bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone and X-Ray on the Amount of Circulating Antibody
Authors: Fischel Edward E. , LeMay Marjorie , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An anamnestic rise in circulating antibody following administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone or of X-ray could not be demonstrated by the quantitative precipitin-method in rabbits three months after cessation of immunization with crystalline ovalbumin despite the occurrence of a concomitant decrease in circulating lymphocytes.
Studies in Dysentery Vaccination
Authors: Cooper Merlin L. , Tepper Jack , Keller Helen M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two booster injections of vaccine of Sh. flexneri III 24 weeks after primary vaccination did not stimulate increases in protective power of sera from boys when a statistically significant level was still present. Individual and pooled sera did show slight increases in homologous agglutinative titers.
Three booster injections of vaccine of Sh. fiexneri VI 54 weeks after primary vaccination did stimulate statistically significant increases in protective power in the sera of boys when the protective power had decreased to zero. The increase persisted at least 6 weeks. Two of the three individual sera showed slight increases in homologous agglutinative titers within one week after the first booster injection.
Three booster injections of pentavalent Shigella vaccine 78 weeks after primary vaccination stimulated significant increases in protective power in the pooled serum of girls for the four component Shigellae against which the protective power had decreased to non-significant levels. These increases persisted at least 6 weeks. No significant increase developed in the protective power for the fifth homologous Shigella for which there was still a significant level at the time of the first booster injection. Increased agglutinative titers for each of the five component Shigellae were stimulated.
Differences in the Hemagglutinating and Antigenic Properties of Strains of Influenza Virus Isolated from One Outbreak
Authors: Sigel M. Michael 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been shown that strains of influenza type A virus which originated in the same institutional outbreak from specimens collected on the same day, treated in the same manner, and isolated by identical procedures, exhibited certain biological differences. These consisted of dissimilarities in the capacity to agglutinate chicken and guinea pig red cells, agglutination patterns, speed of elution from red cells, and resistance to ultraviolet light. Furthermore, small but significant differences in the antigenic composition were demonstrated by agglutination-inhibition, complement fixation and neutralization tests. Antibody cross-absorption tests revealed specific antibodies for each strain thus studied.
The Effect of Various Dyes in Vitro and in Vivo Upon Influenza Virus Infection in Mice
Authors: Fleisher Moyer S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A considerable variety of dyes (azo, quinone-imide and xanthene dyes) have been tested for their effect upon influenza virus in vitro. Only certain dyes in the quinone-imide group seem to have an effect upon the virus, namely the oxazins brilliant cresyl blue, nile blue A and cresyl violet, and some containing the azin-safranine radical, namely janus purple, janus blue G, janus green B and diethyl safranine azo-4-(1-phenyl-3-methyl-pyrazalon-M-sulfonamide). Nile blue A, cresyl violet and janus green B are the most effective of the dyes. Only janus green B and the safranine-pyrazalon-sulfonamide have an effect in vivo in altering the course of infection with influenza virus in mice; this effect is evident only when the chemical is injected intravenously and in dosage close to the LD50 of the chemical. Janus green B has a more pronounced effect than does safranine-pyrazalon-sulfonamide. The effect of injection of these two chemicals is evident in the greater per cent of survival beyond ten days in the treated mice as compared to the control mice, and in the lesser per cent of the treated mice dying before the average period of survival of the control mice. In both of these comparisons the differences are statistically significant. In addition, the average period of survival is greater in the treated mice. These differences in effect upon the course of infection with the PR8 strain are noted when injection of the janus green B is started at three hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours after inoculation of the mice. With safranine-pyrazalon-sulfonmide the injections started at 48 hours are not effective. The two agents are more effective against the PR8 strain than against the WS strain of influenza virus.
A Note on the Assay of Antigenic Polysaccharides and Vaccines
Authors: Ludwig K. A. , Murray F. J. , Staubach E. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method is described for the evaluation of antigenic pneumococcal polysaccharides and vaccines, based on a test commonly used to determine the number of LD50 doses neutralized. Protection was afforded mice by small amounts of SI not previously found protectively antigenic, when mice were infected three days after immunization instead of the usual five. Possibly larger amounts of SI will require longer waiting periods before challenging, and the “paralyzing dose” effect may be apparent rather than real.
Bovine Plasma Albumin in Buffered Saline Solution As a Diluent for Viruses
Authors: Dick G. W. A. , Taylor R. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two-tenths per cent bovine albumin in buffered saline solution has proved to be a highly satisfactory diluent for influenza and yellow fever viruses, having many advantages over serum. Chief among these are that it is easily prepared and, as far as is known, contains neither specific nor nonspecific virus-inactivating substances.
An Antibiotic Substance Produced by a Member of the Shigella Group
Authors: Fastier L. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An antibiotic producing strain of Sh. paradysenteriae Type XI (Boyd III;D1) has been described. When tested against 80 aerobic Enterobacteriaceae the inhibitor was active only against Types I, II, IV, and VIII Sh. paradysenteriae. The susceptibility of one strain of Shigella was no indication that other strains of the same type would be likewise inhibited. The antibiotic was water-soluble, could not be extracted by the common organic solvents and did not pass through cellophane. Observations on the production of the antibiotic under various cultural conditions and attempts to concentrate the active agent by adsorption methods are described.
An Electron Microscope Study of Material from Tissue of the Central Nervous System of Poliomyelitic and Normal Mice and Cotton Rats
Authors: Rhian Morris , Lensen Serge G. , Williams Robley C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Electron-microscopic study of purified preparations, derived from central nervous system tissue of mice and cotton rats by differential centrifugation, has shown that particles alike as to size and shape are obtained from both normal and poliomyelitic tissue. The total yield of nitrogenous material has been essentially the same from both normal and infected tissues.
Characteristic particles separated from both normal and infected tissues are approximately spherical and in the size range from 6 to 30 mμ in diameter. Aggregates of the particles are often obtained.
No intact rods or long filaments have been detected in any of the preparations, but some of the aggregations could easily be mistaken for such forms in unshadowed micrographs.
From a critical examination of our work, and that of others, we conclude that there is no evidence that a virus of the poliomyelitis group has ever been unequivocally identified on electron micrographs thus far published.
Host Growth and Its Relation to Influenzal Virus Infection
Authors: Kalter Seymour S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Since viruses generally do not reproduce in the absence of living cells, the virus particle must be partially dependent upon the metabolic activities of the host cell for its survival. Evidence of this dependence may be found in reports that undernourished animals, or animals deficient in certain accessory food factors, are more resistant to virus infection than are well-nourished animals (1–17). Many dietary constituents required for normal growth have been studied in relation to viral invasion (3–6, 8–15). From these studies it may be concluded that modification of normal biochemical function in the hosts cells may result in an altered rate of virus growth in that host's tissues.
To test the effect of host growth upon virus growth, two experiments were done to observe: a) the effect of variations in protein intake with its alterations of host growth on virus susceptibility, and b) naturally occuring growth differences and their relation to virus susceptibility.
A Method for Purifying Diphtheria Toxoid and Combining it with Protamine
Authors: Ross Victor 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
The use of protamine offers a means of separating bacillary protein and therefore removes a major protein component of crude diphtheria toxoid. No specific and constant formula, in terms of quantity of protamine or with respect to ionic strength can be given which will apply equally well to crude toxoids made in broths of varying composition. It is necessary to determine optimal conditions for each lot. It is desirable to employ toxoids that contain only minimal amounts of protein derivatives precipitated by trichloracetic acid at pH 4.0. Using such preparations, this step precipitates toxoid of high purity, once the bacillary protein is removed. On further treatment with Norite, preparations containing 2000 to 2100 Lf/mgN were obtained. Several additional steps have been employed between the removal of bacillary protein and the addition of trichloracetic acid when the crude toxoid contained larger amounts of protein derivatives originating in the production broth.
The chemical steps employed in preparing toxoid of this degree of purity do not appear to have resulted in noticeable changes in the stability of the toxoid, since flocculation has occurred fairly promptly with solutions in phosphate buffer held at 2 C for approximately 2 years and solutions held at 37 C for 4 weeks showed only 10 to 20 per cent loss in Lf. Precipitation of purified toxoid by protamine, and adsorption of the complex on a small quantity of aluminum hydroxide, gave a product which, when suspended in phosphate buffer and warmed at 37 C for 2 weeks, lost only 5 to 10 per cent of its Lf value; when warmed for 4 weeks the loss was 20 per cent. The absence of change in the toxoid molecule as a result of the procedures used is further indicated by the fact that guinea pigs have produced 4 units of antitoxin following injection of the protamine-precipitated product.
The high degree of purity of the toxoid obtained is reflected in the absence of disturbing reactions following injection of the protamine-toxoid into human adults. It seems possible that even the occasional individual who is sensitive to toxoid as such will experience less discomfort if given the protamine-precipitated material, since this would be expected to reduce the rate of release of toxoid at the site of the injection.
Some data are presented dealing with electrophoretic, and sedimentation-measurements of the purified toxoid.
Turbidimetric Measurement of Streptococcal Antihyaluronidase in the Sera of Patients with Streptococcal Infection and Rheumatic Fever
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The concentration of streptococcal antihyaluronidase has been measured in the sera of several groups of subjects by an adaptation of turbidimetry to such titrations.
Among presumably normal subjects such titers occur only in very low concentrations in infants, but in higher ranges in new born infants and older children. When the latter were divided into subgroups on the basis of potential degree of contact among individuals, the distribution of these titers appeared to be related to the probable degee of personal contact among individuals in such groups. Among children convalescing from scarlet fever, the mean and range of these titers was elevated above the normal, as also among patients with rheumatic fever in a quiescent state of the disease. In active rheumatic carditis, however, the distribution of titers showed a higher mean and range than in the two clinical groups just mentioned. Of 23 cases thus far studied of clinical reactivation of rheumatic fever, all were accompanied by a rise in the streptococcal antihyaluronidase titer as measured turbidimetrically.
These distributions of titers among the clinical groups showed differences similar to those found by the mucin-clot-prevention test for streptococcal antihyaluronidase. The possibilities that the two tests measure the same or different antibodies are discussed in terms of titers observed in individual sera by the two tests and of the relationships between enzyme and substrate in each system.
Studies on the Inactivation of Influenza and Newcastle Disease Viruses by a Specific Lipid Fraction of Normal Animal Sera
Authors: Utz John P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A lecithin-like fraction of sera from seven different animal sources appears capable of inactivating in vitro four different strains of influenza virus and one strain of Newcastle disease virus. This material is effective in concentrations so low as to exclude any possible participation of the extracting materials; the inactivating effect appears to be peculiar to serum lipids. The inactivation of the infective property of these viruses occurs at 37 C but not at a room temperature of 24 C; it is proportionate to the time of exposure; it is not hastened by increasing the amount of material present; and it is not significantly affected by changes in the pH in the range of 5 to 9. The inactivating material does not affect the hemagglutinating property of active or heat-inactivated influenza virus. The inactivating effect is inhibited by solutions of alpha amino acids and imino acids with the exception of the dicarboxylic acids, glutamic and aspartic acids. The evidence for and against the positive identification of this material as lecithin is discussed.
Immunization of Laboratory Workers with Purified Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Vaccine
Authors: Randall Raymond , Maurer Fred D. , Smadel Joseph E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The occurrence of infection with the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in two members of our laboratory staff and the reports of 24 other laboratory infections with the same virus indicate the exigency for the protective immunization of personnel having contact with this agent.
A formalinized vaccine prepared from chick embryos infected with the Venezuelan virus and partially purified by differential high-speed centrifugation was used to immunize 20 laboratory workers who had not previously had contact with the agent. Following two injections of 1.0 ml amounts of vaccine, the majority developed appreciable amounts of specific neutralizing antibody and one-half of them developed detectable amounts of specific complement-fixing antibodies. A third injection of vaccine resulted in increased amounts of both neutralizing and complement-fixing antibodies in the majority of the group. The neutralization indices now ranged from 150 to 1,585,000 and the complement-fixation titers from 0 to 1/32. While there was a general correlation between the results of neutralization and complement-fixation tests there was no close relation between the levels of antibody as determined by the two methods.
None of the 20 persons who received the present vaccine developed clinical signs of disease when they subsequently engaged in the large scale manufacture of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis vaccine.
The Effect of Influenza Virus Infection upon the Dispersion of P32 in Embryonated Eggs
Authors: Saenz A. C. , Taylor R. M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
An accompanying paper (1) records the dispersion of P32 incorporated in Na2HPO4 introduced into chick embryos by various routes. It was noteworthy that when this soluble radioactive phosphate was placed in the allantoic sac of 11-day-old embryos, a very large proportion remained in the allantoic fluid for a period of several days. Only very limited amounts escaped to, or at least were found in, the blood and the body of the embryo. None or only traces appeared in the amniotic fluid. The present paper deals with the effect of influenza virus upon the dispersion of P32 when both substances are inoculated simultaneously into the allantoic sac.
Materials and Methods. The methods of standardizing P32, inoculating the embryos, harvesting the material to be examined, and determining the amount of the isotope in the specimens have been described (1).
Loss of Hemolytic-Complement Activity and of Granulocytes Following Reinjection of an Antigen into the Rabbit
Authors: Stavitsky A. B. , Stavitsky R. , Ecker E. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The data obtained in this study support the following conclusions: An abrupt and pronounced reduction of complement follows in 30 to 60 minutes after the reinjection of an antigen into a rabbit. This decrease of complement-activity is probably due to fixation of complement by the complex of extracellular antibody and extracellular antigen in vivo.A similar mechanism possibly is involved in the loss of complement in anaphylaxis and also in serum sickness.The antigen-antibody union may also account for the loss of hemolytic complement in the course of various infectious diseases.The granulocytopenia which generally accompanies the reduction of complement after the reinjection of an antigen appears to be related to anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions as well as to an in vivo antigen-antibody reaction. This reaction may however occur in the apparent absence of extracellular antibody.The complement-reduction reaction is well suited for the study of antigen-antibody and hapten-antibody reactions in vivo. It may be used for the detection of extracellular antigen or antibody. It is highly specific and sensitive, apparently not affected by an excess of antigen or antibody, and may require little antigen for its appearance. At present, however, it is not a quantitative method.The granulocytopenic reaction may be useful for the early detection of an anaphylactic type of sensitivity to a given antigen.The granulocytopenic reaction has been observed often in the absence of any cardinal signs of anaphylactic shock.Further study is required to determine the practical significance of the losses of antibodies, complement, and granulocytes during the early part of the so-called negative phase in immunization.
The Antigenicity of Collagen
Authors: Waksman Byron H. , Mason Harold L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In rabbits receiving rabbit collagen coupled to diazotized sulfanilic acid and in others receiving commercial gelatin similarly treated, there were formed no precipitating or complement-fixing antibodies to the homologous antigens after intravenous or intraperitoneal injection. Normal human collagen, alone or coupled through benzidine with human serum globulin, did not give rise to demonstrable antibody formation in rabbits after intramuscular or intraperitoneal injection, even in the presence of the adjuvants of Freund and McDermott. In guinea pigs, following a single sensitizing injection, the same materials did not give rise to the symptoms of anaphylaxis upon intravenous injection. Rabbits injected with these materials showed no consistent, significant pathologic change. Complement fixation and precipitin tests of 19 sera of patients with lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, and acute rheumatic fever failed to demonstrate the presence of antibodies against normal human collagen. For purposes of purification, the collagen employed in these experiments was subjected to chemical and physical manipulations which may have affected adversely the demonstration of antigenicity.
Tumor-Immunity Induced in Rats by Subcutaneous Injection of Tumor Extract
Authors: Aptekman Paul Myron , Lewis Margaret Reed , King Helen Dean 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Ten successive subcutaneous injections at 2 to 3 day intervals of 0.5 to 1 ml of an alcoholic extract of rat sarcomata was followed by the development of resistance to the growth of transplanted tumor grafts in 50 per cent of the 94 rats treated in 19 litters of rats of the King A strain.
When the tumor-resistant rats were inbred, the percentage of tumor resistance that developed in response to this type of immunization increased, giving a total of 90 per cent, 83 per cent, and 85 per cent in the various inbred generations of the SA, SB and SC lines respectively.
All 173 rats that developed resistance to tumor growth following injections of tumor extract remained resistant to the growth of all grafts of tumor tissue that they received during the several months (6 to 12) they were kept under observation.
The percentage of tumor-immunity increased from 50 per cent of the 94 rats treated in the 19 litters of King A rats selected at random (Table I) to 86.8 per cent of the 145 rats treated in the 31 litters of inbred treated parents (Table II).
Studies in Dysentery Vaccination
Authors: Cooper Merlin L. , Keller Helen M. , Hart Agnes M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice, which had been vaccinated intraäbdominally with one dose of 100 million Shigella sonnei as a broth vaccine, showed a very high degree of immunity against intraäbdominal challenge one week after vaccination. Immunity decreased over the following 12 weeks but was still high at the end of that time.
Mice, which were vaccinated by gavage with 15 daily doses of one billion Sh. sonnei as broth vaccine, did not develop as high a degree of immunity against intraäbdominal challenge as did the mice vaccinated intraäbdominally. This immunity decreased rapidly within a 12 week period.
Sera from mice vaccinated intraäbdominally showed a high degree of passive mouse protective power and low agglutinative titers. Sera from mice vaccinated by gavage showed a significant but lesser degree of passive mouse protective power and absence of agglutinins.
Estimation of Potency of Scarlatinal Antitoxin by a Combined Flocculation and Rabbit Skin Test Method
Authors: Rao S. S. , Moloney P. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mixtures of scarlatinal toxin and antitoxin may flocculate in more than one zone. By applying certain criteria it is possible to distinguish the erythrogenic toxin-antitoxin zone from other zones of flocculation.
A combined flocculation-animal test is described for the assay of scarlatinal antitoxin.
Comparison of Two Different Antagonists As Inhibitors of Acriflavine Fastness of Trypanosomes
Authors: Schnitzer R. J. , Kelly D. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Esters and amides of aromatic acids, a recently found group of antagonists of trypanocidal arsenoso compounds, share with p-rosaniline hydrochloride the property of also antagonizing the anti-trypanosomal effect of the acridine dye stuff acriflavine.
By the method of inhibition of drug resistance it was shown that by combination of acriflavine with the triphenyl methane dye stuff in serial passages the development of acriflavine resistance of Trypanosoma equiperdum was prevented. In similar experiments in which acriflavine and methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate were combined, an acriflavine fast modification of T. equiperdum was obtained which was identical with a strain treated with acriflavine alone.
Therefore, the mechanism of action of these two antagonists is probably different.