bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entrenching International Values through Positive Law
Authors: de Wet Erika 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 by Erika de Wet addresses the overall theme of value change from a legal perspective by analysing the effect of peremptory norms of international law (ius cogens). These norms are hierarchically superior to other legal norms and protect fundamental values of the international community. Taking a critical approach to the concept, she stresses that substantial legal effects of ius cogens have remained limited because states or courts seldom rely on the concept. She, therefore, doubts that ius cogens can shield norms or the underlying values from erosion and offers an explanation why legal norms may erode.
There’s Life in the Old Dog Yet
Authors: Lesch Max , Zimmermann Lisbeth 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Based on an IR perspective, Chapter 6 by Max Lesch and Lisbeth Zimmermann examines a core value of the post-1945 international legal order: the prohibition of torture. This norm has come under pressure by the practices of torture and ill-treatment prevalent in some states and by state representatives’ reinterpretations and discursive contestations in the context of counter-terrorism. Lesch and Zimmermann study the long-term effects of the respective challenges by Israel and the United States from the 1990s to 2010. In particular, they examine four dimensions: two of which are more practice-oriented—compliance and implementation—and two which are more discourse-oriented—concordance and negative reactions to norm violations. Their analysis finds no indication of a value change. Neither the value’s legal status nor its substance have changed.
Changing Perceptions on the Right of Self-Defence
Authors: Burra Srinivas 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 by Srinivas Burra analyses from a legal perspective whether state practice and interpretation have transformed the prohibition of the use of force and the related right of self-defence. Burra engages with the UN Charter meaning, application, changing perceptions, and possible critique from a Third World perspective. This focus highlights the contested legality of applying the right of self-defence against non-state actors operating from another state. Concerning the current state of norm transformation, he stresses that the textual position of the right of self-defence has not changed, while interpretative changes by the promoters of norm change currently dominate the debate. Consequently, the finding of a substantial value change is a matter of ongoing contestation.
The Future We Want? Interlinking Global Sustainability Norm Change, Technology Innovation, and Regime Complexity
Authors: Schwindenhammer Sandra 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 16 by Sandra Schwindenhammer addresses sustainability norms from an IR perspective. Sustainability norms are defined as a collection of connected but distinct legal norms that protect the value of sustainable development. Starting with the Rio Conference of 1992, they can be seen as having contributed to the rise of international law in the 1990s. Schwindenhammer analyses changes in the value-based legal norms of food security, sustainability, biodiversity, and human health. Her case study of genetically modified insect technology engages with two previously overlooked challenges in sustainability governance: regime complexity and technology innovation. In contrast to many other cases analysed in this book, no central international organization has succeeded in setting coherent norms, prioritizing them, or interpreting them authoritatively. Furthermore, technological innovation creates new normative issues, empowers new (private) norm entrepreneurs, and leads to unequal access to norm contestation. Schwindenhammer claims that sustainability norms are encountering substantial value change or a decline in legal validity as they are being played off against other norms or interpreted restrictively.
Mechanical storage systems
Authors: Schmiegel Armin U. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Mechanical storage systems are introduced in this chapter. These kinds of storage systems use either potential energy or kinetic energy to store energy. A key example of a system that uses potential energy is the pumped storage power plant, which is described here. Likewise, the flywheel is described as a contextual example of the storage of kinetic energy. Furthermore, it is possible to use restoring forces. This is done in adiabatic power plants, which are also outlined in this chapter. The additional requirements and system components used for these applications are also discussed. As an application example, a pumped storage power plant is extended with a flywheel so that the aggregated power plant can participate in the power energy market.
New Business Models and the Transformation of Retailing
Authors: Hänninen Mikko 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at how innovations are diffused from first movers to more traditional industry players in the retail sector, focusing specifically on illustrating how new digital business models, such as multi-sided digital platforms and marketplaces, challenge traditional retailers. The Red Queen Effect is a reality in the retail sector, where the competition from new platforms is forcing retailers to develop new competencies and to rethink their business model in order to survive this new era of digital competition. This chapter examines how multi-sided digital platforms and marketplaces are transforming the retail sector. It provides an illustrative example of Amazon.com to show the implications of these platforms on the industry structures and competitive dynamics of the retail sector. Amazon.com, a global pioneer of e-commerce, is a good example of how digitalization creates new business models in retail, which have the potential for changing the entire competitive landscape of the sector in the long term. Today, Amazon is one of the leading retailers in the world and continues to take over new markets and sectors at a rapid rate.
Impact of the Retail Service Experience on Cross-Channel Customer Loyalty
Authors: Nyrhinen Jussi , Karjaluoto Heikki 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Although more than 90 per cent of commerce in the retail sector is still conducted in brick-and-mortar (B&M) stores, the rapid growth of online shopping, especially prior to visiting a physical outlet, is transforming the rules of retailing. Both practitioners and scholars are increasingly trying to understand the interaction between online and offline channels. This chapter seeks to examine this interplay from the perspective of both the cognitive and emotional aspects of service experience, including how they build loyalty in the omni-channel retail environment. This study reports the results of a large-scale consumer survey study (N = 880). These results show that, among omni-channel customers, B&M stores still play a crucial role in forming the service experience. Additionally, the findings elucidate how positive experiences enhance a customer’s willingness to share their personal data with retailers. Finally, this chapter examines the relationships between customer loyalty, which are measured as share of wallet and positive word of mouth, in both the online and offline environments.
Managing Organizational Routines to Win the Retail Race
Authors: Paavola Lauri , Cuthbertson Richard 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an analysis of the field of UK grocery retailing and focuses on specific processes that enable retailers to understand and respond to the behavioural changes of a mass of individual customers. It observes and analyses how different variables behind these specific adaptation processes have resulted in varied performance outcomes and varying paths of development within the field. It shows that the implementation of new technologies and processes is not in itself a solution for organizations. The research in this chapter highlights that the successful management of new technologies and processes requires an understanding of the factors that support their intended outcome. The chapter further argues that an organization can realize the full potential benefits from digitalization only by understanding such factors.
The Future of Retailing
Authors: Cuthbertson Richard , Paavola Lauri 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the overall implications of this book on the new ways of working in a global, digital, consumer society. With future competition defined by the ability to innovate and change rather than the inherent capacity to grow, firms and their management need to focus much more on themselves (rather than competitors) and their own ability to change and to develop their service system, customer experiences, and business models. This development gives rise to a dynamic within the retail sector that makes it necessary for firms to continue to develop their resources just to remain in a similar competitive position. In this book, this spiral of change has been referred to as the Red Queen Effect. This chapter considers wider questions as a result of such developments. What is the role of public decision-makers in a world of ecosystems, networked routines, and individual customer engagement? Where are the boundaries of competition when commercial firm strategies are collaborative? What are the implications for employment in a networked platform of global and local providers? What is the balance between transport infrastructure and real estate planning to support customer convenience and customer experience? How can public policy best ensure a sustainable, innovative, and competitive service sector?
The Ancient Geomagnetic Field
Authors: Lowrie William 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
When averaged over a long enough interval of time, the Earth’s magnetic field is that of an axial dipole at the center of the Earth. The geocentric axial dipole hypothesis (GAD) forms the basis of understanding the ancient geomagnetic field. Rocks acquire thermal or sedimentary magnetization during their formation that provide evidence of the paleomagnetic field at that time. Rock magnetizations are analyzed, and, assuming the GAD hypothesis, the apparent position of the geomagnetic pole is calculated for the age of the rock. The motion of a continent can be traced from its apparent polar wander path. By comparing the paths of continents that coexisted, paleomagnetism allows the reconstruction of supercontinents. The magnetizations of some igneous and sedimentary rocks show alternating polarities with their age, accompanying changes in the polarity of the Earth’s magnetic field while they formed. Magnetic stratigraphy has revealed the geomagnetic polarity record during the past 250 Myr.
A View from the US Copyright Office: Serving the Public, Congress, the Courts, and More from 2001 to 2021
Authors: Strong Maria 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The US Copyright Office marked its 150-year anniversary in 2020, and held a year of celebratory events into 2021. This chapter looks at several Copyright Office workstreams, achievements, and trends during the first twenty-one years of this millennium, January 2001 through December 2021. Congress adopted important new copyright legislation and also requested that the Office conduct policy studies and reports, several of which later became law. As a result of legislative activity on copyright, there has been a rise in regulatory activity necessary to implement new laws. In addition, the Copyright Office had been steadfastly committed to its work in administering the Copyright Act, which includes its registration, recordation, and statutory licensing services, all of which are especially important given that the ever-expanding digital environment created new ways for the Office to deliver its services. Finally, looking beyond our borders, international developments, ranging from multilateral to bilateral work, kept the Office busy in its role to advise Congress and the executive agencies on both international and domestic copyright matters.
Perspectives on International Image Rights over the Past Twenty Years
Authors: Mostert Frederick , Cruz Sheyna 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Image rights enable individuals to stop the unauthorized use of their publicly identifiable attributes, typically their name, likeness, voice, or other personal indicia (in sum, their ‘image’). Unlike widely recognized intellectual property rights like copyright, patents, and trade marks, image rights have developed in a piecemeal, organic fashion, with differences in their nature and scope in various jurisdictions. Nonetheless, we conclude from an evaluation of approaches in the US, Europe, China, and the UK that image rights protection is on a growth trajectory, having undergone an overall expansion in the past twenty years, especially with the advent of the digital era. Turning to the present and future of image rights, we discuss emerging applications of image rights in the context of deepfakes, influencer marketing, digital avatars, and non-fungible tokens (NFTs). Additionally, online platform guidelines and actions are coalescing into de facto protection of an individual’s persona in an increasingly borderless, digital world. In such an environment, the interrelationships between a person’s autonomy, dignity, privacy, and economic aspects of reputation will require a more joined-up approach which is starting to emerge. We discuss this harmonizing trend as well as the current practical difficulties in enforcing image rights online, and suggest some solutions to these issues.
Lessons from the TRIPS Waiver Debate
Authors: Gervais Daniel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The seemingly interminable discussions under the aegis of the World Trade Organization (WTO), on a possible conditional waiver of certain obligations under the TRIPS Agreement, ostensibly aim to increase access to vaccines and treatments to help WTO members address the public health emergency created by the novel coronavirus, the Covid-19 pandemic. While much of the discussions concerning a possible waiver focused on patents, the thorniest legal issues were not about patents, because removing patent protection means that information disclosed in a patent application can then be used, but rather the protection of confidential information, such as trade secrets, because removing that protection does not provide access to such information. Its disclosure must be coerced if not made voluntarily. This chapter examines the legal issues concerning coerced disclosure and discusses whether such disclosure would be effective. It then draws additional lessons from the Covid-19 pandemic on the future of vaccine and other pharmaceutical research.
Patentability of Software in Europe
Authors: Pearce David 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The EPO’s current approach to patentability of software, or computer-implemented inventions (CII), as decided by an established line of reasoning at the Boards of Appeal, is that to be patentable an invention must have novel features that contribute to the technical character of the invention in a non-obvious way. Attempts have been made to challenge this approach, but to date without any significant movement. Referrals have been made to the Enlarged Board in 2008 and 2019, but both resulted in no significant change in how CIIs are examined at the EPO. This chapter provides a brief review of the development of the lines of reasoning, and the IPKat’s involvement, starting with the referral in 2008.
Standard Essential Patents and FRAND Licensing: The Evolution of the European Approach
Authors: Barazza Stefano 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The licensing of standard-essential patents (SEPs) on fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms has become one of the most significant issues in patent law in the last decade. Already in 2013, three leading economists had called for regulatory intervention to prevent anti-competitive behaviours in SEP licensing—a call to action that has contributed to bringing the issue to the attention of the European courts and legislators. This chapter reviews the evolution of the European approach to SEPs and FRAND licensing, distinguishing three phases: (i) a long-standing soft-line approach increasingly challenged by academic debate (1980s–2009), (ii) a series of competition law investigations that demonstrated the existence of anti-competitive SEP licensing practices (2009–14), and (iii) the increasingly important role played by the courts and the potential for legislative action (2015–present). The last decade has profoundly transformed our understanding of the standardization phenomenon; the next decade appears set to bring about regulatory changes that will shape the future of SEPs and FRAND licensing.
The Doctrine of Equivalents in the UK Following Actavis v Lilly
Authors: Smyth Darren , Vahdat Azadeh 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the development of the doctrine of equivalents in the UK starting from the first instance decision of Mr Justice Arnold (as he then was) in the case of Actavis v Lilly, and the subsequent appeal to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court decision is analysed its historical context. Further development of the doctrine of equivalents, applying the new Supreme Court case law in later decisions of courts in the UK is also described, and areas of ambiguity left by the Supreme Court decision that remain to be resolved are assessed. The difficulties created for third parties by the new law are indicated, and it is questioned whether the benefit of patentees is achieved at the cost of too much detriment to third parties and potential infringers.
Twenty Years of SPC Case Law: A Long Way to Go in the Quest for Clarity
Authors: Papadopoulou Frantzeska 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The SPC Regulation has been criticized for being a badly written, vague legal text. Its choice of terminology, attempting to bridge the patent system to that of the marketing authorization, as well as the structure of the administrative procedure, entrusting an important part of the interpretation and application of the regulation to national administrative authorities, created an uncertain legal environment and gave rise to a plethora of CJEU rulings. This chapter reviews CJEU rulings of central importance from the past twenty years, a review of outmost importance taking into consideration that entrance into force of the Unitary patent brings the discussion on the future of the regulation to a critical point.
Jane Austen’s Mansfield Park and the Treatment of Intellectual Property
Authors: Wilkof Neil 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The connection between literature and intellectual property is usually approached by asking how copyright protects literary works. But the question can be asked in the reverse: how does literature treat intellectual property? The works of the nineteenth-century English author, Jane Austen, are especially instructive. Because of the social realism underpinning Austen’s approach to the novel, her fictional narrative is suffused with punctilious attention to the place and time of her period. This chapter will discuss how Austen, in her novel Mansfield Park, sheds light on the state of copyright and the circulating library, and on the then nascent form of commercial reputation.
The Open Source Licensing Phenomenon: Pledge, Transformation, and Lessons Learnt
Authors: Giedrimaite Ieva 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the nature of an open source licensing phenomenon, its principles, evolution, and impact. It analyses the typical features pertaining to different types of open source licences, their correlation with the conventional copyright concepts, and certain risks associated with the commercial use of open source software (Section 1). It further overviews open source enforcement efforts, their outcome, and potential ramifications for user compliance (Section 2). This chapter ultimately proposes recommendations for open source considerations in commercial transactions (Section 3). The scope of this analysis excludes the discussion of patent licensing and primarily focuses on the US jurisdiction.
AI Narratives and the French Touch
Authors: Chalmers Madeleine 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century French culture explores the birth of the technologies which underpin our contemporary life, from audio-visual recording to industrial automation. This chapter proposes that there is a uniquely French mode of approaching what we would now recognize as artificial intelligence (AI): a mode that is distinct from the fragmentation of Anglo–American modernism or the fascist sex-and-speed machines of Italian futurism. The French touch lies in its meta-reflexive narrative play, which allows it to test out technological and political scenarios. This chapter teases out its specificity by turning to two critically overlooked late nineteenth-century narratives and suggests that looking back to these imaginings of the past can help us to navigate our technological present.
Boys from a Suitcase
Authors: Pervushin Anton 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys the history of artificial intelligence (AI) in Soviet science fiction from 1924–1991. It identifies three plot trends. First, it investigates the trope of AI as the new proletariat through its use as cheap labour: such machines would consider humankind their oppressors, and eventually attempt to destroy them. This trend was initially adapted from Karel Čapek’s R.U.R. (1921) in the light of the 1917 revolution. Second, it looks at AI as an instrument used by bourgeois society to further exploit the proletariat. This trend supported the Soviet ideology that condemned cybernetics. Third, it explores the idea that people would want AI to acquire emotions and understand human norms and values. This trend emerged during the golden age of Soviet science fiction, which began in 1957 and was influenced by Isaac Asimov’s I, Robot (1950). The TV series The Adventures of Electronic (Приключения Электроника, 1980) shows that these trends consolidated into two stereotypes: the evil robot and the funny robot.
Afrofuturismo and the Aesthetics of Resistance to Algorithmic Racism in Brazil
Authors: King Edward 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
From facial recognition systems to search engines, the embedding of racist biases within software systems in an increasingly networked society has become a focus of attention in recent years. This ‘algorithmic racism’ has been particularly visible in Brazil due to a political climate under far-right President Jair Bolsonaro that has normalized racist discourse, as well as the conjunction of high rates of Internet connectivity through smartphone ownership and low levels of literacy. This chapter explores the use of Afrofuturist aesthetics by artists and activists in Brazil to challenge these biases. Practitioners such as the filmmaker Adirley Quierós and multimedia artist Vitória Cribb propose alternatives to the conflation of digital interfaces and whiteness. Rather than call for ‘inclusion’ within or ‘recognition’ by existing software systems, they use speculative aesthetics and narratives to produce alternative configurations of racialized bodies and technologies.