bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reason Sensitivity, Transparency, and Trustworthiness
Authors: Hussein Waheed 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 discusses the main problems that arise from the market as a judgment-bypassing mechanism and explains how each problem relates to failures of reciprocal respect between free and equal citizens. After outlining a Kantian conception of freedom and equality, it argues that the only way a coordination mechanism can express that conception is if it meets the requirements of reason-sensitivity, transparency, and trustworthiness for each participant. The chapter concludes by returning to the similarities and differences between market and traffic mechanisms as systems of coordination.
Does a Liberal Market Democracy Satisfy the Anti-Authoritarian Ideal?
Authors: Hussein Waheed 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 assesses one type of social coordination mechanism—an advanced market economy—in terms of the anti-authoritarian ideal set out in chapters 4 and 5. It explains why an advanced market economy is not able to satisfy the requirements of reason sensitivity, transparency, and trustworthiness as a stand-alone mechanism. Moreover, even if a liberal market democracy embeds an advanced market economy in a more complex system, including both regulatory process and legislative process to address other concerns, it remains unable to satisfy the three requirements. This chapter summarizes the arguments of chapters 3–5 and argues that a liberal market democracy must supplement the regulatory process and democratic legislative process with social governance mechanisms that go the rest of the way toward satisfying the three requirements.
The Dynamical View of Business Corporations
Authors: Hussein Waheed 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 addresses normative questions about the business corporation in light of the theory laid out in earlier chapters. Many theorists think of business corporations as stand-alone authority structures on the model of the state. Thinking of the corporation this way leads to an overly personal view of the moral subordination of individuals in an advanced market economy. Moral subordination in a market society is significantly subordination to this impersonal process. The “dynamical view” of the business corporation shows that corporations come together and break apart as part of the market coordination process the way that the price system maintains an efficient pattern of production and consumption in society. The right way to structure a market economy focuses on the internal authority structure of business corporations and various features of corporate law as parts of a wider coordination mechanism that must satisfy the requirements of reason sensitivity, transparency, and trustworthiness.
Consciousness Reflects the Mind, the Mind Reflects Consciousness
Authors: Shevchenko Dimitry 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the philosophical traditions of Sāṃkhya and Yoga, which developed a notion of mirror reflection to explain the illusory interaction between consciousness and the mind, regarded as ontologically distinct entities. These two schools made an implicit connection between mental representation of external objects by the mind and mental representation of consciousness. The chapter discusses early theories of external objects reflected in the mind, consciousness reflected in the mind, and the mind reflected in consciousness. It also sheds new light on the later Vācaspati Miśra’s (tenth-century) theory of reflection of consciousness in the mind and Vijñānabhikṣu’s (sixteenth-century) theory of mutual reflection of consciousness in the mind and then back in consciousness. Finally, it engages, for the first time, with the philosophically creative, but little-known interpretation of theories of reflection in Sāṃkhya and Yoga by Krishna Chandra Bhattacharyya.
One Consciousness, Many Mirrors
Authors: Shevchenko Dimitry 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the non-dualist tradition of Advaita-Vedānta, which holds that the multiplicity of individual selves is nothing but reflections of one transcendent self. This school develops the notion of ahaṃkāra (the “I-maker”) as an entity supervenient upon the illusory identity between the mind and consciousness and mediating between the two. The chapter examines, for the first time, Śaṅkara’s (seventh to eighth centuries) non-dualist reinterpretation of the Sāṃkhya model of consciousness reflected in the mind, its development by Padmapāda (eighth to ninth centuries), with further elaborations by Prakāśātman (eleventh to twelfth centuries), as well as later developments (mirror models of one consciousness reinterpreted in terms of identity between the god and individual selves, reported by Appayya Dīkṣita in the sixteenth century). The texts composed by these philosophers, representing what came to be known as the Vivaraṇa sub-school of Advaita, have been seriously understudied to date.
Fear and Trembling
Authors: Miller Richard J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Are animals conscious beings? How do their conscious states compare to those of humans, and how does this impact their usefulness as experimental models? Recent research has demonstrated that animals such as mice use complex facial expressions and sounds to communicate. Animals also show complex behaviors involving empathy and planning. Animals are clearly conscious, but their experiences are unique to the species in question. Animals are not just incomplete versions of humans. The specific nature of animal consciousness, like that of another human being, is difficult for us to comprehend. Current research has demonstrated that conscious processes and physiological/pathological states constantly interact with one another. Hence, animal specific consciousness makes them poor models for many human diseases. This has resulted in very poor returns when using animals to model human diseases.
I Want to Be Your Dog
Authors: Miller Richard J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
It is clear that humans have had close associations with animals, including pet keeping, which date back to antiquity. However, it wasn’t until the sixteenth century that the French philosopher Michel de Montaigne began to raise the issue as to the true nature of animal intelligence and the lack of human uniqueness. Subsequently, other writers such as Rousseau and Locke and artists such as Blake and Hogarth supported this idea. The first attempts to make cruelty to animals illegal took place in England at the start of the nineteenth century. Subsequently, the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and several antivivisection societies were formed. Opposition to scientific research in particular began with the Brown Dog affair, when activists infiltrated medical school classes and disclosed what they had seen. This was followed by a series of demonstrations and counterdemonstrations launching the animal welfare movement in its modern form.
Ontic Injustice
Authors: Jenkins Katharine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter identifies a distinctive form of injustice—ontic injustice—in which an individual is wronged by the very fact of being socially constructed as a member of a certain social kind. To be a member of a certain social kind is, at least in part, to be subject to certain social constraints and enablements, and these constraints and enablements can be wrongful to the individual who is subjected to them, in the sense that they inflict a moral injury. The chapter sets out the concept of ontic injustice, elaborates on the nature of the wrong involved, and highlights some benefits of adding the concept of ontic injustice to our philosophical toolkit.
Against the Ontology-First Approach to Gender Recognition
Authors: Jenkins Katharine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a response to the concern that in acknowledging the existence of some gender kinds that do not align with people’s gender identities, the account defended in earlier chapters is likely to have political effects that run counter to trans liberation in the current social context. It begins by identifying a widespread assumption to the effect that settling questions about the current ontology of gender kinds will automatically determine what shape our gendered social practices ought to take. This is the ‘Ontology-First approach’ to gender recognition. The chapter shows how the Ontology-First approach fuels disagreements about gender recognition and contributes to the perpetuation and amplification of transphobia, and it argues that the account defended in earlier chapters helps to dispel the Ontology-First approach. Overall, this suggests that the account of the ontology of gender kinds and of ontic oppression is conducive to trans liberation.
The Belle Époque: Railroads and Telegraphy
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines critical aspects of the period from 1860 to 1890. The chapter traces the impact of railroads, steamships, telegraphy, paper pulp, and the printing press on multiple aspects of society and the economy. It shows how the modern world at the turn of the nineteenth century was one in which people, goods, and ideas could be carried at previously unimaginable speeds, across large expanses of space—even oceans. Every part of social life was transformed, from media, to shopping, to trade and finance. Railroads, steamships, printing technologies, and the telegraph represented the triumphal spirit of the new age. Through them a new cult had taken shape, whose sacred pillars were modernization, progress, and expansionary growth.
The Turn Inward
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the rise of nativism and fascism in both periods. It shows how the left- and right-wing politicians were able to capitalize on escalating anti-immigration sentiment, angst over international terrorist violence, and fear of economic decline. Nativism became widespread in right-wing circles but also some segments on the left. These messages resonated especially with people not benefiting from the modern economy, whose standard of living was most in jeopardy—elites in the nineteenth century, and the Rust Belt in the twenty-first. Right-wing political leaders also fomented anger over broader changes in society. In both eras, political liberalism was gaining ground. Gender equality movements, such as women’s enfranchisement and gay marriage were particularly threatening. Right-wing politicians tapped into growing resentments over what was perceived as an assault on the traditional family and religion. Anti-liberal, anti-rationalist movements sprung up in both centuries; they were the early signs of fascism.
How Taxation Increases Accountability Demands
Authors: Martin Lucy E. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 introduces a new theory to explain why and how taxation increases the accountability pressures governments face. It argues that citizens expect to receive their earned income, and that taxation induces a sense of loss. Theories of loss aversion imply that, when individuals are below their reference point, their utility functions are more sensitive to changes. We should therefore expect that citizens care more about the level of public goods provided, and will be more upset if government misspends tax dollars. If citizens’ willingness to engage in political actions like voting or protesting is linked to this perception of losses and the negative emotions they can cause, then taxed citizens should be more likely than untaxed citizens to demand better performance from leaders, and to take action when dissatisfied. The chapter appendix presents the formal model on which the chapter is based.
Introduction
Authors: Owolabi Olukunle P. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractChapter 1 presents the core empirical questions that motivate this study: how did forced-settlement colonies, where European colonists established large-scale agricultural plantations with enslaved African labor, emerge from colonial rule with favorable development outcomes relative to colonies of occupation, where Europeans dominated indigenous nonwhite populations that predate the onset of Western overseas colonization? The chapter highlights the distinctive patterns of state-building and the liberal institutional reforms that facilitated the long-term development of forced-settlement colonies following the abolition of slavery in the New World. By contrast, European colonists established harsh and arbitrary “native legal codes” that undermined the legal rights and political agency of indigenous nonwhite colonial subjects following the abolition of slavery in the New World. This chapter presents the book’s core arguments, empirical results, and the research methodology that is used to measure and explain the favorable developmental legacies of forced settlement relative to colonial occupation across multiple colonial empires.
A Global Statistical Analysis of Forced Settlement and Colonial Occupation
Authors: Owolabi Olukunle P. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractChapter 4 uses OLS regression models to examine the long-term developmental legacies of forced settlement and colonial occupation among Global South countries that emerged from colonial rule after 1945. These statistical models demonstrate favorable development outcomes in forced settlement colonies relative to colonies of occupation in terms of education, health, and economic well-being at the end of the colonial era. Forced settlement is also associated with greater exposure to mass electoral competition during the late colonial era and higher mean postcolonial democracy scores after independence. These data results are robust to different model specifications that include statistical controls for confounding factors like European settlement, British colonization, ethnic diversity, religious composition, geography, and Protestant missionary evangelization. The data models also suggest that the favorable developmental outcomes in forced settlement colonies resulted from liberal reforms that expanded educational access and voting rights to emancipated Afro-descendants following the abolition of slavery.
The Value of Death for Animals
Authors: Delon Nicolas 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews issues concerning the value of death for non-human animals, specifically those in shelters. It focuses on the value and harm of death, asking what makes an animal’s life worth living; what, if anything, makes death bad (or good) for animals; what factors contribute to how bad it is; and what facts about shelters are relevant to our decision-making when considering saving lives and euthanasia. The chapter reviews three views of the harm of death: death as a deprivation, death as thwarting desires, and death as interrupting a narrative. It argues for the superiority of the deprivation view, on the grounds that it best accounts for the judgment that death is bad for animals while making sense of whether and when it is better for some animals in shelters to be killed than allowed to suffer.
Being Popular and Being Just
Authors: Tam Agnes , Kymlicka Will 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Due to their heavy reliance on public goodwill, community-based animal protection organizations (APOs) often face a dilemma in animal advocacy. Either they preserve institutional efficacy by focusing on popular causes—for example, protecting cats and dogs from individual acts of cruelty—at the expense of their own progressive institutional mandates. Or they honor their own institutional mandates by pursuing progressive causes—for example, challenging factory farming or the property status of animals—at the risk of losing public support. In this chapter, the authors argue that APOs can avoid this dilemma by adopting a new model of advocacy: “we”-reasoning. Drawing on recent work in the philosophy of social norms, the authors claim that “we-reasons” rooted in group norms, distinct from both prudential reasoning (“reason-for-me”) and from moral reasoning (“reason-for everyone”), can generate support for progressive agendas. They apply this model to recent controversies about the adoption of vegan diets in shelters.
Introduction
Authors: Duina Francesco , Viju-Miljusevic Crina 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Introduction situates the volume in the existing literatures on trade, the European Union (EU), standardization, and globalization. Drawing from the insights of economic sociology, it puts forth a view of EU trade agreements as involving the standardization of many aspects of economic, political, and social life. The perspective is essentially constructivist and thus contrasts with more traditional understandings of international trade. At stake is the articulation of worldviews, and the possible projection of the EU’s own perspectives onto the world. The Introduction states that the volume investigates patterns of standardization and the extent to which they reflect the EU’s preferences. It articulates a set of possible explanations for the observable patterns. It then identifies the policy areas and regions of the world that the chapters cover. It concludes by reporting on the findings from the chapters.
Biography
Authors: Javeline Debra 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 10 shows that victims’ biography mattered tremendously in terms of their personal history but mattered very little in terms of demographics. Victims’ age, education, and income were not significantly related to support for retaliatory violence or participation. However, those whose family or friends suffered harm by someone of Ingush or Chechen descent prior to the hostage taking were more likely to support retaliatory violence and also more likely to participate in politics. Those who participated in politics prior to the hostage taking were more likely to participate in politics afterward and, notably, were less likely to support retaliatory violence. Longtime political activists are thus some of the most reliably committed to ending the spiral of violence while still demanding grievance satisfaction.
Kant, Race, and Racism
Authors: Lu-Adler Huaping 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Kant scholars have paid relatively little attention to his raciology. They assume that his racism, as personal prejudice, can be disentangled from his core philosophy. They also assume that racism contradicts his moral theory. This book challenges both assumptions. It shows how Kant’s raciology—divided into racialism and racism—is integral to his philosophical system as a whole. It also rejects the individualistic approach to Kant and racism. Instead, it uses the notion of racism as ideological formation to demonstrate how Kant, from his social location both as a prominent scholar and as a lifelong educator, participated in the formation of modern racist ideology. As a scholar, Kant developed a groundbreaking scientific theory of race from the standpoint of a philosophical investigator of nature or Naturforscher. As an educator, he transmitted denigrating depictions of the racialized others and imbued them with normative relevance. In both roles, he presented a worldview that excluded nonwhites from such goods as recognitional respect and candidacy for cultural and moral achievements. Some effects of this worldview are still palpable today. Scholars who research and teach Kant’s philosophy therefore have an unshakable burden to take part in the ongoing antiracist struggles, through their teaching practices as well as their scholarship. And they must do so in a color-conscious as opposed to colorblind way, with a pragmatic attention to nonideal social realities and a clear normative orientation toward substantial racial justice, equality, and inclusion.
What Is Seen Cannot Be Unseen
Authors: Lu-Adler Huaping 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explicates the functions of “race” after Kant. There is a distinction between race concepts as representations and race concepts as tools or as political ideas serving ideological functions. We examine the legacies of Kant’s raciology in the latter terms. In a racialized world, one cannot unsee race and should not try to address racial injustices in a colorblind way. To illustrate, we consider two novellas published not long after Kant’s death. Both revolve around racial identities in a racially hegemonic world. The first novella, Die Verlobung in St. Domingo by Heinrich von Kleist, highlights the tragic trap of racialization. Kant’s theory of abstraction helps to explain the inescapability of racialization depicted in this novella. The second novella, William der Neger by Caroline Auguste Fischer, follows the growth of a “Negro” who struggled with Du Boisian double consciousness but came to embrace his identity as a black man.
Introduction to the Centennial History
Authors: Gold Andrew S. , Gordon Robert W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces a volume of original essays in honor of the American Law Institute’s (ALI’s) Centennial. The volume focuses on specific ALI undertakings, including some of the more important Restatements and Codes; several leading Principles projects; statutory projects such as the Model Penal Code and the Uniform Commercial Code; themes cutting across substantive fields of law (such as the Restatements and codification or the Restatements and the common law); and the ALI’s institutional history. This introduction places the book’s contributions within a historical context that extends back to the early twentieth century, and it draws together key themes from each of the book’s chapters.
The Work of the American Law Institute in Historical Context
Authors: Abraham Kenneth S. , White G. Edward 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the intellectual and social contexts in which the American Law Institute (ALI) has operated and how they have influenced the course the ALI and its projects have taken during the 100 years of its history. Our aim is to situate the central preoccupations of the ALI at various times in the larger culture of the American legal profession and the social forces influencing American law. From its origins, the ALI has been a self-consciously elitist organization, operating under the premise that a collection of distinguished individuals drawn from the practicing bar, the judiciary, and the legal academy can make significant contributions to the growth and development of American law. But despite that premise, the ALI has not been free from pressures emanating from the broader legal profession and American society as a whole. One of the themes of this chapter is the ALI’s inability to be immune from those pressures in its mission to improve the state of American law, despite its strong commitment to professional independence from outside influences.