bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Key Success Factors of 3D OBN Survey in a Congested Oil Field in the Caspian Sea
Authors: Belaid Kamel Habib , Rouis Lamia , Khdhaouria Mourad , Rondon Aldrin , Ameish Giamal , Li Xiaoliang , Lyu Xiaolin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In this paper, we present and demonstrate that the implementation of an efficient Project Management Strategy has effectively contributed in a safe and successful completion of a very complex 3D OBN Seismic Survey in congested Oil fields. Thus, delivering high quality data on schedule and within the predetermined budget at the full satisfaction of all involved parties and stakeholders.
Strong commitment to HSSE Standards and working as an integrated One-Team with full collaboration and continuous communication between all the Team members are among the main Success Factors of the 3D seismic survey which was carried out during the critical period of COVID-19. Moreover, the deployment of experienced personnel, advanced and reliable Technologies with adequate equipment have also extended the efficiency of this OBN 3D seismic survey.
Preliminary results of 3D seismic data processing, interpretation and reservoir characterization are also briefly presented and discussed as a clear enhancement of data quality was already observed compared to the legacy 3D OBC data set.
A fast track small 3D cube was successfully processed as an utmost and urgent priority for appraisal well selection, design and drilling.
Excelling in Subsurface Unscheduled Deferment: Showcasing Best-In-Class Performance in Field X in the Southern of Oman
Authors: Al Shukaili Ghosin Nasser , Al Ajmi Ahmed Hussain , Al Kindi Said Sailim , Al Riyami Said Nasser , Al Matroushi Saif Mohammed , Al Lawati Mehdi Mohamed , Urdaneta Gerardo Antonio , Morinata Marpaung Billman 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
One of PDO operated field in southern Oman (Field X) was seeing an increase with time in subsurface unscheduled deferment reaching 3.7% of total field potential in 2020. This percentage of subsurface unscheduled deferment was far away from local (2%) and global (1%) top quartile.
Field X considered is one of the oldest fields in southern Oman and currently producing over 90 K bbl/d of net oil from over 2200 oil producers, distributed across 23 fields. The oil is being processed by 5 main stations. Very dynamic operation taking place in Filed X with more than 1600 well interventions yearly. Due to these facts, Subsurface unscheduled deferment management in Field X is a real challenge. And If this business pain not resolved, an average of 3,800 bbl/d unscheduled sub-surface deferment will continue and accumulate.
In a phase-wise approach, a dedicated workshop on subsurface deferment reduction was carried out with all the stakeholders in 2020 to reach the potential solutions to reduce unplanned subsurface deferment in Field X. The four main elements for this pain are Fail Less, Restoration cycle time, resources management and data visualization.
Since 2020 Field X subsurface unscheduled deferment has been decreasing dramatically to 2.9% in 2021 and 2.4% in 2022, approaching local top quartile (2%). A historical record has been achieved in September 2022 by reducing the unscheduled subsurface deferment to only 0.8% beating both local and global (1%) top quartile. This paper will discuss the methodology and best practices that led to achieve such results.
The First Off-Grid Solar Power Plant in Iraq
Authors: Ma Rui , Liu Junxian 
Published: March 2023

AbstractMore and more countries around the world are putting more focus on renewable energies due to the surging price of energy and highly concern about environment issues. Solar energy has significant growth and development in recent years, becoming one of the fastest growing sources of renewable energy worldwide. Countries in Middle East, has shown increasing interest in developing its solar energy sector. Iraqi government has launched several initiatives aimed at increasing the use of solar energy and is committed to developing the country's solar energy sector as a means of reducing its dependence on oil exports and meeting its growing energy demand.Faihaa Field 2.5 MW Solar Power Plant, which is located in Block 9 approximately 50 km north of Basra City, was invested and commissioned by Kuwait Energy Basra Limited. The power plant is an off-grid 2.5 MW PV solar power plant with 2.5 MWh battery energy storage system. After we put this plant into operation, it has already saved us 1,732 liters diesel per day. Additionally, solar energy is a zero emission energy, so it also help to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. This is the first off-grid solar power plant in Iraq, which is a notable milestone for solar energy development in this country. The solar energy industry in Iraq will benefit from this project's valuable experience and trained technical team.
Concept of Half-Jacket and Retractable Joints to Restore Offshore Platform's Structural Integrity
Authors: Chatterjee Prabir Kumar , Shah Jinesh 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis paper presents a new approach of offshore jacket strengthening with rigidly connected members with minimum number of clamps and bolts. Horizontal and diagonal braces between two successive elevations of a jacket in a plane may be combined to form a prefabricated X-frame which will be able to replace a set of existing damaged members. To facilitate easy installation, X-frame will be assembled along with its connecting half-clamps and one side of the X-frame will be provided with retractable ends. The annulus portion of the movable ends of the X-frame will be grouted to make rigidly joined new braces. Additionally, the concept of half-jacket has been utilized to create additional deck space required for operational purpose. The half-jacket will be integrated to the existing structure by rigid subsea connections. The case study involves an aging offshore platform that undergoes a large amount of horizontal movement due to environmental loads. In spite of earlier upgrade with new piles and clamped braces, the substructure is found to be considerably flexible as a result of loose clamps and construction tolerance provided at the ends of each member. A detailed analytical study has been performed with the proposed strengthening scheme that shows significant improvement of the platform movement due to extreme environmental loads.
Amplitude-Preserving Reconstruction Method for 3D Irregular Data Based on Improved POCS Algorithm
Authors: Ni Yudong , Xu Yinpo , Long Bo , Liu Xinggang , Zhang Chun , Ren Guang , Wang Mingliang 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn an increasingly complex exploration environment, the acquired seismic data are incomplete and irregular, and field interference often seriously affects the S/N (signal-to-noise ratio) of complex seismic signals. At the same time, weak seismic signals in deep geophysical target are always covered by field noise. How to effectively reconstruct irregular seismic signals and suppress field noise is still a key problem in high-precision seismic exploration. The paper systematically analyzes the inverse problem of sparse optimization for noise suppression of field interferences in irregular seismic data under the framework of 3D curvelet transform, and proposes an amplitude-preserving reconstruction technique for 3D irregular data based on improved POCS algorithm with iterative soft threshold. On the basis of achieving highly sparse representation, the effective seismic signal is inversed iteratively through the change of S/N of adjacent traces to effectively improve the S/N of complex seismic data. At the same time, when solving the sparse optimization problem, the dividing point of noise and effective wave curvelet coefficient is obtained by constructing the ratio formula of curvelet coefficient, which lays the foundation for accurately suppressing noises and reconstructing weak seismic signals. The application of actual data shows that the method can suppress the noises in the complex seismic data, recover the missing data effectively, and improve the fidelity of the reconstructed data.
The Application of Deblending Offshore 3D DAS VSP Data
Authors: Li Fei , Song Jiawen , Zhang Yanbin , Chen Yuanzhong , Yin Tiankui , Han Jianxin , Li Qingfeng , Yu Gang 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe high productivity blended acquisition technique greatly improves the acquisition efficiency. However, this technology also introduces serious interference noise from adjacent sources. An efficient data deblending method based on sparse inversion is used to separate the simultaneous sources for offshore 3D DAS VSP data. Due to the difference in coherence between main source and blended noise on the time-space common receiver point gathers, which can be expressed by the sparsity in the FKK domain, we can solve the effective signal by imposing additional constraints on the unknown signal model. The signal model with gradually improved signal-to-noise ratio can be obtained by subtracting interference noise from simultaneous sources. The method has been proved to be efficient and useful in separating the main source from the interference noise by using the Offshore 3d DAS VSP data. It should be pointed out that this method is not applicable to the data acquired in the area with irregular spatial distribution of shot points because this method requires 3D FKK transformation of common receiver point data.
A Numerical Study of the Influence of Rock Mineralization on CO2 Storage
Authors: Bello Ayomikun , Dorhjie Desmond Batsa , Ivanova Anastasia , Cheremisin Alexey 
Published: March 2023

AbstractOne of the anthropogenic greenhouse gases that significantly affects the climate is CO2, and it may be possible to lower its emission by sequestering it in an appropriate geological subsurface formation. For secure and effective sequestration, it is necessary to answer questions relating to enhancing the reaction rates of rock minerals to speed up sequestration, understanding the critical reservoir parameters involved with geochemically induced changes and how they affect mineralization, and the affinity of rock minerals for dissolution or precipitation in the presence of CO2 and reservoir brine. Therefore, in this paper, a case study of CO2 sequestration in a saline aquifer was investigated by using a numerical simulator to examine the impacts of injection period, temperature, pressure, and salinity on the CO2 mineralization trapping mechanism during the sequestration process. Nine intra-aqueous and seven mineral reactions were modeled to investigate the dissolution and precipitation of formation minerals. The results of this work can provide the appropriate mineralization temperatures at which each of the simulated minerals can either dissolve or precipitate. Calcite and dolomite mineralize more effectively at medium and lower temperatures, despite the fact that the reaction of other minerals such as illite, kaolinite, K-feldspar, and quartz will be more favored at high temperatures. Porosity and pH showed only slight variations, but they were sufficient to show how the dynamics of mineral reactivity and mineralization trapping efficiency had changed.
An Experimental Study on the Effect of Gas on the Performance of a Multi-parallel Pipe Oil-Water Separator (MPPS)
Authors: Asaadian Hamidreza , Stanko Milan 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis work presents a comprehensive experimental study on the effect of gas on the performance of oil-water bulk separation in a multi-parallel pipe separator (MPPS). Several flowrates of gas, up to 10% volume fraction were tested and values of separation efficiency and water cut ratio were estimated from measurements. Also, the three-phase flow pattern upstream the separator inlet is reported.Exxsol D60 spiked with 700 ppm of crude oil, 3.4 wt% NaCl saltwater, and air were used in steady-state and transient tests on a transparent 6.1 m long, 15.24 cm diameter, separator prototype. Preliminary values of separation efficiency and water cut ratio were measured over a variety of total flow rates (300 to 700 L/min), water cuts (WC, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90%), and water extraction rates (ER, 50% to 90% the rate of inlet water)It is observed that the gas phase accumulates at higher sections of the separator (i.e. at the inlet section after the splitting and at the exit section where water rich fluid is tapped from the bottom of the pipe). It seems the reduction in separation performance is due to turbulence caused by the gas and reduced cross section for the oil-water mixture to flow. The higher the gas flow rate, the lower the separation efficiency and water cut ratio. The presence of gas impacts more flow conditions with low water cuts including 30 and 50%. The presence of gas has less negative impact on separator performance when the liquid flow rate is high. Results show even small amounts of gas entering the separator have a significant detrimental effect on oil-water separation.Pipe oil-water separators have several advantages over heavy gravity vessels, including cost, compactness, ease of deployment and enable energy saving by separating close to the source. However, this study shows that the presence of gas can impact dramatically their performance. Thus, the performance of upstream gas separation must be studied closely.
Lower Completion Design for Water Control Inflow Based on Logging While Tripping Data, A Case of Study
Authors: Celma Rafael , Douik Hela , Almarzooqi Maitha , Alawadhi Abdulaziz 
Published: March 2023

AbstractOil production nowadays become more challenging worldwide from high depletion and water production. New devices for water control are available in the market, but an integration with borehole data is critical for optimizing the ratio between oil recovery and water constraint. In this case study, the production forecast for the well was of 600 bd with no water, however the initial well test gave a production of 50 bd with 95% water cut. The main reason behind this contrasting result was unexpected structural features connected with lower aquifers.A lower completion design with water control devices was put in place based on open hole data. To reduce the uncertainty and optimize the design, a logging acquisition of resistivity and caliper was suggested to evaluate the remaining fluids of the reservoir and how much of the water was related to reservoir depletion. Due to a rig restriction (a hoist unit) a pipe convey method to acquire data through logging was not possible. Instead logging while tripping was utilized, and we could successfully acquire a reliable caliper, resistivity, and density neutron readings. These results helped us refining the design, optimizing the amount of control devices, and securing the packer placement in the best zones for proper swelling.After the flow to clean process, the well tested 250 barrels of oil with 20% water cut which is aligned with the prediction during the design and planning stage.
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Surface Cleavage and Exposure Time on Rock Wettability
Authors: Aboushanab Mahmoud Sami , Al Naimi Khaloud , Mahmoud Mohamed , Arif Muhammad 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe wettability behavior of reservoir rocks is recognized as a key factor that influences oil recovery. Several recent studies have investigated factors affecting wettability. However, a thorough understanding of all the elements influencing rock wettability remains elusive. Surface wettability is known to be influenced by a range of operating conditions and the surface-related parameters e.g., surface roughness, surface chemistry etc. While these factors have been rigorously reported before, one key factor that received little or no attention is the surface cleavage. In particular, pure calcite mineral demonstrates multiple cleavage plane, and thus wettability of freshly cleaved calcite can vary depending on the cleavage plane, which can also be very different to the wettability of calcite surface exposed to the atmosphere. Moreover, the traditionally reported macro-scale contact angles lack a bit in terms of the identification of three-phase contact line, and thus the use of high-resolution micro-scale approaches for contact angle measurement becomes essential. Thus, in this study, we investigate the wettability of freshly cleaved and exposed calcite and quartz surfaces and examine the difference in the observed wetting behavior. The contact angles were measured at both micro- and macro-scale using a conventional sessile drop method and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), respectively to also examine any additional impact of the scale of observation. Advanced image analysis algorithm is then used to process the droplet image and examine the contact angles. Additionally, FTIR spectroscopy is also used to determine the surface chemistry changes in the exposed surfaces that would lead to any wettability alteration. The results of this study indicate that the contact angles observed for both freshly cleaved calcite and freshly fractured quartz are much less than the contact angles of the exposed calcite and quartz – suggesting that freshly cleaved surfaces are more hydrophilic than their exposed versions. Thus, much caution should be considered during dealing with calcite and quartz; as exposure time could be a crucial factor in wettability determination.
A Production Prediction Solution for Tight Gas Formation with Water-Blocking Damage
Authors: Lu Fawei , He Yuchun , Fan Zhaoya , Ren Bonan , Rao Guang , Gao Bei , Chen Jichao 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWith the increase of energu demand of oil and gas and the decrease of conventional oil and gas resources in China, the exploration and development of tight gas reservoirs has becomes the first priority to enlarge gas reserves. The middle-deep sandstone of the Huagang Formation in the Xihu Sag of the East China Sea belongs to the category of tight sandstone reservoirs and is a typical low-permeability, low-porosity reservoir[Xu,G et al. 2012], with strong water-blocking damage, and drill-stem test (DST) results from many wells were showed much lower production than what expected. Conventional productivity evaluation methods are also difficult to accurately evaluated productivity with water-blocking damage condition.In this paper we integrated core experiment, water-drive gas experiment, gas-drive water experiment, wireline formation test (WFT) results, logging interpretation, formation evaluation results, and numerical simulation analysis and proposed a new production prediction solution for a tight gas formation with strong water-blocking damage. The workflow is following:First, mobility as a dynamic measurement derived from WFT was studied, which clarified that the near-wellbore zone has experienced water-based mud invasion.Second, based on WFT, core lab data, well logging interpretation results, and neural network rock typing method, the formation was characterized into different rock types. The characteristics of each rock type and its degree of water-blocking damage were researched.Then based on dozens of core lab data, the relationship between maximum gas relative permeability (Krg) and absolute permeability was identified. Furthermore, based on the correlation among core lab data, well logging interpreted permeability curve and maximum Krg, the effective permeability profile can be deduced. This profile can help to estimate the approximate maximum productivity of a well, but not accurately enough without irreducible water saturation input.Third, with calibrated permeability and saturation, a single well model was built with different rock typing results. Each rock type was assigned with the corresponding relative permeability lab data. By this, the process of productivity prediction from the different rock types and the effect of water-blocking damage with the changing of water saturation can be demonstrated.This solution cannot only simulate gas production with water saturation changing at the initial stage of production, but also simulates the water-blocking damage caused by mud invasion into the formation. It reproduces the generation and release process of "water-blocking."After verification with multiple wells, this solution can accurately provide production evaluation for a tight gas reservoir with water-blocking damage. It also confirmed the influence of water blocking on tight gas production.
Investigation of Anionic-Nonionic Surfactants for EOR in Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Scerbacova Alexandra , Barifcani Ahmed , Phan Chi , Cheremisin Alexey 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn this work, four linear alkyl ether carboxylates (AECs) C11E5A, C11E11A, C12E4A, and C12E7A were examined as agents for surfactant EOR. Their main properties that have a key effect on surfactants' performance during flooding were investigated: stability, interfacial tension (IFT), wetting ability, and spontaneous imbibition in limestone samples. The thermal stability and salinity tolerance was correlated with the molecular structure of AECs. IFT on the boundary with n-decane and crude oil was evaluated with the spinning drop tensiometry method at five temperatures in the range between 25°C and 70°C and various salinities. The wettability was studied through contact angle measurements of deionized water on the limestone plate surface. The core plates were aged in oil for 14 days to obtain the hydrophobic carbonate surface and then treated with surfactant compositions for 48 hours at 70°C. The wettability alteration mechanism was assessed through the Rock-Eval pyrolysis method, which was not previously applied for this purpose.The experiments showed that ethylene oxide (EO) chain length influences the stability of AECs. It was found that the temperature rise substantially impacts a surfactant with a longer EO chain C11E11A. In contrast, brine salinity significantly affects the interfacial behavior of AEC with a shorter EO chain. C12E7A strongly hydrophilizes the surface, and the contact angle decreases from 110° to 15÷20°. The Rock-Eval pyrolysis analysis indicated that C12E7A has a better wetting ability due to a combination of "cleaning" (washing of hydrocarbons from the core sample surface) and "coating" (adsorption of surfactant molecules on cleaned spaces) mechanisms.