bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Up for Grabs in Anatolia
Authors: Meyer James H. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 recounts Nâzım and Vâlâ’s activities in Ankara and Bolu in the spring and summer of 1921. Its earliest sections focus primarily upon broader developments occurring in the region. These include the efforts of ex-Young Turk officials to resurrect their political careers after the Ottoman Empire’s defeat; the Congress of Peoples of the East that was held in Baku, Azerbaijan; and Mustafa Suphi’s ill-fated return to Anatolia. The chapter then focuses more closely upon Nâzım and Vâlâ’s activities, discussing their experiences in Ankara, the months they spent in Bolu working as teachers for the Ankara government, and their subsequent decision to leave Bolu for Tbilisi, Georgia.
Closing Doors
Authors: Meyer James H. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 discusses events in Turkey and the USSR during the years 1934–38. It begins with an examination of the Soviet–Turkish frontier in the 1930s, the tightening of which coincided with the emergence of increasingly violent regimes in both states. Nâzım was released from prison in 1934, and soon after returned to his pugnacious public persona. In Moscow, meanwhile, İsmail Bilen was consolidating his power over Turkish communists in the USSR during an era of purges. The chapter then turns to a discussion of Nâzım’s writing in the mid-1930s, which marked the last of his last legal publications to appear in Turkey during his lifetime. Comparing Nâzım’s career with that of another Futurist by the name of Ercümend Behzad (Lav), this chapter concludes with an examination of the nature of literary fame in early republican Turkey.
Descending into Darkness
Authors: Meyer James H. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 discusses Nâzım Hikmet’s life between 1938 and 1948. In 1938, Nâzım was arrested on charges of inciting mutiny in the army and navy, trumped up claims which nevertheless resulted in a prison sentence of twenty-eight years and four months. During the early years of this term, Nâzım believed that he would be released soon. As time passed, however, and it became clear that his sentence would not soon be commuted, Nâzım began to focus more upon survival for himself and Piraye, taking on menial jobs as a means of supporting his family. Other sections of this chapter take place in Moscow, and trace İsmail Bilen’s career in the Soviet capital. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Nâzım’s writing during these years, including his initial work on Human Landscapes from My Country, which would later go on to be considered his masterpiece.
In Stalin’s USSR
Authors: Meyer James H. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 11 looks at Nâzım’s early months and years in the USSR and Eastern Bloc, up until Stalin’s death in March 1953. It begins with a discussion of the twelve days Nâzım spent in Romania while he awaited a decision from Moscow regarding his future. This chapter then examines Nâzım’s early days in the Soviet capital, looking specifically at his relationship with İsmail Bilen, an old friend dating back to their days at KUTV. Subsequent sections discuss Nâzım’s involvement in the International Youth Festival in East Berlin, his undertaking of a mission to Bulgaria, and the unearthing in Moscow of old party files denouncing Nâzım as a “Trotskyite.” The chapter concludes with a discussion of Nâzım’s new writing in the Soviet Union during the last years of Stalin.
In Quest of Female Power in the Medieval Near East
Authors: Simonsohn Uriel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The introduction offers the reader the principal theoretical premises of the book. It begins by drawing attention to the possibilities and pitfalls entailed in working with religion as a frame of analysis, noting its employment in this book for marking communal affiliations or as a social ordering category. Another central frame of inquiry in this book is kinship, specifically kinship ties among members of different religious affiliations. These rendered the family a space of intersecting convictions and sentiments and facilitated a cultural hybridity that bore noteworthy consequences for matters pertaining to identity formation, faith, social hierarchies, and normative arrangements. Within these arrangements, women were able to exercise an agency that derived from their positions within the limitations of patriarchal authority. The choice to focus on women has been motivated by the relatively unexplored perspective of female agency in the context of Muslim–non-Muslim ties in general, and kinship ties in particular. In order to appreciate instances in which women displayed relative power we are called upon to identify some of the main restrictions that were imposed on them. These cast light on the normative order in which women operated, thus allowing for an assessment of their ability to maneuver within that order. At the same time, we are rightly reminded that for the most part our informants are male, specifically male authors, who were often guided by a gender bias that should be carefully looked out for. The introduction concludes with an overview of the main literary genres from which the book draws for its analysis, namely biographical narratives and legal discourse, noting their utility, yet at the same time, limitations.
The Paradox of Female Religious Power
Authors: Simonsohn Uriel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The principal arguments resulting from this book rest on the perception of the family as a social space in which women held considerable capital. Mothers were seen as the source of life and as holding a key role during the formative stages of their children; wives were assigned managerial responsibilities in the household and moral agency vis-à-vis their husbands; a daughter required her father and brother’s guardianship; and siblings remained in a life-long bond of mutual commitments. These relationships were for the most part reciprocal and consequently rendered a woman’s position active, in contrast to her place in the public sphere. The fact that women were at the center of kinship and communal tensions is discerned through the elaborate treatment they receive in legal regulations and edifying narratives. An acknowledgment of the complexity of female agency, its resilience, and its adaptation to changing circumstances within the constraints of patriarchal conventions and religious ideals, is pertinent to an inquiry into the place of women in moments of religious change. Through it we may learn to appreciate the often silent, yet highly decisive, role of these women in the religious transformations that informed the Near East and adjacent lands in the centuries following their takeover by Islam.
The Literary Process and the Social Imaginary
Authors: Raveendran PP 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter critically examines the evolution of twentieth-century Malayalam poetry as providing a prototype for the history of modern Indian literature. The chapter indicates that the successive stages of nationalist-progressive writing, modernist writing, and postmodernist writing, which are stereotypically represented as following one after the other in literary history are to be viewed in fact as expressions of contests and contradictions within the social imaginary surrounding the Indian bhasha imagination. Further, critical terms imported from overseas literary cultures will often fail to reflect the ‘true’ spirit of bhasha cultures, which demonstrate vast heterogeneities in terms of trends, forms, and structures of response. There is an imaginative surplus in serious bhasha writing which standard literary histories fail to recapture. The chapter illustrates this argument with the help of examples from the literary historical statements made by Malayalam critics and historians of literature, such as P. Sankaran Nambiar, Joseph Mundasseri, M. Leelavathy, K.P. Appan, Ayyappa Paniker, and O.N.V. Kurup.
Translation and Literary History
Authors: Raveendran PP 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The principles underlying translation in Indian literary history are debated in this chapter, which also charts the epistemological connection between modernity and translation. Although translation is understood today as a matter concerning the transmission of truth across cultures, it is unlikely that it had any such connotation in pre-modern India. The idea of literature in pre-colonial times, one might suggest, was broad enough to encompass the practice of translation which was considered a legitimate form of re-writing. It is this fact that accounts for the large presence of re-written literature in Indian bhasha writing of the past. For bhasha writing, even the idea of an ‘original’ text seems to have been far-fetched. The chapter examines how the rewriting of an earlier text with little regard for fidelity to the original in Indian literary traditions gives way in the period of modernity to the idea of a stable truth that gets carried across cultures in translation. This is examined in detail with reference to the works of the Niranam poets and Ezhuthachan and other Malayalam writers of the medieval times on the one hand and the early novels and prenovelistic narratives of the nineteenth century on the other.
Decolonizing Translation
Authors: Raveendran PP 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter continues the examination of the epistemological connection between modernity and translation proposed in the previous chapter. Translation practice in the twentieth century, at a time when the translator begins to recognize the social power of translation, is the focus of attention here. Three major Malayalam writers form the pivot of the analysis: Kesari Balakrishna Pillai, Nalapat Narayana Menon, and Changampuzha Krishna Pillai. Their writings, especially their translations from European languages, created the impression that through their choice of non-British writing they were also expressing their discomfort with the colonial cultural domination. In the context of the perception that the early Indian novels and prose translations arguably were translating western modernity for the colonized, the work of these writers appeared to promise a magnificent role for translation, which is to lead individual bhashas towards an expansion of the universe of literary experience. The decolonizing effect demonstrated by the specimens of twentieth-century translation from non-English languages into Malayalam examined in the chapter can only be explained in terms of such an expansion of experience.
The Bilingual Everyday in Bhasha Literature
Authors: Raveendran PP 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chapter examines the element of bilingualism in relation to Indian literatures as they attempt to articulate questions concerning the everyday. The chapter has a special focus on Indian English literature, as it is with reference to this branch of Indian writing that bilingualism is often raised as a point of debate. The chapter also deals with the schism in modernity, as crucial to the debate carried out here is the identification of a maimed language that is directly connected to English’s emotional aloofness from Indian bhashas. The argument in the chapter is illustrated with the help of two specimens of Indian writing: Mulk Raj Anand’s social realist novel, Untouchable, and Vaikom Muhammad Basheer’s short story on the everyday, ‘Janmadinam’.
Rajelakshmy
Authors: Raveendran PP 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter about the Malayalam fiction writer Rajelakshmy, whose creative life lasted only for about 10 years spread over the decades of the 1950s–1960s, seeks to unravel her position as a sober representative of the tradition of women’s writing that was slowly emerging in Malayalam literature in that decade. Rajelakshmy’s writings, which consist of twelve short stories, two completed novels, and the fragment of a third novel, are important both for their value as literary artifacts and for the way each of them lays bare the working of women’s minds and women’s subjectivity at a time when the public sphere in Kerala was far from contemplating any serious restructuring of society’s gender relations.
Epilogue
Authors: Raveendran PP 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Under the Bhasha Gaze, in the previous chapters, charted the trajectory of Indian literatures after the country came into contact with European colonialism, and discussed the regional strengths of the bhasha imagination that has been wedded to a uniquely constituted indigenous variant of modernity. If the general argument in the book described secularism, multilingualism, internationalism, and respect for the Other characterizing the polyphonic literary mind in India as major components of Indian modernity, the political and cultural situation in India today, anchored as it is on parochialism, irrationalism, hypernationalism, and a mistrust of the Other can only be described as posing a serious threat to the continuance of modernity in India. The chapter discusses issues related to the crisis in Indian modernity in the context of the re-emergence of bhasha nationalism.
Ben Jonson Joins the University
Authors: Blank Daniel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the motivations for and the significance of Ben Jonson’s bid to become a part of university culture. Although he lacked a university degree, Jonson’s bid was successful: he spent time in residence at Christ Church, Oxford, and received honorary degrees from both Oxford and Cambridge. The chapter attributes Jonson’s academic aspirations to his disapproval of the public stage and his belief that the university dramatic tradition shared his classical priorities. The chapter begins with a discussion of Jonson’s conflicts with his fellow commercial playwrights John Marston and Thomas Dekker, and subsequently with the Oxford-educated poet and playwright Samuel Daniel. These conflicts provide context for Jonson’s desire to join the university community. The chapter then explores how Jonson’s Volpone, the printed text of which was dedicated to Oxford and Cambridge, engages with university drama and the controversy surrounding it. The chapter’s final section suggests that the university stage Jonson encountered at Oxford was much more like the public stage than he had realized. Jonson’s university connections, this chapter argues, illuminate not only the convergence between university drama and the commercial stage, but also between the universities and the world beyond their walls.
Herrick’s Players and Prayers
Authors: Hokama Rhema 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 3, I further my exploration of the porous relationship between religious and erotic devotional culture through a reading of Robert Herrick’s Hesperides and His Noble Numbers. While past readers of Herrick have portrayed him as a royalist poet and have interpreted his lyrics as purveyors of a conservative Caroline orthodoxy, I argue that recent scholarship on the redating of Herrick’s lyric output compels us to recognize Herrick as a poet of the 1610s and 1620s—rather than one of the 1640s. Herrick’s vision of erotic devotion is illuminated by topoi from the English theaters as well as a distinctly reformist experiential devotional practice—in particular, the practical divinity popularized by the cleric Joseph Hall. In doing so, my goal is to elevate the inherently materialist and embodied nature of Herrick’s devotional expression, in his love poems to his girlfriends and to his ultimate erotic interest: Christ.
Greville’s Iconoclastic Desire
Authors: Hokama Rhema 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
For much of the twentieth century, the scholarly tradition has described Greville narrowly—as orthodox in both his theology and his poetics, and of interest only in his capacity as a satellite figure within Sidney’s orbit. This reputation is one for which Greville himself was partly responsible, due to his understated self-presentation in The Life of Sir Philip Sidney, his biography of his friend. However, Greville’s self-deprecation was more guise than reality, and his self-fashioning gave him license both to reimagine the boundaries of Reformed devotional culture and to critique aspects of Sidney’s poetics. In Chapter 5, I argue that Greville’s treatment of lost Paradise in his lyric sequence Caelica provided ways for him to describe precarious devotion—to girlfriends, to the young man Cupid, to God, and to his friend Sidney.
Introduction
Authors: Raven James 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The opening chapter describes the extraordinary historical and geographical range of the contributions to the history of books. The first and most critical question is to ponder what we mean by a book. Perhaps we think this is obvious: a book has words, a cover, and a spine, and might carry images, and we instinctively think that it will be printed. But the fourteen essays of this volume challenge traditional understanding of what a book is. Recent digital innovations encourage us to think beyond the codex, the form mostly associated in the West with a book, but as this introductory chapter makes clear, books, defined as graphic, legible, transportable, and replicable, have ranged from cuneiform tablets to digital tablets, of a succession and a simultaneity of forms, of scrolls and codices, of Inca quipus, Chinese and East Asian bamboo books and woodblock printing and xylography, Buddhist thanka scrolls, Javanese, Balinese, and Singhalese leaf books, and Dakota buffalo hides, and many more forms besides. Above all, we live today with a diversity of book forms capable of very different textual composition, handling, encounter, and reading experience. Historically, comparisons range across different technologies, from clay imprinting to different scribal practises to the encoding of printed, electronic, telegraphic, and then digital data. In all cases, the use and reading of books results from very different motivations and leads to very different consequences, both predicted and unintended.
The Ancient World
Authors: Robson Eleanor 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter tracks the diverse creative and practical solutions to the need to store, transport, and retrieve written knowledge and information in antiquity. Every literate society of antiquity supported a class of professional scribes who were not obviously economically productive. All saw value in books and the bookish for managing assets and debts, preserving knowledge and culture, communicating with the divine and the spiritual, and creating imaginative worlds far beyond the everyday. Books served universally to transport community memory through time and space and did so in a multiplicity of physical forms. From East Asia to the Middle East, the Mediterranean world, and in the Americas, most books were formatted as rolled or folded sheets. Scrolls and codices are extensible in ways that Mesopotamian clay tablets were not, while offering legibility through colour contrast between text and surface that neither tablets nor Andean khipus provided. Choices of material, whether plant fibres (papyrus, hemp, and tree barks especially) animal hair and skin, or mineral clays and terracottas, invariably emerged from already well-established manufacturing technologies. Soot was the universal default base for ink the world over, chosen for its easy availability, intensity of colour, and erasability when needed. Mineral-based pigments, whether for colour or durability, always came second. The exact material manifestation of the book depended on a balance of factors: cost, portability, robustness, durability, reusability, prestige, and sanctity, among many others. All of these choices had sound economic and cultural bases, and the paper codex has been but one possible outcome.
Renaissance and Reformation
Authors: Raven James , Proot Joran 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Opening with the famous, rediscovered description of the ‘marvellous man’ who introduced printing by moveable type to Europe in the mid-fifteenth century, this chapter surveys the development of that printing over two centuries, centuries in which the activities of the printing press contributed critically to fundamental religious, scientific, political, and cultural transformation. Detail is given of the block book and relief printing and of the variety of contributions to further new processes including type design, woodcuts and intaglio, composition and print runs, of the relationship between image and text, of the consequences of new replicability, and developing trade and market practises. Much printing was jobbing work, much of which is disproportionately lost to us because of its ephemerality, while the burdensome costs of paper, labour, and press required the management of risk and resulted in book editions of modest numbers of copies. Printed books, however, from vernacular Bibles and prayer books, to scientific treatises and popular chapbooks, varied hugely in size and quality. Total production figures are difficult to assess, but the geographical spread of printing and print distribution, including to European colonies, can be traced with some accuracy, allowing a social penetration of print which while limited by literacy and the high price of most printed books, promoted intellectual revolutions and transformative reading practises. A further measure of the effectiveness of printing was the responses of political and religious authorities, varying from state to state and denomination to denomination, but all determined to exercise censorship and new controls over publication.
Enlightenment and Revolution
Authors: Freedman Jeffrey 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys the development and consequences of European and North American printing and publishing from the early eighteenth century until the mechanization of printing starting in the 1820s. Although the technologies of book making changed little, the economic organization and political and legal framework of the book trade underwent fundamental transformation, as did relations between authors and readers. An increasingly capitalist market, characterized by cut-throat competition and widespread piracy, led to the enactment of the first modern copyright laws. The market as a whole expanded, with new print genres, and notably the newspaper and the novel, gaining in popularity. Readers developed intensely emotional and intimate connections both to the characters depicted in novels and to their authors, prompting conservative critics to worry about the malign effects of ‘reading addiction’—especially on women. By contrast, for leaders of the French Revolution print appeared as an agent of political and social liberation. Freed from censorship and restrictive guild regulations, printing in revolutionary France expanded to meet a voracious demand for news and opinion, now dominated by political journals and short topical works. In the wake of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, a sharp distinction emerged between popular print genres, including the periodical press which came under close surveillance from the conservative Restoration regimes, and books which were generally exempt from censorship and protected by copyright. In post-Revolutionary Europe a veritable culture of the book took shape, organized around the figure of the author and supported by the power of the state.