bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lymphocyte surface membrane immunoglobulin in myeloma. II. T cells with IgA-Fc receptors are markedly increased in mice with IgA plasmacytomas.
Authors: Hoover R G , Lynch R G 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
BALB/c mice with established subcutaneous IgA plasmacytomas (MOPC-315, MOPC-167, McPC-603, or TEPC-15) develop large numbers of circulating theta-bearing lymphocytes that have surface membrane receptors for IgA. The extraordinary expansion of T alpha cells in mice with IgA plasmacytomas accounts for the large number of lymphocytes with surface membrane myeloma protein that are found in these mice. The IgA myeloma protein that was originally bound to the T cell receptor in vivo was competitively displaced in vitro by other purified IgA myeloma proteins but not by their F(ab)' fragments. After overnight incubation in vitro, or brief exposure to pronase, IgA was released from the T cell surface, rendering available a surface membrane receptor for IgA. In vitro binding of purified IgA to the T alpha cell receptor was not inhibited by purified IgG1 or IgM myeloma proteins. T alpha cells were not increased in mice with three variant plasmacytomas that did not secrete large amounts of IgA. These observations: i) establish the generality of T alpha cell expansion in mice with IgA plasmacytomas, ii) establish an association between elevated serum IgA levels and T alpha cell expansion, and iii) identify a source of large numbers of T alpha cells that can be specifically purified for structural and functional studies.
Surface immunoglobulin-bearing rabbit lymphocytes express both VH and L chain allotypic determinants.
Authors: Raffel C , Sell S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cell surface distributions of a locus and b lucus rabbit immunoglobulin allotypes have been examined simultaneously, using immunoelectronmicroscopic techniques. Most rabbit lymphocytes that bear surface immunoglobulin express both a and b markers. This is true of lymphocytes from blood, spleen, and lymph node of normal and immunized rabbits. A preponderance of cells bearing VH markers (a locus) but not L chain markers (b locus) was not observed.
The in vitro response of human lymphocytes to Pneumocystis carinii antigen.
Authors: Herrod H G , Valenski W R , Woods D R , Pifer L L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis (PCP) is a major complication in the immunocompromised host. Recent evidence suggests that most normal individuals have detectable antibody against this organism. The role of the various components of the immune system in protecting the host from acute PCP is unclear. We have examined the in vitro proliferative response of lymphocytes from normal adults to P. carinii antigen. Fourteen of 16 subjects had a positive response with stimulation indices greater than 3. This response was due primarily to thymus-derived (T cell) lymphocytes and was dependent upon the presence of adherent cells. The response was most likely not due to a mitogenic component in our antigen preparation, since lymphocytes from only 2 of 16 cord blood specimens had stimulation indices greater than 3.
Regulation of expression of a family of cross-reactive idiotypes.
Authors: Hirai Y , Lamoyi E , Dohi Y , Nisonoff A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It has recently been shown that anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies of A/J mice, which share a common idiotype, are not homogeneous but actually comprise a family of idiotypically related molecules. To obtain additional insight into the degree of relatedness of antibodies within this family, we have determined whether inoculation of any idiotype-positive hybridoma product, conjugated to thymocytes, can activate a regulatory mechanism capable of controlling the entire cross-reactive idiotypic response. In addition anti-idiotypic antibodies were prepared against individual hybridoma products, and their suppressive effects on the idiotypic component of the humoral response were determined. Inoculation of each of the idiotype-positive hybridoma products or anti-idiotypic antisera caused virtually complete suppression of the idiotypic component of the immune response. Furthermore, it was shown that the state of suppression induced by the inoculation of a hybridoma products could be adoptively transferred with T cells to mildly irradiated syngeneic recipients. The results indicate that there are sufficient structural similarities among the family of antibodies comprising the major cross-reactive idiotype to permit their recognition by the same set of elements involved in idiotypic regulation.
Antigen-specific activity of murine leukocyte dialysates containing transfer factor on human leukocytes in the leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assay.
Authors: Borkowsky W , Suleski P , Bhardwaj N , Lawrence H S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We report on the extension of the direct leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) test as an assay for antigen-specific activity in human leukocyte dialysates (DLE) containing transfer factor to an evaluation of antigen-specific activity in DLE prepared from inbred mice. Murine DLE was observed to cause antigen-dependent and antigen-specific effects on the inhibition of migration of nonimmune human leukocyte populations. Pulsing of nonimmune human leukocyte with DLE preparations from BALB/c and SJL mice immunized with Candida, diphtheria toxoid, and SK-SD resulted in their inhibition of migration in the presence of the respective antigens. The antigen-specific activity in murine DLE was found to be present in lymph node cell preparations and to be absent from spleen cell preparations of the same donors. The activity of DLE in lymph node cells was found to be present in the theta-cell enriched subpopulation of nonadherent lymphocytes after passage through nylon wool columns. The antigen-specific activity of murine DLE, as we have reported for human DLE, was found to reside in the &lt; 3500 dalton dialysis fraction and not in the &lt; 3500 dalton fraction. We conclude that nonimmune human leukocytes in the LMI test provide a suitable assay for the detection of antigen-specific activity in murine DLE as well as that in human DLE. Additionally, murine DLE is active across species barriers and appears to share properties with human DLE.
Studies of the antibody-dependent killing of schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni employing haptenic target antigens. II. In vitro killing of TNP-schistosomula by human eosinophils and neutrophils.
Authors: Moser G , Sher A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Purified human eosinophils and neutrophils were compared for their capacity to mediate anti-TNP antibody-dependent killing of schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni surface labeled with TNBS. In contrast with findings from studies employing human anti-schistosome sera and unmodified larvae, neutrophils in addition to eosinophils were found to be potent killers of schistosomula. Indeed, neutrophils proved to be consistently more effective than eosinophils in killing haptenated larvae throughout the dose response of each of the components (i.e., the TNBS surface label, rabbit anti-TNP sera and cells) of the in vitro reaction. The capacity of neutrophils to kill haptenated parasites is not likely to be due to the use of rabbit antibodies in the assays, since these cells were ineffective in killing unlabeled schistosomula when either rabbit or human anti-schistosome sera were employed. Furthermore, the ability of neutrophils to destroy TNP-labeled schistosomula does not appear to result from sublethal damage induced by the labeling procedure, since haptenated parasites were found to be no more susceptible than unmodified worms to killing mediated by anti-schistosome sera plus eosinophils or complement and, like unlabeled parasites, could not be killed by anti-schistosome sera plus neutrophils. The lethal interaction of neutrophils and haptenated schistosomula was preceded by a rapid and marked adherence of the cells to the worms, an effect that was not observed in the nonlethal interaction of neutrophils with schistosomula induced by anti-schistosome sera. The results argue, therefore, that the capacity of different granulocyte populations to kill schistosomula may be determined by the kinetics and intensity with which the effector cells adhere to the parasites. The findings further suggest that a key factor influencing the differential adherence of the cells to the parasites and their subsequent death may be the nature of the specific antigen-antibody interaction occurring at the surface of the larvae.
Role of lymphotoxin in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
Authors: Kondo L L , Rosenau W , Wara D W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The precise mechanism by which human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) lyse antibody-coated target cells in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is unclear. Antiserum against purified human alpha-lymphotoxin (anti-LT serum) inhibited an ADCC reaction with human PBL as effector cells and antibody-coated mouse P815 mastocytoma cells as targets. This observation suggests that alpha-lymphotoxin is instrumental in the destruction of antibody-coated targets. The inhibition was not due to a cytotoxic effect of the anti-LT serum on the PBL, nor was it caused by the presence of IgG aggregates. PBL incubated with cycloheximide were still cytotoxic in the ADCC system, although to a somewhat lower degree. This finding suggests that de novo protein synthesis not essential in the cytotoxic reaction.
Evidence for homologues of the murine I-A and I-E loci in the rat MHC.
Authors: Shinohara N , Sachs D H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Various anti-Ia mouse alloantisera were examined for cross-reactivity with rat lymphocytes. Many of them were found to cross-react with rat spleen cells with anti-Ia-type (40 to 60%) killing. Likewise, mouse antisera raised against rat lymphocytes cross-reacted with mouse cells, and some of these reactions could be mapped within the I-A subregion and some within the I-E/C subregion of the mouse H-2 complex. Using such cross-reactive mouse alloantisera and a defined anti-MHC rat alloantiserum (BN anti-LEW), SDS-PAGE analyses were performed on an NP-40 extract of internally labeled LEW antigen. The cross-reactive mouse alloantisera precipitated Ia-like glycoproteins (35,000 and 28,000 m.w.), which could be completely removed by pretreatment with the rat anti-MHC antiserum. The cross-reactive anti-I-A and anti-I-E/C mouse antibodies were found to react with 2 different classes of rat Ia molecules by sequential precipitation analysis. On the basis of the specificity of the mouse alloantibodies, one Ia molecule appears to be a homologue of the murine I-A antigens and the other a homologue of the murine I-E antigens. Preabsorption of LEW antigen with cross-reactive anti-I-A and anti-I-E/C mouse alloantibodies together did not leave a detectable amount of residual Ia molecules precipitable with the rat alloantiserum, which indicates that there is probably no other major class of rat Ia molecules. These results support the hypothesis that these 2 major classes of Ia molecules have evolved independently from distinct primordial genes.
Phylogeny of NK cell reactivity against human and nonhuman primate lymphoblastoid cell lines: evolving and conserved target antigens.
Authors: Clark E A , Sturge J C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Both human and nonhuman primate natural killer (NK) cells display little or no killing against allogeneic B lymphoblastoid cell lines. However, the same B cell lines are killed in baboon-human (B alpha H) or human-baboon (H alpha B) xenogeneic combinations. Competition-inhibition experiments indicate that the xenogeneic determinants recognized by NK cells are found principally if not exclusively on B rather than T target cells. Cell lines from closely related chimpanzee or orang-utan species can block some killing of human target cells, but lines from more distantly related species including gibbon, macaque, baboon, and marmoset do not inhibit cytotoxicity. This suggests that some NK target structures are susceptible to evolutionary change. Gibbon or marmoset lines infected with Epstein Barr virus (EBV) do not block killing, suggesting that host rather than viral determinants are being recognized. In contrast to the foregoing pattern, 2 cell lines derived from the same baboon differed in susceptibility to NK lysis irrespective of the effector cell species. The viral producer line 13CB-1 was more susceptible to lysis than its viral nonproducer partner 26CB-1. Thus, some NK target antigens may be highly conserved whereas others evolve with the species.
Corticosteroids inhibit murine macrophage Ia expression and interleukin 1 production.
Authors: Snyder D S , Unanue E R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Corticosteroids have profound effects on functions of the macrophage associated with antigen presentation to T cells. The drugs inhibited the expression of surface I-region-associated (Ia) antigens by peritoneal macrophages both in vitro and in vivo, reduced the production of IL 1, and inhibited antigen presentation for T cell proliferation by macrophages. The doses of hydrocortisone and prednisolone that inhibited by 50% Ia expression in cultured macrophages ranged around 2 to 5 x 10(-8) M. These results could explain one mechanism by which corticosteroids suppress the induction of immune responses.
Limited life span of extensively proliferating B cells: no evidence for a continuous class or subclass switch.
Authors: Bergstedt-Lindqvist S , Severinson E , Fernandez C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The polyclonal B cell activators (PBA) dextran sulphate (DxS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induce a marked synergistic response in mouse splenic B cells. Such activated B cell blasts could be maintained in culture for a total period of 15 to 20 days, provided the cells were subcultured repeatedly in fresh medium containing the PBA. After this time period activation could no longer be achieved. The B cell blasts responded at all times better to LPS plus DxS than to either PBA added alone. Furthermore, LPS-induced B cell blasts also responded better to LPS plus DxS than to LPS alone. Activated cells secreted IgM and switched to IgG3 and IgG2b secretion. At the end of the culture period, approximately one cell out of four secreted IgG. The kinetics of IgG3 and IgG2b production were similar, and the fraction of cells secreting these subclasses increased at similar rates throughout the culture period. We conclude that high-rate secreting and proliferating B cells have a limited life span. Furthermore, most activated B cells do not seem to go through a continuous subclass switch but keep on secreting the subclass they originally switched to.
Anaphylactic Shock and Mechanical Obstruction of the Hepatic Veins in the Dog
Authors: Simonds J. P. , Brandes W. W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Mechanical obstruction of the hepatic veins of the dog produces a fall in arterial blood pressure similar to, but not so marked as, that which occurs in anaphylactic shock. The injection of the homologous serum into a sensitized dog while the hepatic veins are mechanically obstructed does not cause an additional fall in blood pressure that can be attributed to the onset of anaphylactic shock. Peptone, on the other hand, does induce a further fall in pressure under these conditions as a result of peripheral dilatation. When the homologous serum is injected into a sensitized dog with the hepatic veins mechanically obstructed and, after an interval of from one to three minutes, the hepatic veins are released either indefinitely, or for fifteen to twenty seconds and then reconstricted, the ensuing fall in blood pressure is, in most animals, greater than that induced by the obstruction alone. Fifteen to twenty seconds is sufficient time for enough of the injected serum in the circulating blood of a sensitized dog to pass through the liver to initiate anaphylactic shock. It is suggested that in anaphylactic shock in the dog very little blood escapes from the liver into the vena cava. It is further suggested that in anaphylactic shock in the dog there is a peripheral dilatation such as occurs after injections of peptone. But before this peripheral effect is induced the injected serum must pass through the liver of the sensitized animal, while in peptone shock this is not necessary.
Relation of Anaphylaxis to Immunity
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , Reeves D. L. , Moy H. B. , Shumaker P. W. , Wright R. W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Tissues of actively immunized dogs transplanted by blood vessel anastomosis into hypersensitive recipients show a complete acquired insusceptibility to the hepatic anaphylatoxin.
The hepatic anaphylatoxin, therefore, must be regarded as a secondary antigen, presumably of protein nature, and conceivably a denaturization product of the primary antigen.
The antianaphylatoxic immunity factor is apparently not transferred from one animal to another by even massive immune blood transfusion.
On the Cocto-Immunogen of the Dysentery Bacillus (Shiga Type)
Authors: Torikata R. , Fujimoto A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
I. Introduction. Since the publication on “Cocto-precipitinogen and cocto-immunogen” by one of us, Torikata, in 1917 (1), the experiments have been repeated with various bacterial organisms by many investigators. But no one has yet repeated the experiments with regard to dysentery, except Boku (10), who successfully immunized rabbits with cocto-immunogen of the Shiga dysentery bacillus in order to obtain dysentery agglutinating serum. This was the reason that prompted us to undertake the present study.
It is a well known fact that the dysentery vaccine or raw toxin is so extremely strong that it can not be used for immunizing human beings or laboratory animals, such as rabbits. Our primary object was to find out whether or not the cocto-immunogen can be used more advantageously to immunize rabbits and at the same time to test the value of the cocto-immunogen as such.
The Action of Enzymes on the Protective Antibody of Pneumococcus
Authors: Felton Lloyd D. , Kauffmann Gladys 
Published: December 2022

Summary
It has been shown that the protective antibodies as found in a water-insoluble protein separated from Types I, II, and III antipneumococcus horse serum by dilution in water, were digested by the proteolytic enzymes pepsin, trypsin, and pancreatin, and also papain, with a loss in their protective quality. This loss apparently paralleled the extent of protein cleavage. A prolonged contact of the antibody solution with rennin, ptyalin, amylopsin, taka-diastase, and malt diastase resulted in loss to a varying degree, ptyalin and rennin being the least destructive. Huntoon's antibody was completely destroyed with any of the proteolytic enzymes pepsin, trypsin, or pancreatin.
Experimental Immunisation with Bacteria Detoxicated by Gold Chloride
Authors: Osman M. B. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Gold chloride exerts a marked detoxicating effect on various bacteria. The power of such detoxicated bacteria to stimulate agglutinin production is slight. Animals immunised with such detoxicated organisms tolerate large doses of live organisms. By immunising with a large dose of detoxicated organisms, followed after a week by a large dose of live organisms, an agglutinating antiserum of high titer can be readily obtained.
Skin Tests to Extracts of Echinococcus and Ascaris
Authors: Rackemann Francis M. , Stevens Amos H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The skin reaction to echinococcus fluid which is obtained in patients recently suffering from echinococcus disease, is accompanied by circulating antibodies capable of transferring a local sensitiveness to the skin of normal individuals, but not capable of being precipitated by the echinococcus fluid in the test tube. Similarly, the skin reaction to Ascaris extract is likewise accompanied by “reagins” but not by “precipitins.” Hypersensitiveness to Ascaris is not uncommon, and may be acute, even in individuals who give no signs or symptoms of previous infection. These various observations suggest that the intradermal injections of the corresponding extracts may be a method of diagnosis in other forms of helminthiasis, which is worthy of study.
The Influence of Heparin on the Course of Anaphylaxis in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Reed C. I. , Lamson R. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A decreased coagulability of the blood of the experimental animal during anaphylactic shock has been observed in dogs (1), rabbits (2), guinea pigs (3), and more recently in pigeons (4), (5). This is perhaps most pronounced in the dog (2), although very definite in the other animals mentioned. Few attempts have been made to correlate this phenomenon with the progress of anaphylactic shock. It is the purpose of this paper to report the results obtained when an anticoagulant, heparin, is used to increase the coagulation time of the blood of a sensitized animal before the shock dose of antigen is injected.
In a previous communication (6) it was shown that repeated injections of heparin after suitable intervals did not produce any anaphylactic symptoms in guinea pigs. It was also mentioned that the power of heparin to modify the anaphylactic reaction from horse serum was then under investigation.
A group-specific inhibitor of lysosomal cysteine proteinases selectively inhibits both proteolytic degradation and presentation of the antigen dinitrophenyl-poly-L-lysine by guinea pig accessory cells to T cells.
Authors: Buus S , Werdelin O 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A limited intralysosomal proteolytic degradation is probably a key event in the accessory cell processing of large protein antigens before their presentation to T cells. With the aid of highly specific inhibitors of proteinases, we have examined the role of proteolysis in the presentation of antigens by guinea pig accessory cells. The proteinase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanylalanine-diazomethyl-ketone, which selectively inhibits cysteine proteinases, was used to block this set of enzymes in cultured cells. We demonstrate that the selective inhibition of the cysteine proteinases of antigen-presenting cells causes a profound inhibition of both the proteolytic degradation and the presentation of the synthetic antigen dinitrophenyl-poly-L-lysine. In contrast, the presentation of another synthetic antigen, the copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-alanine, was enhanced by the same inhibitor. Another inhibitor, pepstatin A, which selectively blocks aspartic proteinases, did not block the presentation of dinitrophenyl-poly-L-lysine. The results identify cysteine proteinases, probably lysosomal, as one of the groups of enzymes involved in antigen processing.
Partial purification and characterization of a factor from a cloned thymic epithelium cell line.
Authors: Pfeifer J D , Wetzel G D , Dutton R W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The culture supernatant from a cloned line of thymic epithelium (TEPI) is shown to enhance the response of thymocytes to alloantigen as measured by cell-mediated lympholysis. The supernatant has no effect on the spleen cell response to alloantigen as measured by cell-mediated lysis and does not contain interleukin 1, interleukin 2, interleukin 3, or interferon-gamma activity. The activity is shown to have an apparent m.w. of 160,000 by Sephacryl S-200 gel permeation chromatography, to have an isoelectric point of 6.5, and to elute from DEAE-Sepharose at 0.07 M NaCl.