bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Out-of-Pocket Spending on Ultra-Expensive Drugs in Medicare Part D vs Commercial Insurance
Authors: DiStefano Michael J. , Kang So-Yeon , Parasrampuria Sonal , Anderson Gerard F. 
Published: May 2023

ImportanceLittle is known about how out-of-pocket burden differs between Medicare and commercial insurance for ultra-expensive drugs.ObjectiveTo investigate out-of-pocket spending for ultra-expensive drugs in the Medicare Part D program vs commercial insurance.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis was a retrospective, population-based cohort study of individuals using ultra-expensive drugs included in a 20% nationally random sample of prescription drug claims from Medicare Part D and individuals aged 45 to 64 years using ultra-expensive drugs included in a large national convenience sample of outpatient pharmaceutical claims from commercial insurance plans. Claims data from 2013 through 2019 were used, and data were analyzed in February 2023.Main Outcomes and MeasuresClaims-weighted mean out-of-pocket spending per beneficiary per drug by insurance type, plan, and age.ResultsIn 2019, 37 324 and 24 159 individuals using ultra-expensive drugs were identified in the 20% Part D and commercial samples, respectively (mean [SD] age, 66.2 [11.7] years; 54.9% female). A statistically significant higher share of commercial enrollees vs Part D beneficiaries were female (61.0% vs 51.0%; P &amp;lt; .001), and a statistically significantly lower share were using 3 or more branded medications (28.7% vs 42.6%; P &amp;lt; .001). Mean out-of-pocket spending per beneficiary per drug in 2019 was $4478 in Part D (median [IQR], $4169 [$3369-$5947]) compared with $1821 for commercial (median [IQR], $1272 [$703-$1924]); these differences were statistically significant every year. Differences in out-of-pocket spending comparing commercial enrollees aged 60 to 64 years and Part D beneficiaries aged 65 to 69 years exhibited similar magnitudes and trends. By plan, mean out-of-pocket spending per beneficiary per drug in 2019 was $4301 (median [IQR], $4131 [$3000-$6048]) in Medicare Advantage prescription drug (MAPD) plans, $4575 (median [IQR], $4190 [$3305-$5799]) in stand-alone prescription drug plans (PDPs), $1208 (median [IQR], $752 [$317-$1240]) in health maintenance organization plans, $1569 (median [IQR], $838 [$481-$1472]) in preferred provider organization plans, and $4077 (median [IQR], $2882 [$1075-$4226]) in high-deductible health plans. There were no statistically significant differences between MAPD plans and stand-alone PDPs in any study year. Mean out-of-pocket spending was statistically significantly higher in MAPD plans compared with health maintenance organization plans and in stand-alone PDPs compared with preferred provider organization plans in each study year.Conclusions and RelevanceThis cohort study demonstrated that the $2000 out-of-pocket cap included in the Inflation Reduction Act may substantially moderate the potential increase in spending faced by individuals who use ultra-expensive drugs when moving from commercial insurance to Part D coverage.
Correlating Photophysical Properties with Stereochemical Expression of 6s2 Lone Pairs in Two‐dimensional Lead Halide Perovskites
Authors: Gu Jiazhen , Tao Yu , Fu Tonghuan , Guo Songhao , Jiang Xiaofan , Guan Yan , Li Xiaotong , Li Chen , Lü Xujie , Fu Yongping 
Published: May 2023

AbstractTwo‐dimensional (2D) lead halide perovskites (LHPs) have shown great promises for light‐emitting applications and excitonic devices. Fulfilling these promises demands an in‐depth understanding on the relationships between the structural dynamics and exciton‐phonon interactions that govern the optical properties. Here, we unveil the structural dynamics of 2D lead iodide perovskites with different spacer cations. Loose packing of an undersized spacer cation leads to out‐of‐plane octahedral tilting, whereas compact packing of an oversized spacer cation stretches Pb−I bond length, resulting in Pb2+ off‐center displacement driven by stereochemical expression of the Pb2+ 6s2 lone pair electrons. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the Pb2+ cation is off‐center displaced mainly along the direction where the octahedra are stretched the most by the spacer cation. We find dynamic structural distortions associated with either octahedral tilting or Pb2+ off‐centering lead to a broad Raman central peak background and phonon softening, which increase the non‐radiative recombination loss via exciton‐phonon interactions and quench the photoluminescence intensity. The correlations between the structural, phonon, and optical properties are further confirmed by the pressure tuning of the 2D LHPs. Our results demonstrate that minimizing the dynamic structural distortions via a judicious selection of the spacer cations is essential to realize high luminescence properties in 2D LHPs.
General Synthesis of 3‐Azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes and Evaluation of Their Properties as Saturated Isosteres**
Authors: Dibchak Dmitry , Snisarenko Mariya , Mishuk Artem , Shablykin Oleh , Bortnichuk Lina , Klymenko‐Ulianov Oleksii , Kheylik Yurii , Sadkova Iryna V. , Rzepa Henry S. , Mykhailiuk Pavel K. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractA general approach to 3‐azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes by reduction of spirocyclic oxetanyl nitriles was developed. The mechanism, scope, and scalability of this transformation were studied. The core was incorporated into the structure of the antihistamine drug Rupatidine instead of the pyridine ring, which led to a dramatic improvement in physicochemical properties.
Mesoporous PtPb Nanosheets as Efficient Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution and Ethanol Oxidation
Authors: Ao Weidong , Ren Huijun , Cheng Changgen , Fan Zhishuai , Yin Peiqun , Qin Qing , Zhang Qi , Dai Lei 
Published: May 2023

AbstractUsing a one‐pot hydrothermal method with ethylenediamine, we have synthesized mesoporous PtPb nanosheets that exhibit exceptional activity in both hydrogen evolution and ethanol oxidation. The resulting PtPb nanosheets have a Pt‐enriched structure with up to 80 % atomic content of Pt. The synthetic method generated a significant mesoporous structure, formed through the dissolution of Pb species. These advanced structures enable the mesoporous PtPb nanosheets to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2 with an extreme low overpotential of 21 mV for hydrogen evolution under alkaline conditions. Furthermore, the mesoporous PtPb nanosheets exhibit superior catalytic activity and stability for ethanol oxidation. The highest catalytic current density of PtPb nanosheets is 5.66 times higher than that of commercial Pt/C. This research opens up new possibilities in designing mesoporous, two‐dimensional noble‐metal‐based materials for electrochemical energy conversion with excellent performance.
A Nitrogen Battery Electrode involving Eight‐Electron Transfer per Nitrogen for Energy Storage
Authors: Jiang Haifeng , Chen Gao‐Feng , Hai Guangtong , Wang Wei , Liang Zhenxing , Ding Liang‐Xin , Yuan Yifei , Lu Jun , Antonietti Markus , Wang Haihui 
Published: May 2023

AbstractRedox flow batteries have been discussed as scalable and simple stationary energy storage devices. However, currently developed systems encounter less competitive energy density and high costs, restricting their wider application. There is a lack of appropriate redox chemistry, preferably based on active materials that are abundant in nature and show high solubility in aqueous electrolytes. A nitrogen‐centered redox cycle operating between the limiting species ammonia and nitrate via an eight‐electron redox reaction stayed practically unnoticed, albeit its ubiquity in biological processes. Ammonia or nitrate are world‐scale chemicals with high aqueous solubility, and are then comparably safe. We demonstrate here the successful implementation of such a nitrogen‐based redox cycle between ammonia and nitrate with eight‐electron transfer as a catholyte for Zn‐based flow batteries, which continuously worked for 12.9 days with 930 charging‐discharging cycles. A very competitive energy density of 577 Wh L−1 can be reached, which is well above most reported flow batteries (e.g. 8 times the standard Zn‐bromide battery), demonstrating that the nitrogen cycle with eight‐electron transfer can offer promising cathodic redox chemistry for safe, affordable, and scalable high‐energy‐density storage devices.
Effect of storage time on the mechanical and microstructural properties of bigels based on xanthan gum and castor oil
Authors: Pérez‐Salas J. L. , Moreno‐Jiménez M. R. , Rocha‐Guzmán N. E. , Rosas‐Flores W. , González‐Laredo R. F. , Medina‐Torres L. , Gallegos‐Infante J. A. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractAs biphasic systems bigels are formed by hydrogels and organogels. Given their characteristics, they have been studied in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications for bioactives delivery. The rheological characteristics and amount used of the individual structured systems influence the final properties; thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the proportion of castor oil organogel, the concentration of organogelator, and the storage time in the mechanical and microstructural properties of bigeles. Bigels were prepared from structured castor oil organogels with monoacylglycerides at concentrations of 6% (MOG) and 6.5% (HOG) wt/wt, and hydrogels with 2% wt/wt xanthan gum (HG) at three organogel/hydrogel ratios 15 of 85, 30 of 70, and 45 of 55. Bigels were characterized by optical microscopy with polarized light filter, centrifugal stability, texture, and rheology for 60 days. The increase in the proportion of organogel favors the mechanical response (k, G0, and firmness) of bigels. The high viscosity of castor oil slows down the structuring of organogel droplets, showing an improvement in its mechanical properties after 15 days of its preparation. The increase in the organogelator concentration is significant in the bigels with 30% and 45% proportions of organogel in the rheological tests. By using HOG in the formation of bigels, higher values for G0 and k were obtained, as well as higher centrifugal stability compared with bigels formed from MOG. The rheological and microstructural behavior of bigels can be modified according to their application by varying the proportions of organogel/hydrogel and the concentration of the organogelator.
Differential sense and antisense expression profiles of Syrista parreyssi (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) mitochondrial transcripts
Authors: Aydemir Habeş Bilal , Aydemir Merve Nur , Korkmaz Ertan Mahir 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe transcription of the mitogenome shows a unique pattern that is both similar to and different from the nuclear and bacterial patterns. Mitochondrial transcription generates five polycistronic units from three promoters in Drosophila melanogaster, and different expression levels of genes were observed in both different and, interestingly, the same polycistronic units in D. melanogaster. This study was conducted to test this phenomenon in the mitogenome of Syrista parreyssi (Hymenoptera: Cephidae). RNA isolation and DNase digestion were performed using only one whole individual, and real‐time polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed with complementary DNAs of 11 gene regions using gene‐specific primers. It was found that the expression level of each gene exhibited differences from each other, and some genes (e.g., cox genes, and rrnS) were interestingly expressed at significant levels in the corresponding antisense chain. Additionally, the mitogenome of S. parreyssi was found to have the capacity to encode 169 additional peptides from 13 known protein‐coding genes, most of which were encoded in antisense transcript units. One of the unique findings was a potential open reading frame sequence that was potentially encoded in the antisense rrnL gene and included a conserved cox3 domain.
Synthesis of 1,2,3‐triazole‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole hybrids as novel α‐glucosidase inhibitors by in situ azidation/click assembly
Authors: Kumar Hariom , Dhameja Manoj , Kurella Sirisha , Uma Adepally , Gupta Preeti 
Published: May 2023

Abstractα‐Glucosidase inhibition is widely used in the oral management of diabetes mellitus (DM), a disease characterized by high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) and abnormal carbohydrate metabolism. In this respect, a series of 1,2,3‐triazole‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole hybrids 7a–j were synthesized, inspired by a copper‐catalyzed one‐pot azidation/click assembly approach. All the synthesized hybrids were screened for inhibition of the α‐glucosidase enzyme, displaying IC50 values ranging from 63.35 ± 0.72 to 613.57 ± 1.98 μM, as compared to acarbose (reference) with IC50 of 844.81 ± 0.53 μM. The hybrids 7h and 7e with 3‐nitro and 4‐methoxy substituents at the phenyl ring of the thiadiazole moiety were the best active hybrids of this series with IC50 values of 63.35 ± 0.72 μM, and 67.61 ± 0.64 μM, respectively. Enzyme kinetics analysis of these compounds revealed a mixed mode of inhibition. Moreover, molecular docking studies were also performed to gain insights into the structure–activity‐relationships of the potent compounds and their corresponding analogs.
Comprehensive geophysical prospection of the Roman and late antique city of Pollentia (Alcúdia, Mallorca, Spain)
Authors: Cau‐Ontiveros Miguel A. , Mas‐Florit Catalina , Chávez‐Álvarez Esther , Sala Roger , Meyer Cornelius , Ortiz‐Quintana Helena , Rodríguez‐Simón Pedro 
Published: May 2023

AbstractAn extensive magnetic survey has been carried out on a large part of the Roman and late antique city of Pollentia (Alcúdia, Mallorca, Spain), combined with ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electric resistivity imaging (ER Imaging) to obtain data for a better understanding of the ancient city.For magnetic measurements, the 7‐probe fluxgate gradiometer array was used. The GPR data were collected by means of a system equipped with two dual‐frequency antenna boxes of 200 and 600 MHz, respectively.The geophysical data provide some new insights into the layout of the city, with the identification of numerous structures in areas that are still unexplored by archaeological investigation. The results fill the gap of previous partial geophysical surveys and show an interesting, unseen image of ancient Pollentia.
Parameter identification of fractional‐order Wiener system based on FF‐ESG and GI algorithms
Authors: Li Junhong , Zhang Hongrui , Gu Juping , Hua Liang 
Published: May 2023

AbstractFractional‐order calculus has broad application scenarios in engineering and physics. Unlike integer‐order calculus, fractional‐order calculus has the ability to analyze nonclassical phenomena in science and engineering. For industrial processes with strong nonlinear characteristics, nonlinear models such as the Wiener model have become research hotspots. This paper studies the parameter identification of the fractional‐order Wiener system. In this paper, the forgetting factor extended stochastic gradient (FF‐ESG) algorithm and the gradient iterative (GI) algorithm are proposed to identify the parameters of the fractional‐order Wiener system. Then, the convergence of the FF‐ESG algorithm for the fractional‐order Wiener system is analyzed. Both proposed algorithms can obtain exact parameter estimates, which are verified by a numerical example and a case study of a fluid control valve.
Cerebral embolic protection during transcatheter aortic valve replacement: Insights from a consecutive series with the Sentinel cerebral protection device
Authors: Wolfrum Mathias , Moccetti Federico , Loretz Lucca , Bossard Matthias , Attiger Adrian , Cuculi Florim , Toggweiler Stefan 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBackgroundGrowing interest in neuroprotection in transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has catalyzed the development of cerebral protection systems (CPS).ObjectivesReport insights from consecutive real‐world patients undergoing TAVR with the Sentinel‐CPS.MethodsPatients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing TAVR from April 2019 to May 2022 were enrolled in a prospective registry. The reason for unsuccessful Sentinel‐CPS deployment and the amount of debris captured by the filters were prospectively recorded.ResultsThe Sentinal CPS was successfully deployed in 330 patients (85%, Group 1). Deployment was not attempted, unsuccessful or only partially successful in 59 patients (15%, Group 2), caused by anatomical factors such as tortuosity, heavy calcification or small dimensions of radial or brachial artery in 46, technical aspects such as puncture failure or dissection in 5 or use of right radial access for the pigtail in 6. Debris was captured in 98% of patients in Group 1. In 40%, the amount of debris was graded moderate or extensive. Predictors for moderate/extensive debris were moderate/severe aortic calcification (OR 1.50, CI 1.05–2.15, p = 0.03), pre‐ and postdilatation (OR 1.97, CI 1.02–3.79, p = 0.04 and OR 1.71, CI 1.01–2.89, p = 0.048). The risk of stroke was numerically lower in patients who underwent TAVR with the Sentinel CPS (2.1 vs. 5.1%, respectively, p = 0.15). There was no stroke during CPS deployment, but one patient had a stroke immediately after device retrieval.ConclusionsThe Sentinel‐CPS was successfully deployed in 85% of patients. Predictors for moderate/extensive debris captured were moderate/severe aortic calcification, pre‐ and postdilatation.
Selective Hydroxylation of C(sp3)−H Bonds in Steroids
Authors: Abas Hossay , Blencowe Peter , Brookfield Joanna L. , Harwood Lucy A. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractSteroids are highly prevalent structures in small‐molecule therapeutics, with the level of oxidation being key to their biological activity and physicochemical properties. These C(sp3)‐rich tetracycles contain many stereocentres, which are important for creating specific vectors and protein binding orientations. Therefore, the ability to hydroxylate steroids with a high degree of regio‐, chemo‐ and stereoselectivity is essential for researchers working in this field. This review will cover three main methods for the hydroxylation of steroidal C(sp3)−H bonds: biocatalysis, metal‐catalysed C−H hydroxylation and organic oxidants, such as dioxiranes and oxaziridines.
Bis[1]benzothieno[1,4]thiaborins as a Platform for BODIPY Singlet Oxygen Photosensitizers
Authors: Marek‐Urban Paulina H. , Urbanowicz Karolina A. , Wrochna Karolina , Pander Piotr , Blacha‐Grzechnik Agata , Hauer Simone T. , Berens Henning R. V. , Woźniak Krzysztof , Müller Thomas J. J. , Durka Krzysztof 
Published: May 2023

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue are Krzysztof Durka and co‐workers at Warsaw University of Technology, University of Warsaw, Silesian University of Technology and Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität. The image depicts the generation of singlet oxygen by the BODIPY photosensitizer. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202300680.
Non‐trauma uses of viscoelastic hemostatic assays in critical care: A narrative review and primer for pharmacists
Authors: Smith Susan E. , Barlow Brooke , Ha Liana , Park SeongEun Emily , Branan Trisha N. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThromboelastography (TEG) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) are point‐of‐care viscoelastic tests of whole blood that provide real‐time analyses of coagulation. TEG and ROTEM are often used to guide blood product administration in the trauma and surgical settings. These tests are increasingly being explored for their use in other disease states encountered in critically ill patients and in the management of antithrombotic medications. As the medication experts, pharmacists should be familiar with how to interpret and apply viscoelastic tests to disease state and medication management. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide a primer for pharmacists on viscoelastic tests and their interpretation and to explore non‐trauma indications for viscoelastic testing in critical care. Literature evaluating the use of TEG and ROTEM for patients with acute and chronic liver disease, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, coronavirus disease 2019, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation are described. Current applications of viscoelastic tests by pharmacists and potential future roles of critical care pharmacists in expanding the use of viscoelastic tests are summarized.
A compact quad‐band circular cavity backed substrate integrated waveguide antenna for millimeter wave applications
Authors: Tewari Nidhi , Joshi Neetu , Srivastava Shweta 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn this letter, a compact circular cavity‐backed, circularly polarized substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) multiband antenna is proposed. In the outer circular cavity, an array of two periodic metal slots, tilted at an angle, resonate at 25.32, 26.44, and 28.83 GHz, and the inner circular cavity's periodic slots radiate at 28.01 GHz. Two concentric SIW cavities are structured in such a distinct manner that no loss due to leakage takes place thus, achieving a maximum isolation of −43.8 dB at 28.83 GHz. The miniaturized antenna has dimensions of 2.2λo × 2.2λo × 0.1λo where λo is the operating wavelength. It achieves a maximum gain of 9.1 dBi at 26.44 GHz, and VSWR < 2 is achieved at all frequency bands. The antenna is circularly polarized at 26.44 and 28.01 GHz as well. The design results are plotted in the Ansys high‐frequency structure simulator version EM19.2 tool. The proposed antenna is fabricated and tested using an Anritsu Vector Network Analyzer version v4.0 with an anechoic chamber setup.
A finite volume scheme preserving the invariant region property for a class of semilinear parabolic equations on distorted meshes
Authors: Zhou Huifang , Liu Yuanyuan , Sheng Zhiqiang 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn this article, we present a finite volume scheme preserving invariant‐region‐property (IRP) for a class of semilinear parabolic equations with anisotropic diffusion coefficient on distorted meshes. The diffusion term is discretized by the finite volume scheme preserving the discrete maximum principle, and the time derivative is discretized by the backward Euler scheme. For the nonlinear system, a specially designed iteration is proposed to preserve the IRP. The IRPs are proved for both, the finite volume scheme and the nonlinear iteration. Numerical examples are presented to verify the accuracy and IRP of our scheme.