bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acceleration of cosmic rays in presence of magnetohydrodynamic fluctuations at small scales
Authors: Kundu Sayan , Singh Nishant K , Vaidya Bhargav 
Published: July 2023

ABSTRACT
This work investigates the evolution of the distribution of charged particles (cosmic rays) due to the mechanism of stochastic turbulent acceleration (STA) in presence of small-scale turbulence with a mean magnetic field. STA is usually modelled as a biased random walk process in the momentum space of the non-thermal particles. This results in an advection-diffusion type transport equation for the non-thermal particle distribution function. Under quasi-linear approximation, and by assuming turbulent spectra with power being available only in the sub-gyroscale range, we find that the Fokker–Planck diffusion coefficients Dγγ and Dμμ scale with the Lorentz factor γ as Dγγ ∝ γ−2/3 and Dμμ ∝ γ−8/3. We consider Alfvèn and fast waves in our calculations, and find a universal trend for the momentum diffusion coefficient irrespective of the properties of the small-scale turbulence. Such universality has already been reported regarding the spatial diffusion of the cosmic rays, and, here too, we observe a universality in the momentum diffusion coefficient. Furthermore, with the calculated transport coefficients, we numerically solve the advection-diffusion-type transport equation for the non-thermal particles. We demonstrate the interplay of various mircophysical processes such as STA, synchrotron loss, and particle escape on the particle distribution by systematically varying the parameters of the problem. We observe that the effect of the small-scale turbulence is more impactful for the high-energy protons as compared to the electrons and such turbulence is capable of sustaining the energy of the protons from catastrophic radiative loss processes. Such a finding is novel and helps us to enhance our understanding about the hadronic emission processes that are typically considered as a competitor for the leptonic emission for certain astrophysical systems.
Multiwavelength afterglow emission from bursts associated with magnetar flares and fast radio bursts
Authors: Wei Yujia , Zhang B Theodore , Murase Kohta 
Published: July 2023

ABSTRACT
Magnetars have been considered as progenitors of magnetar giant flares (MGFs) and fast radio bursts (FRBs). We present detailed studies on afterglow emissions caused by bursts that occur in their wind nebulae and surrounding baryonic ejecta. In particular, following the bursts-in-bubble model, we analytically and numerically calculate spectra and light curves of such afterglow emission. We scan parameter space for the detectability of radio signals, and find that a burst with ∼1045 erg is detectable with the Very Large Array or other next-generation radio facilities. The detection of multiwavelength afterglow emission from MGFs and/or FRBs is of great significance for their localization and revealing their progenitors, and we estimate the number of detectable afterglow events.
Internal transcription termination widely regulates differential expression of operon-organized genes including ribosomal protein and RNA polymerase genes in an archaeon
Authors: Zhang Wenting , Ren Derong , Li Zhihua , Yue Lei , Whitman William B , Dong Xiuzhu , Li Jie 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Genes organized within operons in prokaryotes benefit from coordinated expression. However, within many operons, genes are expressed at different levels, and the mechanisms for this remain obscure. By integrating PacBio-seq, dRNA-seq, Term-seq and Illumina-seq data of a representative archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis, internal transcription termination sites (ioTTSs) were identified within 38% of operons. Higher transcript and protein abundances were found for genes upstream than downstream of ioTTSs. For representative operons, these differences were confirmed by northern blotting, qRT-PCR and western blotting, demonstrating that these ioTTS terminations were functional. Of special interest, mutation of ioTTSs in ribosomal protein (RP)-RNA polymerase (RNAP) operons not only elevated expression of the downstream RNAP genes but also decreased production of the assembled RNAP complex, slowed whole cell transcription and translation, and inhibited growth. Overexpression of the RNAP subunits with a shuttle vector generated the similar physiological effects. Therefore, ioTTS termination is a general and physiologically significant regulatory mechanism of the operon gene expression. Because the RP-RNAP operons are found to be widely distributed in archaeal species, this regulatory mechanism could be commonly employed in archaea.
Phosphorylation of ADAPTOR PROTEIN-2 μ-adaptin by ADAPTOR-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 regulates the tropic growth of Arabidopsis roots
Authors: Siao Wei , Wang Peng , Zhao Xiuyang , Vu Lam Dai , De Smet Ive , Russinova Eugenia 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
ADAPTOR-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASE1 (AAK1) is a known regulator of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in mammals. Human AAK1 phosphorylates the μ2 subunit of the ADAPTOR PROTEIN-2 (AP-2) complex (AP2M) and plays important roles in cell differentiation and development. Previous interactome studies discovered the association of AAK1 with AP-2 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), but its function was unclear. Here, genetic analysis revealed that the Arabidopsis aak1 and ap2m mutants both displayed altered root tropic growth, including impaired touch- and gravity-sensing responses. In Arabidopsis, AAK1-phosphorylated AP2M on Thr-163, and expression of the phospho-null version of AP2M in the ap2m mutant led to an aak1-like phenotype, whereas the phospho-mimic forms of AP2M rescued the aak1 mutant. In addition, we found that the AAK1-dependent phosphorylation state of AP2M modulates the frequency distribution of endocytosis. Our data indicate that the phosphorylation of AP2M on Thr-163 by AAK1 fine-tunes endocytosis in the Arabidopsis root to control its tropic growth.
Comparison of red raspberry and wild strawberry fruits reveals mechanisms of fruit type specification
Authors: Zhou Junhui , Li Muzi , Li Yongping , Xiao Yuwei , Luo Xi , Gao Shenglan , Ma Zhimin , Sadowski Norah , Timp Winston , Dardick Chris , Callahan Ann , Mount Stephen M , Liu Zhongchi 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Belonging to Rosaceae, red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca) are closely related species with distinct fruit types. While the numerous ovaries become the juicy drupelet fruits in raspberry, their strawberry counterparts become dry and tasteless achenes. In contrast, while the strawberry receptacle, the stem tip, enlarges to become a red fruit, the raspberry receptacle shrinks and dries. The distinct fruit-forming ability of homologous organs in these 2 species allows us to investigate fruit type determination. We assembled and annotated the genome of red raspberry (R. idaeus) and characterized its fruit development morphologically and physiologically. Subsequently, transcriptomes of dissected and staged raspberry fruit tissues were compared to those of strawberry from a prior study. Class B MADS box gene expression was negatively associated with fruit-forming ability, which suggested a conserved inhibitory role of class B heterodimers, PISTILLATA/TM6 or PISTILLATA/APETALA3, for fruit formation. Additionally, the inability of strawberry ovaries to develop into fruit flesh was associated with highly expressed lignification genes and extensive lignification of the ovary pericarp. Finally, coexpressed gene clusters preferentially expressed in the dry strawberry achenes were enriched in “cell wall biosynthesis” and “ABA signaling,” while coexpressed clusters preferentially expressed in the fleshy raspberry drupelets were enriched in “protein translation.” Our work provides extensive genomic resources as well as several potential mechanisms underlying fruit type specification. These findings provide the framework for understanding the evolution of different fruit types, a defining feature of angiosperms.
Empowerment and capacity of external police oversight: The paradox of the Control Yuan in Taiwan
Authors: Ho Lawrence Ka-ki , Li Angus Siu-cheong , Chan Jason Kwun-hong 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Prevailing scholarly literature generally suggested the significance of an externally empowered oversight agency to ensure the public accountability of the police. As an electoral democratic regime, Taiwan’s model of police oversight is characterized by the parallel existence of both internal and external investigative bodies. The Control Yuan is a constitutionally empowered ‘super ombudsman’ to monitor the integrity management of civil servants including the police. This thematic research studies the reflection of ‘insiders’—the Control Yuan members who have taken part in police misconduct hearings, on this mechanism that is uncommon in western democracies. Paradoxically, the respondents generally questioned the effectiveness of this powerful establishment with both abundant human resources and legal authorization. The technical competence among investigators and party politics in agenda setting are also perceived as structural limitations of the current mechanism.
The Democratic Mission of Higher Education: A Review Essay
Authors: Levine Peter 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Controversies about speech on college campuses attract intense popular attention. Three recent books analyze campus speech as one of the ways that academia affects American democracy. In The Channels of Student Activism, Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder argue that college-student activists respond to incentives. Progressive students have opportunities to engage closely with their universities but often end up frustrated, while conservative students get support from national organizations to work off-campus and endorse conservative visiting speakers as a way of influencing their own institutions. Among other recommendations, Binder and Kidder suggest that universities should promote democratic values by adopting more persuasive positions about controversial speech. In Cancel Wars, Sigal-Ben Porath defends one such position: universities should avoid censorship and punitive responses to speech while actively ensuring that all members of their community are valued. In What Universities Owe Democracy, Johns Hopkins University President Ronald J. Daniels argues that higher education affects democracy in many ways beyond explicit political speech, and he presents recommendations that involve admissions, curricular reform, and research. Levine finds many helpful insights and suggestions in these books but adds reasons to doubt the democratic potential of prestigious colleges and universities. He advocates serious public investment in democratic education for children and for adults who are not students.
Influences of Financial and Workplace Factors on Physical Therapist Job Satisfaction
Authors: Mulligan Edward P , Hegedus Eric J , Foucrier Jeffrey , Dickson Tara 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Objective
The physical therapist labor market has recently noted higher rates of turnover and job vacancies. An understudied factor contributing to these trends in the profession is job satisfaction. The profession continues to experience relatively low wages compared with other health professions, and graduates of Doctor of Physical Therapy programs face increasingly high student debt. This study used the labor-search model as a conceptual framework to understand associations between job satisfaction, income, and educational debt. The purpose of this study is to observe the financial and workplace factors that are associated with higher levels of physical therapist job satisfaction.

Methods
Data from 4764 physical therapists in 1 state were captured retrospectively through the state’s licensure renewal process from 2014 to 2020. A random effects panel analysis, with job satisfaction as the dependent variable, was used to evaluate the relationships between job satisfaction and income, educational debt, and a variety of work-related factors.

Results
Job satisfaction was negatively correlated with educational debt, number of hours worked per week, and some practice settings. Conversely, job satisfaction was positively correlated with the expected age of retirement. The percentage of time spent in research and administration was also positively correlated with job satisfaction, though additional research in this area is needed to draw meaningful conclusions on this association.

Conclusion
The results support the conceptual framework, which suggests that early career physical therapists, motivated by high amounts of educational debt, may choose more financially advantageous practice settings and increased working hours to the detriment of job satisfaction.

Impact
High levels of job satisfaction among physical therapists are correlated with low levels of educational debt, working 45 hours or less per week, a longer time horizon until retirement, and practice settings other than home health and skilled nursing facilities.
Lunar far-side radio arrays: a preliminary site survey
Authors: Le Conte Zoe A , Elvis Martin , Gläser Philipp A 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The origin and evolution of structure in the Universe could be studied in the Dark Ages. The highly redshifted H i signal between 30 &lt; z &lt; 80 is the only observable signal from this era. Human radio interference and ionospheric effects limit Earth-based radio astronomy to frequencies &gt;30 MHz. To observe the low-frequency window with research from compact steep spectrum sources, pulsars, and solar activity, a 200 km baseline lunar far-side radio interferometer has been much discussed. This paper conducts a preliminary site survey of potential far-side craters, which are few in number on the mountainous lunar far-side. Based on LRO LOLA data, 200 m resolution topographic maps of eight far-side sites were produced, and slope and roughness maps were derived from them. A figure of merit was created to determine the optimum site. Three sites are identified as promising. There is a need to protect these sites for astronomy.
The Nature of the Familial Risk for Psychosis in Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S , Abrahamsson Linda , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Background and Hypothesis
To clarify whether the familial liability to psychosis associated with bipolar disorder (BD) is nonspecific or has a greater effect on risk for psychosis in cases with prominent mood symptoms and/or a remitting course.

Study Design
We examined, in 984 809 offspring raised in intact families in Sweden, born 1980–1996 and followed-up through 2018, by multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression, risk in offspring of parents with BD for 7 psychotic disorders: Psychotic MD (PMD), psychotic BD (PBD), schizoaffective disorder (SAD), acute psychoses, psychosis NOS, delusional disorder (DD) and schizophrenia (SZ). Diagnoses were obtained from national registers.

Study Results
In the offspring of BD parents, the hazard ratios (HR) for these 7 disorders formed an inverted U-shaped curve, rising from 2.98 for PMD, to peak at 4.49 for PBD and 5.25 for SAD, and then declining to a HR of 3.48 for acute psychoses and 3.22 for psychosis NOS, to a low of 2.19 for DD and 2.33 for SZ. A similar pattern of risks was seen in offspring of mothers and fathers affected with BD and in offspring predicted from age at onset in their BD parent.

Conclusions
The BD-associated risk for psychosis impacts most strongly on mood disorders, moderately on episodic psychotic syndromes, and least on chronic psychotic disorders. These results support prior clinical studies suggesting a qualitative difference in the familial substrate for psychosis occurring in BD and SZ.
Long-term efficacy and safety of tonic motor activation for treatment of medication-refractory restless legs syndrome: A 24-Week Open-Label Extension Study
Authors: Roy Asim , Ojile Joseph , Kram Jerrold , Olin Jonathan , Rosenberg Russell , Hudson J Douglas , Bogan Richard K , Charlesworth Jonathan D 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Study Objectives
To evaluate long-term efficacy and safety of tonic motor activation (TOMAC) for treatment of medication-refractory moderate-to-severe primary restless legs syndrome (RLS).

Methods
In the parent study (RESTFUL), adults with refractory RLS were randomized to active TOMAC or sham for 4 weeks followed by 4 weeks of open-label active TOMAC. In the extension study, earlier RESTFUL completers comprised the control group (n = 59), which was followed for 24 weeks with no TOMAC intervention, and later RESTFUL completers compromised the treatment group (n = 44), which received 24 additional weeks of open-label active TOMAC followed by no intervention for 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was Clinician Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I) responder rate at week 24 compared to RESTFUL entry.

Results
CGI-I responder rate improved from 63.6% (95% CI, 49.4 to 77.9%) at RESTFUL completion to 72.7% (95% CI, 58.2 to 83.7%) at week 24 for the treatment group versus 13.6% (95% CI, 7.0 to 24.5%) at week 24 for the control group (p &lt; 0.0001). Mean change in International RLS Rating Scale (IRLS) score improved from −7.4 (95% CI, −5.6 to −9.2) at RESTFUL completion to -11.3 points (95% CI, −8.8 to −13.9) at week 24 for the treatment group versus −5.4 (95% CI, −3.7 to −7.2) at week 24 for control group (p = 0.0001). All efficacy endpoints partially reverted during cessation of treatment. There were no grade 2 or higher device-related adverse events.

Conclusions
TOMAC remained safe and efficacious for &gt;24 total weeks of treatment with partial reversion of benefits upon cessation.

Clinical Trial
Extension Study Evaluating NTX100 Neuromodulation System for Medication-Refractory Primary RLS; clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05196828; Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with the identifier number NCT05196828.
IEnglish Language
Authors: Kostadinova Viktorija , Wiemann Marco , Dreschler Gea , Bouso Tamara , Gyuris Beáta , Zhong Ai , Scott Maggie , Anderwald Lieselotte , Ahlers Wiebke , Vida-Mannl Manuela , Al-Thubaiti Kholoud A , Ting Shawnea Sum Pok , Parise Ida , Cogo Alessia , Reber Elisabeth 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter has thirteen sections: 1. General; 2. History of English Linguistics; 3. Phonetics and Phonology; 4. Morphology; 5. Syntax; 6. Semantics; 7. Lexicography, Lexicology, and Lexical Semantics; 8. Onomastics; 9. Dialectology and Sociolinguistics; 10. New Englishes and Creolistics; 11. Second Language Acquisition; 12. English as a Lingua Franca; 13. Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis. Sections 1 and 2 are by Viktorija Kostadinova; section 3 is by Marco Wiemann; sections 4 and 5 are by Gea Dreschler and Tamara Bouso; section 6 is by Beáta Gyuris; section 7 is by Ai Zhong; section 8 is by Maggie Scott; section 9 is by Lieselotte Anderwald; section 10 is by Wiebke Ahlers and Manuela Vida-Mannl; section 11 is by Kholoud A. Al-Thubaiti; section 12 is by Shawnea Sum Pok Ting, Ida Parise, and Alessia Cogo; section 13 is by Elisabeth Reber.
Aberrant activation of estrogen receptor‐α signaling in Mettl14‐deficient uteri impairs embryo implantation
Authors: Kobayashi Ryosuke , Kawabata‐Iwakawa Reika , Terakawa Jumpei , Sugiyama Makoto , Morita Sumiyo , Horii Takuro , Hatada Izuho 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe precise control of endometrial receptivity is crucial for successful embryo implantation, which is strictly regulated by the ovarian steroid hormones estrogen and progesterone. Despite our improved understanding of the genetic regulation of implantation downstream of the action of hormones, we do not know much about the epigenetic regulation that occurs during early pregnancy. To investigate the role of the N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification in embryo implantation, we generated mice with conditional deletion of Mettl14, a core component of the m6A writer complex, in the uterus. These mice were infertile due to implantation failure. We showed that Mettl14‐deficient uteri had aberrant upregulation of estrogen receptor α (ERα) signaling and ERα phosphorylation, but progesterone receptor (PGR) signaling was largely unaffected. Additionally, Mettl14 deletion led to abnormal activation of the innate immune pathway in Mettl14‐deficient uteri. This effect was accompanied by the infiltration of immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, into the basal region of the endometrial epithelium. Methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP‐seq) showed that genes involved in the innate immune response had decreased m6A peaks in Mettl14‐deficient mice. These results suggest that Mettl14 plays a crucial role in successful implantation by precisely regulating both ERα signaling and innate immunity in the uterus.
Cost-utility Analysis of Evoke closed-loop Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Back and Leg Pain
Authors: Duarte Rui V. , Bentley Anthony , Soliday Nicole , Leitner Angela , Gulve Ashish , Staats Peter S. , Sayed Dawood , Falowski Steven M. , Hunter Corey W. , Taylor Rod S. 
Published: July 2023

Objectives:
The effectiveness of Evoke closed-loop spinal cord stimulation (CL-SCS), a novel modality of neurostimulation, has been demonstrated in a randomised controlled trial (RCT). The objective of this cost-utility analysis was to develop a de novo economic model to estimate the cost-effectiveness Evoke CL-SCS when compared to open-loop SCS (OL-SCS) for the management of chronic back and leg pain.

Methods:
A decision tree followed by a Markov model were used to estimate costs and outcomes of Evoke CL-SCS versus OL-SCS over a 15-year time horizon from the UK National Health Service perspective. A ‘high-responder’ health state was included to reflect improved levels of SCS pain reduction recently reported. Results are expressed as incremental cost per quality adjusted life year (QALY). Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) were conducted to assess uncertainty in the model inputs.

Results:
Evoke CL-SCS was estimated to be the dominant treatment strategy at approximately 5 years post-implant (i.e., generates more QALYs while cost-saving compared to OL-SCS). PSA showed that Evoke CL-SCS has a 92% likelihood of being cost-effective at a willingness to pay threshold of £20,000/QALY. Results were robust across a wide range of scenario and sensitivity analyses.

Discussion:
The results indicate a strong economic case for the use of Evoke CL-SCS in the management of chronic back and leg pain with or without prior spinal surgery with dominance observed at approximately 5 years.