bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Bacillus clausii and Bacillus megaterium on some Physiological and Biochemical Parameters in Rats That Induced Diarrhea
Authors: Werdi Chalang M. , Al-Hadidy Yasmeen I. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The current work aimed to isolate and diagnose the species of the genus Bacillus, investigate their susceptibility as prebiotics, and study their therapeutic effect in vivo in induced infection with Staphylococcus aureus in terms of their effect on blood picture parameters. These parameters include red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and lipid profile. The lipid profile includes the total cholesterol and lipoproteins, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) triglycerides, and protein parameters (concentrations of total protein, globulin and albumin) in male rats which were compared with control groups after 28 days. This work includes 20 male Albino Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 8-9 weeks, and average weights of 148 g. They were randomly divided into five groups and four replicates per group. Two types of probiotics of the genus Bacillus were identified, Bacillus claussi and Bacillus megaterum. The results showed that the infection induced by Staphylococcus aureus caused a significant rise (P<0.05) in the white blood cells and platelets (17.37 and 650.0) IU/Liters compared to the control group, and a significant decrease in the number of red blood cells at 5.040 mm3 and hemoglobin concentration (11.300 g/dt). The findings showed that cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL concentrations rose, which were (68.07, 89.00 and 17.90) and a decrease in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) (33.25) compared with the control group. The protein standardssignificantly decreased at probability (P<0.05). In the concentration of total protein and albumin, it recorded (3.600 and 4.00) dL/g compared to the control group (5.400 and 4.80) dL/g. There were no significant differences in the globulin protein between the different groups. Yet, adding Bacillus species to the infected group of rats had a significant effect in the reduction of the negative influence on all parameters measured in the experiment.
Kojic Acid and its Potential Inhibitory Against Bread Mold
Authors: Salman Khawlah Abdallah , Al-Esawi Ameer Salem , Al-Salami Zeina Taleb , Al-Jannah Salah Mahdi 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Several natural compounds have recently been discovered to be effective in the management of numerous pathogenic microorganisms. Kojic acid is an example of such a compound (KA). It is a byproduct of the fungal fermentation process that is commonly used in the production of food and cosmetics. The well diffusion method was used to determine the antifungal activity of various KA concentrations, viz., 20, 25, and 30 mg/μl, against the bread mold. On the seventh day of incubation, an evaluation was performed. The factors detected were the inhibition of bread mold growth with an enumerated size of diameter mycelial growth. The study’s findings showed that KA inhibited mycelial growth, with the highest inhibition found at 25 and 30 mg/μl concentrations, with no significant difference between the two treatments. Based on these findings, the best concentration (30 mg/μl) was tested further using the well diffusion technique. A concentration of 30 mg/μl was found to be more effective than the others in preventing fungal growth. This concentration produced inhibitory zones with an average diameter of 23.3 mm, which was larger than the other concentrations. The results of this study showed that KA has a potential impact for preserving bread from mold.
Evaluation of Probiotic Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Dairy Products
Authors: Salih Abeer Majeed , Ali Shaimaa A. M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Seventy samples were collected from different sources, including dairy samples, soil samples, and samples of therapeutic bacteria supplements available in pharmacies to isolate and diagnose the types of lactic acid bacteria, study some of their traits that are used as bio-enhancers, and identify the most efficient isolates, De Man, Rogosa, and Sharp Agar (MRS) medium were used to isolate the bacteria of lactic acid. After the phenotypic tests for colonies and microscopic and biochemical tests were made, 38 isolates were obtained that belong to lactic acid bacteria, the results showed that most of the isolates belonged to the genus Bifidobacterium, as their number was 14 isolates with a rate of 36.8%, while the number of isolates belonging to the genus Lactobacillus was 12 with a rate of 31.57%. In addition for isolates belonging to the genus Leuconostoc, the number of isolates was 8 with a rate of 21.1%. Also, it was possible to obtain 4 isolates with a rate of 10.5% belonging to the genus Streptococcus. The biological properties of bacterial isolates that are isolated in terms of their ability to grow at different temperatures were studied, the results showed that all isolates being studied have the ability to grow at a temperature of 37° C, 42.8% of the isolates have the ability to grow at a temperature of 10° C, and 50% of the isolates have the ability to grow at a degree of 45° C, also, it appears from the results that all bacterial isolates being studied have the ability to grow in saline concentrations of 6.5%, except for two isolates; S. uberis and S. lactis, also, all bacterial isolates have the ability to grow in a saline concentration of 4.5 % except for B. bifidum, B. infants, B. breve, B. longum. The results also showed that the bacterial isolate L. lactis had the highest pH resistance, as it significantly outperformed the rest of the isolates and gave a growth rate of 123 × 103 CFU / ml, it is followed by isolate S.uberis, and then isolate B.berve, which gave an average growth rate of (113.75, 111.5) × 103 CFU/ml, in terms of its resistance to bile salts, all isolates could resist 0.2, 0.3 g/ml concentrations, L. lactis gave the highest growth rate reached 159 CFU/ml.
Effect of Coating Using Gelatin, Carboxy Methyl Cellulose and Nanoparticles on the Microbial Content of Apple Fruit Samples
Authors: Al-Fahdawi Ahmed Hashim Mohammed , Khalaf Abdulkhaleq Sulaiman , Abed Marwa Ibrahim 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of composite and edible coatings prepared from gelatin and carboxy methyl cellulose supported by nanoparticles of silver AgNPS and titanium TiO2NPs in preserving apple fruit samples, conducting microbial examination for a period of 28 days and evaluating the effectiveness of nanoparticles of silver and titanium as anti-microbial agents. The results of the microbial examination for T3 and T4 treatments showed that there was no growth of bacteria and fungi during the storage period except in the fourth week, a little growth appeared. As for treatment T2, there was an escalating growth of bacteria and fungi in the second, third and fourth week, whereas the T1 Treatment showed that the growth of bacteria and fungi was appeared in the first week, and a significant increase in growth was observed as the storage period progressed until reaching the fourth week. The inhibitory activity of nanoparticles added to the composite coatings that coated with apple samples was evaluated. The results showed that the effectiveness of nanoparticles against Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, as the diameter of inhibition area of silver nanoparticles was 9-26 mm while it was 11-17 mm for titanium nanoparticles. As for Escherichia coli bacteria, the results showed that the diameter of inhibition area of silver nanoparticles was 13-29 mm while it was 7-18 mm for titanium nanoparticles. Regarding of Bacillus pumilus bacteria, the results showed that the diameter of inhibition area of silver nanoparticles was 14-30 mm while it was 8-19 mm for titanium nanoparticles. It is noted from the results of the study that the nanoparticles proved to be effective against bacteria that infected apple fruit samples during the storage periods, and the silver nanoparticles were more effective compared with titanium nanoparticles.
Comparative Study of Nanofiltration and Evaporation Technologies on the Milk Concentration
Authors: Sayel M. F. , Khalid Nahla Tariq , Rashid Khalid Turki 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to make a comparison between the effect of nano-filtration and evaporation techniques on one of the most important dairy products absolutely, concentrated milk, in order to see the strengths and weaknesses of both, and harnessing nano-filtration technology to produce condensed milk if it proves to be the most effective technology. Therefore, cow’s milk was obtained from a reliable source and three treatments were prepared from it: (RM) it is raw milk without concentration, (EM) was concentrated by evaporation technology while (CM) was concentrated by nano-filtration technology. The results showed that concerning the chemical composition, values of protein, fat, lactose and ash was (6.3, 9.7, 8.2 and 0.96%) for (CM), while were (7.4, 7.45, 9.6 and 0.88%) respectively for (EM), although it contained a lower percentage of protein and lactose, but the statistical analysis did not show a significant between these values. Also, the CN, NPN, TN and WP were (5.18, 0.05, 1.12 and 1.12%) for (CM) while were (6.64, 0.04, 1.05 and 0. 76%) respectively at (EM). Also, (CM) contained a greater amount of minerals, Mg, Na, K, P and Ca values of (CM) were (84.42, 787.6, 1125, 136.1 and 373.8 ppm) while were (72.93, 763.7, 988, 125.8 and 325.9 ppm) for (EM) respectively. Not only that, but also nano-filtration showed a higher efficiency in raising the microbial quality, total microbial count of (CM) was (0.18 × 102), while was (0.22 × 102) for (EM), molds and yeasts, spore-forming bacteria and Chloform bacteria was marked with (±), (±) and (-) respectively just like (EM) but avoiding the downsides of heat treatment. with regard to sensory properties, the colour, texture, flavor and taste scores of (CM) were (13.3, 32.2, 38 and 9.3) respectively, and finally crowned its superiority in the total scores which was (92.8/100), while values of (EM) were (12, 29.5, 33.6 and 8.4) respectively, and (83.5/100) at total scores.
Effective of Bacterial Inoculation Azotobacter Chroococcum and Bacillus Subtillis in Inoculation Density and Available Phosphorus in Soil and Plant
Authors: Azzawi Samer Sameer , Kamal Jawad Abdl-Kadhim 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during the agricultural season 2021-2022 with an agricultural area in Al-Nouriah area / Al-Shafi’i district of Al-Diwaniyah Province. Two levels of Azotobacter (A1, A0) inoculation and non-inoculation, as well as the use of two levels of Bacillus subtilis (B1, B0) inoculation and non-inoculation, and four levels of phosphate rock fertilizer (P0, P1, P2, P3) were used. ) kg.h-1 and the interaction between them In addition to the concentration of phosphorous in soil and plants and the numerical density of Azotobacter and Bacillus. A factorial experiment was applied. according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results of the statistical analysis showed the least significant difference L.S.D. The interaction treatment (Azotobacter inoculation + Bacillus inoculation + rock phosphate fertilizer) Compared with the control treatment by giving it the highest mean of (phosphorous concentration in soil and plants, number of Azotobacter and number of Bacillus bacteria) amounted to (13.647) mg.kg-1 and (3379) mg.kg-1 and (10.54) CFU/gm Soil x 10-6 and (7.08) CFU/gm Soil x 10-6 respectively.
Effect of Dry and Liquid Wey Addition on Tomato (Solanum esculentium L.) Growth Properties Under Greenhouses Conditions-b
Authors: Mohsin Raghdan Hashim , Desher Mohsin Abdulhay , Naser Amera Kadhum 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A pots experiment under greenhouses conditions were conducted at an agricultural research station related to Agriculture College / Basrah Univ. during the grown season 2017 - 2018 to statement the effect of different levels of treatment of liquid and dry Wey adding to soil mixed animal manures as a growth media on some tomato seedling properties, Wey adding at level 25, 50 and 75 % as a liquid and 1, 2 and 4 % as a dry. Results showed a significant improvement in all growth properties: The highest height of 33.11 cm was recorded in (1 animal manure :1 soil) treatment at a 2 % dry Wey. The highest number of branches was at dry and liquid Wey treatments, attaining 2 and 3.2 plant branch-1, and the highest average number of branches was recorded at the value of 3.55 plant branch-1 at (1 animal manure : 1 soil) treatment. A significant number of leaves was 13 leaf plant-1 at the level of adding 50% of liquid spray and 12 leaf plant-1 at the level of addition of 2% of dry Wey; the highest average number of leaves has recorded a value of 13 leaf plat-1 of (1anmial manure:1soil) treatment. A significant value of shoot weight was at 75 % addition Wey liquid attained 6.99 gm plant-1 for shoot part compared with control and 25 % addition liquid Wey treatments.(1 animal manure:1 soil) treatment. Treatment of liquid Wey was applied at a concentration of 75%, giving a significant average of roots fresh weight is 0.123 gm plant-1, adding animal manure treated with liquid Wey achieved the highest average weight of roots attains 0.156 gmplant-1. Treatments of applied liquid Wey at a concentration of 75% were a superior average of dry shoot weight at 0.59 gm plant-1.
The Thermal Conductivity and Matric Potential (Moisture Tension) Relationships for Soils of Different Gypsum Content
Authors: Al-Juboori Jasim Mohammed Yaseen , Khairo Awss Mamdouh , AlShamary Wael F. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The soil samples have been taken from a soil profile at the Research Station of College of Agriculture in the University of Tikrit at a longitude of 430 38- 23= in the east and at a latitude of 340 48- 40= in the north. The samples were taken from the surface horizon with a gypsum content of 62 g.kg-1 (G1) and also from the subsurface horizon of 443g.kg-1 (G7) gypsum content. Different gypsum content samples were prepared as G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6 that have Gypsum contents of 106, 153, 202, 245, and 337 g.kg-1 respectively. These samples were prepared by mixing the surface soil samples with the soil of gypsic horizon. The prepared soil samples were wetted by water spraying to two thirds the field capacity levels (0.25 kg.kg-1). Then they incubated for two months in order to make soils homogeneity in addition to moisture distribution in soil. The plastic rings of 10.4 cm diameter and 10 cm heights were drilled from the middle to fix the sensor of heat flux of thermometer plug. The size and height of the soil to be placed in the plastic ring was calculated based on the area A and height h of ring and then the mass of the soil (m) was calculated based on the value of the bulk density. The samples were oven dried at 70° degree until the weight of samples were fixed to obtain the completely dry soils. The amount of water to be added per sample was calculated based on the moisture characteristics curve and by the tensions specified in this study (0.1, 5, 15, 33 and 100) kPa. The moisture was converted to a depth of water and then soil samples were wetted in a light spraying manner with continuous flipping and the thermometer sensors were fixed up and down the heat flux sensor and then six readings per replication were recorded. The time from one reading to another was 60 seconds and their rate was extracted. Based on the results of the experiment, it can be concluded that by the fixation of moisture tension, the thermal conductivity values of the soil decreased with the increased soil content of gypsum, as the G3 treatment with gypsum content 15% gave the highest significant value while the least significant average value of thermal conductivity values at the G7 treatment with gypsum content was 43%. The increase in gypsum from 25% at G5 to 30% and 44% in G6 and G7 successive treatments did not significantly affect the values of the soil’s thermal conductivity averages. The overlap point of the relationship between soil gypsum content and thermal conductivity was found at G3 and G4 that have gypsum content of 15% and 25% respectively. The average of gypsum decreases the thermal conductivity values of the soil with increased moisture tension values, as the tension gave 0.1 kPa a significant increase in the values of the average thermal conductivity from the rest of the tensions and for all treatments while the least significant average of thermal conductivity values at tension was 100 kPa.
Effect of T. harzianum and G. mosseae Biological Inoculation and Phosphate Rocks on the Availability of NPK in the Rhizosphere of Barley Crop (Hordium Valgari L.)
Authors: Laibi Salah Mahdi , Kamal Jawad Abdul Kadhim 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
When it comes to increasing crop yields, biological fertilizers are crucial. So, researchers looked into how different concentrations of phosphate rock and T. harzianum and G. mosseae fungal fertilizers affected NPK availability in the rhizosphere of a barley crop. In the fall of 2021, farmers in the Al-Qadisiyah Governorate tested out a new barley variety they’d come up with, calling it “Samir 1,” on clay loamy soil. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates was used to create the factorial experiment. The experiment used four different doses of phosphate rock (P0, P1, P2, and P3) at concentrations of (0,1000,1500, and 2000) t/ha-1, as well as two doses of T. harzianum inoculum (T0, control; T1, fungal inoculation); and two doses of G. mosseae inoculum (G0, control; G1, fungal inoculation). According to the findings, nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium (NPK) availability in the soil were significantly increased by 41.32, 16.54, and 225.43 mg/kg/soil-1 in the interaction treatment compared to the control.
Effect of Pruning Treatments and the Addition of Humic Acid on Growth and Yield of Zaytoni Cultivar Grape Trees
Authors: Abdulrahman Pola Manaf , Khalaf Jassim Mohammed 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted in one of the private orchards located in the Altun Kobri sub-district of Dibs district, about (20) km away from Kirkuk governorate, during the growing season (2020-2021). This is to study the effect of six levels of summer pruning, the first level (T1) without pruning, the second level (T2) removing the tops of the main branches after the decade, and the third level (T3) removing the tops of the main branches after the decade and the fourth level (T4) removing leaves and leaving (8) Leaves for each fruit cluster, the fifth level (T5) remove the leaves and leave (10) leaves for each fruit cluster, the sixth level (T6) remove the leaves and leave (12) leaves for each fruit cluster. And the addition of three levels of humic acid (zero, 20, 40) g. vine-1 and its symbol (H1, H2, H3) sequentially, in the growth and yield characteristics of grape vines of the olive variety, and it was added a week after the contract (25/5/2021). The experiment was carried out according to a randomized complete block design with three sectors.
Effect of Sources and Levels of Zinc Spraying on the Absorbed Zinc and Wheat Yield (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Al-Murshidi Allawi Abdul-Sada Japer , Jassim Raheem Alwan Halool 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a farmer’s field in Al-Najmi district, Al-Muthanna governorate, 3 km away from the district center during the agricultural season (2021-2022) in order to study the effect of the sources and levels of zinc spraying on zinc uptake and the yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), as zinc was used. Nano (12% Zn), chelated zinc (14% Zn), zinc sulfate (23% Zn) and a symbol for the sources with the symbol (S2, S3, S1) in sequence, and four levels (0, 100, 200, 300) mg Zn L-1, symbol It has (L4, L3, L2, L1) respectively, as it was sprayed on the wheat crop Rashid in two stages when branching and flowering. The experiment was conducted using factorial trials, randomized complete block method (RCBD), with three replicates. Thus, the number of experimental units is (4*3*3)=36. The results show the superiority of nano-zinc at the level of 300PPM in the concentration of zinc on the plant at the flowering stage and the concentration of zinc in the plant at the harvest stage and the concentration of zinc in the grains and zinc uptake, which recorded the highest averages, while the chelated zinc at 300PPM was superior in the concentration of zinc in the plant at the branching stage, it recorded the highest average, as well as zinc sulfate at the level of 300PPM was superior to the grain yield.
Effect of Agricultural Polymer and Levels of NPK on some Chemical Characteristics and the Availability of some Nutrients in the Soil and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Hassan Taif Ahmed , Al-Barkat Hanoon Nahi Kadhem 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at the field of Agricultural Research Station, Agriculture College, Al-Muthanna University, to study the effect of agricultural polymer and levels of NPK on some chemical traits, the availability of some nutrients in the soil and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), during the agricultural season 2022-2021, by two-factor RCBD experiment with a split-cut design and with three replicates. The experiment included four levels of agricultural polymer (P), occupied sub-plot, mixed with soil at levels 0, 37.5, 75.0 and 112.5) kg polymer ha-1 and its symbols P0, P1, P2 and P3 respectively, with five levels of NPK at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the fertilizer recommendation, their symbols F0, F1, F2, F3 and F4, respectively, which occupied the main plot. The results of the statistical analysis were summarized, that the addition of different levels of agricultural polymer led to an increase in the availability of NPK nutrients and some of its characteristics, whereas, the levels P2 (75.0 kg polymer ha-1) and P3 (112.5 kg polymer ha-1) gave a significant superiority in the averages of nitrogen available soil for the flowering stage, on phosphorous, potassium availabile in the soil at flowering, the moisture content at flowering, and in grain yield, the level P3 (112.5 kg polymer ha-1) gave an increase in the biological yield, the addition of mineral fertilizer at a level of 100% of the fertilizer recommendation F4 affected some soil characteristics, including an increase in soil salinity. The binary interaction between agricultural polymer levels and NPK levels significantly affected all studied traits.