bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Control of the Specificity of Anti-DNP Antibodies
Authors: Yoshida Takeshi , Paul William E. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The fine specificity of anti-hapten antibodies was quantitatively characterized in terms of the capacity of a series of nitrophenyl ligands to inhibit the binding of 3H-2,4-dinitrophenyl-∈-aminocaproic acid (3H-DNP-EACA) by anti-DNP antibody. Applying this assay to antisera produced by mice, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits in response to immunization with DNP keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH), species-specific binding characteristics were noted. These differences involve the relative affinity and relative slopes of inhibition for dinitrophenol, trinitrophenyl ∈-aminocaproic acid and dinitroaniline. Anti-DNP antibodies produced by rabbits and guinea pigs in response to immunization with DNP-bovine ∈ globulin resemble those produced by these species in response to DNP-KLH immunization. Thus, different mammalian species produce antibody populations with different patterns of cross-reactivity in response to the same antigenic stimulus.
Secretory IgA in Human Serum
Authors: Waldman R. H. , Mach J. P. , Stella M. M. , Rowe D. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Secretory component (SC) was detected by the radioactive single radial diffusion technique in nearly all sera examined. The SC was shown to be associated with polymeric serum IgA. The mean level of secretory IgA (SIgA) in normal sera from India, Africa and Europe was about 0.03 to 0.04 mg/ml. The mean level was elevated in patients with a variety of disorders involving secretory surfaces (e.g., acute bacterial enterocolitis or respiratory tract carcinoma), but also in disorders with no known involvement of secretory surfaces. The highest levels were seen in lactating women, with a mean level five times higher than that in the general population. SIgA was also found at lower levels in cord serum, serum from breast-fed newborns and serum from children 3 to 10 years old.
The Subunit Structure of Mouse IgA
Authors: Grey Howard M. , Sher Alan , Shalitin Nurit 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse IgA myeloma proteins have been studied for the structure of their polypeptide chains and papain fragments. Heavy and light chains, Fab and Fc fragments were shown to have molecular weights closely corresponding to their IgG equivalents and the mass ratio of Fab and Fc fragments indicate the presence of two Fab and one Fc fragments per IgA monomer. The results, taken together with the available hapten-binding data, suggest that a single light-heavy chain pair constitute a hapten-binding site in IgA. In addition, structural studies performed on normal mouse IgA indicate the presence in their structure of dimerized light chain as had been previously reported for IgA myeloma proteins.
Complement and Conglutinin in the Serum of Germ-Free and Conventional Piglets
Authors: Barta O. , Barta Vera , Miniats O. P. , Ingram D. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The sera of piglets raised as germ-free and colostrum-deprived or as conventional colostrum-fed animals were examined for their levels of complement and conglutinin. The level of hemolytic complement was higher in germ-free animals in the first 3 days of life and again from days 20 to 56. The data indicate that natural contact with bacteria after birth or monoinfection of 56-day-old germ-free piglets caused an increased complement activity in the serum. Feeding of colostrum may stimulate increased serum complement levels but direct absorption of complement components from the colostrum is considered to be unlikely.
Conglutinin levels were higher in the serum of germ-free pigs from 10 to 42 days of age. A decrease in conglutinin activity of the serum and significant variations in conglutinin titers followed exposure of the newborn to a conventional environment or monoinfection of 56-day-old germ-free animals with a strain of Escherichia coli.
Immunochemical Studies of Phospholipids
Authors: Kataoka Tateshi , Nojima Shoshichi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antiserum against the phosphatidylinositol hapten was obtained in rabbits by injecting a complex of the hapten and methylated bovine serum albumin. The specificity of the antiserum was concerned with the inositol moiety of phosphatidylinositol and was influenced by the ratio of phosphatidylinositol to lecithin. The role of lecithin as an auxiliary lipid in the phosphatidylinositol hapten as well as the cardiolipin hapten was partly explained from observations of the nature of the phospholipase C-treated phospholipid haptens. The lecithin molecule as a whole is indispensable in forming micellar structure of the hapten. However, once the micelle is prepared, the phosphorylcholine moiety of lecithin is no longer necessary, at least in the case of the phosphatidylinositol hapten, and the diglyceride portion of lecithin is important in preserving the micelle already formed. Chemical analysis, reactivity with antisera and binding ability with methylated bovine serum albumin of the enzymetreated phospholipid hapten in comparison with the original hapten supported the above conclusions.
Cellular Reactivity to Tuberculin in Immune and Serologically-Unresponsive Guinea Pigs
Authors: Janicki Bernard W. , Schechter Geraldine P. , Schultz Karen E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have reported that the serologic reactivity of young guinea pigs to mycobacterial antigens decreased proportionately as the sensitizing dose of heat-killed tubercle bacilli was increased (1). Using animals from 0 to 4 weeks old, we found that approximately 67% of those that received doses of 0.5 mg (dry weight) or less exhibited precipitating and complement-fixing antibodies against an unheated mycobacterial culture filtrate when tested 4 weeks after injection, whereas only 34% of the animals that received doses greater than 0.5 mg reacted serologically when similarly tested. Serologic unresponsiveness was induced quite effectively by injecting newborn animals with a 5-mg dose; only 1 of 14 animals sensitized in this manner exhibited anti-mycobacterial precipitins when tested 4 to 5 weeks later. Hypersensitivity to tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) in the serologically-unresponsive animals, however, appeared to be unaffected. Animals injected with the 5-mg dose at birth exhibited unequivocal skin reactivity to PPD 5 weeks later, but the reactions were smaller than those of adults that received the same sensitizing dose (1).
Subgroup-Specific Antigenic Marker on Immunoglobulin λ Chains: Identification of Three Subtypes of the Variable Region
Authors: Tischendorf Frank W. , Tischendorf Margrit M. , Osserman Elliott F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three distinct classes of human k light polypeptide chains have been detected immuuochemically (1). The three antigenic types correspond to the three basic variable sequences designated as ki, kii and kiii (2). In previous reports (3, 4) we described two specificity region subgroups of human λ chains tentatively called (St+) and (St-), differing in antigenic determinants localized on the variable (V) or NH2- terminal region of the λ molecule.
In the course of studies on the delineation of the (St-) subgroup with various antisera, several rabbit antisera were encountered which showed differences among (St-) type Bence Jones proreins and λ chains of myeloma proteins in immunodiffusion analysis. Similar differences were found for the (St-) type proteins of normal serum. The antigens involved correlate with certain structures of the V region of the λ polypeptide chain.
Myeloma proteins and Bence Jones proteins were isolated and typed with respect to subgroup (4).
Enhancement by Reducing Agents of the Transformation of Human and Rabbit Peripheral Lymphocytes
Authors: Fanger Michael W. , Hart David A. , Wells J. Vivian , Nisonoff Alfred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocytes may be stimulated to undergo transformation into blast cells by a variety of nonspecific chemical agents, or by antiglobulin or antilymphocyte antisera. Antigens act as mitogenic agents on lymphocytes from sensitized animals (1-3).
We have now observed that the action of various mitogens on human and rabbit peripheral lymphoeytes is markedly enhsnced in the presence of the reducing agents, l-cysteine, glutathione, or sulfite.
Rabbit peripheral lymphocytes were isolated, purified on a cotton-wool column and cultured as described previously (4). Human leukocytes were obtained from the blood of normal individuals by allowing the cells to settle in 10% Plasmagel (Laboratoire Roger Bellon, Neuilly, France). The leukocyte-rich layer was removed and the cells were washed several times with 20% decomplemented fetal calf serum in Eagle's minimal essential medium (MEM). Leukocytes were cultured (4) at a concentration of 106 cells/ml. Rabbit lymphoeytes were cultured for 48 hr and human leukocytes for 108 hr; 24 hr before harvest, 5 µCi of 3H-thymidine (6.7 Ci/mM) was added to the rabbit lymphocyte cultures and either 5 µCi or 2 µCi of 3H-thymidine to the human leukocyte cultures. Radioactivity incorporated into DNA was determined as described previously (4).
Predominant Contribution of IgA Antibody-Forming Cells to an Immune Response Detected in Extraintestinal Lymphoid Tissues of Germ-free Mice Exposed to Antigen by the Oral Route
Authors: Bazin H. , Levi G. , Doria G. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Germ-free mice exposed to sheep RBC by the oral route displayed an immune response in extraintestinal lymphoid tissues. Such a response in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes was characterized by a high percentage of PFC of the IgA class, and is at variance with that found after parenteral immunization.
Passive Hemagglutination
Authors: Wolberg Gerald , Liu Chi Tan , Adler Frank L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Aggregates of mildly denatured bovine serum albumin (BSA) present antigenic determinants which are not found in native or denatured but unaggregated BSA. Antibody against these determinants appears early and often transiently in rabbits immunized with denatured or native BSA emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Using agglutination of tanned red cells, coated by exposure to native or denatured BSA, to detect and measure antibody activity against BSA, it was shown that adding trace amounts of gelatin to the coating solution significantly reduces the sensitivity of the test. This effect is related to gelatin's highly efficient adsorption to tanned red cells. The degree of reduction in sensitivity varies with the antiserum tested.
Immunochemical and Biologic Properties of Rat IgE
Authors: Stechschulte Daniel J. , Orange Robert P. , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An electrophoretically fast, antigenically unique rat immunoglobulin with hapten specificity has been identified and termed IgE. Monospecific antiserum for rat IgE removed from rat antiserum the biologic activities attributed to rat homocytotropic antibody. Thus, the immunoglobulin class of rat homocytotropic antibody is IgE.
Role of Lymphoid Cells in Passive Transfer with Plasma of Delayed Hypersensitivity in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Dupuy J. M. , Good R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Specific skin reactions to purified protein derivatives could frequently be transferred with plasma or serum from heavily irradiated sensitized guinea pigs. Splenic lymphocytes from a non-sensitized animal that had been incubated for 90 minutes with plasma capable of transferring sensitivity became able to effect such a transfer. Latex particles, red blood cells, or thymocytes could not effect the transfer nor could spleen cells treated in vitro with large amounts of mitomycin C. It is concluded that only certain lymphoid cells may have receptors at their surfaces for attachment of the factor that is responsible for transferring sensitivity, and that the viability and the ability of these cells to replicate are essential for the passive transfer of delayed hypersensitivity.
Activation of Normal Rabbit Macrophage Monolayers by Supernatants of Antigen-Stimulated Lymphocytes
Authors: Mooney John J. , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tuberculin- or HSA-sensitized rabbit lymph node cells, harvested at 10 to 14 days, and normal rabbit lymph node cells were incubated for 24 hr alone or in the presence of specific or heterologous antigen. The supernatants prepared from these lymph node cell cultures were added to duplicate or triplicate monolayer cultures of peritoneal macrophages from normal rabbits, each macrophage being exposed to soluble products released in vitro by 10 lymph node cells. After 24 and 48 hr of continuous exposure to the undiluted supernatants, 150 to 300 cells in each flask were scored for adherence and ameboid activity. Macrophages exposed to supernatants from mixtures of sensitized cells with specific antigen had two to five times greater numbers of ameboid cells at 24 and 48 hr than did monolayers of the same macrophages exposed to control supernatants, and twice as many cells remained adherent at 48 hr. Thus, factors released by sensitized lymphocytes cause activation of normal macrophages. It is suggested that a similar mechanism may be responsible for cell-mediated immunity in systems involving microbial antigens.
Structural and Antigenic Relationships Between Avian Immunoglobulins
Authors: Leslie Gerrie A. , Benedict Albert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ring-necked pheasants, Japanese quail and chickens have 7S immunoglobulins that are antigenically related to each other. It was demonstrated that the cross-reactions were due to similar antigenic determinants on the H and L chains and Fab and Fc fragments. The L chains of the chicken and pheasant were antigenically identical whereas the quail L chains reacted only weakly with the other two. It was concluded that the antigenic structure of QG was much more different from either CG or PG than CG or PG were from each other. The H chains of each of the IgM's shared antigenic determinants.
Hypersensitivity to Ascaris Antigens
Authors: Strejan Gill , Campbell Dan H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits immunized with soluble, crude Ascaris extracts, or with extracts adsorbed on Al(OH)3 produced homocytotropic (Hc) antibodies after both primary and secondary antigenic stimulations. The antigen emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant proved ineffective. While reduction and alkylation inactivated most of the antibody preparations, heating of the antisera at 56°C indicated that both heat resistant and heat sensitive Hc antibodies are being produced and may coexist in the same serum.
Specific Inhibition of an Anti-Hapten Immune Response by Chemical Modification of Cells
Authors: Naor David , Mishell Robert I. , Wofsy Leon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Reaction of mouse spleen cells with 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl sulfonate (TNPS) resulted in suppression of an in vitro anti-TNP antibody response without diminishing the response to carrier sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The anti-TNP response of unreacted spleen cells could also be inhibited specifically by addition of small fractions of TNPS-reacted cells, indicating that the specific inhibition is not primarily due to direct chemical modification by TNPS of anti-TNP cellular receptor sites. These results illustrate some of the considerations involved in applying affinity labeling to the problem of antigen receptors on lymphocytes. They also suggest a general procedure for suppressing a particular antibody response with appropriately modified homologous cells.
Interspecies “Transfer” of Delayed Hypersensitivity In Vitro with Rna Extracts
Authors: Paque Ronald E. , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When nonsensitive guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) were incubated in vitro with RNA extracts from rhesus monkeys with delayed sensitivity to purified protein derivative (PPD) alone, or PPD and coccidioidin, the PEC were inhibited in their migration from capillary tubes in the presence of specific antigen. These data suggest that interspecies conversion of “nonsensitive” guinea pig PEC to “sensitive” cells was accomplished with monkey RNA extracts.
Mechanisms of Endotoxin Tolerance
Authors: Greisman Sheldon E. , Woodward Celeste L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunologic mechanisms contribute to the development of pyrogenic tolerance to bacterial endotoxins. The present studies test the concept that the hepatic Kupffer cell is the “target” tissue protected by these immune mechanisms.
The pyrogenic response of healthy acclimatized New Zealand rabbits to a purified Escherichia coli endotoxin administered by ear vein was characterized by a classic biphasic febrile response, an initial early phase (60- to 90-min peak) and a later second phase (180-min peak). Tolerance induced by repetitive daily ear vein administration of the endotoxin resulted in ablation of the second febrile phase, but only minimal reductions of the early phase. These responses were then contrasted with those induced when the E. coli endotoxin was presented directly to the hepatic Kupffer cell by perfusion through chronically implanted hepatic portal venous cannulae.
Direct hepatic perfusion with endotoxin resulted in diminution or ablation of the early phase of fever in both non-tolerant and tolerant animals. This effect was seen in 3 of 12 non-tolerant and all of 21 tolerant animals. Reticuloendothelial blockade with thorotrast consistently restored the early fever phase following portal vein administration of the endotoxin in the tolerant animals. In contrast to the early febrile response, direct hepatic perfusion with endotoxin enhanced the second febrile phase in the non-tolerant animals; the second febrile phase, however, remained markedly inhibited in 17 of the 21 tolerant animals tested.
Analysis of these findings indicates: 1) extra-hepatic mechanisms dominate the first phase of the biphasic febrile response to bacterial endotoxin in the rabbit, 2) hepatic mechanisms dominate the second phase of the biphasic febrile response to endotoxin, 3) the liver of the tolerant rabbit clears directly perfused endotoxin more efficiently than the liver of the non-tolerant animal and 4) despite the more efficient uptake of directly perfused endotoxin by the liver of the tolerant rabbit, the second phase of fever usually remains markedly inhibited.
The findings fully support the concept that tolerance to the pyrogenic activity of bacterial endotoxin is based upon increased uptake of the toxin by hepatic Kupffer cells which have become refractory to further release of endogenous pyrogen.
Partial Purification and Characterization of a Dengue Virus Soluble Complement-Fixing Antigen
Authors: Brandt Walter E. , Chiewsilp Dumrong , Harris Donald L. , Russell Philip K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rate-zonal centrifugation of dengue-2 infected mouse brain or cell culture has revealed two hemagglutinins (HA) and a non-hemagglutinating soluble complement-fixing (CF) antigen (1, 2). A rapidly sedimenting HA (RHA) consists of infectious particles measuring 48 to 50 nm in diameter and a slowly sedimenting HA (SHA) contains small doughnut structures measuring 14 nm in diameter. The third antigen was described as a soluble CF antigen (SCF) since it could not be readily removed from suspension by ultracentrifugation. Subsequent studies suggested that SCF is a nonstructural antigen which can be distinguished from the structural polypeptides of the virion by coelectrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels (R. D. Cardiff, W. E. Brandt, T. G. McCloud and P. K. Russell, to be published). SCF was also found to be the only antigen unaffected by exposure to sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) (3); further, exposure of standard dengue-1 and dengue-2 sucrose-acetone antigens to SLS and 2-ME or 8M urea reduced the level of cross-reactions with other dengue serotypes.
C3 in High Molecular Weight Complexes: Separation from Plasma of Nephritic Patients and Normal Subjects by a Method that Avoids in Vitro Artifacts
Authors: Askenase Philip W. , Leonard Edward J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The demonstration of host γ globulin and complement components in glomeruli of patients with post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (1–3) or the nephritis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (2, 4, 5) supports the view that the inflammatory lesions are caused by deposition of circulating complement-fixing soluble antigen-antibody complexes (6). Immune complexes, therefore, might be present in the circulation during active disease and, given sufficient assay sensitivity, should be detectable. When immune complexes activate complement, the third component (C3) becomes bound to the complex and can, therefore, be used as a marker of immune complexes. Since C3 has a molecular weight of about 185,000 (7) and in an immune complex behaves like a much larger molecule, separation of unreacted from complexed C3 on the basis of size is possible by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200.
The proteins of normal whole serum are eluted from Sephadex G-200 in three main peaks.
Immunoglobulin E-Type Antibodies Induced by Ascaris Suum Infections in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Dobson C. , Morseth D. J. , Soulsby E. J. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An IgE-type anaphylactic antibody, analogous to human IgE antibody, is described in guinea pigs infected with Ascaris suum. It differs from other guinea pig anaphylactic antibodies by virtue of its greater molecular weight, its sensitivity to heat and 2-mercaptoethanol and its ability to sensitize homologous skin sites for prolonged periods of time in greater dilution.
The Reaction of Immunoglobulin-Coated Bentonite and Radioiodinated Antigen
Authors: Cheng W. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antigen-binding properties of purified antibodies to the 2,4-dinitrophenyl, 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl and 2,4-dinitro-5-aminophenyl groups were studied by employing microgram quantities of purified antibody adsorbed onto a colloidal suspension of bentonite particles and measuring the binding of an 125I-labeled hapten protein complex. The results indicated that the antigen-binding affinity of antibodies obtained from late antiserum is greater than that of antibodies from early antiserum. Differential binding of the antigen by selectively isolated antibody populations of the same antiserum pools was also observed. The data also indicated that, in general, a selectively isolated antibody population having high affinity for a structurally related cross-reacting antigen still exhibited a greater degree of binding for the antigen used to elicit the antibody response than for the cross-reacting antigen used for its isolation. One fraction of anti-2,4-dinitro-5-aminophenyl antibodies, however, was found to bind the cross-reacting DNP-RSA antigen better than the homologous DNAMP-RSA antigen. The possible significance of this exceptional case was discussed.
The Isolation and Biologic Activities of Purified Secretory IgA and IgG Anti-Salmonella Typhimurium “O” Antibodies from Rabbit Intestinal Fluid and Colostrum
Authors: Eddie David S. , Schulkind Martin L. , Robbins John B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Direct contact of external secretory tissue with living, but not with dead, Salmonella typhimurium stimulated formation of high concentrations of anti-“O” antibodies in the small intestinal fluid and colostrum. Purified IgG and IgA anti-S. typhimurium “O” antibodies were isolated from these fluids and their activities measured on a molar basis. Serum and exocrine IgG molecules had identical complement-dependent bactericidal, opsonization and PCA reactions. Exocrine IgA antibodies showed little or no activity in these biologic assays but did exert a similar suppressive effect upon antibody formation after intravenous injection or oral administration, as did exocrine IgG antibodies. Both IgA and IgG molecules had similar specific agglutination activities.