Abstract A024: Glucocorticoid receptor-induced non-muscle caldesmon regulates growth and metastasis in castration-resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Virtanen Verneri , Paunu Kreetta , Kukkula Antti , Niva Saana , Junila Ylva , Toriseva Mervi , Jokilehto Terhi , Mäkelä Sari , Huhtaniemi Riikka , Poutanen Matti , Paatero Ilkka , Sundvall Maria 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Lethal prostate cancer (PCa) is characterized by the presence of metastases and the development of resistance to therapies. Metastases form in a multi-step process enabled by dynamic cytoskeleton remodeling. An actin cytoskeleton regulating gene, CALD1, encodes a protein caldesmon (CaD). Its isoform, low-molecular-weight CaD (l-CaD), operates in non-muscle cells, supporting the function of filaments involved in force production and mechanosensing. Several factors, including glucocorticoid receptor (GR), have been identified as regulators of l-CaD in different cell types, but the regulation of l-CaD in PCa has not been defined. PCa develops resistance in response to therapeutic inhibition of androgen signaling by multiple strategies. Known strategies include androgen receptor (AR) alterations, modified steroid synthesis, and bypassing AR signaling, for example, by GR upregulation. The goal of our study was to characterize the potential role of l-CaD in PCa metastases and antiandrogen therapy resistance. In this study, we extracted co-expression data of l-CaD from the largest public PCa patient data sets and identified the common transcripts between the sets. The common co-expression hits were used to recognize biological processes associated with l-CaD in the PCa context. Next, we used in vitro techniques, including 3D culture, cell viability assays, immunofluorescence staining, and Western blotting, to study the role of l-CaD in PCa with a focus on cancer hallmarks and the recognized associated biological processes. Finally, we used in vivo zebrafish and mouse xenograft models to verify the findings observed in silico in PCa patient data and in vitro in PC3, DU145, and VCaP cell lines. Here, we report that in vitro downregulation of l-CaD promotes the epithelial phenotype and reduces the spheroid growth in 3D, which is reflected in vivo in the reduced formation of metastases in a zebrafish PCa xenograft model. In accordance, CALD1 mRNA expression correlates with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition transcripts in PCa patients. We also show that CALD1 is highly co-expressed with GR in multiple PCa data sets and that GR activation upregulates l-CaD in vitro. Moreover, GR upregulation associates with increased l-CaD expression after the development of resistance to antiandrogen therapy in PCa xenograft mouse models. In summary, GR-regulated l-CaD plays a role in forming PCa metastases, being clinically relevant when antiandrogen resistance is attained by the means of bypassing AR signaling by GR upregulation.
Citation Format: Verneri Virtanen, Kreetta Paunu, Antti Kukkula, Saana Niva, Ylva Junila, Mervi Toriseva, Terhi Jokilehto, Sari Mäkelä, Riikka Huhtaniemi, Matti Poutanen, Ilkka Paatero, Maria Sundvall. Glucocorticoid receptor-induced non-muscle caldesmon regulates growth and metastasis in castration-resistant prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2023 Mar 15-18; Denver, Colorado. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A024.