bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Study of Thermal Management Systems Using Phase Change Materials Integrated With Heat Sink for Wireless Super-Fast Charging Stations of EVs in Constant Heat Flux Condition
Authors: Ghorbani Mahdi , Wang Hailei , Roberts Nicholas 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
With growing electrification of light-duty vehicles, fast and super-fast (or high-power) charging stations for electric vehicles will be instrumental to continue enabling this transformation. In addition to plug-in charging, high-power wireless charging has been attracting increasing attention and interests. Despite the fact that wireless super-fast charger is highly efficient (above 90%), the amount of wasted energy it releases is still considerable. For instance, for a 1MW wireless charger under investigation, the expected heat dissipation rate will be minimum of 50 kW. Meanwhile, due to the compactness of these power electronics, the resultant heat flux (i.e., 25 kW/m2) will be challenging for conventional air-cooling solutions. In this study, thermal management of wireless supercharger module of electrical vehicle using a finned base heat sink integrated with Phase Change Material (PCM) has been investigated. Specifically, paraffin RT70 has been numerically investigated to study its feasibility as the desired PCM. A 2D model of the PCM domain has been developed in ANSYS Fluent, followed by simulations under high heat flux condition (i.e., 25 kW/m2). Given control of the junction temperature of power electronics is crucial to keep the system working efficiently and reliably, alternative PCMs and conduction enhancement techniques using different finned base heat sink configurations have been applied to achieve improved thermal management performance. Meanwhile, the effect of using PCM with different thermal conductivity has been studied to have a better understanding of its effect on the efficiency of thermal management system. In the end, a PCM-based heat sink will be introduced to maintain the junction temperature below 80 °C in charging time of 35 minutes.
Heat Transfer Workshops Using the Personal Engineering Platform
Authors: Diller Thomas , Bairaktarova Diana 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
For the past six years the Personal Engineering Platform (PEP) has been used by students in the ME Heat and Mass Transfer course at Virginia Tech to perform hands-on workshops. The PEP is a data acquisition system (DAQ) with an array of sensors and simple equipment designed for each student to perform workshops at home, in the same format as standard homework problems. The system uses a small microcomputer capable of reading at least 3 channels of heat flux sensor and temperature data with a real time display. The total cost is low enough ($200) to justify each student having their own system. There are currently fourteen workshops available covering fundamental topics in conduction, convection, and radiation. The PEP gives each individual student exploratory laboratory experiences to understand real world thermal events outside the confines and expense of the usual University lab. Specific examples are demonstrated and discussed.
To quantify the educational benefits of this program, feedback was obtained from student performance on concept questions and problem solutions, as well as student surveys. At this point over one thousand students have used the system with statistically significant improvement in performance and motivation. It’s been shown to excite the students for further work on thermal design projects and graduate school.
Thermal and Hydrodynamic Behavior of Metal Foams: Contrasting Compressed and Uncompressed Foams
Authors: Nanda Chaitanya Prasad , Zlatinov Metodi , Manglik Raj M. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The influence of complex pore structure, their characteristic length, and the contrast between compressed and uncompressed foam structures in forced-convective behavior are explored experimentally. Data for air flows (Pr - 0.71; 300 ≤ Re ≤ 10,000) are presented to highlight the relative performance behavior of uncompressed foams vis-a-vis compressed metal foams. Moreover, a critical issue of the appropriate definition of the hydraulic diameter, especially with foams of different ppi and different compressions, is addressed. Instead of the usual characterization as the square root of permeability, fin theory is applied to consider the void volume of the foam structure, which is mapped with precision using micro-CT scans of the foam cores. The veracity of defining the hydraulic diameter as (4*Vv/Aw) is supported by results for different uncompressed and compressed foam cores made of aluminum that further underscore the influence of foam structure. Although local heat transfer coefficients deteriorate somewhat with smaller pore size and compression, the increased surface area of high PPI compressed foam nevertheless more than compensates and results in a net benefit in thermal performance – 40 PPI 3x compressed foams have 2.5x the effective heat transfer compared to 10 PPI uncompressed foam, and 80% better than 40 fins per inch plane fins and the latter also incur much higher pressure drop penalty. The influence of foam structure and their degree of compression on the thermal-hydrodynamic performance are also delineated, and these results provide uniquely nuanced insights in characterizing enhanced heat transfer by applying fin theory to metal foams.
Numerical Investigation of the Thrust Vectoring Performance of a Bypass Dual Throat Nozzle
Authors: Afridi Saadia , Khan Tariq Amin , Li Wei , Sherif S. A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Aircraft propulsion systems have become progressively complex due to a recent emphasis on the maneuverability of future fighter aircraft. These systems are capable of providing additional maneuverability to the aircraft. In addition to being able to withstand the high temperatures and pressures generated by modern engines, the systems are also designed to meet the thrust vectoring requirements of various military aircraft. Thrust vectoring (TV) technology allows the nozzle to deflect the primary flow direction to improve the aircraft’s maneuverability. In this study, we analyze the flow characteristics and performance parameters of the bypass dual throat nozzle (BDTN) by varying the bypass angle for a range of nozzle pressure ratios (NPRs). A CFD analysis is carried out using ANSYS FLUENT with the Renormalization Group (RNG) turbulence model to capture the significance of under-expanded and over-expanded jets. The bypass angle varies from 35° to 90° for NPRs ranging from 3∼10. Results show that by decreasing the bypass angle from 90° to 35°, there is a 6% increase in the vectoring angle and an 18% increase in the vectoring efficiency.
Single Phase Immersion Cooling for Hyper Scale Data Centers: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Agonafer Dereje , Bansode Pratik , Saini Satyam , Gullbrand Jessica , Gupta Ashish 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Rapidly expanding computing, storage, and networking requirements have increased the quantity and energy density of modern data centers. Air-cooled high-performance servers often require low air-supply temperatures as well as high air-flow rates, making air-cooling inefficient above certain thermal design power levels. Single-phase liquid immersion cooling (Sp-LIC) addresses this challenge by providing a much higher thermal mass and a high percentage of heat dissipation owing to the direct contact of dielectric fluids with all powered components in the server. It also improves reliability by shielding the ITE from pollutants and hostile environments, and it lowers OpEx by eliminating fans and computer room air handling units. Unlike direct-to-chip liquid cooling, Sp-LIC does not need a complex liquid distribution manifold design as the dielectric liquid can be in direct contact with all components of a server, making it an ideal choice for hyper-scale, edge, and modular data center applications. There are some unique thermal challenges to implementing Sp-LIC such as determining whether to use natural or forced convection and customizing heat sinks that were designed for air-cooling that need to be optimized for dielectric fluids with higher fin efficiency and component reliability (active and passive), which must be addressed and thoroughly researched. These challenges can be addressed using CFD simulations including “Multi Design Variables” and “Multi-Objective Function” Optimization with “Constraints” to help in the design of appropriate extended surfaces and cooling approaches. Experiments are done to verify the CFD models for inlet temperatures greater than 40°C. Also, there are very limited studies related to the reliability of such cooling technology. The accelerated thermal cycling (ATC) test given by ATC JEDEC is relevant just for air cooling but there is no such standard for immersion cooling. The ASTM benchmark D3455 with some appropriate adjustments was adopted to test the material compatibility because of the air and dielectric fluid differences in the heat capacitance property and corresponding ramp rate during thermal cycling. Material characterization findings such as modulus, CTE, creep, fracture toughness, elastic modulus, stress relaxation, cracking, dislocation nucleation, and the viscoelastic properties of the samples will be compared before and after immersion using a TI-980 Nano-indenter, Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA), Thermomechanical Analyzer (TMA), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In all, a comprehensive guide to Sp-LIC for the thermal management of hyper-scale data centers will be presented.
Does Prophylactic Stretching Reduce the Occurrence of Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramping? A Critically Appraised Topic
Authors: Evers-Smith John W. , Miller Kevin C. 
Published: September 2023

Clinical Scenario: Exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMC) are sudden, painful, and involuntary contractions of skeletal muscles during or after physical activity. The best treatment for EAMC is gentle static stretching until abatement. Stretching is theorized to relieve EAMC by normalizing alpha motor neuron control, specifically by increasing Golgi tendon organ activity, and physically separating contractile proteins. However, it is unclear if stretching or flexibility training prevents EAMC via the same mechanisms. Despite this, many clinicians believe prophylactic stretching prevents EAMC occurrence. Clinical Question: Do athletes who experience EAMC during athletic activities perform less prophylactic stretching or flexibility training than athletes who do not develop EAMC during competitions? Summary of Key Findings: In 3 cohort studies and 1 case-control study, greater preevent muscle flexibility, stretching, or flexibility training (ie, duration, frequency) was not predictive of who developed EAMC during competition. In one study, athletes who developed EAMC actually stretched more often and 9 times longer (9.8 [23.8] min/wk) than noncrampers (1.1 [2.5] min/wk). Clinical Bottom Line: There is minimal evidence that the frequency or duration of prophylactic stretching or flexibility training predicts which athletes developed EAMC during competition. To more effectively prevent EAMC, clinicians should identify athletes’ unique intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors and target those risk factors with interventions. Strength of Recommendation: Minimal evidence from 3 prospective cohort studies and 1 case-control study (mostly level 3 studies) that suggests prophylactic stretching or flexibility training can predict which athletes develop EAMC during athletic competitions.
Spanish Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Shoulder and Elbow Score
Authors: Bailón-Cerezo Javier , La Touche Roy , Sánchez-Sánchez Beatriz , de la Rosa-Díaz Irene , Torres-Lacomba María , Hernández-Sánchez Sergio 
Published: September 2023

Context: There are no available questionnaires in Spanish that assess the function and performance of shoulder and elbow in overhead sports. The Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic (KJOC) score is a reference tool for this purpose. We aimed to cross-culturally adapt and investigate its measurement properties in Spanish overhead athletes. Design: Cross-cultural adaptation followed the steps of direct translation, back translation, comprehensibility analysis, and review by the Committee of Experts. Then, symptomatic and asymptomatic overhead athletes were invited to complete an electronic version of the Spanish adaptation (KJOC-Sp). The structural validity was evaluated through an exploratory factor analysis with principal axis factoring. Hypotheses were tested for known-groups and convergent validity, studying the correlation with the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Sports Module questionnaires in symptomatic athletes. Cronbach alpha was calculated for internal consistency and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)2,1 for test–retest reliability. Floor and ceiling effects and time to completion were also calculated. Results: The KJOC-Sp maintained the content of the original version and was adapted to the new population. One hundred participants (41 females and 59 males) with a mean age of 22.4 (5.9) years participated in the study of measurement properties. The factor analysis revealed a 1-factor solution. Symptomatic participants scored significantly lower than asymptomatic, with a large effect size (P < .001; r = .67). Correlations were of −.60 (P < .05) with the Shoulder and Pain Disability Index questionnaire and −0.66 (P < .05) with the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Sports Module questionnaire. Cronbach alpha was .98 (95% confidence interval, .97–.98) and the ICC2,1 was .96 (95% confidence interval .93–.98). No floor or ceiling effects were observed among the symptomatic athletes, while mean time to completion was 121 seconds. Conclusion: The KJOC-Sp is equivalent to the original score, aside from valid and reliable, without floor or ceiling effects in symptomatic athletes and with a low time consumption.
The biofilm community resurfaces: new findings and post-pandemic progress
Authors: Greenwich Jennifer L. , Fleming Derek , Banin Ehud , Häussler Susanne , Kjellerup Birthe V. , Sauer Karin , Visick Karen L. , Fuqua Clay 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
The ninth American Society for Microbiology Conference on Biofilms was convened in-person on 13–17 November 2022 in Charlotte, NC. As the first of these conferences since prior to the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the energy among the participants of the conference was clear, and the meeting was a tremendous success. The mixture of >330 oral and poster presentations resoundingly embodied the vitality of biofilm research across a wide range of topics and multiple scientific disciplines. Special activities, including a pre-conference symposium for early career researchers, further enhanced the attendee experience. As a general theme, the conference was deliberately structured to provide high levels of participation and engagement among early career scientists.
Biogeographical patterns of the soil fungal:bacterial ratio across France
Authors: Djemiel Christophe , Dequiedt Samuel , Bailly Arthur , Tripied Julie , Lelièvre Mélanie , Horrigue Walid , Jolivet Claudy , Bispo Antonio , Saby Nicolas , Valé Matthieu , Maron Pierre-Alain , Ranjard Lionel , Terrat Sébastien 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Soils are one of the major reservoirs of biological diversity on our planet because they host a huge richness of microorganisms. The fungal:bacterial (F:B) ratio targets two major functional groups of organisms in soils and can improve our understanding of their importance and efficiency for soil functioning. To better decipher the variability of this ratio and rank the environmental parameters involved, we used the French Soil Quality Monitoring Network (RMQS)—one of the most extensive and a priori-free soil sampling surveys, based on a systematic 16 km × 16 km grid and including more than 2,100 samples. F:B ratios, measured by quantitative PCR targeting the 18S and 16S rDNA genes, turned out to be heterogenously distributed and spatially structured in geographical patterns across France. These distribution patterns differed from bacterial or fungal densities taken separately, supporting the hypothesis that the F:B ratio is not the mere addition of each density but rather results from the complex interactions of the two functional groups. The F:B ratios were mainly influenced by soil characteristics and land management. Among soil characteristics, the pH and, to a lesser extent, the organic carbon content and the carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio were the main drivers. These results improved our understanding of soil microbial communities, and from an operational point of view, they suggested that the F:B ratio should be a useful new bioindicator of soil status. The resulting dataset can be considered as a first step toward building up a robust repository essential to any bioindicator and aimed at guiding and helping decision making.

IMPORTANCE
In the face of human disturbances, microbial activity can be impacted and, e.g., can result in the release of large amounts of soil carbon into the atmosphere, with global impacts on temperature. Therefore, the development and the regular use of soil bioindicators are essential to (i) improve our knowledge of soil microbial communities and (ii) guide and help decision makers define suitable soil management strategies. Bacterial and fungal communities are key players in soil organic matter turnover, but with distinct physiological and ecological characteristics. The fungal:bacterial ratio targets these two major functional groups by investigating their presence and their equilibrium. The aim of our study is to characterize this ratio at a territorial scale and rank the environmental parameters involved so as to further develop a robust repository essential to the interpretation of any bioindicator of soil quality.
Metagenomic investigation reveals bacteriophage-mediated horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in microbial communities of an organic agricultural ecosystem
Authors: Zhang Yujie , Kitazumi Ai , Liao Yen-Te , de los Reyes Benildo G. , Wu Vivian C. H. 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Agricultural microbiomes are major reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), posing continuous risks to human health. To understand the role of bacteriophages as vehicles for the horizontal transfer of ARGs in the agricultural microbiome, we investigated the diversity of bacterial and viral microbiota from fecal and environmental samples on an organic farm. The profiles of the microbiome indicated the highest abundance of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria phyla in animal feces, with varying Actinobacteria and Spirochaetes abundance across farm animals. The most predominant composition in environmental samples was the phylum Proteobacteria. Compared to the microbiome profiles, the trends in virome indicated much broader diversity with more specific signatures between the fecal and environmental samples. Overall, viruses belonging to the order Caudovirales were the most prevalent across the agricultural samples. Additionally, the similarities within and between fecal and environmental components of the agricultural environment based on ARG-associated bacteria alone were much lower than those of total microbiome composition. However, there were significant similarities in the profiles of ARG-associated viruses across the fecal and environmental components. Moreover, the predictive models of phage-bacterial interactions on bipartite ARG transfer networks indicated that phages belonging to the order Caudovirales, particularly in the Siphoviridae family, contained diverse ARG types in different samples. Their interaction with various bacterial hosts further implied the important role of bacteriophages in ARG transmission across bacterial populations. Our findings provided a novel insight into the potential mechanisms of phage-mediated ARG transmission and their correlation with resistome evolution in natural agricultural environments.

IMPORTANCE
Antibiotic resistance has become a serious health concern worldwide. The potential impact of viruses, bacteriophages in particular, on spreading antibiotic resistance genes is still controversial due to the complexity of bacteriophage-bacterial interactions within diverse environments. In this study, we determined the microbiome profiles and the potential antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) transfer between bacterial and viral populations in different agricultural samples using a high-resolution analysis of the metagenomes. The results of this study provide compelling genetic evidence for ARG transfer through bacteriophage-bacteria interactions, revealing the inherent risks associated with bacteriophage-mediated ARG transfer across the agricultural microbiome.
2-Furoic acid associated with the infection of nematodes by
Dactylellina haptotyla
and its biocontrol potential on plant root-knot nematodes
Authors: Lei Hong-Mei , Wang Jun-Tao , Hu Qian-Yi , Li Chun-Qiang , Mo Ming-He , Zhang Ke-Qin , Li Guo-Hong , Zhao Pei-Ji 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT

Dactylellina haptotyla
is a typical nematode-trapping fungus that has garnered the attention of many scholars for its highly effective lethal potential for nematodes. Secondary metabolites play an important role in
D. haptotyla
-nematode interactions, but which metabolites perform which function remains unclear. We report the metabolic functions based on high-quality, chromosome-level genome assembly of wild
D. haptotyla
YMF1.03409. The results indicate that a large variety of secondary metabolites and their biosynthetic genes were significantly upregulated during the nematode-trapping stage. In parallel, we identified that 2-furoic acid was specifically produced during nematode trapping by
D. haptotyla
YMF1.03409 and isolated it from fermentation production. 2-Furoic acid demonstrated strong nematicidal activity with an LD
50
value of 55.05 µg/mL against
Meloidogyne incognita
at 48 h. Furthermore, the pot experiment showed that the number of galls of tomato root was significantly reduced in the experimental group treated with 2-furoic acid. The considerable increase in the 2-furoic acid content during the infection process and its virulent nematicidal activity revealed an essential synergistic effect during the process of nematode-trapping fungal infection.

IMPORTANCE

Dactylellina haptotyla
have significant application potential in nematode biocontrol. In this study, we determined the chromosome-level genome sequence of
D. haptotyla
YMF1.03409 by long-read sequencing technology. Comparative genomic analysis identified a series of pathogenesis-related genes and revealed significant gene family contraction events during the evolution of
D. haptotyla
YMF1.03409. Combining transcriptomic and metabolomic data as well as
in vitro
activity test results, a compound with important application potential in nematode biocontrol, 2-furoic acid, was identified. Our result expanded the genetic resource of
D. haptotyla
and identified a previously unreported nematicidal small molecule, which provides new options for the development of plant biocontrol agents.