bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Non-Specific Cutaneous Sensitivity Which is Passively Transferable with the Serum to the Normal Human Skin
Authors: Walzer Matthew 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Prausnitz and Küstner (1) demonstrated that the serum of a fish-sensitive individual with positive cutaneous reactions possessed the power of specifically and locally sensitizing normal skin. This finding has been shown to be generally applicable to atopic sensitivity to antigens and has served as a basis for the indirect method of testing for hypersensitiveness (2). In this technic, it has generally been accepted that when the reaction on the sensitized site is greater than that of the control test on normal skin, a specific sensitivity has been transferred with the injected serum.
In the course of studying more than 200 cases of atopic hypersensitiveness by the indirect method of testing, the writer has found 3 sera which, when injected into normal skins, induce a non-specific hypersensitiveness; that is, the resulting reaction in the sensitized site is greater than that obtained on a normal site with the same intracutaneous test, regardless of the substance with which the injected site is subsequently tested intracutaneously.
The Specificity of Precipitins for Serum
Authors: Wolfe Harold R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been verified that a single series of injections of small quantities (2 to 3 cc.) of undiluted serum-protein into rabbits will yield an antiserum that will give “group” reactions but seldom “extra-group” reactions. Such antisera do not give settled precipitates under the conditions described and the flocculative titer is lower than the interfacial titer. Reinjection of such rabbits with minute quantities of a 2 per cent homologous antigen results in an antiserum but slightly different from the initial antiserum produced. The titer of the rabbit's blood falls considerably within a 2 months' period after the first injection-series or reinjections with dilute solutions. Reinjections with undiluted serum result in antisera whose reactions (a) are aspecific, (b) give much settled precipitation, (c) react more quickly than those resulting from one injectionseries or reinjection of 2 per cent solutions, (d) reach a maximal titer (after one hour) usually after 2 injection-series, which thereafter cannot be increased by further injections.
Studies in Experimental Hypersensitiveness in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Straus Henry W. , Coca Arthur F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
By an encircling incision in the arm of Rhesus monkeys and dissection of the skin downward toward the elbow in the manner of a cuff, an interruption of continuity of the skin was established and maintained by means of a plaster-of-Paris cast applied in a way to prevent contact of the limb with other parts of the body. In 3 of the monkeys, sensitivity to poison-ivy was established in one of the mutually isolated areas of skin, and in all of these the sensitivity was found to be limited to the treated area. These results indicate (a) that the sensitivity of contact-dermatitis develops locally in the epidermal cells; (b) that the sensitization of cutaneous areas distant from the site of the sensitizing application of an extract of poison-ivy is not due either to blood-borne anti-bodies or to transportation of the excitant through the internal body-fluids, but probably to a diffusion of the oily excitant through the oily substances normally present in the skin.
Studies on the Physiology of Anaphylactic Shock
Authors: Hochwald Adolf , Rackemann Francis M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Whereas both human serum and horse serum are somewhat toxic for the intestinal muscle of the rat, the response of the muscle of sensitized animals is at least in the case of horse serum significantly more marked than the response of the non-sensitized. As in the in vivo experiments, the time interval is of vital importance since marked reactions are observed only in those animals whose muscle is tested during the period between twelve and seventeen days after the last sensitizing dose. When horse serum is used, the contrast between the response of muscles from sensitized and from normal rats is striking and shows variations of at least one hundred fold.
Histamine induces reactions of the rat intestinal muscle which are quite inconstant and irregular. In some cases the muscle is resistant to histamine so that even a 1:1000 dilution of the drug is tolerated without reaction. The fact that the reaction to histamine results sometimes in a contraction and sometimes in a relaxation is interesting, if only because it is in some contrast to the reaction to acetylcholine which is always that of contraction.
The Interchangeability of the Complement Components of Different Animal Species
Authors: Rice Christine E. , Crowson C. N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Titrations of the four major complement components in fresh sera from twelve mammalian and two avian species have been made using test reagents prepared from guinea-pig complement. All seven of the mammalian complements evincing hemolytic activity for sheep red-cells sensitized with rabbit hemolysin, were shown to contain all four components. The five mammalian complements without hemolytic effect on this system contained considerable amounts of C′1, variable amounts of C′3, but no demonstrable C′4. Small amounts of C′2 could be detected in three of these five “non-hemolytic” complements when heated guinea-pig serum was added to ensure an adequate excess of the heat-stable components, particularly of C′4. Owing possibly to species incompatibility, the guinea-pig test reagents failed to detect any of the four components in chicken or turkey sera which initially had exhibited some hemolytic activity, a presumable indication of the presence of all four.
Studies of the interchangeability of the four components in the complements of the various species showed only those of guinea pig, man, and hamster to be mutually compatible, those of the other species replacing each other partially. The C′1 component of the non-hemolytic complements could be substituted for C′1 of guinea pig and certain of the other hemolytic complements; their C′2 components were not found to be mutually interactive.
The role of inhibitory substances in reducing or obscuring the activities of components present in low concentration is considered, as is also the practical importance of differences in the lability of various complements in determining titer values of individual components. Fixation of complement due to interspecies antigen-antibody reactions is suggested as one possible source of anticomplementary effects.
Inhibition of the Growth of Viruses in the Chick Embryo by Aromatic Diamidines
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. , Levenson Charlotte G. , Perry Maude 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Inhibitory effects of aromatic diamidines on the viruses of influenza, mumps, feline pneumonitis and meningopneumonitis in the allantoic sac of chick embryos are compared.
With pentamidine the order of activity may be stated as follows: feline pneumonitis &gt; meningopneumonitis &gt; mumps &gt; influenza B &gt; influenza A. Stilbamidine was inhibitory only to the mumps virus.
Growth of influenza viruses in de-embryonated allantoic sac preparations was slowed down by propamidine and pentamidine.
In mice the agents of feline pneumonitis and meningopneumonitis were inhibited to a slight degree, while results with influenza were negative.
Studies in Specific Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Cooke Robert A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The cutaneous test is accepted today as a diagnostic procedure in the study of human hypersensitiveness. The marked immediate cutaneous reaction that can be confirmed repeatedly is the evidence of the hypersensitiveness of the skin. In the writer's article “On Constitutional Reactions,” in this issue of the Journal (page 000), it is shown by a table of cases that the typical cutaneous reaction is likewise indicative of clinical hypersensitiveness in at least 95 per cent of the cases reacting to the extracts of such airborne substances as pollens, powdered root of orris and animal danders.
Bronchial asthma was early recognized as the chief clinical manifestation of the hypersensitive state in human beings and many of the cases were readily diagnosed by testing with extracts of such substances as those mentioned above, easily conceived and long known clinically to be important excitants of an attack.
Studies in Specific Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Brown Aaron 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Two methods of applying the skin test in allergic conditions are in use: The cutaneous or scratch method of Schloss.The intradermal or injection method of Cooke.
Two forms of test proteins are in use: The dry powdered preparations made according to the methods described by Wodehouse.The fluid preparations originally used by Cooke and made now according to the methods described by Coca.
In a series of 78 comparative tests the superiority of the intradermal method over the scratch method has been shown upon the following grounds: In every case known to be clinically sensitive to a protein, the intradermal test with that protein resulted positively. The scratch test with the corresponding dry preparations resulted positively in only half the cases tested. The scratch test with the fluid preparations resulted negatively in 18 per cent of the cases tested.The intradermal method properly applied is not so painful as the scratch method and the resulting markings of the skin do not persist so long after the former method.Less time is required for applying the intradermal method and for obtaining the results than is needed for the scratch method.The same preparation can be used for testing and for treatment when the fluid preparations are employed.
Immunochemical Studies on Blood Groups
Authors: Leskowitz Sidney , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Preparations of B substance from human saliva varied in the amount of anti-B precipitable from an anti-B serum produced by isoimmunization of pregnancy although all of their hexosamine was specifically precipitable by excess antibody. B preparations from 2 horses also precipitated this anti-B and were shown by hexosamine analyses to be of comparable purity to the human saliva substances. Horse substances with little or no B activity by hemagglutination inhibition tests precipitated a portion of the anti-B from this antiserum. B substance from pseudomucinous ovarian cyst and a bovine stomach B substance precipitated less antibody from this antiserum and only about one-half of their hexosamine could be specifically precipitated by anti-B.
Studies on a Skin Test for Western Equine Encephalitis
Authors: Shinefield Henry R. , Longshore W. Allen , Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In a group of 44 individuals who had had clinical Western equine encephalitis, dermal hypersensitivity was observed in 84% of the adults and 56% of the children one year later. On the basis of the present observations, a positive reaction may be tentatively defined as consisting of palpable induration of at least 5 mm or of erythema with a mean diameter of at least 15 mm. Reactions of this type and magnitude were not encountered in 108 normal control individuals tested. Positive reactions were of significantly larger area in adults than in children. Nonspecific reactions in control individuals were minimized by the use of a 1:10 dilution of skin-testing antigen. This dilution was ultimately used in testing “immunes.” Use of a 0.1-ml of a 1:10 dilution of skin test antigen did not serve as a stimulus for “de novo” production of either complement-fixing or neutralizing antibodies. However, this dilution of material appeared to “recall” complement-fixing antibodies in individuals who had had previous exposure to the disease.
Studies on the Hemagglutinin of Infectious Canine Hepatitis Virus
Authors: Fastier Lyle B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Under specific conditions of temperature and of pH the virus of infectious canine hepatitis enters into a reversible association with fowl erythrocytes. By adsorption with these cells both the hemagglutinin and infective particle could be removed from tissue culture fluids containing ICH virus without appreciably reducing their ability to act as efficient complement fixing antigens. Variations both in susceptibility to heat and to precipitability with methanol have also suggested a closer association to exist between hemagglutinin and the virus particle than with the complement fixing antigen. A limited number of observations upon the growth of ICH virus in dog kidney epithelial cell monolayer cultures in relationship to the production of hemagglutinin and complement fixing antigen have been recorded.
Cross Reactions of Polyglucoses in Antipneumococcal Sera
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Jahrmärker Hans , Cordoba Felix 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The cross reactivity of Types IX and XII antipneumococcal rabbit sera toward glycogen, a limit dextrin, and a fraction of synthetic polyglucose is described and related in a measure to the chemical constitution of these carbohydrates.
The precipitation of antibody by glycogen and limit dextrin is reversed by the action of amylase present in the sera, but conditions are given for minimizing the effects of the enzyme.
Cross Reactions of Polyglucoses in Antipneumococcal Sera
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Björklund Bertil , Larner Joseph 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Quantitative data are given on the precipitation of antibody nitrogen from a variety of antipneumococcal horse sera by various glycogens and dextrins derived from them. The data are shown to be in accord with predictions made from a quantitative theory of the precipitin reaction and with the requirements of the chemical structures of the carbohydrates involved. Inferences are drawn regarding probable details of composition and structure of the specific polysaccharides of pneumococcal Types IX, XII, XX, and XXII.
Studies on Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus Combined Immunization in Children
Authors: Chen Bei-Loo , Chou Chi-Tao , Huang Chien-Tao , Wang Yao-Tung , Ko Hsiu-Hua , Huang Wang-Cheng , Ling Che-Fu 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immune responses produced by the primary course of DPT vaccination were analyzed on the basis of known variables of the population under study. Observations extended over one year after the last dose show that the pre-existence of latent diphtheria immunity interfered with the speed of tetanus antitoxin response, and the magnitude and maintenance of pertussis agglutinin response. The tetanus antitoxin response was most seriously affected one month after the second dose, when the solid protection ratio between the normal and the diphtheriaimmune group was 87.0%:34.4%. The pertussis agglutinin response was most seriously affected one year after the third dose, with a solid protection ratio of 50.0%:13.8% between the groups.
The data show that throughout the primary vaccination course, children younger than 24 months gave better diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin responses than the older children under a fixed dosage. Older children gave stronger pertussis agglutinin response than the younger children after the first dose, but weaker response after the third dose.
Sex played no role in the immune responses to primary DPT vaccination.
The Duration of Responsiveness of Lymph Node Cells Transferred to Adult Homologous Recipients
Authors: Dixon Frank J. , Weigle William O. , Deichmiller Maria P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The antibody response which can be produced by lymphoid cells transferred to unresponsive adult homologous recipients has been extensively investigated. In most of these experiments the transferred cells have been challenged by the antigen either in the donor prior to transfer, at the time of transfer in vitro or in the recipient. The present studies were designed to learn how long lymphoid cells transferred to x-radiated adults might remain responsive to antigenic stimulation by delaying their exposure to antigen for varying periods after transfer. Comparable observations have been made by Sterzl in neonatal recipients of adult homologous lymphoid cells (1, 2).
A second objective was to look for evidence of antigenic competition in cells from donors immunized simultaneously and equally with two noncross reacting antigens. These doubly sensitized cells were transferred to x-radiated recipients and challenged with one antigen, with both antigens simultaneously and with both antigens at different times and the resultant antibody responses were measured.
The Effect of Deficiencies of Thiamine, Pyridoxine and Pantothenic Acid on the Macrophages of the Rat
Authors: Furness G. , Axelrod A. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of a diet deficient in either pantothenic acid, pyridoxine or thiamine on the leukocytes of rats has been studied. A leukopenia with lymphopenia was found in all deficiency states. There were fewer leukocytes in the peritoneal cavity of deficient animals. Macrophages in cell culture from normal and deficient rats destroyed the avirulent E. coli and prevented any intracellular survivors from multiplying. Macrophages in cell culture from normal animals destroyed more virulent S. typhimurium than deficient cells. The survivors, however, multiplied more rapidly within normal mononuclear cells. The effect of these findings on the resistance of rats to S. typhimurium, a pathogen of these animals, is discussed.
Studies on the Factors Concerned in the Disappearance of Bacteriophage Particles from the Animal Body
Authors: Keller Robert , Zatzman Marvin L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The fate and translocation of bacteriophage particles were investigated by observing the processes that follow single intravenous injections of large numbers of particles into normal dogs. The rate of disappearance of such particles from the circulation of dogs is rapid for an early interval of approximately 20 min. Later a more gradual disappearance is noted which lasts until the termination of the experiments at 90 min. The factors responsible for this process are discussed. Studies on the rate of urinary filtration of these particles have shown that the passage of such particles across the renal barrier, as assayed by samples taken from the ureter, is irregular but concentration dependent.
Organs of the reticuloendothelial system such as the liver and spleen, concentrate phage particles 196- to 873-fold, respectively, over that found in plasma at an equivalent time. They are thus active in this process in a manner analogous to the clearance of larger particles like bacteria.
On the basis of previous work and the recoveries of bacteriophage particles from samples of kidney, evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that particles of this magnitude are distributed throughout the extracellular fluid volume.
Immune Response to Polypeptides (Poly-α-Amino Acids) in Inbred Guinea Pigs
Authors: Ben-Efraim Shlomo , Maurer Paul H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results obtained in guinea pigs of inbred strains 2 and 13 and the 100% immune responses obtained in F1 hybrids of these strains are compatible with the concept that the ability to respond immunogenically against synthetic polymers is genetically controlled and is a dominant Mendelian trait. Oligolysine-containing copolymers, glutamic acid-alanine (GA) and glutamic acid + methylated guinea pig plasma albumin (G+Me GPA) aggregate were found to be immunogenic for inbred strain 2 and nonimmunogenic for inbred strain 13. Copolymer glutamic acid-alanine-tyrosine (GAT) and glutamic acid-tryosine + methylated bovine plasma albumin (GT + Me BPA) aggregate were immunogenic in both inbred strains. Differences between the antigenic specificity of delayed type skin reactions and PCA reactions were found in the case of GLA, GLT, GLAT copolymers in strain 2, and GAT copolymer in strain 13.
Immunoglobulin Classes of Neutralizing Antibody Formed after Human Inoculation with Soluble Adenoviral Antigens
Authors: Lehrich James R. , Kasel Julius A. , Rossen Roger D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three volunteers were experimentally infected with adenoviral types 1 or 4, and six were inoculated with purified preparations of type 1 or type 4 soluble hexon and fiber antigens. Neutralizing antibodies and immunoglobulins were assayed after fractionation of serum by gel filtration, revealing generally similar patterns of antibody formation in men given infectious virus or soluble antigens.
Antibody activity was first detected in the immunoglobulin pools one to three weeks after inoculation. In 7 of the 9 men, neutralizing antibodies were present in both the IgM and IgG pools at this time. No serum samples were assayed earlier than 1 week after inoculation. IgM antibodies were found no later than 4 weeks after administration of soluble antigens, but were found up to 14 weeks after inoculation in two of the experimentally infected men. IgG antibodies persisted as long as the volunteers were followed, up to 50 weeks in one man. This persistence was also true for the heterologous responses studied. Antibody titers were low in the experimentally infected volunteers, and neutralizing activity appeared in their immunoglobulin pools a week later than in pools from subjects given soluble antigen preparations of the corresponding serotype.
Serum neutralizing antibodies of the IgA-globulin class were demonstrated in two volunteers, 2 and 3 weeks after inoculation of type 4 adenoviral soluble antigens. None could be detected in a volunteer who had been infected experimentally.
Changes in the Concentrations of the γc-Globulin and the γG-Globulin of Bovine Cerebrospinal Fluid with Maturation
Authors: MacPherson Catherine F. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The average γc-globulin concentration in bovine CSF withdrawn from newly-born colostrum-deprived calves was found to be 1.4 mg/100 ml. This level decreased sharply a few days after birth and the average value for 4-month-old animals was 0.44 mg/100 ml. The CSF of 3-year-old steers contained 0.22 mg/100 ml. Pooled fetal serum contained 2.8 mg of γc-globulin/100 ml. This level dropped by one-third at birth and then remained stationary up to 4 months of age. Bovine colostrum was found to have on the average 15 mg of γc-globulin/100 ml. About 0.01 mg of γc-globulin/g of wet tissue was found in cerebral white matter and spinal cord from calves. The cerebellum and cerebral gray matter contained one-third this amount. The γG-globulin was detected in the CSF of newly-born colostrum-deprived calves by immunodiffusion techniques but not quantitated. At 4 months of age the CSF contained 1.40 mg/100 ml and at 3 years of age 2.22 mg/100 ml. A small amount of autogenous γG-globulin was found in both fetal serum and in the serum of newly-born colostrum-deprived calves. Two weeks after birth the concentration of this protein had increased to 50 mg/100 ml. Pooled serum from 4-month-old calves had a γG-globulin content of 400 mg/100 ml.