bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical activity, exercise, and bone health
Authors: Gabel Leigh , Macdonald Heather , McKay Heather 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Weight-bearing physical activity and exercise are essential for developing and maintaining a strong and healthy skeleton. A large body of evidence supports the osteogenic benefits of regular weight-bearing activity, particularly during the growing years. Bone is most responsive to short, high-impact loads; however, the specific exercise prescription for optimal bone strength accrual during growth is not yet known. With advances in imaging technologies, the complex hierarchy of bone, and how bone adapts not only its mass, but also its structure, microarchitecture, and, ultimately, its strength to withstand the loads imposed upon it are beginning to be understood. Childhood and adolescence are critical periods for bone growth. Specifically, prepuberty and early puberty appear to offer a ‘window of opportunity’ during which the skeleton is most responsive to weight-bearing activity. As the use of advanced imaging modalities becomes more widespread, these tools will help enhance the understanding of bone structural adaptations to physical activity and allow the investigation of whether bone strength gains achieved during childhood are sustained into older age.
Physical activity, exercise, and cystic fibrosis
Authors: Radtke Thomas , Kriemler Susi , Hebestreit Helge 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease resulting in an impaired mucociliary clearance, chronic bacterial airway infection, and inflammation. The progressive destruction of the lungs remains the main cause for morbidity and premature death. Life expectancy has increased remarkably over the last decades because of improved diagnostics, treatment opportunities, and widespread implementation of newborn screening. Children and adolescents with CF are healthier than ever, and a substantial proportion can expect to live into their fifth decade. Highly effective CF transmembrane conductance regulator therapies are now available for the vast majority of children and adolescents and are having a major impact on children’s overall health status. Many children with mild CF lung disease have lower maximal aerobic exercise capacity with impaired skeletal muscle oxygen extraction and utilisation being an important contributing factor. In moderate and advanced lung disease, exercise intolerance is the consequence of multisystemic abnormalities of muscle, lung, and/or heart function. Although growing evidence suggests beneficial effects of regular physical activity on aerobic exercise capacity and rate of lung function decline, healthcare professionals often lack confidence in providing individualised physical activity advice to people with CF. More research is needed to better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of exercise limitations and to find optimal physical activity and exercise modalities to support children and adolescents to benefit from the multiple positive effects of living a physically activity lifestyle, including lung health and quality of life.
Physical activity, exercise, and intellectual disability
Authors: Fernhall Bo , Baynard Tracy , Hilgenkamp Thessa 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) is a condition characterised by intellectual limitations and limitations in adaptive (social, behavioural, self-care) skills occurring and diagnosed before the age of 18 years. The aetiology of ID is often unknown but common aetiologies include Down syndrome (DS), foetal alcohol syndrome, disease/infection, and birth defects. Physical fitness and physical activity can be accurately measured following appropriate familiarisation using validated tests with excellent reliability. This includes treadmill protocols with oxygen uptake measurements, various field tests of aerobic capacity, isokinetic and isometric muscle testing, and field tests such as sit-ups, push-ups, and standing long jump. Physical activity is typically measured using steps per day or accelerometery, but to accurately interpret results population-specific cut-points need to be used. Children with ID typically have low aerobic capacity, muscle endurance, muscle strength, and physical activity levels. Furthermore, children with ID with DS have even lower values, yet obesity does not appear to influence aerobic capacity in the same manner as the general population in children with DS. Interventions have been shown to increase aerobic capacity in children with ID, but it is unclear if aerobic capacity is increased in children with DS. Run performance is improved with exercise training, as is muscle strength and endurance. Body weight and body composition are not likely to change appreciably with exercise training alone but can be improved with multifactorial interventions.
Epidemiology and prevention of injuries in competitive non-contact sports
Authors: Hespanhol Luiz , Yamato Tiê Parma , Mahler Per Bo 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
To discuss the aetiology and prevention of paediatric sports injuries in non-contact sports, the following sports were selected based on their worldwide popularity: bicycling, dance, gymnastics, running, skiing, snowboarding, swimming, tennis, badminton, and volleyball. Each sport is covered in a systematic manner including a brief introduction of the sport practice, the epidemiology and aetiology of sport-specific injuries, risk factors, and preventive strategies. Because of similarities, skiing and snowboarding are grouped and discussed together, in the same manner as for tennis and badminton. The knowledge summarised should be implemented in real-life situations to encourage children and adolescents to participate in sports, allowing them to benefit from the well-known health benefits of sports participation with the lowest risk of injury as possible.
Doping and anti-doping in youth sport
Authors: Vernec Alan , Gerrard David 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Implicit in the benefits of regular physical activity and athlete development is provision of a duty of care by physicians knowledgeable in sport and exercise medicine, respectful of the World Anti-Doping Code (the Code). History has shown that when success assumes overriding priority, sport may be a target for unethical practices with attendant threats to youth athlete health and safety. Since the advent of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), anti-doping strategies and regulations embodied in the Code have established clear stakeholder boundaries and provided a platform for international harmonisation, respecting the rights of every athlete to compete on a level playing field. Of particular relevance in youth athlete care is the provision to legitimately prescribe a substance that is on the Prohibited List on the basis of established clinical need. This concept of Therapeutic Use Exemption permits a physician, in strict compliance with an International Standard and accompanying guidelines, to appropriately manage common medical conditions for athletes competing in sport. Anti-doping education remains the priority, promoted by WADA and continued by anti-doping organisations internationally via several platforms. Local values-based educational programmes target youth athletes at vulnerable stages of development in sport. Sound nutritional practice including scrutiny in the use of dietary supplements, and temptations to use recreational performance-enhancing drugs need be addressed. Medical professionals are also afforded educational opportunities to maintain knowledge and skills consistent with contemporary sports medicine practice, protecting values of sport and the welfare of youth athletes.
Safeguarding child athletes
Authors: Mountjoy Margo , Vertommen Tine 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
As a member of the athlete medical/sport science support team, do you have a clinical approach to recognising harassment and abuse in your child athletes, and managing allegations? Are you confident that your medical interventions cannot be classified as medical mismanagement? While participation in sport has many physical and psychological health benefits, athletes are not immune to harassment and abuse that occurs during sport participation. Psychological abuse, the gateway to other forms of abuse such as physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect, is prevalent in all sports and at all levels. Specifically, the science base informs us that child athletes have a significant prevalence of harassment and abuse with potentially long-lasting and devasting psychological sequelae for the affected athlete. Particularly vulnerable groups of child athletes for harassment and abuse include elite athletes, athletes with a disability, and athletes that identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender. Ethical frameworks and codes of conduct for physician practice and behaviours exist that identify the requirement for sport medicine physicians to have the clinical competence to recognise harassment and abuse, to manage allegations, and to support recovery, using a trauma-informed approach. The sport medicine physician also has a role to play in prevention of harassment and abuse in sport through educational initiatives, supporting research, as well as advocacy work to ensure sport organisations have effective safeguarding policies and procedures. Sport medicine physicians should ask themselves, are you doing all that you should to protect and support the child athletes under your care?
An Overview of EEG and MEG
Authors: Hari Riitta , Puce Aina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This brief chapter begins by describing the relatively different historical trajectories of the development of EEG and MEG methods, starting for EEG already in 1875 and for MEG in the 1960s. The main prominent brain rhythms (e.g., alpha and mu), well visible in both MEG and EEG, are briefly introduced. The principle of evoked MEG and EEG responses is described, explaining how they are triggered by incoming sensory stimuli or other events. The chapter ends by summarizing the various advantages and disadvantages of MEG and EEG methods, which are essential for understanding the side-by-side comparisons of electric and magnetic recordings presented in later chapters of the book.
Auditory Responses
Authors: Hari Riitta , Puce Aina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter—devoted to MEG/EEG recordings of the human auditory system—begins by briefly outlining the multiple types of auditory responses that can be recorded from the human brainstem and cerebral cortex. After introducing important experimental variables, such as hearing threshold and stimulus parameters that will affect neurophysiological responses, the chapter continues with a description of experimental setups and typical waveforms and sources of auditory brainstem responses, middle-latency auditory-evoked responses, long-latency auditory-evoked responses, and auditory steady-state responses. Frequency tagging, by stimulating the two ears with steady-state stimuli of slightly different repetition rates, is then introduced as a means to explore binaural interaction. The chapter also discusses some historical controversies of the generation of long-latency auditory evoked responses.
Visual Responses
Authors: Hari Riitta , Puce Aina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to task-related neurophysiology of the human visual system. Starting with a brief historical introduction of how task-related responses were first averaged, the discussion continues with some early controversies in the field. The types of transient and steady-state visual responses that can be recorded from the human retina and cerebral cortex are then briefly outlined, followed by introducing the most important experimental stimulus parameters that affect the evoked responses: visual acuity, distance and visual angle of the stimulus, full-field or partial-field (foveal, extrafoveal) visual stimulation, luminance and contrast, and spatial and temporal frequencies. Presentation of visually evoked electric and magnetic signals and their neural sources starts from the retinogram and continues to transient and steady-state visual responses, frequency tagging, multifocal stimulation, and differential responses from the ventral and dorsal streams. The chapter closes with a brief look at decoding stimulus categories.
The Social Brain
Authors: Hari Riitta , Puce Aina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the wide range of neurophysiological responses associated with the processing of social information. The discussion begins by presenting ecologically valid perspectives that incorporate setups for both one-person and two-person neuroscience. In contrast to early experiments in social neuroscience that applied static stimuli and considered the subject as an observer, the newer approaches consider the subject as an active, engaged participant whose brain does not stay the same during the whole experiment. The examples include neurophysiological responses to viewing static and dynamic faces, face parts and bodies, and other persons’ emotional expressions, all the way to action observation and mirroring. The chapter ends by discussing hyperscanning methods for MEG and EEG and by reviewing some existing studies and possible pitfalls. Finally, work devoted to the neurophysiology of human verbal communication is briefly examined.
Post-trial access to investigational drugs in India: addressing challenges in the regulatory framework
Authors: Mehrotra Nidhi , Manchikanti Padmavati 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Through the New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules, 2019 (2019 Rules), India has developed the rules governing post-trial access (PTA) to new drugs or investigational new drugs. However, inconsistencies and interpretational challenges exist in the application of the 2019 Rules and the Indian Council of Medical Research Guidelines 2017. This conflation poses a real harm to the trial participants, specifically the ones with limited access to healthcare facilities. Since drug laws in India do not expressly deal with other forms of access like the ‘Compassionate Use’ or ‘Expanded Access’ mechanism, demarcating the scope and describing the strategies for PTA are the need of the hour. We propose possible strategies to address inadequacies in the regulatory regime and establish ‘win–win’ situations among all stakeholders. We further argue that India is well positioned to provide leadership by developing detailed PTA provisions and may set a potential path for the other clinical trial host countries.
Fixing the Future
Authors: Reside Douglas L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In March of 2020, Broadway was closed and most writers and actors were “sheltering in place” as the COVID-19 virus began to ravage New York City. Over the next eighteen months theatre artists experimented with making work in the new, “socially distanced” digital environment. Pandemic theatre was largely, by necessity, internet theatre, and one of the most popular tools for live communication over the internet in early 2020 was Zoom video chat. Many musical artists quickly discovered, though, that singing together on Zoom was frustrating and often impossible because differing internet speeds meant each participant on a call would receive the audio stream at slightly different times. While this was not especially noticeable in most meetings (when, ideally, each participant waits to take their turn to speak), when singing or playing instruments together, the delay made synchronization almost impossible. From 2020 to late 2021, many artists experimented with techniques to create live (or almost live) theatre even in the very difficult conditions of a world-wide pandemic. This chapter examines several of these approaches and the potential impact they may have on musical theatre of the future.
Woman at Work
Authors: Rao Maithili 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Millennial women have a presence in almost every profession. This fact is beginning to be reflected in films albeit partially. Doctors (Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani, 2013; 3 Idiots, 2009) and journalists, print and electronic, seem to be favourites. Corporate (2006) and Inkaar (2013) are set in high-profile companies which are depicted as hostile places for women. The low-key office worker (Bareilly Ki Barfi, 2017) is a rarity. Chandni Bar (2001) is a comment on the displacement of the tawaif from the courtly nawabi culture to her downmarket avatar of bar girl in a grimy Bombay slum. Filmmaker and cinematographer heroines have made it into narratives (Akira in Jab Tak Hai Jaan, 2012; Kiara in Dear Zindagi, 2016). No One Killed Jessica (2011) based on the shooting of Jessica Lall contrasts the glitz of TV with the drudgery of mundane work. The army and the police force epitomize male bastions that women have broken into. An intelligence agent (Yami Gautam) and a pilot (Kirti Kulhari) conduct high risk operations in Uri: the Surgical Strike (2019). Protagonists assume stereotypical male personae in police dramas and fulfil the expected male norm (Mardaani, 2014; Drishyam, 2015). These films break boundaries but perpetuate the stereotype of the wounded tigress mother. Bollywood gives us a glimpse of the professional and personal lives of professional millennial women in Mumbai (Page 3, 2005; Wake up, Sid, 2009; Luck by Chance, 2009; Dear Zindagi, 2016).
Subversion in Retro Mode
Authors: Rao Maithili 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Pre-millennial divas have come back triumphantly, swept on the tide of subtle subversion. Maqbool, Haidar, English Vinglish, Dedh Ishqiya, Cheeni Kum, Andhadhun, De De Pyar De have pre-millennial heroines who defy stereotypes and subvert them in persuasive ways. Family dramas and the ‘housewife’ trope have been shaken to give us films like Astitva (2000, Hindi and Marathi) which affirms a middle-class wife’s right to shed her guilt about a past affair. De De Pyar De (2019) is a non-judgemental story of a separated couple who negotiate the presence of the man’s 26-year-old girlfriend. Sridevi’s comeback film English Vinglish (2012) celebrates an underestimated homemaker who breaks her inhibitions and learns English. Vishal Bharadwaj’s Maqbool (2003) and Haider (2014), reinterpretations of Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Hamlet, have produced complex women protagonists. Nimmi (Tabu), Lady Macbeth’s counterpart, is a young, sensuous, and ambitious mistress of the underworld patriarch Abbaji. She woos Maqbool (Irrfan Khan) and participates in the blood crime to fulfil her ambition. In Haider, it is the mother Ghazala who takes centre stage. In a culture that deifies motherhood, Ghazala is imperious and decisive but also sensuous and playful, even with her son. She is a tragic hero who chooses a blazing death to incinerate her wrongs. Dedh Ishqiya (2014) is a new take on nawabi culture. An aristocratic widow conjures up a mushaira to con possible suitors. On the ground, millennium stars have outed their causes. This trend is a hopeful augury for positive and enduring changes.
Introduction
Authors: De Aniket 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Gambhira is a form of street theater (jatra) performed in a region of Bengal called Malda, today divided by the India-Bangladesh. On the Indian side, it is enacted as a conversation between the god Shiva and the peasants, where the latter voice their grievances to the god. In Bangladesh, the performance takes the form of conversations between a grandfather (nana) and his grandson (nati). This chapter introduces the performance form, and frames the critical questions to be addressed in this book: how can we interpret this performance form, which crosses religious and national boundaries? Rejecting the division of the two form as ‘Hindu’ and ‘Muslim’ or the characterization of the whole performance as a liminal ‘borderland’ phenomenon, I propose understanding Gambhira as a shared social space, historically constituted through relations between Hindus and Muslims in the region.
Chronicles of a Toiling God
Authors: De Aniket 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Stories of Shiva’s toils as a peasant constitute the vocabulary of Gambhira performances, and both Hindus and Muslims in Malda draw upon these stories to voice their grievances. This chapter analyzes how the image of Shiva as a peasant has shaped elite and non-elite imaginations of space, power, and class in Bengal. Tales of Shiva’s and Pir-baba’s travels up and down the Mahananda have endowed new meanings to the space of Malda and have preserved memories of peasant and labour migrations that shaped the region’s demography. The practice of bargaining or dardam with Shiva- a common idiom in the pre-colonial Shibayan poetry- has been reworked by Gambhira performers to address inequities in contemporary peasant life. Finally, the gentlemanly (bhadralok) class’s changing attitudes to the peasant Shiva since the late eighteenth century show the ambivalences of class and cultural identity in a colonial society.
Theatres of Nationhood
Authors: De Aniket 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Gentlemanly attitudes towards ‘folk’ culture shifted at the turn of the twentieth century, when urban leaders of the anti-colonial Swadeshi Movement (1905-1914) began seeing peasant rituals as the soul of the Bengali nation. It was in context of this movement that Gambhira, previously dismissed as ‘revelry’ of the lower castes, came to be championed as a ‘national task.’ This chapter delves into this moment by exploring the actions of the swadeshi intellectual Benoy Kumar Sarkar, who, along with his compatriots like Haridas Palit and Baladevananda Giri, reshaped Gambhira as a form of political theatre. They not only trained Gambhira performers to perform political plays, but also constructed a historical narrative around Gambhira, tracing its lineage back to ancient Hindu-Buddhist festivals. Paying attention to the specificities of ‘mofussil’ towns like Malda and Rajshahi, the chapter shows how a new Gambhira was produced through mediations between urban ideologies and rural cultural worlds.
Unparalleling Biblical Poetry
Authors: Grosser Emmylou J. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 begins with a well-known biblical poem, Psalm 23, to illustrate two problems facing biblical poetry readers: What are “lines” in (traditionally unlineated) biblical poetry, and why does it even matter? The chapter sets these overarching problems in the context of modern biblical poetry scholarship: the frameworks of parallelism and meter, and the confusion over whether “biblical poetry” is best defined by style or structure. While parallelism and meter are rejected, Robert Lowth’s early observation of “conformation” is affirmed: biblical poetry does relate to structure, and it is built from lines that fit to each other, not lines that fit to a meter. This raises the question of how the free-rhythm (unlineated) lines of biblical poetry can be perceived or mentally organized as structural-rhythmic units by the listener or reader. A cognitive approach informed by the theory and method of Reuven Tsur is introduced as the solution.
Perceptual Organization and the Law of Simplicity, Proximity and Similarity
Authors: Grosser Emmylou J. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 introduces Gestalt perceptual theory, explains its relevance to biblical poetic structure, and discusses the first two principles of perception, proximity and similarity. The problem of the free-rhythm biblical poetic line is a perceptual problem: how the line can be heard or mentally organized in the absence of a patterned template. The line and line-grouping must be heard within the constraints of part-whole organization. The fundamental Gestalt law, simplicity, and the specific properties associated with simplicity, the Gestalt principles of perception, account for how different human minds can organize complex stimuli in common ways. Through the principle of proximity, prosodic phonological phrasing provides the potential for line boundaries and thus line segregation in biblical poetry. In combination with proximity, similarity of various aspects of language is a force of cohesion and grouping in biblical poetic structure.