bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shared Activities With Parents During Adolescence Predicts Health Risk Across Multiple Biological Systems 22 Years Later
Authors: Manczak Erika M. 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Objective
Although affectively focused dimensions of social relationships are associated with differences in health risk, less research has considered nonaffective features of relationships, such as engaging in shared activities. This study sought to test whether adolescents who engaged in more shared activities with their parents had lower health risk in early midlife across multiple biological markers.

Methods
Using data from a nationally representative study (N = 4801), prospective associations between shared activities with parents during adolescence and health risk classifications for measures of inflammation, renal function, glucose homeostasis, and cholesterol 22 years later were examined, along with the potentially confounding roles of childhood socioeconomic status and parent-child relationship satisfaction. Exploratory analyses considered possible indirect effects of cigarette use, alcohol use, and body mass index in adulthood.

Results
Engaging in more shared activities with parents was associated with a reduced likelihood of being classified in a high-risk health category for markers of inflammation (B = −0.02, standard error [SE] = 0.01, p = .040), renal function (B = −0.08, SE = 002, p = .001), glucose (B = −0.06, SE = 0.23, p = .011), and high-density lipoprotein (B = −0.03, SE = 0.01, p = .021), and overall allostatic load (B = −0.02, SE = 0.02, p = .001), beyond demographic and health covariates. Controlling for parental income and relationship satisfaction largely did not affect observed associations. Exploratory tests of indirect effects imply that health behaviors in adulthood may partially account for observed associations.

Conclusions
Engaging in more shared activities predicted more optimal health classifications 22 years later, suggesting that the amount of contact between parents and teenagers may have long-lasting beneficial health effects. Furthermore, consideration of nonaffective dimensions of family relationships may provide additional insight into associations between social relationships and health.
Early Life Stress, Coping, and Cardiovascular Reactivity to Acute Social Stress
Authors: Mrug Sylvie , Pollock Jennifer , Pollock David , Seifert Michael , Johnson Kim A. , Knight David C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Objective
Early life stress (ELS) occurring during childhood and adolescence is an established risk factor for later cardiovascular disease and dysregulated reactivity to acute social stress. This study examined whether ELS associations with baseline cardiovascular functioning, cardiovascular stress reactivity and recovery, and emotional stress reactivity vary across levels of emotion-oriented, task-oriented, and avoidant coping styles.

Methods
The sample included 1,027 adolescents and young adults (Mean age 19.29 years; 50% females; 64% Black, 34% Non-Hispanic White) who reported on their ELS exposure and coping styles. Participants completed a standardized acute social stress test (the Trier Social Stress Test; TSST), with heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) measured before, during, and after the TSST. Self-reports of negative emotions during the TSST indexed emotional stress reactivity.

Results
Multiple regression models adjusting for demographic factors and body mass index (BMI) showed that ELS was associated with lower HR stress reactivity; avoidant coping was related to lower SBP and DBP during stress and lower SBP during recovery; and higher emotion-oriented coping and lower task-oriented coping predicted greater emotional stress reactivity. A consistent pattern emerged where emotion-oriented coping amplified the associations between ELS and maladaptive stress responses (blunted cardiovascular stress reactivity and recovery; enhanced emotional stress reactivity), whereas lower levels of emotion-oriented coping were associated with resilient profiles among those who experienced ELS (lower resting HR; lower emotional stress reactivity; average HR and BP stress reactivity and recovery). However, low levels of emotion-oriented coping also conferred a risk of higher BP during recovery for those with high levels of ELS.

Conclusions
These results suggest that low to moderate levels of emotion-oriented coping promote optimal cardiovascular and emotional reactivity to acute stress among individuals exposed to ELS.
Single-center experience evaluating and initiating people with HIV on long-acting cabotegravir/rilpivirine
Authors: Hill Lucas A. , Abulhosn Kari K. , Yin Jeffrey F. , Bamford Laura P. 
Published: February 2023

Objective:
To describe our experience evaluating and initiating individuals on long-acting injectable (LAI) cabotegravir/rilpivirine (CAB/RPV) and evaluate factors associated with starting LAI CAB/RPV and reasons for not starting.

Design:
We conducted a retrospective single-center study at the UC San Diego Owen Clinic.

Methods:
We included all individuals who expressed interest in treatment with LAI CAB/RPV between April 2021 and June 2022 who had a definitive decision made on starting LAI CAB/RPV.

Results:
In total, 383 individuals were included with 201 (52.5%) initiating LAI CAB/RPV. Those who initiated LAI CAB/RPV were younger (P = 0.02) and were more likely to be on a two-drug regimen or first-generation integrase inhibitor regimen and less likely to be on a protease inhibitor or multiclass regimen. The most common reasons for not starting LAI CAB/RPV were inconsistent clinic attendance or difficulty being contacted and patient choice not to start. Of those who had a proviral DNA resistance test as workup for LAI CAB/RPV (n = 135), 18.5% had a resistance mutation identified that may have impacted the activity of LAI CAB/RPV.

Conclusion:
Despite novel challenges over half of our cohort initiated LAI CAB/RPV. Evaluating for potential non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance is an important part of the workup for LAI CAB/RPV and proviral DNA resistance testing can be an additional tool to identify potential resistance.
The role of social support on cognitive function among midlife and older adult MSM
Authors: Henderson Emmett R. , Haberlen Sabina A. , Coulter Robert W.S. , Weinstein Andrea M. , Meanley Steven , Brennan-Ing Mark , Mimiaga Matthew J. , Turan Janet M. , Turan Bulent , Teplin Linda A. , Egan James E. , Plankey Michael W. , Friedman M. Reuel 
Published: February 2023

Objective:
This study examines the association between social support and cognitive function among midlife and older MSM living with or without HIV.

Design:
We analyzed longitudinal data from participants enrolled from October 2016 to March 2019 in the Patterns of Healthy Aging Study, a substudy of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.

Methods:
We conducted a cross-sectional analysis to estimate the association between social support and three measures of cognitive function [Trail Making Test (TMT) Part A, TMT Part B to A ratio, and Symbol Digit Modalities Tasks (SDMT)]. We also used linear mixed-effects models to estimate the association between baseline social support and cognitive function across four subsequent time points. We evaluated a multiplicative interaction term between baseline social support and time, in order to determine whether cognitive trajectories over time vary by baseline social support.

Results:
Social support was associated with lower TMT Part A scores at baseline and over the subsequent 2 years, indicating better psychomotor ability. Social support was associated with higher SDMT scores at baseline and across 2 years, indicating better information processing. We observed no association between social support and TMT B to A ratio at baseline or across 2 years, indicating no effect on set-shifting ability. Longitudinal cognition outcome trajectories did not vary by the level of baseline social support.

Conclusion:
Social support and cognitive function were associated in this sample over a short time period. Further research should explore causal relationships over the lifespan.
Lower anti-Müllerian hormone levels are associated with HIV in reproductive age women and shorter leukocyte telomere length among late reproductive age women
Authors: Van Ommen Clara E. , Hsieh Anthony Y.Y. , Albert Arianne Y. , Kimmel Elana R. , Cote Helene C.F. , Maan Evelyn J. , Prior Jerilynn C. , Pick Neora , Murray Melanie C.M. 
Published: February 2023

Objectives:
We sought to better understand factors associated with ovarian aging in women with HIV (WWH).

Design:
HIV has been associated with diminished fertility, younger age at menopause, and shorter leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a marker of cellular aging. We herein examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between LTL, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), and HIV.

Methods:
We included WWH and HIV-negative women 12–50 years of age in the CARMA cohort with one or more study visit(s). LTL and AMH were measured by qPCR and ELISA, respectively. Women were analyzed in peak reproductive (<35 years) vs. late reproductive (≥35 years) life phases. Using multivariable mixed-effect linear or logistic regressions, we assessed factors associated with AMH and ΔAMH/year while adjusting for relevant confounders.

Results:
WWH had shorter LTL and lower AMH levels compared to HIV-negative controls despite being of similar age. After adjusting for relevant factors, HIV was associated with 20% lower AMH levels in women under 35 years of age and shorter LTL was associated with AMH levels below 2 ng/ml among women aged 35 years or older. Longitudinally, ΔAMH/year was largely related to initial AMH level among older women, and to age in younger women.

Conclusions:
Factors associated with AMH change across women's reproductive lifespan. Lower AMH among peak reproductive aged WWH suggests that HIV may have an initial detrimental effect on ovarian reserve, an observation that may warrant counseling around pregnancy planning. In women aged 35 years or older, the association between shorter LTL and lower AMH suggests that the immune and reproductive aging connections are more important in this age group.
Estimation of HIV-1 Incidence Using a Testing History-Based Method; Analysis From the Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment Survey Data in 12 African Countries
Authors: Gurley Stephen A. , Stupp Paul W. , Fellows Ian E. , Parekh Bharat S. , Young Peter W. , Shiraishi Ray W. , Sullivan Patrick S. , Voetsch Andrew C. 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Estimating HIV incidence is essential to monitoring progress in sub-Saharan African nations toward global epidemic control. One method for incidence estimation is to test nationally representative samples using laboratory-based incidence assays. An alternative method based on reported HIV testing history and the proportion of undiagnosed infections has recently been described.

Methods:
We applied an HIV incidence estimation method which uses history of testing to nationally representative cross-sectional survey data from 12 sub-Saharan African nations with varying country-specific HIV prevalence. We compared these estimates with those derived from laboratory-based incidence assays. Participants were tested for HIV using the national rapid test algorithm and asked about prior HIV testing, date and result of their most recent test, and date of antiretroviral therapy initiation.

Results:
The testing history-based method consistently produced results that are comparable and strongly correlated with estimates produced using a laboratory-based HIV incidence assay (ρ = 0.85). The testing history-based method produced incidence estimates that were more precise compared with the biomarker-based method. The testing history-based method identified sex-, age-, and geographic location-specific differences in incidence that were not detected using the biomarker-based method.

Conclusions:
The testing history-based method estimates are more precise and can produce age-specific and sex-specific incidence estimates that are informative for programmatic decisions. The method also allows for comparisons of the HIV transmission rate and other components of HIV incidence among and within countries. The testing history-based method is a useful tool for estimating and validating HIV incidence from cross-sectional survey data.
Evaluation of Statin Prescribing Practices and Predictors of Statin Underutilization in Persons With HIV
Authors: Cottino Michelle C. , Kulig Caitlin E. , Suh Jin S. , Jimenez Humberto R. 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Persons with HIV (PWH) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared with those without HIV. Despite the increased risk, PWH are less likely to be prescribed statin therapy compared with the general population. The purpose of this study is to describe the statin prescribing practices of an outpatient HIV clinic and identify potential predictors of statin underutilization.

Methods:
This study was a retrospective, single-center chart review of PWH ages 40–79 years receiving care at an HIV clinic. Statin eligibility, statin prescribing practices, and appropriateness of statin therapy were evaluated. Logistical regression analyses were conducted to assess for predictors of underutilization of statin therapy.

Results:
Of the 606 patients, statin therapy was indicated in 362 patients (60%). Among those with a statin indication, 60.2% were prescribed appropriate statin therapy, 11.6% were prescribed statin therapy but not at the indicated intensity, and 28.2% were not prescribed statin therapy. Tobacco use (P = 0.0023) was identified as a predictor of statin underutilization. The odds of statin prescribing were higher for those with clinical atherosclerotic CVD (P = 0.004) and hypertension (P = 0.017).

Conclusion:
Statin underutilization was significantly higher in PWH smoking tobacco and PWH without atherosclerotic CVD or low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol 190 mg/dL or higher. In addition, this study highlights the need for more robust CVD prevention efforts in PWH. Identifying predictors of statin underutilization may aid in elucidating where gaps in cardiovascular prevention care may exist.
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis Among People Living With HIV in the African Cohort Study From 2013 to 2021
Authors: Ganesan Kavitha , Mwesigwa Ronald , Dear Nicole , Esber Allahna L. , Reed Domonique , Kibuuka Hannah , Iroezindu Michael , Bahemana Emmanuel , Owuoth John , Singoei Valentine , Maswai Jonah , Parikh Ajay P. , Crowell Trevor A. , Ake Julie A. , Polyak Christina S. , Shah Neha , Cavanaugh Joseph S. 
Published: February 2023

Background:
The prevalence and incidence of tuberculosis (TB) is high among people living with HIV (PLWH) but is often underdiagnosed in HIV programmatic settings.

Setting:
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)–supported research sites in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and Nigeria.

Methods:
All patients underwent molecular testing at entry into a longitudinal cohort of PLWH and annually thereafter. We assessed the prevalence and incidence of TB and identified clinical and demographic factors associated with prevalent and incident TB using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models.

Results:
From 21 January, 2013, to 1 December 2021, 3171 PLWH were enrolled with a TB prevalence of 3% (n = 93). Of the cases with prevalent TB, 66% (n = 61) were bacteriologically confirmed. The adjusted odds of prevalent TB were significantly higher among those with higher educational attainment, PLWH for 1–5 years since their HIV diagnosis, those who were underweight, and those with CD4 counts <200 cells/mm3. The overall TB incidence rate was 600 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI: 481–748). We found that shorter time since HIV diagnosis, being underweight, taking antiretroviral therapy <6 months, and having a CD4 count <200 cells/mm3 were significantly associated with incident TB. PLWH on dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir had a 78% lower risk of incident TB compared with those on tenofovir/lamivudine/efavirenz (hazard ratio: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.08–0.63).

Conclusion:
The prevalence and incidence of TB was notably high in this cohort sourced from PEPFAR clinics. Aggressive efforts to enhance HIV diagnosis and optimize treatment in programmatic settings are warranted to reduce the risk of HIV-TB co-occurrence in this cohort.
HIV prevention in individuals engaged in sex work
Authors: Busza Joanna , Matambanadzo Primrose , Phiri Lawrence , Meki Bee , Cowan Frances M. 
Published: February 2023

Purpose of review
People who sell sex remain at disproportionate risk of acquiring HIV and should be prioritized for evidence-based HIV prevention programmes delivered at sufficient scale and intensity for effectiveness. Although new biomedical tools are becoming available, many basic lessons learned early in the HIV pandemic remain salient today and need renewed attention.

Recent findings
New preexposure prophylaxis formulations, distribution systems, and delivery mechanisms are being successfully trialled and implemented, adding to well established prevention tools such as male and female condoms and lubricants. The importance of social support networks and community ownership of programmes has been consistently reaffirmed. Serious challenges remain in optimizing HIV prevention for sex workers, including providing services at the scale and intensity necessary for population level impact, addressing culturally sensitive issues of gender identity and sexual orientation, and protecting adolescents and young people who may sell sex. Pervasive social stigma, often reinforced by criminalization and police harassment, further constrain sex workers’ access to available services and prevention tools.

Summary
Meaningful community engagement and addressing the multiple social determinants of vulnerability at individual, community, and structural levels remain at the core of preventing HIV among people involved in selling sex.
Estimating the global impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on people living with HIV
Authors: Thornhill John , Orkin Chloe , Cevik Muge 
Published: February 2023

Purpose of review
The COVID-19 pandemic and public health response have directly and indirectly affected broader health outcomes, especially for those with existing chronic conditions, including HIV. We examine our current understanding of the global impact of COVID-19 on people with HIV (PWH).

Recent findings
The interaction between COVID-19 and HIV is complex, making it challenging to estimate its true impact on PWH. Evidence to date does not suggest that HIV confers a higher risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2. However, once acquired, HIV increases the risk of severe COVID-19 and mortality, particularly in immunosuppressed viraemic individuals and in the context of traditional COVID-19 risk factors, including disparities in social determinants of health. In addition, COVID-19 vaccines may be less effective in the context of HIV infection with additional doses needed. The consequences of disruption of access to essential prevention and treatment services because of the pandemic are becoming evident and will likely adversely affect outcomes, risking decades of progress.

Summary
Given the increased mortality risk and reduced vaccine effectiveness seen in PWH, specific prevention and support measures are needed, including prioritization of vaccination and boosters, funding to mitigate the impact of pandemic and enabling integrated healthcare delivery during pandemics will be critical.
Rapid diagnostics for skin and soft tissue infections: the current landscape and future potential
Authors: Barbier François , Woerther Paul-Louis , Timsit Jean-François 
Published: January 2023

Purpose of review
Managing antimicrobial therapy in patients with complicated skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) constitutes a growing challenge due to the wide spectrum of potential pathogens and resistance phenotypes. Today, microbiological documentation relies on cultural methods. This review summarizes the available evidence regarding the clinical input of rapid microbiological diagnostic tools (RMDT) and their impact on the management of antimicrobial therapy in SSTI.

Recent findings
Accurate tools are already available for the early detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in SSTI samples and may help avoiding or shortening empirical anti-MRSA coverage. Further research is necessary to develop and evaluate RMDT detecting group A streptococci (e.g., antigenic test) and Gram-negative pathogens (e.g., multiplex PCR assays), including through point-of-care utilization. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods could provide pivotal information for the stewardship of antimicrobial therapy, especially in case of polymicrobial or fungal SSTI and in the immunocompromised host; however, a shortening in the turnaround time and prospective data regarding their therapeutic input are needed to better appraise the clinical positioning of these promising approaches.

Summary
The clinical input of RMDT in SSTI is currently limited due to the scarcity of available dedicated assays and the polymicrobial feature of certain cases. NGS appears as a relevant tool but requires further developments before its implementation in routine clinical practice.
Iterative Reconstruction: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives
Authors: Guido Gisella , Polici Michela , Nacci Ilaria , Bozzi Fernando , De Santis Domenico , Ubaldi Nicolò , Polidori Tiziano , Zerunian Marta , Bracci Benedetta , Laghi Andrea , Caruso Damiano 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Image reconstruction processing in computed tomography (CT) has evolved tremendously since its creation, succeeding at optimizing radiation dose while maintaining adequate image quality. Computed tomography vendors have developed and implemented various technical advances, such as automatic noise reduction filters, automatic exposure control, and refined imaging reconstruction algorithms.
Focusing on imaging reconstruction, filtered back-projection has represented the standard reconstruction algorithm for over 3 decades, obtaining adequate image quality at standard radiation dose exposures. To overcome filtered back-projection reconstruction flaws in low-dose CT data sets, advanced iterative reconstruction algorithms consisting of either backward projection or both backward and forward projections have been developed, with the goal to enable low-dose CT acquisitions with high image quality. Iterative reconstruction techniques play a key role in routine workflow implementation (eg, screening protocols, vascular and pediatric applications), in quantitative CT imaging applications, and in dose exposure limitation in oncologic patients.
Therefore, this review aims to provide an overview of the technical principles and the main clinical application of iterative reconstruction algorithms, focusing on the strengths and weaknesses, in addition to integrating future perspectives in the new era of artificial intelligence.