bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
138 Investigation of Supplementation Rates for Extruded 100% DDGS Cube on Native Range in Northwest Oklahoma
Authors: Grigsby Zane N , Beck Paul A , Gunter Stacey A 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
A 2-year trial was conducted at the USDA ARS- Southern Plains Experimental Range (SPER), near Fort Supply, Oklahoma to test the effects of supplementing 100% DDGS cubes at different rates to steers on native range during the summer grazing period. The purpose of these trials was to analyze the effect that increased levels of supplementation have on performance and supplemental efficiency. In both 2021 and 2022, steers (294 ± 32 kg, n=118) were allocated to 4 season-long supplementation (Mid-May until Late September) treatments, 1) Negative Control, (NC), no supplement with ad libitum access to lose mineral, 2) Light Supplement, (LS), 0.91 kg∙animal-1∙day-1, 3) Medium Supplement, (MS), 1.81 kg∙animal-1∙day-1, and 4) High Supplement, (HS), 2.72 kg∙animal-1∙day-1. All pastures (n = 12) were stocked at 2.02 ha/animal, forage biomass data and nutritive value data were collected at the beginning middle and end of the summer. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED and linear and quadratic contrasts were made using PROC GLM in SAS 9.4. Early season ADG followed a linear pattern (R2 = 0.47, P = 0.0009) for HS, MS, and LS which was 0.55, 0.48, and 0.37 ± 0.06 kg/d greater (P &lt; 0.001) than NC, respectively. Early season supplemental efficiency for LS was 0.18 ± 0.016 kg of added gain per kg of supplement but decreased in a quadratic pattern (R2 = 0.79, P &lt; 0.001) with increased rates of supplementation. Early season supplemental efficiency for MS and HS were 0.12 and 0.09 ± 0.02 kg of added gain/kg of supplement. Late season ADG for HS, MS, and LS was 0.25, 0.13, and 0.11 ± 0.05 kg greater (P ≤ 0.03) than NC, respectively. Late season supplemental efficiency for HS, MS, and LS decreased linearly (R2 = 0.43, P = 0.0048) was 0.07, 0.04, and 0.06 ± 0.01 kg of added gain per kg of supplement. Overall ADG was greatest for HS steers, with 0.41, 0.16, and 0.09 ± 0.03 kg/d greater (P ≤ 0.01) than NC, LS, and MS, respectively. Supplemental efficiency over the entire grazing season followed a quadratic pattern (R2 = 0.91, P &lt; 0.0001), with increased supplementation we saw a decrease in supplemental efficiency. These data suggest that increased supplementation rates with a 100% DDGS cubes increases performance but decreases supplemental efficiency when forage quality is greater. However, as forage quality declines and becomes less palatable in the later summer, increased supplementation levels appear to supply energy and protein lacking in the forage to continue to promote increased performance and increase the efficiency of the supplement.
128 Effects of Cottonseed Meal Supplementation Strategy to Stocker Calves Grazing Late Season Summer Forage
Authors: Kern Connor R , Crossland Whitney L , Rathmann Ryan R , Norris Aaron B 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Summer stocker calves grazing perennial warm-season grasses may benefit from protein supplementation due to the low protein content typically observed in these forages. Cottonseed meal (CSM) is an excellent protein supplement that is readily available in the south and is competitively priced per unit of protein in early summer. However, research regarding the effects of CSM supplementation level and frequency on calf gain and composition of gain is limited. It was hypothesized that supplementing CSM to grazing heifers would improve ADG and perhaps alter composition of gain when compared with non-supplemented heifers. Objectives for this experiment were to 1) compare gain and composition of gain between calves supplemented with CSM to non-supplemented calves, and 2) compare the effect of daily vs. alternating days of CSM supplementation. A total of 27 commercial Angus beef heifers weighing 234.1 ± 4.18 kg were blocked by BW (light, medium, and heavy) and allocated to 9 paddocks of W.W. B-Dahl Bluestem (Bothriochloa bladhii) for 67 d. The experimental was designed as a RCBD with 3×3 factorial arrangement of 3 treatments and 3 weight blocks. Heifers were supplemented daily with a mineral mix and either no cottonseed meal (CON), 454 g/animal of CSM daily (CSM1), or 909 g/animal of CSM every other day (CSM2). Initial and final shrunk BW was measured, and total gain, ADG, and percent of BW gained were calculated. Ultrasound of initial and final longissimus muscle area (LMA), backfat (BF), and intramuscular fat (IMF) were measured. There were no treatment by block interactions for any measured variable. Treatment significantly affected total gain and ADG (P = 0.0156), as well as percent of BW gain (P = 0.029). Heifers receiving CSM1 treatment gained 28.3% more total BW than heifers receiving CON (47.27 vs. 36.82 kg, respectively) and CSM2 was intermediate (42.73 kg). Likewise, percent of BW gained was greatest for CSM1 and least for CON (16.9 vs.3.8% of initial BW), with CSM2 not differing (15.5% of initial BW). Treatment did not affect the composition of gain (P ≥ 0.190); however, block tended (P = 0.0812) to affect LMA % gain, with light heifers being greater than medium and heavy heifers (12.00% vs. 7.35% and 5.09% increase, respectively). As expected, heifers grazing late summer W.W. B-Dahl Bluestem forage who received 454 g of CSM daily had significantly greater ADG than heifers not receiving CSM. Heifers receiving 909 g of CSM every other day tended to gain more than heifers not receiving CSM, but replication of this experiment is needed for validation of this specific supplementation strategy. In conclusion, supplementation of CSM to calves grazing low protein summer forage within a limited period may have positive measurable effects on gain.
143 Retrospective Look at Cow-Calf Performance in Spring-Calving Dexter Cattle Scored for Winter Hair Shedding Level
Authors: Browning Richard , Hurt Kaylee , Hayes Emily G , Leite-Browning Maria L 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Delayed winter hair coat loss in beef cows through the spring and summer may contribute to heat stress and reduce herd performance. This study evaluated the performance history of cows in the years that preceded scoring and during the first year, cows were scored for hair shedding levels. Hair shedding levels of purebred Dexter cows (n = 72; mean age = 5.6 years; mean body weight = 321.6 kg) in the university herd were recorded based on the percentage of their body exhibiting winter hair loss (0% = thick winter coat, 100% = short summer coat) at eight biweekly evaluation periods from April to August 2019. Hair shedding levels were observed by two herd managers. Average hair shedding levels for the eight periods were 9%, 31%, 58%, 73%, 83%, 93%, 96%, and 96%, respectively. Cow reproductive performance from 2016 to 2020 (reflective of 2015 to 2019 breeding seasons) and calf growth performance from 2016 to 2019 were analyzed. Cows were exposed to Dexter bulls by natural service annually for an average of 56 days in July and August. Spring-born calves (n =39) were weighed at birth, at the midpoint of the preweaning period (3.5 mo of age), and at weaning (7 mo of age). Hair shedding levels averaged across periods 3 (May 20-21) and 4 (June 3-4) were used to classify cows as low shedders (0 to 50%; LoShed; n = 26) or high shedders (51 to 100%; HiShed; n = 46). Calf weights were tested using SAS MIXED models. Along with dam hair shedding group, dam lactation history, dam hair color, and calf sex were also used as model terms. Cow reproductive rates (n = 239 matings) were tested using SAS GLIMMIX models that included hair shed class, lactation history, and hair color. The HiShed cow group had greater (P &lt; 0.01) winter hair shedding levels compared with the LoShed cow group (86 ± 2% vs. 30 ± 3%). Birth weight was not affected (P = 0.39) by dam shedding level. The midpoint calf weights tended to be heavier (P = 0.07) for HiShed cows than for LoShed cows (91.9 ± 3.7 vs. 84.9 ± 4.6 kg). Calf weaning weights were heavier (P &lt; 0.05) for HiShed cows than for LoShed cows (139.8 ± 7.0 vs.26.3 ± 8.2 kg). Calving rates and weaning rates were greater (P &lt; 0.05) for HiShed cows (86.9 ± 5.3%; 86.8 ± 5.2%) than for LoShed cows (78.9 ± 8.1%; 77.3 ± 8.2%). Results indicated that cow groups based on high or low winter hair shedding level had historically different reproductive rates and calf weaning weights. The high shedding cow group weaned heavier calves and had greater levels of reproductive success.
145 Specific Gravity as an Assessment of Embryonic Viability to Improve Implantation Rates for in Vitro Produced and in Vivo Derived Bovine Embryos
Authors: Richardson Katylyn J , Perkins Tommy L , Lust David G , Killingsworth Russell , Wessells Wells Cara W 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of a specific gravity chamber (SGC) to identify embryos most likely to result in successful implantation following embryo transfer. In this study, 19 in vitro produced (IVP) and 15 in vivo derived (IVD) Grade bovine embryos were allowed to descend through media in an SGC. Descent time through a 1-cm timing region was recorded, and embryos were retrieved from the chamber and transferred into recipient females or cryopreserved and transferred at a later date. To determine if chamber evaluation had an effect on pregnancy status, 27 IVP and 12 IVD embryos that were not evaluated with the SGC were also transferred alongside project embryos. Pregnancy was determined via transrectal ultrasound palpation and recorded. There was no significant difference in conception rates between embryos evaluated with the SGC and those not, indicating that chamber analysis had no negative impact on viability of both IVP (P = 0.54) and IVD (P = 0.93) embryos. Twenty-two of the 34 total project embryos resulted in successful implantation and pregnancy, with 13 pregnancies (68.4%) by IVP and 9 (60%) by IVD. There was no difference in average descent time of pregnant and non-pregnant embryos for IVP (P = 0.54) or IVD embryos (P = 0.24). When divided into groups according to descent time, 32% of all observations for IVP embryos occurred between 30 to 50 seconds with a 66.7% conception rate, and 42% occurred between 70 to 90 seconds with a 75% conception rate (P = 0.85). For IVD, 60% of all observations occurred between 90 to10 seconds, with a conception rate of 66.7% (P = 0.35). Though not significant, the numeric trends highlighted in these data lend support to previous research utilizing specific gravity. Further research is needed to thoroughly evaluate the potential of this technology as a method of noninvasive assessment of embryo viability.
154 Growth, Libido, Semen Quality, and Reproductive Organ Weights of Hair Sheep Rams Rendered Short-Scrotum at Birth or Weaning
Authors: Wildeus Stephan , O’Brien Dahlia 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Rendering male lambs short-scrotum interferes with testicular development and thermoregulation, and has been proposed as a management tool to control male reproduction. This study evaluated at the effect of timing of the procedure (birth or weaning) on growth rate, testis size, libido, ejaculate characteristics and carcass traits in male landrace hair sheep lambs. April- (n = 31) and August-born (n = 23) Barbados Blackbelly (BB) and St. Croix (SC) male hair sheep lambs, balanced by breed and birth type, were rendered short-scrotum (SS) using elastrator bands at birth (B) or weaning (W), or left intact (I). Lambs were born on pasture, weaned at 9 weeks, transitioned in pens for two months post weaning, and then rotationally grazed as a single group to a target weight of 40 kg. At 6-mo of age (peri-pubertal), and again at target weight (post-pubertal), mating behavior was recorded (day) and ejaculate samples collected (day 2). Mating behavior was recorded in a0-min test with males individually exposed to estrus-induced ewes pen. An initial attempt was made to collect semen using an estrus-induced teaser ewe, and if not successful, the semen sample was collected by electro-ejaculation. At target weight lambs were harvested, scrotal content collected, and carcass characteristics (April cohort) determined. Data were analyzed in a model with sex class, breed and cohort as main effects. Pen and pasture ADG (142 and 129 g/d, respectively) and age at target weight (287 d) was not affected (P &gt; 0.1) by SS treatment. However, April-born lambs grew 19 g/d less (P &lt; 0.01) and reached target weight 40 d later (P &lt; 0.001) than August-born males. As for breed, STX had greater pasture ADG (139 vs 124 g/d; P &lt; 0.05) and reached target age 19 days earlier (P&lt; 0.05) than BB males. Libido (number of mounts and services) was not affected by SS treatment, breed or cohort. The frequency of ejaculates containing sperm was less (P &lt; 0.001) in SS (26 to 33%) than intact males (97%) and increased with age in SS but not I males. Sperm concentration and motile sperm in ejaculates were greater (P&lt; 0.05) in I than SS males. Testis and epididymis were larger (P &lt; 0.001) in I (300 and 44.3 g) than in B (134 and 20.0 g) and W (154 and 23.8 g), which were not different. Cohort and breed had no effect (P &gt; 0.1) on mating behavior, ejaculate characteristics, and organ weights. Results suggest that SS and its timing had no effect on growth rate or on mating behavior. Though the procedure depressed the presence of sperm in the ejaculate and decreased testis weight, the suppression was not complete, and caution is warranted in utilizing the technique to facilitate co-grazing ewe lambs.
163 The Efficacy of Copper Oxide Wire Particles Alone or in Combination with Moxidection to Reduce Parasite Loads in Meat Goat Kids
Authors: O’Brien Dahlia , Matthews Kwame , Wildeus Stephan , Whitley Niki C , Schoenian Susan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Infections with the blood sucking parasite, Haemonchus contortus, are of primary concern for small ruminant producers, especially due to the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of copper oxide wire particles alone (COWP; n = 12; 1 g bolus Copasure; Animax Ltd), Cydectin alone (CYD; n = 10; 0.4 mg/kg; Bayer), a combination of COWP + CYD (n = 12) and an untreated control group (CON; n = 11) in reducing fecal egg counts (FEC) in meat goat kids. At weaning (88.4 ± 0.7 d), 45 meat goat kids with FAMACHA scores ≥ 3 and weighing 12.5 ± 0.4 kg were separated into the four treatment groups after accounting for initial FAMACHA eyelid color score, breed (Spanish or Myotonic), and birth type (single or multiple). Feces were collected on d 0 and 14 for determination of FEC. Pooled treatment group feces were also cultured on d 0 and 4 to determine gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) genera. Individual FEC were calculated, and treatment efficacy was determined according to the guidelines established by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology. FEC were log transformed and analyzed using repeated measures in a mixed model with d 0 FEC as a covariate. Individuals were removed from the study if d 0 FEC was less than 400 eggs/g (n = 3, n = 3, n = 2, and n = 2 for CON, COWP, CYD and COWP + CYD, respectively). There was a mixed population of GIN cultured from pooled fecal samples (averaging 70.3%, 17.7%, and 12.0% for H. contortus, Tricostrongylus spp., and Oesphagostomum spp., respectively). Pre-treatment FEC averaged 1,262 ± 241, 2,794 ± 765, 2,050 ± 378 and 1,375 ± 221 eggs per gram (epg), for the CON, COWP, CYD and CYD+COWP, respectively. There was an effect of treatment on FEC with FEC on day 14 less (P &lt; 0.05) for COWP (497 ± 200 epg), CYD (746 ± 334 epg) and COWP + CYD (559 ± 246 epg) treated kids than CON (1,701 ± 895 epg). CON group FEC increased by 35% while treatment with COWP reduced FEC by 71% (84 - 92% Confidence Interval; CI), compared with 56% (60 - 89% CI) for CYD and 67% (88 – 90% CI) for COWP + CYD. Even though all treatments were more effective than the CON, the effect of COWP + CYD was similar to COWP and CYD when used alone and no additive effect was observed. Under the conditions of this study, COWP, COWP + CYD and CYD were all effective in reducing FEC compared with leaving meat goat kids untreated.
Depressive Symptom Trajectories Across Adolescence and Adulthood Among Individuals With Asthma
Authors: Ruppe Nicole M , Clawson Ashley H , Ankney Rachel L , Welch Ginger , Mullins Larry L , Chaney John M 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Objective
Individuals with asthma experience increased depressive symptoms, which is associated with deleterious health outcomes. No studies have examined depressive symptom trajectories among individuals with asthma despite increased risk. This study expanded prior literature by identifying the following: (1) depressive symptoms trajectories for individuals with and without asthma and (2) predictors of baseline levels and changes in symptoms across time for individuals with asthma.

Methods
Adolescents with (N = 965) and without (N = 7,392) asthma self-reported on depressive symptoms (CESD-9) across development. Covariates included: demographics and persistence of asthma. Latent growth curve modeling (LGCM) was used to identify depressive symptom trajectories and their predictors.

Results
A multigroup LCGM identified no significant differences between depressive symptom trajectories of individuals with and without asthma. Depressive symptoms followed a quadratic shape across time for individuals with asthma (Mintercept = 5.73, p &lt; .00; Mlinear = −0.38,p &lt; .001; Mquad = 0.03, p &lt; .001), with a linear deceleration in depressive symptoms during adolescence and an acceleration of symptoms into adulthood. Next predictors of depressive trajectories among individuals with asthma were examined. Female sex (B = 0.58, p &lt; .001), lower parent education (B = −0.57, p &lt; .001), older age (B = 0.19, p &lt; .001), and identifying as Black (B = 0.31, p = .04) were associated with greater baseline depressive symptoms. Older individuals exhibited faster linear symptom decelerations (B = −0.56, p &lt; .001) and faster symptom accelerations (B = 0.73, p &lt; .001). American Indian (AIAN) individuals exhibited faster linear symptom decelerations (B = −1.98, p = .005) and faster quadratic accelerations (B = 3.33, p = .007).

Discussion
Our results suggest that the depressive symptom trajectories of individuals with asthma are curvilinear and similar to individuals without asthma. When examining predictors of depressive symptom trajectories for those with asthma, socioeconomic disadvantage and racial marginalization were associated with greater baseline depressive symptoms. Although AIAN youth demonstrated more favorable trajectories in adolescence, they also exhibited worse trajectories across young adulthood and adulthood. Findings suggest the need to better understand the impact of multilevel risk and protective factors on depressive symptoms trajectories for individuals with asthma, especially marginalized populations.
Dietary supplements and medicinal plants in urolithiasis: diet, prevention, and cure
Authors: Oswal Mitul , Varghese Ryan , Zagade Tanmay , Dhatrak Chetan , Sharma Rohit , Kumar Dileep 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Background
Urolithiasis has been a major health concern for centuries, primarily owing to the limited treatment options in the physician’s armamentarium. However, various studies have underscored a lesser incidence of urolithiasis in cohorts predominantly consuming fruits and vegetables. This article aims to review various dietary plants, medicinal herbs and phytochemicals in the prevention and management of urolithiasis.

Methods
To provide context and evidence, relevant publications were identified on Google Scholar, PubMed and Science-Direct using keywords such as urolithiasis, nephrolithiasis, urolithiasis, renal stones, phytochemicals and dietary plants.

Results
Growing bodies of evidence suggest the incorporation of plant-based foods, medicinal and herbal supplements, and crude drugs containing phytochemicals into the staple diet of people. The anti-urolithiatic activity of these plant bioactives can be attributed to their antioxidant, antispasmodic, diuretic, and inhibitory effect on the crystallization, nucleation and crystal aggregation effects. These mechanisms would help alleviate the events and symptoms that aid in the development and progression of renal calculi. In addition, it will also avoid the exacerbation of secondary disorders like inflammation and injury, which can initiate a vicious circle in turn worsening the disease progression.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the results presented in the review demonstrate the promising role of various dietary plants, medicinal and herbal supplements, and phytochemicals in preventing and managing the precipitation of uroliths. However, more conclusive and cogent evidence from preclinical and clinical studies is required to substantiate their safety, efficacy and toxicity profiles in humans.
Challenges in the Long-term Management of Patients With Coccidioidal Meningitis: A Retrospective Analysis of Treatment and Outcomes
Authors: Sivasubramanian Geetha , Kadakia Saurin , Kim Jani M , Pervaiz Sarah , Yan Yueqi , Libke Robert 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Background
Coccidioidal meningitis (CM) is the most severe form of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Despite years of clinical experience, it remains a difficult condition to treat, often requiring surgical procedures, such as placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, in addition to lifelong antifungal therapy.

Methods
We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with CM seen in a large referral center in Central Valley, California, from 2010 to 2020. Data pertinent to CM were collected and analyzed.

Results
Among 133 patients with CM identified in the 10-year period, nonadherence to antifungal therapy was noted in 43% of patients. Of the 80 patients who underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement for management of intracranial pressure, shunt failure requiring revision surgery occurred in 42 (52.5%). Rehospitalizations due to CM-related reasons occurred in 78 of 133 patients (59%). Twenty-three percent of patients (n = 29) died due to complications from CM, on an average 22 months after the diagnosis of CM. Encephalopathy at presentation was associated with a significantly higher risk of death.

Conclusions
Patients with CM in central California are predominantly rural agricultural workers with elevated levels of poverty and low health literacy and many barriers to care, leading to high rates of medication nonadherence and loss to follow-up outpatient care. Management challenges are frequent, such as failure of antifungal therapy, high rates of rehospitalization, and the need for repeated shunt revision surgeries. In addition to the development of curative new antifungal agents, understanding the barriers to patient adherence to care and antifungal therapy and identifying means to overcome such barriers are of paramount importance.