bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fish‐eye disease: Ocular characteristics in anterior‐segment optical coherence tomography of a patient with lecithin‐cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency
Authors: El Bakkali Ismael Bakkali , Arias Pablo Cisneros , Rivasés Guillermo Pérez , Moscarda Eva Josefina Núñez , de Rivas Marta Orejudo , Fernández Miguel Castillo , Martínez Marta Suñer , Puyuelo Francisco Javier Ascaso , Sayas María Ángeles Del Buey 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: We describe a case of Fish‐Eye Disease (FED) in which the clinical features and visual function were investigated using anterior‐segment optical coherence tomography (AS‐OCT).Methods: A 38‐year‐old Spanish man with a known history of dyslipidemia came to our Hospital referring mild blurred vision and whitening of both eyes. Visual acuity was 1.00 (decimal). Slit‐lamp examination showed bilateral, peripheral yellowish‐white corneal opacities, causing corneal clouding. An AS‐OCT was then performed, showing homogeneously hyper‐reflective corneal stroma. On systemic examination, the patient had low plasma high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.Results: Both slit‐lamp examination and AS‐OCT imaging revealed a corneal opacification compatible with FED, a clinical feature secondary to a lecithin‐cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency. The patient was sent to genetic counselling to study the mutation, which was later found to be positive for LCAT gene.Conclusions: Although it is not a common genetic disorder, FED should be included in the differential diagnosis of corneal clouding. The findings from this case suggest that a complete eye examination, both with slit‐lamp and AS‐OCT, can be useful for an early FED diagnosis despite good visual acuity.
Morphological changes of eye tissues after the influence of high‐frequency electric current welding with suprachoroidal approach to induce chorio‐retinal adhesion
Authors: Saoud Omar , Sergiienko Andrii , Korol Anatoliy , Umanets Mykola , Petrovski Goran , Rehak Matus , Lytvynchuk Lyubomyr 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: to evaluate the morphological changes in eye tissue after the influence of high‐frequency electric current welding (HFECW) with suprachoroidal approach in rabbit's eyes in order to induce chorio‐retinal adhesion as an alternative treatment for retinal tears.Methods: 54 adult rabbits were used. The study complied to the ARVO statement for use of animals in ophthalmic and visual research. In the treated group, the retina was coagulated 7–10 mm from the limbus through a U‐shaped scleral incision with suprachoroidal approach using 23‐gauge tip and modified HFECW generator EK‐300 M1 (E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute, Kyiv, Ukraine) with parameters: 66 kHz HFECW, three modes of 10–12 Volts (V), 12–14 V and 14–16 V. The eyes were then enucleated after 1 hour and 3‐, 7‐, 14‐ and 30‐days. Tissue changes were analysed using haematoxylin–eosin staining and light microscopy, and compared to the control eyes.Results: In all treated eyes the monopolar HFECW induced an increased tissue adhesion in the area of electrode application, which strengthened with time. The retina responded by apparent destruction of rods, cones, loss of bipolar, amacrine, horizontal and ganglion cells, development of cysts and migration of RPEs. The choroid showed damage and migration of melanocytes. By 30 days, a ​​tissue thinning with partial cell regeneration and connective tissue degeneration were apparent. Amplification of the voltage from 10 to 16 V caused a shift from active exudation without significant tissue damage to acute retinal necrosis, respectively. The nearby lying retinal layers and vitreous remained intact.Conclusions: Application of HFECW with suprachoroidal approach induced chorio‐retinal adhesion in 1 hour after the treatment, which strengthened within first weeks after the surgery. Implementation of HFECW as an alternative method to treat retinal tears in eyes with retinal detachment could reduce the need for endotamponade and the risks of its possible complications.
Evaluation of choroidal thickness in AMD: A 10‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Moleiro Ana Filipa , Rodrigues Rita , Carneiro Ângela , Falcão Manuel 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: To evaluate choroidal thickness (CT) progression in patients with Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) according to different phenotypes.Methods: Retrospective review of patients followed on AMD outpatient clinic from our hospital. Subfoveal CT was measured recurring to cross‐sectional spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) images. Annual measurements were performed for each patient. Demographics, visual acuity and number of intra‐vitreal treatments were also collected.Results: One hundred and seventeen eyes from 87 patients (mean age 81.6 ± 6.6 years) were included. Intermediate AMD (group 1) was present in 14 eyes, exudative AMD (group 2) in 83 eyes, and atrophic AMD (group 3) in 14, while six eyes did not present any relevant pathology (group 4). Significant CT reduction was evident during the follow‐up of all the groups (p < 0.001, CT at beginning vs 5‐year follow‐up). No statistical differences in initial or 5‐years CT were noted between the groups (p = 0.123 and p = 0.126, respectively). After 5 years, CT presents a further significant annual reduction in AMD eyes (p < 0.001) while eyes without signs of AMD stabilize. The degree of choroidal thinning seems to vary between groups, especially during the 5 to 10 years follow‐up. At 10‐years follow‐up (N = 65), CT is statistically different among groups (p = 0.04) with atrophic AMD showing the lowest CT (mean CT 149.0 ± 38.0 μm, CT variation −42.7 ± 35.4 μm) and healthy eyes the lowest reduction (mean CT 313 ± 43.5 μm, CT variation −9.6 ± 9.2 μm). CT variation correlates with macular retinal thickness and the number of intravitreal injections in group 2 (p < 0.01). Visual acuity did not correlate with CT (p = 0.07) although thinner choroids present better visual acuities.Conclusions: AMD eyes showed a significant choroidal thinning during the follow‐up, more marked in atrophic AMD. Macular retinal thickness seems to be a predictor of CT. Further studies, with a higher number of eyes are needed to validate our results.
Evaluation of risk factors for recurrence by anterior segment optical coherence tomography in pterygium surgery
Authors: González Marina Aguilar , Peris‐Martínez Cristina , Camps Isabel Pascual , Ontiveros Ana Hervás , Payá Emma Marín , Gregori Enrique España 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: To study if there is an association between the values obtained by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS‐OCT) preoperatively and postoperatively to pterygium surgery using the technique of conjunctival autograft with biological glue and its risk of recurrence.Methods: A prospective one‐year study was carried out in 50 patients with primary pterygium who underwent excision surgery and conjunctival autograft with biological glue. All of them received the same postoperative treatment. They were followed up in the same way by taking preoperative pterygium measurements and postoperative autograft measurements by AS‐OCT and the number of recurrences was recorded. To obtain the measurements, a line was drawn perpendicular to the ocular surface at the level of the scleral spur, and the intersection of this line with the ocular surface was taken as a reference point to measure the length and the thickness of the pterygium at limbus, center and head, and the thickness of the conjunctival autograft at 1 mm (epithelial, stromal and total), 2 mm (total) and 3 mm (total).Results: The postoperatively autograft thickness AS‐OCT measurements were associated with pterygium recurrence after conjunctival autograft with biological glue surgery.Conclusions: There are measurable factors by AS‐OCT that can be correlated with a higher rate of pterygium recurrence after surgery.
Effect of olfactory ensheathing glia clone TEG3 on neuroprotection, microglial activation and gene expression profile of allotransplanted retina with and without immunosuppression
Authors: Muñoz María Norte , Portela‐Lomba María , Sobrado‐Calvo Paloma , Di Pierdomenico Johnny , Vidal‐Sanz Manuel , Moreno‐Flores María Teresa , Agudo‐Barriuso Marta 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: Olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) is a macroglia from the embryonic ectoderm, with unique functions in guiding sensory axons from the olfactory mucosa (PNS) to the olfactory bulb (CNS). These properties, together with their high secretion of trophic factors, have made its use a field of study in axonal regeneration. However, their in vivo administration in the retina had never been tested, so we set out to evaluate their actions in the retina without injury and after an optic nerve crush (ONC) model. In addition, to simulate the clinical conditions of an allogeneic cell transplant, we evaluated how their properties were altered when combined with immunosuppressive treatment.Methods: Wistar TEG3‐GFP+ cells were administered into the vitreous of SD female rats. Experimental groups: transplantation in intact retinas, in retinas just after ONC, and both with systemic immunosuppression. In some animals of each group, the retina was dissected for anatomical analysis and the total number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was counted and the morphological activation of microglia was studied. The retinas of the remaining animals were dissected fresh for the study of gene expression by real‐time quantitative PCR. Animals injected with vehicles after ONC and intact animals without injury were used as controls. n = 3–8 animals/group/analysis.Results: TEG3 neuroprotected RGCs after ONC at 7 days (18% more survival compared to vehicle group p < 0.05) but caused a large activation of microglia cells coupled with a 33% (p < 0.01) reduction of RGCs 21 after transplantation in intact retinas. Immunosuppression had no effect on neuroprotective properties but did recover some of the death observed at 21 days in intact retinas (up to a 17%, p < 0,05). Immunosuppression reduced the expression of pro‐inflammatory molecules (Tnf, Il6), macrogliosis markers (Gfap) and macrophage markers (Ptprc) in favour of anti‐inflammatory ones (Il10). However, markers of pyroptotic cell death (Casp4, Gsdmd) did not change after treatment, which would explain the elevated microglial activation and death observed at 21 days in intact and grafted retinas.Conclusions: TEG3 has a dual effect neurotoxic and neuroprotective in retina.
Cardiovascular risk factors and characterization of retinal drusen by OCT in subjects with genetic risk for the development of Alzheimer disease
Authors: Salobrar‐Garcia Elena , Sánchez‐Puebla Lidia , Gil‐Salgado Ines , Elvira‐Hurtado Lorena , Fernández‐Albarral José A. , Matamoros Jose A. , RAMIREZ Jose Manuel , Ramirez Ana I. , Ramirez‐Toraño Federico , Barabash Ana , SALAZAR Juan Jose , de Hoz Rosa 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: The aim of this work is analyse and characterize retinal drusen in cognitively healthy subjects at high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) (having a family history (FH+) of AD and carrying ɛ4 allele for the ApoE gene) compared to control subjects.Methods: Subjects are classified by their AD HF (HF‐ or HF+) and their ApoE ɛ4 allelic characterization (ApoE ɛ4‐ or ApoE ɛ4+) to analyse retinal drusen by OCT. Hypercholesterolemia (HCL), blood high pressure (HBP) and diabetes mellitus are also considered in this analysis. In addition, we analysed choroidal thickness by OCT.Results: When we compared the drusen number between groups taking account the HCL, there was statistical significance between the FH‐ ApoE ɛ4‐ HCL+ group and (i) FH+ ApoE ɛ4‐ HCL+ and (ii) FH+ ApoE ɛ4+ HCL‐ groups. Considering HBP and comparing the drusen number between the study groups, we found statistically significant differences when comparing the FH‐ ApoE ɛ4‐ HBP‐ group and the FH+ ApoE ɛ4+ HBP+ group. We also found statistically significant differences in the number of drusen when comparing the FH‐ ApoE ɛ4‐ HBP+ group with: (i) FH+ ApoE ɛ4‐ HBP‐ group; and (ii) FH+ ApoE ɛ4+ HBP+ group).Conclusions: In conclusion, there does not appear to be a relationship between AD HF or any of the ApoE isoforms and the presence or absence of drusen. Subjects with drusen show choroidal thinning compared with patients without drusen, reaching statistical significance in the group of participants with an AD HF, without ApoE ɛ4, and with HCL. This thinning could trigger changes in choroidal perfusion that could give rise to the deposits that generate drusen.
Investigating the potential neuroprotective effect of semaglutide in the mouse retina
Authors: von Spreckelsen Alexander 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: To investigate the potential locally mediated neuroprotective effect of the glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonist, semaglutide, in the mouse retina, including an assessment of the underlying mechanisms of action.Methods: The study was conducted using surgically isolated retinas from female C57BL/6jRj mice as ex vivo model system. Retinas were exposed to different concentrations (10–100 nM) of semaglutide for different exposure durations (2–48 h). Retinal explant viability was assessed employing the lactate dehydrogenase release assay. The number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was quantified employing immunohistochemistry. The acute and intermediate effect of semaglutide on the ex vivo retinal glucose metabolism under euglycemic conditions was assessed through metabolic mapping employing [U‐13C]glucose, followed by relative analyte quantification employing gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The influence of semaglutide on the retinal mitochondrial function was assessed by employing the Seahorse assay on isolated retinal mitochondria.Results: Semaglutide exerted no effect on the retinal explant or RGC viability. Semaglutide may acutely potentiate the retinal ex vivo glucose metabolism/mitochondrial function indicated by statistically significant glucose hypermetabolism (increased 13C‐enrichment) of certain tricarboxylic acid intermediates (citrate and α‐ketoglutarate) relative to the control. Results on the effect of semaglutide on the mitochondrial function/oxygen consumption rate are not yet available.Conclusions: Under the experimental conditions, semaglutide did not influence the retinal explant or RGC‐specific viability. Semaglutide may acutely potentiate the retinal ex vivo glucose metabolism by enhancing the mitochondrial function. Additional studies are needed for clarification.
What do we know about preservatives?
Authors: Tatham Andrew 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPreservatives have played an important role in traditional topical ophthalmic medications. However, problems associated with preserved eye drops include ocular surface disease, poor tolerability and adherence, reduced quality of life, and increased risk of failure of glaucoma surgery. This presentation explores the evidence for and against the use of preservatives in glaucoma medications and explores whether preservative free drops should be first line for all. The cytotoxic effects of preservatives will be examined and practical advice provided on the management of iatrogenic ocular surface disease.
Generics pros and cons
Authors: Meier‐Gibbons Frances 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAlthough generic drugs have been replacing branded drugs for many years, but it is only required since 1992 that they have the same active and inactive ingredients.However, are generic drugs really the same as branded drugs? In systemically applied drugs, the amount of the active substance can be tested. In eye drops, however, we do not know the exact amount of the active substance which reaches the eye. Hence, the knowledge that the active substance is a small part of the whole drop and that the inactive parts may be changed in generic drugs lead to the conclusion that a generic eye drop may differ from the branded counterpart.The advantages of generic drops are mainly the costs: A new generic drug needs only the proof of the therapeutic equivalence or the pharmacokinetic bioequivalence and a sufficient compatibility, therefore it is much cheaper to produce a new generic drug than a branded drug.The disadvantages are manifold: The drop can vary in the inactive substances and therefore in the tolerability. The shape of the bottle, the tip of the bottle and the size of the opening of the tip can vary, leading to a considerable difference in number of drops in one bottle.Last but not least the patients may be sceptical about a generic drug, not knowing if it is as effective as the branded drug and having problems adapting to new shapes and colours of the bottles.Generic drugs have taken over a big part of the anti‐glaucomatous drug market. However, we need to inform the patients that there may be substantial differences between generic and branded drugs and check the patients more often after changing their medication.
When to suspect mitochondrial disease and how to investigate it
Authors: La Morgia Chiara 
Published: December 2022

AbstractMitochondrial diseases are caused by both nuclear DNA (nDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations and are characterized by heterogeneous clinical presentations due to the potential affection of each organ of the body, in particular those with high energy requirements.The most common clinical presentations of mitochondrial defects are mitochondrial myopathy, central nervous system manifestations including cerebral, cerebellar, brainstem and spinal cord atrophy, white matter disease, stroke‐like episodes and epilepsy, peripheral neuropathy, optic atrophy, pigmentary retinopathy, sensorineural deafness, cardiomyopathy, diabetes and kidney disorders.Thus, clinical diagnostic work‐out for mitochondrial disorders should include muscle biopsy, brain MRI with magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electromyography, electroencephalography, ophthalmological evaluation, audiometry, cardiac evaluation including echocardiogram, endocrinological and nephrological evaluation. Laboratory exams may include traditional markers as creatine kinase and lactic acid as well as more recent biomarkers such as GDF‐15 and FGF‐21.Genetic testing includes both nuclear and mtDNA sequencing based on family history that can point towards a matrilinear or mendelian transmission of the genetic defect. Sporadic cases are also possible and this particularly apply to single mtDNA deletions and nuclear de‐novo mutations. Biochemical analysis of muscle biopsy is also important to evaluate the presence of single/multiple respiratory chain complexes defect.The most common mitochondrial disorder due to mtDNA mutations is Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy, followed by Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis and Stroke‐like Episodes (MELAS), whereas among the nuclear genes OPA1 gene mutations are the most common cause of Dominant Optic Atrophy.ReferenceLa Morgia C, Maresca A, Caporali L, Valentino ML, Carelli V. Mitochondrial diseases in adults. J Intern Med. 2020 Jun;287(6):592–608. doi: 10.1111/joim.13064. PMID: 32463135.
Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
Authors: Karanjia Rustum 
Published: December 2022

AbstractChronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) is an array of genetic condition which causes progressive paralysis of the extraocular muscles and lid ptosis. CPEO can occur in isolation or in association with other systemic features (CPEO‐plus) including myopathy, dysarthria, ataxia, and parkinsonism. The condition can be part of a neurological syndrome such as Kern‐Sayre Syndrome (KSS), were pigmentary retinopathy, cerebellar ataxia, heart block and/or elevated CSF protein occur in addition to progressive external ophthalmoplegia.The condition is caused by disfunction of oxidative phosphorylation and several genes in both the mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA have been demonstrated to cause CPEO. This results in a varied inheritance pattern, depending on the gene involved in the individual pedigree.Clinically, most patients with CPEO develop a progressive symmetrical external ophthalmoplegia and thus do not typically experience diplopia. If diplopia is present, however, it can usually be managed by prism lenses although some patients do require surgical correction. This contrasts with the clinically significant ptosis, which typically requires surgical correction.In this session we will review the clinical features and the genetic variants associated with CPEO along with the clinical management and pitfalls in caring for patient with CPEO.
How imaging can make the uveitis challenging cases easy
Authors: Koutsiouki Chrysa 
Published: December 2022

AbstractImaging plays a key role in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of uveitis. As uveitis case can be challenging especially the refractory ones the use of imaging is critical. Therefore on the already Gold standard Techniques (FFA / ICGA/OCT) new imaging modalities (wide filed imaging /FAF/ EDI/OCT‐A) are offering a better appreciation of the pathophysiologic mechanism involved, provide also non‐invasive methods to accurately diagnose differentiate, monitor the response to treatment or even demonstrate Biomarkers for disease activity. Thus significantly contributes to better visual and functional outcomes on the uveitis group patients.
Vitreoretinal complications of uveitis. The role of vitrectomy
Authors: Vakalis Athanasios 
Published: December 2022

AbstractVitrectomy plays an important role in both diagnosis and treatment of uveitis. With recent advances in techniques, instrumentation, laboratory testing and the advent of drug delivery systems, this role has recently expanded.We explain the indications and techniques for vitreous and retinal biopsy, the clearing of media opacities, removal of inflammatory debris, dealing with structural complications such as CMO, ERM, hypotony and retinal detachment and the technique of inserting drug delivery systems. The Role of vitrectomy in controlling inflammation and reducing the need of medication as well as its potential complications is also discussed.
Alternatives to gonioscopy: Pros and cons
Authors: Rojanapongpun Prin 
Published: December 2022

AbstractGonioscopy is a not very attractive and well‐accepted examination, neither by the ophthalmologist, nor by the patient.Therefore, it is logical, that there is an extensive research and development on the field of other options. These options, like Anterior Segment ‐OCT, Scheimpflug Camera, UBM and the “Gonioscope”, will be shown with their theoretical and practical advantages and disadvantages as well as their clinical use will be discussed and shown with pictures and movies.
Reading a standard automated perimetry printout
Authors: Jansonius Nomdo 
Published: December 2022

AbstractInterpreting the results of standard automated perimetry (SAP) is not difficult but a systematic approach is pivotal. In this part of the course we address the following topics: Which test to choose in which situation? Is the test reliable? What are common artefacts and how do you recognize them? What do the various plots mean on the printout? What do the global indices mean? How do you differentiate a normal from an abnormal test? What abnormalities are typical of glaucoma? And what of other pathologies?
Recent aspects of riboflavin and UV‐a corneal crosslinking for keratoconus
Authors: Gkatzioufas Zisis 
Published: December 2022

AbstractCorneal crosslinking (CXL) has been proven to inhibit the progression of keratoconus and corneal ectatic disease. Over the last years, new treatment protocols have emerged, aiming to increase efficacy and safety of the procedure. Nowadays, a plethora of different modalities are available, such as ‘epi‐on’ and ‘epi‐off’ procedures, ‘accelerated’ CXL, ‘pulsed’ CXL, ‘customized’ CXL, etc. At the same time, riboflavin solutions have also evolved in order to provide improved outcomes.This talk will highlight the above mentioned innovations and evaluate their clinical relevance and importance, emphasizing on the ‘gold standard’ in CXL therapies, in an evidence‐based manner.