bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Gutenberg and Caxton to Jeff Bezos
Authors: Johnston Michael 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The coda concludes this study by looking beyond the advent of the printing press, considering the book dissemination practices of Amazon. In the Conclusion, I argued that the printing press brought book production out of the cultural ambit of readers, centralizing it in the printing shop. In this coda, I suggest that such centralization has now reached an extreme form with Amazon, for when purchasing books through Amazon, one has even less contact with the world of production than one had with the printing press. Now, with Amazon, books arrive at your door, putting a rather extreme distance between us today, as readers, and those producing our books.
Mathematical Physics with Differential Equations
Authors: Yang Yisong 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This book presents a broad range of fundamental topics in theoretical and mathematical physics based on the viewpoint of differential equations. The subject areas covered include classical and quantum many-body problems, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, magnetic monopoles, special relativity, gauge field theories, general relativity, superconductivity, vortices and other topological solitons, and canonical quantization of fields, for which, knowledge and use of linear and nonlinear differential equations are essential for comprehension. With insight of differential equations, the book features itself in several aspects. Firstly, the presentation of the content follows a mathematically thorough and transparent style which serves to provide a handy and direct access to approach each of the subjects discussed. Secondly, it renders a fairly wide selection of themes which may further be tailored to suit individual preferences of a reader. Thirdly, it supplies a balanced pool of topics for seminars. Fourthly, it offers guidance and stimulation to the related contemporary research frontiers and literature. Much emphasis is given to the mathematical and physical content, implication, structures, and challenges of the governing differential equations of the theories encountered and developed, thus offering an appreciation of the interplay of mathematics and theoretical physics from the viewpoint of differential equations. On the other hand, advanced methods and techniques of modern nonlinear functional analysis are kept minimal. The book is comprised of fifteen topic chapters and an appendices chapter. Each chapter is supplemented with a collection of exercises of varied depths.
Schrödinger equation and quantum mechanics
Authors: Yang Yisong 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The essence of quantum mechanics is the Schrödinger equation. Thus, the path to quantum mechanics lies in an understanding of the birth of the Schrödinger equation. This chapter derives the Schrodinger equation based on the photoelectric effect, which has found a wide range of applications in today’s electronics. It then discusses the Schrodinger equation’s statistical interpretations and applications. It goes on to present the quantum many-body problem, which is of contemporary research interest, as well as its many applications. Next it investigates the Hartree-Fock method and the Thomas-Fermi approach, as well as provides a discussion of the Rydberg formula. Finally, the chapter looks at and unpacks the density functional theory.
Maxwell equations, Dirac monopole, and gauge fields
Authors: Yang Yisong 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 covers the Maxwell equations, the Dirac monopole, and gauge fields. It discusses the Maxwell equations and their relation to electromagnetic duality It next presents the Dirac monopole and derives the charge quantization formula of Dirac by looking at the charged particle in an electromagnetic field. It moves on to discuss the removal of Dirac strings and charge quantization, followed by a consideration of the Schwinger dyon and the extended charge quantization formula. Finally, the chapter looks at the Aharonov-Bohm effect, specifically considering its mathematical features, formalism and governing equations, interference of waves, and aspects of a magnetic field contained in a tube.
Special relativity
Authors: Yang Yisong 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a short introduction to the theory of special relativity. It begins with a discussion of spacetime, coordinates, events, and inertial frames, and then considers line element, length contraction, time dilation, and other distinct notions in special relativity. It then studies relativistic mechanics. It looks at spacetime properties under a change of inertial frame and unfolds many outstanding facets of special relativity. Specifically, it looks at Minkowski spacetime. It then presents a discussion of relativistic mechanics and derives the celebrated energy-momentum formula of Einstein. As an excursion, it describes the relativistic Doppler effect and compare it with the classical one.
Dirac equations
Authors: Yang Yisong 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a brief introduction to the Dirac equation. This equation lays the foundation for quantum electrodynamics, which describes interaction of electrons and electromagnetic fields at quantum field theory level. The chapter begins with a derivation of the Dirac equation in terms of the Pauli matrices and Dirac spinors, which is followed by a discussion of some of its direct consequences. It next presents a few special solutions of the equation. It then introduces the Dirac equation coupled with gauge field and establishes the Zeeman effect. It will also discuss some nonlinear Dirac equations including the Thirring model, Soler model, and Gross-Neveu model.
Magnetic vortices in Abelian Higgs theory
Authors: Yang Yisong 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by introducing a range of interesting characterizations of the static Abelian Higgs theory, including a virial identity in general dimensions and flux quantization in two dimensions. It next considers vortex-lines in two dimensions and their soliton-like behavior. It then states some existence results regarding radially symmetric solutions of the vortex equations. The chapter ends with a discussion on the importance of the vortex-lines to the linear confinement mechanism of a pair of monopole and anti-monopole placed in a type-II superconductor and points out some possible implications for an understanding of the puzzle of quark confinement-something under current pursuit by theoretical physicists.
Non-Abelian gauge field equations
Authors: Yang Yisong 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 opens by presenting a study of the gauge field theory with a general non-Abelian gauge group, also known as the Yang-Mills theory. It begins with a general formulation and then discusses the Georgi-Glashow model. Next it presents the ’t Hooft-Polyakov monopole and the Julia-Zee dyon arising in the Georgi-Glashow model, and afterwards focuses on the exact solutions in the BPS limit. It complements this study with an introduction to the classical Bogomolŉyi-Prasad-Sommerfield solutions. Finally, it presents the Weinberg-Salam equations that describe the unified field theory of electromagnetic and weak interaction.
Einstein equations and related topics
Authors: Yang Yisong 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the Einstein equations of general relativity and some of their direct consequences. It begins with a brief discussion on Riemannian geometry, a calculation of the metric energy-momentum tensor, and a derivation of the Einstein equations for gravitation. It then elaborates on some cosmological consequences of the Einstein equations and presents Schwarzschild’s black-hole solution and Reissner and Nordström’s charged black-hole solution. It then covers gravitational mass and the Penrose bounds and considers gravitational waves in weak gravity limit. Finally, it discusses the cosmological expansion of an isotropic and homogeneous universe propelled by a scalar-wave matter known as quintessence.
Born–Infeld theory of electromagnetism
Authors: Yang Yisong 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The chapter begins with a discussion of the two classical formalisms of Born and Infeld of nonlinear electrodynamics, which were aimed historically to resolve the energy divergence problem of an electric point charge as a model for the electron. The chapter then extends the theory as it investigates a broad range of problems which include a mechanism to exclude monopoles, relegation and regularization of curvature singularities of black holes, and a k-essence realization of the equation of state for a perfect fluid model of the universe. A few related nonlinear partial differential equation problems are also considered along the lines.
Soldiers of Democracy?
Authors: Grewal Sharan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Why do some militaries support and others thwart democratic transitions? After the Arab Spring revolutions, why did Egypt’s military stage a coup to end the transition, while Tunisia’s did not? On the other hand, why did Tunisia’s military later facilitate the elected president’s dismantling of democracy? This book argues that a military’s behavior under democracy is shaped by how it had been treated under autocracy. Autocrats who had empowered their militaries, securing their loyalty through a share of power and wealth, create militaries who fear that democratization will encroach upon their privileges. Empowered militaries are thus more likely to repress pro-democracy uprisings, and if that fails, to stage coups against new democracies. Where autocrats instead marginalized their militaries, democratization is considerably easier. Yet, marginalized militaries still carry risks of their own, being less able to prevent a descent into civil war, and more easily co-opted into incumbent takeovers. In short, the dictator’s choice to either empower or marginalize the military creates legacies that shape both the likelihood of democratization and the forms by which it breaks down. This book illustrates this theory through detailed case studies of Egypt and Tunisia, drawing on over 140 interviews with civilian and military leaders and three surveys of military personnel. It also probes the generalizability of the theory through a cross-national analysis of all countries between 1946 and 2010. Overall, the book brings civil–military relations front and center to the study of democratic transition and consolidation.
Introduction
Authors: Grewal Sharan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book, presenting the core puzzle. What leads militaries to either support or thwart democratic transitions? It summarizes the theoretical argument of the book, showing that how militaries were treated under autocracy shapes their behavior towards democracy, including whether they repress pro-democracy uprisings, stage coups against new democracies, facilitate incumbent takeovers, or fall to civil wars. The chapter then illustrates the theory through the key pieces of evidence from the Arab Spring revolutions and transitions in Egypt and Tunisia. Finally, the chapter surveys the existing literature on democratization, noting the relative absence of the military, and highlighting the ways in which the book fills this gap.
Case Selection: Egypt and Tunisia
Authors: Grewal Sharan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
After the Arab Spring revolutions, why did Egypt’s transition collapse in a military coup, while Tunisia’s did not? This chapter outlines and critiques the most prominent theories, including mass-based arguments about Tunisians being (1) more developed, (2) more culturally tolerant, or (3) more committed to democracy than Egyptians, and elite-based theories that emphasize Tunisia’s (4) more moderate Islamists, (5) more compromising secularists, or (6) stronger civil society. Addressing each in turn, this chapter instead argues that the military was the primary cause of their diverging transitions. The chapter also contests and qualifies two initial military theories, that Tunisia’s military was simply too small or too professional to carry out a coup.
Egypt: Empowering the Military
Authors: Grewal Sharan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how Egyptian presidents Gamal Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat, and Hosni Mubarak controlled the military, emphasizing both the strategies chosen and their origins. It argues that Nasser pursued two strategies: sharing power with the military, and stacking the military with like-minded, secular officers. These empowerment strategies were designed to remove the military’s will to stage a coup, even if it maintained the capacity to do so. These strategies then proved relatively path-dependent despite changes in leadership, political assassination, and even defeat in war. The chapter thus sets the scene for subsequent chapters to show how these coup-proofing strategies in turn shaped the military’s behavior in 2011 and 2013.
Tunisia: Marginalizing the Military
Authors: Grewal Sharan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the strategies pursued by Tunisian Presidents Habib Bourguiba and Zine El Abidine Ben Ali to control the military. It argues that both neglected the military materially, and kept it far from political power. Since this marginalization of the military might provide grievance for a coup, both Bourguiba and Ben Ali also pursued two coup-proofing tactics: counterbalancing the military with internal security forces, and privileging loyalist officers from the more developed coastal regions to monopolize the top ranks. In addition, the military’s marginalization from politics also contributed to a third factor inhibiting a coup: the development of a professional, apolitical ethos. Beyond outlining these strategies, this chapter also provides a new take on their origins, as well as their path-dependent effects allowing them to weather the transition from Bourguiba to Ben Ali.
Tunisia: Facilitating the Takeover
Authors: Grewal Sharan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores why Tunisia’s military facilitated President Kais Saied’s incumbent takeover in 2021. It argues the military’s behavior stemmed from the same three reasons why the military did not stage a coup in 2013. First, its apolitical professionalism led it to subserviently obey Saied’s orders without question, viewing a refusal as too political. Second, its out-group composition aligned with Saied’s self-coup, having come to embrace his populist vision. Third, its marginalization under autocracy allowed it to be more easily co-opted by Saied, who advanced the military’s material and political interests even further. The case of Tunisia thus illustrates that while the military’s marginalization under autocracy can facilitate democratization, it may also make incumbent takeovers more likely.
Building a global brand
Authors: Franko Katja , Goyes David R. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Victims’ invisibility and inability to make their stories heard stand in stark contrast to the worldwide notoriety that the entertainment industry has conferred on the perpetrators of violence. We begin by narrating the rise of narco-shows and examining how they balance the objectives of entertainment, factual accuracy, and portrayal of victims of drug violence. Drawing on exclusive interviews with informants involved in Colombian and global productions, we provide details about how entertainment companies have monopolized the right to recount Medellín’s history during the past two decades. Initially, the narco-shows were produced in Colombia. Because of its domestic commercial success, the genre soon went global, and is now dominated by U.S. actors, most notably on Netflix, with a pronounced focus on providing profitable entertainment and expanding the company’s global reach. Through commercial appropriation, Medellín’s tragic story has become a source of entertainment, with the perpetrators of narco-violence becoming global celebrities. Drawing on interviews with those involved in creating and producing the shows, the chapter demonstrates how processes of memory creation, which ideally should lead to a communitarian acknowledgement of social trauma, are adapted to attract greatest global viewership. In the process, the story of Medellín’s violence has been effectively turned into the story of Pablo Escobar. In the final part of the chapter, we argue that the corporate co-option of local memories of violence also reduces global sensitivity to violence and suffering in Colombia and leads to re-victimization of those who experienced that violence first-hand.
Global hierarchies of victimhood
Authors: Franko Katja , Goyes David R. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we present the central theoretical insight of the book—that, globally, lives of some victims are deemed more valuable than the lives of others, which in turn determines the nature of their legal and symbolic recognition and the extent of commercial exploitability of their suffering. This chapter examines Colombia’s Victims’ Law (2011), which does not recognize victims of drug violence, excluding them from the processes of transitional justice in the country. Despite the fact that not only in Colombia, but also in several Latin American countries, deaths caused by cartel violence easily meet criteria of civil war, this is generally not acknowledged in scholarly literature on transitional justice. The chapter argues that the binary distinction between war and crime fails to address the needs of victims of mass drug violence and creates a hierarchy among victims. This has important symbolic, legal, and material implications for those who find themselves in the less favoured category. Victims of drug related violence struggle to access justice and to make their voices heard in public discourses about violence. We argue that the current understanding of mass drug violence as a ‘conventional crime’ represents a Northern perspective on violence, which can be counterproductive when used uncritically in Southern contexts.
The Application of the Regulatory Landscape (I)—Consolidated Systems
Authors: Davis Ronald , Madaus Stephan , Marcucci Monica , Mevorach Irit , Mokal Riz , Romaine Barbara , Sarra Janis , Tirado Ignacio 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a high-level overview of the factual and legal situation of representative banking sectors from across the world in consolidated systems. There are no two systems exactly alike. Banking sectors, and the legal and institutional frameworks dealing with them, are the result of a combination of market design, private sector participation, economic and social development, and each government’s political approach to a reality (banking activity and failure) that has a massive impact in the country’s economy and society. Some of the models chosen (eg the United States, Canada) have been deemed best practice in this area of legal reform, and hence their institutions have influenced the laws and institutions of other jurisdictions; some other models represent relevant regional markets (eg Japan) or represent a regionally integrated solution (eg the European Union), which may constitute a model for future processes of regional integration. For each of the systems described, the chapter includes a factual description of the banking sector, an abridged portrait of the institutional frameworks concerned with the supervision of the banking sector, a high-level account of the resolution and liquidation systems of its failed banks, and a picture of the cross-border side of each of the banking sectors and their legal and institutional frameworks.
‘From Beginning to Beginning’
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This paper makes a contribution to the study of Gregory of Nyssa’s vision of the Christian ascent, by offering a close reading of a fascinating passage in his eighth homily on the Song of Songs, where he speaks of the one ascending ‘taking a beginning from a beginning’, in the course of which various popular simplifications of Gregory’s teaching as ‘continuous spiritual progress’ with no end, epectasis, as Jean Daniélou called it, are questioned. The article also suggests that Gregory’s famous oxymorons, such as ‘sober drunkenness’, ‘luminous darkness’, ‘watchful sleep’, ‘learned ignorance’, ‘stationary movement’, are to be taken with radical seriousness.
The Reception of Dionysius up to Maximus the Confessor
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The final demonstration that Dionysios was indebted in his thought and language to Neoplatonism of a Prokline affinity has led to a quandary for modern interpreters, and this has affected attempts to understand his influence, often reduced to bewitchment by his pseudo-apostolic authority. Initially, at least in the Mediterranean world, his influence was slow. Even though within a few decades of his becoming known, a critical edition, with variants, was made by John of Skythopolis, his influence seems to have been limited to Christology, on which he was cited by both Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians. His influence was more ample among the Syrians. Among the Greeks, Dionysios gradually came to be seen as clarifying the matrix of Byzantine theology as inherited from the Cappadocians with its strong emphasis on the liturgy as the locus of theology, and his distinction between apophatic and kataphatic theology providing conceptual tools for accommodating mystery.
The Lord’s Prayer as Mystagogy from Origen to Maximos
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This essay traces the development of the place of the Lord’s Prayer in the initiation rites of the Church through three historical phases: first, the period of persecution, presented by Origen; second, the period of the expansion of the Church from the peace of the Church, presented by Gregory of Nyssa; third, a shift in focus to the monastic life, including devout lay Christians, represented by Maximos. For Origen initiation is preparation for possible martyrdom. For Gregory of Nyssa there is a marked concern for the influx into the Church of near-nominal Christians, manifest in his emphasis on the ethical and social demands of the Gospel. Maximos presents the Our Father as an epitome of the committed Christian life: participation in the divine life through kenosis of the Incarnate Word, apprehended by us through our kenosis in ascetical practice, leading us to an apophatic vision of the mystery of the Trinity.
Aquinas and Orthodoxy
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
To compare Orthodox theology and Aquinas is to embark on much-trodden territory, for in the last century Orthodox and Catholics too readily saw their differences as epitomized as Orthodox hesychasm versus Catholic Thomism. Certain observations tell against this. St Thomas himself was interested in and indebted to ‘Eastern Orthodox’ sources: he knew and loved the Greek Fathers (in Latin translation)—St John Chrysostom was a favourite; he made much use of Dionysios the Areopagite; and inherited the central place the Damascene’s On the Orthodox Faith had acquired in Western scholasticism. Further affinity lies in Aquinas’ initial monastic formation. In the hesychast controversy proper Aquinas played no role, but in the later stages of the hesychast controversy in the latter part of the fourteenth century (when Aquinas’ star was low in the West), he was appealed to by both sides. His influence on later Orthodox theology, while not negligible, was erratic.