bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crime (Sentences) Act 1997
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the provisions of the Crime (Sentences) Act 1997. It starts with the removal of prisoners liable to removal from the United Kingdom. The liability of removal primarily depends on whether a minimum term order has been made and life sentences. Moreover, section 259 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 provides the definition of ‘liable to removal from the United Kingdom’. The chapter then considers the re-entry into the United Kingdom of offenders removed from prison, explaining that subsection (2)(a) does not prevent the further removal of prisoners from the United Kingdom. It also details the powers of the Secretary of State to remove offenders from prison.
Human Rights Act 1998
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the provisions listed in the Human Rights Act 1998. It explains the correlation of the Act to the rights and freedoms guaranteed under the European Convention on Human Rights and the power of judges of the European Court of Human Rights. A court or tribunal determining a question which arose in connection with a Convention right must take into account any decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and the Committee of Ministers. Additionally, primary legislation and subordinate legislation must be read and given effect in a way compatible with the Convention's rights. The chapter mentions the right of the Crown to intervene in the declaration of incompatibility.
The Tribunal Procedure (First-tier Tribunal) (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) Rules 2014
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the Tribunal Procedure (First-tier Tribunal) (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) Rules 2014. It starts with the citation, commencement, application, and interpretation that apply to proceedings before the Immigration and Asylum Chamber of the First-tier Tribunal. The overriding objective of the Rules allows the Tribunal to deal with cases fairly and justly. The general powers and provisions of the rules include the delegation to staff, case management powers, application for directions, and failure to comply with rules. The chapter then details the proceedings before the tribunal, while also referencing the notice of appeal and special provision for imminent removal cases. It also includes the scope and interpretation of bail.
The Tribunal Procedure (Upper Tribunal) Rules 2008
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Tribunal Procedure (Upper Tribunal) Rules 2008. It notes the citation, commencement, application, and interpretation of the rules within the Tribunal Procedure (Upper Tribunal) Rules 2008 that came into force on 3 November 2008. A person may apply to the Upper Tribunal for permission to appeal to the Upper Tribunal against a decision of another tribunal if they made an application for permission to appeal or the application was refused. The chapter then explains the special procedure for providing notice of a refusal of permission to appeal in an asylum case. It also tackles the judicial review proceedings in the Upper Tribunal.
The Immigration (Leave to Enter and Remain) Order 2000
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the Immigration (Leave to Enter and Remain) Order 2000. Subject to Article 6(3), an entry clearance which complies with the requirements of Article 3 shall have effect as leave to enter the United Kingdom to the extent specified in Article 4, but subject to the conditions referred to in Article 5. The entry clearance must specify the purpose for which the holder wishes to enter the United Kingdom. An immigration officer, whether or not in the United Kingdom, may give or refuse a person leave to enter the United Kingdom at any time before their departure for, or in the course of their journey to, the United Kingdom. In order to determine whether or not to give leave to enter, an immigration officer may seek such information, and the production of such documents or copy documents, as an immigration officer would be entitled to obtain in an examination under paragraph 2 or 2A of Schedule 2 to the Immigration Act 1971.
The Immigration and Asylum (Provision of Services or Facilities) Regulations 2007
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the Immigration and Asylum (Provision of Services or Facilities) Regulations 2007, which came into force on 31 January 2008. The Secretary of State may supply, or arrange for the supply of, facilities for travel for a qualifying journey to a supported person to receive healthcare treatment, provided that the supported person has provided evidence that the qualifying journey is necessary; or register a birth. The Secretary of State may also supply, or arrange for the supply of, facilities for travel for that qualifying journey to one or more dependants of that supported person; and in the case of a supported person who is a child, a parent or guardian. Moreover, the Secretary of State may arrange for the provision to a supported person of their child’s full birth certificate. The Secretary of State may also supply, or arrange for the supply of, telephone calls and stationery and postage for correspondence; vouchers redeemable for goods to the value of £250 in respect of each expected child to a pregnant woman; and vouchers redeemable for goods or services to the value of £3 per week to a pregnant woman.
The Immigration Appeals (Family Visitor) Regulations 2012
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Immigration Appeals (Family Visitor) Regulations 2012. These Regulations came into force on 9 July 2012. A person is of a class or description prescribed for the purposes of section 88A(1)(a) of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (entry clearance), if the applicant for entry clearance is a member of their family and their circumstances match those specified in regulation 3. These circumstances are that the person is settled in the United Kingdom as defined in paragraph 6 of the immigration rules; has been granted asylum in the United Kingdom under paragraph 334 of the immigration rules; or has been granted humanitarian protection in the United Kingdom under paragraph 339C of the immigration rules. These Regulations apply only to an application for entry clearance made on or after the day on which they come in-to force.
The Illegal Working Compliance Orders Regulations 2016
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the regulations that may be cited as the Illegal Working Compliance Orders Regulations, which come into force on 1 December 2016. It defines the Positive Verification Notice as a document issued by the Home Office Employer Checking Service, which indicates that the person named in it is allowed to stay in the United Kingdom. It also highlights the illegal working compliance order that requires a person to carry out checks relating to the right to work and comply with their employees within the scope of the order. The chapter mentions the use of the home office online right to work checking service in respect of an employee. It requires relevant persons to take all reasonable steps to check the validity of a document and retain a record of the date on which any check was made.
The Immigration and Social Security Co-ordination (EU Withdrawal) Act 2020 (Consequential, Saving, Transitional and Transitory Provisions) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers regulations that may be cited as the Immigration and Social Security Coordination (EU Withdrawal) Act 2020 (Consequential, Saving, Transitional and Transitory Provisions) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020, which come into force at the time and on the date when paragraph 2(2) of Schedule 1 to, the Immigration and Social Security Coordination (EU Withdrawal) Act 2020 comes into force. It discusses the amendment of Immigration Act 1971, which includes provisions on assisting unlawful immigration to member State. It also points out that Section 25B of the Immigration Act 1971 will continue to apply where an order is in force excluding an individual from the United Kingdom. The chapter considers a relevant national as a person who is not an Irish citizen. It describes a person who is entitled to enter or remain in the United Kingdom by virtue of an enforceable EU right.
State Aid and Exclusive Rights Agreements
Authors: Harcourt Alison 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Following on from the last chapter on competition policy, Chapter 9 examines the development of state aid law in relation to digital markets with a focus on public service broadcasting, broadband, and cultural subsidies. The Trade and Cooperation Agreement obliges the UK to adhere to a subsidy control agreement and an effective mechanism of recovery, oversight by an independent regulatory body, and enforceability in the courts. However, the chapter finds that, although the Commission has widened the scope of state aid again to include broadband, mobile phone networks, and digital connectivity projects, the UK is reining in state aid post-Brexit. The conclusion discusses the UK’s Subsidy Control Act 2022.
Brexit and Copyright
Authors: Harcourt Alison 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The EU has put a large number of copyright measures in place which enable cross-border trade in the digital market. Under the Digital Single Market Agenda, these included the 2014 Collective Rights Management Directive, 2017 Regulation on cross-border portability of online content services, 2017 Marrakesh Directive and Regulation, 2019 Online Broadcasting Directive, 2019 television and radio programmes Directive, and 2019 Copyright in the Digital Single Market Directive. Most of this legislation no longer applies to the UK, including the 2019 Copyright Directive which regulates online platforms. This chapter explains EU copyright legislation and analyses how the UK has presented challenges to EU harmonisation. It then analyses potential regulatory divergence between the EU and the UK. The UK does not plan to diverge substantially from EU legislation given domestic pressure to maintain the status quo. However, divergence could result from decisions made in UK case law which could lead to considerable change.
Conclusion
Authors: Harcourt Alison 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 12 contextualises the book’s findings in the setting of the multiple streams framework. The book observed how the UK’s pro-market approach succeeded in many Digital Single Market policy areas against more protectionist proposals from other large EU member states. This occurred when windows of opportunity were created and the political architecture changed by focusing events which were conducive to policy change. The chapter outlines how the UK acted as a policy entrepreneur in pushing for a deregulatory framework by exploiting temporal events which changed the direction of EU policy formation. This is followed by examination of the consequences of Brexit for the UK post-Brexit. Finally, the new governance architecture of the EU and what this means for the direction of EU policy post-Brexit is examined.
Why Western Sicily?
Authors: Lamont Jessica L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Drawing upon the objects introduced in Chapter 1, this second chapter addresses the historical questions of why and how curse-writing rituals developed in western Sicily, focusing again upon the city of Selinous. After an overview of Selinous’s historical evolution from the seventh through fifth centuries bce, the following developments are examined in turn: (1) the proximity of Phoenician groups and potential Near Eastern antecedents for curse practice; (2) geopolitical, social, and economic factors, and especially developments in Selinous’s law courts; and (3) ritual and epigraphic phenomena that help contextualize the practice’s evolution in western Sicily. In addition to the fact that curse-writing rituals first emerged in Greek communities, with texts composed in the Greek language and script, much of what made the practice Greek was the legal contexts in which the earliest curse tablets were employed: these objects emerge firmly within the competitive, aristocratic ethos of the late Archaic polis, and it was the city’s elite Greek families who first deployed the practice in the courts of law.
Athenian Curse Practice
Authors: Lamont Jessica L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Drawing upon recent discoveries from secure archaeological contexts, this chapter provides a historical overview of Athenian curse practice from the late fifth through early third centuries bce. It explores why Attic curse production emerged and intensified when it did, and surveys the language and themes invoked by Attic curse-writers, in addition to the contexts in which curse assemblages were deposited. A rich data set of over 500 curse tablets and a dozen curse effigies allows one to observe the scale and variability of the practice, and how it changed over time in a single polis between the Classical period and Late Antiquity.
“A Poor Dry Business”
Authors: Thompson Peter 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Short’s diplomatic activity as charge d’affaires in France, Resident Minister in Holland, and seconded diplomat in Spain between 1789 and 1795. It argues that Short played a significant role in the negotiation of loans in Holland for the purpose of repaying the US debt to France. It discusses the background and consequences of Short’s decision to withhold debt repayments from France’s Jacobin ministry. It details the nature and significance of Short’s feud with Gouverneur Morris. It pictures Short being caught between two masters (Jefferson and Hamilton) and drawn into partisan politics in the United States via the Giles Resolutions of 1793. It describes Short’s frustration with Jefferson’s reluctance to exert influence on his behalf and contributes to an understanding of the emergence of a professional US diplomatic establishment.
The New Roman Empire
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This is the first comprehensive, single-author history of the eastern Roman empire (or Byzantium) to appear in over a generation. It begins with the foundation of Constantinople in 324 ad and ends with the fall of the empire to the Ottoman Turks in the fifteenth century, covering political and military history as well as all major changes in religion, society, demography, and economy. In recent decades, the study of Byzantium has been revolutionized by new approaches and sophisticated models for how its society and state operated. The book’s core is an accessible and lively narrative of events, free of jargon, which incorporates new findings, explains recent models, and presents well-known historical characters and events in new light. Two overarching themes shape the narrative. First, by projecting accountability the Roman state persuaded its subjects that it was working in their interests and thereby forestalled separatist movements. To do so, it had to restrain the tendency of elites to extract ever more resources from the labor-force. Second, the effort to sustain a common identity, both Roman and Christian, was subject to powerful forces of internal division and put under severe strain by western Europeans in the later Middle Ages. The book explains in detail the alternating periods of success and failure in the long history of this polity. It foregrounds the dynamics of Christian identity, asking why it tended to fracture along lines of doctrine, practice, and ultimately over Union with the Catholic West.
“Death Has Entered Our Gates” (540–565)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the downfall of Justinian's reign. The first setback happened when shah Khusrow ended the Endless Peace and invaded the Roman empire, whose eastern provinces, he knew, were defenseless. Meanwhile, the contagion, known today as Justinianic Plague, plagued the empire with its symptoms and social impacts. The chapter explains how Justinian played the game of international Realpolitik by deploying cash, diplomacy, patronage, alliances, and his army when necessary. It details the final years of Justinian's rule by referencing his legacy of codifying Roman law, rebuilding Hagia Sophia and other iconic churches, the silk industry, and the emergence of the separatist anti-Chalcedonian Churches of Egypt and Syria.
The Lion and the Dragon (717–775)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the reign of Leon III and his son Konstantinos V, who were among Rome's most capable and successful emperors. However, since both emperors tried to stop the use of worship icons and became forerunners of the Antichrist, little was known about the emperors due to the issue of religious icons despite their success. The chapter examines icons as two-dimensional representations of Christ, Mary, and the saints in public spaces of Constantinople and other cities. It highlights how images shape the logic of religious experience. It previews how the legacy of Konstantinos V fell because of a girl from Athens.
The End of Italy and the East (1048–1081)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers how Constantinople was squeezed between the rise of Turkish power on one side and the demands of papal supremacy and expansion of western lordships on the other. It explores the major changes across western Europe, which primarily consists of agricultural and demographic growth and increased social complexity. The Seljuk Turks most directly weakened the Roman empire and overturned the Arab order that had been dominant since the seventh century. The chapter explores the reign of Monomachos, which included the uprising of the Pechenegs, and the subsequent regimes of Konstantinos X and Isaakios I Komnenos. It notes the causes of decline in the eleventh century after Asia Minor was lost.
Romans West and Romans East (1204–1261)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the lives and responses of Romans after the fall of Constantinople. It mentions how the inequalities of the Komnenian system had alienated poor Romans from their formerly wealthy compatriots in the capital. Moreover, the sack of Constantinople further poisoned the relations between the Churches. The chapter also considers the reigns of Batatzes and Theodoros II Laskaris. It notes the work and effort of Michael Palaiologos that instigated the coup and became a basileus at Nymphaion. Moreover, Palaiologos was reaching out to the broken pieces of the Roman empire enough for Constantinople to be subject to the basileus of Romans.
Genetic susceptibility to peers
Authors: Schlomer Gabriel L. , Griffin Amanda M. , Cleveland H. Harrington , Vandenbergh David J. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Genetically informed research on peer relationships demonstrates that selection and socialization processes that drive peer similarity are influenced by genetic variance. Specifically, who adolescents choose to befriend and the degree to which peers influence their behavior have genetic (as well as environmental) underpinnings. This chapter provides a summary of the basic principles of gene-environment interplay and highlights the connection between early behavioral genetic studies and subsequent molecular genetic research. This historical backdrop informs a set of four gene-by-environment interaction (GxE) studies involving peer relations using data from the genetic extension of PROSPER (gPROSPER). Guided by differential susceptibility theory, the purpose of these four studies was to investigate if individual differences in susceptibility to peer influence were related to genetic variability. Implications of these studies are discussed as well as areas for future research and advancements in the GxE research field.
Tragedy or Irony
Authors: Henne Peter S. , Bettiza Gregorio 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents evidence of religious soft power’s impact in US foreign policy in two time periods. The first is the early Cold War, when the United States was trying to establish its international leadership and form a global coalition against the Soviet Union. The second is the post–Cold War era, when the United States has struggled against violent Islamist nonstate actors—like al-Qaeda and Daesh/ISIS—while also trying to define the nature of the international order. There are major differences between these periods, such as the specificity of US initiatives under different presidential administrations, but both indicate the presence and impact of religious soft power in American foreign policy.
Soft Power of the Catholic Papacy
Authors: Byrnes Timothy A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how Catholic Popes, after their loss of temporal power in the nineteenth century, have wielded Papal resources to exercise soft power. This soft power has sought to achieve three closely related aims: to defend of the institutional interests of the Catholic Church; to advance Catholic tradition’s moral and social teachings both in and beyond the walls of the Church; and to influence political and social processes and structures across the globe in ways that support the realization of the Kingdom of God, as defined by the Apostolic Palace in Vatican City. This chapter also discusses the two channels through which Popes have historically exercised their soft power: the direct application of Papal preferences to political dynamics on the world stage, and the indirect path of speaking to, influencing, and “governing” the far-flung membership of their global Church.
Religious Soft Power
Authors: Bettiza Gregorio , Henne Peter S. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the Geopolitics of Religious Soft Power project, providing an overview of its contributions and shortcomings, while also identifying possible avenues for future research. The chapter begins by outlining the current volume and highlighting three of its main contributions to the field of international relations: its positioning of power analysis at the center of research on religion in world politics, its broadening of the typical approach to states–religion interactions in foreign policy, and its challenging of secularist assumptions about global politics. However, this volume is not without its limitations, which include a reductive approach to religion and an understanding of soft power that is at once conceptually broad and empirically narrow. Avenues for future research include considering religious power beyond the notion of soft power, identifying more systematically how different religions shape soft-power relations, and improving the measurement of religious soft power and influence.