bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nature of the Immune Response to Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
Authors: Fernald Gerald W. , Clyde Wallace A. , Denny Floyd W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The nature of antibodies formed in the serum of rabbits and man following immunization or infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae has been studied using serologic and immunochemical techniques. Measurement of fluorescent-stainable (FA), complement-fixing (CF), tetrazolium reduction-inhibiting (TRI) and growth-inhibiting (GI) antibodies in immunized rabbits revealed that FA and CF antibodies appeared within 10 days and remained elevated for at least 90 days. TRI and GI antibodies appeared later and accumulated slowly, reaching maximum levels only after 30 days. The immunoglobulin composition of representative M. pneumoniae-immune rabbit sera was determined by gel filtration and immunoelectrophoretic analysis. CF and GI antibodies were demonstrated in both 19S and 7S immunoglobulin fractions; 19S antibodies, present in early sera, declined as the 7S component became predominant.
Cold hemagglutinating (CHA), indirect-hemagglutinating (IHA), CF and GI antibody titers in adult patients with M. pneumoniae pneumonia, followed up to 12 months, attained maximum levels sequentially. CHA peaked at 3 weeks, followed by IHA and CF at 3 to 4 weeks; GI titers peaked at 6 months. Characterization of the specific immunoglobulin composition of a series of convalescent human sera revealed the appearance of different biologic properties to be related to the relative content of IgM, IgA and IgG as a function of time.
These studies provide an explanation for the differences in results obtained by various serologic methods and provide criteria by which techniques may be selected for detection of antibodies according to the time that samples are collected in relation to illness or immunization.
Immunity to the 6C3HED Ascites Tumor Following Treatment of Tumor-Bearing Mice with Escherichia coli L-Asparaginase
Authors: Prager Morton D. , Roberts Joseph , Bachynsky Nicholas 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Long-lived immunity to the 6C3HED ascites lymphosarcoma in C3H/HE mice following treatment of the tumor-bearing animals with Escherichia coli L-asparaginase has been observed. This tumor which had its origin in C3H mice is normally lethal for this strain. Immunity of C3H/HE mice was demonstrated by (1) tumor rejection, (2) neutralization of tumor cells by immune serum and lymphoid extract, and (3) in vitro cytotoxicity of the same preparations. Adsorption experiments with normal C3H/HE lymphatic cells and 6C3HED-OG tumor cells indicate that the immune response in C3H/HE mice is directed against an antigen unique for the tumor cells. This point was underscored by the decrease in cytotoxicity and neutralizing activity of immune C57BL serum following adsorption with normal C3H/HE lymphatic cells. In these mice the immune response was directed primarily against histoincompatibility antigens. When tumor-bearing C3H/HE mice were treated with 6-mercaptopurine and asparaginase, the primary immune response was blocked, and the mice were unable to reject a subsequent implant of 6C3HED cells. C3H/HE mice rendered immune to the 6C3HED-OG tumor following asparaginase therapy were also immune to the asparaginase-resistant 6C3HED-RG1 lymphosarcoma.
Response and Specificity of Anti-Shigella Rabbit Antibody
Authors: Tsuchiya T. , Fukazawa Y. , Shinoda T. , Okoshi T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibodies produced by immunization of rabbits with Shigella flexneri 1b and 2a were demonstrated in both the IgM and IgG fractions of the serum.
A procedure for fractionation of antibodies by salting out followed by gel filtration and diethylaminoethyl column chromatography was found to be the best method for the purification and subfractionation of IgM and IgG from rabbit antiserum.
Studies on the specificities of the two types of immune globulins demonstrated a high specificity for the IgG and a low specificity for the IgM. The subfractions derived from each type, however, demonstrated almost the same reactive pattern notwithstanding that they were slightly different from each other chromatographically and electrophoretically. The antibody pattern for type specific antigen I was predominant in IgM, and that for group antigen 6 was predominant in IgG of the anti-Shigella flexneri 1b serum. The possible mechanism for the different specificities of the two types of antibodies was discussed.
Canine Immunoglobulins
Authors: Johnson John S. , Vaughan John H. , Swisher Scott N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In the present report evidence is presented for the existence of antibody activities in each of six canine immunoglobulin classes. Among nine precipitating canine antisera to hemocyanin, bovine serum albumin or rabbit thyroglobulin, antibodies were evidenced in γ2a, γ2b and 7S γ1-immunoglobulins by radioimmunoelectrophoresis. An electrophoretically fast migrating non-precipitating canine anti-BSA antibody previously reported by Patterson et al. was found to consist entirely of 7S γ1. Among 15 canine anti-A sera, isohemagglutinins were found which reacted with each of the specific anti-immunoglobulins. In one serum from a lupus dog, anti-nuclear antibody was demonstrated among γ2a-, γ2b-, 7S γ1- and γM-immunoglobulins.
Evaluation of prescribing pattern based on World Health Organization indicators in Maharashtra during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Jacob Sharon , Malviya Rajendra , Sandhan Swati , Deshpande Prasanna 
Published: December 2022

Introduction:
Community pharmacy (CP) is one of the health care centers that have a key role to play in the current COVID-19 pandemic period. Prescriptions monitoring studies are essential as this helps in understanding the current prescribing pattern adopted by physicians. Furthermore, only few CP-based research studies were noted. This study was conducted with an aim to study prescribing pattern using World Health Organization (WHO) indicators from few community pharmacies in Maharashtra, India, during COVID-19 Pandemic period.

Material and Methods:
An observational study was conducted and sample comprised of prescriptions collected from different parts of Maharashtra (Mumbai, Pune. and Nashik). One thousand and fifty-six prescriptions were collected and data was collected for a period of 6 months (August 2020–January 2021). The variables of interest in this study were: Number of medications in each prescription, number of prescriptions with generic names, number of antibiotics and injectables in each prescription, number of prescribed drugs from essential drug list (EDL), and defined daily dose (DDD).

Results:
Out of 3058 drugs prescribed, it was found that average number of drugs per prescription was 2.89 (standard deviation ± 1.37). Only 23 (0.75%) were prescribed by generic name. Antibiotics and injectables were 399 (37.78%) and 29 (2.74%), respectively. Drugs that were prescribed from EDL were only 920 (30.08%). The total class of antimicrobial agents prescribed (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical group J01) was 13. After calculating DDD, DDD of Azithromycin was found to the highest (81.6 g).

Conclusion:
Among five WHO indicators, only the percentage of encounters with an injection was in compliance with the WHO recommended value. Further studies are required for better understanding of this area.
Prevalence, patterns, clinico-social, and behavioral factors associated with the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among undergraduate medical students of central India
Authors: Mandal Soumya Kanti , Revadi G , Parida Darshan , Majumdar Anindo 
Published: December 2022

Introduction:
Excessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in adolescents has become a global issue. As its link to obesity and noncommunicable diseases is clear, it is imperative to understand SSB consumption behaviors in the future health-care professionals. The objective of this study is to document the prevalence, patterns, and clinico-social and behavioral factors predicting high intake of SSBs among medical students.

Material and Methods:
This cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-reported, web-based, questionnaire. All the students and interns who were part of a publicly funded premiere teaching hospital between October and November 2019 were included in this study. The semi-structured questionnaire enquired regarding socio-demographic, clinical details, amount, behavioral patterns, and money spent in connection with SSB consumption. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 24.

Results:
The mean age of participants was 19.3 ± 1.6 years, 71.7% being males. The current prevalence of SSB consumption was 90.5%. Furthermore, 49.9% and 29.1% of participants preferred soft drinks and sweetened fruit juice, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that male gender (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.83, (1.03–3.25), current alcohol consumption (aOR: 4.09, 1.25–13.42), and recent (last week) consumption of a SSB predicted high intake of SSBs [aOR: 7.36, (3.41–15.87)] whereas, preference of energy/sports category of drinks predicted low intake of SSBs [aOR 0.10, (0.02–0.47)].

Conclusion:
The consumption of SSBs among medical students was high. Targeted health education and behavior change interventions should be provided to males, alcohol users, and frequent consumers.
Pelaksanaan Pemberian Pinjaman Koperasi Sejahtera Pasirjambu Bagi Peserta Menurut Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 9 Tahun 1995
Authors: Miskiah Siti , Ritawati  
Published: December 2022

Pemberian pinjaman Koperasi Sejahtera Pasirjambu pada anggota adalah suatu aktivitas bisnis menghimpun dana yang bisa dibolehkan secara hukum. Hal ini dikarenakan dalam menjalankan aktifitas peminjaman koperasi pada peserta sudah dilakukan menurut aturan yang kentara & jelas berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 9 Tahun 1995. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis empiris dengan meneliti peraturan-peraturan hukum yang kemudian digabungkan dengan data dan perilaku yang hidup di tengah-tengah masyarakat dan penelusuran bahan-bahan kepustakaan untuk selanjutnya dijadikan sebagai landasan dalam menganalisis permasalahan yang diteliti dengan tujuan mendapatkan suatu gambaran dan sebagai sarana untuk mencari dan menemukan pengetahuan yang dapat dimanfaatkan langsung oleh masyarakat. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Koperasi menjalankan usaha secara hati-hati dengan cara mentaati prosedur dan ketentuan prinsip-prinsip perjanjian menggunakan hukum yang berlaku, tetapi pada pelaksanaannya bisa saja terjadi pelanggaran terhadap peraturan yang ada untuk tercapainya kuantitas anggota dan berjalannya koperasi secara maksimal. Hal ini akan mengakibatkan timbulnya permasalahan baik terhadap koperasi itu sendiri maupun pelaksanaan pemberian simpan pinjam kepada anggota yang berakibat dapat dikenakan sanksi secara administrasi bahkan pencabutan ijin usaha.
PENGARUH METODE DEMONTRASI TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN PROBLEM SOLVING PADA PEMBELAJARAN SAINS
Authors: Dela Delviana  
Published: January 2023

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui: 1) Kemampuan problem solving pada pembelajaran sains dengan menggunakan metode demonstrasi di kelompok B RA Al-Muhajir Panyileukan Kota Bandung. 2) Kemampuan problem solving pada pembelajaran sains dengan menggunakan metode eksplorasi lingkungan di kelompok B RA Al-Muhajir Panyileukan Kota Bandung. 3) Perbedaan kemampuan problem solving pada pembelajaran sains antara yang menggunakan metode demonstrasi dengan menggunakan metode eksplorasi lingkungan pada kelompok B di RA Al-Muhajir Panyileukan Kota Bandung. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode kuasi eksperimen, dengan subjek penelitian ini terdiri dari dua kelas yakni kelas eksperimen berjumlah 12 siswa dan kelas kontrol berjumlah 12 siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan lembar observasi dan dokumentasi. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa nilai rata-rata (mean) kelas eksperimen dengan menggunakan metode demonstrasi yaitu 25,75, sedangkan nilai rata-rata (mean) kelas kontrol yang menggunakan metode eksplorasi lingkungan yaitu 25,17. Dengan kata lain, nilai rata-rata kelas eksperimen lebih besar dari pada nilai rata-rata kelas kontrol. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa Ha diterima dan Ho ditolak yang berarti Ha : :Terdapat perbedaan kemampuan problem solving pada pembelajaran sains antara yang menggunakan metode demonstrasi dengan yang menggunakan metode eksplorasi lingkungan pada kelompok B di RA Al-Muhajir Panyileukan Kota Bandung.
FAKTOR PENYEBAB TINGGINYA KENAKALAN DAN KRIMINALITAS REMAJA PADA MASYARAKAT
Authors: Yasyah Sinaga Yeni Yasyah Sinaga 
Published: January 2023

Abstrak
Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui faktor penyebab tingginya kenakalan dan kriminalitas remaja pada masyarakat di Nagori Pulo Pitu Marihat Kab. Simalungun. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan teknik wawancara, dan observasi. Berdasarkan metode yang digunakan ditemukan hasil penelitian bahwa terdapat 5 faktor penyebab tingginya kenakalan dan kriminalitas pada masyarakat di Nagori Pulo Pitu Marihat Kab. Simalungun yaitu: pertama, kurangnya perhatian dan pengawasan dari orangtua sehingga remaja tersebut dengan bebas melakukan keinginannya. Kedua, pengaruh budaya modern yang dapat mengarah pada perbuatan negatif remaja tanpa memikirkan efek samping ke depan. Ketiga, Kurangnya kasih sayang orang tua yang menyebabkan remaja tersebut mencari bentuk kasih sayang lain di luar rumah. Keempat, kurangnya penerapan ilmu agama yang cukup sehingga memberikan pengaruh yang tidak baik pada perkembangan remaja. Kelima, lemahnya perekonomian sehingga tidak mampu memenuhi kebutuhan keluarga.
Kata Kunci: Kenakalan Remaja, Kriminalitas, Masyarakat
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the factors causing high juvenile delinquency and crime in the community in Nagori Pulo Pitu Marihat, Kab. Simalungun. This study used qualitative methods with interview and observation techniques. Based on the method used, it was found that there were 5 factors causing high delinquency and crime in the community in Nagori Pulo Pitu Marihat, Kab. Simalungun, namely: first, the lack of attention and supervision from parents so that the teenager is free to do what he wants. Second, the influence of modern culture which can lead to the negative actions of teenagers without thinking about the side effects going forward. Third, the lack of parental love causes the teenager to seek other forms of affection outside the home. Fourth, the lack of sufficient application of religious knowledge so that it has a bad influence on adolescent development. Fifth, the weak economy is unable to meet family needs.
Keywords: Juvenile Delinquency, Crime, Society
STRATEGI KOMUNIKASI PEMASARAN PT BENTANG PUSTAKA PADA NOVEL DEWI LESTARI “SUPERNOVA”
Authors: Bahtra Niswar 
Published: January 2023

Dewi Lestari Simangunsong yang akrab dipanggil Dee merupakan seorang penulis dan penyanyi asal Indonesia. Sejak menerbitkan novel Supernova yang populer pada tahun 2001, ia kemudian dikenal luas sebagai novelis. PT Bentang Pustaka yang merupakan penerbit Novel Supernova melakukan serangkaian cara untuk memasarkan Novel tersebut dengan menggunakan strategi komunikasi pemasaran. Tujuan Penelitian: Untuk mengetahui bagaimana Strategi Komunikasi Pemasaran PT Bentang Pustaka Pada Novel Dewi Lestari “Supernova”. Metode Penelitian: Peneliti menggunakan metodologi kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, observasi,, dan studi dokumentasi. Peneliti mengidentifikasi bagaimana langkah strategi komunikasi pemasaran berdasarkan langkah-langkah menurut Kotler dan Amstrong (2012: 439) diantaranya (1) Identifiying the Target Audience ,(2) Determine Communication Objective, (3) Design a Message, (4) Choose the Media, (5) Select the Message Source, dan (6) Collect Feedback. Hasil Penelitian: Menunjukkan bahwa Identifiying the Target Audience dari Novel Supernova adalah fans dee lestari dan pembaca novel supernova, dengan range usia 18-40 tahun. Determine Communication Objective PT Bentang Pustaka adalah untuk memasarkan Novel Supernova. Agar mereka (khalayak) mengetahui novel tersebut dan juga tujuan akhirnya terjadi pembelian Novel Supernova. Design a Message disampaikan melalui promosi online di social media dan juga event-event offline seperti launching buku ataupun meet & greet. Choose the Media dibagi kedalam 2 media, yaitu: online dan offline. Select the Message Source Dewi Lestari merupakan Message Source untuk memasarkan Novel Supernova dengan menggunakan berbagai akun pribadi miliknya, seperti: media sosial, website, maupun akun youtube miliknya. Collect Feedback Terdapat 2 media yang progress feedback terus di amati. Yaitu; Media online: analisis statistik dari tiap media online. Dan offline: collect data dari penjualan dilihat dari wilayah penjualan. Kesimpulan: Dari strategi komunikasi pemasaran yang dilakukan oleh PT Bentang Pustaka Pada Novel Dewi Lestari “Supernova” telah berjalan dengan efektif.

Kata Kunci : Dewi Lestari, Novel Supernova, Strategi Komunikasi Pemasaran.
Satu Kajian Proses Memahami Politik Baharu di Malaysia
Authors: Sivaraman Sharmin Kutty , Awang Pawi Awang Azman , Abdul Rahman Zulkanain 
Published: January 2023

Penerimaan rakyat terhadap suatu perkara baharu sudah semestinya memerlukan masa yang tertentu supaya mereka mampu untuk memahaminya secara mendalam. Begitu juga dengan politik baharu ini. Pilihan Raya Umum (PRU) merupakan satu saluran yang diberikan kepada rakyat untuk menunaikan tanggungjawab menerusi proses mengundi dan berpeluang untuk memilih wakil rakyat. Walau bagaimanapun, politik baharu ini merupakan satu proses yang berterusan dengan langkah-langkah tertentu. Rakyat juga perlu mengetahui sedikit sebanyak maklumat berkaitan proses politik baharu tersebut. Justeru, tujuan penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk mengkaji tentang proses politik baharu ini. Kaedah yang akan digunakan dalam penulisan ini ialah kaedah kualitatif secara sepenuhnya iaitu melalui pembacaan jurnal, temu bual, bahan bercetak dan laman sesawang yang tertentu. Dapatan kajian mendapati bahawa sebelum menilai politik baharu ini, rakyat Malaysia perlu mengetahui maklumat tentang apa, bila, bagaimana, dan mengapa politik baharu ini wujud agar dapat memahami dengan lebih mendalam berkaitan dengan proses politik negara. Keputusan PRU setiap lima tahun menunjukkan bahawa ilmu politik bersifat dinamik dan perubahan dapat dilakukan oleh rakyat jika mereka mengetahui maklumat penting sepenuhnya.
Investigando a energia por trás dos alimentos
Authors: França Dias da Silva Harrysson , Barata Diógina , Carvalho Mancini Karina , Rocha Gonçalves Paola 
Published: December 2022

A partir de estudos sobre educação alimentar verificou-se que a escola tem um papel fundamental na mudança dos hábitos alimentares. Assim, propostas educacionais bem elaboradas e atreladas ao viés investigativo, dentro do contexto da nutrição, possibilitam um melhor entendimento da relação entre o alimento consumido e a energia necessária ao desempenho das funções celulares e, com isto, leva a aprendizagem e estimula práticas de vida mais saudáveis. Com base nisso, foi elaborada uma sequência didática investigativa (SDI), de grau II de liberdade, que objetiva propiciar o conhecimento das biomoléculas energéticas e funcionais, promovendo a apropriação de saberes a respeito da ligação entre a energia fornecida pelos alimentos e o rendimento nas atividades físicas, dentro de condições fisiológicas normais e na obesidade. Embora não tenha sido possível aplicar a SDI, o presente estudo apresenta uma forma de utilização remota da atividade como alternativa à atuação docente presencial, a qual foi impossibilitada pela pandemia da Covid-19. Assim, baseado no protagonismo do estudante, o presente trabalho trás uma proposta de SDI que discute de uma forma diferente e interessante a temática complexa que relaciona a função da respiração celular e o metabolismo energético das células. A proposta é fundamentada em uma problematização para elaboração de hipóteses, seguida de coleta de dados para resolução dos problemas, sistematização dos dados, a fim de refutar ou não as conjecturas iniciais e elaboração de um produto sobre a referida temática. Com isto, espera-se que a compreensão do conteúdo pelos estudantes ocorra de maneira significativa e que eles consigam a partir de seus conhecimentos prévios elaborar suas próprias ideias sobre: energia, alimentação e atividade física.
De língua estrangeira para língua franca
Authors: Bissi de Oliveira Flávia , Bordini Marcella 
Published: December 2022

Este artigo aborda o inglês como Língua Franca (ILF) e sua correlação com a Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC), sob a ótica de professores da rede pública municipal de uma cidade do norte paranaense. Este estudo, de natureza qualitativa, incluiu a aplicação, em 2021, de um questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas a 16 professores de língua inglesa para crianças de uma rede municipal. Por meio de análise dos temas salientados pelos respondentes, identificamos as seguintes concepções de ILF dos participantes da pesquisa : a) o não conhecimento de inglês promove exclusão do processo de internacionalização do ensino; b) ILF é visto como um instrumento de comunicação, o qual a língua inglesa não segue um padrão; c) as novas diretrizes da BNCC podem alterar a maneira de ministrar as aulas no que diz respeito às metodologias e ao linguístico; d) as concepções de inglês de acordo com a BNCC podem ajudar a romper a ideia de “falar como um nativo” e focar nas variedades linguísticas; e) há uma lacuna no documento no que se refere ao ensino de língua inglesa para crianças e f) não existe um inglês correto, mas usos diversos da língua inglesa pelo mundo. Dessa forma, notamos por meio da análise a necessidade de mais estudos voltados ao ILF em correlação a BNCC. O ILF é uma perspectiva que busca descentralizar o falante nativo de inglês, expor os alunos aos diferentes tipos de ingleses, focar em suas competências comunicativas e incentivá-los
KAJIAN TAZKIYATUN NUFUS MENURUT SYEKH IBNU ATAILAH AL-ISKANDARI DALAM MEMBANGUN KARAKTER YANG BERNUANSA PENDIDIKAN ISLAM
Authors: Dahrul Dahrul 
Published: December 2022

Manusia diciptakan oleh Allah swt. dalam dua dimensi jiwa. Dimensi jiwa dalam kehidupan manusia sangat berpengaruh dalam membina perjalanan keimanan, keIslaman dan keihsanan seorang muslim. Pentingnya wahana ruhani tersebut, dalam hal ini jiwa, karena jiwa adalah eksistensi terdalam yang senantiasa membutuhkan konsumsi spiritual agar berkembang tumbuh sehat dan mandiri. Sebab pendidikan seorang muslim tidak akan berhasil secara maksimal apabila tidak mengolah rasa jiwannya sampai pada tahap kesucian, kemuliaan, dan keluhuran. Untuk mencapai ada tahap keluhuran, maka harus dimulai dari tahap pertama yaitu tahap penyucian jiwa, tahap inilah yang dalam istilah bahasa arab disebut tazkiyatun nafs. Konsep Tazkiyatun Nafs adalah proses penyucian pengembangan jiwa manusia serta proses pertumbuhan pembinaan dan pengembangan akhlakul karimah dalam diri dan kehidupan manusia dan dengan menyeimbangkan pendidikan jasmani dan rohani, pendidikan islam sesungguhnya menganut prinsip yang disebut “pendidikan manusia seutuhnya” dan pada akhirnya terciptalah kesempurnaan insani yang merupakan tujuan pendidikan islam.