bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Mechanical Obstruction of the Hepatic Veins Upon the Outflow of Lymph from the Thoracic Duct
Authors: Simonds J. P. , Brandes W. W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Simple mechanical obstruction of the hepatic veins in otherwise normal dogs increases the outflow of lymph from the thoracic duct from 2.4 to 6.2 times, with an average increase of 5.2 times, the normal. This increase in the outflow of lymph is almost identical with the average increase (5.45 times) observed by Petersen, Jaffé, Levinson and Hughs in anaphylactic shock, but was much less than that recorded by them in peptone shock. Since it has been previously shown by us that little or no blood escapes from the liver during the height of anaphylactic and peptone shock it is suggested (a) that the engorgement of the liver due to obstruction to outflow of blood may be an important factor in the increased output of lymph from the thoracic duct in these two types of shock; (b) that this may be the chief cause in anaphylactic shock; and (c) that there is an additional factor, probably increased permeability of the sinusoidal endothelium, in peptone shock. It is further suggested that the substance produced when the homologous serum passes through the liver of a sensitized dog is not entirely identical in its action with peptone. It at least seems to lack the powerful direct lymphogogic effect of peptone.
Production of Staphylococcus Antitoxin in Horses
Authors: Parker Julia T. , Banzhaf Edwin J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It has been shown by one of us (1, 2) that most strains of Staphylococcus aureus from pathogenic sources produce a poison which in 0.1 cc. amounts causes marked necrosis when injected into the skin of rabbits. At the time of writing these papers we were not aware that von Lingelsheim (3) as early as 1900 described experiments in which he inoculated subcutaneously 8 to 10 cc. of sterile filtrates of broth cultures of Staphylococcus aureus and obtained marked inflammatory changes and sometimes necrosis. More recently, Neisser and Wechsberg (4) confirmed these findings with smaller injections (0.2 to 0.3 cc.) of toxic filtrates. These observers found as we did that this necrotizing poison was destroyed when heated to 58° for one hour.
On further analysis, we showed this poison to be an exotoxin as the serum of rabbits immunized thereto neutralized it in multiple quantities.
Studies in Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Brown Aaron 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Thirty-one late hay fever subjects were tested with extracts of high and low ragweed pollens, and each one was found to be equally sensitive to the two extracts. One group of these individuals were given the usual series of prophylactic injections of one of the extracts, and the remainder were similarly treated with the other extract. After a maximal tolerance had been established to the one extract, an equivalent or larger quantity of the other extract was injected. This change from one extract to the other was not followed in any case by a constitutional reaction, which must have been expected if the atopen of the two pollens were not identical.
Studies on the Serologic Classification of B. Botulinus
Authors: Gunnison J. B. , Schoenholz P. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The results of the complement fixation tests fully confirm those obtained by Schoenholz and Meyer (1) by means of the agglutination reaction. This study has given no indication of the need for the creation of new groups for any further revision of the classification. By means of these reactions, eleven of the inagglutinable strains have been classified, and seven strains have been shown to be ultraspecific. No strain which had been definitely assigned to a group has mutated to another in the course of three to four years of artificial cultivation. This would indicate that the serologicic groups possess a marked degree of permanence. In view of these results, the final serologic classification may be stated as follows. There are seven groups of B. botulinus types A and B. The type A strains are divided into three groups, of which the third is composed of ultraspecific strains. The type B strains fall into three specific groups and the seventh group includes the ultraspecific strains of this type.
Antigenic Properties and Virulence Among Mammalian Tubercle Bacilli
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Fürth Jacob 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The human and bovine varieties of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, although possessing characteristic differences in pathogenic and cultural characters, have been shown to be antigenically similar. Nevertheless it has seemed of interest to select certain human and bovine strains which in respect to virulence are atypical and subject these to serological study by a greater diversity of method than has been brought to bear on this problem heretofore.
The antigenic properties of five strains of mammalian tubercle bacilli described as avirulent are in this communication compared with those of a human strain of low virulence, H37, and a bovine strain of high virulence, Bovine C. It is found that strains differing profoundly in virulence may show similar serological behavior even when tested with the aid of sensitive adsorption methods. Thus the avirulent strains B.C.G. and R1, and two cultures of H37 were not differentiated antigenically from the virulent strain Bovine C; on the other hand, the same methods served to differentiate Bovine III and the saprophytic “Koch” strain from the virulent organism.
Observations on the Skin Reaction Induced in Rabbits, Guinea Pigs and Goats by the Intracutaneous Injection of Dysentery Toxin
Authors: Jungeblut C. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Introduction. In 1923 Brokman (1) described an intracutaneous reaction in man occurring in a certain percentage of cases after the intradermal injection of a small amount of dysentery toxin (Shiga). A reaction of similar character had been noted before by Major and Nobel (2) in 1913. Brokman's later work, in which Przesmycki (3, 4) participated, proved that those individuals who gave a positive reaction had no specific antitoxin in their blood, while an appreciable amount could be detected in the serum of those who reacted negatively to the intracutaneous injection of the dysentery toxin. The relative frequency of positive reactions at different ages was subsequently studied by Brokman and Popowski (5). The findings of Brokman and his associates have only recently been confirmed by Zoeller and Lesbre (6). These authors, for the first time, injected also laboratory animals intracutaneously with dysentery toxin.
High frequency and nonrandom distribution of alloreactivity in T cell clones selected for recognition of foreign antigen in association with self class II molecules.
Authors: Ashwell J D , Chen C , Schwartz R H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that a single T cell clone can respond to both a foreign antigen in the context of self major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded molecules (self plus X) and to an allogeneic class I or class II molecule in the absence of antigen (non-self). We have used limiting dilution of T cells obtained from the draining lymph nodes of antigen-primed B10.A mice to establish a large number of T cell clones that recognize either GAT, pigeon cytochrome c, or sheep insulin in association with syngeneic antigen-presenting cells. Sixty-two antigen-specific T cell clones were assayed for their ability to proliferate in response to a panel of nine different allogeneic haplotypes. Of these, 38 (61%) responded to at least one allogeneic haplotype, and 15 of the 38 (39%) responded to more than one allogeneic stimulator. In addition, the patterns of alloreactivity varied with the immunizing antigen. The GAT-specific T cells had at least one responder to every haplotype tested, although H-2u-responsive T cell clones were the most common. In contrast, no pigeon cytochrome c-specific T cells responded to stimulators of the H-2u haplotype, but rather predominantly responded to H-2t4/H-2s and H-2i5/H-2b. Finally, sheep insulin-reactive T cell clones preferentially responded to H-2u stimulators, although stimulation by antigen-presenting cells of the H-2p and H-2q haplotypes was also common. A chi 2 analysis of the data demonstrated that the dependence of the pattern of alloreactivity observed upon the antigen used for immunization was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). The high frequency of alloreactivity found in antigen-specific T cell clones is discussed, as well as the implications that the antigen-dependent skewing of the distribution of alloreactivity have for a one-receptor model vs a two-receptor model of T cell recognition.
Requirements for activation of contrasuppressor T cells by type III pneumococcal polysaccharide.
Authors: Braley-Mullen H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Either S3-coupled spleen cells (S3-SC) or soluble S3 activates two populations of regulatory T cells, T suppressor cells (Ts) and contrasuppressor T cells (Tcs). The latter cells function to mask the activity of Ts in unfractionated T cell populations, so that Ts can be detected only after removal of Tcs. Activation of Tcs by S3 may be required for induction of an antibody response to S3. This is suggested by the findings that Tcs are activated only by immunogenic doses of S3, that Tcs are not detectable in the spleens of mice tolerant to S3, and that (CBA/N X BALB/c)F1 male (xid) mice, which are genetically unresponsive to S3, do not develop Tcs after immunization with S3. Moreover, the kinetics of activation of Tcs by S3 closely parallels the kinetics of the antibody response to S3. Tcs have no detectable activity in the absence of Ts, indicating that these cells do not function as amplifier or helper T cells.
Supernatant from a cloned helper T cell stimulates most small resting B cells to undergo increased I-A expression, blastogenesis, and progression through cell cycle.
Authors: Leclercq L , Cambier J C , Mishal Z , Julius M H , Theze J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Helper T cell clone 52.3 supernatant (52.3 SN) was previously shown to be able to stimulate gradient-purified murine resting B cells in the absence of any additional stimulus. However, the proportion of cells that were accounting for the thymidine uptake and the Ig production was unknown. In this paper, we have studied induced changes that can be measured at the single cell level, and have thus determined the frequency of resting B cells that respond to 52.3 SN. Results indicate that 52.3 SN induces an increased I-A expression and a cell size enlargement on virtually all resting B cells. A significant proportion (30%) of these cells later becomes large blasts. Acridine orange staining revealed that in the presence of 52.3 SN a large fraction of the resting B cells undergoes the G0 to G1 transition. Furthermore, 52.3 SN is able to induce at least 20% of the cells to continue through the cell cycle into S phase as indicated by propidium iodide staining of DNA. Finally, a fraction of the 52.3 SN-stimulated cells differentiate to Ig-producing cells. Our present results suggest that resting B cells express functional receptors for some lymphokines and that these lymphokines can act in the absence of membrane Ig occupancy. Our findings further support the existence of a B cell-activating factor acting in a MHC-unrestricted manner and responsible for the entry of resting B cells into cell cycle. The relationship between this factor and other lymphokines is discussed.
Activation of cation transport by lymphokines in B cells without induction of DNA synthesis or immunoglobulin gene transcription.
Authors: Fotedar R , Severini A , Holowachuk E W , Shiozawa C S , Paetkau V , Kaplan J G , Diener E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We report on an experimental model that permitted us to evaluate the biologic relevance of membrane-associated biochemical events with respect to cell proliferation and maturation, each induced by distinct sets of signals. Antigen-affinity-enriched murine B cells cultured in the presence of a proliferative signal induced by LPS showed activation of Na+/K+ ATPase and enhanced the uptake of proline, followed by RNA, protein, and DNA synthesis, without the generation of antibody. Stimulation with both the proliferative signal(s) and the maturation signal(s) derived from lymphokines of an EL-4 thymoma induced B cells to proliferate and synthesize mRNA encoding mu-chain of IgM and to mature into IgM-secreting cells. Most important, the secretory product of EL-4, in the absence of LPS, activated Na+/K+ ATPase but failed to stimulate uptake of proline and synthesis of DNA or mu-specific mRNA. A similar response was observed in splenocytes depleted of T cells and in unfractionated spleen cells. Thus a component secreted by EL-4 can induce some of the early molecular events characteristic of the proliferative response but lacks the ability to initiate blast transformation and DNA synthesis.
Modulation of mouse anti-SRBC antibody responses by placental extracts. II. Antigen specificity and regulatory role of B and T cell populations affected by two distinct placental fractions.
Authors: Bobé P , Kanellopoulos-Langevin C , Bleux C , Voisin G A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous results from our group had shown that when CBA mice are primed to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in the presence of various doses of placental extract (PE) (or liver extract [LE] as control), their spleen cells injected into normal syngeneic recipients have important immunoregulatory properties. Low doses of PE (0.25 to 4 mg per mouse) induce a marked decrease of the PFC response against SRBC in recipient animals. In contrast, higher doses of PE (8 to 13 mg per mouse) have a potentiating effect on the same response. LE is not different from a saline injection, at any dose. The suppressive and enhancing effects can be reproduced with two distinct placental fractions (PF) of 40 KD and 60 KD, respectively. In the present report, we have studied the requirement for an antigenic stimulation at the same time as the injection of PE, and the antigenic specificity of the subsequent immunoregulatory effects. In addition, we have analyzed the functional properties of the spleen cell populations affected by PE or placental fractions: surface Ig- cells mediate the suppressive effect due to low doses of PE or the 40-KD fraction, whereas surface Ig+ cells are responsible for the enhancing effect due to high doses of PE or the 60-KD fraction. These immunoregulatory activities do not appear to be related to the presence of Ig fragments in PF, because our results have shown that no Ig fragments can be detected in either PF. Surface Ig- T cell populations from spleen cells treated with the 40-KD fraction and antigen have been further separated into Lyt-2- and Lyt-2+ subpopulations. Our results showed that Lyt-2+ cells alone suppress the PFC response anti-SRBC in both normal and irradiated syngeneic recipients. Thus, the injection of a 40-KD PF in the presence of antigen activates splenic T suppressor cells capable of specifically regulating a secondary antibody response in vivo.
A phosphatidylinositol kinase in rat mast cell granules.
Authors: Kurosawa M , Parker C W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Intact granules were isolated from sonicated purified rat serosal mast cells on a Percoll gradient. The granules were shown to contain a highly active phosphatidylinositol kinase that catalyzes the formation of diphosphoinositide from endogenous phosphatidylinositol in the granule membrane. The enzyme requires ATP and Mg2+ or Mn2+ for activity; Ca2+, fluoride and cyclic AMP are inhibitory. The Km for ATP is 25 microM. The initial reaction is rapid, but the response ceases within a few minutes. A comparison of the rate of phosphorylation of intact and broken membrane granules suggests that the phosphorylation occurs on the outer (cytoplasmic) surface of the granules.
Association of human lambda light chain V/J/C segments: serologic analysis and primary structure of the lambda VI Bence Jones protein THO.
Authors: Ghiso J , Solomon A , Frangione B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The complete amino acid sequence of the human monoclonal lambda VI light chain Bence Jones protein THO was determined. We have found it to have remarkable similarities to the previously sequenced lambda VI Bence Jones protein SUT. Immunochemical analyses demonstrated that both lambda VI chains belong to a V lambda VI sub-subgroup. The 98-residue V gene-encoded segments of proteins THO and SUT are closely homologous and are distinguished from other lambda VI chains by a one-residue deletion at the V-J recombination site. Proteins THO and SUT have identical 13-residue J segments and therefore are encoded by the same J lambda gene. Further, both proteins have identical 105-residue C regions that by sequence represent products of the C lambda 3 (Kern-, Oz+) gene. The primary structure and serologic properties of proteins THO and SUT imply at the protein level of association between certain types of V lambda, J lambda, and C lambda segments.
Changes in thymocyte proliferation at different stages of viral leukemogenesis in AKR mice.
Authors: O'Donnell P V , Traganos F 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Proliferation in total populations of thymocytes from control AKR mice or AKR mice injected intrathymically with MCF 69L1 virus was measured by flow cytometry of acridine orange-stained cells. Cell sorting experiments showed that the majority subpopulations of small cortical and medullary thymocytes in control mice were noncycling and were predominantly in the Go phase of the cell cycle. Of the 15 to 20% cycling thymic lymphoblasts, approximately 50% were in the G1 phase, 35% were in the S phase, and 15% were in the G2 + M phases of the cell cycle. Cycling cells appeared to consist of a major subpopulation with low RNA content and a minority subpopulation with high RNA content. In virus-injected mice, no changes in cell cycling were observed at stage I of leukemogenesis (30 to 40 days postinjection), at which time infection of thymocytes by MCF virus is maximum and constant but no clonality is evident. Thus, MCF virus infection of thymocytes per se does not appear to alter cell proliferation. Increased cell cycling and a shift in cell cycle distribution to more cells in G1 was observed at stage II of leukemogenesis (50 to 60 days postinjection), at which time a clonally expanded cell population is known to emerge in thymuses of injected mice. Acridine orange staining resolved these novel cycling cells from subpopulations of normal thymic lymphoblasts on the basis of intermediate RNA content. The transition from stage II to stage III (50 to 60 days postinjection) was accompanied by the outgrowth of a major cycling population with a distinct, often increased, RNA content. As a result, the residual "normal" background of cycling cells often observed in stage II was markedly reduced or completely absent by stage III. Populations of cycling blasts from mice with frank leukemia differed from those at stage III by a variability in mean RNA content and in cell cycle distribution indicative of individual tumor heterogeneity. In addition, thymomas often contained multiple populations of cycling blasts that could be resolved by their discrete RNA distributions. Simultaneous staining of DNA and RNA by acridine orange appears particularly well-suited for studying a heterogeneous population of cycling and noncycling cells represented by mouse thymus. This method has permitted a rapid and quantitative analysis of cell cycle parameters at progressive stages of viral leukemogenesis in AKR mice.
Immune interferon modulation of in vitro murine anti-human T cell monoclonal antibody-mediated cytotoxicity.
Authors: Dillman R O , Johnson D E , Shawler D L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Limited antitumor effects have been achieved in clinical trials with murine monoclonal antibody T101, perhaps because of its limited ability to effect complement-mediated or cell-mediated cytotoxicity. We explored the effects of recombinant immune interferon on T101-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. Interferon failed to enhance expression of the antigen detected by T101 on target cells, but it did increase Fc receptor binding of T101 and other IgG2A and IgG3 murine proteins, but not IgG1 or IgG2B. Preincubation of U937, HL60, and human mononuclear cells with 100 U of immune interferon for 48 hr, while T101 was preincubated with various T cell line targets or human CLL cells at 4 degrees C for 30 min before combining effectors and targets for 4 hr at 37 degrees C, resulted in cytotoxicity of 18 to 44% of maximum. Cytotoxicity in the absence of interferon or T101 was less than 5%. Unfortunately, rapid modulation of antigen-antibody when T101 was preincubated with targets at 37 degrees C prevented any increase in cytotoxicity under those conditions. We conclude that immune interferon can augment T101-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro, but it is unlikely that it would enhance T101-mediated cytotoxicity via complement or cell-mediated mechanisms in vivo.
Split tolerance induced by chick embryo thymic epithelium allografted to embryonic recipients.
Authors: Houssaint E , Torano A , Ivanyi J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To test the capacity of the epithelial component of the chick embryo thymus to induce tolerance to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, pre-colonized thymic rudiments were grafted into chick embryonic recipients. Semi-allogeneic or allogeneic transplantations were done between two lines of chickens histocompatible at the MHC locus. Approximately 10% of these thymic chimeras hatched and were studied 3 mo after hatching. Thymic grafts were not rejected by the allogeneic host. The tolerance of chimeric chickens to thymus donor MHC antigens was tested by using a skin graft rejection test and a graft-vs-host (GvH) assay. Chimeric chickens that received an MHC-incompatible thymic graft during the embryonic life tolerated skin graft with the MHC haplotype of the thymus donor. Nevertheless, the lymphocytes within the thymic graft, the host thymus, and the blood were tolerant to the host MHC antigens but were alloreactive in GvH reaction for the MHC antigens of the thymic graft type. These results suggest that the epithelial component of the thymus when taken before the starting of the colonization by hemopoietic precursors and grafted into an early chick embryonic host can induce a tolerance for the MHC determinants involved in allograft rejection but not in the GvH reaction.
Growth regulation of transformed T cells by nonactivated macrophages: the role of Ia expression.
Authors: Kedar I , Rosenberg Y J , Steinberg A D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We studied the influence of unactivated mouse peritoneal macrophages on the proliferative capacity of a spontaneously transformed MRL-lpr/lpr T cell clone. Macrophages, 25%, induced a reduction in proliferative rate from 20% to 95% measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation and microscopic cytometry. MHC-compatible (H-2k) macrophages caused growth inhibition reciprocal to the amount of Ia expression on the macrophage. Thus, with increasing preculture of the macrophages there was both decreasing Ia and increasing suppression. H-2-incompatible macrophages had maximal inhibitory capacity without preincubation. Macrophages derived from the peritoneum of MRL-lpr/lpr mice were less suppressive than macrophages from other H-2k mice. In contrast to the case of activated macrophages in other studies, in the present system there was no killing of T cells, only reduction in proliferation. The inhibitory effect of the macrophages correlated with the spontaneous formation of rosettes between the macrophages and the T cell clone. The number of rosettes forming a single layer of T cells around the macrophages, but not the number of rosettes with multiple layers of cells, was reciprocally related to the amount of Ia expression. The results suggest that macrophages bear a surface structure that influences and modulates the growth of T cells.