bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disease management
Authors: Gilbert Gregory S. , Parker Ingrid M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Management of plant diseases relies on two general strategies: avoidance and control. Avoidance tactics involve evasion of pathogens by not planting susceptible crops in areas where virulent pathogens are present, and exclusion of pathogens through phytosanitary practices. Control tactics rely on planting crop cultivars with genetic and physiological resistance to pathogens, enhancing diversity in cropping systems through intercropping or crop rotation, and cultural practices such as increased plant spacing, sanitation of crop debris, and careful management of irrigation. Breeding for resistant cultivars through traditional backcross breeding has focused mostly on incorporating one or more major genes for resistance into elite cultivars with superior horticultural traits. Increasingly, genetic transformation is used to move genes for resistance or other useful traits directly into the crop genome, using either biolistics or transformation with Agrobacterium. Other useful approaches in agricultural biotechnology include gene editing with CRISPR-Cas nucleases and RNA interference. Major gene resistance is vulnerable to boom-and-bust cycles as pathogens evolve to overcome resistance. To increase the durability of resistance, crop breeders are exploring the use of gene pyramiding, multilines, and quantitative (polygenic) resistance traits. Active management can either disinfect soils of pathogen populations or promote active microbial communities in suppressive soils. Suppressive soils are less conducive to disease development, and can show either general or specific soil suppression. Chemical and biological control applications can supplement these strategies to help reduce infection or spread of pathogens.
Contexts of English Poetry 1400–1500
Authors: Rundle David 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides a historical introduction, considering the role that English vernacular poetry could play in the nations of Britain. It opens with a consideration of the effects of pandemic and disease, which it relates to the changing structures of education, to emphasize two factors; first, literacy was the preserve of a small minority, and, second, the English vernacular was one among several languages in use in Britain. At the same time, English had a place in the most elite spaces, being used at princely courts, where verse compositions in English as well as in Latin and French were read or heard.
Verse Forms and Prosody
Authors: Weiskott Eric 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn terms of verse form, the fifteenth century was a time of expansion and realignment in English poetry. This chapter describes the range of vernacular metrical options available to a fifteenth-century poet writing in English, in order of their historical attestation. These are the alliterative metre, tetrameter, and pentameter verse. Of these, tetrameter verse accounts for the largest proportion of poetic output during the century. This chapter also describes two of the less common verse forms attested in English poetry in the fifteenth century, tail rhyme, and, around the edges of the category ‘poetry’, the alliterating prose of the Jack Upland series of polemical treatises.
Conduct Poetry
Authors: Giancarlo Matthew 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter addresses fifteenth-century ‘conduct’ verse. It ranges from general moral guidance to instructions about behaviour, dress, bodily movement, speech, and household etiquette and service, as well as general social interactions and gender expectations. After introducing the category and its background, the chapter examines three areas. Poetry of nurture and manners includes occasional lyrics and didactic poems about basic hygiene and manners, often ostensibly directed at children. Poetry of conduct and courtesy includes longer narrative poems on household courtesy, service guidebooks, decorum guides for men and women, and ethically-orientated advice manuals Lastly, the large number of regiminal works from the period are examined.
John Lydgate
Authors: Edwards Robert R. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractJohn Lydgate is the major poet of his era. He is the most successful and recognized claimant to Chaucer’s literary heritage in the national tradition that emerges in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. As a poet and author, he depends on a selective appropriation of Chaucer’s materials and style, balanced by the critical distance of a clerical historian-moralist, the self-described ‘Monk of Bury’. The range of Lydgate’s writing is decisively shaped by commissions, specific occasions, patrons, and audiences. His earliest dated poem, Troy Book (1412), begins an epic project that encompasses the heroic and aristocratic narratives of antiquity and medieval modernity in the Siege of Thebes (1422), the prose Serpent of Division (1422), and Fall of Princes (1431–9). Alongside these dynastic and public works, Lydgate composes courtly dream visions, fables, hagiography, didactic and religious verse, and paradramatic works that rewrite their sources and shift them to a distinctive stylistic register.
Introduction
Authors: Shepherd David J. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the reader is introduced to the topic and to the book. After noting the peculiarity of the language of ‘bloods’, a brief review of scholarship suggests the increasing tendency to read the stories of David as a whole. It is further suggested that it is reasonable to ask what the David story is about, that it might be about some things more than others, and that this ‘aboutness’ is reflected in the notion of its theme(s). After outlining the relevance of previous scholarly discussions of the David story in relation to bloodguilt, retribution, homicide, and ritual violence, this chapter concludes by summarizing the approach of the book. This summary touches on the methodological considerations and the key research questions, and offers an outline of the chapters of the book to come.
‘That the Redeemer of Blood Will Ruin No More’: 2 Sam 13–14
Authors: Shepherd David J. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the problem of innocent blood is traced in Absalom’s killing of Amnon (2 Sam 13) and David’s grudging restoration of him (2 Sam 14). Given Tamar’s understanding of Amnon’s rape of her as a humiliation and an egregious violation of a customary norm (Nebalah) akin to what may be seen in Judg 19, it is not surprising that Absalom views his killing of Amnon as fully justified. However, while David evidently views the rape as reprehensible, the unmistakeable resonances of Amnon’s killing with the account of Nabal (1 Sam 25) suggests that David spares Amnon for the same reason he was persuaded by Abigail to spare Nabal. It is argued that David does so because ‘violations’ however egregious should be left to divine justice, lest ‘bloods’ be invited upon one’s house and kingdom for killing without sufficient cause. It is small wonder that Absalom flees immediately to Geshur given David’s tendency to execute those whom he sees as guilty of illegitimate bloodshed. Joab seeks to restore Absalom by enlisting a Tekoite woman, who appeals to David to spare her fictional fratricidal son in order to persuade him to spare his own son by leaving Amnon’s blood unredeemed. When David allows Absalom’s return and eventual restoration, it is argued that David’s kissing of him signals not his forgiveness, but merely his willingness to leave Amnon’s blood unredeemed, in the hope that these further ‘bloods’ will not come back to haunt David and his house in the meantime.
Late Classical Chinese Thought
Authors: Fraser Chris 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Late Classical Chinese Thought surveys prominent issues and outlooks during the culminating period of classical Chinese philosophy, the third century bc. The book presents novel, informative perspectives on Confucianism, Daoism, Mohism, Legalism, and other movements in early Chinese thought while also delving into neglected texts such as the Guǎnzǐ, Lǚ’s Annals, and the Zhuāngzǐ ‘outer’ chapters, restoring them to their rightful, prominent place in the history of philosophy. The book is the first treatment of classical Chinese thought to be organized topically, devoting separate chapters to metaphysics and metaethics, political philosophy, ethics, moral psychology, epistemology, and philosophy of language and logic. It is also the first to focus specifically on the last century of the Warring States era, the most vibrant, diverse period of philosophical discourse in Chinese history. The discussion covers the shared concerns, rival doctrines, and competing criticisms presented in third-century bc sources while explicating the distinctive issues, conceptual frameworks, and background assumptions of classical Chinese thought. The book aims to introduce the rich philosophical discourse of early China to a broad audience, including readers with no prior familiarity with the material. At the same time, the thematic treatment and incisive interpretations of individual texts will be of interest to students and specialists in the field.
The Donkey and the Boat
Authors: Wickham Chris 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This book aims to reinterpret, and in many places to discover for the first time, what the main lines of economic development were in the central medieval Mediterranean between the mid-tenth century and the end of the twelfth. This is not well understood; we are reliant on sketchy syntheses of fifty years ago. New work on archaeology, especially on ceramics, allows us to understand exchange much better than we could in the last century. The book discusses and compares the regional economies of Egypt, Tunisia, Sicily, the Byzantine Empire, Islamic Spain and Portugal, and north-central Italy. In each case, regional development was more important than the impulse of Mediterranean trade in itself, which developed, by contrast, essentially as a spin-off of regional developments. Egyptian shipping dominated the Mediterranean before 1100; Italian ships became increasingly important in the twelfth century. But Egypt remained the strongest Mediterranean economy, and Islamic Spain the fastest-growing economy, for the whole period of the book; out of the regions studied, northern Italy was the slowest to get off the ground. One of the main drivers in every case was the prosperity and thus demand of at least some strata of the peasant majority; another was the local force of the state. This overturns all previous assumptions about the period.
North-Central Italy
Authors: Wickham Chris 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
North-central Italy had three important port cities, Genoa, Venice, and Pisa, whose merchants in the twelfth century became the best-documented traders in the Mediterranean. But archaeology shows that they had relatively little effect on the interior of the region, which remained, until the very end of the period of the book, economically fragmented by the standards of the other Mediterranean regions discussed here. At the end of the twelfth century, however, Milan and Piacenza became leaders of productions of iron and cloth, which slowly began to be linked to other urban productions in a much stronger thirteenth-century internal commercial network. That development was fuelled by demographic growth, which allowed fast urban expansion to meet rural demand; only then did it link to the maritime economies of the port cities. It was not helped by the weakness and then absence of state power, which meant that cities had to develop on the basis of their own localized, and often restricted resources.
Kant on Transcendental Freedom, Priority Monism, and the Structure of Intuition
Authors: McLear Colin , Pereboom Derk 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that Kant’s commitment to conceiving space as exhibiting a kind of priority monistic or “part-on-whole” ontological dependence stems from his more fundamental conception of the structure of intuitive representation. The chapter explicates this structure and make three claims: First, that there is no obviously cogent inference from Kant’s claims regarding the structure of space to adopting transcendental idealism as a means of blocking determinism and securing rational belief in human freedom. Second, it points out that Kant’s aim of securing the legitimacy of belief in freedom by way of transcendental idealism is in apparent tension with his conception of divine intellectual intuition, since God’s intuition of the noumenal realm exhibits the very same sort of freedom-threatening monism that our anthropocentric intuitions of space and time do. Third, the chapter argues that this threat may in fact be avoided even if priority monism about the noumenal holds.
Kant on Cognition of Freedom
Authors: Watkins Eric 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers Kant’s complex reasons for his complex views on transcendental freedom. Specifically, it considers his arguments for maintaining that although we cannot cognize our transcendental freedom, there are theoretical grounds that tempt us to assert its existence anyway. Kant’s argument for our epistemic humility regarding freedom is not based on freedom being an instance of something unconditioned, as one might suspect, but rather on considerations specific to transcendental freedom. At the same time, along with our awareness of our own internal activities, it is the fact that freedom is something unconditioned and thus capable of stopping an explanatory causal regress that can tempt us into thinking that we can cognize our freedom.
Practical Cognition and Knowledge of Things-in-Themselves
Authors: Schafer Karl 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In the second Critique, Kant argues that our consciousness of the moral law provides us with new grounds for the attribution of freedom to ourselves as things in themselves. This is uncontroversial, but much more controversial is the precise kind of cognitive relation to things in themselves that Kant believes is possible from a practical point of view. This chapter argues that interpreters have radically underestimated the degree to which Kant believes we can achieve genuine “cognition” of things in themselves from a practical point of view—or at least, they have done so with respect to our practical self-understanding as noumenally free agents. For, in this case, far from representing an impoverished cousin of theoretical cognition or knowledge, our practical awareness of ourselves as free possesses the central marks of both cognition (Erkenntnis) and knowledge (Wissen) in Kant’s sense of these terms—albeit on distinctively practical grounds.
Kant on Freedom and Practical Irrationality
Authors: Bader Ralf M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that we have transcendental freedom, according to Kant, due to being both rational and sensible creatures that face two heterogeneous incentives. Freedom is, accordingly, located at the crossroads between reason and sensibility and is restricted to the choice between rational self-love and self-conceit. It then examines how practical deliberation proceeds and how incentives are incorporated to result in actions in order to identify the different types of practical irrationality that Kant countenances. It argues that there is only one type of practical irrationality in the moral sphere, namely having a bad will, but that there cannot be weakness of will in terms of implementing one’s commitment. In the prudential sphere, by contrast, there is no irrationality with respect to end-setting, yet there might be practical irrationality in pursuing happiness, since there can be actions that lead to more pleasure despite bringing about less happiness.
PROOF SHEETS AS EVIDENCE OF EARLY PRE-PUBLICATION PROCEDURES
Authors: Herz Randall 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Proof sheets provide insight into early pre-press procedures and are evidence of the printers’ efforts to produce well-edited books. The oldest surviving sheets date from the late 1450s and are thus evidence that pulling proofs was an established practice in the first print shops in Mainz and elsewhere; it was instrumental for quality control and accompanied all phases of the printing process. This article will look at four case studies to discuss how proof sheets provide insights into correcting and editing procedures in early printing houses. These include proofreader’s marks, a case of eye-skip, corrections to punctuation, and a case of mise-en-page.
MANAGING MISPRINTS
Authors: Imhof Dirk 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
For Jan Moretus I, Christopher Plantin’s successor at the Antwerp Plantin Press (1589–1610), producing correct texts was an important means by which his enterprise distinguished itself from others and a reason why some authors asked him to produce their publications. Nevertheless, despite the efforts of his proofreaders and occasional external experts, errors occurred. Extant account books and correspondence of the press document when and why Moretus applied different approaches to correction and solved misprints that might have otherwise tarnished his reputation. In particular, for the production of books with a very limited number of misprints, Jan Moretus was largely indebted to his son Balthasar Moretus. Through his careful preparation of the copy and preliminary reduction of the potential errors as much as possible, the compositors and pressmen could start with a superior copy with a minimal number of faults.
‘BEFORE THE LAW’
Authors: Sládek Pavel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the printed production of books in Hebrew script and language, in the period from the dawn of Hebrew printing in the 1460s until the 1620s, focusing on books produced with Jewish participation and intended for a readership that included, but was not limited to, Jewish readers. Examining these sources reveals that during the second half of the sixteenth century, editors and correctors of Hebrew books often commented on their practices in the notes called ‘correctors’ apologies’ (Heb. hitnatslut, pl. hitnatsluyot). Based on these neglected sources, this chapter discusses the editorial consciousness of the sixteenth-century makers of Hebrew books. ‘Apologies’ as a literary form represent a distinctive channel of communication between the editor/corrector and the readers and also show that the printed text was still perceived as open to the recipients’ intervention.
MISPRINTING ARISTOTLE
Authors: Vorobyev Grigory 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores the origin of the imaginary sargiacus, an ichthyologic species born out of a typo that made its first appearance in the influential editio princeps of Theodore Gaza’s Latin translation of Aristotle’s Historia animalium (1476). Adopting a philological approach and analysing the development of Renaissance zoological studies within the broader context of the history of science, this case study shows how most early modern scholars tried to understand what fish the sargiacus may have been. Notwithstanding their advanced knowledge of textual criticism, however, they ultimately failed to identify it as a typographical error. The chapter also discusses other taxonomical extravagancies, offering several examples of printing mistakes and inconsistencies in rare animal names.
LEARNING FROM MISTAKES
Authors: Carnelos Laura 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Popular books are generally defined as printed cheaply, in haste, and with poor-quality materials. Yet their material aspects remain largely obscure due to their rarity as well the lack of an established methodology of analysis and meaningful data. This chapter tackles the paper quality and printing defects in a relevant corpus of sixteenth-century Italian popular books, relying on the data collected in the PATRIMONiT database. Analysing these shortcomings reveals that, rather than mistakes, these material flaws were intrinsic features of these products, providing insights into the strategies early modern printers employed to cope with the incessant demand for popular books.
Christine de Pizan
Authors: Latty Franck 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Christine de Pizan (c1365–c1430) is a medieval author who is one of the first known women, if not the first, to have written on the law of war, in the Book of Deeds of Arms and of Chivalry (1410). The Book combines the art of warfare (strategic advice, qualities required of combatants, techniques of warfare, etc) with the law of war at the time (grounds for just wars; regulation of the conduct of hostilities). It gives an edifying testimony to the lack of identity at that time between sovereignty and the authority, still contested, attached to the person of the king. It not only offers a comprehensive account of the law of war in the early fifteenth century, it also reflects its religious sources and the importance of the law of nature. After highlighting the significance of The Book in this history of international law, the contribution tries to identify the causes (including the gender issue) of the disappearance of Pizan from the ‘family tree’ of international law authors. It then considers the rehabilitation of Pizan among the thinkers who have their place in the pantheon of international law.
Female Staff in the Legal Section of the League of Nations
Authors: Auberer Benjamin 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The portrait takes the discrepancy between the historiography of the legal section of the League of Nations Secretariat and its visual representation as a starting point to investigate the female workforce of the Legal Section. Article 7 of the Covenant of the League of Nations famously opened all positions within the permanent bureaucratic structure of the League equally for men and women, making the League one of the world’s first equal opportunity employers. The chance to join the first truly international civil service, encouraged many women in the interwar years to work for the League. By combining macro—and micro perspectives this chapter shows how the historical and spatial social contexts restricted the options of women in the Secretariat, but how the League introduced an unprecedented opportunity for women to enter the global stage.
Sarah Wambaugh
Authors: Saunders Imogen 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Sarah Wambaugh built a career in international law in the early twentieth century as an expert on plebiscites. In doing so, she lived a life at the frontier: literal frontiers formed the substance of her academic work and metaphorical frontiers bounded her career. Wambaugh worked in the field at various international destinations as well as at the League of Nations. She advised Governments and published academic books and journal articles, leading to numerous honours and awards. She was a passionate internationalist, lobbying her own government to join the League at a time when US domestic indifference was high. This portrait was sparked by a chance encounter by the author with one of Wambaugh’s field-leading books. It draws on Wambaugh’s archives which are held at the Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe College, of which Wambaugh was an alumni. It is necessarily limited by the nature of those materials: more a professional headshot than a personal portrait. Wambaugh’s personal views and life are elusive, with glimpses gleaned from a line in a letter, or notes on a lecture.