bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cluster Formation in Vitro by Mouse Spleen Cells and Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: Shearer G. M. , Cudkowicz G. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The primary injection of sheep erythrocytes into young adult mice was followed by the appearance in the spleen of distinct populations of immunocytes secreting specific antibody. Different types of immunocytes were recognized by the properties of the antibody produced, i.e., the ability to lyse erythrocytes in agar gel directly and indirectly upon facilitation (plaque-forming cells), and the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes in liquid medium (cluster-forming cells). The optimal conditions for enumeration of cluster-forming cells were established. The number of cluster-forming cells in the spleens was much greater than that of plaque-forming cells, and the kinetics of appearance were different. Furthermore, previous cluster formation in liquid suspension did not influence the subsequent appearance of hemolytic plaques in agar gel by the same spleen cell preparation. The plaques developed around immunocytes other than the cluster-forming cells. It was concluded that cluster-forming cells and plaque-forming cells are engaged in the exclusive production of hemagglutinins and hemolysins, respectively.
Immune Lysis of Rabies Virus-Infected Cells
Authors: Wiktor T. J. , Kuwert E. , Koprowski H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Cells of tissue cultures infected with rabies virus are lysed after exposure to antirabies antibody and complement, as shown either by counting of cells stained with trypan blue or by release of chromium 51 from labeled cells. Neither antirabies serum nor fresh guinea pig serum is active alone. The reaction is abolished by treatment of serum-complement mixture with EDTA, or treatment of complement by heat or hydrazine. Fluorescein-conjugated antibody without complement stained the surface of infected cells; with complement, intracytoplasmic staining was seen, indicating penetration of the cell membrane by antibody. Both lytic antibody and neutralizing antibody were found in the 7 S IgG immunoglobulin fraction of human and mouse antisera. Study of the sera of animals either immunized against rabies or in the incubation stage of the disease showed, however, that lytic and neutralizing antibody titers could vary independently. Lytic antibody was produced in man and animals infected with street virus, injected with inactivated vaccine, or infected with crude or purified live virus vaccine.
The X-Y-Z Scheme of Immunocyte Maturation
Authors: Dowden Stanley J. , Sercarz Eli E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The first serum antibody detected in mice which spontaneously escaped from BSA paralysis was similar in three ways to that first detected in normal mice 8 days after a primary injection of AP-BSA. Each produced the 4-hr and 72-hr mouse PCA reactions, was similar in avidity, and had comparable low levels of antigen-binding capacity.
Antibody produced late after spontaneous escape and that produced late in the normal primary response effected only the 4-hr mouse PCA reaction. Such antibody was of avidity intermediate between the 8-day early anti-BSA and hyperimmune anti-BSA.
Only 7Sγl possessed anti-BSA activity by radioimmunoelectrophoresis, whether in mice which spontaneously escaped from BSA paralysis or in normal mice following primary or repeated immunization with either AP-BSA or S-BSA. 7Sγ2, γA, and γM were negative by this criterion. The absence of γM antibody to BSA was confirmed by passive hemagglutination and 2-mercaptoethanol studies on unfractionated antisera; and on antisera fractionated by micro-sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation or by ultracentrifugation of preformed 125I-BSA-anti-BSA complexes. The absence of 7Sγ2 anti-BSA was confirmed by the absence of guinea pig PCA reactions with positive mouse antisera to BSA.
The results support the notion that the anti-BSA response in mice newly escaped from paralysis is essentially similar to an early primary response.
The discussion has served to emphasize that the concept of reversibly paralyzed cells is in accord with many current models of paralysis involving short-term delays rather than extinction of specific immune responsiveness.
Prenatal Immunization of the Lamb to Brucella: Dissociation of Immunocompetence and Reactivity
Authors: Richardson Marvis , Beck Clifford C. , Clark David T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Many animal species do not respond markedly to the somatic antigens of Brucella or Salmonella until several weeks of age (1). Smith (2) found that only 1 of 58 human infants receiving typhoid vaccine at 1 to 30 days of age produced agglutinins against somatic antigen, although 46 of the 58 responded to the less complex flagella antigen. Passive transfer of antibody has been shown to inhibit immunization (3, 4), and maternal antibody may negate immune response in the neonate. Other evidence suggests that late maturation of immunocompetence is responsible for the non-reactivity toward the somatic antigens of Gram-negative bacteria. Silverstein and coworkers (5) have found that although the fetal lamb responded fully to several types of antigen at various times during fetal life, it did not produce antibody to Salmonella typhosa at any time in utero or by 6 weeks of age.
The Effects of Single Low Antigen Doses on Immunologic Responsiveness in Adult Rabbits
Authors: Kraft Sumner C. , Rothberg Richard M. , Ford Harold E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The effects of single low doses of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on immune responsiveness were studied by administering 0.1 or 1.0 mg of BSA intravenously (i.v.) to adult rabbits. Anti-BSA was detected in 50% of each group. The injection of 1.0 mg of BSA inhibited the antibody responses to challenging doses of 100 mg i.v. of BSA given 21 and 42 days later. This hyporesponsiveness was not due to the presence of circulating antigen. Following the first 100 mg BSA challenge, a transient decrease in the strength of the antibody-antigen bonds was observed. Rabbits receiving a 10-fold lower preliminary BSA dose did not exhibit immune suppression or a decrease in the strength of antibody-antigen bonds. The immunocompetent cells of these animals were affected by the 0.1-mg i.v. BSA injection, however, as demonstrated by slightly more antibody following the second 100-mg BSA challenge, a more rapid onset of immune elimination, and a higher mean effect of dilution following the second challenge. Since immunosuppression has not been observed using 10-fold lower or higher BSA doses, there appears to be something unique about a single 1.0-mg BSA injection. Although the cellular mechanisms involved remain unclear, 1.0 mg i.v. of BSA more efficiently suppressed the population of immunologically competent cells that form antibodies capable of stronger antigen binding.
Characterization of a Soluble Cytoplasmic Antigen Reactive with Sera from Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythmatosus
Authors: Clark Geoffrey , Reichlin Morris , Tomasi Thomas B. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A tissue antigen reactive with sera from SLE patients has been partially characterized. The antigen is a soluble cytoplasmic component which is present in a variety of human tissues and is distinct from known nuclear antigens. It is an acidic macromolecule which has the electrophoretic mobility of an α1 globulin and is resistant to most proteolytic enzymes including trypsin, pepsin and chymotrypsin. Antigenicity is destroyed by 0.02 M periodate and by 0.001 M parahydroxy mercuribenzoate. Antibodies to this antigen have been found in 40% of unselected LE sera and were absent from a large number of sera from normal persons and from the sera of patients with other connective tissue disorders.
Antiserum Neutralization of Bacteriophage Q β: A Mathematical Analysis
Authors: Hale Edward M. , Hirata A. A. , Brusenback R. A. , Overby L. R. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The inactivation of the bacteriophage, Q β, with specific antiserum was studied. The reaction exhibited a continual decrease in rate that was evident from the beginning. The same limiting value of the surviving fraction was reached by all concentrations of a serum. The deviation from first order kinetics was not attributable to dissociation or pre-existing phage heterogenity. The results support the idea of the development of resistant phages by interaction with antiserum components. The curve of neutralization could be approximated mathematically.
Effect of DEAE-Dextran on Interferon Production and Protective Effect in Mice Treated with the Double-Stranded Polynucleotide Complex Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid
Authors: Dianzani F. , Rita G. , Cantagalli P. , Gagnoni S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Interferon production by mice treated with the double-stranded polynucleotide complex I:C is increased up to 30 times by the presence of DEAE-dextran in injected I:C solutions. Consistent amounts of circulating IF could be detected only 90 min after treatment. The highest levels of circulating IF were produced within 3 hr after treatment with I:C (20 µg/mouse) and DEAE-dx (200 µg/mouse). The highest levels of circulating IF were maintained during a 10- to 12-hr period following a single stimulation. Repeated treatment of mice with I:C and DEAE-dx after the disappearence of previously induced IF were followed by new rises of IF production. If stimulation was repeated at the times when the previously induced level of circulating IF was still high, it was possible to maintain this level during the whole period of study (39 hr). Protection against challenge with Columbia SK virus was much higher in mice treated with repeated doses of inducer (90% survival) than in mice treated with a single dose of inducer (50% survival).
Immune Response of Cattle to Different Serotype Antigens in Monovalent and Trivalent Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccines
Authors: Graves J. H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Inactivated foot-and-mouth disease vaccines, prepared from monovalent and trivalent 140 S antigens in which the virus mass was balanced according to complement-fixing titers, were compared in cattle. The vaccine containing type C virus produced significantly higher neutralizing antibody levels and disease resistance against challenge with homologous virus than did those containing types A and O. No significant differences occurred in antibody levels or immunity between monovalent and trivalent vaccines, indicating the absence of a foot-and-mouth disease immunizing antigen common to all three types.
Antibody Elicited by Brucella Abortus Antigen in Vitro: Prolonged Production by Cell Suspensions
Authors: Richardson Marvis 
Published: December 2022

Summary
It has been found that Brucella antibody can be elicited in vitro. Spleen cell suspensions from rabbits immunized 6 to 13 months earlier to Brucella abortus antigen were antigenically stimulated in vitro and cultured up to 30 days. Four to five days after initiation of the response antibody-synthesizing cells could be detected by passive localized hemolysis in agar. For detecting the cells, the ratio of Brucella erythrocyte-sensitizing substance to erythrocytes proved critical. After the exponential phase of their appearance, at 4 to 6 days, plaque-forming cells could no longer be demonstrated.
The Brucella-stimulated cells synthesized high concentrations of specific bacterial agglutinins. Extracellular antibody reached a maximum by 8 to 11 days and remained at this level for 1 to 2 weeks. Titers of 1:160 and 1:320 were attained regularly. The prolonged “steady-state” of antibody production permitted an examination of the late phase of the immune response in vitro and the effect of various factors on it. Within limits, the antibody response of the cultured spleen cells was a function of antigen concentration. Although 106 brucellae elicited a high level of antibody from 107 spleen cells, antibody synthesis was sustained for 1 to 2 weeks only when higher numbers of brucellae were present. The amount of antibody produced depended markedly on the normal rabbit serum used in the medium, the atmosphere, and the physical conditions of culture. It was found that actinomycin D at 0.1 to 1.0 µg/ml completely inhibited the secondary immune response of cultured cells to Brucella abortus antigen when added at 0 hr or up to day 3. Aflatoxin at 1 µg/ml reduced the response significantly when the agent was added up to day 3. On disc electrophoresis, the antibody elicited in vitro migrated as a single band with the slow γ globulins, at the same rate as Brucella antibody produced in the rabbit. On the basis of sensitivity to 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol, over 90% of the antibody was IgM.
It was concluded that the prolonged production of antibody provided a sensitive means of studying the effect of various factors on the secondary immune response in vitro. With cultures of dispersed cells initiated at 107 spleen cells/ml, antigenically stimulated with 108 killed Brucella abortus and grown under rather rigid conditions, the results were reproducible.
Ontogeny of Circulating Immunoglobulins in Normal, Bursectomized and Irradiated Chickens
Authors: Van Meter Ronee , Good R. A. , Cooper M. D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Normal chickens develop peak levels of IgM earlier than they develop peak levels of IgG. Despite its suppressive effect on primary antibody responses, bursectomy at hatching has no effect on the early rise in circulating IgM. This treatment delays but does not prevent the normal increase with age of plasma IgG concentrations. Near-lethal whole body irradiation on the 2nd day of life does not suppress the development of circulating immunoglobulins. Early bursectomy and irradiation prevented synthesis of detectable IgM and IgG over an 8-week period in 59% of birds so treated. The observations suggest that circulating γ globulin levels may bear no direct relationship to the number of stem cells of the plasma cell line.
The Relationship of the Hemolytic Activity of Active C′ls to Its TAMe Esterase Action: A New Method of Purification and Assay
Authors: Nagaki K. , Stroud R. M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Active C′1s was isolated from the euglobulin fraction of human serum by column chromatography on CM and DEAE cellulose and Pevikon block electrophoresis. The final product revealed a single precipitin line against horse anti-whole human serum on immunoelectrophoresis and did not contain C′1q. A spectrophotometric assay was introduced for measuring the esterase activity of C′1s using TAMe as a substrate. Active C′1s was capable of generating SAC′4,2a although it did not bind to EAC′4 cells and EA. The esterase activity and the hemolytic activity as well as the C′2 and C′4 destructive activity of active C′1s were associated with a single homogeneous protein which migrated to the α-globulin region and had a molecular weight of approximately 110,000. A molecular titration of active C′1s is not possible because active C′1s transfers from site to site; however, SAC′4,2a generating activity could be correlated with TAMe esterase activity. As the ratio of hemolytic to esterase activity of active C′1s was 20 to 40 times less than that of C′1a, the firm binding of C′1a mediated through the combining site for antibody, presumably on the C′1q subunit, increases the efficiency of cleavage and transfer of C′2 at SAC′4.
Antibody Responses in Nasal Secretions and Serum of Elderly Persons Following Local or Parenteral Administration of Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine
Authors: Kasel Julius A. , Hume Evan B. , Fulk Robert V. , Togo Yashushi , Huber Margret , Hornick Richard B. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Nasal secretion and serum neutralizing antibody responses of 22 elderly persons to vaccination with a bivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine by local or parenteral routes were compared. Each 1.0 ml of vaccine contained 300 chicken cell agglutination (CCA) units each of A2/Taiwan/1/64 and A2/Japan/170/62, and 600 CCA units of B/Mass/3/66 influenza virus antigens. The titers and duration of IgA antibody in nasal secretions were higher and appeared to persist longer following repeated nasopharyngeal vaccination than after a single subcutaneous immunization. The frequency and duration of serum antibody responses induced by local administration of vaccine were not significantly different from those seen following parenteral vaccination.
Neutralizing Antibody Complex of Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Stinski M. F. , Cunningham C. H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The reaction between infectious bronchitis virus-42 (Beaudette) and neutralizing antibody, and dissociation of the antigen-antibody complex, was studied by the plaque technique using chicken embryo kidney cell cultures. Neutralization was a first-order reaction dependent upon time and concentration of antibody. When the complex was diluted, there was a slight but statistically significant dissociation. The complex clarified by centrifugation did not dissociate after dilution. Complexes were readily dissociated by acid with a direct relationship to H+ ion concentration. Maximum dissociation occurred within 1 min at pH 1.7 with a recovery of 60% of the original infectious virus. Virus and antibody dissociated at low pH could be reassociated at neutrality. The complexes adsorbed to cells. Brief acidification dissociated neutralizing antibody from the complexes allowing virus to infect the cells.
Isologous and Homologous Lymphoid Transplants
Authors: Hyslop Newton E. , Stone Sanford H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Stimulation of guinea pigs with protein antigen incorporated in complete Freund's adjuvant results in sequential production of three types of immunoglobulins. The initial response of rapidly sedimenting or macroglobulin antibody is superseded by a γ1 (PCA) 7 S antibody response. Subsequently the γ2 (cytotoxic) 7 S antibody appears in significant amounts. This last stage signals full maturation of the circulating antibody response so far as it can be measured by current techniques.
By extirpation of the stimulated regional lymph nodes at discrete intervals during the differentiation process and injection of the dispersed cells into isologous normal recipients, the various stages of the primary immune response can be isolated and studied. In the absence of additional antigen, the types of antibody detectable in the donor at the time of transfer are the only kinds produced in the recipient. The possible mechanism of this arrest of maturation and the application of this model system are discussed.
Physical Characteristics of Rubella Virus
Authors: Smith Kendall O. , Hobbins Thomas E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rubella virus centrifuged over a preformed CsCl gradient for 1.5 hr gave a sharp, opaque band at a density of 1.22. Recovery of infectivity and hemagglutinin from crude suspensions was almost complete. Electron microscopic examination of the band showed structured particles averaging 55 mµ in diameter (range was 42 to 71 mµ). Some particles showed spicule surface subunits. The number of characteristic particles in different fractions correlated well with biologic activity, offering strong evidence for the identity of rubella virus as a 55-mµ particle (average diameter). Tween 80 treatment fragmented these particles into burr-like components which were highly reactive as hemagglutinin. Its small size and the absence of 180 Å ribonucleoprotein in disrupted preparations suggests that rubella virus does not belong in the myxovirus or paramyxovirus group. Fifty-five-millimiron particles were efficient in stimulating rubella virus antibody in guinea pigs. However, neither this antibody nor post-rubella human serum agglutinated the 55-mµ particles.
Antigenic Analysis of the Hemagglutinating Subunits of the Animal Influenza Virus Strains A/Equine-2/Milford/2/63, A/Equine-2/Miami/I/63 and A/Duck/England/62
Authors: Drescher Joachim , Weidauer Doris 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The antigenic composition of the hemagglutinating subunits produced by ether treatment of the animal influenza virus strains A/Equine-2/Milford/2/63, A/Equine-2/Miami/1/63 and A/Duck/England/62 was analyzed.
Both Equine-2 strains were found to contain A/1/PR 301 and A/2/AA/23/57 components as minor antigens, and the Milford strain, in addition, contained an A/Swine component.
The relative concentration of these antigenic components was determined and it was found that about half the hemagglutinating activity of ether-treated Equine-2 viruses is represented by doubly-antigenic hemagglutinins that carry the major antigen in combination with one of the minor antigens.
The hemagglutinating subunits of the strain A/Duck/England/62 were also found to be antigenically inhomogenous. However, the identification of minor antigens was not achieved.
The antibody response to vaccination with intact and ether-treated human influenza viruses was tested comparatively. The strains A/Swine, A/1/PR 301 and A/2/23/57 were found to contain an A/Equine-2/Milford/2/63 component. In contrast, no evidence for the presence of A/Equine-2/Miami/1/63 or A/Duck/England/62 components in human strains was obtained.
The patterns of cross-reaction of intact and ether-treated animal viruses were found to reflect primarily their major antigenic components and were not measurably influenced by the minor antigenic components as identified in ether-treated viruses.
Biologic Activity and Morphology of Three Types of Rabbit IgM Antibody Subunits
Authors: Chesebro Bruce , Svehag Sven-Eric 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The antibody activity and antigen-binding capacity of rabbit IgM antibody subunits obtained by three different methods of reduction or reduction-alkylation were compared with that of the original IgM antibody. The three types of subunits retained only 7% to 12% of the poliovirus neutralizing activity and no detectable adenovirus hemagglutination-inhibiting capacity. Multivalent, cysteine-reduced and reaggregated IgM antibody retained 30% neutralizing and 55% hemagglutination-inhibiting activity.
Electron microscopic examination of poliovirus reacted with intact IgM antibody, reduced and reaggregated IgM, and the three types of reduction subunits gave evidence that the subunits bound only weakly to the viral antigen and that their effective valence in this system was one. The dimensions of the subunits were about 90 by 35 Å. Multivalent, cysteine-reduced and reaggregated IgM bound effectively to poliovirus.
Differentiation of Antibody-Forming Cells
Authors: Campbell Priscilla A. , Kind Phyllis 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Experiments were conducted which examined the relative roles of proliferation and differentiation of both precursor cells and plaque-forming cells in causing the increase in plaque-forming cells, which is seen with higher doses of antigen. Both plaque-forming cells and precursor cells in the spleens of mice were analyzed on days 2 through 7 after injection of 106, 107 or 108 SRBC. Both cell types increased after injection of antigen and reached higher levels with higher doses of antigen. As the dose of antigen was increased, the doubling times of both plaque-forming cells and precursor cells decreased. At every dose of antigen the doubling time of plaque-forming cells was approximately one-half that of precursor cells.
Immunochemical Studies on Blood Groups
Authors: Vicari Giuseppe , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A blood group “inactive” glycoprotein was isolated from the ovarian cyst fluid of a Nigerian (OG.). The analytical properties of the purified material correspond closely to those reported for the other human blood group substances, except for the unusually low fucose content. The OG. substance is devoid of A, B, H and Le activity and shows a high cross-reactivity with type XIV antipneumococcal serum. This material probably represents a precursor of blood group macromolecules bearing the A, B, H. Lea and Leb specificities. Analytical and immunochemical data are reported on two glycoprotein fractions isolated from gastric cancer.