bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant-based meat
Authors: Milburn Josh 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe term plant-based meat sounds paradoxical, but on some metaphysics of meat, plant-based meat is meat. Regardless, its place in the food system of the zoopolis is worth exploring. Plant-based meat seems relatively innocuous, but this chapter reviews and responds to two sets of challenges. First, plant-based meat might be disrespectful to animals. It may send mixed messages about permissibility; represent animals as a resource; reinforce problematic visions of meat’s place in society; say something negative about the character of those who eat it; or involve symbolic disrespect. Second, plant-based meat might be bad food, because it is meat; because it is processed; or because it is unnatural. The chapter concludes that, although plant-based meat will not always be the healthiest or most environmentally friendly food, it has a place in the food system of the zoopolis.
A positive case for cultivated meat
Authors: Milburn Josh 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWe need a positive vision of the place of animals in the production of cultivated meat. Drawing on critiques of cultivated meat, this chapter identifies three virtues that, ideally, a cultivated meat industry could realize: respect for animals; diffusion of power; and respect for meat’s assorted values. Cultivated meat needs ‘donor’ animals as the source of cells. Two existing models of the place of donor animals are ‘pig in the backyard’ and ‘mail-order cells’. Both could find a place in the zoopolis, but fail to live up to the virtues identified. The chapter offers a third, complementary, model: ‘donor’ animals could live on farms, where they would have workers’ rights. The chapter closes by considering a range of objections: Could we farm animals for corpses? How generalizable is the model? Would retaining farms be a bad thing? How many animals would the industry need? Is this a pipe dream?
Creating and sustaining just food systems
Authors: Milburn Josh 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWhat does it mean for liberal states to permit and endorse non-vegan food systems, and what do the arguments of this book mean for people today? Although states ‘permitting’ food production methods is relatively straightforward, states ‘supporting’ them is not. The book does not commit to a particular ‘flavour’ of liberalism, so the chapter canvasses a range of liberal approaches, exploring the tools they contain for supporting non-vegan food systems. This includes minarchist liberalism, perfectionist liberalism, social-democratic liberalism, and public-reason liberalism. The chapter briefly considers non-liberal states, too. Although the book is not concerned primarily with non-ideal theory, the chapter points towards the non-ideal complement to the book’s ideal theorizing. First, it reflects on what the ideal theorizing may mean for individual diets today. Second, it reflects on what it may mean for states transitioning from unjust to just structures. Third, it reflects on what it may mean for activist organizations.
Gaining Fluency
Authors: Zhu Mu 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter helps students to become more fluent at the language of probability by developing the important skill for dealing with multiple random quantities. Topics include: joint, marginal, and conditional distributions; functions of random variables, and compound distributions. To focus on main ideas, only two specific multivariate distributions are mentioned: multinomial, and multivariate normal. A separate appendix is devoted to the special function of summing independent random variables, due to how often such functions are encountered.
Frequentist Approach
Authors: Zhu Mu 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the frequentist approach to “saying something about” the model parameters—specifically, how to estimate their values and why some ways of estimating them may be better than others. Topics include: maximum likelihood; mean squared error; Newton’s method; EM algorithm. A separate appendix is devoted to finite mixture models, as a way of combining many simple probability models together in order to describe more complicated data generating processes, and for which the EM algorithm is naturally applicable.
Bayesian Approach
Authors: Zhu Mu 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Bayesian approach to “saying something about” the model parameters—specifically, how to find their posterior distribution. Topics include: conjugate prior; empirical Bayes; hierarchical Bayes; Gibbs sampler. A separate appendix is devoted to the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, of which the Gibbs sampler is a special case, and a brief theoretical explanation of why these algorithms work.
Interval Estimation
Authors: Zhu Mu 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by pointing out that, while we don’t usually care much about model parameters that don’t have intrinsic scientific meaning, it is often important for us to quantify how much uncertainty we have about those that do. This leads to the more intricate inferential task of interval estimation. Students will learn about how Bayesian credible intervals and frequentist confidence intervals can be constructed in principle, why the latter is often hard, and the historic significance of the Student’s t-distribution. Two methods, based respectively on the likelihood ratio and the bootstrap, are then introduced.
Black Irish Women and Esusu
Authors: Joseph Ebun , Ebenade Kesiena Mercy 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the use of rotating savings and credit associations (ROSCAs) by Nigerian Irish women in the Irish economy and society. It builds on previous research on how Black workers in the diaspora (re)negotiate their career/economic pursuits to what has been described as areas of least resistance and greater acceptance. This chapter commences by discussing how Esusu operates in Dublin, Ireland. Next, we discuss how racialized and gendered experiences shape the economic lives of Black African migrant women. We discuss the intersectional exclusions affecting Black women who are just affected by multiple axis of oppression and many identities which complicates life, being Black and female in a racial capitalist economy. We examine the economic integration issues or its lack thereof which compels migrant families to seek alternative means such as ROSCAs that operates on their own terms. We also analyze the reasons Nigerian Irish women use Esusu despite access to modern commercial banks and a multitude of formalized credit systems. The empirical evidence in this study is collected through the narratives of ten women of Nigerian descent who have engaged in Esusu within an Irish context in Ireland. We ground the study in the African concept of Ubuntu to shift attention away from gender inequality to the concept of Being as “being-together” through which a new language of economic diversity is introduced.
The Black Social and Solidarity Economy as a Site of Politicized Action
Authors: Austin Sharon D. Wright 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Each chapter has discussed the way in which the Black social economy and the Black radical tradition combine together to make up the solidarity economy. Both men and women in the African diaspora have developed cooperatives to empower their respective communities. Women of color continue to be disadvantaged by an intersection of a subordination on the basis of their class, race, and gender. As a result, many reside in impoverished communities and are discriminated by financial institutions. As a result, they have mobilized the women and men in their communities so that they can raise their own funds, open their own businesses, and thus rebel against the racist patriarchal societies in which they live. This chapter provides a summary of the major findings of previous chapters and the contribution of each to the literature on group solidarity and cooperation.
The Neoliberal Welfare State
Authors: Knight Amber , Miller Joshua 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter analyses financial barriers to reproductive autonomy by highlighting the unduly burdensome financial costs of raising a child with Down syndrome. Depending on the intensity of care required, many parents are unable to maintain paid employment. In addition to lost wages, families of children with Down syndrome also face out-of-pocket expenses associated with medical care and other services not covered by insurance providers. We argue that America’s social failure to provide reliable financial assistance to parents who care for disabled children may pressure many pregnant women to seek termination to avoid the risk of poverty. Joining Maxine Eichner’s call for a “supportive state,” we critique the neoliberal state’s privatization of care and subsequent lack of adequate supports and services for people with disabilities. Ultimately, we propose changing America’s current long-term care system for home- and community-based services from a means-tested public assistance program to a universal social insurance program.
Ableist and Sexist Social Norms
Authors: Knight Amber , Miller Joshua 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how oppressive cultural norms limit women’s reproductive choices. Building from feminist scholarship on motherhood and care, including Eva Kittay’s reflections on raising a child with a disability, we examine how cultural expectations surrounding motherhood and the sexual division of labor can affect prospective mothers’ reproductive autonomy following a positive Down syndrome diagnosis. We also question how dominant cultural ideals about “normal” and/or “perfect” babies, ableist attitudes, and idealized notions of kinship also influence prospective parents’ reproductive options. Acknowledging the limits of governmental reform in the United States, this chapter calls for several cultural changes—to language, media representations, friendship norms, gender socialization patterns, and kinship arrangements—that can bring about a more accepting and welcoming culture toward people with Down syndrome and their family members. We argue that these cultural changes can open new imaginative horizons for women as they face difficult decisions about how to move forward with their pregnancies.
The OBR and the Politics of Technocratic Fiscal Governance
Authors: Clift Ben 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter considers the politics of economic ideas entailed by technocratic fiscal governance, and explores the tensions between technocratic governance and populist politics. This provides the backdrop to an in-depth review of the establishment, operations, and role of the Office for Budget Responsibility—placing the UK’s fiscal council in comparative context. Created in 2010 at the beginning of Britain’s Conservative–Liberal Democrat Coalition government, the OBR was designed to uphold fiscal sustainability and oversee UK fiscal governance, including the government’s observance of fiscal rules. The OBR upholds high standards of transparency, and distances itself from the political fray through the veneer of independent expertise, supported by arcane economic forecasting techniques. Nevertheless, the chapter reveals how the organization is deeply and inevitably political. Judgement, interpretation, discretion, and competing constructions of economic reason are all political ingredients feeding into the OBR’s fiscal evaluation and commentary. Technocratic fiscal governance, in practice, involves both rules and discretion. This inherently discretionary politics of independent fiscal oversight informs how the OBR selects among available economic methods, techniques, and assumptions; conducts its forecasts; and develops its narrative of the UK economy—which is an important political artefact. The OBR’s fiscal governance is thus socially constructed and politically contingent, suggesting more broadly that the apolitical goal of technocratic economic governance can never fully be attained.
Narrating the Economy
Authors: Clift Ben 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores the politics of economic expertise, considering assumptions made about (in)stability, equilibrium, and crisis within capitalism, and the difficulties successive crises posed for those forecasting the British economy’s twenty-first-century trajectory. It drills down into the Office for Budget Responsibility’s understanding of the UK economy and the drivers shaping its evolution under conditions of pervasive uncertainty, homing in on the OBR’s construction of UK growth assessments. To make sense of the economy, the OBR uses the past as a guide to the future, its growth forecasting entailing particular constructions of economic reason, and understandings of capitalism. Charting how thinking about growth forecasting has evolved since the Global Financial Crisis, the chapter investigates crisis-defining and crisis legacy–defining economic ideas, and explores their impact on how the economy is narrated. It focuses on a series of OBR growth downgrades since 2010, and considers how the financial crisis caused forecasters to question the dominant assumptions underlying their long-standing economic models. Rethinking Britain’s economic growth trajectory involved the OBR in the politics of economic method, its altered view on the equilibrium rate of unemployment having implications for the politics of austerity, for example. The OBR’s evolving economic narrative, increasingly alert to secular stagnation dynamics, indicates the policy salience of the OBR’s social construction of fiscal rectitude. The chapter demonstrates the astonishing degree of intuition, judgement, and guesswork that informs growth forecasting, and the significant policy ramifications of evolving OBR thinking. This challenges the view of independent fiscal oversight as a purely technical undertaking.
Cyril’s Legacy
Authors: Menze Volker L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses Cyril’s role as a corrupt church politician after the Council of Ephesus in 431. After the Council proved to be a failure, the emperor wanted the patriarchs of Antioch and Alexandria, John and Cyril, who had condemned each other, to re-establish communion. As Cyril was unwilling to retract his most controversial theological pamphlet, the Twelve Chapters, he paid the largest bribe known from antiquity: courtiers were showered with gold and gifts so that they would not support the demands of Cyril’s opponents. In the end, Cyril was successful and his Twelve Chapters became a cornerstone of ‘Orthodoxy’ while Cyril himself is venerated as a saint in most Christian tradition. At the same time, Cyril’s bribe depleted the funds of the Church of Alexandria and Cyril’s mismanagement of Alexandria’s resources presented a considerable burden for his successor Dioscorus.
The Uneasy Relationship between Human Rights and Public Health
Authors: Tasioulas John 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
An essential but neglected dimension of preparedness for a health crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, is a clear and defensible account of the values that should guide the formulation of health policy. This chapter argues that much of the prevailing human rights discourse exhibits misconceptions, both with regard to scope and content of human rights and with their regard to their relations to values such as common goods and democracy. Such confusions hampered effective responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. The chapter offers some suggestions as to how these misconceptions can be overcome, focusing on the important distinction between interests and rights, the integration of human rights and common goods, and the ways in which democratic participation offers ways of meeting the challenges of pandemics without the undue sacrifice of human rights.
The Risks of Prohibition during Pandemics
Authors: Flanigan Jessica 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that public officials should usually refrain from imposing penalties on people who engage in risky behaviour during pandemics. It first makes the case that prohibitive public health policies, such as mandates and lockdowns, are often unfairly enforced, either because these policies interfere with people who are not liable to be interfered with or because they are excessively burdensome. Second, the chapter argues that these policies can also be counterproductive to the goal of promoting public health and wellbeing. Third, it claims that public officials also lack the standing to enforce prohibitive public health policies to the extent that they are also enforcing policies that prolong or exacerbate a pandemic. Fourth, it discusses circumstances where a prohibitive approach might be justified. To close, the chapter discusses the broader implications of these arguments for other ethical questions related to public health policy.
COVID-19: An Unequal and Disequalizing Pandemic
Authors: Subramanian S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
While global consciousness of the COVID-19 pandemic is justly massive, there are other communicable diseases, largely prevalent in the poorer countries of the world, with mortality measures that are at least as large as for COVID-19 but have not merited comparable attention. Such diseases are typically not transmissible across national boundaries the way COVID-19 is. This, for the coronavirus epidemic, would make stringent disease-containment measures such as lockdown attractive for the richer countries of the world—they can afford it better in their own countries—while the poorer countries, which can ill afford it, would nevertheless be obliged to comply. Within a country, too, the impact of the pandemic and the policy response to it must be expected to be harsher on the poor than on the affluent. Inequality, it is contended in this chapter, is thus a prime feature of both the international and intranational burdens of countering COVID-19.
Pondering the Next Pandemic
Authors: Lipshitz Nethanel , Kahn Jeffrey P. , Faden Ruth 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The contributions in this volume discuss some of the fundamental debates that emerged during the pandemic. The aim of the authors of this chapter is to reflect on some of these contributions, offer their own perspective on several debates they engage in, and identify areas that will benefit from further attention by both scholars and policymakers. This chapter focuses on two broad issues: personal liberty and global justice. Regarding the former, it takes a more sympathetic view of liberty-restricting measures than some of the other contributors do. It also evaluates the proposal of using selective liberty-restricting measures and encourages a distinction between different kinds of freedom when balancing liberty protection and harm reduction. Regarding global justice, the chapter proposes a human-rights framework as a possible alternative or supplement to a duty-of-easy-rescue framework. It ends by mentioning some areas not much discussed in the current volume which should engage future theoretical thinking about pandemics ethics: the challenge to democracy posed by public health crises, public health governance, and the interests of children.
Conclusion
Authors: Ndulu Benno , Stuart Elizabeth , Dercon Stefan , Knaack Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book. The conclusion’s primary argument is that even when you think you have been politically smart—and the Oxford team designed the Digital Economy Kit with realpolitik at its heart—you probably have not been smart enough. Sensible people can disagree as to the initial outcomes of the Kit: an optimist would point to achievements. A pessimist would say that change was already coming and the Kit only nudged at the margins, if at all, and that any coalitions for change are not likely to last. Both can be correct, but this chapter comes down on the side that for all the challenges it met, the Kit was worthwhile for the countries, and its design and roll out offers wider lessons for outsiders seeking a sensible role in helping developing countries with change, be it in the digital area or in other aspects of their economies and societies.
Introduction
Authors: Ross Shaun 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This introduction charts the history of eucharistic theology to explain why, in a tradition that extends from Chaucer to Milton, English poets turned to the sacrament as a way of understanding poetic sign-making. It unpacks how the intense debates that surrounded the eucharist in late medieval and early modern Europe relate closely to a range of poetic concerns: how signs relate to what they signify, how words mediate the agency of author and reader, and how poetry embodies meaning. This opening section also challenges a recurring narrative that has read poetic investment in the eucharist as resulting from the Protestant rejection of transubstantiation. Critiquing this secularizing teleology, it provides a richer account of ‘presence’ as a concept within eucharistic theology and explains how the poetic turn to the eucharist reflects a counter-impulse to the processes of ‘excarnation’ that prevailed within late medieval and early modern religious reform movements.
Southwell’s Mass
Authors: Ross Shaun 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the work of the Jesuit poet and martyr Robert Southwell, arguing that his understanding of the eucharist informs his poetry and explains its significant influence on later English devotional poetry. It describes how he inaugurated a tradition of figuring the ‘consecration’ of poetry for religious use as a eucharistic transformation, and shows how his work had a pastoral function for his Recusant readership, acting as a temporary substitute for the transubstantiated host. Through close readings of his shorter lyrics, prose, and the long poem, St. Peter’s Complaint, this chapter unpacks how Southwell’s pastoral goals undergird a sacramental understanding of subjectivity that blurs the distinction between believer and Christ. This account of subjectivity, the chapter concludes, significantly influenced subsequent devotional poets such as George Herbert, and so challenges the idea that early modern poetic attention to the eucharist was a uniquely Protestant phenomenon.
The Revolution
Authors: Bew Paul 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The land question became more important in Irish and indeed Anglo-Irish politics as an economic downturn beckoned. Parnell adopted a radical position in which Dillon, reluctantly at first, followed him. In America to gather funds for the Land League movement both radicalized. Parnell made gains in the general election of April 1880 and the Land League moved out of its original small farmer basis in the west to become a truly national movement. In the summer of 1880 Parnell met Katharine O’Shea; Dillon immediately detected a restraining influence on Parnell. Dillon’s language became more extreme; Parnell was increasingly uneasy on that score. His politics remained hybrid: superficially full-blooded radicalism but always with a visible undertow of conservatism and pragmatism now quite absent in Dillon. The gap between the two men widened and, in fact, remained significant until Parnell’s death.
Conclusion
Authors: Bew Paul 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Dillon started life with a Spanish ‘image’: this never completely left him, but it was in later years replaced to a degree by a more Italian one, as admirers sought to cast him in the mould of the Italian patriot Mazzini. He was sharply disillusioned by the actual fruits of Irish independence and made no effort to conceal his disillusion. Dillon felt simply that nothing good could come from Sinn Fein. Opponents criticized him either for not being conciliatory enough towards Protestants and unionists in his early life or for being too hostile to Sinn Fein in his final years.