bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Innovative ROV Tool for Inconel Strap Installation and Life Extension of VIV Strakes Secured to Deep Water Production Jumpers
Authors: Ziero Loris , Lazzarin Diego , De-Amicis Luca 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper presents a unique innovative ROV Tool that is used to install Inconel straps on pipes, spools and jumpers. The tool was developed and built by Saipem Sonsub, in 2020; The tool has been operated (in ultra-deep water), during the past two years, in some offshore campaigns to install Inconel straps on jumpers, to further secure VIV strakes, ensuring the jumper service life, thus avoiding the possible need to recover them on board for strake reinstatement.
This innovative ROV Tool was designed and built starting from the proven packaging industry process and technology for metal strap installation without sealing clip. The installation process was replicated, reviewing and radically modifying the original technology to cope with the operative and environmental constraints related to subsea ROV operations and the specific need to allow the straps to be installed in any possible orientation. The paper provides an overview of the installation process and main features of the Tool including details and results of the performed operations, also focusing on possible further subsea applications that this new tool now allows, with some minor adjustments.
This Tool is conceived as a special end effector to be handled through a WROV manipulator and requires a dedicated skid to be connected beneath a WROV of convenience for Power & Control. The tool is currently configured for pipes with an OD of approx. 450 mm but can also be applied to different sizes, with minor adjustments. The subsea operational sequence is:
Tool positioning using the WROV and/or its manipulator, pipe grabbing where the strap has to be installed, closing the two shaped jaws of the tool with strap channels/guides Strap feeding all around the pipe, with final strap tip locking Strap tensioning to wrap the pipe Strap crimping and cutting with subsequent jaw opening and disengagement of the pipe
A reel houses the Inconel strap; the current capacity is approx. 130 m of strap, allowing the installation of multiple straps without the need to recover and replace it. The skid houses a movable trolley with a cradle and a set of latches to secure the Tool itself. In the water, the Tool is neutral, and once undocked from trolley, it is handled by the ROV manipulator/s; a pair of movable buoys manage its in-water righting moment, helping for its rotation.
This type of subsea intervention had never been performed in deep water. The ROV Strapping Tool, beyond its achievements for VIV strake securing in deep water, can now open the way to further different applications. Diverless repair operations, securing of piggyback cables or other items to pipes (e.g.: repair patches or monitoring devices), in deep and ultra-deep water, can be now achievable by means of single or multiple strap installation, using only ROV/s.
Achieving Safe and Expedited Facility Start-Up and Production Under Abnormal Situation
Authors: Chong Ching Lih , Goh Janet Anne Siaw Ling , Adnan Imran bin , A Manan Nur Syafiqah binti 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper describes the implementation of phased start-up and operating strategies to achieve safe and expedited production resumption from Field B after an incident that caused damaged production facilities due to the collision of a marine vessel with an interconnecting bridge between platforms.
Phased facility modification plans were implemented to gradually remove constraints and bring production facilities back online. The start-up and operating strategy were tailored to constraints and available production facilities at each phase. Phase 1, achieved through minimal facilities modification, leveraged on the availability of natural-flowing high-pressure gas wells as gaslift source to gas-lifted wells. Phase 2, with further facilities modification, resumed normal gaslift supply from gaslift compressor. Installation of flexible pipes in place of damaged piping brought about the flexibility of gas tapping from vicinity field for start-up purpose. The same flexible pipes were used to enable gas and additional liquid export. Utilization of pipeline line-pack volume as gaslift compressor start-up feed and fuel gas source was available as alternative Phase 2 start-up strategy.
Phase 1 start-up was achieved within 45 days and operational for 120 days, recovering on average 1.3KBD of oil production. The introduction of a warm-up sequence effectively mitigated hydrate formation risk. Formulation of a robust crude oil transfer pump control strategy allowed the pump to operate in stable region despite low flow. Subsequent implementation of Phase 2 concept, which was operational for 490days, brought online 3MMSCFD of gas sales and 8.9KBD (a further 54% of Field B nominal oil production rate). Implementation of enhanced process monitoring, control, and safeguarding measures mitigated risk with high flowrate of HP gas through flexible pipe. Flexible pipes were also successfully deployed to evacuate crude production and process drain liquid to export lines. Through comprehensive hazard analysis and Management-of-Change (MOC) program, execution of facilities modification work, start-up, and operating the facilities under abnormal condition were safely accomplished, alleviating production deferment impact due to the incident.
The approach as described in this paper would provide a good case study for other facilities constrained by similar issues and how the associated risk can be effectively mitigated.
Geohazards in Riserless Drilling for an Exploration Well in Deepwater GoM: Identification and Mitigations
Authors: Bui Huyen , Hasanov Azar , Mendoza Legna , Rowe Shawn , Ontiveros Paul , Mennie James 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A Geohazards assessment for the riserless section is critical in offshore drilling operations, especially in deepwater environments, such as Brazil or Gulf of Mexico as there is no blowout preventer (BOP) being utilized in this section of a well. If there is any occurrence of geohazards issue without control, then it can have negative impact on human safety and the environment. Geohazards prediction and mitigation in the riserless section requires a multidisciplinary approach with specific types of data from seismic (high resolution recommended), site survey data (multibeam, sub bottom profiler, high backscatter, offset well information (mud weight, drilling trouble events) and most importantly, the geological understanding from regional to local scale.
This paper presents critical input data and an integrated workflow of how to identify potential geohazards and respective mitigations for planning a deepwater exploration well in Gulf of Mexico. Not only does it provide a perspective view about the geohazards prediction process, but it also shows the actual outcomes from drilling results. We will use a case study well as an example to illustrate the assessment procedure. This well was identified as a challenging well with complex shallow geology in the riserless section. Drilling trouble events were observed in most of the offset wells in the same geological setting with gumbo, tightspots, shallow water flow and shallow gas. High-definition seismic data was recommended and incorporated into shallow subsurface interpretation and geohazards prediction. We derisked the uncertainty of riserless drilling through the shallow section of the prospect area for upcoming wells, and successfully drilled the riserless section despite the challenging shallow geology.
Business Case for WEC Networks Enabling the Ocean Internet of Things
Authors: Davidson Ryan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The blue economy has an estimated value of $1.5 trillion annually, which is predicted to double by 2030 (NOAA, 2021). As R&D funding for wave energy converters (WECs) continues to rise globally, wave power costs are anticipated to fall; this, in tandem with unstable oil prices and unfavorable conditions for deploying small-scale offshore renewables like solar and wind, is likely to lead to the widespread adoption of networks of small-scale WECs. Using a comprehensive market-sizing approach, this paper analyzes the business case for these WEC networks, which have the potential to enable offshore industries to benefit from an "Ocean Internet of Things," or O-IoT. This market analysis reveals not only the blue economy industries most ripe for adoption, but it establishes the idea of "increasing marginal returns" for the wave energy industry stemming from widespread network effects, contrary to the "diminishing marginal returns" dominating most industries. Networks of small-scale WECs, with average power outputs around one kilowatt, will likely unlock immense value in mature, growing, and embryonic offshore industries. In a mature industry like oil and gas, WECs may enable operations like remote sensing and pipeline inspection. In a growing industry like aquaculture, WECs may enable operations like feeding and fish stock monitoring. In an embryonic industry like coral reef restoration, WECs may even enable operations like seawater electrolysis for mineral accretion. While the blue economy is expected to continue outpacing the global economy through 2030, this paper concludes that robust networks of small-scale WECs may enable this growth even further. As oil and gas and other offshore industries set sustainability targets for 2030, 2050, and beyond, WEC networks present a novel approach to decarbonize operations while unlocking new value.
Experience with Deploying HIPPS in Subsea Production and Processing Systems
Authors: Sen Raj , Kent Ian , Ali Mohammad Hasan , Free Nathan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Challenges associated with High-integrity Pressure Protection System (HIPPS) design, assembly testing and commissioning are presented in this session. It is based on the experience of completing 10 projects successfully over last decade. The method involves reviewing various logs at different stages of a project lifecycle and determining the root cause of the challenges faced. Implementation of the process control methods around design and assembly demonstrates the benefits of continuous improvement. The trend of issues experienced over time also demonstrates the effectiveness of close loop feedback process existing in the infrastructure. The paper details how functional safety management principles can be applied to the supply of HIPPS systems, from the development of Safety Requirements Specification, through development of the Safety Instrumented System (SIS), Verification & Validation of the (SIS), Commissioning the SIS, Operation and Maintenance of the SIS, and finally decommissioning the SIS. The paper also discusses the impact of functional safety on the subsea control system, and the requirements of the functional safety standards IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 (and ISA 84.00.01), and how these standards impact both the supplier and the operator of the HIPPS. The paper highlights the maturity of the High Integrity Pressure Protection System solution, and the track record of these systems once deployed. Lessons learned spans over 20 years and across 10 projects involving 25 systems. They are distributed in the areas of design, functional safety assessment, interface management, supply chain, testing and commissioning. Given the low volume of product solutions and safety considerations, it is necessary to determine cause of "every" anomaly beginning from design analysis through life of field. Lessons learned and experience in managing challenges form critical part in deploying technically sound HIPPS units in a timely manner in future.
SCC-CO2 Failure Mode: Literature Review and Available Technologies Used to Inspect and Access the Integrity of the Flexible Pipes
Authors: Vasconcelos Ferreira Lobo Cicero , Ribeiro Mario Luis 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In 2017, after a failure of a flexible riser operating in an environment with high level of CO2, a new failure mode of the flexible pipes was reported: Stress Corrosion Cracking induced by CO2(SCC-CO2). This issue was not considered in the design and manufacturing standards of these equipment. In this context, this paper covers a literature of SCC-CO2 phenomenon. Moreover, the impacts on the flexible pipes due to this failure mode are discussed. Lastly, this research focuses on the current technologies and tools used to inspect and access the integrity of the pipes used on gas injection and production lines. The paper is written based on detailed review of the literature. A set of relevant keywords were used on peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers mainly available in the OnePetro database. Some recognized books, technical specifications and PhD thesis were also consulted. The papers included in this literature review were selected based on four steps: identification, screening, eligibility and inclusion (Moher et al., 2009). This methodology allowed to find out what is the current state of the art about the topics covered in this study. This detailed review of literature revealed that after the issue reported in 2017, the industry invested in the research of the SCC-CO2 phenomenon. Many studies were conducted in order to investigate what are the main factors that triggers this failure mode on the flexible pipes used for the production and gas injection in the deep-water and ultra-deep-water fields with high levels of contaminants and harsh metaocean conditions. Then, different technologies and tools were developed to inspect the flexible pipes. Operators can use this data to estimate the remaining service life of the lines. There are proven tools that can inspect the gas injection pipes using different non-destructive techniques. However, there is still a gap on the inspections of the annular region of the production flexible pipes. This happens due to the limitation of reading through the thermal insulation layer contained on them. This is very critical because the inspection of the pipe annulus detects if it is dry or flooded. This information is vital to assess the integrity of the structural armors of the flexible pipes.
Controlling Undesirable Water by Applying a Composite of Nanosheet and Viscoelastic-Surfactant Based Foamed Gel
Authors: Alarawi Abeer A. , Almohsin Ayman M , Busaleh Ahmad S 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Excessive water production is one of the significant phenomena of reservoirs worldwide that influence oil production and costs. At the same time, a comprehensive collection of treatments is available to solve this issue, such as mechanical water shutoff, polymer-based gel, and crosslinkers-based gel. However, they all possess drawbacks, including but not necessarily limited to surface mixing and handling problems. Foamed gel systems can enhance oil production by plugging the high water permeability zones due to their physical plugging, adsorption, dynamic trapping, and in-depth injectivity. In this study, a novel foamed gel system containing a composite of nanosheet material (NS), and viscoelastic surfactant (VES-SURF) was developed for inhibiting undesirable water in different watercourses of high permeable zones (zones far away from well, transient zones, and near-wellbore zones). The NS/VES-SURF-based foamed gel is prepared at the surface facility and then injected to control gelation time and gelling certainty.
The foamed gel stability, foamability, and rheology were examined at 77-200 °F. Foam loop rheometer experiments were conducted at 1500 psi, and 70% N2 quality to assess foamed gel rheological properties and stability at dynamic conditions. High-resolution optical microscope was utilized to detect the foam morphology and stability altering with time stability. The gelation time of foamed gel was calculated at 77-200 °F. A viscometer was also used to measure the viscosity and thermal stability of VES-SURF and NS/VES-SURF-based foamed gel systems at 100-200 °F.
The experimental results demonstrate that the VES-based foamed gel system converted to gel within two days, while NS/VES-SURF foamed gel requires only ninety minutes. In this foamed gel system, the gelling time can be easily controlled by altering the concentrations of NS and VES-SURF. Moreover, the VES-SURF-based foamed gel system was stable for ten days at room temperate. In contrast, NS/VES-SURF foamed gel system was stable without any phase separation for 35 days. VES and NS/VES-SURF-based foamed gel systems’ viscosity was 1000 and 1500 cP at 100 °F. Increasing the temperature to 200 °F enhanced the viscosity of foamed gel systems to reach 3500 cP for NS/VES-SURF and 2000 cP for VES-based foamed gel systems.
The NS/VES-SURF-based foamed gel characterizes by high mechanical strength, low volume, less damage, and lower cost than the traditional gel systems. In addition, the NS/VES-SURF foamed gel system is stable in harsh environments, including high temperatures, salinity, and pH. Once gelation occurs, gels do not flow and distribute along the rocks due to the high viscosity of the invented system.
A Subsea Oil Spill Response Solution for a Toppled Platform that has Been Leaking Oil into the Gulf of Mexico Since 2004
Authors: Hoffmann Dillon Raymond , Couvillion Timothy Michael , Kennelley Kevin James , Couch Walter Jack 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Twelve miles off the coast of Louisiana a low probability high consequence event occurred in September of 2004 during Hurricane Ivan which resulted in a producing oil and gas platform being toppled over in approximately 470 ft of water and dragged off station approximately 600 ft. Twenty-eight oil and gas well conductors were buried beneath the mudline under sediment and have continually been discharging oil and gas into the Gulf of Mexico since the incident occurred.
In November of 2018, the United States Coast Guard partially federalized the worksite and solicited oil spill response proposals to design, build, install and operate a system to capture the ongoing release of oil at the site. The subsea RRS (Rapid Response System) solution that was proposed and built included a subsea collection device supported from the downed jacket lying on the seabed. The collection device was placed on a porch structure that was suspended off the jacket leg directly above four hydrocarbon plumes emanating from the seabed. The collected hydrocarbons were routed to a patented subsea separator that separates the oil from the water and gas. Oil is sent to subsea oil containment vessels located on top of the jacket and offloaded via hydraulic pump on a monthly basis to a surface vessel where the crude is then transported to shore and recycled.
The paper will discuss the design installation and performance of the subsea collection system over a span of approximately three years. The methods, procedures and processes that were utilized to design, build, test, install and operate this system in conjunction with safety protocols utilized in this oil spill response will be described as well. Since the system became operational in 2019 over 1,200,000 gallons of oil with less than 1% water has been safely collected and recycled from the site which would have otherwise been discharged into the Gulf of Mexico.
Numerical Investigation of Fatal Accident Involving Toppling of Hydraulic Workover Unit
Authors: Nardi Luiz Fernando Bermero , Braga Matheus Batista , Abreu Leonardo Teixeira Fernandes , Rodrigues Mario Sergio Magalhaes , Fonseca Ygor Alexandre De Aquino , E Medeiros Claudio Henrique Maia 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In 2022, a Hydraulic Workover Unit (HWU), operating in Gulf of Mexico, toppled while being erected on a caisson. Photographs taken on site suggest that conductor casing lost stability, while submitted to weight of the HWU, combined with environmental loads. Since HWU activity is expected to intensify in Brazilian shore, Petrobras team decided to study this accident and prevent similar events from happening on its fleet.
A finite element model was constructed, based on photographic records of the accident site. The model was loaded with the expected weight on deck, as well as environmental loads (wind gusts and waves), calculated as per (DNVGL-RP-C205, 2014). Numerical simulations were performed to assess safety factors of operation, considering the 120 klbf weight-on-deck reported on the safety alert (BSEE, 2022). Operation was found to be safe, if weigh-on-deck is not exceeded, and conductor casing is integer.
A secondary batch of simulations considered several types of degradation that could incur to the workover unit, such as maritime corrosion and factory imperfections. Depending on the corrosion state of the conductor casing, safety factors were as low as 0.58, indicating high risk of catastrophic failure.
Simulations were replicated to Workover Units expected to be employed in Brazilian Coast. For these units, risk of catastrophic failure was found neglectable, while risk of excessive bending to wind gusts was found more likely. Preventive actions were suggested, concerning periodic inspection of installations and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).