bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glucocorticoid Receptors and Glucocorticoid-Sensitive Secretion of Neutral Proteinases in a Macrophage Line
Authors: Werb Zena , Foley Rosemary , Munck Allan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A continuous line of mouse macrophages (P388D1) has been shown to secrete elastase, collagenase, and plasminogen activator at activities comparable to those of macrophages elicited by an inflammatory stimulus in vivo. At physiologic concentrations anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids selectively and reversibly inhibited secretion of the three proteinases but did not inhibit secretion of lysozyme, a constitutive enzyme produced by the P388D1 cells. The secretion of the neutral proteinases was inhibited 50% by 2 to 10 nM dexamethasone. Proliferation of the macrophages was also glucocorticoid sensitive. The P388D1 macrophages contained about 4000 saturable glucocorticoid-binding sites per cell. Concentrations of hormone saturating the high affinity receptor site (for dexamethasone the dissociation constant for steroid-receptor binding, Kd, was 4 nM) correlated well with concentrations inhibiting secretion of the proteinases. Only glucocorticoids and progesterone competed for binding to the specific receptors. Temperature-sensitive translocation of hormone-receptor complexes from “cytoplasm” to nucleus similar to that found with rat thymocytes was demonstrated. Thus, the interaction between glucocorticoids and the P388D1 cell line provides a model for the regulation of macrophage secretion of neutral proteinases under normal and stress conditions.
Development of B Cell Subsets: Effect of Priming on in Vitro TNP-LPS Responsiveness
Authors: Diaz-Espada Fernando , Martinez-Alonso Carlos , Bernabe Rosa R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice were injected with DNP-derivatives of thymus-dependent (DNP-OA) and thymus-independent (DNP-Ficoll and TNP-LPS) antigens, and the response to TNP-LPS in vitro was studied after several priming periods. DNP-OA priming decreases the amount of cells responding to TNP-LPS in vitro. In the case of DNP-Ficoll and TNP-LPS-primed cells, there is an initial burst of responsiveness to TNP-LPS, which progressively decreases until an abolishment of TNP-LPS responsiveness is found at day 40 after immunization. The sensitivity to TNP-LPS reappears as new precursor cells differentiate into mature cells. We suggest that B cells progressively gain the capacity to respond to thymus-independent and thymus-dependent antigens (B1-B2 differentiation) and that challenge with a particle antigen increases the ratio of maturation throughtout the pathway.
Polymorphism of Tissue and Serum Amyloid A (AA and SAA) Proteins in the Mouse
Authors: Gorevic Peter D. , Levo Yoram , Frangione Blas , Franklin Edward C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Amino acid sequence studies of the amino terminal 25 residues of amyloid A (AA) protein and the serum precursor (SAA) induced with casein or LPS indicate differences in the sequence at position 6 and significant heterogeneity at several other positions in SAA. These findings suggest that SAA is a polymorphic serum protein and raise the possibility that only certain forms of SAA are processed to the tissue amyloid fibril.
A Quantitative Fluorometric Assay for Detection and Characterization of Fc Receptors
Authors: Schreiber Alain B. , Hoebeke Johan , Bergman Yehudit , Haimovich Joseph , Strosberg A. Donny 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A new quantitative fluorometric binding assay that uses fluoresceinated aggregated IgG is proposed for the study of Fc receptors. The method was compared with a radiolabeling binding assay on three well characterized murine cell lines (38C-13, EL4, and BW). The apparent association constant of the binding and the amount of aggregated IgG bound per cell at saturation were calculated. The fluorometric assay enables the detection of 5 × 10-10 M bound aggregated IgG. Inhibition studies with monomeric IgG, reduced and alkylated aggregated IgG, and aggregated F(ab′)2 fragments of IgG confirmed the specificity of the assay. Staphylococcal protein A inhibited the binding of the aggregated IgG to Fc receptors.
IgE-B Cell-Generating Factor from Lymph Node Cells of Rats Infected with Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis
Authors: Urban Joseph F. , Ishizaka Teruko , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Culture supernatants of mesenteric lymph node cells obtained from Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb)-infected rats have the ability to increase the proportion of IgE-bearing cells in normal bone marrow cell cultures. In order to determine the cell source of the active substance, mesenteric lymph node cells and thoracic duct cells from Nb-infected rats were fractionated by various methods, and culture supernatants of each fraction were examined for the ability to generate IgE-bearing cells in normal bone marrow cell cultures. It was found that culture supernatants of the B cell-enriched fraction were substantially more active than those of the unfractionated cells or T cell-enriched fraction. Residual activity in the culture supernatant of the T cell-enriched fraction was eliminated by prior removal of contaminating immunoglobulin (Ig)-bearing cells in the fraction. The mesenteric lymph node cells depleted of IgE-bearing cells by rosette technique failed to produce IgE-B cell-generating factor. The results indicated that a major source of the soluble factor is IgE-bearing B cells. This conclusion was supported by the fact that treatment of mesenteric lymph node cells with antibodies specific for IgE accelerated the formation of IgE-B cell-generating factor in culture fluids. Formation of IgE-B cell-generating factor in culture fluids. Formation of IgE-B cell-generating factor by the mesenteric lymph node cells was reduced by pretreatment of the cells with pactamycin but not with mitomycin C, indicating that DNA synthesis is not required for the formation of the factor. The appearance of IgE-B cell-generating activity in the culture fluids of mesenteric lymph node cell cultures was inhibited in the presence of dibutyryl cyclic AMP or aminophilline but not by cyclic GMP.
Strain Variations in Murine MIF Production
Authors: Adelman Nancy , Cohen Stanley , Yoshida Takeshi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Stimulation of murine lymphocytes with antigen or mitogen in vitro can lead to the production of macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF). In this study, variations in MIF production were examined in various inbred strains of mice. When BALB/c (H-2d) and AKR (H-2k) splenic lymphocytes were cultured with concanavalin A (Con A) in serum-free medium, good MIF production resulted within 24 to 48 hr. C3H/He (H-2k) cells cultured under identical conditions produced low levels of MIF and DBA-2 (H-2d) and C57BL/6 (H-2b) cells made no MIF response. Interestingly, however, C57BL/6 cells could make a good MIF response when the cell cultures were supplemented with 2% fetal calf serum (FCS) or if FCS was added to the supernatants after incubation. A similar pattern was observed with the cultures stimulated with specific antigen. This pattern of reactivity demonstrates that variation in MIF production is not directly related to differences in the H-2 complex.
The ability of preformed MIF from one strain to react with target cells from different strains was also examined. It was found that MIF produced by Con A-stimulated lymphocytes of a given strain was capable of inhibiting the migration of allogeneic macrophages as effectively as macrophages from the MIF producing strain. Furthermore, immunoadsorption of MIF-active supernatants with alloantisera directed against H-2 regions failed to remove MIF activity. Taken together, these results suggest that MIF activity as well as production are not under direct H-2 control and that the MIF molecule does not share antigenic determinants coded by the murine major histocompatibility complex.
Immunologic Tolerance in the Chicken
Authors: Morgan Edward L. , Rodrick Mary L. , Tempelis Constantine H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Serum from 14-day-old chickens rendered tolerant at hatching with 1250 mg bovine serum albumin (BSA)/KBW was found to suppress an adoptive secondary response to BSA and an in vitro response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Chromatographic separation resulted in three fractions: I, II, and III. The suppressive activity was found to be contained in fraction I (m.w. &gt;1 × 106) and fraction III (m.w. &lt;2.5 × 104). Analysis of fraction I by affinity chromatographic techniques revealed that it was composed of soluble BSA-antibody complexes and their removal removed the suppressive activity. Analysis of peak III revealed that the suppressive activity could only be removed by BSA and anti-Line 3 antiserum columns.
The Induction of Macrophage Proliferation in Vitro by a Lymphocyte-Produced Factor
Authors: Hadden John W. , Sadlik John R. , Hadden Elba M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The studies presented indicate that sensitized guinea pig lymph node lymphocytes release on exposure to antigen a soluble mediator of 35 to 70,000 daltons, which induces proliferation of nonimmune oil-induced, monocyte-derived peritoneal and noninduced alveolar macrophages. Cell counts and nuclear labeling experiments indicate that this proliferation can be effectively assayed under conditions of monolayer culture by tritiated thymidine incorporation. The magnitude and the kinetics of the proliferative response of macrophages in this system are dependent upon the concentration and the time of addition of the soluble mediator. Influences that operate to limit proliferation in this system appear to be high macrophage density, the production of prostaglandin by macrophages, and other mediators present in the lymphokine preparation, such as MIF. We have tentatively termed the active soluble mediator macrophage mitogenic factor (MMF); however, its similarity to a fibroblast-produced macrophage growth factor (MGF) might indicate that, like the interferons, a term like Type II MGF would also be appropriate. The biology of this soluble mediator would appear relevant in terms of the marked proliferation and activation of macrophages known to occur during states of intense T lymphocyte-mediated immunity, as occurs during infection with facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens.
Suppressor T Cell Mechanisms in Contact Sensitivity
Authors: Miller Stephen D. , Sy Man-Sun , Claman Henry N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We investigated the mechanism(s) by which MHC-restricted suppressor T cells (Ts) induced by i.v. injection of allogeneic DNP-modified lymphoid cells (alloinduced Ts) suppress the DNFB contact sensitivity response. It was shown that alloinduced Ts acted only during the early phases (afferent limb) of sensitization. They were incapable of suppressing previously sensitized recipients or of inhibiting the expression of DNFB-immune LN cells when co-transferred into normal recipients. The target of alloinduced Ts seems to be cell proliferation, i.e., inhibition of antigen-induced cell proliferation (DNA synthesis) in Ts recipient mice. The failure of recipients of alloinduced Ts to generate DNFB-immune LN cells capable of transferring contact sensitivity to normal recipients also suggests that these Ts act by preventing the development of an expanded clone of mature immune T cells. The suppressive effects of alloinduced Ts also were inhibited by prior in vitro treatment with anti-TNP serum. The data are discussed in terms of current models of suppression, and are compared to mechanisms of suppression in other contact sensitivity models.
The Role of Antibody in Recovery from Experimental Rabies
Authors: Miller Aaron , Morse Herbert C. , Winkelstein Jerry , Nathanson Neal 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The avirulent high egg passage (HEP) strain of rabies virus produces an inapparent infection limited to the central nervous system (CNS) in intracerebrally inoculated adult mice. Heavy chain isotype (anti-µ antiserum) immunosuppression potentiates the infection, with a mortality of about 60% and with elevated virus titers in the brain. Anti-µ-treated mice fail to raise antibody responses to rabies virus although their T cell function is normal when measured by the concanavalin A response of splenic lymphocytes. This indicates that the B cell response plays an important role in clearance of rabies virus from the neuroparenchyma. Treatment with cyclophosphamide or by adult thymectomy, x-irradiation, and bone marrow reconstitution potentiates HEP infection to a greater extent than does isotype suppression. Since these suppressive techniques impair both T and B lymphocyte responses, the data suggest that cellular immune mechanisms may also contribute to host defenses against this central nervous system (CNS) virus infection.
Studies on the Interaction between Protein A and Immunoglobulin G
Authors: Langone John J. , Boyle Michael D. P. , Borsos Tibor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Staphylococcal protein A (PA) and IgG anti-Forssman immunoglobulin formed complexes that behaved functionally like IgM in their ability to lyse sheep erythrocytes (E) in the presence of whole guinea pig complement (GPC) and to fix purified guinea pig C1̄. Concanavalin A, a plant lectin that inhibited IgM but not IgG hemolytic activity, inhibited the hemolytic activity of IgG-protein A complexes that behaved like IgM but had no effect on complexes that behaved functionally like IgG. Since Con A is known to bind specifically to glucose and mannose residues, our results suggested that the interaction of protein A with the Fc region of IgG led to exposure of sugar moieties that may participate in complement (C) binding. The production of IgM-like complexes depended on the ratio of protein A to IgG and the empirical formula of these IgM-like complexes was found to be [(IgG)2PA]n. As the ratio of PA to IgG was increased, the resulting complexes tended to behave functionally like IgG but with reduced hemolytic activity and C1̄ fixing ability. Furthermore, the binding of C1̄ to EIgG was inhibited by PA and the binding of PA to EIgG was inhibited by C1̄ indicating that the binding sites for C1̄ and PA were located near each other or were identical. Our results offer a reasonable explanation for the reported effects of PA or mixtures of PA and IgG in vitro and in vivo.
Studies on the Interaction Between Protein A and Immunoglobulin G
Authors: Langone John J. , Boyle Michael D. P. , Borsos Tibor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The interaction between protein A (PA) and IgG immunoglobulin to Forssman antigen in solution results in the production of complexes that behave functionally like IgM in their ability to fix complement (C) and lyse sheep erythrocytes (E). Based on the results of hemolytic experiments carried out with specific anti-Forssman IgG and C, it appears that IgG not directed against the Forssman antigen can participate with specific antibody in the formation of hemolytically active (i.e., C fixing) IgM-like complexes. The ability of PA to increase the amount of 125I-labeled IgG fraction bound to E under the condition of limiting specific antibody supports this finding. Ultracentrifugation experiments carried out in a sucrose gradient and in the presence of either 125I-labeled PA or IgG was used to separate complexes formed between PA and IgG. By use of standards in these experiments, the molecular formula of the IgM-like complex was found to be [(IgG)2PA]2. Depending on the relative amounts of PA and IgG, complexes with molecular formulas corresponding to IgG2-PA and [IgG]3PA2 are also formed. These complexes may also be hemolytically active. The IgM-like complex, isolated by centrifugation is stable in terms of hemolytic activity for at least 96 hr at 4°C and at 37°C for at least 24 hr.
The ability of IgG to behave functionally like IgM in the presence of PA may account for the effects in vitro and in vivo attributed to PA interacting with IgG.
Anti-Tumor Immunity in B Lymphocyte-Deprived Mice
Authors: Brodt Penina , Gordon Julius 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunity to a syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced tumor was studied in (C57BL/6 × C3H)F1 males, treated continuously from birth with a rabbit anti-mouse IgM serum. Such mice have been shown to be selectively depleted of Ig-bearing lymphocytes and incapable of synthesizing antibodies. In the experiments reported, a heightened resistance of these mice to the syngeneic fibrosarcoma was demonstrated. This resistance was manifest in significantly slower tumor growth at the site of injection, as well as a lower incidence of spontaneous pulmonary metastasis.
Kinetic Assessment of Alternative Complement Pathway Activity in A Hemolytic System
Authors: Polhill Rutherford B. , Pruitt Kenneth M. , Johnston Richard B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit erythrocytes (RaRBC) can serve as both the initiator and target of alternative pathway activity. We describe here a turbidimetric assay of RaRBC hemolysis that depends on the observation that, within the limits applied, absorbance at 700 nm of an erythrocyte suspension is directly proportional to cell concentration. Absorbance of multiple samples can be measured at frequent short intervals, which permits kinetic analysis. Sera to be studied are chelated with 0.008 M EGTA in the presence of 0.002 M Mg++, which prevents lysis of antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes through the classical pathway, even by concentrated serum. The time required to lyse one-half the RaRBC (t½) is directly proportional to the reciprocal of the serum dilution (1/S). RaRBC lysis by human serum appears to require factor B in that sera heated to 50°C for 30 min to inactivate this protein lost all activity in the assay, and activity could be restored in a dose-response fashion with purified factor B. Sera from two humans with homozygous C2 deficiency and approximately half-normal serum levels of factor B were mildly deficient in the assay; this abnormality could be removed by the addition of purified factor B but not C2. C4-deficient serum functioned normally. Serum from guinea pigs, mice, and chickens also demonstrated alternative pathway activity by this technique. The relationship between t½ and serum dilution can be expressed by a time-dependent von Krogh equation for complement-mediated lysis, which extends the usefulness of the assay in analyzing rate-limiting components of alternative pathway activation. The maximum rate of hemolysis reported for antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes is about 50-fold greater than that calculated by this equation for RaRBC lysis, in agreement with observations in other systems that biologic activity is generated more slowly through the alternative pathway than through the classical pathway.
Characterization of the Effects of Endotoxin on Macrophage Tumor Cell Killing
Authors: Weinberg J. Brice , Chapman Harold A. , Hibbs John B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
These studies demonstrate the potent effect of LPS on the induction of macrophage-mediated tumor cell killing and show, by using pure populations of cloned macrophages as effector cells, that LPS can act in the complete absence of contaminating lymphocytes. Macrophage differentiation toward the tumoricidal state parallels the responsiveness of macrophages to LPS. Normal macrophages will not kill even in the presence of 10 µg/ml LPS; peptone-induced normal macrophages (stimulated macrophages) are made tumoricidal by ≥500 mg/ml LPS; and nontumoricidal BCG-activated macrophages are made to kill tumor cells by 0.5 to 1.0 ng/ml LPS. The LPS effect is reproduced by lipid A. The effect is abolished by alkaline treatment of LPS or by the presence of polymyxin B. Nontumoricidal BCG-activated macrophages from the lipid A-nonresponder mouse strain C3H/HeJ require 250 times more LPS to become tumoricidal than do nontumoricidal BCG-activated macrophages from the C3H/HeN strain. LPS acts synergistically with MAF-rich peritoneal cell supernatants in causing macrophages to kill tumor cells. Although LPS can elicit MAF production by lymphocytes, it can also act directly on cells of lymphocyte-free macrophage colonies to render them tumoricidal. Reagents are frequently contaminated with LPS, and unless this is noted, valid interpretation of experiments investigating macrophage tumor cell killing is difficult. Means of detecting, detoxifying, and eliminating the LPS of experimental agents are discussed.
In Vitro Sensitization of Human Lymphocytes Against Histiocytic Lymphoma Cell Lines
Authors: Treves Abraham J. , Heidelberger Ellen , Feldman Michael , Kaplan Henry S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from normal human donors were tested for natural killing (NK) activity and for two types of in vitro induced cytotoxicity against allogeneic diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL) cell lines. Culture-induced cytotoxic (CIC) activity developed in cultures of unseparated PBL incubated in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) but not in the presence of human serum (HS). The CIC mediating effector cells were removed by nylon wool adherence, whereas the NK cells were not. A second type of in vitro induced cytotoxicity was obtained by specific sensitization against DHL cells (SIC). The SIC effector cells were not retained by nylon wool. SIC was manifested after sensitization in medium containing HS but not in FBS-containing medium unless nylon wool adherent cells were removed before sensitization. The lack of SIC in the presence of FBS appeared to be due to nylon wool-adherent suppressor cells. Such suppressor activity was also removed by plastic adherence or elimination of phagocytic cells. CIC and suppressive activity were found to be mediated by different cell populations.
Structural Studies of the Protein Portion of the H-2-Linked Ia Glycoprotein Antigens of the Mouse: Tryptic Peptide Comparison of Products from the I-A and I-C Subregions of B10.HTT
Authors: Freed John H. , David Chella S. , Shreffler Donald C. , Nathenson Stanley G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ia antigens from the I-A8 and I-Ck subregions of the B10.HTT (H-2t3) strain of mice were isolated by indirect immunoprecipitation of arginine-labeled, nonionic detergent-solubilized materials. After biochemical purification the electrophoretically homogeneous 28,000 dalton glycoprotein β chains from the Ia precipitates were digested with trypsin and the resultant radiolabeled tryptic peptides were compared by analytical ion exchange chromatography. These comparisons reveal that the β chains of Ia antigens from the A (I-A8) and C (I-Ck) subregions of B10.HTT share only two out of 12 to 14 of their arginine tryptic peptides. Thus these noncross-reactive Ia antigens are structurally quite diverse, and would possess sufficient structural variability to account for their lack of antigenic cross-reactivity.
Characterization of the Proteolytic Fragments of Bovine Colostral IgG1
Authors: Wie Siong I. , Dorrington Keith J. , Froese Arnold 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Bovine colostral IgG1 was subjected to both papain and pepsin hydrolysis. Papain digestion appeared to be optimal at pH 7.4 in the presence of 0.01 M cysteine. The molecule was split at the COOH-terminal side of the interchain disulfide bond(s), and in addition to Fab fragments, two Fc fragments, designated Fc(I) and Fc(II), were obtained. Both Fc fragments had an identical NH2-terminal sequence, but differed in m. w. by about 10,000, with Fc(II) being the smaller one. Differences were also observed in their circular dichroism (CD) spectra and in their susceptibility to carboxypeptidase hydrolysis. These results suggested that the distinguishing characteristics of the two Fc fragments resided in the COOH-terminal parts of the molecules. Pepsin hydrolysis yielded the expected F(ab′)2 and pFc′ fragments. This hydrolysis was found to be dependent upon substrate concentration leading to aggregate formation at IgG1 concentrations below 3%.