bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assembly and Function of the Actin Cytoskeleton of Yeast: Relationships between Cables and Patches
Authors: Karpova Tatiana S. , McNally James G. , Moltz Samuel L. , Cooper John A. 
Published: July 2002

Actin in eukaryotic cells is found in different pools, with filaments being organized into a variety of supramolecular assemblies. To investigate the assembly and functional relationships between different parts of the actin cytoskeleton in one cell, we studied the morphology and dynamics of cables and patches in yeast. The fine structure of actin cables and the manner in which cables disassemble support a model in which cables are composed of a number of overlapping actin filaments. No evidence for intrinsic polarity of cables was found.
To investigate to what extent different parts of the actin cytoskeleton depend on each other, we looked for relationships between cables and patches. Patches and cables were often associated, and their polarized distributions were highly correlated. Therefore, patches and cables do appear to depend on each other for assembly and function.
Many cell types show rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton, which can occur via assembly or movement of actin filaments. In our studies, dramatic changes in actin polarization did not include changes in filamentous actin. In addition, the concentration of actin patches was relatively constant as cells grew. Therefore, cells do not have bursts of activity in which new parts of the actin cytoskeleton are created.
Mitochondria-dependent and -independent Regulation of Granzyme B–induced Apoptosis
Authors: MacDonald Glen , Shi Lianfa , Velde Christine Vande , Lieberman Judy , Greenberg Arnold H. 
Published: July 2002

Granzyme B (GraB) is required for the efficient activation of apoptosis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. We find that GraB and perforin induce severe mitochondrial perturbation as evidenced by the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol and suppression of transmembrane potential (Δψ). The earliest mitochondrial event was the release of cytochrome c, which occurred at the same time as caspase 3 processing and consistently before the activation of apoptosis. Granzyme K/perforin or perforin treatment, both of which kill target cells efficiently but are poor activators of apoptosis in short-term assays, did not induce rapid cytochrome c release. However, they suppressed Δψ and increased reactive oxygen species generation, indicating that mitochondrial dysfunction is also associated with this nonapoptotic cell death.
Pretreatment with peptide caspase inhibitors zVAD-FMK or YVAD-CHO prevented GraB apoptosis and cytochrome c release, whereas DEVD-CHO blocked apoptosis but did not prevent cytochrome c release, indicating that caspases act both up- and downstream of mitochondria. Of additional interest, Δψ suppression mediated by GraK or GraB and perforin was not affected by zVAD-FMK and thus was caspase independent. Overexpression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL suppressed caspase activation, mitochondrial cytochrome c release, Δψ suppression, and apoptosis and cell death induced by GraB, GraK, or perforin.
In an in vitro cell free system, GraB activates nuclear apoptosis in S-100 cytosol at high doses, however the addition of mitochondria amplified GraB activity over 15-fold. GraB- induced caspase 3 processing to p17 in S-100 cytosol was increased only threefold in the presence of mitochondria, suggesting that another caspase(s) participates in the mitochondrial amplification of GraB apoptosis. We conclude that GraB-induced apoptosis is highly amplified by mitochondria in a caspase-dependent manner but that GraB can also initiate caspase 3 processing and apoptosis in the absence of mitochondria.
A Reference Price Model of Brand Choice for Frequently Purchased Products
Authors: Winer Russell S. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A brand choice model that incorporates both reference and observed prices is proposed for frequently purchased products. The model is composed of a probability-of-purchase component and a reference-price-formation component. Empirical testing of the model using coffee UPC scanner panel data demonstrates that for two of the three brands, the model predicts probability of purchase better than do standard demand models that utilize only current observed brand prices.
Paradoxes of Technology: Consumer Cognizance, Emotions, and Coping Strategies
Authors: Mick David Glen , Fournier Susan 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Although technological products are unavoidable in contemporary life, studies focusing on them in the consumer behavior field have been few and narrow. In this article, we investigate consumers' perspectives, meanings, and experiences in relation to a range of technological products, emphasizing lengthy and repeated interviews with 29 households, including a set of first-time owners. We draw on literatures spanning from technology, paradox, and postmodernism to clinical and social psychology, and combine them with data collection and analysis in the spirit of grounded theory. The outcome is a new conceptual framework on the paradoxes of technological products and their influences on emotional reactions and behavioral coping strategies. We discuss the findings in terms of implications for theories of technology, innovation diffusion, and human coping, and an expanded role for the paradox construct in consumer research.
Digitisation: issues and solutions
Authors: Barrow Edward 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTRightsholders' groups have given CLA approval to develop sector‐by‐sector licences for the digitisation of existing print material. The first two licences, for pharmaceutical regulatory submissions and for higher education, are approaching completion. Rightsholders will be asked to opt‐in to each of them and to determine applicable fees for each of their publications.
Home on the electronic range: bringing the Journal of Animal Science online
Authors: Lewis Gregory S. , Edwards John W. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThis article describes why the American Society of Animal Science decided to make the Journal of Animal Science available online, some of the issues that were considered before and during the project, and the responses of those who use the electronic journal. The article also contains discussions of new additions to our electronic offerings and the challenge of granting library access to electronic publications. Based on feedback received from American Society of Animal Science members, our online endeavors have been well received, and members perceive these offerings as an important enhancement of membership services.
The Image Directory: an electronic publishing project cataloguing art images
Authors: Bentley J. Scott 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe Image Directory is an online catalogue of information about art images unifying data from many sources into an easily searchable format. It breaks new ground in its aim to provide record‐level access to the vast body of scholarly, but non‐standardised, data on images that resides in the libraries, galleries and museums of the world.
Agents — the future of exclusivity
Authors: Davenport Anne 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe Japanese market is changing and the sole agency route to marketing must develop and evolve alongside these changes if it is to have a future. Sole agency agreements need to redirect their focus away from merely closed market distribution agreements towards innovative sales and marketing contracts. Contracts between partners with shared objectives. The trend towards sales and marketing agreements was evident at the ALPSP Seminar on Marketing to Japan, held on 8 October 1997, from which this paper developed.
Book reviews
Authors: Hirschmann P N , Fox Mary 
Published: July 2002

Journal Publishing By Gillian Page, Robert Campbell and Jack Meadows, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, 420 pp £35.00, ISBN: 0 521 44137 4Small Publishers A–Z: The guide to good publishing By Daphne Macara, West Molesey: Pandor House Publications, 1997, 44pp £6.50, ISBN: 1 871248 03 5
New Journal of Physics: a web‐based and author‐funded journal
Authors: Haynes John 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe journal publishing landscape is undergoing rapid change with economic pressures, spiralling journal prices, technological developments, and information overload a familiar picture to the players involved. Traditional academic journals, especially those based on the subscription model, are under increasing pressure and various alternative models have been suggested. Recently the Institute of Physics has combined with the German Physical Society (Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft) to launch New Journal of Physics (www.njp.org), an innovative, on‐line journal. This paper will describe why IOP and DPG were attracted to start a new, all‐electronic, general physics journal available free to all via the internet and funded by an article charge on authors. The main features of NJP will be outlined together with the early experiences. Key challenges for the future will be examined.
Preserving digital scholarship: the future is now
Authors: Russell Kelly , Weinberger Ellis , Stone Andy 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe Cedars project in the UK has been set up to explore some of the issues associated with archiving of digital materials and to make recommendations to libraries about preserving digital materials. Cedars, which is led by the Consortium of University Research Libraries (CURL), is funded as part of the Electronic Libraries Programme (eLib) by the Joint Information Systems Committee of the Higher Education Funding Councils.
Journals metadata: information about content
Authors: Morgan Cliff 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTMetadata is data about data, or information about content. It is important to have standard ways of describing content for efficient resource discovery on the world‐wide web, and to tie this in with information about people and rights to build the foundations for e‐commerce. The most significant emerging standard is the Dublin Core, which has recently stabilized its simple (minimum) set as DC 1.0. Various organizations (including Wiley) have already been exploring the use of Dublin Core tags in a number of implementations. Other initiatives are taking place to bring all metadata schemes within an overarching data model. As the industry responsible for managing content from commissioning through to authenticated release, publishing should play a major role in metadata creation and promulgation.
TeXshade: shading and labeling of multiple sequence alignments
using LaTeX2e
Authors: Beitz Eric 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: Typesetting, shading and labeling of nucleotide and peptide alignments using standard word processing or graphics software is time consuming. Available automatic sequence shading programs usually do not allow manual application of additional shadings or labels. Hence, a flexible alignment shading package was designed for both calculated and manual shading, using the macro language of the scientific typesetting software LaTeX2e.
Results: TeXshade is the first TeX-based alignment shading software featuring, in addition to standard identity and similarity shading, special modes for the display of functional aspects such as charge, hydropathy or solvent accessibility. A plenitude of commands for manual shading, graphical labels, re-arrangements of the sequence order, numbering, legends etc. is implemented. Further, TeXshade allows the inclusion and display of secondary structure predictions in the DSSP-, STRIDE- and PHD-format.
Availability: From http://homepages.uni-tuebingen.de/beitz/tse.html(macro package and on-line documentation)
Contact: eric.beitz@uni-tuebingen.de
Adaptive encoding neural networks for the recognition of human
signal peptide cleavage sites
Authors: Jagla B. , Schuchhardt J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
*To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Motivation: Data representation and encoding are essential for classification of protein sequences with artificial neural networks (ANN). Biophysical properties are appropriate for low dimensional encoding of protein sequence data. However, in general there is no a priori knowledge of the relevant properties for extraction of representative features.
Results: An adaptive encoding artificial neural network (ACN) for recognition of sequence patterns is described. In this approach parameters for sequence encoding are optimized within the same process as the weight vectors by an evolutionary algorithm. The method is applied to the prediction of signal peptide cleavage sites in human secretory proteins and compared with an established predictor for signal peptides.
Conclusion: Knowledge of physico-chemical properties is not necessary for training an ACN. The advantage is a low dimensional data representation leading to computational efficiency, easy evaluation of the detected features, and high prediction accuracy.
Availability: A cleavage site prediction server is located at the Humboldt University http://itb.biologie.hu-berlin.de/~jo/sig-cleave/ACNpredictor.cgi
Contact: jo@itb.hu-berlin.de; berndj@zedat.fu-berlin.de
A novel approach to antiviral therapy for influenza
Authors: Colman Peter M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The influenza glycoprotein, neuraminidase, destroys sialic acid–containing receptors on the surface of infected cells and on progeny virions. This activity facilitates the elution of newly budded virus from the infected cell surface and thus contributes to the viral burden in the host. On the basis of the three–dimensional structure of neuraminidase and the structure of the enzyme—product complex, novel analogues of the product (sialic acid, Neu5Ac) were designed and were shown to be potent inhibitors of neuraminidase in vitro and in vivo. Zanamivir (4–guanidino–Neu5Ac2en) is one of the most potent of the sialic acid analogues described to date. It is broadly inhibitory of all type A and B neuraminidases, probably because one of its design features was the requirement that it should interact only with strain–invariant amino acids inside the active site of the enzyme. Inhibition of neuraminidase translates into antiviral activity in tissue culture, in animal models of influenza and in both experimental and naturally acquired influenza in humans. Zanamivir is a minimal modification of the natural ligand (Neu5Ac) of the enzyme. This feature is expected to minimize the viability of drug–resistant virus that might arise through mutations in the enzyme active site. Studies to date of drug–resistant variants selected in tissue culture confirm this expectation. To deliver zanamivir directly to the lungs of patients the agent has been formulated for inhalation using a modified Diskhaler, which ensures high local concentrations and maximizes inhibition of viral neuraminidase.
The structure of spider toxin huwentoxin‐II with unique disulfide linkage: Evidence for structural evolution
Authors: Shu Qin , Lu Shan‐Yun , Gu Xiao‐Cheng , Liang Song‐Ping 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe three‐dimensional structure of huwentoxin‐II (HWTX‐II), an insecticidal peptide purified from the venom of spider Selenocosmia huwena with a unique disulfide bond linkage as I‐III, II‐V, and IV‐VI, has been determined using 2D 1H‐NMR. The resulting structure of HWTX‐II contains two β‐turns (C4‐S7 and K24‐W27) and a double‐stranded antiparallel β‐sheet (W27‐C29 and C34‐K36). Although the C‐terminal double‐stranded β‐sheet cross‐linked by two disulfide bonds (II‐V and IV‐VI in HWTX‐II, II‐V and III‐VI in the ICK molecules) is conserved both in HWTX‐II and the ICK molecules, the structure of HWTX‐II is unexpected absence of the cystine knot because of its unique disulfide linkage. It suggests that HWTX‐II adopts a novel scaffold different from the ICK motif that is adopted by all other spider toxin structures elucidated thus far. Furthermore, the structure of HWTX‐II, which conforms to the disulfide‐directed β‐hairpin (DDH) motif, not only supports the hypothesis that the ICK is a minor elaboration of the more ancestral DDH motif but also suggests that HWTX‐II may have evolved from the same structural ancestor.
The interdigitated β‐helix domain of the P22 tailspike protein acts as a molecular clamp in trimer stabilization
Authors: Kreisberg Jason F. , Betts Scott D. , Haase‐Pettingell Cameron , King Jonathan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe P22 tailspike adhesin is an elongated thermostable trimer resistant to protease digestion and to denaturation in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Monomeric, dimeric, and protrimeric folding and assembly intermediates lack this stability and are thermolabile. In the native trimer, three right‐handed parallel β‐helices (residues 143–540), pack side‐by‐side around the three‐fold axis. After residue 540, these single chain β‐helices terminate and residues 541–567 of the three polypeptide chains wrap around each other to form a three‐stranded interdigitated β‐helix. Three mutants located in this region — G546D, R563Q, and A575T — blocked formation of native tailspike trimers, and accumulated soluble forms of the mutant polypeptide chains within cells. The substitutions R563Q and A575T appeared to prevent stable association of partially folded monomers. G546D, in the interdigitated region of the chain, blocked tailspike folding at the transition from the partially‐folded protrimer to the native trimer. The protrimer‐like species accumulating in the G546D mutant melted out at 42°C and was trypsin and SDS sensitive. The G546D defect was not corrected by introduction of global suppressor mutations, which correct kinetic defects in β‐helix folding. The simplest interpretation of these results is that the very high thermostability (Tm = 88°C), protease and detergent resistance of the native tailspike acquired in the protrimer‐to‐trimer transition, depends on the formation of the three‐stranded interdigitated region. This interdigitated β‐helix appears to function as a molecular clamp insuring thermostable subunit association in the native trimer.
Contributions of folding cores to the thermostabilities of two ribonucleases H
Authors: Robic Srebrenka , Berger James M. , Marqusee Susan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTo investigate the contribution of the folding cores to the thermodynamic stability of RNases H, we used rational design to create two chimeras composed of parts of a thermophilic and a mesophilic RNase H. Each chimera combines the folding core from one parent protein and the remaining parts of the other. Both chimeras form active, well‐folded RNases H. Stability curves, based on CD‐monitored chemical denaturations, show that the chimera with the thermophilic core is more stable, has a higher midpoint of thermal denaturation, and a lower change in heat capacity (ΔCp) upon unfolding than the chimera with the mesophilic core. A possible explanation for the low ΔCp of both the parent thermophilic RNase H and the chimera with the thermophilic core is the residual structure in the denatured state. On the basis of the studied parameters, the chimera with the thermophilic core resembles a true thermophilic protein. Our results suggest that the folding core plays an essential role in conferring thermodynamic parameters to RNases H.
Molecular mimicry of substrate oxygen atoms by water molecules in the β‐amylase active site
Authors: Pujadas Gerard , Palau Jaume 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSoybean β‐amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) has been crystallized both free and complexed with a variety of ligands. Four water molecules in the free‐enzyme catalytic cleft form a multihydrogen‐bond network with eight strategic residues involved in enzyme‐ligand hydrogen bonds. We show here that the positions of these four water molecules are coincident with the positions of four potential oxygen atoms of the ligands within the complex. Some of these waters are displaced from the active site when the ligands bind to the enzyme. How many are displaced depends on the shape of the ligand. This means that when one of the four positions is not occupied by a ligand oxygen atom, the corresponding water remains. We studied the functional/structural role of these four waters and conclude that their presence means that the conformation of the eight side chains is fixed in all situations (free or complexed enzyme) and preserved from unwanted or forbidden conformational changes that could hamper the catalytic mechanism. The water structure at the active pocket of β‐amylase is therefore essential for providing the ligand recognition process with plasticity. It does not affect the protein active‐site geometry and preserves the overall hydrogen‐bonding network, irrespective of which ligand is bound to the enzyme. We also investigated whether other enzymes showed a similar role for water. Finally, we discuss the potential use of these results for predicting whether water molecules can mimic ligand atoms in the active center.
Early vs Deferred Non–Messenger RNA COVID-19 Vaccination Among Chinese Patients With a History of Inactive Uveitis
Authors: Zhong Zhenyu , Wu Qiuying , Lai Yuxian , Dai Lingyu , Gao Yu , Liao Weiting , Su Guannan , Wang Yao , Zhou Chunjiang , Yang Peizeng 
Published: February 2023

ImportanceImproper host response to COVID-19 vaccines could trigger immune-mediated adverse events. The question remains whether COVID-19 vaccination should be postponed until complete remission in patients with uveitis, a preexisting immune-related condition.ObjectiveTo compare recommendations for early and deferred COVID-19 vaccination with respect to uveitis outcomes.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis open-label, randomized clinical trial at a large, specialized teaching center for uveitis care in China enrolled unvaccinated patients with inactive uveitis between August 10, 2021, and February 22, 2022, with follow-up to June 6, 2022.InterventionsParticipants were randomly assigned to receive recommendation for early or deferred COVID-19 vaccination after complete remission of uveitis. Non–messenger RNA (non-mRNA) COVID-19 vaccines were available in China during the trial.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was the time to symptomatic uveitis worsening during 3 months of follow-up. Secondary outcomes included uveitis activity and best-corrected visual acuity at 3 months.ResultsOf the 543 participants (304 women [56.0%]; median age, 35 [IQR, 26-49] years), 262 were recommended for early vaccination and 281 for deferred vaccination. By month 3, 109 patients (41.6%) in the early group had been vaccinated compared with 14 (5.0%) in the deferred recommendation group. In the intention-to-treat population, the time to symptomatic uveitis worsening was shorter in the early group than in the deferred group (hazard ratio, 1.68 [95% CI, 1.09-2.59]; P = .01 by log-rank test). Changes in anterior chamber cells, vitreous haze, and best-corrected visual acuity from baseline to month 3 appeared similar in the 2 groups in the evaluable population after the month 3 in-person visit.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this randomized clinical trial of patients with inactive uveitis, recommendation for early non-mRNA COVID-19 vaccination resulted in a higher incidence of self-reported symptomatic uveitis worsening with possible reporting bias compared with recommendation for deferred vaccination, but no adverse effects were observed in disease and visual prognosis at 3 months. These findings would be useful to guide the individual timing choices of non-mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in this clinically vulnerable population.Trial RegistrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2100049467