bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enterprise Liability: Collective Responsibility and Commutative Justice
Authors: Keating Gregory C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter Seven takes up a distinctive modern form of strict liability, namely, “enterprise liability.” Enterprise liability is a form of collective responsibility found both within and beyond the law of torts. The form itself is constituted by two commitments: (1) that the costs of accidental harms—including especially those harms that should not have been avoided—should be borne by the enterprises responsible for their infliction; and (2) that the enterprises should, in turn, distribute the financial costs of those harms across all those who benefit from their activities. In case rhetoric, the commitments to internalization and wide distribution of accident costs that constitute enterprise liability are supported by appeals to the policies of accident avoidance and loss-distribution, and to the principle that those who benefit from an activity should also bear its burdens. Fairness demands as much. Beneath these justifications lies the unstated assumption that private firms and public entities engaged in activities on a recurring basis—not individuals undertaking isolated risky acts—are the most important source of accidental harm in the modern world. Chapter Seven explicates the enterprise liability conception of strict liability; argues that this conception is instituted in a variety of ways, inside and outside the law of torts; and develops three theses. The first is that enterprise liability is continuous with traditional harm-based strict liabilities. The second is that enterprise liability is distinctive in embodying commutative as well as corrective justice. The third is that enterprise liability is a form of collective responsibility, responsive to the fact that the major risks of the modern world are inflicted by organized activities, not isolated actors.
Meaning Change
Authors: Leben William R. , Kessler Brett , Denning Keith 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with polysemy—variation in meaning, which is just as important in word analysis as allomorphy, variation in form. The historical path of words is to acquire new meanings while either retaining or discarding old ones. When older meanings are not discarded, the result is polysemy. While it is hard to predict when a meaning will change and what it will change to, this chapter examines several common paths of meaning change along with issues that arise in speech communities in response to changes. Semantic change comes about as a result of a mental association between the old and new meanings, usually involving metaphor (resemblance) or metonymy (other incidental connection). Changes can be classified according to their outcomes. Narrowing or specialization happens when the meaning becomes more specific, and widening or generalization is the opposite. Melioration happens when a word takes on more positive connotations, and pejoration is the opposite.
Latin and Greek Affixes in English
Authors: Leben William R. , Kessler Brett , Denning Keith 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Many English words preserve Latin and Greek inflectional endings unchanged from the original. Most such words are nouns, borrowed in the nominative case; some use the original Latin or Greek ending to express the plural. Classical noun plurals can typically be predicted from the ending of the singular, but many such words have acquired or are acquiring regular English endings, and preferences for the original versus the new ending vary from word to word and often enough from individual to individual. Most Greek and Latin words are formed by adding derivational suffixes to roots, to form noun, adjective, or verb stems, as well as present, perfect, and gerundive participles.
“I’m Sick From Head to Toe”
Authors: Cabassa Leopoldo J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the health inequities that impact people living with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and other serious mental illness (SMI). Studies documenting the excess mortality and morbidity in people with SMI compared to people in the general population without SMI are synthesized. The most prevalent types of chronic medical illnesses (e.g., diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer) that disproportionality impact people with SMI and contribute to premature mortality are also reviewed. Several case studies of people living and coping with serious mental illnesses and chronic medical conditions drawn from the author’s work are presented to illustrate how these health inequities impact people’s everyday lives.
Cycles of Unhealthy Behaviors in Unhealthy Environments
Authors: Cabassa Leopoldo J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the unhealthy behaviors that disproportionately impact people with serious mental illness (SMI), putting them at increased risk for obesity, chronic medical illnesses (e.g., diabetes), and premature mortality. It reviews existing studies documenting the increased rates of smoking, alcohol and substance abuse, sedentary lifestyles, and unhealthy diets in people with SMI. These health behaviors do not happen in a vacuum; they are impacted by social, economic, and cultural forces. Case studies drawn from the author’s work illustrate how these unhealthy behaviors interact with complex social conditions like poverty, unhealthy food environments, and unsafe neighborhoods to create and sustain cycles of unhealthy behaviors that are detrimental to people’s health. This chapter illustrates how the cycles of unhealthy behaviors in unhealthy environments contribute to health inequities in people with SMI.
“It Cures You in One Way and It Damages You in Another”
Authors: Cabassa Leopoldo J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the myriad of cardiometabolic (e.g., weight gain, dyslipidemia) side effects that people with serious mental illness (SMI) face when taking antipsychotic medications. These side effects, if not properly identified, managed, and treated, result in elevated rates of dyslipidemia, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in people with SMI. Case studies drawn from the author’s work describe how these medications and their side effects act as a double-edged sword for people with SMI, as they help treat symptoms of SMI but often result in serious physical health problems linked to premature mortality. Several interventions that are being used to address these health inequities are described.
“They Do Not Get the Care That They Need”
Authors: Cabassa Leopoldo J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the health care experiences of people with serious mental illness (SMI) and the inequities they face as they try to access, use, and engage in medical treatments. The chapter presents the constellation of challenges this population faces when they interact with the health care system and how medical care often fails this population when they try to get the care that they need. Results and case studies from several qualitative studies examining the health care experiences of people with SMI and the experiences of medical and mental health professionals are used to illustrate how issues, such as stigmatizations from medical providers, mistrust, fragmentation between the health and mental health service systems, and poor quality of medical care, shape the health care experiences and contribute to health care inequities and poor health outcomes.
The problem of abstraction
Authors: Summerfield Christopher 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by considering how brains and artificial intelligence (AI) systems encode relational structure—that is, how objects and events relate to one another—including metaphors and analogies. The chapter discusses emerging theories that see spatial cognition and, in particular, the representation of space in the medial temporal lobe, as playing an important role in learning abstractions. It considers how the actions that an object affords may help an agent understand how it relates to other objects, and how this has led to theories of structure learning. Finally, the chapter considers abstract semantic concepts, their representation in the human medial temporal lobe and in foundation models, and considers the role of language in concept formation.
Drinking and driving: prevention and countermeasures
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Casswell Sally , Graham Kathryn , Huckle Taisia , Livingston Michael , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Sornpaisarn Bundit 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter on drinking-driving prevention and countermeasures describes the relationship between drinking and driving and the latest evidence on policy responses and countermeasures to reduce drinking and driving and its harms. The following measures were evaluated as particularly effective: low or lowered maximum blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels (0.00–0.05%); zero tolerance for youth; random breath testing (RBT) ‘anywhere, anytime’; and swift punishment. International evidence suggests that drink-driving countermeasures can consistently produce long-term, population-wide reductions in drink-driving and alcohol-related crashes.
Forced Into the Future
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
When pandemics sweep through societies, they upend critical structures, such as health systems and medical treatments, economic life, socio-economic class structures and race relations, fundamental institutional arrangements, communities, and everyday family life. Experts foresee significant change that will worsen economic inequality, as those who are highly connected and the tech-savvy pull further ahead of those who have less access to digital tools and less training or aptitude for exploiting them and as technological change eliminates some jobs. It will also enhance the power of big technology firms as they exploit their market advantages and mechanisms such as artificial intelligence in ways that seem likely to further erode the privacy and autonomy of their users. Other experts express hope that changes spawned by the pandemic will make things better for significant portions of the population. The improvement is because of changes that inaugurate new reforms aimed at racial justice and social equity, as critiques of current economic arrangements and capitalism gain support and policymakers’ attention. Such changes will enhance the quality of life for many families and workers as more flexible workplace arrangements become permanent and communities adjust to them.
The Business of Disruption
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The business environment across the globe is animated by technology that is evolving faster than ever. The projection is to continue accelerating, breaking down global boundaries, changing the way people work, how supply chains work, and how customers are approached. Work no longer has the constraint of geography. Globalisation has affected workers anywhere connecting to jobs and projects regardless of location, time zone, language, or culture. This is the new way work gets done. Commerce continues to happen. The partners, methodologies, and processes will change, but the objectives and definitions remain the same. It is about solving customer problems by providing a replicable solution applicable to a market. Technology has enabled productivity and connected the whole world. Industries and individuals will adapt or adopt and find new ways of doing things because the alternative is to disappear. They will reinvent by unlearning and relearning as the only option for staying relevant.
Continuous Learning, Deep Work, Deep Thinking
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The weaponisation of the ‘technologies of mass distraction’ has destroyed people’s ability to focus. They have attention deficit syndrome. At the same time, work requires a focus that necessitates bringing more emotional energy, focus, and creativity to the table. The future human worker needs to learn key skills and develop the ability to do deep work, continually unlearn and relearn, and cultivate a mastery of deep thinking. The ability to stay focused is the first skill of the age. The ability to stay engaged is the next skill. In some schools of thought, success was driven by the victory of the head over the heart. The new age requires a return to the heart where meaning lives and deep reservoirs of purpose-driven energy exist.
Universities as Culture Hubs
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The 925-year-old Oxford University shows us how universities must perform a dual role—one of transferring functional knowledge or technical skills, and another as seats of cultural learning. Education institutions must innovate on their roles as culture and values bearers for their societies. Unlearning through peer dialogue is critical in these times of rapid change. The transfer of cultural values is not merely about transmitting facts but also about emotion, intrigue, and rhetoric. Even as other technical disciplines are automated by technology, philosophy and ethics will remain domains for humans. Shaping the future society requires educating the workforce to reflect, think, value, reason, and learn. These are enduring human values that education institutes must continue to instil. How will universities innovate in this role?
Dance of Disruption
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The history of humanity is intertwined with the history of our technology. From fire to stone axes to speech, the evolution in technology has coincided with or perhaps caused the evolution as a species. Humans are biotech hybrids. While the time frame is too short for genetic evolution, the last several centuries have continued to evolve technologically in a formerly unimagined way. Technically, accelerated cultural evolution from agriculture to the wheel, roads, cities, and superhighways has struggled to keep pace. As technology evolves in even shorter cycles, the inability of culture to adjust quickly enough proves to be a dance of disruption. Part of moving forwards is looking backwards. Cultural patterns that have historically succeeded might be re-used in the modern world.
A New Math Built on Belief
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Wall Street is familiar with companies setting and meeting expectations. All too often, companies that play this fail-safe game have begun to fail. What is going on? The new conversation is about a new kind of math and how today’s leaders should have the ability to build ‘belief’ in a yet unseen future. This requires having the power to suspend scepticism. Leaders must have the ability to believe in a future that is different from today, to make that future happen. Belief overproof is a big cultural change and one that is most prone to be misused by hucksters and cheats. How does the ethical leader cultivate self-belief and influence customers, users, voters, and supporters to see what only the leaders can see for now? There will be data-driven decision-making, but the deluge of data will swing the attention to narrative making and storytelling more than ever.
Distraction Is the New Addiction
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Distraction is big business. This is the Age of Distraction, and there is no end in sight. Technology-driven waves of connection and information constantly wash over almost every aspect of life. As change rides those waves, it brings opportunity, access, and creative innovation that have disrupted business, organisations, the workforce, and lifestyle. The bright side of this brave new world is that these changes have the prospect of affecting equity, climate, poverty, and global relationships that humans have struggled with for millenniums. The dark side is buried in the curious human psyche where we are prone to focus on whatever new curiosity is presented. The human mind is easily distracted. In an age where distraction is everywhere, it is having a heyday. The result of humans’ innovative nature is a system built to use distraction to garner attention and thereby gain access to billions of minds. Distraction has been weaponised and is pervasive. It is highly corrosive to individuals, societies, economics, politics, and businesses. As the intensity of distraction continues to increase, its impact becomes more evident. It becomes highly corrosive and threatens to damage some of the basic systems and sectors that sit at the foundation of society. The process, however, is completely reversible. Humans can reverse the effects of distraction. It involves reaching back into the basics of our cognitive facilities and applying the initiative of self-discipline.
Leadership in an Age of Destruction and Distraction
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The old world is being destroyed. Whether in politics, technology, business, or economics, distraction poses a significant threat to performance and productivity. Distracted by constant change, the frantic cycles and weaponisation of the technologies of mass distraction are constantly vying for attention. Discussions of the quantum speed of change in lifestyle, business, and environment are widespread. The world’s new technological innovations and business models attract existing legacy business players from Buffalo to Beijing. These legacy businesses were not weak, they were strong, and there was little thought that anything could change; however, as big change entered the world, those who did not pay attention paid the price. If vigilance was not a common trait and no one was watching, when the disruption came, the ramifications were inevitable. The amount of data is enormous in the current environment, and the intensity of destruction and distraction is still prevalent.
Reinventing by Looking Forward
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the future, staying employed will be about reinventing self. It will be the single most important strategy. It is like the ouroboros, an ancient symbol depicting a serpent or dragon eating its tail, often interpreted as a symbol for eternal cyclic renewal. The speed of innovation in business used to be slow but has now accelerated and the introduction of new products is increasing dramatically. Everyone and every industry are feeling the heat from the transformations. Obsolescence comes from every angle and without notice. These changes are complex, even for techies themselves. It is hard to keep pace with changes and requires conscious reinvention. The key to the new game is to ride ahead of technical obsolescence. It involves awareness of the signs and signals of subtle changes and being flexible and aggressive in becoming the next relevant need in the market. Success can be a source of fragility. Previous success can get in the way of future success.
Humans in the Future Workforce
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Advances in robotics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning are ushering in a new age of automation, as machines match or outperform human performance in various work activities, including ones requiring cognitive capabilities. The global workforce has changed dramatically, and technological transformation has spawned exponential freelancing that has overturned the nature of employment and talent management. Workers must be exposed to newer technologies and new learning to remain relevant. The stability of micro- and macro-tasking in the business world has been a staple for a long time. The axiom of ‘change, changes, changing’ has become prevalent with virtual corporations, automation, and online opportunities spilling through the front door. The challenge of humanity is to remember we are human.
Introduction
Authors: Gilbert Margaret 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Introduction to Life in Groups explains the central focus of the book: a range of everyday concepts relating to our collective psychology, such as those expressed when people talk about what they, collectively, think, feel, intend, and so on. It introduces the core of the author’s accounts of such concepts—joint commitment—and reviews some central aspects of joint commitments, their genesis and functioning, including the distinction between basic and non-basic cases, the possibility of their obtaining among people who do not know each other personally, and their grounding rights of the parties to each other’s conforming action. The author’s understanding of a group for the purposes of this book is clarified, as are other aspects of her approach to the topics in question, including her use of the phrase “plural subject” for any set of jointly committed persons. The opening discussion is followed by a preview of the sections and chapters of the book.
The Nature of Agreements
Authors: Gilbert Margaret 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter first presents, and then solves, six puzzles by reference to a joint commitment account of everyday agreements. The first five puzzles concern claim-rights, which are generally agreed to be a central kind of right. After elaborating a particular understanding of what a claim-right amounts to, it presents these puzzles. The sixth puzzle concerns joint (also known as shared, or collective) intention. The chapter then argues that given a particular, plausible understanding of everyday agreements, each of the puzzles is solved. According to this understanding, the core of an agreement is a joint decision of the parties, and, in terms that are explained, a joint decision is a joint commitment to endorse as a body a certain plan of action. Authors discussed include David Hume on promises and Michael Bratman on joint intention.
Belief, Acceptance, and What Happens in Groups
Authors: Gilbert Margaret 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter, co-authored with Daniel Pilchman, addresses the question: how should an account of collective belief or other collective cognitive state be assessed? In particular, to what extent should such accounts be assessed by reference to accounts and distinctions developed with a focus on the beliefs and other cognitive states of individual human beings? With special reference to collective belief, the chapter argues that one’s development of an account of collective cognitive states should be relatively unconstrained by such accounts and distinctions. It argues, more positively, for the development of a field of general epistemology which subsumes both collective epistemology and individual epistemology. In developing this argument it focuses on a debate as to whether collective belief according to Margaret Gilbert’s joint commitment account is really an account not of belief, but rather of a distinct cognitive state, namely, acceptance.