bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Barriers Faced by Medical College Admission Test Examinees and Their Association With Medical School Application and Matriculation
Authors: Faiz Jessica , Essien Utibe R. , Washington Donna L. , Ly Dan P. 
Published: April 2023

ImportanceThere has been disappointing progress in enrollment of medical students from racial and ethnic groups underrepresented in medicine, including American Indian or Alaska Native, Black, and Hispanic students. Barriers that may influence students interested in medicine are understudied.ObjectiveTo examine racial and ethnic differences in barriers faced by students taking the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT).Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used survey data (surveys administered between January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2018) from MCAT examinees linked with application and matriculation data from the Association of American Medical Colleges. Data analyses were performed from November 1, 2021, to January 31, 2023.Main Variables and OutcomesMain outcomes were medical school application and matriculation. Key independent variables reflected parental educational level, financial and educational barriers, extracurricular opportunities, and interpersonal discrimination.ResultsThe sample included 81 755 MCAT examinees (0.3% American Indian or Alaska Native, 21.3% Asian, 10.1% Black, 8.0% Hispanic, and 60.4% White; 56.9% female). There were racial and ethnic differences in reported barriers. For example, after adjustment for demographic characteristics and examination year, 39.0% (95% CI, 32.3%-45.8%) of American Indian or Alaska Native examinees, 35.1% (95% CI, 34.0%-36.2%) of Black examinees, and 46.6% (95% CI, 45.4%-47.9%) of Hispanic examinees reported having no parent with a college degree compared with 20.4% (95% CI, 20.0%-20.8%) of White examinees. After adjustment for demographic characteristics and examination year, Black examinees (77.8%; 95% CI, 76.9%-78.7%) and Hispanic examinees (71.3%; 95% CI, 70.2%-72.4%) were less likely than White examinees (80.2%; 95% CI, 79.8%-80.5%) to apply to medical school. Black examinees (40.6%; 95% CI, 39.5%-41.7%) and Hispanic examinees (40.2%; 95% CI, 39.0%-41.4%) were also less likely than White examinees (45.0%; 95% CI, 44.6%-45.5%) to matriculate at medical school. Examined barriers were associated with a lower likelihood of medical school application and matriculation (eg, examinees having no parent with a college degree had lower odds of applying [odds ratio, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.61-0.69] and matriculating [odds ratio, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.59-0.66]). Black-White and Hispanic-White disparities in application and matriculation were largely accounted for by differences in these barriers.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study of MCAT examinees, American Indian or Alaska Native, Black, and Hispanic students reported lower parental educational levels, greater educational and financial barriers, and greater discouragement from prehealth advisers than White students. These barriers may deter groups underrepresented in medicine from applying to and matriculating at medical school.
Giant Electrostrain in Lead‐Free Textured Piezoceramics by Defect Dipole Design
Authors: Lai Lixiang , Li Bin , Tian Shuo , Zhao Zhihao , Zhang Shujun , Dai Yejing 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBy converting electrical signal into mechanical displacement, piezoelectric actuators are widely used in many applications due to their precise displacement, fast response, and small size. The unipolar electrostrain values larger than 1% reported so far are from lead‐based single crystals or ceramics, which brings environmental concerns. Herein, a giant unipolar electrostrain of 1.6% with good fatigue resistance and low hysteresis in Sr/Nb‐doped Bi0.5(Na0.82K0.18)0.5TiO3 lead‐free textured piezoceramics by defect dipole design is reported, which is comparable to or even higher than state‐of‐the‐art lead‐based piezoelectric single crystals. The engineered defect dipoles in ergodic relaxor ferroelectrics can introduce a large internal bias field along the poling direction, where the 〈111〉‐oriented defect dipoles with large polarizability aligning along the 〈111〉‐oriented spontaneous polarizations of the electric‐field‐induced ferroelectric phase greatly benefit the reversible phase‐transition process of the 〈00l〉‐textured ceramic. In‐depth microstructural studies reveal that the greatly enhanced electrostrain is realized by the synergistic contributions from the reversible electric‐field‐induced phase transition, grain orientation engineering, and most importantly, defect dipole engineering. The present research provides a general strategy for the design of piezoceramics with high electrostrain, which is expected to be promising alternative to lead‐based piezoelectric actuators.
From Nanoalloy to Nano‐Laminated Interfaces for Highly Stable Alkali‐Metal Anodes
Authors: Pirayesh Parham , Tantratian Karnpiwat , Amirmaleki Maedeh , Yang Feipeng , Jin Enzhong , Wang Yijia , Goncharova Lyudmila V. , Guo Jinghua , Filleter Tobin , Chen Lei , Zhao Yang 
Published: April 2023

AbstractMetal anodes are considered the holy grail for next‐generation batteries because of their high gravimetric/volumetric specific capacity and low electrochemical potential. However, several unsolved challenges have impeded their practical applications, such as dendrite growth, interfacial side reactions, dead layer formation, and volume change. An electrochemically, chemically, and mechanically stable artificial solid electrolyte interphase is key to addressing the aforementioned issue with metal anodes. This study demonstrates a new concept of organic and inorganic hybrid interfaces for both Li‐ and Na‐metal anodes. Through tailoring the compositions of the hybrid interfaces, a nanoalloy structure to nano‐laminated structure is realized. As a result, the nanoalloy interface (1Al2O3–1alucone or 2Al2O3–2alucone) presents the most stable electrochemical performances for both Li‐and Na‐metal anodes. The optimized thicknesses required for the nanoalloy interfaces for Li‐ and Na‐metal anodes are different. A cohesive zone model is applied to interpret the underlying mechanism. Furthermore, the influence of the mechanical stabilities of the different interfaces on the electrochemical performances is investigated experimentally and theoretically. This approach provides a fundamental understanding and establishes the bridge between mechanical properties and electrochemical performance for alkali‐metal anodes.
Multistep Dissolution of Lamellar Crystals Generates Superthin Amorphous Ni(OH)2 Catalyst for UOR
Authors: Zhu Yajie , Liu Cheng , Cui Shiwen , Lu Zhuorong , Ye Jinyu , Wen Yunzhou , Shi Wenjuan , Huang Xiaoxiong , Xue Liangyao , Bian Juanjuan , Li Youyong , Xu Yifei , Zhang Bo 
Published: April 2023

AbstractUrea oxidation reaction (UOR) is an ideal replacement of the conventional anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for efficient hydrogen production due to the favorable thermodynamics. However, the UOR activity is severely limited by the high oxidation potential of Ni‐based catalysts to form Ni3+, which is considered as the active site for UOR. Herein, by using in situ cryoTEM, cryo‐electron tomography, and in situ Raman, combined with theoretical calculations, a multistep dissolution process of nickel molybdate hydrate is reported, whereby NiMoO4·xH2O nanosheets exfoliate from the bulk NiMoO4·H2O nanorods due to the dissolution of Mo species and crystalline water, and further dissolution results in superthin and amorphous nickel (II) hydroxide (ANH) flocculus catalyst. Owing to the superthin and amorphous structure, the ANH catalyst can be oxidized to NiOOH at a much lower potential than conventional Ni(OH)2 and finally exhibits more than an order of magnitude higher current density (640 mA cm−2), 30 times higher mass activity, 27 times higher TOF than those of Ni(OH)2 catalyst. The multistep dissolution mechanism provides an effective methodology for the preparation of highly active amorphous catalysts.
Multifunctional Optoelectronic Synapses Based on Arrayed MoS2 Monolayers Emulating Human Association Memory
Authors: Huang Ming , Ali Wajid , Yang Liuli , Huang Jianhua , Yao Chengdong , Xie Yunfei , Sun Ronghuan , Zhu Chenguang , Tan Yike , Liu Xiao , Li Shengman , Li Ziwei , Pan Anlian 
Published: April 2023

AbstractOptoelectronic synaptic devices integrating light‐perception and signal‐storage functions hold great potential in neuromorphic computing for visual information processing, as well as complex brain‐like learning, memorizing, and reasoning. Herein, the successful growth of MoS2 monolayer arrays assisted by gold nanorods guided precursor nucleation is demonstrated. Optical, spectral, and morphology characterizations of MoS2 prove that arrayed flakes are homogeneous monolayers, and they are further fabricated as optoelectronic devices showing featured photocurrent loops and stable optical responses. Typical synaptic behaviors of photo‐induced short‐term potentiation, long‐term potentiation, and paired pulse facilitation are recorded under different light stimulations of 450, 532, and 633 nm lasers at various excitation powers. A visual sensing system consisting of 5 × 6 pixels is constructed to simulate the light‐sensing image mapped by forgetting curves in real time. Moreover, the system presents the ability of utilizing associated images to restore vague and incomplete memories, which successfully mimics human intelligent behaviors of association memory and logical reasoning. The work emulates the brain‐like artificial intelligence using arrayed 2D semiconductors, which paves an avenue to achieve smart retina and complex brain‐like system.
Comparison of tristimulus spectrocolorimeter measurements and human visual assessment of South Carolina field moist Munsell soil colors
Authors: Hill Isabella , Park Dara , Bridges William , White David 
Published: April 2023

AbstractSoil color has historically been estimated visually, but inaccuracies with this method have been documented, including disagreement in evaluators, color blindness, and differences in physical color books due to weathering. As new technologies become available to soil scientists, a reliable digital method to determine soil color in the field could offer a solution to these inaccuracies. This research aimed to assess if visual estimates of soil matrix color from 111 soil horizons differed from digital measurements of Munsell soil color across three South Carolina regions. Visual estimates of soil color were conducted using Munsell color books. The XRite Capsure gave digital measurements in Munsell notation specific for soils. The absolute difference between hues was similar among assessment methods. Visual estimates of color value and chroma were statistically greater than digital measurements. However, color values and chromas were less than one chip different, suggesting no practical difference between the two assessment methods. Utilizing a digital soil color assessment tool can assist with training and validate human estimates.
The role of sovereignty in Indigenous community‐based health interventions: A qualitative metasynthesis
Authors: Joseph Gillian 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIndigenous peoples around the world suffer from health disparities attributed to a plethora of risk factors and social determinants of health stemming from colonialism and systemic oppression. Community‐based health interventions have been identified as a means for addressing and reducing Indigenous health disparities by allowing for Indigenous sovereignty to be respected and centered. However, sovereignty relating to Indigenous health and well‐being is underresearched. The present article explores the role of sovereignty in Indigenous community‐based health interventions. A qualitative metasynthesis was conducted among 14 primary research studies co‐authored by Indigenous people describing and evaluating Indigenous community‐based health interventions. Five conceptual themes emerged as aspects of sovereignty which benefit Indigenous health and well‐being outcomes: integration of culture; relocation of knowledge; connectedness; self‐actualization; and stewardship. Implications are discussed, with the goal of creating a decolonial framework rooted in Indigenous epistemologies and perspectives for how sovereignty impacts Indigenous health, as well as strengthening a clear need for further research on and praxis of sovereignty in Indigenous healthcare.
Prevalence and predictors of incident ADRD diagnosis following a Medicare home health episode
Authors: Burgdorf Julia G. , Mroz Tracy M. , Reckrey Jennifer M. , Barrón Yolanda , Ryvicker Miriam 
Published: April 2023

AbstractINTRODUCTIONHome health (HH) may be an important source of care for those with early‐stage/undiagnosed Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD), but little is known regarding prevalence or predictors of incident ADRD diagnosis following HH.METHODSUsing 2010–2012 linked Master Beneficiary Summary File (MBSF) and HH assessment data for 40,596 Medicare HH patients, we model incident ADRD diagnosis within 1 year of HH via multivariable logistic regression.RESULTSAmong HH patients without diagnosed ADRD, 10% received an incident diagnosis within 1 year. In adjusted models, patients were three times more likely to receive an incident ADRD diagnosis if they had HH clinician‐reported impaired overall cognition (compared to patients without reported impairment) and twice as likely if they were community‐referred (compared to hospital‐referred patients).DISCUSSIONThere is a pressing need to develop tailored HH clinical pathways and protect access to community‐referred HH to support community‐living older adults with early‐stage/undiagnosed ADRD.
Performance‐Advantaged Stereoregular Recyclable Plastics Enabled by Aluminum‐Catalytic Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Dithiolactone
Authors: Zhu Yinuo , Li Maosheng , Wang Yanchao , Wang Xianhong , Tao Youhua 
Published: April 2023

AbstractChemically recyclable polymers that can depolymerize into their constituent monomers are attractive candidates to replace non‐recyclable petroleum‐derived plastics. However, the physical properties and mechanical strengths of depolymerizable polymers are commonly insufficient for practical applications. Here we demonstrate that by proper ligand design and modification, aluminum complexes can catalyse stereoretentive ring‐opening polymerization of dithiolactone, yielding highly isotactic polythioesters with molar masses up to 45.5 kDa. This material can form crystalline stereocomplex with a Tm of 94.5 °C, and exhibits mechanical performances comparable to petroleum‐based low density polyethylene. Exposure of the polythioester to aluminum precatalyst used to synthesized it resulted in depolymerization to pristine chiral dithiolactone. Experimental and computational studies suggest that aluminum complexes have appropriate binding affinity with sulfide propagating species, thereby avoiding catalyst poisoning and minimizing epimerization reactions, which has not been accessible using other metal catalysts. Overall, aluminum catalysis provides access to performance‐advantaged stereoregular recyclable plastics as a promising alternative to petrochemical plastics, thus incentivizing improved plastic sustainability.
Feinabstimmung der Redoxeigenschaften von heteroleptischen Molybdän‐Komplexen mittels Ligand‐Ligand‐Kooperativität
Authors: Elvers Benedict J. , Pätsch Sebastian , Bandaru Siva S. M. , Krewald Vera , Schulzke Carola , Fischer Christian 
Published: April 2023

AbstractHeteroleptische Molybdänkomplexe mit 1,5‐Diaza‐3,7‐Diphosphacyclooctan (P2N2) und non‐innocent (nicht‐unschuldigen) Dithiolenliganden wurden synthetisiert und elektrochemisch charakterisiert. Dabei wurde festgestellt, dass die Reduktionspotentiale der Komplexe durch einen synergistischen Effekt moduliert werden, welcher durch DFT‐Berechnungen als Ligand‐Ligand‐Kooperativität über nicht‐kovalente Wechselwirkungen identifiziert werden konnte. Dieses Ergebnis konnte durch elektrochemische Studien in Kombination mit UV/Vis‐Spektroskopie und temperaturabhängiger NMR‐Spektroskopie bestätigt werden. Das beobachtete Verhalten erinnert an eine enzymatische Redoxmodulation durch Effekte basierend auf Interaktionen in der zweiten Ligandensphäre.
The Nephelauxetic Effect Becomes an Important Design Factor for Photoactive First‐Row Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Sinha Narayan , Yaltseva Polina , Wenger Oliver S. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe expansion of d‐orbitals as a result of metal‐ligand bond covalence, the so‐called nephelauxetic effect, is a well‐established concept of coordination chemistry, yet its importance for the design of new photoactive complexes based on first‐row transition metals is only beginning to be recognized. Until recently, much focus has been on optimizing the ligand field strength, coordination geometries, and molecular rigidity, but now it becomes evident that the nephelauxetic effect can be a game changer regarding the photophysical properties of 3d metal complexes in solution at room temperature. In CrIII and MnIV complexes with the d3 valence electron configuration, the nephelauxetic effect was exploited to shift the well‐known ruby‐like red luminescence to the near‐infrared spectral region. In FeII and CoIII complexes with the low‐spin d6 electron configuration, charge‐transfer excited states were stabilized with respect to detrimental metal‐centered excited states, to improve their properties and to enhance their application potential. In isoelectronic (3d6) isocyanide complexes of Cr0 and MnI, the nephelauxetic effect is likely at play as well, enabling luminescence and other favorable photoreactivity. This minireview illustrates the broad applicability of the nephelauxetic effect in tailoring the photophysical and photochemical properties of new coordination compounds made from abundant first‐row transition metals.
Ordered Mesoporous Intermetallic Ga‐Pt Nanoparticles: Phase‐Controlled Synthesis and Performance in Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis
Authors: Lv Hao , Zheng Yuenan , Wang Yanzhi , Wang Jianli , Liu Ben , Qiao Zhen‐An 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe intermetallic phase control is a promising strategy to optimize the physicochemical properties of ordered intermetallic compounds and engineer their performance in various (electro)catalytic reactions. However, the intermetallic phase‐dependent catalytic performance is still rarely reported because of the difficulty in synthesizing ordered intermetallics with precisely controlled phase structures at atomic level, especially having ordered mesoscopic structure/morphology. Here, we successfully reported a precise synthesis of two phase‐pure mesoporous intermetallic gallium‐platinum (meso‐i‐Ga‐Pt) nanoparticles, including meso‐i‐Ga3Pt5 with an orthorhombic space group and meso‐i‐Ga1Pt1 with a non‐symmorphic chiral cubic space group. The intermetallic phase control of ordered meso‐i‐Ga‐Pt nanoparticles was realized by carefully tuning the induced Ga salts with different anions that optimized the free energies during the synthesis. The intermetallic phase‐dependent catalytic performance of ordered meso‐i‐Ga‐Pt was systematically evaluated for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysis, with completely opposite catalytic performance in alkaline media. Interestingly, ordered meso‐i‐Ga1Pt1 catalyst with chiral atomic arrangements disclosed unexpected high ORR activity and stability with 5.9 and 3.2 enhancement factors in mass activity compared to those of meso‐i‐Ga3Pt5 and commercial Pt/C.
Effect of Zn2+ salt bonding on thermo‐reversible self‐healing natural rubber
Authors: Mohd Sani Noor Faezah , Thajudin Nuur Laila Najwa , Hayeemasae Nabil , Shuib Raa Khimi 
Published: April 2023

AbstractA series of intrinsic self‐healing natural rubber (NR) integrated with thermo‐reversible (zinc) Zn2+ salt bonding networks was successfully fabricated via reversible ionic interaction approach. The formation of Zn2+ salt bonding in the rubber networks was evidenced by FTIR analysis. The developed materials showed excellent self‐healing capability as the properties could recover up to 76% under tensile mode and 100% under tear mode and fatigue. The crosslink density of self‐healing NR‐g‐MAA/ZT rubber obtained from the swelling test evident that interaction between NR‐g‐MAA and zinc thiolate (ZT) increased with the self‐healing ability of the materials. SEM images suggested the occurrence of chain diffusion between the fracture interfaces when the broken pieces were brought in contact with each other's. The reconnection of ionic salt bonding is expected to allow rearrangements of rubber segments, which turns NR‐g‐MAA into potential self‐healing rubber materials.
Indication of Activated Senescence Pathways in the Temporal Arteries of Patients With Giant Cell Arteritis
Authors: Jiemy William F. , van Sleen Yannick , Graver Jacoba C. , Pringle Sarah , Brouwer Elisabeth , van der Geest K. S. M. , Cornec Divi , Boots Annemieke M. H. , Sandovici Maria 
Published: April 2023

ObjectiveGiant cell arteritis (GCA) affects almost exclusively individuals above 50 years old, suggesting a role of aging‐related changes such as cellular senescence in its pathobiology. The kinases p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p16/INK4A play key roles in 2 distinct pathways leading to senescence. The proinflammatory molecules interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), which are key components of the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP), are effective targets of treatment in GCA. Here, we aimed to investigate the presence of p21+ and p16+ cells producing these SASP cytokines in temporal artery biopsies (TABs) of patients with GCA.MethodsEight patients with GCA and 14 age‐matched, non‐GCA individuals who underwent a TAB were included. Immunohistochemical staining of p21, p16, IL‐6, and GM‐CSF was performed. Multiplex immunofluorescent staining was performed to investigate the colocalization of p21 and p16 with IL‐6, GM‐CSF, and immune cell markers (CD68, CD3, CD20).ResultsWe found that expression levels of p16, p21, IL‐6, and GM‐CSF were elevated in the TABs of patients with GCA. Both p16‐ and p21‐expressing cells were mainly found near the internal lamina elastica, especially among giant cells and macrophages, although p21 and p16 expression could be found in all 3 layers of the vessels. Expression of p16 and p21 was occasionally found in T cells but not B cells. The p16+ and p21+ cells expressing GM‐CSF/IL‐6 were detected throughout the TABs.ConclusionOur data suggest the presence of activated senescence pathways at the site of vascular inflammation in GCA and support further research into the role of senescence in the pathophysiology of GCA.