bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Purification of Human Serum γ-Globulin for Immunologic Studies: γ-Globulin Fragmentation after Sulfate Precipitation and Prolonged Dialysis
Authors: Strauss Arthur J. L. , Kemp Pierson G. , Vannier Wilton E. , Goodman Howard C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose chromatography of whole human serum, and sodium sulfate precipitated serum globulins in Trisphosphate at pH 8.6, 0.005 M phosphate was used to obtain highly purified human γ-globulins. A 14-fold increase in yield of purified γ-globulin was obtained for a given column size when sodium sulfate precipitated globulins were used. γ-Globulins so derived were incorporated in Freund's adjuvant and injected repeatedly into rabbits over many months. The hyperimmune rabbit serum contained antibodies directed solely against the γ-globulins of human serum and cross-reactive with β2A and β2M globulins when tested by immunodiffusion techniques. Sustained immunization in several animals has been stressed as a more critical procedure for assessing purity of a γ-globulin preparation than initial in vitro immunodiffusion studies. The use and merits of specific and potent anti-human γ-globulin serums in the preparation of immunohistologic reagents has been discussed. Chromatographically prepared γ-globulins have been studied by immunodiffusion, electrophoretic and analytical ultracentrifugal techniques. Fragmentation was found repeatedly in preparations derived from sodium sulfate precipitated globulins which had been allowed to dialyze under sterile conditions for long periods against the chromatography buffer. The fragmentation is presumably different from the produced by papain because both electrophoretically slow and fast fragments retained the ability to bind antigens.
Biologic Activity of Canine Nonprecipitating and Precipitating Antibody
Authors: Patterson Roy , Pruzansky Jacob J. , Janis Burton 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies by autoradiographic immunoelectrophoresis demonstrate the presence of a single antibody in canine nonprecipitating antiserum and two antibodies in canine precipitating antiserum. The nonprecipitating antibody is a faster migrating globulin present singly in nonprecipitating antiserum but associated with a slower migrating precipitating antibody in precipitating antiserum. The nonprecipitating antiserum results in initial immune retention of antigen in the circulation of a passively sensitized animal followed by immune elimination of soluble nonprecipitating antibody-antigen complexes. Nonprecipitating antibody did not result in passive sensitization of guinea pigs for systemic anaphylaxis or cutaneous anaphylaxis or Arthus reactions.
Studies on Phagocytosis of Bacteria by the Reticulo-Endothelial System in a Strain of Mice Lacking Hemolytic Complement
Authors: Stiffel C. , Biozzi G. , Mouton D. , Bouthillier Y. , Decreusefond C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The rate of S. typhimurium phagocytosis by the reticulo-endothelial system and the opsonic activity of immune antibody are similar in mice containing complement and in a strain of mice genetically lacking hemolytic complement activity.
The in vivo decomplementation with an unrelated antigen-antibody system did not change the rate of S. typhimurium phagocytosis, but markedly reduced the opsonizing effect of specific antibody irrespective of the presence of complement in the strain of mice.
These results indicate that neither the bacterial phagocytosis nor the effect of immune opsonins are related to the serum complement titer measured in terms of hemolytic activity.
Localization of Antigens in Mechanically Disrupted Cells of Certain Species of the Genera Candida and Torulopsis
Authors: Kemp G. , Solotorovsky M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antigenic structure of mechanically disrupted cells of seven species of Candida and of T. glabrata was studied by means of agar gel diffusion methods. Two purified cell wall components of C. albicans, both glucomannanproteins (GMP I and GMP II), were compared with cell wall fractions of the seven species studied and found to be components common to all of them as well as to T. glabrata. Use of antisera to C. albicans, portions of which had been rendered monospecific for various antigens present in the genus by adsorption with cells of heterologous species, permitted an identification of antigens 1 to 3 as cell wall components, and of antigen 5 as a cytoplasmic component. Unique thermolabile antigens present in C. pseudotropicalis, C. krusei and C. parakrusei were determined to be cytoplasmic. Other antigens found were present in both cytoplasmic and cell wall components.
Inhibitors of Echovirus and Reovirus Hemagglutination
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Dennis Juanita , Hoffman Marjorie N. , Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies were conducted on the nature of nonspecific inhibitors of echovirus and reovirus hemagglutination (HA) present in human sera. It was found that the inhibitors are heat stable (in fact heating at 80°C increased their activity), and the inhibitory activity of human sera was not significantly reduced by treatment with individual proteolytic or lipolytic enzymes, RDE, periodate, protein denaturing agents or certain organic solvents. However, treatment with a combination of chymotrypsin and phospholipase C inactivated the inhibitors, suggesting that they might be a phospholipid-protein complex. It was also found that lecithins, cephalin and sphingomyelin inhibit HA by certain of the echoviruses and reovirus type 1; this inhibitory activity was abolished or reduced by treatment with phospholipase C or filtrates from a psychrophylic Pseudomonas species, but treatment with lecithinase D had little or no effect.
Changes of Serum Complement and Properdin Levels in Experimental Typhoid Fever
Authors: Schubart Adalbert F. , Hornick Richard B. , Ewald Rolf W. , Schroeder Wolfgang C. , Myerburg Robert J. , Goodman Jay S. , Woodward Theodore E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Serum complement and properdin levels were determined throughout the incubation period and the entire course of experimental typhoid fever induced with one billion viable Salmonella typhosa in five of six volunteers. Four patients were treated with chloramphenicol. The clinical course of the disease was correlated with changes of serum complement and properdin levels, and bacteremia, as well as H- and O-antibody titers. During the incubation period, reduction of complement levels was seen in two cases with the disease and in one case that failed to develop typhoid fever; properdin titers rose in three cases. During the early phase of the illness with the appearance of the first symptoms, fever, and bacteremia, rising complement levels and falling properdin titers were the uniform changes seen in all five cases who developed the disease. Clinical and serological data were analyzed in detail. The literature was reviewed briefly.
Studies on the Terminal Steps of Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Frank Michael M. , Rapp Herbert J. , Borsos Tibor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
EDTA buffer at a concentration of 0.09 M inhibits both the interaction of SAC′4,2a and C′3 and the transformation of E* to ghosts and hemoglobin. SAC′4,2a as well as C′3 are unaffected by EDTA. EDTA, therefore, can be used to prepare and maintain cells in the E* state. The availability of stable E* simplifies the study of the mechanism of E* transformation.
Serologic and Antigenic Properties of Type A Influenza Virus after Trypsin Treatment
Authors: Cleeland Roy , Sugg John Y. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of trypsin on the serologic and antigenic properties of two strains of type A influenza virus was studied. When enzyme treatment was carried out under conditions that inactivated the hemagglutinins and greatly reduced infectivity, there was a rapid accumulation of viral material of small particle size that was apparently protein in nature and that could be readily separated from intact virus by filtration. This material, when combined with antiserum to the whole virus, reduced the capacity of the antiserum to inhibit hemagglutination and to neutralize infectivity. The trypsinized preparations were about as effective as the control preparations (virus plus inactive trypsin) in inhibiting hemagglutination inhibition, but were only 1/10 to 1/15 as effective as the controls in inhibiting neutralization of infectivity.
Trypsin treatment markedly reduced the ability of the virus to induce the formation of antibodies by either rabbits or roosters. However, when trypsinized suspensions that had been freed of intact virus by filtration were combined with adjuvant and injected into roosters, they stimulated the production of both hemagglutination inhibiting and neutralizing antibodies.
Dissociation of Tuberculin Hypersensitivity as Mediator for an Accelerated Pulmonary Granulomatous Response in Rabbits
Authors: Kawata Huminori , Myrvik Quentin N. , Leake Eva Soto 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Data are presented which support the concept that classical tuberculin hypersensitivity is not the mediator of the accelerated pulmonary (macrophagic) granulomatous response in rabbits. After sensitization by means of heat-killed BCG, rabbits that are desensitized with tuberculin can produce an accelerated granulomatous response when challenged with BCG intravenously. Rabbits sensitized intradermally with nonliving BCG in saline become positive reactors to tuberculin but fail to produce a pulmonary granulomatous response when challenged intravenously with BCG. Finally, rabbits sensitized with killed BCG fail to develop a typical pulmonary granulomatous response when challenged with OT.
Rubella Interferon and Factors Influencing the Indirect Neutralization Test for Rubella Antibody
Authors: Neva Franklin A. , Weller Thomas H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Resistance of primary human amnion cultures to Sindbis virus was found to correlate well with the presence of specific rubella cytopathic effects. Certain exceptions to this relationship were noted. Sindbis virus interfering activity present in rubella infected cultures was related to interferon on the basis of chemical, physical and biologic properties. With the indirect interference neutralization test for rubella, using amnion cultures and challenge with Sindbis virus, rubella cytopathology was found to be a useful criterion for determining the optimum time for Sindbis virus challenge. The incorporation of normal rabbit serum enhanced neutralization of rubella virus. Important factors contributing to reliability of indirect neutralization results include the use of 10 or more TCID50 of rubella virus, and the use of more than two cultures per serum dilution tested. It is concluded that the results of interference neutralization tests may reflect a variety of factors in addition to the specific neutralization of rubella virus.
Biologic Comparison of a Syncytial and a Small Giant Cell-Forming Strain of Herpes Simplex
Authors: Wheeler Clayton E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A syncytium-forming strain (HPF) and a small giant cell-forming strain (HF) have been isolated from a standard reference herpes simplex virus. Compared to HF, HPF is less virulent for mice, rabbits, chorioallantoic membrane and chick embryos; it is more rapidly inactivated by heat; there is more viral production in tissue cultures at lower temperatures; and there is a distinct but minor antigenic difference between the two. Both strains appear stable on serial passage and neither requires antibody in the culture medium for characteristic appearance in tissue cultures. The stability and reproducibility of plaque morphology and virulence of these strains can probably be exploited in studies of neutralization, viral genetics, immunity and giant cell formation.
Analysis of Toxoplasma Gondii Antigens by Agar Diffusion Methods
Authors: Chordi Andres , Walls Kenneth W. , Kagan Irving G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A T. gondii CF antigen, a hemagglutination antigen, a T. gondii antigen free of leukocytes, and an antigen prepared from the supernatant of peritoneal exudate were studied by the Ouchterlony technique and by absorption procedures in gel-diffusion reactions. Four to seven bands of host origin and one to three bands of parasite origin were found in these antigens. Human and rabbit sera produced two to three heterophile bands when tested with normal mouse serum antigen or T. gondii antigens which contained high concentrations of mouse peritoneal exudate.
An immunoelectrophoretic analysis of these T. gondii antigens revealed the presence of 1 to 14 host components. The complement fixation T. gondii antigen contained 14 host components; the hemagglutination antigen, 8 components; and an antigen freed of leukocytes and peritoneal exudate, only 1 component. From three to four parasite components were also found. A total of four parasite components and two antigens of doubtful parasite origin were found in the T. gondii antigens. Human sera with high antibody titers demonstrated two of the four parasite bands with electrophoretic mobility of and β1 α2 mouse serum components. The preparation of specific T. gondii antigens for serologic tests based on the Ouchterlony and immunoelectrophoretic analysis and suggestions for their preparation are discussed.
Growth and Senescence of the Primary Antibody-Forming Potential of the Spleen
Authors: Makinodan T. , Peterson William J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Growth and senescence of the primary antibody-forming potential (PAFP) of the spleen was assessed by culturing spleen cells of 1- to 126-week-old mice together with the test antigen in heavily x-irradiated, genetically compatible, 12-week-old mice. The maximum growth rate of the PAFP of the spleen occurred during the first month after birth. The mean doubling time during this period was ∼4 days in contrast to ∼14 days for spleen and body weights. The highest antibody-forming activity was obtained with cells from 40-week-old mice. The PAFP of the spleen increased ∼600-fold between 1 and 40 weeks of age. In contrast the body weight increased only 8-fold and the spleen weight 4-fold. After 40 weeks of age the PAFP of the spleen decreased gradually with age. Among the very old mice (∼120 weeks) it was only one fourth that of the spleen of 40-week-old mice. With improvement in the animal health program the PAFP of the spleen increased, especially among the very old mice. Evidence was presented to show that the change in the PAFP of the spleen with age is due mainly to the change in the number of potential antibody-forming cells. Furthermore, it was shown that the change in the number of these cells with age is not due to migration of these cells to and from the spleen. The significance of these results is discussed from the standpoint of functional differentiation.
Cellular Activities in Hypersensitive Reactions
Authors: Martins A. B. , Raffel Sidney 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Guinea pigs were immunized with egg albumin or with tuberculoprotein incorporated in water-oil emulsion with and without tubercle bacilli. In the absence of bacilli in the mixtures, animals tested after 1 week developed delayed hypersensitive reactions referred to as being of “Jones-Mote” type in which the number of later appearing plasma cells corresponded with the intensity of the induced skin reaction. This observation coincides with other evidence relating the intensity of “Jones-Mote” reactivity to the capacity for antibody anamnesis.
When tubercle bacilli were present in the immunizing inocula, delayed reactions of similar degree elicited after a week revealed relatively few developing plasmocytes, nor did the numbers of these correlate with intensities of induced reactions.
The significance of these observations is discussed from the viewpoint that delayed hypersensitivity of the tuberculin type results from the differentiation of a multipotential immunocompetent stem cell along a pathway which it ordinarily does not take in response to primary antigenic stimulation.
Cellular Activities in Hypersensitive Reactions
Authors: Martins A. B. , Moore William D. , Dickinson Jacqueline B. , Raffel Sidney 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Small lymphocytes from lymph nodes of guinea pigs with tuberculin hypersensitivity react specifically with tuberculoproteins, as revealed by fluoresceinated guinea pig antituberculoprotein serum. Fluorescence occurs as a rimming or halo effect in 5 to 20% of such cells. Occasional glowing cells are seen in normal cell preparations, at a lower level of intensity of fluorescence.
Although the methods employed suggest that antibody globulin adsorbed to cells, or produced by them, is not implicated in the reactive property, this possibility cannot be excluded.
Some Molecular Characteristics of Blocking Antibodies in Human Brucellosis
Authors: Zinneman Horace H. , Seal Ulysses S. , Hall Wendell H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The blocking antibody in human brucellosis was isolated from the serum of a male suffering of a chronic brucellar abscess. It proved to be a 5.8 S protein with a molecular weight near 180,000 and probably constitutes an asymmetric molecule. It migrated as a β2-(γ1)-globulin and was precipitated by specific anti-β2A rabbit sera, but not by anti-γ globulin serum. The measurement of amino acids also supports its classification within the β2A (γ1A) group of globulins. Its carbohydrate contents are similar to those found in 7 S γ2-globulins.
Studies of Antiviral Factors in Human Milk and Serum
Authors: Michaels Richard H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Information has been presented which proves that the antipoliovirus activity in human milk is specific antibody. Milk has also been found to contain neutralizing antibodies for coxsackie- and echoviruses and probably for the virus of herpes simplex. In spite of immunoelectrophoretic and chromatographic differences between the antibodies in milk and serum, data from the present study would indicate that the immune globulin molecule in each case may contain very similar, if not identical, antibody combining sites for polioviruses.
Serologic and Immunofluorescent Studies of Humoral Antibody and γ-Globulin Localization in Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis
Authors: Koffler David , Paronetto Fiorenzo 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunofluorescent studies of thyroiditis in Hartley guinea pigs revealed humoral antibody to colloid antigen which correlated with the severity of thyroid lesions 3 weeks after the injection of homologous thyroid antigen. Hemagglutinating antibodies to thyroglobulin did not show a similar correlation. In vivo deposition of γ-globulin was demonstrated in guinea pigs with extensive thyroiditis. Humoral antibodies may be of significance in the pathogenesis of experimental thyroiditis.
Characterization of Virus Neutralizing Antibodies in Human Serum and Nasal Secretions
Authors: Bellanti Joseph A. , Artenstein Malcolm S. , Buescher Edward L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The virus neutralizing activity of human serum and nasal secretions was characterized by gel filtration with Sephadex G-200 and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. The predominant antibody activity in serum was found in association with the 7 S γG-immunoglobulins and, to a lesser extent, with the γA-immunoglobulins. Neutralizing activity to some viruses was found also in the 19 S regions. The antiviral activity in normal nasal secretions was associated with the γA-immunoglobulins, the predominant immunoglobulin in these secretions. In some normals, and during respiratory infections, nasal secretions contained γA- and γG-immunoglobulins, both of which showed antiviral activity.
It is concluded that γA-immunoglobulins carry significant antiviral activity in serum and in nasal secretions.
A One-Dose Potency Test for Poliomyelitis Vaccine
Authors: Van Frank R. M. , Havens M. L. , MacFarlane J. O. , Boand A. V. , Kirk B. E. , Hosley R. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies leading to the development and use of a one-dose potency test for poliomyelitis vaccine are described. The test is based on the measurement of neutralizing antibody in the serum of 6-week-old chickens that received one dose of a single dilution of vaccine. The basic principles which should be adhered to in the design of such a test are discussed.
In studies using chickens 2 to 8 weeks of age, antibody response increased up to an age of 4 to 5 weeks and then leveled off. Trivalent vaccine diluted 1:10 or corresponding dilutions of monovalent vaccines were found to contain concentrations of antigen which would not saturate the antibody producing mechanism of the test animal and would thus permit effective measurement of vaccine potency. Antibody response was found to be specific in studies of cross-reactions of the three antigenic types, and in observations relating to possible modification of response to a given antigenic type as the result of trivalent combination. Practical application of the test is illustrated. Statistical criteria for the tests are discussed with comment on extension of the test for semiquantitative studies.
Gel Double Diffusion Studies with Group B and Group A, Type 9, Coxsackieviruses
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H. , Dennis Juanita 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunologic relationships between coxsackie-viruses of group B and group A, type 9, were studied by means of an antigen-antibody absorption technique in which absorbents (antigens or antibodies) were incorporated into the agar employed for gel double diffusion tests (intragel absorption).
Sera from monkeys immunized by i.m. injection of virus-adjuvant mixtures absorbed only homotypic group and specific precipitating antigens. Sera from patients, or from monkeys orally infected with coxsackievirus types B1, B3, B4, B5, B6 and A9, absorbed both group and specific precipitating antigens of the infecting viral type and group antigens of heterotypes. Only sera from coxsackievirus type B2 patients (or immune monkeys) absorbed type B2 precipitating antigen.
Crude precipitating antigens of coxsackievirus types B1, B3, B4, B5, B6 and A9 absorbed group and specific homotypic precipitating antibodies and group antibodies for heterotypes, while coxsackievirus type B2 precipitating antibodies were absorbed only by homotypic antigen.
Studies of Antibodies to 1956 and 1963 Equine Influenza Viruses in Horses and Man
Authors: Minuse Elva , McQueen James L. , Davenport Fred M. , Francis Thomas 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fourteen of 30 horses with pre-existing hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies to A/Equine-1/Prague/1/56 virus exhibited 4-fold or greater rise in titer after infection with the A/Equine-2/63 agent. These findings give further evidence of shared viral antigens among the two families of Type A/Equine virus.
HI and neutralizing antibodies to A/Equine-2/63 virus were found in human serum from individuals born between 1870 and 1900. Persons born about 1880 to 1890, however, exhibited higher levels and higher frequencies of antibody than did younger or older individuals. The results suggest a relationship between hemagglutination (HA) antigens of the 1963 equine strains and a virus formerly prevalent in man.