Genus Gelsemium and its Endophytic Fungi - Comprehensive Review of
their Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology
Authors: Peng Yun-Lin , Liang Jia-Jun , Xue Yan , Khan Afsar , Zhang Pan-Pan , Feng Ting-Ting , Song Da , Zhou Ying , Wei Xin 
Published: August 2023

Background:
The use of ethnic medicinal plants has revitalized wide popularity in Africa,
Asia, and most of the world because of the energy consumption barriers increase of synthetic
drugs. Gelsemium is a traditional genus of plants with famous cultural and medicinal significance
in Southeast Asia and North America. Three species are reported from the genus Gelsemium, including
Gelsemium elegans (Gardn. & Camp.) Benth., Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J.St.-Hil., and
Gelsemium rankinii Small. Among them, G. elegans is well known for its toxicity and is used as a
traditional remedy for skin problems, neuralgia, fractures, and cancer. The first record of the toxic
medicine G. elegans is the Chinese herbal medicine classically known as Shen-Nong Ben-Cao
Jing. In the legend, the Shennong emperor was poisoned by G. elegans, hence, it is also wellknown
as Duan Chang Cao in China. In addition, G. sempervirens tincture is also used in the treatment
of inflammation of the spinalcolumn, and diminishes blood to the cerebrospinal centers.

Introduction:
This review aims to provide up-to-date information on Gelsemium and its endophytic
fungi on their traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. Mechanism
studies regarding the detoxification profile of Gelsemium are also reviewed.

Methods:
For this updated review, the literature survey and search were performed on the scientific
databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley, China CNKI, Web of Science, SciFinder, and Google
Scholar using the relevant keywords

Results:
The plants of the genus Gelsemium are all reported as rich sources of monoterpene indole
alkaloids. Previous phytochemical studies published more than 200 alkaloids from Gelsemium and
its endophytic fungi, which have attracted considerable attention from pharmaceutists and phytochemists
due to their diverse and complex structures. The bioactivities of Gelsemium phytoconstituents
studied using various chemical methods are summarized and described herein. Considering
the huge influence of Gelsemium regarding its traditional applications, the activities of isolated
compounds were focused on the anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antianxiety, immunostimulatory,
and immunosuppressive properties, which provide evidence supporting the
ethnopharmacological effectiveness of the genus Gelsemium. Unlike all previous reviews of genus
Gelsemium, to the best of our knowledge, the recently reported natural products from its endophytic
fungi are first time summarized in this review.

Conclusion:
It is clearly suggested from the literature information that the structures and biological
activities of Gelsemium have a wide range of attraction from folk to the community of scholars.
However, as a highly toxic genus, the work on the detoxification mechanism and toxicology of
Gelsemium is urgently needed before entering clinical research. It is noteworthy that the discussion
about the relationship between structural and biological activities are a valuable topic of expectation,
while the structural modification for active or toxic components may shed light on toxicological
breakthrough. Besides the compounds from the plants of genus Gelsemium, the recently reported
natural products from its endophytic fungi may provide a supplement for its ethnomedicinal uses
and ethnological validity.