bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rise of Critical Islam
Authors: Soufi Youcef L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In a richly narrated historical study, Soufi excavates an Islamic legal culture of critique from the 10th to 13th centuries. Focusing on the practice of munāẓara (disputation), Soufi explores how and why oral debates became a pervasive and revered part of the intellectual legal landscape of Iraq and Persia. Pushing back against claims that classical Muslim jurists sought to weed out differences of opinion, The Rise of Critical Islam presents a community committed to the openness, fluidity, and continued exploration of the law. In uncovering this classical legal culture, Soufi invites readers to question claims about the promise of secular critique in disciplining religious passions and forging human solidarity.
Introduction
Authors: Soufi Youcef L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
What modes of critique are borne by the historical tradition of Islam? Indeed, how might they make us think differently about the nature of post-Enlightenment critique? This book is an attempt to answer these questions by examining a moment in Islamic legal history from the 10th to 13th centuries within the regions of Iraq and Persia. It is an analysis of a legal culture in which the practice of disputation (munāẓara) was revered for its ability to facilitate the search (ijtihād) for God’s law—a law taken to be ever open to contestation, ever uncertain. At the heart of this study is the figure of Abū Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī (d. 476/1083 ce), a celebrated 11th-century Shāfiʿī scholar who distinguished himself as a debater par excellence. The Rise of Critical Islam explores the practice of disputation within the legal culture to which al-Shīrāzī belonged, unravelling the fluidity, openness, and contingency of Islamic law in the classical period. By implication, this critical tradition of religious debate leads us to rethink secularism’s promise to discipline religious passions and forge human solidarity.
Where Is the “Contradiction”?
Authors: Lu-Adler Huaping 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter rejects the assumption that Kant’s moral claims and racist claims contradict each other and reconsiders the place of raciology in his philosophical system. His raciology has two parts: racialism, which divides humanity into various races and assigns distinct characteristics to each; and racism, which systematically excludes some races from certain goods. Physical geography is a primary locus for the former. The racialist account presented there gets the racist upshot when Kant, having outlined a vision of human progress in his pragmatic anthropology, uses his geographic knowledge to determine which peoples can advance that vision as agents. He excludes nonwhite races from agential participation in this historical unfolding of human progress without contradicting his somewhat abstract moral or anthropologic claims about humanity. His pure moral philosophy, anthropology, and geography constitute three levels of discourse that are separated by real abstraction and so are not on the same plane for logical comparison.
From Baconian Natural History to Kant’s Racialization of Human Differences
Authors: Lu-Adler Huaping 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains the originality of Kant’s theory of race and its practical relevance. Countless predecessors paved the way for him. These include seventeenth-century philosophers such as Bacon and Boyle, who initiated an orderly global data collection that provided massive cross-referenceable reports about extra-Europeans, and eighteenth-century philosophers such as Linnaeus and Buffon, who systematically classified humans on the basis of such reports and studied their differences as natural effects. Although Kant is indebted to all those philosophers’ work for his raciology, the resulting theory is clearly original. His most ingenious creations include a new conception of natural history, a new model of monogenism, and a teleology that bridges his race theory and his vision of human progress. These are not just sophisticated theoretical accomplishments. They have serious racist implications within Kant’s complex philosophical system, including treating “Negroes” as natural slaves and tolerating race-based chattel slavery as a mere chapter of human history.
Race and the Claim to True Philosophy
Authors: Lu-Adler Huaping 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter reconstructs Kant’s argument for a Eurocentric history of philosophy. He holds that true philosophy could only have started with the Greeks and that the “Orientals,” in particular, are incapable of philosophizing. This conclusion builds on four premises. First, a rational history (Geschichte), contrary to an empirical history (historia), of philosophy is the history of reason’s self-development, which must end with the Kantian critical philosophy. Second, one cannot arrive at true philosophy through the eclectic method. Rather, to philosophize is to build systems in accordance with some rational ends. Third, philosophizing is possible only under certain conditions, including the ability to think in abstracto. Fourth, only the Occidental whites satisfy all those conditions, whereas all others lack the requisite talents and mental dispositions. Professional philosophers today may be unaware of this racist reasoning. But they are complicit in perpetuating, and so bear the burden to undo, its effects.
The Structure of Immersive and Engaging Activities
Authors: Melnikoff David , Carlson Ryan , Stillman Paul 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
One of the most potent predictors of productivity and well-being is the subjective experience of flow. Defined as the feeling of effortless immersion in goal pursuit, flow has been studied for decades, yet effective strategies for boosting flow remain elusive. This stems in part from a lack of knowledge of how flow relates to mental representations of task structure. Many aspects of motivation are shaped by representations of how desired task outcomes and means of those outcomes relate to one another, but how these representations shape flow has not been explored. The authors address this gap by drawing on an empirically validated, computational model of the flow-generating process. From this model, the authors derive a formal framework for understanding how mental representations of task structure shape subjective experiences of immersion and engagement—a framework that could be used to boost flow in daily life.
Variety among Means
Authors: Etkin Jordan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Goals are pursued through their means to attainment, where means refers to the products, services, and behaviors that people buy, choose, or otherwise enact to advance a focal goal. Most goals are associated with multiple means, together referred to as the equifinality set. Extending prior work on goal–means configurations, which largely focused on the number of means in the equifinality set, this chapter reviews a program of research on variety among means—the actual or perceived variation among means to a goal—which shapes a range of goal-related phenomena. These include effects on “classic” goal outcomes, such as motivation, perceived goal progress, and attainment expectations, as well as diffuse higher-order goals, such as those for happiness, identity, and relationships. Finally, the author discusses variety as a goal pursued through its own means to attainment and concludes with suggestions for future research.
A Goal Systematic Approach to Persuasion
Authors: Schumpe Birga Mareen 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the goal systematic approach to persuasion. Four distinct persuasive strategies are presented that can be used to alter the goal–means architecture in a decision maker’s mind to influence means’ evaluation. On the goal level, additional goals can be made more or less salient. For instance, a persuader can point out that additional goals the recipient holds are being served or harmed by the target means. On the means level, a persuader can shape the decision context favorably. Persuasive attempts are more successful when accompanied by a substitute means that allows the recipient to still fulfill their needs. For instance, reactance as a response to influence attempts can be reduced when recipients are presented with an alternative means to reassert their attitudinal freedom. Lastly, juxtaposition to a more detrimental means can increase a target means’ perceived instrumentality.
Needs Find a Way
Authors: Laurijssen L. Maxim , Leander N. Pontus 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
How do people find alternative means to satisfy unmet needs? Current research mainly focuses on how people shift between means within a single goal domain. Yet, based on the principles of goal systems theory, the authors theorize that people can look beyond their current goal domain and “jump” to other, seemingly dissociated goal domains that serve the same need, or take a “leap” of faith to novel pursuits that are only indirectly associated with need fulfillment. These three mechanisms—means-shifts, domain jumps, and leaps of faith—follow a theoretical assumption that superordinate wants and needs are embedded in a broader associative network, comprised of multiple goal networks that are disconnected from each other but are nevertheless indirectly associated through a common need they serve. Hence, if a proximal means-shift is not instrumental, people can shift upward, to the need level, to find more remote alternatives associated with the need.
The Interplay between Goal Systems and Identities
Authors: Touré-Tillery Maferima , Gamlin Jessica 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Identities are collections of thoughts, ideas, and pieces of knowledge people have about themselves, which together constitute the self-concept. Socio-cognitive theorists conceptualize the self-concept as an elaborate, dynamic, memory-based structure hierarchically organized and comprised of interconnected “identity” nodes. Goals are the mental representations of desired end states. Goals and the objects or activities that facilitate them (i.e., means) are stored in memory in an interconnected, hierarchical structure. The cognitive structures that support goals and identities are intricately linked. On the one hand, the process and outcome of goal pursuit shape identities, and many identities evolve during the pursuit of important goals. On the other hand, identities determine not only which goals people choose but also the means they use to pursue these goals. This chapter examines the interplay between goal systems and identities and the unique roles identities play within goal systems.
J. L. Austin
Authors: Rowe M. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This is the first full-length biography of John Langshaw Austin (1911–60). The opening four chapters outline his origins, childhood, schooling, and time as an undergraduate, while the next four examine his early career in professional philosophy, looking at the influence of Oxford Realism, Logical Positivism, Pragmatism, and the later Wittgenstein. The central twelve chapters then explore Austin’s wartime career in British Intelligence. The first three examine the contributions he made to the campaigns in North Africa; the next seven the seminal role he played in ensuring the outstanding accuracy of the D-Day Intelligence; while the final two explore his contributions to Arnhem, the Ardennes, and the post-war administration of Germany. The last main section of the book then outlines and assesses Austin’s contributions to post-war Oxford Ordinary Language Philosophy. The first three chapters discuss the impact on Oxford philosophy of the cultural atmosphere of post-war Britain and the later Wittgenstein’s ideas. The next four look at Austin’s influence on post-war Oxford, particularly his Saturday morning discussion group and his perception lectures. The next five chapters concentrate on America’s influence on Austin and vice versa, paying particular attention to Austin’s work on speech-acts and his semesters in Harvard and Berkeley. The final two chapters examine Austin’s declining influence in Oxford, and his tragically premature death.
Shakespeare Without a Life
Authors: de Grazia Margreta 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
For almost two centuries after his death, Shakespeare had no biography. The makings of one were not available. No chronology had been devised by which to coordinate the events in his life with the writing of his works. Nor was there an archive of primary materials on which to base a life. And the only work by Shakespeare written in the first person, the Sonnets, had yet to be critically edited and incorporated into the canon. Without a biography, how could Shakespeare have been valued and understood? Shakespeare without a Life looks at aspects of Shakespeare’s reception between 1600 and 1800 that have been lost to the still prevailing biographical impulse. It recovers the anecdote as a form of literary criticism, retrieves the ancient category of genre as the canon’s organizing rubric, demonstrates how the quest for authentic documents invalidated other forms of literary record, and reveals how the desire to forge connections between Shakespeare’s life and the Sonnets occluded the poet’s self-presentation as a posthumous poet—‘deceasèd I.’
The invention of quantum mechanics—matrix mechanics
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Driven by the idea that a physical theory should only deal with observable quantities, Werner Heisenberg, a young post-doc working with Max Born in Göttingen, who had earlier done his Ph.D. work under Sommerfeld in Munich, was led to introduce a new type of object which represented the transitions between Bohr-Sommerfeld orbits. Max Born realized and recognized these objects as matrices. Together with Pascual Jordan, another post-doc, they worked out a complete theory, matrix mechanics. They completed this work in a few months. We discuss the role of matrix mechanics in the development of quantum mechanics.
A Translation Theory of Knowledge Transfer
Authors: Røvik Kjell Arne 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis book develops a new theory about the challenges of transferring and sharing knowledge across organizational borders. Knowledge transfer refers to processes through which actors and organizational units exchange, receive, and are influenced by the experience and knowledge of others, and can manifest itself through changes in the knowledge bases and performance of recipients. The capacity of an organization to transfer and exploit knowledge from other organizations is a key to its competitiveness, progress, and survival. Thus, imitation is an important prerequisite for innovation. However, effective knowledge transfer is incredibly challenging; it sometimes succeeds, but it frequently fails. Over the last 30 years, considerable research efforts have been made to identify the factors that account for the variations in outcomes of knowledge transfer processes. Chapter 2 of this book contains a comprehensive review of transfer theories and research findings. However, despite great research efforts and many new insights, much of the variation in knowledge transfer processes and outcomes remains unexplained, which calls for a retheorizing of the subject. This book offers a new and fresh reframing of knowledge transfer across organizational borders. Based on extensive research, it outlines a new theory that conceptualizes knowledge transfer between organizations as acts of translation, resembling the translation of language and texts. The author shows how involved actors’ translation competence is a key to better understanding variations in knowledge transfer processes and outcomes. Thus, this new reframing both extends and challenges established theories of knowledge transfer.
What We Do and Do Not Know
Authors: Røvik Kjell Arne 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAttempts to transfer knowledge across organizational borders vary greatly in terms of processes and outcomes. There are both successes and failures. This chapter reviews a broad selection of literature to shed light on what we know from research about the expressions of and causes of such variations. The chapter identifies and reviews literature from seven research traditions that study the influence on knowledge processes and outcomes from (1) formal organizational structure, (2) absorptive capacity, (3) social networks, (4) geographical distance, (5) cultural distance, (6) institutional distance, and (7) characteristics of the transferred knowledge. The review sums up consistent findings as well as mixed and inconsistent findings. It also identifies white spots in our understanding of why border crossing knowledge transfers vary in processes and outcomes.
Reframing Knowledge Transfer as Acts of Translations
Authors: Røvik Kjell Arne 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAs outlined in Chapter 1, the core of the translation theory is expressed in three propositions. This chapter focuses on proposition 1: “Knowledge transfer between organizational sources and recipients can be conceptualized and understood as acts of translations.” The chapter develops a model of knowledge transfer as acts of translations based on two key processes. The first is de-contextualization; that is, translating an identified organizational practice in an organization and its appurtenant knowledge base into an abstract representation (images, texts, pictures, etc.). The second is contextualization, which translates a representation of a desired source practice to a new practice in a target organization. The model conceptualizes and defines the key de-contextualization and contextualization processes and theorizes and shows how they can relate in concrete knowledge transfers, and thereby increase chances for certain outcomes.
Translation Competence
Authors: Røvik Kjell Arne 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe book’s last chapter zooms in on implications of the translation theory for knowledge transfer practices. It argues that the theory has the potential to influence involved actors’ translation performance, increasing the chances of achieving desirable outcomes. The chapter coins the key concept of translation competence; that is, the sum of knowledge and skills that an involved actor possesses and applies in acts of transferring knowledge across organizational borders. There are two pillars of translation competence. The first is the translator’s knowledge of source and target contexts. The chapter models the links between translators’ knowledge of contexts and transfer outcomes through three intermediate variables: the degree of viscosity, bilingualism, and velocity. The second pillar is knowledge about translation rules and about how to select and use appropriate rules under various conditions. The chapter theorizes and outlines propositions about which translation rules are appropriate and inappropriate under which scope conditions.
Word stress and intonational prominence in highly synthetic languages
Authors: Gordon Matthew K. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractLanguages with a high degree of morphological synthesis have played a key role in informing both our understanding of the range of cross-linguistic variation in prominence marking and intonation and the development of theories designed to model that variation. Much of the evidence for metrical stress theories has been gleaned from highly synthetic languages in which long morphological words provide the necessary environment for observing rhythmic stress (van der Hulst 1997, Hayes 1995). Morphologically complex words have also provided important insights into the mapping between morphosyntactic and prosodic domains, both word and phrase level, and the relationship between various types of stress-based and intonational prominence. Cross-linguistic study of prosodic constituency and prominence in highly synthetic languages has revealed considerable diversity, including both elements observed in languages with lesser degrees of morphological synthesis as well as novel features that are only observable under the backdrop of morphological complexity.
Accent and tone in Arapaho, Plains Algonquian
Authors: Bogomolets Ksenia 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter focuses on word-level prominence in Arapaho (Hinónoʼeitíít), a severely endangered Plains Algonquian language spoken by approximately 1000 people, most of them in Wyoming and Oklahoma (see Cowell and Moss 2011: 1–3). In this chapter I propose a novel analysis of the stress system of Arapaho. I argue that it is best analyzed as a lexical accent system, i.e. the position of accent within a morpheme is phonologically unpredictable and is part of the underlying phonological form of the morpheme. As in other lexical accent languages (Bogomolets 2020; Revithiadou 1999; van der Hulst 2010), while the underlying position of an accent within a morpheme is generally unpredictable, a small number of regular rules governs the distribution of stresses within a word. The defining role in the system belongs to (i) the underlying specification of some syllables within some morphemes as carrying accent, to (ii) an accent competition resolution whereby the rightmost of competing accents wins, and to (iii) a trisyllabic stress ‘window’ aligned to the right edge of a morphological word. Stress must be present within the final three syllables of every morphological word, while a default penultimate accent is the result of an iambic foot followed by an extrametrical syllable. The chapter also provides a brief overview of the tone system in Arapaho. The language has developed a single falling toneme (HL); its assignment is synchronically unpredictable, i.e. lexical, and is independent from stress in the language.
M-Words, P-Words, and Accent Phrases in Kashaya
Authors: Buckley Eugene 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter surveys the evidence for M-Words, P-Words, and accent phrases in Kashaya, a Pomoan language of northern California. It begins with a morphological overview, highlighting the most important features of the verb. The discussion then moves to the prosodic organization, based on left-to-right iambic footing. Optional phrasal accent motivates the accent phrase (AP) constituent, grouping together smaller M-Words and P-Words. The AP plays a different role in reduplicated verbs, however; these consist of two P-Words but one M-Word that cannot be split into two APs, so that the phrasal grouping is obligatory. I suggest that this forced grouping may be the source of broader phrasal stress in the language.
The prosodic structure of Australian polysynthetic verbs
Authors: Mansfield John 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter describes the prosodic structure of verbs in three polysynthetic languages of northern Australia: Bininj Gun-wok, Murrinhpatha, and Ngalakgan. Verbs in these languages have mixed grammatical word/phrase characteristics, and prosodic constituency reflects these grammatical properties in interesting ways. In all three languages, phrasal accents are anchored to the edges of prosodic words, and provide the only clear form of prosodic prominence. I take a parsimonious approach to prosodic constituency, preferring the smallest possible number of constituent levels, and assuming no particular constituent level (e.g. metrical feet) to be universal. This results in a relatively sparse prosodic hierarchy for Australian polysynthetic languages, in contrast to the multiple verb-internal levels proposed for some other polysynthetic languages (e.g. Schiering et al. 2010; Uchihara 2018).