bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Matter of Wonder
Authors: Biernacki Loriliai 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses Abhinavagupta’s formulation of wonder (camatkāra). I suggest Abhinavagupta’s interpretation of the phenomenology of wonder may be helpful for a New Materialism in linking wonder not to a transcendence outside the body and matter, but instead to an awareness of an innate subjectivity within materiality. Referencing yogic states and practices around the breath (prāṇāyāma), Abhinavagupta connects the upward-moving breath to the Fourth State (turya), a state in India classically connected with the idea of transcendence. However, this meditative state is linked not to the up and out of the body that we usually associate with transcendence. Instead, it is figured as movement inward to a deeper sense of subjectivity. This chapter addresses one other truism of wonder and transcendence; transcendence is typically figured as a space of timelessness, above the change of the world. Abhinavagupta instead rewrites time back into this transformed notion of transcendence.
Virtual Holocaust Memory
Authors: Boswell Matthew , Rowland Antony 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe Holocaust was the defining cataclysm of modernity: now, more than three-quarters of a century later, the immersive, interactive technologies of the digital age are dramatically refashioning our memory of that genocide. Virtual Holocaust Memory offers the first comprehensive account of a unique historical juncture, as twenty-first century digital culture meets the edge of living Holocaust memory. The study considers a range of projects that are being developed by museums, archives, businesses, and educational organizations in the United States and Europe, including interactive video testimony, virtual reality films, augmented reality apps, museum installations, and online exhibitions. Drawing on an original conceptual framework that incorporates connective memory, palimpsestic testimony, and a notion of “truthfulness” first applied to testimonial writing by the survivor Charlotte Delbo, this groundbreaking book argues that the value of virtual Holocaust memory—that is to say its truthfulness—will ultimately come to rest on the connections that it establishes across a complex set of subject positions. These range from “new bystanders,” who encounter Holocaust memory from a position of relative safety, to the traumatized victims whose extreme physical and psychological experiences made communicating so difficult in the first place.
Ghosting the Museum
Authors: Boswell Matthew , Rowland Antony 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter begins by reflecting on the evocative museum spaces in which Dimensions in Testimony is encountered, focusing on the pilot installation at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) in 2016. The metatexts that shape a visitor’s experience of a space such as the USHMM, when combined with “survivor sacralization” and a metaphysical “eternity narrative” that positions interactive video testimony as miraculously transcending the border between life and death, have the potential to diminish the truthfulness of interactive testimony. In respect of this eternity narrative, we also consider the museum setting and promotional materials associated with the Forever Project in the UK. Noting that such metatexts are designed to safeguard the enduring relevance of survivor testimony, they also risk creating misunderstandings about the nature of the technology that users are engaging with. We therefore clarify the spatiotemporal relationships that are mobilized in interactive testimony, comparing them to those that characterize more traditional forms of written and oral testimony. We close by drawing on Jacques Derrida’s mischievous pseudo-concepts of “spectrality” and “hauntology” to imagine a post-survivor age in which these installations become haunting machines (or “ghostware”) that give beguiling new meaning to Holocaust memory.
The Virtual Anne Frank
Authors: Boswell Matthew , Rowland Antony 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter engages with developments in digital media at the Anne Frank House, with close analyses of the Secret Annex Online, the Anne’s Amsterdam app and the first two virtual reality (VR) applications. It argues that the palimpsestic testimony in the Secret Annex Online, in which digital photographs of the annex’s inhabitants merges with a voiceover and historical background, allows for an enriched encounter with the history of Anne Frank and her family. The Anne’s Amsterdam app was available for the iPhone’s App Store: it confronted the viewer with the history of parts of Amsterdam associated with the Frank family as the user walked through the city’s suburbs. The VR applications indicate the continuing ways in which the museum attempts to provide a “truthful” experience for the user in their appreciation of how the annex might have looked like, rather than its unobtainable historical reality.
European Disunion
Authors: Auer Stefan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe European Union means many different things to its many peoples. In Germany, for example, the European project was conceived mainly as post-national, or even post-sovereign. In France, by contrast, President Emmanuel Macron has pursued the vision of a sovereign Europe; that is, an EU that would become a formidable geopolitical actor. Yet, instead, Europe has struggled to ascertain its values abroad and even domestically, facing a sovereignist rebellion from its newer member states, such as Hungary and Poland, and the departure of Britain. The eurozone crisis has undermined the EU's economic credentials, the refugee crisis its societal cohesion, the failure to stand up to Russia its sense of purpose, and the Covid-19 pandemic its credibility as a protector of European citizens. The key argument of this book is that the multiple crises of the European project are caused by one underlying factor: its bold attempt to overcome the age of nation-states. Left unchecked, supranational institutions tend to become ever more bureaucratic, eluding control of the people they are meant to serve. The logic of technocracy is thus pitted against the democratic impulse, which the European Union is supposed to embody. Democracy in Europe has suffered as a result.
The Return of the Native
Authors: Duyvendak Jan Willem , Kesic Josip , Stacey Timothy 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
What we are seeing at present is the return or, perhaps better stated, the dramatic increase in the deployment of the category native and, with this, an increasing hostility toward those who are considered non-native. Not only are well-rehearsed nativist discourses of class, race, and religion surfacing in the political mainstream but also, uniquely to this latest resurgence of nativism, liberal ideas and discourses themselves are being held up as ideological benchmarks by which to measure whether or not people belong to the nation. The nativist logic has thus spread across nations, across the political spectrum, from the fringes back into the mainstream, and into heretofore-thought safe political discourses. This book explores how and why this has happened.
Mythical Multiculturalism
Authors: Duyvendak Jan Willem , Kešić Josip 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Angela Merkel, Nicolas Sarkozy, David Cameron, and Mark Rutte—all have declared that multiculturalism failed. This notion has been particularly prominent in the Netherlands, pervading the discourses of both the left and the right. This chapter critically assesses assumptions at the heart of the “failure of multiculturalism” narrative. It first questions whether there ever was such a thing as a “multicultural model,” a question that is particularly pertinent in the Dutch case. Second, it reflects on whether Dutch “integration policies” have actually failed. In this case, the answer depends on how high the cultural bar is set. It is argued that it is the embrace of monoculturalism, and not a set of objective standards, that creates a widespread perception of the failure of integration policies. The rise of nativism cannot be explained by the alleged failure of any “model” but, rather, by the perceived shortcomings of migrants in the light of recently developed monocultural norms.
Anglo-India and the End of Empire
Authors: Charlton-Stevens Uther 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
People of mixed European paternal and Indian maternal descent were officially redesignated from Eurasians to Anglo-Indians in the Census of India 1911. Anglo-Indians received special provisions in the Government of India Act 1935 and the Constitution of India of 1949–1950. This group's origins date from the first arrival of Europeans at the end of the fifteenth century, but particularly from the British presence in the seventeenth century onwards. Initial openness to and financial incentivisation of marriages with local women (including "mixed-race" offspring of prior unions with other Europeans) gave way to late eighteenth-century prohibitions on mixed-race employment by the East India Company. Although the causes of this dramatic policy reversal are analyzed in the first chapter, unlike earlier academic works, this book focuses on the early twentieth century, through successive constitutional changes up to independence. Anglo-Indians, and their imagined homeland (Anglo-India), offer unique insights into how race, color, and class operated within the Raj's elaborately gradated socioracial hierarchy. Exploring the late colonial period through the prism of this mixed-race community and its concerns provides a substantially different vantage point which subverts the binary of colonizer and colonized, ruler and ruled. Individual and collective Anglo-Indian experiences of communalism, separate electorates, minority group rights, and constitutional power-sharing, help to reframe these issues from the point of view of a smaller, but disproportionately vocal, minority. Foregrounding these perspectives complicates our picture of high politics, the Hindu-Muslim question, and the creation of Pakistan, and related issues that still dominate most narratives of decolonisation.
The Bounded Body
Authors: Serrahima Carlota 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Bodily sensations are mental states typically suitable to be reported in judgments in which a first-person indexical is used to qualify the felt body. In other words, subjects typically have a sense of bodily ownership for the body that they feel in bodily sensations. This chapter puts forward, firstly, three desiderata that theories on the sense of bodily ownership should meet. Secondly, it assesses two views that account for the sense of bodily ownership in terms of the spatial content of bodily sensations appealing to a notion of a sense of boundedness, and argues that they do not meet the goals defined.
Youth and Age
Authors: Walsham Alexandra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the role played by people at different stages in the life cycle in the making of England’s long and plural Reformations. It tests suggestions that the successive phases of religious upheaval precipitated by the ecclesiastical upheavals of the 1530s, 1540s, and 1550s entailed forms of youthful rebellion and analyses the intergenerational tensions and reversals of the age hierarchy to which these revolutionary events were perceived to give rise. It considers some of the paradoxes of youth and age in a society that distrusted novelty and revered antiquity and probes the significance of the recurrent use of these tropes in the religious controversy of this era. Approaching age as a stage of spiritual growth as well as a biological phase, the chapter also explores the role of liturgical rites of passage, catechizing, and evangelical conversion in the Reformations. Finally, it engages critically with the idea that the authority of the old was steadily eroded in the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Kith and Kin
Authors: Walsham Alexandra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the role of kith and kin in the religious developments that fractured English Christianity in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Emphasizing the part played by mothers and fathers in spiritual instruction, it examines the revival of domestic religion and its role as both a bulwark of and challenge to the ecclesiastical and political status quo. It shows that the Reformations served to foster the formation of families and households divided by faith as well as united by zeal. Simultaneously, they spawned movements and sects that described themselves as the children of God, as well as societies of sisters, brothers, cousins, and friends. It contests the suggestion that the religious developments of the early modern period were corrosive of ties of spiritual kinship and contends, on the contrary, that these were reinforced by the advent of Protestantism, the proliferation of sects, and the reinvigoration of Catholicism in England and the religious houses it engendered in exile in Europe
Blood and Trees
Authors: Walsham Alexandra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on ancestry and genealogy. It explores the neglected connections between contemporary fascination with questions of lineage, blood, birth, and descent, as manifested in the production of pedigrees, and the religious impulses and upheavals of the era. It argues that the biological and spiritual, dynastic and confessional dimensions of the genealogical craze must be assessed in conjunction with each other. The chapter investigates the interweaving of biblical, secular, and polemical genealogy and demonstrates that genealogical thinking stretched further downwards into English society than has previously been recognized. Attentive to the pervasive influence of theology and Scripture in this society and culture, it also sheds fresh light on contemporary assumptions about sex and original sin; pregnancy, fertility, and childbirth; and race and heredity.
Discrimination Law
Authors: Fredman FBA KC Sandra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This book is a challenging, thought-provoking yet highly accessible introduction to discrimination law. It takes a thematic approach, illuminating the major issues in discrimination law, while imparting an in-depth understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of legal responses to complex social problems of inequality. This is enhanced by the comparative approach. By considering equality law in the UK, US, India, Canada, and South Africa, as well as the European Union and under the European Convention on Human Rights, the book exposes common problems across different jurisdictions and canvasses a variety of differing legal solutions. As in the highly successful previous editions, the book locates discrimination law within its historical and social context. One of its major strengths is the development of an analytic framework of substantive equality, drawing on a range of sources, and the author’s wide experience of equality law in many jurisdictions. Chapters 2 and 3 chart the historical, economic, and social challenges and legal responses in relation to the main sources of discrimination: gender, race, disability, religion and belief, age, and LGBTQI rights. Chapter 4 addresses the ways in which different jurisdictions formulate grounds of discrimination or protected characteristics; while Chapter 5 deals with the meaning of key concepts such as direct discrimination (disparate treatment); indirect discrimination (disparate impact); and when limitations on equality are legitimate. Chapter 6 tests these concepts in some of the most challenging contexts: pregnancy and parenting, equal pay, reasonable accommodation, and sexual harassment, while Chapter 7 examines the particularly controversial issue of affirmative action or deliberate preference policies. Chapter 8 asks how the right to equality can be made more effective, critically assessing the paradigm individual complaints model, and possible alternatives, from class actions and strategic litigation to mainstreaming and positive duties to promote equality.
Social Context and Legal Developments
Authors: Fredman FBA KC Sandra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Anti-discrimination law is necessarily a response to particular manifestations of inequality, which are themselves deeply embedded in the historical and political context of a given society. Discrimination laws are only effective if they are moulded to deal with the types of inequalities which have developed in the society to which they refer. The legal framework has, in turn, developed and changed in response to a variety of influences. This chapter examines the challenges in relation to gender, race, ethnicity, and religion. In each case, it considers the historical, political, and social context in the UK (including the EU and ECHR), US, Canada, India, and South Africa and traces the ways in which the legal framework on the right to equality and non-discrimination has evolved to address these challenges. It considers, in particular, the role of patriarchy, slavery, racism, religious intolerance, and their intersections.
The Scope of Discrimination Law
Authors: Fredman FBA KC Sandra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines which characteristics ought to be protected against discrimination and why. Although there is now a general consensus that sex or gender and race should be within the list of grounds of discrimination, even these were only achieved after struggle and controversy. It is only relatively recently that other grounds, such as disability, sexual orientation, and age, have been accepted as attracting special protection. Some jurisdictions provide a fixed list of grounds; others leave the issue open-ended; while a different approach is to enumerate some grounds, allowing them to be further developed by courts. This raises the question of whether there is a unifying principle drawing all these together into a coherent whole and, if so, what is it. To what extent can the choice of grounds be explained by the underlying aims of equality? And who should make the decision: courts or legislatures? Section I of this chapter addresses these questions. A related concern is the reach of equality law. Should discrimination on these grounds be unlawful in all walks of life or only in specific spheres, such as employment and education? Should both public and private actors be bound? Equality laws in many jurisdictions derive from a constitutional guarantee which may well bind only the State and not private actors. Only if legislation is specifically passed pursuant to such guarantees will private actors be bound. Section II of the chapter examines the reach of anti-discrimination law while Section III considers who is bound by such laws.
Symmetry or Substance
Authors: Fredman FBA KC Sandra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the controversial issue of preference policies, often known as affirmative action or reverse discrimination. Although some regard deliberate preferences on grounds of race or sex as a breach of equality even if the aim is to reverse previous discrimination, the chapter argues that these are a means to achieve substantive equality. Section I briefly rehearses the main contours of the debate between formal and substantive equality and how this affects the legitimacy of affirmative action. Section II sets out the tools for assessing different jurisdictions’ approach to affirmative action. How do courts articulate the aims of affirmative action? What standard of scrutiny do they regard as appropriate to assess whether affirmative action achieves these aims? Given that most cases are brought by excluded third parties claiming to be victims of discrimination due to preference policies, how do courts fashion a conception of discrimination to respond to these claims? Are preference policies regarded as instances of discrimination, exceptions to discrimination, or ways of furthering equality? Even more complex are cases in which preference policies pit one type of disadvantage against another. How do courts assess the delineation of beneficiaries, particularly in the context of intersectionality? Section III takes a deeper dive into different jurisdictions’ approaches to preference policies. Three types of approach are examined. The first views reverse discrimination as a breach of equality. The second considers it as an exception to equality, to be narrowly construed. The third approach regards reverse discrimination as a means to achieving substantive equality.
Making Equality Effective
Authors: Fredman FBA KC Sandra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers ways of making equality more effective by improving methods of enforcement and remedies. Section II assesses the individual complaints model, demonstrating its limitations as an engine for change. Reliance on a complaints model places an inordinate burden on individual victims and has little impact on systemic and structural discrimination. Section III examines ways in which the complaints model might be strengthened, through class actions, strategic litigation, and agency enforcement, and touches on how courts can be mobilized by social movements. Section IV turns to approaches which depart from the dependency on individual initiative and instead require proactive action from those in the best position to bring about change. It assesses several approaches, such as the public sector equality duty in the UK, Canadian employment equity legislation, and contract compliance in the US. Despite the great potential of proactive measures, in practice they easily slide into mere bureaucratic compliance. This section briefly attempts to explain these challenges in terms of different regulatory models, such as reflexive law, responsive law, and endogenous theories of law. The challenge remains to achieve the appropriate synthesis between harnessing the energy of responsible bodies to provide creative responses to systemic discrimination, and effective regulatory measures which can pierce the façade of compliance. Central to this is the need to involve those who are affected, as well as trade unions and civil society stakeholders, in defining the problem and in holding bodies to account.
NLRP3, the inflammasome and COVID-19 infection
Authors: Yin Maureen , Marrone Laura , Peace Christian G , O’Neill Luke A J 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by respiratory failure, shock or multiorgan dysfunction, often accompanied by systemic hyperinflammation and dysregulated cytokine release. These features are linked to the intense and rapid stimulation of the innate immune response. The NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a central player in inflammatory macrophage activation which via caspase-1 activation leads to the release of the mature forms of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, and via cleavage of Gasdermin D pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of cell death. Here, we discuss the role of NLRP3 activation in COVID-19 and clinical trials currently underway to target NLRP3 to treat severe COVID-19.