bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discharge Temperatures From Pulverizers
Authors: Craig Ollison 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In view of the fact that the temperature of discharge from coal pulverizers was of interest because of the effect that it might have on the amount of air passing through the preheater, and on the amount of uncontrollable air through the furnace, data were taken in a number of plants covering temperature of air entering pulverizers, temperature of air in coal discharge, moisture of raw coal entering the pulverizer, moisture of discharged coal, and weight of coal pulverized per hour.
Two sets of points were plotted, one showing the temperature of discharge for given entering temperatures, and the other the temperature drop through the pulverizer for given entering temperatures. In plotting the data no consideration was given to the size of pulverizer, amount of coal pulverized, or the moisture content of the coal. The plotted points fell in a straight band having a width of approximately 65 deg. A straight line drawn through the band shows the average variation within 35 deg.
Sufficient information was obtained in the cases of two plants to calculate heat balances. From these heat balances leakage of uncontrolled air into the pulverizer was calculated. It was found that this amounted to about 2 per cent of the total air for combustion.
Motive-Power Characteristics and Lightweight Equipment
Authors: Eksergian R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A common basis of units and ratings for the analysis of different types of locomotive power units is discussed. On the basis of these units a performance comparison of steam, Diesel-electric, and straight-electric locomotives is made. The characteristics of locomotive performance are expressed in terms of rated power and tractive force at rated speed. Consideration is given to the variation in power and tractive force in terms of a power-speed function and the tractive-force amplification relative to its rated value. The power and weight ratios of locomotive to train at different power-weight ratios for the locomotive itself are also discussed. Finally, the adhesion conditions and adhesion-weight ratio to total locomotive weight are shown to depend upon the rated speed, the tractive-force amplification and the power-weight ratio of the locomotive. The effect of power characteristics on grades and double heading are discussed. In the conclusion flexibility of ratings and economic considerations are discussed.
Stresses in Helical Compression Springs—Present Status of the Problem
Authors: Edgerton C. T. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Since Dr. Röver, in 1913, first formulated the modern theory of the stress distribution in a helical spring, including the effect of bar curvature, pitch angle, direct-shear stress, etc., a number of investigators have treated the problem. Wahl, Göhner, Adams, Vogt, Perkins, and Keysor have all presented interesting analyses. Most of these vary somewhat in the detailed method of treatment, but they all arrive at substantially the same result, in terms of the maximum fiber stress in the section. Wahl, in a notable series of experiments, demonstrated that these maximum stresses postulated by the theory are actually present in the spring.
Thus it would appear that we have a satisfactory working theory. But practical spring men feel that there must be something wrong; the theory, when applied to certain standard spring designs with very satisfactory service records, predict stresses which seem far too high to be compatible with good endurance in service. This feeling is supported by the results of a few endurance tests, which indicate rather clearly that the maximum stresses predicted by the theory, though undoubtedly present, do not correctly index the actual endurance.
In the author’s opinion, all the evidence points to the conclusion that the problem of design stresses in helical springs is not one for the mathematician, but must be worked out in the laboratories, by actual experiment.
Lignite—a Grate-Fired Fuel of the Future in the Southwest
Authors: Eckhardt Carl J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The paper describes the development of methods and apparatus for the practical use of Texas lignite as a grate-fired fuel. After presenting information on the extent and character of the deposits, and the constituents and characteristics of the fuel, the author describes early attempts at using it on hand-fired grates and follows the development through the overfeed-stoker stage to the present type of traveling-grate stoker using forced-draft and special furnace construction. A comparative table of heat balances indicates the improvement made. The author then discusses operating experience on boiler units with capacities up to 75,000 lb of steam per hr which give efficiencies as high as 76 per cent.
A résumé is also given of information on the firing of pulverized lignite, and increasing use of this fuel is predicted not only for grate and pulverized firing but also as a source for liquid and gaseous fuels.
The Effect of Preparation on Ash Fusibility as Revealed by a Study of Selected Illinois Coals
Authors: McCabe L. C. , Rees O. W. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The authors discuss the effect of sizing, and of sizing and specific-gravity separation on the softening temperature of the ash from ten representative coals mined in Illinois. The ash-softening characteristics of the sized coals fall into four groups. With the possible exception of two mines, there appears to be no grouping of ash-softening characteristics into specific-gravity fractions. Great differences in softening temperature were obtained in the ash of sized coals of narrow specific-gravity range. In general, the combining of ash of widely different fusion characteristics is to lower the high softening temperatures and to raise low softening temperatures of the individual portions.
Joint Use of Diesel Engines and Utility Power
Authors: Kates Edgar J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper shows that there are various ways in which a consumer of electric power may advantageously use both Diesel engines and public-utility service.
A brief review is first given of the different uses that steam and hydroelectric public utilities have themselves made of Diesel-engine power on their own systems.
The ways in which private power consumers have used Diesel engines and outside utility service jointly are discussed under the following classifications:
(a) Utility service as a stand-by for Diesel power; (b) Diesel power as stand-by for utility service; (c) Diesels to restrict the maximum demand on utility service; (d) utility service to check Diesel frequency and synchronous time; (e) utility service as auxiliary to Diesel power; (f) utility service to carry momentary load swings.
Data are given on the diversity factor of the use of utility breakdown service by a group of private power plants. The factor exceeds 10/1. The author proposes a new form of rate for breakdown and auxiliary service which he considers more equitable to all concerned than the usual forms of rate for such service.
The advantages to the power user of operating his Diesel plant electrically paralleled with the utility service are cited. The author discusses in detail the technical factors involved in parallel operation with which the power company is concerned. He concludes that if simple precautions are taken no difficulties should occur either on the utility system or in the Diesel plant. Actual experience confirms this, and such parallel operation is increasing.
Greater cooperation between private-plant owners and public-utility companies in facilitating the joint use of Diesel engines and utility service will benefit both parties.
Quantitative Analysis of Single-Capacity Processes
Authors: Spitzglass Albert F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper is a continuation of a previous one in which the author gave methods of quantitative analysis for five types of single-capacity processes with three types of regulators. The present paper analyzes and compares the various equations obtained in the previous paper and lays the basis for critical analysis of the entire subject.
Concrete examples are utilized as a basis for the graphical analysis to complement the mathematical analysis. A number of criteria are discussed critically to emphasize the importance of each, and examples are cited to indicate the light that each of the criteria is capable of shedding on the entire problem. Derivations and solutions of important factors are given in an Appendix.
Problems of the Highway User in the United States
Authors: Horner Frederick C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The present-day highway problem is made up of many elements, namely, cost of construction, ability of highway users to pay for highways as they are built or during their life expectancy, the kind of taxes providing revenue to pay for highways, types of roads required, competition between transportation systems, and kindred matters. No single solution exists for all of these. The author analyzes comprehensively each of the elements of this nation-wide problem and suggests practical approaches to their solution. Of all the factors making up this problem that of cost is probably dominant. How the costs are to be met is the crux of the situation as it now stands, with the ever-expanding highway needs pressing for action. It is the author’s view that a recent report of the Federal Works Agency, Public Roads Administration on the general question of “Toll Roads and Free Roads” offers the soundest long-range plan for national highway development yet advanced. A comprehensive analysis of this report has been included and appears as an Appendix to the paper.
Stability of Crankcase Oils
Authors: Weiland W. F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this paper the author attempts to answer two vital questions concerning lubricating oils, i.e., performance and useful life. Oxidation and corrosion tendencies constitute the major elements in the deterioration of crankcase oils. The essential requirements for conducting oxidation tests are outlined in the paper and the procedure and results of tests are indicated. Observations on the behavior of oils in service also offer a means for predicting oil performance. Acid-vapor tests to determine oil breakdown are discussed and the results of corrosion studies detailed.
Characteristics of Cloth Filters on Coal Dust–Air Mixtures
Authors: Mumford A. R. , Markson A. A. , Ravese T. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper deals with the installation, operation, and maintenance of cloth filters for handling vented air from pulverized-coal mills. The experiences of the authors in solving problems in connection with the cloth-bag filter system, as used at the Kips Bay Station of the New York Steam Corporation, are the basis on which the subject is developed. Complete performance tests on a 40-ton-mill installation are cited.
Helix Warping in Helical Compression Springs
Authors: Pletta D. H. , Maher F. J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
When helical springs are compressed between parallel planes, the load is usually eccentric with the longitudinal axis and the helix, in its deflected position, is no longer truly helical but assumes a sinusoidal or warped shape. The magnitude of the eccentricity and of the warping is a function of the number of turns in the spring.
The research reported on here illustrates this warping for a heavy helical spring, whose length was varied for the series of tests, and it also compares the test results with the theoretical behavior as outlined in the accompanying paper of H. C. Keysor. In general, the actual and theoretical behavior were in excellent agreement, thus apparently substantiating the theory. An analysis of the data also emphasizes the need of always assuming some eccentricity of load in practical design, to allow for the lack of perfect concentricity of the individual turns.
High-Speed Lightweight Trains
Authors: Ripley C. T. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to outline the changes which have occurred during the last five years in high-speed passenger-train cars and in motive power for hauling them and the economic factors which have brought about these changes. The new designs for passenger cars and the materials used in their construction are discussed. A detailed comparison of steam-locomotive and Diesel electric-locomotive characteristics as they affect the operation of these new high-speed trains is presented. Test data are included to indicate the importance of comparative stress in track produced by two types of power. Reference is made to the steady improvement which has been made in steam-locomotive design, but it is shown that there is a need for some rather extensive experimentation to make this type of power more suitable for this particular class of service. In conclusion, the author presents his views on the general results which have been secured from the operation of these new trains and the probable trend in their future development.
The Significance of, and Suggested Limits for, the Stress in Pipe Lines Due to the Combined Effects of Pressure and Expansion
Authors: Rossheim D. B. , Markl A. R. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper has been prepared as a vehicle for discussion of the following basic problems, on which agreement must be reached to establish a satisfactory working-stress basis for pipe lines:
1 Proper allowable stresses for combined pressure and expansion effects.
2 Influence of and limits for localized stresses under static and repeated loading.
3 Capacity of bolted joints to withstand expansion effects without leakage or damage to flanges, bolts, or gaskets.
4 Effect of prespringing, self-springing, creep, and yielding on operating and off-stream stresses.
An attempt has been made to point out various aspects of each issue, rather than limit the presentation to the personal views of the authors.
Properties and Performance of Plastic Bearing Materials
Authors: Tichvinsky L. M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Bearings made of plastic materials can be used successfully not only for the case of perfect fluid lubrication but also for that of semifluid lubrication. Certain additions, such as graphite, will sometimes permit the application of these materials under conditions of dry friction.
By virtue of good physical properties these bearings find a wide application. Heavy-duty plastic bearings are used in the steel-mill industry. Lubricated and cooled with water, they carry heavy loads at pressures of several thousand pounds per square inch. As guide bearings their performance ranges from small, high-speed spindles, to large ship-propeller shafts. Oil-, water-, and grease-lubricated plastic bearings are used extensively in industrial, marine, and farm machinery.
There are many differences in the behavior of plastic and metal bearing materials by virtue of which the performance is also different. This article intends to point out the most important physical properties, as well as some of the characteristic performances of plastic bearing materials.
An Investigation of Energy Losses in Steam-Turbine Elements by Impact-Traverse Static Test With Air at Subacoustic Velocities
Authors: New Winston R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Efficiency of any turbine stage depends upon many variables. Blade pitch, orientation, height, and velocity ratio among purely geometrical quantities, and effects attributable to compressibility and viscosity of the medium all deserve special consideration. Investigation of energy losses as functions of the key variables is accomplished statically on various forms of equipment among which the impact-traverse tester is considered an important type. The necessary and sufficient conditions to be satisfied by the static test, in order that it represent fully dynamic conditions are (a) the flow relative to the given static element must be at all points the same in magnitude and direction as it would be if the element were in uniform rotation relative to the flow in a turbine; (b) output of the element measured statically must differ from power only by the linear-velocity term eliminated by the static test. The apparatus, procedure, and results attained in meeting these test requirements are explained by the author.
Performance Characteristics of Dye Jigs
Authors: Heinz W. B. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Examination of the tension, speed, and power characteristics of regular and “tensionless” dye jigs shows conclusively that the tensionless type maintains more uniform low tension in the cloth with less operator attention. However, it is impracticable to maintain as high a tension as in a regular jig, in spite of the larger motor which must be used. Although the cost of power is at least twice as much as for a regular jig handling the same production the difference is usually not of commercial importance. The cloth speed is not constant. When rolling a 30-in. roll on to a 6-in. beam, the cloth speed more than doubles after the start. The present paper derives formulas which may readily be used for computing the performance of any jig and batch of cloth. Thus are disclosed ways toward improvements in both types of jigs which should overcome their respective disadvantages. Such methods of improvement are believed to be of interest both to manufacturers and to users of dye jigs.
Combined Tension-Torsion Tests on a 0.35 Per Cent Carbon Steel
Authors: Davis E. A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper contains the results of a group of combined tension-torsion tests on both cylindrical and notched bars. The author has tried to keep in mind the close relation between this type of test and the problem of bolting. The test results show the amount of reduction in the ultimate tensile strength when a torque is applied in combination with the tension load. They also show a similar reduction in the torsional strength when a tensile load is added.
Temperature Distribution and Sources in the Conventional Railway Journal Box
Authors: Pearce E. S. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author presents the results of an investigation on heat distribution in a conventional journal-box assembly, in the process, outlining the exact test procedure followed. He concludes that the control of heat sources is the first step in avoiding limiting effects of temperature rise in the assembly, and that the condition of the waste, the oil used, and the bearing are the basic factors in controlling these sources.
Purchase and Use of Fuel
Authors: Stone E. Wadsworth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this paper, the author discusses the location of industry, sources of its fuel supply, available competing fuels and their relative cost, the purchaser’s combustion equipment, the method and efficiency of conversion, all of which are factors influencing the cost of power and the fuel necessary to produce it. The history of fuel production, supply, regulation and use, and the substantial improvement in combustion equipment during the last twenty years afford an interesting commentary upon the complicated problem of fuel purchase and supply.
Salt-Velocity Measurements at Low Velocities in Pipes
Authors: Hooper Leslie J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper describes tests made at the Alden Hydraulic Laboratory to determine the performance of the salt-velocity method at low velocities. Three series of tests were made: the first in a 40-in. pipe, the second in a 12-in. vertical pipe in which the test section and its approaches could be readily reversed, and the third in a horizontal 2-in. pipe. The tests show that for flow in a long straight pipe and for velocities lower than those normally found in practice, there exists a critical mixing velocity below which good mixing of the injected brine does not occur. An analysis of the results indicates some of the factors which affect the critical mixing velocity. Finally, it was found that the effect of gravity on the accuracy of the method, when applied to a vertical pipe, is negligible as long as proper mixing is secured.
Determination of Purity of Steam by the Electrolytic-Conductivity Method
Authors: Gurney W. B. , Schwartz M. C. , Crossan T. E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In order to assure correct boiler operation and to evaluate the effect of changes in water treatment or boiler design on purity of steam being delivered, it is essential to be able to measure any contamination that may occur. This paper, which is the last of three papers by the authors on the subject of steam purity, gives the procedure for making a practically continuous determination of steam purity by the only satisfactory method thus far available. In this method the electrolytic conductivity of the condensed steam is measured and then converted to a solids basis. The distillation and the gravimetric methods are also discussed by the authors.
Two siblings with a rare type of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY)
Authors: Alhakim Fatima Riyadh , AlKhayyat Haya 
Published: February 2023

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a type of diabetes that does not entirely fit the usually encountered type 1 or type 2 diabetes. It is a monogenic, familial and non-autoimmune diabetes among children and young adults resulting from autosomal dominant gene mutations.MODY diagnosis is confirmed by molecular genetic testing, which is costly. Therefore, it is rarely done.Nearly 1%–6% of diabetes has a monogenic cause but this is frequently misclassified as type 1 diabetes mellitus due to the lack of genetic testing. Therefore, a correct diagnosis of MODY is crucial for determining the plan of management. Furthermore, having a patient with MODY in a family indicates screening other family members. In this case report, we highlight that paediatric diabetes cases are not always type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus since two siblings incidentally presented with hyperglycaemia and a confirmed diagnosis of MODY type 10 was ultimately made. Moreover, their mother who was previously labelled as a case of type 1 diabetes mellitus was diagnosed later as MODY after genetic testing.
Effectiveness of an educational intervention targeting homophobic language use by young male athletes: a cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Denison Erik , Faulkner Nicholas , O’Brien Kerry S , Jeanes Ruth , Canning Mitch 
Published: February 2023

ObjectiveHomophobic language is common in male sport and associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes for all sport participants, but particularly for gay or bisexual youth populations. Evidence-based interventions are needed to reduce such language and mitigate harm. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a short social-cognitive educational intervention delivered by professional rugby union players in youth sport.MethodsIn a two-arm, cluster randomised controlled trial, 13 Australian youth rugby teams from 9 clubs (N=167, ages 16–20, mean 17.9) were randomised into intervention or control groups. Professional rugby players delivered the intervention in-person. Frequency of homophobic language use was measured 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after the intervention. Hypothesised factors underpinning homophobic language were also measured, including descriptive (other people use), prescriptive and proscriptive injunctive norms (approval/disapproval by others), and attitudes towards the acceptability of homophobic language.ResultsAt baseline, 49.1% of participants self-reported using homophobic language in the past 2 weeks and 72.7% reported teammates using homophobic language. Significant relationships were found between this behaviour and the hypothesised factors targeted by the intervention. However, generalised estimating equations found the intervention did not significantly reduce homophobic language, or alter the associated norms and attitudes, relative to controls.ConclusionUse of professional rugby athletes to deliver education on homophobic language was not effective. Other approaches to reduce homophobic language (and other forms of discrimination) such as peer-to-peer education, and enforcement of policies prohibiting specific language by coaches, should be explored.