bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
8.4.3 COTS: What You Get (In Addition to the Potential Development Savings)
Authors: Long James E. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIt comes as no surprise that incorporating an existing component into a system means you save in having to develop the component yourself—savings in schedule and development costs. What often is surprising is the impact that incorporating an existing component has on the system engineering process.This paper reviews the system engineering process and shows where the incorporation of COTS (Commercial‐off‐the‐shelf) and GOTS (Government‐off‐the‐shelf) fits into the process. It discusses the savings you get from a COTS component as well as the cost of these savings. Also described are the issues of interfaces and life cycle maintenance and modification. Once you incorporate a COTS component, how do you handle the upgrades to the COTS? Before jumping in to take advantage of COTS products, take time to consider whether the system and design process are robust enough to handle the additional constraints.
2.5.1 Tailoring the EIA/IS‐731.2 Questionnaire
Authors: Dustin Anne Lilly , Graden Clint J. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractA tailored EIA/IS‐731.2 assessment was performed on an organization responsible for oversight management. This project presented the assessment team with an opportunity to learn more about the EIA/IS‐731.2 Systems Engineering Capability Model Appraisal Method while performing an assessment with limited resources. EIA/IS‐731.2 emphasises tailoring the appraisal method to meet the objectives of the organization being assessed. However, with regard to tailoring the questionnaire, EIA/IS‐731.2 only discusses the selection of the appropriate Focus Areas and the method in which the questionnaire is administered. It is apparent that other types of tailoring could be just as productive to the assessment process. With regard to tailoring the questionnaire, our main objectives were: 1) to make the assessment process more efficient and less cumbersome by decreasing the time spent interpreting questions, and 2) to allow participants to better focus on the real issues by using language familiar to the participants. Tailoring the EIA/IS‐731.2 assessment questionnaire proved to be important to the success of this project. We increased customer satisfaction, decreased the time required for the participants to respond to the questions, and enhanced participant focus during the interview phase of the assessment. This paper discusses several areas in which the questionnaire was tailored for this assessment and the affect the modifications had on the questionnaire and the assessment. Additionally, this paper addresses other areas in which the quesitonnaire can be further tailored in order to increase clarity and succinctness.
2.5.2 An Innovative Adaptation of the EIA/IS 731.2 Systems Engineering Capability Model Appraisal Method
Authors: Graden C. J. , Nipper D. W. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn response to an opportunity to learn EIA/IS 731 appraisal methods while performing a real appraisal with limited resources, an appraisal team has developed an innovative approach to the questionnaire and interview/meeting analysis phases. First, a spreadsheet adaptation of the EIA/IS 731.2 questionnaire was prepared, providing a compact presentation of the preparatory briefing information, the question text, an area for answers, and an expanded area for comments. The net effect was one of combining the questionnaire completion with the data entry. Second, a method of grouping observed comments and questionnaire comments by topic was employed which reduced analysis time. As a result of this first trial, a number of further innovations based on database and Web technologies are discussed.
3.5.4 Systems Engineering Capability Model and the Systems Engineering Management Planning Environment
Authors: Martin Patricia T. , Baker Loyd , Thomas Terry N. , Knopf Fred 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACTIntroductionExisting Systems Engineering Tool Environments can be used to automate the systems engineering management planning process compliant with the Systems Engineering Capability Model (SECM) contained in EIA‐731.1 and other necessary standards and practices. This paper describes how 3SL's Cradle tool is being used to integrate the planning process, using multiple modeling techniques, while maintaining traceability to IEEE‐1220‐1998, EIA‐632‐1999, the EIA‐731.1 & EIA‐731.2 SECM practices and DoD 5000.2. The result is a management plan that is useful for facilitating the processes in an Integrated Product Team (IPT) environment and foster continuous process improvement.Systems Engineering tool environments are available to create and maintain both the Systems Engineering Management Plan (SEMP) and integrated project databases. Typically, the SEMP and database development activities are disjoint.TopicsThis presentation discusses the dynamics of inserting Systems Engineering Processes into an unstructured IPT environment and how a model‐based SE process was embraced to introduce rigor, improve communications, and enforce design consistency. How this integrated SEMP provides traceability into common capability model practices and Government acquisition practices and results is presented.
1.6.1 Development of Systems Engineers: A Structured Approach Based Upon International Experience
Authors: Harris Michael B. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe Systems Engineering and Evaluation Centre (SEEC), a dedicated research group within the University of South Australia, has been involved with an international Graduate Engineer Trainee Programme for several years. This experience has strengthened the observed enterprise‐level advantages of Systems Engineering training based upon appropriate education and work experience tailored for select individuals. The lessons learned from this involvement have been gathered as the basis for a structured approach for the development of Systems Engineers.
2.6.1 Germany's V‐2 Rocket Program and the Application of Systems Engineering
Authors: Ankrum T. Scott 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDuring World War II, Nazi Germany rained terror down on London and other European cities with the World's first guided ballistic missile. Was that a marvel of systems engineering, before the term was even invented, or were other factors at work? The V‐2 rocket was taken, by Nazi Germany, from an unproven concept to mass production and use, even while the nation was under severe political and economic stress. In this paper, the progress of the V‐2 program is traced, from concept to production and use, while highlighting the major problems and milestones. How the major elements of systems engineering were incorporated into the program, or not, is examined. Were the concepts of systems engineering known at the time, even if the term was not? If not, would an understanding of systems engineering have made a difference to the V‐2 team, given the circumstances of war, politics and economics at the time?
2.6.3 Designing a Systems Engineering Educational Program Using Academic/Industry Collaboration
Authors: Turnquist Mark A. , D'Andrea Raffaelo , George Albert R. , Jackson Peter , Nozick Linda K. , Rhodes Donna , Roundy Robin , Selman Bart , Shoemaker Christine A. , Thomas Robert J. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn concert with a fundamental precept in systems engineering, that system design should be driven by customer requirements, Cornell University is collaborating with industry in the development of a Master of Engineering program in Systems Engineering. This paper describes the underlying philosophy of Cornell's program, the collaborative process through which it has been developed, and the resulting curriculum, with a particular focus on the interaction between Cornell and Lockheed Martin Federal Systems (LMFS).
9.2 Propulsion Control of Aircraft: A Case Study in Systems Engineering
Authors: Johnson Robert A. 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACTOn July 19, 1989 United Airlines Flight 232 was cruising at approximately 37,000 feet between Denver and Minneapolis when it experienced a catastrophic failure of the number two (tail‐mounted) engine. At the moment of failure the engine ejected shrapnel through the tail section, destroying all three on‐board hydraulic systems. The complete loss of hydraulics left the pilots of the McDonnell Douglas DC‐10 aircraft without the ability to move the flight controls. In contrast to what most aviation experts would have expected as an outcome, the airplane was crash‐landed at Sioux City, Iowa with 185 of the 296 passengers and crew surviving. The flight crew was able to maintain rudimentary control of the aircraft with only the use of thrust from the two remaining wing‐mounted engines by independently moving their respective power levers. It was not until the final touchdown that the crew's command of the aircraft was lost due to the imprecise nature of manual propulsion control (Propulsion Controlled Aircraft [PCA], 1999).Following the accident, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) recommended that Propulsion Control of Aircraft (PCA) be evaluated as a “pilot friendly” backup system using engine thrust as the only actuating mechanism in the case of primary flight control failure. This paper examines the use of systems engineering to effectively decompose the problem, identify the solution set, and integrate the solution with the potential for improved safety and reduced life cycle costs. An overview of aircraft flight dynamics and primary control systems is provided in order to understand the basic system properties. Analysis includes physical systems as well as software systems and their interface. Finally, the use of simulation to better understand system behavior and mitigate risk while arriving at a system‐based solution is examined (Blanchard, 1998). Control the aircraft in flight after a primary flight control failure and accomplish that with an interface which is intuitive to the pilot, that is the problem. The solution could only have been reached through systems engineering.
9.7 Overview of a CONOPS for an SE Education Community
Authors: Ring Jack , Wymore A. Wayne 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper summarizes a concept of operations (ConOps) for a Systems Engineering Education Community (SEEC). An SEEC enables those involved in performing systems engineering to improve systems engineering. An SEEC is envisioned as a vehicle for competency and proficiency growth by all practitioners of systems engineering as well as the vehicle for measuring, quantitatively, both the supply and demand sides of the SE learning community. Finally, the SEEC should be a resource for helping all members of the community make choices about the content, structure, utilization and outcomes of an SEEC.The best SEEC is the one that produces a stream of the appropriate mix of SE practitioners for forthcoming projects at minimum cost and cycle time. Relative to current SE learning providers we estimate that cycle times must be reduced three fold and learning extent must be expanded nine fold. Also, capacity must increase two to five fold.
Comparison of Two Dexmedetomidine Administration Strategies on the Incidence of Postoperative Respiratory Complications: A Retrospective, Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighted Study
Authors: Baulier Charles , Popoff Benjamin , Wood Gregory , Schwarz Lilian , Tuech Jean‐Jacques , Dureuil Bertrand , Compère Vincent , Clavier Thomas 
Published: September 2023

AbstractRandomized controlled trials have shown a higher risk of postoperative hypoxemia and delayed extubation with opioid‐free anesthesia (OFA), compared with opioid anesthesia. The practice of OFA is not standardized. The objective of this study is to investigate the association between the dexmedetomidine administration protocol used and the occurrence of postoperative respiratory complications. This work is a retrospective, propensity score‐adjusted study (inverse probability of treatment weighting) conducted between January 2019 and September 2021 in a French tertiary care university hospital, including 180 adult patients undergoing major digestive surgery. Comparison of 2 anesthesia protocols: with a continuous intravenous maintenance dose of dexmedetomidine following a bolus (group B+M, n = 105) or with a bolus dose alone (group B, n = 75). The main outcome measure was a composite respiratory end point within 24 hours of surgery. There was no significant difference in the incidence of overall respiratory complications, as assessed by the primary end point. Nevertheless, there were more patients with postoperative hypercapnia in group B+M than in group B (16% vs 2.5%, P = .004). Patients in group B+M were extubated later than patients in group B (group B+M, median 40 minutes, IQR 20‐74 minutes; group B, median 20 minutes, IQR 10‐50 minutes; P = .004). Our study showed negative results for the primary end point. However, data on the increased risk of postoperative hypercapnia in patients receiving a maintenance dose of dexmedetomidine are new. Other prospective randomized studies with greater power are necessary to confirm these data and to make OFA safer, by reducing the prescribed doses of dexmedetomidine.
Response‐dependent point loss and response force as disrupting operations on behavioral resistance to change in humans
Authors: Costa Carlos Eduardo , Luiz André Connor de Méo , Carmona Lucas Franco , Ponce Guilherme Dutra , Banaco Roberto Alves , Lattal Kennon A. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBehavioral momentum theory (BMT) provides a theoretical and methodological framework for understanding how differentially maintained operant responding resists disruption. A common way to test operant resistance involves contingencies with suppressive effects, such as extinction or prefeeding. Other contingencies with known suppressive effects, such as response‐cost procedures arranged as point‐loss or increases in response force, remain untested as disruptive events within the BMT framework. In the present set of three experiments, responding of humans was maintained by point accumulation programmed according to a multiple variable‐interval (VI) VI schedule with different reinforcement rates in either of two components. Subsequently, subtracting a point following each response (Experiment 1) or increasing the force required for the response to be registered (Experiments 2 and 3 decreased response rates, but responding was less disrupted in the component associated with the higher reinforcement rate. The point‐loss contingency and increased response force similarly affected response rates by suppressing responding and human persistence, replicating previous findings with humans and nonhuman animals when other types of disruptive events (e.g., extinction and prefeeding) were investigated. The present findings moreover extend the generality of the effects of reinforcement rate on persistence, and thus BMT, extending the analysis of resistance to two well‐known manipulations used to reduce responding in the experimental analysis of behavior.
Impact of non‐thermal plasma on betel leaf powder for essential oil extraction and its quality characteristics
Authors: Karunanithi Sangeetha , Guha Proshanta , Srivastav Prem Prakash 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBACKGROUNDBetel leaf is an essential oil (EO)‐rich plant from the Piperaceace family used as traditional herbal medicine. The minimum EO yield by the conventional extraction method was increased by adopting cold plasma (CP) as pretreatment. Thus, the present study involved optimizing the CP conditions and analyzing the EO's qualities.RESULTSOptimization of the CP parameters like electric voltage (A = 25–35 kV), treatment duration (B = 4–12 min) and extraction time (C = 60–180 min) was done for maximum EO yield (R1) and total phenolic content (TPC; R2) using response surface methodology with Box–Behnken design. Maximum EO yield (20.76 ± 1.15 g kg−1) and TPC (29.43 ± 1.7 mg GAE mL−1) were derived under optimal conditions: A = 34 kV, B = 10 min and C = 110 min. A quadratic polynomial model developed by multiple regression analysis revealed that the three independent variables significantly influenced the oil yield and TPC with R2 values of 0.9909 and 0.9962, respectively. The CP treatment significantly altered the betel leaf powder morphology and increased the EO's radical scavenging capacity and bioactive compounds like chavibetol, chavibetol acetate, hydroxychavicol and γ‐muurolene. Conversely, the functional groups, refractive index and specific gravity were unaffected by CP treatment.CONCLUSIONThe EO yield and its qualities were improved by applying CP under optimal conditions which can be helpful for scaled‐up industrial processes with further studies. The identified bioactive compounds are valuable in the food and pharmaceutical industries. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Short‐ and long‐term outcomes of transanal decompression tube and self‐expandable metallic stent for obstructive colorectal cancer based on a multicenter database (KYCC2110)
Authors: Numata Koji , Numata Masakatsu , Shirai Junya , Sawazaki Sho , Okamoto Hironao , Godai Teni , Katayama Yusuke , Atsumi Yosuke , Kazama Keisuke , Uchiyama Mamoru , Kohmura Takashi , Mushiake Hiroyuki , Sugano Nobuhiro , Higuchi Akio , Kato Aya , Iguchi Kenta , Rino Yasushi , Shiozawa Manabu 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAimThere are well‐known methods for decompressing the colorectal tract before surgery, including transanal decompression tubes (TDT) and self‐expanding metallic stents (SEMS). This study aimed to compare the short and long‐term results in patients with malignant large bowel obstruction in whom TDT or SEMS were placed before surgery.MethodsThis retrospective observational study enrolled 225 patients with malignant large bowel obstruction in whom TDT or SEMS were placed preoperatively and underwent R0 resection between 2008 and 2020. One‐to‐two propensity score matching was performed according to patient characteristics. Short‐ and long‐term outcomes were compared. The primary endpoint was relapse‐free survival (RFS). The secondary endpoints were the overall survival (OS) and postoperative complication rate.ResultsFifty‐seven patients in the TDT group and 114 in the SEMS group were matched. The 3‐year RFS rates were 66.7% in the TDT group and 69.9% in the SEMS group (p = 0.54), and the 3‐year OS rates were 90.5% in the TDT group and 87.1% in the SEMS group (p = 0.52). No significant differences in the long‐term results were observed between the two groups. Regarding short‐term results, the SEMS group had significantly fewer stoma construction (p = 0.007) and shorter postoperative hospitalization (p < 0.001). The incidence of postoperative complications (grade ≥ 2) was significantly lower in the SEMS group (p = 0.04).ConclusionNo significant differences in the long‐term results were observed between the TDT and SEMS group. The SEMS showed significant usefulness in terms of improving short‐term outcomes.
Reversible Assembly of Conductive Supragel Building Blocks by Metallo‐Complexes
Authors: Grigoryev Evgeny , Liubimtsev Nikolai , Neuendorf Talika A. , Vigogne Michelle , Thiele Julian 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe design of multicomponent, building block‐based assemblies of polymer materials has gained tremendous interest due to the ability to combine functional variety and materials inside one integrated object. One such type of building blocks are polymer hydrogels that assemble into so‐called supragels. For that, it is necessary to implement reliable intra‐ and innerparticle cross‐linking methods that ensure mechanical stability and the supragels' adaptiveness over its life cycle, e.g., via selective assembly and disassembly. Here, a facile method for reversible interparticle cross‐linking of vinylimidazole‐based polymer hydrogel particles is presented. The method is based on supramolecular cross‐linking via transition metal complexation. Supragels consisting of four to 27 individual 3 × 3 × 3 mm particles are successfully obtained. By swelling the preassembled hydrogels inside aqueous solutions of Zn2+, Cu2+, and Fe2+ ions, stable interparticle linkage is achieved within 15 min. These supragels resist mechanical forces, but can be quantitatively disassembled into their corresponding building blocks by simple ligand exchange with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). With this method, it is possible to quickly build hydrogel macrostructures of any shape and complexity, which exemplarily also exhibit electrical conductivity due to the introduction of metal ions for cross‐linking.
Phenotypic Heterogeneity in Patients with Mutations in the Mitochondrial Complex I Assembly Gene NDUFAF5
Authors: Chen Pin‐Shiuan , Lee Ni‐Chung , Sung Chieh‐Ju , Liu Ya‐Wen , Weng Wen‐Chin , Fan Pi‐Chuan , Lee Wang‐Tso , Chien Yin‐Hsiu , Wu Chao‐Szu , Sung Yueh‐Feng , Tsai Ming‐Chen , Lee Yi‐Chung , Hsueh Hsueh‐Wen , Fan Sabrina Mai‐Yi , Wu Meng‐Chen , Li Hsun , Chen Huan‐Yun , Lin Han‐I , Ou‐Yang Chih‐Hsin , Hwuh Wuh‐Liang , Lin Chin‐Hsien 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBackgroundRare mutations in NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex assembly factor 5 (NDUFAF5) are linked to Leigh syndrome.ObjectiveWe aimed to describe clinical characteristics and functional findings in a patient cohort with NDUFAF5 mutations.MethodsPatients with biallelic NDUFAF5 mutations were recruited from multi‐centers in Taiwan. Clinical, laboratory, radiological, and follow‐up features were recorded and mitochondrial assays were performed in patients' skin fibroblasts.ResultsNine patients from seven unrelated pedigrees were enrolled, eight homozygous for c.836 T > G (p.Met279Arg) in NDUFAF5 and one compound heterozygous for p.Met279Arg. Onset age had a bimodal distribution. The early‐onset group (age <3 years) presented with psychomotor delay, seizure, respiratory failure, and hyponatremia. The late‐onset group (age ≥5 years) presented with normal development, but slowly progressive dystonia. Combing 25 previously described patients, the p.Met279Arg variant was exclusively identified in Chinese ancestry. Compared with other groups, patients with late‐onset homozygous p.Met279Arg were older at onset (P = 0.008), had less developmental delay (P = 0.01), less hyponatremia (P = 0.01), and better prognosis with preserved ambulatory function into early adulthood (P = 0.01). Bilateral basal ganglia necrosis was a common radiological feature, but brainstem and spinal cord involvement was more common with early‐onset patients (P = 0.02). A modifier gene analysis showed higher concomitant mutation burden in early—versus late‐onset p.Met279Arg homozygous cases (P = 0.04), consistent with more impaired mitochondrial function in fibroblasts from an early‐onset case than a late‐onset patient.ConclusionsThe p.Met279Arg variant is a common mutation in our population with phenotypic heterogeneity and divergent prognosis based on age at onset. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.