bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactions to Messages About a Nicotine Reduction Policy: A Focus Group Study Among People Who Use Little Cigars and Cigarillos
Authors: Ntansah Charity A , Hackworth Emily E , Henderson Katherine C , Reynolds Reed M , Yang Bo , Ashley David L , Duong Hue Trong , Thrasher James F , Popova Lucy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Introduction
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has proposed rulemaking to reduce the nicotine content in cigarettes and other combusted tobacco products to non-addictive levels. This qualitative study documents reactions to messages communicating this policy among people who use little cigars and cigarillos (LCCs).

Aims and Methods
We conducted eight focus groups with participants from four populations with the highest prevalence of cigar use (African American males and females, white males and females). Participants described their reactions to eight messages about the policy: Three messages about the equal risk of LCCs with regular and low nicotine levels; three quit efficacy messages about low nicotine LCCs being easier to quit; one “compensation” message to correct misperceptions about the policy causing people to smoke more to get desired nicotine; and one message about using alternative nicotine sources (eg, e-cigarettes).

Results
Participants perceived risk messages as the most motivating to quit, whereas efficacy messages made some participants feel that the policy would cause former users of LCCs to relapse. Many participants expressed favorable responses to the compensation message. The message about using alternative nicotine sources sparked intense responses, with many participants expressing outrage and mistrust of the message. Participants’ beliefs that they were not addicted to LCCs dampened their perceptions of the effectiveness of the policy.

Conclusions
Perceptions of the addictiveness and relative harms of LCCS influenced responses to policy messages. The FDA should consider using different messages to communicate with people who use LCCs because they perceive LCCs as different from cigarettes.

Implications
This is the first study to document affective and cognitive responses to the FDA’s reduced nicotine policy among people who use LCCs. The false belief that cigar products are less harmful than cigarettes may be influencing people’s lack of support for the reduced nicotine policy and difficulty in understanding its potential positive impact. To maximize the public health benefit of the reduced nicotine policy, the FDA should include LCC products in the policy; however, it is crucial that they use educational messaging to clarify misperceptions regarding nicotine and harm as it applies to LCCs.
Metarules, Judgment and the Algorithmic Future of Financial Regulation in the UK
Authors: Georgosouli Andromachi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
UK financial regulators are experimenting with the conversion of rulebook content into machine-readable and executable code. A major driver of these initiatives is the belief that the use of algorithms will eliminate the need for human interpretation as a deliberative process, and that this would be a welcome development because it will improve effectiveness while cutting time and costs for regulators and the industry alike. In this article, I set out to explain why human interpretation should be preserved and further harnessed if data-driven governance is to work at all. To support my thesis, I bring attention to the limited translatability of rulebook content into code, and to the difficulties for machines to engage with the full spectrum of tasks of analogical reasoning. I further contend that it would be desirable to preserve human interpretation on procedural grounds pertaining to the legitimacy of financial regulators. I conclude with recommendations about the future design of the financial rulebooks.
Rousseau’s Republican Judges
Authors: Winter Stephen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Judges occupy important roles in Rousseau’s constitutional theory. Placing the Social Contract alongside Rousseau’s lesser-known Letters Written from the Mountain and The Government of Poland, this article examines how Rousseau constructs judicial institutions and explores a problem he confronts. Although necessary for the republic to enjoy the rule of law, Rousseau worries that adjudicative bodies threaten the citizens’ freedom. This article describes Rousseau’s constitutional solution, which combines a conservative-yet-progressive legislative ethos, with pluralist institutionalism and judicial non-professionalism.
The Necessity of Institutional Pluralism
Authors: Dorfman Avihay , Harel Alon 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This article defends the claim that the institutional source of a legal norm—be it the constitution, legislation or whatever—affects its nature and value. We argue that institutions are not merely vessels through which norms get public recognition. When different institutions use identically worded norms, say, ‘everyone is equally entitled to X’, they may nevertheless produce different norms and provide different goods. For instance, a constitutional protection of a basic right differs from a statutory right to the same right not (only) because the former is less likely to be changed, but (also) because a constitutional decision marks the right in question as one that makes no essential reference to the actual choice of the majority of the political community. We extend this argument to other institutional settings, especially the common law tradition of judge-made law.
Healthiness as a Virtue: The Healthism of mHealth and the Challenges to Public Health
Authors: Wieczorek Michał , Rossmaier Leon Walter Sebastian 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Mobile health (mHealth) technologies for self-monitoring health-relevant parameters such as heart frequency, sleeping patterns or exercise regimes aim at fostering healthy behavior change and increasing the individual users to promote and maintain their health. We argue that this aspect of mHealth supports healthism, the increasing shift from institutional responsibility for public health toward individual engagement in maintaining health as well as mitigating health risks. Moreover, this healthist paradigm leads to a shift from understanding health as the absence of illness to regarding health as the performance of certain rituals in order to project healthiness. By drawing from the analogy between healthiness and traditional virtues, we evaluate the promises made by proponents of mHealth technologies for self-monitoring. We argue that the implementation and use of mHealth risk entrenching existing inequalities and, more particularly, tend to exclude populations situated at the losing end of those inequalities from participating in the quasi-virtue of healthiness. Consequently, the implementation and use of mHealth technologies not only present challenges for social justice but also undermine their primary societal goal—to promote public health. Finally, we offer several suggestions on how to realize the potential benefit of mHealth.
An implementation of the matrix method using the Chebyshev grid
Authors: Shen Shui-Fa , Qian Wei-Liang , Guo Hong , Zhang Shao-Jun , Li Jin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this work, we explore the properties of the matrix method for black hole quasinormal modes on the nonuniform grid. In particular, the method is implemented to be adapted to the Chebyshev grid, aimed at effectively suppressing Runge’s phenomenon. It is found that while such an implementation is favorable from a mathematical point of view, in practice, the increase in precision does not necessarily compensate for the penalty in computational time. On the other hand, the original matrix method, though subject to Runge’s phenomenon, is shown to be reasonably robust and suffices for most applications with a moderate grid number. In terms of computational time and obtained significant figures, we carried out an analysis regarding the trade-off between the two aspects. The implications of the present study are also addressed.
Sea contribution to the charge radii and quadrupole moment of JP ½+, ³⁄₂+ baryons
Authors: Bhall Preeti , Batra Meenakshi , Upadhyay A 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
An operator formalism is used on the wave function of baryons to compute their charge radii and quadrupole moments. The total anti-symmetric wave function in spin, color, and flavor space is framed for $J^P=\frac{1}{2}^+$ nucleons and $J^P=\frac{3}{2}^+$ hyperons. To understand the importance of the sea, a statistical model is used in conjugation with the detailed balance principle. Within the statistical approach, the importance of the sea with quarks and gluons are studied using the relevant probabilities that are associated with spin, flavor, and color space. The present work also focuses on individual contributions of valence and sea which contains terms of the scalar, vector, and tensor seas. The obtained results are in agreement with available theories and a few experimental outcomes. Our computed results may provide important information for upcoming experimental findings.
Effects of Exercise on Structural and Functional Brain Patterns in Schizophrenia—Data From a Multicenter Randomized-Controlled Study
Authors: Roell Lukas , Keeser Daniel , Papazov Boris , Lembeck Moritz , Papazova Irina , Greska David , Muenz Susanne , Schneider-Axmann Thomas , Sykorova Eliska B , Thieme Christina E , Vogel Bob O , Mohnke Sebastian , Huppertz Charlotte , Roeh Astrid , Keller-Varady Katriona , Malchow Berend , Stoecklein Sophia , Ertl-Wagner Birgit , Henkel Karsten , Wolfarth Bernd , Tantchik Wladimir , Walter Henrik , Hirjak Dusan , Schmitt Andrea , Hasan Alkomiet , Meyer-Lindenberg Andreas , Falkai Peter , Maurus Isabel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background and Hypothesis
Aerobic exercise interventions in people with schizophrenia have been demonstrated to improve clinical outcomes, but findings regarding the underlying neural mechanisms are limited and mainly focus on the hippocampal formation. Therefore, we conducted a global exploratory analysis of structural and functional neural adaptations after exercise and explored their clinical implications.

Study Design
In this randomized controlled trial, structural and functional MRI data were available for 91 patients with schizophrenia who performed either aerobic exercise on a bicycle ergometer or underwent a flexibility, strengthening, and balance training as control group. We analyzed clinical and neuroimaging data before and after 6 months of regular exercise. Bayesian linear mixed models and Bayesian logistic regressions were calculated to evaluate effects of exercise on multiple neural outcomes and their potential clinical relevance.

Study Results
Our results indicated that aerobic exercise in people with schizophrenia led to structural and functional adaptations mainly within the default-mode network, the cortico-striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical loop, and the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway. We further observed that volume increases in the right posterior cingulate gyrus as a central node of the default-mode network were linked to improvements in disorder severity.

Conclusions
These exploratory findings suggest a positive impact of aerobic exercise on 3 cerebral networks that are involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

Clinical Trials Registration
The underlying study of this manuscript was registered in the International Clinical Trials Database, ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT number: NCT03466112, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03466112?term=NCT03466112&draw=2&rank=1) and in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS-ID: DRKS00009804).
Hexaconazole exposure disrupt acetylcholinesterase, leading to mental illness
Authors: Ali Abuzer , Abdi Sayed Aliul Hasan , Ali Amena , Ahmad Wasim 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Hexaconazole is widely used in agricultural work, and it has been observed that it has potential to disrupt endocrine function and it has also capacity of bioaccumulation. In this study, we examined how the hexaconazole disrupts the usual balance of acetylcholinesterase. It has been already reported that heavy pesticide exposures may be a reason for several mental illnesses because these pesticides may disrupt normal balance of acetylcholinesterase. In this paper, we have done a complete molecular and dynamics analysis to understand the behavior of hexaconazole with acetylcholinesterase so that its toxicological aspect may be explored. Our findings revealed that hexaconazole has potency to interact with acetylcholinesterase in a stable manner. The binding energy of hexaconazole was found to be −7.95 kcal/mol. However, chlorpyrifos, known inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, has binding energy of −7.17 kcal/mol. With respect to stability analysis, hexaconazole has similar stability like chlorpyrifos. Root-mean-square deviation, root-mean-square fluctuation, radius of gyration, hydrogen bonding, and solvent accessible surface area were similar to chlorpyrifos. In addition, density functional theory computations analysis reveals that hexaconazole is energetically stable like chlorpyrifos, which is necessary for establishing a stable ligand–protein complex. The result of this complete molecular analysis reveals that hexaconazole may disrupt the acetylcholinesterase balance, which leads to mental illness.
Long chain acyl‐CoA synthetase 6 facilitates the local distribution of di‐docosahexaenoic acid‐ and ultra‐long‐chain‐PUFA‐containing phospholipids in the retina to support normal visual function in mice
Authors: Kuroha Sayoko , Katada Yusaku , Isobe Yosuke , Uchino Haruki , Shishikura Kyosuke , Nirasawa Takashi , Tsubota Kazuo , Negishi Kazuno , Kurihara Toshihide , Arita Makoto 
Published: August 2023

AbstractDocosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and ultra‐long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ULC–PUFAs) are uniquely enriched in membrane phospholipids of retinal photoreceptors. Several studies have shown that di‐DHA‐ and ULC–PUFA‐containing phospholipids in photoreceptors have an important role in maintaining normal visual function; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the synthesis and enrichment of these unique lipids in the retina, and their specific roles in retinal function remain unclear. Long‐chain acyl‐coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase 6 (ACSL6) preferentially converts DHA into DHA–CoA, which is a substrate during DHA‐containing lipid biosynthesis. Here, we report that Acsl6 mRNA is expressed in the inner segment of photoreceptor cells and the retinal pigment epithelial cells, and genetic deletion of ACSL6 resulted in the selective depletion of di‐DHA– and ULC–PUFA‐containing phospholipids, but not mono‐DHA‐containing phospholipids in the retina. MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI–MSI) revealed the selective distribution of di‐DHA– and ULC–PUFA‐containing phospholipids in the photoreceptor outer segment (OS). Electroretinogram of Acsl6−/− mice exhibited photoreceptor cell‐derived visual impairment, whereas the expression levels and localization of opsin proteins were unchanged. Acsl6−/− mice exhibited an age‐dependent progressive decrease of the thickness of the outer nuclear layers, whereas the inner nuclear layers and OSs were normal. These results demonstrate that ACSL6 facilitates the local enrichment of di‐DHA– and ULC–PUFA‐containing phospholipids in the retina, which supports normal visual function and retinal homeostasis.
Enhanced recovery programme after colorectal surgery in high-income and low-middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Slim Naim , Teng Wai Huang , Shakweh Ealaff , Sylvester Helena-Colling , Awad Mina , Schembri Rebecca , Hermena Shady , Chowdhary Manish , Oodit Ravi , Francis Nader 
Published: August 2023

Background:
Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) protocols strive to optimise outcomes following elective surgery, however there is a dearth of evidence to support its equitable application and efficacy internationally.

Materials & Methods:
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on the uptake and impact of ERAS with the aim of highlighting differences in implementation and outcomes across high-income (HICs) and low-middle-income countries (LMICs). The primary outcome was characterisation of global ERAS uptake. Secondary outcomes included length of hospital stay (LOS), 30-day readmission, 30-day mortality and post-operative complications.

Results:
337 studies with considerable heterogeneity were included in the analysis (291 from HICs, and 46 from LMICs) with a total of 110,190 patients. The weighted median number of implemented elements were similar between HICs and LMICs (P=0·94), but there was a trend towards greater uptake of less affordable elements across all aspects of the ERAS pathway in HICs. The mean LOS was significantly shorter in patient cohorts in HICs (5·85 days versus 7·17 days in LMICs, P<0·001). The 30-day readmission rate was higher in HICs (8·5% vs. 4·25% in LMICs, P<0·001, but no overall world-wide effect when ERAS compared to controls (OR 1·00, 95% CI 0·88—1·13). There were no reported differences in complications (P=0·229) or 30-day mortality (P=0·949).

Conclusion:
Considerable variation in the structure, the implementation and outcomes of ERAS exists between HICs and LMICs, where affordable elements are implemented, contributing towards longer LOS in LMICs. Global efforts are required to ensure equitable access, effective ERAS implementation and a higher standard of perioperative care world-wide.
High visceral fat-to-muscle ratio predicated a recurrent fistula after definitive surgery for a small intestinal fistula with diffuse extensive abdominal adhesions: a cohort study
Authors: Tian Weiliang , Xu Xin , Zhao Risheng , Tian Tao , Li Wuhan , Huang Ming , Zhao Yunzhao , Yao Zheng 
Published: August 2023

Background:
In patients diagnosed with sarcopenia, the presence of chronic preoperative inflammation, assessed by the ratio of visceral fat area (VFA) to the total abdominal muscle area index (TAMAI) (VFA/TAMAI), has been found to adversely affect wound healing. An elevated VFA/TAMAI may contribute to a higher incidence of postoperative recurrent fistulas (RFs) following definitive surgery (DS) for small intestinal fistulas accompanied by diffuse extensive abdominal adhesions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of VFA/TAMAI for postoperative RFs.

Methods:
The study enrolled 183 sarcopenic patients, with a median age of 51 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 38-61 y), a median body mass index of 19.6 kg/m2 (IQR: 18.9-21.0 kg/m2) who underwent DS for small intestinal fistulas between January 2018 and October 2022 were included in the multicenter study. The outcomes assessed were RFs and postoperative length of stay (LOS). VFA/TAMAI was examined as a potential risk factor for each outcome.

Results:
Out of the 183 patients, 20.2% (n=37) developed RFs. The multivariate regression analysis identified VFA/TAMAI as the sole factor associated with RFs (odds ratio=1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-2.87, P=0.02). The multivariable Cox regression analysis demonstrated that an elevated VFA/TAMAI was linked to a reduced postoperative LOS (hazard ratio=0.69, 95% CI: 0.59 - 0.81, P<0.001).

Conclusion:
In sarcopenic patients, a high VFA/TAMAI predicated the occurrence of RFs after DS for small intestinal fistulas in the presence of diffuse extensive abdominal adhesions.
Clinico-characteristics of patients which correlated with preferable treatment outcomes in immunotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Wang Yani , Lau Wanyee , Li Yafei , Tian Yichen , Lei Yongrong , Wang Jianhua , Xia Feng 
Published: August 2023

Background & Aims:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most lethal malignant tumor worldwide. The rapid development of immunotherapy utilizing immune checkpoint inhibitors for advanced HCC patients has been witnessed in recent years, along with numerous randomized clinical trials (RCTs) demonstrating the survival benefits for these individuals. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify specific clinico-pathological characteristics of advanced HCC patients that may lead to preferable responses to immunotherapy in terms of overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and objective response rate (ORR).

Methods:
The included clinical trials were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, and Web of Science databases published in English between January 1, 2002, and October 20, 2022. A systematic review and meta-analysis for first and second-line phase II/III studies were conducted on immunotherapy for patients with advanced HCC by using OS as the primary outcome measure, and PFS and ORR as the secondary outcome measures to obtain clinico-pathological characteristics of patients which might be preferable responses to PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors. Toxicity and specific treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were also determined.

Results:
After screening 1392 relevant studies, 12 studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis to include 5948 patients. Based on the analysis of interaction, the difference in OS after first-line immunotherapy between the subgroups of viral hepatitis (HR=0.73 vs 0.87, p for interaction=0.02) and microvascular invasion (MVI) and/or extrahepatic spread (EHS) (HR=0.73 vs 0.89, p for interaction=0.02) were significant. The difference in PFS between the subgroups of viral hepatitis was highly significant (pooled HR=0.55 vs 0.81, p for interaction=0.007). After second-line immunotherapy, the difference in ORR between the subgroups of Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer was significant (pooled ES=0.12 vs 0.23, p for interaction=0.04). Compared with programmed cell death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors, programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors may have a higher probability to cause TRAEs. Diarrhea, increased aspartate aminotransferase and hypertension were the top 3 TRAEs.

Conclusions:
This systematic review and meta-analysis represents the first pilot study aimed at identifying crucial clinico-pathological characteristics of patients with advanced HCC that may predict favorable treatment outcomes in terms of OS、PFS and ORR to immunotherapy. Findings suggest that patients with viral hepatitis positivity (especially hepatitis B virus) and MVI and/or EHS may benefit more in OS when treated with PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors.