bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agglutinins for Human Erythrocytes in Mollusks
Authors: Boyd William C. , Brown Rebecca , Boyd Lyle G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A number of mollusks have in their expressed body fluids substances that react with human erythrocytes. The snail Otala lactea contains a powerful and specific anti-A agglutinin that precipitates promptly and specifically with blood group A substance prepared from hog gastric mucin.
Weight Estimates of Rabbit Anti-Human Serum Albumin Based on Antigen-Binding Capacity
Authors: Mulligan James J. , Osler Abraham G. , Rodriguez Eugene 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A quantitative technique is described for weight estimations of anti-human serum albumin (HSA) based on the primary union of the specific reactants rather than on the formation of insoluble aggregates. Trace-labeled I125·HSA is added, in quantities adequate to supply a great excess of antigen, to a series of tubes containing a constant volume of rabbit anti-human serum albumin. The globulins are precipitated and washed with half saturated ammonium sulfate, and assayed for I125·HSA. These values are converted to weight units of HSA, after appropriate correction, and are in turn used to calculate the absolute amount of antibody in the serum.
The results obtained in these assays are relatively insensitive to such variables as pH, duration of antigen-antibody incubation, and the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
A recovery assay with sheep anti-rabbit γ-globulin serum gave results similar to those obtained by mABC and by quantitative precipitin analyses.
The specificity of the assay system has been investigated with rabbit antisera to egg albumin, bovine serum albumin, human γ-globulin, and pneumococcus polysaccharide Type VI.
Biologic Properties of 19 S and 7 S Mouse Isoantibodies Directed against Isoantigens of the H-2 System
Authors: Möller Göran 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Various immunologic properties of 19 S and 7 S isoantibodies directed against mouse H-2 isoantigens were investigated in vitro and in vivo. 19 S antibodies prepared in strains A.SW, A.BY, C57BL and B10.5M against strain A were more efficiently hemolytic and cytotoxic than 7 S antibodies, but less potent in agglutination tests. Antisera prepared in strain A.CA were exceptional, however, since 19 S and 7 S antibodies were equally efficient in hemolytic, cytotoxic and agglutination tests. The number of lysed red cells or killed nucleated cells decreased slowly with increasing dilutions of 19 S antibodies, whereas there was a rapid decrease with 7 S antibodies.
7 S antibodies were more efficient in eliminating H-2 incompatible red cells than 19 S antibodies in spite of equal agglutinin titers, but were less competent to induce the change to hemolytic resistance characteristic for mouse red cells after contact with antibodies in vivo. Passive transfer of 7 S antibodies induced immunologic enhancement of tumor homografts and inhibited the secondary immune response, whereas 19 S antibodies had no detectable effect in any of the tests.
It is suggested that these results are caused by quantitative differences between 19 S and 7 S antibodies. The 19 S antibodies are presumably more efficient on a molecular basis in various serologic tests in vitro, but less competent in tests requiring the participation of a minimum number of antibody molecules, such as immunologic enhancement and inhibition of the immune response.
Studies on Japanese B Encephalitis Virus Vaccines from Tissue Culture
Authors: Hammon William McD. , Darwish Medhat A. , Rhim Johng S. , Sather Gladys E. , Yohn David S. , Mittelman Arnold , Deverson Edward , Soyka Joseph P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Twenty-four volunteer terminal cancer patients, not recently treated in any manner to increase susceptibility to viral infection or inhibit antibody response were injected with an experimental lot of live attenuated OCT-541 24°C line of Japanese B encephalitis virus prepared as a vaccine for human use. They were observed clinically for signs of possible disease and for oncolysis, and a long series of serum specimens was checked in the laboratory for viremia and a variety of antibody responses. Twenty-three patients survived long enough for the desired observations.
None showed any recognizable sign of disease from the virus. One patient with clinically diagnosed (not biopsy proven) carcinoma of the rectum developed low grade viremia on days 10 and 12, developed excellent antibody response and his tumor disappeared. One other appeared to have a similar but less confirmable viremia, but no significant antibody or oncolytic response occurred. All other patients, including 9 with proven carcinoma of the rectum, failed to respond with oncolysis, viremia or antibodies of any type.
Two patients were given multiple injections with adequate follow-up and one of these responded with antibody, the other (2 injections, the first i.v.) did not.
It is concluded that this “cold” attenuated virus strain is probably too attenuated to infect and produce antibody as a result of replication in normal man, as had been shown to be the case previously in many other mammals with higher body temperatures, including other primates. No further human volunteer testing of this live virus preparation is planned for antibody response or oncolysis.
The Interactions of the Erythrocytes of Various Species with Agglutinins of Abrus Precatorius Linn
Authors: Khan A. Hameed , Gul Bilquis , Rahman M. Ataur 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The action of agglutinin from Abrus precatorius was tested against the red cells of human A, B, O groups and fifteen other animals. Using the tube method and at low protein concentrations it was possible to distinguish between individual animals having very similar habits, e.g., guinea pig and rabbit; mouse and rat; cow and buffalo, etc. The agglutinin showed very poor activity towards cow, sheep and goat. Attempts have also been made to separate the various protein fractions present in the sodium chloride extract of the seeds of Abrus precatorius on a paper electrophoretogram. It was noted that two different proteins are responsible for toxicity and hemagglutination. The agglutinin forms 30% of the total extractable protein while the toxin is only 10%; the remaining 60% shows no physiologic activity. It has also been pointed out that at lower concentrations Abrus agglutinins can be used in forensic pathology to narrow down the possible sources of a specimen of blood.
A Cold Agglutinin of the IgA Class
Authors: Angevine C. Douglas , Andersen Burton R. , Barnett Eugene V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A patient with a reticulum cell sarcoma and cold agglutinin of the IgA type is reported. The cold agglutinin had a sedimentation rate of 10.5S (9.5–11.5S), indicating that it is probably a dimer of the 7-8S IgA unit. The cold agglutinin was mercaptoethanol sensitive and failed to fix complement.
Studies on Japanese B Encephalitis Virus Vaccines from Tissue Culture
Authors: Darwish Medhat A. , Hammon William McD. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The growth curve of the OCT-attenuated 35-24°C line of JBE virus in HKC culture and factors resulting in increase of the virus yield were investigated for the purpose of vaccine production. Comparing 199, Eagle's basal, and Leibovitz media with the addition of 2% H.Al. there was no advantage of one over the other in respect to the titer of the virus yield. In medium 199 containing 2% H.Al. of pH 7.0, the titer of the complete harvest was always more than 1.0 log higher than that of the fluid harvest. When a medium of pH 8.0 was used, the titer of the fluid harvest was comparable to or slightly higher than that of the complete harvest at pH 7.0 and almost equal to that of complete harvest at pH 8.0. In medium 199 containing H.Al., a direct correlation between infectivity and hemagglutinin was noticed. Within the range tested, reduction of the amount of medium employed for the final harvest resulted in a proportional increase in yield of virus. It appears that titers of infectivity between 109 and 1010 per ml and of HA between 1:256 and 1:512 can be readily obtained without any concentration procedures and with no foreign protein present except that of the disintegrated tissue cells used as a substrate.
Immunologic Tolerance Induced by a Combination of Chloramphenicol and 6-Mercaptopurine
Authors: Cruchaud A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In rabbits sensitized with BSA, high doses of chloramphenicol decreased the primary response but the secondary response, initiated 40 days later, was unaffected.
6-MP at the dose of 6 mg/kg/day suppressed completely the primary response; the secondary response was either strongly decreased or suppressed. Doses of 3 and 1 mg/kg/day had similar but weaker effects on primary response, whereas secondary response was almost normal.
Combination of different doses of chloramphenicol and 6-MP resulted in stronger effects on primary response than those obtained with the same doses of each drug used separately. In addition, a fair number of animals acquired immunologic tolerance which was specific to BSA, as proved by further injections of BSA and the use of a second antigen, HGG.
No synergistic effect was however observed on the survival of skin allografts in rabbits.
Atypical Antigenic Properties of a γA Myeloma Protein
Authors: Osterland C. K. , Chaplin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
An unusual paraprotein of very rapid electrophoretic mobility and γA antigenicity has been found to have its L chain antigenicity obscured or hidden, although associated Bence Jones protein in the urine exhibited easily demonstrable λ specificity. The intact protein was not typable with anti-κ or anti λ sera and when injected into rabbits failed to provoke either anti-κ or anti λ response. Mercaptoethanol reduction of the protein revealed a normal proportion of L chains, which were readily shown to have λ specificity and which had an acid urea starch gel electrophoretic mobility identical to that of the reduced Bence Jones protein. The isolated L chains provoked a λ-specific response when injected into rabbits. The reduced and alkylated paraprotein (its L and H chains not yet separated by acid sephadex filtration) was readily typable as λ-specific when the same typing sera was employed which failed entirely to react with the unreduced whole protein. Five other γA myeloma proteins showed enhanced precipitation with κ and λ typing sera after mercaptoethanol reduction of the paraproteins. It is concluded that the atypical antigenic properties displayed by the paraprotein described in this report probably reflect structural features producing steric hindrance against reaction with homologous antibodies.
The Adjuvant Action of Endotoxin in Thymectomized Mice
Authors: Campbell Priscilla A. , Rowlands David T. , Harrington Michael J. , Kind Phyllis D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The adjuvant action of bacterial endotoxin on antibody production was shown to be unrelated to the effect of endotoxin on the thymus. Rates of antigen elimination and hemagglutination titers were essentially the same in adult mice which were thymectomized or sham-thymectomized and given a single injection of bovine γ-globulin and endotoxin. Reduction in antibody production was observed, however, when mice were thymectomized at 2 weeks of age.
Similarly, the response of adult mice to two injections of bovine γ-globulin and endotoxin was the same in thymectomized and sham-thymectomized mice. The antibody sedimented in a sucrose density gradient in the area of 7 S γ-globulin.
Studies on Japanese B Encephalitis Virus Vaccines from Tissue Culture
Authors: Darwish Medhat A. , Hammon William McD. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A 1:4000 formalin inactivated Japanese B encephalitis virus (OCT-attenuated 24°C line) grown in hamster kidney cell culture of pre-inactivation infectivity titer of 10-7.5/0.1 ml or more has been shown to be a vaccine which complies with the potency requirement of the Division of Biologics Standards, having a minimal immunogenic dose (MID) of 0.02 ml or less. The antigenicity was not affected by prolonging the inactivation period to three times that required for apparent destruction of infectivity at either 30° or 37°C. The 37° formalin inactivation was selected, for both the shorter period of inactivation needed and the minor improvement in potency obtained. A direct correlation was shown between the preinactivation infectivity titer and the final vaccine potency, at least within certain ranges. Infectious virus rather than hemagglutinin appeared to be responsible for the antigenicity, though under certain circumstances the hemagglutination and the infectivity were parallel. The use and limitations of the mouse potency test were examined and modifications employed. Both the monkey and guinea pig elicited good antibody formation subsequent to vaccine inoculation and good evidence was found to support the possibility of utilizing the latter for an antigen extinction test that may overcome certain limitations of the mouse MID test.
Sequential Synthesis of Two 7 S Lysins by Rats Challenged with Mouse Sarcoma-180 Tumor Cells
Authors: Coffey J. W. , Hansen Hans J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The administration of S-180 mouse ascites tumor cells to rats has been shown to stimulate the production of two distinct lysins capable of rupturing the tumor cells in vitro. The two antibodies were separated on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose and were shown by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and by chromatography on Sephadex G-200 to be 7 S antibodies. No 19 S antibody was detectable on either day 7 or day 14. The data are consistent with the theory that there is a sequential synthesis of the two antibodies. The lysin which predominates in the serum on day 14 was identified as a γSS-globulin by immunoelectrophoresis. The early lysin may be either a γ1A-globulin or a γSS-globulin.
The Formation in Vitro of Cold Auto-Hemagglutinins with Anti-I Specificity
Authors: van Furth R. , Dulk Martina Diesselhoff-den 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The formation in vitro of cold auto-hemagglutinins as they occur in the cold hemagglutinin syndrome has been studied. Samples of bonemarrow, obtained from patients who showed a high serum titer of cold auto-hemagglutinins, were incubated with radioactive amino acids. The synthesized immunoglobulins were analyzed by autoradiography of the immunoelectrophoretic pattern of the culture fluid. The autoradiographic patterns were similar to those for the serum of the corresponding patients.
The synthesis of the cold auto-hemagglutinins was studied by incubating I and i2 red cells with the culture fluid at 4°C and subsequently eluting these cells. The concentrated eluates contained only IgM molecules with anti-I specificity and type K antigenic determinants on the L chain. Because these properties are characteristic for cold agglutinins, it may be concluded that the bone-marrow samples from these patients had synthesized cold auto-hemagglutinins in vitro. Plasma cells may be regarded as being involved in this synthesis because of their IgM-positive fluorescence; no positive lymphoid cells were observed.
Desensitization Studies of Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Silverstein Arthur M. , Borek Felix 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Delayed hypersensitive guinea pigs can be partially desensitized in a stepwise manner with increasing doses of antigen administered parenterally prior to skin testing. There is a close correlation between the size of the desensitizing dose of antigen and the increase in the amount of antigen required at the skin test site to elicit a response, suggesting the existence of a heterogeneity of binding energies for antigen in the delayed system.
Data are presented showing that delayed hypersensitivity responses can be elicited in partially desensitized guinea pigs with residual circulating antigen concentrations as high as 8 × 10-8 M, while undesensitized animals will respond to as little as about 10-14 moles of antigen. These data are interpreted to argue against the participation of low concentrations of highaffinity humoral antibodies in the development of delayed hypersensitivity lesions.
The Proliferative Capacity of Antigen-Sensitive Precursors of Hemolytic Plaque-Forming Cells
Authors: Kennedy J. C. , Till J. E. , Siminovitch L. , McCulloch E. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antigen-sensitive precursors of hemolytic plaque-forming cells (7, 8) can be transplanted into heavily-irradiated mice. In the presence of antigen, these cells proliferate and differentiate, giving rise to progeny which form clusters detectable by their capacity to produce foci of hemolysis in a layer of agar containing sheep erythrocytes. The enumeration of such foci provides an assay techniques for antigen-sensitive cells (9). When the same spleen cell suspensions were assayed for these cells both by this technique and by the method of limiting dilution, both techniques yielded similar values. This similarity indicates that the hemolytic focus assay does indeed detect antigen-sensitive cells. By combining assays for antigen-sensitive cells and for their hemolysinproducing progeny, we have obtained an estimate of 4 to 7 for the number of divisions which result from the stimulation of antigen-sensitive cells by sheep erythrocytes. By a technique of serial transplantation, the fraction, f, of the total number of injected antigen-sensitive cells which are detectable in the spleens of heavily-irradiated mice following the intravenous injection of spleen cells was determined to be 0.15. Using this value, f, along with the number of antigen-sensitive cells detected in a given number of spleen cells and the number of cells in normal mouse spleens, one may calculate that there are approximately 103 antigen-sensitive cells in intact spleens. This estimate agrees with a previous value obtained using a radiobiologic technique (4).
Agglutinating Activity of the Complement Component C′1q in the F-II Latex Fixation Test
Authors: Ewald Rolf W. , Schubart Adalbert F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Native human serum treated with Na3H-ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) exerts strong agglutinating activity in a modified F-II LP test. A study for the identification of the agglutinating principle revealed: Agglutinating activity found in 14.5% of 110 native sera was enhanced significantly following treatment with Na3H-EDTA. In 94 (85.5%) sera originally negative in this test high agglutinating titers emerged following Ca++ depletion.The agglutinating factor is thermolabile.Ultracentrifugation of native sera resulted in concentration of the factor in the pellet, suggesting its migration with heavy molecules. Na3H-EDTA treatment prior to centrifugation prevented concentration while agglutinating activity remained in the supernatant, indicating that Ca++ depletion may have resulted in the dissociation of the molecule naturally associated with the factor.Selective absorption of the C′1q (11S) component of serum complement resulted in disappearance of agglutinating activity.A semi-purified preparation of C′1q caused agglutination in this system. Agglutination titers depended on the concentration of C′1q.
Conclusion. The characteristics of the agglutinating factor described in this article resemble those of the C′1q (11S) component of human complement.
A Rapid Agglutination Test for the Detection of Antibodies to Viruses of Influenza
Authors: Klein Morton , Chaefsky Sandra , Muller Margaret 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The adsorption of influenza and mumps viruses into particles of lecithin-cholesterol provides antigens that are rapidly agglutinated by antisera in a slide agglutination test. The antigen is stable for one year. The test is simple, rapid and type specific. The results correlate well with those obtained by the complement fixation test.
Passive Immune Elimination and in Vitro Phagocytosis of Antigen-Antibody Complexes in Relation to Species Origin of Antibody
Authors: Patterson Roy , Suszko Irena M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The initial rate of passive immune elimination of a soluble antigen by antiserum was dependent on the species source of the antiserum. Rabbit antiserum resulted in rapid passive immune elimination in rodents and birds. Avian antiserum produced passive elimination in birds but not guinea pigs and rabbits. The results, confirmed by in vitro studies, appeared independent of complement. They suggest a specific recognition system of immunoglobulin structure by phagocytic cells.
A Mathematical Model Relating Circulating Antibody and Antibody Forming Cells
Authors: Hege John S. , Cole Leonard J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A mathematical model is developed which equates numbers of antibody-forming cells to the corresponding circulating antibody. Using data for numbers of Jerne antibody plaque-forming cells in the mouse spleen following sheep erythrocyte sensitization, the model is applied to predict the time course of the circulating immune hemolysin. The calculated antibody concentrations are compared with experimentally determined values. Since no information is available describing average cellular rate of antibody synthesis during the course of an immune response, mathematical expressions for this quantity are selected arbitrarily for use in the model. Closest agreement between model and experiment obtains when cellular synthesis rate increases rapidly during the early phase of the response, but is constant later. Some of the assumptions underlying the model are probably valid only for 19S antibody synthesized in the spleen.
Neutralizing, Hemagglutination-Inhibiting and Group Complement-Fixing Antibody Responses in Human Adenovirus Infections
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H. , King Carole J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests were compared for sensitivity and specificity, and complement fixation (CF) tests to adenovirus group antigen for sensitivity, in the detection of antibody in individuals with adenovirus isolations. Neutralization tests revealed the highest proportion of significant homotypic antibody increases (52%) followed by HI tests on Pseudomonas-filtrate-treated sera (48%), HI tests on untreated sera (34%) and HI tests on kaolintreated sera (30%). CF tests with adenovirus group antigen revealed significant antibody increases in only 38% of the patients, and most of these increases occurred in patients infected with adenovirus type 4, the viral type used for preparation of the antigen. In a number of patients homotypic neutralizing and HI antibody occurred independently of one another. An association was noted between age and production of homotypic neutralizing and HI antibody: antibody was absent in a higher proportion of sera from infants and young children than sera from young adults. Differences were noted in the frequency of occurrence in human sera of nonspecific HA inhibitor for the different adenovirus types, the highest proportion of sera showing inhibitors for adenovirus types 1, 2, 4 and 5, with few showing inhibitor for adenovirus types 3, 7, 10 and 11. Treatment of human sera with filtrates from a psychrophylic Pseudomonas sp. was found to be as effective as kaolin treatment for removal of nonspecific inhibitors of adenovirus hemagglutination, and it showed less tendency to remove specific antibody.