bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Melioidosis: Pathogenesis and Immunity in Mice and Hamsters
Authors: Dannenberg Arthur M. , Scott Eva M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The resistance of mice and hamsters to the establishment of respiratory melioidosis by virulent Pseudomonas pseudomallei, strain 103–67, was increased 4- to 17-fold by subcutaneous (or respiratory) vaccination with certain live avirulent strains of this organism. Such vaccination had only a small effect on the resistance of mice to the progress of this disease once it was established, and even less effect in hamsters. The index of resistance to the establishment of respiratory melioidosis was the number of inhaled bacteria required to generate a single primary lesion. The indices of resistance to the progress of respiratory melioidosis were the rate of growth of bacteria in the tissues, their spread from their primary site, the pathologic character of the lesions, and the survival time of the host. The interrelationship of resistance to the establishment and resistance to the progress of infectious diseases, as well as their relative independence, is discussed with respect to both the native and acquired immunity of the host. No significant difference was found between the number of early primary microscopic lesions and the number of subsequent, grossly visible lesions formed in mice following the inhalation of this virulent strain of P. pseudomallei. Cultural data were also consistent with the concept that the bacteria either were destroyed or inhibited soon after their inhalation, or produced continuously progressive lesions. This type of respiratory melioidosis in mice seems, therefore, to be an all-or-none disease; that of hamsters appears similar. The most virulent strains of this micro-organism that affect man may also cause a disease of this character.
Studies on Antibacterial Factors in Mammalian Tissues and Fluids
Authors: Myrvik Quentin N. , Leake Eva Soto 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The bactericidal system for B. subtilis occurring in rabbit and human sera has been characterized further by demonstrating that two nondialyzable components participate in this system. Component I from rabbit has been purified approximately 90-fold. Component I from rabbit will form a full bactericidal system with component II from human serum. Component II activity was demonstrated in guinea pig, sheep and dog sera. Lysozyme has been excluded as a participant in this system.
Phosphate Metabolism of Spleen Cells in Antibody Formation
Authors: Dutton Richard W. , Dutton Anne H. , George Mariam , Marston Robert Q. , Vaughan John H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The phosphate metabolism of spleen cell preparations has been measured by the uptake of P32 phosphate into acid soluble, fat soluble, ribonucleic acid and desoxyribonucleic acid phosphate fractions. Spleen cell preparations making antibody in vitro, after anamnestic in vivo stimulation with alum precipitated Ea, showed markedly raised uptake into all fractions, compared with nonantibody forming cells. The significance of these findings is discussed.
A Study of the Mechanism of the Anticomplementary Activity of γ-Globulin
Authors: Marcus Donald M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Human γ-globulin causes a marked decrease in the C′1 and C′4 activity of guinea pig complement. This anticomplementary activity is enhanced by heating the γ-globulin at 56–60°C or by adsorbing it to bentonite. The inactivation of C′4 in serum occurs only in the presence of C′1. Following incubation with a source of C′1, a suspension of bentonite with adsorbed γ-globulin is capable of inactivating C′4 in serum fractions lacking C′1. This ability is abolished by the treatment of the suspension with diisopropyl-fluorophosphate. It is suggested that the reaction of γ-globulin with complement is similar to the first steps of complement fixation by an antigen-antibody complex.
Some Kinetic Aspects of the Combination of Antigen and Antibody in Vivo
Authors: Pruzansky Jacob J. , Feinberg Samuel M. , Harris Mildred 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Passively sensitized guinea pigs challenged intravenously with sublethal amounts of antigen are protected against subsequent lethal challenge. Desensitization is not instantaneous but proceeds at a rate which is directly related to the quantity of antigen injected. In the production of anaphylaxis, excess antigen may be required to develop an adequate rate of diffusion of antigen into the shock organ.
Immunochemical Studies on Cross-Reactions of Antipneumococcal Sera
Authors: Goodman Joel W. , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A variety of dextrans cross-react with Types IX and XII antipneumococcal sera and, to the extent of their cross-reactivity, remove the same fraction of anti-SIX or anti-SXII. Dextrans with high proportions of 1,6 linkages cross-react poorly with anti-SIX whereas some dextrans with high proportions of 1,3-like linkages precipitate the largest quantitites of antibody N and three dextrans with high proportions of 1,2 linkages precipitate about two-thirds of this cross-reacting antibody. Inhibition studies of the cross-reaction of anti-SIX with a dextran with 38% 1,2 linkages and 12% 1,4 linkages (B1299-S-3) show that a trisaccharide, 4-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-3-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-d-glucopyranose (T2), was the best inhibitor tested; maltose, kojibiose and nigerose were the best disaccharide inhibitors of this cross-reaction, all three being poorer than T2 and about equal to one another. Inhibition studies of the cross-reaction of anti-SIX with a dextran with a high proportion of 1,3-like linkages (B1355-S-4) show that nigerose is a much more effective inhibitor than either maltose or kojibiose and as good, on a molar basis, as either T2 or 3-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-4-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-d-glucopyranose, indicating a heterogeneity in the specificity of the anti-SIX involved in the cross-reactions.
Dextrans with high proportions of 1,2 linkages precipitate the most antibody N from anti-SXII whereas dextrans with high proportions of 1,6 linkages precipitate the least and kojibiose was found to be the best inhibitor of the cross-reaction of anti-SXII with a dextran with a high proportion of 1,2 linkages (B1299-S-3). Trehalose was almost as effective as kojibiose in inhibiting the cross-reaction of anti-SXII with B1355-S-4 (no 1,2 linkages), also indicating heterogeneity in the specificity of the cross-reacting fraction of anti-SXII. The results of the dextran-anti SXII cross-reaction closely parallel findings in the reaction of dextran with human antidextran of specificity involving the 1,2 linkage.
The data are discussed in relation to the information provided concerning the structural units on SIX and SXII involved in the cross-reactions. N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid may be involved in the specificity of the cross-reacting fraction of anti-SIX and N-acetylglucosamine may be involved in the specificity of the cross-reacting fraction of anti-SXII.
Transfer of Delayed Hypersensitivity to Coccidioidin in Man
Authors: Rapaport F. T. , Lawrence H. S. , Millar J. W. , Pappagianis D. , Smith C. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Generalized delayed sensitivity to coccidioidin can be transferred in human subjects with DNase-treated leukocyte extracts obtained from sensitive donors. This has been accomplished in 23 out of 27 consecutive attempts with leukocyte extracts obtained from moderately to markedly sensitive donors, and in 5 out of 8 consecutive attempts with leukocytes obtained from minimally to moderately sensitive donors. Attempts to transfer coccidioidin sensitivity with leukocyte extracts obtained from a negative donor were unsuccessful in 8 out of 9 consecutive trials. Sensitivity to coccidioidin after transfer may persist up to 15 months, in the absence of exposure to Coccidioides immitis or repeated skin testing. The results of transfer of coccidioidin sensitivity by this means generally parallel those obtained in man following the transfer of bacterial hypersensitivity using extracts of specifically sensitive donor leukocytes.
The Electrophoretic Behavior of Circulating Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Weigle William O. , Deichmiller Maria P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Circulating I*BSA-anti-BSA complexes can be detected in the sera of rabbits during an immune response to I*BSA by measuring the globulin (antibody) bound I* activity by either precipitation with ammonium sulfate or electrophoretic analysis. The I* activity associated with globulin represented I*BSA bound to anti-BSA, rather than an I* contaminant bound to its homologous antibody. The level of I*BSA-anti-BSA complexes in the sera was greater when observed with precipitation by ammonium sulfate than when observed with electrophoresis.
As a result of the iodination procedure, small amounts of I*BSA preparations were altered in their electrophoretic behavior but not in their ability to be precipitated by anti-BSA. The larger part of this altered material was cleared from the sera, by the second day, following injection into rabbits. During the initial formation of circulating antibody, the portions of the I*BSA which migrated with globulin upon electrophoresis, appeared in the γ-, β- and α-fractions.
Delayed Hypersensitivity and the Anamnestic Response
Authors: Salvin S. B. , Smith R. F. , Nishio Jane , Chitwood L. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Delayed hypersensitivity developed in the absence of detectable antibody in guinea pigs injected in the footpads with either 0.1 Lf diphtheria toxoid or 0.5 μg egg albumin in physiologic saline. A secondary injection of specific antigen into animals with delayed hypersensitivity but no circulating antibody produced an anamnestic response. The anamnestic response, as determined by the length of the induction period, was at its peak about the time delayed hypersensitivity was at a maximum. Injection of only 0.0001 Lf induced slight, questionable delayed hypersensitivity, and a slight anamnestic response after a secondary injection of toxoid. Total body irradiation with 200 r 18 hr before either primary or secondary sensitization did not inhibit the anamnestic response.
Studies on Antibody Formation. Effects of X-Irradiation on Adaptation for the Secondary Response of Rabbits to Bovine γ-Globulin
Authors: Porter Richard J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The effects of whole-body x-radiation of rabbits on the adaptation for a secondary antibody response have been studied under various conditions. X-ray in a dose of 550 r 24 hr before a first injection of bovine γ-globulin prevented both adaptation and antibody formation, as measured by hemagglutination of coated tanned erythrocytes. X-ray during the latent period between the first and second injections destroyed or markedly depressed adaptation. However, when x-radiation in this period was followed 24 hr later by an injection of antigen, adaptation for a later “secondary” response was either preserved or re-established.
These results are interpreted to mean that during a secondary response at least part of the adaptation for subsequent “secondary” responses arises from the interaction of antigen with an adapted system. This suggests that the individual cells which produce antibody may later become adapted for a secondary response.
Extraction and Counting of Vaccinia Virus Particles from Calf Lymph Vaccine
Authors: Sharp D. Gordon 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Calf lymph vaccine, as prepared for smallpox vaccination, contains so much foreign matter that its virus content cannot be counted by the direct sedimentation methods. Extraction of the virus with fluorocarbon is described. In the miniature extraction apparatus, quantities as small as a few milligrams of vaccine are sufficient to yield enough virus for ready recognition and counting in the electron microscope. The method is applicable also to small bits of tissue whose virus particle content must be counted.
Two lots of calf lymph vaccine have been studied. Their virus particle counts were 1.2 and 7.1 × 1010/ml. Both had met the minimum potency requirements of the National Institutes of Health.
Interference between Polyoma and Vesicular Stomatitis Viruses in Tissue Culture
Authors: Deinhardt Friedrich , Henle Gertrude 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Following infection with polyoma virus cultures of mouse embryo cells acquire resistance to the virus of vesicular stomatitis just before or at the time hemagglutinins become detectable but well in advance of cytopathic effects. Propagation of the challenge virus may be completely prevented but the polyoma virus is not affected by the superinfection. Interference with VSV is established in from 2 days to more than 10 days depending upon the dose of polyoma virus initially inoculated.
Inhibition of Complement Fixation by Rabbit Serum
Authors: Adler Frank L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The fixation of guinea pig complement by aggregates of rabbit antibody against ovalbumin and ovalbumin is impeded by normal rabbit serum. The inhibitory effect of rabbit serum is a function of the γ-globulin fraction. Prolonged storage in the cold, or heating at 56–65°C for 1 hr or less have no significant effect on this activity of rabbit serum or its γ-globulin; exposure to 85°C results in the loss of activity within 30 min. The inhibitor can be removed from serum by absorption with bentonite, celite or Zymosan, or by “decomplementation” with large doses of specific precipitate. Preliminary kinetic studies show that the inhibitor retards the rate of complement fixation and that its action can be overcome, in part or entirely, by suitable extension of the incubation period.
The mode of action of the inhibitor has been discussed in terms of two hypotheses, namely: a) the possibility that the inhibitor combines with the antigen-antibody aggregates in a manner which blocks fixation of complement, or b) that it combines reversibly with complement.
Blood Clearance of P32-Labeled Vesicular Stomatitis and Newcastle Disease Viruses by the Reticuloendothelial System in Mice
Authors: Brunner K. T. , Hurez D. , McCluskey R. T. , Benacerraf B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were grown with P32-containing media. P32-labeled VSV was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and differential centrifugation, and NDV by the adsorption-elution technique with erythrocytes. Both virus preparations were shown to be cleared from the blood by the reticuloendothelial cells of the liver when injected intravenously. In the case of NDV, it was observed that previous blockade with Thorotrast slowed the rate of clearance of the virus, whereas treatment with specific antiserum increased the rate of clearance significantly.
Effects of γ-Rays on the Serologic Properties of Ovalbumin
Authors: Leone Charles A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Lyophilized ovalbumin was irradiated by means of γ-rays over a wide range of dosages. From measurements of the displacement of the precipitin curve of irradiated ovalbumins from the position of the curve for native ovalbumin the loss of activity due to primary ionizations was determined. The loss of activity was exponentially related to radiation dosage and yielded a G value of 0.88. The ionizing mechanisms of γ-rays cause serologic changes similar to those reported by other workers for larger ionizing particles.
The Inhibition of Labeled Antigen Precipitation as a Measure of Serum γ-Globulin
Authors: Weiler Robert J. , Hofstra Diana , Szentivanyi Andor , Blaisdell Richard , Talmage David W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By comparing the amount of inhibition of precipitation produced by human serum in a rabbit antihuman globulin-labeled γ-globulin system with the amount of inhibition produced in the same system by a known amount of purified γ-globulin, human serum levels of γ-globulin can be determined precisely. When this method was applied to eluates obtained from conventional starch fractionation, only those proteins which migrated electrophoretically as γ-globulins exerted a significant inhibitory effect.
A Cytopathogenic Effect of Influenza Virus (PR-8 Strain) for Mouse Fibroblastic (L) Cells In Vitro
Authors: Smith David H. , Morgan Herbert R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A lytic action of influenza A virus (PR-8) for L cells in vitro has been demonstrated which occurs only with large amounts of infectious virus. This action of the virus involves attachment, penetration, and a limited form of viral replication which results in the production of relatively large amounts of viral hemagglutinin but very small quantities of infectious virus which manifests no increased ability to replicate in L cells. This lytic action shows a close relationship in its sensitivity to ultraviolet light to the infectious property of the virus.
The Reaction Between Dextrans and the Properdin-Complement System
Authors: Leon Myron A. , Ransby Arnold 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The reaction between dextran B1254-FrL and the properdin-complement system of both guinea pig and human serum has been studied kinetically as a function of temperature, serum concentration and dextran concentration. Optimal reaction rates are obtained over the range of 20–143 γ of dextran/ml reaction mixture. Increasing the concentration of dextran markedly inhibits the formation of the dextran-properdin complex. Practical considerations are discussed in regard to the screening of dextrans for reactivity in the properdin-complement system.
The Effect of Antigen Concentration on the Initiation of Detectable Antibody Synthesis in Rabbits
Authors: Farr Richard Studley , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The concentration of BSA and not the total dose appeared to be the critical factor in eliciting an antibody response to small amounts of BSA given in water-in-oil emulsions: a) While holding the concentration of antigen in the aqueous phase of the adjuvant constant, it was possible to reduce the total amount of BSA injected by a factor of 10 without significantly reducing the proportion of animals responding with antibody synthesis: b) While holding the total amount of antigen injected constant, it was possible to decrease the proportion of animals responding with detectable antibody synthesis by employing larger volumes of adjuvant and a lower concentration in the aqucous phase.
The minimal amount of BSA required to initiate synthesis of detectable amounts of antibody was approximately 6 μg when intravenously administered and 1/100 this amount or 0.05–0.1 μg when given in water-in-oil emulsion. However, if one compares these two methods of immunization in terms of the maximum concentration of antigen to which the tissues of the host were exposed, they are quite similar. Thus, if concentration of the antigen as it exists in the tissues is a determining factor in eliciting an antibody response, it may be that the emulsion adjuvant enhances the immunizing capacity of small amounts of antigen by maintaining them undiluted until they are released from the oil.
Bovine γ-globulin (BGG) was found to be a more effective antigen than BSA with respect to the minimal amount of antigen required to initiate antibody synthesis following intravenous injection.
Determination of Relative Concentrations of Soluble Antigens in Sea Urchin Eggs by Means of Graded Antiserum Absorptions Combined with Agar Diffusion Techniques
Authors: Perlmann Peter , Couffer-Kaltenbach Jane , Perlmann Hedvig 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Graded absorptions of antiserum in combination with Oudin's single diffusion technique (6) were used for assaying soluble antigens present in homogenates or extracts of unfertilized eggs and two developmental stages of the sera urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Aliquots of antiserum were absorbed with graded amounts of lyophilized extracts or unextracted total homogenates of the antigenic material. When subsequently tested in Oudin tubes with an antigenic standard as the external reagent, the migration rates of the various antigen-antibody precipitates increased linearly with the amount of absorbant added. From the slopes of the absorption curves so obtained the concentration of antigen in the extracts could be calculated relative to that in the homogenates. Moreover, the content of antigen could be determined in homogenates of different origin (unfertilized eggs and developmental stages). The accuracy and validity of this method were evaluated statistically with regard to one of the antigens. The method proved to be of value for a) checking the efficacy of the extraction of soluble antigens from homogenates, and b) for determining concentrations of antigens in various homogenates without preliminary quantitive extraction.
Studies on Measles Virus
Authors: Musser Samuel J. , Underwood Gerald E. , Weed Sheldon D. , Ossewaarde J. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In the presence of serum, measles virus was kept in the refrigerator for 6 to 8 months or at −72°C for over a year with little drop in titer. Thermal inactivation studies indicated that the virus was relatively unstable at 25°C and at 37°C, with a rapid initial rate of inactivation followed by a “tailing effect” of longer duration. At 25°C, the virus was most stable at pH values between 7 and 8. The virus could be lyophilized without significant loss of titer. Ultracentrifugation studies indicated a particle size for the infective unit of approximately 140 mμ. Difficulty was encountered in passing the virus through bacteria-retaining filters; best recovery was obtained with the clarifying stainless sintered steel filters and with the sterilizing Millipore filters. It was found that measles virus was readily inactivated by either γ- or β-radiation.
A β-Globulin Antibody in the Sera of Guinea Pigs and Cattle Infected with Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Authors: Brown F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunoelectrophoresis of bovine and guinea pig sera from animals recovering from foot-and-mouth disease shows that the mobility of the precipitating antibodies alters considerably during convalescence. Seven days after infection the precipitin band is produced in the β-globulin region. At 14 days or later, precipitation occurs in the γ-globulin region. Antibody to the noninfective 7 mμ component of the virus is produced later than the antibody to the infective 20 mμ component. Chromatography of the sera on DEAE-cellulose has shown that the neutralizing activity and precipitating antibody of a given serum are in the same fraction. Antibody in the later sera is eluted from the column with 0.01 M phosphate, pH 7.6. Seven-day serum antibody is retained in the columns in this buffer but is eluted with 0.10 M NaH2PO4, which also elutes the β-globulins.
The Production of Antibody by Transferred Bone Marrow
Authors: Stoloff Irwin L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Bone marrow cells from mice hyperimmunized with tetanus toxoid are capable of continuing production of tetanus antitoxin after transfer to irradiated hosts. Isologous cells functioned well 25 days after transfer, whereas there was a sharp decline in production of antitoxin by homologous cells during this period.
Gel Diffusion Analysis of Cross-Reactions of a Protein-Hapten Conjugate
Authors: Finger Irving , Heller Carol 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The precipitation of the conjugates of phenyl-(p-azobenzoylamino)-acetate with bovine γ-globulin (BGG-dIp), with human fibrinogen (HF-dIp), and of native bovine γ-globulin (BGG) with anti-BGG-dIp has been studied by gel diffusion methods. Fusion of bands formed by heterologous antigens and the homologous antigen with the antiserum was complete, with an added extension or spur being formed by the homologous antigen. Identification of the spur as a precipitate of antibodies specific for the haptenic group was made by the analysis of supernatants of absorption mixtures in addition to comparison of patterns. The utilization of spurs as criteria for immunologic cross-reactivity due to structural similarity is discussed and a procedure for distinguishing “true” spurs from spurious ones is described.