bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postscript
Authors: Coles Elizabeth Sarah 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The book ends with a reflection on the performance-orientation of Carson’s most recent work and a brief history of her approach to the lecture form: from Short Talks to the performance scripts of Float (2016) and more recent collaborations such as “Lecture on the History of Skywriting” (2019). The performance aesthetics of these late works herald a decisive move away from literature (and its study) as the private lyric experience Carson theorizes in Eros the Bittersweet—and which so many of her works chronicle and expose—toward a public, collaborative, and intermedia scene for the products of scholarship. At the same time, Coles offers, the move toward multi-sensory, site-specific performance is anticipated in Carson from the very beginning.
After We’ve Gone
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter cites Samuel Scheffler’s Death and the Afterlife, which explores the powerful but often unnoticeable ways in which facts about death affect the values that govern lives and the motives that shape them. It addresses the question of how people should feel about their own mortality if death is the end of their existence. It also argues that the collective afterlife is enormously important, though its importance escapes people’s attention because they take it so much for granted. To reveal the place of the afterlife in the structure of concerns, motives, and values, the chapter explores the classic philosophical method of counterfactual thought-experiments. It describes the doomsday scenario and the infertility scenario to explain the significance of something, imagining its absence, and seeing what else changes.
Korsgaard, Kant, and Our Fellow Creatures
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter talks about Christine Korsgaard, who is distinguished within the field of philosophy for her penetrating and analytically dense writings on ethical theory and her critical interpretations of the works of Immanuel Kant. It covers Korsgaard’s Fellow Creatures: Our Obligations to the Other Animals, which blends moral passion and rigorous theoretical argument. Korsgaard deploys a Kantian account of morality to deal with the question of how we should treat animals, though she also criticizes Kant’s own answer to the question. The chapter points out how Korsgaard’s book provides the opportunity for a wider audience to see how philosophical reflection can enrich the response to a problem that everyone should be concerned about.
Fictions and Ideals
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses Kwame Anthony Appiah’s analyses of idealization. The theme and title of his book, As If: Idealization and Ideals (2017), pay tribute to the work of German philosopher Hans Vaihinger. Vaihinger contended that much of our most fruitful thought about the world, particularly in the sciences, relies on idealizations, or what he called fictions—descriptions or laws or theories that are literally false but that provide an easier and more useful way to think about certain subjects than the truth in all its complexity would. In general, Appiah defends the value of idealization, but he is also aware of its intellectual dangers. The chapter then considers Appiah’s discussions of decision theory, counter-normative idealization, the role of idealization in moral theory, and immigration policy.
Subjectivity
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by distinguishing subjectivity from objectivity, arguing that subjective states are something real that must be knowable by a God who knows everything. A subjective state is consciousness as it is experienced from the first-person perspective of the subject. The objective is the world, including consciousness, from an outside viewpoint, or the third-person viewpoint. The chapter gives a brief history of the origin of the subjective/objective divide in modern philosophy, art, and literature, arguing that the distinction did not exist in the premodern period. The chapter then addresses the scope of subjectivity. It applies to human beings, many animals, and possibly artificial intelligences, as well as God himself. Subjectivity is sometimes criticized as a partial and limited perspective. This chapter argues that it is important, and is a phenomenon with enormous scope. To fail to know it is to fail in knowing everything.
Divine Subjectivity and Intersubjectivity
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter turns to the way in which omnisubjectivity can illuminate the Christian doctrines of the Trinity and the Incarnation, and the infusion of the Holy Spirit. Each person of the Trinity has a distinct set of subjective states. Subjectivity is the inside of a person. That is compatible with there being an individual divine being that instantiates the divine essence. This way of looking at the Trinity can also be applied to the problem of evil. Subjectivity means that there are subjective reasons for acting as well as reasons arising from the divine essence. The subjective reasons are personal and are not fully predictable given the nature of God. The chapter then turns to the Incarnation and argues that Jesus Christ was one person with one continuous stream of conscious states from all eternity through the earthly life of Christ and afterward. As one person, Christ had a single set of subjective states, not a split mind. The chapter also speculates on how that is compatible with having two distinct natures. The final section looks at how the Holy Spirit’s subjectivity can interact with human subjectivity in the operations of grace.
The Rise of Grain, 2000–2010
Authors: Azarieva Janetta , Brudny Yitzhak M. , Finkel Eugene 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Russian Federation entered the twenty-first century heavily dependent on food imports. By 2010 it had become a major exporter of grain. This chapter presents the reasons for the rapid growth of Russian food production, not just as an industry, but also as a political and security ideal during the first decade of Putin’s leadership. The authors show that the securitization of food and the emergence of nutritional self-sufficiency as a key political goal resulted from both objective economic reasons and clever ideological and bureaucratic entrepreneurship. Economic factors, such as the devaluation of the ruble and growing global demand for grain, helped the growth of Russian food production, but it was primarily the ideological vision of the conservative minister of agriculture Aleksei Gordeev that turned food into a central pillar of Putin’s regime. The chapter also documents the instruments the government used to increase food production
Sanctions and Countersanctions
Authors: Azarieva Janetta , Brudny Yitzhak M. , Finkel Eugene 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
On March 18, 2014, President Putin signed a law that annexed Ukraine’s Crimean Peninsula to Russia. In response to the Russian invasion and annexation of Crimea and the ensuing war in the Donbas region of Ukraine, the United States, EU, and other Western governments introduced sanctions on major Russian state-owned firms and Russian politicians, media personalities, military commanders, and oligarchs close to Putin. In retaliation, Russia imposed the so-called countersanctions that banned from imports from most Western countries. This chapter explains the reasons that prompted Putin to center his response to Western sanctions on food and argues that the food import embargo was a dramatic attempt to achieve nutritional independence from the West and reduce Russia’s vulnerability to external pressure in the unfolding conflict. This chapter also documents the complete transformation of food supply into a state security domain with the appointment of the new minister of agriculture Dmitry Patrushev.
Conclusion
Authors: Ko Jiyoung 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the central arguments and findings of the book: popular nationalism does not inevitably lead to interstate war, and it can facilitate the maintenance of the status quo. After briefly reviewing the arguments and findings from each chapter, this chapter discusses some remaining questions. It also draws several implications for the international relations scholarship and highlights avenues for future research. In addition, based on the findings, this chapter offers a number of critical policy implications to prevent wars that stem from popular nationalism. Finally, it also provides extended implications about Chinese popular nationalism and the likelihood of war in the Asia-Pacific region.
Shifting Grounds
Authors: Kadercan Burak 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Shifting Grounds brings together the existing social constructivist research in international relations (IR) and political geography, and examines the interactive relationship between territory and war from conceptual, theoretical, and historical perspectives. The central premise is the following: territory is what states and societies make of it. Put differently, states and societies have adhered to different forms of territoriality across time and space, and territory as well as territorial control meant different things in different time periods and regions. Shifting Grounds makes two claims. First, how state elites conceive territory within and beyond their domains affects their military objectives as well as methods and strategies for waging war. Second, adherence to different forms of territoriality leads to different modes and patterns of war, and wars themselves may affect how state elites and societies conceive territories. The impacts of different territorial ideas and practices on war are illustrated through a wide variety of cases including but not limited to revolutionary France, the Ottoman Empire, British colonial expansion in South Asia, and ISIS. The transformative roles that wars can play in shaping the dominant territorial ideas and geopolitical assumptions, in turn, are examined in the context of “systemic” wars, with an emphasis on the diverging impacts of such wars on Western and non-Western geographies. Shifting Grounds sheds light on the shifting and shifty nature of the relationship between territorial ideas and armed conflict not only in the context of the distant the past, but also in present-day global politics.
Territorial Orders and War
Authors: Kadercan Burak 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines the conceptual and analytical framework, and unfolds in four steps. The first segment elaborates on key concepts such as territory, territoriality, territorialization, reterritorialization, state, and war. The second step involves introducing the territorial orders framework. Territorial order is best seen as the collection of aspirational ideas and associated state-led efforts that aim to regulate the ways in which the state should demarcate space and organize space-society association within the state’s domain. This framework is built on two dimensions. The first is demarcation principles, which can be defined in terms of either fluid frontiers or rigid borders. The second is sociospatial organization, which can be portrayed in terms of heterogeneity or homogeneity. This framework then produces four distinct territorial orders: mosaic, monolithic, amorphous, and virulent. The third step elaborates on the ways in which these four territorial orders can affect how states and societies approach war over territory. Finally, the chapter offers a novel theory that specifies how wars, especially systemic wars, affect territorial orders. Doing so, it distinguishes between the impacts of these wars in the Global North and Global South.
(Re)Materializing Intersectionality in Transnational Context
Authors: Spitzer Denise L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Informed by feminist geography, critical race theory, and decades of empirical research with older Somali refugee women in Canada, this chapter examines how intersectionality is (re)materialized both within and outside their diasporic community in different transnational locations. The chapter argues that greater attention needs to be paid to spatial and temporal dimensions to better conceptualize intersectionality as an analytical lens for political mobilization among refugees and immigrants. The constellation of social markers that comprise intersectionality and situate migrants and their communities within social hierarchies profoundly influence access to socioeconomic resources, constructions of identity, and how these women respond to their immigration situations. Notably, the chapter concludes that, for immigrants, intersectional status is not static; hence social identities and locations fluctuate across place and time. Subsequently, migrating across borders involves moving into new social landscapes, which invariably engenders shifts in social positioning.
What Data for Evidence-Informed Migration Policies in Africa and Europe?
Authors: Schöfberger Irene , Rango Marzia 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines policies and transnational efforts aimed at enhancing the availability and timeliness of data on migration from North and West Africa and across the Mediterranean. It argues that efforts to support evidence-based policymaking and programming are informed by changing policy priorities in migrants’ countries of origin, transit, and destination. The chapter further argues that research attention has tended to focus on the analysis of either shifts in transnational migration policies or migration-related trends based on newly available data, and less on how processes of policy negotiation and the production of evidence on migration interact. The chapter fills this gap by exploring how transnational efforts to improve data on migration in West and North Africa and across the Mediterranean have been interrelated with transnational policymaking processes, particularly in the migration policy context of Africa–EU relations.
Intersectionality and the US Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) Program
Authors: Beltran Karla Rodriguez , Hamilton Erin R. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the US Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, which granted eligible undocumented immigrants who arrived as children deferral from deportation and work authorization. The chapter examines the program from the perspectives of intersectionality, transnationalism, and socioecological systems. It emphasizes the limitations of the program and the immigrant rights movement in the United States. The chapter argues that DACA interacts with race, class, and gender to inform the experiences of program participants, revealing variations in the experiences of DACA recipients. Moreover, the chapter observes that the program generates a new axis of differentiation among immigrants as the policy rationale draws on discourses about “the good migrant” in defining who is deserving of protection, with consequences for recipients and nonrecipients alike. The chapter concludes that the political goals underlying DACA are better served by a vision that emphasizes the heterogeneity of participants’ experiences.
Of Ranks and Peripheries
Authors: Nshimbi Christopher Changwe 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses policy and public discourses on intraregional or continental African migrants and refugees in Southern Africa. The chapter argues that narratives on migrants and refugees, especially in South Africa, present attitudes that construct migrants as a threatening “Other” and that hostility toward immigrants in Southern Africa is rooted in a regional system of labor migration established in the late 19th to early 20th centuries. The chapter analyzes this hostility using intersectionality to consider the ways that, and why, socioeconomic exclusionary frameworks concerning immigrants persist in Southern Africa. It particularly examines the case of immigrants from South Africa’s immediate neighbors that have traditionally supplied it with migrant labor and investigates the roots of discrimination and xenophobia experienced by immigrants from other African countries living in South Africa.
Immigrants as a Potential Development Resource to Countries of Origin
Authors: Okeke-Ihejirika Philomina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the contributions of sub-Saharan Africans to their countries of origin as well as to Canada’s population growth, labor supply, and cultural diversity. It argues that there are synergies between migration and development and that newcomers could constitute a “brain gain” to their home countries as a critical mass that makes important social, political, and economic contributions. The chapter presents data from Alberta, Canada, which suggest that African immigrants’ socioeconomic status and level of satisfaction fall below their pre-migration expectations. It concludes that since Canada relies on newcomers, it should improve their overall welfare and well-being if they are to successfully contribute to their host society’s economy and multicultural heritage. Enhanced well-being for African immigrants could easily translate into gains for both their countries of origin and that of settlement.
“Thou Art Welcome”
Authors: Mfoafo-M’Carthy Magnus 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the mental well-being of racialized immigrants and refugees in Canada, The paper argues that Canada’s current immigration policy accepts immigrants and refugees from different parts of the world who end up faced with challenges associated with acculturation and the stressors involving the immigration process and resettlement. It explains the trajectory of migration; pre-migration, migration, and post-migration, and discusses their impact on the mental health and of immigrants The chapter concludes with recommendations on ways to ameliorate these challenges and suggests guidelines for support through cultural brokers, interpreters, policymakers, and consultation with community organizations.
Conclusion
Authors: Makwarimba Edward , Shizha Edward 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter synthesizes ideas presented in this volume, highlighting major themes and the interconnectedness of the three theoretical and conceptual frameworks (i.e., transnationality, intersectionality, and ecological approach) implicitly and explicitly applied in the volume. The chapter describes an adaptation of all three, a hybrid framework called Framework for Migration Research. The chapter concludes that both transnationality and intersectionality are shaped by the ecological settings and systems that determine the [in]effectiveness of the pre-migration, migration, and post-migration processes. The conclusion reveals that the transnational lives and experiences of immigrants are a result of their multiple new identities. The conclusion cross-references the various chapters to tease out new directions for further migration research, policymaking, theorizing, and settlement and integration programming in ways that strengthen immigrants’ agency and emphasize immigration status and racialized exclusions as key determinants of socioeconomic integration.
Human Sacrifice and African American Muslims in the 1930s
Authors: Boaz Danielle N. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In 1932, in Detroit, Michigan, an African American Muslim named Robert Harris killed his tenant on an altar in his home, as a purported human sacrifice to Allah. In the weeks that followed, as Harris was prosecuted for murder and ultimately was sent to an insane asylum, newspapers across the country declared that Detroit was home to a “voodoo cult,” and that Black Muslims in the city offered human sacrifices to their “gods.” This was likely the first time that Black people in the United States were suspected of belonging to a religious organization centered on ritual murder. This chapter explores how the actions of this unstable man led to an entirely new interpretation of domestic “voodoo” and had profound repercussions for the Nation of Islam that continue to the present day.
Comparative Planetology and Serendipity
Authors: Munévar Gonzalo 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores comparative planetology and serendipity. NASA’s investigation of Venus’s atmosphere led to the discovery of the threat to the Earth’s ozone layer. Satellite monitoring has helped the program to save the ozone layer. Because of serendipity, exploring the solar system improves our views of the Earth. To understand the Earth’s systems, we need to understand what kind of planet it is—an understanding tested by examining other solar system bodies. Knowledge of the history of the Earth makes some mechanisms more plausible than others; for example, plate tectonics requires tens of millions of years. Mars and Neptune are part of the context for the theory of planetesimals and the Earth’s formation. Space science explains the Moon’s effects on the Earth’s climate, how to prevent giant asteroid collisions, Apollo’s evidence for the formation of the Moon, CO2 on Mars and Venus, and Venus’s ocean loss. It offers creative solutions to the CO2 problem on the Earth: solar power satellites and solar shields for energy and temperature control.
Moral Reality and Moral Progress
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the notion of moral progress and moral reality. The advancement of moral progress implies some form of realism about moral truth and suggests that moral propositions can be true or false independent of what people believe. Meanwhile, the truth of a moral proposition cannot be distinguished from the existence of a reason for people to conduct themselves in the way it prescribes. The chapter notes how moral progress is mostly intertwined with political or institutional progress, referencing historical examples such as the abolition of slavery and the replacement of aristocracy with popular sovereignty. It explains that progress requires changes to existing institutions, the creation of new institutions, and consonant changes in norms for both institutions and individuals.
Purging the Odious Scourge of Atrocities
Authors: Cronin Bruce 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Purging the Odious Scourge of Atrocities explains the growth of a small body of human rights law that is binding on all states regardless of whether they have accepted it by signing treaties or whether it is consistent with widespread state practice. This challenges the doctrine of consent, which has been the foundation of international law for the past several centuries. The book argues that qualitative changes in the form of global governance are leading to an expansion in the underpinnings of international law and its role in contemporary world politics. Specifically, in limited and well-defined areas of international law, states have begun to recognize the authority of collective international consensus over individual state consent as the source of some legal rules. This consensus is produced through extensive deliberation among political leaders within multilateral institutions. The book supports this theory by examining the degree to which the international community has developed a consensus around the legal control of “excessive internal state violence,” this is, a level of coercive force that the international community considers to be disproportionate and illegitimate for pursuing state interests within its own borders. These practices (which the Genocide Convention refers to an “odious scourge”) include widespread, systematic attacks on a civilian population; violent persecution of defined groups; torture; and the violation of civilian immunity in internal armed conflicts. In these cases, state action is subject to general international law that overrides their consent.