bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wolaytta
Authors: Wakasa Motomichi 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Wolaytta language, which belongs to the Omotic branch of the Afroasiatic phylum. Wolaytta is used for everyday conversation, schooling, and pop songs. Pitch is used distinctively when speaking Wolaytta as it is deemed as a word-accent language. Moreover, Wolaytta verbs and nominals are classified into groups: Accent Class I and Accent Class II. On the other hand, the orthography of Wolaytta is based on the Roman script. Most Wolaytta words consist of a lexical stem and a grammatical ending, as part of a specific inflectional paradigm or derivations. Based on these endings, words can be divided into two major classes: verbs and nominals. Common nouns inflect for concreteness, as well as gender, number, and case. For reporting utterances of others, Wolaytta prefers a mix of direct and indirect speech.
Dialectics That Sweep Away ‘COWDUNG’
Authors: Lala Kevin , Feldman Marc , Odling-Smee John 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Developmental geneticist Conrad Waddington and evolutionary biologist Richard Lewontin, two of the pioneers of niche construction theory, were explicit in regarding organisms as co-directing their own evolution. In The Ethical Animal (1960), Waddington anticipated features of contemporary cultural evolution theory, including the evolutionary significance of cultural norms. Lewontin was suspicious of evolutionary accounts of human behaviour, which he viewed as governed by political forces and power relations, and in The Dialectical Biologist (1985) stressed how scientific enquiry could be biased by politics. Here the authors suggest that Waddington’s emphasis on ethical considerations, and Lewontin’s admonitions concerning sociopolitical interpretation of biological research, remain relevant to the field of cultural evolution, and they review some related scientific controversies. The authors argue that human cultural activities not only construct evolutionary and cultural niches, but also scientific niches. This reasoning applies to both contemporary debates within the evolutionary human sciences and wider evolutionary theory, including niche construction theory itself.
The Battle of the Atlantic, 1939–1945
Authors: Milner Marc 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Battle of the Atlantic is a misnomer for the six-year long struggle over the movement of merchant shipping in the Atlantic Ocean. It was not a discrete battle in the conventional sense, but a series of campaigns initiated by the Germans to either defeat the Western Allies outright or impede the development of their military power and strategy. Only in the winter of 1940–1941, when Great Britain was essentially alone and isolated, could German efforts at sea have won the war through a blockade of Britain. However, they lacked the resources to do so. Thereafter, Germany focused on checking the growth of Allied military power, especially the potential for a Second Front, and relied increasingly on U-boats (submarines). Losses to Allied merchant shipping remained high until 1943, when increased numbers of Allied escorts and aircraft employing improved equipment, tactics, and naval intelligence combined to effectively check Germany’s submarine campaign.
Reintegrating Veterans and Demobilizing Populations
Authors: Douglas R. M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The process of reversing wartime mobilization efforts and returning uprooted civilian populations home was always going to be fraught with difficulty. The victorious Allies made it considerably more so by the decisions they took in the immediate postwar years. Learning lessons from the Great War, they did surmount the challenge of demobilization with reasonable success. Their choice in 1945 to replace one prisoner-of-war population with another, however, was ill-advised. Retaining Axis POWs behind barbed wire prolonged the disruption caused by the war and undermined the ideals for which it had been fought. A still more destructive initiative was the postwar experiment in mass population transfers in central Europe even as the Allies struggled to repatriate the victims of the Nazis’ vicious precedent in this regard—the so-called “displaced persons.” Forced postwar migrations gave rise to an immense man-made refugee crisis whose damaging effects remain visible to the present day.
Forging Alliances
Authors: Law Ricky W. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of the Axis alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan from its origins after World War I to its defeat in 1945. The rise of Hitler and Nazism played an indispensable role in the formation of the Axis. Nazi ideology nurtured affinity with Italian Fascists and Japanese militarists, while Nazi diplomacy departed from traditional German foreign policy. In 1936, Germany reached separate arrangements with Italy and Japan. Germany and Italy concluded the Pact of Steel in 1939. The next year, Japan joined the military alliance to create the Tripartite Pact. German battlefield successes drew Italy, Japan, and other countries closer to Germany. The Axis acquired common enemies in late 1941, but its member states focused on their own distinct campaigns rather than helping each other. What had made the Axis possible in peacetime, its members’ discrete territorial ambitions, turned out to be its greatest weakness in war.
Pearl Harbor and Japan Ascendant
Authors: Pash Sidney 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers two related topics: the events leading up to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the opening six months of World War II in Asia and the Pacific. For the better part of a generation, successive Japanese and American administrations had negotiated competing ambitions in China and often opposing interpretations of the Open Door policy. By the autumn of 1941, however, a decade of Japanese militarism and ultranationalism combined with the ongoing Sino–Japanese War and the growing spread of war in Europe, undermined U.S.–Japanese relations. With the onset of war in December 1941, the Japanese military proved all but unbeatable for the first six months, routing Allied forces in nearly every major engagement in Southeast Asia, including the Dutch East Indies, Singapore, and the Philippines, and in the Pacific at Guam and Wake Island.
The Air War and Conflict Termination in the Pacific
Authors: Crane Conrad C. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Airpower was an essential enabler for both General Douglas MacArthur’s assault through the Southwest Pacific to the Philippines and Admiral Chester Nimitz’s drive through the Central Pacific to Okinawa. As they got closer to the Japanese Home Islands, airmen began to focus on targets there, using the new long range B-29 bomber. Operations from China were disappointing, but eventually all the Superfortresses were concentrated in the Mariana Islands. From those bases, General Curtis LeMay launched a devastating fire bombing campaign against enemy cities, and the secretive 509th Composite Group dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. All these actions were key components in the series of blows that eventually produced Japanese surrender.
Retention, safety and efficacy of off-label conventional treatments and biologics for chronic calcium pyrophosphate crystal inflammatory arthritis
Authors: Damart Julien , Filippou Georgios , Andrès Mariano , Cipolletta Edoardo , Sirotti Silvia , Carboni Davide , Filippucci Emilio , Diez Pilar , Abhishek Abhishek , Latourte Augustin , Ea Hang-Korng , Ottaviani Sébastien , Letarouilly Jean-Guillaume , Desbarbieux Renaud , Graf Sahara , Norberciak Laurène , Richette Pascal , Pascart Tristan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Very little is known on the efficacy and safety of drugs for the management of chronic calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystal inflammatory arthritis. The objectives of this work were to describe the drugs used in the management of chronic CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis in expert European centres, and to examine treatment retention.

Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study. Charts from patients with a diagnosis of persistent inflammatory and/or recurrent acute CPP crystal arthritis were reviewed in seven European centres. Baseline characteristics were collected, and visits at months 3, 6, 12 and 24 included an assessment of treatment response and safety.

Results
One hundred and ninety-four treatments were initiated in 129 patients. Colchicine (used first-line in n = 73/86), methotrexate (used first-line in n = 14/36), anakinra (n = 27) and tocilizumab (n = 25) were the most prescribed treatments, while long-term corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine, canakinumab and sarilumab were used occasionally. The 24-month on-drug retention was higher for tocilizumab (40%) than anakinra (18.5%) (P &lt; 0.05), while the difference between colchicine (29.1%) and methotrexate (44.4%) was not statistically significant (P = 0.10). Adverse events led to 14.1% of colchicine discontinuations (100% of diarrhoea), 4.3% for methotrexate, 31.8% for anakinra and 20% for tocilizumab; all other discontinuations were related to insufficient response or losses to follow-up. Efficacy outcomes did not differ significantly between treatments throughout follow-up.

Conclusion
Daily colchicine is the first-line therapy used in chronic CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis, which is considered efficient in a third to half of cases. Second-line treatments include methotrexate and tocilizumab, which have higher retention than anakinra.
A Booklet on the Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment of Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis
Authors: Salomé Geraldo Magela 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
Printed materials have been used as educational resources to assist healthcare professionals in evidence-based clinical practice by providing guidelines for treatment, prevention, and self-care. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a booklet on the risk assessment, prevention, and treatment of incontinence-associated dermatitis.

METHODS
This was a descriptive, analytic, and quantitative study. The booklet was developed in six steps: situational diagnosis, development of the research question, integrative review of the literature, synthesis of knowledge, structuring and design, and validation of the content. An expert panel composed of 27 experienced nurses carried out content validation using the Delphi technique. The content validity index (CVI) and Cronbach α coefficient were calculated.

RESULTS
The mean Cronbach α for the evaluation questionnaire was .91, indicating excellent internal consistency. The evaluators classified the content of the booklet from “inadequate” to “totally adequate” (overall CVI, 0.91) in the first round of consultation and from “adequate” and “totally adequate” (overall CVI, 1.0) in a second round of consultation. The booklet was therefore considered validated.

CONCLUSIONS
A booklet on risk assessment, prevention, and treatment of incontinence-associated dermatitis was created and validated by an expert panel, obtaining 100% consensus among the evaluators in the second round of consultation.
Association of PM2.5 from agriculture sources and acute myocardial infarction onset: results from 2015 to 2018 in China
Authors: Du Peng , Lu Kailai , Zhang Can , Liu Ting , Hu Jianlin , Li Tiantian 
Published: May 2023

Background and purpose:
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a manifestation of coronary artery disease. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been regarded as a risk factor for AMI-related mortality and hospitalizations. Agricultural activities contribute greatly to PM2.5 formation, indicating potential health risks of PM2.5 in agricultural areas. Health effect studies on agricultural source remain scarce, and currently available evidence is controversial. This study investigated the health effects of short-term exposure to PM2.5 from agricultural sources on AMI onset using a nationwide analysis in China.

Methods:
We reviewed case records from the China Cardiovascular Association Database and extracted the data of 355,815 patients with AMI onset from 1,653 hospitals for the period 2015 to 2018. We obtained daily concentrations of PM2.5 from agricultural sources using the source-oriented Community Multiscale Air Quality model. Moreover, we proposed a time-stratified case-crossover study to examine associations between exposure to PM2.5 from agricultural sources and AMI onset and determined lag effects with a maximum of 3 days. Additionally, we conducted multiple subgroup and sensitivity analyses.

Results:
Exposure to PM2.5 caused a significantly increased risk of the onset of AMI and its subtypes. Short-term exposure to PM2.5 from agricultural sources on the current day (lag 0) was positively associated with a 4.4% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 3.3%–5.5%), 4.9% (95% CI: 3.5%–6.3%), and 3.4% (95% CI: 1.5%–5.4%) increase in the odds of AMI, ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and non-STEMI (NSTEMI), for each 10 μg/m3 increase. Meanwhile, higher risk estimations were pronounced in individuals who were aged above 65 years, who lived in southern China, and who resided in the rural area setting, and significant differences were mostly found in NSTEMI onsets.

Conclusions:
Short-term exposure to PM2.5 from agricultural sources may trigger the onset of AMI and its two subtypes. Improving agriculture management through ammonia emission abatement can help in achieving PM2.5 reduction and protecting public health.
Role of the internet of medical things in care for patients with interstitial lung disease
Authors: Nakshbandi Gizal , Moor Catharina C. , Wijsenbeek Marlies S. 
Published: May 2023

Purpose of review
Online technologies play an increasing role in facilitating care for patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD). In this review, we will give an overview of different applications of the internet of medical things (IoMT) for patients with ILD.

Recent findings
Various applications of the IoMT, including teleconsultations, virtual MDTs, digital information, and online peer support, are now used in daily care of patients with ILD. Several studies showed that other IoMT applications, such as online home monitoring and telerehabilitation, seem feasible and reliable, but widespread implementation in clinical practice is lacking. The use of artificial intelligence algorithms and online data clouds in ILD is still in its infancy, but has the potential to improve remote, outpatient clinic, and in-hospital care processes. Further studies in large real-world cohorts to confirm and clinically validate results from previous studies are needed.

Summary
We believe that in the near future innovative technologies, facilitated by the IoMT, will further enhance individually targeted treatment for patients with ILD by interlinking and combining data from various sources.
Diabetes and prediabetes in children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Schiaffini Riccardo , Pampanini Valentina 
Published: May 2023

Purpose of review
Glucose metabolism alterations in cystic fibrosis range from the classic cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) to forms of glucose intolerance and prediabetes. The aim of the present work is to review the most up-to-date novelties in terms of CFRD diagnosis and therapy. This review is timely and relevant because it allows an update for the early and correct classification of glucose abnormalities in cystic fibrosis and because it favours an appropriate therapeutic approach.

Recent findings
Confirm that Oral Glucose Tolerance Test is still the diagnostic gold standard despite the advent of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems; this latter is spreading very rapidly, however, to date, there is still no strong evidence to hypothesize the use of CGM for diagnostic purposes. CGM has indeed proven to be very useful in managing and guiding CFRD therapy.

Summary
Tailored and personalized insulin therapy is still the recommended therapy for children and adolescents with CFRD, although nutritional intervention and oral hypoglycaemic treatment are equally important and efficacious. Finally CFTR modulators have allowed the increase of the life expectancy of cystic fibrosis patients and have proven effective not only in improving the pulmonary function and the nutritional status but also the glucose control.
Previous Sexually Transmitted Infections and Partner Services Interviews as Predictors of Subsequent Interview Completion Among Cisgender MSM: Partner Services Fatigue?
Authors: Barry Michael P. , Thibault Christina S. , Berzkalns Anna , Spellman Dawn R. , Rowlinson Emily , Barbee Lindley A. , Golden Matthew R. , Kerani Roxanne P. 
Published: May 2023

Background
Anecdotal reports suggest that partner services (PS) are less successful among people with repeat sexually transmitted infection (STI) diagnoses and/or previous PS interactions. We examine whether having repeated STI diagnoses and/or PS interactions is associated with PS outcomes among men who have sex with men (MSM).

Methods
With STI surveillance and PS data for MSM diagnosed with gonorrhea, chlamydia, and/or syphilis from 2007 to 2018, in King County, WA, we used Poisson regression models to examine the relationships between PS outcomes (e.g., completing a PS interview and providing identifying information for a contact) with (1) number of previous STI case episodes and (2) number of previous PS interviews completed.

Results
Of the 18,501 MSM STI case patients initiated for interview in the analytic period (2011–2018), 13,232 (72%) completed a PS interview, and 8,030 (43%) had at least 1 prior PS interview. The proportion of initiated cases successfully interviewed declined from 71% among those with no previous PS interview to 66% among those with ≥3 prior interviews. Similarly, the proportion of interviews with ≥1 partner identified declined with greater numbers of previous PS interviews (from 46% [0 interviews] to 35% [≥3 interviews]). In multivariate models, having ≥1 prior PS interview was negatively associated with completing a subsequent interview and providing partner locating information.

Conclusions
Having a history of STI PS interviews is associated with less PS engagement among MSM. New approaches to PS should be explored to address the growing epidemic of STIs among MSM.
Real-world performance and safety of Cerviron® medical device in the treatment of various types of vaginitis
Authors: Petre Izabella , Sirbu Daniela Teodora , Petrita Ramona , Calancea Florentina Liliana , Toma Andreea-Denisa , Peta Ema , Dimcevici-Poesina Florentina 
Published: May 2023

AbstractA collection of clinical data was conducted to assess the performance and tolerability of Cerviron®ovules in the treatment and management of various types of vaginitis in clinical practice. A total of 111 women aged between 20 and 70 years were included, 71 of whom were treated with Cerviron®ovules as monotherapy and 40 who used Cerviron®ovules as supportive treatment in conjunction with antibiotic therapy. The aim of our study was to assess the relief in vaginal symptoms and changes in the normal vaginal pH level after 3 months of treatment with Cerviron®medical device in real-life clinical practice settings. The results showed that Cerviron®ovules are well tolerated and effective as monotherapy and also as an adjuvant to antibiotic therapy. The study and its details are registered inwww.clinicaltrials.govunder IDNCT05652959.
Impact of sarcopenic obesity on post-hepatectomy bile leakage for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Hayashi Hikaru , Shimizu Akira , Kubota Koji , Notake Tsuyoshi , Masuo Hitoshi , Yoshizawa Takahiro , Hosoda Kiyotaka , Sakai Hiroki , Yasukawa Koya , Soejima Yuji 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBackgroundPost-hepatectomy bile leakage (PHBL) is a potentially fatal complication that can arise after hepatectomy. Previous studies have identified obesity as a risk factor for PHBL. Therefore, we investigated the impact of sarcopenic obesity on PHBL in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients.MethodsIn total, we enrolled 409 patients who underwent hepatectomy without bilioenteric anastomosis for HCC between January 2010 and August 2021. Patients were grouped according to the presence or absence of PHBL. Patient characteristics including body mass index and sarcopenic obesity were then analyzed for predictive factors for PHBL.ResultsAmong the 409 HCC patients included in this study, 39 developed PHBL. Male gender, hypertension and cardiac disease, white blood cell counts, the psoas muscle area and visceral fat area, and intraoperative blood loss were significantly increased in the PHBL (+) group compared with the PHBL (−) group. Multivariate analysis showed that independent risk factors for the occurrence of PHBL were intraoperative blood loss ≥370 mL and sarcopenic obesity.ConclusionOur results show that it is important to understand whether a patient is at high risk for PHBL prior to surgery and especially to reduce intraoperative blood loss during surgery for patients with risk factors for PHBL.
Bi-allelicNIT1variants cause small vessel disease with movement disorders and massive non-lobar intracerebral haemorrhage
Authors: Rutten J.W. , Cerfontaine M.N. , Dijkstra K.L. , Mulder A.A. , Kruit M. , de Koning R. , de Bot S.T. , van Nieuwenhuizen K.M. , Baelde J.J. , Berendse H.W. , Ruijter G.J.G , Baas F. , Jost C.R. , van Duinen S.G. , Nibbeling E.A.R. , Gravesteijn G. , Lesnik Oberstein S.A.J. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractHighly penetrant monogenic causes of intracerebral haemorrhage are rare, and are almost exclusively hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathies caused by heterozygous pathogenic variants in theAPPgene. Here, we identified a novel genetic cause of mid-adult onset non-lobar ICH, caused by bi-allelic pathogenic variants in theNIT1gene. The seven identified patients from five unrelated pedigrees presented with movement disorders, slowly progressive cognitive decline, ischemic strokes and psychiatric disturbances. All patients shared a striking neuroimaging phenotype with a honeycomb appearance of the basal ganglia due to an extremely high burden of enlarged perivascular spaces. Two patients were deceased, due to mid-adult massive non-lobar intracerebral haemorrhage. Small cerebral arteries showed strongly abnormal morphology, with thickening of the media and numerous large electron dense deposits located between the media and adventitia. Patients were homozygous for theNIT1c.727C>T; p.Arg243Trp variant or compound heterozygous for theNIT1c.727C>T; p.Arg243Trp and c.198_199del, p.Ala68* variant. Urine analysis showed increased levels of deaminated gluthatione, consistent with loss of NIT1 function in both homozygous and compound heterozygous patients. Based onNIT1carrier frequencies in UK Biobank and gnomAD, an estimated minimum of 4500 individuals worldwide are affected with this novel, autosomal recessively inherited cause of intracerebral haemorrhage, which we term NIT1-small vessel disease.