bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Evaluation of Transverse Dental Arch Width Changes with Conventional and Self-ligating Brackets
Authors: Balakrishnan Nivethigaa , Subramanian Aravind Kumar 
Published: December 2022

Aim:
This study aims at comparing the transverse width changes during leveling and aligning phase with conventional and self-ligating brackets.

Materials and Methods:
The study consisted of twenty samples. The sample was split into two groups. Group 1 consisted of ten samples treated with conventional brackets and ten samples treated with self-ligating brackets. Pretreatment and leveling aligning cast were used for the study. Measurement of transverse dimension was taken at two different regions, premolar and molar. Reference points were chosen according to the Pont's model analysis. In the premolar region, measurements were made from the distal pit of the first premolar on either side, and in the molar region, measurements were made from the mesial pit on either side. The overall values are compiled and compared among both the bracket groups.

Results:
The results of the study showed that there were changes in the interpremolar and intermolar arch width during leveling and aligning phase in both the bracket types.

Conclusion:
Since the arch width changes can affect the stability in the posttreatment phase, an orderly use of custom-made archwires from the very beginning is advised. The amount of arch width changes that occur with the treatment is irrespective of the bracket type, provided that other factors are maintained to be constant. Both conventional metal-ligated brackets and dual-activation self-ligating brackets provide an equal amount of changes in the dental arch transverse dimensions.
Role of Open Laparostomy in Severe Abdominal Sepsis and Other Acute Abdominal Conditions
Authors: Danvath Kishan , Pokala Praveen Kumar 
Published: December 2022

Introduction:
Laparostomy or open abdomen is defined as intentionally leaving the abdomen open following laparotomy and closed once condition of the patient becomes stable. The exposed abdominal contents are protected with a temporary cover. This is performed in severely where repeat access to the peritoneal cavity is needed in the postoperative period. This allows free drainage from the peritoneal cavity and prevents the development of complications due to immediate closure of abdomen, such as abdominal compartment syndrome. However, this is a morbid procedure and is associated with many complications.

Materials and Methods:
In this retrospective study, a total of 25 patients were included. Data were obtained from case records from the emergency and elective surgical departments of patients who had laparostomy in the last 3 years. Analysis of data was done with regard to indications, surgical procedure, timing of return to theatre, fascial closure, and complications including death.

Results:
In all cases, temporary abdominal closure (TAC) done using a plastic cover or silo bag. Out of 25 patients, 10 patients had gross peritoneal contamination due to gastrointestinal perforation, pancreatic necrosis in 2 cases, bowel gangrene in 2 cases, and abdominal trauma with intraperitoneal bleeding in 3 cases. Two patients died within 48 h of initial surgery. Fascial closure was achieved between 3 and 7 days, with an average of 3.8 days. Only skin closure without fascial closure was performed in 3 cases.

Conclusions:
Laparostomy is a very useful procedure in severely ill and unstable patients with multiple intra-abdominal injuries, gross peritoneal contamination, and severe bowel edema, where repeat access to the peritoneal cavity is required in the postoperative period. Fascial closure rates are similar to other TAC closure techniques. Wound infections and inability to close fascia are important complications.
Determination of Serum Procalcitonin and Total Antioxidant Capacity in Patients of Sepsis before and after Treatment, in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Jain Divya Anand , Sontakke Ajit V. , Pawar Vaishali S. , Jain Ashutosh 
Published: December 2022

Introduction:
Sepsis is a medical emergency, occurring due to the body's systemic immunological response to an infection. It is among the most common reasons for intensive care unit admissions worldwide and is one of the top 10 leading causes of death worldwide. Procalcitonin (PCT) is the marker of sepsis, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) is a marker of oxidative stress and gives a mirror image about patient's antioxidant status. The purpose of the study was to estimate serum PCT and TAC levels in sepsis patients, before and after treatment, and to find the correlation between them.

Materials and Methods:
In this observational follow-up study, 60 sepsis patients were recruited using purposive sampling method, and samples were taken before and after treatment. Separated serum was used to measure PCT and TAC. PCT was measured by a rapid quantitative test using a sandwich immunodetection method based on fluorescence immunoassay technology, on a Finecare FIA system. Values over 0.5 ng/ml were considered significant. TAC was measured using the ferric-reducing antioxidant power method based on reduction of a colorless Fe3+-TPTZ on interaction with a potential antioxidant, into an intense blue Fe2+-TPTZ complex.

Results:
The mean PCT in subjects before treatment was as high as 40.62 ± 12.02 ng/ml, and the difference between before and after treatment values was highly significant (P = 0.000). For TAC also, before treatment value was higher (485.64 ± 106.53 μm/l) than the after treatment (277.79 ± 74.17 μm/l) value with a significantly high difference (P = 0.000). Furthermore, a strong positive correlation between PCT and TAC (r = 0.754, P = 0.000) was observed.

Conclusion:
It was concluded that in sepsis, there is a concomitant existence of inflammation and oxidative stress. Since TAC values correlate with values of PCT, TAC could be a reliable prognostic marker and may be helpful in evaluating interventions on follow-up of patients.
Open Defecation Practice in Twenty Remote Villages Located in South India
Authors: Roselin Mohandas , Newtonraj Ariarathinam , Girija Ganesan , Manikandan Mani , Vincent Antony 
Published: December 2022

Introduction:
Open defecation practice is a major public health problem in India. We intended to study the practice of open defecation and its related risk factors in a rural area of South India.

Methodology:
This study was conducted in twenty villages surrounding a rural health training center, located in Tamil Nadu. Data collection was done by medical interns and medical social workers using a structured questionnaire.

Results:
The total population surveyed was 14,925, of which 14,061 individuals were in the age group of 5 years and above. Among them, 9069 (64% [63–65]) individuals were practicing open defecation. When compared to backward caste, individuals belonging to the most backward caste were 10% more likely (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 1.1 [1.0–1.2]) and individuals belonging to scheduled caste were 40% more likely (aPR: 1.4 [1.3–1.5]) to be practicing open defecation. With increase in age, there was a decrease in the prevalence of open defecation practice by 1% (aPR: 0.99 [0.99–0.99]) and with increase in family members, there was a decrease in the prevalence of open defecation practice by 2% (aPR: 0.98 [0.96–0.99]). Illiterate people had 14% higher chance of preferring open defecation (aPR: 1.14 [1.07–1.2]). Tobacco users were 10% more likely (aPR: 1.1 [1.0–1.3]) to be associated with the open defecation practice and nonvegetarians were 20% more likely to be associated with the open defecation practice (aPR: 1.2 [1.1–1.3]). When compared to kutcha house individuals, pucca house individuals were 10% less likely (aPR: 0.9 [0.8–1.0]) and semi-puccca house individuals were 10% more likely (aPR: 1.1 [1.0–1.2]) to adopt open defecation method. Gender, marital status, and hypertension were not associated with the open defecation practice.

Conclusion:
Open defecation practice is still continuing as an important public health problem in remote rural areas of South India.
Age Assessment by Dental and Skeletal Maturity Pattern
Authors: Afroz Mohd Malik , Tejasvi Avinash , Shenai Prashanth , Chatra Laxmikanth , Avinash C. K. Anulekha 
Published: December 2022

Aim:
An attempt was made to estimate the chronologic age of an individual using the dental and skeletal maturity in the Mangalore population.

Sample:
This study sample comprised 150 individuals (75 males and 75 females) ranging from 10 to 20 years of age. We have divided our sample as ≤16 years and individuals >16 years from 1 month to 20 years for better accuracy.

Methodology:
Dental age was assessed using the Demirjian method based on seven mandibular teeth. The skeletal age was assessed using a hand-wrist radiograph by applying the method of Bjork, Grave, and Brown.

Results:
We have found a positive correlation between the chronologic age, estimated dental and skeletal age in individuals ≤16 years. There was a negative correlation seen in the individuals who are >16 years. We propose a linear regression equation obtained using the dental and skeletal method separately for males and females; this can be used to decrease the difference between the estimated age and chronologic age.

Conclusion:
Both the dental and skeletal methods can be used for age estimation, with the dental method being more accurate than the skeletal method in our population.
Effectiveness of Three Different Types of Oral Health Promotion Programs among Schoolchildren in Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Vundavalli Sakaka , Baig Muhammad Nadeem 
Published: December 2022

Background:
Untreated component of dental caries in Saudi Arabia is alarming even though the accessibility of dental services is at free of cost to all Saudi nationals.

Aim/Objective:
The aim of the present study is to assess the efficiency among three different types of school-based oral health promotion programs in Sakaka children.

Materials and Methods:
A cluster randomized controlled trail included 765 schoolchildren. Three different models of school-based oral health promotion programs were tested in this study. Outcome measures were evaluated after 12-month follow-up, which include difference in prevalence and mean number of untreated dental caries, annual dental service utilization rates, and difference in mean oral health-promoting behavior between baseline and at the end of the program.

Results:
Seven hundred and two children were available for outcome measurement. There is reduction in both prevalence and mean number of untreated dental caries in all the three groups but significant reduction observed in Model-3 group of children. Similarly, improvement in dental visit patterns was also observed more in Model-3 group compared with other two groups.

Conclusion:
Health education including teachers with 6-monthly reinforcement, screening, and referral to specific treatment facility with follow-up reminders was found to be an effective model.
Dental Anomalies Prevalence in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients
Authors: Ashwinirani S. R. , Suragimath Girish , Mane Pratap 
Published: December 2022

Background:
Dental anomalies are a common finding in patients with cleft lip (CL) and cleft lip with palate (CLP). CL and CLP are congenital disorder that occurs in newborns and will have a physical defect throughout life if not treated. The variety of dental anomalies reported are peg laterals, tooth agenesis, taurodontism, hypoplasia, and ectopic eruptions. The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of various dental anomalies in CL and CLP patients.

Methodology:
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 80 patients of CL and CLP. Patients were selected by convenience sampling technique, from the department of oral medicine and radiology. Oral examination and dental panoramic radiographs were assessed. The diagnosis was arrived as per the findings of the clinical and radiographic evaluation. The findings of the study were reported as frequency and percentage.

Results:
Out of the 80 patients, the majority were males accounting for 55% and 45% were females. All the patients were diagnosed with one or the other dental anomaly. Tooth agenesis was the most commonly observed anomaly accounting for 70%. Patients with bilateral CL with palate (BCLP) had a higher percentage of tooth agenesis (96.5%) compared to patients with unilateral CL with palate (72.9%) (UCLP).

Conclusion:
One or more dental anomalies were observed in CL and CLP patients. Tooth agenesis, taurodontism, hypoplasia, and ectopic eruptions were the most prevalent anomalies. BCLP patients had more dental anomalies than UCLP patients.
Association of Genetic Polymorphism in Vitamin D Receptor and Paraoxonase I Genes with Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Rural South Western Maharashtra
Authors: Durgawale Pratik P. , Datkhile Kailas D. , Patil Virendra C. , Devkar Vasant V. , Kakade Satish V. , Dabane Sarjerao A. , Wader Vijaykumar S. 
Published: December 2022

Background:
Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing at an alarming rate in urban as well as rural parts of India. Change in life-style, dietary habits, aging, environmental factors contribute to developing this disorder, T2DM is a polygenic disorder which involves large number of genes interacting with each other and the environment to manifest itself phenotypically.

Aims and Objectives:
In the present study, we investigated the association of Vitamin D receptor (VDR) and Paraoxonase I (PON I) gene polymorphisms with T2DM patients among rural population in South western Maharashtra.

Materials and Methods:
The study groups included healthy non-diabetic control group (n = 120), non-obese diabetic group (n = 120), obese diabetic group (n = 120) from the same geographical region. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) amongst these groups were studied using Polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for VDR and PON I genes.

Results and Conclusion:
Amongst the studied genes VDR SNP rs1544410 [OR 0.24 (0.1-0.63); P 0.005] and Paraoxonase I SNP rs854560 (OR 0.47 (0.26-0.84); P 0.015) had a protective effect against T2DM for non-obese individuals. Whereas only VDR SNP rs1544410 [OR 0.025 (0.003-0.91); P 0.001] had a protective effect in case of obese individuals. The findings suggest greater gene-gene interaction and gene-environment interactions influence the phenotypic outcomes of genetic polymorphisms.
Self-Care Behaviors and Safety Concerns toward Self-Medication among the General Public in Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Authors: Buabeid Manal , Palaian Subish , Ashames Akram , Hassan Nageeb 
Published: December 2022

Background:
Self-medication offers advantages but raises multiple safety-related questions. There are different factors that influence the self-medication patterns among different population, such as age, income, gender, self-care-orientation, educational level, expenditure, satisfaction, and known seriousness of the illness. Data on self-care behavior and safety concerns among the general public are lacking in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This study assessed the general public's self-care behaviors and medication safety concerns among the general public.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey was conducted among the 210 general public in Ajman, UAE, from December 2019 to February 2020. The filled surveys, entered in SPSS 26, were analyzed applying Chi-square tests and Fisher's exact tests with an alpha value = 0.05.

Results:
Of the respondents, 152 (72.3%) have participated in self-medication with no association seen between education (P = 0.107), gender (P = 0.185), age (P = 0.122). The commonly self-medicated ones were over-the-counter medications (n = 103; 41.37%) and antibiotics (n = 66; 26.51%). Seventy-two percentage (n = 151) stopped the self-medicated drugs if the underlying conditions improved which was not influenced by age (P = 0.327), gender (P = 1.00), or educational qualifications (P = 0.338). Sixty percentage (n = 126) checked the side effects of the self-medicated drugs before taking them, a habit influenced by education (P = 0.015), gender (0.002), and age group (P = 0.014). Half of the respondents (n = 105; 50%) stopped medications if they experience side effects a practice largely influenced by age (P = 0.0.30). Of the respondents 77.6% (n = 163) checked the medicine leaflets for drug information and the ease of obtaining an antibiotic was easy among 19.62% (n = 20) respondents; P = 000 (education), 0.006 (age); 65.7% (n = 138) of respondents check for allergy before self-medicating (P = 0.014, education), 13.3% (n = 28) felt the drugs that do not require a prescription is safe for everyone (P = 0.012, education).

Conclusion:
Self-medication is rampant and often used for symptomatic management. Antibiotics were also self-medicated by nearly one-fourth of respondents. Education had a significant influence on self-medication practices and safety concerns. Innovative strategies may be needed to contain irresponsible self-medication practices among the general public.
Adverse Event Following Immunization Surveillance and Management
Authors: Parmar Snehal , Puwar Tapasvi , Saxena Deepak , Shukla Santosh , Pandya Apurvakumar 
Published: December 2022

Background:
Adverse event following immunization (AEFI) is defined as a medical incident that takes place after immunization, which is believed to be caused by the immunization. Health-care staff should be able to identify and report all serious and nonserious AEFI.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to analyze the reporting pattern of AEFI by grass-root health-care workers in Madhya Pradesh.

Methods:
Data related to AEFI were retrieved from three different reporting forms in Vidisha and Bhopal districts of Madhya Pradesh.

Results:
The results revealed gaps in the reporting patterns of health-care workers and limited understanding of reporting guidelines. AEFI surveillance and management are suboptimal, which can be strengthened with strategic actions.

Conclusion:
Robust AEFI surveillance and management are warranted. AEFI surveillance can potentially minimize the risk of serious adverse reactions, improve reporting and treatment, prevent any further complications which can overall reduce the negative impact on the immunization programme.
Prevalence of Carbapenem-Resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Rural Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Srivastava Pratiksha , Bisht Dakshina , Kumar Ajay , Tripathi Atosh 
Published: December 2022

Introduction:
In recent years, increased incidences of carbapenem resistance among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae have been reported worldwide. Due to the higher prevalence and wide range of clinical infections, E. coli and K. pneumoniae are considered great risks for public health. Furthermore, carbapenem resistance limits the treatment options in individuals infected with E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Thus, rapid detection of carbapenem resistance is essential to initiate appropriate treatment and effective management and prevent further dissemination. In the present study, we aimed to explore the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae at a tertiary care hospital in rural Uttar Pradesh.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was performed at Government Medical College, Azamgarh, in collaboration with Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad. A total of 2736 clinical specimens comprising urine (1939), pus and wound swabs (486), sputum and throat swabs (257), and other samples (54) were collected following the standard guidelines and were processed for culture by standard bacteriological methods. After obtaining the growth, Gram staining and standard biochemical reactions were performed for the identification of E. coli and K. pneumoniae. All these isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity testing for carbapenem by Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method.

Results:
Of the 2736 specimens, 48.57% showed the growth of various organisms. Of these, 59.51% of isolates showed the growth of Enterobacteriaceae, of which 60.93% among them were E. coli whereas 26.92% were K. pneumoniae. The overall prevalence of carbapenem resistance in the present study was found to be 29.35%. Among the carbapenem-resistant isolates, 68.13% were E. coli whereas 31.86% were identified as K. pneumoniae.

Conclusion:
Carbapenem resistance in E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates in the present study was found to be higher compared to previous studies from India. Our study highlights the urgent need of proper monitoring, judicious use of antibiotics, and implementation of strict infection control practices in this region.
Comparison of Efficacy of Local Anesthetic Drugs Lignocaine, Ropivacaine, and Bupivacaine in Pain Control during Extraction of Mandibular Posterior Teeth
Authors: Gupta Preeti 
Published: December 2022

Background:
Posterior tooth extractions provide a challenge due to variations in anesthetic capacity and effects, especially postoperatively. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of three anesthetic agents – lignocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine – during extraction procedure of mandibular posterior teeth.

Materials and Methods:
Two hundred and fifty study participants were randomly divided into three groups: Group I – individuals under 2% lignocaine (n = 84), Group 2 – individuals under bupivacaine (n = 86), and Group 3 – individuals under ropivacaine (n = 80). Hemodynamic and anesthetic and analgesic parameters were recorded and statistically analyzed using analysis of variance.

Results:
Significant differences were observed between three anesthetic agents used pertaining to anesthetic and analgesic changes, whereas no significant effects were observed when comparing the hemodynamic parameters.

Conclusion:
Ropivacaine provided the best clinical outcome in terms of both anesthetic efficacy and postoperative analgesia following the extraction of mandibular posterior teeth.
Factors Affecting Hypertension among Rural Geriatric Population in Odisha
Authors: Biswal Ramesh Kumar , Kumar Subudhi B. Swagat , Sethi Somanath , Kshatri Jaya Singh , Bhoi Trilochan 
Published: December 2022

Background:
Worldwide, around 1.28 billion adults, aged 30–79 years have hypertension (HTN) and most (two-thirds) of them living in low- and middle-income countries like India. While only less than half of adults (42%) with HTN are diagnosed and treated. This study is an effort to estimate the prevalence and determine the determinants of HTN among the rural elderly population in Tigira block, Cuttack district of Odisha.

Methodology:
This cross-sectional study was carried out among 725 rural elderly (>60 years) people using probability proportionate to sample (PPS) sampling in the year 2019–2020. Previous medical history of HTN diagnosed by medical professional was taken as positive for HTN. Bivariate analysis was performed using the Chi-square test. The binary logistic regression model was used to find out the predictors of HTN.

Results:
This cross-sectional study found an HTN prevalence of 34.75% (n = 252) among rural older adults. Factors found to be significantly associated with HTN were female gender (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.73, confidence interval [CI] = 1.129–2.666), elderly aged ≥80 years (AOR = 1.98, CI = 1.170–3.379), not working elderly (AOR = 2.14, CI = 1.178–3.89), lower-middle socioeconomic status (SES) (AOR = 1.61, CI = 1.093–2.372), overweight elderly (AOR = 2.01, CI = 1.309–3.098) and diabetics (AOR = 4.56, CI = 2.704–7.718), respectively.

Conclusion:
HTN prevalence was found to be high in the rural area, and the factors such as female gender, elderly aged ≥80 years, not working elderly, lower-middle SES, overweight elderly, and diabetes were found to be the determinants of HTN in the rural elderly population of Odisha.