bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An extraordinary case of elytra loss in Coleoptera (Elateroidea: Lycidae): discovery and placement of the first anelytrous adult male beetle
Authors: Ferreira Vinicius S , Barbosa Felipe Francisco , Bocakova Milada , Solodovnikov Alexey 
Published: July 2023

AbstractInsects are one of the few groups of animals that developed the ability of active flight. Such mobility allowed the group to successfully explore and thrive in nearly all kinds of ecological niches. At the same time, during the evolutionary history of insects, due to high costs of wing development, flight was lost independently in many groups. In beetles, the reduction or complete loss of hind wings has been reported in multiple lineages, especially in several extreme paedomorphic and larviform females, mainly in Elateroidea, in which not only the hind wings but also the elytra are lost. However, the complete absence of elytra in adult males was hitherto unknown, despite nearly half a million described species in Coleoptera. In this study, we report the discovery of Xenomorphon baranowskii gen. et sp. nov., the first completely anelytrous and wingless adult male beetle, belonging to the family Lycidae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea). Xenomorphon baranowskii is illustrated, described, and provisionally placed in Calopterini, based on our morphology-based phylogenetic analyses. We discuss the possible scenarios that could lead to such a rare event, when a beetle loses its elytra, and its evolutionary consequences.
Impact of dietary vitamin A on striatal function in adult rats
Authors: Marie Anaïs , Kinet Rémi , Helbling Jean‐Christophe , Darricau Morgane , Alfos Serge , Di Miceli Mathieu , Angelo Maria‐Florencia , Foury Aline , Richard Emmanuel , Trifilieff Pierre , Mallet Nicolas P. , Bosch‐Bouju Clementine 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe striatum is a brain structure involved in the control of voluntary movement. Striatum contains high amounts of retinoic acid, the active metabolite of vitamin A, as well as retinoid receptors, RARβ and RXRγ. Previous studies revealed that disruption of retinoid signaling initiated during development is deleterious for striatal physiology and related motor functions. However, the alteration of retinoid signaling, and the importance of vitamin A supply during adulthood on striatal physiology and function has never been established. In the present study, we investigated the impact of vitamin A supply on striatal function. Adult Sprague–Dawley rats were fed with three specific diets, either sub‐deficient, sufficient, or enriched in vitamin A (0.4, 5, and 20 international units [IU] of retinol per g of diet, respectively) for 6 months. We first validated that vitamin A sub‐deficient diet in adult rats constitutes a physiological model of retinoid signaling reduction in the striatum. We then revealed subtle alterations of fine motor skills in sub‐deficient rats using a new behavioral apparatus specifically designed to test forepaw reach‐and‐grasp skills relying on striatal function. Finally, we showed using qPCR analysis and immunofluorescence that the striatal dopaminergic system per se was not affected by vitamin A sub‐deficiency at adult age. Rather, cholinergic synthesis in the striatum and μ‐opioid receptor expression in striosomes sub‐territories were the most affected by vitamin A sub‐deficiency starting at adulthood. Taken together these results revealed that retinoid signaling alteration at adulthood is associated with motor learning deficits together with discrete neurobiological alterations in the striatum.
Safely Reducing Unnecessary Radiographs in Suspected Pediatric Musculoskeletal Injuries
Authors: Lander Sarah , Obudzinski Sarah , Michels Julie , Brayer Anne , D'amore Taylor , Chess Mitchel , Cook Christopher P. , Wakeman Derek , Sanders James 
Published: July 2023

Background
While radiographs are a critical component of diagnosing musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries, they are associated with radiation exposure, patient discomfort, and financial costs. Our study initiative was to develop a system to diagnose pediatric MSK injuries efficiently while minimizing unnecessary radiographs.

Methods
This was a quality improvement trial performed prospectively at a single level one trauma center. A multidisciplinary team with leaders from pediatric orthopedics, trauma surgery, emergency medicine, and radiology created an algorithm delineating which x-rays should be obtained for pediatric patients presenting with MSK injuries. The intervention was performed in the following 3 stages: stage 1: retrospective validation of the algorithm, stage 2: implementation of the algorithm, and stage 3: sustainability evaluation. Outcomes measured included number of extra radiographs per pediatric patient and any missed injuries.

Results
In stage 1, 295 patients presented to the pediatric emergency department with MSK injuries. A total of 2148 radiographs were obtained, with 801 not indicated per the protocol, for an average of 2.75 unnecessary radiographs per patient. No injuries would have been missed using the protocol. In stage 2, 472 patients had 2393 radiographs with 339 not indicated per protocol, averaging 0.72 unnecessary radiographs per patient, a significant reduction from stage 1 (P < 0.001). There were no missed injuries identified on follow-up. In stage 3, improvement was sustained for the subsequent 8 months with an average of 0.34 unnecessary radiographs per patient (P < 0.05).

Conclusions
Sustained reduction of unnecessary radiation to pediatric patients with suspected MSK injuries was accomplished through the development and implementation of a safe and effective imaging algorithm. The multidisciplinary approach, widespread education of pediatric providers, and standardized order sets improved buy-in and is generalizable to other institutions.
Level of Evidence: III
Use of Intraosseous Access in Neonatal and Pediatric Retrieval—Neonatal and Pediatric Emergency Transfer Service, New South Wales
Authors: Joerck Carsten , Wilkinson Robert , Angiti Rajeshwar Reddy , Lutz Tracey , Scerri Laura , Carmo Kathryn Browning 
Published: July 2023

Objectives
Pediatric patients who are critically unwell require rapid access to central vasculature for administration of life-saving medications and fluids. The intraosseous (IO) route is a well-described method of accessing the central circulation. There is a paucity of data surrounding the use of IO in neonatal and pediatric retrieval. The aim of this study was to review the frequency, complications, and efficacy of IO insertion in neonatal and pediatric patients in retrieval.

Methods
A retrospective review of cases referred to neonatal and pediatric emergency transfer service, New South Wales over the epoch 2006 to 2020. Medical records documenting IO use were audited for patient demographic data, diagnosis, treatment details, IO insertion and complication statistics, and mortality data.

Results
Intraosseous access was used in 467 patients (102 neonatal/365 pediatric). The most common indications were sepsis, respiratory distress, cardiac arrest, and encephalopathy. The main treatments were fluid bolus, antibiotics, maintenance fluids, and resuscitation drugs. Return of spontaneous circulation after resuscitation drugs occurred in 52.9%; perfusion improved with fluid bolus in 73.1%; blood pressure improved with inotropes in 63.2%; seizures terminated with anticonvulsants in 88.7%. Prostaglandin E1 was given to eight patients without effect. Intraosseous access–related injury occurred in 14.2% of pediatric and 10.8% of neonatal patients. Neonatal and pediatric mortality rates were 18.6% and 19.2%, respectively.

Conclusions
Survival in retrieved neonatal and pediatric patients who required IO is higher than previously described in pediatric and adult cohorts. Early insertion of an IO facilitates early volume expansion, delivery of critical drugs, and allows time for retrieval teams to gain more definitive venous access. In this study, prostaglandin E1 delivered via a distal limb IO had no success in reopening the ductus arteriosus.
Perception of energy production from biomass: A Mexican population pilot survey
Authors: Mascorro-Guzmán J. A. , Vásquez-Olmos J. , Zúñiga-Sánchez O. , Monteros-Curiel E. , Durand-Moreno L. C. , Flores-Payan V. , Angulo-Sherman A. A. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe term biomass may be used in different contexts, one of which is related to energy production from biomass sources, especially wastes. Mexico is considered a country with a high potential to exploit renewable energy sources, particularly biomass. Still, according to studies about energy consumption in Mexican homes, biomass is one of the least used, compared to conventional sources or even other renewable sources. It is not understood how aware the country’s population is of the potential of biomass, or if they recognize it as a renewable energy source. This study presents a pilot survey performed on a small adult population that has or is receiving professional education and designed to identify how biomass is perceived among other renewable energy sources and whether the population considers it relevant to inform themselves about this topic. The results obtained indicate that people recognize mostly wind (99%) and solar (88%) power, but when it comes to biomass only 36% of the population knows energy may be obtained from it. When it comes to its use only 5.8% of the population indicates using it. Besides understanding the population’s perception these results may help to develop more educational policies about renewable energies by universities.
Decision-consistent bias mediated by drift dynamics of human visual working memory
Authors: Gu Hyunwoo , Lee Joonwon , Kim Sungje , Lim Jaeseob , Lee Hyang-Jung , Lee Heeseung , Choe Minjin , Yoo Dong-Gyu , Ryu Jun Hwan (Joshua) , Lim Sukbin , Lee Sang-Hun 
Published: July 2023

AbstractTo adapt to dynamic surroundings, we need to reliably maintain sensory experiences while making accurate decisions about them. Nonetheless, humans tend to bias their ongoing actions toward their past decisions, a phenomenon dubbed decision-consistent bias. Efforts to explain this seemingly irrational bias have been limited to the sensory readout account. Here, by putting the bias in the context of mnemonic maintenance, we uncover its previously unidentified source: the interplay of decision-making with the drift dynamics of visual working memory. By taking behavioral snapshots of human visual working memory while concurrently tracking their cortical signals during a prolonged delay, we show that mnemonic representations transition toward a few stable points while initially biasing decisions and continuously drifting afterward in the direction consistent with the decisional bias. Task-optimized recurrent neural networks with drift dynamics reproduce the human data, offering a neural mechanism underlying the decision-consistent bias.
Heterogeneous complement and microglia activation mediates stress-induced synapse loss
Authors: Soteros Breeanne M. , Tillmon Haven , Wollet Mackenna , General Julianne , Chin Hanna , Lee John Beichen , Carreno Flavia R. , Morilak David A. , Kim Jun Hee , Sia Gek Ming 
Published: July 2023

AbstractSpatially heterogeneous synapse loss is a characteristic of many psychiatric and neurological disorders, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we show that spatially-restricted complement activation mediates stress-induced heterogeneous microglia activation and synapse loss localized to the upper layers of the mouse medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Single cell RNA sequencing also reveals a stress-associated microglia state marked by high expression of the apolipoprotein E gene (ApoEhigh) localized to the upper layers of the mPFC. Mice lacking complement component C3 are protected from stress-induced layer-specific synapse loss, and the ApoEhighmicroglia population is markedly reduced in the mPFC of these mice. Furthermore, C3 knockout mice are also resilient to stress-induced anhedonia and working memory behavioral deficits. Our findings suggest that region-specific complement and microglia activation can contribute to the disease-specific spatially restricted patterns of synapse loss and clinical symptoms found in many brain diseases.
A spatial map of human liver cirrhosis reveals the patho-architecture and gene signatures associated with cell state transitions during liver disease
Authors: Hammond Nigel L , Baker Syed Murtuza , Georgaka Sokratia , Al-Anbaki Ali , Jokl Elliot , Simpson Kara , Athwal Varinder S , Siriwardena Ajith K , Spiers Harry VM , Dixon Mike J , Bobola Nicoletta , Sharrocks Andrew D , Hanley Neil A , Rattray Magnus , Hanley Karen Piper 
Published: July 2023

AbstractLiver fibrosis is a major cause of death worldwide. As a progressive step in chronic liver disease, fibrosis is almost always diagnosed too late with limited treatment options. Here, we uncover the spatial transcriptional landscape driving human liver fibrosis using single nuclei RNA and Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin (ATAC) sequencing to deconvolute multi-cell spatial transcriptomic profiling in human liver cirrhosis. Through multi-modal data integration, we define molecular signatures driving cell state transitions in liver disease and define an impaired cellular response and directional trajectory from hepatocytes to cholangiocytes associated with disease remodelling. We identify pro-fibrogenic signatures in non-parenchymal cell subpopulations co-localised within the fibrotic niche and localise transitional cell states at the scar interface. This combined approach provides a spatial atlas of gene regulation and defines molecular signatures associated liver disease for targeted therapeutics or as early diagnostic markers of progressive liver disease.
Learning better with Dale’s Law: A Spectral Perspective
Authors: Li Pingsheng , Cornford Jonathan , Ghosh Arna , Richards Blake 
Published: July 2023

AbstractMost recurrent neural networks (RNNs) do not include a fundamental constraint of real neural circuits: Dale’s Law, which implies that neurons must be excitatory (E) or inhibitory (I). Dale’s Law is generally absent from RNNs because simply partitioning a standard network’s units into E and I populations impairs learning. However, here we extend a recent feedforward bio-inspired EI network architecture, named Dale’s ANNs, to recurrent networks, and demonstrate that good performance is possible while respecting Dale’s Law. This begs the question: What makes some forms of EI network learn poorly and others learn well? And, why does the simple approach of incorporating Dale’s Law impair learning? Historically the answer was thought to be the sign constraints on EI network parameters, and this was a motivation behind Dale’s ANNs. However, here we show the spectral properties of the recurrent weight matrix at initialisation are more impactful on network performance than sign constraints. We find that simple EI partitioning results in a singular value distribution that is multimodal and dispersed, whereas standard RNNs have an unimodal, more clustered singular value distribution, as do recurrent Dale’s ANNs. We also show that the spectral properties and performance of partitioned EI networks are worse for small networks with fewer I units, and we present normalised SVD entropy as a measure of spectrum pathology that correlates with performance. Overall, this work sheds light on a long-standing mystery in neuroscience-inspired AI and computational neuroscience, paving the way for greater alignment between neural networks and biology.
Estimation of heritabilities and genetic correlations by time slices using predictivity in large genomic models
Authors: Misztal Ignacy 
Published: July 2023

ABSTRACTUnder genomic selection, genetic parameters may change rapidly from generation to generation. Unless genetic parameters used for a selection index are current, the expected genetic gain may be unrealistic, possibly with a decline for antagonistic traits. Existing methods for parameter estimation are computationally unfeasible with large genomic data. We present formulas for estimating heritabilities and genetic correlations applicable for large models with any number of genotyped individuals. Heritabilities are calculated by combining 2 formulas for genomic accuracies: one that relies on predictivity and another that depends on the number of independent chromosome segments. Genetic correlations are calculated from predictivities across traits. Both formulas include approximate standard errors. The formula for heritabilities was evaluated based on information for 4 commercial data sets extracted from published studies. Calculated heritabilities were close to those used initially, except for a much lower new heritability for one single case; that heritability was later confirmed as valid. Formulas for genetic correlations were tested with simulated data and 1,000 replicates. The formula-based estimates were always close to the values assumed for simulation. Standard errors were high with 1,000 validation animals but small with 10,000. The proposed formulas can be used routinely as a check on the evaluation system whenever the number of validation individuals is large enough. If excessive changes are detected from generation to generation, the selection index can be modified appropriately.
Transferrin Receptor 1 is Required for CD4+ T Cell Iron-Dependent Response During AcuteToxoplasma gondiiInfection
Authors: Denton Stephen L. , Roy Tathagato , Keplinger Hunter K. , Ng Sai K. , Gigley Jason P. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractElemental iron is an essential nutrient involved in many biological processes including infection and immunity. How iron impactsToxoplasma gondii(T. gondii)in vivoand development of immunity during infection is unclear. We found that although iron is required for parasite proliferationin vitro,paradoxically, iron restrictionin vivoincreased parasite burdens during acute and persistent infection stages and decreased survival of mice. Iron restriction lowered IL-12 and IFNγin spleen and serum, but ratios of myeloid cells and the number and function of Natural Killer cells were unchanged. Iron restriction significantly impaired the development of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses toT. gondiiduring replicating type II and attenuated vaccine straincps1-1infection. Low iron conditions reduced the percent and absolute numbers of antigen experienced CD11a+CD49d+, functional IFNγ+, and CD62L-KLRG1+ effector T cells. Iron restriction also decreased vaccine efficacy ofcps1-1strain against secondary lethal challenge. Antigen experienced CD4+ and CD8+ T cells both upregulated their iron transporter Transferrin receptor 1 (CD71) during infection regardless of iron restriction. Mice whose CD4+ T cells were deficient in CD71 had reduced CD4+ T cell antigen experience and polyfunctionality, yet CD8+ T cell responses remained intact, and their long term survival was not affected compared to wild type litter mate controls. This study highlights that iron acquisition by T cells is required for activation and vaccine induced long-term protection againstT. gondii. Understanding how iron affects multiple immune compartments will be essential to define iron regulation of immunity toT. gondii.
High germline mutation rates but not extreme population size outbreaks influence genetic diversity in crown-of-thorns sea stars
Authors: Popovic Iva , Bergeron Lucie A. , Bozec Yves-Marie , Waldvogel Ann-Marie , Howitt Samantha M. , Damjanovic Katarina , Patel Frances , Cabrera Maria G. , Wörheide Gert , Uthicke Sven , Riginos Cynthia 
Published: July 2023

AbstractLewontin’s paradox, the observation that levels of genetic diversity (π) among animals do not scale linearly with variation in census population sizes (Nc), is an evolutionary conundrum, where the most extreme mismatches between π andNcare found for highly abundant marine invertebrates. Yet, whether new mutations influence π relative to extrinsic processes remains unknown for most taxa. Here, we provide the first direct germline mutation rate (μ) estimate for a marine invertebrate, using high-coverage (60x) whole-genome sequencing of wild-caughtAcanthastercf.solariscrown-of-thorns sea stars (Echinodermata). We also provide empirical estimates of adultNcin Australia’s Great Barrier Reef to jointly examine the determinants of π. Based on direct observations of 63de novomutations across 14 parent-offspring trios, theA.cf.solarismeanμwas 9.13 x 10-09mutations per-site per-generation (95% CI: 6.51 x 10-09to 1.18 x 10-08). This value exceeds estimates for other invertebrates, showing greater concordance with reported vertebrate germline mutation rates. Lower-than-expectedNe(∼70,000-180,000) and lowNe/Ncvalues (0.0047-0.048) indicated significant genetic drift and weak influences of contemporary population outbreaks on long-term π. Our findings of elevatedμand lowNeinA.cf.solarismay help explain high mutational loads and extreme polymorphism levels observed in some marine invertebrate taxa and are consistent withμevolving in response toNe(drift-barrier hypothesis). This study advances our understanding of the processes controlling levels of natural genetic variation and provides new data valuable for further testing hypotheses about mutation rate evolution across animal phyla.
Visualizing alpha-synuclein and iron deposition in M83 mouse model of Parkinson’s diseasein vivo
Authors: Straumann Nadja , Combes Benjamin F. , Ben Xose Luis Dean , Sternke-Hoffmann Rebecca , Gerez Juan A. , Dias Ines , Chen Zhenyue , Watts Benjamin , Rostami Iman , Shi Kuangyu , Rominger Axel , Baumann Christian R , Luo Jinghui , Noain Daniela , Nitsch Roger M. , Okamura Nobuyuki , Razansky Daniel , Ni Ruiqing 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBackgroundAbnormal alpha-synuclein and iron accumulation in the brain play an important role in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Herein, we aim at visualizing alpha-synuclein inclusions and iron deposition in the brains of M83 (A53T) mouse models of PDin vivo.MethodsFluorescently labelled pyrimidoindole-derivative THK-565 was characterized by using recombinant fibrils and brains from 10-11 months old M83 mice, which subsequently underwentin vivoconcurrent wide-field fluorescence and volumetric multispectral optoacoustic tomography (vMSOT) imaging. Thein vivoresults were verified against structural and susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 9.4 Tesla and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) of perfused brains. Brain slice immunofluorescence and Prussian blue staining were further performed to validate the detection of alpha-synuclein inclusions and iron deposition in the brain, respectively.ResultsTHK-565 showed increased fluorescence upon binding to recombinant alpha-synuclein fibrils and alpha-synuclein inclusions in post-mortem brain slices from patients with Parkinson’s disease and M83 mice.i.v.administration of THK-565 in M83 mice showed higher cerebral retention at 20 and 40 minutes post-injection by wide-field fluorescence compared to non-transgenic littermate mice, in congruence with the vMSOT findings. SWI/phase images and Prussian blue indicated the accumulation of iron deposits in the brains of M83 mice, presumably in the Fe3+form, as evinced by the STXM results.ConclusionWe demonstratedin vivomapping of alpha-synuclein by means of non-invasive epifluorescence and vMSOT imaging assisted with a targeted THK-565 label and SWI/STXM identification of iron deposits in M83 mouse brainsex vivo.