bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Witness in the Light Stage
Authors: Boswell Matthew , Rowland Antony 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter centers on a Dimensions in Testimony interview with the Holocaust survivor Eva Schloss, the posthumous stepsister of Anne Frank. We begin by exploring the dynamics of the extended question-and-answer format, before discussing three different written accounts that Schloss gave of her Holocaust experiences at different times in her life. We discuss the influence of Schloss’s book for young adults, The Promise (2006), while noting that the project’s aim of making Holocaust testimony available to future generations of young people means that Schloss censors out some of the most disturbing, traumatic, and taboo aspects of her childhood Holocaust experiences, including incidents of sexual abuse. If certain aspects of the Dimensions in Testimony methodology tend to keep the interviews free from what Lawrence Langer terms “anguished memory,” we note that their extended duration equally means that the orderliness of what Charlotte Delbo calls “common memory” is often fractured by moments of raw emotion. Finally, this chapter argues that the USC Shoah Foundation’s institutional mission means that survivors such as Schloss are incited to extract uplifting messages from their life histories. In its humanism and optimism, Dimensions in Testimony reflects the ongoing legacy of a film such as Schindler’s List. Yet we close by asking whether the occlusion of some of the most traumatic physical and psychological experiences risks making the spaces of virtual Holocaust memory overly sanitized, arguing that future projects must creatively acknowledge the silent accounts of the victims whom Primo Levi termed “the drowned.”
Unintended Consequences or Desired Outcome?
Authors: Lee Sabine 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
While population concerns have played a significant role in political and military policymaking in several twentieth-century conflicts, this chapter examines the circumstances in which state and nonstate actors consider the inclusion of female civilians associated with the enemy as “bearers” of ethnic or national rebirth. Examining the Lebensborn e.V. during World War II, Serb forces during the Yugoslav Wars, and the Lord’s Resistance Army during the Ugandan Civil War, the author argues that the moral conditioning of the soldiers entailed the development of an ethnic conscience, a race-ethical morality that defined the elimination of external threats to the new order as morally unobjectionable, while at the same time creating a feeling of moral obligation to make their own behaviors (including that of procreation through rape) subject to the norms of ethnic or national rebirth—figuratively and literally. The author argues that the combination of absolute virtues demanding unconditional obedience on the one hand, and ideologically conditioned race-consciousness on the other hand, led to the creation of an eugenic ethics that demanded compliance from all soldiers/fighters and their willing or unwilling partners to take part in the creation of the greater, better, the true new order.
Kinship and Belonging Among Children Born of War in Northern Uganda
Authors: Atim Teddy , Ogwal Grace Achan , Bunting Anne 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the experiences and expressions of individual identity and belonging of children born of war in the postconflict period in northern Uganda. Through in-depth interviews, the authors find that these children face social stigma and lack access to vital socioeconomic resources important for coping in the aftermath of war. They find that these children were often rejected by their families, had no land or stable residence, and struggled to meet their daily survival needs. These challenges heightened their vulnerability and compounded their feeling of lack of belonging and kinship in the postconflict period. Importantly, local customs and norms that regulate behaviors and legitimize kinship relationships reinforced the exclusion of children. However, some children were able to maintain a sense of purpose, balance, and belonging outside traditional cultural kin ties due to trusted and supportive relations, peer support, schooling, work, concealing and protecting their war identity, and their belief in the supernatural or God. The authors discuss how programs and policies should pay attention to the different ways that children and adolescents affected by war situate themselves and are situated in the postconflict period, which may often fall outside dominant social frameworks.
Missing Fathers
Authors: Denov Myriam , Van Vliet Anaïs Cadieux , Lakor Atim Angela 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Despite growing research and interest in children born of war, their complex realities, and the experiences of their mothers, few studies have examined conceptions of fatherhood—particularly children’s perspectives of their biological fathers. This chapter breaks new ground by drawing upon research of children born in LRA captivity to explore their perspectives of their fathers and being fathered by members of the LRA. The authors’ research analyzes why these youths see their fathers as loving, nurturing, and powerful. They explain that fathers had reportedly provided their children with basic necessities, while protecting them from a variety of harms. The children’s portrayals of their fathers as loving and nurturing is in stark contrast the common depictions of LRA commanders in existing literature and scholarship where they are depicted as ruthless and violent perpetrators. Consequently, there is a need to challenge and transcend the single story of men in the LRA. The authors reveal a more nuanced, complex story of men who were simultaneously perpetrators, victims, fathers, caregivers, and commanders. The challenges that children and youth reported in relation to their origins and identity points toward a pressing need to consider their realities postconflict as separate from the plight of their mothers, whose views on their husbands will invariably differ from their children’s perspectives.
Triptych
Authors: Conley Bridget 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines photographs of children born of wartime rape from World War II, the 1994 Rwandan genocide, and war in Bosnia-Herzegovina (1992–1995) to explore what can be seen, as well as for whom and to whom the photographs speak. The author distinguishes how the photographs ask the public to define themselves: with a humanitarian gaze, a laudatory embrace of a state’s priority over birthing policies, or as a challenge to join a conversation led by communities directly impacted by violence. All three sets of photographs contain ambiguous glimpses of people outside this single frame of children born of rape. The children become adults, dreaming of their own open futures. The author argues that embedded within the photographs is the unstated desire that the reason for the photography itself could fade from view. The frame is meaningful only if it eventually loses its capacity to define the lives presented.
Contested Identities
Authors: Parra Tatiana Sanchez 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes how, in San Miguel, Colombia, narratives about people born as a result of paramilitary sexual violence have emerged in the tensions between local frameworks for understanding gender and reproduction, and frameworks for understanding violence against women. Within the system of local biologies that grants social meaning to the bodies of people born of paramilitary sexual violence in San Miguel, the indication that their identity was defined by the historic, political, and cultural presence of their fathers in the community—represented in the label of paraquitos—has shifted to reveal that meaning, in this case, is transmitted by both mother and father. In this system of meaning, what has been transmitted from fathers—paramilitaries from other parts of the country—and mothers—local women—to shape these people’s identity unveils gendered politics of reproduction that seek to exert control over women’s identities and bodies through the use of weapons and fear. The symbolic weight of the absence of the father converges with the positionality of the mother within the patriarchal social order of the political community to produce—through sexual reproduction—a marginal and ahistorical subject. The author illustrates how that these children and young women and men in San Miguel may be born of war, yet it is the combination of that violence with the violence of patriarchy and capital in their concrete rural and ethnic context that has shaped their identity, positionality, and possibilities.
The Complexity of Sexual Violence, Birthing, and Status After the Fall of the Caliphate
Authors: Ní Aoláin Fionnuala D. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the complexity of sexual violence and coercion, rape, pregnancy, and birth in the territories formerly held (and some still coercively controlled) by Islamic State. The monolithic realities of stigma and long-term rights denial are particularly acute for children born through forced pregnancies in territories captured by the Islamic State. These children are outcast, ostracized, and unwanted by their countries of nationality, and defined almost exclusively by the parentage of their absent or dead fathers. As global regulatory mechanisms, Security Council Resolutions, and state approbation for fighters and their associated families have universally shown, there is adverse judgment in abundance and little willingness by many states, particularly Western states, to disaggregate the experience of women, girls and their children and to recognize the complexity of birthing, violence, and gendered realities under the Caliphate. There is little indication that mothers and their children will be treated as victims and there is a dearth of compassion for both.
“Where Do You Send the Pain?”
Authors: Takševa Tatjana 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
By focusing on recently collected narratives of three children born of war, this chapter explores the ways in which these young adults challenge conceptions of themselves as victims and as children of the enemy. The author highlights how their narratives and perspectives challenge monolithic and homogenous conceptualizations of children of war as victims in three important ways. First, their narratives demonstrate the crucial importance of disclosure regarding their origins. This disclosure has been instrumental in providing them with the needed knowledge-base for their subsequent healthy and positive psychosocial development. Second, the three young people have shown extraordinary levels of resilience, agency, and positive determination in dealing with their origins. A crucial factor contributing to this outlook is the consistent presence of close familial or professional support networks. Third, through these young adults’ accurate and expansive understanding of the nature of their own identity within the context of contemporary Bosnian society and transhistorical examples, they actively critique and deconstruct the prevalent ethno-nationalist political discourses in present-day Bosnia. Their own ethnically hybrid identities and their astute, civically minded critique of ethno-nationalism reveal their potential to contribute meaningfully to emerging peacebuilding initiatives across Bosnia, and beyond its borders.
The Role of Spirituality in the Acceptance of Children Born of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence
Authors: Mazurana Dyan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter draws upon fieldwork with young women after the civil war in Mozambique and research with the Yazidi women and girls returning from Islamic State captivity and enslavement to explore how spirituality can positively or negatively affect the acceptance by the larger community of children born of war related sexual violence. In the case of the Tsonga people in Mozambique, achieving harmony after the armed conflict meant that all the young people who had suffered, including children born of sexual violence during the war, had to be brought back into the fold of the community through naming and rituals. Alternatively, Yazidi religious leaders modified birth rituals. They used these modified rituals to try and reweave the fabric of people’s lives and the wider Yazidi community itself in the face of the damage done by the Islamic State’s horrific practices. The rebaptizing ceremonies allow the Yazidi women and girls to return to their original faith and again become a Yazidi. However, the children born from the rape by the Islamic State are not allowed to rebaptize, which has led to their abandonment. The author highlights the need to give due consideration to the role of spirituality and local rituals in protecting children, building resilience, and laying the groundwork for reconciliation.
Moving Beyond Rwanda’s “Children of Bad Memory”
Authors: Anumol Dipali , Munderere Samuel 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The work of Survivor’s Fund (SURF) and Foundation Rwanda adds an essential layer to the literature on conflict-related sexual violence by exploring the role of support groups for mothers and children. While both organizations initially focused on access to resources and services, the addition of psychological support to mothers and their children born of rape is perhaps their most significant contribution to postconflict Rwanda. The provision of safe spaces and counseling for mothers allows them to come to terms with the impact of their trauma—not only on themselves but on their relationships with their children. This chapter highlights that support groups for mothers gave them a safe space to talk about their experiences. Being able to do so with others who had similar experiences gave them courage to disclose the circumstances of their pregnancies to their children. Additionally, the support groups for children provide them the opportunity to discuss family, identity, and coping strategies. Disclosure can create disruption, and support groups seem to be a meaningful avenue to address the related emotions and reduce intergenerational trauma.
Local Inspiration, Global Implementation
Authors: Ladisch Virginie , Mutere Jaqueline 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that children born of conflict-related sexual violence deserve and need specific attention. While their fate is inextricably linked to that of their mother, they also face their own distinct challenges that require a targeted response. The temporal dimension of the harms they suffer is unique both in terms of their experience and the response required. To be effective, international advocacy efforts must take a long-term view, consider local realities, and open spaces for genuine consultations with victims and survivors. This chapter explores the local level in Kenya, and the national and international levels. The authors argue that children born of conflict-related sexual violence are likely to continue facing rights violations, without recognition, targeted intervention, and support. It is paramount that these survivors are recognized as victims in ways that do not trap them in that identity. The authors argue that the circumstances of their birth do not and should not define them or who they will be in the future. At the local, national, and international level, there is a need to affirm the rights of these survivors and allow them to take their place as local, national, and international citizens.
Technologies of Control
Authors: Ford Matthew , Hoskins Andrew 
Published: January 2023

AbstractChapter 6 shows how control and influence work in the new war ecology. We consider the intersection of information infrastructures and the changing utility of military power. These infrastructures shape the capacity to influence decision-making both for the armed forces and for those individuals having to decide what networks to connect to even as they try to shape online narratives. This chapter draws together how civilian information infrastructures and social media platforms challenge existing state power and undermine the role of the expert in contemporary social discourse. This reinforces distrust in those professional classes that up until the twenty-first century were considered essential for running the modern state. This produces a new epistemological framework in which Silicon Valley technologists have the power to set all against all.
Conclusion
Authors: Ford Matthew , Hoskins Andrew 
Published: January 2023

AbstractOur final chapter summarizes and draws together our findings to encourage further engagement with the approach we set out in Radical War. In particular, our goal is to advance current understandings of war beyond narrow concerns with AI, machine learning, and cyber-attacks. We do this by stimulating greater interdisciplinary engagement between those working in the fields of War Studies and those thinking about Media Studies. We hope all of this will help us to understand how we can come to know war under contemporary conditions.
Introduction
Authors: Kozhanov Nikolay 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This volume offers a comprehensive view of the drivers of Russian diplomacy and how their interplay shapes Russia's approaches to the Middle East. These studies demonstrate that, while it plays an important role in shaping Moscow's approaches to the region, Russia's confrontation with the West should not be considered the only factor determining the Kremlin's policy in the Gulf. This volume demonstrates that Russia's domestic situation and the heritage of past experiences dealing with the region are no less important. Many underestimate the influence of the struggle for political power within Russia, and ignore the role of the Cold War experience, in determining Moscow's behavior in the Middle East. Many also simplify the role of Russian energy corporations as creating sources for conflict and cooperation between Moscow and Middle Eastern powers. While some authors present Russian oil and gas resources as just another lever through which Moscow exercises its influence in the region, this volume demonstrates that the Russian economy's heavy dependence on the export of hydrocarbons also shapes its policy.
Russia and Iran
Authors: Tazmini Ghoncheh 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This study argues for the need to consider the interplay of cultural-ideational dynamics and strategic preferences in post-Soviet Russia and post-1979 Iran. It has shifted attention to the role of ideas, perceptions, culture, and identity in defining the parameters of Russian–Iranian relations. While these two states may clash on issues relating to national interest, both countries share a similar worldview, which is defined by some lasting features, including geographic realities, civilizational peculiarities, historical experiences, normative values, and cultural orientations. As noted in this study, the theoretical inclination of most research is grounded in realism and realpolitik, with its emphasis on national interest and great-power politics, with- out factoring in the role of ideas and identities, and how they manifest in foreign policy choices. A deeper analysis of the aforementioned "foundational level" explains why, despite colliding geostrategic and realpolitik interests, Russian and Iranian relations are enduring.
The Drivers of Russia-GCC Relations
Authors: Kozhanov Nikolay 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Since 2015, Russian relations with the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) have demonstrated a strong tendency for positive development. After the serious cooling down of GCC relations with Moscow in 2012-14--caused by the Gulf monarchies' negative reaction to Russia's support of the Assad regime--this rapprochement was determined by a complex mixture of factors, including the growing intensity of Moscow's presence in the region; changing dynamics of US relations with Russia, the GCC, and the Middle Eastern powers; evolution of energy markets; existing tensions between Middle Eastern countries; and the transformation of GCC foreign policy visions. This chapter examines the influence these factors have on the current development of Russia's relations with the GCC, and assesses the prospects for dialogue between the GCC states and Moscow, including the ability of each side to bring relations to a new qualitative level.
Russia and the Yemeni Civil War
Authors: Ramani Samuel 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the motivations for and manifestations of Russia's strategic nonalignment policy in Yemen. As Russia possesses few material interests in Yemen and is not compelled to support any particular faction, Moscow has used its distinct approach to the Yemeni civil war as a lever to strengthen its regional influence. The inextricable links between Russia's Yemen policy and its broader geopolitical aspirations undergird this study, as these connections have received comparatively little attention in extant literature on Russian policy towards the Middle East. Subsequently, this chapter assesses the implications of Russia's approach to Yemen and its relationships with Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). After laying out the regional-level impact of Russia's strategic nonalignment policy in Yemen, the chapter examines Russia's vision for an inclusive peace settlement in Yemen, which includes a policy of constructive engagement with the Houthis. The study concludes with an overall evaluation of Russia's policy of strategic nonalignment in Yemen and its effectiveness in advancing Moscow's geopolitical interests.
Measuring Health and the “Effectiveness” of Health Care
Authors: Hausman Daniel M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter lays the groundwork for the discussion later in the book regarding how cost-effectiveness information can be used to guide the allocation of health resources. It aims to (1) provide a rationale for health care policy that focuses mainly on improving health, (2) explain what a health improvement is and how health improvements can be measured, and (3) raise questions about the accuracy and precision of measurements of health improvements. Quantifying the cost-effectiveness of health care policies demands that the health improvements resulting from those policies be measured. It is consequently critical to comprehending and appraising allocation by cost-effectiveness that one grasp how health improvements are conceptualized and measured. This chapter is devoted to explaining how health improvements are conceptualized and measured.
Cost-Effectiveness, Well-Being, and Freedom
Authors: Hausman Daniel M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
One aim of health policy analysis is to identify the most “cost-effective” treatments—that is, the treatments with the smallest cost to effectiveness ratio. This chapter explains what allocation via cost-effectiveness involves in theory and, to some extent, in practice. It explains why something like cost-effectiveness is needed to allocate health care in a way that efficiently promotes health, and it also explains how comparing the incremental cost-effectiveness of a health care intervention to a threshold value implements allocation via cost-effectiveness. It offers a preliminary assessment of allocating health care by incremental cost-effectiveness by considering how successfully using this method to guide the allocation of health care resources promotes the fundamental values of making people better off and expanding their opportunities. Questions about the justice and fairness of c-e allocation will wait until Chapter 3.