bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Australia
Authors: Welch Anthony 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Ignoring both tens of thousands of years of sophisticated forms of indigenous higher learning, and the influential German model, the earliest university models in Australia were based exclusively on the British model, particularly that of Oxford and Cambridge. This has now developed into a sophisticated range of almost exclusively public universities, albeit with a growing number of small private providers. Based on mutual interest, Australia’s regional connection in the Asia-Pacific has strengthened considerably in recent decades. While most international students are regional, a strongly entrepreneurial approach to international recruitment, driven by long-standing underfunding, has provoked criticisms. Rampant managerialism, too, has provoked widespread criticism within the system. Class and other forms of inequity still pervade the system. A vibrantly diverse student and staff profile is a strength of the system which, however, faces a significantly altered future, post-COVID-19, given its unique dependence on international student fee income.
Higher Education in Malaysia
Authors: Wan Chang Da 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the historical development of higher education in Malaysia. The six decades of higher education since Malaya gained its independence from the British are divided into four phases of development: autonomous, nationalism, liberalization, and neoliberalism. Each of these phases have distinctive characteristics as well as critical issues that have shaped higher education in Malaysia, including: access and equity relating to participation, ethnicity and gender, academic freedom and institutional autonomy, controversy surrounding language and medium of instruction in a multi-ethnic society, privatization that expediated the growth of higher education, and multiple dimensions of internationalization. Recognizing the past and present social-political-economic influences, the chapter concludes by arguing that the next phase of development should bring the focus back on the purpose, role, and function of education and academic research to the betterment of the Malaysian society and humankind.
The Relationship Between Credentials and Learning
Authors: Waters Johanna L. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Drawing on examples from the extant literature on Asia and the Pacific, this chapter considers the complex meanings of “credentials” within contemporary international higher education and the ways in which they may or may not relate to the process of “learning.” It draws on arguments about credentialization, massification, and cultural capital accumulation in education to consider how international qualifications/credentials often function primarily as a means of social differentiation and social reproduction, wherein learning is of lesser importance. The chapter argues that credentials and learning have frequently become disconnected within extant debates and in the labor market, drawing in particular on the academic literature considering international student migration and mobilities, which illustrates these arguments especially well. The chapter concludes that, very often, debates around credentials and those focusing on learning fail to overlap in any meaningful way, as the focus on credentials subsumes all other concerns, with impacts for social inequalities.
Unpacking the “Eldercare Regime”
Authors: Doetter Lorraine Frisina , Fischer Johanna , Rothgang Heinz 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Addressing the long-term care (LTC) needs of the elderly as families’ capacity for caregiving decreases is both a policymaking priority and societal challenge facing many countries around the world. Care for older people relies heavily upon informal caregivers, traditionally women in the family. However, a growing role can be seen for formal services—either in place of or in conjunction with informal carers—made available by state, societal, or private market actors. This mix of formal and informal care arrangements, carried out by public and private actor types with varying degrees of engagement across a range of care settings can be said to come together to form an “eldercare regime.” In this chapter, the authors unpack the concept to understand the various ways that care manifests within and across societies. The focus is particularly on public versus private responsibility, as well as the intersections between the formal and informal within the care mix. The chapter proceeds to take inventory of care arrangements in place in different countries across Europe, North America, and Asia in which public LTC services and/or benefits have been introduced. The analysis demonstrates that, even among countries in which publicly financed care is available, a wide range of care constellations and actor emphases can be observed, culminating in distinct eldercare regimes. In a final section, the chapter explores differences between countries in financing, services provision, and regulation with respect to tradition, interdependencies with other areas of the welfare state, and normative standards.
Theorizing the Role of Culture and Family Policy for Women’s Employment Behavior
Authors: Pfau-Effinger Birgit 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
There are significant country-specific differences in the degree of women’s labor market integration and working time patterns after the birth of a child. Birgit Pfau-Effinger discusses how it is possible to explain cross-national differences in women’s work-childcare behavior. She argues that common approaches to the role of family policy for women’s employment tend to neglect the role of cultural ideas and often do not sufficiently theorize the relationship between culture and family policy. The chapter introduces a complex multilevel approach to theorizing how the interrelation between culture and family policy in their role for women’s (and men’s) work-childcare behaviors operate. This approach also theorizes which causal mechanisms and processes in the multilevel system it is based on. Main elements include a multilevel concept of culture, the concept of the relative autonomy of culture and family policy institutions, the theorization of women’s work-childcare behavior in the context of culture and family policy institutions and the role of informal and market-based resources for childcare.
Public Attitudes toward Responsibility for Childcare in Welfare Regimes
Authors: Guo Jing , Gilbert Neil 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The chapter examines the influence of personal characteristics and social contexts on individual attitudes toward government responsibility for childcare provisions. The analysis draws on data from a random sample of 24,240 respondents in 12 of the countries included in the European Social Survey (ESS) round 4 (2008–2009). The analytic framework focuses on individual-level factors related to self-interest, perceptions of the current care available, and egalitarian ideology, as well as the societal context reflected in the alternative institutional arrangements for social welfare represented by the countries clustered into different welfare state regimes. The findings indicate that among the individual-level variables, egalitarian ideology had the relatively strongest impact on the respondents’ level of support for government provision of childcare. At the institutional level the introduction of welfare regimes increased the proportion of explained variance well beyond that accounted for by individual-level factors.
Educating Parents
Authors: Martin Claude 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses a major challenge that couples encounter in the early stages of family life: the development of effective parenting skills. Claude Martin traces the history of policy initiatives for parenting education from the 19th-century emphasis on scientific mothering to the present focus on parenting in Europe and the United States. Examining the “turn to parenting” that emerged in the 1990s, Martin notes a conceptual distinction between family policies broadly defined and the more narrowly focused policies designed to support parenting. The former include measures such as childcare services, parental leave, and children’s allowances, which do not directly address the performance of the parental role. Parenting policies involve measures that provide parents knowledge and training to perform effectively as caring providers promoting the health and socialization of their children. These two policy orientations place different emphases on the role of the state and the family in the care and socialization of young children.
Explaining Variations in Family Policy through a Gender Lens
Authors: Daly Mary , Ferragina Emanuele 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter engages with one of the most rapidly changing areas of social policy: family policy. The chapter seeks to fill a number of crucial knowledge gaps in the understanding of family policy by examining how cross-national variation in public spending and relative generosity in a number of family policy areas—specifically early childhood education and care, employment leaves, and child-related financial support—in 22 high-income countries is associated with a range of potential explanatory factors. The chapter places gender at the fore but examines its patterning in the context of other factors, specifically structural exigencies, political factors, and key aspects of public opinion. The results confirm an overall picture of complexity but show very clearly that gender is a central part of the picture. A number of possible explanations are considered for the significance of gender in family policy development across countries. These include gender as a new “zeitgeist,” the possibility that gender might be a mediating factor between socioeconomic considerations and family policy development, and the possibility that it is not so much convergence in ideology or gender egalitarianism that is associated with family policy development as the “sweeping together” of numerous instrumental objectives (e.g., work-family balance, early human capital development) through the rubric of gender. Overall, the empirical results need to be interpreted carefully, considering the significant effects found for the socioeconomic, public opinion, and political factors, and the difficulties in measuring the associations with the available cross-national indicators.
Social Policies for Lone Mothers in Europe
Authors: Zagel Hannah 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how previous research on lone mothers in the welfare state contributes to understanding systematic differences in how welfare states structure life courses. It contributes both an analytic framework and its application in three countries: Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK. Following a careful review of previous approaches, and building on Leisering’s model of life-course policies, the new analytical framework contains three core elements. First, the structuration mode of welfare states defines order, sequencing, and duration of employment-dominated and care-dominated episodes in lone mothers’ life courses. Age thresholds and work requirements in unemployment benefit systems are exemplar policy elements. Second, welfare states integrate lone mothers’ life courses by providing cash transfers or services for bridging economically difficult periods. Third, welfare states prescribe normative models of how motherhood and employment should be organized across the life course. These ideas are particularly obvious in parental leave regulations, and in whether lone mothers are addressed as a separate claimant category. Exploratory analysis shows a shift toward policies prescribing more employment-dominated life courses of lone mothers in all three countries, but distinct patterns in the modes of integration and normative modelling. Germany and the UK increasingly introduced childcare services for employment-care integration in lone mothers’ life courses, but a general shift in normative modelling of work-family trajectories was less visible in the UK. In the Netherlands, the work-focused life course structuration was not aligned by cash or service-based integration measures, and a care-focused motherhood norm prevailed in policies.
The Matthew Effect in Early Childhood Education and Care
Authors: Van Lancker Wim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the current evidence on the Matthew effect and discusses its relevance for understanding the outcomes of present-day family policies. The chapter discusses how the Matthew effect is studied and interpreted in sociology and in the field of family policy, focusing on subtleties involved in studying the phenomenon and its root causes, how it is conceptualized, and its functions or dysfunctions. An empirical illustration is presented of how the Matthew effect in childcare services across European countries can be studied and understood. The results show that in the majority of countries, participation in childcare is biased against poor children. While childcare use has risen over time, inequality did not decline to the same extent. This means that the children who would benefit most from being integrated into high-quality childcare are those currently most likely to be excluded. This not only jeopardizes the potential of childcare provision to reduce inequalities in early life but might even fuel compounding inequalities over the life course. Potential pathways to redress childcare policies in order to foster socioeconomic equality in childcare participation are explored. The chapter ends with a call to arms for more advanced studies into the causes, mechanisms, and consequences of the Matthew effect in social and family policies, with a particular focus on life-course approaches.
Public Policy toward the Removal of Children from the Family
Authors: Duerr Berrick Jill 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Jill Duerr Berrick examines one of the most distressful disruptions in family life, which occurs when parents are unable or unwilling to fulfill their obligations for their children’s well-being and the state must intervene to provide the necessary protection and care. She explains that the reasons for separation of children from their parents usually involve one or more of these adversities: destitution, danger, departure, death, disease, drug use, delivery, detention, deployment, divorce, desertion, diversion, or desire. Berrick highlights the wide variation in policies governing the role of the state and the family in the decision-making process regarding the removal of children with examples from high-income and low-income countries around the world. Her analysis of social policy trends in this area suggests an emerging agreement on some ideas about how the state should respond to children in situations requiring public protection, particularly a preference for out-of-home placements in foster care and kinship foster care over group homes and other forms of congregate care.
Principles of Public Policy for Child Protection
Authors: Skivenes Marit 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Addressing the issue of child protection from a global perspective, Marit Skivenes recounts the negative impact of child maltreatment on the transition to adulthood and illustrates the different types of systems developed in response to the disruption of family life when children experience adversity and maltreatment. Skivenes describes five types of child protection systems formulated from case studies of 50 countries: child exploitation protective systems, child deprivation protective systems, child maltreatment protective systems, child well-being protective systems, and child rights protective systems. These systems vary in the nature of the problems addressed, the level of state intervention, and the extent to which methodical interventions are conducted through established structures. She notes that one of the basic challenges to the state’s response to child maltreatment involves finding the right balance between protecting children against harm within the family and respecting parents and children’s’ rights to family life.
Economic Resources after Divorce
Authors: Herbst-Debby Anat , Kaplan Amit , Endeweld Miri 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Following a review of the research on the economic implications of divorce, Anat Herbst-Debby, Amit Kaplan, and Miri Endeweld report on how changes in social policy over the last two decades affected the income and housing of divorced families in Israel. Their analysis reveals that the years following the 2003 welfare reforms were accompanied by large cuts in child allowances and income support allowances, as well as reductions in housing assistance. Examining the changing circumstances of men and women after divorce, they found the economic situation of divorced women worse than that of the rest of the Israeli population, and usually worse than that of divorced men. Although the authors note research suggesting that social policy can help to mitigate the negative economic consequences of divorce, they find this was not the experience of the 21st-century policy reforms in Israel.
Family and State Responsibility for Care for Older People
Authors: Arlotti Marco , Pavolini Emmanuele , Ranci Costanzo 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The chapter investigates how care duties and care rights and their reciprocal interaction have developed in European welfare states. The authors find that the idea of care as a social right has increasingly become the dominant paradigm. On the basis of their review of the development of state intervention in long-term care, the authors observe a trend toward universalism in many countries, although this has partially reversed due to financial constraints and limitations in the public provision of high-quality care. In addition, the analysis highlights a shift toward the extension of welfare state support for care by family members, which has problematic social consequences, since these policies may lead to the persistence of gender inequality and social inequality. In the final section, the authors introduce some reflections regarding the tensions concerning the state-family nexus in the future.
Policies for Active Aging and Their Family-Related Assumptions and Consequences
Authors: Hamilton Myra , Timonen Virpi , Craig Lyn , Adamson Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

AbstractActive aging—encouraging greater economic and social productivity of older adults—has become the dominant paradigm in public policies concerning older people in the Western world. This chapter identifies contradictions within the paradigm, and a failure to adequately situate it within the family lives of older people, drawing attention to the relational circumstances that shape opportunities to age actively. The chapter suggests that the active aging paradigm does not adequately recognize the intersections—and contradictions—between active aging policies, family policies, and national work/care regimes. The authors focus on the (lack of) alignment in aspirations pertaining to employment and unpaid work, and their gendered implications. Comparing Australia and Sweden, they conclude that the current employment and family policy settings generally serve to support the active aging agenda of improving labor market participation in later life in Sweden. The Australian case illustrates that encouraging greater economic and social productivity of older adults is problematic if it is inadequately situated within the family lives and life courses of older people. Successfully and sustainably encouraging older people into paid work requires recognition of family contributions as forms of social and economic productivity. Gender equality in economic participation in later life necessitates investment in gender equality earlier in women’s lives, when gendered patterns of economic participation emerge. Lack of alignment in aspirations pertaining to aging policy and family policy has gendered implications, which can undermine the success of active aging policies and cause economic disadvantage to women as they age over the life course.
Mixed-Methods Research and Variety of Evidence in Political Science
Authors: Kuorikoski Jaakko , Marchionni Caterina 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The chapter clarifies the value of mixed-methods research in terms of the epistemic benefits of a variety of evidence. It distinguishes three rationales for variety of evidence: triangulation, integration, and security and connects them to some of the prominent frameworks for mixed-methods research advanced in political science. Finally, it dispels worries about feasibility of mixed-methods research.
Process Tracing
Authors: Clarke Christopher 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A good definition of process tracing should highlight what is distinctive about process tracing as a methodology of causal inference. Eight criteria are used to define process tracing in the methodological literature, and I dismiss all eight criteria as unhelpful (some because they are too restrictive, and others because they are vacuous). In place of these criteria, I propose four alternative criteria, and I draw a distinction between process tracing for the ultimate aim of testing a start–end hypothesis versus process tracing as an ultimate end in itself. Although it is clear enough how the former method works, there is still much methodological work to be done in understanding the latter method as a distinctive method of causal inference.
Philosophy of Science Issues in Clientelism Research
Authors: Kincaid Harold , Pellicer Miquel , Wegner Eva 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Clientelism concerns the distribution of resources from politicians to voters in exchange for political support. The chapter uses some current ideas from philosophy of science about the place of definitions, theories, mechanisms, holism of testing and contextual elements in explanation to address the successes and areas for improvement in the now burgeoning political science research on clientelism. We document the plurality of definitions of clientelism and show that they generally do not fit the traditional necessary and sufficient conditions notion of definitions. We argue that a plurality of definitions, definitions which are often informal in nature, is not necessarily a problem if research is cognizant of how it picks out clientelistic phenomena and does so in empirically fruitful ways. We discuss explanatory frameworks by looking at questions that are being asked, the broad type and system of causes and the specific proposed causal factors that instantiate them, and questions about evidence raised by alternative possible explanations.
Taking Feminism Seriously in Political Science
Authors: Hoard Season , Hubbard Mattix Laci , Mazur Amy G. , Noll Samantha 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter brings together the two different disciplinary lenses of political science and philosophy to map out feminist political science and its potential for contributing to nonfeminist political science. It begins with basic epistemological foundations from political science and philosophy perspectives and then shows how feminist political science has put into action these epistemological pillars in research through an examination of different taxonomies of feminist approaches in political science that reflect the increasing epistemological diversity of the field. The final section takes a deeper dive into critical feminist theory that develops a necessary critique of the inherent power biases of many feminist approaches. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the broader lessons learned from applying such a critical and ontologically diverse perspective for both feminist and nonfeminist political science and suggests future steps for taking more seriously feminist approaches in political science.