bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Intersection of International Environmental Law and International Humanitarian Law at Sea
Authors: Norris Andrew 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The maritime domain, largely comprised of international ‘commons’ covering more than 70% of the Earth’s surface, presents some unique challenges in identifying, much less reconciling, applicable International Environmental Law (IEL) and International Humanitarian Law (IHL) principles. This article posits that the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, particularly its prescriptive and enforcement jurisdictional apportionments to nations relating to the prevention and control of pollution, establishes the peacetime IEL normative framework at sea. After exploring this normative framework, this article furthers the symposium’s overall theme by examining the interplay between this IEL framework and the relatively sparse and sporadic IHL regime at sea. As will be seen, this interplay is largely a question of the extent to which, if at all, these jurisdictional apportionments survive during periods of armed conflict. As such, it aligns more closely with the ‘application process’ for impacting the regulation of armed conflict, in which IEL applies alongside IHL to activities related to armed conflict, than with the ‘interpretation process’, whereby IHL is interpreted in light of IEL.
Natural promoters and promoter engineering strategies for metabolic regulation inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: He Shifan , Zhang Zhanwei , Lu Wenyu 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSharomyces cerevisiae is currently one of the most important foreign gene expression systems. S. cerevisiae is an excellent host for high-value metabolite cell factories due to its advantages of simplicity, safety, and nontoxicity. A promoter, as one of the basic elements of gene transcription, plays an important role in regulating gene expression and optimizing metabolic pathways. Promoters control the direction and intensity of transcription, and the application of promoters with different intensities and performances will largely determine the effect of gene expression and ultimately affect the experimental results. Due to its significant role, there have been many studies on promoters for decades. While some studies have explored and analyzed new promoters with different functions, more studies have focused on artificially modifying promoters to meet their own scientific needs. Thus, this article reviews current research on promoter engineering techniques and related natural promoters in S. cerevisiae. First, we introduce the basic structure of promoters and the classification of natural promoters. Then, the classification of various promoter strategies is reviewed. Finally, by grouping related articles together using various strategies, this review anticipates the future development direction of promoter engineering.
Feature-specific Correlation of Structural, Optical, and Chemical Properties in the Transmission Electron Microscope with Hypermodal Data Fusion
Authors: Thersleff Thomas , Tai Cheuk-Wai 
Published: January 2023

AbstractModern transmission electron microscopy instrumentation can probe a wide range of structural, optical, and chemical properties with unprecedented resolution. However, each of these properties must be recorded in independent datasets using different detector modes with no unifying framework currently available for quantitatively mapping their relationships onto chemically distinct features, particularly in complex morphologies. Here, we tackle this challenge by proposing a data acquisition and analysis workflow called “hypermodal data fusion,” describing how to directly couple an arbitrary number of highly disparate detector modes including spectroscopy and scanning diffraction and jointly analyze them for correlations. We demonstrate this concept on a random collection of anatase and rutile nanoparticles, first detailing how to use core-loss electron energy-loss spectroscopy to unmix the different polymorphs despite three-dimensional overlap along the beam direction and then showing how this can be used to extract polymorph-specific composition, bandgaps, and crystal structure. We conclude with a discussion on the applicability of this workflow for a broad range of materials systems.
A rocky exoplanet classification method and its application to calculating surface pressure and surface temperature
Authors: McIntyre Sarah R N , King Penelope L , Mills Franklin P 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT
With over 5000 exoplanets currently detected, there is a need for a primary classification method to prioritize candidates for biosignature observations. Here, we develop a classification method to categorize rocky exoplanets based on their closest Solar system analogue using available data of observed stellar and planetary features, masses, and radii, to model non-thermal atmospheric escape, thermal atmospheric escape, and stellar irradiation boundaries. Applying this classification method to the 720 rocky exoplanets in our sample with uncertainties in planetary masses, radii, stellar temperatures, and fluxes propagated via a Monte Carlo model indicates that 22 per cent ± 8 per cent are Mercury analogues, 39 per cent ± 4 per cent are Mars analogues, 11 per cent ± 1 per cent are Venus analogues, 2 per cent ± 1 per cent are Earth analogues, and 26 per cent ± 12 per cent are without a known planetary counterpart in our Solar system. Extrapolating to conditions on LHS 3844b and GJ 1252b, our classification method gives results reasonably consistent with current observations. Subsequently, to demonstrate the functionality of this classification method, we plot our catalogued sample of exoplanets on an adjusted surface pressure versus temperature phase diagram, presenting more realistic estimates of the potential surface phases (gas, liquid, or ice). Our new classification method could help target selection for future exoplanet characterization missions.
Socioeconomic impact of treatment with biological disease–modifying antirheumatic drugs in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Yamanaka Hisashi , Kishimoto Mitsumasa , Nishijima Nobuo , Yamashita Katsuhisa , Matsushima Junnosuke , O’Brien Jacqueline , Blachley Taylor , Eliot Melissa , Margolin Zachary , Dave Swapna S , Tanaka Yoshiya 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT

Objectives
We evaluate the socioeconomic impact of treatment with biological and targeted synthetic disease–modifying antirheumatic drugs in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Methods
We analysed data retrospectively from the prospective observational CorEvitas RA Japan Registry (March 2016–February 2020). Patients were categorised into paid workers (PWs) and home workers (HWs) and further based on drug classes. We assessed medication persistence, treatment outcomes, health care resource utilisation, and socioeconomic impact over 12 months, including direct (drugs and health care resource utilisation) and indirect (loss of productivity) costs.

Results
Overall, 187 PWs and 114 HWs were identified. Over 12 months, medication persistence was high, treatment outcomes improved, and outpatient visits reduced in both groups. Following treatment initiation, direct costs increased, whereas indirect (loss of productivity) costs decreased in both groups. The unadjusted socioeconomic impact [Japanese yen (JPY)] increased across all drug classes in PWs (range: 29,700–151,700) and HWs (range: −28,700 to 83,000). Adjusted change in monthly socioeconomic impact was JPY 29,700–138,900 for PWs and JPY −28,000 to 92,800 for HWs.

Conclusions
In this study of Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the socioeconomic burden increased across patient groups and drug classes. The decrease in indirect (loss of productivity) costs partially offset the increase in direct costs.
Probiotic supplements are effective in people with cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Liu Nanyang , Yang Di , Sun Jiahui , Li Yapeng 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Context
Cognitive function is a significant concern among the elderly and has a major negative effect on their quality of life. Probiotics have a positive effect on improving cognition, but the exact nature of the association between probiotic supplements and cognitive function is poorly understood.

Objective
The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate how probiotic supplements improve cognitive function.

Data sources
A systematic search was conducted of the PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases for all relevant studies published in English, with no date restrictions.

Data extraction
The estimated, pooled results were analyzed with a standardized mean difference (SMD) and a corresponding 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Publication bias was analyzed by the Egger’s and Begg’s tests. Funnel plots were also constructed to assess the probability of publication bias. The robustness of the results was tested using the method of sequential removal and cumulation of each trial.

Data analysis
Overall, the pooled SMD showed significant differences between the probiotic and placebo groups (SMD = 0.64; 95%CI, 0.15–1.12), with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 92%). Subgroup analyses showed a significant effect of probiotics on cognition in the studies involving populations with Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment (SMD = 1.34; 95%CI, 0.51–2.16; P &lt; 0.01). In addition, subgroup analysis showed that single probiotic strains, receiving probiotic supplements over 12 weeks, and doses &gt;1 × 109 CFU/g were more beneficial for improving cognitive impairment.

Conclusions
According to this meta-analysis, probiotic supplementation had a highly significant effect on cognitive function in people with cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease. For people without cognitive impairment, probiotic supplementation may be ineffective.
Roman Gardens and Landscape Architecture
Authors: Macaulay Elizabeth R. 
Published: January 2023

Gardens are highly constructed spaces, where art, science, and nature intersect. The ancient Mediterranean, Egypt, and Near East had several well-developed garden traditions. Of these, the Romans developed one of the most complex gardening and horticultural traditions. Through archaeological, art-historical, and textual evidence, we can understand how Roman gardens evolved; their diverse socioeconomic, political, and cultural meanings in the Roman world; and how these gardens were constructed. Although landscape architecture would not be formally recognized as a discipline for centuries, the Romans had a well-developed tradition of landscape architecture, as well as individuals—the toparius—whom scholars can identify as proto-landscape architects. Ancient Greece had gardens, although on a more limited scope and scale than the Romans, within houses and sacred groves. Alexander the Great’s conquests in the East transformed the garden traditions of the Mediterranean. His visits to major gardens and palaces of the Persian Empire brought him into direct contact with the complex gardening traditions, horticultural practices, and plants of western Asia, which were then transmitted to the Mediterranean. His successors and subsequent Hellenistic rulers constructed elaborate palatial gardens. Philosophical gardens, which had developed in the late classical period, remained popular during the Hellenistic era, although there is no archaeological evidence for such gardens. Rome, the ascendant power at the end of the first millennium bce, had an indigenous domestic garden tradition, where ownership of a garden was viewed as essential to the identity of the Roman citizen. The Romans developed the most extensive garden tradition of antiquity. Roman gardens ranged from domestic, villa, and palatial gardens to public parks and gardens associated with temples or sanctuaries. Garden and landscape paintings were an integral part of Roman houses and villas. Until the second half of the twentieth century, the study of Roman gardens was primarily a textual endeavor; however, W. F. Jashemski pioneered the use of garden archaeology at Pompeii and its environs. Archaeology is vital to the study of Roman gardens and landscape architecture because it provides direct information about landscape architecture, garden design, plantings, and use. While ancient sources are still critical to interpreting the physical remains of Roman gardens, archaeological discoveries enable scholars to consider sophisticated questions about design, plants, and horticultural techniques, as well as the meanings, purpose, and function of Roman gardens. Most studies examine Roman landscape design and theory in the context of specific gardens, because there are no surviving treatises about Roman landscape design or theory. As such, these issues will be considered alongside the discussions of different types of gardens.
Valuation regimes in academia: Researchers’ attitudes towards their diversity of activities and academic performance
Authors: Robinson-Garcia Nicolas , Costas Rodrigo , Nane Gabriela F , van Leeuwen Thed N 
Published: January 2023

AbstractEvaluation systems have been long criticized for abusing and misusing bibliometric indicators. This has created a culture by which academics are constantly exposing their daily work to the standards they are expected to perform. In this study, we investigate whether researchers’ own values and expectations are in line with the expectations of the evaluation system. We conduct a multiple case study of five departments in two Dutch universities to examine how they balance between their own valuation regimes and the evaluation schemes. For this, we combine curriculum analysis with a series of semi-structured interviews. We propose a model to study the diversity of academic activities and apply it to the multiple case study to understand how such diversity is shaped by discipline and career stage. We conclude that the observed misalignment is not only resulting from an abuse of metrics but also by a lack of tools to evaluate performance in a contextualized and adaptable way.
“You Can’t Go to War Over Refugees”: The Bangladesh War of 1971 and the International Refugee Regime
Authors: Biswas Bidisha 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This article examines the 1971 refugee crisis between India and Pakistan and discusses its enduring lessons for the global refugee regime. The crisis, which drove an estimated ten million refugees into India within a space of nine months, led to a war between the two countries. The events of that year had significant geopolitical consequences. It led to the break-up of the Pakistani state, created the new country of Bangladesh, and involved the United Nations in one of its earliest, and largest, refugee repatriation campaigns. Yet, the case has received little attention in the refugee studies literature. Based on extensive archival research of the records of the US, British, and Indian governments, and of the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, this article examines why and how the refugee crisis escalated into an interstate war. The study links the India–Pakistan case to ongoing challenges confronting the international refugee regime, particularly from the perspective of first-host countries. The 1971 crisis reminds us that refugee governance norms and practices must include more critical considerations of the conditions necessary to resolve forced migration situations.
Class Size and Learning: Has India Spent Too Much on Reducing Class Size?
Authors: Datta Sandip , Kingdon Geeta Gandhi 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Whether class-size reductions improve student learning outcomes is an important policy question for India. This paper investigates the issue using a credible identification strategy to address the endogeneity of class size. Pupil fixed effects combined with value-added estimation show no significant relationship between class size and student achievement, which suggests that under current teaching practices, there is no learning gain from reducing class size. If these findings, based on a small sample in one city, hold true for the entire country, they have important policy implications. When generalized, our findings suggest that India experienced a value-subtraction from spending on reducing class sizes, and that the US$3.6 billion it spends annually on the salaries of the 0.4 million new teachers appointed between 2010 and 2017 is wasteful spending rather than an investment in improving learning. These findings imply that India could save US$19.4 billion per annum by increasing PTR to 40, without any reduction in pupil learning.
Distinct effects of SDC3 and FGFRL1 on selective neurodegeneration in AD and PD
Authors: Wang Juelu , Chen Peiye , Hu Bolang , Cai Fang , Xu Qin , Pan Sipei , Wu Yili , Song Weihong 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are age‐dependent neurodegenerative disorders. There is a profound neuronal loss in the basal forebrain cholinergic system in AD and severe dopaminergic deficiency within the nigrostriatal pathway in PD. Swedish APP (APPSWE) and SNCAA53T mutations promote Aβ generation and α‐synuclein aggregation, respectively, and have been linked to the pathogenesis of AD and PD. However, the mechanisms underlying selective cholinergic and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in AD and PD are still unknown. We demonstrated that APPSWE mutation enhanced Aβ generation and increased cell susceptibility to Aβ oligomer in cholinergic SN56 cells, whereas SNCAA53T mutations promoted aggregates formation and potentiated mutant α‐synuclein oligomer‐induced cytotoxicity in MN9D cells. Furthermore, syndecan‐3 (SDC3) and fibroblast growth factor receptor‐like 1 (FGFRL1) genes were differentially expressed in SN56 and MN9D cells carrying APPSWE or SNCAA53T mutation. SDC3 and FGFRL1 proteins were preferentially expressed in the cholinergic nucleus and dopaminergic neurons of APPSWE and SNCAA53T mouse models, respectively. Finally, the knockdown of SDC3 and FGFRL1 attenuated oxidative stress‐induced cell death in SN56‐APPSWE and MN9D‐SNCAA53T cells. The results demonstrate that SDC3 and FGFRL1 mediated the specific effects of APPSWE and SNCAA53T on cholinergic and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in AD and PD, respectively. Our study suggests that SDC3 and FGFRL1 could be potential targets to alleviate the selective neurodegeneration in AD and PD.
Prenatal Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Childhood Autism-related Outcomes
Authors: Ames Jennifer L. , Burjak Mohamad , Avalos Lyndsay A. , Braun Joseph M. , Bulka Catherine M. , Croen Lisa A. , Dunlop Anne L. , Ferrara Assiamira , Fry Rebecca C. , Hedderson Monique M. , Karagas Margaret R. , Liang Donghai , Lin Pi-I D. , Lyall Kristen , Moore Brianna , Morello-Frosch Rachel , O’Connor Thomas G. , Oh Jiwon , Padula Amy M. , Woodruff Tracey J. , Zhu Yeyi , Hamra Ghassan B. ,   on behalf of program collaborators for Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes
Published: January 2023

Background:
Epidemiologic evidence linking prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with altered neurodevelopment is inconclusive, and few large studies have focused on autism-related outcomes. We investigated whether blood concentrations of PFAS in pregnancy are associated with child autism-related outcomes.

Methods:
We included 10 cohorts from the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program (n = 1,429). We measured 14 PFAS analytes in maternal blood collected during pregnancy; eight analytes met detection criteria for analysis. We assessed quantitative autism-related traits in children via parent report on the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). In multivariable linear models, we examined relationships of each PFAS (natural log-transformed) with SRS scores. We further modeled PFAS as a complex mixture using Bayesian methods and examined modification of these relationships by child sex.

Results:
Most PFAS in maternal blood were not associated with child SRS T-scores. Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) showed the strongest and most consistent association: each 1-unit increase in ln-transformed PFNA was associated with greater autism-related traits (adjusted β [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 1.5 [–0.1, 3.0]). The summed mixture, which included six PFAS detected in >70% of participants, was not associated with SRS T-scores (adjusted β [95% highest posterior density interval] = 0.7 [–1.4, 3.0]). We did not observe consistent evidence of sex differences.

Conclusions:
Prenatal blood concentrations of PFNA may be associated with modest increases in child autism-related traits. Future work should continue to examine the relationship between exposures to both legacy and emerging PFAS and additional dimensional, quantitative measures of childhood autism-related outcomes.
Asbestos-associated pulmonary disease
Authors: Caceres Jose Diego , Venkata Anand N. 
Published: January 2023

Purpose of review
Exposure to asbestos can cause both benign and malignant, pulmonary and pleural diseases. In the current era of low asbestos exposure, it is critical to be aware of complications from asbestos exposure; as they often arise after decades of exposure, asbestos-related pulmonary complications include asbestosis, pleural plaques, diffuse pleural thickening, benign asbestos-related pleural effusions and malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Recent findings
Multiple recent studies are featured in this review, including a study evaluating imaging characteristics of asbestos with other fibrotic lung diseases, a study that quantified pleural plaques on computed tomography imaging and its impact on pulmonary function, a study that examined the risk of lung cancer with pleural plaques among two large cohorts and a review of nonasbestos causes of malignant mesothelioma.

Summary
Asbestos-related pulmonary and pleural diseases continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality. This review summarizes the current advances in this field and highlights areas that need additional research.