bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
75 Effect of Atmospheric Aging on Soot Particle Toxicity in Airway Epithelial-Endothelial Co-Culture Models at the Air–Liquid Interface
Authors: Offer Svenja , Bucchianico Sebastiano Di , Czech Hendryk , Alsaleh Rasha , Kersch Christian , Schmitz-Spanke Simone , Pardo Michal , Rudich Yinon , Zimmermann Ralf 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) formed from anthropogenic or biogenic volatile precursors in the atmosphere substantially contribute to the ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) burden, which has been associated with adverse human health effects. However, there is only limited evidence of their differential toxicological impact. To study those effects, we generated different aerosols by atmospheric aging of volatile biogenic (β-pinene) or anthropogenic (naphthalene) precursors of SOA that condensed on soot particles (SPs). In-depth, physicochemical aerosol characterization revealed very similar physical properties for SOAβPIN-SP and SOANAP-SP, but distinct differences in chemical composition. For example, SOANAP-SP was associated with the formation of more oxidized and more aromatic SOAs with a higher oxidative potential compared to β-pinene. By exposing a co-culture model system consisting of lung epithelial cells (A549) and endothelial cells (EA.hy926) at the air-liquid interface to different aerosol concentrations, we aimed to discriminate toxicological effects. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomics analysis revealed induction of stress-related airways remodeling and an early type I immune response, for the A549 cells, especially after the exposure to SOANAP-SP. The underlying EA.hy926 cells showed similar transcriptomic changes in early response genes and genes related to cardiovascular pathologies after exposure to both SOA types, however to a greater extent after SOANAP-SP. While fresh SP without coating by SOA evinced only minor changes in both cell lines. Altogether, this supports the assumption of a pivotal role of atmospheric chemistry and the chemical PM composition on the toxicological outcomes and highlights the importance of organic compounds on cellular effects.
85 An Approach to Test Effects on Secondary Organs via Lung Cells Exposed at the Air Liquid Interphase
Authors: Mariussen Espen , Skuland Tonje , Dahlman Hans Jørgen , Låg Marit , Øvrevik Johan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Air pollutions are shown to increase the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases and ischemic stroke. These effects imply an indirect exposure of secondary organs downstream of the respiratory system as the primary target of exposure. Mechanistic studies of air pollution on secondary organs have traditionally been performed on organ specific monocultures at submerged conditions. Direct exposure to organ specific cells secondary exposed to air pollution have the drawback that it does not imply realistic exposure conditions. In this study we have indirectly exposed organ specific cells to particulate matter via exposure of a bronchial lung model at the air liquid interphase (ALI). The lung model was exposed to a model diesel particle (DEP) and an equivalent dose of an acetone extract of the DEP. The DEP induced induction of IL-6 formation of which the DEP was more potent than the DEP extract. The DEP extract inhibited CXCL8 formation, which appeared contradictory since both the DEP and DEP-extract increased expression of CXCL8 mRNA. Our results showed a substantial increased expression of CyP1A1 and CyP1B1 in both epithelial and endothelial cells in the lung model of which no differences were observed between the DEP and DEP-extract. However, the solvent extract induced the CYPs with a higher potency in the secondary exposed HepG2 liver cells, probably due to faster permeation of dissolved substances in the DEP extract through the lung barrier. Thus, organ specific cell models can be combined to achieve a more realistic so-called body-specific model to study secondary effects.
92 In Vitro Cytokinesis Block Micronucleus (CBMN) Assay to Evaluate the Genotoxicity of Multicomponent Nanomaterials – a Tiered Testing Approach
Authors: Saccardo Angela , Evans Stephen J , Tendero Mariajose Lopez , Balbuena José , Cormano José M L , Jenkins Gareth J S , Clift Martin J D , Doak Shareen H 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The development of nanomaterials has seen exponential growth in the last two decades and, more recently, of complex multicomponent nanomaterials (MCNM), which represent challenges for human hazard testing. This study aims to determine exposure-dose-response relationships and the potential human hazard of industrially relevant MCNMs with a tiered testing approach. Tier1 is a simple in vitro assay, while Tier2 is a more complex in vitro model suitable for mimicking inhalation exposure. The intent was to explore the differences between the complexity of the assays and the genotoxicity response. The cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of selected MCNMs were evaluated with an OECD-approved in vitro Tier1 testing approach with nano-specific modifications. Chromosomal breakage (genotoxicity) was measured with the in vitro cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assay alongside relative population doubling (RPD) to assess cytotoxicity. For Tier1 testing, the CBMN assay was performed on human lymphoblastoid (TK6) cells; a co-culture of lung epithelial cells (A549) and monocytes (d-THP-1) was utilised for Tier2 genotoxicity testing. MCNMs from four industrially-relevant case studies were analysed. Some materials demonstrated differences in the dose-response relationship between the core components and the MCNM when using Tier1 in vitro tests, suggesting a synergistic effect when the materials were combined. These results are compared across the tier testing system to determine if advanced culture models can provide more physiologically relevant data as compared to standard in vitro systems.
This research has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme for the SUNSHINE project under grant agreement No 952924.
96 Longitudinal Profiling of Carbon Nanotube-Induced Sporadic Mesothelioma Development: Defining the Adverse Outcome Pathway for Disease Progression
Authors: Cabeza Joaquin Zacarias , Chernova Tatyana , Sun Xiao-Ming , Craxton Andrew , Galavotti Sara , Cauchy Pierre , Beier Sina , Spriggs Ruth , Murphy Fiona A , Greaves Peter , Poland Craig A , Willis Anne E , MacFarlane Marion 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Exposure to asbestos causes pathological changes in the pleural cavity, including malignant mesothelioma (MPM). Length-dependent retention of asbestos fibres in the pleural cavity is crucial for disease development. Chronic inflammation induced by biopersistent asbestos fibres plays a key role in carcinogenesis. Engineered CarbonNanoTubes (CNT) are similar to long-fibre asbestos (LFA) in terms of their high aspect-ratio and thus may pose an asbestos-like inhalation hazard, with evidence from our laboratory and others showing the carcinogenic potential of Long-CNT. Asbestos-induced MPM is diagnosed most commonly at late stage; as a result, little is known about the genetic or epigenetic aberrations occurring in pre-malignant pleural lesions and whether they align with deletions/mutations commonly found in end-stage asbestos-exposed patient tumours. Using a mouse model of direct injection into the pleural cavity, we compared the molecular changes that occur at the mesothelium following injection with an occupationally-relevant dose of Long-CNT or LFA over 20-months. We show a common molecular signature induced by Long-CNT and LFA throughout disease progression eventually leading to the development of sporadic MPM. DNA methylation, gene expression profiles, as well as specific genes are similarly altered in the presence of Long-CNT and LFA, at matched longitudinal exposure times. For the first time, these data uncover the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) from initial Long-CNT exposure through to induction of pre-neoplastic lesions and the development of sporadic pleural mesothelioma, replicating the pathogenesis of end-stage asbestos-induced human disease. This reinforces concerns that high aspect-ratio CNT may pose an asbestos-like hazard, including sporadic malignant mesothelioma.
101 Novel Stoffenmanager® Algorithms for Quantitative Estimation of Exposure to Respirable Dust and Quartz in Construction, Formulating and Metal Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Zilaout Hicham , Koppisch Dorothea , Arnone Mario , Colomo Carlota Alejandre , Heussen Henri 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Stoffenmanager® is a well-established and widely accepted tool that is applied for regulatory risk assessments (e.g. REACH). This online-tool enables companies to identify hazardous chemicals, chemical risks and to control exposure to hazardous substances at the workplace. In the current version, however, Stoffenmanager® is not applicable to all areas of activity with solids in which dusty hazardous substances are used or may arise. Therefore, the aim of this project is to expand the applicability domain of Stoffenmanager® by developing three innovative algorithms: 1) respirable dust and quartz for tasks with dusty products, 2) respirable dust for metal-cutting manufacturing and 3) respirable dust and quartz for the mechanical processing of stone. To derive new quantitative regression models calibration and validation measurement datasets on hazardous substances are required. In this project, a total of approximately 6000 data points including comprehensive contextual information were extracted from the IFA Exposure database MEGA and MEGA variables were converted into Stoffenmanager® variables. Subsequently, the variables were divided into classes with scores on a logarithmic scale. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated, and in case of significant positive relationship between the Stoffenmanager® scores and the measurements statistical regression analyses were performed to calculate the regression equations. After the development of the new algorithms, exposure models were validated against exposure data from the MEGA database. Scatter plots and regression equations will be presented. The new algorithms serve to improve workers’ health by reducing occupational exposure to respirable dust and quartz which are known to be human carcinogens.
102 Insights from Workplace Exposure Campaigns During Metal 3D Printing Procedures with Portable Equipment to Monitor Ultrafine Particles Emissions
Authors: Martins Carla , Laranjeira João , Matos Cristina , Alberto Rita 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Metal 3D printing is an emergent technology gaining much interest in a wide range of sectors, namely in the automotive and aeronautics sectors. This technology enables rapid prototyping, offering development of products with a remarkable time and cost reduction, and allows the creation of almost any shape, overcoming the difficulties of the conventional techniques. However, innovation always brings new risks and uncertainties about human exposure and hazards of the new materials, products, or by-products of the innovative technologies. It has been reported that from metal 3D printing procedures, volatile and non-volatile particles might be emitted, turning the people directly involved in the process and the other present in the facilities, potentially exposed to those emissions. Therefore, especial efforts must be imputed on risk assessments to particles emitted on occupational or domestic settings, from 3D printing activities. Addressing the exposure to airborne ultrafine particles during several metal 3D printing procedures, namely plasma metal deposition, wire arc additive manufacturing, wire-laser additive manufacturing and atmospheric pressure plasma deposition, this study evaluated the use of real-time portable equipment to characterise the exposure (in terms of number and size of particles). Different operating conditions were investigated, with different machines and materials. The airborne ultrafine particles emissions were characterised, and the efficiency of the implemented control measures was evaluated. Some limitations were found, and therefore as outcome from the study, some recommendations are proposed concerning the exposure mitigation and insights from the monitoring campaigns are provided.
103 Tyre Wear Particle Sampling Position During Real-World Driving Impacts Bioreactivity on Human Lung Alveolar Epithelial Cells in Vitro
Authors: Akande Toyosi , Alobaidi Ayeh , Alzahabi Khaled , Gamble Georgia May , Molden Nick , Stettler Marc , Tetley Teresa 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Tyre wear particles (TWPs) are a predominant component of particulate air pollution from road transport and emissions may increase in future due to increasing use of heavier cars. We hypothesized that inhaled respirable TWPs would have adverse effects on human lung alveolar epithelium, which would differ between alveolar type 1 (AT1; gas exchanging) and type 2 (AT2; secretory) cells. Two real-time road-generated samples were each collected into Milli-Q water using custom-made apparatus whilst driving a car for 2h: S1) high, behind the tyre (“pure” TWP) and S2) low, sideways to the tyre (mixed TWP/brake/road wear). Alveolar epithelial type 1-like (AT1L) and type 2-like (AT2L) cell lines were exposed for 24h to each TWP sample at 62.5-250µg/ml. The response differed between AT1L and AT2L cells. AT1L cell viability/metabolism and cytotoxity (MTT/LDH assays) were unaffected by either TWP sample, whereas AT2L cell metabolic activity increased (MTT measures metabolic activity) at all concentrations of TWP, ~20%-30% (p&lt;0.01). S1 induced IL-6 mediator release (~5-fold; p&lt;0.0001) and IL-8 mediator release (~2.2-fold; p&lt;0.01) by AT1L cells, whereas S2 did not. S1 and S2 induced IL-6 (S1, ~10-fold, p&lt;0.0001: S2, ~4-fold, p&lt;0.0001) and IL-8 (S1, ~4-fold, p&lt;0.0001: S2, ~2-fold, p&lt;0.0001) release by AT2L cells, thus mediator release was significantly greater for S1 and greater than for AT1L cells. These data indicate that AT2L cells were more sensitive to TWP than AT1L cells; the “pure” TWP were significantly more bioreactive than the mixed TWP/brake/road wear particles.
105 What is the Association Between Smoking or Vaping and Covid-19 Susceptibility?
Authors: Bowsher Rachel , Marczylo Tim , Bailey Alexis , Wright Matthew , Gooch Karen , Marczylo Emma 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Currently, any association between smoking and COVID-19 susceptibility is conflicted as there is limited research especially on the impact of vaping. This systematic literature review will identify genes and signalling pathways that are affected by smoking or vaping that may play a role in altering the susceptibility of an individual to COVID-19. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, OVID and Web of Science databases, were searched (1946 to Nov 2021). Abstracts and subsequent full texts were screened for eligibility by RB, with EM and AB screening 5% each. Discrepancies were discussed and agreed between all. Papers were excluded for reasons such as focussing on comorbidities, immune cells or those with no exposure. Data from included papers detailing the exposure (type, duration and dose if applicable), pathway or gene of interest, sample type (species and cell type) and the overall findings, were extracted. Pathway analysis was undertaken to identify those pathways in common between smoking, vaping, nicotine and COVID-19 (g:Profiler and Cytoscape). We identified genes within the respiratory tract involved in both the initial viral response and those affected by smoking, vaping or nicotine exposure. This enabled us to determine signalling pathways of interest and therefore areas for further study. This systematic review will inform further research to identify any altered susceptibility and the risk of severe COVID-19 posed to smokers and vapers. This will inform Public Health Policies, highlighting vulnerable groups and provide guidance of relevance to both COVID-19 and other respiratory viruses.
108 Workplace Exposure to Ultrafine Particles, Dust, and Chemicals During Plastic Production with Recycled Plastics
Authors: Ferree Patrick , Jensen Alexander , Ribalta Carla , Nøjgaard Jakob , Sahlgren Nicklas , Nielsen Signe , Berthing Trine , Jensen Keld 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The plastics industry is a major contributor to the world economy, and in 2019 alone, there were some 480 million metric tons of plastic produced worldwide. Although a great deal of attention has been given to measuring and understanding the extent of plastic in the environment and its associated human exposure, much less is known about the human exposure to plastics during its production. The aim of this study is to characterize in detail the particulate matter (PM) emitted from various processes involved in the manufacturing and recycling of plastics. Here we report our findings from an initial campaign carried out at a Danish plastics factory. Online instruments were used to determine the particle number and mass concentrations for particles in the range of 10nm to 10µm, over the course of five hours, at both near- and far-field positions with respect to activities associated with the processing of plastics, including extruding, thermoforming, mixing, crushing, and rolling. For fine particles (&lt;300nm), the average total particle number concentrations associated with these activities were 3.3x104, 4.0x103, 2.8x104, 3.5x104, and 6.9x104 #/cm3, respectively. Respirable dust concentrations were 13, 7, 9, 7 (calculated), and 12 µg/m3, respectively, and total dust concentrations were similar or slightly higher. These data suggest that the principal contributions to human exposure in the facility are fine and ultrafine particles. In addition to the real-time data and mass concentrations, samples are also analyzed for elemental composition and plastics. This research was supported by FFIKA, a grant from the Danish government.
110 Laboratory Testing of an Innovative Respirable Sampler and Chemical Analysis of Filters at Multiple Research Facilities
Authors: Bard Delphine , Asbach Christof , Clavaguera Simon , Giesen Jörg , Hall Samantha , Hunwin Graeme , Morton Jackie , Müller Clarissa , Musgrove Darren 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Traditionally, workers’ exposure to hazardous dust is measured using a size selective sampler. The sampler is connected to an independent pump, which requires adjustment and calibration. The PARTICLEVER sampler is an innovative sampler for workplace exposure measurements. It is a light-weight and self-contained battery operated device with a reliable steady flow rate. Particles, including nanoparticles, are sampled onto a polycarbonate filter for post chemical analysis using e.g. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The filter is hosted in a removal cassette holder. This paper compiles results from three laboratories commissioned independently by ITGA (France) to assess the performance of the PARTICLEVER sampler for the respirable fraction in test chambers. This study indicates that the collection efficiency of this sampler is in good agreement with the respirable EN 481 convention. Generally, the PARTICLEVER sampler undersampled when compared with the German MPGII elutriator. However, the MPGII was designed to follow the Johannesburg convention rather than the EN 481 respirable convention.
122 Elucidating the Impact of Inhaled Micro-, Nanoplastics (MNPs) from Surgical Face Masks In Vitro
Authors: Hodgetts Lewis , Meldrum Kirsty , Bateman Joshua , Auyang Eric , Levermore Joseph , Vogel Ulla , Doak Shareen , Wright Stephanie , Clift Martin 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Surgical face masks are routinely used in clinical settings, but also extensively by the public during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. These masks contain a high proportion of plastic, specifically polypropylene (PP), which could shed microscopic particles to the environment or nasal cavity. However, to-date, despite focus upon an increased environmental burden, the (human) hazard relevant to inhaled MNPs remains largely unknown. The aim of this project therefore, was to determine the toxicity of inhaled PP (commercially available powders, or extracted from surgical masks; either (i) all layers, or (ii) the innermost layer only), using an advanced in vitro approach. Type-II lung epithelial cells (NCI-H441) were cultured at the air-liquid interface and exposed to respirable PP via aerosol for 24hrs at depositions of 500, 100 and 2000 ng/cm2 (Vitrocell Cloud12). Carbon black (Printex 90) was used as a positive particle control. Respirable MNP samples required cryomilling and cryotome slicing, and were analysed using pyrolysis-GCMS. In addition to acellular deposition, as well as particle and cellular morphology (electron microscopy) assessed endpoints of cytotoxicity (trypan blue exclusion), barrier integrity (dextran blue), (pro-)inflammatory response (IL-1β/IL-6/IL-8), oxidative stress (SOD-1), and genotoxicity (mononucleate micronucleus) were conducted. So far, a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability was observed following exposure to commercial PP and complete mask PP samples, whilst a concentration-dependent increase in all (pro-)inflammatory mediators assessed was noted. Further, initial genotoxicity assessment suggests a minor increase to micronucleus formation for both exposure samples. Preliminary data therefore suggests that aerosolised MNPs instigate a hazardous response in vitro.
129 A task-Based Approach to Nanomaterials Exposure Assessment in the Construction Trades
Authors: West Gavin , Brooks Sara , Burrelli Leonard , Nealley Mark , Saldivar Andreas , Cooper Michael , Lippy Bruce 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
While the critical task of evaluating the hazards of nanomaterials continues, exposure assessments can provide additional information to safeguard workers. The frequent exposure of construction workers to inhalation hazards underscores a pressing need to characterize and quantify nanomaterials in aerosols generated during construction activities. Research was conducted in partnership with affected building trades unions and in collaboration with NIOSH toxicologists to obtain occupationally relevant exposure data. Initial studies took place in a test chamber, in which a skilled tradesperson sprayed or sanded paints and coatings containing ZnO, TiO2, or Ag nanoparticles. The current study, conducted outdoors, investigated exposure to graphene nanoplatelets during cutting, grinding, and tuckpointing of cementitious composites. Personal breathing zone samples were analyzed for elemental carbon (EC) respirable mass concentration and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Wet methods and local exhaust ventilation effectively reduced exposure to graphene; respirable EC was non-detectable when using exposure controls versus up to 3 mg m-3 without. A high proportion of graphene particles observed by TEM were free and not bound to the cement matrix. Compared to the unincorporated graphene, the dimensions of graphene particles observed in air samples were smaller, suggesting a potential physical transformation prior to release from the matrix. Given the dustiness of construction environments, analysis of filter loading prior to collection of TEM samples proved methodologically valuable. These results provide actionable information about exposure risks and controls and support further investigation of the extent to which graphene may alter the toxicity of cement dust.