bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scanning inverse spin Hall effect spectrometer by shorted coaxial probes
Authors: Luo Peiwen , Wu Zhe , Huang Fei , Peng Bin , Zhang Wenxu 
Published: March 2023

In this work, a scanning inverse spin Hall effect measurement system based on a shorted coaxial resonator has been built, which provides a high throughput method to characterize spin transport properties. The system is capable of performing spin pumping measurements on patterned samples within an area of 100 × 100 mm2. Its capability was demonstrated with Py/Ta bilayer stripes deposited on the same substrate with different thicknesses of Ta. The results show that the spin diffusion length is about 4.2 nm with a conductivity of about 7.5 × 105 Ω−1 m−1, which leads to the conclusion that the intrinsic mechanism of spin relaxation of Ta is the Elliott–Yafet interactions. The spin Hall angle of Ta is estimated to be about −0.014 at room temperature. The setup developed in this work provides a convenient, efficient, and nondestructive way to obtain the spin and electron transportation characteristics of the spintronic materials, which will fertilize this community by developing new materials and figuring out their mechanism.
Dynamics of cell wall components and histochemical profile of a rust fungi gall (Basidiomycota: Pucciniales) on Byrsonima variabilis A.Juss. (Malpighiaceae)
Authors: Migliorini Mendes Reisila S. , Costa Elaine C. , Oliveira Lucas C. , Gomes Flávia M. , Oliveira Denis C. , Isaias Rosy M. S. 
Published: March 2023

Context An obligate biotrophic parasitism with a rust fungus led to gall formation on Byrsonima variabilis. Aims The hypothesis that the host leaf–rust fungi interaction alters the dynamics of plant cell walls and the histochemical profile toward favouring the plant cell-to-fungi cell translocation of metabolites is tested. Methods Gall samples were sectioned and submitted to anatomical, histometric, histochemical, and immunocytochemical techniques to evaluate structural alterations and the detection of primary and secondary metabolites, as well as the epitopes of glycoproteins, pectins, and hemicelluloses. Key results Fungi gall development results in the hypertrophy of the stomatal chamber and the hyperplasia of epidermis and spongy parenchyma. The cell-to-cell translocation of metabolites from plant mesophyll cells toward the rust fungi gall is favoured by the epitopes of homogalacturonans (HGs) and (1 → 5) α-l-arabinans detected in the hyphae passage sites in the pycnial and aecial stages. The arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) may favour mycelial nutrition and differentiation, and cell wall adhesion. HGs and arabinans confer porosity to mesophyll cell walls, which favours the traffic of molecules toward the rust fungi gall. Conclusions The unexpected labelling of AGPs, HGs, and arabinans in fungi cell walls is a novelty regarding the plant–fungi interaction. The primary metabolites detected in rust fungi support hyphae growth and spore maturation. Implications The immunolabelling of host plant cell wall components on fungi cell walls indicates the integrative role of some plant cell wall components in the biological process of pathogen colonisation in leaf tissues.
Nonspherical ultrasound microbubbles
Authors: Dasgupta Anshuman , Sun Tao , Palomba Roberto , Rama Elena , Zhang Yongzhi , Power Chanikarn , Moeckel Diana , Liu Mengjiao , Sarode Apoorva , Weiler Marek , Motta Alessandro , Porte Céline , Magnuska Zuzanna , Said Elshafei Asmaa , Barmin Roman , Graham Adam , McClelland Arthur , Rommel Dirk , Stickeler Elmar , Kiessling Fabian , Pallares Roger M. , De Laporte Laura , Decuzzi Paolo , McDannold Nathan , Mitragotri Samir , Lammers Twan 
Published: March 2023

Surface tension provides microbubbles (MB) with a perfect spherical shape. Here, we demonstrate that MB can be engineered to be nonspherical, endowing them with unique features for biomedical applications. Anisotropic MB were generated via one-dimensionally stretching spherical poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) MB above their glass transition temperature. Compared to their spherical counterparts, nonspherical polymeric MB displayed superior performance in multiple ways, including i) increased margination behavior in blood vessel–like flow chambers, ii) reduced macrophage uptake in vitro, iii) prolonged circulation time in vivo, and iv) enhanced blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeation in vivo upon combination with transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS). Our studies identify shape as a design parameter in the MB landscape, and they provide a rational and robust framework for further exploring the application of anisotropic MB for ultrasound-enhanced drug delivery and imaging applications.
Associative learning in the cnidarian
Nematostella vectensis
Authors: Botton-Amiot Gaelle , Martinez Pedro , Sprecher Simon G. 
Published: March 2023

The ability to learn and form memories allows animals to adapt their behavior based on previous experiences. Associative learning, the process through which organisms learn about the relationship between two distinct events, has been extensively studied in various animal taxa. However, the existence of associative learning, prior to the emergence of centralized nervous systems in bilaterian animals, remains unclear. Cnidarians such as sea anemones or jellyfish possess a nerve net, which lacks centralization. As the sister group to bilaterians, they are particularly well suited for studying the evolution of nervous system functions. Here, we probe the capacity of the starlet sea anemone
Nematostella vectensis
to form associative memories by using a classical conditioning approach. We developed a protocol combining light as the conditioned stimulus with an electric shock as the aversive unconditioned stimulus. After repetitive training, animals exhibited a conditioned response to light alone—indicating that they learned the association. In contrast, all control conditions did not form associative memories. Besides shedding light on an aspect of cnidarian behavior, these results root associative learning before the emergence of NS centralization in the metazoan lineage and raise fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of cognition in brainless animals.
Synchronization of the circadian clock to the environment tracked in real time
Authors: Fang Mingxu , Chavan Archana G. , LiWang Andy , Golden Susan S. 
Published: March 2023

The circadian system of the cyanobacterium
Synechococcus elongatus
PCC 7942 relies on a three-protein nanomachine (KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC) that undergoes an oscillatory phosphorylation cycle with a period of ~24 h. This core oscillator can be reconstituted in vitro and is used to study the molecular mechanisms of circadian timekeeping and entrainment. Previous studies showed that two key metabolic changes that occur in cells during the transition into darkness, changes in the ATP/ADP ratio and redox status of the quinone pool, are cues that entrain the circadian clock. By changing the ATP/ADP ratio or adding oxidized quinone, one can shift the phase of the phosphorylation cycle of the core oscillator in vitro. However, the in vitro oscillator cannot explain gene expression patterns because the simple mixture lacks the output components that connect the clock to genes. Recently, a high-throughput in vitro system termed the in vitro clock (IVC) that contains both the core oscillator and the output components was developed. Here, we used IVC reactions and performed massively parallel experiments to study entrainment, the synchronization of the clock with the environment, in the presence of output components. Our results indicate that the IVC better explains the in vivo clock-resetting phenotypes of wild-type and mutant strains and that the output components are deeply engaged with the core oscillator, affecting the way input signals entrain the core pacemaker. These findings blur the line between input and output pathways and support our previous demonstration that key output components are fundamental parts of the clock.
Anaphoric potential of pseudo-incorporated bare objects in Persian
Authors: Modarresi Fereshteh , Krifka Manfred 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This paper investigates the syntax, semantics and discourse effects of bare nominal objects in Persian, analysed as an instance of pseudo-incorporation, in contrast to objects marked by the indefinite article yek and to objects marked by the object marker -rā. The main experimental result is that bare objects readily allow for anaphoric uptake, in contrast to claims in previous literature about Persian and pseudo-incorporated objects in other languages. However, anaphoric uptake is less readily available than with yek-marked objects.
We account for this difference, elaborating on Krifka & Modarresi (2016), where we argue for existential closure over the vP (Diesing 1992) as analyzed in Modarresi (2014) and an interpretation of bare objects as definites dependent on this existential closure. We give an implementation in Discourse Representation Theory (Kamp & Reyle 1993) which provides a model for our experimental findings. We consider -rā as marking constituents that moved out of the existential closure. Thus BNs if marked with -rā are definite and if not are definites dependent on existential closure similar, leading to weak definite effects. This also explains semantic features like the number-neutrality of bare objects, the specific/definite interpretation of rā-marked objects, and the similarity of bare objects to weak definites in languages like English.
Ezafe and the article
Authors: Karim Shuan Osman 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
There are a variety of different nominal systems within the Western Iranian languages. Nominals in some of these languages are maximally sensitive to case, number, gender, animacy, ezafe (modification), and definiteness. However, most of these languages only inflect for a subset of these categories. An additional peculiarity of these systems is that some of these languages feature wildly differing systems when inflectional features interact. For instance, Zazaki features a caseless system on indefinite nouns, a bicasual (two case) system on definite nouns, and as many as four cases (following Paul, 1998a) on modified nouns. This paper explores, synchronically and diachronically, the nominal systems observed in Western Iranian languages focusing on the interaction between (in)definiteness and modification by attributive adjectives. This constitutes a near-comprehensive juxtaposition of data that can serve as an essential reference for anyone who seeks to study and understand Ezafe and the article in New Western Iranian.
Mood selection in complement clauses in Persian
Authors: Nematollahi Narges 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Similar to Romance and Balkan languages, Persian makes a formal distinction between indicative and subjunctive moods in its complement clauses. This paper proposes several generalizations about the distribution of the two moods, and evaluates the current theories of mood selection against Persian data. The proposal is that indicative appears when the complement is propositional, i.e., of type <st>, and when one of the two other conditions holds: (1) the matrix predicate entails the content of the complement clause is in attitude holder’s context set, in which case the indicative mood makes no special semantic contribution, OR (2) the content of the complement clause or its negation is in speaker’s context set, in which case indicative signals the epistemic commitment of the speaker. Subjunctive, on the other hand, is selected when the conditions for the indicative are not met. As such, I argue that mood selection in complement clauses in Persian makes references to (1) the semantic type of the complement, (2) the semantics of the matrix predicate in terms of (non)veridicality, and (3) the speaker’s stand about the complement.
Three types of verb stem levelling in Tat
Authors: Suleymanov Murad 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This paper explores phenomena affecting to various degrees the historical opposition of two verb stems in Tat, an Iranian language spoken in the Caucasus. Using corpora from a number of Tat varieties collected by different authors throughout the past century and a half as well interviews with modern-day native speakers, I illustrate the gradual blurring of the distinction between the stems resulting from what appears to be a morphological change in progress.
Semi-anticausatives
Authors: Kasraie Kilakjani Davood 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Based on data from Persian, this study argues that what I refer to here as “semi-anticausatives” behave like a canonical unmarked anticausative with respect to the agentivity tests. However, further investigation shows that they appear with a voice head. This is contrary to the previous assumption that unmarked anticausatives do not constitute a voice head (Schäfer 2008; Alexiadou et al. 2015). I argue that semi-anticausatives, among other things, may license hidden “agentive causers”.
The nature and licensing of hi:tʃ elements in Persian
Authors: Storoshenko Dennis R. , Nakhaei Mahyar 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This paper examines the nature of elements such as hi:tʃkӕs “anyone” in Persian, which have been described as either Negative Polarity Items (Taleghani 2006) or Negative Concord Items (Kwak 2010) in prior literature. Such claims have typically been used to motivate analyses of Persian NegP as being high in the clause structure, above TP. This is in contrast to more recent analyses which have argued for a low position of negation (Kahnemuyipour 2017). Here, we present experimental evidence showing that c-commanding negation is not sufficient for licensing hi:tʃ elements, unlike English any. We also show that hi:tʃ elements have many properties in common with similar elements in Japanese and Korean, where there is less certainty in designating these as Negative Concord Items, and where negation is independently argued to be low. Thus, we claim, the distribution of hi:tʃ elements cannot be upheld as a proof of syntactically high negation, under either a polarity item or concord item analysis. We close the paper with a typological discussion, suggesting that the properties of hi:tʃ elements and their kin seem to be broadly shared among OV languages more generally.
Vocabulary suitability of science TED talks for English for science teaching and learning
Authors: Vuković-Stamatović Milica 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
With a view to advancing their students’ listening comprehension and vocabulary, English for Science teachers are frequently in search of new and interesting audio and video materials. TED Talks on science topics are a good option for this purpose. But just how suitable, vocabulary-wise, are they for English for Science learners? This study explores the lexical profile of TED Talks on science and compares it against non-science TED Talks and science academic lectures. We use a 5-million-word TED Talk corpus, with a 1.3-million-word science subsection. Of the two categories of TED Talks, it is the science ones that are lexically more similar to science academic lectures. Science TED Talks also feature significantly more technical vocabulary than non-science TED Talks. Reasonable listening comprehension is achieved at 4,000 words for science TED Talks, while ideal comprehension is achieved at 8,000 words for both categories. These results recommend science TED Talks for English for Science listening.
Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for graph refinement in spinfoam cosmology
Authors: Frisoni Pietropaolo , Gozzini Francesco , Vidotto Francesca 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
We study the behavior of the Lorentzian Engle-Pereira-Rovelli-Livine spinfoam amplitude with homogeneous boundary data, under a graph refinement going from five to twenty boundary tetrahedra. This can be interpreted as a wave function of the Universe, for which we compute boundary geometrical operators, correlation functions, and entanglement entropy. The numerical calculation is made possible by adapting the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, along with recently developed computational methods appropriate for the deep quantum regime. We confirm that the transition amplitudes are stable against such refinement. We find that the average boundary geometry does not change, but the new degrees of freedom correct the quantum fluctuations of the boundary and the correlations between spatial patches. The expectation values are compatible with their geometrical interpretation and the correlations between neighboring patches decay when computed across different spinfoam vertices.
Inconsistent black hole kick estimates from gravitational-wave models
Authors: Borchers Angela , Ohme Frank 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The accuracy of gravitational-wave (GW) models of compact binaries has traditionally been addressed by the mismatch between the model and numerical-relativity (NR) simulations. This is a measure of the overall agreement between the two waveforms. However, the largest modelling error typically appears in the strong-field merger regime and may affect subdominant signal harmonics more strongly. These inaccuracies are often not well characterised by the mismatch. We explore the use of a complementary, physically motivated tool to investigate the accuracy of GW harmonics in waveform models: the remnant’s recoil, or kick velocity. Asymmetric binary mergers produce remnants with significant recoil, encoded by subtle imprints in the GW signal. The kick estimate is highly sensitive to the intrinsic inaccuracies of the modelled GW harmonics during the strongly relativistic merger regime. Here we investigate the accuracy of the higher harmonics in four state-of-the-art waveform models of binary black holes. We find that the SEOBNRv4HM_ROM, IMRPhenomHM, IMRPhenomXHM and NRHybSur3dq8 models are not consistent in their kick predictions. Our results enable us to identify regions in the parameter space where the models require further improvement and support the use of the kick estimate to investigate waveform systematics. We discuss how NR kick estimates could be used to calibrate waveform models further, proposing the first steps towards kick-based gravitational-wave tuning.
Combining x-ray real and reciprocal space mapping techniques to explore the epitaxial growth of semiconductors
Authors: Magalhães S , Cabaço J S , Concepción O , Buca D , Stachowicz M , Oliveira F , Cerqueira M F , Lorenz K , Alves E 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In the present work, the importance of determining the strain states of semiconductor compounds with high accuracy is demonstrated. For the matter in question, new software titled LAPAs, the acronym for LAttice PArameters is presented. The lattice parameters as well as the chemical composition of Al1−x
In
x
N and Ge1−x
Sn
x
compounds grown on top of GaN- and Ge- buffered c-Al2O3 and (001) oriented Si substrates, respectively, are calculated via the real space Bond’s method. The uncertainties in the lattice parameters and composition are derived, compared and discussed with the ones found via x-ray diffraction reciprocal space mapping. Broad peaks lead to increased centroid uncertainty and are found to constitute up to 99% of the total uncertainty in the lattice parameters. Refraction correction is included in the calculations and found to have an impact of 0.001 Å in the lattice parameters of both hexagonal and cubic crystallographic systems and below 0.01% in the quantification of the InN and Sn contents. Although the relaxation degrees of the nitride and tin compounds agree perfectly between the real and reciprocal-spaces methods, the uncertainty in the latter is found to be ten times higher. The impact of the findings may be substantial for the development of applications and devices as the intervals found for the lattice match the condition of Al1−x
In
x
N grown on GaN templates vary between ∼1.8% (0.1675–0.1859) and 0.04% (0.1708–0.1712) if derived via the real- and reciprocal spaces methods.
Ag nanodot/Mg/Al reflective Ohmic contacts simultaneously suitable for n-type and p-type GaN
Authors: Jin Nan , Zhou Yugang , Guo Yan , Pan Sai , Zhang Rong , Zheng Youdou 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This work reports on high-reflectivity Ag nanodot (AgND)/Mg/Al Ohmic contacts suitable for both p-GaN and n-GaN. The lowest specific contact resistances are found to be 2.25 × 10−2 Ω·cm2 on p-GaN and 2.56 × 10−5 Ω·cm2 on n-GaN. Ag was deposited and converted into AgNDs by annealing, and Mg/Al was then deposited. A second annealing process at different temperatures was performed to check the thermal stability of the contacts. Both the p-GaN and n-GaN contacts were Ohmic after annealing at 300 °C or below. The AgND/Mg/Al contacts annealed at 250 °C or less showed a reflectivity of over 91% for wavelengths from 400 to 550 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction measurements were performed to investigate the contact mechanisms. We propose that in AgND/Mg/Al on p-GaN, the effective barrier is lowered due to the presence of an Ag2O intermedia layer and the tunneling effect enables Ohmic contact. When the annealing temperature is 350 °C or higher, the Ag2O changes to β-AgGaO2 or is decomposed and the height and width of the barrier for holes increase, which causes the Ohmic contact to deteriorate. The Ohmic behavior of AgND/Mg/Al contacts on n-GaN is assumed to be mainly due to the high direct coverage ratio of Mg and the good Ohmic contact behavior of Mg/n-GaN. These results show that AgND/Mg/Al Ohmic contacts can be fabricated simultaneously on both p-GaN and n-GaN, which is a possible solution for improving the density of both GaN-based ICs and micro-light emitting diodes (LEDs). This contact scheme can also improve the light output efficiency of GaN-based LEDs.
Hydrogen production by microwave plasma decomposition of H2S at atmospheric pressure with cooling implemented in its afterglow
Authors: Li Shou-Zhe , Xie Shi-Hui , Niu Yu-Long , Zhao Zilu , Yang Dezheng , Zhang Jialiang , Wang Wenchun , Li Xuechen 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In this work, H2S is decomposed with the use of a N2 microwave (MW) plasma torch at atmospheric pressure with hydrogen as the main product as well as elemental sulfur. The variation of the conversion rate of H2S into H2 is investigated with respect to various dilution ratios of H2S to N2 as the carrier gas, MW power, total flow rate, and arrangement of the cooling rods in the reaction chamber. It is experimentally found that direct cooling of the afterglow by introducing a cooling rod downstream in the reaction chamber enhances the conversion rate, and an optimum for each conversion curve is determined, which is dependent of MW power, gas flow rate, and relative distance of the cooling rod in the afterglow.