bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity and Specificity of Extranodal Extension: Unlocking One of the Strongest Prognostic Factors in Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Huang Shao Hui , Busca Ionut , Yu Eugene , Hahn Ezra , O’Sullivan Brian 
Published: March 2023

AbstractExtranodal extension (ENE) represents a spectrum of tumor invasion beyond the nodal capsule. The earliest stages of ENE can only be detected under the microscope (pathologic-ENE, pENE). As ENE progresses, it can eventually become visible on imaging (radiologic-ENE, rENE). When ENE further advances to invade skin and/or underlining structures causing fixation and neurovascular impairment, it becomes clinically evident (clinical-ENE, cENE). pENE is the most objective and sensitive way of identifying ENE while subjectivity exists for rENE and cENE detection. Hence, pENE often serves as a gold standard for assessing the accuracy of rENE and cENE. The sensitivity and specificity of rENE for pENE depends on the level of certainty that a radiologist has adopted for declaration. If unequivocal radiologic signs are used for declaration, the specificity of rENE for pENE is very high. Unequivocal rENE carries prognostic significance beyond traditional cN classification for both viral-related and unrelated head and neck cancer, and can serve an important role for clinical care and risk stratification. For clinical care, such as triaging HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer to surgery vs radiotherapy, a relatively modest level of certainty (>50%) may be used for rENE declaration before treatment assignment to achieve high sensitivity and avoid potential triple-modality treatment. For staging, a high level of certainty (>90%) should be used for rENE declaration to preserve its prognostic importance and avoid dilution due to equivocal cases, or the inclusion of minimal ENE lacking importance due to mitigation by contemporary treatments. Standardization of definitions and radiology reporting templates should facilitate the adoption of rENE into clinical care and staging.
Progress in the Development of New Vaccines Against Tuberculosis
Authors: Whitlow Emma , Mustafa Abu Salim , Hanif Shumaila Nida Muhammad 
Published: March 2023

AbstractDue to the shortcomings of currently available BCG vaccines, new strategies have been considered for the development of alternative vaccines against tuberculosis. Many candidate vaccines are in the pipeline with an aim to replace BCG or boost the effect of BCG for prophylaxis. In addition, therapeutic applications are also considered. In this chapter, the current advances and approaches are explored to develop pre- and postexposure vaccines for tuberculosis.
The Utility of a Controlled Human Infection Model for Developing Leishmaniasis Vaccines
Authors: Kaye Paul M. , Parkash Vivak , Layton Alison M. , Lacey Charles J. N. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractControlled human infection models (CHIMs) are increasingly recognised as having an important role in the early development of vaccines for important human diseases, including those prevalent in low and middle-income countries. The leishmaniases are a group of clinically disparate parasitic diseases caused by multiple species of Leishmania. Widely heralded as potentially vaccine-preventable, progress in vaccine development for different forms of leishmaniasis has over past decades been slow, hampered by lack of funds, good experimental models and the challenges of progression through the normal clinical trial pathway. However, with a new generation of leishmaniasis vaccine candidates now progressing in clinical development, the value of a robust CHIM able to accelerate early-phase evaluation of new vaccine candidates has become increasingly apparent. Here, we briefly review the historic context of human infection studies in leishmaniasis and outline issues pertinent to the development of a new CHIM of sand fly-transmitted Leishmania major infection. Given the diversity and wide geographic distribution of the leishmaniases, we conclude with a discussion of future needs and challenges in the development of CHIMs for these important neglected diseases.
Leprosy Vaccines: Developments for Prevention and Treatment
Authors: Wang Hua 
Published: March 2023

AbstractOver 200,000 new leprosy cases are reported globally every year. A vaccine for leprosy can eliminate the debilitating, biblical, and stigmatised disease in the twenty-first century. Since the 1940s, many clinical studies have consistently shown that the BCG vaccine offers some level of protection but ranging between 18% and 90%. Throughout this time, different versions of BCG and new developments have resulted in new leprosy vaccine candidates and prevention strategies. Examples are the vaccine and drug combinatory therapy that has shown promise in decreasing transmission and the subunit vaccine candidate, LepVax, which has been shown to reduce bacterial count and delay nerve function impairment in animal models and safe in healthy adults in early studies. The WHO officially recommended the BCG vaccine as a leprosy vaccine in 2018, a century later after it was first used as a tuberculosis vaccine in 1921. However, a better leprosy vaccine and prevention strategy is still needed because we do not exactly know how Mycobacterium leprae spreads and causes neurological damage in leprosy patients. The history and latest developments in leprosy vaccines are explored in this chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Stephenson Janet 
Published: March 2023

AbstractHumanity is facing a sustainability crisis, and culture is complicit. The crisis has emerged because of the enactment of ideologies of over-consumption, capitalism and colonialism. Culture can also constrain transformational change because of the tenacity of deeply embedded patterns of beliefs, practices and material expectations. At the same time, culture can be a powerful force in sustainability transitions. For all these reasons, culture deserves to be better understood. Yet it is an elusive concept, used simplistically among lay people, and claimed and used in divergent ways in different disciplines and schools of thought.Culture and Sustainabilityinvestigates culture through a sustainability lens and sustainability through a cultural lens. It clarifies the various ways in which culture is understood, and introduces an accessible framework for the analysis of culture and its relationship with sustainability outcomes.
Cultural Stability
Authors: Stephenson Janet 
Published: March 2023

AbstractCulture’s tendency to resist change, or to change only incrementally, is often described as one of its defining features. This resilience can be beneficial if cultural ensembles have positive sustainability outcomes, but problematic where they do not. This chapter draws from research that has used the cultures framework to examine cultural stasis and the mechanisms by which cultural ensembles endure. It starts with examples of culture’s role in sustainability-related outcomes. Consistent cultural patterns relating to particular outcomes (e.g. household energy efficiency, mobility choices) can be identified across populations. The chapter then describes the various processes by which cultural arrangements resist change. These include dynamic alignments within cultural ensembles, cultural actors’ lack of agency and external influences on cultural arrangements. The examples show how the framework offers a universal, scale-free model for the analysis of culture in the context of sustainability.
Using the Cultures Framework for Research
Authors: Stephenson Janet 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter is designed to guide academics and students who wish to undertake research using the cultures framework. It offers a structured approach to cultural research that can be used by researchers from diverse disciplinary backgrounds. The variables and dynamics depicted by the framework are able to be discovered, described and analysed using a wide variety of qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The framework can also be used as a meta-theoretical framing. It invites interdisciplinary endeavours and multi-method research approaches, and operates well as an integrating framework. Further research on culture and sustainability is needed to build up a better understanding of, amongst other things, universal cultural processes, transforming unsustainable meta-cultures, and the multiple roles that culture can play in sustainability transitions. The chapter concludes with suggesting further potential contributions to sustainability research from each of the nine perspectives of culture described in Chapter 2.
Conclusion
Authors: Stephenson Janet 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe only way out of the world’s unsustainable trajectory is through widespread cultural transformation. It will be hard, but is achievable, and much can be learnt from cultures that have already traversed this journey. There will necessarily be myriad cultural responses that are unique to people and context, and close attention must be paid to powerful unsustainable cultures which force the less powerful to continue harmful patterns of consumption and production. Cultural analysis can help. It can provide insights that are not possible through other approaches, reveal triggers for change and give impetus to efforts for a sustainable future. Applications of the cultures framework to sustainability questions have produced intrinsic findings about specific cultural ensembles and their outcomes in addition to generic insights into cultural dynamics, but there is much more work to do. There is huge promise in getting to know ourselves as cultural creatures, and understanding the sustainability transition as a cultural transition.
Borders, Citizenship, ‘Imagined Community’ and ‘Exclusive State’ and Migration in Southeast Asia
Authors: Petcharamesree Sriprapha 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBenedict Anderson (1991) suggested ‘a Nation-state is an imagined political community. It is imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign’. Because of this imagination that a nation (-state) is ‘inherently exclusive’. Southeast Asian States seem to imagine their communities as exclusive, with certain categories of people being excluded, especially those who are considered different and those who cross (inter)national borders. This chapter intends to establish some frameworks for the book by unpacking the notion of borders, not only from territorial and geographical perspectives, but also the borders created within cultural, social and economic spheres. Through the concept of citizenship, the paper argues conceptually and empirically that borders created through ‘imagined community’ can easily discriminate against populations who are not considered as members of a political community or not ‘one of us’. Because of this concept, some are excluded from the benefits of membership, while migration has serious implications on citizenship policy, exclusion (from citizenship) exacerbates (forced) migration in the region.
Labour Migration and Exclusive State Amidst the Global Pandemic of COVID-19
Authors: Sta. Maria Amparita D. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe vulnerability of migrant workers has long been documented. Despite protection measures imposed by countries of origin, most of them end up among the least protected in their host countries. This is especially true for unskilled and semi-skilled workers. Their vulnerability has become more pronounced because of the outbreak of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). As the COVID-19 outbreak ballooned into a pandemic, host states have been forced to implement urgent and aggressive actions to combat its spread and severity, primarily to protect its citizens. Hence, as quarantine measures, border closures, lockdowns, and restrictions on movement have been imposed by sovereign nations such as Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand, migrant workers who have remained in these host states find themselves at the receiving end of the host states’ shifting responses on how to deal with migrant workers amidst the pandemic. Realising that the spread of COVID-19 continues among the population regardless of an individual’s citizenship or nationality, these sovereign states have grappled with the reality that they cannot protect their citizens without equally protecting migrant workers within their borders.For many, this is a substantial shift, as these migrant workers have traditionally been given less economic and social security by host states, despite their vital economic contributions. This paper examines the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic to countries like Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand as far as their treatment and protection of migrant workers are concerned; how their policies have been effectively reshaped by the spread of the deadly virus, the underlying and facilitating factors which resulted in recalibrated measures and policy shifts with migrant workers, and how the pandemic has challenged traditional health responses and strategies, which have generally been framed around the protection primarily, if not exclusively, of a state’s own citizens.
Außeralltäglichkeit produzieren: Die Atemarbeit als Erlebnisformat
Authors: Antony Alexander 
Published: March 2023

ZusammenfassungIn diesem Kapitel wid die Atemarbeit als soziomaterielles Arrangement analysiert, das sich als wesentlich für die Hervorbringung eines atemarbeitsspezifischen Erlebnisformates erweist, in dem gezielt die Produktion leiblicher Erfahrungen vorangetrieben wird (5.1). Wie ich in der Folge verdeutliche, beruht das Erlebnisformat der Atemarbeit auf zwei zentralen praktischen Logiken, die im Vollzug ineinandergreifen: der Herstellung einer erfahrbaren Alltagstranszendenz, die sich durch eine räumlich-zeitliche und symbolische Distanzierung von alltäglichen Verrichtungen und Verpflichtungen auszeichnet (5.2), und der Erzeugung eines erlebbaren Hier und Jetzt, das auf der Etablierung eines spezifischen Wahrnehmungsraums und der Herstellung einer bestimmten Form von Leiblichkeit beruht (5.3).
Atem-Erfahrungen machen: Erfahrungsordnung und Kompetenzproduktion
Authors: Antony Alexander 
Published: March 2023

ZusammenfassungIm diskursanalytischen Teil der Arbeit habe ich gezeigt, dass das Atmen im Rahmen der Atemarbeit von den Anbieter*innen als eine zu erlernende Kulturtechnik begriffen wird. Als wesentlich erwies sich dabei das Argument, dass das alltägliche Atmen einer diskursiven Rekonfiguration unterzogen und derart das Wissensobjekt „Atem“ als solches erst hervorgebracht wird. Das vorliegende Kapitel nimmt das Thema der Rekonfiguration nun auf der Ebene des praktischen Vollzugs wieder auf. Im ersten Teil des Kapitels (7.1) frage ich danach, wie ein unbestimmtes, oft auch unbemerkt bleibendes alltägliches Atmen zum Atmen der Atemarbeit gemacht wird. Vor diesem Hintergrund gilt es zu analysieren, auf der Grundlage welcher praktischen Strategien eine atemarbeitsspezifische Erfahrungsordnung etabliert wird, die wesentlich auf verschiedenen Formen der Erzeugung einer bewussten Wahrnehmung beruht. Dabei wird zugleich ersichtlich, dass sich die Kultivierung des Atmens in der Atemarbeit nicht nur im Rahmen praktischer Anforderungen, sondern auch in einem normativen Raum bewegt. Das zweite Erkenntnisinteresse des vorliegenden Kapitels (7.2) besteht folglich darin, zu zeigen, wie in der Atemarbeit leibliche (In-)Kompetenz, im Sinne eines als normativ angemessen erachteten Tuns, produziert wird.
Schlussbetrachtung: Perspektiven einer Soziologie leiblicher Praxis
Authors: Antony Alexander 
Published: March 2023

ZusammenfassungIn der Schlussbetrachtung wird gezeigt, welche allgemeinen analytischen Perspektiven aus der empirischen Analyse der Atemarbeit für eine Soziologie leiblicher Praxis gewonnen werden können. In einem ersten Schritt werden die sozialtheoretischen Grundaussagen des Buches rekapituliert. Danach werden die folgenden Themen behandelt: die Verbindung von Diskurs- und Praxisanalyse, die Frage nach der Sozio-Logik spezifischer Erlebnisformate, die sozialtheoretischen Implikationen einer Soziologie, die nicht beim Kommunikativen und Symbolischen Halt macht und schließlich ‚praktizierte Leiblichkeiten‘ als basale Medien ‚subjektiven‘ Erfahrens.
Women’s Status in the Process of Socio-Political Development in Iran
Authors: Mousanejad Maliheh 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the status of women’s participation in the socio-political development of Iranian society during the rule of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The data were obtained and collected from statistical sources, including the Ministries, Governmental Organizations, and the Islamic Consultative Assembly of Iran. The chapter reports that the presence and participation of women at the micro- and middle level of decision-making and management have increased. However, the participation of women in high organizational levels has faced social, political, and cultural barriers. So the policy in the field of the woman requires more and more efficient employment of women’s participation in macro-level management.
Reasons for Divorce in Kuwait: An Application of the Likelihood of Divorce Inventory (LDI)
Authors: Alnaser Fahad , Al-Fadhli Hussain M. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter employs the Likelihood of Divorce Inventory (LDI) to investigate married university students’ assessment of reasons for divorce in Kuwait. The sample comprises 443 participants; about 37.5% are men and 62.5% are women. Exploratory factor analysis reveals that three LDI items—negative relationship and lack of respect, differences in behavior and personality, and psychological and physical illness—explain 63.5% of the variance. Participants generally hold positive attitudes toward the reasons for divorce, with infidelity, spousal abuse, and drug/alcohol abuse being among the most prominently reported. However, there are statistically significant gender differences regarding attitudes toward specific reasons for divorce, with women being more sensitive to inventory situations and supporting divorce at greater rates than men.
From ‘Brain Drain’ to ‘Capital Gain’: Indian Skilled Migration to the UAE
Authors: Bortolazzi Omar , Khan Noor 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis study analyzes the magnitude of emigration of India’s high-skill population in the United Arab Emirates through the exploration of the determinants of emigrant mobility using both an empirical and qualitative approach. It also examines the historical patterns of migration to the GCC region with a focus on the socioeconomic impact of skilled immigration of Indian expatriates in the UAE economy. Furthermore, the chapter attempts to assess the role played by remittances, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and knowledge and technology transfers as key economic resources towards the development of the national economy and the potential reversal of the impact of ‘brain drain’. This requires an evaluation of the role played by key stakeholders in the facilitation of migration, providing an alternate outlook on the perceived ‘drain’ and inequality that surrounds the dialog on South-to-North migration. Lastly, the research contributes to the limited literature on transnational entrepreneurs and return and reverse migration, as the most understudied aspect of international migration, to illustrate how the migrant identity is constantly fluid and evolving and ultimately beneficial to both the host and home economy.
Social Media in the GCC Countries—Facilitator or Curse for Generation “Z”?
Authors: Pripoae-Şerbănescu Ciprian , Maţoi Ecaterina 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to explore the directions of the social change in some of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member countries, by analyzing how traditional interactions between generations and pattern evolution are modeled by influences exercised through the use of internet, and in particular of social media. We will delve on the impact of internet technology and social media on (Arab) self, but also on human connectivity. Social media has a tremendous impact on how people share ideas and visions, but also on how they define and represent themselves and the social environment. Detached from traditional institutions, more members of Arab societies may be seduced by the illusion of an ever evolving and confident identity, a deception/dream generously offered by the social media. As such, the role of ruling political elites might be highly challenging, not only in ensuring the stability of their societies, but also in stimulating a solid societal identity in an increasingly unpredictable and complex international environment.
The 2017 Gulf Crisis and Changes in Qatar’s Economic Landscape
Authors: Umar Sharique , Ghurab Salem 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the major transformations that Qatar’s economy went through during the 2017 Gulf crisis. This chapter argues that the Gulf crisis has proved to be a “blessing in disguise.” Qatar confronted unprecedented economic challenges immediately after the blockade, which forced it to take three broad policy initiatives: domestic production, trade diversification and crisis management strategy. This broad policy shift spawns immediate benefits for the country in managing the crisis effectively as well as in making the country resilient to international shocks, whether it is the COVID-19 pandemic or Ukraine war.
Greening the Desert: Sustainability Challenges and Environmental Initiatives in the GCC States
Authors: Alam Meredian , Azalie Izni Azrein Noor 
Published: March 2023

AbstractOil, gas, and other minerals contribute significantly to the growth of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states, however their development always affects the environment. The GCC countries are therefore taking measures to ensure economic growth, job availability, social equality, and natural resource management by incorporating environmental considerations into economic policy and aspiring for green growth at the national and regional levels. With this in mind, this chapter explores various sustainability initiatives for environmental conservation in the GCC. This chapter focuses primarily on the national efforts of each of the GCC states to prevent and control hazards and to reduce the effects of environmental challenges (such as air pollution, climate change, oil spills, and declining quality of coastal and marine environments).
Identity and Globalisation: Tribal Identity in the Age of Social Media
Authors: Al-Etaibi Abdulla 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe age of globalisation and digital technology gives people the means to stay connected more than ever. As elsewhere, social media is rapidly spreading in the Gulf region where it constitutes a virtual public forum for people to express opinions on current issues. Social media has been used for political purposes by both governments and individuals since the Arab Spring. The use of social media to disseminate political information and mobilise groups extended to the 2017 Gulf Crisis. This paper will focus on the use and effects of social media on tribes during the crisis and how technology has provided a virtual space for mobilising tribal kinship networks.