bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antimycobacterial Activity of Tuberculostatic Factor on Intracellular Bacilli
Authors: Kochan Ivan , Smith Linda 
Published: January 2023

Summary
This study demonstrated that the tuberculostatic factor of human serum cannot exert its effect on intracellular bacilli in macrophages collected from normal, tuberculin-negative guinea pigs. It was found, however, that infected, immune macrophages in the presence of tuberculostatic human serum showed significantly inhibited bacillary multiplication. Since infected, immune cells maintained in a bacillary growth-supporting medium did not inhibit the multiplication, it was concluded that the intracellular inhibition in the presence of human serum was caused by tuberculostatic factor. Once tuberculostatic factor was introduced into phagocytic cells with sensitized bacilli, inhibition took place in the absence of the antimycobacterial factor in tissue culture medium.
The results suggest that the permeability of “immune” macrophages is different from that of normal cells. This permeability of cells collected from vaccinated animals might be attributed to their state of hypersensitivity, which is triggered by the intracellular bacilli or their products.
Experimental Sensitization to Vitamin E (Tocopherol) in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Lipton Murray M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The delayed or tuberculin type of sensitization has been produced in guinea pigs (as shown by skin test) using the natural compound vitamin E (d, α-tocopherol) incorporated into complete Freund's adjuvant.
D, α-tocopherol or dl, α-tocopherol have been shown to be sensitizing when injected into the skin in quantities of 0.01 to 0.02 ml (approximately 10 to 20 mg). The skin site acts both as a sensitizing site and a skin test site on primary inoculation.
A vitamin E-like compound has been demonstrated immunologically in tubercle bacilli. This is indirectly observed by skin testing with pure α-tocopherol animals which have been injected with Freund's complete adjuvent less the tocopherol.
Although the guinea pig is constantly coming in contact by the alimentary route with tocopherol in its food, this does not desensitize the animal.
Serologic Differentiation of Trachoma Strains and Other Agents of the Psittacosis - Lymphogranuloma Venereum-Trachoma Group with the Aid of the Direct Fluorescent Antibody Method
Authors: Katzenelson E. , Bernkopf H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The serologic relationship of various strains of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum-trachoma group of agents was examined with the aid of rabbit immune sera and antigens partially purified with fluorocarbon or diethylaminoethyl cellulose. The direct fluorescent antibody technique was employed. Major sharing of antigens between trachoma and inclusion conjuctivitis (TRIC) agents and two strains of lymphogranuloma venereum was demonstrated. No cross-reactions were observed between these strains and a strain of psittacosis. By the use of cross-absorbed immune sera, a subdivision of TRIC agents was obtained according to which strains Dari and Camal, isolated in Israel, and strains Bour and T'ang fell in Group I and strains Asgh, SA-1 and G-17 in Group II. The strain of inclusion conjunctivitis IC Cal-3 showed cross-reactions with both groups of trachoma and, in addition, some specificity of its own. With the aid of cross-absorbed rabbit immune sera it was possible to group trachoma agents directly from infected yolk sac smears.
Estimation of Molecular Size of Complement Components by Sephadex Chromatography
Authors: Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The molecular weights of C′1, C′2 and C′4 (the first, second and fourth components of complement) in a number of species were estimated by studying their behavior in gel filtration. The molecular weight found for C′4 was about 180,000 and for C′2 about 150,000. C′1 is a considerably larger molecule than C′4 or C′2, for it coincided with the high molecular weight fraction obtained from serum by gel filtration. Using intermediate products and purified components of guinea pig C′, we have demonstrated the presence of C′1, C′2 and C′4 in the sera of a wide variety of mammals.
Gm Genes and γG-Globulin Synthesis in the Human Fetus
Authors: Mårtensson L. , Fudenberg H. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By means of highly specific typing systems for genetic γ-globulin factors, evidence has been obtained that the human fetus may synthesize small amounts of γG-globulin. A comparison of the Gm(a) and Gm(b) titers of cord sera with the titers of sera from adults suggests that the two genes, Gma and Gmb, do not synthesize the same relative amounts of γ-globulin at different stages of ontogenetic development. Some, but not all, of the maternal anti-Gm's that sediment as 7 S γ-globulin in density gradient experiments are also detectable in the fetal circulation.
Identification of the Species of Origin of Cells by Mixed Hemadsorption: A Mixed Antiglobulin Reaction Applied to Monolayer Cell Cultures
Authors: Espmark J. åke , Fagraeus Astrid 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The use of mixed hemadsorption for testing species identity is outlined. The test, which is essentially a mixed anti-globulin reaction, is performed directly on cell sheets in monolayer cultures. The sensitivity is high if it is assumed that the foreign cells appear in the form of colonies. The combination of the method with a disc test in pure cell cultures permits a satisfactory quantitation of titers of anti-cellular sera. Some advantages of the method are discussed.
Inhibition of the Development of Delayed Hypersensitivity by Treatment with Antiserum
Authors: Crowle Alfred J. , Hu C. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Daily i.p. injections in mice of homologous or heterologous antiserum to chicken ovalbumin performed during the period of initial sensitization specifically suppressed development and hastened waning of immediate and delayed hypersensitivities to this antigen. This suppressive effect was considerably more effective against delayed hypersensitivity than against immediate. Intensive antiserum treatments usually were employed to elicit this type of suppression, but it could be induced with as little as 1.2 µl of antiserum given in 12 daily equal aliquots, or by a single injection of nonisogenic immune lymphoid cells.
Immunologic suppression by antiserum treatments affects production of antibodies but does not interfere with the initial events of antigen recognition necessary for development of anamnestic responsiveness.
These findings indicate that although immediate and delayed hypersensitivities may be different mechanistically they cannot be considered independent of each other, for the presence or absence of one can influence development of the other. The implications of this conclusion for interpreting such general phenomena as antiseruminduced resistance to autoimmune diseases, immunologic enhancement, the pathogenesis of certain infectious diseases, tolerance and mechanisms of adjuvant activity are discussed.
Autoinhibition of Rheumatoid Factor Reactivity Demonstrated by a Block Hemagglutination Procedure
Authors: Oreskes Irwin , Plotz Charles M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Various rheumatoid factor (RF) sera were titrated with human γ-globulin (HGG) coated tanned sheep cells at six cell concentrations ranging from 0.125% to 2.0%. It was found that in 36 of 63 sera tested there was an abnormally large decrease in titer with increasing cell concentration. Double logarithmic plots of titers vs. cell concentrations were linear. While linearity with a slope of -1.0 was to be expected, it was found that these 36 sera tested yielded slopes greater than -1.0.
Addition of aggregated HGG to a -1.0 slope serum caused a rise in slope. Removal of autologous 7 S HGG, by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) column chromatography, from a high slope serum lowered the slope. Addition of 7 S HGG, prepared either from a high slope serum or from certain normal sera, to a -1.0 slope serum served to raise the slope. Partial removal of RF by adsorption of a low slope serum also caused an increased slope. Heating at 56°C for 30 min did not affect slope values.
These results suggest that the high slope effect is primarily due to autoinhibitory heat stable components present in the 7 S HGG fraction of most rheumatoid factor sera.
The Complement Fixation Reaction for Measurement of Immunogenic Antigens in Formaldehyde-Inactivated Poliomyelitis Vaccine
Authors: Macmorine H. G. , Wardlaw A. C. , Weber J. C. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method for measuring complement fixation (CF) antigens in formaldehyde-inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine has been described in detail. The antisera used were absorbed with heated polioviruses to make the test specific for the types I, II and III D-antigens. A high degree of type specificity has been demonstrated and statistical analyses have indicated that replicate assays are reproducible within narrow limits.
The ability of trace amounts of anticomplementary substances to produce significant shifts in the end point of the titration has been clearly demonstrated. The levels of these substances can be reduced by dialysis against Carbowax and by ultracentrifugation procedures which also effectively concentrate the D-antigen.
A variety of experiments were carried out, to investigate correlation between CF measurements of the D-antigen and antigenic response in chicks. These included the yield of antigen following concentration and purification of vaccines, loss of antigen during formaldehydeinactivation and loss on long term storage at refrigerator temperature. In the latter there was evidence that the loss of potency was somewhat greater when measured by chick tests than by CF but the two methods showed an encouraging degree of correlation. It is suggested that CF testing with anti-D sera can provide useful data for accurate standardization of poliomyelitis vaccines.
Studies on the Interrelationship of Cold Environment, Immunity and Resistance to Infection
Authors: Northey William T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunochemical studies were conducted on sera from rabbits to investigate the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the immune response under conditions of “hypothermia.” Rabbits have been subjected to lowered environmental temperature (4°C), shaved of their pelage and immunized with various protein antigens. Sera representing different antigens and conditions of cold exposure which were obtained from varying periods during each of the studies have been qualitatively assayed for antibody response by Ouchterlony gel diffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, starch gel electrophoresis and paper electrophoresis. Quantitative analyses included “ring” precipitin titrations, quantitative gel diffusion analysis and microquantitative precipitin analysis. In all of the studies the responses of the “cold exposed” animals have been compared with those of non-cold exposed animals treated in an identical manner, except for maintenance of the lower environmental temperature.
An evaluation of the data concerning the effect of “cold exposure” on the antibody response indicates that any “differences” attributable to “cold” per se from both the qualitative and quantitative aspects are of insufficient magnitude to indicate that cold exposure appreciably affects the antibody response of rabbits.
Agglutination of Latex Particles without Antigen Adsorption
Authors: Donaldson Paul , Pennington Karen 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Latex particles were agglutinated during combination of antiserum with antigen in circumstances inhibiting detectable adsorption of the antigen. Antigen adsorption was inhibited by proportionate excesses of protein not involved in the antigen-antibody reaction. Evidence for the adsorption of measurable amounts of antigen-antibody complexes in association with agglutination of the latex particles for conditions suppressing antigen adsorption was not obtained.
Biological Activities of Aggregated γ-Globulin
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Banovitz Jay 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The minimum size of nonspecifically aggregated rabbit γ-globulin having skin reactivity and C′-fixing properties was studied. The results indicated that 9.2 to 9.6 S component in normal and biphenylene azo-RGG preparations had both activities, whereas nonaggregated γ-globulin of 6.6 S did not have either activity. The C′-fixing activity of the 9.6 S component was less than that associated with aggregates larger than this component. The smallest aggregate of piece III of the γ-globulin having both activities was comparable to or slightly smaller than 7 S γ-globulin. The results suggested that induction of these biologic activities was associated with dimerization of γ-globulin or piece III.
Antibodies Produced by Guinea Pigs Infected with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Authors: Cowan K. M. , Trautman R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Guinea pigs infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus produced 19 S-γ1 antibodies that were detected by agar gel precipitin tests at the 4th day following inoculation. This antibody type persisted for a short time and was not detectable by precipitin tests after 15 days. The 19 S antibody neutralized virus, adsorbed firmly to diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose, passed rapidly through Sephadex G-200, but did not fix complement. About 10 days following infection, 7 S-γ2 antibody was demonstrable and persisted. It neutralized virus, precipitated in agar gel tests, fixed complement, bound weakly to DEAE-cellulose, and passed more slowly through Sephadex G-200 than 19 S antibody.
The ultracentrifugal separation of 7 S and 19 S classes of antibody was done in an angle rotor using a KBr-NaNO3 gradient. This procedure made it possible to run as much as 1.0 ml of undiluted serum/tube.
Use of Mouse Serum in Identification and Serologic Classification of Rickettsia Akari and Rickettsia Australis
Authors: Pickens E. G. , Bell E. J. , Lackman D. B. , Burgdorfer W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Following infection with R. akari or R. australis, Swiss mice developed species-specific antibody which, unlike guinea pig convalescent sera, did not fix complement with the soluble, cross-reacting antigen of heterologous rickettsias of the spotted fever group. The EM rickettsia, a newly described agent recovered from ticks from eastern Montana, also produced highly specific CF antibody in mice. Cross-reactions were not observed between the EM agent and any of the members of the spotted fever group tested. Species-specific antibody was produced in mice by other agents of the group, i.e., R. rickettsi, R. conori and R. siberica. Yet, because of the extremely large dose of these rickettsias required and the erratic results obtained, these studies are regarded as preliminary only. Toxin-neutralizing, but not CF, antibody could be detected in sera of mice inoculated with relatively low doses of live or inactivated R. rickettsi.
Relation of Antibody Titer to Persistence of Antigen
Authors: Richter Maxwell , Zimmerman Sarah , Haurowitz Felix 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibody titer in the serum of rabbits injected with bovine serum albumin or ovalbumin was determined over a period of 1 to 2 years. The decrease in antibody titer, several months after the last injection, parallels in general the decrease in the amount of persisting antigen.
The Radioisotope Precipitation Test for Study of Q Fever Antibodies in Human and Animal Sera
Authors: Tabert Gayle G. , Lackman David B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The radioisotope precipitation test (RIPT) for measuring Q fever antigen-antibody reactions was used to examine various groups of human and animal sera. The specificity of the RIPT was determined by testing sera of Alaskan natives from Q fever-free areas, prevaccination sera from Q fever vaccination experiments in man and four sera from an egg-sensitive person. Only two of the sera from persons in the Alaskan group, one of whom had a strongly positive skin test, were RIPT positive. Only four of the 173 prevaccination sera were RIPT positive and no reaction was noted with the sera from an eggsensitive person. Results on the vaccine groups and those groups occupationally exposed demonstrated that the sensitivity of the RIPT is much greater in man than the complement fixation or capillary agglutination tests. The finding that there are so few cases of Q fever among exposed persons may be partly explained by the high percentage already having antibody detectable by the RIPT.
The test was further applied to cattle, guinea pig and mouse sera but the increased sensitivity observed with human sera was not present with animal sera although it could be used for testing them.
Natural Resistance of Germ-Free Mice and Colostrum-Deprived Piglets to Group A Streptococci
Authors: Stollerman Gene H. , Ekstedt Richard D. , Cohen Irun R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study was made of the resistance of germfree and conventional mice to direct challenge with Group A streptococci of graded virulence. Germ-free and conventional mice were highly, and equally, resistant to nonencapsulated strains of Group A streptococci lacking M protein. Greater susceptibility of germ-free mice could be demonstrated only with Group A strains containing both M protein and capsules. This difference could be abolished by a globulin fraction of normal mouse serum but not by normal mouse γ-globulin or by homologous type-specific antiserum.
In vitro studies with bloods of germ-free mice and colostrum-deprived piglets provided additional evidence that phagocytosis of avirulent Group A streptococci required little, if any, specific antibodies. Bloods from these animals phagocytized and destroyed streptococci as readily as did their conventional counterparts. Thermolabile opsonins against avirulent Group A streptococci were readily demonstrable in the blood of colostrum-deprived piglets, whose serum contains only minute amounts of γ-globulin. Absorption of the sera of these animals at low temperatures with large amounts of homologous streptococci resulted in some decrease in opsonization, but considerable residual phagocytosis was apparent. The leukocytes of colostrum-deprived, and of colostrum-fed, animals were equally capable of phagocytizing and destroying Group A streptococci in the presence or absence of specific opsonins.
The Role of Collagen in the Induction of Flea Bite Hypersensitivity
Authors: Michaeli D. , Benjamini E. , de Buren F. P. , Larrivee D. H. , Feingold B. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Salt-soluble and acid-soluble collagens were isolated from guinea pig skin following bites of fleas, and were shown to possess the capacity to induce flea bite hypersensitivity upon injection into recipient guinea pigs. Less salt-soluble collagen was required for induction of sensitivity than was acid-soluble collagen. Flea hapten associated with salt-soluble collagen did not hinder the latter's in vitro reconstitution. The in vitro reconstituted product served as a better carrier for the hapten than the nonreconstituted form.
Antigenic Differentiation of Polioviruses by Absorbed Hyperimmune Sera
Authors: Eylan E. , Fogel A. , Dukler R. , Rannon L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibody absorption method for the preparation of highly specific antisera against Type I vaccine and virulent strains has been applied in an epidemiologic study.
A total of 119 Type I polioviruses isolated in Israel during a 3-year period were tested for their antigenic relationship to LSc-2ab virus. All isolates from the prevaccination period were different from the vaccine, enabling identification of strains from these groups by antigenic marker. Strains excreted by vaccinated children early after feeding (1 week) were also clearly classified, in this case as vaccine-like. In viruses excreted by vaccinated children in later periods after feeding, antigenic change, observed also by other authors, was confirmed by the antibody absorption method. The greater sensitivity of this method is emphasized.
Studies of Herpes Simplex Virus by the Gel Diffusion Technique
Authors: Tokumaru Tadasu 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Herpes simplex virus obtained from infected rabbit kidney cell tissue cultures contained high titers of precipitating antigens, which proved suitable for use in a diagnostic test for precipitins in primary and recurrent herpes infections. The use of this test in the screening of the sera of 671 persons has provided valuable information regarding human precipitins, particularly with respect to the existence of wide variations in the antigen-antibody systems involved. The precipitin tests used in these studies should be of value for the detection of infections in patients with passively acquired circulating antibodies. A high incidence of primary and recurrent herpes simplex virus infections of the upper respiratory tract were observed in the present study.
Kinetics of the Bactericidal Action of Normal Serum on Gram-Negative Bacteria
Authors: Davis Starkey D. , Wedgwood Ralph J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The kinetics of the bactericidal action of serum upon Gram-negative organisms was studied with a viable plate count assay. This was found to be a first-order reaction consisting of a definite lag period followed by killing at a constant logarithmic rate. The Q10 of this reaction was about 2. The lag phase probably represents the time required for the formation of intermediate products. The bactericidal reaction was markedly affected by bacterial growth phase. Bacteria in the resting state were resistant to serum, and bacteria in the rapid growth phase were sensitive to serum. In addition, the culture temperature was found to markedly affect the subsequent bactericidal reaction. Bacteria cultured at 37°C were less sensitive to killing at 27°C than those originally cultured at 27°C.
Chromatographic Purification of Tetramethylrhodamine-Immune Globulin Conjugates and Their Use in the Cellular Localization of Rabbit γ-Globulin Polypeptide Chains
Authors: Cebra John J. , Goldstein Gerald 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbit spleen imprints were double stained with pairs of fluorescein and tetramethylrhodamine conjugates derived from the following goat reagent globulins: anti-Fragment III (anti-γG heavy chain), anti-light chain and anti-Fragment I. To obtain specific staining of the component chains of rabbit immunoglobulin it was necessary to develop procedures for the chromatographic fractionation of tetramethylrhodamine-immune globulin conjugate to supplement existing procedures for the preparation of specific staining fluorescein-conjugates. Bright specific staining could be obtained using the subfractionated conjugates at concentrations as low as 32 to 43 µg of antibody/ml. A series of simple Kodak Wratten filters, K2, 23A and 57A, were used to differentiate between singly and doubly stained fluorescent cells. These filters permitted detection and proper classification of fluorescent cells even when the optimal ratio of reagent concentrations was varied over a 16-fold range. Staining with anti-light chain and anti-III, conjugated with contrasting fluorochromes, resulted in double labeling of 63 to 78% of all fluorescent cells. These cells presumably contained all component chains of γG-globulin. A distinct minority of the fluorescent cells, 21 to 34% of the population, stained only with the anti-light chain reagent. A similar class of cells, comprising 14 to 26% of all fluorescent cells, stained only with the anti-I reagent when it was used as a counterstain with anti-III reagent. Anti-light chain reagents detected more immunoglobulin-containing cells than did anti-I reagents. Double staining with anti-I and anti-light chain, conjugated with contrasting fluorochromes, yielded 63 to 85% doubly stained cells, 15 to 32% of cells stained with the anti-light chain alone, and 0 to 10% of cells stained with anti-I alone.