bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nondisordered Cannabis Use Among US Adolescents
Authors: Sultan Ryan S. , Zhang Alexander W. , Olfson Mark , Kwizera Muhire H. , Levin Frances R. 
Published: May 2023

ImportanceCannabis use is increasingly viewed by adolescents as not harmful. Youths with cannabis use disorder (CUD) are recognized by clinicians as being at risk for adverse outcomes, yet little is known about the associations between subclinical cannabis use (ie, nondisordered cannabis use [NDCU]) and adverse psychosocial events.ObjectiveTo describe the prevalence and demographics of NDCU and to compare associations of cannabis use with adverse psychosocial events among adolescents with no cannabis use, NDCU, and CUD.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used a nationally representative sample derived from the 2015 to 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Participants were adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, separated into 3 distinct groups: nonuse (no recent cannabis use), NDCU (recent cannabis use below diagnostic threshold), and CUD. Analysis was conducted from January to May 2022.ExposuresCUD, NDCU, or cannabis nonuse. NDCU was defined as endorsing recent cannabis use but not meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) (DSM-5) CUD criteria. CUD was defined using DSM-5 criteria.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcomes were prevalence of adolescents meeting criteria for NDCU and associations between adverse psychosocial events and NDCU, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics.ResultsThe 68 263 respondents (mean [SD] age, 14.5 [1.7] years; 34 773 [50.9%] males) included in the analysis represented an estimated yearly mean of 25 million US adolescents during 2015 to 2019. Among respondents, 1675 adolescents (2.5%) had CUD, 6971 adolescents (10.2%) had NDCU, and 59 617 adolescents (87.3%) reported nonuse. Compared with nonusers, individuals with NDCU had approximately 2 to 4 times greater odds of all adverse psychosocial events examined, including major depression (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.86; 95% CI, 1.67-2.08), suicidal ideation (aOR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.88-2.29), slower thoughts (aOR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.58-1.96), difficulty concentrating (aOR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.65-2.00), truancy (aOR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.67-2.16), low grade point average (aOR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.62-2.00), arrest (aOR, 4.15; 95% CI, 3.17-5.43), fighting (aOR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.80-2.31), and aggression (aOR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.79-2.62). Prevalence of adverse psychosocial events was greatest for adolescents with CUD (range, 12.6% to 41.9%), followed by NDCU (range, 5.2% to 30.4%), then nonuse (range, 0.8% to 17.3%).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study of US adolescents, past-year NDCU was approximately 4 times as prevalent as past-year CUD. A stepwise gradient association was observed for odds of adverse psychosocial events between adolescent NDCU and CUD. In the context of US normalization of cannabis use, prospective research into NDCU is necessary.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Unenhanced Computed Tomography for Evaluation of Acute Abdominal Pain in the Emergency Department
Authors: Shaish Hiram , Ream Justin , Huang Chenchan , Troost Jonathan , Gaur Sonia , Chung Ryan , Kim Sooah , Patel Hanisha , Newhouse Jeffrey H. , Khalatbari Shokoufeh , Davenport Matthew S. 
Published: May 2023

ImportanceIntravenous (IV) contrast medium is sometimes withheld due to risk of complication or lack of availability in patients undergoing computed tomography (CT) for abdominal pain. The risk from withholding contrast medium is understudied.ObjectiveTo determine the diagnostic accuracy of unenhanced abdominopelvic CT using contemporaneous contrast-enhanced CT as the reference standard in emergency department (ED) patients with acute abdominal pain.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis was an institutional review board–approved, multicenter retrospective diagnostic accuracy study of 201 consecutive adult ED patients who underwent dual-energy contrast-enhanced CT for the evaluation of acute abdominal pain from April 1, 2017, through April 22, 2017. Three blinded radiologists interpreted these scans to establish the reference standard by majority rule. IV and oral contrast media were then digitally subtracted using dual-energy techniques. Six different blinded radiologists from 3 institutions (3 specialist faculty and 3 residents) interpreted the resulting unenhanced CT examinations. Participants included a consecutive sample of ED patients with abdominal pain who underwent dual-energy CT.ExposureContrast-enhanced and virtual unenhanced CT derived from dual-energy CT.Main outcomeDiagnostic accuracy of unenhanced CT for primary (ie, principal cause[s] of pain) and actionable secondary (ie, incidental findings requiring management) diagnoses. The Gwet interrater agreement coefficient was calculated.ResultsThere were 201 included patients (female, 108; male, 93) with a mean age of 50.1 (SD, 20.9) years and mean BMI of 25.5 (SD, 5.4). Overall accuracy of unenhanced CT was 70% (faculty, 68% to 74%; residents, 69% to 70%). Faculty had higher accuracy than residents for primary diagnoses (82% vs 76%; adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.83; 95% CI, 1.26-2.67; P = .002) but lower accuracy for actionable secondary diagnoses (87% vs 90%; OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.35-0.93; P &amp;lt; .001). This was because faculty made fewer false-negative primary diagnoses (38% vs 62%; OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.13-0.41; P &amp;lt; .001) but more false-positive actionable secondary diagnoses (63% vs 37%; OR, 2.11, 95% CI, 1.26-3.54; P = .01). False-negative (19%) and false-positive (14%) results were common. Interrater agreement for overall accuracy was moderate (Gwet agreement coefficient, 0.58).ConclusionUnenhanced CT was approximately 30% less accurate than contrast-enhanced CT for evaluating abdominal pain in the ED. This should be balanced with the risk of administering contrast material to patients with risk factors for kidney injury or hypersensitivity reaction.
Dendritic Cells as a Nexus for the Development of Multiple Sclerosis and Models of Disease
Authors: Alakhras Nada S. , Kaplan Mark H. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) results from an autoimmune attack on the central nervous system (CNS). Dysregulated immune cells invade the CNS, causing demyelination, neuronal and axonal damage, and subsequent neurological disorders. Although antigen‐specific T cells mediate the immunopathology of MS, innate myeloid cells have essential contributions to CNS tissue damage. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) that promote inflammation and modulate adaptive immune responses. This review focuses on DCs as critical components of CNS inflammation. Here, evidence from studies is summarized with animal models of MS and MS patients that support the critical role of DCs in orchestrating CNS inflammation.
Porous 2D Catalyst Covers Improve Photoelectrochemical Water‐Oxidation Performance
Authors: Xie Guancai , Liu Xiaolong , Guo Beidou , Tan Ting , Gong Jian Ru 
Published: April 2023

AbstractConfined catalysis under the cover of 2D materials has emerged as a promising approach for achieving highly effective catalysts in various essential reactions. In this work, a porous cover structure is designed to boost the interfacial charge and mass transfer kinetics of 2D‐covered catalysts. The improvement in catalytic performance is confirmed by the photoelectrochemical oxidation evolution reaction (OER) on a photoanode based on an n‐Si substrate modified with a NiOx thin‐film model electrocatalyst covered with a porous graphene (pGr) monolayer. Experimental results demonstrate that the pGr cover enhances the OER kinetics by balancing the charge and mass transfer at the photoanode and electrolyte interface compared to the intrinsic graphene cover and cover‐free control samples. Theoretical investigations further corroborate that the pore edges of the pGr cover boost the intrinsic catalytic activity of active sites on NiOx by reducing the reaction overpotential. Furthermore, the optimized pores, which can be easily controlled by plasma bombardment, allow oxygen molecules produced in the OER to pass through without peeling off the pGr cover, thus ensuring the structural stability of the catalyst. This study highlights the significant role of the porous cover structure in 2D‐covered catalysts and provides new insight into the design of high‐performance catalysts.
Toward High‐Performance Metal–Organic‐Framework‐Based Quasi‐Solid‐State Electrolytes: Tunable Structures and Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Dong Panpan , Zhang Xiahui , Hiscox William , Liu Juejing , Zamora Julio , Li Xiaoyu , Su Muqiao , Zhang Qiang , Guo Xiaofeng , McCloy John , Song Min‐Kyu 
Published: May 2023

AbstractMetal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been reported as promising materials for electrochemical applications owing to their tunable porous structures and ion‐sieving capability. However, it remains challenging to rationally design MOF‐based electrolytes for high‐energy lithium batteries. In this work, by combining advanced characterization and modeling tools, a series of nanocrystalline MOFs is designed, and the effects of pore apertures and open metal sites on ion‐transport properties and electrochemical stability of MOF quasi‐solid‐state electrolytes are systematically studied. It isdemonstrated that MOFs with non‐redox‐active metal centers can lead to a much wider electrochemical stability window than those with redox‐active centers. Furthermore, the pore aperture of MOFs is found to be a dominating factor that determines the uptake of lithium salt and thus ionic conductivity. The ab initio molecular dynamics simulations further demonstrate that open metal sites of MOFs can facilitate the dissociation of lithium salt and immobilize anions via Lewis acid–base interaction, leading to good lithium‐ion mobility and high transference number. The MOF quasi‐solid‐state electrolyte demonstrates great battery performance with commercial LiFePO4 and LiCoO2 cathodes at 30 °C. This work provides new insights into structure–property relationships between tunable structure and electrochemical properties of MOFs that can lead to the development of advanced quasi‐solid‐state electrolytes for high‐energy lithium batteries.
Energy Storage Mechanism in Supercapacitors with Porous Graphdiynes: Effects of Pore Topology and Electrode Metallicity
Authors: Mo Tangming , Wang Zhenxiang , Zeng Liang , Chen Ming , Kornyshev Alexei A. , Zhang Mingcai , Zhao Yongqing , Feng Guang 
Published: April 2023

AbstractPorous graphdiynes are a new class of porous 2D materials with tunable electronic structures and various pore structures. They have potential applications as well‐defined nanostructured electrodes and can provide platforms for understanding energy storage mechanisms underlying supercapacitors. Herein, the effect of stacking structure and metallicity on energy storage with such electrodes is investigated. Simulations reveal that supercapacitors based on porous graphdiynes of AB stacking structure can achieve both higher double‐layer capacitance and ionic conductivity than AA stacking. This phenomenon is ascribed to more intense image forces in AB stacking, leading to a breakdown of ionic ordering and the formation of effective “free ions”. Macroscale analysis shows that doped porous graphdiynes can deliver outstanding gravimetric and volumetric energy and power densities due to their enhanced quantum capacitance. These findings pave the way for designing high‐performance supercapacitors by regulating pore topology and metallicity of electrode materials.
An Ultrastable Self‐Assembled Antibacterial Nanospears Made of Protein
Authors: Dzuvor Christian K. O. , Shanbhag Bhuvana K. , Shen Hsin‐Hui , Haritos Victoria S. , He Lizhong 
Published: April 2023

AbstractProtein‐based nanomaterials have broad applications in the biomedical and bionanotechnological sectors owing to their outstanding properties such as high biocompatibility and biodegradability, structural stability, sophisticated functional versatility, and being environmentally benign. They have gained considerable attention in drug delivery, cancer therapeutics, vaccines, immunotherapies, biosensing, and biocatalysis. However, so far, in the battle against the increasing reports of antibiotic resistance and emerging drug‐resistant bacteria, unique nanostructures of this kind are lacking, hindering their potential next‐generation antibacterial agents. Here, the discovery of a class of supramolecular nanostructures with well‐defined shapes, geometries, or architectures (termed “protein nanospears”) based on engineered proteins, exhibiting exceptional broad‐spectrum antibacterial activities, is reported. The protein nanospears are engineered via spontaneous cleavage‐dependent or precisely tunable self‐assembly routes using mild metal salt‐ions (Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+) as a molecular trigger. The nanospears’ dimensions collectively range from entire nano‐ to micrometer scale. The protein nanospears display exceptional thermal and chemical stability yet rapidly disassemble upon exposure to high concentrations of chaotropes (>1 mm sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)). Using a combination of biological assays and electron microscopy imaging, it is revealed that the nanospears spontaneously induce rapid and irreparable damage to bacterial morphology via a unique action mechanism provided by their nanostructure and enzymatic action, a feat inaccessible to traditional antibiotics. These protein‐based nanospears show promise as a potent tool to combat the growing threats of resistant bacteria, inspiring a new way to engineer other antibacterial protein nanomaterials with diverse structural and dimensional architectures and functional properties.
Microfluidics‐Enabled Nanovesicle Delivers CD47/PD‐L1 Antibodies to Enhance Antitumor Immunity and Reduce Immunotoxicity in Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Su Zhenwei , Dong Shaowei , Chen Yao , Huang Tuxiong , Qin Bo , Yang Qinhe , Jiang Xingyu , Zou Chang 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe CD47/PD‐L1 antibodies combination exhibits durable antitumor immunity but also elicits excessive immune‐related adverse events (IRAEs) caused by the on‐target off‐tumor immunotoxicity, hindering their clinical benefits greatly. Here, a microfluidics‐enabled nanovesicle using ultra‐pH‐sensitive polymer mannose‐poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate)‐poly(hydroxyethyl piperidine methacrylate) (Man‐PCB‐PHEP) is developed to deliver CD47/PD‐L1 antibodies (NCPA) for tumor‐acidity‐activated immunotherapy. The NCPA can specifically release antibodies in acidic environment, thereby stimulating the phagocytosis of bone marrow‐derived macrophages. In mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma, NCPA shows significantly improved intratumoral CD47/PD‐L1 antibodies accumulation, promoted tumor‐associated macrophages remodeling to antitumoral status, and increased infiltration of dendritic cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, resulting in more favorable treatment effect compared to those of free antibodies. Additionally, NCPA also shows less IRAEs, including anemia, pneumonia, hepatitis, and small intestinal inflammation in vivo. Altogether, a potent dual checkpoint blockade immunotherapy utilizing NCPA with enhanced antitumor immunity and reduced IRAEs is demonstrated.
Ferroptosis‐Enhanced Immunotherapy with an Injectable Dextran‐Chitosan Hydrogel for the Treatment of Malignant Ascites in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Meng Jingshu , Yang Xiao , Huang Jing , Tuo Zhan , Hu Yan , Liao Zhiyun , Tian Yu , Deng Suke , Deng Yue , Zhou Zhiyuan , Lovell Jonathan F. , Jin Honglin , Liu Yang , Yang Kunyu 
Published: May 2023

AbstractMalignant ascites in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a complex clinical problem that lacks effective treatments. Due to the insensitivity of advanced HCC cells to traditional chemotherapies, low drug accumulation, and limited drug residence time in the peritoneal cavity, the therapeutic effects of malignant ascites in HCC are not satisfactory. In this study, an injectable hydrogel drug delivery system based on chitosan hydrochloride and oxidized dextran (CH‐OD) is designed to load sulfasalazine (SSZ), an FDA‐approved drug with ferroptosis‐inducing ability, for effective tumor‐killing and activation of anti‐tumor immunity. Compared to free SSZ, SSZ‐loaded CH‐OD (CH‐OD‐SSZ) hydrogel exhibits greater cytotoxicity and induces higher levels of immunogenic ferroptosis. In the preclinical model of hepatoma ascites, intraperitoneal administration of CH‐OD‐SSZ hydrogel can significantly suppress tumor progression and improve the immune landscape. Both in vitro and in vivo, CH‐OD‐SSZ hydrogel induces the repolarization of macrophages to an M1‐like phenotype and promotes the maturation and activation of dendritic cells. Combination treatment with CH‐OD‐SSZ hydrogel and anti‐programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) immunotherapy achieves more than 50% ascites regression and generates long‐term immune memory. Collectively, CH‐OD‐SSZ hydrogel exhibits promising therapeutic potential in the treatment of peritoneal dissemination and malignant ascites in advanced HCC, especially when combined with anti‐PD‐1 immunotherapy.
Tough and Robust Mechanically Interlocked Gel–Elastomer Hybrid Electrode for Soft Strain Gauge
Authors: Huang Jianren , Chen Anbang , Han Songjiu , Wu Qirui , Zhu Jundong , Zhang Jiayu , Chen Yujia , Liu Jiantao , Guan Lunhui 
Published: May 2023

AbstractSoft strain gauges provide a flexible and versatile alternative to traditional rigid and inextensible gauges, overcoming issues such as impedance mismatch, the limited sensing range, and fatigue/fracture. Although several materials and structural designs are used to fabricate soft strain gauges, achieving multi‐functionality for applications remains a significant challenge. Herein, a mechanically interlocked gel–elastomer hybrid material is exploited for soft strain gauge. Such a material design provides exceptional fracture energy of 59.6 kJ m−2 and a fatigue threshold of 3300 J m−2, along with impressive strength and stretchability. The hybrid material electrode possesses excellent sensing performances under both static and dynamic loading conditions. It boasts a tiny detection limit of 0.05% strain, ultrafast time resolution of 0.495 ms, and high linearity. This hybrid material electrode can accurately detect full‐range human‐related frequency vibrations ranging from 0.5 to 1000 Hz, enabling the measurement of physiological parameters. Additionally, the patterned soft strain gauge, created through lithography, demonstrates superior signal–noise rate and electromechanical robustness against deformation. By integrating a multiple‐channel device, an intelligent motion detection system is developed, which can classify six typical human body movements with the assistance of machine learning. This innovation is expected to drive advancements in wearable device technology.
A Novel Time‐Saving Synthesis Approach for Li‐Argyrodite Superionic Conductor
Authors: Hwang Suk‐Ho , Seo Seung‐Deok , Kim Dong‐Wan 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe wet‐chemical synthetic approach for Li‐argyrodite superionic conductors for all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs) is promising as it saves time, energy, and cost, while achieving scalable production. However, it faces certain commercialization issues such as byproduct generation, nucleophilic attack of the solvent, and long processing times. In this study, a facile and time‐saving microwave‐assisted wet synthesis (MW‐process) approach is proposed for Li6PS5Cl (LPSC), which is completed in 3 h at the precursor‐synthesis stage. The LPSC crystal obtained from the MW‐process presents various advantages such as fast‐PS43− generation, high solubility of LiCl, and low adverse effects from solvent molecules. These features help in achieving a high Li‐ion conductivity (2.79 mS cm−1) and low electric conductivity (1.85×10−6 mS cm−1). Furthermore, the LPSC crystal is stable when reacting with Li metal (2000 h at 0.1 mA cm−2) and exhibits superior cyclability with LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2 (NCM622) (145.5 mA h g−1 at 0.5 C, 200 cycles with 0.12% of capacity loss per cycle). The proposed synthetic approach presents new insights into wet‐chemical engineering for sulfide‐based solid‐electrolytes (SEs), which is crucial for developing ASSBs from a commercial‐scale perspective.
Ordered Electronic Reconstruction of the (112¯0$11\bar{2}0$) ZnO Single Crystal
Authors: Parmar Narendra S. , Yim Haena , Boatner Lynn A. , Sriboriboon Panithan , Kim Yunseok , Song Kyung , Choi Jung‐Hae , Yeu In Won , Choi Ji‐Won 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThree‐dimensional (3D) charge‐written periodic peak and valley nanoarray surfaces are fabricated on a () ZnO single crystal grown via chemical vapor transport. Because the grown ZnO crystals exhibit uniform n‐type conduction, 3D periodic nanoarray patterns are formed via oxygen annealing. These periodically decorated structures show that the peak arrays are conducting at the nanoampere level, whereas the valley arrays are less conductive. Energy dispersive spectroscopy indicates that the valley arrays are deficient in zinc by ≈4–6 at%, and that the peak arrays are deficient in oxygen, respectively. Kelvin probe force microscopy reveals the presence of periodic wiggles featuring variations of ≈70–140‐meV between the peak and valley arrays. A significant decrease in the Fermi level of the valley region is observed (≈190 meV), which corresponds to a high zinc vacancy doping density of 2 × 1018 cm−3. This result indicates the periodic generation of an extremely large electric field (≈11 000 V cm−1) in the vicinity of the peak–valley arrays. Computational analysis corroborates the experimentally observed generation of
VZn and the preferential formation of surface protrusions on ZnO () rather than on (0001), based on surface effects, along with the generation of peak and valley features.
A Zinc Oxide Nanobeam Resonator for Ultrasensitivity Mass Detection
Authors: Wang Dazhi , Xu Pengfei , Cui Yichang , Zhang Yu , He Jianqiao , Lu Liangkun , Li Yikang , Chen Xiangji , Liu Chang , Li Peiran , Cui Yan , Suo Liujia 
Published: May 2023

AbstractNanomechanical resonators are expected to be exceptional sensors for high‐performance mass detection, mechanical sensing, and signal processing. In this paper, zinc oxide nanobeam resonators are produced based on single‐crystal ZnO nanowire, which has a typical diameter down to a few nanometers and the length of hundreds of micrometers. This resonator has the characteristics of high aspect ratio nanobeam structure and reliable material. It is observed that the resonance frequency of ZnO nanobeam resonator is up to 1.47 MHz with a high quality factor of 2300 at room temperature, which will play a key role in high‐sensitivity mass detection. The mass detection of ZnO nanobeam resonator is demonstrated by depositing platinum atoms on the middle of the beam, which shows a sensitivity of 11.13 Hz fg−1 indicating its ultrasensitive mass detection capability. In addition, according to the experiment, the molecular dynamics simulations for the resonator is established, which shows that the detection resolution down to 0.2 yg at room temperature can be realized based on this resonator. The results show that the ZnO nanobeam resonator has enormous potential in ultrasensitive detection for biosensing and gas sensing.