bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Bayesian-network-based quantum procedure for failure risk analysis
Authors: Carrascal Gines , Botella Guillermo , del Barrio Alberto , Kremer David 
Published: May 2023

AbstractStudying the propagation of failure probabilities in interconnected systems such as electrical distribution networks is traditionally performed by means of Monte Carlo simulations. In this paper, we propose a procedure for creating a model of the system on a quantum computer using a restricted representation of Bayesian networks. We present examples of this implementation on sample models using Qiskit and test them using both quantum simulators and IBM Quantum hardware. The results show a correlation in the precision of the results when considering the number of Monte Carlo iterations alongside the sum of shots in a single quantum circuit execution.
Photon and Neutron Production as In Situ Diagnostics of Proton-Boron Fusion
Authors: Hegelich B. M. , Labun L. , Labun O. Z. , Mehlhorn T. A. , Batani Dimitri 
Published: May 2023

Short-pulse, ultrahigh-intensity lasers have opened new regimes for studying fusion plasmas and creating novel ultrashort ion beams and neutron sources. Diagnosing the plasma in these experiments is important for optimizing the fusion yield but difficult due to the picosecond time scales, 10 s of micron-cubed volumes, and high densities. We propose to use the yields of photons and neutrons produced by parallel reactions involving the same reactants to diagnose the plasma conditions and predict the yields of specific reactions of interest. In this work, we focus on verifying the yield of the high-interest aneutronic proton-boron fusion reaction 11Bp,2α4He, which is difficult to measure directly due to the short stopping range of the produced αs in most materials. We identify promising photon-producing reactions for this purpose and compute the ratios of the photon yield to the α yield as a function of plasma parameters. In beam-fusion experiments, the 11C yield is an easily-measurable observable to verify the α yield. In light of our results, improving and extending measurements of the cross-sections for these parallel reactions are important steps to gain greater control over these laser-driven fusion plasmas.
Probiotics for Preventing Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis
Authors: Zhang Yang , Xu Qiong , Zhang Feng , Sun Chunlei 
Published: May 2023

What is Known and Objective. The role of probiotics, especially the different genera of probiotics, in managing necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is controversial. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis (TSA) to determine the efficacy and safety of probiotics for preventing NEC. Methods. Medline, Embase, CENTRAL, WorldCat, TROVE, DART-Europe, and CBM were searched from inception to May 2022. Two investigators independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed the quality of the included studies. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4, and TSA was conducted using TSA 0.9 beta. Results and Discussion. Fifty-five studies involving 12897 newborns were eligible. The use of probiotics for preventing NEC reduced the incidence of NEC (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.57, and

P

< 0.05) and sepsis (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.94, and

P

< 0.05), the risk of mortality (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.84, and

P

< 0.05), and shortened the average days of hospitalization (MD −3.12, 95% CI −4.98 to −1.26, and

P

< 0.05). However, subgroup analysis revealed that different genera of probiotics gave rise to different outcomes. In addition, TSA indicated that the cumulative z-curve crossed the traditional and trial sequential monitoring boundaries for benefit, providing firm evidence that multiple strains and Lactobacillus species of probiotics decreased the incidence of NEC. However, the current evidence was inconclusive for Bifidobacterium and Saccharomyces species. What is New and Conclusions. Probiotics are effective in preventing NEC and sepsis and could provide added benefits, including decreasing mortality and the number of days of hospitalization. However, considering the heterogeneity of probiotics regimens and the risk of selective reporting of RCTs, more high-quality clinical trials targeting different genera of probiotics with suitable doses and timing to prophylactic use of probiotics are needed to avoid overestimating the role of probiotics in preterm infants.
Transcriptomic and Proteomic of Gastrocnemius Muscle in Peripheral Artery Disease
Authors: Ferrucci Luigi , Candia Julián , Ubaida-Mohien Ceereena , Lyashkov Alexey , Banskota Nirad , Leeuwenburgh Christiaan , Wohlgemuth Stephanie , Guralnik Jack M. , Kaileh Mary , Zhang Dongxue , Sufit Robert , De Supriyo , Gorospe Myriam , Munk Rachel , Peterson Charlotte A. , McDermott Mary M. 
Published: May 2023

Background:
Few effective therapies exist to improve lower extremity muscle pathology and mobility loss due to peripheral artery disease (PAD), in part because mechanisms associated with functional impairment remain unclear.

Methods:
To better understand mechanisms of muscle impairment in PAD, we performed in-depth transcriptomic and proteomic analyses on gastrocnemius muscle biopsies from 31 PAD participants (mean age, 69.9 years) and 29 age- and sex-matched non-PAD controls (mean age, 70.0 years) free of diabetes or limb-threatening ischemia.

Results:
Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses suggested activation of hypoxia-compensatory mechanisms in PAD muscle, including inflammation, fibrosis, apoptosis, angiogenesis, unfolded protein response, and nerve and muscle repair. Stoichiometric proportions of mitochondrial respiratory proteins were aberrant in PAD compared to non-PAD, suggesting that respiratory proteins not in complete functional units are not removed by mitophagy, likely contributing to abnormal mitochondrial activity. Supporting this hypothesis, greater mitochondrial respiratory protein abundance was significantly associated with greater complex II and complex IV respiratory activity in non-PAD but not in PAD. Rate-limiting glycolytic enzymes, such as hexokinase and pyruvate kinase, were less abundant in muscle of people with PAD compared with non-PAD participants, suggesting diminished glucose metabolism.

Conclusions:
In PAD muscle, hypoxia induces accumulation of mitochondria respiratory proteins, reduced activity of rate-limiting glycolytic enzymes, and an enhanced integrated stress response that modulates protein translation. These mechanisms may serve as targets for disease modification.
Interobserver Agreement on Intracranial Hemorrhage on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Ischemic Stroke
Authors: van der Ende Nadinda A.M. , Luijten Sven P.R. , Kluijtmans Leo , Postma Alida A. , Cornelissen Sandra A. , van Hattem Antonius M.G. , Lycklama à Nijeholt Geert J. , Bokkers Reinoud P.H. , Thomassen Lars , Waje-Andreassen Ulrike , Logallo Nicola , Bracard Serge , Gory Benjamin , Roozenbeek Bob , Dippel Diederik W.J. , van der Lugt Aad 
Published: May 2023

Background:
The Heidelberg Bleeding Classification, developed for computed tomography, is also frequently used to classify intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) on magnetic resonance imaging. Additionally, the presence of any ICH is frequently used as (safety) outcome measure in clinical stroke trials that evaluate acute interventions. We assessed the interobserver agreement on the presence of any ICH and the type of ICH according to the Heidelberg Bleeding Classification on magnetic resonance imaging in patients treated with reperfusion therapy.

Methods:
We used 300 magnetic resonance imaging scans including susceptibility-weighted imaging or T2*-weighted gradient echo imaging of ischemic stroke patients within 1 week after reperfusion therapy. Six observers, blinded to clinical characteristics except for suspected location of the infarction, independently rated ICH according to the Heidelberg Bleeding Classification in random pairs. Percent agreement and Cohen’s kappa (κ) were estimated for the presence of any ICH (yes/no), and for agreement on the Heidelberg Bleeding Classification class 1 and 2. For the Heidelberg Bleeding Classification class 1 and 2, weighted κ was estimated to take the degree of disagreement into account.

Results:
In 297 of 300 scans, the quality of scans was sufficient to score ICH. Observers agreed on the presence or absence of any ICH in 264 of 297 scans (88.9%; κ 0.78 [95% CI, 0.71–0.85]). There was agreement on the Heidelberg Bleeding Classification class 1 and 2 and no ICH in class 1 and 2 in 226 of 297 scans (76.1%; κ 0.63 [95% CI, 0.56–0.69]; weighted κ 0.90 [95% CI, 0.87–0.93]).

Conclusions:
The presence of any ICH can be reliably scored on magnetic resonance imaging and can, therefore, be used as (safety) outcome measure in clinical stroke trials that evaluate acute interventions. Agreement of ICH types according to the Heidelberg Bleeding Classification is substantial and disagreements are small.
Naturalistic Causal Probing for Morpho-Syntax
Authors: Amini Afra , Pimentel Tiago , Meister Clara , Cotterell Ryan 
Published: May 2023

AbstractProbing has become a go-to methodology for interpreting and analyzing deep neural models in natural language processing. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the limitations and weaknesses of various types of probes. In this work, we suggest a strategy for input-level intervention on naturalistic sentences. Using our approach, we intervene on the morpho-syntactic features of a sentence, while keeping the rest of the sentence unchanged. Such an intervention allows us to causally probe pre-trained models. We apply our naturalistic causal probing framework to analyze the effects of grammatical gender and number on contextualized representations extracted from three pre-trained models in Spanish, the multilingual versions of BERT, RoBERTa, and GPT-2. Our experiments suggest that naturalistic interventions lead to stable estimates of the causal effects of various linguistic properties. Moreover, our experiments demonstrate the importance of naturalistic causal probing when analyzing pre-trained models.https://github.com/rycolab/naturalistic-causal-probing
Changes in Relative Humidity Profiles over Earth’s Oceans in a Warming Climate: A Satellite-Data-Based Inference
Authors: Abraham Carsten , Goldblatt Colin 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Recently, we presented a classification of “primitive” relative humidity (RH) profiles into eight distinct clusters over Earth’s oceans, based on about 18 years (2003–20) of observations from the AIRS on NASA’s Aqua satellite. Here we investigate the seasonal variability and decadal trends, both in the vertical structure of these RH profiles, and in their associated area of occurrence. Since vertical structures (except in the marine boundary layer) of each RH class are generally robust across all seasons and change only weakly in a warming climate, seasonal or decadal changes to their occurrence areas shift patterns of global moisture distribution. Globally, the marine boundary layer exhibits nonlinear moistening effects after about 2010, the end of the warming hiatus. Annual time series of ocean areas dominated by RH classes have linear trends, which are positive only for the most moist and driest RH classes (in terms of the free troposphere) associated with deep convection and large-scale subsidence favoring conditions for low-level stratocumulus clouds, respectively. Based on estimated linear trends of RH-class occurrences and sea surface temperatures, we infer projected linear responses of RH in a warming climate. Ocean areas dominated by most moist and driest RH classes (in terms of the free atmosphere) are estimated to increase by about 1% and 2%, respectively (corresponding to about 2.5% K−1 and 4.5% K−1, respectively). The averaged global and tropical RH structure remain almost constant in a warming climate. While this is consistent with other studies, our results show how increases in most moist and dry areas compensate each other, indicating possible increases in the frequency or persistence of future extreme events.
Effects of Etomidate on Postintubation Hypotension, Inflammatory Markers, and Mortality in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: An International, Multicenter, Retrospective Study
Authors: Leou Konstantinos , Mendez Dianelys , Horani George , Papagiannakis Nikolaos , Jiménez Sánchez Roberto , Mazzei Diana , Mora Isabel , Manickam Rajapriya , Tourlakopoulos Konstantinos , Garrido Peñalver José Francisco , Jiménez Medina David , Rodríguez Mulero María Dolores , Annousis Konstantinos , Laou Eleni , García de Guadiana-Romualdo Luis , Pantazopoulos Ioannis , Kaur Kunwar , Chalkias Athanasios ,   ETOCOVID Study group
Published: May 2023

Objective To evaluate the association of etomidate with postintubation hypotension, inflammation, and mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Design International, multicenter, retrospective study. Participants Critically ill patients hospitalized specifically for COVID-19 from three major academic institutions in the US and Europe. Main Outcome and Measures Patients were allocated into the etomidate (ET) group or another induction agent (OA) group. The primary outcome was postintubation hypotension. Secondary outcomes included postintubation inflammatory status, in-hospital mortality, and mortality at 30 days. Results 171 patients with a median age of 68 (IQR 58-73) years were included (ET, n  =  98; OA, n  =  73). Etomidate was associated with lower postintubation mean arterial pressure [74.33 (64-85) mm Hg versus 81.84 (69.75–94.25) mm Hg, p  =  0.005] compared to other agents. No statistically significant differences were generally observed in inflammatory markers between the two groups at 7- and 14-days after admission to the intensive care unit. In-hospital mortality [77 (79%) versus 41 (56%), p  =  0.003] and mortality at 30-days [78 (80%) versus 43 (59%), p  =  0.006] were higher in the ET group. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, only etomidate (p  =  0.009) and postintubation mean arterial pressure (p < 0.001) had a statistically significant effect on mortality, in contrast to stress-dose steroids (p  =  0.301), after adjusting for creatinine (p  =  0.695), blood urea nitrogen (p  =  0.153), age (p  =  0.055), oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SpO2) (p  =  0.941), and fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) (p  =  0.712). Conclusions Administration of a single-bolus dose of etomidate in critically ill patients with COVID-19 is associated with lower postintubation mean arterial pressure and higher in-hospital and 30-day mortality compared to other induction agents.
Early Follow-up of Parents by a Specialized Cleft Nurse After the Birth of an Infant with Cleft lip and/or Palate
Authors: Lindberg Nina Ellefsen , Kynø Nina Margrete , Billaud Feragen Kristin , Pripp Are Hugo , Tønseth Kim Alexander 
Published: May 2023

Objective To document the impact of early follow-up by specialized cleft nurses (SCNs) to families of infants with cleft lip and/or cleft palate (CL/P). Design Prospective inclusion of a control group, which received standard care alone, followed by an intervention group, which in addition received early SCN follow-up. Setting The cleft lip and palate team at a University hospital. Participants 70 families (69 mothers and 57 fathers); control group (n = 38); intervention group (n = 32). Intervention SCNs offered a consultation at the maternity ward and follow-ups by phone or face-to-face at one, three, eight weeks and six months after birth. Outcome measures Use of Internet-Questionnaire, Quality of discharge teaching scale (QDTS), Post discharge coping difficulty scale (PDCDS), Response on follow-up by health professionals. Results Infants in the intervention group were admitted less frequently to a Neonatal Intensive Care unit (NICU); 21.9% vs 51.4%, P = .012. Parents in the intervention group used internet for cleft-related reasons less frequently (74.6% vs 85.9%), P = .112 and the mothers benefitted less from cleft-related activity on the internet ( P = .013). The intervention group reported higher mean score for satisfaction with total cleft care ( P = .001). There were no significant group differences regarding mean total score for discharge teaching ( P = .315) and coping difficulties ( P = .919). Conclusion Early follow-up by a SCN with expertise in cleft care is highly valued by parents. Closer cooperation between the cleft team and health professionals at birth hospitals and Child health centers is necessary for optimal follow-up.
Structural and clinical changes in previously treated type 1 macular neovascularization in non-responder AMD eyes switched to brolucizumab
Authors: Pece Alfredo , Fossataro Federica , Maione Giulio , Liuzzi Raffaele 
Published: May 2023

Purpose To examine structural and clinical changes in previously treated type 1 macular neovascularization (MNV) in non-responder age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) eyes switched to brolucizumab. Subretinal hyper-reflective material (SHRM), intraretinal (IRF) and subretinal fluid (SRF) presence, fibrovascular-pigment epithelium detachment (PED) height and central macular thickness (CMT) variation were analyzed using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods In this prospective study all patients underwent a complete ophthalmological evaluation including structural OCT at baseline (T0), one month (T1), three (T2), four (T3) and six months after switching to brolucizumab treatment (T4). Non-responder criterion was the persistence of IRF and SRF. Moreover, CMT and BCVA had shown worsening or no improvement before switching to brolucizumab. Clinical function and structural activity biomarkers were measured at each visit and changes were analyzed. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Twenty eyes of twenty patients were enrolled. All the structural variables examined during the follow-up showed significant reductions. Decreases in IRF, SRF and PED were already significant at T1 (p < 0.05). SHRM was significantly reduced at T2 (p < 0.05). Structural biomarkers were absent at T3. At T4, all biomarkers remained stable while SHRM was no longer detectable in 18 patients. Changes in visual acuity from baseline to T4 were not significant. Conclusion This short-term experience highlights that brolucizumab might be considered an effective treatment option in nAMD with type 1 MNV, as it can promote a reduction of structural activity biomarkers.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Swedish adults aged 77 years and older: Age differences in lifestyle changes
Authors: Augustsson Erika , Von Saenger Isabelle , Agahi Neda , Kåreholt Ingemar , Ericsson Malin 
Published: May 2023

Aims: This study aimed to describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on lifestyle and social activities among older adults in Sweden, with a special focus on differences between the ‘younger old’ (aged 77–84) and ‘older old’ (aged 85–109). Methods: This study is based on a nationally representative sample of older adults (aged ⩾77 years) in Sweden (SWEOLD). Data were collected between May 2021 and April 2022, when many recommendations were removed but the virus was still classified as a public health disease. We studied occurrences and differences between the two age groups in several lifestyle factors and social activities. Results: The younger old displayed larger changes in lifestyles because of the pandemic than the older old. Most changes were found in social interactions with family. Conclusions: Our results highlight the large heterogeneity within the Swedish population aged ⩾77 years, and that the younger old experienced a bigger lifestyle change than the older old. Previous activity levels might be important to consider in order to understand how regulations may affect the older population. Finally, our findings indicate large age differences in Internet use, which require attention to prevent digital exclusion of an already vulnerable group.
Boys perpetrating sexual harassment on peer girls in secondary school: A focus group study about pupils’ experiences
Authors: Slaatten Hilde , Malterud Kirsti 
Published: May 2023

Aims: To explore experiences of sexual harassment of adolescent girls by peer boys during school hours. Methods: Focus group study with a convenience sample of six girls and 12 boys aged 13–15 years from two different lower secondary schools in Norway. Thematic analysis with Systematic Text Condensation was used with data from three focus group discussions, supported by theory about gender performativity. Results: Analysis demonstrated how girls experienced specific aspects of unwanted sexual attention perpetrated by male peers. When boys trivialized sexualized behaviour perceived as intimidating by girls, the behaviour was perceived as ‘normal’. Among the boys, sexual name-calling was only meant as a joke to put the girls in their place, while girls were silenced. In this way, patterns of gendered interaction contribute to performing and maintaining sexual harassment. Responses from co-pupils and teachers had strong impact on further harassment, contributing to either escalation or resistance. Signalling disapproval when being harassed was difficult when bystander behaviour was lacking or degrading. The participants wanted teachers to intervene in response to sexual harassment, emphasizing that being present or showing concern is not enough to stop the harassment. The lack of proactive responses from bystanders may also represent gender performativity, where invisibility contributes to social conventions such as normalization. Conclusions: Our analysis indicates a need for interventions targeting sexual harassment among pupils in Norwegian schools, with a special awareness of gendered performance. Both teachers and pupils would benefit from increased knowledge and skills in how to detect and stop unwanted sexual attention.