bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutrition and Resistance to Infection
Authors: Guggenheim K. , Buechler Edith 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The influence of various forms of nutritional deficiency on the bactericidal and phagocytic properties of the peritoneal fluid has been studied in rats following an injection of Salmonella typhi murium. Deficiency of either thiamin, riboflavin or vitamin A leads to a lowering of the bactericidal power. The deficient rat organism, deprived of humoral antibodies, counters the bacterial invasion by mobilising its phagocytic apparatus. Prolonged moderate or sudden severe restriction of food intake leads to a lowering of bactericidal power and to an increase of the phagocytic activity. The reduction of bactericidal power of peritoneal fluid in rats restricted as to food intake is due largely to caloric deficiency. Protein restriction exerts a similar but less marked effect. Protein supplementation of a low-calorie diet does not alleviate the deleterious effect of caloric deficiency. It is concluded that diminished resistance to Salmonella infection in rats kept on diets deficient either in vitamins, calories or protein is due to impairment of the humoral antibody response rather than to a diminution of phagocytic activity.
The Virus of Ilhéus Encephalitis
Authors: Koprowski Hilary , Hughes Thomas P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The virus of Ilhéus encephalitis is comparatively stable at room temperature. Its stability is increased by the addition of serum to diluents in which it is suspended. Its thermal death-point lies between 60 and 65 C. It passes with only a slight loss in titer through Seitz and Berkefeld “W” filters.
White mice become infected following the introduction of virus by intracerebral, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intracutaneous injection, or by the introduction of virus by mouth. The infectability of mice by extraneural injection decreases with increasing age of the mouse. Encephalitis develops regardless of route of infection. Among the primates tested marmosets circulated virus for the longest period of time; among the rodents and marsupials metachirus had the longest period of circulation. Virus persists in the brain tissue of canaries following intracerebral injection but disappears rapidly from the blood stream. The susceptibility of canaries is greater than that of chickens or pigeons. Vampire bats and house bats were relatively insusceptible.
This virus can be cultivated with ease in tissue culture or in developing chick embryo.
A Study of the Reliability of Complement Fixation As a Method of Measuring the Activities of Sera of High, Medium, and Low Antibody Titer
Authors: Rice Christine E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The relationships between complement-fixing capacity, combining activity with homologous type-specific carbohydrate, and precipitative antibody-nitrogen content have been studied for antipneumococcus rabbit sera of high, medium, and low titer. Methods of estimating antibody-nitrogen values from complement-fixation titers have been developed in which these numerical relationships are applied.
As a means of defining the complement-fixing capacity of a standard quantity of antipneumococcus rabbit serum, with antigen, the expression , which represents the total fixation corrected for change in the hemolytic activity of complement during incubation, was judged on the basis of its closer relationship to W0.05, the maximally reactive dose of antigen, to be more accurate than either [(S + A)′ - 1], the total fixation stated in “arbitrary” units, or , the total fixation corrected for differences in the anticomplementary activity of 0.05 ml of serum.
Immunochemical Studies with Tagged Proteins
Authors: Libby Raymond L. , Madison Caroline R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
TMV tagged with radioactive phosphorus was injected into mice and the radioactivity found in the liver and spleen and the amount excreted in the feces and urine were followed for a period of 31 days. At 24 hours 63 per cent of the initial radioactivity injected was found in the liver, 3 per cent in the spleen and 3 per cent had been eliminated in the feces and urine. By the fourteenth day 96 per cent of the 24-hour activity in the liver and 93 per cent of the 24-hour activity in the spleen had been lost. After the fourteenth day the activity in the liver and spleen decreased at a rate that closely approximates the rate of excretion of radioactivity. It is probable that the radioactivity remaining after the fourteenth day is due almost entirely to the incorporation of P32 into naturally occurring phosphorus-compounds in the body of the mouse. The maximal “half-life” of the injected TMV is calculated to be approximately two days. The “half-life” of the antibody-molecule approximates a value of 6 to 7 days. The apparent coincidence in the time between the breakdown of the TMV and the regular decrease in the amount of circulating antibody can be interpreted to indicate that antigen must be present to stimulate the formation of antibody.
The Virus of Ilhéus Encephalitis
Authors: Laemmert Hugo W. , Hughes Thomas P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A new neurotropic virus has been isolated from wild-caught mosquitoes captured in the vicinity of Ilhéus, in the State of Baía, Brazil. This virus is lethal for mice. It causes immunization, so far without any sign of illness, in man. It is transmitted by mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti, Aedes serratus and Psorophora ferox. It is serologically specific.
Purification and Characters of the Newcastle Disease Virus (California Strain)
Authors: Cunha Raymundo , Weil M. L. , Beard Dorothy , Taylor A. R. , Sharp D. G. , Beard J. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A California strain of the virus of Newcastle disease of fowls, cultured in embryonated eggs, has been concentrated by ultracentrifugation of the virus-infected chorio-allantoic fluid. Electron micrographs of the concentrates revealed particles of a variety of sizes and shapes ranging from a graceful sperm-like form with headpiece and long, slender tail to stocky forms with relatively broad, short tails and to ovoid shapes without tails. With these particles there was associated the biological behavior of the virus,—hemagglutinative activity and infectivity. Sedimentation diagrams revealed two very diffuse boundaries with sedimentation rates of approximately S = 1800 and S = 1200. Physical criteria were not applicable to estimation of the purity of the concentrates, but it was judged, chiefly on the basis of the electron micrographs, that a large portion of the material represented virus. It is likely that the virus particle is essentially sperm-shaped, varying probably in the length and width of the head and possibly in the length of the tail.
Chemically the virus is a complex of protein, about 67 per cent, lipid, about 27 per cent, and a relatively small amount of nucleic acid, some, at least, of which is of the desoxypentose type. The yield of virus varied from 10.9 to 6.4 mg per 100 ml of chorio-allantoic fluid. Hemagglutinative activity appeared to be proportional to virus content. The infectivity of the purified material was such that 10−13.72 gm of virus constituted the 50-per-cent-point unit of infectivity for chick embryos.
Complement and Opsonic Activities of Fresh Human Sera
Authors: Ecker E. E. , Lopez-Castro G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Previous work from this laboratory (1) confirmed earlier observations that there is a thermolabile anti-staphylococcus opsonin in fresh guinea pig serum which operates as a function of its concentration; and that an inactivated antistaphylococcal rabbit serum also behaves as an opsonin. The latter gives a zone effect. It was also noted that there is practically no spontaneous phagocytosis of staphylococci by human leucocytes in the absence of an opsonic agent. In a second paper of the same series dealing with the opsonic power of different mammalian sera (2), the opsonic power of each serum was evaluated with respect to its over-all complement titer, and the conclusion was drawn that “no relationship exists between the hemolytic complementary and opsonic powers of the guinea pig, human, monkey (rhesus), dog, cat and sheep sera toward staphylococci.”
The Effect of Heat upon Antihemocyanin
Authors: Follensby Edna M. , Hooker Sanford B. , Leach Elizabeth T. , Derow Margaret C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In 1899 Bordet reported (7) some effects of heat upon antibody. His, and some subsequent early studies (33) indicated that brief exposure to moderate heat—56 to 85 C—made immune sera apparently nonreactive and that antibodies for different antigens can have different thermal labilities (5, 8, 30); heated immune serum that no longer visibly reacts can still combine with its antigen (13, 34). Orcutt (42) and Felix and Olitzki (16) confirmed previously reported differences in the thermal lability of (O and H) agglutinins. Later observations on the denaturation of antibody by heat and other agents have been considered by Marrack (38), Hartley (21), and Arkwright (1).
Banzhaf (3) partially purified and concentrated diphtheric antitoxin by heating it at 57 C for 12 to 15 hours and subsequently separating the globulins with ammonium sulphate. After the antitoxic serum had been heated the amount of protein precipitated as euglobulin was increased and the amount as pseudoglobulin was decreased with only a small loss of antitoxin.
Size and Morphology of the Elementary Bodies of the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Group of Viruses
Authors: Kurotchkin T. J. , Libby R. L. , Gagnon E. , Cox Herald R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Several investigators (1–7) have shown that the growth of the pathogenic agents of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group of viruses in the yolk-sac of embryonated hens' eggs is associated with the formation of minute, round structures known as elementary bodies. The accumulated evidence indicates that these minute bodies represent the viral particles themselves. In addition to the elementary bodies, larger structures measuring about one micron in diameter and possessing the same tinctorial properties as those of the elementary bodies frequently are seen in stained smears of infected yolk-sacs. It has been suggested that these larger structures represent developmental forms in the life-cycle of the elementary bodies (7, 8).
Since elementary bodies are only a fraction of a micron in their dimensions, it is difficult to ascertain any definite details of their morphology with the highest magnifications obtainable with the ordinary microscope.
The Appearance of Sheep Cell Lysins and Human a Cell Agglutinins in a Rabbit Immunized with a Partially Purified Blood Group A-Specific Substance from Hog Gastric Mucin
Authors: Brown David H. , Bennett Edward L. , Niemann Carl 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antigenic power in rabbits of a partially purified A-substance from hog gastric mucin has been observed in one instance. No added protein component was present in the antigen used. This observation suggests that some of the substances present with the A-specific amino acid-polysaccharide complex in mucin confer antigenic properties upon it, just as the conjugated protein component of the somatic antigen of Bact. dysenteriae (Shiga) has been observed to do.
The presence in the partially purified A-substance from hog gastric mucin of one or more substances which are antigenically similar to the Forssman antigen of sheep erythrocytes is indicated by the production of sheep cell lysins when rabbits are immunized with the A-substance. This observation establishes another point of similarity of the A-substances derived from hog mucin and from some human ovarian cyst fluids, of the human agglutinogen A, and of some component of sheep erythrocytes.
Factors Influencing the Red Cell Agglutination-Inhibitive Reaction in Influenza and Their Application to the Diagnostic Test
Authors: Whitman Loring 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study of the technic of influenza agglutination-inhibitive tests is reported. The effects of variations in the concentrations of test cells on virus titer and inhibition titer have been studied. A comparison between the results obtained with human 0 cells and chick cells has been made. The results of these experiments are discussed with reference to the future standardization of the agglutination-inhibitive test.
The Effect of Temperature and of Serum on the Detoxification of Staphylococcal Toxin by Interfacial Adsorption
Authors: Johlin J. M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The behavior of staphylococcal toxin under the influence of interfacial adsorption, when it is emulsified at room temperature with a gas or with a relatively inert organic liquid, was described in a previous publication (1).
The object of the present investigation was to determine the effect of temperature and of serum protein on the detoxification of this toxin2 by interfacial adsorption at a solution-air interface and at the interface which is formed when the toxin is emulsified with chloroform. The technic which was previously employed was modified by observing a strict temperature control during the process of emulsification and by the addition of rabbit serum prior to this treatment. The different samples of toxin were kept in an emulsified state by continuous shaking in a shaking machine for 24 hours at each of the following temperatures: 2, 14, 20, 25, and 35 C.
The Neutralization of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus by Human Convalescent Serum. The Influence of Heat Labile Substances in Serum on the Neutralization Index
Authors: Whitman Loring 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence is presented to show that a heat labile accessory substance which augments the activity of neutralizing antibodies to Western equine encephalomyelitis virus is present in normal serum. This substance loses most of its activity when diluted 1:10. Its possible relationship to complement and its bearing on diagnostic neutralization tests are discussed.
Studies on Tularemia
Authors: Downs Cora M. , Coriell Lewis L. , Eigelsbach Henry T. , Plitt Karl F. , Pinchot Gifford B. , Owen Barbara J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Vaccines were prepared from Bacterium tularense cultivated on embryonated eggs, peptone broth, gelatine hydrolysate medium and on glucose cysteine blood agar. A vaccine prepared by the acetone extraction of peptone broth cultures of Bact. tularense contained the essential immunizing antigen. No differences in immunogenic properties could be detected between virulent strains or between virulent strains from different sources. The age of the culture used in the preparation of the vaccines did not affect the immunizing properties. The agglutinin response of the white rat to vaccination is described. Parenteral vaccination protected rats against infection by the intranasal route. Rats, after recovery from infection, resisted inoculation with 100,000 to 1,000,000 LD50 of virulent Bact. tularense by the intraäbdominal route. Vaccines stored at refrigerator temperatures were fairly stable over a period of 8 months. The acetone-extracted vaccine resisted heating to 100 C. Preliminary fractionation studies indicated that the essential immunizing antigen was a protein.
Studies on Tularemia
Authors: Coriell Lewis L. , Downs Cora M. , Clapp Mary P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Swiss mice were protected against tularemia by a number of vaccines, although the degree of immunity was slight and could not be increased appreciably by repeated vaccination. A high percentage of vaccinated animals which survived challenge continued to harbor virulent organisms for several weeks. Convalescent mice were not significantly more immune to rechallenge than were vaccinated mice.
Chemical Detoxification of Flexner Dysentery Antigen
Authors: Barnes Frederick W. , Dewey Marguerite , Henry Sarah S. , Lupfer Hope 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Various developments leading to a method for producing 90 per cent net reduction in toxicity of Flexner dysentery antigen are outlined. The work was part of a long-term project which had for its goal the production of a useful vaccine against Flexner dysentery infection. Further details will appear in later papers.
Studies on the Growth of Murine Encephalomyelitis Viruses in Fertile Eggs
Authors: Riordan John T. , Sá-Fleitas M. José 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Theiler's virus of mouse encephalomyelitis, FA strain, was cultivated through ten generations in the developing chick embryo by the chorio-allantoic route of inoculation. Successful propagation was also obtained by inoculation into the yolk-sac and into the allantoic cavity. The virus was present throughout the egg with the highest concentration being found in the embryo, after twelve to fourteen days incubation at 35 C., following inoculation of 6–7 day old eggs. The ID50 titers of embryo suspensions ranged between 10−5.0 and 10−5.4 and no changes in the symptomatology of infection by this virus in mice were observed following these egg passages.
Theiler's TO strain of mouse encephalomyelitis was also passed through four generations in the developing chick embryo following inoculation by the chorio-allantoic route. Virus was found to be present in the chorio-allantoic membrane and embryo and the maximal titer appeared to be found after twelve days incubation at 35 C. The ID50 titer of the embryo suspension after four egg passages was found to be 10−3.0. Successive passages in the chick embryo did not cause any apparent alteration in the symptomatology produced by this virus in mice.
Efforts to cultivate in fertile eggs the Lansing, Y-SK and Ph strains of mouse-adapted poliomyelitis virus, two strains of poliomyelitis virus derived from monkey spinal cord and one strain of poliomyelitis virus derived from human spinal cord, were unsuccessful.
Resistance Induced by Vaccinia Virus to Pertussis Infection in Mice
Authors: Dalldorf Gilbert , Cohen Sophia M. , Coffey Julia M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice were protected against infection following intracerebral inoculation of H. pertussis by a prior intracerebral injection of a suitable dose of commercial smallpox vaccine, or of a testicular or a neurotropic strain of vaccinia virus.
Evidence was obtained that smallpox vaccine interferes with the development of fatal vaccinial infection in mice induced by a neurotropic strain.
In Vitro Effect of Penicillin Upon Toxins of Clostridium Welchii, Type A
Authors: Schneierson S. Stanley 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The studies embodied in this paper demonstrate the failure of penicillin to inactivate or neutralize in vitro the hemotoxin, lecithinase, necrotoxin or lethal toxin of Clostridium welchii, type A filtrate.
The Inactivation of Equine Encephalitis Virus by Mechanical Agitation
Authors: McLimans William F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Eastern and western strains of equine encephalitis virus are rapidly inactivated in acidic saline suspensions when such suspensions are agitated. The agitation may be produced by bubbling various gases through the suspensions or by mechanical shaking. By either method the rate of destruction of the virus infectivity appears to be nearly equivalent.
The H ion concentration of the viral suspension is the basic factor which influences the degree of susceptibility of the virus to bubbling or shaking. pH 6.4 appears to be the critical H ion concentration. Above this the virus is quite resistant, while at lower H ion concentrations it is readily susceptible to agitation inactivation.
The Serology of the Coli Group
Authors: Kauffmann F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The serological investigations of the O, K and H antigens of the coli group have led to the establishment of a diagnostic antigenic schema by means of which the coli strains can be classified in O groups and types. Besides the O and H antigens, the K antigens (either envelope or capsular antigens) play a very important rôle. The K antigens include thermolabile antigens (L and B antigens) as well as thermostable antigens (A antigens). While the L and B antigens mostly are envelope antigens (corresponding to the Vi antigen), the A antigens appear mostly as visible capsules (corresponding to the pneumococcus capsule). Thus the term “K antigens” is a symbol for a group of different antigens, including envelope antigens and capsular antigens. A few O groups are particularly frequent, and this applies also to certain types within these groups. A very high percentage of the strains belonging to these O groups and types are O-inagglutinable—on account of the K antigens. The O group distribution differs in normal and pathologic materials. Therefore, also the type distribution must differ, but the present material is not sufficiently large to establish the percental distribution. Strains containing K antigens are more toxic than strains without K antigens—and particularly toxic when the strains are isolated from pathologic material. The toxicity is a constant and characteristic type quality, differing in the individual types of an O group. Hemolytic and necrotizing strains are particularly frequent in O groups 2, 4 and 6. O inagglutinability of these groups is due to L antigens, that of groups 8 and 9 usually to A antigens. There is a connection between the type of a strain, its origin, O inagglutinability, hemolytic power, necrotizing capacity and toxicity. Strains with K antigens are particularly resistant to the defensive forces of the organism and to bacteriophages. It is suggested as a working hypothesis, that there are certain serological coli types which possess a particular pathogenicity and play an important rôle in appendicitis, peritonitis, cystitis, pyelitis and other diseases. In the coli group, cultural tests play but a minor rôle, so that the type division has to rest on a serological basis. The prevailing classification of the coli strains, based on cultural criteria (especially fermentation tests) should therefore be abandoned.
The Estimation of Specific Antigen in Strains of Hemophilus Pertussis
Authors: Smolens J. , McLaren C. S. , McAleer D. S. , Flavell E. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method is presented which permits estimation of the amount of specific antigen in any given strain of Hemophilus pertussis. Various strains of H. pertussis in phase I, whether freshly isolated or old laboratory strains differ within wide limits in their content of specific antigen. The method has been used for the preliminary selection of strains of superior antigenicity for H. pertussis vaccine.
Responses of Human Subjects to Vaccines in Saline-in-Mineral Oil Emulsion
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Felton Harriet M. , Smolens Joseph 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three groups of adult donors were inoculated with Hemophilis pertussis bacterial vaccine of exceptional antigenicity. One group of 5 donors received 3 injections of saline vaccine totalling 75 billion cells. The other groups of 5 donors each received, respectively, 30 billion and 75 billion cells emulsified in Falba and mineral oil. All 3 groups developed approximately maximal antibody responses.
Seven of the 10 subjects injected with the emulsified vaccine retained palpable nodules at the injection sites for 6 to 12 months. In several instances these nodules became tender and increased in size periodically. In 6 of the 10 subjects the abscesses ruptured spontaneously or required incision. No bacteria were cultivated from the pus evacuated. Reinjection of vaccine or even of a skin test dose of agglutinogen caused rapid but evanescent focal inflammation at the sites of the persistent nodules.
These focal reactions about the depôts of H. pertussis bacterial vaccine are interpreted as instances of bacterial hypersensitivity, coexistent with hypersensitivity of the Arthus type which is believed to be the basis of the pertussis skin-test.
The use in human subjects of pertussis vaccine emulsified in oil in the present dosage is obviously impracticable.