bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Measurement of Second Component of Human Complement (C′2hu) by Its Interaction with EAC′1agp, 4gp Cells
Authors: Austen K. Frank , Beer Frances 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The second component of complement (C′2hu) in whole human serum has been measured by its specific interaction with a cellular intermediate prepared with guinea pig complement, the EAC′1agp, 4gp cell. In this interaction the conversion of SAC′1agp, 4gp sites to SAC′1agp, 4gp, 2hu sites is stoichiometrically related to the relative C′2hu concentration in the reaction mixture; the reciprocal of the serum dilution which produces one SAC′1agp, 4gp, 2hu site/cell is arbitrarily defined as the number of C′2hu units/ml of serum.
Although there are deficiencies in the understanding of certain aspects of this titration, it does afford a sensitive and reproducible measurement of C′2hu. The titration is linear with the sera of patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema even though the C′2hu titer may be only 1 to 2% of normal. Because the steps in the assay can be separated, the influence of unusual factors in pathologic sera on the titration can be ascertained.
Multiple Discrete Components of the Univalent Fragments of Rabbit Antibodies
Authors: Stelos Peter , Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Specifically purified antibodies were prepared from the serum of individual rabbits or pooled sera from several rabbits hyperimmunized with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or ovalbumin. These were digested with papain and fractionated by column chromatography into the three major Porter fractions (I, II, III).
When subjected to disk electrophoresis, Fractions I and II each showed at least four components and Fraction III, three major components. Anti-BSA antibodies obtained from single rabbits gave essentially the same results as antibody prepared from pooled antiserum.
The intact specifically purified antibodies were shown to separate into two components by moving boundary electrophoresis. Sedimentation analysis, immunoelectrophoresis, and radioimmunoelectrophoresis showed the antibody preparations used were of the (160,000 MW) γ-globulin class. Immunoelectrophoresis of Fraction I and Fraction II showed a continuous distribution in electrophoretic mobility but did not separate into discrete bands.
The results suggest the presence of a limited number of discrete families of antibody molecules.
Protective Effect of Antibody or Elevated Temperature on Intracerebral Infection of Mice with Encephalomyocarditis Virus
Authors: Baron Samuel , Buckler Charles E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
After recovery of mice from encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC) infection of the nervous system, little or no antibody could be detected in brain extracts. Intracerebral injection of antibody, in excess of the amount produced after recovery, failed to protect mice if the infection was already established in the nervous system. In contrast a passively induced elevated temperature protected mice even at a time when virus had reached greatest titer in the brain. This finding that elevated temperature is protective later in the course of EMC infection of mouse brain than is antibody is interpreted to favor the concept that nonimmune antiviral factors are more likely to account for recovery from established viral infection than is antibody.
Relationship Between γ-Globulin Metabolism and Low Serum γ-Globulin in Germfree Mice
Authors: Sell Stewart , Fahey John L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The rates of synthesis and serum concentration of γ-globulin in mice appear to be related to the stimulation provided by intestinal microorganisms. The γ-globulin synthesis rate in normally raised mice is 50 times the synthesis rate in mice with no bacterial flora (germfree), 10 times the synthesis rate in mice with a subnormal bacterial flora, and ¼ the synthesis in mice placed in contact with other strains and species after being reared with a subnormal flora. Serum γ-globulin levels in these mice reflect the rates of γ-globulin synthesis. The mean γ-globulin level in normally reared mice is 35 times greater than in germfree mice. The ability of the mouse to catabolize large amounts of exogenous γ-globulin is not altered in the germfree state.
Studies of Blood Group Antibodies
Authors: Rawson Arnold J. , Abelson Neva M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified γ1A-globulin was prepared from a number of sera having isohemagglutinin activity against a wide range of red cell antigens.
A large proportion of the saline isohemagglutinin activity of potent anti-A, anti-B and anti-A,B sera was found in the γ1A-globulin. These antibodies did not hemolyze red cells in the presence of complement. They were readily neutralized by soluble blood group specific substance. They consisted, in part, of cross-reacting antibody. Sensitivity to treatment with mercaptoethanol appeared intermediate between that of γss- and γ1M-globulin. Digestion with papain destroyed activity in saline completely, although no evidence of a molecular split was seen by immuno-electrophoresis. Digestion with pepsin reduced, but did not destroy, the isohemagglutinin activity in saline. There was no evidence of exposure of additional S groups by enzymatic digestion.
No anti-D, anti-G, anti-K, anti-Fya or anti-Jka was found in purified γ1A-globulins prepared from potent antisera. Minimal anti-P and anti-Lea were demonstrated in this fraction, however.
Immunohemolysis as a Method for Quantitation of the A Antigen of Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Grundbacher Fred J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A hemolytic system has been developed for the study of the strength of the human A erythrocyte antigen. Under identical test conditions cell suspensions standardized colorimetrically have been incubated with a constant amount of reagent and C′. The percentage of hemolysis obtained is taken as a measure of strength for the A antigen. The method is highly reproducible and reveals quantitative differences between and within the A subtypes. Results are also presented and discussed from studies on effects of concentrations of red cells, reagent, and C′, as well as on the interrelation between reagent and C′. Since the requirements of the method are relatively small with regard to equipment and consumption of reagent, it may have additional applicability in quantitative studies on hemolytic antibody, C′ or red cell antigens.
Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction of Fluorescein Isothiocyanate with Serum Proteins
Authors: Mckinney Roger M. , Spillane Janet T. , Pearce George W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Many of the commercial fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) products are of a low degree of purity. Their use as reference standards for spectrophotometric measurements in determining fluorescein:protein ratios of labeled globulin is shown to lead to very appreciable error.
The extent of reaction of FITC products with rabbit γ-globulin under standardized conditions showed very close correlation with the purity of the isothiocyanate products as determined by infrared measurements. Rabbit and bovine α-globulin were found to react considerably more rapidly than horse α-globulin with FITC. In all species studied, the albumin fraction reacted much more rapidly than the γ-globulin fraction. A systematic study of the effects of temperature, concentration and pH on the rate and extent of reaction of FITC with normal rabbit γ-globulin indicated that the rate can be greatly accelerated by modifying the reaction conditions. At the reaction temperature of 25°C, pH 9.5, protein concentration 2.5% and buffer salt concentration of 0.05 M, conjugation of FITC with rabbit γ-globulin was essentially completed in 30 min. With these reaction conditions, the fluorescein: protein ratio of the conjugate was very reproducible and could be controlled by the initial amount of dye added.
The reaction of FITC with immune rabbit γ-globulin at 25°C and pH 9.5 gave results which were comparable to those obtained with normal rabbit γ-globulin. Antibody properties, as determined by staining titer, were not adversely affected.
Interruption of Macroglobulin Synthesis in Mice by Exposure to X-Rays
Authors: Berlin Byron S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice were exposed to 500 r whole-body x-irradiation 3 days after a single intraperitoneal injection of formalin-treated influenza virus. Postirradiation HI antibody levels were temporarily lower than preirradiation titers, but returned to normal levels by the end of the 2nd week after vaccination. The explanation for the decrease seems to be that x-irradiation 3 days after vaccination interrupted the synthesis of macroglobulin antibodies and delayed the appearance of 7s γ-globulin antibodies.
Analysis of Normal Sheep Serum by Immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Chordi Andres , Kagan Irving G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Normal sheep serum was analyzed by electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic methods. Sheep serum proteins showed different electrophoretic mobility from human serum proteins. A total of 23 antigenic components in sheep serum were observed by immunoelectrophoresis, and a standard system of nomenclature was proposed to compare them with bands observed in human serum electrophoresis. Some characteristic features of serum proteins and chemical properties of the precipitin bands were investigated. Cross-reactions between antigenic components of human and sheep serum proteins were described. The importance of these cross-reactions in relation to serologic diagnostic tests was discussed.
Blood Group Antibody Activity among γ1A-Globulins
Authors: Prager Morton D. , Bearden Jane 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence is presented that γ1A-globulins carry specific blood group antibody activity. In Coombs-like reactions anti-γ1A uniformly agglutinated anti-D and anti-G sensitized RBC but only rarely agglutinated cells sensitized by antibodies to other blood group factors. When found in these other blood group systems, the agglutination reactions were weak. Addition of purified γ1A-globulin to anti-γ1A-globulin and to anti-γ-globulin reduced the ability of the former to agglutinate anti-D sensitized red cells but was without effect on anti-γ-globulin reactions. Fractionation of various antisera by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and by sucrose density gradient centrifugation led to identification of the γ1A antigen only in those antibodies in which it was detected in studies with whole serum. Presumptive evidence is presented that γ1A-globulins in various states of polymerization may function as antibodies.
Phagocytosis and Intracellular Fate of Pasteurella Tularensis
Authors: Thorpe Bert D. , Marcus Stanley 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In vitro phagocytic studies of normal and immune (from previously immunized animals) rabbit and guinea pig peritoneal and alveolar and mouse peritoneal mononuclear phagocytes were conducted. The cells were infected with four strains of Pasteurella tularensis of varying virulence for the three animal species. The effects of normal and immune autologous, homologous and heterologous sera on the ingestion and cytopeptic activities of these cells were observed.
It was concluded from the studies that cellular factors are paramount in host mechanisms of resistance to P. tularensis in both natural and acquired immunity in these three species of animals, and that extracellular specific antibodies per se are of secondary importance in acquired immunity.
Effects of Hibernation on the Latent Period in Normal and X-Irradiated Ground Squirrels
Authors: Jaroslow Bernard N. , Smith Douglas E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Ground squirrels (Citellus tridecemlineatus) were injected with 10 mg of I131-labeled BSA and placed in a cold room at 5°C and 50% relative humidity.
Only hibernators in which there was little or no detectable disappearance of circulating antigen were used. Upon arousal after 14 days, the posthibernation latent period of antibody formation was 5.7 days as compared to the 7.1-day latent period in nonhibernating controls. Upon arousal after 28 or 56 days, the latent period varied from 0 to 9 days. These findings indicate that all of the events of the latent period can occur during hibernation.
Animals placed in the cold room 4 or 6 days after antigen injection had posthibernation latent periods that ranged from 0 to 8 days. These findings indicated that events of the latent period that took place before entry into hibernation might in some cases be lost during hibernation.
Ground squirrels that hibernated for two weeks between antigen injection and x-irradiation (450 r) were rendered anergic, as were their irradiated, nonhibernating controls.
An Indirect Antiglobulin Test for the Detection of Hemagglutinins after Skin Transplantation
Authors: Cohen I. , Pick E. , Bitterman W. , Nelken D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An indirect antiglobulin test using rabbit anti-hen serum and hen anti-rabbit serum is described. Donor specific hemagglutinins were detected in all sera from rabbits and hens that received skin grafts. Time of appearance, titers and persistence of these antibodies are described.
The Incompetence of the Hamster Cheek Pouch Membrane as a Mechanical Barrier to the Movement of Tritiated E. Coli B3 and Tritiated T4 Bacteriophage
Authors: Shepro David , Cohen Paul S. , Kula Nora 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Tritium labeled Escherichia coli B3 and tritium labeled T4 phage were injected into the hamster cheek pouch or hamster ear, the latter site serving as a control. Eighty per cent of the B3 and 98% of the T4 drained from the pouch within 72 hr. Comparable amounts of B3 and T4 escaped from the ear within the same period of time. These data indicate that the tissues of the cheek pouch do not act as a barrier to antigens the size of E. coli and T4 phage. The observation that the hamster produced phage specific antibodies following injections into the cheek pouch lends additional support to this view. The degree of antibody production was much lower in the cheek pouch-injected animals than in the controls. Based upon the above evidence, a theoretical explanation of the cheek pouch as a privileged site for homografts is here presented.
Purification and Characterization of the Hemagglutinin Present in Potatoes
Authors: Marinkovich Vincent A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A procedure is described for the isolation of the hemagglutinin found in potatoes. Evidence is presented that this procedure results in a highly purified preparation.
The lectin is a nonspecific agglutinin with optimal activity at 4°C, and is reversibly bound to the red cells during agglutination. It is a basic glycoprotein with a sedimentation constant of 2.1 S, containing 12.5% nitrogen and 5.2% carbohydrate. A 0.1% solution of the lectin has a specific absorbance (K2780 Å) of 0.962 per mg-cm, and an agglutination dilution titer of 1:104. Thus agglutination is detectable at a lectin concentration as low as 0.1 γ/ml.
The lectin is shown to contain only one type of sugar, tentatively identified as arabinose. Amino acid analysis shows a preponderance of acidic amino over basic amino acids even though the lectin behaves as a basic molecule. This discrepancy is not easily explained by hydrolytic loss alone. The alternative possibility is presented that the sugar molecule is attached to the protein moiety by ester linkage to the free carboxyl groups of aspartyl and glutamyl residues, thereby mitigating their contribution to the net charge of the molecule.
The mechanism involved in the agglutinating activity of the potato lectin is briefly discussed.
Characterization of Early 19 S and Late 7 S Immunoglobulins in the Mouse
Authors: Kim Yoon Berm , Bradley S. Gaylen , Watson Dennis W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Biphasic responses and differing rates of neutralizing activity of early and late sera from BALB/Sy mice given single and multiple injections of actinophage indicated two types of antibodies in phage neutralization.
By the use of physical and immunochemical techniques the neutralizing activity of early serum was found to be associated with a γ1-immunoglobulin of the 19 S class. The late serum contained mostly a γ2-immunoglobulin of the 7 S class.
The early 19 S antibody was inactivated by 2-mercaptoethanol in contrast to the stability of the late 7 S γ2 antibodies.
Immunoelectrophoretic patterns of pooled mouse sera were typical of rabbit and human patterns. In the mouse, however, mercaptoethanol dissociates the so-called β2M into a new component with the mobility of, but antigenically distinct from, the γ2-immunoglobulin.
In the mouse, the 19 S immunoglobulin is not related to the classical β2M line but is associated with the fast γ2-globulin and appears antigenically identical.
The implication of the apparent close relationship of these two classes of immunoglobulin is discussed in relation to the mechanism of their production.
The Effect of X-Ray Irradiation upon the Sequence of Immune Globulins Following Initial Immunization in the Rabbit
Authors: Robbins John , Smith Richard T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of x-ray irradiation upon the sequential formation of immune globulins was studied. With increasing doses of total body irradiation, a delay in the appearance of γ2-globulin antibody was observed, whereas only a slight delay in the timing of the initial detection and minimal diminution in the over-all titer of γ1M-macroglobulin antibody was noted. After lethal irradiation during which various portions of the animal's lymphoid tissue was shielded, a prolonged period of exclusive γ1M-macroglobulin synthesis was demonstrated. The restoration of immunopoietic tissue during the shielding procedures could be accomplished with the cells of the spleen, appendix, hind limb and peripheral blood. Simultaneous immunization of shielded and normal tissue after lethal irradiation demonstrated a normal sequential formation of antibodies to that antigen used to inject the shielded tissue but specific inhibition of γ2-globulin antibody to that antigen used to inject irradiated tissue. Various hypotheses which attempt to explain the relative resistance of the γ1M-macroglobulin phase of the immune response as compared to the γ2-globulin phase to total body irradiation were discussed.
Globulins on NZB Mouse Erythrocytes
Authors: Norins Leslie C. , Holmes Margaret C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Using four rabbit antisera specially absorbed and then tested for hemagglutinating activity against various mouse erythrocytes and by immunoelectrophoresis against mouse serum, the major coating of direct Coombs positive NZB mouse erythrocytes has been found to be a classical γ-globulin. It is considered that this confirms the resemblance of the autoimmune hemolytic anemia of NZB mice to the corresponding human disease.
The Fate of Radioactive Bovine γ-Globulin during the Primary Antibody Response in the Mouse
Authors: Sweet Lawrence C. , Abrams Gerald D. , Johnson Arthur G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The blood clearance rate and tissue distribution of I125 bovine γ-globulin (BGG) in the mouse following a single intraperitoneal injection with and without the stimulus of endotoxin have been studied. The circulatory fate of BGG was found to be similar to that previously described in rabbits. Whole organ counts after initiation of antibody synthesis revealed the greatest levels of radioactivity in the kidneys followed by liver, spleen and lungs. There was a redistribution of residual tissue radioactivity with time such that the relative amount in the kidneys tended to increase and that in the lungs to decrease while the relative amount in the liver and spleen remained essentially constant. Tissue autoradiograms revealed a selective localization of radioactive material in the reactive follicular centers of the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes as well as the glomeruli of the kidneys. Antibody titers in mice receiving I125 BGG alone were higher than anticipated and were equal to those in mice stimulated also with endotoxin. No difference in antigen distribution was seen under these conditions in endotoxin-stimulated mice.
Biologic Properties of Polynucleotides
Authors: Yachnin Stanley , Ruthenberg Janet M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Of a variety of naturally occurring and synthetic polynucleotides, only polyinosinic acid (poly I) is capable of evoking vascular permeability in guinea pig skin. This property of poly I is abolished by hydrogen-bonded helix formation with polyadenylic or polycytidylic acids, a maneuver which also destroys the capacity of poly I to interact with the complement system. The capacity of poly I to evoke vascular permeability is not affected by antihistamine. This biologic property of poly I supports previous evidence indicating that poly I can function as an activator of the first component of complement.
The Nature of the Antigen-Antibody Complexes which Initiate Anaphylactic Reactions
Authors: Levine Bernard B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A divalent benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) hapten and several homologous multivalent BPO haptens of widely differing molecular sizes were compared quantitatively with regard to their abilities to evoke PCA reactions in guinea pigs passively sensitized with threshold, optimal and excess amounts of rabbit anti-BPO antibodies.
These haptens were compared also with regard to their abilities to specifically precipitate rabbit anti-BPO sera, and to evoke passive Arthus reactions.
It was found that equimolar concentrations (and not equal weight concentrations) of the divalent and of the multivalent haptens were equally effective in evoking PCA reactions throughout the dose-response curve. In contrast, equal weight concentrations of the multivalent haptens (and not equimolar concentrations) were found to be equally effective in precipitating anti-BPO sera, and in evoking passive direct Arthus reactions in guinea pigs sensitized with rabbit anti-BPO sera. The divalent hapten was virtually ineffective in precipitating anti-BPO antibodies present in these sera, and failed to evoke passive direct Arthus reactions.
These results are interpreted as demonstrating, at least in this system, that, whereas the precipitin reaction and the passive direct Arthus reaction depend on the formation of large cross-linked complexes, the PCA reaction in guinea pigs is initiated by the simple bridging of two (or a small integer (n)) firmly fixed anaphylactic antibody molecules by multivalent haptens to form comparatively simple immune complexes of the composition H1Abn.
Evaluation of Electronic Measurements of Hemagglutination for Quantitative Studies
Authors: Gibbs Mary B. , Dreyfus Joseph C. , Aguilu Luis A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method has been developed whereby the model B Coulter counter can be employed for counting free cells present in agglutinated samples. The method is valid over the entire range of agglutination and a wide range of serum concentrations. Instrument log probit assay curves are identical in slope and position to those obtained by hemocytometry. The method is reliable with anti-A and anti-B agglutination but has not been applied to measurements of agglutination in other blood group systems.