bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machine learning models inaccurately predict current and future high-latitude C balances
Authors: Shirley Ian A , Mekonnen Zelalem A , Grant Robert F , Dafflon Baptiste , Riley William J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The high-latitude carbon (C) cycle is a key feedback to the global climate system, yet because of system complexity and data limitations, there is currently disagreement over whether the region is a source or sink of C. Recent advances in big data analytics and computing power have popularized the use of machine learning (ML) algorithms to upscale site measurements of ecosystem processes, and in some cases forecast the response of these processes to climate change. Due to data limitations, however, ML model predictions of these processes are almost never validated with independent datasets. To better understand and characterize the limitations of these methods, we develop an approach to independently evaluate ML upscaling and forecasting. We mimic data-driven upscaling and forecasting efforts by applying ML algorithms to different subsets of regional process-model simulation gridcells, and then test ML performance using the remaining gridcells. In this study, we simulate C fluxes and environmental data across Alaska using ecosys, a process-rich terrestrial ecosystem model, and then apply boosted regression tree ML algorithms to training data configurations that mirror and expand upon existing AmeriFLUX eddy-covariance data availability. We first show that a ML model trained using ecosys outputs from currently-available Alaska AmeriFLUX sites incorrectly predicts that Alaska is presently a modeled net C source. Increased spatial coverage of the training dataset improves ML predictions, halving the bias when 240 modeled sites are used instead of 15. However, even this more accurate ML model incorrectly predicts Alaska C fluxes under 21st century climate change because of changes in atmospheric CO2, litter inputs, and vegetation composition that have impacts on C fluxes which cannot be inferred from the training data. Our results provide key insights to future C flux upscaling efforts and expose the potential for inaccurate ML upscaling and forecasting of high-latitude C cycle dynamics.
Sustainable scale-up of negative emissions technologies and practices: where to focus
Authors: Cobo Selene , Negri Valentina , Valente Antonio , Reiner David M , Hamelin Lorie , Dowell Niall Mac , Guillén-Gosálbez Gonzalo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Most climate change mitigation scenarios restricting global warming to 1.5 °C rely heavily on negative emissions technologies and practices (NETPs). Here we updated previous literature reviews and conducted an analysis to identify the most appealing NETPs. We evaluated 36 NETPs configurations considering their technical maturity, economic feasibility, greenhouse gas removal potential, resource use, and environmental impacts. We found multiple trade-offs among these indicators, which suggests that a regionalised portfolio of NETPs exploiting their complementary strengths is the way forward. Although no single NETP is superior to the others in terms of all the indicators simultaneously, we identified 16 Pareto-efficient NETPs. Among them, six are deemed particularly promising: forestation, soil carbon sequestration (SCS), enhanced weathering with olivine and three modalities of direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS). While the co-benefits, lower costs and higher maturity levels of forestation and SCS can propel their rapid deployment, these NETPs require continuous monitoring to reduce unintended side-effects—most notably the release of the stored carbon. Enhanced weathering also shows an overall good performance and substantial co-benefits, but its risks—especially those concerning human health—should be further investigated prior to deployment. DACCS presents significantly fewer side-effects, mainly its substantial energy demand; early investments in this NETP could reduce costs and accelerate its scale-up. Our insights can help guide future research and plan for the sustainable scale-up of NETPs, which we must set into motion within this decade.
Minimizing emissions from grid-based hydrogen production in the United States
Authors: Ricks Wilson , Xu Qingyu , Jenkins Jesse D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Low-carbon hydrogen could be an important component of a net-zero carbon economy, helping to mitigate emissions in a number of hard-to-abate sectors. The United States recently introduced an escalating production tax credit (PTC) to incentivize production of hydrogen meeting increasingly stringent embodied emissions thresholds. Hydrogen produced via electrolysis can qualify for the full subsidy under current federal accounting standards if the input electricity is generated by carbon-free resources, but may fail to do so if emitting resources are present in the generation mix. While use of behind-the-meter carbon-free electricity inputs can guarantee compliance with this standard, the PTC could also be structured to allow producers using grid-supplied electricity to qualify subject to certain clean energy procurement requirements. Herein we use electricity system capacity expansion modeling to quantitatively assess the impact of grid-connected electrolysis on the evolution of the power sector in the western United States through 2030 under multiple possible implementations of the clean hydrogen PTC. We find that subsidized grid-connected hydrogen production has the potential to induce additional emissions at effective rates worse than those of conventional, fossil-based hydrogen production pathways. Emissions can be minimized by requiring grid-based hydrogen producers to match 100% of their electricity consumption on an hourly basis with physically deliverable, ‘additional’ clean generation, which ensures effective emissions rates equivalent to electrolysis exclusively supplied by behind-the-meter carbon-free generation. While these requirements cannot eliminate indirect emissions caused by competition for limited clean resources, which we find to be a persistent result of large hydrogen production subsidies, they consistently outperform alternative approaches relying on relaxed time matching or marginal emissions accounting. Added hydrogen production costs from enforcing an hourly matching requirement rather than no requirements are less than $1 kg−1, and can be near zero if clean, firm electricity resources are available for procurement.
A unified model of suspension concentration distribution in sediment mixed turbulent flows using generalized fractional advection-diffusion equation
Authors: Kundu Snehasis , Sinha Ravi Ranjan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The fractional operator in a space fractional advection-diffusion equation (FADE) plays a significant role in the mixing and vertical movement of sediment particles in a sediment-laden turbulent flow under non-local effects. Turbulent flow exhibits non-local mixing properties, which leads to the non-Fickian diffusion process that cannot be captured by the traditional diffusion equation. In this work, we present a generalized FADE that includes the generalized fractional differential operator in the Caputo sense. The full analytical solution is proposed utilizing the general Laplace transformation method. This generalized solution contains weight and scale functions and includes the effects of non-locality. It has been shown that several existing famous models of suspension concentration distribution for sediment particles (including both type-I and type-II distributions) in turbulent flows can be obtained from the proposed generalized solution with proper choices of the scale and weight functions in particular. Here a total of fourteen different types of concentration distribution equations including type-I and type-II profiles are derived from the general solution. Further possible generalizations of the model are also discussed which are more useful for practical applications. It is found that the several existing sediment distribution models are equivalent up to choices of weight and scale functions. Further, we found that the scale function could be physically related to the characteristic Lagrangian length of sediment mixing. The choice of the scale and weight function for both the type-I and type-II profiles are discussed and analyzed. Finally, the model is validated with experimental data as well as field data from the Missouri River, Mississippi River, and Rio Grande conveyance channels, and in each case, satisfactory agreements are obtained. These suggest the broader applicability of the present study.
Giant longitudinal spin Hall effect for elliptically polarized light under surface plasmon resonance
Authors: Chen Ze , Zhen Weiming , Xu Hua , Zhuang Guoce , Zhang Zhihai , Zhang Hu , Zhang Xiaoguang , Meng Yang 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We propose a novel and simple method for obtaining the giant longitudinal spin Hall effect (SHE) of the reflected light beam when the elliptically polarized light (instead of the linearly polarized light) at the telecommunication wavelength is obliquely incident on a prism–sodium interface excited by surface plasmon resonance. By introducing the spatially averaged Stokes parameter

S
ˉ

3

for a non-uniformly polarized reflected light field, understanding the generation mechanism of the giant longitudinal SHE from a new perspective is realized. The giant longitudinal SHE under the elliptically polarized light reaches 60.28 μm by the optimal parameter setup, and the spin splitting direction of the SHE can be switched by adjusting the amplitude ratio angle and phase difference of the incident elliptically polarized light. These findings open the way for the precise measurement of the ellipticity of the elliptically polarized light and the design of novel fiber-optic devices.
Maximizing ion dynamics and electrochemical performance of ionic liquid-acetonitrile electrolyte in Ti3C2T
x
MXene
Authors: Osti Naresh C , Lin Xiaobo , Zhao Wei , Wang Xuehang , Chen Chaofan , Gao Yu , Torita Takeshi , Kolesnikov Alexander I , Cummings Peter T , Gogotsi Yury , Mamontov Eugene 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Modification of the structure and morphology of MXene electrodes and the formulation of the electrolytes used in their supercapacitor configurations are significant factors affecting the performance of electrochemical devices. In this study, we investigated the electrochemical performance and ion dynamics of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [EmimTFSI], ionic liquid in the presence of acetonitrile (ACN) at different concentrations in Ti3C2T
x
MXene supercapacitor. We found an optimum concentration of ACN, at which more cations from the ionic liquid attach to the MXene electrode surface, providing higher electrochemical performance. This higher capacitance is also associated with increased microscopic dynamics of the cation away from the pore wall. These findings give a guideline to optimize the performance of MXene-based supercapacitors using organic solvents-ionic liquid-based electrolyte systems.
Investigation of structural, morphological, thermal, and thermoelectric properties of Zn1−xCuxAl2O4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1)
Authors: Radha S , Mani J , Rajkumar R , Arivanandhan M , Jayavel R , Anbalagan G 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Most promising oxide thermoelectric (TE) materials such as perovskites, layered oxide materials, Al-doped ZnO, etc, have been reported. In the present work, Zn1−x
Cu
x
Al2O4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) samples were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. The structural, optical, morphological, and TE properties of Zn1−x
Cu
x
Al2O4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) have been investigated. XRD analysis reveals that ZnAl2O4 has a single-phase cubic structure and Cu is completely dissolved in the ZnAl2O4 lattice. Thermal analysis shows that ZnAl2O4 has high thermal stability up to 1000 °C. From the UV–vis DRS analysis, the energy band gap of ZnAl2O4 decreased from 3.30 eV to 2.82 eV with increasing the content of Cu. Carrier concentration and mobility of the samples were measured by the Hall effect. The values of a carrier concentration of undoped ZnAl2O4 and Zn0.9Cu0.1Al2O4 are obtained to be 3.836 × 1013 cm−3 and 3.3 × 1016 cm−3 at 313 K and 9.6 × 1013 cm−3 for pure and 5.5 × 1016 cm−3 for Zn0.9Cu0.1Al2O4 at 673 K. TE properties of the synthesized samples have been analyzed as a function of temperature. With the optimum values of Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity, Zn0.9Cu0.1Al2O4 shows the highest power factor of 0.50 μW/mK2 while the pure ZnAl2O4 shows a maximum power factor of 0.19 μW/mK2 at 673 K. The Zn0.9Cu0.1Al2O4 exhibits a relatively high zT of 2.4 × 10−4 at 673 K, while pure ZnAl2O4 has a zT value of 0.4 × 10−4 at 673 K. The obtained values reveal the improvement of TE properties by increasing the Cu content in the sample.
Effect of multi-step annealing with different heating rates on magnetic properties of Fe-Si-B-P-Cu nano-crystalline alloy
Authors: Hao Ziyan , Wei Linzhuo , Cai Yuanfei , Wang Yaocen , Xiang Mingliang , Zhao Fang , Zhang Yan , Perov Nikolai S , Cao Chongde 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The crystallization behaviors of Fe83Si4B8P4.3Cu0.7 amorphous alloy with different heating rates and magnetic softness of annealed alloys have been widely studied. The rapid heating significantly helped with the decrease of coercivity for annealed samples compared with that for slow heating. It is found that the peak temperature (T
p1) of the first crystallization stage in DSC curves is a critical temperature parameter to distinguish the nucleation and growth processes of α-Fe phase. When the temperature at a constant heating rate is beyond the T
p1, the nucleation process should be almost finished. The necessary temperature range of high heating rate (400 K min−1) for the improvement of magnetic softness has been determined from 650 K to 740 K through multi-step annealing with different heating rates. The shortened temperature window of rapid heating and partial rapid heating may simplify and improve the annealing process of high-performance soft magnetic materials in industry. The multi-step annealing with various heating rates also provides a promising strategy for the investigation of crystallization behaviors of amorphous alloys.
Assessing sustainability hotspots in the production of paper-based printed electronics
Authors: Sudheshwar Akshat , Beni Valerio , Malinverno Nadia , Hischier Roland , Nevo Yuval , Dhuiège Benjamin , Borras Mateu , Chbani Aiman , Aucher Christophe , Martinez-Crespiera Sandra , Eibensteiner Friedrich , Kurzhals Steffen , Giebelhauser Lisa , Melnik Eva , Mutinati Giorgio C , Fall Andreas , Aulin Christian , Abitbol Tiffany , Som Claudia 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Novel printed electronics are projected to grow and be manufactured in the future in large volumes. In many applications, printed electronics are envisaged as sustainable alternatives to conventional (PCB-based) electronics. One such application is in the semi-quantitative drug detection and point-of-care device called ‘GREENSENSE’ that uses paper-based printed electronics. This paper analyses the carbon footprint of GREENSENSE in order to identify and suggest means of mitigating disproportionately high environmental impacts, labeled ‘sustainability hotspots’, from materials and processes used during production which would be relevant in high-volume applications. Firstly, a life cycle model traces the flow of raw materials (such as paper, CNCs, and nanosilver) through the three ‘umbrella’ processes (circuit printing, component mounting, and biofunctionalization) manufacturing different electronic components (the substrate, conductive inks, energy sources, display, etc) that are further assembled into GREENSENSE. Based on the life cycle model, life cycle inventories are modeled that map out the network of material and energy flow throughout the production of GREENSENSE. Finally, from the environmental impact and sustainability hotspot analysis, both crystalline nanocellulose and nanosilver were found to create material hotspots and they should be replaced in favor of lower-impact materials. Process hotspots are created by manual, lab-, and pilot-scale processes with unoptimized material consumption, energy use, and waste generation; automated and industrial-scale manufacturing can mitigate such process hotspots.
Compact, Watt-class 785 nm dual-wavelength master oscillator power amplifiers
Authors: Müller André , Maiwald Martin , Sumpf Bernd 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
785 nm micro-integrated, dual-wavelength master oscillator power amplifiers with a footprint of 5 mm × 25 mm are presented. They are based on Y-branch distributed Bragg reflector ridge waveguide diode lasers and anti-reflection coated tapered amplifiers. In order to reduce the impact of potential optical feedback, devices with master oscillator front facet reflectivities of 5% and 30% as well as with an integrated miniaturized optical isolator have been realized. A comparison up to 1 W shows narrowband dual wavelength laser emission with a spectral distance of 0.6 nm (10 cm−1) and individual spectral widths <20 pm. As expected, a higher front facet reflectivity leads to a significant reduction of feedback related mode hops. Longitudinal modes corresponding to the master oscillator resonator length remain within spectral windows <0.15 nm (3 cm−1), suitable for applications such as Raman spectroscopy and especially shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy. Integrating a compact 30 dB optical isolator completely eliminates the observed optical feedback effects. Lateral beam propagation ratios of 1.2 (1/e2) enable easy beam shaping and fiber coupling. Outside of the experimental comparison, the developed MOPAs provide up to 2.7 W of optical output power available for applications.
On the influence of VOCs on new particle growth in a Continental-Mediterranean region
Authors: Gómez-Moreno Francisco Javier , Alonso-Blanco Elisabeth , Díaz Elías , Coz Esther , Molero Francisco , Núñez Lourdes , Palacios Magdalena , Barreiro Marcos , Fernández Javier , Salvador Pedro , Piñeiro-Iglesias María , López-Mahía Purificación , Borrás Esther , Vera Teresa , Muñoz Amalia , Tritscher Torsten , Schmitt Sebastian , Artíñano Begoña 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A field campaign has been performed in the Madrid region to study the VOC influence in the growth of new particles in ambient air. A number of instruments have been deployed to characterize the main pollutant gases and particle properties and composition. The measurements were performed simultaneously at three sites (rural, urban background and urban traffic influenced) in the period 1–17 July 2019. The sites: Tres Cantos (rural), CIEMAT (urban background) and Leganés (urban traffic) were located within the Madrid airshed. Particle size distributions, mass concentrations at fractions PM10, PM2.5 and PM1, black carbon, VOCs species and gaseous pollutants (NOx and O3) were obtained in the sites. Some supplementary measurements were obtained in at least one of the sites: meteorological parameters, non-refractory submicron aerosol species and vertical profiles of aerosol optical properties. It has been observed that the new particle formation (NPF) events, nucleation and subsequent growth, happened at a regional scale, although differently among the sites. In the rural site, fewer events than expected were observed because of the high temperatures that affected the BVOC emissions. In the urban background site, the highest number of events was reached. In this station, it is common to receive air masses from the nearby forest and from the urban area, producing a mix of conditions with high BVOC and AVOC concentrations. In the urban traffic site, several NPF cases appeared, being a site dominated by AVOCs. Among the BVOCs measured in the three stations, the most common were α-Pinene and Limonene. Among the AVOCs measured, aromatics and linear hydrocarbon compounds for C10 and above were found. The linear group was found to be predominant during the NPF event days in the urban background site. This work provides new insights about the aerosol-forming precursors and growth of new particles in the Madrid region.
No association between age beginning tackle football, or years played and neurocognitive performance later-in-life among older National Football League retirees
Authors: Schaffert Jeff , Didehbani Nyaz , LoBue Christian , Hart John , Wilmoth Kristin , Cullum C Munro 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Objective
In a retrospective cohort, we evaluated whether age beginning tackle football (ABTF) and more total years of playing football (TYPF) were associated with worse later-in-life neuropsychological change among older retired National Football League (NFL) players.

Method
Participants were 19 older NFL retirees aged 54–79, including 12 who returned for follow-up evaluation 15–51 months later. Mixed-linear models evaluated the association between ABTF/TYFP and baseline neuropsychological composite scores (executive functioning/attention/speed, language, memory), and neuropsychological composites over time.

Results
ABTF and TYPF were not significantly associated with neuropsychological composites at baseline or over time (all p’s &gt; .05). There were no significant differences in neuropsychological performance between those ABTF &lt;12 and ≥ 12 years old (all p’s ≥ .475) or between those with TYPF &lt;19 or ≥ 19 years played (median split; all p’s ≥ .208).

Conclusions
Preliminary findings suggest that ABTF and TYPF does not worsen neurocognitive decline later-in-life among older NFL retirees.
Concordance Between Logical Memory and Craft Story 21 in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Role of Demographic Factors And Cognitive Status
Authors: Nester Caroline O , Qin Jiyue , Wang Cuiling , Katz Mindy J , Lipton Richard B , Rabin Laura A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Objective
Episodic memory loss, a hallmark symptom of Alzheimer’s Disease, is frequently quantified by story memory performance. The National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set Neuropsychological Battery (UDSNB) replaced Logical Memory with Craft Story 21 in UDSNB Version 3. The concordance between these story memory tasks is poorly characterized in demographically diverse older adults, possibly jeopardizing the integrity of longitudinal data in aging cohorts.

Method
Einstein Aging Study participants (n = 298; Mage = 76.6; Meducation = 15; 66.4% women; 43.3% Non-Hispanic White) completed UDSNB measures, including Craft Story and Logical Memory. Classification as normal cognition (n = 206) or mild cognitive impairment (n = 90) was based on Jak/Bondi criteria. Analyses included correlations, linear regression, and equipercentile equating methods to characterize the relationship between Logical Memory and Craft Story. Multivariate linear mixed effects models explored the association of covariates and practice effects over follow-up, stratified by cognitive status and race/ethnicity.

Results
Immediate (r = 0.54) and delayed (r = 0.56) versions of Logical Memory and Craft Story were moderately correlated. Age, education, depression, and female sex were associated with Logical Memory, while age, education, cognitive status, and male sex were associated with Craft Story. Significant differential effects of sex on story memory were observed.

Conclusions
We demonstrated that Logical Memory and Craft Story may be used largely interchangeably; however, memory may be enhanced for stories with a protagonist of the same sex as the participant. Craft Story was somewhat more associated with mild cognitive impairment in the overall sample, but especially in non-Hispanic Black participants. We discuss how results inform test selection considerations.