bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minimizing Environmental Impacts During Offshore Drilling and Production Using Innovative Waste Recycling and Reutilization Technology in China Bohai Oilfield
Authors: Hou Xinxin , Huo Hongbo , Zhang Xiaocheng , Xie Tao , He Ruibing , Lin Hai , Xu Dongsheng , Zhang Yuchen , Li Zhiheng , Song Chuang , Liu Jia 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In recent years, an oil company has intensified its drilling activities in China Bohai Oilfield to meet challenging production targets and has almost doubled its drilled wells. Aiming to minimize environmental impacts of drilling activities on China Bohai Bay which is an internal bay with weak self-cleaning ability, this oil company has always been exploring continuous improvement to minimize the impact of its drilling and production operations on the environment.
With the intention of recycling and reutilizing drilling and production waste including cuttings, wasted drilling and production fluids, many efforts are done. In design, well profile is downsized, cement top is restricted and reusable drilling fluids are developed to reduce waste from the root; In the field, environment protection ships (EPS) equipped with solid modified control system, cuttings closed transfer system and cuttings treatment system are used to recycle the produced the waste while drilling platform work as backup when weather is bad; Moreover, offshore waste management online system (OWMOS) has been developed covering the whole life cycle data chain of waste generation, collection, transportation, storage, disposal (utilization).
Statistics from OWMOS show that the amount of the waste produced from downsized wells has been reduced by 41~65% compared to similar wells drilled before. Moreover, environmentally friendly drilling fluids with low solid content are developed and liquid phase after solid-liquid separation treatment can be reused. Consequently, the usage amount of drilling fluids has been decreased by 55~75%, while the solid content are packed and transported to onshore for disposal. These wastes can be turned into raw materials of cement stabilized soil and ceramic, which can also provide economy benefit and reduce impact on the environment.
Waste recycling and reutilization technology has been successfully applied in more than 40 wells and lay the foundation for the digital transformation acceleration of waste management of offshore drilling and production waste, which can provide more practical reference for waste management of other similar offshore oilfield.
Standards Development in Support of Low Carbon Activities
Authors: Watkins Paula Dawn , Miller David Lee , Roueche Jacqueline Newcomb 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
As the global energy supply continues to diversify to meet growing energy demands and climate goals, operators and other stakeholders in the natural gas and oil industry are innovating and evolving to help provide affordable, lower-carbon energy. Part of that challenge requires development, adoption, and deployment of new technologies in the field of low carbon energy. With the advent of these new technologies, it is important to consider their impact through the lens of health, safety, and environment (HSE), which provides our industry its license to operate. An integral foundation of that license is the industry's use of standardization, and that too must be applied to the implementation of these new technologies. Advancement of new technologies is foundational to API's Climate Action Framework's initiative to accelerate technology and innovation to reduce emissions while meeting growing energy needs.
Given the growing interconnectedness of the global economy, this presents a prime opportunity for industry to drive standards harmonization in the growing low carbon field. In 2019, the American Petroleum Institute (API) established the Global Standards Strategy (GSS), a concerted effort to drive standards harmonization on a global scale, and this methodology can be instructive in the field of low carbon activities.
While many of API's standards are used globally, national standards developing organizations and regulators often develop competing or duplicative standards and regulations applicable to the oil and natural gas industry. This creates inefficiencies and divergences that result in unnecessary barriers and reduced economic competitiveness. By working with our international partners, such as IOGP, API has been developing industry publications and standards on low carbon activities, while avoiding duplicative efforts through coordination of work in this area.
The industry, through API with significant experience in standardization, can channel its collective experience to drive swifter deployment of new low carbon technologies while maintaining the same level of engineering and scientific rigor on which our industry relies.
Investigation of a Jetted Conductor Failure in a Pre-Salt Well and Lessons Learned
Authors: Cutrim Fabio Sawada , De Souza Bruno S. P. , De Souza Charlton Okama , Dias Rafael , Arduino Edgard G. A. , De Resende Delton Lustosa , Pinto Thiago De Santana , Pinheiro Arthur V. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Jetting operations have been performed, in Petrobras context, mainly in Campos and Espírito Santo Basins, where the surface casing is cemented to the mudline successfully. Lately, the company has been applying this spud-in method in pre-salt wells, mostly in Santos Basin in order to optimize the top-hole construction. This paper will focus on the analysis of a ultradeep water well which had three attempts to install the jetted conductor. The first attempt was successful but due to an operational problem in third drilling section, the well had to be abandoned. The second attempt resulted in a conductor failure, which sank into the seabed under its own weight, during the execution of the second drilling section. The third one was successful, and the well was drilled to total depth.
The analysis focused in comparing the operational parameters and procedures in these three attempts. All of them were performed in close locations, therefore, it can be assumed that the soil properties are very similar in these locations. The aspects evaluated in these wells were the flow rate, the weight on bit and the conductor integrity for buckling. The retro-analysis showed that the main reason for the failure (conductor sinking into the soil) was the high flow rate used in the operation. Another observation is that the weight on bit used in the operation, in general, complied with the recommended by (Zakeri, et al. 2014), but could be increased to overcome high resistance layers while maintaining structural stability for buckling in the conductor.
Petrobras has a large experience in jetting wells of Campos and Espírito Santo Basins, but the type of soil in these areas is very distinct from the Santos Basin's soil. Besides that, the wells are deeper and requires a higher axial capacity to withstand the expected loads. Therefore, the jetting technique was not meeting these needs and generated problems of conductor failure. This work brings a new proposal of actions to overcome high resistance layers and also to improve the success rate of conductor jetting in pre-salt basins.
A New Approach in Reservoir Characterization Using Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Bataee Mahmood , Al-jarmouzi Aseel Hamid , Shahbazi Amin , Hamdi Zakaria , Moradi Babak 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The basic characteristics of a reservoir system are normally distributed spatially. Since there is no immediate measurement for the lithological parameters, they are to be computed from other geophysical logs or seismic attributes. In this study, oil field data from the exploration wells including logs and seismic data were used and studied using AI Artificial Intelligence to select the best locations for drilling according to porosity distribution. Moreover, the objective of this project is the study of reservoir characteristics and distribution using Artificial Intelligence (AI). The studied area is the Asma area in India where all seismic and well-logging data were collected. The process is first aligned in finding the porosity of the well-logging interpretation using density log and sonic log and then shed the prediction of porosity using seismic data using the reflected waves of the structure to estimate the acoustic impedance. The neural network was used to predict porosity. There were three outputs for each of well-logging, logging-seismic and seismic. All the outputs were compared where the accuracy was good with a ratio of 95% and a small error percentage of 5%. A map of the area was created where the porosity distribution of each of the outputs was determined. The best areas were identified for drilling the future production wells depending on the porosity and the type is sandstone.
Advanced Modelling of Clamped Mattress for Pipeline Walking Prevention and Mitigation
Authors: Parrella Antonio , Bughi Sabrina , Profeta Giovanni , Curti Gianbattista , Yuan Henry , Hailat Amr , Hooghoudt Marijn , Francis Jack , Watson Phillip 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper is based on experience obtained during design of Payara Project, offshore Guyana, where 10" production and 16" water injection pipelines were found to be potentially susceptible to walking. Offshore pipelines that are subject to HT/HP conditions, riser tensions and seabed slopes can be susceptible to walking, which may jeopardize the integrity of connected subsea structures. Should the cumulated walking during the operating life of the pipeline exceed the maximum allowed displacement, an anchoring system could be required to mitigate the movement. However, predicting pipeline walking is a complex matter, depending on parameters often affected by significant uncertainty, such as pressure and temperature conditions, heating and cooldown cycles, soil pipe interaction, planned buckle evolution and route modifications. For this reason, a walking assessment performed during detail design can lead to uncertain results, and question arises as to the best timing to install walking mitigation structures (WMS).
A Wait-and-See approach represents a good compromise, mediating between CAPEX and OPEX needs, and allowing a risk-based decision process based on pipeline behavior as monitored during planned surveys. However, the installation of WMS during operation may require ancillary structures to be installed on ‘day one’ that could nullify the strategic advantage given by the Wait-and-See, not to mention the mob/demob cost of the vessel used for installation.
The Pipe Clamping Mattress (PCM), patented by Shell and commercialized by MMA Offshore, has been proposed as a convenient and effective way to anchor the pipeline, either at day one or during operation. The PCM comprises a two-winged mattress fabricated by pivoting two concrete blocks around a central hinge, and which is shaped to engage and clamp the pipe. A log mattress is then positioned to provide additional clamping force. The overall weight of PCM provides the clamping grip required to prevent pipeline slippage as well as the additional axial resistance needed to mitigate or arrest walking.
An advanced FE Model for PCM performance study has been developed in ABAQUS based on the CEL methodology (Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian). In comparison to more conventional models, this technique models the seabed as a deformable Eulerian domain, in which PCM and pipeline can penetrate. Seabed settlement and soil displacement due to system motion can be fully calculated, estimating the evolution of axial resistance and the growth of berms at the PCM sides. The objective of this paper is to improve the understanding of pipeline/PCM interaction, in particular with respect to: Verifying the overall embedment of the pipeline/PCM system.Verifying and assessing the PCM restraining capacity against axial displacement.Assessing the minimum number of PCMs required to ensure walking prevention/arrest.
Offshore Gas Field Hydrate Management Practical Issues, Solutions and Application of Big Data
Authors: Ganugapenta Venkateswara Reddy , Alawi Muntazer N , Rithauddeen Megat A 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper presents the hydrate inhibition system operational issues and adoptable practical solutions to overcome the challenges and ensure uninterrupted offshore gas production involving subsea long pipelines. The paper also highlights how big data and mathematical modelling can be deployed for effectively predicting hydrate inhibition requirements, gas production limitations, and performance of Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) regeneration units. Offshore gas production and hydrate inhibit operational upsets are mapped, extensive field data was verified and flow assurance simulations were performed. Extensive sampling of hydrate inhibitor is conducted and laboratory results are compared against modelling predictions. Combination of machine learning algorithm and physics simulators are used to predict the expected hydrate inhibitor concentration from a regeneration unit, its distribution throughout the long subsea pipelines, and its impact on hydrate inhibition and gas production.
Based on the lessons learned in operating hydrate inhibition systems for offshore gas fields, effective strategies for field facilities design and optimization are developed. Real-time visualization of lean MEG concentration distribution throughout the MEG loop and its impact on gas production during the winter season is developed to facilitate effective decision making on gas production based on actual MEG concentration estimated through soft sensor analytics solution. The paper highlights the applicability of a combination of machine learning algorithms and physics simulators for effectively solving complex problems related to the hydrate inhibition in long subsea pipeline.
Critical and Hard Minerals Management on the United States Outer Continental Shelf
Authors: Knorr Paul Octavius 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), an agency within the U.S. Department of the Interior, has responsibility over both energy and non-energy mineral development on the United States Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) under the OCS Lands Act ("OCSLA"). BOEM’s Marine Minerals Program (MMP) manages federal offshore mineral deposits through non-competitive, negotiated agreements for federal sand and gravel ("sand") used in coastal restoration efforts and the competitive leasing of critical and hard economic minerals ("critical minerals").
As the sole federal steward of OCS critical minerals, BOEM MMP is responsible for understanding where critical minerals are located, identifying and understanding their environments, managing activities that affect these resources, and implementing pertinent federal policies. Fulfilling these responsibilities involves the collection and analysis of environmental, geological, and geophysical data; supporting the science needed to understand the impacts of resource-related authorized activities on the biological, physical, and sociocultural environments; encouraging emerging technologies that can reduce the environmental impact of activities; and communicating with stakeholders to foster an understanding of existing federal regulations and potential needs to revise the legal framework.
Four U.S. federal rules in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) currently inform MMP’s procedures: 30 CFR 580 (prospecting for minerals), 30 CFR 581 (leasing of minerals), 30 CFR 582 (operations in the OCS related to minerals), and 30 CFR 583 (negotiated noncompetitive agreements for sand). Other federal laws and regulations are also pertinent, particularly those supporting the National Environmental Policy Act, Endangered Species Act, National Historic Preservation Act, Marine Mammal Protection Act, Coastal Zone Management Act, Clean Air Act, Federal Water Pollution Control Act, and Magnuson Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act.
Reduction of Well Construction Time with Innovative Design: Tot-3p (True One Trip - 3 Phases)
Authors: Passos Adriano Gouveia Lima Gomes dos , Menezes Gabriela Márcia Ribeiro , Lima Flank Melo de , Piedade Thiago , Geraci Laura Correa Musgueira , Peralta Moreira Rafael , Reis Glaydson Ismael Machado dos 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Drilling wells with TOT-3P design consists of optimizing (reducing) the steps of well construction. Drilling takes place in 3 sections (3P=3 phases) and the completion, sand containment screen plus production column (upper and lower), is performed in a single trip (TOT = True One Trip).
The construction of wells in 3 sections is only possible with the deepening of the casing of the second section of the well and the capacity of this casing to have the function of surface and production. Some challenges stand out this project, such as the gain of inclination, cleaning and stability of the open well in a riserless phase, in addition to the need to return cement to the mud line for structural purposes and guarantee the solidarity set of barriers.
Because drilling has only three sections, the shoe surface/production casing should be deepened in such a way that it is competent to withstand the production loadings, the pressure influence of injector wells and compose the solidary set of barriers (SSB) for abandonment, as well as enable the installation of components of the tubing at the required depth, such as the gas lift mandrel (GLM).
To analyze the feasibility of the TOT-3P project, some points are studied: Analysis of flow potential of the shallow sands crossed in section II;Surface/production casing shoe racing analysis for well construction and for well productive life;Depths of tubing modulates (PDG, chemical injection mandrel and gas lift mandrel) to meet production monitoring, combat fouling and well production.
Thus, integrated strategies for Drilling, Fluids and Cementation were defined in order to obtain the objectives mentioned through a bore caliper with diameter that allows a good cementation to be performed and obtained a satisfactory result in the cementation evaluation profiles, leading to the return of cement to mud line and composition of 2 solidary sets of barriers in annular above the reservoir.
Conceptual Design of Thermoplastic Composite Pipes for Downhole Applications
Authors: Nardi Luiz Fernando Bermero , Abreu Leonardo Teixeira Fernandes , Santos Hugo Francisco Lisboa , Hernalsteens Cedric , Sias Daniel Fraga , E Gama Winston Carneiro 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Thermoplastic Composite Pipes (TCP) have been receiving growing attention from the oil industry, as potential replacements for steel pipes, due to superior corrosion resistance, lighter weight, and other advantages (Shi C., et al., 2021).
In the upstream segment, TCP have been already explored for subsea applications, as shown in (Barbosa, Bastos, De Boer, & Rojas-Díaz, 2019). This kind of application is relatively simpler than downhole scenarios, where high temperature and pressure can lead to complications. The present work aims to determine what kind of composite material should be pursued to enable downhole application for TCP.
Numerical simulations were performed to understand the response of TCP to severe loadings, expected during operation of producer and injector wells. Simulated operations involved acid jobs, pressure tests and unexpected evacuation of tubing or annular pressure build-up (APB), due to thermal effects.
Comparative Simulation Studies of ESP Permanent Magnet and Induction Current Motors in ESP Selective Applications
Authors: Albori Mostafa , Alsadah Hashim 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Induction alternating current (AC) motors (IACM) have been used in electrical submersible pumps (ESP) due to them being more cost effective and easier to manufacture compared with other type of motors used in ESP systems. With increase of oil demand globally, the application of electrical submersible pump systems also increased. Therefore, optimizations of ESP systems are needed. This paper will discuss and simulate both types of ESP motors, which are: induction AC motor and permanent magnet motor in ESP systems, with emphasizes on why some application are better suited for permanent magnet AC motor and others for induction current type motor. The option of choosing the optimum motor type is dependent on multiple factors that may include: ESP design reliability, wellbore complexity and completion strings, production requirements, reservoir fluids characteristics, power supply limitations and ESP designs challenges.
Robotics Workforce Training, Offshore Energy Transformation
Authors: Zuo Wenyu , Allen John , Dabney James B , Krishnamoorti Ramanan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
There is an increasing demand for robotics systems in production, inspection, and maintenance in the energy industry from offshore to onshore, to reduce operating costs and lower the risk of exposing humans to hazardous environments. However, a gap exists between existing workforce expertise and technologies that are developing rapidly. The deployment of robots requires the engineer to have rich experience in production and sufficient understanding of the robotic multidisciplinary system so they can identify and deploy the robot in the use case that can maximize the robot's efficiency. The nature of robotics and automation presents a challenge to the workforce since the existing workforce's background, in specific engineering disciplines or business, hinders them from adapting and then keeping up with the transition to robotic (not normally manned) operations. Directed by the University of Houston, the Subsea Systems Institute (SSI) is developing, in collaboration with Sprint Robotics, the National Robotarium (UK) and the Society of Underwater Technology (SUT), a robotic training program. The objective is to upskill and reskill the energy industry personnel (offshore and onshore) to meet the emerging industry demand for multidisciplinary robotics expertise. This group is collaborating to fill the gap between required knowledge and application in the energy industry by identifying the necessary knowledge and skillsets, and then developing an adaptable modular program with use cases to train the existing workforce. The SSI led effort will adjust to the differing needs that drive the adoption of this evolving technology, including engineers and scientists and other stakeholders such as managers, influencers, and the public.
Intrinsic STAT4 Expression Controls Effector CD4 T Cell Migration and Th17 Pathogenicity
Authors: Buzzelli Ashlyn A , McWilliams Ian L , Shin Boyoung , Bryars Morgan T , Harrington Laurie E 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Effector CD4 T cells are central to the development of autoimmune chronic inflammatory diseases, yet factors that mediate pathogenicity remain ill-defined. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human STAT4 locus are associated with susceptibility to multiple autoimmune disorders, and Stat4 is linked to the pathogenic Th17 gene signature; however, Th17 cells differentiate independently of STAT4. Hence the interplay between STAT4 and CD4 T cell function, especially Th17 cells, during autoimmune disease is unclear. In this article, we demonstrate that CD4 T cell–intrinsic STAT4 expression is essential for the induction of autoimmune CNS inflammation in mice, in part by regulating the migration of CD4 T cells to the inflamed CNS. Moreover, unbiased transcriptional profiling revealed that STAT4 controls the expression of &gt;200 genes in Th17 cells and is important for the upregulation of genes associated with IL-23–stimulated, pathogenic Th17 cells. Importantly, we show that Th17 cells specifically require STAT4 to evoke autoimmune inflammation, highlighting, to our knowledge, a novel function for STAT4 in Th17 pathogenicity.