bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anaphylaxis XVIII: Studies on Passive Sensitization of the Dog
Authors: Sherwood Noble P. , Stoland O. O. , Kirk J. S. , Tennenberg D. J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The concept that a latent period for passive sensitization of the dog is essential has been widely accepted for many years. Lewis (1) states, “The earliest experiments in the transference of hypersusceptibility from one animal to another clearly showed that a definite interval of time must elapse between the injections of sensitizing antiserum and antigen.” He further states that the interval is usually 24 hours but may be reduced to 4 hours under optimum condition; that it is, “Generally agreed that the latent period cannot be entirely dispensed with.” Zinsser, Enders, and Fothergill (2) are of the same opinion since they state that in passive sensitization a definite period must elapse between the injection of sensitive blood and that of antigen. Apparently Dragstedt (3, 4) does not challenge these conclusions since he states that a latent period “… has been shown to be necessary for the guinea pig and the dog.”
The Prolonged Viability of Sporozoites of Plasmodium Gallinaceum in Extracts of Washed Chicken Erythrocytes
Authors: Whitman Loring 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sporozoites of P. gallinaceum suspended in a diluent consisting of a saline extract of washed chicken erythrocytes will survive for as long as 72 hours at room temperature (25 C-26 C) and with little loss of infectivity for at least 24 hours.
The addition of penicillin to the extract has been found to have no adverse effect on the sporozoite and may be used to reduce the danger of bacterial contamination.
Evidence is presented which indicates that mosquito tissues when mixed with sporozoites reduce the infectivity of the latter.
Immunological Studies of Cholera Filtrates
Authors: Singer E. , Wei S. H. , Hoa S. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cultures of V. cholerae produce a substance (F.F.) which causes shedding of the epithelium when pieces of guinea pig ileum are exposed to its action. F.F. can be demonstrated in culture filtrates only, and is absent in washed suspensions and autolyzates of V. cholerae. F.F. is heat-labile, inactivated by formaldehyde, exposure to 37 C and by ageing.
Antigenically F.F. is very similar to, if not identical with the somatic antigen of V. cholerae.
It differs from the somatic antigen in its physical characteristics.
VII. Report on the Prophylactic Vaccination of 1536 Persons Against Acute Respiratory Diseases, 1919–1920
Authors: von Sholly Anna I. , Park William H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The reason for the investigation upon which this report is based, was to attempt to help clear up, if possible, the status of a vaccine made of the mixed organisms which predominate in respiratory diseases, used as a prophylactic agent in epidemic “grippe” and acute respiratory diseases in general. Reports on vaccine prophylaxis are only too plentiful both for a vaccine made of pure Bacillus influenzae and for a vaccine made of various mixtures of the important microbes found in the respiratory tract. The chief criticisms to the recognition of their claims is that they were tested out during the late pandemic of “grippe” either close to or after the peak of the epidemic, at a time when it was impossible to sort out cases into convincing statistical groups on account of the unknown factor of natural or inherited immunity which plays an important and as yet, little charted part in epidemiology.
VI. A Serological Study of the Bacillus of Pfeiffer
Authors: Coca Arthur F. , Kelley Margaret F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Confirming the previous work of Valentine and Cooper, a study of eighteen cultures of the bacillus of Pfeiffer isolated from cases of influenza in different localities and at different times revealed identities in the cultures only when a probability of personal contact existed. On the basis of Park's argument these findings admit of only one conclusion with regard to the rôle of Pfeiffer's bacillus; namely, that that microörganism is not the cause of the disease. An immune serum prepared by the injection of one strain of B. influenzae was found to agglutinate other strains of that bacillus, but not the one used for the immunization. This phenomenon was due to the presence of an unusual quantity of a specific inhibiting antibody.
A Test-Tube Rack for Serological Work
Authors: Deibert Olin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A compact, convenient, and inexpensive test-tube rack, adaptable to many of the common bacteriological and serological procedures in which test tubes are involved, is herewith described, and a few of its advantages and possibilities indicated.
The simplest type of this rack, which was designed while the writer was working in the Department of Bacteriology at the University of Kansas, consists of a sheet of metal 5½ by 4½ inches bent at right angles along the greater dimension, 1¼ inches from the edge. The 1¼ inch portion of the sheet serves as a base, and the test tubes are held against the upright piece of metal by two rubber bands which are spaced an inch or more apart.
The Specific Antigenic Properties of the Four Groups of Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Hooker Sanford B. , Anderson Lillian M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By means of appropriate adsorption tests it has been shown that Landsteiner's theory as to number and allocation of human isohemagglutinins and agglutinable elements is probably correct.
Evidence suggesting the possible existence of sub-groups is discussed, and other data are submitted in support of the recommendation that both the typing of bloods and direct tests between recipient and prospective donors be adopted as routine procedures preliminary to transfusion.
Attention is drawn to a number of observations which arouse suspicion, at least, that blood-plasma rather than cells may be the source of certain post-transfusion reactions. There is probably no etiologic or concurrent antigen-antibody plasma reaction following primary transfusions because we were unable to demonstrate any isoprecipitins or alexin-binding antibodies in cross-titrations of representative group sera.
Both from the clinical standpoint and because of the information which would derive to the subject of antigenic specificity, serologic methods deserve more thorough application particularly to the problem of those reactions which follow repeated transfusions.
Study of Fixed Rabies Virus Propagated in the Brain of Guinea Pig Fetus
Authors: Chen-Jen Chen , Zia Samuel H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A fixed rabies virus has been cultivated in the developing fetal brain of the guinea pig in utero in three series through 8, 5 and 16 successive passages, respectively, with its virulence undiminished. It was found to be fully antigenic and yielded vaccine comparable to that of infected adult brain tissue. The advantage of using the embryonic tissue vaccine by this simple method is discussed.
The Position of the Wakefield Bacilli (Berger)
Authors: Weil A. J. , Slafkovsky H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The position of the two types of organisms found in Wakefield by Berger is discussed. One of the types was found to be identical with two strains labeled elsewhere as Proteus morgani.
The heat-labile antigen we had found in the organisms of Berger and in Shigella Large-Sachs Q454 is also present in a colon strain obtained from England. Reactivity with this heat-labile antigen of sera of normal rabbits is very rare in rabbits obtained in this neighborhood, and it appears unlikely that “normal” antibodies are an important source of error in this connection.
The Relation of Antagonistic Coliform Organisms to Shigella Infections
Authors: Halbert Seymour P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A survey of individuals in a New York State Institution for the presence of fecal lactose-fermenting organisms antagonistic against a strain of Shigella paradysenteriae Flexner type III, revealed that 11.7 per cent of 2,648 strains were active in this respect, and that 30 per cent of 287 individuals harbored such organisms. A random sample of 30 highly antagonistic strains were shown to be capable of producing soluble antibiotic substances. Of the 287 individuals, 13 per cent were infected with either of two types of Shigella. The subjects who were infected with Shigella, had a significantly higher incidence of antagonist-bearers than the non-infected individuals. This tendency was especially marked in individuals whose cultures yielded only a small number of Shigella colonies. The feeble-minded group characterized by mongolism was found to have significantly more Shigella-positive cultures, and coliform antagonists, than the rest of the individuals. The Shigella prevalence in this group decreased with age, and with length of stay in the institution, but no relationship between these factors and antagonist-bearing was noted. The close similarity between the essential findings reported here, and the observations on a normal population in South Texas, is pointed out.
The Complement Fixation Test in Yellow Fever Epidemiology
Authors: Perlowagora A. , Hughes T. P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Marmosets surviving yellow fever infection develop complement-fixing antibodies, which reach a maximum titer in about four to five weeks after infection. These antibodies gradually disappear. Only in one of 26 animals did they persist as long as 360 days.
This finding may be applied in epidemiological studies to identify recently infected wild marmosets captured in areas under investigation.
The Determination of the Optimal Haemolysin Level for Use in the Complement-Fixation Test
Authors: Fisher James W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A modification of the spectrophotometric method of complement assay described by Kent (17) is outlined for determining objectively the optimal level of haemolysin to be used in the complement-fixation test. The haemolytic curves obtained by assaying haemolysin at a number of levels are described by a family of linear regression lines (logarithm of the dose of complement-probit percentage of haemolysis) that have a common origin but differ in slope. The optimal level of haemolysin is chosen as that dose which produces the maximum sensitivity of the erythrocytes to the action of complement as manifested by the steepest line.
Cholera Immunization
Authors: Singer E. , Wei S.H. , Hoa S.H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Human subjects were immunized against V. cholerae by the injection of vaccines which were prepared by different methods.
The method of preparation did not seem to have any appreciable effect on the antibody response following the injections.
Intracutaneous vaccination appeared to be more effective than subcutaneous injections. It was, however, followed in some instances by abscess formation, which although insignificant in extent and not accompanied by discomfort, should at present be considered as contraindicating its general application.
The Serologic Relationships Between Five Cultured Strains of Supposed T. Pallidum (Noguchi, Kroó, Nichols, Reiter and Kazan) and Two Strains of Mouth Treponemata
Authors: Eagle Harry , Germuth Frederick G. , Musselman Arlyne , Grossberg Jean 
Published: January 2023

Summary
On the basis of their cross-reactivity in agglutination and complement fixation tests with rabbit antisera, five strains of cultivated treponemata which are now non-pathogenic, but which all purport to be T. pallidum, have been found to fall into 3 distinct groups: The Nichols and Noguchi strains were serologically indistinguishable. The Reiter and Kazan strains cross-reacted, but were not identical. The Kroó strain was serologically distinct from the other four. The Reiter strain has further been shown to be serologically almost identical with 2 strains of saprophytic mouth treponemata. Although rabbits injected with these cultured treponemata developed agglutinins and complement-fixing antibodies in high titer, they did not develop positive Wassermann or flocculation tests. In both respects the antibody response differed from that obtained with suspensions of pathogenic T. pallidum. Syphilitic sera absorbed with suspensions of the Reither or Kazan strains lost all reactivity with these organisms, but their reactivity in Wassermann or flocculation tests with tissue extracts was unaffected. Rabbits “immunized” with cultured organisms proved susceptible to infection with large inocula of pathogenic T. pallidum. The data here reported indicate that the 5 cultivated strains of treponema here studied, all purporting to be T. pallidum, differ materially in their morphologic and antigenic properties from the pathogenic organism. The validity of their identification as T. pallidum is questionable.
Studies in Cellular Growth
Authors: Maltz Maxwell , Spain David M. , Molomut Norman 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A 0.1 unit/kg dose of antisplenic-tissue-serum (ASTS) accelerates the healing process of experimental wounds in mice. Pretreatment with one dose of ASTS (0.1 unit/kg) did not affect the normal course of healing. A 10 unit/kg dose of antisplenic-tissue-serum (ASTS) did not affect the rate of healing as compared with control treated groups. The presence of anti-mouse red blood cell factors in the antiserum did not modify the action of the ASTS.
Quantitative Studies of Complement-Fixation
Authors: Osler Abraham G. , Heidelberger Michael 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Data are given on precipitation and fixation of C′ by S III and S VIII in reactions with homologous and cross-reacting antibodies. Fixation in the homologous systems closely parallels the course of the preicipitn-reactions at higher concentrations. As in the precipitin-reaction, S III is a more efficient reactant with anti-S VIII than S VIII is with anti-S III. While the course of cross-fixation between S VIII and anti-S III differs from the homologous reaction much as does the corresponding precipitin-reaction, the reciprocal cross-reaction parallels the S VIII anti-S VIII reaction.
A Study of Shigella Isolated in India and Burma, with Special Reference to Two Previously Undescribed Sero-Types
Authors: Cox C. D. , Wallace G. I. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Type distribution of 664 cultures of Shigella or closely allied enteric bacilli isolated mainly from American military personnel in India and Burma is presented.
Further biochemical and serological studies in this country of 40 cultures, which were inagglutinable in available Shigella antiserums upon isolation but possessed morphological and biochemical characteristics of this genus are discussed. Four of these cultures were found to comprise two previously undescribed sero-types, and their characteristics are described.
On the Individual Specificity of Human Serum
Authors: Goldberg Henry P. , de Gara Paul F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Recent studies of Cumley and Irwin (1, 2, 3) have suggested that serum proteins may be innately different in individuals of the same species (birds or man). In general, previous attempts to demonstrate this have not been successful (4). As far as we could ascertain, no confirmation of the results of Cumley and Irwin have been published. The existence of these differences would be of interest in the study of diseases where genetic factors are important, such as Rheumatic Fever (5). Therefore, an attempt was made to repeat the experiments of Cumley and Irwin.
In general, the technic of Cumley and Irwin was used. Immune sera were obtained by the injection of rabbits with sera from 2 rheumatic children and absorbed with sera of 4 non-rheumatic adults. One of the rheumatic children had acute rheumatic fever and his blood contained C-reactive protein; the other child was convalescing from acute rheumatic fever and had no C-reactive protein in his blood.
Pertussis Immunisation—Additional Factors Governing the Potency for Mice of Phase I Vaccines
Authors: Gray David F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Under the conditions of these experiments, fluid cultures of H. pertussis have proved less virulent for mice than B-G. cultures. As on B-G. medium (Gray 1946) mouse virulence in fluid medium decreases with increasing physiological age, though less rapidly than on B-G. medium. Vaccines made from fluid cultures have proved less potent for mice than B-G. vaccines. When cultures of more than 72 hours' incubation are used for vaccine production, they are of little value as immunising agents. When fluid cultures are agitated continuously during the incubation, the yield is greatly increased. Marked alterations occur, however, in viable counts, in virulence and in immunising potency. The effects on potency are inconstant and not yet completely understood. The ratio of viable to total counts in standardised suspensions from solid or fluid cultures bears no constant relationship to either virulence by the intranasal route, or to immunsiing potency. An observation, intriguing in the light of current concepts of growth dynamics, was the common occurrence of lower viable counts at 48 hours than at either 24 hours or 72 hours in suspensions standardised to the same density. There appears to be little to choose between phenol, formalin, merthiolate and mild heat in producing H. pertussis vaccine. There is no evidence of autolytic loss of antigenic potency over a period of three months' storage in phenolised vaccine. No more efficient vaccine for mice, under the experimental conditions employed, has yet been evolved than one prepared from a 24 hr culture on B-G. medium of H. pertussis phase I.
The Effect of Acriflavine and Phosphine GRN on Lysis of Bacteria by Bacteriophage
Authors: Smith Andrew G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The specificity of two acridine compounds in inhibiting lysis by bacteriophage was shown in the reaction of four bacteria-bacteriophage systems to their presence. The phage-inhibiting effect of one of these compounds, acriflavine, was effectively neutralized by yeast nucleic acid, riboflavin, thiamin, nicotinamide and sodium lauryl sulfate. This is in contrast to the work of Fitzgerald and Lee (6) with phosphine GRN where only yeast nucleic acid was found to be effective.
Immune Response in Mice After Vaccination with Bacterium Tularense
Authors: Ruchman Isaac , Foshay Lee 
Published: January 2023

Summary
After vaccination with one or 3 doses of a phenolized suspension of Bacterium tularense white mice developed maximal agglutinative titers of 1:40 to 1:80 at 3 to 4 weeks, the levels slowly declining thereafter. The antibody level was somewhat higher and persisted longer in those animals that had received 3 doses.
Following a single booster dose there occurred a slight negative phase followed by a rapidly rising titer. The peak of 1:640 to 1:1280 was reached in about a week when the stimulating dose was administered between 6 and 7 weeks after the initial vaccination. Despite this improved antibody response mice failed to develop any resistance to small numbers of living, virulent organisms when they were challenged intraäbdominally, intracerebrally or subcutaneously at the time of peak antibody titers.
The completely susceptible and wholly nonresistant white mouse is an unsuitable test animal for experiments of this nature.
The Specificity of the Agglutination-Reaction with Autoclaved Hemolytic Streptococci and the Role of the Group-Specific Polysaccharide in the Reaction
Authors: Liao Sung J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Thulin's agglutinative reaction with autoclaved hemolytic streptococcus was examined for its specificity by testing various strains of cocci against grouping and typing sera and patients' sera. The evidence suggested that this particular reaction was specific for hemolytic streptococcus as a group. Agglutinin-absorption with autoclaved hemolytic streptococcus and precipitin-absorption with the group-specific polysaccharide of the group A hemolytic streptococcus were done on streptococcal grouping and typing sera and patients' sera. The results indicate that the group-specific polysaccharide played an important role in rendering the test specific for hemolytic streptococcus.
Studies in the Metabolism of the Tubercle Bacillus
Authors: Smith M. I. , Emmart E. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The tubercle bacillus grown on a synthetic (Kirchner's) medium produces fluorescent substances in the course of its growth, part of which is alkali-resistant and its chemical nature undetermined, while the other, the greater part, is alkali-labile and behaves like riboflavin. During the lag period of 8 to 10 days of little or no growth only the alkali-resistant fraction was in evidence. With the beginning of growth there was a progressive increase in fluorescent material, the rate of increase being relatively greater in the alkali-labile fraction. The addition to Kirchner's medium of small amounts of iron as ferrous sulfate, or 2 per cent sucrose, or both, increased the amount of fluorescent material formed and also stimulated the growth of A27. Experiments with three riboflavin related compounds have shown that isoriboflavin had little or no effect on the growth of the tubercle bacillus or in antagonizing the formation of fluorescent material by the tubercle bacillus. Diaminophenazine (i.e. dinitrophenazine reduced with iron) inhibited growth of the tubercle bacillus and apparently may have also reduced riboflavin production. The third substance tested, 4-amino-ribitylxylidine, inhibited the growth of the tubercle bacillus when added to Kirchner's medium in the high concentration of 50 mg per cent. When added in concentrations of 1 to 20 mg per cent it appears to have been metabolized by the growing tubercle bacillus in part to riboflavin, and this endogenous source of riboflavin seemed to have little effect on growth.
Immunological Studies on Egg White Proteins
Authors: Cohn Melvin , Wetter Leslie R. , Deutsch Harold F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The precipitin reactions of highly purified conalbumin and six-times recrystallized ovalbumin with their homologous horse- and rabbit-antisera have been studied. Traces of impurity present in both antigens were easily detectable by immunological methods. Although the ovalbumin showed two components electrophoretically these were indistinguishable immunologically. A small amount of highly antigenic impurity may appreciably distort the quantitative curve due to the major component.
Retarding Action of Adrenal Gland on Growth of Sarcoma Grafts in Rats
Authors: Lewis Margaret Reed , Aptekman Paul Myron , King Helen Dean 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In an earlier study (1) it was shown that when tissue from immune rats was minced with tumor grafts, the only organ that uniformly inhibited the growth of the grafts when implanted into susceptible rats was the adrenal gland. Since the serum and various tissues of the immune animals failed to suppress the growth of tumor grafts, it was concluded that this action could not be attributed to the presence of antibodies, but was probably inherent in the adrenal gland tissue.
In order to investigate this observation more fully, a study of the inactivation of tumor grafts by the adrenal gland, as well as the pituitary glands, of normal, tumor-bearing and tumor-immune rats was undertaken. The results of these experiments are described in this paper.
Materials and Methods. Pituitary and adrenal glands excised from normal, tumor-bearing and tumor-immune rats respectively were minced with small grafts of rapidly growing sarcoma and transplanted subcutaneously into susceptible rats.