bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RADIOCARBON-BASED MODELING OF THE REIGN OF KING DEN (1ST DYNASTY, EGYPT) AND THE START OF THE OLD KINGDOM
Authors: Quiles Anita , Tristant Yann 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on the chronology of King Den’s reign, the fifth ruler of the 1st Egyptian dynasty. A series of radiocarbon (14C) dates were established on archaeological material from several tombs at the Abu Rawash site, near Cairo, which comprises a complex of 12 monumental mud-brick mastabas. Modeling the14C results enables us to estimate the date of King’s accession and to link this to the beginning of the 3rd Dynasty, i.e., to Egyptian state’s structuration. Through the application of OxCal software, sets of14C results obtained from the same archaeological context have been summarized and compared with the precise state of our knowledge on the historical duration of this reign. These results place King Den’s accession between 3104 and 2913 BCE (2σ), with the more likely date being 3011–2921 BCE (1σ). The modeled temporal density thus obtained is based both on new contextualized14C dates and on an updated reading of the historical information on his reign. This is a dynamic result, which can be refined as soon as we have more data to integrate into the model. Above all, this resulting model becomes a crucial chronological point to better determine the beginning of the Egyptian Old Kingdom.
Aerodynamics — retrospect and prospect
Authors: Rogers E. W. E 
Published: March 2023

‘In offering to the public the first instalment of the present work, the author desires to record his conviction that the time is near when the study of Aerial Flight will take its place as one of the foremost of the applied sciences, one of which the underlying principles furnish some of the most beautiful and fascinating problems in the whole domain of practical dynamics.’F. W. Lanchester — Preface to Aerodynamics (1907).Frank Lanchester was born in 1863 and died in 1946. He lived through, and contributed significantly to, an astonishing expansion in aerodynamic knowledge and understanding. When he was a very small child, the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain was formed. Arguments about the underlying principles of aerodynamics were abundant, and manned powered flight was some 40 years into the future. When he died aerodynamics was well-established, codified and central to efficient aircraft design. Transonic flight through jet propulsion had almost been achieved.
A theoretical model for predicting the performance of circulation controlled aerofoils and cascades
Authors: Flint W. L , Holliday C. I 
Published: March 2023

SummaryThe procedure described applies to aerofoils or cascades with circulation controlled by tangential blowing jets and provides a complete numerical solution for aerodynamic performance in incompressible flow conditions.The pressure distribution over the blade surface is predicted by a potential flow model in which the region of separated flow is represented by an appropriated source distribution. Boundary layer development is calculated by a finite-difference solution of the parabolic boundary layer momentum equation: the development of the blowing jet and its mixing with the boundary layer over the curved trailing edge is predicted by the same procedure applied to an angular momentum equation, using an intermittency representation of the eddy viscosity distribution.Predictions are compared with experimentally measured lift coefficients for an isolated aerofoil, with turning angles for a cascade tested by other workers and with experimental turning angles for a cascade tested by the authors. The agreement between theory and experiment is good.
The costs and economics of broadcast satellite systems
Authors: Biggs P. D. 
Published: March 2023

We are at the beginning of a decade of extraordinary change in telecommunications. Computers and information are joining together in a way which demands new techniques and capability in the field. Evolving demand and attitudes towards television, epitomised by the attention being given to direct broadcasting, are influencing national policy to many countries.Today it is possible to ‘hook up’ video games and video recording equipment to the domestic television set. Data services are available to the viewer and small home computers can be connected. Direct-to-homes TV broadcasting is an addition to these facilities, extending the range of what is becoming a complete home entertainment and information service.
Other services that may be associated with direct broadcasting
Authors: Jefferis A. K. 
Published: March 2023

This paper discusses some of the factors that need to be taken into consideration if other services are to be included within a satellite that provides direct TV broadcasting to the UK. The main reason for considering such an approach is that the inclusion of other services may improve the overall economics.It should be recognised that the requirements of the DBS services will impose certain constraints, in particular on the orbit location. Also there is less flexibility in the choice of frequencies for the DBS services than there may be for other services.
The effects of turbulence and surface roughness on the drag of spheres in thin jets
Authors: Neve R. S. , Jaafar F. B. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAn extension is made to previous work on spheres in thin jets to cover the cases of high stream turbulence and sphere surface roughness. Limited results for the latter agree with past work by Achenbach. Results for cases of increasing stream turbulence line up not only with other high turbulence data but also with Dryden's long-established results for turbulence levels up to a few percent and thereby present some problems, both in the interpretation of the physical flow processes and in nomenclature for the criticality conditions involved.
The effect of backlash and trailing-edge strips on the flutter speed of a two-dimensional model of a tailplane with tab
Authors: Emslie Betty , Goldman A. 
Published: March 2023

SummaryThe effect of backlash and trailing-edge strips on the flutter speed of a two-dimensional model of a tailplane with tab has been investigated in a series of wind tunnel tests. When backlash is present, a change in preload, which is achieved by varying the incidence of the tab, can dramatically alter the flutter speed. The addition of trailing-edge strips to the tab lowered the flutter speed.
An advanced helicopter engine control system
Authors: A.F.Saunders  
Published: March 2023

The requirements of the first engine controllers were primarily to satisfy the needs of the engine and, almost as an afterthought, to consider interface with the aircraft and the pilot.The latter resulted in the overwhelming plethora of ‘essential’ ground test-sets and cockpit instruments that we see today. In a performance and integrity conscious world, beset with ever increasing costs and sometimes decreasing maintenance personnel skills, the engine controller can no longer be considered in isolation from the rest of the system that it serves. The obvious ability of a digital system to self-check and diagnose itself, its interface with the real world, and to make intelligent decisions based on those tests, has enhanced the case for digital engine control.
Developments in test software philosophy and techniques
Authors: Wise D.J.K. 
Published: March 2023

Complex electronic systems are structured into functional units, printed circuit boards and components. During the manufacturing process testing starts at the component level and is carried out progressively at PCB, functional test and finally total system level.When the equipment is in service, the reverse process is followed. That is, at the system level the suspect unit is diagnosed and replaced. This unit is then tested and if faulty diagnosed to the faulty board. This in turn is tested to find the faulty component. The testing of functional units, boards and complex components (referred to here as the ‘box’) is carried out on Automatic Test Equipment both at the factory and field level. In each case the test problem needs to be addressed during design to ensure that adequate access is given to the internal function of the item.
A true air speed sensor for miniature unmanned aircraft
Authors: Beattie J. A. C. 
Published: March 2023

SummaryThis Memorandum describes the development of a laboratory prototype true air speed sensor for use on unmanned aircraft. The sensor works on vortex shedding principles and has a digital output. The vortices are sensed by thick film thermistor elements that are non-critical in the signal circuitry.
Laser strike
Authors: Mackrill R. F. 
Published: March 2023

This paper deals with how lasers work, their applications generally and their specific applications to aircraft.The acronym LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The theory was written by Charles H. Townes and Arthur L. Schalow in 1958. The co-authors of the theory hold the basic patent on lasers.In 1960 Theodore H. Maiman, of the Hughes Aircraft research laboratories, practically produced what was the most concentrated energy source known to man. A beam able to cut through a sheet of steel one third of a centimeter thick that does not contain enough energy to boil an egg.With this practical demonstration Maiman had made the first laser work.
Vibration and damping analysis of doubly curved sandwich panels with viscoelastic core
Authors: Vaswani J. , Asnani N. T. , Nakra B. C. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe governing differential equations of motion for flexural vibrations of a doubly curved sandwich panel consisting of stiff elastic face layers sandwiching soft viscoelastic core have been derived, considering extension and bending deformations of the face layers and shear deformations of the core, using variational principles. Solution for panel with simply supported edges is assumed in series summation form and the correspondence principle of linear viscoelasticity is applied for evaluation of resonance frequencies and associated system loss factors. The effects of variations of geometrical and material parameters on the resonance frequencies and associated system loss factors are reported.
Experimental investigation of the partial impingement of a jet on a half-plane
Authors: Ko N. W. M. , Cheung W. T. 
Published: March 2023

SummaryThe flow before and after the partial impingement of a jet on a half plane has been studied. From the extensive mean velocity and turbulence intensity measurements the three basic flow regimes of the main jet flow, the flow over the flat plate and the redirected flow on the flat plate surface have been isolated. The inherited characteristics and axisymmetry of the upstream jet flow and their extent downstream of the flat plate, have also been established. The effect of the leading edge on the flow over the flat plate and the effect of friction on the surface on the redirected flow have also been studied.
Hovercraft environmental noise: a review and future prospects
Authors: Leach John W. 
Published: March 2023

SummaryThe paper reviews the development of amphibious hovercraft and considers the noise emission levels of current types of in-service craft. A brief reference is also made to side wall hovercraft and hover barges.An outline of suggested methods for quantitative measurement of noise level and format is given, should legislation be deemed necessary at some future date.Finally recommendations are made for further research and development programmes aimed at achieving significant improvement in the next generation of hovercraft.
Determining the training effectiveness of flight simulators: some basic issues
Authors: Rolfe J. M. 
Published: March 2023

In both civilian and military aviation training much reliance is placed upon expensive flight simulators. The decision to resort to a simulator for training instead of the actual equipment is justified by arguments such as:Greater utilisation of equipment as training will not be interfered with by factors such as unsuitable weather conditions or unserviceable equipment.Lower purchase and operating costs of simulators in comparison with the actual equipment.Increased safety and controlled levels of stress when training is undertaken when using a simulator.Minimal operational and environmental disturbance.
Maintaining aircraft without factory back up
Authors: Keegan T. D. 
Published: March 2023

Whilst I doubt my experience is unique, it is a fact of life that I have never enjoyed the sort of back up one expects as a customer who has bought an aircraft from a factory which built it and which contracted to support it.Starting in 1949 with very much used DC-3’s, then on to ex BEA Vikings and Ambassadors, ex Canadair Argonauts and ex Pan Am DC-4’s and DC-7DF’s, with ex Flying Tiger CL-44’s and ex KLM DC-8’s, the entire story has been one of secondhand hand-me-downs, but with a factory still in operation to which as a several times removed customer, one could always turn to for help. On my acquisition of Carvairs in 1971 when I bought BAF, the same situation applied, and having a much modified obsolete aircraft did not exactly enhance the ease of maintenance.
Education for managers of airworthiness
Authors: Yeomans D.G. 
Published: March 2023

Airworthiness is not clearly enough defined for its management to be a teaching objective in itself. It is in any case not the principal aim of the aircraft operator but subsidiary to the transport function. Education in the management of air transport engineering is directed towards the process of producing aircraft fit to be used for their economic purpose and the management of airworthiness is inextricably embedded in it.Nevertheless a number of subject areas which such courses should include can be identified as relevant to current airworthiness problems.
Approach and landing systems for the all-weather heliport
Authors: Atter D. 
Published: March 2023

In this paper, the second of two associated papers on IFR heliports, the requirements outlined in the first paper by Mr. F. W. Free for electronic approach aids are examined in more detail and the current status of technical development reviewed.
If the necessary reliability of service to the heliport is to be maintained under adverse weather conditions, then some form of electronic approach and landing system will be required in order to satisfy the stringent safety requirements set by the CAA and in particular, the obstacle clearance criteria in an urban environment. In addition, the provision of an approach aid may give benefits in noise abatement arising from an accurately controlled flight profile even in adverse weather conditions.
The CAA role
Authors: Hooper R. C. 
Published: March 2023

The role of the Civil Aviation Authority in urban heliports, as with most other activities with which it is concerned, can effectively be summed up in one word — SAFETY. We are concerned, not only with safety of the helicopter crew and passengers, but also with third parties and property and, where relevant, other users of controlled or special rules airspace.Unfortunately, like most other things, safety can only be achieved at a price and the price to pay is often at variance with commercial interests, private operators’ resources and even with the basic concept of helicopter operation. The Authority, by consultation has aimed at achieving an effective compromise by a flexible application of the criteria where it is safe to do so.
The application of geometric programming to the structural design of aircraft wings
Authors: Snell M. B. , Bartholomew P. 
Published: March 2023

SummaryThe technique of geometric programming is applied to the design of optimum aircraft wings in the multi-spar monolithic skin configuration. Both flat and corrugated web systems are considered and design examples are given based on contemporary wing data. The present report is confined to the consideration of minimum weight design of metallic structure and the constraints are those which arise naturally from consideration of allowable stress, buckling and in some instances geometric limitations on the layout. Most of the problems solved give rise to closed form solutions while more complex problems are readily solved by computer program.
Aeronautical research: some current
influences and trends
Authors: CB John Charnley 
Published: March 2023

This corner of England has seen the evolution of some notable aircraft, Canberra, Lightning, Jaguar, Tornado. Mr Yates, in the inaugural lecture of this series last year, gave a brief historical review of the growth of English Electric and of these aircraft, indicating in particular the key part played by Sir Frederick Page in both the build up of the firm and in the design and development of the aircraft. It is most appropriate that we should again honour him here on what I regard as his home ground and in his presence.But Sir Frederick's contributions to aerospace have been much more than local to Lancashire. He has been at the centre of the gathering together of all the elements of what is now British Aerospace PLC. He is a past President of the Society of British Aerospace Companies and has actively supported the Royal Aeronautical Society, not least as President of this Branch from 1962 to 1967.
A family of small low cost gas turbines for unmanned vehicle systems
Authors: Chevis R. W. , Grant I. J. 
Published: March 2023

Noel Penny Turbines Ltd (NPT) is progressively extending its family of low cost turbojet and turboshaft engines for application to unmanned vehicle systems (UVS). The family now incorporates eight distinct engine types, spanning a jet range of 50 to 1200 Ibf sea level static thrust and a turboprop/ turboshaft range of 15 to 450 SHP. The scope of these basic engines enables a wide variety of application and installational requirements to be covered. The crucial first target is low manufacturing cost.The object of this paper is to introduce this UVS engine family and highlight highly significant design and development features necessary to meet both operational requirements and low cost.
An historical review of propeller developments
Authors: Bass R. M. 
Published: March 2023

The arrival on the aeronautical scene of a new generation of propeller driven commercial aircraft, and the great interest in the propeller as an economical means of propulsion for high subsonic Mach numbers, makes this an appropriate time to look back and attempt to identify some of the evolutionary paths by which the present state of development has been reached.A consideration of the history of the propeller may be confined to the period beginning around the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, when the propeller was clearly recognisable as such and becoming established. However, the idea goes back many centuries before this and there is a wealth of references describing, not always very precisely, various mechanical devices intended or actually used for ship propulsion which may be considered remote but legitimate ancestors of the present day propeller. Before considering more recent developments, it is worth looking at the beginnings of mechanical propulsion if only to pay tribute to those early engineers who did not allow the lack of suitable materials or theory to inhibit their attempts.
A simple method for the derivation of isolated and installed store loads
Authors: Goudie S. H. 
Published: March 2023

As military aircraft become more multi-role in design, the use of externally carried ordnance has increased both in frequency and variety resulting in increased use of wind tunnels for store load measurement. It is intended that this report may be useful in predicting loads on a variety of isolated stores at speeds up to transonic and in providing loading data on a new store carried on an aircraft by converting wind-tunnel measurements made on an existing store.The estimation of aerodynamic loads uses linear methods for forebody and fin-wing normal forces with cross-flow terms on body and fin and also tail recovery effects represented by higher-order predictions. Allowance is made for body to lifting surface and lifting surface to body carry-over effects. The effect of the location of the fins and wings with respect to the body and their dihedral is also accounted for in the prediction.
A reconsideration of the tail-wheel in an actively controlled, undercarriage management system
Authors: Molyneux W. G. 
Published: March 2023

The arguments for the trend from tail-wheel to nose-wheel undercarriage configurations, which appear to be completely pervasive so far as current aircraft designs are concerned, are examined in the light of modern technological developments.It appears that many of the problems that have led to the demise of the tail-wheel undercarriage configuration are surmountable in an actively controlled, undercarriage management system. There seems some prospect of performance gains from a system of this kind but a more detailed study than is attempted here is necessary to determine if these performance gains can offset the added complexity of the undercarriage management system to result in more cost effective designs.
A review of some recent research on time-dependent aerodynamics
Authors: Mabey D. G. 
Published: March 2023

Time-dependent aerodynamics is primarily concerned with the pressure distributions developed by moving control surfaces, such as the oscillation of a trailing-edge flap, the rapid extension of a spoiler, or the pitching of a canard.Some recent experiments in time-dependent aerodynamics are reviewed. These include wind tunnel dynamic interference and its attenuation, the aerodynamics of an oscillating trailing-edge flap, the reduction of response to turbulence by active control, the aerodynamic characteristics of rapidly moving spoilers, and the time-dependent aerodynamic characteristics of supercritical wings.The paper concludes with a discussion of aeroelastic problems at subsonic and transonic speeds and with some buffeting measurements in a cryogenic wind tunnel.
An investigation of large amplitude wing-rock
Authors: Evans C. 
Published: March 2023

SummaryThe large amplitude wing-rock of a ground attack aircraft was investigated by the use of a small perturbation, linear stability analysis and a non-linear simulation of the aircraft dynamics. The linear stability analysis compared the results from a complete 6 degrees-of-freedom (DOF) coupled equation set with the results obtained using a 3-DOF dynamic stability axis set. The results showed an oscillatory instability that was caused by frequency coalescence of the primary pitch and yaw modes.The simulation produced a rolling motion similar in nature to wing-rocks experienced in flight. The large amplitude oscillation was generated by the non-linear variations of the aerodynamic loads rather than by the instability predicted by the linearised dynamics. Specifically, the appearance of nonzero lateral moments at zero sideslip as well as shock-induced jumps in the rolling moment against sideslip curves were major contributors to the motion. These features of the static aerodynamic data are thus considered better warnings of the possibility of large amplitude wing-rock than is the negatively damped Dutch roll oscillation predicted by the linearised analysis.