bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep Disagreement, Epistemic Norms, and Epistemic Self-trust
Authors: Barker Simon 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Sometimes we disagree because of fundamental differences in what we treat as reasons for belief. Such are ‘deep disagreements'. Amongst the questions we might ask about deep disagreement is the epistemic normative one: how ought one to respond to disagreement, when that disagreement is deep. This paper addresses that question. According to the position developed, how one ought to respond to deep disagreement depends upon two things: (i) Whether one remains, in the context of disagreement, permitted to trust oneself in following one's epistemic norms and in relation to that (ii) whether one has the shared stock of social-epistemic experiences with followers of one's rival's norms such that one could reasonably be expected to see their way of doing things as a genuine epistemic alternative to one's own. Section 1 introduces a model of deep disagreement such that deep disagreements occur when disputants disagree because they follow different epistemic norms. Section 2 surveys the possible theoretical stances to take towards the epistemic-normative question. Section 3 develops an account of what it is to follow an epistemic norm. Section 4 applies this conception of norm-following to the epistemic-normative question. Section 5 discusses two points of clarification.
Academic Journals, Incentives, and the Quality of Peer Review: A Model
Authors: Zollman Kevin J. S. , García Julian , Handfield Toby 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe model the impact of different incentives on journal behavior in undertaking peer review. Under one scheme, the journal aims to publish the highest-quality papers; under the second, the journal aims to maintain a high rejection rate. Under both schemes, journals prefer to set very high standards for acceptance despite allowing significant error in peer review. Under the second scheme, however, in order to encourage more submissions of mediocre papers, the journal is incentivized to make its editorial process less accurate. This leads to both worse peer review and lower-quality articles being published.
Tipu and the Turks: An Islamicate Embassy in the Age of British Expansion
Authors: Choudhury Rishad 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn 1786, several hundred subjects of Tipu Sultan (r. 1782–99), ruler of the kingdom of Mysore in southern India, travelled to the Ottoman Empire on a diplomatic mission. This essay revisits the embassy's travels, and travails, across Eurasia and the Indian Ocean by drawing attention to a rich cache of administrative documents. I suggest that this collection, hitherto unexamined, can illuminate some significant aspects of diplomatic conduct and procedure in Islamicate Eurasia, yet underexplored. The essay accordingly highlights such overlooked themes as the bureaucratic complexities that were involved in long-distance ambassadorial tours, the role ceremonials played in elite intercourse, and the myriad ways in which material culture mediated interstate exchanges. While its significance lies also in how it decentres a dominant scholarly focus on encounters between Europe and its others, scrutiny of this collection, I additionally argue, can enhance historical understanding of how reciprocal relations between Islamicate polities transformed due to growing European influence. As contemporary configurations of imperial power changed in both South Asia and the Middle East, the Mysore-Ottoman embassy hence at once reflected and anticipated the advent of European—and more specifically, British—hegemony in non-European diplomatic contexts.
Britain's Involvement in Chile's Cambiaso Mutiny, 1851–2: A Case of Political Dependency at the Dawn of the Republic
Authors: Llorca-Jaña Manuel , Navarrete-Montalvo Juan 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn mid-1851 a civil war erupted in Chile following a presidential election in which Manuel Montt defeated José María de la Cruz. Many of Cruz's supporters were sent to the distant penal colony of Magallanes. In November 1851, Lieutenant Miguel José Cambiaso, who was part of the garrison, was jailed for insubordination and subsequently led a bloody mutiny disguised as a revolt by Cruz's supporters. The mutiny is familiar to historians of the period, but what is less well known is the key role played by the British in suppressing it. Contrary to previous historiography, the Chilean government pleaded for British intervention. Given the poor state of the Chilean navy and the precariousness of communications with the penal colony, the Chilean government had no option but to resort to British naval forces. This incident illustrates a new dimension of Anglo-Chilean relations during the mid-nineteenth century which cannot be defined solely as imperialistic; Chilean authorities actively sought cooperation from the British. It also highlights the fragility of the process of state formation in a republic long praised as an example of successful political transition from colony to republic, as well as the lack of commitment of the Chilean government to shoring up state power in Magallanes.
Expanding health technology assessment towards broader value: Ireland as a case study
Authors: Kinchin Irina , Walshe Valerie , Normand Charles , Coast Joanna , Elliott Rachel , Kroll Thilo , Kinghorn Philip , Thompson Alexander , Viney Rosalie , Currow David , O’Mahony James F. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Healthcare innovations often represent important improvements in population welfare, but at what cost, and to whom? Health technology assessment (HTA) is a multidisciplinary process to inform resource allocation. HTA is conventionally anchored on health maximization as the only relevant output of health services. If we accept the proposition that health technologies can generate value outside the healthcare system, resource allocation decisions could be suboptimal from a societal perspective. Incorporating “broader value” in HTA as derived from social values and patient experience could provide a richer evaluative space for informing resource allocation decisions. This article considers how HTA is practiced and what its current context implies for adopting “broader value” to evaluating health technologies. Methodological challenges are highlighted, as is a future research agenda. Ireland serves as an example of a healthcare system that both has an explicit role for HTA and is evolving under a current program of reform to offer universal, single-tier access to public services. There are various ways in which HTA processes could move beyond health, including considering the processes of care delivery and/or expanding the evaluative space to some broader concept of well-being. Methods to facilitate the latter exist, but their adaptation to HTA is still emerging. We recommend a multi-stakeholder working group to develop and advance an international agenda for HTA that captures welfare/benefit beyond health.
Agreeing when to disagree: A corpus analysis of variable agreement in caregiver and child English
Authors: Lukyanenko Cynthia , Miller Karen 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe characterized the patterns of agreement variation and consistency in three corpora of child and child-directed US English to better understand preschoolers’ input and to compare preschoolers’ own agreement production. We examined sentences with third-person subjects and tensed forms ofbein two large single-family corpora and one cross-sectional corpus collected during a Search-and-Find activity. Caregivers’ agreement variation consistently reflected patterns previously found in adult-to-adult speech. Children's variation was conditioned by many of the same factors (e.g., sentence type, pronoun subject, and order of subject and verb) and clearly demonstrated acquisition of the categorical-variable split. However, some children showed substantially higher rates of nonagreeing forms (There's the cherries) than their caregivers and differed in their ranking of conditioning factors. We suggest that this reflects children's developing production processing abilities: shorter sentence-planning spans may make nonagreement a useful strategy for avoiding early number commitments in verb-first sentences.
Maximal chordal subgraphs
Authors: Gishboliner Lior , Sudakov Benny 
Published: May 2023

AbstractA chordal graph is a graph with no induced cycles of length at least
$4$
. Let
$f(n,m)$
be the maximal integer such that every graph with
$n$
vertices and
$m$
edges has a chordal subgraph with at least
$f(n,m)$
edges. In 1985 Erdős and Laskar posed the problem of estimating
$f(n,m)$
. In the late 1980s, Erdős, Gyárfás, Ordman and Zalcstein determined the value of
$f(n,n^2/4+1)$
and made a conjecture on the value of
$f(n,n^2/3+1)$
. In this paper we prove this conjecture and answer the question of Erdős and Laskar, determining
$f(n,m)$
asymptotically for all
$m$
and exactly for
$m \leq n^2/3+1$
.
Clinical decision rules in primary care: necessary investments for sustainable healthcare
Authors: Heerink Jorn S. , Oudega Ruud , Hopstaken Rogier , Koffijberg Hendrik , Kusters Ron 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Clinical judgement in primary care is more often decisive than in the hospital. Clinical decision rules (CDRs) can help general practitioners facilitating the work-through of differentials that follows an initial suspicion, resulting in a concrete ‘course of action’: a ‘rule-out’ without further testing, a need for further testing, or a specific treatment. However, in daily primary care, the use of CDRs is limited to only a few isolated rules. In this paper, we aimed to provide insight into the laborious path required to implement a viable CDR. At the same time, we noted that the limited use of CDRs in primary care cannot be explained by implementation barriers alone. Through the case study of the Oudega rule for the exclusion of deep vein thrombosis, we concluded that primary care CDRs come out best if they are tailor-made, taking into consideration the specific context of primary health care. Current CDRs should be evaluated frequently, and future decision rules should anticipate the latest developments such as the use of point-of-care (POC) tests. Hence, such new powerful diagnostic CDRs could improve and expand the possibilities for patient-oriented primary care.
‘Caecilius Est Internet’: A Study of Year 7 Latin Beginners' Perspectives on the use of an Online Chat function and Breakout Rooms using the Cambridge Latin Course
Authors: Moore Joel 
Published: May 2023

AbstractDuring the school closures in the beginning of 2021 many students and teachers found themselves making use of new remote educational technology. The use of an online chat function and breakout rooms became routine. Using observations during lessons, anonymised chat logs and a student questionnaire it is shown that there are positive outcomes for student voice and inclusion when using these features. The possibility for integration of a chat function in the physical classroom, to benefit students who are more confident in messaging than speaking, is briefly considered although a proper study of this was not possible at the time.
Reputation Reminders: When do Eye Cues Promote Prosocial Behavior?
Authors: Van Lange Paul A. M. , Manesi Zoi 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The watching eyes effect has gained significant attention in recent years both from scientists and from policy makers and professionals in the field. The phenomenon posits that the mere presence of eye cues can promote prosocial behavior. However, there is a growing debate about the generality of the effect across various measures and contexts. This review seeks to combine various distinct -and formerly isolated- perspectives by identifying four key components for effective interventions based on the watching eyes effect: Anonymity, crowdedness, costs, and exposure. Eye cues need to reduce perceived anonymity, be placed in non-crowded places, target low-cost prosocial acts and appear for a short amount of time. Next to these conditions, we discuss implications for other cues to reputation and recommend directions that will stimulate further research and applications in society.
Timing Their Positions: Cosponsorship in the State Legislature
Authors: Schilling Emily U. , Matthews Abigail A. , Kreitzer Rebecca J. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractLegislators must decide when, if ever, to cosponsor legislation. Scholars have shown legislators strategically time their positions on salient issues of national importance, but we know little about the timing of position-taking for routine bills or what this activity looks like in state legislatures. We argue that legislators’ cosponsorship decision-making depends on the type of legislation and the partisan dynamics among the current cosponsors. Members treat everyday legislation as generalized position-taking motivated by reelection, yet for key legislation, legislators are policy-oriented. With a new dataset of over 73,000 bills introduced in both chambers of the Texas state legislature in the 75th to 86th regular sessions (1997–2020), we use pooled Cox proportional hazard models to evaluate the dynamics of when legislators legislate, comparing all bills introduced with a subset of key bills. The results show that legislators time their cosponsorship activity in response to electoral vulnerability, partisanship, and the dynamics of the chamber in which they serve.
Simulated dormant peppermint (Mentha × piperita) response to mesotrione: a greenhouse study
Authors: Cooper Emmanuel G. , Arana Jeanine , Meyers Stephen L. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractA dose-response trial was conducted in two experimental runs at the Purdue University Horticulture Greenhouses, West Lafayette, IN, in 2021/2022 to determine the effect of mesotrione rate on simulated dormant ‘Redefined Murray Mitcham’ peppermint. Peppermint was established in 20-cm-diam polyethylene pots, it was then harvested, and pots were placed in a cooler (4 C) for 1 mo. Potted peppermint plants were removed from cold storage and treated with one of five mesotrione rates: 0 (nontreated control), 53, 105, 210, or 420 g ai ha–1. As mesotrione rate increased from 53 to 420 g ai ha–1, predicted peppermint injury increased from 35% to 80% at 2 wk after treatment (WAT), 36% to 95% at 4 WAT, 9% to 82% at 6 WAT, and 8% to 90% at 8 WAT; and peppermint height decreased from 74% to 42% of the nontreated control (7 cm) 2 WAT, 74% to 17% of the nontreated control (20 cm) 4 WAT, 81% to 15% of the nontreated control (28 cm) 6 WAT, and 88% to 19% of the nontreated control (37 cm) 8 WAT. Mesotrione rates from 53 to 420 g ai ha–1 reduced peppermint dry weight from 40% to 99%, respectively. Results from this experiment showed that mesotrione applied even at half of the recommended field use rate for corn (53 g ai ha–1) was not safe for peppermint due to a reduction in aboveground biomass.
The Potential Role of Modified Electron Acoustic Wave and Nonlinear Mode Coupling in Mono‐Energetic Aurora
Authors: Shi Run , Liang Jun , Hu Zejun , Han Desheng , Li Xuejing 
Published: May 2023

AbstractResults from a 1D kinetic simulation, for the first time, reveal the important role of modified electron acoustic wave (MEAW) in auroral electron acceleration. Parallel electric fields, generated due to the mode coupling between kinetic Alfven waves (KAWs) and MEAWs in the transition region from the magnetosphere and the ionosphere, can be sustained by continuous energy input carried by Alfven waves from the magnetosphere. Under the incidence of long‐period Alfven waves carrying upward field‐aligned currents, a parallel potential drop can be formed in the transition region, leading to mono‐energetic electron acceleration. Such a mechanism provides a possible link between shear Alfven waves and the mesoscale mono‐energetic auroral electron acceleration.
Seasonal, Latitudinal, and Longitudinal Trends in Nighttime Ozone Vertical Structure on Mars From MAVEN/IUVS Stellar Occultations
Authors: Braude A. S. , Montmessin F. , Schneider N. M. , Gupta S. , Jain S. K. , Lefèvre F. , Määttänen A. , Verdier L. , Flimon Z. , Jiang F. Y. , Yelle R. V. , Deighan J. , Curry S. M. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractStellar occultation measurements conducted by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile and EvolutioN/Imaging UltraViolet Spectrograph instrument were able to make vertically resolved measurements of ozone density in the middle atmosphere of Mars that offered good coverage with respect to latitude, longitude, and local time. These measurements were used to identify systematic variations in the vertical structure of ozone with longitude that could be distinguished from general trends in the evolution of ozone with respect to season and latitude. A total of 583 individual nightside occultations between Martian years 32 and 36 were analyzed, of which 224 were confirmed to have ozone, all found between Ls = 15°–165°. Close to aphelion (Ls = 60°–90°), peak ozone densities between 30 and 40 km altitude were observed to be within error of model predictions at all measured latitudes, but diverged from model predictions before and after this time. At low latitudes, seasonal changes were seen to have the greatest effect on the observed vertical structure of ozone, with detached ozone layer densities at altitudes above 30 km usually varying within approximately a factor of two along a given latitudinal band at a given time of year. Nonetheless, evidence of a persistent regional enhancement of ozone abundance was observed over equatorial latitudes during the aphelion season, spanning a longitude range of approximately 50°–130°E longitude. Planetary waves were clearly observed at higher Southern latitudes during Southern winter, often resulting in order of magnitude variations in ozone density with longitude.
On the Role of Kinetic Alfven Waves in the Magnetosheath Ion Thermalization Around the Night‐Side Magnetopause
Authors: Lukin A. S. , Artemyev A. V. , Zhang X.‐J. , Vasko I. Y. , Petrukovich A. A. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe solar wind ion transport across the magnetopause is one of the main sources of plasma for the Earth's magnetotail. Such a transport is supported by various dynamic processes at the flank magnetopause, where wave‐particle interactions play a crucial role in ion flow thermalization and diffusion across magnetic field surfaces of the magnetopause tangential discontinuity. In this paper we numerically model such ion thermalization by the most intense electromagnetic waves observed in the magnetosheath, kinetic Alfven waves. We aim to develop an approach for long‐term simulations of ion scattering by waves and ion dynamics around realistic magnetopause magnetic fields. This approach is based on a combination of test particle simulations and stochastic differential equations modeling ion diffusion in velocity space. We demonstrate that for realistic magnetopause configuration and wave characteristics, the magnetosheath ion flow can be substantially thermalized around the magnetopause. This result explains observations of ion energy conservation across the flank magnetopause: kinetic and thermal energies of flowing magnetosheath ions approximately equal to the thermal energy of stagnant magnetospheric ions.
Step by step: towards a better understanding of the genetic architecture of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Lambert Jean-Charles , Ramirez Alfredo , Grenier-Boley Benjamin , Bellenguez Céline 
Published: May 2023

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is considered to have a large genetic component. Our knowledge of this component has progressed over the last 10 years, thanks notably to the advent of genome-wide association studies and the establishment of large consortia that make it possible to analyze hundreds of thousands of cases and controls. The characterization of dozens of chromosomal regions associated with the risk of developing AD and (in some loci) the causal genes responsible for the observed disease signal has confirmed the involvement of major pathophysiological pathways (such as amyloid precursor protein metabolism) and opened up new perspectives (such as the central role of microglia and inflammation). Furthermore, large-scale sequencing projects are starting to reveal the major impact of rare variants – even in genes like APOE – on the AD risk. This increasingly comprehensive knowledge is now being disseminated through translational research; in particular, the development of genetic risk/polygenic risk scores is helping to identify the subpopulations more at risk or less at risk of developing AD. Although it is difficult to assess the efforts still needed to comprehensively characterize the genetic component of AD, several lines of research can be improved or initiated. Ultimately, genetics (in combination with other biomarkers) might help to redefine the boundaries and relationships between various neurodegenerative diseases.
Clinical improvement of Long-COVID is associated with reduction in autoantibodies, lipids, and inflammation following therapeutic apheresis
Authors: Achleitner Martin , Steenblock Charlotte , Dänhardt Juliane , Jarzebska Natalia , Kardashi Romina , Kanczkowski Waldemar , Straube Richard , Rodionov Roman N. , Bornstein Nitzan , Tselmin Sergey , Kaiser Frank , Bucher Ronald , Barbir Mahmoud , Wong Ma-Li , Voit-Bak Karin , Licinio Julio , Bornstein Stefan R. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, we are witnessing an unprecedented wave of post-infectious complications. Most prominently, millions of patients with Long-Covid complain about chronic fatigue and severe post-exertional malaise. Therapeutic apheresis has been suggested as an efficient treatment option for alleviating and mitigating symptoms in this desperate group of patients. However, little is known about the mechanisms and biomarkers correlating with treatment outcomes. Here, we have analyzed in different cohorts of Long-Covid patients specific biomarkers before and after therapeutic apheresis. In patients that reported a significant improvement following two cycles of therapeutic apheresis, there was a significant reduction in neurotransmitter autoantibodies, lipids, and inflammatory markers. Furthermore, we observed a 70% reduction in fibrinogen, and following apheresis, erythrocyte rouleaux formation and fibrin fibers largely disappeared as demonstrated by dark field microscopy. This is the first study demonstrating a pattern of specific biomarkers with clinical symptoms in this patient group. It may therefore form the basis for a more objective monitoring and a clinical score for the treatment of Long-Covid and other postinfectious syndromes.