bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Movements and Revolutions in Latin America
Authors: Martí i Puig Salvador , Martín Álvarez Alberto 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Throughout the twentieth century, successful revolutions in Latin America were engineered by broad inter-class, urban-rural coalitions led by insurgent elites. However, the different types of relationships established between social movements and the revolutionary vanguard have yet to be analyzed in depth. Similarly, how the efforts of the vanguard enabled different revolutionary coalitions to surface and how these coalitions were organized have not been thoroughly researched. Without ignoring the importance of factors such as the infrastructural power of the state, the type of political regime, or the political environment in the successful outcome of a revolution, this chapter argues that agency is also a key element in explaining a successful revolutionary process. Its aim is to explore the impact of the degree of cohesion of the armed insurgent elites, and the different forms of relationship established between them and social movements, on the revolutionary conflicts of Latin America.
From Social Protection to Social Investment in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Mintrom Michael , Boston Jonathan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Australia and New Zealand both have well-established and comprehensive welfare states. Prompted partly by the social and economic consequences of the Great Depression, large-scale and often complex administrative systems and structures were created to provide social protection efficiently and effectively. This chapter discusses the nature, origins, and evolution of these institutional arrangements, focusing on the state’s various roles as a funder, purchaser, provider, and regulator of social services. Among other things, we highlight the distinctive features of the welfare arrangements in each country, noting how the early preference for tax-funded social provision, rather than social insurance, influenced subsequent policy developments. We also discuss the overall performance of the welfare system, identify the main drivers for change, review recent reforms, including the emergence of the “social investment approach,” and anticipate future social policy directions.
New Approaches to Youth Justice in South Africa
Authors: Gxubane Thulane 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Formalizing child justice in South Africa provides an enabling legislative context for the practice of restorative justice as well as the diversion of youth offenders to innovative and inclusive processes such as home-based supervision and family group conferencing. Such interventions go a long way toward making young offenders accountable for the offenses they have committed in a non-punitive and humane manner so as to promote their reintegration in the society. Effectiveness, however, requires capable administration of the related programs. This chapter explores some of the challenges facing both governments and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in administering child justice restoratively. It also explores progressive features of child justice in South Africa, as well as some alternatives to court which seek to promote family and community involvement in the management of child and youth offenders in general.
Aging Asia and Implications for Social Security Programs
Authors: Fong Joelle H. , Klassen Thomas R. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The rapidly aging population in Asia, and in most regions of the world, necessitates the provision of social security for larger numbers of older people who are living longer than in the past while also balancing the interests of different generations. This chapter examines how population aging strains existing models of social support and public pension systems in Asia, including a discussion of recent policy responses. Specifically, the chapter analyzes the social security systems in Japan, China, and India as exemplars since these three countries will host a sizable share of the world’s population of oldest old (those 80 and over) in the next few decades. Findings reveal that each nation has pursued unique policy strategies to ensuring income security for its older citizens, but general trends are also apparent. India’s new National Pension is an example of an innovative public policy and administration response in a country without a national social security system. The general trends found in many countries in the region include increases to pension eligibility ages, and consolidating previously separate pension plans. Public administrators in Asia will more and more need to be creative and explore new options given limited resources, and in this regard have much to contribute to promising practices in other parts of the world in adjusting to population aging.
Changing Welfare Mix and Discretion Mix in Social Care Services in South Korea
Authors: Choi Young Jun , Choi Hye-jin 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Social care services have been rapidly restructured over the last two decades. This chapter addresses the question of how to understand these changes with theoretical concepts of welfare mix and discretion mix. While the “welfare-mix” approach has been widely adopted in social care literature, it often fails to capture the role of autonomy and decision-making power in systems of social care. To fill that gap, we extend the concept of discretion—a certain degree of freedom to decide what is to be done in a particular situation—to examine the transformation of social care services in the era of aging and austerity. Care discretion, defined as the freedom and authority to decide how much care and what type of care is to be provided from whom, tends to be unevenly distributed between legislative branch actors, central government executive branch actors, local governments, street-level bureaucrats, care providers, and care recipients. This chapter uses the case of long-term care (LTC) services to investigate how aging and austerity pressures have transformed the discretion mix as well as the welfare mix in one important area of Korean social policy implementation. It also discusses why the discretion mix can be a useful complementary concept for analyzing the changing landscape of social care services.
Past, Current, and Future Social Transformation in Pacific Island Countries
Authors: Prasad Naren 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines some of the challenges in designing and implementing social policies in the Pacific Island Countries (PICs). It starts with exploring the distinctive characteristics of the PICs and how these characteristics affect public administration. It delves into the specific socio-economic challenges faced by PICs, providing context for exploring hindrances in the administration and implementation of social policies. Following a brief discussion on the transformative nature of social policies, the sectors of health, education, and social security are described individually and the status quo across these countries is assessed. The chapter concludes by highlighting possible areas of improvement and emphasizing the need for affordable and accessible social security and insurance now and in the future.
Child Support
Authors: Fletcher Michael , Cook Kay 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets out the evolution of child support systems in Australia and New Zealand from the 1980s to the present. It highlights the roles played by changing family structures and labor market participation in driving the evolving design and administration of child support programs in both countries. It also describes ongoing issues concerning the interactions between child support and other social welfare policies and identifies the part played by child support payers, who are mainly male, in arguing for changes to both countries’ systems in the 2000s. The chapter concludes by considering some of the future trends likely to affect child support administration, including growth in multi-partner fertility, the increasing complexity of family structures, and the impact of rising levels of precarious work arrangements and earnings variability on liable parents’ ability to pay child support.
Section Overview
Authors: Ferlie Ewan , Ongaro Edoardo 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Europe section of the handbook provides an overview of welfare system changes in Europe till early 2020. The European region is of strong interest globally as a number of European countries were early pioneers in developing the modern welfare state after the model was introduced in Germany and the United Kingdom. Moreover, the European Union has played a vital role in shaping the administrative space for social policy in and beyond the region for many decades. As the chapters in this section highlight, there is not one Europe but many when it comes to welfare systems, social policy, and the public administrative systems into which welfare programs and other arrangements are embedded. The argument that context matters in public policy and management is reinforced throughout the section as the chapter authors review the key transformations that have defined welfare governance, management, and policy over time in Europe. This overview chapter introduces the other chapters and highlights the value of applying historical analysis to illuminate the variety of change trajectories across European welfare states alongside important global influences, including the impact of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and the trend toward redefining welfare professions and the nature of social work in line with the notion of whistleblowers.
Social Services Fragmentation
Authors: Eppel Elizabeth , Allen Barbara 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Public sector reform in New Zealand in the 1980s fragmented the design and delivery of social services. Sector focused omnibus agencies such as the ministries or departments of health, education, and social welfare were broken up into smaller agencies focused either on policy design and monitoring or delivery of specific services. The result was considerable fragmentation of social services and inability to serve the social sector in a holistic way based on need, particularly needs spanning more than one sector or agency. Much experimentation, ad hoc workarounds, structural reintegration of policy, service delivery organizations, and virtual ways of bridging service silos emerged in the ensuing 30 years. Important motivators for attempts at reintegration were moves to focus on outcomes and citizen-centric design of services. More joining up of services across government, collaboration across government, and the use of digital information systems were among the mechanisms used.
The Changed Role and Position of Professionals in the Welfare State Across Europe
Authors: van Gestel Nicolette 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a broad overview of the changing role and position of professionals in European welfare states, where successive reforms have made professionals’ jobs more diverse, dynamic, and demanding. The resulting multifaceted job of professionals goes beyond combining professional work and management tasks and includes at least three different roles—being an expert, a service provider, and a network partner. Simultaneously, with growing expectations, professionals’ authority and dominance have declined against a background of growing economic and social pressures. Overall, professionals can rely less on traditional status but increasingly need to convince clients, managers, politicians, and the wider public of their expertise and contribution. Within the limits of this brief chapter, current experiences of key professions in selected European countries are presented. The chapter discusses variations between professional groups due to diverse relationships with the state and differences between welfare state regimes.
Evolution, Trends, and Prospects of Social Services for Welfare Systems in Europe
Authors: Borgonovi Elio , Fosti Giovanni , Notarnicola Elisabetta 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the evolution of social services in Europe, setting the picture in the frame of the changing profile of European societies and demographics, on one hand; and the changed configuration and role of public administration, on the other hand. Changes to welfare systems in Europe have occurred at different levels, including the mission and goals of welfare institutions, the actors providing social services, the arrangements for the delivery of social services, and the funding of services. In terms of mission and goals, the trend has been away from social assistance and toward emphasizing social inclusion. In terms of governance and actors within the welfare system, the tendency has been from public entities to an emphasis on hybrid organizations and public–private partnerships. In terms of the arrangements for service provision, the trend has been from cash allowances toward forms of user involvement, co-design, and co-production. Finally, in terms of funding, we observe a trend from “generous” public funding to a mixing of public and private sources, a general fragmentation, and, often, an overall reduction in the funding of welfare.
Co-innovation in Welfare States Across Europe
Authors: Torfing Jacob 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Until now, innovation research has mostly focused on innovation in the private sector where private firms must innovate to stay in business. Today, there is a growing appreciation of the internal and external pressures for stimulating innovation in the public sector. Researchers and practitioners tend to agree that the public sector should pursue innovation, but there is little agreement about how this can be done. After a brief review of the limited innovation capacity of both the hierarchical forms of public bureaucracy and more market-based forms of New Public Management, this chapter seeks to define and analyze the new phenomenon of co-innovation that is based on complex processes of multi-actor collaboration enabling the co-creation of innovative public value outcomes. It also provides illustrative empirical examples of co-innovation in European welfare states and sets an agenda for further research.
Effects of Parasocial Experiences With Spokespersons on Consumer Behavior
Authors: Munnukka Juha , Reinikainen Hanna 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the utility of examining parasocial experiences (PSEs) in marketing, communication, and advertising research, specifically in the context of brand and product endorsements. The role of PSEs in various theories of persuasion in consumer research is applied to two domains: traditional celebrity endorsements on legacy media and social media and endorsements made by social media influencers, such as YouTubers and Instagram celebrities. Further, the chapter explicates the differences between these two types of media figures in the context of brand and product endorsements and discusses the unique importance of PSEs in driving their effects. Finally, a review of research and theoretical models highlights the importance of PSEs in the underlying effects of endorsers.
Initiation and Evolution of PSRs
Authors: Walter Nathan , Andrews Emily A. , Tukachinsky Forster Rebecca 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Most research examines parasocial relationships (PSRs) with cross-sectional designs. However, by nature, relationships evolve over time and need to be managed and nurtured if they are to thrive. The chapter offers an account of the key predictors in the initiation and evolution of positive, amicable PSRs. This chapter addresses the dynamic nature of PSRs by providing an overview of the literature concerning factors that predict the initiation and continued growth of PSRs. The chapter then turns to describe three theoretical models that conceptualize PSRs as an ever-evolving process. The chapter concludes by highlighting several promising areas for future research into the initiation and development of PSRs.
Ethiopian languages and their demographic distribution
Authors: Meyer Ronny , Yigezu Moges 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the sociolinguistic status of Ethiopian languages according to the four major language families in Ethiopia: Cushitic, Omotic, Semitic, and Nilo-Saharan. The authors classify Ethiopia languages into three groups: (i) large languages; (ii) sizeable languages; and (iii) small languages. They argue that there is an ongoing language shift from small to large and sizeable languages, which implies that small languages are being steadily marginalized. This chapter then also discusses the vitality of Ethiopian languages by dividing them into the following types: living vernacular languages, extinct (or dormant) languages, sign languages, and foreign languages. The current state of languages in Ethiopia is a result of socio-historical developments. Ethiopia is a multilingual society, in which Amharic became the de facto Ethiopian lingua franca, and functions as the working language of central and local government.
Awngi
Authors: Leyew Zelealem , Allene Yaregal 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with Awngi—a language of the Central Cushitic, or Agaw, group. Awngi is mainly spoken in northwestern Ethiopia in the Awi Zone of the Amhara Regional State and in some villages of the Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State. The chapter reviews the dialectal differences between the Awngi varieties spoken in the highland (Agaw-Midir) and lowland (Metekkel) and its impact on mutual intelligibility. This chapter also analyzes the Awngi consonant phonemes, including the five labiovelar consonants. It also explores Awngi nouns, verbs, and adjectives, and nominal derivation.
Saaho
Authors: Banti Giorgio , Vergari Moreno 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Saaho language. It emphasizes that Saaho is the term used for the varieties spoken by the Saaho of Eritrea and the Irob of Ethiopia. Saaho and Afar form a dialect continuum, regarded as a subgroup of Lowland East Cushitic. A large number of Saaho are now living in the diaspora where their language is still widely spoken and is also commonly used on the internet and social networks. The three major dialect groups within Saaho are briefly discussed: (i) Northern, mainly spoken by the Tʼaruuʕa and the ʕAsawurta, (ii) Central, mainly spoken by the Minifire and the Dabrimeela, and (iii) Southern, mainly used by the Ħado and the Irob. This chapter then shifts to elaborate on the different aspects of Saaho grammar, dialectology, and lexicography. After identifying the major phonological, grammatical, and lexical isoglosses that distinguish the main Saaho and Afar dialects, the phonology of Saaho is analyzed. This is followed by a discussion of the main word classes of this language and their morphological peculiarities. Finally several aspects of Saaho syntax and pragmatics are outlined, such as the structure of simple sentences, comparison and possession, negation, coordination and subordination, direct and indirect speech, definiteness, focus and topic, as well as allocutives.
Sidaama
Authors: Kawachi Kazuhiro 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a sketch of the Sidaama grammar, a Highland East Cushitic language spoken in the Sidaama Zone of south-central Ethiopia. After giving very brief background information on this language, the chapter outlines the phonological system, lexical and grammatical categories, the morphology of Sidaama verbs, nouns, and adjectives, and the structure of single-verb, multi-verb, and complex-clause constructions. Phenomena of particular typological interest include noun-phrase clitics, the modification and the modification distinctions of nouns, and external possessor constructions. The chapter also deals with different types of speech reports as well as focus- and topic-marking strategies, and cleft-constructions to mark topics.
General overview of Ethiosemitic
Authors: Kapeliuk Olga 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Several theories were suggested as to the origin of Ethiosemitic, ranging from the immigration by one or several waves of speakers of Semitic from South Arabia to the Western coast of the Red Sea and up to the designation of East Africa as the original habitat of Semites in general. Ethiosemitic, at all its stages, conforms to the basic structure of Semitic with discontinuous consonantal roots providing the basic meaning and fixed patterns of vowels, inserted between them, rendering the grammar and lexicon. Modern Ethiosemitic is characterized by phonemization of labialized velar consonants; by the presence of palatalization; by the reduction of short i and u to zero or to the central short vowel ǝ; by the creation of a plethora of new verb stems through reduplication of one of the syllables of the basic verb; by the creation of a copula replacing nominal sentences and, under the influence of co-territorial Cushitic, by an overall change of word order running gradually from the relatively less important information to the most important, namely to the main predicate and the negation, both placed at the end of the sentence.
Nuer
Authors: Faust Noam , Grossman Eitan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the Eastern Jikany variety of Nuer, a Western Nilotic language spoken in South Sudan and the border of Ethiopia. Noteworthy phenomena in the language include: (1) vowel mutation as a main morphological tool, due to size restrictions; (2) complex non-linear morphology; (3) reduplication on adjectives; (4) a fundamental morphological distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs; (5) a sg-pl system with a direction of derivation depending on the item; (6) rich possessive morphology; (7) differential object marking; and (8) an aspect-based word order split in main declarative clauses.
Suri (Tirmaga-Chai)
Authors: Bryant Michael 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Tirmaga-Chai language recorded among the Suri people living in Southwest Ethiopia near the border of South Sudan. Dizi, Suri (Kacipo-Balesi), and Amharic are the languages with the most contact with Suri, especially with Amharic as the language of wider communication in Ethiopia. The Tirmaga-Chai, and Suri Woreda representatives have chosen their orthography based on a modified Roman script with the indication of grammatical tone. Tirmaga-Chai has an inventory of 22 consonants and 7 vowels which have suprasegmental features such as vowel length, gemination and tone. The language is fairly polysynthetic with most morphemes being agglutinative, although some are fusional. It predominately has SVO word order and is considered to be a nominative-accusative language.
General overview of Omotic
Authors: Theil Rolf 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a general overview of the Omotic language cluster, which has around 30 languages within it. Most of the Omotic languages are spoken and recorded in southwest Ethiopia, and are divided into Central Omotic and Peripheral Omotic. Moreover, Central Omotic is recognized as a genetic group. The chapter discusses the hypotheses for the affiliation of Cushitic, Cushomotic, non(Cushitic, non-Erythraean, and non-Afroasiatic languages. It covers the debates on the methods of classifying Omotic languages, including Greenberg’s mass comparison and Morris Swadesh’s lexicostatistics and glottochronology. The sources of Omotic languages range between Ometo, Gonga, Bench, Ts’aara, Yemsa, Aroid, Maoid, and Dizoid.