bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Order-based structure learning without score equivalence
Authors: Chang Hyunwoong , Cai James J , Zhou Quan 
Published: September 2023

Summary
We propose an empirical Bayes formulation of the structure learning problem, where the prior specification assumes that all node variables have the same error variance, an assumption known to ensure the identifiability of the underlying causal directed acyclic graph. To facilitate efficient posterior computation, we approximate the posterior probability of each ordering by that of a best directed acyclic graph model, which naturally leads to an order-based Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. Strong selection consistency for our model in high-dimensional settings is proved under a condition that allows heterogeneous error variances, and the mixing behaviour of our sampler is theoretically investigated. Furthermore, we propose a new iterative top-down algorithm, which quickly yields an approximate solution to the structure learning problem and can be used to initialize the Markov chain Monte Carlo sampler. We demonstrate that our method outperforms other state-of-the-art algorithms under various simulation settings, and conclude the paper with a single-cell real-data study illustrating practical advantages of the proposed method.
The Incidence and Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Continues to Increase in the Faroe Islands – A Cohort Study from 1960 to 2020
Authors: Nielsen Kári Rubek , Midjord Jóngerð , Nymand Lophaven Søren , Langholz Ebbe , Hammer Turid , Burisch Johan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background and Aims
The highest reported incidence rate of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], and especially of ulcerative colitis [UC], is found in the Faroe Islands. This study aimed to assess the incidence rate and temporal trends in prevalence over six decades.

Methods
All incident and prevalent patients diagnosed with IBD between 1960 and 2020 from the nationwide and population-based Faroese IBD cohort were included in this study. All patients fulfilled the Copenhagen Diagnostic Criteria.

Results
Overall, 873 individuals were diagnosed with IBD during the study period, 559 [64%] with UC, 151 [17%] with Crohn’s disease, and 163 [19%] with IBD unclassified. A total of 59 patients had paediatric-onset IBD. The incidence of IBD continued to increase throughout the study period, as the age-standardized incidence rate started at 8 per 100 000 person-years [py] [European Standard Population, ESP] in 1960–79 and reached 70 by 2010–20. In 2021, the age-standardized period prevalence was 1414 per 100 000 persons. The IBD incidence was unevenly distributed among the islands with Sandoy having the highest rate of 106 per 100 000 py in 2010–2020.

Conclusions
The incidence of IBD continues to increase in the Faroe Islands, mainly driven by UC. The incidence shows an uneven geographical distribution, which suggests an adverse interaction between unknown environmental factors and genetic traits. The prevalence in 2021 corresponded to 1.3% of the Faroese population. Environmental risk factors are suspected to impact this homogeneous high-risk population; however, the reason for this is unclear.
Parental care shapes the evolution of molecular genetic variation
Authors: Mashoodh Rahia , Trowsdale Angela T , Manica Andrea , Kilner Rebecca M 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Cooperative social behaviors, such as parental care, have long been hypothesized to relax selection leading to the accumulation of genetic variation in populations. Although the idea has been discussed for decades, there has been relatively little experimental work to investigate how social behavior contributes to genetic variation in populations. Here, we investigate how parental care can shape molecular genetic variation in the subsocial insect, Nicrophorus vespilloides. Using whole-genome sequencing of populations that had evolved in the presence or absence of parental care for 30 generations, we show that parental care maintains levels of standing genetic variation. In contrast, under a harsh environment without care, strong directional selection caused a reduction in genetic variation. Furthermore, we show that adaptation to the loss of care is associated with genetic divergence between populations at loci related to stress, morphological development, and transcriptional regulation. These data reveal how social behavior is linked to the genetic processes that shape and maintain genetic diversity within populations, and provides rare empirical evidence for an old hypothesis.
Illuminating the oral microbiome and its host interactions: recent advancements in omics and bioinformatics technologies in the context of oral microbiome research
Authors: Baker Jonathon L 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The oral microbiota has an enormous impact on human health, with oral dysbiosis now linked to many oral and systemic diseases. Recent advancements in sequencing, mass spectrometry, bioinformatics, computational biology, and machine learning are revolutionizing oral microbiome research, enabling analysis at an unprecedented scale and level of resolution using omics approaches. This review contains a comprehensive perspective of the current state-of-the-art tools available to perform genomics, metagenomics, phylogenomics, pangenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, and multi-omics analysis on (all) microbiomes, and then provides examples of how the techniques have been applied to research of the oral microbiome, specifically. Key findings of these studies and remaining challenges for the field are highlighted. Although the methods discussed here are placed in the context of their contributions to oral microbiome research specifically, they are pertinent to the study of any microbiome, and the intended audience of this includes researchers would simply like to get an introduction to microbial omics and/or an update on the latest omics methods. Continued research of the oral microbiota using omics approaches is crucial and will lead to dramatic improvements in human health, longevity, and quality of life.
Tree Mastication and Helimulching: Two Alternatives for Mitigating Soil Erosion and Carbon Loss After Wildfire
Authors: Fernández Cristina 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The use of masticated tree debris to protect burned soil from post-fire erosion is not common and very little is known about its effectiveness in reducing the risk of erosion after fire. The main objective of this research was to assess the effects of agricultural straw helimulching and tree mastication on soil and carbon losses and recovery of vegetation during 2 years after fire in two wildfire-affected areas in northwestern Spain. Eighteen plots were established in each experimental site for monitoring the following treatments: helimulching, mastication, and control (untreated burned soils). Salvage logging was carried out in the first spring after fire in one of the experimental areas, thus enabling study of whether the application of mulch after fire also protects the soil during logging. Mean soil cover in helimulched areas was more than 90% in both experimental sites, whereas masticated slash from juvenile pine trees covered around 60% of the burned soil. In both study sites, soil and carbon losses were significantly higher in the untreated soils than in the helimulched and masticated soils. Mulching was effective in reducing soil and carbon losses even after salvage logging.
Study Implications: The use of mulches to protect burned soil from post-fire erosion is becoming common in fire-prone areas. Agricultural straw is the most common material, whereas other alternatives such as the use of masticated tree debris to reduce soil erosion risk after fire is not as common. The results obtained in this study show that mastication of noncommercial trees is a feasible technique to reduce post-fire soil erosion, although cover of more than 60% must be achieved to reduce soil erosion and carbon loss to sustainable values. Application of straw mulch is effective to protect burned soil during salvage logging.
Missing persons patterns from Mexico: evidence of a forensic emergency crisis
Authors: Quinto-Sanchez Mirsha , Huerta-Pacheco N Sofia 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The relatives of missing persons in Mexico have denounced the slowness with which a court prosecution file is created by the justice administration system. Theoretically, the search is immediate, but many cases must wait 72 h to build an investigation folder as a legal criterion. This standard has been copied from the UK and Australian police reports without adapting to the Mexican context. The analysis of disappearance reports between 2006 and 2018 shows that this timing criterion in Mexico is not supported. The analyzed database (the National Center for Planning, Analysis, and Information to Combat Crime, CENAPI) showed that in the 72-h range, only 34.53% of the people had been found alive or dead; figure far from 50% to 80% of Europe or Australia. This fact shows that those searching officers or the judicial bureaucracy can act as a factor that limits the search for missing persons. Additionally, there is a random pattern in the geospatial distribution of disappearance, with non-homogeneous frequencies per year. Results highlight the participation of families, the adoption of an evidence-based model, and the generation of geospatial forensic intelligence analysis to generate evidence-based public policies. The social demand of families to the government for not considering them takes relevance in forensic practice in Mexico, and the disappearance data support this assertion.
Improving the quality of high-frequency surface waves retrieved from ultrashort traffic-induced noise based on eigenvalue selection
Authors: Ning Ling , Xia Jianghai , Dai Tianyu , Zhang Hao , Liu Ya , Hong Yu 
Published: September 2023

SUMMARY
Stacking cross-correlations of time windows from continuous long-duration noise data is an effective solution to improve the quality of retrieved high-frequency (&gt;1 Hz) surface waves and the accuracy of dispersion energy. The observation duration, however, is usually limited due to traffic control, making it difficult for ambient noise sources to fulfill the requirement of uniform distribution. Additionally, strong human-related noise sources exist near survey lines deployed along urban roads, which often act as interfering sources, such as local noise sources located in the non-stationary-phase zones. Local noise sources cause spurious arrivals in cross-correlations, degrade signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of retrieved surface waves and distort their dispersion energy. To attenuate these adverse effects and improve the quality of surface waves retrieved from ultrashort noise data, we perform the eigendecomposition technique on the cross-spectral density matrix (CSDM) and apply a Wiener filter on the decomposed eigenvectors. The correct eigenvalues and the corresponding filtered eigenvectors are selected to reconstruct the CSDM related to stationary-phase sources based on the matched-field processing outputs. This procedure significantly suppresses the backpropagated signals and efficiently recovers surface waves by improving the contribution of the stationary-phase sources. We validate our scheme on a synthetic test and two practical applications and show that we obtain higher-SNR virtual shot gathers and higher-quality surface-wave dispersion images compared to seismic interferometry. Our scheme can be a new alternative technique to conduct passive seismic surveys in densely populated urban environments without being affected by local noise sources.
Short incubation of disc diffusion for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae to reduce time to susceptibility report
Authors: Åkerlund Anna , Serrander Lena , Sundqvist Martin 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
Rapidly instituted antimicrobial therapy is important in severe infections, and reduced time to the antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) report is thus of importance. Disc diffusion (DD) is a cheap, rapidly adaptable, flexible and comprehensive method for phenotypic AST. Previous studies have shown that early reading of inhibition zones for non-fastidious species is possible.

Objectives
To evaluate zone reading after short incubation of DD in Haemophilus influenzae (n = 73) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 112).

Methods
The readability was evaluated and susceptibility interpretation (SIR) was performed, using the EUCAST 18 ± 2 h incubation breakpoint table (version 12.0), after 6 and 8 h of incubation. Categorical agreement (CA) and error rates were calculated using standard DD and broth microdilution as reference.

Results
The proportion of readable zones in H. influenzae was 19% (6 h) and 89% (8 h). The CA was 98% after 8 h. The corresponding readability in S. pneumoniae was 63%/98% and CA was 95%/97% after 6 and 8 h, respectively. Early reading of the screening discs (benzylpenicillin 1 unit in H. influenzae and oxacillin 1 µg in S. pneumoniae) correctly identified 18/22 of the H. influenzae isolates and all the readable S. pneumoniae isolates with reduced β-lactam susceptibility. For non-β-lactam agents, very major errors were most common for quinolones in S. pneumoniae. Introduction of areas of technical uncertainty (ATUs) reduced the error rate to ≤1.1%.

Conclusions
We conclude that shortened incubation is feasible for H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae. To reduce the risk of false categorization a buffer zone (i.e. ATU) near the breakpoints must be used.
Immediate Results of the Use of Split-Thickness Skin Autografts With and Without Acellular Dermal Matrix in Patients with Burns: A Comparative Study in a Colombian Population
Authors: Ávila León Jorge Luis , Rivero Carlos Ramírez , Guerrero Serrano Linda , Alviar Juan Darío , Rodríguez María Angélica , Arocha Ana María , Pineda German Gómez 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Dermal substitutes have become fundamental tools for covering skin defects, most recently with biological subtypes such as glycerolized acellular dermal matrix (GADM). However, literature regarding this matter is scarce in Latin America and Colombia. In this descriptive observational study, we compared the use of partial skin autografts (PSA) combined with GADM and autografts without GADM. Patients were selected from the burn unit of a hospital in northeastern Colombia between 2021 and 2022. Two study groups were defined: one receiving GADM plus PSA and the other control receiving only a partial split-thickness autograft. A total of 29 patients with 68 body areas were included, with an average age of 20 years. Most cases involved third-degree burns caused by flame. Hospitalization time was the same for both groups (41 days). The percentage of grafts taken was similar in both groups; in the GADM with autografts group, it was 94.7% compared with 96% in the control group. The presence of complications was similar in both groups. GADM produced in local tissue banks is a cost-effective alternative. It can be used in a single surgical procedure without increasing complications, providing a postsurgical course similar to autografts alone. Granting the potential long-term benefits that dermal matrices give for healing in these patients, which should be evaluated in subsequent studies.
The 2023 Impact of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Canada: Epidemiology of IBD
Authors: Coward Stephanie , Benchimol Eric I , Kuenzig M Ellen , Windsor Joseph W , Bernstein Charles N , Bitton Alain , Jones Jennifer L , Lee Kate , Murthy Sanjay K , Targownik Laura E , Peña-Sánchez Juan-Nicolás , Rohatinsky Noelle , Ghandeharian Sara , Im James H B , Davis Tal , Weinstein Jake , Goddard Quinn , Gorospe Julia , Bennett Jennifer , Caplan Léa , Bergevin Maxime , Yang Xin Yu , Mason Kate , Sanderson Rhonda , Brass Colten , Kaplan Gilaad G 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), consisting of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is recognized across the world, though Canada has among the highest burdens of IBD in the world. The Canadian Gastro-Intestinal Epidemiology Consortium (CanGIEC) led a six-province study that demonstrated the compounding prevalence of IBD in Canada from 400 per 100,000 in 2002 to 636 per 100,000 in 2014. The prevalence in 2023 is estimated at 825 per 100,000, meaning that over 320,000 people in Canada are living with IBD. Prevalence is forecasted to rise by 2.44% per year such that 1.1% of the population, 470,000 Canadians, will live with IBD by 2035. The overall incidence of IBD in 2023 is 30 per 100,000 person-years, indicating that over 11,000 Canadians will be newly diagnosed with IBD in 2023. Incidence is forecasted to rise by 0.58% per year up to 32.1 per 100,000 by 2035. The rising incidence of IBD is propelled by pediatric-onset IBD, which is rising by 1.23% per year from 15.6 per 100,000 in 2023 to 18.0 per 100,000 in 2035. In contrast, incidence rates among adults and seniors are relatively stable. Understanding the determinates of IBD has expanded through prospective cohort studies such as the Crohn’s and Colitis Canada Genetic, Environmental, Microbial (CCC-GEM) project. Consensus recommendations towards diet, lifestyle, behavioural and environmental modifications have been proposed by international organizations with the goal of optimizing disease control and ultimately preventing the development of IBD. Despite these efforts, Canadian healthcare systems will need to prepare for the rising number of people living with IBD.
Time to Grow Up? Adult Children as Determinants of Parental Labor Supply
Authors: Braga Breno , Malkova Olga 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
As children transition to adulthood, do they remain a major determinant of parental labor supply? To answer this question, we examine how college costs affect the labor supply of mothers and fathers by exploiting the roll-out of nine generous state merit aid programs in the United States from 1993 to 2004, which made college more affordable. Mothers of college-age children decreased their annual hours of work after the introduction of these state-wide programs, while fathers did not adjust their labor supply. Mothers of college-going children were entirely responsible for the decline in hours of work, where mothers of children who did not go to college experienced no change in hours of work. The decline in labor supply was mainly due to adjustments among high-income, married, more educated, and white mothers, whose labor supply was more elastic to college costs.
2D cross-hole electromagnetic inversion algorithms based on regularization algorithms
Authors: Li Xiaocui , Cao Ligang , Cao Hui , Wei Tongbiao , Liu Lei , Yang Xingtao 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The cross-hole electromagnetic (EM) method, which is currently at the forefront of electric logging technology, fundamentally solves the problems of the lateral imaging ability of single-well logging and the lack of detection of inter-well physical properties. However, due to the complexity of underground reservoir distribution and the non-uniqueness problem of geophysical inversion, there remains a lack of practical and effective cross-hole electromagnetic inversion methods. Our goal is to develop an efficient method to reduce the non-uniqueness of the physical property model recovered in the inversion. It is worth noting that the regularization algorithm, as a means to approximately solve inversion problems, can obtain different solutions by changing the form of the regularization function, so as to ensure the stability of inversion results and conform to the smooth or non-smooth characteristics in known geology or geophysics. We adjust the features of the final inversion model in a defined framework by changing the values of the $\alpha $ coefficient in the regularization and using the Lawson norm as a ${l}_p$-norm approximation form for $p \in [ {0,2} ]$. At the same time, the iteratively reweighted least-squares method is used to solve the optimization problem, and the gradient in the Gauss–Newton solution is adjusted successively to ensure that every term in the regularization contributes to the final solution. Compared with the traditional ${l}_2$-norm inversion method, the sparse inversion method can make more effective use of information regarding known physical properties and obtain better inversion results. Then, the effectiveness of our inversion method is verified by model tests and inversion of measured data in a mining area.
Balancing Legalism and Pragmatism: A Qualitative Content Analysis of Human Rights Language in Peace Agreements
Authors: Lacatus Corina 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In recent decades, the role of human rights in peacebuilding has been the object of scholarly and practitioner debate. Some commentators criticize human rights for being inflexibly legalist and for lacking pragmatism regarding the domestic implementation of international law. Other scholars support the inclusion of human rights provisions in peace agreements, as central to sustainable peace. Which account—the legalist or the pragmatist—is indeed more accurate in the context of the language of peace agreements? This research draws on the scholarship on peacebuilding and human rights to offer a qualitative content analysis of human rights provisions in 357 peace agreements signed from 1990 to 2020. The analysis finds that, in peace agreements, some human rights provisions can serve a wider range of peace-related purposes that go far beyond a legalist purpose while still advancing the importance of alignment with international law. The findings are important, suggesting that our quest for the causes of human rights implementation failures might have to move past a critique of the language of human rights and look elsewhere for factors explaining non-compliance with international human rights.
Pressure-sensitive paint measurements on the cavity with passive control devices under transonic flow
Authors: Ouyang Jun-Kai , Liao Yi-Ting , Hsu Yen-Ting , Lee Cheng-Chi , Lin Yu-Hung , Chen Chung-Lung , Wang Wei-Hsiang 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In this study, the pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) technique, specifically the mesoporous-particle-based PSP, was employed to compare rectangular cavities with varying length-to-depth ratios (L/D) and different trailing edge shapes under transonic conditions. By utilizing PSP, comprehensive and quantitative pressure data were obtained, enabling the simultaneous observation of surface flow field distribution. The results obtained using PSP were found to be consistent with those obtained from conventional pressure sensors. The study revealed that the pressure distribution within the cavities changed with increasing L/D, and cavities with different trailing edge shapes demonstrated a reduction in pressure at the bottom region. Furthermore, the comparison of results obtained through the oil flow method corroborated the PSP findings, indicating that a beveled or sawtooth-shaped trailing edge of the cavity induced air flow deflection, effectively disrupting the upstream shear flow structure and altering the pressure distribution at the cavityʼs bottom.