bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Examination of the Blood Preliminary to the Operation of Blood Transfusion
Authors: Coca Arthur F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Before the operation of blood transfusion is carried out it is necessary to test the compatibility of the prospective donor's blood with that of the patient; that is, it must be determined whether the blood corpuscles of the donor will remain intact in the circulation of the patient. It is altogether probable that no two human individuals possess blood having exactly the same chemical composition; indeed, the possible different combinations of demonstrated different substances in the corpuscles alone have been estimated to be about 4000 (1).
Fortunately, however, the differences in the blood plasma and most of those in the corpuscles, although they are, perhaps, the cause of certain unpleasant symptoms, such as a chill followed by a rise of temperature, do not constitute an incompatibility such as could contraindicate the use of the blood of an individual for transfusion.
Experiments on the Production of Antipoliomyelitic Serum in Rabbits
Authors: Tsen Edgar T. H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
One can find in the extensive literature on experimental poliomyelitis only a few scattered statements of experiments on the production of antipoliomyelitic serum in rabbits, and these statements, furthermore, are as contradictory as those regarding the question of the etiology of poliomyelitis and the susceptibility of rabbits to this disease. Flexner (1), in 1910, stated that rabbits which had been given injections of active poliomyelitis virus did not seem to yield immunity principles that had restraining or neutralizing effect on the virus either in vitro or within the body. Amoss (2), in 1917, reported that the serum of rabbits which he had injected intravenously with a heavy suspension of washed cultures of globoid bodies also failed to neutralize the filterable virus. On the other hand, Nuzum (3) claimed that he had succeeded in producing antipoliomyelitic serum in rabbits by immunizing them with strains of streptococci which he and several others believed to be the causative agents of poliomyelitis.
Prompt Macroscopic Agglutination in the Diagnosis of Glanders
Authors: Povitzky Olga R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method has been devised whereby a prompt clear cut macroscopic agglutination for the diagnosis of glanders can be obtained in two hours. Fifteen strains of B. mallei were tested and one obtained which is constant in its agglutinability with positive sera. The best culture medium is glycerin-potato-agar (2.5 acid to phenolphthalein) carefully prepared (see text). Great care must be used in the preparation of the stock suspension of B. mallei (see text). For the tests, fresh dilutions in 0.85 per cent salt solution are made from the stock suspension. No carbolic acid is added to the stock nor to the dilutions. The agglutination test is valuable in the routine examination of horses. With this test nearly all early and acute cases can be detected and thus the spread of the disease can be prevented. A negative reaction by a single agglutination test if not confirmed by the ophthalmic and the complement fixation tests does not prove the case negative; nor does a single negative result either by the complement fixation or ophthalmic tests. A positive reaction by any of the three methods is more significant than a negative one. All three tests must be performed in order to pronounce the horse negative. In my experience with the present series of cases a reaction of less than 1:1000 by agglutination (if the other two tests are negative and if there are no clinical symptoms) is not indicative of glanders in the horse. If the reaction is above a 1:1000 the horse should be kept under observation; even if he does not show active glanders, the possibility of a carrier condition should be thought of. Isolation of such horses would be a very safe measure for preventing the infection among the other horses. The bacteriological method of inoculating the guinea-pig with glanders material for the “Strauss” reaction is successful in only 25 per cent of cases (active lesions). Autopsy findings, if possible, should be confirmed by pathological sections. A great many cases are pronounced glanders on autopsy, which do not show typical lesions under the microscope. All stables should be under the supervision of the City Health Department and glanders in horses should be put in the same category as typhoid, meningitis, etc. in man, if glanders in New York City is to be eradicated. Sera that come to the Health Department for diagnosis should be accompanied by a complete history of each horse. Follow up work should be possible. Records of the three tests and autopsy findings should be accessible and some mark of identification for every horse should be devised by which all records of a horse can be compared. Only in some such way can a really scientific study of the disease be made and the right conclusions drawn.
Quantitative Studies on the Neutralization of Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus by Immune Serum
Authors: Merrill Malcolm H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The addition of subneutralizing doses of immune serum to suspensions of equine encephalomyelitis virus caused a definite decrease in the titer of the virus, indicating a 90 to 99 per cent neutralization. This occurred over a wide range of serum-virus ratios. In the narrow zone of serum-virus ratios in which neutralization was complete there was a direct relationship between the number of infective doses of virus present and the serum required for neutralization. It is believed that two phenomena were being measured, namely, aggregation and neutralization, and it is suggested that the phenomenon of percentage neutralization with the virus in question, as well as with phage, is probably due to aggregation of virus, or phage, particles.
Hemolytic and Combining Capacities of Pneumococcic Extracts
Authors: Hull Winifred S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Pneumococcic extracts, prepared from 9 different strains of pneumococcus, have been studied with regard to their hemolytic power and capacity for combining with antibody. It has been shown that the combining capacity of the individual extract remains constant over a long period of time, although there is a progressive decrease in the ability to hemolyze red blood cells.
Alum-Precipitation of Diphtheria Toxoid (Improvement of Diphtheria Alum-Toxoid)
Authors: Ando K. , Komiyama T. , Manako K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Precipitation of diphtheria-toxoid by alum depends on the pH under which the precipitate is formed. Purified toxoid requires much less amounts of alum to be precipitated than the original toxoid. One-eighth by volume of 4 per cent solution of alum seems to be sufficient for toxoid purified with calcium-phosphate to precipitate the greater part of the active principle from it. The superiority of the alum-toxoid as an immunizing agent was shown with toxoids purified with calcium-phosphate.
Active Immunization to Scarlet Fever by the Intracutaneous Method
Authors: Robinson J. Hudson 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The administration of scarlet fever streptococcal toxin in effective dosage for active immunization is often followed by undesirable local and general reactions when the injections are made by the usual subcutaneous route.
Evidence has been accumulating that the skin may be utilized advantageously as a route of absorption for various vaccines and toxins in producing active immunity. In 1931 Tuft (1) compared the antibody-response following 4 weekly injections of mixed typhoid vaccine by the subcutaneous, intramuscular and intracutaneous routes in human beings. Subsequent serologic study of these individuals showed that the degree of antibody-production was equal to that found after the use of the other routes of injection. The total number of bacteria injected intracutaneously was one-seventh the number injected by the other routes. Tuft remarks upon the relatively “large number of negative or slight (one plus) local reactions after intradermal injection” and “the extremely low percentage of the constitutional symptoms occurring after the intradermal injections as compared with the others.”
Complement Fixation Following B.C.G. Vaccination
Authors: Reed G. B. , Gardiner B.G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Previous complement fixation studies of the serum of tuberculous patients and of infected and immunized rabbits using two antigens in parallel, one prepared from the S form and one from the R form of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, have led us to the opinion that S forms of the tubercle bacillus contain antigenic components which are lacking in R forms. The reaction of a small group of human cases to vaccination with B.C.G. lends some support to the view that antigenic deficiencies occur in the constitution of B.C.G.
Dr. R. S. Ferguson of the Saskatchewan Anti-Tuberculosis League kindly sent us the sera of 11 Indian children ranging in age from 9 to 16 years. These children had received 0.3 mgm. of B.C.G. vaccine intracutaneously (living culture prepared according to Calmette's method). Each developed a characteristic local infection of approximately the same intensity.
On the Mutual Multivalence of Toxin and Antitoxin
Authors: Eagle Harry 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Discussion
Diphtheric toxin and antitoxin do not necessarily combine in a fixed proportion to form a “neutral” compound, as postulated by Ehrlich and by Arrhenius and Madsen. Conforming to other antigen-antibody systems, both reagents seem multivalent with respect to each other. In the presence of an excess of toxin, antitoxin binds several times as much toxin as is indicated by its neutralizing activity, and the resulting compound is itself toxic. Similarly, in the presence of excess antitoxin, toxin combines with more than the neutralizing quantity of antitoxin to form an antitoxic compound. The precisely neutral compound, instead of being the usual type of combination, is formed only when the two reagents are mixed in just the proper proportions. The present experiments offer no clue as to the stoichiometric ratio between toxin and antitoxin at this point of equivalence (neutrality); nor do they indicate the number of reacting groups which bind each molecule of toxin and antitoxin at the equivalence point.
Further Studies on the Immunology of Hemophilus Pertussis
Authors: Powell H. M. , Jamieson W. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Additional data has been presented on successful enhancement of virulence of H. pertussis. Pertussis vaccines may be tested in mice in a relatively inexpensive way. Successful results in mice have yet to be correlated with satisfactory clinical results in human beings. Several passive protection tests in mice inoculated with H. pertussis have been described.
Further Investigations on the Blood-Brain-Barrier
Authors: Friedemann Ulrich 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
After intravenous injection into guinea pigs weighing 300 grams all basic aniline dyes with the exception of safranine stain the brain in amounts ranging from 1 to 7 mgm. Some acid dyes (acid fuchsin, orange, bordeaux, eosin, uranine) do not stain the brain at all in the available amounts. Some others (trypan blue, congo red, water blue, alizarin blue-S, indigo di- and tetrasulphonate) stain in amounts varying from 20 to 80 mgm. The difference between basic and acid dyes is partly due to a difference in their affinity for brain tissue. The latter was tested by determining the minimal staining dose in vitro (Cv). In addition the cerebral capillaries are more permeable to basic than to acid dyes. This permeability can be determined by the ratio between the minimal staining concentrations in vivo and in vitro (CB/Cv). The permeability of the cerebral capillaries to dyes is independent of their chemical constitution, their size and their lipoid solubility. It merely depends on their electrical charge. Staphylococcus toxin acts rapidly without any incubation period. It is unable to pass the blood-brain-barrier. Staphylococcus toxin carries a negative charge at the pH of the blood. The isoelectric point is in in the neighbourhood of pH 6.2. A special method has been devised to compare the ζ-potentials of toxins. The capacity of toxins to pass the capillary system is correlated with their ζ-potentials. Tentatively, a theory is advanced according to which the selective permeability of the capillary system in general and the blood-brain-barrier in particular is due to an irreciprocal permeability.
On the Differences in Activity of Serum Complement from Various Animal Species
Authors: Shrigley E. W. , Irwin M. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The normal sera of ox, rabbit, and sheep were found to be highly bactericidal for Brucella suis, while normal guinea pig serum showed no such activity. The bactericidal activity of the above sera was destroyed by heating at 56.5°C. for 30 minutes or by absorption with heat-killed Brucella suis. Guinea pig complement would not activate the normal thermostable antibody of ox, rabbit, or sheep serum against Br. suis. Rabbit complement activated only heated rabbit serum. Ox complement activated almost completely the killing power of heated sera of the rabbit and ox, and only partly that of the heated sheep serum. Sheep complement restored completely the bactericidal power of heated normal sheep and rabbit sera, and activated heated ox serum nearly to the same degree as did ox complement. The order of these complements arranged according to their ability to activate certain normal bactericidins is just the opposite to a similar arrangement for complements in hemolytic systems. Our data show that complements vary in their ability to activate normal bactericidins against Brucella suis, and therefore the complements from different animal sources are not always interchangeable in normal bactericidal reactions.
Heredity of Agglutinogens M and N Among Pueblo and Blackfeet Indians
Authors: Allen Fred W. , Larsen Harold D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The theory that the inheritance of the agglutinogens M and N of Landsteiner and Levine depends upon a single pair of allelomorphic genes was tested by determining the frequencies of the three types (M+N+, M+N−, M−N+) in 140 pueblo Indians, and also by similar data for Blackfeet Indians given by Matson, Levine, and Schrader.
The frequencies of the genes were determined by the formulae: and where m and n are the frequencies of the genes M and N respectively. The size of the deviation, D = (m+n)−1, was compared with its probable error and found to be insignificant in both cases.
Therefore, this is taken to be evidence in favor of the theory of Landsteiner and Levine, which states that the inheritance of the agglutinogens M and N depends upon a single pair of allelomorphic genes.
Toxins of Salmonella Aertrycke
Authors: Herter Ruth C. , Rettger Leo F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. In the epidemics of paratyphoid infection in turkeys reported by Rettger, Plastridge and Cameron (1933) the mortality was as high as 65 per cent. The etiological agent was found to be Salmonella aertrycke. The organism was highly pathogenic for young turkeys, chicks, guinea pigs and mice, when administered orally and parenterally.
The question as to whether or not toxins play an important rôle in producing symptoms and fatalities resulting from infection with bacteria of the paratyphoid group has been a matter of interest for some time. However, the existence of a toxin that is specific for the natural host has apparently not been demonstrated for members of the paratyphoid group. It is true that other investigators have obtained toxic substances in culture filtrates and autolysates, but animals other than the natural host were employed by them. In studying the toxin production of S. pullorum, Hanks and Rettger (1931) failed to obtain a toxin which was capable of killing young chicks.
A Low Temperature Ball-mill for the Liberation of Labile Cellular Products
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Shaw C. H. , Czarnetzky E. J. , Flosdorf Earl W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The problem of disintegration of cells and tissues for the purpose of liberating intracellular substances arises in many fields. It has become increasingly apparent, particularly in the field of bacteriology, that classical methods to this end have been only partially successful, and that many of the products obtained have been in reality artefacts, degradation products of the more complex and biologically active substances present in the intact cells.
A short time ago, an article by one of us (E. J. C.) appeared in Science, in which the extraction of labile bacterial antigen by disruption of the lyophile-dried bacterial cells at low temperature (1) was described. This method utilized liquid air to bring the bacteria to a temperature beyond a critical point at which the dry bacteria become brittle and are easily disrupted by mechanical agitation with a mortar and pestle.
The Nature of Antibodies
Authors: Hooker Sanford B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Upon occasions like this there is only one person who is obliged to address the meeting. In partial compensation he is permitted to indulge rather freely in imaginative flights and, when he returns to earth, he is at least temporarily immune to the critical discussion that the unprotected voluntary speaker must be prepared to endure. It has been considered appropriate for him to review some subject of specialized interest to the gathering.
For these reasons I have ventured to speculate upon the nature of antibodies. This title is even more pretentious than it seems at first glance, because we can not even define antibody without using such a comprehensive term as antigen, and it is impossible to discuss either without continual reference to the intricate concepts of immunochemical specificity.
The Cutaneous Reaction of Rabbits to Pneumococcal Vaccines and Its Neutralization by Specific Antisera
Authors: Weil A. J. , Phillips S. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Vaccines, made from young cultures of pneumococci evoke an infiltration in the skin or rabbits when injected intracutaneously in comparatively small quantities. The irritating substance is heat labile, and loses activity as the cultures grow older. S-substance does not cause a similar reaction. This reaction is prevented specifically when antipneumococcal serum is injected simultaneously with the vaccine. The neutralization is strictly type-specific and allows a quantitative estimation of the antibody content within a range of ±20 per cent.
Passive Anaphylactic Sensitivity to Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharides
Authors: Goodner Kenneth , Horsfall Frank L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
These results suggest by inference that fatal passive anaphylactic sensitivity to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides is obtainable with proportions of antigen to antibody in which the amount of carbohydrate is slightly in excess of the amount necessary to satisfy the available antibody. If the proportion of antigen is excessively large a negative result is obtained. If the amount of antigen is too small a similar negative result is obtained, and this is true in a region of combinations in which positive complement-fixation might be expected.
The Titration of Alpha and Beta Haemolysins in Staphylococcal Toxin
Authors: Roy T. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The haemolytic action of staphylococcal toxin on human erythrocytes has been described. It is a “hot-cold” lysin.
This haemolysin is antigenically distinct from the Alpha haemolysin, and is probably identical with the Beta toxin of Glenny and Stevens. The only material difference between our haemolysin and that described by Glenny and Stevens is that ours lyses rabbit cells.
The presence of more than a certain concentration of Beta toxin lowers the apparent titer of Alpha antihaemolysin in terms of Provisional International Units and is therefore misleading. The converse is also true. It would seem essential to take this into account in the haemolytic method of assaying therapeutic antisera as a standard.
The mutual interference of Alpha and Beta toxin in the titration of antitoxin can be eliminated by suitable dilution of selected toxins, but this method is limited by the concentration needed to give accurate results. This method is of least value in titrating Alpha antitoxin because of the susceptibility of rabbit cells to Beta toxin, and it is most desirable to use a pure Alpha toxin.
The use of human erythrocytes in the titration of Beta toxin and Beta antitoxin has great advantages over the use of sheep erythrocytes. They show considerable resistance to the Alpha haemolysin whereas sheep cells are very susceptible to it. This being so, impure toxins can be used to titrate any Beta antitoxin if the test dose of toxin used contains less than one LH dose of the Alpha toxin.
The Production of Diphtheric Antitoxin in Tissue-Cultures
Authors: Hwon Tsai Len 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It has been known for a long time that antibodies can be produced by tissues cultivated in vitro. Carrel and Ingebrigtsen (1) cultivated lymph-node and bone-marrow tissues of the guinea pig in homologous plasma to which goat's erythrocytes were added, and reported the development of hemolysin. Lüdke (2) cultivated splenic tissue from rabbits who had been injected with ox or goat-erythrocytes, dysenteric or typhoid vaccine, and found hemolysins and agglutinins. Schilf (3) found bacteriolysins to vibrio cholerae, and Meyer and Loewenthal (4) proved that agglutinins are present in cultures of spleen, lymph-node, etc. R. Kimura (5) found agglutinins for B. coli, and precipitins for chicken and rabbit-sera. Many of the subsequent studies on the subject of antibody-production in tissue-cultures have been made in our Institute, and relate to hemolysin (6), precipitin (6), bacterial agglutinin (6, 7, 10), hemagglutinin (8), bactericidin (7), anaphylaxis antibody (8), virulicidal substance (9) and complement-fixation antibody (10).
Age and Antibody-Production
Authors: Baumgartner Leona 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A difference in the reactivity of antisera produced in animals of various ages has previously been suggested (2, 3) on the basis of so-called avidity-experiments in agglutinating and hemolytic systems. Avidity was used to designate differences in the rate of appearance of flocculation (or hemolysis). Different degrees of flocculation at intermediate periods were contrasted with the final flocculation observed at an arbitrarily chosen end-point of twenty-four hours and the observed differences in the rate of appearance of the flocculation were taken to be indicative of qualitative differences in the antisera concerned. The avidity of fresh antisera agglutinating B. enteriditis was found to be greater in adult than in young (500 to 700 grams) rabbits. Some experiments indicated that hemolytic antisera showed the same characteristics.
It seems desirable further to investigate the possibilities of differences in the reactions of sera from animals at different ages.