bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cutaneous Reactions and Antibody Response to Intracutaneous Injections of Pneumococcus Polysaccharides
Authors: Finland Maxwell , Dowling Harry F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immediate cutaneous reactions, similar to those described by Tillett and Francis (15), were elicited in patients recovering from pneumonia. These reactions were, in general, type-specific and were associated with the homologous type antibody in the serum. Very similar reactions were elicited with preparations of soluble specific substances and cellular carbohydrates prepared from the same pneumococcus types by the methods of Heidelberger, Goebel and Avery (18) and those of Wadsworth and Brown (10), respectively.
Characteristic delayed reactions were seen only with the cellular carbohydrates. These were not associated with type-specific antibodies. They were most frequently observed with the cellular carbohydrates of the atypical type I pneumococcus and with that obtained from the virulent type I strain.
Delayed cutaneous reactions with the cellular carbohydrate of an atypical type I pneumococcus were obtained regularly during the febrile stage of a variety of infectious disease and could not be elicited soon after recovery in such cases. These findings are similar to those obtained by Francis and Abernethy (17) with the “C” substance of Tillett, Goebel and Avery (19).
All of the type-specific polysaccharides were antigenically active in human subjects. They produced in almost every instance a strictly type-specific antibody response. Only minor differences were observed with the different preparations of types II and III polysaccharides. The type I cellular carbohydrate, however, was quantitatively more active than the corresponding SSS in this respect. Occasional subjects showed specific antibodies, particularly against type I pneumococci, following injections of the atypical cellular carbohydrate.
Reactions Between Lipoids and Antibodies
Authors: Eagle Harry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
No analytically demonstrable protein is adsorbed from normal serum by the lipoid crystals used as antigen in the diagnostic tests for syphilis. However, their cataphoretic isoelectric point after being placed in normal serum and washed free of excess protein is found to be changed from an original value of pH 1.9 to approximately pH 3.5. This increase is probably to be ascribed to the retention of minute quantities of adsorbed protein on the surface of the particles, too small to be detected analytically by the methods used.
The isoelectric point of the particles after similar sensitization with syphilitic serum rises as high as pH 4.85, the exact value obtained depending on the reagin content of the particular serum used. Even this is probably not the maximum value obtainable, as no serum has yet been found with a sufficiently high reagin titer to make the isoelectric point of the lipoid-reagin aggregates reach a definite maximum. The striking change in cataphoretic mobility caused by syphilitic serum is probably due to the deposition of the specific reactive protein, reagin, on the surface of the lipoid particles.
The isoelectric point of reagin itself in the antigen-reagin complex is probably greater than pH 4.9, and thus falls into the same zone as the specific antibodies to bacteria, proteins and red blood cells, further evidence for the thesis that reagin, despite its apparent non-specificity, is a true antibody. The determination of its exact isoelectric point when in solution awaits its dissociation in quantity from the lipoid-reagin complex studied in the present paper.
Quantitative analysis of the lipoid-reagin aggregates for nitrogen shows protein to constitute up to 6 per cent of the compound. The theoretical value calculated on the assumption that the reagin is deposited as a unimolecular layer of closely packed spherical molecules seven μμ in diameter, is on the order of 10 per cent. It is therefore suggested as a working hypothesis that the reagin protein of syphilitic serum is deposited on the surface of the antigen particles as a unimolecular layer which does not completely cover the individual particles.
The actual concentration of reagin protein in syphilitic serum necessary to give a positive diagnostic test is estimated to be on the order of 0.3 mgm. per 100 cc. The average syphilitic serum, containing 5 to 50 such units, thus contains 1.5 to 15 mgm. per cent of the reactive factor.
It is estimated, with the reservations entailed by the necessary assumptions, that approximately one-twentieth of the surface of the lipoid particles here studied must be covered with reagin to cause visible aggregation.
The Non-Influence of Injections of Trypsin Upon the Protein Quotient in Blood Serum
Authors: Hanson Samuel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The normal variation in the antitryptic index is very marked in any particular rabbit, and is even greater in different animals. An unmistakable rise in the antitryptic index has been produced in at least two of the six rabbits immunized against trypsin. The progress of immune body production against trypsin is very peculiar, in that at first there is a marked fall in the antitrypsin, followed soon, however, by rather a sudden rise which is at best only 300 per cent above the normal variation. At this level the antibody content remains approximately stationary for a comparatively brief period and is then supervened by a rapid return to the normal, in spite of continued periodical injections of trypsin. Immunity to pancreas trypsin appears to cause no change in the protein quotient. This fact may serve as additional evidence in favor of the recently emphasized view that immunity is non-dependent on the concentration of the serum proteins.
Complement Fixation with Protein Substances
Authors: Kahn Reuben L. , McNeil Archibald 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Vegetable and animal proteins, injected into rabbits, called forth the production of complement-fixing antibodies in these animals. (a) Gelatin; (b) racemized proteins; (c) proteoses; (d) Vaughan's soluble poison from casein; (e) insoluble residue remaining from the preparation of Vaughan's poison from casein; and (f) animal tissues, did not produce complement fixing antibodies when injected into rabbits. What has been found to be true in the case of other immunity reactions, appears to be true, also, in the case of the complement fixation reaction, namely that the specificity of the complement fixation reaction depends upon the chemical structure of the protein molecule and if the molecule be split or modified by racemization, its specific complement binding power is lost.
The Rôle of Immunity in the Conduct of the Present War
Authors: Kolmer John A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
When the history of the present great war is written a notable victory over the common enemy, disease, will be recorded as one of the greatest triumphs in this greatest of all conflicts. In all probability this triumphs over disease will also be recorded as the most important single factor in explanation of the stamina and long-sustained man-power of the involved nations; never before in the history of the world have so many men been engaged in combat with such freedom from internal deterioration due to disease not only among the warriors in preparation and at the line of battle, but also among the supporting civilian population;history records many instances of cessation of wars and sieges due to disease among offenders or defenders or both and a remarkable freedom from pestilence in the present conflict has undoubtedly played a prominent rSle in permitting it to reach the dimensions of the greatest of all wars.
Active Immunity in Experimental Poliomyelitis
Authors: Abramson H. L. , Gerber Herman 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The search for a method of specific inoculation against acute poliomyelitis is not a new one. Shortly after the announcement by Landsteiner and Popper (1), in 1909, of the successful transmission of this disease to members of the monkey family, workers in this country and Europe began to study the immunity problems of this disease.
Flexner and Lewis (2), in 1910, demonstrated that monkeys could be immunized against poliomyelitis by repeated subcutaneous injections with increasing amounts of a saline suspension of the crude unmodified virus. They injected animals over a period of two and one-half months. About ten days after the completion of the course of inoculations, the animals were injected intracerebrally with 2 cc. of a filtrate of a very potent virus, of which 0.05 to 0.1 cc. would prove fatal. The animal tested presented no sign of infection, whereas the control died of poliomyelitis.
Precipitation with Antiserum as a Means of Estimating the Immunizing Value of Solutions of Pneumococcus Oral Vaccines
Authors: Ross Victor , Peizer Lenore R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The quantity of precipitate obtained on mixing a solution of pneumococcus vaccine (types 1 and 3) with antiserum appears to be a fairly reliable guide to its immunizing value when administered orally to white rats. This is ascribed to the important rôle which the soluble specific substance appears to have in oral immunization. The effects of feeding a given quantity of vaccine are not always distinguishable from those obtained when twice the amount is used. Such amounts are readily told apart by the precipitates which they yield. Lack of agreement between test tube and feeding results was observed where the method of concentrating the precipitable substance was such as to make it appear that the acetyl group (type 1) might be split off. The difficulties with type 3 are discussed. A preparation for which the immunizing dose for rats has been determined serves as a standard in the precipitation test.
Blood Grouping of 336 Upper Aucaner Bush Negroes and 70 Alukuyana Indians in Dutch Guiana
Authors: Kahn Morton C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Bush Negroes of Dutch Guiana, South America, are of the identical blood as those Negro slaves originally transported to North America and the West Indies. The slaving ships which supplied these places all received their cargo from the same parts of the West African Coast. The region particularly concerned may be said to have extended from the Senegal river to the Congo mouth, including the adjacent interior for many miles back. The names of the known tribes which contributed black men to this hemisphere are too numerous to mention here, while others have been obliterated by time and the depredation of the slaving trade. The history and present day situation of the Bush Negro is however, unique in the annals of the Negro people in both North and South America.
Beginning in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, numbers of slaves on the plantations of Dutch Guiana escaped into the jungle.
The Effect of Experimental Acidosis on the Production of Immune Bodies in the Rabbit
Authors: Brandes W. W. , Cairns A. B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The effect of acidosis upon the production of immune bodies has been studied previously. Bonanno (1), Davesne and Haber (2), and Moen and Reiman (3), found that it hindered the formation of agglutinins. One of us previously found that, in rabbits, the formation of agglutinins to typhoid bacilli was hindered by acidosis produced by injections of ammonium chloride (4). Weiss, Sumegi, and Benkovics (5) found no appreciable difference in the production of xemolysin in normal, acidotic or alkalinized rabbits.
We wish to report on results obtained in experiments performed to ascertain whether precipitin-formation was affected by acidosis, and if so, in what manner. It was thought that by this means it might be possible to throw further light on the question of similarity or dissimilarity of these immune substances. We originally thought it might be possible to affect the production of one and not the other by this method.
Immunization of Rabbits with Inactive Vaccine Virus
Authors: Bernkopf H. , Kligler I. J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Views as to the possibility of inducing immunity with inactive virus are still divergent. In experiments carried out by one of us (Kligler, 1932) with fowl-pox virus, the results were entirely negative. The prevailing conception based on repeated negative results is that at best only a slight or transient immunity can be induced with inactive virus. A comprehensive critical review of the literature dealing with this aspect of the problem is given by Parker and Rivers (1936).
The restudy of this problem was undertaken as a result of our findings with Rickettsiae (Kligler and Aschner, 1934). In a series of experiments in which relatively large amounts of infected brain emulsions inactivated in various ways were injected into guinea pigs, the results were consistently negative; as much as 3 grams of brain tissue failed to produce more than a slight and irregular increase in the resistance of the treated guinea pigs to an infection with active virus.
A Contribution to the Nature and Origin of Natural Agglutinins
Authors: Ingalls Mabel S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. The controversy over the origin of natural antibodies has been in progress ever since Hirszfeld and his associates (29, 30) seriously questioned the concept of latent infection as the immediate cause. According to these workers, natural antibodies are “biochemical organs” which appear in the serum, very much like physiologic reflexes, at a certain time in the life of the individual and are inherited according to Mendelian laws. Shortly following this came the contributions of Friedberger, Bock and Furstenheim (21) and many others (10, 23, 62) showing a correlation between the age of an individual and the rise and fall of certain natural antibodies in the serum. The important work done on natural antibodies up to 1932 was thoroughly reviewed by Baumgartner in her paper “The Relationship of Age to Immunological Reactions,” (7) and need not be repeated here.
Further Experiments on the Inactivation of Herpes Virus by Vitamin C (l-Ascorbic Acid)
Authors: Holden Margaret , Molloy Eleanora 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Synthetic vitamin C (ascorbic acid) at pH 6 inactivated in vitro minimal infective doses of “W” virus, when tested intracerebrally in rabbits.
Incubation of the mixtures of vitamin C and “W” virus was essential for the inactivation of the virus.
Treatment of 4 rabbits with 5 mgm. of synthetic ascorbic acid did not alter the course of dermal infection with “W” virus.
An excess of ascorbic acid was toxic, when injected intracerebrally in rabbits.
Quantitative Studies on the Neutralization of Pathogenic Agents in Tissues by Circulating Antibodies
Authors: Friedemann Ulrich , Zuger Bernard , Hollander Alvin 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The amount of intravenously injected antitoxin which is necessary to neutralize 10 lethal doses of tetanus toxin, injected intracerebrally, differs in rabbits and guinea pigs even when the difference between the volumes of the plasma of the two animal species is taken into consideration. In the case of diphtheric toxin, however, the values are the same when a correction is made for the volumes of the plasma. The cerebral capillaries of the guinea pig and rabbit, therefore, must be equally permeable to antibodies, contrary to the conclusions existing in the literature. These results also show that the widely held opinion of the impermeability of the cerebral capillaries to antibodies is not tenable.
The M Agglutinogen of Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Wheeler K. M. , Stuart C. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Erythrocytes from rhesus monkeys were agglutinated by 18 of 58 rabbit immune sera from which 102 specific M typing fluids have been prepared. Absorption of typing fluids with human M and rhesus cells demonstrated two types of M-agglutinins, one acting only on human, the other also on rhesus cells. Typing fluids contained either or both kinds of agglutinins.
Specific M-agglutinins were produced in three of four rabbits injected with rhesus erythrocytes.
Immunization of two rhesus monkeys with human OM cells failed to yield specific M-agglutinins.
Erythrocytes from some rabbits agglutinated in anti-human rabbit serum lacking specific M-antibodies as well as in serums possessing M-antibodies. Where agglutination occurred in the presence of M-antibodies the reaction could not have been specific since the agglutinins for rabbit cells were removed equally well by adsorption with either human M or N cells.
Allergy and Desensitization in Experimental Tuberculosis
Authors: Woodruff C. Eugene , Willis Henry Stuart 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In tuberculous guinea pigs kept desensitized over long periods of time by means of large daily doses of tuberculin a reversal of the usual picture of guinea pig tuberculosis occurs. The lungs become distended with tuberculous pneumonia, while the liver and spleen show very little involvement.
Treatment with tuberculin in amounts insufficient to bring about complete desensitization produces varying results dependent upon the size of the dose and the length of time it is continued.
The data here presented point to the existence of at least a partial reciprocal relationship between the allergic state of infected guinea pigs and the number of tubercle bacilli demonstrable in their lungs.
A Comparative Study of Phagocytosis and Digestion of Pneumococci by Macrophages and Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes in Normal and Immune Dogs
Authors: Robertson O. H. , van Sant Helen , Peterson Gladys 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A comparative study was made of the phagocytosis and digestion of pneumococci by macrophages and polymorphonuclear leucocytes in normal and immune dogs. Cellular exudates of the two types of cell were produced in dogs by the intrapleural injection of gum arabic on the one hand, and aleuronat on the other. Observations were carried on both in vivo and in vitro employing a highly virulent Pneumococcus type I. It was found that while the macrophages showed a somewhat greater phagocytic activity than the polymorphonuclears their ability to digest pneumococci was much more pronounced than that of the latter cells. This difference was most marked in the presence of opsonic fluids of relatively low concentration. The use of suspensions of macrophages which had been concentrated by differential sedimentation brought out the superior antipneumococcal activity of these cells most clearly. Macrophages secured from the pleural exudates of dogs highly immune to pneumococcus as well as from the lungs of dogs recovering from experimental pneumonia were found to be just as dependent on opsonins for the phagocytic activity as were cells of normal animals.
Contact-Reactions in Atopy
Authors: Albert Murray , Walzer Matthew 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A special type of contact-reaction to an oil-free preparation of silkworm has been described. This form of hypersensitiveness seems to occur most frequently in atopic children. It is not based upon the presence of atopic reagin and cannot be passively transferred to normal skin. The reaction is specific and may at times be induced by single or repeated applications of silkworm to the skin. The excitant is not the oil but is probably a protein. Dialyzed extracts of silkworm were found to contain the active excitant and produced positive contact-reactions.
Agglutinins for Sheep Erythrocytes in Rabbit Antipneumococcal Sera
Authors: Chassin Maurice R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The samples of rabbit antipneumococcal sera of types II, III, and IV examined gave consistently negative heterophilic responses, while the responses of types I, V, VII, VIII, XII, and XIV were variable and insignificant. These findings suggest that any superior therapeutic qualities which these rabbit sera may possess over those of horse antipneumococcal sera are not due to the presence in the rabbit sera of heterophilic antibodies.
Thymoxyethyldiethylamine as an Antagonist of Histamine and of Anaphylactic Reactions
Authors: Rosenthal Sol Roy , Brown Mary Louise 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
The specific antagonistic action of thymoxyethyldiethylamine on histamine and its prevention of anaphylactic shock suggests that histamine is liberated into circulating fluids during anaphylactic shock and may cause death of the guinea pig.
Thymoxyethyldiethylamine does not neutralize histamine or antigen directly but antagonizes the action of histamine. Thus, it differs from histaminase (6) and from the neutralizing serum (7) obtained from previously burned pigs or humans, which neutralizes histamine directly.
As irritation or injury to cells causes histamine to leave the cells, it follows that the excess of circulating histamine is only an indicator of the amount of irritation or injury sustained by the cells. It has been very difficult to separate the primary from the secondary effects of histamine. The action of thymoxyethyldiethylamine suggests an answer to this problem. In sensitized animals treated with this drug before the injection of antigen, respiratory difficulty, scratching, or convulsions rarely developed. These animals, however, did show signs of malaise and prostration. They rolled over on one side and appeared listless although their reflexes remained intact. They could not be made to stand or walk. This condition lasted for one to several hours after which recovery was apparent. The cause of this prostration might be due to the primary tissue-alterations, or incomplete neutralization of histamine, or to other substances leaving the injured cells.
As shown in this study, 0.5 mgm. per kilogram of histamine intracardially, or approximately 1 to 2 gamma of histamine per milliliter of blood, is fatal to the guinea pig (5). This takes into consideration dilution by body-fluids. Code (1) found, in anaphylactically shocked guinea pigs, from 0.35 to 1.2 gamma per ml.; the average was about 1 gamma or less; (the normal range is 0.08 to 0.16 gamma). The amount of thymoxyethyldiethylamine injected readily neutralized 0.5 mgm. per kilogram insofar as action on smooth muscle is concerned. Other effects of histamine were probably prevented inasmuch as the animals receiving histamine after thymoxyethyldiethylamine recovered rapidly. Thymoxyethyldiethylamine injected alone in similar amounts as above caused a decreased response to mechanical stimuli in the guinea pig. (The lethal dose of thymoxyethyldiethylamine for guinea pigs is 400 mgm. per kilogram of base.)
It has long been suspected that scratching, respiratory embarrassment, convulsions, and early death are caused by the histamine liberated during anaphylactic shock. Primary tissuedamage and substances other than histamine probably account for the prolonged malaise and prostration in the thymoxyethyldiethylamine-treated animals, and the deaths that sometimes terminate protracted anaphylactic shock.
Studies with Colored Antigens
Authors: Pratt Henry N. , Gregersen Magnus I. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By means of conjugating R-salt, a dye, with recrystallized egg-albumin through tetrazotized benzidine, the specificity of the original albumin was altered. This conjugated dye-protein was then injected intravenously into rabbits and a dog and the rate of its disappearance from the blood-plasma was determined by analyzing subsequent samples of plasma quantitatively for the presence of dye by means of spectrophotometric determinations. The dye-protein was found to disappear rapidly from the plasma, 30 to 80 per cent (depending upon amount injected) escaping in the first hour, complete removal being effected in 12 to 24 hours.
Only a small fraction (5 per cent or less) of the dye-protein was taken up by the cellular elements of the blood in vitro, and none could be detected in the urine by colorimetric or immunological methods. The rapid escape of this substance from the plasma cannot, therefore, be explained either by a reaction between it and the cellular elements of the blood or by excretion through the kidney.