bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
7S IgM and IgA Influenza Fluorescent Antibodies in Serum
Authors: Brown Gordon C. , O'Leary Theresa P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
IgM antibodies following the injection of formalinized influenza virus vaccine in adjuvant have been demonstrated in the serum of mice (1) and in rabbits following intravenous administration of live virus (2) but others have reported that no significant antibody in either the IgM or IgA classes appeared in the serum of human volunteers infected by nasal spraying with live influenza virus (3). Although neutralizing antibodies developed to high titers the latter authors stated that all serum antibody was of the IgG type. Since both IgM and IgA antibodies were readily detected in human sera following naturally acquired rubella (4, 5) and mumps (6) by the indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) technique the same procedure was employed to ascertain whether these antibodies were present in persons convalescent from naturally acquired influenza infections. Although brilliant stain was obtained with such sera the reaction was not eliminated by treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol as with the other viral antibodies and therefore contamination of the conjugate by antibodies against IgG was suspected.
Inhibition of Lymphocyte Stimulation by Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Nucleotides
Authors: Estes Gene , Solomon Solomon S. , Norton Walter L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although little is known of the role of cyclic nucleotides in lymphocyte metabolism, Smith, Steiner and Parker have recently shown that exogenous cyclic and non-cyclic nucleotides inhibit the response of human lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Furthermore, pharmacologic agents which raise the endogenous level of cyclic AMP (adenosine 3′,5′ monophosphoric acid) had the same effect (1). Studies in our laboratory confirm these observations with respect to PHA stimulation and extend them to the mixed lymphocyte reaction.
Materials and Methods. Cell preparation. Sterile technique was employed. Normal human peripheral blood was drawn into a heparinized syringe and centrifuged at 4°C for 10 min at 120 × G. The supernatant plasma and the upper ⅕ of the red cells were drawn into a syringe and allowed to sediment for 30 min. The white cell-rich plasma was removed and centrifuged for 10 min at 200 × G.
The Preparation of Human Kininogen
Authors: Spragg Jocelyn , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Highly purified human plasma kininogen was detected functionally and antigenically in order to establish its electrophoretic mobility, isoelectric point and molecular weight. The effect of specific and nonspecific treatment upon these parameters was assessed and it is suggested that the several human kininogens may in fact represent alterations of a single plasma protein.
Role of Basophilic Leukocytes in Cellular Immunity to Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Dvorak Harold F. , Hirsch Martin S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adult guinea pigs infected with an intradermal inoculum of vaccinia virus developed a long-lasting state of hypersensitivity associated with blast transformation in the draining lymph nodes, and characterized by delayed-onset, erythematous, non-indurated skin reactions rich in basophilic leukocytes. These reactions are similar to those of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity to protein antigens, a contact allergen, and skin allografts in the guinea pig. By contrast, animals sensitized with the same dose of virus in complete Freund's adjuvant developed true delayed hypersensitivity with indurated skin reactions containing numerous mononuclear cells and only rare basophils. Thus, two morphologically distinct forms of cellular immunity may result following immunization with vaccinia virus. This heterogeneity will have to be considered in studies attempting to evaluate the role of cellular immunity in recovery from virus infection.
Serum and Secretory IgA in Axenic and Holoxenic Mice
Authors: Benveniste Jacques , Lespinats Genevieve , Salomon Jean-Claude 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The study of the IgA content of serum, spleen, cecum and salivary glands of axenic and gnotoxenic mice leads us to these conclusions: only the intestinal IgA system works in axenic mice to secrete an immunoglobulin which is immunologically comparable to the 11S IgA described in man; this system is independent of the serum IgA system which does not function until several weeks after the establishment of a normal intestinal flora. Perhaps only after flora has triggered intense proliferation and kinetic activation of the intestinal lympho-epithelial system can the gut epithelium perform its “instructive function” and influence the maturation of the serum and the other exocrine IgA systems.
The Use of Polyacrylamide Gel as an Immunoadsorbent for Anti-2, 4-Dinitrophenyl Antibodies
Authors: Jaquet H. , Havas H. Francis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A simple, effective method for preparing an immunoadsorbent specific for anti-DNP antibody is described. The immunoadsorbent was made with a highly cross-linked polyacrylamide gel containing dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin (DNP30BSA) as the antigen. The immunoadsorbent permitted the adsorption and subsequent elution of a mouse myeloma IgA (MOPC-315) with anti-DNP activity. The Fc and F(ab) fragments from MOPC-315 could also be separated effectively on this column. In addition, a non-precipitating mouse IgG anti-DNP-hemocyanin antibody was also isolated using the same immunoadsorbent.
Evolution of Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions in Man
Authors: Brandriss Michael W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hill demonstrated that in guinea pigs intradermal injection of mild irritants resulted at 18 to 24 hr in a local infiltrate of predominantly mononuclear cells which resembled that seen in delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions induced by specific antigens (1). Measurable induration, however, was not present. When sites prepared in this manner were then injected with specific antigen, the appearance of edema and induration were markedly accelerated, reaching a peak in a few hours rather than the 24 hr required at control, nonprepared sites. Since the histological character of the reaction did not change appreciably after antigen injection, the only apparent result of specific challenge was the rapid appearance of induration. Those observations prompted a similar investigation into properties of naturally occurring DTH in humans.
Methods. Eleven experiments were performed in 9 volunteers. Two of the volunteers were used twice with an interval of 4 months between tests.
Cyclophosphamide-Induced Tolerance to Equine γ Globulin and to Equine-Anti-Mouse-Thymocyte Globulin in Adult Mice
Authors: Stockman Gail D. , Trentin John J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adult mice were made tolerant to equine γ globulin (EqGG) and to equine-anti-mouse-thymocyte globulin (ATG) by injection of EqGG (deaggregated, heat-aggregated, or in Freund's adjuvant) or ATG followed by cyclophosphamide (CY). Injection of deaggregated EqGG alone resulted in only “marginal” tolerance, whereas the other injections alone were immunogenic. The resulting tolerance could be shown to be of long duration without further antigen or drug injections. Relationships between the dose of CY required for tolerance induction and the timing of the drug in relation to antigen administration were established.
Synthesis, Assembly, and Secretion of γ Globulin by Mouse Myeloma Cells
Authors: Bargellesi A. , Periman P. , Scharff M. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The synthesis and assembly of mouse IgA has been examined in the Adj-PC 6A cell line and in the MOPC 209B and MOPC 315 tumors. The pathway of assembly of the IgA monomer in these tumors appears to be H + H → H2; H2 + L + L → H2L2; H2L2 + H2L2 → (H2L2)n. Final assembly of the monomers of 6A and 315 into IgA polymers occurs close to the time of secretion.
The Differential Localization of Antibody Synthesis and of Immunologic Memory in Lymph Nodes Draining and Not Draining the Site of Primary Immunization with Hemocyanin
Authors: Stavitsky A. B. , Folds J. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits were injected with alum-precipitated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) into one hind foot pad. In one type of experiment the draining and contralateral popliteal lymph nodes were compared at various times with respect to total number of nucleated cells and to the synthesis of antibody, DNA and RNA. Otherwise both nodes were challenged with KLH in vivo or in vitro at various times after priming and their cells similarly compared.
The primary synthetic response, including the synthesis of IgM and IgG antibody, DNA and RNA, was strictly localized in the draining node for at least 43 days. However, immunologic memory for the synthesis of IgG antibody, DNA and RNA was only partially localized in the draining node and with time gradually was equilibrated between this node and the contralateral one. It was postulated that localization of immunocompetent cells was the result of a specific reaction between KLH persisting in the node and specific receptors on these cells and/or by a nonspecific retention of the cells in an inflammatory focus.
Several other features of the immune response were noted, including the peaking of the primary response within the first 8 days, the persistent synthesis of antibody, DNA and RNA for at least 43 days after a single immunization and the first appearance of measurable memory on the 8th day. The injection of antigen often stimulated DNA and RNA synthesis to a greater extent than antibody synthesis. It was suggested that few of the cells which were induced to synthesize nucleic acids also synthesize antibody but that most of them produce a variety of other proteins of which some are not immunoglobulins.
Implications of the data with regard to the pathogenesis of local immunity or local tissue damage were discussed. A role for persisting antigen in the regulation of the immune response through differential localization of one or more of the types of participating immunocompetent cells was proposed.
Quantitative Estimation of Antibody in the Immunoglobulin Classes of the Mouse
Authors: Torrigiani Giorgio 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thymectomized mice produced a significantly lower level of antibody against human serum albumin (HSA) and the decrease in total antibody activity was due to a decrease in the IgG1 while the other immunoglobulin classes were largely unaffected. The same animals did produce a normal response in all immunoglobulin classes to a high dose of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). However, a low dose (1 µg) of the same antigen produced a poor response in thymectomized mice, and, as was found with HSA, IgG1 was the main immunoglobulin class affected. It is concluded a) that KLH is a “non-thymic-dependent” antigen only at a relatively high dose and b) that of all the immunoglobulin classes only IgG1 is thymic-dependent.
Correlations between the Concentrations of the Four Sub-Classes of IgG and Gm Allotypes in Normal Human Sera
Authors: Morell Andreas , Skvaril Frantisek , Steinberg Arthur G. , van Loghem Erna , Terry William D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The concentrations of the four subclasses of IgG were determined in the sera of 108 young male adults. The relative concentrations are 60.9% for IgG1, 29.6% for IgG2, 5.3% for IgG3 and 4.2% for IgG4. Mean concentrations of IgG2 and IgG4 are higher in sera positive for Gm(23) than in sera lacking this genetic marker. High mean IgG3 concentrations are associated with sera homozygous and heterozygous for Gm(3,5,13,14).
Genetic Control of Immune Response to ϑ-AKR Alloantigen
Authors: Fuji H. , Zaleski M. , Milgrom F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Primary immune responses of ϑ-C3H mouse strains, inbred Swiss Webster (RR) and C57BL/6 to thymic alloantigen ϑ-AKR, as measured by plaque assay detecting IgM-antibody-producing cells, were shown to be under genetic control. F1 hybrids of the high responder, RR, and the low responder, C57BL/6, were intermediate responders. The experiments with backcrosses, F1 × RR and F1 × C57BL/6, suggested that a pair of allelic genes both of which are expressed and which are closely associated with H-2 locus are responsible for the control.
The low responder state of C57BL/6 mice could be overcome to a great extent by higher dose of the antigen. Both RR and C57BL/6 mice developed responses of similar magnitude to heterologous erythrocytes.
The results of these experiments indicated that the genetic control of anti-ϑ response may be exerted at the level of the initiation of the specific immune response.
Delayed Hypersensitivity to SK-SD: In Vitro Lymphocyte Study with an Active Component
Authors: Tomar Russell H. , Taylor Fletcher B. , Green George R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The material in streptokinase-streptodornase which elicits delayed hypersensitivity reactions in man is probably a β globulin with a molecular weight of approximately 21,500. It is devoid of streptokinase, streptodornase, and streptolysin S activities. Its ability to stimulate lymphocytes in vitro shows good correlation with skin reactions in the same subjects.
Radioimmunochemical Studies on Nucleoside-Specific Antibodies Using Iodinated DNA
Authors: Rosenberg Burton J. , Erlanger Bernard F. , Beiser Sam M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Nucleoside-specific antisera that cross-react with denatured DNA can be obtained by immunization with nucleoside-protein conjugates prepared by a procedure developed in this laboratory (1). Such antisera, and other nucleic acid-reactive antisera, have already been used to investigate some aspects of the structure and function of nucleic acids (cf. 2, 3). Other potential applications of antisera specific for major or minor bases and for di- and tri-nucleotides include immunochemical detection and quantification of bases, possible immunochemical sequence analyses, and immunochemical fractionation of nucleic acids.
Immunochemical studies of nucleic acids have been hampered by the limited application of the relatively simple and sensitive radioimmunochemical techniques. In most studies in which these techniques have been employed, the nucleic acids used were labeled in vivo by laborious and frequently difficult procedures (4, 5). Moreover, such methods do not consistently yield nucleic acids with high specific activity.
Complement-Dependent Opsonization of Incompatible Erythrocytes by Human Secretory IgA
Authors: Kaplan Manuel E. , Dalmasso Agustin P. , Woodson Mildred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It is generally accepted that secretory IgA (S-IgA) antibodies present in colostrum, saliva, urine and intestinal and bronchial fluids serve to protect mucosal surfaces from colonization and penetration by undesirable microorganisms (1, 2). The mechanism(s) whereby S-IgA antibodies exert their protective function is poorly understood. Thus, there have been a number of reports that these antibodies are incapable of interacting with the complement system (3, 4) and, consequently, fail to lyse or to opsonize antigenic cells and microorganisms with which they combine (5–7). The present studies were undertaken to explore the immunologic properties of colostral IgA antibodies, having anti-B specificity, from a type O mother of an erythroblastotic, type B infant. These antibodies were found to be opsonically active in the presence of complement.2 The findings suggest that the protective effects of S-IgA antibodies may, in part, be mediated by classic immunologic phenomena, i.e., complement fixation and opsonization.
Binding in Vivo of Enhancing Antibodies to Skin Allografts and Specific Allogeneic Tissues
Authors: Jones Joe M. , Peter Hans-Hartmut , Feldman Joseph D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Binding of antibodies with enhancing quality to target skin grafts and to allogeneic tissue was studied in vivo. The alloantibodies were 125I-labeled enriched IgG fraction (125I-EIgG) of Lewis (Le) antisera and were paired with 131I-labeled IgG (131I-ClgG) of control Le sera. 125I-EIgG was specifically bound to target skin grafts within 2 days after grafting and was blocked from localizing in skin grafts by unlabeled enhancing antisera given at the time of grafting (“afferent” blockade). Alloantigenic sites were blocked for several days, after which time skin grafts bound 125I-EigG for up to 40 days. Blocking in vitro of alloantigenic sites was demonstrated and quantitated. Enhancing antibodies generated by long-term enhanced skin grafts on Le hosts (auto-enhancement) were not detected in the circulation. 125I-EIgG disappeared from the circulation of allogeneic rats and was specifically localized in spleen, lung and liver, but not in kidney. 125I-EIgG persisted in the circulation of syngeneic hosts and was not specifically localized in their organs.
False Positive Tests for Hepatitis-Associated Antigen in Blood Donors Caused by Antibodies to Ruminant Serum Proteins
Authors: Alter Harvey J. , Polesky Herbert F. , Holland Paul V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A reaction of non-identity observed during routine screening for hepatitis associated antigen (HAA) by agar gel diffusion led to the demonstration that bovine thrombin added to hepatitis screening reagents could react with antibodies present in normal donor sera. Similar false positive reactions for HAA occurred when anti-HAA produced in ruminants was employed. These human anti-ruminant antibodies occurred in 0.19% of 15,632 blood donors from two geographic areas. The human antibodies were IgG γ globulins and reacted primarily with ruminant serum IgG and IgM. They also reacted with IgG and IgM present in milk plus additional unidentified milk proteins. The anti-ruminant antibodies were present in 39% of IgA deficient patients; among “normal” donors found to have such antibody, 11.5% had depressed levels of IgA. The majority of donors with anti-ruminant antibodies, however, had normal serum IgA concentration. Secretory IgA was present in those tested.
The presence of anti-ruminant antibodies in donor sera will produce false positive reactions for HAA and/or anti-HAA in agar gel diffusion (AGD) if “thrombinized” or ruminant-derived reagents are used and will cause false positive reactions for anti-HAA in counterelectrophoresis. Such antibodies do not interfere with complement fixation or hemagglutination tests for hepatitis antigen or antibody.
Immunity to Cholera: The Occurrence and Nature of Antibody-Active Immunoglobulins in the Lower Ileum of the Rabbit
Authors: Kaur Jasbir , McGhee Jerry R. , Burrows William 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Earlier studies suggested that immunity to direct challenge with cell-free cholera toxin in the rabbit ileal loop model may be associated with tissue-contained antibody as reflected in serum antitoxin titers, and showed that extracts of epithelium from the lower ileum of immunized rabbits contained relatively large amounts of such antibody. In this study the intestinal epithelium from rabbits immunized by the intraperitoneal or intra-intestinal routes was separated into crypt and villus cell fractions by a modification of the method of Harrison and Webster. The toxin-neutralizing antibody of ultrasonic lysates of such cells was primarily in the crypt cells, while villus cells contained only small amounts of antibody activity later in the immune response. The titration of the antibody activity of immunoglobulins separated on DEAE cellulose and Sepharose 6B from tissue extracts showed that IgG had both vibriocidal and antitoxic activity, and 11S IgA only antitoxic activity. The intracellular antibody appeared to be predominantly, or exclusively, IgA.
A Study of the Cell-Mediated and Antibody Responses to Synthetic Ribonucleic Acids in Guinea Pigs
Authors: van Boxel John A. , Steinberg Alfred D. , Green Ira 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cellular and humoral immune responses to two synthetic double stranded polyribonucleotides (RNA) were investigated in strain 2, strain 13, and Hartley guinea pigs. When animals were immunized with RNA without protein carrier or adjuvant a barely detectable antibody response was obtained. Somewhat more antibody was produced when the RNA was emulsified with adjuvant. Maximal antibody responses could only be obtained by immunization with RNA complexed with methylated bovine serum albumin given in adjuvant. RNA was capable of eliciting acute systemic anaphylaxis in animals immunized with RNA. RNA failed to elicit either delayed cutaneous sensitivity or in vitro lymphocyte transformation and anamnestic responses were not obtained after boosting with RNA alone. Partial tolerance to RNA could be induced by injecting RNA and cyclophosphamide. This data is interpreted to mean that RNA has little if any carrier function and that the small amount of antibody produced after immunization with RNA alone may be due to direct stimulation of bone marrow-derived lymphocytes.
The Immunogenicity of Adenovirus Type 5 Structural Proteins
Authors: Haase A. T. , Mautner V. , Pereira H. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immunogenicity of two adenovirus structural proteins, hexon and fiber of adenovirus type 5, has been investigated. The lowest dose of antigen capable of inducing a primary immune response in guinea pigs was found to be 1 ng and 100 ng, respectively, for the two antigens. The immunogenicity of adenovirus antigens is discussed with respect to antigens from other microorganisms and vaccination with virus subunits.
The Secondary Immune Response: The Specificity of Lymph Node Cells and Antibody
Authors: Levin Howard A. , Herman Judith , Levine Herbert , Schlossman Stuart F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pigs were sensitized to either α, DNP-Lys7–10 or ε, DNP-Lys7–10 and boosted at 20 weeks with one or the other of these two compounds. This yielded four groups of boosted animals, two of which received homologous antigen and two the heterologous. The specificity of lymph-node lymphocytes and anti-DNP antibody produced was measured early (3 weeks) in the immune response and 2 weeks after booster injection. Antibody raised early in the immune response and after a homologous boost had greater affinity for the immunizing than for heterologous antigen. However, after heterologous boost, the antibody specificity changed so that it now had greater affinity for the boosting antigen than for the immunizing antigen. Although antibody specificity changed after heterologous boost, the specificity of the lymphnode lymphocytes from the same animals remained unchanged, i.e., responded maximally to the immunizing antigen. These results suggest that the antigen-sensitive thymidine-incorporating cell and the antigen-sensitive antibody-forming cell may have different triggering mechanisms.