bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rural–Urban Disparities in Multimorbidity Associated With Climate Change and Air Pollution: A Longitudinal Analysis Among Chinese Adults Aged 45+
Authors: Hu Kai , He Qingqing 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Chronic conditions and multimorbidity are increasing worldwide. Yet, understanding the relationship between climate change, air pollution, and longitudinal changes in multimorbidity is limited. Here, we examined the effects of sociodemographic and environmental risk factors in multimorbidity among adults aged 45+ and compared the rural–urban disparities in multimorbidity.

Research Design and Methods
Data on the number of chronic conditions (up to 14), sociodemographic, and environmental factors were collected in 4 waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011–2018), linked with the full-coverage particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) concentration data set (2000–2018) and temperature records (2000–2018). Air pollution was assessed by the moving average of PM2.5 concentrations in 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years; temperature was measured by 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year moving average and their corresponding coefficients of variation. We used the growth curve modeling approach to examine the relationship between climate change, air pollution, and multimorbidity, and conducted a set of stratified analyses to study the rural–urban disparities in multimorbidity related to temperature and PM2.5 exposure.

Results
We found the higher PM2.5 concentrations and rising temperature were associated with higher multimorbidity, especially in the longer period. Stratified analyses further show the rural–urban disparity in multimorbidity: Rural respondents have a higher prevalence of multimorbidity related to rising temperature, whereas PM2.5-related multimorbidity is more severe among urban ones. We also found temperature is more harmful to multimorbidity than PM2.5 exposure, but PM2.5 exposure or temperature is not associated with the rate of multimorbidity increase with age.

Discussion and Implications
Our findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between climate change, air pollution, and multimorbidity, but this relationship is not equally distributed in the rural–urban settings in China. The findings highlight the importance of planning interventions and policies to deal with rising temperature and air pollution, especially for rural individuals.
Typology of Dementia-Specific Care Units: A Nationwide Survey Study in Germany
Authors: Bergmann Johannes Michael , Hoffmann Anna Louisa , Müller-Widmer René , Palm Rebecca 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Dementia-specific care units vary in their organizational characteristics and are difficult to compare in empirical studies. Based on a representative sample of care units in German nursing homes, we present a typology of organizational characteristics focusing on dementia-specific care structures. We also examine the relationships between organizational types and the provision of nonpharmacological interventions for people with dementia.

Research Design and Methods
Data were collected in a Germany-wide survey of a stratified randomized sample of 134 care units using a standardized questionnaire administered during telephone interviews with nursing home administrators or their representatives. The typology was developed based on a factor analysis of mixed data and a hierarchical cluster analysis.

Results
We identified 4 types of care units: Dementia Care Units (DCUs; n = 40), Dementia Special Care Units (DSCUs; n = 17), Usual Separated Care Units (n = 58), and Usual Incorporated Care Units (n = 19). All care unit types clearly differed in their organizational characteristics. The specialization of DSCUs was agreed upon with cost bearers and included admission criteria, higher costs, and better staff conditions. Dementia Care Units without specialization did not have these characteristics. Three of seven nonpharmacological interventions were associated with the DSCUs and two with DCUs, but not with the other care unit types.

Discussion and Implications
Researchers can use the typology to define and describe care units in empirical studies and improve the understanding and comparability of the context. A clear definition of care units also improves international comparisons.
Mappings, dimensionality and reversing out of deep neural networks
Authors: Cui Zhaofang , Grindrod Peter 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
We consider a large cloud of vectors formed at each layer of a standard neural network, corresponding to a large number of separate inputs which were presented independently to the classifier. Although the embedding dimension (the total possible degrees of freedom) reduces as we pass through successive layers, from input to output, the actual dimensionality of the point clouds that the layers contain does not necessarily reduce. We argue that this phenomenon may result in a vulnerability to (universal) adversarial attacks (which are small specific perturbations). This analysis requires us to estimate the intrinsic dimension of point clouds (with values between 20 and 200) within embedding spaces of dimension 1000 up to 800,000. This needs some care. If the cloud dimension actually increases from one layer to the next it implies there is some ‘volume filling’ over-folding, and thus there exist possible small directional perturbations in the latter space that are equivalent to shifting large distances within the former space, thus inviting possibility of universal and imperceptible attacks.
A case of retroperitoneal abscess secondary to duodenal perforation
Authors: Umbu Landry , Harrison Hailey , Thomas David , Contreras Megan , Darku Kwesi 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The development of a retroperitoneal abscess in the setting of duodenal perforation is a rare occurrence. There are various causes of duodenal perforation such as trauma, iatrogenic injury and, most commonly, peptic ulcer disease [1]. Urgent surgical intervention is required when a patient presents with a perforated duodenal ulcer and signs of peritonitis. Generally, closure is performed with an omental pedicle or Graham patch [2]. In cases of large perforations, surgical resection, gastric partition with diverting gastrojejunostomy or T-drain placement may be required [2]. In this case, we present a patient with duodenal ulcer perforation complicated by retroperitoneal abscess formation. Treatment involved interventional radiological (IR) drainage of the abscess, followed by laparotomy for persistence of fluid. The surgery comprised of a right-side hemicolectomy, Braun jejunojejunostomy, pyloric exclusion, intraoperative retroperitoneal abscess drainage and Graham patch repair of retroperitoneal duodenal perforation.
The Non-Axisymmetric Influence: Radius- and Angle-Dependent Trends in a Barred Galaxy
Authors: Filion Carrie , McClure Rachel L , Weinberg Martin D , D’Onghia Elena , Daniel Kathryne J 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
Many disc galaxies host galactic bars, which exert time-dependent, non-axisymmetric forces that can alter the orbits of stars. There should be both angle and radius dependences in the resulting radial rearrangement of stars (‘radial mixing’) due to a bar; we present here novel results and trends through analysis of the joint impact of these factors. We use an N-body simulation to investigate the changes in the radial locations of star particles in a disc after a bar forms by quantifying the change in orbital radii in a series of annuli at different times post bar formation. We find that the bar induces both azimuth angle- and radius-dependent trends in the median distance that stars have travelled to enter a given annulus. Angle-dependent trends are present at all radii we consider, and the radius-dependent trends roughly divide the disc into three ‘zones’. In the inner zone, stars generally originated at larger radii and their orbits evolved inwards. Stars in the outer zone likely originated at smaller radii and their orbits evolved outwards. In the intermediate zone, there is no net inwards or outwards evolution of orbits. We adopt a simple toy model of a radius-dependent initial metallicity gradient and discuss recent observational evidence for angle-dependent stellar metallicity variations in the Milky Way in the context of this model. We briefly comment on the possibility of using observed angle-dependent metallicity trends to learn about the initial metallicity gradient(s) and the radial rearrangement that occurred in the disc.
Photometric redshift estimation of quasars with fused features from photometric data and images
Authors: Yao Lin , Qiu Bo , Luo A-Li , Zhou Jianwei , Wu Kuang , Kong Xiao , Liu Yuanbo , Zhao Guiyu , Wang Kun 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
The redshift is a crucial parameter of quasars and performs a very important role in cosmological studies. In this paper, we propose a network called a quasar photometric redshift (photo-z or zphoto) estimation network (Q-PreNet) that integrates images and photometric data to estimate the redshifts of quasars. To enhance the information richness, we use optical and infrared data, from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), respectively. In Q-PreNet, on the one hand, an image feature extraction network (IfeNet) is designed to obtain image features, and, on the other hand, magnitudes after extinction and their mutual differences are taken as the features of photometric data. The two features are then concatenated to form fused features. Finally, a regression network to estimate photo-z (RegNet-z) is proposed based on a mixture density network, because of its ability to provide uncertainty information. To measure the uncertainty, two quantitative metrics are proposed. Experimental results show that the performance of Q-PreNet is superior. While using fused features, the proportion of samples with |Δz| = |(zspec − zphoto)/(1 + zspec)| (spectroscopic redshifts, spec-z or zspec) less than 0.15 can reach 86.3 per cent with a reduction of 8.15 per cent and 9.37 per cent, which is compared with separately using images and photometric data only. Compared with the literature, Q-PreNet offers a substantial improvement in the redshift estimation of quasars and this is significant for large-scale sky surveys.
Growth or Decay – I: universality of the turbulent dynamo saturation
Authors: Beattie James R , Federrath Christoph , Kriel Neco , Mocz Philip , Seta Amit 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
The turbulent small-scale dynamo (SSD) is likely to be responsible for the magnetization of the interstellar medium (ISM) that we observe in the Universe today. The SSD efficiently converts kinetic energy Ekin into magnetic energy Emag and is often used to explain how an initially weak magnetic field with Emag ≪ Ekin is amplified, and then maintained at a level Emag ≲ Ekin. Usually, this process is studied by initializing a weak seed magnetic field and letting the turbulence grow it to saturation. However, in this Part I of the Growth or Decay series, using three-dimensional, visco-resistive magnetohydrodynamical turbulence simulations up to magnetic Reynolds numbers of 2000, we show that the same final state in the integral quantities, energy spectra, and characteristic scales of the magnetic field can also be achieved if initially Emag ∼ Ekin or even if initially Emag ≫ Ekin. This suggests that the final saturated state of the turbulent dynamo is set by the turbulence and the material properties of the plasma, independent of the initial structure or amplitude of the magnetic field. We discuss the implications this has for the maintenance of magnetic fields in turbulent plasmas and future studies exploring the dynamo saturation.
Star formation concentration as a tracer of environmental quenching in action: a study of the eagle and c-eagle simulations
Authors: Wang Di , Lagos Claudia D P , Croom Scott M , Wright Ruby J , Bahé Yannick M , Bryant Julia J , van de Sande Jesse , Vaughan Sam P 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
We study environmental quenching in the eagle/c-eagle cosmological hydrodynamic simulations over the last 11 Gyr (i.e. z = 0–2). The simulations are compared with observations from the SAMI Galaxy Survey at z = 0. We focus on satellite galaxies in galaxy groups and clusters ($10^{12}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ ≲ M200 &lt; $3 \times 10^{15}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$). A star-formation concentration index [C-index = log10(r50, SFR/r50, rband)] is defined, which measures how concentrated star formation is relative to the stellar distribution. Both eagle/c-eagle and SAMI show a higher fraction of galaxies with low C-index in denser environments at z = 0–0.5. Low C-index galaxies are found below the SFR–M⋆ main sequence (MS), and display a declining specific star formation rate (sSFR) with increasing radii, consistent with ‘outside-in’ environmental quenching. Additionally, we show that C-index can be used as a proxy for how long galaxies have been satellites. These trends become weaker at increasing redshift and are absent by z = 1–2. We define a quenching time-scale tquench as how long it takes satellites to transition from the MS to the quenched population. We find that simulated galaxies experiencing ‘outside-in’ environmental quenching at low redshift (z = 0 ∼ 0.5) have a long quenching time-scale (median tquench &gt; 2 Gyr). The simulated galaxies at higher redshift (z = 0.7 ∼ 2) experience faster quenching (median tquench &lt; 2 Gyr). At z ≳ 1–2 galaxies undergoing environmental quenching have decreased sSFR across the entire galaxy with no ‘outside-in’ quenching signatures and a narrow range of C-index, showing that on average environmental quenching acts differently than at z ≲ 1.
Improving the selection of changing-look AGNs through multiwavelength photometric variability
Authors: López-Navas E , Sánchez-Sáez P , Arévalo P , Bernal S , Graham M J , Hernández-García L , Homan D , Krumpe M , Lamer G , Lira P , Martínez-Aldama M L , Merloni A , Ríos S , Salvato M , Stern D , Tubín-Arenas D 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
We present second epoch optical spectra for 30 changing-look (CL) candidates found by searching for Type-1 optical variability in a sample of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) spectroscopically classified as Type 2. We use a random-forest-based light-curve classifier and spectroscopic follow-up, confirming 50 per cent of candidates as turning-on CLs. In order to improve this selection method and to better understand the nature of the not-confirmed CL candidates, we perform a multiwavelength variability analysis including optical, mid-infrared (MIR), and X-ray data, and compare the results from the confirmed and not-confirmed CLs identified in this work. We find that most of the not-confirmed CLs are consistent with weak Type 1s dominated by host-galaxy contributions, showing weaker optical and MIR variability. On the contrary, the confirmed CLs present stronger optical fluctuations and experience a long (from five to ten years) increase in their MIR fluxes and the colour W1–W2 over time. In the 0.2–2.3 keV band, at least four out of 11 CLs with available SRG/eROSITA detections have increased their flux in comparison with archival upper limits. These common features allow us to select the most promising CLs from our list of candidates, leading to nine sources with similar multiwavelength photometric properties to our CL sample. The use of machine learning algorithms with optical and MIR light curves will be very useful to identify CLs in future large-scale surveys.
Composite bulges – IV. Detecting signatures of gas inflows in the IFU data: the MUSE view of ionized gas kinematics in NGC 1097
Authors: Kolcu Tutku , Maciejewski Witold , Gadotti Dimitri A , Fragkoudi Francesca , Erwin Peter , Sánchez-Blázquez Patricia , Neumann Justus , Van de Ven Glenn , de Sá-Freitas Camila , Longmore Steven , Debattista Victor P 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
Using VLT/MUSE integral-field spectroscopic data for the barred spiral galaxy NGC 1097, we explore techniques that can be used to search for extended coherent shocks that can drive gas inflows in centres of galaxies. Such shocks should appear as coherent velocity jumps in gas kinematic maps, but this appearance can be distorted by inaccurate extraction of the velocity values and dominated by the global rotational flow and local perturbations like stellar outflows. We include multiple components in the emission-line fits, which corrects the extracted velocity values and reveals emission associated with AGN outflows. We show that removal of the global rotational flow by subtracting the circular velocity of a fitted flat disc can produce artefacts that obscure signatures of the shocks in the residual velocities if the inner part of the disc is warped or if gas is moving around the centre on elongated (non-circular) trajectories. As an alternative, we propose a model-independent method which examines differences in the LOSVD moments of H α and [N II]λ6583. This new method successfully reveals the presence of continuous shocks in the regions inward from the nuclear ring of NGC 1097, in agreement with nuclear spiral models.
Music in Paraguay
Authors: Fahrenkrog Laura 
Published: June 2023

Paraguay is a landlocked country in South America. With a majority of Roman Catholics among a population of 7.45 million in 2022, Paraguayans speak a blend of Spanish and Guaraní known as jopará. This is a distinctive marker throughout the country, which has succeeded in integrating the Guaraní language in practically all its manifestations of expressive culture, however ambivalent Paraguayans might feel toward the nation’s indigenous legacy, which, since the nineteenth century, has wavered between denial and enshrinement. The legacy of African descendants, on the other hand, has been largely overlooked until recently. The practice of traditional music, subsumed in the expression ñande purahéi (or “our song”) takes pride of place in the lives of Paraguayan peoples and has acquired nationalist connotations in the twentieth century. The southeast border Paraguay shares with Argentina has encouraged the dissemination of genres such as the guarania, polka, and chamamé, all of which have transcended their national boundaries in ways that challenge definitions of identity. In general, Paraguay’s historiography has been focused on landmarks and the narratives constructed around them. Special historiographical attention is paid to the prominent role played by the Jesuit reducciones during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; the bloody military conflicts such as the 19th-century War of the Triple Alliance (1864–1870) fought between Paraguay and a coalition of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay, and the 20th-century Chaco War (1932–1935) between Bolivia and Paraguay over control of the north-central Chaco region; the development of the polka and the creation of the guarania, as well as perfecting a local version of the harp dubbed “Paraguayan”; and to the birth of Agustín Barrios (b. 1885–d. 1944), the guitar virtuoso known as “Mangoré.” The available information on music, written mostly in Spanish by composers, performers, journalists, and orchestra leaders who figure prominently in the musical life of urban centers, has appeared in discontinued editions of difficult access. With the exception of research into the cultural practices and organology of indigenous groups, musicological inquiry is practically non-existent, and, consequently, a wealth of Paraguayan musical traditions has yet to be scientifically studied. This article was translated by Malena Kuss.
Tuition Costs of Master’s of Health Professions Education Programs: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Authors: Lai Jacqueline , Fang Evan , Chan Teresa M. , Tekian Ara , Ibrahim Halah 
Published: June 2023

Purpose
The increasing professionalization of medical education during the past 2 decades has ushered in an era in which formal degrees, particularly master’s of health professions education (MHPE), have become important for career advancement in medical education. Although tuition costs can pose a substantial barrier for many seeking advanced degrees in health professions education, data on tuition associated with these programs are lacking. This study examines the accessibility of pertinent cost-related information available to prospective students and the variability of costs among programs worldwide.

Method
The authors conducted an Internet-based, cross-sectional study, augmented with emails and direct contact with educators, to extract tuition-related data for MHPE programs between March 29, 2022, and September 20, 2022. Costs were converted to an annual total within each jurisdiction’s currency and converted to U.S. dollars on August 18, 2022.

Results
Of the 121 programs included in the final cost analysis, only 56 had publicly available cost information. Excluding programs free to local students, the mean (SD) total tuition cost was $19,169 ($16,649), and the median (interquartile range) cost was $13,784 ($9,401– $22,650) (n = 109). North America had the highest mean (SD) tuition for local students ($26,751 [$22,538]), followed by Australia and New Zealand ($19,778 [$10,514]) and Europe ($14,872 [$7,731]), whereas Africa had the lowest ($2,598 [$1,650]). The region with the highest mean (SD) tuition for international students was North America ($38,217 [$19,500]), followed by Australia and New Zealand ($36,891 [$10,397]) and Europe ($22,677 [$10,010]), whereas Africa had the lowest ($3,237 [$1,189]).

Conclusions
There is substantial variability in the geographic distribution of MHPE programs and marked differences in tuition. Incomplete program websites and limited responsiveness from many programs contributed to a lack of transparency regarding potential financial implications. Greater efforts are necessary to ensure equitable access to health professions education.
Morphological characteristics and progression patterns of macular neovascularization-related atrophy in eyes with pathologic myopia
Authors: Xie Shiqi , Lu Hongshuang , Chen Changyu , Xiong Jianping , Wang Yining , Uramoto Kengo , Kamoi Koju , Onishi Yuka , Ohno-Matsui Kyoko 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Purpose:
To investigate the development and progression patterns of macular neovascularization (MNV)-related atrophies in eyes with pathologic myopia (PM).

Methods:
Twenty-seven eyes of 26 patients with MNV followed from its onset to progression to macular atrophy were studied. A longitudinal series of auto-fluorescence and OCT images were examined for the patterns of MNV-related atrophy. Changes of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were determined for each pattern.

Results:
The mean age was 67.2±8.7 years. The mean axial length was 29.6±1.5 mm. Three patterns of atrophy were identified: Multiple-atrophic Pattern, 63% of the eyes had small atrophies occurring at multiple sites around the MNV edge; Single-atrophic Pattern, 18.5% had atrophies occurring only on one side of the MNV edge; and Exudation-related Pattern, 18.5% had atrophy occurring within a previous serous exudation or hemorrhagic area and slightly away from the MNV edge. Eyes with atrophies in multiple-atrophic and exudation-related patterns progressed to large macular atrophies involving the central fovea and showed decrease of BCVA during the 3-year follow-up period. Eyes with single-atrophic pattern had a sparing of the fovea and had good recovery of the BCVA.

Conclusion:
There are three patterns of MNV-related atrophy in eyes with PM with different courses of progression.