bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating Deformation Mechanism of Earth-Rock Dams with InSaR and Numerical Simulation: Application to Liuduzhai Reservoir Dam, China
Authors: Liu Guoshi , Hu Jun , Liu Leilei , Sun Qian , Wu Wenqing 
Published: August 2023

Ground deformation is the direct manifestation of the earth-rock dam's hazard potential. Therefore, it is essential to monitor deformation for dam warning and security evaluation. The Liuduzhai Dam, a clay-core dam of a large reservoir in China, was reinforced with plastic concrete cut-off walls between 13 January 2009 and 29 May 2010, as it was subject to leakage and deformation. However, the deformation development and the mechanism of the dam are still unclear. In this study, the deformation fields before and after the reinforcement of the Liuduzhai Dam were yielded by using the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique. Furthermore, a numerical simulation method was employed to obtain the dynamic seepage field of the dam during the InSAR observation period. The results indicated that the average deformation velocity and maximum deformation velocity are −11.7 mm/yr and −22.5 mm/yr, respectively, and the cumulative displacement exceeds 100 mm, which shows typical continuous growth characteristics in a time series. In contrast, the dam deformation tended to be stable after reinforcement, with the average deformation velocity and maximum deformation velocity being −0.4 mm/yr and −1.2 mm/yr, respectively, behaving as cyclical deformation time series. According to the results of InSAR and seepage analysis, it is shown that: (1) dynamic seepage was the main mechanism controlling dam deformation prior to reinforcement; (2) the concentrated load caused by construction and the rapid dissipation of pore water pressure caused by the sudden drop of the infiltration line were the reasons for the acceleration of deformation during and after construction; and (3) the plastic concrete cut-off walls effectively reduced the dynamic seepage field, while the water level fluctuations were the main driving factor of elastic deformation of the dam after reinforcement. This study provides a novel approach to investigating the deformation mechanism of earth-rock dams. Furthermore, it has been confirmed that InSAR can identify the seepage deformation of dams by detecting surface movements. It is recommended that InSAR deformation monitoring should be incorporated into future dam safety programs to provide detailed deformation signals. By analyzing the temporal and spatial characteristics of the deformation signal, we can identify areas where dam performance has degraded. This crucial information aids in conducting a comprehensive dam safety assessment.
La théorie de l’avantage collectif et les régions de Pareto
Authors: Frisch Ragnar 
Published: August 2023

On welfare theory and pareto regions.

In the discussion of welfare problems the reasoning about optimality in the Paretian sense is not always carried through as carefully as one would wish. Two types of problems should be distinguished : the selection, and the realization, problems. In the first type we ask whether there exist points satisfying some preassigned set of obligatory or facultative conditions. If such points exist we may pick out one specific subset of points which we consider particularly desirable, or «good ». The consideration of Pareto conditions is an example of a principle by which to select such a subset. In the second type of problem, we ask whether there exists a regime that will lead to a point in the selected subset.
The distinction between these two types of problems brings out very forcibly the necessity of being fully aware of the significance of conditions'. Unless the conditions, under which the search for Pareto-optimal points is to take place, are explicitly indicated, the definition of a Pareto-optimal region has no sense.
A slipshod way of passing over the basic logical principle of the Pareto-optimal region seems to be the main cause for so' many of the unprecise and unwarranted reasons that have been given about the superiority of the regime of free competition : so far as the dimensionality (number of degrees of freedom ) of this region is concerned, the addition of constraints tends to reduce the content of the region. Bui when it comes to the volume of the region within its given dimensionality, the addition of constraints tends to widen the region. This fad is of fundamental importance for the whole of welfare analysis.
For a point to be Pareto-optimal under the (obligatory) production constraint (given e. g. by the limitation of natural resources and the technical situation ), it must have the marginal preferences proportional for all the individuals and proportional to marginal costs. The next question is to indicate a regime or class of regimes that will achieve this goal. The result attained consists in asserting that certain regimes do not satisfy certain optimality criteria which would seem to be Such that we must accept them. In other words Pareto-opiimality is a principle of negation, not one of affir¬ mation : once the obligatory conditions are expressed we are led to formulate the criterion that no regime can be accepted as satisfactory if it is not Pareto-optimal under the obligatory constraints. In general there will be a whole class of regimes which are thus optimal. Here is where the spectrum of social value judgements comes in. (A great many examples illustrate both the selection and the realization problems in the article.)
In conclusion it must be said that Pareto has not established any mathematical proof of a general proposition that free competition produces maximum satisfaction. What he has done is only to give a particular sort of definition of maximum satisfaction.
Oligopole et progrès technique
Authors: Denis Henri 
Published: August 2023

Oligopoly and technical progress
Analysis of the rules adopted in practice for the replacement of machines brings out the essential role played in this field by the rate of profit considered by the firm to be normal.
The most recent enquiries show that this profit rate is notably higher than elsewhere in those firms which benefit from a monopolistic situation. It must, therefore, be admitted that the development of monopolies brings about an increase in the level of profitability demanded from new investments, an increase which slows down technical progress.
The opposite view, expressed by Josef Schumpeter, rests upon a superficial view of the historical evolution of capitalism. It is possible that, at the beginning of the 20 th. century, the creation of monopolies did make it possible to resist the general decline of the rate of profit, a stagnation factor. But after a brief period of euphory, monopoly capitalism cannot fail to be threatened once again with stagnation.
La Compagnie hollandaise des Indes orientales
Authors: Coornaert Émile 
Published: August 2023

The dutch East Indies company
The chartered companies were the essential instruments of the opening up of the underdeveloped countries by the white races of Western Europe during the 17 th. and 18 th. centuries. They brought together the activities and interests of individuals and states , the latter being everywhere in the process of formation. The Dutch East Indies Company was a model envied and imitated by all the countries capable of expansion.
The Company's privileges made it a state within the state. In the distant possessions it enjoyed many of the prerogatives of sovereignty.
The complex constitution of the Company reconciled the principles of unity and decentralization due to its immediate history and a ingrained municipal tradition.
The Company only gradually acquired a permanent capital and its example illustrates the transition from the traditional corporations to the limited liability companies.
The empirical administration of the company gives an idea of the rough and ready methods still persisting in commercial organizations — for the formation of companies, for financial control and for relationships with distant countries.
Socially, the Company gradually became the field of action of a small class. The abuses of that class allowed the state, now more firmly established, to replace its inefficient administration by its own.
La politique monétaire d'après-guerre aux Pays-Bas
Authors: Triffin Robert 
Published: August 2023

After the war, Holland was left with a problem of reconstruction which, in the field of monetary policy was aggravated by the existence of excessive liquidities in the hands of the public. During 1945 and 1946 , the authorities were only partly successful in dealing with these liquidities by means of blocked accounts and the continuation of wage and price controls.
From 1947 to 1950, with the coming of Marshall aid, recovery was rapid but the equilibrium attained in the fields of prices, production and foreign trade was disturbed by the wave of speculative buying, financed largely by unabsorbed liquidities, which followed the outbreak of the Korean war. Never¬ theless, from 1951 to 1954 Holland achieved a rapid rate of recovery and the resulting export surplus led to a rapid increase in official reserves. The latter, in turn, made it possible, during 1954, to allow internal consumption to increase and the external surplus to diminish.
The events of the period 1950 to 1954 are analysed in terms of the varia¬ tions between real and monetary investment and are related to the excess liqui¬ dity of the money market in 1950 and to the absorption of excess liquidities in subsequent years.
The analysis of the methods of financing, in 1950 and 1951, the gap between national production and total expenditure for consumption and investment, and from 1952 to 1954, the, even larger, surpluses of production over expenditure, shows how yearly fluctuations were influenced by decisions beyond the direct control of the monetary authorities. Particularly important were the decisions to reduce liquid assets in 1950 for speculative purchases and the decisions, after 1950, to build up liquidities to a normal level.
The role of the public authorities was important, nevertheless, in the spec¬ tacular recovery after 1951, in the field of economic policy in general and mone¬ tary policy in particular. The excellence of Dutch economic and monetary statistics, and the high degree of integration between the two, makes it possible to determine with considerable precision the major features of the evolution of the economy during the postwar years.
Convertibilité monétaire et intégration économique en Europe occidentale
Authors: Triffin Robert 
Published: August 2023

The return to convertibility and regional economic integration in western Europe
The vanishing of the world dollar gap and the large surpluses currently accumulated by Western Europe constitute a most favourable environment for a return to currency convertibility. The weak spot remains , however, the United Kingdom. Although that country seems now to have abandoned the policy of a unilateral return to convertibility for the pound, it has not clearly defined its attitude towards a regional approach to convertibility.
The maintenance of international convertibility, once restored, will depend primarily on the national policies to be followed in the future by the major trading countries. Its successful operation, however, will require in addition some further strengthening and improvements of the regional and international institutions and agreements governing trade and payments relations among independent countries in an interdependent world.
Despite the importance of the United States in world production and trade, the main threat to the maintenance of convertibility by the European countries lies in their own policies rather than those of the United States. Balance of payments pressures are overwhelmingly dominated in Western Europe by mutual trade between countries in that area rather than by fluctuations in their exports to the United States or to the other non-EPU countries.
There can be no doubt as to the role played by the OEEC-EPU system in the progress of Western Europe towards convertibility and trade liberalization. The choice is now between its integration within the framework of a modernized definition of convertibility or its abandonment as an essential step towards the restoration of worldwide convertibility. In this respect the European Monetary agreement has succeeded in reconciling these two divergent views although the agreement marks, in some respects, a retrogression with respect to the EPU system. These shortcomings illustrate the limitations placed upon OEEC by British reluctance to associate the United Kingdom too closely with Europe. But closer association with Europe by the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries may
La croissance du capital en U.R.S.S. Essai de confrontation critique
Authors: Rubel Maximilien 
Published: August 2023

Growth of capital in the ussr a critical confrontation.
The official theory of the growth of the Soviet economy is compared with the realities of that growth.
Socialist production is said to conform to the law of maximum satisfaction of the material and cultural needs of the population. The growth of production derives from socialist accumulation, the latter being necessary to increase the means of production at the disposition of the working class. But it is striking to find that present day theory in the USSR does not use at all the term «capital». The author reviews the major theoretical positions adopted in the USSR from Lenin to the recent Manual of Political Economy. Finally, it would seem that the theory of socialist accumulation still derives, for its essentials, from Lenin : i. e. socialisis prepared by invitation of capitalism. The bulwark against abuses in this system is the power of the working class.
The author finds that the reality of economic growth in the USSR reveals the existence of two basic characteristics : a pure state of capitalism and masked slavery. Neither of these characteristics is the result of chance but of the Union of American technics and an infrastructure made up of an invest peasant mass. They have led to a separation of the labour force and owner ship of the means of production, on the one hand, and national economic planning, on ther other.
La théorie de la répartition
Authors: Robinson Joan 
Published: August 2023

The theory of distribution.
The present state of the theory of distribution is unsatisfactory as its component parts are not integrated into a coherent whole.
The first part of the article deals with the short-period distribution problem. It is found that with given propensities to consume and to invest, a certain level of profit margins exists which is compatible with full employment. In this situation, the share of wages lends to be lower the higher the level of investment and the lower the ihriftiness of rentiers. However, full-employment without inflation is attained only if there exists adequate capacity and if the degree of monopoly and the stale of bargaining power have accommodated themselves to the other conditions in such a way as to establish full employ¬ ment. When they have failed to set profit margins at the right level there is either unemployment or inflationary pressure.
The second part deals with a situation of comparative statics with different stocks of capital and a given rale of net investment. Here it is found that the operative forces are : the amount of previous accumulation ; the technical conditions of substitutability of factors ; the pattern of demand-lhese three factors determining the amount and the form of productive capacity ; the interplay of monopoly and bargaining power which governs the level of utilisation of productive capacity ; the propensities to consume and the rate of investment which govern the shares of wages and profits.
Finally, the dynamic case is examined and the relative influences of technical progress, the rale of accumulation the growth of population and the degree of entrepreneurs' animal spirits are included in the analysis. In this way it is found possible to group together the various parts of distribution theory.
Stabilité et progrès : le problème des pays riches
Authors: Robertson Dennis H. ,   Association internationale des sciences économiques
Published: August 2023

<i>Stability and progress :
the richer countries’ problem </i>
There is considerable difficulty in defining precisely the rate of growth desired by a country and the means to achieve it. Elements of a solution may be sought in the demographic pattern , the kinds of improvement which are desired , the volume of investment necessary to increase output.
The obstacles which may prevent, or slow up, a rise in living standards seem to be the following. The volume of saving consented by the community may be inadequate. It should not be assumed however, that government and corporate savings are wholly satisfactory substitutes nor that, today, inflation is a net creator of savings. It is necessary to underline the constraint which savings habits and desires should impose upon investment and growth. The smooth progress of growth capital would also be facilitated by a return of the risk element in the investment of savings.
As regards short-term fluctuations the influence of indivisible investments, the presence of imbalance both vertically and horizontally, in production structures, and alternate moods of optimism and pessimism remain fundamental. But it must be recalled that instability and unequal rates of growth as between the richer countries may arise and be unamenable to monetary action. In which case some international comprehension of the problems of other countries is necessary.
Stabilité internationale et économie nationale
Authors: Lundberg E. 
Published: August 2023

International stability and the national economy
The definition of national and international stability gives rise to many problems but the main ones to be discussed here do not render necessary too detailed definitions. It is sufficient to adopt some vague criteria relating to the simpler problem whether a certain change or a certain development means more or less international stability. The main problems concern how changes in the internal economy of any one country may disturb the international payments system and how such disturbances in their turn react on the individual economies giving rise to economic policy changes on the part of the respective governments.
The stability of international payments relations may be affected by the following types of disturbance within a single country : general fluctuations of income and employment ; wage and price changes ; shifts in demand and supply schedules ; fluctuations in capital movements ; changes in the terms of trade ; structural changes ; growth trends. These different types do not usually appear in isolation but are are inter-related.
Policy measures acting directly on the external balance may be import controls or devaluation. Import controls have many drawbacks both for the country using them and for its trading partners. As long as excess demand persists devaluation is no solution either.
As regards internal stabilization policies it appears that different countries have unequal possibilities of bringing about external balance by means of a generally restrictive policy. This leads to a consideration of other methods such as increased reserves and flexible exchange rates.
If the long-run problem is considered the conflict between development and stability may become acute. Where a shortage of savings in the developing countries is involved, an increased movement of capital internationally may provide a solution. Finally, divergent growth trends may be at the origin of international instability.
Croissance et créations économiques collectives
Authors: Buquet Léon 
Published: August 2023

Growth and economic collectives
Recent writing has demonstrated that growth cannot be explained solely in terms of the activities of profit-maximizing firms : it is necessary to take account of the role of economic collectives, and particularly of the influence exercized by groups and by the public sector. Explanation of growth along these lines should indicate the elements of a policy to control the rhythm and direction of such growth.
Following a period analysis of fluctuation in real product, the author argues that from the point of view of the firm growth depends upon profit, upon the flexibility of the money market and upon the efficiency of economic forecasting. But these factors can be operative only within the context of exterior forces : demographic movements, changing habits of consumption and innovation.
In the light of these propositions, the article then examines trends in the size of the firms (concluding that small firms are of continuing and increasing importance and contribute to a high standard of living, a supple economy and general progress), and the relevance to regional development of geographic factors (localization problems) and of the financial relations between firms (capital creation problems).
La structure économique des pays industriels est-elle compatible avec les besoins de développement économique des pays neufs ?
Authors: Royer Jean 
Published: August 2023

Is the economic structure of industrialised countries compatible with the development needs of new economies ?
Since the Korean War, the underdeveloped countries have suffered Balance of Payments deficits which have been covered only by foreign aid programmes. These deficits are due to the fact that exports of non-industrial countries have developed less quickly than world exports, but their imports have kept pace with the increase in world imports. The author estimates that by 1973-75 the total deficit of non-industrial countries will be $ 11 milliards (at 1953-5 prices ). How is this deficit to be covered ?
Although efforts to stabilise raw-material prices, increased industrialisation of under-developed countries and regional integration schemes such as the proposed Latin American Free Trade Area, will go some way to solving the problem, they cannot offer a complete remedy. U. S. foreign aid is already stationary and much of it is in kind, thus absorbing excess U. S. production of (e. g.) cotton and wheat. On the other hand, the underdeveloped countries are no longer totally dependent on the West. Aid to them from Eastern Europe is increasing and is approaching the U. S. figure. In some countries, Russian aid is higher than American, as it tends to be more concentrated. Trade between Eastern Europe and the non-industrial countries is also increasing. The U. S. S. R. can export its heavy equipment goods and in return can absorb large quantities of raw materials, agricultural produce and consumer goods. The relationship is similar to that of Great Britain with her colonies in the early XXth century. There is thus a real danger that the non-industrial countries will cover part of their Balance of Payments deficit with Western aid, and the rest by increased trade with communist countries, thus becoming economically dependent on Eastern Europe.
The author concludes that the only solution is a new international division of labour. «Trade not aid» is needed, and if the West would consent to develop her purchases of raw materials, agricultural produce and consumer goods from non-industrial countries, even at the expense of a small part of her own agricultural production and light industry, this would go far towards solving the balance of payments problems of these countries.