bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A proof that the set of NP-problems is bigger then the set of P-problems by using a logical consideration
Authors: Louiz Akram 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Thanks to my short studies about informatics, I present to you this mathematical proof that deals with the sets of P problems, NP-Complete problems and NP-Hard problems in order to prove new formulas about the cardinality of each group of problems and about the intersection of each one of these sets.
This work uses logical considerations about the complexity of NP-Hard problems in order to provea theoremabout the complexity ofproblems that allows us to identify NP problems even if their algorithms have infinite time of execution. This work ends by proving that the set of NP-Problems is definitely bigger than the set of P-Problems. Hence, I invite all the readers to develop the results of this article and to present their opinions about the used considerations in this work.
A proof that the set of NP-problems is bigger then the set of P-problems by using a logical consideration.
Authors: Louiz Akram 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Thanks to my short studies about informatics, I present to you this mathematical proof that deals with the
sets of P problems, NP-Complete problems and NP-Hard problems in order to prove new formulas about the
cardinality of each group of problems and about the intersection of each one of these sets.
This work uses logical considerations about the complexity of NP-Hard problems in order to prove a
theorem about the complexity of problems that allows us to identify NP problems even if their algorithms
have infinite time of execution. This work ends by proving that the set of NP-Problems is definitely bigger
than the set of P-Problems. Hence, I invite all the readers to develop the results of this article and to present
their opinions about the used considerations in this work.
Altering the Spectroscopy, Electronic Structure, and Bonding of Organometallic Curium(III) Upon Coordination of 4,4′−bipyridine
Authors: Long Brian , Beltran-Leiva Maria , Sperling Joseph , Poe Todd , Celis-Barros Cristian , Albrecht-Schönzart Thomas 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Structural and electronic characterization of (Cp′3Cm)2(µ − 4,4′−bpy) (Cp′ = trimethylsilylcyclopentadienyl, 4,4′−bpy = 4,4′−bipyridine) is reported and provides a rare example of curium − carbon bonding. Cp′3Cm displays unexpectedly low energy emission that is quenched upon coordination by 4,4′−bipyridine. Electronic structure calculations on Cp′3Cm and (Cp′3Cm)2(µ − 4,4′−bpy) rule out significant differences in the emissive state, rendering 4,4′−bipyridine as the primary quenching agent. Comparisons of (Cp′3Cm)2(µ − 4,4′−bpy) with its samarium and gadolinium analogues reveal atypical bonding patterns and electronic features that offer insights into bonding between carbon with f-block metal ions.
Frost hardiness of Finnish plus-tree progenies of Scots pine from seed orchards in Finland and Ukraine
Authors: Wu Dongxia , Pulkkinen Pertti , Pappinen Ari , Neyko Ihor , Zhang Gang , Di Bao , Heinonen Jaakko , Repo Tapani 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

To avoid the surrounding pollination, seed orchards of Finnish plus trees have been established in Ukraine, i.e. far from their natural distribution. However, it is not known whether the pollination site affects the frost hardiness (FH) of the progenies, and therefore their use in forest regeneration in Finland. Using whole-plant freezing tests, we examined the FH of plus-tree seed orchard progenies in Finland and Ukraine, with three lots of seeds from each origin, twice during cold acclimation in controlled conditions. The FH of needles, as assessed immediately after the freezing tests, was higher in the Finnish than Ukrainian seed orchard progenies. The variation in the FH of needles was high among the progenies, ranging from − 44°C to − 79°C by relative electrolyte leakage (REL), and from − 29°C to − 46°C by chlorophyll fluorescence (CF). When the FH was assessed according to the growth of shoots and roots after growing the seedlings for three weeks in the greenhouse the differences between the progenies/origins disappeared which was due to root damage. The FH was then between − 10°C and − 15°C based on shoot growth, between − 6°C and − 12°C based on root growth, and between − 8°C and − 16°C based on the number of new root tips. The results imply an epigenetic effect on FH of needles but no effect of progeny or origin on FH of roots. To summarize the results, it seems to be possible to use seed produced in southern Ukraine in practical reforestation actions in southern Finland.
Pericyte loss impairs BBB and cognitive function in aged mice after anesthesia/surgery
Authors: Yuan Hui , Sun Daofan , Ji Yiqin , Meng Bo , Lu Bo , Liu Rongjun , Xing Xiuzhong , Wang Ruichun , Chen Junping 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Objective: Studies have shown that perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) was related to blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and neuroinflammation. However, the effects of anesthesia/surgery on BBB integrity and composition and the associated mechanisms of BBB dysfunction remain incompletely elucidated. This study aimed to clarify the pathogenesis of PND.
Methods: In this study, we established a PND model via sevoflurane anesthesia and tibial fracture surgery in 2-month-old and 16-month-old male C57BL/6 mice. On the third postoperative day, the mice were subjected to behavioral testing or sacrificed to collect brain tissue. The progression of hippocampal BBB disruption and neuroinflammation were detected using immunofluorescence. We also used Western blotting to measure the levels of plasma-derived protein immunoglobulin G (IgG) and albumin in the hippocampus to assess the leakage of the BBB.
Results: Non-operative aged mice did not experience age-related cognitive decline and BBB disruption compared with Non-operative younger mice, but only increased glial cell activity. Anesthesia/Surgery damaged cognitive function, reduced pericyte coverage, decreased the length of capillaries and levels of occludin and claudin-5, exacerbated IgG and albumin accumulation in the hippocampus, and enhanced the activation of microglia and astrocytes in the hippocampus of old mice. However, these negative effects did not occur in young mice.
Conclusions: Our study showed that the loss of pericytes led to increased BBB permeability and neuroinflammation after anesthesia/surgery in aged mice, ultimately resulting in cognitive dysfunction.
Independent predictive factors for an early interhospital transfer (&lt;48h) of severely injured pediatric trauma patients to superordinate trauma centers in Germany: An Analysis from the TraumaRegister DGU®
Authors: Bläsius Felix Marius , Laubach Markus , Lefering Rolf , Hildebrand Frank , Adruszkow Hagen 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Background
Particularly for pediatric trauma patients, it is of utmost importance that the right patient be treated in the right place at the right time. While unnecessary interhospital transfers must be avoided, the decision against transfer should not lead to higher complication rates in trauma centers without added pediatric qualifications. Therefore, we aimed to identify independent predictors for an early interhospital transfer and analyzed the mortality of non-transferred patients, adjusted for several confounders. Furthermore, we evaluated the implementation of transfer recommendations of the Whitebook Medical Care of the Severely Injured of the German Trauma Society.
Methods
A national dataset from the TraumaRegister DGU® was used to retrospectively identify factors for an early interhospital transfer (< 48h) to a superordinate trauma center. Severely injured pediatric patients (age < 16 years) admitted between 2010–2019 were included in this analysis. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for early transfer were calculated from a multivariable model. Prognostic factors for hospital mortality in non-transferred patients were also analyzed.
Results
In total, 6,069 severely injured children were included. Of these, 65.2% were admitted to a Level I trauma center, whereas 27.7% and 7.1% were admitted to Level II and III centers, respectively. After the initial evaluation in the emergency department, 25.5% and 50.1% of children primarily admitted to a Level II or III trauma center, respectively, were transferred early. Statistically significant predictors of an early transfer were:
Severe traumatic brain injury (OR 1.76, CI 1.28-2.43).
Injury severity score (ISS) ≥ 16 points (OR for each ISS category > 2.0).
Age < 10 years (OR for each age category < 10 years of age > 1.62).
Admission to a Level III trauma center (OR 3.80, CI 2.95-4.90).
The most important independent factor for mortality in non-transferred patients was age < 10 years (OR = 1.70).
Conclusions
Knowing the independent predictors for an early transfer, such as a young patient's age, a high injury severity, severe traumatic brain injury, and Level III admission, may improve the choice of the appropriate trauma center. This may guide the rapid decision for an early interhospital transfer. There is still a lack of outcome data on children with early interhospital transfers in Germany, who are the most vulnerable group. The latest German guideline recommendations for interhospital transfers were reliably implemented.
Determinants of Early Cessation of Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices Among Rural Mothers from Jaffna District of Sri Lanka
Authors: Karthigesu Kandeepan , Sandrasegarampillai Balakumar , Vasanthy Arasaratnam 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background The short duration of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) has an impact on the growth and development of babies. Since no studies have been reported on EBF practices of the rural mothers in Jaffna District, Sri Lanka, this study was aimed to assess the factors influencing the early cessation of EBF. Methods This was a community-based cross-sectional study, and 338 mother-child pairs were selected. Socio-economic and demographic factors, the influence of the mode of delivery, and knowledge on EBF were obtained using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The details of EBF and reasons for the cessation of breastfeeding before six months were obtained from the mothers. Multivariate analysis was performed to explore the correlates of breastfeeding. Results About 38.8% of the mothers ceased EBF before six months, 71.2% had practiced EBF for six months. The early discontinuation of the EBF by the employed mothers (AOR 4.3; 95% CI 1.3–13.9), those who delivered low birth weight babies (AOR 3.6; 95% CI 1.6–8.2) and delivered the babies by caesarian sections (AOR 2.9; 95% (1.2–6.9) (p≤0.05). The EBF practiced by mothers of rural Jaffna was not associated with the gender of the babies, type of family, number of children in a family, religion of the household, knowledge on EBF, and family income. Conclusion The prevalence of EBF up to six months was low in rural Jaffna, and it was influenced by employment, birthweight of the babies, and the mode of delivery.
The importance of social capital for performing participative restoration projects: practice-based knowledge of two contrasting indigenous communities in Mexico
Authors: Ceccon Eliane 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Social capital is a theoretical construct that proposes scenarios where values such as cooperation, communication, and confidence among people can create an ideal environment for the solution of socioecological problems, reducing participative projecttransaction costs and guaranteeing their long-term permanence. For its part, ecological restoration, known as “the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed”, is gaining momentum, because the General Assembly of the United Nations declared that 2021–2030 will be a “ The Decade on Ecosystem Restoration”. However, several authors consider necessary to include the human dimension in the restoration projects, since social participation of local people can ensure their permanence over time. In this regard, this study comprises the cumulative knowledge and learning acquired through thecoordination of two participatory ecological restoration projects in two poor traditional indigenous communities of Mexico, with contrasting levels of social capital. One project, was carried out in La Montaña region of Guerrero state- “Landscape Restoration in the Xuajin Me´Phaa Non Governmental Organization Territory”. Another project was carried out in Cuentepec region in the Morelos state - “Barrancas del Río Tembembe Environmental Restoration Station”. The main lesson to be learned was that, before starting a participatory restoration project, it is necessary to know that the magnitude of social capital existing in a community exceeds a certain critical mass, to ensure an effective social participation and make its long-term success possible.
Recent Atlantic multidecadal variability and its impacts are driven by external forcings
Authors: He Chengfei , Clement Amy , Kramer Sydney , Cane Mark , Klavans Jeremy , Fenske Tyler , Murphy Lisa 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV) – a basin-scale sea surface temperature (SST) fluctuation in the Atlantic – has dramatic influences on climate1–8. Understanding its causes has important social-ecological implications. However, the driver of AMV and its impacts remains debated because of limitations of current climate models9–13. Here we identify a systematic interhemispheric SST bias in the CMIP6 models that causes biased trends in large-scale atmospheric circulation and rainfall simulations. After removing the bias, we find the simulated AMV and associated impacts agree with observations. We show statistically and physically that AMV and its tropical impacts since 1950 have been driven primarily by anthropogenic aerosols and natural forcings, while internal dynamics likely drives them before 1950. We suggest using the tropical Atlantic SST contrast (dSST) as an AMV index because it naturally eliminates the global warming trend and can explain tropical impacts via a local Gill-type response. In the positive phase, this response features low-level westerly winds that enhance Sahel rainfall, high28 level easterly winds that affect vertical wind shear and hence North Atlantic Hurricanes, and a circum-global teleconnection that affects climate in other regions. Our results highlight that external forcing is responsible for the recent AMV, its widespread impacts, and the connection between the two.
Statistical properties of ideal photons in a two-dimensional dye-filled spherical cap cavity
Authors: Cheng Ze 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Within the framework of quantum statistical mechanics, we have proposed an exact analytical solution to the problem of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of harmonically trapped, two-dimensional, and ideal photons. We utilize this analytical solution to investigate the statistical properties of ideal photons in a two-dimensional dye-filled spherical cap cavity. The results of numerical calculation of the analytical solution agree completely with the foregoing experimental results in the BEC of harmonically trapped, two-dimensional, and ideal photons. The analytical expressions of the critical temperature and the condensate fraction are derived in the thermodynamic limit. It is found that the two-dimensional critical photon number is larger than the one-dimensional critical photon number by two orders of magnitude. The spectral radiance of a two-dimensional spherical cap cavity has a sharp peak at the frequency of the cavity cutoff when the photon number exceeds the critical value determined by a temperature.
PACS numbers: 42.50.-p, 03.75.Hh, 67.85.Hj
Full Communication Memory Networks for Team-Level Cooperation Learning
Authors: Wang Yutong , Wang Yizhuo , Sartoretti Guillaume 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Communication in multi-agent systems is a key driver of team-level cooperation, for instance allowing individual agents to augment their knowledge about the world in partially-observable environments.
In this paper, we propose two reinforcement learning-based multi-agent models, namely FCMNet and FCMTran.
The two models both allow agents to simultaneously learn a differentiable communication mechanism that connects all agents as well as a common, cooperative policy conditioned upon received information.
FCMNet utilizes multiple directional recurrent neural networks to sequentially transmit and encode the current observation-based messages sent by every other agent at each timestep.
FCMTran further relies on the encoder of a modified transformer to simultaneously aggregate multiple self-generated messages sent by all agents at the previous timestep into a single message that is used in the current timestep.
Results from evaluating our models on a challenging set of StarCraft II micromanagement tasks with shared rewards show that FCMNet and FCMTran both outperform recent communication-based methods and value decomposition methods in almost all tested StarCraft II micromanagement tasks.
We further improve the performance of our models by combining them with value decomposition techniques; there, in particular, we show that FCMTran with value decomposition significantly pushes the state-of-the-art on one of the hardest benchmark tasks without any task-specific tuning.
We also investigate the robustness of FCMNet under communication disturbances (i.e., binarized messages, random message loss, and random communication order) in an asymmetric collaborative pathfinding task with individual rewards, demonstrating FMCNet’s potential applicability in real-world robotic tasks.
Temperature-dependent thermal, spectroscopic properties and laser performance of Nd:YVO 4 crystal
Authors: SONG YANJIE , ZONG NAN , CHEN ZHONGZHENG , WANG XIAOJUN , BO YONG , PENG QINJUN 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Temperature dependent thermal and spectroscopic properties of Nd:YVO4 crystal at temperatures ranging from 77 to 300 K are presented. Thermal properties including specific heat, thermal expansion coefficient and thermal conductivity are investigated. The spectroscopic parameters, such as absorption, fluorescence, lifetime are also studied. The calculated absorption and emission cross-sections together with relevant thermal properties provide important information for designing cryogenically cooled near infrared laser. Furthermore, we experimentally explore continuous wave (CW) laser performances under various cryogenic temperatures. A maximum output power of 2.1 W is obtained at an incident pump power of 3.7 W at 80 K, corresponding to an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 56.8% and a slope efficiency of 60.8%. ©The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023
Radial heating impact on magneto-third-grade liquid flow via a porous stretched sheet in convective conditions: Entropy analysis
Authors: Metri P. G. , Venkateswarlu B. , Falmari A. S. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

This work exposes novel aspects of the thermodynamic second law on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) third-phase flow in porous media towards a moving surface. The heat equation incorporates the influence of uniform heating and radiation. Formulated non-linear PDEs of momentum and energy equations are reduced to ODEs by considering similarity variables, and the numerical technique RKF-45 approach in conjunction with the shooting procedure is used to solve the produced ODEs. The performance of relevant physical quantities on the momentum and thermal profiles, skin friction, heat transfer, and entropy generation are visually represented and thoroughly explored. The Grashof-Biot numbers, porous media, radiation, and flow characteristics all tend to rise as a result of increasing liquid heat and velocity. However, this is not true in the case of uniform heating and magnetic fields. Entropy is produced in increasing amounts by flow parameters, magnetic fields, porous media, heat sources, and Biot-Brinkman numbers, while it is reduced by Grashof-Prandtl numbers, temperature differences, and radiation parameters. The rate of heat transfer is inversely related to the increase in radiation and the heat source. Skin friction exhibits reciprocal behavior with a rise in permeability and the convection parameter, and it is also influenced by Newtonian fluid. Furthermore, it has been determined that the present study excellently agrees with earlier published studies.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of sorafenib, lenvatinib, atezolizumab plus bevacizumab and sintilimab plus bevacizumab for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in China
Authors: Gong Hongyu , ONG Siew Chin , Li Fan , Zhao Keying , Weng Zhiying , Jiang Zhengyou 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Background and Objective Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide, especially in China. According to the 2021 Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology guidelines, sorafenib, lenvatinib, atezolizumab combined with bevacizumab, and sintilimab combined with bevacizumab are recommended as first-line treatment options for advanced HCC. This study provides a cost-effectiveness analysis of these treatments from the patient perspective.
MethodsA partitioned survival model was established using the TreeAge 2019 software to evaluate the cost-effectiveness. The model includes three states, namely progression-free survival, progressive disease, and death. Clinical data were derived from three randomized controlled studies involving patients with advanced HCC who received the following treatment: sorafenib and lenvatinib (NCT01761266); atezolizumab in combination with bevacizumab (NCT03434379); and sintilimab in combination with bevacizumab (NCT03794440). Cost and clinical preference data were obtained from the literature and interviews with clinicians.
ResultsAll compared with sorafenib therapy, lenvatinib had an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of US$188,625.25 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained; sintilimab plus bevacizumab had an ICER of US$75,150.32 per QALY gained; and atezolizumab plus bevacizumab had an ICER of US$144,513.71 per QALY gained. The probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicated that treatment with sorafenib achieved a 100% probability of cost-effectiveness at a threshold of US$36,600/QALY. One-way sensitivity analysis revealed that the results were most sensitive to the medical insurance reimbursement ratio and drug prices.
Conclusions In this economic evaluation, therapy with lenvatinib, sintilimab plus bevacizumab, and atezolizumab plus bevacizumab generated incremental QALYs compared with sorafenib; however, these regimens were not cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of US$36,600 per QALY. Therefore, some patients may achieve preferred economic outcomes from these three therapies by tailoring the regimen based on individual patient factors.