bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
O.6.2-2 Building momentum: lessons learned in the promotion of physical activity in primary healthcare settings
Authors: Chow Kendra , Cooper Katy , Taylor Rebecca , Oldridge-Turner Kate , Wetzel Magdelena , Allen Kate 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Purpose
Physical activity plays a vital role in promoting and maintaining good physical and mental health, but too many individuals are not meeting recommendations. Policies that support physical activity prescription (PAP) within primary healthcare (PHC) settings are a key tenet of a comprehensive, systems-wide approach to increase physical activity and help prevent and manage many non-communicable diseases, including cancers. The fourth Building Momentum report sets out the emerging evidence for the benefits of promoting physical activity in PHC, and explains why designing and enacting such policies is good for individual health and economies. This is the first known report of its kind, offering a global policy perspective on developments and progress, as well as guidance on foundational policy processes and components.

Description
Physical activity is a WCRF International policy priority, directly related to our cancer prevention recommendations and MOVING framework and policy database.
Research, writing and publication were managed by WCRF International. The current state of evidence and policies were evaluated through a literature review, and interviews conducted with subject-matter experts selected for their knowledge and experience.
The report was evaluated through two rounds of review, including by interviewees, physical activity experts, and individuals from the WCRF Network, Policy Advisory Group, and the WHO.
The report will be disseminated through an initial online launch event that will showcase the main findings, country reflections and guidance. Further dissemination will be through WCRF International’s health professional and policy networks, social media, and potentially conferences like HEPA.

Conclusions
The fourth Building Momentum report provides guidance on how to establish successful policies for PAP in PHC. It addresses key issues and potential barriers to adoption, as well as identifying foundational policy processes, including: using the evidence, building shared policy objectives, the importance of local contexts and equity underpinning all policy elements. It also identifies components for designing effective policies, including: PHC professional training, health systems capacity, incentivizing structures, the importance of communication and collaboration, and creating supportive patient environments.
Engaging with these findings, as well as examples of national programmes, will enable governments and health systems to enact well-designed policy on physical activity promotion in PHC.
Reverse genetic screening during L1 arrest reveals a role of the diacylglycerol kinase 1 gene dgk-1 and sphingolipid metabolism genes in sleep regulation
Authors: Koutsoumparis Anastasios , Busack Inka , Chen Chung-Kuan , Hayashi Yu , Braeckman Bart P , Meierhofer David , Bringmann Henrik 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Sleep is a fundamental state of behavioral quiescence and physiological restoration. Sleep is controlled by environmental conditions, indicating a complex regulation of sleep by multiple processes. Our knowledge of the genes and mechanisms that control sleep during various conditions is, however, still incomplete. In Caenorhabditis elegans, sleep is increased when development is arrested upon starvation. Here, we performed a reverse genetic sleep screen in arrested L1 larvae for genes that are associated with metabolism. We found over 100 genes that are associated with a reduced sleep phenotype. Enrichment analysis revealed sphingolipid metabolism as a key pathway that controls sleep. A strong sleep loss was caused by the loss of function of the diacylglycerol kinase 1 gene, dgk-1, a negative regulator of synaptic transmission. Rescue experiments indicated that dgk-1 is required for sleep in cholinergic and tyraminergic neurons. The Ring Interneuron S (RIS) neuron is crucial for sleep in C. elegans and activates to induce sleep. RIS activation transients were abolished in dgk-1 mutant animals. Calcium transients were partially rescued by a reduction-of-function mutation of unc-13, suggesting that dgk-1 might be required for RIS activation by limiting synaptic vesicle release. dgk-1 mutant animals had impaired L1 arrest survival and dampened expression of the protective heat shock factor gene hsp-12.6. These data suggest that dgk-1 impairment causes broad physiological deficits. Microcalorimetry and metabolomic analyses of larvae with impaired RIS showed that RIS is broadly required for energy conservation and metabolic control, including for the presence of sphingolipids. Our data support the notion that metabolism broadly influences sleep and that sleep is associated with profound metabolic changes. We thus provide novel insights into the interplay of lipids and sleep and provide a rich resource of mutants and metabolic pathways for future sleep studies.
Impulse controllability for degenerate singular parabolic equations via logarithmic convexity method
Authors: Maarouf Hamid , Maniar Lahcen , Ouelddris Ilham , Salhi Jawad 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In this paper, we study null approximate controllability of degenerate singular parabolic equations under the action of an impulsive control. To this aim, we prove an observation estimate at one point in time for the problems associated to the operators: $$ \begin{align*}& u_{t} -(x^{\alpha} u_{x})_{x} - \dfrac{\mu}{x^{\beta}} u = 0, \qquad x \in \left(0, 1\right), \end{align*} $$ where the parameters $\alpha \geq 0$, $\beta , \mu \in \mathbb{R}$ satisfy suitable assumptions. The method of proof combines both the logarithmic convexity and the Carleman commutator.
Artificial intelligence in railway infrastructure: current research, challenges, and future opportunities
Authors: Phusakulkajorn Wassamon , Núñez Alfredo , Wang Hongrui , Jamshidi Ali , Zoeteman Arjen , Ripke Burchard , Dollevoet Rolf , De Schutter Bart , Li Zili 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The railway industry has the potential to make a strong contribution to the achievement of various sustainable development goals, by an expansion of its role in the transportation system of different countries. To realize this, complex technological and societal challenges are to be addressed, along with the development of suitable state-of-the-art methodologies fully tailored to the particular needs of the wide variety of railway infrastructure types and conditions. Artificial intelligence (AI) methods have been increasingly and successfully applied to solve practical problems in the railway infrastructure domain for over two decades. This paper proposes a review of the development of AI methods in railway infrastructure. First, we present a survey limited to selected journal papers published between 2010 and 2022. Bibliographical statistics are obtained, showing the increasing number of contributions in this field. Then, we select key AI methodologies and discuss their applications in the railway infrastructure. Next, AI methods for key railway components are analyzed. Finally, current challenges and future opportunities are discussed.
Genetic parameters for pulmonary arterial pressure, yearling performance, and carcass ultrasound traits in Angus cattle
Authors: Pauling Rachel C , Speidel Scott E , Thomas Milton G , Holt Timothy N , Enns R Mark 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) can be used as an indicator of susceptibility to pulmonary hypertension and subsequent potential to develop right-sided heart failure (RHF). Previously reported heritability estimates of PAP have been moderate to high. Based on these estimates, selection for the indicator trait, PAP, could reduce the incidence of RHF due to hypoxia. Previous studies have also speculated that increased growth rates and body fat accumulation contribute to increased PAP and RHF. Research evaluating the genetic relationships between PAP and performance traits (e.g., yearling weight and postweaning gain) has yielded conflicting results, leading to ambiguity and uncertainty regarding the underlying genetic relationships. Additionally, no previous research has evaluated the relationship between PAP and ultrasound carcass traits. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate trait heritabilities and genetic correlations between PAP, post-weaning growth traits, and ultrasound carcass traits in Angus cattle, using data (n = 4,511) from the American Angus Association. We hypothesized that traits associated with increased growth and muscle would have a positive genetic (i.e., unfavorable) relationship with PAP. Estimates for heritability and genetic correlations were obtained using a multi-trait animal model. Heritability estimates for PAP (0.21 ± 0.04), post-weaning gain (PWG; 0.31 ± 0.04), and yearling weight (YWT; 0.37 ± 0.04) were within the range of estimates previously reported. Genetic correlations were weak (&lt; 0.20) between PAP, PWG, and YWT. A low-to-moderate genetic correlation between PAP and ultrasound ribeye area (UREA) was found (0.25 ± 0.12). Genetic correlations between PAP, ultrasound back fat (UBF), ultrasound intramuscular fat (IMF), and ultrasound rump fat (RUMP) were weak (ranging in magnitude from −0.05 to 0.10) and therefore, do not provide strong support for the hypothesis of an antagonistic relationship between PAP and carcass ultrasound traits, while heritability estimates for UBF (0.43 ± 0.05), UREA (0.31 ± 0.04), IMF (0.35 ± 0.04), and RUMP (0.47 ± 0.05) were in the range of previously reported values.
Ending of the HIV Epidemic
Authors: Sokoloff Benjamin 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Ending the HIV epidemic in the United States is possible. This chapter identifies the goals of the current nationwide initiative to eliminate new HIV infections in the United States and describes the pillars upon which the initiative was designed to achieve these goals. These goals include reducing the number of new infections by 75% by 2025 and 90% by 2030 by increasing the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of HIV infection and rapid response to new clusters of HIV transmission. The chapter describes the pillars upon which the Ending the HIV Epidemic Initiative was designed to achieve these goals. The four pillars of the initiative are to increase the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of HIV infection and the rapid response to new clusters of HIV transmissions. These pillars are based on the most robust evidence-based science, medicine, and public health principles derived from randomized controlled clinical trials.
Transmission Prevention Strategies
Authors: Chu Carolyn , Baumgartner Katrina , Bositis Christopher M. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
HIV prevention encompasses a vast range of approaches and tools across biomedical, behavioral, social, and structural dimensions. Additionally, several structural factors have been identified as areas of opportunity for HIV prevention. Multiple medication options are now approved for use as pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, including long-acting antiretroviral therapy agents. Newer single-tablet regimens used as postexposure prophylaxis appear to be acceptable and well tolerated. HIV vaccine research continues to be an active area of scientific inquiry and public health interest. The chapter provides a brief overview of behavioral factors and opportunities surrounding HIV prevention, including considerations for unique circumstances and populations.
Immunology
Authors: Hartigan-O’Connor Dennis J. , Brander Christian 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Chronic inflammation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease may have its origins in translocation of microbial products across a Th17 cell-deficient mucosal barrier. Collagen deposition in lymph nodes contributes to T-cell loss by interrupting homeostasis. Sensing of intracellular pathogens, including HIV in abortively infected cells, contributes to progressive CD4 + T-cell loss in chronic HIV infection. This chapter on immunology chapter covers how HIV effects the immune system as whole. Mechanisms of chronic inflammation in HIV as well as pathogenesis of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndromes are discussed. Immunologic effects of antiretroviral therapy and the role of persistent immune dysfunction during therapy on clinical outcomes is examined in this chapter. Many promising immune-based therapeutics are now being tested in small clinical trials. The chapter concludes with a review of the future of immune-based therapeutics in HIV disease.
HIV Testing and Counseling
Authors: Delgado Alejandro 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The chapter HIV Testing and Counseling lists and describes the various types of HIV testing available. The chapter also presents an overview of HIV counseling, as well as how to adapt counseling to the variety of situations or environments in which these conversations can take place. HIV testing terminology and algorithms are presented to the reader along with descriptive figures. Laboratory markers for HIV are reviewed. The chapter describes who should be tested, as well as pre- and posttest counseling elements. A section of the chapter is dedicated to special populations and environments, including blood supply screening, prenatal screening, and testing settings. Strategies to improve uptake of HIV testing are discussed.
Health Maintenance
Authors: Kseri Ramiz 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a detailed outline of tuberculosis (TB) screening and assessment methods and discusses testing frequency. The importance of routine dental care for people with HIV and immunization schedules for people with HIV is highlighted. The chapter describes screening indications (including exposure history) and assessment methods (including selection, interpretation, and limitations of screening tests in people with HIV (PWH); the importance of routine dental care for PWH and the essential information to be included in the treating physician’s written referral; the prevention of cardiovascular disease before clinical presentation among PWH; the immunization schedule for PWH; family planning and preconception care considerations in serodiscordant and seroconcordant couples living with HIV; and the recommended frequency and specimen collection technique for cervical Pap smears in female PWH, the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing, and indications for specialist referral for colposcopy.
Diversity Awareness
Authors: Spinner Gary F. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter will help the learner to understand how concepts of social determinants of health and racial and ethnic disparities impact the care of people with HIV. The chapter discusses the meaning of systemic racism, and how it has contributed to, or failed to rectify, the health disparities among many persons with HIV. It provides an understanding of the diversity of persons with HIV, the complexity of their unique cultures that are shaped by a multitude of factors, and the importance of becoming competent in developing a clinician–patient relationship across cultural differences. It discusses the impact of stigma on healthcare-seeking behavior, treatment adherence, and safe practices among populations experiencing disproportionate access to healthcare including, adolescents, transgender persons, homeless or displaced individuals, incarcerated individuals, patients in rural settings, immigrants, and migrant workers.
The Pharmacist’s Role in HIV Care
Authors: Cocohoba Jennifer 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Medications are essential tools used for prevention, treatment, and the management of co-occurring conditions in persons at risk for HIV and in persons living with HIV (PWH). A multidisciplinary approach to HIV care should consider the inclusion of a pharmacist because of pharmacists’ broad expertise on medication therapy. Pharmacists play an important role across the spectrum of HIV care: they facilitate access to medications, ensure accurate dispensing, and provide patients with education on their medications. This chapter provides an overview of the vital role HIV-experienced clinical pharmacists play as members of an ambulatory or hospital-based care settings, as they are able to help facilitate access to medications, ensure appropriate prescribing and dispensing practices, prevent and recognize medication errors including important drug–drug interactions, and share information with patients and caregivers on medication self-management and adherence. Collaborative drug therapy management agreements and statewide protocols achieved through legislative efforts can also help further the potential role and impact that pharmacists can play in ending the HIV epidemic.
Virology and Natural History of HIV
Authors: Mathur Poonam 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a member of the lentivirus subfamily of retroviruses. The HIV life cycle can be divided into two phases: virus entry, reverse transcription, entry into the nucleus, and integration of double-stranded DNA (the provirus) and regulation of production of viral proteins and new infectious virions. HIV enters the human cell via the CD4 receptor and chemokine coreceptors, primarily CCR5 and CXCR4. The viral genome is transcribed from RNA to DNA by reverse transcriptase and integrated into the host genome by integrase. The HIV genome encodes 15 proteins comprising three categories: structural, regulatory, and accessory. After budding from the host cell, the virus matures into its infectious form through cleavage of viral precursor proteins by protease. HIV structure and life cycle are highlighted in this chapter. The reader is provided information regarding how virology informs treatment aimed at various stages of the viral life cycle and virology in relation to current and potential drug targets. The chapter goes on to discuss viral classification, viral structure, and viral entry. Reverse transcription and integration are reviewed, and the chapter concludes with an overview of HIV natural history.
Scientific Basis of Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Koren David E. , Pandit Neha Sheth , Heil Emily 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter opens with a discussion about classes and mechanisms of antiretroviral agents. The mechanisms of action of the traditional versus newer antiretroviral classes is reviewed as well as the five major categories of antiretroviral agents. Key characteristics and findings of recent clinical trials from the US Department of Health and Human Services recommended regimens are reported. The topics of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenomics are reviewed for the reader. Long-acting intramuscular (LAI) cabotegravir and rilpivirine are a novel, two-drug regimen containing an integrase strand transfer inhibitor and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), respectively, that can be administered to PWH virologically suppressed on an oral ARV regimen. The combination of these LAI ARVs is approved to be administered every month or every two months. The chapter concludes with the topics of ARV dosing, coformulations, clinical trial design, and access programs to medicines in clinical trial development.
Prescribing Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Mathur Poonam , Mudroch Steven , Ajmal Saira , Temesgen Zelalem , Koren David E. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Uncontrolled HIV replication is associated with inflammation, accelerated aging, and a higher rate of comorbid illnesses, effects which have been shown to be reduced by earlier initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Treatment of HIV with ART is highly effective at preventing HIV-1 transmission. This chapter provides an overview of what ART is and the current treatment guidelines according to the US Department of Health and Human Services and the International Antiviral Society-USA. The chapter enumerates the goals of ART and the rationale for treatment as soon as possible of all persons with HIV. Important criteria in selecting an initial treatment regimen is discussed as well as when to switch or simplify ART. Factors for consideration in ART regimen selection and other information involving ART are presented to the reader via tables.
Antiretroviral Treatment and Stewardship in Hospital Settings
Authors: Koren David E. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the issues determining the relative priority of initiating and/or maintaining antiretroviral therapy in the context of hospitalized people with HIV with significant comorbid conditions as well as the continuity of care after discharge from the impatient setting. The chapter defines the antiretroviral stewardship and allows the learner to understand its potential benefit in implementation. It describes important consideration in the preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative care of people with HIV. An updated link to a reference table of available antiretroviral therapy (ART) formulations is provided. New ART agents since the last publication are incorporated in the chapter, and an additional resource regarding known absorption sites of ARVs, as well as pharmacokinetic effects of bariatric surgery on ARV, is provided. Lastly, the chapter describes the pharmacologic complications that may result from bariatric surgery.
Solid Organ Transplantation in Persons with HIV
Authors: Durand Christine M. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Until recently, people living with HIV were largely excluded from consideration of solid organ transplantation because of concerns regarding limited life expectancy and less favorable survival and graft outcomes. The HIV Organ Policy Equity Act allows use of organs from donors with HIV to be used for transplant for recipients with HIV under research protocols. Significant progress has been made in HIV D+/R + transplantation such that data demonstrate patient and graft survival rates in kidney transplant recipients with HIV are equivalent to that of seronegative kidney recipients, and liver transplant outcomes are improving over time and with use of highly effective hepatitis C treatment for people with HIV-hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection. Careful management of drug–drug interactions is crucial, and pretransplant evaluation includes comprehensive infection screening and vaccination.
Select Topics in the Care of Cis-Gender Women with HIV
Authors: Baron Jillian T. , Maguire Christina E. , Short William R. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Healthcare providers need to be proactive in addressing issues related to prepregancy care and contraception among individuals living with HIV who are of childbearing age and potential. While this is a chapter focused on the care of cis-gender women and family planning and prepregancy care considerations in serodifferent couples living with HIV, many of these topics including contraception and prepregnancy care relate to transgender and gender-diverse individuals. Cervical HPV infection and guideline recommendations for cervical Pap smears are reviewed. Considerations for gender-diverse patients are discussed. The chapter concludes with an overview of the clinical management of HIV-positive pregnant individuals, including recommendations for the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and drug disposition.