bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to effectively use and interpret the barium swallow: Current role in esophageal dysphagia
Authors: Sanagapalli Santosh , Plumb Andrew , Lord Reginald V. , Sweis Rami 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe barium swallow is a commonly performed investigation, though recent decades have seen major advances in other esophageal diagnostic modalities.PurposeThe purpose of this review is to clarify the rationale for components of the barium swallow protocol, provide guidance on interpretation of findings, and describe the current role of the barium swallow in the diagnostic paradigm for esophageal dysphagia in relation to other esophageal investigations. The barium swallow protocol, interpretation, and reporting terminology are subjective and non‐standardized. Common reporting terminology and an approach to their interpretation are provided. A timed barium swallow (TBS) protocol provides more standardized assessment of esophageal emptying but does not evaluate peristalsis. Barium swallow may have higher sensitivity than endoscopy for detecting subtle strictures. Barium swallow has lower overall accuracy than high‐resolution manometry for diagnosing achalasia but can help secure the diagnosis in cases of equivocal manometry. TBS has an established role in objective assessment of therapeutic response in achalasia and helps identify the cause of symptom relapse. Barium swallow has a role in the evaluating manometric esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction, in some cases helping to identify where it represents an achalasia‐like syndrome. Barium swallow should be performed in dysphagia following bariatric or anti‐reflux surgery, to assess for both structural and functional postsurgical abnormality. Barium swallow remains a useful investigation in esophageal dysphagia, though its role has evolved due to advancements in other diagnostics. Current evidence‐based guidance regarding its strengths, weaknesses, and current role are described in this review.
The evolution of extant South American tropical biomes
Authors: Jaramillo Carlos 
Published: April 2023

SummaryThis review explores the evolution of extant South American tropical biomes, focusing on when and why they developed. Tropical vegetation experienced a radical transformation from being dominated by non‐angiosperms at the onset of the Cretaceous to full angiosperm dominance nowadays. Cretaceous tropical biomes do not have extant equivalents; lowland forests, dominated mainly by gymnosperms and ferns, lacked a closed canopy. This condition was radically transformed following the massive extinction event at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. The extant lowland tropical rainforests first developed at the onset of the Cenozoic with a multistratified forest, an angiosperm‐dominated closed canopy, and the dominance of the main families of the tropics including legumes. Cenozoic rainforest diversity has increased during global warming and decreased during global cooling. Tropical dry forests emerged at least by the late Eocene, whereas other Neotropical biomes including tropical savannas, montane forests, páramo/puna, and xerophytic forest are much younger, greatly expanding during the late Neogene, probably at the onset of the Quaternary, at the expense of the rainforest.
Effect of Material and Pad Abrasion on Shear Bond Strength of 3D‐Printed Orthodontic Brackets
Authors: Hanson Megan S. , Ontiveros Joe C. , English Jeryl D. , Wirthlin John O. , Cozad Benjamin E. , Harrington Daniel A. , Kasper F. Kurtis 
Published: April 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effect of printing material and air abrasion of bracket pads on the shear bond strength of 3D‐printed plastic orthodontic brackets when bonded to the enamel of extracted human teeth.Materials and MethodsPremolar brackets were 3D‐printed using the design of a commercially available plastic bracket in two biocompatible resins: Dental LT Resin and Dental SG Resin (n = 40/material). 3D‐printed brackets and commercially manufactured plastic brackets were divided into two groups (n = 20/group), one of which was air abraded. All brackets were bonded to extracted human premolars, and shear bond strength tests were performed. The failure types of each sample were classified using a 5‐category modified adhesive remnant index (ARI) scoring system.ResultsBracket material and bracket pad surface treatment presented statistically significant effects for shear bond strengths, and a significant interaction effect between bracket material and bracket pad surface treatment was observed. The non‐air abraded (NAA) SG group (8.87 ± 0.64 MPa) had a statistically significantly lower shear bond strength than the air abraded (AA) SG group (12.09 ± 1.23 MPa). In the manufactured brackets and LT Resin groups, the NAA and AA groups were not statistically significantly different within each resin. A significant effect of bracket material and bracket pad surface treatment on ARI score was observed, but no significant interaction effect between bracket material and pad treatment was found.Conclusion3D‐printed orthodontic brackets presented clinically sufficient shear bond strengths both with and without AA prior to bonding. The effect of bracket pad AA on shear bond strength depends on the bracket material.
The effect of a non‐congregate, integrated care shelter on health: A qualitative study
Authors: Alexander Karen , Nordeck Courtney D. , Rosecrans Amanda , Harris Robert , Collins Alexander , Gryczynski Jan 
Published: April 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the experiences of unstably housed, medically vulnerable residents living at the Haven, a novel, non‐congregate integrated care shelter operating in a historic hotel during the COVID‐19 pandemic.DesignA qualitative descriptive design.Sample/MeasurementSemi‐structured qualitative interviews were conducted in February and March 2022 with a purposive sample of 20 residents living in the integrated care shelter. Data were analyzed in May and June 2022 using the thematic analysis methods described by Braun and Clarke.ResultsSix women and 14 men, ages 23–71 (M = 50, SD = 14), were interviewed. Lengths of stay at the time of the interview ranged from 74 to 536 days (M = 311 days). Medical co‐morbidities and substance use details were collected at baseline. Three themes were identified: (1) Autonomy, (2) supportive environments, and (3) stability and the need for permanent housing. Participants characterized the integrated care, non‐congregate model as having multiple advantages over traditional shelter systems. Participants emphasized the role of nurses and case managers in providing a respectful, caring environment in the integrated shelter model.ConclusionParticipants described acute physical and mental health needs which were largely met by the innovative integrated shelter care model. The effect of homelessness and housing insecurity on health is well documented, but few solutions exist that promote autonomy. Participants in this qualitative study emphasized the benefits of living in a non‐congregate integrated care shelter and the services which promoted their self‐management of chronic diseases.Patient or Public ContributionPatients were the participants in the study, but were not involved in the design, analysis of interpretation of the data, or preparation of the manuscript. Due to this project's small scope, we could not involve patients or the public after the study concluded data collection.
Kul'turnost' Meets Kultur: Lyusya’s Testimony on Russian‐German Sexual Relations in Occupied Smolensk
Authors: David‐Fox Michael 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis article examines German racial colonization in the occupied city of Smolensk in 1941–43 as a coerced but no less profound Nazi German‐Soviet Russian cross‐cultural encounter. Perhaps no other aspect of it was as fraught and taboo as the extensive sexual relationships between German men and Russian women. Liudmila Madziuk, known as Lyusya, was a member of the Komsomol underground whose testimony assumes special significance because of her political work among German soldiers. Her extraordinary accounts centered on the key Stalin‐era concept of kul'turnost' (culturedness), which in her hands competed with the ideological‐cultural claim to domination in the racialized Nazi version of the German key concept of Kultur. Her accounts are the kind of qualitative, first‐person sources that have been lacking as historians grapple with issues of sexuality, sexual barter, prostitution, rampant sexual violence, and the clash of the German and Soviet gender orders on the Eastern front. Lyusya and other young women of the 1930s generation glossed kul'turnost' in light of their own youthful, socialist, and feminist ambitions, implicitly counterposing it to the barbaric, backward‐looking brutality of Kultur. But what they assumed to be the bedrock of the communist world‐view and Soviet culturedness was shifting rapidly beneath their feet.
Influence of Diffusion Bonding Pressure on Microstructural Features and Strength Performance of Dissimilar Ti–6Al–4V Alloy and AISI 304 Steel Joints Developed Using Copper Interlayer
Authors: Arun Negemiya A. , Rajakumar Selvarajan , Sonar Tushar , Ivanov Mikhail 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The joining of Ti–6Al–4V (Ti64) alloy and AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel (ASS 304) carries significant importance in aeroengines for turbine blade applications. However, it is difficult to join using fusion welding. The fusion welding of Ti64 alloy and ASS 304 steel promotes the evolution of various Fe–Cr–Ti and Fe–Ti intermetallics in weld zone owing to limited solid solubility of Fe, Cr, Ti, and Ni with each other. The evolution of these intermetallics deteriorates the strength performance of joints. Hence for joining Ti64 alloy and ASS 304 steel, vacuum diffusion bonding (VDB) method is employed with thin copper (Cu) foil as an interlayer. The DB pressure extends significant influence on microstructural evolution and strength of joints. So, for the feasibility of joining Ti64 alloy and ASS 304 steel, the effect of DB pressure on microstructure and strength of joints is investigated. Results showed that the dissimilar joints of Ti64 alloy and ASS 304 steel developed using the DB pressure of 14 MPa exhibited greater lap shear strength (LSS) and bonding strength (BS) of 180 MPa and 268 MPa, respectively. It is attributed to the improved coalescence of joining interface and the development of ideal bonding width with the least amount of embrittlement consequences. An increase in DB pressure increases the width of the diffusion region which promotes the development of detrimental intermetallics of Ti–Fe and deteriorates the strength of dissimilar joints.
Coating of pseudo-plastic material in reverse roll-coating: Mathematical analysis
Authors: Siddique Imran , Iqbal Shaukat , Akram Aimen , Zahid Muhammad 
Published: April 2023

This paper describes a theoretical framework and computational methods of a thin layer coating of a non-Newtonian polymeric material while it moves through a tiny space among two inverted rollers. Order of magnitude is accustomed to clarify the nondimensional forms of the governing equations. Semi-analytical solutions of pressure gradient, velocity profile and rate of the flow are acquired via optimal homotopy asymptotic method (OHAM). The graphical representation depicts the physical quantities of the effects of velocity profile ratio k and Weissenberg number We. It is observed that by increasing the values of k and We, velocity profile decreases while pressure distribution increases.
METHODS FOR STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF CONNECTIVITY ESTIMATES IN EPILEPTIC BRAIN
Authors: GRISHCHENKO ANASTASIA A. , VAN RIJN CLEMENTINA M. , SYSOEV ILYA V. 
Published: April 2023

Connectivity analysis using modern approaches like Granger causality, partial directed coherence and transfer entropy always demands additional statistical evaluation of the obtained measures for significance. Although for very simple linear autoregressive processes and quasilinear oscillatory activities theoretical estimates are available, the real biological signals are too complex for application of analytical approaches and surrogate data come into use. When pathological activity like epileptic seizures is studied, the question can also rise in a somewhat different way: one asks whether the studied activity is different from the normal one rather than whether connectivity exists. The similar question is also valid if one compares connectivity in different physiological states like sleep and wakefulness. Here, we study two different approaches to statistical evaluation of transfer entropy estimates in application to the study of spike–wave discharges (SWDs), the main encephalographic manifestation of absence epilepsy, registered in local field potentials of WAG/Rij rats (genetic models). The first approach is to compare distributions of the estimators for the baseline and different stages of pathological activity using traditional measures like t-test with additional corrections for multiple testing. The second approach is to make surrogate data and test whether the achieved estimators differ for surrogate series and for real ones. To support our findings and to understand the methods better, the series simulated using simple oscillatory models of epileptic activity are evaluated in the same way as the experimental data. We show that the most pronounced phenomena like bidirectional increase in coupling between frontal and parietal cortical areas during SWDs in comparison to baseline activity are considered to be significant by both approaches. But when the less expressed coupling changes are under consideration, the approach base on surrogate data provides less false positives. These results confirm that the primary outcomes of connectivity analysis for absence epilepsy (and not only it) achieved previously are valid although the statistical evaluation of the connectivity estimators was suboptimal.
Deep Learning for Variable Renewable Energy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Klaiber Janice , Van Dinther Clemens 
Published: April 2023

In recent years, both fields, AI and VRE, have received increasing attention in scientific research. Thus, this article’s purpose is to investigate the potential of DL-based applications on VRE and as such provide an introduction to and structured overview of the field.
First, we conduct a systematic literature review of the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI), especially Deep Learning (DL), on the integration of Variable Renewable Energy (VRE). Subsequently, we provide a comprehensive overview of specific DL-based solution approaches and evaluate their applicability, including a survey of the most applied and best suited DL architectures.
We identify ten DL-based approaches to support the integration of VRE in modern power systems. We find (I) solar PV and wind power generation forecasting, (II) system scheduling and grid management, and (III) intelligent condition monitoring as three high potential application areas.
Palmitic Acid–Induced Long Noncoding RNA
PARAIL
Regulates Inflammation via Interaction With RNA-Binding Protein ELAVL1 in Monocytes and Macrophages
Authors: Tanwar Vinay Singh , Reddy Marpadga A. , Das Sadhan , Samara Vishnu Amaram , Abdollahi Maryam , Dey Suchismita , Malek Vajir , Ganguly Rituparna , Stapleton Kenneth , Lanting Linda , Pirrotte Patrick , Natarajan Rama 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Obesity and diabetes are associated with elevated free fatty acids like palmitic acid (PA), which promote chronic inflammation and impaired inflammation resolution associated with cardiometabolic disorders. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are implicated in inflammatory processes; however, their roles in PA-regulated inflammation and resolution are unclear.

Methods:

We performed RNA-sequencing analysis to identify PA-regulated coding genes and novel lncRNAs in CD14
+
monocytes from healthy volunteers. We investigated the regulation and function of an uncharacterized PA-induced lncRNA
PARAIL
(PA-
r
egulated
a
nti-
i
nflammatory
l
ncRNA). We examined its role in inflammation resolution by employing knockdown and overexpression strategies in human and mouse macrophages. We also used RNA pulldown coupled with mass spectrometry to identify
PARAIL
interacting nuclear proteins and their mechanistic involvement in
PARAIL
functions in human macrophages.

Results:

Treatment of human CD14
+
monocytes with PA-induced several lncRNAs and genes associated with inflammatory phenotype. PA strongly induced lncRNA
PARAIL
expressed near
RIPK2
.
PARAIL
was also induced by cytokines and infectious agents in human monocytes/macrophages and was regulated by NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B). Time course studies showed
PARAIL
was induced during inflammation resolution phase in PA-treated macrophages.
PARAIL
knockdown with antisense oligonucleotides upregulated key inflammatory genes and vice versa with
PARAIL
overexpression. We found that
PARAIL
interacts with ELAVL1 (ELAV-like RNA-binding protein 1) protein via adenylate/uridylate–rich elements (AU-rich elements; AREs). ELAVL1 knockdown inhibited the anti-inflammatory functions of
PARAIL
. Moreover,
PARAIL
knockdown increased cytosolic localization of ELAVL1 and increased the stability of ARE-containing inflammatory genes. Mouse orthologous
Parail
was downregulated in macrophages from mice with diabetes and atherosclerosis.
Parail
overexpression attenuated proinflammatory genes in mouse macrophages.

Conclusions:

Upregulation of
PARAIL
under acute inflammatory conditions contributes to proresolution mechanisms via
PARAIL
-ELAVL1 interactions. Conversely,
PARAIL
downregulation in cardiometabolic diseases enhances ELAVL1 function and impairs inflammation resolution to further augment inflammation. Thus, inflammation-resolving lncRNAs like
PARAIL
represent novel targets to combat inflammatory cardiometabolic diseases.
Mitochondrial Complex Abundance, Mitophagy Proteins, and Physical Performance in People With and Without Peripheral Artery Disease
Authors: Picca Anna , Wohlgemuth Stephanie E. , McDermott Mary M. , Saini Sunil K. , Dayanidhi Sudarshan , Zhang Dongxue , Xu Shujun , Kosmac Kate , Tian Lu , Ferrucci Luigi , Sufit Robert L. , Marzetti Emanuele , Leeuwenburgh Christiaan 
Published: April 2023

Background
Mitochondrial abnormalities exist in gastrocnemius muscle of people with peripheral artery disease (PAD). Whether abnormalities in mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy are associated with greater ischemia or walking impairment in PAD is unknown.

Methods and Results

Protein markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy and the abundance of mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes were quantified in gastrocnemius muscle biopsies from people with and without PAD. Their 6‐minute walk distance and 4‐m gait speed were measured. Sixty‐seven participants (mean age 65.0 years [±6.8], 16 [23.9%] women, 48 [71.6%] Black) were enrolled, including 15 with moderate to severe PAD (ankle brachial index [ABI] <0.60), 29 with mild PAD (ABI 0.60–0.90), and 23 without PAD (ABI 1.00–1.40). Abundance of all electron transport chain complexes was significantly higher in participants with lower ABI (eg, complex I: 0.66, 0.45, 0.48 arbitrary units [AU], respectively,
P
trend=0.043). Lower ABI values were associated with a higher LC3A/B II‐to‐LC3A/B I (microtubule‐associated protein 1A/1B‐light chain 3) ratio (2.54, 2.31, 2.15 AU, respectively,
P
trend=0.017) and reduced abundance of the autophagy receptor p62 (0.71, 0.69, 0.80 AU, respectively,
P
trend=0.033). The abundance of each electron transport chain complex was positively and significantly associated with 6‐minute walk distance and 4‐m gait speed at usual and fast pace only among participants without PAD (eg, complex I:
r
=0.541,
P
=0.008;
r
=0.477,
P
=0.021;
r
=0.628,
P
=0.001, respectively).

Conclusions
These results suggest that accumulation of electron transport chain complexes in gastrocnemius muscle of people with PAD may be because of impaired mitophagy in the setting of ischemia. Findings are descriptive, and further study in larger sample sizes is needed.
Novel Measures of Arterial Hemodynamics and Wave Reflections Associated With Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure
Authors: Steinberg Rebecca S. , Udeshi Eisha , Dickert Neal , Quyyumi Arshed , Chirinos Julio A. , Morris Alanna A. 
Published: April 2023

Background
Arterial stiffness and earlier wave reflections can increase afterload and impair cardiovascular function. Most prior studies have been performed in patients with preserved left ventricular function. We describe novel measures of pulsatile arterial hemodynamics and their association with clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

Methods and Results

Participants with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (n=137, median age 56 years, 49% women, 58% Black) and age‐matched healthy controls (n=124) underwent measurements of large artery stiffness and pulsatile arterial hemodynamics. Carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity and augmentation index were assessed using radial applanation tonometry. Pressure‐flow analyses derived reflected wave transit time, the systolic pressure–time integral imposed by proximal aortic characteristic impedance, and the pressure–time integral from wave reflection (wasted pressure effort). Cox proportional hazards models defined associations between hemodynamic measures and (1) all‐cause death and (2) a combined end point of left ventricular assist device implant, heart transplant, and death, at 2 years adjusted for race, BNP (B‐type natriuretic peptide), and the Meta‐Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure Risk Score. Compared with controls, participants with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction exhibited similar carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (6.8±1.6 versus 7.0±1.6 m/s,
P
=0.40) but higher augmentation index normalized to a heart rate of 75 bpm (13±2% versus 22±2%,
P
<0.001). Shorter reflected wave transit time (ie, earlier wave reflection arrival to the proximal aorta) was associated with an increased risk of death (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.67 [95% CI 1.03–1.63]) and the combined end point of death/left ventricular assist device/heart transplant (aHR, 1.61 [95% CI, 1.06–2.44]) at 2 years. Wasted pressure effort/proximal aortic characteristic impedance, representing the proportion of systolic load from wave reflection versus aortic root characteristic impedance, was univariately associated with death (hazard ratio (HR), 1.44 [95% CI, 1.05–1.97]) and with death/left ventricular assist device/heart transplant on univariate (HR, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.07–1.88]) and multivariable (aHR, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.02–1.93]) analysis.

Conclusions
Increased left ventricular systolic load from premature wave reflections is associated with adverse clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
Maritime Dispute Settlement in Southeast Asia: Bargaining under the Shadow of the LOSC
Authors: Malaya J. Eduardo 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) has influenced the thinking and negotiating practices of States in Southeast Asia, providing them more common ground and at times bones of contention. Overcoming their traditional reluctance, Southeast Asian countries have become more open to the dispute settlement provisions under Part XV of the LOSC. The rulings in the arbitral and judicial cases from the region and elsewhere have provided ample guidance to States in their dealings with and among each other. Nonetheless, the management and resolution of the long-standing competing maritime claims in the South China Sea have thus far eluded them. Negotiations on a proposed code of conduct have gone on for years and remain a work in progress.