bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Cyber Cooperation
Authors: Freilich Charles D. , Cohen Matthew S. , Siboni Gabi 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Israel engages in cyber cooperation with even more states than it has embassies, which shows that international relations play an increasingly critical part in national cyber security. There is also a growing concern over the applicability of international law to the cyber realm and the creation of new norms. This chapter begins by discussing how Israel has used cyber to boost its soft power and foreign policy, including cyber’s role in helping to establish relations with formerly hostile nations. It then dives into the debates over international law and norms. It notes that the world is still working on developing such laws and norms and discusses Israel’s role in helping to shape those negotiations and understandings. The chapter concludes with a discussion of what Israel could do to better utilize its cyber capabilities to improve relations with other nations and its international standing overall.
Conclusions—and Some Answers to the Cyber Quandaries
Authors: Freilich Charles D. , Cohen Matthew S. , Siboni Gabi 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 11 is divided into two parts. The first provides answers to the theoretical and policy quandaries presented in Chapter 3. It argues that the realist and constructivist arguments laid out in the book’s theory held true, but that bureaucratic and domestic politics played a greater role than anticipated. The chapter then addresses issues relating to military strategy and realist thought, and finds that that existing understandings do apply, with some modification. It then offers insights into how countries can innovate and succeed. The second half provides conclusions specific to the Israeli experience, including that Israel’s response has been effective, but threats are growing; the need to adopt a comprehensive strategy; how cyber has upended the regional balance of power; and that Israel is not maximizing its potential. This chapter offers important lessons for Israel and points to ways in which Israel can serve as a model for other states.
A Comprehensive National Cyber Strategy
Authors: Freilich Charles D. , Cohen Matthew S. , Siboni Gabi 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Israel does not appear to have yet formulated a comprehensive cyber strategy, public or classified, meaning cyber has not been fully integrated into Israel’s overall national security strategy. This chapter presents the first proposal ever for a comprehensive civil and military Israeli national cyber strategy. These recommendations can also serve as useful blueprints for other nations to learn from. The chapter begins by discussing Israel’s overall vital national security objectives to use as the basis for formulating the recommendations. The recommendations are divided into six overall conceptual pillars: strategy, doctrine, and resources; governance and command and control; national capacity building; the 4Ds: Detect, Deter, Defend, Defeat (Superiority); aggregate robustness and systemic resilience; international cyber cooperation, influence, and diplomacy. Within each of these six pillars are specific recommendations on how Israel can achieve greater security and utilize its power in the cyber realm.
Society and Islamist Ideas in Uzbekistan
Authors: Collins Kathleen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 10 turns again to society, drawing on dozens of focus groups and interviews with communal leaders in Uzbekistan. The chapter finds that the typical views and norms of those identifying as Uzbek Muslims on a spectrum of issues, including religious education, women’s roles, politics, law, and courts, could not be described as liberal or secular, but only a minority were puritanical. Radical Islamist ideas—whether the nonviolent, pro-caliphate ideas of Hizb ut-Tahrir or the IMU’s militant jihadism—did not resonate with ordinary Uzbek citizens. This severely limited the societal support that such groups might obtain. However, in focus groups across regions, genders, ages, and socioeconomic categories, most Uzbeks expressed grievances about religious repression, injustice, and corruption. Some expected that Islamic courts would better address such problems than secular ones.
Introduction
Authors: Cohen Edward E. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe Introduction considers some significant methodological issues. Because the Roman Empire encompassed innumerable local groupings—municipalities, kingdoms, provinces, villages—distributed over a vast area and tenaciously preserving separate societal values, institutions, and languages, the sense of the very word “Roman” must be examined, a term that “paradoxically is rarely defined or given meaning” (Revell). Despite the dearth of quantitative evidence in and for classical antiquity, this Introduction seeks to show how methodologies other than statistical—Behavioral Economics, some aspects of Neoclassical Economics, and (most importantly) New Institutional Economics—can be utilized, in lieu of mathematical approaches, to elucidate Roman Inequality. Because this book makes significant use of evidence from Roman Law, a number of juridical issues must be confronted: the extent to which Roman law reflects actual life; whether surviving “cases” reflect true disputes or fictitious generalizing hypotheses of academic origin; the influence of anachronism and interpolation in Roman law materials; the interplay between Roman law and indigenous law.
Inequality
Authors: Cohen Edward E. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAt Rome, a stark economic gap separated the very few wealthy individuals from all others. A free elite—minuscule in number—lived palatially; the mass of unenslaved people survived at a level of bare subsistence. Slaves, in their masses, of course were impoverished denizens of the lowest rung of society. Yet, a disparity similar to that afflicting free persons also was found among the unfree population: a few slaves possessed significant wealth and power, sometimes even owning their own subordinate slaves. This financial inequality—wealthy slaves, impoverished free persons—was exasperated by a legal inequality: the counterintuitive juridical privileging of servile over free enterprise. The legal structure of Roman business was originally highly inhospitable to profit-seeking enterprises of scale and complexity. In adaptive response, Roman law came to develop elaborate mechanisms to facilitate such businesses, and to mitigate investors’ economic exposure—modalities that in practice favored servile enterprise, and discriminated against free businesspeople.
Businesswomen
Authors: Cohen Edward E. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores the involvement of women in Roman business, and the legal and economic significance, implications, and complications thereof. According to Papinian, “[i]n many aspects of Roman Law the situation of women (was) inferior to that of men.” Conservative social values and juridical precepts tenaciously upheld the concept of male control over property. And yet, in practice, juridical reality accommodated the needs of women working in commerce. Roman commercial law even purported to be gender-blind: any right available to a male was in general automatically extended to a female, and in matters of “commercial law,” women seem largely to have enjoyed juridical equality. In fact, both free and enslaved women engaged in an enormous variety of elevated mercantile undertakings, including widespread participation as principals in financial transactions, as buyers and sellers of substantial real estate, and in the ownership and operation of maritime vessels. At Rome, uniquely in the ancient world, according to Gaius, adult women handled their business matters for themselves. Of some 2,500 imperial rescripts on private legal matters dating from 117 to 305 ce and preserved in the Codex, approximately a quarter (about 650) are addressed to female petitioners, and similar gender ratios are attested in other significant business categories.
The Evolution and Gestalt of the German Constitution
Authors: Baer Susanne 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The chapter is devoted to the history of German constitutionalism. It contextualizes sources and concepts that informed the creation of the Basic Law, and discusses the evolution of German constitutional law including the role of the German Federal Constitutional Court (GFCC). Historically, the Basic Law is a reaction to German fascism and the Second World War, as an expression of the promise of ‘never again’, yet there are additional factors and ideas shaping its content, including a particular notion of the role of religion and churches, the ‘goal of the state’ to implement a welfare state, no social rights but an objective dimension of fundamental rights that informs social justice and extends to the reach of the constitution to private actors. German constitutionalism is also informed by the commitment to be a nation-state embedded in European and global law, with prominent references to international human rights, by now integrated into national standards of review. The chapter presents seminal decisions of the GFCC, taking the changing social and political conditions into account, including the notion of a ‘constitutional identity’ not as legalis nationalism and ideology, but anchored in, and defined by, constitutional law.
The Evolution and Gestalt of the Hungarian Constitution
Authors: Halmai Gábor 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the origins, evolution, and the basic structures of Hungary’s current constitution, the Fundamental Law, enacted in 2011 exclusively with the votes of the governing FIDESZ Party. This new constitution and its ten amendments not only replaced the 1989 Constitution, the consensual result of the Round Table discussions during the democratic transition, but has also transformed the liberal democratic constitutional system. The chapter discusses the main characteristics of this transformation: dismantling the government’s checks; introducing a nationalistic identity of the political community; intervening into the privacy of the citizens; weakening the institutional guarantees of fundamental rights protection; and entrenching political preferences of the governing party into the constitutional text. With all these changes Hungary’s constitutional system has become a populist, illiberal one, which instrumentalizes the role of religion and the nation by abusing the concept of constitutional identity.
The Evolution and Gestalt of the Romanian Constitution
Authors: Iancu Bogdan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter relies on constitutional sociology and history to illuminate resilient patterns of legal instrumentalism in Romania. The evolution of Romanian constitutionalism is presented as an ideal-typical example of peripheral modernity. In so doing, this study challenges mainstream accounts that routinely attribute recurrent crises (e.g. in 2012 and 2017–2019) to unidimensional causes, such as the legacy of communism and/or, more recently, political corruption. Functionalist-positivistic explanations, focusing exclusively on normative and institutional policy and design choices to explain various shortcomings, are also called into question and relativized. Fragmentation and polarization resulting from long timespan continuities and discontinuities, and entrenched patterns of social and economic inequality, are considered here to be the crucial contextual backdrop for understanding current agendas (including the local deflection or weaponization of EU-driven judiciary and anticorruption reform packages).
Manuscripts
Authors: Horobin Simon 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the material circulation of Middle English poetry and the manuscripts in which it was copied and circulated. It begins by highlighting the importance of the anthology, focusing on British Library MS Harley 2253, a collection of secular and religious lyrics, the Auchinleck manuscript, a substantial collection of romances, and the Vernon manuscript, a vast assembly of religious prose and verse. Discussion of their contents and organisation raises questions about access to exemplars, organisational principles, places of production, and intended readership. The chapter also considers the lack of physical evidence for the pre-1400 circulation of the works of Gower, Chaucer, and Langland, and contrasts this with the abundance of copies of the northern instructional poems Speculum Vitae and Prick of Conscience.
Narrative on the Margins
Authors: Cannon Christopher 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a short history of the medieval fable in English poetry. It explores the deep roots of the form’s denigration as both culpably untrue and irredeemably childish, but it also explores the many uses to which the form was put, as meaningful exemplum, and by means of the rhetorical force it gave to plot. It describes the unique achievements of each of the four free-standing fables that survive in Middle English (The Fox and the Wolf, Dame Sirith, the Land of Cockaygne, and A Pennyworth of Wit), as well as the three ways in which the fable became central to the most ambitious Middle English poems at the end of the fourteenth century. It concludes by showing how Chaucer made the fable central to the form and meanings of the Canterbury Tales as a whole.
Romances of the Ancient World
Authors: Keller Wolfram R. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys the extant Middle English Troy and Alexander romances. With a view to the different ways of understanding and constructing antiquity in the late-classical and medieval Continental transmission of the history of the Trojan War and the life and deeds of Alexander, it is argued that the Middle English Troy and Alexander romances develop a repository of poetic strategies suitable for the rewriting of antiquity. More specifically, the chapter examines the poetic choices made by the authors of the Destruction of Troy and Kyng Alisaunder, demonstrating that in their respective engagements with antecedent traditions, these texts advance new poetics and concomitantly gesture towards new conceptualisations of literary authorship.
Crusade Romances and the Matter of France
Authors: Elias Marcel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the Middle English crusade romance, a subgenre that arose out of the French epic and that reflects obliquely on the history of the crusades. It focuses on seven of the Charlemagne romances (Otuel, Otuel and Roland, Duke Roland and Sir Otuel of Spain, Sir Ferumbras, Firumbras, The Siege of Milan, and The Sultan of Babylon), Richard Coeur de Lion, and the alliterative Siege of Jerusalem. The chapter argues that poets of Middle English crusade romance sought to carve out a territory distinct from the French epic by creatively reconfiguring, or deliberately moving away from, its conventions. These romances evince an interest in unsettling religious and racial binaries; exploring tensions between ideology and experience; experimenting with how different verse forms shape expression; and incorporating courtly, amorous, and supernatural elements. These features are crucial to our understanding of the formative phases of Middle English romance.
H and α
Authors: Oakley S. P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In chapter 5 scholarship on the transmission of the text of Vitruvius is reviewed. All known manuscripts of Vitruvius are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. The small incunabular tradition is also examined. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided. In an end-note some manuscripts of Faventinus are discussed.
The β Family
Authors: Oakley S. P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In chapter 7 scholarship on the transmission of the text of Vitruvius is reviewed. All known manuscripts of Vitruvius are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. The small incunabular tradition is also examined. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided. In an end-note some manuscripts of Faventinus are discussed.
The Transmission in Outline
Authors: Oakley S. P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In chapter 10 scholarship on the transmission of the text of Vitruvius is reviewed. All known manuscripts of Vitruvius are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. The small incunabular tradition is also examined. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided. In an end-note some manuscripts of Faventinus are discussed.
Conclusions
Authors: Oakley S. P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In chapter 11 scholarship on the transmission of the text of Vitruvius is reviewed. All known manuscripts of Vitruvius are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. The small incunabular tradition is also examined. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided. In an end-note some manuscripts of Faventinus are discussed.
End-Note: Some Manuscripts of Faventinus
Authors: Oakley S. P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In chapter 12 scholarship on the transmission of the text of Vitruvius is reviewed. All known manuscripts of Vitruvius are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. The small incunabular tradition is also examined. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided. In an end-note some manuscripts of Faventinus are discussed.
Ω: The Archetype
Authors: Oakley S. P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In chapter 16 scholarship on the transmission of the texts of Cato, De agri cultura and Varro, De re rustica is reviewed. All known manuscripts of these works are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. The small incunabular tradition is also examined. It is argued that the transmission needs to be studied in three separate parts: Cato; Varro before 3.17.4; and Varro after 3.17.4. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided.
Conclusions
Authors: Oakley S. P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In chapter 19 scholarship on the transmission of the texts of Cato, De agri cultura and Varro, De re rustica is reviewed. All known manuscripts of these works are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. The small incunabular tradition is also examined. It is argued that the transmission needs to be studied in three separate parts: Cato; Varro before 3.17.4; and Varro after 3.17.4. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided.
Editing the Abbreviated Commentary: The Progress of Scholarship
Authors: Oakley S. P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In chapter 22 scholarship on the transmission of the text of Porphyrio is reviewed. A brief discussion of the relationship of extant scholia to the commentary that goes under the name of Porphyrio is provided. All known manuscripts of Porphyrio are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. It is argued that V (Vat. lat. 3314) is the source of all other extant MSS and was the manuscript brought back to Italy by Enoch of Ascoli, and the difficulties entailed by the standard view that it was written in Italy are stated. The extensive incunabular tradition is also examined, and an outline of the transmission of the text in the Renaissance is provided.
The Diffusion of the Text in the Renaissance
Authors: Oakley S. P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In chapter 27 scholarship on the transmission of the text of Porphyrio is reviewed. A brief discussion of the relationship of extant scholia to the commentary that goes under the name of Porphyrio is provided. All known manuscripts of Porphyrio are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. It is argued that V (Vat. lat. 3314) is the source of all other extant MSS and was the manuscript brought back to Italy by Enoch of Ascoli, and the difficulties entailed by the standard view that it was written in Italy are stated. The extensive incunabular tradition is also examined, and an outline of the transmission of the text in the Renaissance is provided.
The δ Family
Authors: Oakley S. P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In chapter 33 scholarship on the textual tradition of the Periegesis is reviewed. Most known manuscripts of the poem are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined (for those not discussed readers are referred to an earlier work of the author). Several manuscripts written in England are discussed. A stemma is provided to illustrate these affiliations. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided.
Conclusion: Life after Loss
Authors: Willis Roxana 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Conclusion returns to the homicide case that opened the book. An examination of the criminal event through the framework of mutuality, which has been revealed over the course of the book, provides a better account of what occurred on the estate. By moving beyond the limits of the contemporary criminal law, a fuller picture of wrongdoing is reached. This leads to a series of reflections on how the criminal law, rooted in the framework of autonomy, could be reformed to accommodate these findings. The potential for all to be included in the framework of autonomy is considered, but whether a moral discourse rooted in liberalism, and hence founded on exclusion, could ever be fully inclusive is thought dubious. A second, preferred, option is then proposed, which is for the criminal law to better accommodate the framework of mutuality. Preliminary suggestions are offered as to how the criminal law could do this. Substantive law reform is argued to be much needed for the criminal law to become more inclusive, representative, and fairer.
TIME MEASUREMENT IN ANTIQUITY
Authors: Bonnin Jérôme 
Published: June 2023

AbstractSocieties in the Ancient world developed methods and instruments for finding and measuring time by the sun and by water. This chapter establishes the difference between clepsydras and water clocks so as to elucidate the description of these as used in the Ancient world, including in Assyria, Greece, Babylon, Egypt, and Rome. It also describes the several different kinds of sundials and explains the fifteen individual types established by archaeological evidence. Furthermore, it covers how sundials were used in Antiquity, and goes on to describe some major monuments, such as the Meridian of Augustus and the Tower of the Winds in Athens.
INDIA AND THE FAR EAST
Authors: Sarma S. R. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis chapter describes the time-systems of different regions of the Far East, including India, China, and Japan. It elaborates on the instruments that these regions used to measure the passing and recording of time—sundials, water clocks, geared weight-driven clocks, fire clocks, incense clocks—and for each, it explains how these instruments were used. It also discusses Christian missionaries and how they introduced the use of European clocks into China and Japan. Finally, it explains in detail the origins of modern manufacturing in the different regions, and describes a few iconic companies, including Sea-Gull, as well as the increasing demand for quartz watches.