bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neighborhood Social Cohesion and Loneliness in Mid- and Later Life: Are Benefits Contingent on Race/Ethnicity or Neighborhood Disorder?
Authors: Massihzadegan Setarreh , Stokes Jeffrey E 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Connections between social integration and health throughout the life span are well established, including at the neighborhood level and among older adults. Less explored is how pathways between neighborhood social cohesion and well-being may differ by race/ethnicity or by neighborhood disorder. This study investigates whether perceived neighborhood social cohesion is associated with loneliness in adults aged 50 and older, and whether this association is moderated by race/ethnicity or perceived neighborhood disorder.

Methods
We used pooled cross-sectional data from the 2016 and 2018 waves of the Health and Retirement Study and respondents to the Leave-behind Questionnaire age 50 and older, living in the community (N = 10,713). Data were analyzed using multivariate ordinary least squares regression.

Results
Perceived social cohesion was negatively associated with loneliness (B = −0.13, p &lt; .001); however, this effect was strongest among White respondents, and significantly weaker for respondents who were Black (B = 0.02, p &lt; .05), Hispanic (B = 0.03, p &lt; .05), or of another race/ethnicity (B = 0.03, p &lt; .05). Further, neighborhood disorder moderated the association between social cohesion and loneliness (B = 0.02, p &lt; .001), reducing the strength of relationship for those in areas of high disorder. Inclusion of this interaction also attenuated the interaction between neighborhood cohesion and race for Black older adults.

Discussion
Findings show that neighborhood social cohesion matters for midlife and older adults’ loneliness, but that this relationship varies by race/ethnicity and neighborhood disorder. As such, neighborhood racial/ethnic makeup and both social and objective neighborhood characteristics should be considered when designing interventions to reduce loneliness.
Trait Loss in Evolution: What Cavefish Have Taught Us about Mechanisms Underlying Eye Regression
Authors: Sifuentes-Romero Itzel , Aviles Ari M , Carter Joseph L , Chan-Pong Allen , Clarke Anik , Crotty Patrick , Engstrom David , Meka Pranav , Perez Alexandra , Perez Riley , Phelan Christine , Sharrard Taylor , Smirnova Maria I , Wade Amanda J , Kowalko Johanna E 
Published: May 2023

Synopsis
Reduction or complete loss of traits is a common occurrence throughout evolutionary history. In spite of this, numerous questions remain about why and how trait loss has occurred. Cave animals are an excellent system in which these questions can be answered, as multiple traits, including eyes and pigmentation, have been repeatedly reduced or lost across populations of cave species. This review focuses on how the blind Mexican cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus, has been used as a model system for examining the developmental, genetic, and evolutionary mechanisms that underlie eye regression in cave animals. We focus on multiple aspects of how eye regression evolved in A. mexicanus, including the developmental and genetic pathways that contribute to eye regression, the effects of the evolution of eye regression on other traits that have also evolved in A. mexicanus, and the evolutionary forces contributing to eye regression. We also discuss what is known about the repeated evolution of eye regression, both across populations of A. mexicanus cavefish and across cave animals more generally. Finally, we offer perspectives on how cavefish can be used in the future to further elucidate mechanisms underlying trait loss using tools and resources that have recently become available.
Common Interests Without Common Expertise: Reflections on Early-career Experiences in Cross-Disciplinary Research
Authors: Chan Kit Yu Karen , Wheeler Jeanette D 
Published: May 2023

Synopsis
Cross-disciplinary research enables us to tackle complex problems that require expertise from different fields. Such collaborations involve researchers who have different perspectives, communication styles, and knowledge bases, and can produce results far greater than the sum of their parts. However, in an era of increasing scientific specialization, there exist many barriers for students and early-career researchers (ECRs) interested in training and undertaking interdisciplinary research endeavors. This perspective examines the challenges that students and ECRs perceive and experience in cross-disciplinary work and proposes pathways to create more inclusive and welcoming research environments. This work emerges from a National Science Foundation (NSF)-funded workshop held during the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology (SICB) Annual Meeting in January 2023 in Austin, TX. The workshop brought together seasoned interdisciplinary scientists with undergraduate and graduate students to identify and discuss perceived challenges through small group discussions and experience sharing. Through summarizing a range of student concerns about embarking on careers as interdisciplinary scientists and identifying ways to dismantle institutional and lab management-level barriers, we aim to promote an inclusive and collaborative problem-solving environment for scientists of all experience levels.
Sex Without Sexes: Can the Cost of Finding a Mate Explain Diversity in Fungal Mating Systems?
Authors: James Timothy Y 
Published: May 2023

SynopsisEukaryotes have evolved myriad ways of uniting gametes during sexual reproduction. A repeated pattern is the convergent evolution of a mating system with the fusion of larger gametes with smaller gametes (anisogamy) from that of fusion between morphologically identical gametes (isogamy). In anisogamous species, sexes are defined as individuals that produce only one gamete type. Although sexes abound throughout Eukarya, in fungi there are no biological sexes, because even in anisogamous species, individuals are hermaphroditic and produce both gamete types. For this reason, the term mating types is preferred over sexes, and, thus defined, only individuals of differing mating types can mate (homoallelic incompatibility). In anisogamous fungal species, there is scant evidence that there are more than two mating types, and this may be linked to genetic constraints, such as the use of mating types to determine the inheritance of cytoplasmic genomes. However, the mushroom fungi (Agaricomycetes) stand out as having both large numbers of mating types within a species, which will allow nearly all individuals to be compatible with each other, and reciprocal exchange of nuclei during mating, which will avoid cytoplasmic mixing and cyto-nuclear conflicts. Although the limitation of mating types to two in most fungi is consistent with the cyto-nuclear conflicts model, there are many facets of the Agaricomycete life cycle that also suggest they will demand a high outbreeding efficiency. Specifically, they are mostly obligately sexual and outcrossing, inhabit complex competitive niches, and display broadcast spore dispersal. Subsequently, the Agaricomycete individual pays a high cost to being choosy when encountering a mate. Here, I discuss the costs of mate finding and choice and demonstrate how most fungi have multiple ways of reducing these costs, which can explain why mating types are mostly limited to two per species. Nevertheless, it is perplexing that fungi have not evolved multiple mating types on more occasions nor evolved sexes. The few exceptions to these rules suggest that it is dictated by both molecular and evolutionary constraints.
Implementation of integrated ecosystem assessments in the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea—conceptualizations, practice, and progress
Authors: Clay Patricia M , Ferretti Johanna , Bailey Jennifer L , Goti Leyre , Dankel Dorothy J , Santurtun Marina , Fuller Jessica , Linke Sebastian , Schmidt Jörn , Nielsen Kåre Nolde , Goldsborough David , Groeneveld Rolf , Fraga Ana Rita , Elegbede Isa , Röckmann Christine 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
With increasing activities of multiple sectors in marine spaces, management of marine social–ecological systems requires more holistic approaches. Adopting such an approach, however, presents difficult institutional and disciplinary challenges. Here, we use the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) as a case study on the implementation of ecosystem-based management (EBM) and integrated ecosystem assessments (IEAs). ICES includes EBM and IEAs in its Science Priorities and established IEA Working Groups (WGs) to carry out regional IEAs. But to what degree does this IEA WG work follow best practices? We examine policy documents, academic literature, and interview data from chairs of all IEA WGs. Results indicate mixed success. All groups acknowledge the holistic goals of IEA, and many use the IEA model as laid out by Levin et al. However, we found a significant variation in the degree to which the full model is applied. We identified two primary areas for improvement: (1) integration of social and economic issues and (2) involvement of stakeholders. We offer examples of how WGs have been making progress towards full IEAs, discuss how ICES can further support this transition, and suggest lessons with respect to the adoption of EBM and IEAs more broadly.
Effects of Mask Reuse on the Oropharyngeal, Skin, and Mask Microbiome
Authors: Merenstein Carter , Fitzgerald Ayannah S , Khatib Layla A , Graham-Wooten Jevon , Bushman Frederic D , Collman Ronald G 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Background
Face masks have been critical in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, but supplies were sometimes limited and disposable masks contribute greatly to environmental waste. Studies suggest that filtration capacity is retained with repeated use, and surveys indicate many people reuse surgical masks. However, the impact of mask reuse on the host is understudied.

Methods
We applied 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate the bacterial microbiome of the facial skin and oropharynx of individuals randomized to wearing fresh surgical masks daily versus masks reused for 1 week.

Results
Compared to daily fresh masks, reuse was associated with increased richness (number of taxa) of the skin microbiome and trend towards greater diversity, but no difference in the oropharyngeal microbiome. Used masks had either skin-dominant or oropharynx-dominant bacterial sequences, and reused masks had &gt;100-fold higher bacterial content but no change in composition compared to those used for 1 day.

Conclusions
One week of mask reuse increased the number of low-abundance taxa on the face but did not impact the upper respiratory microbiome. Thus, face mask reuse has little impact on the host microbiome, although whether minor changes to the skin microbiome might relate to reported skin sequelae of masking (maskne) remains to be determined.
Antibiotic prescription patterns during last days of hospitalized patients with advanced cancer: the role of palliative care consultation
Authors: Kim Jeong-Han , Yoo Shin Hye , Keam Bhumsuk , Heo Dae Seog 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Issues regarding antibiotic use in end-of-life patients with advanced cancer present a challenging ethical dilemma in academic referral centres. This study aimed to investigate the role of palliative care consultation on antibiotic prescription patterns among hospitalized patients with advanced cancer during their last days of life.

Methods
This retrospective cohort study included adult patients with metastatic solid cancer admitted to a tertiary referral hospital for at least 4 days and subsequently died and who were given antibiotics 4 days before death between January 2018 and December 2021. Patients were divided into palliative care consultation (PC) and non-consultation (non-PC) groups. The outcomes were the proportion of patients who received antibiotic combination treatment, antibiotic escalation and antibiotic de-escalation within 3 days of death. Propensity score analysis with the inverse probability of the treatment weighting method was used to compare the outcomes.

Results
Among the 1177 patients enrolled, 476 (40.4%) received palliative care consultation and 701 (59.6%) did not. The PC group received considerably less antibiotic combination treatment (49.0% versus 61.1%, adjusted OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.53–0.90, P = 0.006) and antibiotic escalation (15.8% versus 34.8%, adjusted OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.30–0.57, P &lt; 0.001) than the non-PC group. Additionally, the PC group reported significantly higher antibiotic de-escalation (30.7% versus 17.4%, adjusted OR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.28–2.36, P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusion
Receiving palliative care consultation may minimize aggressive antibiotic prescription patterns in the last days of patients with advanced cancer in an academic referral centre setting.
Novel hyperthermoacidic archaeal enzymes for removal of thermophilic biofilms from stainless steel
Authors: Nam Yurina , Barnebey Adam , Kim Hayoung K , Yannone Steven M , Flint Steve 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Aims
To test the efficacy of novel hot/acid hyperthermoacidic enzyme treatments on the removal of thermophilic spore-forming biofilms from stainless steel surfaces.

Methods and results
The present study measured the efficacy of hyperthermoacidic enzymes (protease, amylase, and endoglucanase) that are optimally active at low pH (≈3.0) and high temperatures (≈80°C) at removing thermophilic bacilli biofilms from stainless steel (SS) surfaces. Plate counts, spore counts, impedance microbiology, as well as epifluorescence microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to evaluate the cleaning and sanitation of biofilms grown in a continuous flow biofilm reactor. Previously unavailable hyperthermoacidic amylase, protease, and the combination of amylase and protease were tested on Anoxybacillus flavithermus and Bacillus licheniformis, and endoglucanase was tested on Geobacillus stearothermophilus. In all cases, the heated acidic enzymatic treatments significantly reduced biofilm cells and their sheltering extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).

Conclusions
Hyperthermoacidic enzymes and the associated heated acid conditions are effective at removing biofilms of thermophilic bacteria from SS surfaces that contaminate dairy plants.
Azimuthal seismic reflection characteristics with quality factor Q in viscoelastic horizontal transverse isotropic media
Authors: Xi Yijun , Yin Xingyao 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In seismic exploration, a precise description of the seismic reflection property is critical for reservoir prediction and fluid identification. In the study of seismic wave transmission effects, taking into account both the viscoelastic and anisotropic properties of a medium is compatible with the features of the earth. Moreover, it is advantageous to the characterization of complicated reservoirs. According to the elastic medium foundation and the imaginary component with quality factor Q, seismic reflection properties of viscoelastic media are described in the complex domain. The complex wave number is expressed by phase velocity and Q. The attenuation angle is introduced when the complex wave number is represented by a propagation vector and an attenuation vector. The exact velocity and polarization direction of a viscoelastic medium are expressed using a complex stiffness matrix incorporating Q matrix elements. The quasi-Zoeppritz equation for viscoelastic horizontal transverse isotropic (VHTI) media is derived by using boundary conditions based on the wave function of viscoelastic media. The numerical simulation of reflectivity reveals that the reflection coefficient in a viscoelastic medium is clearly different from that of an elastic medium. Moreover, the difference in reflection coefficient in various orientations has distinct characteristics.
Outcome trajectory estimation for optimal dynamic treatment regimes with repeated measures
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Vock David M , Patrick Megan E , Finestack Lizbeth H , Murray Thomas A 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn recent sequential multiple assignment randomized trials, outcomes were assessed multiple times to evaluate longer-term impacts of the dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs). Q-learning requires a scalar response to identify the optimal DTR. Inverse probability weighting may be used to estimate the optimal outcome trajectory, but it is inefficient, susceptible to model mis-specification, and unable to characterize how treatment effects manifest over time. We propose modified Q-learning with generalized estimating equations to address these limitations and apply it to the M-bridge trial, which evaluates adaptive interventions to prevent problematic drinking among college freshmen. Simulation studies demonstrate our proposed method improves efficiency and robustness.
Plant protoplasts in the age of synthetic biology
Authors: Reyna-Llorens Ivan , Ferro-Costa Miquel , Burgess Steven J 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Protoplasts, which are plant cells with their cell walls removed, have been used for decades in plant research and have been instrumental in genetic transformation and the study of various aspects of plant physiology and genetics. With the advent of synthetic biology, these individualized plant cells are fundamental to accelerate the ‘design–build–test–learn’ cycle, which is relatively slow in plant research. Despite their potential, challenges remain in expanding the use of protoplasts in synthetic biology. The capacity of individual protoplasts to hybridize to form new varieties, and to regenerate from single cells, creating individuals with new features is underexplored. The main objective of this review is to discuss the use of protoplasts in plant synthetic biology and to highlight the challenges to exploiting protoplast technologies in this new ‘age of synthetic biology’.
Artificial intelligence and clinical decision support: clinicians’ perspectives on trust, trustworthiness, and liability
Authors: Jones Caroline , Thornton James , Wyatt Jeremy C 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) could revolutionise health care, potentially improving clinician decision making and patient safety, and reducing the impact of workforce shortages. However, policymakers and regulators have concerns over whether AI and clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) are trusted by stakeholders, and indeed whether they are worthy of trust. Yet, what is meant by trust and trustworthiness is often implicit, and it may not be clear who or what is being trusted. We address these lacunae, focusing largely on the perspective(s) of clinicians on trust and trustworthiness in AI and CDSSs. Empirical studies suggest that clinicians’ concerns about their use include the accuracy of advice given and potential legal liability if harm to a patient occurs. Onora O’Neill’s conceptualisation of trust and trustworthiness provides the framework for our analysis, generating a productive understanding of clinicians’ reported trust issues. Through unpacking these concepts, we gain greater clarity over the meaning ascribed to them by stakeholders; delimit the extent to which stakeholders are talking at cross purposes; and promote the continued utility of trust and trustworthiness as useful concepts in current debates around the use of AI and CDSSs.
Fullerenes in the circumstellar medium of Herbig Ae/Be stars: insights from the Spitzer mid-infrared spectral catalog
Authors: Arun R , Mathew Blesson , Manoj P , Maheswar G , Shridharan B , Kartha Sreeja S , Narang Mayank 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
This study presents the largest mid-infrared spectral catalogue of Herbig Ae/Be stars to date, containing the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph spectra of 126 stars. Based on the catalogue analysis, two prominent infrared vibrational modes of C60 bands at 17.4 and 18.9 μm are detected in the spectra of nine sources, while 7.0 μm feature is identified in the spectra of HD 319896. The spectral index analysis and the comparison of the known sources with C60 features indicated that there exist two different types of emission classes among the sample of stars. The infrared spectra of six Herbig Ae/Be stars in this study resemble that of reflection nebulae, and their association with previously known reflection nebulae is confirmed. In the case of three Herbig Ae/Be stars, we report the tentative evidence of C60 emission features originating from the circumstellar disc or nearby diffused emission region. The detection fraction of C60 in the total HAeBe star sample is ∼7 per cent, whereas the detection fraction is 30 per cent for HAeBe stars associated with nebulosity. In the catalog, C60 is exclusively present in the circumstellar regions of B type Herbig Ae/Be stars, with no evidence of its presence detected in stars with later spectral types. The present study has increased the number of young stellar objects and reflection nebulae detected with C60 multifold, which can help in understanding the excitation and formation pathway of the species.
The shape of dark matter haloes: results from weak lensing in the ultraviolet near-infrared optical Northern survey (UNIONS)
Authors: Robison Bailey , Hudson Michael J , Cuillandre Jean-Charles , Erben Thomas , Fabbro Sébastien , Gavazzi Raphaël , Guinot Axel , Gwyn Stephen , Hildebrandt Hendrik , Kilbinger Martin , McConnachie Alan , Miller Lance , Spitzer Isaac , van Waerbeke Ludovic 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
Cold dark matter haloes are expected to be triaxial and so appear elliptical in projection. We use weak gravitational lensing from the Canada–France Imaging Survey (CFIS) component of the Ultraviolet Near-Infrared Optical Northern Survey (UNIONS) to measure the ellipticity of the dark matter haloes around Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs) from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 (DR7) and from the CMASS and LOWZ samples of the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS), assuming their major axes are aligned with the stellar light. We find that DR7 LRGs with masses M ∼ 2.7 × 1013 M⊙ h−1 have halo ellipticities e = 0.46 ± 0.10. Expressed as a fraction of the galaxy's ellipticity, we find fh = 2.2 ± 0.6. For BOSS LRGs, the detection is of marginal significance: e = 0.20 ± 0.10 and fh = 0.7 ± 0.7. These results are in agreement with other measurements of halo ellipticity from weak lensing and, taken together with previous results, suggest an increase in halo ellipticity of 0.10 ± 0.06 per decade in halo mass. This trend agrees with the predictions from hydrodynamical simulations, which find that at higher halo masses, not only do dark matter haloes become more elliptical, but that the misalignment between the major axis of the stellar light in the central galaxy and that of the dark matter decreases.
Multifrequency analysis of the radio emission from a post-merger galaxy CGCG 292-057
Authors: Misra Arpita , Jamrozy Marek , Weżgowiec Marek 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
Galaxies exhibiting a specific large-scale extended radio emission, such as X-shaped radio galaxies, belong to a rare class of winged radio galaxies. The morphological evolution of these radio sources is explained using several theoretical models, including galaxy mergers. However, such a direct link between a perturbed radio morphology and a galaxy merger remains observationally sparse. Here, we investigate a unique radio galaxy J1159+5820, whose host CGCG 292-057 displays the optical signature of a post-merger system with a distinct tidal tail feature, and an X-shaped radio morphology accompanied by an additional pair of inner lobes. We observed the target on a wide range of radio frequencies ranging from 147 to 4959 MHz, using dedicated GMRT and VLA observations, and supplemented it with publicly available survey data for broad-band radio analysis. Particle injection models were fitted to radio spectra of lobes and different parts of the wings. Spectral ageing analysis performed on the lobes and the wings favours a fast jet realignment model with a reorientation time-scale of a few million years. We present our results and discuss the possible mechanisms for the formation of the radio morphology.