bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language Standardization & Linguistic
Subordination
Authors: Curzan Anne , Queen Robin M. , VanEyk Kristin , Weissler Rachel Elizabeth 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Language standardization involves minimizing variation, especially in written forms of language. That process includes judgments about people who don‘t or can‘t use the standard forms. These kinds of judgments can unfairly limit people's access to opportunities, including in educational and professional realms. In this essay, we discuss standardized language varieties and the specific ways beliefs and ideologies about them allow judgments about language to become judgments about people, especially groups of people who share, or are presumed to share, gender, race, ethnicity, social status, education status, and numerous other socially salient identities. After describing how the process of standardization occurs, we illustrate how the expression of language peeves becomes embodied. Finally, we discuss how ideologies about standardized language circulate in higher education to the detriment of many students, and include a range of suggestions and examples for how to center linguistic justice and equity within higher education.
Asian American Racialization & Model Minority Logics in
Linguistics
Authors: Yoo Joyhanna , Lee Cheryl , Cheng Andrew , Ànand Anusha 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
With increased discussions of racial justice in academia, linguistics has had to contend with long-standing issues of inequality. We contribute to these conversations by considering historical and contemporary racializing tactics with respect to Asians and Asian Americans. Such racializing tactics, which we call model minority logics, weaponize an abstract version of one group to further racialize all minoritized groups and regiment ethnoracial hierarchies. We identify three functions of model minority logics that perpetuate white supremacy in the academy, using linguistics as a case study and underscoring the ways in which the discipline is already mired in racializing logics that differentiate scholars of color based on reified hierarchies. We urge language scholars to reject a superficial multiculturalism that appropriates embodied difference while perpetuating injustices under an inherently white supremacist framework. For those dedicated to greater racial justice in the discipline, we offer actions to critically reflect on and help dismantle existing racializing logics.
Linguistic Profiling across International Geopolitical
Landscapes
Authors: Baugh John 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Voice recognition lies at the heart of linguistic profiling, a discriminatory practice whereby goods, services, or opportunities that might otherwise be available are denied to someone, typically sight unseen, based on the sound of their voice. The technology that faithfully recreates one's voice during phone conversations provides the basis on which nefarious, if not illegal, voice-derived discrimination occurs. These denials often go undetected because callers typically believe that the declination of their request for an apartment or a job or a loan is valid; that is, they do not necessarily assume that they were turned down because of negative stereotypes about their speech. I debunk a long-standing myth that exists among well-educated native speakers of the dominant language(s) in the countries where they live: namely, that such individuals speak without an accent. After dispelling this prevalent falsehood, I explore various forms of linguistic profiling throughout the world, culminating with observations intended to promote linguistic human rights and the aspirational goal of equality among people who do not share common sociolinguistic backgrounds.
Chirographs in Roman law: constitutive or evidential?
Authors: Sirks A.J.B. 
Published: August 2023

Summary
It has recently been sustained that chirographs had only evidential value and no constitutive effect in classical Roman law. That is correct regarding their origin in Roman law, however, the nature of a chirograph was such that as evidence it was effectively constitutive. Only the remedies later created (the exceptio and later the querimonia non numeratae pecuniae) provided relief. They and the actiones utiles granted to acquirers of chirographs prove that in the course of time chirographs were considered by their users as constitutive, if not already declared so. It appears from the Murecine texts where debtors declare themselves indebted by chirographs that this situation may already have existed in the middle of the first century ad. Hence we should accept the possibility of an early shift in legal categorisation of the chirograph to a contractus litteris.
Special Courts (Sondergerichte) in the General Government (1939–1945)
Authors: Graczyk Konrad , Mielnik Hubert 
Published: August 2023

Summary
This article presents the legal bases of operation and organisation of the special judiciary in the General Government for the occupied Polish territories. Special courts were subject to the policy pursued by the German authorities in the General Government. The German legislation in the gg delegated to the jurisdiction of special courts chiefly such criminal matters that involved safeguarding German interests in the occupied country. Adjudication in such cases boiled down to applying normative acts related to combatting serious (severe) crime or expressly pursued the German policy in the gg, including the exterminatory anti-Jewish legislation. The special courts created by the German occupier in the General Government were not judicial authorities in the traditional sense. The literature on the topic is not particularly extensive. The article would be the first comprehensive study of this subject written in English.
A Novel Method for Diagnosing Land–Atmosphere Coupling Sensitivity in a Single-Column Model
Authors: Hay-Chapman Finley M. , Dirmeyer Paul A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The response of boundary layer properties and cloudiness to changes in surface evaporative fraction (EF) is investigated in a single-column model to quantify the locally coupled impact of subgrid surface variations on the atmosphere during summer. Sensitive coupling days are defined when the model atmosphere exhibits large variations across a range of EFs centered on the analyzed value. Coupling sensitivity exists as both positive feedback (cloudiness increases with EF) and negative feedback (clouds increase with decreasing EF) regimes. The positive regime manifests in shallow convection situations, which are capped by a strengthened inversion and subsidence, restricting the vertical extent of convection to just above the boundary layer. Surfaces with larger EF (greater surface latent heat flux) can inject more moisture into the vertically confined system, lowering the cloud base and an increasing cloud liquid water path (LWP). Negative feedback regimes tend to manifest when large-scale deep convection, such as from mesoscale convective systems and fronts, is advected through the domain, where convection strengthens over surfaces with a lower EF (greater surface sensible heat flux). The invigoration of these systems by the land surface leads to an increase in LWP through strengthened updrafts and stronger coupling between the boundary layer and the free atmosphere. These results apply in the absence of heterogeneity-induced mesoscale circulations, providing a one-dimensional dynamical perspective on the effect of surface heterogeneity. This study provides a framework of intermediate complexity, lying between parcel theory and high-resolution coupled land–atmosphere modeling, and therefore isolates the relevant first-order processes in land–atmosphere interactions.

Significance Statement
Cloud formation, distribution, and other properties may be sensitive to heterogeneous surfaces depending on the strength and location of such heterogeneities and the background atmospheric state. This may drive differences in the cloud population depending on which part of the domain one is located. This may also lead to mesoscale circulations, which may strengthen or weaken this effect. Currently, climate models act on scales (∼100 km) that are too large to explicitly represent these processes, which are strongest at smaller scales (around 5–40 km). Therefore, subgrid-scale heterogeneity is neglected, and any predictability and model fidelity it may provide is lost. We use a simple model to diagnose sensitivity of the local atmosphere to surface variations meant to represent possible subgrid heterogeneity, providing a first-order estimate of its effect. We conclude that preferentially sensitive atmospheric states exist that lead to positive and/or negative feedback between land and atmosphere. This information is valuable to future climate model parameterizations aimed at improving the representation of these feedbacks.
Fire Tests on Plasterboard/Cellular Plastics Insulating Panels
Authors: Chapman J.F. 
Published: August 2023

Small-scale fire and smoke test results are sometimes used — and the results interpreted – beyond their significance to choose materials for use in constructions and to reject others. When this happens, data from other small-scale tests are rarely adequate to correct the erroneous position. Instead, a quantum jump to more realistic tests is needed. A U.K. specifying authority was influenced by test performance claims made for Phenolic Foam to impose a ban on any other rigid foam in plasterboard laminate lining boards for refurbishing its housing property. This paper describes a real fire simulation test devised and used to compare the behaviour of 2.4 m X 1.2 m panels with plasterboard facings and respectively phenolic, polyurethane, polyisocyanurate, EPS and XPS foam insulant backings. The fire simulated the severity of a burning upholstered armchair, and reached a heat flux of over 10 W/cm2. Temperatures, stack gas compositions and smoke measurements combined to show that none of the foam insulants introduced significantly more hazard to house occupants than was presented by the fire source. This work was successful in its aim, and was specially novel in illustrating the co-operation possible between distinct and normally competitive industry groups. It demonstrated a way to share out to individual organisations the high costs of large-scale test work – granting even more economy to separate manufacturers – and underlined an importance for trade associations not yet fully exploited.
Polyurethanes in Orthotics and Orthopaedics
Authors: Pratt D.J. 
Published: August 2023

Polyurethane (PU) materials have found a number of applications in the fields of orthotics and orthopaedics to the benefit of patient care. It is perhaps true to say that this interest in PU's and other materials and techniques, has primarily been due to the employment of bioengineers who have both a basic engineering background as well as a basic knowledge of anatomy and physiology. Thus, there has been a more rapid and direct transfer of ideas and materials from fields outside medicine to specialities such as orthotics and orthopaedics. This paper aims to show some of the non-implantable uses to which PU has been put and perhaps may provide a hint of where further uses of PU may be advantageous. The fields of orthotics and orthopaedics are very closely linked and the borders to them indistinct. Thus no attempt has been made by the author to try to indicate into which of the two these PU applications belong. Each application of PU's is treated under a different heading in no specific order.
The Effects of Water as a Partial Blowing Agent for Rigid PUR and PUR/PIR Foams
Authors: Cunningham A. , Rosbotham I.D. , Sparrow D.J. , Brown R.K. , Galbraith C.J. 
Published: August 2023

A preliminary evaluation of HCFC 123 and HCFC 141 b demonstrated that they appeared to be technically viable CFC-11 replacements only after substantial reformulation. Partial water blowing was proposed as a possible short/medium term solution to the decreasing availability of CFC-11 as a consequence of the Montreal Protocol. In both polyurethane refrigeration and lamination products partial water blowing was shown to be a practical possibility up to a CFC-11 reduction of 50%. Slight deterioration in thermal efficiency was compensated for through formulation optimisation. Preliminary work on the type of formulations used to produce PUR/PIR foams in the USA boardstock industry showed that a 25% reduction of CFC-11 was so far achievable without loss of mechanical and fire properties.
The Formation and Properties of Injection Moulded Thermoset Structural Foams
Authors: Brenner M. , Hornsby P.R. 
Published: August 2023

Moulding technology is described for the production of hot cured thermosetting plastics structural foams, based on polyester and phenolic resin moulding compositions incorporating chemical expansion agents. Products with a well defined integral skin and cellular core are readily obtained by an injection-compression-decompression moulding sequence, preferably through programmed thermoset injection moulding. Microstructure and mechanical properties of these materials are discussed, with emphasis on the load bearing and energy absorbing characteristics of fibre-reinforced structural foam variants.
RIBAS Seminar: Green Issues: The Practical Implications
Authors: Harper D.J. 
Published: August 2023

This paper describes how Celotex, a manufacturer of a product with an environmental problem, is improving its products. First, the background to Rigid Urethane Foams and the CFC issue. Second a guide to the most popular applications for CFC-blown Rigid Urethane Foams in construction, highlighting the essential features of the product necessary for satisfactory performance in these applications. Finally, an overview as to how successfully these essential characteristics are being reproduced in the new generations of CFC free foam boards now being introduced into the market, and some of those yet to come.
Stakeholders Inform an LGBTQIA+ Health Best Practices Learning Module for Nursing Students
Authors: Cassidy Brenda , Fischl Andrea , Fasone Alexa , Braxter Betty 
Published: August 2023

Introduction: The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) summons nurse educators to address health care inequities by preparing leaders who advocate for vulnerable groups. A lack of academic guidelines promoting cultural competence in nursing with lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and/or questioning, intersex, and asexual and/or aromantic (LGBTQIA+) individuals exist. The purpose of this study was to develop a learning module for health care providers about best practices in LGBTQIA+ health informed by key stakeholders. Methods: Exploratory qualitative design utilized focus group methodology obtaining stakeholder’s views on LGBTQIA+ health, with a convenience sample recruited from a large public university. Focus group thematic analysis informed development of the learning module. Results: Three overarching themes emerged from focus group discussions ( n = 31): appropriate terminology, health disparities, and respectful communication. Discussion: This project addresses an educational gap in nursing curriculum using an interactive online module, introducing key concepts about LGBTQIA+ health. Future research focused on the development of standards of care for LGBTQIA+ individuals can support inclusion and reduce discrimination in health care settings.
Clinical and Pathological Characteristics of Patients With Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Coexisting With Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Yang Ye , Liu Jun , Shi Xiaoqin , Wang Min 
Published: August 2023

Background Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common subtype of thyroid carcinoma, and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) has been postulated to have a relationship with PTC. This study aims to assess clinical and pathological characteristics of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma coexisting with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Methods A retrospective study was conducted in a cohort of patients with thyroid carcinoma at the Department of Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital from January 2017 to December 2018. Medical records of patients who had PTC with or without HT were reviewed and clinical and histopathological characteristics of these patients were analyzed. Results A total of 632 patients with thyroid carcinoma were identified. Among them, 614 (97.15%) had PTC and 120/614 (19.0%) harbored PTC together with HT. PTC was significantly associated with HT, as compared with other histological subtypes ( P < .001). Patients with coexisting PTC and HT (PTC + HT group) were significantly younger than patients with PTC alone (PTC group) ( P = .008). There were more women in the PTC + HT group than in the PTC group (88.3% vs. 73.1%, P < .001). TSH, TGAb, and TPOAb levels were significantly higher in the PTC + HT group than in the PTC group ( P ≤ .001). In addition, tumor diameter was smaller in the PTC + HT group than in the PTC group ( P = .034). The PTC + HT group showed a significant better recurrence-free survival than the PTC group. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that patients in the PTC + HT group had a higher positive rate and higher expression intensity of Ki67 than patients in the PTC group. Conclusions Our study revealed that patients with coexisting PTC and HT were younger, had smaller tumor diameters, a better prognosis, and higher positive rates and expression intensity of Ki67, than did patients with PTC alone.
Equity in virtual care: A mixed methods study of perspectives from physicians
Authors: Guetterman Timothy C , Koptyra Emily , Ritchie Olivia , Marquis Liz B , Kadri Reema , Laurie Anna , Vydiswaran VG Vinod , Li Jiazhao , Brown Lindsay K , Veinot Tiffany C , Buis Lorraine R 
Published: August 2023

Background Virtual care expanded rapidly during the COVID-19 pandemic, and how this shift affected healthcare disparities among subgroups of patients is of concern. Racial and ethnic minorities, older adults, individuals with less education, and lower-income households have lower rates of home broadband, smartphone ownership, and patient portal adoption, which may directly affect access to virtual care. Because primary care is a major access point to healthcare, perspectives of primary care providers are critical to inform the implementation of equitable virtual care. Objective The aim of this mixed methods study was to explore primary care physician experiences and perceptions of barriers and facilitators to equitable virtual care. Design We used an explanatory sequential mixed methods design, which consists of first collecting and analyzing quantitative survey data, then using those results to inform a qualitative follow-up phase to explain and expand on results. Participants Primary care physicians in a family medicine department at an academic medical center responded to surveys ( n = 38) and participated in interviews ( n = 16). Approach Participants completed a survey concerning frequency and preferences about video visits, pros and cons of video visits, communication aspects, and sufficiency of the technology. A purposeful sample of participants completed semi-structured interviews about their virtual care experiences with a focus on equity for subpopulations. Key Results The results indicated that physicians have observed equity issues for unique patient populations. The results add to the understanding of nuanced ways in which virtual care can increase and decrease healthcare access for unique populations. Patients with limited English proficiency were particularly affected by inequity in virtual care access. Conclusion Additional research and interventions are needed to improve portal access for those with limited English proficiency. Improvements should focus on health system interventions that expand access without requiring increased patient burden.
Associations of water, sanitation, and hygiene with typhoid fever in case–control studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kim Chaelin , Goucher Gerard R. , Tadesse Birkneh Tilahun , Lee Woojoo , Abbas Kaja , Kim Jong-Hoon 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Background
Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) play a pivotal role in controlling typhoid fever, as it is primarily transmitted through oral-fecal pathways. Given our constrained resources, staying current with the most recent research is crucial. This ensures we remain informed about practical insights regarding effective typhoid fever control strategies across various WASH components. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies to estimate the associations of water, sanitation, and hygiene exposures with typhoid fever.

Methods
We updated the previous review conducted by Brockett et al. We included new findings published between June 2018 and October 2022 in Web of Science, Embase, and PubMed. We used the Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool for risk of bias (ROB) assessment. We classified WASH exposures according to the classification provided by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (JMP) update in 2015. We conducted the meta-analyses by only including studies that did not have a critical ROB in both Bayesian and frequentist random-effects models.

Results
We identified 8 new studies and analyzed 27 studies in total. Our analyses showed that while the general insights on the protective (or harmful) impact of improved (or unimproved) WASH remain the same, the pooled estimates of OR differed. Pooled estimates of limited hygiene (OR = 2.26, 95% CrI: 1.38 to 3.64), untreated water (OR = 1.96, 95% CrI: 1.28 to 3.27) and surface water (OR = 2.14, 95% CrI: 1.03 to 4.06) showed 3% increase, 18% decrease, and 16% increase, respectively, from the existing estimates. On the other hand, improved WASH reduced the odds of typhoid fever with pooled estimates for improved water source (OR = 0.54, 95% CrI: 0.31 to 1.08), basic hygiene (OR = 0.6, 95% CrI: 0.38 to 0.97) and treated water (OR = 0.54, 95% CrI: 0.36 to 0.8) showing 26% decrease, 15% increase, and 8% decrease, respectively, from the existing estimates.

Conclusions
The updated pooled estimates of ORs for the association of WASH with typhoid fever showed clear changes from the existing estimates. Our study affirms that relatively low-cost WASH strategies such as basic hygiene or water treatment can be an effective tool to provide protection against typhoid fever in addition to other resource-intensive ways to improve WASH.

Trial registration
PROSPERO 2021 CRD42021271881.