CTL effector function and immune IFN secretion. Spleen cells from old nude mice were found to be capable of making IL 2 upon Con A stimulation similar to normal thymus-bearing animals. The data demonstrate that the maturation of IL 2-secreting cells can occur in athymic mice, that IL 2 is a requisite signal not only for the development of CTL effector function but also for the production of immune IFN, and that CTL effector function and immune IFN release are closely associated immunologic events.
Modulation of the biologic activities of IgE-binding factor. II. Physicochemical properties and cell sources of glycosylation-enhancing factor.
Authors: Iwata M , Huff T F , Uede T , Munoz J J , Ishizaka K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
T lymphocytes of rats treated with Bordetella pertussis vaccine (BP) formed a soluble factor that enhanced the glycosylation of IgE-binding factors during their biosynthesis, and provided the latter factors with the biologic activity to potentiate the IgE response. The present experiments demonstrated that pertussigen (leukocytosis-promoting factor) from BP induced normal rat spleen cells to form the glycosylation-enhancing factor. The same factor was obtained by incubation of normal spleen cells with 5 micrograms/ml, but not 2 micrograms/ml, concanavalin A. When normal rat mesenteric lymph node cells were incubated with the glycosylation-enhancing factor together with IgE, IgE-binding factors formed by the cells selectively potentiated the IgE response. The IgE-binding factors formed by the same cells upon incubation with IgE alone neither enhanced nor suppressed the IgE response. The glycosylation-enhancing factor changed the nature of IgE-binding factors formed by the rat-mouse T cell hybridoma, 23A4. IgE-binding factors induced by IgE alone lacked affinity for lentil lectin, whereas those induced by IgE in the presence of the glycosylation-enhancing factor had affinity for the lectin. The cell source of the glycosylation-enhancing factor appeared to be W 3/25+ Fc gamma R+ T cells. The glycosylation-enhancing factor was protein in nature and had a m.w. of about 25,000. The factor had affinity for acid-treated Sepharose and could be recovered from the beads by elution with lactose. The factor was different from interleukin 2 with respect to both its affinity for galactose and its isoelectric point.
Preliminary structural characterization of the leukocyte cell surface molecule recognized by monoclonal antibody TA-1.
Authors: LeBien T W , Bradley J G , Koller B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
TA-1 is a monoclonal antibody identifying a cell surface molecule with a broad distribution on normal and malignant human leukocytes. Preliminary structural studies performed by using radioimmunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that TA-1 recognizes a two-chain polypeptide of approximately 170 kilodaltons (KD) and 95 KD under reducing conditions. The same experiment conducted under nonreducing conditions yielded bands of approximately 155 KD and 110 KD, suggesting the existence of intrachain disulfide bonds in both subunits. Both polypeptide chains were labeled with tritiated sodium borohydride after treatment of cells with neuraminidase and galactose oxidase, thereby demonstrating that both were glycosylated. Tryptic peptide mapping indicated that the 170-KD and 95-KD subunits did not have significant homology in peptide composition. We are designating this newly defined human leukocyte bimolecular complex gp 170/95.
Selective defect of natural killer and killer cell activity against lymphomas in SJL mice: low responsiveness to interferon inducers.
Authors: Kaminsky S G , Nakamura I , Cudkowicz G 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three unrelated inbred strains of H-2s mice, SJL/JN, A.SW, and B10.S, were classified according to the levels of splenic NK activity against susceptible lymphoma targets, with or without prior administration of the interferon (IFN) inducer p-I:C to the prospective donors of splenocytes: 1) SJL/JN had low endogenous activity that responded poorly to p-I:C-induced augmentation; 2) A.SW exhibited low levels of spontaneous activity that were inducible to higher levels by p-I:C; and 3) B10.S showed high endogenous levels of activity that were augmented to a still higher level by p-I:C treatment. In vitro incubation of spleen cells with partially purified IFN-beta for up to 12 hr augmented NK activity of A.SW and B10.S but not of SJL mice. The relative levels of K cell-mediated ADCC in the three strains were similar to those of NK activity, including augmentability by p-I:C; however, the capacity to perform three additional cell-mediated immune functions, i.e., natural cytotoxicity against a fibrosarcoma target, adherent cell-mediated ADCC against antibody-coated chicken RBC, and alloimmune T cell-mediated cytotoxicity against appropriate targets, did not distinguish one strain from another. The low NK phenotype in SJL/JN remained distinctive throughout postnatal life, but there was a tendency for the highest levels of NK activity to occur in 4 to 8-wk-old mice.
Direct effect of complement factor C5a on the contractile state of isolated smooth muscle cells.
Authors: Scheid C R , Webster R O , Henson P M , Findlay S R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The complement-(C) derived factor C5a has long been recognized as a potent contractile agonist in smooth muscle (1,2); however, controversy remains as to whether the effects of this anaphylatoxin are direct or secondary to the release of histamine (3) and/or other mediators (4-8) from nonmuscle cells within the tissue. To resolve this controversy, we have assessed the contractile effects of purified human C5a and C5a des Arg in a homogeneous preparation of enzymatically dispersed smooth muscle cells derived from the stomach of the toad, Bufo marinus. This preparation, which is insensitive to histamine at concentrations as high as 10(-4) M, responds normally to a variety of electrical (9), mechanical (10), and pharmacologic (11, 12) stimuli. These smooth muscle cells also respond to purified human anaphylatoxin; exposure to the cells to purified human C5a or C5a des Arg produce contractions of the smooth muscle cells that are accompanied by increased Ca2+ influx. The contractile response was unaffected by antagonists to histamine or acetylcholine but was reduced by 30% by pretreatment with the leukotriene antagonist FPL55712. A direct contractile effect of C5a on amphibian smooth muscle cells is suggested.
Induction of B lymphocyte proliferation by monoclonal anti-Lyb 2 antibody.
Authors: Subbarao B , Mosier D E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Monoclonal antibody to Lyb 2, a differentiation antigen present on all B cells, has been used to study the role of Lyb 2 molecules in B cell activation. Monoclonal anti-Lyb 2 antibody (m-anti-Lyb 2) transforms resting B cells into blast cells and induces proliferation in these activated B cells. The proliferative response to anti-Lyb 2 is a property of the Lyb 5+ subset of B cells, since the antibody fails to stimulate B cells from mice expressing the CBA/N immune defect. B cells activated by anti-Lyb 2 mature into antibody-secreting cells in the added presence of T cell-replacing factors contained in the supernatants from concanavalin A-activated T cells. Thus, Lyb 2 molecules may participate in the delivery of stimulatory signals during the early phases of B lymphocyte activation.
The involvement of antigen-presenting cells and suppressor cells in the ultraviolet radiation-induced inhibition of secondary cytotoxic T cell sensitization.
Authors: Jensen P J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When mice were treated with ultraviolet (UV) radiation before immunization with the skin sensitizers, trinitro-chlorobenzene or dinitrofluorobenzene, they showed greatly depressed levels of priming for a secondary in vitro cytotoxic response against haptenated cells. Because the irradiation and skin painting were done on separate sites, these results suggest that the UV radiation had a systemic effect. The priming response of irradiated mice to allogeneic stimulation was normal, indicating some antigen selectivity to the inhibitory effect of UV radiation. A defect in antigen-presenting cells, previously demonstrated in UV-irradiated mice, was found to be largely responsible for the depressed priming response observed in these animals. In addition, the UV-irradiated, immunized mice possessed suppressor cells that were capable of blocking priming for cytotoxic responses against haptenated cells in normal mice.
Functional lymphocytes in the chicken pineal gland.
Authors: Cogburn L A , Glick B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The primary antibody response of lymphoid tissue occupying the pineal gland of 6-wk-old chickens was studied subsequent to injection of the carotid artery with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or bovine serum albumin (BSA). Injection of SRBC did not produce plaque-forming cells (PFC) among pineal lymphocytes whereas BSA stimulated synthesis of anti-BSA immunoglobulin in pineal lymphoid tissue. A cytotoxic assay using appropriate anti-lymphocyte sera indicated that single-cell suspensions of pineal lymphocytes were composed of 42% B lymphocytes and 51% T lymphocytes. Bursal and thymic lymphocytes labeled with tritiated thymidine migrated into pineal lymphoid tissue when injected into 4- and 5-wk-old naive chicks. These observations indicate that the bursa and thymus make equivalent contributions to the lymphoid mass in the chicken pineal gland. Challenge of pineal-established lymphocytes by antigen introduced via the blood vascular system suggests that soluble antigens--rather than particulate ones--stimulate antibody production in the pineal gland. Collectively, these studies indicate that the pineal gland should be considered as a functional component of the chicken's lymphomyeloid system.
Analysis of cellular immune response to EBV by using cloned T cell lines.
Authors: Slovin S F , Schooley R T , Thorley-Lawson D A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Eight cloned T cell lines specific for Epstein Barr virus-transformed B lymphocytes were derived. In the presence of the autologous virus-infected B cells, the T cell lines show HLA-restricted cytotoxic activity and also secrete alpha-interferon in sufficient amounts to inhibit infection and transformation. Four of these clones showed restriction to a single HLA locus (two for A3, and two for B7) and three showed exquisite self-restriction lysing only autologous targets. These seven clones expressed the classical cell surface phenotype of cytotoxic T cells being T3, 8, 11, and la-positive and T4-negative. An eighth clone that lacked the T8 surface marker appeared to recognize both B7 and BW51. HLA restriction was confirmed: 1) by the ability of a monoclonal antibody against an HLA-A,B,C framework antigen (W6-32) to block the cytotoxicity; 2) the failure of the clones to lyse Daudi, an EBV-positive, HLA-A,B, C-negative cell line; and 3) successful competition of the cytotoxicity by autologous but not allogeneic cold targets. The cloned T cells do not kill EBV-negative targets such as autologous pokeweed mitogen blasts and cell lines including CEM and the natural killer cell target K562. The results suggest T cell clones may be generated against an EBV-associated membrane antigen on transformed B cells, perhaps equivalent to the lymphocyte-determined membrane antigen, and that the recognition is restricted by a single HLA determinant. We propose that single T cells can play multiple roles in controlling EBV infection in vitro and in vivo including the elimination of transformed cells by cytotoxicity and the prevention by secreted interferon of further re-infection and transformation.
Characterization of anti-tubular basement membrane antibodies in rats.
Authors: Zanetti M , Wilson C B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Autoimmune tubulointerstitial nephritis was induced in Brown-Norway (BN) rats by immunization with bovine (Bov) tubular basement membrane (TBM) in complete Freund's adjuvant. Serum antibodies thus produced reacted to a greater extent with Bov than BN TBM antigens by indirect immunofluorescence and by radioimmunoassay with particulate (P) and collagenase-solubilized (CS) TBM. The quantities of antibodies reactive with CS TBM correlated with the intensity of tubulointerstitial pathologic changes. Antibodies eluted from kidneys reactive with BN TBM by indirect immunofluorescence were 508 times more concentrated in the kidney than in the serum, compared with 15 times for Bov TBM-reactive antibodies. The reactivity of eluted antibodies to P BN TBM was inhibited by 70% after absorption with BN CS TBM. A major CS TBM antigen of 42,000 m.w. was identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This antigen was present in both Bov and BN TBM, and may be important in triggering autoantibody formation in this model. Lewis rats immunized under the same conditions produced antibodies reactive with BN TBM by immunofluorescence but failed to develop immune deposits in TBM of their own kidneys. Analysis of serum anti-TBM antibodies in Lewis rats revealed a selective lack of reactivity with either homologous or autologous CS TBM. These results suggest that the ability to make an immune response to one or more elements of CS TBM plays a major role in the development of autoimmune tubulointerstitial nephritis in rats.
Clonal analysis of HLA-restricted virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes from cerebrospinal fluid in mumps meningitis.
Authors: Fleischer B , Kreth H W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
T lymphocytes were cloned directly from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with mumps meningitis by limiting dilution in the presence of irradiated feeder cells and T cell growth factor. Of 84 colonies analyzed, 41 were cytotoxic, as shown by their ability to exert phytohemagglutinin-dependent killing. Of these, 39 showed specificity for the autologous mumps-virus infected target cells. The cytotoxic T cell colonies showed the same pattern of HLA restriction as bulk cultures of CSF lymphocytes. This study shows that it is possible to perform functional assays on inflammatory exudate cells at the clonal level. The data also suggest that recruitment of effector cells from the peripheral compartment into the meningeal spaces in mumps meningitis is highly antigen-specific.
Suppression of T cell cytotoxicity by nude mouse spleen cells: reversal by monosaccharides and interleukin 2.
Authors: Palladino M A , Ranges G E , Scheid M P , Oettgen H F 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of monosaccharides on the suppression of cytotoxic T cell generation by spleen cells from nu/nu mice were examined. Suppression of the B6 anti-BALB/c response and the B6 anti-C3H response was reversed by alpha-methyl-D-galactoside (alpha MG) but not other sugars, including beta MG. Suppression was associated with a decrease in the level of IL 2, which suggests competition; this decrease was also reversed by alpha MG.
In vivo analysis of allogeneic lymphocyte interaction: activation of suppressor T cells by an I-J-restricted allogeneic effect factor (AEF).
Authors: Bromberg J S , Delovitch T L , Kaufman K , Greene M I 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The preceding paper detailed the production and fractionation of a T cell-derived I-J-specific allogeneic effect factor (AEF) and analyzed its ability to provide help in a T cell-depleted, in vitro primary anti-sheep erythrocyte response. The identical AEF fractions were examined in this study for their ability to elicit suppression in a delayed-type hypersensitivity assay. Previous reports showed that low or suboptimal doses of antigen, presented i.v. on a cell surface, induce a precursor or primed set of suppressor T cells (pre Ts). These cells manifested antigen-specific suppression only in the presence of a T cell-mediated I-J-specific allogeneic effect induced in vivo against the pre Ts. The experiments reported here examined the ability of alloactivated T cell-derived I-J-specific AEF components to replace the in vivo I-J allogeneic effect. The results show that certain AEF components can indeed provide the signal(s) necessary for activation of suppression. Size and charge separation of the crude AEF preparation revealed several components, some of which could independently serve as appropriate inductive signals. One of these components proved to be biochemically identical to interleukin 2 (IL 2) and accounted for some of the genetically unrestricted AEF activity observed; other higher m.w. molecules also possessed unrestricted activity. Another component provided the requisite activational signals and this 68,000-dalton, pI 5.6 molecule(s) was I-J restricted. These findings are discussed in terms of models of lymphocyte subset interactions and activation.
The origin of chemiluminescence produced by neutrophils stimulated by opsonized zymosan.
Authors: Cheung K , Archibald A C , Robinson M F 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) of neutrophils phagocytosing zymosan is inhibited by superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, sodium benzoate, and 2,5-dimethyl furan. In the present report it is shown that inhibition by SOD and 2,5-dimethyl furan is diminished and removed, respectively, by the omission of glucose from the incubation medium. Zymosan-induced CL is also inhibited by inhibitors of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism, including 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, quinacrine, indomethacin, and aspirin, by prostaglandins E1 and E2, theophylline, and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (cAMP), and by the addition of AA, sodium fluoride, and xanthine oxidase plus xanthine to the cell suspension. These findings lead us to postulate that the metabolism of AA via the lipoxygenase (and cyclooxygenase) pathway(s) is the source of CL observed in neutrophils after phagocytosis. Reactive oxygen species produced as a result of activation of NAD(P)H oxidase provide oxidizing agents for the oxidation of AA along these pathways. It is also suggested that elevated levels of cAMP induced by prostaglandins synthesized via the cyclooxygenase pathway may play a role in the regulation of the zymosan-induced CL response.
Skin allografts generate an enhanced production of histamine and histamine-producing cell-stimulating factor (HCSF) by spleen cells in response to T cell mitogens.
Authors: Dy M , Lebel B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In response to T cell mitogens, spleen cells produce a large amount of histamine, whereas no or a slight increase is observed after B cell mitogen stimulation. This increased histamine production results from the effect of a factor having all the characteristics of HCSF (histamine-producing cell-stimulating factor) already described in secondary MLC supernatant. This factor is produced by Thy-1, 2, Lyt-1, 2-positive cells. Spleen cell cultures derived from skin-allografted mice during rejection produce more histamine in response to T cell mitogens than do spleen cells from normal or syngeneic grafted mice. Such a phenomenon is not observed in response to B cell mitogens. A striking association is found between enhanced histamine synthesis and skin allograft rejection. This phenomenon results from a) a five to 10-fold increase in HCSF production by allograft recipient spleen cells in response to T cell mitogens, and b) an increase in HCSF sensitivity of these spleen cells.