bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Induction of Ia and H-2 antigens on a macrophage cell line by immune interferon.
Authors: King D P , Jones P P 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recent work from a number of laboratories has suggested that Ia antigen expression on macrophages can be modulated by soluble factors released by T cells after antigen or mitogen activation. The murine macrophage tumor cell line, WEHI-3, provides an in vitro system for the study of this type of lymphokine regulation of Ia antigen expression. Previous work from our laboratory has shown that supernates from Concanavalin A-activated rat or mouse spleen cells (Con A sup) can stimulate increased levels of biosynthesis and cell surface expression of both Ia and H-2K,D antigens on this cell line. The experiments described in this report were designed to identify the regulatory factor responsible for this inducing activity, and in particular to determine whether the inducing factor present in crude supernatant fluids is immune interferon (IFN-gamma). These experiments show that: 1) murine IFN-gamma, produced free of other lymphokines by recombinant DNA technology and DNA-mediated gene transfer, can induce Ia antigen expression and increase H-2 antigen expression on WEHI-3 cells; 2) the biochemical characteristics of partially purified inducing factor from crude supernate fluids are similar to those previously described for murine IFN-gamma by other investigators; and 3) both crude Con A sup and IFN-gamma-containing supernates have inducing activity and antiviral activity which exhibit very similar dose-related responses. These results support the conclusion that the previously described ability of Con A sup to regulate MHC antigen expression on WEHI-3 cells is due to the activity of immune interferon in those supernates.
Characterization of a novel differentiation antigen complex recognize by a monoclonal antibody (A-1A5): unique activation-specific molecular forms on stimulated T cells.
Authors: Hemler M E , Ware C F , Strominger J L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By using a single monoclonal antibody, a novel glycoprotein complex composed of at least three distinct bands was defined on the surface of mitogen- or alloantigen-stimulated T cells. These bands (210,000, 165,000, and 130,000 Mr) were not disulfide linked and could be radio-labeled with 125I or 35S-methionine and readily detected by immunoprecipitation with the monoclonal antibody A-1A5. Only approximately 20% of normal T cells (E rosette positive) and approximately 47% non-T cells (E rosette negative) were reactive with A-1A5. However, upon activation of T cells, the amount of A-1A5 binding per cell and the percentage of positive cells significantly increased. This increase was most pronounced in the activated cell subpopulations currently undergoing cell division (S, G2, and M phases), which became 79% A-1A5 positive (after PHA stimulation) and 99% A-1A5 positive (in long-term culture with alloantigen and IL2). Resting lymphocytes contained only the 130,000 Mr band reactive with A-1A5. The two other bands (210,000 and 165,000 Mr) were markers for T cell activation and only appeared several days after T cell stimulation and became especially prominent after the addition of exogenous IL 2. All T lymphoblastoid cell lines tested expressed at least the lower bands (130,000 Mr), and the T cell line HSB also expressed one of the activation-related larger proteins (165,000 Mr). B lymphoblastoid cell lines expressed only a very weak lower band (130,000 Mr), and the cell line U-937 (in the monocyte-macrophage lineage) expressed only a single band (145,000 Mr) not aligned with any of the bands found on lymphoid cells. The estimated number of A-1A5 binding sites per cell was much higher on U-937 (11 X 10(5)), and generally higher on other cell lines of myeloid lineage (1 to 4 X 10(5)) than on lymphoid cell lines (0.2 to 1.3 X 10(5)).
Binding of phosphorylcholine by non-immunoglobulin molecules on mouse B cells.
Authors: Bach M A , Kohler H , Levitt D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Phosphorylcholine (PC), a molecule found in the cell wall of most serotypes of pneumococcus, has been used extensively as a probe for the study of network interactions during immune responses. The frequency of B lymphocytes capable of interacting with PC has not been directly examined. We used immunofluorescence to study the binding of PC and monoclonal anti-TEPC15 anti-idiotopic antibodies to murine lymphocytes. In addition to identifying PC-specific Ig molecules, PC was bound by a non-Ig molecule on the surface of a relatively large subset of B cells; this non-Ig marker shared an idiotypic determinant with the PC-binding myeloma protein HOPC8 (H8). PC-bearing R36a pneumococci bind to a similar subset of lymphocytes. This binding is inhibited specifically by PC coupled to bovine serum albumin and also by a monoclonal anti-H8 antibody. We suggest that bacterial interaction with B cells through non-Ig molecules capable of binding a dominant antigen like PC may possess functional significance, possibly during the events that lead to antibody induction by these microorganisms.
Surface modulation of classical pathway activation: C2 and C3 convertase formation and regulation on sheep, guinea pig, and human erythrocytes.
Authors: Brown E J , Ramsey J , Hammer C H , Frank M M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We examined the formation of the early classical complement (C) pathway enzymes on sheep (Es), guinea pig (Egp), and human (Eh) erythrocytes (E). Each species' E were sensitized with sufficient IgM or IgG anti-E Ab to establish equal numbers of C1-fixing sites on all E. After sensitization with 100 C1-fixing sites of Ab and excess C1, uptake of C4 was equivalent on all three cell types, judged by anti-C4 binding (for guinea pig C4) or by direct uptake of radiolabeled protein (for human C4). With equal numbers of cell-bound C1 and C4, however, there were marked differences in C2 convertase activity on Es, Egp, and Eh. Sheep EAC14 utilized C2 at least 20 times faster than Egp and Eh bearing the same number of C1 and C4 molecules. C3 cleavage was even further depressed on Egp and Eh, and was not changed by the substitution of oxyC2 for normal human C2. In whole guinea pig serum (GPS), 300 times more C1-fixing sites were required on Egp than on Es to achieve similar amounts of lysis; however, equivalent C3 uptake on Egp and Es was associated with equal extents of lysis, demonstrating that GPS lysis of these cells was regulated by early steps in classical pathway (CP) activation. Incubation of E bearing radiolabeled C4b with Factor I demonstrated that C4b on Egp was highly resistant to cleavage compared to the same protein bound to Es or Eh. Studies with partially purified C3 convertase decay-accelerating factors from Eh stroma demonstrated that these membrane proteins could not account for the observed surface regulation of CP activity because these proteins do not affect the rate of C2 cleavage by EAC14. We conclude that E surface molecules have an important role in modulation of CP activation. This surface-associated CP regulation occurs at the level of cell-bound C4b.
Enhancement of eosinophil effector function by soluble factors released by S. mansoni: role of proteases.
Authors: Auriault C , Capron M , Cesari I M , Capron A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Schistosomulum-released products (SRP) have been shown to enhance both expression of rat and human eosinophil Fc receptors and IgG-dependent cytotoxicity. The present work provides additional evidence of the secretion of eosinophil-enhancing factors by schistosomula and other developmental stages of schistosomes, including adult worms. The heat lability, as well as the strong inhibition of the stimulating activity of SRP by the protease inhibitor Trasylol, suggest that thermolabile proteases secreted by the parasite are involved in this mechanism. The purification of the schistosome proteases by preparative isoelectric focusing and gel filtration demonstrated that neutral proteases able to hydrolyze the collagenase substrates Azocoll and Z-Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro are able to significantly enhance eosinophil effector functions. Purified Clostridium histolyticum collagenase was also able to mimic the enhancing effect of schistosome proteases, suggesting involvement of a collagenase-like activity of the enzymes in the eosinophil stimulation.
Cross-reactivity patterns of influenza-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes from H-2Kb mutant mice.
Authors: Hurwitz J L , Wettstein P J , Bennink J R , Doherty P C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Limit dilution cultures were used to test for influenza immune T cell populations from bm1 and bm3 mutant mice that were not lytic for virus-infected targets expressing the Kb and Db major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins. Both Kbm3- and Kbm1-restricted cytotoxic T cells were detected. Such effectors showed minimal cross-recognition of influenza on other mutant targets, except for the case of bm1 and bm10 targets. This is dissimilar to previous findings concerning vaccinia presentation in which bm3+bm11, bm1+bm9, and bm3+bm9 pairs each showed high cross-reactivity. These differences illustrate the role of the H-2K glycoprotein in immune responsiveness. Not only are multiple determinants on each H-2K glycoprotein involved in antigen presentation, they appear to play differential roles in the presentation of different viral antigens.
Genetic control of scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in mice.
Authors: Kingsbury D T , Kasper K C , Stites D P , Watson J D , Hogan R N , Prusiner S B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Genetic control of experimental scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) was studied in inbred strains of mice by measuring the times from intracerebral inoculation with the agents to the onset of neurological dysfunction. Every strain of mice examined was susceptible to infection; however, a wide range of incubation times was found for both scrapie and CJD. New Zealand (NZ) mice, which eventually develop an autoimmune disorder, were inoculated intracerebrally with 10(6) ID50 units of the scrapie agent in a Chandler isolate. NZW mice showed incubation periods of less than 95 days; this is the shortest period recorded for any murine host with scrapie. In NZB and NZB X W F1 mice, the incubation periods were approximately 130 days and were similar to those in BALB/c and C57BL mice. Male and female NZ mice exhibited scrapie incubation periods of the same length. Similar results were obtained when B10.Q and C57BL/6J mice were inoculated intracerebrally with 10(4) ID50 units of the CJD agent in a K.Fu. isolate. These observations define a genetic locus or loci controlling the length of scrapie and CJD incubation periods; alleles coding for longer incubation times appear to be autosomal dominant. When congenic mice with a C57BL/10J background differing only in their H-2 haplotypes were studied, the results showed that the D subregion of the H-2 complex played a central role in controlling the length of the CJD incubation period. The q allele at the D subregion resulted in shorter incubation times, whereas the d allele resulted in long incubation times. The p, s, b, and k alleles gave intermediate incubation times. We propose the symbol PID-1 for designating this genetic locus which is located within the D subregion of the major histocompatibility (H-2) complex on murine chromosome 17. In addition, observations on congenic mice provide evidence for the influence of sex on CJD incubation periods. In some strains of inbred mice, males showed significantly shorter incubation periods compared with those for females with experimental CJD. These studies with inbred mice have defined previously unrecognized genes that control the length of scrapie and CJD incubation periods.
Modulation of the IgG subclass responses to lipopolysaccharide by bacterial membrane components: differential adjuvant effects produced by primary and secondary stimulation.
Authors: Karch H , Nixdorff K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The characteristic modulating effects of bacterial membrane adjuvants on the IgG subclass responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were further investigated. Previous studies indicated that more hydrophobic adjuvants preferentially augmented the number of LPS-specific IgG1 plaque-forming cells (PFC) whereas more hydrophilic adjuvants induced predominantly IgG2 PFC, and that complex formation between LPS and adjuvants was necessary for this modulation. In the present report, no carrier effect of adjuvants in the classic immunologic sense could be detected. Undiminished secondary IgG responses to LPS were obtained regardless of which adjuvant was used for the secondary injection. When IgG subclass responses were examined, however, differential effects of adjuvants produced by primary and secondary injections were observed. The adjuvant used in combination with LPS for the primary stimulus determined the number and subclass of LPS-specific IgG memory cells induced: The same or a different adjuvant used with LPS for the secondary stimulus effected the induction of these memory cells to antibody-producing cells. The pattern set by the primary stimulus was not altered by the secondary stimulus, regardless of the potential modulating effect of the second adjuvant.
Characteristics of thymus-homing bone marrow cells.
Authors: Lepault F , Coffman R L , Weissman I L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Using a short-term in vivo assay, we studied bone marrow cells capable of homing to the thymus of lethally irradiated recipients. In the bone marrow, these cells lack the T cell markers Thy-1 and Lyt. Soon after their homing into the thymus, however, the immigrants begin to express Thy-1 and Lyt antigens, but not TL antigen. Unexpectedly, Lyt antigens appear to be expressed before Thy-1. These thymus-homing bone marrow cells seem to be already separated from the B cell lineage. Most of the homing cells are engaged in the cell cycle.
The delayed-type hypersensitivity response to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl) acetyl- (NP) coupled proteins is carrier-specific: in vivo and in vitro demonstrations.
Authors: Barry W C , Ruddle N H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In vivo and in vitro approaches for measuring DTH to NP and the cross-reactive hapten, NIP, were taken. Mice were immunized subcutaneously with NP-OVA, NP-BGG or NP-CGG in CFA or NP-spleen cells, challenged intradermally with NP or NIP-coupled to a heterologous carrier, and footpad or ear swelling determined 4, 24, and 48 h later. Alternatively, draining LNC were removed and challenged in vitro with either haptenated protein or haptenated, irradiated, syngeneic spleen cells to induce lymphotoxin (LT) production or proliferation. Our results show that although carrier-specific DTH responses are easily elicited both in vivo and in vitro, NP-specific DTH effector cells cannot be evoked by conventional immunization regimens. This failure to induce hapten-specific DTH is not due to suppressor mechanisms. Attempts to induce LT production and T cell proliferation by re-exposure to NP were unsuccessful. Immunization with NP-coupled protein in CFA does elicit an intense Arthus reaction when mice are challenged with the hapten 8 days later. The antibody-mediated nature of this hapten-specific response is indicated by the kinetics of the reaction, which peaks 4 hr after challenge, intensely positive ELISA of circulating anti-NP antibodies, sensitivity to pretreatment with a high dose of cyclophosphamide, and the ability to transfer the reaction to naive recipients with serum. This early response is highly cross-reactive with NIP and is not restricted to mice of the igh-1b allotype.
Analyses of the splenic mRNA expressed by rabbits of different immunoglobulin kappa-light chain allotypes: conserved sequences in the 3' untranslated region and allotype-specific probes.
Authors: Pavirani A , McCartney-Francis N , Jacobsen F , Mage R G , Reddy E P , Fitzmaurice L C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The allelism of the structural genes for the complex rabbit b allotypes of immunoglobulin kappa-light chains has been questioned because of observations of unexpected phenotypic expression of "latent" allotypes. We find that the coding sequences of the b4 and b5 "alleles" are only 80% homologous for the last 60 nucleotides but there is a high degree of homology (96%) in the 3' untranslated region (3'DT). The high conservation of 3' DT region sequences enabled us to detect kappa-light chain mRNAs from rabbits of different genetic types (b4, b5, b9 and bbas) on northern blots and dot blots. We can distinguish mRNA encoding b9 and b5 allotypes on dot blots with b5 fragment-probes of known sequence and detect mRNA produced by unstimulated cultured splenic lymphocytes. Analyses of mRNA from cultured cells manipulated to enhance mRNA synthesis and production of unexpected or "latent" b allotypes can now be conducted.
The functional significance, distribution, and structure of LFA-1, LFA-2, and LFA-3: cell surface antigens associated with CTL-target interactions.
Authors: Krensky A M , Sanchez-Madrid F , Robbins E , Nagy J A , Springer T A , Burakoff S J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three cell surface antigens associated with the cytolytic T lymphocyte(CTL)-target cell interaction were identified by generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against OKT4+, HLA-DR-specific CTL and selection for inhibition of cytolysis in a 51Cr-release assay. These MAb block cytolysis by both OKT4+ and OKT8+ CTL and the proliferative responses to PHA and the mixed lymphocyte response (MLR). LFA-1 is an antigen widely distributed on lymphoid tissues and is composed of two polypeptides of 177,000 and 95,000 Mr on all cell types studied. Anti-LFA-1 MAb block NK cell-mediated cytolysis in addition to T lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity and proliferation. LFA-2 (Mr = 55,000 to 47,000), a determinant on the sheep red blood cell receptor, is expressed by T cells but not B cells and appears specific for T cell functions. LFA-3 (Mr = 60,000) is a widely distributed antigen present on both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic tissues and appears to only be involved in T cell functions. MAb to LFA-1 and LFA-2 inhibit function by binding to effector cell surface molecules, whereas anti-LFA-3 MAb appear to block by binding to the target cells. Together with previously described molecules, LFA-1, LFA-2, and LFA-3 demonstrate the complexity of CTL-mediated cytotoxicity at the molecular level.
In vitro activity and in vivo correlates of alloantigen-specific murine suppressor T cells induced by allogeneic pregnancy.
Authors: Nagarkatti P S , Clark D A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The fetus that results from allogeneic mating in an outbred population bears a variety of antigens against which the maternal immune system reacts, but the type of immunity that is elicited by pregnancy does not mediate graft rejection. Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of nonspecific non-thymus derived suppressor cells in the lymph nodes draining the uterus (DLN) and in the uterine decidua during first allogeneic pregnancy. These suppressor cells appear to be small lymphoid cells that inhibit the generation of cytotoxic T cells (CTL) against paternal alloantigens. We now report that after a single allogeneic pregnancy, C3H and A strain mice develop paternal alloantigen-specific suppressor T cells (Thy-1.2+, Lyt-1-2+) that are distributed systemically in peripheral lymph nodes and spleen. These suppressor cells appear to act directly on CTL generation because the frequency of CTL precursors and the ability to produce T helper cells in response to paternal alloantigens remains unchanged after allogeneic pregnancy. Suppressor T cell activity could be detected both in vitro and in vivo, and the presence of suppression in vivo was associated with increased uterine weight 5 days after inoculation of allogeneic paternal tumor cells into the uterus of pseudopregnant mice. Nevertheless, both subcutaneous and intrauterine tumor inocula regressed in these mice with suppressor T cells. The possible role of suppressor T cells in contrast to non-T suppressor cells in successful reproduction and allopregnancy-induced tolerance is discussed.
Migration of human helper/inducer T cells in response to supernatants from Con A-stimulated suppressor/cytotoxic T cells.
Authors: Van Epps D E , Durant D A , Potter J W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies have shown that supernatants from Con A-stimulated human mononuclear cells are chemotactic for T cells, and that the source of the activity is the Leu-2 (suppressor/cytotoxic) T cell. The specificity of this chemoattractant activity for Leu-2 and/or Leu-3 (helper/inducer) T cells was analyzed with isolated human T cell subsets in an in vitro chemotaxis assay system. These studies demonstrate that both human Leu-2 and Leu-3 cells migrate in response to the lymphocyte locomotor stimulus casein, whereas only Leu-3 cells migrate in response to supernatants from Con A-stimulated mononuclear cells. This migration of Leu-3 cells to the Con A supernatant was reflected in both the distance migrated and the number of migrating cells. When Leu-2 cell locomotion in response to Con A supernatants was analyzed, no significant differences from control were observed in either the distance migrated or the number of migrating cells. Supernatants from Con A-stimulated Leu-2 cells similarly attracted Leu-3 cells but not Leu-2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Supernatants from Con A-stimulated Leu-3 cells did not stimulate either Leu-2 or Leu-3 cell migration. These studies demonstrate that Leu-3 T cells migrate in response to supernatants from Con A-stimulated Leu-2 T cells. This specific response may promote cell-to-cell interaction by providing a means for Leu-2 T cells to recruit Leu-3 T cells.
Induction of proliferation and NK activity in human lymphocytes by mature myelomonocytic cells: evidence for an HLA-DR-independent MLR stimulatory ability of terminally differentiated nonlymphoid leukemic cell lines and of normal peripheral blood granulocytes.
Authors: Santoli D , Francis M K , Matera L , Ferrero D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three human myeloid leukemic cell lines (HL60, KG1, and ML3) and one histiocytic lymphoma line (U937) were induced to differentiate terminally to mature myelomonocytic cells with either 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or lymphocyte-conditioned medium (LCM), which is known to contain differentiation-inducing factors. HL60 cells were also forced to differentiate along the myeloid series with retinoic acid (RA) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The striking morphologic changes and the expression of differentiated markers on the induced cells (whether macrophage- or granulocyte-like) were always associated with an acquired or dramatically increased ability to stimulate proliferation and natural killer cell (NK) activity in human lymphocytes. Like HL60 cells after granulocytic differentiation, granulocytes freshly separated from the peripheral blood of healthy donors were also strong inducers of mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) responses. Analysis of the expression of HLA-DR antigens on the surface of undifferentiated and mature cells with two monoclonal antibodies directed against HLA-DR monomorphic determinants, indicated that 1) upon differentiation induced with RA, DMSO, and TPA the cells never acquired surface DR antigens, and 2) normal peripheral blood granulocytes lacked these antigens. In contrast, treatment with LCM always resulted in the expression of high levels of DR antigens on the differentiated macrophage-like cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that all mature myelomonocytic cells, either freshly separated from peripheral blood or obtained after forced in vitro differentiation of leukemic cells, express MLR stimulatory antigens that appear to be unrelated to DR determinants. The possibilities discussed are that such antigens are associated with other molecules encoded by the D region or with new surface structures unrelated to Ia but dependent on the stage of differentiation.