bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Migration Inhibitory Effect of Cell-Free Supernatants from Mixed Human Lymphocyte Cultures
Authors: Clausen Jens Erik 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cell-free supernatants from mixed human lymphocyte cultures inhibited the migration of non-separated human peripheral leucocytes and purified polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The maximum inhibitory effect was observed in 4-day cultures, but even after 2 days inhibitory effect was demonstrated. The migration inhibitory factor (MIF) from mixed lymphocyte cultures was non-dialyzable, 56°C heat-stable and non-sedimentable at 78,000 × G. MIF was produced also in mixed cultures of lymphocytes pretreated with mitomycin C although the inhibitory effect was diminished in most of these experiments. The migration inhibition was demonstrated with an agarose plate technique which permits examination of only a few hundred microliters of unconcentrated MIF-containing supernatant.
A Model System for Study of Subcellular Distribution of Cell Surface Antigens
Authors: Wilson Lawrence A. , Boyle William 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A model system is described for the study of cell surface antigens and their subcellular distribution. The nuclear sediment of a rat liver homogenate was subjected to a rate zonal centrifugation for the partial separation of subcellular organelles. The problem of obtaining pure preparations of all subcellular organelles was circumvented by careful quantitation of enzyme markers for all the major membranous organelles in each fraction. Large plasma membrane fragments were isolated free of contaminating organelles as determined by enzyme markers. After quantitation of a cell surface antigen by a cytotoxicity inhibition assay with selected fractions, enzyme to antigen ratios were calculated. The antigen detected in this study was found to be limited to the plasma membrane. The ratios of the plasma membrane-enzyme-marker to antigen content were essentially constant in all fractions regardless of varying degrees of contamination by other subcellular organelles. This system offers several advantages, one of which is the estimation of a surface antigen on other subcellular organelles without the necessity of obtaining “pure” fractions of each organelle. In addition, the model eliminates repetitive sedimentation of the organelles with its consequent aggregation of membranes which would interfere with quantitative antibody absorptions. The system is also applicable to livers of other species and provides liver plasma membranes of good purity with only one gradient rate sedimentation.
Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Bell David A. , Leblond Pierre F. , Leddy John P. , Lauf Peter K. , LaCelle Paul L. , Weed Robert I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Erythrocytes of 19 sheep comprising 3 genetic types were studied for susceptibility to lysis by constant amounts of rabbit hemolysin and human complement. The sheep were classified as low K+ (LK) or high K+ (HK) by red cell K+ concentrations and then as antigenic types LL, LM or MM by detection of L and M erythrocyte antigens with specific antisera. The three genetic types of red cells consistently yielded differing levels of hemolysis in the following order of sensitivity: LK (LL) τ; LK (LM) τ; HK (MM). These differences could not be overcome by higher doses of antibody, were observed with both IgM and IgG hemolysin, and were not attributable to differing rates of hemolysis. A high K+ medium enhanced immune lysis of HK (MM) and LK (LM) cells but not LK (LL) cells. When the relationship of immune lytic potential of red cells to their sphericity and rigidity was examined by microscopic morphology, osmotic fragility and cellular deformability, heterogeneity was encountered within genetic types. The practical importance of these genetic differences in sheep erythrocytes for laboratories performing complement assays as a clinical service is demonstrated by comparative CH50 titers on representative human sera.
Production and Characterization of Migration Inhibitory Factor(s) (MIF) of Established Lymphoid and Non-Lymphoid Cell Lines
Authors: Papageorgiou Photini S. , Henley Walter L. , Glade Philip R. , Okas Sirje 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphoid cells from established human lymphoid suspension cultures migrate in vitro like guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. Used as indicator cells in the capillary migration technique, these cultured cells appear to be more sensitive than guinea pig peritoneal macrophages to migration inhibitory products. Human lymphoid cell line supernatants contain a factor(s) which inhibits the migration of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages and the cultured lymphoid cells. A number of non-lymphoid cell lines including HeLa, human embryonic lung, rat thymus and malignant hamster brain tumor, were found to contain similar migration inhibitory factor (MIF)-like activity in their supernatants. The MIF derived from the supernatants of a human lymphoid (SWB-46A) and a human non-lymphoid (HeLa) cell line were characterized and compared. The MIF produced by these cell lines were found in the present studies to be similar in many respects including: a) inhibition of cultured human lymphoid cell migration by crude supernatants, b) peak inhibitory activities in the same fractions (m.w. 10,000 to 30,000) following separation by ultrafiltration, c) similar elution profiles from Sephadex G-50 (peak inhibitory activity elutes between enzyme markers of m. w. 12,400 and 25,000), d) non-dialyzability and e) heat stability at 56°C for 30 min. The similarity found in the properties of these MIF suggests that migration inhibitory factor is not solely a lymphoid product.
Passive Immunization against the Local Shwartzman Reaction
Authors: Braude Abraham I. , Douglas Herndon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Passive immunization with rabbit antiserum to endotoxin prevented the Shwartzman reaction due to homologous and heterologous endotoxins. Homologous protection lasted at least 1 month, was conferred with the 19S fraction, and was accompanied by accelerated clearance of radioactive endotoxin from the circulating blood. Heterologous protection was not accompanied by accelerated clearance of endotoxin and bore no relationship to “0” antibody. Antiserum to the epimerase-deficient rough mutant J5 of Escherichia coli 0:111, which cannot incorporate “0” antigenic units, gave better protection than antiserum to smooth endotoxins. These results indicate that antiserum prevents the Shwartzman reaction by action against a toxic antigen common to endotoxins from unrelated bacterial genera; that loss of “0” antigenic units may enhance the production of protective antisera; and that accelerated clearance of endotoxin from the circulation is not necessary for protection.
Clearance of Equine Antitoxin-Toxin Complexes by the Reticuloendothelial System
Authors: Normann Sigurd J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antitoxins are frequently equine IgA (T) immunoglobulins which fix complement poorly and form soluble complexes in antitoxin excess. Such antisera produce unusual vascular clearance of toxin-antitoxin complexes. Clearance in rats of staphylococcal enterotoxin-equine antitoxin complexes has been examined throughout the range of antigen to antibody ratios by varying the amount of passively administered antitoxin. In toxin excess, clearance of the complexes was slow and independent of antisera concentration until sufficient antitoxin was present to bind 80% of the toxin. At equivalence, clearance was rapid; cellular localization revealed the majority of complexes in reticuloendothelial system (RES) cells. In antibody excess, high molecular weight non-precipitating complexes were formed yet the clearance rate slowed, decreasing further with additional excess antisera. Clearance rate correlated with the amount of precipitate formed in vitro at equivalent antitoxin to toxin ratios. These observations suggest that rapid removal of toxin and its catabolism by RE cells cannot be an important mechanism of detoxification by antibody in vivo. In fact, equine antitoxin functioned as an opsonin only when it reacted with toxin to produce aggregates whose solubility in plasma appeared to be the critical determinant to recognition by the RES.
Immunologic Response Restored by Macrophages in Mice with Immunosuppression Due to Normal RNA
Authors: Londner M. V. , Morini J. C. , Amerio Nelly , Font María Teresa , Rabasa S. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immunosuppressive effect of normal RNA has been reported previously by several authors (1–4), but its site of action is unknown. Recently, we (5) found that normal RNA depressed the immunologic system when injected 5 days before the antigen, confirming the results of others (1, 2). These experiments show that normal RNA effects both humoral and cellular immunity.
The purpose of this work is to determine where in the immunologic sequence RNA acts when administered before the antigen. If the immunologic sequence is assumed to be: antigen-macrophage-sensitized immunocyte (lymphocyte or plasma cell), it should be possible to restore the normal immunologic response after the administration of RNA by injecting these cells from isogenic normal donors if RNA acts on them. In the present experiment the action of normal macrophages has been investigated.
Antigen and Antibody in Aleutian Disease in Mink. I. Precipitation Reaction by Agar-Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Cho Hyun J. , Ingram D. G. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
An antigen in tissue from mink infected with Aleutian disease, detectable by agar-gel electrophoresis, was partially purified by fluorocarbon treatment and concentration by ultracentrifugation from the spleen, kidney and liver of experimentally infected mink. Antibody against this antigen, which seems to be specific for AD, appeared as early as 9 days after experimental infection. Normal animals had no detectable antigen or antibody specific for AD virus.
Endocytosis by Lymphocytes of Complexes of Anti-Ig with Membrane-Bound Ig
Authors: Unanue Emil R. , Perkins William D. , Karnovsky Morris J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Spleen lymphocytes that were incubated at low temperatures with fluorescent or 125I-labeled anti-Ig showed Ig molecules throughout the membrane as evidenced by immunofluorescence or electron microscopic autoradiographs. Incubation of these lymphocytes at 37°C resulted in the rapid endocytosis of the membrane anti-Ig-Ig complex.
Release of Cell Surface Immunoglobulin by Mouse Splenic Lymphocytes
Authors: Vitetta Ellen S. , Uhr Jonathan W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Considerable evidence has accumulated that Ig is present on lymphocytes where it acts as antigen specific receptor (1). We have recently described a method for the isolation and characterization of this cell surface Ig and have demonstrated that it is predominantly 8S IgM on mouse splenic lymphocytes (2).
The purpose of the present study was to determine the fate of cell surface Ig in splenic lymphocytes from nonimmunized mice. This information would be helpful in eventually achieving an understanding of the effect of antigen interaction on the receptor and the mechanism by which this effect is translated into a signal for stimulation of the lymphocyte.
Our results indicate that cell surface Ig turns over rapidly and is released during in vitro incubation.
Materials and Methods. Preparation of iodinated splenic lymphocytes. Splenic lymphocytes from adult BALB/c mice were prepared and iodinated as previously described (2).
Antibody Affinity and Valence in Viral Neutralization
Authors: Blank Susan Erma , Leslie Gerrie A. , Clem L. William 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This work shows that viral neutralization appears to be a function not only of antibody concentration but also of affinity, valence, and possibly molecular configuration of antibody. When antibody molecules of similar valence are grouped, neutralization increases with increasing molecular affinity. Conversely, if antibody molecules have comparable affinities, an increase in valence markedly increases neutralization. From these studies it appears that valency is perhaps the greater factor contributing to the neutralizing efficiency of antibody molecules. These findings also seem to indicate that the phage neutralization assay may not be accurate for quantitative antibody comparisons.
Surface Antigen Produced by Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
Authors: Ito Michio , Barron Almen L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Surface antigen of cells infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) was studied by mixed agglutination technique. The surface antigen was stable to heat at 56°C, formalin, periodate and 2-4-dinitrophenol, but was not detected after treatment with acetone or ethanol. Surface antigen preceded infectious virus and required protein synthesis. DNA synthesis was not required since cytosine arabinoside did not inhibit production of surface antigen. HSV surface antigen was not shared by other members of the herpesvirus group. Detection of surface antigen by mixed agglutination was distinguished from surface conditions responsible for adherence of sensitized sheep erythrocytes.
Studies on Human Secretory Immunoglobulin A
Authors: Mestecky Jiri , Kulhavy Rose , Kraus Frederick W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Secretory IgA (S-IgA), in dissociating media, released small portions of secretory component (SC) and light chains but no J chain. After oxidative sulfitolysis, or reduction and alkylation followed by gel filtration in 5 M guanidine-HCl, SC was eluted in the heavy chain fraction, and J chain in the light chain fraction. A considerable portion of SC and J chain was released by oxidative sulfitolysis in the absence of dissociating agents and separated by gel filtration in neutral buffer. Data indicate one SC and one J chain per molecule of 11S S-IgA. The proposed molecular formula is (α2L2)2J1SC1.
Quantitation of Immunoglobulin Genes by Nucleic Acid Hybridization with RNA from Myeloma and Spleen Microsomes
Authors: Storb Ursula 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Nucleic acid hybridization has been used in an attempt to determine the fraction of spleen DNA which is homologous to immunoglobulin messenger RNA (mRNA). Microsomes prepared from the mouse myeloma MOPC 104E and from spleens of mice hyperimmunized with Salmonella typhi were used as a source of RNA rich in immunoglobulin mRNA. It was shown that RNA extracted from microsomes contained a very limited number of RNA species and was essentially uncontaminated by other cytoplasmic and nuclear RNAs. Hyperimmune spleen DNA was hybridized with radiolabeled RNA from spleen and myeloma microsomes in the presence of unlabeled liver RNA. It was assumed that liver RNA should compete for the binding of most or all microsomal RNA species other than immunoglobulin mRNA. The amount of presumptive immunoglobulin mRNA bound indicated that spleen cells contain about 6 to 14 × 103 sequences per haploid genome for immunoglobulins of the size of the variable region of immunoglobulin polypeptide chains. The data favor germ line rather than somatic theories of the genetic basis of antibody variability.
The Effect of Actinomycin D and 5-Azacytidine on Macromolecular Synthesis in Murine Myeloma Tumor Cells
Authors: Shutt Richard H. , Krueger Robert G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A tissue culture-adapted cell line of the murine myeloma tumor MOPC 21 was employed to study the relationship between RNA and protein synthesis in myeloma tumor cells. This cell line constitutively synthesizes and secretes a large proportion of its total cellular protein as a homogeneous γG immunoglobulin. Two inhibitors which function at the level of transcription, actinomycin D and 5-azacytidine, were used to obtain an estimate for the half-life of the mRNA coding for myeloma globulin. While a high concentration of actinomycin D (5.0 µg/ml) inhibited RNA synthesis by greater than 95% after one hr of incubation, a high concentration of 5-azacytidine (100 µg/ml) allowed considerable RNA synthesis for 4 hr. The half-life of the myeloma mRNA, as estimated by measuring the capacity to synthesize and secrete myeloma globulin while transcription of functional mRNA was inhibited, appeared to be of the order of 2 to 3 hr. The average half-life of the mRNA coding for total intracellular protein appeared to be similar to that of the globulin mRNA by these methods. The protein secreted in the presence of both actinomycin D and 5-azacytidine was in the form of a reduced amount of intact γG globulin. Neither inhibitor showed a nonspecific effect on incorporation in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system. The implications of a relatively short-lived mRNA coding for myeloma globulin are discussed.
Hereditary C2 Deficiency with Some Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Agnello V. , de Bracco M. M. E. , Kunkel H. G. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A family with hereditary C2 deficiency was studied. The proposita, homozygous for this trait, showed certain clinical and serologic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus which included a widespread skin rash and a positive LE cell test.
A Rapid Solid Phase Radioimmunoassay for Staphylococcal B Enterotoxin
Authors: Collins William S. , Metzger Joseph F. , Johnson Anna D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
This paper describes a rapid sensitive solid phase radioimmunoassay procedure for staphylococcal enterotoxin B, which can be applied to A and C. The procedure is 100-fold more sensitive thandescribed immunodiffusion and precipitin methods and is reliable at a level of 0.01 µg/ml. It is usable for detection ad measurement of enterotoxin in foodstuffs, biologic fluids and toxin preparations, both purified and crude.
Identification of Basophil Granulocytes as a Site of Allergic Histamine Release
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , DeBernardo Robert , Tomioka Hisao , Lichtenstein Lawrence M. , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human blood was fractionated by differential centrifugation on a Hypaque-Ficoll layer, followed by chromatography on a glass-bead column. Analysis of subfractions of leukocytes thus obtained indicated that essentially all histamine in human leukocytes was associated with basophil granulocytes. Histamine release experiments from the subfractions by anti-IgE and by allergen showed that histamine release was induced by IgE-anti-IgE or allergen-IgE antibody reaction on basophil granulocytes. None of the neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes is involved in the mechanisms of histamine release. It was confirmed that anti-IgG-released histamine from leukocytes of some atopic patients. In spite of the presence of IgG on neutrophils, none of the neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes is essential for anti-IgG-induced histamine release. A minute amount of IgG was demonstrated on basophil granulocytes from both atopic and normal individuals by autoradiography, and evidence was obtained that the reaction of the basophil-bound IgG with anti-IgG is accompanied by histamine release from the cells.
Immunological Enhancement of Skin Grafts in the Mouse
Authors: Jeekel Johannes J. , McKenzie Ian F. C. , Winn Henry J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The survival times of B10.D2 mouse skin grafted onto B6AF1 recipients were significantly and consistently prolonged through treatment of the hosts with B6AF1 anti-B10.D2 serum. In this experimental system the grafts contain only one isoantigenic specificity, H-2.31, which is absent in the recipients' tissues. It is thus possible to suppress specifically the host response to all relevant antigens in the graft. The importance of this condition in obtaining enhancement of skin grafts was shown through the use of grafts which contained, in addition to H-2.31, other H-2 or non-H-2 antigens not present in the recipient mice. In these cases, prolongation of survival was not observed or was less striking than that observed for B6AF1 hosts. Injections of serum given on alternate days until rejection occurred were only slightly more effective than a single injection given at the time of grafting, and second set grafts were completely unaffected by antiserum. Both of these observations suggest that interference with the effector mechanisms of immunity does not play an important role in enhancement of skin grafts. Marked prolongation of graft survival was observed when recipients received total body x-irradiation (400 R) and anti-H-2.31.
Serial Passive Transfers of Immune Response by an Immune Ribonucleic Acid Preparation
Authors: Kurashige Satonori , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An immune ribonucleic acid (RNA) preparation was extracted with phenol from the spleens of mice immunized with Salmonella flagella. This material was able to induce immunologic memory cells to respond to a secondary antigen stimulus. Administration of actinomycin D inhibited this ability of immune RNA. The ability to induce the immunologic memory cells with immune RNA was serially and passively transfered to mice by an RNA fraction extracted from spleens of mice. Administration of actinomycin D, however, inhibited this ability of immune RNA to transfer serially immunologic memory. These results suggest that the immune RNA is functional per se and capable of replicating actively in recipient cells, although the mechanisms still remain unknown.
The Effect of Plasmacytomas on the Immune Response of Mice
Authors: Zolla Susan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of plasmacytomas on the immune response of mice was studied by examining the number of direct and indirect plaque-forming cells in the spleens of tumor-bearing animals and the capacity of spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice to immunologically reconstitute irradiated mice. These studies revealed that plasmacytomas differ in their ability to depress the primary 19S response. A γ1-producing tumor and a non-producing tumor in BALB/c mice and a γG2b-producing tumor in DBA/2 mice severely depressed the primary 19S response in mice bearing these tumors, while a γG2b-producer in BALB/c mice had either no effect or a stimulatory effect on the primary 19S response of its host. The effect of the tumors could not be correlated with the presence or absence of paraprotein production. The primary 7S response was not depressed in plasmacytoma-bearing mice.
The secondary antibody response to SRC, whether primed before or after tumor implantation was unaffected in mice bearing these tumors.
Spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice whose immunocompetence was depressed were capable of restoring the immune response of lethally irradiated mice. The data suggest that either the immunologically depressed cells can recover their immunocompetence upon transfer to a tumor-free host or a proportion of cells in the tumor-bearing mice retain their immunocompetence and these latter cells are responsible for the immune reconstitution of the irradiated mice.