bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Possible Role of Macrophage Glycolipids as Receptors for Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF)
Authors: Higgins Terry Jay , Sabatino Ann P. , Remold Heinz G. , David John R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells incubated with water soluble glycolipids obtained from macrophages show an enhanced response to migration inhibitory factor. Incorporation of these glycolipids into liposomes greatly facilitates their interaction with indicator cells. Enhancement of peritoneal exudate cell responsiveness to migration inhibitory factor was specific for glycolipids from guinea pig macrophages. Glycolipids extracted from guinea pig brain and polymorphonuclear leukocytes as well as several bovine and porcine glycolipids had no effect. Specificity of enhancement was not due merely to a preferential association of macrophage glycolipids with indicator cells. The possible role of macrophage glycolipids as receptors for MIF is discussed.
Immunologic Block against Antigen Absorption from Isolated Perfused Rabbit Lungs
Authors: Braley Janet F. , Dawson Christopher A. , Moore Vernon L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In previous studies with isolated perfused rabbit lungs, we observed that inhaled human serum albumin (HSA) or ovalbumin (OA) entered the pulmonary circulation antigenically intact. The inhaled proteins were also metabolized in the lung. Immunization reduced the amount of intact protein and increased the amount of metabolites absorbed.
In the present study, we have begun to characterize the immune mechanisms responsible for reduced antigen absorption. A humoral immune mechanism appeared to be involved because the phenomenon could be passively transferred to normal animals by administering immune serum either 18 hr or immediately before antigen inhalation. The reduction was also observed when lungs from immunized rabbits were perfused with normal rabbit blood, indicating that antibodies in both lung and blood may be involved. Experiments, in which lungs from immunized rabbits were simultaneously insufflated with the immunizing antigen and with a nonspecific protein, demonstrated that the block against antigen absorption was specific for the immunizing antigen and was not due to some antigen-induced nonspecific changes in lung physiology.
Lymphocyte-Mediated Activation of Fibroblast Proliferation and Collagen Production
Authors: Wahl S. M. , Wahl L. M. , McCarthy J. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Among the many activities of antigen-triggered lymphocytes may be the control of fibroblast function. Thymus-dependent lymphocytes challenged with the specific antigen, dinitrophenylated ovalbumin or tetanus toxoid produced a nondialyzable factor(s) capable of causing dermal fibroblasts to undergo DNA synthesis. These fibroblasts, which exhibit basal proliferative levels in the absence of serum, responded to the lymphocyte factor with maximal thymidine incorporation at 48 to 72 hr. In addition, these activated fibroblasts significantly increased their production of protein of both the collagenous and noncollagenous types. This increase in protein synthesis preceded maximal proliferation. Thus, the fibroplasia consisting of increased numbers of fibroblasts and of increased collagen deposition associated with chronic inflammatory diseases may be the direct consequence of a specific antigenic challenge.
Sequential Precipitation of Mouse Thymocyte Extracts with Anti-Lyt-2 and Anti-Lyt-3 Sera
Authors: Durda Paul J. , Gottlieb Paul D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anti-Lyt-2.1 and anti-Lyt-3.1 sera were employed for sequential precipitation of NP-40 extracts of 125I-labeled C57BL/6-Lyt-2a, Lyt-3a thymocytes (Lyt-2.1, Lyt-3.1) to determine whether these alloantigenic determinants are present on the same or different molecular species. Treatment of extracts with anti-Lyt-3.1 serum and SaCI completely precipitated both Lyt-3.1 and Lyt-2.1-specific components, whereas treatment with anti-Lyt-2.1 serum reduced by approximately 37% the quantity of labeled species subsequently precipitable by anti-Lyt-3.1 serum. When 125I-labeled thymocytes were subjected to mild trypsinization before NP-40 extraction, the quantity of radioactive components precipitated by anti-Lyt-2.1 serum was essentially unchanged, but that of anti-Lyt-3.1-precipitable components was greatly reduced. Moreover, sequential precipitation of extracts of trypsinized thymocytes with anti-Lyt-2.1 and anti-Lyt-3.1 sera demonstrated that these molecular species were precipitated independently. Thus 1) Lyt-2.1 and Lyt-3.1 antigenic determinants appear to reside on different molecular species; 2) some Lyt-2.1- and Lyt-3.1-positive molecules appear to be complexed with each other in the NP-40 extract; and 3) this association of Lyt-2.1- and Lyt-3.1-positive species was dependent upon components that were labile to trypsinization of intact thymocytes.
Syngeneic Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction in Mice: Strain Distribution, Kinetics, Participating Cells, and Absence in NZB Mice
Authors: Bruce Smith J. , Pasternak Richard D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Co-culture of mouse spleen nonadherent (T-enriched) cells with mitomycin C-treated unfractionated syngeneic spleen cells resulted in increased DNA synthesis in the responding T cells. The kinetics of this syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (SMLR) showed that peak DNA synthesis occurred on day 5 of culture compared to day 4 for conventional mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Anti-T cell antiserum plus complement treatment of the responding cell population abolished the reaction, and similar treatment of the stimulator population enhanced SMLR. These studies indicate that SMLR represents the response of T cells to non-T cells. Studies on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in parallel cultures of T cells activated by syngeneic or allogeneic spleen cells showed no cytotoxicity of SMLR-activated cells for either PHA- or LPS-induced blasts but did show a good CTL response of allo-activated cells to both targets. Studies on the strain distribution of SMLR revealed that NZB mice manifested poor or no stimulation in SMLR whereas all other strains tested exhibited strong SMLR. This defect in NZB mice may be pathogenetically related to the autoimmune disease that develops in these mice.
Nonspecific Activation of Murine Lymphocytes
Authors: Goodman Michael G. , Fidler John M. , Weigle William O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The lymphocyte subpopulations that are activated by 2-ME, LPS, poly IC, and PPD were studied in terms of their maturational characteristics. Attempts to stimulate hepatic and splenic lymphoid cells from mice of different ages with these mitogens demonstrated a well ordered sequence for the emergence of mitogen responsiveness in C3H mice: reactivity to LPS and Poly IC was observed early in maturation and was followed by that to PPD, and finally by the development of responsiveness to 2-ME. The same sequence appeared when the mitogen responsiveness of lethally irradiated, fetal liver-reconstituted syngeneic adult recipients was examined. The mitogenic action of 2-ME was dissociated from its ability to enhance lymphocyte reactivity to other mitogens in mice too young to respond to 2-ME as a mitogen. Experiments in which additivity of responses was assayed by adding mitogens to culture singly or conjointly indicated that LPS and Poly IC activate nearly identical B lymphocyte subpopulations, whereas PPD stimulates a subset of cells distinct from that which is responsive to the former two mitogens. The mitogen responsiveness of CBA/N mice, relative to normal CBA/WEHI mice, was shown to decrease as a function of the maturity of the subpopulation of lymphocytes activated. The CBA/N mouse was shown to be unresponsive to stimulation by 2-ME.
Enhancement of T Cell Cytotoxic Responses by Purified Human Fibroblast Interferon
Authors: Zarling Joyce M. , Sosman Jeffrey , Eskra Linda , Borden Ernest C. , Horoszewicz Julius S. , Carter William A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Purified polyribonucleotide-induced human fibroblast interferon (HFIF) was tested for its effects on proliferative and cytotoxic human T cell responses to alloantigens. The addition of HFIF (100 to 400 IFU/ml) to mixed leukocyte cultures decreased alloantigen-induced lymphocyte proliferative responses as determined by both recovery of responding cells and by 3H-thymidine incorporation into responding cells. However, HFIF, but not the mock interferon preparation, increased the cytotoxic response of T cells to allogeneic cells by 4- to 5-fold when expressed in terms of lytic units. Although fibroblast and leukocyte interferons have different physicochemical and biologic properties, the results reported here are in concert with previous findings concerning the effects of virus-induced leukocyte interferon on human T cell functions.
Opinion
Authors: Frangione Blas , Franklin Edward C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In 1965, the “two gene-one polypeptide” theory for the synthesis of antibody chains was first proposed (1). Since then, amino acid sequence studies and genetic analyses of the variable (V)2 and constant (C) regions of light (L) and heavy (H) chains have been consistent with this hypothesis (2). A direct demonstration of the existence of separate genetic units was achieved in 1977 (3), when it was shown that the DNA segments (exon DNA) coding for V and C regions of mouse L chains (λ type) are separated from one another by a large DNA segment (intron or intervening sequence or IVS) that is missing from the mRNA that serves as the template for the L chain. In addition, in DNA derived from embryonic cells, the V gene is shorter than expected (4, 5), ending at the codon specifying position 98 instead of 112 commonly accepted at the VC joining region.
Tryptic Degradation of the CH1 and VL Regions of IgD and IgE
Authors: Kocher Hans P. , Spiegelberg Hans L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fab fragments of all human Ig classes were digested with trypsin and analyzed by SDS-PAGE for degradation products. Fab fragments of all four IgG subclasses, IgM and IgA1 were resistant whereas IgD and IgE Fab fragments were degraded into smaller fragments. IgE Fab fragments had already become degraded during the papain digestion used to produce them. The degradations of IgD and IgE Fab fragments were independent of κ and λ light chain types. After prolonged tryptic digestion of a λ IgD Fab fragment, three major fragments remained, which were isolated and characterized by partial amino acid sequence analysis. The fragments consisted of 1) λ-chains, 2) the constant region of the λ-chains minus the first three amino acids, and 3) the variable region of the δ-chain including the first four amino acids of the Cδ1 region. In contrast to the Fab fragments, IgD Fc fragments and isolated λ-chains were not degraded into small fragments. The data indicate that the first constant regions of IgD and IgE, but not IgG, IgM, and IgA, are highly susceptible to enzymatic degradation and that association of the light chains with δ- and ε-chains renders the VL regions susceptible to enzymatic attack. Since it is unlikely that the CH1 regions of δ- and ε-chains change the tertiary structure of the VL regions, it is suggested that monomeric light chains are released after digestion of the CH1 regions and that the VL region of these monomers is degraded.
Cell-Mediated Immune Response to Syngeneic UV-Induced Tumors
Authors: Woodward Jerold G. , Fernandez Paul A. , Daynes Raymond A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An Ia-positive accessory cell with macrophage characteristics was demonstrated to be required for the in vitro proliferation and differentiation of lymph node T lymphocytes from tumor-immunized mice into cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). An experimental system is described that provides for the measurement of both proliferation and CTL capacity in in vitro cultures of draining lymph node (DLN) cells from tumor-immunized mice. DLN cells obtained from the popliteal lymph nodes of mice immunized in the hind footpads with a syngeneic UV-induced fibrosarcoma proliferate and differentiate into highly effective CTL (as assessed in a 6-hr chromium release assay) when placed in culture without the addition of tumor antigen. Both proliferation and CTL generation by DLN cells in vitro were shown to result from the interaction of at least two physically separable cell populations: a T cell population responsible for the proliferation and expression of CTL activity, and an accessory cell population required for the expression of the T cell functions. The accessory cell was shown to be resistant to γ-radiation, adherent to nylon and glass wool columns, sensitive to treatment with anti-Ia antisera plus complement (C), and resistant to treatment with anti Thy-1 antisera plus C. Antigen presentation did not appear to be required for effective cooperation between lymphocytes from tumor-immunized mice and accessory cells, although antigen presentation did occur when unprimed lymphocytes were mixed with accessory cells present in the DLN of tumor-immunized mice. The regulation of CTL development and the role of the Ia-positive accessory cell in anti-tumor immunity are discussed.
In Vitro Differentiation of B Lymphocytes from Pre-B Cells
Authors: Lau Catherine Y. , Melchers Fritz , Miller Richard G. , Phillips Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adult bone marrow contains both B lymphocytes and their immediate precursors, pre-B cells. These two cells differ in size and can be separated by velocity sedimentation; B cells are enriched in the subpopulation of cells sedimenting at between 2.0 and 3.5 mm/hr and pre-B cells in the subpopulation between 5.0 and 7.0 mm/hr. Incubation of pre-B cells in vitro for 4 or 5 days leads to their differentiation into functional B lymphocytes. The transition from pre-B to B appears to occur in two steps. The first step gives mitogen responsive B cells with an intermediate sedimentation velocity and the second step produces typical small, slowly sedimenting B cells. pre-B cells can be quantified by using a limiting dilution assay and occur at a frequency of 1/60 in the subpopulation of rapidly sedimenting bone marrow cells.
Polyclonal Immunoglobulin Secretion by Human B Lymphocytes Exposed to Epstein-Barr Virus in Vitro
Authors: Kirchner Holger , Tosato Giovanna , Michael Blaese R. , Broder Samuel , Magrath Ian T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced activation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes was studied by the use of a reverse hemolytic plaque assay (RHPA) for the detection of immunoglobulin-producing cells. The results were compared with the effects of pokeweed mitogen (PWM) on the same cell population. Both agents caused the development of immunoglobulin-producing cells in cultures of unseparated mononuclear cells. However, B cell populations sufficiently depleted of T cells by a variety of techniques to be unresponsive to PWM showed a marked response to EBV. The reactivity of B cells to PWM could be restored by irradiated T cells, whereas there was no effect of irradiated T cells on reactivity to EBV. These data suggest that the response to EBV in contrast to the PWM response is T cell independent. Lymphocytes secreting each class of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, and IgM) were found in EBV-stimulated cultures of both unseparated mononuclear cells and T cell-depleted cultures, demonstrating that the response in each immunoglobulin class is also T cell independent in this system. When unseparated cell populations and B cell populations cultured at the same cell concentration were compared, the latter showed a 2- to 5-fold increased reactivity to EBV. This difference appeared to be caused primarily by an enrichment of B cells as was suggested by experiments in which the two cell populations were compared at different cell concentrations.
T100: A New Murine Cell Surface Glycoprotein Detected by Anti-Lyt-2.1 Serum
Authors: Durda Paul J. , Boos Stephen C. , Gottlieb Paul D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A cell surface glycoprotein (designated T100) of apparent m.w. 100,000 by SDS-PAGE under reducing and non-reducing conditions was precipitated from NP-40 extracts of surface radiolabeled thymocytes from a variety of inbred strains of mice by the standard noncongenic Lyt-2.1-typing serum. The inbred strain distribution, trypsin sensitivity on intact cells, and apparent m.w. of T100 suggest that it is different from Lyt-2.1. Inheritance and expression of T100 suggest that it is determined by an allele at a single genetic locus, and testing of CXB recombinant inbred strains and B6.C minor histocompatibility congenic strains suggest that this locus is linked to H-25. Antiserum absorption experiments, two-stage cytotoxicity assays, and results of immunoprecipitations performed after prebinding antibody to radio-labeled thymocytes suggest that some T100 is accessible to antibody on the intact cell surface. However, for unknown reasons the number of cells required to absorb anti-T100 precipitating activity from antiserum was much higher than for removal of anti-Lyt-2.1 activity. A molecule with properties of T100 was also detected on lymph node cells and on the AKTB-1 lymphoma.
Immune Responses During Human Schistosomiasis Mansoni
Authors: Colley Daniel G. , Todd Charles W. , Lewis Fred A. , Goodgame Richard W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Simultaneous in vitro exposure of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) and either soluble schistosomal egg antigenic preparation (SEA) or soluble cercarial antigenic preparation (CAP) obtained from Schistosoma mansoni resulted in decreased responsiveness as compared to exposure to PHA alone. The addition of a soluble adult worm antigenic preparation (SWAP) did not predictably alter PHA responses in this system. The suppression due to in vitro exposure to either SEA or CAP was expressed whether the lymphocyte donors were S. mansoni patients (early infection, chronic, or treated), or uninfected subjects. The degree of suppression was related to the concentration of SEA used, and the timing of exposure. Preexposure to SEA for 3 days before the addition of PHA resulted in more potent suppression. However, a delay in the time of the addition of SEA of 6 and 24 hr after PHA exposure decreased and eliminated, respectively, its suppressive capacity. SEA and CAP were not directly toxic to responding cells, and appeared to exert their nonspecific suppressive influences through T lymphocyte-related mechanisms. It was observed that although these suppressive events could be induced and observed in vitro, the responsiveness of S. mansoni patient lymphocytes to PHA was equal with that of uninfected controls.
Reduced Responsiveness of Immature B Cells to the B Cell Mitogen, Lipoprotein
Authors: Phillips Robert A. , Melchers Fritz 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When pre-B cells are isolated from bone marrow and incubated in vitro for several days, they spontaneously differentiate into LPS-reactive B cells. These newly produced B cells do not respond to another B cell mitogen, lipoprotein (Lp). The lack of Lp reactivity of newly produced B cells represents a qualitative difference between these cells and B cells in peripheral tissues that respond equally well to both LPS and Lp. Thus, responsiveness to different mitogens provides unique markers to identify B cells at early stages of development.
Hapten-Specific IgE Antibody Responses in Mice
Authors: Chiorazzi Nicholas , Tung Amar S. , Katz David H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
These studies were conducted to investigate the effects of various adjuvants on antibody responses of the IgE and IgG classes in mouse strains of the high IgE response phenotype. Administration of either complete or incomplete Freund's adjuvant or aluminum hydroxide gel (alum) at appropriate times was found to generate a nonspecific suppression of antibody responses of both the IgE and IgG classes. Such “adjuvant-generated suppression” could be induced both in intact animals and could be passively transferred with cells from adjuvant-pretreated donors. It was shown that T cells were essential for the suppression, since pretreatment of spleen cells from adjuvant-inoculated mice with anti-ϑ serum plus complement abolished the suppressive effects of such transferred cells. Moreover, the generation of these suppressor T cells could be inhibited by pre-exposing donor animals to low doses of x-irradiation at an appropriate time before adjuvant administration. On the other hand, once suppressor cells have been induced by inoculation with complete Freund's adjuvant, x-irradiation had little effect in diminishing the suppressive activity of such cells. The relevance of adjuvant administration to induce suppressor mechanisms for both IgE and IgG antibody responses to regulatory control mechanisms of the immune response is discussed.
Studies of the Mechanisms for the Induction of in Vivo Tumor Immunity
Authors: Ting Chou-Chik , Rodrigues Dennis , Igarashi Tsuyoshi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In studying the cell-mediated immunity to FBL-3, a Friend virus-induced leukemia syngeneic to C57BL/6 mice, it was found that the levels of cytotoxic response induced by the in vivo adoptive transfer experiments were always considerably higher than those induced by the in vitro mixed lymphocyte tumor cell culture (MLTC). This was especially true in using lymph node cells as responders. Further investigation showed that this difference was not due to the generation of suppressor cells in vitro or to the lack of precursor killer cells in lymph nodes. During in vivo sensitization, it appeared that helper cells were recruited by T cells to augment the cell-mediated cytotoxic response. In the in vivo experiments, pretreatment of the recipient hosts with antimacrophage agents (silica or carrageenan) caused significant reduction of cytotoxic response induced in the adoptive transfer experiments; the effect was more pronounced on the adoptive transfer of lymph node cells than spleen cells, indicating that macrophages are needed for generating an efficient in vivo T cell-mediated immunity. In the in vitro experiments, it was found that the peritoneal cells or spleen cells from normal x-irradiated syngeneic mice could also augment the MLTC reactions, thus, these helper cells were presumably macrophages. The lack of sufficient supply of exogenous macrophages could be one of the major cause of the low level of cytotoxic response generated by in vitro sensitization. This is especially true for the lymph node cells that have more stringent dependency on the presence of excess amounts of macrophages. These results indicate that recruitment of macrophage-like helper cells may play an important role in the induction of an efficient in vivo tumor immunity.