bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Interferon Refractory State
Authors: Borden Ernest C. , Prochownik Edward V. , Carter William A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When L929 cells were treated with samples collected from cells or mice producing interferon, almost complete refractoriness to subsequent interferon induction was observed. The relationship of this refractoriness-inducing product (RIP)5 to the antiviral activity of the samples was determined. Using interferon in the pretreatment sample as a measure of RIP concentration, a semilog plot of the pretreatment interferon titer and interferon subsequently produced, resulted in an approximately linear relationship between 10 and 100 units of interferon in the pretreatment sample. This relationship was largely independent of the multiplicity of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) used to produce interferon in the treated monolayers.
A 2- to 6-fold temporal differentiation in the refractoriness-inducing activity and the antiviral activities was obtained both in vitro and in vivo. Supernatants collected 48 hr after NDV infection of L929 cells had 2- to 4-fold more refractoriness-inducing activity than those collected earlier. In serum of ICR mice given poly rIn:rCn-poly-d-lysine, a quantitatively similar temporal increase in refractoriness-inducing activity was observed. Treatment of L929 cells with cycloheximide resulted in a 4-fold increase in interferon production. At equivalent interferon concentrations, supernatants from the cycloheximide-treated monolayers inhibited interferon production 4-fold less than did comparable supernatants from non-cycloheximide-treated monolayers. Soluble cell extracts inhibited interferon production to a greater degree than did extracellular preparations. The protein nature of the refractoriness-inducing activity was suggested by its trypsin sensitivity. These findings suggest that the refractoriness-inducing and antiviral activities of interferon preparations result from different proteins.
Thyroglobulin-Binding Lymphoid Cells in Obese Strain (OS) Chickens
Authors: Richter E. , Wick G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The binding of chicken thyroglobulin-coated chicken red blood cells by splenic, thymic, and bursal lymphoid cells was analysed in Obese strain (OS) chickens with spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis and normal white Leghorn controls aged 1 week to 2.5 yr. Chicken erythrocytes coated with pneumococcal polysaccharide SIII served as controls. The specificity of thyroglobulin-rosette-forming cells was verified by inhibition experiments. OS chickens showed significantly higher counts of thyroglobulin-rosette-forming cells in the spleen and thymus as compared to normal controls while no such difference was found for SIII-rosette-forming cells. The values obtained with bursal lymphoid cells were in the same range in both OS and normal white Leghorn birds. The appearance of thyroglobulin-rosette-forming cells and their peak values clearly preceded the maximum frequency and severity of thyroditis and the peak of the thyroglobulin antibody curve. It is concluded that the presence of thyroglobulin rosette-forming cells is a prerequisite for the future development of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis in the OS. Inhibition studies with specific turkey anti-chicken bursa and thymus cell sera revealed the B cell nature of active thyroglobulin-rosette-forming cells and suggested that passive rosette-forming cells were of T cell origin.
Rat Cell Surface Antigens
Authors: Callahan Gerald N. , Dewitt Charles W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A cell surface antigen was isolated from soluble extracts of rat lymphoid cells. Molecular weight of the purified antigen was estimated by SDS gel electrophoresis to be 10 to 20,000 daltons. Physical as well as immunologic properties of this antigen do not resemble those of any known antigenic product of the major histocompatibility locus of the rat. It is therefore proposed that it is a rat minor histocompatibility antigen.
The Suppressive Effect of Immunization on the Proliferative Responses of Rat T Cells in Vitro
Authors: Bash Jerry A. , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
DNA synthesis (3H-thymidine incorporation) of DA rat spleen and lymph node cells cultured with PHA or (DA × Lewis)F1 lymph node cells was profoundly inhibited by pretreatment with large i.v. doses of antigen (τ;100 mg OA or τ; 1010 SRBC) 24 hr before culture. This effect, seen as early as 3 to 6 hr after antigen administration, had disappeared within 7 days. Similar depressed spleen cell responses were seen 9 days after footpad injection of 200 µg OA in complete adjuvant. Lymph node responses showed a similar inhibiton only in the presence of specific antigen in culture. In all experiments in which antigen administration resulted in decreased responses, removal of glass wool adherent cells restored responsiveness to normal. The failure of purified macrophages to reestablish inhibition favored the interpretation that an adherent suppressor cell distinct from the macrophage is activated by antigen in vivo to regulate T cell responses in vitro.
The Modulation of Spontaneous and Anti-Ig-Stimulated Motility of Lymphocytes by Cyclic Nucleotides and Adrenergic and Cholinergic Agents
Authors: Schreiner George F. , Unanue Emil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Translational movement in B lymphocytes was stimulated by anti-Ig antibody. Drugs that are presumed to elevate cyclic AMP stopped this stimulated motility. Such was the case with dibutyryl cAMP and theophylline, cholera enterotoxin, and isoproterenol, a β adrenergic agonist. Conversely, in the absence of anti-immunoglobulin antibody, cyclic GMP and the cholinergic drugs acetylcholine and carbamylcholine increased spontaneous motility of lymphocytes, with the B class of lymphocytes demonstrating greater responsiveness. The increase in motility brought about by cholinergic drugs was totally stopped by atropine, suggesting that the B lymphocyte surface contains a cholinergic receptor.
The inhibition of anti-immunoglobulin-stimulated movement produced by cyclic AMP was not observed if the cells were first incubated with colchicine, the microtubular-disrupting drug. This suggests that the cyclic AMP-decreased motility was brought about by the increased stabilization of microtubules. Lymphocyte motility was dissociable from other early events subsequent to binding of anti-immunoglobulin antibodies: patching, capping, and endocytosis of complexes were unaffected by cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, or drugs of the adrenergic or cholinergic systems.
Identification of a Colon-Specific Antigen (CSA) in Normal and Neoplastic Tissues
Authors: Goldenberg David M. , Pegram Charles A. , Vazquez Jacinto J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An antigen has been isolated from a human signet-ring cell carcinoma serially growing in hamsters, GW-39, by saline, PCA, or phenol extraction, and has been found immunologically identical to a similarly extracted substance in normal human or hamster colon. No other hamster or human tissues or cells were found to contain this antigen, for which reason we have termed it colonspecific antigen, or CSA. CSA has been found to be distinct from the major blood group-specific antigens and from other colon tumor-associated antigens, such as CEA, CCA-II, and CCA-III. It thus seems that a colon organ-specific antigen can be synthesized by this particular human tumor system.
Hamsters immunized with CSA could reject cheek pouch grafts of GW-39 tumors, and tumor rejection by these animals correlated with their anti-CSA antibody titers. Preliminary characterization of CSA suggested that it is a glycoprotein on the cell surface having a molecular size of 30,000 to 50,000 daltons. It is proposed that CSA may play a role in the diagnosis of mucin-producing adenocarcinoma of the colon and in ulcerative colitis.
Specific Stimulatory and Cytotoxic Effects of Lymphocytes Sensitized in Vitro to Either Alloantigens or Tumor Antigens
Authors: Kall Mary Ann , Hellström Ingegerd 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymph node cells (LNC) or spleen cells from normal BALB/c mice were sensitized in vitro by co-cultivation with mitomycin C-treated allogeneic sarcoma cells, and their reactivity measured with a microcytotoxicity assay. Following 5 days of sensitization, a specific cytotoxic effect against tumor cells carrying the sensitizing alloantigens was observed; this is in agreement with previously published findings. Lymphoid cells tested after 3 days of sensitization, however, specifically increased the number of target cells remaining in the Microtest plates at the conclusion of the microcytotoxicity assays.
LNC from normal BALB/c mice were also sensitized in vitro against tumor specific antigens using four different methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas of BALB/c origin. After 6 days of sensitization the LNC were specifically cytotoxic for the immunizing tumor cell line. After 3 days of sensitization, however, the LNC gave a specific increase of the number of remaining target tumor cells.
Studies on the Synthetic Capacity and Antigenic Expression of Glutaraldehyde-Fixed Target Cells
Authors: Bubbers J. Eric , Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mastocytoma cells (P815 of the DBA/2 strain) treated with increasing concentrations of glutaraldehyde were concurrently evaluated for their ability to incorporate exogeneous uridine, thymidine, and amino acids. The antigenic expression and membrane integrity of these treated cells were assayed by measuring their susceptibility to lysis by antibody and complement and by T-effector cells.
The concentrations of glutarladehyde required to affect target cell antigen display were greater than those required to inhibit totally the cell's protein and nucleic acid synthetic processes. Thus, P815 cells treated with 0.15% glutaraldehyde for 10 sec were unable to incorporate either amino acids or nucleotides into macromolecules, but were readily lysed by effector T cell populations, and by alloantibody in the presence of complement. Target cells treated with glutaraldehyde concentrations in excess of 0.25% for 10 sec were resistant to both forms of immune lysis.
In keeping with these observations, monolayers of P815 cells treated for 10 sec with 0.15% glutaraldehyde, were capable of specifically depleting T-effector cells from a cytolytically-active spleen cell population. After treatment with higher concentrations of glutaraldehyde (0.3%), however, the monolayers lost their capacity to adsorb effector cells.
Although P815 cells treated with glutaraldehyde continued to exhibit H-2d alloantigen, neither these cells nor glutaraldehyde-treated DBA/2 spleen cells induced significant blastogenesis or stimulated the production of cytolytically active effector cells in mixed leukocyte cultures.
Detection of Cell-Bound Immunoglobulins by a Radioisotopic Micro-Mixed Hemadsorption Reaction with Technetium-99m-Labeled Erythrocytes
Authors: Wood Gary W. , Barth Rolf F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The mixed hemadsorption (MHA) reaction detects antibodies reactive with cell surface antigens by means of antiglobulin-coated indicator erythrocytes. We have developed a radioisotopic modification which employs sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) that have been prelabeled with technetium-99m (99mTc), a high specific activity metastable γ-emitter of short half life. The 99mTc MHA reaction was performed on human and murine cells cultured in Microtest II plates with six replicate wells per serum dilution. Antibody activity in species-specific xenoantisera and mono- and polyspecific alloantisera was detected in high titer. The sensitivity of 99mTc micro-mixed hemadsorption was 2 times that of the visual assessment of mixed hemadsorption, 100 to 200 times that of the 125I-mixed antiglobulin reaction and 500 to 1000 times more sensitive than indirect immunofluorescence. The assay system was applied successfully to confirm the species of origin of a panel of previously karyotyped human and mouse cell lines. Our results indicate that the 99mTc micro-mixed hemadsorption method is a rapid, sensitive, quantitative test for the detection of cell surface antigens and membrane reactive antibodies.
Receptor Sites for Antigen-Antibody Complexes on Cells Derived from Solid Tumors: Detection by Means of Antibody Sensitized Sheep Erythrocytes Labeled with Technetium-99m
Authors: Wood Gary W. , Gillespie G. Yancey , Barth Rolf F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Surface receptor sites for the Fc portion of antigen-antibody complexes were demonstrated on cells derived from three methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas, one of strain C3H and two of strain BALB/c origin, two spontaneously occurring malignant melanomas (B16 in strain C57BL/6 and Harding-Passey in strain BALB/c mice), a Moloney sarcoma virus-induced tumor of strain BALB/c origin and the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma of Holtzman rats. Primary cell cultures derived from these tumors adsorbed technetium-99m labeled, antibody-sensitized sheep erythrocytes (99mTc EA) as determined either by visual scoring of adherence or radioisotopic quantitation. Depending upon the tumor tested, from 20% to greater than 95% of the target cells absorbed 99mTc EA. All cells lost their reactivity after 1 or 2 passages in vitro, but this was regained after a single passage in vivo. Indicator erythrocytes coated with F(ab′)2 fragments of the sensitizing sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) antiserum did not adhere thereby demonstrating that the hemadsorption required an intact Fc portion of the antibody molecule. Adherence of 99mTc EA was blocked by soluble immune complexes prepared with ovalbumin and rabbit antibody directed against it and Escherichia coli 055:B5 lipopolysaccharide and mouse antibody directed against it. Normal rabbit or mouse serum, immune serum, or antigen alone did not block adherence of 99mTc EA thereby demonstrating that the receptors had greater affinity for immune complexes than for either antigen or antibody alone. The existence of membrane receptors on tumorderived cells which react with the Fc portion of antigen-antibody complexes may provide an explanation for the mechanism by which immune complexes are capable of blocking cell-mediated tumor cell destruction irrespective of whether the receptors are on the tumor cells themselves or on admixed lymphocytes and macrophages.
Immune Response to Liposomal Model Membranes: Restricted IgM and IgG Anti-Dinitrophenyl Antibodies Produced in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Uemura Kei-Ichi , Claflin J. Latham , Davie Joseph M. , Kinsky Stephen C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pigs were immunized with liposomal model membranes actively sensitized with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-aminocaproylphosphatidyl-ethanolamine. The immune response was characterized by the formation of both IgM and IgG anti-DNP plaque-forming cells (PFC) which paralleled the appearance of anti-DNP antibodies in the serum. Plaque inhibition by DNP-lysine indicated that the PFC produced after liposomal immunization fell in a much narrower range of avidity groups than the PFC obtained after immunization with DNP-albumin and, in this regard, resembled MOPC 315. The restricted nature of the serum IgG anti-DNP antibodies was confirmed by isoelectric focusing and revealed the expression of a limited number of clones in all cases.
Impaired Macrophage Function in Reiend Virus Leukemia: Restoration by Statolon
Authors: Levy Michael H. , Wheelock E. Frederick 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Phagocytic and migratory functions of peritoneal macrophages from Friend virus (FV) leukemic mice are significantly depressed as compared with normal controls. Leukemic macrophages exposed in vivo and in vitro to statolon, an extract of the mold Penicillium stoloniferum, shown previously to suppress FV erythroleukemia, regain normal function and release reduced amounts of FV. Statolon's in vivo restoration of leukemic macrophage function is paralleled by restoration of humoral immune competence. Statolon induces interferon in vitro but its effects on leukemic macrophages are probably direct, since restoration of macrophage function occurs at dosage levels far below those that induce interferon. These studies suggest that macrophages play an integral role in both the pathogenesis and the statolon-induced suppression of FV disease.
Partial Characterization of Leukocyte Inhibitory Factor by Concanavalin A-Stimulated Human Lymphocytes (LIFCon A)
Authors: Rocklin Ross E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) obtained from normal human lymphocytes stimulated by Concanavalin A was characterized by Sephadex gel filtration, disc electrophoresis, isopycnic centrifugation, enzymatic treatment and by immunoabsorbent studies. LIF activity was found after Sephadex G-100 gel filtration in a fraction containing molecules having the size of albumin (68,000 daltons). This is the same region where LIF activity derived from antigen stimulated lymphocytes has previously been found to elute. On disc gel electrophoresis at pH 9.1, peak LIF activity was eluted from the acrylamide gel fraction containing molecules that migrate with albumin. In isopycnic centrifugation studies, human LIF was shown to have a buoyant density similar to that of pure protein. Human LIF was inactivated by treatment with chymotrypsin but not by neuraminidase treatment. LIF activity could not be removed by incubating the material on columns containing Sepharose 6b coupled with anti-human serum albumin or anti-Fab. The characteristics of human LIF and migration inhibitory factor were compared.
IgG on Lymphocyte Surfaces; Technical Problems and the Significance of a Third Cell Population
Authors: Winchester R. J. , Fu S. M. , Hoffman T. , Kunkel H. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Direct immunofluorescence performed with the F(ab′)2 fragment of rabbit antibodies to IgG revealed that membrane bound IgG was only rarely found on the surface of small peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). In contrast whole antibodies to IgG used in fluorescence gave much higher levels of cells with IgG surface staining. This staining resulted from secondary IgG binding, in part due to the uptake of newly formed immune complexes. IgM-and IgD-bearing cells were brightly stained in relatively similar percentages by both the whole and F(ab′)2 forms of the class-specific antibodies; they constitute the principal membrane Ig of PBL.
Evidence was obtained indicating that a special population of cells with Fc receptors but lacking membrane Ig was primarily involved in the high IgG binding. This population also formed sheep erythrocyte rosettes when optimal conditions were utilized.
Antibody-Mediated Suppression of Grafted Lymphoma
Authors: Shin Hyun S. , Hayden Michael , Langley Stephen , Kaliss Nathan , Smith Mary Ruth 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Syngeneic or allogeneic mice pretreated with sublethal whole-body irradiation were rendered incapable of suppressing the growth of grafted tumor cells sensitized with alloantibody. The growth of sensitized tumor cells was suppressed when they were mixed with donor effector cells from mice syngeneic or allogeneic to the recipients and then were inoculated in irradiated recipients. Three donor-host combinations were used to study the suppression of the murine lymphoma 6C3HED indigenous to C3H mice. These were C3H donor cells in C3H recipients, C57BL/6 donor cells in C3H recipients, or C57BL/6 donor cells in C57BL/6 recipients. In all three combinations, macrophages obtained from an inflammatory exudate, exudate lymphocytes not bearing θ antigen, and platelets were, in descending order of effectiveness, consistently active in restoring antibody-mediated suppression of tumor growth in irradiated hosts. Prior irradiation of the transferred lymphocytes somewhat diminished their effectiveness. Freeze-thawed or heat-killed macrophages (but not freeze-thawed platelets or lymphocytes) were effective in restoration. Peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes and splenic lymphoid cells were not active in the recipients syngeneic to the donor cells but were active in recipients allogeneic to the donor cells. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes isolated from peripheral blood or an inflammatory exudate were not active. Intact thymic function seems unimportant since antibody-mediated suppression took place as effectively in thymectomized mice as in normal controls.
Studies on the Control of Antibody Synthesis
Authors: Kim Young Tai , Greenbaum Donald , Davis Paul , Fink Steven A. , Werblin Theodore P. , Siskind Gregory W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of boosting on antibody affinity was studied in a haptenic system. Generally, boosting results in the prompt synthesis of high affinity anti-hapten antibody. However, repeated boosting frequently leads to a decrease in the amount and affinity of the serum antibody. Repeated boosting with hapten on a carrier different from that used for priming selectively stimulates synthesis of the highest affinity anti-hapten antibody and does not result in a decrease in affinity. Priming with soluble antigen without adjuvants results in the synthesis of low affinity antibody. After such priming, boosting stimulates low affinity antibody synthesis and repeated boosting leads to a moderate increase in antibody affinity.
The Allogeneic Effect: M-Locus Differences Substitute for Differences in the H-2 Major Histocompatibility Complex
Authors: Röllinghoff Martin , Wagner Hermann 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The primary immune response against sheep red blood cells in T cell-deficient spleen cell cultures from nude mice was tested in the absence and presence of allogeneic spleen cells. The allogeneic spleen cells differed either in regard to the major histocompatibility complex (H-2) or only with respect to the M-locus. Surprisingly the M-locus different spleen cells were almost as efficient in enhancing the anti-sheep red blood cell response in nude cultures as were the cells differing on the complete H-2 complex. Evidence is presented that AKR anti-θ serum sensitive T cells are responsible for the M-locus-dependent effect described. This effect is shown to be mediated by a factor released from actived T cells stimulated in M-locus different mixed lymphocyte cultures. Since almost identical parameters have been observed both in the M-locus-dependent situation as in the “classical” allogeneic situation we concluded that an allogeneic effect can be induced by T cells responding to a complete set of the major histocompatibility complex (H-2) as well as to lymphocyte-activating determinants (M-locus) alone.
Transplantable Immunoglobulin-Secreting Tumors in Rats
Authors: Querinjean Pierre , Bazin Hervé , Kehoe J. Michael , Capra J. Donald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Most of the spontaneous ileocecal immunocytomas of LOU/C/Wsl strain rats secrete large amounts of monoclonal immunoglobulins. Amino acid sequence studies were undertaken on the heavy chains of 13 of these proteins and on pooled heavy chains from LOU rats to define the structural variability in the amino terminal region of the rat heavy chain. Characteristic VHIII sequences were found in both the myeloma proteins and the heavy chains from the pool. The data confirm previous conclusions concerning the rat VHIII subgroup that had been derived from studies of pooled heavy chains from Sprague-Dawley rats. In particular phylogenetically associated residues, identical to those previously determined in the Sprague-Dawley pool, were found in the LOU/C/Wsl rat myeloma proteins.
There were two unexpected findings: 1) hypervariability at position 16 of the rat VHIII myelomas as contrasted with more than 90% glycine in the pool, and 2) a striking homology of one rat myeloma heavy chain with the variable region of the MOPC 315 mouse α-chain.
The findings show that the rat myeloma system provides useful proteins for sequence analysis but indicate that some sequence pattern differences can be detected between the myeloma proteins and pooled immunoglobulins from this species.