bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Studies of Guinea Pig Basophilic Leukocytes in Short-Term Tissue Culture
Authors: Galli Stephen J. , Galli Anne S. , Dvorak Ann M. , Dvorak Harold F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mature circulating guinea pig basophils, purified to comprise 25% or more of leukocytes, have been successfully maintained in short-term tissue culture for up to 72 hr. These cells were found to retain the ability to synthesize histamine, as assayed by a new isotopic-thin layer chromatographic assay which can reliably detect as little as 0.5 pg of 3H-histamine.
Cell-associated, newly synthesized histamine was detectable as early as 1 hr of culture, was substantially increased at 6 hr, and reached maximal levels at 24 hr, when it accounted for approximately 6.5% of total cell histamine. Newly synthesized histamine was still detectable at 48 and 72 hr of culture. Histamine synthesis was decreased by lowering the concentration of histidine in the culture medium, and was markedly reduced by all of the specific histidine decarboxylase (HDC)3 inhibitors tested, but not by α-methyl-DOPA, pyrilamine maleate, or metiamide. Increasing the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate, the HDC coenzyme, above that normally present in culture medium resulted in only an equivocal increase in the amount of newly synthesized histamine, whereas aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of histaminase, had no detectable effect. Uptake of exogenous histamine by cultured basophils was trivial compared to histamine synthesis.
Both newly synthesized and previously manufactured, nonisotopic, histamine seemed to be stored in the same pool, as the same proportion of both was released by concanavalin A (Con A). Cellular histamine was largely conserved, with little or no spontaneous release into the medium of detectable isotopic or nonisotopic histamine.
These techniques provide a model for studying granulocyte metabolic processes in vitro, and should assist in the direct investigation of a variety of their physiologic functions.
Distinct Target Determinants on Two Lymphoblastoid Lines Derived from the Same Individual
Authors: Koide Yukio , Takasugi Mitsuo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Specifically cytotoxic cells were generated in unidirectional mixed leukocyte culture against both T and B lymphoblastoid cell lines. The cytotoxicity observed included both specific and less selective components which were differentiated by the interaction analysis based on the two-way analysis of variance. The results indicate that a T cell line and a B cell line derived from the same person possessed distinct target specificities. The antigens detected by direct cytotoxicity were confirmed by inhibition studies with competitor cells.
Functional Heterogeneity Among the T-Derived Lymphocytes of the Mouse
Authors: Araneo Barbara A. , Marrack Philippa C. , Kappler John W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The kinetics of the proliferative response and the appearance of effectors of helper activity after stimulation by antigen were examined in T cell subpopulations. As defined in previous papers of this series, one population, T1, is short-lived after adult thymectomy (ATx), and relatively resistant to elimination by anti-thymocyte serum (ATS). Another population, T2, is long-lived after ATx, but highly sensitive to elimination by small doses of ATS.
From precursors within the T2 population, effectors of specific helper activity, after priming with antigen, appeared within 1 to 2 days and reached a maximum on day 4. The responding cells reached their peak proliferative response within 24 hr after stimulation by antigen. In contrast, helper activity arising from T1 precursors first appeared on day 3 and peaked on day 5. These cells did not reach their maximal proliferative response until 60 hr after priming. These findings indicate additional useful markers for distinguishing the T1 and T2 subpopulations and are consistent with models for T cell development in which T1 cells are virgin cells and T2 cells are memory cells.
Comparison of the Pyrogenicity, Limulus Activity, Mitogenicity and Complement Reactivity of Several Bacterial Endotoxins and Related Compounds
Authors: Elin Ronald J. , Sandberg Ann L. , Rosenstreich David L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The correlation of mitogenicity, complement activation, pyrogenicity and Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) gelation induced by 17 bacterial endotoxins (LPS), modified endotoxins, related compounds, and other B cell mitogens was examined. With the use of these compounds, a significant correlation was found between pyrogenicity and mitogenicity (r = 0.85, p &lt; 0.0005), pyrogenicity and LAL reactivity (r = 0.84, p &lt; 0.0005), and mitogenicity and LAL reactivity (r = 0.72, p &lt; 0.0025). In contrast, complement activation by these compounds did not correlate with mitogenicity, pyrogenicity or LAL reactivity (r = 0.09, p τ 0.4; r = -0.17, p τ 0.3; r = 0.17, p τ 0.3, respectively). These results suggest that a specific chemical configuration may induce mitogenicity, pyrogenicity, and LAL reactivity which differs from that responsible for complement activation.
Primary in Vitro Sensitization of Murine Lymphocytes against Isogeneic and Allogeneic Cells Transformed by Simian Virus 40
Authors: Maki Takashi , Howe Michael L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Primary in vitro sensitization of murine lymphocytes to isogeneic and allogeneic cells transformed by simian virus 40 (SV40) is described. The results of specificity studies utilizing cytotoxic effector lymphocytes obtained by in vitro immunization indicate that SV40 transformation results in the expression of tumor-specific antigens which are recognized by cytotoxic effector cells. Moreover, the studies demonstrate that expression of tumor-specific antigens on transformed cells is associated with a reduction in the functional expression of normal histocompatibility antigens.
Genetic Control of Ligand-Induced Events in B Lymphocytes
Authors: Fram Robert J. , Sidman Charles L. , Unanue Emil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The early cycle of events which follows the binding of anti-Ig ligands to the surface Ig molecules of B lymphocytes was compared in several inbred strains of mice. Kinetic differences were found in the rate of surface Ig capping and absolute differences in extent were found for anti-Ig-induced B cell motility. These strain differences were not restricted to the B cell surface Ig molecules, however, since capping by Con A of its receptor sites on B and T cells and random T cell motility were also affected. A genetic analysis of A and CBA mice revealed that each of the traits studied is probably affected by two gene differences between the two strains analyzed.
The possible roles of microtubules and cyclic nucleotides in these genetic differences were also explored. Colchicine, which depolymerizes microtubules, raised the low capping and motile responses of CBA spleen cells to the high responses characteristic of A strain cells. This implies an excess of microtubular function in CBA cells. Raising the level of cyclic AMP also raised the low CBA capping response to the high A level, but did not differentially effect the motile responses of cells of the two strains. The possible significance and locus of action of these effects is discussed.
Cell Membrane Antigen Isolation with the Staphylococcal Protein A-Antibody Adsorbent
Authors: Kessler Steven W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Procedures are detailed for the rapid isolation of representative cell membrane antigens with protein A-bearing staphylococci as an adsorbent for IgG antibodies complexed with the antigens. Cell surface membrane proteins were radioiodinated and solubilized in nonionic detergent. Specific antisera were subsequently added and the immune complexes precipitated by addition of the staphylococcal adsorbent and low speed centrifugation. The antigens isolated included surface immunoglobulins from mouse and human lymphocytes, human β2-microglobulin and HL-A alloantigens, mouse H-2 alloantigens, and the murine leukemia virus glycoprotein gp 70. Rabbit, sheep, goat, and mouse antisera were all effective for the specific phase of the precipitation reaction. The surface membrane immunoglobulins of mouse splenic lymphocytes and human peripheral blood lymphocytes differed with respect to class composition and protein A reactivity. Mouse lymphocyte surface immunoglobulins were nonreactive with protein A, whereas a high proportion of human lymphocyte surface immunoglobulins of different classes bound directly to the staphylococci. In sequential immunoprecipitation studies the prior isolation of one antigen had no appreciable effect on the subsequent recovery of another antigen. Adsorption of antigen-antibody complexes is quantitative when protein A sites are provided in excess over antiserum IgG sites, and this obviates the need for equivalence point titrations for optimal precipitation necessary with alternative double antibody techniques.
Characterization of a Constitutive Variant of the Murine Serum Protein Allotype, Slp
Authors: Hansen Ted H. , Shreffler Donald C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Properties of the Ss serum protein (putatively the murine homologue of the fourth component of complement) and its allotypic form, Slp, were studied in a wild-derived variant, Ssw7. The Ssw7 allele is unique in that it confers non-sexlimited expression of the Slp allotype. During examination of the H-2 haplotypes of two congenic lines which derived their Ssw7 allele from a common origin, it was found that intra-H-2 recombination had occurred during the establishment of one of these lines. The sex-limited expression of Slp as determined by the Ssd allele was constrasted in several ways to the constitutive expression of Slp as determined by the Ssw7 allele. Slp expression in mice carrying the Ssd allele was found to be subject to control by the testicular feminization mutant, Tfm, while in mice carrying Ssw7 the Slp expression was independent of Tfm control. This implies that Slp is subject to a rather fundamental hormonal control mechanism in mice carrying Ssd and presumably all other Slp-positive Ss alleles, with the exception of Ssw7. It is proposed that Ssw7 may represent an “operator-constitutive” mutation of the Jacob-Monod type.
Including the Ssw7 allele, there are now at least seven distinguishable Ss variants. Each of these Ss alleles is characterized by a unique level of Ss and/or Slp antigenic expression. The sex-limitation difference and quantitative differences in Ss and Slp expression associated with the Ssw7 allele were found to be codominant or intermediate when Ssw7 was in heterozygous combinations with other Ss alleles. This indicates a lack of trans effects and argues against genetic differences in regulatory proteins as the basis for these polymorphisms.
Mapping of the Genetic Control of Murine Response to Low Doses of the Dinitrophenyl Conjugates of Ovomucoid and Bovine γ-Globulin
Authors: Freed John H. , Deak Beverly D. , McDevitt Hugh O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antibody responses in mice to low doses of the DNP-conjugates of ovomucoid (OM) and bovine γ-globulin (BGG) were measured for a number of inbred strains carrying independent and recombinant H-2 haplotypes. This permitted mapping the gene(s) controlling the response to low doses of OM (Ir-l-OM) within the I-A subregion of the H-2 complex. Similarly, it was possible to map the primary gene(s) controlling the response to low doses of BGG (Ir-l-BGG) within the I-A and/or I-B subregions. Further localization of the Ir-l-BGG gene(s) to the I-A or I-B subregion of the H-2 complex was not possible due to the ambiguous response of the B10.A(4R) strain of mice.
The Induction of Hapten-Specific T Cell Tolerance by Using Hapten-Modified Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Miller Stephen D. , Claman Henry N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
BALB/c mice were made tolerant to the T cell-dependent phenomenon of contact sensitivity to DNFB by i.v. injection of syngeneic lymphoid cells which had been previously modified with DNFB in vitro. The highly efficient unresponsiveness, as measured by ear challenge and in vitro antigen-induced cell proliferation, was shown to follow dose-response kinetics both in vivo and in vitro and to be exquisitely specific for the DNP moiety. The kinetics of tolerance induction were shown to be very rapid and had been previously shown to be long lasting. Unresponsiveness was more efficient when the hapten-modified cells were introduced by the i.v. route and tolerance could be increased by repeated injection of tolerogen. The tolerance could be transferred to normal syngeneic recipients by spleen and/or lymph node cells from tolerant donors. A wide variety of hapten-modified lymphoid cells, including mixed cell populations and enriched populations of T cells, B cells, and macrophages, were capable of inducing tolerance. The unresponsiveness was dependent merely on the association of DNP to the lymphoid membrane proteins and not upon the viability of the hapten-modified cells.
These experiments support the hypothesis that in hapten-specific T cell sensitivity, as exemplified by contact sensitivity to DNFB, specific T cell tolerance in actively induced by hapten on self-membrane. In other hapten-specific antibody-forming systems, tolerance appears to be most readily induced by hapten on soluble self protein or on a nonimmunogenic carrier.
The Induction and Regulation of Guinea Pig B-Lymphocyte Proliferation in Vitro
Authors: Lipsky Peter E. , Rosenthal Alan S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Conditions for the in vitro induction of proliferation have been examined in a population of guinea pig lymph node lymphocytes enriched for B lymphocytes. Known B cell mitogens such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide and tuberculin-purified protein derivative induced DNA synthetic responses in this B lymphocyte population as did a number of dinitrophenyl hapten-protein conjugates, all in the apparent absence of T cell participation. B cell proliferation occurred most efficiently in serum-free medium with both heterologous and homologous sera inhibiting maximum responses. In vivo immunization with hapten-protein conjugates failed to enhance subsequent in vitro B cell responsiveness to these materials beyond that owing to recruitment by contaminating antigen-primed T cells. Macrophage-associated antigen, which efficiently triggered T cell proliferation, was much less effective at initiating B cell DNA synthesis than was soluble antigen not bound to macrophages. Furthermore, although accessory cells were required for the development of T cell DNA synthetic responses, macrophages or factors produced by them inhibited spontaneous or induced B cell 3H-thymidine incorporation.
Immunogenicity of Fab Fragment of Protein-315 for BALB/c Mice
Authors: Tungkanak Rachaneepas , Sirisinha Stitaya 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunogenicity of Protein-315 and its Fab fragment (Fab-315) for isologous and heterologous strains of mice was investigated by comparing the characteristics of the anti-idiotypic response produced in BALB/c and A/J mice. The ability of these anti-idiotypic antisera to compete with DNP-lys for the ligand-binding site of Protein-315 were analyzed by comparing their hapten inhibition curves.
The anti-idiotypic responses of BALB/c mice to Protein-315 and to Fab-315 were similar to one another with regard to antibody specificity and sensitivity to inhibition by hapten, suggesting that both forms were equally immunogenic in inbred BALB/c mice. This observation indicates that the Fc portion of Protein-315 is not essential for the induction of anti-idiotypic response. Both BALB/c and A/J mice recognized the same antigenic determinants on Fab-315 since the anti-idiotypic antibodies produced by these animals were indistinguishable with regard to their interaction with Protein-315, Fv-315, and sensitivity to hapten inhibition.
On the other hand, the response of A/J mice to Protein-315 was remarkably different from that of BALB/c mice since it was found that Protein-315 seemed to be more immunogenic in A/J mice than in BALB/c mice. The data also indicated that Protein-315 was more immunogenic than Fab-315 in stimulating the anti-idiotypic response in A/J mice. A/J antiserum to Protein-315 was found to have antibodies specific for the ligand-binding site as well as those specific for other antigenic determinations on the Fc portion. These findings suggest that the Fc portion of Protein-315 may either act as a haptenic determinant to provoke directly the antibody response or as a carrier determinant to enhance the anti-Fab response in A/J mice.
Complement Receptor Lymphocytes in the Rabbit
Authors: Green William R. , Fanger Michael W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Complement receptor lymphocytes (CRL) were detected in various rabbit lymphoid tissues by the ability of these CRL to form rosettes with sheep red blood cells coated sequentially with rabbit antiserum directed against sheep red blood cell stroma and horse serum as a nonhemolytic source of complement (EAC). The rosette assay was shown to be specific for complement receptor (CR) activity and the EAC capable of detecting both C3b and C3d specific receptors. With lymphocyte preparations containing less than 5% phagocytic cells, the average per cent CRL in the various tissues studied was as follows: thymus 1%, popliteal lymph node 18%, spleen 30%, appendix 35%, and peripheral blood 45%, Double assays in which the lymphocytes were prestained with an FITC-labeled Fab′ fragment of a goat anti-rabbit Fab antibody before rosetting indicated that CRL were a subpopulation of surface immunoglobulin (SIg)-bearing lymphocytes in popliteal lymph node, spleen, and peripheral blood. In the appendix, however, in addition to finding SIg+ CR+ and SIg+ CR- populations, an SIg- CR+ population was consistently found. Double assays employing FITC-labeled goat antibodies specific for µ, α, and γ determinants were also performed to determine if there was any relationship between the class of Ig displayed and presence of CR. It appeared that an approximately equivalent percentage of both IgM- and IgG-bearing cells also displayed CR. Experiments in which appendix cells were treated with Pronase to remove SIg and CR and the cells cultured in vitro to allow regeneration of surface markers confirmed the existence of SIg+ CR+, SIg+ CR-, and SIg- CR+ lymphocyte subpopulations. Whether the SIg- CR+, population represents a developing B cell population which will eventually also express SIg or whether it belongs to the T or “null” cell populations is unclear at present.
Role of T Lymphocytes in Adjuvant Arthritis
Authors: Kayashima Kohji , Koga Toshitaka , Onoue Kaoru 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rats of Wistar King Aptekman (WKA) were thymectomized at 4 weeks of age and injected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis wax D 6 weeks after the operation to induce adjuvant arthritis. The development of this disease was strikingly enhanced by this treatment. Further experiments showed that a 4- to 6-week interval between thymectomy and wax D injection was necessary to show the enhancing effect. Such enhancement by thymectomy was also shown in rats of another strain, Sprague-Dawley (SD). The enhancing effect of thymectomy was abolished when thymocytes of normal syngeneic rats were transferred to thymectomized rats 7 days before the wax D inoculation. Furthermore, severe arthritis was also produced in WKA rats that were pretreated with low dose (200 R) whole body irradiation, but not in those treated with higher doses (400 to 700 R). These results seem to indicate that the enhancing effect is brought about by selective depletion of a certain population of T lymphocytes. The population depleted may be thymus dependent, short-lived and radiosensitive, the properties of which agree with those known for suppressor T lymphocytes. Thus, it appears that thymus-derived cells could normally exert a regulatory effect on the development of adjuvant arthritis which might render these rat strains relatively less susceptible to this disease.
Prearmed Effector Cells and the Target Cell Specificity of Lectin-Induced Cellular Cytotoxicity
Authors: MacDermott Richard P. , Nash Geoffrey S. , Boldt David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have investigated mechanisms by which plant lectins induce human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to kill red blood cells (RBC) from different species selectively. Cytotoxicity was induced by both mitogenic components of phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA), erythroagglutinating (E-PHA) and leukoagglutinating (L-PHA), and the non-mitogenic lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). The target cells used in an overnight chromium release assay included human autologous RBC, human allogeneic RBC, and xenogeneic RBC from sheep or chickens. Although E-PHA induced cytotoxicity for all cell types, L-PHA caused human mononuclear cells to kill only xenogeneic RBC and, conversely, WGA induced killing of only human RBC. These differences allowed further investigation of possible control mechanisms.
The target cell specificity associated with lectin-induced cellular cytotoxicity did not correlate with lectin binding to, or agglutination of, the different red blood cell types. Furthermore, preincubation of RBC with lectins followed by washing did not result in cytotoxicity. However, when the mononuclear cells were preincubated with the lectins, the same cytotoxic specificity was observed as when lectins were present during the entire assay. These experiments suggest that the target cell specificity observed with lectin-induced cellular cytotoxicity is related to a prearmed lymphocyte which seeks out and kills the appropriate target cell.
Response of Human Lymphocytes to PHA and Con A, Dependent on and Regulated by THF, A Thymic Hormone
Authors: Rotter Varda , Schlesinger Menachem , Kalderon Rina , Trainin Nathan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The response of human lymphocytes to T lectins was shown to be dependent on and regulated by THF (thymus humoral factor). When human lymphocytes were stimulated with T lectins in the presence of dialyzed human plasma (DHP) which probably contains a low thymic hormone concentration, we observed a reduced response to PHA and Con A, compared to that observed in the presence of whole human plasma (WHP). This reduced reactivity to T lectins in the presence of DHP was restored by the addition of plasma dialyzates or THF. On the contrary, addition of THF to cultures in the presence of WHP caused a significant reduction in reactivity to T lectins, suggesting that enhancement or reduction of the response of human lymphocytes to T lectins by THF depends on the endogenous content of the thymic hormone in the plasma. From the present data it is suggested that the response of human cells to PHA behaves differently from that to Con A, as reflected in their dependence on THF. Although the response of human cells to Con A is increased by THF only in the presence of DHP, the response to PHA is also enhanced by THF in the presence of low WHP concentrations or even in the absence of WHP.
Specific Lysis of Human Colon Tumor Cells by Antibodies to CEA and Isoantigen A: Dependence on Rabbit Serum or Neuraminidase
Authors: Tompkins Wayne A. F. , Seth Pradeep B. , Yip Dick-Man , Palmer Jerry L. , Gee Sydney R. , Rawls William E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The 51Cr cytotoxicity test was used to measure specific antibody reactions against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and isoantigen A on the surface of human colon tumor cells. When human serum or guinea pig serum was used as a source of complement, no anti-CEA or anti-isoantigen A cytotoxicity was demonstrable despite binding of specific antibodies and activation of complement at least through the C3 component on the cell surface. In contrast, specific anti-CEA and anti-isoantigen A cytotoxicity was demonstrated when rabbit serum was used as a source of complement. Specific antibody-mediated cell lysis was also achieved with guinea pig complement if the cells were treated with neuraminidase before testing. These results support the concept that certain tumor cells have surface properties that render them resistant to immune lysis.