bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the role of composition and mass loading on the properties of hadronic jets
Authors: Kantzas D , Markoff S , Lucchini M , Ceccobello C , Chatterjee K 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACTAstrophysical jets are relativistic outflows that remain collimated for remarkably many orders of magnitude. Despite decades of research, the origin of cosmic rays (CRs) remains unclear, but jets launched by both supermassive black holes in the centre of galaxies and stellar-mass black holes harboured in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) are among the candidate sources for CR acceleration. When CRs accelerate in astrophysical jets, they initiate particle cascades that form γ-rays and neutrinos. In the so-called hadronic scenario, the population of accelerated CRs requires a significant amount of energy to properly explain the spectral constraints, similarly to a purely leptonic scenario. The amount of energy required often exceeds the Eddington limit or even the total energy available within the jets. The exact energy source for the accelerated protons is unclear, but due to energy conservation along the jets, it is believed to come from the jet itself via transfer of energy from the magnetic fields or kinetic energy from the outflow. To address this hadronic energy issue and to self-consistently evolve the energy flux along the flows, we explore a novel treatment for including hadronic content, in which instabilities along the jet/wind border play a critical role. We discuss the impact of the different jet compositions on the jet dynamics for a pair dominated and an electron-proton jet and, consequently, the emitted spectrum, accounting for both leptonic and hadronic processes. Finally, we discuss the implications of this mass-loading scenario to address the proton energy issue.
Simulating a full-sky high resolution Galactic synchrotron spectral index map using neural networks
Authors: Irfan Melis O 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT
We present a model for the full-sky diffuse Galactic synchrotron spectral index with an appropriate level of spatial structure for a resolution of 56 arcmin (to match the resolution of the Haslam 408 MHz data). Observational data at 408 MHz and 23 GHz have been used to provide spectral indices at a resolution of 5 degrees. In this work, we make use of convolutional neural networks to provide a realistic proxy for the higher resolution information, in place of the genuine structure. Our deep learning algorithm has been trained using 14.4 arcmin observational data from the 1.4 GHz Parkes radio continuum survey. We compare synchrotron emission maps constructed by extrapolating the Haslam data using various spectral index maps, of different angular resolution, with the Global Sky Model. We add these foreground maps to a total emission model for a 21-cm intensity mapping experiment, then attempt to remove the foregrounds. The different models all display different spectral or spatial behaviour and so each provide a useful and different tool to the community for testing component separation techniques. We find that for an experiment operating using a cosine aperture taper beam with a primary full width at half maximum between 1.1 and 1.6 degrees, and the principal component analysis technique of foreground removal, there is a discernible difference between synchrotron spectral index models with a resolution larger than 5 degrees but that no greater resolution than 5 degrees is required.
Dwarf AGNs from variability for the origins of seeds (DAVOS): optical variability of broad-line dwarf AGNs from the zwicky transient facility
Authors: Wang Z Franklin , Burke Colin J , Liu Xin , Shen Yue 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT
We study the optical variability of a sample of candidate low-mass (dwarf and Seyfert) active galactic nuclei (AGNs) using Zwicky Transient Facility g-band light curves. Our sample is compiled from broad-line AGNs in dwarf galaxies reported in the literature with single-epoch virial black hole (BH) masses in the range MBH ∼ 104–108 M⊙. We measure the characteristic ‘damping’ time-scale of the optical variability τDRW, beyond which the power spectral density flattens, of a final sample of 79 candidate low-mass AGNs with high-quality light curves. Our results provide further confirmation of the MBH–τDRW relation from previous work within 1σ agreement, adding 78 new low-mass AGNs to the relation. The agreement suggests that the virial BH mass estimates for these AGNs are generally reasonable. We expect that the optical light curve of an accreting intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH) to vary with a rest-frame damping time-scale of ∼tens of hours, which could enable detection and direct mass estimation of accreting IMBHs in wide-field time-domain imaging surveys with sufficient cadence like with the Vera C. Rubin Observatory.
Toxic inhalation of sodium metabisulphite by-products from a shipping container
Authors: Sack C , Reeb-Whitaker C K , Todorov D , Darby P S 
Published: February 2023

Summary
Logistics workers who handle cargo containers are at risk of toxic inhalation injuries, although prevalence and severities of these injuries are not well characterized. We report on a previously healthy 37-year-old supervisor who was acutely exposed to sodium metabisulphite and its thermal degradation by-products during a routine inspection of a shipping container. The employee developed chemical pneumonitis with acute non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema and subsequent severe reactive airway dysfunction syndrome.
Clinical Features, Treatment, and Outcome of Psittacosis Pneumonia: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Ni Yueyan , Zhong Huanhuan , Gu Yu , Liu Li , Zhang Qiang , Wang Li , Wan Bing , Chen Shi , Cao Min , Xu Jin , Chen Cheng , Chen Yanbin , Sun Siqing , Ji Lei , Sun Wenkui , Wang Cheng , Yang Jian , Lu Xin , Shi Bin , Feng Chunlai , Su Xin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
We aimed to describe psittacosis pneumonia and risk factors for developing severe pneumonia in this multicenter clinical study.

Methods
We collected the data of psittacosis pneumonia cases diagnosed with metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) assay from April 2018 to April 2022 in 15 tertiary hospitals in China.

Results
A total of 122 patients were enrolled; 50.0% had a definite history of bird exposure. In 81.2% of cases, onset happened in autumn or winter. The common symptoms were fever (99.2%), cough (63.1%), fatigue (52.5%), shortness of breath (50.0%), chills (37.7%), central nervous system symptoms (36.9%), myalgia (29.5%), and gastrointestinal tract symptoms (15.6%). Laboratory tests showed that &gt;70% of cases had elevated C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase, and &gt;50% had hyponatremia and hypoproteinemia. The most common imaging finding was consolidation (71.3%), and 42.6% of cases met the criteria for severe pneumonia. Age &gt;65 years and male sex were the risk factors for severe pneumonia. The effective proportion of patients treated with tetracyclines was higher than that of fluoroquinolones (66/69 [95.7%] vs 18/58 [31.0%]; P &lt; .001), and the median defervescence time was shorter. After medication adjustment when the diagnosis was clarified, 119 of 122 (97.5%) patients were finally cured and the other 3 (2.5%) died.

Conclusions
Psittacosis pneumonia has a high rate of severe disease. Proven diagnosis could be rapidly confirmed by mNGS. Tetracycline therapy had a rapid effect and a high cure rate.
Machines in the Hands of Capitalists: Power and Profit in Late Eighteenth-Century Cornish Copper Mines
Authors: O’Sullivan Mary 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the inaugural issue of Past and Present, Eric Hobsbawm cautioned historians against the assumption that a capitalist economy has an inherent tendency to cost-saving and technological innovation, emphasizing that ‘It has a bias only towards profit’. Inspired by Hobsbawm, this article shows how a history of profit can elucidate the economic and social history of machines. Beginning with miners’ protests at the stoppage of Boulton & Watt steam engines in Cornish copper mines in the late 1780s, it shows that these engines’ implications for the people who invested in, and worked, the mines were conditioned by a complex relationship between profit and power: mechanical power, which was crucial to the mining of copper and the costs of its production; imperial power, given fluctuating demand for copper from different parts of the British empire; and market power, since control over price setting on the British copper market was crucial for Cornish mining profits. Understanding what determined mines’ profits helps to account for capitalists’ decisions to stop their engines as well as copper miners’ protests at their actions. More generally, it suggests the potential of studying the economic and social history of new machines through the lens of profit.
Persulfidation of transcription factor MYB10 inhibits anthocyanin synthesis in red-skinned pear
Authors: Yao Gaifang , Gou Shasha , Zhong Tingying , Wei Shuwei , An Xin , Sun Hongye , Sun Chen , Hu Kangdi , Zhang Hua 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous signaling molecule that delays color change during fruit ripening. Whether H2S affects anthocyanin biosynthesis in red-skinned pears (Pyrus L.) remains unclear. Here, we found that H2S substantially inhibits anthocyanin accumulation in red-skinned pears and the expression of several genes encoding transcription factors is affected in response to H2S signaling. For example, PyMYB10 and PyMYB73 were down-regulated, whereas PyMYB114 and PyMYB6 were up-regulated. Bioinformatics analysis showed that PyMYB73 and PyMYB6, each containing an EAR motif, may negatively regulate anthocyanin accumulation. Transient expression analysis showed that PyMYB73 substantially promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis by co-transforming with PyMYB10/PyMYB114 + PybHLH3; however, PyMYB6 inhibited anthocyanin biosynthesis in strawberry (Fragaria vesca) receptacles and pear fruits, and PyMYB73 interacted with PyMYB10 and PyMYB6 but not PyMYB114 or PybHLH3. Further investigation showed that Cys194 and Cys218 of PyMYB10 were modified by persulfidation and that PyMYB10Cys218Ala substantially increased anthocyanin accumulation by a transient transformation system. Co-transformation of PyMYB10Cys218Ala + PyMYB73/PyMYB6 also promoted anthocyanin accumulation in pear fruits. Yeast two-hybrid assays showed that the mutation of PyMYB10 did not affect the interaction between PyMYB10 and PyMYB73, but it inhibited interaction with PyMYB6. Moreover, H2S weakened the interaction between PyMYB10 and PyMYB73 but enhanced the interaction with PyMYB6. Thus, we provided a model in which PyMYB10 undergoes persulfidation at Cys218, enhancing the interaction with PyMYB6 and reducing the interaction with PyMYB73. These subsequently results in lower expression of the anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes Pyrus dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (PyDFR), Pyrus anthocyanidin synthase (PyANS), Pyrus UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-glucosyl transferase (PyUFGT) and Pyrus glutathione S-transferase (PyGST), thereby inhibiting anthocyanin accumulation in red-skinned pears. Our findings provided a molecular mechanism for H2S-mediated anthocyanin biosynthesis in red-skinned pears.
Wearable Nanocomposite Sensor System for Motion Phenotyping Chronic Low Back Pain: A BACPAC Technology Research Site
Authors: Baker Spencer A , Billmire Darci A , Bilodeau R Adam , Emmett Darian , Gibbons Andrew K , Mitchell Ulrike H , Bowden Anton E , Fullwood David T 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chronic low back pain (cLBP) is a prevalent and multifactorial ailment. No single treatment has been shown to dramatically improve outcomes for all cLBP patients, and current techniques of linking a patient with their most effective treatment lack validation. It has long been recognized that spinal pathology alters motion. Therefore, one potential method to identify optimal treatments is to evaluate patient movement patterns (ie, motion-based phenotypes). Biomechanists, physical therapists, and surgeons each utilize a variety of tools and techniques to qualitatively assess movement as a critical element in their treatment paradigms. However, objectively characterizing and communicating this information is challenging due to the lack of economical, objective, and accurate clinical tools. In response to that need, we have developed a wearable array of nanocomposite stretch sensors that accurately capture the lumbar spinal kinematics, the SPINE Sense System. Data collected from this device are used to identify movement-based phenotypes and analyze correlations between spinal kinematics and patient-reported outcomes.
The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to describe the design and validity of the SPINE Sense System; and second, to describe the protocol and data analysis toward the application of this equipment to enhance understanding of the relationship between spinal movement patterns and patient metrics, which will facilitate the identification of optimal treatment paradigms for cLBP.
“Electronic Church” 2.0: Are Virtual and In-Person Attendance Associated with Mental and Physical Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic?
Authors: Upenieks Laura , Hill Terrence D , Acevedo Gabriel , Koenig Harold G 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Over the past four decades, studies have consistently shown that regular attendance at religious services is associated with better mental and physical health. At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, many congregations paused in-person religious services and moved their worship rituals online. The ways that churches have responded to the threat of infectious disease require new conceptualizations and operationalizations of religious attendance and novel comparisons of the causes and consequences of virtual and in-person attendance. Analyses of data collected from a national probability sample of Americans (n = 1,717) show that while in-person religious attendance is associated with better mental and physical health, virtual attendance is unrelated to both outcomes in fully adjusted models. Taken together, these findings suggest that the association between religious attendance and health during a global pandemic may be contingent on physical proximity and the nature of the social and experiential aspects of religious worship.
Long-Term Effects of Increasing Buprenorphine Treatment Seeking, Duration, and Capacity on Opioid Overdose Fatalities: A Model-based Analysis
Authors: Stringfellow Erin J. , Lim Tse Yang , DiGennaro Catherine , Zhang Ziyuan , Paramasivam Pritika , Bearnot Benjamin , Humphreys Keith , Jalali Mohammad S. 
Published: February 2023

Objectives
Because buprenorphine treatment of opioid use disorder reduces opioid overdose deaths (OODs), expanding access to care is an important policy and clinical care goal. Policymakers must choose within capacity limitations whether to expand the number of people with opioid use disorder who are treated or extend duration for existing patients. This inherent tradeoff could be made less acute with expanded buprenorphine treatment capacity.

Methods
To inform such decisions, we used a validated simulation model to project the effects of increasing buprenorphine treatment-seeking, average episode duration, and capacity (patients per provider) on OODs in the United States from 2023 to 2033, varying the start time to assess the effects of implementation delays.

Results
Results show that increasing treatment duration alone could cost lives in the short term by reducing capacity for new admissions yet save more lives in the long term than accomplished by only increasing treatment seeking. Increasing provider capacity had negligible effects. The most effective 2-policy combination was increasing capacity and duration simultaneously, which would reduce OODs up to 18.6% over a decade. By 2033, the greatest reduction in OODs (≥20%) was achieved when capacity was doubled and average duration reached 2 years, but only if the policy changes started in 2023. Delaying even a year diminishes the benefits. Treatment-seeking increases were equally beneficial whether they began in 2023 or 2025 but of only marginal benefit beyond what capacity and duration achieved.

Conclusions
If policymakers only target 2 policies to reduce OODs, they should be to increase capacity and duration, enacted quickly and aggressively.
Examining the Relationships Among Treatment, Pain, and Physical Function in Patients With Osteoarthritis
Authors: Abraham Lucy , Dworkin Robert H. , Turk Dennis C. , Markman John D. , Williams David A. , Bushmakin Andrew G. , Hall Jerry A. , Semel David C. , Cappelleri Joseph C. , Yang Ruoyong 
Published: February 2023

Objectives:
To better understand the relationships among treatment, pain, and physical function (PF).

Methods:
Data were collected from 2 published randomized clinical trials of osteoarthritis patients who received tanezumab or a placebo. PF was measured by the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) PF domain. Pain (WOMAC pain domain) was a mediator of the effect of treatment on PF. A set of mediation models were investigated. Variables were treatment (tanezumab vs placebo), WOMAC pain domain, and WOMAC PF domain. Cross-sectional mediation models were assessed separately at different weeks. Longitudinal mediation models used data from all weeks simultaneously. Results could identify a steady-state period.

Results:
The cross-sectional and longitudinal mediation models showed a stable indirect effect of treatment through the pain on PF across time, indicating that a pseudo-steady-state model was appropriate. Therefore, the longitudinal steady-state mediation models were used with all available data assuming relationships among variables in the model being the same at all time points; results showed that the indirect effect of the treatment on PF was 77.8% in study 1 (NCT02697773) and 74.1% in study 2 (NCT02709486), both P <0.0001, whereas the direct effect was 22.2% for study 1 (P = 0.0003) and 25.9% for study 2 (P = 0.0019).

Discussion:
At least 75% of the treatment effect of tanezumab on physical functioning can be explained by the improvements in pain. However, tanezumab had an additional effect on physical functioning (~25%) that, was independent of improvements in pain. Such independent effects are of considerable interest and require further research to determine their mechanisms.
A Comparison of Prognostic Models to Facilitate Surgical Decision-Making for Patients With Spinal Metastatic Disease
Authors: Wick Joseph B. , Kalistratova Venina S. , Jr Dagoberto Piña , Fine Jeffrey R. , Boozé Zachary L. , Holland Joseph , Vander Voort Wyatt , Hisatomi Lauren A. , Villegas Alex , Conry Keegan , Ortega Brandon , Javidan Yashar , Roberto Rolando F. , Klineberg Eric O. , Le Hai V. 
Published: February 2023

Study Design.
Retrospective cohort.

Objective.
Compare the performance of and provide cutoff values for commonly used prognostic models for spinal metastases, including Revised Tokuhashi, Tomita, Modified Bauer, New England Spinal Metastases Score (NESMS), and Skeletal Oncology Research Group model, at three- and six-month postoperative time points.

Summary of Background Data.
Surgery may be recommended for patients with spinal metastases causing fracture, instability, pain, and/or neurological compromise. However, patients with less than three to six months of projected survival are less likely to benefit from surgery. Prognostic models have been developed to help determine prognosis and surgical candidacy. Yet, there is a lack of data directly comparing the performance of these models at clinically relevant time points or providing clinically applicable cutoff values for the models.

Materials and Methods.
Sixty-four patients undergoing surgery from 2015 to 2022 for spinal metastatic disease were identified. Revised Tokuhashi, Tomita, Modified Bauer, NESMS, and Skeletal Oncology Research Group were calculated for each patient. Model calibration and discrimination for predicting survival at three months, six months, and final follow-up were evaluated using the Brier score and Uno’s C, respectively. Hazard ratios for survival were calculated for the models. The Contral and O’Quigley method was utilized to identify cutoff values for the models discriminating between survival and nonsurvival at three months, six months, and final follow-up.

Results.
Each of the models demonstrated similar performance in predicting survival at three months, six months, and final follow-up. Cutoff scores that best differentiated patients likely to survive beyond three months included the Revised Tokuhashi score=10, Tomita score=four, Modified Bauer score=three, and NESMS=one.

Conclusion.
We found comparable efficacy among the models in predicting survival at clinically relevant time points. Cutoff values provided herein may assist surgeons and patients when deciding whether to pursue surgery for spinal metastatic disease.

Level of Evidence.
4.
Postoperative Use of the Muscle Relaxants Baclofen and/or Cyclobenzaprine Associated with an Increased Risk of Delirium Following Lumbar Fusion
Authors: Perez Eli A. , Ray Emanuel , Gold Colin J. , Park Brian J. , Piscopo Anthony , Carnahan Ryan M. , Banks Matthew , Sanders Robert D. , Olinger Catherine R. , Mueller Rashmi N. , Woodroffe Royce W. 
Published: February 2023

Study Design.
Retrospective, single-center, cohort study

Objective.
Investigate whether the incidence of postoperative delirium in older adults undergoing spinal fusion surgery is associated with postoperative muscle relaxant administration

Summary of Background Data.
Baclofen and cyclobenzaprine are muscle relaxants frequently used for pain management following spine surgery. Muscle relaxants are known to cause central nervous system side effects in the outpatient setting and are relatively contraindicated in individuals at high-risk for delirium. However, there are no known studies investigating their side effects in the postoperative setting.

Methods.
Patients over 65 years of age who underwent elective posterior lumbar fusion for degenerative spine disease were stratified into two treatment groups based on whether postoperative muscle relaxants were administered on postoperative day 1 as part of a multimodal analgesia regimen. Doubly robust inverse probability weighting (IPW) with cox-regression for time-dependent covariates was used to examine the association between postoperative muscle relaxant use and the risk of delirium while controlling for variation in baseline characteristics.

Results.
The incidence of delirium was 17.6% in the 250 patients who received postoperative muscle relaxants compared to 7.9% in the 280 patients who did not receive muscle relaxants (P=0.001). Multivariate analysis to control for variation in baseline characteristics between treatment groups found patients who received muscle relaxants had a 2.00 (95% CI: 1.14-3.49) times higher risk of delirium compared to controls (P=0.015).

Conclusion.
Postoperative use of muscle relaxants as part of a multi-modal analgesia regimen was associated with an increased risk of delirium in older adults after lumber fusion surgery. Although muscle relaxants may be beneficial in select patients, they should be used with caution in individuals at high risk for postoperative delirium. Additional work is needed to further examine the risks and benefits of postoperative muscle relaxant administration.

Level of Evidence.
3