bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tactical and Procedural Considerations
Authors: Wells Colin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers advising upon the merits of an abuse of process application, noting that the discretionary power to stay an indictment for abuse of process is sparingly exercised. Stay applications should not be viewed as usurping the Crown’s prosecutorial prerogative nor an acceptance of the pre-eminence of the interests of the accused, but rather as judicial control of the trial process to ensure fair play and maintain public confidence in the criminal justice system. Account has to be taken of the public interest in the testing of allegations at a public trial. Further, there are alternative remedies available as part of the trial process, to avoid or minimize prejudice at trial. These include, granting the accused bail, expediting the trial, imposing reporting restrictions, transferring venue, postponing the trial, discharging a jury, exclusion of evidence, use of special measures, and judicial direction in the summing-up. All these can offset any prejudice the accused might suffer as a result of loss of evidence, delay, media attention, and mental incapacity.
Political Settlement Dynamics and the Emergence and Decline of Bureaucratic Pockets of Effectiveness in Ghana
Authors: Abdulai Abdul-Gafaru 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the factors that shape the performance trajectories of three relatively effective public organizations in Ghana, namely, the Ministry of Finance, the Bank of Ghana, and the Ghana Revenue Authority. Drawing on an original investigation of organizational performance under the various political settlements that Ghana has experienced in the past few decades, it argues that although ‘pockets of effectiveness’ can emerge under different political settlement types and dynamics, such agencies are more likely to endure in concentrated political settlements than in contexts characterized by dispersed configurations of power. The main mechanism that links Ghana’s shifting political settlement and organizational performance is the quality of organizational leadership and its relationship to the political leadership of the day. Much depends on whether organizational leaders are (a) deemed politically loyal enough to be awarded the protection required to deliver on their mandate and (b) possess the political management skills required to navigate difficult political conditions. High levels of support (both technical and financial) from international development agencies and the privileged status of these organizations as key nodes of economic governance have undoubtedly helped them attain high levels of performance vis-à-vis the wider public bureaucracy. Nevertheless, the fact that the performance of these agencies has waxed and waned over time, despite international support and mandates being largely constant, suggests that the key to understanding their performance lies with political economy factors, with their effectiveness regularly undermined by the increasingly dispersed nature of power within Ghana’s political settlement and the resultant vulnerability of ruling elites.
Introduction: Against Iconoclasm
Authors: Di Salvo Gina M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Introduction begins with a description of John Dryden’s St. Katherine play and places it in the context of the Restoration reuse of an unexpected and impossible dramatic genre, the early modern saint play. The Renaissance of the Saints After Reform excavates the legends of the saints at a site long thought to be absent of sainthood: the theatre. Building on nearly three decades of important and innovative work since the religious turn in early modern studies, the introduction proposes that early modern theatre was not, in fact, vexed by religion but rather that early modern theatre was invested in dramatizing the vexing parts of religion. The introduction outlines the scope and contributions of the book not only in early modern studies, but also in medieval studies and theatre history. Whereas saints’ lives take on various forms, contexts, and meanings in devotional culture, the pressures of recognizability in the professional theatre of Shakespeare’s time reduce a range of iterations down to an essential core of performatives that identify saints and sainthood on stage. The introduction ends with a brief synopsis of the book’s five chapters and an invitation to consider the saint plays of the early modern era not as the ruined remnants of the medieval past but as new legends of the saints in dramatic form.
Devices of Virgin Martyrdom
Authors: Di Salvo Gina M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores how four outrageous virgin martyr plays address the problem of knowing sainthood. The Virgin Martyr (1619) by Thomas Dekker and Philip Massinger, the anonymous Two Noble Ladies (c.1619–22), The Martyr’d Soldier (c.1619–22) by Henry Shirley, and Saint Patrick for Ireland (1639) by James Shirley all feature angelic apparitions to musical accompaniment, books as apotropaic devices, and the miraculous—and often pyrotechnic—destruction of devils. And, in their formulaic production of virgin martyrdom, they use rape as a test to validate sanctity. This chapter also extends the exploration of virgin martyrdom to the Restoration stage. In that period, Matthew Medbourne and John Dryden composed new plays about SS Cecilia and Katherine, respectively, that replicated much of the repertoire of sanctity without utilizing the device of rape perfected by the earlier plays. The violent miracles of the Jacobean and Caroline virgin martyr plays function as a sort of canonization in the theatre that occurs without adjudication by theology or religious confession.
Introduction
Authors: Jettot Stéphane 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Contemporary pamphlets and novels abounded with allusions to these directories. As they were very familiar to the public, they were mostly only mentioned in passing and so their wider significance is open to debate. Some commentators such as Edmund Burke contended that these publications might fuel a dangerous culture of entitlement among nobles while others deplored their devastating effect on the middling sort. They were also criticized for celebrating the unchecked royal favour and the indiscriminate blending of old families with newcomers. These compilations have been often quoted by historians but they were considered objects worthy of detailed consideration in their own right. They provide new ways of thinking about the social, political, and commercial significance of genealogy between c.1700 and 1840. A rich scholarship on consumption practices and book trade, antiquities, and knowledge networks has been instrumental in the completion of this project.
The Many Ways of Reading and Selling
Authors: Jettot Stéphane 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In the second chapter, the initial typology of Chapter 1 is somewhat blurred as we consider the many and unpredictable ways in which these directories were used. The literary trope of the isolated old patriarch absorbed in the reading of his Baronetage (Jane Austen, Persuasion) is well known but should not obscure many other practices. As most pocketbooks were not kept safely in libraries and were unlikely to be preserved, their relevance for both landed elite and middle sort has been underestimated. From the customers’ letters to publishers and from their surviving marginalia, it appears that titled and landed families hesitated between the need for practical guides and the desire to see their name included in a more exclusive and gratifying publication. Similarly, expensive folios were made accessible to modest antiquarians through loans and personal relations, while their contents were also serialized through gazettes or cheaper formats available in circulating libraries. Against all odds, directories were used by readers and several publishers to gather gossip and unflattering anecdotes, which in the later eighteenth century fed a more radical agenda.
Oeconomy in A Chaste Maid in Cheapside and Macbeth
Authors: Enderwitz Anne 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Building on the discussion of oeconomy in Chapter 1, this chapter explores the configuration of households in Middleton’s A Chaste Maid in Cheapside and Shakespeare’s Macbeth. A Chaste Maid presents an anatomy of urban households in seventeenth century London and is explicitly concerned with material gain. Macbeth pictures a noble household in medieval Scotland and appears more interested in the interface of oeconomy and politics. Yet both plays explore the demise of oeconomy as an ethical paradigm of socio-economic exchanges. Furthermore, in both plays, the household functions both as topos and trope to explore the transformative potential of commercial society. By reading A Chaste Maid together with Macbeth, the chapter establishes crucial connections between oeconomy and commerce and traces their political implications. It also renders apparent the tragedy’s engagement with a commercial logic that recognizes self-interest as a strong motivational force.
Actions and Events
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Sellars wishes to elucidate the precise sense in which reasons can be causes. All language transitions are cases of association—beliefs cause other beliefs, and intentions cause actions. But we can use a metalanguage to reason about these transitions; it is because I can reason: A A implies B Therefore, B that the thought that-A is not merely the associative cause of the thought that-B, but is also (in rational animals such as ourselves) the reason for the thought that-B. Further, to ascribe a belief or an intention to someone is to imply that the utterance is an instance of a certain way of functioning. “Function” here is understood normatively; hence, the connection between moral judgment and action (or a belief, and the subsequent belief which it would normally cause and for which it serves as a reason) is not merely logically contingent, even if the causal connection sometimes fails.
Conditional Promises and Conditional Intentions
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this essay, Sellars elaborates on his account of conditional intentions in response to an objection from Hector-Neri Castañeda. Conditional intentions take the form, “Shall [I finish my essay at time t → I visit Bruce Aune at time t′]”. Castañeda argues that Sellars’s basic principle—that the logic of intentions is parasitic on the logic of their contents—creates counterintuitive results. For example, the above intention would be logically equivalent to its contrapositive—“Shall [I do not visit Bruce Aune at time t′ → I do not finish my essay at time t]”—which is not a good expression of a conditional intention. Sellars argues that Castañeda’s objection can be overcome if we distinguish more carefully between those elements of an intention which are introduced via his principle So-be-it—and so are considered as given, or not up to the agent—and those that are taken to be up to the agent.
The Binkley–Sellars Correspondence, 1956–1959
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This correspondence with Robert Binkley primarily concerns the 1956 (Methodos) version of “Intention, Imperatives, and the Logic of ‘Ought’” (IIO). Sellars and Binkley are chiefly concerned with two issues here. The first is with universalizability: For example, how does it follow from the fact that the good of society requires that people generally do A, that I should do A? Sellars argues that moral claims issue “inference tickets” of the form, “P is a person in C” implies “Shall [P doing A]” The second main issue Sellars and Binkley discuss is reasoning among intentions. Sellars and Binkley both introduce versions of the “Shall”-operator (a device Sellars did not employ in IIO), and suggest rules governing this operator.
The Database
Authors: Motz Christopher F. , Wallrodt John 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a brief description and discussion of the essential structure and organization of the PARP:PS database, which provided a centralized, organizational structure for the creation, storage, and analysis of the project’s many and varied datasets. This chapter is intended primarily to provide an example of effective database use and to give readers a general understanding of how the database informed the conclusions reached elsewhere in the present volume. The first section discusses how the database was used as a tool for gathering and storing archaeological data during fieldwork and it explains the database’s role during post-excavation analysis, focusing on how the publication team used the system to organize information and to answer research questions. The second section outlines the database’s organization and interface.
A Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) Survey of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Tucker Gregory 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey—undertaken by the British School at Rome on behalf of the project—sought to locate, map, and identify subsurface features, both to guide decision-making on trench locations and to provide insight into areas left unexcavated. This chapter describes the techniques adopted for the GPR survey and synthesizes some of the results of the work, contextualizing them within the phased narrative established by the stratigraphic excavation. The survey was best able to identify buried walls, tanks, and drains, contributing data to interpretations on the earliest shapes of buildings, the transition from production to retail activities, and the reformation of spaces in the final phase of ancient activity. The success of the work was especially dependent on the close and dynamic relationship between the excavation and survey teams through both the fieldwork and interpretive phases, allowing the project to allocate its resources more efficiently and effectively.
Phase 1
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Evidence for the archaic development of Pompeii appears in many forms just inside the Porta Stabia. Despite heavy disturbance caused by subsequent building activities, early features survive well enough to demonstrate that the alignment of the roads and structures of this first occupational phase closely corresponded to those of the last occupational phase. The earliest iteration of the via Stabiana, built from the local Mercato ash and with imported gray ash, ran north to south towards the earliest phase of the city gate. On both sides of the road, structures rose on top of pappamonte block foundations. After an early burst of activity in the sixth century bce, there was a hiatus in construction until the late fourth century bce, when a new road in imported gray ash replaced the earlier version. This road was repaved regularly and flanked by new structures, which incorporated reused stones from the earlier buildings of the sixth century bce.
Phase 2
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Phase 2 saw no significant architectural changes to the Porta Stabia area; it brought, however, the first evidence of production activities in the neighborhood. At this time, ceramic production became an active industry, as attested by the remains of a square kiln to the east of the via Stabiana and several tanks found on both sides of the street that may have been used to levigate clay. Incipient fish-salting activities might be attested by the partial remains of a tank that still held a thin deposit rich with fish scales and bones; the remains foreshadow an industry that later dominated the area. Along the via Stabiana, new sidewalks of packed-earth with mortar skims replaced earlier surfaces of Mercato ash.
Phase 3
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the architectural changes that transformed the two insulae in the last quarter of the second century bce through the early first century bce. At this time, the buildings that will define the neighborhood through to 79 ce began to take shape. The three southernmost properties to the west of the via Stabiana in Insula VIII.7, and the one southernmost property to the east in Insula I.1, rose over and obliterated the features of the previous two phases. Some continuity of function is evident in Insula I.1, however, where the kiln of the early ceramics workshop (Phase 2) was replaced by a new kiln. Close to the potter’s workshop, at the southwestern corner of Insula I.1, a public well was constructed. The architectural changes of the neighborhood correspond to the widespread urban development of Pompeii in this period.
Phase 5
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In the fifth phase of occupation, economic pursuits continued in the properties, but in ways that were entirely different from those of the previous phase. All of the fish-salting tanks and the tannery tanks of Phase 4, almost in a single event, were put out of use, filled, and covered by new floors. In the place of these manufacturing workshops, commercial ventures rose. Taking advantage of the heavy pedestrian and cart traffic to sell food and other goods, the occupants installed bar counters, always at the front of a property adjacent to the via Stabiana; workshops were turned into retail shops. These series of neighborhood-wide developments reshaped both the structural and socio-economic character of this corner of the city, in keeping with changes sweeping through the Roman world as a whole.
Phase 7
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The final phase of life in the Porta Stabia neighborhood covers the years between the earthquake in 62/3 ce and the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 ce. As with the rest of Pompeii, the buildings here required substantial repair and reconstruction works following the devastating earthquake. All of the reconstruction followed established alignments: walls were built on previous foundations and wall stubs; floors were set down over old floors. The construction techniques demonstrate the speed and urgency with which the work was done. Reconstructed walls of this period included various debris, such as chunks of mortar and plaster, pieces of opus signinum floor paving, broken tiles and amphorae, reused stones, and even groups of stones mortared together. The haste resulted in poor-quality architecture that nevertheless remained standing until the final destruction in 79 ce.
The Properties through the Phases
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides succinct summaries on the development of each building in Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 at Pompeii’s Porta Stabia and is intended to serve as a reference for readers who wish to understand the sequence of a particular property over its complete occupational history. The summarized, uninterrupted narratives of the chapter are intended to guide readers to more detailed passages included in the preceding phase chapters. Beginning at the southern side of Insula I.1, we briefly describe our observations within each property from the earliest identifiable activities up to 79 ce, before moving again from south to north through the properties of Insula VIII.7. All of the information provided appears across the phase chapters.
The Porta Stabia Gate and Fortification
Authors: van der Graaff Ivo 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Porta Stabia at Pompeii was one of the seven major gates that offered access through the fortifications of the city. Throughout Pompeii’s lifetime the gate served to anchor its street network connecting the via Stabiana, the main the cardo of the city, with the Sarno River valley and its harbor to the south. The Pompeii Archaeological Research Project: Porta Stabia conducted excavations at the gate to understand its historical development and the relationship it had with the surrounding neighborhood and the wider city. This chapter presents the results of these excavations highlighting the critical phases of development for the Porta Stabia and the associated fortifications in this sector of the city. It also tracks the social, religious, and architectural role of the gate in the history of Pompeii.
The Contexts
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a list of each of the stratigraphic contexts created in the excavations of the Porta Stabia neighborhood at Pompeii. Some primary but necessarily abbreviated information is provided for each context, including short descriptions, phasing, and an account of the depositional formation context.
The Harris Matrices
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides the Harris Matrices for each of the trenches excavated across the Porta Stabia neighborhood at Pompeii. It also includes a Site-wide Harris Matrix that physically and analogically connects each of the phases from each trench into a larger structural phased development of the neighborhood. These Harris Matrices are a schematic illustration of the stratified relationships of each of the archaeological contexts, the primary value of which is to more readily demonstrate the phase to which each context is associated.
The Bar Counters of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Wenner Sarah 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief description and catalog for the four shop counters that survive—albeit much reconstructed today—in Insula I.1; none was ever constructed in Insula VIII.7. All four counters were built in the early first century ce, during a time of increased specialization in the retail market, which conforms with the general pattern of known counters elsewhere throughout Pompeii and beyond. All of the counters were built directly onto the floor surface, and they were also of masonry rather than wooden construction, possibly with marble or painted plaster decoration. Three of them show evidence of vessels having been incorporated into their structure.
The Cisterns of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Motz Christopher F. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The study of Pompeii’s private water supplies has long focused on elite architecture, with features like impluvia, guttered peristyles, and pressurized water pipes often presented as canonical. These features, however, are absent from the Porta Stabia properties. This chapter, therefore, contributes new insights to our understanding of water collection and storage among the city’s sub-elite population. The chapter first examines the construction of the thirteen excavated cisterns and their development over time. Next, their capacities are analyzed, and it is demonstrated that they had smaller dimensions and could hold far less of the available rainwater than known cisterns from other cities as well as from elsewhere at Pompeii. This may reflect limited investment by the neighborhood’s property owners, as well as a shared reliance on other nearby sources of water. Finally, the catalog includes detailed descriptions of the cisterns themselves and their supply and drainage systems, including a possible water filter.