bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Replacing Wheat Flour with Mango Peel Powder and Studying its Chemical and Microbial Properties in the Laboratory Cake
Authors: Weshah Shaimaa Fadhel , Al-Hafud Alyaa S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Fruit peels are the byproduct that accumulate during the processing of fruits and represent a serious problem, as they have a harmful effect on the environment. Fruit peels are a rich source of natural bioactive, antioxidants and fiber compounds that play an important role in disease prevention. Wheat flour was replaced with mango and banana peel flour in proportions (10,20,30%), laboratory cake was manufactured and chemical properties & characteristics of mango and banana peel flour were analyzed and the effect of this on quality characteristics and sensory evaluation of laboratory cakes by estimating their chemical composition, estimation of mineral elements, active substances, antioxidant activity of the peels, cake product treatments and inhibitory activity of alcoholic extract of mango peel powder in a number of bacterial isolates. The results indicated that the powder of mango peels powder contains phenolic compounds (tannins, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids). Mango peel powder is rich in mineral elements, the most important of which are (potassium and calcium), it has an inhibitory activity against bacteria(aeruginosa Pseudomonas, E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus) The increase in the percentage of replacement in the final product (cake) led to an increase in the active substances and antioxidant activity, as well as an increase in moisture content, mineral elements & fibers, and an increase in the weight of the final product. The results of sensory evaluation indicated that the 10% replacement ratio showed more acceptable results to the consumer.
Study the Impact of Replacing Peanut Flour with Wheat Flour on Physiochemical Properties and Sensory Assessment of Biscuits Produced
Authors: Al-Alwani Hudhayfa Ismail Salih , Fadhil Noor Jumhaa , Yousif Saad Ibrahim 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted in order to study and determine the chemical composition, physical properties and sensory evaluation of biscuits manufactured with different replacement percentages of peanuts (0, 10, 20, 25)%. The results of the chemical composition of the biscuits made from replacing peanut flour showed that the moisture content in all samples was between (6.27-6.50%) as the results showed that there was a difference in the moisture content of the different types of biscuits, as for the percentage of ash, there was a significant increase with the increase in the replacement rates, and the percentage ranged between (1.37-1.63)%. The highest percentage of protein in the transaction was BP25%, about (26.13)%, and it was noted that the protein percentage increased with the increase in the replacement rates, while the highest percentage of fat reached about (26.43) in the BP25% sample. The results showed that there was an increase in the percentage of fat with an increase in the replacement rates for the studied transactions, while the percentage of fibers reached the highest percentage in the transaction BP20% (11.27%), the highest percentage of carbohydrates was between (68.33-28.87)%, as the results showed a decrease in the percentage of carbohydrates with an increase in the replacement rates. The results showed the effect of the replacement ratios on the physical characteristics if each increased with the diameter of the biscuit and the diffusion coefficient with an increase in the replacement ratio. As for the sensory evaluation, the results of the studied characteristics (general appearance, top surface characteristics, freshness, crunchiness, flavor, aroma, taste, color, general acceptance) showed that the replacement rate exceeded BP20% for biscuits made from peanut flour replacement, as its results were higher than the rest transactions.
Analysis of Amino Acids and Fatty Acids in the Local Strain of Wild and Cultivated Food Mushrooms
Authors: Farhan Ekhlas Mohammed , Chechan Rukaibaa Ali 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The cultivation of shiitake mushroom Lentinula edodes is very important all over the world, due to its nutritional properties. The available studies on the chemical characterization of local shiitake strains that grow in the Iraqi environment and cultivated in the laboratory are not available so far, therefore, the aim of the current work is to quantitative and qualitative determination of amino acids and fatty acids in the strain L. edodes ( OM432157 ) grown in vitro and wild using amino acid analyzer and gas chromatography ( GC ). The results showed that the percentage of total EAA in the fungal strain L. edodes ( OM432157 ) amounted to 37.14% and in the wild strain ( 41.9% ). The predominant essential amino acid in the strain L. edodes was valine. While the proportion of TNEAA in the cultivated strain L. edodes (OM432157) was 56.27% and the wild strain 51.05%, cysteine acid was the predominant component in the cultivated strain, in contrast, glutamic acid was the dominant acid in the wild strain Regarding the fatty acid profile, the unsaturated fatty acids were dominant over the saturated fatty acids in both types of mushrooms. It was observed that PUFA was higher than MUFA in the cultivated strain, and Linolenic acid ( C18:3 ) was the dominant acid and the form 47.6 % of the total fatty acids in contrast to the wild strain which recorded a high percentage of MUFA 83% compared to PUFA12.6%, and palmitoleic acid ( C16: 1) is dominant and constituted 81.9% of the total fatty acids. Our findings contributes to the determination of amino acids and fatty acids in the local strain L. edodes ( OM432157).
Study Functional Properties of the Isolated Protein from Germinated Mung
Authors: Dahham Fatimah Makki , Abas Wedad Fadhil 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The functional properties of the defatted powder and protein isolate of germinated mung bean seeds were studied and the estimation of the amino acids was carried out. The results showed a significant increase in the values of the amino acids leucine, lysine, phenylalanine and valine. The results of studying the functional properties of the protein isolate and defatted powder showed that there were significant differences between the sample The defatted and protein isolate, if the water absorption capacity of the defatted mung powder was 2.5% water/gm protein and the water absorption capacity of the protein isolate was 3%ml water/g protein, the fat binding capacity of the defatted powder was 0.3 ml fat/g protein and the isolate The ratio was 1.7 ml of fat / g of protein. The ability of the protein isolates and the defatted powder to form foam was also studied. The effect of pH on the foam capacity and stability of the defatted mung bean seed powder and the protein isolate was also studied. The foam capacity at pH 4 showed high stability at 120 min. After the reaction, it reached 10%, while the pH 5 decreased its stability, reaching 8%, while the pH 7.6 showed a high stability, reaching (12, (13)%, respectively, and we note the stability of the foam in the protein isolate at pH 7.4, which amounted to (22.5,24)%, respectively.
Detection of Mineral and Microbial Contaminants in some Types of Imported Meat
Authors: Al-Zaid Raed Mohammed Khalaf , Al-Attar Eman J. , Hadi Mayson Thafir 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The main target of the current study is to investigate the microbial content and mineral contaminants of the imported meat available in the city of Baghdad and to ensure that it is free from harmful bacteria, safe and it compliances with the Iraqi standard specifications. Some trace mineral elements such as (Iron, Copper, Lead, and Cadmium) were also estimated, where 10 brands of these meats were collected. Bacteriological tests were carried out which included (total bacterial count, Staphylococcus bacteria, Salmonella bacteria). The results showed highest number of total bacterial count 13×105 CFU/g in F8 brand, while the lowest number of bacteria 5×101 CFU/g in F3 brand. However, Staphylococcal bacteria showed the highest number of 66×102 CFU/g in F7 brand, while the lowest number of Staphylococcal bacteria amounted to 1×101 CFU/g in F9 brand. The number of Salmonella bacteria in imported meat samples, the two brands contained Salmonella bacteria were (F2, F7), while the other brands were free of Salmonella bacteria. The results showed that the highest concentration of Cu was 1.658 μg/g in F7 brand, whereas the lowest concentration of Cu was in F6 brand amounting to 0.093 μg/g. However, highest concentration of Pb reached 0.040 μg/g in F6 brand, while the lowest concentration of Pb was recorded in F2 brand reaching 0.002 μg/g. Furthermore, the highest concentration of Cd was 0.004 μg/g in F7 brand whereas the lowest detected concentration of Cd was in (F1, F4, F5, F9, and F10) brands reaching 0.000 μg/g.
The Relationship Between the Above-Ground Biomass and the Vegetation Cover Indices at Different Salinity Levels
Authors: Salman Afrah Kadem , Wheib Kusay Abdulrazzak 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The current study was carried out to find out the relationship between the Above-Ground Biomass and the spectral vegetative indices (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index, Difference Vegetation Index) (NDVI, SAVI, DVI) for soils with different salinity levels. Al Salamiyat Project was chosen as a study area located at an altitude of 34 m above sea level and within the geographical coordinates (E 44°.09´13.65´´ N 33°.25´ 07.87´´ and E 44°.17´ 46.03´´ N 33°.2l´40.72´´), with a total area of 14265 Dunum. Surface and subsurface soil samples were chosen from the study area and according to the previously defined salinity units, except for the salinity map that was updated based on the soil samples of the current study. After updating the salinity map of this project, 12 Pedons (two Pedon for each salinity unit) were excavated and morphologically described. Then, the soil samples were taken from each horizon to estimate the physical and chemical properties and biomass values for each site. The study showed that the soil salinity Ece in the study Pedon ranged from 1.1 dS/m in the C2 horizon for the twelfth Pedon to 41.6 dS/m in the upper Az horizon of the ninth Pedon. It also showed that there is a high correlation (r = 0.553) between the values of soil salinity and the biomass of plants growing in it, which confirms that the biomass was increasing with the increase in soil salinity. Furthermore, the (NDVI) showed a variation in the study area, ranging from 0.386 to 0.473, while the values of this index ranged from 0.1568 to 0.4093, as it was observed that there is a direct relationship between them (r = 0.643). The values of (SAVI) showed a difference between the studied Pedon sites, the values of this index ranged from 0.0581 to 0.7100, and it was also ranged from 0.1087 to 0.6213 for the same Pedon value. Whereas the values of the (DVI) index ranged between -0.0023 to 0.0942 and from 0.0197 to 0.0874 for the study Pedon, this index showed a highly significant relationship with the above-ground biomass (r = 0.825).
Effect of Rhizobium Leguminosarum Inoculum, Rice Hulls, and Urea Fertilizer on Broad Bean Plants’ Growth and Yield Traits (Vicia faba L.)
Authors: Hussain Saja Nadhim , Kamal Jawad Abdul-Kadhim 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The study was designed to determine the effect of bacterial fertilizer (Rhizobium Leguminosarum), hulls of rice crop, and urea fertilizer on the growth and yield parameters of the broad bean crop (Vicia faba L.). The experiment was conducted during the agricultural season 2021 in the Al-Daghara district, 17 km north of the center of the Al-Diwaniyah Governorate. Two levels of Rhizobium Leguminosarum bacteria (R0) control and (R1) bacterial application, three levels of organic fertilizer (rice hulls) (S0, S3, and S5) mg/ha, and three levels of urea fertilizer (U0, U50, and U75) kg N .ha-1 and their overlap. The results of the statistical analysis present that the interaction treatment (R1 + S5 + U75) resulted in the highest values for the parameters of plant height, dry weight of the vegetative part and dry weight of the root system, and total yield, which were 72,163 cm/Plant-1, 10,685 g/plant-1/dry weight, 5.867 g/plant-1, 10,985 mg/ha.
Variation of the Particle Size Distribution for the Soil in the Middle Euphrates Regions
Authors: Hamed Maha Abd Al-Kareem , Al-Quraishi Amal R. J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The study locations were chosen within the central Euphrates regions, which include the provinces of (Babylon, Diwaniyah, Karbala, Najaf, and Muthanna), which lie between longitudes 31.2926 to 32.9055 north and latitudes 44.0332 to 45.3845 east by UTM system. Fifteen pedons were discovered, three pedons in each province, two for planted soil and one for uncultivated soil, and their horizons were described in a morphological and fundamental manner, and their coordinates were determined. Samples were obtained from each horizon, saved and brought to the laboratory for the necessary laboratory measurements. The results of the morphological description showed that the soils of the Middle Euphrates regions are calcareous sedimentary newly formed with flat topography, and the natural vegetation of the Bermuda grass, cogongrass and Alhagi in its soil. As for the color of the soil, the results indicated that the color is homogeneous in wavelength and the difference in intensity and purity of the color. Soils with fine and moderately fine textures were prevalent. It had an angular block structure in all the horizons of the cultivated soils, except for the uncultivated soils. Its construction was of the acute-angled block type, while the strength of the soil was varied in all cases and in all horizons. The results indicated that the size distribution of the soil separates is different, but the predominance of the silt separate, followed by clay and then sand. In terms of its variance, sand was the most variance, where its coefficient of variation ranged between 81.99 - 60.72%, followed by clay, whose coefficient of variation ranged between 47.02 - 29.32%. As for the silt, it was the least variance, where its coefficient of variation ranged between 17.49 - 11.10. These separates were distributed unnaturally, with negative and positive Skewness, and with a flat negative and positive distribution in most soil horizons and locations.
Spatial Distribution of Soil Quality and Health Index for the Umm Al-Naaj Marsh in Maysan
Authors: Al-Hassan Mohammad Jaafar Ali , Ati Alaa Salih , Hussein Hadi Hashim 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Umm Al-Naaj Marsh was chosen in Maysan province, and it is one of the sections of Mar Al-Hawza, which is one of the most prominent Iraqi marshes in the south. The marshes are located between latitudes 30 35 and 32 45 latitudes and longitudes 13 46 and 48 00. The area of the study area is 76479.432142 hectares to evaluate soil quality and health index and their spatial distribution based on measuring physical, chemical, biological and fertility traits and calculating the total quality index for those characteristics. Using an auger drilling machine, we collected 50 randomly selected surface samples, evenly distributed across the study region, from Al-Aq 0.0–0.30 m, noting their precise locations along the way. Soil health and quality were evaluated by determining the weight of evidence for physical, chemical, biological, and fertility parameters. The percentage of the second class in relation to the physical properties of the soil, which corresponds to the moderate variety of soil health, reached 100% of the study area. As for the chemical traits, the first class (poor) recorded 5.5%, the second class (moderate) 94%, and the third class (good) 0.5% of the area study area, While the percentage of the second class (moderate) for biological traits was 99.99%, and the first class (poor) appeared by 0.002% of the entire study area. As for the fertility traits, the first class (poor) appeared by 46%, the second class (moderate) by 68% and the third class good) by 6% of the study area. In comparison to the total quality index, the moderate variety accounted for 100% of the soil quality and overall health index in the study area, whereas the poor and good cultivars were nowhere to be found.
Effect of Inoculation with Bacterial and Fungal Biofertilizers on Growth and Flowering of Lilium spp. using Alternative Irrigation Salinized Water
Authors: Sadiq S. M. , Abdullatif S. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Janat Al-Nakheel company located in khazmiah/Baghdad from 1/9/2020 to 1/6/2021 and aimed to study the effect of inoculation with fungal and bacterial biofertilizers on the growth and flowering of Lilium spp. under the influence of alternating irrigation with salt water. The experiment was implemented as a factorial experiment using the RCBD randomized complete block design with two factors, the first factor included inoculation with biofertilizers, while the second factor included alternating irrigation with saline water and the interaction between them. The results showed that the interaction between biofertilizers and tap water gave the highest recordings of vegetative and flowering growth in terms of plant height (48.63) cm, stem diameter (9.9) mm, leaf area (878.0) mm, concentration of proline in leaves (2.06) and peroxidase enzyme activity (6.95) The content of MDA leaves (0.531), flowering period (31.17) days, flower diameter (16.75) cm, number of flower buds (9.5) flower bud, carotene pigment concentration in flowers (3.027) and flowering age (22.00) days, as well as root length (22.03) cm and the percentage of dry matter in the roots (12.45)%.
Marine Algae and Applications to Plant Nutrition: A review
Authors: Al-Ealayawi Z. A. , Al-Dulaimy Ahmed F. Z. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Clean (organic) agriculture is defined as an integrated production, economic, social and environmental system in line with the historical foundations that humans have followed in agriculture throughout history, it has been confirmed during the long history of agriculture on the surface of the earth that this method has the character of continuity or sustainability. It is also known as the method of agricultural production in which the use of harmful chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides is avoided. Many may think that clean farming methods are one method, but in fact there are several methods, all of which fall under the concept of developing vital natural systems. The disposal of marine plant residues is still a major problem at the present time, which requires finding appropriate solutions in order to reduce environmental pollution problems. One of the most important methods used recently is its use in plant nutrition, as marine algae are an important organic source that is used in low concentrations in supplying plants with essential nutrients, it contains micro and macro nutrients, amino acids and organic matter, as well as containing growth-promoting substances such as vitamins, polysaccharides, auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins. Algae compost and extracts are used as fertilizer supplements, either by adding them directly to the soil or spraying them on the vegetative system of plants in order to improve growth and production, as well as reducing pollution as it is one of the safe nutrients for the environment and humans.
The Role of Bactosan and Zinc Fertilization on some Vegetative and Chemical Characteristics of Broccoli Brassica Oleracea var. Italica
Authors: Hameed Mohammed Mahmood , Obaid Mohammed Hadi 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Karbala, Iraq, a field experiment was conducted to study the role of Bactosan and zinc spraying on broccoli’s vegetative and chemical properties for the 2021-2022 agricultural season. Bactosan concentration (0, 6, and 8 L h-1) and zinc concentration (0 and 1 g L-1) were two factors in an experiment with a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Three replications were used to test each of these factors. The investigation results were reached: Bactosan displayed a significant effect at 8 L h-1 on vegetative and chemical traits, while at concentration 0 L h-1 had the lowest rates. Spraying with zinc at concentration 1 g L-1 increased plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, vegetative dry matter weight, and chemical characteristics. Note that concentration 0 g. L-1 gave the lowest rate in the traits mentioned above. The interaction between Bactosan and zinc showed a significant increase in all vegetative and chemical features when the exchange at 1 g L-1 and 8L h-1, which gave the highest indicators in (plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and number of Leaves, dry weight of shoots, chlorophyll content of leaves, percentage of ascorbic acid, percentage of carbohydrates and rate of protein in curd head). Based on these findings, we may conclude that Bactosan and zinc contribute to an improvement in broccoli’s chemical features and its vegetative development characteristics.
Effect of Organic and Biostimulaters (Zytonic-F) on Growth and Yield of Two Lettuce Cultivars
Authors: Ismail Duaa Sabah , Obeid Mohammed Hadi 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Seeds, plants, and soil are all treated with biostimulators, which can be either natural or synthetic. Seed and grain quality and yield can be improved by using these substances, which have a direct impact on plant growth. An experiment involving two lettuce varieties (local variety and Lceberg Crisphead Lettuce) was carried out to investigate the effect of two Biostimulaters combinations (poultry litter and Zytonic-F) fertilizer as a second factor, in order to study how organic fertilizers affect the growth and yield of two lettuce varieties due to a lack of studies involving organic fe. Observations showed that the local variety was responsible for a rise in vegetative growth, yield, and leaf phosphorous. Lceberg Crisphead Lettuce’s chlorophyll content was higher, but its nitrogen and potassium content in leaves was not significantly higher or lower than the local variety. However, fertilizer combinations were significantly different from the control. When it came to lettuce production and vegetative growth, the treatments F8 (poultry manure 20 tons. ha-1 + Zytonic-F 0.04g+10g of peat moos plant-1) had the greatest results for all parameters studied.
Effect of Nano-Fertilizer and Boron on Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Two Hybrids of Cabbage Plant (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata L.)
Authors: Al-Jubouri Amal H. Abob , Abdulrahman Harith Burhan Aldeen 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Research into the impact of spraying balanced Nano-fertilizer and boron on the vegetative growth characteristics of two hybrids of the cabbage plant, Brassica oleracea var. capitata L., was conducted during the 2021/9/1 agricultural season at the Horticultural Research Station and Landscape - Agriculture College - Tikrit University. There were three variables in this study: the first was the concentration of the balanced Nano-fertilizer NPK (30, 20, 0 gL-1), the second was the concentration of the boron spray (5, 10, 20 mgL-1), and the third was the hybrids (Dlal, Globe Master). Duncan’s multiple range test was utilized for the statistical analysis, with a significance level of 5%. Duncan’s multiple range test with a 5% significance level was used to compare the outcomes. In summary, the study found that spraying the plant with a concentration of 30gL-1 of Nano-fertilizer significantly increased plant height, the number of outer and inner leaves of the head, and the length and width of the longest leaf, while spraying with a concentration of 20mg L-1 gave the highest value in the rate of dry material. Height, number of outer and inner leaves of the head, chlorophyll, and leaf area were all significantly boosted when the plant was sprayed with 5mg L-1 of boron. The hybrid Dlal outperformed the hybrid Globe Master in every growth-related quality tested, especially in terms of leaf characteristics.