bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic evaluation reference case with Markov model
Authors: Padula William V. , Malaviya Shreena , Reid Natalie M. , Tierce Jonothan , Alexander G. Caleb 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4.4 provides a reference case for vaccine economic evaluation using a novel COVID-19 vaccine program Markov model. For this exercise, the model is provided with interactive data to make it fully functional and generate analyzable results. It is highly recommended that readers engage with the Excel model simultaneously to studying the exercise. What readers will find as they engage in this model is that Markov models operate much differently than decision trees, as they require more data and time-steps to complete a Markov trace. Ultimately, these models could provide more helpful information about value over time, which in turn can inform important data for return-on-investment calculations and other economic statistics that depend on time and efficiency, considering the rapid spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19.
Postnational Constitutionalism
Authors: Linden-Retek Paul 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
At a time when the project of integrating Europe’s peoples through the rule of law is faltering, this book develops a critical theory of postnational constitutionalism. Today, widely held conceptions of European law continue to mislead citizens about the nature of political identity, sovereignty, and agency. They lose sight of a critical idea on which postnationalism depends: that constitutional self-authorship is a narrative affair and the polity is a subject whose identity, history, and legacy are still in formation. Absent this vision, European law reproduces crises of legitimacy: the depoliticization of public life; emergency rule by executive decree; a collapse of solidarity; and the rise of nativist movements. The book diagnoses this impasse as the product of a problem familiar to modernity: reification—a process in which social and historical relationships are misattributed as timeless relations among things. Reification’s shrinking of social dilemmas, moral principles, and political action to narrow perceptions of the present explains law’s role in perpetuating crisis. But this diagnosis also points to a remedy. It suggests that to sustain the emancipatory potential of European constitutionalism we must recover the time of law. The book offers a more temporally attuned constitutional theory with the principles of anti-reification, narrative interpretation, and non-sovereign agency at its centre. These principles reimagine essential domains of constitutional order: social integration, constitutional adjudication, and constituent power. Spanning various bodies of European jurisprudence, the book devotes particular attention to migration and asylum, struggles where questions of solidarity, law, and belonging are most acute and generative.
Introduction
Authors: Linden-Retek Paul 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 situates the book in the fields of critical theory, constitutional theory, and European law and explains its main ambition: a critical theory of postnational constitutionalism that generates systemic diagnoses of Europe’s current crises and provides a constructive response to them. Drawing on Husserl and Havel to render the dilemma posed to Europe’s postnational project as a philosophical problem of positivism, the introduction then develops the connection between European crisis and the conceptual framework of reification, temporality, and narrative; and clarifies the main tenets of the book’s methodological approaches, including critical theory, the cultural study of law, legal hermeneutics, and doctrinal analysis. It concludes by outlining the book’s organization and the main stages of its argument across three domains of constitutional order: solidarity and social integration, constitutional interpretation, and constituent power.
Postnationalism, Solidarity, and Law
Authors: Linden-Retek Paul 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2, framed by the crises in austerity Greece and Europe’s fraught struggle to respond to the claims of refugees, argues that solidarity must aspire to more than mutually agreed forbearance and respect for a set of shared legal rules. While theorists of European integration have long conceived postnational civic bonds to be mediated by such forms of legal agreement, these cases have troublingly seen a punitive use of legalism to deny solidaristic politics. The reasons for this failure lie in reification: the process by which a legal rule abstracts from and mystifies social and historical relationships and thus misleads us about the problems it aims to regulate. The chapter illuminates the mechanisms of reification by bringing debates over Habermasian constitutional theory to bear on a specific policy context: the application of the principle of ‘mutual trust’ in the EU’s Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice (AFSJ) and in European asylum law. Scholars have criticized Habermasian ‘constitutional patriotism’ for its formalistic renderings of political recognition. This critique clarifies why and how ‘mutual trust’ creates structural disparities in both the protection of individual rights and the equality of Member States. Such disparities are due to Habermas’s mistaken acceptance in his mature legal theory of what his earlier social theory wisely took pains to reject: juridification, or the reification of value through legal process.
The Anti-reification Principle
Authors: Linden-Retek Paul 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 develops a sounder conception of solidarity in postnational constitutional law formulated as a principle of anti-reification. Drawing further on the critical theoretical framework of reification inherited from Lukács, Adorno, Benjamin, and others, the chapter argues that legal solidarity must aim to guarantee a particular form of adjudication, through which individual litigants in a particular case challenge the changing transnational structural conditions that give rise to individual harm. This adjudication affirms more ambitious forms of fallibilism and self-critique, acknowledging the degree to which a polity’s responsibility for others evolves outside of one’s control and thus requires critical reinterpretation over time. This changes the image we have of how to build solidarity through law. First, it sensitizes us to how legal rules, as responsive norms, take the form of narratives. They operate as emplotments of political actors, legal texts, public audiences, and individual litigants. Second, this view of responsiveness rejects the notion that a polity’s regulations can simply advance existing national interests or obligations without also endogenously affecting them. Solidarity’s temporal arc means that norms are always a product, not just a basis, of our engagement with others. This conception of solidarity yields critical resources to correct the structural imbalances of the existing Dublin Regulation on asylum transfers and adjudication thereunder. The chapter concludes with reflections on the principle’s application to other dilemmas of EU law, as well, notably in socio-economic rights and the ongoing stabilization of the Eurozone.
Reconstructing Popular Sovereignty in Europe
Authors: Linden-Retek Paul 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines how contemporary revisions of sovereignty in the age of globalization continue to understand sovereign power as the imposition of an ultimate rule or command. This continued investment in sovereignty as ‘mastery’ misleads. Just as the emphasis on a reified coherence in constitutional law, it continues to encourage polities to frame their claims in ways that reproduce (reify), rather than complicate, key postulates of national sovereignty. The chapter illustrates this concern with a critique of Jürgen Habermas’s rational reconstruction of political authority in the EU as ‘mixed constituent power’. Habermas’s rendering entails a questionable presumption: that the accepted purpose of postnational constituent power is to carry ‘levels of justice and freedom’ achieved by the national constitutional state through to the level of transnational democracy. This creates an untenable asymmetry that at once favours national orderings of constitutional rights and cuts short the critical evaluation of those rights in the course of postnational political contestation. A decisive feature of this asymmetry is its reification of political time, which narrows the historical and imaginative dimensions of political life to a conflict among the constellation of interests that are taken to be fully formed in the present. These points are demonstrated by parsing the political economy that sits behind the present rule of law crisis in Central and Eastern Europe—and why present approaches by the European Commission fail to grasp the systemic character of the failings that yield illiberalism, failings in which EU institutions and other Member States are also implicated.
The Authority to Judge
Authors: Linden-Retek Paul 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 argues that postnationalism’s more time-sensitive ambitions suggest we conceive constituent power not as the authority of rational order or decisive command but instead as the authority to judge. The chapter draws together Hannah Arendt’s reflections on the faculty of judgement and its relation to her theory of narrativity and political action with Seyla Benhabib’s concept of ‘democratic iterations’ and its ties to Jacques Derrida’s work on ‘iterability’. On these conceptual grounds, an account of postnational constituent power counterposed to reification must reclaim a narratival form of the free act: pouvoir constituant narratif. The national and supranational pendants of pouvoir constituant narratif create a space in which the capacity for iterated judgement can arise, a space intended to disclose the iterative (non-identical) nature of norm and decision. The model affords a political community a position from which to judge with self-awareness and self-critique how it exercises its agency always within a ‘web’ of narratives among a plurality of others. It reminds the polity that its actions will form part of its narrative history, interpreted by other states and other generations. Freedom—agency—is on this account less an act unencumbered by interference or domination but an act for which one can take responsibility. It is relational, social, and historical in character. The chapter details how this democratic theory recasts Article 4(2) TEU as the right to constitutional narrative and strengthens criticism of recent abuse of the right by illiberal states.
Philosophy of Life
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This book is an account of the philosophical movement named Lebensphilosophie, which flourished at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. There many philosophers who participated in the movement, but this book concentrates on the three most important: Friedrich Nietzsche, Wilhelm Dilthey and Georg Simmel. The movement was called Lebensphilosophie—literally, philosophy of life—because its main interest was not life as a biological phenomenon but life as it is lived by human beings. They regarded human life and experience as the fundamental reality, the basis of all knowledge and value, and disputed the relevance of any supernatural realm transcending human experience. The purpose of life was therefore life itself. Lebensphilosophie was the first modern philosophical movement in the Western tradition. It was “modern” in the sense that it was entirely humanist and secular, deriving all values from a non-religious perspective. Nietzsche, Dilthey and Simmel were either atheists or agnostics; they denied the relevance of any transcendent reality or being for human life. They abjured the traditional Christian concern with salvation and immortality. They also disputed the existence of natural law, teleology or a providential order; human beings created their own values and they did not conform to any made by nature. In anticipation of later existentialism, the Lebensphilosophen maintained that human beings are the makers of their own fate. Contrary to pessimism, they affirmed the great value of life while still acknowledging its frequent tragedy. The Lebensphilosophen were champions of an individualist ethics, which maintained that the highest good for a human being was self-realization, the development of a persons’s unique individuality. Their ethics was neither utilitarian nor de-ontological: it was not utilitarian because it did not regard the highest good as pleasure; self-realization could be a very unpleasant experience; and it was not de-ontological because it grounded moral norms upon the facts of human development and experience. The Lebensphilosophen were major advocates of historicism. They believed that human experience is formed by history, and that its horizons and limits are historical. Just as it was impossible to transcend human experience, so it was impossible to transcend history. All values and norms were therefore historical. In attempting to describe historical experience, the Lebensphilosophen developed the discipline of hermeneutics. They refused to accept mechanical explanation as a paradigm of explanation. This book attempts to describe and analyze the fundamental aspects of Lebensphilosophie by looking in detail at the views of its three leading figures. It examines their ethics, their religious background, their responses to pessimism and relativism, and their contributions to hermeneutics and historicism.
Lebensphilosophie and Irrationalism
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an assessment of the most common criticism of Lebensphilosophie: that it is irrationalist. The most prominent author to make this criticism is Georg Lukács in his Die Zerstörung der Vernunft. He contends that Lebensphilosophie is irrational because it is a reactionary political movement. But Lukács’s criticism falls wide of the mark. The only Lebensphilosoph who can be considered as irrationalist by this standard is Nietzsche, whose politics were indeed reactionary. But the criticism hardly applies to Dilthey and Simmel, who were progressive and liberal in their political views. The Lebensphilosophen cannot be considered irrational in the classical religious sense of Tertullian: credo quia absurdam est. They do develop a critique of reason because they think that reason does not have the power to know the transcendent or go beyond experience; but in this sense many classical philosophers—Hume and Kant—are also irrationalist.
Sweet Fuel
Authors: Eaglin Jennifer 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This book traces the ethanol industry from its inception under a state institution in 1933 through the height of government intervention under the national program during the dictatorship to its rebirth with the launch of the flexible fuel car in 2003. It argues that private businessmen, politicians, and rural workers leveraged nationalist interests in a domestic fuel option into one of the most advanced alternative energy initiatives in the world. The industry’s connection to the popular ethanol-fueled car connected the sugar-ethanol sector to Brazilian development goals of the twentieth century, but producers and government officials ignored the disproportionate environmental and costs associated with ethanol’s expansion. Focused on Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, the largest ethanol-producing region in the country, the book examines how producers’ continued dumping of vinasse, a byproduct of ethanol distillation, in local waterways connected the industry to extensive water pollution while exploitative labor laws drove the program’s rapid expansion over the course of the twentieth century. Rural communities’ efforts to hold producers accountable for these costs contrasts with national and international praise for the industry’s potential climate benefits. The book provides a full analysis of ethanol’s long-term development to reveal the historical complexities of one of today’s premier green energy industries.
Karva Chauth and the Dharma of Neighbors
Authors: Ortegren Jennifer D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter centers around Karva Chauth, an annual vrat undertaken by married women ostensibly for the health and longevity of their husbands. For Karva Chauth, women fast all day, gather together in the evening to read the vrat katha (fast/vow story) related to the ritual and offer worship to the full moon. Unlike in other settings, where women return home to take their first sip of water from their husbands’ hands, women in Pulan observe a practice of cross-caste ritual exchange with one another. Rather than emphasizing the bonds between wives and husbands, this practice reflects and reinforces the relationships between female neighbors and the significance of “neighbor dharma.” Neighbor dharma operates both in terms of how female neighbors become like extended family members to one another, serving as mothers-, sisters-, and daughters-in-law to each another in the absence of the joint family, and by communally negotiating and authorizing expanding definitions of middle-class dharmic propriety within the neighborhood.
Conclusion
Authors: Ortegren Jennifer D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Conclusion proposes how analyzing class in terms of dharma helps us reconsider the historical development of Hindu traditions and future studies of class and religion in and beyond South Asia. While normative forms of dharma are unique and specific to Hinduism, it suggests that ontological notions of dharma as that which “holds the world together” can be applied as a framework for defining religion beyond Hinduism. Non-Hindu communities throughout India are undergoing similar transformations to become middle class, meaning they too are involved in the processes of constructing and maintaining middle-class religious worlds. To argue for analyzing class in the analytical terms of dharma is not to exclude these communities; rather, it is a call to draw on dharma to attend to the religious elements of middle-class transitions in other religious traditions while simultaneously expanding the definition of religion within the social sciences and humanities.
Dancing Black, Dancing White
Authors: Malnig Julie 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Dancing Black, Dancing White: Rock ’n’ Roll, Race, and Youth Culture of the 1950s and Early 1960s explores the phenomenon of rock ’n’ roll dance of the 1950s and early 1960s, a time of egregious racial prejudice and segregation in the United States, through the lens of the popular televised teen dance program. Both dance history and social history, Dancing Black, Dancing White traces the experiences of Black and white teenagers as they traverse the enticing world of rock ’n’ roll music and dance. Several occurrences took shape during this time: the ascendancy of rock ’n’ roll music and recorded sound; the rise of the “teenager”; the beginnings of television; and the country’s struggle with race. The shows were primarily segregated, and the book examines how white teenagers took Black dances and dance styles into their own bodies. At the same time, the book explores the few all-Black teen dance shows that existed—before Soul Train—and considers how both white and Black teenagers navigated the color line. While their experiences differed, in both cases the desire of all the teenagers was to have a space of their own where they could be seen, heard, appreciated, and understood, and, in many ways the teen dance shows fulfilled these aims.
Rock ’n’ Roll, Dance, and the TV Experiment
Authors: Malnig Julie 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 charts the evolution of the teen dance program from in its roots in rock ’n’ roll radio and music variety shows. It discusses emerging and influential popular styles of music including rhythm and blues and country music and changes in the music industry that made the rise of these musical styles possible. The chapter also examines the importance of Black radio. It goes on to illustrate how TV picked up the genre of the rock ’n’ roll music and dance shows. The shows were relatively easy to produce and the TV networks were eager to expand their potential market. Dances at school, clubs, and community centers were the seedbeds for the dances that were ultimately introduced on the shows. In addition to describing the types of performers and activites featured, this chapter analyzes how the shows were received by both white and Black teenagers.
“Movin’ and Groovin’ ”
Authors: Malnig Julie 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the handful of all-Black teen dance shows that existed in the 1950s to early 1960s: The Mitch Thomas Show, Teenage Frolics, Teenarama Dance Party, and a related show called Richard’s Open Door. These shows took place in Wilmington, DE; Raleigh, NC; Washington, DC; and Chicago, IL, respectively. This chapter draws heavily on interviews conducted by the author with several former teenage dancers on the shows. The function of the shows and how they were created and organized forms the chapter’s focus. It also looks at the types of dances performed and how the teenagers learned and created them. As discussed here, the shows created strong community bonds among participants and at the same time served as a showcase for innovations in Black dance styles. The programs demonstrated the Black teenagers’ cultural resilience in the face of racial prejudice and adversity.
Girl Power
Authors: Malnig Julie 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 considers the nature of the televised teen dances, and rock ’n’ roll more broadly, in the context of young women and girls. Their participation in rock ’n’ roll can be read, in part, as an assertion of girls’ sexuality at a time when that sexuality was highly policed. While much has been written about boys and youth culture, far less has been explored about teen girl subcultures. This chapter will also demonstrate how racial factors were at play in this female fandom. In part, young white girls’ attraction to Black music and dance styles enabled them to escape white, middle-class expectations. For Black girls, that same attraction was often tempered by “respectability politics,” and the need to remain “pure” and good to uphold their race. How both Black and white girls negotiated the twin poles of rebellion and conformity forms the core argument of this chapter.
Storming the Sixties
Authors: Malnig Julie 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 describes the changed look and style of televised teen dance programs in the transition from the 1950s to the 1960s. It primarily focuses on two things: how the teen dance shows evolved with developments in television technology and the structure of entertainment programming, and on the sweeping cultural changes such as the rise of the civil rights movement. Because of the civil rights movement, the “televisual segregation” of the 1950s shows became untenable. In addition, the chapter documents the musical and cultural changes that occurred when The Beatles entered the American scene. Finally, the chapter explores several key teen dance programs that emerged in the 1960s, many of them on the West Coast.
Domestic Origins
Authors: Jensen Helle Strandgaard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter is focused on presenting particular aspects of the American context needed to understand the Workshop’s activities on a global market. It emphasizes the factors in the development of Sesame Street that made the show different from European premises for making preschool television, especially views about childhood, education, and the political economy of television production. Looking also at the financial viability of the Workshop’s activities, the chapter leads to a perspective that puts its somewhat overstated legacy as an alternative to the commercial market in the United States in a new light, as it uncovers how its financial basis in the States ironically fueled its aggressive, highly capitalistic behavior on the international market.