bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Swept source optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography for diagnosis and follow‐up of type 2 macular telangiectasia
Authors: Fekih Khawla , Ouederni Meriem , Maamouri Rim , Aoun Safa Ben , Sassi Hela , Cheour Monia 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: To report the contribution of swept source optical coherence tomography (SS‐OCT) and OCT‐angiography (OCTA) imaging findings in the diagnosis and the follow‐up of type 2 macular telangiectasia (MacTel 2).Methods: A retrospective study of eight eyes (five patients) with various stages of MacTel2. Clinical staging of MacTel 2 was performed based on SS‐OCT and OCTA.Results: The average age was 63 years old. The mean follow up was 33.6 months. A very early non‐proliferative stage was found in three eyes, an early non‐proliferative stage in three eyes and a late proliferative stage in two eyes. The most common findings on SS‐OCT were disruption of the inner segment‐outer segment (IS/OS) layer in all eyes, parafoveal hyporeflective retinal cavities in four eyes and superficial retinal crystals in three eyes. Two eyes showed irregularity of foveal contour and internal limiting membrane draping associated with retinal vascular channels connecting the superficial and deep retinal layers and forming retinal‐choroidal anastomosis. OCTA findings included capillary telangiectatic changes and enlargement of intercapillary spaces predominantly in deep capillary plexus (DCP) in comparison with superficial capillary plexus (SCP) in all eyes. Irregularity of capillary size in the perifoveal region of the DCP and SCP, predominantly temporal to the fovea, was found in five eyes. Circumferential capillary distortions and subretinal neovascularization at the level of the outer retina and choriocapillaris were detectable in two eyes. At the mean period of follow‐up, lesions were stable in two eyes, an extension of IS/OS disruption was noted in four eyes, parafoveal cavities' appearance and/or extension was found in two eyes and neovascular proliferation appeared in one eye.Conclusions: SS‐OCT and OCTA imaging features facilitate the diagnosis, staging and long‐term follow‐ up of MacTel 2. Further prospective studies are need to characterize the progressive and sequential nature of structural changes in this disease.
Retinal macroglial activation over time in an experimental glaucoma model
Authors: Fernández‐Albarral José A. , Matamoros José A. , Chen Lejing , Salobrar‐Garcia Elena , López‐Cuenca Inés , Sanchez‐Puebla Lidia , Lozano María Pilar Rojas , De Hoz Rosa , Ramirez Jose Manuel , Salazar Juan Jose , Ramirez Ana Isabel 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of unilateral laser‐induced ocular hypertension (OHT) on macroglia in OHT and contralateral eyes at different time points after laser treatment (1, 3, 5, 8 and 15 days).Methods: Two groups of albino Swiss mice: naïve group (n = 6) and OHT group (n = 30, six animals for each time study group). In the OHT group, OHT was induced by laser photocoagulation of the limbal and episcleral veins of the left eyes. Retinal whole‐mounts were used to visualize the astroglial plexus throughout the retinal extension, analysing the GFAP‐labelled retinal area (GFAP‐RA), the intensity of GFAP labeling (GFAP‐IRI), and the intensity of MHC‐II expression (MHC‐II‐IRI) in both OHT eyes and normotensive contralateral eyes compared to naïve eyes.Results: In OHT and contralateral eyes, with respect to naïve eyes, at all the time points, we found the following: (i) astrocytes with thicker somas and more secondary processes, mainly in the intermediate (IR) and peripheral retina (PR); (ii) astrocytes with low GFAP‐IRI and only primary processes near the optic disc (OD); (iii) increased total GFAP‐RA, which was higher at 3 and 5 days, except for at 15 days; (iv) increased GFAP‐IRI in the IR and especially in the PR: (v) decreased GFAP‐IRI near the OD, mainly at 1 and 5 days; (vi) a significant increase in MHC‐II‐IRI, which was higher in the IR and PR; and (vii) GFAP+ and MHC‐II+ immunolabelling in the Müller glia.Conclusions: Increased IOP leads, both in OHT eyes and in their normotensive contralateral eye, to macroglial activation, demonstrated both by morphologic changes and by the overexpression of GFAP and MHC‐II. The main signs of activation were observed mainly in the IR and PR, being more intense at 3 and 5 days after induction. However, in the OD, astrocytes showed low expression of GFAP and MHC‐II. The bilateral macroglial activation observed in this study would be triggered by the immune response associated with neuroinflammation.
changes in corneal diameter in myopic children during 18 months randomly assigned to orthokeratology lenses or single‐vision spectacles
Authors: Lazar Daniel , Jakobsen Trine Møldrup 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: Orthokeratology lenses (OKL) have been shown to reduce axial length elongation in myopic children. OKL are costume fit, reverse geometry lenses. One of the parameters used to ensure lens fitting is the corneal diameter. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in corneal diameter during 18 months in myopic children randomized to OKL or single‐vision spectacles (SVS).Methods: This study was an 18‐month 1:1 randomized, controlled trial of Danish myopic children aged 6–12 years with myopia ranging from 0.5 to 4.75 diopters (D) spherical component and refractive astigmatism ≤2.5 D. The intervention was orthokeratology lenses (OKL), while the control group received SVS. The outcome measure was corneal diameter (Pentacam HR, Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany).Results: A total of 37 right eyes were included, 23 (13 female) in the control group and 14 (9 female) in the intervention group. We found a significant change in corneal diameter in both the control group (difference in medians of 0.20 mm, p < 0.001, Wilcoxon signed‐rank test) and the intervention group (difference in medians of 0.175 mm, p < 0.001, Wilcoxon signed‐rank test). Furthermore, when comparing our 2 groups, we saw a significantly smaller increase in corneal diameter in the intervention group compared to the control group (difference in medians of 0.025 mm, p = 0.03, Mann–Whitney rank‐sum test).Conclusions: The corneal diameter significantly changes during 18 months in Danish children in both groups, however, the difference is significantly less during OKL treatment. The latter needs further clarification at this point. We can conclude, that to ensure correct OKL fitting in children close monitoring during OKL treatment is necessary.
Visual impairment in Malta ‐ preliminary data from the Malta eye study
Authors: Agius David , Cassar Daniel , Mamo Julian , Carbonaro Francis 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: The Malta Eye Study is a cross‐sectional ophthalmic epidemiology study of the Maltese population aged between 50–80 years. We report preliminary data on visual impairment, and the leading causes of visual loss among the Maltese population.Methods: Data is being collated over 2 years from a randomized sample of 2000 subjects from the Maltese Electoral Register, using postal invitations for assessments. The assessments include questionnaires (National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire, EuroQoL, Ocular Surface Disease Index, the Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment Score), anthropometrics, visual assessment, a slit lamp based ophthalmological examination, OCT scanning, Visionix and saliva collection for DNA analysis. The visual examination involves the use of logMAR chart calibrated at 4 m. This is performed for either eye with occlusion of the other eye. The WHO definitions of mild, moderate, severe visual impairment and blindness have been used.Results: Up until the date of submission of this abstract, 500 participants were assessed (25% of the target data). The overall prevalence of visual impairment, that is, any vision >0.3 logMAR in the better eye, is 5.8% (95% CI 3.9–8.2%). The prevalence of mild, moderate, severe visual impairment and blindness of the better eyes are 3.6% (95% CI 2.1–5.6%), 1.6% (95% CI 0.7–3.1%), 0.2% (95% CI 0.0–1.1%) and 0.4% (95% CI 0.0–1.4%) respectively. 22.4% (95% CI 18.8–26.3%) of the population have at least one eye with visual impairment, i.e. visual acuity >0.3 logMAR. In the population with visual impairment in at least one eye, the leading causes for such impairment in descending order include uncorrected refractive error, amblyopia, untreated cataract, age related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma with prevalence of 29.5% (95% CI 21.2–38.8%), 21.4% (95% CI 14.2–30.2%), 20.5% (95% CI 13.5–29.2%), 7.1% (95% CI 3.1–13.6%), 4.5% (95% CI 1.5–10.1%) and 4.5% (95% CI 1.5–10.1%) respectively.Conclusions: The findings from this preliminary dataset compare well with large epidemiological surveys of similar populations in Europe and the US.
Microspherophakia and megalocornea with or without secondary glaucoma: A case series
Authors: Houmane Yasmine , Meriem Ouederni , Falfoul Yousra , Abid Yosra , Zeghal Imene , Cheour Monia 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: To report a case series of 6 eyes of 3 children diagnosed with microspherophakia and megalocornea with or without secondary glaucoma (MSPKA) and to discuss its clinical features and management.Methods: We reviewed 3 cases of a boy (case 1) and 2 sisters (cases 2,3) diagnosed with MSPKA from two consanguineous families. Ultrasound biomicroscopy was performed in 2 eyes and anterior‐segment swept‐source optical coherence tomography in 6 eyes.Results: Mean corneal diameter was 13 mm. Lens equatorial diameters were, in case 1, 6.2 mm in the right eye (RE) and 6.1 mm in the left eye (LE); in case 2, 7.4 mm (RE) and 7.7 mm (LE). Systemic work‐up was unremarkable.Case 1: A 6‐year‐old boy presented with bilateral lens subluxation and advanced secondary angle‐closure glaucoma (SACG). Best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/200 (RE) and was limited to counting fingers (LE). We performed phacoemulsification, anterior vitrectomy and retro‐pupillary iris‐claw intraocular lens implantation (RPIC‐IOL) in both eyes. At 5 months follow‐up, BCVA was 20/50 (RE) and 20/100 (LE). Intraocular pressure (IOP) decreased to 14 mmHg in both eyes.Case 2: Ophthalmologic examination in a 5‐year‐old girl showed in both eyes: a BCVA of 20/50, megalocornea, normal IOP and iridophacodonesis. Surgery with scleral fixation of the capsular bag will be considered.Case 3: An 8‐year‐old girl was referred after a bilateral lensectomy following spontaneous luxation of the lens into the anterior chamber in her RE. Examination showed bilateral megalocornea, aphakia and normal IOP. Secondary RPIC‐IOL implantation and amblyopia management were planned.Genetic testing for the Latent Transforming Growth Factor Beta Binding Protein 2 (LTBP2) gene mutation was performed in both sisters.Conclusions: MSPKA is a rare condition that can be associated with extraocular manifestations. Patients are at a high risk of lens dislocation and SACG. Surgical management remains challenging and should not be delayed.
Clinical parameters related to the glial activation and neuronal alterations present in the retinas of COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Albertos‐Arranz Henar , Gil Natalia Martínez , Sáez Xavier Sánchez , Noailles Agustina , Pastor María José Ruiz , Adsuara Clara Monferrer , Sargues Lidia Remolí , Andrés Ramón Calvo , Lax Pedro , Cuenca Nicolás 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: Ocular and eye fundus alterations have been described in COVID‐19 patients. In this study, the aim was to establish several stages of response to damage in the retinal cells from human donors with COVID‐19 and analyse their relationship with clinical parameters.Methods: Retinal sections and flat‐mount retinas from human donors with COVID‐19 (n = 16) and control (n = 12) were analysed with immunohistochemistry. The location of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the morphology of microglial cells, Müller cells, astrocytes, and photoreceptors were evaluated by confocal microscopy. Microglial analysis and cell death were measured. Clinical data were correlated with different retinal parameters.Results: Müller cells, outer segment of cones and retinal pigment epithelium presented the ACE2 protein. Larger staining of ACE2 and cellular retinaldehyde–binding protein (CRALBP) was found in the cell bodies of Müller cells in COVID‐19 group. Disorganization of honeycomb‐like pattern formed by Müller cells and disruption of external limiting membrane were observed in the 81.3% of COVID‐19 patients. The 53.3% of COVID‐19 patients showed reactive gliosis as well as astrocytes protruding and epiretinal membranes. Cone degeneration was aggravated in the COVID‐19 group. Activated or ameboid‐shape microglia was found in the 93.8% of COVID‐19 patients. Most retinas showed a reduction of the area occupied by microglia and presented microglial nodules around vessels. Retinal degeneration in COVID‐19 group correlated with the duration of the disease (ro: 0.655; p < 0.01) and age (ro: −0.5; p < 0.05). Moreover, microglia activation was correlated with blood oxygen levels (ro: −0.554; p < 0.05).Conclusions: Different stages of glial activation and neuronal alterations are present in COVID‐19 retinas and are significantly correlated with the duration of the disease, age and respiratory failure.
Conjunctival tumour as an acute myeloblastic lymphoma presentation in a paediatric patient
Authors: Alarcón‐Correcher F. , Tepper Sergio Maugard , Fabra Yolanda Cifre , García Maria Amparo Lanuza 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: The most frequent ocular tumours are those that affect the conjunctiva which have a wide spectrum of presentation and can arise from any cell lineage that forms the conjunctiva, being the most representatives those that origins from epithelial and melanocytic cells. A case of a 10‐month‐old female patient who was diagnosed with acute myeloblastic leukaemia after studying a conjunctival tumour is presented.Methods: The case of a 10‐month‐old female with a conjunctival lesion located in the right eye who was also being studied for two masses, one on the right preauricular zone and the other on the left zygomatic area is described. About her medical history, she had an aplastic crisis due to parvovirus infection when she was 8 months old. No ophthalmological background was reported. On the clinical exam of the right eye, a pink conjunctival lesion located in the outer corner of the superior conjunctival fornix was found. The ocular motility was normal and the eyeball position was normal.Results: A biopsy of the conjunctival mass was performed immediately. The histopathology report showed infiltration with leukaemic cells. After this finding, a bone marrow biopsy, lumbar puncture, full‐body CT scan and an orbit MRI were performed, concluding the patient was suffering from an acute myeloblastic leukaemia with extramedullary involvement (face, orbit, ovaries) and central nervous system affection. After two cycles of chemotherapy, complete remission is achieved, including the conjunctival and orbital lesions.Conclusions: Haematology‐Oncology systemic diseases can imply the eye and the orbit. The manifestations most commonly found in children with leukaemia are proptosis, retinal and choroidal affection, optic nerve damage, and sixth nerve palsy. In the conjunctiva, it usually manifests as a subconjunctival salmon‐pink flesh coloured mass. Excision‐biopsy study is essential in the differential diagnosis of conjunctival neoplasms.
Postural exophthalmos caused by orbital varix
Authors: deRivas Marta Orejudo , Moscarda Eva Núñez , Rivasés Guillermo Pérez , Claveria Julia Aramburu , Arias Pablo Cisneros , Martinez Marta Suñer , el Bakkali Ismael Bakkali , Fernández Miguel Castillo , Laguarta Jesus Castillo 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: To describe a clinical case of unilateral and intermittent exophthalmos of subacute onset and persistent course.Methods: A 43‐year‐old woman who was referred to the orbit section due to a sensation of protrusion of the left eye (LE) that increases when bending down. Shee also reports that she hears an intermittent murmur. It is not accompanied by eye pain or blurred vision. She evidenced it a few months ago, not being related to any traumatic event. She has no personal or family history of interest. It was observed with the patient sitting that the LE seemed to protrude more than the RE. Exophthalmometer measurement revealed a 2 mm proptosis. When the patient was lying on her left side, the exophthalmos increased as the minutes passed. It was a reducible but not pulsatile exophthalmos. No murmur was observed during the examination. The rest of the ophthalmological examination showed no alterations. Given the suspicion of intermittent exophthalmos due to a left orbital tumour, it was decided to perform a contrast‐enhanced CT scan that revealed a varicose venous lesion with an intraconal component and slight extraconal prolongation in the Valsalva sequences.Results: Due to the difficult surgical access, the small size and the mild symptoms, having ruled out the presence of haemorrhage, varicose thrombosis or compression of the optic nerve, it was decided to carry out clinical follow‐up.Conclusions: Clinical suspicion of orbital varicocele in a case with typical symptoms is essential. Orbital CT with contrast in Valsalva sequences is one of the most used diagnostic test. Good clinical follow‐up is necessary in cases with mild symptoms.References
Howells MS, Sharma R. Orbital varices. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(12):e232887. doi: 10.1136/bcr‐2019‐232 887. PMID: 31818898; PMCID: PMC6904158.
Shchurova IN, Pronin IN, Melnikova‐Pitskhelauri TV, Serova NK, Batalov AI, Solozhentseva KD. Orbital'nyi venoznyi varikoz: sovremennye metody diagnostiki i differentsial'nyi diagnoz [Orbital venous varices: modern diagnostic methods and differential diagnosis]. Zh Vopr Neirokhir Im N N Burdenko. 2020;84(6):33–48. Russian. doi: 10.17116/neiro20208406133. PMID: 33306298.
A model of the oxygen tension and consumption across the cornea under a contact lens with incorporation of blinking effects
Authors: Lim Clara , Hainey Paul , Goodenough Neil , Crooke‐Alvarez Almudena , Garcia‐Montero Maria 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: The aim of this study was to incorporate the influence of the blinking effects on the post‐lens tear film (PoLTF) oxygen tension evolution in a model of a cornea. Indeed, the reservoir effect of the PoLTF has often been overlooked in the previous models. Here, both the oxygen tension and consumption profiles across the cornea are described over several cycles of blinking from the insertion of the lens to the reach of a steady‐oscillation state.Methods: A numerical model of the cornea was developed based on previous studies, the oxygen consumption of the cornea being described by the Monod kinetics model [1]. The temporal variations of the oxygen tension in the PoLTF were added using the model of Fatt and Hill [2]. The oxygen tension and consumption at different times were calculated, while varying the fractional reservoir volume (FRV) not replenished by the blink, 0.82 being the FRV giving results closest to reality according to Fatt and Hill.Results: As expected, the higher the value of FRV, the lower the oxygen tension and oxygen consumption were across the cornea. At steady state, the model showed an average corneal oxygen consumption diminution of 5.7% between two blinks for a FRV equal to 0.82. This diminution increases with the value of FRV.Conclusions: This simple numerical model provides a theoretical support and contributes to the better understanding of the oxygen uptake of the cornea while wearing a lens. However, assuming that the oxygen tension of the PoLTF is not influenced by the oxygen consumption inside the cornea may constitute a limitation.References.1. Compañ V, Aguilella‐Arzo M, Weissman BA. Corneal Equilibrium Flux as a Function of Corneal Surface Oxygen Tension. Optom Vis Sci. 2017;94(6):672–679. PMID: 28514247.2. Fatt I, Hill RM. Oxygen tension under a contact lens during blinking‐‐a comparison of theory and experimental observation. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom. 1970;47(1):50–5. PMID: 5262987.
Large macular hole surgery using an inverted flower internal limiting membrane flap technique
Authors: Chichur Diana 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: To evaluate the anatomical and functional results in eyes with large macular holes using inverted flower ILM flap technique.Methods: This clinical study included 58 eyes with large macular holes, which were divided into two groups: first group included 36 eyes with idiopathic macular holes and second group ‐ 22 eyes with myopic macular holes. In both groups, diameter of the hole was more than 600 μm. All eyes were treated using an inverted flower flap technique, C3F8 gas tamponade and face‐down posturing. The hole closure, postoperative visual acuity and OCT data were analysed at 1 and 6 month after the surgery.Results: The inverted flower ILM technique was successful in 100% of the cases. We could observe significant postoperative improvements of visual acuity (p < 0.05) in all eyes. However, the first group showed better functional results compared to the second group. Complete resolution of ellipsoid zone defects was observed on 22 eyes (61.1%) in the first group and on 9 eyes (40.9%) in the myopic group.Conclusions: The inverted flower flap technique confirmed its effectiveness for the closure of large macular holes and good recovery of photoreceptor layers and, consequently, functional result improvement.
Bilateral optic nerve glioma in a paediatric patient with neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: Moscarda Eva Josefina Núñez , Orejudo deRivas Marta , Cisneros‐Arias Pablo , El Bakkali Ismael Bakkali , Rivasés Guillermo Pérez , Martínez Marta Suñer , Clavería Julia Aramburu , Fernández Miguel Castillo , Garcia Diana Perez 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: To describe the presentation and management of gliomas of both optic nerves in a paediatric patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1).Methods: A 4‐year‐old female patient referred for ophthalmological evaluation due to a recent diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 1. She presented better corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/40 in both eyes (OU). Symmetrical and normoreactive pupils, normal extrinsic ocular motility, no proptosis or exophthalmos. In biomicroscopy Lisch nodules are observed in OU. Funduscopy of normal appearance except slight pallor of both optic papillae Refraction measurements with cycloplegia showed anisometropia: Right eye: +0.75–0.25 at 180°; Left eye: +1.75–2.75 at 170°. Stereopsis: 120 s of arc. Correction is prescribed and a follow‐up visit is scheduled. In subsequent visits we found a slight decrease in BCVA (20/50). In the Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) we observed a clear decrease in the thickness of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) in the temporal sector. Visual campimetry and colour vision test cannot be performed Because of the patient's age. Due the clinical situation of decreased BCVA without justifiable cause in a patient with NF1, Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the brain and orbit is requested and a fusiform thickening of both optic nerves in their intraorbital portions with prolongation towards the optic chiasm is evidenced.Results: Due the clinical progression and deterioration on the RNFL OCT tests, an interconsultation with the Paediatric Oncology Department was made and it was decided to start systemic treatment with vinblastine.Conclusions: A complete ophthalmological examination adjusted to age is currently considered to be of choice in patients with NF1, being necessary annually until the age of 8 years and every 2 years until the age of 18. However, this examination in younger children, who are at greatest risk of developing gliomas, can be complex and requires experience.