bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Shulman Sidney , Riera Clelia , Yantorno Carlos 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rabbits were immunized with three types of rabbit semen preparation, incorporated into complete Freund's adjuvant. These were 1) epididymis extract (primarily as a source of sperm cells), 2) whole semen (ejaculate), and 3) seminal plasma from this semen. The injection of epididymis produced no detectable antibody response, but the other two preparations did stimulate antibody production. These were detected both by tanned cell hemagglutination and by gel diffusion. The major antibody to seminal plasma was shown to be an autoantibody, and the antigen was present only in seminal plasma and extracts of the accessory glands of reproduction. The total content of antigen in seminal plasma was higher than that in accessory extract of similar protein concentration by about 8-fold. Gel diffusion studies revealed two lines of precipitation, indicating two antigens of seminal plasma that are capable of stimulating the production of autoantibodies. Either one or both antibodies might be detected, depending on the individual rabbit. However, only one of these antigens is shared with the accessory glands. The other antigen seems to be specific for seminal plasma.
Antibody Response in Respiratory Secretions of Volunteers Given Live and Dead Influenza Virus
Authors: Mann J. J. , Waldman R. H. , Togo Y. , Heiner G. G. , Dawkins A. T. , Kasel J. A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The nature of the neutralizing antibody response in respiratory secretions to influenza virus has been compared in two groups of human volunteers, one given live virus via the respiratory tract and the other given dead virus parenterally. The “live-virus group” showed an antibody response in sputum and nasal washing that was significantly greater in magnitude and longer in duration than it was in the “dead-virus group.” There was no difference in the antibody response in saliva. In volunteers who were inoculated with live virus but showed no serum antibody rise, there was, nevertheless, a rise in sputum or nasal washing antibody. These results indicate that local infection is superior to parenteral immunization in inducing antibody in respiratory secretions.
Regenerative Potential of Immunocompetent Cells
Authors: Nettesheim P. , Williams M. L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Whether or not the antibody-forming capacity of a primed animal recovers from an x-ray insult depends on the type and amount of antigen given for priming, the priming-x-irradiation interval, and the x-ray dose.
The “memory” cell compartment (PC2) lacks the potential to recover from an x-ray insult by way of self-generation.
Recovery of the “memory” cell pool does occur, however, provided immunogen persists until uncommitted progenitor cells again become available and are stimulated to form memory cells. Thus the recovery of PC2 is a reflection of regenerating uncommitted progenitor cells.
Antigenic Characterization of Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Tevethia Satvir S. , Cunningham Charles H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Three antigenically distinct soluble antigens (1–3) are associated with infectious bronchitis virus. The antigens are smaller than the virion. Antigens 1 and 3 are destroyed at 100°C, whereas antigen 2 is not. Antigen 2 is a ribonucleoprotein. The virus is sensitive to ether and sodium deoxycholate. Antigens released by treatment of purified virus with ether are identical to antigens in viral allantoic fluid and in virus-infected CAM. The virus has a buoyant density of 1.2289 g/ml in cesium chloride, whereas antigens 1 and 2 have buoyant densities of 1.14 and 1.18 g/ml, respectively.
Production of Rickettsial Complement-Fixing Antigens in Tissue Culture
Authors: Barker Lewellys F. , Patt Judith K. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
These studies have shown that potent rickettsial complement-fixing antigens can be prepared from BS-C-1 cell cultures infected with R. prowazeki, R. mooseri, and three strains of R. tsutsugamushi. The R. prowazeki and R. mooseri antigens showed type specificity and stability. A broadly reactive R. tsutsugamushi antigen could be prepared by combining the specific antigens of the three strains employed; such a trivalent antigen has potential value in diagnostic serology.
Titration and Neutralization of Rickettsia Tsutsugamushi in Tissue Culture
Authors: Barker Lewellys F. , Patt Judith K. , Hopps Hope E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Infection of BS-C-1 cultures with three strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi produced distinctive cytopathic effects. Titration of rickettsial suspensions in this tissue culture system using the appearance of CPE to determine endpoints was found to give results similar to those obtained by titrations in mice. Neutralization of rickettsial infectivity by specific antiserum could be demonstrated in this tissue culture system. The neutralizing effect of rabbit antisera was strain-specific and appeared to be enhanced by the addition of complement.
Mediation of Delayed Hypersensitivity by Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Vitro and by Their Products in Vivo and in Vitro, Morphology of in Vitro Lymphocyte-Macrophage Interaction
Authors: Bartfeld Harry , Kelly Robert 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Peripheral blood lymphocytes from tuberculin hypersensitive guinea pigs and mediating material that these cells produced in the presence of specific antigen altered the activity (migratory potential) of normal macrophages. The mediating material produced by such peripheral lymphocytes caused enhanced tuberculin skin reactions. Its in vitro and in vivo influence on delayed hypersensitivity was inactivated by storage at 4°C and -20°C. Unique associations of lymphocytes and macrophages regularly appeared in cultures of sensitive peritoneal exudate cells, as well as in cultures of mixtures of sensitive peripheral blood lymphocytes with normal peritoneal exudate cells, when specific antigen was in the medium.
Quantitative Studies of the Specificity of Anti-Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Antibodies, Types III and VIII
Authors: Pappenheimer A. M. , Reed William P. , Brown Robin 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A specific method for purification of cross-reacting antibodies from equine anti-pneumococcal sera of types III and VIII has been described. Quantitative studies with mixtures of S3 and S8 have shown that although cross-reacting antibodies isolated from each serum type may be completely precipitated by either polysaccharide alone, the homologous antigen is selectively precipitated from mixtures of the two.
An octasaccharide has been isolated from enzymatic digests of S8. Following reduction of the terminal unsaturated hexuronic acid residue with tritium gas, the labeled octasaccharide has been used as a ligand in equilibrium dialysis against type VIII antibodies isolated from horse and rabbit sera. Binding curves show homogeneous affinity at all ligand concentrations.
The Use of Catfish, Ictalurus Nebulosus (Le Sueur), as Experimental Animals for Immunization with Human Secretor Saliva and Other Antigenic Materials
Authors: Chuba Joseph V. , Kuhns William J. , Nigrelli Ross F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Five of eight brown bullhead catfish surviving a 6-week series of three immunizing injections of human secretor saliva, mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant, produced high titered heteroagglutinins against human erythrocytes of all A-B-O types. Agglutination-inhibition and cell absorption tests indicated potent fractions of activity specific for human A, B, or O erythrocytes corresponding to the A-B-O group of the secretor saliva injected.
Bullfrog erythrocytes with B-like specificity were agglutinated only by the hyperimmune plasma from the catfish injected with group B saliva. Sheep erythrocytes were weakly hemolyzed but not agglutinated by the catfish plasma specimens.
The usefulness of the brown bullhead catfish, both from the point of view of the quantities of blood obtainable by repeated bleedings, as well as the immunologic competence of the species to produce specific high titered antibodies in response to injected antigenic materials of major interest in human blood group studies, has been clearly established.
Ylmphocyte in Vitro Cytotoxicity: Mechanisms of Immune and Non-Immune Small Lymphocyte Mediated Target L Cell Destruction
Authors: Granger Gale A. , Kolb William P. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Mutual in vitro cell destruction resulted when nonimmune or immune mouse or rat small lymphocytes were attached to genetically dissimilar target cells with phytohemagglutinin or xenogeneic antibody. The ability to induce this reaction resided only with viable cells of lymphoid origin. The step(s) leading to aggressor-target cell destruction observed in these studies is suggested by the following sequence: a) attachment of the aggressor cell to the target cell, b) membrane site(s) interaction between the lymphocyte and target cell which serves as a recognition step and if the target cell is not recognized as “self,” d) a “triggering” of aggressor lymphocyte activity which results in enlargement of the lymphocyte and release of a soluble toxic factor termed “lymphocyte cytotoxic factor” (LCF). LCF may be the agent responsible for the death of both cells.
The Factors Affecting the Strength of “One-Way” Stimulation with Irradiated Leukocytes in Mixed Leukocyte Cultures
Authors: Kasakura Shinpei , Lowenstein Louis 
Published: December 2022

Summary
In order to improve the reliability of the technique, we investigated the factors affecting the strength of unidirectional stimulation by irradiated cells in mixed leukocyte cultures. Nonspecific factors included the number of irradiated cells used in the cultures, the dose of x-ray, the time interval between the end of irradiation and preparation of the cultures, and the length of incubation of the cultures. The present results suggest that a satisfactory radiation level for unidirectional quantitation may be 4000 r. The results also indicate that individual-specific factors can affect one-way responses. These factors may be based on histocompatibility differences between the donors of responding and stimulating cells.
Neutralization of Poliovirus by IgA Corpoantibodies
Authors: Keller Robert , Dwyer Julia E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Extracts of stools from normal children and adults neutralized the infectivity of poliovirus. The virus neutralizing activity was associated with IgA, the predominant immunoglobulin detected in fecal extracts. Two adult volunteers demonstrated IgA virus neutralizing copro-antibodies following oral infection with live attenuated poliovirus vaccine. The appearance of the intestinal antibodies coincided with reduction in the fecal excretion of vaccine virus. The infectivity of the excreted virus was significantly increased following reactivation of neutralized virus by antibody dissociation at pH 2.2, indicating the in vivo role of IgA coproantibodies as neutralizing agents.
As a result of the degradation of coproantibodies by intestinal enzymes, stool extracts also contained antibody fragments which, although capable of only weak virus neutralization, demonstrated significant levels of specific poliovirus-combining activities. Specific attachment of antibody fragments was demonstrated by the reduction of infectivity of virus-fragment mixtures following reaction with anti-human globulin sera. The recovery of polio antibody fragments suggested the presence of significantly greater levels of virus neutralizing coproantibodies at the site of local antibody development than that reflected by conventional virus neutralizing techniques.
Immunologic Responses of Guinea Pigs to Dextran
Authors: Battisto Jack R. , Chiappetta Gail , Hixon Rita 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A highly purified dextran of large molecular weight has been found to be antigenic in guinea pigs. Delayed dermal reactions and PCA antibody were produced upon immunization with this polysaccharide in Freund's complete adjuvant. The incidence of actively acquired immunity to this antigen is highest among guinea pigs of the Abyssinian strain. The majority of Pirbright, Hartley and family XIII guinea pigs do not become immunized to dextran. The ability of guinea pigs to actively develop immune responses to dextran has been tentatively interpreted as genetically determined.
Adoptive transfer of the delayed dermal reactivity for dextran was accomplished with lymphoid cells but not serum. Transfers were successful from sensitive Abyssinian animals to normal Abyssinian animals (responders) but not to Pirbright animals (nonresponders).
The inability of Pirbright animals to demonstrate delayed dermal responses to dextran following adoptive transfer of competent lymphoid cells has been viewed as a separate, second defect. The latter has been termed an inability of “translation.”
Potentiation of Serum Bactericidal Activity by Lysozyme
Authors: Davis Starkey D. , Gemsa Diethard , Iannetta Antoinette , Wedgwood Ralph J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The influence of lysozyme on serum bactericidal action was studied using lysozyme-depleted serum prepared by CMC absorption. It was found that serum action produces an intermediate bacterial form, termed RL, which could be killed by lysozyme but which was viable in its absence. Killing by lysozyme was concentration-dependent and could be inhibited by magnesium. The RL form may be significant in the intracellular killing of gram-negative bacteria by phagocytic cells.
The Role of Serum Lipase in the Degradation of Salmonella Enteritidis Endotoxin
Authors: Gupta Jiban D. , Reed Charles E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The effect of serum on endotoxin from S. enteritidis was studied by incubating I125-labeled lipopolysaccharide with antiserum and precipitating the antibody-bound antigen with an equal volume of saturated ammonium sulfate at various time intervals. Degradation was determined by the decrease in radioactivity of the antibody-bound antigen as low molecular weight labeled fragments of lipid were removed from the endotoxin molecular complex. A purified endotoxin preparation, low in lipid, was degraded by a factor present in normal, tolerant or immune rabbit serum and normal human serum. On the other hand, a semi-purified preparation richer in lipid was not degraded by serum or plasma, but removal of its lipid by nonhydrolytic procedures yielded a product that was degraded. Degradation was inhibited by mercuric chloride, protamine sulfate and Neomycin sulfate. Pancreatic lipase was more effective than serum, and degraded the endotoxin preparation of high lipid content.
A euglobulin fraction obtained from guinea pig plasma collected 15 min after injection of heparin was considerably more active than whole plasma or the euglobulin fraction of plasma from nonheparinized animals. The supernatant fluid remaining after euglobulin precipitation contains an inhibitor of degradation by both plasma and pancreatic lipase.
It appears that lipolysis by serum lipase is an early step in the process of degradation and detoxification of endotoxin.
Immunologically Induced Aspermatogenesis in the White Mouse
Authors: Hargis Betty Jean , Malkiel Saul , Berkelhammer Jane 
Published: December 2022

Summary
B. pertussis phase I vaccine is an effective adjuvant in the production of experimental aspermatogenesis in that profound testicular damage is produced in most of the animals. Pertussis organisms thereby are found to enhance hypersensitivity of the delayed as well as of the immediate type. The mechanism of action of pertussis vaccine is probably different from that of oily adjuvants.
Purification of Two Fragments of M Protein from a Strain of Group A, Type 12 Streptococcus
Authors: Johnson Rudolph H. , Vosti Kenneth L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A scheme for the preparation of highly purified streptococcal M protein has been presented. Two homogenous fractions of M protein were isolated from a strain of group A, type 12 hemolytic streptococcus and contained all the serologic activity present in the original acid extract. The homogeneity of the two fractions (“a” and “b”) was confirmed by single broad protein bands with different Rf's on electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels, narrow bands of different mobility in the analytic ultracentrifuge and the association of serologic activity with protein content on separation in sucrose density gradients. These preparations were free of methylpentoses and nucleic acids. Two dimensional peptide maps obtained with ascending chromatography followed by high volt electrophoresis revealed similar patterns. Although these highly purified proteins contained all the serologically active M antigens in the absence of group A reactive antigens, a nontype-specific reaction was demonstrated with both fragments by indirect hemagglutination.
These data are consistent with the hypothesis that M protein isolated from this strain of group A, type 12 streptococcus may represent repeating unit structures rather than multiple molecular species. In addition to the M specific determinants, this unit structure includes a nontypespecific antigenic determinant.
The C′la Fixation and Transfer Test: Examples of Its Applicability to the Detection and Enumeration of Antigens and Antibodies at Cell Surfaces
Authors: Borsos Tibor , Colten Harvey R. , Spalter Joel S. , Rogentine Nicholas , Rapp Herbert J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The C′la fixation and transfer test, a complement fixation test that enumerates C′-fixing sites on a molecular basis, was used to examine a variety of antibody-antigen systems. It was shown that the test is capable of quantitating cell surface antigens and antigens attached to the cell surface by chemical means and of distinguishing and enumerating antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes and of subclasses. The test is also capable of yielding information on the mechanism of complement fixation as it relates to cytotoxic activity of anti-sera and complement.
Synthesis of Specific RNA Molecules during Immune Response in the Mouse Spleen
Authors: Church R. B. , Storb U. , McCarthy B. J. , Weiser R. S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Purified RNA was prepared from the spleens and lungs of uninjected mice and of mice injected with S. typhi, sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or syngeneic mouse red blood cells (MRBC). Quantitative and qualitative changes in RNA synthesis were studied.
The specific radioactivity of pulse-labeled RNA in the spleens of mice injected with S. typhi was highest at about 72 hr in the primary response and at 24 to 30 hr in the secondary response. The corresponding responses to SRBC injection were somewhat later. The rate of labeling of lung RNA from immune mice did not show significant fluctuation. Analysis by sucrose density gradients showed that pulse-labeled immune spleen RNA contained a higher proportion of RNA molecules of greater than 28 S than was present in normal spleen RNA.
Qualitative changes in RNA populations were studied by comparing the competition of various RNA preparations for hybridization with DNA. The injections of any of the three agents, S. typhi, SRBC or MRBC, induced the formation of some spleen RNA populations differing from normal RNA. This nonspecific change was similar for the three agents. In addition, some specific changes were observed in response to the two antigens. The new species of RNA molecules appeared 24 hr following injection of S. typhi, but not until 60 hr after SRBC injection. The significance of these “antigen specific” RNA changes is discussed with respect to antibody specificity and overall physiologic response.
Transplantation Antibody Associated with First-Set Renal Homografts
Authors: Spong Frederick W. , Feldman Joseph D. , Lee Sun 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Antibodies were detected in the circulation of rats undergoing first-set renal homograft rejection as early as 3 days after transplantation. These antibodies were shown to be present in both purified IgG and IgM fractions of serum and to adhere primarily to the ultracentrifuged sediment of homogenized kidney, presumably to histocompatibility antigens. Parenteral injection of IgG fractions produced perivascular mononuclear infiltrates in the kidney. The lesions were indistinguishable from those accompanying early rejection.
Staphylococcal Delayed Hypersensitivity in Mice
Authors: Taubler James H. , Mudd Stuart 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Cell migration from splenic explants of staphylococcal hypersensitive mice was significantly inhibited (10 to 20%) when cultured in the presence of homologous antigen, while no inhibition was noted when antigen was absent. Presence of staphylococcal antigen had no inhibitory effect on cell migration from explants of normal mice. Similarly, migrations from tuberculin sensitive explants were significantly inhibited (15 to 25%) when cultured in the presence of homologous (OT) antigen; when antigen was absent no inhibition occurred. Cell migrations from normal explants were unaffected by antigen (OT). Inhibition was specific in that migration from sensitive explants was repressed with homologous antigen (migration from staphylococcal sensitive explants inhibited by staphylococcal natigen and migration from tuberculin sensitive explants inhibited by OT), while heterologous antigen had no inhibitiory effect in either explant system.
Application of Passive Hemagglutination Methods for Detection of Antibody to Viral Antigen in Hamsters Bearing Adenovirus Type 12 Tumors
Authors: Lefkowitz Stanley S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Adenovirus type 12 (Huie) was grown in HeLa cell monolayers, concentrated by centrifugation in CsCl gradients and purified further by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The viral antigen, which eluted with 0.15 to 0.2 M NaCl, was coated on tanned sheep erythrocytes. These sensitized erythrocytes agglutinated with antiviral rabbit and guinea pig sera and with sera from hamsters bearing tumors induced by adenovirus 12. Synthesis of the antigen that sensitizes erythrocytes was prevented in HeLa cells by the presence of 10 µg of cytosine arabinoside per ml of medium. This substance did not affect synthesis of “T” antigens assayed by complement fixation methods. Hamster sera containing antibody to viral antigens as detected by passive hemagglutination methods were also positive using complement fixation methods. Approximately 50% of the hamsters bearing primary tumors and 25% of the hamsters bearing transplanted tumors synthesized antibody to viral antigens. Results obtained by complement fixation correlated well with those obtained by passive hemagglutination. Tumor and “T” antigen preparations did not react by passive hemagglutination.
Communications
Authors: Mage Rose G. , Young Glendowlyn O. , Reisfeld Ralph A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In rabbits, the immunoglobulin allotypes b4, b5, b6 and b9 are associated with antigenic determinants on light polypeptide chains (2). Genes which behave as alleles at the “b locus” appear to control at least part of the amino acid sequence of these antigenically distinct forms of light chains. It is possible that the “b locus” actually represents a genetic region consisting of several closely linked and related cistrons. However, to date no one has detected production of more than two of the four known “b locus allotypes” in an individual rabbit. On the other hand, the c7 allotype (originally designated “P” (3)) is detectable in the sera of numerous rabbits, no matter whether they are heterozygous or homozygous at the a and b loci (3, 4). The c7 antigenic determinants are detected with specific isoantisera on molecules which have the immunoelectrophoretic characteristics of rabbit IgG.