bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local Production of IgG, IgA, and IgE Antibodies in Grass Pollen Hay Fever
Authors: Platts-Mills Thomas A. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An antigen-binding radioimmunoassay was used to measure binding activity for the group I protein of Rye grass pollen (BA). Most patients with grass pollen hay fever were found to have IgG, IgA, and IgE BA in both their serum and nasal secretions. When these results were related to the quantities of total immunoglobulin of each class, it was clear that the IgG and IgA in nasal secretions had a higher proportion of pollen-specific ab than the IgG and IgA in serum. This calculation showed that most of the IgG BA and IgA BA in nasal secretions must have been produced locally. In contrast, IgG ab to diphtheria toxin was found to represent a lower proportion of nasal IgG than serum IgG. These findings for IgG anti-toxin supported the view that the pollen-specific IgG BA must have been produced locally. Specific antipollen IgE ab in nasal secretions was compared with the other classes. The results suggested that the IgE ab in nasal secretions was also locally produced. Furthermore, saliva samples from the patients that contained similar total quantities of IgG and IgA to nasal secretions were found to have little or no pollen-specific IgG, IgA, or IgE BA. After injections of grass pollen extract, the major antibody response was an increase in serum IgG BA, which was not matched in nasal secretions. Calculations in relation to total IgG showed that the IgG BA response to injections was unlikely to have been produced in the same place as the IgG BA produced in response to natural exposure. The findings show that the ab response to pollen antigens is truly local. The possibility that serum IgG BA and IgE BA was produced predominantly in local lymph nodes whereas the BA found in nasal secretions was derived from plasma cells in the nasal mucosa is discussed.
Macrophage Activation by Mycobacterial Water Soluble Compounds and Synthetic Muramyl Dipeptide
Authors: Wahl S. M. , Wahl L. M. , McCarthy J. B. , Chedid L. , Mergenhagen S. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The adjuvant effects of mycobacteria can be replaced by more chemically defined isolates of the cell walls including a water soluble fraction (WSA) and by the synthetic analog N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP), which is the minimal structure required for adjuvanticity. These compounds can directly activate macrophages as determined by an increase in spreading and adherence and by an elevated synthesis of the enzyme collagenase. Moreover, this increase in collagenase production is modulated by enhanced production of prostaglandins that influences intracellular levels of cyclic AMP. In addition, both MDP and WSA induced macrophages to produce a biologically active mediator that triggers quiescent fibroblasts into active proliferation. It thus appears that a mechanism for mycobacterial adjuvant action as determined with MDP and WSA is via activation of macrophages, which may then precipitate a multiplicity of other reactions resulting in enhanced immune phenomena. Furthermore, the granulomatous and fibrotic reactions associated with mycobacterial infection may be a consequence of this direct activation of macrophages.
Lyb-7, a New B Cell Alloantigen Controlled by Genes Linked to the IgCH Locus
Authors: Subbarao Bondada , Ahmed Aftab , Paul William E. , Scher Irwin , Lieberman Rose , Mosier Donald E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anti-Lyb-5.1 serum contains antibodies against two different B cell surface antigenic determinants, Lyb-5.1 and Lyb-7.1, which are defined in cytotoxicity and functional tests, respectively. The antibody against Lyb-7.1 is identified by its ability to specifically inhibit in vitro primary antibody responses to TNP-Ficoll. Anti-Lyb-5.1 serum can be made monospecific for anti-Lyb-7.1 activity by absorption with spleen cells from AL/N mice which have been typed as Lyb-5.1+, Lyb-7.1-. Lyb-5.1 and Lyb-7.1 are each under control of one or one set of closely linked genes. The loci specifying Lyb-5.1 and Lyb-7.1 are not linked to each other nor to M1s and H-2 loci. However, the gene controlling the expression of Lyb-7.1 is linked to the genes coding for the constant region of immunoglobulin heavy chains.
Antigen-Induced Changes in the Proportion of Antigen-Binding Cells Expressing IgM, IgG, and IgD Receptors
Authors: Kanowith-Klein Susan , Vitetta Ellen S. , Korn Edward L. , Ashman Robert F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Changes in the isotype of the antigen receptor after immunization were assessed by using antigen-binding cells (ABC) from mouse spleen specific for sheep erythrocytes (SRC). Rabbit antisera specific for mouse heavy chains µ, γ, and δ, as well as polyspecific anti-Ig were used to inhibit SRC binding to the receptors of nonimmune ABC and immune ABC 5 days after immunization with SRC.
Nonimmune ABC were more heterogeneous than immune ABC in their sensitivity to inhibition by polyspecific anti-Ig and anti-µ in that they included a greater proportion of cells inhibited by low concentrations of these antisera. The maximum percent of cells inhibitable by anti-µ (60 to 80%) did not change after immunization. Whereas IgG was not detectable on nonimmune ABC, after immunization 40 to 50% of the ABC expressed IgG. The proportion of ABC with IgD receptors fell from about 45% in nonimmune mice to around 25% in 5-day immune mice.
From the inhibition produced by two or three antiheavy chain sera present individually or simultaneously, the proportion of cells bearing various combinations of surface Ig isotypes were estimated. Thus, nonimmune and immune ABC-bearing IgD also appeared to bear IgM although a few immune ABC expressed only IgM. In immune ABC, IgG-bearing ABC overlapped extensively with the IgM-bearing population but not with the IgD-bearing population. ABC bearing IgD alone were not detected, but immune animals probably contained µ+δ+γ+ ABC.
These results suggest that antigen contact with specific ABC triggers changes of receptor isotypes during the expansion of the ABC population including a partial loss of IgD and the appearance of IgG.
Shared Idiotypes on Human Peripheral Blood B and T Lymphocytes
Authors: Lea Tor , Førre øystein T. , Michaelsen Terje E. , Natvig Jacob B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In a patient with an IgG λ monoclonal serum component possessing anti-streptolysin O activity, we have demonstrated peripheral blood B and T lymphocytes with shared or similar idiotypes. The idiotypic T lymphocyte membrane structure was capable of binding the specific antigen (SLO). After radioiodination and subsequent detergent solubilization of the same T cell population, immunoprecipitation of the lysate by employing anti-idiotypic antibodies, resulted in the isolation of a polypeptide chain with a m.w. of 70,000 on SDS polyacrylamide gels under reducing conditions. The polypeptide expressed no isotypic immunoglobulin markers. Internal labeling experiments indicated that this membrane structure was actively synthesized by the T lymphocytes.
An Anticomplementary Agent, K-76 Monocarboxylic Acid: Its Site and Mechanism of Inhibition of the Complement Activation Cascade
Authors: Hong Kyongsu , Kinoshita Taroh , Miyazaki Wasei , Izawa Taketoshi , Inoue Kozo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A monocarboxylic acid derivative (K-76 COOH) of K-76, purified from the culture filtrate of Stachybotrys complementi nov. sp. K-76, inhibits complement (C) activity. Its inhibitory action is mainly on C5 step. It strongly inhibits the generation of EAC1̄,4b,2a,3b,5b from C5 and EAC1̄,4b,2a,3b, and accelerates the decay of EAC1̄,4b,2,3b,5b. It also causes some inhibition of the reactions of C2, C3, C6, C7, and C9 with their respective preceding intermediate cells. It has no effect on the generation of EAC1̄,4b from C4 and EAC1̄, or of EAC-8 from C8 and EAC-7, and apparently increases the generation of EAC1̄,4b from C1 and EAC4b probably by inhibiting transfer or turnover of C1. It does not affect the rate of decay of EAC1̄,4b,2a or the T max of generation of EAC1̄,4b,2a, and it inhibits immune adherence only at high concentration.
K-76 COOH also strongly inhibits hemolysis through the alternative pathway of C activation by cobra venom factor, but it does not seem to inhibit the early steps of the alternative pathway, because it has little affect on the consumption of C3 or the conversion of β1C to β1A on treatment of C serum with zymosan.
K-76 COOH probably combines with C5 molecules, forming the inactive complexes, or it causes the structural alteration of C5.
Manipulation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses to Syngeneic Tumors
Authors: Altman Amnon , Bechtold Thomas E. , Katz David H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study was designed to extend a recent report about the ability of hapten-primed T lymphocytes to serve as helper cells, capable of augmenting the generation of tumor-specific CTL in vivo when the priming hapten was coupled to the immunizing tumor cells. Spleen cells of mice primed with 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-mouse γ-globulin (TNP-MGG) conjugate under conditions known to elicit hapten-reactive T lymphocytes, and subsequently immunized with TNP-derivatized, mitomycin C-treated syngeneic tumor cells, generated, upon in vitro stimulation with the relevant tumor cells, substantially higher CTL responses than did spleen cells from mice that were not primed with TNP-MGG. Furthermore, we demonstrated directly that such help resulted from T-T cell cooperation by showing that the addition of TNP-MGG-primed spleen cells in culture augmented the in vitro induction of a secondary tumorspecific CTL response upon sensitization of tumor-primed spleen cells against TNP-derivatized tumor cells. These experiments, therefore, establish a convenient in vitro model system that allows study of the regulatory influences of hapten-reactive T lymphocytes on tumor-specific, cell-mediated immune responses, and open obvious new avenues for the potential immunotherapy of growing tumors.
In Search of α1-Microglobulin on the Lymphocyte Surface
Authors: Åkerström Bo , Nilsson Kenneth , Berggård Barbro , Berggård Ingemar 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
α1-Microglobulin was found by immunofluorescence not to be associated with human lymphoid and nonlymphoid cell lines. No accumulation of α1-microglobulin was detected in culture media of these cell lines. A weak membrane fluorescence with anti-α1-microglobulin on peripheral lymphocytes could not be blocked by the purified protein. No release of α1-microglobulin into the growth medium was seen by normal cultured leukocytes. Treatment of normal lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and various cell lines with solubilization techniques did not yield any α1-microglobulin. α1-Microglobulin and protein HC display immunologic and biochemical identity. However, anti-protein HC stained almost all of the tested cell lines and normal lymphocytes. Blocking experiments with the purified protein were not successful. Antibodies reacting with a minor impurity (50 000 d) in the α1-microglobulin or protein HC preparations could be absorbed from anti-α1-microglobulin with normal leukocytes and a lymphoid cell line.
The Differentiation of Cytotoxic T Cells in Vitro
Authors: Okada Masaji , Klimpel Gary R. , Kuppers Rudolf C. , Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Within 15 hr of establishment of a murine mixed lymphocyte culture, a soluble mediator was produced that was capable of augmenting primary cytotoxic responses to alloantigen. The factor did not induce responsiveness in the absence of antigen, since the amplified response seen in its presence was specific for the stimulating alloantigen. The factor did not therefore appear to function by polyclonal activation of cytotoxic precursor cells.
Production of the amplifying factor(s) was induced by unfractionated spleen cells, but not by cells subjected to UV irradiation or to sonication, making it likely that this deficiency is the basis of the well-documented failure of these stimulator cells to induce primary cytotoxic responses. The amplifying effects of the factor were distinctive from, but synergistic with, those of 2-mercaptoethanol. Production of the amplifying mediator did not require cell division but was dependent upon the presence of Lyt 1+ cells. On the other hand, Lyt 2+ cells were not needed for mediator production, but served as a target cell population on which the factor exerted its action. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that direct T-T cell collaboration can amplify the differentiation of cytotoxic cells.
Low Molecular Weight Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor in Granulomatous Liver of Murine Schistosomiasis
Authors: Tsuda Shingo , Fukuyama Kimie , Epstein William L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An acidic peptide, preferentially chemotactic for eosinophils, was extracted from livers of mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Sephadex G-25 column chromatography showed that the majority of the eosinophil chemotactic activity was detected in the fractions just after elution of the molecular marker vitamin B12 (m.w. 1355.4). This activity began to appear in the livers of some mice 5 weeks after infection. Peak activity was detected at 8 to 12 weeks after infection and persisted at least until 16 weeks. It was sensitive to carboxypeptidase-A. By Dowex-1 anion exchange chromatography, the activity eluted as a narrow peak at pH 3.1 to 2.6 as shown for eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A). The activity was also detected in a broad peak at pH 6.3 to 3.7. Unlike ECF-A, the activity was stable to boiling in both acid and alkali. These findings suggest that granulomatous liver of murine schistosomiasis-derived eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF-G) may play a specific role in eosinophil accumulation in this chronic inflammation.
The Location of the C3 and GLO (Glyoxalase 1) Loci of the Ixth Linkage Group in Mice
Authors: Rubinstein Pablo , Vienne Katalin , Hoecker Gustavo F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Electrophoretic variants of glyoxalase 1 (GLO) and C3 in the mouse were used to define the genetic location of the corresponding genes. Previous work had demonstrated that these two loci are linked to H-2, the major histocompatibility locus of the mouse. The segregation of GLO and H-2 in 880 informative meioses established that the recombination fraction for these two genes is 0.0174 ± 0.005; two intra—H-2 cross-overs position GLO on the K-side of H-2.
Similarly, the linkage of C3 to the H-2 locus was confirmed. The recombination fraction is 0.114 ± 0.022. A triple-point cross, involving C3, H-2, and GLO, discloses that the order of these genes is (from the centromere) GLO—H-2—C3.
GLO is also linked to the MHC in humans. The data given here show that the position of GLO relative to the MHC is the same in both species, although the recombination frequency is higher in humans. It is speculated that the centromeric end of the MHC may be the more ancient gene of the system, because it has remained in linkage with GLO. It is further speculated that the location of C3 in humans may be on chromosome 6, beyond the distance within which conventional family analysis might reveal linkage to HLA.
Isolation and Characterization of Actin and Myosin from B-Lymphocytic Guinea Pig Leukemia Cells
Authors: Fechheimer Marcus , Cebra John J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Actin and myosin have been isolated from a guinea pig B cell leukemia line, L2C. The m.w. and amino acid compositions of these proteins are similar to actin and myosin from other nonmuscle cell types. L2C actin polymerizes to form filaments and activates the ATPase activity of skeletal muscle myosin. Actin in crude lymphocyte extracts does not polymerize as well as predicted from the critical concentration of purified lymphocyte actin suggesting that other factors in lymphocyte extracts regulate actin polymerization. Lymphocyte myosin polymerizes to form synthetic filaments at low ionic strength. Lymphocyte myosin binds to actin, but its ATP-ase activity is not activated by actin. Possible mechanisms for regulation of the lymphocyte contractile apparatus and its importance in a number of lymphocyte functions are discussed.
Involvement of Anti-Ig-Activated Serine Protease in the Generation of Cytoplasmic Factor(s) that Are Responsible for the Transmission of Ig-Receptor-Mediated Signals
Authors: Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Kikutani Hitoshi , Nishizawa Yoshio , Sakaguchi Nobuo , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Involvement of serine protease-activation in the generation of cytoplasmic factor(s) that induced NHP-specific protein kinase activity in nuclei in anti-Ig-stimulated cells was described. DFP or PMSF with anti-Ig inhibited the induction of cytoplasmic factor(s), whereas pretreatment of cells with DFP or PMSF without anti-Ig did not show any inhibitory effect on anti-Ig-induced generation of cytoplasmic factor(s). TAME or BAME with anti-Ig inhibited the generation of cytoplasmic factor(s) and the simultaneous addition of TAME or BAME with DFP protected the generation of cytoplasmic factor(s) against the inhibitory effect of DFP, showing the involvement of trypsin-like, arginine-type serine protease in anti-Ig-induced generation of cytoplasmic factor(s). Anti-Ig-stimulated membrane preparations induced cytoplasmic factor(s) in normal cytoplasm. The m.w. of precursor proteins present in resting B cells and active cytoplasmic factor(s) were approximately 150,000 and 45,000, respectively. These results showed that anti-Ig-activated membrane-bound serine protease split precursor proteins in resting B cells into active cytoplasmic factor(s) responsible for signal transmission.
Early Events in Thymocyte Activation
Authors: Facchini Andrea , Astaldi Giulia C. B. , Cocco Lucio , Wijermans Pierre , Manzoli Francesco A. , Astaldi Alberto 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previously, it has been shown that a human thymus-dependent serum factor (SF), isolated from peripheral blood and acting on precursors of mature T lymphocytes, induces an increase in the synthesis of cyclic AMP and proteins in thymocytes. We have now investigated the action of SF on the incorporation of 3H-leucine and 32P-orthophosphate into nuclear proteins of thymocytes after 15 to 240 min of culture. SF induced a rapid increase in the synthesis and phosphorylation of nuclear proteins, especially in the phosphorylated nonhistone chromatin proteins (P-NHCP). Electrophoretic patterns in polyacrylamide gels of the P-NHCP fractions, extracted from the chromatin of the stimulated cells, showed that proteins with m.w. higher than 50 × 103 were synthesized to a larger extent as compared with unstimulated cells. These data suggest that SF acts specifically on the synthesis of P-NHCP and may in this way control DNA-template activity.
Studies of Reticuloendothelial Function in the Mouse with Model Immune Complexes
Authors: Finbloom David S. , Plotz Paul H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have used stable immune complexes site-specifically cross-linked by way of their combining sites to characterize the elimination of immune complexes in the mouse. These complexes, prepared from rabbit or mouse anti-DNP IgG antibodies, were separated into relatively homogeneous preparations of monomers, dimers, and heavy oligomers. We found that oligomers consisting of rabbit antibodies were cleared from the serum at rates similar to oligomers of homologous mouse antibody. Serum clearance of dimeric immunoglobulin was indistinguishable from clearance of monomer, but dimer accumulated in the liver at least three times faster than monomer. In addition, dimer, like heavy oligomer, bound to circulating blood cells whereas monomer did not. Heavy oligomers were removed from the serum initially at rates about 3-fold that of monomer, principally by the liver. Eighty per cent of heavy oligomers were located within the liver at 1 hr, with less than 1% in the spleen, kidneys, or lungs. Recovery data suggest that oligomers that remain primarily within the intravascular space before liver uptake were removed considerably more rapidly than those oligomers diffusing into the interstitial space.
Antibody-Dependent Complement-Mediated Killing of Schistosomula in Intraperitoneal Diffusion Chambers in Mice
Authors: Kassis Amin I. , Warren Kenneth S. , Mahmoud Adel A. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present investigations were designed to determine the biologic role of the different host defense mechanisms against schistosomiasis mansoni that are independent of direct cell-parasite contact. Schistosomula were placed in Millipore chambers of 0.22-µm pore size and were implanted i.p. into immune and nonimmune age- and sex-matched control mice. Significant degree of mortality was detected on recovery of the implanted schistosomula at 24 hr; the mean dead organisms in immune animals was 30 ± 4% as compared to 10 ± 2% in control mice (p &lt; 0.01). This effect on the implanted schistosomula into immune mice was confirmed by injecting these organisms into normal recipients and by recovering those that mature to adult worms. The ability of immune mice to kill significant numbers of implanted schistosomula was dependent on the intensity of infection and developed only after 8 weeks, which parallels the onset of protective immunity in vivo. Adoptive transfer of immune sera to normal recipients resulted in a mean of 23 ± 2% dead schistosomula in the recipient mice, which represents approximately 65% of the protection detected in the donor animals. Depletion of the eosinophils or neutrophils in the immune mice did not alter their ability to kill significant numbers of the implanted schistosomula. Cobra venom factor treatment, on the other hand, resulted in abrogation of the significant schistosomula killing detected in immune mice or in animals adoptively transferred with immune serum. These results demonstrate that specific acquired immunity to schistosomiasis in vivo is partially mediated by humoral factors and is dependent on the presence of complement. The Millipore chambers may help elucidate the significance of the many mechanisms which have already been described for host immune responses against the multicellular parasite Schistosoma mansoni.