bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Promethazine-HCl as an Immunosuppressant
Authors: Gusdon John P. , Moore Vernon L. , Myrvik Quentin N. , Holyfield Paul A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of promethazine-HCl on humoral antibody synthesis and on delayed hypersensitivity have been evaluated. The primary and secondary immune responses to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and bovine γ globulin (BGG) were significantly reduced. There was a highly significant reduction in tuberculin hypersensitivity when the drug was administered before and during the development of the hypersensitive state.
Enhancing Effect of Bacterial Endotoxins on Bone Marrow Cells in the Immune Response to SRBC
Authors: Jones J. Miriam , Kind Phyllis D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The synergistic involvement of bone marrow (B) cells and thymus (T) cells in the immune response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) has been well established. Injection of both cell types into irradiated mice challenged with SRBC results in far greater than additive numbers of antibody-producing cells (1–3). An interpretation of these findings is that following the interaction of the T cell, the B cell and antigen, the B cell proliferates and differentiates into the antibody-forming cell (4).
When the antibody response is augmented by bacterial endotoxins, the number of antibody-forming cells in the spleen is increased (5, 6). Thus the enhanced antibody response could be a result of increased proliferation of T cells, B cells or both.
Recipient BDF1 mice were irradiated by whole body exposure to 1000 R from a 60CO source. B cells from donor BDF1 mice were flushed from femurs and tibias by using Hank's balanced salt solution (BSS). T cells were teased in BSS.
Changes of γ Globulin Carrying Cells in NZB Mice before Autoimmune Disease
Authors: Weinerman B. , Paraskevas F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
New Zealand black (NZB) mice have an impressive array of immunologic aberrations, and the female of the species seems to bear the heavier burden of autoimmune phenomena (1). These mice appear to be hyperresponsive to certain antigenic stimuli, but not to others (2–5). Both sexes display defective thymus function, and recently they have been shown to have a circulating thymocytotoxic autoantibody which is a macroglobulin (6).
These abnormalities prompted us to look systematically at the γ globulin-carrying cells of both male and virgin female mice from an early age onward by using the reverse immune cytoadherence technique (RICA) (7). This technique uses a 5S hybrid antibody carrying one anti-γ-globulin site and one anti-ferritin site so that γ globulin-carrying cells form rosettes (rosette-forming cells, RFC) with ferritin-coated sheep red blood cells. While this work was in progress there was a report of a decrease in the percentage of cells carrying membrane immunoglobulins in the peripheral blood of NZB mice with advancing age.
Masking of Human Transplantation Antigens by Diverse Substances
Authors: Hirata Arthur A. , Terasaki Paul I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The reaction of HL-A antibodies with the HL-A determinants on the surface of lymphocytes can be blocked by preincubation of lymphocytes with diverse substances such as normal human serum, autologous plasma, fetal calf serum, newborn serum, heat-inactivated rabbit serum and guinea pig serum, serum albumins from various species, lactalbumin, dextrans, synthetic polyglucose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. The inhibitors can be washed off readily from lymphocytes. The inhibition procedure described here differs from the conventional inhibition tests in that the inhibitor is added first to the target cells. This “masking inhibition” procedure produces substantially greater inhibition than the standard inhibition methods in which the inhibitor is added first to antiserum before the addition of the target cells. The nonspecific nature of masking inhibition indicates that numerous substances adhere to the lymphocyte surface at HL-A sites or closely adjacent sites.
An Escherichia Coli Antigen Cross-Reactive with the Capsular Polysaccharide of Haemophilus Influenzae Type b: Occurrence Among Known Serotypes, and Immunochemical and Biologic Properties of E. Coli Antisera Toward H. Influenzae Type b
Authors: Schneerson Rachel , Bradshaw Major , Whisnant John K. , Myerowitz Richard L. , Parke J. C. , Robbins John B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An Escherichia coli antigen was shown to be cross-reactive with the capsular polysaccharide of Hemophilus influenzae type b. The cross-reactive antigen was identified as a thermostable, acidic, capsular polysaccharide consistent with its designation as E. coli “K” antigen (type A). Antibodies raised by intravenous injection of formaldehyde-treated E. coli possessing the cross-reactive antigen precipitated with the H. influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide and had “protective” activity against H. influenzae type b in biologic assays. The cross-reactive antigen was identified in E. coli with various O and H serotypes and did not appear to be associated with pathogenicity.
Opsonic Activity in Human Serum Deficient in C2
Authors: Johnson Frank R. , Agnello Vincent , Williams Ralph C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human serum deficient in C2 was studied for opsonic activity by using test strains of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Diplococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro system of phagocytosis and bacterial killing. Heat labile opsonic activity was apparently effected through the alternate C3–C9 pathway since absorption of fresh serum with inulin at 37°C abolished opsonic activity concurrent with β1c to β1a conversion. The same treatment was shown to activate the C3 activator system. In addition, activation of C3 with isolated 140,000 m.w. cobra venom factor resulted in loss of opsonic activity for test organisms. The alternate complement activation pathway may be important in the opsonic functions necessary for in vivo phagocytosis of organisms.
The Distribution of Brain-Associated ϑ Antigen Cross-Reactive with Mouse in the Brain of Other Species
Authors: Golub Edward S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
θ is a mouse alloantigen which serves as a marker for thymus-derived (T) cells (1). Anti-θ antisera have proven to be powerful tools in elucidating the roles of bone marrow-derived (B) and T lymphocytes (2). θ is shared by T lymphocytes and brain tissue in the mouse (1). We had previously shown (3) that immunization of rabbits and goats with mouse brain results in the production of potent anti-θ-like antisera. We have termed these anti-brain-associated θ antisera (BAθ). It would be a great advantage in studying immune systems other than the mouse if antigen comparable to θ were available. We have taken a variety of approaches in an attempt to develop anti-θ-like antisera to other species. One of these is to investigate brain tissue of other species to determine if it contains cross-reacting antigens with mouse BAθ.
Simplified in Vitro Method for Measuring Delayed Hypersensitivity to Latent Intracellular Infection in Man (Toxoplasmosis)
Authors: Gaines J. David , Araujo Fausto G. , Krahenbuhl James L. , Remington Jack S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
There are relatively few organisms which are known to cause persistent latent infection in man, and which for years produce an antigenic stimulus. Toxoplasma gondii is one such organism, and serologic evidence of infection with this protozoan is present in 20 to 50% of normal adults in the United States. In recent years serious infection with this intracellular parasite has been recognized with increased frequency in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy (1, 2). The underlying host factors which control this infection, despite persistent activity in its latent form, are not completely understood, but resistance appears to be mainly cell mediated (3).
A skin test elicits delayed hypersensitivity but does not become positive for months or years after the acute infection (4, 5). Lack of standardization and the possibility of adventitious agents in the antigen have prevented the widespread use of this skin test in this country (6).
Structure and Biologic Functions of Human IgD
Authors: Leslie Gerrie A. , Swate Tommy E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Analysis of human cord sera showed that approximately 4.5% contained IgD. Comparisons of the concentration of maternal and cord IgD, IgA, IgM and haptoglobin suggest that the IgD present in at least half of these cord sera was of fetal origin.
Macrophage Accumulation, Division, Maturation and Digestive and Microbicidal Capacities in Tuberculous Lesions
Authors: Ando Masayuki , Dannenberg Arthur M. , Shima Kiyoshi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During the first 2 weeks the rate of entry of mononuclear cells (MN) into rabbit dermal BCG lesions was roughly proportional to the increase in size of the lesions. Lesions of reinfection increased in size much faster than primary lesions.
After caseous necrosis was prominent, changes in lesion size no longer reflected the entry of new MN because many were dying. Tritiated thymidine (H3T) was therefore used to label MN (mostly in the bone marrow), and their rate of entry into dermal BCG lesions was determined by autoradiographic techniques. Multiple lesions were produced and biopsied, each at a different time after a single intravenous (i.v.) pulse of H3T. This pulse was given when the BCG lesions were -1, +6, +14 or +27 days of age. Five days afterward 20 to 30% of the MN present were labeled, regardless of whether the lesion was beginning (-1 and +6 days), at its height (+14 days) or regressing (+27 days). Thus there was a continuous entry of new MN into the lesions throughout their life. Many more H3T-labeled MN entered the BCG lesions after hypersensitivity to tuberculin developed.
The rate of local MN division in dermal BCG lesions was determined by H3T grain count analyses. A single i.v. pulse of H3T was given to rabbits when their lesions were -1, +6, +14 or +27 days of age, and biopsies were made 1, 2, 5 and 8 days after the pulse. The reduction in H3T grain counts caused by previous MN division in the bone marrow was compared with the grain count reduction caused by MN division in the BCG lesions. The rate of MN division in these lesions was highest when delayed hypersensitivity was strong, namely in lesions of reinfection and in 14-day primary lesions.
Similar H3T grain count analyses indicated that the MN which divided in the BCG lesions did so only once (or twice) during their first week of residence. After such division, they still functioned awhile before they died and were replaced by new MN from the bloodstream. Thus most of the MN in tuberculous lesions were relatively recent immigrants, and their local division did not contribute substantially to the total number present.
Activation of Complement by Endotoxin: A Role for γ2 Globulin, C1, C4 and C2 in the Consumption of Terminal Complement Components by Endotoxin-Coated Erythrocytes
Authors: Phillips Jean K. , Snyderman Ralph , Mergenhagen Stephan E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sheep erythrocytes (E) coated with endotoxin (LPS) from Salmonella typhosa or Veillonella alcalescens (E-LPS) have been employed to define more precisely the nature of a pathway by which LPS activates the terminal components of complement (C). E-LPS consumed C in normal guinea pig serum in a manner identical to free LPS, that is, with marked consumption of C3 through C9 and little utilization of C1, C4 and C2. A γ2-migrating globulin, isolated from normal guinea pig serum by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, was required for C-mediated lysis of E-LPS in diluted guinea pig serum. Absorption experiments with E-LPS indicated that the heat stable γ2 globulin showed specificity for the LPS employed. Cobra venom factor, known to activate C by the alternate pathway (C3 proactivator system), was equally able to deplete C activity in normal serum or serum absorbed with E-LPS. E-LPS reacted with γ2 globulin, C1, C4, C2, followed by C-EDTA resulted in lysis of E-LPS. Deletion of γ2 globulin or any of the earlier acting C components from the reaction prevented lysis. The small amounts of the early acting C components employed, particularly C4 and C2, indicated that it would be difficult to measure their loss in whole serum after activation with LPS by conventional hemolytic assay. This could explain the finding of a relative sparing of C1, C4 and C2 during consumption of C3 through C9 by LPS in normal guinea pig serum. Thus, a classical C pathway involving a “natural” γ2 globulin and early components of C has been defined as a mechanism by which endotoxin can efficiently activate the terminal components of C.
Interspecies Occurrence of Immunoglobulin Antigens Reactive with Anti-Allotype Antisera
Authors: Rodkey L. Scott , Conrad A. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies were done to ascertain whether antigenic similarities of serum proteins in New Zealand White and cottontail rabbits included similarities in the immunoglobulin allotype markers. Indirect precipitation techniques were used to identify markers coded at both the a and the b locus on cottontail IgG F(ab′)2 molecules. Inhibition tests suggested that cottontail IgG F(ab′)2 fragments carry only a portion of the full complement of allotype determinants coded for in the New Zealand White rabbit. These determinants were shown to be related to surface determinants on New Zealand White IgG F(ab′)2 molecules. The results suggested that immunoglobulin antigens reacting with specific anti-allotype antisera are not restricted to a single genus and species.
Immune Hemolysis and the Functional Properties of the Second (C2) and Fourth (C4) Components of Complement
Authors: Loos Michael , Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Treatment of guinea pig or human C2 with trypsin in the presence of EAC4 leads to the formation of EAC. The kinetics of EAC generation, the nature of the C2 dose response curve and the nature of the decay curve of SA all indicated that EAC formed by the action of trypsin on C2 are not distinguishable from EAC generated by the interaction of EAC1̄4 and C2. The data support the hypothesis that C1̄ is a trypsin-like enzyme.
Lymphocyte Subpopulations in NZB Mice: Deficit of Thymus-Dependent Lymphocytes
Authors: Stutman Osias 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The relative and absolute numbers of thymus-dependent lymphocytes (positive for ϑ isoantigen) and of thymus-independent lymphocytes (positive for membrane immunoglobulins or for antigen-antibody-complement receptors) were studied in the lymphoid tissues of NZB and CBA/H mice. The ages of the mice ranged from 100 to 600 days. A progressive decline of ϑ-positive lymphocytes was observed with age in NZB, but no such decay was detected in CBA/H mice, a non-autoimmune strain. The decline of ϑ-positive lymphocytes was observed in NZB mice as early as 200 days of age and appeared even in absence of detectable signs of autoimmunity, although the decline was accentuated by the development of autoimmunity and by progressive age. No such changes were observed for the thymus-independent lymphocytes, and only a moderate increase of these cells was observed with age both in NZB and CBA/H strains.
Host Defense Against Bacterial Endotoxemia-Contribution of The Early and Late Components of Complement to Detoxification
Authors: May Joseph E. , Kane Michael A. , Frank Michael M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The precise mechanisms and tissue sites involved in the in vivo detoxification of endotoxin remain unresolved. Although a number of studies have indicated that circulating plasma is a principal site of endotoxin inactivation (1–3), it was believed that the complement system was not required for detoxification of endotoxin (1). However, a recent report which demonstrated the increased susceptibility of C6 deficient rabbits to the injection of bacterial endotoxin suggests that complement may be important (4). Endotoxin can activate the complement system either by the classical mechanism proceeding through the activation of C1, C4 and C2 to activate C3, or via the alternate or bypass pathway proceeding through another series of proteins, as yet incompletely defined, to enter the complement sequence directly at the C3 step (5–7). In this study a further attempt is made to evaluate the role of complement in the detoxification of endotoxin, with particular reference to the contribution of the early (C1, C4 and C2) and late acting (C3–C9) complement components.
Rat Alloantibody Responses against Strong and Weak Histocompatibility Antigens
Authors: Miller Carol , DeWitt Charles 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rat alloantisera were prepared in inbred strains of rats by immunization with lymphoid cells of a donor strain. Six host-donor combinations were incompatible at the major (AgB or H-1) as well as other histocompatibility loci. These sera contained complement dependent cytotoxins after two injections of 1 to 3 × 107 cells. Titrations showed 100% kill at several antibody (ab) concentrations and a typical doubling dilution end point. Six host-donor combinations were incompatible only at non-AgB (non-H-1) loci. These sera contained cytotoxins only after two injections of 4 × 108 cells. Titrations showed end points equal to those of the first group of antisera but no concentration was able to kill 100% of available target cells, nor did increments in antiserum concentration yield any change in the low number of cells killed. These characteristics were not the result of: a) the injection schedule; b) presence of complement inhibitors; c) low response capacity of the host; d) the presence of two lymphocyte subpopulations in the target cell suspension nor e) low ab concentrations. Absorption of the two types of antisera by homologous cells suggests that the non-AgB antisera: a) contain both complement-fixing (CF) and non-CF ab; b) the non-CF concentration is as much as 10-fold higher than CF; c) avidities of non-CF and CF are similar. We infer that immunization with non-AgB antigens preferentially induces formation of non-CF ab which is responsible for the odd titration and is enhancng ab.
Blastogenic Factor from Unstimulated Leukocyte Cultures: Further Evidence for Heterogeneity, and Mechanism of Production
Authors: Kasakura Shinpei 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Blastogenic factor derived from unstimulated leukocyte cultures was studied. The present studies have shown that the properties of the blastogenic factor which stimulates only allogeneic cells (allogeneic blastogenic factor) are different in some respects from those of the blastogenic factor which stimulated autologous cells as much as allogeneic cells (autologous blastogenic factor). Activity of the allogeneic blastogenic factor was labile to exposure to temperature of 60°C, and was concentrated in the precipitate obtained by ultracentrifugation of cell-free culture medium (CFM) at 100,000 × G. In contrast, activity of the autologous blastogenic factor was resistant to the same temperature, and could not be sedimented by ultracentrifugation. The kinetics of in vitro production of the allogeneic blastogenic factor was also different from those of the autologous blastogenic factor. While activity of the autologous blastogenic factor was almost constant throughout the incubation period, that of the allogeneic blastogenic factor reached a maximum after 4 to 5 days of incubation and thereafter decreased. These findings suggest that there may be separate molecules responsible for the allogeneic and autologous blastogenic activities.
The blastogenic factor prepared from mixed cultures of intact cells and treated allogeneic cells was also studied. Although the difference was not significant (p = 0.09) when leukocytes were treated with actinomycin D, the CFM was more active for cells from the donor of the treated cells than for cells from the donor of the intact cells in eight out of 12 experiments. The ultracentrifuged precipitate (probably allogeneic blastogenic factor) was significantly more stimulatory toward cells from the donor of the treated cells than from the donor of the intact cells. When leukocytes were treated with Escherichia coli endotoxin, both the CFM and the ultracentrifuged precipitate stimulated cells from the donor of the treated cells more than cells from the donor of the intact cells. Mytomycin C did not have any effect on the blastogenic activity of the CFM and the ultracentrifuged precipitate prepared from these cultures.
Immunoglobulin Synthesis by Human Lymphoid Tissues: Normal Bone Marrow as a Major Site of IgG Production
Authors: McMillan Robert , Longmire Robert L. , Yelenosky Robert , Lang J. Eugene , Heath Victor , Craddock Charles G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Fab-anti-Fab assay for human IgG quantitation is used to measure in vitro IgG production by lymphocytes from five normal human lymphoid tissues: bone marrow, spleen, blood, lymph node and thymus. Synthesis of IgG was found to proceed at a constant rate over the 10-day culture period; production could be prevented by hypothermia or mitomycin-C. When corrected for total lymphoid cells, the bone marrow was noted to produce greater than 95% of the IgG synthesized by the organs which were evaluated. Secondary antigenic stimulation with smallpox vaccine resulted in accelerated IgG synthesis by blood and splenic lymphocytes; conversely, no response was noted in cultures containing marrow or thymic cells. It is concluded that the bone marrow must be considered as a major site of IgG production under normal circumstances; however, the inability of the bone marrow to respond to antigenic stimulation suggests that the appropriate quantity or quality of cells is lacking in this organ for optimal antigenic recognition and/or processing.
The Effect of Surgical Bursectomy and Irradiation on Rosette-Forming Cells in the Chicken
Authors: Kiszkiss D. F. , Choi Y. S. , Good R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Heterologous erythrocytes are a useful antigen in studies of antigen-binding cells since their binding to lymphoid cells can be detected easily as rosettes of red cells around a central lymphocyte (1, 2). Such binding of antigen is believed to be an early stage in the development of both humoral and cellular immune responses. Because the humoral response to heterologous erythrocytes requires a synergism between thymus dependent (T)3 and bone marrow dependent (B) cells in the mouse (3, 4) and between T and bursal-derived cells in the chicken (5), it is important to assess the contribution of each to the population of rosette-forming cells (RFC). In an effort to explore the origin of RFC in the chicken, we have examined the effect of bursectomy and irradiation on the number of these cells, under conditions which, in normal animals, induce considerable RFC.
In the present report, we demonstrate that animals deprived of bursal influence from the embryonic period lack RFC.
Studies in Microbic Heredity
Authors: Mellon Ralph R. , Yost Elizabeth 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Introduction. In the second paper (1) of this series it has been shown, first, that the fungoid phase of bacterial cultures can be stabilized in a long filamentous as well as in a coccoid stage, which in mycological terminology is the equivalent of saying that the coccoids (zygospores) may, when they germinate, reproduce themselves as large cocci without returning to the antecedent bacillary or filamentous form; second, under the proper conditions the zygospores can give rise to variants which culturally may be quite aberrant but serologically may be identical with the original strain, or on the other hand, quite specific.
Since the first of these propositions has been accomplished repeatedly in the test tube it is conceivable that this coccoid form may multiply as such in diseased conditions in the human organism and be isolated in this form, which obviously might be misleading as to its real nature.