bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Interaction of Antigen with Leucocytes of Allergic Individuals
Authors: Pruzansky Jacob J. , Patterson Roy 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The reaction of specific antigens with leucocytes from sensitive donors has been studied. Under appropriate conditions antigen will combine with the cells at 37°C or at 4°C and in the presence or absence of Ca++ and Mg++ without the release of significant quantities of intracellular histamine. Washed primed cells will release their histamine upon incubation at 37°C in buffer containing Ca++ and Mg++ but in the absence of added antigen.
Rabbit γA- and γM-Immunoglobulins with Allotypic Specificities Controlled by the α Locus
Authors: Lichter Edward A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The γG-immunoglobulin heavy chain antigenic determinants controlled by a gene at the a locus have been found on γM-immunoglobulin from serum and γA-immunoglobulin from colostrum. The presence on the heavy chain of common antigenic determinants for three different classes of immunoglobulins is indicative of a common peptide structure controlled either by the same genetic unit or by different genetic units which can code separately for a common peptide structure.
Streptococcal Related Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Markowitz A. S. , Clasen Raymond , Nidus Bernard D. , Ainis Herman 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Glomerulonephritis has been produced in the rhesus monkey passively by the intravenous injection of sheep antiserum produced against a soluble fraction obtained from pooled human glomeruli (PGT HUGL). This antigen had previously been shown to be chemically similar to and immunologically cross-reactive with a soluble substance from type 12 nephritogenic streptococci.
Glomerulonephritis was also produced in the monkey by active immunization with an alumprecipitate of PGT HUGL as the immunogen.
Immunofluorescence evidence was presented to indicate that the sheep and monkey γ-globulin localized in the glomeruli in the passively produced disease, while autologous γ-globulin was found in the actively induced disease.
No immunofluorescence evidence could be obtained to indicate the presence of the injected material in the glomeruli of the actively immunized animals. The concept is submitted that in the latter group tolerance was broken and that the globulin which localized was antibody-reactive with a determinant grouping on the monkey glomerular basement membrane.
Studies on Immunologic Unresponsiveness During Secondary Disease
Authors: Thompson John S. , Simmons Eric L. , Moy Richard H. , Crawford Margaret K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of donor or host immunologically competent cells added 21 days after lethal irradiation and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation was investigated in mice.
Whereas 10 × 106 normal host lymphocytes or spleen cells had no effect on the subsequent course of secondary disease, 50 × 106 normal host spleen cells significantly improved survival. Normal donor cells were efficacious at both dosages, but particularly at the highest inoculum. Cells obtained from strains unrelated to the donor or host were either not effective or harmful.
To test the susceptibility of the chimera 21 days after bone marrow transplantations, spleen cells preimmunized to either donor or host tissues were administered and found to be consistently destructive.
The mechanism whereby large innocula of normal donor or host cells improve survival is unknown, but a hypothesis based on inhibition of the primary immune response by serum antibody if offered for consideration.
Hereditary Deficiency of the Second Component of Complement (C′2) in Man: Further Observations on a Second Kindred
Authors: Klemperer Martin R. , Austen K. Frank , Rosen Fred S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A kindred including a homozygous C′2 deficient individual and three heterozygous C′2 deficient individuals has been reinvestigated. The deficiency appears to be transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait in which heterozygous individuals can be detected. Serum complement activity is decreased as measured by hemolytic activity, bactericidal capacity and immune adherence. The deficiency is due to a selective lack of C′2 activity and full serum complement activity is restored by the addition of highly purified C′2. The induction of vasopermeability activity by C′1 esterase is markedly decreased in C′2 deficient individuals. The defect in the second component of complement appears to be the result of defective protein biosynthesis rather than the production of a serum inhibitor or an active but unstable form of C′2.
Distribution of the Human Rh0(D) Antigen in the Red Cells of Non-Human Primates
Authors: Masouredis S. P. , Dupuy Mary Edith , Elliot Margaret 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The red cells of chimpanzees (Pan satyrus) and the red cells of one orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) contain antigenic specificities similar to the Rh0(D) antigen of man. These cells took up significant amounts of I-125 anti-Rh0(D), showed an increase in antibody binding when the ionic strength was reduced and were able to absorb from the anti-Rh0(D) components absorbable by human Rh0(D)-positive red cells. No evidence for the presence of Rh0(D) on the red cells of one rhesus monkey, two baboons and two gibbons was found using these techniques. The amount of Rh0(D) antigen on chimpanzee red cells showed an almost 2.5-fold variation between the highest and lowest values. One of the eight chimpanzees tested reacted as an Rh0(D) negative, in that it did not take up significantly more I-125 than did not human Rh0(D)-negative red cell. The implications of these findings for the antigenic structure of the human Rh0(D) antigen and for the phylogenetic relationships among the primates are discussed.
Immunochemical Studies on Delayed and Arthus-Type Hypersensitivity Reactions
Authors: Schlossman Stuart F. , Levine Herbert 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies of the immunochemical relationships between delayed and Arthus-type hypersensitivity reactions in guinea pigs sensitized to α, DNP, oligo-l-lysyl peptides have led to several observations. 1) Small nonimmunogenic members of the homologous series of peptides elicit only Arthus-type reactions. 2) Larger members which are immunogenic provoke both Arthus and delayed reactions. 3) Serum antibodies from these animals have permitted studies of quantitative inhibition of precipitation; the peptides show increasing efficiency of inhibition, on a molar basis, with increasing chain length, up to the heptamer. 4) The upper limit of combining-site size in this system appears complementary to the heptamer. 5) The maximum combining-site size corresponds in size to the smallest peptide in this series which is immunogenic. 6) Although the hexamer contributes approximately 96% of the binding energy of the heptamer with conventional antibody, the heptamer, but not the hexamer, elicits a delayed reaction.
These results suggest that circulating high affinity antibody or antibody with a larger combining site is not the mediator of the delayed response. Since only immunogenic peptides provoke the delayed skin reaction in this system, the delayed response may depend on local biosynthesis of sufficient antibody (cell-bound or free) by sensitized lymphocytes to form antigen-antibody complexes capable of producing tissue damage. Under these circumstances, the need for a larger determinant to elicit the delayed response reflects on the immunogenicity of the material and not its complementariness to a combining site size on a preformed antibody molecule.
Candida Precipitins
Authors: Chew William H. , Theus Thomas L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Precipitating antibodies against group A Candida albicans mannan were demonstrated in sera from healthy volunteers and from patients with mucocutaneous isolates of Candida. Forty-eight per cent of sera from healthy volunteers and 69% of sera from patients with mucocutaneous isolates of Candida had precipitating antibodies when studied in Preer immunodiffusion tubes. Precipitins were found with greater frequency and in significantly higher titer in sera from patients with mucocutaneous isolates than in sera from healthy patients. Precipitin bands were detected in Ouchterlony plates in 38% of sera with Preer tube titers of 1:8 or greater but in only 5% of sera with lower tube titers.
Papain Fragmentation of the Subunits of Human Macroglobulin
Authors: Onoue Kaoru , Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Papain fragmentation of the subunits (IgMs) produced by mild reduction and alkylation of IgM that had been isolated from a patient with macroglobulinemia was studied.
A stable fragment (Ms pap I) was isolated after papain digestion of IgMs for 16 hr. The approximate molecular weight of the Ms pap I fragment was 50,000. It was composed of light chain (κ chain) and a part of heavy chain (µ chain) and obtained in a yield of 10 fragments/molecule of IgM or 2/molecule of the subunit. Some chromatographic and electrophoretic heterogeneity was observed with this fragment although there seemed to be no difference in chain composition and size between chromatographically separated Ms pap I fragments.
Another fragment, Ms pap III, was isolated from a short period digest. The sedimentation coefficient of this fragment was 2.9 S and it was composed of a part of the µ chain which was not included in the Ms pap I fragment. Although it may not represent all of the µ chain other than included in the Ms pap I fragment, it carries the major antigenic determinants of the µ chain and most of the hexose of IgMs.
The former fragment, Ms pap I, is considered as a counterpart of Fab fragment of IgG and the latter, Ms pap III, as that of Fc fragment and, thus, the formula of the papain fragmentation of IgMs is similar to that of IgG except that the counterpart of the Fc portion is hydrolyzed to dialyzable peptides in a short period.
The Effect of Estrogenic Hormones on Immune Responses in Normal and Irradiated Mice
Authors: Thompson John S. , Crawford Margaret K. , Reilly Richard W. , Severson Charles D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of estrogenic hormones on survival and immunity was studied in sublethally irradiated, lethally irradiated and syngeneic bone marrow transplanted, and nonirradiated mice.
When either estradiol or estriol were administered for 2 weeks after x-irradiation, excessive early mortality occurred. Evaluation of the allograft and hemagglutinin responses in the animals surviving 4 weeks postirradiation revealed that the St. Luke's myeloma, indigenous to the C3H strain, injected into sublethally irradiated AKR mice grew progressively and killed the majority of the estrogen recipients, but regressed in the control-treated irradiated mice; first set allogeneic skin graft survival was prolonged by estradiol in sublethally irradiated mice and by both estrogens in lethally-irradiated recipients; and the primary hemagglutinin response to sheep red cells was markedly depressed by both agents in lethally-irradiated mice and by estradiol in sublethally-irradiated animals.
By contrast, neither the survival nor the allograft or hemagglutinin responses were altered by estrogens in nonirradiated normal or pretreated mice. Finally, adoptive immunity was not influenced by hormonal treatment.
Detection of Immune Response Against Synthetic Polymers of Amino Acids Employing the Plaque-Forming Cell System
Authors: Walsh Patricia , Maurer Paul , Egan Marianne 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Lymph node tissue from rabbits sensitized with the synthetic terpolymer, G42L28A30, was found to contain antibody-forming cells capable of reacting with GLA-coated erythrocytes in the agar plate method originally devised by Jerne and Nordin. Sheep anti-rabbit globulin completely inhibited the anti-GLA activity in the plaque-forming cells obtained during the early stages following both primary and secondary immunization. Soluble GLA30 (2.4 mg) incorporated into the upper layer also inhibited the response; in contrast, lower concentrations of GLA30 (0.02 mg) had no effect.
Passive hemagglutination titers of the sera against GLA-coated sheep cells indicated no correlation between these titers and the magnitude of the plaque-forming cell response in the lymph node tissue, with the possible exception of sera obtained in the early phases following primary immunization. Differences in the reactions against untreated sheep cells and the GLA-coated cells were discussed, including the appearance of the hemolytic zones and the effect of sheep anti-rabbit globulin sera.
Antibody Response of Rhesus Monkeys to a Density Gradient Purified Murine Leukemia Virus (Rauscher)
Authors: Sibal Louis R. , Fink Mary Alexander , McCune Carol L. , Cowles Carolyn A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibody response of 10 rhesus monkeys to a murine leukemia virus (Rauscher) was studied at weekly intervals following primary and secondary stimulation. Virus obtained from the viremic plasma of BALB/c mice and purified and concentrated by density gradient centrifugation was used for immunization and as the antigen in serologic tests. Serum antibodies were measured by the tanned cell HA and micro-immunodiffusion methods, and the properties of these antibodies were determined by density gradient centrifugation and by reduction with 2-ME. In general, antibody was usually detectable after a primary injection of virus in Freund's adjuvant on the 14th day as shown by HA and on the 28th day by immunodiffusion tests. Heavy (19S), 2-ME-sensitive antibody appeared first and was followed by the light (7S), 2-ME-resistant antibody. Strong reactions were measured by both tests following secondary stimulation on the 28th day with virus without adjuvant. There was a minimal recurrence of 2-ME-sensitive 19S antibody, but the heightened and prolonged response observed was primarily the result of the presence of high levels of 7S antibody. Evidence for the presence of two distinct antigens of the virion is also presented.
The Relationship between Maternal Rh0 Antibody Combining Properties and Severity of Erythroblastosis
Authors: Goodman Harold S. , Masaitis L. , Mizera G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A comparison of quantitative agglutination curves obtained with maternal Rh0 antisera, shows a relationship between antibody-combining properties and the severity of erythroblastosis. A few exceptions were noted. Curves of greater magnitude than could be expected from the severity of the disease were found to be due to the presence of γM saline-agglutinating Rh0 antibodies. Curves weaker than expected from the severity of the disease were shown, by agglutination-inhibition, to be due to antibodies capable of producing a strong primary attachment to the red cells. A strong primary attachment would appear to be a more important antibody property in the initiation of erythroblastosis than the secondary attachment, which results in agglutination.
In general, the immune response in pregnancy was found to be less potent than that attainable by artificial immunization. The maternal antibodies produced in response to Rh0 incompatible fetal red cells appeared to be as variable in their combining properties as those encountered in any other immune system.
Role of the Thymus in Tolerance
Authors: Gery Igal , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Treatment of adult rats with bovine γ-globulin induced specific unresponsiveness to a later challenge with antigen and adjuvant. Various parameters of the immune response were inhibited to varying degree, among them the development of Arthus and delayed skin reactivity, formation of hemagglutinating and precipitating antibody, and immune clearance. Nonaggregated antigen was found to be more effective than the aggregated form in the induction of unresponsiveness. Doses as low as 0.02 mg induced significant depression of certain responses, Arthus reactivity in particular, and maximal inhibition followed doses of 2.0 mg. No zone effect was observed, comparable to that reported in mice. A maximal effect was observed when pretreatment was given 4 or 12 days prior to challenge; unresponsiveness decreased progressively at longer intervals (35 or 70 days). Intravenous antigen administered simultaneously with or 4 days after the challenge reduced the subsequent response to a moderate extent. The pretreatment itself elicited formation of circulating antibody but was nonetheless effective in inducing unresponsiveness. Irradiated recipients of spleen cells from pretreated donors showed a transient inability to react following a standard challenge. Repeated injection of zymosan (accompanied by enhanced reticuloendothelial activity) enhanced antibody formation induced by injection of antigen intravenously and prevented partially its ability to suppress the response to later challenge.
The Binding of Naturally Occurring Anti-B Isohemagglutinins to the B Antigens of Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Gibbs Mary B. , Toro Hermilio A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The binding of naturally occurring anti-B isohemagglutinins to the B antigens of human red cells was investigated using the log-probit assay method of Wilkie and Becker to measure the antibody free and fixed at equilibrium. Sera from three group A1, two A2 an Ax and three group OO male donors with no history of previous immunization by blood or blood group substances were investigated with similar results. The binding characteristics of these anti-B populations were tested by reacting varying amounts of antiserum with different concentrations of B erythrocytes ranging from 3000 to 48,000 cells/mm3 and determining the free and fixed antibody concentrations for each antiserum-cell mixture at equilibrium. The ratio of antibody fixed per cell to the antibody free was plotted against the antibody fixed per cell according to the method of Scatchard. Each concentration of red cells gave a distinct binding curve when so plotted. From these results, it was concluded that the B sites of human erythrocytes are not homogeneous in their binding affinities or specificities for the isoantibody.
Heterogeneity of the binding affinities of the antibody against the B sites was suggested by the finding that the binding characteristics of the antibody remaining in supernatant fluids of reaction mixtures equilibrated at 37, 25 and 4°C differed with changes in temperature (25 and 4°C) at which the free antibody contents of supernatant fluids were assayed. Demonstration of marked differences in the binding curves given by antibody absorbed and then eluted from a high (48,000/mm3) and a low (3000/mm3) concentration of B cells and the antibody present in the whole serum confirmed the heterogeneity of the naturally occurring anti-B isoantibody of two group OO sera.
Allergen-Binding Activity of γE, γG and γA Antibodies in Sera from Atopic Patients
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Hornbrook Margaret M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibodies associated with γG-, γA-, γM- and γE-globulins in the sera of ragweed sensitive patients were titrated by radioimmunodiffusion using I131-labeled antigen E and rabbit antibodies specific for each of these immunoglobulins. Quantitative measurements of the allergen-binding activities of the γG, γA and γE antibodies in the specimens were made by precipitation of the radioactive allergen-antibody complexes with rabbit antibodies. The titer of the antibodies in the radioimmunodiffusion method paralleled their allergen-binding activities. The skin-sensitizing activity of the patients' sera, which was determined by Prausnitz-Küstner reactions with antigen E, correlated with the allergen-binding activity of γE antibody but not with that of γG or γA antibodies. γM antibody was not detected in most of the samples containing high reaginic activity. Precipitation of γE-globulin removed the skin-sensitizing activity of the sera. These findings support the hypothesis that the reaginic antibody is associated with γE-globulin.
The minimum dose of the skin-sensitizing antibody required for giving positive Prausnitz-Küstner reactions was estimated. Comparisons were made between the γE antibody in patients' sera and rabbit antibody specific for antigen E, with respect to the allergen-binding activity. The binding activity of γE antibody present in the minimum dose of five patients' sera required for giving positive reactions was comparable to that of 2 × 10-6 µgN of the rabbit antibody.
Enhanced Immunologic Sensitization of Mice by the Simultaneous Injection of Antigen and Specific Antiserum
Authors: Terres Geronimo , Morrison Sherie Leaver 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of antigen in controlling the immune response. Mice injected with an antigen-antibody combination in slight antigen excess were reinjected with antibody at different times. The amount of antibody injected was adjusted to leave the animal devoid of both antigen and antibody. The removal of excess antigen reduced the immune response as measured on the 8th day. The degree of suppression was inversely related to the length of time between the injections. Mice injected with an antigen-antibody combination at equivalence did not respond. If the mice were reinjected with antigen, an immune response was detected on the 8th day. The magnitude of the immune response thus obtained is proportional to the amount of antigen used in the second injection. These results demonstrate that the initial immune response can be divided into two steps. The first step involves the establishment of the immune response without antibody synthesis and this step is initiated by the complexed antigen. The second step involves the triggering of antibody synthesis which is initiated by persisting antigen. A model of cellular events is proposed and discussed.
Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions Induced in Mice by Active and Passive Means
Authors: Munoz J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immediate hypersensitivity of the Arthus type was produced in mice sensitized actively or passively. The most successful procedure of producing strong hypersensitivity to hen's egg albumin (HEA) was by subcutaneous injection of 0.5 to 1 mg in Freund's adjuvant, either containing or lacking mycobacteria, and then skin testing them successively on the 20th, 25th and 30th days thereafter. Almost 100% of the mice react strongly during the second and third skin test. The circulating antibody response showed that whenever skin test reactions are observed, circulating antibodies are present and that skin test with as little as 0.8 µg of HEA produced a noticeable increase in circulating antibody titers as well as enhancement of skin sensitivity.
The Arthus reactions produced by transferring hyperimmune mouse serum to mice were similar to those produced in actively sensitized animals. It required at least 250 µg of mouse anti-HEA antibody nitrogen given intraperitoneally to produce skin sensitivity. As much as 1000 µg of AbN of a rabbit anti-HEA serum failed to produce visible skin sensitization.
Histologic studies of the skin reactions showed that the predominant cell type infiltrating the reaction site was the polymorphonuclear leukocyte. Only in those mice sensitized with HEA in complete Freund's adjuvant were there, at 24 to 48 hr after skin test, a few areas with mononuclear cells present.
It was concluded that the reactions observed were of the Arthus type and that the 24-hr reactions observed were residual Arthus reactions. No true delayed hypersensitivity to HEA was observed.