bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Persuasion in Plato’s Republic
Authors: Frank Jill 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Reading the Republic’s critique of rhetoric not as a blanket condemnation of persuasion but as rejecting modes of speech that fail to preserve the distinction between persuasion and force, this chapter establishes the dialog’s interest in discursive practices in which speakers and listeners willingly, actively, and jointly participate in their own persuasion. Treating such practices as exemplifications in life of the grammatical middle voice of Attic Greek and exploring the operations of this kind of persuasion in analogical argumentation, the chapter brings to light the critical role of middle-voice persuasion in the Republic’s understandings of both justice and philosophy.
Social Movements and Democratization Processes in Latin America
Authors: Inclán María 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a review of the most salient cases of social movements and democratization processes in Latin America. Bridging the literature on Latin American social movements and democratic transitions, it first revises the different types of transitions that developed in the continent. Second, it assesses the effects that democratic transitions have had on the emergence, development, and outcomes of emblematic Latin American social movements. In doing so, it evaluates the role that these social movements have played in triggering democratizing processes in the region. Third, it explores the movements that have emerged as democracy has deepened in the region. Finally, the chapter concludes by offering some insights as to why we still know relatively little about the success that social movements have had in the democratization of the continent, the type of studies we need to develop theories on the relationship between social movements and democratic transitions in Latin American, and possible generalizations suitable to other similar cases around the world.
Human Rights Movements across Latin America
Authors: Wolff Jonas 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter reviews the development of, and the existing research on, human rights movements in Latin America. Following a brief history of the emergence of human rights movements across the region under authoritarian rule, it revisits key general elements of human rights movements in Latin America and discusses the evolution of human rights activism in the region since the 1990s. In tracing the expansion of the human rights agenda in terms of issues and actors, the chapter identifies two major trends: from human rights towards citizenship rights, as well as towards social rights. This expansion of the human rights agenda is reflected in a broadening of the field of movements and movement organizations that make human rights-oriented claims. Today, many—if not most—social movements across Latin America include human rights claims in their collective action frames. Consequently, the narrow focus on a rather minimalist conception of human rights that had characterized the first generation of human rights movements has been replaced by a much broader human rights agenda that encompasses social, economic, and cultural rights, as well as by more specific demands based on issue- or group-specific rights. As a consequence, even if many and quite active human rights organization persist throughout the region, Latin America’s traditional human rights movements have lost in relative importance. Yet this does not reflect a diminishing relevance of human rights claims in the struggles of social movements.
Urban Social Movements and the Politics of Inclusion in Latin America
Authors: Oxhorn Philip 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Manuel Castells’ work from the 1960s and early 1970s on urban social movements was both seminal and transitional. While most social movement research adopted a class-based theoretical perspective focusing on the working and middle classes, Castells’ work looked at how economically and politically marginalized urban residents mobilized based on where they lived, surprisingly independently of their social class. This reflected how Latin America’s unique capitalist economy distorted the evolution of class struggle. Castell therefore retained a Marxist theoretical perspective that postulated the necessity of an anti-capitalist revolution to achieve social equality and meaningful democracy—a revolution that would be led urban residents rather than the working class. Because Castell’s research largely ended before the region became dominated by violent authoritarian regimes, it was transitional. In the 1980s and 1990s, the legacy of violence and neoliberal economic reforms associated with those regimes contributed to the emergence of a growing number of urban social movements and a focus on democratic politics and citizenship rights associated with a new model of citizenship in the region: citizenship as agency. The region’s commitment to relatively free and fair elections based on universal suffrage creates a unique opportunity for the mobilization of urban social movements demanding improved collective consumption, respect for community culture and political self‐governance that urban social movements champion—the definition of urban social movements developed by Castells in his seminal work. The chapter ends with a discussion of the lack of resilience of these movements in the twenty-first century and future research priorities.
Ideas, Ideology, and Citizenship of Social Movements
Authors: Spanakos Anthony Petros , Romo Rivas Mishella 
Published: May 2023

AbstractScholarship on social movements and citizenship assumes that democracy is improved and social movements successful when popular actors receive greater recognition from the state and their claims have more impact in politics. These literatures have focused primarily on the strategic action, tactics, and organizational capacity of movements; how governments and states have responded; and how institutional structures enable, foreclose, and/or respond to such political actions. The insights derived from these literatures can be improved by giving greater consideration to the role of ideas and ideology. This chapter examines four cases of left-wing social movements in Latin America that have resisted neoliberalism and aimed at thickening social citizenship and “democratizing democracy.” The typology introduced here identifies social movements in terms of two core elements of popular sovereignty: (1) the location of the primary space for political activity of the movements, and (2) how much transformation of the state and existing political apparatus is sought. Examining ideology and ideas about popular sovereignty highlights important nuances between movements that might otherwise be grouped together. While the social movements share left-wing roots and anti-neoliberal politics, and make demands for recognition of marginal groups as part of a process of a thick form of citizenship, they differ considerably on how and where they rule. Understanding these distinct positions helps explain different tactics and outcomes of social movements following the third wave of democracy.
Afro-Social Movements and the Struggle for Racial Equality in Latin America
Authors: Dixon Kwame , Caldwell Kia Lilly 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the struggle for racial justice and human rights by Afro-descendants in Latin America. It analyzes the rise of Afro-Latin social movements, Black consciousness, and Afro-civil society during the twentieth century, and how this led to important multicultural and constitutional reforms in Latin America. While Afro-descendants constitute a sizable portion of the populations of many Latin American countries and have made substantial contributions to the region’s development, they have often been invisible and erased in national histories and nationalist discourses. Afro-Latin American women’s activism and their gender advocacy is also central to the analysis in this chapter. In countries such as Brazil and Colombia, Afro-Latin women have been at the forefront of struggles for both gender and racial justice, as well as being central actors in struggles for full citizenship and democracy and against state violence. The concept of Afro-civil society is used to place Afro-Latin social movements within a theoretical and historical time frame. While Black resistance in Latin America has been ongoing for five centuries, this chapter mainly focuses on the last third of the twentieth century and the start of the twenty-first century.
Demobilization Processes in Latin America
Authors: Lapegna Pablo , Paredes Maritza , Motta Renata 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
What are the main dynamics and mechanisms of demobilization among Latin American social movements? What political and economic contexts create obstacles for their contentious collective actions? In which ways do the political economy, states, and political parties shape patterns of demobilization? Under which conditions do social movements decide to refrain from mobilizing? This chapter addresses these questions by zooming in on contemporary South America. It focuses attention on specific geographical and historical coordinates: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru in the context of neoliberalization in the 1990s and the “commodity boom” of the 2000s. It understands demobilization as a process resulting from interactions within and between social movements, and between social movements and other actors. Demobilization is not simply the absence of mobilization, as it assumes the previous organization of contentious actions of organizations that are still active. The study of demobilization requires focusing on the role of agency and strategy to better understand how social movements refrain from mobilizing to advance their claims and achieve their goals. The chapter discusses six mechanisms underpinning recent demobilization trends in Latin America: performative governance, institutional recognition, social conformism, dual pressure, taking sides, and the glocalization of protest.
Governmental and Non-Governmental Responses to Vulnerable Children in Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau
Authors: Shibuya Tomoko 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Out of 140 million orphans in the world in 2015, over 49 million children were in Sub-Saharan Africa, the region affected the most by the HIV/AIDS pandemic. This chapter discusses the role of social protection policies, various types of alternative care, and measures to fulfill basic needs in ensuring the welfare of orphaned and vulnerable children in Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau. Field research has revealed a marked difference in the way basic needs and psychosocial conditions are being addressed in the various types of alternative care situations in the two countries. Significant associations were found between the overall well-being of orphans and vulnerable children and their social situation in the community with respect to food, health, and education conditions. Implications for social policy and administration include strengthening the collaboration among governmental and nongovernmental actors to administer the required social support to the most hard-to-reach vulnerable populations in low-income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Evaluation Trends and Innovation in Africa
Authors: Triegaardt Jean D. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses trends and innovation practices in program evaluation that have developed on the African continent. It traces the historical evolution of evaluation and how Western thinking has influenced evaluation planning and practices. Human rights are at the core of analyzing and formulating social policy and thus provide a comprehensive and integrated approach to evaluation that aligns with international standards and conventions of social and economic rights. African approaches to evaluation within selected countries are discussed, including challenges African countries face. The chapter highlights the concerted efforts to develop an African-rooted practice of evaluation and independent evaluation capacity to support evidence-based policymaking on the continent. As a result of this effort, a multiplicity of evaluation developments has been spawned, contributing to a uniquely innovative African evaluation narrative.
The Developmental State, Export-Oriented Industrialization, and South Korea’s Social Security System
Authors: Yang Jae-jin 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the historical development of the Korean welfare state, with particular attention to Korea’s export-oriented industrialization (EOI) under the developmental state period of the 1960s and 1970s. Although EOI’s success has helped make Korea one of the world’s fully functioning wealthy democracies, the EOI approach’s sensitivity to rising labor costs also has created unfavorable conditions for welfare-state building. To avoid hampering international competitiveness, the state and business have tried to keep labor costs low by suppressing the labor movement, postponing the introduction of social security programs, and limiting coverage and benefits to minimum levels when they eventually had to be introduced. The state also devised a low-tax regime to increase disposable income, which helped relieve workers’ demands for higher wages and social welfare. Since democratization in the mid-1980s, the Korean welfare state has been growing from a very low baseline and on an unfavorable institutional template carved by the past developmental state. Enterprise unions’ parochial and myopic distributive demands were satisfied by affluent big business, and this in turn erased organized labor’s practical incentives to demand social welfare. Under simple plurality electoral rules, politicians as district representatives do not fully commit themselves to nationwide welfare programs. Presidents and presidential hopefuls’ pro-welfare initiatives are often constrained by unpopular tax-increase issues because they are worried about losing everything under the winner-takes-all system. Korea is likely to remain a small welfare state despite its status as a fully functioning industrialized democracy.
Corruption and Social Policy
Authors: Pellissery Sony , Bopaiah Partha 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Asian region consists of countries with unique configurations of political, economic, and social systems, and varying levels of economic and social development. Across such varied arrangements and outcomes, the issue of corruption seems to be all-pervasive and binding. This chapter attempts to understand the relationship between corruption and social policy in the Asian context. Through meta-analysis of existing literature, it first outlines the complex range of factors that underlie corruption in the region. The chapter then attempts to explain variations of outcomes in the region by closely examining the relationships between corruption and policy using regression models. The extent of corruption and quality of government are shown to have a significant impact on social policy outcomes such as health, education, and gender empowerment, but no significant impact on hunger, inequality, and poverty. As argued, the explanations for variation may lie in trust, the nature of social contracts, and political market imperfections.
Performance Measurement and Social Policies in China
Authors: Gao Jie 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how Chinese leaders in the post-Mao era use performance measurement—the target responsibility system—as a key strategy to manage social policies in general and to maintain social stability in particular. This study shows that by strengthening local officials’ compliance with the policy directives set by the higher-level authorities and their responsiveness to citizen feedback, the target responsibility system effectively turns local leaders’ attention toward ameliorating social tension and conflicts. However, the system also motivates local officials to take drastic measures to fulfill required targets regardless of the consequences for the public interest. Paradoxically, those drastic measures can undermine the party-state’s goal of building a harmonious and stable society. China’s experience shows that performance measurement can be a convenient and sensible solution to acute sociopolitical problems when radical political restructuring is out of the question, but it comes with certain risks and costs.
Section Overview
Authors: Laforest Rachel , Hetling Andrea 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Comparative social policy analysis enables an understanding of how context affects the implementation of public policy and its functioning in different social, economic, and political environments. The Canada-United States section of the handbook tackles how social policy governance and management is similar yet different in the two countries. (Mexico is covered in Section VI. Latin America.) This section overview provides an introduction to the section’s main hypotheses and findings on topics as diverse as institutions, finance, and innovation. Taken together, the section’s chapters highlight the complex relationships among multiple levels of government, the nonprofit sector, and commercial enterprises as well as the need for social policy programs in Canada and the United States, and arguably around the globe, to become further locally matched and culturally appropriate.
The UK Welfare State Since 1948
Authors: Powell Martin 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines New Public Management (NPM) in the major services of the UK welfare state (healthcare, social care, education, and housing), focusing on the Conservative (1979–1997); Labour (1997–2010); and Coalition, Conservative, minority Conservative, and Conservative (2010–) governments. It concludes that while the main story of the last 40 years or so has been the rise of NPM, the degree of NPM has varied over time (both between and within governments) and between and within sectors. Within the NPM paradigm, UK experience indicates that the well-known “3 Ms” approach has been more of a “2 Ms” approach with marketization and measurement broadly more important than managerialism. While it appears that that the United Kingdom (or more precisely, England) has been a leader in adopting NPM, as broadly claimed in the literature, another broad claim—that NPM is giving way to forms of post-NPM—is more difficult to substantiate.
A Collaborative Approach for Building Comprehensive Social Protection
Authors: Bronzo Carla , Cunill-Grau Nuria , Repetto Fabián 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Collaboration across sectors and levels of government requires the building of institutional, technical, and political capacities, including public authority to legitimate and drive efforts toward integrated provision of social protection. Issues of collaboration tended to be neglected in the era of highly sectoral, self-contained import substitution welfare models in Latin America. However, with the targeted market-oriented reforms of the 1990s and the new expansionary wave of social policies emerging during the more recent leftward shift, the need to better understand the challenges of collaboration, and devise workable solutions, becomes paramount. This chapter examines challenges to and requirements for a collaborative approach to social protection that can address the growing complexity of social problems. Such an approach requires articulated policymaking across multiple sectors and all levels of government. The necessary degree of cross-sectoral collaboration depends on the complexity, nature, and scale of the desired objectives, and different management arrangements are possible.
Healthcare and the Public-Private Mix in Mexico, Chile, and Peru
Authors: Ponce de León Zoila 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the development of the public-private mix in healthcare in Mexico, Chile, and Peru. It outlines the development of the private sector in the 1980s and 1990s when the public health systems in all three countries struggled to provide insurance coverage to the majority of their population as well as access to healthcare services. This situation prompted the coexistence of the public and private sectors in a system characterized by fragmentation. One of the main consequences of these fragmented systems is the high out-of-pocket expenditure citizens face. The governments of these countries have sought aid from private providers to guarantee access to healthcare services for their populations. However, the governmental purchase of private services still remains marginal in the three countries. The important role of the private sector in the healthcare systems of Mexico, Chile, and Peru in terms of provision, insurance, and funding resembles a common trend in the Latin American region.
Financing and Delivering
Authors: Palmer Geoffrey 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the origins of New Zealand’s accident compensation scheme (ACC), and examines its implementation, including financing, administration, and development over time. Although the scheme has improved the plight of accident victims better than previous common law tort arrangements would have, it has not lived up to the original vision for it, partly due to several major and many lesser changes to its governance and administration propelled by priorities and commitments of governments that may not have understood the scheme’s original intentions. ACC has introduced fresh discriminations, such as treating injury better than illness or invalidity, which need to be addressed. Until they are addressed, social justice will not have been achieved.
Results Targets in New Zealand
Authors: Wolf Amanda 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers how a limited set of intermediate, numerically measured results targets worked in New Zealand to make significant gains relative to trend predictions in challenging domains of social policy. Target-based management featured a citizen-centric individualized focus, intensive data analysis, transparent communication of easily visualized indicators, and, in some cases, integration with an actuarial-based social-investment approach. Targets spurred adaptation and innovation, countering disincentives to multi-stakeholder collaboration associated with earlier policy design and administration. Efforts to improve the well-being of at-risk children from 2012 to 2017 illustrate the rationale, strengths, and limitations of New Zealand’s approach to using results targets to encourage practices that more tightly link activities in policy implementation.
The IAEA’s Critical Role in Nuclear Security
Authors: Findlay Trevor 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the key multilateral global nuclear governance body, describes itself as the ‘global platform’ for nuclear security efforts, with a ‘central role’ in facilitating international cooperation in the field. After initial contestation among member states about whether the IAEA’s mandate encompassed it, nuclear security has now been universally accepted as a valuable mainstream IAEA activity. Although states still insist that nuclear security is primarily their responsibility, the Agency’s programme continues to evolve and grow and can barely meet demand for its services. It has been particularly effective in promulgating recommendations for enhancing nuclear security at the national level and in advising and assisting states in striving for higher standards. Since the end of the Nuclear Security Summit process in 2016, the IAEA has taken on the role of principal conference convenor, involving a ministerial meeting and increasingly creative technical presentations and side events. The Agency faces the usual dilemmas of international organizations in being constrained by what its member states will allow and by financial and technical limitations. This can result in modest advances after painstaking negotiations and lowest-common-denominator approaches. With a more expansive mandate, sharper prioritization and evaluation of its activities, and guaranteed funding through the regular budget, the IAEA could make a significantly greater contribution to preventing nuclear terrorism.