bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Denying the Supernatural
Authors: Israel Jonathan I. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A key issue for the early modern mind was the question of whether supernatural things apart from the Almighty exist. To most people it was self-evident, as it had been to virtually all cultures and peoples in the past we know of, that the supernatural sphere is tangible, impinging, not just real but unavoidable, among the most decisive and powerful realities human beings confront. The New Testament in addition strongly supports belief in Satan, angels, the realm of demons, exorcism, and the intervention of the diabolical into human life. Hence, much was at stake and here, as so often, Spinoza had the entire weight of the past and current belief and thinking (with partial exception of Hobbes), firmly against him. During the seventeenth century’s last quarter the question of the supernatural figured among the foremost of the Reformed Church’s concerns in its battle to block the creeping progress of rationalization, mathematization, secularization, and radical thought.
Creeping Diffusion
Authors: Israel Jonathan I. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains the background to the first printed account, dating from 1673, of “Spinozism” as a philosophical movement and subversive sect that rejects all religions and seeks to reform all morality and society, the text La Religion des Hollandois by Lieutenant-Colonel Giovanni Battista Stoppa (1623–92), or Jean-Baptiste Stouppe, as the French called him. It relates his role in the French occupation of Utrecht and connection with the head of the Catholic Church in the United Provinces, Johannes van Neercassel. It also continues with the account of the clandestine editions of the TTP by Rieuwertsz and the early penetration of Spinoza’s thought into England, with more on Baxter and Stillingfleet.
Last Days, Death, and Funeral (1677)
Authors: Israel Jonathan I. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes Spinoza’s last days and letters, his death and funeral at the New Church in The Hague, what happened to his remains, and the lull before the storm that followed his death. It recounts the inventorying of Spinoza’s books and possessions and the auction of his library, microscopes, and lens-cutting equipment at The Hague. It examines too the roles played in the drama that now unfolded of Tschirnhaus, Schuller, Steno, Neercassel, the papal Inquisition, and Leibniz, and recounts the discussions surrounding the publication of Huet’s Demonstratio evangelica and explains why this work had a special status among the attempts to demolish Spinoza’s thought.
How Naturalists can Give Internalists What They Really Want (or Need!)
Authors: Antony Louise 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Epistemological internalists have a problem about perceptual knowledge: how can perceptual experience both provide faithful information about the external world and justification for empirical belief? This is Sellars’s famous problem about “the given.” Chapter 12 argues, first, that this problem is not just for internalists—a version of it arises for naturalistic externalists. But, second, it argues that the problem can be solved within naturalistic bounds, by appealing to a category of causal relations called “intelligible causation.”
Constructing Ideals and Practices in Renaissance Port Cities
Authors: Stevens Crawshaw Jane L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter situates Genoa and Venice against the backdrop of literature on the designs of ideal ports during the Renaissance. Using Renaissance architectural theory, in particular, the work of Antonio Averlino [c.1400–1469], known as Filarete, and his plans for Plusiopolis, it considers the influence of ideals on the form of major ports of the Italian peninsula and the broader Mediterranean. The second section of this chapter assesses characterizations of port societies and the challenges posed to community health, as well as urban and natural environments, by their cosmopolitan and often-transient population. The chapter ends with a comparison between the port structures and society of Genoa and Venice, dilating on the ways in which these cities were shaped by influences from ideal architecture and the models of ports beyond their borders.
Island Biogeography
Authors: Whittaker Robert J. , Fernández-Palacios José María , Matthews Thomas J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Island Biogeography: Geo-environmental Dynamics, Ecology, Evolution, Human Impact, and Conservation provides a synthetic review covering islands as model systems in the life sciences. It is centred on the study of the geographical distribution of biodiversity and how it changes through time, understood through the medium of island biotas and ecosystems. It comprises four parts devoted in turn to: island environments; ecology; evolution; and human impact and conservation. It describes the origins and dynamics of different island types and the key characteristics of island environments that shape their biotic characteristics. It identifies key theories of island ecology and reviews progress towards their evaluation and development. It sets out the essential building blocks of island evolution and the emergent patterns of insular endemism and of island evolutionary syndromes in animals and plants. It reviews how island geo-environmental dynamics are of crucial relevance to understanding and developing improved explanatory and predictive models of their ecological and evolutionary dynamics. It reviews the application of island theory to fragmented ecosystems. It describes the spread of human societies across the islands of the world and the impact of these and subsequent human colonization events on the environments, biotas, and sustainability of societies on islands. It reviews evidence of anthropogenic extinction on islands, identifying key extinction drivers and threats to existing native species and ecosystems, and ways in which island evolution may make island species particularly vulnerable to certain external influences. It considers the distinctive conservation challenges and solutions that may be effective on islands.
Troubled by Faith
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The early nineteenth century witnessed the birth of psychiatry, a new medical science that fundamentally changed how mental illness was labelled and understood. Troubled by Faith explores how psychiatrists not only thought they were agents of modernity but that they could also explain the occult mysteries of the past. They bristled with confidence that, in an era of unprecedented change, unlocking the secrets of the mind was essential to an ordered and progressive society. And a progressive society was one that did not believe in witches, ghosts, and fairies, and did not exhibit excited religious emotions and divine communications. Through examining the extensive psychiatric literature from Europe and America, Troubled by Faith charts how once widely-held popular beliefs were pathologized, and how this fundamentally impacted on the notion of criminal and legal responsibility. In the second half of the book, we listen to the voices of asylum patients as recorded in case books. The asylum was an extraordinary cultural space where under one roof prophets, messiahs, the bewitched, and the haunted mixed, and people wrestled with angels, devils, imps, and witches. It was a place filled with talk of infernal machines and sinister electrical forces. Whether seriously ill and deluded, or sane and lucid in their beliefs and imaginings, patients’ experiences were, nevertheless, reflective of a society being transformed by technology and yet still rooted in the supernatural.
Between Heaven and Hell
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The religious notions and beliefs expressed by individual asylum patients were sometimes idiosyncratic and based on personal experiences, fears, and preoccupations. It is clear from examining hundreds of case notes, though, that their hallucinations, delusions, anxieties, and dreams often reflected the social and religious environment at the time as well as deep-seated fears of salvation and damnation. Broad differences between the theologies of Catholicism and Protestantism reveal themselves in some respects, but both faiths were undergoing change, adaptation, and expansion. Evangelicalism emerges as a strong theme. Patients’ convictions that they were divinities, and those who claimed communication with angels, devils, and prophets, demonstrate a rich, shared popular religion of the imagination that often transcended the doctrinal and liturgical differences of diverse Christian faiths.
Who Will See It?
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Heller’s letters to Dürer do not survive. This chapter begins with the experiment to imagine how Heller would have responded to the artist’s demands to raise the fee, and is based in tone on two surviving letters the merchant wrote to Dürer’s friend Pirckheimer. It shows how Heller tried to hurt Dürer’s public honour and why honour was so important in this age. It also shows how Heller’s parsimony began to annoy Dürer and make him doubt the value of painting a central panel for an altarpiece altogether, as it remained hidden from view most of the year, unless art enthusiasts paid to have the wings of the altar opened.
Spending on Style
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Hans Fugger and his family similarly invested in fashionable headwear. This chapter compares how much he and other elite families spent on fashion and other decorative projects in comparison to paintings. It takes us further into a world which is remote from our own understanding of what counts as ‘art’. Specific headwear and artificial hairpieces became extremely sought after. Elite women could become well known for inventing styles that turned into an international fashion. The chapter explores the materiality of feathers, their itinerary as trade goods and the affects it inspired. It furthermore investigates the Nuremberg inventory of Willibald Imhoff, a major collector of Dürer paintings in the age before the revival of interest in Dürer´s paintings.
The Garden of Eichstätt
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Hainhofer’s first diplomatic mission on behalf of Wilhelm led him to the Bishop of Eichstätt. The bishop was one of the most noted art lovers in Germany at the time and is now mostly remembered for his famous garden, the first to be fully documented in print. It abounded with exotic flowers, such as tulips, that were becoming available through Dutch merchants at the time. Hainhofer’s detailed relation and his correspondence allows us to reveal another highly cultivated collector who—like Fugger—did not care much for painting. We encounter his philosophy and his politics, for the bishop used the connections he was able to forge across religious faiths through a love of art to protect his tiny territory from being overrun by soldiers in the eventuality of the confessional war which he anticipated.
The Ones Without the Manners
Authors: Gilbert Nora 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses several of Jane Austen’s Regency-era novels of manners (Sense and Sensibility [1811], Pride and Prejudice [1813], and Mansfield Park [1814]) along with three midcentury Victorian novels (Charles Dickens’s Dombey and Son [1846–48], Elizabeth Gaskell’s Mary Barton [1848], and William Thackeray’s The Newcomes [1854–55]) that follow Austen’s lead in positioning their runaway women as secondary characters who are related to the female protagonist in some way, and whose scandalous subplots are (at least ostensibly) meant to show the protagonist what not to do and how not to behave. But there are also ways in which each of these texts pushes back on its own cautionary messaging, and subtly suggests that it is the Social World’s stringent set of rules and expectations, rather than the woman who runs away from them, that is the real social problem.
EU Values Before the Court of Justice
Authors: Spieker Luke Dimitrios 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The Union’s values—enshrined in Article 2 TEU—are under pressure in several Member States. Against this backdrop, the Court of Justice has set a spectacular development in motion. With its ruling in Associação Sindical dos Juízes Portugueses it started to mobilise these values. Since then, the jurisprudence has evolved at breakneck speed. This book provides a first comprehensive study of the judicial activation of Article 2 TEU. It starts by developing the foundations of this emerging jurisprudence in empirical, doctrinal, and theoretical terms. At its heart it seeks to advance a new understanding of Article 2 TEU. The provision should be understood as featuring a dual character that resonates between two dimensions: an EU dimension limited to the EU legal order and a ‘Verbund’ dimension that extends to the common whole of the Union and its Member States. The second and third parts set out to explore the multifaceted potential of Article 2 TEU in each of these two dimensions. Finally, the book assesses the risks of placing an activated Article 2 TEU into the hands of the Luxembourg judges and proposes ways to recalibrate the jurisprudence.
Theory
Authors: Spieker Luke Dimitrios 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter unpacks two dimensions of Article 2 TEU that inform the further structure of this book. The provision covers two different contexts: one relating to the EU legal order and another, much broader one comprising the entirety of the EU and the Member States’ legal orders. German scholarship has theorized this latter context under the term ‘Verbund’. These dimensions of Article 2 TEU seem to correspond to different constitutional rationales. While the provision gives expression to a constitutive, thick form of constitutionalism in its EU dimension, it epitomizes a thinner, primarily restraining one in the Verbund. This leads to different functions in both spheres—as thick constitutional core of the EU legal order and as thin constitutional frame for the Verbund. Based on these insights, this chapter suggests that Article 2 TEU displays a dual character, which should guide its future judicial development.
The Court and the Legislature
Authors: Spieker Luke Dimitrios 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter concentrates on the relationship between the Court and the EU legislature. It demonstrates how the suggested, threefold division of primary law can encourage EU legislation. The extensive scope of primary law and the Court’s strong institutional position considerably reduce the space for legislative decision-making. Some even ascertain an over-constitutionalization of EU law. In response, they propose transferring many issues currently regulated in the Treaties to the level of secondary legislation. Based on the hierarchical division of primary law, the Court could achieve a similar outcome with less intrusive means. While retaining strict scrutiny when reviewing compliance with provisions that give specific expression to an Article 2 TEU value, the Court could leave issues regulated at the third level of Treaty provisions—and with it many important policy fields—to the legislature’s discretion. This would reduce the constraining effects of its jurisprudence and broaden the leeway for legislative decision-making.
The Court and the Treaty Makers
Authors: Spieker Luke Dimitrios 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the relation between the Court and the Treaty makers. It explores whether and how Article 2 TEU could be turned into a justiciable limitation on Treaty amendments. In constitutional theory, the idea of implicit limits for constitutional amendments is based on the distinction between a primary and a secondary constituent power. The latter is empowered to amend but not to adopt a new constitution. The tipping point is reached when a constitution’s identity is affected. The chapter demonstrates how this theory could be transferred to the EU level by locating the Union’s constitutional identity in Article 2 TEU. Switching to the doctrinal level, the chapter shows further how Treaty amendments could be reviewed by the Court for their compliance with Article 2 TEU.
The Introspective Method
Authors: Spener Maja 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter puts forward a framework for assessing the use of introspection in scientific theorizing, based on the distinction between introspective access and introspective method. It demonstrates the value of the framework by applying it to elucidate and critically evaluate different scientific uses of introspection. Firstly, the chapter discusses past uses of introspection, focusing on central figures early German experimental psychology. Articulating their views in terms of the proposed framework brings to light the advanced and insightful state of debate among them and their recognition of the distinction between introspective access and method. Secondly, the chapter looks at the Perceptual Awareness Scale (PAS) in present-day science of consciousness. Applying the proposed framework, the chapter offers an historically informed critical appraisal of PAS. PAS’s main weakness involves proponents’ imprecision about the notion of introspection at work in it, rather than being subject to a generic worry about the use of introspection as such.
Right Here, Right Now
Authors: Debus Dorothea 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Perceptual experiences provide us with a fundamental form of consciousness: In perceptual experience we are conscious of our current environment. But then, what is the nature of perceptual experience, and how could we possibly be conscious of our environment when we perceive it? Some philosophers answer these questions by offering a ‘Direct Realist’ account, others argue that we should accept a ‘Representationalist’ account of perceptual experience. Various arguments for and against both positions have been developed; but relevant arguments seem rather well-balanced, so the debate seems to have reached some sort of stand-off. The present chapter aims to offer a new vantage point from which to consider these issues afresh We reach this new vantage point by considering the observation that perceptual experiences have ‘eudaimonic’ value, that is, value with respect to a subject’s well-being. More specifically, I argue that in being in perceptual contact with a mind-independent world, the perceiving subject finds herself open to the world, and I show that and why this openness to the world contributes to the subject’s well-being. This insight seems important in its own right. But we also find that a Direct Realist can account much better for the eudaimonic value of perceptual experience than a Representationalist, which might in turn help with choosing between Representationalism and Direct Realism: As any account of perceptual experience has to account for the fact that perceptual experience has eudaimonic value, we have good reason to choose a Direct Realist account of perceptual experience over a Representationalist one.
The Dilemma for Attitude Theories of Pleasure
Authors: Pallies Daniel , Dietz Alexander 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In virtue of what do we enjoy episodes of pleasure? According to the phenomenological theory of pleasure, we enjoy pleasures in virtue of having certain kinds of phenomenal experiences. According to the attitude theory of pleasure, we enjoy pleasures in virtue of having a certain kind of pro-attitude. We argue that the attitude theory faces a dilemma. Either the relevant attitude is phenomenological—in the sense that having it is necessary and sufficient for having certain phenomenal experiences—or that it is non-phenomenological. If the attitude is non-phenomenological, then the theory implies that pleasure can come radically apart from phenomenology, leading to a problem of hedonic inversion. On the other hand, if the attitude is phenomenological, then the attitude theorist must explain what sort of phenomenology is distinctive of pleasure, and in so doing they must disavow their main objection to phenomenological theories of pleasure: the so-called “heterogeneity problem.”
Inferentialism as an Alternative to Expressivism
Authors: Chrisman Matthew 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Normative discourse includes statements which appear to be truth-apt expressions of normative beliefs. But normative oughts do not seem to fit cleanly amongst the natural facts. This makes many naturalistically-inclined philosophers sympathetic to some form of the expressivist view that normative statements get their meaning from how they express desire-like attitudes. However, there are serious semantic challenges for expressivism, which lead many other philosophers to accept the idea that normative statements are representational of reality after all. This chapter presents third way that derives from the general program in the theory of meaning which emphasizes the commissive role of language over any descriptive or expressive roles. Here this emphasis is used to sketch a version of metaethical inferentialism and contrast it with expressivism. The chapter concludes with some observations about new perspectives this view offers on three other issues in metaethics.
The Epistemic vs. the Practical
Authors: Kauppinen Antti 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter defends a Dualism of Theoretical and Practical Reason: what we epistemically ought to believe and what we practically ought to believe may come apart, and both are independently authoritative. In particular, I argue that it’s not the case that epistemic reasons bear on what we ‘just plain ought’ to believe just to the extent we have practical reason to believe epistemically correctly. Why? Because epistemic reasons give rise to authoritative demands independently of the practical pay-off of believing accordingly, as shown by the fact that it can be fitting to epistemically ‘blame’ us just because we fail to believe as we epistemically ought, even if we don’t have sufficient practical reason to believe so. The chapter also argues that we don’t need to come up with what we ‘just plain ought’ to believe, among other things because contrary responsibility responses can be simultaneously fitting in conflict cases.
The Problem of Morally Repugnant Beliefs
Authors: Smithies Declan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
What is the connection between justification and truth in moral epistemology? The primary goal of this chapter is to argue that you cannot have justified false beliefs about your own moral obligations. The secondary goal is to explain why not. Some epistemologists embrace a global truth-connection in epistemology, according to which epistemic justification is always factive. In contrast, this chapter endorses a local truth-connection in moral epistemology, which says that epistemic justification is factive when it concerns your own moral obligations. To explain this, it appeals to a version of moral rationalism, which says there are necessary truths about morality that everyone has a priori justification to believe.
Robust Realism in Ethics
Authors: Ingram Stephen 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Robust Realism in Ethics: Normative Arbitrariness, Interpersonal Dialogue, and Moral Objectivity defends a robustly realistic metaethical theory. It argues that, in order to capture the normative non-arbitrariness of moral choice, we must commit to the existence of robustly stance-independent, categorical, irreducibly normative, non-natural moral facts. It then shows that, by exploring the nature of interpersonal moral dialogue, robust realists can defend epistemological and meta-semantic theories that are friendly to their view. Specifically, the book defends a dualistic form of moral intuitionism on which some moral beliefs are justified on the basis of a priori intuitions, whilst others are justified on the basis of a posteriori moral experiences. And it offers a theory of ‘moral mental files’ to explain how moral terms and concepts are able to refer to robust moral facts.