bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebellar cortex
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe cerebellar cortex appears to be involved in predictive feedforward control to generate smooth movements. There is a beautiful network architecture which suggests that the granule cells perform expansion recoding of the inputs; that these connect to the Purkinje cells via an architecture that ensures regular sampling; and that each Purkinje cell has a single teacher, the climbing fibre, which produces associative long-term synaptic depression as part of perceptron-like learning. The human cerebellum is also involved in cognitive, emotional, and social functions. Different neocortical regions have connectivity with different parts of the cerebellum, and the different parts of the human cerebellum are activated during the performance of different tasks. Moreover, damage to some parts of the human cerebellum can produce clinically relevant cognitive, emotional, or social problems. Cerebellar circuits may build internal models of complex behaviors that facilitate predictions, allowing for automatic information processing and appropriate behaviors in a range of processes ranging from perception of biological motion to understanding the mental states of others.
Cortical attractor dynamics and connectivity, stochasticity, psychiatric disorders, and aging
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIn this chapter we consider how the operation of attractor networks in the brain is influenced by noise in the brain produced by the random firing times of neurons for a given mean firing rate; how this can in fact be beneficial to the operation of the brain; and how the stability of these systems and how they are influenced by noise in the brain is relevant to understanding a number of mental disorders. The concept of noise in attractor networks is important to understanding decision-making, short-term memory, and depression and schizophrenia, and this is described in this Chapter. It is a key aim of this book to increase understanding of the brain that is relevant not only to its operation in health, but also in disease, and how it may be possible to ameliorate some of the effects found in these mental and other disorders.
Unfinished People
Authors: Blower Brooke L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
A last-minute loophole in the Emergency Immigration Act of 1921 allows Tamara, her mother, and her brother to travel from Poland to New York and reunite with Boris Drasin, who has been living in the Bronx and immersing himself in the city’s heady socialist politics. While Tamara finds her bearings in a strange new world, Boris dedicates himself to labor organizing for the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union. But as the ILGWU’s fortunes fade in the 1920s, pressure falls on Tamara to support her family. She hopes to become an actress and a singer. The era’s show business industry, hawking promises of more and better, stands out as one of capitalism’s greatest triumphs. And vaudeville, where Tamara finally scores a role, is the belly of the beast.
Woman and Bird
Authors: Blower Brooke L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
As Tamara navigates the wreckage of the Great Depression, she chases three largely incompatible goals: economic survival, respect and independence on feminist grounds, and participation in the social democratic politics of the left—a near given in her Jewish immigrant community. Puzzling over who she would be—on stage and off—she engages in a series of flirtations, both personal and political, which take her from the socialism of her father’s garment worker union organizing to the gangster capitalism of New York’s nightlife, to the Popular Front movement of a newfound lover, the playwright Clifford Odets. When none give her all that she wants, she refashions herself into a new persona that nags at her conscience but catapults her into stardom.
Ship’s Stores
Authors: Blower Brooke L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Hitler’s war soars Manuel’s business to record heights, but it also throws the fate of his homeland of Spain into doubt. Yet as Axis victories multiply, rightwing Spaniards dare to dream not only that Franco’s regime will endure and a new order will triumph in Europe but also that the spirit of hispanidad will flourish in the Americas. As Axis operatives find ways to exploit Spanish “non-belligerency,” neutral ships brokered by Manuel prove useful vehicles for spies and smugglers on both sides of the Atlantic. Controversy swirls around the firm of Garcia & Diaz, soon attracting the attention of Allied intelligence agencies.
Easy Dish
Authors: Blower Brooke L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Frank itches for a role to play in the emerging Pacific War as Japanese troops unleash their multi-pronged attack on Southeast Asia. The Mutual Broadcasting System needs correspondents and agrees to give Frank a trial on the air. Over shortwave radio, now a primary medium for spreading international news, Frank tries to make real to American listeners the transpacific connections and dependencies their nation risks losing—to bolster arguments for sending support to defend the region. Unaware of the Europe First policy settled on by high-ranking officials in Washington and London, Batavia’s Western residents subsist on rumors that such reinforcements are indeed coming. Frank’s early reporting absorbs this unwarranted hopefulness and passes it on to his audiences.
Gendered Hierarchies of Dependency, Feminism, and the Commodification of the Self
Authors: Kokot-Blamey Patrizia 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 contains the discussion and conclusion, with the focus returning to making sense of dependency at work and women’s advancement under capitalism. It problematizes the matter of women’s time and presence at home and at work and the commodification of the self from a cross-national perspective. The chapter asks what is lost when we think of ourselves as human capital and participate in a creeping objectification of what constitutes one’s performance of work; letting go of the often messy but more dependable relationships that have traditionally governed organizational hierarchies – also with consistently gendered effects. And what, in turn, is the cost of working like a normative father might and what then does ‘Having it all’ mean in a context like his? The chapter concludes by examining how we might go about tackling the challenges ahead from a feminist perspective, resisting an upside-down future under capitalism.
A Conspicuous Public Health Care State
Authors: Grogan Colleen M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the rise of the public health state from the mid-1800s to 1910. Scientific advancements with proven ability to curb deathly diseases largely explain state investments in public health during this early period. While American federalism explains why public health infrastructure developed in a completely decentralized fashion, patronage politics was a strong oppositional force and explains why the public health care state also developed in close collaboration with the voluntary sector. This foundational history is important for three reasons. First, the state-voluntary collaboration not only shaped public health but also the U.S. health care system. Second, the state’s close collaboration with the voluntary sector marked the beginning of labeling state investments as “private provision.” And third, this formative history provides insight as to why the mixture of public and private is so ubiquitous in the U.S. health care system as to be unseen.
The New Public Health Deal
Authors: Grogan Colleen M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter details debates surrounding the New Deal legislation to show that most leaders in and outside government were more interested in building up health care services and providing direct access to care than they were in developing health insurance. Twenty-five years of state investment in public health and the health care system before the 1935 Social Security legislation created a rational logic that a federated health service—what was called a “National Health Program”—was a better alternative to insurance. Three main factors explain why significant investments in a comprehensive federated health service remained hidden. First, intergovernmental administration and financing—a federated health service system—hides the true extent of government’s role; second, the reliance on private provision hides the role of government in helping that private system exist; third, this fragmented complexity creates opportunity to rhetorically conceal the role of government.
Solidifying the Grow-and-Hide Approach
Authors: Grogan Colleen M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter documents how even when the largest government health care reform to date —Medicare and Medicaid—was passed in 1965, the great extent to which all levels of government were already funding the U.S. health care system remained largely hidden to the American people. Hiding the true extent and role of government during the period of 1950–1965 is detailed in four main areas: (1) official reports of health expenditures, (2) descriptions of public health activities and jurisdiction, (3) paying for the poor and medically needy, and (4) hospital construction. By 1965, because government expenditures had already increased significantly under an extremely fragmented and unequal system, and political actors intentionally hid the government’s role, it was difficult to see the whole of government expenditures, even if one were specifically looking. In short, the Grow-and-Hide Regime was well established by 1965.
Introduction
Authors: Faxneld Per , Nilsson Johan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the history of Satanism. As an open identity, Satanism only became possible in a time when Christianity’s hold on legal systems and social norms weakened. In that sense, Satanism is a direct product of secularization. As a religious practice or coherent system of thought, Satanism did not exist any earlier than around the year 1900, when pioneers like Stanislaw Przybyszewski and Ben Kadosh appeared. However, strands of Satanic thought can be found in a series of instances prior to this, and some of these early ideas remain influential today. The chapter also looks at the establishment of groups like the Church of Satan, the Process Church of the Final Judgement, the Temple of Set, and the Order of the Nine Angles. While never a numerically significant religion, Satanism’s controversial and confrontational character makes it an excellent case study for discussing broader methodological and theoretical issues.
Islam and Democracy in the 21st Century
Authors: Ahmad Parray Tauseef 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This book attempts to analyse and examine, on theoretical grounds, the relationship between Islam and its socio-political concepts and institutions and the principles of (modern) democracy, in the views of (selected) prominent Muslim scholars of the last-two-and-half-centuries—of the Arab world and South Asia. A crucial question that has highly intensified since 1980s, gained momentum in the post-9/11 era, and again came to limelight with the inception of ‘Arab Spring’ is: Is Islam compatible with democracy? It seeks to address this very crucial question by highlighting key concepts and figures that have been essential in framing the contemporary debates surrounding Islam and democracy. It (i) attempts to tread through diverse theoretical Islamic texts like the Qur’an, Sunnah, and other more contemporary works by eminent scholars on Islam–democracy (in) compatibility; (ii) endeavours to create a discursive terrain for theorizing the notions of convergence vis-à-vis the notions of divergence inherent in the debates surrounding Islam and democracy; (iii) provides an assessment of some operational key concepts/institutions of democracy in Islam, including Shura (Mutual Consultation), Bay‘ah (Oath of Allegiance), and Mithaq al-Medina (the Constitution of Medina), etc.; (iv) provides an assessment of the views and visions of some selected modern Muslim scholars (on Islam–democracy compatibility, globally (proponents) (v) deliberates, very succinctly, on the objections of the ‘Opponents’ of Islam–democracy relation. It is a helpful source for the students and scholars of Islamic political thought, comparative politics, and Islamic studies and is equally fascinating for the readers interested in knowing the contemporary political dynamics of the Muslim world.
Democracy, Democratization, and the Muslim World
Authors: Ahmad Parray Tauseef 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief conceptual description of ‘democracy’ as a political system (as it is understood and described by the political theorists) so that to delineate on the persisting and prevailing features of democracy. This is followed by contextualizing the necessary framework for finding out the similarities and differences between the two systems under consideration—namely Islam (Islamic political system) and democracy—and thus is followed by a discussion on ‘defining’ democracy in the Islamic context for which it is important to answer Whose Islam? and What Islam? That is, to deliberate on the varied interpretations of contemporary Islam and to highlight the ‘Reformist/Modernist interpretation of Islam’, which helps in understanding and contextualizing the ‘Process of Democratization and the Islamic Heritage’.
Populus euphratica plant cadmium tolerance PePCR3 improves cadmium tolerance
Authors: Qiao Kun , Shan Qinghua , Zhang Haizhen , Lv Fuling , Zhou Aimin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Contamination of soils with toxic heavy metals is a major environmental problem. Growing crop plants that can promote the efflux of heavy metals is an effective strategy in contaminated soils. The plant cadmium resistance (PCR) protein is involved in the translocation of heavy metals, specifically zinc and cadmium (Cd). In this study, yeast expressing Populus euphratica PCR3 (PePCR3) showed enhanced Cd tolerance and decreased Cd accumulation under Cd treatment. Real-time quantitative PCR analyses revealed up-regulation of PePCR3 in poplar seedlings under Cd stress. Localization analysis revealed that PePCR3 localizes at the plasma membrane. The plant growth and biomass were greater in PePCR3-overexpressing (OE) transgenic hybrid poplar lines than in wild type (WT). Physiological parameters analyses indicated that, compared with WT, PePCR3-OE transgenic lines were more tolerant to Cd. In addition, more Cd was excreted in the roots of the PePCR3-OE transgenic lines than in those of WT, but the remaining Cd in transgenic lines was more translocated into the stems and leaves. Eight genes encoding transporters showed increased transcript levels in PePCR3-OE transgenic lines under Cd treatment, implying that PePCR3 interacts with other transporters to translocate Cd. Thus, PePCR3 may be an important genetic resource for generating new lines that can enhance Cd translocation to phytoremediation in contaminated soils.
Association between SARS-CoV-2 and metagenomic content of samples from the Huanan Seafood Market
Authors: Bloom Jesse D 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The role of the Huanan Seafood Market in the early severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak remains unclear. Recently, the Chinese Centers for Disease Control (CDC) released data from deep sequencing of environmental samples collected from the market after it was closed on 1 January 2020. Prior to this release, Crits-Christoph et al. analyzed data from a subset of the samples. Both that study and the Chinese CDC study concurred that the samples contained genetic material from a variety of species, including some like raccoon dogs that are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. However, neither study systematically analyzed the relationship between the amount of genetic material from SARS-CoV-2 and different animal species. Here I implement a fully reproducible computational pipeline that jointly analyzes the number of reads mapping to SARS-CoV-2 and the mitochondrial genomes of chordate species across the full set of samples. I validate the presence of genetic material from numerous species and calculate mammalian mitochondrial compositions similar to those reported by Crits-Christoph et al. However, the SARS-CoV-2 content of the environmental samples is generally very low: only 21 of 176 samples contain more than ten SARS-CoV-2 reads, despite most samples being sequenced to depths exceeding 108 total reads. None of the samples with double-digit numbers of SARS-CoV-2 reads have a substantial fraction of their mitochondrial material from any non-human susceptible species. Only one of the fourteen samples with at least a fifth of the chordate mitochondrial material from raccoon dogs contains any SARS-CoV-2 reads, and that sample only has 1 of ~200,000,000 reads mapping to SARS-CoV-2. Instead, SARS-CoV-2 reads are most correlated with reads mapping to various fish, such as catfish and largemouth bass. These results suggest that while metagenomic analysis of the environmental samples is useful for identifying animals or animal products sold at the market, co-mingling of animal and viral genetic material is unlikely to reliably indicate whether any animals were infected by SARS-CoV-2.
Labor Market and Macroeconomic Dynamics in Latin America amid COVID: The Role of Digital-Adoption Policies
Authors: Finkelstein Shapiro Alan , Nuguer Victoria , Novoa Gomez Santiago 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This paper analyzes how a policy that lowers firm digital-adoption costs shapes the labor-market and economic recovery from COVID-19 in Latin America (LA) using a framework with firm entry and unemployment, where salaried firms can adopt digital technologies and the employment and firm structure embodies key features of LA economies. Using Mexico as a case study, the model replicates the response of the labor market and output at the onset of the COVID recession and in its aftermath, including the dynamics of labor-force participation and informal employment. A policy-induced permanent reduction in the cost of adopting digital technologies at the trough of the recession bolsters the recovery of GDP, total employment, and labor income, and leads to a larger expansion in the share of formal employment compared to a no-policy scenario. In the long run, the economy exhibits a reduction in total employment but higher levels of GDP and labor income, greater average firm productivity, a larger formal employment share, and a marginally lower unemployment rate. Finally, as a side effect, the policy exacerbates the differential between formal and informal labor income, both as the economy recovers from the COVID recession and in the long run.
Original Research: ‘Do I See Myself?’ Exploring the Potential for Online Images to Attract a Diverse Nursing Workforce
Authors: Johnson Marissa , Nairon Emerson , Daniel Blake , Olson DaiWai M. 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:
The current nursing shortage is expected to worsen in the coming years. While this shortage has in part been attributed to challenging working conditions, which were exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic, there are other factors. Although recruiting a more diverse health care workforce might help to reduce this shortage, little is known about how to do so effectively. This study explored how online images of health care workers vary by gender and skin tone and considered how those representations might impact recruitment.

Methods:
This was a prospective pragmatic study. Using a popular image search engine, we obtained and evaluated images (photographs, drawings, and cartoons) of people representing different genders and a range of skin tones. The search terms used were student, nurse, and physician. The search took place during a single day and stopped once 50 images for each term had been retrieved. Images were included if they depicted at least one human. Each image was evaluated independently by two raters regarding gender (male or female) and skin tone (using a version of the 10-point Monk Skin Tone Scale).

Results:
The final sample comprised 150 images that depicted 259 faces. Compared with the general population, nurses were overrepresented as being female (84.1%) and having lighter skin tones (85.2%). Physicians were overrepresented as being male (58.7%) and having lighter skin tones (63.5%). Compared with physicians or students, nurses were more likely to be represented as female and as having lighter skin tones.

Conclusions:
The findings show a significant lack of diversity in gender and skin tone regarding how nurses are depicted in online images found via a popular image search engine. This lack of diversity may discourage people in some population groups from entering the health care field and could further contribute to the nursing shortage.
Promoting Diabetes Self-Management in a Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Rancy Marie , Harris Kenneth , Bhavsar Jeet 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
Type 2 diabetes and psychiatric illnesses have a bidirectional association, influencing each other in direct but independent ways. People with psychiatric illnesses are more likely than the general population to develop type 2 diabetes, in part because antipsychotic medications affect the metabolic system, disrupting glucose metabolism, and also because they lack diabetes self-management education and self-care skills. This study assessed the effectiveness of diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) in patients with mental illness and diabetes using the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire. Analysis of paired responses to the pre- and post-DSMES survey questions showed a statistically significant increase in diabetes self-management knowledge after participation in the education sessions. These results emphasized the importance of DSMES in strengthening patients' knowledge and skills, with additional support from their psychiatrist and medical team.