bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of the separated root canal instrument on panoramic radiograph: a comparison of LSTM and CNN deep learning methods
Authors: Buyuk Cansu , Arican Alpay Burcin , Er Fusun 
Published: January 2023

Objectives: A separated endodontic instrument is one of the challenging complications of root canal treatment. The purpose of this study was to compare two deep learning methods that are convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) to detect the separated endodontic instruments on dental radiographs. Methods: Panoramic radiographs from the hospital archive were retrospectively evaluated by two dentists. A total of 915 teeth, of which 417 are labeled as “separated instrument” and 498 are labeled as “healthy root canal treatment” were included. A total of six deep learning models, four of which are some varieties of CNN (Raw-CNN, Augmented-CNN, Gabor filtered-CNN, Gabor-filtered-augmented-CNN) and two of which are some varieties of LSTM model (Raw-LSTM, Augmented-LSTM) were trained based on several feature extraction methods with an applied or not applied an augmentation procedure. The diagnostic performances of the models were compared in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive- and negative-predictive value using 10-fold cross-validation. A McNemar’s tests was employed to figure out if there is a statistically significant difference between performances of the models. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were developed to assess the quality of the performance of the most promising model (Gabor filtered-CNN model) by exploring different cut-off levels in the last decision layer of the model. Results: The Gabor filtered-CNN model showed the highest accuracy (84.37 ± 2.79), sensitivity (81.26 ± 4.79), positive-predictive value (84.16 ± 3.35) and negative-predictive value (84.62 ± 4.56 with a confidence interval of 80.6 ± 0.0076. McNemar’s tests yielded that the performance of the Gabor filtered-CNN model significantly different from both LSTM models (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Both CNN and LSTM models were achieved a high predictive performance on to distinguish separated endodontic instruments in radiographs. The Gabor filtered-CNN model without data augmentation gave the best predictive performance.
Examining the link between social exclusion and social-risk taking: a correlational and experimental investigation
Authors: Pfundmair Michaela , Lermer Eva 
Published: January 2023

Background: Previous research has consistently shown that social exclusion increases the proclivity for risk-taking. However, theoretical approaches like the Social Risk Hypothesis suggest that this relationship flips when confronted with social risks. Accordingly, the current study hypothesized that social exclusion decreases the propensity for social risks, in contrast to that for risks of other domains. Methods: To investigate this hypothesis, we conducted a correlational Pre-Study and a Main Study. In the latter, we tested our assumption in an experimental approach, manipulating exclusion vs. inclusion using the Cyberball and Future-Life paradigms. Results: Results of the Pre-Study revealed that exclusion was linked to risk-taking in general, however, not to risk-taking in social domains. The Main Study showed that an experimental induced instance of social exclusion dampened the propensity for social risks. It further disclosed this effect’s boundary condition: When individuals were socially excluded to an extreme extent, they did not demonstrate such a risk-averse reaction. Moreover, we identified low dominance as a mediator for the dampening effect of exclusion on social risk-taking. Conclusions: These findings indicate that social risk aversion in the aftermath of social exclusion might be an adaptive strategy in the short-term because the prevention of social risks and humble behaviors reduce signals of threat and elicit signals of support. However, this strategy might also produce a vicious circle of exclusion and, thus, higher costs in the long-term.
Managing Pandemics: How to Contain COVID-19 Through Internal and External Lockdowns and Their Release
Authors: Bonardi Jean-Philippe , Gallea Quentin , Kalanoski Dimitrija , Lalive Rafael 
Published: January 2023

Containing a pandemic is first and foremost a management problem: one has to find ways to reduce mobility and physical contacts in order to slow down the spread of the virus. We discuss and construct a novel database of internal and external lockdown measures around the world and analyze whether they helped reduce the spread of infections and the number of deaths. We address the endogeneity of lockdowns by modeling anticipation effects. Our data cover 178 countries in the period from December 2019 to November 2020 and identify lockdown and release periods along with confirmed cases of infections and deaths resulting from COVID-19. Overall, we find that lockdowns were effective, reduced mobility, and saved about 3.6 million lives in developed countries within 100 days after they were implemented. Measures taken within countries (rather than border closure) and partial lockdowns (instead of more constraining measures) were the most effective. However, in developing countries, where the opportunity cost of staying home might be too high for people to comply, lockdowns were ineffective. Additionally, the release of lockdown measures, which started in mid-May 2020 in most countries, did not lead to a strong resurgence of the virus except for border closure releases. This paper was accepted by Stefan Scholtes, healthcare management. Supplemental Material: The data is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4652 .
Value and Design of Traceability-Driven Blockchains
Authors: Cui Yao , Hu Ming , Liu Jingchen 
Published: January 2023

Problem definition: This paper provides a theoretical investigation into the value and design of a traceability-driven blockchain under different supply chain structures. Methodology/results: We use game theory to study the quality contracting equilibrium between one buyer and two suppliers and identify two fundamental functionalities of a traceability-driven blockchain. In serial supply chains, the ability to trace the sequential production process creates value by mitigating double moral hazard. In this case, traceability always improves product quality and all firms’ profits and naturally creates a win-win. In parallel supply chains, the ability to trace the product origin enables flexible product recall, which can reduce product quality. In this case, traceability can benefit the buyer while hurting the suppliers, creating an incentive conflict. Managerial implications: Firms operating in different kinds of supply chains could face unique challenges when they adopt and design a traceability-driven blockchain. First, in serial supply chains, any firm can be the initiator of the blockchain, whereas in parallel supply chains, it may be critical for the buyer to take the lead in initiating the blockchain and properly compensate the suppliers. Second, in serial supply chains, a restricted data permission policy where each supplier shares their own traceability data with the buyer but not with each other can improve the supply chain profit, whereas in parallel supply chains, it is never optimal to restrict a firm’s access to the traceability data. Third, the suppliers’ incentive to enhance the governance of data quality is more aligned with the supply chain optimum in serial supply chains compared with parallel supply chains. Funding: M. Hu was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada [Grants RGPIN-2015-06757 and RGPIN-2021-04295]. J. Liu was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant 72101110] and The MOE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences [Grant 20YJC630084]. Supplemental Material: The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.1161 .
Using arts-based methods to explore existential issues around ageing
Authors: de Bruijn Paola , Jansen Erik 
Published: January 2023

This chapter presents an arts-based research method enabling the study of existential dilemmas regarding ageing by using the visual artwork as a medium to evoke a profound dialogue between researcher and respondent. The application of the method will be shown in an arts-educational setting – focusing on the existential dimensions of life. The method is based on Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS: Housen, 1997; Yenawine, 2013), an art education method for conducting conversations on attentive and conscious perceptions of visual artworks. To further enhance the focused engagement with artworks, VTS has been expanded with a set of eXisTential Reflective Additional questions (XTRA: Bruijn & Jansen, 2019). This allows the VTS XTRA method to be applied in social work settings for use by workers and researchers to gain insight into older people’s existential questions making use of visual artworks. The research setting for our case example is the application of VTS XTRA with ageing visitors of the ‘Special Award’ exhibition in the Dutch Nicolaïkerk in Utrecht. The Special Award is a national competition for visual artists with a disability, organised by the Special Arts foundation. In its peripheral programme, ageing visitors were invited to participate in conversations by looking at the artworks during a VTS XTRA session. These discussions generate data for an ongoing doctoral study of the first author (PB) on the pedagogical utility of art with respect to existential questions.
Mixed arts-based methods as a platform for expressing lived experience
Authors: Shemer Orna , Shahar Eitan 
Published: January 2023

‘A joint fate’ was the topic chosen by the co-researchers, young adults with disabilities, as one of the topics of the research that they wanted to study in-depth. In the preparatory meeting concerning collection of data on the topic they discussed that many songs, some of which are protest songs, were written by people who shared a joint fate and the desire to change their situation in society, like Bob Marley. Therefore, they decided that this would be the topic they would study by writing poems. In the research meeting, they invited the co-researchers to work in groups and to find people among them who shared a fate and to express this in a song/poem that they would present. The data that were collected included the poems, the discussion about them, and the ways in which people participated in the discourse. We used poems, stories, plays, photographs, cards, and other methods in the participatory action research (PAR) that we undertook together with young adults with disabilities. The study explored their lives in preparatory programmes for independent living that were run by the NGO, Gvanim. In our research, we explored together the meaning participation in Gvanim’s programmes had for the young adults. By employing different artistic instruments, we had a varied platform, which allowed the young adults to connect and to express their meaningful knowledge – their knowledge from experience, expressed through arts. Turning life experiences into expert and meaningful knowledge from which theoretical insights could be formulated, and actions that can have social impacts designed, was made possible via art.
Arts-based methods to support and reveal new mothers’ and families’ experiences: a positive parenting and feminist approach
Authors: Hermida Lucía Hervás 
Published: January 2023

The situation of families and the transition to new motherhood are experiencing deep changes globally. Parental roles and family models are transforming from traditional ones. There is a growing concern about family needs and family’s socialising and educational function, which has led to the development of the positive parenting approach and family support measures, focusing on supporting parenting roles for optimal child development. But, what are mothers’ needs and challenges within their parenting role? What is their perspective of what parenting means? We have observed that, despite the advances made in terms of women’s rights and equality, motherhood still has profound implications for women’s lives and identities, as it is related to strong social expectations. Usually, maternal care is undertaken from within the physiological and medical frameworks, but such care rarely takes into account the emotional, relational, and cultural aspects of the transition to motherhood. In fact, cultural representations mostly show an idealised image of motherhood, making real mothers’ first-hand experiences invisible. From an intersectional feminist perspective, there is the need to develop new references and the collective imagination of what being a mother means. What kind of models of motherhood do we want to create? What could be the role of arts-based methods for understanding the needs of new mothers and family support? This chapter will present a research project set in Spain, which focused on exploring and evaluating arts-based support for new mothers and families (Hervás Hermida, 2018). The programme is in response to the Comprehensive Plan for Family Support 2015–2017 (Council of Ministers of Spain, 2015) and is focused on addressing the socio-cultural dimensions of reproduction and nurturing.
Building research capacity: scaffolding the process through arts-based pedagogy
Authors: Lay Ronald P.M.H. 
Published: January 2023

Research into arts-based interventions is complex as art cannot be directly translated into words. Increasingly, there has been a global incessant call for research into using the arts in a range of mental health disciplines. Ongoing debates over methodology, primarily quantitative and qualitative, persist and this just may affect one’s decision to engage in research. However, research is needed for a range of reasons including providing evidence of the integrity of a discipline, asserting core competencies of practitioners, for third party and stakeholder purposes including advocacy, the formation of relevant laws, protections, and access to services, and, of course, to highlight emerging trends and contemporary best practices to effectively address a plethora of the complex needs of clients. As such, arts-based practitioners are uniquely situated to make significant contributions to the research base given their direct engagement with the arts with individuals, families, communities, and society at large (McNiff, 2013; Thomas et al., 2020). Art is rich with metaphor and symbol, and often can be accessed and applied when answers to questions are not easily obtained nor addressed through words alone, even if the art may seem abstract at first (McNiff, 2013; Chilton et al., 2015; Boden et al., 2019; Potash, 2019; Thomas et al., 2020). Indeed, art is not the opposite of research as in the dichotomic paradigm of arts versus science, but rather art, and art making, are a type of research in and of themselves, just as research can also involve creativity and nonlinear engagement (McNiff, 2013; Kapitan, 2018).
The Last of the White Men: Central Europe’s White Innocence
Authors: Kalmar Ivan 
Published: January 2023

Although illiberal Central Europeans are passionately critical of what they see as the liberal establishment of the West, they in fact see themselves the true guardians of the West’s real heritage: they are the real Europeans. This view of Central Europe is espoused enthusiastically by white nationalists and illiberals in the West also, who see Central and Eastern Europe as the last bastion of the White Man. But, more subtly, Western liberals, too, may project pure whiteness onto the East of Europe, to avoid uncomfortable questions of race and racism in the West. The case studies included in the chapter are drawn from fantasy cinema.
Fabrication of a dual-focus artificial compound eye with improved imaging based on modified microprinting and air-assisted deformation
Authors: Li Jiang , Wang Wenjun , Fu Zuoli , Zhu Ruixiang , Huang Yuxiang 
Published: January 2023

Natural compound eyes inspire the development of artificial optical devices that feature a large field of view and fast motion detection. However, the imaging of artificial compound eyes dramatically depends on many microlenses. The single focal length of the microlens array significantly limits the actual applications of artificial optical devices, like distinguishing objects at different distances. In this study, a curved artificial compound eye for a microlens array with different focal lengths was fabricated by inkjet printing and air-assisted deformation. By adjusting the space of the microlens array, secondary microlenses were created between intervals of the primary microlens. The diameter/height of the primary and secondary microlens arrays are 75/25 µm and 30/9 µm, respectively. The planar-distributed microlens array was transformed into a curved configuration using air-assisted deformation. Compared with adjusting the curved base to distinguish objects at different distances, the reported technique features simplicity and is easy to operate. The applied air pressure can be used to tune the field of view of the artificial compound eye. The microlens arrays with different focal lengths could distinguish the objects at different distances without additional components. When the external objects move a small distance, they can be detected by the microlens arrays due to their different focal lengths. It could effectively improve the motion perception of the optical system. Moreover, the focusing and imaging performances of the fabricated artificial compound eye were further tested. The compound eye combines the advantages of monocular eyes and compound eyes, holding great potential for developing advanced optical devices with a large field of view and automatic variable-focus imaging.
GRIN-lens-based in-line digital holographic microscopy
Authors: Khorshad Ali Akbar , Devaney Nicholas 
Published: January 2023

In-line digital holographic microscopy (DHM) provides three-dimensional images with large fields of view and depths of field and micrometer-scale resolution, using a compact, cost-effective, and stable setup. Here, we develop the theoretical background and experimentally demonstrate an in-line DHM based on a gradient-index (GRIN) rod lens. In addition, we develop a conventional pinhole-based in-line DHM with different configurations to compare the resolution and image quality of both GRIN-based and pinhole-based systems. We show that in a high-magnification regime, where the sample is positioned near a source that produces spherical waves, our optimized GRIN-based setup provides better resolution (
∼1.38µm
). Furthermore, we employed this microscope to holographically image dilute polystyrene micro-particles with diameters of 3.0 and 2.0 µm. We investigated the effect of light source–detector and sample–detector distances on the resolution, by both theory and experiment. Our theoretical and experimental results are in good agreement.
Accurate luminance and chromaticity controls of digital colors using CIE-based RGBW algorithms
Authors: Tang Ni , Wang Jiyong , Zhang Baofeng , Chen Hao , Qiu Min 
Published: January 2023

Emerging high brightness of color displays and high signal-to-noise ratio of camera sensors require an addition of white (W) subpixels to ordinary red, green, and blue (RGB) subpixels. Conventional algorithms converting RGB signals to RGBW signals suffer from reduced chroma of highly saturated colors and complicated coordinate transformations between RGB color spaces and color spaces defined by the Commission internationale de l’éclairage (CIE). In this work, we developed a complete set of RGBW algorithms to digitally code a color in the CIE-based color spaces, making complicated processes including color space transformations and white balancing become largely unnecessary. The analytic three-dimensional gamut can be obtained so that the maximal hue and luminance of a digital frame could be simultaneously obtained. Exemplary applications in adaptive controls of the colors of an RGB display in accordance with the W component of background light validate our theory. The algorithm opens an avenue toward accurate manipulations of digital colors for RGBW sensors and displays.
Perception of brown with variation in center chromaticity and surround luminance
Authors: Shinomori Keizo , Werner John S. 
Published: January 2023

Brown is a contrast color that depends on complex combinations of chromatic and achromatic signals. We measured brown perception with variations in chromaticity and luminance in center-surround configurations. In Experiment 1, the dominant wavelength and saturation in terms ofS-cone stimulation were tested with five observers in a fixed surround luminance (60cd/m2). A paired-comparison task required the observer to select the better exemplar of brown in one of two, simultaneously presented, stimuli (1.0° center diameter; annulus of 9.48° outer-diameter). In Experiment 2, the same task was tested with five observers in which surround luminance was varied (from 13.1 to99.6cd/m2) for two center chromaticities. The results were a set of win–loss ratios for each stimulus combination and converted toZ-scores. An ANOVA did not reveal a significant main effect of the observer factor but revealed a significant interaction with red/green (a∗) [but not with the dominant wavelength and theS-cone stimulation (orb∗)]. Experiment 2 revealed observer variation in interactions with surround luminance andS-cone stimulation. The averaged data plotted in 1976 L∗a∗b∗color space indicate that highZ-score values widely distribute in the area ofa∗from 5 to 28 andb∗over 6. The balance of the strength between yellowness and blackness differs among observers owing to the amount of induced blackness required for the best brown.
The Classification of Surfaces via Normal Curves
Authors: Ayaz Fethi , Kegel Marc , Mohnke Klaus 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWe present a simple proof of the surface classification theorem using normal curves. This proof is analogous to Kneser’s and Milnor’s proof of the existence and uniqueness of the prime decomposition of 3-manifolds. In particular, we do not need any invariants from algebraic topology to distinguish surfaces.