bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving the Efficiency of the Furnace Process of Low-Temperature Low-Capacity Furnaces
Authors: Abdulin Mykhailo , Bietin Yurii 
Published: August 2023

A review of studies of furnace processes in industrial furnaces has shown that there is a sufficient number of studies for high-temperature and medium-temperature furnaces. However, there is an insufficient understanding of furnace processes in low-temperature low-power furnaces. One of the most important factors in the working process of low-temperature ovens, in contrast to high-temperature and medium-temperature ovens, is a significantly lower level of temperature inhomogeneity. For example, in heating ovens in the machine-building industry, the temperature inhomogeneity is 30 °С…50 °C, while in baking ovens, temperature fluctuations of 5 °C…10 °C are permissible.The aim of this article is to analyze the efficiency of the organization of combustion processes in industrial baking ovens operating on natural gas, which are organized by two different combustion technologies: in a cupcake baking oven, the combustion process is organized using a vortex-type burner device operating in a pulse mode; in a wafer sheet baking oven, microflame gas combustion technology is implemented. Some disadvantages of using the above-mentioned technologies for the studied furnaces have been identified and ways to eliminate them by organizing furnace processes in these furnaces using jet-niche gas combustion technology have been proposed. Namely, the modernization of these furnaces with the replacement of standard burners with burners that implement the principles of jet-niche technology.
PENGEMBANGAN KOMIK BAHASA INDONESIA (KOMINDO) UNTUKMENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN LITERASI SISWA KELAS IV SDI AINUR RAHMAH PROBOLINGGO
Authors: Muhimma Yatun Nisa'ul Ulya  , Didit Yulian Kasdriyanto  , Faridahtul Jannah  
Published: August 2023

This study aims to develop Indonesian Language Comics (KOMINDO) media for Improving Students' Literacy abilities, as assessed through validation by experts and assessment through student response questionnaires. The type of research used is the Research and Development (R&D) ADDIE development model (Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The research was carried out at SDI Ainur Rahmah in class IV A as the experimental class and class IV B as the control class. The instruments used in this study were interviews, material expert validation questionnaires, media experts, and literacy skills tests. The results of this research and development indicate that Indonesian comics are categorized as very feasible through validation by material experts, who obtained a score of 68, and media experts, who obtained a score of 71 with revisions according to suggestions, while the results of the literacy test show an increase of 21% in the control class and the experimental class. It can be concluded that Indonesian comics to improve students' literacy skills are stated to be very suitable for use in the learning process in class.

Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan media Komik Bahasa Indonesia (KOMINDO) dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Literasi Siswa dinilai melalui validasi oleh para ahli dan penilaian melalui angket respon siswa. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan yaitu Research and Development (R&D) model pengembangan ADDIE (Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). Penelitian dilaksanakan di SDI Ainur Rahmah pada kelas IV A sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas IV B kelas Kontrol. Instrumen yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu wawancara, angket validasi ahli materi, dan ahli media serta tes kemampuan literasi. Hasil penelitian dan pengembangan ini menunjukkan bahwa komik bahasa Indonesia dikategorikan sangat layak melalui validasi oleh ahli materi memperoleh skor 68 dan ahli media memperoleh skor 71 dengan revisi sesuai saran, sedangkan hasil tes kemampuan literasi terjadi peningkatan 21% pada kelas kontrol dan kelas eksperimen. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa komik bahasa Indonesia untuk meningkatkan kemampuan literasi siswa dinyatakan sangat layak digunakan pada proses pembelajaran di kelas.
Analysis of Electrical Machines’ State by Measuring the Interturn Resistance in Its Windings
Authors: Isaev A. V. , Suchodolov U. V. , Lyubinsky K. A. , Golubovich A. I. 
Published: August 2023

Diagnostic methods applied in the industry do not allow to control the state of electrical machines windings in working condition and to fix the defect formation in them at the early stages of development. The aim of the work was to develop a method and construct a device that allows measuring interturn resistances in the electrical machines’ windings without the need to remove it from the technological process, and thereby assess its current and future performance.A block diagram of a device for measuring of interturn resistances in the electrical machines’ windings has been developed, a method has been described, and an algorithm for carrying out diagnostic procedures has been developed. Also, as a result of the study, mathematical dependencies were determined that characterize the main operations performed by the device and a mathematical model was developed for obtaining of the interturn resistance value in the diagnosed windings from the value of the measured phase difference for the AIR63V4U3 asynchronous motor.The developed method and a device based on it allow measuring interturn resistances in the electrical machines’ windings without the need to remove it from the technological process and fix the beginning of defect formation, and, thereby, evaluate its current and future performance in real time.
Optimization of the Parameters of the Magnetizing Device of the Electromagnetic-Acoustic Transducer
Authors: Strizhak V. A. , Pryakhin A. V. 
Published: August 2023

Contactless electromagnetic-acoustic transducers have a set of significant advantages over contact transducers, but at the same time they have significant disadvantages that require the development of effective magnetizing devices. Compared to magnetizing devices that are using permanent magnets, electric current magnetization devices are easily removed from the object of testing and cleaned from contamination by metal particles. Unfortunately, such transducers have significant dimensions and weight.A transducer containing a magnetic circuit magnetized by an electric current coil and two independent electromagnetic inductors located in the gap between the central part of the magnetic circuit and the object of testing has been developed. Inductors are two flat coils, each of them has form like a butterfly. The inductor conductors located in the working area have mutually perpendicular directions; they allow exciting and receiving the transversely polarized acoustic waves without rearranging the transducer. In order to reduce the overall dimensions and mass of the transducer, the mass and dimensional parameters of the magnetizing device were optimized for operating conditions when the magnetization of the object of testing and measurement are performed during the active measurement phase. During the passive measurement phase, which is three times longer than the active phase in time, the magnetizing device cools down. The cyclic mode with alternating active and passive phases made it possible to reduce the weight of the transducer by more than 3 times. In the working area of the transducer with a size of 15×15 mm, with a gap of 1 mm between the magnetic field concentrator and the object of testing, a field with a normal component of 2.4 T is created. The transducer has protection of the magnetization device from overheating, and the cyclic mode of operation allows for continuous performance of up to 30 measurements per minute at an ambient temperature of 20 °C.The developed magnetizing device can be used in solving a number of problems of structuroscopy, thickness measurement, flaw detection by electromagnetic-acoustic methods based on accurate measurement of the propagation time of elastic waves in the object of testing.
The Use of Fresnel Lenses in LED Sources of Local Illumination to Оptimize the Distribution of Illumination of the Working Plane
Authors: Bogdan P. S. , Zaytseva E. G. , Kovalenok I. A. , Tarasenko T. D. , Duboysky E. V. 
Published: August 2023

For widely used LED sources there is a sharp decrease in the illumination of the working plane from the center to the edge. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of Fresnel lenses usage as a fairly simple and technological element to increase the uniformity of illumination created by LED lamps of local lighting.A method has been developed for calculating of the distribution of illumination created by the combination of “LED matrix – Fresnel lens” when the distance between the lens and the matrix is less than the focal length of the lens. Comparison of the calculation results and experiments for the case when the lens is located at a distance of 50 cm from the working plane indicates the correctness of the developed calculation method. This made it possible to use this technique to solve the problem of improved uniformity of illumination distribution in the working plane of local lighting LED sources.It was found that the change in the distance between the matrix and the lens in the range of 0.5–1.5 cm affects the maximum illumination and its uniformity to a lesser extent than the change in focal lengths in the range of 10–100 cm. Analytical dependences of the uniformity of the working surface illumination as a function of the Fresnel lens focal length and its distance to the LED matrix were obtained for three cases. In the first case one lens is used for the entire matrix while the axes of symmetry of the light intensity curves of LEDs are parallel to the axis of the lens. In the second case one lens is also used for the entire matrix, but the continuations of the axes of symmetry of the light intensity curves pass through the front focus of the lens. In the third one an individual Fresnel lens is used for each LED. It is established that for all three cases dependencies have almost the same character. Therefore, the choice of using one of these three options may be due to manufacturability, cost-effectiveness, thermal stability, and other considerations.Calculations using the above-mentioned analytical dependences made it possible to determine values of the parameters of the “LED matrix – Fresnel lens” system at which the indicators of illumination and uniformity meet the standards’ requirements.
Technological Features of Selection of Parameter Values of Arc Welding Mode in Shielding Gas Mixture Ar + CO<sub>2</sub>
Authors: Karatseyeu A. A. , Shukan M. M. , Fiatsisava K. A. , Karatseyeva A. A. 
Published: August 2023

Gas-shielded arc welding today occupies a leading position among the methods for producing permanent joints in industrial conditions. The emergence of new materials with complex alloying and hardening systems makes carbon dioxide, traditionally used as a protective medium, inefficient for use. One of the effective ways to solve these problems is to change the composition of the protective gas atmosphere, which allows you to significantly change the physical and metallurgical processes of melting the electrode wire and the forming the weld. At the same time, the transition to the use of protective gas mixtures based on argon is usually carried out without understanding the essence of the technology and possible problems associated with the specifics of penetration of the base metal, which can cause a number of serious problems. The present paper describes important regularities between technological characteristics of arc welding in a shielding gas mixture Ar + CO2 and welding mode parameters under conditions of deviation of their values from the most effective ones in order to ensure the stability of the processes of electrode metal transfer and the formation of the deposited weld metal bead. On the basis of experimental data, the most probable causes of the appearance of a dangerous and difficult-to-detect defect in the formation of a welded seam in the form of non-fusion between individual beads of the deposited metal and along the fusion line with the base metal of the welded parts have been established. The defect is common and can cause unpredictable failure of the welded joint without visible plastic deformation. Empirical dependences for determining values of the main parameters of the welding mode are proposed as well. Important regularities have been established that make it possible to increase the efficiency of arc welding technology in the environment of protective gas mixtures in the conditions of domestic production.
Study of the Influence of the Composition of Hydrophobic Preventive “Protect-01” on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Concrete Pavement Materials
Authors: Petrusevich V. V. 
Published: August 2023

During operation, the asphalt concrete pavement is subjected to various destructive influences associated with external natural, climatic and operational factors, which can cause its premature failure. Over the past 10 years, there has been a significant increase in the fleet of vehicles in the Republic of Belarus, and, consequently, the intensity of traffic on the roads with a proportional increase in wear and destruction of their coatings. This situation is exacerbated by extended turnaround times for a number of transport facilities. The need to protect asphalt concrete pavements from the effects of external aggressive environments determines the search for new technological solutions in the creation of necessary materials, the range of which is quite wide. Existing protective compositions differ both in purpose and in the content of components. Modern research in the field of protective treatments for asphalt concrete pavements of highways, as well as technological processes used in road organizations, can effectively extend their service life. At the same time, the current research work, proven technological processes, as well as the well-known works of scientists in this field offer an insufficient number of sound technical and design solutions that allow for direct preventive protection of pavements and use for this purpose available, including secondary, materials. For more effective protection of pavements from the complex effects of water and traffic loads in the autumn-winter and spring-winter period, it is necessary to develop and implement alternative technologies, one of which is the treatment of road surfaces with the Protect-01 hydrophobic prophylactic composition. The paper presents the results of studies of the effect of treatment with the Protect-01 hydrophobic preventive composition on water saturation (decrease by 30–40 %,) frost resistance (increase by 10–12 %) and residual porosity (decrease by 12–25 %) of cores from asphalt concrete mixtures, as well as its optimal formulations.
Method to Define Whether the Road Network is Sufficient for the Region
Authors: Pegin P. A. , Kapski D. V. , Ilyin A. A. , Runev E. V. 
Published: August 2023

An assessment of the state of the region’s core road network is necessary to determine the level of transport accessibility and mobility of the population in a particular area. The core road network is the roads along which goods and passengers are transported by personal, public and commercial vehicles. Currently, the assessment of the road network is carried out using geographical, economic, mathematical and general technical parameters. The disadvantage of these assessment methods is the lack of a comprehensive analysis of both the level of development of the core road network and the transport accessibility of the region. The authors propose a method of additive multicriteria modeling using weight coefficients. The parameters have been considered and weight coefficients have been selected, which significantly affect the reliability of determining the sufficiency of the road network. The analysis of individual criteria for the quality of the transport network has been carried out. Based on the use of statistical parameters, the values of the weight coefficients of the additive model have been determined. The proposed method using an additive multi-criteria model is reliable and universal, which makes it possible to comprehensively evaluate the core network of roads in conjunction with other means of communication (railway, air and water transport). In addition, the method can become part of the methodology for substantiating the inclusion of the designed roads in core network of the region.
Principles for Implementation of Digital Power Direction Control in Microprocessor Current Protections
Authors: Romaniuk F. A. , Rumiantsev V. Yu. , Rumiantsev Yu. V. , Dziaruhina A. A. , Klimkovich P. I. 
Published: August 2023

In the existing microprocessor-based directional current protection lines from phase-to-phase short circuits, digital power direction elements are used, which, as a rule, are switched on at full currents and voltage according to the so-called 90-degree pattern. With this switching scheme, a “dead” zone appears only in case of three-phase short circuits close to the protection installation site, which make up a small fraction of all possible types of such damage. Nevertheless, its presence is a significant drawback of the power direction organs. The principles of organ execution based on digital operations with orthogonal components of input voltages and currents have been considered. The result of the functioning of the power direction body is reduced to the development of an information sign equal to: one – with the direct direction of power; minus one – when it is in the opposite direction. To eliminate the “dead” zone, the work of the organ is organized using the voltage “memory”. In order to obtain the required duration of the “memory”, frequency compensation is implemented. The study of the effectiveness of the decisions made, as well as the behavior of the power direction control in normal and emergency modes, has been carried out by the method of a computational experiment. In the MATLAB-Simulink-SimPowerSystems dynamic simulation system, models of the electrical system and a digital power direction control have been developed. The results of the research have shown that the joint use of the existing and proposed principles for the implementation of a digital power direction control ensures an increase in its technical perfection and eliminates the “dead” zone while maintaining its stable operation for an arbitrarily long period of time.
Modeling Processes of Emergence and Growth of Fractal Structures and Chamber Defects of Thermal Power Units. Part 2
Authors: Ryzhova T. V. , Bukharov D. N. , Arakelyan S. M. 
Published: August 2023

The paper describes further development of model studies with the purpose to draw analogies of the occurrence of possible inhomogeneities and defects of the fractal type on the surface of various objects under the action of laser radiation for different conditions and schemes of a laser simulation experiment in comparison with real processes in the chambers of thermal machines due to the contacts of the working substances with their surface. The subject of this consideration is related to the fact that in laser schemes one can relatively easily and in a controlled manner to study their topology in various modifications (in the range of 0D–3D structures formed on surfaces of various geometric shapes of the fractal type). This provides great opportunities for studying various frequently occurring undesirable random defects and inhomogeneities of complex configuration with the development of unexpected processes in the dynamic modes of operation of various types of power units in their actual operation. This is determined by geometric analysis within the framework of the correspondding non-linear models with different non-linear fractal images. In this aspect, we have used two models to consider the development of emerging fractal fractured structures: first, diffusion propagation/growth of cracks of different geometry with a set of local segments and fragments in different directions; secondly, with diffusely limited aggregation of their distribution (Diffusion-Limited Aggregation – DLA) using the formalism of cellular automata in percolation approximation for different algorithms for the formation of fractal structures. We present only the final results of calculations without details of their procedure, which is sufficient for a visual and qualitative determination of the process of growth of fracturing and defects. In this case, the final goal of consideration is to study the emergence of possible and controllable local areas / collectors, starting from surface structures, and their association with real objects on the surface of chambers with a working substance in power systems. The possible practical significance of such modeling and analysis is discussed to forecast their working conditions.
Revisiting mandibular symphyseal shape in juvenile early hominins and modern humans using a deformation-based approach
Authors: Zimmer Veronika , Oettlé Anna , Hoffmann Jakobus , Thackeray John Francis , Zipfel Bernhard , Braga José 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The juvenile mandible is important in the investigation of ontogenetic and evolutionary changes among early hominins. We revisit the mandibular symphysis in juvenile specimens of Australopithecus africanus and Paranthropus robustus with two main contributions. First, we employ, for the first time, methods of computational anatomy to model complex symphyseal shape differences. Second, we present new fossil evidence from Kromdraai to improve our knowledge of symphyseal morphology. We describe differences between shapes by landmark-free diffeomorphism needed to align them. We assess which features of the mandibular symphysis best discriminate the juvenile symphysis in these fossil species, relative to the intraspecific variation observed among modern humans. Our approach eliminates potential methodological inconsistencies with traditional approaches (i.e., the need for homologous anatomical landmarks, assumption of linearity). By enabling detailed comparisons of complex shapes in juvenile mandibles, our proposed approach offers new perspectives for more detailed comparisons among Australopithecus, Paranthropus and early Homo.
Solvent polarity induces significant bathochromic shift on (4Z,4'Z)-4,4'- (((phenylazanediyl) bis (4,1-phenylene)) bis (methaneylylidene)) bis (2- phenyloxazol-5(4H)-one)
Authors: Gowri Maheswar Reddy , Ranganathan Madhav , Ramanathan Gurunath 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
A new environment-sensitive fluorescent probe (4Z, 4ʹZ)-4, 4ʹ-(((phenylazanediyl) bis (4, 1-phenylene)) bis (methanylylidene)) bis (2-phenyloxazol-5(4H)-one) (PPMP) is reported. PPMP emits light in the 508 to 644 nm region, making it a workable fluorescent probe. The molecule exhibits a substantial bathochromic shift with changing solvent polarity. The results are analyzed in terms of Onsager's reaction field theory. Bilot–Kawski, Lippert–Mataga, Bakhshiev, and Reichardt correlations are used to estimate the ground and excited state dipole moments. The results show that the predicted dipole moment of the excited state is significantly greater than that of the ground state. Gas phase quantum mechanical calculations based on density functional theory support the experimental results. This remarkable stability in a polar solvent, of the excited state, compared to the ground state, causes a significant bathochromic shift.