bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Control of the Immune Response of Inbred Guinea Pigs to 2,4-Dinitrophenyl Guinea Pig Albumin. Frequency of Antigen-Binding Lymphocytes and Avidity of Antibodies Secreted by Plaque-Forming Cells
Authors: Davie Joseph M. , Paul William E. , Green Ira 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Strain 2 guinea pigs immunized with 1 µg of 2,4-dinitrophenyl guinea pig albumin (DNP-GPA) containing an average of six DNP groups/molecule have no detectable antibody-secreting cells (direct or indirect plaque-forming cells) up to 28 days after immunization. As previously demonstrated, these animals lack an immune response (IR) gene, linked to the gene complex controlling strain 13 histocompatibility antigens, which controls the response to DNP-GPA.
Nonimmunized non-responder strain 2 animals and non-responder offspring of a backcross between strain 2 and (2 × 13)F1 guinea pigs have normal numbers of lymphocytes capable of binding 125I-DNP-GPA to their surface, indicating that these animals have no quantitative deficit in precursors of anti-DNP antibody-forming cells. Moreover, when strain 2 guinea pigs are immunized with 100 µg of DNP-GPA, they produce anti-DNP antibodies containing a fraction of high affinity molecules similar to that present in similarly immunized strain 13 animals. This indicates that strain 2 animals have no deficit among precursor cells bearing high affinity receptors. Thus, the IR gene controlling the immune response to DNP6GPA does not control the frequency of precursor cells bearing receptors which bind DNP-GPA.
Alloimmune Hemolytic Plaque-Forming Cells: Kinetics of IgM and IgG Alloantibody Releasing Cells during a Primary and Secondary Immune Response of Chickens
Authors: Bacon Larry D. , Schierman Louis W. , McBride Raymond A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The kinetics of alloimmune hemolytic plaque-forming cells found in spleens of chickens after primary and secondary immunization was investigated. Rabbit anti-chicken immunoglobulin was employed for plaque development since chicken alloantibodies are non-hemolytic. Plaques formed by cells secreting IgM and IgG were developed separately by using rabbit antisera specific for each class of immunoglobulin.
The kinetics as well as numbers of cells which produced antibodies specific for B blood group alloantigens during both the primary and secondary response were similar to what has been found for the mouse heteroimmune system. Certain advantages of the chicken alloimmune system for enumeration of hemolytic plaque-forming cells are discussed.
The Effect of Mycobacterial RNA on the Primary Antibody Response of Mice to Bovine γ Globulin
Authors: Youmans Guy P. , Youmans Anne S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mycobacterial RNA-protein preparations, obtained from viable cells of the attenuated H37Ra strain, will stimulate the production of antibody to bovine γ globulin in mice in a manner and intensity comparable to that of the synthetic polynucleotides poly A:U or poly I:C. In this respect, though, the mycobacterial RNA was less effective than Escherichia coli endotoxin or the double-stranded coliphage Mu-9 ds-RNA. The adjuvant activity of mycobacterial RNA was reduced by treatment with ribonuclease or with trypsin. The possible role of mycobacterial RNA in the adjuvant activity of intact mycobacterial cells is discussed.
Myelin Basic Proteins of Mammalian and Submammalian Vertebrates: Encephalitogenic Activities in Guinea Pigs and Rats
Authors: Martenson Russell E. , Deibler Gladys E. , Kies Marian W. , Levine Seymour , Alvord Ellsworth C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Central nervous system myelin basic proteins of various vertebrates, mammalian and submammalian, have been examined for encephalitogenic activity in guinea pigs and Lewis rats. Myelin basic proteins from mammalian, avian (chicken), reptilian (turtle) and amphibian (frog) species were encephalitogenic in rats at a level of 50 µg; those of fish (carp, shark) were completely inactive. None of the myelin basic proteins from the submammalian species was encephalitogenic in guinea pigs at levels as high at 250 µg. Guinea pigs responded equally well to 5 µg of all mammalian myelin basic proteins tested except the smaller of the two rat proteins, which was completely inactive at this level. In contrast, rats responded well to guinea pig and both the larger and the smaller rat proteins, but not as well to proteins of the other mammals (bovine, rabbit and human) at a 10-µg level. The different patterns of reactivity of guinea pigs and rats to mammalian and submammalian myelin basic proteins suggest that the two species recognize different amino acid sequences in the basic protein molecule as being encephalitogenic determinants. Additional studies carried out in highly susceptible strains of rats showed that whole spinal cord tissue of salamanders, as well as frog, is encephalitogenic, but that carp spinal cord is not. Evidence of rapid autolytic changes in spinal cord tissue from cold-blooded animals together with the observed heterogeneity of fish basic proteins indicate the need for caution in interpretation of negative results with carp and shark proteins.
Secretory Newcastle Disease Virus Antibodies from Chicken Respiratory Tract
Authors: Zakay-Rones Z. , Levy R. , Spira G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The nature of the antibodies extracted from lungs of chickens immunized intranasally by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was analyzed by chromatography on Sephadex G-200, DEAE cellulose, as well as by electrophoresis on acrylamide gel. Specific local antibody activity was always located at the same region as serum antibodies with a molecular weight of 160,000 to 180,000. By immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis this antibody was shown to be antigenically identical to humoral IgG serum antibodies. Concentrations of hexosamine were 1.55% for serum and 1.35% for lung antibodies. The S values as determined by analytical ultracentrifugation were 6.9 and 7.1 for local and humoral antibodies, respectively. It was concluded, therefore, that local anti-NDV antibodies belong to the IgG type of immunoglobulin, and that this immunoglobulin is responsible for the systemic as well as for the local immunity in the chickens.
Chemical Carcinogenesis and Humoral Antibody Synthesis
Authors: Brai Melchiorre , Patrucco Aida , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Methylcholanthrene in an amount sufficient to induce tumors in 100% of injected mice failed to influence humoral antibody responses as estimated by activity or weight measurements. Mice injected with the carcinogen before or after immunization with sheep erythrocytes and human serum albumin responded at the same levels during the primary and secondary phases of antibody synthesis as did the controls. The early immune response in tumor-bearing mice was also indistinguishable from that of normal animals, despite the presence of marked splenomegaly in the former group.
The Carbohydrate Composition of Immunoglobulins from Diverse Species of Vertebrates
Authors: Action R. T. , Niedermeier W. , Weinheimer P. F. , Clem L. W. , Leslie G. A. , Bennett J. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoglobulins and their respective heavy (H) and light (L) polypeptide chains from species representing the major classes of vertebrates were analyzed for their carbohydrate composition by gas chromatography of the alditol acetate derivatives of the monosaccharides released by acid hydrolysis. Mannose, galactose, glucosamine and sialic acid were present in the immunoglobulins from all the species investigated. Fucose however was absent from the immunoglobulins of two species of animals studied. Most of the carbohydrate was found associated with the H chains. The carbohydrate composition was felt to be heterogeneous in that the quantities of fucose and sialic acid found often accounted for less than one residue per H chain. Whereas species representative of the mammals and birds had mannose to galactose ratios greater than one, the ratio of these sugars to each other in the immunoglobulins from animals below the birds was on the order of one.
Chicken Immunoglobulin Resembling γA
Authors: Bienenstock John , Perey D. Y. E. , Gauldie J. , Underdown B. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immunoglobulin classes recognized in the chicken are γG and γM. Because of an interest in this laboratory in the mechanisms of local mucosal immunity and the possible experimental manipulations of chicken central lymphoid tissue, it was felt that a redefinition of chicken immunoglobulins, particularly with reference to a possible γA class, should be undertaken before a satisfactory exploration of mucosal immunity in the chicken could occur. Accordingly, we immunized a rabbit against chicken γG Fab fragments prepared according to the methods of Tenenhouse and Deutsch (1). We further prepared antisera in goats to chicken γM and γG heavy chains as described previously (2). The anti-chicken γG was monospecific for the γ chain, and did not react with Fab fragments. The anti-γM antiserum was rendered monospecific by absorption with newly hatched chicken serum. Both antisera gave single precipitin arcs in immunodiffusion experiments against normal chicken serum.
Synthesis of β2-Microglobulin by Stimulated Lymphocytes
Authors: Bernier George M. , Fanger Michael W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
β2-microglobulin is a human serum protein of low molecular weight and unknown function (1). Normally present in serum in low concentrations (2 µg/ml), it is degraded by the kidney (2). In the presence of renal failure serum concentrations as high as 70 µg/ml may occur (3, 4). Patients with defective renal tubular function excrete increased amounts of β2-microglobulin in their urine (4), suggesting that tubular reabsorption is an important step in the catabolism of this protein. In its dependence upon the kidney for degradation, β2-microglobulin is similar to immunoglobulin light chains (5), although microglobulin is not antigenically related to any known immunoglobulin.
Recently, Smithies and Poulik have reported the partial amino acid sequence of β2-microglobulin (6). They found significant homology between β2-microglobulin and two adjacent loops (C2 and C3) of the heavy chain of human γG globulin. This finding suggested that β2-microglobulin might be synthesized in lymphoid tissue and prompted us to investigate whether this protein was produced by lymphocytes during in vitro culture.
Appendix and γM Antibody Formation. V. Appendix and Thymus Cell Synergism in the Direct and Indirect Plaque-Forming Cell Responses to Sheep Erythrocytes in the Rabbit
Authors: Ozer H. , Waksman B. H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Thymectomized, lethally irradiated rabbits were restored to normal or near-normal immune responsiveness against sheep erythrocytes by a combination of autologous or allogeneic thymocytes and appendix cells.
The Immune Response to Sheep Erythrocytes in the Lizard Calotes Versicolor
Authors: Kanakambika P. , Muthukkaruppan VR. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immune response of the lizard, Calotes versicolor, to sheep red blood cells has been characterized in terms of the appearance of circulating antibodies as well as hemolysin-releasing plaque-forming cells (PFC). PFC appear in the spleen by the end of the 1st week after immunization and reach a maximum number at 14 days. The maximum level of serum antibody response is reached during the 3rd week. After a second immunization the rise in PFC and serum antibody is more rapid with a shorter latent period but without a concomitant increase in antibody level. PFC can be detected only in the spleen and blood of immunized lizards but not in other tissues such as the thymus, bone marrow, cloacal complex, lung, liver or kidney.
Histologic changes occurring in the spleens of immunized lizards are also described. After immunization, there appear to be a greater abundance of mitotic figures, increased vascularity within the splenic pulp, and a reduction in the relative number of lymphocytes.
Bactericidal and Opsonic Properties of C4-Deficient Guinea Pig Serum
Authors: Root Richard K. , Ellman Leonard , Frank Michael M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The bactericidal and opsonic properties of serum obtained from a strain of guinea pigs totally lacking in hemolytically active or antigenically detectable C4 were studied and compared to serum from normal guinea pigs and those heterozygous for C4 deficiency. Bactericidal activity against two strains of E. coli was present in C4-deficiency serum; however, the latent period was prolonged and the rate was slower when compared to that in normal or heterozygous sera. C4-deficient serum bactericidal activity could be restored to normal by mixing with normal serum or by adding partially purified C4 from human serum. Treatment of both C4-deficient and normal serum with heat (56°C for 30 min), 0.04 M EDTA, and zymosan abolished bactericidal activity, whereas 0.03 M hydrazine treatment impaired but did not completely destroy the activity of both sera. C4-deficient serum promoted phagocytosis of S. aureus, type 25 pneumococci, E. coli and C. albicans but kinetic studies employing 14C labeled bacteria indicated that ingestion rates were slower than in normal or heterozygous serum. Prior incubation of pneumococci in serum established that opsonization was the rate-limiting step in phagocytosis of these organisms and that this was significantly diminished from normal in C4-deficient serum. Normal opsonization could be restored by the addition of as few as 10 units of partially purified guinea pig C4. Treatment with heat, EDTA and zymosan abolished opsonization in both normal and C4-deficient sera. Hydrazine treatment diminished the opsonic activity of normal serum against pneumococci but did not significantly affect C4-deficient serum pneumococcal opsonization. These observations are consistent with the operation of an alternate pathway for activation of late complement components necessary for bacterial opsonization and killing by serum, but suggest that participation of C4 presumably through the classic C1,4,2,3–9 sequence might be necessary for maximal rates of activity. In addition, the results of studies using the various complement inhibitors offer support for the participation of heat labile factors, divalent cations and zymosan and hydrazine inhibitable components in the alternate pathway. Finally, both normal and C4-deficient guinea pigs were found to be highly resistant to intraperitoneal administration of high doses of type 25 pneumococci or E. coli used in the in vitro studies. Limited studies of the effects of intravenous challenge with pneumococci likewise revealed no striking impairment in the survival of the C4-deficient animals, suggesting that by utilization of the alternate pathway the host defenses are adequately maintained in vivo.
Ontogenesis of the in Vitro Response of Murine Lymphoid Cells to Cellular Antigens and Phytomitogens
Authors: Howe Michael L. , Manziello Bruce 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ontogenesis of cellular immunity in CBA/J mice was studied by using in vitro culture of spleen and thymus cells from donors varying in age from 2 to 70 days. Cell suspensions were assayed for reactivity in the mixed lymphocyte interaction (MLI) and isogeneic lymphocyte interaction (ILI) and for responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). The capacity of spleen cells to participate in the MLI and ILI and to respond to PWM appeared at an earlier age than did PHA responsiveness. The refractoriness of neonatal spleen cells to PHA stimulation could not be overcome by varying the number of cells or the quantity of PHA used in each culture. The thymus of neonates was found to have a similar selective deficiency of PHA-reactive cells. Cells responsive to PHA could not be detected in the neonatal thymus even after treatment of cell donors with cortisone acetate, although similar treatment of adult donors dramatically enhanced thymic cell responsiveness to PHA. These studies suggest that PHA responsiveness either requires a separate lymphoid cell population or reflects a later stage of lymphocyte maturation than the other in vitro activities assayed in this investigation.
Cell Interactions in Antibody Formation in Vitro
Authors: Leserman Lee D. , Cosenza Humberto , Roseman Jeffrey M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The plaque-forming cell response in vitro of normal mouse spleen cells to sheep erythrocytes requires “adherent” and “nonadherent” cells. Adherent cells incubated only briefly with the antigen and then washed thoroughly with medium stimulate a full response of nonadherent cells which have not been exposed to antigen and are added to the adherent cells. Adherent cells after exposure to antigen and washing with medium were treated briefly with 0.83% NH4Cl and washed again. Such treatment abolished the response of nonadherent cells added to them. The treatment does not injure adherent cells, since their capacity to stimulate a normal response is fully restored by re-adding antigen to them. This requirement for both adherent cells and antigen is demonstrable for the first 2 days of culture of whole spleen cells, but is not demonstrable for so long when cultures are prepared from spleens of mice previously immunized with sheep erythrocytes. Previous studies demonstrated that a subpopulation, present in the adherent population is required, and we refer to this subpopulation as the third cell type. Nonadherent cells contain both bone marrow and thymus-derived cells required for the response to sheep erythrocytes. We suggest that the third cell type may focus the interaction of the other two cell types, presumably through antigen bound on the membranes of its cell surface.
Antigenic Properties of the Fab Fragment of Human IgM: Antigenic Determinants Common to IgM and IgG
Authors: Chen James P. , Tomasi Thomas B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An antigenic determinant common to human IgM and IgG was revealed by the use of a rabbit antiserum produced against the Fabμ fragment of a monoclonal IgM (λ type). This antiserum (R8), after absorption with λ Bence Jones protein, still cross-reacted with IgM and IgG. Sheep erythrocytes coated with either IgM or IgG of λ type were tested with 13 Waldenström IgM, 12 myeloma IgG and 3 myeloma IgA proteins by hemagglutination inhibition. Three out of five IgM (λ) and two out of seven IgG (λ) were markedly inhibitory at concentrations of 0.2 to 4 μg/ml.
Mild reductive cleavage of IgM did not alter its reactivity. The inhibition of Fabμ fragments appeared to parallel that of the parent IgM molecules. Isolated heavy and light chains from macroglobulins produced negligible reactivity. These studies suggest that the conformational antigenic determinant(s) of the anti-Fabμ serum may involve primarily the interaction of the Fd fragment and λ chains of either IgM or IgG molecules. In addition, by using hemagglutination inhibition technique, other antibody system(s) have been found in R8 which show specificity for the Fabμ fragments of both κ and λ macroglobulins.
Hypersensitivity to Ascaris Antigens
Authors: Hussain Rabia , Strejan Gill , Campbell Dan H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An allergen from Ascaris suum crude extract was isolated by a combination of Sephadex G-200 gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The allergen was detected over a wide range of molecular weights but had the property to stimulate homocytotropic (Hc) antibody production only when present in a molecular weight range of 30,000 to 40,000. The main bulk of the immunogenic fraction was negatively charged at pH 8.6, but the entire fraction displayed an extremely broad range of electrophoretic mobilities as detected by bidimensional immunoelectrophoresis; the allergen contained 11% reducing sugars. Bordetella pertussis-treated rats produced relatively high titers of Hc antibodies when injected with as little as 10 μg of the partially purified allergen.
The allergen (Asc-1) was obtained in a highly purified form by associating Sephadex gel filtration with polyvinyl-chloride preparative electrophoresis. A monospecific rabbit precipitating antiserum against Asc-1 was capable of completely removing the allergenic activity by specific absorption.
Immunohistologic Distribution of the Chicken Immunoglobulins
Authors: Lebacq-Verheyden Anne-Marie , Vaerman J. P. , Heremans J. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An immunoglobulin distinct from IgG and IgM has been identified in chicken serum, intestinal secretions, and bile (1). Its homology with mammalian IgA was inferred from the antigenic individuality of its heavy chains and its high concentration in two exocrine secretions, viz, intestinal juice and bile. The present communication deals with the distribution of the three immunoglobulins, IgG, IgM and IgA in the spleen and intestinal mucosa of five adult conventional chickens.
Specific antisera gainst γ, µ and α chains (1) were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate according to standard procedures (2). Tissue samples were processed to 5-µ sections in a Cryo-Cut microtome (American Optical Corporation), incubated with the labeled antisera and examined under ultraviolet light for immunoglobulin-containing cells.
In the spleen (Fig. 1), plasma cells were predominantly distributed around the germinal centers and most of these cells stained with anti-γ or anti-µ reagents. Only few cells reacted with anti-α.
Structural Differences in Mouse IgA Myeloma Proteins of Different Allotypes
Authors: Warner Noel L. , Marchalonis J. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse IgA myeloma proteins produced by plasma cell tumors derived from BÀLB/c, NZB and (BALB/c × NZB)F1 hybrid mice were examined electrophoretically under dissociating conditions by using reduced and unreduced samples. In confirmation of previous studies by Abel and Grey (3) our electrophoretic patterns are consistent with the conclusion that no L-H disulfide bonds are present in BALB/c-derived IgA proteins. However, 3 out of 3 NZB derived IgA proteins appeared to possess L-H disulfide bonds, as did 5 of 10 NZB hybrid derived proteins. The presence of L-H disulfide bonds in the hybrid-derived proteins completely correlated with the presence of Ig-2e (NZB type) IgA allotypic antigens.
Valence and Temporal Change in Affinity of Purified 7S and 18S Nurse Shark Anti-2,4 Dinitrophenyl Antibodies
Authors: Voss Edward W. , Sigel M. Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Purified shark 7S and 18S anti-2,4 dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibodies were purified by immunoadsorption. Comparative equilibrium dialysis studies with the 3H-ε-DNP-l-lysine ligand over a 20-month period indicated that the 7S antibody showed a 100-fold increase in the average intrinsic association constant. The binding affinity of the 18S molecule did not change significantly during the same period. Valences of 1.4 and 8 were measured for the 7S and 18S molecules respectively, purified from the 30-month bleedings.