bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-traditional (complementary or alternative) therapy
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Unlike conventional medicines, nutritional supplements and herbal preparations are not regulated by agencies such as the FDA. Some practitioners providing complementary medicine do not need to have a license or other proof of their competency to prescribe such remedies or procedures. People are therefore using many of these substances without any certainty about their precise composition, strength, and dose, and without scientifically valid proof of their safety or effectiveness. Subjects discussed in this chapter include elimination diets, probiotics, prebiotics, intermittent fasting, nutritional supplements, traditional Chinese medicine, meditational relaxation exercises, acupuncture, holistic medicine, chiropractic treatment, homeopathy, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), medicinal marijuana, and others. The efficacy and safety of acupuncture as a treatment of AS is not supported by the published data. Proper use of the Internet to obtain medical information is also discussed.
Disease course and effect on life span
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The course of the disease is highly variable, and the spine does not always fuse completely as the disease may stay limited to the SI joints and the lower lumbar spine in some patients. Spinal structural damage seems to progress most rapidly when patients are 30–39 years of age. In women the spine fusion (ankylosis) tends to progress more slowly, and neck, anterior chest wall, and limb joint involvement may be the main or prominent manifestation. There is no cure yet for AS, but most patients can be very well managed with increasingly more effective medications and life-long programs of regular physical exercises. In general, most people do well and continue to live normal and productive lives, although some may have to modify their lifestyle or their work environment. There is a need for early disease detection, more effective anti-inflammatory treatment with biologics, as well management and prevention of comorbid conditions.
Democracy versus Republic
Authors: Allen Danielle 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Many commentators have made the careful distinction that the United States is a “republic,” not a “democracy.” Drawing on a longstanding and ongoing debate about these terms, this essay contextualizes the presumed opposition between “republic” and “democracy” in Revolutionary-era writings by John Adams, Samuel Adams, Alexander Hamilton, and other founders (including in particular lesser-read numbers of The Federalist Papers). As this evidence reveals, the problem was not so much whether to designate the new nation as a “democracy” or a “republic,” though this remains a widely held belief. Rather, the question was—and is—how to enact a commitment to a government where sovereignty resides in the people.
Equality
Authors: Wong Edlie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Equality has long served as the guiding principle for the American experiment, yet it remains one of the most elusive and contentious political concepts. The Fourteenth Amendment established the territory of one’s birth as the basis for political membership and, equally important, expanded the federal mandate of equal protection to the states. Facing discriminatory restrictions and exclusion, Chinese immigrants brought numerous test cases, including the landmark Yick Wo v. Hopkins (1886) that forced the federal judiciary to declare this mandate inclusive of all persons—even noncitizens. However, jurists in the era of Black disfranchisement and Jim Crow segregation enlisted the equal protection precedent set in Yick Wo to limit and even prevent racial equality until its reinterpretation by the modern Supreme Court. The essay charts how the Yick Wo case influenced the development of equal protection jurisprudence in profound yet largely unexplored ways.
Scale
Authors: Sanders James E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In 1876 a Colombian politician noted, “There are not gatherings, nor meetings, nor discussions in which you do not hear … the word ‘Democracy.’” However, which “America” is meant by “American democracy”? How we understand American democracy critically relies on scale—geographic scale, societal class scale, and chronological scale. In the nineteenth century, Americans south of the United States came to insist their republics were the center of democratic innovation in world history. Visions of democracy also varied tremendously by social class; popular republicans imagined democracy differently than elites. Finally, democratic cultures waxed and waned over time across the Americas, with moments of democratic fervor (the 1860s to early 1870s) countermanded by periods of resistance to democracy (the late 1870s to 1890s). If we only examine one part of the Americas, or one social class, or one time period, we can too easily mask the complexities of historical actors’ lived experiences of democratic political culture.
Citizenship
Authors: Riley Padraig 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Before the Fourteenth Amendment, there was no one clear rule about how one became an American citizen. In that space of confusion, citizenship became a battleground for competing visions of the American polity: nativists sought to limit foreign immigration and naturalization; slaveholders and their allies sought to build a white nationalist republic; and antislavery white people and Black abolitionists, in different ways, fought to establish birthright citizenship in the United States and protect Black political belonging. This essay traces debates over naturalization policy and Black citizenship before the Civil War, outlining the contested path of the early national citizenship regime as it veered from ideals of consensual membership to racist practices of exclusion.
The Town Hall Meeting
Authors: Gustafson Sandra M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The philosopher John Dewey summed up the legacy of the New England town hall meeting for American democracy in his book The Public and Its Problems (1927). Dewey’s vision built on an influential nineteenth-century tradition—one including the historian George Bancroft and the philosopher John Stuart Mill—that understood American democracy as the outgrowth of the town hall meeting, and his work continues to resonate in twentieth- and twenty-first-century efforts to recast it for modern institutions and media. Importantly supplementing Dewey is the work of Reconstruction-era author and activist Albion Tourgée, who saw the town hall meeting as a means to achieve racial justice. Following Dewey and Tourgée’s discussions, and with reference to analogous elements of the Chautauqua system, this essay concludes by asking if a twenty-first-century town hall meeting system could be sustained with universities at the center and a university-to-society pipeline created to enhance graduate involvement in civic life.
Comfort
Authors: Sizemore Michelle 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
“Comfort” wasn’t always a private commodity vended by home improvement channels and design vlogs. In Democracy in America, Alexis de Tocqueville argues that members of democratic societies are motivated by “comfort,” or modest material rewards, as opposed to “opulence” in aristocratic societies. Commentary over the following two decades—chiefly aimed at New York’s Lower East Side and Five Points—would shift the emphasis from comfort as a measure of material success to comfort as a measure of physical ease. In their crusades, reformers insisted that suitable living conditions for everyone are fundamental to the democratic project and advanced the aesthetics of amenity for an agreeable common mood. Drawing on the history and literature of mid-nineteenth-century housing reform, this essay conceives of comfort as a shared political sensibility essential to incremental activism, a sensibility with the potential to intervene in the housing crises of the twenty-first century.
Sham
Authors: Spires Derrick R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This essay draws on nineteenth-century Black intellectuals to develop “sham” as a framework for understanding US democracy as a cultural and political phenomenon linked to the production and maintenance of white nationhood. It takes its key term “sham” from Frederick Douglass’s “What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?” (1852) and Frances E. W. Harper’s readings of the US Constitution. Democracy, as they understood it, requires a cultural and material infrastructure that empowers people to engage in shaping their communities. They document how sham democracy uses formally democratic institutions to undermine democratic practices and to ensure that government is legitimate only when it reinforces white supremacy. “Sham” democracy describes a national pattern of protecting whiteness and property over equality and justice, where the “popular” in “popular sovereignty” is a code—a sham—for white supremacy and anti-democratic movements.
Neighbors
Authors: Rosenblum Nancy 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This essay considers the democracy of everyday life among neighbors as the deep substrate of democracy in America. Using Henry David Thoreau as its theoretical touchstone, it explores the key elements of reciprocity, equality as neighbor, and “live and let live.” The essay clarifies that the “good neighbor” is a false ideal for democratic citizenship because such a conflation disregards the inequalities, conflicting interests, and ideologies that citizens bring to public life. When politics extends “all the way down” and deranges everyday life by creating mistrust, inciting betrayal, or condoning violence, democracy is diminished in a deeper way than exclusively political standards allow us to see. Ultimately, the democracy of everyday life is both a resource and an index of political catastrophe. Treating one another with respect as neighbors is available to us when our government and we as citizens have fallen into evil or just fallen off the rails.
The Creative Sense
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The main idea of this chapter is that intuition ‘senses’ whilst insight ‘sees’. Other differences between intuition and insight are discussed and illustrated with examples such as Archimedes’ fabled ‘Eureka’ moment and various ‘light-bulb’ moments from business. Close examination of the Standard Model of creativity reveals it to have five not four stages. The pivotal point in the model, as far as sensing is concerned, is ‘intimation’ (approximating to ‘creative intuition’). The role of unconscious thought in decision-making and creative thinking is explored. The example of the Mann Gulch fire illustrates how insight and intuition work together under straightened circumstances. Whether the idea of an ‘intuitive insight’ is an oxymoron is debated. If and how ‘holistic hunches’ should be used in business as a way of ‘exploring’ (as opposed to ‘exploiting’) is discussed. The vital role of creative intuition in ‘sensing’ direction and foreseeing in art, science, technology, and business is established, and evidence from extraordinary human achievement is cited as evidence.
Sentimental Values
Authors: Justin D’Arms , Daniel Jacobson 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s central topic: the sentimental values. These values, which include the funny, the disgusting, and the shameful, are specific ways of being good or bad. They are basic and distinctive human values whose foundations like in pancultural, natural emotions. Sentimental values deserve more philosophical attention, in light of their centrality to human concerns. But they can conflict with other values, and with morality, in ways that moral philosophy struggles to accommodate. A theory of these values, rational sentimentalism, is summarized and the argument of the book outlined.
Sentimentalism
Authors: Justin D’Arms , Daniel Jacobson 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The core idea of Humean sentimentalism is that values are essentially connected to emotional responses. This chapter addresses two challenges to this idea: the instability of affect and shadow skepticism. The instability of affect problem is that values are stable, but emotional responses vary in several respects. This problem can be addressed by invoking sentiments, understood as dispositions to emotional response. A joke can be funny by your lights because your sense of humor disposes you to amusement at it, even if it no longer amuses you. Shadow skepticism argues that the values with which emotions are concerned are either response-independent or insignificant. This chapter argues against shadow skepticism using the case of fear and danger. Dangerousness is best understood as equivalent to a response-dependent value: the fearsome.
The Motivational Theory of Emotion
Authors: Justin D’Arms , Daniel Jacobson 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The natural emotions, including both “affect programs” like fear and anger and complex social emotions like envy and guilt, are explained as universal psychological kinds of motivational state. They arise in bouts involving distinctive goals and action tendencies that take control precedence, and they motivate actions that are discontinuous from practical rationality and sometimes conflict with it. The underlying nature of these emotions is revealed in familiar patterns of irrationality, including acting without thinking and emotional recalcitrance. A motivational theory of emotion is defended on the basis of its explanatory power. Objections to natural emotions from neuroscience and the constructivist approach are addressed. It is argued that an episodic approach to emotion also offers the best account of when a durable state should and should not be understood as emotional. Durable emotions should be attributed by their resemblance to emotional bouts and dispositions to them, and their tendency to produce behavior that is similarly discontinuous with practical rationality.
Pluralism and Moralism
Authors: Justin D’Arms , Daniel Jacobson 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Philosophers often infer that an emotion is unfitting because it would be wrong to feel. That is the moralistic fallacy, and it is argued here that this inference and related forms of moralism confound evaluative judgment in both philosophical and ordinary thought. A plausible form of pluralism about sentimental values entails that they can conflict with one another, and with moral and ethical standards. One influential source of resistance to our claims from a neo-Aristotelian thought: that the virtuous person is the standard of both ethical and fitting emotional response. This approach is explored and shown to have implausible consequences. Moreover, it does not rescue the moralistic fallacy from error.
Memory and Mathematics in Tiṇṇai Schools
Authors: Senthil Babu D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The third chapter is on Memory and Mathematics in the elementary tiṇṇai schools. These were the elementary schools in precolonial Indian society. Despite the social exclusivity of teaching and learning, the activities of production and measurement enabled familiarity with numbers through the training offered in these schools. This chapter uses nineteenth-century colonial records to study these elementary institutions of learning, where arithmetic pedagogy was central. The elementary manuals like the Eṇcuvaṭi tables also provide a complex and detailed picture of the nature of pedagogic practices in these institutions, whose orientation was not simply to impart arithmetic ability, but to also provide functional training in the arts of recollective memory as a crucial resource to cultivate ways with numbers.
Quality Regulation in Higher Education in Asia-Pacific
Authors: Hou Angela Yung Chi , Lu I-Jung Grace , Chen Karen Hui Jung , Guo Chao Yu 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Currently, quality assurance (QA) and qualification frameworks (QF) are regarded as strong policy tools by Asian governments to either achieve specific educational goals, or to ensure quality of higher education in an either direct or an indirect manner. As QA is strongly connected to the local context, some QA agencies supported by Asian governments engage in the development of a national qualification framework and its implementation. The main purpose of this chapter is to explore the impacts of national regulations by Asian governments over higher education providers. First of all, it was found that Asian governments attempted to deregulate and corporatize universities under neoliberalism, but national states continue to play an influential role for quality control and regulation in higher education governance and management. Second, QA and a national qualification framework would likely lead to an isomorphism phenomenon of Asian higher education system.
Student Loans in Practice
Authors: Ziderman Adrian 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines and compares student loans schemes where present, in some 15 countries, in the Asian region. In particular, it draws on and updates the author’s earlier studies of loans schemes with the inclusion of India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, and Vietnam. Commonalities and differences across loans schemes in the region are examined. First, in terms of the rationale for their introduction and loan mechanisms employed, including funding sources, loan recipient selection and targeting, interest level charged, repayment schedules, loans subsidies, and repayment regimes—whether based on annual income (income contingent loans) or pre-fixed (mortgage type) repayments. This is followed by a scrutiny of outcomes, in terms of success and shortcomings in meeting stated financing and social objectives. Attention is paid to overall financial viability of schemes, the issue of student debt, and whether there is a “best practice” loans scheme suitable for the Asian context.
India
Authors: Jayal Niraja Gopal 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter maps the size, scale, and diversity of higher education in India, and offers a critical reading of its architecture of regulation and governance. It provides an overview of the multiple challenges of funding, governance, and quality facing public institutions of higher education: from the declining funding for research and infrastructure to the delinking of teaching and research; from homogenizing bureaucratic controls to the overweening role of government in university leadership appointments; from the erosion of academic freedom to the offer of academic autonomy for institutions that can raise their own funds and compete to be “world class”; and from the access provided by quotas for disadvantaged groups to everyday practices of discrimination. The chapter also discusses the mismatch between education and employability, and the politicization of higher education, reflected in the involvement of politicians as educational entrepreneurs but not as leaders invested in the raising of educational standards.
Indonesia
Authors: Logli Chiara , Wahyuni Hermin Indah 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines recent developments in Indonesian higher education. It focuses on the efforts to establish and maintain equity and quality as they intersect with the dynamics of massification, internationalization, and governance. The chapter also contextualizes Indonesia within South-East Asia, with comparative attention given to middle-income ASEAN countries. Each predicament is analyzed through relevant policies and datasets from both national and international agencies. Indonesia has managed to expand tertiary education with limited governmental funding, but forgoing equity and quality. Despite its extraordinary growth, Indonesian universities remain out of reach for most youth. Internationalization, pressures for remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the overrepresentation of students from Java, urban centers, and higher social classes pose some complications in the realm of equity. In addition, students who succeed in entering college often find questionable quality in teaching and research. The Indonesian higher educational system remains financially underfunded and bureaucratically centralized.
Philippine Higher Education
Authors: Bautista Maria Cynthia Rose , Paqueo Vicente , Orbeta Aniceto 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces in broad strokes the evolution of Philippine higher education—from a colonial cocoon of three centuries of Spanish rule (1565–1898) and half a century of American rule (1901–1946) to its expansion in the post-World War II decades, all the way to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Unequal access, uneven quality of education programs and institutions; a relatively underdeveloped research and innovation system; the position of Philippine universities in world university rankings as well as the current crisis of private education are among the issues highlighted in the chapter. The chapter concludes by arguing that complementarity between public and private providers is necessary for Philippine higher education’s transition to its “next normal” in the face of a disruptive future that is already here, of pandemics, climate change, the Fourth Industrial Revolution and political economic crises.
Gender in Higher Education in the Asia-Pacific Region
Authors: King Elizabeth M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the Asia-Pacific region, women’s enrollment in higher education has been growing rapidly and at a faster pace than men’s enrollment in most, but not all, countries. The chapter presents evidence on time trends, cross-country variation, and within-country inequalities. It also reviews the empirical studies that have examined why young women are enrolling in, and why young men are shying away from, higher education. Young women are also expanding into study programs typically dominated by men, except in specific STEM programs such as engineering and computer science which young men choose in much larger numbers than women do. Despite the large and growing number of women with higher education degrees, however, women comprise a small proportion of high-level academic and research positions in many countries.
Liberal Arts and Sciences Education for the Twenty-First Century in Asia
Authors: Nishimura Mikiko 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the core values of liberal arts and sciences education in Asia and the Pacific, with some examples of recent programs and innovations, and the challenges and transformations deemed necessary in the twenty-first century. Given the hyper-knowledge economy and the high-speed, cross-border mobility of ideas and services in our globalized world, liberal educational imperatives of critical thinking, creativity, and civic engagement have become part of the practical needs of the labor market in Asia and beyond. Nevertheless, there still exists some misinterpretation on its definitions and modalities. For higher education institutions (HEIs) to fully embrace the idea of liberal education or liberal arts and sciences education, they need to go beyond the technocratic, market-oriented, or political approach, and to embrace more philosophically and socially guided ideals for future generations with a vision for and rigor in what we mean by “liberal” learning.