bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Hydrogel and Its Relationship to Yield, some of Its Components and Grain Quality of Bread Wheat Genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Zangana Dlawar D. , Aljburi Jasim M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted in two separate experiments, the first one was under conditions of irrigation water shortage and the second when irrigation water was sufficient to evaluate and determine the effect of Hydrogel on fifteen different genotypes of bread wheat and to identify the most superior varieties in terms of vegetative growth and yield of wheat, The grains of the genotypes were planted at the Sayada site - Agricultural Research and Experiment Station of the College of Agriculture - University of Kirkuk (longitude 44.42 0 east and latitude 35.16 0 north). For the season (2021-2022) using a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with a split plot system, the two experiments included three sectors, and each sector included two main plots with addition of Hydrogel (A1) and without the addition of Hydrogel (A0), and each secondary plot contained (15) genotypes of different from soft bread wheat, the cultivars were planted in four lines with a length of (3) m, and the distance between one line and other was (0.25) m. The characteristics of the total number of tillers were studied. m-2, the height of the plant (cm), the area of the flag leaf (cm2), the number of days from sowing to 50% flowering (day), and the grain yield in a ton. and- The biological yield. A meta-analysis was carried out and the results were summarized by the superiority of irrigation water sufficiency over the lack of irrigation water, and all cultivars excelled when adding hydrogel over non adding hydrogel for all the studied characteristics. this explained that the effect of the hydrogel in storing and retaining water in a way that guarantees the actual need of the crop and achieves its sufficiency, As it was shown that the cultivar summer 2 was superior in terms of the number of spikes over all cultivars, with a rate of (431.4 spikes.m2-), and the cultivar Clar 1, according to the number of grains per spike, with a rate of (67.27) grains. spike-1, the Sulimany 2 variety excelled in terms of weight of 1000 grains, with an average of (57.43) g, and the Clar 1 variety excelled, with the highest average grain yield of (3.86) tons. h-1. And the lowest cultivar had the highest rate of the specific weight of the grain, which reached (80.35) kg. h-1 and Aras cultivar as a percentage of protein was (12.63) %.
The Opinion of Agricultural Extension Agents on the Importance of Participating in Extension Activities and Procedures Provided by the Agricultural Extension Organization in the Republic of Iraq
Authors: Haskah Sadam Abbas , Al-Hamdany Majeed Hadi Salih , Amin Haseeb Mahmood 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The research aimed to identify the opinion of the surveyed agricultural extension agents on the importance of farmers’ participation in the extension activities, as well as to determine the level of farmers’ participation in the extension activities and the reasons for the poor participation of farmers in the extension activities, the procedures that agricultural extension takes to provide opportunities for farmers to participate in the activities. The research was conducted on a sample of agricultural extension agents in four provinces of Iraq, namely Basra, Babil, Salah al-Din, and Nineveh, and the number reached 209 respondents who were chosen randomly, from a community of 418 agricultural extension agents in those provinces, at a rate of 50%, and data was collected from Respondents during August 2022, In a personal interview using a questionnaire form prepared for this purpose after conducting appropriate tests to achieve the research objectives, the data was quantitatively processed and the arithmetic means standard deviation, and the weighted average was used in its analysis, as well as the range and tabular presentation were used by frequency and percentage of data presentation. The most important results that were reached were the following: It became clear that (78.5%) of the respondents believe that the participation of farmers in extension activities is very important. extension, lack of financial and moral support for farmers, weak trust between agricultural extension and farmers, low farmer returns as a result of agricultural production, and the multiplicity and overlapping of agricultural seasons. Extension activities. The most important measures taken by agricultural extension to provide opportunities for farmers to participate in extension activities are: Holding extension seminars with farmers periodically, setting up field schools, communicating new and useful agricultural information and innovations, providing incentives to owners of distinctive extension fields, choosing places close to farmers to hold extension seminars, and educating farmers on the importance of participating in extension activities.
Evaluation of the Performance of Agricultural and Related Departments and the Extent of Job Satisfaction for Employees in Anbar Governorate-Iraq
Authors: Aljanabi Jasim M. Saleh Ali Razzaq , Aldabbagh Ehab Jabbar 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Functional performance is an important factor for providing service to farmers, and thus increasing the efficiency of agricultural production, leading to self-sufficiency of agricultural products. The study aimed to identify the performance of employees of agriculture and related departments in Anbar Governorate, as well as to identify the extent of their job satisfaction and its impact on their job performance, as well as to evaluate the performance of agricultural departments to provide the required service to farmers. The questionnaire was prepared to achieve the objectives of the study with a number of (196) employees and researchers. The SPSS program was used in analyzing the data. The results of the study indicated an average rate of 2.03 for each of the sources of information, also an average satisfaction rate of 2.04, and an attitude towards training at a rate above average of 2.49, as well as performance at a rate of high above the average of 3.49. The results indicated that most of the employees’ ages are young and with little service, and in the sources it was found that the source of friends and neighbors is the best. services to customers. The results indicated that there is a positive relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable, when using Pearson’s correlation coefficient at a significant level of 0.01. The need for the training to be related to the course of the job in which the employee is currently working, to raise his job efficiency.
Evaluation of the Relationship Between Snow Cover Index and Land Surface Temperature for Sulaymaniyah City, Iraq
Authors: Altemimi Doaa G. , Hashim Bassim M. , Al-Lami Alaa M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Changes in land surface reflectance measured by remote sensing data can be useful in climate change studies. This study attempts to Evaluation of the relationship between Snow cover index and Land surface temperature for by used Normalized snow index (S3), Land Surface Temperature (LST), in Sulaymaniyah city, northeastern Iraq. Data from Landsat5 TM and Landsat8 OLI images were used to detect the change in snow cover and land surface temperature during the study period years 1987, 1999, 2009, and 2022. ArcGIS 10.8 is used to determine the variations and calculate S3, NDVI, and LST index indices. All S3 maps have shown a decrease trend from 1987 to 2022 which depicted decreases of snow cover area. Also, LST has increased from 13°C in 1987 to 19 °C in 2022. also the results showed S3 and LST correlation has a strong reverse relationship existed in each year. The reverse relationship found between S3 and LST indicates that areas in which increase land surface temperature it leads to inducing much changes in snow cover.
Climatic Characteristics and Their Impact on the Amount of Surface Water Discharge in the Province of Najaf
Authors: Hamed Alyaa Matai , Salman Alyaa Hussein , Yousef Karim Itab , Makki Munira Mohammad 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Geographical studies are interested in analyzing most of the different aspects of life in order to put the problem and the appropriate solutions to it spatially according to a geographical distribution that shows the relevant authorities how to develop and alleviate the burdens of population societies that have a growing need to meet all human consumptions, including water, because without it, life and control over the various economic aspects is not possible. The population is exposed to a decrease in the levels of water and its discharge quantities as a result of many reasons, including the climate, especially the amount of solar radiation, temperature, wind speed and relative humidity, which as a whole affect directly or indirectly the decrease in the quantities of surface water, especially the Kufa and Abbasiya beaches, which we are in the process of studying and presenting all its details. Linking the statistical relations between them and the prevailing climatic characteristics in the study area according to a climatic station, which is the Najaf climatic station for the period 1990-2020. The same is the case with regard to the hydrological characteristics 1990-2020, through which statistical relations are found and through modern statistical programs, so that the results are represented according to modern maps as well.
The Role of Regular and Nano-Chitosan in some Indicators of Vegetative and Root Growth of Tecoma stans (L.) Seedlings Under Different Levels of Water Stress
Authors: Alshireefy Ahmed H. Ha. , Bajlan Sabah G. Sh. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A factorial experiment was conducted with three factors, the first using three levels of water stress (50, 75 and 100%) of the field capacity value, the second spraying seedlings of Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth with regular chitosan in three concentrations (0, 150 and 300 mg.L-1), and the third spraying seedlingsat with nano-chitosan in three concentrations (0 and 150 and 300 mg.L-1). arithmetic mean of the coefficients was compared. Statistically according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results of the single effect of water stress showed the superiority of the seedlings that were treated with light water stress treatment by (100%) of the field capacity value, as well as the single effect of the regular and nano-chitosan biofertilizer, the superiority of the seedlings that were treated with a concentration of (300 mg.L-1) in the increase in the height of the seedlings, the increase in the diameter of the main stem of the seedling, main root length and root volume in the increase in the height of the seedlings, the increase in the diameter of the main stem of the seedling, main root length and root volume.
Effect of Zeolite, Urea and Humic Acid on Biomass Nitrogen in Soil
Authors: Al-Jubouri Esraa Assim Kadhim , Al-Taweel Luma Salih Jabbar 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In order to study the effect of zeolite, humic acid and urea in estimating biomass nitrogen for flowering and full maturity stages in soil planted in Al-Hana, an agricultu ral experiment was carried out in one of the farms located in Al-Nouriah sub-district of Al-Diwaniyah governorate during the autumn season (2022) in a soil with a silty qclay mixture texture. A factorial experiment with three factors according to the randomized complete block design (R. C. B. D), as the number of experiment transactions was 18, including the comparison treatment and with three replications. Three fertilizer factors were used in the experiment, which were as follows: The first factor: Zeolite mineral with three levels (0, 200 and 400). kg h-1, which has the symbol (Z0, Z1 and Z2), the second factor : humic acid at two levels (0 and 33) liters h-1, which has the symbol (H0 and H1), and the third factor: urea at three levels (0, 50 and 100) kg N h-1, denoted by the symbol (U0, U1 and U2). The results of the experiment were: The addition of zeolite mineral at the Z1 level achieved the highest average in the flowering and full maturity stages, as it recorded (67.41 and 46.57) mg N kg soil-1, respectively, compared to the comparison treatment, which recorded the lowest mentioned values, which amounted to (52.9 and 36.09) mg N kg soil-1 in sequence.
Water Pollution in Cobalt and Nickel by the Effect of Adding Urban Waste in Al-Diwaniyah River / Iraq
Authors: Al-Zaiadi Baidaa Hamid Gaish , Jarallah Raid Shaalan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate, Iraq, across four seasons with the intention of determining the impact of introducing liquid urban waste (including sewage, waste water, factory, and sewer water) on the content of cobalt and nickel in river water. At each location and during each of the following four seasons: summer in July, 2021; autumn in October, 2021; winter in January, 2022; and spring in April, 2022; for the following three locations: The first site was positioned at the entrance to Diwaniyah (Saniaa), which represents the control treatment as it is located before to the pollution outputs. The numerous sources of pollution that are discharged into the river, as well as the second location in the city center (the neighborhood of Refaat), and the third location in the Al-Sidair region, which is the final location in the city of Diwaniyah following the cessation of all pollution discharges into the river. The third, where the highest significant concentration of cobalt was 0.2400 μg l-1 in the summer, the third site, where it exceeded the limits recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), and the lowest concentration was 0.0033 μg l-1 In the winter, the first site, while the highest concentration of Nickel was 0.382 μg l-1 in the summer, the third site, thus exceeding the critical limits of the World Health Organization (WHO), and its lowest concentration was 0.022 μg l-1 in the winter, the first site.
Efficiency of Trichoderma harzianum Fungus in Bioremediation of Nominee and Superflak Pesticides Residues in Rice Fields in Najaf-Iraq
Authors: Mutlag Nihad Habeeb , Kermasha Hussein Sami Naji , Majeed Ahmed Mohsin 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The study included the use two isolates from Trichoderma harzianum that were used to biodegradation of the remaining pesticides. The comparison in petri dishes before and after adding pesticides. Were done the result showed a clear vegetative growth of fungi and their use of pesticides as an energy source. Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) was used to compare the vegetative growth of fungi before and after adding pesticides with PDA media, which showed a clear and natural growth with a short period of growth for a petri dish after addition pesticides compared to controlling for a petri dish at the magnification forces values (5446 x, 5955 x, 5998x, 6000 x, 6264x, 6754x) respectively. Spectrophotometer technique was used to estimate the total pesticides in the soil after 90 days of biological treatment with fungi. The results showed the highest biodegradation of superflak pesticide by Trichoderma harzianum (Th.16) which were 94.6%, the remaining superflak was 5.4%, and the degradation of the nominee pesticide percentage by the same isolation was 78.9%, the remaining nominee 21.1%, and the percentage of degradation by Trichoderma harzianum (Th.15) was the lowest percentage in the biodegradation of the nominee pesticide 76% and the percentage of the remaining nominee pesticide 24% and the percentage of biodegradation of the superflak by the same isolation was 92% and the percentage of the remaining superflak the remaining 8%. Spectrophotometer technique was used to estimate the total pesticides in PDB after 90 days of biological treatment with fungi. The results showed the highest biodegradation of Superflak pesticides by Trichoderma harzianum (Th.15) 94.7%, the remaining superflak 5.3%, and the biodegradation percentage of nominee by the same isolation 76%, the remaining nominee 24%, and the percentage of biodegradation of the nominee pesticide by Trichoderma harzianum (Th.16) was the lowest percentage in the biodegradation 86.9% and the percentage of the remaining nominee pesticide 13.1% and the percentage of biodegradation of the superflak by the same isolation 81% and the percentage of the remaining superflak the remaining 19%.
The Effect of Adding Whey and Spraying with Silicone on the Growth of Chinese Cabbage Plant Brassica campestris var. pekinensis
Authors: Aleyashe Hussam H. , Obaid Mohammed H. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in the fields of horticulture and Garden Engineering at the College of Agriculture - University of Kerbala for the agricultural season 2022-2023 with the aim of knowing the effect of spraying with silicon in the form of potassium silicate (K2Sio3) and adding the by-product (whey) in improving the growth indicators of the Chinese Cabbage plant. The experiment included 16 treatments that included four concentrations of silicon (0.1.2.3) ml L-1 and four concentrations of whey by-product (0.8.16.24) L ha-1 and were in three batches between one batch and another 10 days. It was carried out as a factorial experiment with two factors according to the randomized block design and with three replications, and the least significant difference test (l.s.d) was used to compare the means at the probability level of 0.05. Silicon spraying treatment led to a significant increase in all yield traits, as the concentration of 3 ml L-1 was significantly superior in each of plant height, leaf area, plant weight, and percentage of dissolved solids. As for the treatment of whey addition, the concentration of 24 liters ha-1 was significantly higher in plant height, leaf area, plant weight, and the percentage of dissolved solids 51.90 cm 70.268 cm 2 1646.4 g 4.04, respectively. The bilateral interaction between the two experimental factors showed significant superiority in all the traits under experiment.
Study Growth Indicators of Mangrove Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Cultivated on the Coast of Khor Al-Zubair Oil Port, South of Basrah - Iraq
Authors: Al-Zewar Jihad M. , Al-Edany Taha Y. , Naema Jabbar D. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractA study was conducted to assess the growth indicators of mangrovesAvicennia marinacultivated in the intertidal zone at the Khor Al-Zubair oil port site for the period from May 2020 to May 2021. The study showed high growth indicators. Recorded the highest averages indicators to the total height of the plant and the number of lateral branches were 113.4 cm and 30.4 branches. Plant-1after 12 months from the date of planting in the site, while the highest average to indicators of the total number of leaves in the plant, the total leaf area, and the total leaf content of chlorophyll reached 176 leaves.plant-1, 3511 cm2.plant-1, and 52.7 μg.cm-2were after 9 months of cultivation in the field, respectively. While the plants achieved survival rates of 78% at the end of the experiment. The results were compared according to the Least Significant Difference (L.S.D.) test at a probability level of 0.05.
Chemical Pollutants (Aromatic Compounds and Heavy Metals) from Industrial Wastes which Impacted on Planted Vegetables
Authors: Harpy A. F. , Hamed Luma L. , Abdalraheem Esam 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The chemical pollutants (aromatic compounds and heavy metals) in the waters of the Tigris River were studied for the two sites of the Dora power station and the site of the vegetable oil plant during the summer season of 2021. The study included measuring some physical and chemical properties such as (acid function, temperature, turbidity, total dissolved salts, magnesium, calcium, chloride and potassium and sodium and determination of heavy metals such as (lead, cadmium) and the results were (0.06 ppm lead at the cycle electricity site, 0.04 ppm lead in the vegetable oil site), (0.1 ppm cadmium at the cycle electricity site, 0.1 ppm cadmium at the vegetable oil site), the aromatic compounds of the river water were estimated, and the heavy elements of soil and plants (lead, cadmium) were estimated. The results indicated that the water quality was low in salinity and low in soda, and the results of soil tests showed that the concentrations of lead and cadmium elements were (61.75 ppm lead at the Dora electricity site, 55.11 ppm for lead in the vegetable oil site), and it was (14.45 ppm cadmium at the Dora electricity site)., 13.75 ppm for cadmium in the vegetable oil site) and thus exceeded the permissible limits of the specifications of the World Health Organization (WHO, 2003). vegetable oils site, exceeding the permissible limits of the Food and Health Organization (2007, WHO/FAO) standard of mg kg-1 dry matter. The study showed the presence of some aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in the water of the Tigris River for the two study sites, through the technique of Coupled Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GS-MS), and the results of the examination recorded the presence of different concentrations, where the concentration of naphthalene compound reached 35 ppm and benzo compound ( ghi) perylene concentration reached 70 ppm for water, which indicates the pollution of river water, which is deposited and remains at the bottom of the river by the effect of sewage, wastes of stations and oil installations, and waste of laboratories.
Investigating the Effect of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Porous Pipe Irrigation System and Comparing to Other Parameters
Authors: Rasheed Z. K. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A subsurface porous pipe irrigation system has been widely used, water seeps from the porous pipe into the soil. Such systems can carry out both conveyance and seepage in the same time. Hence by this research, it is investigated the effect of saturated hydraulic conductivity of the porous pipe on the movement of soil moisture contents by using five values of 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.125, and 0.15 cm/hr for the pipe. The pipe is installed at a depth of 15 cm with 6 cm as the outer diameter. Then water heads of 25, 50, and 75 cm are applied for 2 hours as an operation time. Preparations in the HYDRUS/2D are done and all movements of soil moisture contents are recorded with time. Empirical functions are found with the collected data in both sides of horizontal and vertical directions with an average relative error value not exceeds 4 % and with coefficients of determination more than 0.97. Therefore, these empirical functions are well fitted and can be used as an indicator in designing system of subsurface porous pipe irrigation.
Removing of Methylene Blue Dye from Wastewater by Interaction Between Ceratophyllum demersum and Acinetobacter radioresistens
Authors: Shaalan Mustafa Hussein , Almansoory Asia Fadhile , Al-Baldawi Israa Abdulwahab 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The textile factories are one of the main important problem will generate water pollution therefore, to reduce the contaminant from wastewater before their discharge into environment. The current study included to investigate the removal of methylene blue dye by using of the aquatic plant Ceratophyllum demersu with Acinetobacter radioresistens bacteria. The best concentration of 30 mg/L of methylene blue dye was prepared to application in basins. Four basin were prepared used and fill by wastewater from river with 20 liters, 100 g plant weight and volume 900 ml of liquid nutrient medium containing bacterial growth. The visible spectrum of the four basins was read during a period of 0, 1, 5, 10 and 15 days from the start of the experiment. The percentage of treatment for the fifteen days was %78.53 for the basin contain plant while %58.48 basin the bacteria, 88.72% for the plan with bacteria, and 9.85% for the control basin.. The results proved that there is a noticeable difference when bacteria are involved with the plant in the treatment, and this proves that the interaction between bacteria and plants was higher to remove harmful compounds in the environment, including methylene blue dye.