bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IEEE Human Factors Standards Program
Authors: Voss T. J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Within the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Subcommittee 7 (SC-7), Human Factors and Control Facilities, of the Nuclear Power Engineering Committee (NPEC) develops and maintains human factors standards. SC-7 members have extensive expertise in the human factors of nuclear generating facilities. NPEC provides funding for standards development or revision, oversees the activities of SC-7, and has power of approval for standards produced by NPEC subcommittees.
IEEE Std 1023-1988 is the upper tier document which defines the human factors tasks required to support the integration of human performance into the design process. The standard was reaffirmed in January 1995 and is to be revised within the next two years. Presently, three lower tier documents, in various stages of development, expand upon the upper tier standard. IEEE Std 845-1988 (in revision) presents methods for measurement of human performance. IEEE Std 1082 (final draft in ballot) deals with the human reliability analysis aspects of probabilistic risk assessment. IEEE Std 1289 presents human factors guidance for design of computer-based display systems.
In addition to producing and maintaining human factors standards, SC-7 has sponsored a series of conferences on human factors in power plants. The next one, “Human Factors in Power Generation: A Global Perspective,” will take place in Orlando, Florida, from June 7–12, 1997.
Characterization and Modeling of the Creep Behavior of Xydar G930 Liquid Crystalline Polymer
Authors: DiFilippo Vincent , Saigal Anil , Zimmerman Michael A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) are a relatively new class of polymers with excellent high temperature properties. They are being considered for electronic packaging applications, such as molded multichip modules, where high dimensional tolerances are critical for component operation. High stresses and temperatures can be generated in molded leadframes during surface mount soldering operations and component service. Under these conditions, time dependent deformation or creep could result in warpage and failure of molded leadframes. In order to aid designers in estimating component lifetimes, the creep properties of Xydar G930 were investigated. Xydar G930 is a LCP with 30 wt.% glass filler. A series of short term (24 h) uniaxial creep tests were conducted at several temperatures and stress levels ranging from room temperature to 350°F, and 0.3 UTS to 0.8 UTS, respectively. Values of steady state creep rate were calculated from the creep curves and fit to an Arrhenius analog as a function of temperature and a power law relation as a function of stress. Results showed linear viscoelastic behavior at low stresses and significant dependence of creep on temperature and stress.
Improved Analytical Estimate of Global CTE Mismatch Displacement in Areal-Array Solder Joints
Authors: Heinrich S. M. , Shakya S. , Lee P. S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
An analytical expression is derived for determining the maximum solder joint shearing displacement occurring in an areal-array interconnect under global CTE mismatch loading. The result may be viewed as a “load correction factor,” to be applied to the commonly used estimate which is based on the free thermal expansion of component and substrate. The new expression for the correction factor includes the following parameters: (a) dimensions and material properties of component and substrate, (b) array size and population, (c) material properties of solder, and (d) geometric parameters of the individual joints. The theoretical result is based on modeling the assembly as two circular elastic disks connected by a shear-type “elastic foundation” whose distributed shear stiffness is related to the joint/array characteristics. The analytical expression and the graphical aids presented herein may provide convenient alternatives to performing time-consuming and expensive finite element “macro-analyses” on the assembly for the purpose of specifying boundary conditions for a subsequent “micro-analysis” on a single joint.
Reversible Permeabilization of Plasma Membranes With Engineered Nano-Scale Switchable Pores
Authors: Russo Michael J. , Bayley Hagan , Toner Mehmet 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
By using an engineered, self-assembling, proteinaceous, nano-scale pore equipped with a metal-actuated switch, a technique to deliberately and reversibly permeabilize the plasma membrane to small molecules (∼1000 Da) has been developed. We have demonstrated the dose dependent permeabilization of fibroblasts by 2 nm pores designed to be blocked and unblocked by the addition and removal of μM concentrations of Zn2+. Further, we have shown that the activity of the switch allows permeabilized cells to maintain viability following unconstrained flux of small molecules. This ability to control the transmembrane influx and efflux of molecules and thereby vary the intracellular environment yet maintain cell viability will impact an array of biological and medical problems.
Development of a Noninvasive Blood Perfusion Probe
Authors: O’Reilly Thomas B. , Gonzales Terry L. , Diller Thomas E. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Development of a noninvasive biomedical probe for tissue blood perfusion measurements is described. Simultaneous measurements of the local temperature and heat flux during a thermal cooling event at the surface of the skin is used to determine blood perfusion in the underlying tissue. The probe incorporates a combination heat flux and temperature sensor, which is placed in contact with the tissue and cooled by jets of room temperature air. For safety reasons no electric power or heating is applied to the probe; its low level signals are generated by the small temperature difference produced by air cooling. The small, light-weight probe can be taped to the skin, much like a surface electrode, for repeated measurements.
A combination of analytical and experimental results are reported to describe the measurement system. The effect of thermal contact resistance between the probe and tissue is included in the model. Experimental results indicate good heat flux sensitivity and measurement repeatability. Comparison of analytical heat flux predictions and experimental measurements is good. Although not yet fully tested, this non-invasive technique has promise of providing quantitative blood perfusion measurements.
An Interferometer for Measuring the Surface Displacement of a Reflecting Biological Tissue Surface
Authors: Yablon Andrew D. , Nishioka Norman S. , Mikic Borivoje B. , Venugopalan Vasan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
An interferometer capable of precise time-resolved monitoring of the surface displacement of biological tissue has been designed and built. This interferometer is particularly useful because it can work with both diffuse and specular surfaces. The device is a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer employing a standard HeNe laser and monitors a 15 μm diameter region on the surface of the tissue target. The instrument rise time is typically 5 ns and the measurement duration is limited only by the number of data points stored. The interferometer can also determine the direction of target surface motion because the signal is modulated by a 110 MHz acousto-optical modulator (AOM). Surface displacement accuracy depends on surface quality but generally ranges from 1 to 10 nm for the samples tested. Composite two dimensional time-resolved surface maps are created by assembling data obtained from different positions on the surface during separate events. The interferometer has been successfully employed to track the surface motion of gelatin tissue phantoms, porcine reticular dermis, and bovine corneal stroma subjected to 20 ns ArF excimer laser pulses, 40 ns Q-switched Er:YSGG laser pulses, and 180 ns TEA CO2 laser pulses. The interferometer can provide information about the mechanical effects of pulsed laser irradiation of biological tissue and it may also have applications as a diagnostic tool if it can be shown to be sensitive to the mechanical properties of the target tissue.
Investigation of Bleed-and-Feed Procedures for Mitigating the Consequence of a Total Loss-of-Feedwater Transient: IIST Experiments
Authors: Lee C. H. , Liu T. J. , Chang C. Y. , Hong W. T. , Chan Y. K. , Hwang I. M. , Chang C. J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A reduced-height and reduced-pressure (RHRP) INER (Institute of Nuclear Energy Research) Integral System Test (IIST) facility has been built for simulating the thermal hydraulics (T/H) behavior of Westinghouse three-loop pressurized water reactor (PWR). Experiments on loss of all feedwater (LOFW) with no operator action and with reactor coolant system (RCS) bleed and feed were conducted at the IIST facility. The experimental results not only explore the key (T/H) phenomena during LOFW transients but also show the validation of RCS bleed-and-feed procedures for mitigating the consequence of LOFW transient.
Rapid Response Manufacturing in Distributed Environments: The Important Roles of Process Planning and Open Architectures
Authors: Park Hisup , Stori James A. , Wright Paul K. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
We focus on the “architecture” of a hardware and software test-bed for an integrated approach to rapid prototyping and rapid response manufacturing using conventional milling techniques. A central knowledge base is proposed that links the sub-systems and permits open, networked communication throughout the design to manufacture process. There are three essential steps for this to attain reality. First, we are developing a variety of solid object “features” that the designer can use to create components. Second, we are developing a process planning interface that initially advises the designer on the correctness of the design and then creates the necessary process plan. Third, we are developing the machining routines on an open-architecture machine tool that allow automatic component generation over the Internet. Videomanufacturing demonstrations have been carried out between the designer and the remote machines.
A Systems Approach for Simulation and Production Implementation of Thru-Feed Centerless Grinding of Ceramics
Authors: Gust Darryl J. , Shih Albert J. , Tricard Marc , Subramanian K. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
An approach for simulation and production implementation of thru-feed centerless grinding of Transformation Toughened Zirconia ceramic using vitrified diamond grinding wheels is presented. A set of grinding tests was designed and conducted, to identify the effects of: abrasive product (diamond grit size, wheel bond type), work material type and operational factors (stock removal, thru-feed rate, number of thru-feed passes and truing and dressing methods); on grinding performance. Evaluation parameters of surface finish, grinding forces, wheel wear, and G ratio were utilized to determine machine tool features. Very fine surface finishes, in the 0.05 to 0.1 μm (2–4 μin) Ra range, could be achieved using vitrified bonded micro-grit diamond grinding wheels from grinding, without additional part processing. Such a level of surface finish on ground ceramics has traditionally been generated only by using resinoid bonded diamond wheels in batch production operation. These test results were used to design and manufacture a full-sized composite or sandwiched diamond grinding wheel, with three grades of abrasives. This grinding wheel has been successfully applied in high-volume ceramic production, which in turn has verified the proposed approach. Simultaneous and strategic consideration of these four input groups: machine tool, abrasive product, work material and operational factors is essential to achieve quantum improvements in production grinding processes. This system approach is briefly described and the results from such methodology are also noted in this paper.
A Step-Compatible Approach for IC Packaging Scheduling System
Authors: Liu Thu-Hua , Trappey Amy J. C. , Chan Fu-Wei 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This research develops a Computer-Aided Scheduling System (CASS) for IC packaging industry. We adopt the concept and methods of STEP enabling technologies to model and implement the system. The effort aims to achieve integration of engineering applications by standardizing the modeling and the use of product data. This paper uses IDEFO to model the IC packaging scheduling process and, then, EXPRESS language to define the data models. The IC packaging scheduling system is implemented in an integrated environment using the object-oriented language (C++) and the object-oriented database (ObjectStore). The ST-Developer is used as the kernel to interface the application language, the database, and the EXPRESS data models. The architecture of this integrated implementation environment is not only effective for scheduling task but also useful in general applications for product design, analysis and production planning.
Step-Compatible PCB Assembly Data Model for Assembly Analysis
Authors: Trappey Amy J. C. , Hwang Chii-Tong , Liu Thu-Hua 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper focuses on the data modeling of PCB assembly and its part definition, particularly for PCB assembly analysis. We first analyze the procedure of PCB assembly. The key processes, namely insertion and soldering, which are often considered critical in PCB assembly, are discussed. Then, the factors considered in assembly analysis are described. The data related to these factors are also depicted. Most importantly, this research develops a STEP-compatible data model to define data formats for assembly analysis, mainly PCB assembly data and component data. Implementation structure of the database using the defined data model is discussed. Finally, a PCB assembly example is used to describe the data model at work. This research provides a PCB data model, which is consistent with other STEP-based and STEP-compatible data models and can achieve the product data integration for concurrent engineering practice.
Development of Step-Based Dimensioning and Tolerancing Data Model
Authors: Tsai Jhy-Cherng , Chuang Tsan-Chao , Guo De-Ning 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
STEP product model is an effort to develop an international product modeling standard by the International Standards Organization (ISO). The product model involves both working standard and information models. As product accuracy becomes tighter, dimensioning and tolerancing (D&T) plays an important role in product lifecycle. It is an important issue to develop a D&T data model based on STEP. This paper describes the development of a STEP-based D&T data model. Required information to build a STEP-based D&T scheme is investigated. Implementation of such a data model and construction of a product D&T specifications based on the model are then described. Three examples, including a single part with an interface for tolerance analysis application and an assembled product, are used to illustrate the usage of the data model.
Pick-to-Light System Benefits: Productivity, Quality, Process Time
Authors: Sharp Gunter P. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Recent trends in order assembly (picking) reflect greater use of paper-less picking. Little systematic evidence exists on the advantages of this technology. This paper presents the results of a survey of ten pick-to-light systems, with respect to productivity improvements and reduction in errors (quality improvement). The systems, located in four countries, were surveyed during 1993–94. Both case picking and less-than-case picking were included in some systems.
Although some of the improvements are as expected, there are surprises. Further, justification of the systems often depended on more than the cost savings and quality improvements. In those situations where no quantification was possible, qualitative aspects of the technology still played an important role. The paper presents these issues and puts them in the perspective of today’s global logistics systems. The paper also presents some current research issues and future trends in the industry in the pick-to-light industry.
Elasto-Plastic Finite Element Analysis of Isotropic Plates With U-Notches
Authors: Arslan Nurettin , Turgut Aydın , Sancaktar Erol 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Elasto-plastic stress analysis of the U-notched isotropic steel plates (SAE 1060) has been carried out using the finite element method (FEM) Isoparametric rectangular elements with four nodes have been employed and the Lagrange polynomial has been used as interpolation function Mechanical properties and yield strength of the U-notched plates have been obtained experimentally using a tensile testing machine. The spreads of the plastic zones have been illustrated for varies cases. Residual stress and equivalent stresses obtained have been presented in diagrams and compared with some of the relevant studies in the literature. The tensile loads of the isotropic plates with U-notches have been shown to increase due to residual stresses which take place under plane stress conditions.
A Curriculum for Engineering Systems
Authors: Shoureshi Rahmat A. , Gosink Joan P. , Middleton Nigel T. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The role of the engineer in society is rapidly changing. Advances in such areas as manufacturing, transportation, infrastructure systems, materials, communications, and high performance computing have introduced new demands, opportunities, and challenges for engineers. What was a solitary endeavor at a computer, a drafting table, or a work site, has become a team activity. Today’s industry requires engineers with diverse interdisciplinary skills, a total systems viewpoint, entrepreneurial acumen, and an understanding of global forces in the marketplace. Above all, today’s engineers are expected to support and enhance our way of life by synthesizing increasingly complex engineering systems using methods that are socially, economically, and environmentally responsible.
The Need for Versatility by Today’s Engineer in Dealing With Complex Engineering Systems
Authors: Rafanelli Anthony J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The concept of teams is rapidly changing the way products are developed and produced today. With the onset of such philosophies as Total Quality Management (TQM) and Concurrent Engineering (CE), today’s engineer must learn backgrounds. Moreover, the trend of downsizing has resulted in less people doing more and, subsequently, learning many additional, as well as different, skills than one could ever have imagined.
Implementing Systems Engineering Into an Ongoing Program
Authors: Altomare Philip M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Systems Engineering as a process for the management of large complex projects has been practiced for many years in the defense and aerospace industries. There, through experience of application, it has been developed into a standard process, or set of processes, depending on whether one is looking at the whole or its parts. The logic, and success, of the approach are such that it has been published in several standards, originally as Mil Std 499a and follow on Draft Mil Std 499b, and now as commercial standards EIA 632, and IEEE 1220. The process is now being adopted by some non-defense industries but it has not been generally recognized as a useful management tool for all types of projects, large or small, defense or non-defense. This may be due to its association with large complex Department of Defense or aerospace engineering projects, or difficulties encountered in attempting to apply the concepts. Systems engineering is a fundamental, simple process but may encounter difficult problems when implemented in large ongoing programs or projects. This paper discusses the problems and possible solutions for implementing systems engineering into ongoing programs or projects.
Extremely Large Scale Broadcast Facilities
Authors: Karam James T. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The advent of Direct Broadcast Satellites requires the associated development of origination facilities supporting hundreds of viewer channels. Such facilities use highly automated, fault tolerant control systems to facilitate cost-effective staffing levels and the flexibility to support services that are only now evolving.
We summarize the capabilities and architecture of two such facilities that are among the largest in the world: the more than 175 channel DIRECTV® Castle Rock Broadcast Center (CRBC) servicing the continental United States from Colorado, and the 72 channel DIRECTV International Inc. California Broadcast Center in Long Beach servicing Latin America and the Caribbean. For program transmission, these services use the latest, high-powered Hughes Kuband communication satellites. For program playback, each plant uses relatively conventional digital tape-based technology. Two factors make the program playout operations unique. First, their extreme size and scope. Second, all the resources in the plant are sharable and schedulable among different viewer channels to assure the plant can adapt to the services demanded by their evolving market. Some “lessons learned” are then discussed as suggestions to aid future product and facility developments.
The Role of Synthesis, Analysis, and Simulation in Engineering a Complex System: The Automotive Vehicle
Authors: Chang David C. , Rohde Steve M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In this paper we define a “top down” systems engineering process that is driven by customer requirements, and which results in vehicle products that meet those requirements. This process is intended to effectively deal with the complexity of modern automotive systems. To implement the systems engineering paradigm, an approach that integrates functional product requirements with physical realizations, i.e., math-based synthesis is introduced. Synthesis and analysis are shown to be key to being able to define, design, and validate vehicles, vehicle subsystems and components, and processes to meet their physical and functional requirements simultaneously. This involves the utilization of mathematical models at a variety of levels of detail, and of multi-disciplinary computer based methods, e.g., computer-aided engineering (CAE). Examples of the application and benefits of the use of synthesis and analysis are shown throughout the automotive vehicle development process. The approach presented leads to shorter product development cycles at reduced cost, less prototype hardware builds, and superior quality and value for the customer.
Active Vibration Control Strategies on a Beam: Secondary Source Strength Requirements
Authors: Brennan M. J. , Elliott S. J. , Pinnington R. J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In many of the active vibration control strategies that have been implemented on beams only one secondary source has been applied. If the control strategy is one of wave-suppression which is similar to that used in the control of acoustic waves in ducts, then the secondary source requirement can be very large at certain frequencies resulting in a significant increase in vibration upstream of the secondary source. This means that to implement a wave suppression control strategy over a range of frequencies then a large actuator is required. If more than one secondary source is applied then the required secondary source strengths are much diminished. This paper presents a theoretical and experimental study into the way in which the choice of control strategy and the number of actuators affects the actuator capacities required, which is important in the practical implementation of active control. A slender aluminium beam fitted with piezoelectric actuators is used for the experimental work, and predictions of secondary source requirements are made using measured data.