bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment using a combined anaerobic-microalgae down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor
Authors: Almira K R , Shoiful A , Hasiany S , Hartaja D R K , Ardiana C , Nugroho R , Noorain R 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Palm oil mill effluent (POME) generated from the production of palm oil contains organic and inorganic contaminants that can be a nutrient source for microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and microalgae. In this study, POME was treated using a combined anaerobic (R1) and microalgae (R2) in down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor. Chlorella pyrenoidosa was immobilized in sponge carriers of R2 and LED lights were used for 12 hours per day to support microalgae growth. The DHS reactors were continuously operated for 165 days in three phases with different COD loading rates, namely 3, 6, and 12 kg-COD/m³·day in Phase 1, Phase 2, and Phase 3, respectively. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) was set at 46 min and 52 min in R1 and R2, respectively. The highest COD removal rate was achieved at 6.93 kg-COD/m³·day and 4.85 kg-COD/m³·day in R1 and R2, respectively. In addition, maximum phosphate removal was 68% in both reactors. Increased concentration of nitrate in R-2 indicated that nitrification may occur in the reactor. The pH of R1 effluent was relatively stable at neutral conditions, while the pH value of R2 effluent slightly increased. Based on visual observation, bacteria biofilm also grew in the microalgae reactor (R2). Synergistic bacteria-microalgae may play an important role in pollutant removal. The results of this study show that a combined anaerobic and microalgae DHS reactor can be used as an alternative for POME treatment because they have a shorter HRT and can be applied in a small area.
Assessment of Soil Vulnerability Index for surface runoff in Kawal watershed, Bintan island
Authors: Mulyono A , Djuwansah M R , Narulita I , Putra R D , Citraresmini A , Flatian A N , Wahyudin  , Amar  
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The quantity of transformed land cleared after deforestation in the basin demonstrates the severity of soil erosion on Bintan Island. Deposition of eroded material causes eutrophication, blockage, and silting of channels and water bodies, as well as flooding in lowlands and coasts. Heavy rainfall and sparse cover of vegetation ravaged the structure of soil, further preventing it from storing and absorbing water, which increased surface runoff and had an impact on rising erosion rates. The goal of this study was to evaluate the vulnerability class of surface runoff using SVI. The SVI class is based on slope extracted from the digital elevation model, hydrologic soil group, and soil erodibility. The results of the SVI classification for mapping surface runoff susceptibility resulted in areas with low criteria of 7% (664 ha), medium 14% (1,229 ha) and high 79% (7,069 ha). The major influences on the high vulnerability of surface runoff in the Kawal watershed on Bintan island appeared to be rainfall, soil type, land use, and slope gradient.
Mercury Determination in Fish Using Cold Vapour-Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (CV-AAS) with Sodium Borohydride (NaBH4) as the Reductor
Authors: Koesmawati T A , Febrianti F , Halim R , Fitria N , Tanuwidjaja S , Rohman O , Syamsudin A 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Marine fish can potentially accumulate heavy metal pollutants, such as mercury, from anthropogenic activities that can harm people who consume it. Marine fishes like Bandeng fish (Chanos chanos), Banjar fish (Rastrelliger kanagurta), Bawal Hitam fish (Parastromateus niger), Selar Kuning fish (Atule mate), Tenggiri fish (Scomberomorini), and Tuna fish (Thunnini) are consumed a lot by people in Bandung City. All these fish were analyzed using the CV-AAS method with the United States – Environment Protection Agency (USEPA, 2006), and the reducing agent was replaced by stannous (II) chloride with sodium borohydride. Variations in the sample preparation process include drying the sample using an oven and freeze dryer. SEM-EDX in the frozen-dried samples shows that the fibbers’ morphology is intact, while the fibbers are damaged in the hot-dried samples. During characterization using FTIR, there is a slight shift in wave number. The mercury concentrations obtained from every sample were below 0.5 mg/kg based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 2009 standard for total mercury in fish. Therefore, it can be concluded that the samples are safe to be consumed. Validation methods showed that 0.3% sodium borohydride as the reductor can be used to analyze mercury and replace stannous (II)chloride. However, further studies are needed to determine the optimal concentration of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in the marine fish samples as a reduction agent.
Atmospheric concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in passive air sampler from Batam Island, Indonesia
Authors: Sulistia S , Ilyas M , Suciati F , Kurniawan B , Isobe T , Kunisue T , Tanabe S , Sudaryanto A 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAir contamination by semi volatile organic compounds including toxic polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has been a matter of global concern due to the important atmospheric transportation in contribution to their widely distribution in environment. This study aims at elucidating the levels and spatial distribution of PBDEs in the atmosphere derived from polyurethane foam passive air sampler (PUF-PAS) and identify potential sources in Batam Island. Fifteen PUF-PAS were deployed in various locations representing different background activities. After deployment around 2.5 months, PUFs were analyzed for forty-two PBDEs congeners from mono- to deca-BDE congeners using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. PBDEs were widely detected ranging 7.2 – 2900 pg/m3. Significant high concentrations of PBDEs were found at public service areas than offices, residential and remote areas (p<0.05). In particular, high concentration was found in Marina Tanjung Riau (2900 pg/m3), whereas other locations were much lower including electronic shop (50 pg/m3), dumping site area (7.2-15 pg/m3), which indicating specific emission sources according to location. The PBDEs profiles are predominated by BDE-209 congener on average 81% (36-100) while other congeners were lower. This suggest that the presence of PBDEs in Batam Island is mainly due to the commercial formulation of Deca-BDE, of which consistent with its high consumption in Asia.
Modeling and mapping the environmental impact of debris flow hazard on alluvial fans for sustainable development in Bangga and Poi Villages, Sigi, Central Sulawesi
Authors: Putra M H Z , Sarah D , Sadisun I A , Soebowo E , Aulia A N , Sukristiyanti  
Published: June 2023

Abstract
On September 28, 2018, an Mw 7.5 Palu earthquake triggered massive landslides upstream, followed by 24 debris flood events that spread to 15 villages in Sigi from September 2018 to December 2021. Debris flow and flash floods on alluvial fans inundated lowland communities, causing severe property destruction and structural damage to bridges and roadways and resulting in an estimated 900 damaged houses. Understanding their historical occurrence is essential to sustainable fan development and minimizing their threat to infrastructure and human life due to their severe geohazard potential. Poi and Bangga Villages were affected by the disastrous debris flood in Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi. This study aimed to create a landslide inventory map, a back-analysis model, and a damage and loss assessment (DaLAs) to evaluate the potential hazard and environmental impacts of debris flow on Sigi’s alluvial fans. The result of landslide mapping showed more than 400 mapped landslides within Bangga Village in various sizes and a massive landslide within Poi Village were digitized. Then, the back-analysis model overpredicted flow direction due to vegetation, infrastructure, and road information not covered by the digital elevation model (DEM). Finally, DaLAs shows the losses caused by damaged buildings were estimated at around 65.7 and 7.4 billion rupiah in Bangga and Poi Villages, respectively.
Spatial distribution of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Jakarta Great Area using passive air sampler
Authors: Sudaryanto A , Ilyas M , Wahyono I B , Aviantara D S , Efadeswarni  , Takahashi S , Isobe T , Tanabe S , Kunisue T 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAssessing of air contamination by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has been a matter of global concern due to the atmosphere as key transport route for these pollutants. Furthermore, polyurethane foam passive air sampler (PUF-PAS) has been used as one of proved methods for air monitoring of POPs. The objectives of this study are to elucidate the levels and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in atmosphere of Jakarta and surrounding areas in respect to the different in concentration levels, possible origin of their sources and magnitude of their contamination. Sixty-two PCB congeners were quantified in PUF disk from PAS deployed at nine locations representing different background area by using a gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry detector. PCBs were detected in all PUF with concentrations varied according to location (ranged 29 – 220 pg/m3), indicating specific location source of PCBs. The highest concentration of PCBs was found in air of dumpsite and were followed by industrial>urban>sub-urban areas, suggesting that dumpsite and industrial areas are as emission sources of these compounds. The concentration levels of PCBs were generally similar to some other countries in Africa and South America but lower than those of industrial countries worldwide. The lighter PCB congeners were the predominant compounds, which correspond to specific technical mixtures and their volatile properties.
Estimating baseline CO2 emission from waste collection and transport activity to TPST Bantargebang, Jakarta
Authors: Setiaji R , Sunarya A F S , Adhi R P , Pratama R A 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Municipal solid waste is one of the fundamental problems in DKI Jakarta Province. The increasing population and various human activities had a direct effect on this issue. TPST Bantargebang served and treated all waste in DKI Jakarta Province, and the volume of waste generation reached 7,702 tons per day in 2019. Despite the waste generation, waste collection and transport are becoming emerging issues. The level of service by the Environmental Agency of DKI Jakarta Province is planned to reach 98% in 2025. Dump and waste trucks come and go in the long queue every day around TPST Bantargebang. This study estimated CO2 emissions from waste collection and transport activity using daily logbook data, fleet data, and spatial analysis. This study assigned the source point as a temporary disposal site in each subdistrict. It showed that the total vehicle kilometer traveled (VKT) reached 71,990.72 km/day, which collected and transported 5,897.67 tons of waste/day from 196 subdistricts. The need for fuel consumption reached 31,989.17 liters of bio-solar per day. The baseline of CO2 emission reached 70.805 tCO2 per day by multiplying the bio-solar emission factor and total fuel consumption. The CO2 emission per ton of waste transported reached 12 kg CO2 per day and the CO2 emission per kilometer of waste transported reached 0.98 kg CO2 per day.
Effect of the implementation of community activity restriction policies during the COVID-19 pandemic on air quality
Authors: Ihsan I M , Ma’rufatin A , Salim M A , Rifai A , Ikhsan I N , Anjani R , Nishihashi M , Hashimoto S , Mukai H , Suwedi N 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe Indonesian government implemented restrictions on social activities to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus. Limiting activities reduced transportation and industrial activities, so it was suspected that it could affect air quality in Serpong. This research aimed to analyze PM2.5and PM10 concentrations before, during, and easing of the restrictions on COVID-19. In addition, this research also examined the correlation between pollutant concentration levels and precipitation. PM2.5and PM10 concentrations and precipitation data were obtained from real-time and continuous measurements from January 2020 to August 2022. The analysis used was descriptive, comparison, and correlation. The comparison analysis to determine particulate concentration before activity restrictions, first Large-Scale Social Restrictions (LSSR-1), LSSR-New normal, LSSR-Transition period, Emergency Community Activities Restriction Enforcement (Emergency CARE), and easing of COVID-19 restrictions. The analysis shows that the average concentrations of PM2.5and PM10 during the measurement period were about 33 μg/m3and 56 μg/m3, respectively. Comparative analysis indicates differences in PM2.5concentrations between before the activity restrictions were imposed and LSSR-1, LSSR-New Normal, Emergency CARE, and the easing of COVID-19 restrictions. In addition, there was a difference in the average PM10 concentration between before activity restrictions and LSSR-New normal and emergency CARE. Correlation analysis shows a weak relationship between precipitation and PM concentrations in the representative wet and dry months.
Study of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in Estuaries in Banten Bay Indonesia
Authors: Sugiarti  , Rohaningsih D , Aisyah S 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The estuaries of Banten Bay have sandy sediment, and their main activity is fisheries. In order to maintain fishery productivity, good water quality is required. The sandy sediment in this location can affect water conditions at the point of the residue content. This study aims to reveal solids content in the estuaries of Banten Bay. A survey was conducted in four estuaries, namely Karangantu, Wadas, Cengkok, and Pamong. TDS were measured in situ in April and October 2021. TSS was analyzed in May, July, and October 2013, as well as in April and October 2021. Other physical and chemical parameters were analyzed in the laboratory or in situ. The results were compared with the standard for sea aquatic biota. Furthermore, the regression method was used to determine the correlation of TSS and TDS with other parameters. The physical and chemical parameters that affect TDS and TSS were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results show that TSS correlated with Oxidative Reductive Potential (ORP) and turbidity. PCA showed that TSS correlated with TDS, nitrate, ammonium, ORP, water depth, and water current. Although TSS exceeded the threshold, sufficient dissolved oxygen and higher nutrient still maintained water quality for fisheries in four estuaries.
The geo-environmental influence on hydrogeochemical conditions in the Tanjaknangsi volcanic region
Authors: Maria R , Rusydi A F , Naily W , Iskandarsyah T Y W M , Suganda B R , Hendarmawan H 
Published: June 2023

AbstractGroundwater in volcanic areas flows from the recharge to the discharge, and dissolving rock minerals undergo hydrochemical changes. Anthropogenic influences in the form of increasing built-up land and plantation activities in upstream areas raise concerns about changes in groundwater hydrochemistry. Hydrogeochemical and environmental characterization of groundwater in volcanic regions is essential to trace the rock-water interaction. This study aimed to determine the geo-environmental influence on the hydrogeochemical conditions in Tanjaknangsi volcanic areas. The methods used were statistical analysis, bivariate analysis, and Piper diagram. During the dry season, 16 groundwater samples were taken, consisting of five dug wells, nine drilled wells, and two springs. The hydrogeochemical process of major ions in groundwater volcanic regions is characterized by the weathering of silica. The concentrations of cations were Ca2+> Na+> K+> Mg2+, while the anion were HCO3−> Cl−> SO4−. The correlation analysis shows that Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+cations strongly correlated with the HCO3−anion. Hierarchical dendrogram analysis shows groundwater was influenced by the rock-water interaction and anthropogenic influences; the piper diagram shows the dominant hydrogeochemical facies in the study area were CaCl, CaMgCl, CaMgHCO3, and NaHCO3. Groundwater in the upstream area was dominated and influenced by the groundwater-rock interaction, while anthropogenic factors influenced groundwater in the downstream area. Residues of anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, plantations, and livestock will increase the levels of NH4-N, Cl−and SO42-ions.
Spatial distribution of carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in the Sunda Strait and west of Sumatra waters
Authors: Wahyono I B , Aldrian E , Soepardjo A H 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the main global warming gases which cause global climate changes, droughts, forest fires, sea level rise, and flooding. Natural CO2 sinks are the mainland, oceans, and atmosphere. Indonesian waters have the potential to absorb CO2 due to their high primary productivity. This study aimed to understand the variability of CO2 in order to determine whether Indonesian waters act as carbon sources or carbon sinks and fill the CO2 data gaps. The field survey was conducted at the Sunda Strait and west Sumatra waters during February–April 2010, using RV Baruna Jaya III. The Sunda Strait has a role as a carbon source, whereas the west of Sumatra waters as carbon sinks. The partial pressure of CO2 is more influenced by the pH. The average net flux of CO2 in the Sunda strait was 841.603 mol CO2cm−2day−1, which shows the release of CO2 from the ocean into the atmosphere occurs in this region. On the other hand, the average net flux of CO2 in the west of Sumatra was -945.292 mol CO2cm−2day−1, which shows the absorption of CO2 by the ocean occurs in the region.
Barrier analysis to leverage the climate change mitigation-adaptation implementation action in mangrove forest and its surrounding community villages
Authors: Winanti W S , Sudinda T W , Oktivia R , Ihsan I M , Ikhwanuddin M , Amru K , Anjani R , Aryantie M H 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In the Nationally Determined Contribution document (NDC), Indonesia has a target for reducing greenhouse gas emissions of 29% on its own capability and 41% with international assistance by 2030, and plans to initiate action to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 as outlined in the Long-term Strategy for Low Carbon and Climate Resilience (LTS-LCCR) 2050 document. Mangrove forest ecosystems can absorb carbon emissions 4-5 times greater than terrestrial forests, are used as one of source to achieve Indonesia’s NDC and LTS-LCCR targets. Mangrove forest is also as a barrier to coastal abrasion. Mangrove forests can be damaged by natural cause and also due to human activities. Socialization of its importance and improving the economic community welfare around mangrove forests are important factors to prevent damage and maintain its sustainability. The improving economic community efforts can be carried out by applying mitigation-adaptation actions/economic activities of the community. This activity aims to analyse the barrier and challenges in preserving and restoring, as well as rehabilitating the mangrove forests ecosystem in the Indramayu and Brebes regencies. The data obtained from field surveys while the methodology for barrier analysis refers to the methodology that has been used in the preparation of Indonesia’s Climate Change mitigation and adaptation Technology Action Plans (TAPs) documents. The barrier analysis includes regulatory/policy, technical, financial, coordination, and social and/or institutional barrier aspects. These barriers have been analysed, mapped and identified, then causal relations of the barriers have been carried out and identified. Then the cross-cutting issued/integrated the measures of both issues and prioritized the cross-cutting issued can be determined.
The growth of mercury-resistant bacterial consortium at different levels of pH, temperature, and C:N ratio
Authors: Amandita F Y , Efadeswarni  , Ikhwani A Z N , Idris  , Sugiharto A , Fatma Y S , Alfiansah Y R , Sudiana I M 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The study was conducted to investigate the growth of mercury-resistant bacterial consortium under the influence of different pHs, temperatures, and C:N ratios, as a part of mercury bioremediation research. The consortium consisted of five bacterial isolates selected due to their resistance to HgCl2 up to 100 ppm and was proven to effectively reduce mercury from the culture media. Consortium suspension was inoculated into two sets of media: 1) Tryptic soy broth (TSB) with pHs of 4.8, 6.1, 8.5, and 9.7; 2) Mineral salt with the addition of glucose and peptone to create C:N ratios of 20:1, 30:1, and 40:1 while the pH was set to 7.4. For comparison, a solution containing mercury-contaminated soil was added to the same set of media and regarded as a microbial community. The growth curves show that the bacterial consortium tended to grow better compared to the microbial community, especially in the TSB medium at incubation temperatures of 20 and 35 °C. In the same medium at a temperature of 45 °C, the growth of both consortium and community under high pHs (8.5 and 9.7) was higher than the one under lower pHs (4.8 and 6.1). Meanwhile, in the mineral salt medium, the influence of the inoculant was not remarkable except under an incubation temperature of 35 °C. Moreover, the C:N ratio did not affect the growth of either the bacterial consortium or the microbial community (p > 0.05). The variance analysis also indicated that the growths were significantly different only when the pH was 4.8.
Optimization of mechanical properties of carrageenan-based bioplastic as food packaging
Authors: Genecya G , Adhika D R , Widayani  , Wungu T D K 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Several types of plastic materials are widely used in food packaging because it has good mechanical and physical properties. However, the types of plastic used in food packaging, such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polycarbonate (PC), are petroleum-based plastic that is not renewable, not biodegradable, and causes environmental pollution. One option to overcome this problem is to make bioplastic using renewable sources, one of which is carrageenan. Carrageenan is a polysaccharide used in bioplastic synthesis, but it has shortcomings in terms of mechanical properties. Thereby it needs additional supporting materials to improve its mechanical properties. This study aims to obtain optimal mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation, and modulus of elasticity. We optimized two variables in this study: glycerol concentration (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%) and montmorillonite concentration (10, 20, and 30%). Optimization was carried out in two stages; the first stage was the optimization of glycerol concentrations, and the second stage was the optimization of montmorillonite concentrations. The optimum condition was obtained at 3% (v/v) glycerol and 20% (w/w) montmorillonite which gives a tensile strength value of 3.43 MPa, elongation of 47.01%, and Young Modulus of 7.31 MPa. Based on these optimization results, carrageenan-based bioplastic, especially on %EAB value, are comparable with other commercial plastic for food packaging.