bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adoptive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis: a Technique for Studying Antibody Globulin Synthesis
Authors: Battisto Jack R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Lymph node, spleen and peritoneal exudate cells from immunized guinea pigs produce antibody when deposited in the skin of isologous recipients. Presence of antibody is revealed by injecting recipients intravenously with dye and specific antigen 2 to 7 days after cell deposition. No synthesis was detected in nonisogeneic guinea pigs sensitized against donor-type lymphoid cells or in certain other homologous, nonsensitized recipients.
Synthetic Polypeptide Metabolism
Authors: Carpenter Charles B. , Gill Thomas J. , Mann L. T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The metabolic fate in rabbits of intravenously administered, iodine-labeled poly d-Glu55d-Lys39-d-Tyr6 differs markedly from that of its enantiomorph, poly Glu58Lys36Tyr6 (No. 2). Although both polymers are rapidly cleared from the circulation, 131I is slowly excreted in the urine after d-polymer injection, but quite rapidly excreted after l-polymer injection. Only 32% of the d-polymer is degraded by the 19th day, whereas 83% of the l-polymer is degraded by the 7th day. This delay in the degradation of the d-polymer is reflected in the retention of large amounts of the injected material in the liver and in the kidneys. The amount of d-polymer in the liver slowly declines from a maximum of 16% at 5 days, but the amount in the kidney continues to increase for 2 to 3 weeks and ultimately reaches 32% of the injected polymer.
Radioautographic studies show that both polymers enter the proximal tubular cells of the kidney: the d-polymer persists, whereas the l-polymer is quickly eliminated. Studies with ureteral ligation to stop glomerular filtration demonstrate that the polymers are filtered through the glomerulus and then reabsorbed.
Anephric animals show a slower serum elimination rate for the d-polymer than normal animals. Since the hepatic uptake is unchanged, it is likely that the kidney rapidly extracts a certain population of the d-polymer molecules which are not as readily taken up by the liver. Since ultracentrifugation of the labeled d-polymer prior to injection does not affect its distribution, the basis for this biologic heterogeneity is not aggregation.
Chromatographic analyses of the dialyzable radioactivity in the urine and in the homogenates of the liver and kidney clearly show the presence of labeled peptides derived from the degradation of the d-polymer or of the l-polymer.
A second external label, 59Fe-ferrocene, confirms the serum elimination and urinary excretion patterns obtained with iodine, and, in general, also confirms the organ retention pattern of the d-polymer. However, significant incorporation of the iron from the ferrocene into hemoglobin and other compounds occurs, and this fact limits the usefulness of the ferrocene label, especially for studies of tissue localization.
The prolonged retention of the d-polymer in the organs and its gradual release over a long period of time are postulated to cause immunologic paralysis. This hypothesis explains the apparent lack of immunogenicity of d-polymers under the usual conditions of immunization and the lack of a significant booster effect and the ultimate disappearance of circulating antibody following repeated injections of small amounts of the d-polymer.
Passive Serologic Transfer of Allograft Immunity in Immunologically Suppressed Mice
Authors: Kinne David W. , Simmons Richard L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The administration of a single injection of rabbit anti-mouse lymphocyte serum (RAMLS) to C57 adult male mice results in a profound circulating lymphopenia. The lymphocyte levels return gradually to normal over the succeeding 2 weeks. Coincident with the circulating lymphopenia, the survival of A strain skin grafts on these C57 mice is markedly prolonged. Rejection occurs when the circulating lymphocyte levels are approximately normal. The administration of C57 anti-A immune mouse serum (IMS) to recipients of RAMLS reverses the prolongation of A skin grafts on these mice. The administration of normal C57 mouse serum (NMS) has no effect on graft survival in RAMLS-treated mice. Neither NMS nor IMS has any effect on the pattern of circulating lymphocyte repopulation in RAMLS-treated mice. The survival of Balb/C skin grafts on RAMLS treated C57 mice is not affected by the administration of C57 anti-A IMS. The results support the concept that humoral antibody may act in synergism with lymphocytes in skin allograft rejection.
Nephritogenic Properties of Cross-Reacting Kidney-Fixing Antibodies to Heart, Spleen and Muscle
Authors: Katz David H. , Unanue Emil R. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cross-reacting kidney-fixing antibodies may cause an immediate (heterologous) nephrotoxic serum nephritis if: a) a sufficient amount of antibody is injected, and b) if the kidney has enough cross-reacting antigenic determinants to allow fixation of a nephritogenic amount of antibody. If these two conditions are met, cross-reacting kidney-fixing antibodies are effective in inducing immediate nephritis. A cross-reacting kidney-fixing antiserum which reacts with only a small number of glomerular antigenic determinants cannot alone cause immediate nephritis. However, if such antisera are injected simultaneously with subnephritogenic amounts of anti-kidney antibody, their combined effect may be immediately nephritogenic. All cross-reacting kidney-fixing antibodies are so anatomically situated in the glomerulus that they can participate in delayed or autologous nephrotoxic serum nephritis. The cross-reacting kidney-fixing antibodies have shorter half-disappearance times from the kidney than true anti-kidney antibodies.
Antibodies against Human Leukemia Cell Lines
Authors: Tanigaki Nobuyuki , Yagi Yasuo , Moore George E. , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Five groups of antibodies differing in their specificities were characterized in rabbit antisera against two cultured human leukemia cell lines, #6410 and A-LK1D.
These are: 1) antibodies specific to individual leukemia cell lines, 2) antibodies reacting with other leukemia cell lines as well, 3) antibodies reacting as in 2 and in addition with lymphoid organs and with leukocytes, 4) antibodies reacting as in 3 and in addition with liver and kidney and 5) antibodies reacting as in 4 and in addition with nonleukemia cell lines of human origin.
The groups were characterized by the use of a paired label radio-antibody technique adapted to tissue sections or cell smears to test the reactivities of remaining antibodies after exhaustive absorption of antibodies with various organs and cultured cells.
Interaction of Penicillin and Erythrocytes
Authors: Josephson Alan S. , Kaplan Allan P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The previously determined pH dependance of erythrocyte sensitization by penicillin was confirmed. It was also observed that penicillin does not sensitize erythrocytes at 0° or 4°C. The failure of fluoride, iodo-acetate, ouabain and glucose deprivation to block red blood cell (RBC) sensitization indicates that the sensitization process is independent of metabolic activity.
Sensitization of erythrocytes by penicillenic acid was inhibited by serum or molar concentrations of lysine or ε-amino caproic acid. Sensitization of erythrocytes by penicillin was unaffected by the presence of these same agents in the reaction mixture. Treatment of erythrocytes with 1,3-difluoro-4,6-dinitrobenzene or 2,4-dinitro-fluorobenzene prevented sensitization of RBC by penicillenic acid, but did not prevent sensitization by penicillin. These observations suggest that penicillin directly sensitizes erythrocytes without prior transformation to penicillenic acid, and that penicillin may react with a receptor other than the amino group on the red cell surface.
Differentiation of Arboviruses by Immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Cuadrado Raul R. , Casals Jordi 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A simple immunoelectrophoresis (IE) method has been shown to be useful and rapid in the antigenic study of arboviruses. Initial evaluation was made by testing viruses of groups A, B, Tacaribe and vesicular stomatitis in their homologous systems by the complement-fixation, hemagglutination-inhibition and IE methods. Seven strains of Sindbis virus were readily differentiated in IE studies, but dengue type 1 virus could not be distinguished from strain TH-Sman nor dengue type 2 from strain TH-36. Results of additional IE tests with a few samples of convalescent and apparently normal human sera suggest that this method may also be useful as a diagnostic procedure in the study of arboviruses.
Effect of Anticoagulants on Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions
Authors: Cohen Stanley , Benacerraf Baruj , McCluskey Robert T. , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Administration of heparin or warfarin to sensitized guinea pigs resulted in diminution or prevention of delayed sensitivity reactions. This effect was found in animals sensitized either to a protein conjugate (DNP-BGG) or to a contact-sensitizing chemical (OCBC). Guinea pigs recovered quickly from the inhibitory effect of heparin, paralleling the return to normal of the coagulation time. The amount of heparin employed in these experiments did not result in depression of serum complement levels.
The administration of chondroitin sulfate, a compound structurally similar to heparin but lacking its anticoagulant action, had no effect on contact sensitivity reactions.
Heparin treatment of contact sensitive guinea pigs did not interfere with the capacity of their lymph node cells to transfer contact reactivity to normal recipients.
Heparin failed to inhibit nonimmunologic inflammatory reactions elicited by bovine fibrinogen or poly-l-lysine, although these reactions bore some gross and histologic resemblance to delayed reactions.
The inhibition of dermal hypersensitivity reactions (DNP-BGG) by heparin was not accompanied by an interference with the booster effect of the skin test on the production of circulating anti-DNP antibodies.
It is concluded that heparin and warfarin exert their inhibitory effect on delayed reactivity through some action on the coagulation mechanism which probably results either in the prevention of accumulation of immunologically nonspecific inflammatory cells or somehow blocks the triggering events initiated by interaction of antigen with sensitized cells.
Similarities between Rabbit Antibodies Produced Following Ingestion of Bovine Serum Albumin and Following Parenteral Immunization
Authors: Rothberg Richard M. , Kraft Sumner C. , Farr Richard S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immune responses of rabbits fed low concentrations of bovine serum albumin (BSA) have been characterized and compared to the immune responses of rabbits injected with BSA either i.v. or s.c. in oil. The qualities of the antibodies produced were evaluated by the following criteria: 1) the average strength of the antibody-antigen bond as measured by the effect of dilution on the antigen-binding capacity; 2) the changes in strength of the antibody-antigen bond during immunization; 3) the association of BSA binding with heavy and light immunoglobulin fractions; 4) the association of BSA binding with the γA-immunoglobulins; 5) passive hemagglutinating capacities; 6) antigen-precipitating capacities and efficiencies; and 7) alteration of antibody activity by treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol.
Despite possible alteration of the antigen by digestive functions, local initiation of antibody production in lymphoid tissue associated with the gastrointestinal tract and quantitative differences among the three groups, the antibodies present in the sera from orally immunized animals qualitatively were similar to antibodies produced following parenteral immunization, as judged by the above criteria.
Light as well as heavy immunoglobulins with anti-BSA activity were present in the earliest antisera from all three immunization groups.
These findings and the previous demonstration that antibodies produced following oral or s.c. in oil immunization have similar immunologic specificities, suggest that most of the cellular mechanisms of antibody production basic to parenteral immunization are operative during oral immunization.
Autoradiographic Experiments Concerning the Importance of Mononuclear Cells in Experimental Hepatitis
Authors: Warnatz H. , Scheiffarth F. , Wolf F. , Schmidt H. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Lymphocytes of inbred mice were labeled with H3-thymidine after liver damage was induced by sensitization with homologous liver extract or by poisoning with carbon tetrachloride, respectively. Autoradiographic technique showed that the count of labeled lymphocytes in the liver of recipients was greater when lymphocytes from liver damaged animals were transferred than in control animals receiving lymphocytes from normal mice or mice treated with Freund's adjuvant alone. The percentage of labeled cells in the spleen was the same in all groups. The meaning of these findings for the development of experimental hepatitis is discussed.
The Alteration of Endotoxin by Postheparin Plasma and its Purified Fractions
Authors: Schultz Duane R. , Becker Elmer L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Postheparin plasma from the guinea pig or its euglobulin fraction caused 1) a significant detoxification of the endotoxin from E. coli when assayed for toxicity for 11-day-old chick embryos, 2) a reduction in endotoxin turbidity, and 3) the release of unesterified fatty acids when incubated with endotoxin. The euglobulin fraction required the presence of bovine serum albumin for maximum endotoxin detoxifying activity.
Normal guinea pig plasma or its euglobulin fraction caused little or no detoxification of endotoxin, no reduction in turbidity and no lipase activity.
The addition of endotoxin to a postheparin plasma-chylomicron mixture resulted in the release of more unesterified fatty acids than were released from the same mixture without the addition of endotoxin. The increase was dependent upon the amount of endotoxin and postheparin plasma.
The enzyme lipoprotein lipase was present in each purified fraction of postheparin plasma which detoxified endotoxin. The ability of the lipase to clear fat-containing plasma and to cause a release of unesterified fatty acids from lipid paralleled, but was not necessarily related to similar effects on endotoxin.
Interaction of Rheumatoid Factors with Urea-Denatured Human γ-Globulin and its Subunits
Authors: Hirose Shun-Ichi , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies on the antigenicity of human γ-globulin, denatured by 6 M urea, stress the association of modified conformational structures with the appearance of antigenic determinants for the human rheumatoid factors. Two types of antigenic determinants have been identified in denatured human γ-globulin. One is apparently due to intramolecular modification, while the second requires the interaction of several γ-globulin molecules.
Serologic Survey of Man for Avian Leukosis Virus Infection
Authors: Piraino F. , Krumbiegel E. R. , Wisniewski H. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Six current lots of 17 D yellow fever virus vaccine propagated in chicken embryos were found to be contaminated with complement-fixing group antigens of avian leukosis virus.
Bloods of 111 individuals vaccinated with 22 different lots of the 17 D vaccine given up to 54 months before drawing a blood specimen were tested for neutralizing antibody to Bryan standard strain of Rous sarcoma virus. None was found in any of the bloods tested.
Structural Characteristics of Hemolytic Antibodies As Determined by the Effects of Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Rosse Wendell F. , Rapp Herbert J. , Borsos Tibor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Some structural characteristics of rabbit IgG and IgM hemolytic antibodies have been deduced by target theory analysis of the relationship between the dose of ionizing radiation and the inactivation of the molecule. The destruction of a single target with a molecular weight of 52,000 in the IgG molecule is sufficient to destroy the hemolytic activity. Our data are consistent with a model of the IgM molecule containing more than three subunits each of molecular weight 1.6 to 1.8 × 105. In this model, each subunit is capable of combining with antigen and two adjacent subunits are required for the fixation of C′ and for hemolytic activity.
Studies of Rickettsia mooseri Cell Walls
Authors: Wood William H. , Wisseman Charles L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunologic studies were performed in mice, guinea pigs and man with cell wall and cytoplasmic fractions of Rickettsia mooseri obtained by mechanical disruption. On a weight basis, cell walls were more effective antigens than either whole rickettsiae or cytoplasmic fraction in the following tests: typhus group complement-fixation and hemagglutination tests and stimulation of antitoxic immunity in mice and anti-infectious immunity in guinea pigs. Cell walls also elicited a delayed type skin reaction in hypersensitive human subjects and a toxic skin reaction in nonsensitive subjects. It was concluded that the antigens involved in these tests were located in or on the cell wall.
Adoptive Immunity to Intracellular Infection
Authors: Frenkel J. K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cells of spleen and lymph node transferred specific immunity to Besnoitia jellisoni and Toxoplasma gondii, both obligate intracellular protozoa. Between isogeneic hamsters, direct transfer was effective. For allogeneic transfer it was necessary to use irradiated or tolerant hamsters as recipients. The bone marrow, thymus, liver and kidney cells of the immune donors were ineffective, as were lysed lymphoid cells, or intact lymphoid cells from immune donors that had been irradiated.
Antiserum showed a slight protective effect, and increased the amount of immunity transferred by cells. Nevertheless, antibody did not appear to account for the transfer of immunity, as cell effects were dependent on cell survival and were not abolished by washing, trypsinization or treatment with rabbit-anti-hamster serum. Cells from heterospecifically immunized hamsters were ineffective by themselves and were not potentiated by specific antiserum.
Both clinical immunity and transferable cellular immunity appeared after 3 weeks. Delayed hypersensitivity and antibody were already present on the 5th day of infection.
Immunity to equine rhinopneumonitis virus infection could be transferred by both cells and antiserum, but not by lysed cells.
Two types of immunity have been shown to be mediated by cells: anti-virus immunity which clears infection, and anti-protozoan immunity of the premunition type, sensitive to hypercorticism.
Reaction Kinetic Studies of the Antigen Antibody Reaction
Authors: Tengerdy Robert P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By the combined use of fluorescence quenching, fluorescence polarization, light scattering, and saturated (NH4)2SO4 precipitation techniques the kinetics of the various phases of the antigen antibody reaction between conalbumin and anticonalbumin was studied. It was shown that the kinetic course of the reaction depended on the mole ratio of antigen to antibody; in the Ab excess zone the reaction consisted of two soluble phases, a rapid primary reaction and a much slower secondary reaction (lattice formation), but in the Ag excess zone there was only one phase. The Q10 of the reaction was 1.25 in the large Ab excess zone and 1.16 in the large Ag excess zone, indicating that temperature had little effect on the kinetics of the reaction either in the Ab excess zone or the Ag excess zone. The optimum pH of the reaction was 7.5, the optimum ionic strength in the range of 0.1 to 0.2.
Regenerative Potential of Immunocompetent Cells
Authors: Nettesheim P. , Makinodan T. , Williams M. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The principal findings reported in this communication are: 1) the minimum antigen dose necessary to initiate a near maximum antibody response is about 105 times greater for irradiated than for unirradiated spleen cells, and 2) the compartment of immunologically committed progenitor cells (PC2) lacks the potential to recover from an x-ray insult and appears not to have significant self-generating potential.
Protein-Carbohydrate Interaction
Authors: So Lucy L. , Goldstein I. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The extent to which a number of saccharides inhibit concanavalin A-dextran interaction has been examined by means of the quantitative hapten inhibition technique involving nitrogen analyses of washed precipitates. The results of these studies are in essential agreement with previous studies employing a turbidimetric procedure.
The combining sites of the concanavalin A protein molecule are shown to be complementary to the C-3, C-4 and C-6 hydroxyl groups of α-D-glucopyranosyl and α-D-mannopyranosyl units. Any modification of the C-6 hydroxyl group of methyl α-D-glucopyranoside virtually eliminates the capacity of the resultant sugars to bind to the combining sites of concanavalin A.
On the basis of these data it is concluded that the H-atom of the C-6 hydroxyl group forms a hydrogen bond with the protein.
A Plaque Reduction Test for Dengue Virus Neutralizing Antibodies
Authors: Russell Philip K. , Nisalak Ananda , Sukhavachana Pairatana , Vivona Stefano 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A technique for performing a plaque reduction test for dengue virus neutralizing antibody is described. Experiments designed to test the accuracy of the antibody measurement are presented and analysed by the method for a parallel line graded response assay. Statistical analysis indicates a high degree of accuracy, and the relative merits of this type of test for dengue neutralizing antibody are discussed.
Effects of Actinomycin D on the Primary Hemolysin Response in Rats
Authors: Ćirković Dimitrije M. , Simić Miroslav M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The initial hemolysin response was studied in 10 series of rats treated with 0.25 or 0.375 mg/kg actinomycin D from 8 hr before to 3 days after one injection of sheep red blood cells. The following results, as compared to an untreated control series, were obtained. The drug, when given early, strikingly prolonged the latent period but not the rate, time or amount of hemolysin formed. The drug, when given at about the midpoint of the latent period, still prolonged the latent period and, in addition, markedly depressed the average rate of accumulation and peak titer. This depressing effect was even more evident when the drug was given after the latent period was completed and the production phase of synthesis was just beginning, but was less evident when the drug was given later, i.e., when the production phase of synthesis was well advanced. These findings are discussed in relation to the various stages of hemolysin formation and indicate that the drug acts more effectively on the proliferation and differentiation of immunologically competent cells and less effectively on antibody synthesis in differentiated Ab-forming cells.
Delayed Contact Sensitivity to Catechols
Authors: Baer Harold , Watkins Roy C. , Kurtz A. Peter , Byck Joseph S. , Dawson Charles R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Catechol as well as the 3-n-alkylcatechols, were shown to be equally good in inducing delayed contact sensitivity in guinea pigs since the majority of animals injected became sensitive. Consequently the capacity to induce sensitization, as measured by the percentage of animals becoming sensitive, is unrelated to the structure of the 3-n-alkylcatechols. The degree of sensitivity induced as well as cross-reactivity depended upon the length of the 3-n-alkyl side-chain. Thus the degree of sensitivity induced is strongly dependent on the structure of the sensitizer (in this instance chain length) and largely independent of sensitizing dose. The data obtained suggested that it was possible to estimate the maximum length of the antigenic determinant. The dermal toxicity of the alkylcatechols was shown to be unrelated to their sensitizing capacity.