bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of the Low-Latitude Quasi-Biweekly Oscillation in the Extreme Persistent Heavy Rainfall in the Mei-Yu Season over the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River
Authors: Xia Yicong , Yao Suxiang , Sun Tianle , Guo Ziyi 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Persistent heavy rainfall events (PHREs), as a result of the interaction among multiscale systems, are prone to continuously affect the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley (MLYR). Based on the observation and reanalysis data, a total of 41 PHREs during the mei-yu seasons of 1979–2020 are first identified over the MLYR and divided into prolonged (over 5 days) and normal (3–5 days) groups. The contributions of quasi-biweekly-scale and synoptic-scale components to the abovementioned two types of PHREs are analyzed. Prolonged PHREs are dominated by the quasi-biweekly component of precipitation (QBW_Pr), while normal PHREs depend on synoptic-scale components (SS_Pr). The quantitative moisture budget indicates that the favorable environment for the QBW_Pr of prolonged PHREs is associated with the interaction between background moisture and quasi-biweekly circulation disturbances. Approximately 80% of prolonged PHREs occurred in phases 6–8 of the boreal summer QBWO (BSISO2) life cycle. The large-scale meridional vertical circulation along the South China Sea (SCS)–MLYR, and the westward-propagating suppressed convection at low latitudes, accompanied by the substantial northward and upward moisture supply, significantly promotes and maintains the QBW_Pr for prolonged PHREs. In contrast, the QBWO signals are relatively insignificant in the evolution of normal PHREs. The impact of the low-latitude QBWO on the prolonged PHREs is further confirmed by sensitivity experiments with RegCM4.9. As the QBWO are weakened on the southeast lateral boundary near the SCS, the vertical circulation and moisture transport clearly diminish along the SCS–MLYR. Consequentially, precipitation reduces visibly during prolonged PHREs.

Significance Statement
Persistent heavy rainfall events (PHREs), as the reflection of the interaction among multiscale circulation systems, characterized by high intensity and wide coverage, are prone to cause severe flooding and death in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley (MLYR). This study aims to investigate the connection between PHREs and different time scales of atmospheric variability, thus elucidating the crucial factors and the influencing mechanisms for the prolonged PHREs during the mei-yu season. Our results reveal that the prolonged PHREs are dominated by the quasi-biweekly component of precipitation, while normal PHREs depend on the synoptic-scale component. The quasi-biweekly precipitation of prolonged PHREs is promoted and maintained by the meridional vertical circulation along the South China Sea (SCS)–MLYR, which is accompanied by the westward-propagating SCS QBWO-related suppressed convection at low latitudes. This study highlights the specific role of the low-latitude QBWO to the formation of prolonged PHREs relative to normal PHREs.
Seasonal Streamflow Forecasting for Fresh Water Reservoir Management in the Netherlands: An Assessment of Multiple Prediction Systems
Authors: Hurkmans Ruud T. W. L. , van den Hurk Bart , Schmeits Maurice , Wetterhall Fredrik , Pechlivanidis Ilias G. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
For efficient management of the Dutch surface water reservoir Lake IJssel, (sub)seasonal forecasts of the water volumes going in and out of the reservoir are potentially of great interest. Here, streamflow forecasts were analyzed for the river Rhine at Lobith, which is partly routed through the river IJssel, the main influx into the reservoir. We analyzed seasonal forecast datasets derived from the European Flood Awareness System (EFAS), the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) European Hydrological Predictions for the Environment (E-HYPE), and Hydrology Tiled ECMWF Scheme of Surface Exchanges over Land (HTESSEL), which differ in their underlying hydrological formulation, but are all forced by meteorological forecasts from ECMWF’s fifth generation seasonal forecast system (SEAS5). We postprocessed the streamflow forecasts using quantile mapping (QM) and analyzed several forecast quality metrics. Forecast performance was assessed based on the available reforecast period, as well as on individual summer seasons. QM increased forecast skill for nearly all metrics evaluated. Averaged over the reforecast period, forecasts were skillful for up to 4 months in spring and early summer. Later in summer the skillful period deteriorated to 1–2 months. When investigating specific years with either low- or high-flow conditions, forecast skill increased with the extremity of the event. Although raw forecasts for both E-HYPE and EFAS were more skillful than HTESSEL, bias correction based on QM can significantly reduce the difference. In operational mode, the three forecast systems show comparable skill. In general, dry conditions can be forecasted with high success rates up to 3 months ahead, which is very promising for successful use of Rhine streamflow forecasts in downstream reservoir management.

Significance Statement
Lake IJssel is the Netherlands’ largest freshwater reservoir, with its main water source coming from a branch of the river Rhine. We investigate whether seasonal forecasts of river discharge can help in managing the lake level to create extra buffer capacity for dry periods. We compare three seasonal forecast systems and assess their quality. We find that statistical corrections are needed for all systems to be used. In spring discharge can be predicted up to 4 months ahead due to snow processes. In summer this time is shorter, but it increases with event extremity: severe low-flow events can be predicted longer ahead. This offers potential for water managers to base their lake management on other similar reservoirs.
Scale-Dependent Eddy Diffusivities at the Kuroshio Extension: A Particle-Based Estimate and Comparison to Theory
Authors: Liu Mingyue , Chen Ru , Flierl Glenn R. , Guan Wenting , Zhang Hong , Geng Qianqian 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
For eddy-permitting climate models, only eddies smaller than the smallest resolvable scale need to be parameterized. Therefore, it is important to study the diffusivities induced by eddies smaller than a specific separation scale L*, that is, the scale-dependent eddy diffusivities. Using a submesoscale-permitting model solution (MITgcm llc4320), we estimate the scale-dependent eddy diffusivity in the Kuroshio Extension. We find that, as the separation scale L* increases, the diffusivity increases, and the spatial structure approaches that of the total eddy diffusivity. We quantify this scale dependence through fitting the diffusivity to L*n. Our derivation shows that n is approximately (a + 1)/2, where a is the eddy kinetic energy spectral slope. For domain-averaged diffusivity, n is 1.33. We then extend four existing mixing theories by including scale dependence. Our results show that both of the theories designed for intense-jet regions, the suppressed mixing length theory and the multiwavenumber theory, closely match the magnitude of the scale-dependent diffusivity but fail to capture well the diffusivity’s spatial structure. However, the other two theories based on eddy size and Rhines scale can reasonably represent the spatial structure. Based on this finding, we propose an empirical formula for scale-dependent eddy diffusivity that well represents both the magnitude and the spatial structure of the eddy diffusivity. Our work demonstrates that climate models should use scale-dependent diffusivity, and designing appropriate empirical formulas may be a reasonable approach to represent these scale-dependent diffusivities. Also, our diagnostic framework and theories for scale-dependent eddy diffusivity may be applicable to the global ocean.
Diagnosing Storm Mode with Deep Learning in Convection-Allowing Models
Authors: Sobash Ryan A. , Gagne David John , Becker Charlie L. , Ahijevych David , Gantos Gabrielle N. , Schwartz Craig S. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
While convective storm mode is explicitly depicted in convection-allowing model (CAM) output, subjectively diagnosing mode in large volumes of CAM forecasts can be burdensome. In this work, four machine learning (ML) models were trained to probabilistically classify CAM storms into one of three modes: supercells, quasi-linear convective systems, and disorganized convection. The four ML models included a dense neural network (DNN), logistic regression (LR), a convolutional neural network (CNN), and semisupervised CNN–Gaussian mixture model (GMM). The DNN, CNN, and LR were trained with a set of hand-labeled CAM storms, while the semisupervised GMM used updraft helicity and storm size to generate clusters, which were then hand labeled. When evaluated using storms withheld from training, the four classifiers had similar ability to discriminate between modes, but the GMM had worse calibration. The DNN and LR had similar objective performance to the CNN, suggesting that CNN-based methods may not be needed for mode classification tasks. The mode classifications from all four classifiers successfully approximated the known climatology of modes in the United States, including a maximum in supercell occurrence in the U.S. Central Plains. Further, the modes also occurred in environments recognized to support the three different storm morphologies. Finally, storm mode provided useful information about hazard type, e.g., storm reports were most likely with supercells, further supporting the efficacy of the classifiers. Future applications, including the use of objective CAM mode classifications as a novel predictor in ML systems, could potentially lead to improved forecasts of convective hazards.

Significance Statement
Whether a thunderstorm produces hazards such as tornadoes, hail, or intense wind gusts is in part determined by whether the storm takes the form of a single cell or a line. Numerical forecasting models can now provide forecasts that depict this structure. We tested several automated algorithms to extract this information from forecast output using machine learning. All of the automated methods were able to distinguish between a set of three convective types, with the simple techniques providing similarly skilled classifications compared to the complex approaches. The automated classifications also successfully discriminated between thunderstorm hazards, potentially leading to new forecast tools and better forecasts of high-impact convective hazards.
Prevalence and Predictors of Long-term Opioid Use After Pelvic Fractures
Authors: Villa Nicole Ann Elvambuena , Shum Kristina , Atkinson Allison , Ong Adrian , Muller Allison , Espiridion Eduardo 
Published: May 2023

Background Opioids are effective in short-term pain treatment; however, their long-term effectiveness is unconfirmed. Many patients are exposed to opioids after pelvic injuries with little known about persistent use afterward. We assessed the prevalence and predictors of long-term opioid use following pelvic fractures. Materials and Methods This retrospective study enrolled 277 patients with acute pelvic fractures over five years. Daily and total morphine milligram equivalents (MME) were calculated. The primary outcome was long-term opioid use (LOU) defined as ongoing opioid use 60-90 days post-discharge. The secondary outcome was intermediate-term opioid use (IOU) defined as ongoing opioid use 30-60 days post-discharge. Univariable and logistic regression analyses were performed. Results Median (interquartile range) total inpatient opioid MME was 422 (157-1667) with a median daily MME of 69 (26-145). Long-term opioid use occurred in 16%, and IOU occurred in 29%. Univariable analysis found that total and daily inpatient opioid use were each significantly associated with LOU (median MME, 1241 vs 371; median MMEs, 127.7 vs 59.2, respectively) and IOU (median MME, 1140 vs 326; median MMEs, 111.8 vs 57.9, respectively). Logistic regression analysis found daily inpatient MME ≥50 (odds ratio [OR] 3.027, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.059-8.652]) and pelvic fracture type (Tile B/C) (OR 2.992 [CI 1.324-6.763])were independent predictors of LOU. Conclusion Total and daily inpatient opioid use were significantly associated with LOU and IOU. Patients who received ≥50 MME/inpatient day had a higher likelihood of LOU. This study seeks to inform clinical decisions for pain management to prevent adverse outcomes.
Structure and Molecular Weight Determinations of Unsaturated Polyester Prepolymers by Steric Exclusion Chromatography
Authors: Leroux F. , Mortaigne B. , Belan F. 
Published: May 2023

Four model unsaturated polyester prepolymers and two industrial resins were studied by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). A calibration curve was set up with model resins and used to characterize the industrial unsaturated polyester resins. Weight average molecular prepolymer weights were determined from the new calibration curve. They were lower than those determined with polystyrene or epoxy calibration curves. The observation of SEC chromatographs proves the formation of diol-ISO-diol (where ISO = isophthalic acid) and MAA-diol-MAA structures (where MAA = maleic anhydride) in the beginning of polycondensation reactions. This gives information on the future structure of the UP network.
Synthesis of Poly(methacrylic Acid)-Cellulose Composites Using Different Cellulosic Materials in the Presence of Potassium Permanganate and Activator
Authors: El-Sisi F. 
Published: May 2023

Polymerisation of methacrylic acid (MAA) in the presence of cellulose pulps prepared from bagasse, rice, straw and cotton stalk was carried out under a variety of conditions. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) was used as initiator, along with either citric acid or sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) as activator. The polymerisation products, including grafted cellulose, homopolymer, ungrafted cellulose and oxidised cellulose in a polyblended form, is called “composite”. Major factors affecting the polymerisation reaction were studied. These encompass initiator, activator and monomer concentrations, duration and temperature of polymerisation as well as the nature of the cellulose substrate. Results for the percent polymer yield of the composite and those of the total conversion of monomer to polymer suggest appropriate conditions for the synthesis of poly (MAA)-cellulose composite as: [KMnO4], 0 08%; [Na2S2O3], 2.5 m.mole L; [MAA], 100% based on weight of sample; material to liquor ratio, 1:30; temperature, 70°C and time, 60 minutes. The effect of the nature of the cellulose on the properties and characteristics of the composite could be realised from the following orders: (1) for the polymer yield, graft yield and swellability: bagasse > rice straw > cotton stalk; (2) for carboxyl content: bagasse > cotton stalk > rice straw; (3) for solubility: rice straw > cotton stalk > bagasse.
Effects of Structure and Microcracks on the Flexure, Interlaminar Shear and Impact Properties of Three-Dimensional Composites
Authors: Chou Shen , Chen Hong-En 
Published: May 2023

Three-dimensional carbon fibre/epoxy resin composites were prepared, which had either three-axis or five-axis carbon fabrics (3D-3A or 3D-5A) in four woven gauges, and Teflon® was embedded in the fabric structures to initiate various types of microcracks. The flexural, interlaminar shear, and impact properties of these 3-D composites were studied. The results indicated that the flexural properties of 3D-3A were better than those of 3D-5A. However, 3D-5A structures gave better impact strength compared to 3D-3A. The interlaminar shear strength depended on the weave gauge. The effect of microcracks on the properties of 3-D composites was generally kept within 10%, but transverse microcracks lowered the flexural properties of 3-D composites by 10–20%. The 3D-3A composites showed cracks along the interface between the Z axial bundles and the matrix, whereas the 3D-5A showed 45°-axial bundle pull-out.
Some Durability Aspects of Thermoplastics for Oilfield Flexible Pipes
Authors: Campion Robert , Morgan Glyn , Samulak Michael 
Published: May 2023

Some initial mechanical property, fatigue, high pressure (HP) methane permeation and explosive decompression data are reported for plasticized PVDF thermoplastics before and after various exposures in two fluids. The exposures were for different times and elevated temperatures, and were usually performed at 5000psi (345 bar). The fluids were a 97/3 methane/carbon-dioxide mixture saturated with water vapour, and 100% methanol, both of which induce some physical or physico-chemical changes in the material, but negligible chemical change. Thus measurements were made using reasonable simulations of fluids which could be met in oil production flexible pipe service. Effects of ‘extra’ plasticisation by absorbed gas, deplasticisation of actual plasticizer, and ageing, are shown for some combinations. Arrhenius-type plots for HP methane permeation, allowing predictions of rates at other temperatures, and showing hydrostatic compaction effects, have been obtained: HP methane permeation rate is reduced by prior exposure to the methane/carbon-dioxide gas, but is increased in the presence of methanol.
Nucleation of Impact Modified Filled Polypropylene
Authors: Shanks Robert A. 
Published: May 2023

Nucleation of polypropylene is important in determining its mechanical properties. Nucleation in polypropylene is nearly always found to be heterogeneous. Control is best achieved by addition of a nucleant. Addition of a filler can provide nucleation, as well as enhancing stiffness. Formation of blends with other polymers can change nucleation depending on the partition of the nucleant between polypropylene and the other polymer, and the nucleant activity of the interface with the other polymer. Other crystalline forms can be obtained, depending on the crystallisation conditions and additives. For instance alpha and beta forms, and transcrystallinity occur. This paper reviews the interplay of these variables on polypropylene morphology and properties.
Race-Conscious Caring for Anti-racist Leadership: A Narrative Ethics for Cultivating Communal Responsibility
Authors: Gunzenhauser Michael G. , Flores Osly J. , Quigley Michael W. 
Published: May 2023

Background -- Limited work has been done to integrate ethical leadership and anti-racist school leadership practice. Through narrative ethics, this paper links caring with race-consciousness to form a foundation for critical praxis. Purpose -- The authors address the limitations of caring leadership by arguing for a race-conscious narrative ethics that promotes communal responsibility for students, with specific attention to racialized and marginalized students. Research Design – This conceptual paper draws on caring theory, feminism, womanism, and culturally responsive leadership. The paper considers racism within a United States context, drawing from theory developed in additional contexts. Analysis – The paper builds from the limitations of caring theory and seeks alternative caring ethics from critiques and African-American historical struggles for sustainable and anti-racist praxis. Results -- The authors argue that predispositions toward caring among teachers and school leaders are insufficient for the project of anti-racist education because of uncritical assumptions of sameness, misplaced empathy, and the evasion of race and racism. The resulting impersonal caring reproduces racist power relations and reinforces standardized and competitive notions of responsibility for children, forestalling opportunities for collective action. Conclusions -- As an alternative to impersonal caring, the authors explore the possibilities of deepening leaders’ engagement in race-conscious caring through the significance of experience, the quality of caring relations, and the value of narrative ethics. A key implication is that race-conscious caring is necessary but insufficient for the work of anti-racism unless it informs changed practices, structures, and systems.
Real-World Efficacy and Safety of Extended-Release Methylphenidate (PRC-063) in the Treatment of ADHD in Pediatric and Adult Subjects: Results of a Phase IV Multicenter Comparison With Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate
Authors: van Stralen Judy , Parhar Gurdeep , Parhar Anita , Tourjman Valérie , Khattak Sohail , Ahmed Tahira , Donnelly Graeme A. E. , Ratz Jodan 
Published: May 2023

Objective: To evaluate the real-world efficacy, safety, and functional outcomes of PRC-063 (multilayer-release methylphenidate) versus lisdexamfetamine (LDX) in ADHD subjects in a phase IV, open-label study. Method: The primary endpoint was the change in the ADHD-DSM-5 Rating Scale (ADHD-5-RS) total score from baseline to Month 4. Secondary endpoints included a non-inferiority comparison between PRC-063 and LDX and measures of functioning and evening behavior. Results: One hundred forty-three pediatric and 112 adult subjects were enrolled. Mean ADHD-5-RS scores (standard deviation) were reduced in pediatric (−16.6 [10.4]) and adult (−14.8 [10.6]) subjects treated with PRC-063 ( p < .001). PRC-063 was non-inferior to LDX in the pediatric population but not in the adult population. Significant improvements were demonstrated in quality of life and functionality. Both medications were well-tolerated; more adverse events led to study discontinuation in pediatric subjects treated with LDX versus PRC-063. Conclusion: PRC-063 and LDX significantly improved ADHD symptomatology and functioning and were well-tolerated.
Referential choice in two languages: The role of language dominance
Authors: Contemori Carla , Tsuboi Naoko , Armendariz Galaviz Alma L. 
Published: May 2023

Aims and Objectives: Bilingual speakers that speak a null subject (Spanish) and a non-null subject language (English) may show some indeterminacy in referential choice in their nondominant language in comparison to monolingual speakers. The present study tests the production of referring expressions in the two languages of bilingual speakers (Spanish and English) to assess attainment at the discourse level and explore the role of language dominance on referential choice. Methodology: A group of 49 Spanish–English bilinguals participated in a picture description task in English and Spanish measuring referential choice in contexts of reference maintenance and topic-shift. Data and Analysis: The results of our study show that at a group level, bilingual speakers produced more underspecified references in maintenance contexts than English monolingual speakers and produced more overspecified references in topic-maintenance and topic-shift contexts than Spanish monolingual speakers. The results further show that language dominance in the target language is associated with more monolingual-like referential choice. Conclusions: We discuss the role of language dominance in the development of bilingual referential choice patterns.