bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction to immunization financing and expenditure
Authors: Brenzel Logan , Malaviya Shreena 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Trends in immunization spending highlight the resources that have been mobilized to achieve a particular level of coverage, as well as future financing needs for a sustainable program. This chapter provides an overview of immunization expenditures by source, including development assistance, private financing, and national governments. By 2017, $10.2 billion dollars were spent per year on immunization globally, with government spending accounting for the largest share overall However, donor financing plays a larger role in lower income countries. The role of vaccine prices and variation across regions is discussed. The levels of support from Gavi, the vaccine alliance and how that support changes with country income up to transition from Gavi support is explored. The benefits of tracking national immunization spending as well as the various methods and data sources are presented.
Financing of immunization programs
Authors: Brenzel Logan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Ensuring adequate funding to immunize all newborn children every year with the vaccines in the national schedule and new vaccines to be introduced requires considerable resources. This chapter provides an overview of the ways in which countries are currently financing both the vaccine and delivery components of their immunization programs from various sources including national and subnational government funding. The incorporation of vaccines and immunization within the basic benefits package of national health insurance is explored and country experiences discussed. Health taxes, the challenges of earmarking spending, and private, household, out-of-pocket spending for immunization are reviewed. The chapter concludes with a discussion on how budgetary space for immunization can be increased and the role of utilizing resources more efficiently particularly in countries with fiscal constraints.
Explaining the use of coalition agreements as control devices
Authors: Klüver Heike , Bäck Hanna , Krauss Svenja 
Published: April 2023

AbstractChapter 2 presents the theoretical framework. This chapter lays out the theoretical assumptions that we make about the central actors and the motivations that drive their behavior. Afterwards, the chain of delegation in coalition governments is explained to understand how multiparty cabinets work and what challenges they are facing. This will be followed by illustrating how coalition agreements can be used as control devices to deal with the problems of delegation that occur in coalition cabinets. Most importantly, the conditions under which coalition parties use coalition agreements to control their partners are discussed. Since writing extensive coalition agreements is costly, coalition governments carefully weigh the costs and benefits of negotiating detailed agreements. The major argument of this chapter is that coalition agreements are important control devices, but that their use varies with the preference configuration and the allocation of ministerial portfolios in coalition governments.
Ban and Bother
Authors: Jensen Helle Strandgaard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the Children’s Television Workshop’s efforts to sell Sesame Street to Britain. It shows that the Workshop was extremely interested in selling to the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) due to its important position in the European broadcasting landscape. However, this failed because the BBC already had a long and very different tradition of producing children’s television. Importantly, the BBC’s views of childhood, education, and television production culture differed greatly from the Workshop’s. The chapter also explains how and why Sesame Street ended up being broadcast on the commercial Independent Television network. Based on an analysis of meetings, production of preschool television, personal networks, and British broadcasting culture, the chapter shows why the question of Sesame Street in Britain turned into a massive cultural conflict in 1971 that became a complex issue to resolve.
Publius among the fishes
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A year after Augustus’s death, while one of the Vitellii brothers, the courtly Lucius Vitellius, was at the slow shifting centre of the empire, the other, Publius, was at its northernmost edge facing clearer and more present danger. Lucius was in Rome with his wife and their son, the future emperor Aulus, who the augurs said should never be in charge of an army. Publius, whose birth auguries were unrecorded, was in Germany proving that the family prophets might have got the wrong man. In temporary command of two legions, he was leading an unnecessary march that had become a mass drowning.
Words for a palace
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
As the courtiers of Tiberius adjusted to his power, outside the gates of the Palatine, were ever more parades of gifts to him from abroad. A wise diplomat kept his flattery short and his offerings effusive. The mass of the Roman people appreciated the respect shown to their emperor by exotic slaves and animals, a man who was nine feet tall, a hunchback, a dwarf, a giraffe or a giant fish. Monsters massaged the egos of those citizens who, if not wealthy or well fed, could at least feel comfortingly normal. In the absence of regular gladiatorial games, generous feasts and other necessities of electoral politics, this was flattery to the whole city population. Dead monsters were popular too, massive bones and tusks which, at an age long before the knowledge of dinosaurs, might be relics of beasts killed by Hercules.
Pen and knives
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The coming man was a courtier soldier, Lucius Aelius Sejanus. His unique source of power was the Praetorian guard, an elite force that he had taken over from his father, a pioneer of foie gras, and hugely enhanced. Sejanus’s power was military but his skills were courtly, not confrontational in the conventional warrior way. He was a soldier trained in household service, more adept than those who burnished their independent pasts, a soldier whose command was not over imperial expansion but over the Palatine. When the emperor said that he hated flatterers, Sejanus was there to be the military man, the type of straight-dealing officer that Tiberius had admired on manoeuvres. When it was time for a banquet of congratulation, Sejanus ruled the tables.
Profits from propinquity
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
What was worrying to the members of the court left behind was not Tiberius’s retreat to Capri but the length of his stay there. Without regular sightings of the man from whom authority fell, fewer knew where it was falling. Courtiers needed to show that they were in the inner circle. If a man was deemed down and out of favour, there was only a short step to his prosecution for treason, the simple charge of no longer being the emperor’s friend. Succession was again the story. In 31 CE the order came from Capri that Agrippina’s youngest son, 19-year-old Caligula, should be sent to join the boys in Tiberius’s entourage. Thrasyllus joked that the newcomer had as much chance of becoming emperor as of riding on water over the bay of Naples. But the last male heir to Germanicus stayed in the race. Aulus Vitellius became his friend.
Torture of an actress
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Cassius Chaerea was a guardsman softened by court life whom Caligula enjoyed mocking as effeminate, giving him erotic daily passwords to hand on to his men, turning his own security into a sexual comedy. Quintilia was an actress, suspected of knowledge of an assassination plot. Caligula hoped that Chaerea would be so determined to prove his masculinity that he would be her especially brutal torturer. Chaerea did what he was told to do. Quintilia revealed nothing. Maybe she had not known much. Chaerea so wrecked her body and face that even Caligula himself felt guilty. When the emperor ordered compensation for the no longer beautiful actress, Chaerea was ridden by guilt. He followed Caligula into a corridor and hacked him with his sword. Others added blows. Loyal bodyguards briefly fought the assassins but there was little loyalty to Caligula once he was dead.
Garden ornaments
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The new emperor Claudius was content with the household being a government. He had few links to the clubs of Roman life. His nervousness in speech separated him from the senate. At key moments he had been deemed too weak to be even worth killing. The weapons of the weak, insincerity and flattery, were his own. Freed slaves, scribes and cooks, eunuchs for food-tasting or sex, were his people. Claudius gave out gold rings with his own portrait to designate those who had free access to him. In Lucius Vitellius’s garden, among the traditional household gods in stone and wood, were now others in gold, recognisable as Pallas the accountant, Narcissus the master of the post, Callistus the sifter of petitions and Polybius the speechwriter, all former slaves themselves. Their statues were a reminder that courtiers could grant favours just as could gods.
Oedipus and actors
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
As a former consul, Aulus remained a senator. Early in Nero’s reign it became even easier to combine the roles of senator and courtier. A senate meeting was held at the palace so that Agrippina could listen from behind a curtain. When the senators used coins, they saw Agrippina on the obverse and Nero relegated to the back, sometimes together like a kissing couple. But like Seneca, Agrippina began running out of ways to control Nero. She looked for others who might keep him in line, perhaps Rubellius Plautus, descendent of Augustus and son of Tiberius’s friend, Blandus of Tibur. As her influence further waned, the mother was reduced to seeking any affection from her son that she could. She played the seductress. Whether by sex or heavy flirtation, few could certainly say.
Dish of Minerva
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The scenes of Nero at dinner were all familiar, Halotus the food-taster, still hovering, two of Nero’s childhood tutors present, Anicetus and Seneca, Nero’s mistress, Poppaea, on the couch where Agrippina would have been if Anicetus had not run his sword through her womb and Seneca were not left with the task of explaining the murder. Nero himself, more panicked than liberated, was still seeing his mother with him as a very angry ghost. Not even the dining room’s keenest flatterers could persuade Nero that his plan to rid himself of Agrippina on a boat after a party had gone well. A poisoning in public had seemed impossible. Seneca had been a determined protector of the empress who had rescued him from Corsica. Burrus, the Praetorian guard commander, had backed Seneca. They had seen Agrippina as the only brake on Nero’s worst ambitions. Now Agrippina was gone.
Blackened tables
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Seneca saw his advice as far superior to anything in the past from Lucius Vitellius. The man celebrated for loyalty had, he thought, indulged his patrons too much. He had encouraged Caligula to see himself talking to the moon. Even more importantly, Lucius was dead. His son might as well have been dead too for all the good he did. Seneca’s advice was subtle, vulnerable to being overturned in his absences. Then a new argument came from the sky. A night of lightning lit the road from Rome, illuminating the temples of Tibur beside Plautus’s home. In the morning Nero’s tables were smouldering. No one could see the message as anything but a mark of heavenly approval for Rubellius Plautus. Nero ordered a letter sent to Rome advising that his reluctant rival would be safer in the fields of Asia that he had inherited through his imperial wife.
A hard man to flatter
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Otho understood Galba’s mistakes. The senate was successfully flattered. Otho was happy to appear as an old Palatine servant when he was, in fact, the new master. That was easy deception for a veteran. In Germany early news from Rome suggested that there would be no purge of Galba’s supporters, more a realistic acceptance that men and women had to make their peace with power. Crispinilla was surviving the calls from the mob that she be executed for her stewardship of Nero’s orgies. Galba’s lover, Icelus, did less well. He was crucified as a slave even though he was a freedman. There was no great concern at Rome for a freed slave, however rich he had become by Galba’s side, more rapidly richer than any freedman of Claudius or Nero.
The Shield of Minerva
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Lucius, newly and aggressively loyal to his brother, began preparation for Aulus’s welcoming banquet in Rome. The finest fish needed the finest plate. Silver was the favoured metal from which the rich should eat. Connoisseurs collected examples, decorated with exotic fish from the whole empire. The Vitellii had not extended the empire, nor even visited very much of it, but on their ‘Shield of Minerva’, a gleaming dish of epic name and proportions, would lie the produce of everywhere from Parthia, still unconquered, to the Pillars of Hercules between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. Aulus and his new court would dine off Spanish silver on pikes’ livers streaked in red and yellow, sperm of lampreys, brains of pheasant and peacock, tongues of flamingos.
Emperor Vitellius
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Aulus Vitellius found the same easy popularity with the people of Rome as he had with the troops of Cologne. He discovered that the memory of Nero, his long-time companion of the streets, was still warm in the places where they had played together. He ordered that an altar be built to the last Caesar in the Campus Martius behind the Capitol. Nero’s priests were to come from the order that Tiberius had established in memory of Augustus. Caecina and Valens were as loyal to Aulus as they had been before even though this did not make them loyal in the way that Augustus would have expected. Both were consuls but neither was the most reliable of aides to an emperor still finding his way. Each hated the other much more than they loved anyone else. Soon came the news that Vespasian, another of Nero’s generals, was also seeking the throne.
Out of the doghouse
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Vespasian’s troops were in Rome. Vitellius found a Palatine room where the guards once kept their dogs. He heard clanking from down below. There was the smell of burnt marble. He would not be found dead. He had neither the will nor the sword. There was a crash against the door. Aulus felt the tying of his hands and the bite of an emboldened dog. Soon there were more captors and a climb to the remains of the ancient temple. The descent was shorter. The soldiers did not sever his head at the top of the Groaning Steps. They placed a cord around his neck. He was led like the companion of his kennel. He died slowly, torn to fleshy pieces, tumbling towards the memorial to his father, a sword under his chin, his belly protruding forever to stand for his failure to control his appetites, his opportunities and himself.
Conclusion
Authors: Stone Nora 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The conclusion points toward events in the documentary film industry that are too new to historicize. For example, the coronavirus pandemic prompted many documentary filmmakers to start new projects on the subject, and the Black Lives Matter movement prompted documentary filmmakers to share relevant documentaries more freely. But it is uncertain whether these world events will fundamentally alter the documentary film world or only accelerate current trends. The conclusion gestures to the fact that changes in the status of documentary have led to more sustainable careers and more attention to labor practices in the industry. The conclusion also draws attention to areas where more scholarly work is needed, such as on documentary funding models, documentarians’ work in advertising and industrial film, and connections between documentary and the contemporary art world.
Taking offence
Authors: McTernan Emily 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers an analysis of a distinctive emotion of offence, contrasting both to Joel Feinberg’s disunified account, where any disliked state resented and wrongfully caused in us counts, and to the abstract account in philosophy of language on slurs, which gives us little sense of what feeling offended is like. On the account defended in this chapter, offence is taken at affronts to social standing, and results in a tendency towards acts expressing one’s withdrawal. Offence is contrasted with nearby emotions—of anger, pride, disgust, and contempt—to outline its unusual place as both an other-condemning emotion and an emotion of self-assessment. This analysis has implications not only for how we conceptualise offence but also for what we think about those who take it. Offence tends to be a smaller-scale and a more everyday emotion than those who make claims about its threat to society suppose, and one ripe for moral reassessment.
What taking offence does
Authors: McTernan Emily 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Taking offence has been regarded as a useless reaction borne of emotional fragility, or a manifestation of ‘victimhood’. Against popular opinion, this chapter defends taking offence on the grounds of its social function. First, the chapter examines how the social norms that let us convey our respect and regard to others are also one way in which social hierarchies are constructed through the pattern of our social interactions. Second, taking offence is defended on the grounds that it is an appropriate way to stand up for one’s social standing, and that of one’s group, through negotiating these social norms. Third, the chapter justifies such a negotiation of social norms against both those sceptical of the role of social norms in our lives and those who would object to the role of offence in particular as a tactic in that negotiation.
A social approach, our lives online, and the social emotions
Authors: McTernan Emily 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses a contemporary issue, of offence-taking online and, especially, on social media. First, it contrasts the move towards regulation of offensive content with the potentially greater advantages of leaving the dynamics of offence and repair to play out in cases that fall short of hate speech. Second, this chapter suggests that, while the difference between our online and offline lives is often exaggerated, our practices of offence-taking may translate poorly in online interactions that are publicly visible and that take place among fleetingly connected strangers. The way in which offence can then spiral online also reveals the importance of the background of continuing relations and social norms that, ordinarily, constrain our gestures of offence. Closing, the chapter points to the wider significance of the social emotions within in moral and political philosophy, beyond offence.
Surveillance
Authors: Chamberland Mary E. , Miller Bess 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes CDC’s efforts to detect similar cases in areas beyond Los Angeles, San Francisco, and New York City and in other populations. To conduct national surveillance, CDC first developed a case definition for Kaposi’s sarcoma and opportunistic infections (KS/OI) and surveyed physicians in eighteen major metropolitan areas in the United States to identify cases meeting this definition. Cancer registries were queried for cases of Kaposi’s sarcoma, and requests for the drug pentamidine were reviewed to ascertain cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). It subsequently became apparent that cases were occurring in additional cities and that not all cases were in homosexual men. CDC also began receiving reports of unexplained lymph node enlargement and findings such as fever and weight loss in homosexual men. Investigations of these cases suggested that they were part of a spectrum of illness likely related to KS/OI.
Confucian Constitutionalism
Authors: Kim Sungmoon 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This book aims to present a constitutional theory of democratic self-government that is normatively appealing and politically practicable in East Asia’s historically Confucian societies that are increasingly pluralist, multicultural, and rights sensitive—namely, Confucian democratic constitutionalism. Inspired by early twentieth-century Confucian constitutionalists such as Liang Qichao and Liang Shuming who explored the Chinese people’s self-government in the Confucian soil, this book constructs a political theory in which democratic self-government and constitutional protection of rights are mutually constitutive and reinforcing. First, it presents egalitarian human dignity as the underlying moral value of Confucian constitutionalism. Then, it derives two foundational rights from Confucian egalitarian dignity—the equal right to political participation and the equal right to constitutional protection of civil and political rights—and shows how each of these rights justifies the establishment of the legislature and the judiciary, respectively, as two independent constitutional institutions equally committed to the protection and promotion of the people’s moral and material well-being, now reformulated in terms of rights. Promoting active dialogue between the legislature and the constitutional court in mediation of Confucian public reason, Confucian democratic constitutionalism is distinguished not only from Confucian meritocratic constitutionalism, which rejects the ideal of democratic self-government, but also from two dominant Western models of constitutionalism—liberal legal constitutionalism and political constitutionalism.
Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions. III. Stereochemistry
Authors: Bachrach Steven M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The tetrahedral geometry of carbon atoms that bond to four different atoms is used to explain their chiral properties. The major chemical distinction between the SN1 and SN2 reaction is that the latter proceeds with inversion of stereochemistry, while the former leads to loss of stereochemistry.
The Truth about Substitution and Elimination Reactions
Authors: Bachrach Steven M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Closer examination of experiments reveal that the SN1, Sn2, E1, and E2 mechanisms oversimplify the true richness of substitution and elimination reactions. Examples include the fact that a backside attack can take place at tertiary atoms, that ion pairs intervene, providing the means for both retention and inversion of stereochemistry to take place, and that elimination occurs along a spectrum of pathways.
Mining Friendly
Authors: Spalding Rose J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter maps the advance of gold mining in Nicaragua. It describes the nationalization and collapse of the industry during the Sandinista Revolution, traces the halting transitions during the post-revolutionary era of privatization and rebuilding, and concludes with discussion of foreign investment promotion practices following the 2007 return to power of Sandinista leader Daniel Ortega. This chapter demonstrates how elite cohesion in support of foreign investment combined with the fragmentation of oppositional social movements and institutional deterioration during the period of de-democratization to facilitate the consolidation of mining-friendly policies in Nicaragua. Mining-friendly policies included fiscal incentives, infrastructure construction, accelerated application processing, thin regulation, legal guarantees, high-level access to officials, and the active deployment of party and security forces to keep resistance at bay. Already the regional leader in gold mining, Nicaragua was primed to expand production as the extractivist model became entrenched.