bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The scope of the problems with the problem of scope
Authors: Duffley Patrick 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This study argues that many of the formalizations used in analyses employing the notion of logical scope fail to conform to natural language in important ways and lead to false predictions. This is due to the fact that they pursue the logic-driven goal of making the structure of logical arguments more transparent and mechanically calculable rather than the language-driven goal of accounting for how the linguistic signs used in an utterance and their configuration contribute to the conveying of the message being fashioned by the speaker. The focus of the study is on categories associated with the verb: tense, aspect, modality and negation. The conclusion suggests that very precise and rigid theories using logical scope relations may force the theorist to straitjacket the data so that they fit the theory, thereby obscuring rather than clarifying the nature of linguistic categories and their interactions. Informal analyses that hew closer to natural language’s semantic reality can provide greater understanding of phenomena such as the purported non-negatability of must. Seeing this English modal’s meaning as defined in opposition to real existence leads to the realization that it does not interact with negation the same way as the reality of the existence of the property of being necessary does.
Machine learning in computational literary studies
Authors: Hatzel Hans Ole , Stiemer Haimo , Biemann Chris , Gius Evelyn 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIn this article, we provide an overview of machine learning as it is applied in computational literary studies, the field of computational analysis of literary texts and literature related phenomena. We survey a number of scientific publications for the machine learning methodology the scholars used and explain concepts of machine learning and natural language processing while discussing our findings. We establish that besides transformer-based language models, researchers still make frequent use of more traditional, feature-based machine learning approaches; possible reasons for this are to be found in the challenging application of modern methods to the literature domain and in the more transparent nature of traditional approaches. We shed light on how machine learning-based approaches are integrated into a research process, which often proceeds primarily from the non-quantitative, interpretative approaches of non-digital literary studies. Finally, we conclude that the application of large language models in the computational literary studies domain may simplify the application of machine learning methodology going forward, if adequate approaches for the analysis of literary texts are found.
Preliminary performance analysis of BeiDou-2/GPS navigation systems over the low latitude region
Authors: Narsetty Santhosh , Thomala Sricharani , Perumalla Naveen Kumar 
Published: August 2023

AbstractOn a regional or worldwide scale, satellite-based navigation systems can offer three-dimensional Position, Velocity, and Timing (PVT) services to an indefinite number of users. BeiDou-2 is China’s regional navigation satellite system that encompasses the Asia-Pacific region. BeiDou-2’s space section comprises GEO, MEO, and IGSO satellites, making it unique among the navigation systems. This research focuses on key aspects, including satellite visibility and signal strength, as a function of the elevation angle across the low latitude region (Indian region). In addition, the results were compared with those obtained using the GPS. The data is acquired from a GNSS receiver located at the Hyderabad station (latitude:17°24′28″, longitude:78°31′04″). The results show that BeiDou-2 satellites have better visibility than GPS satellites at all elevation angles. However, visibility is low at high elevations; therefore, multiple systems are required to obtain user information. As the elevation angle increases, the carrier-to-noise density ratio (C/No) also increases. Additionally, the standard deviation (STD) was calculated and compared to that of the GPS. Despite the average signal strength of GPS satellites remaining high throughout the elevation range, the STD of BeiDou-2 satellites was found to be low. These results indicate that further work is needed to improve the interoperability of multiple navigation systems and to provide more accurate location information to Indian users.
Annular pupil confocal Brillouin–Raman microscopy for high spectral resolution multi-information mapping
Authors: Su Yunhao , Wu Hanxu , Qiu Lirong , Zhao Weiqian 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Brillouin–Raman combined confocal spectroscopy is a novel and powerful technique for providing non-contact and direct readout of the micro-regional chemical and mechanical properties of a material, and thus used in a broad range of applications, including material characterization in manufacturing and biological imaging. However, the inadequate spectral and spatial resolution restricts the further development of combined spectral technology. In this paper, an annular pupil confocal Brillouin–Raman microscopy (APCBRM) scheme is proposed to achieve high-spectral-resolution Brillouin spectral detection and high-lateral-resolution Brillouin, Raman, and 3D topography mapping. The use of an annular pupil significantly suppresses the spectral broadening caused by a high-numerical-aperture objective lens and compresses the full width at half maximum of the Brillouin spectrum by 22.1 %, effectively improving the Brillouin spectral resolution. In addition, the size of the excitation spot is compressed, and the lateral resolutions in Brillouin and Raman spectroscopy increased to about 353.2 nm and 347.1 nm, respectively. Thus, high lateral resolution and Brillouin spectral resolution are achieved simultaneously. Furthermore, the high-precision confocal focusing system based on reflected light realizes real-time focusing during scanning and three-dimensional topography mapping. These results demonstrate that APCBRM has excellent potential for applications in the fields of novel materials, precision machining, and biomedicine.
Worth the Work? Monkeys Discount Rewards by a Subjective Adapting Effort Cost
Authors: Burrell Mark , Pastor-Bernier Alexandre , Schultz Wolfram 
Published: August 2023

All life must solve how to allocate limited energy resources to maximize benefits from scarce opportunities. Economic theory posits decision makers optimize choice by maximizing the subjective benefit (utility) of reward minus the subjective cost (disutility) of the required effort. While successful in many settings, this model does not fully account for how experience can alter reward-effort trade-offs. Here, we test how well the subtractive model of effort disutility explains the behavior of two male nonhuman primates (Macaca mulatta) in a binary choice task in which reward quantity and physical effort to obtain were varied. Applying random utility modeling to independently estimate reward utility and effort disutility, we show the subtractive effort model better explains out-of-sample choice behavior when compared with parabolic and exponential effort discounting. Furthermore, we demonstrate that effort disutility depends on previous experience of effort: in analogy to work from behavioral labor economics, we develop a model of reference-dependent effort disutility to explain the increased willingness to expend effort following previous experience of effortful options in a session. The result of this analysis suggests that monkeys discount reward by an effort cost that is measured relative to an expected effort learned from previous trials. When this subjective cost of effort, a function of context and experience, is accounted for, trial-by-trial choices can be explained by the subtractive cost model of effort. Therefore, in searching for net utility signals that may underpin effort-based decision-making in the brain, careful measurement of subjective effort costs is an essential first step.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAll decision-makers need to consider how much effort they need to expend when evaluating potential options. Economic theories suggest that the optimal way to choose is by cost-benefit analysis of reward against effort. To be able to do this efficiently over many decision contexts, this needs to be done flexibly, with appropriate adaptation to context and experience. Therefore, in aiming to understand how this might be achieved in the brain, it is important to first carefully measure the subjective cost of effort. Here, we show monkeys make reward-effort cost-benefit decisions, subtracting the subjective cost of effort from the subjective value of rewards. Moreover, the subjective cost of effort is dependent on the monkeys’ experience of effort in previous trials.
A Scoping Review to Assess Risk of Fracture Associated with Anxiolytic Medications
Authors: Dallman Johnathan , Aldag Levi , Klass Amanda , Hadley Morgan , Clary Steven , Tarakemeh Armin , Zackula Rosey , Morey Tucker , Vopat Bryan 
Published: August 2023

Introduction. Recent research has focused on evaluating the impact of pharmalogical sources on fracture risk. The purpose of this study was to review the literature on anxiolytic medications that may be associated with an increased risk of fracture.
Methods. A search was conducted in MEDLINE and Embase databases to identify primary clinical studies of patients who sustained a fracture while prescribed anxiolytic medications and were published prior to July 2021. Anxiolytics defined by ATC Class N05B, beta blockers, and zolpidem were included. The search terms consisted of variations of the following: (“Psychotropic Drugs” or MeSH terms) AND (“Fracture” or MeSH terms).
Results. Of 3,213 studies, 13 (0.4%) met inclusion criteria and were evaluated. Fractures associated with benzodiazepine were reported in 12 of 13 studies; the highest risk occurred in patients aged 60 years and older, RR=2.29, 95% CI (1.48-4.40). The ATC Class N05B showed an increased fracture risk for those < 55 years of age that differed by sex: for men RR=5.42, 95% CI(4.86-6.05) and for women it was RR=3.33, 95% CI (3.03-3.66). Zolpidem also showed an increase fracture risk, RR=2.29, 95% CI(1.48-3.56), but only during the first 4 weeks of treatment. A relative risk of 0.77, 95% CI(.72-.83) was observed for beta blockers.
Conclusions. Fractures are a mainstay of traumatic injuries and are accompanied by economical, physiological, and psychological hardship. Fortunately, with proper assessment and prophylactic measures, fracture risk can be reduced dramatically. Anxiolytic medications have been described widely to increase fracture risk, such as benzodiazepines in 60+ year old patients, and ATC Class N05B Anxiolytics increased fracture risk of RR=5.42, 95% CI (4.86-6.05) in 55+ year old men and in 55+ year old women. Yet, some studies showed that at low doses, nitrazepam lowered fracture risk. Other anxiolytic medications, such as zolpidem and beta blockers, also showed a decrease in fracture risk; however, only one study has been published on each of these medications. Ultimately, this scoping review helped to illuminate the inconsistency of anxiolytic fracture risk assessment while simultaneously illustrating the necessary steps to guide future research.
AKCİĞER KONTÜZYON HACMİ: GERÇEKTEN BİLİYOR MUSUNUZ?
Authors: TULAY Cumhur Murat , SAĞLAM GÜRMEN Ekim 
Published: August 2023

Amaç
Pulmoner kontüzyon, künt göğüs travmasının en yaygın
komplikasyonlarından biridir. Bir hekimin pulmoner
kontüzyonun boyutunu ve gerçek miktarını belirlemesi
bazen çok zordur. Çalışmanın amacı bilgisayarlı
tomografi görüntüleri üzerinde Cavalieri prensibi ile
manuel planimetri yöntemini kullanarak doğru pulmoner
kontüzyon hacmini ölçmektir.
Gereç ve Yöntem
Çalışma “Acil Tıp Kliniğine”, akciğer kontüzyonu ile
başvuran 76 hasta üzerinde yapıldı. Hasta verileri retrospektif
olarak tarandı ve akciğer kontüzyonu olan
hastaların bilgisayarlı tomografi görüntüleri akciğer
kontüzyon hacmini hesaplamak için incelendi. Tüm
akciğer kesitlerinde ölçüm yapıldıktan sonra, sistemik
randomize örnekleme ile 6-8-10 kesitte akciğer
kontüzyon hacmi hesaplandı. Kontüzyon hacmi iki
bağımsız gözlemci tarafından manuel planimetri yöntemi
kullanılarak hesaplandı.
Bulgular
Tüm kesit ölçümlerinden elde edilen ortalama kontüzyon
hacmi %34.23 ± 17.56 idi. Kontüzyon hacmi 6 kesit
ölçümünde %27,98±15,05, 8 kesitte %30,66±16,07
ve 10 kesitte %32,47±16,97 idi. Bland Altman grafiklerini
incelediğimizde 10 kesitten elde edilen ortalama
farkın 6 ve 8 kesit ölçümlerine göre daha küçük olduğu
ve güven aralığının daha dar olduğu görülmektedir.
Dolayısıyla 10 kesit ölçümünün yaklaşık %95 doğruluk
oranı ile tüm akciğer kontüzyon ölçümlerine en
yakın değerlendirmeyi verdiğini söyleyebiliriz.
Sonuç
Akciğer kontüzyon hacmi, BT'de tüm akciğer alanı
ölçümü olmaksızın sistematik rastgele örnekleme ile
manuel planimetri yöntemi kullanılarak yüksek gözlemciler
arası ve gözlemci içi uyum ile objektif olarak
değerlendirilebilir.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE CHOLANGIO PANCREATICOGRAPHY (MRCP) DETECTION OF WHETHER THE JUNCTION OF THE CYSTIC DUCT TO THE COMMON BILE DUCT IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF GALLSTONES AND/OR CHOLECYSTITIS
Authors: KARAKAŞ Levent , ULUKENT Suat Can , KAYA Mehmet Fatih , YILDIZ Eren Ozan , YÜNLÜEL Emir Mehmet , GÜRKAN Okan 
Published: August 2023

Objective
The development of gallstones and stone-induced
inflammatory processes depends on a number of
biological factors. Knowledge of the predisposing
factors for both the development of stones and their
inflammation is important in predicting, monitoring,
and treating the disease and managing subsequent
complications. The aim of our study was to determine
whether the length of the cystic duct (CD), the level
and direction of the junction of the cystic duct with
the common hepatic duct (CHD) are associated with
cholecystitis and cholelithiasis.
Material and Method
This retrospective study included 172 patients
who underwent MRCP between January 2017 and
December 2020. A 1.5 Tesla MR device (Signa HDI,
General Electric, Milwaukee, WI, USA) was used with
an HD 8-channel body array coil. The findings were
analyzed using SPSS version 23 software.
Results
The level at which the CD merged with the main CHD
was not significantly correlated with the development
of calculi and/or cholecystitis (p>0.05). Similarly, there
was no significant correlation between the direction of
the CD opening into the CHD and the development
of calculi and/or cholecystitis (p>0.05).Of 27 (15.7%)
cases with CD length less than 2 cm, 3(11.1%) had
only stones, 8 (29.6%) had cholecystitis and 16
(59.2%) were normal. Of 88 (51.2%) cases between
2 and 4 cm, 43 (48.8%) had only calculi, 19 (21.5%)
had cholecystitis with calculi and 26 (29.5%) were
normal. Of 57 (33.1%) patients with cystic duct longer
than 4 cm, 31 (54.3%) had only stones, 16 (28%)
had cholecystitis and 10 (17.5%) were normal. As
CD length increased, the frequency of stone and/or
cholecystitis increased (p
PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE JIGSAW DAN KEMANDIRIAN TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR KOGNITIF MATEMATIKA SISWA
Authors: Siti Masitoh  , Meriyati  , Agus Santoso  
Published: August 2023

Permasalahan terkait rendahnya hasil belajar kognitif matematika peserta didik juga ditemui di SD Negeri 2 Wana, Kecamatan Kecamatan Melinting Kabupaten Lampung Timur. Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh melalui observasi pra-penelitian masih terdapat banyak sekali peserta didik yang belum mencapai Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimum (KKM) mata pelajaran Matematika yakni 65. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Jigsaw terhadap hasil terhadap hasil belajar kognitif peserta didik, mengetahui pengaruh kemandirian terhadap hasil belajar kognitif peserta didik dan mengetahui interaksi model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Jigsaw dan kemandirian terhadap hasil belajar kognitif peserta didik. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yang menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, dengan teknik pengambilan data yang peneliti pilih menggunakan teknik purposive sampling dan instrumen yang digunakan pada penelitian ini menggunakan lembar test, angket dan dokumentasi.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian pada Tabel 4.8 di atas dimana model pembelajaran terhadap hasil belajar didapat nilai sig sebesar 0,000 dimana ini kurang dari 0,05 maka terdapat pengaruh. Hasil uji ANOVA dimana kemandirian terhadap hasil belajar mendapat nilai sig sebesar 0,024 dimana ini kurang dari 0,05 maka terdapat pengaruh. Interaksi model pembelajaran dan kemandirian terhadap hasil belajar dimana mendapat nilai sig kurang dari 0,05 yakni 0,028 maka tedapat interaksi yang positif.
PENERAPAN STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN THE POWER OF TWO UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN KERJA SAMA SISWA
Authors: Heldanita Heldanita , Asri Salsabila , Marlisa Welli , Andriani Melly , Sari Herlini Puspika , Murhayati Sri , Susiba  
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
This research aimed at finding out the increase of student cooperation ability through the implementation of the Power of Two learning strategy at the fourth grade of Babussalam Elementary School Pekanbaru. It was a classroom action research. The subjects of this research were a teacher and 16 of the fourth-grade students at Babussalam Elementary School Pekanbaru. The objects were the Power of Two learning strategy with Corner Clock media and cooperation ability. This research was conducted for two cycles, and every cycle comprised two meetings. Documentation, observation, and test were the techniques of collecting data. The technique of analyzing data was qualitative descriptive with percentage. Based on the research findings and data analyses, the Power of Two learning strategy could increase student cooperation ability. It could be seen from the upgrade graph of student
Keyword : The Power of Two Learning Strategy, Cooperation Ability, Student of Elementary School

ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan kemampuan kerja sama siswa melalui strategi pembelajaran the power of two di kelas IV SD Babussalam Pekanbaru. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas dengan subjek penelitian 1 orang guru dan 16 orang siswa kelas IV SD Babussalam Pekanbaru, dan objek penelitiannya adalah strategi pembelajaran the power of two sudut dan kemampuan kerja sama. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus, setiap siklus terdiri dari dua kali pertemuan. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah dokumentasi, observasi, dan tes, sedangkan teknik analisisnya adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan persentase. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan analisis data, diketahui strategi pembelajaran the power of two dapat meningatkan kemampuan kerja sama siswa. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat dari grafik peningkatan kemampuan kerja sama siswa sejak pra-siklus yang hanya mencapai nilai rata-rata 56,87 dengan kategori rendah, lalu meningkat pada siklus I menjadi 57,96 dengan kategori rendah, dan meningkat kembali pada siklus II dengan nilai rata-rata 84,06 atau berada pada kategori baik. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa strategi pembelajaran the power of two dapat meningkatkan kemampuan kerja sama siswa di kelas IV SD Babussalam Pekanbaru.
Kata Kunci: Strategi Pembelajaran The Power of Two, Kemampuan Kerja Sama, Siswa SekolahDasar
Investigating the ATP binding pocket of CX3CL1 binding protein 2 using in silico approach
Authors: Kumari Rimjhim , Kaur Satinder , Hora Rachna , Mishra Prakash Chandra 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) causes the most fatal form of malaria owing to its ability to cytoadhere in the microvasculature of various organs in the body. In addition to the Pf erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) family that binds diverse host receptors, CX3CL1 binding proteins 1 and 2 (CBP1 and 2) also bind the endothelial chemokine ‘CX3CL1’ to effect cytoadhesion of parasite infected erthrocytes. CBP2 is a multifaceted protein that binds nucleic acids, Pf skeleton binding protein (PfSBP1) and ATP. ATP binding to the cytoplasmic domain of CBP2 (cCBP2) induces structural changes in the protein, and hints at its role in cell signaling. In this study, we have attempted to identify the ATP binding pocket of CBP2 using an in silico approach. We have also delineated the type of interactions and amino acid residues that are likely to bind ATP. As CX3CL1 binding proteins are central to parasite biology, the obtained information is likely to form the basis for inhibitor and drug design against this molecule.
The molecular mechanism of MiR-26a-5p regulates excessive autophagy and activates NLRP3 inflammasome to mediate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy
Authors: Tang Li-qun , Wang Wei , Tang Qi-feng , Wang Ling-ling 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Objective: Many studies have found that miR-26a-5p plays an essential role in the progression of pathological cardiac hypertrophy, but whether the role of miR-26a-5p is related to the regulation of autophagy leading to activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. And the mechanism of miR-26a-5p and NLRP3 inflammasome aggravating pathological cardiac hypertrophy remain unclear.
Methods: Cardiomyocytes were treated with 200μM PE to induce cardiac hypertrophy and intervened with 10mM NLRP3 inhibitor INF39. In addition, we also used the pLL3.7 lentiviral vector to construct sh-RNA-miR-26a-5p interference plasmid and PLL3.7-cmv-miR-26a-5p overexpression plasmid to transfect PE-induced cardiac hypertrophy. RT-qPCR and western blotting were used to detect the expressions of miR-26a-5p, NLRP3, ASC and Caspase-1 in each group, and we used α-SMA immunofluorescence to detect changes in the cardiomyocyte area. The expression levels of autophagy proteins LC3, beclin-1 and p62 were detected by western blotting. Finally, we induced the SD rat cardiac hypertrophy model through aortic constriction (TAC) surgery. In the experimental group, rats were intervened with miR-26a-5p overexpression lentivirus, miR-26a-5p interference lentivirus, autophagy inhibitor 3-MA, and autophagy activator Rapamycin.
Results:In cell experiments, the expression of miR-26a-5pwas associated with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and increased surface area. In addition, miR-26a-5ppromoted autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome pathway activation, increasing or decreasing the gene and protein expression of LC3, Bclin1, p62, ACS, NLRP3, and Caspase-1. We found similar results in the TAC rat model, where miR-26a-5pexpression was associated with cardiomyocyte enlargement and cardiac interstitial and perivascular fibrosis. miR-26a-5p adenovirus transfection regulates the activation of the NLRP3 pathway.
Conclusion: Our research observed the expression of miR-26a-5p is related to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and its mechanism may be associated with the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway caused by miR-26a-5p's excessive promotion of autophagy. Therefore, targeting the expression of miR-26a-5p, inhibiting the activation of autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, may bring more options for treating pathological cardiac hypertrophy.