bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-term monitoring of cloud water chemistry at Whiteface Mountain: the emergence of a new chemical regime
Authors: Lawrence Christopher E. , Casson Paul , Brandt Richard , Schwab James J. , Dukett James E. , Snyder Phil , Yerger Elizabeth , Kelting Daniel , VandenBoer Trevor C. , Lance Sara 
Published: January 2023

Abstract. Atmospheric aqueous chemistry can have profound effects on our environment. The importance of chemistry within the atmospheric aqueous phase started gaining widespread attention in the 1970s as there was growing concern over the negative impacts on ecosystem health from acid deposition. Research at mountaintop observatories including Whiteface Mountain (WFM) showed that gas phase sulfur dioxide emissions react in cloud droplets to form sulfuric acid, which also impacted air quality by increasing aerosol mass loadings. The current study updates the long-term trends in cloud water composition at WFM for the period 1994–2021, with special consideration given to samples that have traditionally been excluded from analysis due to inorganic charge imbalance. We emphasize three major findings: (1) a growing abundance of total organic carbon (TOC), with annual median concentrations more than doubling since measurements began in 2009, (2) a growing imbalance between the measured inorganic cations and anions, consistent with independent rain water observations, implying that a substantial fraction of anions are no longer being measured with the historical suite of measurements, and (3) a growing number of samples exhibiting greater ammonium concentrations than sulfate plus nitrate concentrations, which now routinely describes over one-third of samples. Organic acids are identified as the most likely candidates for the missing anions, since the measured inorganic ion imbalance correlates strongly with measured TOC concentrations. An “inferred cloud droplet pH” is introduced to estimate the pH of the vast majority of cloud droplets as they reside in the atmosphere using a simple method to account for the expected mixing state of calcium and magnesium containing particles. While the inferred cloud droplet pH closely matches the measured bulk cloud water pH during the early years of the cloud water monitoring program, a growing discrepancy is found over the latter half of the record. We interpret these observations as indicating a growing fraction of cloud droplet acidity that is no longer accounted for by the measured sulfate, nitrate and ammonium concentrations. Altogether, these observations indicate that the chemical system at WFM has shifted away from a system dominated by sulfate to a system controlled by base cations, reactive nitrogen species and organic compounds. Further research is required to understand the effects on air quality, climate and ecosystem health.
Investigating hydroclimatic impacts of the 168–158 BCE volcanic quartet and their relevance to the Nile River basin and Egyptian history
Authors: Singh Ram , Tsigaridis Kostas , LeGrande Allegra N. , Ludlow Francis , Manning Joseph G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract. The Ptolemaic era (305–30 BCE) is an important period of Ancient Egyptian
history known for its material and scientific advances, but also intermittent political and social unrest in the form of (sometimes widespread) revolts against the Ptolemaic elites. While the role of
environmental pressures has long been overlooked in this period of Egyptian
history, ice-core-based volcanic histories have identified the period as
experiencing multiple notable eruptions, and a repeated temporal association between explosive volcanism and revolt has recently been noted. Here we analyze the global and regional (Nile River basin) hydroclimatic response to a unique historical sequence of four large and closely timed volcanic eruptions (first a tropical one, followed by three extratropical northern hemispheric events) between 168 and 158 BCE, a particularly troubled period in Ptolemaic history for which we now provide a more detailed hydroclimatic context. The NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) GISS (Goddard Institute for Space Studies) ModelE2.1 Earth system model simulates a strong radiative response with a radiative forcing (top of atmosphere) of −7.5 W m−2 (following the first eruption) and −2.5 W m−2 (after each of the three remaining eruptions) at a global scale. Associated with this, we observe a global surface cooling of the order of 1.5 ∘C following the first (tropical) eruption, with the following three extratropical eruptions extending the cooling period for more than 15 years. Consequently, this series of eruptions is observed to constrain the northward migration of the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) during the Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon season, and major monsoon zones (African, South Asian, and East Asian) were seen to experience a suppression of rainfall of >1 mm d−1 during the monsoon (JJAS) season averaged for 2 years after each eruption. A substantial suppression of the Indian and North African summer monsoon (over the Nile River headwater region) was seen to strongly affect the modeled river flow in the catchment and discharge at river mouth. River mass flow over the basin was observed to decrease by 29 % and 38 % relative to an unperturbed (non-volcanic) annual mean flow in the first and second year, respectively, after the first (i.e., tropical) eruption. A moderate decrease ranging between 5 % and 18 % was observed after the third and fourth (extratropical) eruptions. These results indicate, in sum, that the first eruption likely produced a strong hydroclimate response, with the following extratropical eruptions prolonging this. These results also support the recently hypothesized association between ice-core-based signals of explosive volcanism and hydroclimatic variability during the Ptolemaic era, including the suppression of the agriculturally critical Nile summer flooding.
Statistically Analyzing Fatal Accidents Pattern of Construction Activities in India
Authors: Patni Saket 
Published: January 2023

In construction activities, fatal accidents occur frequently due to inherently dangerous nature which accounts for around 38 fatal accidents every day as reported by leading news articles. The aim of the paper was to investigate the pattern of fatal accidents in India’s construction works by utilizing a statistical method known as frequency analysis. The methodology includes the collection of data on accidents published by government departments, private bodies, and journals related to this topic. The results were achieved by assessing the year, month, and state factors. The findings reveal that there are noticeable trends in fatal mishaps. These data can be used to offer guidance for corrective or preventive measures for occupational injuries. The pattern identified in this paper can be useful to guide the development of accident-preventative measures.
Sir William Johnson’s Seal or Rufus Grider’s Imagination?: A Short Story on Historical Authenticity
Authors: Starna William A. 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT
In a collection of Rufus Grider’s drawings at the New York State Library is the tracing of a document attributed to Sir William Johnson, acquired from the Senecas of western New York in 1898. An undated version appears in the published Johnson papers. The tracing is of interest as it contains Grider’s reconstructed sketch of Johnson’s wax seal, the elements of which wend their way into present-day discussions of the “two row wampum” and the Covenant Chain. Once examined, however, Grider’s wax seal is found to be an invention, rendering contemporary accounts of its historical relevance dubious.
PERBANDINGAN KANDUNGAN FENOLIK TOTAL, FLAVONOIDTOTAL DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK ETANOLDAUN JAMBU BOL (Syzigium malaccense L.) DAN DAUN JAMBU AIR KANCING (Syzigium aqueum)
Authors: Zahrani Primadiastri Ilavi , Dwi Wulansari Endang , Suharsanti Ririn 
Published: January 2023

Leaves of malay apple (Syzygium malaccense L.) and water apple (Syzygium aqueum) are plants that contain phenolic and flavonoid compounds which have antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in total phenolic content, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of malay apple leaves and water apple leaves. The extraction method uses maceration with 96% ethanol solvent in a ratio of 1:15. The ethanol extract of malay apple leaves and water apple was tested for total phenolic content using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, total flavonoids using the colorimetric method and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. Qualitative identification of quercetin compounds was performed by densitometry tlc. In the phenolic and flavonoid content test, the total sample extract was made with a concentration of 5000 ppm. In the antioxidant activity test of the extract samples, a series of concentrations of 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 ppm were made. The results showed that the total phenolic content in the ethanol extract of malay apple leaves has an average of 12.5149 mgGAE/g and water apple leaves of 14.3207 mgGAE/g. The total flavonoid content in the ethanol extract of malay apple leaves has an average of 9.1613 mgQE/g and water apple leaves of 16.5893 mgQE/g. The ethanol extract of malay apple leaves has antioxidant activity with an average IC50 of 138.3315 ppm and water apple leaves of 117.6745 ppm. In qualitative identification densitometry the Rf value of quercetin is 0,68; ethanol extract of malay apple leaves is 0,68 and water apple leaves is 0,85. The results of the independent statistical T test showed that there were differences in the total phenolic content, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity in the ethanol extract of malay apple leaves and water apple leaves.
Gambaran Kepuasan Pelanggan Terhadap Pelayanan Obat di Apotek Area Boyolali
Authors: Choirin Nisa Triya , Nazar Ahlul , Siska Wardani Tatiana , Tribudi Alif , Elmaya Yuni , Agus Santoso Aris Prio 
Published: January 2023

Apotek adalah tempat tertentu, tempat pekerjaan kefarmasian pendistribusian obat, dan perbekalan kesehatan lainnya kepada warga. Tingkat kepuasan konsumen terhadap pelayanan kefarmasian merupakan salah satu pendukung perkembangan apotek. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kepuasan pelanggan terhadap pelayanan kefarmasian di Apotek daerah Boyolali. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian deskriptif non eksperimental. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui survei langsung terhadap pelanggan apotek dengan memberikan kuesioner kepada responden. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 50 responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Responden yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi penelitian didominasi oleh perempuan (72%), rentang usia 20-22 tahun (44%). Petugas Apotek memberikan informasi tentang efek samping obat dengan gap (- 0.12) dan tingkat kesesuaian (96.3%) dimensi reability merupakan dimensi yang paling memerlukan perbaikan karena tingkat kesesuaiannya terendah diantara yang lain yaitu (98.1%) dengan nilai kesenjagan (-0.06). Obat yang dijual di Apotek lengkap dan mutunya terjamin, Apotek memiliki ruang tunggu yang bersih dan nyaman, petugas Apotek memberikan pelayanan yang ramah dan petugas Apotek bersedia melayani konsultasi konsumen. Penelitian ini, menunjukkan sebagian besar pengunjung di Apotek area Boyolali memiliki persepsi yang baik terhadap pelayanan informasi obat Apotek.
Tingkat Kepuasan Pasien Terhadap Pelayanan Kefarmasian Beberapa Apotek di Samarinda
Authors: Yunita Bestari , Imtinan Ma’aly Desy , Saputra Pakiding Djaya , Aprilia Utama Yoanda , Siska Wardani Tatiana , Prio Agus Santoso Aris 
Published: January 2023

Kepuasan pasien merupakan suatu hal yang abstrak dan hasilnya sangat bervariasi karena pada dasarnya sangat tergantung kepada masing-masing persepsi individu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kepuasan pasien terhadap pelayanan kefarmasian yang diberikan pada beberapa apotek di Samarinda. Penelitian ini dianalisis secara deskriptif yaitu berdasarkan skala likert. Dengan mengukur indikator pertanyaan responsiveness, reliability, assurance, empathy, dan tangible. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui survei langsung terhadap pasien dengan memberikan kuisioner kepada responden. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 40 responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukan presentase sebesar 94,04% pada dimensi dengan klasifikasi sangat puas, dimensi ketanggapan sebesar 92,5% dengan klasifikasi sangat puas, dimensi keyakinan sebesar 95,9% dengan klasifikasi sangat puas, dimensi empati sebesar 95% dengan klasifikasi sangat puas, dimensi penampilan sebesar 93,12% dengan klasifikasi sangat puas. Penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pengunjung di beberapa apotek samarinda merasa puas terhadap pelayanan kefarmasian yang diberikan.
Pengaruh Formulasi Spray Gel Minyak Nilam (Patchouli Oil) Dengan Basis Hidrokarbon Dan Absorbsi Terhadap Sifat Fisik Sediaan
Authors: Junvidya Heroweti  , Nurlaili Fitriani  , Danang Novianto Wibowo  
Published: January 2023

Minyak Nilam (Patchouli oil) menunjukkan beberapa aktivitas farmakologi salah satunya yaitu sifat antibakteri. Kandungan minyak atsiri pada daun nilam mengandung patchouli alcohol sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi konsentrasi minyak nilam (Patchouli oil) dengan basis hidrokarbon dan basis absorpsi terhadap karakteristik fisik sediaan spray gel. Salep dibuat menggunakan metode peleburan dengan variasi konsentrasi minyak nilam F1 5%, FII 7,5%, dan FIII 10% sebagai zat aktif dengan basis yang berbeda. Salep dilakukan uji sifat fisik meliputi uji organoleptis, homogenitas, pH, viskositas, daya lekat dan daya sebar. Hasil uji organoleptis dan homogenitas dianalisis secara deskriptif, sedangkan hasil pH, viskositas, daya sebar, dan daya lekat dianalisis secara statistik dengan regresi linier, untuk melihat pengaruh variasi konsentrasi minyak nilam (Patchouli oil) dengan basis hidrokarbon dan basis absorpsi terhadap karakteristik fisik sediaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa salep minyak nilam dengan basis hidrokarbon memiliki warna putih tulang sedangkan pada basis absorpsi memiliki warna kuning muda. Salep dengan basis hidrokarbon dan absorpsi memiliki bau khas minyak nilam, bentuk semi padat dan tercampur secara homogen. Salep minyak nilam dengan basis hidrokarbon dan absorpsi berpengaruh terhadap karakteristik fisik sediaan salep. Kenaikan konsentrasi minyak nilam dapat menurunkan viskositas dan daya lekat, tetapi menaikkan daya sebar dan pH sediaan.
Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Trietanolamin terhadap Aktivitas Tabir Surya Lotion Ekstrak Kulit Buah Nanas (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.)
Authors: Harjanti Reslely , Ayu Wikandita Kharisma , Nilawati Anita 
Published: January 2023

Tabir surya merupakan jenis sediaan kosmetik yang berperan sebagai pelindung kulit terhadap dampak negatif sinar UV. Kulit buah nanas (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) mengandung flavonoid dan tanin yang berpotensi sebagai bahan aktif dalam tabir surya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasi, mengevaluasi mutu fisik dan stabilitas, serta mengetahui pengaruh variasi konsentrasi trietanolamin terhadap potensi tabir surya sediaan lotion. Kulit buah nanas dimaserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96% kemudian diformulasi menjadi sediaan lotion dengan konsentrasi ekstrak 20% dengan variasi konsentrasi trietanolamin pada formula 1 (2,5%), formula 2 (3%), formula 3 (3,5%). Lotion yang dibuat kemudian diuji mutu fisik sediaan meliputi organoleptis, homogenitas, daya sebar, daya lekat, viskositas, pH, tipe emulsi, dan stabilitas (cycling test) serta pengujian aktivitas tabir surya melalui nilai SPF. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kulit buah nanas mengandung senyawa flavonoid, tanin, dan alkaloid. Lotion ekstrak kulit buah nanas dengan variasi konsentrasi trietanolamin sebagai emulgator memenuhi mutu fisik dan stabilitas yang baik. Semakin tinggi konsentrasi trietanolamin sebagai emulgator maka semakin rendah nilai SPF yang dihasilkan. Nilai SPF yang diperoleh pada formula 1 memiliki nilai SPF yang paling tinggi yaitu 22,23 diikuti formula 2 dan 3 masing-masing sebesar 19,52 dan 16,30.
Effect of virtual reality application on the delivery stages length and maternal satisfaction
Authors: Rahman Wafaa Kamel Sadek Abd El , Soliman Hanaa Abd Elhady , Saber Nahed Mousa 
Published: January 2023

Background: One of the key measures of the caliber of care given is how satisfied mothers are with their birth experiences. The use of non-pharmacological treatments can make childbirth a pleasant experience for the mother. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of virtual reality applications on the delivery stages length and maternal satisfaction. Design: A quasi-experimental research design was used to conduct this study. Setting: The study was carried out at the labor unit in (the obstetrics & gynecology department) at Mansoura University Hospital Subjects and method: A purposive sample of 200 pregnant women was recruited in this study; the studied pregnant women were assigned into two groups, with 100 pregnant women in each group (the intervention (virtual reality ) and control groups). Tools: two tools were used to collect data: Tool (1): A structured interviewing questionnaire and Tool (II): The Mackey Childbirth Satisfaction Rating Scale. Results: The present study revealed that the maternal childbirth satisfaction means score in the virtual reality group was higher than that of the control group (P< 0.001). The length of the active and second phases of parturition in the virtual reality group was significantly lower than that of the control group.
L’amicizia con Gladio Gemma negli anni del nostro insegnamento a Modena
Authors: Lariccia Sergio 
Published: January 2023

The friendship with Gladio Gemma in the years of ours teaching in the University of Modena
SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. I fatti della politica e l’ambizione di contribuire alle esigenze di armonizzazione costituzionale e allo sviluppo della vita democratica in Italia - 3. Il concilio Vaticano Il e le trasformazioni della società italiana negli anni sessanta - 4. Il dibattito culturale e politico sulla riforma della legislazione ecclesiastica.
ABSTRACT: Individuals and experiences that, in the years between 1962 and 1970, had an important influence on the civic and political growth of the author and Gladio Gemma. New focus was given to the issue of relations between the State and the Catholic Church in the late fifties. The Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965 and the transformation of Italian society in the 1960s. Tendencies in the jurisprudence on the theme of relations between the state and religious confessions. The cultural and political debate on the reform of ecclesiastical legislation.
Un Maestro per le giovani generazioni di studiosi di diritto ecclesiastico e di diritto ecclesiale, che si pongono domande più che offrire risposte (a proposito della raccolta di saggi, Lo spirito del diritto ecclesiale. Scritti scelti di R. Bertolino)
Authors: Mantineo Antonino 
Published: January 2023

A leading guide for the new generations of Ecclesiastical and Canon Law scholars, the ones who got questions instead of offering answers
ABDTRACT: These brief notes just pretend to suggest some issues concerning a deepened anthology of essays written by an influential scholar, presented and collected by his colleagues of different approaches and generations. It definitely means to underline peculiar and still not completely explored issues in both Ecclesiastical and Canon Law: the liberty of conscience and the importance of religious freedom in defending fundamental human rights, the scientific purpose to investigate and analyse the still ongoing relevance of a renewed "Church" for a changing world. Rinaldo Bertolino's thoughts seem in this sense a gift to the youngest scholars, encouraging them to have more questions than answers.
Ancora in tema di porto del velo islamico e discriminazione della lavoratrice nelle aziende private
Authors: Licastro Angelo 
Published: January 2023

Still about wearing the Islamic headscarf and employee discrimination in private undertakings
ABSTRACT: This article analyses the development of the jurisprudence of Court of Justice of the European Union on the right to wear an Islamic headscarf at work. In the recent CJEU cases it has been reaffirmed that the employer’s rules do not constitute direct discrimination; however, it has been made clear that a policy of neutrality can justify objectively a difference of treatment indirectly based on religion or belief whether it meets a “genuine need” on the part of the undertaking. This test in most cases is not very different from the one concerning the presence of the “genuine occupational requirements”. The need to seek appropriate forms of composition between the freedom of the worker and the freedom of the company may make anti-discrimination protection under the ground of “religion” weaker than that under the other grounds covered by EU anti-discrimination law; but this is a consequence of the fact that the ground of discrimination constituted by “religion or belief” has been taken by the Court in close connection with the freedom protected by Article 10 EUCFR.
SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa introduttiva - 2. Il quadro dei principi di diritto fissati dalla Corte di giustizia in tema di porto del velo islamico nei luoghi di lavoro privato - 3. Il problema dell’individuazione del parametro della “situazione analoga” nel giudizio di comparazione volto ad accertare una discriminazione diretta per motivi religiosi - 4. Alla ricerca delle ragioni in base alle quali si dà per scontata la non praticabilità di una comparazione “esterna” ai dipendenti aziendali di un medesimo datore di lavoro - 5. I termini di una corretta comparazione interna ai dipendenti dell’azienda - 6. L’improponibilità, sul piano sostanziale, di una piena equiparazione del fattore di rischio legato all’esternazione delle convinzioni “religiose” a quello legato all’esternazione di convinzioni “filosofiche” e “politiche” - 7. La presunta migliore adattabilità dello schema della discriminazione indiretta in rapporto a una materia che richiede una peculiare opera di composizione tra distinte libertà fondamentali adeguata alle caratteristiche dell’azienda e alle mansioni svolte dalla lavoratrice - 8. La questione dei limiti di ammissibilità di disposizioni nazionali più favorevoli - 9. Considerazioni conclusive.