bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kingdoms, Empires, and Domains
Authors: Ragan Mark A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This work explores how living organisms have been classified at the highest level. The earliest ideas of nature emphasized transformation. Aristotle recognized that certain objects in the sea share properties of plants and animals; these became known as zoophytes. The narrative follows zoophytes and other transgressive beings through subsequent philosophical and religious traditions, myths, travellers’ tales, the occult literature, alchemy, scholasticism, the consolidation of vernacular languages, and the rise of scientific botany and zoology. Leeuwenhoek’s discovery of microscopic beings, and Trembley’s studies on Hydra, complicated the plant-animal dichotomy. Transformation returned as Needham, Buffon, and others observed plant material to generate motile animalcules; Linnæus proposed a Regnum chaoticum. New challenges arose as the Great Chain of Being was abandoned, algae were observed to liberate free-swimming zoospores, and cell theory was refined. Biology developed differently in France, Germany, and Britain, and we follow the rise and fall of supernumerary kingdoms in each environment. Haeckel positioned Protista as one of two, three, or four kingdoms. In the Twentieth century the living world was divided between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, while mitochondria and plastids were recognized as descendants of endosymbiotic bacteria. Molecular evidence revealed three domains (Archaea, Bacteria, Eukaryota), although many genomes are linked in a dynamic network of genetic relationships. Environmental genomes now threaten to undermine Eukaryota as an independent domain of life.
Philosophical Nature
Authors: Ragan Mark A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces ideas of plants and animals through the main schools of Hellenic philosophy from the Sixth century bce to the Third century ce. The concepts animal and plant can be discerned in Philolaus of Croton, Empedocles, and Diogenes of Apollonia. Aristotle spoke of a continuum among beings, a superaddition of vegetative, animate, and rational souls (with the corresponding nutritive, sensory, appetitive, locomotive, and ratiocinative powers), and “two-faced” beings in the borderland between animal and vegetable; he did not, however, offer a unitary classification of animals, or a “third kingdom” of intermediate beings. The word zoophyte (animal-plant) attributed to Sextus Empiricus is almost certainly a misreading, although not without interest in its own right.
Allegory, myth, and superstition
Authors: Ragan Mark A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the treatment of animals, plants, and intermediate beings in Medieval allegorical tales, myths, and superstition. Transgression of the animal-plant boundary was a staple of this literature. Libavius, Liceti, Kaempfer, Cardano, Scaliger, Duret, and Vaughan debated whether the “vegetable lamb” or borametz might be a zoophyte. The barnacle-goose (or barnacle-goose-tree) is said to have drawn the attention of Pope Innocent III. Paré and Duret catalogued all manner of transformations, including between kingdoms of nature. Such stories persisted: transgressive beings turn up in the first edition of Linnæus’s Systema naturæ (1735).
Classifying God’s handiwork
Authors: Ragan Mark A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the comprehensive hierarchical classification of organisms introduced from the late Seventeenth to the late Eighteenth century. The most successful classifications were based on body parts (features) including leaves, flowers, or seeds (for plants), or the organs of locomotion and sensation (for animals). The Linnæan system was immensely influential, but his animal series ended in poorly described “living molecules”, while his plant series, arranged by the parts of fructification, ended with organisms which seemed not to produce flowers or fruits. Linnæus developed a complex body of theory in which metamorphosis played a key role; this guided his thinking about the animal-plant boundary, including a Regnum neutrum proposed by Otto von Münchhausen. Natalis Joseph Necker and Pierre Villemet offered other intermediate kingdoms for fungi, but the pendulum swung back to a sharp animal-plant divide with the “natural classification” of Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu.
Green matter, zoospores, and diatoms
Authors: Ragan Mark A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The gravest risks to a sharp plant-animal dichotomy arose at the interface between infusoria and algae. This chapter treats four case studies: the “green matter” debate initiated by Priestley in the 1770s; the recognition of motile “zoospores” after 1803; experiments on algal metamorphosis from the 1810s through the 1840s; and the diatom dilemma of the 1840s. No consensus was reached on whether Priestley’s green matter is plant, animal, or sui generis. Agardh, Unger, and Kützing held that algae can metamorphose from one genus to another, or from plant to animal and back again; or perhaps zoospores are simultaneously plant and animal. Diatoms might be simultaneously animal, vegetable, and mineral. These issues were resolved only with a new generation of microscopes in the 1840s and 1850s, but the painful birth of phycology forced savants to rethink their beliefs about animals, vegetables, and intermediate kingdoms.
Temples of Nature
Authors: Ragan Mark A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores high-level biological classification in Britain from about 1770 to 1880. Linnæan systematics merged smoothly with natural theology, an older tradition in which the wondrous complexity of natural things, their fitness for purpose and place in the natural order were taken as evidence of providential design. Erasmus Darwin’s poems of origin and evolution were briefly popular. Natural theology made a last stand with the Bridgewater Treatises, but gave way to new arguments for evolution. Owen considered microscopic animalcules to be prototypes, and established kingdom Protozoa for beings that lack the distinctive superadditions of animals or plants. John Hogg proposed an ill-defined kingdom Primigenum, while from across the Atlantic, Wilson and Cassin offered kingdom Primalia defined by distinct characters. These new “third kingdoms” were ignored in the immense flood of popular works on natural history characteristic of the Victorian Age.
Meditation and Cultural Repertoires
Authors: McMahan David L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Rather than understanding meditation as an objective ascertainment of private internal contents of consciousness, this chapter theorizes meditative experiences as a systemic part of the ecology of a sociocultural system. Like patients and their doctors, meditators negotiate the significance of their experiences with teachers, texts, and traditions. This dialogue shapes not only the interpretation of their experiences but also the experiences themselves. Inchoate and unconscious impulses, impressions, and notions emerge into consciousness to take the shape of available categories. Narratives of progress, maps of the path, models of enlightened persons, and meditation instructions constitute templates that shape how meditation works in configuring consciousness. These templates guide meditators toward attending to certain features of their experience, interpreting their significance, categorizing them in certain ways, acting on them according to prescribed purposes. This is a constructivist model of meditation, in which practitioners try to cultivate states and culturally available ways of being.
Introduction
Authors: Duvanova Dinissa 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets up the research puzzle: Why do the supposedly dysfunctional and failing institutions of Russian and Kazakh kleptocratic regimes persist and even strengthen the power of authoritarian rulers? I survey the stylized facts about these countriesâ€™ economies and politics to demonstrate that Russian and Kazakh states have grown strong and resilient despite systemic corruption and debilitating cronyism. The chapter sets the scene for approaching this corruption/capacity paradox from the perspective of the regulatory state and discusses the roles of the major actors contributing to its rise—a state bureaucracy that preys on private enterprise and regular citizens, opportunistic business entities eager to collude with state agencies to get access to economic rents, and autocrats who invest in regulatory state-building to ensure their continuing rule.
European ‘Migrant Crisis’, 2015–2016
Authors: Bradley Miriam 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 12 examines the international humanitarian response to the European migrant ‘crisis’, with a focus on 2015 and 2016, but additionally incorporating discussion of developments up until 2021. In just nine months from July 2015 to March 2016, more than a million refugees and other migrants arrived in Europe by sea (mainly in Greece but also Italy and—to a much lesser extent—Spain), exposing a crisis of European institutions, policy, and practice. European policies created a situation in which tens or hundreds of thousands of migrants are in need of humanitarian aid, notably in the Mediterranean, the Greek island of Lesvos, and Calais. Newly established non-governmental organizations took the lead in search-and-rescue missions in the Mediterranean and in providing assistance to migrants in camps in Calais and Lesvos. With some important exceptions, most of the largest international humanitarian agencies that are the main focus of this book have been absent or have provided a small-scale, low-profile response. For many of the organizations that did respond, advocacy was a central part of their work in this context—both as a way to minimize their complicity with the policies and practices that were the cause of suffering and in an effort to pressurize authorities into changing those policies and practices. European authorities were hostile to most kinds of humanitarian response in this context, criminalizing and harassing those who sought to rescue and to support migrants, with a negative impact on their capacity to respond.
Politics, Principles, and Humanitarian Action
Authors: Bradley Miriam 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 13 introduces the four main principles of humanitarian action: humanity, impartiality, independence, and neutrality. It explains what each principle requires of its adherents and what the main lines of debate are regarding the desirability and feasibly of principled humanitarian action. It argues that while it is widely recognized that humanitarian action invariably has political consequences and can unintentionally serve to assist one side or other in a conflict, disagreement exists between those (so-called new humanitarians) who believe that humanitarian actors can, and should, leverage the assistance they provide in pursuit of broader, transformational goals and those (classical humanitarians) who believe that it should not be used that way. Despite significant debate, in particular regarding the value of neutrality, the chapter shows that most of the largest international humanitarian agencies continue to profess their commitment to all four principles. Differences emerge, however, in terms of how they interpret and implement these principles.
Media and Celebrities
Authors: Bradley Miriam 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 17 examines the role of mainstream Western media and celebrities in setting and framing the humanitarian agenda and in advocating particular policy responses to humanitarian emergencies. Some emergencies attract significant media coverage and celebrity engagement, and this can be important for generating public interest. However, this chapter argues that the way the media and celebrities tend to frame emergencies with simplified representations of victims and saviours generates a racialized politics of pity, and Africa in particular is constructed as a place of suffering, in need of charity and guidance from the global North. Absent any critique of the role the global capitalist system plays in generating humanitarian crises or any serious explanation of their causes at all, these representations implicitly call for action to address the symptoms rather than the causes of crisis. At the same time, some (mostly male) celebrities operate at the centre of the world political stage where, with more influence than expertise, they are able to demand ill-thought-out responses to crises.
Poetry, Catastrophe, and Hope in the Vision of Isaiah
Authors: Landy Francis 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The book of Isaiah is one of the longest and strangest books of the Hebrew Bible, composed over several centuries and traversing the catastrophe that befell the two kingdoms of Israel and Judah in the eighth and sixth centuries bce. ‘Utopia, Catastrophe, and Poetry in the Book of Isaiah’ is about the response of poetry to catastrophe and the hope for a new and perfect world on the other side. It traces two parallel developments: the displacement of the Davidic promise onto the Persian Empire, Israel, and the prophet himself; and the transition from exclusively male images of the deity to the matching of male and female prototypes, whereby YHWH takes the place of the warrior goddess. This process is related to the loss of power and of all state institutions, particularly the sacred monarchy and temple. The book consists of close readings of individual passages, commencing with ch. 1 and the problems of beginning, and ending with Deutero-Isaiah, composed subsequent to the Babylonian exile. It is a literary reading and differs from conventional historical and theological interpretations through its focus on poetic language and metaphor.
MDMA as a Dance Drug
Authors: Passie Torsten 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The association between drugs and dancing extends back to ancient times. Parallels can be seen between spontaneous medieval ‘dance epidemics’ and contemporary use of MDMA at dance parties. As a forerunner, MDA was used at dance parties in the late 1960s. However, it was only when the MDMA enthusiast Michael Clegg began to sell MDMA in parts of the Texas night-life scene that the synergy of MDMA and dancing spontaneously arose around 1983, which led to the rapid distribution of MDMA as a ‘dance drug’. From 1985 onwards, MDMA enjoyed a new career as a dance drug and found its way to Europe via the dance scene on the Spanish island of Ibiza: Ibiza dance parties were visited by some prominent disc jockeys from the UK, who became enthusiastic MDMA aficionados and launched the first MDMA-fuelled dance parties in London. The Netherlands, with its more tolerant drug policy and international trade through its capital Amsterdam, also became a distribution hub. The evolution of musical styles related to MDMA-fuelled dance parties are outlined, together with the more important events surrounding them, and descriptions of the experiences of ravers, both positive and negative, are also presented.
The British Rave Boom
Authors: Passie Torsten 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
MDMA and dancing became popular in the British nightlife scene from 1987 onwards, after the first DJs, inspired by their experiences in Ibiza, began to promote MDMA. In 1988, the ‘rave scene’ in the UK grew larger and generated some public controversy. After initially positive press coverage, the scene changed dramatically to a much more hostile social and political response, especially after reports of deaths related to MDMA at dance parties. Accustomed to the demonization of drugs, British society quickly tabooed Ecstasy and introduced special police units and laws to combat this new social menace. Nevertheless, the British rave scene became the largest worldwide and pioneered musical styles and party formats.
Transcription factor VvWRKY70 inhibits both norisoprenoid and flavonol biosynthesis in grape
Authors: Wei Yi , Meng Nan , Wang Yachen , Cheng Jing , Duan Changqing , Pan Qiuhong 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Norisoprenoids and flavonols are important secondary metabolites in grape berries (Vitis vinifera L.). The former is a class of ubiquitous flavor and fragrance compounds produced by the cleavage of carotenoids, and the latter, which is derived from the flavonoid metabolic pathway, has been proposed as a general quality marker for red grapes. However, the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms underlying norisoprenoid and flavonol production are still not fully understood. In this study, we characterized a transcription factor, VvWRKY70, as a repressor of both norisoprenoid and flavonol biosynthesis in grape berries, and its expression was downregulated by light and high-temperature treatment. Overexpressing VvWRKY70 in grape calli reduced norisoprenoid and flavonol production, particularly under light exposure or at high temperature, by repressing the expression of several related genes in the isoprenoid and flavonoid metabolic pathways. VvWRKY70 downregulated β-CAROTENE HYDROXYLASE 2 (VvBCH2) and CHALCONE SYNTHASE 3 (VvCHS3) expression based on yeast 1-hybrid analysis combined with electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR. We discuss the role of VvWRKY70 in the coordinated regulatory network of isoprenoid and flavonoid metabolism. These findings provide a theoretical basis to improve flavor, color, and other comprehensive qualities of fruit crops and their processing products.
Climate Change and the Opioid Epidemic
Authors: Ezell Jerel M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Ongoing assessments by climate scientists, including a recent report from the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, punctuate the pronounced effect that climate change is poised to have in the near future on the health and well-being of humans—particularly those with low socioeconomic status—throughout the world. To this end, to date, very limited scholarly attention has been placed on the effects that climate change may have on people who use drugs (PWUDs), in particular those with opioid use disorder, and assessed their structural and social determinants of climate change vulnerability. Since COVID-19, which has key lessons to offer on climate change’s potential effects on PWUDs, the opioid epidemic has been rapidly accelerating in terms of its socioeconomic, racial, and geographic reach. The opioid epidemic has been further deepened by increasing fentanyl contamination and co-use with stimulants such as methamphetamine and (crack) cocaine, spurring a heavy increase in overdose deaths. These trends highlight a looming confrontation between the world’s complex overdose crisis and its equally intensifying climate emergency. This piece contextualizes the specter of harms that climate change is likely to cultivate against PWUDs and offers strategies for mitigation.
Evaluation of Rinsing Options for Rigid Gas Permeable Contact Lenses
Authors: Steele Kelsy R. , Zadnik Karla 
Published: July 2023

Objectives:
This study assessed the efficacy of various saline solutions as alternative methods to rinsing rigid gas permeable (RGP) lenses with tap water.

Methods:
The exiting fluid pressure of five commercially available saline solutions was measured using a venous pressure transducer system. Rigid gas permeable lenses were cleaned with one of two commercially available cleaners and then rinsed with one of five saline solutions or with tap water. High-resolution imaging was performed after each rinse, and light transmission through the lens surface was determined by measuring the mean pixel count within a 1 mm by 1 mm square.

Results:
The mean pixels/mm2 and the rinsing method were correlated (Spearman rank order correlation, P<0.0001), that is, high pixel counts represented more lens surface deposits and residue, and as fluid pressure of the rinsing methods increased, mean pixels/mm2 decreased.

Conclusions:
Measured fluid pressure relates to lens surface opacity suggesting that some products leave less residue than others. In addition, tap water, with its high exiting fluid pressure, seems to be the most effective option for removal of RGP cleaners from the contact lens surface. Despite these findings, tap water rinse is not encouraged because of its potential to lead to corneal inflammation and infection; therefore, the development of alternative procedures and products is needed.
The Utility of Interim Positron Emission Tomography Imaging to Inform Adaptive Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Rosen Benjamin S. , Vaishampayan Neil , Cao Yue , Mierzwa Michelle L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In this article, as part of this special issue on biomarkers of early response, we review the current evidence to support the use of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging during chemoradiation therapy to inform biologically adaptive radiotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. We review literature covering this topic spanning nearly 3 decades, including the use of various radiotracers and discoveries of novel predictive PET biomarkers. Through understanding how observational trials have informed current interventional clinical trials, we hope that this review will encourage researchers and clinicians to incorporate PET response criteria in new trial designs to advance biologically optimized radiotherapy.
The Effect of Motivational Interview-Based Counseling in Individuals With Amputation
Authors: Küçük Öztürk Gülhan , Şimşek Nuray 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Aim
This randomized controlled experimental study determined the effect of motivational interview-based counseling on the coping strategies and perceived social support levels in individuals with amputations due to chronic disease.

Design
A randomized controlled trial was conducted.

Method
The study was completed in the orthopedics and traumatology department with 48 patients. Data were collected using a descriptive information form, the Coping Strategies Scale, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Independent samples t test, paired t test, and chi-square test were used for data analysis.

Results
The scores of the Coping Strategies Scale and the Perceived Social Support Scale of individuals in the intervention group significantly increased in the posttest after motivational interview-based counseling compared to their pretest scores. It was determined that the Coping Strategies Scale and Perceived Social Support Scale subdimension scores and total mean scores for individuals in the intervention group in the posttest were higher than the mean scores for individuals in the control group. The difference between the groups was significant.

Conclusion
The motivational interview-based counseling given to individuals with amputation because of chronic disease increased their coping strategies and perceived social support levels.