bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agents, audiences and peers: why international organizations diversify their legitimation discourse
Authors: Lenz Tobias , Schmidtke Henning 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In the face of public contestation, international organizations (IOs) invoke norms in their public communication to enhance relevant audiences' legitimacy beliefs. This article offers the first comprehensive analysis of what we term normative diversity in IOs' discursive legitimation by drawing on a novel dataset on norm-based justifications in more than 32,000 paragraphs of text published by 28 regional IOs between 1980 and 2019. We show that IOs vary strikingly in this respect: whereas some IOs invoke a narrow set of norms, often focused on economic welfare and functional capability, others engage a wide variety that includes security, national sovereignty, democracy or human rights. To explain this variance, we specify and test an explanatory framework that emphasizes IO audiences, agents and peer organizations as distinct origins. Our statistical analysis reveals that IOs diversify their discursive legitimation to 1) address heterogeneous audiences, 2) reconcile competing beliefs amongst agents themselves, and 3) integrate the legitimation of peer IOs. These findings indicate that IOs respond to the growing complexity of international cooperation in their discursive legitimation and may raise policy-makers' awareness of the difficulties in contemporary legitimation efforts.
The politics of legitimation in combined sanction regimes: the case of Venezuela
Authors: Palestini Stefano 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Regional international organizations (RIOs) and states are increasingly sanctioning governments, firms and individuals they consider to have violated international norms. How do different RIOs legitimize the decision to impose (or not impose) sanctions? And how do they react to the legitimation strategies of other RIOs and states? This article addresses these questions by analysing the legitimation strategies of the United States and four RIOs involved in the combined sanction regimes against Venezuela between 2014 and 2019: the Organization of American States, the Union of South American Nations, the Common Market of the South and the European Union. Refining the environment-based perspective on legitimation, the article proposes that combined sanction regimes work as environments that shape the legitimation strategies of senders not only by providing templates to emulate but also by triggering processes of differentiation. The article shows how Latin American RIOs adapted their legitimation strategies dynamically in reaction to changes in the strategies of Washington and Brussels. This process, however, was not unidirectional. When Latin American RIOs managed to articulate coherent strategies, they forced Washington and Brussels to recalibrate their own positions and engage in discursive legitimation processes as well.
Mercosur at 30: political ideologies and (de)legitimation strategies
Authors: Hoffmann Andrea Ribeiro 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Mercosur celebrated its 30th anniversary in 2021 in a situation of severe stress, in which the idea of rolling it back from a customs union towards a free trade area was discussed in polarized terms, raising the question about its legitimacy. This article analyses the legitimation strategies pursued by Mercosur member states' presidents and regional bureaucrats to build, maintain, defend and enhance the belief among relevant audiences that the regional organization is legitimate. It focuses on three critical moments in which Mercosur was the object of public debate, namely, the Brazilian currency devaluation in 1999, the accession of Venezuela in 2012, and the current proposal of ‘flexibilization’, and, drawing on secondary literature and qualitative content analysis, argues that the origins of Mercosur agents' discursive legitimation strategies are their political ideologies. Given the strong role of presidents and lack of stronger regional institutions and leadership, Mercosur is left hostage to domestic electoral cycles and vulnerableto undemocratic trends of governments in power.
Two-sided legitimation strategies: informal groups at the World Trade Organization
Authors: Viola Lora Anne 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Who engages in legitimation strategies in global governance and why and how do they do it? This article studies the legitimation strategies and legitimacy-generating capacity of low-authority institutions, specifically informal groups within formal international organizations (IOs). It argues that informal groups seek legitimation and they can also be a source of legitimation for formal IOs. In doing so, the article makes three contributions to recent legitimation literature: 1) contra recent arguments, it shows why not only high-authority, but also low-authority institutions have special incentives to engage in legitimation; 2) it expands our understanding of the reasons why institutions engage in legitimation, showing why authority-deficits can motivate legitimation; 3) it studies legitimation strategies to show when they are likely to be audience- or agent-driven. A case-study of informal groups at the World Trade Organization yields three policy implications. First, developing countries could invest greater resources in legitimizing informal groups in order to boost their representation and voice opportunities within IOs. Second, formal IOs can increase their own legitimacy by supporting informal groups that enhance the representation of marginalized members. Third, however, to the extent that these strategies deflect pressure for formal rule changes, increasing investments in informal groups may be a long-term liability for developing countries.
Supply chain pricing strategies for advance selling with a deposit
Authors: Lyu Qi , Wu Shuang , Li Bo , Zhang Yawen 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Accepted by: Konstantinos Nikolopoulos
This research studies the pricing strategy of a supply chain with a manufacturer and a retailer. We analyze the customers’ purchase behaviour in advance selling with deposit by using utility theory and obtain the pricing decision of the supply chain by using the Stackelberg model. We find that when consumers are not sensitive to the distribution lead time, the retailer’s advance selling strategy could Pareto improve the whole supply chain. Better informed consumers and moderate advance selling distribution lead time information could expand the retailer’s pre-sale possibilities by enlarging the feasible range of advance selling.
Hepatitis B e Antigen-Negative Single Hepatocyte Analysis Shows Transcriptional Silencing and Slow Decay of Infected Cells With Treatment
Authors: Thio Chloe L , Taddese Maraake , Saad Yasmeen , Zambo Kristina , Ribeiro Ruy M , Grudda Tanner , Sulkowski Mark S , Sterling Richard K , Zhang Yang , Young Eric D , Hwang Hyon S , Balagopal Ashwin 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Background
Nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs) rarely cure chronic hepatitis B (CHB) because they do not eliminate covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid, the stable replication template. In hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive CHB during NUCs, HBV-infected cells decline slowly and are transcriptionally silenced. Whether these occur in HBeAg-negative CHB is unknown.

Methods
Using paired liver biopsies separated by 2.7–3.7 years in 4 males with HIV and HBeAg-negative CHB at both biopsies and 1 male with HIV who underwent HBeAg seroconversion between biopsies, we quantified amounts of viral nucleic acids in hundreds of individual hepatocytes.

Results
In the 4 persistently HBeAg-negative participants, HBV-infected hepatocytes ranged from 6.2% to 17.7% (biopsy 1) and significantly declined in 3 of 4 by biopsy 2. In the HBeAg seroconverter, the proportion was 97.4% (biopsy 1) and declined to 81.9% at biopsy 2 (P &lt; .05). We extrapolated that HBV eradication with NUCs would take &gt;100 years. At biopsy 1 in the persistently HBeAg-negative participants, 23%–56.8% of infected hepatocytes were transcriptionally inactive—higher than we observed in HBeAg-positive CHB—and significantly declined in 1 of 4 at biopsy 2.

Conclusions
In HBeAg-negative CHB on NUCs, the negligible decline in infected hepatocytes is similar to HBeAg-positive CHB, supporting the need for more potent therapeutics to achieve functional cure.
Antimicrobial-Resistant Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infection Following International Travel—United States, 2018–2019
Authors: Ford Laura , Shah Hazel J , Eikmeier Dana , Hanna Samir , Chen Jessica , Tagg Kaitlin A , Langley Gayle , Payne Daniel C , Plumb Ian D 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Background
Antimicrobial resistance in nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) can limit treatment options. We assessed the contribution of international travel to antimicrobial-resistant NTS infections.

Methods
We describe NTS infections that were reported to the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network during 2018–2019 and screened for genetic resistance determinants, including those conferring decreased susceptibility to first-line agents (ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, or azithromycin). We used multivariable logistic regression to assess the association between resistance and international travel during the 7 days before illness began. We estimated the contribution of international travel to resistance using population-attributable fractions, and we examined reported antimicrobial use.

Results
Among 9301 NTS infections, 1159 (12%) occurred after recent international travel. Predicted resistance to first-line antimicrobials was more likely following travel; the adjusted odds ratio varied by travel region and was highest after travel to Asia (adjusted odds ratio, 7.2 [95% confidence interval, 5.5–9.5]). Overall, 19% (95% confidence interval, 17%–22%) of predicted resistance to first-line antimicrobials was attributable to international travel. More travelers than nontravelers receiving ciprofloxacin or other fluoroquinolones had isolates with predicted resistance to fluoroquinolones (29% vs 9%, respectively; P &lt; .01).

Conclusions
International travel is a substantial risk factor for antimicrobial-resistant NTS infections. Understanding risks of resistant infection could help target prevention efforts.
Measurement of Dietary Fiber: Which AOAC Official Method of AnalysisSM to Use
Authors: McCleary Barry V 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
A broad range of AOAC Official Methods of AnalysisSM (OMA) have been developed and approved for the measurement of dietary fiber (DF) and DF components since the adoption of the Prosky method (OMA 985.29). OMA 985.29 and other OMA were developed to support the Trowell definition of DF. However, these methods do not measure DF as defined by the “new,” physiologically relevant, Codex Alimentarius definition. Methodology to support the Codex definition has been developed and updated in recent years. In this article, the relevance of each OMA in supporting the Codex definition of DF is described and suggestions are presented on the most appropriate method, together with proposals for changes in title and application statements for the “historic” OMA methods.
Intralipid as a matrix additive for evaluating hyperlipidemic postmortem blood
Authors: Elenstål Emily , Green Henrik , Kronstrand Robert , Elmsjö Albert 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Postmortem whole blood samples can differ greatly in quality where hyperlipemia is a frequent variable that can influence the results of analytical methods. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of lipemia on postmortem analysis as well as demonstrate the usage of Intralipid in comparison to pooled postmortem lipids as matrix additives for meaningful evaluation and validation of hyperlipidemic postmortem samples. Hyperlipidemic blood samples were simulated by adding different concentrations of Intralipid or pooled authentic postmortem lipids to bovine whole blood. The hyperlipidemic blood samples were spiked with 14 benzodiazepines and five sedative and antianxiety drugs (alprazolam, clonazepam, 7-aminoclonazepam, diazepam, flunitrazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, hydroxyzine, lorazepam, midazolam, nitrazepam, 7-aminonitrazepam, nordazepam, oxazepam, propiomazine, dihydropropiomazine, temazepam, triazolam, zolpidem and zopiclone). Samples were prepared with liquid-liquid extraction followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The effects of lipemia on the recovery of analytes and internal standards (ISs) were evaluated to determine the effect of, and any differences between, the two additives. Lipemia was found to cause major interference when quantifying the analytes. For most analytes, the ISs could compensate for analyte losses. However, the most hydrophilic analytes (7-amino metabolites), together with the most lipophilic analytes (propiomazine and dihydropropiomazine), were greatly affected by lipemia (&lt;50% recovery), and the IS could not compensate for analyte losses. In general, lower analyte recoveries were observed for samples with Intralipid as a lipemic additive in comparison to those containing pooled postmortem lipids. Both Intralipid and pooled postmortem lipids showed marked effects on the analytical results. Intralipid gave a good indication of the effects of lipemia and could be a useful tool for making a meaningful evaluation of hyperlipidemic postmortem samples during the method development and validation.
Assessment, Complications, and Surveillance of Breast Implants: Making Sense of 2022 FDA Breast Implant Guidance
Authors: Le-Petross Huong T , Scoggins Marion E , Clemens Mark W 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
As more information about the potential risks and complications related to breast implants has become available, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has responded by implementing changes to improve patient education, recalling certain devices and updating the recommendations for screening for silicone implant rupture. In addition to staying up-to-date with FDA actions and guidance, radiologists need to maintain awareness about the types of implants they may see, breast reconstruction techniques including the use of acellular dermal matrix, and the multimodality imaging of implants and their complications. Radiologists should also be familiar with some key differences between the updated FDA guidelines for implant screening and the imaging recommendations from the American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria. The addition of US as an acceptable screening exam for silicone implant rupture by the FDA is one of the most notable changes that has potentially significant implications.
Automated Detection of Anatomical Landmarks During Colonoscopy Using a Deep Learning Model
Authors: Taghiakbari Mahsa , Hamidi Ghalehjegh Sina , Jehanno Emmanuel , Berthier Tess , di Jorio Lisa , Ghadakzadeh Saber , Barkun Alan , Takla Mark , Bouin Mickael , Deslandres Eric , Bouchard Simon , Sidani Sacha , Bengio Yoshua , von Renteln Daniel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Background and aims
Identification and photo-documentation of the ileocecal valve (ICV) and appendiceal orifice (AO) confirm completeness of colonoscopy examinations. We aimed to develop and test a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) model that can automatically identify ICV and AO, and differentiate these landmarks from normal mucosa and colorectal polyps.

Methods
We prospectively collected annotated full-length colonoscopy videos of 318 patients undergoing outpatient colonoscopies. We created three nonoverlapping training, validation, and test data sets with 25,444 unaltered frames extracted from the colonoscopy videos showing four landmarks/image classes (AO, ICV, normal mucosa, and polyps). A DCNN classification model was developed, validated, and tested in separate data sets of images containing the four different landmarks.

Results
After training and validation, the DCNN model could identify both AO and ICV in 18 out of 21 patients (85.7%). The accuracy of the model for differentiating AO from normal mucosa, and ICV from normal mucosa were 86.4% (95% CI 84.1% to 88.5%), and 86.4% (95% CI 84.1% to 88.6%), respectively. Furthermore, the accuracy of the model for differentiating polyps from normal mucosa was 88.6% (95% CI 86.6% to 90.3%).

Conclusion
This model offers a novel tool to assist endoscopists with automated identification of AO and ICV during colonoscopy. The model can reliably distinguish these anatomical landmarks from normal mucosa and colorectal polyps. It can be implemented into automated colonoscopy report generation, photo-documentation, and quality auditing solutions to improve colonoscopy reporting quality.
Variations in amino acids caused by drought stress mediate the predisposition of Carya cathayensis to Botryosphaeria canker disease
Authors: Wang Yongjun , Wu Wenbin , Zhang Liqin , Jiang Hong , Mei Li 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Abiotic stresses can affect the outcome of plant–pathogen interactions, mostly by predisposing the host plant to infection; however, the crosstalk between pathogens and plants related to such predisposition remains unclear. Here, we investigated the predisposition of Carya cathayensis to infection by the fungal pathogen Botryosphaeria dothidea (Bd) caused by drought in the host plant. High levels of drought stress resulted in a significant increase in plant susceptibility to Bd. Drought significantly induced the accumulation of H2O2 and the free amino acids Pro, Leu, and Ile, and in the phloem tissues of plants, and decreased the content of non-structural carbohydrates. In vitro assays showed that Bd was sensitive to H2O2; however, Pro played a protective role against exogenous H2O2. Leu, Ile, and Pro induced asexual reproduction of Bd. Our results provide the first analysis of how drought predisposes C. cathayensis to Botrysphaeria canker via amino acid accumulation in the host plant, and we propose a model that integrates the plant–pathogen interactions involved.
MIGHTEE-H i: the first MeerKAT H i mass function from an untargeted interferometric survey
Authors: Ponomareva Anastasia A , Jarvis Matt J , Pan Hengxing , Maddox Natasha , Jones Michael G , Frank Bradley S , Rajohnson Sambatriniaina H A , Mulaudzi Wanga , Meyer Martin , Adams Elizabeth A K , Baes Maarten , Hess Kelley M , Kurapati Sushma , Prandoni Isabella , Sinigaglia Francesco , Spekkens Kristine , Tudorache Madalina , Heywood Ian , Collier Jordan D , Sekhar Srikrishna 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
We present the first measurement of the H i mass function (HIMF) using data from MeerKAT, based on 276 direct detections from the MeerKAT International GigaHertz Tiered Extragalactic Exploration (MIGHTEE) Survey Early Science data covering a period of approximately a billion years (0 ≤ $z$ ≤ 0.084). This is the first HIMF measured using interferometric data over non-group or cluster field, i.e. a deep blank field. We constrain the parameters of the Schechter function that describes the HIMF with two different methods: $1/V_{\rm max}$ and modified maximum likelihood (MML). We find a low-mass slope $\alpha =-1.29^{+0.37}_{-0.26}$ , ‘knee’ mass $\log _{10}(M_{*}/{\rm {\rm M}_{\odot }}) = 10.07^{+0.24}_{-0.24}$ and normalization $\log _{10}(\phi _{*}/\rm Mpc^{-3})=-2.34^{+0.32}_{-0.36}$ (H0 = 67.4 km s−1 Mpc−1) for $1/V_{\rm max}$ , and $\alpha =-1.44^{+0.13}_{-0.10}$ , ‘knee’ mass $\log _{10}(M_{*}/{\rm {\rm M}_{\odot }}) = 10.22^{+0.10}_{-0.13}$ and normalization $\log _{10}(\phi _{*}/\rm Mpc^{-3})=-2.52^{+0.19}_{-0.14}$ for MML. When using $1/V_{\rm max}$ we find both the low-mass slope and ‘knee’ mass to be consistent within 1σ with previous studies based on single-dish surveys. The cosmological mass density of H i is found to be slightly larger than previously reported: $\Omega _{\rm H\,{\small I}}=5.46^{+0.94}_{-0.99} \times 10^{-4}\,h^{-1}_{67.4}$ from $1/V_{\rm max}$ and $\Omega _{\rm H\,{\small I}}=6.31^{+0.31}_{-0.31} \times 10^{-4}\,h^{-1}_{67.4}$ from MML but consistent within the uncertainties. We find no evidence for evolution of the HIMF over the last billion years.
Epigenetic profiling reveals a strong association between lack of 5-ALA fluorescence and EGFR amplification in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma
Authors: Drexler Richard , Sauvigny Thomas , Schüller Ulrich , Eckhardt Alicia , Maire Cecile L , Khatri Robin , Hausmann Fabian , Hänzelmann Sonja , Huber Tobias B , Bonn Stefan , Bode Helena , Lamszus Katrin , Westphal Manfred , Dührsen Lasse , Ricklefs Franz L 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Background
5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) fluorescence-guided resection increases the percentage of complete CNS tumor resections and improves the progression-free survival of IDH-wildtype glioblastoma patients. A small subset of IDH-wildtype glioblastoma shows no 5-ALA fluorescence. An explanation for these cases is missing. In this study, we used DNA methylation profiling to further characterize non-fluorescent glioblastomas.

Methods
Patients with newly diagnosed and recurrent IDH-wildtype glioblastoma that underwent surgery were analyzed. The intensity of intraoperative 5-ALA fluorescence was categorized as non-visible or visible. DNA was extracted from tumors and genome-wide DNA methylation patterns were analyzed using Illumina EPIC (850k) arrays. Furthermore, 5-ALA intensity was measured by flow cytometry on human gliomasphere lines (BT112 and BT145).

Results
Of 74 included patients, 12 (16.2%) patients had a non-fluorescent glioblastoma, which were compared to 62 glioblastomas with 5-ALA fluorescence. Clinical characteristics were equally distributed between both groups. We did not find significant differences between DNA methylation subclasses and 5-ALA fluorescence (P = .24). The distribution of cells of the tumor microenvironment was not significantly different between the non-fluorescent and fluorescent tumors. Copy number variations in EGFR and simultaneous EGFRvIII expression were strongly associated with 5-ALA fluorescence since all non-fluorescent glioblastomas were EGFR-amplified (P &lt; .01). This finding was also demonstrated in recurrent tumors. Similarly, EGFR-amplified glioblastoma cell lines showed no 5-ALA fluorescence after 24 h of incubation.

Conclusions
Our study demonstrates an association between non-fluorescent IDH-wildtype glioblastomas and EGFR gene amplification which should be taken into consideration for recurrent surgery and future studies investigating EGFR-amplified gliomas.
Utility of Urine Cultures During Febrile Neutropenia Workup in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Recipients Without Urinary Symptoms
Authors: Tran Mya , Palmer Shannon , Moore Dominic T , Bartelt Luther , Friedland Anne , Grgic Tatjana , Lachiewicz Anne , Ptachcinski Jon , Sena Arlene , Trepte Morgan , van Duin David , Andermann Tessa M , Shaw Ryan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The utility of obtaining screening urine cultures for febrile neutropenia (FN) during hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) is unknown. In 667 adult HCT patients with FN, only 40 (6%) were found with bacteriuria. Antibiotics were modified in 3 patients (0.4%) based on urine cultures and none developed urinary-associated infectious complications.
Predicting the 25th and 26th solar cycles using the long short-term memory method
Authors: Liu Xiaohuan , Zeng Shuguang , Deng Linhua , Zeng Xiangyun , Zheng Sheng 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Solar activities directly or indirectly affect space missions, geophysical environment, space climate, and human activities. We used the long short-term memory (LSTM) deep learning method to predict the amplitude and peak time of solar cycles (SCs) 25 and 26 by using the monthly relative sunspot number data taken from the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). The dataset is divided into eight schemes of two to nine slices for training, showing that the five-slice LSTM model with root mean square error of 11.38 is the optimal model. According to the prediction, SC 25 will be about 21$\%$ stronger than SC 24, with a peak of 135.2 occurring in 2024 April. SC 26 will be similar to SC 25 and reach its peak of 135.0 in 2035 January. Our analysis results indicate that the sunspot data from NAOJ is highly credible and comparable.