bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Voegelin, Eric (1901–85)
Authors: Cooper Barry 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Eric Voegelin was born in Cologne, the son of a middle‐class engineer. He was nine when his family moved to Vienna, where he received his formative education, graduating with a doctorate in law and political science in 1922. His thesis was codirected by Othmar Spann and Hans Kelsen. Voegelin subsequently studied briefly at Oxford, and in 1924 he received a three‐year Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Fellowship enabling him to study in the USA, at Harvard, Columbia, Wisconsin, and Yale, followed by a year in Paris. He later served as Kelsen's assistant in Vienna and taught in the university as a
Privatdozent
(private lecturer) as well as teaching at a
Volkshochschule
(adult education college).
Voltaire (François‐Marie Arouet) (1694–1778)
Authors: Caverly Matthew M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Voltaire was the pseudonym for François‐Marie Arouet, an eighteenth‐century French man of letters who personified and popularized the intellectually liberal climate of the Enlightenment. Voltaire was the chief social and political protagonist of his age; he promoted the ideas of religious and political tolerance as propagated by British liberal thinkers such as Locke and Swift. In particular, he spread liberal rationalist Enlightenment ideas to continental Europeans. However, Voltaire was not always, nor completely, a classical liberal; he saw virtue in constitutional monarchy as practiced in Great Britain. Also, he was a staunch advocate of “enlightened absolutism” like that practiced by his patron Frederick the Great of Prussia. Voltaire promoted his ideas through his position as a playwright and member of the elite literati in his native France as well as through his service in the Prussian court. Additionally, Voltaire accomplished his project through the production of a massive library of writings, including plays, poems, novels/novelettes, histories, and philosophical treatises. Voltaire's legacy is somewhat tarnished by his raucous lifestyle and later philosophical treatments of his works, which claimed that he was more of a transcriber of culture than a true innovator in the history of ideas. For our purposes, his greatest contribution lay in his ability to satirize the powers‐that‐be, whether in church or state, and call for a truly enlightened age manifested in civic tolerance, political republicanism, and religious freedom.
von Gierke, Otto (1841–1921)
Authors: Thornhill Christopher 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Otto von Gierke (1841–1921) was an organic theorist of the legal state: that is to say, he was a theorist of the state who viewed the inner constitutional form of the political order as composed by multiple parts and associations, organically integrated to form the state as a unifying legal structure. He was the leading representative of the Germanic School of legal‐historical research in imperial Germany, which, pioneered by Georg Beseler, promoted concepts of Germanic law as an alternative to the dominant positivist orthodoxy, based in Roman law and primarily represented by Paul Laband. Central to Gierke's work was a critique of the concept of the legal personality under Roman law and positivism. He argued that the Roman legal concept of the legal person deduced legal obligations from solitary, atomized, and essentially
private
subjects. This conception of the legal person reduced legal status to a highly simplified notion of legal formation, and it restricted agents under law to a statically prescribed series of solitary and purposive rights and freedoms.
von Pufendorf, Samuel (1632–94)
Authors: Carr Craig L. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSamuel von Pufendorf was one of the most important thinkers of the seventeenth century and one of the central figures and primary architects of the modern natural law tradition. The son of a Lutheran minister, Pufendorf began his intellectual odyssey with the study of theology but soon tired of theological orthodoxy and gravitated toward the philosophical method that guided much of his political thought. When he turned to political philosophy, he found himself laboring in the shadow of the two intellectual giants whose work immediately preceded his own: Grotius and Hobbes, and his political thought was substantially influenced by both writers.
Wealth
Authors: Miller Char Roone 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
“Wealth,” closely related to the concept of abstract value, refers to the many ways that people create, possess, accumulate, transfer, and store value. Ancient wealth could be stored as material objects: horses, land, and gold tripods. These objects represented recognition from others and promised the perception of worth from other people. Wealth continues to be stored and displayed in similar objects, such as houses, cars, cash, and horses. Contemporary wealth often refers to objects such as capital, stocks, bonds, and treasury bills; even when wealth is completely immaterial it continues to be a means of establishing recognition, rank, and status among people. Life itself, and the time it affords, can signify an ultimate expression of wealth. Time often figures as a possession abundantly held by the wealthy; who spend more of their time away from activities of work or labor, while those without wealth typically labor at more physically demanding and highly managed jobs. Wealth, Adam Smith suggested at one point, referencing Thomas Hobbes, is also power; meaning the power to command or purchase the labor of others (Smith 1970 [1776]: 31). Wealth promises, additionally, the social power to realize desires produced through social recognition.
Will to Power
Authors: Hawley Thomas M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The will to power is a central concept in the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) because it captures what for him is an essential feature of all organic life: the desire for mastery, for an increase in strength, and for flourishing, abundant health. Something for which all living things strive, power is the index of an organism's ability to transform the raw materials of existence into conditions favorable to its particular form of life. The theory of the will to power is situated within Nietzsche's critique of the deadening effects of modern culture, particularly Christian morality. Because Christianity condemns expressions of strength in favor of submission and weakness, Nietzsche argues that its influence has led to the enervation and decline of humankind. The result is a nihilistic culture of sickly and sheep‐like beings who lack the strength to cope with human life and thus long for a world beyond death. The will to power is part of Nietzsche's response to the problem of nihilism as well as a means for overcoming the life‐denying effects of modernity.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1889–1951)
Authors: Havercroft Jonathan 
Published: August 2023

AbstractLudwig Wittgenstein is one of the most significant philosophers of the twentieth century, yet he published nothing on political philosophy. His few remarks on political and moral philosophy were outright hostile to the enterprise of normative theorizing. Despite this, Wittgenstein's influence on contemporary political philosophy has been far‐reaching. This is because Wittgenstein's work had a crucial influence on the linguistic turn in philosophy, and philosophy's linguistic turn shaped much political thought in the latter half of the twentieth century. The linguistic turn refers to the increased interest in the connections between the nature of language and philosophical problems in the first half of the twentieth century. The classical view of the relationship between language and objects in the material world held that words functioned like labels that are applied to pre‐existing objects.
Wittig, Monique (1935–2003)
Authors: Stewart Pamela J. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Monique Wittig, French philosopher, writer, and political activist, argued in all forms for the destruction of the category of sex, which supports heterosexuality as a political regime, marginalizing one category of sex for the benefit of another. Wittig termed this political and philosophical approach “Materialist Lesbianism,” describing heterosexuality not as an institution (or a “preference” or “norm”), but as a political regime resting on submission and appropriation of those in the sex category of women. Wittig was ahead of what would become known as queer theory by at least fifteen years, and much of feminist theory as well.
Wolin, Sheldon S. (1922–)
Authors: Xenos Nicholas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Sheldon S. Wolin is a central figure in the transformation of the study and practice of political theory in the USA in the post‐World War II period. Along with the émigré scholars Leo Strauss, Hannah Arendt, and Eric Voegelin, Wolin provided a fundamental challenge to the teaching of the history of political theory as a chronicle of successive ideas, each dying along with the social and institutional structures of which it was a part.
Wollstonecraft, Mary (1759–97)
Authors: Sapiro Virginia 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Mary Wollstonecraft was a political and moral theorist best known for her 1792 book,
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
, one of the first full‐length treatises devoted to an examination of the social and political condition of women, and an argument for political and moral equality of women and men. She made important contributions more broadly to the history of thought on education, the family, inequality, and the French Revolution as well as to the development of romanticist writing, especially because of her travel memoir,
Letters Written during a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark
.
Women in Western Political Thought
Authors: Marso Lori J. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe silencing of women writers and denigration of the feminine in the canon of western political thought has marked feminism's relationship to canonical texts as deeply ambivalent. And yet, conversations and debates initiated amongst feminists in response have been lively and provocative. Though it often seems that women are simply absent from political theory's canonical texts, in fact these texts frequently operate on gendered assumptions. The kind of person qualified for citizenship, the traits and behaviors a citizen should embody, what constitutes the geography and categorization of the political, how political life should be structured and conducted, and even what makes for a good and worthy life are all described in terms that characterize masculine traits as superior.
Xenophon (ca. 430–mid‐4th century BCE)
Authors: Ambler Wayne 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Xenophon is one of only three authors who actually knew Socrates, the founder of political philosophy, and whose works about him have survived. The other two are Plato and the comic poet Aristophanes. Since Socrates himself left no record of his life or thought, our understanding of the origins of political philosophy depends heavily on these authors. In Xenophon's case, there are four works that focus on Socrates: the
Memorabilia
, the
Oeconomicus
(or, “Household Manager”), the
Symposium
, and the
Apology of Socrates
.
Zuckert, Catherine H. (1942–)
Authors: Sharpe Matthew 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe political philosopher Catherine Heldt is currently the Nancy Reeves Dreux Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame and the Editor‐in‐Chief of theReview of Politics. Zuckert's work is oriented around two political philosophers, Leo Strauss and Plato, and the topics of natural right, the history of philosophy, the “crisis of modernity,” and the relation between philosophy, literature, and politics. Zuckert has published widely on ancient and modern philosophy, American literature, and contemporary cultural debates. Zuckert's booksNatural Right and the American Imagination: Political Philosophy in Novel FormandPlato's Philosophers: The Coherence of the Dialoguesreceived prestigious publishers’ awards for scholarly excellence.
Zuckert, Michael (1942–)
Authors: Ward Lee 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Michael Zuckert is a contemporary scholar of political philosophy and American political thought. His educational background includes an undergraduate degree from Cornell University and a PhD in political science from the University of Chicago, where he studied with Joseph Cropsey, Herbert Storing, and Leo Strauss. Michael Zuckert's major contribution to contemporary American intellectual life has been his effort to uncover the philosophical roots of the Anglo‐American political tradition through a number of studies of the concept of natural rights in early modern and American political thought.
Sub‐Micrometer Mechanochromic Inclusions Enable Strain Sensing in Polymers
Authors: Kiebala Derek J. , Style Robert , Vanhecke Dimitri , Calvino Céline , Weder Christoph , Schrettl Stephen 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBlending different types of polymers with traces of a telechelic macromolecule that is end‐functionalized with excimer‐forming chromophores affords materials that display a highly sensitive, reversible, and strain‐dependent mechanochromic response. Confocal microscopy imaging reveals that the additive forms discrete, phase‐separated inclusions in host polymers such as poly(ε‐caprolactone), poly‐isoprene, poly(styrene‐b‐butadiene‐b‐styrene), and different thermoplastic polyurethanes. A comprehensive analysis shows that the mechanochromism of the blends originates from the distortion of the inclusions, which, independent of the additive content and chemical composition of the matrix, deform homogeneously and reversibly in response to the applied macroscopic strain. These findings support the conclusion that such excimer‐forming, telechelic macromolecules can be used as universal additives that allow the straightforward fabrication of a wide range of mechanochromic materials.
Metal–Organic Framework for Hypoxia/ROS/pH Triple‐Responsive Cargo Release
Authors: Chen Wenyu , He Huixin , Jiao Pengfei , Han Lefei , Li Jianchun , Wang Xiu , Guo Xuliang 
Published: August 2023

AbstractNanoparticulate antitumor photodynamic therapy (PDT) is suffering from a very short lifetime, limited diffusion distance of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Herein, a hypoxia/ROS/pH triple‐responsive metal–organic framework (MOF) is designed to facilitate the on‐demand release of photosensitizers and hence enhanced PDT efficacy. Tailored azo‐containing imidazole ligand is coordinated with zinc to form MOF where photosensitizer (Chlorin e6/Ce6) is encapsulated. Azo can be reduced by overexpressed azoreductase in hypoxic tumor cells, resulting in depletion of glutathione (GSH) and thioredoxin (Trx) which are major antioxidants against ROS oxidative damage in PDT, resulting in rapid cargo release and additional efficacy amplification. The imidazole ionization causes a proton sponge effect to ensure the disintegration of the nanocarriers in acidic organelles, allowing the rapid release of Ce6 through lysosome escape. Under light irradiation, ROS produced by Ce6 may oxidize imidazole to urea, resulting in rapid cargo release. All of the triggers are expected to show interactive synergism. The pH‐ and hypoxia‐responsiveness can improve the release rate of Ce6 for enhanced PDT therapy, whereas the consumption of oxygen by PDT may induce elevated hypoxia and hence in turn enhanced cargo release. This work highlights the role of triple‐responsive nanocarriers for triggered photosensitizer release and improved antitumor PDT efficacy.
Straw mulch decreased nitrogen fertilizer requirements via regulating soil moisture and temperature to improve physiology, nitrogen, and water use efficiency of wheat
Authors: Akhtar Kashif , Ain Noor Ul , Wang Weiyu , Ren Guangxin , Feng Yongzhong , Djalovic Ivica , Prasad P. V. Vara , Yang Gaihe , He Bing , Wen Ronghui 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe infrequent rainfall caused drought‐prone conditions, particularly in semiarid regions of China, where most of the precipitation occurs in summer season. Thus, the summer rainwater conservation is very important for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) production. Therefore, a 2‐year field experiment was conducted on straw mulch along with nitrogen (N) fertilizer to improve physiology, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), wheat yield, and water use efficiency (WUE). Maize (Zea mays) was a rotated crop after wheat, and therefore, maize straw mulch (S1, 0 kg ha−1; S2, 4500 kg ha−1; S3, 9000 kg ha−1) was in the main plots, and N fertilizer (N1, 0 kg ha−1; N2, 192 kg ha−1 [80%]; N3, 240 kg ha−1 [100%]) was in the subplots. The interaction of S3N3 and S3N2 produced 59.2% and 43.8% higher net photosynthesis and enhanced its characteristics at booting stage compared with that of S1N1. Higher Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) values (49.1% and 41.0%) and leaf area (85.6% and 61.0%) were measured with S3N3 and S3N2 treatments at booting stage compared with S1N1. Both S3N2 and S3N3 had increased wheat N‐uptake (91% and 103%, respectively) compared to S1N1. While S3N3 and S3N2 enhanced soil moisture conservation, NUE (19.7% and 22.8%) and WUE (47.2% and 47.2%) improved the growth yield of wheat compared to S1N1. Higher wheat grain yield (7604 kg ha−1) was obtained from interaction of S3N2. Therefore, interaction of S3N2 is a viable approach for improving the winter wheat crop performance in terms of NUE, WUE, and wheat yield for semiarid areas in China.
Chemodivergent Staudinger Reactions of Secondary Phosphine Oxides and Application to the Total Synthesis of LL–D05139β Potassium Salt
Authors: Luo Wenjun , Xu Fang , Wang Zhenguo , Pang Jiyan , Wang Zixu , Sun Zhixiu , Peng Aiyun , Cao Xiaohui , Li Le 
Published: August 2023

AbstractUnprecedented Staudinger reaction modes of secondary phosphine oxides (SPO) and organic azides are herein disclosed. By the application of various additives, selective nitrogen atom exclusion from the azide group has been achieved. Chlorotrimethylsilane mediates a stereoretentive Staudinger reaction with a 2‐N exclusion which provides a valuable method for the synthesis of phosphinic amides and can be considered complementary to the stereoinvertive Atherton–Todd reaction. Alternatively, a 1‐N exclusion pathway is promoted by acetic acid to provide the corresponding diazo compound. The effectiveness of this protocol has been further demonstrated by the total synthesis of the diazo‐containing natural product LL‐D05139β, which was prepared as a potassium salt for the first time in 6 steps and 26.5 % overall yield.
Synthesis of Difluoromethylated Alkenes via Copper‐Catalyzed Protodefluorination of β‐(Trifluoromethyl)styrenes
Authors: Dong Tao , Ye Yibin , Wang Yanhui , Cheung Kelvin Pak Shing , Tsui Gavin Chit 
Published: August 2023

AbstractUnder typical copper‐catalyzed hydroboration conditions, β‐(trifluoromethyl)styrenes demonstrate unusal reactivities by forming difluoromethylated alkenes via a net protodefluorination process. This is also distinct from trifluoromethyl alkenes with alkyl substituents where defluoroborylation products predominate.
Enhancing Gating Performance in Organic Molecular Field‐Effect Transistors by Introducing Polar Azulene Components
Authors: Xu Yuqing , Liu Desheng , Wang Meishan 
Published: August 2023

AbstractOrganic molecular field‐effect transistors (FETs) are promising building components for future electronic circuits. Efficient control of charge transport properties is one key issue in the design of organic molecular FETs. In this study, we propose a redesign of a naphthalene‐based FET by introducing two azulene components in opposite dipole moment directions. Using density functional theory combined with non‐equilibrium Green's function, the simulated electronic transport characteristics reveal that the introduction of polar azulene components effectively narrows the frontier molecular orbitals gap, leading to an increase in the ON‐state current. Meanwhile, the OFF‐state current is significantly suppressed by highly localizing the dominant electronic transport channel. As a result, improved gate controllability is achieved with a higher ON‐OFF current ratio, which is nearly seven times higher than that of the naphthalene‐based FET device. These findings provide theoretical directions for future design of organic molecular FET devices with enhanced gating regulation efficiency.
Zn‐Based Metal–Organic Frameworks Using Triptycene Hexacarboxylate Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, and Gas‐Sorption Properties
Authors: Sugamata Koh , Yamada Shoko , Yanagisawa Daichi , Amanokura Natsuki , Shirai Akihiro , Minoura Mao 
Published: August 2023

AbstractA series of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based on zinc ions and two triptycene ligands of different size have been synthesized under solvothermal conditions. Structural analyses revealed that they are isostructural 3D‐network MOFs. The high porosity and thermal stability of these MOFs can be attributed to the highly rigid triptycene‐based ligands. Their BET specific surface areas depend on the size of the triptycene ligands. In contrast to these surface‐area data, the H2 and CO2 adsorption of these MOFs is larger for MOFs with small pores. Consequently, we introduced functional groups to the bridge‐head position of the triptycene ligands and investigated their effect on the gas‐sorption properties. The results unveiled the role of the functional groups in the specific CO2 binding via an induced interaction between adsorbates and the functional groups. Excellent H2 and CO2 properties in these MOFs were achieved in the absence of open metal sites.
Eslicarbazepine‐induced hyponatremia: A retrospective single‐center real clinical practice study
Authors: Strýček Ondřej , Všianský Vít , Doležalová Irena , Kočvarová Jitka , Pail Martin , Brázdil Milan 
Published: August 2023

AbstractHyponatremia is a typical side effect of antiseizure drugs from the dibenzazepine family. The study investigated the prevalence of hyponatremia in patients with epilepsy who were treated with eslicarbazepine. We aimed to determine the prevalence of hyponatremia, reveal the factors leading to the discontinuation of treatment, and identify possible risk factors for the development of hyponatremia including the dose dependency. The medical records of 164 patients with epilepsy taking eslicarbazepine in our center were analyzed. The overall prevalence of hyponatremia was 30.5%. The prevalence of mild hyponatremia, seen in 14%–20% of patients, was not dose dependent. The prevalence of moderate and severe hyponatremia was significantly dose dependent. The severity of hyponatremia was significantly dose dependent. Severe hyponatremia was found in 6.1% of patients. Hyponatremia was asymptomatic in the majority of cases, and in 48% did not require any management. Hyponatremia was the reason for discontinuation in 6.2% of patients. The major risk factor for developing hyponatremia was older age. The study shows that eslicarbazepine‐induced hyponatremia is usually mild and asymptomatic. It usually does not require any management and seldom leads to treatment discontinuation. Hyponatremia is dose dependent. Another major risk for developing hyponatremia (besides dose) is older age.