bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chief Justice Selection Rules and Judicial Ideology
Authors: Wilhelm Teena , Vining Richard L. , Hughes David 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe examine how institutional selection procedures affect the ideology of state supreme court chief justices. We argue that institutional selection methods empower those charged with choosing chief justices to select court leaders who reflect their own preferences, and we test this theory using data from all 50 American states from 1970 to 2017. Our results show that states that use popular elections to select chief justices tend to produce court leaders whose preferences reflect the electorate, and states that use commission-assisted elite appointment tend to produce chief justices whose preferences mirror those of political elites. While we find that peer election systems produce leaders with preferences similar to median court preferences, court preferences are also associated with other methods of chief justice selection.
Remote Sensing Small Explosives With an Ionospheric Radar
Authors: Obenberger K. S. , Dugick F. K. Dannemann , Bowman D. C. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractEarth's ionosphere has long been targeted as a medium for remote sensing of explosive terrestrial events such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and nuclear/conventional weapon detonations. Until now, the only confirmed ionospheric detections have been of very large events that were easily detectable through other traditional global sensor systems (e.g., seismic). We present the first clear, confirmed detections of relatively low yield 1‐ton TNT‐equivalent chemical explosions using pulsed Doppler radar observations of isodensity layers in the ionospheric E region. The shape and spectra of the detected waveforms closely match predictions from the acoustic ray tracing and weakly nonlinear waveform propagation models. The explosions were roughly three orders of magnitude lower yield than any previous confirmed ionospheric detection and represent the first conclusive evidence that explosions of this size can have clear impacts on the ionosphere. This technique could improve the remote detection of both anthropogenic and natural explosive events.
How Fast or How Many? Sources of Intermittent Sediment Transport
Authors: Benavides Santiago J. , Deal Eric , Venditti Jeremy G. , Bradley Ryan , Zhang Qiong , Kamrin Ken , Perron J. Taylor 
Published: May 2023

AbstractNear the threshold of grain motion, sediment transport is “on‐off” intermittent, characterized by large but rare bursts separated by long periods of low transport. Without models that can account for the effects of intermittency, measurements of average sediment flux can be in error by up to an order of magnitude. Despite its known presence and impact, it is not clear whether on‐off intermittency arises from the grain activity (the number of moving grains) or grain velocities, which together determine the sediment flux. We use laboratory flume experiments to show that the on‐off intermittency has its origins in the velocity distributions of grains that move by rolling along the bed, whereas grain activity is not on‐off intermittent. Incorporating the types of intermittency we identify into stochastic models of sediment transport could yield improved predictions of sediment flux, including physically based estimates of the uncertainty in time‐averaged sediment flux.
Seismic Constraints on Damage Growth Within an Unstable Hanging Glacier
Authors: Chmiel Małgorzata , Walter Fabian , Pralong Antoine , Preiswerk Lukas , Funk Martin , Meier Lorenz , Brenguier Florent 
Published: May 2023

AbstractForecasting hanging glacier instabilities remain challenging as sensing technology focusing on the ice surface fails to detect englacial damage leading to large‐scale failure. Here, we combine icequake cluster analysis with coda wave interferometry constraining damage growth on Switzerland's Eiger hanging glacier before a 15,000 m3 break‐off event. The method focuses on icequake migration within clusters rather than previously proposed “event counting.” Results show that one cluster originated from the glacier front and migrated by 13.9(±1.2) m within 5 weeks before the break‐off event. The corresponding crevasse extension separates unstable and stable ice masses. We use the measured source displacement for damage parametrization and find a 90% agreement between an analytical model based on damage mechanics and frontal flow velocities measured with an interferometric radar. Our analysis provides observational constraints for damage growth, which to date is primarily a theoretical concept for modeling englacial fractures.
A Thermodynamic Nonequilibrium Model for Preferential Infiltration and Refreezing of Melt in Snow
Authors: Moure Adrian , Jones Nathan , Pawlak Joshua , Meyer Colin , Fu Xiaojing 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe transport of meltwater through porous snow is a fundamental process in hydrology that remains poorly understood but essential for more robust predictions of how the cryosphere will respond under climate change. Here, we propose a continuum model that resolves the nonlinear coupling of preferential melt flow and the nonequilibrium thermodynamics of ice‐melt phase change at the Darcy scale. We assume that the commonly observed unstable melt infiltration is due to the gravity fingering instability and capture it using the modified Richards equation, which is extended with a higher‐order term in saturation. Our model accounts for changes in porosity and the thermal budget of the snowpack caused by melt refreezing at the continuum scale, based on a mechanistic estimate of the ice‐water phase change kinetics formulated at the pore scale. We validate the model in 1D against field data and laboratory experiments of infiltration in snow and find generally good agreement. Compared to existing theory of stable melt infiltration, our 2D simulation results show that preferential infiltration delivers melt faster to deeper depths, and as a result, changes in porosity and temperature can occur at deeper parts of the snow. The simulations also capture the formation of vertical low porosity annulus known as ice pipes, which have been observed in the field but lack mechanistic understanding to date. Our results demonstrate how melt refreezing and unstable infiltration reshape the porosity structure of snow and impacts thermal and mass transport in highly nonlinear ways that are not captured by simpler models.
School achievement in adolescence and the risk of mental disorders in early adulthood: a Finnish nationwide register study
Authors: Weckström Tarja , Elovainio Marko , Pulkki-Råback Laura , Suokas Kimmo , Komulainen Kaisla , Mullola Sari , Böckerman Petri , Hakulinen Christian 
Published: May 2023

AbstractSchool grades in adolescence have been linked to later psychiatric outcomes, but large-scale nationwide studies across the spectrum of mental disorders are scarce. In the present study, we examined the risk of a wide array of mental disorders in adulthood, as well as the risk of comorbidity, associated with school achievement in adolescence. We used population-based cohort data comprising all individuals born in Finland over the period 1980–2000 (N = 1,070,880) who were followed from age 15 or 16 until a diagnosis of mental disorder, emigration, death, or December 2017, whichever came first. Final grade average from comprehensive school was the exposure, and the first diagnosed mental disorder in a secondary healthcare setting was the outcome. The risks were assessed with Cox proportional hazards models, stratified Cox proportional hazard models within strata of full-siblings, and multinomial regression models. The cumulative incidence of mental disorders was estimated using competing risks regression. Better school achievement was associated with a smaller risk of all subsequent mental disorders and comorbidity, except for eating disorders, where better school achievement was associated with a higher risk. The largest associations were observed between school achievement and substance use disorders. Overall, individuals with school achievement more than two standard deviations below average had an absolute risk of 39.6% of a later mental disorder diagnosis. By contrast, for individuals with school achievement more than two standard deviations above average, the absolute risk of a later mental disorder diagnosis was 15.7%. The results show that the largest mental health burden accumulates among those with the poorest school achievement in adolescence.
Expanding the phenotypic spectrum of NAA10-related neurodevelopmental syndrome and NAA15-related neurodevelopmental syndrome
Authors: Lyon Gholson J. , Vedaie Marall , Beisheim Travis , Park Agnes , Marchi Elaine , Gottlieb Leah , Hsieh Tzung-Chien , Klinkhammer Hannah , Sandomirsky Katherine , Cheng Hanyin , Starr Lois J. , Preddy Isabelle , Tseng Marcellus , Li Quan , Hu Yu , Wang Kai , Carvalho Ana , Martinez Francisco , Caro-Llopis Alfonso , Gavin Maureen , Amble Karen , Krawitz Peter , Marmorstein Ronen , Herr-Israel Ellen 
Published: May 2023

AbstractAmino-terminal (Nt-) acetylation (NTA) is a common protein modification, affecting 80% of cytosolic proteins in humans. The human essential gene, NAA10, encodes for the enzyme NAA10, which is the catalytic subunit in the N-terminal acetyltransferase A (NatA) complex, also including the accessory protein, NAA15. The full spectrum of human genetic variation in this pathway is currently unknown. Here we reveal the genetic landscape of variation in NAA10 and NAA15 in humans. Through a genotype-first approach, one clinician interviewed the parents of 56 individuals with NAA10 variants and 19 individuals with NAA15 variants, which were added to all known cases (N = 106 for NAA10 and N = 66 for NAA15). Although there is clinical overlap between the two syndromes, functional assessment demonstrates that the overall level of functioning for the probands with NAA10 variants is significantly lower than the probands with NAA15 variants. The phenotypic spectrum includes variable levels of intellectual disability, delayed milestones, autism spectrum disorder, craniofacial dysmorphology, cardiac anomalies, seizures, and visual abnormalities (including cortical visual impairment and microphthalmia). One female with the p.Arg83Cys variant and one female with an NAA15 frameshift variant both have microphthalmia. The frameshift variants located toward the C-terminal end of NAA10 have much less impact on overall functioning, whereas the females with the p.Arg83Cys missense in NAA10 have substantial impairment. The overall data are consistent with a phenotypic spectrum for these alleles, involving multiple organ systems, thus revealing the widespread effect of alterations of the NTA pathway in humans.
Average paraxial power of a lens and visual acuity
Authors: Kaye Stephen B. , Surti Jamila , Wolffsohn James S. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractTo provide a solution for average paraxial lens power (ApP) of a lens. Orthogonal and oblique sections through a lens of power $$F$$
F
were reduced to a paraxial representation of lens power followed by integration. Visual acuity was measured using lenses of different powers (cylinders of − 1.0 and − 2.0D) and axes, mean spherical equivalent (MSE) of S + C/2, ApP and a toric correction, with the order of correction randomised. A digital screen at 6 m was used on which a Landolt C with crowding bars was displayed for 0.3 s before vanishing. The general equation for a symmetrical lens of refractive index (n), radius of curvature R, in medium of refractive index n1, through orthogonal ($$\theta$$
θ
) and oblique meridians ($$\gamma$$
γ
) as a function of the angle of incidence ($$\alpha$$
α
) reduces for paraxial rays ($$\alpha \sim 0$$

α
∼
0

) to $$F_{n,R} \left( {\alpha ,\theta ,\gamma } \right)\left. \right|_{\alpha \sim 0} = \frac{{n - n_{1} }}{R}\cos^{2} \theta \cos^{2} \gamma$$

F

n
,
R

α
,
θ
,
γ

α
∼
0

=

n
-

n
1

R

cos
2

θ

cos
2

γ

. The average of this function is $$F_{n,R} \left( {\alpha ,\theta ,\gamma } \right)\left. \right|_{\alpha \sim 0} = \frac{{n - n_{1} }}{4R} $$

F

n
,
R

α
,
θ
,
γ

α
∼
0

=

n
-

n
1

4
R

providing a solution of $$\frac{F}{4}$$

F
4

for ApP.For central (p = 0.04), but not peripheral (p = 0.17) viewing, correction with ApP was associated with better visual acuity than a MSE across all tested refractive errors (p = 0.04). These findings suggest that $$\frac{F}{4}$$

F
4

may be a more inclusive representation of the average paraxial power of a cylindrical lens than the MSE.
In-vehicle wireless driver breath alcohol detection system using a microheater integrated gas sensor based on Sn-doped CuO nanostructures
Authors: Ansari Hamid Reza , Kordrostami Zoheir , Mirzaei Ali 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn this paper, we have developed an in-vehicle wireless driver breath alcohol detection (IDBAD) system based on Sn-doped CuO nanostructures. When the proposed system detects the ethanol trace in the driver`s exhaled breath, it can alarm and then prevents the car to be started and also sends the location of the car to the mobile phone. The sensor used in this system is a two-sided micro-heater integrated resistive ethanol gas sensor fabricated based on Sn-doped CuO nanostructures. Pristine and Sn-doped CuO nanostructures were synthesized as the sensing materials. The micro-heater is calibrated to provide the desired temperature by applying voltage. The results showed that by Sn-doping in CuO nanostructures, the sensor performance can be significantly improved. The proposed gas sensor has a fast response, good repeatability along with good selectivity that makes it suitable for being used in practical applications such as the proposed system.
Metabolic profile of complete spinal cord injury in pons and cerebellum: A 3T 1H MRS study
Authors: Richter Johannes K. , Vallesi Vanessa , Zölch Niklaus , Chan Kimberly L. , Hunkeler Nadine , Abramovic Mihael , Hashagen Claus , Christiaanse Ernst , Shetty Ganesh , Verma Rajeev K. , Berger Markus F. , Frotzler Angela , Eisenlohr Heidrun , Eriks Hoogland Inge , Scheel-Sailer Anke , Wyss Patrik O. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe aim of this exploratory study was the assessment of the metabolic profiles of persons with complete spinal cord injury (SCI) in three region-of-interests (pons, cerebellar vermis, and cerebellar hemisphere), with magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and their correlations to clinical scores. Group differences and association between metabolic and clinical scores were examined. Fifteen people with chronic SCI (cSCI), five people with subacute SCI (sSCI) and fourteen healthy controls were included. Group comparison between cSCI and HC showed lower total N-acetyl-aspartate (tNAA) in the pons (p = 0.04) and higher glutathione (GSH) in the cerebellar vermis (p = 0.02). Choline levels in the cerebellar hemisphere were different between cSCI and HC (p = 0.02) and sSCI and HC (p = 0.02). A correlation was reported for choline containing compounds (tCho) to clinical scores in the pons (rho = − 0.55, p = 0.01). tNAA to total creatine (tNAA/tCr ratio) correlated to clinical scores in the cerebellar vermis (rho = 0.61, p = 0.004) and GSH correlated to the independence score in the cerebellar hemisphere (rho = 0.56, p = 0.01). The correlation of tNAA, tCr, tCho and GSH to clinical scores might be indicators on how well the CNS copes with the post-traumatic remodeling and might be further examined as outcome markers.
Investigation of the stent induced deformation on hemodynamic of internal carotid aneurysms by computational fluid dynamics
Authors: Salavatidezfouli Sajad , Alizadeh As’ad , Barzegar Gerdroodbary M. , Sabernaeemi Amir , Abazari Amir Musa , Sheidani Armin 
Published: May 2023

AbstractApplication of the stent for treatment of the internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms has been extensively increased in recent decades. In the present work, stent-induced deformations of the parent vessel of ICA aneurysms are fully investigated. This study tries to visualize blood stream and calculated hemodynamic factors inside the four ICA aneurysms after deformations of parent vessel. For the simulation of the non-Newtonian blood stream, computational fluid dynamic is applied with one-way Fluid–Solid interaction (FSI) approach. Four ICA aneurysms with different ostium sizes and neck vessel angle are selected for this investigation. Wall shear stress on wall of aneurysm is analyzed in two angles of deformation due to application of the stent. Blood flow investigation shows that the deformation of the aneurysm limited blood entrance to the sac region and this decreases the blood velocity and consequently oscillatory shear index (OSI) on the sac wall. It is also observed that the stent-induced deformation is more effective on those cases with extraordinary OSI values on aneurysm wall.
Metabolic-Related Index to Predict Post-Transplantation Diabetes
Mellitus After Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Xiaojie Ni , Bicheng Chen , Yongling Li , Tingting Huang , Yi Zhou , Chen Zimiao 
Published: May 2023

AbstractMetabolic-related markers are novel tools for assessing insulin resistance. Early
identification of post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) before
hyperglycemia can be helpful to attenuate the rapid development of diabetic
complications. This article aims to explore the convenient and inexpensive
values of metabolic-related markers, including TyG, TyG-BMI, TG/HDL-C,
and non-HDL-C/HDL-C for predicting PTDM. The data of 191 kidney
transplant recipients in our center were collected retrospectively. The
association between TyG, TyG-BMI, TG/HDL-C, non-HDL-C/HDL-C and
the risk of PTDM was examined by the area under the curve and logistic
regression analyses. During 6 months follow-up, 12.04% of KT recipients
developed PTDM, and significantly higher values of TyG-BMI, TyG, and
non-HDL-C/HDL-C was found in patients with PTDM than in nondiabetic
patients, especially among the recipients taking tacrolimus, regardless of
gender. The incidence of PTDM increased along with the values of TyG or TyG-BMI.
After adjusting for multiple potential factors, recipients with the highest
trisector of TyG or TyG-BMI still had a higher risk of PTDM morbidity. In
conclusion, TyG, TyG-BMI, TG/HDL-C and non-HDL-C/HDL-C can be
used as cost-effective and promising monitors to identify individuals at high
risk of PTDM, and TyG-BMI was the best alternative marker among the four
markers.
Robotik in der Leberchirurgie – Tipps und Tricks
Authors: Heinrich Stefan , Tschuor Christoph , Lang Hauke 
Published: May 2023

ZusammenfassungDie minimalinvasive Leberchirurgie hat nachgewiesene Vorteile gegenüber dem offenen Vorgehen. Insofern sollte die minimalinvasive Leberchirurgie auch in Deutschland breitere Anwendung
finden. Die minimalinvasive Leberchirurgie hat in den vergangenen Jahren eine signifikante Entwicklung durchlaufen, in deren Rahmen sich auch die robotische Technik zunehmend etabliert.
Aktuelle Analysen suggerieren geringere Blutverluste, Komplikationsraten und Krankenhausverweildauern im Vergleich zu offener und laparoskopischer Leberchirurgie. Im Gegensatz zur
laparoskopischen ist das Setting bei der robotischen Technik weitgehend unabhängig von der Art der Resektion. Trotz einiger theoretischer Vorteile sollten die robotische und laparoskopische
Leberchirurgie aktuell als gleichwertig erachtet werden. Allerdings deuten aktuelle Arbeiten auf Verbesserungen durch den Einsatz der Robotik hin, und das Entwicklungspotenzial der
robotischen Chirurgie mithilfe von Artificial Intelligence und Machine Learning erscheint deutlich größer. Die einzelnen Operationsschritte können weitgehend aus der offenen und
laparoskopischen Chirurgie übernommen werden. Für die Parenchymdissektion fehlt jedoch noch ein CUSA-System, sodass unterschiedliche Techniken und Hilfsmittel zum Einsatz kommen. Aufgrund
der technischen Unterschiede zur laparoskopischen Technik sollten vor der Etablierung eines robotischen Programms intensive Übungsphasen des gesamten Teams genutzt werden.
Determinants of Dual-task Gait Speed in Older Adults with and without
Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Ivaniski-Mello André , Müller Vivian Torres , de Liz Alves Lucas , Casal Marcela Zimmermann , Haas Aline Nogueira , Correale Luca , Kanitz Ana Carolina , Martins Valéria Feijó , Gonçalves Andréa Kruger , Martinez Flávia Gomes , Peyré-Tartaruga Leonardo Alexandre 
Published: May 2023

AbstractMobility difficulties for people with Parkinson’s disease (PwPD) are more
pronounced when they perform a simultaneous cognitive task while walking.
Although it is known that neurodegeneration results in widespread motor and
brain impairments, few studies have comprehensively examined possible physical
and mental determinants of dual task walking in PwPD. In this cross-sectional
study, we aimed to investigate if and how muscle strength (sit-to-stand 30-sec
test), cognition (mini-mental state examination) and functionality (timed up and
go test) affect walking performance (10-meter walking test) with and without
arithmetic dual task from older adults with and without Parkinson’s
disease. Walking speed was reduced by 16% and 11% with
arithmetic dual task for PwPD (from 1.07±0.28 to
0.91±0.29 m.s−1, p<0.001) and
older adults (from 1.32±0.28 to
1.16±0.26 m.s−1, p=0.002)
compared to essential walking. The cognitive state was similar among the groups,
but it was only associated with the dual-task walking speed in PwPD. In PwPD,
lower limb strength was the better predictor of speed, whereas mobility was more
related to it in older adults. Therefore, future exercise interventions aiming
to improve walking in PwPD should consider these findings to maximize their
effectiveness.
Cirrhosis and Sarcopenia
Authors: Jain Shivani , Parrotte Samantha , Anyanwu Chikamuche , Fairchild Alexandra H. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractSarcopenia is a progressive muscle wasting syndrome involving loss in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function. It is closely associated with cirrhosis and its complications with up to more than half of cirrhotic patients demonstrating imaging findings of sarcopenia. The pathogenesis of this syndrome remains complex, including multiple factors involved in skeletal muscle homeostasis, systemic inflammation, and energy dysregulation. Many modalities exist in assessing and measuring sarcopenia. The use of cross-sectional imaging, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, with accurate and clinically proven assessment software should be considered the gold standard. Sarcopenia has become the focus of ongoing extensive research with initial findings highlighting increased mortality and complication rates in patient with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Additional studies have demonstrated reversal and improved survival in sarcopenic patients who have undergone transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement. Thus, accounting for sarcopenia can help risk stratify patients prior to interventional procedures to allow for better outcomes and improved survival.