bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endotoxin Susceptibility and Delayed Hypersensitivity in Experimental Histoplasmosis
Authors: Box Edith D. , Briggs Norman T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice with a sublethal Histoplasma infection were shown to have an increased susceptibility to a bacterial endotoxin (S. typhosa, lipopolysaccharide). This increase in susceptibility was directly related to the degree of stimulation of the RES by the infection as reflected by change in liver size. Delayed hypersensitivity and increased susceptibility to endotoxin are separate phenomena as judged by their temporal relationships to the course of a sublethal Histoplasma infection. Although susceptibility to endotoxin declined as the organism count declined, delayed hypersensitivity to the homologous challenge remained at a high level when most of the organisms had been eliminated. On the other hand, both phenomena were inhibited by chemotherapy of the infection, and specific hypersensitivity was decreased by treatment with endotoxin.
Immunochemical Properties of the Cross-Reactions between Anti-BSA and Heterologous Albumins
Authors: Weigle William O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immunochemical properties of the cross-reactions of 11 mammalian serum albumins with rabbit anti-BSA were investigated. The degree of the cross-reactions, as measured by precipitation, ranged between 5 and 75%. Nonmammalian albumin showed no cross-reaction with rabbit anti-BSA. In general, the initial combining ratios and the combining ratios at equivalence were lower with the heterologous reactions than with the homologous reaction. The precipitation curve obtained with the heterologous albumins showed the typical zones of excess antibody, equivalence and excess antigen. When I131 trace-labeled heterologous albumins were added to anti-BSA, virtually all of the I* activity was precipitated in the zone of excess antibody. The reaction between BSA and anti-BSA after absorption of the anti-BSA with sheep albumin gave a lower initial combining ratio and a lower ratio at equivalence than before absorption.
The addition of an extreme excess of heterologous albumin to anti-BSA previously absorbed with the same albumin, failed to inhibit markedly the precipitation of the remaining antibody by BSA. Only 2 to 14% more cross-reacting antibody could be detected by an inhibition test than could be detected by direct precipitation.
Studies employing absorption techniques, inhibition tests and double diffusion in agar, demonstrate that the cross-reactions between heterologous albumins and anti-BSA result from a sharing of certain related or identical determinant groups which represent only a portion of the total determinants present on the molecules. With absorption techniques and double diffusion in agar, it was shown that most heterologous albumins contain two or more serological types of determinants which crossreact with anti-BSA. Pepsin degraded BSA was shown to contain at least four serologically distinct determinants.
The Effect of Unheated Normal Bovine Serum on the Complement-Fixing Activity of Heat Inactivated Bovine Antiserum with Homologous Antigen
Authors: Rice Christine E. , Carrière J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fresh unheated normal bovine serum has been fractionated by dialysis against phosphate buffer, pH 5.0 to 6.2 and ionic strength 0.02, and the fractions tested for supplementing activity in complement fixation tests of two bovine antibody-antigen systems, an antibacterial and an antiviral. These bovine antisera in the dilution used did not fix guinea pig complement in the presence of homologous antigen but showed strong fixation when the guinea pig complement was made up with diluted unheated normal bovine serum.
The precipitates obtained from the normal bovine serum as dialysis proceeded for 1 to 24 hr showed an increase in supplementing titer whereas the supernatants became progressively less active. The nonspecific complement-fixing activity with tissue extracts or other antigens remained in the supernatant. Precipitates formed during 18 to 24 hr of dialysis were sometimes anticomplementary, particularly those from pools of sera from adult cattle.
Resistance of Hamsters in Infections with Histoplasma Capsulatum
Authors: O'Hern Elizabeth M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Of 108 mature hamsters inoculated subcutaneously with 5 × 104 yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum all developed a disseminated infection. Dissemination appears to have occurred rapidly in all animals: spleens from each of the five animals sacrificed on the 2nd day following injection were positive by culture. Furthermore, during the 6-week period of study either spleen or liver, or both, yielded positive cultures in all instances.
Daily composite culture and tissue section indices rose gradually during the first 2 weeks of infection at which time they reached a plateau which was roughly maintained throughout the remainder of the 6-week test. Individual daily indices showed extensive variation throughout the plateau period.
Certain patterns of resistance and susceptibility were discerned among the responses of the individual animals to infection. These patterns ranged from apparent early resistance with minimal spread of the infection, to late resistance following extensive dissemination; and from extreme susceptibility resulting in death within the first 2 weeks of infection, to a progressive deterioration during the course of infection.
Evidence suggesting some degree of effective resistance was found in 51% of the animals infected 2 weeks or longer.
Large yeasts were found in 45% of the infected livers. In all such livers well circumscribed lesions were present.
Zones of inhibition of organism growth surrounding the tissue on culture medium were observed increasingly during the last 2 weeks of the investigation, as well as an increasing number of negative cultures of tissue found positive in tissue section. Possible bases for this growth inhibition and its relation to cultural diagnosis of human infection are discussed.
Studies on Immunity to Toxins of Clostridium Botulinum
Authors: Fiock Mary A. , Devine Leonard F. , Gearinger Naomi F. , Duff James T. , Wright George G. , Kadull Paul J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The response of man to immunization with a purified, bivalent, AB botulinum toxoid was investigated. The toxoid was well tolerated; only occasional mild local reactions were encountered. Four schedules of immunization were studied; 0.5-ml injections were given at 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks, at 0 and 8 weeks, at 0, 2 and 10 weeks and at 0 and 10 weeks; serum antitoxin titers were determined at intervals thereafter. Titers of 0.02 unit of type A and 0.005 unit of type B antitoxin were considered satisfactory, since guinea pigs with these antitoxin levels survived intraperitoneal i.p. challenge with approximately 105 mouse i.p. LD50 of homologous toxin. The 0-2-10 week immunization schedule produced the highest proportion of satisfactory titers, and the highest mean titers. Booster inoculations of 0.5 ml were given 1 year after the initial injection, except for one group in which boosters were given after 6 months. Marked increases in antitoxin titers were observed following the 1-year boosters, the mean titers reaching a value at least 500 times the satisfactory level and remaining well above this level for at least 2 years. Six-month boosters were considerably less effective, both with respect to the magnitude and to the duration of the secondary response. Prior immunization with univalent type A toxoid depressed the response to the type B component of the bivalent preparation. After storage for 3¼ years at 4°C the toxoid appeared to have deteriorated slightly, although considerable antigenicity remained.
Electron Microscopic Counting of Virus Particles by Sedimentation on Aluminized Grids
Authors: Smith Kendall O. , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The technique described employs collodion covered grids which have been coated with a thin layer of aluminum. Negatively charged virus particles are sedimented at high speed directly upon the positively charged aluminized grid surface. Grids may be washed under a stream of water to remove soluble salts and further purify poliovirus without detectable loss of virus particles. Particle distribution is satisfactory for counting with the electron microscope. Precision of counting is quite high when substantial numbers of particles are counted, and the number of particles counted per unit area is directly proportional to the relative concentration. The relative simplicity of the method permits numerous determinations to be made within a short period of time. The method has been used satisfactorily with poliovirus, bacteriophage and vaccinia virus, three viruses differing greatly in size and morphology.
Immunofluorescent Studies with Trachoma and Related Antigens
Authors: Nichols Roger L. , McComb Dorothy E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Methods are presented for the utilization of immunofluorescence in field and laboratory studies of the PLT antigens: Antigen-antibody reactions produced easily discernible fluorescence of PLT viruses in yolk sac and tissue culture. Elementary body inclusions in conjunctival scrapings from the eyes of trachomatous patients yielded a brilliant stain. Evidence for the specificity of these reactions is discussed.The titration of PLT antisera by fluorescent antibody is presented.The superiority of fluorescent antibody to Macchiavello staining in the early detection of trachoma virus in egg isolation passages is detailed.A screening test for the presence of PLT antibodies in serum is described, based on the specific inhibition of immunofluorescence.The enhancement of serologic specificity of trachoma antiserum by cross-absorption with trachoma or LGV antigens is reported.
These studies, if confirmed by others, constitute another step in the serologic differentiation of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum-trachoma group of viruses.
Mumps Virus Replication
Authors: Treagan Lucy , Fong Jacob 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Although 84 to 99% of seed virus was adsorbed to chorioallantoic membranes of chick embryos within 2 hr after infection, only 1% or less of the introduced virus was recoverable during the latent period. The length of this latent period was found to be at least 20 hr.
The development of hemagglutinins and viral complement-fixing antigens in general paralleled that of infective virus and a rapid release of virus and these viral components form cells was in evidence. The development of soluble antigen, however, showed a more specific relationship to infective virus and release of this component from cells (if indeed it did originate from cells) was considerably delayed.
The treatment of viral particles with anesthetic ether released internal S antigen; the quantity of released internal S antigen was related to the original concentration of the viral sample. The V antigen titers decreased 4- to 32-fold and hemagglutinin titers for chicken cells dropped 32-fold or more as the result of other treatment.
A Study of Macrophages and Epithelioid-Like Cells from Granulomatous (BCG-Induced) Lungs of Rabbits
Authors: Myrvik Quentin N. , Leake Eva Soto , Oshima Shunsaku 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Techniques have been described for obtaining alveolar macrophages form granulomatous lungs in rabbits in large quantities. These macrophages demonstrate marked variations in their cytoplasmic volume suggesting that some of them may be epithelioid cells. Lysozyme analysis of the extracts indicate that the macrophages collecting in the lungs of rabbits undergoing an acute type of granulomatous response (vaccinated-challenged) contain less lysozyme than normal alveolar macrophages. In contrast, extracts from macrophages form the lungs of rabbits undergoing a chronic type of granulomatous response (vaccinated-not challenged) contain more lysozyme than normal alveolar macrophages. These data suggest that the cells in the acute type of response include cells of extrapulmonary origin which are low in lysozyme.
A Comparison between Cross-Tolerance and Cross-Reaction Induced by Bovine γ-Globulin
Authors: Timourian H. , Schechtman A. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of neonatal injection of BGG on subsequent production of anti-BGG, anti-BSA and anti-HGG was studied in the rabbit. The magnitude of cross-tolerance was compared with the degree of cross-reaction between anti-BGG and BSA and HGG. Injection of 60 mgs of BGG into neonatal rabbits resulted in: a) 95% suppression of anti-BGG when the rabbits were challenged at 4 and 5 months of age; b) 70 to 90% suppression of anti-HGG production in comparison with noninjected littermate controls tested at 4 and 5 months of age; and c) 70% suppression of anti-BSA at 5 months of age. Anti-BSA production at 4 months of age was not significantly affected. Rabbit anti-BGG cross-reacted with BSA (6%) and with HGG (3%). The high degree of specificity of anti-BGG produced in normal adult rabbits is in contrast with the relatively low specificity of immunological tolerance induced by the same antigen in neonatal rabbits.
The Blood Interrelationship of Horses, Asses and Mules
Authors: Walsh L. S. N. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Since the discovery of normal human hemagglutinins by Ehrlich and the pointing out of their occurrence in groups by Landsteiner (1) with subsequent confirmation by Jansky (2), Moss (3) and many others, numerous workers have contributed to the more decisive identification of these groups. It has been shown by absorption as well as by specific agglutination (Hektoen (4), Koekert (5),) that four definite types of human blood can be identified.
Although iso-hemagglutinins are found in most species of lower animals it seems that no definite grouping exists. Ottenberg and Friedman (6) claim to have obtained definite typing in rabbits and steers.
Hektoen (7) studied the blood of not less than ten of each of the following species: rabbit, guinea pig, dog, horse and ox. He did not observe iso-hemagglutination in any of them.
Fishbein (8) studied 60 hogs, 60 cattle, 40 sheep, 25 rabbits, 10 dogs, and 20 frogs.
The Importance of Polyvalence in the Use of Therapeutic Antimeningococcus Serum
Authors: Felix A. , Yunowich R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In view of the poor results obtained from specific serum therapy in sporadic cases of meningococcus meningitis in Jerusalem the meningococcus cultures which were isolated were subjected to a closer serological examination. We found that they did not seem to show similarity either with the English or with the American types. Moreover, the strains which we examined proved to be different with regard to their “receptor apparatus.” This may be attributed to the relatively great serological variability of the meningococcus.
Of all the therapeutic meningococcus sera which were examined, the ones from the Rockefeller Institute and from the Division of Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health proved to be by far the most effective in their action upon our cultures.
Therefore it seems that the serological examination of therapeutic meningococcus serum to be used in practice on the cultures isolated in various countries and in various epidemics is most urgent.
The authors wish to thank Dr. Wallach of the Shaare Zedek Hospital in Jerusalem for his coöperation in the carrying out of this work.
Acute Inflammation Caused by Antibody in an Animal Previously Treated with Antigen
Authors: Opie Eugene L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Normal rabbits may be sensitized to the local action of horse serum by injection of serum obtained from an animal immunized by repeated injections of the antigen. Horse serum injected into the dermis of this passively sensitized animal causes acute inflammation (Arthus phenomenon). This passive transfer of sensitization shows that the blood serum of the immunized animal contains an antibody which introduced into a normal animal renders it sensitive. Furthermore, simultaneous injection of horse serum and anti-horse serum from rabbit causes acute inflammation which fails to occur when anti-horse serum is replaced by normal serum.
These observations suggest the possibility that acute inflammation will occur whenever antigen and antibody come into contact within the tissues. The attempt has been made to determine whether a normal rabbit which has received horse serum will react with acute inflammation when serum from an immunized or “sensitized” animal is injected into its tissues.
The in Vitro Detection of “Cell-Fixed” Hemagglutinating Antibodies to Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) in Humans
Authors: Freedman Samuel O. , Turcotte R. , Fish A. J. , Sehon A. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Extracts of the washed peripheral blood leukocytes of all adult human subjects studied were found to contain hemagglutinating antibodies to tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD). Subjects with positive tuberculin skin tests had significantly higher titers of these “cell-fixed” hemagglutinating antibodies to tuberculin PPD than did tuberculin skin test negative subjects. The finding of low titers of “cell-fixed” antibodies in tuberculin skin test negative subjects may reflect minor degrees of tuberculin hypersensitivity not detected by skin testing, or may be due to cross-reactivity with Mycobacteria other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The “cell-fixed” antibodies are probably adsorbed from the serum of the leukocyte donor. No hemagglutinating antibodies to tuberculin PPD were found in sera or leukocytes obtained from the umbilical cord blood of newborn infants. The relationship between “cell-fixed” hemagglutinating antibodies to tuberculin PPD and “transfer factor” was not established in this investigation.
Immunochemical Study of Rabbit γ-Globulin Allotypes
Authors: Leskowitz Sidney 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibodies to γ-globulin allotypes were produced in rabbits by immunization with purified rabbit γ-globulin. These antibodies were studied quantitatively by precipitin reaction and shown to be directed towards antigenic determinants occurring on the antibody combining Fragments I and II obtained by papain digestion of rabbit γ-globulin.
Similar allotype specific antibodies could be produced in goats by immunization with one type of rabbit γ-globulin and absorption with another type. One such goat antiserum was found to be capable of precipitating with whole rabbit γ-globulin of the appropriate allotype but not with the papain digest fragments obtained therefrom. Such fragments were, however, shown to inhibit precipitation with whole rabbit γ-globulin, thus indicating their apparent univalence.
When rabbit γ-globulin in the form of a specific precipitate in Freund adjuvant was used for immunization, an antibody specific for human γ-globulin was found in addition to the rabbit allotype specific antibody.
Immunochemistry of Coagulated Antigen-Antibody Complex
Authors: McDuffie Norman M. , Sutherland G. Bonar 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Under suitable conditions, a number of chemical agents and/or heat may be used to render insoluble either antibody molecules or specific complexes, without destroying or masking all of the native combining sites. These coagula may be used as highly specific adsorbents for native antigen and the antigen may be subsequently eluted at pH 3.0. A study of some suitable coagulating reagents and conditions has been presented.
Antigenicity of Polypeptides (Poly-α-Amino Acids)
Authors: Maurer Paul H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been shown that copolymers of glutamic acid and lysine having ratios of 6:4, 7:3 or 5:5 are antigenic in about 40 to 50% of Hartley strain guinea pigs. A 6:4 copolymer of glu-lys having a molecular weight as low as 5000 was also antigenic. Within the dosage limits studied, the amount of antigen injected in complete Freund's adjuvant did not appear to affect significantly the immune response. Both “immediate” and “delayed” type skin reactions were noted in the guinea pigs. With the hyperimmune sera injected intraperitoneally, recipient animals did not exhibit either the “immediate” Arthuslike or “delayed” reactions. However, these same sera could evoke good passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reactions and sensitize guinea pigs for passive systemic anaphylaxis. Some speculations have been advanced to explain the behavior of the glu-ala and glu-tyr copolymers as well as the poor over-all reactions with the glu-lys copolymers.
The order of decreasing sensitivity in the test for the production of antibody was systemic anaphylaxis, PCA and “active intracutaneous anaphylaxis of the ‘immediate’ type.” With the systems employed the molecular weight of the glu-lys copolymer had little effect on the cross-PCA reactions when compared on a weight for weight basis.
Allergic and Immunologic Studies of a “Purified” Fraction of Ragweed Pollen
Authors: Arbesman Carl E. , Reisman Robert E. , Bonstein Herbert S. , Rose Noel R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The allergenic and antigenic properties of pool C, a “purified” fraction of ragweed pollen, were investigated. As compared to whole ragweed pollen extract, pool C was found to be highly antigenic as measured by its ability to stimulate antibody production in rabbits, induce passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and provide indirect hemagglutination with both human and animal antisera. Pool C is not immunochemically pure as evidenced by three or four lines produced by its homologous antisera in immunoelectrophoresis. However, many of the antigens in the whole ragweed extract have been eliminated. Positive hemagglutination titers with pool C were found with the sera of 72% of untreated ragweed-sensitive individuals. This contrasted greatly with 20% positive reactions found with whole ragweed extract. On a weight basis, pool C was 100 to 1000 times more skin-reactive than whole ragweed extract, both by direct and passive transfer tests. In vitro and particularly in vivo neutralization tests indicated that some of the allergens in whole ragweed extract have been eliminated in the preparation of pool C.
Dissociation of Phagocytosis and Intracellular Killing of Staphylococcus Aureus by Human Blood Leukocytes
Authors: Li Isabel W. , Mudd Stuart , Kapral Frank A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The sera of healthy adult humans contain thermostable and thermolabile components which promote the phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by human leukocytes. Serum heated to 56°C for 7½ to 30 min produces phagocytosis at a somewhat slower initial rate; the ingested staphylococci are not killed intracellularly, at least within the 150 min of the present experiments. Unheated sera produce phagocytosis at a more rapid initial rate, and ingested staphylococci are killed intracellularly although killing is never complete within the time of these experiments. The amount of fresh serum required to produce this killing effect is very small, of the order of 0.05%.
Fresh serum also causes adherence of staphylococci to erythrocytes. Confusion due to this adherence phenomenon can, however, be obviated by appropriate arrangements of the experiments.
Studies on the Sensitizing Properties of Human Antisera and Purified Antibodies
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Liacopoulos Panayotis , Liacopoulos-Briot Monique , Halpern Bernard N. , Relyveld Edgar H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified human antidextran, an S = 7 γ-globulin, was about 1000 to 3000 times less potent in sensitizing intestine in vitro and 25 to 100 times less effective in sensitizing for passive cutaneous anaphylaxis than were the most potent human diphtheria antitoxic sera under the conditions studied. Human antitoxic sera also varied as much as 100-fold in their sensitizing capacity for intestine/µg antitoxin N.