bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunosuppressive effects of mouse seminal plasma components in vivo and in vitro.
Authors: Anderson D J , Tarter T H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse seminal plasma (SP), a mixture of aqueous extracts of prostate, seminal vesicle, and epididymis, exerts potent immunosuppressive effects in vivo. The SP mixture completely suppressed both primary and secondary humoral immune responses in mice to low immunizing doses of antigen (bovine serum albumin or washed epididymal sperm), and also significantly suppressed the antibody response to high doses of immunizing antigen. The humoral immune response to epididymal sperm was also suppressed when sperm were incubated in SP and then washed before immunization and when SP was administered at a secondary site (i. p.) at the time of sperm immunization (subcutaneous). When SP components were tested individually in in vitro assays, all of them (prostate, seminal vesicle, and epididymis) suppressed mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation. Prostatic fluid also inhibited complement-mediated hemolysis in a standard immune hemolytic assay. These data indicate that potent immunosuppressive factors are present at several locations within the male reproductive tract; these factors may serve to protect sperm from immunologic damage and prevent sensitization of females to sperm antigens after insemination.
Membrane-bound and secreted IgA contain structurally different alpha-chains.
Authors: Sitia R , Kikutani H , Rubartelli A , Bushkin Y , Stavnezer J , Hammerling U 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three different forms of alpha-chains are synthesized by BF0.3 and 615.2, two cloned cell lines derived from the murine B lymphoma 1.29. The three forms of alpha-chains differ in size, pI, cellular location, and rate of turnover. They were identified by means of lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination, internal 14C or 35S labeling, and immunofluorescence techniques as membrane-bound(alpha m), secreted (alpha s), and intracellular (alpha ic) proteins. Comparison of immunoglobulin products of the two lymphoma lines with those of a hybridoma cell line, Id 150, which secretes IgA of the 1.29 idiotype but lacks membrane IgA, confirmed the assignments of alpha m, alpha s, and alpha ic. Results of biosynthetic labeling of BF0.3, 615.2, and Id 150 in the presence and absence of tunicamycin suggest that the difference in m.w. and charge observed between alpha m and alpha s can be attributed to differences in primary amino acid structure rather than different degrees of glycosylation.
Effect of interferons on protein synthesis in human lymphocytes: enhanced synthesis of eight specific peptides in T cells and activation-dependent inhibition of overall protein synthesis.
Authors: Cooper H L , Fagnani R , London J , Trepel J , Lester E P 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphoblastoid and fibroblast IFN inhibited PHA stimulation of overall protein synthesis in human lymphocytes by ca. 30%. Inhibition occurred within the first 6 hr of PHA treatment and was not progressive. DNA synthesis at 48 hr was inhibited to the same extent. Overall protein synthesis in resting lymphocytes was not detectably inhibited by IFN concentrations up to 1000 U/ml. Thus, inhibition of protein synthesis and subsequent reduction of cell proliferation by IFN require certain early events in mitogen activation. Resting lymphocytes were not unresponsive to IFN treatment, however. Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of newly synthesized proteins after IFN treatment showed enhanced synthesis of a specific set of eight peptides (I-peptides), which were shown to be synthesized in T lymphocytes. This enhancement was produced by both IFN-alpha and IFN-beta after 4 to 6 hr of exposure and was identical for all lymphocyte donors studied. After growth stimulation, IFN treatment produced no enhancements of additional peptides, although the original eight I-peptides were enhanced as usual. It is concluded that the biochemical activities of the I-peptides, which remain to be determined, cannot inhibit protein synthesis in resting lymphocytes, but may do so after mitogen activation, when the major physiologic restriction of lymphocyte protein synthesis is released. Alternatively, the I-peptides may be unrelated to regulation of protein synthesis but may be involved in viral protection or enhancement of NK activity.
Immunochemical studies of infectious mononucleosis. VIII. A glycoprotein from sheep erythrocytes with sialic acid-dependent receptor properties.
Authors: Fletcher M A , Caldwell K E , Latif Z A , Cayer M , Claflin A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A glycoprotein was solubilized from sheep erythrocyte membranes with hot aqueous ethanol. The glycoprotein was purified by phosphocellulose chromatography, ethanol precipitation, lipid solvent extraction, and DEAE chromatography. In water solution the glycoprotein existed as globular aggregates with a diameter of 7.1 +/- 2.2 nm. In the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, 80% of the material exhibited a subunit m.w.app of 27,000. Approximately 10% of the material had a m.w.app of only 9000 and another 10% had a m.w.app of 35,000. All three fractions were reactive with Paul-Bunnell heterophile antibody from the sera of patients with infectious mononucleosis and with Limulus polyphemus lectin. These activities were destroyed by neuraminidase treatment. Complete inhibition of the rosetting of sheep red blood cells by 4 X 10(5) human peripheral blood lymphocytes was seen at 100 to 200 micrograms glycoprotein/ml. Neuraminidase-treated glycoprotein was not inhibitory. Pronase-derived sialoglycopeptide was inhibitory. Most likely, the receptor for lymphocytes resides in the carbohydrate portion of the glycoprotein. By using 125I-glycoprotein, binding studies were carried out that yielded an estimate of approximately 2 X 10(5) binding sites for sheep erythrocyte glycoprotein per lymphocyte. Purified glycoprotein contained 44.4% amino acid. Carbohydrate components and their molar ratios were sialic acid (1.0): galactose (1.0):N-acetylglucosamine (1.3): N-acetylgalactosamine (1.2).
Tissue origins of human polymeric and monomeric IgA.
Authors: Kutteh W H , Prince S J , Mestecky J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human tissues were examined for their ability to produce monomeric and polymeric forms of IgA in vitro. Mononuclear cells were examined for the presence of cytoplasmic immunoglobulins and J chain (by immunofluorescence) and for the amounts and molecular forms of intracellular and secreted IgA (by radioimmunoassay). Cultured bone marrow cells were the largest producers of total IgA, and approximately 90% of the secreted IgA was monomeric. Spleen cells also produced predominantly monomeric IgA. Intestinal lamina propria cells secreted the greatest amounts of polymeric IgA, but also produced significant amounts of monomeric IgA. Tonsillar, lymph node, and peripheral blood cells produced approximately equal proportions of monomeric and polymeric IgA. These results suggested that bone marrow may be a major source of serum monomeric IgA, and that lymphoid tissues associated with secretory surfaces may provide a greater proportion of polymeric IgA than other lymphoid tissues. There was a positive correlation between the production of polymeric IgA and the presence of cytoplasmic J chain; tissues that produced predominantly monomeric IgA generally displayed fewer cells containing cytoplasmic J chain.
Modulation of granulomatous hypersensitivity. IV. Immunoglobulin and antibody production by vigorous and immunomodulated liver granulomas of Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice.
Authors: Boros D L , Amsden A F , Hood A T 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The interlesional production of immunoglobulins and SEA-specific antibodies was examined in vitro in cultured hepatic granulomas isolated from Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice. Vigorous lesions of 8-wk and immunomodulated lesions of 20-wk infected mice were cultured in serum-free medium for 48 hr; the supernatant fluid was concentrated, dialyzed, and tested for immunoglobulins by immunodiffusion. Whereas cultures of vigorous granulomas contained only IgG1, those of immunomodulated lesions yielded IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, and IgA immunoglobulins. Both types of lesions incorporated 14C-labeled leucine into IgM and IgG class immunoglobulins thus proving intralesional synthesis. The immunoglobulins also had specific anti-SEA activity proven by passive hemagglutination and in vivo PCA test. The kinetics of SEA-specific IgM and IgG antibody-forming granuloma lymphocytes was examined by the plaque assay after the dispersal of the lesions. At 8 wk of the infection the number of IgM antibody-producing lymphocytes was low and that of IgG was negligible. In subsequent weeks both IgM and IgG antibody-forming cells increased in numbers. The IgM producer cells peaked at 12 to 16 wk and by 32 wk they dropped to barely detectable levels. The IgG antibody-producing lymphocytes peaked in numbers in the immunomodulated lesions at 20 wk and also disappeared by 32 wk. The kinetics of the granuloma lymphocytes as well as the magnitude of their response differed from those of splenic cells. Intralesional antibody production may promote antigen sequestration, complex formation, and occasional tissue injury. The participation of locally produced antibodies in the modulation of the granulomatous inflammatory response remains to be established.
Monoclonal antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis: antibody specificities and antigen characterization.
Authors: Stephens R S , Tam M R , Kuo C C , Nowinski R C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Nineteen independent hybrid cell lines that produce monoclonal antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis surface antigens were prepared by the fusion of mouse myeloma cells with lymphocytes of mice that were immunized with C. trachomatis immunotypes B, C, and L2. Seven serologically distinct reaction patterns were detected by microimmunofluorescence (micro-IF) of elementary body (EB) preparations when culture fluids were tested against a panel of 18 chlamydial serotyping reference strains. These reaction patterns demonstrated genus-, species-, subspecies-, and type-specific distributions. Additionally, these antibodies were tested in parallel against reticulate body (RB) preparations of several chlamydial strains. Monoclonal antibodies that reacted with genus-specific antigens reacted preferentially with RB, whereas antibodies that reacted to species-, subspecies-, or type-specific antigens reacted equivalently to both RB and EB. Physiochemical characterization of antigens recognized by the different monoclonal antibodies was assessed by heat treatment, pronase digestion, periodate oxidation, and immuno-blot techniques. The genus-specific antigen was a heat-stable, pronase-resistant, and relatively periodate-sensitive component of less than 10,000 m.w. The species-, subspecies-, and type-specific antigens were heat stable, pronase sensitive, and periodate resistant. The antibodies that detected species- and subspecies-specific antigens predominantly reacted in immuno-blots with the 40,000 m.w. major outer membrane protein. These monoclonal antibodies now provide a new approach for the precise serologic classification and detection of different C. trachomatis strains.
Lysis of hapten-labeled cells by anti-hapten IgG and complement: effect of cell surface hapten density.
Authors: Circolo A , Borsos T 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit anti-methotrexate (MTX) IgG antibody was used to study the effect of MTX density on sheep red cells on the lysis of cells by complement (C). Under conditions in which the density of IgG did not vary, the number of lytic IgG complexes remained approximately the same when the average distance between MTX molecules was between 5 and 7 nm, but decreased rapidly with an average distance less than 10 nm. The results were interpreted to mean that in addition to aggregation for IgG to acquire maximal C in fixing and activating properties, the angle of the Fab arms of the molecule must not be larger than about 50 to 60 degrees. The data also suggested IgG molecules with Fab angles of less than about 30 degrees might also not be able to induce C-mediated cell lysis.
Structure of Ia antigens: identification of dimeric complexes formed by the invariant chain.
Authors: Koch N , Hämmerling G J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A 2-dimensional gel technique was used for the identification of disulfide-linked polypeptide complexes formed by Ia chains and their corresponding subunits. Several dimers containing the invariant (Ii) chain were found. The most prominent one consisted of 2 Ii chains. In addition, Ii molecules were found to be covalently linked to 3 unknown components of 41,000, 27,000, and 10,000 to 15,000 m.w. The dimeric form of Ii exists also after alkylation of free SH-groups with iodoacetamide, which suggests that formation of the Ii dimer is not the result of experimental conditions. Furthermore, noncovalently associated dimers formed by processed alpha- and beta-chains as well as by their precursors alpha p and beta p could be detected. No mixed associated chains composed of precursors and processor molecules were observed, which indicates that processing and insertion into the membrane take place only after dimerization.
The area of attachment of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to their target cells shows high motility and polarization of actin, but not myosin.
Authors: Ryser J E , Rungger-Brändle E , Chaponnier C , Gabbiani G , Vassalli P 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Conjugates of cytotoxic T lymphocytes attached to their target cells were studied by double immunofluorescence on fixed smears to detect simultaneously the localization of actin and myosin within the cells. Actin was found to be polarized in the area of attachment of the lymphocytes (but not of the target cells), whereas myosin remained evenly distributed in the cytoplasm. When living conjugates were brought to 37 degrees C to induce cytotoxicity, this pattern remained unchanged, but observation by interference reflexion microcinematography revealed a high motility of the lymphocytes in the contact area. This localized motility in the area of attachment associated with a peculiar actin polarization, which has no equivalent in any type of cell contact presently known, could represent a necessary step in the sequence of events leading to target cell killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Ultrastructural events in the translocation of polymeric IgA by rat hepatocytes.
Authors: Takahashi I , Nakane P K , Brown W R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It has been proposed that polymeric IgA is translocated from plasma to bile across hepatocytes of the rat liver by a secretory component-mediated, vesicular transport. To define the ultrastructural details of the proposed transport mechanism, we employed peroxidase-labeled antibody immunocytochemistry to localize secretory component in the rat liver and monitor the hepatic translocation of homologous myeloma polymeric IgA infused i.v. Secretory component was found associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes, cytoplasmic vesicles, and plasma membranes of the sinusoidal and canalicular surfaces of hepatocytes; secretory component at the sinusoidal surface was most prominent in micropinocytic invaginations or pits. Livers were examined for the sites of polymeric IgA 5, 15, and 30 min after infusion. Evidence was obtained that polymeric IgA is translocated across hepatocytes by a series of events: 1) polymeric IgA binds selectively to secretory component on the external surface of the sinusoidal plasma membrane; 2) secretory component-IgA complexes are internalized in endocytic vesicles; 3) the vesicles migrate through the cytoplasm without association with lysosomes or Golgi complexes; 4) the vesicles fuse with the cytoplasmic surface of the bile canalicular membrane, where secretory component-IgA complexes are released into bile by exocytosis.
Phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages: changing the carbohydrate of lipopolysaccharide alters interaction with complement and macrophages.
Authors: Liang-Takasaki C J , Mäkelä P H , Leive L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Salmonella transductants and recombinants differing the O-antigenic side chain of their lipopolysaccharide are taken up at different rates by the murine macrophage-like cell line J774. Bacteria containing abequose, mannose, rhamnose, and galactose in O-antigenic side chain were taken up at the slowest rate; the one containing tyvelose instead of abequose was taken up at an intermediate rate; and the one containing mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, and glucose, instead of the above sequence, was taken up at the highest rate. These rates correlate well with the known virulence of these strains; the most virulent is the one taken up slowest, the one taken up at an intermediate rate is less virulent, and the one taken up fastest is the least virulent. The differences in ingestion rates reflect differences in affinity of the bacteria for the macrophages and not in the rate of ingestion once interaction has occurred, suggesting a receptor-mediated process. The majority of uptake is probably dependent on complement, as shown by the requirement for a serum component(s) destroyed by heating at 56 degrees C or by incubation with zymosan. Specific antibody is not required. We therefore postulate that relative virulence in vivo may reflect the relative ability of the polysaccharide of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to activate complement, thus determining the susceptibility of the bacteria to ingestion via the complement receptor of phagocytic cells.
Cross-reactivity with Escherichia coli K100 in the human serum anticapsular antibody response to Haemophilus influenzae type B.
Authors: Insel R A , Anderson P W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Escherichia coli K100 is known to induce antibodies cross-reactive with the capsular polysaccharide (CP) of Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib); the cross-immunogenicity is found consistently in a number of mammalian species including man. We have studied the reciprocal cross-immunogenicity of Hib or its purified CP in man. Of 25 adults and 13 children responding to systemic immunization with Hib CP, only four and four, respectively, made K100 CP cross-reactive antibody, determined by radioantigen-binding inhibition. The detection of preimmunization cross-reactive antibody was not statistically predictive of induction of postimmunization cross-reactive antibody. Cross-reactive antibody was detected in only one of 11 children making an anticapsular response to Hib systemic infection and two of four children responding to asymptomatic nasopharyngeal colonization. In contrast, cross-reactivity was detected in the naturally occurring anti-Hib-CP antibody of 27 of 42 children. Thus, humans responding to Hib or its CP often do not make antibody to the K100-cross-reactive determinant(s), implying that the cross-reactive natural antibodies frequently seen in children must have a stimulus other than Hib.
Induction of proliferation and Ig production in human B leukemic cells by anti-immunoglobulins and T cell factors.
Authors: Yoshizaki K , Nakagawa T , Kaieda T , Muraguchi A , Yamamura Y , Kishimoto T 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The proliferation and differentiation of human leukemic B cells (B-CLL cells) with anti-Ig and T cell-derived helper factors are described. Stimulation of B-CLL cells with anti-Ig and T helper factors could induce proliferation as well as differentiation into IgM- and IgG-producing cells. Neither anti-Ig nor T helper factors alone could induce any proliferation and/or differentiation of B-CLL cells. Not only whole molecules of anti-Ig but also F(ab')2 fragments could induce proliferation and differentiation of B-CLL cells in the presence of T helper factors, but monovalent Fab' fragments were not effective. Induction of both IgM and IgG with the same idiotype was confirmed by immunofluorescent and SDS-PAGE analysis. By employing an IL 2-dependent cytotoxic T cell line and a TRF-responsive B cell line, T cell factors were separated into a fraction with IL2 activity but no TRF activity and a fraction with TRF activity but no IL 2 activity by chromatofocusing. Anti-Ig and IL 2 fraction could induce proliferation of B-CLL cells, but TRF fraction was not effective for the induction of proliferation in anti-IG-stimulated cells. For IgM and IgG production, anti-Ig and both IL 2 and TRF fractions were required. Depletion of IL 2 fraction in the first 2 days' culture inhibited Ig production, whereas the absence of TRF fraction in the first 2 days did not show any inhibitory effect on Ig production.
Constitutive and mitogen-induced production of T cell growth factor by stable T cell hybridoma lines.
Authors: Altman A , Sferruzza A , Weiner R G , Katz D H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Stable T cell growth factor- (TCGF; IL 2) producing cloned T cell hybridoma lines were constructed by fusing murine alloantigen-activated T cells with the 8-azaguanine-resistant lymphoma line, BW5147. Many, but not all, clones of one of these hybridomas, i.e., hybridoma 24, secreted TCGF constitutively, but production was markedly enhanced by stimulation with T cell mitogens. Large numbers of TCGF-secreting hybridoma cells in a stable functional state could be obtained from histocompatible mice inoculated with cloned T cell hybridomas. Moreover, such in vivo-derived hybridoma cells could be stimulated sequentially with mitogen at least twice to secrete their biologically-active product, resulting in larger TCGF yields from the same cells. The secreted product of these T cell hybridoma lines resembled TCGF isolated from other cellular sources in that it: a) supported the growth of a TCGF-dependent T cell line; b) provided help for the induction of alloantigen-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes from thymocyte precursors; c) facilitated concanavalin A-induced mitogenic responses of low thymocyte numbers; d) had an apparent m.w. of 30,000 to 40,000 by gel filtration chromatography; and e) was eluted from DEAE-Sephacel ion-exchange chromatography columns by salt concentrations of 30 to 150 mM NaCl. The ability of these T cell hybridomas to grow in vivo and retain their functional characteristics in a stable form should prove useful in terms of providing large numbers of TCGF-secreting cells and studying in vivo aspects of the production of TCGF as well as other immunoregulatory mediators.