bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inactivation of Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis by Human Eosinophil Arylsulfatase
Authors: Wasserman Stephen I. , Goetzl Edward J. , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Arylsulfatase preferentially present in the human eosinophil as compared to other leukocytes was isolated by sequential gel filtration and cation exchange chromatography. The apparent molecular weight of 60,000, the preferential cleavage of 4-nitrocatechol sulfate (PNCS) over p-acetyl-benzenesulfonic acid (PABS), inhibition by phosphate ions and pH optimum of 5.7 are characteristics of a type II B arylsulfatase. Eosinophil arylsulfatase inactivated purified human slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) in a time-dependent reaction with the rate dependent upon the enzyme/substrate ratio. That SRS-A inactivation was the result of intrinsic arylsulfatase activity was indicated by association of PNCS cleavage and SRS-A inactivating activity during chromatography, the similar pH optimum for cleavage of both substrates and the capacity of SRS-A to inhibit PNCS cleavage by arylsulfatase. The finding that eosinophil arylsulfatase inactivates SRS-A suggests that eosinophil ingress into the site of an immediate hypersensitivity reaction in response to ECF-A could represent a regulatory function.
Transformation Antigens on Stimulated Lymphocytes
Authors: Bluming Avrum Z. , Lynch Michael J. , Kavanah Maureen , Khiroya Raman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunologically mediated regulation of lymphoproliferation requires a self-recognition mechanism. This was sought by measuring the ability of blood lymphocytes to recognize transformed, autologous lymphocytes. Human blood lymphocytes incubated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for 72 hr, followed by mitomycin C treatment, induced blast transformation of autologous lymphocytes from all 28 healthy adults tested. Blastogenesis was measured by reactor cell incorporation of 3H-thymidine and was greater at 72 than at 144 hr. The role of PHA itself was assessed in several ways. The supernatant of washed, PHA-transformed lymphocytes did not stimulate normal autologous lymphocytes. Lymphocytes incubated with PHA for 1 hr or 72 hr before mitomycin treatment bound equivalent amounts of 131I-PHA; cells treated for 1 hr did not transform and did not stimulate autologous lymphocytes. By contrast, cells incubated for 72 hr did transform and stimulate autologous lymphocytes. Lytic sonication of PHA-transformed lymphocytes abolished their stimulating capability. An identical result was observed in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions after lytic sonication of the stimulating cells. PHA itself maintained its stimulatory capability after sonication. Although N-acetyl-d-galactosamine (NAGAL) competes with PHA for lymphocyte membrane sites, incubation of reactor lymphocytes with NAGAL did not diminish their response to PHA-transformed autologous lymphocytes. These results strongly suggest the presence of autorecognition determinants on membranes of transformed lymphocytes. The relatively rapid reaction to these determinants is consistent with prior in vivo exposure.
Suppression and Enhancement of the T Cell-Dependent Production of Antibody to SRBC in Vitro by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Hoffmann Michael K. , Weiss Ofra , Koenig Scott , Hirst John A. , Oettgen Herbert F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
LPS induced the production of antibody to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in cultures of spleen cells from normal and T cell-depleted mice, and addition of SRBC to the cultures enhanced this T cell-independent response very little. By contrast, the T cell-dependent production of antibody to SRBC in vitro was suppressed when lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was added at the time when the spleen cells were cultured. Later addition of LPS to spleen cell cultures caused enhancement of antibody production, but only when LPS had not been added before. Addition of T cells that had been primed with SRBC in vivo did not reverse the LPS-induced suppression of antibody production. The data are interpreted to mean that either B cells are rendered incapable of receiving T cell signals in the presence of LPS or that LPS interferes with the appropriate association of cellular components which cooperate in the immune response to SRBC.
Human C3 and C5: Subunit Structure and Modifications by Trypsin and C4̄2̄-C4̄2̄3̄
Authors: Nilsson Ulf R. , Mandle Robert J. , McConnell-Mapes Julia A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The subunit composition of human C3 and C5 was analyzed. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the fully reduced and dissociated proteins disclosed a similar structure, consisting of one α and one β subunit, linked together by one or more disulfide bonds. The approximate molecular weights for the α and β subunits of C3 as well as C5 were 140,000 and 80,000 respectively. caused cleavage solely of C3α, whereas trypsin affected both C3α as well as C3β. A characteristic subunit modification by both enzymes indicated that C3α constitutes the source of C3a. as well as typsin exclusively affect C5α. C5a therefore appears to originate from the C5α subunit. The mode of primary cleavage by and trypsin differs, giving rise to different forms of C5b. The question is raised if multiple forms of C5a also exist. It appeared from our studies that certain forms of C5b may retain portions of the α subunit, which could potentially release some biologically active split products following secondary cleavage by the appropriate enzyme.
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes in Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity
Authors: Gale Robert Peter , Zighelboim Jacob 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) lyse antibody-coated target cells in an immunologically specific fashion—antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). PMN-mediated cytolysis is independent of complement, de novo protein synthesis, and DNA replication. Cytolysis is rapid, detectable at low PMN:target cell ratios, and exceeds lymphocyte-mediated ADCC. The interaction appears to be mediated via an Fc receptor and is inhibited by aggregated γ-globulin. A role for PMN in host tumor cell immunity is discussed.
Acute Destruction of Rat Skin Grafts by Alloantisera
Authors: Jooste Somarie V. , Winn Henry J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rat skin transplanted to mice or to allogeneic rats can be acultely and severely damaged by injecting the graft recipients with alloimmune serum of appropriate specificity. This susceptibility of rat skin to alloantisera has been obscured in previous studies by the fact that the extent of serum-mediated damage that occurs is decisively influenced by the interval of time between placement of the grafts and the injection of antiserum. Grafts are resistant to damage during the 1st week after transplantation; they rapidly develop sensitivity during the 2nd week, reaching a peak at 14 to 16 days; and during the next few weeks the sensitivity is lost. Grafts surviving beyond 35 to 40 days become totally resistant to antisera. LBNF1 grafts are more resistant than Le or BN grafts to BN anti-Le serum or Le anti-BN serum, respectively. However, combinations of the two sera can act synergistically to destroy LBN skin that has been grafted to immunosuppressed mice.
This form of serum=mediated tissue damage is thought not to play a significant role in skin graft rejection in the usual circumstances of transplantation since cell mediated immunity is well developed before the acquisition by the grafts of sensitivity to humoral agents. Futhermore, antisera from animals that have rejected a single graft have little or no destructive potential, and hyperimmune animals reject skin verys hortly after grafting, often before the grafts have become vascularized and hence before they are sensitivie to antiserum.
Immunologic and Physicochemical Properties of Enhancing Soluble Factors for IgG and IgE Antibody Responses
Authors: Kishmoto Tadamitsu , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits were immunized with dinitrophenyl-coupled Ascaris antigen (DNP-Asc) or ragweed antigen (DNP-Rag) included in aluminum hydroxide gel and their mesenteric lymph node cells were cultured for 24 hr in vitro in the presence of free homologous carrier. The cell-free supernatant thus obtained enhanced both IgG and IgE antihapten antibody responses of DNP-primed cells to DNP-heterologous carrier conjugate (DNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin). Since the cell-free supernatant obtained from Rag-specific cells enhanced antibody response of hapten-primed cells raised by immunization with DNP-Asc, no carrier specificity was involved in the enhancement. It was found that treatment of primed cells with 10-5 M pactamycin suppressed the formation of the enhancing soluble factor, whereas the factor was readily formed in the presence of 2 µg/mol of cytosine arabinoside in the culture. The results indicated that cell proliferation was not required but de novo synthesis of protein was essential for the formation of soluble factors(s). The enhancing factor was not absorbed by either carrier-coated or anti-carrier antibody-coated immunosorbent. It was also found that the enhancing factor was formed by incubating primed cells with carrier-coated Sepharose. The cell-free supernatant containing no free carrier enhanced both IgG and IgE anti-hapten antibody responses. The activities of the cell-free supernatant to enhance IgG and IgE antibody responses were not absorbed by anti- Fab, anti-γ- or anti-µ-chain antibody immunosorbent, indicating that the nonspecific enhancing factor did not possess immunoglobulin determinant. The cell-free supernatant was fractionated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and by gel filtration with three radiolabeled proteins, i.e., IgG, ovalbumin, and cytochrome C as markers. Enhancing activity for IgG antibody response was recovered in a fraction between ovalbumin peak (40,000 m.w.) and cytochrome C peak (20,000 m.w.). The activity for IgE antibody response was recovered in a fraction containing IgG marker (150,000 m.w.). By block electrophoresis, both activities were detected in β globulin fraction. The results suggested that different T cell factors are involved in the IgG and IgE antibody responses.
Characterization of Immunoglobulin-Bearing and Other Small Lymphocytes in Mouse Bone Marrow by Sedimentation and Electrophoresis
Authors: Osmond D. G. , Miller R. G. , von Boehmer H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
125I-antiglobulin binding and radioautography have been used to define the sedimentation and electrophoretic properties of immunoglobulin-bearing and other small lymphocytes in bone marrow.
Bone marrow cell suspensions from CBA mice were exposed to 125I-labeled rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin for 30 min at 0°C. Cell fractions were collected after either sedimentation at unit gravity or continuous free-buffer film preparative electrophoresis. The sedimentation profiles of labeled, antiglobulin-binding small lymphocytes and of unlabeled small lymphocytes were identical, peaking at 2.6 mm/hr, except for 5% of the labeled small lymphocytes which sedimented at 3.8 to 4.1 mm/hr. In electrophoretic fractions most labeled small lymphocytes were contained in a peak of low mobility and unlabeled small lymphocytes were of intermediate mobility, but high mobility fractions also contained small numbers of labeled and unlabeled small lymphocytes. Small lymphocytes comprised 80 to 85% of all nucleated bone marrow cells in fractions taken at the peak of the small lymphocyte distribution profile after either sedimentation or electrophoresis, accompanied mainly by either erythroid or granulocytic precursor cells, respectively.
The results demonstrate that small lymphocytes with readily detectable surface immunoglobulin in the bone marrow closely resemble those in peripheral lymphoid tissues with respect to their sedimentation and electrophoretic properties. The possibility is raised that the rapidly sedimenting immunoglobulin-bearing small lymphocytes in bone marrow are a functionally distinct group of potential precursor cells. Non-antiglobulin-binding small lymphocytes in bone marrow resemble electrophoretically the double negative (immunoglobulin- and θ-negative) small lymphocytes in other lymphoid tissues. Small lymphocytes of high electrophoretic mobility, prominent in the θ- bearing lymphocyte populations of peripheral lymphoid tissues, are few in bone marrow. Lymphocyte-rich suspensions, containing either high or low proportions of immunoglobulin-bearing small lymphocytes, can be separated from bone marrow by electrophoresis.
A Study of the Association of Human Secretory Component with IgA and IgM Proteins
Authors: Weicker Jena , Underdown Brian J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human secretory component (SC) was isolated from colostral whey, and the binding of 125I-SC to purified IgA and IgM monoclonal proteins was studied using two methods to separate free from immunoglobulin-bound 125I-SC: a) gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, and b) precipitation of 125I-SC-Ig complexes with anti-Ig antibody. Both IgA dimeric proteins and IgM pentamers bound 125I-SC with approximately one SC-binding site per mole of polymer and similar affinity. Assuming a reversible equilibrium, an apparent association constant ≃ 108 M-1 was calculated to govern the binding of 125I-SC to immunoglobulin polymers. The assignment of a single association constant may be an oversimplication, particularly for the case of IgA polymers, since evidence was obtained that disulfide bonds were formed in the 125I-SC-IgA complex. Despite the complexity of the reaction, binding of 125I-SC to both IgA and IgM polymers could be analyzed by standard methods of saturation analysis, and both were shown to have a similar affinity for 125I-SC. No differences were noted in the affinity of 125I-SC binding to the IgA1 and IgA2 subclasses. Binding of monomeric IgA and IgM proteins could not be measured and was at least 100-fold lower than that found for IgA and IgM polymers. Complexes of 125I-SC with IgA dimers were presumed to involve covalent bond formation, since these complexes did not dissociate in guanidine-HCl. One IgA2 trimer did not form a covalent bond since it was completely dissociated in guanidine. In contrast, 125I-SC-IgM complexes were dissociated in denaturing solvent, indicating that such complexes were held together primarily by non-covalent bonds. Experiments with (Fc)5 µ isolated by high temperature tryptic digestion of IgM showed that binding of 125I-SC was to the Fc region of IgM proteins. It was suggested that the binding of SC with similar affinity to both IgA and IgM polymers may be important in the biologic function of both these immunoglobulin classes.
The Frequency of Phosphorylcholine-Specific B Cells in Conventional and Germfree Balb/c Mice
Authors: Sigal Nolan H. , Gearhart Patricia J. , Klinman Norman R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The frequency of B cells specific for phosphorylcholine (PC) in spleens of nonimmune conventionally-reared and germfree adult Balb/c mice was determined by an in vitro splenic focus technique. Analysis of spleen cells from 11 conventionally reared donors revealed an average of 19.1 PC-specific clonal precursor cells/106 donor B cells when calculated utilizing a cloning efficiency previously determined for the in vitro splenic focus technique of 4%. This number is one-tenth the frequency determined for 2,4-dinitrophenyl- and 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-specific B cells; however, both idiotypic and isoelectric analysis reveal that the majority of B cells specific for PC yield monoclonal antibodies which share the TEPC 15 idiotype and contain a homogeneous IgM peak with a pK of 4.60. Thus this single clone appears on the average to be represented by more than 103 B cells in conventionally reared nonimmune adults. A similar frequency for precursor cells of this clonotype was found in an analysis of seven germfree adult mice so that the high frequency of B cells of this clonotype appears to be independent of previous antigenic stimulation. Among the 11 conventionally reared donors analyzed, frequencies varied from 1.6 to 52/106 B cells—an extreme degree of variation when compared to the almost invariant frequencies observed for 2,4-dinitrophenyl, 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl, and fluoroscein. This variation is interpreted as a reflection of the life cycle of a single clone with a possible role for antigen implied by smaller variations observed in germfree mice.
Antibody Affinity
Authors: Gopalakrishnan P. V. , Karush Fred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The method of fluorescence quenching by bound ligand for the measurement of antibody affinity has been extended to anti-lactose antibodies. The basis for this extension is the use of a lactosyl ligand covalently linked to the 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) group. This group serves as a sensor of the bound state by causing fluorescence quenching similar to that observed with anti-DNP antibody. The synthesis and characterization of this new ligand, N-(Nα-acetyl, Nε -DNP-L-lysyl)-p-aminophenyl-β-lactoside, are described. The affinity of its interaction with three rabbit IgG and one equine IgM antilactose antibody preparations has been measured. The Qmax values range from 24 to 47% and the calculated association constants from 2.5 × 105 M-1 to 7.2 × 105 M-1. For one IgG preparation, measurement of the association constant by equilibrium dialysis with the tritiated ligand gave a value of 6.75 × 105 M-1 compared to the value of 7.2 × 105M-1 obtained by fluorescence quenching. It is evident that with monoclonal anti-lactose antibody the accurate determination of Qmax, which is possible in this system, provides another structurally dependent clonal characterization of the variable region of the antibody. This optical probe along with others can be used for the identification of individual clones of antibody-producing cells through time and inheritance.
Cellular Cooperation During in Vivo Anti-Hapten Antibody Responses
Authors: Janeway Charles A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of x-irradiation on T and B cells involved in an in vivo adoptive anti-hapten antibody response has been studied. In vitro x-irradiation inactivates both B cells and T cells. B cells are somewhat more sensitive than T cells to such treatment, the dose required to reduce B cell activity by 50% being about 50 R, whereas 200 R will reduce helper cell activity by 50%. By contrast, if recipient mice are primed with carrier, they develop helper activity that is totally resistant to 500 R x-irradiation within 3 days of immunization. This activity can not be transferred from irradiated, carrier-primed mice by either spleen cells or serum, although anti-carrier antibody is shown to give a modest helper effect late after boosting. However, this radioresistant helper effect can be reproduced in a cell transfer system by giving carrier-primed spleen cells to normal recipients that are then x-irradiated (500 R) and given a large dose of carrier protein. Neither cells nor carrier alone will give rise to such radioresistant helper effects. Similar helper activity is occasionally observed when normal mice are irradiated 24 hr after being given helper cells, in the absence of carrier, and boosted shortly thereafter. The differences between these radioresistant helper effects, and the radiosensitivity of helper cells transferred after x-irradiation, may be related to x-ray induced changes in cell migration patterns.
Interference of Anti-Allotype Antisera with Antigen-Antibody Binding
Authors: Acuto Oreste , Manzo Ciro , Pane Adriana , Fontana Silvia , Zappacosta Serafino , Tosi Roberto 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rabbit anti-b4 antisera are capable of inhibiting the antigen-binding ability of antibodies carrying b4 allotype. The data support the hypothesis of the localization of at least one b group allotypic determinant in the V region.
Chemotaxis of Basophils by Lymphocyte-Dependent and Lymphocyte-Independent Mechanisms
Authors: Ward Peter A. , Dvorak Harold F. , Cohen Stanley , Yoshida Takeshi , Data Richard , Selvaggio Salvatore S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pig basophils obtained from blood or bone marrow have been studied for their chemotactic responsiveness. Chemotactic factors for basophils include a substance (lymphokine) present in culture fluids from antigen-stimulated lymphocytes, a material generated in zymosan-activated guinea pig serum, a C5 cleavage factor, and a bacterial factor. When compared with homologous neutrophils and monocytes, basophils respond most rapidly to a chemotactic stimulus. The lymphokine basophil chemotactic factor is physicochemically similar to the previously described monocyte chemotactic factor but appears to be distinct from it as well as MIF and neutrophil chemotactic factor present in the same fluids. Part of the evidence for this is the ability to detect basophil chemotactic factor in the absence of other lymphokine activities under appropriate experimental conditions. More evidence, specifically relating to the monocyte factor, is that monocytes can adsorb basophil chemotactic activity but not vice versa. This latter observation may have implications for the mechanism whereby the accumulation of basophils is controlled and limited in vivo. In addition, it was noted that specific antigen could also suppress basophil chemotaxis. Although the mechanism of this phenomenon is unclear, it could serve as a second means by which basophil accumulation may be controlled in the intact animal. Taken together, these observations provide further definition of the chemotactic behavior of basophils in general, and underscore some of the ways in which lymphocytes can influence basophils through lymphokine-dependent mechanisms.
Characterization of Mouse Cells Releasing or Responding to Mitogenic Factor Induced by Phytomitogens in Vitro
Authors: Jacobsson Hans , Blomgren Henric 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse lymphocyte populations exposed to mitogen were tested for their capacity to release factors that stimulate other lymphocytes to synthesize DNA or enhance their response to mitogens in vitro. The target lymphocyte for this mitogenic factor(s) (MF) was also characterized.
The results showed that lymph node and spleen cells release more MF than thymocytes upon exposure to Con A, PHA or PWM in vitro. The T cells were found to be largely responsible for MF production, since cell suspensions depleted of phagocytic cells did not exhibit any decreased ability to produce MF and spleen cells from congenitally athymic (nude) mice produced no detectable MF activity. The MF stimulated thymocytes, lymph node cells, and spleen cells to synthesize DNA. Spleen cells from nude mice were also stimulated. The MF released by lymphocytes in response to Con A was found to induce DNA synthesis of lymphocytes in itself and did not require the presence of mitogen.
It is concluded that phytomitogen lectins stimulate T cells to synthesize DNA and to release soluble factor(s) which are mitogenic for both T and B cells. The latter cells may thus be unresponsive to the phytomitogen, but still undergo blast transformation.
Genetic Polymorphism of Properdin Factor B in the Rhesus: Evidence for Single Subunit Structure in Primates
Authors: Ziegler John B. , Watson Lillian , Alper Chester A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Properdin Factor B shows genetic polymorphism in the human and the polymorphic patterns in agarose gel electrophoresis suggest a tetrameric structure. Factor B polymorphism in the rhesus monkey has been demonstrated in the present study to be genetically determined and under the control of a single autosomal locus, rhesus Bf.
Six codominant alleles, BfF, BfG 1, BfG 2, BfS, BfS 1, BfS 2 have been recognized and the first five have been shown to have gene frequencies of 0.307, 0.160, 0.016, 0.377, and 0.139. The electrophoretic appearance of the polymorphic patterns does not suggest a tetrameric structure in the rhesus. Structural studies show purified human factor B to exist as a single subunit of molecular weight 94,000 daltons so that a tetrameric structure appears highly unlikely.