bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Antibody Release from Single Cells. I
Authors: Hiramoto Raymond N. , McGhee Jerry R. , Hamlin N. Marlene 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method of measuring the rate of release of antibody by a single cell is extremely important for population studies at the cellular level. The hemolysis in gel procedure is used in these studies in an attempt to quantitate the average rate of IgM hemolysin released and the amount of antibody released by a single cell. Measurements of individual cell release in a population are made under conditions similar to the radial hemolysis in gel system. Average plaque-forming units (pfu) diameters of the populations increased linearly up to 30 min in the system and followed a normal distribution at a given time. The rate of pfu appearance and the rate at which pfu lose antibody-forming capability are also determined. In 10 separate experiments where pools of three to four animals per experiment were used, the rate ranged from 437 to 1027 molecules/cell/sec with an average rate of 700 molecules/cell/sec.
Genetic Regulation of the Thymus Dependent Humoral Immune Response in Leukemia Prone Akr (H-2k) and Nonleukemic C3H (H-2k) Mice
Authors: Gottlieb C. F. , Perkins E. H. , Makinodan T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Defective immunopoiesis in young adult AKR mice has been shown to be genetically regulated. Transfer of identical numbers of cells from the same spleen cell suspension into x-irradiated young adult mice of the AKR and C3H strains, the F1 and F2 progeny of these two strains, and the progeny of the two F1 backcrosses has provided direct evidence that the regulation of immunocompetent cell proliferation is genetic in nature. Statistical tests indicate that the evidence for genetic differences is consistent with a single, apparently non-H-2, autosomal gene locus.
Porcine Immunoglobulins
Authors: Kaltreider H. Benfer , Johnson John S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Methods described in this paper facilitated the rapid characterization of porcine immunoglobulins and the development of class-specific antisera. The methods are generally applicable to the immunoglobulins of any species. In this paper, data are presented which demonstrate that the sera of adult swine contain IgG, IgM and IgA. IgG appears to consist of at least three, and possibly four, subclasses.
Cytotoxic Activity of Lymphocytes
Authors: Walker Sharyn M. , Lucas Zoltan J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A simple, reproducible assay which quantitatively expresses viable cell number in monolayer cultures is described. The assay is based on the constancy of total intracellular potassium per unit cell number under a wide variety of experimental conditions. Intracellular potassium is measured by the exchange with extracellular 86Rb upon attaining isotopic equilibrium. The Rb exchange by 106 viable cells is not changed during logarithmic growth or during antibody-complement mediated lysis. Similarly, cytotoxins from activated lymphocytes damage cells without altering Rb exchange. Agents which alter Rb influx (ouabain) or cause unbalanced growth (vincristine, mitomycin) alter the Rb exchange per 106 cells, and under these conditions, Rb uptake does not reflect viable cell number. This method promises wide application in assays utilizing target cells grown as monolayers.
Enhancement of Mouse Thymus Cells Response to Periodate Treatment by a Soluble Factor
Authors: Novogrodsky Abraham , Gery Igal 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse lymph node and spleen lymphocytes are stimulated by sodium periodate (NaIO4) treatment, whereas mouse thymus cells show a minimal response. Hydrocortisone-resistant thymus cells are much more responsive to phytohemagglutinin than NaIO4 treatment. Thymus cells are rendered highly responsive to NaIO4 treatment upon addition of cell-free supernatants of mouse spleen cell and macrophage cultures. Treatment of mouse spleen cells and macrophages with NaIO4 stimulates the production of the enhancing factor for thymus cell response.
The in Vivo Activity of in Vitro Immunized Mouse Thymocytes
Authors: Rouse Barry T. , Wagner Hermann 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
“Cortisone resistant” CBA mouse thymocytes activated in vitro against allogeneic spleen cells and capable of lysing allogeneic target cells in vitro were assayed for their capacity to mount cell-mediated immune responses in vivo. These in vitro activated thymocytes (against H-2d alloantigens) induced the rejection of BALB/c (H-2d) skin grafts from T cell-depleted CBA mice. 107 or more cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) caused rejection within 12 days from T cell-depleted mice but failed to reject grafts on lethally irradiated mice.
As compared to normal “cortisone resistant” thymocytes, in vitro activated CL were inefficient in causing splenomegaly on injection into neonatal (CBA × BALB/c)F1 mice. However, CL mounted twice the mitotic response of “cortisone resistant” thymocytes when injected into adult lethally irradiated (CBA × BALB/c)F1 mice. The results indicate that there exists no direct relationship between the capacity of thymocytes to act as cytotoxic effector cells and to induce splenomegaly in neonatal F1 hybrid mice.
Additional Immunochemical Relationships of Capsular Polysaccharides of Klebsiella and Pneumococci
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Nimmich Wolfgang 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative data are given on the cross-precipitation in antipneumococcal sera of 19 capsular polysaccharides of Klebsiella to which type numbers have been assigned. Some of these reactions either confirm structural features which already have been determined by purely chemical means or allow predictions as to what will be found. The few Klebsiella polysaccharides of known structure also permit limited conclusions as to the linkages of sugars in capsular polysaccharides of cross-reacting pneumococcal types of which the structures have not been elucidated.
The Generation of Antigen Sensitive Cells in the Newborn Mouse
Authors: Carter B. G. , Rector E. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The development of immunocompetence in C57BL/6 mice was studied during the first 2 weeks after birth. The ability to mount a direct plaque-forming cell (PFC) (IgM) and indirect (IgG 2a) response was determined as a function of age. Responsiveness at a given age was determined in two systems: 1) by direct immunization of intact mice and 2) by stimulation of spleen cells which had been transferred to irradiated syngenic recipients. The kinetics of the antibody response given by transferred spleen cells did not vary with the age of the donor. Spleen cells from 1- to 3-day-old mice gave a direct PFC response only in irradiated recipients; when thymus cells from adult mice were injected together with these spleen cells and indirect PFC response also was facilitated. The rate of increase in responsiveness for the direct PFC response was markedly different initially from that of the indirect PFC response; after 4 days both responses increased exponentially with the age of the donor. The rate of increase in responsiveness of intact mice was very low until age 9 to 10 days at which time the rate increased dramatically; this increase was attributed to the maturation of the antigen-processing system. The responsiveness during the first 2 weeks after birth thus depends on three factors: 1) the rate of seeding of antigen sensitive bone marrow-derived “B” lymphocytes, 2) the rate of seeding of thymus derived lymphocytes and 3) the rate of maturation of the antigen-processing system. The indirect (IgG 2a) PFC response is markedly dependent on both factors 2 and 3 whereas the direct (IgM) response is less dependent on both of these factors.
In Vivo Studies of the Role of Cytotoxic T Cells in Tumor Allograft Immunity
Authors: Freedman Lawrence R. , Cerottini Jean-Charles , Brunner K. Theodore 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Intraperitoneal growth of (DBA/2) P-815 tumor cells in heavily irradiated C3H mice was prevented by intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of immune, but not normal, C3H spleen cells. Tumor rejection occurred also in irradiated animals reconstituted with a pure population of immune thymus-derived (T) cells, free of bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes and alloantibody-forming cells. Immune spleen cells depleted of T cells were ineffective, although they contained the full complement of IgM alloantibody-forming cells. Intravenous injection of immune T cells also prevented the subcutaneous growth of P-815 cells in heavily irradiated C57BL/6 recipients. It is concluded that immune T cells played a predominant role in the rejection of allogeneic tumor cells.
Studies in Microbic Heredity
Authors: Mellon Ralph R. , Grenquist Ernst 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In a previous paper (1) we described rather paradoxical serologic interrelationships between four variant strains of an alkaligenes bacillus that had been derived experimentally from a common ancestor. Three of these strains, namely, K-97, K-84 and K-160, morphologically diverse, were serologically reciprocal and a fourth, K-134 showed a typical group and specific agglutinin interrelationship with strains K-97 and K-84. This is the equivalent of saying that the anti-serum of K-134 apparently did not contain agglutinins for K-97 and K-84 although their antisera contained group agglutinins for K-134.
Inasmuch as such relationships are quite well known they would not have been questioned had not the strain K-160 agglutinated in the supposedly specific K-134 antiserum, but since K-160 was serologically identical with K-97 and K-84 we sought the reason why these latter two strains did not also agglutinate in the specific anti-serum of K-134.
Alternate Complement Pathway: Factors Involved in Cobra Venom Factor (CoVF) Activation of the Third Component of Complement (C3)
Authors: Hunsicker L. G. , Ruddy S. , Austen K. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An immunochemically pure plasma protein, β2II, possessed properdin factor B activity. On the other hand, purification of this protein was associated with loss of the ability to interact with cobra venom factor (CoVF) so as to inactivate the third complement component (C3) or activate the terminal complement sequence as assessed by the lysis of unsensitized erythrocytes. C3 inactivation was restored, and terminal component activation partially restored, by combining with β2II and CoVF a 35,000 molecular weight protein isolated from euglobulin, termed factor D. An additional factor of approximately 160,000 m.w., termed factor E, also obtained from euglobulin, was required for complete reconstitution of CoVF-induced terminal component activation. Addition of radioiodinated CoVF to serum, EDTA-plasma, or serum rendered deficient in β2II, resulted in an apparent increase in the molecular weight of CoVF from 144,000 to 220,000 indicating that the interaction of CoVF with a binding protein can occur independently of magnesium ions or β2II. Complexing of CoVF was not seen with β2II, factor D, or a mixture of the two but was observed with preparations of factor E.
Hapten-Specific Tolerance: Depressed Humoral and Normal Cellular Immune Responses
Authors: Cohen Benjamin E. , Davie Joseph M. , Paul William E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A profound depression of the anti-DNP antibody response to DNP-guinea pig albumin (GPA) is induced by pretreatment of guinea pigs with the DNP conjugate of the copolymer of d-glutamic acid and d-lysine (DNP-d-GL). This tolerance is hapten-specific and previous studies have indicated that the number of precursors of anti-DNP antibody-secreting cells is diminished as a result of the tolerance induction. Thus, the tolerant state appears to be due to an immune paralysis within the precursors of antibody-secreting cells (bone marrow-derived cells). In this study, it is shown that animals tolerized with DNP-d-GL, although manifesting a marked depression in the humoral response after immunization with DNP-guinea pig albumin, display a normal delayed hypersensitivity response to DNP-guinea pig albumin. Furthermore, lymph node cells from tolerized animals incorporate thymidine into DNA when stimulated with antigen in amounts equivalent to cells from normal immune animals. Thus, cellular immune responses (thymus-derived cell mediated functions) to DNP-GPA are normal in guinea pigs pretreated with DNP-d-GL. These studies strongly reinforce the concept that a basic specificity distinction exists between receptors on precursors of antibody-secreting cells and those on cells participating in cellular immune responses.
Antibody-Binding Characteristics at the Cellular Level
Authors: Claflin Latham , Merchant Bruce 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The development of immune plaque-forming cell (PFC) populations producing IgG antibody of high affinity for the hapten, N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-β-alanylglycylglycine (DnpAGG) was studied in BALB/c mice. DnpAGG-specific PFC subpopulations differing in the affinity of their secreted antibodies were identified by the hapten-specific plaque inhibition technique. Immunization procedures were used which selected for or against the early appearance of high affinity PFC. With most procedures the main response late after antigen injection resided typically among high affinity PFC. Subpopulation profile analysis indicated that each of these procedures yielded the same high affinity PFC subpopulations. Population dominance by high affinity PFC was ordinarily reached 26 to 33 days after immunization, after which time no new PFC were detected which secreted antibody of any affinity higher than that previously observed. Under the influence of special immunization procedures these high affinity PFC could be readily detected, in reduced but significant numbers, as early as 4.5 days after immunization when IgG-secreting cells were first marking their appearance. These data indicate that in IgG, as in IgM, bone marrow-derived cell commitment to the synthesis of an antibody molecule having a given specificity and affinity commonly occurs before specific antigenic insult.
Immunochemical Similarity Between Polysaccharide Antigens of Escherichia Coli 07:K1(L):NM and Group B Neisseria Meningitidis
Authors: Kasper Dennis L. , Winkelhake Jeffrey L. , Zollinger Wendell D. , Brandt Brenda L. , Artenstein Malcolm S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Polysaccharide antigens from Escherichia coli 07:K1(L):NM and group B Neisseria meningitidis have been isolated and purified. Like the meningococcal group B polysaccharide, the sialic acid antigen from E. coli was acidic in nature, was susceptible to neuraminidase degradation and lacked O-acetyl groups. Immunologically these two polysaccharides were indistinguishable in assays of hemagglutination inhibition and they produced lines of identity by immunodiffusion. Investigation of the immunogenicity of the E. coli polysaccharide showed that it induced antibody in rabbits after multiple injections but not in human volunteers given one or two injections of 50 µg each.
In Vitro Kinetics of Intestinal Secretory IgA Secretion
Authors: Kagnoff Martin F. , Serfilippi Delchi , Donaldson Robert M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Locally synthesized secretory IgA (sIgA)3 is the predominant immunoglobulin in most mammalian external secretions (1). In the intestinal tract, the sIgA molecule is thought to be a synthetic product of lamina propria plasma cells (i.e., heavy (H) and light (L) chains, and J chain) and mucosal epithelial cells (i.e., secretory component) (1–3). Because appropriate models have not been available, it has not been possible to examine directly the kinetics of sIgA secretion.
We have recently shown (4) that biopsies of rabbit small intestine maintained in organ culture synthesized and secreted protein in vitro under steady-state conditions for at least 24 hr. Furthermore, these biopsies synthesized sIgA de novo and secreted intact sIgA into the organ culture medium. The present paper describes the kinetics of sIgA secretion by rabbit intestinal mucosa in vitro.
Rabbit small intestinal biopsies consisting largely of mucosa and submucosa were placed in organ culture as described in detail previously (4, 5).
The Role of Humoral Factors in the Initiation of in Vitro Primary Immune Responses
Authors: Watson James , Epstein Ruth , Nakoinz Ilona , Ralph Peter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocyte mitogens were used to analyze the induction of in vitro primary immune responses. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), concanavalin A (Con A), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated DNA synthesis but inhibited primary immune responses to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) in normal mouse spleen cultures. In the same concentration range LPS, Con A and PWM stimulated immune responses to SRBC in spleen cultures depleted of thymus-derived cells by treatment with anti-θ C3H serum. Spleen cultures prepared from congenitally athymic (nude) mice did not support in vitro primary immune responses to SRBC. LPS, but not Con A or PWM, stimulated both DNA synthesis and primary immune responses to SRBC in spleen cultures from athymic mice. Con A and PWM appear to require the presence of thymus-derived cells to exert their inhibitory or stimulatory effects on immune responses. In contrast LPS replaces the requirement for thymusderived cells in the induction of primary immune responses.
Suppression of Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions in Bursectomized Chickens by Passively Administered Anti-Immunoglobulin Antisera
Authors: Theis Gail A. , Thorbecke G. Jeanette 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Intravenous injection of rabbit anti-chicken immunoglobulin antisera (R anti-Ch IgG and R anti-Ch IgM) resulted in inhibition of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reactions in bursectomized agammaglobulinemic chickens. Persistence of a high titer of circulating anti-Ig over the first 48 hr after challenge of sensitized chickens was correlated with effective inhibition of DH responses. Since both the R anti-Ch IgG and R anti-Ch IgM antisera had inhibitory effect, it is suggested that the anti-Ch L-chain component common to both antisera is responsible for inhibition. Mechanisms through which anti-Ig antibody might interfere with DH reactions are discussed.
Alteration of Macrophage Interfacial Tension by Supernatants of Antigen-Activated Lymphocyte Cultures
Authors: Thrasher Susan G. , Yoshida Takeshi , van Oss Carel J. , Cohen Stanley , Rose Noel R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Supernatant fluids from cultures of sensitized lymphocytes incubated with specific antigen contain a soluble factor which lowers the contact angle between a sessile drop of buffered saline and macrophage monolayers. This effect, which reflects a reduction in the interfacial energy of the cell surface, is carrier specific and is not due to antibody or antigen in the culture fluids. This factor appears concomitantly with MIF production. The lowering of contact angle is associated with enhanced phagocytosis, in a system involving opsonized erythrocytes. Aside from providing information about interactions between sensitized lymphocytes and macrophages, this system may serve as a rapid assay for detecting lymphokine activity.
The Localization of IgE in Canine Skin: An Immunofluorescent Study
Authors: Halliwell R. E. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The distribution of IgE in canine skin was studied by immunofluorescence. The antibody was found to be associated exclusively with mast cells and to be largely cytoplasmically located. No other recognized immunoglobulin had a similar association. Immunofluorescent localization of Ascaris-binding antibodies gave parallel results to the IgE system. The amounts of IgE and of Ascaris-binding antibody in the skin of eight dogs were assessed semiquantitatively and showed a positive correlation with the results of intradermal skin tests with Ascaris extract and with anti-IgE (reversed cutaneous anaphylaxis). There was a poorer correlation between the amount of cutaneous IgE and the levels in the sera of the same eight dogs.
Platelet Injury Due to Activation of the Alternate Complement Pathway
Authors: Siraganian R. P. , Sandberg A. L. , Alexander A. , Osler A. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Allergic histamine release from rabbit platelets can be initiated through the alternate pathway of C activation. The release reaction proceeds in the absence of the Fc portion of the antibody molecule. The time course of release due to this pathway is slower than that after activation of the classical C sequence. Platelet injury due to immune complexes through both pathways requires the sixth C component.
Polycarbonate Sieve Filtration of Lymph Node Cells: Selective Depletion of Immunoglobulin-Bearing Lymphocytes
Authors: Harrison Michael R. , Elfenbein Gerald J. , Green Ira 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The physical properties of lymphocytes are likely to be heterogeneous as are their functional properties. Thus, thymus-derived (T)1 lymphocytes are functionally distinct from bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes and this distinction is reflected not only in the presence or absence of easily detectable immunoglobulin on the cell surface (1), but also in the buoyant density of these cells as determined by velocity sedimentation (2) and their surface charge as measured by electrophoretic mobility (3, 4).
The lymphocyte's ability to migrate across post-capillary venules (5) may depend on general physical properties such as cell size and membrane charge adhesiveness and deformability. T lymphocytes differ from B lymphocytes in their migration and recirculation patterns (2, 6). T cells gain access to extravascular spaces such as chylous effusions more easily than B cells (7). The elegant studies of erythrocyte deformability as measured by passive filtration through polycarbonate sieves of defined pore size (8–11) led us to adapt this technique to the study of lymphocytes.
Characteristics of Disparate Histocompatibility Barriers in Congenic Strains of Mice
Authors: Cantrell J. L. , Hildemann W. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Characteristics of specific immunologic suppression were investigated in C57BL/10 congenic mouse strain combinations disparate at non-H-2 loci as a function of strong, moderate, and weak incompatibilities. These immunogenetic barriers were defined by both graft-vs-host reactivity and distinctive skin allograft survival times. Intraperitoneal injection of neonates with varying doses (2 × 106 to 20 × 106) of allogeneic spleen cells led to degrees of subsequent donor skin allograft acceptance which were closely dependent upon the interallelic combination. However, long-term skin allograft acceptors consistently produced serum alloantibodies against donor cells detectable in vitro by both cytotoxicity and hemagglutination-migration assays. The effectiveness of this specific antibody-associated suppression of transplantation immunity suggestive of enhancement was inversely proportional to the strength of the immunogenetic barrier and directly proportional to donor cell dosage. Increased immunogenetic incompatibility required increased dosage of allogeneic cells to induce specific suppression. The weaker the incompatibility the higher the incidence of effective allogeneic suppression and of concomitant alloantibody production obtained at lower antigen dosage. Coexistence of suppression of transplantation immunity (thymus-derived cell pathway blocked) with continuing anti-donor alloantibody production (bone marrow-derived cell pathway open) was found to be characteristic of the allograft-tolerant state.