bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Framework
Authors: Demaria Federico 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 provides the theoretical framework explaining, first, how the contribution is situated in the common ground between three fields: ecological economics, political ecology, and waste studies; and second, the main theoretical contribution, namely the concept of capital accumulation by contamination. First, ecological economics provides a framework to understand the relationship between the environment and the economy, with concepts such as social metabolism (the flows of energy and materials) and cost-shifting (VS externalities). Second, political ecology brings into the picture the political dimension, or else the power relations. The focus is ecological distribution conflicts, born out of an unequal distribution of benefits and burdens, due to an uneven distribution of power. Third, it contextualizes the case studies within waste studies explaining why waste management, and specifically recycling, has been chosen to be the focus of this book. In particular, it proposes to extend the metaphor of metabolism between biology and economics, and view waste recyclers in societies playing out a role similar to decomposers in natural ecosystems. Last, the chapter explores key political economy notions in order to introduce the new concept of capital accumulation by contamination, and explain how it differs from the one of capital accumulation by dispossession. This is defined as the process by which capitalism socializes costs, through successful costs-shifting, which degrades the means of existence and bodies of human beings in order to find new possibilities for capital valorization. This new concept clarifies what are the driving forces which influence the way social metabolism changes.
The notion of the data subject: an average individual?
Authors: Malgieri Gianclaudio 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter answers the following question: what is the notion of the data subject in the GDPR? This question can have two different kinds of answers: one more descriptive and the other more evaluative. As regards the description of an ‘average’ data subject, it is necessary to analyse the wording of the GDPR to understand the characteristics and properties of the data subject. However, on a more speculative ground, this chapter analyses whether the general structure of rights, safeguards, and duties in the data protection field assumes a ‘standard’ data subject, in other words, whether an average data subject actually exists. To answer this, the chapter compares data protection law with consumer law, a field in which the definitions of average and vulnerable individuals are well-established. The CJEU and the EU legislator have developed an ‘average consumer test’ as a counterpart to a vulnerable consumer standard. Accordingly, the author wonders whether the notion of an ‘average’ data subject in the GDPR is comparable to the notion of average consumers in EU consumer law.
Definition of ‘Domestic Abuse’ (Sections 1–3)
Authors: Bettinson Vanessa 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the definition of domestic abuse. The legislation definition allows the Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) to fulfil its objective of providing clear information about all forms of this abuse leading to its greater identification by statutory and non-statutory practitioners and the general public. Practitioners should seek to avoid the pitfall of downplaying domestic violence by aligning their responses to national Violence Against Women and Girls strategies and following the statutory guidance issued under the DAA. The chapter also looks into the definition of 'personally connected' under the context of a domestic abuse relationship. It elaborates on Section 3, which introduced the legal recognition of children as victims of domestic abuse.
Special Measures for Victims and Witnesses and Orders Under the Children Act (Sections 62–67)
Authors: Jones Gillian 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the special measures dedicated to victims and witnesses. The fifth part of the Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) 2021 provides clarification of the law which recognises the needed statutory protections for victims and witnesses across criminal, family, and civil jurisdictions. The DAA's special measure also includes the prohibition of domestic abuse victims' cross-examination in person and civil proceedings. The chapter recognises the vulnerability of witnesses in criminal courts and family and civil proceedings. It then considers the orders under Section 91(14) of the Children Act 1989 that prevents people from making further specified applications without the permission of the court.
Pragmatist Semantics
Authors: Zalabardo José L. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The book defends a pragmatist account of the meaning grounds of central semantic discourses—ascriptions of truth, of propositional attitudes, and of meanings. On a pragmatist account, what makes the sentences of these discourses have the meanings they have is the procedures that regulate their acceptance and rejection. The application of the pragmatist template to ethical discourse is also explored. The pragmatist approach is presented as an alternative to representationalist accounts of the meaning grounds of declarative sentences, according to which a sentence has the meaning it has as a result of links with the bits of the world that it purports to represent. The book develops a version of the open-question argument to support the claim that the meaning grounds of the discourses it focuses on cannot receive representationalist accounts. It is generally assumed that a declarative sentence cannot perform the function of representing the world unless it has a representationalist meaning ground. The book rejects this assumption, arguing that sentences with pragmatist meaning grounds can represent the world in exactly the same sense in which sentences with representationalist meaning grounds do. This requires that there are states of affairs that the target sentences represent as obtaining, and the book develops an account of the nature of the states of affairs that can play this role for sentences with pragmatist meaning grounds. The book ends by developing the suggestion that the meaning grounds of all our representational discourses might be ultimately pragmatist.
Embodied Idealism
Authors: Berendzen Joseph C. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Embodied Idealism: Merleau-Ponty’s Transcendental Philosophy argues that Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s early thought—primarily as found in The Structure of Behavior and Phenomenology of Perception—stands as a form of transcendental idealism. This interpretation runs against the grain of much of the Merleau-Ponty scholarship, and opposing interpretations are not without support. Merleau-Ponty is at points highly critical of idealism in his early works. Also, his emphasis on embodiment would seem to run counter to the idealist view that the mental is central to reality. Embodied Idealism argues that these points can be accommodated within a transcendental idealist interpretation. Merleau-Ponty’s overt criticisms of idealism are aimed at specific aspects of idealist theories that are not obligatory aspects of idealism in general. Rather, his critique is typically aimed at a specific version of intellectualist idealism associated with his teacher Léon Brunschvicg. And in spite of his overt criticisms of idealism, Merleau-Ponty’s early philosophy holds that our experience is inextricably structured by our minds. Furthermore, he holds that reality is ontologically dependent on the mind, yet in a manner that also allows for a sense in which reality is mind-independent. And it is crucial to this interpretation that Merleau-Ponty’s emphasis on embodiment leads to a unique view of embodied consciousness and subjectivity that supports a novel form of idealism, rather than motivating an anti-idealist position. Thus, his transcendental idealism is genuinely an embodied idealism.
Merleau-Ponty’s Early Critique of Idealism
Authors: Berendzen Joseph C. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter has two main aims. The first is to examine the specific references Merleau-Ponty makes to idealism prior to the publication of Phenomenology of Perception. This examination can help one get a better sense of what, exactly, Merleau-Ponty means by the term and what he is actually objecting to in his critical discussions. The second aim is to provide historical context for these references by discussing the three idealist philosophers—Léon Brunschvicg, Edmund Husserl, and Immanuel Kant—who most influenced Merleau-Ponty’s philosophical development. This textual and contextual investigation will show that Merleau-Ponty is targeting some very specific views—which are often directly tied to Brunschvicg’s thought—when he is critical of idealism.
The Purpose and Promise of Budget Support
Authors: Fardoust Shahrokh , Koeberle Stefan G. , Piatti-Fünfkirchen Moritz , Smets Lodewijk , Sundberg Mark 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces how different donors and multilateral agencies embraced and approached budget support over several different phases including the design, use, and content of conditionality as integral features of budget support as a cornerstone of a new aid architecture that emerged at the beginning of the Millennium. Through policy dialogue, predictable financing, and coordinated donor engagement, budget support was supposed to bring the donor community and government together around the country’s own measures and targets to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), especially the goal of eradicating extreme poverty. Budget support promised to increase country ownership, build country capacity, and strengthen country systems rather than use the parallel structures set up to satisfy donor requirements. Expectations also included improved donor coordination rather than aid fragmentation, the leveraging of results by scaling up funding and influencing overall government expenditure programmes, greater predictability of resource flows, and greater accountability. Budget support was expected to be more efficient and cost-effective per dollar transferred, thanks to lower transactions and preparation costs promoted by donor harmonization.
Promise, Disenchantment, and Sobriety
Authors: Fardoust Shahrokh , Koeberle Stefan G. , Piatti-Fünfkirchen Moritz , Smets Lodewijk , Sundberg Mark 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Confidence in budget support eventually turned to disenchantment following the initial years after the Paris Declaration. Despite credible evidence of its effectiveness, this shift in perception was driven by a combination of a stronger results orientation, a preference for traditional tangible ‘bricks and mortar’ projects, high-profile episodes of political repression or corruption; the erosion of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) approach; and an overloading of budget support programmes with non-critical conditionality measures. Expectations of sharply increased aid flows turned out to be unrealistic and new donors emerged. Reshaping budget support as an instrument that retains public support would require (i) understanding recipient countries’ political economy and specific development conditions; (ii) addressing fiduciary concerns by donors; (iii) designing realistic and mutually agreed programmes focused on critical reforms that are recognizably significant and relevant to longer term development outcomes and the creation of public goods; (iv) establishing a clearer division of labour among donors; and (v) providing more realistic projections of likely development financing from domestic and international sources, including from the private sector.
How Can Budget Support Meet 21st Century Challenges?
Authors: Fardoust Shahrokh , Koeberle Stefan G. , Piatti-Fünfkirchen Moritz , Smets Lodewijk , Sundberg Mark 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines future challenges to budget support as a tool for development. Budget support is the main development instrument to support broad policy and institutional reform for resilience and growth. When used selectively it is a valuable tool for development assistance in a highly interdependent world facing mounting global challenges. Effectiveness depends on the quality of dialogue, broad ownership of reform, and joint problem-solving between committed partners. Evidence shows the impact of budget support through advance reform objectives, improving public services, and supporting economic performance, although not in all countries and circumstances. Continued learning about context-specific drivers remains a priority. The chapter addresses the concerns of critics and advances three priorities: 1) to provide fast-disbursing support during fiscal crises; 2) support medium-term programmes to accelerate inclusive growth in low-income and fragile countries; and 3) support the global commons against mounting risks posed by climate change, pandemics, and economic interdependence.
Refugee Protection and Solidarity
Authors: Milazzo Eleonora 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This book aims to define the duties that EU member states have towards each other in the field of refugee protection. It employs the analytical tools of normative political theory to bring moral clarity to a highly divisive debate on both principles and political feasibility. The central normative problem prompting this project arises from the discrepancy between the commitment to solidarity enshrined in EU law and the reality of asylum provision. The events related to the so-called EU ‘migration crisis’ of 2015/16 have exposed this discrepancy and questioned the nascent notion of EU solidarity at its core. The crisis of the EU asylum system, in fact, is not just a symptom of failed integration. It is also a distinctively moral failure that has brought to the fore a distributive dilemma and exacerbated already existing differences between member states. Despite the clear manifestations of a breakdown in cooperation, the current debate on the ethics of refugee protection does not provide much guidance on the normative constraints that should apply to the allocation of responsibility for reception and protection in a regional organization like the EU. There is a broad literature on state duties towards refugees and asylum seekers and an entirely separate scholarship on duties of solidarity between EU member states, dealing mostly with distributive social justice. This book addresses systematically the question of how international duties towards refugees relate to interstate duties inside the EU, bridging the gaps between the commitment to solidarity and the reality of EU asylum policy.
Reputation
Authors: Harvey William S. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains what we mean by reputation and provides a working definition of the concept for the remainder of the book. Reputation can be defined as the multiple perceptions of an entity made by different stakeholders, based on their evaluations of the past capabilities and character of the entity, and their assessment of its ability to provide future contributions. I refer to the book’s title, ‘Reputations at Stake’, to capture the many risks that reputation can present, how it is inextricably linked to its stakeholders, and how entities can hold not one but many reputations. Because multiple reputations are at stake, it requires careful management.
Doing Well by Doing Good
Authors: Harvey William S. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Focusing on the health and wellbeing of its employees is both morally the right thing for an organization to do and strategically sound because it has positive implications in terms of motivation and productivity. This chapter draws on four varied examples of commitment to the wellbeing of employees, members of the community, and supporting others. The first example looks at an innovative health and wellbeing intervention to support the mental health of front-line police staff. The second example looks at how executive search firms during the global financial crisis of 2007–2008 took positive steps to navigate their precarious economic circumstances. The third example shows the paradoxical lessons of compassion that can be taken from tattoo-faced warriors and headhunters from the principal kingdoms of Nagaland. The final example looks at the influence of Daoist nothingness, and in particular letting go and empowering others, among Chinese leaders in small and medium sized enterprises in the rapidly growing logistics sector in Shanghai.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Harvey William S. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter returns to the title of the book that indicates multiple reputations are at stake. This is evident from the macro level of countries, governments, cities, and regions through to meso-level factors of organizations and factors at the individual level of leaders, managers, and employees. Reputation can have rewards for those who effectively engage in its management and costs for those who abscond because they lose any control of their narrative. Building on the evidence and examples in this book, I conclude by providing some cautionary recommendations that are not necessarily easy to accept or implement and that require temperament. In short, reputation envelops everything we do, it operates at multiple levels, and is too far-reaching as a currency to ignore.
WHERE ARE WE GOING?
Authors: Donald Athene 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
What would equity look like? Can we get there? Changes need to be made, not just in our laboratories and other STEM workplaces but, just as importantly, at the societal level to normalize women in the STEM, to inspire girls from the earliest years and enable them to visualize themselves as fitting in. We need to eradicate ideas that girls don’t like maths, that you have to be brilliant to do physics, and we need to ensure the classroom provides appropriate support. Once women have entered the STEM professions, we need to ensure that practical matters (e.g. caring responsibilities) do not get in the way of progression. There are myriad ways in which scientists contribute to society, it is not simply about labs or factories, and these different ways need to be celebrated too. If we are to solve today’s and tomorrow’s problems, we need a diversity of perspectives. This can only be achieved if women are fully involved and their talent not lost. Attitudes and workplaces have changed. They need to change more and faster.
Conclusion
Authors: Chapman Nathan S. , McConnell Michael W. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter reflects on the importance of the Establishment Clause, which has facilitated the development of the most religiously diverse society the world has ever known. The Establishment Clause itself is solely about religion, but establishments can come in many different forms. The experience of disestablishment serves as a caution against any attempt by the government to foster a culture of ideological uniformity.
Imposed Upon No More
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Caught up in the heat of the Mormon Reformation, Utah’s territorial legislature sends two memorials (petitions) to the federal government, demanding the right to choose their own leaders and threatening to “send away” any federal appointees who won’t seek to identify with them and their values. One clerk called it “almost another declaration of independence.” The memorials arrive in Washington as two federal appointees recently returned from Utah complain that Mormon leaders promote theocracy, polygamy, and relationships with Utah’s Indians that are “anti-American.” When newly elected President James Buchanan decides to send a replacement for Brigham Young as Utah’s territorial governor, escorted by a contingent of U.S. troops, Young and other church leaders determine to prevent the troops from entering their settlements in Utah. Their strategy includes encouraging and leading Indian bands throughout Utah to raid emigrant cattle companies then traveling through the territory towards California.
Boiling Conditions
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Ulysses S. Grant becomes president of the United States. Washington appoints James B. McKean as Utah’s new chief justice. McKean appoints Robert N. Baskin as Utah’s interim federal district attorney. Prosecutors charge Brigham Young with lascivious cohabitation and murder. Latter-day Saints fear Young will be murdered in jail as was his predecessor, Joseph Smith. Young could have escaped into Arizona but chose to fight the charges. John Wesley Powell’s men encounter Jacob Hamblin, Isaac Haight, George Adair, and some Navajos. They spend a night together on the banks of the Colorado River. Hamblin decides the Saints should own the crossing and asks John D. Lee to settle it. Hamblin writes to Young, telling some of what he knows about the Mountain Meadows Massacre. George C. Bates becomes Utah’s district attorney and gets a copy of Philip Klingensmith’s affidavit. He prepares to prosecute the massacre participants.
Surviving in the 1930s Movie Studio Jungle
Authors: Block Geoffrey 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In sharp contrast to those of his contemporaries, the film adaptations of Jerome Kern’s film musicals exhibited a degree of fidelity to their stage models, especially in the amount of music they retained, seldom found before the 1950s. The focus of this chapter is three stage musicals by Kern and their film adaptations: Show Boat, The Cat and the Fiddle, and Roberta. Show Boat was a pioneering stage musical that dealt seriously with racial attitudes and featured Black actors in important roles, and its 1936 film adaptation with Paul Robeson signing “Ol’ Man River” is an acknowledged film classic. The film version of the little-known stage musical The Cat and the Fiddle starring Jeanette MacDonald retained most of the songs but presented them in altered dramatic contexts, whereas the film adaptation of Roberta, another undeservedly little-known stage show, transformed the stage original into a dance musical that became one of the great early successes of Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers.
Challenging the Hollywood Studio Model
Authors: Block Geoffrey 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about the transition away from the film adaptations that reinforce the studio system values in place since the beginning of the sound era. Before 1950 most film adaptations regularly allowed studio composers to replace stage songs with new film songs and in general took great liberties with the stage sources. The first film musical discussed in the chapter, On the Town (1949), illustrates this approach when it famously removed most of Leonard Bernstein’s stage score from the film. With the new decade studios came to realize that audiences familiar with the stage cast albums desired more faithful film adaptations, including films that featured most of the original stage score and one or more cast members from the original stage version. The new fidelity is exemplified by the second work discussed in this chapter, Call Me Madam, which in its film adaptation retained nearly the entire Broadway score and cast Ethel Merman, its stage star, in the lead.