bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why the United States needs a multifaceted definition of health
Authors: Fiscella Kevin , Epstein Ronald M 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
How health is conceived and operationalized is an unrecognized contributor to poor health outcomes in the United States. The United States lacks an explicit definition of health, yielding a de facto, implicit biomedical definition in research and in health care that contrasts with how many people define health for themselves. This biomedical conceptualization has led to the development of lifesaving drugs, vaccines, and procedures, but has also resulted in critical underinvestment in people across their lives, beginning in early childhood, in behavioral, environmental, and social determinants. This underinvestment across the entire lifespan in people's health traps the United States in a vicious cycle of chronic disease and unsustainable health care costs. A movement towards holistic definitions of health represents an escape by defining health in more meaningful terms that reflect people's early development, agency, functioning, adaptive capacity, well-being, and lifelong development—that is, the capability for every person to thrive. Adopting and implementing a multifaceted, holistic health definition by federal research and health agencies could transform and humanize health in the United States and advance health equity.
Process evaluations of health-promotion interventions in sports settings: a systematic review
Authors: Lim Angie S X , Schweickle Matthew J , Liddelow Caitlin , Liddle Sarah K , Vella Stewart A 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Sports settings have been identified as an ideal place to conduct complex multi-level health-promotion interventions, with the potential to engage a broad audience. Whilst the benefits of delivering health-promotion interventions in sports settings are well documented, such interventions’ real-world implementation and success must be better understood. Process evaluations can be conducted to provide information related to an intervention’s fidelity, replication, scaling, adoption, and the underlying mechanisms driving outcomes. This systematic review summarizes how process evaluations of health-promotion interventions are conducted in sports settings and highlight facilitators and barriers to health-promotion intervention delivery using narrative synthesis. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines, searches included original peer-reviewed articles from inception—January 2023. We searched eight electronic databases: Academic Search Complete; MEDLINE, PsycARTICLES; PsycINFO; SPORTSDiscus with Full Text; MEDLINE; SCOPUS; Pub Med, and Pro Quest Central. Thirty-two studies were included. Findings suggest that most process evaluations of health-promotion interventions have acknowledged the inherent complexity of sports settings, and investigated factors that explain their intervention’s success (e.g. trust building, engagement). However, poor use of process evaluation frameworks or guidelines resulted in wide variations of how process evaluations are conducted and reported, which made findings difficult to integrate and standardize with consistency. Accordingly, this review provides a guide on how future process evaluations can be conducted to improve health-promotion interventions’ transparency, replicability and reliability in real-world settings.
A posteriori error estimates for fully coupled McKean–Vlasov forward-backward SDEs
Authors: Reisinger Christoph , Stockinger Wolfgang , Zhang Yufei 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Fully coupled McKean–Vlasov forward-backward stochastic differential equations (MV-FBSDEs) arise naturally from large population optimization problems. Judging the quality of given numerical solutions for MV-FBSDEs, which usually require Picard iterations and approximations of nested conditional expectations, is typically difficult. This paper proposes an a posteriori error estimator to quantify the $L^2$-approximation error of an arbitrarily generated approximation on a time grid. We establish that the error estimator is equivalent to the global approximation error between the given numerical solution and the solution of a forward Euler discretized MV-FBSDE. A crucial and challenging step in the analysis is the proof of stability of this Euler approximation to the MV-FBSDE, which is of independent interest. We further demonstrate that, for sufficiently fine time grids, the accuracy of numerical solutions for solving the continuous MV-FBSDE can also be measured by the error estimator. The error estimates justify the use of residual-based algorithms for solving MV-FBSDEs. Numerical experiments for MV-FBSDEs arising from mean field control and games confirm the effectiveness and practical applicability of the error estimator.
Differentiability of Effective Fronts in the Continuous Setting in Two Dimensions
Authors: Tran Hung V , Yu Yifeng 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
We study the effective front associated with first-order front propagations in two dimensions ($n=2$) in the periodic setting with continuous coefficients. Our main result says that that the boundary of the effective front is differentiable at every irrational point. Equivalently, the stable norm associated with a continuous ${\mathbb{Z}}^{2}$-periodic Riemannian metric is differentiable at irrational points. This conclusion was obtained decades ago for smooth metrics [ 4, 6]. To the best of our knowledge, our result provides the first nontrivial property of the effective fronts in the continuous setting, which is the standard assumption in the literature of partial differential equations (PDE). Combining with the sufficiency result in [ 15], our result leads to a realization type conclusion: for continuous coefficients, a polygon could be an effective front if and only if it is centrally symmetric with rational vertices and nonempty interior.
(Re)Negotiating Existence: Pan-Africanism and the Role of African Union in a Changing Global Order
Authors: Oloruntoba Samuel Ojo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The continued relevance of Pan-Africanism is rooted in the continuity of the domestic and global forces that propelled its emergence almost two centuries ago. Far from being over, racial capitalism and neoimperial forces and conditions continue to define the global capitalist order in an even more virulent form through neoliberal globalization. The increasing securitization of Africa through building of military bases by old and emerging global powers is one main evidence of coloniality of power. The expectations of early Pan-Africanists that a just and equitable global order can be forged, which recognizes and respects global diversity and ensures complementary development, have remained largely elusive. This paper examines the above issues in the context of a changing global order, in which Africa continues to occupy a peripheral position. The overarching questions are as follows: What is the relevance of Pan-Africanism in contemporary times? In view of the ongoing reforms at the African Union, how can the organization foster a new form of Pan-Africanism that can lead to the repositioning of Africa in global affairs? These questions will be analyzed using Pan-Africanism as a theoretical framework, historicism, and archival data from the African Union as well as data from secondary sources. The paper concludes that Pan-Africanism and a reformed African Union can help reposition Africa to contribute to the remaking of the international order in ways that are inclusive, humane, and mutually beneficial.
The Global Politics of African Identity: Pan-Africanism and the Challenge of Afropolitanism
Authors: Chipato Farai 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper uses the 20th anniversary of the founding of the African Union (AU) to examine the role of race and identity in Pan-Africanism, from the perspective of International Relations (IR). Pan-Africanism played a crucial role in the decolonization of the African continent and remains the ideological basis for the AU, which leads on issues of continental governance. The paper examines the development of Pan-Africanism, and foundational ideas of race, modernity, and identity that remain as important elements of some strains of the ideology. This is further explored by examining the relationship between these ideas and the rise of nativism, demonstrating the ways that essentialist conceptions of African identity can justify violence and authoritarianism. Finally, the paper stages an engagement between Pan-Africanism and Afropolitanism, examining the ways that Afropolitan approaches provide an important critique of nativist forms of Pan-Africanism, as well as offering more productive ways of engaging with African identity. This is important both for theoretical debates around identity in IR and for the future of the AU, as the institutional home of Pan-Africanism. The argument takes both Pan-Africanism and Afropolitanism seriously as approaches to IR, focusing on the ways that Africa and African ideologies can be viewed as central both to the formation of modern political thought and to conceptualize the future of international politics and global order.
The Association of Structural Fires With Heating Complaints and Race in New York City
Authors: Stanton Eloise , Biedry Julia , Rochlin Danielle , Sheckter Clifford 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The devastating fire on January 9, 2022, led to the death of 8 children and 9 adults in New York City’s Bronx borough. Previous reports have suggested that heating complaints in low socioeconomic Black/Latinx communities are frequently ignored. This trend suggests the existence of housing inequities and landlord negligence, which may lead to higher rates of residential fires in the Bronx and other low-income neighborhoods. However, this assertion has yet to be scientifically investigated. Two datasets (New York City Open Data Portal Fire Incident Dispatch and 311 Heat/Hot Water Complaints) were merged to determine the frequency of heating complaints and structural fires per month among community districts in New York City between 2017 and 2022. The primary outcome was structural fires per month which was modeled using a mixed effects multivariable regression allowing random intercepts for individual community districts. Within New York City’s 59 community districts, 3,877 heating complaints were filed against 3,989 structural fires during the study period. The mixed effects model demonstrated a significant relationship between heat complaints and frequency of structural fires (coefficient 0.013, 95% confidence interval 0.012–0.014, P &lt; .001). For the decennial census year 2020, the mixed effects model demonstrated a significant association between heat complaints and proportion of non-Hispanic, Black residents (coefficient 0.493, 95% confidence interval 0.330–0.657, P &lt; .001). This highlights a trend in marginalized racial/ethnic communities, where unresolved heating complaints may force residents to resort to dangerous heating practices, inadvertently leading to fires and morbidity/mortality.
A sustainable grower-based method for entomopathogenic nematode production
Authors: Oliveira-Hofman Camila , Steffan Shawn , Shapiro-Ilan David 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes in the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, produced through in vitro or in vivo methods, are effective insect biological control agents. In vivo production yields good-quality nematodes, but the costs associated with obtaining insects and labor make this production system have a low economy of scale. Conceivably, if growers can produce their own nematodes, then the cost could be reduced. Grower-based production systems described to-date are not sustainable because they rely on outside sources to obtain or calibrate inoculum. Here, we describe a self-sufficient grower-based system where the grower can produce in-house nematodes after obtaining the initial inoculum from a reliable source. We validated our approach in 2 experiments comparing in vivo nematode production from standard White traps and a grower-based approach using polyacrylamide gel. For both tested species, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, the grower-based approach produced equal to or more nematodes than the standard method. For example, when comparing the average yield of S. carpocapsae-infective juveniles per Galleria mellonella cadaver (n = 30), the standard White trap method produced 159,114 ± 9,669, whereas the grower-based approach produced 244,029 ± 16,241. The sustainable system described herein has promise for wide adoption by growers.
Antimicrobial stewardship: community pharmacists’ antibiotic dispensing practices, knowledge, and perception regarding antibiotics and antibiotic resistance
Authors: Akande-Sholabi Wuraola , Oyesiji Eunice , Adebisi Yusuff Adebayo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Antimicrobial resistance is a major global health threat, and the inappropriate use of antibiotics is a key driver of this phenomenon. Community pharmacists play a crucial role in the responsible use of antibiotics and in promoting antimicrobial stewardship. This study assessed the knowledge and perception of community pharmacists regarding antibiotics and antibiotic resistance as well as their antibiotic dispensing practices.

Methods
This was a cross-sectional survey conducted among 126 community pharmacists in Ibadan, with the use of a self-administered paper questionnaire. The questionnaire contained Likert-type 8-item knowledge, 5-item perception, and 18-item dispensing practice scales. The scaled score was graded as adequate and inadequate knowledge, and good or poor dispensing practices. Data were analysed using SPSS (version 25) and results are presented using descriptive statistics.

Key findings
Adequate knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance was demonstrated by 89 (70.6%) of the community pharmacists. However, 60 (47.6%) reported that antibiotics were not classified as prescription-only medications in Nigeria and that there were no regulations governing their sale and dispensing. Majority, 118 (93.7%), agreed that it is important to conduct culture and sensitivity tests before prescribing antibiotics to patients. Only 21 (16.7%) of the respondents agreed that pharmacists should always dispense antibiotics only when a prescription is presented. In all, 115 (91.3%) community pharmacists had poor antibiotic dispensing practices.

Conclusion
Most of the community pharmacists possess adequate knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance; nonetheless, a significant portion of them exhibits poor antibiotic dispensing practices.
A distinct case of an 8-year-old female with cyclic neutropenia presenting with C. septicum abdominal sepsis and myonecrosis requiring a bowel resection and leg fasciotomy
Authors: Anzinger Harrison , Cadili Lina , Li Amanda , Barclay Amanda , Hayashi Allen H 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Clostridium septicum is a very rare cause of severe spontaneous pediatric enterocolitis and is often associated with underlying malignancy or immunocompromise. Likewise, cyclic neutropenia is a rare congenital immunodeficiency that is characterized by cyclical periods of neutropenia, often with more severe symptoms in the pediatric population. Here, we present a unique case of spontaneous C. septicum enterocolitis, sepsis, and myonecrosis in a child with undiagnosed cyclic neutropenia. Early recognition of pediatric sepsis, frequent reevaluation and identification of rapidly progressive infection, and early surgical intervention are critical for the effective management of a rare and severe infection.
Estimating the optical depth of Saturn’s main rings using the Cassini Langmuir Probe
Authors: Xystouris Georgios , Arridge Christopher S , Morooka Michiko M , Wahlund Jan-Erik 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
A Langmuir Probe (LP) measures currents from incident charged particles as a function of the applied bias voltage. While onboard a spacecraft the particles are either originated from the surrounding plasma, or emitted (e.g. through photoemission) from the spacecraft itself. The obtained current–voltage curve reflects the properties of the plasma in which the probe is immersed into, but also any photoemission due to illumination of the probe surface: As photoemission releases photoelectrons into space surrounding the probe, these can be recollected and measured as an additional plasma population. This complicates the estimation of the properties of the ambient plasma around the spacecraft. The photoemission current is sensitive to the extreme ultraviolet (UV) part of the spectrum, and it varies with the illumination from the Sun and the properties of the LP surface material, and any variation in the photoelectrons irradiance can be measured as a change in the current voltage curve. Cassini was eclipsed multiple times by Saturn and the main rings over its 14 yr mission. During each eclipse the LP recorded dramatic changes in the current–voltage curve, which were especially variable when Cassini was in shadow behind the main rings. We interpret these variations as the effect of spatial variations in the optical depth of the rings and hence use the observations to estimate the optical depth of Saturn’s main rings. Our estimates are comparable with UV optical depth measurements from Cassini’s remote sensing instruments.
Prevalence of Long-term Symptoms Varies When Using Different Post-COVID-19 Definitions in Positively and Negatively Tested Adults: The PRIME Post-COVID Study
Authors: Pagen Demi M E , van Bilsen Céline J A , Brinkhues Stephanie , Van Herck Maarten , Konings Kevin , den Heijer Casper D J , ter Waarbeek Henriëtte L G , Spruit Martijn A , Hoebe Christian J P A , Dukers-Muijrers Nicole H T M 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
Long-term symptoms after a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (ie, post–coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19] condition or long COVID) constitute a substantial public health problem. Yet, the prevalence remains currently unclear as different case definitions are used, and negatively tested controls are lacking. We aimed to estimate post-COVID-19 condition prevalence using 6 definitions.

Methods
The Prevalence, Risk factors, and Impact Evaluation (PRIME) post-COVID-19 condition study is a population-based sample of COVID-19-tested adults. In 2021, 61 655 adults were invited to complete an online questionnaire, including 44 symptoms plus a severity score (0–10) per symptom. Prevalence was calculated in both positively and negatively tested adults, stratified by time since their COVID-19 test (3–5, 6–11, or ≥12 months ago).

Results
In positive individuals (n = 7405, 75.6%), the prevalence of long-term symptoms was between 26.9% and 64.1% using the 6 definitions, while in negative individuals (n = 2392, 24.4%), the prevalence varied between 11.4% and 32.5%. The prevalence of long-term symptoms potentially attributable to COVID-19 ranged from 17.9% to 26.3%.

Conclusions
There is a (substantial) variation in prevalence estimates when using different post-COVID-19 condition definitions, as is current practice; there is limited overlap between definitions, indicating that the essential post-COVID-19 condition criteria are still unclear. Including negatives is important to determine long-term symptoms attributable to COVID-19.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05128695.
Leveraging CD4 Cell Count at Entry Into Care to Monitor Success of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention, Treatment, and Public Health Programming in the Greater St Louis Area Between 2017 and 2020
Authors: Filiatreau Lindsey M , Mody Aaloke , Vo Daniel , Bradley Cory , Ramakrishnan Aditi , López Julia , O’Halloran Jane , Trolard Anne , Powderly William G , Geng Elvin H 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
CD4 cell count at entry into human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care is a useful indicator of success of multiple steps in HIV public health programming. We demonstrate that CD4 cell count at care initiation was stable in St Louis between 2017 and 2019 but declined in 2020. Missouri efforts in the Ending the HIV Epidemic plan should focus on rapidly identifying individuals with undiagnosed HIV infection.
Five Kinds of Epistemic Arguments against Robust Moral Realism
Authors: Schechter Joshua 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses epistemic objections to non-naturalist moral realism. The goal of the chapter is to determine which objections are pressing and which objections can safely be dismissed. The chapter examines five families of objections: (i) one involving necessary conditions on knowledge, (ii) one involving the idea that the causal history of our moral beliefs reflects the significant impact of irrelevant influences, (iii) one relying on the idea that moral truths do not play a role in explaining our moral beliefs, (iv) one involving the claim that if moral realism is true then our moral beliefs are unlikely to be reliable, and (v) one involving the claim that moral realism is incompatible with there being a plausible explanation of our reliability about morality. The overall conclusion of the chapter is that the final objection is by far the most pressing.
Contemporary Faith-based Responses to Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking
Authors: Tomalin Emma 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a thematic analysis of the existing literature, both academic and grey, on contemporary faith-based responses to modern slavery and human trafficking, to demonstrate what we already know and where the major gaps are. The chapter begins with a discussion of definitions of modern slavery and human trafficking, including their relationship to migration. This will be followed by a brief overview of what is meant by “faith actor” and “faith-based organization.” From there, it provides a thematic analysis of the existing literature, both academic and grey, on contemporary faith-based responses to MSHT. The chapter identifies five thematic areas in the literature: 1) the role of religion in shaping the anti-modern slavery and human trafficking domain, 2) religion as an underlying factor in exacerbating modern slavery and human trafficking, 3) religion in the personal lives of survivors, 4) theological and Christian literature, and 5) the role of faith actors in the anti-trafficking field. The chapter concludes with a discussion the major gaps in knowledge in this area.
Aesthetic Engagement as a Pathway to Mental Health and Well-being
Authors: Hughes Eugene , Berleant Arnold 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
It is widely accepted that the quality of interpersonal relationships is directly linked to the development and maintenance of a healthy sense of self. When it comes to mental health, the quality of relationships matters. Yet there has been limited research and attention given to the quality of our relationship with the physical world around us. Environmental aesthetics has emerged in the last fifty years from the fields of aesthetics and environmental philosophy, and philosopher Arnold Berleant developed the idea of aesthetic engagement to draw attention to the sensorial reciprocity between the perceiver and any given environment. Rejecting the subject–object dualism inherent in traditional accounts of aesthetic appreciation, aesthetic engagement points to how sense perception becomes central to understanding self-experience. This chapter examines the intersection between environmental aesthetics and the psychology of the self. Highlighting the psychological value of distinguishing between the aesthetic and non-aesthetic engagement with environments, the chapter proposes ways in which the concept of aesthetic engagement illuminates our understanding of what constitutes a psychologically healthy sense of self.