bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rules for robots, and why medical AI breaks them
Authors: Evans Barbara J 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This article critiques the quest to state general rules to protect human rights against AI/ML computational tools. The White House Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights was a recent attempt that fails in ways this article explores. There are limits to how far ethicolegal analysis can go in abstracting AI/ML tools, as a category, from the specific contexts where AI tools are deployed. Health technology offers a good example of this principle. The salient dilemma with AI/ML medical software is that privacy policy has the potential to undermine distributional justice, forcing a choice between two competing visions of privacy protection. The first, stressing individual consent, won favor among bioethicists, information privacy theorists, and policymakers after 1970 but displays an ominous potential to bias AI training data in ways that promote health care inequities. The alternative, an older duty-based approach from medical privacy law aligns with a broader critique of how late-20th-century American law and ethics endorsed atomistic autonomy as the highest moral good, neglecting principles of caring, social interdependency, justice, and equity. Disregarding the context of such choices can produce suboptimal policies when - as in medicine and many other contexts - the use of personal data has high social value.
Super-resolution method for SEM images based on pixelwise weighted loss function
Authors: Ito Akira , Miyamoto Atsushi , Kondo Naoaki , Harada Minoru 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has realized high-throughput defect monitoring of semiconductor devices. As miniaturization and complexification of semiconductor circuit patterns increase in recent years, so has the number of defects. There is thus a great need to further increase the throughput of SEM defect monitoring. Toward this end, we propose a deep learning–based super-resolution method that reproduces high-resolution (HR) images from corresponding low-resolution images. Image quality factors such as pattern contrast and sharpness are important in SEM HR images in order to evaluate the quality of printed circuit patterns. Our proposed method meets various image quality requirements by changing the loss calculation method pixelwise based on the pattern in the image. It realizes super-resolved images that compare favorably with actual HR images and can improve SEM throughput by 100% or more.
Hirst on educational theory
Authors: Kvernbekk Tone 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Paul Hirst’s writings about the nature of educational theory continue to be important to the field of education. In this paper I unpack and analyse in some detail his conception of educational theory. I centre my discussion on three issues. First, I look at the ‘big picture’, how Hirst situates educational theory between the foundational disciplines and educational practice, and in so doing endows it with a specific function. His view is contrasted with the view of D. J. O’Connor; the discussion between the two of them is well known. Second, with the big picture in place, I inquire deeper into Hirst’s view of the raison d’être of educational theory. Here his views are compared with those of the German philosopher of education Erich Weniger. Finally, I discuss Hirst’s later revisions of his view, most notably his argument that the justification of educational theory by the foundational disciplines is not enough. Educational theory must also pass the test of practice, he claims. I judge this to be a considerable change, one that blurs the big picture rather than making it clearer.
Leucine deprivation results in antidepressant effects via GCN2 in AgRP neurons
Authors: Yuan Feixiang , Wu Shangming , Zhou Ziheng , Jiao Fuxin , Yin Hanrui , Niu Yuguo , Jiang Haizhou , Chen Shanghai , Guo Feifan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Essential amino acids (EAAs) are crucial nutrients, whose levels change in rodents and patients with depression. However, how the levels of a single EAA affects depressive behaviors remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that although deprivation of the EAA leucine has no effect in unstressed mice, it remarkably reverses the depression-like behaviors induced by chronic restraint stress (CRS). This beneficial effect is independent of feeding and is applicable to the dietary deficiency of other EAAs. Furthermore, the effect of leucine deprivation is suppressed by central injection of leucine or mimicked by central injection of leucinol. Moreover, hypothalamic agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neural activity changes during CRS and leucine deprivation, and chemogenetically inhibiting AgRP neurons eliminates the antidepressant effects of leucine deprivation. Finally, the leucine deprivation-regulated behavioral effects are mediated by amino acid sensor general control non-derepressible 2 (GCN2) in AgRP neurons. Taken together, our results suggest a new drug target and/or dietary intervention for the reduction of depressive symptoms.
Stable lifetime of compact, evenly spaced planetary systems with non-equal masses
Authors: Rice David R , Steffen Jason H 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT
Compact planetary systems with more than two planets can undergo orbital crossings from planet–planet perturbations. The time for which the system remains stable without orbital crossings has an exponential dependence on the initial orbital separations in units of mutual Hill radii. However, when a multiplanet system has period ratios near mean-motion resonances, its stability time differs from the time determined by planet separation. This difference can be up to an order of magnitude when systems are set-up with chains of equal period ratios. We use numerical simulations to describe the stability time relationship in non-resonant systems with equal separations but non-equal masses which breaks the chains of equal period ratios. We find a deviation of 30 per cent in the masses of Earth-mass planets that creates a large enough deviation in the period ratios where the average stability time of a given spacing can be predicted by the stability time relationship. The mass deviation where structure from equal period ratios is erased increases with planet mass but does not depend on planet multiplicity. With a large enough mass deviation, the distribution of stability time at a given spacing is much wider than in equal-mass systems where the distribution narrows due to period commensurabilities. We find the stability time distribution is heteroscedastic with spacing – the deviation in stability time for a given spacing increases with said spacing.
Unravelling the evolution of hot Jupiter systems under the effect of tidal and magnetic interactions and mass-loss
Authors: Lazovik Yaroslav A 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT
Various interactions affect the population of close-in planets. Among them, the tidal and magnetic interactions drive orbital decay and star-planet angular momentum exchange, leading to stellar spin-up. As a result of the above processes, a planet may initiate the mass transfer to the host star once it encounters the Roche limit. Another mechanism providing substantial mass-loss is associated with the atmospheric escape caused by photoevaporation followed by orbital expansion, which is thought to be important for hot Neptunes and super-Earths. Thus, the fraction of the initial number of hot Jupiters may transform into lower-mass planets through the Roche lobe overflow (RLO) phase and continue secular evolution under the effect of photoevaporation. In this paper, we compile the latest prescriptions for tidal and magnetic migration and mass-loss rates to explore the dynamics of hot Jupiter systems. We study how the implemented interactions shape the orbital architecture of Jovian planets and whether their impact is enough to reproduce the observational sample. Our models suggest that the tidal interaction is able to generate the upper boundary of the hot Jupiter population in the mass–separation diagram. To recreate the sub-Jovian desert, we need to make additional assumptions regarding the RLO phase or the influence of the protoplanetary disc’s inner edge on the initial planetary location. According to our estimates, 12–15 per cent of hot Jupiters around solar-mass stars have been engulfed or become lower-mass planets. 0.20–0.25 per cent of the present-day giant planet population undergoes decay intense enough to be detected with modern facilities.
Prevalent Introgression Underlies Convergent Evolution in the Diversification ofPungitiusSticklebacks
Authors: Wang Yu , Wang Yingnan , Cheng Xiaoqi , Ding Yongli , Wang Chongnv , Merilä Juha , Guo Baocheng 
Published: February 2023

AbstractNew mutations and standing genetic variations contribute significantly to repeated phenotypic evolution in sticklebacks. However, less is known about the role of introgression in this process. We analyzed taxonomically and geographically comprehensive genomic data from Pungitius sticklebacks to decipher the extent of introgression and its consequences for the diversification of this genus. Our results demonstrate that introgression is more prevalent than suggested by earlier studies. Although gene flow was generally bidirectional, it was often asymmetric and left unequal genomic signatures in hybridizing species, which might, at least partly, be due to biased hybridization and/or population size differences. In several cases, introgression of variants from one species to another was accompanied by transitions of pelvic and/or lateral plate structures—important diagnostic traits in Pungitius systematics—and frequently left signatures of adaptation in the core gene regulatory networks of armor trait development. This finding suggests that introgression has been an important source of genetic variation and enabled phenotypic convergence among Pungitius sticklebacks. The results highlight the importance of introgression of genetic variation as a source of adaptive variation underlying key ecological and taxonomic traits. Taken together, our study indicates that introgression-driven convergence likely explains the long-standing challenges in resolving the taxonomy and systematics of this small but phenotypically highly diverse group of fish.
Nationwide clinical and epidemiological study of large-vessel vasculitis in Japan in 2017
Authors: Konda Naoko , Sakai Ryoko , Saeki Keigo , Matsubara Yuri , Nakamura Yosikazu , Miyamae Takako , Nakaoka Yoshikazu , Harigai Masayoshi 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Objective
We conducted a nationwide epidemiological study to estimate the number of patients with Takayasu arteritis (TAK) and giant cell arteritis (GCA) in Japan and to describe the clinical characteristics of these patients.

Methods
The first survey was designed to estimate the number of patients with TAK and GCA who were treated at medical institutions in Japan in 2017. The second survey was designed to collect data on the clinical characteristics of the patients who were reported in the first survey.

Results
Of the 3495 institutions selected for the first survey, 1960 (56.1%) responded. The number of patients with clinically diagnosed TAK and GCA was estimated to be 5320 (95% confidence interval, 4810–5820) and 3200 (95% confidence interval, 2830–3570), respectively. Aortic regurgitation was reported in 35% of patients with TAK, and eye-related comorbidities were observed in 30.4% of patients with GCA. The common carotid and internal carotid arteries were the most frequently involved in patients with TAK (62.7%). Subclavian artery lesions and thoracic or abdominal aorta lesions were reported in 31% and 42.6% of patients with GCA, respectively.

Conclusions
The number of patients with TAK and GCA was estimated simultaneously, and significant differences in clinical characteristics were observed between the two diseases.
The use of synchrotron X-ray fluorescent imaging to study distribution and content of elements in chemically fixed single cells: a case study using mouse pancreatic beta-cells
Authors: Slepchenko Kira G , Chen Si , Corbin Kathryn L , Colvin Robert A , Nunemaker Craig S 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy (SXRF) presents a valuable opportunity to study the metallome of single cells because it simultaneously provides high-resolution subcellular distribution and quantitative cellular content of multiple elements. Different sample preparation techniques have been used to preserve cells for observations with SXRF, with a goal to maintain fidelity of the cellular metallome. In this case study, mouse pancreatic beta-cells have been preserved with optimized chemical fixation. We show that cell-to-cell variability is normal in the metallome of beta-cells due to heterogeneity and should be considered when interpreting SXRF data. In addition, we determined the impact of several immunofluorescence (IF) protocols on metal distribution and quantification in chemically fixed beta-cells and found that the metallome of beta-cells was not well preserved for quantitative analysis. However, zinc and iron qualitative analysis could be performed after IF with certain limitations. To help minimize metal loss using samples that require IF, we describe a novel IF protocol that can be used with chemically fixed cells after the completion of SXRF.
Dry tobacco leaves: anin vivoandin silicoapproach to the consequences of occupational exposure
Authors: Dalberto Daiana , Garcia Ana L H , De Souza Melissa R , Picinini Juliana , Soares Solange , De Souza Guilherme M S , Chytry Paola , Dias Johnny F , Salvador Mirian , Da Silva Fernanda R , Da Silva Juliana 
Published: February 2023

AbstractExposure of tobacco workers handling dried tobacco leaves has been linked to an increased risk of toxicity and respiratory illness due to the presence of nicotine and other chemicals. This study aimed to evaluate the DNA damage caused by the exposure of tobacco growers during the dry leaf classification process and the relation to cellular mechanisms. A total of 86 individuals participated in the study, divided into a group exposed to dry tobacco (n = 44) and a control group (n = 42). Genotoxicity was evaluated using the alkaline comet assay and lymphocyte micronucleus (MN) assay (CBMN-Cyt), and measurement of telomere length. The levels of oxidative and nitrosative stress were evaluated through the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive species, and nitric oxide levels, respectively. The inorganic elements were measured in the samples using particle-induced X-ray emission method. The combination of variables was demonstrated through principal component analysis and the interactions were expanded through systems biology. Comet assay, MN, death cells, thiobarbituric acid reactive species, and nitrosative stress showed a significant increase for all exposed groups in relation to the control. Telomere length showed a significant decrease for exposed women and total exposed group in relation to men and control groups, respectively. Bromine (Br) and rubidium (Rb) in the exposed group presented higher levels than control groups. Correlations between nitrate and apoptosis; Br and MN and necrosis; and Rb and telomeres; besides age and DNA damage and death cells were observed. The systems biology analysis demonstrated that tobacco elements can increase the nuclear translocation of NFKB dimers inducing HDAC2 expression, which, associated with BRCA1 protein, can potentially repress transcription of genes that promote DNA repair. Dry tobacco workers exposed to dry leaves and their different agents showed DNA damage by different mechanisms, including redox imbalance.
Adaptation in the sensory cortex drives bistable switching during auditory stream segregation
Authors: Higgins Nathan C , Scurry Alexandra N , Jiang Fang , Little David F , Alain Claude , Elhilali Mounya , Snyder Joel S 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Current theories of perception emphasize the role of neural adaptation, inhibitory competition, and noise as key components that lead to switches in perception. Supporting evidence comes from neurophysiological findings of specific neural signatures in modality-specific and supramodal brain areas that appear to be critical to switches in perception. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to study brain activity around the time of switches in perception while participants listened to a bistable auditory stream segregation stimulus, which can be heard as one integrated stream of tones or two segregated streams of tones. The auditory thalamus showed more activity around the time of a switch from segregated to integrated compared to time periods of stable perception of integrated; in contrast, the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and the inferior parietal lobule showed more activity around the time of a switch from integrated to segregated compared to time periods of stable perception of segregated streams, consistent with prior findings of asymmetries in brain activity depending on the switch direction. In sound-responsive areas in the auditory cortex, neural activity increased in strength preceding switches in perception and declined in strength over time following switches in perception. Such dynamics in the auditory cortex are consistent with the role of adaptation proposed by computational models of visual and auditory bistable switching, whereby the strength of neural activity decreases following a switch in perception, which eventually destabilizes the current percept enough to lead to a switch to an alternative percept.
Hearing Loss in Bacterial Meningitis Revisited—Evolution and Recovery
Authors: Jensen Elisa Skovgaard , Cayé-Thomasen Per , Bodilsen Jacob , Nielsen Henrik , Friis-Hansen Lennart , Christensen Thomas , Christiansen Malina , Kirchmann Malene , Brandt Christian Thomas 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundHearing loss and deafness are well-known sequelae from bacterial meningitis (ABM) and may result in social dysfunction and learning difficulties. Yet, the timely development of hearing loss and restitution is poorly studied, especially among adults. Hearing loss was revisited using otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) to determine the occurrence, magnitude, and development of hearing loss among adults with ABM.MethodsDistortion product OAEs were measured in patients with ABM the day of admission and days 2, 3, 5–7, and 10–14 and at follow-up 30–60 days after discharge. Frequencies were categorized as low (1, 1.5, 2 kHz), mid (3, 4, 5 kHz), mid-high (6, 7, 8 kHz), and high (9, 10 kHz). Audiometry was performed on discharge and 60 days after. Results were compared with 158 healthy controls.ResultsOAE was obtained in 32 patients. ABM was due to S. pneumoniae in 12 patients (38%). All patients were treated with dexamethasone. OAE emission threshold levels (ETLs) were significantly decreased upon admission and at follow-up in all frequencies compared with healthy controls. A substantial and significant decrease in ETLs was found in S. pneumoniae meningitis. Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) &gt;20 dB was present in 13 of 23 (57%) at discharge and in 11 of 18 patients (61%) 60 days after discharge. Hearing recovery decreased from day 3.ConclusionsHearing loss in ABM still affects &gt;60% of patients despite treatment with dexamethasone. In S. pneumoniae meningitis, SNHL is profound and permanent. A window of opportunity for systemic or local treatments aiming to preserve cochlear function is proposed.
Adoption and Utilization of Social Media Among Adult and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Divisions and Fellowship Programs in the United States
Authors: Ryder Jonathan H , Mowrer Clayton , Van Roy Zachary , Lyden Elizabeth , Cawcutt Kelly A , Marcelin Jasmine R 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundSocial media (SoMe) is ubiquitous, but its adoption and utilization by infectious diseases (ID) divisions are poorly characterized in the United States.MethodsA systematic search of US ID fellowship/division Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram accounts occurred in November–December 2021. Social media account and program characteristics, post frequency and content, and other measures of SoMe adoption and utilization were recorded and compared between adult and pediatric programs. Posts were thematically categorized as social, promotional, educational, recruitment, or other.ResultsOf 222 ID programs identified, 158 (71.2%) were adult and 64 (28.8%) pediatric. Seventy (31.5%) Twitter, 14 (6.3%) Facebook, and 14 (6.3%) Instagram accounts were identified from US programs. Twitter accounts were associated with larger programs and higher match rates. More adult than pediatric programs had Twitter accounts (37.3% vs 17.2%, P = .004); utilization was similar between adult and pediatric programs. Most Twitter posts were educational (1653 of 2859, 57.8%); most Facebook posts were promotional (68 of 128, 53.1%); and most Instagram posts were social (34 of 79, 43%). Facebook was the earliest adopted SoMe platform, but Twitter and Instagram have more recent growth. Rate of Twitter account creation increased from 1.33 accounts/month in the year before March 2020 (coronavirus disease [COVID] pandemic declaration) to 2.58 accounts/month in the year after March 2020 (P = .18).ConclusionsSocial media remains underutilized across ID divisions, but COVID-19 and virtual recruiting may have influenced recent account creation. Twitter was the most frequently used ID program SoMe platform. Social media may benefit ID programs in recruitment and amplification of their trainees, faculty, and specialty.
Linking discoveries, mechanisms, and technologies to develop a clearer perspective on plant long noncoding RNAs
Authors: Palos Kyle , Yu Li’ang , Railey Caylyn E , Nelson Dittrich Anna C , Nelson Andrew D L 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a large and diverse class of genes in eukaryotic genomes that contribute to a variety of regulatory processes. Functionally characterized lncRNAs play critical roles in plants, ranging from regulating flowering to controlling lateral root formation. However, findings from the past decade have revealed that thousands of lncRNAs are present in plant transcriptomes, and characterization has lagged far behind identification. In this setting, distinguishing function from noise is challenging. However, the plant community has been at the forefront of discovery in lncRNA biology, providing many functional and mechanistic insights that have increased our understanding of this gene class. In this review, we examine the key discoveries and insights made in plant lncRNA biology over the past two and a half decades. We describe how discoveries made in the pregenomics era have informed efforts to identify and functionally characterize lncRNAs in the subsequent decades. We provide an overview of the functional archetypes into which characterized plant lncRNAs fit and speculate on new avenues of research that may uncover yet more archetypes. Finally, this review discusses the challenges facing the field and some exciting new molecular and computational approaches that may help inform lncRNA comparative and functional analyses.