bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytotoxicity against Influenza Virus-Infected Cells: An in Vitro Method
Authors: Greenberg S. B. , Criswell B. S. , Couch R. B. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A direct test of cell-mediated function is described using a 51Cr release assay for lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (LMC) of influenza virus- (H3hkNeq1) infected tissue culture cells. LMC was detected only in volunteers with serum-neutralizing antibody to H3hkNeq1 influenza virus. A positive correlation between degree of LMC and serum neutralizing antibody titers was found in the tested volunteers.
Immunopathology of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Type 3 Infection
Authors: Le Prévost C. , Virelizier J. L. , Dupuy J. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three types of viral sensitivity were observed in various mouse strains upon MHV3 infection: resistance, full susceptibility, and semisusceptibility. In the latter type, seen in several inbred strains including C3H, approximately 50% of the adult injected animals resisted to the acute disease. Most of the surviving mice, however, developed a chronic disease with a wasting syndrome and occurrence of paralysis. The chronic period of the disease was characterized by a persistent viral infection, since MHV3 virus was recovered from brain, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes throughout the evolution in most of the animals. In addition, a correlation was observed between the clinical evolution and the titer of virus tested 4 days after infection.
B Lymphocyte Differentiation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Kearney John F. , Lawton Alexander R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cultures of mouse fetal liver and spleen, stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide, gave rise to plasma cells staining for IgM, IgG2, IgG1, and IgA. Cells containing IgM and IgG2 were found in cultures from 17-day fetuses, coincident with the appearance of B lymphocytes bearing cell-surface IgM. IgG1- and IgA-containing cells were induced in cultures from 19-day fetuses and 1-day-old mice. The capacity to give rise to immunoglobulin-secreting cells of all classes preceded the development of a significant proliferative response to LPS; the proportions of cells staining for each class reached adult values by 1 day of age whereas the proliferative response did not mature until 3 weeks.
The Immune Response in the Hamster
Authors: Portis J. L. , Coe J. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hamster 7S IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies to hen-egg albumin (HEA) were tested for their capacity to bind to macrophage cytophilic Ig receptors. Both IgG1 and IgG2 were cytophilic for hamster macrophages though the membrane receptor had a predominant specificity for IgG1. Hamster IgG1 bound primarily to homologous macrophages whereas IgG2 bound to macrophages from other rodent species as well. The binding of hamster Ig to hamster macrophages was inhibited by a wide range of heterologous rodent sera. The only exception was guinea pig serum since guinea pig IgG2 was found to bind only to homologous macrophages. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) coated with hamster IgG2 were ingested by macrophages more readily than those coated with hamster IgG1. Thus, there appeared to be a paradoxical relationship between the apparently strong affinity of IgG1 for the hamster macrophage Ig receptor and its relatively weak ingestion promoting activity. Implications of this phenomenon are discussed.
Immunogenetic Analysis of H-2 Mutations
Authors: Klein Jan , Forman James , Hauptfeld Věra , Egorov Igor K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mutation M523 (H-2ka) occurred spontaneously in strain CBA/CaLacSto and was discovered during routine skin graft testing for genetic homogeneity. By linkage and complementation tests, the mutation was previously mapped in the K end of the H-2 complex. We demonstrate that the mutation occurred in the K region, without affecting the I region in the K end of the complex. The mutant antigens cause rejection of skin grafts, stimulate cells in mixed lymphocyte culture, and function as stimulators as well as targets in cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity. Yet, they are serologically indistinguishable from the antigens of the original strain and do not induce formation of humoral antibodies upon immunization of the CBA strain. Together with the results obtained on testing of other H-2 mutants, the data strongly support the notion that classical H-2 antigens (i.e., products of the H-2K and H-2D loci) can function as lymphocyte-stimulating determinants, and that I-region differences are not required for the induction of strong cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity.
Immune Mechanisms in Leukemia: Suppression of Cellular Immunity by Drugs and X-Irradiation
Authors: Martinez Douglas , Lukasewycz Omelan A. , Murphy William H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The relative suppressive effects of x-irradiation (XR), cyclophosphamide (CY), prednisolone (PRD), and methotrexate (MTX) on the primary and secondary cellular immune response of C58/wm mice to syngeneic line Ib transplantable leukemia (Ib cells) were quantified. An LD10 dose of each agent was used for immunosuppression. XR, CY, and PRD were markedly suppressive for the primary immune response if given 24 hr before mice were immunized to Ib cells but less immunosuppressive if given 24 hr later. MTX was only slightly immunosuppressive. XR, CY, and PRD also suppressed the secondary immune response if given before but not after antigen. The immunosuppressive effect of these agents was evaluated by defining their median immunosuppressive dose or the median time in days required for mice to recover from graded doses of each immunosuppressive agent. For example, the median recovery time from an LD10 of XR, CY, and PRD was 29.3, 19.7, and 3.7 days, respectively. Immunologic competence remaining after XR or drug treatment was quantified in terms of the LD50 dose of Ib cells required to kill recipient mice. For XR, CY, PRD, and MTX it was 106.16, 102.15, 106.90 and τ; 107.0 viable Ib cells, respectively. The overall results provided evidence that the primary and secondary cellular immune responses to a weak syngeneic tumor antigen were resistant to immunosuppression once they were initiated. There was a good correlation between the relative immunosuppressive effect of the test agents and the amount that they reduced the number of immune spleen cells. The agents also impaired the immunocompetence of individual spleen cells. Mechanisms by which XR or drugs might exert their immunosuppressive effects were discussed.
Evidence that Uridine Incorporation Is not a Selective Marker for Mouse Lymphocyte Subclasses
Authors: Gutman George A. , Weissman Irving L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We demonstrate here that mouse T+ and Ig+ lymphocytes do not show the differential incorporation of 3H-uridine into acid precipitable cellular components described for these lymphocyte subpopulations in the rat.
Macrophages Activated as Suspension Cultures with Lymphocyte Mediators Devoid of Antigen Become Cytotoxic for Tumor Cells
Authors: Churchill W. Hallowell , Piessens Willy F. , Sulis Carol A. , David John R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) were activated as suspension cultures either in mediator-rich supernatants from o-chlorobenzoyl-bovine γ-globulin (OCB-BGG) stimulated lymphocytes or in antigen-free Sephadex fractions from these supernatants. After 24 hr incubation the activated macrophages showed enhanced cytotoxicity for line 1 hepatoma and were inhibited in migration. The adherent cell fractions of PEC, recovered by trypsinization from monolayers and activated by this technique, were as cytotoxic as unfractionated PEC. Lymphocyte supernatants and antigen-free fractions of the supernatants induced comparable macrophage-mediated tumor cytotoxicity. Treatment of activated macrophages with trypsin did not alter their cytotoxic capacity.
Further Studies on the Biologic Properties of Guinea Pig IgG1 Antibodies
Authors: Vuagnat Philippe 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal rats were injected with guinea pig anti-rat glomerular basement membrane antibodies of the IgG1 or IgG2 class or with their F(ab′)2 fragment, in order to study which antibody site triggers the alternate complement pathway in vivo. Both IgG classes were able to induce a heavy proteinuria and led to C3 deposition in the glomeruli in a pattern similar to their own distribution along the glomerular basement membrane, as shown by the immunofluorescence technique. The Fab(ab′)2 fragment of IgG2 did not produce C3 binding or proteinuria. The F(ab′)2 fragment of IgG1 was difficult to obtain devoid of Fc determinants. A F(ab′)2 fragment of IgG1 still bearing Fc determinants led to C3 binding and proteinuria, whereas the true F(ab′)2 fragment of IgG1 had none of these effects in two out of three animals.
Determination of Antibody to Hepatitis B Core Antigen by Means of Immune Adherence Hemagglutination
Authors: Tsuda Fumio , Takahashi Takashi , Takahashi Kazuaki , Miyakawa Yuzo , Mayumi Makoto 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A simple and rapid method utilizing immune adherence hemagglutination has been developed for the detection of antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) was prepared from Dane particles that had been isolated from plasma of asymptomatic antigen carriers. The method was specific and about 10 times more sensitive than the conventional complement-fixation method.
A total of 215 serum samples obtained from healthy blood donors were surveyed for HBcAg and anti-HBc, as well as for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs). Anti-HBc was found in 36 serum samples, at a prevalence rate higher than that of anti-HBs (31/215). Anti-HBc in 28 serum samples was associated with anti-HBs, and in two it was found with HBsAg. There were six serum samples in which anti-HBc was detected without any of anti-HBs, HBcAg, and HBsAg.
Activated Macrophages in Congenitally Athymic “Nude” Mice and in Lethally Irradiated Mice
Authors: Cheers Christina , Waller Robyn 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Resistance to the facultative intracellular bacteria, Brucella abortus and Listeria monocytogenes, is principally the result of acquisition of enhanced antibacterial activity by host macrophages, probably in response to lymphokines released by T lymphocytes. However, the present paper describes a surprisingly high resistance on the part of both congenitally athymic “nude” mice and of lethally irradiated mice compared with normal controls. This enhanced bactericidal activity was evident 24 hr after infection, and could also be demonstrated in macrophages from nude mice cultured in vitro. It was concluded that the macrophages of these animals had been activated before infection.
RNA and Protein Synthesis in Spontaneous Rosette Formation by T Lymphocytes
Authors: Bushkin Sheila C. , Pantic Vojislav S. , Good Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Formation of rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) by peripheral blood lymphocytes and thymocytes has been studied. Trypsinization of these cells abolishes the capacity to form SRBC-rosettes. The process of re-establishment of this capacity to form SRBC-rosettes, in vitro, has been shown by use of metabolic inhibitors to require transcription, translation, and protein synthesis. These observations are interpreted in terms of the T cell markers as the expression of a definitive process or step in lymphoid cell differentiation.
Studies on Nonidet P40 Lysis of Murine Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Hart David A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphoid cells from A/J mice were iodinated (125I) by the lactoperoxidase method and lysed with the non-ionic detergent NP-40. The plasma membrane glycolipid receptor for cholera toxin and cell surface immunoglobulin were utilized in immune precipitation systems to characterize the degree of dissociation of the plasma membrane under various conditions. It was found that at 0.1% NP-40 and at cell concentration from 5 to 10 × 107 cells/ml, lipid-protein and protein-lipid-protein complexes formed in NP-40 which were soluble after centrifugation at 105 × G. Column chromatography of 125I-cell lysates on agarose A-0.5 M in 0.1% or 0.5% NP-40/PBS indicated that the majority of iodinated cell surface material existed as aggregates in detergent micelles. The availability of the oligosaccaride moiety of the glycolipid to interact with the cholera toxin was dependent on both the detergent concentration and the cell concentration used for cell lysis. However, the cell surface immunoglobulin was immunoprecipitable under all conditions of lysis tested.
Activation of the Alternative (Properdin) Pathway by Divalent Cations
Authors: Lew Frances T. , Yukiyama Yasushi , Waks Harriet S. , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mg++, Mn++ and Co++ activate the C system as judged by the reduction in cobra venom factor induced hemolysis, and cleavage of properdin factor B and C3. The maximum effect requires the addition of 5 to 10 mM of these cations to dialyzed sera. Guinea pig, human and rat sera respond in similar fashion indicating that these divalent cations can trigger the alternative pathway without the addition of other activating agents.
Subfragments of Papain Solubilized TL Antigen
Authors: Stanton Thomas H. , Bennett J. Claude , Wolcott Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
TL antigen was solubilized from the tumor ASL1 (TL. 1,2,3) by papain digestion. The subfragments of 125I-labeled TL were examined by two methods. The first involved immune precipitation followed by electrophoresis on SDS-acrylamide gels. This treatment yielded three bands of molecular weight 39,000 and 19,000, as well as material which migrated with the tracking dye. In the second procedure the papain digested material was partially purified on Sephadex G-200. The active fraction from G-200 was labeled with 125Iodine, mixed with alloantiserum and rechromatographed on G-200. The isolated immune complexes were boiled in SDS and 2-mercaptoethanol, then separated on a SDS-Sephadex G-150 column. Two radioactive peaks were eluted indicating an absence of the 19,000 m.w. component following the latter method of purification.
Regulatory Substances Produced by Lymphocytes
Authors: Namba Yuziro , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rat lymphotoxin (LT), a soluble mediator which kills L cells (mouse fibroblasts) within 48 hr, was partially purified by conventional protein fractionation procedures from the culture supernatants of rat lymph node cells stimulated with ovalbumin in vivo and rechallenged with the same antigen in vitro. It appeared, from the elution pattern of DEAE-cellulose chromatography, to be a neutral or slightly basic protein and was inactivated at 60°C. Its molecular weight was estimated by Sephadex gel filtration to be approximately 9 × 104 daltons. Partially purified LT, in titration studies, showed single hit kinetics. It also inhibited L cell proliferation at low concentration without significant killing effect. The heat inactivation curves of both cytotoxic and proliferation inhibitory activities were the same, suggesting that these two activities may be caused by the same molecule. However, it had almost no detectable effect on the DNA synthesis of rat lymph node cells stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), suggesting that lymphocytes, at least those which respond to PHA, are rather resistant to LT. It is suggested that activities described as “proliferation inhibitory factor” and “cloning inhibitory factor” by others may represent the activity of dilute LT. The “inhibitor of DNA synthesis” is distinct in molecular character, range of target cells, and target cell kinetics from LT.
The Effect of Thiols on Immunologic Release of Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis
Authors: Orange Robert P. , Chang Puay-Lim 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Preincubation of human lung fragments with cysteine for 2.5 to 5.0 min resulted in dose-dependent, selective enhancement of the antigen-induced or anti-IgE-induced formation and release of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). Comparable effects were observed with sodium sulfide and thioglycolate but not with other more potent reducing agents or metabolites of cysteine. Sulfhydryl alkylated derivatives of cysteine were ineffective. The effects observed with the active thiols were easily reversed and could not be attributed to an action in the bioassay or on SRS-A itself. The physicochemical characteristics of the contractile activity were identical to those described for SRS-A.
Complement Inhibitor(s) Released by Leukocytes
Authors: Bernard Alain , Boumsell Laurence , Borsos Tibor , Good Robert A. , Day Noorbibi K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sheep erythrocytes pretreated with supernatants of mouse spleen or thymus cells become resistant to lysis by guinea pig complement. The inhibitory activity (IA) reduces the utilization of C2 by EAC. Because IA binds to the surface of sheep erythrocytes and does not inhibit C1̄ irreversibly, it is probably a hitherto undescribed inhibitor of complement.
Complement Inhibitor(s) Released by Leukocytes
Authors: Bernard Alain , Boumsell Laurence , Borsos Tibor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse spleen or thymus cells in short-term culture release a factor, designated S, that binds to sheep erythrocytes (E). Supernatant-treated sheep erythrocytes (SE) are capable of fixing and transferring the activated first component of guinea pig complement. SEC1̄, however is not capable of initiating hemolysis by the rest of the complement components. SE is capable of binding but not activating native C1; native C1 bound to SE seems irreversibly inhibited. Evidence is presented that S may be the same factor as the previously described inhibitor released by mouse spleen or thymus cells that inhibits the utilization of C2 by EAC1̄4.
Carrier-Induced Tolerance to Nucleic Acid Antigens
Authors: Stollar B. David , Borel Yves 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
BALB/c and SJL mice were treated with nucleosides-IgG1 as a tolerogen, before either primary or secondary immunization with nucleosides-keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Nucleoside-specific responses were measured serologically by a modified Farr assay, with either 14C-labeled denatured DNA or nucleosides-131-I-labeled BSA as test antigen. Specificity of the response was tested by hapten inhibition experiments.
Multiple doses of nucleosides-IgG1 tolerogen given before the primary or secondary immunization effectively suppressed the secondary and tertiary anti-nucleoside responses. The tolerogen did not suppress the response to an unrelated hapten-KLH conjugate. The IgG alone did not suppress the anti-nucleoside response of BALB/c mice to nucleosides-KLH. Single doses of tolerogen before the primary or secondary immunization were less effective. Residual antibody in partially suppressed BALB/c mice showed changes in specificity as compared to controls. Suppression of the secondary response of SJL mice was measured much more readily by binding of nucleosides131-I-BSA than by binding of denatured DNA. This reflected an altered specificity of the residual antibody; in control animals, antibodies were directed against all four nucleosides, whereas the antibodies of partially suppressed animals were directed only against guanosine.
Suppression of anti-nucleic acid antibody responses may have therapeutic application in the management of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Temporal Dependence of the Inhibition by Cytochalasin B of Antigen-Initiated Migration Inhibition Factor Production
Authors: Sasson S. Z. Ben , Rosenthal Alan S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of cytochalasin B on the antigen recognition process have been examined using an in vitro assay of macrophage-inhibition factor (MIF) production by activated guinea pig T lymphocyte-enriched populations. The data indicate that cytochalasin B inhibits MIF production if added at the initiation of culture but not if added 2 hr after antigen. These data are interpreted as consistent with either an inhibition by cytochalasin B of the physical association of antigen-bearing macrophage and lymphocytes or with an inhibition of the access of antigen to the T lymphocyte receptor.
Immunity to Toxoplasma Gondii Induced in Vitro in Non-Immune Mouse Macrophages with Specifically Immune Lymphocytes
Authors: Sethi Krishan K. , Pelster Bernd , Suzuki Naoyoshi , Piekarski Gerhard , Brandis Henning 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Male and female CBA mice were used to study in vitro the mechanisms involved in the development and expression of cellular immunity to toxoplasma infection. The lag phase preceding toxoplasma division was delayed in nonimmune macrophages obtained from peritoneal cavities stimulated with thioglycollate. Specific anti-toxoplasma activity was conferred on nonimmune macrophages incubated with toxoplasma-immune spleen lymphocytes and soluble toxoplasma antigen. Treatment of immune spleen cell populations with anti-θ serum plus complement abolished completely their activity of conferring anti-toxoplasma activity on nonimmune macrophages, demonstrating that the essential cells were T lymphocytes. The mediator(s) responsible for the acquisition of immunity to toxoplasma in the nonimmune macrophages were soluble. Heat-inactivated, toxoplasma-immune serum rendered toxoplasmas incapable of infecting nonimmune macrophages of fibroblasts. The findings are related to previous investigations of induced immunity in animals and man.
IgG-Dependent Clearance of Red Blood Cells in IgG Myeloma Patients
Authors: Scornik Juan Carlos , Salinas Mario Cesar , Drewinko Benjamin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Red blood cells sensitized with IgG antibodies are rapidly cleared from the circulation of myeloma patients, in spite of serum IgG concentrations several times higher than normal. In contrast, in vitro phagocytosis and cytotoxicity of IgG-sensitized erythrocytes are inhibited by dilutions of normal fresh serum. It is concluded that the current explanations derived from in vitro experiments are insufficient to explain the IgG-dependent clearance of red blood cells.
Specific Partial Depletion of Graft-vs-Host Activity by Incubation and Centrifugation of Mouse Spleen Cells on Allogeneic Spleen Cell Monolayers
Authors: Mage Michael G. , McHugh Louise L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells (from BALB/c mice immunized with the C57BL/6 lymphoma EL4, or from non-immune BALB/c) were incubated on monolayers of [C57BL/6 × BALB/cF1 (B6CF1) spleen cells on polylysine-coated polystyrene Petri plate, for ½ hr or for 1 hr at 37°C followed by centrifugation of the monolayers for 5 min at 70 × G to 110 × G at 34 to 37°C. Control monolayers were BALB/c spleen cells. As measured by the Simonsen spleen weight assay in neonatal mice, graft-vs-host (GVH) activity was partially depleted in cell populations nonadherent to B6CF1 monolayers. Residual GVH activity of these nonadherent cells was about half that of cells incubated on the control syngeneic monolayers (the mean of eight experiments was 49% ± 11% S.D.). Two or three consecutive cycles of incubation and centrifugation did not significantly diminish the residual GVH activity, suggesting that spleen cells with GVH activity are heterogeneous with respect to binding to allogeneic target cells under the above conditions. Cell populations nonadherent to third-part [A × AL]F1 monolayers retained full activity, and cell populations partially depleted of GVH activity in B6CF1 neonates had full activity in third-party [BALB/c × AL]F1 neonates.