bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Becoming scientific and becoming professional: towards moderating rationalism in the initial teacher education curriculum
Authors: Ovens Peter 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe aim of this mainly theoretical article is to sketch a curriculum model, based upon Stenhouse (1975), for the education of primary school teachers with a focus on their teaching of science. Arising from practical concerns, the purpose is to outline a framework for creative compliance with the more retrogressive characteristics of the national requirements. A distinction between training and education leads to a conceptualization of education as a process of becoming. This is applied to aspects of science and to aspects of education separately, and then brought together to envisage a moderated approach to the teaching and the assessment of student teachers which could guide practice.
The National Curriculum balance sheet for Key Stage 2: a researcher's view
Authors: Galton Maurice 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe National Curriculum had very specific objectives. From the beginning there have been claims that the failure to implement the programme in full was the fault of a ‘liberal’ educational establishment. This article looks at implementation from the perspective of a researcher who was engaged in classroom observation, mainly in primary schools, during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Among the consequences of the implementation strategies adopted have been negligible effects on teaching methods, falling standards and lack of increased curriculum continuity on transfer to Key Stage 3. The findings of this research suggest that recent calls for teachers to be mandated as to how to teach the curriculum will not overcome these problems.
The Dearing review of qualifications 16–19: attempting to reconcile the irreconcilable?
Authors: Cummings Andy 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThis article seeks to evaluate critically the proposals set out in Sir Ron Dearing's report published in March 1996 (Dearing, 1996). Despite being broadly welcomed across the political spectrum, most of the proposals have yet to be implemented. The General Election of 1997 delayed the process, with the start date for a partially reformed system now set at September 2000. While there have been some moves away from what Dearing recommended, his review remains the key policy text in this area, particularly as his consultations did much to educate the professional audience. The report has attracted thorough examination (Hodgson and Spours, 1997; Spours and Young, 1996; Young, 1998) and much will be drawn from such sources. However, the key argument will be made that within the Dearing Report, and within much of what has been written about it, there is a reluctance to engage with fundamental issues of curriculum philosophy and values. Hence what is proposed, while seeming reasonable and pragmatic, does in fact attempt to reconcile the irreconcilable. There is no evidence to suggest that the Labour government will address these issues. With the exception of the New Deal, the whole area of post‐compulsory education represents policy continuity rather than radical innovation (Hodgson and Spours, 1999). Paradoxically the greater freedom and voluntarism in this area does offer the possibility of innovation at a local level.
In vitro effects of fluticasone propionate on IL‐13 production by mitogen‐stimulated lymphocytes
Authors: Di Lorenzo Gabriele , Pacor Maria Luisa , Pellitteri Maria Esposito , Gangemi Sebastiano , Di Blasi Patrizia , Candore Giuseppina , Colombo Alfredo , Lio Domenico , Caruso Calogero 
Published: July 2002

Background: Corticosteroid administration produces multiple immunomodulatory effects, including down‐regulation of cytokine production by CD4 T lymphocytes. Fluticasone propionate (FP) (Glaxo Smith&Kline, Greenford, UK), a highly lipophilic topical corticosteroid, has been shown to be safe and effective in the treatment of asthma and of both seasonal and perennial rhinitis.Aims: To gain insight into the mechanisms of FP therapeutic effects, we evaluated interleukin (IL)‐13 (a type 2 cytokine that seemingly plays a pivotal role in allergic mechanisms) production by mitogen‐stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC)
in vitro, treated or not with FP.Methods: MNC from 10 healthy subjects and 10 asthmatic atopic patients with Parietaria allergy were stimulated v/v with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) (50 γ/ml) or with complete medium alone as a control. Culture supernatants, in vitro treated or not with 10-7 or 10-8 M FP, were collected after 48 or 72 h incubation. IL‐13 production was assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. In random selected samples, after 4 or 24 h of cell cultures, RNA was extracted and IL‐4 and IL‐5 reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) products analyzed.Results: At 48 h, there were no differences in IL‐13 concentration in PHA‐stimulated cultures between healthy subjects and asthmatic patients (93.6 ± 18.9 versus 111.0 ± 25.1 pg/ml). At 72 h, similar results were obtained (63.9 ± 3.0 versus 73.3 ± 2.5 pg/ml, respectively). At this time, however, IL‐13 concentrations were significantly decreased versus 48 h both in asthmatics
(p < 0.001) and in controls (p < 0.001). Treatment with 10-7 M FP significantly reduced IL‐13 production in healthy subjects and asthmatic patients both at 48 h
(93.6 ± 18.9 versus 50.50 ± 10.6 pg/ml, p < 0.001, and 111.0 ± 25.1 versus 59.3 ± 13.6 pg/ml, p < 0.001, respectively) and at 72 h (63.9 ± 9.6 versus 35.5 ± 4.4 pg/ml, p < 0.001, and 73.3 ± 8.0 versus 40.7 ± 4.5 pg/ml, p < 0.001, respectively). Similar results were obtained with 10-8 M FP at 48 and 72 h. Accordingly, evaluation of RT‐PCR products from selected cell samples showed a FP dosage‐dependent inhibition of IL‐4 and IL‐5 mRNA production both for healthy subjects and asthmatic patients.Conclusions: FP in vitro impairs IL‐13 production by PHA‐stimulated MNC from asthmatic and control subjects. This strengthens previous suggestions that IL‐13 inhibition by steroids may, at least in part, account for their therapeutic effects.
Improvement of nutrient absorption may enhance systemic oxidative stress in cystic fibrosis patients
Authors: Shmarina Galina V. , Pukhalsky Alexander L. , Kokarovtseva Svetlana N. , Pukhalskaya Daria A. , Kalashnikova Elena A. , Kapranov Nikolaï I. , Kashirskaja Natalia J. 
Published: July 2002

Background: The life expectancy of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is largely dependent on the pulmonary disease severity and progress. Malnutrition may be an important complicating factor in active and chronic lung disease.Aims: The focus of this study was to investigate several inflammatory markers in pancreatic‐insufficient CF patients with different enzyme treatment regimens.Methods: CF patients with pancreatic insufficiency were examined at a time of symptomatic exacerbation of their lung disease. Group A (n = 11) regularly received microspheric enzymes. Group B (n = 8) were treated with enzymes during the hospitalization period only and demonstrated the presence of malnutrition. Inflammatory markers in the sputa (neutrophil elastase activity, interleukin‐8 and tumour necrosis factor‐α levels) and in the peripheral blood (plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), lymphocyte response to PHA, and the cell sensitivity to steroid suppression) have been investigated.Results: During acute lung exacerbation, group B demonstrated reduced levels of lymphocyte proliferation. This parameter was normalized after combined antibiotic and pancreatic enzyme therapy. Simultaneously, plasma MDA in group B markedly increased following treatment. For this group, a significant positive linear association between values of plasma MDA and lymphocyte proliferation has been observed. For group A, neither the same correlation nor changes in MDA levels and lymphocyte proliferation have been found.Conclusions: Our data indicate that acute lung exacerbation in malnourished CF patients may be associated with alteration in T‐lymphocyte activity. Adequate therapy normalizes lymphocyte function but results in systemic oxidative stress.
Increased urinary nitrite, a marker of nitric oxide, in active inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Goggins Michael G. , Shah Syed A. , Goh Jason , Cherukuri Anil , Weir Donal G. , Kelleher Dermot , Mahmud Nasir 
Published: July 2002

Background: Nitric oxide (NO) production is increased in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and measurement of NO metabolites may be useful for monitoring disease activity.Aims and objectives: To characterise urinary nitrite levels, a stable metabolite of NO, in IBD and to evaluate its potential as a marker of disease activity.Methods: Twelve‐hour urinary nitrites were measured by the microplate assay method in 46 patients with IBD (active; n = 32). Urinary samples from 16 healthy individuals served as controls.Results: Increased levels of urinary nitrites were found in patients with active IBD compared with those with inactive IBD. Twenty‐eight out of 32 patients (87.5%) with active IBD had detectable levels of nitrite in their urine as compared with 2/14 (14.3%) patients with inactive IBD. None of the 16 healthy controls had detectable urinary nitrite. Twelve‐hour urinary nitrite in active compared with inactive IBD: 5 Ī 0.7 versus 0.1 Ī 0.04 μ mol
(P < 0.05). There was good correlation between urinary nitrite and some markers of disease activity in IBD such as C‐reactive protein and microalbuminuria but not with erythrocyte sedimentation rate.Conclusions: Increased levels of nitrite were detected in urine of patients with active IBD, consistent with increased NO synthesis. This simple assay may be exploited as a potential marker of disease
activity in IBD.
Release of tumor necrosis factor‐α and prostanoids in whole blood cultures after in vivo exposure to low‐dose aspirin
Authors: Beckmann Ilse , Ben-Efraim Shlomo , Vervoort Monica , Wallenburg Henk C. S. 
Published: July 2002

Background: The preventive effect of low‐dose aspirin in cardiovascular disease is generally attributed to its antiplatelet action caused by differential inhibition of platelet cyclooxygenase‐1. However, there is evidence that aspirin also affects release of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). It is not known whether this is caused by direct action on the cytokine pathway or indirectly through cyclooxygenase inhibition and altered prostanoid synthesis, or both.Methods: We assessed the capacity of lipopolysaccharide‐activated leukocytes in whole blood cultures of eight healthy subjects following a single oral dose of 80 mg aspirin to release TNF‐α, prostanoid E2
(PGE2) and prostanoid I2 (PGI2), and thromboxane A2 (TXA2). TNF‐α and prostanoids were determined by enzyme‐linked immunoassays.Results: In seven subjects, TNF‐α release in blood cultures decreased 24 h after intake of aspirin. The effect of aspirin on prostanoid release was assessed in three individuals: PGE2 increased in all subjects,
PGI2 increased in two and remained unchanged in one, and TXA2 was reduced in two and unchanged in one individua2l. The presence of DFU, a specific inhibitor of cyclooxygenase 2, did not affect the reduction of TNF‐α release by aspirin, but abolished prostanoid production in all three individuals.Conclusion: The capacity of activated leukocytes to release TNF‐α is reduced by ingestion of low‐dose aspirin, independent of changes in prostanoid biosynthesis.
17β‐Estradiol promotes the synthesis and the secretion of annexin I in the CCRF‐CEM human cell line
Authors: Castro-Caldas Margarida , Duarte Carlos B. , Carvalho Arsélio P. , Lopes M. Celeste 
Published: July 2002

Aims: Annexin I (ANXA1), a 37 kDa member of the annexin family of Ca2+‐binding and phospholipidbinding proteins, is particularly abundant in various populations of peripheral blood leukocytes. Since this protein modulates the anti‐inflammatory actions of the steroid hormones, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the female sex steroid hormone, 17β‐estradiol (E2β), on the synthesis and secretion of ANXA1 in the human CCRF‐CEM acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line.Methods: Complementary reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assays were performed to study the effect of E2β on the expression of mRNA and protein ANXA1, respectively.Results and discussion: Treatment of CCRF‐CEM cells with E2β, for 30 min, stimulated the synthesis of ANXA1 mRNA molecules, and increased the cellular level of ANXA1 protein. Moreover, when the cells were incubated with E2β, under the same experimental conditions, a significant increase in the amount of ANXA1 secreted from the cells was also detected. ICI 182,780, a selective inhibitor of the intracellular estrogen receptor, had no effect on the E2β‐stimulated expression and externalisation of ANXA1. Taken together, these results indicate that E2β induces de novo synthesis of ANXA1 and stimulates its secretion in the CCRF‐CEM cell line, apparently through a mechanism independent of the intracellular estrogen receptor.
Aggressive Fibromatosis: Evidence for a Stable Phase
Authors: Mitchell Gillian , Thomas J. Meirion , Harmer Clive L. 
Published: July 2002

Purpose. Aggressive fibromatosis (AF) is an uncommon locally infiltrating benign disease of soft tissue for which treatment comprises complete surgical resection. Radiotherapy can be given postoperatively if the margin is incompletely resected. If the tumour is inoperable radiotherapy provides an alternative treatment. Hormone therapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy have also been used for unresectable or recurrent disease. All treatment modalities carry an associated morbidity. We believe that the natural history of aggressive fibromatosis may include a period of stable disease without progression, during which time, treatment is not always necessary.Patients and methods. We present a retrospective review of 42 patients referred to the Royal Marsden Hospital between 1988 and 1995 with aggressive fibromatosis. Evidence of periods of stable disease and the relationship to delivered treatment was obtained from the case notes, including the natural history prior to referral to our institution. Stable disease was defined as a period of no objective progression for 6 months or longer.Results. Seventeen patients could be assessed for stable disease and all (100%) experienced at least one episode of stable disease, eight of whom whilst receiving hormonal or cytotoxic therapy. Of the 23 patients who could not be assessed for stable disease, as they underwent surgery at presentation or recurrence of disease, only 2 had persisting disease at last follow‐up. Both of these patients had had positive surgical resection margins.Discussion. This study demonstrates the variable natural history of AF, which can include a substantial period of stable disease in a significant number of patients. A less aggressive approach to the management of AF may therefore be appropriate, particularly if a subgroup of patients who are likely to experience a period of stable disease can be identified.
Radiotherapy for Lung Metastases in a Patient With Ewing Sarcoma
Authors: Kegye A. , Naszály A. 
Published: July 2002

Purpose. To assess the benefit of therapy for multiple lung metastases in a young female patient previously treated with operation, local radiotherapy and chemotherapy.Patient: Lung metastases occurred in a young female patient 13 months after finishing combined treatment of a Ewing sarcoma of the left eleventh rib. Primary treatment had included surgical removal, 51 Gy local radiotherapy and chemotherapy.Method. 20 Gy total dose was applied to the lungs of both sides in two courses with an additional 15 Gy to the mediastinum.Results and Discussion. Complete radiological regression was achieved at the end of therapy which was maintained during the follow‐up period of 16 months.
WEBMAP: radiation hybrid mapping on the WWW.
Authors: Newell W , Sanseau P , Riley J , Lyall A 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
SUMMARY: A Java interface to radiation hybrid (RH) mapping software is described which enables users to build and interactively refine RH maps over the web. AVAILABILITY: The Java applets described here are available on the internet at http://www.oxmol.com/biolib/webmap/.
BBID: the biological biochemical image database
Authors: Becker Kevin G. , White Shawnte L. , Muller Jerri , Engel James 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: The Biological Biochemical Image Database is a WWW accessible relational database of archived images from research articles that describe regulatory pathways of higher eukaryotes. Pathway information is annotated and can be queried in the study of complex gene expression. In this way, complex regulatory pathways can be tested empirically in an efficient manner in the context of large-scale gene-expression systems.
Availability: http://bbid.grc.nia.nih.gov
Contact: beckerk@grc.nia.nih.gov
Modeling the transmembrane domain of bacterial chemoreceptors
Authors: Peach Megan L. , Hazelbauer Gerald L. , Lybrand Terry P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractBacterial chemoreceptors signal across the membrane by conformational changes that traverse a four‐helix transmembrane domain. High‐resolution structures are available for the chemoreceptor periplasmic domain and part of the cytoplasmic domain but not for the transmembrane domain. Thus, we constructed molecular models of the transmembrane domains of chemoreceptors Trg and Tar, using coordinates of an unrelated four‐helix coiled coil as a template and the X‐ray structure of a chemoreceptor periplasmic domain to establish register and positioning. We tested the models using the extensive data for cross‐linking propensities between cysteines introduced into adjacent transmembrane helices, and we found that many aspects of the models corresponded with experimental observations. The one striking disparity, the register of transmembrane helix 2 (TM2) relative to its partner transmembrane helix 1, could be corrected by sliding TM2 along its long axis toward the periplasm. The correction implied that axial sliding of TM2, the signaling movement indicated by a large body of data, was of greater magnitude than previously thought. The refined models were used to assess effects of inter‐helical disulfides on the two ligand‐induced conformational changes observed in alternative crystal structures of periplasmic domains: axial sliding within a subunit and subunit rotation. Analyses using a measure of disulfide potential energy provided strong support for the helical sliding model of transmembrane signaling but indicated that subunit rotation could be involved in other ligand‐induced effects. Those analyses plus modeled distances between diagnostic cysteine pairs indicated a magnitude for TM2 sliding in transmembrane signaling of several angstroms.
Aquaporin‐Based Biomimetic Membranes for Low Energy Water Desalination and Separation Applications
Authors: Azarafza Abouzar , Islam Muhammad Amirul , Golpazirsorkheh Yekta , Efteghar Irene , Sadrzadeh Mohtada , Kamkar Milad , Shojaei Arsalan Faghih , Younas Mohammad , Aminabhavi Tejraj M. , Rezakazemi Mashallah 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe emergence of biomimetic materials developed using nature's inspiration and biological domains can drive a paradigm shift in the design and operation of future‐generation materials in separation applications. In recent years, biomimetic membranes have drawn interest of many researchers for water treatment applications. Among the biomimetic membranes, protein‐based membranes, specifically those synthesized by aquaporin, have received much attention in recent years due to their high osmotic water permeability and excellent ability to remove small molecules, thereby overcoming the trade‐off between the water flux and the contaminant's rejection. The separation efficiency and fouling properties are significantly improved by taking advantage of the strategies evolved in nature. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the state‐of‐the‐art aquaporin‐based biomimetic membranes (ABMs), mainly focusing on their synthesis, characterization, and performance as selective layer in composite membranes for reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, and forward osmosis for water desalination. Fabrication methods and characterization techniques of ABMs and their performance in water desalination are also reviewed, while the main obstacles for their successful commercial viability in wastewater treatment are provided. The applications of ABMs in various separation processes other than water desalination and their potential market are presented to inspire future researchers in this versatile area.
Bioprinting of Stem Cell Spheroids Followed by Post‐Printing Chondrogenic Differentiation for Cartilage Tissue Engineering
Authors: Decarli Monize Caiado , Seijas‐Gamardo Adrián , Morgan Francis L. C. , Wieringa Paul , Baker Matthew B. , Silva Jorge Vicente L. , Moraes Ângela Maria , Moroni Lorenzo , Mota Carlos 
Published: April 2023

AbstractCartilage tissue presents low self‐repair capability and lesions often undergo irreversible progression. Structures obtained by tissue engineering, such as those based in extrusion bioprinting of constructs loaded with stem cell spheroids may offer valuable alternatives for research and therapeutic purposes. Human mesenchymal stromal cell (hMSC) spheroids can be chondrogenically differentiated faster and more efficiently than single cells. This approach allows obtaining larger tissues in a rapid, controlled and reproducible way. However, it is challenging to control tissue architecture, construct stability, and cell viability during maturation. Herein, this work reports a reproducible bioprinting process followed by a successful post‐bioprinting chondrogenic differentiation procedure using large quantities of hMSC spheroids encapsulated in a xanthan gum‐alginate hydrogel. Multi‐layered constructs are bioprinted, ionically crosslinked, and post chondrogenically differentiated for 28 days. The expression of glycosaminoglycan, collagen II and IV are observed. After 56 days in culture, the bioprinted constructs are still stable and show satisfactory cell metabolic activity with profuse extracellular matrix production. These results show a promising procedure to obtain 3D models for cartilage research and ultimately, an in vitro proof‐of‐concept of their potential use as stable chondral tissue implants.
A Novel Patient‐Personalized Nanovector Based on Homotypic Recognition and Magnetic Hyperthermia for an Efficient Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme
Authors: De Pasquale Daniele , Pucci Carlotta , Desii Andrea , Marino Attilio , Debellis Doriana , Leoncino Luca , Prato Mirko , Moscato Stefania , Amadio Simone , Fiaschi Pietro , Prior Alessandro , Ciofani Gianni 
Published: April 2023

AbstractGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the deadliest brain tumor, characterized by an extreme genotypic and phenotypic variability, besides a high infiltrative nature in healthy tissues. Apart from very invasive surgical procedures, to date, there are no effective treatments, and life expectancy is very limited. In this work, an innovative therapeutic approach based on lipid‐based magnetic nanovectors is proposed, owning a dual therapeutic function: chemotherapy, thanks to an antineoplastic drug (regorafenib) loaded in the core, and localized magnetic hyperthermia, thanks to the presence of iron oxide nanoparticles, remotely activated by an alternating magnetic field. The drug is selected based on ad hoc patient‐specific screenings; moreover, the nanovector is decorated with cell membranes derived from patients’ cells, aiming at increasing homotypic and personalized targeting. It is demonstrated that this functionalization not only enhances the selectivity of the nanovectors toward patient‐derived GBM cells, but also their blood–brain barrier in vitro crossing ability. The localized magnetic hyperthermia induces both thermal and oxidative intracellular stress that lead to lysosomal membrane permeabilization and to the release of proteolytic enzymes into the cytosol. Collected results show that hyperthermia and chemotherapy work in synergy to reduce GBM cell invasion properties, to induce intracellular damage and, eventually, to prompt cellular death.