bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Common Protein Agglutinogen of Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Lenhart N. A. , Mudd S. , Yoshida A. , Li I. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A protein agglutinogen common to the internationally recognized serotypes of Staphylococcus aureus is described. Sera of all human subjects studied, healthy or infected, possess a high and fairly uniform level of antibodies against this agglutinogen. The agglutinin is concentrated in commercial human γ-globulin and is deficient in the blood of agammaglobulinemic children. No immunizing agent has been found which will regularly increase agglutination titers in man to a significant degree, although some increase has been induced in rabbits. Serum absorbed with the pure protein agglutinogen shows decreased agglutination titer against all serotypes but is not deprived of its phagocytosis promoting power.
The Common Protein Agglutinogen of Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Yoshida A. , Mudd S. , Lenhart N. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Staphylococcal agglutinogen was extracted from undigested cell walls and purified through carboxymethyl (CM)-cellulose column chroma tography and molecular sieving by Sephadex G-75. The sedimentation patterns of ultracentrifugation showed a high degree of homogeneity of the purified agglutinogen. The sedimentation constant is 1.6 S, the diffusion constant is 11.6 × 10-7 cm2/sec, and the molecular weight is 13,200. It showed single line precipitation reactions with human and rabbit antisera in agar gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. From the nitrogen content, ultraviolet absorption, and sensitivity against digestion by proteolytic enzymes, it was shown that the agglutinogen is a protein. Jensen's antigen A contains the agglutinogen.
Phylogeny of the Immune Response
Authors: Grey Howard M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immune response of turtles to giant keyhole limpet hemocyanin was studied by means of the precipitation of I*-hemocyanin by antiserum. The pertinent findings were: The 18 S protein constitutes 13 to 26% of the total normal serum protein in the turtle.In an antibody response rapidly sedimenting antibody predominates for the first month and is gradually replaced by slowly sedimenting antibody.The slowly sedimenting antibody activity as well as that of the rapidly sedimenting antibody activity is almost entirely destroyed by 2-mercaptoethanol treatment.No anamnestic response occurred.The precipitin reaction between turtle antibody and antigen remains, throughout the course of immunization, similar to a mammalian primary response in that it is greatly effected by dilution of the test system.
Demonstration of Two Types of Low Molecular Weight γ-Globulins in Normal Human Urine
Authors: Takatsuki Kiyoshi , Osserman Elliott F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Low molecular weight γ-globulins in normal human urine (γ-u) are antigenically related to the S fragment of papain-digested γ2-globulin and have thermosolubility properties similar to those of Bence Jones proteins.
By immunodiffusion techniques, it has been established that there are at least two distinct populations of γ-u, designated γ-uA and γ-uB, which are respectively related to the Korngold and Lipari type A (= Mannik and Kunkel group 2) and Korngold and Lipari type B (= Mannik and Kunkel group 1) Bence Jones proteins.
The low molecular weight γ-u-globulins are increased in patients with various diseases associated with hypergammaglobulinemia and diminished in patients with hypogammaglobulinemia.
Studies of Acute Phase Protein
Authors: Kushner Irving , Kaplan Melvin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Following the injection of I131-labeled BSA into rabbits, CxRP was found to appear in the serum of one half of the animals demonstrating an immune response. The time of appearance of CxRP indicated that the inflammation began coincident with or immediately following the appearance of immune complexes in the circulation. It was not possible to differentiate on the basis of the level of circulating antigen-antibody complexes or the day of onset of immune elimination between animals with and those without CxRP responses. It was considered probable that the CxRP response was related to an inflammatory effect of circulating antigen-antibody complexes.
The serum level of CxRP, measured by a quantitative immunochemical procedure, was not related to the level of circulating antigen-antibody complexes, as measured by the Farr technique. Quantitative levels of CxRP stimulated by antigen-antibody complexes were in the low or moderate range as compared with responses to other inflammatory stimuli, such as typhoid vaccine or croton oil.
Evidence for Immunological Specificity of the Properdin System
Authors: Blum Livia 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Treatment of serum with zymosan at 0°C, followed by removal of the zymosan-residue by centrifugation resulted in a supernatant serum in which C′3 could not be completely inactivated by fresh zymosan at 37°C. Although properdin could not be measured in the supernatant serum (0°-supernatant) by the zymosan assay, its presence could be demonstrated by direct isolation. These phenomena have been shown to be related to the interaction of zymosan with a previously unrecognized serum factor which is required for inactivation of C′3 in human serum by zymosan at 37°C. This factor (0°-factor) is distinct from other known constituents of the properdin system, from components of complement and from zymosan agglutinating antibody. Zymosan forms a complex with 0°-factor in serum at 0°C (0°-residue) which inactivates C′3 completely in 0°-supernatant at 37°C. Some of the kinetic and physicochemical characteristics of the interaction of zymosan with 0°-factor have been investigated.
0°-Residue could be dissociated and 0°-factor activity recovered in the eluate. Optimal conditions for elution of 0°-factor from 0°-residue were determined. An assay for measurement of 0°-factor was devised employing 0°-supernatant as reagent.
Experiments indicated that RP (serum reagent deficient in properdin) was limited in 0°-factor as well as in properdin. This hypothesis was confirmed by demonstration of the potentiating effect of partially purified 0°-factor on the properdin titers of serum and partially purified properdin.
Preliminary evidence was obtained for immunologic specificity of 0°-factor by adsorption experiments employing dextrans and levans as well as zymosan. The data are discussed in relation to an hypothesis that properdin is a nonspecific factor functioning as part of an immune system requiring antibody.
Immunoelectrophoretic Characterization of Human Serum Proteins with Primate Antisera
Authors: Lichter Edward A. , Dray Sheldon 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Monkeys produce precipitating antibodies to at least 25 human serum proteins identified by immunoelectrophoresis. Some of the proteins with which the antibodies react were further characterized by modified histochemical techniques utilizing the specific chemical reactive sites on the serum proteins fixed in agar by the precipitating antibodies. In this way, two lipoproteins and five serum esterases were identified. At least three γ-globulins (γ-A, γ-B and γ-C) of different electrophoretic mobilities were identified with the monkey antisera. The appearance of parallel precipitin arcs for β2A, β2M and γ-C with monkey antisera suggests that these proteins each exist in at least two antigenically different forms in normal human serum. Chimpanzees produce precipitating antibodies to lipoprotein and to 7 S γ-globulin.
Immunochemical Studies on Rabbit Anti-Antibody
Authors: Fudenberg H. H. , Goodman J. W. , Milgrom F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Anti-antibody in rabbits has been found to be a 19 S globulin with specificity for rabbit 7 S γ-globulin altered either by combination with antigen or by certain nonspecific methods. The anti-antibody combines with antigenic determinants on Fragments I and II, but not III, of the papain-digested 7 S γ-globulin molecule. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Doubling Time of Mouse Spleen Cells during the Latent and Log Phases of Primary Antibody Response
Authors: Capalbo Elmo E. , Makinodan T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cellular events were followed during the latent and log phases of primary antibody response by culturing spleen cells in 0.1-µ diffusion chambers. The results show that the decrease in T2 of the total cells and the increase in the number of mitotic cells after antigenic stimulation are reflections mainly of proliferative activities of blast and plasma cells. Estimates of the ratio, S:GT, indicate that after antigenic stimulation a significant increase was detected only among the immature plasma cells and lymphocytes. This would indicate that either the S period is prolonged or the GT decreased. Of interest also was the fact that the ratio for the reticulum-blast cells was 0.9 (68/75). This would indicate that the G1 period of these cells is very short. These results indicate that one is confronted with at least three variables when he is dealing with an intermediate cell compartment of a differentiation process in an immune response, i.e., the variable cell cycle dependent upon the stimulant and the input and output rates. Taking into consideration the cell compartment size, the T2, T1/2, and S:GT of each cell compartment, we can conclude that the terminal plasma cells are the end state of differentiation of reticulum-blast cells, suggesting that if other unique somatic cells can give rise to terminal plasma cells they must do so by feeding into the primary cell compartment.
Evaluation of the Diffusion Chamber Culture Technique for Study of the Morphological and Functional Characteristics of Lymphoid Cells during Antibody Production
Authors: Capalbo Elmo E. , Albright Joseph F. , Bennett William E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Diffusion chambers constructed of 0.1 µ porosity filters and implanted into the peritoneal cavities of irradiated recipient mice have been found most useful for quantitatively evaluating cultures of isologous spleen cells during antibody response. During the first 3 days of culture there is an 88% decrease in the total number of cells which can be recovered; thereafter, the number of cells remains constant for at least 12 days. The production of hemagglutinin follows the typical time-course of antibody production by cells cultured freely in the peritoneal cavity of recipients. Synthesis of new antibody by cells cultured in chambers continues for at least 14 days and during the stationary phase of the response is presumably balanced by an equivalent rate of decay of existing antibody. During the over-all decline in total cell number during the first 3 days of cultures undergoing primary antibody response, certain types of cells undergo a relative increase. These are reticulum, blast and plasma cells and phagocytes which are induced to selectively proliferate by antigen-stimulation. Other types of cells, viz., granulocytes and normoblasts decrease disproportionately.
Toxicity, Pathogenicity and Antigenicity of Inhibitor-Sensitive and Nonsensitive Substrains of Influenza A2 Isolates
Authors: Lief Florence S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Inhibitor nonsensitive (S-) and inhibitor sensitive (S+) substrains were recovered from a series of apparently sensitive A2 influenza viruses. The selection of S- substrains was facilitated by an initial passage in de-embryonated eggs of high concentrations of the parent strains in the presence of horse serum. Depending on the ratio of S- to S+ particles originally present in the mixed population, S- progeny appeared either immediately in the de-embryonated egg fluids or on a further passage in ovo of de-embryonated egg fluids in which hemagglutinins were nondetectable or of very low titers. Pure lines of S- virus were then established by passage of the S- progeny at limiting dilutions beyond the 50% infectivity level in the absence of horse serum. Pure populations of S+ particles were obtained by similar passage without horse serum at limiting dilutions of the parent virus.
It was found that S- particles were slightly more toxic than S+ particles when tested in mice by the intravenous or intracerebral routes. However, neither appeared pathogenic for the same host when given by the respiratory route. Similarly, no differences could be demonstrated with regard to their lethality for the chick embryo for both of them caused death to the same degree.
On examination of the two kinds of substrains by the strain-specific complement-fixation test, it became apparent that they could be distinguished serologically. S+ particles recovered from a given A2 virus appeared to be antigenically identical with S+ particles recovered from other A2 viruses of the same year, but distinct from S- particles and vice versa. Avidity for antibody played no role in this phenomenon. However, it was noted that on primary immunization, S- particles were capable of provoking more substantial homologous antibody titers than S+ particles.
The implication of these findings are discussed.
Antibody Formation by Rabbit Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Attardi Giuseppe , Cohn Melvin , Horibata Kengo , Lennox Edwin S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
To determine whether one cell can make two antibodies requires a series of controls that attempt to detect artifacts of technique, e.g., scoring of cells, and artifacts due to passive absorption of antibody by a cell. In addition, evidence that inactivation of bacteriophage is actually due to antibody as well as data on the relative amounts of the two different antibodies in single cells is presented. The results of the two previous articles (1, 3) in this series are discussed.
Direct Immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Wilson Armine T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A technique called direct immunoelectrophoresis is described, by which it is possible to visualize the size, shape, position and homogeneity of an entire antigen spot after electrophoresis in agar, by flooding the surface of the agar with antibody. The appearance of the visualized spot is similar to that seen when a protein substance is stained directly with dyes in simple agar electrophoresis. Protein antigens in too low concentration to be demonstrated by staining may be seen by direct immunoelectrophoresis, as may unstainable nonprotein antigens. Physicochemical heterogeneity of immunologically related antigenic substances can, in some cases at least, be demonstrated better by direct than by standard immunoelectrophoresis.
Effect of Corticosterone on the Skin Homograft Reaction and on Precipitin and Hemagglutinin Production in Thymectomized and Bursectomized Chickens
Authors: Meyer Roland K. , Aspinall Richard L. , Graetzer Mary Alice , Wolfe Harold R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Neonatally thymectomized and/or bursectomized chicks treated daily with corticosterone were studied in terms of their abilities in producing precipitins and natural hemagglutinins and in rejecting skin homografts. Corticosterone treatment maintained a high percentage of homografts in the thymectomized, bursectomized as well as intact groups. This treatment, however, did not appreciably affect circulating antibody production. It was suggested that corticosterone may be acting either through the thymus and/or through its activity as an anti-inflammatory agent in maintaining skin homografts.
Studies on Human C′1-Esterase
Authors: Haines Anne L. , Lepow Irwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Partially purified human C′1-esterase is antigenic in the rabbit. The immunizing antigen contained seven components by immunoelectrophoresis, only two of which were demonstrable in highly purified preparations of C′1-esterase. Antigenic similarity of C′1s and C′1-esterase was observed both by Ouchterlony gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis, providing additional evidence for the identification of C′1s as C′1-proesterase.
Anti-C′1-esterase in suitable concentrations completely inhibited the inactivation of C′4 by C′1-esterase, but only partially inhibited hydrolysis of ATE, a low molecular weight substrate. C′1-esterase completely inhibited by DFP was still capable of precipitating with anti-C′1-esterase. These data suggested that the antigenic and catalytic sites of C′1-esterase are distinct. The mechanism of inhibition by antibody is probably referable to steric hindrance or distortion of the catalytic site.
Anti-C′1-esterase inhibited hemolytic function of whole complement. Studies with the intermediate complexes EAC′1, EAC′1,4, and EAC′4 indicated that most of the antibody activity was directed toward C′1 and further implied the functional participation of C′1-esterase in immune hemolysis. At high concentrations of antibody, some agglutination of complexes which contained C′4 occurred, probably as a result of low titers of anti-C′4 in the antiserum. Anti-C′1-esterase did not inhibit the activity of the complex EAC′1,4,2, a finding consistent with previous work indicating that C′1 was not necessary for hemolysis once C′4 and C′2 had attached to the sensitized cell.
Characterization of Antibodies Produced by Guinea Pigs Inoculated with Inactivated Foot-and-Mouth Disease Antigen
Authors: Graves J. H. , Cowan K. M. , Trautman R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two types of neutralizing antibodies with markedly different physical-chemical and complement-fixing properties are found after inoculation of guinea pigs with inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus. One, present during the 1st and 2nd week after inoculation, is of 19 S class sedimentation, of high adsorption to DEAE-cellulose, of β-globulin electrophoretic mobility, noncomplement fixing, and precipitation with viral antigen in agar gel. The other, appearing during the 2nd week after inoculation and continuing in excess of 30 days, is of 7 S class sedimentation, is poorly adsorbed on DEAE-cellulose, is of γ-globulin electrophoretic mobility, fixes complement readily and also precipitates with viral antigen in agar gels. Because of this marked change in their properties, it was concluded that quantitative studies of neutralizing antibody to assay antigens could not be done during the first three postinoculation weeks.
Neutralization of Bacteriophage ΦX174 by Specific Antiserum
Authors: Bowman Bernard U. , Patnode Robert A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three lots of bacteriophage ΦX174 were prepared by different techniques. Lot I was concentrated by dialysis against Carbowax 4000. Further concentration and purification were performed by differential centrifugation. Lot II was purified and concentrated by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, followed by differential centrifugation. Lot III phage was treated exactly as the lot II phage except that it was further purified by RbC1 equilibrium density gradient ultracentrifugation. Analytical ultracentrifugation studies revealed that the lot II phage was composed of 114 S and 76 S particles and that the lot III phage contained only 113 S virions.
The antibody levels of sera from rabbits injected with lot I ΦX174 showed a typical primary response. The levels increase more rapidly and to a greater extent following the second injection of phage. Serum obtained from one rabbit on the 6th day after the second injection of phage was designated S24 and was used for all subsequent neutralization studies. Serum from rabbits injected with filtrate material from a broth culture of the host organism, Escherichia coli strain C, failed to neutralize phage.
In neutralization reactions with S24 diluted 2.8 × 104 times and lot I ΦX174 at an initial phage concentration (P0) of between 108 and 105 plaque-formers ml-1, the over-all rate of change of the survivor fractions was not constant for every P0/serum concentration ratio. This fact could not be attributed to reversible neutralization nor to the strain of host bacterium used for assay of surviving phage.
With P0 between 6 × 108 and 6 × 105 plaqueformers ml-1, neutralization of lot I ΦX174 by S24 diluted 6 × 104 times obeyed the percentage law, but the neutralization curves were not exponential. When the highly purified lot III ΦX174 was used in neutralization experiments with S24 diluted 6 × 104 times, the percentage law was obeyed when P0 was between 4.08 × 108 and 4.08 × 105 plaque-formers ml-1. In addition, all of the neutralization curves were exponential.
The specific rate constant of the ΦX174-S24 system was dependent on the temperature of incubation. The Arrhenius constant was approximately 9600 calories mole-1, corresponding to a Q10 of about 1.8.
γ-Globulin Metabolism in Germfree Guinea Pigs
Authors: Sell Stewart 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Germfree guinea pigs have serum γ-globulin levels one-half to one-sixth those of non-germfree guinea pigs. The fractional rate of catabolism of homologous γ-globulin is the same in germfree and control guinea pigs, and there is no significant loss of γ-globulin into the intestinal tract of the germfree animal. Therefore the low levels of serum γ-globulin in germfree animals are due to lower rates of synthesis. The calculated absolute rates of synthesis are 2 to 5 times lower in germfree than in non-germfree guinea pigs. The catabolic rates of γ-globulin from germfree and from normal guinea pigs are the same in germfree and non-germfree guinea pigs.
A New Member of the Herpesvirus Group Isolated from South American Marmosets
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. , Midulla Mario , Wimberly Ira , Barrera-Oro Julio G. , Levy Barnet M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A herpesvirus was isolated from two sick marmoset monkeys (Tamarinus nigricollis), that were believed to be infected with a helminth. The same virus was isolated directly from the kidneys and lungs of two different monkeys. It produced an effect in tissue culture cells resembling that of herpesvirus. The virus produced rapid, fatal infection in marmosets and in suckling mice; and it produced pocks on the chorioallantoic membrane.
Antigenically, this virus of new world monkeys was found to be different from classical herpes simplex virus and from B virus of old world monkeys, with no detectable cross reactivity. Its size and structure also show that the virus belongs in the herpes group, which may be briefly characterized as viruses containing DNA cores and possessing icosahedral symmetry with 162 hollow capsomeres. The behavior of the marmoset agent in tissue culture places it in herpesviruses of subgroup A (high titer of free virus) as against those in subgroup B (free virus uncommon).
By using primary kidney cell cultures of rabbit and of green and rhesus monkeys, it is possible to distinguish among the primate herpesviruses of subgroup A on the basis of the fact that the rabbit cultures are susceptible to all three, and green monkey cultures to both, of the monkey viruses (old world and new world), but not to the virus of man, whereas rhesus cultures are susceptible only to the old world monkey virus.
A Single Gene Controlling Hemolytic Complement and a Serum Antigen in the Mouse
Authors: Erickson Robert P. , Tachibana Dora K. , Herzenberg Leonard A. , Rosenberg Leon T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice of strains deficient in hemolytic complement have been immunized with sera of strains positive for hemolytic complement activity. The resulting antisera react only with sera from mice with hemolytic complement activity. Typing of a variety of individuals for both the serum antigen and complement activity indicate that the same locus, Hc, determines the two. An absorbed rabbit antiserum prepared against the partially purified antigen also reacts only with serum from mice positive for hemolytic complement activity. This suggests that the allele at the complement locus, previously described as Hc0, determines no recognizable product.