bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Telegraph Workers in Depression and War
Authors: Schiller Dan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Contending against the Depression while benefiting from the New Deal, working-class organizations advanced. Many workers in the now-beleaguered telegraph industry formed militant industrial unions, notably, the Communist-led American Communications Association (ACA), which obtained a charter from the surging, socially conscious Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). In 1937, this small union was awarded sweeping jurisdiction over the telegraph industry, the radio industry—and much of the telephone industry. Supported by the CIO, ACA grew, got Western Union’s inhouse company union legally decertified, and gained a foothold at Western Union’s New York City hub. Through political action and with rank-and-file support, ACA worked to equate labor’s interest with the wider public interest, as its tenacious struggle to fend off a job-destroying telegraph industry merger demonstrated. The merger finally occurred (1943), and a 1944 representation election at Western Union produced a lackluster result. ACA then turned full attention to the telephone industry.
Patents under Pressure, 1920s–1950s
Authors: Schiller Dan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Marshaling evidence from Freedom of Information Act requests, this chapter showcases the pivotal role of patents in telecommunications. During the Depression, proprietary corporate patent strategies for radio and other technologies sparked political controversy. New Dealers attacked AT&T’s patent control, hoping to make the telephone company prioritize job creation and mass consumption, and trying to break its monopolistic choke-hold over technology-driven economic growth. The Justice Department initiated an antitrust action in 1943, lodged a formal complaint in 1949, and settled the case against AT&T in 1956. However, its original aim—to reduce household telephone rates—gave way to a foreign policy imperative. The settlement mandated compulsory licensing for AT&T’s many thousands of patents. This ensured that the foundational technology of digital capitalism—microelectronics, an AT&T invention—would be available to the entire US industrial-military base. The settlement turned AT&T’s Bell Laboratories into a patent utility for the global Cold War.
Activists and Dissidents: The 1960s
Authors: Schiller Dan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter details reform initiatives in and around telecommunications during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Many postal and telephone workers demanded higher wages, and more democratic and militant unions. In the wider society, anger spilled over against racist and sexist employment and labor policies. Campaigns for equal employment rights for Black and Latina/o workers and women made AT&T a bellwether—because the public utility framework within which AT&T operated granted them a strengthened legal basis. An unauthorized strike by postal workers was used by President Nixon to push through postal reorganization; nevertheless, Nixon conceded collective bargaining rights and postal unions emerged strengthened from the strike. Rank-and-file telephone activists staged job actions and cultivated resistance to union leaders as well as AT&T. The drive for workplace justice achieved a signal victory at AT&T, and the public utility framework seemed to offer the possibility of opening to still greater social reforms.
Innovation, Dissensus, and Reaction from Above
Authors: Schiller Dan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Antagonized by the sociopolitical discontent of the late 1960s and early 1970s, business and political elites sought to counter rank-and-file dissidence, social movement activism, and organized labor’s institutional strength. Jettisoning the previous administration’s approach, the Nixon administration engaged these issues as well as the technological innovations occurring in networking by radically redirecting the course of electronic telecommunications. Nixon opened telecommunications to a liberalizing, deregulatory process of computerization on behalf of big business users, who were demanding access on privileged terms to specialized new network equipment and services. Increasingly bipartisan, liberalization spelled an erosion of public utility telecommunications. As proprietary data networks proliferated, the corporate infrastructure for processing and exchanging information was stripped of accountability—while unions possessed declining leverage as their jurisdiction narrowed. This transition into digital capitalism elevated the credo that corporate decision-making freedom should drive network modernization both domestically and internationally.
Historical Research
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces historical research, the study of people (e.g., biographies), pedagogy (e.g., curriculum), places (e.g., schools), organizations (e.g., state music associations), events (e.g., contests), and less tangible phenomena (e.g., philosophical perspectives) of the past and their effect on the present and future in music education. Historical research can contribute to the field today by providing (a) a basis for understanding the past, (b) perspectives for decision-making and policy formulation, (c) a context for understanding current conditions or practices, and (d) information to formulate solutions to modern problems and avoid repeating previous mistakes. Historical research can also (e) assist in identifying past trends and applying these to current and future trends and (f) function as a storehouse of great ideas that serve as a basis for progressive ideas. Historical researchers use various frameworks, including narrative history (organizing material into chronological order), comparative history (comparing phenomena across different times and places), quantitative history (using numerical data to study the past), content analysis (examining materials over a long period), historical sociology (investigating social structures and processes over time), anthropology and ethnohistory (focusing on the ordinary and everyday life of people without documented histories), gender history (studying relationships between males and females), and public history (examining history in the public sphere).
Conducting Philosophical Research
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter includes discussion of a variety of issues pertinent to conducting philosophical research: categories of philosophical questions, sources to support philosophical arguments, reasoning processes, and philosophical fallacies. Ontological questions address the nature of being and reality. This might include the nature of music making, for example. Epistemological questions address the nature of understanding and knowing. For example, does mastering a musical skill, such as playing a B-flat scale, mean that a student understands music? Axiological questions address issues related to valuation. For example, should some forms of music making (e.g., art music or jazz) or pedagogical practices be valued over others? Aesthetic questions address matters related to beauty. Researchers addressing aesthetic questions consider what should be considered beautiful rather than what currently is considered beautiful. Ethical questions address issues of right and wrong. Are some teaching practices or musical experiences more ethical than others? More recently, issues related to social justice, such as LGBTQIA+ concerns and antiracist pedagogy, have informed key ethical questions within the profession. Political questions address matters related to governance and social order. For example, a philosophical researcher might consider how current music teaching and learning settings prepare students for future civic participation.
Characteristics of Qualitative Inquiry
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter includes a description of the types of research questions for which qualitative approaches to inquiry are well suited and provides an overview of characteristics that typify qualitative research studies. Qualitative approaches are appropriate for investigating research questions that are broad and open-ended, as well as for pursuing underexplored questions for which the precise variables of interest remain unclear. The central phenomenon, or main focus, of a qualitative study is likely to include complex webs of interrelated variables that may be challenging to operationalize or disentangle from one another, making a holistic view desirable. Accordingly, qualitative researchers investigate a few cases of a phenomenon in order to explore the many variables encompassed therein in depth. Qualitative research most often occurs in naturalistic settings (e.g., a music classroom) rather than in a laboratory, affording an opportunity to delve deeply into contextual features surrounding a phenomenon. Another distinguishing feature of qualitative studies is an emphasis on participants’ perspectives and experiences. Qualitative research designs, and the research questions themselves, may evolve as the researcher engages in fieldwork and learns from participants. The research report offers a holistic view of, and supports theorization about, the phenomenon of interest.
Qualitative Case Study Research
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents foundational aspects of case study research. Case study research is an approach defined by its focus on a single bounded system, or case, rather than a prescribed set of methodological procedures. Because of the case study’s ubiquity in music education research and its accessibility to new researchers undertaking their first studies, this chapter is devoted to treating case study approaches in detail. It begins by presenting definitions from several methodological experts that collectively illuminate characteristic features of case studies. Given that a diversity of procedures can be adopted in a case study, the chapter does not put forth a definitive method for conducting one. Instead, examples from music education research are presented to illustrate an array of possible case study types. As with all qualitative research, case studies do not aim to promote statistical generalization, nor are cases intended to be representative of a broader population. Rather, case studies provide rich illustration, promote vicarious experience, afford a view of a case’s uniqueness, illuminate a broader issue or phenomenon, and/or support theorization about that phenomenon.
Additional Qualitative Approaches
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces four approaches to inquiry—grounded theory, narrative, phenomenology, and ethnography—that, together with case study, comprise five primary qualitative research designs. The purpose of grounded theory is to develop a unified theoretical explanation for a process, action, or interaction. The theory is “grounded” in data generated with participants who have experienced that process, as opposed to being adopted from existing literature. “Stories lived and told” are the focal point of narrative inquiry. Inquirers elicit, interpret, and report detailed stories of individuals’ life experiences in order to illuminate phenomena or raise questions for readers’ consideration. In phenomenological research, the study’s central phenomenon will be some kind of human experience, such as grief or enjoyment. Analysis focuses on identifying the essence of that phenomenon for individuals who have experienced it. In ethnography, the researcher describes and interprets the shared and learned patterns of a culture-sharing group. The product of inquiry is a rich, complex description of the culture-sharing group at the heart of the study. Exemplar studies drawn from music education illustrate the common types and key features of each design.
Designing Experimental Research
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about experimental research design, or the way an experiment is organized. One must critically consider methods for reducing or eliminating threats to internal and external validity. “Internal validity” refers to a concern about whether an experimental treatment did, in fact, make a difference in the outcome of an experiment. “External validity” refers to generalizability, whether the results of an experiment can be applied broadly or apply only to a specific population and the situations circumscribed by the experimental procedures. Threats to external validity are more difficult to resolve with experimental design features. One approach is to conduct a delimited experiment with reasonable controls of the threats to internal validity that represents one population, one treatment approach, one compelling outcome, and one setting, and then—should that experiment yield promising results—conduct more research to systematically expand the generalizability of the findings by varying the population, treatment, outcome, or setting one step at a time. Pre-experimental designs lack controls over threats to internal validity and should rarely be used. True experimental designs are the strongest designs since they are the most resilient to threats of internal validity. Quasi-experimental designs are not quite as strong as the true experimental designs, but they do offer many useful possibilities.
Measurement
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses measurement, the assignment of numbers to variables. Applying measurement scales to information creates a way to quantify phenomena, such as attitudes or behaviors, objectively. Four levels of measurement are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Nominal data represent names or labels of categories; even when numbers are assigned, they have no quantitative meaning (e.g., 1 = pianists and 2 = singers). Ordinal data can be ranked, but the distance separating one value from another on a scale is not necessarily consistent (e.g., first chair, second chair). Interval data communicate both order and quantity, and the intervals between data points are assumed to be equal along a scale. With interval data (e.g., many test scores), it is possible to perform mathematical operations and there are many suitable statistical analyses. Ratio-level data are assumed to be from a scale that has a true absolute zero. Reliability and validity are critical to measurement. “Reliability” refers to the consistency of measurement. “Validity” generally refers to the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is supposed to. If a measurement tool is unreliable (i.e., inconsistent), we have no confidence that scores represent true values. If a measurement tool does not measure what it is supposed to (i.e., is inaccurate), it is invalid.
Correlational Statistics
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains how correlational statistics are used to summarize and describe associations between variables. Music teachers are often curious about how various phenomena relevant to music teaching and learning may be related to each other. Although identifying correlations among variables can yield important insights, it is important to remember that correlation does not equal causation. That is, just because two variables are related does not mean that one necessarily caused the other. Much can be learned about the nature of a relationship between interval- and/or ratio-level variables by creating a scatterplot. The most common statistical tool used for investigating correlation (i.e., the direction and degree of a relationship) between two interval- or ratio-level variables is the Pearson Product Moment Coefficient (Pearson coefficient or Pearson’s r). The coefficient can range from –1 to +1, with negative coefficients (i.e., less than 0) indicative of an inverse relationship and positive coefficients (i.e., greater than 0) indicative of a positive relationship. Common ranges are –.30 to 0 or 0 to .30, described as weak relationship; –.70 to –.30 or .30 to .70, described as moderate; and –1.0 to –.70 or .70 to 1.0, described as strong. Information is also given about the visualization and statistical analysis of relationships using ordinal and nominal data.
Determining Differences with Inferential Statistics
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides information about inferential tests that could be used to analyze differences between groups. Quantitative researchers typically rely on inferential statistical procedures for testing hypotheses pertaining to differences between sets of scores. Although researchers nearly always find mathematical differences in scores from different groups, determining whether these differences are statistically significant requires inferential tests. Before deciding on a particular test, you must consider whether your data are nominal-, ordinal-, interval-, or ratio-level since different tests are suitable for each level. Also, you need to consider whether your data come from independent or dependent samples. Independent samples generally are gathered from groups that consist of different individuals. Dependent samples are gathered from the same group of individuals on multiple occasions. Specific details are provided for a variety of statistical procedures. For determining differences with interval- or ratio-level outcome data researchers typically use independent samples t-test, dependent samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance, repeated-measures analysis of variance, and post-hoc analyses. For ordinal data researchers may use the Mann-Whitney U test, the Wilcoxon test for paired samples, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and Friedman’s test. For nominal-level data the Chi square test of independence and McNemar’s test can be used.
Action Research
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the aims, history, and key features of action research. The chapter also includes discussion of published examples of action research. Action research includes a diverse family of inquiry approaches teachers use to study practice. Action researchers study what is going on now and make plans for or take action within their inquiries. In addition to the reflection that practitioners engage in every day, action researchers intentionally and systematically look at issues with the aim of making a difference in specific ways. Action researchers may utilize either qualitative or quantitative approaches; what distinguishes action research is the spiral of action that includes multiple cycles of look-think-act to systematically study and build sustainable change in the communities under study. Three epistemological beliefs connect various approaches. First, individuals working and living in the setting participate in the research process as participants or co-researchers. Second, one’s professional context is the site for inquiry (e.g., a classroom). Third, through successive cycles of thought, action, and reflection, participants provide recommendations, address issues, and make improvements themselves. Action researchers rarely work alone; many developed their projects in partnership with co-researchers who offered staying power when the realities of overfull teaching schedules made the work challenging.
Disseminating Research
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Presenting a poster, giving a talk, and publishing an article are the primary ways of distributing your research. Each has its own advantages and possibilities, and over a period of years, you will likely want to engage in all three activities. Presentations generally include sharing research during a poster session or in a lecture-type format at state, national, or international conferences. Research poster sessions have specific guidelines, and it is important that you follow directions exactly. Specific ideas for how to prepare and present a research poster are given, along with several examples. The amount of time available to give spoken presentations varies widely, so paying attention to this and other requirements (e.g., technology support available) is critical. Researchers often choose to illustrate a presentation with a computer slide show. This chapter includes many helpful tips for creating an effective presentation. It also discusses preparing handouts and publishing a presentation in a book of proceedings. Publishing a research paper is an important outcome of scholarly work, and this chapter focuses on finding a journal, publication guidelines, editor’s response to submission, the revision process, and publication. The chapter also describes important ethical considerations for both publications and presentations.
Free people keep something wild in them
Authors: Norton Anne 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The theses in this section explore the promise and limits of citizenship for the free. Free people hate to follow and they hate to lead but they do both things well. They have the arrogance of leaders, the discipline of soldiers, and the humility of subjects. They keep something wild in them. That wildness enables them to return to the roots of democracy in anarchy and revolution. These theses affirm popular sovereignty and argue that it does not only “hover above the people” as some thinkers have argued, but is held in the bodies of the living people. Other theses in this section argue against empire and the desire for glory and show the historical costs of imperialism. They identify empire and imperialism as the enemies of democracy.
After Furno
Authors: Mortensen John J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter lists and explains many additional bass motions in common use in the eighteenth century (beyond those taught in Furno). Motions include Fauxbourdon, 8-7-6, 10-9-8, Corelli Leapfrog, Romanesca, DP10, Perfidia, Monte Principale, Dolareti, Domirefa, Falling Thirds, Monte, Lamento, Valente Chromatic Ascent, Fenaroli Chromatic Ascent, Über-Lamento, and Martini. Each motion is explained in detail, followed by guided exercises at the keyboard.
Partimento Imitation and Fugue
Authors: Mortensen John J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains how contrapuntal structures are implied in many partimenti, and provides instruction in discovering these structures. Points of imitation are explained, shown in partimenti, and studied through exercises. Partimenti by Nicola Sala, Fedele Fenaroli, Niccolò Zingarelli, Giovanni Paisiello, Giacomo Insanguine, Giacomo Tritto, and Leonardo Leo appear in this chapter. The reader encounters the technique of partimento fugue and is led through exercises in realizing them.