bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tuberculostatic Activity of Blood and Urine from Animals Given Gliotoxin
Authors: Tompsett Ralph , McDermott Walsh , Kidd John G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Comment
Purified gliotoxin was found to inhibit growth of human and bovine tubercle bacilli in vitro when incorporated in various liquid culture media in concentrations of 0.012 to 0.06 micrograms/ml. It was much less active against a number of other bacterial species, the inhibitory concentrations ranging from 125 micrograms/ml for Ps. aeruginosa to 4.0 micrograms/ml for Pneumococcus, with intermediate concentrations required to inhibit several strains of Aerobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Trichophyton gypseum, Streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. In this relation it is noteworthy that gliotoxin is highly active against several types of transplanted cancer cells in vitro, as previous work has shown; 1.0 microgram gliotoxin per ml regularly inhibited the subsequent growth in susceptible hosts of suspensions of Gardner lymphosarcoma cells, and concentrations of 5–25 micrograms gliotoxin per ml likewise inhibited the cells of several transplantable carcinomas of mice and rabbits (8, 15).
Plasma procured from mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits within 30 minutes after they had been given gliotoxin orally or parenterally regularly inhibited growth of tubercle bacilli in dilutions as high as 1:320, and significant degrees of activity persisted for at least two hours in most instances. Urine collected from animals of the three species, two to three hours after they had been given gliotoxin, regularly inhibited growth of tubercle bacilli in dilutions from 1:320 to 1:1280. Plasma and urine procured from normal control animals of the three species had no tuberculostatic effect in concurrent tests.
The course of experimental tuberculosis in C3H mice was not influenced in several experiments by the prolonged oral administration of purified gliotoxin in daily doses as high as 6.5 mg/kg.
The Hypotensive Action of Influenza Virus on Rats
Authors: Chang Hsioh-Teh , Kempf J. Emerson 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Intravenous injection of purified PR8 influenza virus into albino rats produced a precipitous drop in the mean arterial blood pressure. This hypotensive response was not apparently related to the action of impurities in the virus preparation. As previously reported, specific antiserum against the virus neutralized the hypotensive fraction. This hypotensive fraction was found in each of four other strains of the influenza virus. The hypotensive fraction differed from other properties of the virus in its relative heat stability, and its lability on prolonged storage at −70 C. A phenomenon analogous to the interference phenomenon was observed. Injections of bacterial suspensions of five pathogenic species elicited only a small degree of response. It appeared possible that the hypotension resulted from direct action of the virus on the myocardium.
Anti (Streptococcal) Desoxyribonuclease. Occurrence in the Sera of Patients Treated with Streptococcal Concentrates Containing Streptodornase
Authors: Hazlehurst George N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Methods are described for assay of streptodornase and its specific antibody, antistreptodornase. Untreated subjects had a range of antistreptodornase titer from zero to 100 units per ml of serum; a titer of 500 units or more was considered elevated. An elevated titer was demonstrated in sera of patients nine days to one month after therapeutic administration of streptodornase; it persisted for one to three months. Titers were not altered by heating sera at 56 C for 30 minutes. Specificity was confirmed by failure of antistreptodornase to inhibit pancreatic desoxyribonuclease.
Comparative Immunizing Capacity of BCG and the Proteins and Polysaccharides in Tubercle Bacillus Culture Filtrates
Authors: Seibert Florence B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In the presence of large inocula of tubercle bacilli previous sensitization with tuberculin protein provided no protection, and appeared possibly to be detrimental.
When small inocula were used a definite increase in survival time could be demonstrated in animals previously vaccinated with BCG.
In experiments in which such resistance was demonstrated, parallel series of rabbits sensitized with tuberculin protein A (soluble at its iso-electric point) or with tuberculin protein C (insoluble at its iso-electric point) as well as with the small haptenic tuberculin polysaccharide I or with the larger antigenic tuberculin polysaccharide II, did not show increased resistance to tuberculous infection.
Electrophoretic changes were demonstrated in antisera to some of these fractions. Even though, by indirect methods, some of these serum components had been shown to have antibodies which possessed anti-infective properties, nevertheless, the rabbits possessing these antisera were not immune.
Complement Fixation and Well-Felix Reaction in Rabbits Inoculated with Bartonella Bacilliformis
Authors: Reese J. D. , Morrison M. E. , Fowler E. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Satisfactory complement-fixing antigens have been prepared from Bartonella bacilliformis by heat treatment of aqueous suspensions. Strains of this organism, cultivated in vitro for long periods, have proved as capable of producing complement-fixing antibodies in the rabbit as have strains more recently isolated. Five strains of B. bacilliformis could not be differentiated on the basis of quantitative complement fixation. The authors believe that the results indicate a considerable degree of antigenic similarity in strains of B. bacilliformis. This finding is in harmony with the complement-fixation studies reported by Noguchi (2), in which sera of only two inoculated rabbits were used. It also lends support to the results obtained with the agglutination technique devised by Howe (8). Inoculation of rabbits with B. bacilliformis has not resulted in production of agglutinins for Proteus OX19, OX2, or OXK.
Comparison of Seven Antibiotics against Hemophilus Pertussis Infection in Chick Embryos
Authors: Jackson George Gee , Barnes Mildred W. , Finland Maxwell 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Seven antibiotics were tested for their effect on a lethal Hemophilus pertussis infection in embryonated hens' eggs. Suitable doses of all these antibiotics produced significant prolongation of life of the embryos and survival of a large proportion of them for 10 days. There was wide variation among the agents in the degree of protection obtained from the different doses used. The comparative effectiveness of the different antibiotics depends to some extent on the criterion used as the basis of comparison. The complete elimination of viable organisms from the host was not regularly accomplished by any of the agents under the conditions of these experiments.
The Interchangeability of the Complement Components of Different Species
Authors: Rice Christine E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A comparative study of the conglutinative activity for sheep red cells treated with heated cow serum has been made with 12 mammalian and two avian complements. The conglutinative technic was used in the determination of the C′1 and C′2 titers of each and of the degree of species interchangeability of these respective heat-labile components.
Of the mammalian complements, horse, swine, and cat were actively conglutinative; some samples of human, cow, and deer sera were weakly so. Fresh sera of guinea pig, rabbit, hamster, rat, and chicken, although hemolytic were not conglutinative, while sheep and mouse complements were neither. Turkey complements behaved in an irregular manner.
The “midpiece” (C′1) fraction of cow complement showed the widest degree of interchangeability, producing a conglutinating mixture with “endpiece” (C′2) fractions of most of the other species. In mixtures of C′1 of cow with C′2 of guinea pig, man, hamster, and horse, hemolysis as well as conglutination was observed.
Horse C′2 induced conglutination in mixture with C′1 of all mammalian complements except those of rat and mouse, both of which were extremely anticomplementary; it occasionally failed to react with guinea pig C′1. Swine C′2 was also broadly interactive.
It is suggested that a species incompatibility of test reagents is a possibility to be considered before concluding from data obtained with one test system only, that a particular complement component is absent from the fresh serum of any given species.
The Formation of Circulating Antibody in the Splenec Tomized Human Being Following Intravenous Injection of Heterologous Erythrocytes
Authors: Rowley Donald Adams 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sixteen control and fourteen splenectomized patients were given a single intravenous injection of 1.0 ml of a 2.0 per cent suspension of washed sheep erythrocytes. All controls responded with a significant rise in antibody titer between nine to fourteen days after the injection. Thirteen out of fourteen splenectomized patients failed to respond with a significant rise in antibody titer during this same time interval. Splenectomy had been performed eight days to forty months prior to immunization. The possible significance of these findings is discussed in terms of three syndromes: acquired hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, and erythroblastosis foetalis.
The Zone of Localization of Antibodies
Authors: Pressman David , Eisen Herman N. , Siegel Malcolm , Fitzgerald Patrick J. , Sherman Beila , Silverstein Arthur 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibodies can be labelled with radioactive sulfur (S35) without destruction of antibody specificity, by coupling the antiserum with diazotized aminobenzene-sulfonic acid containing S35. Anti-mouse-kidney serum thus labelled showed specific localization in the glomeruli of mouse kidneys. The duration of localization of S35-labelled antibodies was similar to that of I131-labelled antibodies. However, S35-labelled proteins appeared to be picked up nonspecifically by liver and kidney tissue to a greater extent than radioiodinated proteins, and remained in these tissues for a longer time.
Growth of Neurotropic Viruses in Extraneural Tissues
Authors: Chambers Velma C. , Smith Wayne M. , Evans C. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Multiplication of MM virus in soft tissue of the foot, voluntary muscle, skin, and pharynx was demonstrated in intact hamsters. In tissue cultures the virus grew in minced urinary bladder of hamsters, in minced whole mouse embryo, and apparently in minced intestine of mouse embryo. In limited studies, MM virus failed to multiply in tissue cultures of transitional epithelium of urinary bladder, in lymph node tissue, or in connective tissue of hamsters. No evidence of growth of virus was obtained in connective tissue of intact hamsters. Inconclusive results were obtained in studies of multiplication of MM virus in popliteal lymph nodes of hamsters. Hamsters fed MM virus failed to develop an intestinal carrier state. Many of them became paralyzed and died. It is suggested that the terms “myotropic” and “neurotropic” be used in describing the tissue affinities of the MM virus and related viruses inasmuch as nerve tissue and muscle (skeletal, smooth and cardiac) have been shown to support the multiplication of these viruses about equally well and no other spicific kind of tissue has been shown to support their growth.
Antibody Production in the Rabbit's Cornea
Authors: Thompson Richard , Olson Howard 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When hen ovalbumin was injected into the center of the rabbit's cornea, tests for antigen and antibody in the eye tissues, lymph nodes, and serum indicated that the albumin diffused rapidly peripherally into the cornea-scleral junction tissue and anterior sclera. It remained in these tissues in readily detectable concentrations up to the time antibodies began to appear (8 days). The antigen diffused also into the aqueous fluid, but disappeared from there about 5 days after the injections. It was demonstrable in the serum in the period from 22 to 60 hours following injection. No antigen was demonstrated in the regional lymph nodes. It was indicated that the antigen reached the general circulation by way of Schlemm's canal and the blood vascular system, rather than by way of the lymphatic system. Antibodies began to appear in the eye tissues and serum at 192 hours following the corneal injection of albumin. In 3 instances antibodies were shown in the eye tissues before they appeared in the serum. In one case they appeared in the serum before they were demonstrated in the eye tissues. In most cases antibodies appeared in the eye tissues and serum simultaneously. Antibodies were readily and uniformly demonstrated in the corneal tissues at periods of 28 to 74 days following corneal injection when all traces of antibody had disappeared from the serum. In several experiments antibody was demonstrable in the anterior sclera, junction tissue, or peripheral cornea, while antigen was still present in the tissues closer to the point of injection at the center of the cornea. Antibodies were never demonstrated in the regional lymph nodes (preauricular, submaxillary, cervical). Following the injection of hen ovalbumin into the right corneas, and of human serum albumin into the left corneas, the respective corneal tissues contained only antibodies against the specific antigens which they had received. By the use of absorption tests this was found to be true also even when closely related antigens, hen ovalbumin and turkey ovalbumin, were injected into the right and left corneas respectively.
Recovery of Two Distinct Haemagglutinins of Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Gillen Anne L. , Burr Muriel M. , Nagler F. P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two haemagglutinating fractions have been found in vaccinia virus suspensions prepared from specifically infected chorioallantoic membranes. A soluble haemagglutinin is completely separable from the infective virus units. It is Seitz filterable, not sedimented by centrifugation at 17,000 rpm for three hours and is heat labile. A second haemagglutinin is more closely associated with the elementary body. It is not Seitz filterable, is sedimented by centrifugation at 17,000 rpm and is heat stable. Further work is in progress regarding the serological differentiation of these fractions.
Serological Reactiosn in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Pike Robert M. , Sulkin S. Edward , Coggeshall Howard C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Samples of serum from 7 species of normal animals were found to increase the agglutination of sheep erythrocytes by rabbit anti-sheep-cell serum. Sheep, goat, guinea pig, and horse sera gave mean differential titers above the range found with normal human sera. No samples of animal serum were found, however, which agglutinated sensitized sheep cells in dilutions as high as those often observed for serum from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Normal human serum in low dilutions increased the sheep-cell agglutinin titer of rabbit anti-sheep-cell serum and infectious-monunucleosis serum, but did not similarly affect the titer of serum from normal persons or from individuals with serum sickness. Horse serum, goat serum and rheumatoid-arthritis serum, in appropriate dilutions, increased the titer of rabbit anti-sheep-cell serum but did not significantly enhance agglutination by normal human serum or by serum from persons with infectious monunucleosis or serum sickness. Rheumatoid-arthritis serum did not increase the agglutination of sheep cells by bean extract.
The Inhibition of Gdvii Virus Haemagglutination by Normal Tissue Extracts
Authors: Fastier Lyle B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Saline extracts of normal mouse organs were capable, to a variable degree, of inhibiting haemagglutination by the GDVII virus. Of the tissues examined, sera from the mouse, rat, guinea pig and rabbit showed this property to the greatest extent. In resistance to heat and certain other agents the GDVII inhibitor in normal mouse brain suspensions differed slightly from the corresponding factor in serum. Other studies on the distribution of inhibitor showed the concentration in foetal mouse brains to be comparable with that in adult tissue. Removal of viral haemagglutinins from the brains of mice experimentally infected with the GDVII strain did not affect the titre of the inhibitory agent.
A crude fractionation procedure applied to normal mouse brains showed the bulk of inhibitor to be present in saline extracts of lipid-free tissue. The material was concentrated from these fractions by 50% saturation with ammonium sulphate at pH 7.0. Little activity was exhibited by the lipid residues. A limited number of neutralization tests in mice showed the above extracts to be incapable of inactivating GDVII virus.
Fractionation of Rh Antiserum by Electrophoresis-Convection
Authors: Cann John R. , Brown Raymond A. , Gajdusek D. Carleton , Kirkwood John G. , Sturgeon Phillip 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The utility of the method of electrophoresis-convection in immunological investigations on limited amounts of material has been demonstrated by the fractionation of an Rh antiserum. The resulting serum fractions have been characterized electrophoretically and serologically. At least a considerable portion of the Rh blocking antibody appeared to be associated with a γ-globulin fraction of low mobility. In contrast to this, the cryptagglutinoid antibodies were distributed throughout the γ-globulin. About 25% of the cryptagglutinoids also appeared to be associated with α- and/or β-globulins.
Antigenic Potency in Man of the Specific Polysaccharides of Types I and V Pneumococcus and Their Products of Alkaline Degradation
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , MacLeod Colin M. , DiLapi Marie M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Degradation of S I and S V by means of sodium hydroxide until only 40 and 20 per cent, respectively, of their specific precipitating potencies are retained fails to affect markedly their antigenic properties in man. There is possibly a slight enhancing effect in the case of S I.
Chemical Inhibition of the Growth of the Virus of Influenza in Embryonated Eggs
Authors: Rasmussen A. F. , Stokes Julia C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Nitroakridin 3582, the related compound, rutenol, 2 nitro 5 aminoacridine, and cobaltous salts retarded and, in some instances, prevented the growth of small inocula of the viruses of influenza in embryonated eggs. In the case of nitroakridin, the most active compound in this respect, the inhibitory effect was most marked during the early phases of viral growth. Nitroakridin exerted little antiviral activity in vitro and it is suggested that the observed effect on viral growth was secondary to the effect of nitroakridin on the embryonated egg. Nitroakridin 3582 had no chemotherapeutic effect on infections with the viruses of influenza in mice.
Studies on Thermostable Antigens Extracted from Bacterium Tularense and from Tissues of Animals Dead of Tularemia
Authors: Larson Carl L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Thermostable antigens may be extracted from suspensions of Bacterium tularense or from tissues of animals succumbing to infections with this organism. These react specifically with antitularense serum and cause production of specific agglutinins and precipitins when inoculated intravenously into rabbits. They are insoluble in 50 per cent acetone at a pH of 5.2 or lower. Thermostable antigens persist in tissues obtained from animals dead of tularemia and maintained at a temperature of 37 C for 14 days. The application of thermoprecipitin tests to clinical and epidemiological problems is discussed.
Mixed Infection of a Bacterium with Coli-Dysentery Phage T5 and a Serologically Related Salmonella Phage
Authors: Adams Mark H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A comparison of closely related viruses will serve to distinguish those hereditary properties which are capable of undergoing change or mutation. Studies of this kind should eventually increase our understanding of the basic phenomena leading to the evolution of new viral types.
There is evidence that serological relationship in viruses is correlated with similarity in other properties, as is seen in the lymphogranuloma-psittacosis group. Therefore, search was instituted for additional viruses serologically related to one or another member of the T group of coli-dysentery phages.
This paper is a report of the properties of a bacterial virus attacking Salmonella paratyphi B (S. schottmuelleri) and a comparison with the corresponding properties of a serologically related virus, coli-dysentery phage T5.
Materials and Methods. Bacteriophage T5 and its host cell, Escherichia coli strain B, have been described by Demerec and Fano (1). The phage attacking S. paratyphoid B was obtained from Dr. I. N.
The Nature of the Combining Sites of Antibodies
Authors: Pressman David , Sternberger L. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It as been found that the antibody specific regions of antibodies homologous to the p-azobenzoate or p-azobenzenearsonate ions can be protected against destruction by iodination through combination with the homologous hapten. This protection phenomenon proves that there is a grouping within the specific region of the antibody which is altered by iodination and that the loss of antibody activity by iodination in the absence of a combining hapten is not due to an alteration of the part of the antibody molecule other than the specific combining site.
The protection phenomenon can be used to define more closely the nature of the combining sites of antibodies by using a variety of agents known to combine with definite chemical groupings.
Benzenearsonate ion was found to combine somewhat with antiserum homologous to the benzoate ion although such combination was not realized from hapten inhibition measurements. This indicates a possible use of the protection phenomenon to measure the combining powers of very weakly combining haptens.
A Mathematical Theory of Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Alberty Robert A. , Baldwin Robert L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been shown that S-shaped plots of percent lysis versus complement concentration may be produced by probability effects alone in the case of a suspension of identical cells. It is assumed that lysis results when a certain critical number of substrate regions on the surface of the red cell have reacted with antibody and complement. In the case of identical cells with more than about 50 substrate regions the critical number of reactions required for lysis is about 10 since the slope of the von Krogh plot is 0.20 ± 0.02. The shape of the lysis plot is not very sensitive to heterogeneity if the number of reactions involved is this small. Equations are presented for treating heterogeneous mixtures of cells and plots of per cent lysis of partially lysed cells.
Statistical Methods in Immunology
Authors: Batson H. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The techniques employed in relation to statistical aspects of the experimental material presented in this report no doubt are unfamiliar to many immunologists. Actually, they are relatively simple but extremely useful tools provided by the statisticians. No doubt the statisticians will provide many more,—that is their proper mission. Judicious application of these techniques requires specialized knowledge of the field of inquiry and is the responsibility of the investigator. Statisticians rightfully can be expected to assist in testing hypotheses; in obtaining reliable answers to questions of concern to immunologists. They cannot be expected to frame those questions. Yet, the very framing of a question so that ultimate statistical treatment is applicable demands a certain understanding and appreciation of statistical methodology.
If the foregoing is granted, it appears self-evident that immunologists must learn to think and talk, at least in part, in terms of degrees of freedom, orthogonal comparisons and sigma squared. Perhaps when that time comes we will find that statisticians will lapse into the vernacular and think and talk, at least in part, in terms of “bugs”, mice and milligrams of antibody nitrogen.