bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovative hybrid coupled wall systems to resist seismic action – HYCAD
Authors: Das Rajarshi , Morelli Francesco , Zona Alessandro , Hoffmeister Benno , Vulcu Cristian , Degee Herve 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis article summarizes the research carried out in the ongoing HYCAD project, which aims to improve the performances of a hybrid coupled wall (HCW) system for buildings in seismic areas, by further developing the HCW originally studied in the RFCS project INNO‐HYCO. This HCW system consisted of a reinforced concrete (RC) wall coupled with two steel side‐columns via steel coupling links. Encouraging outcomes were obtained such as: controlled post‐elastic ductile behaviour under medium‐ and high‐intensity earthquakes, suitable lateral stiffness, seismic energy dissipation concentrating in the easily‐replaceable steel links and very limited damage in the RC wall. However, advanced studies were required to bring this system into practice, addressing issues and develop advancements in the analysis, design, and detailing. This article summarizes the primary steps taken towards that purpose. Five new components were chosen in order to improve the performance of the HCW system: (1) Link‐to‐wall connections using post‐tensioned tendons; (2) Composite walls with encased steel profiles instead of a conventional RC wall; (3) Rocking coupled wall system; (4) Dissipating devices as links and (5) Precast double slab wall systems. Combining these components, four new HCW systems were developed, pre‐designed and analysed through numerical and experimental studies. Advanced yet simple techniques were proposed for the numerical analyses while test specimens are used to characterize local and global behaviour.
Efficient design of an office building as Steel/Timber hybrid – A case study
Authors: Anwaar Omer , Bello‐Garcia Micael , de Paula Filho J.H. Matias 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWith Climate change and environmental degradation, the climate emergency is just round the corner, to tackle this issue the European Union aims towards no net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2050. This would require designers to rethink the way buildings/structures are designed and most importantly with which material they must be designed.The way forward is to have a sustainable design, with as little environmental impact as possible, but unfortunately the best materials in terms of environmental impact are not the cheapest. Hence, in this paper we would discuss how the two materials Steel and Timber maybe combined to form a hybrid structure – an Office building, taking advantage of steel's greater spanning strength and ductility and at the same time have a balanced carbon implication.The study will also show, some of lessons learnt while comparing the two solutions, a complete timber design and a steel‐timber hybrid solution. Finally, a brief LCA analysis of solutions along with a steel‐concrete composite alternative will also be presented.
Linear buckling analysis in the design of bracket plates
Authors: Dowswell Bo , Vild Martin 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBrackets are used to transfer loads in steel structures where the load is offset from the support. This paper will focus on T‐shaped brackets. Although such bracket plates are often used, a reliable design guideline is missing. Several design methods are presented and their accuracy is evaluated. Details of 86 experimental specimens from four previous research projects were compiled. Numerical models of these specimens were created, linear buckling analysis (LBA) and materially nonlinear analysis (MNA) were performed to determine the buckling force and inelastic strength, respectively. Both analyses are simple to use, robust and fast‐to‐converge methods. The purpose of this research was to develop practical design guidelines for the buckling strength of bracket plates that can be implemented with LBA/MNA. Investigated triangular bracket plates are supported on two sides, the legs, and free at one side, the hypotenuse. Buckling curve for this case is unknown. A reliability analysis is presented for the determination of critical load multiplier to avoid buckling. The results of MNA, which disregards buckling, can be safely used when the critical load multiplier, based on LBA, is equal to or greater than 4.
Hybrid fatigue crack propagation analysis using damage and fracture mechanics methods
Authors: Wu Weijian , Rasmussen Kim J.R. , Michel Alexander , Stang Henrik 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSteel structures are frequently exposed to high‐cycle loading in which fatigue cracks initiate and propagate in the service life. The development of crack(s) will affect the structural integrity. In extreme cases, e.g., earthquakes and impacts, structures may be overloaded in several cycles or even a single loading cycle with the development of significant plastic deformation and macro cracks. Service loads, e.g., traffic and waves, will afterwards still be experienced in these damaged structures. The aforementioned two types of deformation are currently analyzed using damage and fracture mechanics methods, respectively. The cycle‐by‐cycle calculation and jump strategy relying on the Paris' equation, are employed for the low (including monotonic) and high‐cycle problems, using elastoplastic and linear‐elastic materials, respectively. The two calculation methods were developed independently, which presents a challenge in analyzing overloaded high‐cycle fatigue problems. This paper presents and executes a hybrid analysis using damage and fracture mechanics models for the single‐edge notch bend specimen. Either linear‐elastic or elasto‐plastic materials is employed in finite element simulations. The hybrid analysis with the combination of damage and linear‐elastic fracture mechanics shows the potential of a promising solution for assessing the fatigue behaviour of steel structures experiencing extreme loading and associated stepwise material damage. Some challenges are addressed in the combination of the ductile fracture followed by the high cycle fatigue calculation.
Towards an advanced fatigue assessment of welded steel joints with multiaxial stress states
Authors: Steinhoff Simon , Röscher Stefanie , Knobloch Markus 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAdvanced fatigue assessment methods, e.g. the Two‐Stage‐Model, are needed for the design of complex constructions or to accurately evaluate the remaining fatigue life of existing structures. The applicability of the Two‐Stage‐Model, including strain‐life approach and linear elastic fracture mechanics, was experimentally validated for uniaxial stress states only. However, typical construction details of steel and composite structures often exhibit a multiaxial non‐proportional stress state, which leads to variable principal stress values and directions. Comprehensive extensions of the Two‐Stage‐Model from uniaxial to multiaxial stress states are missing so far. This paper shows a study on advanced approaches that incorporate multiaxial stress states for both the crack initiation stage and the crack propagation stage, and their application in the Two‐Stage‐Model. For crack initiation, several approaches for the strain‐life approach, including multiaxial non‐proportional hardening and damage assessment based on critical planes are evaluated with respect to an application on the strain‐life approach. For the extension of the crack propagation stage, a computational procedure using XFEM and mixed‐mode approaches is presented.
Durable bolted joints for steel structures
Authors: Götz Frank 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe article first discusses the basic behaviour of a preloaded and non‐preloaded bolted joint subjected to tensile or shear loads. The significance of the preload force for the bolted joint is explained. Causes for the loss of the preload force are described. In order to obtain the most durable bolted joint possible, measures against excessive loss of preload force are presented. Be it through appropriate design or manufacturing recommendations or through the use of additional securing elements. On the one hand, approved securing elements are presented and reference is also made to withdrawn standards and thus nonconforming securing elements.
Recycled CFRP Plate Retrofitting using Adhesive and TRS for Steel Girders
Authors: Komon Kazuki , Yamamura Akihiko , Sakano Masahiro 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe retrofitting method using CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic) plates was applied to a steel highway bridge in 2002 for the first time in Japan, where some of CFRP plates have been detected to be peeled from their ends, recently. CFRP plates are light‐weight and anti‐corrosive comparing with steel plates, while they have problems in the durability of adhesives bonding CFRP plates to steel plates. Currently, recycled CFRP plates have been developed for the environmental load reducing. Additionally, long sized CFRP plates are required to retrofit bridge members. In this study, the effectiveness of TRS (Thread Rolling Screw) used to connect the long‐size recycled CFRP plate end to the steel girder bottom flange with adhesives is investigated through static and fatigue loading tests using large size steel girder specimens. As a result, TRS can prevent long‐size recycled CFRP plates from peeling off under allowable stress static loadings, while the long‐size recycled CFRP plates connected by only adhesives without TRS peeled off from their ends. In fatigue loading tests, TRS can also prevent long‐size recycled CFRP plates from peeling, though fatigue cracks were developed from TRS holes under higher stress range.
Seismic behaviour of high‐strength steel welded flange‐bolted web connections
Authors: Hu Fangxin , Wang Zhan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractCyclic loading tests on two groups of welded flange‐bolted web connections employing 690 MPa high‐strength steels were conducted to quantify their plastic deformation and energy dissipation capacities under seismic loading conditions. The Q355 and Q690 beams in the two groups of specimens were designed with Class 1 and Class 3 cross‐sections, respectively; however, the Q690 columns in each group were designed nearly identical except for the thickness of their webs, which varied in order to identify the effect of shear panel strength on the connection seismic performance. Different beam‐to‐column flange welding types in each group were also considered. It was found that welding without backing bars should be used between Q690 beams and columns to accommodate some plastic rotation in the order of 0.01 rad in the beams, while a plastic shear distortion as high as 0.04 rad could be developed in Q690 web panels. This evidenced that those Q690 joint components could still sustain appreciable plastic deformations. In particular, Q690 web panels could be even qualified as high‐ductility class (DCH) in Eurocode 8.
Adhesive bonding of secondary steel components for offshore wind turbines
Authors: Albiez Matthias , Boretzki Jakob , Ummenhofer Thomas 
Published: September 2023

AbstractOffshore wind turbines consist of the main components tower, nacelle and rotor blades. Additionally, numerous secondary components are connected to the primary structure. These include amongst others boat landings, platforms, cable protection tubes and corrosion protection systems. Usually, these elements are connected to the primary structure by welding or bolts. Both joining techniques reduce the fatigue performance of the primary structure by inducing geometric and/or metallurgical notches. In contrast, by fastening the secondary components by adhesive bonding, no geometric or metallurgical notches are induced in the primary structure. Furthermore, the bonding can be carried out directly on the coating. In contrast to welded or bolted joints, adhesively bonded joints require a differing geometry that allows large bonding areas. This paper highlights the results of experimental investigations regarding the load bearing behaviour of adhesively bonded secondary components under a combination of lateral load and bending varying different geometrical parameters.
Design fundamentals of demountable steel structures: from materials to members
Authors: Fan Junwei , Yang Lu , Liu Meiyu 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe impact of greenhouse gas emissions, especially CO2 emissions, on the global environment is receiving more and more attention. Most countries around the world had reached a consensus to reduce carbon emissions after holding a series of climate conferences. In 2021, the buildings and construction sector accounted for around 37% of energy and process‐related CO2 emissions globally. To mitigate the CO2 emissions produced by the construction industry, the application of demountable steel structures that can be reused is a viable solution. This study investigated the design fundamentals of demountable steel structures that aims to reduce carbon emissions by reusing the main components of the steel structure. In this paper, the demountable reusability performance parameter γd of steel members is proposed and used for the reusable performance design of demountable steel members. An overview of the mechanical properties of steel materials under static and cyclic loading are presented as a basis for the reuse of steel structures. A brief review of existing forms of demountable steel connection joints is presented and the feasibility of reuse of demountable steel systems is explored.
Research on high‐performance steel structure with high‐strength steel column, ordinary‐strength steel beam, and low‐yield‐point steel BRB
Authors: Shi Gang , Zhao Huatian , Gao Yang 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn order to reasonably make full use of the advantages of different steels and then achieve a steel structure with excellent seismic behaviour, the authors proposed novel triple grades hybrid high‐performance steel structures (TGHSSs) comprising high‐strength steel (HSS) columns, ordinary‐strength steel beams, and low‐yield‐point (LYP) steel buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs). The basic concept and expected advantages were introduced. To validate this concept, eight full‐scale single‐bay two‐storey TGHSS specimens were tested under cyclic loads, in which columns are of 460 MPa, 690 MPa, and 890 MPa HSSs, beams are of 345 MPa steel, and BRBs are of 100 MPa, 160 MPa, and 225 MPa LYP steels. Meantime, nine LYP steel BRB specimens were taken out and tested under uniaxial cyclic loads. Based on the experimental study, numerical simulation and parametric analyses on TGHSSs were further conducted, and a performance‐based design method was proposed. Results indicated that the TGHSSs featured a sequential yielding mechanism with excellent seismic performance. Specifically, the LYP steel BRBs yielded at first to dissipate seismic energy. Then, the ordinary‐strength steel beams developed plastic hinges at beam ends. At last, the HSS columns kept almost elastic or presented limited plasticity at column bases. This research proves such a high‐performance structure with a reasonable combination of high, ordinary, and low strength steels, whose advantages can be fully developed.
Large beam‐to‐column steel joint for the Dune Neutrino Experiment: experimental and numerical insights.
Authors: da Silva Luis Simões , Craveiro Hélder , Simões Rui , Martins Claudio , Conde Jorge 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe new DUNE experimental facility for the study of neutrinos, hosted by the U.S. Fermilab, includes a massive steel cage fabricated out of S460 HL1100M profiles, where the corner joint between beams and columns is solved with a bolted flushed end plate. Although this joint typology is well described in the Eurocode, the size and internal forces of this case are out of the common experimental range. Thus, a real‐scale test of the joint has been carried out at the University of Coimbra. The results were used to validate high‐quality FEA models, which accurately reproduced the behavior and allowed further insight into the joint component characterization. Comparison with the Eurocode design values show a good agreement, validating the application of the component method to very large joints.
Welding under service conditions ‐ Influence of different boundary conditions during welding
Authors: Begemann Florian , Unglaub Julian , Thiele Klaus 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSteel structures, such as bridges, must be continuously maintained. Due to increasing traffic loads, design and execution shortcomings, many steel bridges are subject to various types of damage, such as cracks. The bridges must be maintained by crack removal and re‐welding the cracks. During this work, the bridge is closed for traffic in order to suppress the crack flank movement during welding. As a result, traffic loads on other routes are higher, which increases further damage on detour routes and subsequently additional welding work and costs on these structures. Therefore, the aim is to provide a method that allows welding work on steel structures under running traffic, respectively under cyclic loads. First, measurements at a representative steel bridge were conducted to derive gap opening parameters of amplitude and frequency for welding tests under cyclic loads. Monitoring cracks shows that the crack behavior is complex and the description of the force redistribution during welding is a challenge. In order to quantify the influence of different boundary conditions during welding on weld quality and fatigue, experimental investigations were carried out under displacement control only and force control only. For both, the weld quality and the fatigue strength was comparable to the standard requirements, so that welding under service conditions is possible under certain aspects.
Track‐Bridge Interaction: Influence of Transition Zone on the Stability of Continuous Welded Rail
Authors: Mubarack C K Ali , Upadhyay Akhil 
Published: September 2023

AbstractRealization of high‐speed rail track demands continuous welded rail (CWR) to be laid on bridges without providing special expansion joints. In India, the existing rail bridges must be evaluated for their suitability for upgradation to CWR. CWR Inherently develops axial stress on account of the surrounding temperature changes. CWR in track‐bridge transition zone is subjected to additional stress and displacements as a result of track‐bridge interaction (TBI). Longitudinal thermal loading is a major source of rail stress and substructure forces due to TBI. Also, TBI results in accumulation of large compressive stress in transition zone. Further, the tamping effect in the transition zone by passing vehicles due to sudden change in vertical stiffness weakens the transition zone ballast. CWR is a slender steel element prone to buckling under large compressive stress. A numerical model is developed for track bridge interaction phenomenon in SAP2000 considering the aspect of CWR track buckling. In this study, the developed model is utilized to perform nonlinear buckling analysis to assess the influence of change in ballast stiffness on CWR stability in transition zone. Also, the influence of missing ballast contact raising from ballast subsidence locally in the transition zone was investigated. A single span simply supported steel bridge is considered. Longitudinal thermal loading is considered in this study. CWR supported on the ballasted track is considered. Material Nonlinearity associated with ballast is considered. Maintenance of CWR track is found to play a key role in track stability as the loose ballast or missing of ballast underneath the rail sleeper is to introduce discontinuity in CWR track support and reduces the critical buckling temperatures of the track considerably. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of track‐bridge interaction and the stability of CWR in the transition zone.
Serial Uniqueness: Strengthening Standard Steel Profiles with WAAM Technology
Authors: Kloft Harald , Schmitz Linus Paul , Babovic Neira 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWire‐and‐Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is based on the well‐known welding technique in which an electric arc is used as a heat source to melt a metal wire. The technology finds its application, among else, in the construction industry, where steel wire is the chosen feed material. Different scales of structural components and elements can be manufactured using WAAM, such as steel joints and pedestrian bridges. Robot‐assisted control of the layer build‐up allows for freedom in the design of structural elements. In this paper, the authors propose a hybrid manufacturing method to combine industrial serial processing with individualised additive manufacturing based on the local stress distributions and force‐flows. The method is validated on the set of five different demonstrators that tackle different local structural issues through different design solutions for local strengthening while exhibiting particular manufacturing constraints characteristic for a workspace confined by flanges of rolled I‐profiles.
Generic method of local thickening in shell element FEM models for orthotropic bridge decks
Authors: Rodenburg Jorrit D. , Hengeveld Sjoerd T. , Wijnbeld Bas M.M. , Maljaars Johan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper presents a method of estimating the hot‐spot stress in orthotropic bridge decks (OBD) using a shell Finite Element (FE) model, in which local thickening is applied around the welded. The dimensions of the area of local thickening are a function of the weld throat thickness and the plate thickness. A comparison of this method with 3D solid element FE models is presented for various fatigue sensitive details. The comparison is carried out for OBD with trapezoidal stiffeners, both with continuous stiffeners through crossbeams and with stiffeners welded in between crossbeams. It is concluded that the accuracy of estimating the hot‐spot stress with a shell element model using local thickening is significantly higher as compared to a conventional shell element model without thickening. The method of local thickening is adopted in the new prTS 1993‐1‐901. This paper functions as the background to this technical specification.
A triaxiality‐dependent fracture model for hot‐rolled sections made of S355 steel
Authors: Kastiza Pelagia , Skalomenos Konstantinos , Theofanous Marios 
Published: September 2023

AbstractFracture at net areas of steel sections often leads to premature failures of steel members, especially in the region of joints (bolted connections). This study develops a fracture model for hot rolled S355 steel for enabling a better understanding of the ultimate behaviour of steel sections through numerical simulations using the general‐purpose finite element software ABAQUS. Monotonic tensile tests are conducted on traditional dog‐bone plate specimens with a uniform cross‐section and notched plate specimens extracted from hot‐rolled I‐beams. Two material thicknesses and three notch radii per thickness are considered thus obtaining equivalent plastic strains at fracture over a wide range of stress triaxialities. The experimental fracture displacement is used as a threshold for the determination of the average stress triaxiality – equivalent strain history at the critical location (fracture initiation) of each plate model. Using regression analysis, an exponential approximation of the fracture locus is proposed to correlate the average stress triaxiality for a given equivalent plastic strain at fracture. The proposed model is then used to predict fracture initiation of unnotched tensile coupons and steel plates with a bolt hole in their centre extracted from the same steel sections. The test results are in good agreement with the numerical predictions thus demonstrating the efficiency of the proposed method.