bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantum transport via dot devices with arbitrarily strong interactions
Authors: Klyuchantsev A B , Dzebisashvili D M 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The paper develops a theory of tunneling electron transport through atomic-scale systems (or briefly quantum dots) with arbitrarily strong interaction. The theory is based on a diagram technique for nonequilibrium Green’s functions defined on Hubbard operators. The use of Hubbard operators, describing many-body states of an entire quantum dot, makes it possible to represent the Hamiltonian of the quantum dot in a universal diagonal form and consider its coupling with two leads within the perturbation theory. It is shown that in the case when all Hubbard operators are defined for the same site, some rules of the diagram technique for Hubbard operators, initially developed for lattice models, have to be modified. As an example of the application of the modified theory, the current-voltage characteristics of the single-impurity Anderson model with infinitely large Coulomb repulsion are calculated. It is shown that taking into account the multiple electron tunneling processes with spin flips results in the dip in the center of the Lorentz distribution peak, describing the density of states of the one level Anderson impurity coupled with two leads. The emergence of this dip in the density of states leads to a peculiar feature in the bias voltage dependence of the differential conductivity, which can be detected experimentally.
Modified Starobinsky inflation by the R ln (□) R term
Authors: Bezerra-Sobrinho J. , Medeiros L.G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the context of effective theories of gravity, a minimalist bottom-up
approach which takes into account 1-loop quantum corrections leads to
modifications in the Einstein-Hilbert action through the inclusion of four
extra terms: R
2, CκραβCκραβ
,
R ln (□) R and Cκραβ

ln(□) Cκραβ
. The first two terms are necessary
to guarantee the renormalizability of the gravitational theory, and the last
two terms (nonlocal terms) arise from the integration of massless/light matter
fields. This work aims to analyze how one of the nonlocal terms, namely
R ln(□) R, affects the Starobinsky inflation. We
consider the nonlocal term as a small correction to the R
2 term, and we
demonstrate that the model behaves like a local model in this context. In
addition, we show that the approximate model in the Einstein frame is
described by a canonical scalar field minimally coupled to general relativity.
Finally, we study the inflationary regime of this model and constrain its free
parameters through observations of CMB anisotropies.
Linearity characterization and uncertainty quantification of spectroradiometers via maximum likelihood and the non-parametric bootstrap
Authors: Pintar Adam L , Levine Zachary H , Yoon Howard W , Maxwell Stephen E 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A technique for characterizing and correcting the linearity of radiometric instruments is known by the names the ‘flux-addition method’ and the ‘combinatorial technique’. In this paper, we develop a rigorous uncertainty quantification method for use with this technique and illustrate its use with both synthetic data and experimental data from a ‘beam conjoiner’ instrument. We present a probabilistic model that relates the instrument readout to a set of unknown fluxes via a set of polynomial coefficients. Maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) of the unknown fluxes and polynomial coefficients are recommended, while a non-parametric bootstrap algorithm enables uncertainty quantification including standard errors and confidence intervals.
The synthetic data represent plausible outputs of a radiometric instrument and enable testing and validation of the method. The MLEs for these data are found to be approximately unbiased, and confidence intervals derived from the bootstrap replicates are found to be consistent with their target coverage of 95%. For the polynomial coefficients, the observed coverages range from 91% to 99%. The experimental data set illustrates how a complete calibration with uncertainties can be achieved using the method plus one well-known flux level. The uncertainty contribution attributable to estimation of the instrument’s non-linear response is less than 0.025% over most of its range.
Spatial regression model of poverty in the province of North Sumatera on 2017
Authors: Darnius Open , Tambunan Yohana 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The research is done to determine the model of poverty in the Province of North Sumatera with spatial regression, to analyze the factors that affect it and to definite the effective spatial regression in analyzing it. Spatial regression used is Spatial Autoregressive Model (SAR). The data used is secondary data from Statistics Indonesia of Province of North Sumatra. The result shows that predictor variables which affect the response variable are The Index of Human Development (X
3) and The Percentage of Population Destiny (X
4). The value of (R
2) is 72,78%.
Analysis of an optimal cluster approach: a review paper
Authors: Jollyta Deny , Efendi Syahril , Zarlis Muhammad , Mawengkang Herman 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Determining the optimal clusters can be regarded as a grouping problem that has produced many cluster approach methods in various studies. Each method has provisions that can solve one or more grouping problems in generating information from data set with a number of k being tested. The advantages and disadvantages of each method actually complement to each other in solving the grouping problems. This paper aims to describe the performance of cluster approach methods in determining the optimal clusters through a review by paying attention to the criteria of the problem which is an obstacle to the grouping problem. The results of this review are expected to be a reference for developing the new optimal cluster approach method through possible combinatorial optimization.
Microplastic as a pollution in Babura River Medan: A study Case
Authors: Harpah N , Rizki A , Ageng P , Adawiyah R , Perdana Z , Suryati I , Leonardo R , Husin A , Faisal M 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Microplastic in freshwater are an emerging global issue. Microplastic can be ingested by plankton and accumulated in aquatic food web. This study describes the characteristic of microplastic and the abundance of microplastic on water and sediments. The Babura River in Medan was used as a case study. The water dan sediments were collected at 3 location on July 2020 and conducted preparation on laboratory. The characterized of microplastic were using microscopy for the shape and FTIR for the type. The abundance were identify with microscopy. The characterize of collected water and sediments indicated that it contains polypropylene, polystyrene and polyethylene with fragment, film and fibre dominated for the shapes. The abundance of microplastic are from 15 particles/100g to 39 particles/100g on sediments and 68 particles/L to 132 particles/L on water. Similar shape were observed at all location, suggesting that anthropogenic activities in Babura river contributed for microplastic pollution.
Biogas Production from Cassava Peels Utilizing Fixed Bed Bioreactor with Silica Gel Media
Authors: Malini Simare mare Eva , Sarah Maya , Husin Amir 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Indonesia has an abundance of various types of agricultural products. One of the abundance of agricultural products in Indonesia is cassava, but the skin is rarely used, so it can be a source of waste. Cassava peels can be used as a source of bioenergy in the form of biogas. This research was conducted by mixing the ratio of domestic waste mixing IPAL Cemara PDAM Tirtanadi and water by including cassava peels. In the slurry, cassava peels added about 8-9 % This study aims to determine the amount of biogas produced from bioreactors with and without silica gel as media. The ratio of domestic waste from IPAL Cemara PDAM Tirtanadi and water 1: 0, 1: 0.5, 1: 0.4 1: 0.3. The retention time during 23 days. The parameters tested from this study were COD, TSS, and VS. From the results of the research, it was found biogas from bioreactor ratio of 1: 0. In the bioreactor with silica gel media biogas was found on the 19th day with a pressure of 499.8 Pa, however in bioreactor without silica gel media, biogas was found at 294 Pa.
Combining Level of Watering and Soil pH to obtain high concentration of Essential Oil in Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides L. Nash)
Authors: Taufikurahman T , Fatimah I N 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides L. Nash) is a grass that has been known for its tolerance to drought conditions. This study was conducted to determine the effect of the combination of watering level and soil pH on the production of essential oil in the root of the plant. Watering level was given based on percentage of field capacity i.e. 100%; 75%; 50%; 25%; and 5%, while the soil pH was 3; 7; and 11. Analysis of the quality and quantity of essential oils was carried out using GC-MS. At soil pH 3 and watering volume of 25%, the highest levels of terpenoid compounds were produced (47.36%), while at pH 3 and watering level of 100%, fatty acid compounds were produced at highest level (38.51%). Watering level of 100% and 25% combined with pH 3 showed as optimal combinations for vetiver to produce essential oils.
Forest Stand Composition of the Tapanuli Orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis) Habitat in the Nature Reserves
Authors: Maulana M I , Auliah N L , Onrizal O 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Forest areas of Dolok Sipirok Nature Reserve (DSNR) and Dolok Sibual-Buali Nature Reserve (DBNR) are part of Batang Toru forest landscape which is also the habitat of some protected and endangered wildlife such as Tapanuli orangutans (Pongo tapanuliensis). However, the forest has continued to experience widespread pressure and degradation or reduction, mainly due to forest conversion. Therefore, it is very notable to assess the composition of forest vegetation of DSNR and DBNR considering their very important role for the survival of the Tapanuli orangutan populations. The composition of forest vegetation in this research is known by vegetation analysis. The method vegetation analysis used is line transect. The length of the line transect is 1000 m which consists of 10 plots of each transect with a distance between plots of 100 m. Measurements are carried out on the growth rate of seedlings, saplings, poles and trees. Furthermore, the processing of vegetation analysis data is carried out to find out the Important Value Index (IVI), diversity index (H’), evenness (E) and richness (d) of vegetation species in the research area. The results showed that the composition of orangutan habitat vegetation in DSNR consisted of 107 species from 39 families, while DBNR forest consisted of 117 species from 45 families. Tree Syzygium sp1. species consistently have the highest IVI scores at all forest vegetation growth rates of both reserves. The diversity, evenness and richness of DBNR forest vegetation species tends to be higher than DSNR forest.
Tensile strength of various bamboo species tested with different shape of test specimens
Authors: Handana M A P , Surbakti B , Harisdani D D , Karolina R , Fahreza D 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Bamboo has a different tensile strength at the bottom, middle and top, both at the node and internode part of the bamboo. Tensile strength obtained by tension test with several standard testing methods that use different specimen shapes in the testing process. This study compared standard test methods that use dog bone-shaped specimens and strip-shaped specimens to see the correction of the tensile strength of bamboo from the same culm but tested differently. The test specimens are carried out from the area of Asahan Regency (including Tanjung Balai City), Batubara Regency, and Simalungun Regency, which are located in the eastern region of Sumatera Utara. The tension tests are carried out from the bottom, middle, and top section of the bamboo culm, and tested using a Universal Testing Machine. The average water content from bamboo species tested in this study is 14%. The strength ratio of the bottom, middle, and top section (B:M:T ratio) of dog bone-shaped specimens is 1.57: 1.24: 1, while B:M:T ratio of the strip-shaped specimen is 1.15: 1.05: 1. The tensile strength difference of dog bone-specimens from node and internode section is 31.89%, while the difference from the strip-shaped specimen is 13.81%. These results indicate that the bottom part of the bamboo culm has greater tensile strength, regardless of the shape of the specimens, followed by the middle part, and the top part respectively.
Using Black Soldier Fly to treat organic waste from the restaurant
Authors: Khair H , Octavia M , Utami R , Suryati I 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Restaurants are one of the largest organic waste sources in a region, but waste from restaurants has not been treated well, resulting in it ends directly in a landfill. Black soldier fly (BSF) treatment is an emerging technology that can turn organic waste into high-protein feed. The utilization of BSF is carried out by converting organic waste into BSF larvae. BSF larvae are an effort that can be used for recycling organic waste. Therefore, special attention is needed for the utilization of organic waste from restaurants. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of BSF larvae utilization in restaurant waste processing and observe the influence of the environment, particularly the intensity of light on the development of larvae. Organic waste from restaurants is set to a moisture content of 80%. The organic waste is used as a food source for larvae with exposure to three different lighting variants, namely 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness, 24 hours of darkness, and 24 hours of light. The results of this study indicated that restaurant waste could be processed with the help of BSF. Variation of light to larvae resulted in a decrease in waste by 37.77%, 37.78%, and 37.60%. The highest reduction occurred in dark lighting conditions 24 hours. Statistical tests show that light intensity has a significant effect on larvae weight.
A tutorial on using ElGamal cryptosystem and RC4-P1 cipher in a hybrid scheme
Authors: Budiman M A , Rachmawati D , Syahnan I P 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Digital document is a form of information that can be transmitted over a digital channel. Public key cryptosystem such as ElGamal may provide secure transmission of digital document. However, securing a large document in .docx extension, it is usually not efficient to use public key cryptosystem directly, since the ciphertext generated is usually much larger than the original document itself, making it difficult to transmit. In this research, this problem is avoided by using a scheme called hybrid cryptosystem. A combination of ElGamal algorithm and RC4-P1 cipher will be used to perform the hybrid cryptosystem scheme for data security. The RC4-P1 cipher is the latest variant of RC4 cipher and relatively shorter time to do the encryption and decryption process, but only by using single-key.
Design and fabrication of shell and tube heat exchanger with one pass shell and two pass tube as a water heater with hot sulfur water
Authors: Napitupulu F H , Sitorus T B , Sihombing H V , Siburian A H , Siagian H 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Directly sulfur water will be a negative effect on the body. In this research will be the design of a heat exchanger that utilizes heat energy from sulfur water of hot water from the crust and will be used as a water heater in residential. By utilizing the heat energy from the sulfur water making the temperature of cold water will warm. it makes the water will be safe from a chemical element from sulfur water, where is make could make irritation for a body. This research will fabrication a heat exchanger shell and tube equipment with one pass shell and two pass tube as a water heater with hot sulfur water. The parameter input was taken from Berastagi Sumatera Utara. The temperature expected was calculated. The design was showed and explained. There is the length of the pipe in the heat exchanger is 1.7 m in diameter 0.14 m with stainless steel 304 as a primary material.
Above Ground Carbon Estimation Using Sentinel-1B RADAR Satellite Imagery
Authors: Munthe CR , Sulistiyono N 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Mangroves are an important forest ecosystem in Indonesia because mangroves are known to have the ability to store high carbon. The use of remote sensing technology can be used to estimate the distribution of carbon content. The advantage of using radar satellite imagery such as Sentinel-1b is its ability to penetrate clouds. Satellite images produced from radar satellites are cloud-free satellite images. The purpose of this study was to obtain information on the spatial distribution of above-ground carbon (AGC) using the Sentinel-1b radar satellite imagery in the Karang Gading dan Langkat Timur Laut Wildlife Reserve. Regression is used to estimate the distribution of AGC based on the backscattering values of VH, VV, VV/VH, VV-VH, and VV+VH. The results showed that the carbon distribution in the best model was 45.02 tons ha-1 to 222.16 tons ha-1. The quadratic regression model with VV-VH backscatter is the best model for estimating AGC with a value of R2 = 0.374, and the value of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value of 19.083 ha/ton.
Consideration on Use of the Corn Plant Ash-Based Concrete related to the Salt and Acid Attack: A Review
Authors: Aswin Muhammad , Iqlima Mery , Afif Alfarizy Rafly 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMany concrete buildings are found around the seashore, such as bridges, ports, piers, jetty, break water, etc. During the service life, contact between concrete and seawater cannot be avoided. The seawater can cause damage to concrete. This condition can affect the durability of concrete, which in turn will reduce the mechanical properties and structural performance of concrete. In addition, rainwater can be acidic, which caused of large number of industries or factories in Indonesia, motor vehicle emissions, forest fires, volcanic eruptions, etc. Some of chemicals contained in acid rain include sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), and chloride acid (HCl). Acid solution also can give rise to deterioration to the concrete constructions. It is necessary to develop a concrete technology that can inhibit or resist the attack of these salts and acids. But the adding cement is not the solution. Currently, many researches are being carried out on how waste or garbage can be utilized as a cementitious material, which is expected able to improve the quality of concrete, and be environmentally friendly. In this research, the corn plant waste is considered as the material to be investigated that related to the concrete durability due to the salt and acid attack.
Experimental study on open cycle heat pump chilli dryer with refrigerant R32
Authors: Silalahi P G , Siburian A H , Ambarita H , Romauli N D M 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMostly agricultural product have high moisture content that can attract microorganism to grow on the product and occurs metabolic activity which can decreased the quality of the agricultural product. In order to prevent it, preservation the product by drying process is needed. On this research, drying heat pumps were built and tested at the Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Research Center (SERC), Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara. Heat Pump drying chamber has length, width and height of 100 cm x 80 cm x75 cm. By having one chilli rack with the length and width of the rack was 40 cm x 40 cm, with a volume of drying space. The research was tested to reduce the red chilli water content from 80% into 5% with heat pump dryer takes 30 hours 50 minutes long. The inlet area of the drying room was 94 cm x 10 cm for the inlet of 6 cm x 6 cm. The heat pump working fluid itself uses refrigerants, here are the types of refrigerants such as R22, R410A, R11, R12, R32, and so on. R32 is a new refrigerant that more environmentally friendly and more efficient at conveying heat than others refrigerants. This heat pump system for drying chilli can be used for various agricultural products and can be applied for industrial products.
Clarke and Wright Savings Algorithm as Solutions Vehicle Routing Problem with Simultaneous Pickup Delivery (VRPSPD)
Authors: Tunnisaki Fadlah , Sutarman  
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This study aims to establish the mathematical model Vehicle Routing Problem with Simultaneous Pickup and Delivery (VRPSPD) on 3 kg of LPG gas distribution and its solution using the method of Clarke and Wright Savings. Data used include a list of areas of consumers, service delivery company, the amount of consumer demand, vehicle type and vehicle capacity. The data is then processed to be modeled as hereinafter Vehicle Routing Problem with Simultaneous Pickup Delivery (VRPSPD) problems solved by the method of Clarke and Wright Savings[1]. Based on the calculation, the result for the total mileage of the vehicle is 160 km while the total mileage of the vehicle this company is 201km. Thus Clarke and Wright savings algorithm capable of providing mileage savings with a percentage of 20.03%.
A readout system for monolithic pixel sensor prototypes towards the upgrade of the ALICE Inner Tracking System
Authors: Sarritzu V. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The ALICE experiment at CERN is developing an innovative third iteration of the three innermost layers of the Inner Tracking System (ITS3) to be installed during the Long Shutdown 3 of the LHC (2026–28) [1]. Based on a commercial 65 nm CMOS imaging technology by TowerJazz [2], it consists of truly cylindrical wafer-scale sensors that can be installed as close as 18 mm to the interaction point. In order to validate the technology, several test chips were produced in a first submission named Multi-Layer Reticle 1 (MLR1). This contribution will describe the development, features, and performance of a custom test system for some of the prototypes in MLR1, namely Analogue and Digital Pixel Test Structures (APTS and DPTS, respectively) and pixel matrices with rolling shutter readout (CE65).
Development of a novel, windowless, amorphous selenium based photodetector for use in liquid noble detectors
Authors: Rooks M. , Abbaszadeh S. , Asaadi J. , Febbraro M. , Gladen R.W. , Gramellini E. , Hellier K. , Blaszczyk F. Maria , McDonald A.D. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Detection of the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) scintillation light produced by liquid noble elements is a central challenge in order to fully exploit the available timing, topological, and calorimetric information in detectors leveraging these media. In this paper, we characterize a novel, windowless amorphous selenium based photodetector with direct sensitivity to VUV light. We present here the manufacturing and experimental setup used to operate this detector at low transport electric fields (2.7–5.2 V/μm) and across a wide range of temperatures (77 K–290 K). This work shows that the first proof-of-principle windowless amorphous selenium device is robust under cryogenic conditions, responsive to VUV light at cryogenic temperatures, and preserves argon purity. These findings motivate a continued exploration of amorphous selenium devices for simultaneous detection of scintillation light and ionization charge in noble element detectors.