bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MISPRINTING AND MISREADING IN THE COMEDY OF ERRORS
Authors: Leonard Alice 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the special case of textual error in The Comedy of Errors as the play appeared in Shakespeare’s First Folio (1623). The error concerns the speech prefixes and stage directions of the two sets of twins, the Antipholi and Dromio brothers, enhancing the confusion of identity that drives the plot. The annotations left by seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century readers demonstrate that they fell into a state of error, sometimes significantly, in simply attempting to follow the play. Contrary to the standard approach of textual criticism, these inaccuracies could contribute to the interpretation and the historical reception of The Comedy of Errors in new and meaningful ways.
MAKING SENSE OF ERROR IN COMMERCIAL DRAMA
Authors: Lidster Amy 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the coexistence of error and correction in printed plays from the commercial stages in England. It proposes two textual experiences of error — announced error and silent error — and offers a case study on Edward III, a play that has often generated interest for its connection to Shakespeare. Regularly overlooked is the significance of the play’s early quarto editions (1596, 1599) in shedding light on the transmission of plays from stage to page, including the agents and processes of correction in reprint editions. By tracing how the play was prepared for publication this chapter argues that error and correction encourage readers of commercial playbooks to act as ‘authorisers’, compelled to navigate the play’s continued provisionality in print.
PRINTING UNDER PRESSURE
Authors: Hillgärtner Jan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to define a typology of mistakes and printers’ errors that can be found in German newspapers printed between 1609 and 1650. We can directly link the most common types of mistakes to the requirement of a speedy production. Compositors typically began their work even before the last report had arrived at the workshop. The two calendar systems that were in place at the turn of the seventeenth century created further opportunities for mistakes and publishers strove to arrange the content of each issue in chronological order. Examining these errors provides insight into both printers’ prioritisation of timeliness over accuracy and readers’ tolerance for different types of errors in this genre.
What Becomes of Dharma in a Conquered Country?
Authors: Figueira Dorothy M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Gītā served as a source of reference in the global conflict. The French philosopher Simone Weil also sought inspiration in the Gītā. This text supplemented her reading of the Iliad as a key text in her understanding of the theme of force, particularly after the defeat of France. As had been the case for Oppenheimer, Weil too found in the Gītā a master text to guide her during wartime. Her notebooks are filled with her attempts to translate the poem and the strategies she devised to make the text conform to the message she sought in it. Another Frenchwoman, who took the name Savitri Devi, also appropriated the Gītā as her sourcebook during and after World War II. Devi was an ardent anti-Semite and the Gītā informed her efforts as a propagandist after the Nazi defeat. She lived well into the 1980s and was instrumental in introducing New Age radicals and neo-Nazi groups to her reading of this text.
The Sacrifice
Authors: Løgstrup K. E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The second part of the book focuses on the role of suffering in Christianity, where Løgstrup criticizes Kierkegaard for putting too much emphasis on suffering, making it central to becoming a Christian. According to Løgstrup, Kierkegaard is mistaken both in attributing so much importance to suffering (both in Christianity and in existence), and in identifying a special Christian suffering, which he connects with martyrdom. Instead Løgstrup suggests that there is no special Christian suffering, only a Christian interpretation of common human suffering. According to Løgstrup we must distinguish between denial of self and denial of life, where it is crucial that Christianity never speaks of the latter. Another central discussion is whether evil should be understood extensively (everything finite is sin) or intensively (only human egotism is sin).
Pathologies of Cooperative Neuronal Processing
Authors: Phillips William A. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Being crucial to mental life, cellular mechanisms for context-sensitive cooperation are implicated in many of its pathologies. They can be dysfunctional in many ways—from genetic causes, from prenatal or post-natal exposure to pathogens, by harmful experiences, or by various forms of brain damage. A new perspective on neurodevelopmental and other psychopathologies is exemplified by in-depth discussions of absence epilepsy, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, anti-NMDA encephalitis, autism spectrum disorders (ASD) including fragile X, and foetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Anti-NMDA encephalitis shines a well-focused light on the role of apical ion channels in mental life because its cause and its consequences for ion-channel function are known. As the monogenetic aetiology of fragile X and the consequences of that mutation for ion channel function are also known, that disorder now offers the opportunity to map a complete unbroken path from mutation to cognitive consequences.
Difficulties and Unresolved Issues
Authors: Phillips William A. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter first notes difficulties faced by the conception of context-sensitive cooperation as presented in earlier chapters. It then highlights outstanding issues that invite closer examination and exploration. How is the evidence for cooperative neurons related to predictive coding and the principle of free energy reduction? How are cooperative neurons embedded in cortical microcircuits? How are cooperative neurons regulated by the neuromodulators? How are cooperative neurons related to the speed of thought? How are cooperative neurons related to Hobson’s and Freud’s views on dreaming? Are there distinctively human forms of cooperative context-sensitivity? Are there regional and developmental variations in cooperative context-sensitivity? What is the technological potential of cooperative context-sensitive computation?
Mind’s Place in Nature
Authors: Phillips William A. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses three enduring issues implicit in the joys, trials, and dramas of daily life. First, it asks how confident we can be in our perceptual experiences or in the beliefs we take for granted. The evidence reviewed suggests that this is always a matter of judgement, not logic. There is some subjectivity in all realism—some objectivity in all fantasy. Second, it asks what self-identity is, and if it is fixed or if it changes. Our genomes are fixed, but a genome is not a person. Both people and cooperative neurons grow and change. We play different roles in different contexts. The evidence reviewed here indicates that we are ever-changing, have free will, and have responsibility for our own freely chosen actions. The chapter also discusses the human search for purpose in life. The evidence on cooperative neurons is interpreted as indicating that we can find purpose for ourselves by seeking, with others, for purpose beyond ourselves.
The puzzle: how do sovereign ratings react to politics and policy?
Authors: Barta Zsófia , Johnston Alison 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter lays the groundwork for the investigation of the reactions of ratings to politics and policy. The chapter explains the increased importance of sovereign ratings for developed countries by pointing to the growing significance of global institutional investors as a source of funding for increasingly indebted governments and documenting the impact of rating changes on the conditions under which governments can borrow. It explains why our understanding of the response of sovereign ratings to politics and policy remains incomplete without an appreciation of the logic of the rating business and an awareness of the factors that determine market share and profitability. The chapter lays out the argument about the insurance function of incorporating the assessment of politics and policy into ratings, and briefly describes the empirical evidence presented in the book. It concludes with discussion of the wider contributions of the book beyond the world of sovereign ratings.
The narrative: how rating reports explain specific rating decisions in Denmark, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom
Authors: Barta Zsófia , Johnston Alison 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the narratives of rating reports issued for Denmark, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom from 1999 onwards. The narratives express consistent disapproval of large entitlement commitments, a neutral or even positive approach toward other types of government spending, and a conflicted approach to taxes. They also emphasize the importance of “monetary flexibility.” With respect to politics, concerns about indecision and instability, confirm the significance of power-sharing and checks and balances. Partisanship, on the other hand, only becomes emphatic in reports when analysts start to perceive pronounced differences between the policy stances of parties. Importantly, none of these variables matter in isolation. Reports reflect on these factors in interaction to make arguments about the degree to which the combination of the prevailing political and policy features and long-term fiscal track record jointly inspire confidence in a country’s long-term commitment to repayment.
The upshot: ratings as a neglected force in global governance
Authors: Barta Zsófia , Johnston Alison 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter concludes by reflecting on three important related questions. First, how effective is the strategy of pre-emptively lowering ratings in protecting rating agencies in crises? The contrast between aggressive downgrades after the global financial crisis and the conspicuous passivity of rating agencies since the start of the coronavirus pandemic suggests that it is indeed beneficial for rating agencies to be able to show restraint in times of major shocks. Second, given the obvious problems and the political and policy implications of the current workings of sovereign ratings, could regulatory reforms bring improvement? The chapter argues that the political and policy interference of sovereign ratings is impossible to eliminate, because neither the significance nor the logic of ratings is amenable to change under the contemporary global financial architecture. Finally, the chapter sums up the lessons about the (anomalous) power of credit rating agencies within contemporary global governance.
Charlemagne and Rome
Authors: Story Joanna 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This book is a wide-ranging exploration of cultural politics in the age of Charlemagne. It focuses on a remarkable inscription commemorating Pope Hadrian I who died in Rome at Christmas 795. Commissioned by Charlemagne, composed by Alcuin of York, and cut from black stone quarried close to the king’s new capital at Aachen in heart the Frankish kingdom, it was carried to Rome and set over the tomb of the pope in the south transept of St Peter’s basilica not long before Charlemagne’s imperial coronation in the basilica on Christmas Day 800. A masterpiece of Carolingian art, Hadrian’s epitaph was also a manifesto of empire demanding perpetual commemoration for the king amid St Peter’s cult. In script, stone, and verse, it proclaimed Frankish mastery of the art and power of the written word and claimed the cultural inheritance of imperial and papal Rome, recast for a contemporary, early medieval audience. Pope Hadrian’s epitaph was treasured through time and was one of only a few decorative objects translated from the late antique basilica of St Peter’s into the new structure, the construction of which dominated and defined the early modern Renaissance. Understood then as precious evidence of the antiquity of imperial affection for the papacy, Charlemagne’s epitaph for Pope Hadrian I was preserved as the old basilica was destroyed and carefully redisplayed in the portico of the new church, where it can be seen today.
Introduction
Authors: Story Joanna 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the history and historiography of power and politics in Italy in the eighth century and of Frankish involvement there with the papacy, the Lombard kings, and the representatives of the emperor in Constantinople. It provides essential background to the period immediately preceding the election of Hadrian as pope in 772, and Charlemagne’s accession as king in 768 and his conquest of the Lombard kingdom in 774.
Alcuin and the Epitaph
Authors: Story Joanna 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The chapter examines the evidence for Alcuin’s authorship of the memorial verses that were cut onto the marble slab to adorn Hadrian’s tomb in the south transept of St Peter’s basilica. It reviews Alcuin’s career and his travels in Francia and Italy while working for the archbishops of York, before moving to Charlemagne’s court and retirement at the monastery of St Martin’s at Tours in western Francia. The content and structure of Alcuin’s epitaph for Hadrian is analysed, and the superiority of the extant inscribed version is emphasised, especially regarding internal verse patterns that are dependent on the form and layout of capital script of the stone slab, and the use of a monogram of Charlemagne’s name. The chapter surveys the extant manuscript copies of the poem, correcting earlier commentators and editions. It reveals that Hadrian’s epitaph was transmitted as part of a short anthology of texts linked to St Peter’s basilica, collected in the early ninth century, underscoring the close contemporary link between the building and the epitaph. Incidentally, two of the epigrams in that anthology had been quoted verbatim by an earlier English scholar, Aldhelm of Malmesbury, and provides unequivocal evidence of his close knowledge of inscriptions in Rome, likely from first-hand observation.
Writing on the Walls
Authors: Story Joanna 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The chapter provides the detailed physical description of Hadrian’s epitaph, including layout, decoration, and script. Epigraphic parallels and the use of capitalis lettering in earlier inscriptions and manuscripts are discussed, drawing attention especially to the lettering devised for inscriptions commissioned by Pope Damasus I in the late fourth century by Filocalus. The development of capital scripts used for inscriptions set up in Rome in the fifth, sixth, and seventh centuries is analysed, marking both the religious and political choices made by patrons in the use of particular script types as well as the content and location of the texts. Eighth-century inscriptions, from the pontificates of John VII, Gregory II, and Gregory III are discussed, as well as a group from the mid-eighth century, commissioned by noblemen, stressing that the meaning of such inscriptions often lay in the intersection between text, script, medium, and location.
Black Stone
Authors: Story Joanna 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter centres on an analysis of the black stone used to make the epitaph for Hadrian, and the cultural connotations of the choice of a coloured marble for a major inscription at this time. It analyses the textual and geological evidence for the sourcing of the stone in Francia, specifically from the carboniferous limestones quarried in the Carolingian heartlands, around the river Meuse and further east, near Aachen. A comparison is made between the black stone used for the inscription and the Blaustein that was used in the construction of the chapel at Aachen and in its Carolingian-era decoration. The comparative geological analysis demonstrates that local sources of black marble were being selectively exploited in the vicinity of Aachen in Charlemagne’s reign. It draws attention to early medieval texts that discuss black stones, especially Charlemagne’s letter to King Offa of Mercia written in 796, in the same year as the commission of the epitaph for Hadrian. The use of black, carboniferous limestones in the masonry and opus sectile flooring that survives in a few places in the chapel at Aachen is discussed, alongside the presence of two very rare black porphyry columns. The symbolic importance and practical significance of Roman spolia, especially columns, in the design and making of the chapel is stressed. The chapter argues that by selecting black stone from Francia for Hadrian’s epitaph, Charlemagne, as its patron, was drawing on classical connotations of coloured stone and demonstrating his imperial-style control over rare natural resources. The structural and decorative evidence from Aachen makes it clear that black stone was locally available to Charlemagne in the later eighth century and that, at the same time, these local resources were used for Hadrian’s epitaph that was sent from there to Rome.
Aachen and the Art of the Court
Authors: Story Joanna 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter draws together comparative evidence deriving from people and places associated with Charlemagne’s court that provide parallels to the script, verse, design, and materials of Hadrian’s epitaph. Charlemagne’s chapel was being constructed in Aachen at the same time as the epitaph was made, and this chapter argues that the epitaph is part of the same aesthetic impulse and cultural energy. Three court poems, composed by Alcuin, Theodulf, and Angilbert in the period between late 794 and late 796 are analysed, alongside manuscripts from the ‘Court School’, especially Godesscalc’s Evengelistary and Dagulf’s Psalter, arguing that the latter was made as a gift for Hadrian only a couple of years before his death. The use of display scripts in these and related manuscripts, such as the Abbeville Gospels (which is linked to Angilbert’s patronage), is analysed, arguing that scribes were aware of earlier epigraphic scripts of types that could be seen in Rome. Parallels are drawn between the use of painted lettering in manuscripts and on the walls of palace sites (surviving especially at Paderborn). The meaning of the painted inscription for the dedication of the Aachen chapel is discussed, in the context of modifications to one of Prosper’s epigrams and Einhard’s intertextual references to it in his description of Charlemagne’s last days. The eschatological aspects of the Aachen dedication verses are reinforced by the number symbolism encoded in the architectural design of the chapel itself.
Ethnomusicologists and Music Theory
Authors: Blum Stephen 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Theorizing of the world’s musicians considers interactions of humans with instruments, spirits, fellow humans, and other living or deceased beings. Hence ethnomusicologists cannot accept a conception of music theory centered on studies of musical structure that exclude musical action. Nor can they assume that the priority given to relationships among pitches in some music theories and much research on music cognition is relevant cross-culturally. Many languages allow for distinguishing thinking from acting, and ethnomusicologists are learning more about how musicians use such distinctions in their theorizing and teaching. Theorizing can engage the human imagination in multiple ways and should not be equated with processes of rationalization, prominent though those have become in music theory of recent centuries worldwide.
Making Music Theory for Modern Nations
Authors: Blum Stephen 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Development of a modern music theory came to be seen as an essential undertaking of nation-states and of nationalities within or split among them. Numerous modernization projects have required or supported work in music theory designed to be more systematic and scientific than musical knowledge of the past. Classicization and canonization of a cultural heritage are among the interests pursued in these projects, along with recovery or creation of practices regarded and advertised as authentic. For better and worse, projects to modernize music theory are shaped by conceptions and experiences of intercultural contact both within and among nations. Ethnomusicologists are privileged to meet with musicians and scholars who have thought deeply about actual and potential relationships among older and newer theories and practices; work deriving from those conversations can become relevant to participants in modernization projects by highlighting alternatives and drawing attention to diverse ways that musical knowledge can be systematized or assembled.
General Introduction
Authors: Kolb-Neuhaus Roberto 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Silvestre Revueltas was, like Hanns Eisler, an outspokenly political composer inspired by the Russian Revolution, and there are indeed some aesthetic links between them. But not many. Political targets and aesthetic weapons are different for one rebelling from without the borders of European art music. Although Revueltas was also inspired by Marxist ideals, one could argue that the Mexican sounded an ontological turn as viewed from the South. One such target was art music itself, transgressed by him from within its practice, resorting to avant-gardist ploys, humorous or earnest. The other was an attempt to upturn the usual “high art”/“low art” hierarchy, in a way, an agential reversal that has innovative musical consequences that are unprecedented in Western art music. Approaching the musical result of such efforts requires analytical perspectives that go beyond the study of the composer’s writings and political actions in their relation to his scores, that is, the survey of his political doing in relation to its corresponding soundings. Concepts such as a decolonial border composing or the rhetorics of musicalized humor and the intermedial links of some of his scores in light of the chosen poetry, film, and theater plots are revealing. Anthropological theories of agency, only recently incorporated into the musicological toolkit, are especially pertinent and informative regarding Revueltas’ politically motivated voicing of the people.
Political Being and Doing
Authors: Kolb-Neuhaus Roberto 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Revueltas’ private letters as well as public writings preserved in his personal archive reveal a passionate political identity. So do his direct or indirect links to both artistic and political organizations at the time. Explored here for the first time, the composer’s political activism is a necessary premise for an informed interpretation of his artistic doing. The archive contains documents linking him to initiatives such as, among others, the FULCRE (United Front against Aesthetic Reactionaries), the International Music Bureau in Moscow, but above all the LEAR (League of Revolutionary Artists and Writers) and his visit to Republican Spain during the Civil War in 1937. Indirect but artistically and politically relevant links to the Stridentist movement are suggested here as a possible grounding of the composer’s rebellious avant-garde, rather than modernist, aesthetics.