bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sparse Data Recovery Algorithm Based on BP Neural Network for Ultrasonic Guided Wave Imaging
Authors: Wang Xiaocen , Lin Min , Li Jian , Wang Dingpeng , Liu Yang 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Ultrasonic guided wave (UGW) imaging quality is limited by the large number of sensors. In this paper, a sparse data recovery algorithm based on back forward (BP) neural network is proposed to solve the problem that the image quality deteriorates with the decrease of the number of sensors. The sparse data from sparse sensor array is up-sampled preprocessing by compressive sensing and then input to the BP neural network to further reduce the recovery error. Numerical results show that the recovery errors reduce from 10−3 and 10−2 to 10−6 for 32 and 16 sensors. After sparse data recovery, the recovered dense data is used for imaging. The average correlation coefficient related to the imaging quality of 32 sensors is improved to the level with 64 sensors. For 16 sensors imaging, the average correlation coefficient is also improved, but the image quality is still slightly reduced compared with 64 sensors.
Evaluation of Fuel Rod Response Using Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Gad-el-Hak Ibrahim , Mureithi Njuki , Karazis Kostas 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This study pertains to an experimental analysis on the effects of the transverse jet flow geometry on the stability of a 6 × 6 square rod bundle. The experimental work represents a reduced scale fuel assembly subjected to localized cross flow conditions. This type of complex system is typically found in the nuclear industry (pressurized water reactor cores). The goal of the experimental study is to investigate the onset and characterize rod instability as it relates to the intensity and diameter of the jet cross-flow. The rod response was recorded using a high-speed camera in the vibration plane. From image processing, rod vibration amplitudes, and power spectral densities are acquired in both stream-wise and transverse directions. The results indicate that by increasing the jet nozzle diameter ratio, the critical flow velocity is reduced, however, the maximum vibration amplitude in the bundle decreases as the jet diameter ratio increases.
The experimental datasets produced by all three sets of experiments were analyzed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The method obtained the orbit plots of the rod bundle undergoing fluid-elastic instability due to the transverse jet flow penetration for each set of experiments. A significant outcome of this research is the relation of acceleration ratio when the nozzle diameter is increased.
Heart Rate Monitoring Using Heart Acoustics
Authors: Mann Aysha , Cook Jadyn , Umar Muneebah , Khalili Fardin , Taebi Amirtahà 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in the United States. In many cases, CVDs go unnoticed or are diagnosed late, contributing to the high death rate of such diseases. To address this issue, new methods for the early diagnosis of CVDs should be developed. In many medical conditions, heart rate can play an important role as an early indicator of heart diseases. In this pilot study, a heart rate monitoring method based on cardiovascular-induced sounds is investigated. For this purpose, phonocardiography (PCG) signals are measured noninvasively on the body surface of five healthy subjects (21–24 years) using an electronic stethoscope. In addition, electrocardiography (ECG) was used as a gold-standard method of cardiac monitoring. The PCG signals were then post-processed using custom-built algorithms to estimate the subject heart rate. These estimated heart rates were then compared with the heart rate calculated from the ECG signal using the well-known Pan-Tompkins algorithm. Results showed that the heart rate estimations from the acoustic modalities were consistent with those calculated from the gold-standard ECG.
Research on Testing Method and Device of Sensitivity Consistency of Acoustic Emission Sensors
Authors: Zhang Junjiao , Shen Gongtian , Chen Daqing , Yuan Yilin , Shen Yongna 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The good consistency of acoustic emission sensor sensitivity is the premise to ensure accurate and reliable acoustic emission detection. To facilitate the sensitivity consistency test of acoustic emission sensors, a set of acoustic emission sensor sensitivity consistency test platform was built in this paper. The key parameters of the test device and test conditions are studied through simulation analysis and actual test. The research results show that the pulse signal excitation of the transducer can provide a stable excitation source for the test. The propagation of the acoustic signal in the test block is affected by its diameter and thickness. The acoustic signal propagation is relatively stable in a steel plate with a diameter of 600 mm and a thickness of 8 mm. The test position is related to the size of the test block. This study provides a convenient device and specific method for the sensitivity consistency test of acoustic emission sensors.
Seismic Vibration Attenuation in Shear Buildings Using Nonlinear Energy Sink With Asymmetric Bi-Linear Element
Authors: Motato Eliot 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Nonlinear Energy Sinks (NES) have gained popularity as passive vibration palliatives because have no preferred natural frequency and can resonate with any mode of the primary structure to which they are attached. Unfortunately, NESs are energy-dependent devices, characterized by energy thresholds where optimal NES design regions can be very close to low effective ones. It is then frequent that even negligible changes in the level of the exciting energy can significantly reduce the performance of previously tuned NES designs. Preliminary studies have shown that NES sensitivity to energy variations can be reduced by adding negative linear stiffness or bistable characteristics. In this work, the robustness of a tuned cubic NES is improved by adding an asymmetric bilinear element. This proposed modified NES is composed by a common cubic NES and a non-constant bilinear stiffness which includes a rope and two linear springs. In this numerical study, the vibration reduction performance of a cubic NESs and a Bilinear NES (BNES) is compared when the absorbers are attached to a three-story shear building structure. The building structure is excited using numerically generated seismic excitations characterized by different energy intensities while the vibration reduction performance of both absorbers are quantified using a specific index.
Investigation of Adsorption, Dissociation, and Hydrogen Diffusion Through V-Ni-Zr Alloys Surface for Hydrogen Purification: First Principle Method
Authors: Opetubo Oriyomi , Oyinbo Sunday Temitope , Oviroh Peter Ozaveshe , Ayotunde Ibitoye , Jen Tien-Chien 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Hydrogen is an alternative source of fuel to replace fossil fuels. Its byproduct is water, and it is environmentally friendly. To meet the United Nations goal of zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, hydrogen generation and purification must be capable of meeting the annual demand for fossil fuel. Vanadium (V) is a potential material to replace Pd-based metals due to its high diffusion. However, due to its high solubility, it suffers severe hydrogen embrittlement. Moreso, alloying with vanadium, such as Nickel (Ni), has lowered its solubility. Hence, this study used the first principle calculation technique based on density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the Hydrogen (H) atom’s adsorption, diffusion, and permeability characteristics on the V-Ni-Zr alloy surface. The hydrogen diffusion path from the hollow site (HS) through the bridge site (BS) to the tetrahedral interstitial site (TS) was investigated. Because of its low activation energy, the material may be employed for H2 storage and purification by changing the alloy composition. Before hydrogen embrittlement occurs, we also look at the diffusion rate over time. This research can be used as a starting point for the experiment.
Motion Capture of the Temporomandibular Joint
Authors: Ahmed Ishfaq , Tiwari Anubhav , Gupta Vijay Kumar 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Creating a system to analyse human jaw motion is required for people affected with Temporomandibular Disorder. A guiding system is required for creating the rehabilitation steps in such cases. Currently, capturing and estimating the kinematics for the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) is difficult due to its intricate position. The capture of the motion by using the stationary camera is a common practice in the available market and gives a reasonable output; However, the setup cost of this instrument setup is too high. Hence, there is a need for a sensor system that is cost-effective and portable in nature. A sensory system is required which can record the kinematics of the motion of the jaw system with the required accuracy. In this paper, a simple system is proposed to capture the required information. The system would require a computer in close vicinity and would rely on a few software for post-processing of the signals obtained from the system. This could be used to reproduce the findings in 3D space and estimate the motion of the Mandible with respect to the skull (temporal bone) in real-time using a microprocessor. The results can also be used for carrying out the dynamic analysis on the TMJ for designing the implant or creating a guiding system for rehabilitation purposes. Benefits of the proposed system over the currently available sensor systems and limitations of the sensor system are discussed in the paper.
Research on the Attenuation Characteristics of Acoustic Emission From Corrosion of Tank Bottom Plate
Authors: Shen Yongna , Shen Gongtian , Gan Pengcheng , Zhang Junjiao , Yuan Yilin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In order to clarify the detection range of acoustic emission technology for the tank bottom plate inspection, the attenuation characteristics of AE signal from lead-break on the tank bottom plate are investigated in this work. First the attenuation of AE signals from the lead-break on the upper surface of the tank bottom plate and that from the lead-break on the lower surface of the tank bottom plate are studied and compared when the tank is empty, which indicates that the upper surface corrosion of the tank bottom plate is much easier to detect than the lower surface corrosion. The weld perpendicular to the AE transport direction contributed much to the attenuation of the AE signals from tank floor. Then, the influence of liquid level on the attenuation and transport path of AE signals from tank bottom plate are investigated when water is added into the tank with a level of 10cm and 70cm, respectively. The liquid changes both the attenuation trend and the transport path of AE signals.
Study on the Flow Characteristics of Immiscible Mixtures on Vertical Wall
Authors: Zhang Weilong , Chen Yuxuan , Huang Ying , Ding Yudong , Liao Qiang , Cheng Min 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The condensation heat transfer phenomenon of immiscible mixed vapors often occurs in industrial environments, such as the waste heat recovery process of raw coal gas, biomass gasification gas and other high-temperature gas. The immiscible mixed vapors can be condensed outside the heat exchange wall and generate an immiscible condensate film attached to the wall, so the flow characteristics of immiscible mixtures condensate have significant effect on the heat transfer performance of the heat exchanger. However, there is currently a lack of research on the flow mechanism of immiscible mixtures outside the wall, and there is no effective ways to control the flow pattern on the wall. Therefore, it is necessary to study the flow characteristics of immiscible mixtures outside the wall. In this work, silicone oil and water were used as immiscible mixtures, and the flow characteristics of immiscible mixtures on the vertical wall under different inlet flow velocities were studied by numerical simulations. The results showed that when the immiscible mixtures flowed to a stable state within all the range of study conditions, the silicone oil phase adhered to the wall in the form of a liquid film, while the water phase existed on the oil film. However, the difference of inlet velocity of immiscible mixtures could affect flow patterns. The immiscible mixtures presented a Film-drop flow pattern on the wall at a low inlet flow velocity, that is the water phase existed on the oil film in the form of droplets. As the inlet flow velocity of the mixtures increased, the immiscible mixtures presented a Film-drop and Channel flow pattern, and water existed on the oil film in the form of droplets and channels. During the flow process of the oil-water immiscible mixtures on the wall, the flow velocity of the oil film was always lower than that of the water phase under the different flow patterns. The oil phase dominated the overall flow velocity of the mixtures, and the overall fluidity of the mixtures liquid film could be increased by improving the flow velocity of oil phase. In addition, the flow of the water phase on the oil film could improve the flow velocity of the oil film, increased the shear stress of the oil-phase interface and disturbed the thickness of the oil film. The results can provide reference for the flow characteristics of immiscible condensate film on the wall surface.
Electrically Assisted Stamping
Authors: Garde Shubham , Patil Ranveer , Grimm Tyler , Mears Laine 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The conventional stamping manufacturing process has certain limitations that need to be considered throughout the product design process, including the thickness of the blank, geometry of the product, and the drawing force. If the limitations are not considered during the design and manufacturing, they become defects such as wrinkles, excessive thinning, rupture, and spring back. The outcome of the defects is an increase in costs, rework, pre-processing of material (Heat Treatment), and the most important factor, time. To overcome defects, standard alternatives are changing the material composition, blank thickness, or the product design. This research aims to reduce the defects by keeping the design and the material the same as considered during the design phase. Electrically assisted manufacturing is used in the stamping process to eliminate defects. Electrically Assisted Manufacturing has been proven successful in increasing the workability of the workpiece. In this method, controlled electricity passes through the workpiece, blank holder, or the dies during the manufacturing process, which heat the blank. 5052-H32 Aluminium with a thickness of 0.5 mm was used for this study. Previous research indicates that this EAM technique can be used in forging, which is called Electrically Assisted Forging, to improve the formability of the workpiece. This research provides insights into the implementation of Electrically Assisted Forging in the stamping process. In the Electrically Assisted Stamping process, the heat produced due to electricity will temporarily change the material properties and increase its elasticity. Once the temporary elastic limit is achieved, the stamping process will begin. The current flow in pulses will continue until the stamping is completed. The method proposed in this paper considered three important parameters; the amplitude of the current, current holding time, and feed rate of the stamping machine. These parameters were used with different combinations during the testing. Using the data generated of drawing force from the Instron machine was used to plot different types of comparison graphs, which ultimately resulted in direct relation between current and drawing force.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Inconel 718 / Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) Metal Matrix Composite Coating Produced by Laser Directed Energy Deposition Technique
Authors: Ghosh Gourhari , Jain Prakhar , Saigal Anil , Singh Ramesh 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) possess a favorable combinations of mechanical, thermal, physical and metallurgical properties which can be engineered by controlling composition, concentration, size and dispersion of the ceramic particles in the metallic matrix. Laser directed energy deposition (DED) technique has the ability to fabricate MMC coatings with good mechanical properties and sound metallurgical bonding. Owing to those beneficial aspects, LDED has become one of the most important fabrication techniques of MMC. Despite of immense applications of MMCs, there has been very limited research work reported in the literature regarding the development of MMC coatings. In the present study, Inconel 718/Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) MMC coating is deposited on the H13 steel substrate via laser DED process. This MMC can find its application as ultra-high strength thermal barrier coatings in aerospace, power generation, defense equipment manufacturing and die/mold making industries. Three types of MMCs, Inconel-1 wt. % YSZ, Inconel-2 wt. % YSZ, and Inconel-3 wt. % YSZ are fabricated in order to assess the effect of YSZ weight percentage on the microstructure and mechanical properties (i.e., micro-hardness and porosity) of the MMC. Based on the mechanical properties and microstructural study, the optimum amount of YSZ in MMC is determined and it is observed that Inconel-1 wt. % YSZ composite coating exhibits better mechanical (i.e., hardness = 495 ± 7 HV, and porosity = 4 %) and metallurgical properties.
Exergy Analysis of Photovoltaics Coupled With Electrochemical Energy Storage for Lunar Power Applications
Authors: Dyer Phillip , Smith Griffin , Nelson George 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Any inhabited base on the moon would require significant resources and power. Due to the high cost of delivering materials to the lunar surface, care must be taken to optimize energy storage and delivery systems. An exergy-based analysis of power generation systems based on a photovoltaic (PV) array coupled with energy storage is conducted. Exergy destruction rates are calculated through quasi-steady state energy and exergy balances, while exergy efficiencies for systems and subsystems are also quantified.
The power system configurations analyzed include a PV array coupled with lithium-ion battery (LIB) energy storage and a PV array coupled with regenerative fuel cell (RFC) energy storage. Influence of parameters such as lunar latitude, size, and transient power demand are discussed. In both cases considered, the PV array dominates exergy performance of the overall system. Compared to the RFC, the LIB exhibits a slightly higher system exergy efficiency. Higher system efficiencies are observed during nighttime operation due to efficient discharge of energy storage. Daytime system efficiencies are reduced significantly by radiative heat loss from the solar array. Both configurations experience slightly better exergy efficiencies at lower lunar latitudes, closer to the equator.
Exergy Analysis of Kilopower Nuclear Reactor Systems for Lunar Power Applications
Authors: Smith Griffin , Dyer Phillip , Nelson George 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Extended human exploration of the Moon requires power and in situ resource utilization (ISRU) capabilities to sustain human life. Meeting this need entails a complex systems integration task that needs physics-based models to support decision making. Exergy analysis includes the effects of both the first and second law of thermodynamics, accounting for irreversible processes and quantifying the useful work that can be extracted from a system. It therefore provides a tool for assessing the performance of diverse systems with consistent metrics that facilitate systems integration. Lunar power and ISRU systems are examples of such complex systems. An exergy-based analysis of the Kilopower Reactor Using Stirling Technology (KRUSTY) power generation system is conducted to assess overall KRUSTY performance. KRUSTY, a part of the Kilopower project, is a nuclear fission and Stirling converter power generation system intended for use in space, with the primary focus on generating power for a lunar base.
Daytime exergy efficiency for the KRUSTY system is generally higher than nighttime efficiency due to coupling with the lunar surface temperature. The presented results show that the KRUSTY integrated system efficiency is greater than alternate photovoltaic-based power generation schemes for lunar exploration in most use cases analyzed. This improved performance is due to reduced surface area and radiative forcing of the KRUSTY system during daytime operation. Results also indicate higher exergy efficiency at colder ambient temperatures, allowing transient power draw cases to be created which maximize exergy efficiency by biasing towards nighttime operation.
Improving Self-Efficacy of Financially Disadvantaged Students via Autonomous Design and Build Project
Authors: Chumley Maxwell , Choudhuri Shabbir , Plotkowski Paul , Manoharan Sanjivan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The attrition rate at the undergraduate level for STEM fields is a disappointing 48%, and this is even higher for low-income students. Approximately only 11% of students who identify as low-income earn an undergraduate degree within six years, while 58% of students from higher income backgrounds earn their undergraduate degree within the same timeframe. The high attrition rates coupled with the already existing low enrollment is adversely affecting the country’s economy as the supply of degreed professionals is not keeping up with demand. The academic persistence of a student is a critical factor in determining if a student decides to remain in a certain major or not. Researchers have concluded that enhancing the self-efficacy of a student results improves academic persistence which may positively influence retention. This study investigates the effect of autonomous, project-based learning on self-efficacy for 15 financially disadvantaged students. The learning experience was constructed such that all four sources of self-efficacy viz. mastery experience, vicarious experience, social persuasions, and physiological states were incorporated. Results indicate that the experience had a positive effect on the students’ perceived self-efficacy. Each student believed that these played a major role in the success of the project and that their success was very much deserved.
An Experiential Design Thinking Course for Freshmen Mechanical Engineering Students
Authors: Condoor Sridhar S. , Gorlewicz Jenna L. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Design is at the core of engineering. Therefore, exposing students to design helps them realize the purpose of engineering, motivates them to see the relevance of learning, and pushes them to higher achievement levels. In addition, experiential learning practices, and new design methods, including design thinking, are reshaping design courses. After carefully considering trends in design theory and practice, we restructured our first-year design experience for mechanical engineering students at Saint Louis University. The paper outlines the overall structure of this innovative course. The course is structured around projects, while activity-based lectures provide the necessary background to execute them. In these projects, students identify customer needs and create, develop, test, and refine innovative concepts with a win-win value proposition for the stakeholders. This paper details the projects and lecture topics to help others develop and implement similar courses. Further, based on the survey of students and external evaluators, the value proposition is the most challenging aspect to learn and incorporate into the project.