bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Margins of Paduan Medical Lectures: Self-reflection and Critical Attitude in the Notes of Jan Brożek (1585–1652)
Authors: Bielak Alicja 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the self-reflection and critical attitude surrounding the notes of Polish polymath Jan Brożek’s studies in Padua. It points out increasing interest in the study of student note-taking. The interpretation of notes as a source has been neglected due to their eclectic nature, improper storage, and cataloguing. The chapter looks at the academic history of Brożek, stating how he continued taking notes which proved to be useful for the reconstruction of his fields of interest and daily events during his studies in Padua. Brożek’s codex, now preserved in the Jagiellonian Library, takes the form of a sammelband with blank folios and printed materials.
Newman’s Idea and its Shadow
Authors: Stroupe Craig 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines John Henry Newman’s The Idea of a University, which has become the point of reference for debates about the nature and mission of university and liberal education in the nineteenth century. Shadow university discourse indicates how the usage of language in analysing universities marginalises the first-person experience of learning on the physical campus. Additionally, Newman abruptly presents the university in literary language and personal terms and suggests a theory of learning that necessarily operates in embodied space and time. The chapter also looks into how Newman’s Oriel pages shift to a more humanistic, experiential style that reframes and transforms the interactions of language, space, identity, and knowledge. It explains that charismatic spaces and physical experiences still matter despite the subsequent debates about university liberal education and shadow university.
The Peace of Augustus, the Equinox, and the Centre of the World
Authors: Schmid Alfred 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis concluding chapter starts with the paradoxical undertaking of the transformation of a society into a micro-cosmos. The transformation becomes possible since Rome’s ruling class becoming more global became a political identity. In addition to the factors of transformation, the Civil War and its trauma made Romans more ready for a symbolism that imparted meaning with a fresh intensity. The chapter then looks into the discoveries and mistakes of Edmund Buchner, which included the prediction that Augustus’ official birthdate would fall under the Equinox. It also covers the spherical model view of the world in Greek cosmology and astronomy, which was a comparable construction of centrality or the centre as it enabled the fulcrum of the human habitat.
Addressing the Risk Paradox: Exploring the Demand Requirements around Risk and Uncertainty and the Supply Side Limitations of Calculative Practices
Authors: Fischbacher-Smith Denis 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that there is a paradox facing the use of risk analysis, whereby the demand for accurate assessments of risk can be seen to exceed the ability to supply effective calculative practices that have sufficient predictive validity needed to support policy decisions. This problem is exacerbated by the various meanings that are often ascribed to risk in a practical sense. The issue of risk—as measurable uncertainty—has proved to be especially problematic during the Covid-19 pandemic, when the tensions between policymakers and technical experts has led to public disagreements about the nature of the hazards associated with the virus and the associated strategies for mitigation. The chapter concludes by arguing that the paradox at the core of risk analysis can only be addressed if organizations and policy makers both accept and acknowledge the inherent uncertainties that often lie at the core of their attempts to quantify radical forms of uncertainty.
Expertise and the State: From Planning to Future Research
Authors: Andersson Jenny 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of forms of future planning in contemporary statist systems of knowledge creation. It suggests that forms of foresight and future anticipation have replaced older planning logics, while reiterating a statist concern with governmental knowledge and legibility of space and time. Future experts appear to be centrally involved in the constitution of the category of the “future,” a category that itself appears indiscernible and unknowable without certain synthetic, overarching, or conjuring forms of analysis. It has been suggested that the catastrophic charge and the call to urgency are what lend authority to particular forms of futuristic expertise. The chapter proposes, instead, that advanced capitalist societies make use of particular forms of future governance in which forms of expertise on and about the future play the role of preserving capitalist structures and management logics in the face of disturbing and undesired evolutions. Future expertise is thus involved in a governmental stabilization of the present, and oftentimes, its potential role as a basis for constructive social action is swallowed up by what appears as a deeply conservative function.
The Political Climate and Climate Politics—Expert Knowledge and Democracy
Authors: Stehr Nico , Ruser Alexander 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
What role should, what role can climate science play in democratic decision-making? Despite the paramount importance of climate science in identifying and describing the challenge of climate change, climate policies cannot be “read off” scientific research, nor can expertise replace democratic debate. However, given the built-in opportunities it provides for voicing dissent and the need to compromise to pass legislation, democracy itself might become an obstacle to taking the bold action needed to tackle an unprecedented challenge like anthropogenic climate change. This chapter probes the intersection between science and decision-making by focusing on the role of experts in modern democracies. It outlines three conceptualizations of scientific expertise—informative, communicative, and competitive—and discusses their respective implications for democratic participation on climate politics; it also highlights the possible tension between appropriate political action and legitimate political action.
Mistrust of Experts by Populists and Politicians
Authors: Crease Robert P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews sources of the mistrust of experts, expert advice, and the associated institutions as it pertains to populist and other groups that mistrust or reject mainstream sources of expertise. It focuses on the scientific-technological domain, though similar issues arise in other domains. It considers three models of expertise: the call-and-response model, consisting of an intentional relationship between a producer and consumer of expertise; the architectural model, which seeks to assemble the right kinds of experts and even institutions; and the acoustical model, where the movement of expertise occurs in a nonneutral hermeneutical (sense-making) space in which voices are heard and interpreted differentially. Experts do not speak from nowhere to just anyone; their acoustics are correlated with an audience that has a particular set of preexisting commitments and connections with the experts. Mistrust of experts can happen via what Miranda Fricker has called “hermeneutical injustice,” in which gaps or flaws in our tools of social interpretation result in the production of impoverished social meanings. Understanding the mistrust of experts requires investigating the relation between expert counsel and the hermeneutical space that is already in place before the expert findings are presented, as well as the nonneutrality and sometimes deliberate distortions that can affect that space.
Pharmacy-Based Treatment Options for Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: Cheetham Ali , Nielsen Suzanne 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Community pharmacists can play in addressing opioid-related harm. Community pharmacists are one of the most accessible health care professionals, with 90% of the US population within 3 km (2 miles) of a community pharmacy, and similarly, in regional areas of Australia, 72% of people are within 2.5 km of a pharmacy. This chapter will conduct a narrative review of the history of the delivery of harm reduction interventions in community pharmacy, and more recent innovations in pharmacy settings which can contribute to the identification and treatment of opioid use disorders. Models of delivering opioid agonist therapy within a pharmacy, strengths and challenges with pharmacy-delivered treatment, and evolving pharmacy-led and collaborative care models for the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) are reviewed. Additional considerations include other roles that pharmacists may play in the management of OUD, including brief screenings for prescription opioid-related problems, overdose education, naloxone provision, the delivery of injectable opioid agonist treatments, and infectious disease screening are also discussed.
Social Learning and Culture in the Great Apes
Authors: Whiten Andrew 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Studies of our closest living animal relatives, the great apes, have played a leading role in the research field devoted to social learning and culture in non-human species. The scale of these studies, most particularly on chimpanzees but also orangutans, far outstrips that available for any other species except our own. The research literature for bonobos and gorillas is relatively meagre, but growing. This chapter provides an overview of what is now a very rich corpus of research discoveries, based on field studies spanning scores of great ape populations, and over 120 years of behavioural experiments with captive subjects. A plethora of complementary methods has been developed, yielding increasingly rigorous and compelling conclusions about the scope of social learning and culture in the great apes, particularly the most studied species.
Social Learning and Religion
Authors: Lesage Kirsten A. , Ghossainy Maliki E. , Richert Rebekah A. , Corriveau Kathleen H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Many religious concepts, such as belief in the existence of God, cannot be learned through first-hand observation alone. How do young learners come to develop a sense of belief in religion and the supernatural? This chapter takes a social-interactionist perspective to this question and argues that children’s belief is dependent on the particular cultural input to which they are exposed in their environment. The chapter highlights research showing the impact of learning via interaction with family, peers, and the larger environment. Within these contexts, children learn both via the verbal testimonial information to which they are exposed, as well as through participating in rituals, and imitating other cultural group members. The chapter indicates specific mechanisms that aid in the transmission of belief such as the credibility of the informant, the quality of the explanation posed to the child, and the saliency of the ritual. Such mechanisms can shed light on important ways in which to present novel information to learners across the lifespan.
The Cultural Evolution of Language
Authors: Bailes Rachael , Cuskley Christine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Language is one of only a handful of human cultural systems that is both unique to our species, and universal. This chapter will focus on the cultural evolution of language, situating this alongside the phylogenetic and developmental timescales which also feed into the evolution of language. The chapter begins by outlining the relationship between the emergence of human language and the language faculty and the more rapid, ongoing processes of language change, which are often framed as predominantly cultural. In particular, previous work has emphasized how these timescales interact, and how cultural factors in particular shape which aspects of language exhibit broad cross-cultural variation or stability. This is followed by detailed evidence for this relationship from three domains, focusing on the role of cultural evolution in language as observed in natural language (both historical corpora and cross-linguistic data), the cultural evolution of language in agent-based models, and finally, experimental studies of the cultural evolution of language. The chapter concludes that the study of the cultural evolution of language forms an important data-rich model for the study of the evolution of cultural systems more generally, while also providing key insights into the specific dynamics of this uniquely human behaviour.
RADIATION DOSE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY PROCEDURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Garba Idris , Engel-Hills Penelope , Davidson Florence , Ismail Anas 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A systematic literature review was carried out to explore articles that reported the use of radiation dose management systems (RDMSs) in computed tomography (CT). The preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis flow chart were used to screen articles in PubMed, EBSCOhost, Web of Science, SCOPUS and Cochrane Library. A total of 1041 articles were retrieved and screened. After evaluation against criteria, 38 articles were selected and synthesised narratively. The results revealed that several RDMSs have been used in CT. The review also indicated that the use of RDMSs has promoted the implementation of diagnostic reference levels for dose optimisation. A RDMS, such as DoseWatch, is associated with compatibility challenges and failure in data transmission, while manual RDMSs are cumbersome and prone to data entry errors. Thus, a robust automated RDMS that is compatible with the different CT systems would provide efficient CT dose management.
An overview of the history, current strategies, and potential future treatment approaches in erectile dysfunction: a comprehensive review
Authors: Langarizadeh Mohammad Amin , Salary Amirhossein , Tavakoli Marziye Ranjbar , Nejad Behnam Ghorbani , Fadaei Shirin , Jahani Zahra , Forootanfar Hamid 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIntroductionErectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the most common urologic problems in men worldwide, with an approximately high incidence rate, significantly affecting patients’ quality of life and their sexual partners.ObjectivesDue to the association of this disorder with essential diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes, its prevention and treatment are vital for overall human physiologic and psychological health. Along with reviewing the history of treatment and current methods, we seek new approaches to curb this issue in the future.MethodsIn this review, investigations were based on the focus of each section’s content or conducted on an ad hoc basis. Searches were performed in Scopus and PubMed.ResultsIn recent years, many treatments for ED have been reported besides oral administration of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors such as sildenafil and tadalafil (approved by the Food and Drug Administration). Common oral medications, intracavernous injections, herbal therapies (eg, herbal phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors), and topical/transdermal medications are routine ED treatment approaches. Moreover, some novel medications are innovative candidates for completing ED’s treatment protocols: stem cell injection, low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy, platelet-rich plasma injection, gene therapy, amniotic fluid matrices, rho-kinase inhibitors, melanocortin receptor antagonists, maxi-K channel activators (ie, large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels), guanylate cyclase activators, and nitric oxide donors.ConclusionDue to the importance of this complicated problem in men’s society, a faster course of treatment trends toward new methods is needed to increase efficiency. Combining the mentioned treatments and attentively examining their efficacy through programmed clinical trials can be a big step toward solving this global problem.
The Economic Impact of Living Cell Tissue Products in Treating Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Venous Leg Ulcers in Patients with Commercial Insurance: A Retrospective Matched-Cohort Study
Authors: Barbul Adrian , Gelly Helen , Obradovic Kayla , Landsman Adam 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
Previous studies demonstrated that costs paid on behalf of Medicare recipients for diabetic foot ulcers and venous leg ulcers treated with cellular and/or tissue-based products (CTPs) varied in part based on the CTP chosen. This study extends previous work to determine how costs vary when paid by commercial insurance carriers.

METHODS
A retrospective matched-cohort intent-to-treat design was used to analyze commercial insurance claims data between January 2010 and June 2018. Study participants were matched using Charlson Comorbidity Index, age, sex, type of wound, and geographic location within the US. Patients treated with a bilayered living cell construct (BLCC), dermal skin substitute (DSS), or cryopreserved human skin (CHSA) were included.

RESULTS
Wound-related costs and number of CTP applications were significantly lower for CHSA relative to BLCC and DSS at all time intervals (60, 90, and 180 days and 1 year after first application of the CTP). Further, CHSA was associated with significantly fewer amputations at 1 year relative to DSS (14.9% vs 19.7%, P = .03).

CONCLUSIONS
There was a statistically significant reduction in cost of treating diabetic foot ulcers (BLCC, DSS, CHSA) and venous leg ulcers (BLCC, CHSA) with CHSA as compared with the other CTPs. These findings are attributed to fewer applications, lower wound care costs, and comparable or reduced incidence of amputation. These commercial insurance data are consistent with prior studies that examined Medicare expenditures.
Dermatoscopic and Dermatopathologic Features of a 3-Year-Old Buried Polypropylene Suture
Authors: Özcan Yunus , Gamsizkan Mehmet 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT
Cutaneous foreign bodies are a well-known cause of delayed wound healing and complications such as abscesses, fistula formation, and secondary infections. Polypropylene sutures are widely utilized in cutaneous surgery because they easily travel through tissues while eliciting minimal tissue reactions. Despite these advantages, retained polypropylene sutures can cause complications. The authors report a case of a retained polypropylene suture that remained buried after a total excision 3 years prior. It started to cause cutaneous symptoms when the patient began exercising 1 week prior to presentation. The authors also examine the dermatoscopic and dermatopathologic features and other complications related to retained polypropylene sutures that have been reported in the literature.
Finerenone Added to Treatment Guidelines for Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S. 
Published: April 2023

The use of finerenone is now included in the 2022 revision to standard treatment guidelines for patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease.Finerenone is a costly addition to standard treatment. Patients may need to receive prescription preauthorization from their insurer.
Outcomes of Geriatric Periprosthetic Distal Femur Fractures: Comparison of Fixation Versus Reconstruction
Authors: Joseph Noah M. , Zuke William , Sharpe Megan , Bacharach Abigail , Punjabi Nihal , Zhao Chenya , Sattar Abdus , Emara Ahmed K. , Piuzzi Nicolas S. , Ochenjele George , Patterson Brendan M. , Vallier Heather A. 
Published: April 2023

Objective:
Comparing outcomes of periprosthetic distal femur fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) versus distal femoral replacement (DFR).

Setting:
Three major academic hospitals within one metropolitan area.

Design:
Retrospective.

Patients/Participants:
Three hundred seventy patients >64 years old with periprosthetic distal femur fractures were identified and 115 were included (65 ORIF vs. 50 DFR).

Intervention:
ORIF with locked plating versus DFR.

Main Outcome Measurement:
One-year mortality, ambulatory status at 1 year, reoperations, and hospital readmissions.

Results:
No differences were observed between ORIF and DFR cohorts regarding demographics or medical history, including Charleston Comorbidity Index. DFR was associated with longer hospital stay (6.09 days ORIF vs. 9.08 days DFR, P < 0.001) and more frequent blood transfusion (12.3% ORIF vs. 44.0% DFR, P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis using propensity score matching (PSM) demonstrated no statistically significant difference in reoperation, hospital readmission, ambulatory status at 1 year, or 1-year mortality between the 2 cohorts. Finally, applying Bayesian model averaging using PSM to identify risk factors for 1-year mortality demonstrated that increasing age, length of index hospital stay, and 90-day hospital readmission were significantly associated with 1-year mortality, regardless of type of surgical treatment.

Conclusion:
Rehospitalization, reoperation, ambulatory status, and 1-year mortality are no different between ORIF and DFR in the treatment of geriatric periprosthetic distal femur fractures when PSM is applied to mitigate selection bias. Further study is warranted to elucidate functional outcomes, long-term sequelae, and costs of care related to these treatment options to better guide treatment planning.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Plasticity between type 2 innate lymphoid cell subsets and amphiregulin expression regulates epithelial repair in biliary atresia
Authors: Russi Abigail E. , Shivakumar Pranavkumar , Luo Zhenhua , Bezerra Jorge A. 
Published: April 2023

Background and Aims:
Although a dysregulated type 1 immune response is integral to the pathogenesis of biliary atresia, studies in both humans and mice have uncovered a type 2 response, primarily driven by type 2 innate lymphoid cells. In nonhepatic tissues, natural type 2 innate lymphoid cell (nILC2s) regulate epithelial proliferation and tissue repair, whereas inflammatory ILC2s (iIlC2s) drive tissue inflammation and injury. The aim of this study is to determine the mechanisms used by type 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) subpopulations to regulate biliary epithelial response to an injury.

Approach and Results:
Using Spearman correlation analysis, nILC2 transcripts, but not those of iILC2s, are positively associated with cholangiocyte abundance in biliary atresia patients at the time of diagnosis. nILC2s are identified in the mouse liver through flow cytometry. They undergo expansion and increase amphiregulin production after IL-33 administration. This drives epithelial proliferation dependent on the IL-13/IL-4Rα/STAT6 pathway as determined by decreased nILC2s and reduced epithelial proliferation in knockout strains. The addition of IL-2 promotes inter-lineage plasticity towards a nILC2 phenotype. In experimental biliary atresia induced by rotavirus, this pathway promotes epithelial repair and tissue regeneration. The genetic loss or molecular inhibition of any part of this circuit switches nILC2s to inflammatory type 2 innate lymphoid cell-like, resulting in decreased amphiregulin production, decreased epithelial proliferation, and the full phenotype of experimental biliary atresia.

Conclusions:
These findings identify a key function of the IL-13/IL-4Rα/STAT6 pathway in ILC2 plasticity and an alternate circuit driven by IL-2 to promote nILC2 stability and amphiregulin expression. This pathway induces epithelial homeostasis and repair in experimental biliary atresia.