bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Life Course Approach to Endometriosis
Authors: Mishra Gita D. , Rowlands Ingrid J. , Chan Hsiu-Wen , Montgomery Grant W 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Endometriosis is one of the most common chronic gynaecological disorders. Historically, public and professional awareness of the disorder and its consequences has been poor; however, in recent times, there has been greater recognition that endometriosis is a debilitating condition affecting over 10% of women of reproductive age globally. Because the symptoms can be attributed to a range of conditions and diagnosis requires surgical confirmation, current estimates of its prevalence and incidence are likely to be underestimated, and diagnosis can take up to 10 years. There is no known cure for endometriosis, so treatment is primarily for managing the symptoms. Women with endometriosis can experience financial burden because of ongoing medical costs and loss of productivity, and they have a poorer quality of life. It is therefore important to identify risk factors for endometriosis to facilitate earlier diagnosis and treatment. In this chapter, we outline the risk factors for endometriosis across the life course as well as the conditions that are more prevalent among women with endometriosis.
The Life Course Epidemiology of Breast Cancer
Authors: Houghton Lauren C. , Potischman Nancy , Troisi Rebecca 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Breast cancer development is a particularly illustrative example for life course epidemiology, with antecedents in utero and risk factors spanning pubertal and adolescent development, pregnancy, and menopause. After a brief introduction and review of the established adult risk factors for breast cancer, we assess the evidence linking breast cancer with adolescent, pubertal, childhood, infant, and prenatal exposures. We end the chapter with a discussion of methodological approaches to investigate breast cancer in a life course framework in which risk factors occurring at each life stage are linked to provide possible pathways from early events to adulthood and subsequent occurrence of breast cancer; we use body size as an example.
Integrative Omics for Women’s Health
Authors: Murray Anna , Ruth Katherine S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Omics has substantially improved our understanding of women’s health across the life course, revealing novel biological pathways, which are starting to translate into improvements in health and clinical care. In the last 20 years, we have moved from studies of individual genes and their function to investigations of all genes in a genome in a single experiment. By integrating data from the transcriptome, epigenome, and proteome with the underlying genomics, we are able to infer causal pathways to disease and identify potential therapeutic targets for treatment. In this chapter, we will consider each of the omics technologies, including their advantages and limitations. We will discuss examples of how integrated omics has been used in women’s health research across the life course.
Life Course Socioeconomic Trajectories and Health
Authors: Hardy Rebecca 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
There are stark and widespread social inequalities in health for women, as well as men, with some evidence that they are wider for women than for men. Understanding how social inequalities in health develop across life is vital to ensure policies tackle this persistent challenge, particularly in a post-COVID-19 world. Socioeconomic, reproductive, and health trajectories in women are interrelated across the life course, and the changing social context of the last 70 years has had a particular impact on the work and family life of women. While health behaviours play a major role in explaining health inequalities in women, as they do in men, there are a range of early life factors related to childhood disadvantage that are potentially important, and there is progress in understanding how such social exposures ‘get under the skin’. Childhood health and development, while being socially distributed, and potential explanations for adult health inequalities, also impact subsequent socioeconomic trajectories, highlighting the complexity of the interrelationships across life.
The Nexus of Naval Modernization in India and China
Authors: Colley Christopher K. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
What causes rising great powers to engage in the process of naval modernization? Naval modernization is extremely expensive, time-consuming, and a relatively rare phenomenon. Scholars have proposed various arguments to explain this process ranging from bureaucratic politics, to nationalism, and to the security dilemma. This book demonstrates through case studies of China and India that from 1991 until 2020 the primary driver of naval modernization resulted from a strategic rivalry. Keys to strategic rivalries are perceived threat perceptions that cause decision makers to prepare for worst-case scenarios when trying to decipher their enemy’s behaviour. When a state believes it is threatened by a rival’s naval power it is likely to pursue its own form of naval modernization for self-protection. Importantly, rivalries do not exist in a vacuum and are frequently linked together. This project will reveal how the interconnected nature of rivalries can also cause naval modernization. Through a close examination of scholarly works, government documents, and over 60 in-depth focused interviews with experts based in mostly in India and China, I argue that, while strategic rivalry is not the only driver of naval modernization, it is the most compelling explanation. Other arguments are frequently embedded within the strategic rivalry model and thus are best seen as only partial drivers. This study contributes to the rivalry research programme as well as the policy and security studies literature.
Theory and My Argument
Authors: Colley Christopher K. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The rivalry research programme is extremely helpful for explaining why states decide to embark on sustained naval modernization. This chapter discusses the key argument that strategic rivalry is the best approach to explain why China and India have decided to build more powerful navies. While strategic rivalry is the best explanation, other approaches do have merit, but are frequently embedded in strategic rivalries. In addition, this chapter also analyses the concept of naval modernization and argues that it requires a sustained effort by leaders to develop a powerful fleet. This frequently takes place over several decades. The chapter also examines the importance of submarines in naval modernization programmes and argues that the current situation between China, India, and the U.S. does not constitute a strategic triangle.
The Renewal of the Sino/American Strategic Rivalry and the Evolution of the Chinese Navy
Authors: Colley Christopher K. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
From 1991 to 2020 the Chinese navy transformed from a force that was unable to project any meaningful form of power to a force with over 100 vessels capable of blue water activities. This chapter argues that the primary driver behind this effort was Beijing’s strategic rivalry with the U.S. In the absence of the strategic rivalry, the Chinese navy would likely have modernized, but not to the extent that one finds today. Importantly, other explanations centred on nationalism, bureaucratic politics, and the security dilemma, do have limited merit, but on their own they are insufficient to cause naval modernization. This chapter directly traces the evolution of the Chinese navy and demonstrates how the rivalry caused Chinese leaders to pursue the rapid modernization of the Chinese navy.
Under Jowett’s Wing
Authors: Sloan John 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The divide between the athletes and the aesthetes was beginning to be noticed when Lang was an undergraduate at Oxford from the mid-1860s. Lang wrote poetry and admired the daringly sensual and aesthetic verse of Morris, Swinburne, and French poetry, but counted himself among the cricketers and sportsmen who were his friends. Lang was not disturbed by the perceived antagonism between science and belief that led many of his contemporaries to abandon inherited faith, and in his undergraduate essay on ‘Rabelais and the Renaissance’, he voiced scepticism about heightened aesthetic culture and individualism as an answer to the problems facing modern man. Lang looked up to his tutor Benjamin Jowett, not as an authority figure who held the key to knowledge or examination success, but as a model of how to live a productive life of duty, work, and friendship. After gaining First Class in Literae Humaniores finals, he applied for an open fellowship at Merton College, Oxford.
‘Young Oxford’
Authors: Sloan John 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Elected a fellow of Merton College in 1869, Lang undertook a prose translation of Homer’s Odyssey with Henry Butcher and introductory essays on Aristotle’s Politics, but academic specialism and traditional barriers between subjects could not constrain his generalist impulses. His doubts about Max Müller’s comparative philological approach to mythology at Oxford were reinforced by his discovery of the emerging but still marginalized field of social anthropology, and by his meeting with Edward Burnett Tylor, the author of Primitive Culture. Besides challenging the philosophical school with essays which argued for the primitive origins of the higher mythologies, Lang wrote on French poetry and made his French verse translation the basis of his debut collection of verse. Lung trouble took Lang to the South of France, where in the winter of 1873–4 he met and became friends with Robert Louis Stevenson. Lang’s dissatisfaction with Oxford life came to a head in 1874 when he became engaged to Leonora (Nora) Blanche Alleyne, the daughter of a former owner of slave plantations in Barbados. Lang was 30; Nora, also with literary ambitions, was 23. Although Merton had relaxed the rule against fellows marrying, Lang decided to resign his fellowship and earn his living as an author and journalist in London.
Holding Course
Authors: Sloan John 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The 1880s began with a series of setbacks for Lang. He was disappointed in his hope of being made editor of the newly launched Longman’s Magazine; there was a cool response from critics to his long narrative poem, Helen of Troy; and a story he was working on with Robert Louis Stevenson had to be abandoned. Lang despaired of finding time from reviewing, reading manuscripts, and writing potboilers for money, to complete his ambitious book on myths. In his personal life, he and Nora were deeply upset by the death of Nora’s eldest sister. Responding to adversity, Lang brought out an interim collection of essays, Custom and Myth, as a foretaste of his planned myth book, and a new, well-received collection of verse, Rhymes à la Mode. His star was rising again, and Charles Longman made up for Lang’s disappointment in being denied the editorship of Longman’s Magazine by appointing him general editor of a planned series of biographies of ‘English Worthies’ and giving him the go-ahead for a monthly ‘causerie’ in Longman’s Magazine.
The Concept of Europe
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The concept of Europe is elusive because it has been regarded as synonymous with Western civilization. After the abatement in the seventeenth century of the European wars of religion, the word “Europe” replaced “Christendom.” Voltaire, Burke, and other European philosophers defined Europe as composed of states that kept the balance of power among themselves while respecting a shared heritage of Christianity and international law. During the period known as the Concert of Europe (1815–1914) Europe constituted “an international society with rights” based on common values. Europeans of various nationalities held that Europe surpassed Asia and Africa in military skills, in “social vitality, initiative and inventiveness,” and in liberal arts, science, and industry. Ranke, Mazzini, Huizinga, and others agreed in seeing “diversity in unity” in European history and society. From the sixteenth century on European nations were “conquering and exploiting the rest of the world.” Britain focused on its Empire and Commonwealth, to the neglect of Europe and the League of Nations. European civilization is distinct in “its universalist claims,” originally grounded in Christianity. The “universal mission” convictions survived the Crusades, the Reformation, and the wars of religion, and were followed by the ideologies of the French Revolution and Communism. To describe “the European inheritance” as democracy “is an extraordinarily selective and inaccurate statement,” given the predominance of authoritarian rulers and the scarcity of democratic regimes in European history since ancient Greece. The Common Market has nonetheless been criticized as “too inward looking” and “too little universalist.”
Europe After 1945
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Wight observed that the Second World War was “subjectively” the greatest war in history, owing in part to Germany’s conquest of most of Europe. After the war most of the frontiers agreed at Versailles in 1919 were confirmed, despite the Soviet Union’s great territorial gains and the huge population transfers affecting Estonians, Germans, Latvians, Lithuanians, and Poles. Important decisions were concluded at Potsdam in 1945 and Paris in 1946, but there was no comprehensive peace settlement. The stable balance of power compensated for the absence of a treaty-based peace settlement. The Europe-centered state-system was overtaken by powers peripheral to Europe: the Soviet Union and the U.K.-U.S. partnership. Their division of Europe, explicit in the partition of Germany, upheld the balance of power. “The rival conceptions have been between those who recognize (such as Monnet and Spaak) and those who deny (such as Eden and de Gaulle) that the European state-system is finished.” In Wight’s view, “The European state-system is finished… For all that can be said about the technological and economic progress of the European Economic Community, it is, in historical perspective, a mutual benefit society for old folk, powers that have retired from the world stage.”
Brutus in Foreign Policy
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Wight found Eden’s Memoirs marred by noteworthy “evasions and omissions” regarding the 1956 Suez crisis. Wight pointed out “how the consummate diplomatic flexibility of the first half of the Eden Memoirs becomes congealed and rigidified, in the second half, into a political principle felt as having compelling force”—that is, in Eden’s words, the obligation to resist the “insidious appeal of appeasement.” As Wight observed, Eden saw timely action against aggressors “as the lesson of his lifetime,” and compared Nasser to Mussolini and Hitler. In Wight’s view, “The most remarkable weakness of the Eden Memoirs is the neglect of Arab nationalism.… In dealing with Egypt, there is a deep-rooted assumption of inequality of rights.” The Egyptian seizure of the Suez Canal nonetheless raised basic questions about international order and obligation: “There is a kind of crisis of international society more fundamental than threats to the balance of power; it is when the principle of international obligation itself deliquesces.… The difficulty of maintaining the rule of law and civilized international intercourse in a world of dissolving standards is perhaps the deepest theme of Eden’s Memoirs.” Wight concluded that “Eden’s moral dilemma has a lasting significance” and may be compared to that of Brutus and the Roman Republic. “Eden explored the same region of the moral universe of politics, with similar high-mindedness and self-righteousness, blindness and clear-sightedness, misjudgment and courage.”
Germany in The World in March 1939
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The factors that led to Germany’s conquest of Bohemia and Moravia in March 1939 included the pursuit of national revival after defeat in the First World War, the widespread belief in betrayal and stab-in-the-back myths, the backing for the National Socialist movement by “demobilized and unemployable soldiers,” and Hitler’s charismatic leadership. Hitler promoted an ideology of racism and built up his Nazi movement’s power by agitating the masses through crude and brutal oratory. Hitler’s perseverance and organizational skills enabled him to exploit multiple methods of manipulation, from harsh violence to slow and subtle infiltration. The goal of Lebensraum (“living space”) was Hitler’s justification for attempting to defeat and dismember the Soviet Union. He followed historic principles of “aggressive statecraft” and devised others, such as articulating “the big lie” as more credible to the masses than small falsehoods and enforcing “exactions on the conquered only by stages, as far as that is possible.” He formulated a principle of building up to a “pinnacle of power” before attacking but neglected it as he exploited opportunities. He pursued “the political penetration and psychological paralysis of other states, and the promotion of revolutionary unrest.” He sought, in his own words, “the moral break-down of the enemy before the war has started,” and employed to this end propaganda, economic pressures, and political-military intimidation. Rejecting the possibility of a capitulation as in 1918, Hitler continued combat “beyond the bounds of purpose, towards self-destruction and universal destruction. Here was the authentic nihilism of the Third Reich.”
Review of Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History, abridgment of Volumes I–VI by D. C. Somervell, under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1946)
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
“In a few hundred years time,” Wight judged, Toynbee’s A Study of History “will probably be regarded as the greatest historical work of the present century.” Toynbee’s master-work presents “a natural history of civilisations. It identifies twenty-one of them, from the earliest we know, the Sumerian Civilisation from which Abraham was a refugee in its latter days, down to our own Western Civilisation whose present state is a matter of anxious conjecture.… Professor Toynbee is no determinist.…. He shows that 20 of his 21 civilisations have broken down, most through internecine warfare but some through being conquered; and that the twenty-first, our own, has reached a stage analogous to the last convulsions of the Roman world before the dubious respite of the Augustan Peace. But this estimate cannot be final, because in the last analysis the fate of our civilisation rests in our own hands. For he takes us back to the tragic interpretation of history.… In fact, it is the greatest Christian interpretation of history since St. Augustine.” D. C. Somervell abridged A Study of History “with consummate skill” and used “almost entirely the original words.… Somervell has added important notes and clarifications, while he and Toynbee have together revised the text and brought it up to the atomic bomb.”
Dame Veronica Wedgwood, O.M.
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Martin Wight presented this tribute to Veronica Wedgwood on the occasion of her receipt of an honorary doctorate in 1971. As Wight observed, she wrote about vast conflicts such as the Thirty Years War and the Great Rebellion as well as individual statesmen, including Oliver Cromwell, Cardinal Richelieu, and William the Silent. Wight pointed out that “Dame Veronica sees history as the school of moral judgment, an understanding of ourselves. For history shows every kind of person in every kind of situation, the variety of human achievement and suffering, the resilience and tenacity of the human mind.… She interprets the past, not to provide directives for the collective present, but as an education in the human heart. Wedgwood history is a gigantic Rubens canvas, full of detail harmoniously distributed. But when we decipher the great ceiling spread out above us, we have, as in reading all the best history, a dual and contradictory sensation. On the one hand, the past is a strange country, whose language is difficult to learn.… On the other hand, the past is a mirror in which we see our familiar features.… More prodigally than any living historian, Dame Veronica uses literature and the fine arts as ingredients of the necromancy by which she resurrects the dead.”
Review of A. J. P. Taylor, Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1955)
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Wight praised Taylor’s account of Bismarck’s life and career: “Better than any earlier biographer, Mr. Taylor surveys Bismarck’s personality.… Taylor draws a notable parallel with Disraeli, and shows recurrently how Bismarck’s career marches with that of Gladstone, the great opposite. The comparison with Cromwell is superficial. Their death-beds show the dissimilarity in religious depth, nor is the sociological analogy true. It is Richelieu whom, in character, circumstances and work, Bismarck most closely resembles. Mr. Taylor’s Bismarck is not the patient, systematic aggressor of tradition but an improviser of genius, showing greater moderation in victory than history elsewhere records.… No historian has done more to restore history to literature, but for all that he is not easy. The dazzling arabesques of his exposition arise from a sharp sense of the windings of politics, as when a paragraph begins by saying that Bismarck in opposing the Social Democrats underrated the power of ideas, and ends by arguing that in the long run he was right because to-day men prefer security to freedom. He does not pass the old condemnations on the statesman who corrupted the politics of an entire people. He is concerned to elucidate the historical environment which Bismarck could manipulate with such incomparable skill. Yet the moral judgment is the more true for being withdrawn. Most people are content with a one-dimensional political philosophy; Mr. Taylor’s is two-dimensional, resonantly taut between radicalism and realism.”
Review of A. J. P. Taylor, The Habsburg Monarchy, 1809–1918: A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, new edition (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1948) in International Affairs
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Wight commended Taylor, “a master of incisive analysis and illuminating analogies,” for having “probably defined the interpretation of Central European history for a generation to come” in this book and The Course of German History: A Survey of the Development of Germany since 1815. Wight nevertheless expresses certain reservations: “although he has some brilliant and caustic passages on national movements in general, there are signs of differential treatment. He calls the Ruthenians ‘Little Russians’ throughout, and describes Ukrainian nationality as an ‘invention,’ without telling the reader that there is more difference between the Ukrainian and Russian languages than between Slovak and Czech, or applying to the Ukrainians a fortiori what he says of the Slovenes, that ‘their misfortune was to have arrived at consciousness too late in the day’.” Furthermore, Wight observed, there is a “moral contradiction” in Taylor’s interpretation. “The contempt with which Mr Taylor treats almost all his characters except Masaryk and Michael Karolyi only makes sense if they could have in some degree modified the course of history. Like the woman in Thurber he is disenchanted with mankind, but determinist assertions disqualify a historian from profound and subtle themes. Professor Butterfield remarked in his Inaugural how the development of historical understanding usually transforms a story from melodrama into tragedy. Mr Taylor reduces the fall of the Habsburg Monarchy from tragedy to a political theorem.”