Predictors of self-reported research engagement and academic-career interest amongst medical students in the United Kingdom: a national cross-sectional survey
Authors: Adeboye William , Osunronbi Temidayo , Faluyi David , Abankwa Efua , Abraha Semhar , Adamu-Biu Fatima , Ahmad Zain , Akhionbare Izieduwa , Chimba Chimba , Corriero Anna C , Ibeanusi Ikenna , Inyang Deborah , Jones Robert , Madume Rachael , Mberu Valentine , Mitoko Christine A , Nelson-Rowe Ellen , O’Riordan Marguerite , Shoker Serena ,   the REMED-UK collaborators, Abdelhafiz Dima , Adebayo Ayanfe , Afolabi Oluwafemi , Awow Fatima , Crankson Akua , Exley Henry , Fofanah Isata J , Frame Lauren , Ibrahim Ummulkhulsum , Kolawole Adebola , Kufuor Risata A , Madu William , Mandangu Chenai , McCutcheon Calum , Mohamed Suaad , Munyebvu Samantha R , Shah Max , Sofela Jasmine , Stewart Oonagh , Watts Alice , Sofela Agbolahan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background
We hypothesised that the gender/ethnic disparities and reductions in the UK academic-clinician workforce stem from research experience in medical school. This study investigated the factors influencing research engagement and academic-career interests among UK medical students.

Methods
Using a 42-item online questionnaire, a national multicentre cross-sectional survey of UK medical students was conducted over 9 weeks in the 2020/21 academic year. Multiple binary logistic and zero-inflated negative binomial regressions were used to evaluate associations between the predictor variables and research engagement (yes/no), number of research projects conducted, and academic-career interest (yes/no). P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results
In total, 1573 students participated from 36 medical schools. No ethnic/gender differences in research engagement were observed. However, compared to men, women had a 31% decrease in the odds of being interested in an academic-clinician career [odds ratio (OR): 0.69; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.52, 0.92]. Positive predictors of interest in academia were being a PubMed-indexed author (OR: 2.19; 95% CI: 1.38, 3.47) and having at least one national/international presentation (OR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.88). Career progression was the primary motivating factor (67.1%) for pursuing research, whereas limited awareness of opportunities (68.0%) and time constraints (67.5%) were the most common barriers.

Conclusion
There were no ethnic differences in research engagement or academic-career intent. Although there were no gender differences in research engagement, female students were less likely to be interested in an academic career. This could be tackled by providing targeted opportunities to increase research productivity and self-efficacy in medical schools.
Key messages: What is already known on this topic: There has been a decline in the number of academic clinicians, with a disproportionate gender and ethnic representation in the academic workforce. Engaging medical students in research activities during their medical training could mitigate the declining number of academic clinicians. Differential attainment occurs in medical school and persists after graduation. What this study adds: Although there were no gender/ethnic differences in research engagement amongst UK medical students, our study suggests that female students were less likely to be interested in pursuing an academic career. Time constraints, a lack of awareness of opportunities, and difficulty in finding research supervisors/mentors were the most common barriers to research engagement, whereas PubMed-indexed authorship was the strongest positive predictor of interest in an academic career. How this study might affect research, practice, or policy: Medical schools should facilitate the selection of good-quality research mentors that would provide adequate support to ensure that their students’ works are published in peer-reviewed journals. Medical schools should employ local research officers to increase students’ awareness of research opportunities.