bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Sugar Concentrations on the Shelf Life of Pear Candies
Authors: Fahad Chughtaia Muhammad , Hayat Imran , Rafiqu Nagina , Rafiq Saima , Qayyum Sohrab , Rashid Siddiqui Nauman 
Published: April 2023

The nutritional as well as medicinal benefits of pear fruit are well established and hence its consumption is highly appreciated by nutritionists and dieticians. The current study aims to develop a pear candy and to examine how the variation in sugar concentration alters the shelf life properties with respect to packaging material of pear candy. The study follows a novel approach by preparing pear candy and then keep on increasing sugar concentration while monitoring the change in shelf life. Besides it relates sugar concentration with type of packing material to be used. The physicochemical and sensory evaluation during the study revealed that the most suitable and stable pear candy was the one with least sugar concentration i.e. pear candy packed in polythene and have 20 percent of sugar concentration. It was then followed by the pear candy with same sugar concentration and having brown paper packed. Properties like moisture content, pH, ascorbic acid content and non-reducing content of the pear candy declined with the storage whereas acidity and total soluble solids showed hike with storage. Reduction in pH arranged from 4.55 percent to 3.50 percent. During storage period the acidity of pear candy was increased from 0.9 percent to 1.44 percent while Ascorbic acid content of pear candy was decreased from 3.75 percent to 2.97 percent. It concludes that lower the concentration of sugar and having an air tight packing makes the pear candy not only enhanced the shelf life but also the overall acceptability.
Influence of Antagonist Rhizobacteria on Attachment of Pasteuria penetrans and their Nematicidal Potential against Root Knot Nematode (M. incognita)
Authors: Anwar ul Haq Muhammad , Shahid Muhammad , Zeeshan Niaz Muhammad , Mahmood Kamra , Manzoor Ahmad Hira 
Published: April 2023

Root-knot nematodes have wide host range, causing damage to many annual and perennial crops. Therefore the present study was planned to check the effect of PGPRs on juvenile’s mortality and egg hatching inhibition of M. incognita and attachment of Pasteuria penetrans with second stage Juveniles under lab conditions. All PGPR increased the spores attachment with second stage juveniles, maximum spores attachment (194.23 %) was found in E. cloacae and minimum spores attachment (142.3 %) was found in E. areogenis after 24 hours. All the PGPRs caused larval mortality and inhibition in egg hatching with varying degrees. Maximum eggs inhibition (75.48 %) was found in P. flourescencs and minimum eggs inhibition (69.47 %) was found in E. areogenis after six days and maximum juvenile's mortality (88%) was found in P. flourescencs and minimum juvenile's mortality (78%) was found in E. areogenis after two days.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE EXTRACTION PROCESSES OF SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM LEAVES AND STEMS OF ARTEMISIA ANNUA (Asteraceae)
Authors: CHOUGOUO-NKUITCHOU KENGNE Rosine Désirée , N'Guessan Gnaman Clemence Clemence , Kouakou Sylvain Landry , Djoko Ernest , Tuo Kouassi Awa , Lia Arthur , Aka Any-Grah Sandrine , N'Guessan Alain , Dally Ismaël , Koffi Armand 
Published: April 2023

Introduction: Artemisia annua (Asteraceae) is a plant widely used to treat diseases including malaria. Manipulation conditions and treatment of plant influence physico-chemical characteristics and composition, so that objective of this work was to examine extraction processes in order to identify the best process that leads to obtain extracts with optimal pharmacotechnical characteristics and phytochemical properties for drugs formulation.
Methods: From raw powder resulting by spraying stems and leaves of Artemisia annua, 3 types of extracts were obtained; a dry infused, a dry hydro-ethanolic macerate and a freeze-dried infused. These different extracts were then characterized on physico-chemical, phyto-chemical and microbiological levels in order to compare them.
Results: Freeze-dried infused exhibited the highest extraction yield followed by dry hydro-alcoholic macerate and dry infused with extraction percentages respectively of 11.7 ±0.3%, 8.4 ± 0.4% and 6.8 ± 0.3%. Powders tested were fine and had a diameter varying from 0-2.75 µm with a D 50 <125 µm). Lyophilisate had a porphyritic morphology while macerate and infused had respectively a sticky and crystalline appearance. All powders were microbiologically clean and hydro-ethanolic macerate was qualitatively the richest extract in phytochemicals.
Dosage of artemisinin by HPLC showed that freeze-dried infused had the highest concentration of artemisinin (3322.5 +/- 0.637 µg/mL) compared to dry infused (1308.9 +/- 0.105 µg/mL), dry macerate (1296.2 +/- 0.251 μg/mL) and raw powder (2190.8 +/- 0.48 μg/mL). In contrast, phytochemical constituents such as flavonoids were more abundant in macerate than dry infused respectively at 28.7 +/- 0.215 mg EQ/g and 11.4 +/- 0.16 mg EQ/g. Flavonoids concentration were not quantifiable in lyophilizate.
Conclusion: Lyophilization should be the best pharmaceutical processes which permit to obtain a high concentration of artemisinin, the best yield of extract, good moisture content and extract powder highly recommended for herbal galenic preparation forms used to fight malaria diseases.
Fiqih Status Kewerganegaraan dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam Dan UU Nomor 12 Tahun 2006 Tentang Kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia
Authors: Ridho Akbar  
Published: April 2023

Citizenship is an important issue in the life of the state. This relates to the rights and obligations of a person in a country. Various legal systems have different views on formulating citizenship. Islamic law as one of the world's legal systems as well as a source of national law has a genuine concept of citizenship. Is the concept of citizenship in Islam still relevant to the concept of citizenship in Indonesia which has adopted modern law? It is at this point that this article aims to identify and analyze in-depth the differences in citizenship status from the perspective of Islamic law and Indonesian positive law. The method used in this article is a normative legal research method with a conceptual approach and a statute approach. The results in the study of this article indicate that citizenship status in Islam is divided into four, namely Muslim, dhimmi, harbiy, and musta'min. The four citizenship classifications are based on religious and political status. Meanwhile, in the perspective of Law Number 12 of 2006 concerning Citizenship, the classification of citizenship is only distinguished by two terms, namely citizens of Indonesian descent and citizens of foreign descent.

Kewarganegaraan merupakan persoalan penting dalam kehidupan bernegara. Hal tersebut sangat berhubungan dengan hak dan kewajiban seseorang dalam sebuah negara. Banyak cara dalam menentukan kewarganegaraan. Semuanya berasal dari konsep-konsep yang sudah ada dengan melakukan perubahan-perubahan sesuai kebutuhan suatu negara. Hukum Islam sebagai salah satu sistem hukum dunia seskaligus sumber hukum nasional mempunyai konsep yang genuine tentang kewarganegaraan. Apakah konsep kewarganegaraan dalam Islam tersebut masih relevan dengan konsep kewarganegaraan di Indonesia yang sudah menganut hukum modern. Di titik inilah artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis secara mendalam terkait perbedaan status kewarganegaraan dalam persepktif hukum Islam dan hukum positif Indonesia. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam tulisan artikel ini adalah metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual approach dan statuta approach. Hasil dalam studi artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa status kewarganegaraan dalam Islam dibagi menjadi empat, yaitu muslim, dzimmi, harbiy, dan musta’min. keempat klasifikasi kewarganegaraan tersebut didasarkan pada status agama dan politik. Sementara dalam perspektif UU Nomor 12 tahun 2006 tentang Kewarganegaraan klasifikasi kewarganegaraannya hanya dibedakan pada dua istilah, yaitu warga keturunan asli Indonesia dan warga keturunan asing.
Gadai Sawah Tradisional dan Ketentuannya dalam Hukum Positif Menurut Ulama NU Banyuwangi
Authors: Rimba Salsabila Mutiara , Yasin Noer 
Published: April 2023

The people of Benculuk Village, Banyuwangi, have a tradition of pawning rice fields with the condition that the rice fields are used by the pawn recipient (the creditor). Utilization of the collateral continues without a time limit. Even though the provisions regarding the use of mortgaged agricultural land have been regulated in positive law, the community ignores them. The article aims to find out how the positive law regarding pawning rice fields applies and find out what the NU ulema think about pawning practices in the Benculuk Village community. The study was carried out using a qualitative approach with data collection methods in the form of interviews and documentation. The study found that the provisions for pawning rice fields are regulated in Article 7 No. 56/PRP/Tahun 1960, which determines the maximum time limit for the use of pawned rice fields is seven years. The study also found that from the perspective of NU Ulema, the practice of pawning in the area is not following Islamic law. on the other hand, they also agree with the law regarding the limits on the use of mortgaged rice fields. This regulation is expected to reduce tyranny in existing pawning practices.

Masyarakat Desa Benculuk, Banyuwangi mempunyai tradisi menggdaikan sawah dengan ketentuan bahwa sawah itu dimanfaatkan dan diambil hasilnya oleh penerima gadai (kreditur). Pemanfaatan jaminan itu berlangsung tanpa batasan waktu, selama debitur belum mampu membayar pinjamanya maka lahan pertanoian akan terus dimanfaatkan kreditur. Walaupun ketentuan tentang pemanfaatan lahan pertanian yang digadaikan telah diatur dalam hukum positif namun, masyarakat tidak menghirauakanya. Artikel bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana ketentuan hukum positif tentang gadai sawah yang berlaku dan juga untuk mengetahui bagaimana pendapat ulama NU tentang praktik gadai dalam masyarakat Desa Benculuk dan ketentuan hukum positif mengenai gadai lahan pertanian. Kajiaan dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode pengumpulan data berupa wawancara dan dokumentasi. Kajian menemukan bahwa ketentuan gadai sawah diatur dalam Pasal 7 No 56/PRP/Tahun 1960, yang menentukan batas waktu maksimal pemanfaatan sawah yang digadai adalah selama tujuh tahun. Kajian juga menemukan bahwa dalam perspektif Ulama NU praktig gadai di daerah tersebut tidak sesuai dengan hukum Islam. di sisi lain mereka juga setuju dengan peraturan Undang-Undang mengenai batas pemanfaatan sawah yang digadaikan. Peraturan tersebut diharapkan dapat mengurangi kedzaliman didalam praktik gadai yang ada.
CHINA PAKSTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR, REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEPENDENCY; IMPLICATION FOR REGIONAL PEACE AND STABILITY
Authors: Rasool Sajjad , Ahmad Waqar 
Published: April 2023

The politics of the area have long been dominated by realist, nationalistic, weapons race, and security-focused South Asian politics, with limited room for liberalism and solutions to regional and domestic problems. However, because of its economic dependence and multilateralism, CPEC, as a component of BRI, provides a pathway for modernisation in the region. The growth and extension of CPEC may result in economic expansion, regional development, peace, and prosperity. Many people think that CPEC would just benefit Pakistan and China, but in reality, it will have a significant influence on the social, political, and economic landscapes of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East. Openness and inclusivity are necessary for CPEC to be a source of peace, prosperity, and a tool for conflict resolution.
It is up against a lot of obstacles and adversaries. Nevertheless, it has the ability to accomplish its goals and build a stable, integrated community in the area. Instead of just countries, regions will reap its advantages. Economic interdependence, free commerce, mutual reconciliation, and cooperation will lead to peace and stability.
As a result, it is anticipated that as the CPEC project continues to succeed in connecting Central Asia, a new era of regional peace and stability would usher in an improved climate for cooperation and conflict resolution.
فئات الأفعال في لغة الطفل العربية: الآثار المترتبة على اكتساب اللغة الأولى
Authors: غلاب د/عبدالملك 
Published: April 2023

تهدف الدراسة إلى دراسة بنية الفعل في لغة الطفل من خلال تتبع الإنتاج الصرفي للفعل في مرحلة اكتساب اللغة عند الطفل الناطق باللغة العربية، و معرفة الصيغ الصرفية للفعل المستخدمة في لغة الطفل ومدى إمكانية تفسير نتائج البحث في إطار النظريات الحديثة لاكتساب اللغة الأولى. وتشير نتائج الدراسة إلى أن الأطفال الناطقين باللغة العربية يتمتعون بنمو مبكر لقدراتهم اللغوية في الإنتاج الصرفي للفعل بصيغه المختلفة بسبب الخصائص اللغوية لبنية الكلمة في لغتهم الأم.
البنية العاملية في رواية ظلمة يائيل للغربي عمران
Authors: غالب حفيظة 
Published: April 2023

تعتمد الدراسة منهجًا سيميائيًا سرديًا ، يتخذ لنفسه مسارًا تحليليًا ينطلق من المستوى السردي إلى المستوى الخطابي ، وتحدد هدفها في الوصول إلى البنية العاملية التي تكشف عن المعنى الأولي للنص كما يقدمه شكل المحتوى، فتركز على البنية السطحية بمركبتيها:
أ- السردية : وتتكون من (البرنامج السردي ، والخطاطة السردية) ، حيث يتشكل البرنامج السردي العام للنص (مجال الدراسة) عبر خطين: الأول خط رئيس: وتجري حركة نموه في الداخل النفسي والذهني للذات العاملة، والثاني خط مكمل تجري حركته على مستوى معطيات العالم المنظور، ويتم تبادل المواقع بين الخطين ، وهو تبادل تبرره حال التحول التي حدثت للعامل الذات خلال فترة وجوده في ظلمة الله .
ب- الخطابية : وتهتم بــ:
- الممثلين والعوامل : حيث تم استخراج الأدوار العاملية للممثلين وتحديد النموذج العاملي وفقًا لشبكة العلاقات الثنائية الرابطة بين العوامل السته.
- بنيتي التفضية والتزمين ، فتتوزع الفضاءات والأزمنة خلال النص مجال الدراسة على النحو الآتي :
1- الفضاء - الزمان المنبع / منزل الأم يائيل.
2- الفضاء – الزمان الوسيط / فضاءات وأزمنة الفعل الإنجازي.
3- الفضاء – الزمان الهدف / الفضاء والزمان الذي تحصل فيه الذات أو تفشل في الحصول على موضوع القيمة .
تأمين البيانات باستخدام تقنية الـ PGP
Authors: شعفل الباحث/علي , أبو دابي الباحث/عمر , أبو يوسف د/مها 
Published: April 2023

يُعد هذا البحث محاولة متواضعة لإثراء تشفير البيانات وتأمينها باستخدام تقنية الـ (PGP)، وقد استخدم الباحثون في الجانب العملي لغة برمجة (Java Netbeans) فهي شائعة الاستخدام لما تتمتع به من خصائص جميلة وأكثر سهولة بما فيها إنشاء الواجهات، وتم الدمج بين مجموعة خوارزميات في خوارزمية واحدة لزيادة تعقيد فهم البيانات المشفرة وحماية البيانات وزيادة تعقيد التشفير بحيث يصمد النظام أمام المعتدين الخارجيين والسيطرة على المفتاح وحمايته وكذا إدارته بطرق غاية في الدقة والأمان، وقد توصل البحث إلى النتائج التالية:
- تحقيق ثلاثة من أهداف التشفير ومتطلباته، هي:
* الوثوقية باستخدام خوارزمية تشفير متناظر من خلال (DES، TripleDES، AES، Blowfish).
* التكاملية باستخدام خوارزمية MD5.
* اثبات الشخصية وعدم الإنكار باستخدام خوارزمية المفتاح العام RSA.
- لم يتوفق الباحثون في استخدام خوارزميه لضغط النص.
Impact of Service Specifications and Personal and Social Factors of Customer on Loyalty to the Brand of hotels services: A Field Study on Users of Hotel Services in Five Start Hotels in Riyadh City
Authors: AL-Hazmi Dr\Nabil 
Published: April 2023

This study aimed to know the impact of service specifications and personal as well as social factors of customer on loyalty to the trade mark for the customers of hotel services in “Five Star Hotels” located in Riyadh City as 1100 questionnaire were distributed to the study sample. The study concluded several results, the most important of which is: there is correlation between personal and social factors of customers of hotel services in “Five Star Hotels” in Riyadh City. The study presented a number of recommendations related to the quality Marketing Mix and the kind of information which offer to the customers through their promotional campaign and what they are providing actually and that is in order to make sure the level of quality of hotel service on one hand and customer’s satisfaction from the hotel product on the other hand. Thus, the mental image about the Saudi tourism product will be improved which will help to achieve maximum degree of tourism attraction and tourism development – in the sense of activating the monitoring systems.
Implementation of surgical safety checklist in Mukalla hospitals; Yemen
Authors: Bin Dahman Dr/Maha , Banafa Prof.Dr.Nawal , Aram Prof\Fahmi 
Published: April 2023

Background: The use of WHO surgical safety checklist results in striking improvements in surgical outcomes and decreases effectively the adverse events; accordingly, it necessitates rapid adoption worldwide. We are going to assess the extent of application of such checklist in our surgical setting.
Methods: we surveyed all six hospitals in Mukalla city in three months period (aug- oct 2016), Observations and interviews were conducted using already prepared forms. The data was analyzed by SPSS version 20.
Results: Atotal of six hospitals performed 110 procedures during the three months period. The private hospitals implementing the WHO surgical safety checklist more than government hospitals 87.10 % vs 79.39%. (Sign out) part of the checklist was the most applied 86.75% followed by (sign in) and (Time out) 86.37%, 81.08% respectively. The overall application of the standards of the checklist in Mukalla hospitals was 81.77%.
Conclusion: The surgical safety checklist of WHO was partially applied in our hospitals. The checklist is a simple tool, which can downloaded freely from the WHO. Adaptation of the checklist to suit local conditions is encouraged.
Knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) about Hepatitis B and C among students of Hadhramout University, Al-Mukalla City, Yemen
Authors: Almualm Dr/Yahya , Banafa Prof.Dr/ Nawal , Al-Hanshi Prof.Dr/Abdulla 
Published: April 2023

Background and Objective: hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) are blood-borne infectious diseases. They are one of the most common causes of end-stage liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The research, including nursing and medical laboratory students, is at a high risk of acquiring this infection. Aim of this study: to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of the nursing and medical laboratory students about viral hepatitis B and C in Hadhramout University, Mukalla city, Yemen. Setting: the carried out in Mukalla city –Yemen. Design: survey research (cross sectional) design. Sample: Based on a stratified random sample of the academic levels 272 students was selected. Materials and Methods: The sample of the study consisted of 272 (males and females) students in Hadhramout University. Parts of the study: data collected by using three tools: tool (a): student's knowledge regarding hepatitis (b): knowledge about attitude toward hepatitis disease. Tool (c): knowledge about practice of hepatitis. Results: regarding age groups of the study participants it found that the mean of participant's age (53.23 ± 8.35). Majority of participants had poor knowledge and practice about hepatitis B and C and its management. Also, the vast majority had negative attitude toward hepatitis. conclusion: this study found that participants had poor knowledge, attitude and practice toward hepatitis B and C. Recommendations: Continuous and repeated health education guide on hepatitis B and C. frequent workshops and seminars should be organized in order to provide up-to-date knowledge about HBV and HCV infection and means of prevention among Hadhramout university students.
التلوث الداخلي في مديرية عنس بمحافظة ذمار في اليمن: دراسة في جغرافية البيئة
Authors: مدهش د/محمد 
Published: April 2023

تتعرض البيئة الداخلية في اليمن لكثير من الملوثات تؤدي إلى إصابة السكان بالعديد من الأمراض، خاصة كبار وصغار السن ومن يتعاملون مع هذه الملوثات، وذلك بسبب جهل السكان بخطورة هذه الملوثات، وتعد مديرية عنس واحدة من أهم المناطق اليمنية التي تتعرض لهذه الملوثات بسبب:(الطهي بواسطة الحطب أو روث الحيوانات ما يسمى "الضمج" - الاختلاط مع الحيوانات في مسكن واحد- استخدام المواد الكيماوية دون علم ودراية للمنتجات الزراعية- ازدحام السكان في مكان مغلق لتعاطي القات والتدخين- استخدام التقنيات الحديثة وغيرها)، أدت إلى إصابة السكان بالعديد من الأمراض، وتمثلت مشكلة الدراسة في التساؤلات التالية: ما أهم الملوثات الداخلية في منطقة الدراسة؟ ماهي الآثار الناجمة عن هذه الملوثات؟ وما هي الحلول المناسبة لهذه الملوثات؟
وقد هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على أهم الملوثات التي يتعرض لها سكان منطقة الدراسة، والآثار الناجمة عن هذه الملوثات، ووضع الحلول المناسبة لها، واعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي والمنهج التحليلي والمنهج البيئي، كما اعتمدت الدراسة على الملاحظة والمقابلات الشخصية وغيرها، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من التوصيات أهمها، الاعتماد على مصادر الطاقة النظيفة في طهي الطعام، والابتعاد عن الأماكن المزدحمة والاهتمام بتوعية المواطنين بمخاطر التلوث بالمبيدات، وخطورة التلوث الكهرومغناطيسي، والاهتمام بتهوية الأماكن المغلقة والمطابخ وغيرها.
كيفية توريث الجد مع الإخوة في الفقه الإسلامي والقانون اليمني: دراسة مقارنة
Authors: الشرعبي د/عبدالسلام 
Published: April 2023

تناول هذا البحث مسألة مهمة في حياة الناس؛ لأنها تتعلق بالمال الذي جبل الإنسان على حبه، والمسألة هي "كيفية توريث الجد مع الإخوة عند من يقول باشتراكهم جميعًا في الإرث"، وبعد البحث تبين للباحث أن أهم هذه الكيفيات ثلاث هي: طريقة علي بن أبي طالب، وطريقة زيد بن ثابت، وطريقة عبد الله بن مسعود - رضي الله عنهم جميعًا- وأن الطريقة الراجحة والمختارة منها هي: طريقة علي بن أبي طالب، علما أن القانون اليمني قد أخذ بهذه الطريقة إلا مسألة واحدة فقط خرج عنها، وخلاصة هذه الطريقة تنص على: مقاسمة الجد للإخوة مالم تنقصه المقاسمة عن سدس المال، فإن نقص عنه فرض له السدس، وأن الجد لا يقاسم الأخوات المنفردات عن المعصب وإنما يفرض لهن فرضًا، والباقي للجد.
Job satisfaction among Yemeni Nurses working in Mukalla Governmental and private Hospitals
Authors: Almualm Dr\Yahya , Banafa Prof.Dr\Nawal , Al-Hanshi Prof.Dr\Abdulla , Ba-Abbad Dr \ Muneer 
Published: April 2023

Background: The current nursing shortage is recently a concern in many countries due to its higher impact upon the efficiency and effectiveness of any healthcare delivery system. Recruitment and retention of nurses are persistent problems associated with job satisfaction. For this reason, the nurse's job satisfaction in governmental and private hospitals for mukalla city-Yemen as a case study was conducted. Aim of this Study: The purpose of this research was to measure nurses' job satisfaction in Mukalla city in a governmental and private hospitals. Setting: The study carried out in Mukalla city -Yemen. Materials and Methods: This study was applied on 315 (males and females) nurses working in Mukalla Governmental and private Hospitals. Tools: The main three tools selected to collect all data consist of Personal data of participants, nurse's satisfaction factors. Design: Survey research (cross sectional) design. Sample: Based on a simple random sample 315 nurses was selected. Results: The result of this study showed that a high percentage of nurses in private hospitals were satisfied while in governmental hospitals were dissatisfied with their jobs. The higher significantly satisfaction was obtained for nurses work in Private Hospital compared with the Governmental hospitals. These results attributed to some reasons such as the nurses satisfaction with supervision, co-workers and nature of works. Conclusion: There was a higher significantly satisfaction for nurses work in Private Hospital compared with the Governmental hospitals.