bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The plural suffix of adjectives and nouns in Tigre
Authors: Plotnik Ziv , Migdal Daniela 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The plural suffix in nouns and adjectives in Tigre has three distinct surface forms: a VC syllable, -at/-am; a CVC syllable, -jat/-jam, and a second CVC syllable, -tat/-tam. In this paper we argue that the suffix has a single underlying form, and it manifests predictably based on the final syllable of the stem. This paper provides an account for this behavior in the framework of Optimality Theory, arguing for an underlying VC representation. Additionally, we show that the different forms of the plural suffix are at least partially motivated. Our analysis reveals a conspiracy to preserve superheavy CVVC syllables when possible, along with an emergence of the unmarked effect regarding syllabification.
Comparative constructions in Syrian Arabic
Authors: Hallman Peter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this article, I describe the internal structure, surface distribution, and scope possibilities for comparative phrases in Syrian Arabic. Comparative phrases may show surface displacement from their scalar associate in this language, subject to certain restrictions. The restrictions on surface displacement match those on scope construal, suggesting that scope construal involves covert displacement. Further, the restrictions on displacement are shown to be at work in ‘Comparative Deletion’, an ellipsis process operative in clausal comparatives. Comparative Deletion is shown to suspend barriers to movement involved in the semantic derivation of clausal comparative constructions, as reported previously for English. However, I show that attempts in the literature to reduce the barrier-suspending effect of Comparative Deletion to ellipsis in general do not extend to Syrian Arabic. Rather, the Arabic facts suggest that the suspension of constraints on movement under Comparative Deletion is unique to comparative constructions.
The IMF COVID-19 Surveillance Monitor
Authors: Ramos Luma , Gallagher Kevin P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Promoting stability is a core component of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) surveillance’s mandate. The Covid-19 pandemic hit almost every country worldwide. This article evaluates whether and how the IMF surveillance documents in the aftermath of the health and economic crisis have identified risks and mitigation measures to improve health outcomes, protect vulnerable people and firms, and address climate change. Through the IMF COVID-19 Surveillance Monitor, a textual analysis index, the authors found that these issues received relatively little attention in Article IV consultations in 2019, with fiscal issues dominating the discussion. However, the consultations conducted in 2020 show some timely incremental shifts and more attention toward health systems and protecting vulnerable matters. While climate change has become a key part of senior IMF official narratives, it has not had a significant presence in surveillance activities. The techniques and indices developed here can help the IMF improve its surveillance policy.
Mutual Accountability in Fragile States
Authors: Kim Bo Kyung 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The study reported in this article aimed to find the extent to which the mutual accountability mechanism is applicable in fragile states where state capacity and legitimacy are insufficient. Donors provide foreign aid to fragile states even when there is no firm-standing counterpart to be held accountable. This is done to meet short-term development needs that are heavily focused on humanitarian relief. Based on an examination of the discursive evolution of fragility and donors’ categorization of fragile states based on the capacity-legitimacy configuration, this found that development needs in fragile states can be met through mutual accountability relations with partnership platforms. Represented by the g7+, partnership platforms channel the development needs in a collective form and enable their Member States to gain a certain level of legitimacy. Individual approaches to these countries may be challenging, but seeking strategic responses to development needs through such partnership platforms can create new opportunities for development effectiveness.
Blinded by Delight?
Authors: Wunderlich Carmen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
International Relations (ir) norm studies have long been stuck to a narrow understanding of the concept of norm entrepreneurship, limiting it to actors from the Global North and their efforts to spread western norms. Building on recent studies that focus on non-western or ‘authoritarian’ norm entrepreneurs, this paper highlights the limitations of academic discourse itself, which seems to be wedded to a particular notion of what ‘ideational commitment’ means and from whom it must emanate. Such a prefabricated understanding risks lauding some forms of norm entrepreneurship as ‘genuine’, while dismissing other cases as strategically motivated. Instead, the paper argues for ‘de-moralising’ the concept. Decoupling it from normative biases does not only reveal the full repertoire of norm entrepreneurial action (from cooperative to confrontational). It also shifts attention to contestation as modus vivendi of norm entrepreneurship, and to the political nature of norm dynamics.
Norm Entrepreneurship with Chinese Characteristics? Constructing a ‘Green bri’
Authors: Höra Etienne 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although illiberal normative projects have become increasingly prominent internationally, ir norms research has, for a long time, focused mainly on liberal norm entrepreneurs. Through the study of the environmental norms promoted by China’s Belt and Road Initiative (bri), the so-called ‘green bri’, this contribution seeks to add to the empirical horizon of norm entrepreneurship. Drawing on insights from area studies and authoritarian regime studies, I argue that based on its domestic political system, China engages in a specific pattern of norm promotion. By shedding light on the development of ‘Green bri’ norms, I argue that these efforts are shaped by China’s internal political practice in two ways: They are informed by ‘slogan politics’, vague formulations issued by high-level figures that are filled with life and interpreted subsequently, and they highlight the agency of the Chinese state while allowing large degrees of flexibility for state-owned enterprises and their economic interests.
Between Israel and Iran: Middle-East Attitudes to the Role of International Law in the Cyber-Sphere
Authors: Mimran Tal 
Published: December 2022

This Chapter explores the policies outlined by Israel and Iran concerning the application of international law to cyberspace, in a quest to understand if there is some form of a Middle-Eastern approach to the topic. The Chapter demonstrates how Iran and Israel intertwine their security and military interests with their legal perspectives. The Chapter reveals that Israeli policy reflects its self-perception as a technologically advanced State that is part of the dominant camp, composed mostly of Western States. As for Iran, its position is affected from its experience with sanctions, which creates a sense of unfairness, leading Iran to push for promotion of new international law instruments that will regulate this new and constantly developing field, unlike Israel which prefers application of existing international laws to cyberspace.
The Chapter also suggests, more generally, that clearer international law rules could settle questions such as the required standard of proof for attribution, or the procedure through which a State can make a claim of attribution. They could also incentivise States to cooperate in international efforts, encourage them to accept restraint in cross-border cyber operations, and to exercise prudence in their own territory. It can also serve as an important chilling factor. States that have outlined their legal position, such as Israel and Iran, have taken a first step – but this is not enough. As such, declarations by States should be a leverage in this direction rather than a move in a different one.
The Rejection of Interest-Based Loans among Muslim Entrepreneurs and Professionals in Finland
Authors: Martikainen Tuomas , Brekke Torkel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This article discusses religiously motivated financial behaviour among young Muslims in Finland. The aim of the article is to provide empirical knowledge of Islam-based views on rejecting interest-based loans and the implications of this among Finnish Muslims. The research questions are: What are the reasons and motivations for rejecting interest-based bank loans? Are there alternative modes of financing? What are the impacts of rejection on personal investments, including in business and housing? Data were obtained from 18 Finnish Muslim entrepreneurs and professionals who reject interest-based bank loans. The data show that their rejection led to the scope for financial arrangements being more limited, and may also have significant implications for their children, the next generation. To circumvent these consequences, those interviewed used some or all of four alternative models for funding: savings; interest-free loans from family and friends; credit circles; and the time-bound, interest-free repayment period on credit cards.
Synergies and Approaches to Climate Change in International Investment Agreements
Authors: Gehring Markus , Tokas Marios 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
International investment agreements have always been in the center of critique with regards to the incompatibility of international economic law with climate change policies. The overly simplistic bilateral investment treaties have been gradually being replaced by more textually complex agreements that include specific provisions or chapters on sustainable development and climate change. The European Union has been very active in this process. The present article seeks to provide an overview of the recent treaty practice of the European Union and its present negotiations of future treaties. There it will examine particular approaches in treaty-making practice, i.e. investment protection as enshrined in the fair and equitable treatment standard, and investment liberalization as provided, among others, by the recent EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement. Lastly, it examines how investment liberalization and regulation approaches to investment agreements synergize with climate change policies.
The European Union Proposal for the Modernisation of the Energy Charter Treaty – A Model for Climate-Friendly Investment Treaties?
Authors: Tropper Johannes , Wagner Kilian 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Energy Charter Treaty (ECT), which provides for an investment protection regime in the energy sector, has been undergoing a modernisation process. The European Union (EU) submitted a proposal with a focus on aligning the ECT with the Paris Agreement. This article explores whether the EU proposal, which is largely reflected in the agreement in principle on the modernisation of the ECT, constitutes a model for a climate-friendly investment treaty. It analyses the aspired phase-out of protection for fossil fuels, the right to regulate, fair and equitable treatment and the sustainable development chapter together with its State-to-State dispute settlement mechanism. Given the phase-out of fossil fuel protection, the article argues that the proposal is too restrictive for climate-friendly investors. At the same time, its provisions on the right to regulate and sustainable development are not innovative enough for a climate-friendly investment treaty, although its State-to-State dispute settlement mechanism holds potential for inter-State climate litigation.
Investors as Environmental Guardians? On Climate Change Policy Objectives and Compliance with Investment Agreements
Authors: Farnelli Gian Maria 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This article studies the relevance of environmental obligations, in particular those related to climate change, in assessing breaches of investment agreements to show that investors may foster compliance with climate change policy objectives through investment arbitration. The article is organized in four parts, following an introductory section. First, preliminary issues stemming from the submission of environmental claims and arguments in investment arbitration will be addressed. This point is addressed with regard to jurisdiction and applicable law. Second, the study focuses on how the environmental arguments may be used by claimants in investment arbitration. It is shown that they may be relevant both under a factual and an interpretative perspective. Third, evidentiary differences relating to the use of environmental arguments in investment arbitration is examined. Lastly, concluding remarks are made as to the potential benefits for investors in raising climate change-related arguments in investment arbitration.
In Need of a Paradigm Shift: Reimagining Eco Oro v Colombia in Light of New Treaty Language
Authors: Létourneau Tremblay Laura 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
States are somehow stuck in a tension between going further and faster with legislation targeting environmental protection, as well as climate adaptation and mitigation, but also ensuring that they fully meet their legal obligations under international investment agreements (IIAs). This tension prompts the question whether reformed IIAs can address this challenge and secure the necessary policy space for States’ environmental and climate change related regulations. This question is explored by rewriting the Eco Oro v Colombia majority decision in the specific context of the minimum standard of treatment (MST) using a reformed treaty as a legal basis. Such a ‘rewriting’ exercise aims at envisaging the full potential of reformed treaty language for more balanced outcomes. Overall, clarifications to MST may assist States in reasserting a certain degree of control over the interpretation of their treaties. But more than piecemeal change is certainly needed to achieve a deeper paradigm shift in the international investment system.
Moving from the Brown Economy to the Green Economy: The Battle over International Intellectual Property
Authors: Ma Ji 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The article analyses potential intellectual-property-related disputes amid transfer of technology in the green economy within the international investment legal regime. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) protect human innovation and intellectual efforts. Tech transfer, IPRs in particular, has an important role to play in the move towards the green economy. In reality, it is the ‘private-sector-driven’ approach – foreign investment, licensing, and export – that plays the dominant role in tech transfer. Previously, private investors had brought disputes over intellectual property (IP) in the international investment legal regime. Towards the green economy, this article argues that tech transfer in the green economy can still meet more complicated challenges in the international investment legal regime due to the nature of IPRs, the sources of green tech, and the characteristics of the climate crisis.
Cashing-In on the Energy Transition?
Authors: Fermeglia Matteo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Damages assessment in investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS) entail major financial, behavioural, and political consequences upon host States. In fact, damages unreflecting the actual value of investments in energy assets can over-induce investments on the investors’ side and curtail host States’ regulatory space against the unfolding climate change crisis. This contribution investigates the practice of ISDS tribunals on damages assessment in cases dealing with the rollback of support schemes for renewable energy infrastructures brought against Italy and Spain. It acknowledges a narrow, yet consistent approach to quantum, which foregoes elements of balancing and equity in applying the general standard of full reparation enshrined under public international law. Hence a change of paradigm is advocated, whereby ISDS tribunals engage deeply with both the inherent elements of renewable energy investments as well as the ongoing regulatory constraints posed by the dire need to adopt more stringent climate policies domestically.
Towards a new comparison of the pre-Proto-Tocharian and pre-Proto-Samoyed vowel systems
Authors: Warries Abel Radu 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During their migration from the Eastern European steppes to the Tarim Basin, the ancestors of the Tocharians must have come into contact with speakers of different languages, which may have influenced the early Tocharian language. Early Uralic has been identified as possibly having been the source of such influence, especially in the domain of phonology and nominal morphology. In a 2019 article, Michaël Peyrot focused specifically on pre-Proto-Samoyed influence on Tocharian, proposing among other things a comparison of the vowel systems. I will discuss this comparison and give an alternative interpretation. Three difficulties remained with Peyrot’s comparison regarding details of 1) the relative chronology of Tocharian sound changes, 2) the mechanism of change, and 3) the relative chronology of sound changes in Samoyed. After addressing these problems in more detail, I conclude that a different vowel comparison is possible, so that the hypothesis that pre-Proto-Tocharians were in contact with pre-Proto-Samoyed substrate is still plausible.
Psychometric Validation of the German Adaptation of the Temporal Metacognition Scale
Authors: Witowska Joanna , Stolarski Maciej , Wittmann Marc 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Temporal metacognition (TMC) is defined as the ability to consciously self-regulate cognitive focus on the past, the present, and the future by utilizing metacognitive skills, emotions, knowledge, and experience. TMC stems conceptually from the idea of a balanced time perspective — the ability to switch between time horizons — and it builds upon the major theories of metacognition. We validated the German version of the Temporal Metacognition Scale (TMCS) translated from the Polish original with n = 226 native German speakers. Confirmatory Factor Analysis supported the three-factor model obtained in the original Polish version with the following subscales: Metacognitive Temporal Control, Cognitive Reconstruction of the Past, and Goal-Oriented Metatemporal Interconnectedness. All three scales yielded acceptable internal consistency. Their correlations with the subscales of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, Deviation from the Balanced Time Perspective, and other conceptually related psychological constructs, such as personality traits, well-being, experiencing emotions, and other features of metacognition, provide evidence for the validity of the German version of the TMCS.
Modalities of Fictionality in the Arabic Tradition: Kalīla wa-Dimna’s Readers from the Third/Ninth to the Sixth/Twelfth Century
Authors: Stephan Johannes 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study interrogates the concept of fictionality in the premodern Arabic tradition through probing into different readings of Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ’s Book of Kalīla and Dimna. Instead of presupposing the applicability of the modern concept of fictionality, I suggest to use the concept as a hermeneutic category that can encompass different perspectives on what exactly is fictional in a text. After identifying the challenges of defining fictionality in the pre-modern Arabic textual tradition, I shall look into some of the readers of Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ’s translation between the third/ninth and sixth/twelfth centuries to unpack different modalities. Some readers such as Ibn Qutayba in his ʿUyūn al-akhbār (Essential Accounts) and Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih in his al-ʿIqd al-farīd (The Unique Necklace) foreground the ethical function of parables and gnomic sayings and ignore the fact that most of Kalīla wa-Dimna’s stories contain animal characters. Others such as al-Yamanī in his Muḍāhāt amthāl kitāb Kalīla wa-Dimna (The Analogues of Kalīla wa-Dimna’s Parables) and al-Bīrūnī in his Geography of India tackle the ontology of fictionality from the perspective of reliability versus unreliability associated to Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ’s claim over the authenticity of his transmission of “the Indian book.” Finally, focusing on Ibn Sīnā’s and Ibn Rushd’s Commentaries to Aristotle’s Poetics, I show how Kalīla wa-Dimna as a prime example of parables (amthāl) and invented stories belongs to rhetorical discourse and has to be distinguished from poetic discourse which generates images (takhyīl). By opposing the two types of discourse — poetry and stories from Kalīla wa-Dimna — in terms of both their ontological status and their functionality, they portray, I argue, a different taxonomy of fictionality. Although all these various readers might agree that Kalīla wa-Dimna contains fictive content, the different interpretations defy a classification of Kalīla wa-Dimna within the modern dichotomy of fictional versus factual narrative but allow us to uncover different ontological and pragmatic modalities of fictionality in the premodern past.
Identifying Students at Risk in Learning Science: Diagnostic Assessment in Physical Science for Primary and Lower Secondary School Grades
Authors: Kang Nam-Hwa , Yoon Hyunju 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In light of the achievement gap that widened during the pandemic, this study aimed to develop a diagnostic assessment for teachers to identify students at risk of underachievement. Based on the national curriculum and assessment criteria as a framework, attributes composing achievement criteria were identified and micro-level learning progressions were established about three core ideas in physical science. Through iterative reviews, 116 items were developed and administered, resulting in 355 responses from primary and lower secondary school students. Student responses to most of the items were consistent with the levels of assessment criteria, showing a micro-level learning progression. A few inconsistencies provided insight into modifying learning progressions to align with students’ thinking patterns. They also showed learning challenges that require extra support for student learning. Implications for teacher professional development and further research topics are suggested.
Pedagogical and Epistemological Challenges of Pre-Service Science Teachers Teaching Socioscientific Issues
Authors: Lee Hyunju 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To effectively address socioscientific issues (SSI), science teachers need to obtain a certain level of pedagogical content knowledge for SSI teaching (SSI-PCK). In this study, therefore, pre-service science teachers (PSTs) were provided an SSI teacher education program (SSI-TEP) based on the SSI-PCK framework and their development and challenges were carefully examined. Fifteen PSTs participated in the SSI-TEP over 15 weeks and had opportunities to design and implement an SSI lesson in a group. Data were collected through SSI lesson plans, fieldnotes, and group interviews. The results showed that the PSTs highly valued their SSI-TEP experience but noted several pedagogical and epistemological challenges. They were concerned about how to meet both the national science curriculum and students’ needs and how to reveal the nature of science and technology through the selected SSI scenarios. Additionally, they felt the need to obtain skills to facilitate and scaffold students’ participation. The challenges were often intertwined with SSI-PCK components.