bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlating continuously captured home-based digital biomarkers of daily function with postmortem neurodegenerative neuropathology
Authors: Hantke Nathan C. , Kaye Jeffrey , Mattek Nora , Wu Chao-Yi , Dodge Hiroko H. , Beattie Zachary , Woltjer Randy 
Published: June 2023

Background
Outcome measures available for use in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) clinical trials are limited in ability to detect gradual changes. Measures of everyday function and cognition assessed unobtrusively at home using embedded sensing and computing generated “digital biomarkers” (DBs) have been shown to be ecologically valid and to improve efficiency of clinical trials. However, DBs have not been assessed for their relationship to AD neuropathology.

Objectives
The goal of the current study is to perform an exploratory examination of possible associations between DBs and AD neuropathology in an initially cognitively intact community-based cohort.

Methods
Participants included in this study were ≥65 years of age, living independently, of average health for age, and followed until death. Algorithms, run on the continuously-collected passive sensor data, generated daily metrics for each DB: cognitive function, mobility, socialization, and sleep. Fixed postmortem brains were evaluated for neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and neuritic plaque (NP) pathology and staged by Braak and CERAD systems in the context of the “ABC” assessment of AD-associated changes.

Results
The analysis included a total of 41 participants (M±SD age at death = 92.2±5.1 years). The four DBs showed consistent patterns relative to both Braak stage and NP score severity. Greater NP severity was correlated with the DB composite and reduced walking speed. Braak stage was associated with reduced computer use time and increased total time in bed.

Discussion
This study provides the first data showing correlations between DBs and neuropathological markers in an aging cohort. The findings suggest continuous, home-based DBs may hold potential to serve as behavioral proxies that index neurodegenerative processes.
Altered GC- and AT-biased genotypes of Ophiocordyceps sinensis in the stromal fertile portions and ascospores of natural Cordyceps sinensis
Authors: Li Yu-Ling , Gao Ling , Yao Yi-Sang , Li Xiu-Zhang , Wu Zi-Mei , Tan Ning-Zhi , Luo Zhou-Qing , Xie Wei-Dong , Wu Jian-Yong , Zhu Jia-Shi 
Published: June 2023

Objective
To examine multiple genotypes of Ophiocordyceps sinensis in a semi-quantitative manner in the stromal fertile portion (SFP) densely covered with numerous ascocarps and ascospores of natural Cordyceps sinensis and to outline the dynamic alterations of the coexisting O. sinensis genotypes in different developmental phases.

Methods
Mature Cordyceps sinensis specimens were harvested and continuously cultivated in our laboratory (altitude 2,254 m). The SFPs (with ascocarps) and fully and semi-ejected ascospores were collected for histological and molecular examinations. Biochip-based single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) was used to genotype multiple O. sinensis mutants in the SFPs and ascospores

Results
Microscopic analysis revealed distinct morphologies of the SFPs (with ascocarps) before and after ascospore ejection and SFP of developmental failure, which, along with the fully and semi-ejected ascospores, were subjected to SNP MS genotyping analysis. Mass spectra showed the coexistence of GC- and AT-biased genotypes of O. sinensis that were genetically and phylogenetically distinct in the SFPs before and after ejection and of developmental failure and in fully and semi-ejected ascospores. The intensity ratios of MS peaks were dynamically altered in the SFPs and the fully and semi-ejected ascospores. Mass spectra also showed transversion mutation alleles of unknown upstream and downstream sequences with altered intensities in the SFPs and ascospores. Genotype #5 of AT-biased Cluster-A maintained a high intensity in all SFPs and ascospores. An MS peak with a high intensity containing AT-biased Genotypes #6 and #15 in pre-ejection SFPs was significantly attenuated after ascospore ejection. The abundance of Genotypes #5‒6 and #16 of AT-biased Cluster-A was differentially altered in the fully and semi-ejected ascospores that were collected from the same Cordyceps sinensis specimens.

Conclusion
Multiple O. sinensis genotypes coexisted in different combinations with altered abundances in the SFPs prior to and after ejection, the SFP of developmental failure, and the two types of ascospores of Cordyceps sinensis, demonstrating their genomic independence. Metagenomic fungal members present in different combinations and with dynamic alterations play symbiotic roles in different compartments of natural Cordyceps sinensis.
Bleb geometry and morphology after Preserflo Microshunt surgery: Risk factors for surgical failure
Authors: Ibarz Barberá Marta , Hernández-Verdejo Jose Luis , Bragard Jean , Morales-Fernández Laura , Rodríguez-Carrillo Lola , Martínez Galdón Fátima , Tañá Pedro , Teus Miguel A. 
Published: June 2023

Purpose
To investigate the possible risk factors for treatment failure in patients who had undergone Preserflo Microshunt (PMS) implantation, using anterior-segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) to analyze the internal structures of the bleb.

Methods
The PMS blebs of 54 patients were evaluated with AS-OCT. A mathematical model was used to calculate the total filtering surface of the episcleral fluid cavity (EFC) and the hydraulic conductivity (HC) of the bleb wall. Complete and qualified success were defined as IOP between 6 and 17 mmHg with or without glaucoma medication. The relation between baseline characteristics and probability of bleb success was analyzed by bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. The main outcome measures were mean bleb wall thickness (BWT), reflectivity (BWR), HC, mean horizontal and vertical diameter and total filtering surface (TFS) of the EFC.

Results
Blebs from 74% patients were considered as complete success and 26% as failure. BWR and BWT increased linearly up to the first year in both groups. BWR was higher in the group failure (p = 0.02) and BWT in the group success (p<0.001). EFC was wider and shorter in the success group (p = 0.009, p = 0.03). Higher TFS showed a negative correlation with IOP (r = -0.4, p = 0.002). Higher baseline IOP was associated with success of PMS by multivariate analysis (p = 0.01). Mean HC, 0.034 ± 0.008 (μL/min)/mm2/mmHg, was negatively correlated with bleb surface (r = -0.5, p<0.0001) and wall´s thickness (r = -0.3, p = 0.01).

Conclusions
AS-OCT revealed that successful PMS blebs could show either thick hyporreflective walls or wide filtering surfaces with thin capsules. A higher baseline IOP increased the probability of surgical success.
Acceptability of self-sampling human papillomavirus test for cervical cancer screening in Japan: A questionnaire survey in the ACCESS trial
Authors: Fujita Misuzu , Nagashima Kengo , Shimazu Minobu , Suzuki Misae , Tauchi Ichiro , Sakuma Miwa , Yamamoto Setsuko , Hanaoka Hideki , Shozu Makio , Tsuruoka Nobuhide , Kasai Tokuzo , Hata Akira 
Published: June 2023

PurposeIn terms of medical policy for cervical cancer prevention, Japan lags far behind other industrialized countries. We initiated a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the self-sampling human papillomavirus (HPV) test as a tool to raise screening uptake and detection of pre-cancer. This study was conducted to explore the acceptability and preference of self-sampling using a subset of the data from this trial.MethodsA pre-invitation letter was sent to eligible women, aged 30−59 years who had not undergone cervical cancer screening for three or more years. After excluding those who declined to participate in this trial, the remaining women were assigned to the self-sampling and control groups. A second invitation letter was sent to the former group, and those wanting to undergo the self-sampling test ordered the kit. A self-sampling HPV kit, consent form, and a self-administered questionnaire were sent to participants who ordered the test.ResultsOf the 7,340 participants in the self-sampling group, 1,196 (16.3%) administered the test, and 1,192 (99.7%) answered the questionnaire. Acceptability of the test was favorable; 75.3−81.3% of participants agreed with positive impressions (easy, convenient, and clarity of instruction), and 65.1−77.8% disagreed with negative impressions (painful, uncomfortable, and embarrassing). However, only 21.2% were confident in their sampling procedure. Willingness to undergo screening with a self-collected sample was significantly higher than that with a doctor-collected sample (89.3% vs. 49.1%; p<0.001). Willingness to undergo screening with a doctor-collected sample was inversely associated with age and duration without screening (both p<0.001), but that with a self-collected sample was not associated.ConclusionsAmong women who used the self-sampling HPV test, high acceptability was confirmed, while concerns about self-sampling procedures remained. Screening with a self-collected sample was preferred over a doctor-collected sample and the former might alleviate disparities in screening rates.
Missing data approaches in longitudinal studies of aging: A case example using the National Health and Aging Trends Study
Authors: Duchesneau Emilie D. , Shmuel Shahar , Faurot Keturah R. , Musty Allison , Park Jihye , Stürmer Til , Kinlaw Alan C. , Yang Yang Claire , Lund Jennifer L. 
Published: June 2023

Purpose
Missing data is a key methodological consideration in longitudinal studies of aging. We described missing data challenges and potential methodological solutions using a case example describing five-year frailty state transitions in a cohort of older adults.

Methods
We used longitudinal data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study, a nationally-representative cohort of Medicare beneficiaries. We assessed the five components of the Fried frailty phenotype and classified frailty based on their number of components (robust: 0, prefrail: 1–2, frail: 3–5). One-, two-, and five-year frailty state transitions were defined as movements between frailty states or death. Missing frailty components were imputed using hot deck imputation. Inverse probability weights were used to account for potentially informative loss-to-follow-up. We conducted scenario analyses to test a range of assumptions related to missing data.

Results
Missing data were common for frailty components measured using physical assessments (walking speed, grip strength). At five years, 36% of individuals were lost-to-follow-up, differentially with respect to baseline frailty status. Assumptions for missing data mechanisms impacted inference regarding individuals improving or worsening in frailty.

Conclusions
Missing data and loss-to-follow-up are common in longitudinal studies of aging. Robust epidemiologic methods can improve the rigor and interpretability of aging-related research.
Electronic evidence in arbitration proceedings
Authors: Ferreira Daniel B. , Gromova Elizaveta A. 
Published: June 2023

This paper addresses electronic evidence focusing on arbitration rules of the leading ADR providers. It also narrows the topic to an empirical assessment using six categories of electronic evidence in a sample of 92 arbitration proceedings. The paper aims to offer the concept of electronic evidence in international arbitration, its admissibility and relevance criteria, and reach conclusions from an empirical analysis of a large sample of arbitration proceedings gathered from the Centro Brasileiro de Mediação e Arbitragem (Brazilian Center for Mediation and Arbitration). We conclude that electronic evidence is regularly used in arbitration and is relevant to the arbitrators’ reasoning. We propose a revision on the 2016 Draft Convention on Electronic Evidence to include arbitration.
Index words: alternative dispute resolution; arbitration; electronic evidence; admissibility; relevance; weight; empirical analysis
Involving LLMs in legal processes is risky
Authors: Ladkin Peter Bernard 
Published: June 2023

The availability of large language models (LLM), a form of AI correspondence agent, on the Internet raises questions about their possible use in legal processes. For they seem often to introduce into their output arbitrary assertions which are untrue. This is ‘new’ behaviour (a Google search, for example, returns correct information on a semantically similar query). I give examples in which use of an LLM is both tempting and could subvert a legal process.
Index words: large language model; LLM; artificial intelligence; AI; ChatGPT; law; legal processes; lying; r-lying
Human-Like Artificial Intelligent System for Predicting Invasion Depth of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using Magnifying Narrow-Band Imaging Endoscopy: A Retrospective Multicenter Study
Authors: Zhang Lihui , Luo Renquan , Tang Dehua , Zhang Jie , Su Yuchen , Mao Xinli , Ye Liping , Yao Liwen , Zhou Wei , Zhou Jie , Lu Zihua , Zhang Mengjiao , Xu Youming , Deng Yunchao , Huang Xu , He Chunping , Xiao Yong , Wang Junxiao , Wu Lianlian , Li Jia , Zou Xiaoping , Yu Honggang 
Published: June 2023

INTRODUCTION:
Endoscopic evaluation is crucial for predicting the invasion depth of esophagus squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and selecting appropriate treatment strategies. Our study aimed to develop and validate an interpretable artificial intelligence–based invasion depth prediction system (AI-IDPS) for ESCC.

METHODS:
We reviewed the PubMed for eligible studies and collected potential visual feature indices associated with invasion depth. Multicenter data comprising 5,119 narrow-band imaging magnifying endoscopy images from 581 patients with ESCC were collected from 4 hospitals between April 2016 and November 2021. Thirteen models for feature extraction and 1 model for feature fitting were developed for AI-IDPS. The efficiency of AI-IDPS was evaluated on 196 images and 33 consecutively collected videos and compared with a pure deep learning model and performance of endoscopists. A crossover study and a questionnaire survey were conducted to investigate the system's impact on endoscopists' understanding of the AI predictions.

RESULTS:
AI-IDPS demonstrated the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 85.7%, 86.3%, and 86.2% in image validation and 87.5%, 84%, and 84.9% in consecutively collected videos, respectively, for differentiating SM2-3 lesions. The pure deep learning model showed significantly lower sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy (83.7%, 52.1% and 60.0%, respectively). The endoscopists had significantly improved accuracy (from 79.7% to 84.9% on average, P = 0.03) and comparable sensitivity (from 37.5% to 55.4% on average, P = 0.27) and specificity (from 93.1% to 94.3% on average, P = 0.75) after AI-IDPS assistance.

DISCUSSION:
Based on domain knowledge, we developed an interpretable system for predicting ESCC invasion depth. The anthropopathic approach demonstrates the potential to outperform deep learning architecture in practice.
Effects of high‐resistance wheel running on hallmarks of endurance and resistance training adaptations in mice
Authors: Leuchtmann Aurel B. , Afifi Yasmine , Ritz Danilo , Handschin Christoph 
Published: June 2023

AbstractExercise effectively promotes and preserves cardiorespiratory, neuromuscular, metabolic, and cognitive functions throughout life. The molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial adaptations to exercise training are, however, still poorly understood. To improve the mechanistic study of specific exercise training adaptations, standardized, physiological, and well‐characterized training interventions are required. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive interrogation of systemic changes and muscle‐specific cellular and molecular adaptations to voluntary low‐resistance wheel running (Run) and progressive high‐resistance wheel running (RR) in young male mice. Following 10 weeks of training, both groups showed similar improvements in body composition and peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak), as well as elevated mitochondrial proteins and capillarization markers in the M. plantaris. Run mice clearly outperformed RR mice in a forced treadmill running capacity test, while RR mice displayed increased grip strength as well as superior mass gains in the M. soleus, associated with distinct proteomic changes specifying the two paradigms. Thus, even though both training modalities induce overlapping adaptations, Run interventions preferably improve submaximal running performance, while progressive RR is a valid model to study training‐induced gains in grip strength and plantar flexor hypertrophy.
Democracy, Civility, and Semantic Descent
Authors: Talisse Robert 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn a well-functioning democracy, must citizens regard one another as political equals, despite ongoing disagreements about normatively significant questions of public policy. A conception of civility is needed to supply citizens with a common sense of the rules of political engagement. By adhering to the norms of civility, deeply divided citizens can still assure one another of their investment in democratic politics. Noting well-established difficulties with the very idea of civility, this essay raises a more fundamental problem. Any conception of civility faces the problem of semantic descent, the phenomenon by which second-order norms devolve into tools for conducting first-order disputes. The problem of incivility in politics thus is not simply that of designing a suitably inclusive view of what civility demands. It might be that political civility can be cultivated only by way of interactions that are themselves not at all political.
From their point of view: the article category as a hierarchically structured referent tracking system
Authors: Divjak Dagmar , Romain Laurence , Milin Petar 
Published: June 2023

AbstractFull-fledged grammatical article systems as attested in Germanic and Romance languages are rather uncommon from a typological perspective. The frequency with which articles occur in these languages, together with the difficulty encountered in detecting them and the lack of a water-tight account of article use, make article errors one of the most frequent errors in language produced by L2 learners whose L1 does not feature an article system of similar complexity, all the while appearing unproblematic for L1 users. We present a conceptually and methodologically interdisciplinary approach to the grammatical category of articles in English and combine a usage-based, cognitive linguistic account of the function and use of articles that respects its discourse-based nature with a computational exploration of the challenges the system poses from the perspective of learning. Running a statistical classifier on a large sample of spoken and written discourse chunks extracted from the BNC and annotated for the five main determinants of article use reveals that Hearer Knowledge is the driver of a hierarchical system. Once Hearer Knowledge is acknowledged as the motivating principle of the category, article use becomes eminently predictable and restrictions are in line with the forms from which the articles have developed historically, withtheandaacting as category defaults and zero acting as default override. Simulations with a computational model anchored in the psychology of learning shed light on whether and how human cognition would handle the proposed relations detected in the data. We find that different articles have different learnability profiles that, again, are in line with their historical development: whilethecan be learned from one strong indicator, the relationships for the zero article are less exclusive. On the basis of these findings, we argue that the article category appears as a referent tracking system that grammaticalizes the principles of “audience design”: it forces a speaker to track and mark reference from the vantage point of the memory of the hearer, thereby reducing the processing effort required from the hearer. This particular mindset inverses the typologically dominant situation in which this information is not explicitly marked by the speaker but implicitly retrieved from context by the hearer.
Felodipine-loaded Spanlastics: superior nanocarriers for transdermal delivery
Authors: Natekar Richa Mahesh , DCruz Cleona Elizabeth Mary , Kumar Lalit , Bhide Prashant Jivaji , Shirodkar Rupesh Kalidas 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Felodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker commonly used for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension and angina pectoris. Felodipine undergoes extensive hepatic first pass metabolism resulting in low oral bioavailability of 15 %. The aim of this study is to develop a formulation of nanovesicular Spanlastics to improve the transdermal delivery of felodipine and solve the problem of low bioavailability. The felodipine-loaded Spanlastics were prepared using the ethanol injection method with Span 60 as surfactant and Tween 80, which provides elasticity to the vesicles, according to the 23 factorial design using Design Expert® Software version 13. The solution that had the highest desirability was optimized. The final five runs were incorporated into a gel base and evaluated for in vitro drug release, spreadability and viscosity. Stability studies were conducted over a period of 3 months. The formulated Spanlastics had a particle size in the range of (132–155) nm and an entrapment efficiency in the range of (80–94) %. The final five runs were found to have optimum characteristics. Differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction studies and Fourier transform infrared studies were performed to ensure the encapsulation of the drug in the nanovesicles. The developed hydrogel showed in vitro drug release in the range of (80–94) % and the formulation was found to be stable after a period of 3 months. The optimized formula comprised of Span 60 and Tween 80 in ratio of 8:2. Overall, the results confirmed that Spanlastics loaded with felodipine proved to be superior nanocarriers for transdermal delivery of felodipine.
Zero-suffixes and their alternatives: A view from French
Authors: Sleeman Petra 
Published: June 2023

AbstractZero-affixes have been used in morphology within pre-generative analyses, lexicalist analyses and syntactic approaches to morphology. The (over)use of zero-affixes has also led to criticisms and to alternative approaches, both within lexicalist models and syntactic approaches to morphology. In this paper, on the basis of French, a mix of several syntactic approaches is proposed. Two problems for Borer’s Exo-Skeletal model, in which derivational zero-suffixes are dispensed with on the basis of English, are discussed. First, on the basis of V → N conversions in French an alternative to zero-suffixes is proposed. Second, the discussion of A/N parallel suffixes in French leads to the adoption of a second alternative to zero-suffixes. Both alternatives require an adaptation of the Exo-Skeletal model: the acceptance of mixed functional projections and suffixal roots in the model.