bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatic Reactions in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , Hosepian V. M. , Enright J. R. , Porter Dorothy F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
During the first two minutes of typical anaphylactic shock in intact dogs, the uterus, urinary bladder, and intestines are thrown into sharp contraction. These typical anaphylactic contractions do not take place on intravenous injection of specific foreign protein into dehepatized anaphylactic dogs. We, therefore, believe the smooth muscle contractions here considered are due to chemical products (hepatic anaphylatoxins), explosively formed or liberated by the anaphylactic liver, products having a histamine-like effect on smooth muscle structures.
The Action of Pancreatic Extracts on Complement
Authors: Wormall Arthur , Whitehead Hugh Robinson , Gordon John 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions
Pancreatic extracts acting upon whole guinea-pig's serum first destroy the end-piece or albumin fraction. If the reaction is allowed to proceed for a much longer period, both components of the complement are hydrolyzed. In this way the destruction of the complement action of whole serum runs parallel to the destruction by heating at 56°C. The isolated mid-piece and end-piece fractions are both fairly rapidly destroyed by the enzyme extracts, the latter being more resistant to the enzyme action than the mid-piece fractions. This greater resistance of the end-piece fraction is attributed to the presence in it of the anti-trypsin present in the serum.
A Study of Agglutinable Antigens of Bacillus Influenzae
Authors: Evans Mary J. , Small James C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Attempts to classify hemophilic bacilli of the Bacillus influenzae group have yielded very contradictory results in the hands of different investigators. Biologic reactions have failed to do more than define the general characters of the family (1). Attempted immunologic classification by agglutination and by the absorption of agglutinins has not been successful (2). The methods employed in conducting these immunologic tests have been nearly as diverse as the results obtained with them.
Agglutination tests have been conducted with saline suspensions of bacteria grown on solid medium and with broth culture suspensions. Incubation for agglutination has been conducted at 37°, at 45° and at 55°C. The time intervals at these temperatures have been from two to twenty-four hours, and often followed by a period in the refrigerator before the final reading of the results. Account has not been taken of the hydrogen ion concentration at which the reactions were studied.
The Significance of Bacterial Allergy As a Sign of Resistance
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Ward Hugh K. , Jennings Frederick B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have been occupied for a number of years in the study of bacterial allergy, focusing particularly upon the tuberculin reaction, since this represents the most easily observed and thoroughly controlled form of bacterial hypersusceptibility. In previous studies we had satisfied ourselves that such reactions in bacterial infection differed in several fundamental respects from true protein anaphylaxis. This discrepancy we believe depends upon the fact that the chemical and physical properties of the bacterial constituents which take part in these reactions differ materially from those of the coagulable proteins involved in true anaphylaxis. With Petroff, one of the writers has shown that tuberculin allergy, of considerable intensity and over prolonged periods, can be induced with dead tubercle bacilli, and, with this determined, it seemed advisable to investigate whether or not allergy so induced could establish increased resistance against subsequent infection with living organisms.
Flocculation Reactions with Immune Sera Produced by Injections of Organ Emulsions
Authors: VanderScheer J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In preceding publications the fact has been described that not only the Forssman heterogenetic antibodies but that also other hemolytic sera give characteristic flocculation with emulsions of alcoholic extract of blood corpuscles (1).
These reactions occur with many common antierythrocyte sera and are especially strong with sera obtained by injection of the substances extracted from the blood corpuscles with alcohol. Such immune sera were best produced when the extracts were mixed with a protein solution (pig serum) before injection (2).
The reactions with the common antierythrocyte sera showed a marked species-specificity but certain heterogenetic reactions were observed also.
After these facts had been established it was an obvious step to produce immune sera by injections of organ-emulsions and study their reactions. Investigations of Sachs, Klopstock and Weil (3) along the same lines will be discussed later.
It appeared in the immunization experiments that injections with organ emulsions readily produce flocculating immune sera.
Natural Auto and Homoio Spermotoxins in Guinea-Pig Serum
Authors: Walsh L. S. N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have found in the serum of normal untreated guinea pigs substances which in vitro are toxic for the spermatozoa of the same animals from which the serum was obtained as well as for other individuals of the same species, although no demonstrable injury to these cells is evident under normal conditions in the body.
Hetero immune spermotoxins on the other hand are well known and have been studied by a number of investigators. Landsteiner (1) pointed out that if guinea pigs are immunized against ox spermatozoa their serum acquires the property of rapidly immobilizing them. Metchnikoff (2) confirmed this work. Moxter believed that spermotoxins were not specific. Errors in his work, however, were pointed out by Metchnikoff, who claimed specificity for these spermotoxins. Metalnikoff (3) further substantiated the specificity of spermotoxins. This author also called attention to the existence of natural spermotoxins in the serum of rabbits for the spermatozoa of guinea pigs.
The Pathogenicity in Mice of Aerosols of Encephalomyocarditis Group Viruses or Their Infectious Nucleic Acids
Authors: Akers T. G. , Madin S. H. , Schaffer F. L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
When mice were exposed to aerosols of different strains of the encephalomyocarditis virus group or Mengo RNA, the observed differences in pathogenicity were correlated with plaque size, state of the virus (intact or RNA) and the presence or absence of circulating antibodies. With aerosols of Mengo-37A, a small plaque-forming immunogenic strain, virus was recovered from the lungs, intestines, spleen, liver and blood. Pathologic changes occurred in the lungs and heart. Mice exposed to lethal aerosols of Mengo or Col-SK (large plaque-forming strains) yielded virus from every organ. However, with lethal Mengo RNA aerosols there was a delayed appearance of virus in the intestinal tract. Mice exposed to lethal Mengo RNA, Col-SK and Mengo virus aerosols exhibited similar pathologic changes, which occurred only in brain and liver tissues. Challenge with lethal Col-SK or Mengo aerosols resulted in no deaths of Mengo-37A immunized mice. However, challenge virus was recovered from the lungs, intestinal tract, spleen, liver and blood. Pathologic changes were also observed in lung and liver tissues. RNA aerosol exposure of mice immunized with Mengo-37A resulted in virus being isolated from lung tissue only.
Studies of Live Attenuated Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine in Swine
Authors: Kodama K. , Sasaki N. , Inoue Y. Kanda 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Colostrum-deprived pigs were found to be highly susceptable to Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus even by subcutaneous inoculation. Such animals represent the most suitable host for assaying the virulence of JE virus in swine. When a small dose (10 LD50) of a virulent strain was injected subcutaneously in colostrum-deprived pigs, they showed significant viremia and clinical signs, including nervous symptoms. On the other hand, an attenuated mutant (m) strain of JE virus produced no detectable viremia and no clinical symptoms even when more than 107 TCD50 of the virus was inoculated. The m virus was able to evoke both hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) and neutralizing antibodies in colostrum-deprived pigs after a single subcutaneous injection. The same antibody responses were also observed after one injection of m virus in young adult pigs with HI antibody titers less than 1:10, and the antibody levels persisted for at least 80 days.
Application of Immunodiffusion Methods to the Antigenic Analysis of Dengue Viruses
Authors: Ibrahim Adly N. , Hammon W. McD. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The antigenic analysis of dengue viruses was carried out by the micro double immunodiffusion in two dimensions. Results indicated that D-1 Hawaiian strain, and TH-Sman viruses shared at least one common antigen, and each possessed a specific antigen(s). Heterologous cross absorption removed the common, but not the specific antigen(s). It is therefore concluded that these two antigenically related viruses are not identical. Similarly, the antigenic analysis of TH-36 and D-2 New Guinea C strain revealed that these two viruses are not identical.
Fc-Like Fragments in Peptic Digests of Human Immunoglobulin G
Authors: Heimer Ralph , Schnoll Sidney H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
When the products of digestion of human immunoglobulin G with pepsin are compared to those obtained with papain, one major difference appears to involve the recovery of the Fc fragment. An Fc-like fragment was isolated from peptic digests of a variety of human immunoglobulin G preparations, including 10 different samples obtained from persons with multiple myeloma. Starch gel electrophoresis showed all isolated preparations to be heterogeneous and the patterns unrelated to some known immunoglobulin subgroups and genetic factors. The preparations were Gm(a+) but Gm(y-), Gm(f-) and Gm(z-). They failed to react with rheumatoid factor and serum complement. Their structural and functional characteristics were compared to the Fc and F′c fragments obtained on digestion of immunoglobulin G with papain.
Urinary Fc and F′c Fragments
Authors: Bienenstock John 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Fc fragment, indistinguishable from papain Fc, was demonstrated in concentrated normal human urine. F′c was found, in addition, in 20 urines tested. Urinary F′c was demonstrated to be antigenically deficient to urinary Fc, papain Fc and 7 S γG, and identical to esterase induced F′c. Heterogeneity in size of urinary F′c was suggested by density gradient and analytical ultracentrifugation, polyacrylamide and immuno-electrophoresis and gel filtration. Urinary F′c may have a molecular weight range of 18,000 to 60,000: some urinary F′c has a sedimentation coefficient of 1·3 S.
On the basis of in vitro incubation experiments of radiolabeled 7 S γG and papain Fc with normal human urine, it is concluded that native 7 S γG is not easily degraded by urinary enzymes, whereas papain Fc breaks down to form the F′c fragment. The significance of these findings in relation to possible in vivo mechanisms is discussed.
Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Phair John P. , Kantor Fred S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Transfer of sensitized cells to normal guinea pigs was used to study persistence and conjugate specificity of delayed hypersensitivity. Ability of donor cells to transfer delayed hypersensitivity persisted throughout the primary and secondary antibody responses of the donor animals. The skin reactions elicited in recipients of cells from hyperimmunized guinea pigs remained conjugate specific throughout the immune response.
Fine Structure of Lymphocytes Sensitized to Trichinella Spiralis Antigen
Authors: Jamuar Mahendra P. , Kim Charles W. , Hamilton L. D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Guinea pigs were sensitized with Trichinella spiralis antigen combined with complete adjuvant and skin-tested 7 days later. Cells from lymph nodes were processed for electron microscopy before or after in vitro cultivation with homologous antigen. Lymphocytes from sensitized animals were usually larger and had a greater nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio than unstimulated lymphocytes. The nucleus was eccentric with patches of compact chromatin around the periphery; the cytoplasm had many ribosomes and a few scattered channels of endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi bodies and some dark granules. After incubation for 5 days with homologous antigen, about 15% of the cells were greatly enlarged. The most striking cytoplasmic change was in the ribosomes; these were more numerous and dispersed, either singly or in rosettes. Other changes included increase in lamellae of the ergastoplasm and mitochondria. The nucleus was mainly round with lighter nucleoplasm and diffused chromatin. In contrast, unstimulated lymphocytes had a nucleus with compact chromatin and a thin rim of cytoplasm containing ribosomes, few mitochondria, Golgi bodies and few cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. The ultrastructure of unstimulated lymphocytes incubated with antigen for 5 days did not differ from those cultured without antigen or from freshly isolated lymphocytes from unsensitized donors.
Cross-Reactivity between T Antigens of Adenoviral Immunotypes of Proved and Currently Unproved Oncogenic Potential
Authors: Riggs John L. , Takemori Nobuyuki , Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A survey of the 31 human adenovirus immunotypes and certain oncogenic simian adenoviruses was made using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique to determine how many produced a T antigen which would react with the antibody contained in adenovirus types 7 and 12 TBHS. It was found that all 31 immunotypes of adenoviruses produced an antigen that would react with a 1:20 dilution of one or more individual sera or with pools of serum from tumor-bearing hamsters. Serial dilutions of the intermediate sera or pools of sera indicated that the known oncogenic adenovirus immunotypes apparently fall into two distinct groups. One group, consisting of types 12, 18 and 31, produce T antigens which react in most cases only with dilutions of serum from hamsters bearing tumors induced by adenovirus type 12. The other group, comprised of types 3, 7, 14, 16 and 21, produced T antigens which react with serum dilutions from hamsters with tumors produced by either type 7 or type 12 adenovirus.
The Effect of Antigen Dose and Time after Immunization on the Amount and Affinity of Anti-Hapten Antibody
Authors: Goidl Edmond A. , Paul William E. , Siskind Gregory W. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Guinea pigs immunized with 50 µg of 2,4-dinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) exhibit a marked increase in affinity of serum anti-hapten antibody between 2 weeks and 2 months after immunization associated with a modest fall in serum anti-DNP antibody concentration. On the other hand, guinea pigs immunized with 1 mg of DNP-BSA display little or no increase in affinity of serum antihapten antibody together with a marked fall in antibody concentration over the same time period. The selective induction of tolerance in cells capable of producing high affinity antibody upon immunization with large doses of antigen is proposed as an explanation for these observations and as one factor involved in the control of antibody synthesis. Furthermore, it is proposed that tolerance induction involves a thermodynamically driven step consisting of the binding of antigen to cell associated antibody.
The Requirement for the Association of two Adjacent Rabbit γG-Antibody Molecules in the Fixation of Complement by Immune Complexes
Authors: Cohen Stanley 
Published: December 2022

Summary
An amidinated and benzylated rabbit γG-antibody preparation has been used to study the mechanism of complement fixation. This doubly conjugated antibody retained only 8% of the complement-fixing ability of untreated antibody, but had not lost the ability to combine and precipitate with antigen. It partially suppressed the ability of untreated, complement-fixing rabbit γG-antibody to fix complement, when the two were reacted together with antigen. This effect could be explained if two or more active (untreated) antibody molecules were required to be in close juxtaposition for complement fixation to occur. Under these circumstances, the presence of inactive (treated) molecules would result in a failure of some of the active ones to associate, since there is random co-precipitation of the two types of antibody in the immune lattice. A quantitative study of this suppressive effect led to the conclusion that there is a requirement for two adjacent active γG-antibody molecules acting together in the fixation of complement.
The in Vivo Induction of Mouse Lymphocyte Transformation by Phytohemagglutinin
Authors: Epstein Lois B. , Smith Charles W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The effects of the intravenous administration of phytohemagglutinin-M (PHA-M) and phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) on the mesenteric lymph node, spleen, bone marrow, thymus and peripheral blood of the mouse have been studied. Qualitative changes similar to that observed when PHA is used in vitro with lymphocytes were found. There was a marked shift in the differential of the mesenteric node and peripheral blood from small lymphocytes to medium and large lymphocytes, many of which resemble the blast-like cells seen in tissue culture. Both the shift in differential and the increase in proportion of large and medium cells in deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the mesenteric node were maximal at 3 days after the administration of PHA. An increase in the weight of the spleen and the proportion of cells in mitosis and in DNA synthesis was also maximum at 3 days, whereas in the bone marrow the maximum effect occurred only 1 day after PHA. No increase in weight of the thymus, shift in the differential or increase in the proportion of cells in DNA synthesis or mitosis was found with PHA-M, but PHA-P did have a slight effect on all three of these parameters.
As a result of its erythro- and leukoagglutinating properties, PHA-M caused a decreased hematocrit, red blood cell count and peripheral platelet count with a compensatory increase in the absolute number of megakaryocytes of the bone marrow 3 days after its administration.
Reaction of Endotoxin and Surfactants
Authors: Tarmina David F. , Milner Kelsey C. , Ribi Edgar , Rudbach Jon A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Dissociation of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin into nonpyrogenic subunits of low molecular weight with sodium deoxycholate resulted in reduction of its antigenic and adjuvant properties. Removal of the surfactant by dialysis, permitting reaggregation of the subunits into larger pyrogenic particles, restored antigenic activity. Quantitative precipitation curves confirmed that the molecular species of endotoxin formed after removal of the sodium deoxycholate were much smaller than the original, in the case of phenol-extracted endotoxins, and the same as the original with aqueous ether-extracted endotoxins.
Antibody Responses in Rabbits to the Group B Arbovirus Kunjin: Serologic Activity of the Fractionated Immunoglobulins in Homologous and Heterologous Reactions
Authors: Westaway E. G. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
IgM, electrophoretically fast IgG and slow IgG fractions of rabbit γ-globulin were separated using DEAE-cellulose columns, gel filtration and/or ultracentrifugation. The early appearance of IgM and fast IgG antibodies and the later appearance of slow IgG antibodies were correlated in hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests and in plaque reduction neutralization tests (NT). All fractions from 7-day immune serum were potentiated in NT by fresh normal serum, but the effect declined markedly during immunization. IgM and IgG fractions were potentiated by the addition of anti-rabbit γ-globulin to NT mixtures. Dose-response experiments revealed differences in the combining capacities of IgG fractions obtained from the same serum or at different times during immunization. A persistent fraction of approximately 10% was observed in NT with IgM antibodies.
In HI tests with other group B arboviruses, IgM and slow IgG antibodies cross-reacted less than fast IgG antibodies. Neutralizing antibodies in the fractions reacted more specifically when tested separately but synergistic activity in cross-reactions was observed when fractions were recombined. Inclusion of fresh serum in cross NT produced some loss of specificity.
The results were discussed in relation to the probable disposition of antigen-antibody complexes forming a critical area on each neutralized virus particle.
Specificity of Antiglobulin Factors in Normal Human Serum Reacting with Enzyme Digested γG-Globulin
Authors: Kormeier Lucy C. , Ing Judy T. , Mandy William J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Papain agglutinator in normal human serum was found to react with erythrocytes sensitized with autologous and homologous Fab fragments of anti-Rh antibody. The incidence of agglutinator activity ranged from 24 to 93%. This broad range was attributed to the sensitivity of the hemagglutination assay, specificity of Fab sensitizor, age of the individuals and parental background.
Papain agglutinator is similar to the previously described pepsin agglutinator in many respects, but differences in specificity were established by reciprocal absorption and inhibition experiments. Therefore a new buried antigenic determinant is exposed by digesting human γG-globulin with papain. This antigenic difference between the Fab and (Fab′)2 fragments supports the concept that papain and pepsin cleaves the γG-globulin molecules at different sites.
Homocytotropic Antibody Response in the Rat Infected with the Nematode, Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis
Authors: Wilson R. J. M. , Bloch K. J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
In contrast to rats immunized with standard antigens and adjuvants which produce homocytotropic antibody in low titer only during the primary response, rats infected with N. brasiliensis larvae synthesized H.A. for prolonged periods and manifested a secondary response on reinfection. Washed peritoneal cells obtained from actively infected rats or normal peritoneal cells passively sensitized in vitro with serum from infected rats released histamine upon contact with worm antigens. The possible role of H.A. and H.A.-sensitized mast cells in host immunity to N. brasiliensis infection was discussed.
In Vitro Effects of Phytohemagglutinin and Brain Antigen on Cell Transfer of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Lewis Rats
Authors: Flad H. D. , Paterson P. Y. , Miescher P. A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
In order to study further the role of lymphoid cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), lymph node cells from Lewis rats sensitized to nervous tissue-adjuvant were cultured under different conditions in vitro before their injection into recipient rats. Transfer of EAE was obtained consistently using 200 or 300 × 106 or more lymph node cells not cultured but directly injected into recipients. Culture of lymph node cells for 1 to 4 hr at 37°C diminished transfer capacity, more cells being required to obtain transfer results comparable to those with noncultured cells. Transfer activity of lymph node cells was not augmented by incubation with phytohemagglutinin. Incubation with brain antigen also did not increase activity but actually resulted in a marked decrease in transfer competence. These results are discussed in terms of mechanisms of EAE and immunologic functions of lymphoid cells.