bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Persistence of Antigen-Binding Cells with Surface Tolerogen: Isologous Versus Heterologous Immunoglobulin Carriers
Authors: Venkataraman M. , Aldo-Benson Marlene , Borel Yves , Scott David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adult mice injected intravenously with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FL) conjugated to an isologous carrier (mouse IgG2a) (FL-MGG) or to a heterologous carrier (sheep γ-globulins) (FL-SGG) are rendered specifically unresponsive to the FL-hapten. Tolerance induced by either tolerogen persists upon adoptive transfer. Since cells with tolerogen on their surface are detectable by immunofluorescence in both experimental situations, we compared the persistance of such cells in the spleens of mice injected with either tolerogen or with an immunogen (FL-KLH). FL-binding cells were seen during the first 5 days after the injection of FL-SGG, but were undetectable by day 7 and thereafter. In contrast, fluorescent cells were detectable up to 20 to 30 days in some animals after FL-MGG, although the number decreased after day 11. FL-binding cells decreased significantly after day 1 in FL-KLH-injected mice. When the number of FL-binding cells in tolerant animals had reached baseline levels, the animals were reinjected with their respective tolerogen. Normal or slightly increased numbers of FL-binding cells were found in the spleens of FL-SGG injected mice, whereas decreased numbers were observed in the spleens of FL-MGG injected mice. This suggests that in tolerance induced by heterologous carrier, specific lymphocytes possess free receptors but cannot respond. On the other hand, with the isologous carrier-induced tolerance, free receptors are either not available (modulated?) or blocked with undectable amounts of tolerogen. Whether this difference in the kinetics represents a difference in the mechanism of tolerance is unknown.
Antibody Avidity and Allelic Selection for L Chain Allotypes in Rabbits Hyperimmunized with Streptococcal Vaccine
Authors: Sogn John A. , Hooke Phyllis Diane , Freedman Stephen M. , Kindt Thomas J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An almost absolute selection in favor of allotype b4 occurs in the antibody response of heterozygous b4b9 rabbits immunized with Group C streptococcal vaccine. A possible explanation for this “allelic selection” in favor of b4 is that during the antistreptococcal response the favored allotype (b4) is associated with V region binding sites yielding higher avidity anti-streptococcal antibodies. In order to test this possibility, IgG from heterozygous, hyperimmune rabbits was fractionated by avidity on a Group C immunoadsorbent column and allotypes of the various fractions were quantitatively determined. Contrary to the predicted result, when secondary immunization sera were examined the fractions of highest avidity were enriched in the nonselected allotype. Antibodies from two primary immunization sera lacked the selection for the non-b4 allotype in high avidity fractions observed for the later sera. Thus, the uneven allotype ratios observed in fractions of different avidity from secondary immunization sera can be interpreted as the result of a secondary maturation effect.
The observations of allelic selection in heterozygous rabbits were extended to rabbits with allotypes b4b5 and b4b6. Although b4 predominated in immunoglobulin from these rabbits, the allotype ratios in anti-streptococcal antibody were the same as those in total IgG before immunization.
Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity against Murine Leukemia Viral Antigens: Studies with Human Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines and Human Peripheral Lymphocytes as Effector Cells Comparing Rabbit, Goat, and Mouse Antisera
Authors: Peters C. J. , Theofilopoulos Argyrios N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A thymic lymphoblastoid cell line derived from a New Zealand Black mouse produces murine leukemia virus (MuLV) and was used as a target in model systems for the in vitro study of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Several human lymphoblastoid cell lines were investigated as potential effector cells. The most promising (Raji cells) bound to antibody-coated target cells but caused only modest levels of ADCC at 25:1 effector-to-target cell ratio with substantial lysis in the absence of antiserum. Human peripheral lymphocytes were active as effector cells in ADCC at a 5:1 ratio and produced no lysis in the absence of antibody. These cells were used to demonstrate that high dilutions of rabbit antisera to MuLV antigens p30, p15, p12, and p10 were capable of mediating lysis of MuLV-producing target cells but not of a virus-negative murine cell line.
A murine antiserum to Thy 1.2 and three caprine antisera to MuLV antigens that were active in complement-mediated cytotoxicity functioned poorly in inducing ADCC; however, rabbit antisera to similar antigens were 16- to 512-fold more efficient in cell-mediated than in complement lysis. The inefficiency of goat antisera was not due to shedding of cell surface antigens or generation of blocking factors but rather to lack of lytic interaction of antibody-coated targets with the effector cells.
Human Suppressor T Cells Induced by Concanavalin A: Suppressor T Cells Belong to Distinctive T Cell Subclasses
Authors: Sakane Tsuyoshi , Green Ira 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were stimulated by concanavalin A (Con A) and then evaluated by their suppressive activity for thymus-derived (T) cell- and bone marrow-derived (B) cell-proliferative responses to mitogen and allogeneic cells. Con A-activated T cells markedly suppressed these responses, but Con A-activated B cells failed to demonstrate suppressor activity. Discontinuous bovine serum albumin (BSA) density gradient separation of T cells which had been activated by Con A demonstrated that a fraction containing blast cells as well as fractions containing unproliferated cells manifest the same degree of suppressor capabilities. However, when density gradient separation of T cells followed by subsequent incubation with Con A was performed, fractions of proliferating cells of low density exhibited no suppression; a fraction containing high density T cells produced marked suppression, but this fraction incorporated only little thymidine in response to Con A.
Thus, these studies indicate that Con A-induced suppressor T cells belong to a distinctive subpopulation which has already been programmed to express this function before exposure to Con A and that cell proliferation may not be a prerequisite for the development of such suppressor T cells.
Immunogenetic Analysis of H-2 Mutations. VII. Cells Responding to H-2 Kk Gene Products Give Rise to an Allogeneic Supernatant
Authors: Kettman Jack , Klein Jan , Forman James 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) in the mouse is a response by thymus-derived (T) cells against genetically determined alloantigens (1). Two genetic regions have been shown to control the elicitation of strong MLR responses: the I region of the H-2 complex and the Mls region (2–4). Genes in these regions presumably control the expression of cell surface antigens that are recognized by a large number of responding T cells (5). In addition to the cell proliferation that results from the coculture of cells differing at these loci, a factor, termed allogeneic supernatant (AS),2 is also generated very early during the MLR in the culture supernatants. The AS enhances the response of normal spleen cells to T-dependent antigens (6–8), and has the ability to substitute for T cells in the splenic B cell humoral response to the same class of antigens.
The Effects of Extracellular K+, Na+ and Ca++ on Lysosomal Enzyme Secretion from Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Showell Henry J. , Naccache Paul H. , Sha'afi Ramadan I. , Becker Elmer L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Release of the lysosomal enzymes, lysozyme and β-glucuronidase, from rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes induced by three kinds of secretogogues, chemotactic factors in the presence of cytochalasin B, the K+ ionophore, valinomycin, and the Ca++ ionophore, A23187 is profoundly affected by the presence and level of K+, Na, and Ca++ in the extracellular medium. K+ approximately doubles the ability of all chemotactic factors to release in the presence of cytochalasin B. Ouabain, except in a minority of instances, does not prevent enhancement by K+ suggesting that the enhancement is not due to activation of the Na+,K+ pump. Other monovalent cations can substitute for K+ but with less efficiency. Removing Na+ from the medium increased spontaneous release in the presence of Ca++ but to a much lesser extent in its absence. Chemotactic factor-stimulated release is depressed in the absence of Na+. The K+ ionophore, valinomycin, has no effect on chemotactic factor-stimulated release; however, it is capable of inducing release by itself. The secretogogue action of valinomycin requires the presence of Ca++ and is enhanced by cytochalasin B or K+. Nigericin, another K+ ionophore, in noncytotoxic concentrations is without effect on release. The enhancing effect of Ca++ on release by chemotactic factors and cytochalasin B was confirmed. La+++ has two effects on release; at sufficiently low concentrations it inhibits the Ca++-dependent release induced by chemotactic factors. At concentrations above 10-5 M, it can sustain chemotactic factor-dependent release in the presence or absence of Ca++. The release induced by the Ca++ ionophore A23187 requires Ca++ and is enhanced by cytochalasin B and by K+.
The results obtained attest to the central role of external Ca++ in the induced secretion of lysosomal enzymes from the neutrophil. It is suggested that all three kinds of secretogogues induce release by causing an influx of Ca++ into the cytoplasm of the PMN. Cytochalasin B and K+ are believed to exert their effects by increasing the rate or extent of the hypothesized Ca++ influx.
Destruction of Tumor Cells by BCG-Activated Alveolar Macrophages
Authors: Zwilling Bruce S. , Campolito Laura B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Alveolar macrophages obtained from Syrian golden hamsters were tested for their ability to destroy tumor cells. Only macrophages obtained from BCG immune animals rechallenged intratracheally with BCG five days before assay exhibited cytotoxic activity. Maximum destruction of tumor cells occurred after 5 days of incubation. Immunologic activation of macrophages was required to attain cytotoxic alveolar macrophages. Induction of inflammatory lung exudates by a variety of nonspecific irritants did not result in tumor cell destruction by macrophages. These observations may prove useful in designing an approach for immunotherapy of lung cancer.
Immune Responses of Inbred Guinea Pigs to the Sequential Polymer Poly(L-Tyr-L-Glu-L-Ala-Gly): Studies with the Oligomers of the Polymers
Authors: Lai Chang-Hai , Maurer Paul H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Synthetic known sequence polypeptides poly(Tyrosine-Glutamic acid-Alanine-Glycine) (T-G-A-Gly)n were found to be very immunogenic in responder inbred guinea pigs. Two and one-half micrograms were enough to elicit both humoral and cellular responses. Only the α-helical oligomers were immunogenic and were able to inhibit the homologous antigen-antibody reactions. The random polymers of comparable amino acid composition, i.e., poly(glutamic acid60alanine40) (GA), poly(glutamic acid50 tyrosine50) (GT), poly(glutamic acid50alanine30tyrosine10) (GAT10), did not inhibit. the antibodies against (T-G-A-Gly)n did not bind to the closely related known sequence polymer poly tyrosine-alanine-glutamic acid-glycine) (T-A-G-Gly)n or to the above random polymers. It is thus concluded that antibodies against (T-G-A-Gly)n are directed against conformational determinats.
Structural Evidence for an Unblocked VHI Sub-Subgroup of Human Heavy Chains
Authors: Hopper John E. , Brahn Ernest 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The N-terminal amino acid sequence of an unblocked human heavy chain of an IgGκ paraprotein from patient Tho is reported. This unblocked VH sequence belongs to the VHI subgroup and has striking structural homology to an unblocked VHI sequence previously reported for the IgGκ paraprotein isolated from the serum of patient Bro. Direct sequence comparison of the Tho and Bro proteins reveals complete structural identity in 25 of the N-terminal 27 residues, with unique amino acid substitutions shared at the N-terminus and positions 16, 18, and 24. This remarkable sequence homology suggests that the two VH sequences represent examples of an unblocked VHI sub-subgroup.
The Tho and Bro sequences possess an ala-glu-val basic triplet at positions 9 to 11 in common with the other previously reported VHI proteins which help to further establish this sequence triplet as a recognizable VHI subgroup-specific region. Moreover, in this regard, the unblocked sequences of Tho and Bro emphasize the importance of extending an unblocked VHI sequence beyond positions 9 to 11 before a subgroup assignment can be determined.
Antibody Response to Simian Virus 40 Tumor Antigen in Nude Mice Reconstituted with T Cells
Authors: Cicurel Lucienne , Croce Carlo M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Athymic BALB/c nude mice (nu/nu) fail to generate circulating antibodies to simian virus 40 (SV40) tumor (T) antigen when immunized with SV40-transformed mouse cells or with T antigen positive somatic cell hybrids derived from SV40-transformed human and normal mouse parental cells. However, normal BALB/c mice readily produce antibodies to SV40 T antigen. When nude mice were reconstituted with normal syngeneic T lymphocytes from spleen or thymus source, the humoral immune responsiveness to SV40 T antigen was restored.
In Vitro Sensitization of Human Lymphocytes Against Histiocytic Lymphoma Cell Lines
Authors: Treves Abraham J. , Feldman Michael , Kaplan Henry S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors expressed spontaneous cytotoxic activity against human diffuse histiocytic lymphoma cell lines. In the unfractionated state, they could not be further sensitized in vitro against these cell lines. By applying cell separation techniques before culture, subpopulations of lymphocytes were obtained which could be sensitized in vitro and manifested cytotoxic activity against human histiocytic lymphoma cells. Three methods of separation were found effective: E rosette enrichment; elimination of Fc receptor positive cells; and removal of nylon wool adherent cells. Under these conditions, cross-reactive cytotoxicity was observed against non-neoplastic lymphoblastoid cell lines, but not against normal lymphocytes.
The Presence of Immunoregulatory Cells in Chicken Thymus: Function in B and T Cell Responses
Authors: Moticka Edward J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The presence of immunoregulatory cells in chicken thymus was studied by using several different systems. Chickens injected with large numbers of syngeneic thymocytes were tested for their ability to produce antibody to heterologous red cells. Similar chickens were studied for their ability to reject allogeneic skin grafts. In separate studies, mixtures of thymocytes with spleen cells or with peripheral blood leukocytes were assayed for their ability to respond to PHA or to produce a graft-vs-host reaction in embryonic chicks. These studies indicated that immunoregulatory cells exist in chicken thymus, which displays both helper and suppressor activity. The suppressor cells were more prevalent or more easily detectable in young birds and in chickens with intact bursas. The helper function of thymocytes was seen to better advantage with cells derived from older animals and from bursectomized donors.
The Differential Effects of 6-MP and Cyclophosphamide on Immunoglobulin Deposition in the Skin and Kidney of NZB/NZW F1 Mice
Authors: Gilliam James N. , Hurd Eric R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of cyclophosphamide (CY) and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) on the accumulation of subepidermal Ig and glomerular Ig in the female NZB/NZW F1 (B/W) mouse were compared. Five-month old female mice, given daily i.p. injections of CY or 6-MP, and untreated control mice were killed after 2 months and specimens obtained for direct immunofluorescent staining of skin and kidney. In addition, electron microscopic examination of the kidneys was performed. Subepidermal Ig was present in 30% of the untreated animals, in none of the CY-treated, and in 83% of the 6-MP treated animals. Glomerular Ig was observed in 81% of the untreated animals, 40% of the CY-treated animals, and 85% of the 6-MP treated animals. ANA tests were positive in 83% of the untreated, 29% of the CY-treated, and 94% of the 6-MP treated animals. All differences between the CY- and 6-MP-treated groups were statistically significant. Electron microscopy of the kidneys demonstrated a marked reduction of electron dense deposits in the CY-treated animals but no reduction was seen in the 6-MP treated animals. These findings showed: 1) CY markedly reduced subepidermal Ig, glomerular Ig, and ANA; and 2) 6-MP increased subepidermal Ig whereas glomerular Ig and ANA remained essentially unchanged. These observations indicate that CY not only appears to be more effective than 6-MP in the treatment of B/W immune complex disease but also that 6-MP enhances Ig deposition in the skin.
Complement Activation in Semisolid Media: Insolubilization of Alternative Pathway Convertases in Agar Gels with C3 Nephritic Factor-Containing Sera
Authors: Arnaout Mohammed Amin , Davis Alvin E. , Rosen Fred S. , Alper Chester A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It was previously shown that when normal human serum and purified properdin or serum containing nephritic factor were allowed to diffuse toward each other in agar, a stainable precipitin line formed only in the presence of an intact alternative pathway. In the present study we have shown that when guinea pig erythrocytes were incorporated in agar and normal human serum was allowed to diffuse toward C3 nephritic factor-containing serum, a line of hemolysis appeared that coincided with the stainable line. The line of hemolysis only formed in the presence of C3, factor B and Mg++, as does the properdin or C3 nephritic factor-induced stainable line. When C2-deficient serum was incorporated in agar with guinea pig erythrocytes and serum samples containing nephritic factor were applied in wells, rings of lysis developed, the areas of which correlated significantly with nephritic factor activity. When partially purified nephritic factor (contaminated only with IgG) or serum containing nephritic factor was subjected to electrophoresis in agar-guinea pig erythrocyte gels and overlaid with normal human serum, bands of lysis developed that required factor B and C3. Lysis of guinea pig erythrocytes in this system appears to be due to insolubilization of alternative pathway convertases with activation of the membrane attack unit C5–C9.
Analysis of the Diversity of Murine Antibodies to Dextran B1355
Authors: Hansburg Daniel , Briles David E. , Davie Joseph M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have developed radioimmunoassays that detect idiotypic (variable region) differences among the α(1 → 3) dextran-binding myeloma proteins U102, J558, and M104 as well as an assay that detects variable region determinants common to all three proteins. Using these assays, we have examined 7S and 19S anti-α(1 → 3) dextran antibodies induced in five murine strains of the a1 IgCH linkage group and the recombinant strain BAB/14. All idiotypes were expressed in both 19S and 7S antibodies from all strains, but with considerable strain-specific variability in penetrance. In two strains, one additional type of antibody, which lacked all four idiotypic determinants, generally constituted the bulk of total anti-α(1 → 3) dextran antibodies.
Genetic Control of Immune Response to Protein Antigens
Authors: Passos Hélcio C. , Siqueira Maria , Reis Moema H. , Ferreira Vera C. Annes , Ibanez Olga M. , Sant'Anna Osvaldo A. , Biozzi Guido 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A high (H/p) and a low (L/p) responder line of mice have been produced by selective breeding for the character “quantitative antibody responsiveness” to BSA and RgG. These two Ag were administered at optimal immunizing doses and alternated at each generation in order to avoid the interference of maternally transmitted antibodies.
H/p and L/p diverged progressively during the first seven generations of selective breeding, suggesting a polygenic regulation of the character investigated. The maximal interline separation (RT) was reached after seven consecutive generations of selective breeding (F7). The continuation of the selection until the F15 generation did not significantly modify the RT value of F7. At the maximal interline separation (F7 to F15) the titer of antibody measured in terms of passive hemagglutinins was about 250 times higher in H/p than in L/p. The decrease of phenotypic variance during the selective breeding shows that 76% of the phenotypic variance of the foundation population (F0) is due to genetic factors: VG, and that 24% is produced by environmental effects: VE.
The heritability of the character (h2) measured by the linear regression between the selection differential (S) and the response to selection (R) during the first seven generations is 0.22 ± 0.06. A provisional estimation that needs to be confirmed by experiments under way indicated that the character investigated may be controlled by two or three independent loci.
Serologic Identification of Hemopoietic Progenitor Cell Antigens Common to Mouse and Man
Authors: Krogsrud Richard L. , Bain Jerald , Price Gerald B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An immunologic approach to the identification of human hemopoietic stem cell antigens has yielded two types of antisera. Both recognize antigens on hemopoietic progenitors which are identical or cross-reactive with determinants on sperm, brain, and, across the species barrier, with murine hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S). The first antiserum was the result of an autoimmune reaction in a post-vasectomy patient. The second was produced in rabbits after injection of human brain cells.
Specific Binding of T Lymphocytes to Macrophages
Authors: Ben-Sasson Shlomo Z. , Lipscomb Mary F. , Tucker Thomas F. , Uhr Jonathan W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peritoneal exudate lymphocytes from immune guinea pigs that bind in vitro to autologous antigen-pulsed macrophages were allowed to proliferate for 1 week to give a population markedly enriched in antigen-specific T cells. This enriched population was then studied with regard to its binding to fresh autologous antigen-pulsed macrophages. Specific binding was not inhibited by a large excess of antigen in the media (5000-fold greater than the amount of antigen associated with the macrophages) either soluble or bound to Sepharose beads, or by coating the antigen-pulsed macrophages with antibody to the exogenous antigen, by reacting a second layer of antibody to the heterologous antibody, or by haptenating the antigen and treating the hapten-antigen macrophage complex with excess anti-hapten antibody.
Results of treating antigen-pulsed macrophages with the proteolytic enzymes trypsin and pronase indicate that exogenous antigen is on the macrophage surface, but the experiments failed to prove that the removable antigen is essential for binding. The simplest interpretation of these results is that the T cell recptor is not specific for native exogenous antigen.