bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CD4 Response of Treatment-Naive HIV-TB Patients with Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India
Authors: Vyas Nitya , Chandwani Jyotsna , Gupta Sakshee , Sharma Babita 
Published: March 2023

Background:
Most patients develop lower respiratory tract infections of infectious etiology during the course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. High burden of tuberculosis (TB) among HIV-infected patients leads to lowering of immunity, thus increasing the incidence of other opportunistic infections. The present study was conducted to discuss the impact of lower respiratory tract infections(LRTI's) including TB in HIV-infected patients.

Materials and Methods:
A prospective case–control study was done on 180 treatment-naive HIV-seropositive patients and 100 HIV-seronegative controls having LRTIs for a period of 1 year. Expectorated and induced sputum samples were collected and screened for Mycobacterium tuberculosis by smear microscopy. Five milliliter of venous blood was collected from each patient for determination of cluster of differentiation 4+ (CD4+) T-cell lymphocyte counts.

Results:
Acid-fast bacilli were observed in 40.55% (73/180) of HIV-infected patients compared to 17% (17/100) in seronegative patients (P < 0.001). About 69.86% (51/73) of HIV-TB co-infected patients had CD4 + T-cell lymphocyte count < 200 cells/μl (P < 0.05). CD4 + T-cell lymphocyte counts of HIV-TB co-infected patients were comparable to patients having LRTI's other than TB (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:
LRTIs lead to a significant lowering of CD4 + T-cell lymphocyte counts among HIV-positive patients. Hence, routine screening along with laboratory confirmation for all lower respiratory tract infections in addition to TB is essential to manage coinfections in HIV patients.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices toward COVID-19 among Rural People during the Pandemic in India
Authors: Panneerselvam Naresh Kumar , Ravi Dhilip V. 
Published: March 2023

Background:
Knowledge, attitude, and practices of the Indian population toward the transmission and prevention of COVID-19 diseases play a vital role in effective control measures.

Objective:
In this study, we assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practices toward COVID-19 among rural people in Tamil Nadu, India.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional survey using a semistructured interview schedule, with face validated and translated into the local language after pilot testing, was used to collect the data. An information sheet was provided to the participants in the local language (Tamil), and verbal consent was obtained before starting the interview. Ethical approval was granted by the institutional ethics committee.

Results:
A total of 762 participants were interviewed, with the average age of participants being 42.59 years (standard deviation: ± 16.8). Around 37% of participants did not receive any formal education; among working people, most of them were involved in agriculture and unskilled labor works. The knowledge related to disease transmission was poor, only 50% of the people knew that virus can spread through droplets and close contact with the infected people, and only 11.4% said that the virus can spread when people get in contact with a contaminated surface. Around 85% of the people said that naturopathy home remedies can help prevent COVID-19 severity. The preventive practices scores were poor, only 11% of the people wore the mask, and educational status was the significant predictor of positive practices scores.

Conclusion:
The government can develop health educational programs tailored to rural communities to promote the practices and also can implement legal measures to promote the practices among the people.
Comparative Study of Intravenous Paracetamol Infusion versus Intramuscular Tramadol as an Intrapartum Labor Analgesia
Authors: Dwidmuthe Kanchan Samir , Bhoyar Rohini Jageshwar , Somalwar Savita Ashutosh 
Published: March 2023

Context:
Paracetamol exerts its analgesic effect by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis in the central nervous system and peripheral action by blocking the generation of pain impulses. It has also a serotonergic (5Ht) mechanism and a cannabinoid agonist mechanism.

Aims:
We planned this study to compare intravenous and intramuscular tramadol as labor analgesia.

Settings and Design:
This prospective single-blinded randomized study was conducted in primigravida labor patients at tertiary care hospital between January 2016 and December 2018 after getting the permission of the ethical committee.

Methods:
Patients were randomly divided into two groups using a computer-generated random table in the Paracetamol group (Group A) and Tramadol group (Group B). Group A (60 patients) received IV PCM 1000 mg in the active phase of labor single dose over 15 min. Group B, received intramuscular tramadol hydrochloride 100 mg. Labor was monitored using partograph, pain intensity was recorded before, 1 h, and 3 h of drug administration using the Mac Gill pain intensity scale.

Statistical Analysis Used:
We did statistical analysis using IBM SPSS version 22.0 software. We used an independent t-test to analyze the difference in continuous dependent variables in two groups. The MacGill's pain intensity scale score was examined using repeated measures of analysis of variance for mean scores on 3 outcome measures: Before drug delivery, 1 h after drug delivery and 3 h after drug delivery.

Results:
Overall paracetamol was well tolerated as compared to tramadol. Patients who received paracetamol experienced fewer side effects including nausea and vomiting. The difference was statistically significant (Chi-square = 8.091; df = 2; P = 0.018). In the paracetamol group, 8 (15%) patients had nausea and 1 (2%) experienced vomiting; while in the tramadol group, 6 (11%) patients had nausea and 10 (19%) patients experienced vomiting.

Conclusions:
Paracetamol is safe labor analgesic as compared to intramuscular tramadol. Further studies consisting of a greater number of patients are needed to validate the results of this study.
Histopathological Study of Vascular Changes of Placenta in Preeclampsia Using Histochemistry
Authors: Swati Pandey , Hemalatha A. , Munikrishna M. 
Published: March 2023

Context:
Preeclampsia is a threat that affects globally, and more so in developing countries. It occurs in 5%–8% of pregnancies worldwide and is the second-most common cause of maternal and fetal death.

Aims:
To compare vascular changes in vessels of placental stem villi and terminal villi in the placenta in preeclampsia and compare that with placenta from normal pregnancy using special stain such as Masson's trichrome and Verhoeff's stain.

Settings and Design:
A total of 120 placentas were included in the study. Sixty cases were from preeclampsia patients of which 20 were from severe preeclampsia and 40 from mild preeclampsia and 60 were gestational age matched controls.

Subjects and Methods:
Placental tissue was examined for gross and microscopic changes. Representative sections were also screened after staining with special stains such as Masson's trichrome and Verhoeff's stain.

Statistical Analysis Used:
SPSS 22, USA, was used for descriptive and analytical data. Chi-square was the test of significance. P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results:
Placenta from preeclampsia showed significantly low placental weight, less diameter, and thickness as compared to control. The stem villi showed thrombosis and medial hypertrophy. All the parameters were statistically significant when compared between the two groups, and these changes were related to the severity of preeclampsia.

Conclusions:
Vascular changes and products released may be the reason for the pathogenesis, clinical sequelae onset of disseminated intravascular coagulation, maternal inflammatory syndrome, and poor outcome in preeclampsia, which needed further study.
Study of Risk Factors for Noncommunicable Diseases Among Urban Slum Population of Western Maharashtra Using WHO STEPS Approach
Authors: Aparna V. S. , Patil Supriya Satish , Durgawale P. M. 
Published: March 2023

Background:
Noncommunicable diseases NCDs are considered to be the leading cause of death worldwide. These are the cause for almost 85% of premature deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries.

Materials and Methods:
Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 125 randomly selected people ≥18 years in the urban slum area which is the field practice area of the Department of Community Medicine, KIMS, Karad, Maharashtra, India. The World Health Organization developed STEPwise approach for the surveillance of NCDs and its risk factors were used. STEP 1 (behavioral risk factors), STEP 2 (physical measurements), and STEP 3 (biochemical measurements) were included in our study. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results:
The prevalence of behavioral risk factors such as smoking was 11.2% among males, smokeless tobacco use was 29.6% among females, alcohol use was 16.8% among males, sedentary lifestyle was 16.8% among the age of 26–45 years, ≥5 fruit and vegetable servings/day was consumed by only 4%. Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia was 36%, 11.2%, 37.6%, and 31.2%, respectively.

Conclusion:
Various NCD risk factors assessed from our study showed high prevalence among urban slum population. Surveillance of risk factors and adequate awareness among urban slum population is essential to prevent spread of NCDs.
An Outbreak of Leclercia adecarboxylata from a Tertiary Neurocare Center
Authors: Benachinmardi Kirtilaxmi K. , Veenakumari Singh H. B. , Nagarathna S. 
Published: March 2023

Background:
Hospital-acquired infection (HAI) outbreaks are special-cause events having multiple factors involved in it. HAI outbreaks often reflect problems that are unique, urgent, unusual, or difficult to control. There are only a few case reports and case series of Leclercia adecarboxylata reported in the literature.

Materials and Methods:
The outbreak occurred in a 1000-bedded tertiary neurocare center. There was sudden isolation of an unusual organism from different samples such as tracheal secretion, ventriculo-peritoneal shunt tip, pus, wound swab, urine, and blood. All the samples were processed according to the standard protocol and antibiotic susceptibility was carried out by Kirby–Bauer disk-diffusion method and interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. All the isolates were subjected to VITEK-2 system for confirmation. The steps involved in outbreak investigation were (1) case definition, (2) case confirmation, (3) establishing the background rate of disease and finding cases, (4) identification of source, (5) control measures, (6) communicate findings, and (7) maintain surveillance.

Results:
The organism was identified as L. adecarboxylata. All the isolates were resistant only to ampicillin. However, two isolates isolated from the blood of the same patient were sensitive only to imipenem and colistin. The source could not be identified with extensive efforts; however, the outbreak was controlled with strict practice of hand hygiene and other aseptic precautions. On surveillance, there was no further isolation of the organism.

Conclusion:
As HAI outbreaks are multifactorial, there should be preparedness for hospital infection outbreaks in all the hospitals to prevent morbidity and mortality.
Knowledge and Attitude Regarding “Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana” among Young and Aged Rural Adults
Authors: Chouhan Kirti , Sharma Renu , Pareek Shatrughan 
Published: March 2023

Introduction:
Women are the most important part of the society and equally participate in the life existence on the earth. “Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana” is an awareness campaign to save girl children in India by ensuring their safety as well as to stop the crime against girl child, especially female feticide and gender inequality. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge and attitude of young and aged adults regarding “Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana” in a selected rural community.

Methodology:
The quantitative research approach was adopted for this study and the descriptive research design was used. The study was conducted among 200 young and aged adults at Bhuddhi village of Dehradun district with the help of nonprobability convenient sampling technique. The data were collected by using a valid tool comprising demographic variables, knowledge questionnaires, and attitude rating scale. Data analysis was done with the help of SPSS 20.

Results:
Majority of the participants (59%) had moderate knowledge, while 77% had favorable attitude toward “Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana.” There was a statistically significant positive correlation (P = 0.0001*) between the knowledge and attitude of rural adults toward “Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana.” In terms of association, education was statistically significantly associated (P = 0.0001*) with knowledge, whereas attitude showed an association with education (P = 0.0001*) and gender (P = 0.045*).

Conclusion:
The study highlighted that young and aged adults have moderate knowledge and favorable attitude regarding “Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao” scheme. Mass awareness campaigns are needed for positive outcomes of the scheme.
Evaluation of Lymph Nodes in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Mapping, and Fast-Spin Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Lohe Vidya , Bhowate Rahul , Parihar Pratapsingh , Kadu Ravindra , Sune Ravikant V. , Mohod Swapnil C. , Meshram Mrunal 
Published: March 2023

Objectives:
To evaluate cervical lymph nodes in OSCC with fast spin echo MRI. ii) To evaluate cervical lymph nodes in OSCC with Diffusion Weighted MRI & estimate its ADC value. iii) To compare the findings of cervical lymph nodes in OSCC with diffusion-weighted MRI, ADC mapping and fast spin echo MRI with histopathology.

Methods:
The study was conducted on 25 histopathologically proven OSCC patients. Enlarged cervical lymph nodes were assessed by Fast spin echo MRI and diffusion weighted MRI. Cervical lymph nodal status in OSCC regarding whether it is benign or malignant was evaluated by diffusion-weighted MRI, ADC mapping and Fast Spin Echo MRI characteristics. These values were compared on post operative histopathology for lymph nodal metastasis.

Results:
By fast spin echo MRI: Number of true-positive was 05 (4.23%). Number of false-positive was 05(4.23%). Sensitivity was 32.25%. Specificity was 95.10%. Accuracy was 50% positive predictive value (PPV) was 50%. Negative predictive value (NPV) was 86.44%. By DWI MRI: Number of true-positive was 12 (10.16%). Number of false-positive was 12 (10.16%). Sensitivity was 75%. Specificity was 88.24%. Accuracy was 96.69%. PPV was 50%. NPV was 86.44%.

Conclusions:
DW imaging performed with ADC values showed higher accuracy than fast spin-echo MRI and can provide added value in cervical nodal metastases in OSCC.
Critical Appraisal of Curriculum Content for Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Sciences Under Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University) as Against Problem Centricity
Authors: Mishra Gaurav , Dhok Archana , Srivastava Tripti , Singh Rohan Kumar , Patwa Prerna 
Published: March 2023

Background:
Biomedical sciences can be said to be a collective of multiple scientific subjects to obtain, organise, apply, analyse information for the betterment of public healthcare. The stream of biomedical sciences comprises not only one but also multiple subjects under its roof such as microbiology, epidemiology, statistics, engineering as well as anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry. The adherence to the subject is of prime importance to attune the learner and prepare him/her for learning the psychomotor domain pertaining to the said subject. The present study attempts to delineate the curricular inclusions for the said curriculum of Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Sciences under Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University) as against typing of curriculum based on problem centricity.

Materials and Methods:
Rapid review of the literature with reference to the curriculum of Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Sciences under faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Datta Meghe Institute Of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University) in the academic year 2020–2021 for purpose of their “Typing” with principles of curriculum design' was done.

Results:
The total number of curricular inclusions was 305. Ideally taking the ratio of curricular inclusions as 6:3:1, there should be 184 subject-centered inclusions, 91 problem-centered inclusion, and 30 learner centered. Out of this, there were 143 inclusions which were observed to be subject centered, 133 inclusions were problem centered and 29 were centered upon the learner. Thus, the overall percentage of typing of the inclusions was 46.88% subject centricity, 43.60% problem centricity and 9.5% learner centricity. The observed deficit in subject-centered inclusions was 41, a surplus of 42 objectives was observed for problem-centered inclusions and a deficit of 1 was observed for learner centricity.

Conclusion:
The undergraduate course curriculum of Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Sciences under Faculty of Allied Health Sciences included in the present study for typing of included curricular inclusions has been typed based on their centricity upon the problem.
Critical Appraisal of Curriculum Content for Bachelor of Science in Clinical Psychology Under Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University), as Against Learner Centricity
Authors: Mishra Gaurav , Dhok Archana , Srivastava Tripti , Singh Rohan Kumar , Patwa Prerna 
Published: March 2023

Background:
The discipline of clinical psychology is the one that deals with assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of psychological illnesses and disorders with the aim to improve mental health. It is highly vital that the learner interested in faring for the said subject of clinical psychology must be subjected to competencies which are targeted around the learner himself/herself. These may include those which grant the learner the right to choose the direction of his further studies or the topics of their choice combining all the domains of learning with special emphasis on the affective domain therein. In the academic year 2020–2021, an undergraduate course curriculum on clinical psychology was launched in the Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University), the curricular inclusions for which were the document of interest for the present study. It is vital to determine the standing of the curriculum prepared for a new course for undergraduates with regard to its centricity – learner based, subject based, or problem based. Here, the cognitive domain can be viewed in the subject-based inclusions. The present study attempts to delineate the curricular inclusions for the said curriculum of Bachelor of Science in Clinical Psychology under Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be university), as against typing of curriculum based on subject centricity.

Materials and Methods:
Rapid review of literature with reference to curriculum of Bachelor of Science in Clinical Psychology under faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Datta Meghe Institute Of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University) in the academic year 2020–2021 for purpose of their “Typing” with principles of curriculum design was done.

Results:
The total number of curricular inclusions was 236. Ideally taking the ratio of curricular inclusions as 6:3:1, there should be 142 subject-centered inclusions, 71 problem-centered inclusion, and 23 learner–centered inclusions. Out of this, there were 184 inclusions which were observed to be subject centered, 40 inclusions were problem centered, and 12 were centered upon the learner. Thus, the overall percentage of typing of the inclusions was 77.96% subject centricity, 16.94% problem centricity, and 5.08% learner centricity. There was observed surplus of 42 objectives for subject centricity, deficit of 31 was observed for problem centricity and learner centricity showed a deficit of 11.

Conclusion:
The undergraduate course curriculum of Bachelor of Science in Clinical Psychology under Faculty of Allied Health Sciences included in the present study for typing of included curricular inclusions has been typed on the basis of their centricity upon the learner.
A Study of Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis using Computed Tomographic Imaging
Authors: Subramani Savadamoorthi Kamatchi , Gangadhar B. , Chandran Ajay , Vemulapalli Charita Chowdary , Singh Gautam , Bhushanam Naga , Babu J. Suresh , Swarnalatha C. , Nayyar Abhishek Singh 
Published: March 2023

Context:
Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging are widely used tools for imaging the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) in patients with temporomandibular disorders, in particular, for assessing degenerative bony changes, disc position and configuration, and presence of effusion in joint spaces and bone marrow edema.

Aim:
The present study was undertaken to evaluate osseous changes in TMJs secondary to osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using CT.

Settings and Design:
The present study included 40 patients including 20 patients each with OA and RA, wherein the patients were selected from the outpatient department with known history of OA and RA.

Materials and Methods:
Twenty patients each with OA and RA were subjected to a detailed examination, routine radiography, and CT imaging of the TMJs, while images were evaluated for presence of osteophytes, flattening of articular surfaces, sclerosis, and narrowing of joint space.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) while Mann–Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed–rank test were used for statistical analysis. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
Flattening and narrowing of joint space were seen in both types of arthritides; however, a relatively higher percentage of such patients were seen in the RA group. Similarly, osteophytes, though, seen in both types of arthritides, were predominantly seen in patients with OA.

Conclusions:
OA and RA in TMJs are two most commonly seen conditions which can impair functional capacity of entire masticatory system. Their in-depth clinical and radiological evaluation is a must to assess disease activity. Similarly, CT is a valuable tool in assessing osseous abnormalities and should be used in cases wherein osseous involvement of TMJs is suspected.