bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH PEMANASAN DAN QUENCHING DENGAN AIR LAUT TERHADAP STRUKTUR MIKRO BAJA KARBON SEDANG
Authors: Lelawati Lelawati 
Published: July 2023

Baja karbon merupakan paduan besi dan Cu sedikit tambahan Si,Mn, P, S. Sifat baja yang sangat tergantung pada kandungan Â karbonnya. Baja Carbon sedang banyak digunakan pada baut , plat, sekrup dan berbagai dan berbagai profil karena memiliki kandungan Carbon (C) antara 0,22-0,50 %. Sifat baja ini memiliki kekerasan relatif rendah, lunak, jenis baja ini dapat dikeraskan dengan cara di quenching. Metode quenching dapt meningkatkan kekerasan permukaan, kekuatan dan memperbaiki ketahanan baja, keuntungan metode ini tidak memerlukan media tambahanÂ lain cukup dengan media pendingin. Tujuan dari pengujian struktur mikro untuk mengetahui ukuran butiran dari baja sebelum perlakuan dan setelah perlakukan. Dari hasil penelitian didapat Non Perlakuan ialah 12,05 , Quenching Air Laut ialah 16,66Â
PENGARUH VARIASI LAJU ALIR GAS ALAM TERHADAP ABSORBSI GAS CO2 DAN WAKTU PEMBAKARAN
Authors: Kurniawan Agung , Fatimura Muhrinsyah , Nurlela Nurlela 
Published: July 2023

Absorbsi adalah proses penyerapan atau pemisahan bahan tertentu dari suatu campuran gas dengan melalui ikatan fisik ataupun ikatan kimia. Penyerapan gas CO2 didalam gas alam dapat meningkatkan kadar senyawa lain yang ada didalam gas alam tersebut, sehingga akan meningkat mutu pembakaran suatu gas. Penyerapan gas CO2 didalam gas alam dapat dilakukan salah satu nya dengan menggunakan absorben KOH. Reaksi penyerapan antara kalium hidroksida (KOH) dengan carbon dioxide (CO2) berlangsung secara kimia dimana pada tahap awal akan membentuk senyawa potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), reaksi lebih lanjut antara KHCO3 dengan KOH akan membentuk senyawa potassium carbonate (K2CO3) dan air (H2O). Gas alam dengan laju alir 3 l/m, 5 l/m, 7 l/m dilewatkan media penyerap (KOH) dengan konsentrasi 30 % Wt dengan waktu kontak 2, 4, 6, 8 menit dianalisa kadar persenyawaan nya dengan Ca(OH)2 secara gravimetric dengan membandingkan hasil penyerapan sebelum dan sesudahnya. Hasil penyerapan optimal pada laju alir 3 l/m terdapat pada waktu kontak 2 menit dengan persentase penyerapan mencapai 72,77%, pada laju alir 5 l/m terdapat pada waktu kontak 2 menit dengan persentase penyerapan mencapai 68,30%, pada laju alir 7 l/m terdapat pada waktu kontak 2 menit dengan persentase penyerapan mencapai 65,12%. Â Kata Kunci: Kata kunci :Absorbsi CO2,Variasi Laju Alir, Kalium Hidroksida (KOH).
ANALISIS KANDUNGAN ION Ag, Pb, Ba, Al, dan Hg PADA AIR MINUM DALAM KEMASAN DAN AIR SUMUR DI PEKANBARU
Authors: Widianti Sari , Giavani Giavani , Dwi Novelia Dwi Novelia , Hana Monica Hana Monica , Lara Julia Trisantika Lara Julia Trisantika , Herman Herman , Yulis Putri Ade Rahma 
Published: July 2023

AbstrakÂ Bagi manusia, air adalah hal yang sangat penting untuk mendukung aktivitas manusia setiap hari. Tanpa adanya udara, tidak mungkin manusia bisa bertahan dalam menjalani kehidupan. AMDK yang ada di Pekanbaru saat ini sudah bermacam-macam serta adanya yang terkontaminasi oleh udara kotor yang ada. Hal ini sejalan dengan kota Pekanbaru yang cukup padat penduduk dan juga secepatnya kendaraan yang meningkat. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui adanya kandungan ion Ag, Hg, Pb, Al (III), dan Ba dalam sampel air sumur dan air minum dalam kemasan (AMDK) di Pekanbaru. Untuk mengetahui ada atau tidaknya kandungan ion Ag, Hg, Pb, Al dan Ba dalam sampel air ini menggunakan reaksi pengenalan kation. Sampel yang digunakan berupa air sumur, air le mineral, sprite. Sampel diberi perlakuan dengan menambahkan indikator pada masing-masing reaksi pengenalan. Indikator yang digunakan yaitu HCl. Hasil analisis dari penelitian ini adalah kation golongan I terdiri dari argentum(Ag+), merkuri( Hg2+), dan timbel hitam (Pb2+) dalam reaksi dengan masing-masing regensianya terdapat endapan, namun untuk timbel tak pernah mengendap sempurna dan endapannya dapat larut. Sehingga dengan demikian air sumur dan AMDK di Pekanbaru tidak mengandung logam berat Ag, Pb, Ba dan Hg maupun Al. Hal ini ditandai dengan tidak adanya endapan putih di dasar tabung. namun untuk timbel tak pernah mengendap sempurna dan depositnya dapat larut. Sehingga dengan demikian air sumur dan AMDK di Pekanbaru tidak mengandung logam berat Ag, Pb, Ba dan Hg maupun Al. Hal ini ditandai dengan tidak adanya endapan putih di dasar tabung. namun untuk timbel tak pernah mengendap sempurna dan depositnya dapat larut. Sehingga dengan demikian air sumur dan AMDK di Pekanbaru tidak mengandung logam berat Ag, Pb, Ba dan Hg maupun Al. Hal ini ditandai dengan tidak adanya endapan putih di dasar tabung.Kata Kunci: Logam berat Ag, Al (III), Hg, Pb, Ba, AMDK
PRODUKSI BIODIESEL DARI MINYAK BIJI KARET DENGAN TEKNOLOGI TRANSESTERIFIKASI MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS KOH
Authors: Shahab Aliyah , Husnah Husnah 
Published: July 2023

Minyak nabati merupakan salah satu alternatif yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan biodiesel. Biodiesel tersusun dari berbagai macam ester asam lemak yang berasal dari minyak nabati. Lebih dari 30 macam tumbuhan Indonesia potensial menghasilkan minyak nabati. Salah satu sumber penghasil minyak nabati yang sangat potensial yaitu biji karet. Pada penelitian ini digunakan minyak biji karet untuk sintesis FAME. Proses utama dalam pembuatan FAME adalah transesterifikasi. Komposisi yang terkandung dalam biji karet yaitu 40-50% Wt minyak nabati, 24,21 % Wt karbohidrat, 21,17 % Wt protein dan 3,71 % Wt air dalam daging buah biji karet bebas dari cangkangnya. Proses pembuatan biodiesel dari biji karet dilakukan dengan cara preparasi biji karet untuk mengambil minyak biji karet dengan proses hidrolisa, esterifikasi, transesterifikasi, dan pemurnian. Dalam uji peralatan pembuatan biodiesel dari minyak biji karet dengan variable waktu (30 menit, 60 menit dan 90 menit) dan temperatur konstan 60 oC didapatkan hasil biodiesel terbaik pada waktu 90 menit dengan flash point 102 oC, pour point 9 oC, viskositas kinematik 50.49 cSt, conradson carbon residu 0.0380 gr, water content < 0.01 (trace) dan pH 6.Â Â Kata Kunci : Alat Produksi, Minyak Biji karet, Biodiesel.
ANALISIS PROSES FERMENTASI DENGAN KONSENTRASI VARIASI GLUKOSA DALAM MENGHASILKAN CO2
Authors: Rochyani Neny , Saputra Ardi Yansa , Nurlela Nurlela 
Published: July 2023

AbstrakPenelitian ini memfokuskan pada analisis proses fermentasi menggunakan variasi gula dan air dalam menghasilkan CO2Â yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui berapa besar CO 2 yang terbentuk, dan saat kondisi apa gas CO2 tersebut dapat diperolehÂ pada kondisi stabil untuk tingkat variasi air sebanyak 800 ml dan 1000 ml.Â ProsesÂ Â dianalasis melalui penambahan gula pada tiga kondisi yaitu : 200 g, 250 g dan 300 g. Sampel hasil fermentasi tersebut diambil dan dianalisis untuk mengetahui CO 2 yang dihasilkan . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gas CO2Â tertinggiÂ diperoleh dari variasi bahan baku (air dan gula) untukÂ air 800 ml denganÂ gula 200 gr = 31 bubbles, gula 250 gr = 31 bubbles dan gula 300 gr = 38 bubbles. Sedangkan untukÂ air 1000 ml dengan 200 = 36 bubbles, 250 gr = 60 bubblesÂ dan gula 300 gr = 40 bubbles. SedangkanÂ CO2 yang stabil untuk air 800 ml dengan konsentrasi gula 200 gr dan untuk air 1000 ml pada konsentrasi gula 300 gr. Â Kata Kunci : CO2, fermentasi, Gula, air
E-learning and higher order thinking: Impact of STEM-based approach
Authors: Rahman Abdul , Suharyat Yayat , Santosa Tomi Apra , Abdullah Efendi , Rizal Pahmi 
Published: July 2023

Please Many studies have described meta-analysis on the overall effect of e-learning influence in learning. However, there has been no meta-analysis of the overall effect of STEM-based e-learning on Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). The purpose of this study investigates the effect of STEM-based e-learning on students' critical thinking skills in Indonesia. This type of research is a Systematic Literature Review (SL) and meta-analysis. Data sources came from 12 national and international journals published in 2018-2023. The process of searching for data sources through Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Wiley, Eric, and Springer. Data analysis used the Hedge formula to calculate effect size with the help of the JSAP application. The findings show that the effect size value (ES = 0.84) is very high. This explains that STEM-based e-learning provides a very high positive impact and is effective in improving students' Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). Furthermore, HOTS characteristics do not cause heterogeneity in the results of STEM-based e-learning research on students' Higher Order Thinking Skills. The findings suggest that educators should choose STEM-based e-learning as one of the learning models to improve students' Higher Order Thinking skills in Indonesia
Pengaruh Kuliah Daring Terhadap Motivasi Belajar Taruna Prodi Transportasi di STIMARYO
Authors: Aditya Pratama Himawan , Sumardi Sumardi , Triyani Devi , Fatrodin Fatrodin 
Published: July 2023

Sistem pembelajaran daring dapat berjalan dengan optimal apabila tiga faktor penting yang mendukung terpenuhi, di antaranya adalah sumber daya manusia, sarana dan prasana, serta implementasi di lapangan atau desain perkuliahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah kuliah daring berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap motivasi belajar taruna prodi transportasi di STIMARYO di Yogyakarta selama masa pandemi Covid-19. Pengumpulan data menggunakan angket berupa Google Form yang disebarkan kepada 88 responden. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dan analisis regresi linear sederhana. Berdasarkan hasil analisis deskriptif variabel penelitian diperoleh hasil bahwa pada dasarnya kuliah daring belum efektif dan efisien jika dibandingkan dengan kuliah luring atau tatap muka, dan kuliah daring di masa pandemi Covid-19 ini belum berjalan optimal dan maksimal. Sedangkan berdasarkan hasil analisis regresi linear sederhana menunjukkan kuliah daring berpengaruh positif terhadap motivasi belajar mahasiswa pada taruna prodi transportasi di STIMARYO.
Potential consequences for rising temperature trends in the Oti River Basin, West Africa
Authors: Kwawuvi Daniel , Mama Daouda , Agodzo Sampson K. , Bessah Enoch , Yangouliba Gnibga Issoufou , Aklamati Wisdom S. 
Published: July 2023

IntroductionOne of the ways that climate change manifest itself is through temperature changes. Though the Oti River basin has been grappling with drought incidents, there has been little or no emphasis on analyzing temperature fluctuations in the basin. This study aimed to analyze the mean annual and seasonal temperature for the observed (1981–2010) and future periods (2021–2050) over the Oti River basin.MethodsHistorical data were obtained from meteorological stations and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources (NASA POWER). Data quality assessment was conducted, and the NASA POWER temperature was validated against the stations' temperature. Ensemble of eight models acquired from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX–Africa) under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), were used for the future projection. The mean annual and seasonal temperatures were analyzed for 1981–2010 and 2021–2050 (under RCPs 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios). The Modified Mann–Kendall test was used for trend analysis at 5% significant level.Results and discussionIn the near-future, temperature is anticipated to increase at the mean monthly scale in the ranges of +0.88°C in October to +2.65°C in January under the RCP4.5 scenario, while the RCP8.5 predicts increases between +2.71°C in July and +6.48°C in January. The annual mean temperature change for the entire basin is projected at +1.47°C (RCP4.5) and +4.2°C (RCP8.5). For the rainy season period, the RCP4.5 projects annual mean temperature changes in the ranges of −0.72°C and +1.52°C while the RCP8.5 predicts changes between +1.06°C and +4.45°C. Concerning the dry season period, the anticipated changes in the annual mean temperature under the RCP4.5 would range from −0.43°C to +2.78°C whereas that of RCP8.5 would be between +1.97°C and 7.25°C. The Modified Mann–Kendall test revealed significantly increasing trends for temperature projections in the basin under both the RCPs 4.5 and 8.5 in the basin. The study provides significant contribution to the comprehension of temperature patterns in time and space which is necessary for the sustenance of rainfed agriculture and water resources within the basin.
Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and risk factor control of high atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in Guangzhou, China
Authors: Liu Hui , Lin Weiquan , Tu Kexin , Zhou Qin , Wang Chang , Sun Minying , Li Yaohui , Liu Xiangyi , Lin Guozhen , Li Sidong , Bao Wei 
Published: July 2023

BackgroundIdentifying individuals at high risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and implementing targeted prevention strategies might be the key to reducing the heavy disease burden in China. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and risk factor control among individuals with high 10-year ASCVD risk in Guangzhou, China.MethodsThis study included 15,165 adults (aged 18 years and older) from 138 urban and rural communities in the 2018 survey of China Chronic Disease and Risk Factors Surveillance in Guangzhou. 10-year ASCVD risk was estimated using the risk assessment models recommended in the Chinese Guideline for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease 2017. The prevalence, awareness, treatment, and risk factor control of high ASCVD risk (defined as 10-year risk ≥10%) were examined.ResultsAmong the study population, the weighted proportion of men was 51.9%, and the mean age was 41.27 ± 0.52 years. The overall standardized prevalence of high 10-year ASCVD risk was 13.8% (95% CI, 12.4%–15.3%). The awareness rates for hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia were 48.0% (95% CI, 42.8%–53.4%), 48.3% (95% CI, 43.0%–53.7%), and 17.9% (95% CI, 14.4%–22.1%) among those with corresponding risk factors. The proportions of drug use in prevention were relatively low in primary prevention, with the rates of using BP-lowering, glucose-lowering, lipid-lowering, and aspirin being 37.7% (95% CI, 32.8%–42.8%), 41.4% (95% CI, 35.8%–47.3%), 6.7% (95% CI, 4.5%–10.0%), and 1.0% (95% CI, 0.6%–1.8%), respectively. As for risk factor control, only 29.3% (95% CI, 25.7%–33.2%), 16.8% (95% CI, 15.0%–18.6%), and 36.0% (95% CI, 31.1%–41.2%) of individuals with high ASCVD risk had ideal levels of blood pressure, LDL-C, and body weight.ConclusionThe estimated prevalence of 10-year high ASCVD risk was high in Guangzhou, while the rates of treatment and risk factor control in primary prevention were still far from optimal, especially for lipid management. These findings suggested that substantial improvement in ASCVD prevention is needed in this population.
How the pandemic shaped teenagers’ views on violence: exploring the complexities of post-confinement attitudes
Authors: Rodríguez Juan Carlos , Rodríguez-Góngora Josefina , Rodríguez-Rodríguez José Antonio 
Published: July 2023

IntroductionViolent extremism is a complex and urgent issue that affects all sectors of society and necessitates research aimed at preventing and transforming violent behavior.MethodsThis study presents the findings of a questionnaire comprising 34 items administered to 1,169 teenagers from two secondary schools in Almería and Madrid, Spain, immediately following the conclusion of COVID-19 confinement measures. The primary objective of the study is to analyze teenagers’ perspectives on violent extremism and pro-violent attitudes, along with their association with various factors such as digital consumption, interpersonal relationships, and the socio-demographic circumstances of their families. Data collection involved direct interventions with the students at the participating educational institutions.ResultsThe findings demonstrate that variables such as gender, number of siblings, and religious practice influence violent extremism, whereas nationality does not emerge as a significant factor. Additionally, the study identifies several contributing factors to the prevalence of extremist and pro-violent attitudes, and employs a moderation analysis utilizing the mother’s level of education as a moderator variable.DiscussionBased on these results, the study recommends further research to enhance our understanding of the development of violent attitudes and behaviors. Additionally, it suggests implementing family and personal support programs aimed at fostering healthy adolescent development.
Composition of the intestinal microbiota and its variations between the second and third trimesters in women with gestational diabetes mellitus and without gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Liu Nana , Sun Yin , Wang Yaxin , Ma Liangkun , Zhang Suhan , Lin Hang 
Published: July 2023

ObjectiveThis study was designed to explore the composition of the intestinal microbiota and its longitudinal variation between the second trimester (T2) and the third trimester (T3) in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance.MethodsThis observational study was conducted at Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH). Women with GDM and pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance were enrolled in the study, and fecal samples were collected during T2 (weeks 24~28) and T3 (weeks 34~38). Fecal samples were analyzed from 49 women with GDM and 42 pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance. The 16S rRNA gene amplicon libraries were sequenced to analyze the microbiota and QIIME2 was used to analyze microbiome bioinformatics.ResultsThe four dominant phyla that Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria which accomplish about 99% of the total relative abundance did not significantly change between the T2 and T3 in the GDM and healthy groups. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Scardovia (0 vs. 0.25%, P = 0.041) and Propionibacterium (0 vs. 0.29%, P = 0.041) increased significantly in the control group, but not in the GDM group. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria was significantly different between women with GDM and pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance in both T2 and T3. In T2 and T3, the relative abundances of unidentified_Lachnospiraceae, Blautia, and Parabacteroides were significantly higher in the GDM group than in the control group (P&lt;0.05). The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium in the GDM group was lower than in the control group in both T2 and T3.ConclusionsThe intestinal microbiota composition was stable from T2 to T3 in the GDM and control groups; however, the intestinal microbiota composition was different between the two groups.
The global, regional and national burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the past, present and future: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Authors: Ye Junjun , Wu Yixi , Yang Shuhui , Zhu Dan , Chen Fengwu , Chen Jingxian , Ji Xiaoxia , Hou Kaijian 
Published: July 2023

AimTo report the global, regional, and national burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in 2019, assess its trends in the past, and forecast its trends in the future.MethodsThe main data source was the Global Burden of Disease 2019 database. We assessed the changes in T2DM burden from 1990 to 2019 with joinpoint regression analysis. Age-period-cohort analysis was used to forecast the T2DM incidence and mortality rate from 2020 to 2034.ResultsThe burden of T2DM has increased from 1990 to 2019 generally. The low-middle socio-demographic index (SDI) region had the highest increase in age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (ASDR) due to T2DM. Nationally, the increase in ASIR (r=0.151, p=0.046) and the decrease in ASMR (r=0.355, p&lt;0.001) were positively correlated with SDIs. In 2019, the global ASIR, ASPR, ASMR, ASDR due to T2DM were 259.9 (95% UI 240.3-281.4), 5282.9 (95% UI 4853.6-5752.1), 18.5 (95% UI 17.2-19.7), and 801.5 (95% UI 55477000-79005200) per 100,000 population, respectively. Additionally, the ASIR (r=0.153, p=0.030) and ASPR (r=0.159, p=0.024) of T2DM were positively correlated with SDIs, while ASMR (r=-0.226, p=0.001) and ASDR (r=-0.171, p=0.015) due to T2DM were negatively correlated with SDIs. The ASIR was estimated to increase to 284.42, and ASMR was estimated to increase to 19.1 from 2030 to 2034, per 100,000 population.ConclusionGlobally, the burden of T2DM has increased in the past and was forecast to continue increasing. Greater investment in T2DM prevention is needed.
Rapid weight gain in early life is associated with central precocious puberty in girls, not in boys - a nationwide population-based study in Korea
Authors: Choe Yunsoo , Cha Jong Ho , Kim Yun Jin , Choi Jinjoo , Lee Kyeongmi , Kim Nayoung , Na Jae Yoon , Yang Seung 
Published: July 2023

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the effect of rapid weight gain (RWG) on the incidence of central precocious puberty (CPP) using nationwide population-based data.MethodsA total of 253,967 children (101,841 boys and 152,126 girls) who underwent regular health consultations under the National Health Insurance Service from 2007 to 2010 were followed up until the age of 10 years for boys and 9 years for girls. We calculated differences in the weight Z-scores from 4–6 months to 9–12 months (infancy) and from 9–12 months to 18–24 months or 30–36 months (toddlerhood) using the lambda-mu-sigma method. The population was subdivided into four groups: RWGinf/tod (infancy &gt; + 0.67 standard deviation score [SDS], toddlerhood &gt; 0 SDS), RWGinf (infancy &gt; + 0.67 SDS, toddlerhood &lt; 0 SDS), RWGtod (toddlerhood &gt; + 0.67 SDS), and control (no RWG). The diagnosis of CPP was based on the diagnostic codes of the International Classification of Diseases 10th revision and the prescription of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists. The cumulative risk of CPP based on age was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier survival curves, and the association between the RWG groups and CPP was assessed using multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsCPP was diagnosed in 268 boys and 9,225 girls. For the girls, the CPP-free probability was the highest in the control group, followed by the RWGtod, RWGinf, and RWGinf/tod groups (log-rank p &lt; 0.001). However, the incidence of CPP did not vary significantly for the boys. Compared to the control group, the other groups had a higher risk of CPP in girls (RWGinf/tod: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.35, 95%, confidence interval [95% CI] 1.13–1.62; RWGinf: aOR 1.25, 95% CI 1.13–1.38; and RWGtod: aOR 1.18, 95% CI 1.09–1.28).ConclusionsThis nationwide population-based study demonstrated that any RWG from birth to 3 years of age contributed to an increased risk of CPP in girls but not in boys. Girls who experienced RWG during both infancy and toddlerhood had the highest risk of developing CPP. These findings suggest that early detection and appropriate management of excessive weight gain in early life may be important for preventing CPP in girls.