bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
D-Day and the Battle of Normandy
Authors: Rowe M. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The plan of Operation Overlord and the events of D-Day itself are outlined. Two official reports singled out the remarkable accuracy of Intelligence supplied by Austin’s section [TIS] as one of the primary factors in D-Day’s success. Four aspects of the assault where TIS’s information played a crucial role are examined, but the bulk of the chapter looks at some of the few places where TIS’s Intelligence was incorrect: the Merville, Crisbecq, and Pointe du Hoc batteries, and, most importantly, Omaha beach. The grinding battle of Normandy and the eventual American breakout are described. Austin remained in England for most of this period, and the chapter examines his experience of V1 strikes, and his section’s move first to Portsmouth, and then to Granville, France.
Arnhem and the Ardennes
Authors: Rowe M. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Battle of Normandy was immediately followed by two important campaigns—the airborne assault on Arnhem and the German Ardennes Offensive—and this chapter looks at the role of Austin’s section in both. It argues that the Allied defeat at Arnhem was the result of faulty operational planning rather than faulty Intelligence, but that the German’s initial success in the Ardennes Offensive was partly a result of inaccurate Intelligence, including that collected, analysed, and disseminated by Austin’s section in SHAEF. An important unpublished interview with Austin’s deputy—F. A. ‘John’ Petito—is brought in evidence. The chapter also traces Austin’s movements from Granville to Versailles, and describes his reunion with Renée Mothe in Paris.
The Post-War Scene
Authors: Rowe M. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The chapter initially describes the political and cultural climate in Britain in the years immediately following the war—particularly the effects of the 1945 Labour victory and more severe rationing—before turning to consider the war’s long-term effects on the dons, graduates, and undergraduates in the Oxford philosophy sub-faculty. The impact of Ryle’s The Concept of Mind, his pre-eminent position in British philosophy, and his role in establishing the Oxford B.Phil. degree are explored. Austin’s domestic arrangements and return to teaching, together with the impression he created on some of his pupils, are then discussed. The chapter closes by examining the end of Austin’s relationship with Renée, and the death of his mother.
‘Other Minds’ and Ordinary Language
Authors: Rowe M. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter concentrates on Austin’s important paper, ‘Other Minds’, read to a symposium at Manchester in 1946. The discussion focuses on two topics: the convincingness of his account of when and where intelligible knowledge claims can be made and questioned; and his novel account of how ‘I know’ differs from ‘I believe’. The second half of the chapter discusses how Austin’s paper emerged from the cultural Zeitgeist, and also from the novel view of thought and language proposed in Wittgenstein’s Blue Book. The final pages discuss Austin’s early presentations of his ideas on performative utterances, and Wittgenstein’s tense visit to the Jowett Society in 1947.
Ordinary Language Philosophy
Authors: Rowe M. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The chapter opens with a discussion of how the war affected Austin’s approach to philosophy, and how this contrasted with the war’s effects on other Oxford philosophers. The topic then switches to Austin’s belief that looking at ordinary language can show us something about reality, and his own attempts to justify this belief. The revolutionary aspects of ordinary language methods are then discussed, as are the areas of philosophy these procedures brought into prominence, and those they pushed into the background. The chapter ends by examining whether Austin thought—whatever he said—that the analysis of ordinary language was the be-all and end-all of philosophy, and, if not, what other approaches he thought legitimate.
The Oral and the Written
Authors: Rowe M. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The chapter examines Austin’s famous Saturday morning seminars for young tutors, and discusses their personnel, venues, organisation, topics, and point. Particular attention is paid to why they were so effective in spreading Austin’s influence, and how they differed from Wittgenstein’s Cambridge seminars. But Austin’s written work brought him to even wider attention, and the second half of the chapter looks at how he crafted a very individual written style which accurately conveyed his own distinctive personality, impressed itself on his reader’s consciousness, and – like his oral discussions – divided his audience into insiders and outsiders. The discussion focuses on his use of irony and allusion, and situates him in a line of late-C19th and early-C20th comic writing.
White’s Professor
Authors: Rowe M. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The chapter opens with Austin’s application for the White’s Professorship of Moral Philosophy and considers the electoral board, the other candidates, and, in particular, Ryle’s references for John Wisdom and Austin. The topic then switches to Austin’s standing and reputation in Oxford. Three subjects are considered in detail: his reputation as a lecturer, and graduate and undergraduate tutor; his administrative roles in the University, Oxford University Press, and the philosophy sub-faculty; and the fearsome reputation he established amongst his colleagues. The chapter ends by arguing that Austin was one kind of man in private with insiders (his family, friends, pupils, and sympathetic junior colleagues), and another in any circumstances with outsiders (unsympathetic juniors, and those of equivalent or senior academic status).
Domestic Life and the Americans
Authors: Rowe M. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The first third of the chapter discusses Austin’s family life and his relationships with his wife and children. The central third examines the nature of Austin’s personality and the reasons why he seemed to behave so differently according to whom he was with and the circumstances of the meeting. The last third of the chapter shows that Austin formed some of his closest academic relationships with visiting American graduate students, and considers the increasing two-way traffic between Oxford and American philosophy departments. Most attention is paid to Quine’s year in Oxford (1953–4) as the visiting Eastman Professor. The differences in personality and philosophical outlook between Quine and Austin are discussed in detail.
Harvard and Speech-Acts
Authors: Rowe M. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about the semester Austin spent at Harvard in the first half of 1955. It considers the members of the philosophy department, and then describes the impact of Austin’s personality and outlook, and what exactly was found so fresh and liberating in his approach. It is argued that the impact of America on Austin was less philosophical than social and cultural, and that, removed from the competitiveness and class-consciousness of Oxford, he seemed much more approachable and relaxed. The second half of the chapter outlines the theory espoused in his ‘How to Do Things with Words’ lectures, discussing the reasons for their diminishing audience, but also for their overall intellectual significance.
Abilities and Excuses
Authors: Rowe M. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter opens with a discussion of America’s long-term influence on Austin, and the increased flow of American philosophers into Oxford. In particular, it looks at Austin’s influence on Susan Sontag and her important essay, ‘Notes on “Camp”’. This is then followed by a discussion of whether Austin’s philosophical outlook could be described as conservative. The bulk of the chapter, however, is given over to considering the importance of two of Austin’s major papers: ‘Ifs and Cans’, and ‘A Plea for Excuses’, both from 1956. The influence of Austin on Herbert Hart and Paul Grice is then discussed, and whether Grice’s views on conversational implicature undermine some of Austin’s central doctrines.
Royaumont and Anscombe
Authors: Rowe M. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The chapter begins by considering the post-war divide that had begun to develop between analytic and Continental philosophy, and the 1958 Royaumont Conference in France intended to bring the two parties closer together. The contributions by Ryle and Austin are discussed, but most attention is paid to Austin’s remarks about his philosophical method’s relation to science, and his view of Continental philosophy. The conference was not generally considered a success. The second half of the chapter is devoted to Oxford views of Wittgenstein and his followers, especially Austin’s relationship with Anscombe. Their debate about pretending is examined in detail.
Ayer, Scandinavia, and the Gellner Controversy
Authors: Rowe M. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The chapter opens with the controversy surrounding Ayer’s appointment to the Wykeham Chair of Logic in early 1959, and the reasons why Ayer’s appointment was unwelcome to Austin. The focus then shifts to the declining appeal of Austin’s philosophical outlook and Ordinary Language Philosophy in general. Older philosophers like Strawson and Hampshire began to strike out in new directions, and younger philosophers like Bernard Williams found Austin’s outlook confining. In September and early October 1959, Austin went on a short lecture tour of Scandinavia, and a month later a dispute in the letter columns of The Times—prompted by the publication of Gellner’s Words and Things—showed the level of irritation Ordinary Language Philosophy could generate.
Conclusion
Authors: Kuehn David , Croissant Aurel 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The final chapter summarizes the findings and discusses their implications for the academic study and political practice of reforming civil–military relations in new democracies. First, the chapter concludes that the more central a decision-making area is for the working of democracy, the more negative is the impact of weak civilian control on the survival and quality of democracy. Second, the more central a decision-making area is for the military’s key interests, the more difficult it is to institutionalize civilian control. Third, changes in civil–military relations in new democracies are driven by civilians who need to act prudently, systematically making use of the strategic resources at their disposal to institutionalize civilian control. These findings have a number of implications for domestic and international reformers. Civilians should adopt a gradualist approach to civil–military reforms that favors coalition building, recognizes the legitimate interests of the military, and concentrates first on ensuring the military’s acceptance of democracy and keeping the military out of the political processes of elite selection and policymaking before attempting to expand their authority into the matters of defense and military policy. External democracy promoters should recognize the crucial importance of civil–military relations for democratic stability and quality and should support domestic civilians in their attempts at institutionalizing civilian control. They, in particular, should emphasize the benefits of a gradual approach towards the restructuring of civil–military relations, and offer training and resources to strengthen civil society and build up effective civilian expertise in defense ministries and parliamentary committees.
Introduction
Authors: de Grazia Margreta 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This is a book that reflects on our attachment to the biography of Shakespeare by looking at the two centuries when Shakespeare had none. From 1600 to 1800, the constituents of biography were not yet available: no chronology to hold the narrative together, no archive of documents on which to base the narrative, no identification of the Sonnets as Shakespeare’s first person writing. Each of the book’s four chapters focuses on one of those critical absences in order to discover what was there instead: not a continuous narrative but episodic anecdotes, not chronological development but classification by genre, not authentic documents but received records, not autobiographical sonnets but verses which survived in manuscript and print without the biographical trappings of authorship.
Shakespeare without a Life (1564–1616)
Authors: de Grazia Margreta 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The 1623 Folio, the first major gathering of Shakespeare’s plays, was prefaced not with an account of his life but with elegies on his death. When in 1709 a Life was first printed at the threshold of his plays, it contained discrete anecdotes or “traditionary tales” which would be largely invalidated by later scholars. Yet these anecdotes, singly or in numbers, give a strong impression of Shakespeare’s character. Repeatedly they catch Shakespeare in an act of transgression, breaking the laws of the land or overstepping the bounds of civility. While no support for such offensive behavior emerges from the historical record, there is copious confirmation elsewhere: in early criticism of Shakespeare’s “extravagant” and “unruly” writing. Are the anecdotes, then, a form of literary biography?
Shakespeare’s Lifeline
Authors: de Grazia Margreta 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
No chronology for Shakespeare’s plays was attempted until the late eighteenth century and it was not standard to publish or discuss the plays in that order until the mid-twentieth century. Once put in the order in which Shakespeare was thought to have written them, his plays could be integrated with his lifetime on a developing chronological continuum. Prior to that, the presiding dramatic category had been genre, even if the plays were found intractable to its discriminations. Eighteenth-century editions introduce refinements and alternatives to the Folio’s tripartite generic division, but never with respect to the chronology of their composition, that is, to when in Shakespeare’s life the plays were written.
Shakespeare’s Archive
Authors: de Grazia Margreta 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter concerns the exhaustive search at the end of the eighteenth century for unmediated materials in Shakespeare’s own hand: for autograph manuscripts, correspondence, even Shakespeare’s pocket notebook. Intervening generations are castigated for their failure to preserve and transmit what even scholars imagine as a physical repository of some kind. The fantasized chest never materializes, only a few signatures and the forgeries based on them. But earlier modes of record-keeping existed, that neither prioritized primary materials nor mistrusted mediation, as can be seen in Gerard Langbaine’s alphabetized inventory of plays, An Account of the English Dramatick Poets (1691) and John Aubrey’s quirky manuscript collection of lives, now known as Brief Lives (c. 1676–92).
The Historical and Physical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steve 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Following the path by which humanity learned quantum mechanics can lead to an improved understanding of the theory and the origins of its perceived limitations. Our goal is to retrace the development by investigating primary sources, including original published papers and letters, with attention to their timing and influence. Quantum mechanics began in 1900 with the introduction of Planck’s constant, which lead to the “old” quantum theory and Bohr’s model of the atom. With the introduction of matter waves in 1924, a second more intense period began. By 1928 the complete fundamental structure of quantum mechanics was established with the introduction of the Schrödinger equation, the proof of its equivalence to Heisenberg’s matrix mechanics, and the introduction of the relativistic Dirac equation. The theory retains the same essential form today, fueling the technological revolution that began in the last century. We culminate with an introduction to quantum information and computing. This completely new physical scientific paradigm was developed largely in Germany during a period of enormous social, economic, and political upheaval—in a hostile intellectual environment—that parallels the overturning of classical physics. It is striking that all the problems debated today were immediately recognized by the founders of the theory and instructive to see how they dealt with the various issues. We emphasize the centrality of the often neglected second quantization form of the theory for questions of interpretation and give a detailed examination of von Neumann’s widely misunderstood hidden variable theorem.
Properties of the quantum world: indeterminacy, interference, superposition, entanglement
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we review several experimental results which demonstrate so-called “quantum weirdness.” These results have shaped the development of, and the present form of, the quantum theory. We introduce the question of wave-particle duality. The importance of the Bohm-Aharonov effect for the consistency of the theory is emphasized. The relation between quantum mechanics and precision measurements is discussed. Quantum theory, despite the central role of uncertainty, allows measurements of with classically impossible precision.
The origin of quantum theory in the crisis of classical physics
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
With the failure of classical physics to explain the experimentally observed black body radiation spectrum, the photoelectric effect and the existence of narrow spectral lines in the light emitted by excited atoms, physicists were forced to reach out for new ideas. Following Planck’s initial “drastic hypothesis” of light “quanta”, Einstein led the way in exploring some of the myriad implications of this idea. In particular, the study of fluctuations led to a new understanding of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with atoms. Einstein invented the photon by showing, through fluctuation studies, that light emitted by atoms must be in the form of plane waves. These ideas led to the first notions regarding the quantization of matter and its dynamics.
Further steps to quantum mechanics: the old quantum mechanics of Bohr and Sommerfeld
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
We review the Bohr atomic model, where certain conditions (quantum conditions) were used to select certain “allowed” circular orbits for the electrons in an atom. Sommerfeld realized that a more generalized condition, applied to the action variables, would be consistent with the Bohr condition and also allow elliptical orbits. This condition amounted to the quantization of the phase space occupied by an orbit. This had independently been suggested by Planck. We also discuss the similarities between classical mechanics and the geometric optics limit of a wave theory.
Schrödinger and the development of wave mechanics
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
While, as Feynman said, nobody can really understand the origin of the Schrödinger equation, we investigate several lines of thought leading to such an equation. We show some simple applications of the equation. An important application was Schrödinger’s solution for the hydrogen atom. This provided a theoretical basis for Bohr’s ad hoc model. We conclude with Schrödinger’s demonstration of the equivalence of his wave mechanics with Heisenberg’s matrix mechanics.
Quantum statistics and the origin of wave mechanics
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Planck’s original introduction of the quantum idea was based on a statistical mechanical treatment of black body radiation. S. Bose, a physicist working in India, found a new way of deriving Planck’s law. Einstein applied Bose’s method to a gas of massive particles. This led to the prediction of a new physical effect (Bose-Einstein condensation). With the introduction of the exclusion principle by Pauli, Fermi, and Dirac independently introduced a new kind of statistics. Considerations by Einstein and Schrödinger introduced a preliminary form of second quantization.
Dirac and Jordan commit “sin squared”: second quantization and the beginning of quantum field theory
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
We continue the discussion of the abstract transformation theory which led to the development of second quantization. Jordan had already suggested (in the foundational papers on matrix mechanics by Heisenberg, Born, and himself) that the electromagnetic field should be represented by a matrix, i.e., quantized. Dirac eventually took up this idea and proposed quantizing the field by treating the field as an operator. Jordan (with others) showed how the same technique could be applied to Bosons and then Fermions. This established the roots of quantum field theory. It also cleared up some of the interpretational issues of the time.
Von Neumann’s mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics: redux
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Von Neumann’s book, The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, is reviewed in its entirety. The absence of the Dirac delta function in von Neumann’s treatment of quantum mechanics is understood from the historical perspective. Basically, the delta function was not on a firm mathematical foundation at the time. Von Neumann introduced the concept of the density matrix and we discuss its application to his proof of “no hidden parameters (variables)” in quantum mechanics. His proof is often maligned as being incorrect. Von Neumann showed that the existence of hidden parameters would require a reworking of the entire structure of quantum mechanics.
Einstein and Schrödinger renew the assault on quantum mechanics
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
“EINSTEIN ATTACKS QUANTUM MECHANICS” stated the headline in the New York Times, much to the chagrin of Einstein. He deplored Podolsky’s release of the Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen (EPR) paradox paper to the general public prior to its scientific review. We see how Einstein’s ideas developed both before and after the EPR paper, in which the formulation did not exactly please him. We follow the reactions of the physics community to EPR. EPR eventually led to Bell’s inequalities, meant to challenge the current form of quantum theory. Instead, it led to the experimental confirmation of its most enigmatic effect—the entanglement of two spatially separated particles.
Further development of the interpretation of quantum theory
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
After the excellent agreement between the theory and experimental observations was established, many workers, partly in response to EPR, returned to consider the physical meaning of the theory. Several workers, e.g., London and Bauer, Wigner, and von Neumann, believed conscious observers played a key role. The failure to observe superposition states at the macroscopic level meant that superpositions had to be destroyed (collapse) at some level. This was called the Heisenberg or von Neumann cut and played a role in the interpretation. In more modern times David Bohm resuscitated de Broglie’s pilot wave theory and Hugh Everett proposed the “many worlds interpretation.” Other modern interpretation attempts include the theory of decoherence, promoted by Zurek, and spontaneous collapse theories. These discussions should be conducted in the framework of second quantization, the most refined form of the theory, which provides a solution to the 3N dimensional problem and insights into wave-particle duality.