bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isologous and Homologous Lymphoid Transplants
Authors: Bauer Joseph A. , Stone Sanford H. , McCleskey Robert I. , Goode Julius H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immunologic function of lymph node cell transplants between guinea pigs of a highly inbred, histocompatible strain (isologous transfer between Strain 13 guinea pigs) was compared to the function of transplants to incompatible recipients of another strain (homologous transfer: Strain 13 to Hartley guinea pigs). Lymph node cell suspensions were prepared during the second week after immunization of donors with complete Freund's adjuvant. The functional persistence of intraperitoneally injected donor cells was assessed by the degree of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity of cell recipients to purified protein derivative (PPD). The transfer of immune cells in quantities inadequate to confer significant cutaneous hypersensitivity during the first posttransfer week, resulted in a high degree of tuberculin sensitivity in isologous recipients during the second and third weeks. In contrast, homologous recipients manifested no significant cutaneous reactivity during the 4-week period following identical cell transfers. The data are compatible with the interpretation that isologous recipients manifest adoptive immunity (passive immunity) which depends on the continued function and proliferation of surviving immune cells from compatible donors. The observation that the cells of one donor can confer a degree of cutaneous hypersensitivity as high as that seen in actively immunized (Strain 13) guinea pigs, may be related to graft-host compatibility as well as to the use of donors during the phase of rapidly ascending immunization and hyperplastic proliferation of lymph node cells. In isologous recipients, the degree of cutaneous reactivity in terms of the surface area (r2) of skin reactions was proportional to the number of viable cells transferred. This relationship was not observed in homologous recipients. Freeze-killed and sonically disrupted lymph node cells were either ineffective or minimally effective in conferring cutaneous tuberculin sensitivity. Spleen cells were found similarly ineffective in transferring tuberculin sensitivity. Repeated skin testing with PPD induced a detectable level of cutaneous sensitivity in normal guinea pigs. This sensitization appears enhanced in lymph node cell recipients.
Some Observations on the Immunochemistry of Dextrans
Authors: Coulson E. J. , Stevens Henry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified native dextrans, crude native dextran and clinical dextrans did not sensitize guinea pigs actively. Dextran sensitivity could be induced in guinea pigs by inoculation with Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL strains B-1374, B-1377, B-1424 and Leuconostoc dextranicum, strain B-1375. However, no sensitivity could be induced with Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512(F). The sensitivity induced in guinea pigs by Leuconostoc mesenteroides could be inhibited by prior administration of dextran. Antidextran rabbit serum was produced by immunizing rabbits with Leuconostoc dextranicum B-1375 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-1424. Rabbits immunized with Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512(F), without adjuvants, produced antiserum to a minor component of dextran, probably a somatic antigen. Rabbits immunized with B-512(F) with adjuvants produced antibodies both to dextran and to the minor component. The precipitating capacity of dextran with antiserum diminished with deceased molecular size. The lowest fraction with a molecular weight of 10,700 precipitated about one-half of the antibody content of the serum. Hydrolysis increased the shocking capacity of native dextran in passively sensitized guinea pigs. The most effective molecular size was between 41,600 and 35,400.
Enhanced Immunological Sensitization of Mice by the Simultaneous Injection of Antigen and Specific Antiserum
Authors: Terres Geronimo , Wolins William 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice injected intravenously with BSA and rabbit anti-BSA serum in antigen excess show an accelerated immune response to the antigen. This immune response is related to the ratio of BSA to anti-BSA used in the initial injection. The optimal combination of BSA and anti-BSA is in slight antigen excess. Anaphylactic sensitization parallels the accelerated immune response in time of onset. This response to BSA is not related to bacterial contamination.
Immunological Studies on African Swine Fever Virus
Authors: Cowan Keith M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The ProC′ activity of swine serum was abolished by treatment with dilute formalin. Sera treated in this manner fixed guinea pig C′ in the presence of antigen, but serum titers were somewhat depressed. Because of the prozoning activity of untreated swine sera, little or no indication of fixation occurred with some sera of low antibody content. However, removal of the ProC′ activity of these sera with formalin either abolished or markedly reduced the prozone effect so that a C′F reaction could be obtained.
Preparation and Properties of Partially Purified Erythrogenic Toxin B of Group A Streptococci
Authors: Stock Aaron H. , Lynn Raymond J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Crude concentrates containing erythrogenic toxin B were prepared from filtrates or supernatants of cultures of three group A streptococci and the partially purified toxins were studied. Toxin B, like toxin A, appeared to be a protein and was not precipitable by protamine. Toxin B, unlike toxin A, was largely destroyed in the presence of trypsin. Toxin B, in contrast to toxin A, did not flocculate with anti-A antitoxin. In agar gel diffusion tests, a specific precipitin reaction of toxin B-anti-B antitoxin was not identified.
Permeability Changes Produced in Mice by Bordetella pertussis
Authors: Munoz J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Various methods of demonstrating permeability changes produced in mice by B. pertussis were described. By measuring the amount of Evans blue that disappears from the circulation it was found that the increased permeability of capillaries can be demonstrated 1 day after the injection of B. pertussis and persists for at least 8 days. By the end of 16 days after the injection of B. pertussis, the permeability to Evans blue had returned to normal. A good correlation was found between permeability changes and the increased histamine sensitivity in B. pertussis-treated mice, although S. enteritidis endotoxin or B. pertussis endotoxin, which produce permeability changes as marked as B. pertussis cells, failed to increase the sensitivity to histamine. Adrenalectomy also increased the permeability of capillaries to Evans blue. The increase in permeability produced by B. pertussis could be prevented by pretreatment of mice with hydrocortisone. S. enteritidis endotoxin did not increase the susceptibility of mice to passively induced anaphylaxis, although it seems to have some enhancing effect on actively induced anaphylactic sensitization. The significance of these results is discussed.
A Sensitive and Accurate Plate Assay for Poliovirus Neutralizing Antibody
Authors: Burt Avril M. , Cooper P. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A sensitive gel diffusion method is described for the detection and assay of poliovirus antisera, based on extended diffusion of antibody from agar cups or fish-spine beads in an agar base layer before addition of an agar suspension of virus infected cells. The advantages, sensitivity, and accuracy of this method are compared with others in current use; it should be useful for rapid screening of sera from recently vaccinated individuals.
Complement Fixation and Ionic Strength
Authors: Levine Lawrence , Wasserman Eleanor , Mills Stanley 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments are described which measure the effect of ionic strength on C′ fixation. It has been demonstrated that C′ fixation by both protein and polysaccharide immune systems is enhanced by NaCl concentrations less than and inhibited by NaCl concentrations greater than 0.15 M. This enhancement or inhibition of C′ fixation by changes in NaCl concentrations appears to affect a reaction step subsequent to antigen-antibody aggregation and prior to C′3 participation.
Effect of Antibiotics on Intracellular Salmonella Typhosa
Authors: Hopps Hope E. , Smadel Joseph E. , Bernheim Barbara C. , Danauskas Joseph X. , Jackson Elizabeth B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cultures of L929 mouse fibroblast cells infected with the Ty 2 strain of Salmonella typhosa were regularly freed of infection by treatment for prolonged periods of time with synnematin and occasionally by treatment with other antibiotics. Failure to eradicate S. typhosa from the tissue cultures resulted when the experiment was terminated prematurely because of nonspecific death of the host cells or overgrowth of the cultures by antibiotic resistant organisms.
Several hypotheses are discussed concerning the capacity of S. typhosa to persist for long periods of time in antibiotic-treated cultures. Previously, emphasis has been placed on the unique properties of the living cell in protecting the invading organism in the presence of antibiotic. The metabolic state of the organism in the treated infected culture may also be an important factor in its survival in the presence of drug.
The Effect of Route of Inoculation upon Development of Antibody in Rabbits
Authors: Parks James J. , Leibowitz Howard M. I. , Maumenee A. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of the experiments described indicate that comparable titers of specific circulating antibodies are induced following inoculation of identical quantities of soluble antigen either intracorneally or intravitreously. These titers, in turn, are comparable with those induced when the same quantity of antigen is incorporated in adjuvant and injected intramuscularly. These three methods of antibody induction have in common two basic mechanisms: a) slow diffusion of antigen from the site of inoculation and, b) the infiltration of the inoculation site with cells involved in the production of antibody. The use of avascular ocular routes in experimental immunization schedules in animals is suggested if antigen is scarce or if the use of an adjuvant is not desired.
Staining of Vaccinia-Infected L Cells with Brilliant Cresyl Blue
Authors: Zebrowski Leon , Smith K. O. , Sharp D. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Although over 95% of normal L cells in cultures 3 to 5 days old are stained by brilliant cresyl blue, cells infected with vaccinia virus tend to remain unstained. This tendency may develop 2 hr after infection and increase to involve most of the cells.
Studies on the Complement-Fixing Antigens of Poliomyelitis
Authors: Hinuma Yorio , Hummeler Klaus 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Comparison of three methods of fluorescent antibody staining revealed the complement staining procedure to be the best method available for the virus-antibody system under investigation. The procedure showed good correlation to results obtained in the in vitro complement fixation test and could be applied quantitatively for maximum specificity and sensitivity.
Drying of infected cover slip cell cultures, prior to fixation, resulted in total conversion of existing N to H antigen, which is, nevertheless, typespecific.
Investigation of intracellular synthesis of specific antigen, by the complement staining method, and simultaneous assay of production of mature virus, led to the conclusion that both begin at the same time, from 2 to 3 hr after infection depending on the multiplicity of infection employed. Near or at the completion of the infectious cycle, about 300 plaque forming units of virus were produced per fluorescent cell
Destruction of Lymphocytes in Vitro by Normal Serum from Common Laboratory Animals
Authors: Terasaki Paul I. , Esail Marian L. , Cannon Jack A. , Longmire William P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Normal serum from various animals has been shown to be toxic to lymphocytes and peritoneal exudate cells of various other animals. This toxicity could best be shown with fresh serum or in some cases only with fresh serum. Serum heated at 56°C for 30 min lost its activity in most instances. The activity lost upon storage or heating could not be completely restored by the addition of fresh homologous or autologous serum. Some particularly toxic combinations of serum-lymphocytes were: human-rabbit; human-mouse; rabbit-chicken; rabbit-rat; rat-chicken; chicken-rabbit; and chicken-guinea pig.
Studies on the Virus of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Gleiser Chester A. , Gochenour William S. , Berge Trygve O. , Tigertt William D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In Macaca mulatta, infection with the Trinidad strain of VEE virus produced a benign, febrile illness with no clinical evidence of CNS involvement. Histologic alterations in the brains of these animals were limited to lymphocytic perivascular cuffing and to focal infiltration with glial cells. Morphologic evidence of neuronal injury was rare and, when seen, was limited to cells within the glial nodules. Both of these inflammatory responses were markedly suppressed by the administration of cortisone acctate, but only when the drug was given for the first time during the period of secondary fever. When cortisone was begun prior to inoculation and continued during the febrile period suppression of the inflammatory responses did not occur. In neither instance was drug administration found to modify the clinical disease nor to modify materially the eventual antibody response.
A Comparison of the Yields of Infectious Ribonucleic Acid from Heated and Ultraviolet Irradiated Mouse Encephalomyelitis Virus (GDVII Strain)
Authors: Nakamura Masahiro 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An infectious RNA was extracted from mouse brains infected with Theiler's mouse encephalomyelitis virus (GDVII strain). The yield of infectious RNA from heated virus was compared to that from u.v. irradiated virus material and at the same time, the stability of the hemagglutinating activity of the virus with respect to heat and u.v. irradiation was investigated. The results obtained suggest that inactivation of virus by heat is due, in large part, to denaturation of virus protein whereas inactivation by u.v. irradiation is due to destruction of viral RNA without denaturation of protein.
Suppression of Transferred Lymph Node Cells by Rabbit-Antirabbit Leukocyte Serum
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna , Farber Miriam B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It was shown earlier that if rabbits given rabbit lymph node cells incubated in vitro with Shigella antigen were injected with pooled rabbit-anti-rabbit leukocyte serum, the production of anti-Shigella agglutinins in these recipients was reduced in comparison with recipients given the cells alone. In the present study a number of further observations have been made on the production of such antileukocyte sera, and their effects when incubated with lymph node cells prior to the transfer of these cells.
When antirabbit leukocyte sera obtained after a single intradermal injection of leukocytes were incubated with rabbit lymph node cells prior to transfer of the cells, reduction of the level of agglutinin titers of these recipients was found. For each such serum pool there was a range of amounts within which the degree of suppression of the transferred lymph node cells was a function of the amount of such serum with which the lymph node cells had been incubated prior to transfer. In the case of sera obtained after a second injection of rabbits with rabbit leukocytes, such a relation could also be observed, the sera being approximately 10 times as effective as sera obtained after a single injection of pooled leukocytes. Sera obtained after intradermal injection of rabbits with rabbit leukocytes were more effective in suppressing the transferred lymph node cells than those obtained by intravenous injection of such leukocytes. Removal of excess antileukocyte serum by centrifugation and washing of the lymph node cells did not affect the degree of suppression of these cells. When the lymph node cells were obtained from donor animals injected with Shigella the suppressive effect of the antileukocyte serum on the transferred cells was clearly observed, even when the cell transfer was performed within a day of the expected time of appearance of antibody in the recipient animals. The injection of rabbit-antirabbit leukocyte serum into recipients after the transfer of antigenincubated lymph node cells caused a decrease in the titer of agglutinins to Shigella. This was demonstrable even when the serum was injected 3 days after cell transfer, or within a day of the time of appearance of the antibody in the recipients' sera.
Molecular Bases of Passive Sensitization
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Sugahara Takao 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of chemical procedures designed to break the disulfide linkages of γ-globulins on passively sensitize guinea pig skin was studied with a human γ-globulin-rabbit anti-HGG system. Human (antigen) and rabbit (antibody) γ-globulins lost sensitizing activity after treatment with mercaptoethanol followed by sulfhydryl blocking agents such as iodoacetate or iodoacetamide, as determined by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests in guinea pigs. Treatment with either mercaptoethanol or iodoacetate alone did not affect their sensitizing activity. Mercaptoethanol-iodoacetate treated proteins, either as antigen or antibody elicited cutaneous anaphylactic reactions in guinea pigs previously sensitized with unmodified γ-globulins as antigen or antibody and also showed precipitin reactions with the complementary reagents comparable to reactions using unmodified proteins. The complement-fixing properties of the HGG-anti-HGG systems were unaffected by the treatment of either antigen or antibody by mercaptoethanol and iodoacetate. The results suggested that irreversible cleavage of disulfide linkages in human and rabbit γ-globulin molecules was correlated with a decrease in their affinity for guinea pig tissues.
The Effects of Pretreatment with X-Rays on the Pathogenesis of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis in Mice
Authors: Collins Doris N. , Weigand Heribert , Hotchin John 
Published: January 2023

Summary
LCM virus inoculated i.c. in mice produced lethal meningoencephalitis and hepatitis. However, x-irradiation of mice with 500 r 24 hr before inoculation with LCM i.c. prevented the development of characteristic lesions and fatal disease. The host response to irradiation in the presence of the virus was similar to that of controls which had received irradiation only. The effect of x-radiation of this dosage was depression and destruction of existing blood cells of the hematopoietic system without damage to the mechanism for regeneration; at the same time, it caused the elimination of the pathological changes normally associated with LCM infection. It is concluded that the irradiation eliminates a host cellular immune response, which is responsible for disease due to this virus.
Protection of Chick Embryos Against Newcastle Disease Virus by Trypan Blue and Other Compounds
Authors: Finkelstein Richard A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Of a number of related compounds tested, Trypan blue, Evans blue, Pontamine sky blue, Trypan red, Congo red and Erie garnet B protect chick embryos against Newcastle disease virus. Although the first four dyes block hemagglutination of NDV, the latter two do not, but they apparently interfere with elution of adsorbed virus. All the active compounds tested are acid, bis-azo dyes with diphenyl and naphthalene residues with two or more sulfonic acid groups. The latter two compounds have the simplest molecular structures.
Trypan blue was also demonstrated to inhibit NDV in cultured mammalian cells. However, it could not be shown to have an effect on influenza virus.
A Method of Purifying Coxiella Burnetii and Other Pathogenic Rickettsiae
Authors: Ormsbee Richard A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method of readily purifying large amounts of rickettsiae by means of differential, continuous flow centrifugation from molar salt solutions followed by ether treatment has been described.
This technique has been applied to Coxiella burnetii, Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia prowazekii, and Rickettsia mooserii.
Purified preparations of C. burnetii and R. rickettsii prepared in this manner have been shown to possess, when tested as vaccines, protective qualities fully equal to those of conventional rickettsial vaccines.
A Study of the Antibodies in Guinea Pigs Infected with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Authors: Cartwright B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antiserum to the virus of foot-and-mouth disease appears to contain at least two antibodies. The purified 25-mµ infective component of the virus has sites capable of combining with each antibody, whereas the noninfective 7-mµ component combines with one antibody only. The complement-fixing activity of an antiserum is the sum of two separate antibody activities to the 7-mµ and 25-mµ viral components and is not related in a simple way to the virus-neutralizing activity of the serum. The ratio of the complement-fixing activities of the antibodies to the 7 mµ and 25 mµ component of the virus is greater when adjuvant is used with the hyperimmunizing dose.
Hemagglutination and Hemagglutination-Inhibition Studies with Echo Viruses
Authors: Bussell Robert H. , Karzon David T. , Hall Frances T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study of several factors which may affect hemagglutinin (HA) production revealed that a dilute inoculum combined with a relatively late harvest time favored maximum HA titers of ECHO 6 viruses grown in monkey kidney tissue culture. Infectivity to HA ratios of 6 to 7 logs were obtained with viruses which attain high infectivity titers (B phase), while the ratios obtained with the low titer viruses (S phase) were approximately 4 to 5 logs. A survey of ECHO 6 strains revealed that 9 of 24 tested produced HA. HA production could not be correlated with infectivity titers, phase, or number of passages in tissue culture. Cross hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests with hyperimmune rabbit antisera revealed a high degree of specificity among the serotypes tested. Differences were noted among several ECHO 6 HA antigens in their ability to detect HI antibody. Nonspecific inhibition of ECHO virus hemagglutination was demonstrated. Adsorption of sera with 0.1% bentonite resulted in almost complete removal of nonspecific inhibitors, whereas this procedure had no apparent effect on specific HI antibody.
Hemagglutination-Inhibiting, Complement-Fixing and Neutralizing Antibody Responses in Echo 6 Infection, including Studies on Heterotypic Responses
Authors: Bussell Robert H. , Karzon David T. , Barron Almen L. , Hall Frances T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The development and persistence of ECHO 6 neutralizing, complement-fixing (CF) and hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies was studied in 24 aseptic meningitis patients from whom an ECHO 6 virus was isolated. The neutralization test yielded the greatest number of significant antibody rises (96%), the HI or CF tests yielded significant rises in 67% of the patients. The three types of antibody reached peak levels by the 2nd week after onset of illness. Neutralizing antibody persisted with little or no decline for 3 years, HI antibody declined rapidly and then persisted at significant levels for 3 years, and CF antibody was undetectable or at low levels 3 years after onset. Cross serologic tests among small groups of ECHO 4, 6 and 9 patients revealed the neutralization and HI tests to be fairly specific, while a significantly greater number of heterotypic reactions were obtained with the CF test. Evidence was presented which indicates a relationship between the heterotypic CF responses and a prior infection with the heterotype.