bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of Antibodies to Deoxyribonucleic Acid by Counterelectrophoresis
Authors: Klajman A. , Farkash Ruth , Myers B. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Counter electrophoresis (CEP) was used to demonstrate the presence of antibodies to DNA in the sera of patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus. The method described is rapid, simple, easy to perform, and sensitive. Washington the agar slides in saline on completion of CEP is of great importance, as a number of lines resembling the precipitating lines disappear after washing.
Relationship between Proliferative and Effector Phases of the Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction and Graft-Vs-Host Reaction
Authors: Howe Michael , Berman Lee , Cohen Lewis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen and thymus cells from BALB mice were shown to undergo proliferation in the mixed lymphocyte reaction and graft-vs-host reaction in response to antigens of H-2 identical DBA mice without generating effector lymphocytes exhibiting specific cytotoxicity for DBA target cells. Both proliferation and generation of cytotoxicity occurred when BALB lymphocytes were exposed to antigens of H-2 non-identical CBA mice. The proliferative response of BALB thymocytes to CBA antigens greatly exceeded that of BALB spleen cells, even though the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes was greater in the spleen population. These data suggest that the proliferative and effector phases of the mixed lymphocyte reaction and the graft-vs-host reaction may be mediated by separate lymphoid cell populations having differing antigen requirements for activation.
T Cell Surface Markers on Lymphoblasts from Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Borella Luis , Sen Luisa 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This report provides the first evidence that lymphoblasts from different patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), which are indistinguishable by cytomorphology, have membranes with different properties, such as the presence of thymus dependent (T) cell surface markers. In this study T cells were determined by spontaneous rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes and B (thymus-independent) cells by immunofluorescence of surface immunoglobulins. Of four children with untreated ALL, one had 62% lymphoblasts with T markers in bone marrow. Neoplastic cells with T markers were absent in the other three. None of these patients had lymphoblasts with B markers. In contrast, B and T lymphocytes were present in the blood and bone marrow of 24 children with ALL in remission and off therapy. None of these children had a mediastinal mass, but analysis of initial clinical manifestations suggested a more aggressive or extensive disease in the patient with T lymphoblasts. These data indicate that in some patients with ALL the neoplastic cells may be of thymic origin.
Thymus Independent Stimulator Cells in The Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction
Authors: Harrison Michael R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The proliferative response of allogeneic lymphocytes cultured together, the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR),2 has been widely used as an in vitro correlate of the antigen recognition phase of the homograft response. Recent studies in mouse and man suggest that the structures responsible for MLR activation are largely coded for by genes which are within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the species (1, 2), but are distinct from the genes controlling the serologically defined major histocompatibility determinants (3, 4). However, the nature and cellular distribution of the gene products which actually mediate recognition of one cell (the target cell) by another cell (the responder cell) is not well understood.
The “recognizing” structure is likely to be a specific receptor present on thymus derived (T) lymphocytes since T cells are generally required as responder cells in the MLR (5–7).
Complement Receptors on Cell Membranes
Authors: Okada Hidechika , Nishioka Kusuya 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
On DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, two fractions were obtained from mouse plasma. One made EA(IgM)C42 reactive to human erythrocytes but not to Daudi cells, a cultured cell line derived from Burkitt lymphoma. The addition of the other fraction to these intermediate complexes of complement on cells diminished adherence to human erythrocytes but generated adherence to Daudi cells. From these results we conclude that the receptors on human erythrocytes and on Daudi cells react differently with the intermediate complexes of complement.
Analysis of Antibody Populations to Oligo-Alanine Determinants
Authors: Kolb Hubert , Weiler Eberhardt 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method is described for the quantitative measurement of IgG subclasses IgG1 and IgG2a in antibody to oligo-D-alanine produced by individual mice. This was made possible by the use of subclass-specific anti-allotype sera as facilitating reagents in an indirect hemolysis system. Thus in heterozygous mice subclasses as well as both parental allotypes can be distinguished. Among antisera tested, the proportion of IgG1 and IgG2a varied with the individual mouse; either IgG1 or IgG2a may be predominant.
Lymphocyte Populations of AKR/J Mice
Authors: Zatz Marion M. , Goldstein Allan L. , White Abraham 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present study describes changes which occur in the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus lymphocytes of aging AKR/J mice. Lymphocytes from mice between 3 and 14 months of age were investigated with respect to three thymus-dependent properties, i.e., in vivo homing to lymph nodes, responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin, and expression of the θ AKR antigen. Decreases in the numbers of lymph node-seeking, recirculating lymphocytes in lymph node, spleen, and thymus, and diminished responsiveness of spleen cells to stimulation by phytohemagglutinin were observed with increasing age. No change in the sensitivity of lymph node cells to anti-θ serum was noted in the aging AKR/J mice.
The significance of the decline in the size of the thymus-dependent recirculating lymphocyte pool with age is considered in relation to the concomitantly occurring onset of spontaneous lymphocytic leukemia, which is characteristic for the AKR/J strain.
Lymphocyte Populations of AKR/J Mice
Authors: Zatz Marion M. , White Abraham , Goldstein Allan L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present study describes abnormalities that occur in the lymph node, spleen, thymus, and blood lymphocytes of two distinct types of leukemic AKR/J mice. These two types, designated A and B leukemia, occur in a ratio of 3:1 in mice aged 7 to 10 months. Type A leukemic mice are characterized by the presence of a thymoma and enlarged peripheral lymphoid organs, and lymphocytes which 1) fail to migrate to lymph nodes, 2) exhibit normal transformation in response to PHA, and 3) have elevated sensitivity to anti-theta (θ) serum. Type B leukemic mice have an atrophic thymus and elarged peripheral lymphoid organs; their lymphocytes 1) fail to home to lymph nodes, 2) exhibit decreased transformation in response to PHA, and 3) have decreased sensitivity to anti-θ serum. The significance of the dissociation of thymus-dependent characteristics, e.g., lymphocyte recirculation, response to PHA, and expression of the θ antigen, observed in type A leukemic lymphocytes, as well as the possible origins of type A and B leukemic lymphocyte populations, are discussed.
Identification of J-Chain in Polymeric Immunoglobulins from a Variety of Species by Cross-Reaction with Rabbit Antisera to Human J-Chain
Authors: Kobayashi Kunihiko , Vaerman Jean-Pierre , Bazin Hervé , Lebacq-Verheyden Anne-Marie , Heremans Joseph F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two rabbit antisera, rendered specific for human J chains, were shown to cross-precipitate extensively with J chains of completely reduced and alkylated polymeric immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, and/or SIgA) from the dog, cat, cow, goat, sheep, pig, horse, hedgehog, guinea pig, rat, mouse, and chicken. The data emphasize the great evolutionary stability of the J polypeptide chain.
Selective Activation of Chicken T Lymphocytes by Concanavalin A
Authors: Toivanen Paavo , Toivanen Auli 
Published: December 2022

Summary
In vitro response to Con A of chicken spleen lymphocytes was reduced by thymectomy carried out at hatching and completed by irradiation. Bursectomy combined with irradiation was ineffective. The effect of thymectomy was partially reversed by transplantation of thymus cells from 10-week-old donors although transplantation of bursa cells had no effect. These findings indicate that, also in the chicken, Con A is selectively a T cell mitogen.
Relationship between Graft-vs-Host Reactivity and Possession of the High Leukemia Genotype hr/hr
Authors: I'Anson Valerie A. , Gasser David L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The immunologic reactivity of hr/hr and hr/ + mice of the HRS strain was studied by the graft vs host (GVH) assay. Spleen cells from hr/+ donors caused significantly greater GVH reactions than did spleen cells from hr/hr mice. These results suggest that genetically determined immunologic hyporesponsiveness may contribute to the high leukemia susceptibility of hr/hr mice.
Characterization of Glass Adherent Human Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Koller Charles A. , King Gerald W. , Hurtubise Paul E. , Sagone Arthur L. , LoBuglio Albert F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although adherence to glass is commonly used to prepare monocyte monolayers from blood mononuclear cell suspensions (1–3), several recent reports suggest that lymphocytes are also able to adhere to either glass or glass substitutes like nylon or tissue culture dishes (4, 5). Using morphologic criteria, Levis (4) reported considerable lymphocyte binding to glass coverslips placed in mononuclear cell suspensions. Although many of the lymphocytes could be detached by rigorous mechanical washing, this resulted in a loss of monocytes as well. Rosenthal (5) has suggested that adherence to glass can be used to deplete selectively lymphocyte preparations of antibody-forming or “bursal-derived” (B)2 lymphocytes. Similarly, Boldt (6) has demonstrated that nylon columns can remove from a suspension of blood mononuclear cells a population of lymphocytes which are “highly responsive” to concanavalin A. These observations indicate that monocyte monolayers prepared by adherence of blood mononuclear cells to glass or tissue culture dishes may be contaminated by considerable numbers of lymphocytes.
The Stoichiometry of J Chain in Human Secretory IgA
Authors: Halpern Michael S. , Koshland Marian Elliott 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Quantitative methods were developed to measure the J chain content of the polymeric immunoglobulins. The methods involved two steps: first, isolation of a light-J chain fraction, and second, determination of the ratio of the two chains in the fraction from differences in amino acid content. When these methods were applied to human colostral IgA, the dimers were found to contain one mole of J chain for every two monomer units while the tetramers contained one J for every four monomer units. This stoichiometry supports the hypothesis that J chain plays an obligatory role in polymer assembly and suggests the function of the J chain is to initiate polymerization by linking two monomer units.
Serum Proteins Involved in Decay and Regeneration of Cobra Venom Factor-Dependent Complement Activation
Authors: Fearon Douglas T. , Austen K. Frank , Ruddy Shaun 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The development of C3-cleaving and indirect lysis activity in human serum after the introduction of cobra venom factor (CoVF) was associated with an increase in both the apparent molecular weight and the positive charge of CoVF. After decay at 37°C of these CoVF-induced activities, the CoVF reverted to its native state as assessed by these two physical parameters. No functional differences between native CoVF and CoVF reisolated from decayed CoVF-serum mixtures existed with respect to the factors required for indirect lysis (Factors B, D, and E) and C3 destruction (Factors B and D). In decayed CoVF-serum mixtures, properdin Factor B was in its immunoelectrophoretically converted form, and the addition of fresh Factor B restored full indirect lysis activity. Mixtures of CoVF, Factor D, and Factor B in molar excess of CoVF exhibited no loss of CoVF-dependent activity unless the excess Factor B had been utilized or prevented from recycling with CoVF and Factor D. The behavior of Factor B during the formation and decay of the CoVF-dependent, C3-cleaving enzyme was similar to that of C2 in its interactions with C1̄ and C4.
Binding of Maclura Pomifera Lectin to Rat Lymphoid Cells and Erythrocytes
Authors: Jones Joe M. , Feldman Joseph D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Extracts of Maclura pomifera seeds (MP-Ext), which agglutinate leukocytes and erythrocytes of rats and other animals, were labeled with 125I. Labeled extracts were adsorbed to rat cells and eluted (125I-MP) by an excess of D-melibiose, a known inhibitor of the binding of seed extracts. Over 80% of 125I-MP bound to rat cells. Binding was inhibited by carbohydrates related structurally to D-melibiose but not by lactose, glucose, or carbohydrates unrelated to D-melibiose. Thymus cells bound larger quantities of 125I-MP than cells of spleen, bone marrow, or erythrocytes and binding by spleen cells from thymectomized animals was reduced. Thymus cells were also selectively stained by fluor-labeled MP-Ext. 125I-MP, phytohemagglutin, and concanavalin A (Con A) were found to recognize distinct receptors on BN rat cells since they did not compete in binding tests and since they are inhibited by different carbohydrates. Eluted MP was mitogenic for spleen cells in serum-free medium, but not in medium containing serum. In addition, it augmented the mitogenic effects of Con A.
β2-Microglobulin Production in Vitro by Human Hematopoietic, Mesenchymal, and Epithelial Cells
Authors: Evrin Per-Eric , Nilsson Kenneth 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The capacity of normal and malignant human cells to synthesize β2-microglobulin has been studied in vitro. Quantitative determinations of β2-microglobulin by a radioimmunoassay were performed on culture media harvested from seven freshly explanted lymphoma cells and 37 cell lines of hematopoietic, mesenchymal, or epithelial origin. β2-Microglobulin was detected in all but one lymphoma cell culture. Lymphoma cells, freshly explanted, as well as those of continuously growing lines seem to have a low capacity to synthesize β2-microglobulin while permanent lymphoblastoid lines secrete the protein at approximately the same rate as mesenchymal cells. The highest production rate of β2-microglobulin was observed in some epithelial carcinoma cell lines. No correlation was found between the capacity to synthesize immunoglobulins and β2-microglobulin.
Effect of PPD on the Specific Immune Response to Heterologous Red Cells in Vitro
Authors: Kreisler J. Miguel , Möller Göran 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) was found to enhance the primary and secondary immune responses in vitro to heterologous red cells in spleen cells from non-BCG-immunized mice. Even though PPD is a bone marrow-derived (B) cell mitogen the enhanced cellular immune response was specific for the antigen added to the cultures. Secondary IgG responses in vitro to sheep red blood cells required a 100-fold lower concentration of PPD for maximal enhancement as compared to the primary IgM plaque-forming cell response.
The presence of adherent cells was required for the synergistic effect between antigen and PPD. The requirement for thymus-derived (T) cells could be partially overcome by PPD, but a full enhancing effect of PPD required the presence of both T cells and macrophages. It is likely that the antigen, but not the PPD, effect requires the presence of the helper cells.
PPD and red cell antigens cooperated in a synergistic rather than an additive fashion when enhancing the specific immune response. In comparison with other B cell mitogens, such as LPS and pneumococcal polysaccharide SIII, PPD was found to be the most effective agent in increasing the primary immune response in vitro.
The findings suggest that a nonspecific B cell mitogen and specific antigen can cooperate in increasing the magnitude of a specific immune response.
Human J-Chain: Isolation and Molecular Weight Studies
Authors: Kang Yoon Se , Calvanico Nickolas J. , Tomasi Thomas B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
J-chain was isolated from human IgA, SIgA and IgM by three different procedures. The simplest method was precipitation in water. The molecular weights were studied using two species plot analysis of the sedimentation equilibrium data. Two populations of molecules were found. One had a molecular weight of 13,300 to 17,700 and the other 6,400 to 11,500. These data are compared with those obtained by other investigators.
Induction of Experimental Autoallergic Sialadenitis
Authors: White Stuart C. , Casarett George W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An experimental autoallergic sialadenitis of the submandibular glands of the Lewis rat has been induced by immunization with allogeneic submandibular gland homogenate and adjuvants. The severity, incidence and duration of the of the lesion were significantly greater when female allogeneic submandibular gland donors were sexually mature rather than sexually immature. Passive transfer of lymph node cells and/or serum from immunized animals with severe lesions into histocompatible recipients rarely induced lesions in the recipients.
Studies on IgA and IgG Monoclonal Proteins Derived from a Single Patient
Authors: Fair D. S. , Krueger R. G. , Gleich G. J. , Kyle R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The serum from a patient (GR) with multiple myeloma was shown to contain two unique homogenous bands by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. These components were further identified as a monoclonal IgG2k and a monoclonal IgAk. Rabbit antisera directed against IgG (GR) and IgA (GR) monomer were absorbed to render them specific for individual antigenic (ind) determinants. Both proteins were capable of inhibiting the reaction between labeled protein and its homologous ind antiserum in the radioimmunoassay indicating that both immunoglobulins shared ind determinants. In addition, the determinants shared between the two proteins appear to be identical. The potential sharing of any two heavy chain constant genes among all heavy chain constant genes is discussed.
Enzymatic Enhancement of Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
Authors: Kedar Eli , de Landazuri Manuel Ortiz , Fahey John L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of papain, trypsin, Pronase, neuraminidase, and phospholipase C on in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) have been studied in a syngeneic tumor system. Proteolytic enzyme treatment of lymphoid (effector) cells at low concentrations (&lt;0.1 mg/ml) and for short times (less than 30 min) produced a 2- to 6-fold increase in CMC and ADCC. Neuraminidase also augmented both CMC and ADCC, whereas phospholipase C had no effect. The specificity of the cytotoxicity (CMC) amplification following enzymatic treatment was indicated by observations that: a) the activated immune cells were not cytotoxic to unrelated tumor cells, and b) normal cells were not activated.
The enzymatically induced potentiation was observed only with organs which already had demonstrable cytotoxic activity. Kinetic studies indicated that the enzymatic treatment may produce a quantitative as well as a qualitative change in the lymphoid cell population. Enzymatic treatment of lymphoid cells may be a valuable means of increasing the sensitivity of in vitro assays for cell-mediated immunity.
Pretreatment of lymphoid cells with high enzyme concentrations (over 1 mg/ml) or for prolonged periods of time (over 1 hr) did not reduce ADCC, but strongly suppressed CMC. This difference in response to proteolytic enzymes emphasizes chemical differences in the membrane components responsible for CMC vs ADCC.
IgM Anamnestic Immune Response to the Haptenic Determinant DNP on a Thymus-Independent Carrier
Authors: del Guercio Paolo , Thobie Nicole , Poirier Marie France 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody formation in mice against a haptenic determinant such as dinitrophenyl (DNP),3 is strictly related to the immunogenicity and nature of the carrier. Thus, a carrier that interacts only with non-thymus-derived (B) lymphocytes, e.g., levan (LE) (1), induces in vivo a thymus-independent primary response to DNP (2). The DNP-LE conjugate produces only IgM antibody against DNP (2), and the response is not potentiated by Freund's adjuvants (3). This report describes the anamnestic response to the DNP-LE conjugate.
LE with the reduced molecular weight of 100,000 was coupled to DNP, as previously described (2). Male CBA mice (20 to 25 g) were injected i.v. with different doses of DNP6-LE. Sixteen weeks later mice were challenged i.v. with 10 µg of DNP6-LE. In transfer experiments CBA mice were primed i.v. with 100 µg of DNP6-LE, and 1 or 4 weeks later their spleens were removed and homogenized in medium 199 (4).
Ontogeny of Peyer's Patches and Immunoglobulin-Containing Cells in Pigs
Authors: Chapman Harold A. , Johnson John S. , Cooper Max D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The embryonic development of intestinal lymphoid tissue and immunoglobulin-containing cells (µ-, γ- and light chain determinants) was examined in 55 porcine fetuses. Lymphoid cells in a characteristic follicular distribution were found in Peyer's patches as early as 50 days of gestation, but detection of Peyer's patches from 50 to beyond 70 days of gestation required microscopic examination of serial sections of the intestines. The size of the intestinal lymphoid follicles steadily increased during gestation, but cortico-medullary division was not observed until after birth. IgM-containing cells were first seen in 55-day spleens and were followed by IgG-containing cells in the thymus 10 to 15 days later. These observations are interpreted as support for the hypothesis that the lymphoid follicles in Peyer's patches are mammalian bursa-equivalent sites.
Activation of Rat Mast Cells by Low Molecular Weight Stimuli
Authors: Morrison D. C. , Roser J. F. , Henson P. M. , Cochrane C. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Radiolabeled mast cell activators, compound 48/80, and a cationic protein from neutrophils were shown to bind almost exclusively to mast cells in suspensions of rat peritoneal cells. A correlation was obtained between the binding of activator and release of 3H-serotonin at low concentrations of activator. It was shown that activator binding was substantially enhanced by the release process itself, thus demonstrating that release of amines exposes new sites for binding of activator. Saturation binding studies using compound 48/80 indicated that approximately 6×1010 molecules of activator could be bound per mast cell under conditions in which release of vasoactive amines occurs. A third mast cell activator, polymyxin B, was shown to compete with compound 48/80 for binding to mast cells.
A technique has also been described for determining accurately the release of amines from mast cells. 3H-serotonin was incorporated in mast cells in vitro and specifically released by agents which stimulate the cells.