bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Movements and Territorial Conflicts in Latin America
Authors: Mançano Fernandes Bernardo , Welch Cliff 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Latin America has undergone an intense struggle for land. Indigenous peoples, peasants, and the descendants of fugitive slaves have resisted the expropriation of their territories for five centuries. This chapter examines land struggles in the region, analyzing territorial domination and resistance. It argues that land occupations have served to promote the cultural survival of peoples being forcefully expropriated. Their expulsion is more than a political or economic problem, it is a societal problem, as it “others” and excludes certain ways of life from the Western Civilization project. The chapter describes how social movements organize to fight for land, how families prepare to change their destinies and how governments and corporations respond to land occupations. The fight for a fraction of territory is a struggle for the basic conditions of life and citizenship. A people cannot live without territory; therefore, groups in every Latin American country permanently question territorial control. A typology helps differentiate between private and public land occupations and processes of land reclamation. The chapter also analyzes diverse strategies of spatial production used by peasants to establish their territories and by original peoples to recover theirs. The study examines the unique characteristics of land occupations by peasants and indigenous peoples, as well as their different social formations and world views. In conclusion, the chapter argues that territorial disputes are also disputes over divergent models of development. Land occupations are fundamental to the agrarian question and will continue to occur so long as land ownership remains concentrated.
Social Movements and Party Politics
Authors: Roberts Kenneth M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Social movements and political parties are often studied in isolation from each other in separate branches of the social sciences, but this divide is artificial and counterproductive. Movements and parties are both collective actors that offer citizens “voice” in the public sphere, and there are numerous points of intersection between them. Indeed, movements and parties can be mutually constitutive, and they reciprocally structure, and sometimes de-structure, mass political representation. The Latin American experience provides numerous examples of this reciprocal structuring, both historically and in the contemporary period. Party systems have often shaped the political opportunity structure for social movements, while mass protest has played a major role in configuring, realigning, and sometimes breaking down party systems. Understanding political representation in the region requires close attention to the interaction between parties and movements and their reciprocal structuring of popular collective subjects.
Network Approaches to Latin America Social Movements
Authors: Spalding Rose J. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the use of network approaches in recent research on Latin American social movements. It identifies two dominant approaches: formal network analysis involving quantitative analysis of large-n data sets in which relationships are depicted in matrices, sociogram visualizations, and graphs; and informal, small-n comparative studies of network structures found in specific movements, often analyzed across an extended period of time using process tracing techniques. The chapter examines the ways analysts have used and refined network concepts (strong and weak ties, brokerage, multisectoralism, organizational density, centralization-decentralization, formal and informal linkages, visible and submerged networks) as they incorporate these constructs into the study of Latin American movement dynamics. Network analysis in Latin America draws attention to ways in which activists inter-connect across the region, and the consequences in terms of movement strength and impact. Research on this topic raises pointed questions about the opportunities and threats associated with the participation in domestic, transnational, and virtual networks.
Relational Approaches to Social Movements in (and beyond) Latin America
Authors: Halvorsen Sam , Rossi Federico M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
There are different ways of understanding what relational means in social movement studies. Schematically, this depends on the main dimension(s) studied as the focus of research. This chapter identifies four main relational approaches to social movements, all with applications in Latin American studies (and beyond). Intersectional approaches examine relations across core categories of identity—such as class, gender, and ethnicity. Historical approaches examine relations between movements and other actors across time, generally, in recurrent social mechanisms. Spatial approaches explore the co-constitution of the social and spatial in social movements as well as the (dis)continuities in movements across space. Finally, ecological approaches focus on the relations between movements and nature, signaling the importance of ontology for how we understand Latin American social movements. Each of these approaches is associated with different perspectives of social movement studies. Those scholars interested in the historical analysis of social movements are mostly linked to the political process and contentious politics approaches, while those with a geographical viewpoint to the new social movements approach. Moreover, the ecological approach is often linked to decolonial theories and the intersectional, to a certain degree, to all four. While there is no common understanding of what relationality is, there are interesting developments in each perspective that could potentially be used in eclectic combinations to study social movements.
Section Overview
Authors: Taylor Viviene 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Wide variations exist in African perspectives on governance and social administration and how such processes relate to social policy. During various historical periods states used their power and influence to develop and implement social policies through social administrative systems within a very specific, piecemeal, and reactive approach. As a consequence, Africa’s contemporary social policies and programs reveal continuities with the continent’s colonial and post-colonial history as well as neo-colonial influences underpinned by a global neoliberal agenda. Critical policy discourses as shown in the chapters in this section reveal such continuities by focusing on structurally based conditions of poverty, inequality, famine, and the burden of disease that derive from historic and contemporary processes of politics and governance. This section of the Handbook reinforces the importance of acknowledging the long shadow of oppressive colonial practices that undermine the possibilities of transformative social policies and human development in Africa and elsewhere.
Administering Social Protection in Post-Conflict Uganda
Authors: Okello Julius , Taylor Viviene 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The effects of civil wars and conflicts on people in most Sub-Saharan African countries cannot be overstated. In the case of Uganda, two and a half decades of conflict between the Government of Uganda (GoU) and the Lord Resistance Army Rebels (LRA) from 1987 to 2006 displaced thousands of civilians, including women, children, elderly persons, and adults, into camps and other protected and restricted areas. This chapter examines the impacts of conflict on social policies, administrative systems, and the roles of health and education professionals who deliver essential services in conflict and post-conflict areas including the damaging effects on internally displaced people and other vulnerable households when health workers and teachers are absent from their duty stations. Issues associated with personnel capacity and the institutional environments in which health and education professionals are enabled to deliver social policy outcomes are vital, but often such links are neglected in policy implementation.The chapter reinforces the importance of understanding gender roles and the gendered division of labor in fuelinghousehold conflict and exacerbating social and economic inequities and vulnerabilities in conflict settings.
Citizen Participation in China
Authors: Gao Xiang , Teets Jessica C. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
As citizens become more concerned about the effects of public policy and administration on health and social well-being, it is unclear if current mechanisms for citizen participation share enough policymaking power to support the types of innovations that could produce socially beneficial reforms. This chapter reviews the existing literature on the question and draws insights from two case studies of water governance in Zhejiang Province, China. Although initial results suggest that citizen participation in these cases increased citizen satisfaction with environmental policy, increased capacity of government to regulate with supervision from society, and improved water quality in some cases, there are problems with sustainability for NGO-mobilized participation and challenges to meaningful citizen participation for government-initiated participation. Incorporating citizens into public administration in a meaningful way requires sharing policymaking power, and thus far, this is not happening. More robust citizen participation is necessary to develop innovative governance solutions at the environment-health-social development nexus.
The Whys and Hows of Impact Measurement Standards
Authors: Ruff Katherine 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Impact measurement standards have gained attention in social policy circles. Proponents believe standards will bring simplicity, certainty, and uniformity to the confusing world of performance measurement. However, studies suggest that those benefits are by no means assured. This chapter provides an overview of standards literature in the context of social policy and administration. The main argument is that while standards will play an increasing role in the public and voluntary sector landscape, they are difficult to create in a way that lives up to expectations. The chapter discusses implications for standard setters and policy makers and offers some reflections on how impact measurement standards can be effectively deployed.
Russian Governance Reforms in the Social Sphere
Authors: Barabashev Alexey G. , Ivanov Ivan Yu. , Froumin Isak D. , Klimenko Andrey V. , Nagernyak Maria A. , Ovcharova Lilia N. , Shishkin Sergey V. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines 20 years of public sector reforms in Russia and their impacts on the structure, functions, and outcomes of policies, programs, and institutions in the areas of social support, including pensions and poverty reduction, healthcare, and education. Understanding the social system that has emerged over that period requires knowledge of sector-specific changes at multiple levels of government (federal, regional, and municipal) as well as nationwide changes in administrative and civil service regulations and practices. Over the period studied, data show real progress, albeit uneven, toward the goals of expanding and improving social protection, and becoming a more inclusive, data-driven, and client-oriented social welfare state. This chapter establishes a foundation for future research on the continued evolution of Russian social reforms in comparison to welfare state trajectories in Europe, Asia, the United States, middle-income countries, post-Soviet countries, and other comparator groups.
Organizing Healthcare Transparency
Authors: Levay Charlotta 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Healthcare organizations are under increasing pressure to account for their performance to outside constituencies. This chapter reviews the background, nature, and consequences of organized efforts to enhance transparency in healthcare. The driving forces differ between regions, but the trends are broad enough to result in similar developments across Europe. Market reforms and quality concerns create mounting demands for public transparency, but healthcare quality is difficult to assess in a way that is both fair and accessible to a general audience. Public quality reporting has not been shown to improve quality of care, and there is a risk that it produces nominal rather than effective transparency. Especially when combined with economic incentives, transparency regimes tend to breed gaming, which is repeatedly ignored by systems designers. Health professionals typically react negatively, even if they also participate in and derive some benefits from transparency efforts. Future research needs to explore systematically the strategies that professionals, patients, and organizations engage in when creating and receiving public quality information.
Building Capacity to Deliver Education as a Social Right in Brazil
Authors: Touchton Michael , Wampler Brian , Borges Sugiyama Natasha 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
We evaluate states’ capacity to deliver public education in Latin America. Education is essential for developing human capabilities and pursuing one’s best, chosen life. We focus on Brazil, where a right to an education is enshrined in the constitution. Brazil and other countries in the region have fallen short of achieving universal public education, and the quality of that education is low, on average, especially in poorer, rural areas. Yet, Brazil and many other countries also feature islands of educational excellence, where capacity is high and performance is strong. Thus, the wide variation in educational capacity begs an explanation. We build an explanation for national and local education capacity in two ways. First, we describe the historical evolution of education policy, spending, and capacity at the national level in Brazil and around the region. We then complement this analysis by evaluating common hypotheses surrounding variation in education capacity at the municipal level. The chapter advances knowledge surrounding state capacity in education by providing novel descriptive and explanatory evidence at multiple levels of government and, thus, lessons that are applicable to multiple contexts.
Co-production
Authors: Macaulay Michael 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter unpacks the complex notion of co-production and explores a number of different approaches to its application in public policy and management. The chapter begins by examining the challenges in defining the term, showing its relationship to other, similar concepts, and characterizing its positive and negative manifestations. There are multiple examples of co-production from the social policy sphere in Australasia, all of which have recorded various levels of success in terms of co-design, co-delivery, and co-assessment, as well as promoting different degrees of value congruence among diverse stakeholders. The chapter examines several selected cases and concludes by arguing that the conceptual dynamism associated with co-production creates a fluidity that is helpful for policy practitioners.
Pension Policy and the State
Authors: Arza Camila 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Over the 20th century, the state has acquired a prominent role in the administration of old-age pensions in Latin America, expanding legal coverage to the majority of the employed population. However, gaps in effective coverage remained large as a result of the high incidence of informal work. Over the last two decades of the 20th century, the almost exclusive role of the state in old-age protection was deeply challenged. Starting with Chile in 1981, several countries implemented structural pension reforms that shifted to individual accounts and private pension administration, thus completely reshaping the public-private balance in the pension system. Private schemes were presented as a new and more effective way to manage old-age security and promote economic growth. But these schemes also faced shortcomings, including high administrative costs, financial market risks, and problems of coverage, equity, and adequacy. Over the 2000s, as governments with a more progressive policy agenda took office in a context of favorable macroeconomic conditions, the state gained ground in the administration of old-age security. This more active role of the state has strengthened public pensions compared to two or three decades back, with better instruments for basic protection, new systems of administrative registry of contributors and pensioners, and broader coverage of the population across the territory.
Nuclear Security for Newcomer Countries
Authors: Homan Zenobia , Tzinieris Sarah , Udum Şebnem 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The chapter examines how states develop nuclear security systems as they navigate the lengthy journey of building a new civilian nuclear sector. It outlines the steps set out by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), which states must follow sequentially to establish a civilian nuclear industry. In so doing, the chapter focuses on the hurdles states have needed to overcome to establish national regulatory and legal frameworks and implement physical protection systems for the first time, and also highlights where opportunities have arisen. Accordingly, the chapter considers the gap between the ideal and the reality, comparing the standards set by the IAEA with what individual states have been able to accomplish. In order to highlight differences in national approaches, the chapter utilizes two case studies: Turkey and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). At the time of writing, Turkey is in the final stages of operationalizing its first nuclear power plant (NPP), while the UAE’s first reactor went online in 2020. The development of the nuclear industry in each country is explored in order to understand how nuclear security systems might diverge. While implementation inevitably differs between states, nuclear security is an intrinsic and non-delineable aspect of the broader nuclear sector. In this process, what might be considered ‘norms’ of the global nuclear security regime are established, although perceptions about security might also evolve.
The Evolution of the Legal and Technical Aspects of Nuclear Forensics
Authors: Fedchenko Vitaly 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The discipline of nuclear forensic science (often referred to as ‘nuclear forensics’) can be defined as the examination of nuclear and other radioactive material, or other evidence contaminated with radionuclides, in the context of legal proceedings. It can contribute to both the prevention of and response to an event involving the illicit trafficking of nuclear or other radioactive materials. Nuclear forensics is a maturing and developing discipline, with many states increasing their capabilities for the conduct of a nuclear forensic examination, supported by technical assistance from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The chapter explains where nuclear forensics fits in the bigger picture of nuclear security—charting its history, demonstrating how it works, and discussing the direction in which it is being developed.
Nuclear Security during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Hobbs Christopher , Stoetzel Amelie 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Nuclear security is continuously evolving in response to changing threats, emerging technologies, and new ways of working. However, this process may be accelerated by crises, which can trigger a rapid re-evaluation of existing systems and lower barriers to change. In this context, the Covid-19 pandemic posed an unprecedented challenge for the nuclear industry because of its rapid onset, global reach, and extended duration, all of which directly impacted upon nuclear operations. The chapter focuses on the ways in which the pandemic has affected nuclear security, from modifying the risk landscape to complicating its delivery, and how the international nuclear security community has responded. The chapter concludes that, while Covid-19 provided a considerable shock to the delivery of nuclear security, particularly during its initial onset, the pandemic has also served to precipitate significant changes that may offer longer-term benefits.
Cyber Threats and Nuclear Vulnerabilities
Authors: Futter Andrew , Harris Jason T. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Securing civilian and military nuclear infrastructure is critical in preventing a radiological release or, in a worst-case scenario, an accidental or deliberate nuclear explosion. Traditionally the focus of nuclear security specialists has been on physical threats, such as theft of nuclear materials or sabotage of facilities. However, a newer threat has emerged—a ‘cyber’-attack on a system that could be conducted in conjunction with a physical attack. This new and growing threat presents significant challenges to facility operators as well as national authorities. The chapter examines the nature and range of ‘cyber’ threats posed to civilian and military nuclear systems. In doing so, the chapter builds on a growing literature that seeks to understand the intersection of the innovative field of information technology with the much more established literature on nuclear security (both civilian and military). The chapter provides an overview of the cyber nuclear vulnerability/risk landscape, surveys the nature and contours of the existing academic and policy debate, and hopefully provides a way of thinking about how to meet these challenges going forward.
Bow Hunting and the Sapient Precuneus
Authors: Lombard Marlize 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
It is not unfeasible to explore, nor impossible to cautiously build, multiple strands of evidence that can provide ever-more robust insight into past human minds and their interaction with increasingly extended embodiment through technology. There is an inextricable interrelatedness between brain, body, mind, and using (or learning to use) technologies such as the bow and arrow. One of the brain regions that may function in a co-evolutionary feedback loop with such technologies may be the precuneus. This chapter expands on the link between material engagement and the precuneus, which is said to have developed into its current morphology only in Homo sapiens, becoming visible in the fossil record from about 100,000 years ago. It introduces toy bows as instruments of learning bimanual manipulation and visuospatial integration during childhood, and summarizes neuro-cognitive work conducted in the context of modern archery to assess and inform evolutionary interpretations of bow hunting.
Towards An Ecology of Evolving Skills
Authors: Nonaka Tetsushi 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
From an ecological point of view, archaeological and cognitive sciences share one common goal: We must account for how to control encounters with the surfaces, substances, plants, animals, and events of the environment that we are, like it or not, obliged to cope with and use as a species, as individuals, and as groups of individuals in the past and present. The ability to control encounters with the environment to achieve particular functional outcomes is called “skill.” The purpose of this chapter is to suggest some directions for coming to grips with the ecology of skill. Taking my cue from James Gibson’s ecological approach to perception, I argue that the study of skill requires an approach that takes into account the whole system of relations constituted by the presence of the developing organism-person in a richly structured environment selected and modified by a unique population. Adopting an ecological perspective, this chapter presents empirical research on the development of craft skill as it pertains to archaeology, using two key examples—stone knapping and pottery—that had significance in the evolution of the habits of human life. By referring to empirical evidence, this chapter highlights the primacy of rich possibilities offered by the environment toward the use of which skills evolve.