bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
One of the most significant works of Soviet literature is Gulag Archipelago, by Nobel Laureate Alexander Solzhenitsyn. The title of this landmark work refers to prison camps as islands separated from the mainland society. And as on an island, or in any other closed society, inhabitants develop relationships, establish rules and norms, and even adhere to unique culture and traditions. These prison societies have become a fusion of inmate ideologies that affect life both inside and outside of prison walls. On the other side, as in any society, conflicts inside prison are unavoidable and occur on different levels including conflicts between individual inmates, conflicts between groups of inmates, and conflicts between inmates and prison authorities. These dynamics give us an opportunity to study social and political processes in the closed environment of prisons. In particular, in this book, I look at the conflicts and cooperation between inmates in male prisons in the former Soviet Union.
Theory
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Major criminal groups know that basically all their members, including leadership themselves, will at some point end up in prison. So if they cannot avoid that, they at least have to assure that they will be serving their time the most comfortable way possible. So if a criminal group cannot dominate a prison by brute force, it has to drastically change its tactics from openly oppressing other inmates to claiming to work for their benefit. But as a consequence, they now became responsible for providing inmates with public goods, settling internal conflicts, and representing and defending all inmates in front of prison authorities—basically performing the duties a regular government would perform for its citizens. Just inside prison walls. In addition, to further cement their legitimacy inside and outside of prison, they have to make sure that their ideology or code of conduct is also being carefully followed behind bars.
History of the Vory Criminal Organization
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses how following Bolshevik Revolution in 1923, vory criminal organization took control of the Soviet Union criminal world and, compared to previous criminal organizations, has a strict code of conduct. Then it was joined by millions of people who lost everything they had following Bolshevik economic reforms. Soon the Bolshevik government realized that criminal world was not only growing quickly, but it also was becoming a dangerous opposition to the regime so they turned to mass incarceration. So the vory criminal organization, with their infernal rules, ended up behind bars. There they soon realized that they could not be dominating in prison by brutal force, and they drastically changed their tactics from openly oppressing other inmates to claiming to work for their benefit. But as a consequence they now became responsible for providing inmates with public goods, settling internal conflicts, and representing and defending all inmates in front of prison authorities.
Prison Criminal Leadership
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Prison governance structure consists of the prison criminal leader who is helped by people similar to governors who are in charge of different geographic areas inside prisons and people similar to ministers in the sense that they have a particular portfolio they are in charge of. Their main job is to make sure inmates are as comfortable as they could be, taking into consideration their inmate status. To achieve that the general population should be united, which minimizes internal conflicts and makes their position the strongest in resistance to prison authorities—which in turn allows them to be in a stronger position vis-à-vis prison guards to negotiate for more benefits and freedoms. And because situation in prisons is important from criminal organizations, those in prison internal leadership all have an incentive to perform their tasks to the best of their abilities because it would be taking into account when they would be rising in ranks inside the criminal family.
Everyday Life Behind Bars
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
What services does a government have to provide its citizens to increase the quality of their lives and, as a result, legitimize its rules? One such service is communication. Inmates want to communicate with each other and preferably with the outside world. And to supply this demand is the job of prison criminal leadership. In fact, they also crucially need such communication to ensure security inside the prison camp and be connected to the criminal world outside. Also, since prison, by definition, should be a boring place, it also becomes the job of vory leadership to make it less so. Not only do they entertain inmates, but they use culture and entertainment that increases the legitimacy of their ideology. So in this chapter, I will talk about public goods the prison criminal leadership provides to inmate, and how their use serves as propaganda for their ideology.
Conflict with Prison Authorities
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Because members of the criminal family and prison guards are in constant negotiation for the balance of power, who is controlling the inmate population—vory criminal family or prison authorities—is not set in stone and sometimes changes. It could be that the balance of power is steady through daily life, or sometimes it can change radically, and very abruptly. Like the frontline of a war, it can be in constant flux. If the criminal family inmates want more authority, they will be on the offense and prison administration (and their trustees among inmate population) will be on the defense, or other way around with the administration aggressively taking the upper hand and the criminal family being subject to it. So in this chapter, I will discuss what it takes for criminal leadership to take control of a prison (and how strict vory criminal ideology aids in this struggle) and how prison administration can try to prevent it from happening.
Islamist Jamaat Rise to Power
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Originally, the founders of the prison jamaats had been veterans of wars, imprisoned for extremism and terrorism. These fighters were not only very respected among the criminal inmates, but also had many qualities and goals that easily overshadowed those of the new prison criminal leaders. In the beginning, the goal of the criminal organization was to present strong opposition to the government. However, many inmates see criminal family leadership now as coconspirators with, rather than opposition to, the prison authorities. These are criminal leaders who can easily be bought with money or favors (such as early release) from prison administration. At the same time, based on the Russian law, inmates on terrorism and extremism charges are never eligible for early release, so they have no incentive for good behavior and nothing to lose by standing up against prison authorities’ injustice. This led jamaats (Islamist organizations) to quickly rise to power among prison inmates.
Jamaat Conflict with the Criminal Organization
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
When jamaats get a strong position in relation to the prison criminal leadership, they can enforce their own rules in prisons. By this point, both groups understand the volatility of the situation and have no illusions about how long the thinning veneer of a peaceful coexistence will last. Both groups prepare for the possibility of a big confrontation. And it takes only a spark to start an inter-prison war with real causalities and unknown outcome. While some prisons remain under Islamist rule, other turn back to criminal prison leadership and in some prisons, prison authorities use such a window of opportunity and take full control of the prison turning it into dictatorship.
Normalizing an American Right to Health
Authors: Ho Christina S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This book argues against the conventional wisdom that a US right to health is out of reach. It shows that the necessary change is not extraordinary but familiar and that the law has already laid considerable groundwork in ordinary statutes and case law. This descriptive foundation, revealed through the application of well-accepted theories of rights, has simply yet to be either acknowledged as, or relied upon, for rights-building. The book then moves from the descriptive task of showing where a right to health already exists in our legal corpus to the prescriptive goal of showing how we could feasibly and meaningfully expand the right through ordinary policies that are widely used in other domains. Such ordinary policies include impact assessments and state-sponsored reinsurance. Though both tools have been used to protect interests that compete with human health, they have yet to be wielded systematically to prioritize health as a value. By normalizing American health rights discourse and bringing a right to health, including a right to healthcare, within the domain of ordinary policy debate, this book arms health advocates for the sharp political contests over health that we face today.
Methods
Authors: Ho Christina S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets out three models of rights that will be used throughout the rest of the book to identify rights as distinguished from other kinds of norms. These models of rights will be shown both to characterize much of the reasoning already involved in health decisions, but also to be capable of further extension to advance the cause of health in the United States. The first is Ronald Dworkin’s model of rights as trumps, with Jeremy Waldron’s particular emphasis on the internal qualitative preclusion that rights perform. To elevate a value as a right is to have already a conception of what type of consideration is to be precluded as an invalid reason for compromising the right. The second account of rights is Robert Alexy’s account of rights as proportionality, which conceives of rights as prioritized values that require important countervailing purpose and close fit if they are to be outweighed by a competing consideration. Finally, this chapter describes David Super’s account of the properties of statutory entitlement programs in the United States, a framework that enables the book in future chapters to identify a species of rights-like affirmative material guarantee in the United States that could usefully be extended to healthcare.
A Health Right By Any Other Name: Expression in Statute
Authors: Ho Christina S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows that health statutes exhibit a strong Dworkinian rights-logic insofar as they prohibit the consideration of health need (and proxies for health need) as valid reasons to deny health coverage or protection. Denying healthcare to someone precisely because they are sick and in need of healthcare displays the kind of internally conflicted logic that Dworkin’s conception of rights was designed to rule out. The passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), with its ban on the consideration of health-status–related factors and preexisting conditions in issuance, renewal, and pricing of health insurance, represents the culmination of this normative strand in US health law. But so many other US statutory regimes even prior to the ACA reflected this rights-grammar as well. In piecemeal fashion, the US system has ruled out age, disability, diagnosis or health conditions, and genetics from factoring into decisions about the eligibility for healthcare. These categories of prohibited factors can be plausibly explained as stand-ins for health need. The hypothesis that the American public views health through a Dworkinian rights lens could help explain this deep U.S. statutory commitment to peremptorily precluding certain factors from being considered as valid reasons to compromise health.
A Health Right By Any Other Name: Expression in Case Law
Authors: Ho Christina S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows that health law cases also exhibit a strong Dworkinian rights-grammar insofar as they mark out certain factors as disfavored grounds for compromising or limiting health measures. As shown through extensive case analysis, judges routinely strike health measures when they exclude or limit health protections based on factors such as diagnosis, age, institutionalization, economic want, and physical attributes. These disfavored categories seem clustered around what one might consider correlates for health status or degree of health need. To allow health need to limit someone’s access to health would plausibly conflict internally with the reasons healthcare is valued in the first place. This preclusion reveals courts’ regulative conception of how health should be valued as a right. Meanwhile, the failure to apply this preclusion in certain cases, particularly those involving sexual and reproductive health, and involving durable medical equipment, suggests that courts may yet stop short of considering those matters to be part of the health rights bundle. By picking and choosing the health protections that they subject to this heightened scrutiny over health-status related line-drawing, judges are inescapably delineating a substantive conception of what a health right would entail in the United States.
How Reinsurance Is a Right
Authors: Ho Christina S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter lays the groundwork for arguing that health reinsurance is a feasible and promising next step for building an affirmative right to health in the United States, and does so by showing that state-sponsored reinsurance is an entitlement that has been freely established in many other domains. For all the vaunted aversion to entitlements, whenever the United States as a nation has deemed a material interest to be vital—including housing, food crops, higher education, pensions, and banking—state guarantees have been furnished in the form of reinsurance. These guarantees, however, have not necessarily backed the individual beneficiary but rather the primary private insurer or financier who bridges beneficiary access to that good or service. This chapter shows how these guarantees fit the frame of state sponsored reinsurance, which is defined as a government-organized backstop against high losses in order to stabilize the underlying private institutions that would ordinarily bear the supply-side risk for that good or service. These types of commitments not only blanket our politico-legal landscape for values apart from health, but are in fact entrenched as virtual entitlements by the measure of David Super’s yardstick of properties characterizing statutory entitlements in the United States. The argument provides a reason to establish health reinsurance, if for no other reason than to ensure that health is on equal footing with competing interests, while simultaneously offering templates for how to establish such a guarantee for health interests as well.
Health Reinsurance as an Affirmative Right to Health
Authors: Ho Christina S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins to envision what reinsurance in the health sector would look like and what it could accomplish. It identifies the starting points, already well-rooted in the history of the US health sector, as well as the next steps to make such reinsurance more explicit and comprehensive. The chapter shows how the principle of reinsurance is already familiar in the health domain, albeit without full acknowledgment. It finds this principle in the programs that are the pillars of our health system such as Medicaid, Medicare, and even ERISA. The chapter then shows how health reinsurance has found its way into pockets of the ACA and post-ACA landscape, achieving political appeal across a broad political spectrum. The chapter also recounts how proposals for health reinsurance have cropped up from time to time in US political history, championed by figures from Dwight Eisenhower to John Kerry. The chapter closes by proposing policy elements that could help to establish broader, more comprehensive health reinsurance in the United States, and by showing how such steps forward could help clear the pathway to single-payer healthcare.
Resumption in Medieval Romance: Reconsidering si
Authors: Wolfe Sam 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents a new analysis of Medieval Romance si, focusing principally on data from Old Sicilian and Old French. Following a review and critique of existing proposals for the syntax of si, new data from two Sicilian texts and three Old French texts is provided so as to develop a synchronic and diachronic analysis. In terms of si’s syntax, it is proposed that multiple factors conspire to affect its distribution and the classes of constituents that it can resume; these include whether si itself is internally or externally merged in the left periphery, the precise height of the V2 bottleneck in the language in question, and whether Topics are internally or externally merged. In diachronic terms, the grammaticalization of si from Latin onwards is argued to be a paradigm case of upward grammaticalization.
The XP-Þá-Construction and V2
Authors: Jónsson Jóhannes Gísli 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses a relatively unexplored construction in Icelandic that displays linear V3/V4 and I will refer to as the XP-þá-construction. In this construction, a left-peripheral adjunct is followed by adverbial þá “then” before the finite verb. The complementizer þá “that” can occur between the adjunct and þá, an important fact that distinguishes the XP-þá-construction from the superficially similar så-construction in Norwegian and Swedish. It will be argued that þá spells out the trace of the moved adjunct, following Grohmann’s 2003 analysis of Copy Left Dislocation in German. This analysis entails that only one phrasal category moves to left periphery in the XP-þá-construction, as required by the Bottleneck Hypothesis. The proposed analysis is also consistent with the view that the V2 constraint is satisfied in FinP, the lowest projection in the left periphery.
Introduction
Authors: Linzey Andrew , Linzey Clair 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The introduction begins by defining theology as an understanding of the inner logic of a faith position. It then moves to consider the neglect of animals within the theological tradition before discussing the publication of Andrew Linzey’s Animal Theology. That book has received enormous attention since it was published in 1994, and has been credited with creating a new discussion within theology. Mark Rowlands has claimed that “Andrew Linzey’s name is virtually synonymous with the discipline of animal theology: a discipline that he has legitimate claim to have single-handed invented.” In fact, there have been significant pioneers of theological thought about animals, but their originality and witness have been sadly overlooked. Animal Theologians explores some of these seminal voices, which still have much to offer the contemporary debate. It provides a guide to the thinkers who have come before that offer more animal-inclusive perspectives.
Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592)
Authors: Long Kathleen 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter proposes a new focus for scholarship on the representation of animals in Michel de Montaigne’s Essays. Whereas previous scholarship has constantly recentered the long description of animals in the “Apology for Raymond Sebond,” asserting that it is proof of the human folly the essayist decries elsewhere, this piece suggests a radical decentering of focus from the human to the nonhuman. If it were possible to see the world from a perspective other than human, what would we see that we have not noticed before? While Montaigne’s elaboration of this proposal underscores the limitations of human understanding, of both the animal and the divine, it also clearly gestures toward a world that exists beyond our mastery, beyond our comprehension, and beyond our theology—a world more closely connected to the divine than to the human.
John Wesley (1703–1791)
Authors: McLaughlin Ryan Patrick 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
John Wesley’s later sermons provide an important contribution to animal theology and ethics. This contribution, however, is complicated. On the one hand, certain elements of Wesley’s theology—particularly his understanding of protology and the Fall—are no longer scientifically viable. On the other hand, the problem he addresses regarding divine goodness in relation to animal suffering remains a legitimate issue. In this manner, Wesley forces contemporary readers to address a theological impasse at the intersection of God’s goodness and biological reality. This impasse is positive inasmuch as it highlights the troubling (and perhaps irresolvable) tension between the hope Christians place in God’s love and the troubling state of our cosmos. Using Wesley as a guide, the author ultimately maintains that although we cannot hold fast to a historical Eden absent of predation, we should not embrace suffering, predation, and death as unambiguously good pillars of God’s created order.
Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)
Authors: Mott Wesley T. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Henry Thoreau is celebrated as a vegetarian, a champion of all nature’s creatures. But he held complex, contradictory views of hunting. He expressed revulsion and guilt at eating flesh but recorded dietary lapses followed by promises to pursue a “higher law.” He disdained religious orthodoxy, yet his life was a religious quest. Thoreau was well versed in the Bible and Asian sacred literature, which he employed to skewer moral and political hypocrisy and to convey numinous encounters with animals. Craving the feeling of his “own limits transgressed,” he found sublimity not in rarefied transcendence but in material animality he shared with “brute neighbors.” Disaffected with collecting, killing, and classifying living things, Thoreau criticized science’s failure to go beyond the “surface of things.” He sought to capture the “vital spirit” of animals. Thoreau’s intuitive sense of “anima” is an electric link between empathy toward individual creatures and wider moral community with all animals.
John Ruskin (1819–1900)
Authors: Johnson Linda 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
John Ruskin’s view on drawing nonhuman life was the subject of a series of ten lectures published as The Eagle’s Nest, thirteen years before his resignation as Slade Professor of Art on the topic linked to anatomical study: vivisection. Drawing dissected parts such as “bones and meat” was merely looking at soulless dead tissue rather than how God uniquely “animated” every living thing. While there is no shortage of texts regarding Ruskin’s theories on art, this chapter will address his process of “beholding” the many birds he animated in word and image, such as the imposing eagle, the little egret, the snipe, and the partridge. The chapter examines, through his unique gestural application of paint, color, directional lines, light, shadow, and texture, how Ruskin’s drawings evoke the realities the birds express; the fiat anima, the flow of the divine soul present in all nonhuman life. Ruskin’s “wholeness” approach was an organic one, dependent on an intact physical body.