bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies of the Relationship between Adenosine Deaminase and Immune Function
Authors: Burridge Philip W. , Paetkau Verner , Henderson J. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The relationship between adenosine deaminase deficiency and immunologic responsiveness was studied in mice treated in vivo with deoxycoformycin to produce very low levels of adenosine deaminase activity in tissues. Effects of such treatment on thymocyte response to concanavalin A in vitro and on mixed cultures of splenic cells were determined. Under the conditions used, inhibition of adenosine deaminase by deoxycoformycin had no effect on the viability or responsiveness of either thymocytes or splenic cells.
Sera and the in Vitro Induction of Immune Responses
Authors: Shiigi Stanley M. , Capwell Robin R. , Grabstein Kenneth H. , Mishell Robert I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have extended our studies on the role of bacterial contamination in the generation of fetal calf sera which support primary in vitro humoral responses by cultured mouse spleen cells. Gram-negative, gliding bacteria were isolated from a strongly supportive sample of fetal calf sera. Medium conditioned by the growth of these microorganisms had strong adjuvant effects in cultures of mouse spleen cells supplemented with a non supportive, deficient sera. The adjuvant and mitogenic activities of the bacterial conditioned medium were then compared to those of bacterial lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella typhosa 0901 in cultures of LPS responder and LPS nonresponder spleen cells. From the results of these comparative studies, we conclude that the active factor(s) obtained from the gliding bacteria is an adjuvant with properties very distinct from those of highly purified enteric bacterial LPS.
Immunosuppression of Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis by Azathioprine
Authors: Tarrab-Hazdai Rebeca , Abramsky Oded , Fuchs Sara 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Azathioprine was shown to be effective in suppressing the onset of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) in rabbits injected with acetylcholine receptor (AChR) from Torpedo californica. The correlation between clinical effects and several immunologic parameters resulting from the immunosuppressive treatment was studied.
Administration of azathioprine for 5 months prevented the appearance of EAMG for at least 12 months, even after discontinuation of the treatment, in rabbits injected once with AChR. The suppressive effect of azathioprine was followed by a decreased cellular reactivity such as lymphocyte transformation and binding of AChR to macrophages, as well as a decreased humoral reactivity such as levels of total circulating antibodies and of cytophilic antibodies. Whereas the cellular and humoral sensitivities toward the immunizing Torpedo receptor were decreased, the reactivity against self AChR was essentially abolished. The strong effect on the autoimmune reactivity may assign some specificity to the treatment with azathioprine in affecting selectively certain cell populations. It is possible that immune responses directed against certain antigenic determinants that may be actively involved in the pathogenesis of EAMG are selectively more affected by azathioprine. The immunologic findings should prove useful in assessing and evaluating azathioprine treatment of the human disease.
Suppression of B Cell MIF Production by T Cells and Soluble T Cell-Derived Factors
Authors: Cohen Stanley , Yoshida Takeshi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Purified populations of guinea pig B cells from nonimmunized animals may be stimulated by PPD or LPS to produce MIF. Unfractionated lymphocyte suspensions from these animals do not produce MIF under these conditions. Reconstitution of B cells with T cells abolishes their ability to generate detectable MIF. A soluble factor obtained from stimulated T cell cultures (MIFIF) is also capable of suppressing this B cell activity. Thus suppressor T cells can interfere with lymphokine production by B cells and this effect is mediated at least in part by a soluble factor. This previously undescribed capacity of T cells may provide an explanation for the fact that B cells do not appear to play a role in reactions of cell-mediated immunity in vivo.
Expression and Function of I Region Determinants on Immunocompetent Cells
Authors: Henry Claudia , Chan Eva L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have examined the cytotoxic activity of anti-Iak serum and complement on various immune functions of BALB/c (H-2d) cells. Since the cytotoxic action of this antiserum on H-2d cells defines specificity Ia.7, an I-C region product, we have looked at the selective expression of this antigen. We have mainly used the in vitro anti-Lac2 response to study the cells involved in the induction and regulation of antibody. The data presented here show that Ia.7 is present on both IgM and IgG precursor B cells and in lesser amounts on plaque-forming cells. The antiserum also recognizes with less efficiency a product on specific T suppressor cells, which is possibly coded for by the adjacent I-J subregion. Both fluorescence and functional tests indicate the absence of Ia.7 on macrophages. It is also lacking on T helper cells. When we tested the antiserum on the in vitro cytotoxic responses to alloantigens, we found that neither T effector cells nor their precursors were affected.
Regulation of Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity
Authors: Babu U. M. , Sabbadini Edris 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lethally irradiated F1 hybrid mice were given an i.v. injection of parental strain spleen cells. Six days later, their spleen cells were used as the effector cells to measure the in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) of the parental cells. The treatment of the donors with hydrocortisone resulted in a marked decrease of the capacity of their spleen cells to produce a CMC reaction, whereas the treatment with antithymocyte serum (ATS) resulted in an almost complete loss of such activity. The mixing of spleen cells from hydrocortisone-treated parental donors with the spleen cells from ATS-treated parental donors before injection resulted in a synergistic amplification of the cytotoxic response. The anti-Thy-1 serum treatment of either spleen cell population abolished the synergism completely. These results indicate that cortico-resistant T cells act as precursors of cytotoxic lymphocytes and that ATS-resistant T cells produce an amplification of their reaction.
The Antibody Response to the T1699 Murine Adenocarcinoma: Antibody Class and Subclass Heterogeneity Detected in Serum and in Situ
Authors: Haskill J. S. , Radov L. A. , Fett J. W. , Parthenais E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have used indirect immunofluorescence to study antibody responses directed against membrane antigens expressed on in vitro and in vivo T1699 mammary adenocarcinoma cells. IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgA, and IgM antibodies were present in the serum of DBA/2 mice bearing T1699 tumors; IgG2a and IgG2b antibodies were readily detected on the cells in situ. Lesser amounts of the other classes and subclasses could be detected by indirect immunofluorescence measurements on in vivo tumor cells and with low pH eluates of in vivo cells tested on the in vitro line of T1699. The antigenic determinants on in situ tumor cells are not saturated with antibody as these cells demonstrated enhanced fluorescence of all immunoglobulin classes and subclasses when treated with autologous serum. Experiments with thymus-depleted mice indicated that immunoglobulin production was strongly dependent on thymus-derived cells for all immunoglobulin classes and subclasses except IgG2b. Our studies suggest that IgG2a may be active in the macrophage-mediated cytotoxic reaction and IgG2b in the immediate hypersensitivity reaction to T1699 cells. These results provide further evidence for an active role of tumor-specific antibody in the host defense to the T1699 adenocarcinoma in situ.
Studies on the Cytotoxic Activity of Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Ziegler H. Kirk , Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The inhibition of human K cell-mediated cytolysis by a variety of immunoglobulin preparations was studied. It was found that inhibition was not a simple function of IgG concentration but was dependent on the mode of immunoglobulin presentation. The relative inhibitory capacity of IgG preparations on a weight basis was as follows: cell associated Ig ≥ immobilized immune complexes τ; insoluble immune complexes τ; soluble immune complexes τ; heat-aggregated Ig ≫ monomeric Ig. These results imply that the inhibitory capacity of immunoglobulin is determined by ligand (Fc) multivalency.
It was found that although interactions between immunoglobulin and Fc receptors occur at low temperatures, these interactions lead neither to lysis nor to K cell inactivation. A temperature-sensitive post-binding event was required both for lysis to occur and for K cells to be inactivated.
These findings lead us to propose that an IgG-induced redistribution (“capping”) of Fc receptors on the K cell surface may be required for cytolysis and for effector cell inactivation.
Differentiation of Lymphoid Cells: The Preferential Binding of the Lipid a Moiety of Lipopolysaccharide to B Lymphocyte Populations
Authors: Zimmerman D. H. , Gregory S. , Kern M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lipid A, prepared from lipopolysaccharide, was labeled with 125I. Such iodinated lipid A possesses the full mitogenic activity of untreated lipid A. Comparison of the 125I-lipid A-binding activity of splenocytes and thymocytes from the same rabbit revealed that the extent of labeling of splenocytes was 10 to 20 times greater than that observed with an equivalent number of thymocytes. A similar preferential binding was detected in comparing cells in mouse and rat. Spleen populations depleted of adherent cells were essentially unaltered with regard to binding when compared to the original population. In addition, spleen cell populations enriched for thymus-derived cells (T cells) exhibited a marked loss of specific binding activity. On the other hand, spleen cell populations enriched for bone marrow-derived cells (B cells) exhibited the expected binding. The difference in binding behavior of B and T cell-enriched populations was confirmed by using three independent techniques to separate B and T cells. These findings are consistent with the mitogenic specificity of lipid A toward B cells rather than T cells and suggest that the observed cellular specificity resides in an early event in mitogenesis, i.e., binding of the mitogen.
Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Effector Cells Lack Ia Antigens
Authors: Nelson David L. , Sachs David H. , Dickler Howard B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Surface immunoglobulin (sIg)-positive and sIg-negative subpopulations of macrophage-depleted murine splenic lymphocytes were obtained by Sephadex anti-Fab immunoabsorbent fractionation. These lymphocyte subpopulations were analyzed for the presence of Thy 1 and Ia alloantigens and also for Fc receptors by fluorescence microscopy. Concurrently, these lymphocyte subpopulations were studied for effector cell activity in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Effector cells mediating ADCC were contained in the sIg-negative lymphocyte subpopulation and sIg-positive lymphocytes did not mediate cytotoxicity. The majority of sIg-positive lymphocytes were found to bear Ia antigens and Fc receptors, and these cell surface structures were associated in that treatment of these cells with anti-Ia sera inhibited binding of complexed immunoglobulin to Fc receptors. In contrast, most sIg-negative, Thy 1-negative lymphocytes lacked Ia antigens, and the Fc receptors detected on such cells were not blocked by anti-Ia sera. In addition, a small subpopulation of sIg-negative, Ia antigen-positive, Fc receptor-positive lymphocytes was found. Elimination of this subpopulation of Ia antigen-positive cells from sIg-negative lymphocytes, by treatment with anti-Ia serum and complement, did not diminish ADCC effector cell activity in the resultant cell population when compared with untreated sIg-negative lymphocytes. Thus, in murine spleen, nonphagocytic mononuclear cells that lack both sIg and Ia antigens were shown to mediate ADCC.
Studies on the Induction and Expression of T Cell Mediated Immunity
Authors: Grimm Elizabeth A. , Bonavida Benjamin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The lytic efficiency of isolated alloimmune cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) has been examined, following the development of a method to highly enrich for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) by specific binding to allogeneic target cells. Murine effector-target cell conjugates, prepared by mixing populations of immune lymphocytes (generated in vitro and in vivo) with allogeneic tumor target cells, were enriched by rate sedimentation through a discontinuous fetal calf serum (FCS) gradient. The bottom layer contained 80 to 90% conjugated lymphocytes, or an enrichment of 3- to 6-fold and a recovery of approximately 50%. Isolation by a microdilution technique, followed by single-cell, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) assay proved that an average of 70% of the conjugating lymphocytes from both primary and secondary responses lysed their attached target cell. The absolute frequency of CTL in any immune T cell population was determined by correcting the percentage of conjugates by the factor of those conjugating lymphocytes observed to kill in the single-cell CMC assay.
Using these techniques of CTL enrichment and single-cell assay, results have been obtained that provide evidence for heterogeneity of CTL lytic potential. The intrinsic lytic efficiency of individual CTL was determined by quantitation of the time intervals required for target lysis by 1373 conjugated lymphocytes. Up to 5 hr for primary and 4 hr for secondary CTL was necessary to achieve maximum single-target lysis at 37°C. In addition, the average 1° CTL displayed a slower rate of killing than the average 2° CTL. It was found that the time required for lysis by 50% of the 1° lymphocytes was 2.5 hr and for 2° lymphocytes was 1.2 hr, demonstrating that cytotoxic lymphocytes are heterogeneous in their lytic potential. Heterogeneity of lytic efficiency by CTL was also shown by experiments demonstrating a poor correlation between the frequency of conjugating lymphocytes and the cytotoxicity measured by 51Cr release.
Binding Site of Human IgG Subclasses and Their Domains for Fc Receptors of Activated Murine T Cells
Authors: Klein Michel , Neauport-Sautes Catherine , Ellerson James R. , Fridman Wolf H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A subpopulation of activated murine T cells (25%) were found to bear Fc receptors for mouse, rabbit, and human IgG. Studies, by rosette inhibition and indirect immunofluorescence, of their specificity for human IgG subclasses have shown that these receptors bound nonaggregated IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 in a comparable fashion, but did not bind IgG4. The binding site has been localized exclusively to the Fc region and the binding capacity of this fragment was not affected by mild reduction. Binding of the Fc fragment of IgG4 could not be demonstrated. Using isolated Cγ2 and Cγ3 (pFc′) domains from IgG1 and a Cγ3-derived fragment (Fc′), a major binding site was localized to the Cγ3 domain between residues Gln342 and His433. A 10-fold molar excess of Cγ3 dimer over native Fc was, however, required to show comparable activity. The monomeric Cγ2 domain was 10-fold less active than the Cγ3 fragment. Human urine β2-microglobulin was not cytophilic. These data are discussed and it is suggested that the Cγ2 and Cγ3 domains may contribute to the formation of a cooperative binding site through quaternary interdomain interactions.
By redistribution experiments, it was demonstrated that the three human IgG subclasses shown to be cytophilic share common or linked receptors, which were not associated with the H-2 alloantigens.
Thymosin-Induced Human Serum Factor Increasing Cyclic AMP
Authors: Astaldi Alberto , Astaldi Giulia C. B. , Wijermans Pierre , Groenewoud Marjorie , Schellekens Peter Th.A. , Eijsvoogel Vincent P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thymosin has virtually no in vitro effect on cyclic AMP levels in thymocytes and seems not to react with either the β-adrenergic receptor or with the putative human serum thymic factor (SF) receptor. However, when thymosin is injected into patients lacking SF activity, it induces the appearance of a serum factor which increases cellular cyclic AMP levels in thymocytes in vitro. This factor appears to act on a membrane site distinct from the β-adrenergic receptors.
Altered Humoral Immune Response to Sheep Red Blood Cells by Sheep Erythrocyte-Soluble Hemolysate
Authors: Davis-Miller Merdis , Bratcher Ray L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adult C3H/He mice were rendered unresponsive to a primary injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) by pretreatment with sheep hemolysate supernatant (SHS) or subfractions of SHS isolated by column chromatography. The following effects of SHS on the immune response were observed: SHS did not kill antigen-reactive cells, it did not prevent the release of antibody by cells actively synthesizing and secreting antibody, and SHS-induced tolerance was not inhibited or abrogated by methods which terminate or abolish tolerance. In addition, cell-mediated responses were not affected in animals whose humoral responses were suppressed; however, the secondary plaque-forming cell (PFC) response was enhanced by SHS treatment. SDS gel electrophoresis revealed SHS to contain several proteins ranging from 12,000 to approximately 500,000 daltons.
Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis: Enhancement of Cell-Mediated Transfer by Concanavalin A
Authors: Panitch Hillel S. , McFarlin Dale E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adoptive transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) with splenic lymphocytes from Lewis rats sensitized to myelin basic protein (BP) was potentiated by incubation of the cells in vitro with concanavalin A (Con A). Spleen cells of donors which had recovered from EAE also transferred the disease readily after activation by this procedure. In contrast, the transfer of activity of lymph node cells was not altered. We conclude that during the course of EAE a population of T cells with immunologic memory for BP is generated and persists in the spleen. Incubation with Con A activates these cells and results in marked enhancement of their ability to transfer the disease.
Fucose-Binding Lotus tetragonolobus Lectin Binds to Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes and Induces a Chemotactic Response
Authors: VanEpps Dennis E. , Tung Kenneth S. K. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Fucose-binding L. tetragonolobus lectin binds to the surface of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and induces a chemotactic response. Both surface binding and chemotaxis are inhibited by free fucose but not by fructose, mannose, or galactose. The lectin-binding sites on PMN are unrelated to the A, B, or O blood group antigen. Utilization of this lectin should be a useful tool in isolating PMN membrane components and in analyzing the mechanism of neutrophil chemotaxis.
Immunologic Classification of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae with Micro-Immunofluorescence
Authors: Wang San-Pin , Holmes King K. , Knapp Joan S. , Ott Susanne , Kyzer David D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A reproducible immunologic classification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains has been achieved by the micro-immunofluorescence (Micro-IF)3 method by using formalinized whole organisms as test antigens and mouse antisera prepared by i.v. immunization with the whole organisms as antibody. Immunologic differences among Neisseria species were also distinct in this test system. Immunologic differences among gonococcal strains were not influenced by gonococcal colony type. Classification of gonococci was facilitated by use of antisera absorbed with an antigenically unique gonococcus strain.
Of 180 gonococcal strains, 175 could be classified into three immunotypes: A, B, and C. Each type was further divided into subtypes designated A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, B3, C1, and C2. Minor antigenic differences still exist within each subtype.
The two gonococcal isolates from each of 17 pairs of sexual contacts fell into the same subtype. Seventy-one of 73 isolates which required arginine, hypoxanthine, and uracil for growth (Arg-Hyx-Ura-) and seven of 107 other auxotypes belonged to subtypes A2 and A3. Marked geographical differences in distribution of gonococcal immunotypes were observed among those available for testing. Subtypes A2 and A3 were predominant in Seattle whereas types B and C were predominant in Southeast Asia. The only Arg-Hyx-Ura- isolates not belonging to subtypes A2 or A3 were the only two that were serum sensitive. This Micro-IF immunotyping appears potentially useful for future immunologic, epidemiologic, and genetic studies of N. gonorrhoeae.
The Incorporation of C3 Nephritic Factor (C3NeF) into a Stabilized C3 Convertase, C3bBb(C3NeF), and its Release after Decay of Convertase Function
Authors: Daha Mohamed R. , Austen K. Frank , Fearon Douglas T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The stabilized fluid phase C3 convertase formed during the interaction of C3NeF, B, D̄, and C3 and isolated as a 10S complex by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation contains C3NeF. The C3NeF incorporated into the 10S complex cannot be detected by hemolytic assay until it is released during the decay of convertase function. The total recovery of the C3NeF present in the original reaction mixture from the 7S and 10S fractions indicates that the stabilizing action of C3NeF on the fluid phase convertase is not associated with an appreciable augmentation or decline in function. Furthermore, the C3NeF recovered after decay of the fluid phase convertase is identical to the starting material in its stabilizing action on erythrocyte-bound C3bBb, its molecular weight of 160,000 daltons, and its isoelectric point of pH 8.6 to 8.7. The incorporation of partially purified C3NeF into the fluid phase amplification convertase with release upon decay of the convertase, followed by removal of the contaminating complement proteins, yielded more than a 100-fold further purification. Thus, the affinity of C3NeF for the amplification convertase afforded a unique method for removing physicochemically similar contaminating proteins. Purified C3NeF, radiolabeled without decrement in functional activity, was incorporated in a 1:1 molar ratio with radiolabeled B into the 10S complex, thereby establishing a molecular composition of the stabilized convertase C3bBb-(C3NeF) of 1:1:1.
Expression of Fetal Antigens by Normal Human Skin Cells Grown in Tissue Culture
Authors: Thorpe William P. , Parker George A. , Rosenberg Steven A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal human sera are capable of causing complement-mediated lysis of normal human skin cells grown in tissue culture. This lytic reactivity can be completely removed by absorption with first trimester fetal tissue. Absorption with a variety of normal adult human tissues including lymphocytes, decidua, skin, and muscle are incapable of absorbing reactivity. Absorption of reactivity by fetal tissue is specific and not due to the introduction of anti-complementary or other nonspecific factors, as evidenced by the inability of simultaneous fetal absorption to remove reactivity from antisera with specificity for HLA antigens. Similarly, absorption of lytic sera with fetal calf serum proteins was incapable of removing reactivity against normal cells in tissue culture. It thus appears that normal human cells in tissue culture express antigens shared by the first trimester human fetus, but not present on a variety of adult human tissues. This “neoantigen” present on normal human cells when grown in tissue culture is a potential source of confusion and must be accounted for in searching for human tumor-specific antigens utilizing tissue culture cells.