bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Prevention of Mumps
Authors: Henle Gertrude , Stokes Joseph , Burgoon Jane S. , Bashe Winslow J. , Burgoon Carrol F. , Henle Werner 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments have been reported on the response of human beings to oral spraying of attenuated active mumps virus. Among 410 children judged susceptible by negative histories and serological tests, 6 developed mild signs of infection.
Up to 93% of the children in the individual groups responded with antibodies as measured by complement fixation technic. The frequency of response depended on the concentration of virus used. The preparations contained originally between 107.5 to 108.9 ID50 for chick embryos. When diluted 10- or 100-fold before spraying, the incidence of response fell to about 50% and less than 10%, respectively. Antibodies to the soluble antigen, as a rule, exceeded those against the virus antigen. Hemagglutination-inhibition tests in a small number of cases revealed formation of antibodies in 60%. In most instances the serological tests were negative one year after the spraying. However, following skin testing at that time, the antibody response was greater in these children than in comparable control subjects.
Experimental exposure of 4 children to mumps virus 3 months after immunization failed to elicit the disease, whereas 4 out of 6 controls developed clinical evidence of mumps. Of the larger groups treated by this procedure only those in one institution had been definitely exposed to mumps 8 months later. Eight cases occurred among the non-immunized children, mainly new admissions to the school.
Although these data permit no conclusion they justify further exploration of this method of active immunization.
Experimental Hypersensitivity in the Rabbit
Authors: Latta Harrison 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method for iodinating proteins with radioactive iodine and a method for mass assay of relative concentrations in animal tissues are given. A modified method is described for estimating radiation dosage of a whole animal from the amounts of radioactivity given and excreted.
Iodinated bovine serum gamma globulin, when injected intravenously into rabbits in massive doses, largely disappeared from the blood and tissues within nine days. Iodinated human albumin persisted in some animals for two weeks. The iodine excreted in the urine is not bound to protein.
In exsanguinated but unperfused rabbits the tissue concentrations (except for the thyroid) were about one fourth to one twentieth of the blood concentrations. The concentration in any one tissue at a given time was roughly proportional to the blood concentration. Because of this no correlation could be drawn between the tissue concentrations and the known sites of hypersensitive lesions. The lymph nodes appeared to concentrate the foreign protein, especially in the medulla, out of proportion to their blood content.
Antigenicity of Sarcomata Undergoing Atrophy in Rats
Authors: Lewis Margaret Reed , Aptekman Paul Myron 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Occlusion of the blood supply of sarcomata which had grown for 10 to 11 days in susceptible rats resulted in atrophy of the treated tumors. Malignant tissue which had undergone atrophy owing to lack of an adequate blood supply for two to four days failed to grow when transplanted into susceptible rats.
Subsequent implantations of viable sarcoma tissue failed to grow in 70 per cent of the rats injected with malignant tissue which had undergone atrophy for two days and in 100 per cent of the rats injected with tumor tissue which had undergone atrophy for three or four days.
Atrophying tumor tissue resulting from this type of operation may be said to be antigenic (5); its transplantation into susceptible rats brought about the development of tumor-immunity in the recipients.
The Purification of Tetanus Toxoid by Ammonium Sulfate Fractionation
Authors: Levine Leo , Stone Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A simple method for the routine purification of tetanus toxoid for use in prophylactics has been presented. The products have been evaluated with respect to purity, yield, antigenicity, and stability. Of 34 runs, 21 furnished between 40 and 80% of the original activity with a mean increase in purity of 29%. The reported yield and degree of purification of the remaining 13 runs were probably distorted due to non-specific flocculation of the crude toxoids. Useful concentrates of adequate antigenicity and stability were obtained by this method.
Western Equine and St. Louis Encephalitis Viruses in the Blood of Experimentally Infected Wild Birds and Epidemiological Implications of Findings
Authors: Hammon W. McD. , Reeves W. C. , Sather Gladys E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Several species of wild birds from Kern County, California were inoculated subcutaneously with high dilutions of western equine and St. Louis viruses. This frequently resulted in readily detectable viremia beginning within 24 hours after inoculation. With the western equine virus, viremia attained titers up to 10−6 and lasted 3 to 4 days. Antibody developed within 15 to 29 days following inoculation in all those adequately tested. Birds inoculated with St. Louis virus developed much lower titers of viremia, usually detectable only in the undiluted and the 10−1 dilution and only once detected at a level of 10−4. These titers are comparable to those found previously in domestic fowls, and mosquitoes had become infected in repeated instances following feedings made on these fowl. The inoculated birds in these experiments did not always develop neutralizing antibodies during the interval which had proved adequate for the western equine virus. One bird with demonstrated viremia had failed to develop detectable antibodies 30 days after inoculation. It is concluded from these experiments and other observations that in Kern County, California wild birds are as important as and probably more important than domestic fowl as sources of virus infection for mosquitoes.
The Effect of Proflavine on the Growth of Viruses in the Chick Embryo
Authors: Briody B. A. , Stannard Claudia 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Proflavine, when injected a few hours before or after the inoculation of virus, inhibits the multiplication of Type B strains of influenza virus in embryonated eggs, but does not influence the growth of Type A strains. The drug interferes also with the multiplication of vaccinia virus on the chorioallantois of the chick embryo when injected 2 hours following the virus. The growth of mumps and Newcastle disease viruses is unaffected by concentrations of proflavine active against vaccinia virus and Type B strains of influenza virus. In concentrations found to inhibit viral growth, proflavine is not virucidal, and it does not inhibit hemagglutination by any of these viruses.
Antibody Response of Human Subjects to Epidemic Typhus Vaccine Three to Eight Years after Previous Immunization
Authors: Murray Edward S. , Ofstrock Avis , Snyder John C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Several million Americans have received two or more injections of Cox-type epidemic typhus vaccine during the past nine years (1). This is in accord with the policies of the Armed Forces and various civilian agencies of the United States which require all personnel being sent to potential zones of epidemic typhus to be immunized against this disease. Today, many of these previously immunized individuals are being sent overseas again either as members of the Armed Forces or as civilians participating in the programs of the State Department, the Economic Cooperation Administration, or other agencies.
The question now arises as to whether these previously immunized individuals should receive the usual primary course of two injections of typhus vaccine or whether a single booster dose will suffice to recall and raise their typhus antibodies to the maximum obtainable level (2). Data bearing upon this problem are presented below.2
Studies on Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Produced Experimentally in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Wolf Abner , Bezer Ada E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Large doses of cortisone prevented the local granulomatous response to the tubercle bacilli and the development of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in rhesus monkeys injected with brain emulsions with adjuvants.
Studies of a “Complete” and an “Incomplete” Rh Antiserum with cDe/cde and -D-/-D- Cells
Authors: Sturgeon Phillip , Stettner Constance E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Two samples of a serum obtained from a voluntarily immunized Rh negative male donor during the early phases of his immunization were studied with cDe/cde cells. Titrations of the first sample gave results characteristic of a complete (agglutinating, bivalent) serum. The second sample obtained 70 days later gave results characteristic of an incomplete (univalent) serum. Parallel tests of these two samples with -D-/-D- cells resulted in the second sample's showing, for the most part, the characteristics of a complete serum. This unique property of -D-/-D- cells was described originally by Race, Sangers and Selwyn.
However, the titrations in saline of the second sample with -D-/-D- cells revealed a suggestive prozone and the saline endpoint was considerably lower than the albumin endpoint. These latter observations suggest that the incomplete antibodies in this sample conform to the accepted reaction pattern of univalent antibodies and not bivalent antibodies, even with respect to -D-/-D- cells.
Samples of another high-titer incomplete serum also obtained from a volunteer donor were studied with the above cells. No agglutination in saline occurred with cDe/cde cells; however, a narrow zone of weak agglutination was present with -D-/-D- cells. The incomplete endpoints, however, were 64 times as high. These latter observations, though demonstrating the ability of -D-/-D- cells to be agglutinated by incomplete anti-D sera, again conforms to the accepted reaction pattern of univalent antibodies.
Further studies were carried out with various mixtures of a complete and an incomplete Rh antiserum. The results of these studies strongly suggest that the ability of -D-/-D- cells to be agglutinated in saline by incomplete anti-D sera depended upon the presence in the incomplete antiserum of relatively small amounts of complete (bivalent) antibodies.
The Interaction of Erythrocytes and Antibodies with Synthetic Polymers and Some other Substances
Authors: Frazer Winifred T. , Calvin Melvin 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The ability of ten polymers and eleven simpler chemical substances to inhibit agglutination of type O Rh0 red cells by corresponding antibodies and type A cells with anti-A serum has been tested in concentrations ranging up to as high as 40 mg/ml. No substance of practical importance was among them.
The Homogeneity of Purified Diphtheria Toxins and Toxoids As Investigated by the Semisolid Precipitin Technic
Authors: Bowen Harry E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
All of 6 purified diphtheria toxins (and toxoids) and 17 antitoxins tested by the semisolid precipitin method demonstrated multiple lines of reaction, the number of lines formed being dependent upon both the antitoxin and toxin used. Of the 3 types of antitoxin investigated, low-salt antitoxin generally gave the largest number of lines with any particular toxin, followed by high-salt and enzyme digested material in that order. This difference is thought to be due to the method of preparation of the various types of antitoxins rather than to any inherent difference between the various fractions. Antitoxins resulting from short-term immunization tend to show fewer lines with any given toxin or toxoid. The number of lines formed by a particular toxin or toxoid with antitoxin appears to be inversely related to the estimated purity of that toxin or toxoid. By appropriate absorption techniques, toxin or toxoid can be deprived of its major line of reaction with a particular antitoxin, without markedly altering its pattern of minor lines in the semisolid precipitin reaction. The above conclusions strongly support Pope's contention that “purified” diphtheria toxins and toxoids may contain numerous antigens other than toxin and toxoid. A crude method of estimating the purity of toxoid preparations by use of the semisolid precipitin reaction is described, and data are presented to demonstrate that values so obtained agree reasonably well with values obtained by Pappenheimer's methods.
Studies on Certain Viruses Isolated in the Tropics of Africa and South America. Immunological Reactions As Determined by Cross-Neutralization Tests
Authors: Smithburn K. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Seventeen strains of viruses isolated in Africa and South America, all of them neurotropic for Swiss mice, were submitted to immunological investigation by means of cross-neutralization tests, along with a group of 12 previously known viruses having similar neurotropic properties. The results show that: Eleven of the viruses are distinct from each other and from all the agents of the comparison group. These 11 appear, therefore, to be hitherto unknown. They include: Bwamba fever, West Nile, Semliki Forest, Ntaya, Bunyamwera, Uganda S, Zika, Anopheles A, Anopheles B, Wyeomyia and Ilhéus viruses.The Kumba virus, isolated in West Africa, is identical with the Semliki Forest virus, previously isolated in Uganda.Of 5 viruses originally encountered in the Passos area in Brazil, one, designated Heterogeneous virus, has apparently been lost, and the remaining 4 appear to be members of the group (GDVII and FA types) of mouse encephalomyelitis viruses. These are the strains designated Haemagogus A, Sabethes, Leucocelaenus and Haemagogus B.Unilateral or nonreciprocal cross-reactions may occur between viruses which are not identical. Limited investigations of such unilateral reactions are reported and discussed.
Previous investigations showing a close relationship between Mengo and encephalomyocarditis viruses and between Russian spring-summer encephalitis and louping ill viruses are confirmed.
The importance of the hitherto unknown viruses is discussed.
Toxic Manifestations in Rabbits and Mice Associated with the Virus of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Fastier Lyle B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Animals inoculated with high concentrations of the Western equine encephalomyelitis virus exhibited well-defined toxic manifestations directly referable to the virus particle. The toxin resembled those of other toxigenic viruses in producing a febrile reaction and associated leucopenia after the intravenous inoculation of rabbits. Mice inoculated by the same route died within two days with gross necrotic lesions in the liver. There was no evidence that significant viral multiplication was associated with these latter changes. The toxin, relatively stable at 4 C, was destroyed at 56 C for 30 minutes (a procedure simultaneously effecting a ten-thousandfold reduction in the intracerebral infectivity titre). Neutralization of virus infectivity by specific antiserum also abolished clinical evidence of toxicity.
The above results have been incorporated in a discussion on the relationship between viral toxicity and the normal infective process of the same virus.
Q Fever Studies
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Clark William H. , Jensen Florence W. , Toomb Carolyn J. 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
The time of appearance, increase in titer, and persistence of complement-fixing antibody against Coxiella burnetii was studied in 102 individuals. In addition, in 85 of the 102 patients, similar observations were made on the agglutinating antibody.
Agglutinating antibody was detectable in the serum of 92% of the patients by the end of the second week, whereas complement-fixing antibody was detectable in only 65 per cent of the cases at this time. By the end of the third week, agglutinating and complement-fixing antibodies were detectable in the same proportion of patients, i.e., 95 and 97% respectively. At this time the median titers of both antibodies were in the range of 1:128–1:256. These findings suggest that the rickettsial agglutination test may have some advantages in the early diagnosis of Q fever. From the economic standpoint, however, the complement-fixation test is more readily adaptable to laboratory use. Also, it has been suggested in other rickettsial diseases that the complement-fixation test may be a better tool for epidemiologic surveys, since complement-fixing antibody has been observed to persist longer than the agglutinating antibody (16). From certain of the data presented here (charts E and F in Figure 3) concerning individual patients, it might also be inferred that in Q fever the complement-fixing antibody persists longer than the agglutinating antibody. However, if the patients are considered as a group (Figures 1 and 2) it would appear that the two antibodies in man are similar in their patterns of persistence; this would suggest that either the agglutination or complement-fixation test may be employed in serologic surveys. Parenthetically, it may be stated that in experimentally-inoculated large animals (sheep), the small amount of data available suggest, in general, that the agglutinating antibody appears early and tends to disappear within a few weeks (17); consequently, in surveys whose purpose is to detect remote as well as recent infections in livestock, it would appear that the complement-fixation test is the preferable method.
The long persistence in man of both the agglutinating and the complement-fixing antibody emphatically underlines the need for caution in the interpretation of the results of serologic diagnostic tests performed on a single specimen of serum. The median titers of both antibodies in our series of patients remained at appreciably high levels for many months, so that a titer obtained on a single serum specimen cannot, in the absence of strong supporting epidemiologic and clinical evidence, be interpreted unequivocally as evidence of current infection with C. burnetii.
The Effect of Chemical Substances in Mice Infected with St. Louis Encephalitis, PR8 Strain of Influenza, or the Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Wooley Jerald G. , Bond Howard W. , Perrine Theodore D. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Studies with T2 Escherichia coli bacteriophage showed that this bacterial virus could be restricted in its multiplication by several types of chemicals (1–2). These studies were pursued further by investigating the effect of many of the chemicals that inhibited the bacteriophage multiplication, analogues of chemicals that reversed the inhibitions, chemicals known to have metabolic activity and their analogues, as well as chemicals of miscellaneous structure for their effect in protecting animals infected with animal viruses. The viruses used in animals consisted of St. Louis encephalitis, PR8 strain of influenza and Lansing strain of poliomyelitis.
Technique. Swiss albino male mice from a pure strain raised at the National Institutes of Health by promiscuous breeding were used. Mice weighing 16 to 18 g each were used. They were housed in glass battery jars, 5 to a jar, and were fed Purina dog chow and water. They were divided into groups of 20 to 40 mice each.
Studies on Herpes Simple Virus
Authors: Jawetz Ernest , Coleman Virginia R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An egg-adapted strain of herpes simplex virus was used in a study of the neutralizing activity of human sera in the embryonated egg. The neutralization test employing lethal endpoints after the injection of virus-serum mixtures into the yolk sac was found to be simpler and more reliable than that employing the reduction of pock count on the chorioallantoic membrane. Undiluted serum neutralized disproportionately more virus than diluted serum. The neutralizing capacity of dilute human sera was greatly enhanced by incubating virus-serum mixtures for 1 hour at 37 C prior to injection. The procedure increased the neutralization index of different sera in varying degree and thus permitted their distinction.
Studies on the Chemical Inhibition of T2r+ Bacteriophage
Authors: Bourke Anne R. , Robbins Mary Louise , Smith Paul K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Twenty-eight out of 180 compounds tested prevented lysis of Escherichia coli B by T2r+ bacteriophage. Possible mechanisms of their activity are presented. Inhibition by many of these compounds was reversed by one or more naturally occurring substances, particularly those associated with oxidative enzyme systems. Quinacrine was antagonized competitively by riboflavin and nicotinic acid, and non-competitively by thiamin. Phthalic acid was reversed non-competitively by thiamin, cysteine and creatinine. Inhibition induced by streptomycin was reversed competitively by pyridoxine and non-competitively by p-aminobenzoic acid.
Quantitative Aspects of Influenza Virus Multiplication
Authors: de St. Groth S. Fazekas , Cairns H. J. F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It is not the subject matter of these studies which unites them in a series but the intent of showing that the present knowledge of influenza virus multiplication lends itself to quantitative and theoretical treatment. The three preceding papers were concerned with different facets of the problem; here an attempt will be made to define and estimate the constants common to them all.
Relation between infectivity and haemagglutinating power. The infectivity of influenza virus preparations is usually expressed as the number of 50%-infective doses (ID50) contained in a standard volume. To find out how many infective units constitute a haemagglutinating dose, we collected the data from the protocols kept by five members of the Hall Institute. Only results fulfilling the following requirements were considered: (a) the test material was grown from dilute seed (b) for less than 48 hours, and (c) both infectivity and haemagglutinin titrations were done on the day of harvest.
Interaction of Protein Antigens and Antibodies
Authors: Turner E. W. , Boyer P. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments have been conducted on the solubilization and dissociation of specific diphtheria toxoid-antitoxin precipitates by acid and alkaline solutions and by alkaline solutions containing urea and thiocyanate. Additions of urea and thiocyanate were observed to have synergistic effects in solubilizing specific precipitates.
Diphtheria toxoid-antitoxin precipitates could readily be dissolved under conditions which were sufficiently mild to prevent loss of serological activity of both components exposed separately, for example, in 0.1 M glycine buffer, pH 11.0, 2 C. Electrophoretic analyses of such dissolved precipitates showed that they migrated essentially as single components. More drastic conditions resulted in slight separation of the precipitates as measured by electrophoretic analyses. However, diphtheria toxoid and antitoxin exposed separately to these more drastic conditions showed some denaturation as demonstrated by decreased precipitate formation or complexing. These experiments support the suggestion that the forces involved in the interaction of protein antigens and antibodies are similar in nature and magnitude to those responsible for maintaining the native structure of the proteins.
Diffusion experiments with a diphtheria toxoid-antitoxin precipitate dissolved at 2 C in 0.1 M glycine buffer, pH 10.8, containing 1 M urea and 0.1 M KCNS showed that the dissolved precipitate exists under these conditions as large, undissociated aggregates. This result is most readily explained by the theory that antibodies are bivalent.
The results reported together with other data are interpreted as in harmony with the view that successive specific interactions between antigens and antibodies are accompanied by a decrease in affinity so that interactions between aggregates to give precipitates are weaker than the primary interactions between antigens and antibodies.