bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving Causal Bayesian Networks Using Expertise in Authoritative Medical Ontologies
Authors: Hu Hengyi , Kerschberg Larry 
Published: June 2023

Discovering causal relationships among symptoms is a topical issue in the analysis of observational patient datasets. A Causal Bayesian Network (CBN) is a popular analytical framework for causal inference. While there are many methods and algorithms capable of learning a Bayesian network, they are reliant on the complexity and thoroughness of the algorithm and do not consider prior expertise from authoritative sources. This article proposes a novel method of extracting prior causal knowledge contained in Authoritative Medical Ontologies (AMOs) and using this prior knowledge to orient arcs in a CBN learned from observational patient data. Since AMOs are robust biomedical ontologies containing the collective knowledge of the experts who created them, utilizing the ordering information contained within them produces improved CBNs that provide additional insight into the disease domain.
To demonstrate our method, we obtained prior causal ordering information among symptoms from three AMOs: (1) the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities Terminology (MedDRA), (2) the International Classification of Diseases Version 10 Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM), and (3) Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT). The prior ontological knowledge from these three AMOs is then used to orient arcs in a series of CBNs learned from the National Institutes of Mental Health study on Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) patient dataset using the Max-Min Hill-Climbing (MMHC) algorithm. Six distinct CBNs are generated using MMHC: an unmodified baseline model using only the algorithm, three CBNs oriented with ordered-variable pairs from MedDRA, ICD-10-CM, and SNOMED CT, and two more with ordered pairs from a combination of these AMOs. The resulting CBNs modified using ordered-variable pairs significantly change the structure of the network. The agreement between the Modified networks and the Baseline ranges from 50% to 90%. A modified network using ordering information from all ontologies obtained an agreement of 50% (10 out of 20 arcs exist in both the Baseline and Modified models) while maintaining comparable predictive accuracy. This indicates that the Modified CBN reflects the causal claims in the AMOs and agrees with both the AMOs and the observational STAR*D dataset. Furthermore, the Modified models discovered new potentially causal relationships among symptoms in the model, while eliminating weaker edges in a qualitative analysis of the significance of these relationships in existing epidemiological research.
A review on contact lens inspection
Authors: Megat Abd Mana Nur Alifah , Chee Chin Lim , Yen Fook Chong , Yazid Haniza , Mohd Ali Yusnita 
Published: June 2023

<span><span lang="EN-US">Over the year, contact lens detection has attracted attention and interest from many researchers to study further in this field of inspection. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the existing literature surrounding contact lens inspection methods. In this paper, contact lens-related, defects-related, and inspection methods related are described in detail. To detect contact lenses in a single image and also multi-image, numerous techniques have been developed and this paper is aimed at classifying and evaluating these algorithms. Also, contact lens inspection based on conventional and artificial intelligence methods will be discussed in detail. The industrial production process of contact lenses probably needs to be constructed with advanced tools based on recent technologies so that they can help in the inspection system to achieve accurate results of the inspection and reduce processing time</span>. </span>
Meddling with the Gospel
Authors: Coogan Jeremiah 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The second-century philosopher Celsus disparaged Christians who “alter the original text of the Gospel three or four or many times” (Cels. 2.27). Scholars have understood this passage as a critique of multiple distinct Gospels, but Celsus’ invective is better explained by comparison with elite second-century polemics (e.g., Gellius, Lucian, Galen) against readers who lack discernment and arbitrarily alter manuscripts. For Celsus, Christians’ irresponsible textual practices reveal their cultural inferiority. The complaint is about varying copies of what Celsus thinks to be the same work: “the Gospel.” Christian thinkers in the second and third centuries—including Irenaeus, Tertullian, Origen, and the author(s) of the Little Labyrinth—also participate in this discourse about good and bad readers. This article thus illuminates the wider ancient Mediterranean politics of reading in which early Christian textuality emerged.
“Let the Reader Understand”
Authors: Hubbard Jeffrey M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Mark’s only direct reference to the reader of his Gospel (Mark 13:14) has long fascinated interpreters. But what kind of reading event is presumed in this authorial aside? This essay compares Mark 13:14 to similar interpretive asides from the commentarial traditions of ancient schools. Through analysis of relevant material from Epictetus, the author of this essay demonstrates that a reader’s comprehension of authoritative texts was a primary objective of ancient education. He further shows that the practice of drawing a reader’s attention to particular interpretive conundrums is well evidenced in ancient commentaries like Origen’s Commentary on Matthew and the commentaries of Philo. The author argues that this evidence from pedagogical reading events can fruitfully illuminate Mark 13:14, and can help us to theorize better about the social setting of Mark’s Gospel.
The squaretail mullet Ellochelon vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) a complex of cryptic species?
Authors: Alavi-Yeganeh Mohammad Sadegh , Ghasemzadeh Javad , Kouhi Sanaz , Durand Jean-Dominique 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The teleost family Mugilidae is speciose with uniform morpho-anatomical characteristics, which render species identification difficult. The dna barcoding technique has, however, proven to be a precise and reliable approach for species delineation. To date, dna barcoding flags numerous polyphyletic species in Mugilidae that probably correspond to species complexes and that call for further taxonomical investigation. Among these species, the squaretail mullet Ellochelon vaigiensis is an interesting case study because, unlike other mullet species, it is easily identified from its unique phenotype. Recent studies of genetic diversity in this monotypic species have revealed two lineages, located either in the Indo-Pacific (Polynesia and Taiwan waters) or along Australian shores. In this study, a third lineage is described in the North of the Indian Ocean, based on nucleotide polymorphisms of Cytochrome c oxidase 1 and barcodes available in bold and Cytochrome b. Despite genetic divergences that exceed the intraspecific threshold, there was no morpho-anatomical difference among specimens of the north Indian Ocean vs. Indo-Pacific or Australia. These molecular results suggest nominal species of Ellochelon vaigiensis within a cryptic species complex.
Filling the Gaps: The Expansion of International Humanitarian Law and the Juridification of the Free-Fighter
Authors: Alexander Amanda 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This article traces the expansion of international law from the Hague Conventions, where only a state’s soldiers had legal status, to the contemporary understanding that international law governs all participants in conflict. This can be seen as a humanitarian shift that diminishes state power. This article, however, argues that the Hague Conventions only established a limited sphere of formal law because delegates deliberately left free-fighters outside the law, to be governed by their own will and moral code. In doing so, delegates echoed a philosophical tradition that situates true freedom outside the state. As this article shows, the expansion of law to include such fighters required the replacement of such alternative codes with a renewed and extended range of formal legal criteria. As such, the expansion of international law to the realm outside the state has led to a reaffirmation of that law which is synonymous with the state.
Patient and Visit Characteristics Associated With Otolaryngology Telemedicine Care
Authors: Miller Lauren E. , Xu Lucy , Lorch Alice C. , Armstrong Grayson W. , Agarwala Aalok V. , Naunheim Matthew R. 
Published: June 2023

Background: Clinicians are increasingly adopting telemedicine in an effort to expand patient access and efficiently deliver care. The degree of health disparities among patients receiving otolaryngologic telemedical care is unclear. Aims: We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study to explore disparities in telemedicine delivery. Methods: We evaluated otolaryngology clinical visits from January 2019 to November 2022. We obtained patient demographics and visit characteristics (e.g., subspecialty, telemedicine vs in-person). Our primary outcome was demographic characteristics of otolaryngology patients who received telemedicine vs in-person care during the study timeframe. Results: A total of 231,384 otolaryngology clinical visits were reviewed, of which 26,895 (11.6%) were telemedicine visits. Rhinology (36.5%) and facial plastics (28.4%) subspecialties performed the most telemedicine visits. On multivariate analysis, individuals who identified as Asian, non-English speaking, and with Medicare insurance were statistically significantly less likely to use telemedicine than in-person services. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that expanding telemedicine care may not improve access for all populations, and socioeconomic factors are important considerations to ensure patients are receiving equally accessible care. Futures studies are warranted to understand how these disparities may impact health outcomes and patient satisfaction with care.
Effect of Nasal Irrigation in Children With Omicron Variant of COVID-19 Infection
Authors: Liu Li , Wang Chen , Xie Shuangshuang , Su Liang , Wang Can 
Published: June 2023

Objective: To explore the effect of nasal irrigation on the disappearance of symptoms and nucleic acid conversion in children with Omicron variant. Methods: This quasi-experimental study included children diagnosed with asymptomatic, mild, and moderate Omicron variant infection during the isolation observation period in the Shandong Public Health Clinical Center between April 1, 2022 and May 1, 2022. The children were divided into a routine group (received Lianhua Qingwen (LhQw) Granules), isotonic saline group (received LhQw Granules combined with isotonic saline nasal irrigation), and hypertonic saline group (received LhQw Granules combined with 3% hypertonic saline nasal irrigation), respectively. The primary outcomes were the time of symptom disappearance and nucleic acid conversion time. The secondary outcomes were peripheral white blood cell count (WBC), lymphocyte count (LYM), neutrophil count (NEU), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Results: A total of 60 children (7.26 ± 3.15 years old) were included (20 per group). The average time of nucleic acid conversion in the 2 saline nasal irrigation groups was significantly reduced compared with the routine group (all P < 0.001), while the fever time and cough duration among the 3 groups were comparable (all P > 0.05). LYM count in the 2 saline nasal irrigation groups was significantly increased after treatment compared to before treatment and was significantly higher than in the routine group (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in LYM count between the isotonic and hypertonic saline groups ( P = 0.76). Additionally, all children in the saline group well tolerated the treatment, and no adverse events occurred in the isotonic saline group. Conclusions: Timely use of saline nasal irrigation may promote nucleic acid conversion in children with Omicron virus infection.
Prevalence of juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus in Colombia: An approach from the national health registry data
Authors: Martín-Marín Lorena , Fernández-Ávila Daniel G , Espitia-Caro Greis P 
Published: June 2023

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, systemic, autoimmune disease of multifactorial origin. There are no previous studies in Colombia describing juvenile SLE (jSLE) prevalence, prompting this demographic description. Objective This study aimed for prevalence calculation and epidemiologic analysis of jSLE) in Colombian patients, ages 0–19, from 2015 to 2019. Methods This descriptive, cross-sectional study searched the Colombian Ministry of Health database for codes of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) associated with jSLE to estimate the disease prevalence for the total population and for specific age groups at national and regional levels. Calculations used intercensal estimates of population based on the projections of the national statistics administrative department (DANE) from the most recent census. This paper presents a sociodemographic analysis of patients with jSLE. Results The study identified in Colombia, from 2015 to 2019, 3680 cases with jSLE as the principal diagnosis. Calculated prevalence of jSLE was 25 cases per 100,000 population, with highest frequency in ages 15–19 and females (84%), with a female:male ratio of 5.1:1. Conclusion Estimated prevalence of jSLE in Colombia is at the highest limit of worldwide findings. Consistent with reports in the literature, the disease involves females more frequently than males.
A Novel Flexible Fixation Method for Syndesmotic Injury
Authors: Dong Quan Yu , Wu Yong , Wang Chen Han , Park Yong Wook 
Published: June 2023

Background: This study aims to evaluate the results and the safety of a novel fixation method we developed for syndesmosis injuries that we call the “embrace” technique. Methods: Between March 2018 and October 2020, a total of 67 patients with ankle fractures and syndesmotic injuries underwent syndesmosis fixation with the embrace technique at our institute. Plain radiographs and computed tomographic (CT) scans were obtained preoperatively. Postoperative radiographic assessment included anteroposterior (AP) and lateral radiographs and CT scans of both ankles. Additionally, the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Score, Olerud-Molander Ankle Score, and visual analog scale (VAS) score were used for postoperative assessment. Results: The mean age was 27.6 ± 10.9 (range, 14-56) years. The mean follow-up time was 30.3 ± 6.2 (range, 24-48) months. There were no malreductions indicated by any CT parameter except fibular rotation in a postoperative comparison between 2 sides. We found significant preoperative-postoperative changes in anterior difference, posterior difference, and fibular rotation but no significant preoperative-postoperative difference in fibular translation. There was no significant postoperative difference between the affected-side and normal-side measurements of any parameter. Complications included delayed wound healing, lateral pain because of wire knot irritation (11.9%), and medial fiber wire irritation (7.5%). The mean AOFAS, Olerud-Molander, and VAS scores at the last follow-up were 94.4 ± 6.8 (range, 84-100), 95.4 ± 6.1 (range, 80-100), and 0.68 ± 1.0 (range, 0-3) points, respectively. Conclusion: In our cohort, this novel technique proved to be an effective method for syndesmosis fixation in patients with ankle fractures associated with very good radiologic and patient-reported outcomes. Level of Evidence: Level IV, case series.
Exposure of Tissue-Engineered Cartilage Analogs to Synovial Fluid Hematoma After Ankle Fracture Is Associated With Chondrocyte Death and Altered Cartilage Maintenance Gene Expression
Authors: Allen Nicholas B. , Aitchison Alexandra Hunter , Bagheri Kian , Guardino Nicholas J. , Abar Bijan , Adams Samuel B. 
Published: June 2023

Background: The first stage of fracture healing consists of hematoma formation with recruitment of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. Unfortunately, when there is an intra-articular fracture, these inflammatory mediators are not retained at the fracture site, but instead, envelop the healthy cartilage of the entire joint via the synovial fluid fracture hematoma (SFFH). These inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases are known factors in the progression of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Despite the known inflammatory contents of the SFFH, little research has been done on the effects of the SFFH on healthy cartilage with regard to cell death and alteration in gene expression that could lead to posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Methods: SFFH was collected from 12 patients with intraarticular ankle fracture at the time of surgery. Separately, C20A4 immortalized human chondrocytes were 3-dimensionally cultured to create scaffold-free cartilage tissue analogs (CTAs) to simulate healthy cartilage. Experimental CTAs (n = 12) were exposed to 100% SFFH for 3 days, washed, and transferred to complete media for 3 days. Control CTAs (n = 12) were simultaneously cultured in complete medium without exposure to SFFH. Subsequently, CTAs were harvested and underwent biochemical, histological, and gene expression analysis. Results: Exposure of CTAs to ankle SFFH for 3 days significantly decreased chondrocyte viability by 34% ( P = .027). Gene expression of both COL2A1 and SOX9 were significantly decreased after exposure to SFFH ( P = .012 and P = .0013 respectively), while there was no difference in COL1A1, RUNX2, and MMP13 gene expression. Quantitative analysis of Picrosirius red staining demonstrated increased collagen I deposition with poor ultrastructural organization in SFFH-exposed CTAs. Conclusion: Exposure of an organoid model of healthy cartilage tissue to SFFH after intraarticular ankle fracture resulted in decreased chondrocyte viability, decreased expression of genes regulating normal chondrocyte phenotype, and altered matrix ultrastructure indicating differentiation toward an osteoarthritis phenotype. Clinical Relevance: The majority of ankle fracture open reduction and internal fixation does not occur immediately after fracture. In fact, typically these fractures are treated several days to weeks later in order to let the swelling subside. This means that the healthy innocent bystander cartilage not involved in the fracture is exposed to SFFH during this time. In this study, the SFFH caused decreased chondrocyte viability and specific altered gene expression that might have the potential to induce osteoarthritis. These data suggest that early intervention after intraarticular ankle fracture could possibly mitigate progression toward PTOA.
Survival Benefits From Adjuvant Lenvatinib for Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Microvascular Invasion After Curative Hepatectomy
Authors: Dai Mu-Gen , Liu Si-Yu , Lu Wen-Feng , Liang Lei , Ye Bin 
Published: June 2023

Background: The long-term prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after surgery remains far from satisfactory, especially in patients with microvascular invasion (MVI). This study aimed to evaluate the potential survival benefit from adjuvant lenvatinib for patients with HCC and MVI. Methods: Patients with HCC after curative hepatectomy were reviewed. All patients were divided into 2 groups according to adjuvant lenvatinib. Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was used to reduce selection bias and make the results more robust. Survival curves are shown by the Kaplan-Meier (K-M) analysis and compared by the Log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the independent risk factors. Results: Of 179 patients enrolled in this study, 43 (24%) patients received adjuvant lenvatinib. After PSM analysis, 31 pairs of patients were enrolled for further analysis. Survival analysis before and after PSM analysis showed a better prognosis in the adjuvant lenvatinib group (all P < .05). The adverse events associated with oral lenvatinib were acceptable. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that adjuvant lenvatinib was an independent protective factor for improving overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.455, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.249-0.831, P = .001) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) (HR = 0.523, 95% CI = 0.308-0.886, P = .016). Conclusions: Postoperative adjuvant targeted therapy can improve the long-term prognosis of patients with HCC and MVI. Therefore, in clinical practice, oral lenvatinib should be recommended for patients with HCC and MVI to decrease tumor recurrence and improve long-term survival.
Comparative Effectiveness of Delivery Methods of the Complete Health Improvement Program (CHIP)
Authors: Drozek David S. , Jensen Laura L. , Henderson Katrina M. , Chavan Bhakti 
Published: June 2023

The Complete Health Improvement Program (CHIP) is effective in improving cardiovascular disease risk via the original live recorded DVD (DIS) and a revised studio recorded video versions (VIS), both presented in-person synchronously. The studio version was also presented in-person asynchronously (VIA) and virtually asynchronously (VVA). Assess the comparative effectiveness of four delivery methods of CHIP. Participants had biomarkers measured at baseline and after the 11th session: blood pressure (SBP, DBP), body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and lipid panel (TC, TG, LDL-c, HDL-c). ANCOVA was utilized to evaluate the interaction over time by group. Of 792 participants, the majority female in all groups (71.2-80.7%), mean age ranged 47.0–55.8 years. All methods showed significant changes in all biomarkers measured over time except for TG and SBP in VIA, TG in VVA and DBP in VIS. The time by delivery method interaction was significant for HDL-c (F value = 6.33, P = .0003), BMI (F value = 4.04, P = .007), systolic BP (F value = 4.33, P = .004). DIS was most effective in reducing HDL-c, BMI and systolic BP. While all four methods yielded significant changes in biomarkers, the in-person, synchronous delivery method produced the largest improvements.