bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reducing The Soil Erosion by Improving Infiltration Rate of Sprinkler Irrigation Under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Sulaiman A. H. , Khalaf A. A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The soil under arid and semi-arid conditions is subject to erosion by irrigation. Polyacrylamide (PAM) significantly reduces erosion from irrigation. The PAM applied with sprinklers will provide erosion control and benefit the water infiltration rate, Soil was sieved by (6.2 mm) and placed in (0.75 * 0.60 * 0.15 m) steel boxes, a slope gradient of (6%), a median drop size of (1.2) mm was sprayed by a hanging oscillating nozzle on a height of (3 m). It used (0, 3, and 6 kg ha-1) PAM sprayed by (80 mmh-1) of water intensity for irrigation, followed by the two other-only irrigations. At (PAM=0) runoff mm, soil loss kgha-1 decreased (40%, 73.15%) respectively in the wheat straw treatments compared with bare flumes, in the time infiltration rate mmh-1 increased by (24.52% )in the same condition, It was shown that a significant difference between the mean of runoff at W. straw and bare treatment at (P <0.05), also a runoff was highly significantly affected (P >0.01) by using (PAM), the result shown that there was a nonlinear relationship between soil loss and runoff. with a coefficient of determination R2=0.95. The costs of (polyacrylamide), are between (40-50 $ ha-1) it depending on the type and the company, W. straw residue can be obtained cheaply after the domestic harvesting season.
Boron adsorption kinetics in some Gypsiferous soils
Authors: Dahash Al-Doury Hamza Ayad , Al-Obaidi Basim Shakir 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The aim of this paper was to study the kinetics of Boron adsorption by using kinetics concepts and different concentrations of Boron. A number of laboratory experiments were conducted on three samples of gypsum soils which were taken from some fields of Tikrit University and Al-Alam city. The soil samples contained different concentrations of gypsum low and medium with concentration of (62) g.kg-1 and (134) gm.kg-1 respectively from the College of Agriculture’s field at the University of Tikrit, and the third was high with a concentration of (241) gm.kg-1 from the Al-Alam city. Some physical and chemical properties of the soil samples were measured. The experiment included taking un-stimulated samples using plastic tubes and from sampling sites to obtain natural soil models, adding different concentrations of Boron to the soil and using kinetics equations to describe the adsorption of Boron. The most accurate description of Boron adsorption was the (Elovich equation). The treatment (0 mgB.L-1) gave a coefficient of determination of (0.9757) (0.9591) (0.9621) and a standard error of (1.605) (1.307) (1.429) for gypsum soils (low, medium and high) respectively. The treatment (20 mgB.L-1) gave a coefficient of determination (0.9671) (0.983) (0.9874) and a standard error of (9.011) (9.583) (8.804) for gypsum soils (low, medium and high) respectively.
Easy Equation for Estimating Seepage Discharge through Earth Dams Based on Impermeable Foundation
Authors: Abd Raghad Saud , Irzooki Raad Hoobi , Al-Obaidi Ahmed A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The goal of this work was to develop an easy and reliable equation for calculating seepage discharge through homogeneous earthen dams that operate with toe drains. For this purpose, many data were generated using (SEEP/W) program depending on the geometrical variables that affect this seepage, such as dam height (h), upstream water depth (H), dam top width (b), upstream and downstream slopes, and base length of toe drain. The seepage discharge quantity for 728 cases was determined using three different values for each of the aforementioned geometric variables. A straightforward and precise equation was created for computing the discharge via a homogeneous earth dam with chimney drain system using the dimensional analysis method and SPSS software, with an (R2) coefficient of 0.986. Then the dimensional analysis was applied to this information. A simple and accurate equation was obtained to calculate the discharge through a homogenous earth dam with a toe drain system with a coefficient (R2) of 0.986. The results indicated that the seepage discharge increases with an increase in the upstream water depth, the toe drain’s base length, and the angle of the upstream and downstream slopes, while it decreases with an increase in the dam top width.
Additionally, utilizing the produced data, the artificial neural network model (ANN) was implemented. The results of this model revealed varying percentages of importance for the independent geometrical variables on the seepage quantity, where the upstream water depth (H) has the most important and amounted to 66.9%, while the upstream slope was the least important, where the importance percentage for this factor was 0.7%. The (ANN) model and predicted empirical equation results show excellent agreement when compared.
Climate change impact on water resources of Iraq (a review of literature)
Authors: Al-Maliki Laheab A , Al-Mamoori Sohaib K , Al-Ansari Nadhir , El-Tawel Khaled , Comair Fadi G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Maintaining natural processes and supporting social and economic growth depend heavily on water supplies. However, Future climate is predicted to bring higher temperatures, which will increase evapotranspiration; lower precipitation totals; and changes in the seasonal pattern of precipitation. Iraq is more vulnerable to climate change than other nations due to the underdeveloped and fragile water management systems there, as well as the country’s desert and warmer environment and increasing sensitivity to extreme weather events. The present work aims to analyse the literature dealing with climate change’s effects on water resources in Iraq. The Scopus database was searched using the keywords (Iraq, models of climate change, and water resources). Most models study the effect of high temperatures and evaporation on water resources using different tools, the most important of which are SWAT, LARS-WG, and HEC-HM. The analysis of previous studies shows that the results of all the literature concordant that Iraq is on the verge of severe water scarcity due to high temperatures and the resulting decrease in rainfall, increase in evaporation, decrease in vegetation cover and increase in desertification.
Climate Change and the Need for Future Research
Authors: Adamo Nasrat , Al-Ansari Nadhir , Sissakian Varoujan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Climate Changes have impacted our planet since the beginning of time. These were manifested by cyclic Ice Ages and Warm Periods ever since. The changes were caused by natural forcing such as, continental drift, plate tectonics, major volcanic eruptions, and internal dynamics of earth and oceans interactions with the atmosphere. The present warm period, the “Holocene Epoch”, is not different from other such periods except for the sharp global warming which began at the onset of the industrial revolution. This was proven by scientific research to be due to anthropogenic drives, i.e., increased fossil fuel burning and increased Co2 and other Green House Gases (GHG) emissions into the atmosphere. These gases trap the sun radiation reflected from earth surface and result in higher earth temperature. The steep rate of rise in temperature trend since 1960s is directly linked to the use of much more fossil fuels in power production and transportation. This has led to more research to quantify the changes and their impacts on the environment and humans. This paper gives a brief history of the scientific research carried out hitherto and policy suggestions made so far to combat the negative impacts of the increasing global warming of the world. Needed future scientific research in this field is outlined, while at the same time suggesting the needs of Iraq of such research. This includes among other things, forming a regional scientific panel for the Middle East countries (ME. IPCC) for carrying out research on regional level, fostering research on national level, encouraging academics for climate change-oriented research and providing the necessary funds and facilities for such research.
Improving Groundwater Quality by Electromagnetic Polarization
Authors: Mahdi Mohammed Jameel , Ibrahem Aldoury Muzher Mahdi , Ismaeal Nizar N. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe aim of this study is to contribute to easy access to soft water, improve some of their properties, and try to find an inexpensive economic method. The research lies in two parts, the first part included a stage of design calculations for the electromagnetic water treatment device. The stage of designing laboratory experiments according to the Box-Wilson statistical method, after determining the independent approved variables. The second part, laboratory work included two stages, namely, the stages of operating the device and examining it within the specific operational conditions of the experiments, and the other area is conducting the necessary tests on the water sample. Two programs were used SPSS programme and MATLAB programme. The results showed an improvement in the concentration of the total hardness, with a rate ranging from 14% to 35%, magnetic flux intensity ranging from 0.5 to 1.1 Tesla, an exposure time of ranged from 17 to 48.5 seconds, and the equation for these experiments was found. Multiple tests were conducted to find out the concentration of total dissolved solids, which recorded an insignificant decrease from 2% to 4%, and therefore their results were not significant. Research benefits by avoiding the use of economically costly chemicals (Alum) that are dangerous to the environment and humans.
Determination of Environmental Factors on some Water and Sediments Quality Parameters of Eastern Al-Hammar Marsh
Authors: Wahaab Hdeel R , Sultan Maitham A , Shams Aldeen Shrooq S 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe research aims to identify the most important environmental factors that affect some of the water quality and sediment characteristics of the Eastern Al-Hammar marsh by evaluating their concentrations and comparing them with national and international limits. Water samples and sediments were collected from different sites of Al-Mashab Marsh within the Eastern Al-Hammar marsh during the winter and summer seasons of 2019. The sample sites included some sites affected by the oil activities within the marsh boundaries, and water samples from the Al-Badaa channel, which produces drinking water for Al-Basra Governorate. The field measurements included measurement of the (Temp., pH, TDS, EC, S%, Turb.), while the laboratory measurements included (TSS, COD, OC), and measuring of the concentrations of the heavy elements in water and sediments marsh such as (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Mg, Cd, Ni).The results showed that the water marsh is alkaline (pH more than 7) and has EC; TDS, and salinity that exceed the permissible limits, which indicates it’s unfit for human consumption. Also, this study showed a definite increase in all the measured physical variables in the summer season as a result of the impact of climate changes and the quality of the Main Outfall Drain (MOD) water which supplier some areas of marshes, in addition to the effect of oil installations discharges. The concentrations of heavy elements were within the permissible limits in the water, except for Pb and Cr elements were their increased concentrations in the water are due to the wastewater quality effect of the oil installations that discharge to the marshes, and the impact of human activities and the MOD water quality. The current study indicated evident seasonal changes in heavy element concentrations between the summer and winter seasons. There were high concentrations of heavy elements in the marsh water in the winter (February) compared with the summer season (August) due to the increased activities and works of oil installations in the study area, and rainwater. The concentrations of heavy elements in marsh sediments were higher than the permissible limits, and this means they are contaminated by these measured elements due to what is added to it from the neighboring areas, specifically the nearby oil installation discharges, and also the impact of human activities and the MOD water quality.
Integrating GIS techniques and lab analyses to assess the effect of sediments on the physical and chemical properties of soil and water in Um Naaj marsh, southern Iraq
Authors: Sahar Awad A , Kareem Hashim H. , Jasim Ammar A 
Published: January 2023

AbstractA study for the evaluation of some physical and chemical properties of soil and water of certain sites in southern Iraqi marsh called Umm Naaj, a part of Al-Hawizeh Marsh, has been carried out using the integration between fieldwork, lab analyses, and GIS techniques. Sixteen water and soil samples were collected, then transferred to the lab. In the lab, some chemical properties of water samples were determined, while soil samples are subjected to some chemical and physical analysis. IDW method in GIS software had been utilized for interpolation of spatial distribution of chemical and physical properties of soil and water through the study area. Results of analysis and interpolation maps showed that the clay fraction was the dominant in soil samples, followed by silt and sand. Regarding chemical properties, all soil samples are an alkaline reaction. The percent of minerals for silt fraction indicate that calcite was the dominant mineral followed by quartz and illite. The x-ray diffraction analysis results indicated the presence of regular Mica-Smectite mixed layer mineral. The interpolation maps indicated that there is an effect of sediments on some properties in different levels where some properties were highly affected and some moderately and some have no effect on soil and water quality.
Validity of Primary Treated Wastewater for Irrigation and Assessment of their Potential Health Risk
Authors: Umer Mustafa Ismail 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSamples of raw waste water is taken from the municipal sewer of Sumail district in Iraqi Kurdistan region and submitted to primary treatment by aeration to evaluate their validity for irrigation and potential health risks associated with this treated wastewater, Result revealed, (BOD) is improved by mechanical aeration, (COD) the aeration is not enough to bring it to safe ranges. Ammonia NH4reduced by aeration from 24 to 18 mg/L as it converted to nitrite and nitrate by nitrifying bacteria in two-week period. the aeration removed about 2 third of TSS, TDS increase electrical conductivity of the water. TDS is reduced from 567 to 142 mg/l by aerating the water for 2 weeks. The content of heavy metal in all studied plants in almost cases are more than those irrigated by tap fresh drinking water. the content of essential micronutrients Mn, Cu, Fe and Zn in this study were elevated by treated wastewater, but all remain within the permissible limit in plant. Target hazard quotient (THQ) for cadmium in wheat is > 1 and the risks of cancer appearance in children is very high. Whereas the lead is worse than cadmium for children and the all studied plants has (THQ) >1 and associated with cancer risk in children if has been irrigated with wastewater or even treated wastewater.
Study of the 6.x nm short wavelength radiation spectra of laser-produced erbium plasmas for BEUV lithography
Authors: WU Tao , WANG Qian , CHEN Liuan , LU Peixiang 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBeyond extreme ultraviolet (BEUV) radiation with a wavelength of 6.xnm for lithography is responsible for reducing the source wavelength to enable continued miniaturization of semiconductor devices. In this work, the Required BEUV light at 6.xnm wavelength was generated in dense and hot Nd:YAG laser-produced Er plasmas. The spectral contributions from the 4p–4d and 4d–4f transitions of singly, doubly and triply excited states of Er XXIV–Er XXXII in the BEUV band were calculated using Cowan and the Flexible Atomic Code. It was also found that the radiative transitions between multiply excited states dominate the narrow wavelength window around 6.xnm. Under the assumption of collisional radiative equilibrium of the laser-produced Er plasmas, the relative ion abundance in the experiment was inferred. Using the Boltzmann quantum state energy level distribution and Gram–Charlier fitting function of unresolved transition arrays (UTAs), the synthetic spectrum around 6.xnm was finally obtained and compared with the experimental spectrum. The spatio-temporal distributions of electron density and electron temperature were calculated based on radiation hydrodynamic simulation in order to identify the contributions of various ionic states to the UTAs arising from the Er plasmas near 6.xnm.
Constraints on the design of neuromorphic circuits set by the properties of neural population codes
Authors: Panzeri Stefano , Janotte Ella , Pequeño-Zurro Alejandro , Bonato Jacopo , Bartolozzi Chiara 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the brain, information is encoded, transmitted and used to inform behaviour at the level of timing of action potentials distributed over population of neurons. To implement neural-like systems in silico, to emulate neural function, and to interface successfully with the brain, neuromorphic circuits need to encode information in a way compatible to that used by populations of neuron in the brain. To facilitate the cross-talk between neuromorphic engineering and neuroscience, in this review we first critically examine and summarize emerging recent findings about how population of neurons encode and transmit information. We examine the effects on encoding and readout of information for different features of neural population activity, namely the sparseness of neural representations, the heterogeneity of neural properties, the correlations among neurons, and the timescales (from short to long) at which neurons encode information and maintain it consistently over time. Finally, we critically elaborate on how these facts constrain the design of information coding in neuromorphic circuits. We focus primarily on the implications for designing neuromorphic circuits that communicate with the brain, as in this case it is essential that artificial and biological neurons use compatible neural codes. However, we also discuss implications for the design of neuromorphic systems for implementation or emulation of neural computation.
Temporal Trends in Variability of Respirable Dust and Respirable Quartz Concentrations in the European Industrial Minerals Sector
Authors: Zilaout Hicham , Houba Remko , Kromhout Hans 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWhile between- and within-worker variability have been studied quite extensively, hardly any research is available that examines long-term trends in the variability of occupational exposure. In this first study on trends in occupational exposure variability temporal changes in the variability of respirable dust and respirable quartz concentrations within the European industrial minerals sector were demonstrated. Since 2000 the European Industrial Minerals Association’s Dust Monitoring Program (IMA-DMP) has systematically collected respirable dust and respirable quartz measurements. The resulting IMA-DMP occupational exposure database contains at present approximately 40 000 personal full-shift measurements, collected at 177 sites owned by 39 companies, located in 23 European countries. Repeated measurements of workers performing their duties within a specific site-job-campaign combination allowed estimation of within- and between-worker variability in exposure concentrations. Overall day-to-day variability predominated the between-worker variability for both respirable dust concentrations and quartz concentrations. The within-worker variability in concentrations by job was two to three times higher for respirable quartz than for respirable dust. The median between-worker variability in respirable dust concentrations was low and further reduced over time. For quartz concentrations the same phenomenon albeit somewhat less strong was observed. In contrast, for the within-worker variability in concentrations downward and upward temporal trends were apparent for both respirable dust and respirable quartz. The study shows that the (relative) size of temporal variability is large and unpredictable and therefore regular measurement campaigns are needed to ascertain compliance to occupational exposure limit values.
Cloning and sequence analysis of 4-O-α-d-isomaltooligosaccharylmaltooligosaccharide 1,4-α-isomaltooligosaccharohydrolase fromSarocladium kilienseU4520
Authors: Kitagawa Noriaki , Watanabe Hikaru , Mori Tetsuya , Aga Hajime , Ushio Shimpei , Yamamoto Koryu 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACTA novel enzyme, 4-O-α-d-isomaltooligosaccharylmaltooligosaccharide 1,4-α-isomaltooligosaccharohydrolase (IMM-4IH), was previously discovered from Sarocladium kiliense U4520. In order to identify the factors underlying the unique substrate specificity of IMM-4IH, we endeavored to determine the amino acid sequence of the enzyme. By comparing the partial amino acid sequence of the enzyme to whole genome sequencing data of S. kiliense U4520, the IMM-4IH gene was estimated. The putative gene was expressed in Pichia pastoris, and its activity and properties were found to be consistent with those of the native enzyme. Comparing the amino acid sequence of IMM-4IH with those in the CAZy database led to classification in the glycoside hydrolase family 49 (GH49). Several amino acids important for catalysis (Asp406, Asp425, and Asp426) and substrate recognition at subsites + 1 and −3 were estimated by multiple sequence alignment analysis. These results provide important information for characterizing IMM-4IH and other GH49 enzymes.
Validation of a novel numerical model to predict regionalized blood flow in the coronary arteries
Authors: Taylor Daniel J , Feher Jeroen , Czechowicz Krzysztof , Halliday Ian , Hose D R , Gosling Rebecca , Aubiniere-Robb Louise , van’t Veer Marcel , Keulards Danielle C J , Tonino Pim , Rochette Michel , Gunn Julian P , Morris Paul D 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAimsIschaemic heart disease results from insufficient coronary blood flow. Direct measurement of absolute flow (mL/min) is feasible, but has not entered routine clinical practice in most catheterization laboratories. Interventional cardiologists, therefore, rely on surrogate markers of flow. Recently, we described a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method for predicting flow that differentiates inlet, side branch, and outlet flows during angiography. In the current study, we evaluate a new method that regionalizes flow along the length of the artery.Methods and resultsThree-dimensional coronary anatomy was reconstructed from angiograms from 20 patients with chronic coronary syndrome. All flows were computed using CFD by applying the pressure gradient to the reconstructed geometry. Side branch flow was modelled as a porous wall boundary. Side branch flow magnitude was based on morphometric scaling laws with two models: a homogeneous model with flow loss along the entire arterial length; and a regionalized model with flow proportional to local taper. Flow results were validated against invasive measurements of flow by continuous infusion thermodilution (Coroventis™, Abbott). Both methods quantified flow relative to the invasive measures: homogeneous (r 0.47, P 0.006; zero bias; 95% CI −168 to +168 mL/min); regionalized method (r 0.43, P 0.013; zero bias; 95% CI −175 to +175 mL/min).ConclusionDuring angiography and pressure wire assessment, coronary flow can now be regionalized and differentiated at the inlet, outlet, and side branches. The effect of epicardial disease on agreement suggests the model may be best targeted at cases with a stenosis close to side branches.