bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behaviour and welfare of African lion (Panthera leo) cubs used in contact wildlife tourism
Authors: Wilson Ann , Phillips Clive JC 
Published: March 2023

AbstractLion (Panthera leo) cubs are used in wildlife interaction tourism but the effects on cub welfare are unknown. We assessed the behaviour of three cohorts of lion cubs, twelve animals in total, at three different interaction facilities, using continuous and scan-sampling methodologies for the entire duration of cub utilisation for human interactions. Cubs spent most time inactive (62%), particularly sleeping (38%), but also spent a substantial amount of time playing (13%) and being alert (12%). A generalised linear mixed model revealed that cub behaviour was similar in two facilities but different from cubs in the third. In these two similar facilities, as human interactions increased, the time spent resting, sleeping and playing with other cubs decreased, and alert behaviour, grooming of humans and flight responses increased. In the third facility, cubs had an abnormal activity budget, with high levels of inactivity (80%) accompanied by a lack of response to human interactions. We conclude that in some facilities normal cub behaviour cannot be achieved and may be compromised by a high frequency of human interactions, which therefore needs to be controlled to limit adverse effects on cub behaviour.
The first report of Chelonioidea cf. Ctenochelys from the Late Cretaceous of the Maastrichtian type area
Authors: Heere Jelle J.A. , Wallaard Jonathan J.W. , Mulder Eric W.A. , Ponstein Jasper , Schulp Anne S. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
A mandible of a Late Cretaceous sea turtle with affinities to Ctenochelys is reported from the Maastrichtian type area of the Netherlands. The triangular mandible has a well-developed symphyseal ridge surrounded on both sides by large, concave areas on the triturating surface. It represents the first potential occurrence of Ctenochelys from the Maastrichtian type area. This finding increases the diversity of the turtle fauna known from the Maastrichtian type area.
Genuine Domestic Change or Fake Compliance? Political Pervasiveness in the Serbian Media
Authors: Dragojlov Aleksandra 
Published: March 2023

AbstractSince the election of Aleksandar Vučić and the Progressives, Serbia has witnessed a slow decline in media freedom, which scholars such as Subotić (2017) argue has been worse than in the 1990s. Although the government had adopted a package of three laws in August 2014 to bring the media landscape up to European standards, the implementation of the laws has been limited and marginal, with the Progressives engaging in fake compliance. The adoption of the new media strategy 2020–2025 in 2020 has not led to genuine domestic reform and compliance to EU conditionality. In fact, the EU Commission and journalists’ associations in Serbia have criticized the decline in Serbia’s media freedom, citing continued attacks on journalists and indirect political and economic control through advertising and project co-financing, which continue to be features of the Serbian media landscape. In the absence of clear and credible EU conditionality, the decline of media freedom is in the eye of the beholder, where the gap between public engagements with Serbian politicians and the critical stance of progress reports regarding the degradation of the media have enabled Serbian elites to exploit this ambiguity to continue their strategy of fake compliance vis-à-vis rule of law.
Velocity scales for constrained flows
Authors: Ramamurthy A. S. , Lee P. M. , Ng G. P. 
Published: March 2023

Two-dimensional flow past a bluff body can be constrained under two important circumstances. For single models, the side walls of a testing facility can impose a constraint on the flow past the model. On the other hand, for single row configurations the adjacent members impose a constraint on the flow past an intermediate member of the row. Both these effects are a consequence of boundary interference.Ealier investigations related to the interference effects of side walls on the vortex shedding frequency and drag coefficient of single bluff bodies were limited to weakly constrained flows. Recently, side wall interference effects have been reported for severely constrained two-dimensional flows past normal plates, inclined plates, triangular prisms and circular cylinders Constraint or blockage for two-dimensional flow is defined as the ratio of the model width to the test section width. While defining blockage for single rows of bodies, the width of the test section has to be replaced by the spacing between adjacent rows of bodies.
Fly-by-wire and control configured vehicles—rewards and risks
Authors: Burns B. R. A. 
Published: March 2023

Many thousands of words have already been spoken and numerous papers written extolling the virtues of fly-by-wire and the control configured vehicle. Most of these issue from control system specialists and avionics engineers anxious to sell their new technology. Aircraft designers and development teams, including test pilots, must adopt a cautious approach to these new developments and ask the questions “What has it to offer?” and “What's the catch?”.We must always balance performance rewards against development risks, ensuring that the risks are carefully evaluated and that we do not suffer from what the Americans call “Second Degree Ignorance” (we don't know what we don't know). If we can define the development problems, we are well on the way to solving them; if they remain obscure then the benefits will elude us. If the risk outweighs the reward a conservative solution must be adopted; it is this consideration that so often makes us, like Hamlet, “rather bear those ills we have, than fly to others that we know not of”.
An experimental investigation of axisymmetrically loaded, plate-reinforced, circular holes
Authors: Terry G. 
Published: March 2023

The reinforcement for holes in tensile stress fields sometimes takes the form of an extensive thin plate attached to the sheet, especially if the reinforced region is of integrally machined or bonded construction. Such reinforcements are often placed eccentrically, that is on one side of the sheet only. It has been shown both experimentally and analytically that such an eccentrically placed reinforcement can promote considerable bending stresses.Wittrick gives curves showing the effect of eccentricity in the case of the circular hole with an eccentrically located annular plate reinforcement in a plane, axially symmetric stress field. High, but only local, bending stresses exist which simple theory will not predict. The stresses are markedly higher than those given with the corresponding symmetric reinforcement. For example, under axisymmetric loading it is possible to design an optimum plate-reinforced neutral hole (i.e. the stress concentration factor is 1·0 in both sheet and reinforcement) if the reinforcement is deposed symmetrically about the plane of the sheet. If however it is placed totally eccentrically then for realistic sheet stresses bending raises the sheet concentration factor 2·0.
Royal Air Force search and rescue facilities
Authors: Price H. T. 
Published: March 2023

I would like to begin by suggesting a small but important correction to the title of this Symposium. We must not refer to “the UK”, which infers the islands and surrounding coastal waters, but to the entire area for which the United Kingdom has search and rescue responsibilities.The ICAO Convention, to which we were signatories in Chicago 1947, laid down that “Contracting States, separately or jointly, shall delineate Search and Rescue Areas for which they will be responsible, and establish one Rescue Co-ordination Centre in each”.This Agreement went on to recommend that the areas might extend beyond national boundaries, by agreement with neighbouring States, and, as the Search and Rescue Services were to operate in close conjunction with the Air Traffic Services, there would be mutual operational advantages in having the Flight Information Regions and Search and Rescue Areas co-extensive.
Royal Navy search and rescue facilities
Authors: Sirett V. G. 
Published: March 2023

The very nature of Naval flying and carrier operations in the maritime environment has always given rise to a requirement for an efficient rescue facility during both peace and war. When safety at sea was solely dependent on surface units it was perhaps natural that a faster aerial vehicle with some form of rescue capability would eventually arrive and as we now know the ubiquitous helicopter became that vehicle.The military requirement to save people from the sea has been with the Navy for a very long time and that lonely feeling of being by oneself in the water has raised many a heartfelt cry.Helicopter SAR was conceived in the Royal Navy with the advent of the S51 Dragonfly in 1951. This was the first service helicopter to have a winch. During the time that helicopters were proving their worth in Korea we formed 705 Squadron at Lee-on-Solent with the primary task of developing the SAR role. Initially none of the equipment was standardised and improvisation was the keyword.
Cost effectiveness of systems
Authors: Howlett D. P. , Howard R. W. 
Published: March 2023

Modern aircraft, both combat and civil, are representative of the most complex “man-machine” devices ever produced and they have now been developed to the stage where, relatively speaking, little more will be achieved by the normal evolutionary processes. Increasing attention is, therefore, now being paid to new configurations, new materials and new uses of technologies such as safe automatic controls in an attempt to break through the present limits of performance, safety and cost.One of the most rapidly advancing technologies at the present time is microelectronics and its particular application in miniature digital computers. Professor Gosling of the University of Bath recently described microelectronics as a “technology which makes negligible demands on materials and energy and yet is already changing the rules for future social evolution by making possible intelligent machines, which achieve biological orders of complexity at trivial cost”.
Payload without penalty—a suggestion for improving the take-off performance of fixed-wing V/STOL aircraft
Authors: Taylor D. R. 
Published: March 2023

The ideal of high speed centre-to-centre inter-city air transport remains unrealised with the problems of poor economics and excessive noise dominant and still largely unsolved.Economics hit particularly hard at VTOL aircraft. Thrust/weight ratios in the order 1·15:1 are necessary with the result that total installed thrust is much larger than is required for the cruise condition and payload and range suffer. It is therefore tempting to compromise and go for a STOL solution and current trends are in this direction.
The development of the WG-13
Authors: Smith A. H. 
Published: March 2023

This paper deals with the conception of the initial programme, the management and development of this programme up to its present philosophy and how this programme is now being managed to meet the future of the Lynx in relation to the current development knowledge. Some aspects of the development manufacture are also covered.Any duplication from the preceding papers given by Messrs. Austin and Rogers is considered to be given as reiteration of points necessary for completeness of this paper in its own right.
The Stiletto project
Authors: Youens F. P. 
Published: March 2023

The Stiletto is an air launched supersonic target developed for UK ranges. It is based on the American AQM 37A target which was designed and manufactured by Beech Aircraft.The development programme has entailed a number of changes, both in equipment fit and control, on the target and the design and incorporation of a launching system into a Canberra aircraft. The programme has been a joint one between MoD as the customer and Shorts as co-ordinating design authority with collaboration from Beech and from the UK companies who developed and supplied the required equipment. The AQM 37A Target is purchased by Shorts from Beech, the necessary changes and additions made at Belfast and the resulting Stiletto target is delivered to RAE, Llanbedr. The development contract was placed late in 1966 and the first Stiletto was launched on programme on 1st August 1968.
Adrift on the air ocean—the future of air commerce
Authors: Browne Secor D. 
Published: March 2023

It is a special honour and privilege to be asked to give the Wilbur and Orville Wright Lecture this year. My good friend, John Seekings, has reminded me that 1972 marks the 100th anniversary of the publication of Around the World in 80 Days. That celebrated voyage by Phineas Fogg is particularly appropriate to our contemporary world of air transport. Many of the problems he faced are still with us—and we will probably have them 100 years from now.It was also just about a 100 years ago that the Russian scientist, Mendeleyev, described the skies as “air oceans”. That description seems particularly apt today. And it is the basis for my thesis that we are now adrift on the “air ocean”. We are adrift because we have the technical means to tie the world together aeronautically but we cannot seem to agree on a heading to follow.Technology has compressed a trip around the world from the 80 days of Phineas Fogg to a matter of hours. When we consider that it has only been 45 years since Lindbergh's historic flight across the Atlantic, the advances of technology seem even more staggering. But, while we have performed some technological miracles, we have also engendered some of the most difficult and complex problems since man rolled the first wheel downhill.
Selling high cost capital equipment
Authors: Cundall H. B 
Published: March 2023

Little has so far been written to specifically cover this subject*. Many papers and books make passing reference to it; many management courses touch lightly upon it. However, most writings and teachings on “salesmanship” deal with the conventional salesman with a detergent packet in hand, a foot in the door, and a “management objective” of umpteen calls per week. Nowhere have I found a reasoned analysis and exposition of the problems faced by those of our select band who try to sell high cost capital equipment, mostly in the export market.Selling aero engines is unusual in that the aero engine is only an accessory to the aircraft —yet an accessory whose performance can often dictate the size and shape of the aircraft, as well as its profitability in operation. Nevertheless much of the techniques of selling this equipment is common to other prime movers and also reads across both to the aircraft manufacturer and to the smaller accessory supplier; many of the general principles apply across a wide field of capital goods.
Flight procedures into and out of heliports
Authors: Wood H.E. 
Published: March 2023

This paper concentrates on helicopter operations in the London area. There are of course, other fields of helicopter operations—most topically those to and from oil rigs in the North Sea—but times does not permit consideration of them on this occasion. I shall first then, attempt to set the scene by describing the layout of the controlled airspace which contains the helicopter route system for the London area.This consists of the London Control Zone (Fig. 1), centered on London (Heathrow) Airport and it measures approximately 26 nm east to west and 16nm north to south. Its vertical extent is from ground level to FL 110 (11 000 ft approximately). This Zone is surrounded by the London Terminal Control Area, the base of which varies between 1500 ft and 2500 ft with a top limit of FL 250 (25 000 ft).
Stiffened panels with varying stiffener sizes
Authors: Williams F. W. 
Published: March 2023

Stiffened panels usually consist of a skin of uniform thickness with several identical equally spaced longitudinal stiffeners. This paper demonstrates that the weight of a panel which is designed to have a specified initial buckling load, in uniform longitudinal compression, can be reduced by using more than one size of stiffener.Initial buckling stresses quoted were all obtained using the computer program VIPAL, which is based on a recent “exact” method which allows for coupling between all possible modes. In this method the panel is considered as an assembly of thin uniform flat rectangular plates which are rigidly connected together along their longitudinal edges and are simply supported at their ends. The in-plane destabilising effects of the longitudinal compressive stress on the behaviour of these plates are included.
Design for safety
Authors: Keith-Lucas D. 
Published: March 2023

Flying is now an acceptably safe form of transport. This is obviously so because if it were not so people would not fly. Nevertheless it is a remarkable thing to be able to say. Consider for a moment what it means in terms of engineeering achievement. If you were to start from scratch to design a safe transport system would you for example1.Design a vehicle with such a light structure and such minimal factors of safety.2.Make it so that it cannot stop in a fog but has a minimum speed of over 100 mph.3.Make it so that it can cross oceans and mountain ranges but cannot stop until it gets to the other side.4.Make it reliant on complex electronic and electro mechanical devices for navigation, collision avoidance and even for control.5.Use a fuel which, according to type, has a flash point little above and sometimes actually below atmospheric temperature and which is carried in very large quantities.One could go on listing such absurdities but these are sufficient to establish that, by all the rules, flying has no right to be safe. The fact, however, is different. Flying is many times safer than travelling by road and is, by any reasonable criterion, one of the safest of all the available modes of travel.
The Second International Symposium Concerning the Warsaw Convention
Authors: Roskill Justice 
Published: March 2023

This half-day symposium was held at the Society on 4th November 1970. The proceedings were opened by the President, Air Commodore J. R. Morgan, OBE, FRAeS, who welcomed distinguished visitors from overseas and introduced the Chairman of the Symposium: Sir Eustace Roskill, a judge of the Queen's Bench Division and chairman of the commission to enquire into the siting of London's Third Airport.Mr. A. W. G. Kean, principal Assistant Solicitor in the Department of Trade and Industry, was the first speaker; he outlined the background to current proposals for revision to the Warsaw Convention to be considered at a Diplomatic Conference in February 1971 in Guatemala.Subsequent proceedings were divided into two main parts: Part I—in which European viewpoints were expressed; Part II—consisting of a selection of American viewpoints.An important written contribution to the proceedings is a copy of official statistics gathered by the Civil Aeronautics Board for the purposes of the Diplomatic Conference and released to the Society by the US State Department which will be published, together with the Part II discussion, and the written contributions, in the March issue of the Journal.
Facilities Planning for International Air Cargo
Authors: Leslie John C. 
Published: March 2023

In 1970, at John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York, the value of international air cargo in and out is estimated at 5·9 thousand million dollars. That is about $16M on the average day. As in recent years, this will make JFK the number one customs port (sea or air) in the USA in terms of value of international cargo handled.In 1969 at JFK some 409 000 short tons of international air cargo moved in and out, an average of 1263 tons or 2·5 million pounds per day. Using very rough conversion factors, this would fit into something like 500 containers 8 ft. by 8 ft. by 10 ft. This, of course, it not a real life illustration. Cargo comes in an infinite variety of shapes, sizes and weights—from massive machinery to fragile ladies’ garments on racks, from perishables to valuables.
Guided Weapon Design to Meet Cost Requirements
Authors: King G. E. 
Published: March 2023

During the conceptual phases of a project the operational planning groups in government and industry carry out cost effectiveness analyses, using the techniques described by Mr. Kerr, to chose between various feasible solutions to the problem. Suppose we are dealing; with an anti-aircraft problem (cf. Fig. 1).There might be two alternatives in the reckoning: solution A, based on guided weapons, and solution B, based on radar controlled guns; or alternatively, two guided weapons solutions; one based on command-to-line-of-sight, and one on semi-active homing.
A review of the development of Europa 2 inertial guidance
Authors: Cairns A. H. 
Published: March 2023

The economic advantages of the Woomera Launch Site in South Australia that were all important in the initial formation of ELDO were, by 1966, outweighed by the limitations that the north pointing range imposed on future applications of the three stage Europa Launcher. The predominance of equatorial orbits (and, in particular, geostationary orbits) in the communications satellite field, demanded a near equatorial, east pointing range for efficient satellite launching.To overcome this limitation on future Europa applications, a supplementary programme to establish an equatorial launch site (ELS) at Kourou in French Guyane, and to develop the Europa 2 launch vehicle for operations from the ELS, was therefore initiated in 1966.
Current and future implications of missile defence effectiveness on air strike missions
Authors: Jefferson G. R. 
Published: March 2023

The subject of this paper is the interaction between airborne and ground attack missions by aircraft, and the defence systems now available to deny or counter such attacks. I should like to make it clear from the start that I am restricting myself to air operations in a non-nuclear land battle scenario and I speak not as an expert in attack missions, but rather in a historical and speculative fashion, as one who has been concerned with some of the techniques concerned with air defence.You may, from me, expect a highly biased approach to the subject of the paper and probably you are right, but I should warn that if you expect me to conclude that the aircraft is doomed then I must reassure you that I believe that the aircraft remains a most flexible instrument of warfare and will for the foreseeable future exercise an extremely important position in the land and air battle.
Surface to Air Guided Weapons (Naval)
Authors: Hampton P. 
Published: March 2023

During the past ten years I have been involved in the development of Naval SAGW as leader of the Seacat, Seaslug and Sea Dart Project Teams within the RAE Weapons Department. The RAE's general responsibility has been that of co-ordinating R&D authority, plus being R&D authority for specific parts of the missile, but the detailed range of responsibility, plus its title, has varied from time to time and project to project.In addition to the co-operation between the various project teams in Weapons Department we have across-the-board teams developing mathematical modelling techniques and programmes, and my colleagues from industry and the Royal Navy in the audience will note a familiar emphasis on modelling in my lecture.
ON THE CHARACTERISATION OF SPORADIC SIMPLE GROUPS BY CODEGREES
Authors: DOLORFINO MALLORY , MARTIN LUKE , SLONIM ZACHARY , SUN YUXUAN , YANG YONG 
Published: March 2023

AbstractLetGbe a finite group and$\mathrm {Irr}(G)$the set of all irreducible complex characters ofG. Define the codegree of$\chi \in \mathrm {Irr}(G)$as$\mathrm {cod}(\chi ):={|G:\mathrm {ker}(\chi ) |}/{\chi (1)}$and denote by$\mathrm {cod}(G):=\{\mathrm {cod}(\chi ) \mid \chi \in \mathrm {Irr}(G)\}$the codegree set ofG. LetHbe one of the$26$sporadic simple groups. We show thatHis determined up to isomorphism by cod$(H)$.