bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IL-17 and IL-23 inhibitors and targeted synthetic DMARDs
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Many novel drugs are revolutionizing the care of people with SpA, especially for those who fail to respond to TNFi. IL-17 inhibitors secukinumab (Cosentyx®) and ixekizumab (Taltz®) are very effective for treating people with AS/axSpA, psoriasis, and PsA, but they are not effective for IBD. They slow down disease progression beginning a couple of years after treatment initiation that is initiated in early stages of the disease. IL-23 inhibitors ustekinumab (Stelara®), guselkumab (Tremfya®) and risankizumab (Skyrizi®) are approved for psoriasis and PsA. They have unprecedented efficacy for people with psoriasis and are also effective for PsA but not for AS. Tofacitinib (Xeljaz®) and upadacitinib (Rinvoq®), that are non-biologic drug belonging to a class called JAK inhibitors and taken as a tablet, have been approved the treatment of AS and PsA. They should not be given with biologics. Apremilast (Otezla), another non-biologic drug belonging to PDE4 (phosphodiesterase 4) inhibitor and taken as a tablet, is approved for the treatment of psoriasis and PsA, but not for AS/axSpA. During the current pandemic, it is reassuring to know that use of none of the drugs discussed in this chapter are associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes for patients with SpA.
Surgical treatment
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
General anesthesia can be a challenge for the anesthesiologist as they may have difficulty in passing a breathing tube down the trachea (windpipe) so that the airway can be maintained during general anesthesia for surgery. An instrument called a flexible fiber optic laryngoscope helps in putting the breathing tube down the trachea. Do not assume that the surgical team is fully aware of all the limitations due to AS. You should discuss any concerns or apprehensions with the surgeon and arrange a preoperative consultation with the anesthesiologist. Appropriate positioning of the patient is a shared responsibility among the surgeon, the anesthesiologist, and the rest of the operating team. Hip joint replacement is indicated in patients with advanced hip joint impairment is a highly successful surgery. Heart complications, such as severe slowing of the heart or leaky heart valve, may require placement of a cardiac (heart) pacemaker or valve replacement, respectively. Surgical management of the spinal fracture that usually occurs in the cervical spine is discussed in Chapter 22.
Brief illustrative case histories
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The first case in this chapter demonstrates typical symptoms and early diagnosis of AS and its appropriate management. Case 2 is the story of a remarkable person who lived with severe form of AS for 78 years, and faced many life-threatening disease-associated events with steadfast determination. He took upon himself to gain extensive knowledge about AS and also tried to meet other patients to hear their experiences. He, with his rheumatologist, co-authored an excellent book for patients and their families and healthcare providers. In 1977 he formed the world's second-oldest patient support group in 1977, and made more than 45 trips abroad in his zeal to spread the idea of self-help organizations for patients with AS.
How Intuition Sometimes Gets It Wrong
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The main idea of this chapter is that intuition can lead to inaccurate and biased judgements under particular sets of conditions as a result of the use of certain types of mental short cuts or ‘heuristics’. The theory of ‘heuristics and biases’, which was the product of a seminal programme of research instigated by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, is centre stage. Two types of heuristics that have particular relevance for business decision-making are discussed: the ‘representativeness’ heuristic and the ‘availability’ heuristic. Heuristics are a reflection of the inherent computational limitations of the human mind. It is for this reason that the chapter begins with a discussion of a concept which is as important to intuition research as gravity is to physics, the concept of ‘bounded rationality’. The theory of heuristics and biases is considered to be a theory of bounded rationality.
How Gut Feeling Sometimes Gets It Right
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The two main ideas of this chapter are ‘ecological rationality’ and ‘fast and frugal’ heuristics. Ecological rationality aims to understand how people can be effective decision-makers by using simple heuristics or ‘rules of thumb’ that fit well with the structure of their actual decision-making environment (hence ‘ecological’). It has three principles: first, the metaphor of the mind as an ‘adaptive toolbox’; second, the mind’s ‘evolved capacities’ are raw materials out of which heuristics are constructed; third, better decisions can be taken using less information—‘less can be more’. Fast-and-fugal heuristics are simple, task-specific strategies for making judgements and taking decisions; they are one of the tools of bounded rationality. Gerd Gigerenzer’s work is centre-stage. His view of intuition aligns with an evolutionary view of the mind as an adaptive toolbox. Gigerenzer criticizes ‘Linda-type’ problems because they overlook the cognitive skills that enable human beings to go automatically beyond the information given to navigate an ambiguous and uncertain world. The chapter looks at three types of ‘fast-and-frugals’, the recognition-, social- and reason-based heuristics, and considers their relevance to and applications in business decision-making.
Why Intuition Often Gets It Right
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The main idea of this chapter is that experienced decision-makers are able to make fast, accurate judgements and take effective decisions through the intuitive processes of pattern recognition and pattern matching. The model of how this works is called the ‘recognition-primed decision (RPD) model’. It is one of the cornerstones of the field of ‘naturalistic decision-making’ (NDM) research. The work of the applied psychologist Gary Klein is centre stage. In common with fast-and-frugal heuristics, and unlike heuristics and biases, it is based on the idea that intuition can be a source of decision-making power when exercised by the right person, the right way, under the right circumstances. By emphasizing pattern recognition and pattern matching the RPD model resonates with Herbert Simon’s definition of intuitions as analyses frozen into habit and the capacity for rapid response through recognition. RPD’s applications in business are discussed and a potential new variant of it, ‘intuition-based inquiry’, is presented.
The Expert Sense
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The main idea of this chapter is that expert intuition (the ‘expert sense’) is developed through a lengthy process of skill acquisition. The origins of research into expert intuition are to be found in studies of chess masters. The principles of pattern recognition in chess have been extrapolated to management. Both the amount (notionally ‘10,000’ hours) and the quality (deliberate with expert coaching and feedback) of practice are important in the development of intuitive expertise and the expert sense. Skill acquisition proceeds though a number of stages from ‘novice’ through to ‘expert’. Dreyfus’s ‘Skill Acquisition Model’ (SAM) is centre stage. Novices simply follow rules without taking the subtleties of the context into account, whereas expert performance is situational, holistic, and intuitive. On rare occasions experts are able to achieve a high-level state of ‘flow’. Parallels between expert intuition in the professional fields of nursing and management are discussed. Collective intuition, built by learning, dialogue, and feedback between experts, is proposed as a valuable, rare, and difficult-to-imitate source of competitive advantage for an organization. For expert intuitions to be integrated and institutionalized into an organization, they must first be articulated and interpreted.
The Moral Sense
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The main idea of this chapter is that moral judgement is based mostly on automatic (System 1, intuitive) processes rather than deliberative (System 2, analytical) processes. The ‘moral intuitions’ which are the product of these System 1 processes resonate with Darwin’s idea of the ‘moral sense’. In intuitive models of moral judgement, the ‘moral mind’ defaults to ‘automatic’ mode; for the ‘manual’ mode to be operative it has to be selected deliberately. The ‘social intuitionist model’ of moral judgement (SIM) and the related idea of ‘moral foundations theory’ (MFT) are explored. The work of Jonathan Haidt and his colleagues and their work on moral intuitions and intuitive ethics is centre stage. Applications of MFT in business are discussed.
Actions
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Sinigaglia Corrado 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The main aim of this chapter is to identify the processes and representations involved in the mirror responses that occur while we are observing other people acting. A large amount of evidence in monkeys and humans indicates that parieto-frontal mirror neurons can represent action goals such as grasping, kicking, climbing, and so on. Observing someone else acting would evoke a transformation of sensory representations of their actions into the motor representations of action goals similar to those that the observer would recruit if they themselves were to execute the observed actions. This would also explain why the more the capacity to represent action goals develops motorically, the greater the possibility of mirroring these goals when actions are observed rather than being executed. Finally, the mirror property has been found to be related to space. Recent studies have shown that not only can the mirror responses be modulated by the fact that the observed actions are executed in our own peripersonal space, but that these responses can also ‘mirror’ the peripersonal space of others.
Emotions
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Sinigaglia Corrado 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on studies of mirror neuron responses while observing emotional expressions, showing that these responses are specific to a certain kind of emotional reaction (such as disgust, fear, or laughter) and selectively involve a number of distinct brain structures (i.e. the insula, amygdale, cingulate cortex). This suggests that observing facial or bodily expressions of a given emotion would trigger a transformation of the sensory representations concerning such expressions into visceromotor representations similar to those that usually result from experiencing that emotion personally. The chapter reveals that the same seems to hold true also for social emotions such as regret.
Rational Sentimentalism
Authors: D'Arms Justin , Jacobson Daniel 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Rational Sentimentalism develops a novel theory of the sentimental values. These values, which include the funny, the disgusting, and the shameful, are profoundly important because they set standards for emotional responses that are part of our shared human nature. Yet moral philosophers have neglected them relative to their prominence in human mental life. The theory is sentimentalist because it holds that these values are emotion-dependent—contrary to some prominent accounts of the funny and the disgusting. Its rational aspect arises from its insistence that the shameful (e.g.) is not whatever elicits shame but what makes shame fitting. Shameful traits provide reasons to be ashamed that do not depend on whether one is disposed to be ashamed of them. Furthermore, these reasons to be ashamed issue in reasons to act as shame dictates: to conceal. Sentimentalism requires a compatible theory of emotion and emotional fittingness. The book explicates a motivational theory of emotion that explains the peculiarities of emotional motivation, as other theories cannot. It argues that a class of emotions are psychological kinds with the same goal across cultures, despite differences in their elicitors. It then develops an account of fittingness that helps to differentiate reasons of fit, which bear on the sentimental values, from other considerations for or against having an emotion. Some significant and controversial conclusions emerge from rational sentimentalism. The sentimental values conflict with one another, and with morality, but nevertheless provide practical reasons that apply to humans—though not to all rational agents.
Mathematics of the Practitioner
Authors: Senthil Babu D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The second chapter on the Mathematics of the Practitioners attempts to show how mathematical knowledge circulated through the realm of practice, primarily in activities of measurement. Memory techniques were central to the circulation and transmission of such practices, helping them transmit beyond the practitioner to non-practitioners. This chapter argues that the mathematical practice of the practitioners in this tradition was grounded in political economy of resource distribution and remained central to that social order. It also points out how the canonical tradition’s practices were distant from these transactions, and hence raise the question about the character of abstraction in mathematization in precolonial Tamil country by situating it in social segregation and fragmentation.
Mathematics Pedagogy for a Public
Authors: Senthil Babu D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The chapter on Mathematics Pedagogy for a Public, examines the onset of the colonial encounter in the world of mathematical knowledge. This encounter took place through the participation of revenue servants, old and new, in the making of the colonial revenue administration, where local numerate professionals were roped in for their ‘familiar’ knowledge. This was also played out in the schools which process was marked by appropriation, negotiation, and at times coercion of the tiṇṇai schools into becoming the vehicles of transmission of the new way of doing mathematics. The chapter shows how the single most liability for the colonial masters—rote memory in education—actually ended up getting institutionalized in the teaching and learning of arithmetic. This constituted a very different public for mathematics.
Conclusion
Authors: Senthil Babu D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The diversity of mathematical practices developed in relation to different publics, compelled us to engage with each trajectory of mathematization, discussed so far, in relation to its material histories, embodied by labour, caste, habits, and rituals. This has allowed us to rethink the ways in which mathematics and its publics have come to interact with each other through processes that entailed idealization of knowledge, hierarchization of schooling, and discrimination of access. In the concluding chapter, we try to ask what was offered to these publics by the practitioners in both the Kaṇakkatikāram tradition and those who made the colonial transitions in the practice of mathematics.
Internationalization and Education-Related Mobility in Asia-Pacific Universities
Authors: Ho K. C. , Sidhu Ravinder , Yeoh Brenda S. A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Under the banner of “internationalization,” universities in the Asia-Pacific have introduced policies, programs, and projects to attract international students and scholars and further their research reputations. This chapter develops a portrait of international student mobilities, revealing the complex dynamic of forces—historical legacies, regulatory and commercial infrastructures, and community networks—that help position universities, cities, and countries as desirable knowledge destinations. A synopsis of achievements points to the success of Asia-Pacific universities in maintaining regional student and scholar flows, programs of development assistance, online teaching, and greater regional and international research cooperation. In this sense, the university plays an increasingly important role in knowledge diplomacy, strengthening relations between countries and regions through internationalization. The authors remain hopeful that the internationalization of universities will not only bring about technological and economic gains, but also usher in new possibilities of social inclusion, gender equality and environmental sustainability.
Public Financing
Authors: Wang Xi , Jacob W. James 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Asian public funding sources from Asia are increasingly under pressure to reduce allocations toward increasing higher education costs while at the same time raising outcome expectations. This financial outlook is projected to continue well into the future, and in many instances, it is deemed unsustainable in the long run. Within this context, this chapter examines national and subnational policies on public higher education funding. Discussions about the scope and breadth of government financial aid and subsidies are introduced, including the extent to which public funding is made available to non-government owned and operated higher education institutions. An examination of what policies exist in providing financial assistance to some of the most disadvantaged groups (e.g., indigenous, ethnic minority, refugee, and low socio-economic status populations) is also given for select case countries. Policy and practice recommendations are provided in the conclusion for higher education administrators, researchers, and government policymakers and planners.
Returning Talent
Authors: Moon Rennie J. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the phenomenon of return migration in the Asia-Pacific region, a major source of the world’s student migrants and where most countries experience a large net outflow of students, raising concerns of talent loss and its potentially negative impact on the development of sending countries. It presents an overview of the major patterns of student flows from Asia as well as a framework based on previous research on the factors affecting return migration. It then discusses the impact of returning talent on home country development and reviews the major policy approaches adopted by countries in the region to encourage return migration. In conclusion, the chapter reflects on the implications of some recent developments, including growing geopolitical rivalries and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, on the prospects for return migration.
Asian Higher Education as Soft Power?
Authors: Lee Jack T. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In recent years, several governments are astutely embedding higher education initiatives in their foreign policies to accrue soft power through public diplomacy and extend beyond the realpolitik of military and trade interactions (i.e., hard power). While strategies such as the recruitment of international students and the provision of technical assistance are not new, analyses of soft power demand an integration of concepts from the field of higher education and international relations. This chapter first identifies the key theoretical misconceptions and methodological oversights in using soft power as an analytical lens. The analysis then examines four Asian states with different power resources and their strategies for the internationalization of higher education: Singapore (dynamic small power), Taiwan (constrained power), Japan (classic middle power), and China (emerging superpower). The chapter ends with a discussion on the challenges of converting soft power resources to behavioral outcomes and the implications for future research on soft power.
Higher Education and Nationalism in the Asia-Pacific
Authors: Hammond Christopher D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores some of the dynamics and tensions between higher education and nationalism in the context of the Asia-Pacific region. A discussion and typology of nationalism is presented, followed by a consideration of the ways nationalism in its various forms evolves and intersects with globalizing higher education. From this analytical perspective, the topics of nation-building, soft power diplomacy, internationalization, global rankings competition, academic freedom, campuses as spaces for activism, and the globalization of nationalism in cyberspace are discussed and illustrated with examples from selected Asia-Pacific contexts. This chapter argues that these developments have particular relevance for educators and higher education institutions in Asia-Pacific societies, as the region is recognized to be on the cusp of assuming a leading global role in the twenty-first century.
Lifelong Learning as a Globally Diffused Policy Discourse in Asia
Authors: Shan Hongxia , Ren Zheng 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Lifelong learning (LLL), an educational policy discourse originating in the industrialized West, has become a policy mantra in many parts of the world, including Asia. This chapter provides an overview of the development of LLL in Asia, with attention paid to how it converges with and diverges from the dominant LLL discourse in the West. Specifically, it focuses on the major problems that LLL is intended to address, the kind of society that is imagined through the adoption of LLL, the patterns of movement in LLL, and the international actors driving the move towards LLL in Asia. The chapter raises important questions around issues of power, control, and capacity of participation in the diffusion of LLL as a global policy discourse.
China
Authors: Shen Wenqin , Ma Wanhua 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chinese civilization is one of the oldest in the world and China is a country with a long tradition of higher education. Nevertheless, the emergence of modern universities in China was the result of imitation of the West. Deeply rooted in its own historical traditions, the development of higher education in China benefits from Western experience and its international orientation. This chapter reviews the historical background of the development of higher education in China, as well as contemporary developments since 1949, including significant reform and internationalization strategies. Further, the chapter examines the dual structure of private and public higher education, higher education finance, the World Class University Movement, and the massification of higher education in China. In the last section, this chapter analyzes the challenges facing China’s higher education in the future.
Elite Universities in China
Authors: Xue Lan , Yu Zhen , Zhong Zhou 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Modern Chinese higher education has grown from a humble base since the late nineteenth century into the world’s largest system on many fronts today. China aims to further promote its socio-economic development and global impact through an ambidextrous strategy to build world-class universities with Chinese characteristics. This chapter conceptualizes the idea of elite universities in China, reviews China’s world-class university policies since the 1950s, and maps the current status of China’s elite universities in terms of their objectives, academic performance, funding situations, international collaboration, and global impact. While the pursuit of equity is one of the main characteristics of China’s elite university system, elite universities have served as an important mechanism for social stratification in Chinese society. Despite many achievements, there are still many challenges behind China’s world-class university blueprint，particularly on how to deal with the tensions between top-down directives and bottom-up initiatives.