bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practitioner's Approach to Management of Metritis/Endometritis
Authors: Upham G. L. 
Published: March 2023

I feel the goal of any post-partum program dealing with metritis/endometritis is to maximize the potential for milk yield by keeping the affected cow at the feed bunk and aiding future reproductive performance by stimulating rapid uterine involution. This involves addressing the metabolic, hormonal and infectious components of the metritis/endometritis complex.
I have taken the approach of trying to identify problem cows as early as possible within the first 10 days post-partum and provide supportive treatment to help maintain increases in dry matter intake and stimulate uterine involution.
Use of composite milk samples for diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy cattle
Authors: Lam T. J. G. M. 
Published: March 2023

Reliability of use of composite milk samples for diagnosis of intramammary Staphylococcus aureus infections in dairy cattle was compared with that of individual gland samples.
Full article published in Journal American Veterinary Medical Association (1996); 208, 1705-1708
Strategies For Rearing Co-Mingled, Colostrum-Deficient Calves
Authors: Fuhrmann Thomas 
Published: March 2023

Colostral immunoglobulin levels and exposure to pathogens are the two most important factors that affect health and mortality of baby calves. Farm management that affects either of these two factors has been shown to have a significant impact on calf morbidity and mortality.1
Dairy farms are capable of controlling colostrum feeding to insure immunoglobulin transfer and managing the environment to minimize pathogen exposure. Calf ranches, however, characterized by the co-mingling of day old calves purchased from a variety of sources, place calves at high risk of enteric and respiratory pathogen exposure. Failure of colostral immunoglobulin transfer is also high in these calves since the dairies from which calves are sourced have little incentive to feed colostrum.
This report describes approaches to manage health programs for calves under different management systems. Calf management programs for dairy herds will be contrasted with those of calf ranches. Results will be compared so that practitioners can appreciate problems that may be encountered if calves with different histories are treated the same.
Management of the Dairy Calf Prior to Weaning
Authors: Quigley J. D. 
Published: March 2023

The calf and heifer enterprise is an important component of most dairy operations. On average, 25 to 35% of the dairy herd is culled each year and must be replaced. In addition, 10 to 12% of calves born, die within the first two years of life (USDA:APHIS, 1992). Thus, a ready source of high quality heifers is necessary. Unfortunately, calf and heifer management is often overlooked in the dairy enterprise, which leads to increased mortality and morbidity followed by delays in growth, breeding and delayed age at calving.
Calves are born with a predetermined genetic potential, which may be permanently affected by environmental factors and management decisions implemented throughout the rearing period. A calf's genetic potential may be considered an upper limit that is expressed only if proper decisions are implemented at the appropriate time. Studies have shown that the level of management, estimated as herd milk production average, has a profound effect on calf morbidity and mortality (Curtis et al., 1985; James et al., 1984; Jenny et al., 1981; Waltner-Toews et al., 1986a, 1986b). Proper management of young stock, particularly during the neonatal period, can markedly reduce morbidity and mortality, whereas improper management will lead to economic losses from increased cost of veterinary intervention, death losses, growth retardation, and poor reproductive performance. Ultimately, poor management of calves and heifers can reduce the lifetime productivity of the individual cow and the herd as a whole.
Concurrent bovine viral diarrhoea virus and Salmonella typhimurium DT104 infection in a group of pregnant dairy heifers
Authors: Penny C. D. , Low J. C. , Nettleton P. F. , Scott P. R. , Sargison N. D. , Strachan W. D. , Honeyman P. C. 
Published: March 2023

Two days after being imported into the United Kingdom one of a group of 30 pregnant dairy heifers showed clinical signs of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection and subsequently died. Before it died the heifer was BVDV antigen-positive and antibody-negative. The gross post mortem findings were suggestive of mucosal disease but in addition to noncytopathic BVD virus, Salmonella typhimurium DT104 was cultured from tissues and gut contents.
Full article published in Veterinary Record (1996); 138, 485-489
Management and Economics of Natural Service Sires on Dairy Herds
Authors: Risco Carlos A. 
Published: March 2023

To eliminate inefficient heat detection many dairies use natural service (NS) bulls. The perception is that pregnancy rates improves when NS is used because more cows are detected in true estrus and serviced; that is the intensity and accuracy improves in the herd. A 1984 survey of dairy herds in Florida showed that 50 per cent used AI, 38 per cent used a combination of AI and NS, and the remainder used mostly NS.3 A Pennsylvania study involving 329 dairy farms, evaluated the method used in breeding heifers; 11.2 per cent bred their heifers once with AI then used a bull, 8.5 per cent bred their heifers twice with AI then used bulls and 20.7 per cent bred their heifers with bulls only.4 Estimates from large dairy herds in Florida and Texas indicates that the use of NS is still widespread particularly in dairy herds employing a rotational grazing management. Dairy herds that use NS bulls usually do not raise replacement heifers, the genetic balance of the herd can be maintained by purchasing replacement heifers from breeders who are using AI with semen from proven bulls.
The use of NS can reduce the negative effect that people can have on reproduction by eliminating errors in estrus detection. However, when the equation of reproduction is re-examined using NS, it becomes apparent that the fertility of the bull and his ability to service cows that are in estrus greatly determines the pregnancy outcome. Therefore, in order to adequately exploit the use of NS in dairy herds, proper selection and management of these bulls should be included in the overall herd health program of the dairy. In addition, to prevent the disastrous economic consequences of sub-fertile bulls, periodic evaluation of their reproductive performance must be performed.
On-Farm Nutrition Diagnostics
Authors: Nelson Arden J. 
Published: March 2023

Veterinarians are held in high esteem by cattlemen in this country. Rockwood Research, Inc. conducted a study for Church and Dwight of 700 dairymen, asking their preferred sources for information on new nutritional products.10 Dairymen ranked veterinarians highest of all the sources. (Figure 1). Yet, we as cattle veterinarians, have too little direct involvement with nutrition management (Figure 2), as demonstrated in the 1993 AABP survey of member veterinarians.1
With feed and forage costs totalling 45-60% of milk checks, dairymen need excellent management control of nutrition to minimize feed cost and to maximize production, reproduction and cow health. Figure 3 shows the categorization of expenses for the most profitable quartile of herds on Northeast Agrifax financial records system.9 These herds averaged 116 cows and sold 19,030 pounds per cow per year for the years 1992-94. Crop expense and off-farm feed expense averaged $6.44/cwt on milk that 'Yas sold at $13.61/cwt. Nutrition input costs, $3. 73/cwt for off-farm feed and $2. 71/cwt for on-farm production of forages and grains, dwarf all other expense categories.
dispersal of Culicoides brevitarsis in eastern New South Wales and associations with the occurrences of arbovirus infections in cattle
Authors: Bishop A. L. , Kirkland P. D. , McKenzie H. J. , Barchia I. M. 
Published: March 2023

Distributions of the vector Culicoides brevitarsis Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) (determined from light trap data) and 2 arboviruses (determined from seroconversions in sentinel cattle) were studied in eastern New South Wales in 1993-94.
Full article published in Veterinary Record (1996); 73, 174-178
Cowchips$
Authors: Basarab John A. 
Published: March 2023

Cow-calf production in Alberta is based on 2.6 million cows and bred heifers on approximately 30,000 farms and ranches. Typically these operations are mixed beef and grain with over 90% raising cattle for commercial beef production rather than for seedstock. Over 99% are spring calving with multi-sire breeding pastures and weaning in September through November. Genetic improvement in commercial herds typically occurs through the purchase of superior sires. Most managers keep only herd records and minimal financial records. Ten to 20% of commercial cow-calf managers and approximately 2000 seedstock producers keep more detailed individual cow and financial records.
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of Cowchip$ by analysing four years (1992 to 1995) of records from a spring calving, commercial cow-calf herd. Several of the more useful reports generated by the program as well as the scientific rationale behind these reports will be presented.
Assessment of two devices for measuring tympanic membrane temperature in swine, dairy cattle, and dairy calves
Authors: Myers M. J. , Henderson M. 
Published: March 2023

We compared tympanic membrane temperature readings obtained by 2 commercially available devices with rectal temperature readings obtained with a standard mercury thermometer in dairy cattle, dairy calves, and swine.
Full article published in Journal American Veterinary Medical Association (1996); 208, 1700-1701
Cowboys and Computers...
Authors: Lowe James D. 
Published: March 2023

I'm going to give you some personal background that may seem irrelevant to herd management software, but I do so to help you understand the roots of Cow Sense. This software tool was born not of a need to manage pedigrees, registrations, and breed association work; not of an academic desire to gather herd performance data and compare Joe's herd to Sally's; not even with intent to sell a tool that would help others manage their own beef herds. Cow Sense was born of my own need and interest in having a tool that would help me evaluate and develop my herd so that I could survive the times and create a quality herd as quickly as possible.
Launching a Sandhills ranching operation in 1980 was a big change in my life. From a business standpoint, our timing was incredibly bad: skyrocketing interest rates, plummeting land values, and volatile cattle prices forced us to exercise all our management skills and develop new ones. The environment was completely new to me ( though my Dad and Granddad had both spent time in the Sandhills), and practices that worked well in rich Minnesota soils had to be discarded and quickly replaced with ones appropriate for the fragile Sandhills. I had spent some time in college, then worked in applied social research, and skills I had learned during that period seemed to have no direct application in my new life. At the time, I had no vision of how it might all come together down the road. I was too busy learning and applying what I needed to make that ranch work.
When I came to the Sandhills, I had never been involved with a cow/calf enterprise, and had no preconceptions about how to do it. I. wasn't a cowboy, but I was building a cow herd from scratch. I depended heavily on ideas and advice from others, but all that got mixed with my own background and analytic interests. I did things a little bit differently on our ranch than most. Part of that difference was tracking the individual performance of each cow on a personal computer, analyzing the data with various tools, then culling and selecting replacements based on that information. In 1984 I did not find software tools to help me do that, so I began building them. That was the inception of Cow Sense.
Since my first release of a commercial software product in September, 1993, I have devoted a lot of time to Cow Sense and developing a package that I could distribute reliably and widely. My commitment to Cow Sense has since led me to sell the ranch and devote myself to advancing the product and building our software business. With a stable and well-received product, we are now turning our attention to enhancements, new features, and better performance. (I say "we" because I now have associates in this enterprise.) So, let me first tell you what Cow Sense does now, and then I will describe some of our plans for the future.
Simulated airborne spread of Aujeszky's disease and foot-and-mouth disease
Authors: Casal J. , Moreso J. M. , Planas-Cuchí E. , Casal J. 
Published: March 2023

The atmospheric dispersion of virus was simulated using a computer model which had been developed for predicting the dispersion of toxic gases from chemical engineering plants. The results were compared with data from four outbreaks in which virus was believed to have been transported by air: two outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in the United Kingdom in 1967 and outbreaks of Aujeszky's disease in Yorkshire in 1981 to 1982 and Indiana in 1988. There was relatively good agreement with most of these data. The paper shows that the model could be useful in an emergency because the risk of virus spread could be predicted in real time.
Full paper published in Veterinary Record (1997) 140, 672-676
Percutaneous ultrasound-guided abomasocentesis in cows
Authors: Braun U. , Wild K. , Merz M. , Hertzberg H. 
Published: March 2023

The goal of this study was to determine the optimal location for ultrasound-guided centesis of the bovine abomasum and to assess the safety of the procedure.
Full article published in Veterinary Record (1997) 140, 599-602
Rational Approach to Septic Calves
Authors: Fecteau Gilles , Van Metre David C. , Paré Julie , Smith Bradford P. , Holmberg Charles A. , Jang Spencer S. , Higgins Robert H. , Fairbrother John 
Published: March 2023

Despite the fact that bacterial infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the large animal neonate, the early diagnosis remains a challenge for both the veterinarian and the calf manager. In some situations, a focal/localized site of infection can be identified. This leads the clinician to suspect a bacterial component in the problem of his/her patient and to recommend the appropriate therapy. However, septicemia/bacteremia can occur without a detectable primary site of infection. It is also possible that the septicemia/bacteremia state actually precedes the localization of infection. In such case, early antimicrobial therapy would be beneficial. Experienced calf feeders develop good clinical judgment and often initiate early treatment in sick bovine neonates. If a record keeping system exists on the premises, it is easier to follow and to continue appropriate therapy. Because of the continuing increase in public concern about antimicrobial use, we believe that the veterinarian should provide guidelines to help his client appropriately target calves for antibiotic treatment.
Several questions remain that have no single answer. (1) What are the most informative clinical signs on which to base an adequate antimicrobial therapy? (2) How long should the therapy be continued? (3) How many animals really benefit from antimicrobial therapy? (4) How many animals suffering from a bacterial infection are not treated adequately? (5) Which is the best antibiotic to use in calves?
The purpose of this presentation is to share our experience studying septicemia and to target the future goals of research in this field.
How ASTLQ Has Influenced Our Practice...
Authors: Baillargeon Paul 
Published: March 2023

The evolution of veterinary services that we offer to our food animal clients in the various aspects of herd . health is not only influenced by our acquired knowledge and competence but is also driven by the socio-economic aspects of each region. Radostits (1989) has clearly described this pattern of evolution of veterinary services in food animal practice. Industrialization and expansion of the cities, for example, has been delayed for Quebec in comparison with some other areas of the continent meaning that the growth of the demand for dairy products was also retarded.
Quebec's dairy industry may be characterized, from the point of view of veterinary services, in different ways. The average dairy herd in our province was still in the range of 43 cows in 1996 (Agriculture Canada) and many of our dairy operations rely on income from crop or other animal productions. Nevertheless, Quebec accounts for nearly 40% of the country's dairy cow population. Quebec's dairy producers have had restricted access over the years, especially through published information in English, to the common trends that have influenced the dairy industry elsewhere in North America.
Furthermore, veterinary farm services have been subsidized by the Quebec government since 1971 by means of the ASAQ program. At its inception, the program had two main objectives. The first was to make veterinary services available to the food animal industry at a uniform cost irrespective of the geographic location within the province. It was also intended to provide producers with veterinary drugs at a standardized markup and to promote their "rational and adequate usage". One of the most significant consequences of this program has been the emergence of many multi-veterinary practices across the province.
The combined effect of these different aspects is that Quebec still has smaller dairy operations that are serviced by some of the largest veterinary practices in Canada. Group practices allow diversification of the professional services available to the clientele and it has been the clear trend in Quebec over the last twenty years. I believe the ASTLQ project has been one of the crowning accomplishments of the evolution of veterinary practice to date in the province. The group is a culmination of the efforts of more than 120 practitioners from 39 different practices that funded the original research project. The objective was to develop specific tools adapted to the needs of Quebec's dairy practitioners. This was achieved through the adaptation of a software program (DSA) with, at its core an individual animal health file compiled in a herd file, a structured continuing education program as well as the development and testing of new performance indicators for dairy herds.
Since 1994, ASTLQ has become a service, supported by its users, designed to make the practitioner a valuable and competent member of the management team of a dairy herd by being proactive both at the level of the routine on-farm clinical activities as well as by playing a role in management decisions.
Consulting Services that Benefit Small Dairies
Authors: Ferguson J. Ewen 
Published: March 2023

My work as a veterinarian began in a general mixed practice. The practice had a heavy dairy component, and I became involved in providing reproductive services. I'm not sure if I could pinpoint a moment in time when I thought I had been transformed from a reproductive veterinarian to a consulting or a production or a performance medicine veterinarian. I'm still not sure what my proper title should be, or even if I'm there yet. I feel the evolution has progressed well, but when I look back, I realize I have been practising for 20 years.
There have been many influences that have propelled me down the road toward a consulting practice. Some of these influences were from within my previous multi-person, multi-discipline practice. Some were external, such as the changing economies of the modern dairy industry, and some of the influences were personal, with a desire to be more involved with the well being of my dairy clients.
One of the influences was frustration. Much like a dog chasing its tail, it seemed that just as I was poised to conquer one aspect of the dairy management puzzle, another challenge (opportunity) seemed to emerge.
Practical and Humane Bovine Euthanasia
Authors: Gardner Don L. 
Published: March 2023

Most bovine veterinarians will encounter situations where an animal is unlikely to respond favorably to treatment. For both humane and economic reasons veterinarians should assume leadership and advise their clients with realistic predictions about expected outcomes for such animals. The likelihood of treatment success, the potential for animal suffering, the presence of drug residues, and the low probability of passing market inspection are considerations that can make humane euthanasia of a patient the best available option. Too often this decision is postponed, resulting in animal suffering as well as further economic loss for the owner.
Our oath as veterinarians compels us to relieve suffering, and the conduct of humane euthanasia is one of the means available to meet this commitment. There are several methods of euthanasia available, each with its advantages and disadvantages. It is important for the bovine veterinarian to be appraised of these methods in order to chose the best option for a given situation.
Effects on calves less than one month old of feeding or not feeding them during road transport of up to 24 hours
Authors: Knowles T. G. , Warriss P. D. , Brown S. N. , Edwards J. E. , Watkins P. E. , Phillips A. J. 
Published: March 2023

Two trials, each involving 56 calves less than one month old, demonstrated that the responses of calves to food and water deprivation during 24 hours of transport were similar to those observed in older cattle and lambs.
Full article published in Veterinary Record (1997) 140, 116-124
Evaluation of the Prevalence and Risk Factors for Dictyocaulus viviparus Infection in First-lactation Cows
Authors: Caldwell Vincent , DesCôteaux Luc , Bouchard Emile , Bates Kimberley , Green Theodore J. 
Published: March 2023

Lungworm disease has classically been described in young calves and occasionally yearlings, with rare occurrences of a re-infestation syndrome in adults. The condition, like other nematode-induced disorders, has decreased in incidence among dairy herds with the widespread use of endectocides in replacement stock. However, in the last decade in Eastern Canada, anecdotal reports from practitioners and articles in farming journals give the impression that the incidence of lungworm disease in adult lactating cattle is higher than usual. At the same time, pasture management methods are changing in some of the dairies where grazing of replacement stock and/or lactating cows is still practiced. Bovine practitioners lack information on actual prevalence of the parasite and risk factors that predispose a herd to infection.
A randomized cross-sectional survey was conducted to establish the prevalence of herds with Dictyocaulus viviparus (D.v.) infected first-lactation cows in the province of Quebec and to evaluate risk factors associated with herd infection.
"PELIT" Efficacy Trials in Bovine Animals
Authors: Kleemeier Robert , Curkendall L. D. , Finelli Victor , Lanka K. E. , Piper T. E. , Schultz T. A. 
Published: March 2023

These trials, part of a collaborative effort by a team of researchers from several universities,2 investigated an alternate site for transponder implants in bovines: the lower leg. Expectations were that a transponder implanted in an animal's leg would not migrate and would be easy to read with either a hand-held or stationary device. These trials focused on two additional issues: the ease of implantation and the survivability of the "leg implants" over time.
An additional study, conducted by a dairyman,3 evaluated the stress placed on mature dairy cows when a TENS unit, which uses transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation to lock the animal's skeletal muscles, was used to restrain the cows during injection of the PELIT. For this study, milk production was recorded for five days before the injections and compared to milk production recorded for five days after the injections.