bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primordial black holes in interferometry
Authors: Stodolsky L. 
Published: July 2023

If there is a population of black holes distributed randomly in space, light rays passing in their vicinity will acquire random phases. In the “two-slit” model of an interferometer this can, for a high density of black holes, lead to a diffusion in the phase difference between the two arms of the interferometer and thus to a loss of coherence or “visibility” in interferometric observations. Hence the existence of “fringe contrast” or “visibility” in interferometric observations can be used to put a limit on the possible presence of black holes along the flight path. We give a formula for this effect and consider its application, particularly for observations in cosmology. Under the assumption that the dark matter consists of primordial black holes, we consider sources at high [Formula: see text], up to the CMB. While the strongest results are for the CMB as the most remote source, more nearby sources at high [Formula: see text] lead to similar effects. The effect increases with the baseline, and in the limiting case of the CMB we find that with earth-size baselines a nonzero “visibility” would limit the mass of possible primordial black holes, to approximately [Formula: see text]. Although such limits would not appear to be as strong as those obtained, say from microlensing, they involve a much different methodology and are dominated by very early times (see Table 1 ). Longer baselines lead to more stringent limits and in principle with extreme lengths, the method could possibly find positive evidence for primordial black holes. In this case, however, all other kinds of phase averaging would have to be constrained or eliminated.
Activating Inducible T-cell Costimulator Yields Antitumor Activity Alone and in Combination with Anti-PD-1 Checkpoint Blockade
Authors: Yadavilli Sapna , Waight Jeremy D. , Brett Sara , Bi Meixia , Zhang Tianqian , Liu Yao-Bin , Ellis Catherine , Turner David C. , Hahn Ashleigh , Shi Hong , Seestaller-Wehr Laura , Jing Junping , Xie Qing , Shaik Jafar Sadik , Ji Xiao , Gagnon Robert , Fieles William , Hook Laura , Grant Steven , Hopley Stephanie , DeYoung M. Phillip , Blackwell Christina , Chisamore Michael , Biddlecombe Robert , Figueroa David J. , Hopson Christopher B. , Srinivasan Roopa , Smothers James , Maio Michele , Rischin Danny , Olive Daniel , Paul Elaine , Mayes Patrick A. , Hoos Axel , Ballas Marc 
Published: July 2023

In recent years, there has been considerable interest in mAb-based induction of costimulatory receptor signaling as an approach to combat cancer. However, promising nonclinical data have yet to translate to a meaningful clinical benefit. Inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS) is a costimulatory receptor important for immune responses. Using a novel clinical-stage anti-ICOS immunoglobulin G4 mAb (feladilimab), which induces but does not deplete ICOS+ T cells and their rodent analogs, we provide an end-to-end evaluation of the antitumor potential of antibody-mediated ICOS costimulation alone and in combination with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade. We demonstrate, consistently, that ICOS is expressed in a range of cancers, and its induction can stimulate growth of antitumor reactive T cells. Furthermore, feladilimab, alone and with a PD-1 inhibitor, induced antitumor activity in mouse and humanized tumor models. In addition to nonclinical evaluation, we present three patient case studies from a first-time-in-human, phase I, open-label, dose-escalation and dose-expansion clinical trial (INDUCE-1; ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02723955), evaluating feladilimab alone and in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with advanced solid tumors. Preliminary data showing clinical benefit in patients with cancer treated with feladilimab alone or in combination with pembrolizumab was reported previously; with example cases described here. Additional work is needed to further validate the translation to the clinic, which includes identifying select patient populations that will benefit from this therapeutic approach, and randomized data with survival endpoints to illustrate its potential, similar to that shown with CTLA-4 and PD-1 blocking antibodies.

Significance:
Stimulation of the T-cell activation marker ICOS with the anti-ICOS agonist mAb feladilimab, alone and in combination with PD-1 inhibition, induces antitumor activity across nonclinical models as well as select patients with advanced solid tumors.
The representational dynamics of the animal appearance bias in human visual cortex are indicative of fast feedforward processing
Authors: Chen Chiu-Yueh , Leys Gaëlle , Bracci Stefania , Op de Beeck Hans 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The human visual system has a seemingly unique tendency to interpret zoomorphic objects as animals, not as objects. This animal appearance bias is very strong in the ventral visual pathway as measured through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), but it is absent in feedforward deep convolutional neural networks. Here we investigate how this bias emerges over time by probing its representational dynamics through multivariate electroencephalography (EEG). The initially activated representations to lookalike zoomorphic objects are very similar to the representations activated by animal pictures and very different from the neural responses to regular objects. Neural responses that reflect the true identity of the zoomorphic objects as inanimate objects are weaker and appear later, as do effects of task context. The strong early emergence of an animal appearance bias strongly supports a feedforward explanation, indicating that lack of recurrence in deep neural networks is not an explanation for their failure to show this bias.
Long-Term Effects of Intervention on Vestibular Migraine: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Kolberg, AuD Courtney , Roberts, PhD Richard A. , Watford, DNP Kenneth E. , Picou, AuD, PhD Erin M. , Corcoran, AuD Kelley 
Published: July 2023

Background: Vestibular migraine is a common cause of vertigo. Intervention often includes preventive and/or rescue medications. Lifestyle modifications are often used along with medications but can be used as the sole intervention. There is lack of clarity regarding the long-term benefits of these interventions. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine long-term effects of intervention types on dizziness in patients with vestibular migraine. Methods: Twenty-three participants were grouped based on intervention into preventive medication plus lifestyle modifications, rescue medication plus lifestyle modifications, or lifestyle modifications only. Outcomes were determined at ~372 days post intervention by comparing pre- and post-Dizziness Handicap Inventory scores. A difference of ≥18 points was considered a change and we also evaluated change in severity scale on this measure. Results: Using the group mean change score, only the rescue medication plus lifestyle modification group was significantly improved at 372 days of intervention. Considering all individual participants, 30% of the participants had improvement in dizziness at this point, regardless of intervention. Fifty percent of the rescue medication plus lifestyle modification group had significant reduction in dizziness, while the preventive medication plus lifestyle modification and the lifestyle modification only groups performed similarly using this criterion. Considering change in severity category, 43% of all participants improved by at least one category. The rescue medication plus lifestyle modifications and the lifestyle modifications only groups performed similarly with 50% of their respectively groups exhibiting improvement by at least one category. Notably, there was no worsening of dizziness for any participant in the lifestyle modification only group. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that improvement in dizziness is maintained at ~372days of intervention in patients with vestibular migraine. Intervention using rescue medications plus lifestyle modifications had the best outcomes, followed by lifestyle modifications only. There was no worsening in dizziness for the lifestyle modification only intervention. More work is needed to better understand intervention effects, but it is encouraging that effects are maintained at greater than one year.
Pandemic States of Exception and the Alt-science of Early Treatment for COVID-19 in Brazil
Authors: Cesarino Letícia Maria Costa da Nóbrega , Silva Victor Hugo Viegas de Freitas 
Published: July 2023

An in-depth ethnographic account of the online ecosystem that emerged around early treatment for COVID-19 in Brazil suggests that, rather than being made up of straightforward science deniers, this community may be best understood as a kind of “alt-science” that grew from the margins of mainstream science and policy making by taking advantage of the voids opened up by the pandemic state of scientific exception and the Bolsonaro government’s reckless handling of the pandemic. Digital platforms have been key enablers of this process, affording the proliferation of early-treatment knowledge practices on a fold not just between medical science and populist politics but between these and bottom-up forms of neoliberal “fast policy,” entrepreneurialism, and patient activism. Um relato etnográfico aprofundado do ecossistema online que surgiu em torno do tratamento precoce para COVID-19 no Brasil sugere que, em vez de ser composta por negacionistas explícitos da ciência, essa comunidade pode ser melhor compreendida como uma espécie de “alt-science”. Ela cresceu às margens da ciência dominante e das políticas públicas, aproveitando o vácuo aberto pelo estado de exceção científico e pelo tratamento negligente da pandemia pelo governo Bolsonaro. As plataformas digitais têm sido os principais facilitadores desse processo, permitindo a proliferação de práticas de conhecimento de tratamento precoce em uma dobra não apenas entre a ciência médica e a política populista, mas entre essas e as formas de “política rápida” neoliberal a partir de baixo, empreendedorismo e ativismo de pacientes.
Children with single ventricle heart disease have a greater increase in sRAGE after cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Brooks Bonnie A , Sinha Pranava , Staffa Steven J , Jacobs Marni B , Freishtat Robert J , Patregnani Jason T 
Published: July 2023

Introduction Reducing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induced inflammatory injury is a potentially important strategy for children undergoing multiple operations for single ventricle palliation. We sought to characterize the soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), a protein involved in acute lung injury and inflammation, in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease and hypothesized that patients undergoing single ventricle palliation would have higher levels of sRAGE following bypass than those with biventricular physiologies. Methods This was a prospective, observational study of children undergoing CPB. Plasma samples were obtained before and after bypass. sRAGE levels were measured and compared between those with biventricular and single ventricle heart disease using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis for risk factors for lung injury. Results sRAGE levels were measured in 40 patients: 19 with biventricular and 21 with single ventricle heart disease. Children undergoing single ventricle palliation had a higher factor and percent increase in sRAGE levels when compared to patients with biventricular circulations (4.6 vs. 2.4, p = 0.002) and (364% vs. 181%, p = 0.014). The factor increase in sRAGE inversely correlated with the patient’s preoperative oxygen saturation (Pearson correlation (r) = −0.43, p = 0.005) and was positively associated with red blood cell transfusion (coefficient = 0.011; 95% CI: 0.004, 0.017; p = 0.001). Conclusions Children with single ventricle physiology have greater increase in sRAGE following CPB as compared to children undergoing biventricular repair. Larger studies delineating the role of sRAGE in children undergoing single ventricle palliation may be beneficial in understanding how to prevent complications in this high-risk population.
Pentoxifylline as adjunctive therapy in cognitive deficits and symptoms of schizophrenia: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial
Authors: Sinichi Farideh , Farid Hosseini Farhad , Fayyazi-Bordbar Mohammadreza , Sinichi Mohaddeseh , Jamali Jamshid , Mohammadpour Amirhooshang 
Published: July 2023

Background: Due to the inflammatory factors in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, Pentoxifylline, as anti-inflammatory medication, seems to improve the symptoms of schizophrenia. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of Pentoxifylline as an adjunctive therapy on cognitive deficits and symptoms of schizophrenia. Methods: This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 52 patients diagnosed with chronic schizophrenia. All patients were divided into two, treatment and control groups. They received a 400 mg dose of Pentoxifylline and the placebo in the treatment and control groups, respectively, twice a day for 8 weeks. Then, they were tested with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), digit span, Stroop test, and Rey Auditory and Verbal Learning Test at baseline and the end of the weeks 4 and 8. Data analysis was done by Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, t-test, Mann–Whitney test, chi-square test, and generalized estimating equation model. Results: After analyzing the data, it was revealed that the positive symptoms of PANSS, the number of errors in the incongruent Stroop test, and reaction time in the congruent Stroop test were significantly lower in the treatment group ( p < 0.05). Moreover, the number of categories of WCST was significantly higher in the treatment group ( p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in other parameters between the control and treatment groups ( p > 0.05). Conclusions: As evidenced by the results of this study, Pentoxifylline can help alleviate schizophrenia cognitive deficits and can reduce psychotic symptoms. Therefore, it can potentially be useful for schizophrenia treatment.
Work Time Control and Job Crafting as Predictors of Work Method Control Among Health Workers
Authors: Ujoatuonu Ikechukwu V. N. , Kanu Gabriel C. , Okafor Chiedozie O. , Oyiga Chekwube G. 
Published: July 2023

Introduction Nigerian dilapidated health sector is confronted with unprecedented work method control challenges caused by the ongoing COVID-19 crisis, which has changed the world of work, health, and well-being attainment. The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged work method control employed by the Nigerian health sector as they seek to mobilize leftover resources from embezzlement required to accomplish desired tasks and, as a result, altered the work methods, job descriptions, characteristics, and demands the attainment of organizational and personal goals. Objective Based on Job Demands-Resources Theory (JD-R) and Self-Determination Theory (SDT), the researchers’ principal objective was to investigate the moderating role of job crafting in the relationship between work time control and work method control among Nigerian health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The participants for this study comprised (220) health employees sampled through the purposive and convenient method. Three instruments, Breaugh's Work Autonomy Scale, Work Time Control Scale, and Job Crafting Questionnaire, were used for data collection, and hierarchical multiple regression was employed for data analysis. Results Results of this study showed that work time control and job crafting were positively associated with work method control of Nigerian health workers. Job crafting moderated the relationship between work time control and work method control. This research deepened the knowledge of work method control while integrating work time control, and job crafting, with other health and work challenges of health workers in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Second, COVID-19 has turned neglected Nigerian health workers into heroes as their work time control and job crafting helped manage the pandemic despite the poor infrastructure, corruption, bigotry, and ethnocentrism. Conclusion During pandemics, the work method must be understood and used with work time and job crafting to improve patient recovery, health workers’ well-being, the nation, and the universe.
Escape from T-cell–targeting immunotherapies in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Vadakekolathu Jayakumar , Rutella Sergio 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Single-cell and spatial multimodal technologies have propelled discoveries of the solid tumor microenvironment (TME) molecular features and their correlation with clinical response and resistance to immunotherapy. Computational tools are incessantly being developed to characterize tumor-infiltrating immune cells and to model tumor immune escape. These advances have led to substantial research into T-cell hypofunctional states in the TME and their reinvigoration with T-cell–targeting approaches, including checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs). Until recently, we lacked a high-dimensional picture of the acute myeloid leukemia (AML) TME, including compositional and functional differences in immune cells between disease onset and postchemotherapy or posttransplantation relapse, and the dynamic interplay between immune cells and AML blasts at various maturation stages. AML subgroups with heightened interferon gamma (IFN-γ) signaling were shown to derive clinical benefit from CD123×CD3–bispecific dual-affinity retargeting molecules and CPIs, while being less likely to respond to standard-of-care cytotoxic chemotherapy. In this review, we first highlight recent progress into deciphering immune effector states in AML (including T-cell exhaustion and senescence), oncogenic signaling mechanisms that could reduce the susceptibility of AML cells to T-cell–mediated killing, and the dichotomous roles of type I and II IFN in antitumor immunity. In the second part, we discuss how this knowledge could be translated into opportunities to manipulate the AML TME with the aim to overcome resistance to CPIs and other T-cell immunotherapies, building on recent success stories in the solid tumor field, and we provide an outlook for the future.
Chemotherapy-induced reversal of ciltacabtagene autoleucel–associated movement and neurocognitive toxicity
Authors: Graham Charlotte E. , Lee Won-Ho , Wiggin Hadley R. , Supper Valentina M. , Leick Mark B. , Birocchi Filippo , Yee Andrew J. , Petrichenko Angelina , Everett John , Bushman Frederic D. , Sadrzadeh Hossein , Rapalino Otto , Chiu Daniel , Arrillaga-Romany Isabel , Maus Marcela V. , Frigault Matthew J. , Gallagher Kathleen M. E. 
Published: July 2023

In 2 complementary Letters to Blood, Karschnia et al and Graham et al provide new insights into the neurological toxicities that are observed with B-cell maturation antigen–directed chimeric antigen receptor T-cell treatment for multiple myeloma, identifying a frequency of immune effector cell–associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) that exceeds 40%. Severe ICANS is identified in 8% of patients in this real-world series. Outcomes were generally favorable, although the authors describe rare, late Parkinsonism-like hypokinetic movement disorders (also known as movement and neurocognitive toxicities) post-ICANS in 2 patients.
Comparative evolutionary analyses of eight whitefly Bemisia tabaci sensu lato genomes: cryptic species, agricultural pests and plant-virus vectors
Authors: Campbell Lahcen I. , Nwezeobi Joachim , van Brunschot Sharon L. , Kaweesi Tadeo , Seal Susan E. , Swamy Rekha A. R. , Namuddu Annet , Maslen Gareth L. , Mugerwa Habibu , Armean Irina M. , Haggerty Leanne , Martin Fergal J. , Malka Osnat , Santos-Garcia Diego , Juravel Ksenia , Morin Shai , Stephens Michael E. , Muhindira Paul Visendi , Kersey Paul J. , Maruthi M. N. , Omongo Christopher A. , Navas-Castillo Jesús , Fiallo-Olivé Elvira , Mohammed Ibrahim Umar , Wang Hua-Ling , Onyeka Joseph , Alicai Titus , Colvin John 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background
The group of > 40 cryptic whitefly species called Bemisia tabaci sensu lato are amongst the world’s worst agricultural pests and plant-virus vectors. Outbreaks of B. tabaci s.l. and the associated plant-virus diseases continue to contribute to global food insecurity and social instability, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Published B. tabaci s.l. genomes have limited use for studying African cassava B. tabaci SSA1 species, due to the high genetic divergences between them. Genomic annotations presented here were performed using the ‘Ensembl gene annotation system’, to ensure that comparative analyses and conclusions reflect biological differences, as opposed to arising from different methodologies underpinning transcript model identification.

Results
We present here six new B. tabaci s.l. genomes from Africa and Asia, and two re-annotated previously published genomes, to provide evolutionary insights into these globally distributed pests. Genome sizes ranged between 616—658 Mb and exhibited some of the highest coverage of transposable elements reported within Arthropoda. Many fewer total protein coding genes (PCG) were recovered compared to the previously published B. tabaci s.l. genomes and structural annotations generated via the uniform methodology strongly supported a repertoire of between 12.8—13.2 × 103 PCG. An integrative systematics approach incorporating phylogenomic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial markers supported a monophyletic Aleyrodidae and the basal positioning of B. tabaci Uganda-1 to the sub-Saharan group of species. Reciprocal cross-mating data and the co-cladogenesis pattern of the primary obligate endosymbiont ‘Candidatus Portiera aleyrodidarum’ from 11 Bemisia genomes further supported the phylogenetic reconstruction to show that African cassava B. tabaci populations consist of just three biological species. We include comparative analyses of gene families related to detoxification, sugar metabolism, vector competency and evaluate the presence and function of horizontally transferred genes, essential for understanding the evolution and unique biology of constituent B. tabaci. s.l species.

Conclusions
These genomic resources have provided new and critical insights into the genetics underlying B. tabaci s.l. biology. They also provide a rich foundation for post-genomic research, including the selection of candidate gene-targets for innovative whitefly and virus-control strategies.