bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity of the Antibody Response to the Different Antigenic Determinants on the Hemagglutinin Subunits of Influenza Viruses
Authors: Laver W. Graeme , Downie Jean C. , Webster Robert G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sera from rabbits hyperimmunized with hemagglutinin (HA) subunits isolated from the A/Port Chalmers/73 (H3N2) strain of influenza virus showed great differences in their cross-reactions with different strains of influenza virus. In hemagglutination-inhibition tests, some sera reacted to about the same titer with A/Port Chalmers/73 and A/Hong Kong/68 viruses, suggesting that these two strains were very closely related. Other sera, which reacted to high titer with A/Port Chalmers/73 virus, had only a low titer with the Hong Kong/68 strain, suggesting that the two viruses were distantly related.
Evidence suggested that these diverse cross-reactions were due to widely different ratios, in the different sera, of antibodies to the “common” and the “specific” antigenic determinants on the HA subunits. Thus, some rabbits gave a stronger response to the “common” determinants than to the “specific”, whereas in others, the reverse seemed to be the case.
Sera from human volunteers injected with A/Port Chalmers/73 inactivated or subunit influenza virus vaccines, or from people infected with Port Chalmers/73 virus, contained, in most cases, antibodies predominantly to the “common” antigenic determinants on the HA subunits. These sera reacted to higher titer with Hong Kong/68 virus than with the Port Chalmers/73 strain. Absorption of these sera with Hong Kong/68 virus totally removed all detectable antibody, suggesting that they contained no antibody to the “specific” determinants on Port Chalmers/73 HA. Paradoxically, absorption of the sera with Port Chalmers virus did not remove all antibodies, suggesting that the sera contained antibodies to the “specific” determinants on Hong Kong/68 HA.
A Microtiter Solid-Phase Radioimmunoassay for Hepatitis a Antigen and Antibody
Authors: Purcell Robert H. , Wong Doris C. , Moritsugu Yasuo , Dienstag Jules L. , Routenberg John A. , Boggs Joseph D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A microtiter solid phase radioimmunoassay for hepatitis A antigen (HA Ag) and antibody (anti-HA) was developed. The test was more sensitive than immune adherence hemagglutination for detecting HA Ag and almost as sensitive for detecting anti-HA. The specificity and sensitivity of reagents were examined and optimum conditions for the test were determined. Radioimmunoassay, immune adherence hemagglutination, and immune electron microscopy were compared for detecting anti-HA. A serologic response to HA Ag was detected in paired sera from patients with type A hepatitis but not from patients with type B or non-A, non-B hepatitis by all three techniques.
Activation of Purified Human Thymus-Derived (T) Cells by Mitogens
Authors: Schmidtke Jon R. , Hatfield Stephen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thymus-derived (T) cells from peripheral blood were purified by rosette formation with neuraminidase-treated sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and centrifugation on Ficoll-Hypaque. T cells recovered from the pellet were freed of SRBC by treatment with Tris-NH4Cl. T cells purified by this method showed a diminished ability to take up 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) after mitogen stimulation when compared to the mitogenic response of an equal number of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocytes (PBL). Autologous monocytes restored the capacity of purified T cells to take up 3H-TdR in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or Concanavalin A (Con A). The effect was proportional to the number of monocytes added. Similar restorative effects could be obtained with allogeneic or xenogeneic monocytes. These data suggest that the mitogenic stimulation of human PBL and Con A may reflect the participation of more than one cell type: the T cells and monocyte and that the genetic origin of the monocyte is not critical for augmentation of the mitogenic activation of human T cells.
Hapten Concentrations in the Circulation of Animals Actively Immunized with Hapten-Protein Conjugates
Authors: O'Neill Sean P. , Robb Thomas E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Animals immunized with hapten-protein conjugates subsequently circulate high concentrations of hapten bound by antibody. The levels of hapten detected are capable of significantly reducing antibody titer in the sera of immunized animals. In the case of steroid-protein conjugates, the main source of increased plasma steroid concentration is the immunizing conjugate, although a contribution from increased host secretion may also occur.
The results for rabbits immunized with digoxin-BSA indicate that the appearance of circulating digoxin followed the appearance of circulating antibody to digoxin. Appearance of digoxin in circulation appears to coincide with the operation of the immune response and may be related to macrophage activity. Similar conclusions are drawn from results obtained for circulating morphine in the serum of a sheep immunized with morphine-BSA. Injected hapten-protein antigens are probably processed by macrophage to produce low molecular weight haptenic fragments which are maintained in circulation for prolonged periods in the form of antibody-hapten complexes.
The Immune Response to Dextran in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Chen Jenn C. , Leon Myron A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal and congenitally athymic mice respond to immunization with dextran, thus indicating that the response is thymus independent. Athymic mice have lower plaque-forming cell (PFC) response than normal mice 3 days after immunization, but similar PFC response as normal mice by 5 days. Seven to 10 days after immunization, athymic mice maintain a high level of PFC response whereas the PFC response declines sharply in normal mice.
Concanavalin A (Con A), added at initiation of in vitro culture, enhances the response of spleen cells from primed normal mice. Treatment with methyl-α-D-mannoside (MAM), a competitive inhibitor of binding of Con A, immediately after addition of Con A, abolishes the enhancement. Treatment with MAM, 3 to 6 hr after Con A addition, partially blocks the enhancement. The enhancing effect is dependent on the dose of Con A and the duration of in vivo priming before in vitro culture.
Con A does not enhance the in vitro PFC response of cells from primed athymic mice. Supernatants from Con A-treated non-primed normal spleen cell cultures enhance the PFC response of “nude” cells, thereby indicating that enhancement by Con A is mediated through a soluble T cell product(s) with no apparent antigen specificity.
Hydroxyurea, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis, blocks the enhancement by Con A of cells primed for 1 to 3 days. Release of hydroxyurea block after 19 hr incubation does not restore the PFC response, thereby indicating the responding anti-dextran PFC precursor cells are engaging actively in DNA synthesis. PFC response of primed cells taken at the peak of anti-dextran response (day 5) shows that they are less susceptible to the hydroxyurea block. Con A enhances the PFC response of cells primed for 5 days even in the absence of DNA synthesis.
Cellular Mechanism of Endotoxin Unresponsiveness in C3H/HeJ Mice
Authors: Glode L. Michael , Scher Irwin , Osborne Barbara , Rosenstreich David L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
B cells from C3H/HeJ mice fail to respond to an endotoxin (LPS K235) which is mitogenic for normal mice including the closely related C3H/HeN strain. The cellular basis for this unresponsive state has been investigated. The C3H/HeJ mice have normal numbers of B cells, which are capable of normal responses to other B cell mitogens, such as polyinosinic acid (Poly I). Addition of normal macrophages or spleen cells fails to reconstitute the normal response. Furthermore, neither macrophages nor spleen cells from the C3H/HeJ strain suppress the normal C3H/HeN spleen cells. Finally, spleen cells enriched for B cells by the removal of macrophages or T cells demonstrate the same differences in responsiveness to LPS. These results indicate that LPS unresponsiveness is a defect of the B cell itself and not due to suppressor cells or the absence of helper cells.
When LPS is added to Poly I-stimulated cultures, there is additional enhancement of the response of normal C3H/HeN spleen cells. However, LPS causes a dose-dependent suppression of the Poly I response of C3H/HeJ spleen cells. This suppression is dependent on the time of addition of LPS to the Poly I-stimulated cultures. These data are interpreted as indicating that the binding of LPS to the membrane of C3H/HeJ B cells results in their inactivation or suppression, and that this is the basis of LPS unresponsiveness in this mouse strain.
Regulation of Antibody Response in Vitro
Authors: Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of elevation of an intracellular cyclic AMP level on in vitro anti-hapten antibody response was studied, by using mesenteric lymph node cells of rabbits which were primed with dinitrophenylated Ascaris antigen (DNP-Asc) or DNP-ragweed antigen (DNP-Rag). The anti-hapten antibody response was induced by stimulation of the primed B cells by either DNP-heterologous carrier conjugate or anti-immunoglobulin (anti-Ig) for 24 hr (first stage), followed by 6-day culture of the activated cells in the presence of nonspecific enhancing factor (second stage). The stimulation with anti-Ig induced IgG anti-hapten antibody response and enhanced the formation of total IgG. Addition of dibutyryl cyclic AMP or aminophylline with anti-Ig or DNP-heterologous carrier during the first stage enhanced IgG anti-hapten antibody response. The optimal concentration of these reagents for the enhancement was 5 × 10-4 M to 10-3 M. The presence of 5 × 10-6 M prostaglandin E1 during the first stage also enhanced the antibody response. Similarly, the presence of dibutyryl cyclic AMP or aminophylline during the stimulation of DNP-Rag-primed cells with homologous antigen (first stage) enhanced the antibody response. If the same concentration of dibutyryl cyclic AMP or aminophylline was added together with enhancing soluble factor during the second stage after the stimulation of the primed cells with anti-Ig, both the antibody response and the formation of IgG were suppressed. The antibody response of DNP-Rag-primed cells stimulated with homologous antigen was also suppressed if dibutyryl cyclic AMP or aminophylline was added during the subsequent culture (second stage). Evidence was obtained that suppression of antibody response by cyclic AMP during the second stage is probably due to inhibition of the proliferation of B cells. Neither of these drugs suppressed the formation of enhancing soluble factor from the carrier-specific cells stimulated with the homologous carrier. The results obtained in the present experiments suggested that stimulation of hapten-primed B cells with anti-γ chain in the presence of an optimal concentration of dibutyryl cyclic AMP resulted in the formation of a significant amount of IgG anti-DNP antibody without participation of T cells.
Characterization of Cells That Suppress the Cytotoxic Activity of T Lymphocytes
Authors: Clark David A. , Phillips R. A. , Miller R. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Target cell lysis by sensitized cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) may be conveniently quantitated by 51Cr release. By fitting to the formula, P (% specific release) = 100 (1-e-N αt), one obtains α, the relative frequency of CTL in N lymphoid cells. Using a microassay and murine sarcoma target cells, we observed an unexpected decrease in lysis whenever effectors obtained from a graft-vs-host reaction were tested at high concentrations. This inhibition was not observed with CTL generated by an MLC reaction. Inhibition could not be explained by nonspecific mechanical ‘crowding’, reutilization of released isotope, suppression of released from dead target cells, or the particular strain combination and target used. By modifying the formula to allow suppression of CTL by a stochastic cell-cell interaction with a suppressor cell, we found that P = 100 (1-e-N ate- Nγ) adequately fitted the data, where Nγ is proportional to inhibitor content. An 18- to 24-hr incubation at 37°C but not 4°C allowed selective depletion or enrichment of inhibitors; in mixing experiments, both parameters Nαt and Nγ behaved stoichiometrically as independent cellular properties. The inhibitor was resistant to concentrations of anti-T cell (RAMB) serum + complement which killed CTL. A similar inhibitor arose in vivo during an anti-tumour allograft response. The ability to quantitate CTL and inhibitor activities from titration curves provides a technique for studying the identity and mechanism of suppressor cells acting at the effector stage of cell-mediated immunity.
Hereditary C2 Deficiency: Diagnosis and HLA Gene Complex Associations
Authors: Gibson David J. , Glass David , Carpenter C. B. , Schur Peter H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Nine families with genetically controlled C2 deficiency have been described where the propositii and family members are heterozygous C2 deficient. The diagnosis of hereditary C2 heterozygous deficiency was suspected on the basis of analysis for CH50, C2 protein, and C2 function, and then confirmed by family studies. Analysis of HLA antigens in these families supported the close association of C2 deficiency and HLA-A10 and/or B18, particularly the latter. Analysis by MLC studies revealed recombination in one family between the HLA and B and D loci and in another family probable recombination between the D and C2 complement loci. Therefore, the order of the loci on the sixth chromosome is likely to be C2 complement, HLA-D, HLA-B, HLA-A.
Increased Cytolytic T Lymphocyte Activity Induced by 2-Mercaptoethanol in Mixed Leukocyte Cultures: Kinetics and Possible Mechanisms of Action
Authors: Harris John W. , MacDonald H. Robson , Engers Howard D. , Fitch Frank W. , Cerottini Jean-Charles 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The 20- to 50-fold increase in cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity caused by the addition of 50 µM 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) at the onset of a one-way murine mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) between C57BL/6 and DBA/2 splenic lymphocytes appears to be unrelated to early events in the culture: if 2-ME was present for the first 24 hr of culture only, there was no increase on day 4, but if addition of 2-ME was delayed until the last 24 hr of culture, the CTL activity was almost as high as that of cultures that were exposed to 2-ME for the entire 4-day culture period.
The increase of CTL activity caused by delayed addition of 2-ME (“2-ME rescue”) was used to investigate the mechanism by which the thiol induces differentiation of CTL from precursor cells. 2-ME rescue was mimicked by two other thiols, dithiothreitol and cysteamine phosphate, but at higher concentrations. Because the latter compound has no free sulfhydryl group until it diffuses into cells and is enzymatically dephosphorylated, we conclude that thiols may increase the differentiation of CTL from precursor cells by an intracellular process involving free sulfhydryl groups rather than by interaction with membrane sulfhydryls or destruction of inhibitor cells or their products.
Cell separation experiments indicated that 2-ME rescue was independent of the presence of B lymphocytes and of adherent cells (macrophages) and was restricted to a subpopulation of T lymphocytes that developed into large lymphoid precursor cells during the first 3 days in culture even without 2-ME. The development of this subpopulation required DNA synthesis between 24 and 72 hr after the onset of MLC. When 2-ME was added to day -3 MLC, CTL activity increased slightly as early as 4 hr later, but the major increase occurred during the second half of the 24 hr “rescue” period. Because this increase was inhibited by cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C), it seems likely that DNA synthesis is associated with and may be required for the differentiation of large precursor lymphoid cells into CTL after the addition of 2-ME.
A Phosphorycholine Idiotype Related to TEPC 15 in Mice Infected with Ascaris Suum
Authors: Brown Alan R. , Crandall Catherine A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A serum component, binding antigens having phosphorylcholine (PC) determinants were induced in several strains of mice by infection with Ascaris suum. This component was isolated and demonstrated to be an IgM (κ) anti-PC antibody having idiotypic determinants in common with the IgA PC-binding myeloma protein TEPC 15. Rabbit anti-idiotypic antisera prepared with this component had idiotypic specificity for TEPC 15 and cross-idiotypic recognition of MOPC 167 and McPC 603, all IgA PC-binding myeloma proteins. The antisera also recognized determinants not present on TEPC 15.
IgM and idiotype levels were quantitated by radial immunodiffusion and PC-specific antibody measured by hemagglutination (HA) with sheep erythrocytes coated with pneumococcal-C-polysaccharide. Mean IgM levels ranged from 2.5 to 8.7 mg/ml, idiotype from 0.54 to 5.3 mg/ml; and HA titers from 1:512 to 1:130,000 in different mouse strains. The high PC-specific antibody response was duplicated by immunization with dead ascaris larvae or by infection with two other nematode species.
Studies on Tolerance Induction in Vitro
Authors: Schaefer Annette E. , Fishman Marvin , Adler Louise T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The induction of specific immunologic tolerance and its transfer has been studied in the in vitro response of unprimed rabbit spleen cells to solubilized phage antigens. Evidence presented shows that only viable cells transfer tolerance and that the responsible cells appear devoid of membrane-bound antigen but are sensitive to anti-thymocyte serum. It appears, therefore, that although the in vitro response to solubilized S-T2 has no demonstrable requirement for T “helper” cells, it is subject to the action of T “suppressor” cells.
Temporary Inhibition of Antibody-Dependent, Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity by Pretreatment of Human Attacking Cells with Ammonium Chloride
Authors: Yust Israel , Smith Richard W. , Wunderlich John R. , Mann Dean L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Treatment of lymphoid cell preparations with ammonium chloride buffers to remove contaminating erythroid cells markedly reduced the ability of these cells to function as attacking cells in antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity tests (ADCC). The lymphoid cells, however, retained their ability to adhere to antibody-coated target cells Recovery of function 20 hr after exposure to ammonium chloride suggests a metabolic rather than receptor effect of these salts on the ADCC function of lymphocytes.
The Induction of Hapten-Specific Immunologic Tolerance and Immunity in B Lymphocytes
Authors: Fidler John M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An improved adoptive transfer procedure has been developed for the thymus-independent conjugate TNP-LPS. This technique involving delayed immunization results in increased sensitivity and makes possible studies of various cell types, the response of which is normally very low or which are difficult to manipulate experimentally in situ.
The standard adoptive immune response of adult spleen cells to TNP-LPS was low in comparison to the primary AFC response of intact mice. Adult bone marrow cells gave a 30-fold lower and neonatal spleen cells an 8-fold lower adoptive response than an equivalent number of adult spleen cells. If the administration of antigen was delayed past the normal time of immunization (1 hr after cell transfer), the resulting AFC response of adult spleen, adult bone marrow, and neonatal spleen cells was enhanced. The peak response occurred with a delay interval of 4 days, and the magnitude decreased with greater delay. Part of the reason for the decline was an acceleration in the attainment of a peak response in mice given antigen past the 4-day optimum. The enhancement of the adult splenic response was not restricted to the antigen TNP-LPS, and was a transferrable phenomenon which did not require antigen to persist past the 4-day optimum delay period. The ineffectiveness of host pre-irradiation indicated that host recovery alone was not involved. Although the results are more compatible with B cell proliferation causing the enhancement, a combination of effects may be involved.
Two Immunochemically and Physicochemically Distinct Secretory Components from Rat Exocrine Secretions
Authors: Cambier John C. , Butler J. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two proteins were isolated from rat milk by using ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography and shown to be secretory components by the criteria of: a) occurrence as free proteins in exocrine secretions, as well as bound to exocrine IgA while absent from serum and serum IgA, b) immunohistochemical localization in the epithelial cells of the gut, c) dissociability from and in vitro binding to 11 S SIgA, d) cross-reactivity with antisera to mouse and bovine secretory components, and e) significant peptide homology with bovine secretory component.
The secretory components were immunochemically and physicochemically distinct as shown by: a) the lack of cross-reactivity between their specific antisera and differential reactivity with anti-bovine FSC and anti-mouse SC, b) different electrophoretic mobilities, c) DEAE elution profiles, d) carbohydrate contents, e) molecular weights, and f) apparent polypeptide chain constitution. Another interesting difference in the two is that only one of the components dissociates spontaneously from SIgA. Possible functions of two secretory components are discussed.
Induction of Immunologic Tolerance in Nursing Neonates by Absorption of Tolerogen from Colostrum
Authors: Halsey John F. , Benjamin D. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Deaggregated human γ-globulin (DHGG) injected into female mice within 24 hr after delivery of a litter enters the colostrum and is absorbed intact through the intestine by nursing neonates. This absorbed HGG was present in the neonatal circulation at concentrations of 0.3 to 0.6 mg/ml of serum under the experimental conditions used. This absorption of HGG by the nursing neonate resulted in a complete, specific, tolerant state to HGG. This tolerant state was stable upon adoptive cell transfer and could not be abrogated by transfer of normal syngeneic spleen cells.
Local Immunization in the Mammary Glands of the Rabbit
Authors: Hurlimann Jean , Lichaa Mireille 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of a local immunization with bovine serum albumin in the left mammary glands of the rabbit have been compared with those of an intramuscular (i.m.) immunization. The ability of several tissues to synthesize antibodies was studied in vitro with or without in vitro antigenic stimulation, and the antibody class in the plasmocytes of these tissues was determined by immunofluorescence. After i.m. immunization, the serum antibodies synthesized by the spleen and the lymph nodes pass into the milk by transudation; there is no antibody synthesis in the mammary glands. After immunization in the left mammary glands, there is antibody synthesis in the left mammary glands and also in the spleen and lymph nodes. In the mammary glands the antibodies belong essentially to the IgG class and are synthesized by the plasmocytes that infiltrate the granulation tissue around the injection sites. The fragments of the immunized glands are capable of an in vitro secondary response analogous to that made by the spleen and lymph nodes. Thus the local immunization of the mammary glands does not stimulate the secretory immunologic system but elicits an antibody synthesis in the granuloma as in any other tissue. This local immunization also provokes a traffic of sensitized cells to the same lymphoid tissues as an i.m. immunization does.