bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International politics of migration in times of ‘crisis’ and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Koinova Maria , Düvell Franck , Kalantzi Foteini , de Jong Sara , Kaunert Christian , Marchand Marianne H 
Published: January 2023

AbstractA much-anticipated end of the COVID-19 pandemic is on the horizon. It is important to reflect on the ways in which the pandemic has impacted the international politics of migration and especially on the migration-security nexus, which is still little understood but affecting policies and population movements with future implications. How the pandemic has shaped tradeoffs between securitization of migration, health, and economic concerns in governing migration? What are the new trends emerging from the pandemic on the migration-security nexus? And how can we study these in the coming years? This Research Note features insights from scholars associated with the British International Studies Association’s working group on the ‘International Politics of Migration, Refugees and Diaspora’. They argue that the pandemic has exacerbated tendencies for migration control beyond reinforcing nation-state borders, namely through foregrounding ‘riskification’ of migration discourses and practices, adding to an earlier existing securitization of migration considered as a ‘threat’. Digital controls at borders and beyond were ramped up, as were racial tropes and discrimination against migrants and mobile persons more generally. These trends deepen the restrictions on liberal freedoms during a period of global democratic backsliding, but also trigger a counter-movement where the visibility of migrants as ‘key workers’ and their deservingness in host societies has been enhanced, and diasporas became more connected to their countries of origin. This Research Note finds that enhanced controls, on the one side, and openings for visibility of migrants and transnational connectivity of diasporas, on the other, are worthy to study in the future as political trends per se. Yet, it would be also interesting to study them as interconnected in a dual movement of simultaneous restriction and inclusion, and in an interdependent world where the power of nation-states has been reasserted due to the pandemic, but migrant transnationalism has remained largely intact.
Kepler K2Campaign 9 – II. First space-based discovery of an exoplanet using microlensing
Authors: Specht D , Poleski R , Penny M T , Kerins E , McDonald I , Lee Chung-Uk , Udalski A , Bond I A , Shvartzvald Y , Zang Weicheng , Street R A , Hogg D W , Gaudi B S , Barclay T , Barentsen G , Howell S B , Mullally F , Henderson C B , Bryson S T , Caldwell D A , Haas M R , Van Cleve J E , Larson K , McCalmont K , Peterson C , Putnam D , Ross S , Packard M , Reedy L , Albrow Michael D , Chung Sun-Ju , Kil Jung Youn , Gould Andrew , Han Cheongho , Hwang Kyu-Ha , Ryu Yoon-Hyun , Shin In-Gu , Yang Hongjing , Yee Jennifer C , Cha Sang-Mok , Kim Dong-Jin , Kim Seung-Lee , Lee Dong-Joo , Lee Yongseok , Park Byeong-Gon , Pogge Richard W , Szymański M K , Soszyński I , Ulaczyk K , Pietrukowicz P , Kozłowski Sz , Skowron J , Mróz P , Mao Shude , Fouqué Pascal , Zhu Wei , Abe F , Barry R , Bennett D P , Bhattacharya A , Fukui A , Fujii H , Hirao Y , Itow Y , Kirikawa R , Kondo I , Koshimoto N , Matsubara Y , Matsumoto S , Miyazaki S , Muraki Y , Olmschenk G , Ranc C , Okamura A , Rattenbury N J , Satoh Y , Sumi T , Suzuki D , Silva S I , Toda T , Tristram P J , Vandorou A , Yama H , Beichman C , Bryden G , Calchi Novati S 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACTWe present K2-2016-BLG-0005Lb, a densely sampled, planetary binary caustic-crossing microlensing event found from a blind search of data gathered from Campaign 9 of the Kepler K2 mission (K2C9). K2-2016-BLG-0005Lb is the first bound microlensing exoplanet discovered from space-based data. The event has caustic entry and exit points that are resolved in the K2C9 data, enabling the lens-source relative proper motion to be measured. We have fitted a binary microlens model to the Kepler data and to simultaneous observations from multiple ground-based surveys. Whilst the ground-based data only sparsely sample the binary caustic, they provide a clear detection of parallax that allows us to break completely the microlensing mass-position-velocity degeneracy and measure the planet’s mass directly. We find a host mass of 0.58 ± 0.04 M⊙ and a planetary mass of 1.1 ± 0.1 MJ. The system lies at a distance of 5.2 ± 0.2 kpc from Earth towards the Galactic bulge, more than twice the distance of the previous most distant planet found by Kepler. The sky-projected separation of the planet from its host is found to be 4.2 ± 0.3 au which, for circular orbits, deprojects to a host separation $a = 4.4^{+1.9}_{-0.4}$ au and orbital period $P = 13^{+9}_{-2}$ yr. This makes K2-2016-BLG-0005Lb a close Jupiter analogue orbiting a low-mass host star. According to current planet formation models, this system is very close to the host mass threshold below which Jupiters are not expected to form. Upcoming space-based exoplanet microlensing surveys by NASA’s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope and, possibly, ESA’s Euclid mission, will provide demanding tests of current planet formation models.
Spectral difference method with a posteriori limiting: application to the Euler equations in one and two space dimensions
Authors: Velasco Romero David A , Han-Veiga Maria , Teyssier Romain 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACTWe present a new numerical scheme which combines the spectral difference (SD) method up to arbitrary high order with a-posteriori limiting using the classical MUSCL-Hancock scheme as fallback scheme. It delivers very accurate solutions in smooth regions of the flow while capturing sharp discontinuities without spurious oscillations. We exploit the strict equivalence between the SD scheme and a finite-volume scheme based on the SD control volumes to enable a straightforward limiting strategy. At the end of each stage of our high-order time-integration ADER (Arbitrary high order using Derivatives) scheme, we check if the high-order solution is admissible under a number of numerical and physical criteria. If not, we replace the high-order fluxes of the troubled cells by fluxes from our robust second-order MUSCL (Monotonic Upstream-centered Scheme for Conservation Laws) fallback scheme. We apply our method to a suite of test problems for the one-dimensional and two-dimensional Euler equations. We demonstrate that this combination of SD and ADER provides a virtually arbitrary high order of accuracy while at the same time preserving good sub-element shock capturing capabilities.
Revealing determinants of translation efficiency via whole-gene codon randomization and machine learning
Authors: Nieuwkoop Thijs , Terlouw Barbara R , Stevens Katherine G , Scheltema Richard A , de Ridder Dick , van der Oost John , Claassens Nico J 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIt has been known for decades that codon usage contributes to translation efficiency and hence to protein production levels. However, its role in protein synthesis is still only partly understood. This lack of understanding hampers the design of synthetic genes for efficient protein production. In this study, we generated a synonymous codon-randomized library of the complete coding sequence of red fluorescent protein. Protein production levels and the full coding sequences were determined for 1459 gene variants in Escherichia coli. Using different machine learning approaches, these data were used to reveal correlations between codon usage and protein production. Interestingly, protein production levels can be relatively accurately predicted (Pearson correlation of 0.762) by a Random Forest model that only relies on the sequence information of the first eight codons. In this region, close to the translation initiation site, mRNA secondary structure rather than Codon Adaptation Index (CAI) is the key determinant of protein production. This study clearly demonstrates the key role of codons at the start of the coding sequence. Furthermore, these results imply that commonly used CAI-based codon optimization of the full coding sequence is not a very effective strategy. One should rather focus on optimizing protein production via reducing mRNA secondary structure formation with the first few codons.
Improving Early Recognition of Coccidioidomycosis in Urgent Care Clinics: Analysis of an Implemented Education Program
Authors: Pu Jie , Miranda Valerie , Minior Devin , Reynolds Shane , Rayhorn Benjamin , Ellingson Katherine D , Galgiani John N 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Background
Only 0.2% of coccidioidomycosis (CM) diagnoses were made in patients (pts) with pneumonia (PNA) in urgent care (UC), because they were not being tested for CM. Our objective in this study was to improve CM testing rates.

Methods
This was a time series of clinician practice before and after an intervention that occurred at UC clinics in Phoenix and Tucson Arizona. All patients in UC were &gt;18 years old. We included information about CM in periodic educational activities for clinicians. Coccidioidal serologic testing (CST), CST results, and their relation to International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes were extracted from medical records.

Results
Urgent care received 2.1 million visits from 1.5 million patients. The CST orders per 104 visits increased from 5.5 to 19.8 (P &lt; .0001). Percentage positive CSTs were highest for August, November, and December (17.0%) versus other months (10.6%). Positive CSTs were associated with PNA ICD-10 codes, and, independently, for Erythema nodosum (EN) which had the highest positivity rate (61.4%). Testing of PNA pts increased on first visits and on second visits when the first CST was negative. Yearly rates of PNA due to CM ranged from 17.3% to 26.0%. Despite this improvement, CST was still not done for over three quarters of pts with PNA. This was a noncomparative study.

Conclusions
Routine quality improvement activities have significantly but only partially improved rates of testing pts with PNA for CM in UC clinics located in a highly endemic area. Innovative strategies may be needed to improve current practice. Also in our region, EN, independent of PNA, is a strong predictor of CM.
Escalation of civil war in Nepal: The role of local poverty, inequality and caste polarization
Authors: Sharma Hari , Gibson John 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A growing literature examines the effects of poverty, inequality and polarization on civil war but analyses typically use spatially aggregated data. Many civil wars exhibit great spatial heterogeneity so very local effects may be obscured. We study Nepal’s civil war that escalated sharply from 2001 to contribute evidence on these local effects. We combine geo-coded data on 15 000 conflict deaths spread over a decade with small-area estimates of poverty and inequality for almost 4000 localities in Nepal. We model the likelihood of a locality being affected by conflict and the intensity of the conflict, in terms of the number of deaths. Higher local poverty rates are negatively related to an increased risk of conflict and deaths, due to a shift in strategy by the rebels to target richer middle class and urban areas for accessing resources to win the war. Local relative wealth inequality is postively associated with the escalation of conflict, suggesting that relative wellbeing affects decisions about rebellion and conflict. Caste polarization also raises conflict risk and deaths, especially where dominant caste groups were more numerous. These support an agnostic view that poverty is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for the escalation of civil conflict. The strategy used by the rebels in Nepal saw the conflict escalate away from poor areas even as conflict was more likely in unequal and caste-polarized areas.
Community engagement and sustainability: Two cases of implementation of mini-grids in Lesotho
Authors: Tsoeu-Ntokoane Seroala , Kali Moeketsi , Lemaire Xavier 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Based on a survey of two Lesotho communities, this study assessed the type of governance of energy that favours the emergence of energy democracy or community energy. It established that the centralized energy governance of Semonkong seems less effective in solving conflicts compared to the decentralized energy governance of Ha-Makebe. Poor communication and lack of will to respond to community needs caused dissatisfaction and misunderstanding towards the centralized energy project. The study found that the decentralized energy project was more likely to be sustainable because it was characterized by community participation and engagement. The findings also revealed that the satisfaction of energy consumers results from a consistent supply of energy accompanied by responsiveness to community needs as opposed to a cheap inconsistent electricity supply. The implications are that the Semonkong plant's sustainability is at risk, and the project may collapse unless the Government of Lesotho, in the short term, engages with the community regarding its concerns.
Crystal structure of the membrane (M) protein from a bat betacoronavirus
Authors: Wang Xiaodong , Yang Yuwei , Sun Ziyi , Zhou Xiaoming 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The membrane (M) protein is the most abundant structural protein of coronaviruses including MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, and plays a central role in virus assembly through its interaction with various partner proteins. However, mechanistic details about how M protein interacts with others remain elusive due to lack of high-resolution structures. Here, we present the first crystal structure of a betacoronavirus M protein from Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5 (batCOV5-M), which is closely related to MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 M proteins. Furthermore, an interaction analysis indicates that the carboxy-terminus of the batCOV5 nucleocapsid (N) protein mediates its interaction with batCOV5-M. Combined with a computational docking analysis an M–N interaction model is proposed, providing insight into the mechanism of M protein–mediated protein interactions.
Inapparent infections shape the transmission heterogeneity of dengue
Authors: Vazquez-Prokopec Gonzalo M , Morrison Amy C , Paz-Soldan Valerie , Stoddard Steven T , Koval William , Waller Lance A , Alex Perkins T , Lloyd Alun L , Astete Helvio , Elder John , Scott Thomas W , Kitron Uriel 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Transmission heterogeneity, whereby a disproportionate fraction of pathogen transmission events result from a small number of individuals or geographic locations, is an inherent property of many, if not most, infectious disease systems. For vector-borne diseases, transmission heterogeneity is inferred from the distribution of the number of vectors per host, which could lead to significant bias in situations where vector abundance and transmission risk at the household do not correlate, as is the case with dengue virus (DENV). We used data from a contact tracing study to quantify the distribution of DENV acute infections within human activity spaces (AS), the collection of residential locations an individual routinely visits, and quantified measures of virus transmission heterogeneity from two consecutive dengue outbreaks (DENV-4 and DENV-2) that occurred in the city of Iquitos, Peru. Negative-binomial distributions and Pareto fractions showed evidence of strong overdispersion in the number of DENV infections by AS and identified super-spreading units (SSUs): i.e. AS where most infections occurred. Approximately 8% of AS were identified as SSUs, contributing to more than 50% of DENV infections. SSU occurrence was associated more with DENV-2 infection than with DENV-4, a predominance of inapparent infections (74% of all infections), households with high Aedes aegypti mosquito abundance, and high host susceptibility to the circulating DENV serotype. Marked heterogeneity in dengue case distribution, and the role of inapparent infections in defining it, highlight major challenges faced by reactive interventions if those transmission units contributing the most to transmission are not identified, prioritized, and effectively treated.
Participatory governance in megaprojects: the Lyon–Turin high-speed railway among structure, agency, and democratic participation
Authors: Esposito Giovanni , Felicetti Andrea , Terlizzi Andrea 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMegaprojects are increasingly common across countries and attract substantial political attention from a variety of actors. Recent studies have highlighted the need to move from an understanding of megaprojects as linear and rational processes towards a more nuanced approach that accounts for non-linear and conflictual aspects. Participatory governance is often proposed as a valuable resource in this regard. In this paper, we investigate the setting and design of two participatory venues operating in the context of the implementation of the Lyon-Turin high-speed railway megaproject: the Italian Observatory for the Turin-Lyon Railway and the French Public Inquiry. Empirical evidence shows that the Italian case featured substantial structural barriers to effective democratic participation. As for the French case, while better designed and implanted in its context, it featured important agentic limitations that undermined its democratic potential. On the basis of our case study, we therefore argue that both the Observatory for the Turin-Lyon Railway and Public Inquiry failed to promote democratic participation. We thus propose a deliberative approach to (the study of) of megaprojects. Whereas deliberative democratic ideas command growing interest across disciplines, these have found only limited application in the study of megaprojects. We contend that a deliberative democratic approach holds promise to improve the democratic and epistemic qualities of decision making on megaprojects.
Clawback Provisions and Firm Risk
Authors: Babenko Ilona , Bennett Benjamin , Bizjak John M , Coles Jeffrey L , Sandvik Jason J 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMany of the events that trigger clawback provisions are associated with risky corporate policies and variable performance outcomes. We propose and test the hypothesis that clawback provisions motivate managers to reduce firm risk. Panel ordinary least squares, general method of moments with instrumental variables, and propensity square matching models all indicate that clawback provisions decrease the volatility of stock returns. The channels that connect clawback presence to firm risk include more conservative investment and financial policies. The clawback-induced reduction in risk-taking appears to benefit shareholders on average. The gains from reduced risk-taking are larger for firms with fewer growth options, lower R&D, and prior wrongdoing. (JEL G32, G34, J33, M41, M52, M55)
HIV reservoir: antiviral immune responses and immune interventions for curing HIV infection
Authors: Li Shuang , Moog Christiane , Zhang Tong , Su Bin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is effective in controlling viral replication but cannot completely eliminate HIV due to the persistence of the HIV reservoir. Innate and adaptive immune responses have been proposed to contribute to preventing HIV acquisition, controlling HIV replication and eliminating HIV-infected cells. However, the immune responses naturally induced in HIV-infected individuals rarely eradicate HIV infection, which may be caused by immune escape, an inadequate magnitude and breadth of immune responses, and immune exhaustion. Optimizing these immune responses may solve the problems of epitope escape and insufficient sustained memory responses. Moreover, immune interventions aimed at improving host immune response can reduce HIV reservoirs, which have become one focus in the development of innovative strategies to eliminate HIV reservoirs. In this review, we focus on the immune response against HIV and how antiviral immune responses affect HIV reservoirs. We also discuss the development of innovative strategies aiming to eliminate HIV reservoirs and promoting functional cure of HIV infection.
Association of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 and cognitive impairment in adults living with human immunodeficiency virus: a meta-analysis
Authors: Mu Tingting , Wei Jiaqi , Sun Jun , Jin Junyan , Zhang Tong , Wu Hao , Su Bin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Background:
It is controversial whether the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele (APOE ε4) is a risk gene for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related neurocognitive impairment. This meta-analysis aimed to summarize evidence of the associations between APOE ε4 and cognitive impairment in people living with HIV (PLWH).

Methods:
Our study conducted a systematic literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Google Scholar, and ProQuest for studies published before April 11, 2022 that evaluated associations between APOE ε4 and cognitive impairment in adult PLWH (aged ≥18 years). We calculated pooled odds ratios (ORs) of global cognitive impairment and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and standardized mean differences (SMDs) for specific cognitive domains between APOE ε4 carriers and non-carriers. Subgroup meta-analyses were used to evaluate the result profiles across different categorical variables.

Results:
Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria, including 19 that evaluated global cognitive impairment. APOE ε4 was significantly associated with global cognitive impairment in PLWH (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = [1.05, 1.78], number of estimates (k) = 19, P = 0.02, random effects). Subgroup meta-analysis based percentage of females showed evident intergroup differences in global cognitive performance between ε4 carriers and non-carriers (P = 0.015). APOE ε4 carriers had lower cognitive test scores than non-carriers in all seven cognitive domains, including fluency (SMD = −0.51, 95% CI = [−0.76, −0.25], P < 0.001, k = 4, I
2 = 0%), learning (SMD = −0.52, 95% CI = [−0.75, −0.28], P < 0.001, k = 5, I
2 = 0%), executive function (SMD = −0.41, 95% CI = [−0.59, −0.23], P < 0.001, k = 8, I
2 = 0%), memory (SMD = −0.41, 95% CI = [−0.61, −0.20], P < 0.001, k = 10, I
2 = 36%), attention/working memory (SMD = −0.34, 95% CI = [−0.54, −0.14], P = 0.001, k = 6, I
2 = 0%), speed of information processing (SMD = −0.34, 95% CI = [−0.53, −0.16], P < 0.001, k = 8, I
2 = 0%), and motor function (SMD = −0.19, 95% CI = [−0.38, −0.01], P = 0.04, k = 7, I
2 = 0%).

Conclusions:
Our meta-analysis provides significant evidence that APOE ε4 is a risk genotype for HIV-associated cognitive impairment, especially in cognitive domains of fluency, learning, executive function, and memory. Moreover, the impairment is sex specific. Meta analysis registration: PROSPERO, CRD 42021257775.