bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors for Community Colonization With Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Enterobacterales (ESCrE) in Botswana: An Antibiotic Resistance in Communities and Hospitals (ARCH) Study
Authors: Lautenbach Ebbing , Mosepele Mosepele , Smith Rachel M , Styczynski Ashley , Gross Robert , Cressman Leigh , Jaskowiak-Barr Anne , Alby Kevin , Glaser Laurel , Richard-Greenblatt Melissa , Cowden Laura , Sewawa Kgotlaetsile , Otukile Dimpho , Paganotti Giacomo M , Mokomane Margaret , Bilker Warren B , Mannathoko Naledi 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Background
The epidemiology of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales (ESCrE) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is poorly described. Identifying risk factors for ESCrE colonization is critical to inform antibiotic resistance reduction strategies because colonization is typically a precursor to infection.

Methods
From 15 January 2020 to 4 September 2020, we surveyed a random sample of clinic patients at 6 sites in Botswana. We also invited each enrolled participant to refer up to 3 adults and children. All participants had rectal swabs collected that were inoculated onto chromogenic media followed by confirmatory testing. Data were collected on demographics, comorbidities, antibiotic use, healthcare exposures, travel, and farm and animal contact. Participants with ESCrE colonization (cases) were compared with noncolonized participants (controls) to identify risk factors for ESCrE colonization using bivariable, stratified, and multivariable analyses.

Results
A total of 2000 participants were enrolled. There were 959 (48.0%) clinic participants, 477 (23.9%) adult community participants, and 564 (28.2%) child community participants. The median (interquartile range) age was 30 (12–41) and 1463 (73%) were women. There were 555 cases and 1445 controls (ie, 27.8% of participants were ESCrE colonized). Independent risk factors (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]) for ESCrE included healthcare exposure (1.37 [1.08–1.73]), foreign travel [1.98 (1.04–3.77]), tending livestock (1.34 [1.03–1.73]), and presence of an ESCrE-colonized household member (1.57 [1.08–2.27]).

Conclusions
Our results suggest healthcare exposure may be important in driving ESCrE. The strong links to livestock exposure and household member ESCrE colonization highlight the potential role of common exposure or household transmission. These findings are critical to inform strategies to curb further emergence of ESCrE in LMICs.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Is not Linked to a Higher Rate of Adverse Events in Colonoscopy—a Nationwide Population-based Study in Sweden
Authors: Alexandersson Bjarki T , Andreasson Anna , Hedin Charlotte , Broms Gabriella , Schmidt Peter T , Forsberg Anna 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Background and Aims
Inflammatory bowel disease may cause long-standing inflammation and fibrosis and may increase the risk of adverse events in colonoscopy. We evaluated whether inflammatory bowel disease and other potential risk factors are associated with bleeding or perforation in a nationwide, population-based, Swedish study.

Methods
Data from 969 532 colonoscopies, including 164 012 [17%] on inflammatory bowel disease patients, between 2003 and 2019, were retrieved from the National Patient Registers. ICD-10 codes for bleeding [T810] and perforation [T812] within 30 days of the colonoscopy were recorded. Multivariable logistic regression was used to test if inflammatory bowel disease status, inpatient setting, time period, general anaesthesia, age, sex, endoscopic procedures, and antithrombotic treatment were associated with higher odds for bleeding and perforation.

Results
Bleeding and perforation were reported in 0.19% and 0.11% of all colonoscopies, respectively. Bleeding [odds ratio 0.66, p &lt;0.001] and perforation [odds ratio 0.79, p &lt;0.033] were less likely in colonoscopies in individuals with inflammatory bowel disease status. Bleeding and perforation were more common in inpatient than in outpatient inflammatory bowel disease colonoscopies. The odds for bleeding but not perforation increased between 2003 to 2019. General anaesthesia was associated with double the odds for perforation.

Conclusions
Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease did not have more adverse events compared with individuals without inflammatory bowel disease status. However, the inpatient setting was associated with more adverse events, particularly in inflammatory bowel disease status. General anaesthesia was associated with a greater risk of perforation.
Path analysis of illness uncertainty and psychosocial adaptation of patients with Marfan syndrome
Authors: Kim Sujin , Jang Yeonsoo , Choi JiYeon , Song Kijun , Song Jae-kwan , Choi Mona 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Aims
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a genetic disorder that causes sudden or chronic cardiovascular problems, which can be fatal. Since MFS patients require regular close medical observation, it is important to understand the factors and pathways associated with psychosocial adaptation to the disease. This study aimed to identify the relationships among illness uncertainty, uncertainty appraisal, and psychosocial adaptation in MFS patients using path analysis.

Method and results
This descriptive cross-sectional survey study was conducted from October 2020 to March 2021, in compliance with STROBE guidelines. Using data from 179 participants aged older than 18 years, we constructed a hypothetical path model to identify determinants of illness uncertainty, uncertainty appraisal, and psychosocial adaptation. In the path analysis, disease severity, illness uncertainty, anxiety, and social support were significant factors influencing MFS patients’ psychosocial adaptation. Disease severity and illness uncertainty exerted direct effects, while anxiety and social support exerted both direct and indirect (through illness uncertainty) effects. Finally, anxiety showed the greatest total effect.

Conclusion
These findings are useful for enhancing MFS patients’ psychosocial adaptation. Medical professionals should focus on managing disease severity, decreasing anxiety, and increasing social support.
Prognosis of CRT-treated and CRT-untreated unselected population with LBBB in Stockholm County
Authors: Gatti Paolo , Lind Stefan , Kristjánsdóttir Ingibjörg , Azari Ava , Savarese Gianluigi , Anselmino Matteo , Linde Cecilia , Gadler Fredrik 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Aims
Left bundle branch block (LBBB) might be the first finding of cardiovascular diseases but also the prerequisite for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The prognosis for patients with LBBB and the implications of CRT in an unselected real-world setting are the focus of our study.

Methods and results
A central electrocardiogram (ECG) database and national registers have been screened to identify patients with LBBB. Predictors of HF and the use of CRT were identified with Cox models. The hazard ratios (HRs) of death, cardiovascular death (CVD), and HF hospitalization (HFH) were estimated according to CRT use. Of 5359 patients with LBBB and QRS &gt; 150 ms, median age 76 years, 36% were female. At the time of index ECG, 41% had a previous history of HF and 27% developed HF. Among 1053 patients with a class I indication for CRT, only 60% received CRT with a median delay of 137 days, and it was associated with a lower risk of death [HR: 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.36–0.57], CVD (HR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.35–0.63), and HFH (HR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.48–0.66). The age of over 75 years and the diagnosis of dementia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were predictors of CRT non-use, while having a pacing/defibrillator device independently predicted CRT use.

Conclusion
In an unselected LBBB population, CRT is underused but of great value for HF patients. Therefore, it is crucial to find ways of better implementing and understanding CRT utilization and characteristics that influence the management of our patients.
Complex traits and candidate genes: estimation of genetic variance components across multiple genetic architectures
Authors: Feldmann Mitchell J , Covarrubias-Pazaran Giovanny , Piepho Hans-Peter 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Large-effect loci—those statistically significant loci discovered by genome-wide association studies or linkage mapping—associated with key traits segregate amidst a background of minor, often undetectable, genetic effects in wild and domesticated plants and animals. Accurately attributing mean differences and variance explained to the correct components in the linear mixed model analysis is vital for selecting superior progeny and parents in plant and animal breeding, gene therapy, and medical genetics in humans. Marker-assisted prediction and its successor, genomic prediction, have many advantages for selecting superior individuals and understanding disease risk. However, these two approaches are less often integrated to study complex traits with different genetic architectures. This simulation study demonstrates that the average semivariance can be applied to models incorporating Mendelian, oligogenic, and polygenic terms simultaneously and yields accurate estimates of the variance explained for all relevant variables. Our previous research focused on large-effect loci and polygenic variance separately. This work aims to synthesize and expand the average semivariance framework to various genetic architectures and the corresponding mixed models. This framework independently accounts for the effects of large-effect loci and the polygenic genetic background and is universally applicable to genetics studies in humans, plants, animals, and microbes.
Associations of Days Spent at Home Before Hip Fracture With Postfracture Days at Home and 1-Year Mortality Among Medicare Beneficiaries Living With Alzheimer’s Disease or Related Dementias
Authors: Falvey Jason R , Chen Chixiang , Johnson Abree , Ryan Kathleen A , Shardell Michelle , Ren Haoyu , Reider Lisa , Magaziner Jay 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Background
Hip fracture is a disabling event experienced disproportionately by older adults with Alzheimer’s disease or related dementias (ADRD). Claims information recorded prior to a hip fracture could provide valuable insights into recovery potential for these patients. Thus, our objective was to identify distinct trajectories of claims-based days at home (DAH) before a hip fracture among older adults with ADRD and evaluate associations with postfracture DAH and 1-year mortality.

Methods
We conducted a cohort study of 16 576 Medicare beneficiaries living with ADRD who experienced hip fracture between 2010 and 2017. Growth mixture modeling was used to estimate trajectories of DAH assessed from 180 days prior to fracture until index fracture admission, and their joint associations with postfracture DAH trajectories and 1-year mortality.

Results
Before a hip fracture, a model with 3 distinct latent DAH trajectories was the best fit. Trajectories were characterized based on their temporal patterns as Consistently High (n = 14 980, 90.3%), Low but Increasing (n = 809, 5.3%), or Low and Decreasing (n = 787, 4.7%). Membership in the Low and Decreasing prefracture DAH trajectory was associated with less favorable postfracture DAH trajectories, and a 65% higher 1-year mortality rate (hazard ratio 1.65, 95% confidence interval 1.45–1.87) as compared to those in the Consistently High trajectory. Similar albeit weaker associations with these outcomes were observed for hip fracture survivors in the Low but Improving prefracture DAH trajectory.

Conclusions
Distinct prefracture DAH trajectories among hip fracture survivors with ADRD are strongly linked to postfracture DAH and 1-year mortality, which could guide development of tailored interventions.
Reconciling the conflicting extent of overriding plate deformation before and during megathrust earthquakes in South America, Sunda and northeast Japan
Authors: D'Acquisto Mario , Broerse Taco , Marsman Celine P , Govers Rob 
Published: July 2023

SUMMARYWe aim to better understand the overriding plate deformation during the megathrust earthquake cycle. We estimate the spatial patterns of interseismic GNSS velocities in South America, Southeast Asia and northern Japan and the associated uncertainties due to variations in network density and observation uncertainties. Interseismic velocities with respect to the overriding plate generally decrease with distance from the trench with a steep gradient up to a ‘hurdle’, beyond which the gradient is distinctly lower and velocities are small. The hurdle is located 500–1000 km away from the trench for the trench-perpendicular velocity component, and either at the same distance or closer for the trench-parallel component. Significant coseismic displacements were observed beyond these hurdles during the 2010 Maule, 2004 Sumatra–Andaman, and 2011 Tohoku earthquakes. We hypothesize that both the interseismic hurdle and the coseismic response result from a mechanical contrast in the overriding plate. We test our hypothesis using physically consistent, generic, 3-D finite element models of the earthquake cycle. Our models show a response similar to the interseismic and coseismic observations for a compliant near-trench overriding plate and an at least five times stiffer overriding plate beyond the contrast. The model results suggest that hurdles are more prominently expressed in observations near strongly locked megathrusts. Previous studies inferred major tectonic or geological boundaries and seismological contrasts located close to the observed hurdles in the studied overriding plates. The compliance contrast probably results from thermal, compositional and thickness contrasts and might cause the observed focusing of smaller-scale deformation like backthrusting.
Ionospheric disturbances observed over China after 2022 January 15 Tonga volcano eruption
Authors: Li Ting , Gao Yongxin , Chen Chieh-Hung , Zhang Xuemin , Sun Yang-Yi 
Published: July 2023

SUMMARY
At 04:14:45 UT on 2022 January 15, a powerful eruption of the submarine Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai volcano occurred at about 30 km south of the Ha'apai Islands in the Kingdom of Tonga (at −20.55° N, −175.39° E). This eruption caused atmospheric waves that spread worldwide. In this study, we investigate the the total electron content (TEC) variation over China using the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System. The particularly interesting feature of the data set compared to other ground-based TEC data is the exclusive use of the BeiDou geostationary satellites, which monitor the TEC variations for fixed ionospheric piercing points and can provide more accurate calculations of the travelling speed of the disturbance. For comparison, atmospheric pressure records were examined, which show that the Lamb wave passed by the same stations four times with a constant speed of 310 m s−1. However, the TEC results show that the ionospheric disturbances passing over China four times with different speeds within four days after the eruption, two travelling along the short-path direction and two along the long-path direction. The primary front of the first short-path event travels with a speed of 340 m s−1, which is higher than the Lamb wave. The faster speed suggests that the primary front cannot be fully attributed to the Lamb wave, and further studies need to explore its mechanism. The second short-path and first long-path events travel with speeds of 301 and 310 m s−1, respectively, close to the speed of the Lamb wave, and they may be caused by upward energy leakage during the propagation of the Lamb wave. The second long-path event travels with a speed of 264 m s−1, possibly induced by the gravity waves.
Boundary and volumetric sensitivity kernels of teleseismic receiver functions for mantle discontinuities in the transition zone
Authors: de Jong J H E , Paulssen H , Trampert J 
Published: July 2023

SUMMARY
Teleseismic receiver functions are widely used to map the depth and topography of various major discontinuities in the Earth’s mantle. To determine what precisely contributes to the receiver functions, we applied the adjoint method of full waveform inversion to calculate their sensitivity kernels. These kernels illustrate the extend to which model parameters may influence the waveforms. We calculated synthetic data for a realistic event measured at a realistic receiver array, whereby we focused on the waveforms of the P410s and P660s phases, that convert a P to an S wave at the 410- and 660-discontinuity, respectively. We calculated both the volumetric sensitivity kernels for density, P- and S-wave speeds, as well as boundary kernels that illustrate receiver functions’ sensitivity to topography on the discontinuity. In the boundary kernels, we observe that receiver functions are highly sensitive to a discontinuity’s topography, in particular to an area surrounding the conversion point with a radius comparable to the Fresnel zone. However, the volumetric kernels illustrate a sensitivity to model parameters in large areas of the mantle. This includes sensitivity to the Fresnel zone of the converted wave far before the conversion, as well as sensitivity to scatterers of other phases. We therefore conclude that receiver functions are sensitive to the topography of discontinuities. However, effects of an incorrect velocity model, even far from the conversion point, may erroneously be projected onto the topography of the discontinuity. Therefore, a simultaneous inversion of topography and velocity parameters is required to image topography with high accuracy.
Phloem unloading in cultivated melon fruits follows an apoplasmic pathway during enlargement and ripening
Authors: Zhou Yixuan , Li Kexin , Wen Suying , Yang Dong , Gao Jun , Wang Ziwei , Zhu Peilu , Bie Zhilong , Cheng Jintao 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Melon (Cucumis melo L.) has a long history of cultivation worldwide. During cultivation, domestication, and selection breeding, the sugar content of mature melon fruits has been significantly increased. Compared with unsweet melon and wild melon, rapid sucrose accumulation can occur in the middle and late stages of sweet melon fruit development. The phloem unloading pathway during the evolution and development of melon fruit has not been identified and analyzed. In this study, the phloem unloading pathway and the function of related sugar transporters in cultivated and wild melon fruits were analyzed by CFDA [5(6)-carbofluorescein diacetate] and esculin tracing, cytological pathway observation, qRT–PCR, and gene function analysis, etc. Results show that the phloem unloading pathway of wild melon fruit is largely symplastic, whereas the phloem unloading pathway of cultivated melon fruit shifts from symplastic to apoplasmic during development. According to a fruit grafting experiment, the fruit sink accumulates sugars independently. Correlation analysis showed that the expression amounts of several sucrose transporter genes were positively correlated with the sucrose content of melon fruit. Furthermore, CmSWEET10 was proved to be a sucrose transporter located on the plasma membrane of the phloem and highly expressed in the premature stage of sweet melon fruits, which means it may be involved in phloem apoplast unloading and sucrose accumulation in sweet melon fruits. Finally, we summarize a functional model of related enzymes and sugar transporters involved in the apoplast unloading of sweet melon fruits during enlargement and sucrose accumulation.
Functional diversity of subgroup 5 R2R3-MYBs promoting proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and their key residues and motifs in tea plant
Authors: Jiao Tianming , Huang Yipeng , Wu Ying-Ling , Jiang Ting , Li Tongtong , Liu Yanzhuo , Liu Yvchen , Han Yunyun , Liu Yajun , Jiang Xiaolan , Gao Liping , Xia Tao 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is rich in polyphenolic compounds. Particularly, flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins (PAs) are essential for the flavor and disease-resistance property of tea leaves. The fifth subgroup of R2R3-MYB transcription factors comprises the primary activators of PA biosynthesis. This study showed that subgroup 5 R2R3-MYBs in tea plants contained at least nine genes belonging to the TT2, MYB5, and MYBPA types. Tannin-rich plants showed an expansion in the number of subgroup 5 R2R3-MYB genes compared with other dicotyledonous and monocot plants. The MYBPA-type genes of tea plant were slightly expanded. qRT–PCR analysis and GUS staining analysis of promoter activity under a series of treatments revealed the differential responses of CsMYB5s to biotic and abiotic stresses. In particular, CsMYB5a, CsMYB5b, and CsMYB5e responded to high-intensity light, high temperature, MeJA, and mechanical wounding, whereas CsMYB5f and CsMYB5g were only induced by wounding. Three genetic transformation systems (C. sinensis, Nicotiana tabacum, and Arabidopsis thaliana) were used to verify the biological function of CsMYB5s. The results show that CsMYB5a, CsMYB5b, and CsMYB5e could promote the gene expression of CsLAR and CsANR. However, CsMYB5f and CsMYB5g could only upregulate the gene expression of CsLAR but not CsANR. A series of site-directed mutation and domain-swapping experiments were used to verify functional domains and key amino acids of CsMYB5s responsible for the regulation of PA biosynthesis. This study aimed to provide insight into the induced expression and functional diversity model of PA biosynthesis regulation in tea plants.
Population ageing and national security in Asia
Authors: Sciubba Jennifer D 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Population aging is pervasive in powerful states in the Asia—Pacific region, but the effects of and responses to it vary in ways that do not neatly fit with what initial theories anticipated. Why have many of these states' foreign policies been far more aggressive or militaristic than expected for their demographics? The key to understanding population and national security is an institutional perspective that recognizes how demographic changes interact with other factors. The range of institutions among the Asia—Pacific powers explains some of the variation in their foreign policies; policies intended to respond to or adapt to those demographic shifts explain the rest. Understanding how aging shapes states' external behaviours is increasingly important as population aging is becoming the predominant demographic trend globally. Those forecasting the effects of population aging must accurately account for the ways institutions mediate demographic change, or risk severely underestimating or overestimating the capabilities and intentions of allies and adversaries. An illustrative discussion of institutional arrangements and military manpower adaptations demonstrates why the effect of population aging has been diluted in China and Russia thus far but suggests that Japan is well positioned to manage the economic risks posed by an aging population.