bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for Thymic Dependence of Pha-Reactive Cells in Spleen and Lymph Nodes and Independence in Bone Marrow
Authors: Blomgren Henric , Svedmyr Erik 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The influence of the thymus on the in vitro phytohemagglutinin (PHA) response of spleen, lymph node and bone marrow cells was investigated in lethally irradiated, bone marrow-protected (800 R:BM) mice. Reactivity of the cells was measured by studying their incorporation of 3H-thymidine in vitro. Nucleated cell content of the various sites during recovery was also obtained. In 800 R:BM mice, the PHA-response first appeared in cells of the bone marrow and later in those of the thymus, lymph nodes and spleen. It was markedly impaired in lymph node and spleen cells, but not in bone marrow cells during recovery (25 to 35 days after irradiation) when the mice were thymectomized 3 to 4 weeks prior to irradiation and protection by BM cells or fetal liver cells, as compared to similar cells during similar recovery in sham-thymectomized mice or in 800 R:BM mice given thymic cells with the bone marrow or fetal liver cells. Moreover, treatment of lymph node or bone marrow cells with an antiserum directed against an antigen specific for thymic lymphocytes or their descendants reduced the PHA-response of lymph node cells but not that of the bone marrow cells. These results suggest that the PHA-responses of lymph node and spleen cells are thymus-dependent while that of the bone marrow cells is thymus-independent.
Blocking Effect of Serum from Tumor-Bearing Animals on Macrophage Migration Inhibition with Tumor Antigens
Authors: Halliday W. J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Peritoneal cells were obtained from unstimulated mice which had been exposed to tumor antigens (regression of a Moloney virus-induced tumor or removal of a transplanted MCA-induced tumor). The migration of these cells in culture was inhibited specifically by tumor extracts. The inhibition was reversed specifically by serum from mice bearing the corresponding tumor.
Specific Immunologic Unresponsiveness Induced in Adult Guinea Pigs with the Aid of p-Azobenzenearsonate Hapten Coupled to Autologous Red Cells
Authors: Borek Felix , Battisto Jack R. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Repeated intravenous injections of adult guinea pigs with p-azobenzenearsonate-coupled autologous erythrocytes induced immunologic unresponsiveness specific for the p-azobenzenearsonate hapten.
Regulation of Homocytotropic Antibody Formation in the Rat
Authors: Okumura Ko , Tada Tomio 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adult rats about 3 months old were splenectomized or thymectomized and then immunized with dinitrophenylated Ascaris suum extracts (DNP-As) plus Bordetella pertussis 3 to 10 days after the operation. Homocytotropic antibody (HTA) formation against DNP-As was examined by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) over a period of 45 days. HTA formation was found to be greatly enhanced and prolonged by splenectomy and thymectomy. Virtually no termination of HTA formation occurred. Combined extirpation of the spleen and thymus in adult rats had the same enhancing effect. Passive hemagglutination tests with sera treated or untreated with 2-mercaptoethanol showed that the production of γG and γM antibodies was unchanged. In contrast to adult thymectomy, neonatal thymectomy caused a loss, or at least a marked reduction, of the ability to produce HTA. The results suggest that adult splenectomy and thymectomy cause regulatory disturbances of HTA formation in the rat.
Immunochemical Comparison of Human Erythrocyte Membrane Proteins
Authors: Howe C. , Blumenfeld O. O. , Lee L. T. , Copeland P. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Water-soluble glycoprotein (virus receptor substance, VRS) obtained by phenolic extraction of human erythrocyte membranes was compared with a sialic acid-rich protein fraction derived from pyridine-extracted membranes. In double diffusion analysis, electrophoretically pure VRS gave reactions of identity with a major component of the sialoprotein fraction. Quantitative precipitin analyses also showed the close similarity of the two antigens. The amino acid profile of the sialoprotein resembled that of VRS and differed significantly from that of pyridine soluble proteins from which the bulk of the sialoprotein was separable by chromatography on G-200 Sephadex in 33% pyridine. The capacity of the sialoprotein fraction to inhibit influenza virus hemagglutination was significantly less than that of purified VRS.
A Study of the Afferent and Efferent Limbs of the Immune Response in Opossums
Authors: Marx James J. , Burrell Robert , Fisher Silvia Q. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immune response of the North American opossum (Didelphys virginiana) was investigated to define further the possibilities of using this species as a subject for in utero examinations of immune tolerance and related phenomena. Experiments were designed in an attempt to discern the proposed disparity between the immune response of the opossum and that of other laboratory animals. The ability of the opossum to clear bacterial antigens from the circulation was comparable to that of a rabbit. This ability reached levels comparable to those of adults in pouch young about 11 weeks after birth. The efferent limb was investigated using techniques for the detection of antibody-producing cells. Plaque assays revealed a distinct but decreased ability to respond to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in terms of plaque-forming units. This ability first appeared in pouch young between 70 and 120 days. In comparison with mice the cell density in the opossum spleen was low, and there was a proportionally lower percentage of immunocompetent cells capable of responding to SRBC stimulation; this explained the observation that the levels of humoral antibody production and of plaque-forming units were lower than those seen in more conventional animals. The decrease in number of antigen-responsive cells and the slower antibody production suggest that the weakness in the immune system of this animal is centered in both the central and efferent limbs of the immune response.
Relationship of Germinal Centers in Lymphoid Tissue to Immunologic Memory
Authors: Durkin H. G. , Thorbecke G. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A study was made of the primary and secondary immune responses in 3- to 4- week-old rabbits that received prednisolone treatment on days 5 to 13 after primary injection of alum-precipitated bovine γ globulin into the hind footpads. The treatment did not affect the primary response but completely inhibited preparation for a secondary response induced by challenge with soluble bovine γ globulin 14 days after the primary injection. Histologic examination of popliteal lymph nodes demonstrated that prednisolone treatment interfered with germinal center production, which may have been related to the inhibition of priming for the secondary response.
Lack of Correlation between the Net Charge of Antigen and Antibodies in Guinea Pigs Immunized with Some Charged Antigens
Authors: Nussenzweig Victor , Green Ira 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibodies were specifically isolated from guinea pigs immunized with DNP-conjugates of polyamino acids with different net electrical charges. The distribution of the antibodies in the γ1 and γ2 classes of immunoglobulins (which have different charges) and in two DEAE-cellulose chromatographic fractions of γ2 globulin was studied. No consistent relationship was found in either case between the net charges of the DNP-conjugates used for immunization and the anti-DNP antibodies which they elicited.
Hormone-Influenced Serum Protein (HIP): Anti-Protein System in the Chicken
Authors: David C. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A hormone-influenced serum protein (Hip) has been detected in some laying hens, and a “naturally” occurring anti-Hip antibody has been found in some hens lacking Hip. Hip has a molecular weight of about 150,000 and migrates as a β globulin in immunoelectrophoresis. Anti-Hip is an IgG antibody. Hip occurs with high frequency in certain families, indicating a possible genetic influence or expression. Treatment with progesterone induced synthesis of Hip in both females and males, but anti-Hip was produced only in females. Several factors that may be responsible for this “protein-anti protein” system are discussed.
Attempts to Abolish Tolerance of Skin Homografts in Mice with X-Irradiated Plasma from Specifically Sensitized Donors
Authors: Lubaroff David M. , Silvers Willys K. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The ability of plasma from sensitized, lethally x-irradiated mice to abolish tolerance of skin homografts was investigated. The graft was destroyed in only 1 of 12 tolerant mice that received plasma. A somewhat higher incidence (4/10) occurred in mice inoculated with serum from unirradiated donors. In contrast, all mice injected with sensitized lymphoid cells rejected their grafts.
Antibodies to Denatured IgE and New Antigenicity of the IgE Acquired during Heating
Authors: Ito Kohi , Wicher Konrad , Arbesman Carl E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Antibodies that reacted with heat-aggregated IgE were observed in a goat but not in rabbits when both were immunized with the Fc fragment of IgE. Using goat antiserum that contained antibodies to native and denatured IgE, it was shown that heating the IgE at 56°C for less than 1 hr caused antigenic changes. After heating for 4 hr the protein lost its precipitability with classspecific antibodies to native IgE, but continued to react with antibodies to the denatured IgE.
Isolation of Heavy and Light Chains of Immunoglobulin from the Surfaces of Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Baur Sonia , Vitetta Ellen S. , Sherr Charles J. , Schenkein Isaac , Uhr Jonathan W. 
Published: December 2022

Discussion and Summary
The experimental results indicate that lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of viable lymphoid cells is limited to the plasma membrane. Radiolabeled molecules from the cell surfaces of myeloma, lymphoma and normal spleen cells can be specifically precipitated with anti-Ig sera. Reduction and alkylation of these precipitates yield H and L chains. Gamma chain is present on P3K cells and µ chain on Daudi cells, as expected. Mµ chain was the predominant H chain found on spleen cells, consistent with recent experiments of others using lymphocytes (5, 10, 13, 16). Ig on the surface was not adsorbed to the plasma membrane and therefore presumably was synthesized by the cells. These findings provide evidence that Ig molecules on the plasma membrane, whether antigen-specific receptors or molecules destined for secretion, can be isolated and studied by conventional methods of immunochemistry and biochemistry.
Oxidative Sulfitolysis of Human IgM
Authors: Zikan Jiri , Bennett J. Claude 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Oxidative sulfitolysis as a method for disruption of disulfide bonds was first applied to proteins by Swan (1). More recently this method has been used with immunoglobulins (2).
In the present study oxidative sulfitolysis of IgM, followed by chromatography in 5 M guanidine HCl, resulted in high yields of H and L chains. Quantitative data provided additional evidence for the four-chain model of IgM subunits consisting of two H and two L chains. Determination of disulfide bonds and cysteic acid residues indicated disruption of three interchain disulfide bonds per H chain, mutually connecting H chains, and one other disulfide bond connecting H and L chains. The H chain was found to contain five and the L chain two intrachain disulfide bonds.
In comparison with reduction and alkylation, oxidative sulfitolysis has the advantage of producing no side reactions and of providing highly soluble chains.
Materials and Methods. Waldenström's IgM (Dau) was prepared as described previously (3).
Transfer of Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis of the Mouse by Serum
Authors: Vladutiu Adrian O. , Rose Noel R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The problem of the participation of cellular and humoral factors in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune diseases has been discussed for more than two decades without arriving at a definite conclusion. The lack of correlation between the intensity of tissue damage and titer of humoral antibodies (1, 2) in the fact of the existence of such a correlation with delayed skin reactions (3) suggested that autoimmune damage is a delayed type of hypersensitivity. Thereafter, the successful transfer of autoimmune disease by lymphoid cells (4, 5) and the failure of transfer by serum (1,6) enforced the belief that circulating antibodies do not play a causative role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, in recent years, successful serum transfers of autoimmune diseases have been reported. In these experiments rather special procedures were used for inducing the tissue damage: injection of the serum into the target organ (7, 8), the removal of the target organ from donors (9), x-irradiation of donors (10) or recipients (11), and pretreatment of recipients with Freund's adjuvant or 131I (11).
A Study of Tumor Allograft-Sensitized Lymph Nodes in Mice
Authors: Irvin George L. , Eustace John C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The activity of lymph node cells sensitized to a tumor allograft was studied by adoptive transfer into recipient mice syngeneic with the lymph node cell donors. The results depended upon the time interval between sensitization and transfer. Lymph node cells harvested early (3, 5 and 7 days) after sensitization caused accelerated tumor allograft rejection, whereas cells harvested on days 12 and 14 transferred tumor graft enhancement. The peak activity of accelerated rejection was found in cells sensitized for 5 days and the peak of enhancement activity was transferred with 14-day immune cells. At a time intermediate between the peaks of opposing activities a dose-related dual function was discovered. Large doses of lymph node cells caused rejection, and smaller doses produced enhancement. Humoral antibodies against the tumor allograft in lymph node cell donor and recipient mice were assayed by the in vitro cytotoxicity method. Negative or low antibody levels were found in the sera of mice that donated or received lymph node cells capable of transferring rejection. High antibody levels were found in the sera of donors or recipients of lymph node cells that mediated enhancement. A correlation of the rise of humoral antibody titers in donor mice with increased enhancement activity suggests that lymph node cells mediate this activity by continued synthesis of enhancing antibody in recipient mice.
Genetic and Cellular Factors in the Immune Response
Authors: Gill Thomas J. , Kunz Heinz W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Further breeding studies were carried out to test the polygenic model for the control of the antibody response to a synthetic polypetide antigen and to examine more closely the nature of the sex influence on the antibody response. The backcrosses of reciprocally mated F1 hybrids into both the highly responding ACI strain of inbred rats and the poorly responding F344 strain yielded offspring with low, moderate and high responses in a ratio compatible with that predicted by the polygenic model. The backcrosses having a low antibody response bred true with inbreeding and with second backcrossing, as predicted, so they apparently have only those genetic factors that lead to a low antibody response. Limited inbreeding studies with the highly responding backcrosses indicated that they also bred true. Inbreeding of moderately responding backcrosses with moderately or highly responding backcrosses gave offspring that showed the whole spectrum of antibody responses, as would be expected for control by multiple genetic factors. Pedigree analyses of the antibody responses to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) in a variety of hybrids of the ACI and F344 strains were performed in order to search for unexpectedly high responses (mean of the parental responses + three standard deviations) or for minimal responses (≤50 µg of antibody/ml) in the offspring of parents that made moderate amounts of antibody. Such unexpected antibody responses were found in all of the crosses examined: F1 hybrids, F2 hybrids, F1 backcrosses, inbred F1 backcrosses, second F1 backcrosses and F2 backcrosses. These findings indicate that multiple genetic factors are involved in the control of the antibody response. Furthermore, they strongly suggest that genetic recombination has occurred in the animals with the very high or very low antibody responses. In addition to the major genes controlling the antibody response, there appears to be a sex influence which causes differences in the responses of males and females. The nature of this sex influence was investigated by comparing the distribution and magnitude of the antibody response in the offspring of reciprocal matings and in males and females of the same mating. The data suggest that there are additional genetic factors active in the female which lead to a more heterogeneous antibody response in all and to a higher response in the females of the ACI strain.
Molecular Immunogenicity of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Antigens: Establishing a Quantitative System
Authors: Rudbach Jon A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Primary injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli sensitizes mice for a heightened immunologic response to a constant secondary dose of the same LPS. The lower dose limit for primary sensitization is a few tens of molecules and the height of the secondary response is proportional to the size of the dose of LPS over a 1012-fold range. Linear dose-response curves can also be established for the secondary injection of LPS, but over a much smaller range. A minimum of 10 to 14 days is required between injections of LPS to obtain consistently maximum titers, and the capacity of mice to give a secondary response is maintained for at least 12 weeks following the primary injection of LPS. The results suggest that this system provides a sufficiently sensitive and reproducible test for continuing studies on the molecular immunogenicity of LPS antigens.
“In Situ” Visualization of a Graft-vs-Host Reaction
Authors: Gengozian Nazareth , Hübner Karl F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice were lethally irradiated (950 R) and injected with xenogeneic (rat) or allogeneic spleen or bone marrow cells. Spleens were removed daily during the 1st week after treatment and tested for the presence of a graft-vs-host (GvH) or host-vs-graft (HvG) reaction using a modification of the Jerne hemolysis-in-agar technique. With either red blood cells or thymocytes as target cells, hemolytic and cytolytic foci indicative of a GvH reaction were detected within the first few days after treatment; peak activity was reached on day 6 in animals given xenogeneic spleen cells and on day 5 in those given allogeneic spleen cells. Injection of xenogeneic bone-marrow cells also yielded GvH foci, although the peak activity was delayed 1 day and was quantitatively less than with spleen cells. In the allogeneic model, bone marrow injection did not yield hemolytic or cytolytic foci. Control studies indicated that the foci obtained were mediated by a humoral factor, presumably an antibody, and were a result of complement-dependent specific antigen-antibody reactions. Although a pathogenic role of the humoral factor in GvH reactions is still to be defined, the ability to detect directly the presence of a GvH reaction represents a potentially important adjunct to further understanding of this disease process in man and animals.
Antibodies Produced After Immunization with Substituted Meta-Dinitrobenzenes
Authors: Godfrey H. P. , Baer Harold 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The serum antibodies induced in guinea pigs after immunization with 5 µmols of a series of substituted meta-dinitrobenzenes in Freund's adjuvant were investigated. The frequency of induction of precipitating and anaphylactic antibodies was directly related to the chemical reactivity of the immunizing material; no such relation was found for induction of hemagglutinating antibodies. The most reactive chemicals and one preformed conjugate (DNP37BSA) induced antibodies in more than 80% of the animals but the types of antibody varied. 2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene induced high titers of anaphylactic antibodies, high levels of γ1 immunoglobulins and an antibody of γ1 mobility whose precipitation was complement-dependent. 3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl chloride induced high titers of hemagglutinating antibody, high levels of γ2 immunoglobulins and a γ2-precipitating antibody whose precipitation was complement-independent. The conjugate induced equal titers of anaphylactic and hemagglutinating antibodies and equal amounts of γ1 and γ2 precipitins. The antibodies induced were extensively cross-reactive, in contrast to the great specificity shown earlier for the delayed response to these chemicals.
Hapten Binding Studies on Mouse IgA Myeloma Proteins with Antibody Activity
Authors: Sher Alan , Tarikas Helgi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Five mouse IgA myeloma proteins (S23, S63, S107, S129, J539) with antibody specificities for either phosphorylcholine, ε-DNP-caproic acid or galactoside derivatives were studied in terms of their binding of these ligands. The immunoglobulins appeared to be homogeneous with respect to their affinity for hapten and had association constants between 2 × 103 and 105 liters/mol as determined from equilibrium dialysis measurements. Binding activity was associated with the Fab fragment of each IgA. By means of a membrane filter assay, unfractionated S107 protein in serum as well as the reduced and alkylated monomer purified by immunoadsorption was shown to have two sites per 156,000 unit molecular weight. Digestion of the monomer with trypsin gave a Fab fraction in 64% yield with one site per 53,000 molecular weight. However, protein purified by procedures involving chromatography, gel filtration and repeated dialysis steps gave fractional numbers of binding sites, a finding which suggests that mouse IgA's are unusually sensitive to denaturation.
The Evolution of the Immune Response
Authors: Frommel D. , Litman G. W. , Finstad J. , Good R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
18.5S and 7S immunoglobulins were purified from sera of horned sharks immunized with Brucella abortus. Both preparations had antibody activity, which was abolished more readily by reduction with dithiothreitol than with cysteine. Chromatography on Sephadex G-100 columns, in 6 M guanidine-HCl, disclosed that partial reduction with dithiothreitol cleaved all interchain bonds, whereas cysteine mainly affected the inter-subunit disulfide linkages of the 18.5S antibody molecules. Although high reactivity of sulfhydryl groups toward reducing agents was found in these immunoglobulins, the non-covalent bonds linking their chains appeared more resistant to dissociation than those of mammalian IgM. These studies suggest that in the immunoglobulins of elasmobranchs, the interchain disulfide bridges are of greater importance for stabilization of the antibody-combining sites than they are in the immunoglobulins of more recent evolutionary stages.