bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PROTOCOL: Evidence‐based frameworks used to promote self‐employment with persons with disabilities: A scoping review
Authors: Lebogang Monareng Luther , Soeker Shaheed Mogammad , Naidoo Deshini 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAimThis scoping review aims to highlight literature on self‐employment evidence‐based frameworks used to promote self‐employment among persons with disabilities. This will be achieved by answering this research question, what evidence‐based self‐employment frameworks have been successfully used to promote self‐employment among persons with disabilities?MethodsTo answer the research question, the steps followed will be based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA). Arksey and O'Malley's sequential stages will be used to guide the scoping review process. An experienced librarian and a second reviewer will assist with this review. A third reviewer will only be involved, when necessary, for example, to help resolve decision conflicts between reviewers one and two.DiscussionThis section will discuss the data collected. In line with Tricco et al., this scoping review envisages outlining existing literature, identifying gaps and informing future research in the field of self‐employment for persons with disabilities. What evidence‐based self‐employment frameworks have been successfully used to promote self‐employment among persons with disabilities? Is a question that this scoping review seeks to answer. Thus, this research has the potential to add to knowledge and inform or stimulate further research.
Effects of dietary patterns on the all‐cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality in patients with hypertension: A cohort study based on the NHANES database
Authors: Li Fang , Zhang Yanping , Pan Lina , Chen Hui 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackgroundHypertension (HTN) patients have higher risk of all‐cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD)‐specific mortality. Dietary patterns have been reported related to the risk of mortality, but their roles in HTN patients is unclear.HypothesisTo explore the relationships between different dietary patterns and all‐cause/CVD‐specific mortality and provide dietary guidance for HTN patients' prognosis improvement.MethodsData of 27 618 HTN patients were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database in this retrospective cohort study. The associations between Healthy Eating Index (HEI)‐2015, Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI)‐2010, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Mediterranean (MED) diet and all‐cause and CVD‐specific mortality were explored using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses with hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analyses of age, gender, body mass index, and comorbidity were also performed.ResultsThe median follow‐up time was 83 months. A total of 3462 patients died for all‐cause and 1064 died due to CVD. After adjusting for covariates, we found that high adherence to AHEI‐2010 (HR = 0.84 for all‐cause; HR = 0.72 for CVD), and MED (HR = 0.84 for all‐cause; HR = 0.77 for CVD) diet were associated with decreased risks of both all‐cause and CVD‐specific mortality. In patients who aged ≥65 years old, were normal/overweight, without complications, the relationships between different dietary patterns and risk of mortality were different.ConclusionHigh scores of AHEI‐2010 and MED may be associated with decreased risks of all‐cause and CVD‐specific mortality in patients with HTN.
Exploring the Mechanism of Single‐Crystal MnO2 as Cathodes for Zinc Ion Batteries
Authors: Xu Shujun , Wang Fengbo , Diao Qiqi , Zhang Yutong , Li Guangda 
Published: August 2023

AbstractMnO2 has the advantages of low cost and abundant resources, so it is considered to be an important electrode material in zinc ion batteries. However, its practical application is still challenged by easy collapse and capacity loss. In this paper, a stable single crystal β‐MnO2 nanorod cathode material was prepared. When used as ZIBs cathode material, single crystal β‐MnO2 has high ionic diffusion kinetics and calculability. In this paper, we prepared single‐crystal MnO2 through hydrothermal nanotechnology. By leveraging the benefits of the single‐crystal structure, we optimized the structural stability, ion conductivity, surface reactions, and phase control of the cathode material, resulting in improved battery performance and cycle life. In the fabricated single‐crystal MnO2 aqueous zinc‐ion battery, the elimination of internal crystal faces in MnO2 leads to ordered lattice arrangement, enabling a more direct and unobstructed diffusion path for H+ ions within the lattice. This significantly enhances the ion conductivity of the cathode material, promoting the rate and efficiency of the battery‘s charge and discharge processes. Therefore, single‐crystal MnO2 exhibits excellent cycling performance for zinc‐ion storage in ZIBs, achieving a high specific capacity of 224.7 mA h g−1 after 250 cycles under a current density of 0.3 A g−1, while maintaining a Coulombic efficiency of 99.58 %.
Harmonization and standardization of biofluid‐based biomarker measurements for AT(N) classification in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Giangrande Chiara , Delatour Vincent , Andreasson Ulf , Blennow Kaj , Gobom Johan , Zetterberg Henrik 
Published: August 2023

AbstractFluid biomarkers are currently measured in cerebrospinal fluid and blood for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and are promising targets for drug development and for patients’ follow‐up in clinical trials. These biomarkers have been grouped in an unbiased research framework, the amyloid (Aβ), tau, and neurodegeneration (AT[N]) biomarker system to aid patients’ early diagnosis and stratification. Metrological approaches relying on mass spectrometry have been used for the development of reference materials and reference measurement procedures. Despite their excellent performances as clinical tools, fluid biomarkers often present an important between‐laboratory variation. Standardization efforts were carried out on the biomarkers currently included in the AT(N) classification system, involving the collaboration of national metrology institutes, clinicians, researchers, and in vitro diagnostic providers. This article provides an overview of current activities towards standardization. These reference methods and reference materials may be used for recalibration of immunoassays and the establishment of standardized cutoff values allowing a better stratification of Alzheimer's disease patients.Highlights
The AT(N) biomarker system allows stratifying AD patients on the basis of biomarker profiles.
Fluid biomarker measurements often present an important between‐laboratory variation preventing the establishment of standardized cutoff values.
Overview on the standardization initiatives involving the fluid biomarkers currently included in the AT(N) framework.
Comparison of glass and digital slides for cervical cytopathology screening and interpretation
Authors: de Velozo Guilherme , Cordeiro Juliana , Sousa Jefferson , Holanda Ana Cláudia , Pessoa Giovanni , Porfírio Mônica , Távora Fábio 
Published: August 2023

AbstractCervical cancer is the second most common form of cancer and a leading cause of premature death among women aged 15 to 44 worldwide. In Brazil, there is a high prevalence of infection by the human papillomavirus – HPV. Digital pathology optimizes time and space for reading cervicovaginal cytology slides. We evaluated the feasibility of using whole slide images (WSI) for the routine interpretation of cytology exams. A total of 99 cases of vaginal cytology were selected from a reference laboratory in Northeastern Brazil. Three cytotechnicians participated in the study. Cellular atypia was the one that most presented concordance values. Two observers almost perfectly agreed (k = 0.86 and k = 0.84, respectively) on the negative diagnoses. The performance of the evaluators for NILM (negative for intraepithelial lesion and malignancy) showed high reproducibility and sensitivity in the digital slides, mainly between evaluators A and C. In contrast, the microbiology group showed disagreement between the diagnoses by digital slides and the standard‐ gold. The concordance between the digital diagnoses and the gold standard for ASCUS was 89%. In the inflammatory category, Spearman's test showed similar results between raters A, B, and C (rs = 0.47, rs = 0.41, and rs = 0.47, respectively). This study reports the diagnostic validation using digital slides in view of the need to optimize the cytology visualization process. Our experience shows good diagnostic agreement between digital and optical microscopy in several analyzed categories, but mainly in relation to cellular atypia and inflammatory processes.
Changing trends in novel benzodiazepine use within Scottish prisons: detection, quantitation, prevalence, and modes of use
Authors: Marland Victoria , Reid Robert , Brandon Andrew M. , Hill Kevin , Cruickshanks Fiona , McKenzie Craig , Norman Caitlyn , Nic Daéid Niamh , Menard Herve 
Published: August 2023

AbstractDrug use within prisons is increasingly complex and unpredictable. Benzodiazepines are currently one of the most common drugs detected in individuals leaving Scottish prisons; however, understanding illicit benzodiazepine use within prisons and assessing the potential harm to individuals is challenging due to the lack of available analytical data on the substances circulating. Increasingly, materials, such as paper and clothing, infused with novel benzodiazepines have been identified as a smuggling route into Scottish prisons. Methods were developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of benzodiazepines using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and applied to 495 seized samples from 11 Scottish prisons, including papers, cards, blotters, powders, tablets, and clothing. Evolution in the benzodiazepines being detected was demonstrated, with etizolam being the most prevalent throughout 2020/2021 following which flubromazepam and bromazolam detections increased. Additionally, significant changes in the smuggling methods and drug formats detected occurred over time following policy changes within prisons. These data represent the first reported widescale etizolam quantitation data and demonstrate high levels of variability across all sample types, most notably within tablets (0.34–2.33 mg per tablet). Additionally, concentration mapping of a whole seized card sample revealed the total concentration of drug present (312.5 mg) and demonstrated variability across the surface of the card (1.16–1.87 mg/cm2). These data highlight the challenges of consistent dosing for individuals and the high risks of unintentional overdose. Increased understanding of the challenge of such drug smuggling and benzodiazepine use will aid in the development of strategies to reduce supply and mitigate harm.
Global biodiversity data suggest allopolyploid plants do not occupy larger ranges or harsher conditions compared with their progenitors
Authors: Mata Julia K. , Martin Sara L. , Smith Tyler W. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractUnderstanding the factors determining species' geographical and environmental range is a central question in evolution and ecology, and key for developing conservation and management practices. Shortly after the discovery of polyploidy, just over 100 years ago, it was suggested that polyploids generally have greater range sizes and occur in more extreme conditions than their diploid congeners. This suggestion is now widely accepted in the literature and is attributed to polyploids having an increased capacity for genetic diversity that increases their potential for adaptation and invasiveness. However, the data supporting this idea are mixed. Here, we compare the niche of allopolyploid plants to their progenitor species to determine whether allopolyploidization is associated with increased geographic range or extreme environmental tolerance. Our analysis includes 123 allopolyploid species that exist as only one known ploidy level, with at least one known progenitor species, and at least 50 records in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) database. We used GBIF occurrence data and range modeling tools to quantify the geographic and environmental distribution of these allopolyploids relative to their progenitors. We find no indication that allopolyploid plants occupy more extreme conditions or larger geographic ranges than their progenitors. Data evaluated here generally indicate no significant difference in range between allopolyploids and progenitors, and where significant differences do occur, the progenitors are more likely to exist in extreme conditions. We concluded that the evidence from these data indicate allopolyploidization does not result in larger or more extreme ranges. Thus, allopolyploidization does not have a consistent effect on species distribution, and we conclude it is more likely the content of an allopolyploid's genome rather than polyploidy per se that determines the potential for invasiveness.
Phylogeography of the Sunda pangolin, Manis javanica: Implications for taxonomy, conservation management and wildlife forensics
Authors: Sitam Frankie T. , Salgado‐Lynn Milena , Denel Azroie , Panjang Elisa , McEwing Ross , Lightson Amanda , Ogden Rob , Maruji Nur Alwanie , Yahya Nurhartini Kamalia , Ngau Cosmas , Mohd Kulaimi Noor Azleen , Ithnin Hartini , Rovie‐Ryan Jeffrine , Abu Bakar Mohd Soffian , Ewart Kyle M. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) is the most widely distributed Asian pangolin species, occurring across much of Southeast Asia and in southern China. It is classified as Critically Endangered and is one of the most trafficked mammals in the world, which not only negatively impacts wild Sunda pangolin populations but also poses a potential disease risk to other species, including humans and livestock. Here, we aimed to investigate the species' phylogeography across its distribution to improve our understanding of the species' evolutionary history, elucidate any taxonomic uncertainties and enhance the species' conservation genetic management and potential wildlife forensics applications. We sequenced mtDNA genomes from 23 wild Sunda pangolins of known provenance originating from Malaysia to fill sampling gaps in previous studies, particularly in Borneo. To conduct phylogenetic and population genetic analyses of Sunda pangolins across their range, we integrated these newly generated mitochondrial genomes with previously generated mtDNA and nuclear DNA data sets (RAD‐seq SNP data). We identified an evolutionarily distinct mtDNA lineage in north Borneo, estimated to be ~1.6 million years divergent from lineages in west/south Borneo and the mainland, comparable to the divergence time from the Palawan pangolin. There appeared to be mitonuclear discordance, with no apparent genetic structure across Borneo based on analysis of nuclear SNPs. These findings are consistent with the ‘out of Borneo hypothesis’, whereby Sunda pangolins diversified in Borneo before subsequently migrating throughout Sundaland, and/or a secondary contact scenario between mainland and Borneo. We have elucidated possible taxonomic issues in the Sunda/Palawan pangolin complex and highlight the critical need for additional georeferenced samples to accurately apportion its range‐wide genetic variation into appropriate taxonomic and conservation units. Additionally, these data have improved forensic identification testing involving these species and permit the implementation of geographic provenance testing in some scenarios.
Mammal traits and soil biogeochemistry: Functional diversity relates to composition of soil organic matter
Authors: Losada María , Sobral Mar , Silvius Kirsten M. , Varela Sara , Martínez Cortizas Antonio M. , Fragoso José M. V. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractMammal diversity affects carbon concentration in Amazonian soils. It is known that some species traits determine carbon accumulation in organisms (e.g., size and longevity), and are also related to feeding strategies, thus linking species traits to the type of organic remains that are incorporated into the soil. Trait diversity in mammal assemblages – that is, its functional diversity – may therefore constitute another mechanism linking biodiversity to soil organic matter (SOM) accumulation. To address this hypothesis, we analyzed across 83 mammal assemblages in the Amazon biome (Guyana), the elemental (by ED‐XRF and CNH analysis) and molecular (FTIR‐ATR) composition of SOM of topsoils (401 samples) and trait diversity (functional richness, evenness, and divergence) for each mammal assemblage. Lower mammal functional richness but higher functional divergence were related to higher content of carbonyl and aliphatic SOM, potentially affecting SOM recalcitrance. Our results might allow the design of biodiversity management plans that consider the effect of mammal traits on carbon sequestration and accumulation in soils.
Neophytes may promote hybridization and adaptations to a changing planet
Authors: Staude Ingmar R. , Ebersbach Jana 
Published: August 2023

AbstractHuman activities erode geographic barriers, facilitating hybridization among previously isolated taxa. However, limited empirical research exists on the consequences of introduced species (neophytes) for hybridization and subsequent evolutionary outcomes. To address this knowledge gap, we employed a macroecological approach. First, we examined the spatial and phylogenetic overlap between neophytes and hybrids by integrating the Plants of the World Online database with the Global Naturalized Alien Flora database. Second, leveraging the largest dated plant phylogeny available, we compared diversification rates between genera containing hybrids and neophytes versus those without. Third, focusing on the extensively studied hybrid flora of Britain, we studied the spatial distributions of hybrids in relation to neophyte and native parents, assessing potential adaptations to anthropogenic disturbances and impacts on native species. Overall, our findings highlight positive ties between contemporary biodiversity redistribution and hybridization. Spatially (across countries) and phylogenetically (across genera), neophyte incidence was positively associated with hybrid incidence. Genera comprising both hybrids and neophytes displayed significantly higher diversification rates. Neophyte hybrids primarily occupied areas with a higher human footprint, with limited evidence of hybrids threatening native species throughout their range in more natural habitats. These results challenge the notion that species naturalizations and hybridizations exclusively yield negative outcomes for biodiversity. While it is conceivable that anthropogenic hybridization may facilitate recombination of genetic variation and contribute to conserving genetic diversity in disturbed environments, further research is needed to fully understand these processes.
Ecological convergence in phytochemistry and flower–insect visitor interactions along an Andean elevation gradient
Authors: Carvajal Acosta Alma Nalleli , Formenti Ludovico , Godschalx Adrienne , Katsanis Angelos , Schapheer Constanza , Mooney Kailen , Villagra Cristian , Rasmann Sergio 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe diversity of specialized molecules produced by plants radiating along ecological gradients is thought to arise from plants' adaptations to local conditions. Therefore, closely related species growing in similar habitats should phylogenetically converge, or diverge, in response to similar climates, or similar interacting animal communities. We here asked whether closely related species in the genus Haplopappus (Asteraceae) growing within the same elevation bands in the Andes, converged to produce similar floral odors. To do so, we combine untargeted analysis of floral volatile organic compounds with insect olfactory bioassay in congeneric Haplopappus (Asteraceae) species growing within the same elevation bands along the Andean elevational gradient. We then asked whether the outcome of biotic interactions (i.e., pollination vs. seed predation) would also converge across species within the same elevation. We found that flower odors grouped according to their elevational band and that the main floral visitor preferred floral heads from low‐elevation band species. Furthermore, the cost–benefit ratio of predated versus fertilized seeds was consistent within elevation bands, but increased with elevation, from 6:1 at low to 8:1 at high elevations. In the light of our findings, we propose that climate and insect community changes along elevation molded a common floral odor blend, best adapted for the local conditions. Moreover, we suggest that at low elevation where floral resources are abundant, the per capita cost of attracting seed predators is diluted, while at high elevation, sparse plants incur a higher herbivory cost per capita. Together, our results suggest that phytochemical convergence may be an important factor driving plant–insect interactions and their ecological outcomes along ecological gradients.
Evaluating the driving forces of spectral inversion methods used for assessing water quality parameters in Poyang Lake, China
Authors: Wang Wenyu , Zhai Xiaoyan , Yang Peng , Xia Jun , Hu Sheng , Zhou Libo , Fu Cai 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWater quality parameters are key indicators of quality of water and can indicate the algal biomass and eutrophication in lakes. Therefore, this study spectrally inverted and evaluated the water quality of the Poyang Lake in China by analysing the differences between the measured water quality parameters and the observed image spectra of Sentinel‐2 remote sensing. This analysis was done using statistical regression models (SRMs) and various machine learning models (e.g., support vector machine [SVM] and random forest [RF]). The following major conclusions were drawn: (1) nutrients accumulated more in summer (June–August) than in winter (December–February). For example, in local areas of the main river, total nitrogen (TN) concentration reached 3.4 mg/L in summer of 2016, whereas total phosphorus (TP) concentrations were below 0.052 mg/L in winters of 2016 and 2017. (2) The three models, SRM, RF and SVM, achieved good results in the inversions of Secchi depth and permanganate index. However, differences were noted in the inversions of other parameters. For example, the goodness‐of‐fit (r2) between the inversion and measured values of TN concentration from RF was 0.81, while that from SR was 0.73. (3) The spatial distribution patterns of the water quality parameters showed differences. The ammoniacal nitrogen concentration was higher in the central region than that in the western region of the lake, whereas TP concentration was higher at the shoreline of the lake at 0.07 mg/L on 2 April 2017 but was relatively low in the main channel.