bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synergistic Cooperation between Isoantiserum and Immune Lymphoid Cells: In Vitro Studies with a Syngeneic Rat Lymphoma
Authors: de Landazuri M. Ortiz , Kedar E. , Fahey J. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immune response of W/Fu rats to a syngeneic tumor was notable for the absence of serum-blocking activity and the presence of serum potentiation of cellular cytotoxicity (synergistic effect).
Heat-inactivated isoimmune serum potentiated the in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) of lymphoid cells immune to a syngeneic Gross virus-induced lymphoma (C58NT)D in W/Fu rats. This isoimmune serum contains antibodies capable of mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in the presence of normal rat lymphoid cells. The synergistic effect observed demonstrated greater cytotoxicity than the sum of CMC and ADCC measured independently.
Inoculation of W/Fu rats with (C58NT)D tumor cells resulted in a 2- to 3-fold increase (compared to normal lymphoid cells) in the ADCC activity of immune spleen and peripheral blood cells. This was true for both the specific target cell (C58NT)D antibody complex and an unrelated target cell antibody complex. The kinetics of this increase in ADCC activity parallels the development of CMC activity as measured in vitro.
The synergistic effect is primarily attributable to an increased capacity of immune lymphoid cells to lyse antibody-coated target cells. The concomitant increase in Fc receptor-bearing cells (non-T cells) may contribute to this effect.
Basophil Activation by Concanavalin a: Characteristics of the Reaction
Authors: Siraganian Patricia A. , Siraganian Reuben P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Concanavalin A (Con A) induced histamine release from the basophils or mast cells of several mammalian species including human, rabbit guinea pig, mouse, and rat. The mechanism was investigated in detail in humans. Wide variation in the response of the basophil of different individuals was found. The optimum release was produced with 1 to 3 µg/ml of Con A. The response is characterized by inhibition by excess amounts of Con A and has great similarity to antigen activation of basophils. The release of histamine by Con A requires Ca2+, is modulated by the level of cyclic AMP, is inhibited by chlorphenesin and diethylcarbamazine and enhanced by deuterium oxide. The activation of the basophil depends on the binding of Con A to pyranosyl sugar residues on the cell membrane.
Fluorescent Antibody Responses to Chlamydial Infection in Patients with Lymphogranuloma Venereum and Urethritis
Authors: Philip Robert N. , Casper Elizabeth A. , Gordon Francis B. , Quan Alice L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Indirect immunofluorescence (the micro IF test) was used to study trachomainclusion conjunctivitis and lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) serum antibody patterns in a venereal disease clinic population. Antibodies undifferentiated as to immunoglobulin class, but probably IgG, were detected in 80% of the study participants and titers were particularly high in LGV patients. Two kinds of antibody were observed. One was broadly reactive to all test antigens, and one was specifically directed toward strains of a particular antigenic type. Although most sera were broadly reactive, 40% also showed some type specificity. Specific antibody patterns in persons from whom chlamydiae were isolated usually corresponded to the immunotypes of isolates, and LGV reaction patterns were particularly associated with LGV patients. IgM antibodies were observed in 20% of the study participants. These were usually type specific and perhaps indicated current infection. The sensitive micro IF test is considered useful in the epidemiologic study of chlamydial infections of genital origin and can provide information about the nature of infecting strains.
The Allogeneic Effect: Increased Cellular Immune and Inflammatory Responses
Authors: Elfenbein Gerald J. , Green Ira , Paul William E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It has been previously shown that infusion of allogeneic lymphoid cells into primed inbred guinea pigs produces an augmentation of humoral immune responses. In this communication we have investigated the effects of such treatment on host cellular immune and inflammatory responses. Dinitrophenyl (DNP) ovalbumin- or DNP-bovine serum albumin-primed strain 2 guinea pigs received infusions of strain 13 guinea pig lymphoid cells. Six days later the recipients were challenged with the priming antigen intradermally. These “allogeneic” guinea pigs displayed larger delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions than did “control” guinea pigs which had been primed but had not received allogeneic lymphoid cells. The in vitro migration of peritoneal exudate cells from allogeneic guinea pigs was inhibited by antigen to a greater extent than was the migration of control peritoneal exudate cells. In addition, allogeneic guinea pigs displayed larger Arthus reactions than did control guinea pigs at a time when both the total serum and the IgG2 immunoglobulin DNP-lysine binding capacity were virtually identical for allogeneic and control guinea pigs. Also, both passive Arthus reactions and croton oil skin responses were greater in allogeneic guinea pigs. Thus, the transient graft-vs-host reaction induces both enhanced host thymus-derived lymphocyte function and inflammatory responses.
Release of 51Cr-Endotoxin from Bacteria as an Assay of Serum Bactericidal Activity
Authors: Fierer Joshua , Finley Fred , Braude Abraham I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In order to facilitate the study of normal serum on Gram-negative bacteria we have developed a bactericidal assay based on the release of 51Cr from labeled bacteria. Release of radioactivity was shown to be mediated by complement and paralleled the bactericidal action of sera measured by change in colony-forming units. Serum from the C6 deficient rabbits and serum that had been treated to inactivate complement did not release 51Cr. The rate of release of 51 Cr was decreased by absorption of serum with Bentonite but the maximum percentage released was not decreased. 51Cr was not released from serum resistant bacteria.
The 51Cr appears to be associated with the lipopolysaccharide fraction of the bacteria. Since this structure is the target for the bactericidal reaction, the release of 51Cr is a direct measure of the effect of complement on the bacteria. Under most conditions this reaction leads to cell death so that the release of 51Cr can be used as an assay of bactericidal activity. It was shown that the assay was feasible with Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Hemophilus influenza B.
Cytotoxic Immune Cells with Specificity for Defined Soluble Antigens
Authors: Schirrmacher Volker , Rubin Bent , Pross Hugh 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigen-coated target cells were specifically lysed (a) by spleen cells from mice that had been immunized against the antigen presented in a soluble form and (b) by non-immune mouse spleen cells in the presence of specific antibodies. In the immune cell cytotoxic system, which consists of antibody-producing cells (APC) and cytotoxic effector cells (CEC), limiting dilution assays showed that the APC were diluted out before the CEC so that the amount of antibody being produced in vitro was limiting the cytotoxicity. In the presence of optimal concentrations of antibody, CEC from immune and non-immune cells were equally effective, regardless of whether the immune cells and the antibody were of the same or of different specificity.
In vitro cytotoxicity in the immune spleen cell system started after a lag period of about 3 hr and was depressed to about 50% after the cells had been treated with trypsin. The cytotoxic activity of non-immune spleen cells in the presence of antibody started without a lag period and was not affected by trypsin treatment of the cells.
Both the immune and the non-immune cell cytotoxic system were blocked by unrelated antigen-antibody complexes. Antibody-complexed target cells were much more potent inhibitors than were soluble complexes. Small numbers of target cells heavily coated with antibody were as efficient in blocking as were larger numbers of target cells lightly coated with antibody. The inhibition by antibodycomplexed antigen-coated target cells was neutralized by the addition of soluble antigen. This “unblocking” was thought to be due to a competition between soluble and insoluble antigen for antibody and the creation of non-inhibitory soluble complexes. The relevance of these findings for anti-tumor immune systems is discussed.
The IgM Antibody Site
Authors: Oriol Rafael , Rousset Monique 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two different populations of sites on IgM have been described. The high affinity population of 19S antibody sites is independent of antibody concentration, as can be expected for the interaction of a single antibody site with a monovalent hapten. The low affinity population of 19S antibody sites reacts with the hapten in a different way. The measurements made at low antibody concentration give higher apparent binding affinities than those made at high antibody concentration. A positive correlation can be established between the amount of free hapten needed to saturate the low affinity population of sites and the total amount of antibody sites available.
Based on these data and taking into account other authors results, we propose a model which may explain the controversial facts reported concerning the IgM valence and the maturation of its binding affinity.
Abnormalities in the Mixed Leukocyte Reaction During Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Twomey Jeremiah J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Lymphocytes obtained from patients during the lymphoproliferative phase of infectious mononucleosis were hyporesponsive in the mixed leukocyte reaction. Lymphocyte hypore-sponsiveness was only demonstrated on patients with significant serum titers of heterophil antibody. Blood from two granulocytopenic patients obtained shortly after the onset of symptoms contained reduced concentrations of monocytes; this monocytopenic blood provided insufficient macrophage precursors to mediate a mixed leukocyte reaction. Both in vitro abnormalities were of transient duration.
IgM-Forming Cells as the Immediate Precursor of IgA-Producing Cells during Ontogeny of the Immunoglobulin-Producing System of the Chicken
Authors: Martin Louis N. , Leslie Gerrie A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chickens bursećtomized at hatch and treated with either anti-α or anti-µ had depressed serum levels of both IgM and IgA, whereas IgY production was unaffected. Chickens bursectomized at hatch and treated with anti-α + anti-µ combined had more severely depressed levels of serum IgM and IgA than bursectomized chickens treated with either antibody alone. The suppressive effects of anti-µ on IgA, anti-α on IgM, and the the additive suppressive effect of combined antibody treatment on both IgM and IgA suggest that IgA-producing cells are derived from IgM-forming precursor cells through a doubly-producing intermediate. The lack of suppressive effect on IgY production in birds having severe depression of IgM and IgA indicates that few if any IgY-forming cells serve as precursors for IgA-producing cells.
The Splenic Suppressor Cell
Authors: Folch Hogo , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
3H-thymidine incorporation was measured in mixed lymphocyte cultures of allogeneic rat spleen cells, the stimulating (donor) cells having been treated with mitomycin C (MC). Removal of adherent cells from either stimulating or reactive cells, or both, by passage through a glass wool column gave a substantial elevation of the response. The effect of such treatment of the stimulating cells could be duplicated by treating them with cycloheximide or by use of cells from doubly thymus-deprived donors. MC treatment, on the other hand, did not affect their supporessor activity. It was inferred that a subpopulation of splenic T cells adherent to glass wool act as suppressors in this immunologic system and that their action requires protein synthesis but not cell division. A close similarity was noted between these suppressor cells and those active in earlier experiments with PHA and concanavalin A and with suppressor cells studied in intact animals subjected to the graft-vs-host reaction.
A general classification of suppressor cell systems is proposed.
Dissociation and Recombination of the Subunits of the Cholera Enterotoxin (Choleragen)
Authors: Finkelstein Richard A. , Boesman Mary , Neoh Sim Hee , LaRue Michael K. , Delaney Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By gel filtration under dissociating conditions in acid urea, the cholera enterotoxin (choleragen) is separated into two fractions, A and B. Fraction A, which elutes first from columns of Bio-Gel P-60, is unique to the toxin and is not found in the spontaneously formed enterotoxoid (choleragenoid) after similar treatment. Neither A nor B alone has significant toxicity in either the infant rabbit model or adult rabbit skin tests. However, after neutralization and dialysis of mixtures of A and B (regardless of whether the latter is derived from choleragen or choleragenoid) the toxin activity in both systems is restored as is the characteristic electrophoretic mobility of the original toxin. Antiserum against the holotoxin precipitates both fragments but A and B give reactions of non-identity. Antiserum against choleragenoid does not precipitate A. Peptide mapping indicates that choleragen contains a number of peptides not present in choleragenoid. The A fragment can further be dissociated into two parts by treatment with thiol reagents. It now seems evident that the cholera enterotoxin consists of two major kinds of non-covalently associated subunits. Of these, the B type, comprising choleragenoid, is likely to be responsible for interaction with GM1 ganglioside-like host cell receptors and the A fragment for biologic activity, i.e., the activation of adenyl cyclase.
The Correlation of Serum IgD Concentration with Gm Allotype
Authors: Walzer Peter D. , Kunkel Henry G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Serum IgD concentrations were measured in normal Caucasian blood donors homozygous for either the Gm(a) Gm(g) or the Gm(f) Gm(b) linkage groups. IgD levels were measured by hemagglutination inhibition, single radial diffusion, and solid phase radioimmunoassay. The Gm(f) Gm(b) group had a significantly lower serum IgD level than did the Gm(a) Gm(g) group by all three methods of quantitation. The difference between the two groups was due primarily to the high frequency of low serum IgD levels among Gm(f) Gm(b) homozygotes. Although no genetic markers are available in IgD, the correlation with allotype markers of the IgG class indicates close linkage between IgD and IgG heavy chain C-region genes.
Serum Immunoglobulin E Levels in Patients with Neoplastic Disease
Authors: Waldmann Thomas A. , Bull Joan M. , Bruce Robert M. , Broder Samuel , Jost Margaret C. , Balestra Suellen T. , Suer Mary E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentrations of groups of patients with neoplastic disease were determined with a double antibody radioimmunoassay technique. The IgE levels were normal in patients with most of the types of neoplastic disease studied. However, the serum levels of IgE were reduced in patients with neoplasms affecting the B cell (thymic independent) system of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Thus, the geometric mean serum IgE concentrations of patients with chronic lymphocyte leukemia (18 ng/ml), multiple myeloma with an IgG paraprotein (27 ng/ml), and multiple myeloma with an IgA paraprotein (36 ng/ml) were significantly reduced (p &lt; 0.05) below the geometric mean of normal controls (96 ng/ml). The reduction in IgE levels is a feature of a more generalized pattern observed in these patients of reduced polyclonal immunoglobulin synthesis and reduced numbers of B lymphocytes bearing normal polyclonal surface immunoglobulins. This reduction in the number of normal B lymphocytes and in the concentration of polyclonal immunoglobulins may be due to the production, by the malignant plasma cells and lymphocytes, of humoral regulators of B cell proliferation and immunoglobulin synthesis.
In contrast to these findings in patients with malignancies of the B cell system there was a 9-fold elevation of the geometric mean serum IgE concentration to 945 ng/ml in patients with Hodgkin's disease, a disease associated with abnormalities of cellular immunity and disorders of T cell function. It is suggested that a reduction of thymic dependent, T cell, regulators of IgE synthesis may occur in such patients and that this reduction in T cell regulatory function may be the cause of the high IgE levels seen in patients with Hodgkin's disease.
The Adjuvant Activity of a Mycobacterial Water Soluble Adjuvant (WSA) in vitro
Authors: Modolell Manuel , Luckenbach Gerd A. , Parant Monique , Munder Paul G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Water soluble adjuvant (WSA), a cell wall fraction from mycobacteria, proved to be a adjuvant in vitro. WSA increased the immune response of mouse lymphoid cells against SRBC, DNP-dextran, and DNP-edestin. WSA seems to act in vitro primarily on macrophages. A direct B cell-stimulating activity of WSA could not be demonstrated. The adjuvant activity of WSA in vitro is apparently not mediated by T cells. WSA is much more effective when used in cultures that contain mouse peritoneal exudate fluid than in those which contain fetal calf serum.
In Vitro Stimulation of Human Lymphocytes with Heterologous Anti-Lymphocyte Sera: Evidence for a Specific Antigenic Receptor Mechanism
Authors: Zimmerman Barry , Baumal Reuben , Gelfand Erwin W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Heterologous antiserum prepared against human lymphocytes (ALS)2 has been shown to stimulate lymphocyte proliferation in vitro, as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA (1). This reaction is assumed to follow binding of the ALS to the lymphocyte plasma membrane, an event which triggers cell division (2). We have observed that ALS prepared against human thymus or thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes stimulated proliferation of lymphocytes in vitro, whereas ALS prepared against human cultured lymphoid cell lines which originated from bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes did not or did so poorly in spite of the fact that both ALS bound equally well to lymphocyte plasma membranes. This observation suggests that binding of ALS to lymphocytes per se is not a sufficient stimulus to induce proliferation.
Induction of Anti-DNP Antibodies: Suppressive Effect of Circulating Anti-Iodiotypic Antibodies to Mouse Myeloma Protein MOPC 315
Authors: Granato Dominique , Braun Dietmar G. , Vassalli Pierre 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Immunization of BALB/c mice with MOPC 315, and α λ mouse myeloma protein with anti-DNP activity, induces the formation of anti-315 idiotypic antibodies. The idiotypic-anti-idiotypic reaction is partially inhibited by BALB/c serum containing anti-DNP antibodies, indicating an idiotypic similarity between 315 and at least some of the anti-DNP antibodies. Hemagglutination data indicate that a high proportion of induced BALB/c anti-DNP antibodies contain L chains of λ type. Mice with circulating anti-315 idiotypic antibodies show, after immunization with DNP-KLH, a depressed anti-DNP antibody response.
Prevention of Myeloma Growth in BALB/c Mice by Injection of Anti-Immunoglobulin Antisera
Authors: Manning Dean D. , Jutila John W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Data presented here establish that neonatally initiated anti-Ig (anti-α or anti-µ) treatment of BALB/c mice provides them with complete, class-specific protection against subsequent challenge with the corresponding transplantable myeloma. The class-specific nature of protection indicates that the effect is due to anti-Ig antibodies per se and not to any possible contaminants of anti-plasmacyte antibodies.
In addition to protection from IgM myeloma growth, the rigorous schedule of anti-µ suppression used in these studies effected complete and stable loss of both serum IgM and serum IgA. A similar schedule of anti-α suppression resulted in complete protection from the IgA myeloma but did allow serum IgA, the only Ig affected by this antiserum, to recover to normal levels. The significance of these observations is discussed.
Interaction of C-Reactive Protein Complexes with the Complement System
Authors: Volanakis John E. , Kaplan Melvin H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The reaction of C-reactive protein (CRP) with C-polysaccharide and the choline phosphatides, lecithin and sphingomyelin, previously shown to induce consumption of human complement, failed to effect consumption of guinea pig complement except in the presence of a thermolabile human serum factor. The amount of guinea pig complement consumed by CRP complexes was dependent on optimal proportions of CRP, C-polysaccharide, or phosphatide, and human serum cofactor in the reaction mixture.
In subsequent experiments, the serum factor was found associated with human Clq: On DEAE-cellulose chromatography of euglobulin, cofactor activity was associated with the first protein peak and was further enhanced by supplementation with two other chromatographic fractions, consistent with a trimolecular complex of Clq, r, and s. On gradient ultracentrifugation, cofactor activity corresponded to a value of 16.9S in the presence of Ca++ and 12.9S in the presence of EDTA. On filtration through Sephadex G-200 in the presence of Ca++, cofactor and C1 activities were concentrated in the excluded peak. In the presence of EDTA, cofactor activity was also demonstrable in the excluded peak although at lower levels. Fractions with cofactor activity consistently gave precipitin reaction for Clq.
Depletion of fresh human serum of Clq by treatment with washed immune precipitate or with aggregated human γ-globulin resulted in complete loss of cofactor activity. Alternatively, addition of purified human Clq provided the cofactor activity for consumption of guinea pig complement.
These combined data indicated that the consumption of guinea pig complement by CRP complexes required participation of human Clq, and that these complexes presumably do not interact with guinea pig Clq.