bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost-Effective Soft Actuators Using Nafion™ and Carbon Nanotube Electrodes
Authors: Wechter Benjamin , Gushue Nicholas , Reilly Luke , Rutka Maxwell , Kennedy Ryan , Mahon Jacob , Xue Wei , Trkov Mitja 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
We present the fabrication and characterization of a cost-effective soft actuator capable of bidirectional cantilevered bending in ambient conditions when an electric potential of 4 V is applied. The fabrication procedure is straightforward, minimizes the use of toxic chemicals, and can be executed with common lab equipment. The resulting actuator has a tri-layer construction consisting of a strip of Nafion-117 membrane sandwiched between two multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) buckypaper electrodes. The buckypaper fabrication was optimized via investigating various combinations of solvents, surfactant, MWCNT concentrations, and layered filtrations, leading to highly conductive and strong buckypaper electrodes. The resulting buckypaper electrode had an electrical resistance of about 10 Ω, which is similar to an industrially synthesized buckypaper. After saturating the actuator in an ionic liquid BMIMBF4 (C8H15BF4N2) and applying a low voltage to its electrodes, the actuator responds by bending to ward the anode during a period of 20 seconds. The results showed that our 50 mm long actuator (mounted with a cantilevered length of 40 mm) achieved a maximum tip displacement of 28 mm (strain of 0.70) and a tip blocking force of 0.98 mN.
Vision-Based Autonomous Inspection of Vertical Structures Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
Authors: Gupta Ayush , Shukla Amit , Kumar Amit , Shivratri Ashok Kumar 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
High-rise structures like a chimney, flare stacks, storage tanks, cooling towers, electric line poles, and communication towers become a vital part of any industry and are very common in day-to-day life. These vertical structures required a proper and frequent inspection to run the industries safely and stay profitable. The inspection of the industrial structure is done in several stages, and vision-based inspection is the very initial, oldest, and simplest method to detect and locate the surface defects and anomalies. The existing traditional methods of vision-based inspections are unsafe, time-consuming, and are an extra financial burden on a company and the existing robotics inspections methods are ineffective, slow, and exhausting due to complex dynamics, structure, and weights. In this research work, we are proposing a fully autonomous visual inspection approach to inspect the vertical structure using aquadcopter. The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with cameras and non-contact sensors is simulated with the help of robot operating systems (ROS) and a visualization tool gazebo. To examine the developed algorithms, a simple black-colored cylindrical vertical structure is prepared in the gazebo. Here, the UAV first detects and locates the vertical structure in the image frame using a classical computer vision algorithm and will extract some desired features. The feature information coming out from the image frame will be fed into the heuristically tuned control algorithms for navigating and positioning the UAV around the vertical structure. For this work, offset control and width/radius of rotation control algorithms have been developed for positioning and trajectory tracking. Due to the image frame localization and positioning, the GPS dependency is not there, and it can operate in GPS denied the environment also. The simulation results are quite satisfying, and the overall performance of the computer vision algorithms and control algorithms is satisfactory.
Development of an Affordable and Modular 3D Printed Quadruped Robot
Authors: Schoedel Samuel E. , Fuge Alexander J. , Kalita Bhaben , Leonessa Alexander 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This work presents the design and development of a biologically inspired 12 degree of freedom (DoF) quadruped robot,“Squeaky,” to use as a learning platform for research and education and as a companion robot. The design of this robot is based on and derived from the behaviors and locomotion of one of the most common pets, dogs, which exhibit a unique interaction and connection with humans. The robot design is based on three main factors: minimizing production cost by using readily available components, simplifying the manufacturing process using 3D printed parts, and streamlining onboard electronics and software using simple communication and control schemes. The use of 3D printing technology makes the robot easy to manufacture, assemble, and make design modifications to if the user requires different functionality. The main controller of the robot is a Raspberry Pi 4, which receives data from a camera and an IMU to enable various levels of autonomy. Squeaky includes a default gait generator to allow trotting locomotion with various types of motion inputs from the main controller. The simplified software and multifunctional platform of Squeaky can be useful for researchers as well as developers working in the field of quadrupeds.
Material Behavior of Hydrophobic Yb2O3 and Photocatalytic TiO2 Coatings in HVAC Water Cooling Towers: A Case Study
Authors: Al-Athel Khaled Saleh , Aldossary Turky , Akhtar Syed Sohail 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
An HVAC water cooling tower utilizes water in the heat transfer process. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandates that HVAC systems must be cleaned twice a year to prevent pneumatic diseases, which is a costly process. In this work, hydrophobic coatings of Yb2O3, and coatings of TiO2 and TiO2+Cu are tested as potential coatings for water cooling towers. The samples were placed in water splash zones to ensure exposure to sufficient water effects. The samples were placed for 6 months in. One sample of each set was placed in the shade, while another sample was placed in sunlight to examine the different effects. For the TiO2, all samples were placed in sun-exposed areas.
During the test, the sample with the prime coating of YSZ and top coating of 50 μm Yb2O3 exhibited the best behavior compared with the rest of the samples coated with bond coating of Cr2O3. As expected, sunlight adversely affected all samples, with an increase in the number of locations with dark stains due to algae formation. In addition, the top coating of Yb2O3 improved the result. For the TiO2 coating, the addition of copper rendered better results, whereas low concentrations of several elements, such as slats, are observed in the samples with the added copper. The results are in a preliminary stage, and a complete antimicrobial analysis is needed.
Human Tolerance to Injury Under Complex Head-Neck Loading
Authors: Yoganadan Narayan , Humm John , Baisden Jamie , Varghese Vicky , Banerjee Anjishnu 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Advancements in automated vehicles may position the occupant in postures different from the current, standard posture. It may affect human tolerance responses. The objective of this study was to determine the lateral bending tolerance of the head-cervical spine with initial head rotation posture using loads at the occipital condyles and lower neck and describe injuries. Using a custom loading device, head-cervical spine complexes from human cadavers were prepared with load cells at the ends. Lateral bending loads were applied to the pre-rotated specimens at 1.5 m/s. At the occipital condyles, peak axial and antero-posterior and medial-lateral shear forces were: 316–954 N, 176–254 N, and 327–508 N, and coronal, sagittal, and axial moments were:27.1–37.8 Nm, 20.9–38.4 Nm, and 9.7–19.8 Nm. At the lower neck, peak axial and shear forces were: 677–1004 N, 115–227 N, and 178–350 N, and coronal, sagittal, and axial moments were: 30–39.5 Nm, 7.6–21.3 Nm, and 5.7–13.4 Nm. Ipsilateral atlas lateral mass fractures occurred in four out of five specimens with varying joint diastasis and capsular ligament involvements. Acknowledging that the study used a small sample size, initial tolerances at the occipital condyles and lower neck were estimated using survival analysis. Injury patterns with posture variations are discussed.
Evaluation of Graded Recycled Glass/Epoxy Composite
Authors: Hegazy Ahmed H. , Abd El-Latief Mahmoud E. , Khalaf Omar , Shazly Mostafa 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Composite materials, nowadays, are being used heavily in many industrial applications such as renewable energy, aerospace, and automotive. With the increased production rates, companies relying on the GFRP do not recycle it due to monetary issues using chemical or thermal methods which make it more expensive. Glass fiber recycling methods are mainly divided into mechanical, chemical, and thermal methods. Mechanical recycling involves the reduction in the size of the composite waste into different sizes and different forms such as large particles, small particles, and powder. In the present study, glass/epoxy composite wastes were mechanically recycled by shredding the bulk material. Small particles (&lt; 1mm) and powder recyclates were used as a filler to improve the interlaminar fracture toughness of glass/epoxy composite while large particles (&gt; 1mm) were used as a sandwich-like composite along with chopped strand fiberglass mats. For 25% concentration, samples with 4.75mm particles have improved flexural strength compared to samples with 1.25mm particles. For finer recyclates, it was found that for filler size 600μm and 5% concentration, GIIC was 85% higher than original coupons with higher flexural strength. For filler size 100μm, the performance was enhanced compared to original coupons by increasing the concentrations from 5% to 10%.
Analysis and Management of Thermal Energy Release During Quench in a Superconducting Magnet
Authors: Hasan Nusair , Ganni Venkatarao , Knudsen Peter 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In low temperature superconducting (LTS) magnets built using (cryogenic) liquid cooled superconductors, such as those designed for particle accelerators and thermonuclear fusion reactors, the operating stability and quench (sudden transition from superconducting to normal state) is a complex phenomenon. In most cases, the quenched magnet is isolated from the rest of the cryogenic system and the cryogenic fluid (helium) is expelled from the cryostat via a pressure relief valve (PRV) to prevent over-pressurization. This loss of cryogenic coolant (release to atmosphere), as well as the associated stored refrigeration results in increased operational cost (to replenish the helium), and recovery time for the LTS magnet to be operational following a quench. A novel concept for energy and cryogenic inventory management during a LTS magnet quench using direct contact (fluid mixing) heat exchange in a cryogenic buffer volume has been proposed and demonstrated. Development of a semi-analytical, one-dimensional, transient model to predict the boil-off flow generated during a quench, and the subsequent energy absorption (and pressurization) in the cryogenic buffer volume is discussed. The developed model can be used as a simplified tool for process and mechanical design of such a system.
Applying Artificial Intelligence to Optimize Small-Scale Ocean Current Turbine Performance
Authors: Rouhi Shahab , Sadeqi Setare , Xiros Nikolaos , Birk Lothar , Aktosun Erdem , Ioup Juliette 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A comprehensive artificial intelligence-based motor drive was developed to control the performance of a permanent magnet direct current (PMDC) motor employed as a small-scale three-bladed horizontal axis ocean current turbine. Although the conventional controller performs reasonably in a lab environment where non-linear load is absented; however, for towing tank experiments with noisy and potentially non-linear input, it is crucial to run the small-scale turbine in a robust mode. A mathematical model of a PMDC motor dynamic system is derived incorporating a fuzzy logic controller. In addition, this drive control was validated experimentally. The experimental design is discussed in detail. The system performance was tested experimentally over a wide range of operating condition to validate the fuzzy logic control robustness and effectiveness. Also, it is shown that the speed of the PMDC motor was controlled by using this fuzzy logic controller. The speed tracking shows good agreement with the reference speed regardless of the load condition.
Did S.P. Timoshenko and P. Ehrenfest Overestimate the Importance of the Fourth-Order Time Derivative in Their Theory of Beams?
Authors: Elishakoff Isaac 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this study we investigate the importance of the fourth order time derivative that appears in the equations derived by Jacques Antoine Charles Bresse in 1859, as well as in equations that were derived by Stephen Prokofievich Timoshenko and Paul Ehrenfest during years 1912–1913 and reported by Timoshenko in the 1916 book on theory of elasticity in the Russian language and then in two papers dated 1920 and 1921, in English.
Continuous Dirac Cone Evolution in Modulated Phononic Crystal
Authors: Hathcock Megan , Popa Bogdan , Wang Kon-Well 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Dirac cones in the band structures of highly symmetric phononic crystal lattices have been extensively studied to produce unique acoustic phenomena. Traditionally, these interesting phenomena produced by Dirac cones occur at fixed frequencies, which cannot be adapted unless significant lattice material or geometric changes occur. To create tunable phononic structures, researchers have successfully utilized Miura-origami to modulate phononic inclusions between discrete high symmetry Bravais lattice configurations. However, the origami transformation between Bravais lattices is a continuous process, meaning that between the high symmetry Bravais lattices, the structure will transform into low symmetry lattices, which are largely unexplored. In this work, we study the perturbation of a hexagonal phononic lattice away from high symmetry. Interestingly, we see the Dirac cone at the K point of the Brillouin zone for the hexagonal lattice persist through the lattice modulation, despite loss of symmetry. Using this insight, we propose an origami phononic structure capable of continuous adjustment and refinement of Dirac cone frequency. Ultimately, we demonstrate continuous Dirac cone modulation for beam forming with the proposed origami phononic structure.
Critical Heat Flux Enhancement on Cylindrical Tubes With Circumferential Micro-Channels During Saturated Pool Boiling of Water
Authors: Hernandez Rodriguez Omar , Rahman Md Mahamudur 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This work presents the experimental characterization of pool boiling heat transfer enhancement on cylindrical tubes with circumferential micro-channels using saturated water at atmospheric pressure as the working fluid. Three engineered copper tubes with 300 μm, 600 μm and 900 μm fin width and a fixed 400 μm channel width with 410 μm channel depth were machined using CNC. To compare the boiling enhancement on engineered tubes, one plain copper tube was used as the reference heater. The active heating area on the cylindrical tubes had a dimension of 9.5 mm outer diameter and 10.5 mm length. A custom-built cylindrical heater was designed using a nichrome wire coil of 30 AWG with a resistance of 19.57 Ω/inch of coil to provide joule heating to the cylindrical tubes. The electrical wire was insulated from the copper heater using a thin layer of alumina paste. The saturated pool boiling tests up to critical heat flux (CHF) were conducted at atmospheric pressure. While an approximate CHF of ∼70 W/cm2 was achieved for the plain copper tube, the cylindrical tube with microchannel geometry showed a CHF range of 131–144 W/cm2 that corresponds to 87%–100% enhancement as compared to plain cylindrical tube.
Quantifying Multiphase Flow of Aqueous Acid and Gas CO2 in Deforming Porous Media Subject to Dissolution
Authors: Rahman Rafid Musabbir , Niemus Elliott , Li Yaofa 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Mineral dissolution in porous media coupled with single- or multi-phase flows is pervasive in natural and engineering systems including carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) and acid stimulation in reservoir engineering. Dissolution of minerals occurs as chemicals in the solid phase is transformed into ions in the aqueous phase, effectively modifying the physical, hydrological and geochemical properties of the solid matrix, and thus leading to the strong coupling between local dissolution rate and pore-scale flow. However, our fundamental understanding of this coupling effect at the pore level is still limited. In this work, mineral dissolution is studied using novel calcite-based porous micromodels under single- and multiphase conditions, with a focus on the interactions of mineral dissolution with pore flow. The microfluidic devices used in the experiments were fabricated in calcite using photolithography and wet etching. These surrogate porous media offer precise control over the structures and chemical properties and facilitate unobstructed and unaberrated optical access to the pore flow with μPIV methods. The preliminary results provide a unique view of the flow dynamics during mineral dissolution. Based on these pore-scale measurements, correlations between pore-scale flow and dissolution rates can be developed for several representative conditions.
3D Printing Diffraction Gratings and Fresnel Axicons
Authors: Hua Junyu , Shan Yujie , Mao Huachao 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Diffractive optical elements (DOEs) are important flat optics for light phase modulation and are widely used in sensors, spectrometers, and optical designs. DOEs are fabricated mainly by nanofabrication, such as lithography, in clean rooms. This paper reports a novel 3D printing method to fabricate DOEs in minutes using low-cost 3D printers. The as-printed gratings were cleaned and drop coated to achieve a flat surface. A collimated 520nm laser beam passed through the printed samples successfully generated the designed diffraction patterns. The results validated the functionality of the gratings. The printed DOE did not degrade by UV curing, which indicates the stability of the gratings fabricated by the proposed method. Besides, another kind of DOE, Fresnel axicon, was 3D printed with different printing strategy and reasonable diffraction pattern was observed.
2D Simulation of the Placement of a Pin-Through-Hole Component and Solder Paste Melting
Authors: Rodrigues Nelson , Teixeira Inês , Carvalho Violeta , Santos Duarte , Velosa Joao , Ferreira Ana , Soares Delfim , Teixeira José , Teixeira Senhorinha 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the present work, a numerical model was developed to simulate the placement of a pin through-hole (PTH) component in an aperture containing solder paste by using Ansys Fluent® software. The work uses numerical tools to understand the physical process and the solder paste behaviour for future manufacturing improvements. The component movement was simulated with the dynamic mesh model through a user-defined function (UDF). Due to software limitations, the pin of the component is already contacting the solder paste at the start of the movement. additionally, the contact detection feature was activated to prevent the pin and PCB contact during the solder paste melting. Nevertheless, the component can still move in the domain if other forces act upon it, except in the direction where the contact would occur.
The second point to address is the meniscus formation process. This begins with the evaporation of the solder paste flux, causing a volume reduction followed by the melting of the metallic beads. The simulation allowed us to see that the melted solder surrounded the pin through capillarity and reproduced the phenomena of this solder printing process. This work allowed to follow the behaviour of both the component and the solder paste.
Design and Operational Analysis of a Photovoltaic Irrigation System
Authors: Moura Juseny , Ferreira Ana Cristina , Fernandes Costa Carlos , Barreiros Martins Luís 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the context of the worldwide high fossil fuels consumption and their environmental and geopolitical consequences, the intensive investment in renewable energy technologies such as solar-thermal, solar PV, wind and hydroelectric has emerged as unavoidable for the next decades energy transition goals. This study objective is the design and analysis of a 3 kWp solar PV system for the irrigation of a one-hectare blueberry plantation in the North of Portugal. To maximize the self-consumption energy, the best match must be achieved between the PV system production profile and the irrigation pumps consumption profile, without the use of a battery.
The PVsyst software was used to model the case study, considering the location Typical Meteorological Year data obtained by the commercial program, Meteonorm.
The simulation allowed the annual estimation of the electricity available at the inverter outlet, the exported into the National grid and the required from the grid in periods of low production. Finally, the economic feasibility of the project was evaluated, taking into account three operating scenarios.
The electricity consumption estimation is 3582 kWh/year from which 71% is expected to be provided by the PV system with an annual production of 4514 kWh. The excess energy that will be injected into the grid corresponds to 1973 kWh/year with 58% corresponding to the winter months when the irrigation system is turned off. The economic analysis concluded that the PV system viability is conditioned by the high investment costs and the adequate dynamic management of the irrigation system.
Multi-Tiered Safety for Dynamic Autonomous Warehouse Robots
Authors: Rabb Ethan , Hagberg Isaac , Murphy Alex , Butts Steven , Guizani Skander , Rogers John , Heyman Joseph L. , Crews Steven 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this project is to safely integrate robots and humans into industrial processes. The most prevalent current solution to the problem of safe integration of robots and humans is to place the robots in cages to separate the workspaces of humans and robots. The cages prevent humans from entering the robot’s workspace and prevent any contact between the two entities. However, cages present an inefficiency in the industrial process as they require additional space and do not allow a seamless integration of robots and humans. This paper proposes a multi-tiered safety system that combines vision and torque feedback safety measures that can stop robot movement. The vision safety system proposed detects foreign movement in the camera frame and stops the robot’s motion. The torque system proposed detects unexpected torques in the robot’s motors and stops the robot’s motion. The results show that both safety systems can effectively stop robot motion if an unsafe condition is detected. For the industrial process of interest, the multi-tiered safety system is expected to lay the foundation for future integration of humans and robots on the industrial process. Contributions to the academic community for this paper are a multi-tiered safety system for robots in industrial processes, a machine learning circle detection algorithm, and a novel end-of-arm-tooling (EOAT) for the industrial process of interest.