bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Experimental Models to Calibrate Numerical Models for Slope Stability and Deformation Analysis
Authors: Tiwari Binod , Tran Duc 
Published: January 2023

AbstractLandslides cause significant loss of lives and properties globally. Rainfall and earthquake are considered to be two frequent causes of landslides although there are dozens of natural or anthropogenic triggers of landslides. Experimental or numerical analyses by varying a single parameter—while keeping other triggers constant—help researchers/practitioners to understand the influence of each triggering factor on slope stability/landslides. However, experimental modeling of landslides in laboratory is exhaustive, time consuming, and expensive process. There are various experimental methods available for such modeling—ranging from centrifuge modeling to small scale 1 g models—depending on the need, available resources, and funds. With the wide availability of materials and development of better sensors/instruments, our capability to perform laboratory experiments, specifically for landslide modeling, has been much easier and accessible in recent decades. Such experiments are valuable to calibrate numerical models so that various analyses can be performed on the real-world problems. In this study, we prepared laboratory scale slopes in Plexiglas containers at varying densities and slope inclinations, and instrumented the slopes properly to measure real time suction, displacement, advancement of wetting front, and accelerations at various locations and depths within the model. The slopes were subjected to rainfall and/or earthquake shaking to evaluate the effect of rainfall and earthquakes—separately and combined—on slope stability. The experimental results were used to calibrate the numerical modeling effort so that a full spectrum of sensitivity analyses could be performed for a slope located in an expensive neighborhood of Southern California.
International Consortium on Landslides: From IDNDR, IGCP, UNITWIN, WCDRR 2 & 3 to Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020
Authors: Sassa Kyoji , Canuti Paolo , Bobrowsky Peter , Casagli Nicola 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) was proposed and established in January 2002, based on the Japan–China international joint research activities (1991–1999) in a part of IDNDR (International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction) and the UNESCO-IUGS Joint programme IGCP-425: Landslide Hazard Assessment and Cultural Heritage (1998–2003). The ICL has developed through the UNESCO-KU-ICL UNITWIN Cooperation Programme from 2003, the second World Conference on Disaster Reduction in Kobe in 2005, the 2006 Tokyo Action Plan, the third World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Sendai in 2015, and the ISDR-ICL Sendai Landslide Partnerships 2015–2025. On 5 November 2020, the Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020 for global promotion of understanding and reducing landslide disaster risk was launched by 90 signatory organizations consisting of the ICL, ICL supporting organizations and other stakeholders. The ICL history is reviewed focusing on the link with United Nations Programmes, UN World Conferences by the founding, the second, the immediate past, and the current Presidents of the ICL.
Landform Geometry for Restoration of Mountain Roads and Landslide Hazard Resilience
Authors: Virajh Dias A. A. , Herath H. M. J. M. K. , Kulathilake L. K. N. S. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractTraveling on a mountainous road is attractive but questionable under aggressive climatic conditions such as extreme rainstorms. Roads are often designed in different geological complexity overlaying upper and lower terrains. The complexity of slope geometries, potential deformities, ground discontinuities, soil-rock composite nature, factors incorporated in structural integrity, the complexity associated with infrastructure developments, and unstable landform have long been causes of the increasing cost of road constructions in hills. In many instances, landform geometries and the natures of slope observed in-situ allow us to understand many salient features that we need to know in the design to mitigate landslide threats. The extent to which we make the collective effort to gather many features of landforms and their static representations concludes its validity. Findings are more forced to be based on geometrical evidence of slopes and cross-checked with an appropriate design criterion. A provision should describe a design or construction method that is deemed to comply with the site-specific conditions. Such an approach will save the enormous cost of investigations, design, and simplification for numerical evaluations, and also contribute to an indirect approach to road restoration and improve an appropriate approach for resilience to landslide hazards.
Mechanisms of Shallow Rainfall-Induced Landslides from Australia: Insights into Field and Laboratory Investigations
Authors: Gratchev Ivan , Ravindran Sinnappoo , Kim Dong Hyun , Cui Chen , Tang Qianhao 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis paper presents and discusses the mechanisms of rainfall-induced shallow landslides that commonly occur in South East Queensland (SEQ) and northern New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The major factors causing the formation of landslide mass such as geology, weathering, and rainfall patterns were discussed. Results from field surveys and laboratory testing of rock/soil material from landslide masses were presented, and relationships between the material strength and landslide occurrence were drawn. It was found that most of shallow slides were related to sandstone deposits. Those failures occurred on natural slopes and road cuts with the inclination of the failure plane being in the range of 35–45°. For natural slopes where the landslide mass mostly consisted of coarse-grained soil, the relationship between the soil strength and water content was established. In addition, the relationship between rainfall patterns such as intensity and duration, and the landslide occurrence was presented. Based on the data from field work and laboratory results including a series of flume tests, the mechanism of shallow landslides triggered by rainfall events was identified and discussed.
Design Protection Barriers Against Flow-Like Landslides
Authors: Cuomo Sabatino , Di Perna Angela , Martinelli Mario 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe interaction of flow-like landslides with protection barriers is analyzed for their design. Three recent analysis approaches are briefly presented and applied to different landslide geometries. Approach no. 1 (empirical) allows estimating the impact force and flow kinetic energy over the time. Approach no. 2 (analytical) additionally provides the displacement of the barrier due to the impact. Approach no. 3 (numerical) fully simulates the Landslide-Structure-Interaction (LSI) also including the estimate of the amount of landslide volume overtopping the barrier. The required input parameters and the results achievable through the three approaches are illustrated and compared.
Landslide Warning Systems in Low-And Lower-Middle-Income Countries: Future Challenges and Societal Impact
Authors: Alcántara-Ayala Irasema , Garnica-Peña Ricardo J. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThere is a growing body of literature that recognises the importance of warning systems to reduce landslide disaster risk and avoid the occurrence of disasters. Recent developments in landslide disasters around the world have heightened the need for the implementation of Landslide Early Warning Systems (LEWSs) particularly in low-and lower-middle-income countries (LICs and MICs), where levels of vulnerability and exposure are very high. However, no previous study has systematically evaluated the use of LEWSs in LICs and MICs. By means of a systematic review on the scientific literature this chapter explores the ways in which LEWSs have been implemented in LICs and MICs. This research seeks to address the spatial distribution of LEWSs in the world, specifically in LICs and MICs. Special attention is given to reviewing the development of LEWSs in terms of their inclusion in integrated disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies or as standalone initiatives, and the type of approaches followed, either as top-down or bottom-up. The chapter has three key components: (1) to prepare a search and inclusion criteria strategy for systematic literature review to collect a set of articles on LEWSs using the ISI Web of Science database; (2) to organize the literature review set to extract and analyse quantitative and qualitative data and information on LEWSs in LICs and MICs; and (3) to provide insights on a future LEWSs research agenda concerning critical issues and gaps in the literature and identifying main challenges with high societal impact. A noteworthy remark about this review is that only 12.4% of the total publications that met the specified criteria are from LICs and MICs. These papers address diverse dimensions of LEWSs in different degrees, but despite that, the actual use or implementation of LEWSs was addressed only by five papers. This suggests a potential disadvantage in the development and successful systematic implementation of LEWSs in these countries.
Effect of Landslide Deformation on the Stability of St. Andrew’s Church (Kyiv, Ukraine): Applications of Remote Sensing and Mathematical Modeling
Authors: Trofymchuk Oleksandr , Kaliukh Iurii , Lebid Oleksiy , Klymenko Viktoriia , Vyshniakov Viacheslav , Kreta Dmytro , Elshayeb Yasser 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis article presents the work conducted by the authors to analyze the stability of the St. Andrew’s Church which contains architecture, painting and decorative arts of the XVIII century. The church is located on a landslide-hazardous hill in the historic part of Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine. The architectural monument was built in 1747–1762 upon the project of Francois Bartolomeo Rastrelli in the Baroque style. It is one of the most important architectural monuments in Ukraine, which has cultural and historical value. Fluctuations in the height of the soil of the upper and lower part of the hill, on which St. Andrew’s Church is located, vary from 181.7 to 118.5 m. There are physical and geological hazards around the historic building, such as landslides, loose soil, soil inhomogeneities, and external erosion of the hill. To preserve this national heritage monument, a set of measures needed (monitoring the monument, identifying dangerous areas, carrying out fortification works, etc.). Monitoring of architectural monument in large areas could be carried out using optoelectronic and radar-location data and remote sensing of the Earth from space. Radar-location observations make it possible to determine reliable information about objects that are exposed to landslides and endure displacements (Casagli et al. in Landslides 7:291–301, 2010). Optoelectronic observations are effective for identifying areas and objects, identifying threats, operational assessment of the state of environmental objects, identifying areas that are affected, etc. After obtaining information on specific landslide-hazardous objects, with the help of geographic information systems (GIS) tools, areas of interest are identified for space survey of ultra-high spatial diversity to further assess the state of the architectural monument and the surrounding area. Subsequently, ground research and mathematical calculations of the object under study are carried out and measures are taken to eliminate landslide hazards and preserve the national heritage. With the results of this research, geotechnical works were already carried out to strengthen, restore and reinforce the damaged building structures.
30 Years of Cultural Heritage Landslides and Block Movements Risk Assessment: Case Studies from Egypt
Authors: Elshayeb Yasser 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThroughout history, sites of high societal values, such as temples, tombs or palaces were mainly constructed through the digging/carving of rocks, built on hills or plateaus, or through the usage of carved/cut displaced rocks. Ancient designers/engineers/workers usually chose construction sites as to facilitate the building or the carving of stones, while, at the same time, serving the purpose of the building/constructions. In Egypt, throughout the ancient Egyptian Civilization, Egyptians have chosen to carve their temples and tombs in the soft limestone, shales and sandstones that are covering most of the modern Egypt, whereas in few temples and tombs, hard igneous and metamorphic rocks were used as ornament material for tombs and statutes. In this paper, we will present an account of the development of landslide risk assessment for various cultural heritage sites around Egypt, for different eras of Egyptian history and different sites. This paper aims at discussing different case studies and success stories of landslides and block movements hazards assessment around or inside Egyptian Cultural Heritage sites.
10th Anniversary of ICL Adriatic-Balkan Network and 5th Regional Symposium on Landslides
Authors: Arbanas Željko , Mihalić Arbanas Snježana 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe Adriatic-Balkan Network (ABN) was established in January 2012 as one of regional networks in the framework of International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) and its 10th Anniversary was concluded with 5th Regional Symposium on Landslides in Adriatic-Balkan Region (ReSyLAB) in Rijeka, Croatia, in March 2022. The Adriatic-Balkan Network was formally established during the 14th Serbian Symposium on Engineering Geology and Geotechnics in Belgrade in September 2012 based on the Proposal of the ICL Adriatic-Balkan Network that was approved at the 10th Anniversary Meeting of ICL held in Kyoto, Japan, in January 2012. The main outcome of the Adriatic-Balkan Network activity is organization of biannual Regional Symposiums on Landslides, organized in Zagreb, Croatia, 2013; Belgrade, Serbia, 2015; Ljubljana, Slovenia, 2017; Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2019; and the last one in Rijeka, Croatia in March 2022. In this paper, the establishment, objectives and activities of Adriatic-Balkan Network (ABN) within last ten years were presented as well as main outcomes of the 5th ReSyLAB held in Rijeka, Croatia, in March 2022.
Deep Learning in Landslide Studies: A Review
Authors: Thirugnanam Hemalatha 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis study reviews deep learning architectures and techniques used in the landslide domain. This study aims to understand the state of the art, challenges, and opportunities of applying deep learning to landslide research. Every paper discussed in this article is reviewed for the deep learning approach employed, the study area where it is implemented, additional benchmark algorithms implemented, model assessment metrics, the best model that is selected, and the limitations mentioned by the authors. This review increases visibility into (1) various deep learning methodologies as implemented in real-world landslide mapping, detection, monitoring, and prediction case studies, (2) projects constraints of applying deep learning to landslide research (3) provides recommendations and breakthroughs that must be established in certain areas of landslide studies.
Landslide Early Warning Systems: Requirements and Solutions for Disaster Risk Reduction—India
Authors: Ramesh Maneesha Vinodini , Thirugnanam Hemalatha , Singh Balmukund , Nitin Kumar M. , Pullarkatt Divya 
Published: January 2023

AbstractGlobally the prevalence of landslides has increased, impacting more than 4.8 million people between 1998 and 2017 and reported more than 18,000 casualties [UNDP]. The scenario has worsened dramatically, and it has become imperative to develop early warning systems to save human life. This demands the need for systems that could identify the potential of imminent landslides and disseminate the information related to landslide initiation in real-time. This would provide the opportunity to save lives. However, globally the research on reliable end-to-end systems for early warning of landslides is still in its nascent stage. Therefore, this paper explores in detail the requirements for developing systems for real-time monitoring, detection, and early warning of landslides. An integrated solution for building the real-time landslide monitoring and early warning system to provide community-scale disaster resilience is also proposed. This solution integrates multiple modules such as a heterogeneous sensor system, data storage and management, event detection framework, alert dissemination, and emergency communication system to address issues such as capturing dynamic variability, managing multi-scale voluminous datasets, extracting key triggering information regarding the onset of possible landslide, multilevel alert dissemination, and robust emergency communication among the stakeholders respectively. The paper also presents two case studies of real-time landslide early warning systems deployed in North-eastern Himalayas and Western Ghats of India. These case studies demonstrate the approaches utilized for risk assessment, risk analysis, risk evaluation, risk visualization, risk control, risk communication, and risk governance. The results from the deployed system in the case study areas demonstrate the capability of the IoT system to gather Spatio-temporal triggers for multiple types of landslides, detection and decision of specific scenarios, and the impact of real-time data on mitigating the imminent disaster.
Application of Ichi-Nichi-Mae (The Day Before the Disaster) Project for Landslide Awareness and Risk Communication
Authors: Nishikawa Satoru 
Published: January 2023

AbstractLandslide disasters are common in most habitable areas and claim numerous lives, and cause havoc to livelihoods. However, most landslide survivors state that they never thought of being hit by landslides in their area. This indicates the need to effectively raise public awareness about landslides. Ichi-Nichi-Mae (The Day before the Disaster) Project started in 2005 and has been used to raise awareness against various types of disasters. Since landslides are common in many communities, the episodes by the survivors of landslides are found to be effective means for risk communication. This project has developed to be linked with community disaster management plans which started in 2014 in Japan.
Characteristics and Remedy Solutions for a New Mong Sen Deep-Seated Landslide, Sapa Town, Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Lan Chau , Do Tuan-Nghia , Nguyen Quoc Dinh 
Published: January 2023

AbstractLandslides govern the evolution of landforms and pose a serious threat across the globe, especially in mountainous areas. In the northwestern area of Vietnam, a deep-seated landslide occurred near the new Mong Sen bridge in Trung Chai commune, Sapa town, Laocai province. In October 2020, some serious cracks were observed above a natural slope near a road, which was under construction to connect the Noi Bai-Laocai highway to Sapa town. The crack area was divided into two zones. Since this phenomenon could not only cause loss of life but also damage to the properties located downhill, the construction was stopped until the slope was rehabilitated. In this study, geological investigations, laboratory tests, and stability analysis were conducted to understand the failure mechanism. The analysis results showed that cutting activities during the construction of the road contributed to the sliding of the sloping soil mass. The following rehabilitation works at the failed area were conducted: (1) removing the soil above the natural slope; and (2) constructing the retaining system, including ground anchors and soil nails to retain the remaining slope. Results of stability analysis demonstrated that the retained slope would be stable after treatment.
March 2019 Flood Impact on the Stability of Ambal Salt Ridge in the Gotvand Dam Reservoir, Southern Iran
Authors: Barjasteh Arash 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAmbal salt ridge is a unique exposure of salt piercement in the reservoir of Gotvand dam in the southwest of Iran. It is composed of evaporitic Gachsaran Formation of Oilgo-Miocene Age. This structurally controlled piercement is accompanied by subsidence and sliding of highly soluble layers into the dam reservoir. The region is affected by neotectonic activity due to proximity to two known active faults namely, Lahbari and Pir-Ahmad thrust faults. Based on a four year field observation and monitoring, a gradual and continuous sliding is occurring that is intensified by ground water circulation through evaporite karstic sinkholes and fracture systems. The subsidence and sliding of the Gachsaran evaporitic layers increased significantly after a severe flash flooding in March 2019. The water level rising due to flood event caused filling and saturation of the existing sinkholes in the salt ridge that facilitated and prompted development of land sliding. The situation is expected to be more critical if a moderate to high earthquake would happen since the dam lies in an active tectonic zone of the Zagros Fold Belt. Land subsidence and sliding was facilitated by high fracturing due to neotectonic activity. Finally, based on the Newmark method, slide potential of the largest landslide body of the Ambal ridge was calculated considering geotechnical parameters obtained from core drilling and partial saturation of the salt body during March, 2019 flooding of Karun River.
Ongoing Persistent Slope Failures at the Toe of a Giant Submarine Slide in the Ryukyu Trench that Generated the AD 1771 Meiwa Tsunami
Authors: Kawamura Kiichiro , Oguri Kazumasa , Inoue Mutsuo , Hsiung Kan-Hsi , Kudaka Taishi , Takai Ken 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis study investigates sedimentation processes and associated submarine sliding on the floor of the Ryukyu Trench. Three dive surveys were conducted using the manned submersible Shinkai 6500 (hereafter 6K) in the trench. The AD 1771 Meiwa tsunami was generated by a giant submarine slide on the landward trench slope in this region. Dive survey site 6K#1469 was located on a mouth of the submarine canyon in the forearc basin. Dive survey site 6K#1468 was located on the uppermost part of the submarine slide, where steps and fissures were observed. Dive survey site 6K#1467 was located at the toe of the submarine slide, which is covered by a muddy sediment layer. Core sample 6K#1467 measured 36.3 cm long and comprised muddy sediments interlayered with silt and/or sand laminations. The paleocurrent direction of the laminated sediments is mostly from north to south, indicating that they were not transported along with the trench but were from the landward slope, probably via repeated small submarine slides. The sedimentation rate for sample 6K#1467 was estimated at 2.42 mm/year using a depth profile of 210Pbex concentration within 10 cm deep and a date for the sediment of ~ 50 year ago. Based on the sedimentation rate and the number of laminae, the typical recurrence interval of the silt/sand layers is calculated to be ~ 6 year. We interpret these results as indicating that repeated small submarine slides have occurred persistently (recurrence interval of ~ 6 year) at the toe of the investigated giant submarine slide in the Ryukyu Trench over the last 50 year.
Precise estimate of charged Wino decay rate
Authors: Ibe Masahiro , Mishima Masataka , Nakayama Yuhei , Shirai Satoshi 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Wino is an SU(2)L triplet Majorana fermion and a well-motivated dark matter candidate. The mass difference between the charged and the neutral Winos is small thanks to the SU(2)L symmetry. The small mass difference makes the charged Wino metastable, which provides disappearing charged track signatures at collider experiments. The constraint on the Wino dark matter at the LHC strongly depends on the Wino lifetime. We compute the next-to-leading order (NLO) correction of the charged Wino decay and make the most precise estimate of the decay rate. We find that the NLO decay rate is determined by the mass difference and scarcely depend on the Wino mass itself in the heavy Wino limit. As a result, we find the NLO correction gives a minor impact on the lifetime of 2–4% increase.