bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Foundations of State-Business Relations in Authoritarian Asia
Authors: Rithmire Meg 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Why have regimes supposedly founded on alliances between autocrats and capitalists witnessed dramatic betrayals? Why did business-state relations in all three regimes come to be seen as “crony,” and why do some crony arrangements generate growth and political stability whereas others generate stagnation or crisis? This introductory chapter poses answers to these questions by examining how different patterns of state-business relations come about and how, in turn, these patterns affect political stability and allocation of economic resources. Specifically, it shows how political trust between groups of capitalists and autocrats, established during the regime-formation phase, and the coherence of those regimes’ control of financial resources, which changes over time, produce different patterns of state-business relations. The chapter outlines conceptual development in characterizing state-business relations. It develops two models of relationships between capitalists and authoritarian regimes—mutual alignment and mutual endangerment—and generates hypotheses about their respective political and economic outcomes.
Elite Disintegration
Authors: Rithmire Meg 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
liberalization combined with endemic distrust between the Chinese Communist Party and capitalists in China to create mutual endangerment in the early 2000s. Financial systems became open to predation of political and business actors with short time horizons, and the incentives of many rank-and-file political officials, and even political elites, departed from the regime’s overall goals. The three manifestations of mutual endangerment—weaponized information, asset expatriation, and looting—became evident in China’s political economy by the early 2010s and especially during the first few years of Xi Jinping’s administration, during which looting and asset expatriation accelerated precisely as Xi threatened to crack down. The chapter draws on data from the anticorruption campaign, corporate filings, and outward foreign direct investments to show how mutual endangerment took hold in China.
Opening
Authors: Sherman Melina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The introductory chapter of this book reviews the opioid epidemic by outlining the scope of the current problem. It dives into the statistics of opioid overdoses and deaths over the past three decades and asks how this could have happened in the first place. The introduction then reviews the book’s key themes—pain management, strategic ignorance, the opioid gray market, pain’s new faces, and the politics of pain in American culture. Following this overview, the introduction synthesizes the analysis and arguments in each of its chapters. Finally, it concludes by pointing to the pressing need for research on the opioid epidemic—pain’s most urgent case study.
Branding Pain Relief
Authors: Sherman Melina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 traces the movement of pain and opioids into another space—the domain of pharmaceutical branding. This branding is where opioids have undergone a social and cultural process of normalization, one that transformed them from scientific/medical objects into sellable products. It looks at the branding of pain relief through a case study of the marketing of what is today the most famous of all prescription opioids—the painkiller OxyContin and its manufacturer, Purdue Pharma. Through an analysis of dozens of print advertisements, video campaigns, and other marketing techniques that Purdue used to promote its product, this chapter shows how a medical condition was reconstrued as a national problem, one that inherently hinders individuals’ pursuit of the American dream of self-realization, autonomy, and productivity. By tying pain to the American imagination in this way, opioids became increasingly easy to incorporate into American hospitals and households, where they were situated as familiar, domesticated objects.
Enablers of bipartisanship
Authors: Tama Jordan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
“Enablers of bipartisanship” highlights key factors that facilitate polarization or different forms of bipartisanship in US foreign policy. The argument centers on the roles of ideological commitments, advocacy groups, and institutional incentives. Whereas some policy debates involve a left-right ideological fault line, others do not. In a similar vein, some debates feature advocacy by groups with strong partisan associations, while others attract little advocacy activity or involve advocacy by groups with ties to both parties. At the same time, the differing electoral incentives and institutional prerogatives of members of Congress and the president often lead members of the two branches to approach foreign policy in different ways. Drawing on an array of scholarship and data, the chapter explains how these factors influence the alignments of Democratic and Republican elected officials on foreign policy issues.
Sanctions on Russia
Authors: Tama Jordan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
“Sanctions on Russia” explains why debates over the imposition of economic sanctions on Russia have often generated strong bipartisanship in the US Congress and clashes between Congress and the US president. Human rights violations by Russian officials, Russian aggressi Withon toward Ukraine, and Russian interference in US elections have led the vast majority of congressional Democrats and Republicans to rally together in support of sanctions, but presidents have often worried that placing new penalties on Russia would bring more costs than benefits to the United States. Bipartisan cooperation on the issue on Capitol Hill has been facilitated by widely shared concerns about Russian behavior among US elites and the American public, while inter-branch tensions have reflected the differing electoral incentives and institutional prerogatives of presidents and members of Congress.
Tracing the Spirit
Authors: Abecina Alexander L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the issue of possible development in Gregory’s christology by returning to the problematic christology of Contra Eunomium III analysed in Chapter 3. It argues that Gregory already held a Spirit-based christology when he wrote Contra Eunomium III, which he concealed for pragmatic reasons. This chapter offers justification for this argument by formulating criteria for detecting probable traces of Spirit-based christology in Ad Eustathius, Adversus Macedonianos, and Contra Eunomium III. Thus, it shows that Spirit-based christology is the more original and authentic account of the unity of Christ’s divine and human natures in Gregory’s thought. This has significant implications for how we ought to re-evaluate our understanding of Gregory’s christology.
Advancement and Ascent
Authors: Abecina Alexander L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that Gregory wrote In Canticum Canticorum to guide his readers through a subjective process of reading and interpreting the Song of Songs by which the objective reality of human transformation and union with God becomes for them a subjective reality. Therefore, this chapter focuses on Gregory’s depiction of the unified activity of Christ and the Spirit in Homilies 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, in bringing the Bride through progressive stages of spiritual advancement and ascent into union with God. In addition, this chapter comments upon Sarah Coakley’s notion of the ‘incorporative’ model of the Trinity in Gregory’s thought.
Conclusion
Authors: Abecina Alexander L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Conclusion recapitulates, chapter by chapter, the main arguments of the book before exploring the unique contributions to contemporary Nyssen scholarship and theological research more broadly. It proposes that the subject of Spirit christology in patristic authors, specifically among Alexandrian and Antiochene figures, would be a fruitful area for future research. Further, it suggests that patristic authors are an important source for ongoing reflection in the areas of systematic theology and the theological interpretation of scripture. Finally, it draws attention to recent research on affect theory and the ‘affective salience of doctrine’, arguing that Gregory of Nyssa’s interpretation of the Song of Songs serves as an important touchstone for studying affect among patristic figures.
Life in Early Medieval Wales
Authors: Edwards Nancy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The period c. ad 300–1050, spanning the collapse of Roman rule to the coming of the Normans, was formative in the development of Wales. This book considers how people lived in late Roman and early medieval Wales and how their lives and communities changed during this period. It uses a multidisciplinary approach, focusing on the growing body of archaeological evidence set alongside the early medieval written sources. It begins by analysing earlier research and the range of sources, the significance of the environment and climate change, and ways of calculating time. Discussion of the fourth–sixth centuries focuses on the disintegration of the Roman market economy, fragmentation of power, and the emergence of new kingdoms and elites. Early medieval Wales was an entirely rural society. Analysis of the settlement archaeology includes key sites, alongside the development of new farming and other rural settlements. Consideration is given to changes in the mixed farming economy reflecting climate deterioration and a need for food security, as well as craftworking and the roles of exchange, display, and trade. At the same time cemeteries and inscribed stones, stone sculpture and early church sites chart the course of conversion to Christianity, the rise of monasticism, and the increasing power of the Church. Finally, discussion of power and authority analyses emerging evidence for sites of assembly, the rise of Mercia together with the significance of Offa’s and Wat’s Dykes, increasing English infiltration, and the Viking impact. Throughout the evidence is placed within a wider context.
Hearth and Home
Authors: Edwards Nancy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the archaeological evidence for secular settlements in early medieval Wales, ranging from elite sites, such as hillforts, to lower status farmsteads. It considers how they can be identified, their form, layout, building types, and chronology making wider comparisons with other parts of Britain and Ireland. It commences with a discussion of the problems of identification and underlying reasons for this. These remain, especially in the eastern half of Wales, even with more extensive use of radiocarbon dating, because of limited excavation, ephemeral structures, and the lack of diagnostic artefacts on non-elite sites. The role of hillforts, for example Dinas Powys, is discussed, as are rare examples of later elite settlements, including Llanbedrgoch, Llangorse crannog, and the burh at Rhuddlan. Increasing evidence for farmsteads suggests a continuing sense of place and the continuation of native late prehistoric forms, but, from around the later seventh century onwards, rectangular buildings of materials such as drystone, turf, and wattles become increasingly apparent and new settlements were established, for example Rhuddgaer and South Hook. Wider use of space is rarely indicated other than on elite sites with extensive excavations such as Dinas Powys. It is argued that a major change in settlement forms was taking place from the later seventh century, resulting from a combination of factors, including the impact of climate deterioration, changes in farming, landholding, and estates, and the emergence of a more hierarchical society ranging from kings to the landowning aristocracy, to tenants and slaves.
Conversion, Commemoration, and Burial
Authors: Edwards Nancy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses archaeological and other evidence for the conversion of Wales to Christianity, beginning with a discussion of pre-Christian religions and the origins of Christianity in this part of late Roman Britain before examining the process of conversion, focusing on commemoration and burial. It is argued that mountains, hills, and rivers remained important liminal spaces indicated by continuing activity on some hillforts and the siting of Roman temples. Roman religious beliefs are also considered, including the very limited evidence for Christianity. The growth of Christianity is demonstrated by the inscriptions on the fifth- to seventh-century memorial stones, some of which commemorate clergy and indicate continuing contacts with Gaul and Iberia. Burial in late Roman Wales is also discussed, with a focus on the spread of east–west, extended, inhumation cemeteries which become the early medieval norm. Many are associated with prehistoric burial monuments signalling the reinvention of a heroic ancestral past, whilst those beside Roman roads demonstrate the continuing influence of Roman burial locations. Indigenous forms of burial also persisted, indicating the survival of non-Christian practices. Overall, the origins of Christianity in Wales lie clearly in the later Roman period focusing on forts and towns with diverse populations open to external influences, but in a society where indigenous farming communities remained strong native and Romanized native beliefs and their associated practices continued to be important, and accommodation was necessary.
Ritual and Belief
Authors: Edwards Nancy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines aspects of Christian belief and the rituals associated with them, focusing on evidence for saints’ cults, relics, and pilgrimage, as well as death and commemoration, in early medieval Wales. Archaeological evidence for special graves is discussed as well as secondary relics, including bells. We can trace the origins of and changing attitudes to the commemoration of saints and the cult of relics back to Continental beginnings, but also see how these were adapted to more local circumstances. Reluctance to disturb the graves of saints in Wales reflects conservative attitudes to corporeal relics that may stem from a wish to uphold the Roman origins of the Church. This is followed by discussion of the development of pilgrimage landscapes and their impact on those who visited them, focusing on St Davids. From the seventh century, we can discern the increasing role of the Church in the way the dead were commemorated, resulting from the development of funerary liturgy on the Continent that shows increasing concern with the passage of the dead to the afterlife and a need for the prayers of the living to liberate the souls of the dead from suffering. Major ecclesiastical sites in Wales became the burial places of the Christian elite, including patrons, whist on less important sites family and kin had more influence on how people were buried. Burial customs and commemoration, including cross-carved stones and inscriptions, are considered in this light. In some ways, however, the early Church in Wales remained highly conservative.
Conclusion
Authors: Edwards Nancy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter brings together key themes examined earlier to enable a broader chronological discussion of the major changes and underlying continuities that helped to shape people’s lives in the land that became Wales c. ad 300–1050 and indicates areas for future research. It is argued that, although underlying continuities are also evident, there were four periods that brought more rapid change: firstly, the collapse of the Roman market economy and the end of Roman rule focused on the second half of the fourth and first half of the fifth centuries; secondly, the century following the onset of the ‘Late Antique Little Ice Age’ in 536 that may have precipitated steeper population decline contributing to settlement change and landscape reorganization, leading in the longer term to modest agricultural expansion as well as the consolidation of Christianity; thirdly, the late eighth and first half of the ninth century marked by the construction of Offa’s and Wat’s Dykes that began to define the frontier of Wales and the advent of Viking incursions, but also wider signs of an expanding economy; and lastly the Norman Conquest and settlement.
The Miller’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The first of the fabliaux of the Tales, the Miller’s ‘cherles tale’ supplies the added pleasure of parodying the Knight’s, in its rival suitors for Alyson’s sexual favours, the authenticating detail of its Oxford setting, the commonplaceness of its animal imagery, and the inverted rhetorical descriptio of Alyson. The tale privileges sex and sexual enjoyment over love, and shows a singular lack of sympathy with those who suffer as a result (the successful and unsuccessful lovers, and the elderly husband). The style emphasises youth and energy at the expense of moralism.
The Wife of Bath’s Prologue
Authors: Cooper Helen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Despite her claim to be speaking from experience, the Wife herself is constructed almost entirely out of the materials of antifeminism: largely those in French (especially the Romance of the Rose) for how she describes herself; or in Latin (especially Jerome) for her rebuttal of the academic and scriptural arguments against women and sexuality, and which give rise to the accusation that she is preaching. The result is none the less a triumph of character-drawing, and she established herself in those terms from the rest of the Tales forwards.
The Summoner’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The tale is an antifraternal satire that points beyond its overt narrative to insult the pilgrim friar as well as friars in general. It is unusual among Chaucer’s fabliaux in its scatological rather than sexual content, though its main focus is on clever trickery. Although it is given a familiar setting in the plausible everyday life of a village and its manor, its possible sources include arcane religious iconography. It shows up the slipperiness of language, but the direct speech that makes up the bulk of the narrative creates a strong sense of individual speech patterns.
The Placing of the Fragment
Authors: Cooper Helen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This fabliau of the frauds played between a lecherous monk, an adulterous wife, and a deceived husband is most notable for the slipperiness of language and its punning on various words, notably cousin/cozen and tail/tally. Its connection with the Shipman is minimal, and it may once have been intended for the Wife of Bath. Its mercantile setting of monetary exchange provides the background to the cheating by both the monk and the wife; but all the characters, the merchant husband included, finish up satisfied, with no trace of moral censure or retribution.
The Monk’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Monk is unusually explicit about the genre of his tale, which matches his worldliness rather than his profession: tragedies, defined as the falls of great men through the actions of Fortune, and a very recent import into English. Its multiple narratives, drawn from the classics and the Bible as well as recent history, also serve as a story collection in miniature, though with none of the variety in genre, style, social range, or themes shown in the Tales. It includes a retelling of Dante’s story of Ugolino, though with an opposite meaning—of rumour and so implied guiltlessness rather than deserved damnation. Its relentless gloom contrasts it with the tale of the Knight, who interrupts it.
The Nun’s Priest’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The tale is at once a beast fable and a miniaturisation of the whole Tales, with its frequent excurses into antifeminism, fabliau, theoretical treatise, mock heroics, talking birds, rhetorical display, and so on. Its structure also turns it into a story collection, though of tales nested within each other rather than a sequence. The actual narrative takes up only a tenth of the whole. The bare characterisation of the Nun’s Priest leaves space for Chaucer as poet to double the role of narrator and to show off his poetic mastery at the expense of the conventional moral.
Interatomic Potentials in Transition Metals
Authors: Moriarty John A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, multi-ion quantum-based interatomic potentials are derived for transition metals with partially filled d bands, using the full density-functional power of generalized pseudopotential theory (GPT). Central to this treatment is the development of a rigorous multi-ion d-state potential series through the level of four-ion interactions that fully accounts for the structural phase stability of the central bcc metals. To capitalize on the destructive interference of the long-range sp-d hybridization tails in the multi-ion potentials of the bcc metals, simplified model GPT (MGPT) potentials that retain only the direct d-state interactions have been developed for Ta, Mo and V prototypes. The corresponding tight-binding-based bond-order potentials of Pettifor et al. are also discussed and compared with MGPT, including the treatment of magnetism in bcc Fe. Looking towards future treatment of the neighboring hcp transition metals, the MGPT multi-ion-potential formalism has now been extended to include five- and six-ion interactions. For series-end fcc metals like Ni, sp-d hybridization has been restored to MGPT potentials in a more efficient form using machine learning.
Local Volume Effects on Defects and Free Surfaces
Authors: Moriarty John A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we transform the total-energy functional for elemental metals, as given by generalized pseudopotential theory (GPT), from a bulk representation based on the global atomic volume to an electron-density representation based on the local valence electron density. This local electron density (LED) representation of the GPT allows one to treat surface energies directly, as well as important local volume effects on defect energies in nontransition metals. Also possible in the case of transition metals is an alternate hybrid method, which retains the LED framework for non-d electrons, but for the d electrons joins the model-GPT with a compatible local density-of-states representation of the d-state energy contributions. This hybrid method is able to treat surface relaxation and reconstruction in central transition metals. Recently, a refined and extended LED version of GPT permits a first-principles calculation of forces and stresses for nontransition metals, in what is now called the adaptive GPT or aGPT. This advance allows fully relaxed defect and surface calculations, as well as dynamic aGPT molecular dynamics simulations.
Judicial Responses
Authors: King Colin , Hendry Jennifer 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the judicial reaction to civil recovery in both Ireland and England & Wales. It argues that the courts have been too amenable in accepting civil recovery as a ‘civil’ process, with the result that enhanced procedural protections of the criminal process do not necessarily apply. The chapter then considers whether civil recovery constitutes punishment and argues that it should be regarded as a criminal process, employing the Engel criteria of the European Court of Human Rights.