bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Light Metal-Alloy Pistons and Rods in High-Speed Industrial Engines
Authors: Isidin Benedict J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The speed of oil and gasoline internal-combustion engines has been brought into a higher range following the availability of improved materials and the necessity of obtaining increased power output without sacrificing space and weight. This often makes it necessary to reconsider some points of design and to adopt better grades of material to solve the problems of higher heat stresses and increase in dynamic bearing loads. Therefore the piston is sometimes cast of steel in thinner section and the cylinder liner is made thinner and is cast of steel to reduce thermal stresses. Connecting rods are made of special alloy steels and can withstand higher stresses than are allowed in plain carbon steel. As a satisfactory means of reducing the weight, the author discusses the use of aluminum, allowing heavier sections, preserving the rigidity, and removing any thermal difficulties encountered in the piston.
Lubrication Research Activities: Fifth Report of A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on Lubrication
Authors: Flowers Alan E. , Buckingham Earle , Alford L. P. , Bradford L. J. , Dickinson H. C. , Hersey M. D. , Howarth H. A. S. , Karelitz G. B. , Kingsbury Albert , Norton A. E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A new general program for experimental work and publications recently formulated by the Committee is outlined in this report, and is followed by a brief statement of results already accomplished. Particular attention has been given to the coordination of data obtained by various investigators on viscosity under high pressure, to the study of pressure distribution in the oil film as applied to both thrust bearings and journal bearings, and to the development of methods for measuring oiliness. From experiments on the flow of liquids through very fine glass and platinum capillaries, it appears that the ordinary laws of viscosity may safely be relied upon down to a film thickness at least as small as one-millionth of an inch. The report concludes with a brief review of recent European investigations.
Use of the Butted Seam by Textile Manufacturers
Authors: Washburn John M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Increasing use is being made of the butted seam by textile manufacturers, and this paper defines and illustrates the butted seam, describes many of its inherent properties, and outlines some of the advantages to be gained by its use in the finishing of woolens and worsteds, cottons, silks, and rayons.
Airplane Servicing From the Operator’s Point of View
Authors: Marshall Richard C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The necessity for periodic overhauls of equipment and the large financial outlay necessary to do this work properly form one of the operator’s greatest problems. The author tells why centrally located shops equipped to do this work at lowest possible prices constitute the answer to the problem. This is an able and well-informed paper on airplane servicing, drawn from actual experience, and should be helpful to airplane operators.
Some Fundamental Economics of Aircraft Operation
Authors: Upson R. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper is intended as a sequel to the author’s paper entitled, “The Airship for Long-Haul Heavy-Traffic Service,” presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1922. In that paper the airship was considered mainly as an ocean-going vessel, the principal comparison being made with ocean steamships. Various design problems were also discussed and the desirability of certain improvements pointed out. The situation needs reviewing on account of the sensational bid for transoceanic service that has subsequently been made by the airplane and the fact that many of the improvements indicated as desirable in the previous paper have now been demonstrated in experimental form. Hence, this paper is devoted principally to the consideration of the relative economic fields of airships and airplanes, the attempt being made to deal primarily with fundamental characteristics rather than with current performance records.
Air-Transport Management
Authors: Tomlinson D. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Problems which must be solved by a manager of air-transport lines are discussed in this paper. The operating department of the T.A.T.-Maddux Air Lines is divided into two groups: (1) flight and (2) engineering. The first corresponds to the operating department of a railroad, and the second takes care of inspection, maintenance, and general overhauling of equipment. There are many essentials to a well-organized air-transport company. Weather conditions must be studied and reported, radio is a necessity, and the flying force must be chosen for its keen sense of observation as well as for skill in flying. The author describes the duties of each class into which the force is divided and tells how the work is carried on with greatest success and reliability.
Stresses and Deflections in Flat Circular Plates With Central Holes
Authors: Wahl A. M. , Lobo G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Simplified formulas are derived for calculating maximum stress and maximum deflection of flat circular plates having central holes. Eight different loading and edge conditions are considered. These formulas are presented in a usable form for the practical designer. Approximate solutions are given for purposes of checking the formulas. Using the principle of superposition, a simple method of superimposing fundamental cases is developed for calculating cases other than those considered in the paper. Experimental determinations of stress and deflection for certain cases indicate that the formulas are sufficiently accurate for practical work where the edge conditions are determinate. For indeterminate edge conditions, as for example so-called built-in edges, the tests indicate that, while there is good agreement in the case of stress, the measured deflection is considerably greater than the theoretical.
Power Application to Oscillating Axles
Authors: Madlé Alain 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper a type of axle is described in which the load is not carried by the wheel center but is suspended at the end of an arm which is permitted to swing like a pendulum about the wheel center. This mechanism is called a differential drive, and its application to motor-driven vehicles is described. The forces acting in the mechanism and the conditions necessary for an equilibrium of forces are worked out mathematically, and a comparison is given of starting motor trucks by two systems: first, when equipped with an oscillating axle with differential drive, and second, with the usual method of drive.
By means of the differential drive it is claimed that torque can be applied momentarily to the wheel without turning it, and that an elastic connection is provided between the power line and the wheel which cushions torsional impacts. Whenever there are changes in the running conditions of the vehicle, fluctuations of energy between the wheel assembly and the vehicle body take place. The reaction forces of these fluctuations provide an increased pressure against the ground, an additional accelerating force, and a greater retarding force.
The State of Stress in Full Heads of Pressure Vessels
Authors: Coates W. M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
After a brief survey of the significant experiments upon which a comparison with the theory developed is to be based and a statement of the problem, the author derives expressions for stresses and displacements at any point of a thin-walled pressure vessel. Assuming that the shell offers no resistance to bending, an analysis is made considering it as a membrane. A study of the resulting equations indicates that in the neighborhood of the junction of head and cylinder, bending couples result, so that the plates may not be considered as membranes, at least in this locality. This leads to a consideration of the local effects of the reactions set up at the junction, the head and cylinder being considered as surfaces capable of carrying bending stresses with loads which are uniformly distributed edge shearing forces and bending couples. The resultant effect at any point is obtained by superposition. An illustrative example is given.
Further Research on Helical Springs of Round and Square Wire
Authors: Wahl A. M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A method of calculating the stress in helical springs of square or rectangular wire is proposed. The method is to use an approximate formula, based on St. Venant’s results for torsion of rectangular wire, and multiply by a correction factor based on the spring index. The method is quantitatively checked by strain measurements both on semi-coils of actual square-wire springs and on complete springs loaded in compression. It is suggested that this new formula replace those commonly given in handbooks, which may lead to considerable error in certain cases.
Deflection measurements between coils of helical round-wire tension springs made from the same bar but having spring indices varying from 2.7 to 9.5 indicate that the ordinary helical-spring formula for round wire gives results quite close to the actual deflection.
A simple approximate formula, based on St. Venant’s results, for deflection of rectangular-bar springs is proposed to replace those ordinarily used and commonly given in handbooks. These ordinary deflection formulas may also lead to considerable error in certain cases.
The Hayes Process Low-Temperature Carbonization Plant at Moundsville, W. Va.
Authors: McQuade J. D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Low-temperature carbonization was adopted at Moundsville so that the large percentage of slack and screenings could be converted into a merchantable fuel and sold at a profit, clearing the way for the prepared coal at a price that would enable it to enter the open market and justify the continued operation of the mine. The process adopted had to meet the requirements of being operated over long periods and be free from carbon formation when working high-volatile bituminous coal; the retorts must be of a design to allow of easy repair with a minimum of time and labor; the process must be automatic; it must yield tar and gas as by-products; the investment must be so low as to yield an operating profit. Operating costs and returns have been such that the unit will be expanded for a much larger output.
A Review of Calorimetric Measurements on Thermal Properties of Saturated Water and Steam
Authors: Fiock Ernest F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This review has been prepared to assemble the data which are now available on the calorimetric determinations of the thermal properties of saturated water and steam, and to reduce them to a uniform basis for comparison. After a careful analysis of the reports which have appeared in the literature, an attempt is made to point out some possible causes for the variation among the recorded results. Wherever it seemed desirable a thermodynamic interpretation of the experiments is given, and in a number of cases the data have been recalculated. By these means the agreement among the various determinations has been improved in several instances.
It is hoped that this assembly of results presented on a uniform basis may serve as an aid to future International Steam Table Conferences in the choice of base values and tolerances for the International Skeleton Tables.
By means of deviation charts the experimental values for the heat content or enthalpy of the saturated liquid and for the latent heat are exhibited and compared. The agreement is in general quite gratifying.
Several modern steam tables are compared graphically with one another and with the Bureau of Standards experimental results on the thermal properties of the saturated liquid and vapor. A marked improvement in the tables is evident with the increase in scope and the reliability of the basic experimental data.
Flow Characteristics of Some Lead Cable Sheath at Temperatures Above Atmospheric
Authors: Clark C. L. , Upthegrove C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper gives results of an investigation on three types of lead cable sheath differing only in the antimony content, which was, respectively, 0.06, 0.6, and 1.2 per cent.
At room temperature all three compositions elongated at more or less fixed rates with loads as low as 245 lb. per sq. in. The results would indicate that a similar behavior would be obtained with still lower loads and that the behavior of lead at 70 deg. fahr. should be similar to that of plain carbon steel at a temperature above its equicohesive range.
Increasing antimony content does not result in a decrease in the rate of flow at the lower temperatures, but in a lowered resistance to creep.
At a temperature of 80 to 120 deg. cent. the higher antimony content results in a decrease in the rate of creep, while the lower antimony results in a comparatively high rate of creep.
The Heat-Balance Test as a Means of Obtaining Evaporative Efficiencies of Steam-Generating Equipment
Authors: Cross B. J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The efficiency of any energy-converting apparatus is determined by a division of the energy output by the energy input. In the case of boiler and furnace this is attained by weighing the coal or other fuel and weighing the water evaporated. The paper attempts to show that the efficiency as determined by the heat-balance method should have equal value with an efficiency as obtained by the test of weighing the coal and water.
The Purpose and Characteristics of the Air-Flow Mechanism of a Boiler Meter
Authors: Lauffer W. G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Stack loss in a modern steam-generating station is assumed to be a controllable item effected by the installation and use of combustion guides. The paper reveals the probability of error in such an assumption. The airflow mechanism of a well-known boiler meter, the proper operation and calibration of which have probably not been understood, is given a detailed study in this report, and the result is described as resulting in an indicator of combustion efficiency that is reliable within close limits.
Cleaning, Distribution, and Uses of Blast-Furnace Gas
Authors: Haven William A. , Thorne C. B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the authors discuss blast-furnace operation and show the relationship between blast-furnace operation and the amount and quality of blast-furnace gas produced. A comparison is given between methods and costs of gas cleaning, the distributive equipment and cost of distribution, application for various purposes, and the profit that can be expected from blast-furnace gas as a by-product.
Use of Economic Manufacturing Quantities: Obstacles Encountered in Introducing Mathematical Formulas for Economic Manufacturing Quantities—Lot Sizes
Authors: Kent Robert W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
For the sake of establishing better manufacturing procedure, the author points out methods for determining how much to manufacture of a particular item or part at one time or in one lot. He discusses what is meant by economic manufacturing quantities, the aid toward increasing profits that comes from use of proper formulas, and states that minimum economic manufacturing cost can be obtained only through application of the principles made use of in developing a proper formula to fit each specific case.
Management of Service Departments—Budgeting and Wage Incentives Applied to a Large Organization
Authors: Ferguson William B. , Blair Tom H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The organization and the management of the service departments in a large plant with over 6000 employees doing a great variety of unstandardized work of fluctuating volume and spread over an area of 140 acres present many difficult and complicated problems in comparison with similar problems in the usual manufacturing establishment. After the productive or operative departments in the Newport News plant had been reorganized and modern methods of planning, scheduling, production control, cost control, and wage-incentive plans had been put into effect over a period of about five years, it then became possible to undertake further improvements in the staff and service departments with respect to better organization and the training of executives and employees, and the measuring in some way, directly or indirectly, of the value of the service rendered or the output of these service departments; and finally the applying of bonus plans or other wage-incentive schemes to reward the employees in these service departments, with over 700 men and women, for improved efficiency. The methods described are the result of preceding study and preliminary work for over a year and represent the simplest forms of wage incentive that seemed practicable to apply to a large plant of this character. The first service department was put on a bonus system in April, 1928, and there resulted a net saving during the first 15 months (that is, about four months after the last service department was put on a bonus system) of about $175,000 for the whole plant. The simple methods used have created great interest on the part of heads of departments and employees. The main feature is that an opportunity has been and can be offered to all employees in all service departments for increasing their earnings in proportion to their results and thereby increasing the net earnings of the company to a much greater degree than has probably ever been appreciated.
Turning With Shallow Cuts at High Speeds
Authors: French H. J. , Digges T. G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper a method is described for testing lathe tools under shallow cuts and fine feeds. The relations are determined between the cutting speed, feed, depth of cut, and tool life for carbon and high-speed tool steels. Comparisons are made of tools of different forms and of tool life when cutting dry and with water or lard oil. Heat treatment and chemical composition of the tools are also studied, including in the case of high-speed tool steels, the effects of cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, arsenic, antimony, phosphorus, sulphur, copper, tin, aluminum, titanium, and tantalum. The results obtained under shallow cuts and fine feeds with these steels are compared with those obtained under heavy duty.
A Study of Tin-Base Bearing Metals—II
Authors: Karelitz G. B. , Ellis O. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper is a continuation of one presented by the authors at the Pittsburgh Meeting of the A.S.M.E. in 1928, and deals with the mechanism of wiping of babbitt linings, with certain phenomena observed during the casting of tin-base alloys, and with the effects of cold work on them. It is shown that wiping of babbitts is a result of the upper layer of the lining’s reaching the solidus temperature, when the constituent with the lowest melting temperature liquefies, the babbitt becomes “mushy,” and is therefore wiped by the journal. The appearance of the castings of various chemical composition is discussed, and the variation in hardness and microstructure due to cold work is given.
What Happens When Metal Is Cut
Authors: Boston Orlan W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper constitues a valuable contribution to research and a check in some instances upon the conclusions of other authors. This study is confined mainly to deformation as seen on the exterior of the metal. It is first of several steps which may include use of the X-ray and the moving picture to reveal more exactly what is taking place as the cutting tool advances into the metal.
Cutting Tests With Cemented-Tungsten-Carbide Lathe Tools
Authors: Digges T. G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This investigation was made for the purpose of developing a method of testing cemented-tungsten-carbide lathe tools under heavy duty and to extend to the new cutting material some of the laws originally developed by Taylor and his associates for cutting with carbon- and high-speed-steel tools. Relations were determined between the speed, feed, depth of cut, and tool life for a selected form and size of tool. All tests were made dry in cutting 3.5 per cent nickel-steel forgings, heat-treated to give tensile strengths within the range of 85,000 to 110,000 lb. per sq. in. The results are presented in both graphic and tabular forms.
Service Tests on Carbon Formation in Diesel Engines
Authors: Hillman E. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Testing methods and technique applicable to field conditions are described. Data are presented which have been secured as a result of such tests under service conditions. Laboratory tests designed to measure the carbon-forming tendencies have little relation to results secured in service. At present the only satisfactory proof of merit is service or simulated service tests, but the procurement of reliable data is difficult. Cylinder wear is shown to affect lubrication by preventing proper ring seal.
Some Operating Data for Electric-Motor-Driven Reciprocating and Centrifugal Oil-Pipe-Line Pumps
Authors: Stueve W. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
There is interest among operating officials of oil-pipe-line companies in the costs of electric-motor-driven pumping stations, and the author endeavors to give facts on electric energy consumption for both centrifugal and reciprocating pumps. He reaches the conclusion that centrifugal pumps will pump oil at 700 lb. per sq. in. for 0.335 cent per barrel and that reciprocating pumps will do the same work for 0.24 cent per barrel, for the electric power costs.
Technical Specifications for Paper Users
Authors: Wehmhoff B. L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper is a discussion of the use of technical specifications in the purchase of paper for use in the printing industry. Data are given to show the wide variations in quality between papers sold under the same designation. The experience of the Government Printing Office during the past 20 years is cited as an example of the practicability and value of technical specifications in the purchase of 50,000,000 pounds of paper annually. Benefits to be derived by the printer by a standardization of grades of paper and their purchase under technical specifications are described, as well as the benefits which would result to the manufacturers. Since standardization of grades of paper would be of considerable assistance in the purchase of paper under technical specifications by small consumers, reports from committees of the American Pulp and Paper Association are quoted to show the present attitude of part of the paper industry toward standardization.
Locomotive Auxiliary Power Mediums
Authors: Armstrong George W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the author describes the Bethlehem auxiliary locomotive and gives some test results. A self-contained power truck is provided which can replace one of the regular tender trucks, either a front or rear truck of the locomotive, and in some cases to replace both trucks. Ordinarily the rear-truck installation is recommended as it facilitates removal for inspection and maintenance.
The Stug System of Pulverized-Fuel Firing on Locomotives
Authors: Roosen R. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The object of the system described in this paper is to solve the problem of firing locomotives with coal dust of any description. The author tells of the advantages that can reasonably be expected from use of such a system and of some of the difficulties that make pulverized-fuel firing for locomotives a severe problem.
Test results with lignite fuel are given and the methods and equipment used by the German State Railways are described. Particular emphasis is laid on the economical side of using pulverized fuel in engines.