bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation on the Impact of Morphology and Arrangement of Graphene Nanoplatelet on Mechanical Behavior of Epoxy Nanocomposites
Authors: Aluko Olanrewaju 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This research study addresses how the arrangement and morphology of the Graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) impacts the properties of epoxy nanocomposites using polycrystalline theory and micromechanics. The effective properties of the macroscopic epoxy network were used as inputs with GNP properties in the micromechanical model. Generalized Method of Cells (GMC) was applied to evaluate mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. The obtained results showed that the morphology and the arrangements of inclusions in epoxy have significant impact on the mechanical behavior of GNP/epoxy nanocomposites. The results of the simulations provide an understanding of the link between the morphology, the arrangement of the reinforcements, and the composite performance. The methodology can be used to optimize the GNP/epoxy performance for different engineering applications in automotive and aerospace industries.
Crushing Analysis of Square Tube With Fluid and Foam-Filled Cellular Core
Authors: Jenson Sean , Ali Muhammad 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Passenger vehicles are constantly being redesigned to maximize occupant safety in the event of a collision. Changes and improvements to automobiles have resulted in a significant amount of energy absorption capability through the vehicle chassis. Axial crushing members are often deployed in vehicle front end and side chassis structures and are designed to absorb a maximum amount of energy before complete deformation. These structures experience a series of progressive folding during axial deformation resulting in moderate and relatively constant force throughout the crushing behavior. To increase the performance of these structures, different cross-sectional shapes and core materials have been investigated. The present study investigates the addition of graded cellular core structure with zones of crushable foam and fluid inserts within the cell voids. The addition of crushable foam material aimed to provide stability to the crushing behavior of the structure. The incompressible nature of the fluid insert provided sections of increased structural strength and a more global crushing response. The finite element approach was conducted using ABAQUS dynamic environment and the square crush tubes were subjected to dynamic axial crushing. Foam and fluid addition provided additional energy absorption while creating a more global deformation response.
Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of a Composite Tapered-Land Hydrodynamic Thrust Bearing Sector Manufactured Using Fused Filament Fabrication
Authors: Yasko Isaiah , Furuta Lloyd , Fais Collier , Ali Muhammad , Wisner Brian 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This work investigates the use of carbon fiber filled polyamide filament as feedstock material for fused filament fabrication of hydrodynamic tapered-land thrust bearings. Experimental analysis was conducted on fused filament fabricated carbon fiber filled polyamide samples to obtain elastic properties and thermal expansion coefficients along the longitudinal and transverse directions with respect to the print orientation. Single bearing pads were modeled using the obtained mechanical properties and were then analyzed under in-service bearing operating pressures and temperatures. Thermo-mechanical analysis conducted in ABAQUS/CAE shows that taper geometry forms on both [0,90] and [0,0,90] print orientations with depths of 174 μm and 260 μm as a result of thermal expansion occurring from the heat load produced during hydrodynamic bearing operation.
A Study on 5-Axis Turning for Non-Axisymmetric 3D Surfaces
Authors: Ueda Narimasa , Ishizuka Akane , Morimoto Yoshitaka , Hayashi Akio , Kaneko Yoshiyuki , Suzuki Naohiko 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A machining center is a common machine tool that can machine complex free-form surfaces such as the press mold, automobile’s cam profile. When these curved surfaces are machined by the conventional machining center and/or the grinding machine, it takes lot of time to complete with enough accuracy. In order to solve this problem, this study aims not only to improve the machining accuracy of this curved surface but also to make it possible to shorten the machining time using a CNC lathe. In this study, the NACS-Turning (Non-axisymmetric curved surface turning) method that we proposed originally was used. In this study, the spindle of C-axis, the moving table with the cutting tool of X1-axis, the other counter moving table of X2-axis, the spindle feed table of Z-axis, and the tool rotation axis of B axis are adapted. In this 5-axis machining method, all the axis are controlled with the synchronized manner. This method can machine the same rotational position of workpiece with the same cutting edge of the rotary tool. As an experiment, we compared 5-axis machining with synchronized spindle and tool rotation, 4-axis machining, and machining with non-synchronous rotation. Our new 5-axis machining method with synchronized spindle and tool rotation reduced the form error from 387μm to 360μm and the surface roughness from Rz 9.6μm to Rz 4.7μm compared to 4-axis. In 5-axis machining with synchronizing the spindle and the tool rotation, the surface roughness was reduced from Rz 15.9μm to Rz 4.7μm compared to the non-synchronous machining.
Numerical Investigation of Finite Element Lower Extremity Model Response in Blast Loading
Authors: Vikram Aman , Chawla Anoop , Mukherjee Sudipto 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This study has investigated the response of Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) lower extremity finite element model under blast loading. Response of the model was estimated in simulated underbody blast loading using a floorplate impact velocity of increasing severity. Correlation and Analysis (CORA) ratings suggested a good match between numerical response and available experimental data. Model response was then investigated in antipersonnel landmine explosion. The model was found stable in nearfield blast and sensitive to the threat definition. The lower extremity injury was predicted when detonation occurred below the heel. The model predicted major injuries localized to the hindfoot and midfoot with minimal damage to the forefoot, consistent with the findings in literature.
Multiple Flexoelectric Actuation and Control of Plates
Authors: Yang Xinyu , Zhang Jie , Fan Mu 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Flexoelectric effect is a novel electro-mechanical coupling effect that has drawn a lot of attention in the past few decades. Compared with piezoelectric materials, flexoelectric materials have the inherent characteristics of gradient coupling effect between electric field and elastic field. Since no complex pre-polarization process is required, the flexoelectric materials do not have depolarization or aging problems during the trial period. Similar to piezoelectricity, flexoelectricity exhibits two different effects: direct and converse flexoelectric effect. The direct flexoelectric effect indicates that the strain gradient produces an electrical response, and can be used in sensor design and energy harvesting. The converse flexoelectric effect represents mechanical stress or strain caused by inhomogeneous electric field or polarization gradient, and then as a response, the induced membrane force and the corresponding control moment will occur in the structure.
This study will take the mechanic electric coupling characteristics of flexoelectric effect as the core, establish the dynamic equation, deduce the modal response of plate structure under the effect of flexoelectric and obtain the relationship between modal response and electric field gradient. To validate the theoretical method, a finite element model of flexoelectric actuated plate will be established in the commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics. With no existing flexoelectric module, the finite element model of flexoelectric plate will be built based on the original dynamic model. A non-uniform electric field is firstly constructed in COMSOL with the electrostatic module. The influence of different structural parameters on the vibration control effect caused by flexoelectric excitation will be analyzed and optimized, which will provide a theoretical basis for the application of flexoelectric materials in the vibration control of novel smart structures.
Exploring the Potential Role of Prunus Domestica in Corrosion Inhibition of AA6063-T5 Aluminium Alloy in Sodium Chloride Media
Authors: Sanni Omotayo , Ren Jianwei , Jen Tien-Chien 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Aluminium is a material of choice in the industry for numerous applications due to its excellent properties. Unfortunately, the films formed are amphoteric and break when exposed to alkali and strong acid, making aluminium corrode. Diverse techniques have been used in mitigating aluminum against corrosion; product fluid blending, upgrading materials, chemical inhibition, and process control. Among these techniques, the use of inhibitors is considered one of the cheapest and most convenient means to fight corrosion, especially in chloride environments. Several organic and inorganic inhibitors for corrosion protection processes have been utilized in the industry, unfortunately, most corrosion inhibitors used in the industry are toxic and expensive, research has recently moved in the direction of nontoxic and low-cost inhibitors. Therefore, in the present work, the corrosion inhibition of AA6063-T5 aluminium alloy in sodium chloride (3.5% wt) solution by Prunus Domestica extract was studied. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization, and gravimetric techniques were utilized in this study. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray techniques were employed to describe the surface morphology and elemental analysis, respectively. The results demonstrated that the presence of Prunus Domestica inhibits the corrosion of AA6063-T5 aluminium alloy with 99.01 % efficiency. The high corrosion resistance and low values of corrosion current, obtained from the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization, and gravimetric experiments, affirmed the adequacy of Prunus Domestica as an excellent corrosion inhibitor for AA6063-T5 aluminium alloy.
Waste Disposal Plant Application of Overhauled and Regenerated Steam Turbine
Authors: Capata Roberto , Calabria Alfonso , Reale Michele 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The present work aims to evaluate and identify the methodology for reusing disused steam turbines in waste-to-energy plants. First, the methodology for assessing the state of the turbine will be identified through a complete overhaul of the same turbine, with attention to the components subjected to greater wear, to evaluate the possibility of reconditioning. The reference turbine will be a disused, malfunctioning and old-tech machine, often considered as “waste”, but with great potential, such that it was evaluated and finally decided to enhance it through reconditioning. The turbine overhaul operations are characterized by a first analysis of the typical failures of steam turbines, identifying the components most exposed to breakage and a deep accurate inspection has been carried out. To accomplish this task, it is necessary to know, through a completed study, the “history” of the machinery, identifying the components of the steam turbine with the highest incidence of failure. Consequently, the frequency of occurrence and the severity of the damage can be evaluated. It will be necessary to put attention to the components that present a greater risk of breakage, identifying the checks to be carried out. All possible fault chains will then be studied, highlighting the main cause and the various maintenance periods to which the turbine has been subjected. Once the functionality of the turbine has been verified, the possibility of its reuse will be evaluated, for example for geothermal plants or for waste-to-energy. Once the turbine modernization operations have been completed, the possibility of its reuse in a waste treatment plant will be analyzed. So, a pilot power plant will be studied and the possibility of using the modernized turbine within the same plant will be verified, evaluating through simulations (not included in this work) the actual feasibility and functionality of the choice made. Given the current trend in the cost of energy is growing, with a consequent increase in revenues obtainable from the use of a reconditioned turbine, a comparison of the profits deriving from the use of a revised turbine compared to the new one, also considering the time necessary for economic recovery, will be carried out. In the present work, therefore, authors wanted to underline the importance of treating waste as a source of added value (in this case the disused driving machine) and a source of energy (municipal solid waste), rather than as tasks that inevitably weigh on the finances of the State and of the individual citizen. Finally, the main goal of the work has been achieved. In fact, proven by the data, it is possible to reuse turbines after having overhauled them and take advantage in different plant applications.
Non-Destructive Evaluation of Embedded Cracks in Metal by Ultrasound: Experimental Investigation
Authors: Habib Abir Sk. Yasin , Rahi S. H. M. Muntasir , Hasan Mohaimenul , Paul Titan Chandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Embedded cracks of different type of samples of mild steel gas pipe API 1104 were identified and sized using Non-destructive evaluation. A procedure to create these embedded cracks inside the sample was developed. The UH-F1000knX hydraulic universal testing machine was used for bending and arc welding was done for bidding. 21 samples of different thickness and crack size were physically made. They were machined in shaper and grinding machine. A special reference slit of known deformity size was made to calibrate the ultrasonic testing machine’s sensitivity. EPOCH-650 ultrasonic testing machine was used to identify and measure these defects. Both normal and shear waves were used. Contact probe was used. Using the fabricated reference slit 4 different curves of deformity size (mm) vs Eco amplitude (%) were developed. Each of them provided a 3rd-degree polynomial equation. Amplitude Comparison Technique (ACT) and Amplitude Distance Differential Technique (ADDT) was used to size the deformities. For each shear wave an eco-amplitude (%) vs constant (c) curve was developed. Validation was done by destructive testing. For identifying deformities, around 95% accuracy was obtained and for sizing the deformities almost 60% accuracy was obtained. 35° and 45° shear waves gave 72% and 43% accurate data respectively.
Model of Angular Object Positioning Process by a System of Oblique Friction Force Fields on Parallel Planes
Authors: Piatkowski Tomasz 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The paper concerns modelling of the angular positioning process of cuboidal objects by means of a system of two oblique friction force fields generated by conveyor belts located on parallel planes. The novelty of the research is discretization of the deformable contact surface of the object base with the friction force fields and the use of oblique infeed conveyors with two variants of inputs: angular and straight. It was assumed that the object, while moving between oblique conveyors at different heights, performs a 3D movement. The object is treated as a rigid body with a soft base, edges and corners that can be subjected to significant local deformations. A modified nonlinear Kelvin model was used to describe the normal reaction forces at the contact points of the object with the bearing surfaces of the conveyors, and the static Bengisu-Akay friction model represents the tangential forces. Research shows that the use of a slight offset between the bearing surfaces of the conveyors and the highest possible proportion between the motion velocities of the infeed and outfeed conveyors have positive effect on improving the angular precision of the positioned objects. The results of the research have practical application in the design of high-performance conveyor transport systems, used in the processes of picking cuboidal objects, requiring a strictly defined angular orientation.
Effects of Corner Radii on Vortex-Induced Vibration With Forced Convection Heat Transfer From Angled Tandem-Cylinder at Low Re
Authors: Sarout Yuvraj , Islam Md , Janajreh Isam 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Flow-induced vibration (FIV) of the modified tandem-cylinder with a change in corner radii has been investigated in a laminar flow regime with Re = 150 and Pr = 0.7. The corner radius (r: corner radii, R: cylinder characteristic length) r* = 0, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 are used at a constant angle of attack of 45°. The cylinders are allowed to vibrate in transverse direction while restricted in axial direction with spacing ratio L/D = 4. Computation is carried out with a fixed mass ratio m* = 10 and varying reduced velocity Ur = 2 ∼ 10. Constant heating is provided by keeping boundary at a constant temperature. The two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and energy equation are coupled together. Navier-Stokes equations are used with FIV equation of elastically supported cylinder to have flow solutions. Lock-in phenomenon for most of the configuration is occurring at Ur = 6 where vibrational amplitude for most of the configuration is peaked. At Ur = 6 for square cylinder, pseudo ‘2P’ can be observed in the wake of r* = 0. Vortices at Ur = 6 are not merged properly to form a definite type of vortex shedding, although in further downstream weak 2S vortex shedding can be observed. Heating of cylinder is affected by various parameters such as corner radii and spacing ratio with other factors such as early flow separation, reattachment, and vibrational amplitude. Maximum values of Average Nusselt number Nuavg is at Ur = 6 for circular cylinder, whereas minimum lies at Ur = 2 for square downstream cylinder. Results give a deep insight into heat transfer getting changed by changing different parameters and will make a base for future study of tube bundles in heat exchangers with FIV.
Simulating Aerodynamic Effects of Location and Orientation of Bicycles Mounted on Sedans
Authors: Goodrich Sarah , Perez-Raya Isaac 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Biking is a common activity, and many people want or need to drive their bike to different locations, necessitating a bike rack to easily transport it. Choosing a bike rack relies on cost, car type, and mounting ease. One of the aspects of choosing a rack that is less studied is the aerodynamics and effect on gas mileage and pollution. This paper describes the methods and results of simulations in ANSYS-Fluent, comparing the aerodynamics of different racks and bike positions on a car. Three simulations were done, one with just the car, one with a bike mounted on a roof rack, and one with a bike mounted on a trunk rack. After a mesh sensitivity analysis, determining a minimum mesh size, the three simulations were run with the same mesh and simulation settings to keep everything as similar as possible, with the geometries being the main difference between the simulations. Results were compared to similar simulations and values of the actual car. Results showed the car without bike as the most aerodynamic with a drag coefficient of 0.35, drag force of 335.8 N, and a gas mileage of 29 mpg, followed by the vehicle with the trunk rack with a drag coefficient of 0.37, drag force of 353 N, and gas mileage of 27.8 mpg, then the car with the roof rack with a drag coefficient of 0.40, drag force of 423 N, and gas mileage of 22.97 mpg. Overall, results show significant differences in the aerodynamic and environmental effects depending on the location and orientation of mounting a bike.
Evaluation of 3D-Printed Gel Using a Flat-Ended Square Indenter
Authors: Delgado Ana Isabel , Dong Pengfei , Gu Linxia 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this work, we provide a correction factor for quantifying the mechanical properties of soft biomaterials at the microscale with indentation test. Finite element (FE) models were developed to analyze the indentation test on the thin collagen layer. Based on the experiment setup, the indenter was simulated as a rigid flat-ended square indenter, the sample was simulated as a thin layer. The square indenter has a size of 2 × 2 mm and 3 × 3 mm, separately. For each indenter, the transverse dimension of the sample increased from smaller than the indenter size to 10 times the indenter size to quantify the relationship between the true stiffness and the nominal stiffness. Results have shown as the transverse dimension of the sample increased the correction factor increased from 1 when sample size less than indenter size, to 2.1 when sample size reaches 2.5 times of indenter size. For the sample thickness less than the indenter size, and transverse dimension larger than 2.5 times of the indenter size, a correction factor of 2.1 is suggested to determine the stiffness of the sample based on the force-displacement curve. These findings are independent of the material stiffness, allowing this approach to be generalized to test any soft sample.
Vibration-Based Nondestructive Evaluation of Bio-Printed Constructs Using Phase-Based Motion Estimation
Authors: Taylor Rayanne , Kim Jinki 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Advances in additive manufacturing technologies have shown that bio-additive manufacturing has opened a new frontier in the biomedical field for 3D printing human organs. Despite these advancements, it is significantly challenging to reliably identify damage features, especially embedded defects, using non-contact methods. This research devises a novel method that can reliably assess the damage characteristics without contact by using video-based vibrometry. Vibration signals provide an integrated response of the target structure including geometry changes such as defects in bioprinting. Since the phase shift of the pixel intensity is intrinsically related to any motion captured in the video, the vibration characteristics that reflect surface and embedded defects can be remotely assessed for the entire structure captured in the camera view from a distance without installing several sensors on the structure. In this study, the vibration characteristics of a cube that is manufactured by an extrusion-based bio-printer with pneumatic dispensing are experimentally obtained by using a high-speed camera and phase-based motion estimation technique. The occurrence of damage and its severity are identified by monitoring the change of the vibration characteristics. A finite element model was formulated, and its response characteristics are compared with the experimentally obtained results. Overall, the results of this study reveal promising potential of implementing video vibrometry for effectively verifying the structural integrity of additively manufactured organs after fabrication, which may be the foundational step in the quality testing of bioprints.
Material Removal Characteristics of Longitudinal Turning of Green Ceramics
Authors: Castellana Jesse , Melkote Shreyes 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Green ceramic machining involves shaping a dried and extruded part, consisting of a ceramic powder held together by a polymer binder, before it is sintered. This paper investigates the effects of longitudinal turning on the material removal characteristics of green aluminum oxide (alumina) rods, of different binder composition and particle sizes. Forces during machining and the roughness of the machined surfaces are measured and their relationship to the process parameters are analyzed. Results show that low feed, fine alumina particle size, and a positive rake angle tool increased the machining forces. Surfaces were also smoother when the feed was low and the rake angle was positive.