bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PERFORMANCE OF PROMISING PEANUT (Arachis hypogaea L.) GENOTYPES GROWN IN DRY AND WET SEASON CROPPING
Authors: Cagasan Ulysses A. , Coral Rogelio N. 
Published: February 2025

The development of promising genotypes is a continuing activity by the breeders to give the farmers more choices of varieties to plant. This study aimed to evaluate, determine, and select promising peanut genotypes to be recommended to NSIC as new peanut varieties. There are 10 treatments, including the 3 check varieties, used in this study: T1-JONES, T2- ILOCOS RED, T3- LG Pn 06-36-2, T4- LG Pn 08-4a-2, T5-LG Pn 06-3-4-3a, T6-CVRC Pn 2011-002, T7- CVRC Pn 2011-001, T8-NSIC Pn19, T9- NSIC Pn14, T10- NSIC Pn18. The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) having the 10 treatments replicated 3 times. Results showed that genotypes LG Pn 06-3-4-3a (T5), CVRC Pn 2011- 002 (T6), and CVRC Pn 2011-001 (T7) matured the earliest at 82-90 days comparable to check variety NSIC Pn14. Moreover, LG Pn 06-36-2 (T3), LG Pn 08-4a-2 (T4), LG Pn 06-3-4-3a (T5), CVRC Pn 2011- 002 (T6) attained the shortest plant height at 84-94 cm, comparable to the 2 check varieties NSIC Pn14 and NSIC Pn18. Genotypes planted during dry season produced a significantly higher weight of pods at an average of 2,862 kgha-1 and average total seed yield of 1,796 kgha-1 than wet season cropping at 2,361 kgha-1 mean pod yield and 1,523 kg ha-1 seed yield. Moreover, all peanut genotypes are resistant to moderately resistant to insect pests and diseases. Hence, it is recommended to plant peanuts during dry season cropping as it provides a higher grain yield than wet season cropping under Leyte conditions.
Business Strategies of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Tabinas Maria Ilna C. , Paradero Angelita L. , Casinillo Leomarich F. 
Published: February 2025

The COVID-19 pandemic health protocols have adversely impacted the economic profit and business operations of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). This study aimed to evaluate the business strategies employed by MSMEs as they are facing the public health crisis in Bato, Leyte, Philippines. A random sample of 200 MSMEs were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Some descriptive statistics and Chi-square test for independence were used to summarize and determine the relationship among variables, respectively. Results showed that dominantly more of the MSMEs are operated by owner-managers during the pandemic. On average, most (97.5%) of the enterprise operating are micro and operates for about 3 years. About 63.5% of the MSMEs during the pandemic has adopted a new strategies to cope with COVID-19â€™s negative impact and most of them are micro in nature. The major business strategies adopted to survive the adverse impact of the pandemic are as follows: following health protocols (50%), finding suppliers in nearby towns (33.8%), seeking alternative sources (26%), increasing prices of items sold (24.5%), and local outsourcing (22.5%), among others. It is concluded that age is a significant factor in implementing business strategies (p-value<0.019). This implies that owner-managers with higher age (average is 40 years old) are more likely to adopt business strategies. Moreover, as they are experiencing vulnerability to the pandemic such as economic profits being significantly reduced, then they are more likely to implement strategies (p-value<0.001). Short and long term plans are considered in order to survive and sustain its business operations. Hence, the study recommends that the government should help and enhance the capability of enterprises in managing risk as well as ensuring MSMEâ€™s continuity amidst the pandemic.
(wl 852)-Further Reflections on Ordinary Criticism
Authors: Nadkarni M V 
Published: February 2025

'Ordinary' approach is ethically satisfied with a practice or decision if its undesirable consequences are mitigated. But the 'Foundational' approach is not, if a fundamental moral principle is violated. The former has an advantage in resolving ethical dilemmas like abortion, where two fundamental moral principles conflict with each other.
Cognitive Constructivism
Authors: Hruby George G. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Cognitive constructivism is a set of theories about the mental processes necessary for transforming experience, including of language, into memory, knowledge, and thought for further understanding. This entry reviews the variations on this idea that have risen to prominence in the past century, its foundation in epistemology, developmental psychology, and cognitive psychology, and current extensions in neuroscience and social psychology.
Functional Discourse Grammar
Authors: Velasco Daniel García 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Functional Discourse Grammar is a theory of language structure with a strong typological foundation. It occupies an intermediate position between radical formalist and radical functional models of language, as it assumes that speakers' knowledge of linguistic forms is instrumental in actual communication. Architecturally, it is a modular grammar that is integrated into a wider theory of verbal interaction which also includes a Contextual, a Conceptual, and an Output Component. The grammar includes four independent levels of representation which are connected through interface relations and relate to the main areas of linguistic analysis: pragmatics, semantics, morphosyntax, and phonology. It is a discourse‐oriented grammar as it intends to provide an account of the formal units of languages with reference to the ways they are used in communication. The model also intends to achieve cognitive adequacy and in line with major psycholinguistic findings assumes that the creation of a linguistic expression is a top‐down process which begins with a communicative intention and ends with the articulation of an actual utterance.
Intercultural Competence
Authors: Ladegaard Hans J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The concept of intercultural competence attempts to outline a set of characteristics that is essential in order for people to communicate adequately and competently in a globalized world. Intercultural competence is arguably more important than ever before because of rising nationalism, xenophobia, and extreme polarization in societies across the world. The chapter begins by outlining different conceptualizations of culture since our understanding of intercultural competence hinges on our understanding of culture. Culture has for long been defined as shared values but increasingly has come to mean contested sites of ideological struggles between different positionalities of power. Different intercultural competence models are outlined next, emphasizing Byram's intercultural communicative competence model, which argues that foreign language learning should be an essential component. The most important characteristics of different models are summed up in the European Council's Framework for Democratic Culture, which is outlined. Then, the chapter discusses some of the problems inherent in the intercultural competence concept, including the conceptualization of culture as shared equally valued meanings, ignoring power differences between different cultural groups, excluding non‐Western scholars from developing ideas about intercultural competence, and excluding disenfranchised marginalized groups from the intercultural narrative on which the intercultural competence concept is built. Finally, the chapter presents recent critique from intercultural communication scholars that our thinking about intercultural competence needs to move from a largely theoretical endeavor to include a social action component.
Pattern Grammar
Authors: Hunston Susan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Pattern grammar is based on the corpus investigation of individual words, especially adjectives, nouns, and verbs. It exploits the fact that each word is regularly complemented by specific phrase or clause types and not with others. Pattern grammar has been used to give grammar information in learners' dictionaries and in reference books that list the patterns of English and the words that occur with them. The words that share a pattern also tend to share aspects of meaning. This observation has been used in language teaching and also in discourse analysis. Pattern grammar has been aligned with theoretical approaches such as frame semantics, construction grammar, and systemic‐functional linguistics.
Speech Acts and Grammar
Authors: Golato Andrea , Golato Peter 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Linguists and language philosophers have long since recognized that language is used not only to describe states of affairs and events but also to do certain things (for instance, complaining, praising, etc.). The acts that a speaker performs when uttering a sentence are called speech acts. The term speech act goes back to the language philosophers John L. Austin and John R. Searle. The encyclopedic entry discusses what speech acts are, how they were defined by Austin and Searle, and how they are connected to syntactic theory. We then briefly describe some of the criticisms which have been leveled at speech act theory from other discourse perspectives. In the next step, we point to more recent theoretical work trying to overcome these criticisms. We also briefly describe efforts to incorporate speech act theory into syntactic frameworks. Finally, we provide a brief overview of the fields in which speech act theory has been used.
Speech Acts and Grammar in Spanish
Authors: Asención‐Delaney Yuly , Urzúa Alfredo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A topic of interest in the study of speech acts has to do with the relationship between the communicative purpose conveyed by a speech act and the grammatical repertoire used by speakers to formulate it. Given that speech acts can be expressed directly or indirectly, such relationships can be highly variable. On the other hand, researchers have observed that speakers do rely, in some cases, on specific grammatical structures to formulate speech acts, while educators have started to explore how these connections can be exploited for pedagogical purposes, especially in second‐language contexts. In this entry, after a general discussion of speech acts, we present some of the research conducted on the relationship between aspects of speech acts (politeness, pragmatic variation, and second‐language learning) and grammatical forms and structures in Spanish.
Researching Writing: Mixed Methods Research
Authors: Pessoa Silvia , Mitchell Thomas D. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
It is increasingly common for researchers to rely on a combination of methods to study writing. Mixing methods allows for the triangulation of data and analytical methods that can better help researchers inform their interpretation of results and support their conclusions. The methods chosen are indicative of the researcher's views about writing—whether they view it to be, for example, an expressive, social, situated, or cognitive activity. In this entry, we showcase mixed methods research that largely reflects our orientation to writing as a highly complex and contextualized social activity that involves writers using language to make meaning to achieve their goals. We describe three computer‐aided corpus‐based studies that are driven by a quantitative approach and supplemented with qualitative interpretations of the findings. We also describe three design‐based research studies that have used multiple qualitative methods. The combination of mixed methods in these studies has enriched the researchers' ability to provide interpretations that led to recommendations for improved pedagogical approaches.
Bilingual and Multilingual Language Learning Strategies
Authors: Komorowska Hanna , Krajka Jarosław 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Awareness of successful strategies used by learners in their path to L2 and L3 proficiency, both inside the classroom and on their own outside it, helps understand how multilingualism can be achieved. Successful use of strategies may compensate for the lack in education or insufficient exposure to one of the languages in family contexts. The chapter makes an overview of steps and operations that bi‐ and multilingual learners consciously or unconsciously take when acquiring language subsystems and skills. Strategies applied by children, adolescents, and adults are given separately, with a division into grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, receptive, and productive skills.
Languaging and Reading
Authors: Bloome David , Power‐Carter Stephanie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The shift from language to languaging requires a reconceptualization of reading and reading instruction. A languaging perspective of reading begins with defining reading as action, as doing, within the context of situated and historical social practices, as a transitive verb. From a languaging perspective, the questions to ask about reading include: How is reading? Who is reading what? Where? When? With whom? In what social, cultural, economic, and historical contexts? With what consequences?
Gaming as a Pedagogical Technique
Authors: González‐Lloret Marta 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Gaming as a pedagogical technique is based on the idea that incorporating games (vernacular or educational) in a well‐developed language learning curriculum can be an effective technique to increase language engagement and motivation, while helping students become part of a community of speakers (or affinity group) which uses the target language as the main medium of communication. This entry reviews some of the current research on games for language learning and highlights what is that makes games an effective tool for language learning. Bringing games to the language classroom requires (as with any other innovation) a well‐developed curriculum that supports and harvests the possibilities of any game. The entry includes recommendations for teachers who are willing to incorporate games and points out some of the challenges that teachers may encounter when trying to bring games into the language classroom. Finally, a few directions for future research and development are suggested.
Colloid‐Forming Prodrug‐Hydrogel Composite Prolongs Lower Intraocular Pressure in Rodent Eyes after Subconjunctival Injection
Authors: Dang Mickael , Slaughter Kai V. , Cui Hong , Jiang Christopher , Zhou Lisa , Matthew David J. , Sivak Jeremy M. , Shoichet Molly S. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractColloidal drug aggregates (CDAs) are challenging in drug discovery due to their unpredictable formation and interference with screening assays. These limitations are turned into a strategic advantage by leveraging CDAs as a drug delivery platform. This study explores the deliberate formation and stabilization of CDAs for local ocular drug delivery, using a modified smallmolecule glaucoma drug. A series of timolol prodrugs are synthesized and self‐assembled into CDAs. Of four prodrugs, timolol palmitate CDAs have a critical aggregate concentration of 2.72 µM and sustained in vitro release over 28 d. Timolol palmitate CDAs are dispersed throughout in situ gelling hyaluronan‐oxime hydrogel and injected into the subconjunctival space of rat eyes. The intraocular pressure is significantly reduced for at least 49 d with a single subconjunctival injection of timolol‐palmitate CDAs compared to 6 h for conventional timolol maleate. The systemic blood concentrations of timolol are significantly lower, even after 6 h, for timolol palmitate CDA‐loaded hydrogel versus free timolol maleate, thereby potentially reducing the risk of systemic side effects. This innovative approach redefines the role of CDAs and provides a framework for long‐acting ocular therapeutics, shifting their perception from a drug screening challenge to a powerful tool for sustained local drug delivery.
Monitoring HIV Antiretroviral Therapy via Aptamer‐Based Measurements in Preclinical Animal Models, in Human Plasma
Authors: Li Jing , Clark Vincent , Yu Chen‐Hsu , Scida Karen , Aller Pellitero Miguel , Rivera Rolando L. Albarracín , Zhong Wenrui , Demek Erin , Fountain Jeffrey , Mahlum J.D. , Haaland Richard E. , Carr Gregory V. , Sczepanski Jonathan , Arroyo‐Currás Netzahualcóyotl 
Published: January 2025

AbstractMonitoring the concentration of antiretroviral drugs is critical to ensuring patient adherence to HIV treatment and prevention regimens, which is crucial for drug efficacy. These tools may also be useful for screening samples at blood donation centers to avert potential new infections. The current benchmark method to support antiretroviral drug monitoring, liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC‐MS), requires centralized facilities with costly instrumentation, and has blood‐to‐result turnaround times of days to weeks, making it impractical for effective drug monitoring. Seeking to overcome this issue, an aptamer is developed for the antiretroviral drug emtricitabine, which is present in most antiretroviral combination therapies in the market and used for both infection management and prevention. The aptamer has clinically relevant sensitivity in biofluids and is highly selective relative to close analogs such as cytosine, cytidine, fluorocytidine, and lamivudine (a.k.a. 3TC). Using this aptamer, two analytical assays are developed, one for continuous, in‐vivo emtricitabine monitoring in rodent research models, and one for rapid and high‐throughput screening of emtricitabine levels in human plasma. Through blinded analytical validation, this clinical assay achieved an 86.9% positive and 100% negative correlation, with an overall agreement rate of 95% relative to the benchmark LC‐MS method.
Recent Advances and Perspectives on Coupled Water Electrolysis for Energy‐Saving Hydrogen Production
Authors: Li Jiachen , Ma Yuqiang , Mu Xiaogang , Wang Xuanjun , Li Yang , Ma Haixia , Guo Zhengxiao 
Published: January 2025

AbstractOverall water splitting (OWS) to produce hydrogen has attracted large attention in recent years due to its ecological‐friendliness and sustainability. However, the efficiency of OWS has been forced by the sluggish kinetics of the four‐electron oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The replacement of OER by alternative electrooxidation of small molecules with more thermodynamically favorable potentials may fundamentally break the limitation and achieve hydrogen production with low energy consumption, which may also be accompanied by the production of more value‐added chemicals than oxygen or by electrochemical degradation of pollutants. This review critically assesses the latest discoveries in the coupled electrooxidation of various small molecules with OWS, including alcohols, aldehydes, amides, urea, hydrazine, etc. Emphasis is placed on the corresponding electrocatalyst design and related reaction mechanisms (e.g., dual hydrogenation and N–N bond breaking of hydrazine and C═N bond regulation in urea splitting to inhibit hazardous NCO− and NO− productions, etc.), along with emerging alternative electrooxidation reactions (electrooxidation of tetrazoles, furazans, iodide, quinolines, ascorbic acid, sterol, trimethylamine, etc.). Some new decoupled electrolysis and self‐powered systems are also discussed in detail. Finally, the potential challenges and prospects of coupled water electrolysis systems are highlighted to aid future research directions.
Multiple genotypes of Phelipanche ramosa indicate repeated introduction to the Americas
Authors: Schneider Adam C. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractPremisePhelipanche ramosa is an economically damaging parasitic plant that has been reported in North America since the late 1800s. While this species comprises a variety of genetically distinct host races in its native range, the genetic composition of adventive populations in the New World remains unexplored. On the basis of morphological and ecological variation, some have suggested that the closely related P. nana may also be present.MethodsGenome skimming was used to assess the relationships of 30 populations of Phelipanche spanning the geographic and host ranges in North and South America, plus one P. nana reference population from Lebanon.ResultsPhylogenetic analysis indicated four distinct genetic groups, though plastome and nrDNA data supported conflicting signals of relationships among them. First, specimens from Chilean tomato fields were nearly indistinguishable genetically from the reference P. nana. Second, a pair of samples from Virginia showed similar nrDNA as the first group, but divergent plastomes. The remaining 24 samples sorted into two groups, one which parasitizes cultivated plants, especially tomato, and the other on roadside weeds in different parts of the United States.ConclusionsThe geographic and ecological cohesiveness of four distinct genetic groups supports a hypothesis of multiple introductions to the Americas, presumably from Eurasia, followed by little to no subsequent gene flow among them. However, such groups do not align with existing morphological or ecological species concepts for P. ramosa and P. nana. In practice, threat assessment of Phelipanche populations to agricultural settings should be evaluated regionally given the phylogeographic and ecological heterogeneity.
Deciphering pH Mismatching at the Electrified Electrode–Electrolyte Interface towards Understanding Intrinsic Water Molecule Oxidation Kinetics
Authors: Wang Miao , Sakaushi Ken 
Published: January 2025

AbstractUnveiling the key influencing factors towards electrode/electrolyte interface control is a long‐standing challenge for a better understanding of microscopic electrode kinetics, which is indispensable to building up guiding principles for designer electrocatalysts with desirable functionality. Herein, we exemplify the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) via water molecule oxidation with the iridium dioxide electrocatalyst and uncovered the significant mismatching effect of pH between local electrode surface and bulk electrolyte: the intrinsic OER activity under acidic or near‐neutral condition was deciphered to be identical by adjusting this pH mismatching. This result indicates that the local pH effect at the electrified solid–liquid interface plays the main role in the “fake” OER performance. This local pH effect on the OER electrode process is further verified by integrating a wide spectrum of analytical approaches. This study will accelerate the understanding of the local proton‐induced effect on electrode interface processes and the development of advanced electrochemical activity.
Electrolyte Chemistry Towards Ultra‐High Voltage (4.7 V) And Ultra‐Wide Temperature (−30 to 70 °C) LiCoO2 Batteries
Authors: Yang Wenming , Chen Wen , Zou Hanqing , Lai Jiawei , Zeng Xueyi , Zhang Yuping , Zeng Xing , Ding Kui , Zhang Shiwei , Ma Liang , Li Zhongliang , Zheng Qifeng 
Published: January 2025

AbstractLiCoO2 batteries for 3 C electronics demand high charging voltage and wide operating temperature range, which are virtually impossible for existing electrolytes due to aggravated interfacial parasitic reactions and sluggish kinetics. Herein, we report an electrolyte design strategy based on a partially fluorinated ester solvent (i.e., DFEA) that achieves a balance between weak Li+‐solvent interactions, sufficient salt dissociation, high interfacial stability, and superior thermal stability to address the aforementioned challenges. The resulting high‐voltage wide‐temperature electrolyte (HWE) not only possesses low desolvation energy, fast Li+ transport, high oxidation stability, excellent thermal‐abuse tolerance and non‐flammability, but also enables the formation of both inorganic‐rich cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Owing to the above merits, this HWE endows the highly stable operation of LiCoO2 cathodes under an ultra‐high voltage of 4.7 V and Graphite || LiCoO2 batteries in an ultra‐wide temperature range of −30 to 70 °C. Meanwhile, a 1.7 Ah‐level 4.6 V Graphite || LiCoO2 pouch cell with a high energy density of 240 Wh kg−1 also delivers excellent cycling stability, representing a significant advancement in the design of electrolytes towards ultra‐high voltage and ultra‐wide temperature batteries.