bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oil and Pigment
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The desire to paint with care had turned Albrecht Dürer to this career. This chapter argues that Dürer as an artist can only be appreciated if we similarly recognize how many exciting experiments and ideas underpinned painting, and how an understanding of materials was bound up with philosophy and religion. To understand how Dürer painted, in short, means to uncover far more than ‘techniques’. Materiality connected with ideas. His letters to Heller show how he tried to educate the merchant about what was actually materially involved in creating a high-quality oil painting that would not deteriorate over hundreds of years.
Hans Fugger’s Taste for Painting
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The thousands of letters Hans Fugger has left demonstrate that his taste for painting and forging the careers of painters was limited. They tell us just why other types of objects became so attractive, and what cultural ideas and visions were attached to them. Private zoos, aviaries, and cabinets of curiosities perhaps seem fanciful to us today. Why did anyone care about, and pay so much for live elks, canaries, coral, or Turkish shoes and stuffed birds of paradise? Moreover, Fugger spent enormous amounts of money on novel consumer goods, and in particular on dress. To us, much of this is amusing, and expenditure on dress has often been sidelined even by historians of Renaissance luxury consumption. The analysis in this chapter shows that items of dress were at the heart of trade, material knowledge, and innovation in this period, and hence could be valued more than paintings.
The Flow of Things
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The court of Bavaria eventually bought the Heller altarpiece in 1614, but up to the 1590s hardly took any notice of Dürer as a painter. I focus on the remarkable life of Wilhelm V of Bavaria, who spent enormous amounts on artefacts or animals which he turned into one of the major collections of his age. This underpinned Bavarian claims to leadership in the politics of the Holy Roman Empire. But his collecting also led to financial collapse. Wilhelm’s relationship with Hans Fugger was central to his collecting. Hans Fugger first encountered Wilhelm as a young Crown Prince. He began to foot many of Wilhelm’s bills and fed his desire for new objects. This chapter takes us into their relationship and the tastes of two aesthetes and power brokers who spurred each other on.
The Debt Crisis Implodes
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
As Wilhelm’s debts increased the Crown Prince became ever more difficult to maintain. The question of what type of conspicuous consumption was necessary for a German dynasty to play a leading role in Europe’s court society was at stake. Yet unsustainable luxury consumption brought several courts to the brink. This chapter sets out the changing relationship of Hans Fugger to the Munich court and his role as broker of curiosities and fashion. The relationship continued to be conducted both in person and through correspondence. Different protocols attached to these media of communication, which Fugger and the Crown Prince sought to manipulate to their advantage.
The Lives of Northern Painters
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The third part of this book shows how these shifts in connoisseurship newly interconnected European culture, states, and societies. Europe’s art market had become more integrated by 1600, and interest in old Northern masters had become more marked. Carel van Mander wrote a history of Northern painters that included Dürer’s Heller altarpiece. The art agent emerged as a distinct new figure, and auctions became a wider phenomenon. Collectors searched for copies of famous paintings and originals everywhere, even if this meant removing them from churches and monasteries. The introduction to this part sets out the context of the changes as a result of which several rulers began to negotiate with Frankfurt’s Dominicans to sell Dürer’s Heller altarpiece. Yet, for the moment, they were not inclined to sell.
Becoming Philipp Hainhofer
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
To understand Hainhofer as a historical figure, we need to investigate his biography as a Lutheran merchant in his age and in Amsterdam and Augsburg as cities that had turned into a hub of innovation and knowledge by 1600. Amsterdam and Augsburg were hubs of innovation and knowledge by 1600. Hainhofer changed from a career in trading silk textiles to one focused on collecting or creating curiosities and rarities. He began to forge networks among lovers of art and adapted his own comportment and interests to suit these communities. This provided the merchant son with access to the most powerful princes. The chapter focuses on the first and formative steps of Hainhofer´s education, when he was a student in Italy.
Trading Silks and a Fragile Career
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
For any merchant, a crucial part of his education was mastering accounting, different currencies, weights, and conversion rates. It involved scouting opportunities to achieve the best price for quality. But, above all, this was an education in material discernment. In relation to silks this meant getting to know different qualities of fabrics, ‘connoscere la seta et drapi’, with a reliable a silk merchant. This chapter explores HainhoferÂ´s first education in such material discernment, and how it would have shaped his evaluation of other types of matter through preferencea for sheen and translucency. It also demonstrates the contemporary interest in material imitation and variety.
Material Presence
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The fascination with rarities is particularly brought out by Wilhelm’s and Hainhofer’s interests in shells and in ice bear skins. This chapter demonstrates how the burgeoning literature on adventurous travels to foreign lands stimulated these interests and excitement about new ongoing discoveries which artefacts embodied. It thus argues that artefacts were embedded on social relationships. These relationships among art connoisseurs could also broker access to knowledge about how high-quality artefacts were to be found and prepared. Hainhofer thus offered rare information about how shells from Indonesia were polished by the Dutch to enhance their value and appeal.
The Age of Maximilian I
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Few in the German lands aggressively furthered confessional strive like Maximilian I of Bavaria, Wilhelm’s son. This chapter introduces the ruler and his priorities as collector. It reflects on the duke’s library acquistions and analyses Hainhofer’s assessment of the duke’s personality when he visited the Munich court. Hainhofer’s minute observations of his visit offer an unparalleled source of information about courtly protocol and change in a new age of financial austerity and Wittelsbach power politics. Soon, Maximilian began to systematically hunt Dürers for his private art gallery. Dürer’s Heller altarpiece topped the list of works he most wanted to own.
Hunting Dürer
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Maximilian I’s interests ran parallel to the full emergence and greater international integration of the European market for paintings and rarities. Art, politics, and religion intertwined in new ways. Maximilian of Bavaria’s chase of Dürer’s altarpiece commissioned by Heller tells us much about the meanings this painting took on a full century after its creation. The Heller altarpiece depicted the Virgin Mary and fitted Maximilian’s ideas to the core. Dürer had painted his Mary a decade before the Protestant Reformation shook Germany. Nuremberg became one of the most important cities to turn Lutheran in defiance of the Habsburg Emperors. Yet, one century later, Maximilian spearheaded a movement that turned the Virgin Mary into a triumphant symbol of militant Catholic Reform he championed across the Holy Roman Empire—in Germany, Austria, and Bohemia. Maximilian I moreover particularly valued ‘cleanliness’ in execution and moral conduct, and just like Heller and Dürer in their marriages, he and his first wife were unable to conceive children.
Special Things
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Maximilian’s engagement with the arts has often been portrayed through his interest in painting, which makes him seem ‘modern’. His connection with Philipp Hainhofer reveals him as more of a man of his time, who was keen to spend large sums of money for miniature birds and other curiosities, or send a cabinet of curiosities to China in the interest of diplomacy and of spreading his fervent Catholic faith. Hainhofer’s world makes visible how important the taste for curiosities continued to be, and how painting still formed only one among other luxury goods valued at the time.
A British Spy?
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The outbreak of the Thirty Years’ War in 1617 severely challenged the movement of art lovers in its irenic aspects—its mission to enable a diplomatic rapport between Catholics and Protestants and foster common values among Europeans through a love of culture. This chapter charts the devastating impact of the war on Philipp Hainhofer’s business. It tells the story of how he, the Lutheran, was recommended as a spy for the British and then finally cut off by Wilhelm of Bavaria from the Munich court. As the Thirty Years’ War took its course, the diplomatic mission of art lovers and art agents was challenged.
Epilogue
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The epilogue outlines the key themes and methods of the book, which analyses the making of a modern world of art and commerce. Commerce and commercial mindsets operate as cultural forces, and this book shows how these concerns wove themselves into history and understandings of art as the influence of the world economy on Europe grew. These historical contexts need to be approached in an anthropological vein—by asking who gave what meaning and value to visual media ranging from paintings to shells, how, and why. Artefacts informed cultural and political practices, ranging from contemplation and curiosity to a German ruler’s understanding of order, time, and cleanliness, for instance. They reshaped societies. The epilogue ends the biography of a lost Renaissance masterpiece: the altarpiece commissioned from Dürer by Heller, and the astonishing story of how it was made and valued before the Reformation, and how it became enmeshed in the drive of the Bavarian rulers to assert themselves, as Germany became the European country most riven by warfare in the name of religion. To tell the story of one of the best painters of all times and his forgotten masterpiece offers a rich and surprising narrative about culture, politics, and society in Germany and Europe across a formative period when the arts expanded in scope and significance across the world.
Introduction
Authors: Gilbert Nora 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The Introduction provides an overview of some of the social, legal, and economic developments of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that caused the trope of female flight to resonate especially strongly with audiences of the period—developments such as the rise of the companionate marriage ideal that led to more women defying their parents’ wishes and running off with partners of their choosing; family law reforms that expanded the rights of women who chose to run away from their husbands; advancements in transportation technology that allowed women to relocate with increasing speed and anonymity, etc.. It also outlines the book’s theoretical and organizational methodologies, and provides summaries of the seven chapters that move, in roughly chronological order, through a variety of literary genres in which the runaway-woman figure played a leading role: amatory fiction, sentimental fiction, gothic fiction, the novel of manners, provincial fiction, sensation fiction, and New Woman fiction.
Fear of the Fast Young Lady
Authors: Gilbert Nora 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
There are three types of female mobility that persistently serve as subjects of concern in the sensation novels discussed in this chapter: social mobility (i.e., the ability to move up or down in social class), legal mobility (i.e., in particular, the ability to move in or out of the institution of marriage), and locomotive mobility (i.e., the ability to move quickly and covertly via the expanding railway system). Positioned at a point in time when social, legal, and transportational developments seemed to be conspiring together to blur and upend longstanding gender, class, and geographic boundaries, the fugitive mobilities afforded to the class-crossing, train-riding, shape-shifting female protagonists of Ellen Wood’s East Lynne (1861), Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s Lady Audley’s Secret (1862), and Wilkie Collins’s No Name (1863) appear to have taken hold of the popular imagination in a way that felt more sensationally threatening than ever before.
The Court and the Treaties
Authors: Spieker Luke Dimitrios 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses, how the hierarchical division of primary law can foster the coherence of primary law. In the past, the Court has relied on Community objectives and free-floating general principles to establish coherence among the vast array of Treaty provisions. Yet, both concepts have lost much of their appeal. Article 2 TEU and the hierarchical division of primary law constitute a new tool providing stronger guidance for the interpretation of Treaty provisions and the resolution of conflicts among them. Eventually, an interpretation of primary law in conformity with Article 2 TEU can help the Court to adjust outcomes that are not compatible with the achieved stage of integration anymore (e.g. asymmetries between market freedoms and fundamental rights) and to overcome the EU legal order’s own deficiencies with regard to its values (e.g. restrictive standing requirements before the EU courts).
Horizontal Review
Authors: Spieker Luke Dimitrios 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores two horizontal ways in which national institutions can contribute to ensuring constitutional homogeneity across the Verbund. First, national governments can launch infringement procedures under Article 259 TFEU. This path seems especially promising if Member States launch such procedures together. Second, national courts can review a Member State’s compliance with Article 2 TEU through the gateway of mutual recognition regimes. The Court clarified that cooperation under these regimes must be suspended in case of demonstrated non-compliance with Article 2 TEU. This turns mutual recognition regimes into instruments for detecting and countering systemic deficiencies. Yet, this gateway has been conceived in extremely narrow terms and proves difficult to handle in practice. So far, only the European Arrest Warrant regime has been operated in this way. Still, this approach could be extended to other mutual recognition regimes as well and thus increase the pressure on non-compliant Member States.
Bottom-Up Review
Authors: Spieker Luke Dimitrios 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the role that national constitutional courts can play in stabilizing the constitutional homogeneity across the Verbund. Many national legal systems feature certain constitutional principles which make up the Member State’s constitutional identity and which must be respected at the EU level. Voicing concerns in this respect before the Court of Justice and assessing the Union’s compliance with these principles can become an important tool for securing the Verbund’s constitutional homogeneity. Currently, however, many identity doctrines seem rather geared towards destructive contestation. In order for them to become a constructive bottom-up check, this chapter suggests articulating identity concerns under the banner of Article 2 TEU. Eventually, the Union’s values and the Member States’ constitutional identities consist of overlapping principles. Such a shift would foster a more constructive dialogue, counter abuses of identity doctrines, and help ensure constitutional homogeneity throughout the Verbund.
Conclusions
Authors: Spieker Luke Dimitrios 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The concluding chapter summarizes the findings of the book. While this study sought to broaden the horizon for the judicial mobilization of Article 2 TEU, it remains a snapshot: the jurisprudence is dynamic and will continue to evolve. Against this backdrop, there might be two ways to proceed in future scholarship. Zooming in, there is a need to accompany the case law’s further development. At the same time, this study had to leave many issues in the dark—especially concerning the Union’s own commitment to Article 2 TEU. Based on the groundworks established in this book, future research can start tackling issues, such as compliance with Article 2 TEU at the European borders or in the face of austerity measures. Zooming out, there is equally a need to examine the broader implications of the growing engagement with Article 2 TEU—as a transformative step for European integration.
The Average Isn’t Normal
Authors: Cowles Henry M. , Knobe Joshua 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Within contemporary science, it is common practice to compare data points to the average, i.e. to the statistical mean. Because this practice is so familiar, it might at first appear not to be the sort of thing that requires explanation. But recent research in cognitive science and in the history of science gives us reason to adopt the opposite perspective. Cognitive science research on the ways people ordinarily make sense of the world suggests that, instead of using a purely statistical notion of the average, people tend to use a value-laden notion of the normal. Similarly, historical research on the scientific practices used in other time periods indicates that, prior to the nineteenth century, scientists tended to make use of a notion of the normal that was overtly value-laden. These findings give us reason to rethink certain familiar facts about scientific practice. In particular, they suggest that the fact that scientists so often make use of the statistical average should be seen as a highly surprising fact, the sort of thing that calls out for explanation.
Correspondence and Construction
Authors: Dupré Gabe 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
There is a tension at the heart of much contemporary work in philosophy of psychology—specifically, within representational theories of mind. On the one hand, the central insight of this tradition is that mental and behavioral processes are understood by appeal to mental representations: mental tokens which function as internal proxies for some aspect of the environment, on which behavioral interaction with the environment can depend. On the other, it has long been noted that many purported representations seriously distort, or even simply fabricate, those aspects of the environment they are alleged to represent. I will focus on the examples of color vision and speech perception. At a minimum, this puts pressure on the explanatory goals of representationalism. Many representational theories explain behavior with reference to accurate representation, but if we can seemingly function perfectly well with wildly inaccurate representations, the centrality of this strategy is threatened. At worst, this undermines the representationalist project itself, posing insuperable worries for any account that seeks to ground mental content in relations to the environment.
Unconscious Perception and Unconscious Bias
Authors: Johnson Gabbrielle M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The possibilities of unconscious perception and unconscious bias prompt parallel debates about unconscious mental content. This chapter argues that claims within these debates alleging the existence of unconscious content are made fraught by ambiguity and confusion with respect to the two central concepts they involve: consciousness and content. Borrowing conceptual resources from the debate about unconscious perception, the chapter distills the two conceptual puzzles concerning each of these notions and establishes philosophical strategies for their resolution. It then argues that empirical evidence for unconscious bias falls victim to these same puzzles, but that progress can be made by adopting similar philosophical strategies. Throughout, the chapter highlights paths forward in both debates, illustrates how they serve as fruitful domains in which to study the relationship between philosophy and empirical science, and uses their combined study to further understanding of a general theory of unconscious content.
Précis of The Metaphysics of Sensory Experience
Authors: Papineau David 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
My book defends the qualitative view that conscious sensory experiences are intrinsic states of people that are not essentially related to any further objects or properties. My view thus diverges, not only from explicitly relational views like naïve realism and sense datum theories, but also from the representationalist view that experiences are essentially representational. The first two of the book’s four chapters set out the issues and criticizes the alternative views, with a particular focus on representationalism. The third chapter explores the internal structure of sensory experience and argues that it is confusion, albeit a tempting one, to suppose that experience is intrinsically directed beyond itself. In the final chapter of the book I explore the implications of my qualitative view for a range of issues in the philosophy of perception.
Papineau on Sensory Experience
Authors: Byrne Alex 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In this comment on David Papineau’s The Metaphysics of Sensory Experience, I address Papineau’s case against property-awareness, his diagnosis of the phenomenon of “transparency,” and his account of colour similarity. Papineau argues that when one seems to a yellow ball in good light, one is not aware of yellowness, a property of the ball. Instead, he argues that one is aware of an “intrinsic qualitative property” of oneself. The right reply to Harman’s well-known observations about transparency, he says, is that they do not show “that we can’t introspect qualia”; they just show “that there’s nothing else in experience to introspect”. Papineau also argues that colours are not physical properties because the relevant physical properties do not stand in the right similarity relations. I prosecute objections to all these arguments.
Cavendish and Strawson on Emergence, Mind, and Self
Authors: Cunning David 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In a series of provocative papers Galen Strawson defends the view that mental states never emerge or arise from the behavior and interaction of bodies that exhibit no trace of mentality themselves. Strawson then leverages the view in support of panpsychism. Macroscopic bodies like the human brain do possess mental states, and so the matter of which they are composed must not be entirely absent of mentality. At the very least it must contain a kind of proto-mentality, and on the assumption that the matter that resides at the most elemental level of the human brain is not entirely dissimilar to the matter that composes the rest of the universe, mentality—or at least proto-mentality—abounds. Here I engage a comparative discussion of the materialism of Strawson and the similar view at play in work of the seventeenth-century philosopher Margaret Cavendish. I argue that in many respects Cavendish comes out ahead.