bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Optimization of a New Heterogeneous Printed Circuit Plate Heat Exchanger With Molten Salt Zigzag Passage and Supercritical CO2 Airfoil Fin Passage
Authors: Chen Zhansheng , Zhao Pinghui , Wan Teng , Jin Yixuan , Wang Xiaohu , Lei Mingzhun , Li Yuanjie , Peng Changhong 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In the fusion power conversion system, a printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE) between molten salt (MS) and supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) transfers huge heat between loops. To improve heat transfer efficiency, a new heterogeneous PCHE with MS zigzag passage and sCO2 airfoil fin passage was proposed. A one-dimensional simulation of the new PCHE was conducted to study the effects of the plate number and the length on its pressure drop, MS mass flowrate, capital cost, and operating cost. Then, a new single objective optimization of the total cost was performed by the genetic algorithm (GA) based on the Chinese Fusion Engineering Testing Reactor (CFETR) parameters. Finally, the new optimal PCHE was compared with the PCHE with MS straight passage and sCO2 airfoil fin passage. The results show that the length and the plate number of the PCHE have an important effect on the pressure drop and its cost. The optimal geometry scheme with the minimum cost is given for the application to CFETR. By comparison with the MS straight-passage PCHE, it is found that the total cost of the new PCHE is reduced by 5.7% and the volume of the heat exchanger is reduced by 10.7%.
Characterizing Shrouded Stator Cavity Flow on the Performance of a Single-Stage Axial Transonic Compressor
Authors: Shao Runzhu , He Xiao , Zhu Mingmin , Klausmann Fabian , Teng Jinfang 
Published: August 2023

AbstractShrouded stator cavity flow increases the stator total pressure loss, reduces the compressor isentropic efficiency, and thus limits the compressor pressure rise capability. This paper proposes a simplified cavity flow model that consists of flow injection at the stator inlet and flow suction at the stator outlet. Based on this model, a full-factorial parametric study on the leakage flow ratio and the leakage swirl angle is performed at different rotational speeds and incidences. In the first place, the effectiveness of the numerical method is validated against the experimental data based on the full-scale cavity geometry; then, the numerical simulations on the simplified cavity geometry are validated against that of the full-scale one. Results show that the leakage flow ratio plays a dominant role in determining the compressor performance penalty. The isentropic efficiency drops almost linearly with the leakage flow ratio due to deteriorated near-hub separations, and the slope becomes steeper at higher operating speeds and incidences. The leakage swirl angle only has a pronounced effect under a high leakage flow ratio. The efficiency penalty reduces with increasing swirl angle due to an alleviated tangential flow mixing and suppressed near-hub separations. The swirl angle effect is more pronounced at lower incidence conditions. These findings advance the fundamental understanding of shrouded stator cavity flow effects and provide useful guidance for cavity seal designs.
Effect of Assembly Uncertainties on Shock Propagation Through a Bolted Joint Under Impact Loading
Authors: Chen Hao , Hao Zhiming 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Bolted joints have been widely used in engineering structures because of their advantages of simplicity, economy, and assembly. However, material nonlinearities, interface nonlinearities and uncertainties in the assembly process will lead to the dynamic response to become very complex. This work investigated the effect of assembly uncertainties on shock propagation through a bolted lap joint under impact loading. The object of the study was a bolted lap joint subjected to separate Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test. First, a high-fidelity finite element model of the bolted lap joint was developed, and the model was validated by comparing with the experimental results. The error between simulation and experimental results prompted the necessary to consider the uncertainty effect. Then, the effects of multiple uncertainties were considered to identify important input random variables related to the impact response of the joint. The results showed that the slip between the connected parts has the most significant effect on energy dissipation and stress wave propagation. Finally, useful conclusions for the design of bolted joints were obtained from the computational results and discussions.
The Effects of an Acute Dose of New Zealand Blackcurrant Extract on 5-km Running Performance
Authors: Moss Samantha L. , Brindley Edward , Enright Kevin , Highton Jamie , Bott Richard 
Published: August 2023

This study investigated the effects of an acute dose (900 mg) of New Zealand Blackcurrant (NZBC) extract on 5-km running performance, alongside associated physiological and metabolic responses. Sixteen trained male runners (age 26 ± 5 years, stature 173.4 ± 7.3 cm, body mass 73.7 ± 6.9 kg, maximal oxygen consumption [] 55.4 ± 6.1 ml·kg−1·min−1) ingested either capsules containing NZBC extract (3 × 300 mg CurraNZ, 315 mg anthocyanins) or a matched placebo (3 × 300 mg gluten-free flour) 2 hr before exercise in a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. Performance time, physiological, and metabolic responses were assessed in a 5-km time trial, preceded by 10-min exercise at the lactate threshold on a treadmill. NZBC extract did not alter the physiological or metabolic responses to exercise at the lactate threshold (oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, minute ventilation, carbohydrate oxidation, fat oxidation, heart rate, blood lactate, or rating of perceived exertion, p > .05). The 5-km time trial was completed in a faster time in the NZBC extract condition compared with placebo (NZBC: 1,308.96 ± 122.36 s, placebo: 1,346.33 ± 124.44, p = .001, d = −0.23, confidence interval range = [−0.46, 0.00 s]). No differences in physiological or metabolic responses were apparent between conditions for the 5-km time trial (p > .05). Ingesting 900 mg of NZBC extract as an acute dose improves performance in trained male runners without altering physiological or metabolic responses to exercise. Further research is needed to assess a wider range of possible mechanisms (e.g., cardiovascular function, metabolite profiles) to advance insight into improved performance following supplementation.
The Influence of Frictional Treatment and Low-Temperature Plasma Carburizing on the Structure and Phase Composition of Metastable Austenitic Steel
Authors: Savrai R. A. , Skorynina P. A. , Makarov A. V. , Men’shakov A. I. , Gaviko V. S. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The features of the structure and phase composition of corrosion-resistant austenitic chromium–nickel steel (16.80 wt % Cr, 8.44 wt % Ni) subjected to carburizing in electron beam plasma at temperatures of 350 and 500°C, frictional treatment with a sliding indenter, and a combination of frictional treatment and plasma carburizing have been considered. It has been established that plasma carburizing results in the formation of a modified surface layer consisting of carbon-saturated austenite and carbides (Cr23C6, Fe3C); in this case, the formation of γC-phase occurs only at a temperature of 350°C. The depth of a modified layer increases with an increase in the carburizing temperature. It has been shown that it is useful to perform combined frictional treatment and plasma carburizing at a carburizing temperature of 350°C, since in this case the deformation-induced structure formed as a result of frictional treatment is preserved, and the precipitated carbides remain highly dispersed. In this case, frictional treatment should provide the formation of the deepest possible diffusion-active layer with a dispersed structure.
Parental perspectives about information and deferred versus two-stage consent in studies of neonatal asphyxia
Authors: Maiwald Christian A , Rovers Charlotte , Janvier Annie , Sturm Heidrun , Michaelis Martina , Marckmann Georg , Ehni Hans-Joerg , Poets Christian F , Rüdiger Mario , Franz Axel R 
Published: August 2023

ObjectiveThe ALBINO Trial (NCT03162653) investigates effects of very early postnatal allopurinol on neurocognitive outcome following perinatal asphyxia where prenatal informed consent (IC) is impossible. Ethically and legally, waiver of consent and/or deferred consent (DC) is acceptable in such an emergency. Short oral/two-step consent (SOC, brief information and oral consent followed by IC) has recently been investigated.MethodsMixed-methods analysis of parental opinions on DC versus SOC in the context of neonatal asphyxia in a survey at two German centres. Prospective parents (ProP), parents of healthy newborns (PNeo) and parents of asphyxiated infants (PAx) born between 2006 and 2016 were invited.Results108 of 422 parents participated (ProP:43; PNeo:35; PAx:30). Most parents trusted physicians, wanted preinterventional information and agreed that in emergencies interventions should begin immediately. Intergroup and intragroup variability existed for questions about DC and SOC. In the ALBINO Trial situation, 55% preferred SOC, and 26% reported DC without information might adversely affect their trust. Only 3% reported to potentially take legal action after DC. PAx were significantly more likely to support DC. PAx more frequently expressed positive emotions and appreciation for neonatal research. In open-ended questions, parents gave many constructive recommendations.ConclusionIn this survey, parents expressed diverse opinions on consent, but the majority preferred SOC over DC. Parents who had experienced emergency admission of their asphyxiated neonates were more trusting. Obtaining parental perspectives is essential when designing studies, while being cognisant that these groups of parents may not represent the opinion of all parents.
Does prior concussion lead to biomechanical alterations associated with lateral ankle sprain and anterior cruciate ligament injury? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chou Tsung-Yeh , Huang Yu-Lun , Leung Willie , Brown Cathleen N , Kaminski Thomas W , Norcross Marc F 
Published: August 2023

ObjectiveTo determine whether individuals with a prior concussion exhibit biomechanical alterations in balance, gait and jump-landing tasks with and without cognitive demands that are associated with risk of lateral ankle sprain (LAS) and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesFive electronic databases (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, SPORTDiscus and CiNAHL) were searched in April 2023.Eligibility criteriaIncluded studies involved (1) concussed participants, (2) outcome measures of spatiotemporal, kinematic or kinetic data and (3) a comparison or the data necessary to compare biomechanical variables between individuals with and without concussion history or before and after a concussion.ResultsTwenty-seven studies were included involving 1544 participants (concussion group (n=757); non-concussion group (n=787)). Individuals with a recent concussion history (within 2 months) had decreased postural stability (g=0.34, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.49, p<0.001) and slower locomotion-related performance (g=0.26, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.41, p<0.001), both of which are associated with LAS injury risk. Furthermore, alterations in frontal plane kinetics (g=0.41, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.79, p=0.033) and sagittal plane kinematics (g=0.30, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.50, p=0.002) were observed in individuals approximately 2 years following concussion, both of which are associated with ACL injury risk. The moderator analyses indicated cognitive demands (ie, working memory, inhibitory control tasks) affected frontal plane kinematics (p=0.009), but not sagittal plane kinematics and locomotion-related performance, between the concussion and non-concussion groups.ConclusionFollowing a recent concussion, individuals display decreased postural stability and slower locomotion-related performance, both of which are associated with LAS injury risk. Moreover, individuals within 2 years following a concussion also adopt a more erect landing posture with greater knee internal adduction moment, both of which are associated with ACL injury risk. While adding cognitive demands to jump-landing tasks affected frontal plane kinematics during landing, the altered movement patterns in locomotion and sagittal plane kinematics postconcussion persisted regardless of additional cognitive demands.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021248916.
Women’s preferences for pelvic floor screening in sport and exercise: a mixed-methods study integrating survey and interview data in Australian women
Authors: Dakic Jodie G , Hay-Smith E Jean C , Lin Kuan-Yin , Cook Jill L , Frawley Helena C 
Published: August 2023

ObjectivesOne in two women experiencing pelvic floor (PF) symptoms stop playing sport or exercising. The study examines the perspective of women with PF symptoms to inform acceptable screening practices within sport and exercise settings.MethodsExplanatory, sequential, mixed-methods design. Phase 1: survey of 18–65 years, symptomatic, Australian women (n=4556). Phase 2: semistructured interviews with a subset of survey participants (n=23). Integration occurred through connection of phases (study design, sampling) and joint display of data.ResultsFindings are represented in three threads: (1) ‘women (not) telling’; a majority of women had told no-one within a sport or exercise setting about their PF symptoms due to shame/embarrassment, lack of pelvic health knowledge and not wanting to initiate the conversation, (2) ‘asking women (screening for PF symptoms)’; women endorsed including PF symptom questions within existing sport and exercise screening practices but only when conducted in a respectful and considered manner and (3) ‘creating safety’; professionals can assist women to disclose by demonstrating expertise, trustworthiness and competency. If health and exercise professionals are provided with appropriate training, they could raise pelvic health awareness and promote a supportive and safe sport and exercise culture.ConclusionWomen with PF symptoms support health and exercise professionals initiating conversations about PF health to normalise the topic, and include PF symptoms among other pre-exercise screening questions. However, women should be informed on the relevance and potential benefits of PF screening prior to commencing. Safe screening practices require building trust by providing information, gaining consent, displaying comfort and genuine interest, and being knowledgeable within one’s scope of practice to the provision of advice, exercise modifications and referral as appropriate.
Association between perinatal mortality and morbidity and customised and non-customised birthweight centiles in Denmark, Finland, Norway, Wales, and England: comparative, population based, record linkage study
Authors: Kilpi Fanny , Jones Hayley E , Magnus Maria Christine , Santorelli Gillian , Højsgaard Schmidt Lise Kristine , Urhoj Stine Kjaer , Nelson Scott M , Tuffnell Derek , French Robert , Magnus Per Minor , Nybo Andersen Anne-Marie , Martikainen Pekka , Tilling Kate , Lawlor Deborah A 
Published: August 2023

ObjectivesTo compare the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes according to infants who are born small for gestational age (SGA; <10th centile) or large for gestational age (LGA; >90th centile), as defined by birthweight centiles that are non-customised (ie, standardised by sex and gestational age only) and customised (by sex, gestational age, maternal weight, height, parity, and ethnic group).DesignComparative, population based, record linkage study with meta-analysis of results.SettingDenmark, Finland, Norway, Wales, and England (city of Bradford), 1986-2019.Participants2 129 782 infants born at term in birth registries.Main outcome measuresStillbirth, neonatal death, infant death, admission to neonatal intensive care unit, and low Apgar score (<7) at 5 minutes.ResultsRelative to those infants born average for gestational age (AGA), both SGA and LGA births were at increased risk of all five outcomes, but observed relative risks were similar irrespective of whether non-customised or customised charts were used. For example, for SGA versus AGA births, when non-customised and customised charts were used, relative risks pooled over countries were 3.60 (95% confidence interval 3.29 to 3.93) versus 3.58 (3.02 to 4.24) for stillbirth, 2.83 (2.18 to 3.67) versus 3.32 (2.05 to 5.36) for neonatal death, 2.82 (2.07 to 3.83) versus 3.17 (2.20 to 4.56) for infant death, 1.66 (1.49 to 1.86) versus 1.54 (1.30 to 1.81) for low Apgar score at 5 minutes, and (based on Bradford data only) 1.97 (1.74 to 2.22) versus 1.94 (1.70 to 2.21) for admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. The estimated sensitivity of combined SGA or LGA births to identify the three mortality outcomes ranged from 31% to 34% for non-customised charts and from 34% to 38% for customised charts, with a specificity of 82% and 80% with non-customised and customised charts, respectively.ConclusionsThese results suggest an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes of a similar magnitude among SGA or LGA term infants when customised and non-customised centiles are used. Use of customised charts for SGA/LGA births—over and above use of non-customised charts for SGA/LGA births—is unlikely to provide benefits in terms of identifying term births at risk of these outcomes.
Antenatal, intrapartum and infant azithromycin to prevent stillbirths and infant deaths: study protocol for SANTE, a 2×2 factorial randomised controlled trial in Mali
Authors: Driscoll Amanda J , Haidara Fadima Cheick , Tapia Milagritos D , Deichsel Emily L , Samake Ousmane S , Bocoum Tiecoura , Bailey Jason A , Fitzpatrick Meagan C , Goldenberg Robert L , Kodio Mamoudou , Moulton Lawrence H , Nasrin Dilruba , Onwuchekwa Uma , Shaffer Allison M , Sow Samba O , Kotloff Karen L 
Published: August 2023

IntroductionIn high mortality settings, prophylactic azithromycin has been shown to improve birth weight and gestational age at birth when administered antenatally, to reduce the incidence of neonatal infections when administered intrapartum, and to improve survival when administered in infancy. Questions remain regarding whether azithromycin can prevent stillbirths, and regarding the optimal strategy for the delivery of azithromycin to pregnant women and their infants.Methods and analysisSauver avec l’Azithromycine en Traitant les Femmes Enceintes et les Enfants (SANTE) is a 2×2 factorial, individually randomised, placebo-controlled, double-masked trial in rural Mali. The primary aims are: (1A) to assess the efficacy of antenatal and intrapartum azithromycin on a composite outcome of stillbirths and infant mortality through 6–12 months and (1B) to assess the efficacy of azithromycin administered concurrently with the first and third doses of pentavalent vaccines (Penta-1/3) on infant mortality through 6–12 months. Pregnant participants (n=49 600) and their infants are randomised 1:1:1:1 to one of four treatment arms: (1) mother and infant receive azithromycin, (2) mother and infant receive placebo, (3) mother receives azithromycin and infant receives placebo or (4) mother receives placebo and infant receives azithromycin. Pregnant participants receive three single 2 g doses: two antepartum and one intrapartum. Infants receive a single 20 mg/kg dose at the Penta-1 and 3 visits. An additional cohort of 12 000 infants is recruited at the Penta-1 visit and randomised 1:1 to receive azithromycin or placebo at the same time points. The SANTE trial will inform guidelines and policies regarding the administration of antenatal and infant azithromycin using routine healthcare delivery platforms.Ethics and disseminationThis trial was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Maryland School of Medicine (Protocol #HP-00084242) and the Faculté de Médecine et d’Odonto-Stomatologie in Mali. The findings of this trial will be published in open access peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberNCT03909737.
Prevention of maternal and neonatal death/infections with a single oral dose of azithromycin in women in labour in low-income and middle-income countries (A-PLUS): a study protocol for a multinational, randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial
Authors: Hemingway-Foday Jennifer , Tita Alan , Chomba Elwyn , Mwenechanya Musaku , Mweemba Trecious , Nolen Tracy , Lokangaka Adrien , Tshefu Kitoto Antoinette , Lomendje Gustave , Hibberd Patricia L , Patel Archana , Das Prabir Kumar , Kurhe Kunal , Goudar Shivaprasad S , Kavi Avinash , Metgud Mrityunjay , Saleem Sarah , Tikmani Shiyam S , Esamai Fabian , Nyongesa Paul , Sagwe Amos , Figueroa Lester , Mazariegos Manolo , Billah Sk Masum , Haque Rashidul , Shahjahan Siraj Md , Goldenberg Robert L , Bauserman Melissa , Bose Carl , Liechty Edward A , Ekhaguere Osayame A , Krebs Nancy F , Derman Richard , Petri William A , Koso-Thomas Marion , McClure Elizabeth , Carlo Waldemar A 
Published: August 2023

IntroductionMaternal and neonatal infections are among the most frequent causes of maternal and neonatal mortality, and current antibiotic strategies have been ineffective in preventing many of these deaths. A randomised clinical trial conducted in a single site in The Gambia showed that treatment with an oral dose of 2 g azithromycin versus placebo for all women in labour reduced certain maternal and neonatal infections. However, it is unknown if this therapy reduces maternal and neonatal sepsis and mortality. In a large, multinational randomised trial, we will evaluate the impact of azithromycin given in labour to improve maternal and newborn outcomes.Methods and analysisThis randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre clinical trial includes two primary hypotheses, one maternal and one neonatal. The maternal hypothesis is to test whether a single, prophylactic intrapartum oral dose of 2 g azithromycin given to women in labour will reduce maternal death or sepsis. The neonatal hypothesis will test whether this intervention will reduce intrapartum/neonatal death or sepsis. The intervention is a single, prophylactic intrapartum oral dose of 2 g azithromycin, compared with a single intrapartum oral dose of an identical appearing placebo. A total of 34 000 labouring women from 8 research sites in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Latin America will be randomised with a one-to-one ratio to intervention/placebo. In addition, we will assess antimicrobial resistance in a sample of women and their newborns.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol has been reviewed and ethics approval obtained from all the relevant ethical review boards at each research site. The results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed journals and national and international scientific forums.Trial registration numberNCT03871491(https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03871491?term=NCT03871491&draw=2&rank=1).