bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frances Power Cobbe (1822–1904)
Authors: Li Chien-hui 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter places the ideas of Frances Power Cobbe, a noted Victorian writer, feminist, and antivivisectionist leader, against the background of the Victorian crisis of faith and the rise of scientific naturalism. It considers Cobbe’s campaign against vivisection as a vital and integral part of her lifelong battle against the growing influence of atheism, agnosticism, materialism, and utilitarianism, which she believed to be intimately connected with the ascendency of the “scientific spirit” in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Driven by a grave concern for the moral and spiritual condition of humankind, and apprehensive of the pernicious influence of the scientific spirit as exemplified in the growth in experimentation as a scientific method, in physiology as a discipline, and in science as a profession, Cobbe employed the antivivisection platform as a most critical venue from which to voice her critique of Victorian science and society in general.
Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910)
Authors: Crary Alice 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter opens with an account Leo Tolstoy gave of his visit to a slaughterhouse in 1892. Tolstoy believed that there was something about what he saw as the immense brutality of slaughter that we might miss even if we know the basic facts of how it happens. He wrote about his experience in a vivid style that he hoped would open his reader’s eyes to the violence of butchering. The chapter surveys trends in animal ethics and links them to themes from Tolstoy’s fictional and nonfictional religious writings. It concludes with reflections on how the sort of emotionally demanding discourse that interests Tolstoy is of decisive importance today for getting an undistorted view of what is done to animals not only in confined feeding operations, industrial abattoirs, and other slaughterhouses but also in laboratories, zoos, sites of the destruction of animal habitats, and in areas where animals are hunted.
Charles Hartshorne (1897–2000)
Authors: Dombrowski Daniel A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Charles Hartshorne was one of the most important metaphysicians and philosophers of religion in the twentieth century. His process theism or neoclassical theism is noteworthy regarding nonhuman animals in three ways. First, Hartshorne (along with Alfred North Whitehead) saw nonhuman animals not only as moral patients but also as moral persons, in contrast to the classical or traditional theistic view that denies personhood status to subhuman beings. Second, birds in particular, through their song, enable us to understand and appreciate the aesthetic factors that pervade the cosmos, from subatomic particles to God. And third, Hartshorne quite explicitly referred to God as “the divine animal” in his rediscovery and retrieval of Plato’s World Soul, where God is seen as the soul or mind who animates not this or that particular body but the cosmos as a whole.
C. S. Lewis (1898–1963)
Authors: Gilmour Michael J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Except for The Problem of Pain, C. S. Lewis’s most important theological musings about animals appear in creative works. This chapter considers his 1934 poem “The Shortest Way Home,” later revised and retitled as “ ‘Man Is a Lumpe Where All Beasts Kneaded Be.’ ” His inspiration is a meditation by John Donne (1651) that argues humans are a “weight to heaven’s heaviest curse” on animals. Because of sin, Donne insists, those granted dominion miss an opportunity “to rectify / Nature to what she was.” Lewis also considers humanity’s disservice to nature but is more optimistic. He introduces an eschatological vision anticipating an ultimate correction to corrupted human–animal relations, while utterly rejecting an understanding of dominion as despotism. These twenty lines thus offer a concise theological statement from Lewis’s pen, revealing his theological views on the place of animals vis-à-vis humanity’s God-given dominion.
Andrew Linzey (1952–)
Authors: McLaughlin Ryan Patrick 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
For Andrew Linzey, the God whose nature is love creates out of and for the sake of love. To this end, God empowers creation to a genuine other. This empowerment entails the risk that creation will not develop as God desires. Because this risk comes to fruition, violence is now embedded in the way of “nature.” But God remains committed to creation’s redemption. As the Spirit, God is ever-present in the cosmos, empowering its life and experiencing its sufferings. In the incarnation, God takes all of creation’s torturous harms into the life of the Trinity and transforms them. In the resurrection, God establishes a new “trans-natural” law that points to the eschatological redemption of all sentient life. As beings formed in God’s image, humans ought to honor God’s animals by witnessing to this trans-natural law by ending the exploitation of animals for food, for hunting, for recreation, and for experimentation.
Ummah Yet Proletariat
Authors: Hongxuan Lin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This monograph explores the relationship between Islam and Marxism in the Netherlands East Indies (NEI) and Indonesia from the publication of the first Communist periodical in 1915 to the beginning of the anti-communist massacres of 1965–66. It explores various permutations of how Muslim identity and Marxist analytical frameworks coexisted in the minds of Indonesian nationalists, as well as how individuals’ Islamic faith and ethics shaped their willingness to employ Marxist ideas. Such confluences have long been obscured by state-driven narratives which demonize Marxism and posit the mutual exclusivity of Islam and Marxism. By examining Indonesian-language print culture, including newspapers, books, pamphlets, memoirs, letters, novels, plays, and poetry, I show how deeply embedded confluences of Islam and Marxism were in the Indonesian nationalist project, even at its highest levels. Ultimately, I argue that these confluences were the product of Indonesian participation in broader networks of intellectual exchange across Asia, Europe, and the Middle East, and that such confluences were the result of Indonesians “translating” the world to Indonesia, a project of creative adaptation ambitious in both its scope and depth.
Introduction
Authors: Hongxuan Lin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The introduction draws on the work of scholars of both Islam and Marxism to explain the conceptual framing of this book. Enumerating the variety of sources used, as well as this book’s contribution to existing literature, it pays special attention to the importance of using vernacular print culture as historical sources. It identifies two impulses that animated Indonesian political thinking before 1965: the project of adapting or “translating” the intellectual heritage of the world to Indonesia, and the attempt by Indonesian Muslims to translate Islam into a political idiom, using Islamic sources to construct an intellectual scaffolding for viable political alternatives to European empires, capitalist liberal democracies, or purported socialist utopias. It suggests productive ways of thinking about both Islam and Marxism that help readers situate the historical confluence of Islam and Marxism in Indonesia.
New Modes of Movement
Authors: Hongxuan Lin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the post-1927 period, in which mass rallies were rare, strikes were no longer possible, and schools were coming under increasing government scrutiny. Anticolonial activists turned to print to express themselves and generate support for their ideas. Their writings mixed an attachment to Islamic identity with openness to “translating” the intellectual innovations of Europe as well as learning from the experiences of other Asian societies, knowledge that often included Marxist ideas. It examines the Islamic socialism of two prominent 1930s organizations, the PSII and Permi, which included prominent female activists. It then explores the Dinyyah schools of West Sumatra and the Dutch-educated literati of the 1930s, especially those associated with the left-leaning journal Kritiek en Opbouw. It examines two novels that shed light on the ideas in circulation during the 1930s: Soewarsih Djojopoespito’s Buiten het Gareel (1940) and Xarim M. S.’s Hadji Dadjal (1941). This chapter ends by considering Soekarno’s relationship with Islam during the 1930s, showing how his understanding of Islam deepened during exile.
The Achievement of Civil Rights
Authors: Wallach Philip A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 argues that, although people often remember Congress as an obstacle to civil rights, in fact the legislature’s deliberative process created the conditions needed for the effective and durable achievement of desegregation. Congress’ structure did make progress on civil rights painfully difficult, but it also drove both parties to compete for the support of the civil rights movement. Instead of abolishing the filibuster or bypassing Congress, civil rights proponents built a broad, bipartisan coalition capable of meeting supermajority requirements, leaving Southerners isolated. By accommodating and involving Southern representatives in this functional, if painful and drawn-out, political process, Congress ensured that the Civil Rights Act would be effectively followed and enforced, unlike court-ordered desegregation after Brown v. Board of Education. The chapter also contrasts the Civil Rights Act’s legitimacy to the contentious history of affirmative action, which was born out of bureaucratic imperatives rather than legislative struggle.
The Triumph of Partisan Posturing over Politics
Authors: Wallach Philip A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 argues that partisan posturing has largely displaced politics in the Congress of the twenty-first century. In both chambers, leaders carefully stage-manage debate and the legislative process, leaving members of Congress little room for actual deliberation or compromise. The resulting polarization and gridlock have driven much policymaking into the executive and judiciary. Congress continues to pass significant legislation; however, these episodes, brokered by leadership in secret deals driven by emergencies or deadlines, leave most legislators as spectators. Their lack of input leaves resulting policies with serious legitimacy problems, while longer-term planning becomes virtually impossible.
Failing to Compromise on Immigration
Authors: Wallach Philip A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines Congress’ many failed attempts to arrange a grand compromise on immigration and border control. In the twenty-first century, four different Congresses have tried to pass ambitious legislation. Majorities of legislators and leaders generally supported reform, but efforts nevertheless failed, in large part because contemporary legislative processes were unable to directly address the concerns of distrustful immigration skeptics. Rather than building an overwhelming coalition, as the civil rights movement had done in the 1960s, champions of immigration reform abandoned legislative solutions and lobbied the president to address the most pressing injustices. The difficulties of Barack Obama’s executive actions vividly illustrate the shortcomings of circumventing Congress. Presidential actions can be mired in continuous litigation and can be swept away by the stroke of a succeeding president’s pen. The chapter concludes with a brief examination of President Donald Trump’s attempts to fund construction of the southern border wall without Congress’ cooperation.
After Shallow Pond
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In 1972, Peter Singer said “If it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought, morally, to do it.” To motivate this principle, he offered a thought experiment that is now called the Shallow Pond. It is among the most fertile thought experiments in the history of philosophy. Moral theory as conceived by Hume and Smith was consequentialist, but their consequentialism was not a theory about what to do. The lesson of Peter Singer’s Shallow Pond is not that utilitarianism demands too much but that theorizing about what to do is no substitute for theorizing about what works.
Compliance Is Not a Detail
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The concept of compliance has a confusing place in the literature on ideal theory, as every reader of that literature knows. On one hand, philosophers understand that achieving perfect justice would entail everyone complying with its requirements. On the other hand, there is room to observe that if compliance is ideal, then taking it for granted cannot be. In fact, compliance is an ongoing achievement. To set aside that we live among agents—beings whose fate as social animals hangs on making it safe to trust each other—is to set aside politics itself. People cannot set compliance problems aside when imagining what is ideal.
Rational Choice Theory’s Silence About Ends
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Barbara Herman says an agent that truly acted from desire would not act for reasons all the way down. Its desires would be causes, not reasons. Such a being would not, in the end, have a reason for acting one way rather than another. The author wants to agree with Herman, but does not want his agreement to sound pious, self-righteous, or vacuous, and does not want to beg the question. So, he pursues the matter. What is it like to act for reasons all the way down? He imagines a driver approaching a railway crossing. Does the driver have reason to look both ways? Must reasons be “deep” to be real? When? Why? Among the most fascinating aspects of the challenge of being as realistic as possible is the challenge of being realistic about how far down reasons can go.
A Brief History of the Human Condition
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Is Homo sapiens truly the wisest of primates? Maybe, but when modern humans emerged as a species 40,000 years ago, Neanderthals had been around for a half-million years, and they had larger brains. Yet it was Neanderthals who went extinct. Why? Were humans smarter? The pivotal difference may have been more specific. People often conceive a species in terms of what is seen as its characteristic survival mechanism. When people think about birds, they think flight. When people think about chameleons, they think camouflage. When people think about cheetahs, they think speed. What about Homo sapiens? Humans are a kind of social animal that is also a political animal, which is to say that learning to negotiate, trade, and be of service is part of what made us human.
Living with the Invisible Hand
Authors: Hussain Waheed 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Markets, just like states, are systems of governance. Their justification must therefore meet similar standards of moral scrutiny, despite the fact that their authority structure is impersonal. In order to argue for the role of markets as systems of governance that raise similar justificatory burdens, this book provides a philosophical account of market institutions. According to this view, shared social institutions define a framework for how members of a political community think and act toward one another, consistent with citizens respecting themselves and one another as free persons, each entitled to guide their activities in light of their own judgments. The market is one of these shared institutions, so its rules must also be consistent with mutual respect as free persons. This perspective represents a fundamentally different way of thinking about economic life, which rejects both the view of economic actors as disconnected individuals in a state of nature and the view of economic actors as mere preference orderings that are inputs to a giant social welfare function. The book formulates a deeper framework for thinking about economic life, which can displace the familiar ideas that underpin contemporary neoliberalism and finance capitalism. In so doing, the book works out the implications of the idea that the burdens of equal citizenship extend to economic life, such that appropriately regulated markets and workplaces elicit and realize a system in which people respect one another as free. The book concludes with a defense of economic democracy, elements of which can be found under German codetermination.
The Institutional Perspective
Authors: Hussein Waheed 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 sets out a framework for thinking about normative issues in economic life. It introduces the “institutional perspective,” which stresses the importance of social institutions and public values in structuring human choices and interactions, and so for thinking about economic questions. The institutional perspective is introduced through a sequence of examples, beginning with simple cases, such as the rules and practices of a parking lot, and moving to more complex ones, specifically economic markets. Markets and other parts of the civil sphere confer on citizens various institutionally defined powers that they may exercise on the basis of their own personal goals, plans, and projects. The public-private distinction can therefore be explained in terms of a distinction between two institutionally defined domains. Civil institutions, such as marriage, school choice, private property, and business corporations, are all part of the “private” domain in that citizens can generally exercise the forms of power and authority they define as private individuals. But the structure of these forms of powers and authority must answer to public values, so the institutional perspective provides an important basis for developing a systematic critique of certain misleading contemporary approaches to the public-private distinction.
An Intermediated Market Arrangement
Authors: Hussein Waheed 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 lays out a model for how an advanced market economy could be structured so as to satisfy the anti-authoritarian ideal. Intermediated capitalism is a market arrangement that shares many features with an advanced market economy, but also incorporates deliberative rule-making mechanisms at the level of firms and industries to improve rationality and transparency and to give citizens a greater basis for trusting in the market process. Aspects of the codetermination system in Germany, such as representative rule-making at the level of the corporation, answer to the model, and the chapter appeals to the German example to illustrate the idea. Codetermination is not proposed as a complete solution but rather as an example of the way in which economic life can be more democratic.
Ontic Oppression
Authors: Jenkins Katharine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter defines ontic oppression as a subtype of ontic injustice in which the constraints and enablements to which the individual is subjected are not only wrongful but oppressive. In order to construct this definition, drawing on accounts by Marilyn Frye and Iris Marion Young, an account of oppression is offered: oppression involves systematic, group-based restraints that steer people towards subordinated social positions, where such positions are characterised by six features: exploitation, marginalisation, powerlessness, cultural domination, violence, and communicative curtailment. The concept of ontic oppression incorporates the normative commitments that motivate the investigation into race and gender kinds that will be pursued in later chapters.
Energy and Power
Authors: Gross Stephen G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Energy and Power explains the deeper history behind Germany’s daring campaign to refashion its energy system on a foundation of renewable power. It shows how the Federal Republic passed through five energy transitions since 1945 that fundamentally reshaped its politics, society, and economics. West Germany’s transition to oil in the 1950s and 1960s unleashed a series of crises that politicized energy. This launched the nation on a trajectory that departed radically from the United States in emphasizing first the need for energy savings and eventually calling for the aggressive promotion of renewable power at a federal level. Where most scholars explain Germany’s special energy path through its anti-nuclear movement and Green Party, Energy and Power shows how this trajectory resulted from a synthesis of outsiders and political insiders, who wanted to change the nation’s energy system for reasons of exports, geopolitical security, modernization, and jobs more than anything else. In contrast to neoliberal policymakers in the United States and Britain, who sought to protect free markets from political intervention after the 1970s, German experts and leaders developed a new energy paradigm—Ecological Modernization—which embraced the fact that social actors working through corporatist negotiation should determine the basic orientation of the energy system. Even before global warming became a pressing concern, and for reasons that had little to do with climate change, Germans integrated ideas about the social cost of energy with new theories of technological change to unleash a novel, state-guided, green energy transition.
Green Energy and the Remaking of West German Politics in the 1970s
Authors: Gross Stephen G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the realignment of West German politics in the 1970s during this nation’s third transition, to energy efficiency. The anti-nuclear movement and the new Green Party were reactions to the technocratic policy of the 1960s that aimed to expand the supply of energy. This grassroots movement succeeded by rhetorically linking Bonn’s nuclear policies to the Third Reich. It called for radical reform that would place West Germany on a soft path of social and technological development that foregrounded local energy production, and that focused on conservation. This movement threatened the governing SPD. To counter this, SPD reformers aligned with new experts to reconsider nuclear power, reject the centralized approach to energy, and prioritize efficiency. As a result, the early 1980s marked the moment when West Germany began to diverge from the United States, France, and Britain in energy consumption, as the SPD transformed these new ideas into policy. Social Democrats also repackaged Green ideas for a centrist public by tying energy reform to concerns like security and exports.
Historical Institutionalism, Critical Junctures, and the Divergent Legacies of Forced Settlement and Colonial Occupation
Authors: Owolabi Olukunle P. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractChapter 3 highlights two critical historical junctures that transformed the patterns of state-building and institutional development associated with forced settlement and colonial occupation. The first critical juncture was the abolition of slavery, which undermined the political control of local white planters and expanded the legal rights and political agency of emancipated Afro-descendants in forced settlement colonies. The second critical juncture was the territorial expansion of colonial occupation, which undermined the legal rights and political agency of indigenous colonial subjects in continental Africa and other developing regions with significant indigenous populations. The theoretical arguments in this chapter incorporate insights from historical-institutionalist scholarship on colonial state-building and institutional development in the Global South. This theoretical framework also demonstrates the limits of existing theories that emphasize the importance of European settlers, British legal and political institutions, Protestant missionary evangelization, ethnic diversity, and geographic determinants of human development and postcolonial democratization.