bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunologic Study of Vipera Xanthina Palestinae Venom and Preparation of Potent Antivenin in Rabbits
Authors: Kochwa Shaul , Gitter Simon , Strauss Amalia , de Vries Andre , Leffkowitz Max 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Specific horse and rabbit antisera against Vipera xanthina palestinae venom were studied by neutralization tests in mice and by the double gel diffusion technique of Ouchterlony. Specific antivenom horse and rabbit sera had antihemorrhagic activity but no antineurotoxic activity when tested in mice. No correlation was found between the neutralizing potency of these antisera and the number of precipitation lines obtained when tested against whole venom and electrophorctically separated venom fractions. When rabbits immunized with whole venom were subsequently immunized with a mixture of the two electrophoretically separated neurotoxic fractions, a scrum was obtained which had antineurotoxic as well as antihemorrhagic activity and which protected mice against death even when high venom doses were used. This enriched serum showed in Ouchterlony plates two additional precipitation lines, each line with an antigen located in one of the two neurotoxic fractions.
Some Considerations in Agar Column Diffusion Analyses
Authors: Glenn William G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By direct photometry the zone density of human serum albumin homologous systems diffusing in agar columns varied inversely with the initial antigen concentrations up to 150 hr reaction time. Such observation is a corollary to the general rule that the antibody concentration alone governs the zone density. Nonspecific substances added to human serum albumin increased the zone densities; whereas the removal of albumin from rabbit antiserum decreased zone densities. This effect is probably due to altered solubilization of the precipitates. Micro-Kjeldahl analyses of whole diffusion patterns containing several zones will provide an absolute measure for indicating the reactivity of a complex precipitin system. Such measure is not presently obtainable by the classic quantitative precipitin method.
A Quantitative Photometric Method for Studying the Reaction between Cypridina Luciferase and Specific Antibody
Authors: Tsuji Frederick I. , Davis David L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method is described for studying an antigenantibody reaction involving the interaction of specific antibody with luciferase, the enzyme responsible for the blue luminescence of the marine ostracod crustacean, Cypridina, hilgendorfii. The interaction leads to inactivation of the enzyme. Residual luciferase activity is determined during the course of the interaction by measuring the initial light intensity or the initial velocity of the luminescent reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. Data on the time-course of inactivation are also presented, indicating that under dilute, homogenous conditions the rate may be relatively slow.
Immune Hemolysis at 0°
Authors: McVickar David L. , Weinfeld Gertrude R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immune hemolysis at 0° takes place when the concentration of amboceptor used to sensitize erythrocytes is greater than optimal (optimal as determined by the usual amboceptor titration at 37°.) In the presence of an excess of C′, the following relationships between amboceptor concentration and maximal velocity of hemolysis hold: a) below optimal concentration the maximal velocity of hemolysis falls precipitously to zero; b) from optimal to 10 × optimal amboceptor concentration the maximal velocity of hemolysis is directly proportional to amboceptor concentration; c) the maximal velocity does not increase further when amboceptor concentration is increased beyond about 10 × optimal. The curve relating time required for 50% hemolysis to amboceptor concentration is a hyperbolic one, with asymptotic values of approximately 40–50 min and 0.6–0.8 optimal amboceptor concentration, respectively. A 100-fold increase in C′ concentration (from 1:200 to 1:2) will not cause appreciable hemolysis of erythrocytes sensitized at amboceptor concentrations lower than 0.6–0.8 optimal. With erythrocytes sensitized at 10 times optimal amboceptor concentration, the following relationships between C′ concentration and maximal velocity of hemolysis hold: a) as C′ concentration is increased from zero to about 1:200, a gradual increase in the maximal velocity occurs, not proportional to the C′ concentration; b) from C′ concentrations of about 1:200 to 1:20, the maximal velocity of hemolysis is a linear function of the C′ concentration; c) the maximal velocity does not increase further when C′ concentration is increased beyond about 1:20. The curve relating the time required for 50% hemolysis to C′ concentration is hyperbolic, with an asymptotic value of about 40–50 min for the former, and close to zero for the latter. The significance of these results is discussed with particular reference to a) the possibility that the requirement for increased amboceptor concentration reflects the fact that two (or more) amboceptor sites, each with its quota of C′1,4,2, must cooperate to initiate the terminal step through reaction with C′3; and b) the suggestion that the inability of increased concentrations of amboceptor and C′ to increase the maximal velocity of hemolysis, or decrease the time required for 50% hemolysis, beyond a certain point, indicates that at this point the terminal step is limiting the hemolytic reaction. The suggestion is made that much useful information may be obtained by further study of immune hemolysis at 0°, primarily because of the comparative slowness of the reaction, and the negligible amount of nonproductive deterioration of intermediate complexes of C′ and sensitized erythrocytes.
Behavior of Intravenously Administered I131 Diphtheria Toxin in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Masouredis S. P. , Ferguson Elizabeth , Norwall Faye 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The behavior of intravenously administered trace labeled I131 diphtheria toxin was studied in nonimmune guinea pigs. The loss of I131 from the plasma could be attributed to two exponential components. One component had a rate of 46% per hr (T½ = 1.5 hr) and involved about 80% of the plasma I131. The remaining 20% of the I131 left the plasma at the rate of 3.5–2.3% per hr (T½ = 20–30 hr). Zone electrophoresis and toxicity studies indicate that the serum I131 was associated with intact diphtheria toxin. The excretory loss of I131 from the guinea pigs was exponential with a rate of 3.63% per hr (T½ = 19.1 hr). The I131 in the urine was not bound to protein and was free of toxicity. Tissue analyses for I131 and balance studies indicate that there is localization of I131 in the tissues from 2–12 hr after administration of the toxin. I131 was distributed uniformly throughout all the tissues studied except for the kidney which had an unusually high concentration of I131. Although the response of guinea pigs to I131 diphtheria toxin differs strikingly from that found with I131 heterologous plasma proteins, further work will be required to ascertain whether these differences are caused solely by differences in the antigen nature of these two classes of proteins.
Toxin Production and Virulence of Inaba and Ogawa Vibrios
Authors: Mukherji A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits receiving the same number of Vibrio cholerae organisms intravenously showed a mortality of 65.5% when injected with the Ogawa subtype, and 15% on injection with the Inaba subtype. With lower doses of Ogawa than of Inaba vibrios, 50% mortality in mice was obtained. Shredding of the intestinal mucosa of the guinea pig was more marked after the application of Ogawa than of Inaba filtrates. Tryptophane enhanced the production of toxic filtrates. Cholera filtrates prepared from 16-hr-old cultures had a higher toxicity than those from growth incubated for 10 days. The toxic component in cholera filtrates can be preserved for months at -10°C.
Blood Group Studies on the Antigenic Structure of Human Red Cells and its Relation to the So-Called Secretor and Nonsecretor with Special Reference to Its Heredity
Authors: Ueno Shokichi , Matsuzawa Shigetaka , Kitamura Shinji , Mishima Heizaemon 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The quantity of each partial antigen of A and B blood groups in the carbohydrate fraction of human red cells show a great variability indicating a marked individual difference and this coincides with that in the saliva of the same individual. Thus the composition ratio of the partial antigens is, in the authors' concept, characteristic to each individual. The secretor and nonsecretor are defined as the character bound to the red cells in general in which the blood group substances with their characteristic composition ratio are contained abundantly or scantily.
The composition ratio of partial antigens seems to be a factor inherited along with the A and B gene. However, the quantity of the partial antigens, which is also an inheritable characteristic, is determined by the already known S and s genes. The significance of the results is discussed with particular reference to the possibility of practical application of the authors' genetic theory in the exclusion of paternity.
Application of Agar-Gel Diffusion Analysis to a Study of the Antigenic Structure of Inactivated Vaccines Prepared from the Virus of Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Authors: Brown F. , Crick Joan 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fractionation of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease by ultracentrifugation has shown that the 20-mμ component is responsible for the immunogenicity of vaccines prepared from the virus. A comparison has been made of the action of formaldehyde and acetylethylenimine on the infectivity and antigenicity of the virus. The antigenic structure, as examined by agar-gel diffusion, is unaltered by acetylethylenimine but markedly altered by formaldehyde during the inactivation process. Vaccines prepared by the use of these agents have been compared, the formalinized vaccine being inferior to that prepared by use of the imine.
Fractionation of Short-Ragweed Pollen Extracts on Diethylaminoethyl-Cellulose
Authors: Robbins Kenneth C. , Hecht Roy A. , Taub Samuel J. , Shields Jane 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method is described for fractionation of extracts of short-ragweed pollen using column chromatography with DEAE-cellulose. There appear to be at least seven distinct allergens; four major and three minor, in the phosphate extract of short-ragweed pollen. Practically all patients react to one major allergen but only about 50% react with three other major allergens. The reaction patterns of different patients differ. The patients react to one or more (up to five) of the allergen fractions, but in multiple reactions the fractions are not always the same. The importance of these findings in the treatment of the ragweed sensitive patient is discussed.
Passive Anaphylaxis in the Guinea Pig and Its Inhibition by an Extraneous Antigen-Antibody Reaction
Authors: Pruzansky Jacob J. , Feinberg Samuel M. , Kenniebrew Alonzo 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Relationships of antigen and antibody concentration have been studied in passive anaphylaxis of the guinea pig challenged by aerosol. Inhibition of anaphylaxis in sensitized animals by an unrelated antigen and antibody has been found to be dependent on concentration. Injection of washed aggregates of the unrelated system was ineffective although the same small reduction of serum complement was produced as with the effective method of separately injecting antigen and antibody. Administration of serum previously treated in vitro with extraneous antigen and antibody also produced refractoriness to challenge. The kinetic relationships of antigen and antibody and the possible role of serum factors in anaphylaxis and in the inhibition of anaphylaxis have been discussed.
Specific Hemagglutinins in X-Irradiated, Bone-Marrow Treated Mice Following Differential Immunization of Host and Donor
Authors: Garver Richard M. , Santos George W. , Cole Leonard J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Groups of sensitized mice were irradiated (870 r) and injected with mouse or rat bone marrow from donors previously sensitized with the other antigen. In other experiments, lethally irradiated mice were injected with isologous bone marrow only, and either the host or the bone marrow donor was sensitized; or neither one was sensitized. Groups from each experiment were given “booster” injections of antigen at various times subsequent to irradiation and bone marrow protection. Anti-sheep-erythrocyte and antihuman-erythrocyte agglutinin titers were determined on all groups periodically after irradiation.
The results were as follows: a) All marrow-treated irradiated mice continued to produce antibodies if sensitized prior to irradiation; b) The isologous bone marrow treated, presensitized mice reacted to a “booster” with a secondary response; the heterologous bone marrow treated mice did not; c) The isologous bone marrow treated mice were capable of a primary response but the heterologous bone marrow treated mice were not.
The results may be interpreted as evidence that: a) The primary response is radiosensitive; antibody production is relatively insensitive; b) The secondary immune response is relatively radioresistant; c) treatment with isologous bone marrow leads to recovery of essentially normal immune response in the “isologous chimera.” In the heterologous chimera, the immune response, is at all times, at a very low level.
Antigenic Stimuli for Transplantation Immunity to Rat Bone Marrow Heterografts in Lethally X-Irradiated Mice
Authors: Santos George W. , Cole Leonard J. , Garver Richard M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It is known that the preirradication injection of rat bone marrow cell suspensions into mice accompanying protection against radiation death. Since it has been reported by Billingham et al. that the antigenic stimuli for rejection of skin homografts in mice are confined to nuclear fractions and further that transplantation immunity to skin homografts cannot be transferred with specific sera, it was of interest in the present context to ascertain whether or not the antigens for rat bone marrow rejection by mice, similarly, were confined to the nuclear fractions. The passive transfer of transplantation immunity to rat marrow heterografts in irradiated mice was also studied with various antisera.
The results of the present study indicate that rat erythrocytes (non-nucleated cells) and rat leukocytes (nucleated cells) both contain antigens that can, when injected into mice prior to lethal irradiation, induce a state of transplantation immunity. Under appropriate conditions transplantation immunity can be passively transferred to irradiated mice by means of specific rat erythrocyte or rat leukocyte antisera.
It is suggested that in the heterologous system studied here, there may be a multiplicity of antigens (of non-nuclear as well as of nuclear origin) any one of which might elicit effective transplantation immunity.
The Effect of Chlortetracycline on the Immune Response
Authors: Cooper M. S. , Allen G. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Chlortetracylcine was incorporated in the diet of mice preceding immunization with an avirulent live culture of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, an organism susceptible to the antibiotic. The antibiotic was fed continuously for 2 weeks, and was removed from the ration 1 week prior to challenge. It was shown in two studies that a definite interference with development of immunity occurred. The quantitative nature of this interference was calculated by dose-effect determinations. Implications of this interference in some current methods of livestock vaccination were discussed.
Measurement of Herpes Simplex Virus by the Plaque Technique in Human Amnion Cells
Authors: Osterhout Suydam , Tamm Igor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A plaque technique is described for enumeration of infective units of herpes simplex virus in primary cultures of human amnion cells. Sharply defined plaques which measured 3–4 mm in diameter formed in infected amnion cell monolayers under an agar overlay in 4 days. The number of plaques was directly proportional to virus concentration.
In replicate cultures from the same amnion simultaneously inoculated determinations of herpes virus concentration were highly reproducible. In determinations in cultures of variable age obtained from different amnions considerable variation was encountered. This was due largely to two factors: a) Different amnions vary in sensitivity to herpes virus in tissue culture, and b) sensitivity of amnion cells diminishes with age of cultures. Procedures for the control of these variables are discussed.
Homotransplantation Immunity and Tolerance in the Bullfrog
Authors: Hildemann W. H. , Haas R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, is capable of giving a vigorous isoimmune response to skin homografts, both as a larva and as an adult. First-set skin homografts showed the same median survival times (11.8 ± 0.6 to 13.6 ± 1.0 days) at 25°C on animals ranging in age from 2 months to 2 years. There was likewise no significant difference in MST's of grafts to larvae at progressive stages of development from stage 25 to maturity. Thus the isoimmune response capacity once developed remains essentially unchanged whatever the age or stage of development, despite the fact that profound physiologic changes occur during metamorphosis. Second-set homografts among these larvae evoked an anamnestic reaction evidenced by an MST of only 5.1 ± 0.3 days at 25°C. Homografts survived about three times as long at 15°C, revealing the temperature dependence of the homograft reaction in this poikilothermic species.
Many newly-hatched larvae at stage 24 and up to 36 days of age were sufficiently immature to become partially or completely tolerant toward homografts. A 68 days-old group of larvae at stage 25 showed a diminished homograft reaction, possibly associated with a transition from the tolerance to immune type of response. Beyond this age and stage complete immunologic maturity was manifest.
Immunologic specificity in rejection and tolerance was determined by the responses to homografts from different second donors. The finding that nine skin homografts showed prolonged survival as a result of a previous tailbud homograft from a different donor is evidence that the current concept of strict individual specificity in tolerance may be erroneous.
Electrophoretic Studies on the Serum Protein Pattern of the Germfree Rat and Its Changes upon Exposure to a Conventional Bacterial Flora
Authors: Wostmann Bernard S. , Gordon Helmuth A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Germfree rats were taken out of the Reyniers germfree system and the electrophoretic pattern of the serum studied directly after removal and after exposure to a conventional environment and contact with conventional rats for various lengths of time. Compared to the values found in conventional rats, the germfree animals show lower α-2, β- and γ-globulin values, but higher albumin levels. After 1 week of exposure the exgermfree rats demonstrated an increase of the serum α-2 fraction followed in the second week by an increase in the β fraction. Only after more than 2 weeks of exposure the serum 7gg-globulin fraction was found to increase. As the globulin content increased, a concomitant decrease of the serum albumin fraction occurred causing the total serum protein content of germfree, “transition” and conventional animals to be approximately the same.
Studies of a Complement-Fixing Antigen from Group A Streptococcal l Forms
Authors: Crawford York E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Extracts of L forms of a type 19 strain of group A streptococcus were found to react against certain animal and human sera in the Kolmer complement-fixation test. Sera from human subjects with presumably recent streptococcal experience were more often reactive than that from control groups. Antisera from rabbits immunized with group A and group C streptococci and with homologous group A L forms uniformly exhibited significant reactivity, whereas control rabbits and those immunized with other species and genera of Gram-positive cocci did not. Complement-fixing antigen was not extractable from the whole streptococcal cell by the same procedures, nor could the anti-L titer be reduced or removed from a human serum by adsorption with streptococci or cell wall preparations.
The Response to Influenza Vaccines as Determined by Levels of Complement-Fixing Antibody in the Acute-phase Sera of Patients with Respiratory Disease
Authors: Culver James O. , Lennette Edwin H. , Navarre George , Kempe C. Henry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sera examined within 4 days of the onset of a respiratory illness showed no effect on CF antibody titers to influenza virus even though many of the cases were influenza A. The effect of preceding influenza A infections was detectable, but after, not during, the peak of an outbreak of influenza.
In men who had received type-specific influenza vaccines, an approximate evaluation of the CF antibody response to the vaccines could be obtained. An A′ vaccine, containing two strains, was shown to stimulate CF antibody 7–8 days after vaccination, and a probable peak response at 9–10 days. The effect persisted for 1 month and was equivocally present for 2 more months.
An influenza B vaccine of the same chick cell agglutination (CCA) unitage but containing only one strain, produced a greater and apparently less sharply peaked response, which lasted longer.
Incorporation of Amino Acids into Antibody during the Secondary Response
Authors: Richter Maxwell , Haurowitz Felix 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Rabbits were injected with S35-yeast protein hydrolysate during a primary response to ovalbumin (OA). Two to eight weeks later, a secondary response to OA and a simultaneous primary response to bovine serum albumin (BSA) were elicited. The S35 content of the immune precipitates formed by OA were found to be very similar to those formed by BSA. We conclude that very little of the antibody formed in the interval between the primary and secondary response was stored to be released during the anamnestic reaction, and that the bulk of antibody present in the circulation during the secondary response was formed after the second stimulation with the antigen.
Agar Diffusion Studies in the Dextran-Antidextran System
Authors: Finger Irving , Kabat Elvin A. , Bezer Ada E. , Kidd Amy 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Under suitable conditions in the dextran-antidextran system, mixtures of two dextran fractions have been found to give two bands. The significance of these findings in relation to dextran structure is discussed.
Steric Relationships of Aldopentoses and Aldohexoses
Authors: Boyd William C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The relationships between the aldopentoses and aldohexoses, based on possible synthetic paths in the laboratory, embodied in the nomenclature, and shown in the straight chain formulas used in elementary presentations of sugar chemistry, do not allow easy visualization of the actual spatial relationships of the ring forms, although the (pyranose) ring forms are probably the ones mainly important in serologic reactions. For example, the close similarity in specific inhibitory power of l-arabinose and d-galactose for various plant agglutinins (lectins) (1, 2), or the similarity of action of l-mannose and d-gulose, would hardly be predicted from the straight chain formulas. From these formulas one might conclude that the pentose most resembling d-glucose in its serologic behavior would be d-arabinose; actually it is d-xylose. The hexoses corresponding to d-arabinose are the “unnatural” sugars, d-altrose and l-galactose. Modern textbooks of biochemistry make considerable use of the ring formulas, but apparently none of them point out these and other consequences of the actual structures, and there would seem to be room for a brief discussion of the subject.