bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age and the Susceptibility of Rabbits to Scarlet Fever Toxin
Authors: Trask James D. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A relation between age and susceptibility to scarlet fever toxin was described by Parish and Okell (1). They found that young rabbits survived longer than mature ones following the inoculation of living scarlatinal streptococci and also that doses of scarlatinal toxin which were fatal to most rabbits of more than 2000 grams were not fatal to most rabbits weighing less than 1000 grams. Although, in the experiments with toxin, the ages of the animals were unknown, nevertheless, considering the weights mentioned there can be no doubt but that these investigators observed a lack of susceptibility to scarlatinal toxin in young as compared to older rabbits. This phenomenon was noted by us independently while studying another phase of the scarlet fever problem. It seems worth while to publish our results for their corroborative value. Accordingly our experiments which have to do with the relation of age and susceptibility follow.
Studies in Anaphylaxis in the Rabbit
Authors: Grove Ella F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Of 53 rabbits treated with the Grove series of injections with egg white (described in the text), 70 per cent were made maximally sensitive to intravenous test, 5.6 per cent exhibited slight symptoms of anaphylaxis and 24.4 per cent failed to show any symptoms. Similar results were obtained with horse serum. Variations in the number or the selected routes of the injections lessened the effectiveness of the treatment in establishing anaphylactic sensitiveness in the animals. The established sensitiveness persists for at least two or three weeks. An additional subcutaneous injection given one week after the period of highest sensitiveness usually causes no diminution in the concentration of the blood-borne antibodies; nevertheless the sensitiveness of the animals is always greatly diminished or entirely extinguished. Active sensitization of rabbits does not depend entirely upon the degree of antibody productivity because animals showing a high power of antibody production may be wholly insensitive and vice versa.
Studies in Phagocytosis
Authors: Wittenberg Joseph , Lederer Max , Mollov Mollie 
Published: January 2023

Résumé
The series of experiments here reported show: That phagocytosis of gonococci by leucocytes depends on the influence of gonotoxin on the organisms rather than on the presence of the organisms themselves.That the union between the gonotoxin and the leucocytes is labile and can easily be disassociated by washing with saline.That avidity of the phagocytes for gonococci can be satisfied, at least partially, by supplying gonotoxin to the leucocytes before exposing the gonococci to their action.
The Urticarial Skin Reaction in Normal and Sensitized Guinea Pigs
Authors: Pilcher, Lewis S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Typical urticarial skin reactions exactly resembling in character and time sequence those described in man by Lewis and Grant were produced in guinea pigs by light skin puncture through a drop of 1:100 histamine solution. The vascular changes preceding and accompanying the urticarial reaction could be accurately observed by looking through the ear of the guinea pig while the reaction was in progress. “Immediate” anaphylactic skin reactions to antigenic horse serum were produced in sensitized guinea pigs by light skin puncture through a drop of undiluted horse serum. These reactions were typically urticarial resembling the histamine wheals in character but having a more gradual and chronic sequence of development. No general anaphylactic reactions of any kind accompanied any of the skin reactions. The anaphylactic sensitivity of all the test animals was checked at the end of the experiment by intracardiac injection of 2 cc. of normal horse serum. There appeared to be a fairly definite relation between the presence of general anaphylactic sensitivity and the production or non-production of the typical anaphylactic skin reaction. There was no relation between general anaphylactic sensitivity and the degree of production of the histamine skin reaction.
Local Organ Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Seegal Beatrice Carrier , Seegal David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Repeated intravenous injections of egg white in rabbits whose right eye is inflamed by the introduction of glycerin into the anterior chamber, results in a specific local sensitization of the eye to egg white in 12 of 21 animals tested. Control rabbits injected intravenously with egg white alone and other animals whose right eye is injured with glycerin alone do not develop the eye reaction when the test dose of egg white is injected intravenously. Repeated injections of egg white intravenously in normal animals may produce a general reactivity such that later injections of egg white produce bilateral inflammation of the eyes.
Studies on Tissue Reactions in Immunity
Authors: Kahn Reuben L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the previous article (1) quantitative data were presented dealing with the degree of skin sensitivity in rabbits following sensitizing injections of bacterial vaccines. This sensitivity was subsequently found to be influenced by the method of administering the sensitizing injections. When administered intravenously, antibody formation seemed to exceed the response toward hypersensitiveness, whereas if administered intradermally, the hypersensitive response appeared to be the outstanding one. Another aspect was observed in connection with the sensitization of rabbits to bacterial suspensions, namely, that frequently repeated injections did not increase the sensitivity of rabbits to the same extent as infrequent injections. This article will briefly consider 2 experiments. In one, a group of rabbits was injected with typhoid vaccine, some intracutaneously and others intravenously, and the skin sensitivity and serum agglutinins were determined at definite intervals.
Studies in Microbic Dissociation
Authors: Mackenzie G. M. , Fitzgerald Helen 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Studies of microbic dissociation have usually taken as the point of departure either some deviation from the familiar colony type of the culture under investigation or instability of emulsions in normal salt solution. Variants have usually been, and still are, spoken of chiefly as “rough” or “smooth” even though abundant evidence has accumulated that in colonial morphology the variant culture may be indistinguishable from the original culture, yet differing profoundly in serological, morphological, or biochemical properties. Conversely, rough colony variants may manifest complete serological identity (Krumwiede, Cooper and Provost (1) and Savage and White (2)) with the original smooth colony culture. Perhaps the “R” and “S” terminology is the most convenient one now available but its inadequacies are constantly encountered in investigations of the phenomena of microbic dissociation. In this paper and in those which follow we have preferred to designate the original culture, from which both “smooth” and “rough” variants have been derived, as the O-culture.
Meningococcus Toxin and Antitoxin
Authors: Ferry Newell S. , Schornack Philip J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Live cultures, whole killed cultures, washed killed cultures, washings of live cultures, washings of killed cultures and toxin (meningococcus bouillon filtrate) have more or less of a similar effect when injected intracisternally in 250-gram guinea pigs.
Experimental meningococcus antitoxin has a neutralizing effect against meningococcus toxin, the washings of killed cultures and to some degree against washed cultures, when mixed with these substances before injection, but shows no evidence of neutralizing live cultures or killed cultures when the mixtures are injected intracisternally.
Antimeningococcic serum has evidenced some neutralizing effect against meningococcus toxin when the mixture of toxin and serum was injected intracisternally.
Exposure for two hours at incubator temperature has no appreciable deleterious effect on the toxin or mixtures of toxin and antitoxin.
The Serum Antibody Titer of Macacus Rhesus Following Repeated Inoculations of Yellow Fever Virus
Authors: Lloyd Wray , Mahaffy Alexander F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
No significant alteration was found to take place in the protecting antibody titers of the sera of five Macacus rhesus monkeys, immune to yellow fever, after repeated subcutaneous injections of neurotropic yellow fever virus at monthly intervals.
Changes in Caliber of Pial Vessels in Guinea Pigs During Anaphylactic Shock
Authors: Finley Knox H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Smooth muscle has been shown to be highly sensitive to the specific reactions occurring in anaphylactic shock. Schultz (1) demonstrated that all organs of the guinea pig containing smooth muscle contracted to a greater or lesser degree when the animal became anaphylactic. This was true of blood vessels as well as other organs with smooth muscle. From these findings one would be justified in expecting some degree of cerebral vascular spasm during anaphylactic shock. The experiments here reported were designed to observe this phenomena through the cranial window.
Method A cranial window and head holder for the small skull of the guinea pig were designed by Dr. Henry S. Forbes, otherwise the technic was similar to that usually employed in this laboratory (2). Because anaphylactic shock is inhibited under a general anesthetic, the trephine work for the window was done under a combined local and general anesthesia. The ether was discontinued after the preliminary preparations, and the operation finished under 2 per cent novocaine.
Note on the Distribution and Solubility of M and N
Authors: Boyd William C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
I. Absence of M and N in Spermatazoa. In contrast to the wide distribution of A and B in the human body, M and N have not been found in muscle or saliva (1, 7). In view of the interesting suggestion of Lattes (4), based on the occurrence of A and B in spermatazoa, that the inheritance of A and B might be cytoplasmic rather than chromosomal, it seemed of interest to examine spermatazoa for M and N. Two specimens of spermatazoa from men of type O + - and two from O - + were centrifuged, washed, and covered with a small amount of a mixture of anti-M and anti-N testing fluids, as described in (1). On testing later with M and N erythrocytes, there was no evidence of removal of any agglutinin.
The Effect of Injection Methods on the Species Specificity of Serum Precipitins
Authors: Wolfe Harold R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The degree of species specificity of the precipitin reaction is still controversial. Since workers have not used similar methods, a part, at least, of these discrepancies may have been due to difference in technic. The specificity or the degree of specificity is of great importance to the one concerned with this test in systematic zoology or in forensic medicine.
Uhlenhuth (1, 2) was probably the first to find that there were “group” reactions, i.e., cross reactions when blood sera of related animals were used. Nuttall (3) applied the test extensively to a study of vertebrate and invertebrate relationships. Many others have used the test in a study of serological relationships of all kinds of living matter and it has been employed in medico-legal work, especially in Europe.
Friedberger and Collier (4) in 1919 and Friedberger and Jarre (5) in 1920 reported the non-specific reactivities of serum precipitins but in 1922 Manteufel and Berger (6) demonstrated many cases of highly specific precipitins.
The Response to Yellow Fever Virus in the Nonsusceptible Rabbit
Authors: Whitman Loring 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits do not support the development of yellow fever virus either in the brain or viscera. They develop antibodies in circulation capable of passively protecting susceptible animals against infection. Following a rest period a second injection of virus into a previously immunized animal produces a serum titer ten to twenty times higher than that previously obtained. This is transient.
Tests for Immunity to Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Rule Anna M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The serum colloidal gold test is not acceptable as a substitute for the monkey serum neutralization test for poliomyelitis antibody. The complement fixation test employing antigens of monkey poliomyelitic spinal cord gave completely negative reactions with the sera of human beings containing antiviral antibody. The sera of normal and poliomyelitic immune monkeys gave completely negative Wassermann reactions. The sera of normal monkeys gave completely negative complement fixation reactions with antigens of monkey poliomyelitic spinal cord. Some of the sera of monkeys with poliomyelitis as well as some immunized with poliomyelitis vaccine or previously inoculated intracerebrally with neutralized serum-virus mixtures gave positive complement fixation reactions. All of the human and monkey sera employed in the complement fixation tests gave completely negative precipitation reactions with an antigen of monkey poliomyelitic spinal cord.
On the Relation of Heterophile Antigen to Serum Sickness
Authors: Powell H. M. , Jamieson W. A. , Kempf G. F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. The investigations of Davidsohn (1, 2) have indicated, as suggested by Taniguchi (3), that human serum sickness following treatment with horse serum is heterophile in nature, and caused by the heterophile antigen naturally contained in horse serum. So far as we are aware other writers have not supported this point of view.
In 1931, in testing out this hypothesis, we prepared mixtures of horse tetanus antitoxic globulin as well as other refined and whole horse antisera, and heterophile antibody derived from rabbits treated with boiled sheep erythrocytes. Ten to 20 units of heterophile antibody, as previously defined (4, 5, 6) were added to each cubic centimeter of the various horse sera, and the mixtures were allowed to stand for one week, alternating daily with room temperature and ice-box exposure. The precipitates which developed were removed by Berkefeld filtration, and the clarified mixed sera were found to contain from 2 to 5 units of heterophile antibody per cubic centimeter.
Reactions Between Lipoids and Antibodies
Authors: Eagle Harry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The ether and acetone insoluble, alcohol soluble fraction of sheep red blood cells and of guinea pig kidney, fortified by the addition of cholesterol and corn germ sterol, forms a crystalline suspension on dilution with salt solution. The isoelectric point of the lipoid particles in such a suspension is approximately pH 1.9. After they are placed in normal amboceptor-free rabbit serum and washed free of excess protein, their isoelectric point is found to be changed to pH 2.8 to 3.5, presumably due to the adsorption of serum protein, incompletely removed by washing. When the particles are placed in serially increasing concentrations of an anti-sheep red blood cell serum and washed free of protein, their isoelectric point at first rises to a maximum of pH 4.2 to 4.9. Further increase in the antiserum: antigen ratio occasionally causes a cataphoretic prozone, with a shift in the isoelectric point of the washed particles back towards the acid zone, reaching as low as pH 2.2 and 2.6 in two experiments.
The isoelectric point of the antibody bound to heterophile lipoid is therefore at least pH 4.7 to 4.9, and may be even more alkaline.
When a suspension of the washed crystals is placed in antiserum, the aggregates which form are found to contain considerable quantities of a nitrogenous serum substance. Because the amount so bound depends primarily on the concentration of antiserum, even when the antiserum is diluted with normal serum, this nitrogenous substance is believed to represent largely the specific antibody. Assuming it to be a protein, it constitutes up to 9.3 per cent of the washed aggregates. This was the maximum value observed, and may represent maximally sensitized particles. It is interesting to note that spherical molecules 7 μμ in diameter deposited as a close-packed unimolecular layer around the antigen particles would constitute approximately 10 per cent of the aggregates.
The minimum amount of antibody necessary to cause the aggregation of 0.1 cc. of the lipoid suspension under the experimental conditions described in the text is estimated as 0.0015 mgm.; and an anti-sheep cell serum which can cause such aggregation up to 1:500 dilution is estimated to contain 75 mgm. of antibody to sheep cell or guinea pig kidney lipoid per 100 cc. It is estimated that only a small proportion, 1:140, of the surface of the antigen particles here studied need be covered with antibody protein in order to produce aggregation. It should be pointed out that, because of the assumptions discussed in the text, these figures represent orders of magnitude rather than precise values.
The Non-Identity of the Antigenic and Antitoxic Groups in Diphtheria Antitoxin
Authors: Eagle Harry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Diphtheria antitoxin (horse) saturated with a large excess of toxin can nevertheless combine with a rabbit antiserum against horse serum protein. Conversely, antitoxin precipitated by a large excess of the antiserum and presumably saturated with precipitin is almost unaffected as regards its ability to combine with toxin. In confirmation of Smith and Marrack, there are apparently different combining sites in the antitoxin molecule for toxin and for precipitin.
Studies on the Fate of Living Bacteria Introduced Into the Upper Respiratory Tract of Normal and Intranasally Vaccinated Rabbits
Authors: Cannon Paul R. , Walsh Theodore E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A study was made of the fate of living bacteria instilled intranasally into normal and intranasally vaccinated rabbits. Similar experiments were also performed on normal rabbits and guinea pigs in which suspensions of inert particles were instilled into the nostrils and their distribution within the lungs determined. The results may be summarized as follows: Non-virulent staphylococci, when instilled intranasally into normal rabbits in relatively small volumes of fluid, pass quickly and directly into the lungs by way of the trachea and bronchi.Virulent pneumococci, when instilled intranasally into normal animals, do not pass directly through the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract, but are aspirated into the lungs and thence enter the blood. They may pass directly through the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract when introduced into rabbits kept in abnormal positions and under prolonged anesthesia.Intranasal vaccination with a formalin-killed suspension of type 1 pneumococci does not prevent the pulmonary aspiration of intranasally instilled type 1 pneumococci, but restricts their dissemination from the lungs to the blood and inhibits their growth both in the lungs and in the body as a whole.Inert particles introduced into the nostrils of normal rabbits and guinea pigs readily reach the lungs by direct aspiration. Their localization within the lungs depends mainly upon gravity and inspiratory suction, as suggested previously by Corper and Robbin.
Immunogenetic Studies of Species and of Species-Hybrids in Doves; the Separation of Species-Specific Substances in the Second Backcross
Authors: Irwin M. R. , Cole L. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The species-specific antigens present in the erythrocytes of Pearlneck are multiple and divisible as shown by their separation in backcross hybrids (to Ring doves).
The only reasonable conclusion from these findings is that both the species-specific and the common antigens are the result of the action of genes.
These findings substantiate the accepted conceptions of bacteriologists of the mosaic structure of cellular antigens.
Studies of Antipneumococcal Serum
Authors: Sickles Grace M. , Rice Christine E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sera from horses and rabbits under immunization with pneumococci of type I or II were titrated for agglutinative, precipitative, and complement-fixing activity with pneumococcal antigens and with agar. The type-specific reaction in type-I and -II antipneumococcal horse- and rabbit-sera developed earlier than or at the same time as nontype-specific or species activity. Comparable titers were usually reached earlier with immune rabbit- than with immune horse-sera. Pneumococcal nucleoprotein was precipitated before there was any evidence of cross-agglutination; this precipitative activity increased markedly in the serum of horses after the injection of live cells. Cross-agglutination occurred in those later bleedings which precipitated the heterologous type-specific carbohydrate and species-carbohydrate. Precipitation of hydrolyzed agar appeared early and did not seem to parallel cross-agglutination. Immune horse and rabbit sera differed sharply in their complement-fixation reactions. Rabbit sera fixed complement actively with cell-suspensions and pneumococcal nucleoprotein throughout the course of immunization; later bleedings from horses failed to give fixation with these antigens. Both continued to react with the lipid fraction of the pneumococcus throughout the immunization and for some time afterward. As has been previously reported by others, the rabbit-sera fixed complement with the specific polysaccharide; the horse-sera did not.
Studies on Hæmophilus Influenzæ
Authors: Dingle John H. , Fothergill LeRoy D. , Chandler Caroline A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effectiveness of various complements in the activation of anti-H. influenzæ horse, rabbit, and guinea pig sera as indicated by bactericidal action has been studied. The mechanism of the bactericidal action of all these sera involves antibody and complement. With anti-H. influenzæ horse serum the results of this study indicate that (a) fresh human (infant) serum is effective in complementing this antibody; (b) guinea pig complement is ineffective in this system and such failure is not dependent on the diluent, the virulence of the culture, the age of the culture, the time of incubation of the experiment, or heat-labile anticomplementary bodies in the immune serum; (c) fresh normal rabbit and horse sera do not activate the antibody; (d) fresh immune horse serum in this in vitro system has no bactericidal action; and (e) the ability of the various fresh sera to serve as bactericidal activators of anti-H. influenzæ horse serum is not related to their titer of hemolytic complement for sheep red blood cells sensitized with rabbit hemolysin. The bactericidal function of anti-H. influenzæ rabbit serum can be activated by human and rabbit complements but not by guinea pig complement; the potency of human and rabbit complements in this respect is essentially the same; and no direct correlation is apparent between the hemolytic titers of guinea pig and either human or rabbit complements and their ability to activate this bactericidal system. The bactericidal function of anti-H. influenzæ guinea pig serum can be activated by human, rabbit and guinea pig complements. With fresh immune guinea pig serum the quantitative activation of complement is equivalent in the bactericidal and hemolytic systems. The inactivated serum can be fully reactivated by normal guinea pig serum. Fresh human and rabbit sera complement the bactericidal action of immune guinea pig serum to an extent which roughly corresponds to their relative titers in complementing the hemolytic system.