bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Anamnestic Antibody Response to Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Monkeys and its Implications Concerning Naturally Acquired Immunity in Man
Authors: Lee H. W. , Scherer W. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Primary and anamnestic antibody responses to infectious Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus were studied in monkeys. The intradermal anamnestic dose of virus in suspensions of Japanese mosquitoes collected in nature was small, essentially equal to the intradermal infectious dose for susceptible monkeys, and well within the range of virus which vector mosquitoes might inoculate. Anamnestic antibody responses were uniformly measurable by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests, usually detectable by complement fixation (CF) tests, but only infrequently demonstrable by virus-dilution neutralization tests. That anamnestic antibody responses resulted merely from virus antigen inoculated intradermally and did not depend on multiplication of virus in blood, skin or superficial tissues of previously infected monkeys was evidenced by a) lack of measurable viremia and virus proliferation in skin or superficial tissues and b) the ability of noninfectious, ultraviolet-irradiated virus to stimulate anamnestic antibody responses as readily as infectious virus. The fact that small amounts of infectious virus stimulated anamnestic antibody responses in previously infected, nonviremic monkeys, whereas large amounts of virus were available in viremic, susceptible monkeys to evoke primary antibody responses is compatible with the increased sensitivity of hosts to small “booster” injections of antigens; it does not necessarily infer that anamnestic antibody responses occur as a result of virus multiplication in previously infected hosts.
Upon extrapolation to humans these findings suggest that a single endemic arthropod-borne virus can, upon transmission by vector mosquitoes, repeatedly stimulate anamnestic antibody responses in man and thus maintain detectable antibody levels and immunity throughout life. Moreover, in areas such as the Kanto Plain near Tokyo, Japan, where JE virus is the only known group B arthropod-borne virus, seasonal rises in HI and CF antibody titers to JE virus in persons with preseasonal homologous neutralizing (N) antibody need not imply that another group B virus exists in the same geographic region.
HI, CF and N antibodies remained detectable in monkeys for at least 11 months after primary inapparent infection. HI and CF anamnestic antibody responses to large doses of JE virus were not significantly inhibited by high, preexisting HI, CF or N antibody levels in serum of hyperimmunized monkeys, but the effects of high antibody levels on anamnestic antibody responses to subsequent small virus doses were not conclusively ascertained.
Immunologic Properties of Weak Histocompatibility Genes
Authors: McKhann Charles F. , Berrian James H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antigens determined by individual histocompatibility genes differ in ability to induce transplantation immunity. Those of the H-2 locus are effective in all tissues of an individual and induce immunity rapidly. Those of the H-3 locus are antigenically less effective in some tissues than in others and permit longer graft survival. Using coisogenic strains of mice a further comparison has been made between antigens of H-2 and H-3 genes with respect to: a) the time required to induce immunity, b) the time when immunity can first be demonstrated, c) the effect of variations in graft dose, and d) adoptive transfer of immunity with lymph node and spleen cells.
It was found that in both H-2 and H-3 strains immunity can be induced by 4 days contact with a skin graft but that additional time must elapse before immunity can be demonstrated. This additional time requirement was greater in H-3 than in H-2. The effects of variations in graft dose were equivalent and minimal. H-2 immunity was adoptively transferred by lymph nodes and spleen cells. H-3 was transferred best by nodes that had been exposed to skin grafts for 24 days. Nodes that were stimulated by H-2 and H-3 antigens from the same grafts transferred immunity against H-2 only.
Studies on the Role of Serotonin and Mast Cells in Anaphylaxis of the Mouse Produced with Soluble Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Tokuda Seikichi , Weiser Russell S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The influence of various treatments on the anaphylactic response of the Swiss-Webster mouse to challenge with a soluble antigen-antibody complex composed of bovine serum albumin-antibovine serum albumin was studied.
Protection against anaphylaxis was afforded by prechallenge treatment with either reserpine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, histamine and sodium salicylate or with the “serotonin antagonists” lysergic acid diethylamide, its bromine analogue and chlorpromazine. The antihistamine agent, pyrilamine maleate, was without effect.
The protective effect of reserpine can be abolished with 5-hydroxytryptophan but not with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. Histamine or sodium salicylate did not affect the response to intravenous challenge with serotonin or histamine. Prechallenge treatment with 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-hydroxytryptophan increased the susceptibility of the animals to anaphylaxis.
The highly sensitive pertussis-vaccinated mouse was protected against anaphylaxis by prechallenge treatment with epinephrine but not by prechallenge treatment with reserpine, the bromine analogue of lysergic acid diethylamide or dopamine.
The refractory state induced by prior sublethal doses of antigen-antibody complex was not reversed by the administration of mouse complement or 5-hydroxytryptophan or a combination of both substances.
Mice of the DBA/2 strain show only mild symptoms of anaphylaxis following doses of antigen-antibody complex three times those necessary to produce fatal anaphylaxis in a high percentage of Swiss-Webster mice.
Examination of various tissues following anaphylactic death produced with the complex gave no indication that morphologic changes in mast cells accompany anaphylaxis.
Antigenic Activity of Various Tissues in Transplantation Immunity
Authors: McKhann Charles F. , Berrian James H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Using coisogenic strains of mice differing by a single, weak histocompatibility gene at the H-3 locus, it was shown that various donor tissues differed greatly in ability to induce transplantation immunity. Skin grafts, epidermal cells, and renal epithelial cells were antigenically effective. Lymphoid cells injected intraperitoneally failed to induce immunity. Similar lymphoid cells gave marginal immunity when administrered by other routes and, when injected into newborn mice, rendered them highly tolerant of later skin grafts. It was concluded that the tissues studied may contain identical complements of transplantation antigens and that the basis of the different abilities of the various tissues to induce immunity may reside in the location of antigens within the cells, and in the interaction between grafted cells and the host.
Effect of Antiserum and Antibiotics on Persistent Infection of HeLa Cells with Meningopneumonitis Virus
Authors: Galasso G. J. , Manire G. P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of antiviral agents on a persistent infection of HeLa cells with meningopneumonitis virus has been studied. Antiserum does not appear to have a significant effect. Penicillin, even when treatment is prolonged for 3 ½ months, causes a drop in titer but does not completely remove the virus. Chloramphenicol treatment for 21 days and tetracycline for 14 days are sufficient to remove all traces of virus. Tetracycline appears to have an in vitro effect on the virus.
Inhibition of Immune Phagocytosis of Diplococcus Pneumoniae by Human Neutrophiles with Antibody against Complement
Authors: Jeter W. S. , McKee Albert P. , Mason Rachel J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Treatment of normal human blood with rabbit antibody against human complement completely blocks the phagocytosis by the neutrophiles of Diplococcus pneumoniae in the presence of its type-specific antibody. The effect is observed whether the incubation period of blood with organisms is as short as 15 min or as long as 4 hr. The addition of fresh, untreated serum to cells from treated blood does not reverse the inhibition, nor does the addition of fresh complement-containing serum in amounts 4 times that of the original serum present. Bactericidal studies indicate that antipneumococcal serum is capable of the destruction of the organism even when the complement is inactivated by anticomplement and the phagocytes appear to be inactive.
Studies of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis in Mice
Authors: Weigand Heribert , Hotchin John 
Published: January 2023

Summary
This study comprises an investigation of mice surviving inoculation with LCM virus during first few days after birth. Such animals harbor the virus at high titers for long periods of time and have been designated as suffering from persistent tolerated infection (PTI) with LCM virus. These animals survive rechallenge with virus and can be considered as immune; however, two types of immunity have been described. One type is designated “tolerant immunity” and is defined as the state in which the mice do not exhibit any detectable immunological response to the presence of the virus, i.e., there is no antibody production and no virus suppression. The immunity of mice with PTI is of this type. A second type of immunity to LCM has been defined as resulting from peripheral nonlethal inoculation of adult animals. This type has been called “active immunity” and refers to immunity which involves a response by the immune mechanism of the host evidenced by an ability to suppress virus infection. High titer virus has been found in mice as long as 235 days after the original inoculation. When this was done during the first few days after birth, mice resisted challenge with homologous or heterologous LCM viruses and complement-fixing antibody could not be demonstrated in their sera. The offspring of such PTI female mice, born as long as 144 days after the original intracerebral inoculation of the mother, proved to have PTI also, with high titers of virus in their brains and blood. Adult mice could be hyperimmunized with virus by giving the first dose of live virus subcutaneously. Subsequent inoculations, either intraperitoneally or intracerebrally, failed to kill the mice which produced complement-fixing antibody and suppression of virus in their brains. No significant amount of neutralizing antibody was found in any of the mice tested irrespective of which type of immunity they possessed. The results are discussed in terms of concepts of immunological tolerance to viruses and the nature of immunity to LCM virus.
The Persistent Production of Small Quantities of Infectious Newcastle Disease Virus in Grossly Unaltered L and U12 Strain Cells
Authors: Mason Earl J. , Kaufman Nathan 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Inapparent infections of L and U12 cell strains by Newcastle disease virus are described in which low concentrations of virus were persistently elaborated by the cells. Detectable amounts of infectious virus were found more frequently in L strain cultures and appeared to be associated with the cell fractions in slightly greater quantities. Even though they contained virus, the carrier cell lines were as susceptible as previously uninoculated stock cell cultures to the toxic effect of large virus inocula.
Significance of the Blocking Antibody in Experimental Brucellosis
Authors: Glenchur Harry , Zinneman Horace H. , Hall Wendell H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Hyperimmunization of rabbits with heat-killed Brucella abortus called forth blocking antibodies which appeared late and only if the antigenic dose was very large. The blocking antibody was shown to have a shifting electrophoretic mobility in rabbit and human serum proteins, varying with the duration of antigenic stimulation. Early, the blocking phenomenon appeared in the slow moving γ-globulins; with continued stimulation, the blocking antibodies migrated in the serum proteins with the mobility of the β-globulins. The blocking phenomenon in a B. abortus hyperimmunized rabbit disappeared 14 weeks after the cessation of heavy antigenic stimulation. It reappeared after a single injection of the same antigen. These findings suggest that in the rabbit blocking antibody indicates continued antigenic stimulation or active infection by Brucella.
In Vitro Formation of 7S and 19S γ-Globulins by Tissues from Normal Subjects and Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Levene Howard I. , Franklin Edward C. , Thorbecke G. Jeanette 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The incorporation of radioactively labeled amino acids into 7S and 19S γ-globulins by human lymph nodes and splenic tissue in vitro has been studied. De novo formation of 7S γ-globulin has been demonstrated in 13 of 26 tissue culture tubes prepared with tissue obtained from 13 normal patients, and in five of nine tubes prepared with tissue obtained from three patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Formation of 19S γ-globulin has been found only in cultures prepared with tissues from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Attempts to demonstrate the production of serologically active rheumatoid factor have been unsuccessful.
Retention of Rabbit Antibody Activity during Acetylation
Authors: Pressman David , Stelos Peter , Grossberg Allan 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Although acetylation destroys the ability of rabbit anti-BSA to form a precipitate with BSA it was found here that it still combines with BSA to form soluble complexes. The combination was studied by electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal methods. Acetylation of 96% of the amino groups of anti-BSA γ-globulin resulted in a preparation that could still form soluble complexes with BSA. Normal rabbit γ-globulin, however, when acetylated to 86% of its amino groups, did not form soluble complexes with BSA.
The failure of acetylated antibody to form a precipitate with its antigen is attributed to electrostatic repulsion effects between antibody molecules.
Immune-Adherence with Leptospira Antigens
Authors: Linscott William D. , Boak Ruth A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A procedure has been presented by means of which Leptospira antigens have been tested in the immune-adherence (I-A) system. Extensive re-adherence was found to occur after mechanical disruption of the I-A bond, although it diminished in completeness when disruption was repeated several times. In the presence of a great excess of antiserum, complement fixation by antigen-antibody-complexes was found to occur at 1–5°C. Antigen-antibody-complement complexes formed in this manner, after being washed in the cold, were capable of adhering to erythrocytes in the absence of additional antiserum or complement. Antigen-antibody-complement complexes were prevented by normal serum from adhering to erythrocytes at low temperature, but not at 37°C. In the presence of a high concentration of antiserum, I-A was demonstrated to occur in the presence of fresh guinea pig or human complement diluted as much as 1:5120. The I-A reaction was found to be sufficiently sensitive that humoral antibodies against leptospirae could be detected within 40 hr after the initial injection of a rabbit with the homologous antigen.
The in Vivo Production of Penicillinase by Hemolytic Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Dineen Peter 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The production of staphylopenicillinase has been demonstrated in vivo. The sterilized homogenate of mouse kidneys when placed in wells on agar plates seeded with Sarcina lutea showed penicillinase activity. This activity was seen only in strains that were naturally penicillin resistant. This was not an adaptive enzyme, as it was present in the absence of penicillin exposure. Penicillinase was not present immediately after infection in mouse kidneys, but required time for production.
The VI Antigens of the Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Whiteside Roberta E. , Baker Edgar E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Vi antigens and deacetylated Vi antigens from P. ballerup, E. coli and S. typhosa, strain Ty2 were tested with antisera prepared against various Vi producing microorganisms by the agar diffusion precipitin test. Differences in type of reaction were noted between deacetylated antigen preparations reacted with antisera prepared with P. ballerup or S. paratyphi C bacilli and deacetylated Vi antigens reacted with antisera prepared with S. typhosa or E. coli organisms. It appeared that serologic differences exist in Vi antigens of the various bacilli used for preparation of antisera which become evident when these antisera are reacted with degraded Vi antigens. It has been shown that these differences are not differences in basic specificity of Vi antigen and its antibody.
Agar Precipitation Reactions between Human Serum Albumin and Hemoglobin in Human Tissue Extracts
Authors: Metzgar Richard S. , Grace James T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Normal human and animal sera gave agar precipitation reaction with certain human tissue extracts. The serum component reacting with the human tissue extracts had an electrophoretic mobility corresponding to albumin. The constituent in the human tissue extracts which interacted with albumin had an electrophoretic mobility corresponding to that of an α-2 globulin and appeared to be hemoglobin or a hemoglobin product. The precipitate formed was soluble in hemoglobin excess and the density of the precipitate was dependent upon the albumin concentration. The agar precipitation reactions were not demonstrable by other serologic techniques. A cautious interpretation of immunologic reactions in an agar medium was advised.
Studies on Rickettsial Toxins
Authors: Wisseman Charles L. , Pazourek Lawrence , Boccuti Anthony , James Herbert , Oldstone Michael B. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Comparison of the action of toxic viable Rickettsia mooseri with that of a Boivin type endotoxin from Escherichia coli in mice revealed striking differences. One LD50 of the endotoxin caused a prompt depression in total leukocyte count followed by leukocytosis, whereas 1 LD50 of the toxic rickettsial suspension failed to cause a significant shift in total leukocyte count toward a comparable response pattern. Reticuloendothelial blockade with colloidal iron saccharate markedly increased the susceptibility of mice to the lethal action of the endotoxin, but failed to alter their susceptibility to the toxic action of the rickettsiae. Moreover, mice rendered tolerant to endotoxin remained as susceptible to the rickettsial toxin as normal control mice. It is concluded that the mouse lethal toxin of R. mooseri and classic bacterial endotoxin differ significantly in several important properties.
Development and Application of New Parenteral Adjuvants
Authors: Woodhour Allen F. , Jensen Keith E. , Warren Joel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The relative antigenic potencies of influenza vaccine emulsified in various oils have been compared using a guinea pig assay system. Primary antibody responses were significantly elevated with 50% W/O emulsions of the plant oils, peanut, sesame and chaulmoogra, whereas preparations with poppyseed and safflower were without noticeable effect. In contrast, all oils tested were effective in elevating a secondary response, indicating that some degree of antigenic sensitization occurred even in the absence of any primary adjuvant effect. Maximal titers were obtained with mineral oil (Drakeol) emulsions, while intermediate responses were noted with a synthetic oil, ethyl oleate, and an animal oil preparation, lantrol. Addition of hexadecylamine to emulsions did not produce a synergistic effect.
The Immunologic Response of Rabbits to Homologous and Heterologous Corneal and Uveal Tissue
Authors: Wacker Waldon B. , Dodd Matt C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Naturally occurring antibody for uvea, but not cornea, was demonstrable in normal rabbit sera by the complement fixation test, and is apparently the same as that previously found by Kidd and Friedewald to be reactive with other rabbit tissues. In addition, a naturally occurring agglutinin for tanned red cells treated with rabbit corneal extract was found in rabbit, chicken, guinea pig and human sera. This agglutinin may be a nonantibody substance.
The injection of rabbits with homologous cornea or uvea failed to produce convincing evidence of an immune response either by the criteria of serology or hypersensitivity. However, a reaction between rabbit sera and uvea was noted in the complement fixation test and was associated with natural antibody and anticomplementariness of immune sera.
Cross-reacting, or organ specific, antigens were found in the corneas and in the uveas of different species. By the use of these antigens from a heterologous species, it was possible to stimulate the production of antibody in the rabbit for rabbit cornea or uvea. The failure of these antigens to sensitize the homologous species suggests that they are haptens which owe their antigenicity to attachment to proteins of foreign species. These organ specific antigens from the uvea, like the Kidd-Friedewald antigen present in various animal tissues, were found to be quite labile.
Although naturally occurring and acquired antibody for cornea and uvea were present in these animals, gross pathology of the eye tissues was not found.
Laboratory and Field Investigations of Bovine Myxovirus Parainfluenza 3 Virus and Vaccine
Authors: Ketler A. , Hamparian V. V. , Hilleman M. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Comparison was made of the properties of the bovine SF-4 and the human HA-1 strains of Myxovirus parainfluenza 3 virus. Both grew abundantly in tissue cultures of bovine and monkey renal epithelium, causing characteristic cytopathic change. Antigenic difference between the strains was demonstrated in serum neutralization, CF and HI tests. The SF-4 strain generally appeared to have an antigenic composition more broad than that of the HA-1 virus. The two strains also differed in that the SF-4 antigen agglutinated chicken erythrocytes at room temperature but the HA-1 virus failed to do so. Tests for presence of nonspecific inhibitors of hemagglutination in human, bovine and rabbit antisera against Myxovirus parainfluenza 1 and 3 viruses were negative. It was concluded that nonspecific inhibitors for the parainfluenza viruses tested were either absent entirely or of such low titer as to be without consequence in serodiagnostic and sero-epidemiologic studies with these agents. Complete correspondence in the diagnostic results of paired sera from cases of SF-4 virus infection in calves was obtained using the serum neutralization, CF and HI techniques.
Effect of Antibiotics on Intracellular Salmonella Typhosa
Authors: Showacre Jane L. , Hopps Hope E. , Du Buy Herman G. , Smadel Joseph E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Observations by phase microscopy showed that Salmonolla typhosa located within L929 mouse fibroblast cells multiplied at the same rate as extracellular organisms; i.e., they divided about every 30 min.
Multiplication of S. typhosa ceased promptly when streptomycin, chloramphenicol, penicillin or synnematin was added to infected tissue cultures. Moreover, division of extra- and intracellular organisms stopped simultaneously. Thus, for the first time it was demonstrated directly that antibiotics which penetrate mammalian cells retain their biologic properties.
Penicillin and synnematin induced spheroplast formation in those bacilli situated extracellularly but not in those located within healthy L cells. Intracellular spheroplast formation was observed in dying cells or in cells the permeability of which was irreversibly altered by addition of saponin. Chloramphenicol and streptomycin did not exert a marked effect on morphology of the bacilli.