bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
35 Effects of Supplementing Pre- and Pro-Biotic Feed Ingredients on Performance, Health, and Physiological Responses in Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Pickett Autumn , Cooke Reinaldo F , Colombo Eduardo , Batista Luis Fernando , Brandão Alice P 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This experiment examined the effects of a synbiotic supplement (yeast-derived prebiotic + Bacillus subtilis probiotic), which replaced or was fed with feed-grade antimicrobials (monensin and tylosin), on performance and health responses of feedlot cattle. Angus-influenced steers (n = 192) from 4 different sources were weaned and transported 800 km to an experimental feedlot. Steers arrived on d 0 and a shrunk body weight (BW) was recorded. Steers were then ranked by source and shrunk BW and allocated to 1 of 24 drylot pens (8 steers/pen). Steers a received free-choice diet of 3 treatments: 1) monensin and tylosin (RT; 360 mg/steer/day from Rumensin and 90 mg/steer/day from Tylan; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN), 2) yeast-derived ingredient and B. subtilis probiotic (CC;8 g∙steer-1∙day-1 of Celmanax and 28 g∙steer-1∙day-1 of Certillus; Church and Dwight Co., Inc., Princeton, NJ), or 3) a combination of RT and CC (RTCC). Animals were adapted to diets in a stepwise manner which consisted of a receiving diet (d 0 to 56), two step-up diets (step-up: d 57 to 63; step-up 2: d 64 to 70), and a final diet (d 71 to slaughter). The cattle were slaughtered in four groups according to BW and balanced by treatments. More specifically, 33 steers were slaughtered on d 200, 33 steers on d 230, 63 steers on d 257, and 63 steers on d 285. Upon slaughter, hot carcass weight, backfat thickness, Longissimus muscle area, USDA marbling score, USDA yield/quality grades, and liver abscess score were recorded. Overall, feed intake during the duration of the experimental period (d 0 to slaughter) was greater (P &lt; 0.01) in CC compared with RT and RTCC. However, no differences were observed for ADG (P = 0.61), final BW (P = 0.67), or morbidity (P = 0.15). With increases in intake but no differences in ADG the CC group had lower feed efficiency (P = 0.02) when compared with RT and RTCC. Upon slaughter, CC had higher marbling scores compared with RT (P = 0.04). Both the CC and RTCC cattle had larger Longissimus muscle area (P = 0.07) and more carcasses grading choice or better (P &lt; 0.01) when compared with RT. Whereas, hot carcass weight, backfat thickness, and yield grade did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.20). There was tendency observed for liver abscesses (P ≤ 0.09) to be greater in CC compared with RT and RTCC. Overall, supplementing feedlot steers with RT and CC improved feed intake and some carcass measures despite the decreased feed efficiency experienced by these cattle but combining CC and RT did not yield any additional performance or health benefits.
36 Productive and Physiological Responses of Feedlot Cattle Receiving Different Sources of Ca Salts of Fatty Acids in the Finishing Diet
Authors: Colombo Eduardo , Cooke Reinaldo F , Mackey Shea , Pickett Autumn , Batista Luis Fernando , Pohler Ky , Sousa Osvaldo , Cappellozza Bruno , Brandão Alice P 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This experiment compared productive and physiological responses in feedlot cattle receiving a finishing diet that included Ca salts of palm oil (CSPALM), or a blend of Ca salts of palm, cottonseed, and soybean oils (CSMIX). Ninety yearling steers were housed in 15 pens equipped with Calan-gate feeders (6 steers/pen). Steers within each pen were ranked by shrunk body weight (BW; 410 ± 3.3 kg) on d 0 and assigned to receive a total-mixed ration (TMR) containing (as-fed basis) 2% of CSMIX (n = 30), 2% of CSPALM (n = 30), or no supplemental fat (CON; n = 30). Individual TMR intake was evaluated weekly. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 28, 56, 119, and 147. Samples of the Longissimus muscle (LM) were collected on d 84 via needle biopsy. Upon slaughter on d 148, hot carcass weight (HCW) was recorded and used to determine final BW (63% dressing), whereas one LM steak sample (2.54 cm) was removed from the right side of each carcass. Steer ADG was greater (P = 0.02) for CSMIX compared with CSPALM and tended to be greater (P = 0.09) for CSMIX compared with CON. Feed efficiency was greater (P ≤ 0.05) for CSMIX compared with CSPALM and CON, and carcass LM area was less (P = 0.01) for CSPALM compared with CSMIX and CON. No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.21) for TMR intake, final BW, and other carcass merit traits including marbling. Mean plasma cholesterol concentrations were greater (P &lt; 0.01) in CSMIX and CSPALM compared with CON, and expression of adipocyte fatty acid binding protein in the LM was greater (P ≤ 0.04) in CSPALM compared with CSMIX and CON. No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.15) for plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor I, and leptin, nor for other LM genes associated with marbling and muscle growth. Concentrations of total fatty acids (FA) in plasma and in LM steaks were greater (P &lt; 0.01) in CSMIX compared with CSPALM and CON, and greater (P &lt; 0.01) in the LM steaks of CSPALM steers compared with CON. Moreover, steers receiving CSMIX had greater (P &lt; 0.01) concentrations of polyunsaturated and ω-6 FA in plasma samples and LM steaks compared with CSPALM and CON. Collectively, supplementing CSMIX improved performance traits and FA profile in the LM of feedlot steers, but the same responses were not observed when CSPALM was offered. The advantages noted from CSMIX supplementation appear to be resultant from the nutraceutical benefits of increased polyunsaturated ω-6 FA supply to the finishing diet.
39 An in-Vitro Model of the Equine Fecal Microbiome to Assess How Horse Population Affects Fermentation Following a Starch Challenge
Authors: Gluck Cassandra R , Fellner Vivek , McLeod Sarah , Stuska Sue , Pratt-Phillips Shannon E 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The use of an in-vitro model of the equine microbiome is beneficial to assess how fermentation patterns differ based on a horse populations’ habitual diet. The purpose of this study was to determine the in-vitro fermentation patterns of the microbial community within different horse populations before and following a starch challenge. Fecal samples were taken from three different populations of horses: horses from the Shackleford Banks, a North Carolina feral horse population living on native grasses; horses from the NCSU Equine Educational Unit that are predominantly kept on cool season mixed pastures, though may be supplemented with hay and concentrates when warranted; and privately owned horses that were fed mixed diets consisting of grass hay, concentrates and some pasture. Horses were monitored and fecal samples were collected immediately following a void and were stored on dry ice and frozen until analysis. Fecal samples from individual horses were pooled to form a representative sample for each population and mixed with an anaerobic medium to prepare an inoculum. The inoculum was placed into bottles containing either a treatment substrate of alfalfa (A) or of alfalfa and starch (AS). Bottles were capped, purged with CO2 and placed in a water bath at 39°C to incubate for 0, 2, 4 or 24 hours. Culture samples were processed to measure methane and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs; acetate, propionate, butyrate and other isoacids) using gas chromatography. Results were analyzed using the Proc Mixed procedure in SAS to compare the effects of horse population, time and treatment. Methane was significantly greater after 24 hours within all populations with AS, as the inoculum compared with A alone (P = 0.03). Propionate was greater for AS (molar percentage, mean ± standard deviation; 2.21 ± 4.97%) versus the A treatment (11.95 ± 4.97%, P = 0.02). Acetate concentrations were significantly (P &lt; 0.001) greater within the A treatment in the Shackleford and NCSU horses (60.31 ± 10.3% and 62.18 ± 11.47%, respectively) compared with the AS treatment (59.09 ± 11.21% and 59.77 ± 8.85%, respectively). Privately owned horses showed similar values of acetate concentration when comparing the treatment of A (63.42 ± 10.13%) versus AS (63.55 ± 10.77%). Butyrate concentrations were greater in the Shackleford Banks and NCSU horses (13.16 ± 1.92% and 2.64 ± 4.22%, respectively) compared with the privately owned horses (10.96 ± 2%). Isoacids were greater in the Shackleford Banks horses (10.19 ± 4.15%) than the NCSU horses (9.87 ± 3.98%) and the privately owned horses (9.52 ± 3.53%; P&lt; 0.0001). It appears that fermentation of starch differs between these horse populations, likely due to their habitual diet.
63 Fatty Acid Profile of Beef from Feedlot Young Bulls of Two Genetic Groups
Authors: Rodrigues Barbara , Sarturi Jhones , Samia Leandro , Alvarenga Ramon C , Lanna Dante , Souza Fernando 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The fatty acid profile of the longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle and the activity of Δ9 desaturase6, Δ9 desaturase8, and elongase enzymes of beef from feedlot cattle of 2 genetic groups were evaluated. Fifty long-yearling young bulls were divided into two groups following their breed composition: Nellore (n = 25) and Angus × Nellore crossbred (n = 25), were randomly assigned into 4 pens (12 or 13 animals/pen) following a completely randomized design. Animals were sourced from the same breeding season and endured a grazing growing phase in Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombaça pasture, with protein and energy supplement offered at 0.2% of body weight (BW). The feedlot phase comprehended 105 days of feed, and the diet (80% concentrate) was formulated to meet or safely exceed the beef cattle requirements to target an average daily gain (ADG) of 1.6 kg/day, in which major ingredients were represented by (% DM basis): sorghum silage (20%), ground corn (57.6%), ground soybean seed as the lipid source (20.4%), and a mineral/vitamin premix (2%). Samples of the LT muscle (between the 12th and 13th ribs) were taken right after slaughter to determine the profile of intramuscular fat. Lipids were extracted (2:1 chloroform/methanol), and 5 mL of the lipid extract was used for saponification followed by methylation and submitted for analysis using gas chromatography. The activities of Δ9 desaturase6, Δ9 desaturase8, and elongase enzymes were determined through mathematical indexes, in which their respective saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were used. Data were analyzed using R (R CORE TEAM, 2021), and the effect of breed on the fatty acid profile was evaluated using the completely randomized design one-way, in which animal was used as the experimental unit. The sum of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids was not affected (P ≥ 0.12) by genetic groups. Within FA profiles, crossbred bulls had greater (P = 0.05) concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids (49.7 vs. 52.4%), while beef of Nellore cattle showed greater (P ≤ 0.02) concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (6.71 vs. 7.67%) and n-3 (0.53 vs. 0.68%). A tendency (P = 0.07) was observed for the sum of n-6 and n-6/n-3 ratio, in which Nellore cattle had numerically greater values (6.63 vs. 4.89%, and 9.75 vs. 9.22, respectively). The activity of Δ9 desaturase6 and Δ9 desaturase8 was not affected (P ≥ 0.14) by genetic groups, while crossbred animals had greater (P = 0.03) activity of elongase (67.8 vs. 65.6%). Although the overall sum of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids seems not to be affected, the FA profile and unsaturation/elongation enzymatic activity of beef was influenced by the genetic groups evaluated, in which both Nellore and their F-1 crossbreed counterparts had attractive responses.
61 Altering Fatty Acid Ratios to Regulate Adipocyte HypertrophyIn Vitro
Authors: Udoka Aliute-Nkoyo S , Duckett Susan K 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Adipose tissue deposition in cattle can prove advantageous and detrimental when grading carcasses. Intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition, or marbling, can enhance sensory qualities such as tenderness and flavor, whereas subcutaneous fat deposition reduces carcass red meat yield. Little is known about how different mixtures of fatty acids influence adipocyte hypertrophy in vitro. Primary preadipocytes were isolated from subcutaneous fat harvested from Angus-cross yearling steers. Preadipocytes were propagated and differentiated into adipocytes. Then eight different mixtures with pairs of different fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1cis-9, and C18:2) at varying ratios were added to the cultures. Each individual mix was applied at the same total molar concentration. At the end of the 4-day treatment period, cells were harvested for future RNA extraction and fatty acid analysis. The expression of critical adipogenic and lipogenic genes was evaluated. Mixes exhibited differences in total fatty acid content (ug) which would not only confirm that the adipocytes are differentiated but also translates to potential differences in hypertrophic growth between mixes (P &lt; 0.05). The control exhibited significantly different fatty acid binding protein-4 (FABP4) and stearoyl co-A desaturase-1 (SCD-1) expressions in comparison with all other mixes (P &lt; 0.05). The expression of FABP4 in mix 3 (75% C16:0-25% C18:1cis-9) was substantially different from all other treatments aside from a similarly structured mix (50% C16:0-50% C18:1cis-9; P &lt; 0.05). The SCD-1 was upregulated, while peroxisome proliferating-activated receptor gamma (PPARy) was downregulated in the fully saturated fatty acid mix, mix 5 (50% C16:0- 50% C18:0), compared with all other treatments (P &lt; 0.05). All three mixes containing C18:2cis-9 exhibited a greater relative expression of sterol-regulatory element-binding protein (SREB) than all other mixes (P &lt; 0.05). The supplementation of fatty acids at different ratios can affect molecular mechanisms and hypertrophic growth in differentiated bovine adipocytes. Further investigation of this type of fatty acid supplementation could impact the future understanding of hypertrophic growth in the bovine adipocyte and provide further insight into the alteration of fat deposition in cattle.
62 Awardee Talk: Correlation Between Color Parameters and Internal and Surface Metmyoglobin Content of thePsoas Major Muscle
Authors: Denzer Morgan , Piao Daqing , Pfeiffer Morgan , Mafi Gretchen G , Ramanathan Ranjith 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Meat discoloration starts from the interior and rises to the surface of steaks. Recently developed near-infrared single-fiber probe (SFP) in our laboratory allows characterizing interior color changes. The objective was to determine how changes in surface and interior metmyoglobin correlate with color changes in psoas major muscle during retail display. Seven USDA Select tenderloins were collected from a commercial processing facility. Steaks were cut from each muscle and placed in polyvinyl chloride overwrap trays for retail display. The SFP was a 400-µm fiber in a 5-gauge needle and inserted into the muscle at five positions with each position increasing in depth by mm. A mathematical model developed in MATLAB determined the percent metmyoglobin at each depth and day. Surface color was analyzed using a HunterLab MiniScan spectrophotometer each day and percent metmyoglobin was determined. Steaks were randomly assigned to analysis of oxygen consumption (OC) and metmyoglobin reducing activity (MRA) of the interior and retail surfaces on d 0, d 3, and d 5 of display. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the relationship between calculated percentages, color stability parameters, and retail color with significance considered at a P &lt; 0.05. Metmyoglobin determined by the SFP increased at all depths during display with greater metmyoglobin at shallower depths. Metmyoglobin calculated by the SFP at mm and by HunterLab spectrophotometer were strongly negatively (P &lt; 0.05) correlated with a* values during retail display. The MRA determined using the retail surface was strongly negatively (P &lt; 0.05) correlated with HunterLab surface metmyoglobin and SFP metmyoglobin at mm depth. The OC of the retail surface was moderately negatively correlated (P &lt; 0.05) with HunterLab surface metmyoglobin and SFP metmyoglobin at all depths. The development of internal metmyoglobin demonstrated a strong relationship with retail color and negatively impacted color stability attributes.
112 Herbage Mass, Nutritive Value, and Grain Yield of four Wheat Varieties Managed as a Dual-Purpose Crop
Authors: West Micayla H , Smith William B , Rabinowitz Adam , Mullenix Kim K , Dillard Leanne L 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Dual-purpose wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) systems increase farm sustainability by diversifying on-farm income. While these systems are common in the Southern Great Plains of the U.S., they are not often utilized in the Southeast. This study aimed to evaluate pre- and post-grazing herbage mass (HM) of four winter wheat varieties managed under a dual-purpose grazing and grain production system. The wheat varieties evaluated were generic feed-type wheat (unknown variety blend, Feed), seed-type wheat ‘GA Gore’ (Seed) and two forage-type varieties, ‘AGS 2024’ (AGS) and ‘Pioneer 26R41’ (Pioneer). The experiment was a randomized complete block design (n = 4) conducted during the winter of 2021 and 2022. Three grazing frequencies were utilized: an ungrazed control (NG), low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) grazing schedule. Low frequency plots received monthly grazing in January and February while HF treatments received a third grazing in March. Plots were grazed with 20 cow-calf pairs (Bos taurus) until an even defoliation height of 10 cm was achieved. Herbage mass was determined using three 0.1m2-quadrats per plot and clipped to a 10 cm stubble height before (PreG) and after (PostG) each grazing event. Forage samples were then dried at 45°C for 72 h. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS (SAS Inst., Cary, NC) with forage sample date as a repeated measure. Differences were declared at P &lt; 0.05. Final biomass, including stems, chaff, and grain, was greatest for Pioneer but was not different from AGS or Feed (4,112 kg/ha and 4,003 kg/ha; P ≤ 0.94). Before grazing, AGS herbage mass (2,646 kg/ha) was greater (P ≤ 0.03) than all other varieties. There was an interaction (P ≤ 0.01) of variety and grazing frequency for Pre-G herbage mass. Compared with all other varieties, AGS had greater ADF (24.93%; P &lt; 0.01) and least TDN (72.49%: P &lt; 0.01). Forage nitrate-nitrogen was not different (P ≥ 0.49) among all varieties or grazing frequencies (157.73 ppm). Across grazing frequencies, Pioneer had greater final grain yield (3,619.43 kg/ha; P &lt; 0.01) with Seed having the least (1,272.12 kg/ha; P &lt; 0.01). These results indicate that common Southeastern wheat varieties can be successfully utilized in a dual-purpose management system; however, grazing frequency should be monitored to prevent grain yield losses.
111 Forage Mass and Nutritive Value of Cool-Season Grass-Legume Mixtures Overseeded into Bahiagrass Pastures
Authors: Zessin Peyton , Mullenix Kim K , Vasco Carol , Silva Liliane , Justice Maggie M , Elmore Josh , Dillard Leanne L , Parker Chris , West Micayla H 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Warm-season perennial pastures are the base of livestock production systems in lower Alabama. To overcome the shortage in forage production during the late fall and winter months, during bahiagrass dormancy, overseeding pastures with cool-season annuals can be used as an option for providing forage during this period. Diverse forage mixtures of multiple species and functional groups have gained popularity in use among forage-livestock producers, but few evaluations have been conducted in overseeded sods. The objective of the study was to evaluate forage mass and nutritive value of cool-season forage mixtures overseeded into bahiagrass pastures. Six, 0.40-ha paddocks of ‘Pensacola’ bahiagrass were overseeded with one of three cool-season forage mixtures (n = 2 paddocks/treatment) on November2, 2021: 1) oat (Avena sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and balansa (Trifolium michelianum), red (Trifolium pratense), and white clover (Trifolium repens; ‘clovers’); 2) oat, cereal rye (Secale cereale), and clovers; and 3) cereal rye, annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), and clovers. When forage mixtures reached a target grazing height of 20 cm, paddocks were managed using flash mob stocking with beef cow-calf pairs to graze to a target height of0 cm. Herbage mass, nutritive value, botanical composition and height samples were collected pre- and post-grazing events. There was no treatment (P = 0.240) or treatment × harvest (P = 0.4239) effect on forage mass. Harvest date affected (P = 0.029) forage mass, with greater forage mass at late harvest (1,903.33 kg DM·ha-1) than at early (1,253.33 kg DM·ha-1) in the growing season. There were no treatment effects observed for species components (P &gt; 0.05), although grasses dominated the forage mixtures with an average of 80% grass presence. Legume establishment was poor (less than%) and the remaining species composition consisted of weed species (19%). There was a treatment effect (P = 0.003) on CP, where oat-rye-clovers had the greatest CP and rye-ryegrass-clover had the least CP. Oat-wheat-clover mixtures had greater TDN (79.2%), less NDF (39.8%), and ADF (18.7%) than cereal rye-ryegrass-clover (75.4%, 46.1%, and 22.2% for TDN, NDF, and ADF, respectively), but did not differ from oat-cereal rye-clover mixtures (76.6%, 45.7%, 21.0% for TDN, NDF, and ADF, respectively). In year of this study, overseeding bahiagrass supported forage production over a 2-month period and can be a management tool used to reduce the need for supplementing in the dormancy periods of warm season perennial grasses.
118 Nutrient Cycling Potential from Manure from Heifers Fed Four Bermudagrass Cultivars
Authors: Hines Abbigail R , Siziba Cynthia , Mullenix Kim K , Dillard Leanne L , Smith William B 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Maintenance of pastures for grazing accounts for $132.50/animal in the United States (23% of operating costs), and pasture nutrient input represents the single greatest influence in productivity per unit area. Cultivar differences in the forage offered to cattle have the potential to manifest differences in digestive efficiency, resulting in different nutrient excretion profiles. The objective of this study was to assess the growth potential and incorporation of N, P, and K into forage material from manure from cattle fed one of four bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) cultivars. Ruminally fistulated heifers (n = 4) were assigned randomly to one of four bermudagrass cultivars (Coastal, Russell, Tifton 44, or Tifton 85) for four 30-d in vivo periods (21-d adaptation and 9-d collection). On d 23, total fecal collections were subsampled from each heifer. As a hierarchical addition, a controlled greenhouse experiment was conducted for each period [15 pots per period; 5 manure treatments (four bermudagrass diets plus a negative control) × 3 replications]. Manure was added to 4.58 L pots based on stocking rate estimates for Central Alabama (1,110 kg/ha). The pots were seeded with bermudagrass (cv. Giant) as an indicator for forage nutrient uptake. At harvest (d 70), herbage, root, and soil samples were collected. Herbage and root samples were assayed for CP. Soil samples were assayed for pH, N, P, K, Mg, and Ca. Data were analyzed using SAS v. 9.4. There was no effect of manure treatment on herbage (P = 0.88) or root DM yield (P =.00;.54 and.73 g/pot, respectively). Similarly, there was no effect of manure treatment on soil pH (P = 0.18; 5.5), P (P = 0.78; 24.2 kg/ha), or K (P = 0.42;56.7 kg/ha). Results are interpreted to mean that, regardless of the cultivar effects on ruminal digestive dynamics, there is little to no effect of the resulting manure on subsequent forage production and nutrient uptake.