bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physics design of 14 MeV neutron generator facility at the Institute for Plasma Research
Authors: SWAMI H L , VALA S , RAJPUT M , ABHANGI M , KUMAR Ratnesh , SAXENA A , KUMAR Rajesh 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A high energy and high yield neutron source is a prime requirement for technological studies related to fusion reactor development. It provides a high-energy neutron environment for small-scale fusion reactor components research and testing such as tritium breeding, shielding, plasma-facing materials, reaction cross-section data study for fusion materials, etc. Along with ITER participation, the Institute of Plasma Research, India is developing an accelerator-based 14 MeV neutron source with a yield of 1012 n s−1. The design of the source is based on the deuterium–tritium fusion reaction. The deuterium beam is accelerated and delivered to the tritium target to generate 14 MeV neutrons. The deuterium beam energy and tritium availability in the tritium target are the base parameters of the accelerator-based neutron source design. The paper gives the physics design of the neutron generator facility of the Institute for Plasma Research. It covers the requirements, design basis, and physics parameters of the neutron generator. As per the analytical results generator can produce more than 1 × 1012 n s−1 with a 110 keV D+ ion beam of 10 mA and a minimum 5 Ci tritium target. However, the detailed simulation with the more realistic conditions of deuteron ion interaction with the tritium titanium target shows that the desired results cannot be achieved with 110 keV. The safe limit of the ion energy should be 300 keV as per the simulation. At 300 keV ion energy and 20 mA current, it reaches 1.6 × 1012 n s−1. Moreover, it was found that to ensure sufficiently long operation time a tritium target of more than 20 Ci should be used. The scope of the neutron source is not limited to the fusion reactor research studies, it is extended to other areas such as medical radioisotopes research, semiconductor devices irradiations, and many more.
Complex Systems of Property: Change and Resilience After a Catastrophic Disaster
Authors: Fitzpatrick Daniel 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This Article applies emerging literature on resilience in complex systems to institutional change in property rights systems. Complex systems theory provides an alternative to economic models that adopt assumptions of linearity in property rights transitions—where inputs such as rising resource values induce proportionate outputs in the formation of private property rights. Based on a case study of catastrophic disaster, the Article concludes that institutional change in a complex property system does not involve proportionate or predictable responses to sudden shocks in the external environment. The stochasticity of institutional change arises from acts of adaptive self-organization across multiple scales of proprietary governance. The “added value” of systems theory is a set of conceptual tools—such as scale, stochasticity, and self-organization—which help to explain resilience and change in property systems affected by sudden environmental shocks.
A scalable approach for continuous time Markov models with covariates
Authors: Hatami Farhad , Ocampo Alex , Graham Gordon , Nichols Thomas E , Ganjgahi Habib 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Existing methods for fitting continuous time Markov models (CTMM) in the presence of covariates suffer from scalability issues due to high computational cost of matrix exponentials calculated for each observation. In this article, we propose an optimization technique for CTMM which uses a stochastic gradient descent algorithm combined with differentiation of the matrix exponential using a Padé approximation. This approach makes fitting large scale data feasible. We present two methods for computing standard errors, one novel approach using the Padé expansion and the other using power series expansion of the matrix exponential. Through simulations, we find improved performance relative to existing CTMM methods, and we demonstrate the method on the large-scale multiple sclerosis NO.MS data set.
Temporal fingerprints of cortical gyrification in marmosets and humans
Authors: Wang Qiyu , Zhao Shijie , Liu Tianming , Han Junwei , Liu Cirong 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Recent neuroimaging studies in humans have reported distinct temporal dynamics of gyri and sulci, which may be associated with putative functions of cortical gyrification. However, the complex folding patterns of the human cortex make it difficult to explain temporal patterns of gyrification. In this study, we used the common marmoset as a simplified model to examine the temporal characteristics and compare them with the complex gyrification of humans. Using a brain-inspired deep neural network, we obtained reliable temporal-frequency fingerprints of gyri and sulci from the awake rs-fMRI data of marmosets and humans. Notably, the temporal fingerprints of one region successfully classified the gyrus/sulcus of another region in both marmosets and humans. Additionally, the temporal-frequency fingerprints were remarkably similar in both species. We then analyzed the resulting fingerprints in several domains and adopted the Wavelet Transform Coherence approach to characterize the gyro-sulcal coupling patterns. In both humans and marmosets, sulci exhibited higher frequency bands than gyri, and the two were temporally coupled within the same range of phase angles. This study supports the notion that gyri and sulci possess unique and evolutionarily conserved features that are consistent across functional areas, and advances our understanding of the functional role of cortical gyrification.
Clinician’s Guide to Using Ozanimod for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Sands Bruce E , Schreiber Stefan , Blumenstein Irina , Chiorean Michael V , Ungaro Ryan C , Rubin David T 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The emergence of advanced therapies [eg, biologics, Janus kinase inhibitors] over the past few decades has revolutionised the treatment of ulcerative colitis. However, the limitations of these therapies leave an unmet need for safer and more effective or convenient treatment options. There is growing interest in the development of novel oral small molecule therapies for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Ozanimod is an oral small molecule therapy that is approved in the USA, the European Union, and other countries as the first sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator for the treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in adults. This review provides guidance for ozanimod use for the treatment of ulcerative colitis, based on the prescribing information, clinical trial and real-world data, and the authors’ clinical experiences. This guidance outlines patient characteristics to consider when deciding if ozanimod treatment is suitable and describes how to educate patients on risks and best practices. It also details the nature and frequency of monitoring during treatment, which should be adapted to the individual patient based on pre-existing risk factors and events that possibly occur during treatment. This review also provides insights into the patient characteristics and clinical scenarios best suited for ozanimod treatment, based on its efficacy, safety profile, and risks compared with other therapies.
Discontinuation of Anti-Tumour Necrosis Factor Therapy in Patients with Perianal Fistulizing Crohn’s Disease: Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis of 309 Patients from 12 Studies
Authors: ten Bokkel Huinink Sebastiaan , Thomassen Doranne , Steyerberg Ewout W , Pauwels Renske W M , Casanova Maria J , Bouguen Guillaume , Mak Joyce W Y , Molnár Tamas , Lobo Alan J , Seidelin Jacob B , Amiot Aurelien , D’Haens Geert , Rivière Pauline , Guidi Luisa , Bor Renata , Lin Wei-Chen , Peyrin-Biroulet Laurent , Gisbert Javier P , Janneke van der Woude C , de Vries Annemarie C 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Background
The risk of relapse after anti-tumour necrosis factor [TNF] therapy discontinuation in Crohn’s disease patients with perianal fistulas [pCD] is unclear. We aimed to assess this risk.

Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted to identify cohort studies on the incidence of relapse following anti-TNF discontinuation in pCD patients. Individual participant data were requested from the original study cohorts. Inclusion criteria were age ≥16 years, pCD as a (co)indication for start of anti-TNF therapy, more than three doses, and remission of luminal and pCD at anti-TNF discontinuation. The primary outcome was the cumulative incidence of CD relapse using Kaplan–Meier estimates. Secondary outcomes included response to re-treatment and risk factors associated with relapse as assessed by Cox regression analysis.

Results
In total, 309 patients from 12 studies in ten countries were included. The median duration of anti-TNF treatment was 14 months [interquartile range 5.8–32.5]. Most patients were treated for pCD without active luminal disease [89%], received first-line anti-TNF therapy [87%], and continued immunomodulatory therapy following anti-TNF discontinuation [78%]. The overall cumulative incidence of relapse was 36% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25–48%) and 42% [95% CI 32–53%] at 1 and 2 years after anti-TNF discontinuation, respectively. Risk factors for relapse included smoking (hazard ratio [HR] 1.5 [1.0, 2.1]) and history of proctitis (HR 1.7 [1.1, 2.5]). The overall re-treatment response rate was 82%.

Conclusions
This individual participant data meta-analysis, on predominantly patients with pCD without active luminal disease and first-line anti-TNF therapy, shows that over half of patients remain in remission 2 years after anti-TNF discontinuation. Therefore, anti-TNF discontinuation may be considered in this subgroup.
Faecal Microbiota Transplantation [FMT] in the Treatment of Chronic Refractory Pouchitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Zaman Shafquat , Akingboye Akinfemi , Mohamedahmed Ali Yasen Y , Peterknecht Elizabeth , Bhattacharya Pratik , El-Asrag Mohammed E , Iqbal Tariq H , Quraishi Mohammed Nabil , Beggs Andrew D 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Background
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the efficacy and safety of faecal microbiota transplantation [FMT] in the treatment of chronic pouchitis.

Methods
A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using the following databases and clinical trial registers: Medline, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [CENTRAL], clinical trials.gov, ScienceDirect, and VHL [virtual health library]. The primary outcome was clinical response/remission in patients treated with FMT. Secondary outcomes included safety profile, quality of life, and changes in the gut microbiome.

Results
Seven observational cohort studies/case series and two randomised, controlled trials with a total of 103 patients were included. The route, preparation, and quantity of FMT administered varied among the included studies. Clinical response rate of 42.6% with a remission rate of 29.8% was estimated in our cohort following FMT therapy. Minor, self-limiting, adverse events were reported, and the treatment was well tolerated with good short- and long-term safety profiles. Successful FMT engraftment in recipients varied and, on average, microbial richness and diversity was lower in patients with pouchitis. In some instances, shifts with specific changes towards abundance of species, suggestive of a ‘healthier’ pouch microbiota, were observed following treatment with FMT.

Conclusion
The evidence for FMT in the treatment of chronic pouchitis is sparse, which limits any recommendations being made for its use in clinical practice. Current evidence from low-quality studies suggests a variable clinical response and remission rate, but the treatment is well tolerated, with a good safety profile. This review emphasises the need for rationally designed, well-powered, randomised, placebo-controlled trials to understand the efficacy of FMT for the treatment of pouchitis.
It is never too LATE: a new look at local average treatment effects with or without defiers
Authors: Dahl Christian M , Huber Martin , Mellace Giovanni 
Published: July 2023

Summary
In heterogeneous treatment effect models with endogeneity, identification of the local average treatment effect (LATE) typically relies on the availability of an exogenous instrument monotonically related to treatment participation. First, we demonstrate that a strictly weaker local monotonicity condition—invoked for specific potential outcome values rather than globally—identifies the LATEs on compliers and defiers. Second, we show that our identification results apply to subsets of compliers and defiers when imposing an even weaker local compliers-defiers assumption that allows for both types at any potential outcome value. We propose estimators that are potentially more efficient than two-stage least squares (2SLS) in finite samples, even in cases where 2SLS is consistent. Finally, we provide an empirical application to estimating returns to education using the quarter of birth instrument.
Long-term effects of primary hyperparathyroidism and parathyroidectomy on kidney function
Authors: Zhu Catherine Y , Zhou Hui X , Tseng Chi-Hong , Fackelmayer Oliver J , Haigh Philip I , Adams Annette L , Yeh Michael W 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Importance
Limited evidence supports kidney dysfunction as an indication for parathyroidectomy in asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT).

Objective
To investigate the natural history of kidney function in PHPT and whether parathyroidectomy alters renal outcomes.

Design
Matched control study.

Setting
A vertically integrated health care system serving 4.6 million patients in Southern California.

Participants
6058 subjects with PHPT and 16 388 matched controls, studied from 2000 to 2016.

Exposures
Biochemically confirmed PHPT with varying serum calcium levels.

Main outcomes
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) trajectories were compared over 10 years, with cases subdivided by severity of hypercalcemia: serum calcium 2.62-2.74 mmol/L (10.5-11 mg/dL), 2.75-2.87 (11.1-11.5), 2.88-2.99 (11.6-12), and &gt;2.99 (&gt;12). Interrupted time series analysis was conducted among propensity-score-matched PHPT patients with and without parathyroidectomy to compare eGFR trajectories postoperatively.

Results
Modest rates of eGFR decline were observed in PHPT patients with serum calcium 2.62-2.74 mmol/L (−1.0 mL/min/1.73 m2/year) and 2.75-2.87 mmol/L (−1.1 mL/min/1.73 m2/year), comprising 56% and 28% of cases, respectively. Compared with the control rate of −1.0 mL/min/1.73 m2/year, accelerated rates of eGFR decline were observed in patients with serum calcium 2.88-2.99 mmol/L (−1.5 mL/min/1.73 m2/year, P &lt; .001) and &gt;2.99 mmol/L (−2.1 mL/min/1.73 m2/year, P &lt; .001), comprising 9% and 7% of cases, respectively. In the propensity score–matched population, patients with serum calcium &gt;2.87 mmol/L exhibited mitigation of eGFR decline after parathyroidectomy (−2.0 [95% CI: −2.6 to −1.5] to −0.9 [95% CI: −1.5 to 0.4] mL/min/1.73 m2/year).

Conclusions and relevance
Compared with matched controls, accelerated eGFR decline was observed in the minority of PHPT patients with serum calcium &gt;2.87 mmol/L (11.5 mg/dL). Parathyroidectomy was associated with mitigation of eGFR decline in patients with serum calcium &gt;2.87 mmol/L.
Building Bridges or Breaking Bonds? The Belt and Road Initiative and Foreign Aid Competition
Authors: Vadlamannati Krishna Chaitanya , Brazys Samuel , Dukalskis Alexander , Li Yuanxin 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
China’s renewed prominence is the most important development in international relations in the 21st century. Despite longstanding rhetoric of its own “peaceful rise”, China is increasingly viewed as a long-term strategic competitor, especially in the United States. Foreign aid is one arena where this competition may be playing out. While Western foreign aid principles have emphasized coordination and harmonization, the rise of China as a development partner has raised the specter of a return to competitive foreign aid practices. Most notably, China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), has received a wary reception by those who view it primarily as a geostrategic effort, but our knowledge of responses to the BRI is often anecdotal and fragmentary. To remedy this, we test if the BRI is inducing a competitive foreign aid response by evaluating if countries involved in this initiative are more likely to receive US support for loan packages from the major, Western, multilateral development banks (MDBs). Using an instrumental variable approach, covering 7,850 project/loan packages in 10 MDBs from 162 countries during 2013–2018 period, we find that the United States was more likely to vote for MDB packages to countries that have signed on to the BRI, but predominantly when the actual amount of Chinese aid flowing to those countries is still low, suggesting the United States is competing for “hedging” countries.
Development of a cervical cancer prevention text-messaging program for women living with HIV
Authors: Ciceron Annie Coriolan , Berg Carla J , Clausen Michelle , Jeon Min Jeong , Abroms Lorien C , Le Daisy 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Cervical cancer screening and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination are critical for those immunocompromised due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Health education programs, including text messaging, can effectively improve knowledge of cervical cancer and recommended screening. This paper describes the data-driven development of a 4-week text-messaging intervention to improve HPV and cervical cancer knowledge among women living with HIV (WLH). This study reports data from surveys (n = 81; January 2020 to September 2021) and focus group discussions (FGDs, n = 39; April–June 2020) conducted among WLH in the DC area. While most WLH revealed that their usual sources of health information were through in-person group sessions, they pointed out that these were impractical options due to the coronavirus 2019 pandemic. They noted that a text-messaging intervention was feasible and acceptable. FGD participants’ responses structured around the Protection Motivation Theory constructs informed the text-messaging library, covering topics such as (I) understanding of cervical cancer and HPV, (II) cervical cancer prevention and (III) HPV self-sampling. The utilization of low-cost and easily accessible health education interventions, such as mobile-based text messaging, can effectively increase knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer in populations that have been historically difficult to access and during times when health services are disrupted such as during a global pandemic or public health emergency.
Comparisons between young adult waterpipe smokers and nonsmokers’ reactions to pictorial health warning labels in Lebanon: a randomized crossover experimental study
Authors: Jebai R , Asfar T , Nakkash R , Chehab S , Schmidt M , Wu W , Bursac Z , Maziak W 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This study compares the impact of pictorial health warning labels (HWLs) and their placements on waterpipe parts (device, tobacco and charcoal packages) on health communication outcomes between waterpipe smokers and nonsmokers in Lebanon. An online randomized crossover experimental study was conducted among young adults (n = 403, August 2021) who observed three conditions of HWLs: pictorial HWLs on the tobacco package, pictorial HWLs on all waterpipe’s parts and text-only HWL on the tobacco package in random order. Participants completed post-exposure assessments of health communication outcomes after each image. Using linear mixed models, we examined the differences in the effect of HWL conditions on several outcomes (i.e. warning reactions) between waterpipe smokers and nonsmokers, controlling for confounders (i.e. age, sex). Nonsmokers reported greater attention (β = 0.54 [95% confidence interval: 0.25–0.82]), cognitive elaboration (0.31 [0.05–0.58]) and social interaction (0.41 [0.18–0.65]) for pictorial HWLs on the tobacco packages than text-only compared with smokers. Pictorial HWLs on three parts versus one part elicited higher cognitive reactions and perceived message effectiveness in nonsmokers compared with waterpipe smokers. These findings provide valuable information for policymakers about the potential of implementing HWLs specific to waterpipes to prevent their use among young adults and limit tobacco-related morbidity and mortality in Lebanon.
Serum and Urine Metabolomic Profiling of Newly Diagnosed Treatment-Naïve Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients
Authors: Aldars-García Laila , Gil-Redondo Rubén , Embade Nieves , Riestra Sabino , Rivero Montserrat , Gutiérrez Ana , Rodríguez-Lago Iago , Fernández-Salazar Luis , Ceballos Daniel , Manuel Benítez José , Aguas Mariam , Baston-Rey Iria , Bermejo Fernando , José Casanova María , Lorente Rufo , Ber Yolanda , Ginard Daniel , Esteve María , de Francisco Ruth , García María José , Francés Rubén , Rodríguez Pescador Ainhoa , Velayos Benito , del Río Elena Guerra , Marín Pedrosa Sandra , Minguez Sabater Alejandro , Barreiro-de Acosta Manuel , Algaba Alicia , Verdejo Gil Cristina , Rivas Olga , Royo Vanesa , Aceituno Montserrat , Garre Ana , Baldán-Martín Montserrat , Ramírez Cristina , Sanz-García Ancor , Lozano Juan J , Sidorova Julia , Millet Oscar , Bernardo David , Gisbert Javier P , Chaparro María 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Background and Aims
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a prevalent chronic noncurable disease associated with profound metabolic changes. The discovery of novel molecular indicators for unraveling IBD etiopathogenesis and the diagnosis and prognosis of IBD is therefore pivotal. We sought to determine the distinctive metabolic signatures from the different IBD subgroups before treatment initiation.

Methods
Serum and urine samples from newly diagnosed treatment-naïve IBD patients and age and sex-matched healthy control (HC) individuals were investigated using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Metabolic differences were identified based on univariate and multivariate statistical analyses.

Results
A total of 137 Crohn’s disease patients, 202 ulcerative colitis patients, and 338 HC individuals were included. In the IBD cohort, several distinguishable metabolites were detected within each subgroup comparison. Most of the differences revealed alterations in energy and amino acid metabolism in IBD patients, with an increased demand of the body for energy mainly through the ketone bodies. As compared with HC individuals, differences in metabolites were more marked and numerous in Crohn’s disease than in ulcerative colitis patients, and in serum than in urine. In addition, clustering analysis revealed 3 distinct patient profiles with notable differences among them based on the analysis of their clinical, anthropometric, and metabolomic variables. However, relevant phenotypical differences were not found among these 3 clusters.

Conclusions
This study highlights the molecular alterations present within the different subgroups of newly diagnosed treatment-naïve IBD patients. The metabolomic profile of these patients may provide further understanding of pathogenic mechanisms of IBD subgroups. Serum metabotype seemed to be especially sensitive to the onset of IBD.
Empirical issues concerning studies of firm entry
Authors: Coad Alex , Kato Masatoshi , Srhoj Stjepan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
We discuss that entry can be considered from various levels of analysis: entrepreneur-level, firm-level, and also at higher levels of aggregation, such as the industry-level and country-level. We also formulate a list of six challenges for econometric studies of firm entry, highlighting the data sources, typical empirical setups, potential sources of bias, and appropriate econometric techniques. While progress can be made with sophisticated econometric estimators, a pressing need for entry studies concerns detailed data on the gestation process, entry modes, and the value of resource endowments and knowledge endowments.