bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Univalence of Half-Molecules of Rabbit Antibody
Authors: Hong Richard , Palmer Jerry L. , Nisonoff Alfred 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Dissociation of specifically purified rabbit antiovalbumin into half-molecules, followed by recombination at neutral pH, resulted in a 6 S product, 81% of which was precipitable by antigen. The sedimentation coefficient, precipitability, and shape of the precipitin curve indicated that most of the molecules in the product were bivalent.
When the recombination was carried out in the presence of a large excess of dissociated normal γ-globulin, the product did not form specific precipitates with antigen, but specifically inhibited the reaction of ovalbumin with untreated anti-ovalbumin. The results are consistent with univalence of half-molecules of antibody and the previously demonstrated capacity of half-molecules of anti-ovalbumin to combine with halfmolecules of normal γ-globulin, while retaining the integrity of antibody combining sites.
A procedure is described for specific purification of rabbit anti-ovalbumin and anti-bovine γ-globulin.
A Study of the Antigenic Relationship between Human Measles Virus and Canine Distemper Virus
Authors: Roberts J. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antigenic relationship between human measles virus and canine distemper virus has been analysed.
Neutralization titrations of antisera produced by dogs in response to homologous and heterologous inoculation producedures indicated that the capsids of the viruses have similar antigens, but that there is no common identical antigen.
Adsorption of antibody onto, and elution from, preparations of purified virus indicated that at least part of the antibody produced during the heterologous secondary response comprises antibody molecules that can react with both viruses.
Immune Degradation in Passively Sensitized Mice
Authors: Terres Geronimo , Sorem Gail L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice were injected with a constant amount of radioactive iodine (I*)-rabbit anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) and concomitantly with different amounts of BSA such that the zones of antigen excess, equivalence and antibody excess were included. It was shown that both the amount and the rate of immune degradation of I*-rabbit anti-BSA were dependent on the amount of antigen injected. At equivalence the onset of immune degradation was rapid whereas in the zone of antigen excess the onset was delayed. In antibody excess the rate of degradation only slightly exceeded that of the controls. The degradation of I125-labeled antibody and of I131-labeled antigen were followed simultaneously. A constant amount of I125-RγG (rabbit γ-globulin) was injected with different amounts of I131-BSA representing combinations in antigen excess, equivalence and antibody excess. In each case there was an apparent delay in the onset of immune degradation of the antibody, whereas the immune degradation of the antigen began immediately except in antibody excess. Possible explanations for these results were discussed. The data support the idea of constant rearrangement of complexes in vivo such that the instantaneous rate of degradation is a function of the actual ratio of antigen-to-antibody remaining. The data also suggest that more than one type of antibody is involved in accelerated degradation and retention of labeled antigen.
Common Antigenic Determinants of Penicillin G, Cephalothin and 6-Aminopenicillanic Acid in Rabbits
Authors: Brandriss Michael W. , Smith James W. , Steinman Harry G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antigenic properties of penicillin G, cephalothin and 6-aminopenicillanic acid were studied in rabbits. The benzylpenicilloyl group appeared to be the major determinant of the penicillin G antigen, in confirmation of earlier reports, but we could not confirm that it was the only determinant involved. Cephalothin and 6-aminopenicillanic acid formed cross-reacting antigens with penicillin G and the cross-reaction was inhibited by benzylpenicilloyl hapten. This suggests the possibility that cephalothin and 6-aminopenicillanic acid become antigenic in vivo through direct conjugation of the β-lactam carbon to native protein and that the penicillins might follow the same pathway.
Induction of Immunologic Unresponsiveness in Chickens with Avian Serum Proteins
Authors: Tempelis C. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Intraperitoneal injections of 1.0 or more mg of turkey γ-globulin (TGG) into “wet” chicks resulted in partial or complete inhibition of precipitin production at 6 weeks of age. Persistence of complete tolerance was evident up to 12 weeks in the group receiving 50 mg TGG. Partial tolerance was present at 22 weeks in those receiving 100 mg TGG. Greater amounts of goose γ-globulin (GGG) were necessary to produce even a partial state of tolerance. This correlates with the phylogenetic relationship of the two proteins to the chicken. These experiments confirmed that the duration of immunologic tolerance was related to the dose of the antigen administered at birth and that chickens are made tolerant more easily to avian than mammalian serum proteins. Chickens produce good quantities of precipitating antibodies to GGG but not to TGG.
Antigenic Properties of Human Mucous Membranes
Authors: Bonstein Herbert S. , Mazow Jack B. , Arbesman Carl E. , Rose Noel R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Human respiratory mucosa crude extract was fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation, starch block electrophoresis and agar gel electrophoresis. The serologic reactions of these fractions were studied by means of immunoelectrophoresis, double diffusion in agar and tanned cell hemagglutination. The respiratory mucosa fractions precipitated by 0 to 1.34 M ammonium sulfate (Fraction I), 1.34 to 2.00 M ammonium sulfate (Fraction II), and 2.00 to 3.00 M ammonium sulfate (Fraction III) all produced precipitation with specific antiserum to bronchial mucosa. Lung was similarly fractionated and showed visible precipitation lines in Fraction II and Fraction III using the same bronchial mucosa antiserum. By means of double diffusion in agar all the lines formed by the various fractions of respiratory mucosa showed reactions of identity. The faint lines formed by fractions of lung were partially identical to those formed by fractions of respiratory mucosa. Tanned cell hemagglutination tests were positive in highest titers with Fractions I and II of respiratory mucosa, Fraction II giving a lower titer. The remaining fractions did not react in hemagglutination tests. Inhibition of hemagglutination of Fraction I-coated cells and Fraction II-coated cells was shown by Fractions I, II and III of respiratory mucosa. Fraction III inhibited agglutination of Fraction II-coated cells in greater dilution than did Fraction II itself. No significant inhibition was demonstrated by extracts of lung, esophagus, or kidney. Different levels of the respiratory tract differ quantitatively in their content of the antigens represented in Fraction II.
Use of Polistes Venom in Petrolatum: Arlacel Repositories to Immunize against Yellow Jacket Wasp-Sting Allergy
Authors: Loveless Mary Hewitt , Nall Thomas M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Twenty-four persons with extreme allergy toward yellow jacket wasp stings were immunized safely with single, yearly, subcutaneous repositories of emulsified heterologous venom from the polistes wasp, there being no significant adverse developments on treatment day and no longterm sequelae such as abscess, cyst or neoplasm in the next 3 to 4 years. By contrast, control groups with identical allergy exhibited two adverse responses among 111 single-visit courses of fluid venom prepared from the homologous wasp or from polistes wasps. Effectiveness of therapy was judged by the clinical response to later stingings, of which 60 took place by plan in the hospital and four in the field by accident. Aside from trivial focal developments in 12 instances, only two significant adverse episodes were engendered, one in a repository-treated man and one after an immunization with homologous fluid venom. Subsequent repetition of the challenge found both men fully tolerant, one having taken a booster of fluid polistes venom in the meantime while the second merely rested. It was deduced that factors other than specificity differences in the two immunizing venoms probably had been responsible for the clinical failure after repository. The 64 challenges involved one to four insects and post-treatment periods that ranged from 9 days to 21 weeks for courses of fluid venom, and from 15 to 27 weeks for depot therapy. All but a few of the sting tested subjects have been transferred to intermittent sting-therapy to maintain their demonstrated immunity and are now receiving 2-min stingings from 3 to 4 wasps—polistes in cold months, yellow jacket wasps in summer—at intervals approaching a year. Threshold tests of skin and eye may afford a clue, before immunization, to the patient's tolerance for injected venom. After therapy, there is a small but statistically significant elevation in requirement, due to induced blocking antibody. As to the indication for specific prophylaxis in sting allergy, probably only those victims whose next encounter threatens disaster merit immunization, in view of the implied long-term risk of using foreign proteins parenterally. Obviously, only the simplest preparations and the smallest effective amounts are justified in any case, viz., venom as opposed to whole body extracts, and a single annual treatment as opposed to weekly and monthly injections over protracted periods.
Differences in the Electrophoretic Mobility of Antibody from Inbred Strains of Mice
Authors: Fahey John L. , Barth Werner , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The electrophoretic mobilities of precipitating and skin-sensitizing antibodies were investigated in eight strains of mice. The precipitating antibodies produced by C57BL/6JN mice were slow migrating, while BALC/c and other strains of mice produced relatively rapidly migrating antibodies. Skin-sensitizing antibodies differed in electrophoretic mobility in the same manner as precipitating antibodies.
The mobility difference between mouse strains was confirmed for antibodies against three different antigens. Genetic factors evidently influence the electrophoretic mobility of antibody in mice.
These observations also show that some of the factors determining differences in electrophoretic mobility of immunoglobulin molecules are independent of antigen-binding (antibody) sites and the skin-sensitizing site.
Antigen Excess in Guinea Pig Anaphylaxis
Authors: Frick O. L. , Liacopoulos P. , Raffel Sidney 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Systemic anaphylaxis in passively sensitized guinea pigs failed to occur when the animals were challenged with massive doses (0.5 to 1.0 g) of protein antigen intracardially. In the isolated sensitized guinea pig lung, bronchospasm was diminished or absent when large amounts of antigen were used for perfusion. PCA in guinea pig skin passively sensitized with rabbit anti-DNP sera was markedly reduced when large concentrations of divalent DNP haptens (bis-DNP lysine and bis-DNP ornithine) were employed.
These observations suggest that the inhibition of anaphylaxis by large concentrations of antigen may depend upon the formation in vivo of “nontoxic” complexes of composition Ag2Ab.
Interference with Establishment of Immunologic Tolerance to Shigella Antigens in Neonatal Mice by Specific Antiserum
Authors: Friedman Herman 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Administration of hyperimmune mouse anti-Shigella serum to newborn mice receiving a tolerance-inducing inoculum of Shigella soluble antigen (SSA) interferes with establishment of tolerance. An interval of 1 or 2 days between injection of antigen at birth and administration of antiserum results in only partial interference with tolerance, while an interval of several days or more results in no demonstrable effect. γ-Globulin containing fractions prepared from hyperimmune mouse serum is also capable of preventing induction of tolerance when administered at birth or shortly thereafter. Normal mouse serum, heterologous antiserum and hyperimmune anti-Shigella serum absorbed with Shigella organisms are ineffective. Administration of specific antiserum several weeks following induction of tolerance does not permanently “break” tolerance to Shigella. It is postulated that specific antibody to the tolerance-inducing Shigella antigen may combine with and/or neutralize the antigen in vivo in the newborn mouse so that no antigen remains free to induce and maintain tolerance.
An Analysis of Certain Factors Related to the Quantitation of Immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Russell Warren J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Factors involved in determining antigen concentration by relating immunoelectrophoretic precipitin arc position to the origins of antigen and antibody have been analyzed using refined immunologic systems. The data have been statistically analyzed, results evaluated and recommendations set forth.
A linear relationship is found to exist for both albumin and γG-globulin when the p value (diffusivity ratio) is plotted against the log antigen concentration. A departure from linearity was not detected by the technique employed, even though the diffusion coefficients of the reactants were different. It was found that the p value difference must exceed 0.075 for albumin-antialbumin and 0.059 for γG-globulin-anti-γG-globulin before any significant differences can be declared at the 0.05 level.
A comparison between experimentally determined equivalence and theoretical equivalence p values has been made and results indicate that the observed differences are most likely due to a decrease in peak antigen concentration when the antigen is moved in the electrical field.
On the basis of the data in this report, an experimental design is presented for determining unknown antigen concentrations by immunoelectrophoresis. This protocol specifies the number of samples needed to establish significant differences. Confidence intervals for various p values are given.
Reactions of Localizing Anti-Kidney Antibodies with Tissues of Various Species
Authors: Gery Igal , Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Reactions of localizing anti-kidney antibodies with kidney (and liver) of homologous and heterologous species were studied by the “paired label technique,” using mixtures of I125-labeled antibody and I131-labeled normal globulin.
The kidney localizing activity of rabbit antirat kidney antibodies is largely removed by absorption with rat kidney sediment and is removed to various lesser extents by prior absorption with kidney sediments of other species.
Anti-kidney antibodies formed in rabbits against sheep kidney and antibodies formed in goats and guinea pigs against rabbit kidney localize in vivo to a small extent in kidneys of rats.
Cross-localization reactions become much more apparent by the use of antibodies purified by absorption on and elution from kidney and liver sediments. Purified antibody preparations react differently with various tissue antigens, indicating that the purification procedure selects certain populations of anti-kidney antibodies out of the much more heterogeneous original mixture. Each population cross-reacts preferentially with the tissue antigens of the species used for purification.
A small degree of cross-reaction was observed even with kidney of the species used for antibody production. This was shown only after purification on this tissue sediment.
The cross-reaction of anti-rat kidney antibody with kidneys of heterologous species may be useful in the characterization of the antigens responsible for the specific antibody localization in the rat kidney.
Circulatory Collapse in Anaphylaxis and Histamine Toxicity in Mice
Authors: Bergman R. K. , Munoz J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Active anaphylaxis, passive anaphylaxis and histamine were all found to cause a highly significant rise in hematocrit values over prechallenge levels in Swiss-Webster strain (CFW) mice. The rise in hematocrit values indicated a loss of intravascular fluid sufficient to lower the average blood volumes of these groups 23 to 38% within 5 min after challenge. Injecting plasma extenders, i.e., physiologic saline or 6% dextranphysiologic saline, into mice during the first hour after challenge protected them from death, except for normal mice challenged with 24.0 mg of histamine. Injection of plasma extenders into mice receiving this massive histamine challenge gave no beneficial effects whatsoever and even seemed to be deleterious.
This study strongly indicates that anaphylactic and histamine death in hypersensitive mice is due to circulatory collapse which is brought about by loss of blood volume into the extravascular space and for which the animal is unable to compensate. The histamine-sensitizing factor (HSF) from B. pertussis appears either to augment the blood volume-depleting effects of anaphylactic and histamine shock or to interfere with the vascular compensatory mechanism. The increase of histamine sensitivity produced by dichloroisoproterenol (DCI) seems to have similar mechanisms.
Enumeration of Antibody-Forming Cells in the Peripheral Blood of Immunized Rabbits
Authors: Kearney R. , Halliday W. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits were injected with sheep erythrocytes, and their blood leukocytes were separated at intervals and examined by the agar plaque technique for cells producing specific antibody.
In a typical experiment, no active cells appeared after the first injection, but a second stimulus consistently produced antibody-forming cells in considerable numbers (up to several hundred/ml of blood). These cells first appeared on the 2nd day after the second antigen injection, reached a maximum on the 3rd day and rapidly declined. Subsequent injections gave rise to smaller responses.
An attempt was made to estimate the efficiency of the separation procedure.
Splenectomy of the rabbit had no significant effect on the occurrence of antibody-forming cells in the blood.
Cross-Reactions among γ-Globulins of Various Species in Indirect Immunofluorescence
Authors: Henle Gertrude , Henle Werner 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Several preparations of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated rabbit antibodies to guinea pig or human γ-globulin fractions were found to be capable of staining the characteristic mumps virus inclusions in infected HeLa cells previously sensitized with virus-specific antibodies derived from heterologous animal species. Brilliant immunofluorescence was elicited by labeled antibodies to heterologous γ-globulins only when the antiviral sera used for the primary stage of the reaction were used undiluted, or at the most in 10-fold dilution. The rabbit anti-guinea pig γ-globulin sera from which effective fluorescein conjugates were prepared yielded from one to three lines of precipitation in Ouchterlony tests with sera from several heterologous species with the exception of rabbits, whereas those sera from which strictly species-specific conjugates were obtained produced no precipitates with heterologous sera. Cross-reacting antisera to guinea pig γ-globulin also reduced the viral neutralizing capacity of human poliomyelitis convalescent serum. No attempts were made to identify the cross-reacting serum component(s). Such broadly reactive anti-γ-globulins might be useful for the indirect technique of immunofluorescence in that they overcome the usually observed species limitation of this method.
Effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin on the Levels of Acid Phosphatase, Lysozyme and Cathepsin in Rabbit Alveolar Macrophages
Authors: Heise E. R. , Myrvik Q. N. , Leake E. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study has been made of the time course and dose-response curves of lysozyme, acid phosphatase and cathepsin in rabbit alveolar macrophages following the injection of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) by the intratracheal route. Significant elevation in the levels of these acid hydrolases was observed within 3 to 7 days following the injection of BCG. The increase in enzyme levels was observed to be a dose-related response.
An Agar Interaction in Immunodiffusion
Authors: Hokama Y. , Coleman Monroe K. , Riley Richard F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The diffusion constant of C-reactive protein determined by the method of Allison and Humphrey is not the same for all samples of pathologic serum, indicating that C-reactive protein may exist in different sera in different states of aggregation. It is unlikely that it is strongly associated in native serum with β-lipoprotein.
Results of manipulating the ionic milieu and the nature of the supporting medium in which diffusion was carried out, indicated that C-reactive protein (CRP) shows a strong interaction with the charged groups of agar. The anomalous behavior of CRP on immunoelectrophoresis may result in part from this interaction.
The relevance of these observations to the quantitative determination of C-reactive protein (and probably some other antigens) by immunodiffusion techniques in agar were pointed out.
Studies on Mouse Antibodies
Authors: Adler Frank L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The immune response of mice to one or more intraperitoneal injections of sheep red cells has been studied. A 25- to 100-fold variation in the dose of antigen that was injected into normal mice failed to have any significant effect on the formation of agglutinins and lysins. The kinetics of hemolysin and agglutinin formation differed, primarily because of the superior agglutinating activity of 7 S antibody, which appeared 24 hr after 19 S antibody and continued to increase as the titer of the latter dropped. While early lysins and agglutinins were ME-sensitive β-globulins, those appearing later were 7 S γ-globulins, among which the lysins appeared to possess greater electrophoretic mobility. The production of 19 S lysin in the primary response appeared to occur in two phases of which the early one was characterized by rapid rates of rise and decline, while the second phase was one of prolonged production at a slowly decreasing rate. Reinjection of antigen caused a rise of 19 S antibody in the continued presence of 7 S antibody which was similar to that following the first injection.
A class of 7 S lysins and agglutinins, of γ1 and γ2 mobilities, was found to be sensitive to ME. Such antibodies were encountered during the early phases of the 7 S antibody formation in primary and secondary responses. In contrast to 19 S antibodies, which lost all serologic activity after ME treatment, these sensitive 7 S antibodies fully maintained their combining ability.
Estimation of the Homogeneity of Purified Ragweed Antigens
Authors: Pruzansky Jacob J. , Patterson Roy 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antigenic homogeneity of three purified ragweed antigens has been studied by an antiglobulin coprecipitation technique using human antiserum. They were approximately 84, 67 and 64% homogeneous as determined by this procedure. Smaller amounts of other antigens were also present. Only one major precipitin band was found, and it was common to all three preparations. The utility and the limitations of the coprecipitation procedure were considered. The occurrence and significance of multiphasic binding curves in heterogeneous systems were discussed with the aid of a model consisting of a mixture of purified antigens and homologous antibodies.