bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Hecht (Gradwohl Modification) Complement Fixation Reaction in Syphilis with Special Reference to Cholesterinized Antigens
Authors: Kolmer John A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Various modifications of the Wassermann reaction utilizing the complement and natural antisheep hemolysin of human serum, have been advocated from time to time for the purpose of conducting the test in a more economical manner or, more particularly, to increase its delicacy and obviate certain sources of error ascribed to the inactivation or heating of the serum.
Of these methods, that of Hecht (1, 2 and 3) received considerable attention. As originally proposed and with later modification, this test employs an alcoholic extract of guinea-pig heart, human fetal heart and other extracts as antigen using 1 cc. of 1:50, 1:100 and 1:200 dilutions with a constant dose of 0.1 to 0.2 cc. of fresh active serum. The fourth tube of the series serves as the control. After a primary incubation of a half to one hour, 1 cc. of a 2 per cent suspension of sheep cells is added to all tubes followed by re-incubation for one to two hours.
Methods of Determining the Optimal Amount of “Antigen” for the Wassermann Reaction
Authors: Ottenberg Reuben 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the practical performance of the Wassermann reaction the doses of all the ingredients have to be adjusted to each other. The original Wassermann reaction and many of its modifications follow the principle of employing a fixed dose of complement and as large a dose of antigen as possible without danger of non-specific fixation. Usually those who follow this method also determine the least amount of antigen capable of giving a positive reaction with positive serum (the antigenic unit). They require that the dose actually used shall be a considerable multiple of this unit and state that the more multiples of the smallest antigenic unit contained in the dose used, the better the antigen.
On the other hand there are many authors, such as Browning and McKenzie, Thomas and Ivy, Thomsen, Boas, Stern, who use an arbitrary fixed dose of antigen and adjust the complement to the dose of antigen in such a way that the complement is capable of giving complete hemolysis in the presence of the dose of antigen used.
A Study of Von Dungern's Indigo Test for Syphilis
Authors: Flood Edward P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Von Dungern described an alkaline indigo solution that when added to an inactivated serum would inhibit its normal coagulation by heat. He believed that the indigo present was the active inhibiting substance. We have shown that neither the indigo nor the salt content of the reagent takes part in the inhibition of the coagulation. The alkali is the sole inhibiting agent. Von Dungern further stated that with similar amounts of the reagent this inhibition was less marked in syphilitic than in normal sera. In our experience such a difference was present in but very slight degree and with no constancy. The method is of no value in the serum diagnosis of syphilis for in our entire series of 140 sera, 40 of which were evidently syphilitic, coagulation occurred n but 3, with the prescribed amount of reagent.
The Influence of Typhoid Vaccine on Tuberculous Guinea-Pigs
Authors: Baldwin Helen , L'Esperance Elise S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the protection of large groups of men by typhoid vaccination, it has been customary to avoid giving the vaccine to those having active tuberculous lesions and often, also, to those with latent forms of tuberculosis. The reason for this has presumably been the dread of the effect of any febrile reaction or of any temporary lowering of resistance in the tuberculous patients and also the reported exacerbations of tuberculous lesions following attacks of typhoid fever. On account of the few cases of tuberculosis which have been injected with typhoid vaccine and because of the confusing complexity of conditions often found in clinical work, it has seemed of value to observe the effect of typhoid vaccination upon susceptible animals which had been inoculated with active tubercle bacilli.
The preliminary experiment of this series was made on two guinea-pigs of approximately the same age and weight.
Cutaneous Antibodies in the Guinea-Pig
Authors: Cook M. W. , Smith G. H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In explaining the mechanism of cutaneous reactions it is frequently assumed that the response called forth in the cutaneous tissue by the introduction of an antigen, to which the individual is sensitized, is due to the presence in the skin of antibodies for that antigen. As guinea-pigs, whether immunized or sensitized, do not give pronounced cutaneous reactions, and as, at the same time, these animals are particularly susceptible to anaphylactic shock when an intravenous injection is made into sensitized individuals, it was considered of interest to discover whether or not antibodies can be demonstrated in their skin.
A possible method of establishing the presence of antibodies is found in the precipitin procedure. In employing this test in work with cutaneous tissue it is essential that circulating antibody be excluded. If the blood serum is eliminated from the skin and a positive reaction is then obtained by using skin emulsions as precipitin with an homologous antigen, we have fairly complete evidence that the skin does possess antibodies.
An Antigenic Classification of the Group IV Pneumococci
Authors: Olmstead Miriam 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A biologic classification of pneumococci into four groups has been established by the work of Dochez, Gillespie, Cole and Avery. A study of type IV, which has been considered a heterogeneous series of independent strains, was undertaken at The Presbyterian Hospital in connection with an investigation of post-operative pneumonia, in which the type IV pneumococci have been found to be an important etiological factor. Many of the strains examined have been obtained, by mouse passage from sputum or saliva of surgical cases before operation and may be considered normal mouth inhabitants. The others have been recovered from the sputum of post-operative pneumonia cases, of pneumonia cases in the medical wards of the hospital, of bronchitis cases, from lung cultures at autopsies, from blood cultures, from spinal fluid, from chest fluid and from abscess cultures. All the strains when isolated failed to react with serum of types I and II.
Intracutaneous Reaction in Infectious Diarrhea
Authors: Baker Horace Mitchell 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In the above series of cases the organism of the infectious diarrhea group was isolated in 55 per cent of the cases. Agglutinins for the dysentery group were found in 12 per cent of the cases which were found to be negative from the bacteriological examination and a characteristic smear, as stained by Gram's method, with a typical history in 25 per cent of the other cases.
The intracutaneous reaction, on the other hand, showed 100 per cent negative results in the control cases. In cases with history of infectious diarrhea positive reactions were obtained in 85 per cent of the cases.
I wish to thank Dr. Henry I. Bowditch, chief of the visiting staff of the Boston Floating Hospital for the free use of the clinic and wards, as well as for the many helpful suggestions which he has given me and also Dr. Cleveland Floyd for his valuable aid and advice.
A New Diluent for Diphtheria Toxin in the Schick Test
Authors: Bunney William Edward 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A 2 per cent solution of peptone (Difco-“Proteose”), containing 0.85 per cent sodium chloride and 0.5 per cent phenol, has been found to maintain the toxicity of certain diphtheria toxins diluted to ¼ m.l.d. per cubic centimeter under ordinary conditions for periods long enough to permit warranting no loss of toxicity in two months. Schick tests done with toxin so diluted gave satisfactory results in children whether or not they had received toxin-antitoxin six months previously, and in adults who had not received toxin-antitoxin.
Studies on the Antigenic Properties of the Ultraviruses
Authors: Schultz E. W. , Quigley J. S. , Woolsey E. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Judged by plaque counts, the neutralization of 'phage by antiphagic serum was found to follow quite closely the curve of the velocity of an adsorption reaction. No evidence was obtained to indicate that the reaction follows a logarithmic curve. Results were obtained which indicate that in the neutralization of 'phage by antiphagic serum the reaction under set conditions takes place in definite proportions, provided the reaction is allowed to go to completion. The Danysz-Bordet effect was elicited, when 'phage was added in small increments to serum and, similarly, when serum was added to 'phage in small increments. Neutral serum-'phage mixtures could not be dissociated by dilution with physiological saline.
Local Skin Reaction Obtained by Intravenous Injection of Agar Following Intracutaneous Inoculation of Meningococcus Toxin
Authors: Sickles Grace M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Intravenous injections of agar may be followed by reactions in skin areas prepared by injections of meningococcus toxic filtrate.
Local reactions did not occur at the site of intracutaneous injections of agar when followed by intravenous injections of agar or of toxin.
No reactions were obtained after the injection of other nonbacterial substances such as galactose, gelatin, serum and India ink, intravenously, following intracutaneous injection of meningococcus toxic filtrate.
Tissue Specificity in Anthrax Infection
Authors: Burke Victor , Barnes Laverne A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The ability of Bacillus anthracis to start an infection in various tissues of the body has been questioned. According to Besredka this organism can start an infection only in the skin. He contends that, “outside the skin the anthrax bacillus acts as a saprophyte” and further that, “in order to produce a fatal anthrax infection it is necessary to injure the skin.” It follows that if the injured skin is protected infection should not occur following introduction of the organism through it into the body. Of the various attempts made to detect pathogenicity of Bacillus anthracis for tissues other than the skin none have, so far as we know, included the protection of punctured skin by the use of antiseptics.
In the following experiments gentian violet was used to protect the injured skin at the site of needle puncture. Gentian violet proved to be a very satisfactory antiseptic for this purpose.
The Chemical Composition of the Active Principle of Tuberculin
Authors: Lewis Julian H. , Seibert Florence B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The proteins of acid-fast bacteria isolated with the newer methods described by Long and Seibert (1, 2) are excellently adapted to the study of the general problem of the relation of biological specificity to chemical constitution. First, because they are derived from a group of organisms that are biologically related, and, secondly, because they can be isolated in comparatively large amounts from filtrates of cultures of the bacteria grown on antigenically indifferent synthetic media by procedures which avoid chemical and physical manipulations that are likely to alter or denature proteins.
The methods devised by the above authors for isolating the proteins of tuberculin consist of growing the tubercle bacilli in a synthetic fluid medium for six to eight weeks, removing the bacteria by filtration through Berkefeld filters and obtaining the proteins either by ultrafiltration and washing or by precipitation with ammonium sulphate, either of which processes yields a concentrated final product that is apparently in the same chemical state as it was in the original culture, since it exhibits the entire antigenic properties, as far as the tuberculin reaction goes, of the entire tubercle bacillus filtrate.
Transmission to the Third Generation of Antitoxin Derived by Active Immunization of the First Generation
Authors: Sugg John Y. , Richardson Lurline V. , Neill James M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A guinea pig of the second generation transmitted to its own offspring (third generation) small amounts of antitoxin originally derived by active immunization of the first generation. Previous reports of failure of transmission were probably due to quantitative inadequacy of the immunity originally transmitted to the females of the second generation to persist to the time of birth of the third generation.
Studies in Contact Dermatitis
Authors: Brown Aaron , Milford E. L. , Coca A. F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It has been thought that the dermatitis caused by pollen and experimentally reproducible by cutaneous testing with pollen oil, is due to the presence in the oil of the atopic excitant. We have been able to show that the dermatitis is not due to the atopic excitant but to the oil itself. Hypersensitiveness to the pollen oil occurs in 15 per cent of hay fever subjects, in 15 per cent of atopic persons not subject to hay fever and in 15 per cent of nonatopic persons. It is thus to be classified as a contact dermatitis similar in its nature to dermatitis due to poison ivy, sumac and primrose.
The results of this investigation naturally suggest a similar differentiation of the excitant of atopy and of dermatitis in other materials, and it is obvious that this principle must be important to the diagnosis and also to the treatment of dermatitis caused by materials containing atopic excitants.
Studies in the Transmission of Sensitization Fromm Other to Child in Human Beings
Authors: Bell Samuel D. , Eriksson Zaida 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Five cases of asthma and five of hay fever in pregnant women were studied by the Prausnitz-Küstner method as to the passage of antibodies through the placenta from mother to child. In each case the ability of the mother's serum, while she was carrying the child, to give a local passive transfer to a normal individual was established, in most cases with the serum diluted 1:40 and in 1 case as high as 1:320. In no case could similarproperties be shown in the undiluted cord blood or the undiluted child's blood.
Loss of Immune Substances from the Body
Authors: Sugg John Y. , Neill James M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The paper dealt with diphtheria antitoxin in the salivas of “naturally” immune persons and of a toxoid-immunized person. The data owe much of their significance to the unusually high degree of antitoxic immunity of the people used as subjects with whom it was possible to establish ratios between the saliva and serum antitoxin more accurately than would be possible with subjects possessing the more common low degrees of immunity.
The concentration of antitoxin in the saliva was directly related tothe concentration in the blood; the average ratio of was 1.4 × 10-3; the ratio remained of the same order of magnitude in spite of the wide range in serum antitoxin concentrations (1.25 to 60 units) occurring in the group of people studied. Exception to the usual ratio appeared to be characteristic of certain individual persons.
The data indicate that during a year's time the antitoxin swallowed with the saliva would be equivalent to approximately 25 per cent of the total amount in the blood. Unless reabsorption occurs the gastro-intestinal tract must be considered an important channel of loss.
A novel role for the adapter molecule NHERF1 in regulating mast cell-mediated anaphylaxis
Authors: Kammala Ananth Kumar , Subramanian Hariharan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Anaphylaxis is a life threatening allergic reaction that is classically elicited by crosslinking of antigen-specific IgE bound to the high affinity IgE receptor FcɛRI on mast cells. Proteases released from FcɛRI-activated mast cells result in the accumulation of the anaphylatoxin, C3a that can further amplify the anaphylactic response via interaction with C3a receptor (C3aR), a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). This autocrine loop resulting in C3aR activation as a consequence of FcɛRI stimulation initiates anaphylaxis in humans. C3aR possess a class I PDZ binding motif on its cytoplasmic tail. Adapter proteins such as the Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 1 (NHERF1) have been implicated in regulating GPCR functions by binding to the class I PDZ motifs in these receptors. In our previous study, we had demonstrated that NHERF1 promotes C3a-induced degranulation and chemokine production in human mast cells. The aim of this study was to determine if NHERF1 regulates mouse mast cell response following FcɛRI stimulation. Our data suggests that NHERF1 enhances intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, activation of the MAP kinase pathway (ERK and P38) and production of cytokines (IL-6 and IL-13) following IgE/antigen-mediated activation in bone marrow derived mouse mast cells. In agreement with our in vitro data, NHERF1 promotes mast cell-mediated passive systemic anaphylaxis and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis induced by IgE and antigen in clinically relevant murine models. These results thus indicate that the NHERF1 plays a vital role in regulating mast cell-mediated anaphylaxis and that NHERF1 could be a potential novel target for anaphylaxis and other allergic diseases.
Identification of an Il9 gene locus regulatory element in mast cells and basophils
Authors: Qayum Amina Abdul , Koh Byunghee , Kaplan Mark H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Interleukin 9 (IL-9) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a central role in immunological disorders. Extensive work has been done to describe the Il9 gene locus and its transcriptional regulation in Th9 and other T cell subsets. Some innate immune cells, such as mast cells and basophils, can also produce a substantial amount of IL-9 in an inflammatory milieu. However, very little is known about how the Il9 gene is regulated in these cells. In this study, we show for the first time that IL-33, and not IgE cross linking, induces IL-9 production in mast cells and basophils and that this is an IL-3 dependent effect. Using the CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion approach, we show that IL-9 production in mast cells and basophils is dependent on a conserved non-coding sequence -25 kb (CNS-25) upstream of the IL-9 promoter. Our results show that the CNS-25 region is important for mast cell and basophil IL-9 production in vitro and in vivo. ChIP assays show that the CNS-25 can bind multiple transcription factors at a higher magnitude than the Il9 promoter. Additionally, this region has high chromatin remodeling and p300, an acetyl transferase, binding in mast cells. We show that p300 is essential for IL-33 induced IL-9 production in mast cells and basophils. Taken together, our data define a mechanism for Il9 gene regulation orchestrated by IL-33 and IL-3 signaling in mast cells and basophils.
DC subsets are functionally specialized to induce GC-dependent or -independent humoral immune responses
Authors: Bouteau Aurélie , Zurawski Sandra , Zurawski Gerard , Igyártó Botond 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Our knowledge of humoral immunity mainly comes from experimental vaccine models that use high antigen doses injected into the periphery in combination with adjuvants. This allows extended exposure to antigen/adjuvant by all of the immune cells. Thus, the contribution of a specific immune cell to humoral immune responses cannot be easily determined. To better understand the roles of different dendritic cell (DC) subsets in regulating humoral immunity, we developed a system to limit antigen availability and presentation to certain skin DC subsets. We found that antigen delivery without adjuvants to Langerhans cells (LCs) through the c-type lectin Langerin led to higher antibody titers and affinity, involved GC formation and was dependent on antigen dose and CD40 and IL-10 signaling, unlike the response initiated by CD103+DCs that produced lower antibody titers in a GC-independent manner and was characterized by long-lived PC formation. Interestingly, co-delivery of IFNa or poly-IC enabled CD103+DCs to drive GC-dependent humoral immune responses. Surprisingly, when both DC subsets had the antigen, the humoral immune response was like the one induced by the CD103+DCs alone but was dominated by memory/PB formation. Consistent with the B cell responses, the LC-induced Tfh cells were CD69+ S1PR1low and efficiently migrated to the B cell area, while the ones induced by the CD103+DCs were CD69− S1PR1high and localized mainly to the T cell zone. CD69 expression on Th cells inversely correlated with the antigen presentation capacity of the DCs. LCs, unlike CD103+DCs, migrated into the B cell area including B cell follicles and GCs.
Thus, pre-programmed DC-intrinsic features allow DC subsets to induce distinct B cell responses.
Dampening the B Cell Response, a modified lipid story.
Authors: Waseem Tayab C. , Gjurich Breanne , Butcher Matthew J. , Moriarty Alina , Keeter William Coles , Galkina Elena 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifaceted chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of modified low density lipoproteins (mLDL) and immune cells in the aortic wall leading to vascular dysfunction. Uptake of mLDL by macrophages (MF) and the formation of foam cells are key events in the induction of atherosclerosis. Our data shows that B cells can also uptake acetylated and oxidized LDL (acLDL and oxLDL, respectively), but the functional consequences of this uptake are currently not well-understood. The transcriptional profiles of sorted B cells that took up acLDL in vivo by RNAseq suggests that acLDL+ B cells assume a role distinct from MF, and reduces activation. Upon mLDL uptake, B cells dampen activating signaling molecule such as SYK, ERK, and BTK, but upregulate inhibitory signaling molecules such as phospho-Lyn (Tyr507). Importantly, the uptake of mLDL affects the ability of B cells to be activated both in vivo and in vitro. mLDL+ B cells mobilize less intracellular calcium in response to B cell receptor cross-linking. Additionally, after mLDL uptake, B cells are less efficient in response to TI-2 antigen DNP-Ficoll and B cells produce significantly lower levels of anti DNP-IgM Abs after the immunization. Upon several TLR stimulations B cells that took up acLDL also produce significantly less proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-g, IL-6). Together the results suggest that mLDL uptake by B cells results in an upregulation of threshold for B cell activation in pro-inflammatory atherosclerosis-prone conditions. Thus, the uptake of mLDL by B cells may play an unexpected protective role in atherosclerosis.