bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-constraint spatial coupling for the body joint quadruped robot and the CPG control method on rough terrain
Authors: Song Guozheng , Ai Qinglin , Tong Hangsheng , Xu Jian , Zhu Shaoxuan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Quadruped robots have frequently appeared in various situations, including wilderness rescue, planetary exploration, and nuclear power facility maintenance. The quadruped robot with an active body joint has better environmental adaptability than one without body joints. However, it is difficult to guarantee the stability of the body joint quadruped robot when walking on rough terrain. Given the above issues, this paper proposed a gait control method for the body joint quadruped robot based on multi-constraint spatial coupling (MCSC) algorithm. The body workspace of the robot is divided into three subspaces, which are solved for different gaits, and then coupled to obtain the stable workspace of the body. A multi-layer central pattern generator model based on the Hopf oscillator is built to realize the generation and switching of walk and trot gaits. Then, combined with the MCSC area of the body, the reflex adjustment strategy on different terrains is established to adjust the body’s posture in real time and realize the robot’s stable locomotion. Finally, the robot prototype is developed to verify the effectiveness of the control method. The simulation and experiment results show that the proposed method can reduce the offset of the swing legs and the fluctuation of the body attitude angle. Furthermore, the quadruped robot is ensured to maintain stability by dynamically modifying its body posture. The relevant result can offer a helpful reference for the control of quadruped robots in complex environments.
Alveolar gradients in breath analysis. A pilot study with comparison of room air and inhaled air by simultaneous measurements using ion mobility spectrometry
Authors: Westhoff M , Keßler M , Baumbach J I 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Analyzing exhaled breath samples, especially using a highly sensitive method such as MCC/IMS (multi-capillary column/ion mobility spectrometry), may also detect analytes that are derived from exogenous production. In this regard, there is a discussion about the optimal interpretation of exhaled breath, either by considering volatile organic compounds (VOCs) only in exhaled breath or by additionally considering the composition of room air and calculating the alveolar gradients. However, there are no data on whether the composition and concentration of VOCs in room air are identical to those in truly inhaled air directly before analyzing the exhaled breath. The current study aimed to determine whether the VOCs in room air, which are usually used for the calculation of alveolar gradients, are identical to the VOCs in truly inhaled air. For the measurement of inhaled air and room air, two IMS, each coupled with an MCC that provided a pre-separation of the VOCs, were used in parallel. One device was used for sampling room air and the other for sampling inhaled air. Each device was coupled with a newly invented system that cleaned room air and provided a clean carrier gas, whereas formerly synthetic air had to be used as a carrier gas. In this pilot study, a healthy volunteer underwent three subsequent runs of sampling of inhaled air and simultaneous sampling and analysis of room air. Three of the selected 11 peaks (P4—unknown, P5—1-Butanol, and P9—Furan, 2-methyl-) had significantly higher intensities during inspiration than in room air, and four peaks (P1—1-Propanamine, N-(phenylmethylene), P2—2-Nonanone, P3—Benzene, 1,2,4-trimethyl-, and P11—Acetyl valeryl) had higher intensities in room air. Furthermore, four peaks (P6—Benzaldehyde, P7—Pentane, 2-methyl-, P8—Acetone, and P10—2-Propanamine) showed inconsistent differences in peak intensities between inhaled air and room air. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to compare simultaneous sampling of room air and inhaled air using MCC/IMS. The simultaneous measurement of inhaled air and room air showed that using room air for the calculation of alveolar gradients in breath analysis resulted in different alveolar gradient values than those obtained by measuring truly inhaled air.
Effect of ambient temperature and respiration rate on nasal dominance: preliminary findings from a nostril-specific wearable
Authors: Kumar Amit , Joshi Deepak 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The nasal dominance (ND) determination is crucial for nasal synchronized ventilator, optimum nasal drug delivery, identifying brain hemispheric dominance, nasal airway obstruction surgery, mindfulness breathing, and for possible markers of a conscious state. Given these wider applications of ND, it is interesting to understand the patterns of ND with varying temperature and respiration rates. In this paper, we propose a method which measures peak-to-peak temperature oscillations (difference between end-expiratory and end-inspiratory temperature) for the left and right nostrils during nasal breathing. These nostril-specific temperature oscillations are further used to calculate the nasal dominance index (NDI), nasal laterality ratio (NLR), inter-nostril correlation, and mean of peak-to-peak temperature oscillation for inspiratory and expiratory phase at (1) different ambient temperatures of 18 °C, 28 °C, and 38 °C and (2) at three different respiration rate of 6 bpm, 12 bpm, and 18 bpm. The peak-to-peak temperature (T
pp) oscillation range (averaged across participants; n = 8) for the left and right nostril were 3.80 ± 0.57 °C and 2.34 ± 0.61 °C, 2.03 ± 0.20 °C and 1.40 ± 0.26 °C, and 0.20 ± 0.02 °C and 0.29 ± 0.03 °C at the ambient temperature of 18 °C, 28 °C, and 38 °C respectively (averaged across participants and respiration rates). The NDI and NLR averaged across participants and three different respiration rates were 35.67 ± 5.53 and 2.03 ± 1.12; 8.36 ± 10.61 and 2.49 ± 3.69; and −25.04 ± 14.50 and 0.82 ± 0.54 at the ambient temperature of 18 °C, 28 °C, and 38 °C respectively. The Shapiro–Wilk test, and non-parametric Friedman test showed a significant effect of ambient temperature conditions on both NDI and NLR. No significant effect of respiration rate condition was observed on both NDI and NLR. The findings of the proposed study indicate the importance of ambient temperature while determining ND during the diagnosis of breathing disorders such as septum deviation, nasal polyps, nosebleeds, rhinitis, and nasal fractions, and in the intensive care unit for nasal synchronized ventilator.
Freon’s Destroy the Stratosphere
Authors: Al-Sharoot Mustafa Ali 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
First of all, we have to know that the ozone layer exists in different levels of the Earth’s atmosphere. After follow-up, it was found that the equivalent of 80% of the ozone is found at altitudes between 16 and 35 kilometres above the earth’s surface. At this level it provides a good sunscreen shield, and we believe that is a good ozone. It is also present at ground level in low concentrations (tropospheric ozone). It is believed that the ozone at this stage is the polluting part and that the smog over the cities is the main part of it and it can be called (bad ozone). Through this thing, we must realize that the international community has not remained silent about air violations and took a number of measures to restore the ozone layer, most notably the Montreal Protocol in 1987. Here it was necessary for all countries of the world to develop solutions that work to gradually get rid of this time bomb by uniting on one decision, It is to stop the production or import of all materials that have a role in the depletion of the ozone because they have a direct impact on the depletion of the stratosphere. This paper seeks to serve two functions. First: it gives fundamental information about the Stratospheric ozone depletion process, with the goal of utilizing current worldwide knowledge on Measures to minimize the use of ozone-depleting compounds existing alternatives and current advances. As a result a supportive framework for Iraq to control its internal problem has been established. Second: an overview of the state of ozone-depleting compounds in Iraq including the industries that use them the difficulties in restricting their use, and the awareness and measures made to reduce their use in Iraq. We believe that this paper will give policymakers with the information they need to solve this issue, such as by giving alternatives and enumerating the roles of environmental protection agencies, user businesses, and the government itself in reducing the use of these compounds. We are convinced that our efforts will assist the general population who is concerned about the ozone layer’s degradation.
Study of Intra-Annual and Annual Air Temperatures Over Iraq for Period (1970 – 2021)
Authors: Ibraheem Nagham T. , Al-Jiboori Monim H. , Hussain Hazim H. , Roomi Thaer O. , Al-Salihi Ali 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Iraq is one of the most vulnerable regions in the world as a result of climatic changes, the exacerbation of global warming, high temperatures, extreme weather phenomena, droughts, desertification and dust storms. Studies confirmed that the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations was a major cause of climate change in Iraq, especially in the central and southern regions, which recorded the highest concentrations of these gases in recent years. Transformational and construction. The concentration of carbon dioxide gas, to which Iraq contributes 0.00508% of global emissions, has increased by 5 times after the year 2000 compared to before, i.e., by 1.8 times. So does methane, which has increased by 0.04 ppmv annually. The research found that the amount of increase in the annual temperatures for the last fifty years is (3 °C), and with these rates of temperature rise, it is expected that the increase will be by (2 °C) by the year 2050. The highest value for the average temperature was in Basra (40 °C) compared to Mosul and Baghdad, which reach (35 °C) during the summer, which indicates that the regions of southern Iraq are the most affected by the phenomenon of global warming.
On-Grid Mono-Si PV Solar System Performance Evaluation in Baghdad
Authors: Abed Alaa N. , Kasim Naseer K. , Hussain Hazim H. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The performance assessment of a 5 kWp On-Grid Mon-crystalline silicon photovoltaic( PV) solar system is the subject of the present paper. This PV system is located in Baghdad city, Al-Mansour company. The present PV solar system is observed during 2018. The current system’s yearly daily averages for the array yield final yield, and the reference yield are 4.65 kWh/kWp, 4.5 kWh/kWp, and 5.9 kWh/kWp, respectively. The final yield’s yearly energy is 1613.8 kWh/kWp. The present year’s electrical energy output from this system is 7891.57 kWh, and Baghdad’s annual global horizontal solar irradiation (GHI) is 1987.5 kWh/m2. The average yearly daily losses for the system and the array are 0.15 kWh/kWp and 1.33 kWh/kWp, respectively. The average yearly efficiencies for the system, the array and the inverter are 11.33%, 11.7%, and 96.75%, respectively. The annual daily averages for performance ratio and capacity factor are 74.7% and 17.75 %, respectively. Mono-crystalline silicon (Mono-Si) seems to operate well in the environment of Baghdad-Iraq.
Single-cell transcriptomics refuels the exploration of spiralian biology
Authors: Piovani Laura , Marlétaz Ferdinand 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Spiralians represent the least studied superclade of bilaterian animals, despite exhibiting the widest diversity of organisms. Although spiralians include iconic organisms, such as octopus, earthworms and clams, a lot remains to be discovered regarding their phylogeny and biology. Here, we review recent attempts to apply single-cell transcriptomics, a new pioneering technology enabling the classification of cell types and the characterisation of their gene expression profiles, to several spiralian taxa. We discuss the methodological challenges and requirements for applying this approach to marine organisms and explore the insights that can be brought by such studies, both from a biomedical and evolutionary perspective. For instance, we show that single-cell sequencing might help solve the riddle of the homology of larval forms across spiralians, but also to better characterise and compare the processes of regeneration across taxa. We highlight the capacity of single-cell to investigate the origin of evolutionary novelties, as the mollusc shell or the cephalopod visual system, but also to interrogate the conservation of the molecular fingerprint of cell types at long evolutionary distances. We hope that single-cell sequencing will open a new window in understanding the biology of spiralians, and help renew the interest for these overlooked but captivating organisms.
Helping Children Catch Up: Early Life Shocks and the PROGRESA Experiment
Authors: Adhvaryu Achyuta , Molina Teresa , Nyshadham Anant , Tamayo Jorge 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Children who face significant disadvantage early in life are often found to be worse off years or even decades later. Can conditional cash transfer programs mitigate the negative consequences and help these children catch up with their peers? We answer this question using data from rural Mexico, where rainfall shocks can have substantial effects on household income. We find that adverse rainfall in a child's year of birth decreases grade attainment, post-secondary enrolment and employment outcomes. But declines were much smaller for children whose families were randomised to receive the conditional cash transfer program, PROGRESA: each additional year of PROGRESA exposure during childhood mitigated almost 20% of the early disadvantage in grade attainment.
Severe aortic stenosis detection by deep learning applied to echocardiography
Authors: Holste Gregory , Oikonomou Evangelos K , Mortazavi Bobak J , Coppi Andreas , Faridi Kamil F , Miller Edward J , Forrest John K , McNamara Robert L , Ohno-Machado Lucila , Yuan Neal , Gupta Aakriti , Ouyang David , Krumholz Harlan M , Wang Zhangyang , Khera Rohan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background and Aims
Early diagnosis of aortic stenosis (AS) is critical to prevent morbidity and mortality but requires skilled examination with Doppler imaging. This study reports the development and validation of a novel deep learning model that relies on two-dimensional (2D) parasternal long axis videos from transthoracic echocardiography without Doppler imaging to identify severe AS, suitable for point-of-care ultrasonography.

Methods and results
In a training set of 5257 studies (17 570 videos) from 2016 to 2020 [Yale-New Haven Hospital (YNHH), Connecticut], an ensemble of three-dimensional convolutional neural networks was developed to detect severe AS, leveraging self-supervised contrastive pretraining for label-efficient model development. This deep learning model was validated in a temporally distinct set of 2040 consecutive studies from 2021 from YNHH as well as two geographically distinct cohorts of 4226 and 3072 studies, from California and other hospitals in New England, respectively. The deep learning model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.978 (95% CI: 0.966, 0.988) for detecting severe AS in the temporally distinct test set, maintaining its diagnostic performance in geographically distinct cohorts [0.952 AUROC (95% CI: 0.941, 0.963) in California and 0.942 AUROC (95% CI: 0.909, 0.966) in New England]. The model was interpretable with saliency maps identifying the aortic valve, mitral annulus, and left atrium as the predictive regions. Among non-severe AS cases, predicted probabilities were associated with worse quantitative metrics of AS suggesting an association with various stages of AS severity.

Conclusion
This study developed and externally validated an automated approach for severe AS detection using single-view 2D echocardiography, with potential utility for point-of-care screening.
Women, lipids, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a call to action from the European Atherosclerosis Society
Authors: Roeters van Lennep Jeanine E , Tokgözoğlu Lale S , Badimon Lina , Dumanski Sandra M , Gulati Martha , Hess Connie N , Holven Kirsten B , Kavousi Maryam , Kayıkçıoğlu Meral , Lutgens Esther , Michos Erin D , Prescott Eva , Stock Jane K , Tybjaerg-Hansen Anne , Wermer Marieke J H , Benn Marianne 
Published: August 2023

AbstractCardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women and men globally, with most due to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Despite progress during the last 30 years, ASCVD mortality is now increasing, with the fastest relative increase in middle-aged women. Missed or delayed diagnosis and undertreatment do not fully explain this burden of disease. Sex-specific factors, such as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, premature menopause (especially primary ovarian insufficiency), and polycystic ovary syndrome are also relevant, with good evidence that these are associated with greater cardiovascular risk. This position statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society focuses on these factors, as well as sex-specific effects on lipids, including lipoprotein(a), over the life course in women which impact ASCVD risk. Women are also disproportionately impacted (in relative terms) by diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and auto-immune inflammatory disease. All these effects are compounded by sociocultural components related to gender. This panel stresses the need to identify and treat modifiable cardiovascular risk factors earlier in women, especially for those at risk due to sex-specific conditions, to reduce the unacceptably high burden of ASCVD in women.
Bicuspid aortic valve: long-term morbidity and mortality
Authors: Yang Li-Tan , Ye Zi , Wajih Ullah Muhammad , Maleszewski Joseph J , Scott Christopher G , Padang Ratnasari , Pislaru Sorin V , Nkomo Vuyisile T , Mankad Sunil V , Pellikka Patricia A , Oh Jae K , Roger Veronique L , Enriquez-Sarano Maurice , Michelena Hector I 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background and Aims
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital heart anomaly. Lifetime morbidity and whether long-term survival varies according to BAV patient-sub-groups are unknown. This study aimed to assess lifetime morbidity and long-term survival in BAV patients in the community.

Methods
The authors retrospectively identified all Olmsted County (Minnesota) residents with an echocardiographic diagnosis of BAV from 1 January 1980 to 31 December 2009, including patients with typical valvulo-aortopathy (BAV without accelerated valvulo-aortopathy or associated disorders), and those with complex valvulo-aortopathy (BAV with accelerated valvulo-aortopathy or associated disorders).

Results
652 consecutive diagnosed BAV patients [median (IQR) age 37 (22–53) years; 525 (81%) adult and 127 (19%) paediatric] were followed for a median (IQR) of 19.1 (12.9–25.8) years. The total cumulative lifetime morbidity burden (from birth to age 90) was 86% (95% CI 82.5–89.7); cumulative lifetime progression to ≥ moderate aortic stenosis or regurgitation, aortic valve surgery, aortic aneurysm ≥45 mm or z-score ≥3, aorta surgery, infective endocarditis and aortic dissection was 80.3%, 68.5%, 75.4%, 27%, 6% and 1.6%, respectively. Survival of patients with typical valvulo-aortopathy [562 (86%), age 40 (28–55) years, 86% adults] was similar to age-sex-matched Minnesota population (P = .12). Conversely, survival of patients with complex valvulo-aortopathy [90 (14%), age 14 (3–26) years, 57% paediatric] was lower than expected, with a relative excess mortality risk of 2.25 (95% CI 1.21–4.19) (P = .01).

Conclusion
The BAV condition exhibits a high lifetime morbidity burden where valvulo-aortopathy is close to unavoidable by age 90. The lifetime incidence of infective endocarditis is higher than that of aortic dissection. The most common BAV clinical presentation is the typical valvulo-aortopathy with preserved expected long-term survival, while the complex valvulo-aortopathy presentation incurs higher mortality.
Sodium-based paracetamol: impact on blood pressure, cardiovascular events, and all-cause mortality
Authors: Rao Shishir , Nazarzadeh Milad , Canoy Dexter , Li Yikuan , Huang Jing , Mamouei Mohammad , Salimi-Khorshidi Gholamreza , Schutte Aletta E , Neal Bruce , Smith George Davey , Rahimi Kazem 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background and Aims
Effervescent formulations of paracetamol containing sodium bicarbonate have been reported to associate with increased blood pressure and a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. Given the major implications of these findings, the reported associations were re-examined.

Methods
Using linked electronic health records data, a cohort of 475 442 UK individuals with at least one prescription of paracetamol, aged between 60 and 90 years, was identified. Outcomes in patients taking sodium-based paracetamol were compared with those taking non–sodium-based formulations of the same. Using a deep learning approach, associations with systolic blood pressure (SBP), major cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, heart failure, and stroke), and all-cause mortality within 1 year after baseline were investigated.

Results
A total of 460 980 and 14 462 patients were identified for the non–sodium-based and sodium-based paracetamol exposure groups, respectively (mean age: 74 years; 64% women). Analysis revealed no difference in SBP [mean difference −0.04 mmHg (95% confidence interval −0.51, 0.43)] and no association with major cardiovascular events [relative risk (RR) 1.03 (0.91, 1.16)]. Sodium-based paracetamol showed a positive association with all-cause mortality [RR 1.46 (1.40, 1.52)]. However, after further accounting of other sources of residual confounding, the observed association attenuated towards the null [RR 1.08 (1.01, 1.16)]. Exploratory analyses revealed dysphagia and related conditions as major sources of uncontrolled confounding by indication for this association.

Conclusions
This study does not support previous suggestions of increased SBP and an elevated risk of cardiovascular events from short-term use of sodium bicarbonate paracetamol in routine clinical practice.
Introduction: Communication in the Weimar Republic
Authors: Young Christopher , Zierenberg Malte 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Communication has always featured prominently in Weimar research. Disputes about how the war was lost, the disdain in which the republic was held by its foes, the scepticism with which it was regarded by many of its citizens, and the manifold ways its various crises were interpreted—the history of the republic offered many angles from which to assess how communication was used to process events. Taking their cue from more recent trends in Weimar scholarship, however, the essays in this issue set new emphases. Not only have their authors chosen innovative topics, but they have approached them with an acute sensitivity to situations, settings, discourses and practices. They pose questions about the specific conditions, channels and practices of communication in the Weimar Republic and consider the complex mixture of interconnected communicative actions between different groups at different levels of society, nationally and internationally. By so doing they address the issue of communication as one of the most vibrant aspects of a society that was marked by rapid technological developments as well as political change.