bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
γA Half Molecules: Defective Heavy Chain Mutants in Mouse Myeloma Proteins
Authors: Frederic Mushinski J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
There is a molecular weight difference of about 8000 between the heavy chains of two γA myeloma proteins, 6A and 6C, which are produced by two mouse plasma cell tumor lines, Adj.PC 6A and Adj.PC 6C, derived from the same primary plasmacytoma. The heavy chain isolated from the 6A protein (a polymeric γA molecule) has a molecular weight of about 54,000, while the molecular weight of the heavy chain from the 6C protein (a two-chain γA molecule) is about 46,000. Radioactive labeling studies show that the plasma cells in Adj.PC 6C do not form immunoglobulin molecules larger than this two-chain size, and therefore these are not breakdown products of larger molecular forms. The heavy chain of 6A and the heavy chains from other polymeric γA molecules have five tryptic peptides not seen in peptide maps of the heavy chains from any of the two-chain proteins. These peptides are associated with the Fc fragment of the 6A heavy chain. The probable location of the molecular weight defect in the 6C protein and the relation of this defect to heavy chain disease in man is discussed.
Synthesis of the Second Component of Guinea Pig Complement In Vitro
Authors: Rubin Daniel J. , Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J. , Colten Harvey R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Synthesis of hemolytically active C2 was detected in short-term tissue cultures of guinea pig spleen and to a lesser extent in cultures of lung, lymph nodes and cells obtained from bone marrow and peritoneal exudates. The in vitro production of C2 by these tissues was highly temperature-dependent and was reversibly inhibited by puromycin and cycloheximide. Fragments of spleen incorporated 14C-amino acids into a molecule that was immunochemically and functionally identical with C2. In vitro production of C2 was not detected in short-term cultures of kidney, skin, muscle, intestinal tract and liver.
Immune Hemolysis and the Functional Properties of the Second (C2) and Fourth (C4) Components of Complement
Authors: Opferkuch W. , Rapp H. J. , Colten H. R. , Borsos T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
On the cell intermediate EAC142, made with limited C1, excess C4 and excess C2, more than one (up to six) hemolytically effective complexes may be present at a single SAC1, i.e., complexes cluster at a singl hemolytice site. These cells lyse more rapidly, utilize C-EDTA more efficiently and have more C3 convertase activity per hemolytic site than EAC142 made with excess C1 and C4 and limited C2, although both cell types lyse to the same extent with excess C-EDTA. Multiple complexes per hemolytic site were generated with guinea pig and with human C1, C4 and C2.
The Fifth Component of the Guinea Pig Complement System
Authors: Shin Hyun S. , Pickering Richard J. , Mayer Manfred M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Formation of from and C5 involves physical uptake of the C5 molecule or, more likely, the C5b fragment by non-covalent forces. The fixed C5b tends to dissociate at high ionic strength or elevated temperature by one, or both, of two mechanisms. The first of these involves dissociation of C5b as a consequence of decay-release of cell-bound C2 at elevated temperature. The second mechanism entails release of C5b independently of the decay-release of C2. for a very brief period of time following release, the C5b fragment retains its hemolytic activity in the sense that it can reassociate with the complex and function in the subsequent steps of the reaction sequence leading to hemolysis. However, if it does not have the opportunity to reassociate with , the C5b fragment quickly loses hemolytic activity. The fleeting existence of hemolytically active C5b in the fluid phase can be demonstrated by transfer experiments in which donor cells, , are placed in close proximity to recipient cells, , so that the recombination can take place before reactivity is lost.
Agglutinating Activities of Pepsin Fragments and Subunits of IgM Antibodies
Authors: Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Onoue Kaoru 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The agglutinating activities of the peptic dimer fragment and reduced and alkylated subunits of rabbit IgM antibodies were demonstrated. By digestion with pepsin of purified rabbit IgM antibody, two kinds of fragments analogous to F(ab′)2(IgM) and Fab pep(IgM) of human IgM were obtained. The dimeric fragment, F(ab′)2(IgM), of the purified anti-azonaphthalenesulfonate (anti-azo-NS) IgM antibody agglutinated azo-NS-conjugated red cells. The agglutinating efficiency of F(ab′)2(IgM) was much lower than that of native IgM antibody, but it was of the same order as that of IgG antibody or its peptic dimer fragment, F(ab′)2. It was carefully excluded that the activity was due to the presence of a small amount of native IgM or aggregated fragments. The reduced and alkylated subunit of rabbit anti-Salmonella IgM antibody also had agglutinating activity and its agglutinating efficiency was of the same order as that of IgG antibody. These results suggested that the dimer fragment or subunits of IgM antibody could combine with two red cells simultaneously.
Studies of Opsonic Activity in Univalent 6.5S Rabbit Antibacterial Antibody
Authors: Kazmierowski John A. , Nisonoff Alfred , Quie Paul G. , Williams Ralph C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Further definition of the structural γG requirements for effective opsonic function was sought using rabbit univalent antibacterial hybrid γG antibody to several strains of Escherichia coli. Hybrids of immune and normal γG made at ratios of 1:4 and 1:10 showed complete loss of opsonic function while retaining their capacity to combine with bacteria as shown by Coombs'-type facilitation of bacterial agglutination reactions. Self-recombinants of immune γG retained some degree of opsonic activity. When hyperimmune rabbit antibody was reduced and alkylated alone with 0.02 M concentrations of mercaptoethanol, there was considerable loss of opsonic activity. These experiments further emphasize the structural integrity necessary in the Fc portion of γG for complete expression of opsonic function.
Serologic Surveillance for Adeno-Associated Satellite Virus Antibody in Military Recruits
Authors: Rosenbaum M. J. , Edwards E. A. , Pierce W. E. , Peckinpaugh R. O. , Parks W. P. , Melnick J. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A retrospective serologic survey for antibodies to adeno-associated satellite viruses was conducted on serum specimens collected from military recruits over a 7-year period. The results showed that 14% to 23% of the subjects possessed antibody titers of 16 or greater to any of the four satellite serotypes. Monotypic and heterotypic type 4 antibody seroconversions, which have been seldom seen in human but often in simian sera, occurred more frequently in men who received respiratory virus vaccines prepared in monkey kidney tissue cultures. It is speculated that such responses may have occurred from infections due to activation of latent defective viruses in these preparations or to antigenic components in the vaccines themselves. No definite relationship between these satellite viruses and disease was observed although there was a suggestion of an association between seroconversion to type 1 satellite virus in patients with the diagnosis of pneumonia. Sera from rubella patients showed significantly higher preexisting antibody titer to satellite virus types 1, 2 and 3 than did those of subjects with other illnesses. Only a few of the rubella cases showed seroconversion to the type 1 satellite virus.
Failure of Immunocytoadherence to Demonstrate Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Roberts C. Ian , Brandriss Michael W. , Vaughan John H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pigs were immunized with dinitrophenylated keyhold limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) in complete Freund's adjuvant. The immunized animals developed delayed skin reactivity to DNP-KLH and to the KLH carrier itself but not to dinitrophenylated human serum albumin (DNP-HSA). They produced antibody reacting with both the homologous DNP-KLH conjugate and a heterologous DNP-HSA conjugate, but no antibody to KLH was detected. Accompanying this, rosette-forming cells (RFC) for erythrocytes coated with either DNP-conjugate appeared. RFC for erythrocytes coated with KLH were not detected despite the presence of marked delayed type skin reactivity to KLH. Thus, with this antigen system the immunocytoadherence technique fails to demonstrate the cells involved in mediating the delayed hypersensitivity response, although it does demonstrate cells containing humoral antibody specificities on their surfaces.
Immune Response to Hemocyanin in Normal, Thymusdeprived and Reconstituted Mice
Authors: Krüger Jürgen , Gershon Richard K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of thymus-derived lymphocytes in the immune response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) was studied. The changes of lymph node weight, lymph node histology, antibody formation and delayed hypersensitivity produced by antigenic stimulation were studied in normal and thymus-deprived mice. Some of the deprived mice were reconstituted with thymocytes. The ability of KLH to stimulate mitosis of thymus-derived lymphocytes was also studied by use of the T6 chromosome marker. KLH was shown to be a potent stimulator of thymus-derived lymphocytes and to be dependent on the action of these cells for the elicitation of normal immune responses. The possibility that some part of the antibody response could occur in the absence of thymus-derived cells was evaluated and no firm conclusion was reached.
Influenza Virus Encephalitis in Squirrel Monkeys Receiving Immunosuppressive Therapy
Authors: Miyoshi Koho , Gamboa Eugenia T. , Harter Donald H. , Wolf Abner , Hsu Konrad C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Influenza virus has been implicated as the cause of acute human encephalitis (1), and may possibly be involved in the pathogenesis of certain chronic neurologic disorders (2). However, experiments concerning the effects of the virus on the nervous system have been limited largely to rodents, and influenza virus encephalitis in primates has not yet been described. We now report the production of encephalitis following intracerebral challenge of immunosuppressed monkeys with influenza virus.
Materials and Methods. Young squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) weighing approximately 500 g were inoculated with neurotropic strains (NWS and WSN) of influenza A virus. The NWS strain was kindly supplied by Dr. E. Kilbourne and was passaged once in mouse brain. The WSN strain, which previously had been passaged five times in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells (3), was the gift of Dr. P. Choppin. Stock NWS and WSN strains contained 5.0 × 105 and 1.9 × 108.0 PFU (plaque-forming units)/ml, respectively.
Protective Function of C6 in Rabbits Treated with Bacterial Endotoxin
Authors: Johnson Kent J. , Ward Peter A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The injection of bacterial endotoxin into rabbits genetically deficient in the sixth component of complement (C6) resulted in a high death rate, whereas rabbits with a partial (heterozygous) deficiency of C6, as well as rabbits with normal levels of C6, survived. These observations correlate with the finding that C6 is required for the detoxification of endotoxin by serum.
Peyer's Patches: Lack of Specific Antibody-Containing Cells after Oral and Parenteral Immunization
Authors: Bienenstock John , Dolezel Josef 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hamster Peyer's patches did not possess antibody-containing cells to bovine serum albumin (BSA) at any time from 1 to 35 days following immunization with oral or parenteral BSA. Antibody-containing cells were found in large numbers in the intestinal lamina propria. Antigen was not found in Peyer's patches despite its presence in macrophages in the intestinal lamina propria after both oral and parenteral immunization. Injection of antigen directly into the patches stimulated local germinal center formation.
Immunologic Studies of Human Group I Pepsinogens
Authors: Samloff I. Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antigenic relationships of the human group I pepsinogens (Pg 1 through Pg 5) to each other, to the group II pepsinogens (Pg 6 and Pg 7) and to the slow moving protease (SMP) were examined. Rabbit antiserum to a preparation containing Pg 2, Pg 3 and Pg 4 formed precipitin arcs of identity against Pg 1 through Pg 5, but did not react against Pg 6, Pg 7 or SMP. The specificity of the antibodies for the group I pepsinogens was confirmed by immunoabsorption. The results indicate that the group I pepsinogens, although electrophoretically heterogeneous, are antigenically similar, and that the group I pepsinogens are immunologically unrelated to the group II pepsinogens and to the SMP.
Antibody Against Neoplastic Plasma Cells
Authors: Watanabe Takeshi , Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigenic differences between mouse myeloma cells and normal mouse lymph node cells were investigated by comparing the reaction pattern of rabbit antisera prepared against cellular components of myelomas of BALB/c mice and of antisera prepared against lymph node cells. The fluorochromasia cytotoxicity test was used. Cells of six individual myeloma lines were used for immunization and cytotoxicity tests. Anti-myeloma sera cytotoxic to myeloma cells of all the lines, yet not cytotoxic to normal lymph node cells, were obtained. The myeloma-cytotoxic antibodies were removed readily by absorption with myeloma sediments, but not at all with sediments of thymus, liver and kidney. Sediments of lymph node and spleen were effective absorbants only when they were used in extremely large amounts. These results indicate the presence of surface antigens on myeloma cells which are not present on lymphocytes, or liver and kidney cells. These antigens are probably present also on normal plasma cells, which comprise a small fraction of the total cell population in the lymph nodes and spleen of normal mice. Although anti-myeloma sera were prepared against individual myeloma lines, all the antisera were cytotoxic to myeloma cells of all the lines. No antigens truly specific to particular lines could be detected even after absorption of antisera with other myelomas. Anti-lymph node sera cytotoxic to lymph node and spleen cells, yet not cytotoxic to myeloma cells, were obtained after appropriate absorption. The lymphocyte-cytotoxic antibodies were removed readily by treatment with lymph node, spleen and thymus sediments. Sediments of myeloma cells and of liver and kidney cells were much less effective, indicating an antigenic difference between lymphocytes and the latter cells.
Destruction of Rabbit Platelets in the Allergic Response of Sensitized Leukocytes
Authors: Siraganian Reuben P. , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of sensitized rabbit leukocytes to release histamine from normal platelets is restricted to those cells which alone release histamine on addition of antigen. An excellent correlation between these two leukocyte functions has been obtained. Both reactions have similar metal and antigen requirements as well as parallel kinetics. In both cases cells from hyperimmunized animals are not responsive. Hapten specificity has been demonstrated for both the leukocyte and the leukocyte-dependent platelet response. Cell fractionation studies reinforced the conclusion that only those leukocytes which contain histamine and which release it on the addition of antigen can mediate this leukocyte-dependent platelet response. The lymphocytes, neutrophils and mononuclear cells derived from blood, tissues or exudates contain little or no histamine. Neither can these cells mediate the leukocyteplatelet histamine release. On these grounds it would seem that the sensitized basophil releases histamine on interaction with antigen and, through the mediation of a fluid phase intermediate, causes platelets to release histamine and leak intracellular 86Rb.
Stimulation of Peripheral Lymphocytes by Allogeneic and Autochthonous Mononucleosis Lymphocyte Cell Lines
Authors: Junge Ulrich , Hoekstra John , Deinhardt Friedrich 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cultures of peripheral lymphocytes obtained during the acute phase of infectious mononucleosis (IM) were established. Mitomycin C-inhibited cells of these cultures caused abnormally high transformation rates in mixed cultures (MLR) with allogeneic peripheral lymphocytes and to a lesser degree they also stimulated autochthonous peripheral lymphocytes obtained from the same persons 3 to 9 months after their acute disease. This stimulation seems not to be caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), present in the IM-cultures, because concentrated EBV preparations did not stimulate the convalescent lymphocytes and allogeneic lymphocytes from infants with and without circulating EBV antibodies responded equally well in the MLR with cultured IM lymphocytes. Circulating antibodies against surface antigens of autochthonous acute phase IM lymphocytes, stored in liquid nitrogen or cultured, were demonstrated in convalescent IM sera by the indirect membrane fluorescence technique. Blastogenic activity for both allogeneic and autochthonous lymphocytes was found in the cell-free supernatants of these IM lymphocyte cultures and was probably associated with cell membrane fragments.
Use of Chromium Chloride As the Coupling Agent in a Modified Plaque Assay Cells Producing Anti-Protein Antibody
Authors: Sweet George H. , Welborn Frederic L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A method is described for the detection and enumeration of mouse spleen cells producing antibody to protein antigens. The method employs chromium chloride as the coupling agent in a modified plaque technique and offers the advantages of greater economy, ease, speed and reproducibility over other available procedures.
Antigenic Competition Between Heterologous Erythrocytes
Authors: Gershon Richard K. , Kondo Kazunari 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigenic competition between sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and horse red blood cells (HRBC) was shown to be thymus-dependent. Mice deprived of thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) were not affected in their response to HRBC by a prior injection of SRBC, even after adjuvant treatment. Mice reconstituted with 6 × 107 thymocytes and inoculated only with HRBC made more anti-HRBC antibody than did mice reconstituted with 1.5 × 107 thymocytes. However, after a prior injection of SRBC the situation was reversed: mice with more T cells now made less anti-HRBC antibody than did mice with fewer of these cells. The addition of various lymphoid cells to mice undergoing antigenic competition could not overcome it; indeed, the addition of thymocytes magnified it. Normal spleen cells given to mice lethally irradiated 2 days (but not 6 days or 1 hr) after the inception of an anti-SRBC response were impaired in their ability to respond to HRBC. The amount of interference produced by SRBC on the subsequent response to HRBC did not correlate with the amount of anti-SRBC antibody made. We suggest that the most likely interpretation of these data is that T cells make, in response to antigenic stimulation, a factor which temporarily inactivates other immunocompetent cells.
Differential Effects on Immunogenicity and Antigenicity of Heat, Freezing and Alkali Treatment of Bacterial Antigens
Authors: Whang H. Y. , Mayer H. , Neter E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Heating, freezing and treatment with alkali of common enterobacterial antigen and of endotoxic lipopolysaccharides obtained by the aqueous ether procedure strikingly affected their immunogenicity (antibody response of the rabbit), but not their antigenicity (antibody-neutralizing capacity). Immunogenicity of these antigens was reduced by more than 90% by heating for 1 hr at 100°C or treatment with 0.25 N NaOH. Immunogenicity was restored to a significant degree after repeated freezing (-20°C) and thawing of heated antigen and to a lesser degree after alkali treatment. Antibody-neutralizing capacity remained unaffected by these measures. Lipopolysaccharides extracted by the phenol-water procedure had poor immunogenicity, which was affected only slightly by heating or freezing. Immunogenic lipopolysaccharides consisted of two fractions separated by Millipore filtration (0.22 µ); the aggregated fraction engendered antibodies readily and the soluble fraction did not. Heated, alkali-treated and filtered preparations of these antigens induced immunologic priming even when antibody production, as measured by the hemagglutination method, was minimal.
“Nonspecific” Stimulation of Lymphocyte Transformation by Cellular Fractions and Acid Extracts of Group a Streptococci
Authors: Keiser Harold , Kushner Irving , Kaplan Melvin H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hot hydrochloric acid extracts of group A streptococcal cells of types 5, 12 and 19 induced “nonspecific” blast-transformation and increased thymidine-14C incorporation by adult and cord blood lymphocytes of normal human donors. A similar degree of transformation was induced by preparations of streptococcal cell walls and cell membranes and by hot acid extracts of these cell components. Streptococcal cytoplasm was found to contain an inhibitor of phytohemagglutinin-induced transformation and of spontaneous transformation of cord blood lymphocytes. Treatment of streptococcal cytoplasm with hot hydrochloric acid resulted in the appearance or release of lymphocyte transforming activity in such preparations. The lymphocyte transforming activity of streptococcal acid extracts was unaffected by digestion with ribonuclease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin. After gel filtration on Sephadex G-75, acid extracts of streptococcal cell membranes, cell walls and cytoplasm all exhibited their major transforming activity in a peak with maximum at Kd 0.36, suggesting a similar average molecular size for the transforming agent or agents derived from these components. The “nonspecific” mitogenic activity of acid extracts of streptococcal cells resembled that of streptolysin S preparations with respect to enzyme susceptibility and dose-response. Hot acid-treated streptolysin S preparations retained most of their transforming activity, while their hemolytic activity was completely destroyed. These data raise the possibility that the transforming activities of streptococcal cell acid extracts and of streptolysin S preparations are attributable to a similar or identical constituent.
Proliferation of Maximally Activated Antigen-Primed Cells: A Computer Simulation
Authors: Cohen Stanley , Milgrom Martin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Most reported models of formation of antibody or induction of tolerance require interaction between antigen and an antibody-like receptor on the surface of a potentially immunocompetent cell as a critical step for induction or suppression of the immune response. In the simplest situation, where interaction is between identical antigenic fragments and identical receptor units, the nature of the immune response must depend upon the geometric distribution of bound receptors on the cell. Considerations such as these led to formulation of a precise, quantitative model of the process by which the immune response is activated. The availability of such a model made possible computer simulation of the division of an activated cell to form a clone. In this simulation, if activated cells were allowed to divide until the number of antigen-bound receptor sites fell below various threshold values, the frequency distribution of progeny as a function of bound sites was biphasic for certain narrow ranges of these thresholds. The two populations so defined, which differed in the number of divisions they had undergone and the number of bound receptors they possessed, might represent a pool of end-stage antibody-producing cells and a pool of intermediate cells that have immunologic memory. A major consequence of this interpretation was restriction of heterogeneity in the secondary response.