bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Analysis of Low and Medium Maglev Train-Bridge System With Fuzzy PID Control
Authors: Ren Qiao , Zhang Jimin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In order to analyze the dynamic behavior of medium and low speed maglev train under different suspension control algorithms and effectively improve the robustness of the suspension control system, an optimized fuzzy PID controller is proposed based on the vehicle bridge coupling model of maglev train. The 23-dof (degree-of-freedom) vehicle model, the modeling of the electromagnetic suspension, and track irregularities are described, respectively. Furthermore, the fuzzy PID controller optimized by the genetic algorithm (GA) is addressed for the control of the dynamic response of the maglev system for complex dynamic conditions. Finally, the proposed controller is applied to the whole vehicle multipoint suspension platform for maglev train to verify the suspension performances in different operation conditions, including static and dynamic conditions. The results demonstrate that the introduction of GA has significantly improved the ride comfort of the maglev moving on the track under different operation conditions.
In-House Built Robust and Adaptable System Architecture for Virtual Reality Haptic Interface
Authors: He An-Chi , Herron Connor W. , Kalita Bhaben , Leonessa Alexander 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This work presents an in-house built, expandable and flexible system architecture for controlling the robotic motion and supply power to a full-body scale virtual reality (VR) haptic interface named, ForceBot. This VR haptic interface maps the human pilot motion into a virtual avatar, and applies force feedback that results in a high-fidelity sensory of live interaction. ForceBot applies haptic feedback on hands through a pair of pneumatically actuated wearable VR haptic gloves which creates an artificial sense of touch in user’s hands. The robotic arms and the gantry systems are connected to the user’s arms and feet by mounting on a base frame alongside the human pilot. The measured forces are used to synchronize the robot’s motion with the human by allowing a transparent experience during movement and governing desired interaction forces. The whole system architecture consists of mainly three sections: a central computer, a VR computer, and robotic sub-systems. Further, the in-house developed motor control unit ensures the motor behaviour with safety and efficiency for distributing the large amount of electrical power required for the gait simulator to provide support and generate rapid motion. Overall, this system framework can be helpful for the designers and researchers to further study the control and interaction between the robotic motion and the human pilot under VR environments.
An Adaptive Thermal Finite Element Simulation of Direct Energy Deposition With Reinforcement Learning: A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Sousa João , Darabi Roya , Reis Ana , Parente Marco , Reis Luís Paulo , de Sa Jose Cesar 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
During the last decades, metal additive manufacturing (AM) technology has transitioned from rapid prototyping application to industrial adoption owing to its flexibility in product design, tooling, and process planning. Thus, understanding the behavior, interaction, and influence of the involved processing parameters on the overall AM production system in order to obtain high-quality parts and stabilized manufacturing process is crucial. Despite many advantages of the AM technologies, difficulties arise due to modelling the complex nature of the process-structure-property relations, which prevents its wide utilization in various industrial sectors. It is known that many of the most important defects in direct energy deposition (DED) are associated with the volume and timescales of the evolving melt pool. Thus, the development of methodologies for monitoring, and controlling the melt pool is critical. In this study, an adaptive numerical transient solution is developed, which is fed from the set of experiments for single-track scanning of super-alloy Inconel 625 on the hot-tempered steel type 42CrMo4. An established exponential formula based on the response surface methodology (RSM) that quantifies the influence of process parameters and geometries of deposited layers from experiments are considered to activate the volume fraction of passive elements in the finite element discretization. By resorting to the FORTRAN language framework capabilities, commercial finite element method software ABAQUS has been steered in order to control unfavorable defects induced by localized rapid heating and cooling, and unstable volume of the melt pool. A thermodynamic consistent phase-field model is coupled with a transient thermal simulation to track the material history. A Lagrangian description for the spatial and time discretization is used. The goal is to present a closed-loop approach to track the melt pool morphology and temperature to a reference deposition volume profile which is established based on deep reinforcement learning (RL) architecture aiming to avoid instabilities, defects and anomalies by controlling the laser power density adaptability. Despite the small number of iterations during RL model training, the agent was able to learn the desired behaviour and two different reward functions were evaluated. This approach allows us to show the possibility of using RL with openAI Gym for process control and its interconnection with ABAQUS framework to train a model first in a simulation environment, and thus take advantage of RL capabilities without creating waste or machine time in real-world.
Experimental Investigation of Fixed-Geometry Thrust Bearing Taper Geometry on Critical Operating Parameters
Authors: Fais Collier , Yasko Isaiah , Lutfullaeva Anbara , Ali Muhammad , Walker Rick 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This research presents a newly developed hydrodynamic test rig for experimental testing of hydrodynamic thrust bearings. In this study, the test rig applies thrust loads up to 500 lbf at rotational speeds up to 6,000 rpm. Three fixed geometry hydrodynamic thrust bearings with eight identical helically tapered thrust pads made of cast aluminum alloy have each been machined such that the depth of their tapered surface at the leading edge is 0.0005″, 0.0015″, and 0.0025″ with all other geometrical features held constant. The test rig includes an oil conditioning system which supplies a constant flow of ISO 32 motor oil to the test bearing at 40°C. An integrated sensor system includes an eddy current sensor to measure the minimum oil film thickness, a friction torque moment arm with load cell to measure power loss, K-type thermocouples to measure bearing temperature, pressure transducers to measure oil film pressure distribution, and load cells to measure the applied thrust force. The test rig also introduces a novel bearing alignment system used to ensure precise alignment of the bearing and runner during operation based on pressure feedback from individual thrust pads. Results obtained from this experiment are used to compare the effect of taper geometry on active performance of the test bearings considered. Trends in performance observed are related to the trends predicted analytically by the Reynolds equation.
Transmission Characteristics of Pulsatile Parameters in an Initially-Tensioned Orthotropic Artery
Authors: Hao Zhili 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
With radial and axial displacement of the arterial wall being considered, the problem on the pulse wave propagation in an initially-tensioned orthotropic artery is formulated and solved by using a free wave propagation approach, identifying the Young wave and the Lamb wave in an artery. With pulsatile pressure in blood flow and axial stress in the arterial wall as the sole excitation source for the Young wave and the Lamb wave, respectively, transmission characteristics of the two waves are theoretically analyzed and the influence of wave reflection and harmonics on the waveforms of various pulse parameters is identified. Numerical values for transmission characteristics of the two waves at the ascending aorta (AA) and the carotid artery (CA) are calculated. Regardless of the relative excitation source amplitudes in the two waves, pulsatile pressure, radial displacement, circumferential stress, and blood flow rate are found to be solely in the Young wave. In contrast, the relative excitation source amplitudes of the two waves determine which wave is dominant in axial displacement, axial stress, and wall shear stress. This work sheds new insights on the wave propagation behavior in arteries and might improve the interpretation of measured pulsatile parameters for arterial health assessment.
Numerical Analysis of Interfacial Electrohydrodynamic Flow With Modal Decomposition
Authors: Cândido Sílvio , Páscoa José C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
For many applications, Reduced Order Models (ROMs) use linear tools such as Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) as a method for analysing the spatio-temporal coherence of dynamical systems and to construct reduced order models of fluid flows and optimally balanced control laws and identify correlations between different flow quantities. In particular, these techniques are of interest for liquid injection systems due to the inherent complexity of multiphase interactions, and extracting the underlying flow processes is desirable. In this study, we propose to use these techniques to determine a ROM for electrohydrodynamic interfacial flows, more specifically for a Taylor cone jet. From engineering nanofibres to propulsion, the electrohydrodynamic jets bring us an outstanding technique for the emission of microdroplets. This is due to the stretching of interfacial flows due to the external application of an electric field. The present investigation uses an efficient geometric Volume-Of-Fluid (VOF) method, called isoAdvector, to compute the advection equation of the phase fraction. This algorithm computes an immiscible two-phase flow, that is then coupled with the reduced form of the Maxwell equations for an electrostatic field and a transport equation for the electric charges. Electrically induced body forces are incorporated into the hydrodynamic momentum equation with the Maxwell Stress Tensor (MST). A laminar condition is assumed for the flow, thus the laminar incompressible Navier-Stokes’s equations are used to compute the hydrodynamic behaviour of the flow and the associated The modal decomposition POD uses the snapshot technique with a set of high-definition snapshots of the transient behaviour of the jet. The dynamic structures, formed by the velocity field and the electric charge dynamics, determine the fundamental dynamics of the droplet emission. The results show that 2D POD based ROM models can accurately reconstruct the flow field details, properly identifying the flow characteristics. The axial velocity transports the jet almost in a steady regime since a low number of POD modes are needed to preserve 99% of the kinetic energy. The flow fluctuations, principally the breakup of the jet, are represented by the fluctuations of the electric charge density, which is transported by the velocity field and the external electric field.
Electrostatically Actuated MEMS Cantilevers of Linear Thickness Variation: Amplitude-Frequency Response of Parametric Resonance
Authors: Caruntu Dumitru , Flores Rigoberto 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper deals with the frequency-amplitude response of parametric resonance of alternating current (AC) electrostatically actuated nonuniform micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) cantilever resonators. The resonators consist of a cantilever of linear thickness and constant width, parallel to a ground plate, and under AC voltage producing soft excitations. AC frequency is near first natural frequency of the cantilever. The fringe effect is included in the electrostatic force. Two reduced-order models (ROMs), namely ROMs using one and two modes of vibration, are developed. Two methods are used to solve these ROMs: the method of multiple scales (MMS), and numerical integration. The frequency-amplitude response shows a softening effect and two bifurcation points, one subcritical and another one supercritical. The two bifurcation points occur at zero amplitude. Three branches of steady-state solutions are predicted, one zero amplitude branch, and two non-zero amplitude branches, one stable and one unstable. Pull-in occurs for constant frequency with initial amplitudes above the unstable branches, or when the frequency is swept down from frequencies larger than supercritical bifurcation frequency. The range of frequencies between the bifurcation points decreases as damping increases and/or voltage and fringe effect decrease. Between the two bifurcation points, damping, voltage, and fringe effect have the greatest effect on the subcritical bifurcation point.
The Effect of Buoyancy-Driven Convection in Vacuum Membrane Distillation Module
Authors: Caspar Justin , Xue Guanyang , Asiri Jaber , Oztekin Alparslan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
CFD simulations were run to determine the impact of buoyancy-driven natural convection on Membrane Distillation, a thermally driven filtration process. A computational domain was created with a high Grashoff number, and vertical and horizontal modules were considered. Convection cells were dominant in the channel at low Reynolds numbers and effectively increased the performance of Membrane Distillation modules by up to 66%. This was done by generating convection cells that reduced the temperature/concentration polarization inside that module, typically forming due to the low Reynolds numbers and correspondingly high thermal and concentration boundary layers. It is shown here that natural convection enhances the flux performance of membrane distillation immensely.
Effects of Surface Finish and Molecular Structure on the Lubricating Ability of Borate-Based Protic Ionic Liquids
Authors: Sierra Alfonso , Scott Hope , Pray Darwin , Polus Zachary , Iglesias Patricia 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Friction and wear are inherent problems in mechanical systems, leading to about 23% world’s total energy usage. However, energy losses could be reduced by up to 40% using high-performance lubricants.
In order to meet these objectives, Ionic liquids have been studied for more than two decades. Ionic liquids are a class of synthetic salts with melting points below 100 °C due to their asymmetric chemical structure. This feature confers them remarkably interesting physicochemical properties. Moreover, the delocalized charge in their functional groups enables them to react with metal surfaces through the formation of protective layers that prevent them against contact. Ionic liquids are generally categorized based on the nature of their cation into aprotic ionic liquids and protic ionic liquids. Even though aprotic ionic liquids have been proved as neat lubricants and additives with great performance, their applicability is limited as a consequence of the complexity of their synthesis. On the contrary, protic ionic liquids can be easily obtained through proton transfer from a Brønsted acid to a Brønsted base.
In this study, two borate-based PILs, N-methylethanolamine 1,2-dodecanediolborate and N’N-dimethylethanolamine 1,2-dodecanediolborate, were synthesized, with same anion and different ammonium cation. Their lubricating abilities were investigated as neat lubricants on steel-steel contact at room temperature, using a custom-designed ball-on-flat reciprocating tribometer. Each protic ionic liquid was tested using ground and polished steel disks and two levels of normal force and frequency.
Results showed that the surface finish have an important influence on the lubricating performance of these ordered fluids. In addition, frequency was found to have an influence on the wear mechanisms on steel surfaces.
Senior Capstone Design Research Project: Study of the Combustion of Paraffin-Based Fuels in Hybrid Propellant Rocket Engine
Authors: Naoumov Viatcheslav , Al-Masoud Nidal , Mahjoob Mohammad 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Paraffin-based fuels such as paraffin, beeswax, and others are considered as an advanced fuels for Hybrid Propellant Rocket Engine (HPRE). Starting from 2010, engineering faculty/student teams were performing long-term experimental study of the combustion of pure paraffin-based fuels and paraffin-based fuels enriched by aluminum powder in the frameworks of engineering senior capstone design projects and faculty/student research. Test fixture, consisted of unique lab-scale HPRE, oxygen supply system, propane supply system, flow control systems, ignition system, instrumentation system and data acquisition system were designed and built. More than 130 experiments were performed aimed to study the combustion of bio-derived fuels. Dozens of regression rate formulas were obtained which are essential for the prediction and analysis of combustion parameters and calculation of HPRE thrust and specific impulse. Student-faculty teams discovered experimentally and simulated theoretically a considerable loss of unburned paraffin-based fuels and estimated the influence of these losses on the regression rates. Performing this multidisciplinary challenging project student teams faced with a variety of problems and successfully resolved them. HPRE project provided mechanical engineering students with excellent opportunity to apply their knowledge, skills, and experience from a variety of courses to the real-life design and research.
Automation of a Dual Planetary Gearing Transmission Using Control Mechanisms and a Programmable Logic Controller
Authors: Fadow Olivia , Leonard Skyler , Azzouz Salim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The transmission used in this project has been worked on by three senior design teams. The fourth team is currently working to design control mechanisms to automate the manual dual planetary transmission. The control mechanisms are a combination of mechanical and pneumatic systems that are controlled by a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) program. The transmission will be used in the Machine Elements Design Laboratory to educate students on gear transmissions and levers. SolidWorks software was used to draw and simulate the mechanical parts of the control systems, before being sent to a machine shop for manufacturing. The first control system uses vertical levers and linear actuators to control the brakes, while the second uses horizontal levers and rodless pneumatic cylinders to control the clutches. Willis Gearing Theory was then used to determine the six gear ratios realized by the transmission. To automate the mechanical parts of the control systems, a program was designed and uploaded to the CPU console. A Human Machine Interface (HMI) displays the transmission’s speed and torque readings from the PLC. It is expected that the future group will the finish the automation of the transmission and proceed with the testing phase.
Assessing the Potential for Implementation of Distributed Ledger Technology in the Nuclear Power Plant Lifecycle
Authors: Pandit Priyanka , Nevius Daniel , Srivaths Vibhav , Diaconeasa Mihai A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) project lifecycle consists of multiple organizations, private and public, that work together to carry out the licensing and regulation, commissioning, construction, supply chain management, decommissioning, and non-proliferation of nuclear power plants. Each stage of the lifecycle generates a considerable amount of documentation that needs to be archived and made available on request. In this paper, we examined the current frameworks employed by the stakeholders of nuclear power plant lifecycles for data generation, classification, archival, and exchange and we evaluated the use of distributed ledger technology for data management. We further demonstrated the implementation of distributed ledger technology to capturing and immutable recording nuclear supply chain structure, production, and failure data.
Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) promises to address the current bottlenecks in the lifecycle management of nuclear power plants with faster data exchange times, lower processing cost of documents, bridging the gap between perceived and actual risk, faster decisions, customizable transparency in job tasks being executed, improved cash flow, instant validation of job completion, reduction in logistical friction, and sped up supply chain decisions for clients. We gave a comprehensive review of distributed ledger technology, its properties and an open-source permissioned distributed ledger system called Hyperledger Fabric.
Each sector of the nuclear power plant lifecycle was analyzed for data management bottlenecks and building on our discussion of employing distributed ledger technology we discussed the pathway in which Hyperledger Fabric can be employed to address the data management bottlenecks in each stage of the lifecycle including, licensing and regulation, commissioning, construction, supply chain management, decommissioning, and non-proliferation.
A New Tribo-Characteristic Improvement Technique by Ultra-Short Pulsed Laser Irradiation in PAO Oil
Authors: Liu Xiaoxu , Tanaka Yoshiki , Maegawa Satoru , Ono Shingo , Itoigawa Fumihiro 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
With the pursuit of high-precision and high-efficiency machining, laser-assisted machining technology has attracted more and more attention. Especially, ultra-short pulse laser irradiation can facilitate a quite high cooling rate and produce a local active space, which can make the surface modification realized without any removal. In this study, a novel tribo-characteristic improvement technology using ultra-short pulse laser irradiation in oil, with the hydrocarbon composition in oil as a carbon source, was proposed, to realize the surface modification of the workpiece in the same process with machining. Herein, a Ti-6Al-4V disk was irradiated using a pico-second laser in PAO oil under 4 different conditions with changed effective irradiated laser pulses and scanning modes. Besides the uniform laser irradiation, patterning irradiation was also conducted. From the results of the reciprocating friction tests, compared to those uniformed irradiated specimens, patterning irradiation processed surfaces show obviously more stable friction than the as-received metal surface. More importantly, much longer lifetime has been obtained, indicating the enhanced wear resistance. According to the investigation of hardness distribution, laser-induced thermal strain in the patterning irradiation method is considered to be an important factor of wear resistance improvement.