bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When the cat is away: How institutional autonomy, low salience, and issue complexity shape administrative action
Authors: Carelli Daniel , Pierre Jon 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPolitical issues sometimes display an intriguing combination of high degrees of complexity, low political saliency, and high levels of administrative autonomy. This article investigates how this type of issues shapes the relationship between politicians and the public service. More specifically, we advance the notion of “administrative action space” to describe the emergence of collaborative governance when directives from the political level are intermittent or absent. Using an illustrative case on the administration of measures to address antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a transnational public health issue in Europe, we find that senior public servants nested in epistemic communities play a leading role in driving agency and facilitating governance of complex but low‐salient issues when administrative autonomy is extensive.
Iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula in an infant mimicking an arteriovenous malformation
Authors: Magaletsky Kharachko Kiril , Feito Rodríguez Marta , Buitrago Sánchez Nelson M. , López Gutiérrez Juan Carlos 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWe report the case of a 12‐month‐old infant who presented with progressive lower limb enlargement associated with erythema mimicking an arteriovenous malformation. Computed tomography confirmed an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) between the deep femoral artery and the common femoral vein. This case describes the unique clinical and imaging findings of iatrogenic AVF and contrasts them with other congenital vascular entities.
Impact of hurricanes on US insurance stocks
Authors: Schuh Frederick , Jaeckle Tanja 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis paper analyzes the impact of hurricanes on insurance stock returns in the United States. The objective is to assess the reaction of insurance stock prices caused by hurricanes using an extensive data sample consisting of the costliest hurricanes since 2004. We aim to understand the insurance stock price reactions and provide possible explanations for the observed results. The main outcome is a negative abnormal return for all examined time windows. Analyses of impact factors show that high‐category hurricanes have more negative abnormal returns in comparison to low‐category hurricanes. The latter category is even positively correlated with the cumulative abnormal return. The regression model indicates a statistically significant negative correlation between the cumulative abnormal return and the damage caused by the hurricane.
The effects of state legal environments on automobile insurance claims and compensation: Evidence from the Royal Globe doctrine
Authors: Richman Brian , Tennyson Sharon 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis paper uses the historic 1979 California Supreme Court decision in Royal Globe Insurance Company v. Superior Court to examine the effects of expanding insurers' legal liability in claims disputes. The decision expanded insurers' good‐faith duty to settle liability claims to the injured third‐party claimant, extending the set of eligible plaintiffs to those with the greatest incentive to sue. The legal environment created by this decision changed payoffs for insurers and claimants in third‐party claims negotiations with potential effects for insurance claiming and compensation. Using data on automobile bodily injury liability claims, we make use of the quasi‐experimental nature of this decision to examine these effects. We find that Royal Globe led to larger claimed amounts of loss and higher claim payments for claims involving only minor strain injuries. Such claims were also more likely to involve attorney representation and were less likely to be closely examined by insurers after Royal Globe.
Supply, demand, and selection in insurance markets: Theory and applications in pictures
Authors: Rothschild Casey , Thistle Paul D. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis paper recapitulates and extends the Einav, Finkelstein, and Cullen (EFC) approach to modeling equilibrium in insurance markets. After describing the basic EFC model and showing that it can be understood as a supply–demand model, we show how it can be extended to: markets featuring nonexclusive contracting and linear pricing; markets featuring selection on ex‐ante moral hazard; and multiple‐margin markets with price competition over two coverage tiers. In markets with nonexclusive‐contracting‐cum‐linearly pricing, we show that the EFC model, graphs, and lessons all go through, essentially unchanged. In markets with selection on moral hazard, we show that two natural notions of adverse selection—notions that coincide in the basic EFC framework—may diverge. This divergence is a result of the fact that, with moral hazard, the average cost curve measured by EFC can no longer be interpreted as a supply curve. Finally, in a two‐tier market, we show that the lessons depend on whether contracts are offered “simultaneously” or “sequentially,” where coverage is purchased in layers.
Development of a three‐point cantilever bending technique to study the mechanical properties of hair styling ingredients
Authors: McMullen Roger L. , Gillece Tim 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe mechanical properties of hair treated with styling ingredients is an important aspect to determine if products will be efficacious when used by the consumer. Measurement techniques have been proposed in earlier work; however, these are mostly aimed at hairspray systems and not the myriad of styling products available to the modern‐day consumer.AimIn this article, experimental and data analysis guidelines are proposed for the evaluation of styling ingredients using a three‐point cantilever bending technique. Most of the experiments were carried out on polysaccharide‐based ingredients—guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride (Guar HPTC) and cassia hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride (Cassia HPTC)—to establish basic characterization concepts of the polymer‐fiber assemblies.MethodsA three‐point cantilever bending technique was developed using a texture analyzer housed in a temperature and humidity‐controlled chamber. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were conducted to monitor the fracture mechanics of polymer‐fiber assemblies.ResultsFundamental studies were carried out to determine the effect of concentration, molecular weight (MW), and chemistry of the polysaccharides on the calculated indices, which characterize the stiffness, flexibility, elasticity, and plasticity of the treated hair. Experiments were conducted in a controlled temperature and humidity environment, which allowed us to monitor the behavior of the polymer‐treated hair from 40–90% RH. Studies were also conducted on polymer blends and conventional styling polymers to provide guidance of the performance of naturally‐derived polymers to their synthetic counterparts.ConclusionsA detailed description is provided for a user‐friendly, quick method to measure the mechanical properties of styling ingredients on hair. We provide guidelines for three‐point cantilever bending tests of straight hair tresses treated with conventional and naturally‐derived styling polymers. Indices were developed to characterize the force‐distance curves and were designated as E1, F1, position of F1, post‐fracture gradient, toughness, E10/E1, and F10/F1. These indices provide an overall characterization of the stiffness, flexibility, elasticity, and plasticity of polymer‐treated hair.
Dermoscopy and reflection confocal microscope features of pigmented prurigo
Authors: Wang Hui‐fen , Zhou Xiao‐fang , Deng Xiang‐fen , Li Yuan‐chao , Zhang Lian , Gu Hong‐Zhi , Zhai Zhi‐fang 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundPigmented prurigo (PP) is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory skin disease. PP is not common clinically, but it is easily misdiagnosed because of its diversified clinical manifestations in different stages.Materials and methodsWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical, histopathological, dermoscopy, and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) features of 20 patients diagnosed as PP.ResultsThe female predominance ratio was revealed with male to female of 1:4. Seven female patients were on a diet (without staple food) and one patient had a history of diabetes. Eight cases were suffered in spring, six cases in winter, three cases in summer, and three cases in autumn. Multiple sites were involved in 13 cases. Four patients had urticarial papules and plaques. Nineteen patients had erythematous papules with reticular distribution, of which 14 cases accompanied reticulate hyperpigmentation, four cases with papulovesicle, and two cases accompanied with pustules. One patient only showed reticulate hyperpigmentation. In the early lesions, dermatoscopy showed pink oval lesions, punctate or linear vessels, and pale yellow rings around the skin lesions. RCM is characterized by spongiosis, spongy vesicle, neutrophils scattered in the epidermis, which was consistent with epidermis spongiosis, neutrophils infiltrating into the upper epidermis and necrotic keratinocytes in histopathology. In the fully developed lesions, dermatoscopy showed pink lesions with brown pigment granules in the center and linear vessels in the edge. RCM showed that demarcation of epidermis and dermis is not clear, and inflammatory cells can be seen in the upper dermis and histopathologically lesions assumed a patchy lichenoid pattern, and the inflammatory cells infiltrating the dermis were dominated by lymphocytes. In the late lesions, dermatoscopy showed grainy grayish‐brown or yellowish‐brown pigmentation surrounding the hair follicle merging with each other. RCM showed that pigment granules were increased on the ring of basal cells, inflammatory cells were sparsely infiltrated in the dermal papilla and superficial layer, and epidermis slightly hyperplastic, with melanophages and a few lymphocytes infiltrating the superficial dermis in histopathology.ConclusionPP is easily misdiagnosed and not always occurs in those on a restrictive diet. A combination of dermatoscopy and RCM is helpful for its diagnosis of PP.
Mapping soil pH levels across Europe: An analysis of LUCAS topsoil data using random forest kriging (RFK)
Authors: Xiao Shancai , Ou Minghao , Geng Yajun , Zhou Tao 
Published: December 2022

AbstractSoil pH affects food production, pollution control and ecosystem services. Mapping soil pH levels, therefore, provides policymakers with crucial information for developing sustainable soil use and management policies. In this study, we used the LUCAS 2015 TOPSOIL data to map soil pH at a European level. We used random forest kriging (RFK) to build a predictive model of spatial variability of soil pH, as well as random forest (RF) without co‐kriging and boosted regression trees (BRT) modelling techniques. Model accuracy was evaluated using a ten‐fold cross‐validation procedure. While we found that all methods accurately predicted soil pH, the accuracy of the RFK method was best with regression performance metrics of: R2 = 0.81 for pH (H2O) and pH (CaCl2); RMSE = 0.59 for pH (H2O) and RMSE = 0.61 in pH (CaCl2); MAE = 0.41 for pH (H2O) and MAE = 0.43 in pH (CaCl2). Dominant explanatory variables in the RF and BRT modelling were topography and remote sensing variables, respectively. The generated maps broadly depicted similar spatial patterns of soil pH, with an increasing gradient of soil pH from north to south Europe, with the highest values mainly concentrated along the Mediterranean coast. The mapping could provide spatial reference for soil pH assessment and dynamic monitoring.
Optimization of irrigation management and environmental assessment using the water cycle algorithm
Authors: Rafiee Mohammad Rafie , Mahmoodi‐Eshkaftaki Mahmood 
Published: December 2022

AbstractObtaining high crop yields with limited water consumption requires optimal irrigation strategies based on comprehensive studies of the parameters of plant–environment interactions. Here, we used a structural equation modelling (SEM) to assess the relationships among input irrigation factors and moderate factors to find an optimum water use efficiency (WUE) response factor, for outdoor and greenhouse cultivation of eggplant (Solanum melongena). The input irrigation factors (including irrigation interval, water salinity and environment) and the moderate factors (evapotranspiration, soil salinity, plant parameters, fruit parameters and crop yield) were used in water cycle algorithm (WCA) and genetic algorithm (GA) methods to optimize the water use efficiency. The optimization process included finding the best combination of irrigation factors and optimized eggplant cultivation. The structural equation modelling results indicate that irrigation interval negatively affected water use efficiency with a more dominant effect on plant parameters. Water salinity negatively affected the water use efficiency with a more dominant effect on soil salinity, crop yield and fruit parameters. Low salinity water was more effective than full irrigation to optimize the water use efficiency. The water cycle algorithm revealed that for outdoor cultivation, the optimal range of irrigation interval was 2–5 days and water salinity in the range of 0.8–2.2 ds/m. These factors optimized evapotranspiration (346.23–738.19 mm), soil salinity (4.16–9.45 ds/m), fruit parameters (33.81–35.12 cm) and crop yield (1715.7–2190.8 g/plant), as well as increasing the water use efficiency (3.08–4.89 g/(plant‐mm)). Both the water cycle algorithm and genetic algorithm yielded very close to optimal values. Two years of repeated experiments and the closeness of the optimal values using the algorithms confirmed that the optimal amounts are reliable.
DcWRKY33 promotes petal senescence in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) by activating genes involved in the biosynthesis of ethylene and abscisic acid and accumulation of reactive oxygen species
Authors: Wang Teng , Sun Zheng , Wang Siqi , Feng Shan , Wang Ruiming , Zhu Chunlin , Zhong Linlin , Cheng Yunjiang , Bao Manzhu , Zhang Fan 
Published: December 2022

SUMMARYCarnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is one of the most famous and ethylene‐sensitive cut flowers worldwide, but how ethylene interacts with other plant hormones and factors to regulate petal senescence in carnation is largely unknown. Here we found that a gene encoding WRKY family transcription factor, DcWRKY33, was significantly upregulated upon ethylene treatment. Silencing and overexpression of DcWRKY33 could delay and accelerate the senescence of carnation petals, respectively. Abscisic acid (ABA) and H2O2 treatments could also accelerate the senescence of carnation petals by inducing the expression of DcWRKY33. Further, DcWRKY33 can bind directly to the promoters of ethylene biosynthesis genes (DcACS1 and DcACO1), ABA biosynthesis genes (DcNCED2 and DcNCED5), and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation gene DcRBOHB to activate their expression. Lastly, relationships are existed between ethylene, ABA and ROS. This study elucidated that DcWRKY33 promotes petal senescence by activating genes involved in the biosynthesis of ethylene and ABA and accumulation of ROS in carnation, supporting the development of new strategies to prolong the vase life of cut carnation.
How to escape from the debt trap: Lessons from the past
Authors: Mayer Thomas , Schnabl Gunther 
Published: December 2022

AbstractRising public debt everywhere has raised the question of how to reduce debt again in the future. High public debt also seems to be an impediment for the exit of central banks from ultra‐low interest rates and quantitative easing. Historical precedents and proposals have included austerity, haircuts and the generation of inflation. Each way has advantages and disadvantages, including uncertainty about effects and side effects. We approach the issue from an historical perspective, based on case studies of prominent approaches to debt reduction. We analyse debt reduction through economic austerity in Italy, hyperinflation in Germany after World War I, inflation in Argentina since the 1980s, currency reform in Germany after WW II, and financial repression in the United States and the United Kingdom after WW II. Finally, we discuss Ronald McKinnon's order of economic and financial liberalisation as well as the Chicago Plan combined with the introduction of central bank digital currencies as an option for the future.
Extending the Frame
Authors: Grimshaw Anna 
Published: December 2022

AbstractFor a century or more, ethnographic filmmakers have been expected to produce discrete, bounded films of a length that conforms to established conventions. But over the last decade, changes in viewing patterns and the proliferation of web‐based screening sites have brought new possibilities into view. This essay explores what these changes might mean in terms of moving beyond the limitations of the self‐standing film. How might a multipart approach allow filmmakers to broaden the scope of their inquiry and articulate more complex interpretive perspectives? What does extending the frame of ethnographic film offer to anthropological research and teaching?
Changes in product labelling practices and the use of flavouring chemical additives in vaping products after enactment of statewide flavour legislation
Authors: Page Michelle K , Block Ashleigh C , Santiago Angel L , Leigh Noel J , Kaiser Lisa M , Martin Connor D , Schurr Bradley E , O'Connor Richard J , Goniewicz Maciej L 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionOn 18 May 2020, New York State enacted legislation banning the sale of vaping products with distinguishable flavours (other than tobacco). According to this new statute, vaping products are deemed flavoured if they include a statement, whether expressed or implied, that have distinguishable tastes or aromas other than tobacco. This study aimed to determine how manufacturers responded.MethodsWe collected 555 vaping products from daily vapers (238 preban and 317 postban). We compared preban and postban labelling of products for expressed and implied flavour descriptions, graphics and colours. Flavouring chemicals and concentrations were identified using chromatography methods and were compared preban and postban.ResultsAnalysis of the labels preban and postban did not reveal a change in products with expressed flavoured descriptors (45.8% vs 44.2%) and a minimal decrease in implied descriptors (22.3% vs 14.5%). An increase in products without any descriptors was observed (28.2% vs 37.2%) notably within products from a popular pod brand. The average concentration of eight popular flavourings identified preban was 1.4±2.7 compared with 2.3±3.5 mg/mL (p<0.001) postban. No significant changes between individual flavouring concentrations in the most popular refill solutions and pods were found.ConclusionWhile a majority of products appeared to remain non-compliant, this study suggests that enactment of legislation on vaping products making expressed or implied flavour claims may result in some manufacturer changes to product labelling including removal of flavour descriptors. However, use of flavouring additives in vaping products appeared not to be impacted by the ban.
Flavour loyalty may predict cessation or substitution following a cigarillo flavour ban among young adults in the USA
Authors: Pike Moore Stephanie , Osborn Catherine , Koopman Gonzalez Sarah , Quisenberry Amanda , Klein Elizabeth G , Kaur Manpreet , Suratkal Jessica , Trapl Erika 
Published: December 2022

SignificanceThe purpose of this research was to measure flavour loyalty and identify how current cigarillo users may respond to a hypothetical flavour ban in the USA.MethodsCigarillo users aged 21–28 (n=531) were recruited between October 2020 and April 2021 to participate in an online survey. Respondents categorised their preferred, usual and current cigarillo flavours. Individuals who preferred tobacco flavours were compared with individuals who preferred any other flavours. Strength of preferences, or flavour loyalty, was defined when an individual’s preferred flavour matched what they use both usually and currently creating a spectrum of individuals with a strong tobacco preference (n=34), weak tobacco preference (n=20), weak flavour preference (n=162) and strong flavour preference (n=315). Those preferring tobacco were aggregated into any tobacco preference (n=54).ResultsIndividuals who preferred any flavour scored higher on a scale of nicotine dependence. There was a dose–response relationship in those who said they would discontinue cigarillos if flavoured options were not available: 11.4% of individuals with any tobacco flavour preference, 27.8% of those with a weak flavour preference and 38.1% of those with a strong flavour preference. A similar trend was noted among those who would switch to another product: 19.2% of those with tobacco flavour preference, 34.3% of those with a weak flavour preference and 43.2% of those with a strong flavour preference.ConclusionIndividuals who display strong flavour preferences were more likely to say they would discontinue use or seek out alternative flavoured products following a ban on flavoured cigarillos.
Impact of the FDA flavour enforcement policy on flavoured electronic cigarette use behaviour changes
Authors: Li Dongmei , Ossip Deborah J , Bansal-Travers Maansi , Xie Zidian 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionThis study aims to investigate electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use behaviour changes after the implementation of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) restriction on the sale of all unauthorised flavoured cartridge-based e-cigarettes other than tobacco and menthol flavour on 6 February 2020, as well as factors associated with these changes.MethodsThrough Amazon’s Mechanical Turk service, 3533 current adult flavoured e-cigarette users (who were not exclusive tobacco-flavoured or menthol-flavoured e-cigarette users) were recruited for an online survey from 8 July to 29 July 2021. Multiple logistic regression models were used to identify significant factors associated with quitting e-cigarette use, switching to other flavoured electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) products, switching to combustible tobacco products, switching to menthol-flavoured e-cigarettes and switching to tobacco-flavoured e-cigarettes.ResultsResulting from the FDA flavour enforcement policy, the top four e-cigarette use behaviour changes were: (1) switching to other flavoured ENDS products such as the tank system or disposable e-cigarettes (29.24%), (2) switching to menthol-flavoured pod systems (18.09%), (3) switching to combustible tobacco products (14.12%) and (4) switching to tobacco-flavoured pod systems (12.03%). There were 4.9% participants who indicated that they quit e-cigarette use. Overall, multiple factors, especially past 30-day use of certain flavours, were associated with different behaviour changes.ConclusionsThe implementation of the FDA flavour enforcement policy on cartridge-based e-cigarette was associated with significant e-cigarette behaviour changes, with multiple factors being associated with these changes. These results provide important information for future regulations of flavoured e-cigarette products.