bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sequence Variations in b9 Light Chains as Potential V Region Genetic Markers
Authors: Thunberg Allen L. , Lackland Henry , Kindt Thomas J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Amino terminal sequence analyses of b9 light chains from rabbit antibodies to streptococcal carbohydrate have revealed the presence of glutamic acid at position N16 of light chains of the VκIII length. Glutamic acid has not previously been reported at position N16 of any light chain. Quantitative analysis of N-terminal residues of light chains from non-immune b9 IgG samples suggests that glutamic acid is present as a minor component at position N16 in b9 light chains of the V III length. Length determinations for quantitation of subgroups of b9 light chains were carried out by quantitative analysis on the sequencer and verified by determining the yield of PTH-2-14C-SCMC at each step. This refinement is possible because of the invariant cysteine at position N23 found in all light chains thus far sequenced.
Sequence variations such as Glu at position N16 within light chains of a given subgroup can provide genetic markers for following the inheritance of the variable region of rabbit antibody light chains.
Differential Effect of Neuraminidase on the Immunogenicity of Viral Associated and Private Antigens of Mammary Carcinomas
Authors: Simmons Richard L. , Rios Angelyn 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Firmly established transplantable C3H/HeJ mammary carcinomas can be inhibited by host challenge with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN) treated tumor cells. The effect is totally immunospecific, even VCN-treated tumors bearing shared mammary tumor virus (MTV) antigen cannot induce the regression. Thus, VCN is capable of increasing the immunogenicity of the private, unique-unshared tumor antigens on mammary carcinomas; VCN is incapable of increasing the immunogenicity of the shared MTV associated tumor antigen.
Evaluation of Cell-Mediated Cytotoxic Reactivity Against Tumor Associated Antigens with 125I-Iododeoxyuridine Labeled Target Cells
Authors: Oldham Robert K. , Herberman Ronald B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An in vitro lymphocyte cytotoxicity tissue culture assay utilizing 125I-iododeoxy-uridine (125IUdR) labeled target cells is described. Because of the labeling characteristics of 125IUdR this isotope appears to offer advantages over previously used labels. Toxicity of the isotope is a factor to be evaluated with each cell line. The method of calculation of cytotoxicity lends some insight into the spontaneous cell death rate of tissue culture systems as used for cytotoxicity. This assay is of value in detecting tumor-associated antigens in both animal and human tumor systems.
The Immune Response of Inbred Strains of Mice to a “High-Conjugation” and a “Low-Conjugation” 2,4 Dinitrophenyl-Glutamic Acid57-Lysine38-Alanine5 (DNP-GLA5) Copolymer
Authors: Warner Carol M. , Maurer Paul H. , Merryman Carmen F. , Schmerr Mary Jo F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The response of inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ to a “high-conjugation” (75%) and a “low-conjugation” (τ;0, ≤10%) 2,4 dinitrophenyl-poly (glu57lys38ala5) copolymer, DNP-GLA5, was tested. The C57BL/6J mice were non-responders to the DNP group at doses from 0.07 µg to 82 µg of each antigen. The C3H/HeJ mice were responders to the DNP group. There was no qualitative difference between the two antigens in eliciting both primary and secondary antibody responses. Although there was a large range in response to the DNP group by the C3H/HeJ mice, there was a distinct gap between non-responder and responder mice. The response to the DNP group, when coupled to GLA5, in these two strains of mice, parallels the response to the carrier, GLA5.
Production and Properties of Migration Inhibitory Factor and Interferon in the Circulation of Mice with Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Youngner J. S. , Salvin S. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Further evidence is presented of the coordinate production and similar properties of two mediators, migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and interferon, in the circulation of BCG-infected mice inoculated with specific antigen (Old Tuberculin, OT). In addition, the interferon elicited by OT in BCG-infected mice is shown to be a distinct molecular species of viral inhibitor and is designated “Type II interferon.” The designation “Type I interferon” is used to describe the viral inhibitor produced in BCG-infected or control mice given nonspecific stimuli such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Although Type II interferon possesses the biologic attributes required to classify a viral inhibitor as “interferon,” it, as well as MIF, differs markedly from Type I interferon in stability at pH 2 and at 56°C, range of species specificity, and antigenicity. Antibodies against highly purified L cell interferon induced by NDV (anti-Type I interferon antibodies) neutralize the activity of interferons elicited in mice by nonspecific stimuli such as LPS or NDV. In contrast, the antiviral activity of Type II interferon and the macrophage-inhibitory activity of MIF, elicited by specific antigen in mice with delayed hypersensitivity, are not affected by high concentrations of antibody against Type I interferon. Evidence is presented which emphasizes the striking similarities in properties of MIF and Type II interferon, although it is not possible to determine whether the two mediators are the same or different protein molecules.
Mapping the H-2-Linked Genes Governing, Respectively, the Immune Responses to a Glutamic Acid-Alanine-Tyrosine Copolymer and to Limiting Doses of Ovalbumin
Authors: Dunham Edward K. , Dorf Martin E. , Shreffler Donald C. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Addendum. Since these experiments were completed, mice of the strains A.TA and A.TB have become available, and their capacity to respond to GAT has been determined. Both these strains are recombinants within the H-2 complex between A.CA (H-2f, responders to GAT) and A.TH (H-2th, nonresponders to GAT) and carry the H-2 haplotype KfSs-SlpthDth. Groups of four of five mice of the recombinant and parental strains were immunized with GAT as before except that the second injection was given on day 21 and the secondary bleeding taken on day 28. Means and standard errors of the per cent of antigen bound by 1:5 dilutions of the secondary plasma samples were determined as before with the following results: A.CA, 55 ± 15 (three animals); A.TH, 9 ± 9 (four animals); A.TA, 87 ± 3 (three animals); and A.TB, 79 ± 3 (four animals).
The Cellular Basis for Tolerance or Immunity to Bovine γ-Globulin in Mice
Authors: Das Saroj , Leskowitz Sidney 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
BALB/c and DBA/2 mice were shown to have markedly different susceptibility to tolerance induction with bovine γ-globulin (BGG), the latter strain becoming tolerant at doses greater than 0.2 mg, while the former required more than 20 mg. When cells from BALB/c spleens were transferred to lethally irradiated DBA/2 recipients, the animals behaved like the normal DBA/2 in respect to tolerance induction, i.e., doses of 0.2 mg or more of BGG readily produced unresponsiveness. Similarly, when DBA/2 spleen cells were transferred to irradiated BALB/c recipients, behavior toward tolerance induction was like normal BALB/c, i.e., tolerance was not produced with doses less than 20 mg.
Analysis of response to SIII and typing of T cells by appropriate antisera showed that recipients were true chimeras in respect to B and T cells.
It was felt that the behavior of these irradiated reconstituted animals depended on the existence of a radiation-resistant macrophage which, in the case of BALB/c recipients, had the capacity to process small amounts of immunogenic material in BGG to make an immune response before concurrent induction of tolerance by monomeric BGG was complete. This was borne out by the greater capacity of BALB/c mice to filter out immunogenic material in BGG passaged in vivo.
Tolerance and Contact Sensitivity to Dnfb in Mice
Authors: Phanuphak Praphan , Moorhead John W. , Claman Henry N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tolerance and sensitivity to a potent contact sensitizer were studied in vivo and in vitro.
Contact hypersensitivity to 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene (DNFB) was induced in BALB/c mice by two daily paintings with 0.5% DNFB. The degree of hypersensitivity was assayed 4 days after the second painting by measuring the increments of ear thickness 24 hr after challenging the ears with 0.2% DNFB. Ear swelling was maximum at 24 hr and the histology was compatible with delayed type hypersensitivity.
Specific tolerance to DNFB was produced by a single i.v. injection of 15 mg of 2,4-dinitrobenzene-1-sulfonic acid sodium salt (DNB·SO3Na) 7 days prior to sensitization. DNB SO3Na given 2 days before, the same day as or 1 or 3 days after sensitization resulted in only partial unresponsiveness. Tolerance and sensitization were also measured by in vitro stimulation of DNA synthesis in cultured lymphoid cells. Lymph node cells taken 5 days after sensitization were specifically stimulated by DNP-BSA (but not by BSA) in vitro as assayed by increase of 3H-thymidine uptake. This response was dependent on the presence of T cells. Cells from non-sensitized mice responded poorly to DNP-BSA stimulation. Lymph node cells from tolerant mice responded 71 to 87% less than did sensitized cells. The results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms of tolerance. In the context of this model of contact sensitivity, this appears to be tolerance at the T-cell level.
Suppressive Effects of in Vivo Immunization on PHA Responses in Vitro
Authors: Gershon Richard K. , Gery Igal , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The PHA response of spleen cells from mice immunized with heterologous γ-globulin, serum albumin or erythrocytes 1 to 2 days previously may be severely impaired. The impairment disappears within a week. Inclusion of the specific antigen in culture can cause further suppression or unresponsiveness. The suppression of the PHA response was increased by increasing the immunizing dose of antigen, the amount of antigen in culture, the amount of PHA used for stimulation, the number of cells in culture, the use of an adjuvant in immunization, and the use of more stimulatory sera in culture. The PHA response of spleen cells from mice given a tolerogenic form of bovine γ-globulin (BGG) was suppressed in the presence of BGG, although less so than that of mice given an immunogenic form of the antigen. The tolerogenic form was, however, more suppressive when added to the culture. The ability of a relatively small number of antigen reactive cells to markedly affect the PHA response suggests that suppressive cell interactions play an important causative role.
Lymphocyte Plasma Membranes
Authors: Zimmerman Barry 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Plasma membranes prepared from rat thymocytes were used to immunize rabbits and after 6 months the resulting sera had cytotoxic titers of 1:1280 to 1:2560 for rat thymocytes. With the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination reaction the thymus plasma membranes were labeled with 125Iodine, solubilized in non-ionic detergent, and immuno-precipitated with the cytotoxic rabbit anti-rat thymus sera. These sera bound 3.5 to 4.4% of the total acid insoluble counts while control sera bound 0.6%. Subsequently, the precipitates were solubilized, reduced, and characterized on SDS containing polyacrylamide gels. The labeled antigenic component proved to have a m.w. ∼45,000. The same antigenic material could be labeled by in vitro incubation of rat thymus cells in 14C amino acids. Absorption studies suggested that this antigenic membrane constituent was shared by all lymphoid cells and represented a major immunodominant area on lymphocyte surfaces during heterologous immunization.
Immunopathologic Aspects of Infection with Lagos Bat Virus of the Rabies Serogroup
Authors: Tignor Gregory H. , Shope Robert E. , Gershon Richard K. , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
After intracerebral inoculation of Lagos bat virus, immunosuppression by either Cytoxan or thymectomy and sublethal irradiation prolonged survival and decreased the incidence of paralytic signs in random-bred Charles River mice. A similar effect after Cytoxan treatment was observed in BALB/c mice, but not in C57BL/6, or A strain mice. Weanling hamsters treated with Cytoxan showed only a decrease in the incidence of paralytic signs. The administration of Lagos bat virus antibody to immunosuppressed Charles River mice on day 8 after inoculation of a high dose of virus was followed by rapid paralysis and early death. Preliminary attempts to apply this model to rabies virus indicate that biologic differences among strains of rabies may be an important determinant for detection of the measurable effect of immunosuppression.
The Effect of Metabolic Inhibitors and Hydroxylamine on the Immune Response in Mice to Mycobacterial Ribonucleic Acid Vaccines
Authors: Youmans Anne S. , Youmans Guy P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Metabolic inhibitors were used in an attempt to determine the manner by which mycobacterial ribonucleic acid (myc. RNA) immunizes against tuberculosis. Inhibitors of protein synthesis (streptomycin sulfate, chloramphenicol, cycloheximide) and inhibitors of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (rifampin) had no effect on the immune response of mice vaccinated with myc. RNA. All of these compounds except streptomycin sulfate, however, inhibited antibody formation under the same conditions. In contrast, inhibitors of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis significantly reduced the immune response. Five-fluoro-deoxyuridine (FUDR), which inhibits thymidine synthetase, when injected just before vaccination, reduced the immune response but had no effect if injected 18 hr after vaccination. These results indicated that early synthesis of DNA was important, and that DNA once formed was not affected by FUDR. Ethidium bromide, proflavine and chloroquine were each mixed with myc. RNA and injected into mice. Under these circumstances the immune response was significantly lowered. In addition, chloroquine was injected at various times and significant reduction in the immune response occurred only if it were injected 1 hr or later after vaccination. This compound binds with DNA, and shows again the necessity for the presence of DNA in the immune process. Actinomycin D injected at the time of vaccination or 1 hr after vaccination had no effect on the immune response. However, if actinomycin D was injected 18 hr after vaccination or injected daily for 4 days after vaccination, a marked reduction in the immune response occurred. These results indicated that actinomycin D, which inhibits RNA transcription may have inhibited the replication of myc. RNA. A mutogenic agent, hydroxylamine, also reduced significantly the immunogenic activity of myc. RNA. These results closely paralleled those obtained by other investigators in studies aimed at eliciting the mode of replication of oncogenic viruses. The replication of these RNA tumor viruses is unique in that DNA synthesis is required for viral RNA replication early after infection, and there is a requirement for RNA transcription. The similarity between the manner by which myc. RNA immunizes and RNA tumor viruses replicate is discussed, and a comparison also is made of the two diseases, tuberculosis and tumors formed by oncogenic viruses. These results strongly suggest that myc. RNA may immunize against tuberculosis by forming a DNA template in the host cell which then transcribes specific information for the replication of myc. RNA, and thereby transforms a normal cell into a specific immune cell. If correct, this would provide a new concept of the nature of cellular immunity of tuberculous infection.
Immunofluorescence Studies on Thymocytotoxic Antibody from New Zealand Black Mice
Authors: Parker Leroy M. , Chused Thomas M. , Steinberg Alfred D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Natural thymocytotoxic antibody (NTA) which occurs in high titer in New Zealand Black (NZB) mice was compared with AKR anti-θ (C3H) antiserum for ability to induce redistribution of C57BL/6 thymocyte surface antigen. NTA reacted with both thymocytes and brain cells bearing either the θ-AKR or θ-C3H alloantigens and was found to be an IgM antibody. Anti-θ (C3H) was purified to obtain the IgG fraction which was used in these studies. Neither NTA nor anti-θ antibody induced cap formation alone, however, both formed caps upon the addition of specific anti-immunoglobulin sera. Studies involving the sequential exposure of thymocytes to both antibodies demonstrated that θ and NTA reactive antigen co-migrate on the thymocyte surface. These studies suggest that NTA reacts with a determinant common to both the θ-AKR and θ-C3H alloantigens.
Comparative Studies of Immunoglobulin Receptors and Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity (ADCC) in Rat Lymphoid Organs
Authors: Kedar Eli , de Landazuri Manuel Ortiz , Fahey John L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The capability of rat lymphoid cells to destroy antibody-coated target cells (antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity, ADCC) and to form rosettes with immunoglobulin-coated erythrocytes (EA) was compared. Because both processes require binding of a lymphoid cell to antibody associated with cellular antigen, we undertook to determine if both assays detect the same cell population. Peripheral blood lymphocytes, spleen and lymph node cells had both activities, but there was no correlation between the number of rosettes and the ADCC activity. Blood lymphocytes had the highest cytotoxic potential, while spleen cells produced the highest percentage of rosettes. Bone marrow cells were devoid of cytotoxic activity though many of the cells were able to form rosettes. Thymus cells were neither cytotoxic nor able to form rosettes. Following treatment of spleen cells with 1) anti-rat Ig serum, 2) high concentrations (τ1 mg/ml) of trypsin and Pronase (but not papain), or phospholipase-C, the number of rosettes was strongly diminished, whereas the cytotoxic activity was unimpaired. The ADCC activity was not altered after removal of 60% of the rosetteforming cells by nylon column, but was greatly reduced when 85% of the rosette-forming cells were removed by anti-SRBC serum.
These observations indicate that: 1) there is no correlation between the percentage of EA rosette-forming cells and the ADCC activity in various lymphoid tissues, 2) these activities were not equally susceptible to enzymes' action, 3) the cytotoxic activity is mediated by a subpopulation of the EA rosette-forming cells, and 4) probably fewer immunoglobulin receptor sites per unit surface membrane are required for ADCC cytotoxicity than for rosette formation.
Induction of Tolerance to Coccidioidin in Newborn Guinea Pigs
Authors: Ibrahim Ali Bin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The tolerogenic effect of the coccidioidal antigens was studied by injecting newborn guinea pigs, within 24 hr of birth, with killed hyphal cells of Coccidioides immitis in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Such animals, when injected as adults with killed hyphal cells of C. immitis in CFA, did not respond with delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to coccidioidin as did other normal animals of the same age group, but they did exhibit DH to tuberculin. The tolerance to coccidioidin lasted for 3 to 6 months. Injection of newborns as late as 3 days after birth also induced tolerance which lasted for 30 to 60 days. Peritoneal macrophages from the coccidioidin-tolerant animals migrated normally in the presence of coccidioidin but were inhibited by tuberculin or PPD. The adoptive transfer of coccidioidin sensitivity to tolerant animals by intraperitoneal injection of peritoneal exudate cells from sensitized adult guinea pigs was possible. This transferred sensitivity was temporary and lasted for 3 to 5 days.
Glomerulonephritis in the Graft-vs-Host Reaction: Serologic Demonstration of Anti-Host Antibodies
Authors: Kano Kyoichi , Beldotti Lorraine , Milgrom Felix , Schwartz Robert S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Antibodies against C57BL/6 cells were detected in serum and renal eluates of (C57BL/6 × DBA/2)F1 mice that developed nephritis after receiving injections of DBA/2 spleen cells. This model of glomerulonephritis provides an example of immune complex deposits consisting of histocompatibility antigens and antibodies against histocompatibility antigens.
Purification of Human T and B Lymphocytes
Authors: Greaves Melvyn F. , Brown Geoffrey 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Analysis of immune responses involving distinctive cell types has been greatly facilitated by the development of technology for separating and purifying different lymphocyte populations (1–5). In conjugation with the use of markers which identify selective expression of cell surface components (6, 7) this approach provides an efficient means of studying multi-component immune responses. Marker systems identifying human thymus derived2 (T) and bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes are now well advanced (reviewed in 8–10) and we report here the application of various markers to determine the efficacy of separation techniques aimed at providing a simple and reproducible protocol for the preparation of effectively pure human T and B lymphocytes for functional studies.
Materials and Methods. All cell separations were performed on human tonsil cell suspensions since these were available daily from University College Hospital ENT Theatre and provided a convenient source of over 2 × 108 viable lymphocytes per tonsil.
Presence of Antibody-Forming Cell Precursors in the Mouse Adherent Spleen Cell Population
Authors: Loughman Barbara E. , Farrar John J. , Nordin Albert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It is generally accepted that primary in vitro immunization of mouse spleen cells involves the synergistic participation of at least three different cell types (for reviews see 1 and 2). The initial separation of mouse spleen cells into two populations on the basis of their selective adherence to plastic culture dishes was reported by Mosier (3). Neither the adherent nor the non-adherent sub-populations, when cultured in vitro, respond to sheep erythrocytes (SRC).1 When these two subpopulations are recombined, the response to SRC is restored. It was later established that the non-adherent cell population contains both bone marrow- (B) and thymus- (T) derived lymphocytes. Although the non-adherent population contains T-helper cells and precursors to the plaque-forming cells (P-PFC), its nonresponsiveness is due to the lack of accessory cells. Restoration of the responsiveness of non-adherent cells by the addition of adherent cells has led to the assumption that the adherent cell monolayer provides little other than accessory cell function.
Protection against Autoimmune Thyroiditis in Guinea Pigs by Thyroglobulin Antiserum
Authors: Sharp Gordon C. , Wortis Henry H. , LaRoque Robert L. , Mullen Helen , Kyriakos Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Repeated administration of hyperimmune rabbit antiserum to guinea pig thyroglobulin (GPTG) consistently protected guinea pigs from developing autoimmune thyroiditis when studied 23 days following active immunization with GPTG in complete Freund's adjuvant. Rabbit antisera to various non-thyroid antigens were much less effective in causing inhibition. The suppressive effect noted with antiserum to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) differed from anti-GPTG suppression in that it was transient and associated with reduced delayed hypersensitivity to GPTG. Protective effects of anti-GPTG persisted at 156 days even in the presence of intact delayed hypersensitivity to GPTG. Transfer of hyperimmune anti-GPTG during the first 10 days after active immunization still resulted in protection, but hyperimmune anti-GPTG given late or early anti-GPTG given throughout the experiment failed to protect.