bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reported effects of non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) in health and education service provision: The role of NGO –government relations and other factors
Authors: Robinson Rachel S. , Brass Jennifer N. , Shermeyer Andrew , Grossman Nichole 
Published: July 2023

AbstractMotivationNon‐governmental organizations (NGOs) in low‐ and middle‐income countries (L&MICs) often deliver services that high‐income states might themselves provide, such as education and health care. But such service provision usually requires NGOs to engage with the state. Whether NGO–government relations affect NGO service provision to beneficiaries is not well studied.PurposeWe assess how NGO–government relations affect the reported outcomes of NGO service provision. We look at evidence from 1980 to 2014, a time when NGOs grew in number and activity. We consider five types of relatively constructive relations between NGOs and states along a spectrum from high to low engagement: collaboration, contracting, consultation, advocacy, and substitution.Methods and approachWe reviewed 109 articles from academic journals on NGOs working in education and health in L&MICs published between 1980 and 2014. These articles describe the activities of both international and domestic NGOs working at both national and subnational levels. We coded articles for content to allow detection of associations.FindingsFirst, authors overwhelmingly report favourable outcomes from NGO service provision, regardless of the nature of the NGO–government relationship. Second, collaborative, advocacy, and substitutive relationships are most often associated with favourable outcomes. This is especially true in democratic states. Third, subnational NGO service provision is more frequently associated with favourable outcomes. Fourth, NGO service provision in low‐income and African countries is disproportionately associated with reports of unfavourable or null outcomes.Policy implicationsGovernments and development agencies should prioritize collaboration and engagement at the subnational level, create space for NGO advocacy, and redouble efforts to understand what drives favourable outcomes in low‐income countries.
Later onset focal epilepsy with roots in childhood: Evidence from early learning difficulty and brain volumes in the Human Epilepsy Project
Authors: Pellinen Jacob , Pardoe Heath , Sillau Stefan , Barnard Sarah , French Jacqueline , Knowlton Robert , Lowenstein Daniel , Cascino Gregory D. , Glynn Simon , Jackson Graeme , Szaflarski Jerzy , Morrison Chris , Meador Kimford J. , Kuzniecky Ruben ,   the Human Epilepsy Project Investigators
Published: July 2023

AbstractObjectiveVisual assessment of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from the Human Epilepsy Project 1 (HEP1) found 18% of participants had atrophic brain changes relative to age without known etiology. Here, we identify the underlying factors related to brain volume differences in people with focal epilepsy enrolled in HEP1.MethodsEnrollment data for participants with complete records and brain MRIs were analyzed, including 391 participants aged 12–60 years. HEP1 excluded developmental or cognitive delay with intelligence quotient <70, and participants reported any formal learning disability diagnoses, repeated grades, and remediation. Prediagnostic seizures were quantified by semiology, frequency, and duration. T1‐weighted brain MRIs were analyzed using Sequence Adaptive Multimodal Segmentation (FreeSurfer v7.2), from which a brain tissue volume to intracranial volume ratio was derived and compared to clinically relevant participant characteristics.ResultsBrain tissue volume changes observable on visual analyses were quantified, and a brain tissue volume to intracranial volume ratio was derived to compare with clinically relevant variables. Learning difficulties were associated with decreased brain tissue volume to intracranial volume, with a ratio reduction of .005 for each learning difficulty reported (95% confidence interval [CI] = −.007 to −.002, p = .0003). Each 10‐year increase in age at MRI was associated with a ratio reduction of .006 (95% CI = −.007 to −.005, p < .0001). For male participants, the ratio was .011 less than for female participants (95% CI = −.014 to −.007, p < .0001). There were no effects from seizures, employment, education, seizure semiology, or temporal lobe electroencephalographic abnormalities.SignificanceThis study shows lower brain tissue volume to intracranial volume in people with newly treated focal epilepsy and learning difficulties, suggesting developmental factors are an important marker of brain pathology related to neuroanatomical changes in focal epilepsy. Like the general population, there were also independent associations between brain volume, age, and sex in the study population.
Serum lipidomics‐based study of electroacupuncture for skin wound repair in rats
Authors: Du Weibin , He Lihong , Wang Zhenwei , Dong Yi , He Xiaofen , Hu Jintao , Zhang Min 
Published: July 2023

AbstractLipid metabolism plays an important role in the repair of skin wounds. Studies have shown that acupuncture is very effective in skin wound repair. However, there is little knowledge about the mechanism of electroacupuncture. Thirty‐six SD rats were divided into three groups: sham‐operated group, model group and electroacupuncture group, with six rats in each group. After the intervention, orbital venous blood was collected for lipid metabolomics analysis, wound perfusion was detected and finally the effect of electroacupuncture on skin wound repair was comprehensively evaluated by combining wound healing rate and histology. Lipid metabolomics analysis revealed 11 differential metabolites in the model versus sham‐operated group. There were 115 differential metabolites in the model versus electro‐acupuncture group. 117 differential metabolites in the electro‐acupuncture versus sham‐operated group. There were two differential metabolites common to all three groups. Mainly cholesteryl esters and sphingolipids were elevated after electroacupuncture and triglycerides were largely decreased after electroacupuncture. The electroacupuncture group recovered faster than the model group in terms of blood perfusion and wound healing (p < 0.05). Electroacupuncture may promote rat skin wound repair by improving lipid metabolism and improving local perfusion.
Prediabetes and the risk of lung cancer incidence and mortality: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Shen Enjian , Chen Xi 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAims/IntroductionThere has been conflicting evidence regarding the role of prediabetes as a risk factor of lung cancer. A systemic review and meta‐analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between prediabetes and lung cancer incidence and mortality in general adult populations.Materials and MethodsObservational studies relevant to the objective were found in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. By incorporating potential heterogeneity into the model, a randomized‐effects model was selected.ResultsTen cohort studies were included. People with prediabetes were associated with a mildly increased risk of lung cancer incidence compared with controls with normoglycemia (risk ratio [RR]: 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.18, P = 0.03; I2 = 79%), which was mainly observed in men rather than in women (RR: 1.07 vs 0.99, P for subgroup difference < 0.001). Prediabetes was related to a higher risk of lung cancer mortality (RR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.02–1.39, P = 0.03; I2 = 52%), and the results were consistent in both men and women (P for subgroup difference = 0.67). The association between prediabetes and lung cancer incidence or mortality did not appear to be significantly affected by different definitions of prediabetes (P for subgroup difference = 0.27 and 0.37).ConclusionsPrediabetes might be associated with a mildly increased risk of lung cancer incidence in men, but not in women. In addition, prediabetes may be related to a higher risk of lung cancer mortality in the adult population.
Real‐world risk of cardiovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes associated with sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in comparison with metformin: A propensity score‐matched model analysis in Japan
Authors: Horii Takeshi , Oikawa Yoichi , Shimada Akira , Mihara Kiyoshi 
Published: July 2023

AbstractWe aimed to compare the effects of cardiovascular disease risk in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes on sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2Is) or metformin. This retrospective, real‐world cohort study was carried out using a claims database and propensity score matching; 58,402 eligible patients (29,201 per group) were included. The outcomes included nonfatal myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for heart failure and composite end‐points. The hazard ratio (HR) for the composite end‐point was 0.79, which was lower for SGLT2Is than for metformin. For male patients (HR 0.76), patients aged <65 years (HR 0.94), patients aged ≥75 years (HR 0.78) and patients with body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 (HR 0.76), the HRs for the composite end‐point were significantly lower in the SGLT2I group than in the metformin group. SGLT2Is might be superior to metformin in reducing the composite risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Archives, repatriation, agency, and changing circumstances: Reflections on shared soundscapes, collaborative activations, and repatriations in Latin America
Authors: Seeger Anthony 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis article reflects on changes in the roles of audiovisual archives and the use of their collections by ethnomusicologists and Indigenous communities in Latin America as represented by the three articles in JLACA and Anthony Seeger's research and experience as director of archives and a record label. It describes the multiplication of archives in the twenty‐first century and the concept of an archival multiverse. Seeger then addresses three questions: What is a shared soundscape? What is a recording? What is an archive? He prefers the term sharing soundscapes to repatriation and stresses the importance of considering the agency of communities in deciding how to share their knowledge. To widen the terms of the discussion, he moves from a discussion of researchers sharing soundscapes to a discussion of how audiovisual archives and record companies also share soundscapes.
Robust distortion risk measures
Authors: Bernard Carole , Pesenti Silvana M. , Vanduffel Steven 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe robustness of risk measures to changes in underlying loss distributions (distributional uncertainty) is of crucial importance in making well‐informed decisions. In this paper, we quantify, for the class of distortion risk measures with an absolutely continuous distortion function, its robustness to distributional uncertainty by deriving its largest (smallest) value when the underlying loss distribution has a known mean and variance and, furthermore, lies within a ball—specified through the Wasserstein distance—around a reference distribution. We employ the technique of isotonic projections to provide for these distortion risk measures a complete characterization of sharp bounds on their value, and we obtain quasi‐explicit bounds in the case of Value‐at‐Risk and Range‐Value‐at‐Risk. We extend our results to account for uncertainty in the first two moments and provide applications to portfolio optimization and to model risk assessment.
Disembodied, dehumanised but safe and feasible: The social‐spatial flow of a pandemic OSCE
Authors: Brown Craig , MacLeod Anna , Hawick Lorraine , Cleland Jennifer 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIntroductionThe Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is a key feature of healthcare education assessment. Many aspects of the OSCE are well‐investigated, but not so its sociomaterial assemblage. The Covid‐19 pandemic provided a unique opportunity to (re)consider taken‐for‐granted OSCE practices. Drawing on Law's modes of ordering, our aim was to demonstrate the ‘mangle of practice’ between space and people; the spatialised and spatialising processes of an OSCE.MethodsWe used a case study approach to critically examine a redesigned final year MBChB OSCE held during the pandemic. We used multiple sources of data to attune to human and non‐human actors: OSCE documentation, photographs, field notes and semi‐structured interviews with OSCE staff/organisers. Law's modes of ordering was used as an analytical lens to critically consider how people and things flowed through the adapted OSCE.FindingsThe overarching ordering was the delivery of a ‘pandemic safe’ OSCE. This necessitated reordering of ‘usual’ process to deliver a socially distanced, safe flow of human and non‐human actors through the assessment space. Each change had material and social ‘knock on’ effects. We identified three main interrelated orderings: Substituting technologies for bodies: Disembodied and dehumanised but feasible; Flow through space: Architectural affordances and one‐way traffic; Barriers to flow: Time and technology.DiscussionLooking at the OSCE through a sociomaterial lens allows us to critically examine the OSCE's essential and complex processes and the restrictions and affordances of the spaces and props within the OSCE. In doing so, we open the possibility of considering alternative ways of doing OSCEs in the future. Moreover, conceptualising the OSCE as a living set of socially (human) and materially (nonhuman) enacted processes changes the social perception of the OSCE and highlights that an OSCE has agency on people, places and things.
‘Yourself in all your forms’: A grounded theory exploration of identity safety in medical students
Authors: Bullock Justin L. , Sukhera Javeed , del Pino‐Jones Amira , Dyster Timothy G. , Ilgen Jonathan S. , Lockspeiser Tai M. , Teunissen Pim W. , Hauer Karen E. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIntroductionIdentity threats, such as stereotype threat and microaggressions, impair learning and erode well‐being. In contrast to identity threat, less is known about how learners experience feelings of safety regarding their identity. This exploratory study aims to develop a theory of identity safety in the clinical learning environment.MethodsThis multi‐institutional, qualitative interview study was informed by constructivist grounded theory and critical pedagogy. Participants were clinical students at three public medical schools in the United States in 2022. Investigators purposively sampled participants for interviews based on their responses to an 11‐item survey with an open‐ended question soliciting students' personal identities and responses to both the racial/ethnic and gender Stereotype Vulnerability Scales. The investigators interviewed, coded, constantly compared and continued sampling until the codes could be developed into categories, then concepts and finally into a theory. The team engaged in critical reflexivity throughout the analytic process to enrich data interpretations.ResultsSixteen diverse students were interviewed. We organised their identity‐salient experiences into identity threat, threat mitigation and identity safety. Participants experienced identity threat through unwelcoming learning environments, feeling compelled to change their behaviour in inauthentic ways or sociopolitical threat. Threat mitigation occurred when a participant or supervisor intervened against an identity threat, dampening but not eliminating the threat impact. Participants characterised identity safety as the ability to exist as their authentic selves without feeling the need to monitor how others perceive their identities. Identity safety manifested when participants demonstrated agency to leverage their identities for patient care, when others upheld their personhood and saw them as unique individuals and when they felt they belonged in the learning environment.DiscussionAttending to identity safety may lead to educational practices that sustain and leverage team members' diverse identities. Identity safety and threat mitigation may work together to combat identity threats in the learning environment.
When I say … ‘non‐clinical practice’
Authors: Govender Lynelle , Church Helen R. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIn recent years, we have seen the emergence of the term ‘non‐clinical practice’ used in the literature and the healthcare field more broadly. However, there has not yet been a critical examination of what this term means and how it may subtly influence the social reality and culture of healthcare practice. Based on the available literature and the authors' lived experience, we position this article and the term ‘non‐clinical practice’ relative to medical doctors. However, the tenets of the argument below are true for any healthcare practitioner. Taking a social constructivist approach, we critically analyse the term ‘non‐clinical practice’ and explain why readers should challenge its use.
Structural evidence for MADS‐box type I family expansion seen in new assemblies of Arabidopsis arenosa and A. lyrata
Authors: Bramsiepe Jonathan , Krabberød Anders K. , Bjerkan Katrine N. , Alling Renate M. , Johannessen Ida M. , Hornslien Karina S. , Miller Jason R. , Brysting Anne K. , Grini Paul E. 
Published: July 2023

SUMMARYArabidopsis thaliana diverged from A. arenosa and A. lyrata at least 6 million years ago. The three species differ by genome‐wide polymorphisms and morphological traits. The species are to a high degree reproductively isolated, but hybridization barriers are incomplete. A special type of hybridization barrier is based on the triploid endosperm of the seed, where embryo lethality is caused by endosperm failure to support the developing embryo. The MADS‐box type I family of transcription factors is specifically expressed in the endosperm and has been proposed to play a role in endosperm‐based hybridization barriers. The gene family is well known for its high evolutionary duplication rate, as well as being regulated by genomic imprinting. Here we address MADS‐box type I gene family evolution and the role of type I genes in the context of hybridization. Using two de‐novo assembled and annotated chromosome‐level genomes of A. arenosa and A. lyrata ssp. petraea we analyzed the MADS‐box type I gene family in Arabidopsis to predict orthologs, copy number, and structural genomic variation related to the type I loci. Our findings were compared to gene expression profiles sampled before and after the transition to endosperm cellularization in order to investigate the involvement of MADS‐box type I loci in endosperm‐based hybridization barriers. We observed substantial differences in type‐I expression in the endosperm of A. arenosa and A. lyrata ssp. petraea, suggesting a genetic cause for the endosperm‐based hybridization barrier between A. arenosa and A. lyrata ssp. petraea.
A case of lipogranulomatous conjunctivitis in a horse
Authors: Jondeau C. , Guyonnet A. , Losada A. , Laloy E. , Reyes‐Gomez E. , Le Dudal M. , Chahory S. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo describe a case of lipogranulomatous conjunctivitis in a horse.Animal StudiedA client‐owned 12‐year‐old Standardbred gelding presenting with chronic conjunctivitis and palpebral masses.MethodsComplete ophthalmic examination, surgical excision, histopathology, and bacterial culture of biopsy samples were performed.ResultsUpper and lower eyelids of both eyes were affected, with multiple yellow‐to‐white nodules on the palpebral conjunctiva, adjacent to the eyelid margin. Nodule removal was achieved via partial tarsal plate excision. Histopathological examination revealed granulomatous inflammation and large droplets of presumed free lipid in the conjunctival lamina propria. The animal was diagnosed with lipogranulomatous conjunctivitis. No postoperative ocular discomfort was observed for months; however, 3 years later, new conjunctival nodules were noticed, requiring a second surgical procedure on three of the eyelids. Transient entropion in the left lower eyelid was observed 2 months after the second surgery, and no recurrence of conjunctival nodules was observed after 18 months of follow‐up.ConclusionTo our knowledge, this is the first report of lipogranulomatous conjunctivitis in horses.
Factors affecting severity of pressure ulcers: Impact of number of medications
Authors: Arai Kenichi , Yamamoto Kohei , Suzuki Takaaki , Shiko Yuki , Kawasaki Yohei , Mitsukawa Nobuyuki , Ishii Ituko 
Published: July 2023

AbstractPolypharmacy, which refers to the situation of a patient taking more medications than is clinically necessary, has become a major problem in recent years. Although the effects of medications on pressure ulcers have been reported, there are no reports on the impact of the total number of medications on pressure ulcers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of number of medications on the severity of pressure ulcers. Participants included 94 patients who were admitted to Chiba University Hospital with pressure ulcers between April 2013 and March 2021. Univariate analysis identified ulcer depth, weight loss and anticoagulant use to be factors that contributed to the severity of pressure ulcers. Multiple regression analysis was performed for six variables, namely, the number of medications, ulcer depth, weight loss and anticoagulant use, as well as diabetes status and total serum protein level, which have been reported to be associated with pressure ulcers in previous studies. The following independent risk factors were identified: weight loss (β 0.207, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.700–3.193; p = 0.003), anticoagulant use (β 0.161, 95% CI 0.271–3.088; p = 0.020) and ulcer depth (β 0.719, 95% CI 7.172–10.329; p < 0.001). The number of medications was not a significant factor. This study revealed that the number of medications a patient is taking does not affect the severity of pressure ulcers. The findings should provide useful information for the management of pressure ulcers.