bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the Nonphagocytic Adherent Cell from the Peritoneal Cavity of Normal and BCG-Treated Mice
Authors: Nathan Carl F. , Asofsky Richard , Terry William D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A distinctive subpopulation of nonphagocytic, tightly adherent cells (NPAC) comprised approximately 6% of the adherent peritoneal cells from untreated mice, and about 18% of those from mice previously given BCG i.p. A separation procedure based on adherence and lack of phagocytosis was devised. Isolated NPAC were morphologically intermediate between small lymphocytes and macrophages. They were positive for nonspecific esterase, negative for peroxidase, positive for surface IgM, and negative for surface IgG1, IgG2 and IgA. When capped, their surface IgM regenerated in vitro. NPAC had demonstrable Fc receptors but not EAC receptors. They resisted killing by an anti-macrophage serum, were negative by immunofluorescence with an anti-T cell reagent, and incorporated increased amounts of thymidine in response to LPS but not to PHA. They were more readily killed with anti-Ia serum and complement than macrophages, but less readily than splenic B cells. NPAC appeared to represent a subpopulation of B lymphocytes which contaminates some preparations previously regarded as “macrophages” and which may be responsible for some of the activities previously ascribed to “macrophages”.
Effect of Concanavalin a on the Killing of Tumor Cells by Antibody and Complement
Authors: Boyle Michael D. P. , Langone John J. , Ohanian Sarkis H. , Borsos Tibor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Concanavalin A (Con A) was found to inhibit the killing of antibody-sensitized line-1 tumor cells (TA) by guinea pig complement (GPC) but not by human complement (HuC). Other plant lectins (wheat germ, leucoagglutinin, and pokeweed mitogen) were also tested but Con A was the only lectin found to inhibit antibody-GPC-mediated killing. The inhibitory effect of Con A was observed when the GPC was mixed with Con A or when the antibody-sensitized cells were pretreated with Con A (TA-Con A) before the addition of GPC. The effect could be reversed by treatment of such cells with α-d-methylglucopyranoside or by incubation at 37°C for approximately 2 hr. Con A appeared to act by preventing the binding of the first component of GPC (GPC1) to antibody-sensitized tumor cells. Differences in the binding of the first component of HuC (HuC1) and GPC1 to TA-Con A suggested that a difference in the binding site for HuC1 and GPC1 might exist. There was no difference in the number of GPC1 molecules fixed to antibody-sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EA) or EA treated with Con A in experiments using the same antibody as used with the tumor cells and the same Con A preparation. It would consequently appear that the inhibitory effect of Con A on the binding of GPC1 to TA is not due solely to an interaction of Con A with the antibody.
In Vitro Induction of Polyclonal Killer T Cells with 2-Mercaptoethanol and the Essential Role of Macrophages in This Process
Authors: Igarashi Tsuyoshi , Okada Masaji , Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Killer T cells against allogeneic and syngeneic tumor cells were generated in vitro by the addition of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) to the murine spleen cell culture in the absence of any antigenic stimulation. The maximum activity of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) induced with 2-ME was observed on day 4 of culture and the induction of CMC was completely inhibited by the addition of inhibitor of DNA synthesis, hydroxyurea, or cytosin arabinoside. CMC induced with 2-ME was specifically inhibited by the addition of unlabeled target cells to the 51Cr-release assay system. These results indicated that killer T cells were generated in the presence of 2-ME as a result of nonspecific polyclonal activation of precursors into cytotoxic effector cells and that they recognized target cells with antigen-specific recognition receptors. Spleen cells deprived of adherent cells showed impaired induction of CMC with 2-ME. The addition of peritoneal exudate macrophages to splenic T cells restored this response. The result indicated that macrophages were essential for the induction of CMC with 2-ME. The possibility that the function of macrophages was mediated by soluble factor(s) released from macrophages was demonstrated by the separate culture of splenic T cells and macrophages in double-chambered, Marbrook-type vessels and by the addition of supernatants from macrophage cultures to splenic T cells. 2-ME and soluble factor(s) released from macrophages seemed to be required for the activation of precursors into killer cells.
Expression of Alloantigens Ly-5 and Ly-6 on Cytotoxic Effector Cells
Authors: Woody James N. , Feldmann Marc , Beverley Peter C. L. , McKenzie Ian F. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
With anti-Ly antisera and complement it has been possible to demonstrate that cytotoxic effector cells generated in vitro against allogeneic cells carry the alloantigens Ly-5 and Ly-6. The studies show that antisera directed against the Ly-6 antigens, together with complement, eliminate essentially all of the killer cells, of the appropriate strain, while killing only 50 to 60% of Thy-1+ cells. Anti-Ly-5 antisera and complement lysed 55 to 65% of Thy-1+ cells and killed a significant portion, but not all, of the cytotoxic cells. The later finding was investigated in more detail since it suggested a degree of heterogeneity within the killer cell subpopulation. However, the data did not support that conclusion, at least for allogeneic killer cells.
Variability of the Lytic Susceptibility of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae to Human Sera
Authors: Tramont Edmund C. , Sadoff Jerald C. , Wilson Clarence 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The bactericidal activity of human sera for Neisseria gonorrhoeae was studied. Sera were obtained from a group of patients with gonococcal infections who had acute urethritis, acute pelvic inflammatory disease, disseminated gonococcal infection, or who were asymptomatic carriers. The homologous and heterologous strains were tested with these sera. The development of serum bactericidal antibodies was not a universal event. With few exceptions, the susceptibility of a particular strain to human antibody and complement appeared to be largely independent of the particular person from whom the serum was obtained and was due instead to antigenic properties intrinsic to each individual strain. Lipopolysaccharide appeared to be the predominant antigen against which bactericidal antibodies were directed. The principal bactericidal antibody class was IgM. Blocking antibodies were not found to account for the lack of lytic activity. A correlation of bactericidal antibodies with protection from developing gonococcal infection could not be demonstrated in three patients.
IgM-Induced Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity with Antibody and Effector Cells of Human Origin
Authors: Fuson E. W. , Lamon E. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In vitro lysis of antibody-sensitized target cells by lymphocytes has been demonstrated in a number of systems (1–6). IgG has been implicated as the major antibody class involved in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)3 with human effector cells (1) and IgM had not been previously reported to be active with one recent exception (3).
In contrast, independent investigations in three antigenic systems have demonstrated murine IgM to be active in ADCC with homologous effector cells (4–6). It should be pointed out that Wåhlin et al. (3) reported IgM- and IgG-induced cytotoxicity by using a sensitive plaque assay with rabbit antibody and human effector cells.4 Most investigations with human effector cells have been with heterologous antibodies for sensitization of the target cells. In order to evaluate the ability of human IgM to induce ADCC in an homologous system, we have used human heterophile antibody, which is entirely IgM (7) to sensitize 51Cr-labeled sheep erythrocytes (SRBC).
Induction of Phenotypic Lymphocyte Differentiation in LPS Unresponsive Mice by an LPS-Induced Serum Factor and by Lipid A-Associated Protein
Authors: Koenig Scott , Hoffmann Michael K. , Thomas Lewis 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Spleen cells from C3H/HeJ mice are known to be unresponsive to mitogenic stimulation by LPS. We show here that T and B cell precursors of C3H/HeJ mice are unresponsive to induction of differentiation by LPS. Phenotypic differentiation of C3H/HeJ lymphocytes can be induced with DB-cAMP, Lipid A-associated protein, and with a serum factor induced by LPS in LPS responder strains.
Glucocorticoid Receptors in Purified Subpopulations of Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
Authors: Lippman Marc , Barr Ronald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
On the premise that the differential effects of glucocorticoids on various aspects of the immune response may be mediated by differences in the glucocorticoid receptors in the effector cells, subpopulations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined for these receptors as well as for glucocorticoid responsiveness. Purified T and non-T lymphocytes, when studied by a sensitive whole cell assay technique, contained equivalent amounts of specific glucocorticoid receptor, which, by binding affinity and specificity measurements, were indistinguishable from each other. Furthermore, under in vitro incubation conditions, macromolecular synthesis in both of these cell populations was inhibited by glucocorticoid at concentrations which saturated the receptor sites. It is concluded that the putative differential effects of glucocorticoids on T and non-T lymphocyte-associated functions are probably not mediated by differences in the glucocorticoid receptors in these cell populations.
A Functional Comparison of Human Fc-Receptor-Bearing Lymphocytes Active in Natural Cytotoxicity and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity
Authors: Kay H. David , Bonnard Guy D. , West William H. , Herberman Ronald B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Natural (or “spontaneous”) cytotoxicity against the K-562 myeloid cell line and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against sensitized Chang liver cells were monitored simultaneously in a 4 hr 51Cr release assay, using the same preparations of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes as effector cells. Both types of cytotoxic activity were expressed by lymphocytes bearing receptors for sheep erythrocytes and for the Fc portion of IgG. Up to 80% of the total natural killer (NK) cell and K cell (ADCC) activities were recovered in E-rosette pellets separated under optimal conditions. Since the ability to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes is primarily a marker for human T cells, it seems likely that both NK and K cells are in the T cell lineage. Further, both NK and K cell cytolytic activities were severely depressed after brief exposure of lymphocyte suspensions or rosette pellets to ammonium chloride solutions. Both activities returned to normal values after 24-hr incubation at 24°C. Such sensitivity of human lymphocytes to ammonium chloride solutions may explain why other investigators have failed to observe NK or ADCC activity by E-RFC.
When lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors were adsorbed onto plastic surfaces coated with a monolayer of immobilized antigen-antibody complexes made up of TNP and rabbit anti-TNP serum, both NK and ADCC activities were simultaneously depleted. Such depletion was completely blocked when Staphylococcal protein A, which binds selectively to the Fc portion of IgG, was incubated on the antigen-antibody monolayers before adding the lymphocytes. This confirmed that both NK and ADCC activities were mediated by effector lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors.
When protein A at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 100 µg/ml was added to the 51Cr release assays, ADCC was significantly inhibited, presumably due to binding of protein A to available Fc sites of the sensitizing antibody. However, protein A had no effect on NK reactivity at any of the concentrations tested. When lymphocytes were treated for 30 min at 37°C with purified trypsin or α-chymotrypsin at concentrations from 0.01 to 10 mg/ml, NK activity was significantly inhibited whereas ADCC was unaffected. Other enzymes depressed (pronase, subtilisin) had no effect except at high concentrations (lipase), or stimulated (neuraminidase) both NK and K cell activity similarly, and therefore failed to distinguish between the effector cell types.
Thus, our data indicate that effector cells in NK and ADCC are in overlapping, if not identical, subpopulations of Fc receptor-bearing lymphocytes of probable T cell lineage. The cytolytic mechanisms in NK and ADCC appear to be distinct, since we have been unable to find evidence for an “arming” antibody involved in this NK system.
Suppressor Cells in Tolerance to Hgg: Kinetics and Cross-Suppression in High Dose Tolerance—Absence in Low Dose Tolerance
Authors: Benjamin D. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from mice made tolerant with high doses of human γ-globulin (HGG) specifically suppress the immune response of normal, syngeneic, spleen cells. These suppressor cells were found to be cross-reactive in that they would suppress the immune response of normal spleen cells to bovine γ-globulin (BGG) as well as to HGG. In contrast, suppressor cells could not be demonstrated in spleens of mice made tolerant with low doses of HGG (i.e., T-cell tolerance), nor could they be found in high dose tolerant mice following a second injection of DHGG at a time when the initial suppressor activity had waned. The role of suppressor cells in the induction, maintenance, and loss of tolerance is discussed.
Kinetic Studies on the Fragmentation of the Third Component of Complement (C3) by Trypsin
Authors: Minta Joe O. , Man Doreen , Movat Henry Z. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The kinetics of cleavage of C3 by trypsin was analyzed by electrophoresis in agarose and in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and the data obtained were used to construct an anatomical model for C3 showing the sites of tryptic attack, the fragments generated, and their composition.
Trypsin was shown to cleave C3 in a stepwise fashion. The attack was initially directed at the α-polypeptide chain and resulted in the generation of C3a and C3b. Further cleavage of the α-chain of C3b, converted it into C3bi and then into C3d and C3c. Cleavage of the β-chain by trypsin occurred only at the C3c stage with the release of a small peptide (m.w. 12,000) from C3c and the formation of C3c′. On immunoelectrophoresis, C3c′ had a less anodal mobility compared to the β1A mobility of C3c.
C3a, once formed could be further cleaved to give residual fragments with decreasing net positive charge. Exposure of C3 to acid conditions, pH 5.0 or below, rendered the molecule exceedingly susceptible to tryptic degradation.
Sequential Quantitation of Circulating Immune Complexes in Syngeneic and Allogeneic Rats Bearing Moloney Sarcomas
Authors: Jennette J. Charles , Feldman Joseph D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A Raji cell radioimmunoassay was employed to quantitate serially circulating immune complexes (CIC) in the sera of syngeneic BN rats and allogeneic Lewis rats bearing BN Moloney sarcomas. In syngeneic BN hosts the levels of CIC attained and the time-course of detection were related to the tumor dose, tumor mass, and regressive or progressive course of the tumor. In general, syngeneic rats that received larger tumor doses developed larger tumors and greater maximum levels of CIC. However, the amount of CIC was not always directly proportional to the tumor size, although this was nearly the case with regressor BN and Lewis rats. In rats with regressing tumors, CIC decreased to insignificant levels as the tumors disappeared. Progressor BN rats that received 20 and 10 × 106 tumor cells had higher and more sustained levels of CIC, but, shortly before the hosts died, despite an increase of tumor size, there was a decline of CIC. Progressor BN rats that received an initial inoculum of 0.5 × 106 tumor cells that grew to 44 mm maximum mean diameter had levels of CIC which were only slightly above levels of control rats.
All allogeneic Lewis hosts rejected BN Moloney sarcomas, but had transient low levels of CIC coincident with tumor growth. Lewis rats had lower levels of CIC than BN rats bearing comparable masses of sarcoma.
Antigenic Studies of a VH Fragment: Demonstration of Three Sets of Antigens, Idiotypic, VH Subgroup, and VH Framework-Specific Antigens
Authors: Michaelsen Terje E. , Førre Øystein , Natvig Jacob B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antigenic properties of the VH region of immunoglobulin heavy chains were studied by means of a fragment corresponding to the variable part of the heavy chain of an IgG3 myeloma protein (KUP) and an antiserum made against this fragment. By hemagglutination, hemagglutination inhibition, and immunofluorescence techniques, it was shown that the anti-VH antiserum detected three sets of antigens in the VH region, namely idiotypic antigens, VH subgroup-specific antigens, and VH domain-(framework) specific antigens. The VH fragment inhibited in a VHII subgroup-specific hemagglutination inhibition test system. The VH fragment was thus antigenically similar to the VH region found in the intact molecules and the light chains were not needed to express the VH subgroup antigens or the VH framework antigens.
Splenic Influence of T Cell Function: The Immunobiology of the Inbred Hereditarily Asplenic Mouse
Authors: Fletcher Mark P. , Ikeda Richard M. , Gershwin M. Eric 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The influence of the spleen on the maturation of T cell function was investigated by using hereditarily asplenic mice inbred on a B6.CBA background. Asplenic (Dh/+), in contrast to +/+ littermate control mice, manifest a major qualitative deficiency of T cell function as well as a quantitative reduction in serum immunoglobulins. In particular, Dh/+ thymocytes are not as efficient as +/+ thymocytes in synergizing with either Dh/+ or +/+ bone marrow cells in the primary response to SRBC in irradiated littermate +/+ controls. This latter defect in T cell-bone arrow synergism was markedly age dependent and was evident only in young mice. Similarly, the DNA synthetic response of Dh/+ thymocytes injected into lethally irradiated BALB/c mice was quantitatively diminished in comparison to +/+ thymocytes when spleen and lymph nodes were quantitated. Spleen cell-seeking patterns of Dh/+ thymocytes were reduced compared to +/+ control cells when injected into +/+ littermates. Surface marker and mitogen responsiveness of lymph node cells revealed an increase in ϑ-bearing and decrease in Ig-bearing cells in Dh/+ mice compared to +/+ controls. The mortality and morbidity of Dh/+ mice, when compared to +/+ mice, after the perinatal period were identical. However, Dh/+ mice were more susceptible than +/+ controls. This latter defect in T cell-bone marrow synergism cogenesis. Cell reconstitution studies and serial age studies in mice receiving either MSV or polyoma virus confirmed the above observations regarding an age-dependent qualitative defect in T cell function. It is concluded that the spleen significantly effects the rate of murine T cell maturation.
Human Monocyte-Lymphocyte Interaction: A New Technique
Authors: Fan Peng Thim , Yu David T. Y. , Pearson Carl M. , Bluestone Rodney 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A rosette-type assay of the physical interaction between lymphocytes and monocytes after treatment with neuraminidase-galactose oxidase (NGAO) is reported. Monocyte-lymphocyte (ML) rosette formation and subsequent lymphocyte proliferation occurred when either lymphocytes or homologous monocytes were treated with NGAO and cultured together. Maximal ML rosette formation took place at 37°C 4 hr after culture in media containing 10% serum at lymphocyte to monocyte ratios of 10:1 to 20:1. The percentage of rosette formation correlated with the extent of thymidine incorporation when increasing concentrations of NGAO were used. When NGAO-treated monocytes were added to untreated T and non-T lymphocytes, they bound preferentially to T lymphocytes and induced proliferation only in the T subpopulation. These results indicate that the ML rosette assay measures a highly specific monocyte-lymphocyte physical interaction after a mitogenic stimulus which is an early event in lymphocyte activation since it reflects the degree of subsequent lymphocyte proliferation.
Erythrocyte Membrane-Associated Immunoglobulins during Malaria Infection of Mice
Authors: Lustig Hannah J. , Nussenzweig Victor , Nussenzweig Ruth S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) is associated with erythrocyte membranes during infection of A/J mice with Plasmodium berghei. It was detected by agglutination of the cells with rabbit antibodies to mouse IgG and by a radioimmunoassay with 125I-labeled rabbit anbtibodies to mouse IgG. As shown by the degree of agglutination and of binding of radiolabeled antibodies to the erythrocyte membranes, the amount of Ig increased with time after infection and paralleled parasitemia and reticulocytosis.
The erythrocyte-associated immunoglobulins are mainly IgG but IgM was also present on the cells of some mice. A large proportion of the Ig could be eluted at 37°C and was analyzed by immunoprecipitation and acrylamide gel electrophoresis.
A radioautographic study with 125I-labeled anti-mouse IgG revealed that both parasitized and nonparasitized reticulocytes of infected mice had much larger amounts of membrane-bound immunoglobulin than did mature, nonparasitized erythrocytes.
The nature of the bonds between the Ig and the surface membrane of the reticulocytes is not known. The Ig could be part of immune complexes nonspecifically bound to the cell surface. However, since we have not detected Fc or C3d receptors on reticulocytes, it is possible that the Ig constitutes autoantibodies against reticulocytes or antibodies against parasitic antigens present on the cell membrane.
Enhancement of Weak Mixed Lymphocyte-Type Reactions by Hydrophilic Polymers
Authors: Ben-Sasson Shmuel A. , Henkart Pierre A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two hydrophilic polymers, dextran and polyethylene glycol, were found to enhance in vitro MLR-type reactions which are weak or nonexistent in normal culture media. BALB/c and C57BL/6 thymocytes were cultured for 4 days in Eagle's MEM + 10% FCS, with or without the x-irradiated lymphomas LSTRA and EL-4, respectively. By thymidine incorporation no stimulation was observed with EL-4 in plain culture whereas occasionally a very small stimulation was observed with LSTRA. Four percent dextran (w/v, m.w. ≥ 40,000) improves stimulation (E/C) by about 2-fold. The effect of polyethyleneglycol m.w. 6,000 (PEG-6) is much more pronounced. At the optimal concentration of 4 to 5%, PEG-6 causes an increase of 5- to 20-fold in the stimulation index. The PEG-6 effect can also be observed microscopically by the appearance of numerous blasts clustered around the tumor cells. PEG-6 by itself has little effect on thymocytes in the absence of tumor cells. In the case of one-way allogeneic MLR under suboptimal ratios, dextrans (m.w. ≥ 40,000) enhance the reaction dramatically. We speculate that these effects are occurring via a change in the solvent (such as solvent exclusion) in a way which enhances immunologic interactions under conditions which are tolerable to cells in vitro.