bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life course effects of genetic susceptibility to higher body size on body fat and lean mass: prospective cohort study
Authors: Waterfield Scott , Richardson Tom G , Davey Smith George , O’Keeffe Linda M , Bell Joshua A 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Background/objectives
Different genetic variants are associated with larger body size in childhood vs adulthood. Whether and when these variants predominantly influence adiposity are unknown. We examined how genetic variants influence total body fat and total lean mass trajectories.

Methods
Data were from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children birth cohort (N = 6926). Sex-specific genetic risk scores (GRS) for childhood and adulthood body size were generated, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans measured body fat and lean mass six times between the ages of 9 and 25 years. Multilevel linear spline models examined associations of GRS with fat and lean mass trajectories.

Results
In males, the sex-specific childhood and adulthood GRS were associated with similar differences in fat mass from 9 to 18 years; 8.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.1, 11.6] and 7.5% (95% CI 4.3, 10.8) higher fat mass at 18 years per standard deviation (SD) higher childhood and adulthood GRS, respectively. In males, the sex-combined childhood GRS had stronger effects at ages 9 to 15 than the sex-combined adulthood GRS. In females, associations for the sex-specific childhood GRS were almost 2-fold stronger than the adulthood GRS from 9 to 18 years: 10.5% (95% CI 8.5, 12.4) higher fat mass at 9 years per SD higher childhood GRS compared with 5.1% (95% CI 3.2, 6.9) per-SD higher adulthood GRS. In females, the sex-combined GRS had similar effects, with slightly larger effect estimates. Lean mass effect sizes were much smaller.

Conclusions
Genetic variants for body size are more strongly associated with adiposity than with lean mass. Sex-combined childhood variants are more strongly associated with increased adiposity until early adulthood. This may inform future studies that use genetics to investigate the causes and impact of adiposity at different life stages.
IGF-1 Microinjection in the Prefrontal Cortex Attenuates Fentanyl-Seeking Behavior in Mice
Authors: Li Guohui , Yue Shuwen , Wang Yunwanbin , Singh Archana , Wang Zi-Jun 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Background
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic relapsing psychiatric disorder with an enormous socioeconomic burden. Opioid overdose deaths have reached an epidemic level, especially for fentanyl. One of the biggest challenges to treat OUD is the relapse to drug seeking after prolonged abstinence. Abnormalities in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) have been reported in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including OUD. However, whether IGF-1 and its downstream signaling pathways are associated with relapse to fentanyl seeking remains unclear.

Methods
Mice were subjected to daily 2-hour fentanyl (10 μg/mL, 27 μL/infusion) oral self-administration training for 14 days, followed by 14-day fentanyl cessation. Expression levels of IGF-1/IGF-1 receptor and downstream signaling pathways in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) were detected. Then, IGF-1 was bilaterally microinjected into the dmPFC from fentanyl cessation day 9 to day 13. Fentanyl-seeking behavior and excitatory synaptic transmission of pyramidal neurons in PFC were evaluated.

Results
We found that 14-day cessation from fentanyl oral self-administration caused significant downregulation of IGF-1 and IGF-1 receptor phosphorylation in the dmPFC. These changes were accompanied by inhibition of the downstream Akt and S6 signaling pathway. In addition, local administration of IGF-1 in the dmPFC attenuated context-induced fentanyl-seeking behavior. Furthermore, electrophysiology and immunohistochemistry analyses showed that IGF-1 blocked fentanyl-induced reduction of a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission as well as synaptic expression of a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits.

Conclusions
These results suggest that IGF-1 in the PFC plays a pivotal role in regulating fentanyl seeking after prolonged cessation from fentanyl oral self-administration.
On the Image of Hitchin Morphism for Algebraic Surfaces: The Case GLn
Authors: Song Lei , Sun Hao 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Hitchin morphism is a map from the moduli space of Higgs bundles $\mathscr {M}_{X}$ to the Hitchin base $\mathscr {B}_{X}$, where $X$ is a smooth projective variety. When $X$ has dimension at least two, this morphism is not surjective in general. Recently, Chen-Ngô introduced a closed subscheme $\mathscr {A}_{X}$ of $\mathscr {B}_{X}$, which is called the space of spectral data. They proved that the Hitchin morphism factors through $\mathscr {A}_{X}$ and conjectured that $\mathscr {A}_{X}$ is the image of the Hitchin morphism. We prove that when $X$ is a smooth projective surface, this conjecture is true for vector bundles. Moreover, we show that $\mathscr {A}_{X}$, for any dimension, is invariant under any proper birational morphism and apply the result to study $\mathscr {A}_{X}$ for ruled surfaces.
Ypel5 regulates liver development and function in zebrafish
Authors: Deng Yun , Han Xiao , Chen Huiqiao , Zhao Chaoxian , Chen Yi , Zhou Jun , de The Hugues , Zhu Jun , Yuan Hao 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
YPEL5 is a member of the Yippee-like (YPEL) gene family that is evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotic species. To date, the physiological function of YPEL5 has not been assessed due to a paucity of genetic animal models. Here, using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, we generated a stable ypel5−/− mutant zebrafish line. Disruption of ypel5 expression leads to liver enlargement associated with hepatic cell proliferation. Meanwhile, hepatic metabolism and function are dysregulated in ypel5−/− mutant zebrafish, as revealed by metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. Mechanistically, Hnf4a is identified as a crucial downstream mediator that is positively regulated by Ypel5. Zebrafish hnf4a overexpression could largely rescue ypel5 deficiency-induced hepatic defects. Furthermore, PPARα signaling mediates the regulation of Hnf4a by Ypel5 through directly binding to the transcriptional enhancer of the Hnf4a gene. Herein, this work demonstrates an essential role of Ypel5 in hepatocyte proliferation and function and provides the first in vivo evidence for a physiological role of the ypel5 gene in vertebrates.
Development and applications of ultrafast transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Shimojima T , Nakamura A , Ishizaka K 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
We present a review on the development and applications of ultrafast transmission electron microscopy (UTEM) at Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN). We introduce the UTEM system for the pump-probe transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation in a wide temporal range. By combining the UTEM and pixelated detector, we further develop five-dimensional scanning TEM (5D STEM), which provides the ultrafast nanoscale movie of physical quantities in nanomaterials, such as crystal lattice information and electromagnetic field, by convergent-beam electron diffraction (CBED) and differential phase contrast imaging technique. We show our recent results on the nanosecond-to-microsecond magnetic skyrmion dynamics observed by Lorentz TEM (LTEM) and photoinduced acoustic wave generation in the picosecond regime by bright-field TEM and electron diffraction measurements by UTEM. We also show the demonstration of the 5D STEM on the quantitative time (t)–dependent strain mapping by CBED with an accuracy of 4 ps and 8 nm and the ultrafast demagnetization under a zero magnetic field observed by differential phase contrast with 10 ns and 400 nm resolution.
Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction Mapping Induces Structural Damage in Atom Probe Specimens
Authors: Gault Baptiste , Khanchandani Heena , Prithiv Thoudden Sukumar , Antonov Stoichko , Britton T Ben 
Published: March 2023

AbstractMeasuring local chemistry of specific crystallographic features by atom probe tomography (APT) is facilitated by using transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) to help position them sufficiently close to the apex of the needle-shaped specimen. However, possible structural damage associated to the energetic electrons used to perform TKD is rarely considered and is hence not well-understood. Here, in two case studies, we evidence damage in APT specimens from TKD mapping. First, we analyze a solid solution, metastable β-Ti-12Mo alloy, in which the Mo is expected to be homogenously distributed. Following TKD, APT reveals a planar segregation of Mo among other elements. Second, specimens were prepared near Σ3 twin boundaries in a high manganese twinning-induced plasticity steel, and subsequently charged with deuterium gas. Beyond a similar planar segregation, voids containing a high concentration of deuterium, i.e., bubbles, are detected in the specimen on which TKD was performed. Both examples showcase damage from TKD mapping leading to artefacts in the distribution of solutes. We propose that the structural damage is created by surface species, including H and C, subjected to recoil from incoming energetic electrons during mapping, thereby getting implanted and causing cascades of structural damage in the sample.
Cosmological Fisher forecasts for next-generation spectroscopic surveys
Authors: d’Assignies D William , Zhao Cheng , Yu Jiaxi , Kneib Jean-Paul 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACTNext-generation spectroscopic surveys such as the MegaMapper, MUltiplexed Survey Telescope (MUST), MaunaKea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE), and WideField Spectroscopic Telescope (WST) are foreseen to increase the number of galaxy/quasar redshifts by an order of magnitude, with hundred millions of spectra that will be measured at z &gt; 2. We perform a Fisher matrix analysis for these surveys on the baryonic acoustic oscillation (BAO), the redshift-space distortion (RSD) measurement, the non-Gaussianity (NG) amplitude fNL, and the total neutrino mass Mν. For BAO and RSD parameters, these surveys may achieve precision at sub-per cent level (&lt;0.5 per cent), representing an improvement of factor 10 w.r.t. the latest data base. For NG, these surveys may reach an accuracy of σ(fNL) ∼ 1. They can also put a tight constraint on Mν with $\sigma (M_\nu) \sim 0.02\, \rm eV$ if we do joint analysis with Planck and even $0.01\, \rm eV$ if combined with other data. In addition, we introduce a general survey model to derive the cosmic volume and number density of tracers, given instrumental facilities and survey strategy. Using our Fisher formalism, we can explore (continuously) a wide range of survey observational parameters and propose different survey strategies that optimize the cosmological constraints. Fixing the fibre number and survey duration, we show that the best strategy for fNL and Mν measurement is to observe large volumes, despite the noise increase. However, the strategy differs for the apparent magnitude limit. Finally, we prove that increasing the fibre number improves Mν measurement but not significantly fNL.
Identification of tidal features in deep optical galaxy images with convolutional neural networks
Authors: Sánchez H Domínguez , Martin G , Damjanov I , Buitrago F , Huertas-Company M , Bottrell C , Bernardi M , Knapen J H , Vega-Ferrero J , Hausen R , Kado-Fong E , Población-Criado D , Souchereau H , Leste O K , Robertson B , Sahelices B , Johnston K V 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACTInteractions between galaxies leave distinguishable imprints in the form of tidal features, which hold important clues about their mass assembly. Unfortunately, these structures are difficult to detect because they are low surface brightness features, so deep observations are needed. Upcoming surveys promise several orders of magnitude increase in depth and sky coverage, for which automated methods for tidal feature detection will become mandatory. We test the ability of a convolutional neural network to reproduce human visual classifications for tidal detections. We use as training ∼6000 simulated images classified by professional astronomers. The mock Hyper Suprime Cam Subaru (HSC) images include variations with redshift, projection angle, and surface brightness (μlim = 26–35 mag arcsec−2). We obtain satisfactory results with accuracy, precision, and recall values of Acc = 0.84, P = 0.72, and R = 0.85 for the test sample. While the accuracy and precision values are roughly constant for all surface brightness, the recall (completeness) is significantly affected by image depth. The recovery rate shows strong dependence on the type of tidal features: we recover all the images showing shell features and 87 per cent of the tidal streams; these fractions are below 75 per cent for mergers, tidal tails, and bridges. When applied to real HSC images, the performance of the model worsens significantly. We speculate that this is due to the lack of realism of the simulations, and take it as a warning on applying deep learning models to different data domains without prior testing on the actual data.
Shock shaping? Nebular spectroscopy of nova V906 Carinae
Authors: Harvey É J , Aydi E , Izzo L , Morisset C , Darnley M J , Fitzgerald K , Molaro P , Murphy-Glaysher F , Redman M P , Shrestha M 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT
V906 Carinae was one of the best observed novae of recent times. It was a prolific dust producer and harboured shocks in the early evolving ejecta outflow. Here, we take a close look at the consequences of these early interactions through study of high-resolution Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle spectrograph spectroscopy of the nebular stage and extrapolate backwards to investigate how the final structure may have formed. A study of ejecta geometry and shaping history of the structure of the shell is undertaken following a spectral line $\rm {\small SHAPE}$ model fit. A search for spectral tracers of shocks in the nova ejecta is undertaken and an analysis of the ionized environment. Temperature, density, and abundance analyses of the evolving nova shell are presented.
What sets the splashback radius of dark matter haloes: accretion history or other properties?
Authors: Shin Tae-hyeon , Diemer Benedikt 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT
The density profiles of dark matter haloes contain rich information about their growth history and physical properties. One particularly interesting region is the splashback radius, Rsp, which marks the transition between particles orbiting in the halo and particles undergoing first infall. While the dependence of Rsp on the recent accretion rate is well-established and theoretically expected, it is not clear exactly what parts of the accretion history Rsp responds to, and what other halo properties might additionally influence its position. We comprehensively investigate these questions by correlating the dynamically measured splashback radii of a large set of simulated haloes with their individual growth histories as well as their structural, dynamical, and environmental properties. We find that Rsp is sensitive to the accretion over one crossing time but largely insensitive to the prior history (in contrast to concentration, which probes earlier epochs). All secondary correlations are much weaker, but we discern a relatively higher Rsp in less massive, older, more elliptical, and more tidally deformed haloes. Despite these minor influences, we conclude that the splashback radius is a clean indicator of a halo’s growth over the past dynamical time. We predict that the magnitude gap should be a promising observable indicator of a halo’s accretion rate and splashback radius.
Optical counterparts of two candidate ultraluminous X-ray sources in NGC 4536
Authors: Avdan H , Sonbas E , Dhuga K S , Vinokurov A , Göğüş E , Avdan S , Solovyeva Y N , Kostenkov A E , Shablovinskaya E S , Goktas D 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACTArchival XMM–Newton, Chandra, and Hubble Space Telescope(HST) data have been used to study the X-ray and optical properties of two candidate ultraluminous X-ray sources in NGC 4536. In order to search for potential optical counterparts, relative astrometry between Chandra and HST was improved, and as a result, optical counterparts were detected for both X-ray sources. To complement our findings (based on the archival data), ground-based optical spectra of the counterparts were obtained with the 6-m BTA (Big Telescope Alt-azimuth) Telescope located at the Special Astrophysical Observatory. The calculated redshift (z = 0.4391 ± 0.0010) for one of the sources (X-3) indicates that the source is, in fact, a background active galactic nucleus. Two possible optical counterparts (s1 and s2) were found for X-2. Whether s1 is point-like or an extended source is unclear: If it is point-like and the emission is dominated by the donor, its spectral type indicates O–B star. The second source (s2) is point-like and is consistent with the colours and absolute magnitudes of a red supergiant.
The Local Group’s mass: probably no more than the sum of its parts
Authors: Sawala Till , Teeriaho Meri , Johansson Peter H 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT
The total mass of the Local Group and the masses of its primary constituents, the Milky Way (MW) and M31, are important anchors for several cosmological questions. Recent independent measurements have consistently yielded halo masses close to 1012M⊙ for the MW, and 1–2 × 1012M⊙ for M31, while estimates derived from the pair’s kinematics via the ‘timing argument’ have yielded a combined mass of around 5 × 1012M⊙. We analyse the extremely large Uchuu simulation to constrain the mass of the Local Group and its two most massive members. First, we demonstrate the importance of selecting pairs whose kinematics reflect their mutual interactions. Adopting the observed separation and radial velocity, we obtain a weighted posterior of $75_{-40}^{+65}$ km s−1 for the uncertain transverse velocity. Via Gaussian process regression, we infer a total mass of $3.2^{+1.2}_{-0.9} \times 10^{12} \mathrm{M}_\odot$, significantly below the timing argument value. Importantly, the remaining uncertainty is not rooted in the analysis or observational errors, but in the irreducible scatter in the kinematics–mass relation. We further find a mass for the less massive halo of $0.9_{-0.3}^{+0.6} \times 10^{12} \mathrm{M}_\odot$ and for the more massive halo of $2.3_{-0.9}^{+1.0} \times 10^{12} \mathrm{M}_\odot$, consistent with independent measurements of the masses of MW and M31, respectively. Incorporating the MW mass as an additional prior let us constrain all measurements further and determine that the MW is very likely less massive than M31.
Minimal lensing solutions in the singular perturbative approach
Authors: Alard C 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT
This paper analyses the properties of minimal solutions for the reconstruction of the lens potential in the singular perturbative approach. These minimal solutions corresponds to an expansion with a minimal degree in Fourier expansion of the perturbative fields. Using these minimal solutions prevent spurious physically meaningless terms in the reconstruction of the fields. In effect, a perturbative analysis indicates that a small change in the source model will corresponds to the higher order terms in the expansion of the fields. The results of the perturbative analysis are valid not only for slightly non-circular sources but also for more distorted sources to order two. It is, thus, of crucial importance to minimize the number of terms used in the modelling of the lens. Another important asset of the minimal solutions is that they offer a de-coupling between the source and lens model, and thus help to break the source lens degeneracy issue. The possible drawback of minimal solutions is to underestimate the higher order terms in the solution. However, this bias has its merit since the detection of higher order terms using this method will ensure that these terms are real. This type of analysis using minimal solutions will be of particular interest when considering the statistical analysis of a large number of lenses, especially in light of the incoming satellite surveys.
Genome-encoded ABCF factors implicated in intrinsic antibiotic resistance in Gram-positive bacteria: VmlR2, Ard1 and CplR
Authors: Obana Nozomu , Takada Hiraku , Crowe-McAuliffe Caillan , Iwamoto Mizuki , Egorov Artyom A , Wu Kelvin J Y , Chiba Shinobu , Murina Victoriia , Paternoga Helge , Tresco Ben I C , Nomura Nobuhiko , Myers Andrew G , Atkinson Gemma C , Wilson Daniel N , Hauryliuk Vasili 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Genome-encoded antibiotic resistance (ARE) ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins of the F subfamily (ARE-ABCFs) mediate intrinsic resistance in diverse Gram-positive bacteria. The diversity of chromosomally-encoded ARE-ABCFs is far from being fully experimentally explored. Here we characterise phylogenetically diverse genome-encoded ABCFs from Actinomycetia (Ard1 from Streptomyces capreolus, producer of the nucleoside antibiotic A201A), Bacilli (VmlR2 from soil bacterium Neobacillus vireti) and Clostridia (CplR from Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridioides difficile). We demonstrate that Ard1 is a narrow spectrum ARE-ABCF that specifically mediates self-resistance against nucleoside antibiotics. The single-particle cryo-EM structure of a VmlR2-ribosome complex allows us to rationalise the resistance spectrum of this ARE-ABCF that is equipped with an unusually long antibiotic resistance determinant (ARD) subdomain. We show that CplR contributes to intrinsic pleuromutilin, lincosamide and streptogramin A resistance in Clostridioides, and demonstrate that C. difficile CplR (CDIF630_02847) synergises with the transposon-encoded 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase Erm to grant high levels of antibiotic resistance to the C. difficile 630 clinical isolate. Finally, assisted by uORF4u, our novel tool for detection of upstream open reading frames, we dissect the translational attenuation mechanism that controls the induction of cplR expression upon an antibiotic challenge.
Cryo-EM reconstruction of the human 40S ribosomal subunit at 2.15 Å resolution
Authors: Pellegrino Simone , Dent Kyle C , Spikes Tobias , Warren Alan J 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chemical modification of ribosomal RNA and proteins is critical for ribosome assembly, for protein synthesis and may drive ribosome specialisation in development and disease. However, the inability to accurately visualise these modifications has limited mechanistic understanding of the role of these modifications in ribosome function. Here we report the 2.15 Å resolution cryo-EM reconstruction of the human 40S ribosomal subunit. We directly visualise post-transcriptional modifications within the 18S rRNA and four post-translational modifications of ribosomal proteins. Additionally, we interpret the solvation shells in the core regions of the 40S ribosomal subunit and reveal how potassium and magnesium ions establish both universally conserved and eukaryote-specific coordination to promote the stabilisation and folding of key ribosomal elements. This work provides unprecedented structural details for the human 40S ribosomal subunit that will serve as an important reference for unravelling the functional role of ribosomal RNA modifications.