bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxicity of NDV for Mouse Lungs
Authors: Davenport Fred M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The toxicity of NDV, as measured in mouse lungs, has been described. It has been shown that pulmonary consolidation and death follow the intranasal instillation of large doses of virus and that these effects are caused by the virus, rather than by nonviral components of the inoculum. The gross and microscopic appearance of the lung lesions has been described. The pulmonary toxicity of NDV suspensions is abolished by procedures which destroy the property of infectivity for eggs and is neutralized by specific immune serum. After intranasal instillation, NDV appears to be rapidly adsorbed on lung tissue, and the toxic reaction cannot be suppressed by immune serum given promptly by the same route. Attempts to protect mice by vaccination either by the intraperitoneal or intranasal route were unsuccessful, although vaccinated mice develop antibodies capable of neutralizing the toxicity of virus suspensions in vitro. Multiplication of NDV virus in mouse lungs cannot be demonstrated even though measurements of the concentration of virus in lungs are made at frequent intervals. An hypothesis which might explain the mechanism of cell injury in virus infections, as well as in toxic reactions, has been formulated, and some of its implications were discussed.
Studies on Immunization Against Plague
Authors: Chen T. H. 
Published: January 2023

Conclusions and Summary
A hemagglutination test has been developed for P. pestis. The antigen is contained in old broth cultures, in extracts of killed and dried organisms and in alcohol-precipitated envelope antigens, but not in the protein fractions soluble in 0.25 saturation of ammonium sulfate solution or in those isolated by precipitation of soluble extracts by 0.3 or more saturated ammonium sulfate. The crude antigen has a low nitrogen content and is likely to be a polysaccharide.
The use of the hemagglutination test or of the inhibition of hemagglutination may be valuable in ascertaining the identity of plague antigens. The hemagglutination antigen appears not to play an important role as a protective antigen in plague.
Involvement of a Complement-Like Factor in the Activation of Blood Protease
Authors: Geiger Walton B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The activation of the protease of blood serum or plasma by streptococcal fibrinolysin requires the presence of both a heat-stable and a heat-labile factor. The heat-stable factor is demonstrable in heated human serum, plasma, milk, colostrum, and saliva. Cows' milk and colostrum also contain the factor. Useful sources of the heat-labile factor include guinea-pig serum, rabbit plasma, duck serum, and chicken serum. The activation of blood protease by streptococcal fibrinolysin is prevented by many reagents that remove or destroy midpiece of complement. Calcium ions seem to be required for the activation.
Immunological Studies on Types of Diphtheria Bacilli
Authors: Park William H. , Williams Anna W. , Mann Alice G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The subject of this communication would have been exhaustively investigated long ago if there had been practical evidence that a monovalent diphtheria antitoxin did not protect from diphtheria. It is true that in regard to B. tetani and B. botulinus laboratory investigations have given contradictory results as to the efficacy of a monovalent serum. These investigations have shown us: first, that tetanus bacilli, although they are divided into several types by their response to agglutinins, nevertheless, all produce toxins which are neutralized by a monovalent antitoxin; second, that the reverse is true of the bacilli causing botulism, in so far as the production of toxin is concerned. Among the strains of B. botulinus there are at least two different types producing toxins which respond only to homologous antitoxins.
As to diphtheria bacilli, however, there are two series of observations which have been made concerning the degree of protection afforded by monovalent diphtheria antitoxin.
On the Origin and Nature of Alexin (Complement) in Guinea-Pig Blood
Authors: Morrison L. F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Nomenclature has always played an important rôle in scientific literature. The accepted ethics of terminology recognize and uphold the precedence of priority in cases of dispute providing that the earlier investigator fully describes the substance in question. Owing to individual idiosyncrasies this procedure, in some instances, has been disregarded and serious confusion and controversy has arisen.
Nuttal (1), von Fodor (2) and others recognized and experimentally demonstrated the presence of a bactericidal substance in fresh blood and blood serum but failed to attribute a name to the substance. Buchner (3), in 1889, gave the name of “alexin” to this thermolable, bactericidal, ferment-like, protecting substance. Bordet (4) later verified the presence of this substance and recognized the accuracy of the word “alexin.” In addition he discovered the thermostable factor, which also takes an important part in this reaction.
Natural Pathogenicity of Mumps Virus for Suckling Hamsters on Intracerebral Inoculation
Authors: Kilham Lawrence , Overman John R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mumps virus has been found to produce fatal encephalitis of suckling hamsters, signs of illness appearing 8 to 9 days after inoculation. The peak of the virus growth appears several days before clinical illness becomes manifest. Evidence is presented that mumps virus, freshly isolated from the human host, may have natural pathogenicity for suckling hamsters. Primary isolation of virus from a sample of human milk known to contain the agent, has been accomplished on first passage in suckling hamster brain. With death as a sharp endpoint, suckling hamsters make satisfactory animals for the performance of serum neutralization tests.
The Effects of Spleen Shielding and Subsequent Splenectomy upon Antibody Formation in Rats Receiving Total-Body X-Irradiation
Authors: Wissler R. W. , Robson M. J. , Fitch F. , Nelson W. , Jacobson L. O. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Total body X-irradiation has been shown to cause a marked depression of humoral antibody formation in response to a single injection of antigen given shortly after irradiation (1–8). In previously reported studies in the rabbit, Jacobson et al. have demonstrated that lead shielding of the spleen during total body irradiation will largely prevent this reduction of circulating antibody concentration. Furthermore, these investigators have found that if the shielded spleen is left in the animal for only 24 hours after irradiation but is removed 24 hours before intravenous antigen is given there is still striking protection of the antibody forming mechanism (6). Therefore, in the 24 hours following exposure to X irradiation the shielded rabbit's spleen apparently releases a humoral or cellular product which protects or allows very quick recovery of the remaining irradiated antibody forming tissues of the body.
The Altered Reactivity of Mice after Immunization with Hemophilus Pertussis Vaccine
Authors: Kind Leon S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Pertussis-inoculated young mice were more resistant to the lethal effects of histamine than pertussis-inoculated older mice similarly challenged.
Phase IV H. pertussis vaccine did not sensitize mice to the lethal effects of histamine.
Doses of E. coli and Sh. dysenteriae vaccines comparable in toxicity for normal mice to doses of Phase I H. pertussis vaccine also did not sensitize mice to histamine.
Mice rendered histamine-sensitive by injections of triple vaccine were no more susceptible to challenge doses of diphtheria or tetanus toxoids than mice previously inoculated with diphtheria or tetanus toxoids and shown to be histamine-resistant.
However, histamine-sensitive mice were demonstrated to be more susceptible to passive anaphylaxis than histamine-resistant mice.
Inoculation of mice with H. pertussis vaccine sensitized the animals to the lethal effects of H. pertussis, E. coli, and Sh. dysenteriae vaccines. However, the inoculation of mice with E. coli or Sh. dysenteriae vaccine did not increase the susceptibility of the animals to E. coli, Sh. dysenteriae or H. pertussis vaccine.
After pertussis inoculation, the sensitivity of mice to histamine and to H. pertussis vaccine ran a parallel course.
The possible relationship between the sensitivity of pertussis-injected mice to histamine and to H. pertussis vaccine is discussed.
It is suggested that pertussis vaccine may sensitize mice to histamine and to pertussis vaccine by damaging the adrenal gland.
Bovine Erythrocyte Antigens
Authors: Lazear E. J. , Ferguson L. C. 
Published: January 2023

Conclusions and Summary
The following conclusions have been reached from the data presented: The temperature to which the serum-cell mixture was exposed had little effect upon the rate of antibody absorption. However, extreme temperatures above and below room temperature usually reduced the homologous titer with little or no effect upon the heterologous titer.The optimal absorption time was approximately 30 minutes. After this time the homologous and heterologous titers tended to level off and closely parallel each other.The optimal cell volume was dependent upon the serum used. In no case was the volume greater than 50% when the optimal dilution of serum and optimal time and temperature were used in the absorption. It is advisable to keep the cell volume to a minimum.The optimal dilution for each serum was dependent upon the complexity of the serum and the respective titers for the homologous and absorbing bloods. As a general rule, dividing the titer for the absorbing blood by 8 gives a dilution of serum satisfactory for absorption.
The Effect of the Injection of Tetanus Toxin into the Central Nervous System of Rabbits
Authors: Wright Eric A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Tetanus toxin injected into the medulla oblongata of rabbits is approximately 1000 times as effective (measured by the period of survival) as toxin injected intravenously. The effectiveness of the injected toxin is progressively less as the following sites are employed—lumbar cord; cerebrospinal fluid and cerebral hemisphere (approximately equal); blood stream and gastrocnemius muscle.
A Preliminary Report on the Purification of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus by Serological Methods
Authors: Heckly Robert J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Repeated injections of a fraction from normal bovine tongue epithelium into rabbits elicited the production of precipitins. It was observed that most of the infectivity of purified virus preparations was also precipitated by the antiserum to normal bovine tissue. Quantitative precipitin tests indicated that at least 90% of the most highly purified virus preparation tested consisted of material serologically indistinguishable from normal host tissue. Virus produced in guinea pigs did not react with the antiserum. Although mixtures of normal bovine tissue antigen and guinea pig virus gave comparable serological precipitates, most of the infectivity of the guinea pig virus remained in the supernatant serum. The results suggest that foot-and-mouth disease virus may possess certain serological characteristics of the host in which it was produced.
Studies on the Specific Soluble Proteins of Pasteurella Pestis and P. Pseudotuberculosis
Authors: Seal S. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A complement fixation test has been employed in the study of the specific protein fractions of the virulent and avirulent plague and pseudotuberculosis strains in the elucidation of the antigenic structure of these organisms. The P⅓ fraction of the soluble proteins of virulent and protective plague strains grown in enriched casein hydrolysate broth specifically fixes the complement, no cross-reactions being observed with the antisera against either the protein fraction or the whole of the avirulent nonprotective plague or pseudotuberculosis organisms.
The test confirms the findings of other serological tests, viz. precipitation and agglutination, carried out with these protein fractions or their antisera. The water-extractable fraction of a virulent plague strain is the most specific antigen found, but the tests fails to distinguish between the virulent and the relatively avirulent protective strains and a comparatively larger dose is required for mouse protection.
Antigenic deterioration of plague strains can be detected by cross complement fixation tests.
Antisera against pseudotuberculosis strains have given divergent results amongst themselves and further work with their protein fractions is indicated.
Antiplague rabbit sera are preferable to anti-plague horse sera for the complement fixation test.
The immunogenic values of the protein fractions and of whole vaccines prepared from various plague and pseudotuberculosis strains, have been determined. The results confirm the serological findings. Three categories of plague strains can be distinguished, viz., (1) virulent protective, (2) avirulent protective and (3) avirulent non-protective, the pseudotuberculosis strains falling under the last group.
The protective power of the Haffkine plague vaccine lies in the protein fractions of its supernatant. The P⅓ fraction (antigen A) of the first or the second group of organisms is fully responsible for the mouse protection given by the vaccine. Its immunogenic values seem to depend on the quality of the medium used. The corresponding P½-⅓ fraction (antigen B), on the other hand, gives practically no protection, even in heavy doses, but further work is needed to confirm this observation. The results of mouse-protection tests with the anti-protein sera support the above findings.
Certain future lines of studies on plague have been indicated, including the possibility of replacing with advantage the whole vaccine by the P½ fraction for human immunization.
Performance of Mumps Neutralization Tests in Suckling Mice
Authors: Kilham Lawrence , Murphy Helen W. , Overman John R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The virulence of a mouse-adapted strain of mumps virus has been increased so that it will kill nearly 100% of suckling mice 1 day of age. This virus has been successfully used in intracerebral neutralization tests. The titers of neutralizing antibodies obtained for human and animal mumps immune sera were considerably higher than those obtained in egg neutralization tests. Differences between egg and mouse neutralizations are discussed.
Sulfur Mustard-Inactivated Influenza Virus as Interfering Agent
Authors: Fong Jacob 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
One of the more favorable systems in studies of the interference phenomenon involves utilization of inactivated influenza viruses as interfering agent followed by a challenge dose of active homologous or heterologous virus. A common method for preparing interfering suspensions requires heating of virus (either as infected allantoic fluid or after dilution of virus in citrate-borate buffer of pH 8.5) at 56 C for one hour. The simplicity of this procedure is highly desirable, but not all strains of influenza viruses are of equal susceptibility in this respect. As reported herein, temperatures causing complete destruction of the infective component(s) of the two relatively heat-resistant strains of viruses under consideration also resulted in a striking reduction of the interfering quality. Apparently variations in heat resistance of influenza viruses are not necessarily accompanied by a corresponding variability in their interfering capacities.
The use of sulfur mustard in preparing inactivated but interfering suspensions of virus was suggested by previous studies of the action of mustards upon influenza virus (9, 10). Virus treated in this manner retained much of its interfering capacity. Prior injections of 128 agglutinating doses of inactivated virus resulted in more or less complete interference with the development of 100 ID50 of homologous challenge virus. With 256 agglutinating doses, injection of challenge virus before interfering virus produced only a minor change in the interfering potential of mustard-inactivated virus. A prior injection of 512 agglutinating doses of inactivated virus proved ineffectual against 107 ID50 of challenge virus, but partial interference was manifested against 103 to 105 ID50 of virus.
Studies of the effects of minor variations in concentration of sulfur mustard have demonstrated that it is better to err in the direction of a slight excess of mustard since lower concentrations of chemical (4 × 10-3 M) may result in incomplete destruction of virus. Despite the somewhat greater destruction of the interfering components of virus by 6 × 10-3 M mustard, a satisfactory interfering preparation was attainable.
While comparative tests with ultraviolet irradiated virus were not made, the simplicity and ease of control inherent in mustard inactivation of virus is lacking in the former. The relative stability of refrigerated samples of interfering virus prepared with sulfur mustard is of advantage. Preliminary tests on the infective and interfering capacities of the preparation may be made, and experimentation with a single batch of interfering virus is rendered possible. A specific though probably minor limitation of mustard-inactivated virus is related to the retention of viral enzymatic activity (10). This limitation, however, has not impaired its usefulness in our studies of the interference phenomenon which are reported in another paper.
The Effect of Antigen Administration on the Behavior of I131 Labelled Rabbit Anti-Ovalbumin in Mice
Authors: Masouredis S. P. , Melcher L. R. , Shimkin M. B. , Miller Patricia 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A considerable literature has developed on the use of I131 trace-iodinated rabbit antibodies as indicators for the in vivo detection of antigenic proteins (1–6). The criterion employed in these studies has been the demonstration of selective localization of radioactivity in tissues as determined by radioautography and tissue radioactivity. Quantitative evaluation of results obtained with these methods are limited (7, 8), and the techniques in common use are capable of providing only a semiquantitative estimation of the antigen-antibody reaction. Interpretation of such data is also complicated by the inability to ascertain the contribution of labelled protein within the vascular space of a tissue to the total radioactivity determined in that tissue.
In the present report a metabolic balance study of radioactivity introduced as an I131 trace-labelled antibody was applied to the problem of in vivo antigen-antibody reactions using I131 rabbit antibodies in mice.
The Persistence of Complement in Aged Sera
Authors: Maurer Paul H. , Weigle William 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
It has been demonstrated that nitrogen which can fix to specific precipitates persists in rabbit, human, and guinea pig sera for long periods of time. The reasons for regarding this as complement nitrogen are discussed. The persistence of complement nitrogen is greatest in rabbit serum. Only rabbit complement affected the precipitation of soluble rabbit antigen-antibody complexes. It has been postulated that the effect of an anticomplementary substance present in sera decreases with age, dilution, and increase in temperature. The effect of versene on the contribution of complement nitrogen to specific precipitates by guinea pig and some human sera has been confirmed. However, versene in the concentrations used had no effect on the complement of rabbit serum.
The Requirement for Magnesium Ions in the Inactivation of the Third Component of Human Complement (C′3) by Insoluble Residues of Yeast Cells (Zymosan)
Authors: Pillemer Louis , Blum Livia , Pensky Jack , Lepow I. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mg++ is required for the inactivation of C′3 by insoluble residues of yeast cells (zymosan). The concentration of Mg++ in normal serum is more than adequate for the reaction to proceed optimally. The requirement for Mg++ is also demonstrated by the greater uptake of serum nitrogen by zymosan in the presence of Mg++ than in its absence.
The inactivation of human C′3 by zymosan appears to be a stoichiometric reaction sharply dependent on temperature, ionic strength and pH. The optimum conditions are at 37 C, ionic strength 0.15 or less, and pH 6.8–8.6.
The complex formed upon the addition of zymosan to serum is highly undissociable or results in the destruction of C′3 activity. Attempts to elute C′3 from the zymosan complex were unsuccessful.
Studies on the Role of Ca++ and Mg++ in Complement Fixation and Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Levine Lawrence , Cowan Keith M. , Osler Abraham G. , Mayer Manfred M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By means of quantitative precipitin analyses, it has been shown that EDTA inhibits the capacity of specific precipitates to take up the combining component or components of C′ from fresh guinea pig and human sera. In accord with this finding based on weight determination, the hemolytic activity of C′ is not removed by specific precipitates in the presence of EDTA. Ca++ and Mg++, as well as Co++, reverse the inhibition of C′ fixation by EDTA. These results suggest the Ca++ and/or Mg++ are essential for C′ fixation.
Studies on Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Geller P. , Coleman V. R. , Jawetz E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A viable egg-adapted strain of herpes simplex virus was injected intravenously in large amounts in 11 human volunteers and attempts were made at various intervals thereafter to recover the virus from the blood by inoculation into fertile eggs. No significant amount of virus could be recovered by any method employed.
The small amount of virus which was recovered after inoculation onto the chorioallantoic membrane could not be transmitted by serial passage in ovo.
A complement-like heat labile substance was demonstrated in the plasma of one patient which inhibited the propagation of herpes virus in ovo.
Neutralization tests performed on sera obtained from the individuals prior to the virus injection demonstrated marked differences in titer of neutralizing antibodies to herpes virus. In contrast to the previous findings that the antibody titer did not change after injection of inactivated herpes virus, the intravenous injection of viable virus resulted in significant rises in neutralizing antibody levels in 4 out of 9 persons. The role of antibody, the heat labile plasma factor and viral removal mechanisms is discussed.
Egg-adapted strains of herpes virus failed to exhibit hemagglutination activity when tested in vitro against a wide variety of animal red blood cells, in contrast to the claims of Moolton et al.
Phosphatase-Antiphosphatase Reaction
Authors: Sevag M. G. , Newcomb Melva Derrick , Miller Ruth E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Inhibition of the α-glycerophosphatase activity of intact dried yeast by specific antiserum produced in the rabbit indicates that the enzyme is located on the surface of the cells. Although easily extracted with water, its activity was manifested as an integral cellular component. Live yeast was phosphatase-inactive until air-dried but capable of inciting the production of antiphosphatase antibody in the rabbit.
Antiserum against the partially purified yeast α-glycerophosphatase inhibits the hydrolysis of α-glycerophosphate by the enzyme. The degree of inhibition is dependent upon the concentration of substrate and antiserum, respectively. The data show that the specific substrate, α-glycerophosphate, competes with antiphosphatase antibody for the specific active combining sites in the enzymes. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.