bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sati
Authors: Brick David 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the most widely discussed and hotly debated aspect of traditional Hindu widowhood: sati, that is, the practice of a Hindu widow committing suicide by ascending her husband’s funeral pyre. The chapter outlines how the views of Hindu jurists changed on this topic. Specifically, it shows that sati was originally a royal custom; that Brahmins came to adopt it during the second half of the first millennium CE; that there was initially an intense debate on the validity of sati among Hindu jurists; and that, by the thirteenth century, they had come to accept the practice. Hence, this chapter demonstrates that there was a gradual shift within Dharmaśāstra from prohibition to complete endorsement in its attitude toward sati, a shift that took place c. 500–1400 CE. The chapter concludes by proposing possible reasons for the Brahmanical adoption of sati, arguing in particular that it was a reaction to widows’ increasing inheritance rights during the medieval period.
Conclusion How the Supreme Court Makes Securities Laws
Authors: Pritchard A.C. , Thompson Robert B. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a statistical overview, providing a foundation for identifying patterns in the Court’s decisions and assessing the influence of individual justices. The numbers highlight the Court’s changing attitude toward the SEC: first receptive, then skeptical during the Lewis Powell’s tenure, followed by relative equipoise since then. The numbers also show the lack of impact of Felix Frankfurter and William Douglas, a surprise given their extensive experience with the securities laws prior to their judicial appointments. Our review of the justices’ papers shows their personalities and interests contributed to this lack of impact. Notwithstanding their lack of influence, the SEC enjoyed a long winning streak at the Court, a result that we attribute to Roosevelt’s care in nominating justices who had front-line experience in the drafting of the legislation, advocating its constitutionality, and shaping the nascent SEC. The result was a shared ideological commitment and a reliable Court for social control of finance. The counterrevolution period provides another model of judicial decision-making at the Supreme Court—the significance of one justice with expertise and emotional engagement. Powell’s influence on his colleagues reflected his experience as a corporate lawyer and careful preparation, showing up both in the number of securities cases heard and the generally pro-business orientation of the results. After Powell’s retirement, the lack of a leader in securities law has manifested itself in fewer cases and no clear direction.
The Healing Vocation
Authors: Schenck David , Neely Scott 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Healing is an experience that occurs through encounter. Healers enter the field of the patient’s suffering—and this simple act alters the composition of that field. It brings forth the power of healing latent there. The people who come forward to serve in these situations have taken up an unusual vocation. More than a job, it is a moral enterprise that enacts a picture of goodness and wholeness. This activity can also be thought of as a spiritual venture. This chapter identifies and discusses the six phases of the healing vocation: call, formation, mastery, depletion and burnout, breakthrough, and replenishment and renewal. This chapter also introduces two terms: Moral anguish is the crippling, personal pain of internalized and unresolved conflicts of moral distress, and depletion is the erosion of one’s inner resources and capabilities. Burnout is the culmination of the process of depletion, leading to professional breakdown.
Historically Informed Renderings of the Librettos from Bach’s Cantatas
Authors: Marissen Michael 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the various kinds of technical issues—premodern German vocabulary, historical Lutheran theology, interpretively significant biblical allusion, editorial problems of establishing proper source texts—that do or should plague historically informed readers and translators of the librettos from Johann Sebastian Bach’s cantatas. Each of the suggested renderings of the texts from Bach’s cantatas arises out of insights that depend upon knowledge of the broader linguistic, cultural, and religious contexts of Bach’s music and the poetry he set. Unlike people today, Bach lived and worked in a biblically literate culture. We cannot truly understand his (premodern) artistic output unless we become historically informed about his religious Sitz im Leben, whatever our own partialities might be.
Does Voluntary Exchange of Private Property Justify Inequality?
Authors: Malleson Tom 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the libertarian belief that inequality is legitimate because it is simply the inevitable result of individuals freely exchanging their private property with others, either as gifts or as part of market exchange. According to this view, individuals inherently possess “absolute” rights over their property. The chapter argues that this is wrong because property rights should not be seen as absolute but as contingent on what justice requires. First, the property and wealth that actually exist today are interwoven with a long history of violence, coercion, fraud, theft, domination, and injustice. This means that redistribution is in many cases completely justified, even required. Second, other people’s needs matter, and these needs should sometimes outweigh the individual’s right to have complete control over their property. Third, the rights that individuals have over their property should be seen as very different from, and typically much weaker than, the rights that individuals have over their bodies. It is perfectly legitimate to insist that income and wealth should be frequently redistributed, whereas one’s body parts should not be.
Domestic Structure and NOC Global Expansion
Authors: Cheon Andrew 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
If the government is its principal, then an NOC serves dual functions as an agent—a commercial entity held to the standards of commercial viability and an instrument of the state held to the standards of the national interest. Achieving both will require NOCs’ commitment to steadily develop their risk management capacity, as well as the political and bureaucratic capacity of their government principals to tolerate failures where necessary and avoid them where possible. First, regime type determines the political and economic capital available for NOC investments, as it can be politically costly for democratic leaders to endorse investment that proves unprofitable for the state. Second, bureaucratic structures condition the government’s capacity for oversight. Competing bureaucratic principals with overlapping authority invite counterproductive NOC behavior that can undermine commercial viability or the national interest. Bureaucratic principals that have effectively established a clear line of authority for overseeing NOC operations do not.
Indigenous Older Adults in Taiwan
Authors: Kasirisir Kui , Luo Hai 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a multidimensional depiction of Indigenous older adults in Taiwan. It first briefly introduces the history, cultures, and social indicators of Taiwan’s Indigenous peoples. Then it describes the characteristics of the Indigenous population and Indigenous older adults in Taiwan through the analysis and synthesis of governmental and academic secondary data. Presenting data include the age:population ratio, aging index (ratio of the population aged 65 years or older to those aged 0–14 years), dependency ratio, and living arrangement for older adults. Based on these data, the discrepancies between the Indigenous aging group and the general older population in Taiwan are illustrated. The chapter also examines current policies related to Indigenous aging and offers suggestions for making future policies.
Indigenous Spirituality, Decolonization, and Restoration of Traditional Elders’ Ancestral Knowledge Today
Authors: Kunnie Julian 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses colonization of Indigenous peoples on Turtle Island (North America) and the manner that Indigenous elders and other aging people are struggling to maintain language, culture, transgenerational ancestral teaching, and transmission of ancient knowledge to younger generations in the light of the intensifying violence of neocolonization and forced assimilation into the dominant Euro-American/Canadian settler-colonial culture. The chapter proposes social work strategies and measures that preserve Indigenous elders’ priceless ancestral knowledge and highlight how traditional healers of the older generation are facing pressures from all sectors of society and also from within Indigenous communities to surrender traditional languages, ways of healing, and understanding of knowledge and assimilate into the hegemonic Euro-capitalist culture. Unfortunately, such healers from the older generation are becoming fewer and are often passing on without being able to train young practitioners in traditional healing and wisdom ways. This chapter calls for the decolonization of all Indigenous communities globally and return of all Indigenous lands as now demanded by the Land Back Movement and other Indigenous self-determination movements on Turtle Island so that traditional Indigenous languages are taught by elders to the younger generations and the flow of culture and language into the next seven generations is continued.
Elderly Care in Rural Ghana
Authors: Ofori-Dua Kwadwo 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The traditional family system in Ghana has changed as a result of the breakdown of traditional values, the growing incidence of the nuclear family, and difficult economic circumstances. Research into aging in Ghana, between 1984 and 2000, revealed that most of the older population lived in rural areas and included more females than males. Available evidence reveals that four out of every five older persons living in the rural areas of Ghana are engaged in agriculture. Apart from living in rural areas and engaging in agriculture as the main source of income, lack of formal education is also a major area of concern for older persons in rural Ghana. Consequently, older adults, particularly those in rural areas, who do not have access to formal support systems have nothing to fill the gap left by the withdrawal of extended family support. The study presented in this chapter sought to learn about the support systems and survival strategies of older adults amid diminished extended family support in Ghana and explore the nature and extent of the extended family’s involvement in the lives of older adults in the study area. This study was conducted in Bamang, a village in the Kwabre East District of the Ashanti region in Ghana. The village was selected because it depicts a typical case, having the social, demographic, economic, and geographic characteristics of a rural community in Ghana that is of interest to this study.
Socioemotional Challenges of Indigenous Elders
Authors: Jeevasuthan Subramaniam , Jeyaruban Varatharajah 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The internal conflict that has occurred during the past 30 years in northern Sri Lanka has led to disruption in the traditional family structure. In one of the villages in northern Sri Lanka, a research study was conducted to learn about the effects on Indigenous older persons of the years of conflict, departure of younger people away from the land, and subsequent changes to the lives of older persons left on their own without the customary care provided by their family members. The caste system is still a factor in the study area. Customarily, care provided by lower caste persons for higher caste older persons was not socially accepted. However, higher caste older persons, many of whom reported health and mental health and mobility challenges, have remained on their land and in their homes without family care. They have found ways to adapt to their situations due to necessity and secured help from lower caste workers. As this chapter discusses, the study found that paid caregivers provide much useful instrumental help for older persons, such as running errands and helping facilitate communication with older persons’ distant family members. Such arrangements have become more common in the study area for this higher income cohort of older persons because the older population in the study area tended not to consider institutional residential settings to receive care due to negative perceptions and the view that they were a last resort.
Etahi Kaumātua Mokemoke
Authors: Moeke-Maxwell Tess , Black Stella , Morgan Tessa , Wiles Janine , Gott Merryn 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Being socially connected has been recognized as an important health and well-being domain for Indigenous peoples. Maintaining tribal connections, including contact with ancestral homes and whānau (family), has been identified as a critical aspect to positive aging for Māori. Māori kaumātua (older men and women) have experienced many social, economic, political, cultural, and societal changes throughout their lives. This chapter presents the findings from the Māori cohort in a multiethnic study on older people’s loneliness and isolation to describe how older Māori understand social isolation and loneliness. Social isolation was expressed as a sense of loss for their tūpuna (deceased elders) and a way of life no longer available to them. Living with whānau was not guaranteed to protect against loneliness due to busy lifestyles of family or neglect. Being unable to reminisce about the past thwarted normal aging and well-being practices of kaumātua and contributed to feeling mokemoke (fretting).
Conclusion
Authors: Heinonen Tuula , Lewis Jordan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This book sheds light on diverse situations and contexts that impact older Indigenous adults, all of which represent different times and places but also have overlapping similarities that weave throughout each theme. These reflect broad themes such as colonization and its continuing impacts; family and societal change due to economic and labor market demands; environmental change; and challenges to cultural knowledge, traditions, values, and practices. The book points to the urgent need for further inquiry, writing, and discussion on the social aspects of aging in Indigenous communities throughout the world. More research on aging about Indigenous older persons’ lives and ways to enhance their life quality and well-being is clearly called for. Learning and applying the Indigenous knowledge and ways of knowing and being can lead to better social programs, policies, and services that reflect and embody Indigenous cultural knowledge and traditions and build on the past and current contributions of older Indigenous persons to families, communities, and societies.
Angloworld Narratives
Authors: Bell Duncan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Originating in nineteenth-century British and American debates about the role of race and empire, elites throughout the “Angloworld”—Great Britain, the United States, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand—have repeatedly articulated visions of an integrated geopolitical and economic unity, grounded in claims about a shared identity and political destiny, capable of playing a pivotal role in global affairs. This narrative assumed new forms and a new terminology across the twentieth century and has been articulated today in a variety of contexts, above all the fierce debates about Brexit. At their most radical, such narratives have imagined a form of global domination based on claims to racial superiority. From the late nineteenth century and throughout the twentieth century, the visions of Greater Britain and the possibilities of an Anglo-American (re)union have led to four models of world order centered around the Angloworld: Anglo-American, imperial-commonwealth, democratic unionist, and world federalist.
Conclusion
Authors: Postel-Vinay Karoline 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
While fighting Russia’s aggression in 2022, Ukraine embraced an idealistic, post-1989, narrative of liberal international order, which has been in fact increasingly contested within the Western societies that originally promoted it. Since the end of the Cold War, the priority given to efficient global governance has come at the gradual expense of liberal political standards such as democratic norms, and the moral thickness of the liberal international narrative has consequently diminished. And while the narrators of liberal internationalism have been struggling with both internal and external challenges, other narratives of the global have emerged. The rise of non-Western civilizational narratives in China, India, and Russia, among others, expresses both a demand for pluralism on the international scene and resentment addressed to various degrees to a monolithic representation of the West. The coexistence of the still dominant liberal international narrative with more and more powerful civilizational narratives challenges the notion of a functioning meta-narrative for global cooperation.
Sanctions, Political Risk, and the Dollar as International Payments Currency
Authors: McDowell Daniel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the dollar’s grip on cross-border payments, including its position as the world’s most widely used trade settlement currency. It recounts how the United States used sanctions to cut targets off from the dollar-based payments system—a move that had punishing consequences for targeted individuals, firms, and governments. These consequences are demonstrated in three case studies on Russia, Turkey, and Venezuela. Targeted governments’ perceptions of the political risk associated with the dollar grew after sanctions were imposed. Each responded with policy measures designed to reduce dependence on the dollar as a payments and trade settlement currency, with varying degrees of success. These examples demonstrate that while de-dollarization may remain elusive for targeted regimes, sanctions can (and do) elicit clear anti-dollar policy responses.
China’s Play for Payments Power
Authors: McDowell Daniel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 details China’s efforts to create an alternative payment system based on its own currency. While the Cross-border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) remains far behind the dollar system, it picked up steam quickly after its introduction in 2015. As elites in China grew more aware of their country’s vulnerability to US financial pressure, interest in building this system increased. Yet for this new financial network to be effective at insulating China and its economic partners from Washington’s coercive tools, Beijing will have to “close the loop” by disconnecting from the dollar as well as existing financial and communication networks. This is an extraordinary challenge, and it remains unclear whether China’s leadership can pull it off. Outside of China, US sanctions appear to be creating interest in CIPS as autocrats worried about the long arm of the US Treasury look to Beijing to build a system that will protect them.
The Social Production of Crisis
Authors: Nathanson Constance A. , Bergeron Henri 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
When does epidemic disease disrupt society to the point where it becomes a political crisis? In the early 1980s, almost unnoticed in the larger drama that was AIDS, over half of hemophiliacs and a larger number but smaller percentage of blood transfusion recipients were infected with toxic blood—blood that was contaminated with HIV. The French public’s “discovery” of this catastrophe in the early 1990s created a transformative political crisis; this same discovery in the United States went largely unnoticed. This book presents a detailed case comparative analysis not only of the catastrophe itself and its multiple retrospective interpretations but also of its intimate connection to the history and organization of blood as a consumer product in each country. It answers the question of how and why disease morphed into crisis in France and not in the United States and draws on that answer to develop a more general sociological theory of the social production of political crisis. In so doing, it raises questions about the curious immunity to human suffering as a policy engine in the United States, about the often reiterated weakness of civil society in France, and about theorizing alternative epidemic trajectories.
Mobilization of the Afflicted
Authors: Nathanson Constance A. , Bergeron Henri 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 overlaps Chapter 4 in time and describes the gradual mobilization of hemophiliacs as political communities organized to assert their interests and demand recognition and compensation from courts and from the state. Both France and the United States had in place conservative, medically oriented, organizations that advocated the interests of hemophiliacs. In both countries these organizations were initially reluctant to recognize the dangers that blood products posed to their members and to advise shifting to safer products, spinning off militant “radical flanks” much earlier and with far greater impact in France than in the United States. Militants brought lawsuits against blood bankers and other targets and demanded compensation from the government. This chapter advances several hypotheses to account both for hemophiliacs’ earlier mobilization in France and for their greater effectiveness. Persons infected through blood transfusion were late to mobilize in both countries and were successful in obtaining compensation in France but not in the United States.
The Quest for Compensation
Authors: Nathanson Constance A. , Bergeron Henri 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Whether and how generously governments—as opposed to private individuals or institutions—compensate injuries to their citizens is contingent on cross-nationally variable assumptions about the scope of government responsibility, as well as on short-term political considerations. Within these constraints, advocates for one or another solution create causal stories—competing portrayals of “facts” and of the moral implications of those facts. Analogies ranging from tragic accident (no one was at fault—there was no evil intent) to holocaust (multiple actors were at fault—there was evil intent) were proffered by affected families—principally of hemophiliacs—in both France and the United States. Compensation was rapid, generous, and inclusive of both hemophiliacs and transfusees in France. In the United States, compensation in the form of the Ricky Ray Act was slow to get off the ground, limited in amount, and excluded persons infected by blood transfusion.
Authoritative Retrospection
Authors: Nathanson Constance A. , Bergeron Henri 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The earliest “authoritative” narrative of the blood affair was produced in 1991 by the French Inspector General for Social Affairs (IGAS) closely followed by the French Senate in 1992 and in 1993 by the French National Assembly (AN). The sole comparable American report was published by the U.S. Institute of Medicine in 1995. The latter was framed in the sober language of academia as an “analysis of crisis decision making,” disengaged and depoliticized. The IGAS and Senate reports, produced in mid-crisis, were—to lesser (IGAS) and greater (Senate) degrees—witch hunts. The AN report stabbed at science-based neutrality and was ignored. Underlying these contrasting reports were differences in interests and incentives of their authors, in political and policy opportunities afforded by amplification versus mitigation of drama, and in available cultural repertoires.