bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies of Antipneumococcal Serum
Authors: Rice Christine E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
These experiments with sixty-six lots of antipneumococcal rabbit-sera have shown that the relative proportion of homologous type-specific carbohydrate and antiserum required for maximal fixation of complement in tests incubated for twenty-four hours at 3–6 C, designated as α3–6, was in all but one instance lower than the proportion of antigen: serum needed for maximal absorption, that is, for the most complete removal by precipitation of the complement-fixing and precipitative activity from the serum.
When antigen and antiserum were mixed in the proportions indicated as necessary for maximal absorption, the amount of complement fixed was similar to or significantly less than that observed when the lower antigen: serum proportion, α3–6, was used. Thus, these antisera appeared to have a greater combining capacity with antigen than was indicated by the antigen:serum ratio α3–6. Why this increased combination of antigen and antibody was not accompanied by a corresponding increase in the amount of complement fixed during twenty-four hours' incubation at 3–6 C remains a matter for conjecture.
Whereas, in precipitative tests, the intermediate zone appeared as a region in which the supernates exhibited activity neither with added antigen nor with added antiserum, in complement-fixation tests of the same supernates, the presence of both excess antigen and residual antibody was usually demonstrable. The extent of the intermediate zone in which appreciable complement-fixing activity with both added antigen and antiserum could be detected varied considerably for different antisera. It was narrowest for a number of individual bleedings, unheated previous to absorption; broadest for certain lots of processed sera concentrated by chemical methods. Irregularities were noted in the behavior of some seven antigen-preparations.
For ten of the sixty-six antisera tested, α3–6 fell in the region of slight antibodyexcess; for forty-three, in the intermediate zone toward or at the beginning of the zone of antibody-excess; for twelve, in the intermediate zone toward the region of antigen-excess; and for one serum, definitely in the zone of antigenexcess, as denoted by complement-fixation. In respect to the relation of α3–6 to the intermediate zone, the behavior of concentrated sera resembled that of the majority of unconcentrated sera. In most instances, therefore, tests of the complement-fixing activity of supernates from mixtures of antigen and antiserum in the proportion represented by α3–6 indicated the presence of a definite excess of antibody and a slight excess of antigen, whereas precipitative tests on the same supernates were consistently negative.
Review
Authors: Bornstein S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Salmonella Group. Definition and Classification. The genus Salmonella comprises gram-negative and non-spore-forming bacilli that, as a rule, are motile by means of peritrichous flagella, grow well on ordinary culture media, produce acid and gas from mannitol, maltose, glucose and sorbitol, do not ferment lactose, sucrose and salicin, do not form indole from peptone and do not liquefy gelatin. They have one common quality: “All the known species are pathogenic for man, animals or both” [White, 1929] (367). Though some of the types have not yet been isolated from man, it is fair to assume that all of them are at least potentially pathogenic for man.
Because of the importance for human and veterinary pathology, there exists a need for a rapid and simple method of identifying cultures as belonging to the Salmonella group. No single criterion is available by which this can be done.
The Chemistry of Pollen-Extracts
Authors: Brown Ethan Allan , Benotti Norbert 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Cooke and Stull (1, 2) employed phosphotungstic acid in hydrochloric acid for the standardization of pollen-extracts, and established a protein-nitrogen unit which was taken as equal to 0.00001 mg of nitrogen per ml of extract. This method has become one of those most widely used for the standardization of extracts used in allergic practice and research.
If the actual active substance in pollen-extract were known, then methods for its exact measurement might be evolved. Since, however, its nature is not specifically known, allergists are forced to accept various procedures which, at best, give only an approximation of the relative strength of successive extracts. The experiments described below point to the fact that the method of Cooke and Stull, considered the least inexact of the various procedures, is not scientifically acceptable. The total of so-called protein-nitrogen units said to be measured by this method in any one extract varies with a number of physical and chemical factors not usually controlled.
The Mouse-Protective Test as a Uniform Method of Assay for Antibacterial and Antiviral Sera
Authors: Little Paul A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The mouse-protective technic described by Felton for evaluation of antipneumococcal sera has been used in determining potencies of antisera prepared by immunizing animals with Pasteurella multocida, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Streptococcus agalactiae (O90S), Clostridium chauvei; and the eastern and western types of the virus of equine encephalomyelitis. The results of the tests have revealed consistent differences in the length of time required for fatal consequences when similar lethal quantities of the different species of infecting agent were used. Nevertheless the protective endpoints were as clearly discernible in antisera specific for one organism as in antisera specific for another, and the mice receiving non-protective doses of serum died as regularly from infection with organisms requiring five days to kill as from infection with organisms requiring only one day. Observation-periods of 5 days for Cl. chauvei, P. multocida, types 1 and 2 and S. agalactiae, of 7 days for E. rhusiopathiae and the virus of eastern encephalomyelitis and of 9 days for the virus of western encephalomyelitis were considered to be satisfactory.
Immunochemical Studies on Human Serum
Authors: Dozois T. F. , Seifter S. , Ecker E. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The bactericidal action of human serum against V. comma, strain 82, is a result of the combined action of antibody and complement. The bactericidal action of human complement against this vibrio is destroyed by the inactivation of any one of the four complement components. Such a complement is said to be specifically inactivated. Bactericidal action is restored to a specifically inactivated complement (siC′) by the addition to it of the particular complement component which it lacks. Bactericidal action of human complement against this vibrio is fortified in particular by the addition of the “pH=5.4—μ 0.02 supernate.” All evidence in this paper points to the identity of bactericidal and hemolytic complements in human serum.
Histamine-Protein Complexes: Synthesis and Immunologic Investigation
Authors: Fell Norbert , Rodney Gertrude , Marshall Donald E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Histamine antigens have been prepared by coupling diazotized p-aminobenzoyl-histamine to various proteins. Hyperimmunization of animals with these compounds produced antibodies that were partially specific for the histamine hapten. The immunized animals displayed a marked degree of resistance to anaphylaxis.
Immunological Studies of Pollinosis
Authors: Loveless Mary Hewitt 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Discussion
In attempting to elicit the enhanced immunological response in hay-fever patients, it was found that a primary series of injections with ragweed-extract so educated its recipients that they responded to later doses more quickly and vigorously, providing an adequate period of freedom from treatment had been allowed. In general, longer periods of rest and lower resting titers were followed by better immune responses than were shorter periods and higher titers. Secondary stimuli given rapidly proved to be more effective than the same-sized doses administered over a longer treatment-period. A primary course of 50,000 units produced higher antibody-concentrations and better clinical results than did an initial series of only 3500 units. Patients receiving the larger dosage their first year appeared to respond more favorably to secondary stimuli than did the other group.
These findings suggest that the average patient will fare better if he is treated intensively for several months his first year. An extensive primary course will offer a good opportunity for protective amounts of thermostable antibody to be acquired by his blood and shock-tissues previous to the season of pollination. Periodical tests for immunity, performed at intervals during treatment and at the peak of the pollinating season, will indicate the patient's responsiveness and approximately at what level of immunity he will be clinically comfortable when there is pollen in the air. The goal of secondary stimulation can then be this degree of antibody-formation. As previously suggested, the serum, skin, or shock-tissue may be tested for immunity, the conjunctival test being the simplest.
A subsequent publication will show that this approach to the management of hay fever will often make it possible to give a satisfactory degree of clinical immunity in a few days or weeks, once the patient has been “educated” by an initial series of injections and a rest-period.
Dermal Supersensitivity, Heat-Labile, and Heat-Stabile Antibody Against Ragweed in Cattle
Authors: Weil A. J. , Reddin L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence has been given of: the existence of dermal supersensitivity in cattle to ragweed-pollen,the presence of an agent (reagin) in the serum of such animals that permits passive transfer of supersensitivity, and which is destroyed by heating for 2 hours at 56 C,the production of a neutralizing antibody in cattle experimentally injected with ragweed-pollen antigen, which is not impaired in its activity by heating the serum for 2 hours at 56 C,a similar neutralizing effect can be obtained with the serum of rabbits that had been injected with ragweed-pollen,the sera of immunized cows may also have complement-fixing qualities.
The similarity of these findings to the ones in human allergy has been pointed out, and the implications on our conception of the mechanism of supersensitivity in mammals have been discussed.
Restoration of Activity of Neutralized Biologic Agents by Removal of the Antibody with Papain
Authors: Kalmanson G. M. , Bronfenbrenner J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
It has been found that proteolytic enzymes such as crystalline pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and activated crude papain have no effect on the relatively pure coliphage. The failure of the ribonuclease to inactivate it is in accord with the finding that phage contains only 0.07 per cent of phosphorus and, therefore, probably is not a nucleoprotein. Trypsin and chymotrypsin have been found to have no effect on phage-antibody. Pepsin very slowly, and papain very rapidly, destroy the antiphage. When bacteriophage is neutralized (inactivated) by specific antibody, digestion of this antibody by papain restores the phage-activity. The length of contact of phage with antibody prior to digestion with papain has been found not to affect reactivation. On the other hand, the amount of antibody combined with phage determines the outcome of attempts at reactivation. If phage-particle is combined with just enough antibody to neutralize it, it can be reactivated, while if the phage is overneutralized it cannot be reactivated by digestion with papain. This finding has been explained by the failure of the papain to digest the antibody-molecule completely (as distinct from destroying antibody-function), as indicated by the fact that digested reactivable, as well as unreactivable, mixtures sensitize guinea pigs to rabbit serum, while only the reactivable mixtures stimulate production of antiphage. Botulinal toxin neutralized by antitoxin has been reactivated by papain. The resemblance to phage is even more complete in the fact that overneutralized toxin cannot be reactivated. Free specific polysaccharide may be obtained from specific floccules by digestion with papain. However, pneumococci, even when sensitized with excess of antibody, can infect mice if antibody is digested with papain. The reasons for differences in reactivability of the phage- and toxin-systems on one hand and the pneumococcus on the other have been discussed. It has been found that digested (unreactivated) overneutralized phage does not elicit the production of antiphage, and this fact is discussed in relation to the possible use of neutralized viruses for immunization.
The Effect Produced in Vitro by Vitamin C on the Toxic and Antigenic Properties of Diphtherial Toxin
Authors: Willison Frances E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Diphtherial toxin under limited conditions at pH values which are noninjurious, is inactivated by vitamin C. Evidence supports the view that oxidation of the toxic molecule occurs. Furthermore, toxin-vitamin mixtures are unsatisfactory immunizing agents inasmuch as loss of toxicity is accompanied by a corresponding loss of antigenic properties.
Quantitative Studies of Sulfonamide Inhibitors
Authors: Rantz Lowell A. , Kirby William M. M. , Dole Georgiana 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effects of peptone, yeast extract, amino acids, glucose, and the temperature of incubation on sulfonamide bacteriostasis have been studied. Variation of the temperature of incubation away from an optimum enhanced sulfonamide action. The antisulfonamide action of peptone and yeast extract was closely related to their ability to improve the environment of the test organism. An increase in the concentration of amino acids resulted in truesulfonamide inhibition. The significance of these results has been discussed.
The Immunological Specificity of Sulfonamide Protein Conjugates As Demonstrated by Anaphylaxis in Guinea-Pigs and the Shwartzman Phenomenon in Rabbits
Authors: Gerber Isadore E. , Gross Milton 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Anaphylactic shock is readily elicited in guinea-pigs sensitized to sulfona-mide azo proteins, following the intravenous introduction of the homologous sulfonamide-conjugate, the homologous native protein, or a related sulfonamide-hapten conjugated with a heterologous protein. More precise demonstration of the interaction of various sulfonamide azo proteins was obtained by a simplified technic of intravenous injection in guineapigs. Similar experiences were obtained in rabbits utilizing the Shwartzman phenomenon as an index of antigen-antibody reaction. The experimental evidence confirms the clinical experience of the specificity of human hypersensitivity to various sulfonamides.
Recovery of the Virus of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis from the Erythrocytes of Infected Animals
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis may be found in association with the erythrocytes of mice and guinea-pigs during the experimental disease. The concentration of the virus in the erythrocytes has no relation to the amount present in the blood serum and the washings of the erythrocytes. The association is firm, apparently taking place in the stroma of the red blood cells. Strains of the virus differ from one another in the ability to attach themselves to the erythrocytes of mice and guinea-pigs. When a strain shows a decidedly greater virulence for one species than the other, there is observed a consistent infectivity of erythrocytes of the species for which the virulence of the strain is greater. The virus may be recovered only irregularly from the erythrocytes of mice and guinea-pigs when the infecting strain shows low virulence for both animal species.
Observations on Immunity in Streptococcal Lymphadenitis of the Guinea-Pig
Authors: Foley Edward J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Guinea-pigs infected with Group C streptococci develop an altered response to subsequent injections of homologous strains. This behavior may be manifest as early as five days following primary infection. Lesions developing upon reinfection by the intracutaneous route differ from primary cutaneous lesions in that they develop and regress at an accelerated rate. Reinfection lesions are usually healed within one week after being induced, while primary cutaneous lesions are more persistent and do not heal before the twelfth or fourteenth day.
The experiments indicate a difference in the degree of immunity enjoyed by guinea-pigs exhibiting the altered response produced by infection. Those which were infected for only six days before the reinfecting dose was given, developed severe allergic response at the point of inoculation, and later lesions of regional lymph nodes. Animals infected for three weeks or more before reinfection was attempted developed accelerated local cutaneous reactions, but did not develop lesions of regional lymph nodes.
Slight cutaneous sensitiveness to streptococcal extracts was produced in guinea-pigs by repeated injections with killed streptococci, but the animals had little or no immunity, and behaved like normal controls when infection was induced by the intracutaneous routes.
The Relation of Viral Concentration to the Infectivity for Chick Embryos of Influenza Virus B (Lee Strain)
Authors: Taylor A. R. , Sharp D. G. , McLean I. W. , Beard Dorothy , Beard J. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies were made on the relation of volume of inoculum to the infectivity for chick embryos of influenza virus B (Lee strain). With volumes of 0.001 to 1.024 ml, the relation between log concentration of viral nitrogen per ml of the inoculum giving the 50 per cent response and the log volume of the inoculum was linear and the slope essentially unity. Thus, independent of volume, the introduction of the same quantity of virus was required to induce infection. Since the inoculum was injected into the chorio-allantoic fluid of average constant volume, the final relation was interpreted to be a dependence of infectivity on the concentration of virus in the chorio-allantoic fluid.
A Specific Cutaneous Reaction in Persons Infected with the Virus of Herpes Simplex
Authors: Nagler F. P. O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When a heated inactivated preparation of herpes simplex virus is inoculated intracutaneously in herpetic persons a specific erythematous reaction is produced. A positive intracutaneous reaction is regularly correlated with the presence of circulating antibody against herpes virus.
An instance of primary herpetic infection in an adult is reported.
Coordinate Effects of Electrolyte and Antibody on the Infectivity of Bacteriophage
Authors: Hershey A. D. , Kalmanson G. M. , Bronfenbrenner J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A variety of small plaque phages acting on Escherichia, Salmonella, Eberthella, and Shigella are markedly dependent on the presence of univalent cations for their infectivity. Other phages show a variable, usually lesser, dependence on salt. A large-plaque coliphage proved to be relatively independent of salt. Two salt-sensitive coliphages were studied in detail. With these the effect of salt is to increase the rate of sorption to bacteria, but this effect is not the sole explanation of the increased infectivity. Phage adsorbed to bacteria may or may not initiate regeneration, apparently depending on which of two alternative adsorptive mechanisms is utilized. The one, which predominates in the presence of salt, constitutes infection; the other, which predominates in the absence of salt, has no effect on the bacteria. In general, both types of adsorption occur, and only a variable fraction of the bacteria which have absorbed phage are actually infected.
Phage particles that have been allowed to react with amounts of antibody too small to effect neutralization, exhibit properties markedly different from those of the native phage. This alteration can be brought about without significant neutralization, and therefore applies to the entire population. The sensitized active particles are more infectious at low salt concentrations, and are more rapidly adsorbed to bacteria, than the original phage. The effect of antibody on adsorption is a predominating influence on the form of the neutralization curve when the conditions of enumeration are unfavorable, but not when they are optimal.
The pH of the phage-bacterium mixture does not appreciably affect the rate of adsorption in the absence of electrolyte.
The experiments are discussed in relation to the proper interpretation of virus neutralization tests in general, and in particular with reference to conclusions which have been drawn regarding the reversibility of the virus-antivirus reaction, and the question of the heterogeneity of the viral population.
Studies on Penicillin
Authors: McKee Clara M. , Rake Geoffrey , Menzel A. E. O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Variants arise readily in strains of Penicillium notatum. Certain of these produce large amounts of penicillin; others very little. Care in the selection and maintenance of strains is required for optimal production of the active substance. The amount of penicillin produced varies with the medium and the method of cultivation employed. Many methods of assaying penicillin exist. The one adopted can be a matter of personal choice provided a standard of known value (in Oxford or other units) be included in every test and the value given in reference to this standard. Penicillin is highly unstable under most conditions, but when dried and sealed in vacuo it retains its potency for comparatively long periods of time under varied conditions of temperature. As shown by Fleming (1) in his original article, penicillin is highly active against the gram-positive bacteria and far less so against the gram-negative organisms However, the more purified preparations have a considerable activity against gram-negative bacilli, particularly Salmonella enteritidis.
Studies on Penicillin
Authors: Rake Geoffrey , McKee Clara M. , Hamre Dorothy M. , Houck Carol L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The therapeutic efficacy of penicillin can be determined accurately in vitro. It is effective when administered locally or systemically. Because of its high antibacterial activity, one injection of penicillin will protect mice against a light infecting dose of pneumococci while repeated treatments are effective against larger doses. Well-established local and systemic pneumococcal infections in rabbits can be successfully treated by repeated intravenous injections of penicillin. While penicillin is rapidly excreted, demonstrable amounts are present in the urine of mice as long as eight hours after injection. Sulfonamide-resistant strains of pneumococci (4, 13, 14) are susceptible to the action of penicillin. Strains of staphylococci (5, 18), pneumococci, and streptococci can be rendered resistant in vitro to penicillin. Loss of virulence accompanies this increased resistance. A strain of Staphylococcus aureus has been rendered more virulent and for this reason more resistant to penicillin by serial passage in mice treated with penicillin. Susceptibility in vitro was unchanged by such passage. Penicillin, even in impure form, is many times less toxic for animals than any other well-known antibiotic substance.