bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Wilson Andrew 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Introduction sets out the case for seeing Roman religion as an important factor in shaping economic mentalities and actions, but one that scholarship has largely ignored until now. It traces the reasons for this apparent neglect (in contrast to scholarship on the ancient Greek economy, or on the Christian world late antiquity), and points out studies that have begun to explore individual facets of the relationship between religion and the economic sphere. It then sketches a series of themes that it is important to explore: how was religion funded? Where did temple revenues come from and how were they spent? What functions did they serve as economic actors (landowners, banks, civic benefactors)? How did the economics of priesthoods work—were they financially profitable for their holders, or a drain on their resources? To what extent did religion serve to guarantee transactions, promoting trust and lowering transaction costs? A summary of the chapters in the book serves to tie these questions to particular chapters, before setting out some further questions as a possible research agenda for the future.
What Did Religion Cost in Ancient Rome?
Authors: Rüpke Jörg 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Scholarship on the ancient world has paid little attention to problems of financing religion. The relationship between money and religion has been discussed mainly in the light of two theses that are increasingly seen as discredited: firstly, Max Weber’s thesis that the western capitalist economy is an offspring of protestantism; and secondly the idea that the state is an offspring of the centralizing redistributive function of Mesopotamian temple economies. However, these approaches lack, respectively, (1) detailed analysis of the social and economic history, and (2) consideration of how much money (or goods) religions owned, how they raised the money, and how they were forced to spend it. Ritual is expensive. Where do the resources come from? Is there anything like an intra-religious economy, religious cattle, or quarries? Does an accumulation of capital in the form of land or valuable dedications exist? Will costs be borne by users, participants, or members? Are there cheap and expensive religions? These are not the kinds of question that define the self-image of a religion, but the answers do shape the appearance of religion. The degree of financial autonomy, the possibility to use one’s own funds, the dependency on short-term surplus or on the wealth of others could define the relationship to individuals, groups in society, and institutions of the state, and qualify these relationships in a manner not visible in the standard sources of the history of religion. This chapter explores how much religion cost in ancient Rome and the factors and preferences that shaped religious spending.
Moneychangers in the Temple? Coins and Religion in the Roman World
Authors: Wigg-Wolf David 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The inherent connection between money and religion in the ancient world is perhaps nowhere better expressed than in the story of Jesus overturning the moneychangers’ tables in the Temple. From the outset, coinage and religion were close companions. One might also note the derivation of the words money / monnaie / Münze etc. from Iuno Moneta, whose temple was originally the site of the Roman mint. This chapter considers several aspects of this intricate relationship, exploring how the relationship between coins and religion developed and changed from the Republic until the Late Empire. Three themes are highlighted: the role of religious content and iconography on coinage, the role of temples as financial institutions, and the use of coins in ritual practices. While the focus is on the Roman world, new work on Late Iron Age and Early Migration Northwest Europe that is blurring the lines between the concepts of permanence and temporality of ritual deposits is also presented, and implications for the Roman period discussed. This investigation highlights differences between the Eastern and Western Empire that can be traced back to pre-Roman practices and traditions.
Cult Economy in the Eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire
Authors: Horster Marietta 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Roman colonists and Roman legionaries took an active part in the spread of Roman cult outside Italy. Both intermediaries did not play a major role in Imperial Greece and Asia Minor. Rather, Greek cities and eastern provinces invested into the new cults of Roma and the senate, of Roma and Augustus and later the Imperial cult. It is often presumed that these new cults rivalled the traditional (civic) cults and that by consequence these politically motivated choices created a redirection of resources spend for cult and ritual in Greek cities. This chapter investigates the impact of Roman rule on cult economy in the Eastern provinces in the imperial period. Two aspects of cult economy will be looked at: firstly, the economic conditions and basis of the various cults in a city (the income of leases of landed or other property of the deities, fees of worshippers, priestly obligations and benefactions, other civic funds); and secondly, the quality (wealth) and quantity of the demographic basis of those attested as having invested in and contributed to a cult. Both aspects are addressed with a focus on well documented cities like Athens, Miletus, Ephesus and a few other cities in Greece and Asia Minor.
Animals in Roman Religion
Authors: MacKinnon Michael 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Much has been written about the role of animals in Greco-Roman religion. Arguments surrounding the symbolism inherent in animal sacrifice and the social and political functions these actions served, as well as debates about the secular/sacred nature of meat consumption in antiquity dominate the bulk of this scholarship. Less attention, however, has been placed upon the seemingly practical and economic side to animal sacrifice and ritual. What types of animals were used, and how did this vary among public and private ritual ventures? What costs were involved in maintaining, selecting, acquiring, transporting, processing, and ultimately sacrificing animal victims? Who bore these expenses, and how might these be negotiated among different individuals or networks? How did such costs balance, or otherwise compare, with the ‘benefits’ (be these, tangible/intangible; social/spiritual) that accrued from animal sacrifice? This chapter explores these components through an integrated assessment of ancient textual, iconographical, and zooarchaeological evidence for animal sacrifice in Roman antiquity, with particular focus upon the Mediterranean context. Data reveal relatively cost-effective decisions often underscored the choice of animal sacrificed or dictated the actions involved in feasting upon the victim (in sacrifices involving feasting), or in interring the victim (in some burial and funerary contexts). Pigs and domestic fowl often were central among familial-sponsored rituals, even in areas where cattle or sheep and goats might be more plentiful or important as regards to husbandry and dietary aspects. Larger livestock were typically selected at public events. Finally, the seemingly unremunerative nature of animal burial, notably in the case of whole livestock or cuts of meat that might otherwise be consumed, need not be labelled as such when a broader spectrum of practical and economic factors is considered.
Guilds and Gods
Authors: Verboven Koenraad 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Scholars have often stressed—and rightly so—that all Greco-Roman voluntary associations, including the so-called ‘professional’ ones, were religious. But this can be said of every social group in the ancient world. It does not tell us much about the role of religion to associations formed on the basis of common occupations and expressing their identity through occupational markers. Nilson (1957) famously argued that for ancient private associations religion was merely a pretext for throwing a party. MacMullen joined him in this idea: ‘if piety counted for much, conviviality counted for more’ (MacMullen 1974a: 71–87). Harlan (2013:45), on the other hand, strongly emphasized ‘the importance of honouring gods and goddesses within associations of all types’. In his view ‘all types of associations served a variety of interdependent social, cultic, and funerary functions for their members.…(that) helped to provide members with a sense of belonging and identity’. While no one doubts the importance of sociability and ‘convivialité’ for ancient private associations, or the strength of their members religious convictions and feelings of awe towards the gods and divine powers, scholars since the 1990s have also stressed the utilitarian aspects of occupation based associations in the Roman world from the Late Republic to Late Antiquity. Guild members had material interests to defend and their associations served that purpose. Conversely, public authorities (imperial and local) used guilds to facilitate tax levying and public contracts. Occupational associations connected middling groups to urban institutions and thereby integrated non-elite citizens in urban society. That raises the question of how useful religion was for collegia and in what ways. Based on the ‘Ghent Database of Roman Guilds and Occupation-Based Communities’, this chapter explores religious practices by professional collegia as integrative strategies to express and claim a place in public society, and investigates religious practices as exclusive strategies to strengthen bonds between members and distinguish them from outsiders.
Basic Blame and Basic Praise
Authors: King Matt 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter defends an account of what the blameworthy and praiseworthy are worthy of: basic blame and basic praise. Given the wide variety of responses that one finds under the heading of “blame,” the chapter adopts a two-fold strategy. First, isolate a minimal core content that all instances of blame share. Fundamentally, blame is a negative appraisal of someone in light of their responsibility for a bad thing done. Second, sharply distinguish between blame itself (the thing the blameworthy are worthy of) and a fuller set of responses that often involve such blame. The diverse set of behaviors, emotions, and attitudes that often accompany blame can be understood as blaming behaviors: elements of the practices that orbit blame, manifesting, expressing, or otherwise involving blame, without being identical to blame itself. Thus, a unified view about blame (and praise) across moral and non-moral domains that won’t fall victim to the usual difficult cases emerges. The chapter also considers various objections that basic blame is too insubstantial to account for the supposed force or depth of moral blame.
Beyond Basic Responsibility
Authors: King Matt 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The primary aim of this chapter is to better understand how responsible action is connected to our evaluative stances as agents. According to the theory of basic responsibility, agents are guided by their representations such that, when responsible, their actions reveal the things that matter to them. Unlike traditional views, however, the theory understands these cares as being partially constituted by those responsible doings. It is through an agent’s activities that their preferences, priorities, and cares are composed. With this general approach in hand, the chapter argues that similar treatments can be given for assessment of character and attitudes. Character assessments can be understood as more general, cumulative assessments built out of responsible doings. The cruel person is just one who is responsible for many cruel things. Similarly, the chapter argues that agents are not separably responsible for their attitudes. Instead, the sexist is blameworthy due to their sexist activities (which can include mental activities like considering, attending to, endorsing, and so on). The chapter also criticizes a common distinction in the literature between two purported kinds of responsibility (attributability and accountability), reiterating the theory’s commitment to providing a unified view of responsibility.
Foundations
Authors: Stevens Robert 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The account offered is not simply a description of the law in any particular jurisdiction. Rather it seeks to draw out the kinds of claim that any properly constructed legal system ought to recognise. Before embarking on a careful discussion of the law’s substance, it is necessary to clear the theoretical ground. Claims for restitution are commonly said to be a form of, or justified by, ‘corrective justice’. This idea has been given several different meanings. For the purposes of this work, the most important is that the reasons justifying an obligation owed by one party to another must relate the two parties together. That the defendant is enriched, the plaintiff has suffered a correlative loss, and this was caused by a mistake of the plaintiff cannot suffice because this does not establish any reason of the requisite form. The austere range of reasons sufficient to justify interpersonal obligations is narrower than those that may justify the defences that may excuse the defendant from performance, such as illegal conduct, the defendant’s incapacity, or the expiry of a limitation period. The law may be categorised in a number of different ways, but the most important is by reference to the different kinds of reason that may justify obligations (eg ‘we agreed’, ‘you wronged me’). ‘Unjust enrichment’ fails to provide a reason of the requisite form.
Reversal
Authors: Stevens Robert 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Where a performance (ie a payment or service) has been received for no reason, or on a conditional basis that has failed, the performance is what ought to be reversed. The payment or service are the subject matter of the claim, not any consequent enrichment the defendant may or may not have. As a matter of law, it rightly does not matter whether the consequent enrichment acquired as a result of the payment or service is higher, or lower, than the value of the service itself. In quantifying a claim for the restitution of the value of a service, therefore, the appropriate measure is its market value, even where the defendant places an idiosyncratic value upon it. Where a claim is brought for the repayment of money, the value of any subsequent use of the payment after it has been made is irrelevant.
Practice
Authors: Stevens Robert 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The role of mistake, duress, undue influence and other ‘vitiating factors’ in the law of restitution is to show a lack of entitlement to the payment or other performance rendered. This clarifies many otherwise knotty rules, including rescission and avoidance of contracts; the recovery of mistakenly made gifts and other gratuitous transactions; changes in the law; ‘spent’ mistakes; the recovery of ultra vires taxes and other levies under the ‘Woolwich’ principle; corporate mistakes; the necessary causal relation, if any, between these ‘vitiating factors’ and the performance rendered. Although there are recent judicial statements supporting the view that what supports a claim for restitution is the error in the mind of the claimant that led them to enrich the defendant, the rules themselves cannot be understood in this way.
Defences
Authors: Stevens Robert 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Only by separating out the different kinds of claim for restitution that there are, can the scope and application of the various defences that apply to some, but not all, be understood. A defence, as opposed to a denial, concerns the raising of a new countervailing reason why a claim should fail. The most prominent defence is that of change of position. This defence seeks to ensure that an innocent defendant is not left worse off, but does not apply to several of the claims this work has distinguished. Other defences that apply to some, but not all claims for restitution are passing on, counter-restitution, ministerial receipt, and bona fide purchase. The defences of consent and limitation apply across private law, but here apply in distinct ways.
Conclusion
Authors: Stevens Robert 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Comparing the common law with civilian jurisdictions, we find the same pattern of a supposed unified doctrine of ‘unjust enrichment’ becoming divided. In all jurisdictions, the law of restitution, when compared with contract law or the law of torts, is a completely different kind of subject from them. It lacks either a formal linking factor (such as the defendant’s enrichment) or a unifying reason justifying the obligation the defendant owes the plaintiff. The conclusion is an uncomfortable one. We cannot simplify or systematise the law(s) of restitution into any single idea of ‘unjust enrichment’. It is not reducible to a simple set of questions. All attempts to do so lead to confusion and error.
Emma’s Devon and Cornwall
Authors: Ford Mark 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates Emma Hardy’s depictions of her childhood in Devon and her thirteen years in Cornwall as recounted in her memoir Some Recollections and then explores the various poems that Thomas Hardy’s reading of this memoir after her death inspired, in particular ‘During Wind and Rain’. It contrasts Emma’s own somewhat negative responses to Cornwall with the numerous poems in which Hardy poetically transfigures her into the genius loci of the Cornish coast and it considers the influence of Ovid’s Metamorphoses on these poetic portrayals of Emma in her rural seclusion. It also assesses the poems in which Hardy recreates aspects of Emma’s childhood in Plymouth, which are heavily based on her memoir. Finally, it plays off her account of their meeting in Some Recollections with Hardy’s highly charged recreations of his journey to St Juliot on 7 March 1870 in poems such as ‘A Man Was Drawing Near to Me’ and ‘The Wind’s Prophecy’.
A Preface without Any Book
Authors: Ford Mark 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers Hardy’s poetic depictions of the first decade of his marriage to Emma. Poems analysed here include ‘Honeymoon Time at an Inn’, ‘We Sat at the Window’, ‘Once at Swanage’, and ‘Days to Recollect’. Much attention is paid to Emma’s travel diaries and her responses to the streets of Paris, where the couple spent their honeymoon, as well as to the chapters covering these years in Hardy’s autobiography. This chapter explores in detail the tensions that developed between Emma and Hardy’s siblings and parents and discusses her famously outspoken letter to Mary Hardy, in which she extravagantly characterizes Hardy’s mother and sisters as witches. It ends by discussing the various poems relating to the couple’s residence of two years in Sturminster Newton, such as ‘Overlooking the River Stour’, ‘The Musical Box’, and ‘A Two Years’ Idyll’. These were written after Emma’s death and reflect Hardy’s belief that these two years were the happiest of their marriage.
Two Bright-Souled Women
Authors: Ford Mark 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with Hardy’s attempts to incorporate his second wife, Florence (née Dugdale), into the poetic narrative of his life that can be pieced together from his Emma poems. It recounts the friendship that developed between Emma and Florence in the summer of 1910, as well as the tensions that erupted during Florence’s extended stays at Max Gate later that year. It shows how important it was for Hardy to feel that he was doing justice to both ‘bright-souled women’, as he called them in ‘A Poet’, and analyses the peculiar rivalry that he ended up fomenting between his dead first wife and his living second wife. It offers a close reading of the poem ‘A Wistful Lady’ as well as of Hardy’s final extended imaginative composition, the verse play The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall, whose two Iseults compete for the attentions of the minstrel hero. The chapter concludes with some reflections on the final poem in ‘Poems of 1912–13’, ‘Where the Picnic Was’, relating the ‘burnt circle’ that the poet mournfully contemplates with the ashes to which bonfires in the garden at Max Gate reduced the majority of Hardy and Emma’s correspondence and most of their notebooks and diaries.
Platform Regulation
Authors: Thomas Pradip Ninan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This book explores the theory and practice of platform regulation. Digital platforms, until recently, were left to self-regulate—although a series of scandals from Brexit and the role played by Cambridge Analytica to the manipulation of voters during the Trump presidency highlighted platform culpabilities. Additionally, evidence of the non-payment of taxes by platforms in the jurisdictions in which they operate in and anti-competitive behaviour have led to a global recognition of the power of platforms to evade taxes on corporate income and set political, economic, and other agendas. This volume explores the still nascent attempts to regulate Big Tech including the likes of Google and Facebook Meta by the State and super-States such as the EU. Beginning with chapters on the regulatory moment and the power of platforms, it explores specific cases of platform regulation. This includes separate chapters on the expansive attempts to regulate Big Tech in the European Union (EU) and enable citizen control over their data reflected in the moves to legislate the ‘right to be forgotten’, anti-trust in the United States, the Equalisation Levy in India, and the Digital Platforms Enquiry in Australia and its recommendations that platforms compensate legacy media for publishing content online. Backed by a fulsome exploration of context, geopolitics, platform power, and the attempts by the State to control platforms, this volume also highlights the contradictory role played by the State in both benefiting from and regulating Big Tech. It concludes with a chapter on the challenges and opportunities of platform regulation.
Introduction to Platform Power
Authors: Thomas Pradip Ninan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores competing theories related to platform regulation. These include those that are broadly opposed to regulation ostensibly because of its potential to stifle innovation and creativity. They have also argued that the ‘old’ regulatory approaches provide inadequate frameworks to deal with the radical nature of search and sociality platforms. The chapter also highlights the contributions made by civil society and those who have argued that platform regulation is a public good and that their involvement lessens ‘risk’ associated with platform control over global data. The chapter highlights two attempts at regulation and the curbing of platform power—the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Assembly Bill 5 that was an attempt to reclassify ‘gig’ workers as employees by the government in California. This chapter highlights the sentiment that is expressed across all chapters in the volume that regulation should be seen as a public good.
Attribution and Antigone
Authors: Scodel Ruth 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how characters in Sophocles’ Antigone understand their own actions and those of others, using both Theory of Mind and the attribution theory of B. Malle, How People Explain Behavior (2006), which attempts a general presentation of how people talk about the reasons and causes of behaviour. Throughout the play, characters try to persuade each other or simply argue, constantly talking about their reasons for their choices and the reasons and traits that they believe motivate others, sometimes speaking hyperbolically so that they distort their actual attributions into statements that they do not believe. The most significant result of an analysis of motive attributions is the sharp disjunction between Antigone’s self-understanding and the interpretations of her by Ismene, Creon, and the elders of the chorus. Because Antigone sets a very low value on her own life, she regards herself as fully rational, while others doubt her sanity.