bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stress and strain are symmetric second-order tensors
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The concepts of stress and strain are properly represented by tensors. This chapter introduces the formal mathematical definition of a second-order tensor. Components of tensors with respect to an orthonormal basis are discussed, as are numerous important special tensor operations and types, such as transpose, symmetric and skew-symmetric tensors, trace, deviatoric tensors, tensor inner products, and tensor magnitudes. The matrix of tensor components is discussed. The transformation rules for components of a vector and a tensor under a change in basis are presented. Further, eigenvalues and eigenvectors of symmetric tensors are discussed, and expressions for tensor invariants are presented.
Linear viscoelasticity
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the essential elements of linear viscoelastic material behaviour and modelling in a one-dimensional setting. Stress-relaxation and creep phenomena are discussed and modelled using Boltzmann’s superposition principle, leading to stress-relaxation integral and creep integral forms of the stress-strain relations. A rheological model known as the standard linear solid is introduced, and the resulting kernel functions for stress-relaxation and creep are discussed. The correspondence principle between linear viscoelasticity and linear elasticity is introduced and used to connect relaxation and creep formulations. This principle is also used to discuss the solution of structural problems involving the bending of beams and torsion of shafts made from linear viscoelastic materials. A rheological model known as the generalized Maxwell model together with the attendant Prony series form of the stress-relaxation function are presented, and a time-integration procedure for the resulting constitutive equation for linear viscoelasticity using the Herrmann–Peterson recursion relation is derived.
Bazaar Literature
Authors: Thorne-Murphy Leslee 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Bazaar Literature reorients our understanding of Victorian social reform fiction by reading it in light of the copious amount of literature generated for charity bazaars. Bazaars were ubiquitous during the nineteenth century, part of the vibrant and massive private sector response to a rapidly industrializing society. Typically organized and run by women, charity bazaars were often called fancy fairs since they specialized in ladies’ hand-crafted “fancy” work. Indeed, they were a key method women used to intervene in political, social, and cultural affairs. Yet their conventional purpose—to raise money for charity—has led to their being widely overlooked and misunderstood. Bazaar Literature remedies these misconceptions by demonstrating how the literature written in conjunction with bazaars shaped the social, political, and literary movements of its time. This study draws upon a wide variety of texts printed to be sold at bazaars, including literature by Robert Louis Stevenson, Harriet Martineau, and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, alongside fictional depictions of fancy fairs by Charlotte Yonge, George Eliot, Frances Trollope, and Anthony Trollope. Bazaar Literature revises our understanding of the larger literary market in social reform fiction, revealing a parodic, self-critical strain that is paradoxically braided with strident political activism and its realist sensibilities.
Myth and Revelation
Authors: Thorne-Murphy Leslee 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines the depiction of a charity bazaar in George Eliot’s The Mill on the Floss. Scholars have tended to overlook the novel’s bazaar, though it is a lynchpin event in the narrative. Eliot places the fancy fair at a crossroads in the novel, when Maggie is at her social zenith. The bazaar both represents her greatest social triumph and impels her demise; it functions as a microcosm for the community of St. Ogg’s, an event allowing its author to explore an ethical problem at the heart of the novel—the nature of charitable action. How does one person act to benefit another? This question is posed in the founding myth of St. Ogg’s, when Ogg himself takes action to help a poor woman and her infant. It is a moral dilemma that recurs throughout the novel, driving its plotline and impelling its ethics. The dilemma comes to the fore at the bazaar and becomes entwined with Maggie’s fateful performance as a bazaar woman.
(Un)Truthful Narration
Authors: Thorne-Murphy Leslee 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In The Vicar of Wrexhill, Frances Trollope offers a rollicking, irreverent, and satiric portrayal of a charity bazaar, centering on a duplicitous evangelical vicar who preys on vulnerable women. Frances’s bazaar exposes the vile deceit of her villain. Yet her condemnation of his untruthfulness redounds as critics of the novel accuse her of inaccuracy, exaggeration, and deceit. Nearly thirty years later, Anthony drew upon and revised his mother’s depiction of a bazaar in Miss Mackenzie. Like his mother, he mocked the saleswomen, the social jockeying, the entire chaos of the occasion. Seeing Anthony’s depiction in light of Frances’s fictional charity bazaar illuminates an entanglement of altruism and greed, profit and charity, and, notably, deception and truth. At key moments when the two novels intersect, they echo and amplify one another, suggesting that truth and falsehood are nuanced and complex, and that an author’s manner of negotiating them aligns with the attributes and methods of the typical bazaar woman.
Fancy Fair or Nonesuch Bazaar?
Authors: Thorne-Murphy Leslee 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The conclusion narrates the fate of bazaar discourse in the twentieth century, and it revisits the three main claims of the book. First, that Victorian-era charity bazaars were distinctly feminized sites of civil society, and that the print matter surrounding them is essential to understanding women’s contributions to social reform. Second, that bazaar literature revises our understanding of the larger literary market in social reform fiction, revealing a self-critical strain that is paradoxically braided with strident political activism and realist sensibilities. Third, that depictions of bazaars within realist reform fiction invite authors to re-evaluate their social roles and aesthetic methods according to the logic of bazaar discourse.
Uganda
Authors: Makara Sabiti , Wang Vibeke 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes a closer look at how attempts at further democratization in Uganda since the return to multiparty politics in 2006 have been stalled as the Museveni regime has consistently manipulated legal mechanisms and international relations to subvert the opposition. In the quest to retain power, Museveni and the National Resistance Movement (NRM) have relied on legal strategies to shore up their political positions and to constrain the liberalizing efforts of Uganda’s relentless pro-democracy actors, oftentimes in conjunction with patronage and violence. The persistent autocratic nature of the incumbent regime has been propelled by increased use of autocratic lawfare, thus compromising the courts’ ability to safeguard opposition rights and impose accountability. Despite holding significant leverage vis-à-vis the regime, international actors have been both unable and unwilling to use it. Instead, the incumbent has been able to strategically employ its international relationships to cater for both domestic and international audiences whilst serving his own political agenda—the politicization of gender rights being a prime example.
Berkeley and Johnson
Authors: Mander W. J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The volitional theory of causation makes its first explicit appearance at the beginning of the Early Modern period in the philosophy of George Berkeley. This chapter examines Berkeley’s articulation of that theory, looking at his claim that while ideas are always passive, spirits are always active. His basic position thus outlined, the chapter moves forward to consider the implications of this theory for his conception of science, for his immaterialism, and for his stance respecting bodily movement. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of his American disciple, Samuel Johnson, noting both similarities and differences.
Turn of the century figures
Authors: Mander W. J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The second half of the nineteenth century saw the volitional theory of causality enter the mainstream of philosophical thought. The chapter begins with some illustrative examples of the many philosophers who found the theory too obvious to explore further, but moving on to examine those who treated it in more detail, we find considerable diversification in approach. The chapter looks at Alexander Campbell Fraser, whose stance was the result of a return to Berkeley, and then Alfred Russel Wallace, who instead arrived at similar results by reflecting on what he regarded as the implications of modern science. The chapter then moves on to look at Herman Lotze, whose teleological view of causality did much to influence three seminal figures in the development of the volitional theory, Borden Parker Bowne, James Ward, and G. F. Stout. Bowne highlights the connections between volitional causality and personalism, while the work of Ward and Stout highlight the way in which its development was bound up with the growth of the new science of psychology.
From Extermination to Conservation of India’s ‘Wild Life’
Authors: Rashkow Ezra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 brings the main argument of this book around full circle—showing that concern for endangered tribes and even ‘tribal wildness’ came long before any attempt to protect endangered species of western and central India. Carnivore conservation, in particular, came much later than the idea of tribal protection or preservation. When tribal protectionism was at its peak in the 1930s–1940s, this is when the first official efforts at carnivore conservation were just beginning around the world. Tracing the society-wide paradigm shift from the colonial obsession with sports hunting and vermin eradication through to the love for wildlife conservation that dominates public discourse today, we can see that until the very end of the colonial era in India, tigers and other carnivores were rarely seen as endangered. Indeed, they were seen as endangering the lives of others. Yet biocultural perspectives arguably existed already at this time. In many sources from colonial India, the language used to describe tigers and tribes overlapped and blurred. Tigers were not only referred to as a species, but as the tiger ‘tribe’ or ‘race’. Human tribes were referred to as ‘species of man’, or sometimes directly, as ‘savage beasts’. Whereas ‘wild tribes’ were often described as being ‘hunted’ out of their forest strongholds, there was a ‘war’ on ‘dangerous wild beasts’. Both tigers and tribes were sometimes described as ‘vermin’ to be ‘exterminated’. Both were eventually defended against such campaigns of eradication.
‘The Tribal Problem’
Authors: Rashkow Ezra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines how in mid-twentieth century India, politicians, administrators, anthropologists, activists, and others spent tremendous time and energy in discussing the question of the very ‘existence’ or ‘survival’ of the ‘tribes’. Solutions to this so-called problem usually came down to three competing ideological approaches to these communities: isolation, assimilation, and integration. Whereas isolationists were accused of being ‘no-changers’ who wanted to preserve the aboriginals in a museum or a zoo as specimens, the assimilationists were lambasted as attempting to eradicate tribal culture and religion, and as seeing the tribes merely as ‘backward Hindus’ who ought to be incorporated into ‘the mainstream’. Integrationists emerged in the 1950s as the consensus camp. While claiming they would protect tribal culture, integrationists were often more concerned with economic development, as they sought to politically integrate the tribes into the nation in the name of national unity. Although the contours of the mid-twentieth tribal problem debate are widely known amongst those interested in historical anthropology in India, this chapter provides new insight by contextualizing this debate with the wider intellectual history of tribal endangerment and conservation.
Introduction
Authors: Ura Karma 
Published: January 2023

Abstract‘Introduction’ explains the aims and reasons behind writing The Unremembered Nation. It provides details of the sources of information and methods used in researching for the book. History and other chronicles of the past were primarily about succession to the top civilian and monastic posts, but such narratives fell short of any record of the myriad traces of lives of the ordinary people long before modernization began in 1960s. The Unremembered Nation attempts to close this gap. ‘Introduction’ sketches the storyline of the book as it unfolds accounts of births and rebirths in a household, making of houses and matrimonies, rearing of children and livestock in a village, and husbandry of lands and forests around a valley. After sketching these fundamental aspects of existence, ‘Introduction’ chalks out the outlines on migration, trade, and travel over different climatic and linguistic areas. Colours, sounds, and other sensory experiences of ordinary people are described. Lastly, ‘Introduction’ summarizes chapters on monumental architecture and administration, authority and power, cosmological concepts and beliefs, religions and rites, fine arts and folk drama that affect the daily life of the people.
Troops of Fierce Deities
Authors: Ura Karma 
Published: January 2023

AbstractInternal clashes were far fewer than external armed conflicts. The earliest battle in recorded history was between Sindhuraza (alias Kunjom) and Nauche which was brought to an end by Guru Rinpoche as the peace maker. The Immortal Pillar of Peace symbolizing the end of conflict stands to this day. An equally early war was waged by Morum Tsenpo (the banished prince of Emperor Trisong Detsen), known more by his pejorative name Khikha Rathoed, on Tibet. By then Tibet was ruled by his half-brother Motig Tsenpo. Yet again it was Guru who brokered peace by moving King Kikha from Khenpalung located close to Lho-brag border to Bumthang valley. In the Zhabdrung era, using muskets, jingals, matchlocks, chainmail, shields, barbed arrows, swords, helmets, small cannons, catapults, trebuchets, and pelting stones, Bhutanese militias repulsed first Tsang Depa’s armies and later Tibetan Gelugpa-Mongol forces. With the same primitive arms, the Bhutanese faced the British onslaught, with two brigades consisting of 10,000 troops armed with howitzers and other heavy artillery, from 5 to 10 December 1864. The British troops seized all important border defences such as Dhalimkote, Dhumsong, Chamorchi, Tazagong Buxa, Bishensing, and Dewangiri. In the coordinated counter attack launched in the first week of January 1865, Tazagong Buxa and Dewangiri were recaptured. But the counter attack provoked the British who threatened to march against Punakha. Three-quarters of a century passed before the Second King could modernize Bhutanese defence forces at a time when Tibetan refugees flooded in.
Scientific programming with Python
Authors: Trappenberg Thomas P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Python is the programming language that is used to illustrate a lot of the concepts discussed in this book. Python is a high-level programming language that is used here strictly as a scientific tool. While this is not a comprehensive programing textbook, every scientist can learn this basic scientific programing, and for people who know programing, it outlines how we use it. The main content of this chapter is hence walking through a program that contains most of the commands and constructs used in this book.
Associators and synaptic plasticity
Authors: Trappenberg Thomas P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter is an important introduction and discussion of synaptic plasticity and learning in networks. Neurons are connected to form networks, and a neural network is not only characterized by the topology of the network, but also by the connection strength between two neurons or two population nodes. This chapter explains how a connection strength can be changed in a usage-dependent way through a biological phenomenon called synaptic plasticity. Synaptic plasticity is the physical basis of learning in neural systems. This is illustrated with a general discussion of associators, which summarize the essence of plasticity mechanisms and their importance for cognitive brain processing. The chapter then presents the neurophysiological basis of plasticity and some specific models of plasticity. The final part of this chapter discusses some consequences of plasticity rules, in particular weight distributions, and explains some strategies for weight scaling and weight decay. The chapter ends with an application of a basic Hebbian rule with weight decay to principal component analysis.
Constitutional Public Reason
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This book articulates and defends a principle of public reason (PR), and shows how it is both central and useful for thinking about legitimacy in constitutional law and theory. The principle rests upon a deceptively simple idea, characteristic of political liberalism, that political principles should be suitably acceptable to those whom they are to bind. Some arguments, if present in the minds of legislators or policymakers, are not qualified to figure in the public defence of a law. For all the problems, complications, and shortcomings of this idea, the book takes it seriously. Part I will lay down the philosophical groundwork for the idea: it argues that public reason is a plausible interpretation of a broader concept of the common good, and that it is based on respect for persons, equality, and freedom. Part II provides an overview of the uses of the ideal of public reason in some representative constitutional national systems, such as the United States, Canada, Australia, India, South Africa, and Israel. In doing so, it discusses the idea of motive-based constitutional scrutiny, reflects upon some of the main problems that such scrutiny raises, and studies the uses of public reason in the spheres of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and anti-discrimination law. In Part III of the book, an idea of a ‘supranational public reason’ is articulated, and the book reflects upon the uses of this ideal in those (quasi-) constitutional systems that transcend national boundaries.
Introduction
Authors: Marrs Cody 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Despite Melville’s longstanding association with terror and the sublime, he was deeply and persistently interested in beauty. Melville’s writings indicate that beauty is associative, that it inheres in natural forms, and it tends to dissolve and re-form individual identities. This Introduction has three parts. First, it retraces Melville’s reading, elucidating how and why Melville developed this perspective on beauty. Second, it discusses recent trends in Melville studies, connecting this analysis of beauty in Melville to recent scholarship on posthumanism, ecocriticism, postcritical reading, and the philosophical dimensions of Melville’s writing. Third, it provides a revisionary account of the history of American literary studies, arguing that aesthetic considerations have been marginalized in the field ever since its inception in the nineteenth century.
A Life of Contradictions
Authors: Chandra Aparna 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic has demonstrated that crises exacerbate and are exacerbated by antecedent inequalities associated with group identity. Addressing such inequalities requires adopting a normative principle—which equality law can supply—that places a positive duty upon the state to redress socio-economic disadvantages arising from group identity. However, as this chapter argues, the Indian Supreme Court has failed to engage with questions of socio-economic disadvantage in conjunction with group inequality. On the one hand, while the Court has understood the Constitution’s equality code as encompassing a substantive vision of equality, by and large, the Court has not read into these provisions any judicially enforceable positive obligation on the state to redress group-based disadvantages. As such, state failure to secure substantive group equality remains non-justiciable. On the other hand, the Court has read in positive obligations of redistribution into its socio-economic rights jurisprudence; however, it has not engaged with questions of group equality in understanding the scope and content of these rights, the concomitant positive obligations on the state, or in the remedial action ordered by the Court. This gap between the constitutional guarantees of equality and of socio-economic justice leaves unaddressed the group-based material disadvantages that lead to exponential inequalities in times of crisis. An argument for bridging this gap would raise the question: should courts adjudicate and enforce positive state obligations at all? The chapter argues that a focus on group equality can actually address some of the concerns with the Court’s extant practices and processes regarding the adjudication of socio-economic rights.
The Divine Action Debate
Authors: Kopf Simon Maria 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to the divine action debate and establishes its central category, special divine action (SDA). The chapter begins by examining the historical roots of the debate, a critique of the Biblical Theology Movement, and the initial challenge that sparked the controversy. Next, the chapter delineates two extreme positions in between which the debate has unfolded, uniform and universal divine action, and explains the theological pushback on a particular kind of divine action on the basis of what has come to be known as the ‘liberal modern worldview’. The chapter finishes by carving out the concept of SDA as a reaction to these two positions.
Conclusion
Authors: Kopf Simon Maria 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The main purpose of this book is to foster a reframing of the doctrine of providence by reconceptualising the notion of divine providence. The standard view in the divine action debate is premised upon two prominent assumptions: that (i) providence is best conceptualised in terms of divine action; and that (ii) divine action is best modelled on human action. On this common view, then, divine providence is, at its core, a specific form of action God performs in the world. The conclusion shows how by challenging this preoccupation with, and at times exclusive focus on, action terms, this book aims to shift the conversation towards an alternative approach conceiving divine providence not primarily on the basis of human action but instead by analogy with the virtue of prudence and human providence. The conclusion summarises the findings of the book and gives three reasons why reframing the doctrine of providence in this manner is significant for the divine action debate.