bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Stability and Antigenicity of Staphylococcic Toxoid
Authors: Kitching J. S. , Farrell L. N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Staphylococcic toxoid is a stable product under suitable in vitro conditions. Dilution does not affect its stability.
Dilution of staphylococcic toxoid enhances its antigenicity by the intravenous route of administration. When given subcutaneously the diluted material does not appear to be a better antigen but, at least, it is as effective as unmodified toxoid in evoking antitoxic response in rabbits.
The antigenic in vivo response to toxoid roughly parallels the in vitro potency in terms of antitoxic binding units.
The addition of varying amounts of formalin to staphylococcic toxin, with subsequent incubation at 37°C., influences the rate of detoxication and loss of antitoxic binding power of the product. Between limits of 0.05 and 1 per cent formalin, the rate of detoxication was inversely proportional to the amount of formalin added, detoxication being complete within 24 hours in the case of those preparations containing 0.5 and 1 per cent formalin respectively. With lesser amounts of added formalin, detoxication was proportionately delayed. The more rapid the detoxication the smaller was the drop in potency in terms of antitoxic binding units and antigenic response in rabbits.
Complementing Activity and Ascorbic Acid Content of Guinea-Pig Serums Following Ether Anesthesia
Authors: Ecker E. E. , Pillemer L. , Wertheimer D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In normal guinea pigs no marked changes in complement titers were observed following ether anesthesia for 30 minutes. However, a definite rise in blood serum ascorbic acid was noted after ether anesthesia.
The serums of animals fed a vitamin C deficient diet for 14 days and then etherized showed a slight rise in ascorbic acid content and a distinct improvement in the initial complement titers. No marked increase of ascorbic acid in the serum occurred after ether anesthesia. It is believed that this was due to the depletion of the ascorbic acid content of their tissues. In a final experiment on guinea pigs fed for 30 days on a scorbutigenic diet, a marked improvement in the complementing titers took place. It was technically impossible to secure accurate figures of the ascorbic acid content of the serum of these animals. In the case of normal rabbits and rats, which synthesize their own ascorbic acid, on change in complement titers was noticed after etherization.
On the Bacteriolysis by Lysozyme
Authors: Boasson E. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The bacteriolysis by lysozyme was studied by measuring the light-absorption of a lysing suspension, with a Moll-extinctiometer. In addition to a morphological study, this procedure was applied to the determination of lysozyme, which could be made within 5 per cent, and to a study of the influence of pH and electrolytes. The optimal pH was found to be about 6.2. The optimum is caused by an interaction of two factors: at lower pH's the action of lysozyme increases, but below pH 6.2 the visible lysis is inhibited. The same is the case in distilled water, where a phenomenon, analogous to Nakamura's alkali-phenomenon was found. High concentrations of electrolytes inhibit the primary reaction, adsorption of lysozyme. In this respect the valency of the ions is predominant. Some general remarks are made on the importance of electrostatic forces in similar reactions.
A Supplementary Report on the Importance of Clostridium Welchii as an Etiologic Factor in the Toxemia of Spreading Peritonitis Following Acute Perforative Appendicitis
Authors: Mengle Harold A. , Paxson N. F. , Bower John O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Of the 20 dogs which were immunized and operated on as described, 13 lived and 7 died, a mortality of 35 per cent. This mortality may be compared with a control mortality previously established in earlier investigations, of over 91 per cent. The complete details are shown in table 2. While our series of animals is not so large as could be desired, yet the marked drop in mortality in this group as compared with the control group leads one to believe that the toxemia accompanying spreading peritonitis may be largely produced by the toxin of Clostridium welchii.
Quantitative Studies of the Reaction of Complement Fixation with Syphilitic Serum and Tissue Extract
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Maltaner Frank , Maltaner Elizabeth 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Titrations of complement under the conditions of the test for syphilis were made to determine the effect of the fixation period and of the different reagents, separately or in combination, upon the form of the curve representing the degree of hemolysis fifteen minutes after the addition of sensitized cells; the reaction-mixture was kept in a water bath at 37°C.
The form of the hemolytic curve was practically constant when relatively small amounts of complement were required for 50 per cent hemolysis and the concentration of serum constituents in the titration was not too low; it varied, however, when large amounts of complement were necessary for 50 per cent hemolysis. In titrations made in the presence of tissue-extract and of serum from patients with syphilis the form of the hemolytic curve varied with the concentrations of complement and of the antigen.
Under all the different conditions of these comparative titrations the experimental data could be closely approximated by the alternation formula of von Krogh with suitable constants. This furnished a means of interpolation for the 50 per cent hemolysis point. Linear interpolation may be used if log X is plotted against log , where X is the concentration of complement and Y is the degree of hemolysis.
In titrations of complement in the presence of antigen and of serum from persons with syphilis there was a linear relation between the amounts of complement and of serum required for 50 per cent hemolysis when the proper amounts of antigen were provided to yield the maximal reactions with the given quantities of serum, as well as between the quantities of complement and of antigen necessary for 50 per cent hemolysis when sufficient serum was used to yield the maximal reaction with the given quantities of antigen.
When antigen is present in too great an excess, the intensity of the reaction diminishes and may even disappear completely; but, with a considerable excess of serum, the reaction appears not to change appreciably; that is, does not diminish.
The relationships observed in these studies between serum and complement and between antigen and complement constitute a fundamental basis for the quantitative determination of the reaction.
Studies of Staphylococcal Toxin
Authors: Levine B. S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The term adsorption is frequently encountered in the literature in connection with discussions concerning the reaction taking place between biotoxins and tissue-cells and between toxins and antitoxins. Regarding the reaction occurring between staphylohemolysin and red blood cells, Forssman (1) stated that as a rule no adsorption of the lysin by the sensitive cells takes place. He remarked further that instances in which adsorption was seemingly observed by him have no significant bearing upon the nature of the process of staphylohemolysis. However, no record is found in the literature of attempts to formulate the quantitative relationship between staphylococcal toxin and red blood cells in terms of an equation.
In order to determine the course of partial staphylotoxin-neutralization by the corresponding antitoxin, Burnet (2) carried out a number of preliminary experiments to establish the relationship between the amount of free toxin and the degree of hemolysis produced.
Group-Specific Agglutinins in Rabbit Serums for Human Cells
Authors: Battey Shirley , Stuart C. A. , Wheeler K. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
All rabbits possessing normal group-specific β agglutinins produced immune group-specific β agglutinins. About two-thirds of the animals lacking normal agglutinins produced specific β agglutinins upon immunization.
The B1 antigen could not be demonstrated in the tissues, blood cells, or serum of rabbits incapable of producing group-specific β agglutinins.
Quantitative Studies of the Reaction of Complement Fixation with Tuberculous Immune Serum and Antigen
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Maltaner Frank , Maltaner Elizabeth 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Studies of the fixation of complement by tubercle antigen and immune serum have been extended to include observations with more widely varying quantities of each reagent.
In experiments covering a wide range of concentration of complement, there was a linear relation, on the one hand, between complement and immune serum when antigen was present in sufficient amount to give the maximal reaction obtainable with the quantities of serum tested and, on the other hand, between antigen and complement when immune serum was present in sufficient amount to give the maximal reaction with quantities of antigen tested.
By determining the ratios of the slopes of the straight-line graphs representing these relationships, constant values for the specific reactive capacity of antigen with immune serum were obtained.
The normal horse serum used in diluting the immune serum had no appreciable effect upon the results.
Comparisons of complement activity were made in relation to the point of 50 per cent hemolysis because the form of the hemolytic curve may vary with experimental conditions which necessitate different volumes of complement, without, however, appreciably affecting the region near 50 per cent hemolysis. The 50 per cent point may be determined by interpolation.
These quantitative studies provide a basis for the accurate determination of the activity of immune serum and antigen in relation to each other and to complement and appear to be applicable both to experimental studies of the reactions of immune sera and antigens and to the development of practical tests for the diagnosis of disease.
The Absorption of Pneumococcal Antibody after Intramuscular Injection of Antipneumococcal Horse and Rabbit Serums
Authors: Finland Maxwell , Brown John W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Type I pneumococcal antibody, contained in horse or rabbit serum, when injected intramuscularly in non-pneumonic human subjects, is absorbed into the circulation. Increasing titers of antibodies can be demonstrated in the recipient's serum during the first 48 hours, and sometimes longer, after such injections. The titers attained at 48 hours after the intramuscular injections are similar to those demonstrated at a similar interval after the intravenous injection of the same material.
After intramuscular injection, type I antibody contained in unconcentrated rabbit serum is absorbed more rapidly, higher maximal titers are reached and high titers are maintained longer than when equivalent amounts of antibody contained in concentrated horse serum are given in the same manner. Even after intravenous injection, the type I antibody appeared to be eliminated more slowly when rabbit serum was used.
Absorption after intramuscular injection of type V antibody contained in a concentrated rabbit serum and in a concentrated horse serum was also compared. The type V rabbit serum produced moderate local inflammatory reactions in the recipients and absorption in them was delayed as compared with the recipients of horse-serum.
Positive immediate cutaneous reactions to type V SSS were induced in occasional non-pneumonic subjects, after the intramuscular injection of homologous antibody contained in either horse or rabbit serum.
The Spread of Tubercle Bacilli in the Bodies of Sensitized and Immunized Animals
Authors: Freund Jules , Angevine D. Murray 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Willis (1) studied the passage of tubercle bacilli from the skin to the regional lymph nodes of normal and previously infected guinea pigs and found that their spread was greatly retarded in the reinfected animals. He demonstrated the presence or absence of tubercle bacilli by simultaneous excision of the skin and lymph nodes and inoculation into other guinea pigs. Freund (2) later found a similar delay in the dissemination of living tubercle bacilli in guinea pigs previously injected with killed tubercle bacilli. He used cultural methods for the estimation of the number of tubercle bacilli in the tissues. His observations were recently confirmed by Saenz (3).
The question arises whether the retardation of spread of tubercle bacilli in the immunized animals is due to the local destruction of the organisms or to fixation at the site of injection. In the experiments of Freund and of Saenz, the skin at the site of injection was not examined.
Serological Studies of the Reptilia
Authors: Bond Glenn C. , Sherwood Noble P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The hemolytic property of fresh normal animal sera for heterologous red cells has been demonstrated many times. This action is usually explained as being due to the interaction of a naturally occurring sensitizer and the complement of the fresh serum.
In previous work, it had been found that fresh snake serum is hemolytic for human erythrocytes. Subsequent work has shown that snake serum is also quite frequently hemolytic for sheep, guinea pig, and rabbit erythrocytes.
This hemolytic property of snake serum for heterologous erythrocytes of warm-blooded animals has been previously reported by Flexner and Noguchi (1), who also report that the venom of snakes does not cause hemolysis of erythrocytes since complement is lacking, but that this can be supplied by the addition of fresh snake serum.
A Study of Meningococcal Cultures from Horses Immunized against Meningococci
Authors: Cohen Sophia M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Meningococci were isolated from eleven horses which developed endocarditis during immunization against several meningococcal strains of groups I-III and II. The cultures from ten horses were group I-III and those from eight of these animals resembled closely one of the stock strains used in immunization. The culture from the eleventh horse was mixed, but group-II microorganisms predominated. No changes occurred in the agglutinative or precipitative activities of cultures isolated repeatedly from individual horses. Of those tested, the cultures were, in general, of low virulence for mice, lacked well-defined capsules, and possessed a marked capacity to survive in sodium-chloride solutions.
The Disintegration of Bacteria by Mechanical Means
Authors: Forrester J. S. , Langner P. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A comparison has been made of bacterial filtrates prepared by mechanical disintegration by the low-temperature ball mill, and “sonic” oscillator on the one hand, and conventional heatkilled bacterial suspensions on the other. The standard for comparison has been intensity of intracutaneous reaction in skin-sensitive individuals. No significant differences in cutaneous reactivity have been observed in this small series when the total nitrogen of the injected material was used for a basis of quantitative standardization.
William Hallock Park
Authors: Ramon G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
On April 6th, 1939, William Hallock Park, one of the United States' most eminent and renowned scientists, died in New York at the age of seventy-five. For half a century his activity—and what activity!—accomplished magnificent results in the field of microbiology, particularly in experimental and applied immunology and applied hygiene.
After receiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine from Columbia University in 1886, William Park practiced as a specialist in nose and throat diseases. At the same time his research work on diphtheria attracted the attention of Dr. Biggs, then Professor of Bacteriology at New York University and in charge of a New York City Health Department laboratory. In 1894, at the instance of Dr. Biggs, Dr. Park was appointed head of the City Health Department's diagnostic laboratory for diphtheria. He soon became director of the Department's research laboratory.
The Rôle of Clasmatocytes in the Resistance of Rabbits to Infection with Pasteurella Lepiseptica
Authors: Webb Joseph F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mononuclear (clasmatocyte) accumulations, obtained by seventy-two hour pleural cavity preparation with aleuronat and starch, were definitely correlated with enhanced resistance of rabbits to intrapleural infection with Pasteurella lepiseptica. Polymorphonuclear accumulations, obtained by eighteen hour preparation of the pleural cavity with the same irritant, had slight effect on enhancing the resistance of rabbits to intrapleural infection with Pasteurella lepiseptica. Specific immune serum injected intrapleurally into normal rabbits together with an infecting dose of Pasteurella lepiseptica had a definite protective effect, but was not as effective as local mononuclear accumulations. Normal serum so applied appeared to be without protective effect. The passive intrapleural transfer of seventy-two hour pleural exudate, either alone or followed by immune serum given intravenously, failed to protect normal rabbits against approximately one hundred fatal doses of Pasteurella lepiseptica administered simultaneously. Following the intravenous injection of specific immune serum, in quantities alone unable to protect, the intrapleural administration of cell-suspensions from seventy-two hour exudates (clasmatocyte type) was superior to cell-suspensions from twenty-four hour exudates (polymorphonuclear type) in protecting normal rabbits against approximately one hundred fatal doses of Pasteurella lepiseptica given simultaneously.
Group-Specific Differentiation of the Organs of Man
Authors: Kosjakov P. N. , Tribulev G. P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Landsteiner and Levine (1927) established that human erythrocytes possess type-specific biochemical differences in addition to the factors determinable by iso-agglutination. With the aid of sera obtained by immunizing rabbits with human erythrocytes, they succeeded in proving the presence of new, until then unknown, M and N antigens in the erythrocytes of man. Thus besides the differentiation into the O, A, B and AB groups a further subdivision into so-called types M, N and MN was introduced. The presence of the M- and N-antigens in the human erythrocytes could be established only with the aid of immune sera, since no natural isoantibodies anti-M and anti-N were found in the human organism.
The finding of the M- and N-factors in the erythrocytes served as the starting point for the further search of these factors in other cells of the human tissues and organs.
The Effect of Temperature and Drying Upon the M- and N-Factors of the Human Blood
Authors: Kosjakov P. N. , Tribulev G. P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a previous report (1) we evolved a method, establishing that cells of human liver, kidney, muscle and brain possess not only a group-specific but also a type-specific bio-chemical differentiation similar to that found in the erythrocytes.
The method which enabled us to prove convincingly the presence of M- and N-antigens in human tissues and organs, also permitted a study of their stability against various physicochemical influences. While the physico-chemical properties of the group A and B antigens could be considered sufficiently clarified, in the M- and N-factors these properties remain almost unknown.
By using the method of selective absorption, Boyd and Tayian (1935) found that boiling of human erythrocytes seemed to destroy the power of their M- and N-antigens to react specifically with corresponding antibodies. The influence of low temperature upon M and N has not been reported in literature available to us.
Chemical and Immunological Studies of the Pneumococcus
Authors: Brown Rachel 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
By the use of ultrafiltration and repeated fractional alcoholic precipitations in the cold in the presence of sodium acetate, highly purified preparations of the type specific substances have been obtained from broth-culture filtrates of pneumococci of types I through XXXII. Comparison of the nitrogen-, phosphorus-, and acetyl-content and of the optical rotations and relative viscosities of such materials with previously reported data indicates a similar degree of purification.
Types I, IV, V, XII, and XXV contained the largest amounts of nitrogen, about 5 per cent. Ten other type preparations probably represented nitrogen-free carbohydrates. Type I alone had an appreciable amount of amino nitrogen, 2 per cent, as noted by other workers (5). Significant amounts of phosphorus were found in some of the preparations, as much as 6 per cent in types XXVIII and XXXII. The acetyl-content was negligible in types III and VIII, but in other types it varied, reaching 15 and 16 per cent in types IV and XI. The optical rotation was greatest for type I and almost negligible for type XXIII preparations. Twenty-five of the type specific carbohydrates were dextrorotatory and seven were levorotatory. The type-III solution had the highest relative viscosity and type VIII the next. Nine of the preparations gave qualitative tests for uronic acids and 20 for amino sugars. Before hydrolysis only type V showed reducing properties which persisted under mild conditions. After hydrolysis all of the preparations reduced Fehling's solution. Ammonium sulfate and basic lead acetate were the most generally effective of all the precipitants examined. In the properties studied, the preparations of the specific carbohydrates of types VIa and VIb (XXVI) could not be differentiated; but types XV and XXX were slightly different.
All of the preparations precipitated homologous immune sera in dilutions as high as 1:4,096,000 or 1:8,192,000.
Biological Reactions of Malignant Neoplasms
Authors: Walker Ernest Linwood , Handman Marion Sweeney 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cultures of Salmonella typhi murium were separated into saline soluble and saline insoluble parts. From the saline soluble portion there were precipitated alcohol, acetic acid and ammonium sulfate insoluble fractions; and by evaporation an alcohol soluble fraction was recovered. In addition to these fractions the definite biologic compounds, polysaccharides, nucleoproteins and nucleic acid were separated from the cultures.
Preliminary tests by the Shwartzman phenomenon showed that all of these fractions are capable in proper combinations of eliciting reactions, and of acting either as preparatory or as intravenous provocative agents.
In the treatment of mice bearing sarcoma 180 only the nucleoprotein, the polysaccharides and fractions containing appreciable amounts of one or both of these substances were found capable of producing reaction in the tumors. Complete regression of this sarcoma treated with the more active fractions was obtained up to 100 per cent in individual experiments, with an average of 25 per cent in all experiments. Tumors affected but not completely destroyed by the same fractions averaged 74 per cent. It has been possible to affect total regression of sarcoma 180 in a maximum percentage with sublethal doses of the active fractions.
The reaction of the several strains of carcinoma to injections of active bacterial fractions was much less than that of sarcoma 180; few of the tumors underwent complete and permanent regression, but a considerable proportion of them showed hemorrhage, partial regression or regression followed by recurrence.
Our experimental results do not support the conception of a single, special bacterial substance active in the Shwartzman phenomenon and against malignant neoplasms; on the contrary, they locate these functions in the ordinary proteins and carbohydrates of the bacterial cell. This finding reconciles the conflicting results of previous attempts to separate the active substance.