bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Normal Human Serum Derivatives That Inhibit the Tanned Cell Hemagglutination Test for Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Reactions
Authors: Bloomfield Norman 
Published: January 2023

Summary
With the exception of albumin, the major Cohn plasma fractions and the derivatives of normal human serum obtained by ultracentrifugation in high density salt solutions and by electrophoresis on Geon inhibit the tanned cell reaction with rheumatoid serum. Native γ-globulin is a poor inhibitor but heating increased its inhibitory activity 4000-fold. The most potent inhibitors were those rich in low-density (β) lipoprotein; lipoprotein-poor α- and β-globulins also possessed appreciable inhibitory activity. A large proportion of inhibition found in normal serum was recovered in the middle fraction obtained by ultracentrifuging β-lipoprotein-depleted serum in a 1.21 density salt solution; a slowly sedimenting (small molecule?) component of great inhibitory activity may therefore also be present.
Inhibition by the unheated fractions is not specific for the rheumatoid reaction; serum and several of its ultracentrifugal and electrophoretic fractions were examined and found to inhibit the tanned cell test for trichinosis. Inhibition by serum and several derivatives of lectin agglutination of sheep cells further demonstrated the nonspecificity of the inhibition.
Studies on the Immune Globulins of Human Serum
Authors: Heremans J. F. , Vaerman J.-P. , Vaerman C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The serum of a subject vaccinated with diphtheria toxoid and two sera from patients recovering from infections with Brucella abortus suis were fractionated and samples consisting of γss- (7 S γ), γ1M- (19 S γ) and γ1A- (β2A-) globulins were separately assessed for antibody activity. All three protein species appeared to be serologically active.
Particular care was taken with the interpretation of data concerning the γ1A-globulin samples. The serologic activities of the γ1A samples could not be explained on the basis of any contamination with γss-globulin, and were ascribed to γ1A-globulin itself. A peculiar feature of the γ1A anti-Brucella agglutinins here studied was their absence of complement-fixing capacity.
It is suggested that future investigations on the physicochemical nature of antibodies be carried out with the knowledge that γ1A- (β2A-) globulin constitutes a third class of antibodies, besides the γss- (7 S γ) and γ1M- (19 S γ) classes.
Hemolytic Properties of Eastern and Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Viruses
Authors: Karabatsos N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Genetron-treated fluids of chick embryo cultures infected with Eastern and Western equine encephalomyelitis viruses were found, after freezing and thawing, to possess hemolytic activity over a wide temperature range (4 to 37°C). The virus hemolysin and hemagglutinin were inactivated by heat, whereas treatment with trypsin, ether and Ca++ tended to cause a selective suppression of the hemolysin activity of both viruses. Certain changes in the pH at which assays were performed resulted in a reduction of hemolytic activity which was greater than any change in hemagglutinating activity. Treatment of chick red blood cells with RDE and trypsin failed to remove the receptors for either of the activities. However, trypsin treatment significantly increased the hemagglutinating activity of both viruses. The hemolysins were inhibited by specific viral antibody and were sedimentable with the hemagglutinins.
A Study of Enzymatic and Antigenic Properties of Renin
Authors: Haas Erwin , Goldblatt Harry , Gipson Edwin C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The procedure for the immunization of rats with renin was reinvestigated and optimal conditions for the formation of large amounts of antirenin within 3 weeks were established. This made possible the investigation of the effect on antigenicity of hog renin of treatment by enzymatic, chemical, immunochemical and physical procedures, known to exert profound effects on the structure of proteins, on the activity of other enzymes and on the immunologic specificity of antigens. These procedures included the digestion of renin by trypsin, papain, or pepsin, treatment with acid or alkali, exposure to carboxymethylation at various pH levels, reduction by various thiol compounds, depolymerization by urea, the detergent action of sodium dodecylsulfate, immunologic inactivation by antirenin, the blockade of functional groups by gold chloride and p-chloromercuribenzoate, nitroguanidination, and irradiation by x-rays or ultrasound.
Some of these treatments completely inactivated hog renin with respect to its enzymatic activity but spared to a variable extent the antigenic activity. Antirenin to unmodified hog renin is capable of inactivating the enzymatic activity of the renin of many animals but not of man. In no case was the antigenicity of modified hog renin so altered as to induce the formation of antirenin also capable of inactivating human renin.
Certain new properties of renin were established in the course of this study. It was shown that renin possesses an unusually high resistance to digestion by proteolytic enzymes. It can be exposed to reduction by cysteine without loss of activity, and subsequent exposure to atmospheric oxygen does not lead to its reoxidation. Exposure of renin to carboxymethylation in neutral solution results in complete inactivation of the pressor producing activity, but this activity can be protected by treatment with various thiol compounds. A reactive thiol group probably is not involved directly in the catalytic activity of renin. Renin which has been completely inactivated as a pressor agent by an excess of antirenin is still effective in the production of antirenin.
Various observations have been summarized in the proceedings of a recent symposium (6) which suggest that the suppression of antibody formation against antigen complexed with excess antibody is a general phenomenon. This does not apply to the renin-antirenin complex produced in vitro, for the product of this reaction remains antigenic, and retains the property of inducing the formation of antirenin. The choice of the species for immunization was found to be a determinant in the efficiency of the resulting antirenin to cross-react with renin of different species.
A distinction between enzymatically and antigenically active sites has become possible since complex formation, which abolishes the antigenicity of renin, retains its catalytic (pressor) activity (2), whereas various procedures which abolish the enzymatic activity of renin fail to destroy its ability to induce the formation of antirenin (Table V).
Mechanisms of Immunologic Paralysis by Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Neeper Carolyn A. , Seastone C. V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunologic paralysis by type I pneumococcal polysaccharide could be terminated with water-in-oil emulsion 14 days after its induction. Mice were not immunologically paralyzed by 500 µg of pneumococcal polysaccharide if water-in-oil emulsion was inoculated simultaneously, 2 hr after, or 2 days before. Resistance resulting from adjuvant alone was observed but was of a lower order of magnitude than that produced by adjuvant in paralyzed mice.
Large numbers of murine splenic and exudative cells failed to break paralysis. Paralyzed mice were made resistant to pneumococcal infection by injection of a suspension of normal splenic cells containing 0.5 µg of polysaccharide, but these results could not be regularly repeated.
The Pathogenesis of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis in Mice: the Effects of Different Inoculation Routes and the Footpad Response
Authors: Hotchin John , Benson Lois 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A detailed study of the different host responses after inoculation of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus by different routes was made using s.c., i.p., i.c. and f.p. inoculations. Mice of two different strains were observed for clinical disease signs, the progress of which was followed objectively by recording the over-all weight changes of the mice for a 2-week period after inoculation; both aggressive and docile virus strains were used.
High doses of the docile virus strain given by the i.c. inoculation route did not regularly produce disease and death, particularly in the Swiss mice. This phenomenon was concluded to be due to immunologic paralysis. In this and in some other cases, the immunizing titer of virus preparations was higher than the LD50 titer.
Subcutaneous inoculation caused very low mortality with the production of immunity. Footpad inoculation production of immunity. Footpad inoculation produced a severe edematous response which was the most reliable and sensitive clinical method of detecting docile virus strains.
The measurements of weight changes in the inoculated mouse proved to be the most sensitive index of disease. By recording weight changes, it is possible to judge the end point of LCM virus titration after approximately 4 days instead of the usual 10 days to 2 weeks. The method also indicates the presence of virus in doses which ordinarily do not cause detectable clinical response. The findings are discussed in terms of the pathogenic mechanism of LCM infection.
Studies of Pasteurella Pestis
Authors: Elsler Daniel M. , Kubik Gayle M. , Von Metz Eleanor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A crude protein fraction (FIB) and a toxin were prepared from Pasteurella pestis grown in casein hydrolyzate mineral carbohydrate medium, by fractionating the culture filtrate with (NH4)2SO4. The protein nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and the ultraviolet light absorption values were similar to those published by other investigators. Electrophoresis, however, revealed two rather than one component. Both the FIB and the toxin were antigenic.
One inoculation of either protein 1/2 hr before subcutaneous infection with virulent organisms induced immediate protection against P. pestis but not against Pseudomonas pseudomallei or Pasteurella tularensis. The degree of protection induced by one inoculation of FIB increased as the interval between treatment and infection increased.
The immediate protection against P. pestis, induced by the proteins, was probably specific but the participation of nonspecific factors was not precluded.
Immune Cytolysis of Mouse Thymic Lymphocytes
Authors: Reif Arnold E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immune cytolysis was carried out by mixing a suspension of mouse thymic lymphocytes containing 97 to 99% viable cells with complement and various dilutions of rabbit antiserum or isoantiserum. Cellular integrity was determined after incubation for 2 hr at 37° C, by use of vital staining. An end point of 50% cell deformation was employed. As source of complement, hamster serum was almost nontoxic to mouse thymic lymphocytes. Two absorptions with mouse red cells and three absorptions with mouse liver removed the slight toxicity and any tendency for clumping. Guinea pig serum similarly absorbed was still slightly toxic. The count of deformed cells in the assay tubes containing antiserum changed relatively little between 1 and 3 hr after the start of incubation. This could be attributed to a balance between the rate of increase in the number of stained cells and their rate of disappearance due to complete lysis. Optimal conditions for assay of complement were determined. Complement titers determined with cells sensitized with varying concentrations of isoantiserum were relatively constant; in contrast, the complement requirement decreased with increasing concentrations of rabbit antiserum. This complement-sparing action of rabbit antiserum was only partially correlated with its complement-independent cytotoxicity. Optimal conditions for assay of cytolysin were determined. Direct proportionality between cytolytic titer and cell concentration was obtained over a range from approximately 5 to 20 million cells/ml. There was progressive loss of proportionality at lower cell concentrations. An unabsorbed rabbit antiserum to AKR thymic lymphocytes gave no evidence of specificity in its cytolysis of thymic lymphocytes taken from four different strains of inbred mice. The two isoantisera that were tested showed potent cytolysis of AKR thymic lymphocytes.
Studies on Delayed Hypersensitivity to Proteins and Protein Conjugates
Authors: Trakatellis Anthony C. , Stinebring Warren R. , Axelrod A. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Picrylation of γ-globulins suppresses both their ability to induce delayed hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis to the carrier protein in guinea pigs. Furthermore, picrylation decreases the reactivities of the test antigens in both systems. These data provide no evidence for a dissociation between the antigenic sites responsible for antibody production and delayed hypersensitivity.
Difficulties inherent in the application of chemically altered proteins to studies of this type have been emphasized.
Antigenic Relationship between Two Types of 7 S Guinea Pig γ-Globulins
Authors: Jeanette Thorbecke G. , Benacerraf Baruj , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antigenic relationship between isolated guinea pig 7 S γ1 and γ2 antibodies has been examined. The two γ-globulins cross-react when studied with rabbit antisera to whole guinea pig serum in immunoelectrophoresis and Ouchterlony plates. Absorption of rabbit antisera with the slow fragment of guinea pig γ-globulin, obtained by starch block electrophoresis of papain digest, removes this cross-reactivity. It is concluded that the known differences in biologic activities of these two types of γ-globulins must be due to different structures of the H chain.
Isolated guinea pig antibodies of various antihapten specificities show consistent differences in their immunoelectrophoretic patterns with respect to mobility and number of precipitation arcs observed. Some of the differences have been shown to reside in the slow fragment. However, no qualitative antigenic differences have thus far been shown by absorption studies of the rabbit antisera used.
Oral Immunization and Production of Coproantibody in Human Volunteers
Authors: Freter Rolf , Gangarosa Eugene J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A group of nine human volunteers received daily doses of oral cholera vaccine for 4 weeks. At the end of this period, seven (78%) showed appreciable antibody titers in fluid stools and/or duodenal fluids. Coproantibody could be maintained in these volunteers for 12 weeks (i.e., the length of the experiment) by a single weekly oral dose of vaccine.
A primary course of daily oral doses for 2 (rather than 4) weeks was less effective in inducing coproantibody. Completely ineffective was a primary course of twice-weekly (rather than daily) oral doses for 4 weeks. A tentative schedule for induction of coproantibody in man by oral vaccine may therefore be formulated which consists of a primary course of one daily dose for 4 weeks, followed by one weekly dose for as long as coproantibody must be maintained. Oral vaccination is the only known method for maintaining coproantibody in man.
Coproantibody titers in the orally immunized volunteers were of the same order of magnitude as those found previously after parenteral vaccination, in spite of the fact that 75 times higher serum antibody titers were induced by parenteral vaccine. Consequently, coproantibody stimulated by oral immunization appears to be produced in the intestine rather than being derived from serum antibody.
Coproantibody titers in the duodenum of fasting volunteers were low, but increased sharply after a test meal of butter. Antibody titers in duodenal fluids were unrelated to the presence of bile. In many volunteers duodenal antibody titers were of the same order of mangitude as fecal titers, suggesting that release of antibody into the lumen occurs not only in the duodenum but also in lower portions of the intestinal tract. Presence of coproantibody in duodenal fluids was unrelated to the presence of bile pigments.
Passive Anaphylaxis in Mice with Homologous Antiserum
Authors: Treadwell Perry E. , Rasmussen A. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Various factors influencing the anaphylactic reactivity of mice have been studied. There is a direct relation between the amount of antigenantibody complex injected and the severity of the anaphylactic reaction. This complex must be present at a specific level within a limited period of time for death to occur. Mice surviving an initial reaction are desensitized to subsequent lethal reactions 10 min to 6 days later, the duration depending upon the challenging dose of complex. The Webster-Swiss (W-BRVS) strain is exquisitely sensitive to anaphylactic shock when compared to several other strains. Studies on desensitization with different types of anaphylaxis using different antigen-antibody systems for desensitization and challenge suggest that the depletion of a substance other than antibody or complement is responsible for the refractory state.
The Induced Rejection of Guinea Pig Skin Homografts by a Partially Purified Transfer Factor
Authors: Powell A. E. , Ray Otis , Hubay C. A. , Holden W. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effects of a partially purified transfer factor (PTF) on specific guinea pig skin homografts has been described. There is a significant increase in the rate of rejection of such grafts, compared with controls. PTF taken from nonspecifically stimulated animals is inactive, as is that prepared from second-set recipients. There is no obvious correlation between the size of the cutaneous transfer reaction and the anti-graft activity of these preparations.
Immunologic Studies in Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Ehrenkranz N. Joel , Carter Mary Jo 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Hemagglutinins (HA) to O antigens from bacteria in urine were measured in serial serum specimens from patients with urinary tract infections. Twofold or greater HA rises were found in 51 of 105 bacteria from patients with acute infections of varying severity.
HA rises to specific Escherichia, particularly strains possessing O antigens 4 and 6, were found primarily in patients with temperatures greater than 101° and in those with overt acute pyelonephritis. In these persons and in patients with chronic pyelonephritis high HA titers to heterologous E. coli O4 and O6 antigens were also found. Serologic and cultural findings of other Gram-negative bacteria were more randomly distributed. These serologic methods offer promise in documenting urinary tract infections and separating such severe infections as acute and chronic pyelonephritis from cystitis.
The Effect of X-Ray on the Antigenicity of Donor Cells in Transplantation Immunity
Authors: McKhann Charles F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The x-ray sensitivity of normal histocompatibility antigens in mice was studied. Strong antigens associated with the H-2 locus were found to be resistant to as much as 12,800 r in vitro, in that mice inoculated with such heavily irradiated cells were immunized by them and gave second set responses to subsequent skin grafts. Weak antigens associated with H-1 and H-3 loci were effectively destroyed by as little as 400 r, failing to induce immunity after irradiation in vitro. The cells used to induce immunity were spleen cells and a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma. Possible biologic relationships between strong and weak transplantation antigens are discussed and a reason for their different sensitivities to irradiation suggested.
Agglutinins of the Red Kidney Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris): A New Cytoagglutinin Distinct from Hemagglutinin
Authors: Tunis Marvin 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Kidney bean extract has been investigated with respect to its human erythrocyte and nucleated cell agglutinating properties. In addition to the customarily found hemagglutinin, the extract contains two different agglutinin activities. These can be separated by differential absorption with red blood cell stroma and show activity against cells other than red blood cells. The first of these is associated with a fraction of bean extract containing the hemagglutinin and shows some physical properties in common with the hemagglutinin. The hemagglutinin and this nucleated cell agglutinin can be absorbed and recovered from stroma under the same conditions and both have the same temperature of inactivation. It is not yet known whether the two activities are a function of the same material or two separate agglutinins. The second nucleated cell agglutinin is found in another fraction not absorbable by stroma, is devoid of hemagglutinating activity, and requires a higher temperature than the aforementioned nucleated cell agglutinin to be inactivated.
Antigenicity of Lipid-Adsorbed Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids
Authors: Youngner J. S. , Axelrod Velma 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies of the effectiveness of hexadecylamine (HDA)-adsorbed vaccines have been extended to bacterial as well as viral antigens. Adsorption experiments show that diphtheria and tetanus toxoids adsorb to HDA with great efficiency whereas about 30 to 40% of the protein, which is not toxoid, does not adsorb. A significant purification of toxoid therefore is achieved by adsorption to lipid.
Lipid-adsorbed toxoids produce an antibody response in guinea pigs equivalent to the response elicited with alum-precipitated antigen, indicating that HDA can act as an adjuvant in combination with bacterial as well as with viral antigens. Data are presented dealing with the influence of the interval between primary vaccination with adjuvant vaccine and secondary stimulation with fluid toxoid on antibody response.
In contrast to the failure of HDA to act as an adjuvant in combination with influenza virus when injected into rabbits, HDA does act as an adjuvant with diphtheria toxoid in this species. The results introduce a new factor into the study of lipid adjuvants, namely, the effectiveness of the adjuvant in different species as a function of the antigen used.
Biologic Properties of Polynucleotides
Authors: Yachnin Stanley 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Polyriboguanylic acid synthesized by means of RNA polymerase has been tested for anticomplementary activity. 0.054 µmoles P poly G inhibits one 50% hemolytic unit of complement. Since poly GU is a more potent anticomplementary substance than poly IU of similar base composition, the lesser (1/7) potency of poly G as compared with poly I is thought to result from the fact that poly G exists in solution as a multi-stranded helix.
Immunologic Studies of Purified Viral Hemagglutinin
Authors: Tong Myron J. , Fong Jacob 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A hemagglutinin fraction (HAF) of influenza A (PR8) virus, purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and shown to be highly homogenous by analytical ultracentrifugation, electron microscopy and a gel diffusion test, was used as an immunizing antigen in these studies.
Sera of guinea pigs immunized intraperitoneally with purified HAF contained antibodies which exhibited hemagglutination-inhibiting, virus neutralizing, and toxin neutralizing properties.
Mice immunized with purified HAF prepared from PR8 virus were resistant to challenge infection with the homologous strain of virus but susceptible to infection with a heterologous (FM1) strain of virus.
Guinea pigs immunized with whole virus and challenged intranasally with homologous virus exhibited more extensive and intensive histopathologic changes than nonimmunized animals; intranasal challenge of immunized animals with purified HAF duplicated some of the pathologic changes caused by challenge of immunized animals with whole virus.