bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work Hours Volatility and Child Poverty: The Potential Mitigating Role of Safety Net Programs
Authors: Cai Julie 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Despite established links among persistent unemployment, low wages, and children’s economic well-being, social scientists have yet to document how variability in work hours is linked to child poverty. Our knowledge of the safety net’s heterogeneous responses to work-hour instability is also limited. This is of critical importance for scholars and policymakers. Using nationally representative data collected every 4 months, this paper examines how intra-year work-hour volatility is related to child poverty, measured through both the official poverty measure (OPM) and the supplemental poverty measure (SPM). It further assesses varying degrees of buffering effects of cash, in-kind benefits, and tax transfers on income in the context of work-hour volatility. Results indicate that more than one in four households (26%) facing the greatest volatility lived under the poverty line. Black and Hispanic children, as well as those living with unpartnered single mothers, faced substantially higher variability in household market hours worked. Hispanic children experienced not only greater volatility in their caregivers’ work hours but also higher poverty level, even after taking government programs into account. In-kind benefits are more effective in buffering household income declines resulting from unstable work hours, followed by tax transfers and cash benefits. The effectiveness of near-cash benefits is particularly salient among Black children and children of single mothers. These results provide new evidence to inform policy discussions surrounding the best ways to help socioeconomically disadvantaged families to retain benefits and smooth their income in the face of frequent variation in work hours and, thus, earnings.
Endometriosis in the era of precision medicine and impact on sexual and reproductive health across the lifespan and in diverse populations
Authors: Giudice Linda C. , Oskotsky Tomiko T. , Falako Simileoluwa , Opoku‐Anane Jessica , Sirota Marina 
Published: August 2023

AbstractEndometriosis is a common estrogen‐dependent disorder wherein uterine lining tissue (endometrium) is found mainly in the pelvis where it causes inflammation, chronic pelvic pain, pain with intercourse and menses, and infertility. Recent evidence also supports a systemic inflammatory component that underlies associated co‐morbidities, e.g., migraines and cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. Genetics and environment contribute significantly to disease risk, and with the explosion of omics technologies, underlying mechanisms of symptoms are increasingly being elucidated, although novel and effective therapeutics for pain and infertility have lagged behind these advances. Moreover, there are stark disparities in diagnosis, access to care, and treatment among persons of color and transgender/nonbinary identity, socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, and adolescents, and a disturbing low awareness among health care providers, policymakers, and the lay public about endometriosis, which, if left undiagnosed and under‐treated can lead to significant fibrosis, infertility, depression, and markedly diminished quality of life. This review summarizes endometriosis epidemiology, compelling evidence for its pathogenesis, mechanisms underlying its pathophysiology in the age of precision medicine, recent biomarker discovery, novel therapeutic approaches, and issues around reproductive justice for marginalized populations with this disorder spanning the past 100 years. As we enter the next revolution in health care and biomedical research, with rich molecular and clinical datasets, single‐cell omics, and population‐level data, endometriosis is well positioned to benefit from data‐driven research leveraging computational and artificial intelligence approaches integrating data and predicting disease risk, diagnosis, response to medical and surgical therapies, and prognosis for recurrence.
The pathogenetic role of Th17 immune response in atopic dermatitis
Authors: David Eden , Czarnowicki Tali 
Published: August 2023

Purpose of review
As we continue to unravel the pathophysiology and immune mechanisms underlying atopic dermatitis (AD), the emergence of targeted treatments has provided new options for management. Although there are available therapies targeting various immune pathways in AD, the precise pathogenic role of interleukin (IL)-17 in AD pathogenesis remains unclear. The objective of this review is to examine the existing data pertaining to the role of IL-17 in AD and shed light on the potential of targeting this pathway as a therapeutic approach in AD treatment.

Recent findings
IL-17 has a dual role of pro-inflammatory and immune protective function, making it an important player in several autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. The extent of IL-17 axis involvement in AD pathogenesis is still debatable. Emerging data show that Th17-related cytokines/chemokines are elevated in skin and sera samples of AD patients, with some articles reporting correlations with disease severity. Particularly increased Th17 signature in specific AD patient subsets, such as Asian-origin or pediatric patients, suggests that certain patients’ disease presentations are more predominantly influenced by Th17, and, thus, they may benefit more from Th17 therapeutic targeting approaches. Lack of clinical efficacy with anti-Th17 biologics in AD patients, underscores the need to better elucidate the role of Th17 in AD pathogenesis, along with its utility in therapy.

Summary
The well established role of IL-17 in autoimmune disorders hints for its possible participation in AD disease pathogenesis. Subsequent investigations are needed to assess whether the targeting of specific IL-17 isoforms, homodimers, or heterodimers in specific subpopulations of AD can modify treatment outcomes.
Association of Discontinuing Preinjury Beta-Adrenergic Blockade Medications With Mortality in Severe Blunt Traumatic Brian Injury
Authors: Tignanelli Christopher J. , Arbabi Saman , Iskander Gaby , Kralovich Kurt , Scott John , Sangji Naveen F. , Hemmila Mark R. 
Published: August 2023

Background:
Beta-adrenergic receptor blocker (BB) administration has been shown to improve survival after traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, studies to date that observe a benefit did not distinguish between continuation of preinjury BB versus de novo initiation of BB.

Objectives:
To determine the effect of continuation of preinjury BB and de novo initiation of BB on risk-adjusted mortality and complications for patients with TBI.

Methods:
Trauma quality collaborative data (2016–2021) were analyzed. Patients were excluded with hospitalization <48 hours, direct admission, or penetrating injury. Severe TBI was identified as a head abbreviated injury scale (AIS) value of 3 to 5. Patients were placed into 4 groups based on the preinjury BB use and administration of BB during hospitalization. Propensity score matching was used to create 1:1 matched cohorts of patients for comparisons. Odd ratios of mortality accounting for hospital clustering were calculated. A sensitivity analysis was performed excluding patients with AIS >2 injuries in all other body regions to create a cohort of isolated TBI patients.

Results:
A total of 15,153 patients treated at 35 trauma centers were available for analysis. Patients were divided into 4 cohort groupings related to preinjury BB use and postinjury receipt of BB. The odds of mortality was significantly reduced for patients with a TBI on a preinjury BB who had the medication continued in the acute setting (as compared with patients on preinjury BB who did not) (odds ratio [OR], 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54–0.98; P = 0.04). Patients with a TBI who were not on preinjury BB did not benefit from de novo initiation of BB with regard to mortality (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.64–1.08; P = 0.2). In the sensitivity analysis, excluding polytrauma patients, patients on preinjury BB who had BB continued had a reduction in mortality when compared with patients in which BB was stopped following a TBI (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.47–0.91; P = 0.01).

Conclusions:
Continuing BB is associated with reduced odds of mortality in patients with a TBI on preinjury BB. We were unable to demonstrate benefit from instituting beta blockade in patients who are not on a BB preinjury.
The Role of Systemic Steroids in Sciatica Due to Herniated Lumbar Disc
Authors: Vale João , Rocha Eduardo , Lemos Carolina , Valente Cristina , Andrade Renato , Espregueira-Mendes João , Rodrigues-Pinto Ricardo 
Published: August 2023

Study Design.
Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective.
Evaluate the role of systemic steroids in treating patients with sciatica due to lumbar disk herniation (LDH).

Summary of Background Data.
The association between LDH and sciatica has been well described. The use of steroids seems logical in this context; however, their efficacy is not well described, and their use remains controversial.

Methods.
A comprehensive search on PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus databases (up to February 15, 2022) was performed to identify randomized clinical trials that included patients with symptoms of sciatica due to LDH that were treated with systemic steroids. The risk of bias was judged using the Cochrane risk-of-Bias2 tool. Meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model to estimate the between-group effect size for pain and functional outcomes. The risk of developing adverse events (AE) was computed using relative risks. All pooled results are reported with their 95% confidence interval (CI) and certainty of evidence analyzed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation framework.

Results.
Ten studies met inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 1017 participants: 540 in the treatment group and 477 in the control group. Steroid treatment was associated with a significant superior reduction of pain (SMD = −0.42, 95% CI −0.76 to −0.08, weak effect, very-low certainty) and reduction in disability (SMD = −0.30, 95% CI −0.51 to −0.10, weak effect, very-low certainty). Corticosteroid administration was associated with a significant increased risk of developing an AE (relative risks = 2.00, 95% CI 1.40 to 2.85, low certainty).

Conclusion.
The use of systemic steroids in the treatment of sciatica due to LDH seems reasonable despite a 2-fold higher risk of developing mild AEs. However, the effect size is small for reducing pain in the short term and improving functional outcomes at long-term follow-up.
Chimeric antigen receptor-immune cells against solid tumors: Structures, mechanisms, recent advances, and future developments
Authors: Li Xudong , Li Wei , Xu Linping , Song Yongping 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The advent of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell immunotherapies has led to breakthroughs in the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, their success in treating solid tumors has been limited. CAR-natural killer (NK) cells have several advantages over CAR-T cells because NK cells can be made from pre-existing cell lines or allogeneic NK cells with a mismatched major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which means they are more likely to become an "off-the-shelf" product. Moreover, they can kill cancer cells via CAR-dependent/independent pathways and have limited toxicity. Macrophages are the most malleable immune cells in the body. These cells can efficiently infiltrate into tumors and are present in large numbers in tumor microenvironments (TMEs). Importantly, CAR-macrophages (CAR-Ms) have recently yielded exciting preclinical results in several solid tumors. Nevertheless, CAR-T, CAR-NK, and CAR-M all have their own advantages and limitations. In this review, we systematically discuss the current status, progress, and the major hurdles of CAR-T cells, CAR-NK cells, and CAR-M as they relate to five aspects: CAR structure, therapeutic mechanisms, the latest research progress, current challenges and solutions, and comparison according to the existing research in order to provide a reasonable option for treating solid tumors in the future.
Geographic Disparities in Access to Cancer Clinical Trials in Canada
Authors: Abdel-Rahman Omar 
Published: August 2023

Objective:
This study aims to evaluate geographic disparities in access to cancer clinical trials across Canada.

Methods:
Cancer clinical trial data recorded within the clinicaltrials.gov and reporting the conduct of any of these trials in Canada, 2005 to 2023 were reviewed. Frequency analyses of the number of clinical trials that were registered on clinicaltrials.gov for Canada, individual Canadian provinces, main Canadian urban centers, and different cancer types, according to the funding source (industry versus non-industry), as well as according to different periods (using 3-y intervals) were conducted. Moreover, a comparison of cancer clinical trials per 10,000 persons was done between Canada and the United States.

Results:
The number of cancer clinical trials per 10,000 individuals (according to the 2021 census) in each province/territory varied between 6.79 (New Brunswick) to 0 (the 3 territories). The number of cancer clinical trials in relation to 1000 projected cancer cases for some of the common tumor types in Canada was then reviewed. The highest number was for lymphoma clinical trials (32.85), whereas the lowest number was for bladder cancer clinical trials (7.06). Most of the trials have industry funding (69%). Using 3-year intervals, the highest number of cancer clinical trials was observed from 2014 to 2016 (778 trials), and the lowest number was observed from 2020 to 2022 (633 trials).

Conclusions:
Access to clinical trials in Canada is not equitably distributed, with geographical and primary tumor site disparities. Moreover, access to cancer clinical trials has been negatively impacted during the time of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Perianal Malignancies: A Review for the Dermatologic Surgeon
Authors: Kosche Cory , Rossi Anthony M. 
Published: August 2023

BACKGROUND
Perianal malignancies are rare tumors with unique presentations and treatment options.

OBJECTIVE
To review published literature about primary malignancies that present on perianal skin and published guidelines and treatment options.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A PubMed search was conducted for original articles about perianal malignancies.

RESULTS
Squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, melanoma, and extramammary Paget disease are the most common tumors to present on perianal skin. Anal squamous cell carcinoma incidence is increasing and certain populations may benefit from screening. Surgical management is often recommended for localized perianal tumors.

CONCLUSION
Dermatologic surgeons should be familiar with the presentation and treatment options available for perianal malignancies.
Knockout of Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 Opposes Hypertension- and Diabetes-induced Nephropathy
Authors: Hirata Takashi , Fan Fan , Fan Letao , Amin Ghadir , White Tiffani , Geurts Aron M. , Kojima Naoki , Takahashi Teisuke , Miyata Noriyuki , Williams Jan , Roman Richard J. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract:
The progression of chronic kidney disease results from the accumulation of extracellular matrix leading to end-stage renal disease. We previously demonstrated that a broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor reduced renal injury in rat models of hypertension and diabetes. However, the isoforms and mechanisms involved are unclear. This study examined the role of MMP2 during the development of proteinuria and renal injury after induction of hypertension or diabetes in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) and MMP2 knockout (KO) rats. Mean arterial pressure rose from 115 ± 2 to 145 ± 2 mm Hg and 116 ± 1 to 152 ± 3 mm Hg in MMP2 KO and SS rats fed a high-salt (8% NaCl) diet for 3 weeks. The degree of proteinuria, glomerular injury, renal fibrosis, and podocyte loss was lower in MMP2 KO rats than in SS rats. Blood glucose and HbA1c levels, and mean arterial pressure rose to the same extent in streptozotocin-treated SS and MMP2 KO rats. However, the degree of proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis, renal fibrosis, renal hypertrophy, glomerular permeability to albumin, and the renal expression of MMP2 and TGFβ1 were significantly reduced in MMP2 KO rats. Glomerular filtration rate fell by 33% after 12 weeks of diabetes in streptozotocin-treated SS rats compared with time-control rats, but glomerular filtration rate only fell by 12% in MMP2 KO rats. These results indicate that activation of MMP2 plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of hypertensive and diabetic nephropathy and suggests that an MMP2 inhibitor might slow the progression of chronic kidney disease.
Dapagliflozin Attenuates Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Remodeling and Dysfunction by Elevating β-Hydroxybutyrate–activated Citrate Synthase
Authors: Zhang Xinxin , Wang Ning , Fu Peng , An Yanliang , Sun Fangfang , Wang Chengdong , Han Xiao , Zhang Yunlong , Yu Xiaohong , Liu Ying 
Published: August 2023

Abstract:
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is highly prevalent, accounting for 50% of all heart failure patients, and is associated with significant mortality. Sodium–glucose cotransporter subtype inhibitor (SGLT2i) is recommended in the AHA and ESC guidelines for the treatment of HFpEF, but the mechanism of SGLT2i to prevent and treat cardiac remodeling and dysfunction is currently unknown, hindering the understanding of the pathophysiology of HFpEF and the development of novel therapeutics. HFpEF model was induced by a high-fat diet (60% calories from lard) + N[w]-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME—0.5 g/L) (2 Hit) in male Sprague Dawley rats to effectively recapture the myriad phenotype of HFpEF. This study's results showed that administration of dapagliflozin (DAPA, SGLT2 inhibitor) significantly limited the 2-Hit–induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. It also improved cardiac diastolic and systolic dysfunction in a late-stage progression of HFpEF. Mechanistically, DAPA influences energy metabolism associated with fatty acid intake and mitochondrial dysfunction in HFpEF by increasing β-hydroxybutyric acid (β-OHB) levels, directing the activation of citrate synthase, reducing acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) pools, modulating adenosine 5′-triphosphate production, and increasing the expression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system complexes I-V. In addition, following clinical DAPA therapy, the blood levels of β-OHB and citrate synthase increased and the levels of acetyl-CoA in the blood of HFpEF patients decreased. SGLT2i plays a beneficial role in the prevention and treatment of cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in HFpEF model by attenuating cardiometabolic dysregulation.
Isolated Congenital Lower Limb Lipoatrophy: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Alhusain Abdullah M. , Alrodiman Osama A. , Alfaqeeh Faisal A. , Alissa Sami I. 
Published: August 2023

Summary:
Lipoatrophy and lipodystrophy can often be used interchangeably in the literature. However, there are some key differences. Inflammation plays a preliminary role in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) loss in lipoatrophy, whereas lipodystrophy does not. There are acquired causes of SAT loss such as injurious stimuli (ie, drug injections), panniculitis, or even microtrauma. Moreover, there are congenital causes such as familial partial lipodystrophy, which follows a more localized pathology, and congenital generalized lipodystrophy, which follow a diffuse spread of SAT loss. These etiologies are further subdivided based on the mutations and clinical presentations. We present a case of a 12-year-old girl with unilateral left lower limb SAT loss since birth, without any signs of inflammation. Therefore, a diagnosis of familial partial lipodystrophy was suspected. However, genetic testing appeared unremarkable. The patient is set for conservative therapy until late adolescence for possible fat grafting.
Clinical Manifestations and Prognosis of Embolism Caused by Filler Injection in Different Facial Regions
Authors: Zhuang Jun , Zheng Qiaoyuan , Su Xueshang , Jiang Liya , Hu Jintian 
Published: August 2023

Background:
Embolism is a serious complication after facial filling, with a usually poor prognosis of the symptoms after embolism. The authors systematically reviewed reported cases of facial vascular embolism, explored the relationship between the location and material used for facial filling and occurrence of vascular embolism, and assessed the prognosis of complications after vascular embolism.

Methods:
This study provides a systematic review of published cases of vascular embolism after facial filling. A summary of the filling materials and filling sites for each case, the adverse reactions and embolized blood vessels, a recording of the time when each patient experienced adverse reactions and started treatment, and a presentation of their prognosis are provided.

Results:
The frontal, eyebrow, and nose are common filling sites causing facial embolism. The main clinical manifestations after embolism were visual impairment, skin necrosis, and ptosis. The prognosis of visual impairment after embolization was poor, whereas skin necrosis and ptosis generally improved after treatment.

Conclusions:
This article aimed to review the clinical manifestations, therapies, and prognosis of embolism after facial filling. A better understanding of these complications can help clinicians to detect the occurrence of complications as early as possible and give patients timely treatment.
Health and Healthcare Access for Essential, Nonessential, and Nonworkers During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Tilhou Alyssa Shell , Saloner Brendan , DeLeire Thomas , Chakraborty Susmita , Dague Laura 
Published: August 2023

Objective
The aim of the study is to describe sociodemographic characteristics, healthcare access, and health status of low-income essential, nonessential, and nonworkers during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
Using survey data (2020–2021) from Wisconsin Medicaid enrollees (N = 2528), we compared sociodemographics, healthcare access, and health status between essential, nonessential, and nonworkers.

Results
Essential workers had less consistent health insurance coverage and more problems paying medical bills than nonessential and nonworkers. They reported better health than nonessential and nonworkers. They reported fewer work-limiting conditions and less outpatient healthcare utilization than nonworkers but similar rates as nonessential workers. Essential workers reported masking less frequently than nonworkers but similar frequency to nonessential workers, and lower COVID-19 vaccine willingness than nonessential and nonworkers.

Conclusions
Essential workers report better health, fewer protective behaviors, and more healthcare barriers than nonessential and nonworkers. Findings indicate essential worker status may be a social determinant of health.