bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emotion prediction as computation over a generative theory of mind
Authors: Houlihan Sean Dae , Kleiman-Weiner Max , Hewitt Luke B. , Tenenbaum Joshua B. , Saxe Rebecca 
Published: June 2023

From sparse descriptions of events, observers can make systematic and nuanced predictions of what emotions the people involved will experience. We propose a formal model of emotion prediction in the context of a public high-stakes social dilemma. This model uses inverse planning to infer a person’s beliefs and preferences, including social preferences for equity and for maintaining a good reputation. The model then combines these inferred mental contents with the event to compute ‘appraisals’: whether the situation conformed to the expectations and fulfilled the preferences. We learn functions mapping computed appraisals to emotion labels, allowing the model to match human observers’ quantitative predictions of 20 emotions, including joy, relief, guilt and envy. Model comparison indicates that inferred monetary preferences are not sufficient to explain observers’ emotion predictions; inferred social preferences are factored into predictions for nearly every emotion. Human observers and the model both use minimal individualizing information to adjust predictions of how different people will respond to the same event. Thus, our framework integrates inverse planning, event appraisals and emotion concepts in a single computational model to reverse-engineer people’s intuitive theory of emotions.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Cognitive artificial intelligence’.
DreamCoder: growing generalizable, interpretable knowledge with wake–sleep Bayesian program learning
Authors: Ellis Kevin , Wong Lionel , Nye Maxwell , Sablé-Meyer Mathias , Cary Luc , Anaya Pozo Lore , Hewitt Luke , Solar-Lezama Armando , Tenenbaum Joshua B. 
Published: June 2023

Expert problem-solving is driven by powerful languages for thinking about problems and their solutions. Acquiring expertise means learning these languages—systems of concepts, alongside the skills to use them. We present DreamCoder, a system that learns to solve problems by writing programs. It builds expertise by creating domain-specific programming languages for expressing domain concepts, together with neural networks to guide the search for programs within these languages. A ‘wake–sleep’ learning algorithm alternately extends the language with new symbolic abstractions and trains the neural network on imagined and replayed problems. DreamCoder solves both classic inductive programming tasks and creative tasks such as drawing pictures and building scenes. It rediscovers the basics of modern functional programming, vector algebra and classical physics, including Newton’s and Coulomb’s laws. Concepts are built compositionally from those learned earlier, yielding multilayered symbolic representations that are interpretable and transferrable to new tasks, while still growing scalably and flexibly with experience.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Cognitive artificial intelligence’.
Representational change is integral to reasoning
Authors: Bundy Alan , Li Xue 
Published: June 2023

Reasoning is the derivation of new knowledge from old. The reasoner must represent both the old and new knowledge. This representation will change as reasoning proceeds. This change will not just be the addition of the new knowledge. We claim that therepresentationof the old knowledge will also often change as a side effect of the reasoning process. For instance, the old knowledge may contain errors, be insufficiently detailed or require new concepts to be introduced. Representational change triggered by reasoning is a common feature of human reasoning but it has been neglected both in Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence. We aim to put that right. We exemplify this claim by analysing Imre Lakatos’s rational reconstruction of the evolution of mathematical methodology. We then describe the abduction, belief revision and conceptual change (ABC) theory repair system, which can automate such representational change. We further claim that the ABC system has a diverse range of applications to successfully repair faulty representations.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Cognitive artificial intelligence’.
A study of relationship between Social Determinant of Health and Imaging based Age Estimation using Head CT
Authors: Tariq Amara , Gichoya Judy , Patel Bhavik N. , Banerjee Imon 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe biological age of a person represents their cellular level health in terms of biomarkers like inflammation, oxidative stress, telomere length, epigenetic modifications, and DNA damage. Biological age may be affected by extrinsic factors like environmental toxins and poor diet indicating socioeconomic disadvantage. While biological age can provide a much more accurate risk estimate for age-related comorbidities and general decline in functioning than chronological age, it requires well-established laboratory tests for estimation.MethodologyAs an alternative to laboratory testing for biological age estimation, Incidental medical imaging data may demonstrate biomarkers related to aging like brian tissue atrophy. In this study, we designed a deep learning based image processing model for estimation of biological age from computed tomography scans of the head. We then analyzed the relation between gap in biological and chronological age and socioeconomic status or social determinants of health estimated by social deprivation index (SDI).ResultsOur CNN based image processing regression model for biological age estimation achieves mean absolute error of approximately 9 years between estimated biological and chronological age with -0.11 correlation coefficient with SDI. With the fusion of imaging and SDI in the process of age estimation, mean absolute error is reduced by 11%.ConclusionThe results of our experiments clearly establish a correlation between social determinants of health and the gap between biological and chronological ages.
Social inequalities in the misbelief of chloroquine’s protective effect against COVID-19: results from the EPICOVID-19 study in Brazil
Authors: Nunes Bruno P , Crochemore-Silva Inácio , Mielke Grégore I , Vidaletti Luis Paulo , da Silveira Mariangela Freitas , Hallal Pedro C 
Published: June 2023

AbstractObjectives:The aim of this study was to assess the spread of denialist messages regarding COVID-19 in Brazil, specifically examining how social inequalities contributed to the misconception of chloroquine having a protective effect against the virus.Study design:Three countrywide population-based studies were conducted in 2020 (May 14-21, June 4-7, and June 21-24), including 133 Brazilian cities (n=88,772).Methods:Participants were asked whether they believed in chloroquine’s protective effect against infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus (no/yes/don’t know). A jeopardy index score to assess cumulative social deprivation was calculated based on gender, racial and socioeconomic variables. Descriptive analysis and inequality measures (Slope Index of Inequality – SII; and Concentration Index – CIX) were used to evaluate the main association under investigation. Multinomial logistic regression was used to evaluate 3-category outcome according to independent variables.Results:Overall, 47.9% of participants either believed that chloroquine prevented against COVID-19 or said, “I don’t know”. Misbelief and lack of knowledge about chloroquine were greater among the most vulnerable (lowest levels of education and socioeconomic status). Absolute and relative inequalities were observed according to jeopardy index. Lack of knowledge was 2.49 greater among women than among men. Race/ethnicity minorities, those with low education and low socioeconomic status were more likely to erroneously believe that chloroquine prevented against COVID-19. The highest absolute inequality was observed for the category “I don’t know” (SII = -14.3).Conclusions:Misbelief of chloroquine’s protective effect against the SARS-CoV-2 virus was high in Brazil. People with greater social vulnerability were more likely to wrongly believe chloroquine prevented against COVID-19
Long-Term Remodeling Response in the Lamina Cribrosa Years after IOP Lowering by Suturelysis after Trabeculectomy
Authors: Czerpak Cameron A. , Quigley Harry A. , Nguyen Thao D. 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo measure the active remodeling of the lamina cribrosa (LC) years after IOP lowering by suturelysis.DesignCohort study.ParticipantsGlaucoma patients were imaged 20 minutes after laser suturelysis following trabeculectomy surgery and at their follow-up appointment 1-4 years later (16 image pairs; 15 persons).InterventionNon-invasive optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of the eye.Main OutcomesDeformation calculated by correlating OCT scans of the LC immediately after IOP lowering by suturelysis and those acquired years later (defined asfollow-upstrain).ResultsMean LC follow-up strain in the anteroposterior direction (Ezz) was 14.0 ± 21.3% (mean, standard deviation, p=0.03), while the LC anterior border moved 60.9 ± 54.6 μm into the eye (p=0.0006) on long-term, maintained IOP lowering.Ezzat follow-up was 14 times larger than the directEzzresponse to IOP lowering by suturelysis. There was a significant association between larger LC anterior movement and greaterEzz(p=0.004) at follow-up. Thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) at suturelysis was associated with greater follow-upEzz(p=0.04). Worsening visual field indexes during follow-up were associated with greater LC widening (positive remodelingEθθ, p=0.02). Eyes with a greater counterclockwise twist (positiveEθz) at suturelysis had greater reversal clockwise twist at follow-up (negative remodelingEθz, p=0.007).ConclusionFollow-up strains and LC border position changes measured years after IOP lowering are far larger than the immediate strain response and LC border movement response to IOP lowering and indicate dramatic remodeling of the LC anatomical structure caused by IOP lowering and glaucoma progression. The remodeling includes a substantial increase in LC thickness and movement into the eye. Eyes with greater direct strain response to IOP-lowering strains, greater glaucoma damage at suturelysis, and greater worsening of visual field at follow-up experienced greater remodelingTrial RegistrationClinicalTrials.govIdentifier:NCT03267849
There Goes the Neighborhood? The Public Safety Enhancing Effects of a Mobile Harm Reduction Intervention
Authors: Fixler Alex L. , Jacobs Leah A. , Jones Daniel B. , Arnold Aaron , Underwood Emily E. 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACTAimsTo estimate the impact of mobile clinics providing medication for opioid use disorders on neighborhood arrest rates.DesignA quasi-experimental difference-in-differences estimation.SettingPittsburgh, Pennsylvania.ParticipantsCensus blocks in the 1-mile circumferences surrounding 4 mobile medication clinics.Intervention and comparatorsThe intervention is comprised of mobile clinics providing buprenorphine to community members with opioid use disorders. A treatment group of eighty-four census block groups in the immediate areas surrounding clinics during the time period after their establishment were compared to a control group of city census blocks not within 1 mile of a clinic plus treated census block groups in the two years prior to clinic establishment.MeasurementsOutcome variables include drug, non-drug, and total arrests, measured per 100 in population.FindingsCompared to block groups further than 1 mile from an MMC, we found that total arrests fell by 34.13% (b= -0.358, 95% CI = -0.557, -0.158), drug arrests fell by 33.85% (b= -0.087, 95% CI = -0.151, -0.023), and non-drug related arrests fell by 22.29% (b= -0.179, 95% CI = -0.302, -0.057). Drug arrests declined significantly on days when the MMCs were not present (b = -0.015, 95% CI = -0.025, -0.006), but did not change significantly on the days when the intervention was active and on site (b= -0.002, 95% CI = -0.016, -0.013). Total arrests declined significantly on days when MMCs were and were not present (b= -0.045, 95% CI = - 0.078, -0.012; andb= -0.052, CI = -0.082, -0.023, respectively).ConclusionsMobile clinics providing medication for opioid use disorders significantly reduced neighborhood arrest rates. Expansion of mobile services could promote health equity and public safety.
Structure of puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase and polyglutamine binding
Authors: Madabushi Sowmya , Chow K. Martin , Song Eun Suk , Goswami Anwesha , Hersh Louis B. , Rodgers David W. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractPuromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (E.C. 3.4.11.14, UniProt P55786), a zinc metallopeptidase belonging to the M1 family, degrades a number of bioactive peptides as well as peptides released from the proteasome, including polyglutamine. We report the crystal structure of PSA at 2.3 Ǻ. Overall, the enzyme adopts a V-shaped architecture with four domains characteristic of the M1 family aminopeptidases, but it is in a less compact conformation compared to most M1 enzymes of known structure. A microtubule binding sequence is present in a C-terminal HEAT repeat domain of the enzyme in a position where it might serve to mediate interaction with tubulin. In the catalytic metallopeptidase domain, an elongated active site groove lined with aromatic and hydrophobic residues and a large S1 subsite may play a role in broad substrate recognition. The structure with bound polyglutamine shows a possible interacting mode of this peptide, which is supported by mutation.
The physiological and clinical-behavioral effects of HRV biofeedback in adolescents with autism: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Thoen Anoushka , Alaerts Kaat , Prinsen Jellina , Steyaert Jean , Van Damme Tine 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBackgroundAdolescents with autism present lower levels of cardiac vagal modulation in comparison to typically developing peers. These lower values are also associated with psychosocial and behavioral problems. Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback (HRVB) was therefore suggested as an interesting avenue for further exploration since it focusses on the up-regulation of cardiac vagal modulation and has demonstrated positive effects on mental health outcomes. However, scarce evidence was present regarding the effectiveness of HRVB in this population. It was hypothesized that HRVB would increase the level of cardiac vagal modulation in adolescents with autism which would result in positive effects on physiological outcome measures and psychosocial parameters. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that a home-based, non-supervised HRVB training would be feasible in this population.MethodsA single-blind, randomized sham-controlled pilot trial was used. During the initial single-blind phase, adolescents with autism performed supervised HRVB (n=24) or a sham training (n=20) for five weeks with one guided session per week and home-based practice (20 min) on the remaining days. In the subsequent follow-up period of five weeks, half of the adolescents of each group received HRVB training at home, in a non-supervised manner, whereas the other subset did not practice during that period. A combination of physiological, cortisol and behavioral data was collected during standardized stress-provoking assessments before (T0) and after each training period (T1 and T2).ResultsSupervised HRVB resulted in a late increase in cardiac vagal modulation in adolescents with autism. Heart rate increased and cortisol decreased significantly immediately after the supervised HRVB training, but none of these effects remained after the follow-up period of five weeks. None of the outcome measures on psychosocial functioning and self-reported stress revealed a significant change following the supervised HRVB training. The home-based HRVB training was feasible in this population but with a significant decrease in compliance rate. However, adolescents reported significantly lower symptoms of stress after this training period, regardless of the prior training (sham or HRVB).ConclusionHRVB is feasible and effective in adolescents with autism as demonstrated by late-emerging increases in cardiac vagal modulation and less self-reported symptoms of stress. Researchers are encouraged to replicate this study with a larger sample size and to further explore the possible working mechanisms of HRVB.
The Use of the Integrated Cognitive Assessment (ICA) to Improve the Efficiency of Primary Care Referrals to Memory Services in the Accelerating Dementia Pathway Technologies (ADePT) Study
Authors: Modarres Mohammad Hadi , Kalafatis Chris , Apostolou Panos , Tabet Naji , Khaligh-Razavi Seyed-Mahdi 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBackgroundCurrent primary care cognitive assessment tools are either crude or time-consuming instruments that can only detect cognitive impairment when it is well established. This leads to unnecessary or late referrals to memory services, by which time the disease may have already progressed into more severe stages.Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, some memory services have adapted to the new environment by shifting to remote assessments of patients to meet service user demand. However, the use of remote cognitive assessments has been inconsistent, and there has been little evaluation of the outcome of such a change in clinical practice.Emerging research has highlighted computerised cognitive tests, such as the Integrated Cognitive Assessment (ICA), as the leading candidates for adoption in clinical practice. This is true both during the pandemic and in the post-COVID-19 era as part of healthcare innovation.ObjectivesThe Accelerating Dementias Pathways Technologies (ADePT) Study was initiated in order to address this challenge and develop a real-world evidence basis to support the adoption of ICA as an inexpensive screening tool for the detection of cognitive impairment and improving the efficiency of the dementia care pathway.MethodsNinety-nine patients aged 55-90 who have been referred to a memory clinic by a general practitioner (GP) were recruited. Participants completed the ICA either at home or in the clinic along with medical history and usability questionnaires. The GP referral and ICA outcome were compared with the specialist diagnosis obtained at the memory clinic.Participants were given the option to carry out a retest visit where they were again given the chance to take the ICA test either remotely or face-to-face.ResultsThe primary outcome of the study compared GP referral with specialist diagnosis of MCI/dementia. Of those the GP referred to memory clinics, 78% were necessary referrals, with ∼22% unnecessary referrals, or patients who should have been referred to other services as they had disorders other than MCI/dementia. In the same population the ICA was able to correctly identify cognitive impairment in ∼90% of patients, with approximately 9% of patients being false negatives. From the subset of unnecessary GP referrals, the ICA classified ∼72% of those as not having cognitive impairment, suggesting that these unnecessary referrals may not have been made if the ICA was in use.ConclusionsThe results from this study demonstrate the potential of the ICA as a screening tool, which can be used to support accurate referrals from primary care settings, along with the work conducted in memory clinics and in secondary care.
Retinal Vascular Parameters and Risk of Heart Failure
Authors: Wu Yuting , Wang Yueye , Chen Qi , Wang Ruobing , He Mingguang , Shi Danli 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAimTo investigate the association of retinal vascular parameters (calibre, tortuosity, fractal dimension and the number of segments) with incident heart failure (HF) in the UK Biobank.MethodsParticipants with fundus images in UK Biobank were included. Retinal vascular parameters were assessed by an artificial intelligence system (RMHAS). Incident HF events were determined by hospital inpatient data, death register records and self-reported medical condition. Cox proportional hazards regression models (CPH) were used to investigate the links between retinal vascular variables and the risk of HF.ResultsWe included 56470 individuals. After a median of 10.95-year follow-up, 1062 incident HF events were reported. After adjusting for conventional HF risk factors in CPH, we found larger retinal venular calibre (hazard ratio [HR], 1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-2.14), smaller arteriolar fractal dimension (HR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.38-2.85), smaller venular fractal dimension (HR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.09-2.13), the smaller number of arteriolar segments (HR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.47-3.24) and the smaller number of venular segments (HR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.29-2.64) were linked to an increased risk of HF. The addition of retinal vessel measurements to traditional HF risk factors increased the discrimination capability for predicting future HF, with C statistics changing from 0.799 to 0.813.ConclusionsWider retinal venular calibre, lower vascular fractal dimension and a smaller number of vessel segments were associated with a higher risk of incident HF events. These results point to the potential application of using early retinal vasculature changes to identify people at higher risk of HF.