bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of HNK-1+ (Leu-7) human lymphocytes. I. Two distinct phenotypes of human NK cells with different cytotoxic capability.
Authors: Abo T , Cooper M D , Balch C M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human lymphocytes with NK and K cell activities can be identified by the HNK-1 (Leu-7) monoclonal antibody. In these experiments, subsets of HNK-1+ cells from blood and bone marrow were distinguished by their expression of other cell surface antigens, their morphology, and their NK functional capability. Two-color immunofluorescence analysis revealed that subpopulations of HNK-1+ cells in blood expressed antigens found on mature T cells (e.g., T1, T3, T4, T8), but none expressed antigens characteristic of immature T cells (T6, T9). The majority of HNK-1+ cells (greater than 60%) also expressed a myeloid antigen (M1), whereas a minority (less than 25%) expressed HLA-DR. HNK-1+ cells were separated into T3- and T3+ subsets with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter and analyzed for their morphology and NK cell function. HNK+T3- cells exhibited a high level of NK activity against K562 target cells and contained many cytoplasmic granules. On the other hand, HNK+T3+ cells had low NK activity and a paucity of cytoplasmic granules. The cell sizes of HNK+T3- and HNK+T3+ cells were indistinguishable by light-scatter analysis. When these cell fractions were analyzed further, a reciprocal relationship between T3 and M1 antigen expression was observed. These results thus delineate two distinct subsets of human HNK-1+ cells in blood with different cytotoxic capability: HNK+T3-M1+ and HNK+T3+M1- cells. Analysis of bone marrow cells demonstrated that only 0.7% of the nucleated cells expressed the HNK-1 antigen; virtually all of these cells expressed both the T3 and T8 antigens but lacked the M1 antigen. Thus, a majority of HNK-1+ cell population in blood were T3-M1+, whereas almost all bone marrow HNK-1+ cells were T3+M1-. We propose that these subsets of cells represent different stages in NK cells differentiation.
Studies of the induction of anti-DNA in normal mice.
Authors: Smith H R , Green D R , Raveche E S , Smathers P A , Gershon R K , Steinberg A D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Injection of PBA has previously been demonstrated to induce anti-DNA. In the present study, we found that the combination of neonatal thymectomy and chronic administration of PBA (LPS + poly rI . rC) led to significantly higher anti-DNA levels than either PBA or thymectomy separately. These results suggested that a thymic regulatory process normally serves to suppress anti-DNA after chronic PBA exposure. Indeed, antigen-nonspecific suppressor function was found to be deficient in such thymectomy + PBA-treated mice. In addition, the cells of such mice in vitro interfered with the development of normal suppressor function by control cells.
Alloreactive cloned T cell lines. VI. Multiple lymphokine activities secreted by helper and cytolytic cloned T lymphocytes.
Authors: Prystowsky M B , Ely J M , Beller D I , Eisenberg L , Goldman J , Goldman M , Goldwasser E , Ihle J , Quintans J , Remold H , Vogel S N , Fitch F W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Culture supernatants generated by alloantigenic or lectin stimulation of a cloned helper T lymphocyte, designated L2, contain interleukin 2 (IL 2), granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF), B cell stimulating factor (BCSF), macrophage (Ia+)-recruiting factor (MIRF), (Ia+)-inducing activity, gamma-interferon, Fc receptor-enhancing activity, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), macrophage activation factor (MAF), interleukin 3 (IL 3), and a factor responsible for prolonging the synthesis and secretion of the fourth and second components of complement by guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. Erythropoietin was not detected. A spontaneously arising variant of L2, designated L2V, produces much lower quantities of macrophage-stimulating activities, IL 2, and interferon. However, when compared to L2, L2V produces much higher levels of BCSF, equivalent amounts of IL 3, and slightly smaller amounts of CSF. Unlike L2V, a cytolytic clone, designated L3, secretes lymphokines that primarily affect macrophage function. The time course of lymphokine production by L2 cells indicates that for the six lymphokine activities studied there are three different times at which maximal or near maximal levels are reached, as follows: 1) IL 2, 12 to 24 hr; 2) IL 3 and CSF, 24 to 48 hr; and 3) (Ia+)-inducing activity, MAF, and interferon, 48 hr or later. Only IL 2 activity disappears during the 8-day culture cycle. The time course data and the differential production of activities by the three types of lymphocyte clones suggest that at least four terminal effector lymphokine molecules account for the ten biologic activities tested.
Replicative properties of lipopolysaccharide-induced murine B lymphocytes: detection of three different responses to mitogenic restimulation.
Authors: Norin A J , Short M K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A number of investigators have reached different conclusions regarding the proliferative behavior of murine B lymphocytes stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We examined the replicative properties of LPS-stimulated splenic B cells in primary culture using a density transfer technique to detect DNA replication. The method selectively monitors those lymphocytes that synthesized DNA in a first division and determines whether their progeny undergo subsequent replication, providing information about the growth characteristics of the first generation of LPS-responsive cels. Three different proliferative responses were observed. In one type, the initial signal that stimulated parental cells to divide was perpetuated in their progeny in that daughter cell proliferation occurred in the absence of mitogen (19 to 37% of the parental cells, mode I). In another type of response, the proliferation of daughter cells depended on further exposure to mitogen (10 to 17% of the parental cells, mode II). In a third response, proliferation of daughter cells did not occur even in the presence of mitogen (54 to 64% of the parental cells, mode III). Three types of growth responses were also observed for Con A-stimulated T cells. A larger proportion of T cells, however, were restimulated to an additional round of DNA replication (40 to 55% of the cells, mode II) when compared to LPS-stimulated B cells. These in vitro growth responses suggest alternate pathways by which antigens may regulate immune reactions.
Interleukin-2 does not induce murine B cells to secrete Ig.
Authors: Pure E , Isakson P C , Paetkau V , Caplan B , Vitetta E S , Krammer P H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We previously defined two T cell-derived lymphokines, BDCF mu and BCDF gama, which induce B cell differentiation in the absence of IL 2. Although these studies indicated that IL 2 was not required to induce Ig secretion, the effect of IL 2 on B cell differentiation was not established. In the present studies we have assessed the ability of purified IL 2 to induce IgM or IgG secretion. Our results demonstrate that IL 2 does not induce IgM secretion by BCL1 tumor cells, nor does it enhance BCDF mu-induced IgM secretion by these cells. Similarly, IL 2 had no effect on LPS or BCDF gamma-induced IgG secretion by normal B cells. Thus, we conclude that IL 2 does not act directly on B cells to induce differentiation.
Role of T cells and adherent cells in age-related decline in murine interleukin 2 production.
Authors: Chang M P , Makinodan T , Peterson W J , Strehler B L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen and lymph node cells from young (3 to 4 months) and old (24 to 36 months) mice of two inbred lines and one hybrid stock were assessed for the effect of age on IL 2 production. The results revealed that the production of IL 2 by old spleen and lymph node cells is reduced to 42% that of young cells. Cell counting, IL 2 inhibition and absorption, and cell mixture studies were then performed to determine the basis for the reduced IL 2 production. Cell counting studies revealed that the reduced IL 2 production by old cells cannot be caused by a decrease with age in the total number of Lyt 1+ T helper cells or by an increase with age in Lyt 2+ T suppressor cells. IL 2 inhibition, IL 2 absorption, and young-old spleen cells mixture studies revealed that the decrease in the level of IL 2 activity with age is caused neither by the formation of excessive amounts of soluble IL 2 inhibitors, by the generation of excessive numbers of IL 2 responsive blast cells, nor by an increase in suppressor cells. Further cell mixture studies revealed a decrease in IL 2 production by young T cells in presence of old adherent cells, which did not approach that of the old T cell-old adherent cell mixture, and an increase in IL 2 production by old T cells in the presence of young adherent cells, which did not approach that of the young T cell-young adherent cell mixture. These results would indicate that the decline in activity of both the T cells and adherent cells involved in IL 2 production are responsible for the reduction. Finally, it was found that the reduced proliferative activity of Con A-stimulated old spleen cells can be enhanced to the same extent as that of young spleen cells by exposing them to exogenous IL 2.
Procedures for the purification of interleukin 3 to homogeneity.
Authors: Ihle J N , Keller J , Henderson L , Klein F , Palaszynski E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A procedure is described for the routine purification of IL 3 to homogeneity from WEHI-3-conditioned media. The techniques employed include ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose, hydroxylapatite, and G-75 Sephadex column chromatography. The last step in purification involves chromatography on C18 hydrophobic supports in RP-HPLC systems, which results in the coelution of a protein peak and IL 3 activity. This purification sequence results in approximately a 1,000,000-fold purification from the initial starting material with yields of 5 to 10% of the initial activity. typically, 150 liters of conditioned media yields 2 to 10 micrograms of IL 3. The purified material was homogeneous by SDS-PAGE analysis and had an apparent m.w. of 28,000. Purified IL 3 had a specific activity of approximately 0.05 ng/unit of activity. Additional criteria used to establish the relationship of the 28,000-dalton protein to IL 3 include the ability of an antiserum against IL 3 to concomitantly immunoprecipitate the iodinated protein and to inhibit its biologic activity as well as the ability of the iodinated protein to bind specifically to cell lines known to require IL 3 for growth.
Allospecific human T cell lines and clones which mediate HLA-DR restricted helper activity.
Authors: Friedman S M , Thompson G S , Principato M A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In order to analyze the immunoregulatory activity of allospecific human T cells, we have combined the techniques of limiting dilution culture and IL-2 dependent T cell growth to generate cloned alloreactive T cell lines (TCL). These TCL have been expanded in continuous culture for greater than 8 mo with retention of stable phenotypic and functional characteristics. For example, phenotypic analysis of alloproliferative TCL, utilizing a panel of monoclonal antibodies, demonstrate that these cultures are comprised of T cells belonging exclusively to the T3+ T4+ T8- "helper" or "inducer" T cell subset. Coculture of cloned alloproliferative TCL cells with a panel of allogeneic stimulators reveals that these clones are specifically reactive against the HLA-DRw1 determinant. Of greater interest, coculture of selected alloproliferative TCL cells with DRw1+ but not DRw1- B cells results in a vigorous polyclonal response as measured by the reverse hemolytic plaque assay. Although major histocompatibility complex restriction of this T-B interaction operates at the inductive level, help is at least partially unrestricted at the effector level as alloantigen-activated TCL cells provide demonstrable, although not maximal, help for DRw1- B cells.
Human B cell differentiation. III. Enhancing effect of monoclonal anti-immunoglobulin D antibody on pokeweed mitogen-induced plasma cell differentiation.
Authors: Kuritani T , Cooper M D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of monoclonal anti-delta antibodies on pokeweed mitogen (PWM) responses of blood mononuclear cells (MNC) were studied. Treatment with anti-delta antibody enhanced both B cell proliferation and plasma cell differentiation, which are T cell-dependent responses. The anti-delta enhancement of plasma cell differentiation, predominantly of IgM plasma cells, was surprising because PWM-responsive subpopulations of B cells have been shown to lack IgD and their plasma cell differentiation is easily and selectively suppressed by anti-mu, -gamma and -alpha antibodies. Treatment of MNC with monoclonal anti-delta antibody enhanced the number of IgM plasma cells induced by PWM stimulation by approximately threefold. The degree of enhancement was dependent upon the concentration of anti-delta antibody, and the F(ab')2 fragments were effective. Maximal enhancement was obtained either when MNC were preincubated with anti-delta antibody for 1 day before PWM stimulation or when anti-delta antibody was added with PWM at the beginning of 7-day cultures. Anti-delta antibody had little or no effect when added 1 to 3 days after the initiation of PWM stimulated cultures. Anti-delta treatment overnight induced a population of small IgM+IgD+ B cells to enlarge and converted them from poor to good PWM responders. The results are discussed in the context of a model which proposed that differentiation of both immature and preactivated mature IgD- cells can be inhibited by signals generated via surface immunoglobulin cross-linkage, whereas this stimulus enhances differentiation of the intermediate IgD+IgM+ B cells.
In vitro inhibition of pancreatic B cell function by lymphocytes from diabetics with associated autoimmune diseases: a T cell phenomenon.
Authors: Boitard C , Chatenoud L M , Debray-Sachs M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocytes from insulin-dependent diabetic patients were previously shown to suppress insulin release from mouse islet cells in vitro. Glucagon release was not suppressed. In order to further analyze this phenomenon, lymphocytes from three insulin-dependent diabetic patients with associated autoimmune diseases were treated by using the panning method for cell separation before testing on islet cell suspensions. The OKT3+, OKT3-, and OKT4- cell subsets were obtained. Insulin release was suppressed by the OKT3+ (T lymphocyte-enriched) subset, but not by the OKT3- (T lymphocyte-depleted) subset. These results suggest that T lymphocytes are directly involved in the suppression of insulin release in this model. Furthermore, the OKT4- (T helper-depleted) subset also suppressed insulin release.
Immune deficiency in the X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome. I. Epstein-Barr virus-specific defects.
Authors: Harada S , Sakamoto K , Seeley J K , Lindsten T , Bechtold T , Yetz J , Rogers G , Pearson G , Purtilo D T 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Eleven males with XLP were evaluated for EBV-specific antibodies during periods of 2 to 7 yr. Variable responses to EBV-specific antigens were found. All 11 patients had subnormal anti-EBNA titers, which probably reflected a T cell deficiency. The patients showed four different patterns in their anti-VCA response: 1) two boys who had experienced malignant lymphoma mounted no antibodies at all; 2) two patients showed intermittent anti-VCA titers; 3) four males had persistently elevated anti-VCA titers; and 4) three patients showed normal anti-VCA titers. ADCC against EBV-infected cells was abnormally low in six patients and was elevated in two patients given gamma-globulin. ADCC titers did not correlate with anti-VCA titers. However, most patients with XLP failed to effect regression of autologous EBV-infected lymphoblastoid cell lines, indicating a deficiency in long-lived T cell-mediated immunity to EBV.
Mouse monoclonal antibodies to chicken VH idiotypic determinants reactivity with B and T cells.
Authors: Chanh T C , Chen C L , Cooper M D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have prepared mouse monoclonal antibodies against idiotypic (Id) determinants on chicken antibodies to N-acetylglucosamine (NAGA) and p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) made by inbred line EL 6(3) birds. The monoclonal anti-NAGA Id antibody, termed CId-1, reacted with affinity purified antibodies to NAGA, but not with antibodies specific for PABA, arsanilic acid (Ars), phosphorylcholine (PC), or with normal chicken IgG and IgM. The monoclonal anti-PABA ID antibody, termed CId-2, reacted with anti-PABA antibodies and to a lesser extent with anti-Ars antibodies, but not with anti-NAGA, anti-PC, and normal IgG and IgM. The Id determinants were found among antibodies to NAGA and PABA made by outbred and inbred lines of White Leghorn chickens. The binding of the CId-1 and CId-2 antibodies to intact homologous anti-NAGA and anti-PABA antibodies, respectively, was not hapten-inhibitable in either case. Both anti-Id antibodies reacted specifically with isolated homologous heavy chains, suggesting VH Id specificities. The monoclonal CId-1 and CId-2 antibodies were reactive by immunofluorescence with approximately 0.9 and 0.2%, respectively, of the circulating lymphocytes and with approximately 0.4 and 0.15 of plasma cells. CId-1+ and CId-2+ bursal cells were first detected on the 16th and 14th days of incubation, respectively; both reached maximal frequencies by the 17th day of incubation. The CId-2 antibody reacted exclusively with immunoglobulin-positive cells. The CId-1 antibody also reacted with a subpopulation (0.4%) of immunoglobulin-negative lymphocytes from normal and agammaglobulinemic chickens, and thus would appear to recognize an idiotypic determinant expressed by certain clones of B and T cells.
Immunoelectron microscopic localization of idiotypes and allotypes on immunoglobulin molecules.
Authors: Roux K H , Metzger D W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have developed a novel approach to the analysis of antigenic (allotypic and idiotypic) determinants on intact immunoglobulin molecules. Immune complexes composed of IgG in combination with anti-idiotype or anti-allotype antibody were "visualized" by transmission electron microscopy. Individual Fab fragments of anti-idiotype or anti-allotype antibody, when bound to the IgG, altered the "Y" configuration in a reproducible and interpretable manner. Anti-idiotype antibody (either as Fab or IgG) bound to the terminus of the presumed V region of the IgG molecule, thus extending the apparent length of the Fab arms. Analysis of a rabbit VH framework allotype (a1) revealed that the determinant(s) is (are) located on the lateral portion of the V region of IgG. Binding of the anti-a1 Fab fragments was always at approximately right angles to the axis of the Fab arms of IgG. Fab antibody to the rabbit kappa light chain (b4) allotype bound to the lateral portion of the terminal half of the IgG Fab arms. This technique should be of value in localizing less well defined immunoglobulin determinants.
Structure of the murine plasma cell alloantigen PC-1: comparison with the receptor for transferrin.
Authors: Goding J W , Shen F W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The plasma cell alloantigen PC-1 was isolated from C1.18 myeloma cells by immunoprecipitation and was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was found to consist of two similar or identical disulfide-bonded polypeptide chains, each of Mr 115,000. The mobility of PC-1 in nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis was similar to that of bovine serum albumin (pI 4.9). The PC-1 antigen is therefore similar to the transferrin receptor in Mr, charge, subunit composition, disulfide bonding, and developmental regulation. Similarities can also be detected by peptide mapping with subtilisin, but not with staphylococcal V8 protease. It is suggested that the PC-1 protein and the transferrin receptor may have had a common evolutionary origin, and may have similar functions.
Human lung mast cells: purification and characterization.
Authors: Schulman E S , MacGlashan D W , Peters S P , Schleimer R P , Newball H H , Lichtenstein L M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Detailed studies of the biochemistry and pharmacology of mast cell-mediated inflammatory disorders have been hampered by the inability to purify human mast cells. We now report techniques to purify human lung mast cells to apparent homogeneity. The major purification steps are: 1) dispersion of lung fragments into a single-cell suspension with enzyme combinations (pronase-chymopapain, collagenase-elastase); 2) partial purification by countercurrent centrifugation elutriation (CCE); and 3) affinity column chromatography. Enzymatic dispersion yielded suspensions with congruent to 10(6) mast cells per gram of lung parenchyma in purities of 1.2 to 9.7%. Dispersed mast cells responded comparably to those in parent lung fragments to challenge with anti-human IgG and pharmacologic agonists. Elutriation of lung cell suspensions yielded mast cell-enriched fractions with purities up to 70%. High purity mast cell fractions were combined, passively sensitized with purified human penicillin (BPO)-specific IgE, and purified by a BPO-affinity column chromatography procedure. Post elutriation mast cell purities of 29 +/- 3.5% were increased to 84 +/- 3% (range 65 to 98%) by the affinity column. Short-term (24 hr) culture of column-purified mast cells allowed adherence of non-mast cell contaminants to tissue culture plates, further increasing purity (up to 100%). Purified mast cells were intact and functional as assessed by dye exclusion, survival in short-term culture, IgE-mediated histamine release, and modulation of release by the pharmacologic agonists adenosine, IBMX, prostaglandin E2, and fenoterol.
The effect of hypophysectomy on thymic aging in mice.
Authors: Harrison D E , Archer J R , Astle C M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Surgical removal of the pituitary (hypophysectomy) followed by endocrine supplementation in middle-aged rats has been reported to reverse immunologic decline with age. We attempted to confirm and extend these reports by using a well-defined and readily available mouse model system. Hypophysectomy and endocrine supplementation in 8- to 9-mo-old C57BL/6J (B6) male retired breeder mice improved some, but not all, T dependent immune functions tested at 15 mo of age. In hypoxed mice, spleen cell proliferation in response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in vitro, and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) measured by footpad swelling improved to levels shown by young controls. Direct anti-SRBC plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses by spleen cells, and serum agglutination responses against SRBC were not improved. Hypoxed mice had larger thymuses and much higher ratios of cortex-medulla areas than did age-matched controls. Hair regrowth after shaving was much faster in hypoxed mice. Nevertheless, hypophysectomy reduced mean and maximum longevities. These results conflict in several ways with the previously reported studies in rats, in which direct PFC responses and maximum longevities were improved by this treatment. There have been no previous studies of the effect of hypophysectomy and endocrine supplementation on thymic aging in mice, nor has it previously been reported that this treatment causes improvements in PHA and DTH responses and in thymic morphology. These effects show that at least some aging processes are reversible in aging individuals. They also suggest that hypophysectomy of middle-aged mice will be useful for studying neuroendocrine and thymic interactions that occur during the aging process.