bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intuition in Business
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
We’re all familiar with those perplexing situations where we ‘just know’ without knowing how or why we know. This is intuition. It might be the job candidate’s CV that checks all the boxes but somehow doesn’t stack up or the entrepreneur’s pitch that sounds too good to be true. Why do these types of decisions so often leave us in ‘two minds’? The simple answer is that we have, metaphorically speaking, two minds in one brain: an ‘analytical mind’ and an ‘intuitive mind’. They sometimes come to quite different conclusions about what we ought to do. But rather than thinking of them as competing with each other we could think of them as complementing each other. The main idea of this book is that our analytical mind evolved to ‘solve’ whilst our intuitive mind evolved to ‘sense’. Neither is infallible. Intuition works well when it’s used by the right person under the right circumstances; it works badly when it’s used to make judgements and take decisions to which it is ill-suited and wasn’t designed for in the first place. In this book Eugene Sadler-Smith reveals how our intuitions can be both flawed and marvellous at the same time, explains the science behind intuition, and shows how you can make intelligent use of your intuition to sense and solve your way through a world which is fast-moving, complex, and uncertain.
Making Sense of Intuition
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The main idea of this chapter is that intuition ‘senses’ whilst its counterpart, analysis, ‘solves’. The concepts of risk and uncertainty demonstrate the limits of rationality (that it is ‘bounded’) and illustrate how informed intuition expands experienced decision-makers’ capabilities, especially when rationality reaches its limits. Intuition is defined. The differences between intuition and instinct are explained. A caveat is offered for those who are tempted to trust their intuition unreservedly. As well as helping us to take decisive and incisive action, intuition helps us to make sense of situations that initially do not make sense. Opening evidence is offered for how and why managers use intuition to take decisions; the conditions under which it is likely to be successful are discussed, and this idea is developed throughout the book. The chapter concludes with a discussion of intuition in the age of artificial intelligence (AI) and speculates on the prospects for an ‘artificial intuition’ as a new, and perhaps ultimate, form of AI.
The ‘Two-Minds’ Model
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The main idea of this chapter is that cognition is accomplished in two ways: fast, automatic and unconscious (known as ‘Type 1 processing); slow, deliberate, and conscious (‘Type 2’). Human beings have, metaphorically speaking, ‘two minds in one brain’ (known as ‘dual-process theory’). Various nomenclatures are used, e.g., ‘System 1’ (the intuitive system) and ‘System 2’ (the analytical system), ‘old mind’ and ‘new mind’ (which reflects their evolutionary origins, etc.). Conflict and cooperation between the two systems is discussed and debated. One dual-process theory in particular, regarded by some as a landmark contribution, is singled out for attention: Seymour Epstein’s ‘Cognitive-Experiential Theory’ (CET). The applications of dual-processing in business are discussed. The chapter concludes with the debate about when should intuitive (System 1) processing be trusted. Guidelines for when to go with your gut are provided based on a distinction between ‘kind learning structures’/‘high-validity environments’, which build good intuitions, and ‘wicked learning structures’/‘low-validity environments’, which do not.
Core Processes of Intuition
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The main idea of this chapter is that there are multiple brain systems which are the neural bases for intuitive cognition. ‘Two minds in one brain’ can be thought of as a metaphor for two different types of thinking. There is no one part of the brain where System 1 (including intuition) is located exclusively, and the idea that intuition is in the right brain is considered a neuromyth. The limitations of the traditional methods used by business researchers are acknowledged and the methods of neuroscience are discussed as an alternative way to ‘capture’ the biological bases of intuition. Five of the ‘core processes’ of intuition that have been identified and studied using the methods of neuroscience are proposed. These core processes are: ‘perceptions of coherence’; ‘pattern recognition’; ‘somatic markers’; ‘interoception’; and the ‘mirror mechanism’. The neural correlates of these core processes are discussed. The relevance of these five core processes of intuition for problem-solving and decision-making is business is explored.
The Social Sense
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The main idea of this chapter is that many of our everyday social judgements are accomplished intuitively through the processes of mirroring, mentalizing, and thin slicing. The process of mentalizing combined with mirroring gives us the ability to anticipate and make sense of the thoughts that may be driving another person’s behaviour. Whilst mirroring is automatic, fast, and unconscious, mentalizing can be more deliberate. Both are required in order to arrive at complex social judgements. The process of ‘thin slicing’, discovered by Naline Ambady, is fast and automatic and occurs outside of conscious awareness; it is used to arrive at judgements about another person’s affective state, motivations, and intentions. Matthew Lieberman’s dual-system model (a ‘reflexive’ X-System and a ‘reflective’ C-System) of social cognition is discussed as an overall framework that captures both the social and the moral senses. The applications of mentalizing, social intuition, thin slicing, and the X- and C-Systems in business are explored.
Making an Impact through Intuition
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The main idea of this chapter is that the informed and intelligent use of intuition can create positive impact for individuals and organizations as well as wider society and the economy. In order for this to happen, intuition needs to be cultivated and nurtured, and this can be achieved by (in alphabetical order): ‘coaching’ (to build expertise), ‘debiasing’ (to overcome errors), ‘diagnosing’ (to find out what your preferred thinking style is), ‘incubating’ (to put the unconscious mind to work on a problem), ‘inferring’ (to come up with an inference-to-best-explanation), ‘integrating, imagining, and iterating’ (to build on the complementary strengths of intuition and analysis), ‘interocepting’ (to hone intuitive awareness), ‘interpreting’ (to make sense of intuitions), ‘learning’ (to understand when intuition works and when it does not), ‘practising’ (because quality, not just quantity, of practice makes perfect), and ‘seeking feedback’ (because taking intuitive decisions without feedback is one of the best ways to develop bad intuitions). ‘Intuitive intelligence’ is a vital component of management and leadership; the ability to recognize if, when, and how to ‘go with your gut’ is one of the keys to impactful performance in the volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous workplaces of the twenty-first century.
Vitality Forms
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Sinigaglia Corrado 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed review of the forms, defined as vitality forms by Daniel Stern, that characterize the dynamics of an action or an emotional reaction. This concept has twofold relevance for the purposes of this book: firstly, no action or emotion expression exists without being qualified by a vitality form and the differences between the various vitality forms cannot be interpreted in terms of difference of content; secondly, the capacity of representing our own vitality forms and those of others plays a key role in the appearance and development of various forms of intersubjectivity. Although research in the field of vitality forms is still in the early stages, there is data to support the proposition that the mirror property for action-related vitality forms is present in certain brain structures, such as the dorso-central portion of the insula.
Introduction: “Fifteen Brahmins and Fifteen Thieves”
Authors: Senthil Babu D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Introduction sets out the historiographical context for the book and argues for a historical reconstruction of mathematical practices. The historical and material conditions of knowledge transmission compel us to do so. It makes a case for considering occupational activities in administration and in institutions of teaching and learning as sites for mathematical practice. It argues for an approach that will transcend the dichotomies of pure and applied or that of nation and region often implicit in historiographical approaches. It summarizes the approach through key arguments proposed in each chapter of the book.
Phenomenological Approaches in the History of Ethnomusicology
Authors: Berger Harris M. , VanderHamm David , Riedel Friedlind 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Beginning in the late 1970s, ethnomusicologists began to engage with ideas from phenomenology (a movement within Continental European philosophy). This article discusses key concepts from phenomenology and explores how ethnomusicologists developed them to address fundamental issues in the study of music and culture—the problem of musical meaning and musical interpretation, the nature of the performance event, and questions of music and being. Tracing the intellectual history of phenomenological ethnomusicology, the article synthesizes findings from research on a broad range of musical traditions and offers new insights into a variety of topics of interest to contemporary music scholars, including embodiment, self-reflexivity, flow and musical involvement, trance, time and temporality, research methods, and the politics of music. The article closes by discussing the explosion of phenomenological work in ethnomusicology that has occurred in recent years and suggests new directions for research.
History of Higher Education in Asia-Pacific
Authors: Neubauer Deane 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The history of higher education in Asia emanates from both Buddhist and Confucian traditions extending back for thousands of years, initially in China and India and extending to Japan in the fifth century. Significant expansion and transformation took place over the duration and extent of the region’s colonization by European powers from the sixteenth century onward. A third developmental stage dates from the post-World War II period as a regional system resulting in various platforms for differentiation based on combinations of national, regional, and global dynamics. More recently these have been characterized by maturing patterns of integration and exchange of students, faculty and research attenuated by the increasingly pervasive system of global higher education rankings. This continuously developing system is currently being considerably impacted by the ongoing dynamics of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the COVID-19 pandemic with uncertain consequences.
The Ranking Game
Authors: Lo William Yat Wai , Allen Ryan M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the prevalence of global university rankings within the context of intensified global competition in higher education and the associated call for developing world-class universities in Asia. It argues that higher education internationalization within the Asian context has been considered a way to catch up and compete with the Western world. Such a desire to catch up with the West has been justified within the region-wide call for building world-class universities in some Asian societies, such as Mainland China, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and Malaysia where governments employ rankings as a policy instrument to measure and monitor the performance of their universities and to steer their higher education sectors towards a global standard. Based on this analysis, the chapter illustrates an antinomy of the power of global university rankings, which suggests that rankings provide universities with a clear pathway to academic and research excellence but narrow scholarly diversity.
Professional Education
Authors: Chan Sheng-Ju , Chou Hua-Chi 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In light of the rapid growth of higher education in Asia in recent years, we have seen the expansion of academic disciplines, subjects, and professional training at the university level. These developments have furthered the progress of professional education. Originally, only a few jobs were regarded as professions, such as medicine and architecture. This scope has gradually expanded to include other knowledge domains, such as design, business, engineering, and education. Various models promote the notion of “professional education” in different countries. Within this wider context, this chapter aims to decipher the different models of professional education in the Asian region, using Japan, China, India, and Taiwan as case studies due to their unique modalities. The findings identify three models of professional education in Asia: government-led, professional council, and mixed-market. Emerging issues include the balance between quality and quantity, the integration of academic components and practical skills, internationalization, and a qualification framework.
Internationalization and Mobility
Authors: Collins Christopher S. , Jones Alexander H. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Globalization creates conditions for higher education institutions to collaborate, and in this chapter the authors examine the state of international collaboration. The means by which internationalization in Asia often occurs includes degree sharing, twinning agreements, franchised programs, validated programs, distance learning, and branch campuses. Beyond an encyclopedic overview of Asian higher education collaboration, the authors apply an anthropological method to ask, “Are these methods effective?” Utilizing a case study of the Tokyo Convention, which is an international effort to advance Asian higher education mobility, the authors implement Appadurai’s concepts of global scapes as one analytical tool to assess the effectiveness of mobility. Documenting the providers and methods of internationalization is vital to understanding the current era of Asian higher education, but a more acute issue is to clarify why mobility matters, what it is accomplishing, and whether or not it is worth the investment.
Private Philanthropy in Higher Education in Asia
Authors: Lam Swee-Sum 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Private philanthropy in higher education is an emerging trend in Asia. This exploratory study evaluates the possible strategic role, outcome, and impact of philanthropic giving to higher education, quality of education, and financial sustainability in a small sample of Asia-Pacific countries. Through a series of regression analyses in the chapter, results indicate that contemporaneous giving to higher education in these Asia-Pacific countries does not explain quality of education. Notwithstanding, there is some evidence that philanthropy is building sustainability into education and research offerings in a couple of the top-ranked public universities. Endowment is a funding strategy that possibly impacts the ability of a university or a funded program to sustain itself financially into the future. Nonetheless, findings of this exploratory study do point to the influential role that socio-economic, cultural, and regulatory conditions play in affecting the academic reputation of a country’s higher education.
From Elite Higher Education to Massification
Authors: Tight Malcolm 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the experience of the Asia-Pacific region in moving from elite to mass higher education participation and beyond. It considers the meanings attached to elite, mass, and universal higher education, and their place in higher education research, practice, and policy. It then reviews the historical development of higher education, before examining the recent transition to mass higher education and how it has played out in particular systems. The Asia-Pacific region has differed from the Western world in the greater role of central government in driving massification and private institutions in delivering it. Transnational higher education has played a significant part, though several Asia-Pacific nations, including China, Malaysia, and Singapore, are also seeking to become higher education hubs. In the future we may expect: expansion of postgraduate education and research; the continuance of an elite sub-system; and continued efforts at establishing world-class universities.
Asia as a Producer of Knowledge
Authors: Chi Youngsuk , Van Orden John 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In today’s hyper-competitive, global knowledge economy, institutions of higher education play a key role in creating innovation and defining future job growth, particularly in the context of country or regional strategies for smart specialization. This chapter focuses on two key viewpoints from which we can statistically measure knowledge production and some of its impacts on society—scholarly research publications and patents. Throughout the chapter, the effects of different levels of investment in research from higher education as well as the public and private sector are shown to play a key role in the production of scientific research and intellectual property. Across Asia, regional and country differences in knowledge production come into focus through the study of bibliometrics and patent data. Diving into these trends, it becomes clear that knowledge production in Asia—although not always evenly distributed across the region—is certainly booming.
Employment and Labor Markets
Authors: Cameron Roslyn , Burgess John 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines graduate employment and labor markets across the broad regional scope of the Asia-Pacific region which includes East, South, and South-East Asia and analyzes the labor market within and across these regions. The chapter is organized into four main sections which explore the Asia-Pacific region and the diverse economies, demographics, and labor markets within that region. The chapter also addresses the mega trends impacting the future of work and employment and the regional strategies that have been developed to tackle these trends. Graduate unemployment, underemployment, and employability are discussed and the chapter ends with a synopsis of strategic responses to generating work-ready graduates across the region.
Japan
Authors: Yonezawa Akiyoshi 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the history, current profile, and future of higher education in Japan as the first Asian country to develop a modern Western-style higher education system. The author examines the historical development and current condition of Japan’s higher education system, especially in relation to the policy of nation-building and catching up with advanced economies, and challenges, such as the recent stagnation in public and private investments in higher education, the slow process of internationalization in higher education, and the rapid aging of society. Finally, the author discusses future perspectives, including the “new normal” caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath as well as how Japan’s universities and higher education institutions are developing equal partnerships with other Asian higher education systems in line with the structural transformation of the Asian region in terms of both economy and knowledge.
Japan
Authors: Sugimura Miki , Yamaguchi Shinobu Yume 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Internationalization of higher education includes promoting flows of students and researchers, cultivating innovative international programs such as joint or double degrees, and promoting collaboration with foreign or other international higher education institutions. This chapter focuses on internationalization policies and implementation for higher education in Japan since the 1980s which primarily aim to attract international students by improving admissions systems and creating a supportive environment to integrate international students into Japanese higher education systems. These policies reflect Japan’s strategy of positioning the country as a network hub for knowledge exchange in Asia. While the government reached its target in 2019 of attracting 300,000 international students in Japan, there has been negligible progress on increasing the number of outbound Japanese students studying abroad. This chapter assesses the outcomes of internationalization policies for higher education in Japan, including their positive influence on the establishment of a diverse range of programs, and limitations and challenges to implementation; and considers future prospects for internationalization in the context of regional and global educational mobility.
Higher Education in the Republic of Korea
Authors: Ko Jang Wan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Higher education in South Korea has undergone dramatic changes over the past seven decades. The government has provided strong intervention and policy initiatives on college admission, higher education finance and tuition issues, and reshaping the higher education system in response to people’s enthusiasm for education, national development goals, and continuing social demands. Individual colleges and universities have also pursued development strategies by actively complying with government policies. Accordingly, Korean higher education has improved significantly in terms of universal access, effective student financial aid, quality of higher education, and international collaboration and competitiveness. Higher education in South Korea, nevertheless, continues to face new challenges to effectively cope with the decline of the school-age population and must explore sustainability measures in an era of uncertainty.
Singapore
Authors: Gopinathan S. , Lee Michael H. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In Singapore, higher education policy development and implementation is driven by the need to utilize higher education to drive the nation’s socio-economic development via developing skilled manpower, knowledge generation, and innovation. Higher education development is also driven by the need to respond to families’ and students’ aspirations. Thus, massification and internationalization are key factors of the system. More recently the government has sought to integrate university-based research within state-driven R&D frameworks and has provided considerable financial and manpower resources. This chapter concludes by examining current and emergent challenges facing higher education in Singapore in order to better serve the nation’s needs. Singapore’s experience in developing a world-class higher education system provides valuable policy lessons for other higher education systems, especially in Asia.