bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Curdlan Gum, Properties, Benefits and Applications
Authors: Al-Rmedh Y. S. S. , Ali H. I. , Al-Sahlany S. T. G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Curdlan gum is a new polymer produced by the microbial fermentation of sugar raw materials. It has the unique property of forming a gel under heating conditions and is also called a thermal gel. In 1996, the FDA approved the application of curdlan gum as a food raw material in the food industry. Curdlan gum does not dissolve in water, but it will swell and disperse easily in cold water. It is heated to form a colloid, according to its properties can be divided into low colloid and high colloid. It is produced by heating to 55~65°C and cooling to about 40°C, forming low-grade colloid with thermal reflection. When the water dispersion of cordlan gum is heated to more than 80°C, a higher colloid is formed. The Curdlan gel can reduce the water loss rate of chilled meat products and extend their shelf life.
The Effectiveness of the Probiotic Bacillus Spp in Induced Infection with Staphylococcus aureus and the Study of Its Effect on Liver Enzymes, Kidney Function and Microbial Balance of the Gut in Male Rats
Authors: Werdi Chalang M. , Al-Hadidy Yasmeen I. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The current study aimed to isolate and characterize bacteria of the genus Bacillus. It alsoinvestigate their ability as bio-enhancers, and study their therapeutic effect in vivo in induced infection with Staphylococcusaureus in terms of their impact on the values of liver enzymes Alanine trasaminase, Aspartate aminotranferase, Alkaline phosphatase and kidney functions represented by creatinine and urea, and the microbial balance of the intestine in male rats which were compared with the control groups after a period of 28 days. The study used 20 male Albino Sprague-Dawley rats, ages 8-9 weeks, average weight 148 g. These rats were randomly divided into five groups and four replicates per group. Two types of probiotics of the genus Bacillus were obtained, Bacillus claussi and Bacillus megaterum. The results showed that infection induced by Staphylococcusaureus caused a significant increase at P<0.05 in the values of all liver enzymes ALP, ALT and AST, which were recorded (194.4, 73.17 and 188.6) IU/L compared to the control group, which recorded (180.6, 59.50 and 178.5) IU/L in the same order. The results also showed an increase in creatinine and urea concentrations (52.00 and 0.3000), compared to the control group, which recorded (40.07 and 0.2667) mg/dI. In terms of microbial balance, the results showed an increase in the total number of the tested pathogenic bacteria and a significant decrease in the total number of lactic acid bacteria compared with the control group rats.
Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Predict Changes in Land Cover and Land use in Saddha Al-Hindia District Until 2038 by Adopting the (CA-MARCOV) Model
Authors: Abbas Ahmed A. Hadi , Hussain Entessar K. , Hamza Jabbar S. Abdel 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The aim of this study is to employ CA-MARCOV model as an advanced tool for predicting the state of land cover and land use in Saddha Al-india district until 2038 as a sophisticated tool representing the integration of GIS and remote sensing to predict the state of land cover and land use in Saddha Al-Hindia district. The study found that the land cover and land use categories in the study area recorded a relatively variable probability of their transmission to other varieties, as it reached the highest percentage in the river, which recorded (54.83) for the possibility of moving it at the expense of agricultural land which recorded (53.58), While the other varieties have a transmission probability of (34.75), (29.15), (16.16) and (12.03) to bare land, urban, natural vegetation and water bodies, respectively. All the mentioned percentages were of little stability in favor of the agricultural land category, as shown in Table (1). Where the area of agricultural land equivalent to (126 km2) for the predicted year, while its area was about (114 km2) in 2018, as well as natural vegetation, whose area in the target year was (79 km2) compared to (84 km2) in 2018, in Saddha Al-Hindia district to the next 20 years until 2038.
Contamination by Heavy Metals in the Sediments of Sirwan/Diyala River, Garmian Region
Authors: Sarhat Abdulmutalib Raafat , Al-Obaidi Basim Shakir 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This research was conducted to evaluate the contamination of some heavy metals including (Cadmium, Cupper, Lead, Nickel, Zink, Cobalt and Chromium) in the sediments of Sirwan/Diyala River. Sampling was conducted in different sites within the river banks, and four indices/factors including ecological risk factor (ER), enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), and geo-accumulation factor (Igeo) were used for this purpose. The result indicated that the concentrations of the observed metals were with the following order: Ni>Cr>Zn>Pb>Co>Cu>Cd. The values of enrichment factor were ranged from low of Co with a value of (EF = 1.12) to significant enrichment of Ni (EF = 9.13). However, the values of contamination factor indicated low contamination of sediments by Cu, Cd, Pb, Co and Zn with mean values of (0.74), (0.46), (0.49), (0.85) and (0.24) respectively, to significant contamination by Ni and Cr with mean values of (2.4) and (1) respectively. In terms of ecological risk factor, the average values of (Er) of all the observed elements were under low ecological risk category. The values of (Igeo) index for Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn and Co were under (unpolluted) category; while, Ni was under (unpolluted to moderate) category with a mean value of (0.61) and Cu fall under moderate category with a mean value of (1.04).
The Application of Remote Sensing Technologies for Enhancing Agroecosystems Performance
Authors: Omidi Anahita , Mehdizadeh Mohammad , Al-Taey Duraid K. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Human activity has dramatically altered the environment around the world. Most of these modifications occurred in natural habitats due to human activities. On the other hand, the variations in climatic conditions required to sustain appropriately performing ecosystems are becoming increasingly challenging for managers and policymakers. Often, pollution associated with human activities is diffuse, occurs over a wide geographic area, and accumulates over time. Assessing, monitoring, and eventually connecting relevant environmental variables with landscape development is crucial to overcoming these problems. Remote monitoring and evaluation of agroecosystem changes, using sensors, global positioning systems, and satellite-based platforms, provides for constant monitoring and assessment of field environment dynamics on a large scale. This study reviewed critical advances in remote sensing for the sustainable development of the agroecosystem.
Effect of Trichoderma Harzianum and Algae Chara sp and Levels of Mineral Fertilizer on Plant NPK Concentration and Wheat Yield Triticum aestivum L.
Authors: Al-Ziadi Hanan Awad Hammoud , Al-Jubouri Abdullah Kareem Jabar 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A factorial experiment was conducted in alluvial mixture soil using the design (RCBD in research) Agricultural Research and Experiment Station - in the Al Bandar area located on the banks of the Euphrates River, affiliated to the College of Agriculture / University of Al-Muthanna for the winter agricultural season (2021-2022), with the aim of studying the effect of adding Trichoderma fungus harzianum and alga Chara sp and chemical fertilizers (0, 25, 50, 75) and the interaction between them in the concentration of NPK in the plant and the yield of the plant, and the results indicated the moral superiority of the double addition of the fungus T.harzianum and the alga Chara sp in all the studied traits of nitrogen concentration in the plant. (2.04%) the concentration of phosphorous in the plant (0.632), the concentration of potassium in the plant (2.235%), the number of grains of a spike (62.17 grains of a spike-1), and the weight of 1000 grains (52.36 g) of an enzyme, as significant differences were recorded. As a result of adding mineral fertilizer at different levels, level 75 recorded the highest values in nitrogen concentration in the plant (1.82%), phosphorous concentration in the plant (0.534%), potassium concentration in the plant (1.865%), the number of grains spike (56.94 grains of a spike-1) and weight 1000 tablets (51.39 g).
Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons Accumulated on Pholcidea Spider Webs in Basra Province
Authors: Taher Huda Zuhair , Azeez Nayyef M. , Najim Shurooq A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The study determined the concentrations of poly aromatic hydrocarbons accumulated on Pholcidea spider webs in Basra province from September 2021 to August 2022. It included five distributed stations over The province (Basra Center, Qurma Ali, Shatt Al-Arabs, Abu Al-Khasib and Al-Rumaila). The content of aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in spider web samples was determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS), Japanese-made and located at the Basra Oil Company, Nahran Bin Omar site, Shimadzu type. The results showed that the average concentration of hydrocarbons is higher in Basra station at 0.2798 dry weight and less in Al-Khasib station at 0.0028 dry weight. High temperatures compared to average temperatures, and the results showed a decrease in the level of deposition of aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the detected hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of other countries showed a high level of concentration compared to the results of the current study, and it was proved that the aromatic hydrocarbons in the nets of Pholcidea spiders are caused by A major determinant of traffic emissions is that the main determinant of hydrocarbon accumulation in spider webs is that only high molecular weight compounds can be effectively measured using spider webs. The aromatic hydrocarbons pattern showed similar levels of the compounds in all collected samples. However, these PAH levels were compounds from different sources such as industrial or traffic activities at different locations.
Using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) and CO2 as Environmentally Friendly Method for Reducing Residual Oil Saturation
Authors: Al-Assal Jawad R. , Al-Rubaye Ameer H. , Al-Robai Hazim Aziz 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Dioxide carbon is essentially blamed to be the main factors causing the climate change effect because it is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is widely embraced as one of the leading and easiest Environmentally Friendly ways of mitigating carbon emissions to the atmosphere. By reducing interfacial tension and enhancing oil mobility, surfactant flooding increases oil production by improving the displacement of the oil by water injection. When porous rocks’ wettability is improved with surfactant EOR, more oil is displaced from the water that passes through them more efficiently. One of the major problems with Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) operations is surfactant adsorption. The injection of surfactants into the field to reduce interfacial tension, modify wettability, and regulate mobility in order to increase the amount of oil recovered from a previously water-flooded reservoir is one method of enhanced oil recovery (the extraction of previously unattainable petroleum from an oil deposit using non-traditional methods). The loss of surfactant resulting from adsorption on formation rocks is one of the process’ major challenges. In fact, significant surfactant adsorption can cause chemical EOR procedures uneconomical. After studying the phase behavior and the interfacial characteristics of 10 surfactants with oil, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was chosen as the surfactant. Since sodium dodecyl sulfate had a higher oil recovery rate than the other surfactants, it was chosen among those Furthermore, it can produce stable emulsions at low concentrations without the need of a co-surfactant or an alkaline agent, and it can also do so while maintaining ultra-low interfacial tension (IFT). Carbon dioxide injection is a safe way to reduce its concentration in the atmosphere.
Effect of Fertilizing with Sludge and Two Strains of PGPB Bacteria on Improving Growth and Yield of Broccoli
Authors: Alshwaili Nisreen S. , Mijwel Abbas K. , Jasman Ammar K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during the autumn season 2021-2022 in the Al-Azzawiya area of Al-Mahaweel District, which is located 30 km north of the center of Babylon provainc, to study the effect of sludge, and it was used with four concentrations (0,10,20,30) tons. ha-1 and two types of microorganisms are (Enterobacter aerogenes and Serratia marcescens) isolated from soil in growth and yield of broccoli. As sludge was added to the main plot before planting, and then microorganisms were added when planting seedlings. The results showed that the addition of sludge caused a significant effect and gave the highest significant increase in leaf area 14422.93 cm 2, chlorophyll concentration 76.88 spad, the total yield of the plant 66.9 tons. ha-1, the percentage of nitrogen in the leaves is 2.30%. The percentage of phosphorous in the leaves is 0.45%, the percentage of potassium in the leaves is 2.91%, and ascorbic is 133.06 mg per 100 g in curd. Also, the microorganisms gave a significant response in all traits of vegetative growth, yield and qualitative indicators. The bacterial isolate of S. marcescens achieved a significant response and gave the best percentage in leaf area, total yield of the plant, percentage of phosphorous in leaves, percentage of potassium in leaves, percentage of nitrogen in leaves, ascorbic in curd except for chlorophyll, which affected E. aerogenes bacteria signifacnt in this respect. As the treatment 20 tons. ha-1 excelled and gave the highest total yield of 66.9 tons. ha-1. As for the interaction between sludge and microorganisms, it had a significant and positive effect on all the studied growth traits. As the treatment 20 tons. ha-1 x S. marcescens excelled and gave the best values for all studied indicators except for leaf area and chlorophyll concentration, where the treatment 20 tons. ha-1 x E. aerogenes increase excelled in this trait.
Effect of Organic Compounds (Alghum and Bactosan) and Zinc Fertilization on some Yield Traits of Broccoli Brassica oleracea Var. Italica
Authors: Hameed Mohammed Mahmood , Obaid Mohammed Hadi 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis study investigated the influence of adding the two organic compounds (Alghum and Bactosan) and spraying with zinc on some indicators of broccoli yield in the agricultural growth season 2021-2022. The study was designed according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD); it contained three factors, the first with three levels of the organic compound Alghum (0, 8 and 12) kg. ha-1and the second with three levels of the organic compound Bactosan (0, 6 and 8) L. ha-1and the third with two concentrations of elemental zinc (0 and 1) g. L-1. The individual effect for the organic compound Alghum showed a significant increase in all yield attributes, particularly A12 treatment (12 kg. ha-1) compared with the other treatments. The addition of organic compound Bactosan also made significant differences at level B8 (8 L. ha-1) which outperformed all levels in all yield attributes. In contrast, the level of B0 (L. ha-1) recorded the lowest values for the studied traits. As for spraying zinc at the concentration Z1 (1 g. L-1) it gave a significant increase in all yield attributes except for the number of days to complete the harvesting process was not necessary, knowing that the treatment of non-spray Z0 (0 g. L-1) gave the lowest rate in the mentioned attributes above. The impact of the bilateral interaction between the two organic compounds showed a significant improvement in all yield characteristics in treatment A12B8 (12 kg. ha-1 and 8 L. ha-1). The bilateral interactions between the organic compound Alghum and zinc spray significantly affected all yield attributes as the treatment A12Z1 (12kg.ha-1and 1g.L-1) outperformed the other interaction treatments. The two interactions between organic compound Bactoson and spraying with zinc element significantly increased the studied yield attributes in treatment B8Z1 (8L. ha-1 and 1g.L-1). The triple interaction between adding the two organic compounds Alghum and Bactosan and spraying with zinc was significantly superior as the treatment A12B8Z1 (12kg.ha-1, 8L. ha-1and 1g.L-1) recorded the highest growth indicators in yield attributes (Number of days to harvest flower disks from 50% of experimental unit plants, the number of days to complete the harvesting process, the curd head weight, the curd head diameter and the total yield of the curd head.
Effect of Foliar Application of Jasmonic Acid and Ennne Fertilizer on Growth and Chemical Content of Local Cultivars and Blood Orange
Authors: Al-Zobaie Hatam Ahmed Khashef , Al-Habbabi Adib Jassem Abbas 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
To find out the impact of spraying with jasmonic acid at 0, 5, and 10 ml/litre-1 and adding a high nitrogen fertilizer (NPK) (30,10,10) at 0, 2.5, and 5 g/l-1 on the chemical content characteristics of two types of citrus fruits in the year 2021, the experiment was carried out in the wooden canopy of the College of Agriculture/University of Samarra (domestic and blood orange). When the plants were sprayed with (JA) 10 ml/L-1 + (NPK) fertilizer at 5 g/L-1, the percentage of nitrogen in the leaves and roots was much higher than the control, as was the percentage of total nitrogen in the plant. Leaf and root concentrations of phosphorus. In the leaves and roots, the amount of potassium. Carbohydrate content in leaves as a proportion of total weight.
Effect of Silicone Application on the Ratio of Volatile Oil, Physical Properties and Active Substances of Mentha piperita L. Under Saline Stress Conditions
Authors: Hassan Hassan Sobeih , Tawfeeq Anas Mounir 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This experiment was carried out during the 2021 agricultural season in the wooden canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping - College of Agriculture - Tikrit University to study the effect of adding two types of silicone on the properties of volatile oil, physical properties, and the active substance of the mint plant Mentha piperita L. grown under the influence of salt tension. The experiment was designed using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) as a factorial experiment with two factors and with three replicates, and each replicate contains nine experimental units, each unit consisting of 3 pots; the first factor is the addition of two types of silicon oxide, in addition to the comparison factor (S0 control, S1 Silicone Nanomaterials, and S2 Silicone Normal). In contrast, the second factor is the addition of pure sodium chloride NaCl in three concentrations with control (N0 0 g.L-1, N1 0.45 g.L-1, N2 1.45 g.L-1). The study showed significant differences between the experimental factors. Silicon and sodium chloride application achieved higher values in active substances of Menthol, Menthone, cineole, limonene, Linalool, and Geraniol.
The Effect of Plant Metabolism on Some Physiological Immune Responses Under Biotic Stress
Authors: Abdul-Ameer Maha Ali , Abdul-Ameer Zainab 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This work is part of a larger research project studying the immune responses of a variety of plants. Once image-based (unpublished data) and another time, as in this study, biochemical parameters based. Plant models included three metabolically different plants, Vica faba L. (C3), Zea mays L. (C4), Mesembryanthemum L. (CAM). Pathogen models had Alternaria alternate and Pseudomonas syringe. All of which, along with the control treatment, represent nine plant-pathogen systems applied with three replicates of each studied species. To investigate the extent to which the immune response is transferred from infected leaves to uninfected leaves on the same plant, several physiological and biochemical immune responses were examined, including: two plant hormones, abscisic acid and Salicylic acid, and two active enzymes, Catalase enzyme and Peroxidase enzyme, two free radicals, ROS and H2O2. Results show that The studied hormones were significantly affected by the type of plant metabolism and the type of pathogen, sometimes by an increase and sometimes by a decrease in which ABA and SA increased in C3 and CAM plants when infected by Alternaria and varied when infected by pseudomonas syringe. At the same time, both ABA and SA decrease in C4 plants. The studied enzymes did not follow a specific pattern of increasing and decreasing response to a bacterial or fungal infection. Still, they differed significantly between plants of different metabolism according to the type of pathogen causing the infection. Infection of all three studied plants by Alternaria alternate and Pseudomonas syringae did not cause any significant changes at p≤ 0.05 in the free radical production of the leaves for both ROS and H2O2.
Impact of Organic Fertilizer and Silica with Potassium Humate Acid on Growth and Yield of Two Lettuce Varieties
Authors: Ismail Duaa Sabah , Obeid Mohammed Hadi 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A field study was carried out during the 2021 Agriculture season in the vegetative field of the Department of Horticulture, University of Kerbala (Al-Hussainiya) to field out the effect of adding poultry manure and humic acid on the growth and yield of two varieties of lettuce, the study included two factors, the first factor being the varieties (local variety and Lceberg Crisphead Lettuce), and the poultry litter and Silica with potassium humate acid were used as the second factor, in order to know the effect and effectiveness of natural and manufactured organic fertilizers on the growth and yield characteristics of two varieties of lettuce, as a result of the decrease in studies on environmentally friendly soil fertilizers, the experiment was conducted based on Spilt - Plot system within the R.C.B.D. design, The results showed that the local variety recorded the rise in most of the study parameters, While the Lceberg Crisphead Lettuce variety achieved an rise in the content of proline in the leaves and dry matter in the vegetable total, the fertilizer combinations caused significant differences compared to the control treatments, treatments F8:( poultry litter 20 tons.h-1 + Silica with potassium humate 0.4 g + 10 g of peatmoos plant-1 ) achieved the best rates in most of the studied traits, while control treatment (0g) the rise values were recorded in percentage of dry matter in the total vegetables.
Effect of Humic Acid, Atonic and Salicylic Acid Spray on some Vegetative Traits on Sweet Orange Transplants cv.Local and Bloody
Authors: Mohammed Maysam H. , Al-Hayany Ali M. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe experiment was conducted in the nursery of Diyala Agriculture Directorate during the growing seasons 2021 from March to November 2021 to study the effect of growth promoters Humic acid, Atonic and Salicylic growth promoters acid spray on some chemical and vegetative parameters of Local and bloody orange transplants budded on sour orange rootstock. The experiment included two factors, the first one was two orange cultivars (Local and bloody), and the second was the spray of growth promoters(Humic acid, Atonic and Salicylic acid). Humic acid was sprayed at 1%, Atonic at 1 ml L-1, and salicylic acid at 300 mg L-1. Results revealed the superiority of bloody cultivar compared to local orange in most studied characteristics (plant height, scion diameter, leaf area, leaves chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content). The interaction between salicylic and atonic showed a significant increase in scion diameter, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content compared to untreated transplants.