bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Roadmap toward the Thematic Design of Plasmonic Field Effect Transistors: Crossing the Milestones
Authors: Chatterjee Hirak , Pal Sudip Kumar , Bardhan Dorothy , Debnath Deejan , Ghosh Sujit Kumar 
Published: September 2023

AbstractRecently, nano‐optics have attracted immense interest among researchers for the design of all‐optical devices to fulfill the ongoing demands of sustainable energy. Plasmonics of nanoscale materials can be employed to manipulate, guide, and convert ambient electromagnetic radiation to elevate the present state‐of‐the‐art in energy technology. To meet the clean energy challenges that lie ahead, it is indispensable to imbue preconceived notions of the electromagnetic configurations emerging from a set of physical observables that define the plasmonic states of the nanosystem. In this work, a set of hypothetical two‐dimensional plasmonic lattices formed with periodically interdigitated gold nanorods having different geometries and orientations is used as a top layer to simulate the carrier densities of field effect transistors (FETs) as a function of their near‐field potentials within the limit of classical electromagnetism. Based on these considerations, theoretically, a set of principles for the strategic design of different symmetric motifs is illustrated that can increase the effective path length of carriers through strong electromagnetic field confinement to achieve the desired enhancement of the photocurrent of a FET. In essence, the work demonstrates a protocol to design a plasmonic top layer for the maximization of gain voltage of an FET by manipulating the on‐chip local field through plasmonic coupling, giving a new pathway to designing plasmonic FETs.
Cascade Wolff Rearrangement and Double N‐Acylation: A Cyclization of α‐Diazoketones with 2‐aminopyridines or 3‐aminopyrazoles to Synthesize Fused Pyrimidinediones
Authors: Ren Jun‐Jie , Zhou Jia‐Xin , Song Yanqin , Zhang An‐Xin , Zhao Lu‐Xin , Zhao Zun‐Yuan , Zhu Yan‐Ping , Zhu Wei 
Published: September 2023

AbstractA cascade Wolff rearrangement and double N‐acylation reaction has been developed for the synthesis of fused pyrimidinediones in one‐pot under air. These reactions were performed with α‐diazoketones and 2‐aminopyridines or 3‐aminopyrazoles under catalyst‐ and additive‐free conditions. The protocol avoided traditional purification procedures, such as organic solvent extraction and column chromatography. The synthesis of biologically active molecules and gram‐scale experiment demonstrated the potential applications of this reaction.
Highly Efficient and Robust Ternary All‐Polymer Solar Cells Achieved by Electro‐Active Polymer Compatibilizers
Authors: Kim Geon‐U , Choi Changeun , Jeong Dahyun , Kim Dong Jun , Phan Tan Ngoc‐Lan , Song Seunghoon , Park Jinseok , Kim Taek‐Soo , Kim Yun‐Hi , Kim Bumjoon J. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAll‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs), using polymerized non‐fullerene acceptors (PNFAs), have shown promise in improving device stabilities compared to small‐molecular acceptor‐based PSCs. However, low mixing entropy between polymer donors (PDs) and PNFAs hampers the development of optimized blend morphology. Herein, this study develops efficient conjugated polymers that serve as interfacial compatibilizers between host PD and PNFA. Ternary all‐polymer blends containing the compatibilizer demonstrate improved blend morphology with strengthened interfaces, resulting in better photovoltaic properties and thermal/mechanical stabilities. In detail, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) increases from 15.4 to 17.1% upon the addition of the compatibilizer. Moreover, the devices based on the ternary blend enable good thermal stability, retaining 90% of the initial PCE after 96 h at 125 °C. Additionally, the mechanical properties are improved; the cohesive fracture energy (Gc) of 2.6 J m−2 and crack onset strain (COS) of 20.4% of the ternary blend outperform those of the binary blend (Gc = 1.1 J m−2 and COS = 16.5%). Resultingly, the stretchable PSCs based on the ternary blend exhibit an excellent PCE of 13.7% and stretchability with a strain at PCE80% of 35%.
A New Design Rule for Developing SiO with High Performance: Controlling Short‐Range Ordering of SiO2 Phase
Authors: Choi Geunho , Kim Minkyu , Kang Byoungwoo 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSimultaneously achieving high initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) with high reversible capacity and excellent cycle retention is a key factor for developing next‐generation SiO anode, but it has never been achieved. Here, a new potential for achieving these desired properties simultaneously by controlling of short‐range ordering of amorphous SiO2 matrix in SiO anode is reported. The controlled SiO has a unique microstructure that consists of a nano‐crystalline Si phase dispersed within SiO2 matrix that is short‐range ordered while maintaining an amorphous state in the long‐range. It is found that a high degree of short‐range ordering in SiO2 phase can change the pathway of the irreversible reactions of SiO anode forming less lithiated Li─Si─O phase, and this can result in high ICE (79.6%) with high reversible capacity after the first cycle (1582 mAh g−1) of SiO anode. Furthermore, even though the irreversible reactions can be significantly suppressed in the controlled SiO anode, the resulting material achieved excellent long‐term cycle stability (82.8% up to 100 cycles at 1 C rate). It is demonstrated that control of short‐range ordering of amorphous SiO2 matrix in SiO while maintaining its long‐range disordering is a key design rule to simultaneously achieve both high ICE and high reversible capacity with long‐term cycle stability.
Climate and management factors influence saffron yield in different environments
Authors: Pirasteh‐Anosheh Hadi , Babaie‐Zarch Mohammad Javad , Nasrabadi Mohammadebrahim , Parnian Amir , Alavi‐Siney Seid Mohammad , Beyrami Hossein , Kaveh Hamed , Hashemi Seyed Elahe , Durrer Urs , McDonald Karl , Race Marco 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe economic yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) has a wide range in different parts of the world, and it is not clear why this considerable difference exists. In this research saffron yield and yield components of 13 fields with varied geographic and climatic conditions were studied to determine which factor(s) are more important. Among the studied factors, temperature, field age, soil texture, bulk density, soil and water pH, irrigation events, and growth period had the greatest effect on saffron yield. The highest dry stigma weight, as economic yield, was obtained in three regions of Birjand (27 kg ha−1), Sarayan (24 kg ha−1), and Golshan (23.5 kg ha−1), followed by Neyshabur (18 kg ha−1) and Kashmar (17.5 kg ha−1), which had lower temperatures, coarse soil, balanced soil, and water pH, and longer growth periods. The average yields were increased until the sixth or seventh year (20.8 kg ha−1) and then decreased, however, it seems to be economic before the 10th year. Lower temperatures in early fall were important to stimulate flowering and increase yield in that year, and warm and sunny days in the spring are important for next year yields. We found that the optimal temperature for the first irrigation is ∼16°C and for flowering is ∼5°C–10°C. High‐yield fields did not have higher irrigation water volumes but more irrigation events (6.3), resulting in less water volume per irrigation. No direct relationship was observed between manure consumption and yield; however, processed manure increases yield by improving the soil structure and moisture retention ability. Fields with a complete chemical fertilizer composition had higher yields. It was concluded higher yields are achieved in saffron fields where regions are higher in altitude (at least 1300 m) and lower temperature in early autumn with complete fertilizer composition (especially sulfur and iron). There was no evidence of high salinity sensitivity of saffron.
Nichima gen. nov. (Alismataceae) based on reproductive structures from the Oligocene‐Miocene of Mexico
Authors: Hernández‐Sandoval Luis , Cevallos‐Ferriz Sergio R. S. , Hernández‐Damián Ana L. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPremiseAlismataceae, a sub‐cosmopolitan family with ca. 17 genera and 113 species, is a large group of aquatic plants. Compression/impressions and bioinclusions of reproductive parts in amber support the documentation of the lineage in low‐latitude North America. In Mexico, fossil aquatic plants have been infrequently documented. The new reproductive structures exhibit characteristics of Alismataceae, whose fossil record is mainly documented in the northern hemisphere through of fruits and seeds.MethodsWe described and compared 150 samples of reproductive structures preserved as impressions/compressions from the Oligocene Los Ahuehuetes locality in the state of Puebla, and two bioinclusions from the Miocene amber of Simojovel de Allende in the state of Chiapas, Mexico with extinct and extant taxa. Using a parsimony analysis based on 29 floral characters of 17 extant genera of the Alismataceae, we evaluated the relationship between the fossil material and potential living relatives.ResultsWe discovered a new genus Nichima based on a perfect, actinomorphic flower with an expanded receptacle, three persistent sepals with multiple vasculatures, delicate and caducous petals, six stamens, and a gynoecium composed of three to more superior carpels, maturing into achenes. These characteristics resemble flowers of Alismataceae. Nichima represents an extinct member of the family, with two new species described here, Nichima magalloniae L. Hern., Cevallos‐Ferriz et Hernández‐Damián sp. nov. and Nichima gonzalez‐medranoi L. Hern., Cevallos‐Ferriz et Hernández‐Damián, sp. nov. Their phylogenetic position suggests affinity with a clade that includes Baldiella, Echinodorus, and Alisma.ConclusionsReproductive structures from the Cenozoic of Mexico support the identification of a new extinct genus, Nichima, evidencing the extensive history of Alismataceae in North America's low latitudes and suggesting a southern extension of the boreotropical flora.
Formation of xylem tissues and secondary cell walls is diminished by severe and consecutive insect defoliation
Authors: Watanabe Yoko , Yamagishi Shohei , Takata Naoki , Tsuyama Taku , Yasue Koh , Ohno Yasuyuki 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPremiseInsect defoliation of trees causes unusual changes to wood anatomy and slows radial growth that decreases tree value; however, the characteristics of these anatomical changes in hardwoods remain unclear. The aim of this study was to characterize the anatomy and histochemistry of the wood in trunks of Betula maximowicziana trees after severe insect defoliation.MethodsSecondary xylem tissues were sampled from trunks that had been defoliated by Caligula japonica at Naie and Furano in central Hokkaido during 2006‐2012, then cross‐dated and examined microscopically and stained histochemically to characterize anatomical and chemical changes in the cells.ResultsWhite rings with thin‐walled wood fibers and greatly reduced annual ring width in the subsequent year were observed in samples from both sites. From these results, the year that the white rings formed was determined, and severe defoliation was confirmed to trigger white ring formation. The characteristics may prove useful to detect the formation year of white rings. Scanning electron microscopy and histochemical analyses of the white rings indicated that the thickness of the S2 layer in the wall of wood fiber cells decreased, but xylan and lignin were still deposited in the cell walls of wood fibers. However, the walls of the fibers rethickened after the defoliation.ConclusionsOur results suggest that B. maximowicziana responds to a temporary lack of carbon inputs due to insect defoliation by regulating the thickness of the S2 layer of the cell wall of wood fibers. For B. maximowicziana, insect defoliation late in the growing season has serious deleterious effects on wood formation and radial growth.
What kills the virtually immortal palms of the Florida scrub?
Authors: Abrahamson Warren G. , Abrahamson Christy R. , Koontz Stephanie M. , Tran Elan H. , Menges Eric S. , David Aaron S. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPremiseLife span varies greatly across plants, with some species being capable of extreme longevity. Yet even long‐lived individuals are susceptible to climatic events, fire, and other challenges. We examined rare mortality events and their causes in two long‐lived palmettos over four decades.MethodsWe monitored the survival of the clonalSerenoa repensand non‐clonal, Florida‐endemicSabal etoniafrom 1981 to 2022 in four habitats along an elevational gradient within the globally imperiled Florida scrub ecosystem. We considered several challenges to palmetto survival, including extreme fires, shading due to lack of fire, droughts, periods of high precipitation, and possible pathogens.ResultsSurvival of palmettos was remarkably high, and mortality was infrequent (Serenoa: cumulative, 5.7%; annualized, 0%–0.68%;Sabal: cumulative, 3.5%; annualized, 0%–0.43%). Mortality was highest in higher‐elevation habitats with greater soil drainage, and smaller palmettos were more likely to die. When subjected to extreme fire,Serenoasuffered greater mortality thanSabal. Mortality in long‐unburned habitats with increased shading rivaled that which occurred with extreme fire. There was no evidence of mortality due to lethal bronzing palm disease.ConclusionsBoth palmettos had exceptionally low mortality rates, which, coupled with earlier work showing slow rates of transition from seedling to adult and remarkable adult longevity, suggest notably low rates of population turnover. Observed mortality in long‐unburned habitats suggests the importance of fire‐management planning with prescription burning. Lengthy age to reproduction and/or dependency on clonal propagation limits migration or genetic adaptation to altered conditions caused by climate change.
The role of intraspecific variation in bumblebee body size and behavior on buzz pollination of a tropical legume species
Authors: Barbosa Bruna C. , Delgado de Lima Tamiris D. , Mota Guilherme V. , Nogueira Anselmo 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPremiseThe outcomes of generalized mutualisms rely on partner trait variation. In pollination mutualisms, although less explored, intraspecific variation in pollinator traits can be pivotal for successful pollination. We investigated the role of intraspecific body size and behavioral trait variations of bumblebee Bombus morio on the pollination of a buzz‐pollinated legume species, Chamaecrista latistipula.MethodsTo explore the impact of body size and behavior of B. morio on the pollination of C. latistipula, we observed visits to virgin flowers and quantified the pollen removal and deposition (pollination performance) and fruit and seed production (reproductive fitness). By analyzing video and sound recordings, we measured B. morio body size and behavior on each flower, including bee vibration descriptors.ResultsWe observed intraspecific behavioral differences among B. morio bumblebees associated with different body sizes. Larger bumblebees had half the handling time and vibrational pulses, less angular displacement within flowers, and larger relative peak amplitudes during vibrations than smaller bumblebees did. Regardless of their large variation in size and behavior, bumblebees were equally effective in removing pollen and pollinating flowers. The high female reproductive fitness was independent of bumblebee body size and behavior, likely due to the interaction between both. On the other hand, larger bumblebees visited flowers for shorter periods, probably promoting higher male reproductive fitness.ConclusionsThis study is the first to highlight the large intraspecific variation of bumblebee body size and behavior in buzz‐pollinated flowers in the field. Together, body size and behavior effects unexpectedly cancel each other, generating a high buzz pollination efficiency.
Testing the effect of individual scent compounds on pollinator attraction in nature using quasi‐isogenic Capsella lines
Authors: Xiong Ying‐Ze , Kappel Christian , Hagemann Laura , Jantzen Friederike , Wozniak Natalia , Sicard Adrien , Huang Shuang‐Quan , Lenhard Michael 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPremiseFloral scent, usually consisting of multiple compounds, is a complex trait, and its role in pollinator attraction has received increasing attention. However, disentangling the effect of individual floral scent compounds is difficult due to the complexity of isolating the effect of single compounds by traditional methods.MethodsUsing available quasi‐isogenic lines (qILs) that were generated as part of the original mapping of the floral scent volatile‐related loci CNL1 (benzaldehyde) and TPS2 (β‐ocimene) in Capsella, we generated four genotypes that should only differ in these two compounds. Plants of the four genotypes were introduced into a common garden outside the natural range of C. rubella or C. grandiflora, with individuals of a self‐compatible C. grandiflora line as pollen donors, whose different genetic background facilitates the detection of outcrossing events. Visitors to flowers of all five genotypes were compared, and the seeds set during the common‐garden period were collected for high‐throughput amplicon‐based sequencing to estimate their outcrossing rates.ResultsBenzaldehyde and β‐ocimene emissions were detected in the floral scent of corresponding genotypes. While some pollinator groups showed specific visitation preferences depending on scent compounds, the outcrossing rates in seeds did not vary among the four scent‐manipulated genotypes.ConclusionsThe scent‐manipulated Capsella materials constructed using qILs provide a powerful system to study the ecological effects of individual floral scent compounds under largely natural environments. In Capsella, individual benzaldehyde and β‐ocimene emission may act as attractants for different types of pollinators.
Anticoagulant therapies against sepsis‐induced disseminated intravascular coagulation
Authors: Umemura Yutaka , Nishida Takeshi , Yamakawa Kazuma , Ogura Hiroshi , Oda Jun , Fujimi Satoshi 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDisseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a frequent but lethal complication in sepsis. Anticoagulant therapies, such as heparin, antithrombin, activated protein C, and recombinant human‐soluble thrombomodulin, were expected to regulate the progression of coagulopathy in sepsis. Although a number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have evaluated the survival effects of these therapies over the past few decades, there remains no consistent evidence showing a significant survival benefit of anticoagulant therapies. Currently, anticoagulant therapies are not conducted as a standard treatment against sepsis in many countries and regions. However, most of these RCTs were performed overall in patients with sepsis but not in those with sepsis‐induced DIC, who were theoretically the optimal target population of anticoagulants. Actually, multiple lines of evidence from observational studies and meta‐analyses of the RCTs have suggested that anticoagulant therapies might reduce mortality only when used in septic DIC. In addition, the severity of illness is another essential factor that maximally affects the efficacy of the therapy. Therefore, to provide evidence on the true effect of anticoagulant therapies, the next RCTs must be designed to enroll only patients with sepsis‐induced overt DIC and a high severity of illness. To prepare these future RCTs, a novel scientific infrastructure for accurate detection of patients who can receive maximal benefit from anticoagulant therapies also needs to be established.
NADH Photosynthesis System with Affordable Electron Supply and Inhibited NADH Oxidation
Authors: Chen Yu , Shi Jiafu , Wu Yizhou , Guo Zheyuan , Li Shihao , Li Wenping , Wu Zhenhua , Wang Hongjian , Jiang Haifei , Jiang Zhongyi 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPhotosynthesis offers a green approach for the recycling of nicotinamide cofactors primarily NADH in bio‐redox reactions. Herein, we report an NADH photosynthesis system where the oxidation of biomass derivatives is designed as an electron supply module (ESM) to afford electrons and superoxide dismutase/catalase (SOD/CAT) cascade catalysis is designed as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) elimination module (REM) to inhibit NADH degradation. Glucose as the electron donor guarantees the reaction sustainability accompanied with oxidative products of gluconic acid and formic acid. Meanwhile, enzyme cascades of SOD/CAT greatly eliminate ROS, leading to a ≈2.00‐fold elevation of NADH yield (61.1 % vs. 30.7 %). The initial reaction rate and turnover frequency (TOF) increased by 2.50 times and 2.54 times, respectively, compared with those systems without REM. Our study establishes a novel and efficient platform for NADH photosynthesis coupled to biomass‐to‐chemical conversion.
Correlating Polysulfide Solvation Structure with Electrode Kinetics towards Long‐Cycling Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Li Zheng , Hou Li‐Peng , Yao Nan , Li Xi‐Yao , Chen Zi‐Xian , Chen Xiang , Zhang Xue‐Qiang , Li Bo‐Quan , Zhang Qiang 
Published: September 2023

AbstractLithium–sulfur (Li−S) batteries are promising due to ultrahigh theoretical energy density. However, their cycling lifespan is crucially affected by the electrode kinetics of lithium polysulfides. Herein, the polysulfide solvation structure is correlated with polysulfide electrode kinetics towards long‐cycling Li−S batteries. The solvation structure derived from strong solvating power electrolyte induces fast anode kinetics and rapid anode failure, while that derived from weak solvating power electrolyte causes sluggish cathode kinetics and rapid capacity loss. By contrast, the solvation structure derived from medium solvating power electrolyte balances cathode and anode kinetics and improves the cycling performance of Li−S batteries. Li−S coin cells with ultra‐thin Li anodes and high‐S‐loading cathodes deliver 146 cycles and a 338 Wh kg−1 pouch cell undergoes stable 30 cycles. This work clarifies the relationship between polysulfide solvation structure and electrode kinetics and inspires rational electrolyte design for long‐cycling Li−S batteries.
A Multidimensional Approach to Modulating Ionizable Lipids for High‐Performing and Organ‐Selective mRNA Delivery
Authors: He Zepeng , Le Zhicheng , Shi Yi , Liu Lixin , Liu Zhijia , Chen Yongming 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe development of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) has enabled a successful clinical application of mRNA vaccines. However, disclosure of design principles for the core component‐ionizable lipids (ILs), improving the delivery efficacy and organ targeting of LNPs, remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we report a powerful strategy to modulate ILs in one‐step chemistry using the Ugi four‐component reaction (Ugi‐4CR) under mild conditions. A large IL library of new structures was established simply and efficiently through a multidimensional approach, allowing us to identify the top‐performing ILs in delivering mRNA via the formulated LNPs. Adjusting the skeleton of ILs has transformed the organ‐specific and robust transfection in mRNA delivery from the liver to the spleen following different administration routes. Of note, a series of isomeric ILs were prepared and we found that the isomers mattered greatly in the performance of LNPs for mRNA delivery. Furthermore, owing to the bis‐amide bonds formed in the Ugi‐4CR reaction, the ILs within LNPs may form hydrogen bonding intermolecularly, facilitating the colloidal stabilization of LNPs. This work provides clues to the rapid discovery and rational design of IL candidates, assisting the application of mRNA therapeutics.