bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corporeal Theology
Authors: Tanton Tobias 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Appropriating insights from ‘embodied cognition’, this study explores how theology is accommodated to the bodily nature of human cognition. The principle of divine accommodation provides a theological framework for considering how human cognitive capacities are accommodated by theological concepts and ecclesial practices. A rich portrait of the nature of human cognitive capacities is drawn from ‘embodied cognition’ research, which proposes that cognition depends upon sensorimotor systems to ground concepts and draws upon environmental resources. Embodied cognition’s hypothesis that human concepts are grounded in sensorimotor states poses a theological quandary for God-concepts, since identifying God with sensorimotor content risks idolatry. The incarnation resolves this problem by grounding God-concepts in bodily understanding, while avoiding idolatry. Embodied cognition further hypothesises that cognition relies on sensorimotor engagement with the world, and that bodily states and environmental artefacts ‘scaffold’ cognitive processes. A scaffolded view of cognition highlights the cognitive import of embodied religious practices, which choreograph the body and curate material culture. Dozens of studies identifying bodily or environmental influences on cognition are applied to the embodied and material dimensions Christian practices. On account of their inherent cognitive effects, practices have intrinsic ‘embodied’ meanings alongside ‘symbolic’ ones. Consequently, liturgy conveys theological content rather than merely expressing it, and thereby contributes to religious and ethical formation. Hence, the book argues that the incarnation and liturgical practices both accommodate the embodied nature of human cognition. The cognitive implications of diverse human embodied are discussed in dialogue with a number of contextual theologies.
Conclusion: Theology for Humans
Authors: Tanton Tobias 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In light of the preceding engagement with embodied cognition, this chapter proposes a corporeal theology. Classical definitions of theology have often construed it as a textual or abstract intellectual exercise, which takes place at arm’s length from the body. By contrast, a corporeal theology emphasises an embodied methodology in which bodily participation in religious practices is part and parcel of theologising. Contextual theologies have pioneered aspects of corporeal theology, insofar as they explicitly theologise from and about particular bodily experiences. I consider three examples of contextual theologies which attend to embodiment (feminist theology; black/womanist theologies; and theologies of disability). These engagements reveal a fundamental compatibility with an embodied theological methodology, but also develop it by raising critical questions about human bodily diversity and the symbolic meanings assigned to bodies. In light of bodily diversity, I return to theme of accommodation, asking whose bodies are accommodated by theological concepts, the incarnation, and ecclesial practices.
The Reach of Human Rights Law
Authors: Yilma Kinfe 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the extent to which international human rights law offers effective protection to the right to privacy in the digital age. The right to privacy is guaranteed in a number of international human rights treaties and a handful of soft legal instruments the implementation of which is overseen by treaty bodies and special procedures of the United Nations. Arguably, the right to privacy now also forms part of general international law thereby binding States that are not parties to one of the international human rights treaties. Mapped against the nature of the ‘privacy problem’ outlined in chapter 1, this chapter interrogates the question of whether the human right to privacy framework is fit for purpose in the digital age. The chapter argues that hobbled by normative and structural shortcomings, international human rights law offers rather weak protections to digital privacy. It further locates the underlying reasons for the current weak structures of the human right to privacy framework to Cold War politics and the overall lack of attention to privacy during the drafting of formative human rights instruments.
Transnational Privacy Standards
Authors: Yilma Kinfe 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the prospect of transnational privacy standards, particularly the Council of Europe data protection framework, in contributing to the development of international law. With a possibility of accession by States that are not members of the Council of Europe, Convention 108—and its amending protocol—wield a unique potential to evolve into a universal data privacy treaty. The chapter considers the question of whether the universalization of the Convention, including through accession and accretion of general international law, may fill the missing data privacy piece in international privacy law. Having shown limitations of these avenues of universalization, it argues that the more tangible and increasingly visible value of transnational standards lies in shaping the data privacy jurisprudence of the Human Rights Committee. The chapter further considers the universalizing potential of other regional standards such as the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation and the African Union’s Malabo Convention. With no room for accession by non-member States as well as structural obstacles, the rather meaningful but slow virtue of globalizing such transnational standards is to gradually localize regional data privacy standards in jurisdictions where no such standards exist.
Analysing and Interpreting Timber Roundhouses
Authors: Harding D. W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The popular perception of prehistoric buildings, a simple-ring roundhouse with central post, is represented in later Bronze Age settlements, surviving occasionally into the Iron Age. But the classic Wessex large roundhouses are characterized by double rings that commonly display axial symmetry in plan and a particular radial ratio that distributes the weight of the roof over the main supporting ring-beam. Where the outer wall does not survive, a mass-wall or stake-wall may be inferred, often aligned on the inner of a double pair of door posts. Apart from hearths, internal fittings seldom survive, except in wetland conditions, as at Black Loch of Myrton, Wigtownshire. An alternative elevation of large timber roundhouses may have been built around a central tower, circular or four-post, with split roof and clerestory light. Multi-ringed houses are comparatively rare, and may indicate an alternative form of roof, made of turf, at a lower pitch. Houses formerly styled ‘ring-ditch houses’ may have confused several different phenomena. They may have been byre-houses, houses with underfloor cellarage or proto-souterrains, or houses with sunken floors for increased peripheral head height. ‘Special roundhouses’ are discussed as those in which community ritual was prioritized over domestic activities.
Analysing and Interpreting Stone-Built Roundhouses
Authors: Harding D. W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Since the publication of IAR two doctoral dissertations have focused on the structural problems of brochs. Romankiewicz’s study from an architectural perspective stressed the separate functions of the dual wall construction, raising issues regarding the role of cells and galleries. She also stressed the importance of location, and the different building qualities of stone regionally across Atlantic Scotland, favouring local builders working within a wider tradition. Barber believed only a limited number within the broader category of Atlantic roundhouses could qualify as ‘canonical’ broch towers, which he regarded as a sudden and relatively late innovation, and not a progressive developmental sequence. He also identified episodes of catastrophic collapse and radical rebuilding that fundamentally affected interpretation of major sites. Elsewhere research has shown much greater diversity in building of Atlantic roundhouses and duns than was hitherto suspected. Likewise radial roundhouses, wheelhouses, and related buildings have been shown to include a greater range of structures, some with the capacity for upper floors and timber components, and others evidently corbelled entirely in stone.
The reference system in Sino-Russian idiolects
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSino-Russian idiolects are languages spoken by Chinese immigrants to the far east of Russia. The immigrants whose languages form the basis of this study didn’t have any formal instruction in Russian. The vocabulary of these languages is derived from Russian vocabulary. The system of reference in Sino-Russian idiolects confirms the existence of a correlation between the number of coding means and the number of functions coded in a language. Within the domain of reference, the coding means are limited to nominal constituents, pronouns, an absence of either nominal constituents or pronouns, and one demonstrative. The functions coded within the domain of reference are the new participant, marked by noun-like lexical items; the participant that was already mentioned, marked by the absence of nouns or pronouns; and switch reference, marked by pronouns. The limited coding means in the domain of reference allow an empirical study of the question of which functions within the domain of reference emerge first within the process of formation of a grammar.
The reference system of Wandala
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWandala (Central Chadic) has two numbers, no gender system in nouns or pronouns, obligatory coding of the subject on the verb. The coding means in the reference system include bare nouns, determiners, subject pronouns, the absence of a noun or pronoun, and inflectional coding of the subject on the verb. The coding identity of participants in the proposition include no instructions to identify the participant, instruction to identify the participant included in the noun phrase, unspecified participant that does not have to include the speaker, and unspecified participant that includes the speaker. Wandala displays different coding of referential functions with respect to the subject as opposed to the object. For the coding of the object the following principles apply. If the referent is the same as a preceding referent, but its semantic role is different, it must be encoded by a noun. The same object referent is coded by the absence of overt marking.
The reference system of Lele
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt 
Published: January 2023

AbstractLele codes several functions that are not coded in other languages in this volume. The determiner system does not situate the referent in either the environment of discourse or in the environment of speech but rather it instructs the addressee to select one referent from a set. Unique referents are not marked as specific. The grammatical system contains no instructions to identify the referent when coded by a bare noun. The identification of the referents to subject involves several functions that are not available for non-subjects. Referential functions within the noun phrase include specific reference, the unspecified referent, and the coding of reference through spatial expressions. The system makes a further distinction between reference to entities present in the environment of speech and reference to entities mentioned in the discourse. Lele has no third-person pronoun referring to non-human entities.
The San Remo Manual on the Law of Naval Warfare—from Restatement to Development?
Authors: Lijnzaad Liesbeth 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe chapter examines the 1994 San Remo Manual in International Law applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea, as a compilation of rules on naval warfare. It was described by the expert authors as a ‘contemporary restatement—together with some progressive development’. By 2020, another group of experts had begun discussions on revising the 1994 San Remo Manual. While a restatement may seem to make sense in view of the age of the original treaties, this chapter will question the reasons for making a restatement, and the way in which this is being done. Even if restatements may be a harmless re-reading of the law, in view of contemporary situations, a question arises with respect to how often, or how long, this can be done. The chapter explores what is labelled the ‘elasticity’ of reinterpretation, based on the understanding that reinterpretation has a purpose, and is not a merely objective act.
Unconventional Lawmaking in the Compliance Mechanism for the International Regulation of Shipping
Authors: Sun Zhen 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe International Maritime Organization (IMO) is the ‘competent international organization’ mandated to create a regulatory framework for all aspects of international shipping. The lawmaking process within the IMO is undertaken by member states, with the technical and expert assistance of national and international organizations, civil societies, and shipping industries. The regulations adopted under the auspices of the IMO are a mixture of binding conventions and protocols, and non-binding codes and recommendations. This chapter discusses the lawmaking process at the IMO in relation to the compliance mechanism that evolved through various stages of informal law, and gradually consolidated into formal law. It explores the rationale and advantages of informal law in the context of international shipping regulations, discusses the role of different stakeholders at play in the informal lawmaking process, and analyses the interaction between informal lawmaking and formal treaty law developed under the auspices of the IMO.
The Use of Informal Agreements to Enhance Navigational Safety
Authors: Klein Natalie 
Published: January 2023

AbstractTo address threats to navigational safety, interested states have devised agreements that are legally non-binding but intended to set standards for regulating behaviour. The chapter examines the role and significance of informal agreements concerned with navigational safety that have been adopted outside the confines of the IMO: the Declaration of Conduct and future Code of Conduct for the South China Sea, the Code for Unplanned Encounters at Sea, and the bilateral China–US Memoranda of Understanding. The aim of the chapter is to consider for what purposes these informal agreements have been adopted, and to reflect on the significance of any informal lawmaking for international laws related to navigational safety. As the international legal frame does not provide a complete picture, alternative explanatory paradigms of confidence-building measures and experimentalist governance are also assessed. The potential utility of informal agreements may, thus, be discerned, but the shortcomings are also highlighted.
The Sustainable Development Goals and Informal Lawmaking Processes
Authors: Telesetsky Anastasia 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with their lists of shared targets, are not a traditional means of lawmaking. Designed through an iterative process involving not just input from states, but also from other key actors, the SDGs reflect a valuable form of informal lawmaking. This chapter examines how the public nature of the SDGs has allowed for a broader and potentially deeper adoption of some of the targets than might have resulted from a traditional treaty negotiation. In particular, the chapter highlights how states have responded domestically by implementing new legislation/regulations, or at least reviewing existing legislation/regulations for effectiveness for some of the SDG ocean protection targets designated for Goal 14. The chapter also highlights a number of structured efforts by non-state actors, cooperating either with other non-state actors, or with state actors, to undertake progressive action to achieve SDG ocean protection targets.
Unconventional Lawmaking in the Law of the Sea and Area-based Conservation Measures
Authors: Scott Karen N 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores unconventional lawmaking in the context of area-based protection of the marine environment. It notes that, by necessity, unconventional or informal lawmaking is a relational concept and is juxtaposed against ‘formal lawmaking’, and, thus, this chapter will, briefly, begin with the formal context for area-based protection. The chapter sets out categories of unconventional lawmaking through a focus on instruments that are characterized by informality with respect to actors, processes, or outputs, but which are, nevertheless, normative in purpose and effect. It addresses measures adopted by regional fisheries management organizations, regional seas organizations, the IMO, and the International Seabed Authority, as well as initiatives under the Convention on Biological Diversity, and Sustainable Development Goals. The chapter further considers the potential impact of a new treaty on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction, on current and future informal lawmaking processes related to area-based conservation.
Expansion of humanity in space
Authors: Chon Torres Octavio Alfonso 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
As humanity progresses as a civilization, sooner or later it will have to venture into the establishment of off-Earth colonies. When that happens it will raise the challenge of what kind of society we want for those contexts. Will the future of humanity in space be more akin to a utopia or a dystopia? Will we become a multiplanetary and interplanetary humanity without having solved some of our most fundamental problems as a society here on Earth? Should we place all our hopes only on the technological progress we develop? This chapter addresses the astrobioethics issue of what the future may hold for us as we expand into the universe.
The cosmolegal approach to human activities in outer space
Authors: Cirkovic Elena 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In response to a call to imagine extraterrestrial liberties, this chapter uses cosmolegality as a concept and an approach for international law in the context of outer space to argue for a fundamental change in the thought and practice of modern law. Its premise is that human interference required to mitigate anthropogenic environmental degradation in outer space needs to incline towards a new thinking for its regulatory framework, which will assume as the starting point the agency of the non-human. It posits that current international law provides the foundation for value extraction by private enterprises and individual state interests in the resource potential of both domains—the Earth System and outer space—at a time of mass extinctions and climate change. In order to remedy this gap, the cosmolegal objective is to recognise and incorporate non-human agency in international law. The term ‘cosmolegal’ merges cosmology (as a branch of astronomy) with law, to represent the interactions between humans and non-humans beyond, and including, the Earth System. It aims to show what the future would look like if we used the existing interdisciplinary and plural knowledges to address environmental concerns.
Human conflict resolution in a non-Terran context
Authors: de Vigne Janet 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Humans are hard-wired for conflict, and this isn’t necessarily a bad thing—human development can be stimulated and advanced by personal, environmental, and other types of conflict. To what extent, however, might twenty-first-century reasoning mitigate the potential existential threat inherent in older human understandings of conflict? In examining this question off world, we’re ‘going to the stars in order to go to the village’. Perhaps thinking conflict through in the imaginary might result in a better understanding of organizational development in Earth-based institutions as well as preparing humanity for extra-terrestrial existence. This chapter will examine the way the human story approaches conflict at individual and group levels and suggest alternative ways of thinking. Establishing stable societal structures that promote freedom, justice, and inclusion will (ideally) be at the heart of human settlements anywhere other than Earth.
Making history cosmic, making cosmic history
Authors: Moynihan Thomas 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This is a history of the idea that space and survival are conjoined. Specifically, it traces the emergence of the suggestion that pursuing long-term survival beyond Earth might be good, not just for humanity but for the cosmos at large. Suggesting this was dependent upon science’s steady expansion of ‘the horizon of history’ or that spatiotemporal arena wherein genuinely directional history is acknowledged as operating—such that there can be true firsts, irreversible lasts, permanent impacts, and irrecoverably lost opportunities. Ultimately, making history cosmic in scope enabled speculations that life could ‘make cosmic history’ by spreading itself to the stars, persistently making the cosmos a richer, more exuberant place. This would be a historic, consequential change for a universe in which this hasn’t already happened and might not reliably happen otherwise, given that true history doesn’t accommodate an infinity of opportunities.
Only a paper moon
Authors: Newman Christopher J. , Ralston William 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Artemis Accords provide a framework of agreed principles which the United States and other partner countries have committed to following when conducting lunar exploration. Although negotiated as part of Project Artemis, the Accords could also shape the law as humans move out into the solar system. This chapter will examine both the compliance with existing space law and evaluate the suitability of the Accords as a blueprint for future human settlements beyond the Earth and Moon. It is contended that the most important contribution of the Accords is to reinforce existing principles of international space law. It is also argued that efforts must be made to ensure the maintenance of established international forums to avoid the fracturing of the existing Treaty frameworks and the increased risk of conflict that would bring.
Law and liberty on the Moon
Authors: von der Dunk Frans G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
With the increasing likelihood of human settlements being established on the Moon, most likely originating from a diversity of nations, fundamental questions arise how those lunar societies-to-be-developed would comply with fundamental human rights such as those concerning personal liberties. This chapter offers an analysis of what current international space law, importing also relevant general public international law, provides by way of legal directions and parameters in this regard, using three categories of scenarios to cast a look into how in the future more extended and detailed legal frameworks may evolve on the basis of the rather summary lex lata.
Introduction
Authors: Burman Åsa 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the two-worlds metaphor of contemporary social ontology. The first world, ideal social ontology, is characterized by consensus and cooperation. The second world, nonideal social ontology, is characterized by conflict and contestation. It clarifies the distinction between ideal and nonideal social ontology by drawing on Charles Mills’ work, showing that the most significant difference between ideal and nonideal social ontology is being silent on or vocal about oppression or illegitimate power relations. It identifies two shortcomings in contemporary social ontology: that power remains an underdeveloped concept that is nevertheless central in both worlds, and that economic class is still missing while other categories have been discussed in great length. The power view is partly designed to overcome these shortcomings.