bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of different storage media on Vickers hardness and surface roughness of CAD/CAM resin composites
Authors: Fuchs Florian , Schmidtke Julius , Hahnel Sebastian , Koenig Andreas 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Introduction
This study examined Vickers hardness as well as surface characteristics of different computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) resin composites prior to and after storage in various media.

Materials and methods
CAD/CAM resin composite blocks (Grandio Blocs (GB), Lava Ultimate (LU), Brilliant Crios (BC), Cerasmart (GC), Shofu Block HC (SB), Tetric CAD (TC), Luxacam Composite (LC); incl. different translucency variants) were prepared, polished and surface free energy was determined. The specimens were divided into four groups: dry conditions for 24 h (25 °C), demineralized water (37 °C), Pepsi Cola (37 °C) and 75% ethanol (37 °C). After seven and 28 days of storage, Vickers hardness was determined. Surface roughness was measured after the entire storage period.

Results and discussion
Vickers hardness was in the range of about 150 HV for GB, around 115 HV for LU, and 80–100 HV for BC, GC, SB, TC and LC. Only minor differences (total: 50.2 (6.4)–56.2 (3.2) mN/m) in surface free energy could be detected. No relationship was observed between surface free energy and filler content. However, a correlation between filler content and Vickers hardness was evident. Artificial aging caused a decrease of Vickers hardness (up to −40 HV or 35%) depending on storage media, duration and material. The changes in surface texture after immersion in different media were below a value of ΔSa = 0.015 µm.

Conclusion
Artificial aging of CAD/CAM resin composites leads to a significant decrease of Vickers hardness for most materials, while only small changes in surface roughness were identified.

Graphical Abstract
The In-Vitro Effect of Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Fluoride Release and Microhardness of a Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement
Authors: AlMatar Dalal , AlSanousi Shaikha , Ahmed Jasim , Saad Bin Qasim Syed 
Published: March 2023

AbstractReinforcement of nanoparticles into existing restorative biomaterials in dentistry is an area of interest. The aim of the current investigation was to incorporate silver nanoparticles (SNP) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONP) into a commercially available resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). Their effects on the fluoride (F-) release from RMGIC were also investigated over a period of 14-days. Nanoparticles were incorporated at a loading concentration of 5 wt%, either individually or in a combination of both. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Nanocomputerized tomography (NanoCT), and the Vickers microhardness tester were used to examine the specimens. The fluoride release was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Data were analysed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test. RMGIC containing 5% ZnONP and 5% SNP + 5% ZnONP showed significant alterations in the surface ultrastructure with pores being evident in the surface. Fluoride release in parts per million (ppm) was highest in the 5% SNP and 5% ZnO-NP incorporated RMGIC compared to the control group and 5% SNP-incorporated RMGIC. RMGIC, as well as change in color observed in the 5% SNP incorporated RMGIC.
Instructional design of virtual patients in dental education through a 4C/ID lens: a narrative review
Authors: Janesarvatan Fatemeh , Van Rosmalen Peter 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAlthough VPs have been applied in various medical and dental education programmes, it remains uncertain whether their design was based on specific instructional design (ID) principles, and therefore, how to improve on them. In this study, we evaluated the extent to which ID principles have played a role in the development of VPs for clinical skills training purposes in dental education. First, as frame of reference we mapped key ID principles identified in VPs and medical simulations on the widely used four-component instructional design (4C/ID) model. Next, a literature search was conducted using Libsearch, a single search tool accessing databases such as MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, ERIC, PsycInfo and Scopus. Following the PRISMA framework for systematic reviews, we selected 21 studies that used screen-based VP simulations for undergraduate dental students. The data analysis consisted of a review of each study analysing the key instructional design features connected to the components of the 4C/ID model. Overall, the results indicate that a structured approach to the design and implementation of VPs likely will have a positive effect on their use. While some ID-principles are shared such as the importance of clinical task variation to improving the transfer of learning. Others, however, such as the choice of learning mode or the use of cognitive feedback are ambiguous. Given its impact on students’ ability to establish effective cognitive schemas and the option to compare and study designs we recommend a more rigorous approach such as 4C/ID for the design of VPs.
Integrated Influence Zone Calculation Method for the Existing Metro Tunnel Under the Influence of Adjacent Construction
Authors: Han Yuzhen , Nie Xiaofan , Chen Xiangsheng 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAdjacent construction around metro tunnels is a common situation in urban cities, which usually leads to the disturbance of surrounding soils and existing tunnels. Based on the influence zone theory, construction risks can be described in a graded manner. However, the calculation of the influence zone in existing research is mostly based on a single indicator, which is difficult to adapt to the increasingly stringent requirements of real projects. To address this limitation, a normalized method for the influence function and a weighted combination method for multi-indicators were proposed. These methods can combine any number of indicators to obtain an integrated result of the influence zone, facilitating direct guidance of engineering. Based on a case study of the Metro construction in Qingdao, a series of numerical simulations and calculations of the integrated influence zone was carried out. The results show that the shape of the integrated influence zone in this case is a necked bottle, i.e., the new tunnel causes a greater influence when it is below the existing tunnel. The change of soil layer and the weight of indicators both play important roles on the shape of the influence zone. The relevant conclusions and methods provide a basis for the safety assessment of similar projects.
Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Expanded Inside the Nichoid Micro-Scaffold: a Focus on Anti-Inflammatory Response
Authors: Barzaghini Bianca , Carelli Stephana , Messa Letizia , Rey Federica , Avanzini Maria Antonietta , Jacchetti Emanuela , Maghraby Erika , Berardo Clarissa , Zuccotti Gianvincenzo , Raimondi Manuela Teresa , Cereda Cristina , Calcaterra Valeria , Pelizzo Gloria 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Purpose
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising source for stem cell therapies in numerous diseases, including pediatric respiratory system diseases. Characterized by low immunogenicity, high anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory features, MSCs demonstrated an excellent therapeutic profile in numerous in vitro and preclinical models. MSCs reside in a specialized physiologic microenvironment, characterized by a unique combination of biophysical, biochemical, and cellular properties. The exploitation of the 3D micro-scaffold Nichoid, which simulates the native niche, enhanced the anti-inflammatory potential of stem cells through mechanical stimulation only, overcoming the limitation of biochemical and xenogenic growth factors application.

Materials and Methods
In this work, we expanded pediatric bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs) inside the Nichoid and performed a complete cellular characterization with different approaches including viability assays, immunofluorescence analyses, RNA sequencing, and gene expression analysis.

Results
We demonstrated that BM-MSCs inside the scaffold remain in a stem cell quiescent state mimicking the condition of the in vivo environment. Moreover, the gene expression profile of these cells shows a significant up-regulation of genes involved in immune response when compared with the flat control.

Conclusion
The significant changes in the expression profile of anti-inflammatory genes could potentiate the therapeutic effect of BM-MSCs, encouraging the possible clinical translation for the treatment of pediatric congenital and acquired pulmonary disorders, including post-COVID lung manifestations.

Lay Summary
Regenerative medicine is the research field integrating medicine, biology, and biomedical engineering. In this context, stem cells, which are a fundamental cell source able to regenerate tissues and restore damage in the body, are the key component for a regenerative therapeutic approach. When expanded outside the body, stem cells tend to differentiate spontaneously and lose regenerative potential due to external stimuli. For this reason, we exploit the scaffold named Nichoid, which mimics the in vivo cell niche architecture. In this scaffold, mesenchymal stem cells “feel at home” due to the three-dimensional mechanical stimuli, and our findings could be considered as an innovative culture system for the in vitro expansion of stem cells for clinical translation.

Future Perspective
The increasing demand of safe and effective cell therapies projects our findings toward the possibility of improving cell therapies based on the use of BM-MSCs, particularly for their clinical translation in lung diseases.

Graphical Abstract
Mechanical behavior of coal under true triaxial loading test connecting the effect of excavation- and mining-induced disturbances
Authors: Gao Mingzhong , Zhou Xuemin , Wang Xuan , Xie Jing , Wang Chen , Zhang Qi , Lv Heqiang , Guo Chenchen 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In order to understand the mechanical behavior of a stope and analyse the stress conditions of surrounding rocks after ventilation shaft excavation and the abutment stresses of the top coal mining layout. In situ uniaxial stress monitoring tests were performed to understand the field abutment pressure evolution. Furthermore, the variation of the stress concentration factor was studied using the Tongxin Mine 8309 mining face of the TongMei Group, China, as a case study. A loading model of coal rock under excavation- and mining-induced disturbances was proposed, and the stress path and experimental method were designed to investigate the high excavation-damaged zone (HDZ), excavation-damaged zone (EDZ), and undisturbed zone (UZ). Moreover, the mechanical characteristics and failure characteristics of coal rock in different zones under site disturbance were obtained and the mesoscopic analysis is carried out by acoustic emission test. The results indicated that the strengths of the UZ, EDZ, and HDZ samples declined gradually. The volume of the UZ sample continuously expanded. However, the volumes of the EDZ and HDZ samples were compressed first and then expanded. Furthermore, the shear bands presented in all three samples resulted in failure. The cubic triaxial tests performed without considering mining-induced pressure produced higher strengths and less damage compared with the results of the true triaxial tests. The stress path used in the laboratory with the mining-induced stress throughout the stope could optimally reproduce the in situ mining process, which is significantly safe and efficient for the mining of deep resources.
Challenges and opportunities in the implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship program in Nepal
Authors: Khanal Sushil , Acharya Upasana , Trotter Andrew B. , Tripathi Prashant , Koirala Sabin , Pahari Bishnu , Acharya Subhash P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) continues to be a serious global public issue. Unnecessary and inappropriate use of antimicrobials has been identified as a major contributing factor for AMR. Implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) is valued as a key strategy to combat AMR. Although ASP is a key intervention to improve appropriate use of antibiotics, there is limited experience and research to describe its implementation in low-income countries such as Nepal. Grande International Hospital (GIH) is the first health organization in Nepal to implement and sustain a multidisciplinary ASP and infection control program. Challenges faced in implementing ASP include lack of acceptance from physicians, lack of knowledge regarding antibiotic prescribing, lack of staff for ASP activities, limitations in diagnostic testing to inform ASP, and limitations in antibiotic choice due to antibiotic unavailability. Our ASP includes the following components: an ASP committee, an antibiotic prescribing reference guide with dosage recommendations, inpatient formulary restriction system, educational outreach and programming for physicians and other stakeholders, and periodic review and revision of the program and reference guide. The ASP provided opportunities to address several knowledge gaps across our healthcare institution including improved knowledge and competency regarding rational use of antibiotics, access to quality medicines and better care to patients. It is our hope that, by describing the challenges and opportunities we experienced while implementing our ASP, we can support and encourage other institutions to adapt and implement ASPs in Nepal and other resource-limited settings.
Internal and External Paternalism
Authors: Ben-Moshe Nir 
Published: March 2023

AbstractI introduce a new distinction between two types of paternalism, which I call ‘internal’ and ‘external’ paternalism. The distinction pertains to the question of whether the paternalized subject’s current evaluative judgments are mistaken relative to a standard of correctness that is internal to her evaluative point of view—which includes her ‘true’ or ‘ideal’ self—as opposed to one that is wholly external. I argue that this distinction has important implications for (a) the distinction between weak and strong paternalism; (b) the distinction between soft and hard paternalism; and (c) medical practice, where internal paternalism can, and probably often does, occur.
Lessons Learned: Community Engagement in Emergencies in Puerto Rico
Authors: Lafarga Previdi Irene , Vélez Vega Carmen M. , Guzzi Vasques Ana C. , Fernández Repollet Emma , Torres Zayas Héctor R. , Alshawabkeh Akram , Cordero José F. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Objective:
To describe the importance of community engagement from research projects and research centers in times of disasters or emergencies, using the case of Puerto Rico in recent years (2017 - 2022) as an example.

Methods:
First, research participants and stakeholders from local community and health organizations were contacted via email and phone calls after each emergency to assess their immediate needs. Second, needs were classified in categories (materials, educational resources, service referrals, and collaborations). Finally, delivery of support was coordinated in a timely manner whether in person or online.

Results:
Activities were conducted such as handing out materials, providing educational resources, contacting participants, and stakeholders, as well as coordinating collaboration with community and organizations.

Conclusion:
Several lessons were learned from our experiences related to Puerto Rico’s recent emergencies as well as some relevant recommendations for future disasters. The efforts presented illustrate the importance of community engagement from academic institutions in disasters. Research centers and research projects, particularly those with community engagement components, should consider providing support in the preparedness phase as well as the recovery phase if necessary. Community engagement in emergencies is crucial to recovery efforts as well as fostering empowerment and making an impact on individual and societal levels.
Microbiota and probiotics: chances and challenges – a symposium report
Authors: Ruxton Carrie Helen Stevenson , Kajita Chiyuki , Rocca Paola , Pot Bruno 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The 10th International Yakult Symposium was held in Milan, Italy, on 13–14 October 2022. Two keynote lectures covered the crewed journey to space and its implications for the human microbiome, and how current regulatory systems can be adapted and updated to ensure the safety of microorganisms used as probiotics or food processing ingredients. The remaining lectures were split into sections entitled “Chances” and “Challenges.” The “Chances” section explored opportunities for the science of probiotics and fermented foods to contribute to diverse areas of health such as irritable bowel syndrome, major depression, Parkinson’s disease, immune dysfunction, infant colic, intensive care, respiratory infections, and promoting healthy longevity. The “Challenges” section included selecting appropriate clinical trial participants and methodologies to minimise heterogeneity in responses, how to view probiotics in the context of One Health, adapting regulatory frameworks, and understanding how substances of bacterial origin can cross the blood–brain barrier. The symposium provided evidence from cutting-edge research that gut eubiosis is vital for human health and, like space, the microbiota deserves further exploration of its vast potential.
Nationalist Memory Narratives and the Politics of History in Ukraine since the 1990s
Authors: Kasianov Georgiy 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis essay focuses on analyzing the history of the evolution of the nationalist memory narrative in recent memory politics in Ukraine. It observes the political rehabilitation of the radical nationalist movement and its leaders and organizations, followed by public recognition and glorification, and the evolution of this memory narrative since the beginning of the 1990s from local memory to the centerpiece of the state politics of memory. This article examines the memorialization and commemoration of the nationalist movement at regional and national levels (sites of memory, memorial dates, renaming of topographical objects, movies, TV series, etc.), policies aimed at the promotion of the nationalist historical myth, political controversies, roles of major actors, public debates on these issues, societal responses, and international disputes.
Evaluation of the overall fuel mass penalty of an aircraft system
Authors: Le Claire R. 
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this note is:
(a)to provide a method for evaluating the fuel mass penalty incurred in flight after fitment of a system to an aircraft. The method relies only on a limited number of parameters and should prove particularly useful in the early design stages of a new project.(b)to show the relative importance of the parameters involved, in particular the relationship between the fuel penalty due to system basic mass and that due to system drag (other than mass drag) which, depending on the flight conditions, could be significant or even greater.
The Common Market and the Regulation of Air Transport
Authors: Allott P. J. 
Published: March 2023

The EEC Treaty gives a good deal of prominence to transport policy. Among the activities of the Community specifically listed in Article 3 is Article 3(e)—‘the adoption of a common policy in the sphere of transport’.There is a whole Title devoted to it, consisting of 11 articles (Articles 74-84), and the title is included in Part Two of the Treaty which is entitled ‘Foundations of the Community’. Yet on 5th June 1973, speaking in the European Parliament, the Commissioner responsible for transport (Mr. Scarascia Mugnozza) said:‘… without wishing to detract from the progress already achieved, particularly when it is viewed in relation to existing difficulties, we must nevertheless frankly and objectively admit that very few of the aims of the common transport policy have been achieved.’
The balance of time and cost
Authors: Brown D. G. 
Published: March 2023

During the preparation of this paper within the present stringent financial climate in the industry I have been deeply conscious of time and cost, since it is much more difficult these days to give the time and also to justify the cost of an activity of this nature.Initially it was intended to examine the contribution of the aircraft designer to the improvement of those phases of the total journey over which the designer could have a direct influence. However, the organising committee had other thoughts and has requested that I should point up those aspects where, despite the efforts of the aircraft manufacturers to improve their product by reducing airborne times and real costs, many of the resulting benefits appear to have been frittered away and lost within the surface phases of the total system.
A note on fully developed turbulent flow down a circular pipe
Authors: Patel Rajni P. 
Published: March 2023

This investigation originated when some difficulties were experienced in establishing good flow conditions in a circular pipe to study the effects of longitudinal cooling on slanted hot-wires.In the past many investigators have presented results on turbulent flow through pipes and it is now generally assumed that this flow field is known in sufficient detail. For example, Schlichting has given a through description of the mean velocity distribution for turbulent flow through pipes based on the experimental results of Nikuradse. On the other hand Townsend describes the structure of the flow based on the results of Laufer. Although the investigation of Nikuradse and Laufer are classical works there appears to be some uncertainty in whether or not their turbulent flows down pipes were really fully developed.
The operation of the Bell 212 under instrument flight rules
Authors: Ginn M. C. 
Published: March 2023

It is my very great honour to be asked as an operator to cover the Bell 212s part in the story of IFR operation of medium helicopters.None of us should forget that two great British companies have for years been blazing a trail in the IFR operation of two helicopters, the S-61 and the Wessex 60, and I can only assume that it was because Irish Helicopters was, I understand, the first operator to put the CAA approved Bell 212/IFR into operation that the privilege of giving this talk has come my way, and I speak humbly and mindful of the invaluable efforts of others before us.
The evolution of army aviation
Authors: Richardson T. A. 
Published: March 2023

The important thing in the land battle is to overpower your opponent by out-manoeuvring him and then hitting him with all the weapons at your disposal. Clubs, swords, spears, brickbats and arrows, or rifles, machine guns and artillery or nuclear, chemical and guided weapons, the principles are the same:(a) Seek the enemy out.(b) Move into position.(c) Destroy him in battle.The first task is therefore surveillance and target acquisition. This is a task which requires a soldier to get into a position to observe and discover where your enemy is and what he is doing. Most sensible enemies hide behind hills to keep out of harm's way, in order to conceal their future intentions. Therefore one of our basic problems is to find out what goes on behind the hill.
Concorde and safety: design, testing and certification
Authors: Chevalier R. 
Published: March 2023

For the engineer, the “Concorde challenge” could be defined as follows:A passenger carrying aircraft twice as fast as the existing aircraft and at least as safe.When the jets came out 20 years ago, there was a sudden increase of the speeds used up to then, but their envelope stopped at the limit where the difficulties associated with very high speeds start