bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder and violence in the prison population: prospective cohort study of sentenced male prisoners in the UK
Authors: Facer-Irwin Emma , Blackwood Nigel , Bird Annie , MacManus Deirdre 
Published: March 2023

BackgroundViolence is a common problem in prisons. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a prevalent disorder in prison populations, has been identified as a risk factor for violent behaviour in community and military populations. Although cross-sectional associations between PTSD and prison violence have been documented, prospective cohort studies are required.AimsTo investigate whether PTSD is an independent risk factor for prison violence, and examine the potential role of PTSD symptoms and other trauma sequelae on the pathway from trauma exposure to violent behaviour in prison.MethodA prospective cohort study was conducted in a large, medium security prison in London, UK. A random sample of sentenced prisoners arriving into custody (N= 223) took part in a clinical research interview, which assessed trauma histories, mental disorders including PTSD, and other potential sequelae of trauma (anger, emotion dysregulation). Incidents of violent behaviour were measured with prison records covering the 3 months after reception into custody. Stepped binary logistic regression and a series of binary mediation models were performed.ResultsPrisoners who met current (past month) criteria for PTSD were more likely to engage in violent behaviour during the first 3 months of imprisonment, after adjusting for other independent risk factors. The relationship between lifetime exposure to interpersonal trauma and violent behaviour in custody was mediated by total PTSD symptom severity. Hyperarousal and negatively valenced cognitive and emotional appraisal symptoms were particularly implicated in this pathway.ConclusionsThe identification and treatment of PTSD has the potential to reduce violence in prison populations.
Dual Growing Rods Combined With the Apical Convex Control Pedicle Screw Technique Versus Traditional Dual Growing Rods for the Surgical Treatment of Early-Onset Scoliosis: A Case-Matched 2-Year Study
Authors: Zhao Yiwei , Du You , Yang Yang , Lin Guanfeng , Shen Jianxiong , Wu Nan , Zhuang Qianyu , Wang Shengru , Zhang Jianguo 
Published: March 2023

BACKGROUND:
Combination of apical control convex pedicle screws (ACPS) with traditional dual growing rods (TDGRs) had better apex control ability for early-onset scoliosis (EOS); however, there is a paucity of studies on the ACPS technique.

OBJECTIVE:
To compare 3-dimensional deformity correction parameters and complications between the apical control technique (DGR + ACPS) and TDGR in the treatment of EOS.

METHODS:
A retrospective case-match analysis consisting of 12 cases of EOS treated with the DGR + ACPS technique (group A) from 2010 to 2020, and matched with TDGR case (group B) at a ratio of 1:1 by age, sex, curve type, major curve degree, and apical vertebral translation (AVT). Clinical assessment and radiological parameters were measured and compared.

RESULTS:
Demographic characteristics, preoperative main curve, and AVT were comparable between groups. The correction ability of the main curve, AVT, and apex vertebral rotation were better in group A at index surgery (P < .05). The increase in T1-S1 and T1-T12 height was large in group A at index surgery (P = .011, P = .074). The annual increase in spinal height was slower in group A, but without significant difference. The surgical time and estimated blood loss were comparable. Six complications occurred in group A, and 10 occurred in group B.

CONCLUSION:
In this preliminary study, ACPS seems to provide better correction of apex deformity, while attaining the comparable spinal height at 2-year follow-up. Larger cases and longer follow-up are needed to achieve reproducible and optimal results.
Fear of falling, meaningful activity participation and community reintegration among stroke survivors in southwest Nigeria: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Dada Olumide Olasunkanmi , Akingbesote Joy Jesutomisin 
Published: March 2023

Background/Aims Community reintegration remains one of the most important goals of rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between fear of falling, meaningful activity participation and community reintegration of community-dwelling stroke survivors. Methods The Fall Efficacy Scale-International, Engagement in Meaningful Activities Survey and Reintegration to Normal Living Index were used to assess fear of falling, meaningful activity participation and community reintegration respectively among self-ambulant stroke survivors receiving treatment in physiotherapy outpatient clinics. The study was a cross-sectional survey. Tests of relationships, regression and association were performed with a level of significance set at P<0.05. Results A significant relationship was found between fear of falling and community reintegration (r=−0.27; P=0.01; 95% confidence interval=−0.53 to 0.04); meaningful activity participation and community reintegration (r=0.72; P=0.001; 95% CI=0.48 to 0.89) and fear of falling and meaningful activity participation (r=−0.71; P=0.53; 95% CI=−0.32 to 0.24). Older participants had lower levels of community reintegration and meaningful activity participation. A significant association was found between fear of falling and fall history (P=0.02); increased falls meant higher levels of fear of falling. Sex and duration of stroke had no significant impact on fear of falling, meaningful activity participation and community reintegration. Meaningful activity participation was the strongest predictor of community reintegration (β=1.7; 95% CI=1.30 to 2.11; P=0.001). Conclusions Fear of falling might limit participation in meaningful activity and community integration among stroke survivors. These parameters should be assessed by allied health professionals during stroke rehabilitation.
How to complete a safe and effective contraceptive consultation
Authors: Nico Claire 
Published: March 2023

The contraceptive consultation should focus on the provision of safe, effective contraception that suits the individual’s requirements. It is important to take a comprehensive medical and drug history to ensure that the chosen method is safe for the individual at both initiation and review consultations. A review consultation is a good opportunity to discuss other – often more effective – methods of contraception. Remote contraceptive consultations are suitable for many patients, as long as the same high standards of care are provided as they would be in a face-to-face consultation. Nurses offering contraceptive services should ensure they keep up to date with the latest clinical guidance. Contraceptive consultations are a key part of providing safe and effective contraceptive care. Claire Nicol explains how to conduct these in an efficient way
EFFECT OF HIGH TIBIAL OSTEOTOMY ON ANKLE AND SUBTALAR JOINT ALIGNMENT
Authors: Kinghorn A. F. , Whatling G. , Bowd J. , Wilson C. , Holt C. 
Published: March 2023

This study aimed to examine the effect of high tibial osteotomy (HTO) on the ankle and subtalar joints via analysis of static radiographic alignment. We hypothesised that surgical alteration of the alignment of the proximal tibia would result in compensatory distal changes.35 patients recruited as part of the wider Biomechanics and Bioengineering Centre Versus Arthritis HTO study between 2011 and 2018 had pre- and postoperative full-length weightbearing radiographs taken of their lower limbs. In addition to standard alignment measures of the limb and knee (mechanical tibiofemoral angle, Mikulicz point, medial proximal tibial angle), additional measures were taken of the ankle/subtalar joints (lateral distal tibial angle, ground-talus angle, joint line convergence angle of the ankle) as well as a novel measure of stance width. Results were compared using a paired T-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient.Following HTO, there was a significant (5.4°) change in subtalar alignment. Ground-talus angle appeared related both to the level of malalignment preoperatively and the magnitude of the alignment change caused by the HTO surgery; suggesting subtalar positioning as a key adaptive mechanism. In addition to compensatory changes within the subtalar joints, the patients on average had a 31% wider stance following HTO. These two mechanisms do not appear to be correlated but the morphology of the tibial plafond may influence which compensatory mechanisms are employed by different subgroups of HTO patients.These findings are of vital importance in clinical practice both to anticipate potential changes to the ankle and subtalar joints following HTO but it could also open up wider indications for HTO in the treatment of ankle malalignment and osteoarthritis.
A RETROSPECTIVE COMPARISON OF CAGE-ALONE VERSUS CAGE-PLATE CONSTRUCTS USED IN ANTERIOR CERVICAL DISCECTOMY AND FUSION
Authors: Zahid A. , Mohammed R. 
Published: March 2023

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is a well-established spinal operation for cervical disc degeneration disease with neurological compromise. The procedure involves an anterior approach to the cervical spine with discectomy to relieve the pressure on the impinged spinal cord to slow disease progression. The prosthetic cage replaces the disc and can be inserted stand-alone or with an anterior plate that provides additional stability. The literature demonstrates that the cage-alone (CA) is given preference over the cage-plate (CP) technique due to better clinical outcomes, reduced operation time and resultant morbidity. This retrospective case-controlled study compared CA versus CP fixation used in single and multilevel anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for myelopathy in a tertiary centre in Wales.A retrospective clinico-radiological analysis was undertaken, following ACDF procedures over seven years in a single tertiary centre. Inclusion criteria were patients over 18 years of age with cervical myelopathy who had at least six-month follow-up data. SPSS was used to identify any statistically significant difference between both groups. The data were analysed to evaluate the consistency of our findings in comparison to published literature.Eighty-six patients formed the study cohort; 28 [33%] underwent ACDF with CA and 58 [67%] with CP. The patient demographics were similar in both groups, and fusion was observed in all individuals. There was no statistical difference between the two constructs when assessing subsidence, clinical complication (dysphagia, dysphonia, infection), radiological parameters and reoperations. However, a more significant percentage [43% v 61%] of patients improved their cervical lordosis angle with CP treatment. Furthermore, the study yielded that surgery to upper cervical levels results in a higher incidence of dysphagia [65% v 35%]. Finally, bony growth across the cage was observed on X-ray in 12[43%] patients, a unique finding not mentioned in the literature previously.Our study demonstrates no overall difference between the two groups, and we recommend careful consideration of individual patient factors when deciding what construct to choose.
SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS FOR CHRONIC ULNAR COLLATERAL LIGAMENT INJURIES OF THE THUMB: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Brock J. , Jayaraju U. , Trickett R. 
Published: March 2023

There is no consensus for the appropriate surgical management of chronic ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries of the thumb.A systematic review of Pubmed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and ePub Ahead of Print was performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting of Items in Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and formal protocol registered with PROSPERO.Two authors collated data from 10 studies that met strict inclusion criteria, using various surgical techniques in 131 thumbs. Results were heterogenous and metanalysis of results not possible. These data were, therefore, qualitatively assessed and synthesised. Bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool.Direct repair, reconstruction with free tendon or bone-tissue-bone grafts and arthrodesis all demonstrated favourable outcomes with Patient Reported Outcome Measures. Direct repair can be safely performed more than two months following injury, with a positive mean Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score of 13.5 despite evidence of radiographic osteoarthritis. Arthrodesis should be considered in heavy manual laborers or those at risk of osteoarthritis as it provides significant reduction in pain (Mean Visual Analogue Score of 1.2) when compared to other methods. Free tendon grafting has been criticised for failure rates and poor functional grip strength, however collated analysis of 97 patients found a single graft rupture and mean grip strength of 97% (of the contralateral thumb). Bone-tissue-bone grafting was the least effective method across all outcome measures.Studies included were at high risk of bias, however, it can be concluded that delayed direct repair can be performed safely, while arthrodesis may benefit certain patient subgroups. New findings suggest poor efficacy of bone-tissue-bone grafts, but that free tendon grafting with palmaris longus are in fact safe with good restoration of grip strength. The optimal graft and configuration are yet to be determined for reconstructive methods.
PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOMES IN 1,079 UNCEMENTED TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTIES: A PROSPECTIVE 10-YEAR CASE SERIES
Authors: Dewhurst H. , Boktor J. , Szomolay B. , Lewis P. 
Published: March 2023

BackgroundIn recent years, ‘Get It Right First Time (GIRFT)’ have advocated cemented replacements in femoral part of Total hip arthroplasty (THA) especially in older patients. However, many studies were unable to show any difference in outcomes and although cemented prostheses may be associated with better short-term pain outcomes there is no clear advantage in the longer term. It is not clear when and why to do cemented instead of cementless.AimTo assess differences in patient reported outcomes in uncemented THAs based on patient demographics in order to decide when cementless THA can be done safely.MethodProspective data collection of consecutive 1079 uncemented THAs performed for 954 patients in single trust between 2010 and 2020. Oxford Hip Score (OHS) and complications were analysed against demographic variables (age, sex, BMI, ASA) and prosthesis features (femoral and acetabular size, offset and acetabular screws).ResultsThe mean pre-operative OHS was 14.6 which improved to 39.0 at 1 year follow up (P Value=0.000). There was no statistically significant difference between OHS outcome in patients aged over 70 versus younger groups. With a small number of revisable complications increase with age from 50s upwards. Male patients’ OHS score was on average 2.4 points higher than women. Men, however were 2.9 times more likely to experience fractures and high offset hips were 2.5 times more likely to experience dislocations. DAIR, intraoperative calcar fractures, post-operative fractures and dislocations were not associated with worse OHS. Patients with increased BMI had worse pre and post-operative hip functions yet, there was a significant multivariate association between increased BMI and increased improvement in OHS from pre-op to 1 year in women aged 55–80 and men under the age of 60. Femoral stem size increases with age but decreases in male patients over 80. There was no difference found in OHS between bilateral hip replacements and unilateral, nor was there any change found with laterality side of the replacement.ConclusionsThis study suggests that ageing >70 is not associated with poorer outcomes despite small number of revisable complication rates that increase with age from 50 upwards. Men had marginally higher average OHS than women At 1 year. Higher BMI or ASA scores are associated with worse pre-operative hips and worse final outcome score. Despite this, the Delta OHS increases with increased BMI shown in the 55–80 year old female patients and male patients under 60.Key Words: THR, Uncemented, Oxford hip score, outcome.
ARE THERE CONFOUNDING RISK FACTORS THAT CONFER HIGHER MORTALITY IN COVID-POSITIVE NECK OF FEMUR FRACTURES? A MATCHED COMPARISON GROUP ANALYSIS
Authors: Mehta S. , Williams L. , Bhaskar D. 
Published: March 2023

IntroductionNeck of femur (NoF) fractures have an inherent 6.5% 30-day mortality as per National hip fracture database(2019). Several studies have demonstrated a higher mortality rate in covid positive NoFs but have been unable to demonstrate whether there are risk factors that contribute to the risk of mortality in this patient group or whether COVID is solely responsible for the higher mortality.AimsTo assess risk factors that are concurrently present in a fracture NoF cohort that may contribute to higher mortality in COVID positive patients.MethodsA cross sectional, retrospective study was performed for a period of 1 year starting from 1st March 2020. All surgically treated neck of femur fracture patients having an isolated intra/extracapsular fracture were included in the study. Data fields recorded- patient demographics, date and time of admission, ward discharge, surgery, mode of surgery (fixation/arthroplasty), prehospital AMTS score, residential status and mobility, ASA grade as per anaesthetist's records, date of death (if deceased), cause of death (as per death certificate/ postmortem / coroner's report). Analysis of mortality was carried out by creating a matched comparison group for each risk factor as well as some combinations.Results344 patients were surgically treated for a neck of femur fracture in our DGH during the period of 1st March 2020 to 28th February 2021. 46 patients did not receive a COVID swab (reasons unknown) and were excluded from the study. 35 patients had a COVID-19 RT PCR positive test during their hospital stay and 264 patients remained negative. There were 12 deaths in COVID positive patients (34%) and 53 deaths in COVID negative patients (20%) within the time frame of the study. For each risk factor matched group COVID was seen to confer higher mortality in general. There was no mortality in ASA 1 or 2 patients. Mortality rates in matched groups for age and ASA revealed 23.8% mortality in COVID positive as opposed to 17.3% in COVID negative for ASA 3 and 33.3% mortality in COVID positive vs. 28% in ASA 4. 11 out of the 12 COVID positive patients who died had an AMTS score >6. No correlation was seen between COVID positive deaths and preinjury residential status, type of fracture or surgery offered, or preinjury mobility. The average length of hospital stay was much higher for COVID positive patients (19.5days) as compared to 9.5 days for COVID negative patients.ConclusionMatched group analysis show that there is a 37.5% increase in COVID positive neck of femur fracture mortality in ASA 3 patients, the same number falls to 17.8% for ASA 4 patients. These figures are much lower compared to other studies in the UK. There is a need to understand the real cause of death in this subset and to improve death certification so that we can differentiate between patients whose mortality is ‘due to’ or ‘With’ COVID.
Gastfreundschaft durch «gastfreundschaftlichen» Stil?
Authors: Galliker Esther 
Published: March 2023

This paper analyses interactions between a host of a Swiss mountain destination and her guests. The conversations take place in a scenic gondola. The analysis is conducted in the format of an ethnographic case study and focuses on the interactants’ speech style. The case study constitutes a part of a larger, applied and interdisciplinary project of the Business School of the University of Applied Sciences of Lucerne. The aim of the main project is to specify what could be defined as “hospitality” in a touristic context and to develop tools to enhance hospitality at touristic destinations in Central Switzerland.
The aim of the present ethnographic case study is to analyse interactions between hosts and their guests. It seeks to find communicative elements which let the guests perceive an inter-action as hospitable and to discuss if generic features of a “hospitable speech style” may be identified.
Multi-band chaotic non-orthogonal matrix-based encryption for physical-layer security enhancement in OFDM-PONs
Authors: Song Peiji , Hu Zhouyi , Chan Chun-Kit 
Published: March 2023

In this paper, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel multi-band chaotic non-orthogonal matrix (CNOM)-based encryption scheme for secure orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) passive optical networks. The dimension of non-orthogonality is exploited in the encryption with the CNOM, where both faster-than-Nyquist signaling and redundant precoding were employed to dynamically scramble the original number of subcarriers of each sub-band and fix the overall data rate. Both simulation and experimental results of a 10.6 Gb/s 4-QAM transmission over a 20-km standard single-mode fiber showed that the total key space significantly increases by 1.4×10482 and 1.72×10653 times, as the number of sub-bands increases from 1 to 10 and 15, with a considerable reduction in computational complexity of 90% and 93.33% in complex-valued multiplication, and 90.76% and 94.12% in complex-valued addition, when encrypting one OFDM symbol, respectively. Moreover, the improved resilience to the frequency roll-off has also been verified by using additional permutation matrices in the proposed encryption algorithm.
Rapid productivity prediction method for frac hits affected wells based on gas reservoir numerical simulation and probability method
Authors: Nie Jie , Wang Hao , Hao Yuexiang 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
As an important unconventional resource, shale gas can alleviate energy shortage, and its efficient development ensures the long-term growth of oil and gas. The prediction of production levels and estimated ultimate recovery with high accuracy is necessary for shale gas development. Conventional methods are widely applied in the oil and gas industry owing to their simplicity and effectiveness; however, none of them can accurately predict the results for frac hits affected wells. In this work, a probability method based on the numerical model of shale gas reservoir has been formed. In view of the impact of frac hits on the productivity of production wells during the development of shale gas reservoirs, an embedded discrete fractured numerical simulation method for gas reservoirs is proposed to simulate the geological engineering parameter range of wells before frac. And aiming at the established numerical model of shale gas reservoir, this method adopts the ensemble smoother with multiple data assimilation automatic history matching technology to carry out the history matching process of the model. Based on the probability theory and numerical simulation results, this study analyses the influence of different distribution functions of parameters on the calculation results of reserves, and obtains the expected curve of reserves through combination calculation. Besides, the effectiveness of this method was verified by comparing with other traditional predicted method.