bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The internal metallicity distributions of simulated galaxies from EAGLE, Illustris, and IllustrisTNG at z = 1.8–4 as probed by gamma-ray burst hosts
Authors: Metha Benjamin , Trenti Michele 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT
Massive stars are thought to be progenitors of long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), most likely with a bias favouring low-metallicity progenitors. Because galaxies do not have a constant metallicity throughout, the combination of line-of-sight absorption metallicity inferred from GRB afterglow spectroscopy and of host galaxy global metallicity derived from emission lines diagnostics represents a powerful way to probe both the bias function for GRB progenitors and the chemical inhomogeneities across star-forming regions. In this study, we predict the relationship between Zabs and Zemiss using three different hydrodynamical cosmological simulations: Illustris, EAGLE, and IllustrisTNG. We find that while the qualitative shape of the curve relating emission versus absorption metallicity remains the same, the predicted relationship between these two observables is significantly different between the simulations. Using data for the host galaxy of GRB121024A for which both Zabs and Zemiss have been measured, we find marginal support for the Illustris simulation as producing the most-realistic internal metallicity distributions within star-forming galaxies at cosmic noon. Overall, all simulations predict similar properties for the bulk of the GRB host galaxy population, but each has distinct features in the tail of the Zabs-Zemiss distribution that in principle allow to discriminate between models if a sufficiently large sample of observations are available (i.e. N ≳ 11 on average). Substantial progress is expected in the near future, with upcoming JWST/NIRspec observations of 10 GRB host galaxies for which absorption metallicity from the afterglow spectra exists.
Simulation of Phobos gravity field estimation from Tianwen-1 flybys and implications for the modelling of Phobos’ internal structure
Authors: Guo X , Yan J G , Yang X , Liu L , Chen Y H , Ye M , Barriot J P 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT
Doppler radio tracking data from Tianwen-1, China’s first Mars mission, could contribute to a better estimate of the gravity field of Phobos. In this study, we show that a determination up to degree and order 3 is feasible by considering five additional flybys of Phobos by the Tianwen-1 spacecraft, in addition to the previous flybys already done by the Mars Express spacecraft, and probably degree and order 5 is within reach. Three cases of mass repartition are considered: (i) a homogeneous case, (ii) a core-dominated Phobos, and (iii) a mantle-dominated Phobos. The case of a mantle-dominated Phobos is the easiest to detect, followed by a homogeneous Phobos, and finally by a core-dominated Phobos. We also discuss implications about the modelling of the internal structure of Phobos.
Evidence for an abundant old population of Galactic ultra-long period magnetars and implications for fast radio bursts
Authors: Beniamini P , Wadiasingh Z , Hare J , Rajwade K M , Younes G , van der Horst A J 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT
Two recent discoveries, namely PSR J0901−4046 and GLEAM-X J162759.5−523504.3 (hereafter GLEAM-X J1627), have corroborated an extant population of radio-loud periodic sources with long periods (76 and 1091 s, respectively) whose emission can hardly be explained by rotation losses. We argue that GLEAM-X J1627 is a highly magnetized object consistent with a magnetar (an ultra-long period magnetar, ULPM), and demonstrate it is unlikely to be either a magnetically or a rotationally powered white dwarf. By studying these sources together with previously detected objects, we find there are at least a handful of promising candidates for Galactic ULPMs. The detections of these objects imply a substantial number, N ≳ 13 000 and N ≳ 500 for PSR J0901−4046 like and GLEAM-X J1627 like objects, respectively, within our Galaxy. These source densities, as well as cooling age limits from non-detection of thermal X-rays, Galactic offsets, timing stability and dipole spin-down limits, all imply the ULPM candidates are substantially older than confirmed Galactic magnetars and that their formation channel is a common one. Their existence implies widespread survival of magnetar-like fields for several Myr, distinct from the inferred behaviour in confirmed Galactic magnetars. ULPMs may also constitute a second class of FRB progenitors which could naturally exhibit very long periodic activity windows. Finally, we show that existing radio campaigns are biased against detecting objects like these and discuss strategies for future radio and X-ray surveys to identify more such objects. We estimate that ${\cal O}(100)$ more such objects should be detected with SKA-MID and DSA-2000.
Factors associated with kalemia in renal disease
Authors: Granal Maelys , Fouque Denis , Ducher Micher , Fauvel Jean-Pierre 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT

Background
International recommendations promote a strict potassium diet in order to avoid hyperkalemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. However, the efficiency of such a dietary recommendation has never been demonstrated. The objectives of this study were to define the relationship between kalemia, dietary potassium intake estimated by kaliuresis and renal function, and to define the factors associated with kalemia in patients using artificial intelligence.

Methods
To this extent, data from patients followed in a nephrology unit, included in the UniverSel study and whose kalemia (measured on the day of urine collection; n = 367) were analyzed.

Results
The patients included had a wide range of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), but few had stage 5 CKD. Kalemia was negatively and linearly correlated to eGFR (P &lt; .001) but was not correlated to kaliuresis (P = .55). Kaliuresis was not correlated to eGFR (P = .08). Factors associated with kalemia were analyzed using a Bayesian network. The five variables most associated with kalemia were, in descending order, eGFR, original nephropathy, age, diabetes and plasma bicarbonate level.

Conclusion
The results of this study do not support a strict dietary potassium control to regulate kalemia in stage 1–4 CKD patients.
Habit Forming
Authors: Gray Elizabeth Kelly 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Habit Forming explores American drug dependency from 1776 to 1914—the era when drug sales were largely unregulated—as well as Americans’ growing understanding of addiction and attitudes toward habituated people; most commentators were white and middle class, and their prevailing views, influenced by racism and classism, shaped policy. Domestic opiate use grew rapidly in the nineteenth century. Many white, middle-class women used morphine to treat pain or insomnia, enjoyed its pleasurable effects, and became addicted. Many users could hide their habit, and domestic habituation—the era’s term for “addiction”—received limited attention before 1867. Americans learned about addiction from accounts of use in England, China, and parts of Africa and the Middle East. But while users rarely committed crimes—the drugs were widely available—addiction was a growing problem. Many misunderstood its intensity, and some family members blamed habitués for their plight. Some writers compared it to alcohol, but few suggested that opiate or cannabis use could become widespread domestically. Americans, however, began to write about domestic addiction extensively in the late 1860s. While some criticized Chinese immigrants’ opium smoking, native-born users shared their experiences, and doctors shared treatments. Many writers sympathized with white, middle-class habitués but blamed their working-class or nonwhite counterparts for their plight. By the 1910s, many regarded poor young men as the likeliest drug users, which facilitated support for regulations. The United States passed the Harrison Anti-Narcotic Act in 1914. The law deprived most users of legal access to their drugs, and illicit markets began to flourish.
The Vogue for Hashish, 1832–1884
Authors: Gray Elizabeth Kelly 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Mid-nineteenth-century Americans tended to associate widespread cannabis use with non-Western societies that they regarded as alluring but unproductive, and some Americans published accounts of their own experimental and habitual use. Cannabis was available as a medicine in the United States, and while its medical efficacy was inconsistent, some enjoyed its effects. Pennsylvanian Bayard Taylor published an account of his using it, as did Fitz Hugh Ludlow in the 1857 The Hasheesh Eater. Ludlow prized the beauty of nature over profits, and many associated widespread cannabis use with parts of the Middle East that, while alluring, did not appear to be progressing. There was also a sinister side: the mythical association of cannabis with the twelfth-century Assassins in Persia and Syria, allegedly impelled to kill under its influence. Few were concerned with accounts of cannabis in America, however, probably because the users were middle class and few in number.
Federal Regulation Begins, 1875–1914
Authors: Gray Elizabeth Kelly 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
States and municipalities began restricting opiate and cocaine sales in the 1870s; the US government followed, as it sought international cooperation to limit the drug trade. Numerous jurisdictions passed laws to reduce use. Although the Pure Food and Drug Act combated proprietary medicines, many regarded drug regulation as a state matter. In 1898, however, the nation annexed the Philippines and sought to end drug use there. This required international cooperation, and the United States passed domestic legislation to underscore its anti-drug commitment. The 1909 Smoking Opium Act restricted imports, and the 1914 Harrison Anti-Narcotic Act required prescriptions for cocaine and opiate sales. Prejudice bolstered support. Many associated cocaine use with black men, and many American opiate users were young, working-class men using heroin. Meanwhile, in the West there were bans on marijuana, whose perceived users were Mexican immigrants, and efforts to ban peyote, which some Native Americans used.
Conclusion
Authors: Gray Elizabeth Kelly 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Supreme Court ruled in 1919 that drug users could receive maintenance doses of their drug only if they suffered from an unrelated illness; users then sought out illicit markets, and a public health problem became a larger, more challenging social problem. After passage of the Harrison Anti-Narcotic Act, many doctors suggested that ending drug use was easy or theorized that only immoral people became addicted. Other physicians, meanwhile, defended habitués. They deemed it immoral to remove the drug supply from such individuals and traced cases of addiction to a lack of access to health care. Because most addicted people could not buy drugs legally, addiction became—and has remained—entwined with crime. The opioid epidemic that began in the late 1990s has exacerbated the problem. An enduring feature of America’s drug problem, however, is the inclination to sympathize with white, middle-class users while blaming poorer users and people of color for their plight.
On the Edge of Eternity
Authors: Dal Prete Ivano 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
On the Edge of Eternity overturns the paradigm of the eighteenth-century discovery of geological time, showing that the antiquity of our planet was a widespread and culturally acceptable notion in pre-1800 Europe. In this groundbreaking study, Ivano Dal Prete brings to life a long-forgotten world, in which the biblical story of the Creation and of the Flood was only one among many doctrines that could be freely taught and discussed. University scholars and students, artists like Leonardo da Vinci, and the readers of easily accessible vernacular books, envisaged, painted, and debated an ageless Earth scarred by innumerable deluges, raised and submerged continents, annihilated and resurgent humanities. Rather than discover deep time, the eighteenth century erased its rich and complex history, replacing it with a simplistic account that suited its political agendas and still informs our culture. On the Edge of Eternity invites the reader to revisit engrained beliefs on the relationship of science and religion, the history of the Earth sciences, and the cultural assumptions that have underpinned the modern controversy on Young Earth creationism.
Digital Grooming
Authors: Lorenzo-Dus Nuria 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter brings together the book’s key findings and lays out how these may be applied in real-life scenarios to help combat digital sexual, commercial, and ideological grooming. Commonalities and nuances across the styling acts identified in the digital sexual, ideological, and commercial grooming datasets are examined. The identification of a common discourse of manipulation that deliberately mobilizes self and other styling to suit groomers’ goals, and of the specific nuances therein, is a significant step forward in academic understanding of digital grooming. To demonstrate the value of examining digital grooming—and more broadly manipulation—from an identity-focused approach, Chapter 9 also makes explicit the unique contribution that discourse-based disciplines can make to societal issues. This is done by reflecting on several academia–practitioner collaborations, which show readers how the analyses and approaches detailed in this book can, and are, impacting practitioner agendas, ranging from policymaking efforts at enhancing social media platform regulation so that it more efficiently clamps down on abusive, hateful, or otherwise manipulative communication to third-sector and industry development of targeted prevention and detection interventions to promote digital civility and safety.
Bridging the Gap between the Abundance of American Higher Education Talent and the Immense Foreign Demand for It
Authors: Joseph Richard J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The gap between the abundance of American higher education talent and the immense foreign demand for it is “the Great Chasm in Global Education.” It is a gulf of lost opportunities. It is also a space of great economic potential. This book describes the contours of the Great Chasm, examines the principal factors underlying it, and proposes ways to bridge the gap so as to realize this potential. The abundance of talent stems from the slackening growth of the U.S. higher education sector in the New Millennium. Contributing to the slowdown are flat enrollments, adverse demographic trends, U.S. visa restrictions, and intensifying competition. The immense foreign demand has been fueled by the secular expansion of the global economy over time. It has been shaped by the pressing need, in emerging markets, to develop an educated workforce. The Great Chasm creates an opportunity for American academic institutions to extend their global reach to fortify the economic foundation of the sector. Bridging it requires fundamental changes in the culture, organization, and governance of traditional U.S. academic institutions. These changes would remove roadblocks in the way of international expansion, which could ultimately enhance the financial well-being of these institutions, the social well-being of less developed nations, and the critical role that America plays globally in knowledge creation, the dissemination of ideas, and the pursuit of the truth.
Authoritarian Practices in a Global Age
Authors: Glasius Marlies 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This book challenges the assumption that authoritarianism is necessarily a phenomenon located at the level of the state, and that states as a whole are therefore either democratic or authoritarian. It provides a parsimonious framework for recognizing and analysing contemporary manifestations of authoritarianism beyond the state, and a number of empirical case studies. In its first chapter, the book offers a new conceptual understanding of authoritarianism as practices of accountability sabotage, applicable to units of analysis other than states. Subsequent chapters operationalize this definition in a number of empirical case studies. The unit of analysis is always the ‘authoritarian practice’, but the manifestations thereof are quite diverse. Chapters 2 to 6 comprise a study of transnational repression by authoritarian states; two chapters on informal and formal multilateral collaboration in anti-terrorist policies; a chapter on corporate and public-private authoritarian practices in the mining sector; and a chapter on cover-ups of child sexual abuse in the Catholic Church. The concluding chapter reconsiders the concept of authoritarian practices and draws out commonalities and unique features from the case studies, thereby setting out a research agenda for future studies of authoritarianism beyond the state.
Governance of the Nation
Authors: Ura Karma 
Published: January 2023

AbstractKnown earlier as Khazhi and Mon, Zhabdrung consolidated it as a nation and gave an autonym Druk. Its territorial limits continued to be demarcated by Khazhi (the four cardinal points) and was contiguous with Ahoms, Darranga, Koch Hajo and Koch Bihar, Sikkim, and Tibet. But Europeans referred to it at different periods of history as Bottanter, Bootan, Bhotanta, Potente, and finally as Boutan. In terms of the distribution of population in different administrative division of the country, Tongsa Penlop had the largest population. The most important territorial difference in the past was the 18 Duars Bhutan controlled, till 1865, through a tier of officials known as jadrungs, subahs, and katmas. However, Bhutanese interest was limited to trade and revenue collection and officials did not endeavour to integrate them into the nation through educational and cultural means. Authority cascaded from Desi to penlops to dzongpons, from dzongpons to jadrungs and dungpas, and further down to the gups, tshorgan, mangmi, chipon, khagpon, jotedars, and mukhis. Commodities levied as taxes and collections (Wylie ‘thu) flowed up from the gups and tshorgans, jotedars and mukhis. Dungpas and jadrungs, living in their mansions, were the centre of such operation. Local elites, such as khoches, fulfilled the functions of dungpas hereditarily, some until the 1920s. They also subsisted on collections of food and labour from the communities of their orderly ministrations.
The Timeless Guru
Authors: Ura Karma 
Published: January 2023

AbstractGuru Padmasambhava emerged from a particular religious and political setting in history. Guru catalysed the translation of both sutras and tantras into choekay, and their transmission and diffusion across the Himalayas. The legacy of Guru reconfigured arts and architecture, ritual dances and performances, literature and languages, environment and spiritual landscape in the Himalayas in a certain way. This pervasive influence owes partly to the syncretic and inclusive nature of Vajrayana that allowed other cults and rites to be amalgamated into it. Guru’s disciples were multi-racial and multi-lingual, male and female, monks and gomchens. Guru represented pure vision and pristine awareness that are outside of time and therefore always accessible. The potential to raise ourselves to pure vision and pristine awareness is always possible, and Guru manifested that timelessness.
Follow the Money
Authors: Humphrey Chris 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe chapter begins by reviewing the MDB financial model and explaining the implications of this model in MDB operations, building on literature considering the role of resource dependence in international organizations. The goal is to illustrate how financial pressures are a key driver shaping MDB behavior, one that is “hidden” from most observers due to the lack of familiarity with the MDB financial model. Demystifying key concepts and looking underneath the financial jargon reveals the inherently political nature of the trade-offs and decisions posed by the MDB financial model. The chapter explores how financial dynamics play out in practice across the range of MDBs in three key areas matching up with the three components of a balance sheet: capital structure and net income (equity), how MDBs obtain funding from external sources (liabilities), and how the demand for an MDB’s loans by borrowers (assets) is influenced by its operational policies and processes.
Internet Bills of Rights
Authors: Yilma Kinfe 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the potential of the so called the Internet bill of rights movement in addressing normative blind spots in international privacy law. Dating roughly back to the early days of the Internet, initiatives for Internet bill of rights seek to reformulate human rights, principles, and governance norms in light of the new realities of the digital age. Among the rights commonly addressed in IBRs initiatives is the right to privacy but in a manner that departs significantly from the normative structures of the right in international law. The chapter considers the extent to which new contours of the right to privacy envisioned in Internet bills of rights entrench, elaborate, or clarify international law, or even reinforce developing privacy norms. It argues that initiatives for Internet bill of rights are unlikely to develop into a freestanding international law response to the ‘privacy problem’ nor will they meaningfully contribute to ongoing privacy reform efforts. The chapter further shows that the rather tangible role of the Internet bill of rights movement is ‘catalytic’ by which its progressive visions may shape the form and content of a pragmatic approach to international privacy law.
Emergent Privacy Standards
Authors: Yilma Kinfe 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the potential of the ongoing privacy discourse at the United Nations in reimagining international privacy law in the digital age. Broached in the wake of the Snowden revelations, the discourse consists primarily of a series of resolutions adopted by the United Nations General Assembly and the Human Rights Council which offer a rather progressive vision for the right to privacy in international law. Not only do the resolutions incrementally embrace modern privacy principles but they also address the respective obligations and responsibilities of States and technology companies more directly. This chapter considers the extent to which these aspects of the discourse may evolve into an international law response to the ‘privacy problem’ in the digital age. It demonstrates that the series of Resolutions are unlikely to effectively attend to the exigencies of upholding digital privacy. It argues that the most tangible role of the discourse is ‘catalytic’ by which it may shape the normative and methodological direction of future practical privacy law reform efforts.
Virtues of Soft Legalization
Authors: Yilma Kinfe 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter considers virtues of soft legalization as a pragmatic response to the normative blind spots of international privacy law. Over the years, soft law has been proposed as a pertinent instrument of translating human rights, including the right to privacy, based on the new realities of the digital age. Moving past mere proposals for an international soft law, the chapter offers the justifications, content, and legal form of an international soft law on the right to privacy that would attend to aspects of the ‘privacy problem’ in the digital age. It argues that soft legalization is the most pertinent mechanism to translate the rather vague provisions of the right to privacy in international law, to effectively globalize emergent privacy norms, and to catalyse the progressive development of international privacy law.