bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Title 42 and the power to exclude: Asylum seekers and the denial of entry into the United States
Authors: Obinna Denise N. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDebates to “secure the border” have often dominated immigration legislation. Since the COVID‐19 pandemic began, this rhetoric has intensified with the use of the Title 42 program to “expel” asylum seekers without hearing the merits of their case. This article outlines how the Title 42 policy has exacerbated dangerous border crossings while advancing discriminatory policies which disproportionately affect non‐White asylum seekers. Using the framework of Critical Race Theory, this article examines the impact(s) of race, ethnicity, and nationality within the immigration bureaucracy. It suggests that “race neutral” polices in immigration perpetuate racial subordination and exclusion for immigrants racialized as non‐White. Intertwined with xenophobia and anti‐immigrant bias, this work also suggests that public health rationales have long been used to exclude “unfit” or “unclean” migrants due to the “fear of contamination” and infection. The Title 42 program is a violation of human rights, immigration laws, and stipulations in the United Nations Charter which prohibits refugees from being expelled to countries where their lives or freedoms are threatened.Related ArticlesGarrett, Terence M. 2020. “The Security Apparatus, Federal Magistrate Courts, and Detention Centers as Simulacra: The Effects of Trump's Zero Tolerance Policy on Migrants and Refugees in the Rio Grande Valley.” Politics & Policy 48(2): 372–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12348.Garrett, Terence M., and Arthur J. Sementelli. 2022. “COVID‐19, Asylum Seekers, and Migrants on the Mexico–U.S. Border: Creating States of Exception.” Politics & Policy 50(4): 872–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12484.Silverman, Stephanie J. 2012. “‘Regrettable but Necessary?’ A Historical and Theoretical Study of the Rise of the U.K. Immigration Detention Estate and Its Opposition.” Politics & Policy 40(6): 1131–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00393.x.
Avoiding errors and complications related to immediate implant placement in the esthetic area with a mucogingival approach
Authors: Stefanini Martina , Rendón Alexandra , Zucchelli Alessandro , Sangiorgi Matteo , Zucchelli Giovanni 
Published: June 2023

AbstractImmediate implant placement is considered the treatment of choice for single tooth replacement in the esthetic area. However, this treatment is associated with several critical drawbacks related to the inadequate assessment/management of the soft and hard peri‐implant tissues and their subsequent remodeling, resulting in peri‐implant soft‐tissue defects that can lead to impaired esthetic outcomes in time. We describe in detail how the mucogingival approach to immediate implant placement ensures a standard result regardless of the baseline soft‐hard tissue situation. Fully guided implant placement guarantees an adequate three‐dimensional implant placement, the flap design makes it possible to perform bone augmentation with complete visibility of the area being treated, allows soft tissue augmentation with proper fixation of the connective tissue graft, and the placement of an immediate provisional ensures stabilization of the peri‐implant tissues throughout the healing period.
Lumbosacral endplate contour defect is frequently observed concurrent with other lumbosacral abnormalities on spinal CT of French Bulldogs
Authors: Lecourtois Camille , Baudin‐Tréhiou Clément , Blond Laurent 
Published: June 2023

AbstractLumbosacral osteochondrosis has been previously described in large breed dogs with variable clinical signs. Its CT features are a contour defect at the dorsal aspect of either vertebral endplate, commonly with an adjacent fragment. Descriptions of this condition have not been previously published in an increasingly popular breed, French Bulldogs. Aims of this retrospective, descriptive, single center study were to evaluate CT lumbosacral abnormalities and the frequency of lumbosacral endplate contour defect in a large sample of French Bulldogs. The presence and location of lumbosacral endplate contour defect and the presence of a concurrent osseous fragment were recorded. Other abnormal CT findings such as L7‐S1 disc herniation, cauda equina nerve roots compression or thickening, disc mineralization, endplate sclerosis, spondylosis deformans, S1 articular processes hypertrophy, transitional vertebrae, hemivertebrae, spina bifida, and block vertebrae were recorded. Lumbosacral CT abnormalities were present in 91.8% of dogs (168/183). The most common abnormality was an L7‐S1 dorsal disc herniation (77.4%, 130/168). Among dogs with lumbosacral abnormalities, the frequency of a lumbosacral endplate contour defect was 47% (79/168). It mostly involved L7 (78.5%, 62/79) at its dorsolateral aspect (61.3%, 38/62). A mineralized fragment was identified in 62% of the defects (49/79). Endplate contour defects were most frequently seen with a concurrent disc herniation (93.7%, 74/79) causing nerve root compression in 63.3% (50/79) and with sclerosis (65.8%, 52/79). There was no definitive evidence of a relationship with clinical presentation in this sample of French Bulldogs; therefore, this finding should be interpreted with caution. The etiology remains unclear.
Application of a Distributed Element Roughness Model to Additively Manufactured Internal Cooling Channels
Authors: Altland Samuel , Yang Xiang I. A. , Thole Karen A. , Kunz Robert , McClain Stephen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Design for cooling effectiveness in turbine blades relies on accurate models for dynamic losses and heat transfer of internal cooling passages. Metal additive manufacturing (AM) has expanded the design space for these configurations, but can give rise to large-scale roughness features. The range of roughness length scales in these systems makes morphology resolved computational fluid dynamics (CFD) impractical. However, volumetric roughness models can be leveraged, as they have computational costs orders of magnitude lower. In this work, a discrete element roughness model (DERM), based on the double-averaged Navier–Stokes equations, is presented and applied to additively manufactured rough channels, representative of gas turbine blade cooling passages. Unique to this formulation of DERM is a generalized sheltering-based treatment of drag, a two-layer model for spatially averaged Reynolds stresses, and explicit treatment of dispersion. Six different AM rough surface channel configurations are studied, with roughness trough to peak sizes ranging from 15% to 60% nominal channel passage half-width, and the roughness Reynolds number ranges from Rek = 60 to 300. DERM predictions for spatially and temporally averaged mean flow quantities are compared to previously reported direct numerical simulation results. Good agreement in the mean velocity profiles, stress balances, and drag partitions are observed. While DERM models are typically calibrated to specific deterministic roughness morphologies at comparatively small roughness Reynolds numbers, the present more generalized DERM formulation has wider applicability. Here, it is demonstrated that the model can accommodate random roughness of large scale, typical of AM.
Exploring the genotypic and phenotypic differences distinguishing
Lactobacillus jensenii
and
Lactobacillus mulieris
Authors: Ene Adriana , Banerjee Swarnali , Wolfe Alan J. , Putonti Catherine 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT

Lactobacillus crispatus
,
Lactobacillus gasseri
,
Lactobacillus iners
, and
Lactobacillus jensenii
are dominant species of the urogenital microbiota. Prior studies suggest that these
Lactobacillus
species play a significant role in the urobiome of healthy females. In our prior genomic analysis of all publicly available
L. jensenii
and
Lactobacillus mulieris
genomes at the time (
n
= 43), we identified genes unique to these two closely related species. This motivated our further exploration here into their genotypic differences as well as into their phenotypic differences. First, we expanded genome sequence representatives of both species to 61 strains, including publicly available strains and nine new strains sequenced here. Genomic analyses conducted include phylogenetics of the core genome as well as biosynthetic gene cluster analysis and metabolic pathway analyses. Urinary strains of both species were assayed for their ability to utilize four simple carbohydrates. We found that
L. jensenii
strains can efficiently catabolize maltose, trehalose, and glucose, but not ribose, and
L. mulieris
strains can utilize maltose and glucose, but not trehalose and ribose. Metabolic pathway analysis clearly shows the lack of
treB
within
L. mulieris
strains, indicative of its inability to catabolize external sources of trehalose. While genotypic and phenotypic observations provide insight into the differences between these two species, we did not find any association with urinary symptom status. Through this genomic and phenotypic investigation, we identify markers that can be leveraged to clearly distinguish these two species in investigations of the female urogenital microbiota.

IMPORTANCE

We have expanded upon our prior genomic analysis of
L. jensenii
and
L. mulieris
strains, including nine new genome sequences. Our bioinformatic analysis finds that
L. jensenii
and
L. mulieris
cannot be distinguished by short-read 16S rRNA gene sequencing alone. Thus, to discriminate between these two species, future studies of the female urogenital microbiome should employ metagenomic sequencing and/or sequence species-specific genes, such as those identified here. Our bioinformatic examination also confirmed our prior observations of differences between the two species related to genes associated with carbohydrate utilization, which we tested here. We found that the transport and utilization of trehalose are key distinguishing traits of
L. jensenii
, which is further supported by our metabolic pathway analysis. In contrast with other urinary
Lactobacillus
species, we did not find strong evidence for either species, nor particular genotypes, to be associated with lower urinary tract symptoms (or the lack thereof).
Supply-side and demand-side factors influencing uptake of malaria testing services in the community: lessons for scale-up from a post-hoc analysis of a cluster randomised, community-based trial in western Kenya
Authors: Kirui Joseph , Malinga Josephine , Sang Edna , Ambani George , Abel Lucy , Nalianya Erick , Namae Jane , Boyce Matthew , Laktabai Jeremiah , Menya Diana , O'Meara Wendy 
Published: June 2023

ObjectivesMaximising the impact of community-based programmes requires understanding how supply of, and demand for, the intervention interact at the point of delivery.DesignPost-hoc analysis from a large-scale community health worker (CHW) study designed to increase the uptake of malaria diagnostic testing.SettingRespondents were identified during a household survey in western Kenya between July 2016 and April 2017.ParticipantsHousehold members with fever in the last 4 weeks were interviewed at 12 and 18 months post-implementation. We collected monthly testing data from 244 participating CHWs and conducted semistructured interviews with a random sample of 70 CHWs.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure was diagnostic testing before treatment for a recent fever. The secondary outcomes were receiving a test from a CHW and tests done per month by each CHW.Results55% (n=948 of 1738) reported having a malaria diagnostic test for their recent illness, of which 38.4% were tested by a CHW. Being aware of a local CHW (adjusted OR=1.50, 95% CI: 1.10 to 2.04) and belonging to the wealthiest households (vs least wealthy) were associated with higher testing (adjusted OR=1.53, 95% CI: 1.14 to 2.06). Wealthier households werelesslikely to receive their test from a CHW compared with poorer households (adjusted OR=0.32, 95% CI: 0.17 to 0.62). Confidence in artemether–lumefantrine to cure malaria (adjusted OR=2.75, 95% CI: 1.54 to 4.92) and perceived accuracy of a malaria rapid diagnostic test (adjusted OR=2.43, 95% CI: 1.12 to 5.27) were positively associated with testing by a CHW. Specific CHW attributes were associated with performing a higher monthly number of tests including formal employment, serving more than 50 households (vs <50) and serving areas with a higher test positivity. On demand side, confidence of the respondent in a test performed by a CHW was strongly associated with seeking a test from a CHW.ConclusionScale-up of community-based malaria testing is feasible and effective in increasing uptake among the poorest households. To maximise impact, it is important to recognise factors that may restrict delivery and demand for such services.Trial registration numberNCT02461628; Post-results.
Developing a magnetic POCUS-guided bronchoscope for patients with suspected difficult endotracheal intubation in a general tertiary hospital: protocol for a randomised controlled study
Authors: Tian Yuan , Fei Yuda , Bai Bing , Cui Xulei , Zhang Yuelun , Wang Chunrong , Yu Chunhua , Huang Yuguang 
Published: June 2023

IntroductionEndotracheal intubation (ETI) is a crucial but risky procedure, especially among patients suspected of difficult endotracheal intubation (DTI). Bronchoscope, as an improved technique commonly used in DTI, might encounter visualisation difficulties. The magnetic point-of-care ultrasound (MGPOCUS) provides a novel visualisation from the outside and enables estimation of the relative position and trajectory of the bronchoscope. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of MGPOCUS-guided bronchoscopy, including the time required for successful ETI, the first attempt and overall success rate, the number of attempts, complications, and satisfaction with the visualization of the procedures.Methods and analysisThe study is a randomised, parallel-group, single-blinded, single-centre study. Participants (n=108) will be recruited by the primary anaesthesiologist and randomised to groups of ETI with bronchoscope or MGPOCUS-guided bronchoscope. The primary outcome is the time taken to the first-attempt success ETI. Secondary outcomes include procedure time, the first-attempt and overall success, complications, and satisfaction of visualisation. Cox regression with Bonferroni correction and linear mixed regression will be used to analyse the outcomes.Ethics and disseminationThe trial protocol was approved by the ethics committees at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Institutional Review Board #ZS-3428). Findings will be disseminated through conference presentations and peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberNCT05647174
Barriers and facilitators to accessing and using sexual and reproductive health services during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in Africa: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bolarinwa Obasanjo Afolabi , Odimegwu Clifford , Okeke Sylvester R , Ajayi Kobi V , Sah Rajeeb Kumar 
Published: June 2023

IntroductionAccess and utilisation of sexual and reproductive health services remain an important component in averting adverse sexual and reproductive health outcomes. However, the unprecedented emergence of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) left most of these services disrupted in Africa. Thus, this protocol study seeks to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of barriers and facilitators to accessing and using sexual and reproductive health services during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in Africa.Method and analysisAn open electronic database search will be conducted in African journals online, PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE and PsycINFO to identify potentially eligible studies published between January 2020 and December 2022. Two authors from the research team will screen the title and abstract of the potential studies, and another two authors will independently assess the full articles based on the inclusion or exclusion criteria. Studies will be selected if they examine barriers and facilitators to accessing and using sexual and reproductive health services, including family planning counselling and services, sexually transmitted infections (STIs)/HIV testing, consultation, and treatment, and provision of abortion services during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in Africa. The data extracted from the included studies will be analysed using Review Manager (RevMan V.5) and Meta-Analysis software V.3. Each outcome measure will be analysed separately against barriers and facilitators; the dichotomous data will be presented in odd ratios with a 95% CI, while mean and standardised mean differences will be employed to present the continuous data. We envisage that the potential results of this study will identify the barriers and facilitators to family planning counselling and services, STIs/HIV testing, consultation, and treatment, and provision of abortion services during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in Africa, which can be used to develop required interventions and policies to curb identified barriers.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Findings from this study will be disseminated through conferences and peer-reviewed publication.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42022373335.
Effectiveness of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infections among healthcare personnel in Pakistan: a test-negative case–control study
Authors: Khan Unab Inayat , Niaz Mahnoor , Azam Iqbal , Hasan Zahra , Hassan Imran , Mahmood Syed Faisal , Ali Asad 
Published: June 2023

ObjectiveDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, several vaccines that were efficacious in randomised controlled trials were authorised for mass vaccination. In developing countries, inactivated vaccines were widely administered. While inactivated vaccines have been deemed effective in reducing disease severity, for healthcare personnel (HCP), effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infections is essential to reduce the risk to vulnerable patients and ensure a stable healthcare workforce. There are limited studies examining inactivated vaccines’ effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) in real-world settings. We estimated the effectiveness of inactivated vaccines (BBIBP-CorV and CoronaVac) against reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR)-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections among HCP in the setting of emerging SARS-CoV-2 VOCs in Pakistan.DesignA retrospective matched, test-negative case–control analysis using existing data from an Employee Health database on HCP at a large, private healthcare system in Pakistan.Participants4599 HCP were tested between 1 April and 30 September 2021. Each case (PCR positive) was matched to two to six controls (PCR negative) by the date of the RT-PCR test (±7 days) to reduce bias.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was vaccine effectiveness (VE) against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The secondary outcome was VE against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Per cent VE was calculated using (1-OR)*100, with the OR of getting a PCR-confirmed SARS-COV-2 infection estimated using conditional logistic regression, after adjusting for age, gender, work area and history of SARS-CoV-2 infection.ResultsInactivated vaccines were ineffective against SARS-CoV-2 infections after receiving the first dose (VE 17%, 95% CI −10, 39; p=0.261). They showed modest effectiveness ≥14 days after the second dose against SARS-CoV-2 infections (VE 30%, 95% CI 7, 48; p=0.015) and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections (VE 33%, 95% CI 6, 52; p=0.002).ConclusionsInactivated vaccines show modest effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infections in the setting of emerging VOCs. This builds a strong case for boosters and/or additional vaccination.
Unmet vaccination need among children under the age of five attending the paediatric emergency department: a cross-sectional study in a large UK district general hospital
Authors: Isba Rachel , Brennan Louise , Egboko Fiona , Edge Rhiannon , Davies Nigel , Knight Joanne 
Published: June 2023

ObjectiveTo estimate vaccination coverage among children under the age of five attending the paediatric emergency department (PED) using tetanus and MMR vaccination as a proxy.DesignA cross-sectional observational study with a single data collection point for each participant.SettingA single large PED in Greater Manchester, England.ParticipantsChildren (under 5 years old) attending the PED during October 2021. Participation was ‘opt-out’ and parents/carers were given until the end of the following month to request that their child’s data be excluded.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome of interest was the percentage of children who were up-to-date with their routine childhood vaccinations at their time of attendance to the PED. Secondary outcome measures were the percentage of children who had received age-appropriate tetanus and MMR vaccination, and how these compared with local population data at the ages of 1, 2 and 5 years of age.ResultsOne-third of under-5s in this study had unmet vaccination need and were missing at least one dose of either MMR or tetanus-containing vaccine. In older age groups, many were missing their tetanus boosters and only 1 in 5 of those eligible had received two doses of MMR. Those in younger age groups had vaccination coverage levels comparable to the local data, but still below the target of 95%.ConclusionsThose children eligible for preschool boosters (tetanus and MMR2) appear to have considerable unmet vaccination need. While the pandemic has had an impact, the observation that MMR2 uptake is considerably lower than tetanus booster (when they are scheduled together) warrants further investigation. Catch-up campaigns for MMR2 should focus on this cohort of children and the PED may offer an opportunity for an intervention.Trial registration numberNCT04485624.