bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Virtual Sample Generation and Screening in Process
Parameter Optimization of Botanical Medicinal Materials
Authors: Guan Yalin , Chen Juan , Dong Cuiying 
Published: January 2023

Background:
The small sample problem widely exists in the fields of the chemical in-dustry, chemistry, biology, medicine, and food industry. It has been a problem in process modeling and system optimization. The aim of this study is to focus on the problems of small sample size in modeling, the process parameters in the ultrasonic extraction of botanical medicinal materials can be obtained by optimizing the extraction rate model. However, difficulty in data acquisition results in problem of small sample size in modeling, which eventually reduces the accuracy of modeling prediction.

Methods:
A virtual sample generation method based on full factorial design (FFD) is proposed to solve the problem ofa small sample size. The experiments are first conducted according to the Box-Behnken design (BBD) to obtain small-size samples, and the response surface function is establis-hed accordingly. Then, virtual sample inputs are obtained by the FFD, and the corresponding virtual sample outputs are calculated by the response surface function. Furthermore, a screening method of virtual samples is proposed based on an extreme learning machine (ELM). The connection weights of ELM are used for further optimization and screening of the generated virtual samples.

Result:
The results show that virtual sample data can effectively expand the sample size. The preci-sion of the model trained on semi-synthetic samples (small-size experimental simples and virtual samples) is higher than the model trained merely on small-size experimental samples.

Conclusion:
The virtual sample generation and screening methods proposed in this paper can effec-tively solve the modeling problem of small samples. The reliable process parameters can be ob-tained by optimizing the model trained by the semi-synthetic samples.
Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Anti-asthma Drugs in Pharmaceutical
and Biological Fluids: A Review
Authors: Kanchi Suvardhan , Chokkareddy Rajasekhar , Kilele Joan Chepkoech , Redhi Gan G. 
Published: January 2023

Background:
Worldwide, the prescriptions for asthma drugs are on the rise. However, antiasthma
drugs have side effects and can lead to fatal death at higher doses. Quite often, these drugs are
abused as growth promoters in poultry/livestock as well as by athletes to enhance their performance. Consequently,
it is vital to design uncomplicated, portable, rapid and highly sensitive means of detecting these
anti-asthma drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and other sample matrices. This review highlights the
use of electrochemical sensors as alternative methods to conventional analytical techniques for detecting
anti-asthma drugs in pharmaceuticals and biological fluids.

Methods:
Literature covering diverse detection methods for anti-asthma drugs were reviewed to provide
background information in this area of research. Next, the literature survey focused primarily on the
emergence of the nanotechnology platform, including the strengths and weaknesses of this approach.
Finally, a perspective on the future direction of this method was summarized.

Results:
Electrochemical sensors offer several advantages over conventional methods, which require long
and tedious extraction, pre-concentration and clean up steps. Moreover, electrochemical sensor techniques
are less expensive, easy to operate and avoid the need for harmful reagents known to generate a huge
amount of non-environmental friendly chemicals.

Conclusion:
Nanotechnology-based electrochemical sensors represent a promising platform for analysing
anti-asthma drugs in pharmaceuticals and biological fluids given their beneficial effects such as low cost,
use of less health hazardous materials, and compatibility with environmental health.
HIV/AIDS Curability Study, Different Approaches and Drug Combination
Authors: Lu Da-Yong , Lu Ting-Ren 
Published: January 2023

Aim:
HIV infection is currently an incurable disease characterized by life-long drug utility.
Its incurable causality and mechanism are still unknown to us.

Methods:
To overcome this therapeutic setback, some breakthroughs should be made by utilizing different
approaches. How to plan some experimental and clinical novelty for HIV curability is a modern
challenge. In this article, new ideas and approaches for global HIV/AIDS therapeutic strategies are
proposed and represented by scientific insights.

Results:
Pharmaceutical characteristics, herbal medicine, novel drug targets, cutting-edge biotherapy,
drug combination, animal modalities, and immune-stimuli for HIV latency, as well as clearance, are
highlighted.

Discussion:
To elucidate our understanding of curative treatment for HIV/AIDS, many new pathological
discoveries, expansion, technical advances, and potential drug targets are constructed. After the
discovery of novel pathogenesis and therapeutic evolution, HIV/AIDS therapeutic curability may become
achievable and a reality.

Conclusion:
Transformation from animal model investigation to widespread therapies for larger volume
of human population is a necessity in modern medicine. In this infectious treatment scenario, major
breakthroughs in medicine and drug development are anticipated.
Apropiarse del derecho: movilización indígena y reforma agraria en el resguardo de Guambía
Authors: Ospina Díaz Diana Carolina 
Published: January 2023

Durante mi investigación doctoral en el resguardo de Guambía, escuché cuantiosas veces misak y no misak hablar de la importancia de las luchas indígenas por la recuperación de tierras de resguardo entre 1970-1980. Estas luchas hicieron posible la ampliación del resguardo de Guambía y la formación de una organización indígena capaz de sentarse a negociar los derechos de los indígenas con el Gobierno nacional. En este artículo analizo las condiciones que permitieron el éxito de esta movilización social, que abarcan tanto la dimensión de la organización política, como el contexto socioeconómico de las tierras en conflicto y el contexto legal a nivel nacional.
The future of Neonatal Lung Ultrasound: validation of an Artificial Intelligence model for interpreting lung scans. A multicentre prospective diagnostic study.
Authors: Sbordone Annamaria , Perri Alessandro , Patti Maria Letizia , Nobile Stefano , Tirone Chiara , Giordano Lucia , Tana Milena , D'Andrea Vito , Priolo Francesca , Serrao Francesca , Riccardi Riccardo , Prontera Giorgia , Lenkowicz Jacopo , Boldrini Luca , Vento Giovanni 
Published: January 2023

Background Artificial intelligence (AI) is a promising field in
the neonatal field. We focused on lung ultrasound (LUS), a
useful tool for the neonatologist. Our aim was to train a neural network
to create a model able to interpret LUS. Methods Our
multicentric, prospective study included newborns with gestational age
(GA) ≥ 33+0 weeks with early tachypnea/dyspnea/oxygen requirements. For
each baby, three LUS were performed: within 3 hours of life (T0), at
4–6 hours of life (T1) and in the absence of respiratory support (T2).
Each scan was processed to extract ROI used to train a neural network to
classify it according to the LUS score. We assessed sensitivity,
specificity, positive and negative predictive value of the AI model’s
scores in predicting the need for respiratory assistance with nasal
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (nCPAP) and for surfactant, compared
to the “classical” scores. Results We enrolled 62 newborns
(GA=36±2 weeks). In the prediction of the need for CPAP, we found a
cut-off of 6 (at T0) and 5 (at T1) for both the classical nLUS and AI
score. In the prediction of surfactant therapy we found a cut-off of 9
for both scores at T0, at T1 the nLUS cut-off was 6, while the AI’s one
was 5. Classification accuracy was good both at the image and classes
level. Conclusions This is, to our knowledge, the first attempt
to use an AI model to interpret early neonatal LUS and can be extremely
useful for neonatologist in the clinical setting.
Exothermic and endothermic reaction characteristics and operation methods of integrated combustion-reforming reactors
Authors: Chen Junjie 
Published: January 2023

Catalytic reactors for carrying out endothermic or exothermic reactions
are of great importance in the particular examples being reactors for
the endothermic steam reforming of methanol and reactors for the
exothermic catalytic combustion reaction. The present study aims to
provide a fundamental understanding of the exothermic and endothermic
reaction characteristics and operation methods of integrated
combustion-reforming reactors. Particular emphasis is placed upon the
simultaneous implementation of the endothermic steam reforming and the
heat-supplying exothermic catalytic combustion such that the thermal
stability of the reaction system is increased. The effect of catalyst
layer thickness on the reaction characteristics is investigated in order
to understand how to design and operate such reactors with high
efficiency. The results indicate that unique jet design features can be
implemented in order to suppress homogeneous combustion and promote
heterogeneous catalytic combustion on the channel wall. Diffusion within
these small pores in the catalyst layers is typically Knudsen in nature
for gas phase systems, whereby the molecules collide with the walls of
the pores more frequently than with other gas phase molecules. The
composition in the combustion chamber is reacted to produce sufficient
heat to sustain the micro-combustion process without energy input. The
combustion and reforming processes can be stably and efficiently
operated at lower temperatures, without the need for energy input to
sustain or even to start the combustion process. Since a palladium
component is alloyed with the zinc, generation of carbon monoxide due to
the methanol decomposition reaction is suppressed. Direct heating is of
considerable advantage as it largely overcomes the problems encountered
with reaction rates being limited by the rate of heat transfer through
the tube wall especially near the reformer entrance. The conventional
methods are suitable for large scale hydrogen gas production, but they
are not adequate for middle to small scale hydrogen gas production. As
the channel dimension nears the quench diameter or drops below, the
contribution of the unwanted gas phase homogeneous combustion reaction
is reduced.
Keywords: Catalytic reactors; Reaction characteristics; Heat
exchange; Carbon monoxide; Partial oxidation; Thermal stability
Design considerations for vapor phase heterogeneous reaction processes in methanol steam reformers
Authors: Chen Junjie 
Published: January 2023

There are significant problems with current methanol steam reformer
approaches as applied to vapor phase heterogeneous catalysis. There
remains a need for further development in methanol steam reformer
processes and systems. The present study aims to provide an improved
reactor system and process for the carrying out of vapor phase
heterogeneous reactions. The effect of temperature on the methanol mole
fraction and effective factor is investigated for a microchannel
methanol steam reformer with different shapes of the cross section of
the process microchannel. Particular emphasis is placed upon the heat
and mass characteristics involved in vapor phase heterogeneous reaction
processes in methanol steam reformers. The results indicate that the
steam reforming catalyst is adapted to produce a reformate stream from
the feed stream, which is delivered to the reforming region at an
elevated temperature and pressure. The fuel stream tends to vary in
composition and type depending upon the mechanisms used to produce heat.
Methanol is a particularly well-suited carbon-containing feedstock for
steam reforming reactions. Methanol steam reforming typically takes
place at a lower temperature than when other carbon-containing
feedstocks are reformed. A methanol steam reforming catalyst is
additionally or alternatively not pyrophoric. A benefit of a low
temperature shift catalyst is that the reforming catalyst beds do not
need to be shielded or otherwise isolated from contact with air to
prevent spontaneous oxidation of the catalyst. Improving heat flux from
tubular reactor outer environment to inner environment is a critical
step to increase reactor efficiency. Smaller diameter catalytic reactors
can offer several advantages of improving heat transfer from external
heat source to reaction mixture in the tube, enhancing tube life-time by
reducing thermal gradients, reducing metal material use, and being
applicable for compact steam reformer systems.
Keywords: Heterogeneous catalysis; Vapor phases; Reaction
processes; Diffusion coefficients; Heat fluxes; Support structures
Optimization of albuminuria lowering treatment in diabetes by cross-over rotation to four different drug classes – a randomized cross-over trial
Authors: Curovic Viktor Rotbain , Jongs Niels , Kroonen Marjolein Y.A.M. , Zobel Emilie H. , Hansen Tine Willum , Sen Taha , Laverman Gozewijn D. , Kooy Adriaan , Persson Frederik , Rossing Peter , Heerspink Hiddo J.L. 
Published: January 2023

<p> </p>
<p><strong>Introduction</strong>: Renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) inhibitors decrease urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (UACR) but are ineffective in up to 40% of patients. We hypothesized that rotation through different drug class overcomes RAS inhibitor resistance and tested this in a randomized cross-over trial.</p>
<p><strong>Research_Design_and_Methods</strong>: We assigned 26 adults with type 1 diabetes and 37 with type 2 diabetes and UACR ≥30 and ≤500mg/g to 4-week treatment periods with telmisartan 80mg, empagliflozin 10mg, linagliptin 5mg, and baricitinib 2mg in random order, separated by 4-week wash-out periods. Participants were then re-exposed for 4-weeks to the drug that induced this individual’s largest UACR reduction. Primary outcome was the difference in UACR response to the best performing drug during the confirmation period versus UACR response to the other three drugs.</p>
<p><strong>Results</strong>: There was substantial variation in the best performing drug: telmisartan was best performing in 33 (52%) participants, empagliflozin and linagliptin in 11 (17%), and baricitinib in 8 (13%) participants. The individuals’ best performing drug changed UACR from baseline during the first and confirmatory exposure by -39.6% (95%CI -44.8, -33.8, p<0.001) and </p>
<p>-22.4% (95%CI -29.7, -12.5, p<0.001) respectively; Pearson correlation first vs. confirmatory exposure 0.39 (p=0.017). The mean change in UACR with the other three drugs was +1.6% (95%CI -4.3%, 8.0%, p=0.593 vs baseline; difference versus individuals’ best performing drug at confirmation 30.9% [95%CI 18.0, 45.3,_p<0.001]). </p>
<p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: We demonstrated a large and reproducible variation in participants’ response to different UACR lowering drug classes. These data support systematic rotation through different drug classes to overcome therapy resistance to RAS inhibition.</p>
Metal reactivity is present in dogs with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and total hip replacement implants
Authors: Filliquist Barbro , McKay Rachel , Marcellin-Little Denis J. , Irvin Justine J. , Garcia Tanya C. , Vernau William , Chou Po-Yen , Kapatkin Amy S. , Vapniarsky Natalia 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
Determine whether dogs with well-functioning orthopedic metal implants can develop metal reactivity.

SAMPLE
Client-owned dogs that had tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) or total hip replacement (THR) implants for 12 months or more and control dogs with no implants.

PROCEDURES
Lymphocyte transformation testing was performed by exposing peripheral blood lymphocytes to nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), or a combination of these metals. Lymphocyte proliferation was assessed with flow cytometry. Lymphocyte stimulation indexes (SIs) were calculated. A SI > 2 was considered reactive. Median SIs of dogs in response to metal exposure were compared statistically.

RESULTS
Samples from 10 dogs with TPLO, 12 dogs with THR, and 7 control dogs were analyzed. Six dogs out of 22 with metal implants had a reactive SI to 1 or more metals, while 2 of 7 control dogs had a SI > 2 when exposed to nickel only. When all metals were considered, no differences in metal reactivity were found between TPLO, THR, and control groups.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Metal reactivity is present in dogs and can be identified using lymphocyte transformation testing. Reactivity to Ni is present in dogs with and without metal implants. Reactivity to Co and Cr occurs in some dogs with metal implants.
Multidose misoprostol pharmacokinetics and its effect on the fecal microbiome in healthy, adult horses
Authors: Pfeifle Rachel L. , Ericsson Aaron C. , McCoy Annette M. , Boothe Dawn M. , Wooldridge Anne A. , Groover Erin S. , Sierra-Rodriguez Tamara , Lascola Kara M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To compare the pharmacokinetics between repeated doses and to characterize changes in the fecal microbiome after oral and rectal multidose misoprostol administration.

ANIMALS
6 healthy university-owned geldings.

PROCEDURES
In a randomized, crossover study, misoprostol (5 μg/kg) was administered orally or rectally every 8 hours for 10 doses, or not administered (control), with a 21-day washout between treatments. Concentration-versus-time data for dose 1 and dose 10 were subject to noncompartmental analysis. For microbiota analysis using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, manure was collected 7 days before study onset, immediately before dose 1, and 6 hours, 7 days, and 14 days after dose 10, with time-matched points in controls.

RESULTS
Repeated dosing-related differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were not detected for either administration route. The area under the concentration-versus-time curve was greater (P < .04) after oral versus rectal administration. The relative bioavailability of rectal administration was 4 to 86% of that of oral administration. Microbial composition, richness, and β-diversity differed among subjects (P < .001 all) while only composition differed between treatments (P ≤ .01). Richness was decreased 6 hours after dose 10 and at the control-matched time point (P = .0109) in all subjects. No other differences for time points, treatments, or their interactions were observed.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Differences in systemic exposure were associated with the route of administration but were not detected after repeated administration of misoprostol. Differences in microbiota parameters were primarily associated with interindividual variation and management rather than misoprostol administration.
HIPOKRISI PARLEMEN DALAM FORMULASI TINDAK PIDANA POLITIK UANG PADA PEMILIHAN KEPALA DAERAH
Authors: Fathurokhman Ferry 
Published: January 2023

This research reveals a hypothesis that there is vested interest on regulating law in the house of representative regarding Law No. 1/2015 article 73 in term of money politics which is conducted by regional head candidate and analyze legal efforts that can be done to cope such issue. Although the law has been revised for three times, lastly by Law No.6/2020, yet regulation record that the house of representative persists ‘to protect’ its interest on regional head election is traceable. This research shows an understanding to society and stakeholders especially in the field of general election regarding lawmaking which deviates from penal policy theory. This research focuses on how legislation design on formulating Article 73 of Law No.1/2015 so it becomes non-exectubale norm? Theory of Postmodern Criminology is utilized to divulge political agenda of Article 73 of Law No.1/2015. This research is a research regarding a norm which relies heavily on secondary data. The result of the research proves that there is a consistent effort from the parliament ‘to secure’ legislation process so article 73 cannot be implemented. Parliament intentionally and systematically has made article 73, particularly that related to money politic which may lead to disqualification, hard to be enforced.
مصارف الصدقات في كتاب الذخيرة للقرافي (ت 684 هـ / 1285 م)
Authors: Abdul Janabi Muhammad Ibrahim , Hussain Najm Abd Alwan 
Published: January 2023

الحمد لله رب العالمين والصلاة والسلام على نبينا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين...وبعد:
فقد بدأ الإمام القرافي كلامه ببيان مشروعية مصارف الصدقات بقوله: وأعلم أن مصارف العشر والزكاة هو ما يتلى في كتاب الله عز وجل الذين تضمنتهم آية الصدقات في قوله تعالى ﭽ ﮠ ﮡ ﮢ ﮣ ﮤ ﮥ ﮦ ﮧ ﮨ ﮩ ﮪ ﮫ ﮬ ﮭ ﮮ ﮯ ﮰﮱ ﯓ ﯔ ﯕﯖ ﯗ ﯘ ﯙ ﯚﭼ (التوبة: 60) ([i]).
وتضمن البحث مطلبين الأول مصارف الصدقات، والمطلب الثاني أصناف الزكاة، وقد تطرقنا الى آراء العلماء بصرف الزكاة إلى صنف أو اكثر. وبينا ما يشترط في العامل، من حيث الحرية فلا يستعمل عليها عبد. كذلك العدالة حيث تشمل شرط العدالة المكلف بجبايتها. وأن يكون مسلماً، هذا ما تضمنه البحث الحالي
تنقل العواصم الملكية في العراق القديم حتى سنة 539 قبل الميلاد
Authors: Othman Mahmood Faris 
Published: January 2023

شكل ظهور الحياة المدنية في العراق القديم في بدايات الالفية الثالثة قبل الميلاد فاتحة حقبة جديدة في حضارة العراق القديم كانت لها سماتها الخاصة بها قياساً الى الفترة التي سبقتها ، وتركت تأثيراً كبيراً في سير التاريخ والحضارة فيه . اهمها ظهور المدينة والخصائص المرتبطة بها بعد أن كان الانسان حديث عهد الحياة القرية البسيطة في كل معالمها .كما ترك هذا التحول تأثيراً كبيراً في حياة العراقيين القدماء عندما اصبح لبعض المدن دوراً كبيراً في الحياة السياسية والعامة في العراق القديم عندما اضحت تلك المدن مراكزاً للحكم ولإدارة شؤون البلاد ، لتمسي تلك المدن من اولى العواصم الملكية في تاريخ العالم القديم بشكل عام وتاريخ العراق القديم بشكل خاص ، متنقلاً هذا الدور من الجنوب الى الشمال وبالعكس .
وكان اختيار مواقع العواصم الملكية سواء التي كانت مأهولة بالسكان حين الانتقال اليها او التي اسست كاملة ثم تم الانتقال اليها بعد ذلك خاضعاً لعدة اعتبارات منها اقتصادية ، كأن يكون موقع العاصمة في منطقة سهلية خصبة ، او لاعتبارات خدمية مثل اختيار موقع العاصمة على ضفة النهر السهلي عملية تزويدها بالمياه فضلاً عن سهولة التنقل منها واليها بوساطة وسائل النقل النهرية الرخيصة الكلفة، وقد تميزت حركة تنقل العواصم الملكية في العراق القديم بتنقلها من الجنوب الى الشمال متابعة في ذلك حركة تنقل مراكز الحكم في بلاد الرافدين التي أسست باديء ذي بدء في جنوب العراق ثم بدأت بوصلة اتجاهها بالتحرك نحو الشمال وبشكل تدريجي
علماء اذربيجان وصلاتهم الثقافية مع المشرق من الفتح الإسلامي وحتى القرن السابع الهجري
Authors: Juma Hafez Abdul Aziz 
Published: January 2023

يندرج عنوان هذا البحث ضمن إطار التواصل الحضاري بين علماء أذربيجان والمشرق الاسلامي من الفتح الإسلامي لاذربيجان وحتى القرن السابع الهجري . كان لابد من إلقاء نظرة على تاريخ العلاقات الأذربيجانية ومدن المشرق العلمية والتي أثبتت أن الاذربيجانيين كانوا يرتحلون لنشر علمهم في مدن المشرق ويأخذون من مدارسها أنواع العلوم فقد كانت بلاد اذربيجان محط أنظار المشرق لوجود اكابر العلماء الذين تخرجوا منها ومن ثمة التطرق إلى دورهم في الحركة الفكرية من خلال التعرض إلى العلوم والفنون الوافدة معهم، ثم تتبع المؤلفات لهؤلاء الجهابذه والمؤلفات سواء مؤلفاتهم الشخصية أو مؤلفات غيرهم من أهل القوقاز و مدن المشرق و البحث في المؤثرات الثقافية الوافدة مع هؤلاء العلماء الداخلين بلاد اذربيجان.
موقف دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي من البرنامج النووي الايراني 1991-2016م (دراسة تاريخية).
Authors: Al-Jumaili Nagham Akram Abdullah 
Published: January 2023

شهدت منطقة الشرق الاوسط سباقا للتسلح النووي بين دول عدة ، وكل دولة من هذه الدول بررت تطوير برامجها النووية بحسب اهدافها الخاصة وما تمر به من ظروف داخلية وخارجية ، فمثلا ايران فقد بررت قيامها بتطوير برامجها النووية هو لأغراض سلمية وحاجتها للطاقة المتجددة في دعم اقتصادها ، فيما رات الولايات المتحدة الامريكية ودول مجلس التعاون الخليجي ان ايران تقوم ببرامج سرية لغرض الحصول على السلاح النووي كي يهيئ لها توازنا اقليميا ودوليا ، دفع كل ذلك دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي اتباع خطوات عدة للوقوف بوجه هذه البرامج النووية اولها استثمار تحالفها مع الولايات المتحدة ودفعها لملاحقة ايران في المحافل الدولية ومحاصرتها اقتصاديا لغرض ايقاف العمل بهذه البرامج ، وسعت الى دعم برامج نووية في دول اخرى لاسيما باكستان التي اطلقت على قنبلتها القنبلة الاسلامية لتحظى بالدعم الاسلامي في مواجهة البرنامج النووي الاسرائيلي – الهندي ، ومحاولة دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي تطوير برامج نووية ووضع خطط على المدى البعيد من اجل المحافظة على امنها بوجه التحديات التي تواجهها .