bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Lawless Unity of the People
Authors: Braver Joshua 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter One lays out the debate between “legalist” opponents and “radical” proponents of the people. Despite their disagreement over whether it is wise or reckless to invoke the people, they both agree on its definition as a lawless unity. I argue that neither side’s theories are capable of both preserving the people’s freedom to break from the past and guarding against excessive centralizations of power in revolutionary governments. This agreement has obscured our ability to develop an alternative conception of the constituent power that engages with law in odd and peculiar ways to construct a plural people, a people that includes all citizens.
Extraordinary Adaptation
Authors: Braver Joshua 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In Chapter Two, I explain the theory and three principles of legal engagement that I call extraordinary adaptation. Drawing on and critiquing the work of Hannah Arendt and Bruce Ackerman and with reference to the creation of the U.S. Constitution, I define extraordinary adaptation as the repurposing, bending, and reinterpreting of legal rules and institutions. The violation creates the space to initiate the creation of a new constitution, but the continuity promotes the inclusion of all parties. The adaptation must be principled: the adapter must exhaust all other legal channels, openly acknowledge violations to seek popular vindication, and include the opposition enough so that it may begrudgingly acquiesce to the new constitution. These three principles—legal exhaustion, popular vindication, and inclusion—compensate for and set out boundaries for how and when to violate the law in popular constitution-making.
Managing Infertility
Authors: Moussa Hadiza , Kang Alice J. , Cooper Barbara M. , Kammerer Natalie 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores the multitude of practices women and families engage in to protect against and counter the problem of infertility. Traditional practices and popular healing techniques, which often have a preventative focus, are of greater significance in this domain than the formal medical services in Niger. Taboos on contact with particular settings, objects, and substances associated with spirits or the jealousy of others protect women and newborns. Muslim specialists are called upon to treat possible infertility through the use of holy water, amulets, and blessings, as well as various natural substances. Healers, both local and regional, may be called upon to perform rituals to call upon spirits for protection or cure. Infertility can be countered socially through polygamy, the fostering of children, divorce and remarriage to a more fertile partner, and adultery.
The Emotional Weight of Childlessness
Authors: Moussa Hadiza , Kang Alice J. , Cooper Barbara M. , Kammerer Natalie 
Published: February 2023

AbstractWomen who experience infertility feel a wide range of emotions such as affection, anxiety, guilt, joy, shame, and loneliness. This chapter undertakes an anthropological analysis of affective life or sensibilité to better understand the experiences of infertile women in Niger. In this way, the chapter psychologizes anthropology and anthropologizes psychology. Through interviews conducted in Niamey, it is found that when a couple is unable to produce a child, the wife is alienated by her husband and husband’s family, which brings about overwhelming feelings of loneliness. Some interviewees report having to hear insults on a regular basis from their relatives within their own home, making them question their own self-worth. Women stigmatized for being childless feel a deep sense of shame and guilt for not being able to fulfill their social duty. At the same time, they can feel hopeful for a miracle. The extensive marginalization of women without children and the constant gaze of and judgment by others are internalized, incurring psychological distress that deserves greater attention.
The Role of Judge Advocates in Prisoner of War and Detention Operations in the U.S. Army: A Short History
Authors: Borch III Fred L. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Uniformed lawyers have played important roles in prisoner of war and detainee operations in the U.S. Army. During international armed conflicts like World War II, Vietnam, and the Persian Gulf War, military lawyers advised on the status and treatment of enemy fighters captured on the battlefield—in accordance with the Geneva Conventions and customary international law. In the last decades of the twentieth century and early years of the twenty-first century, however, U.S. Army involvement in international armed conflicts—and corresponding POW operations—diminished significantly, and was replaced by military operations in non-international conflicts. Since persons captured or detained in non-international operations like Somalia, Haiti, and Afghanistan could not be prisoners of war as a matter of law, Army lawyers had to create procedures governing the status and treatment of detainees. History demonstrates that prisoner of war and detention operations have been a story of hastily planned and quickly implemented procedures. This ad hoc approach is to be expected, however, since the Army itself puts a priority on winning on the battlefield and a lower priority on prisoner and detainee operations.
A Theory of Compellence with Nuclear Latency
Authors: Volpe Tristan A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractChapter 2 presents a new theory of compellence with nuclear latency. The core finding is that states need just enough bomb-making potential to make both proliferation threats and promises of nuclear restraint credible. The chapter presents this theory in five parts. The first explores the dilemma challengers face between making proliferation threats and nonproliferation assurances credible. The second part presents hypotheses about when this strategy is likely to succeed or fail as the challenger marches toward the bomb. This logic reveals a sweet spot amount of latency where compellence should be most likely to work because challengers can underwrite both threats and assurances. The third part compares these claims to alternative explanations. The fourth part grounds the boundaries of the sweet spot in actual nuclear technology. The final part of the chapter formulates a research strategy and selects cases to evaluate the theory.
Idealism and our place in the world
Authors: Hofweber Thomas 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAre human being special in the world, or are we merely insignificant beings, at best significant only on our planet, but not in reality as a whole? This Big Question about our place has two familiar answers: one that says that we are special, since we have a special connection to God, and one that says that we are not special, since we are merely the result of an accidental arrangement of matter through evolution. This chapter explores a third, idealist, answer to this question, which holds that we are special, since there is an intimate connection between our minds and reality itself. It considers how such an idealist position should be understood, what minimal constraints any defense of idealism should meet, and how idealism might answer the Big Question in a novel way.
Forms of idealism we should reject
Authors: Hofweber Thomas 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis chapter critically surveys a series of attempts to defend idealism. I argue that they all face certain problems, and that in the end they should be rejected. This survey includes a discussion of phenomenalism, conventionalism, the subjectivity thesis, fragmentalism, and idealist theories of properties and of truth. I argue that none of these positions meet the minimal constraints presented in chapter 1, but that they point to an option which might be defensible, and which holds that reality is constrained by our minds, even though it is not constructed by them. This is the kind of idealism defended in chapter 3.
The internalist conception of facts
Authors: Hofweber Thomas 
Published: February 2023

AbstractWhen we talk about facts, like the fact that snow is white, do we thereby talk about things? Or is such talk not about things at all, but instead fact-terms have a different semantic function than aiming to pick out a thing which is a fact? This chapter defends the view that facts are not things, and fact-terms are not aiming to refer. In particular, it discusses how quantification over facts is to be understood, and how quantifiers interact with non-referential fact terms and with modal notions. It defends a position labelled internalism, which in a nutshell holds that fact-terms do not aim to refer, and quantifiers generalize over the instances in our own language. Of special importance and difficulty is to formulate this view of quantifiers in a way that makes sense of their interaction with context sensitive instances.
Harmony and ineffability
Authors: Hofweber Thomas 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis chapter develops and strengthens the argument outlined in chapter 3 that there is a connection between idealism and harmony, on the one hand, and between harmony and internalism, on the other hand. In particular, the chapter strengthens the argument outlined earlier that internalism guarantees structural harmony to an argument that internalism guarantees complete harmony, a much stronger notion of harmony. A key aspect of this strengthening is a closer investigation into the notion of an ineffable fact, and what a proper source of ineffability might be. Here it is of special significance whether objects might be a proper source of ineffability, which is argued against. The chapter makes clear how conceptual idealism is compatible with ontological realism, and how we constrain logical space without constructing it.
Conceptual idealism: the overall picture
Authors: Hofweber Thomas 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis final chapter revisits several issues that came before and puts the overall picture tied to conceptual idealism together. It shows how conceptual idealism answers the Big Question in a novel way, and with it that human beings are metaphysically special in all of reality, since there is an intimate connection between our minds and reality as the totality of facts. We can see that the defense of conceptual idealism meets all three constraints that any reasonable defense of idealism needs to meet. The metaphysical picture tied to conceptual idealism is developed a bit, but the focus is mostly on the meta-philosophical approach that came with its defense. The chapter compares and contrasts the present approach to Kant’s view on metaphysics, and endorses the label of being neo-Kantian, with numerous qualifications. Finally, the immanent metaphysics program is outlined, with a focus on where to go next.
‘Taking their labour and art to the best market’
Authors: Bensimon Fabrice 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the political economy of British emigration to the Continent. Throughout the eighteenth century, a thousand engineers and artisans crossed the Channel. After the end of the Napoleonic wars, this flow dramatically increased. As free-trading ideas gained ground, British bans on the emigration of artisans and on the exportation of machinery were lifted in 1824 and 1843, respectively. In most cases, skilled migrants could rely upon the technological gap between Britain, which had begun its industrial revolution in the late eighteenth century, and the Continent, which lagged behind. In several sectors (e.g. linen, iron, railway building), employers played a crucial part in the hiring of British artisans. Given the superiority of British technology, both continental entrepreneurs and British investors preferred to use British machinery and to employ British workers who knew how to operate it. In lace, by contrast, workers themselves were the primary agents of migration. Their movement to the Continent was mostly at the behest of British artisans who crossed the Channel to gain access to continental markets without having to pay duties or the cost of smuggling. The press, information passed by word of mouth, and in some cases recruitment agents could also play a part in prompting the move.
The Gender of Migration
Authors: Bensimon Fabrice 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the gendered dimensions of migration. While in some sectors such as railway building a large part of the workforce was made up of single male workers, in others emigrants moved with their families. Many female linen workers also emigrated while young and single. While the occupational structure of work in Britain at the time has been well researched, this chapter considers whether these patterns were replicated when workers emigrated or whether they underwent transformations. It specifically deals with women in the linen industry, and with women and children in the sector of machine-made lace. Although female lace workers were often highly skilled, they were restricted to low-paid positions in the trade because of gendered notions of skill and occupation. This chapter also discusses child labour on both sides of the Channel, especially in machine-made lace. Last, it focuses on the respective wages of men, women, and children on both sides of the Channel.
‘Driven from his native land to seek employment under a foreign despotism’
Authors: Bensimon Fabrice 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses migrants’ history of political engagement. When they emigrated, British workers were confronted with political situations that could be very different from those they experienced in Britain. Adjusting could be a challenge. However, far from being a docile population, British workers knew how to market their skills in individual or collective negotiations. In iron or machinery, they bargained on the length of their employment and of the working day, on their wages and the refund of their travel expenses, and on the quality of housing for them and their families. These demands were sometimes accompanied by different forms of rebellion, especially against discipline, rules, or shrinking wages. When they were present on the Continent in large numbers, migrants also set up friendly societies and masonic lodges. In France, some founded trade unions and organised strikes, at a time when both were forbidden in France. In the 1840s, during the Chartist movement, France was the only country outside Britain where branches were set up. The Chartist Northern Star was read aloud in a linen workshop in Brittany, thus echoing Scottish working-class practices of the collective reading of radical texts. Focusing on the rare case of a British insurgent in Paris, the chapter also considers how ‘British’ political opinions could translate in the context of a French revolution.
Voice and Influence in Global Governance
Authors: DeMenno Mercy Berman , Büthe Tim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter lays out the analytical framework for addressing the three questions at the core of this volume. First, why have (some) global governance bodies expanded voice opportunities for previously disregarded stakeholders? Second, what prompts such stakeholders to make use of these opportunities and increase their actual engagement in global governance? And third, under what conditions should we expect such previously marginalized or excluded stakeholders to gain actual influence over rule- and decision-making in a global governance body? Building on the literature on stakeholder participation in domestic and global regulatory governance, the chapter develops a conceptual framework and a positive political economy approach to understanding stakeholder participation and possible influence over global rules and decisions. The theoretical discussion in this chapter yields hypotheses that are empirically examined with regard to global finance governance in Part II of this volume and with regard to global health governance in Part III.
Stakeholder Participation Reforms in Global Finance Governance
Authors: Kovarzina Olga , Maggetti Martino 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of reforms that aimed at increasing participation in the main global finance governance institutions. Special attention is given to the inclusion of previously marginalized stakeholders, which could be member state representatives or non-state actors. On the one hand, the level and quality of stakeholders’ participation may depend on the incentives and opportunities that stakeholders face, which are shaped by the importance of specific governance issues, by the availability of alternatives, and by the domestic context. On the other hand, conditions that affect participation may depend on the institution itself, specifically on its organizational structure and on its willingness to include or exclude specific stakeholders. To explore the variation in organizational features, we selected institutions with different organizational forms: intergovernmental organizations such as the IMF and the World Bank, transgovernmental/transnational bodies such as the FATF and the FSB, and private standard-setters such as the IASB.
Brazil and Argentina in Global Finance Governance
Authors: Moraes Henrique Choer , Aznar Facundo Pérez 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The participatory status enjoyed by Argentina and Brazil in global financial institutions was upgraded in recent years, when both countries were recognized with a seat at the decision-making table as a result of institutional reforms undertaken at global financial governance settings. By examining the participation of Argentina and Brazil at meetings of the G20, International Monetary Fund (IMF), FSB (Financial Stability Board), and the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), this chapter studies the extent to which these countries have taken advantage of their strengthened capacity as new members of these institutions. The institutional reforms studied have (by and large) enabled Argentina and Brazil to voice their views, concerns, and initiatives to a global audience that they could not reach previously. Still, they did so for reasons that are particular to each of their individual circumstances, including their capacity to harness these opportunities
Can Regional Institutions Increase the Legitimacy of Global Governance?
Authors: Moraes Henrique Choer 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The architecture of global finance governance displays a number of institutions that, despite having a limited membership, set standards with global reach. One way to address this legitimacy challenge has been to establish regional consultative mechanisms aimed at reaching out to non-members. The chapter studies the cases of the regional groups of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and of the Financial Stability Board (FSB) and discusses the extent to which they contribute to bridging the communication gap with non-members. The picture that emerges is a complex one. While regional branches do not dispense with the hierarchy between members and non-members, examples presented here indicate that the existence of regional branches allows some room for exerting influence. Still, the capacity to effectively participate even in these regional mechanisms is uneven, as is the degree of influence exerted.
The Effects of Stakeholder Reforms on Global Health Governance
Authors: Burci Gian Luca 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Former Legal Counsel of the WHO Gian Luca Burci offers a practitioner’s response to the analyses of the stakeholder participation reforms in global health governance in the country case studies. He points out that technical knowledge, the tactical use of WHO procedures, and their grouping into alliances gives certain previously disregarded states influence that is sometimes disproportionate to their overall political and economic importance. He further argues that complex power dynamics continue to play a role in participation by neglected stakeholders. He also highlights how previously neglected stakeholders participate indirectly through regional organizations and groupings. He finally underlines that a thorough analysis of the relationship between governance reform and participation by neglected government and non-government stakeholders has to take into account a wide variety of endogenous and exogenous factors.
Evolving Norms and Objectives Regarding Stakeholder Participation
Authors: Newton Gülen Atay 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In response to the analyses of stakeholder participation in global health governance in the country-pairs case studies, Gülen Atay Newton in this chapter reflects upon stakeholder participation at the Global Fund, for which she formerly served as General Counsel. Tackling global issues, she argues, requires both a healthy and ongoing dialogue among all those concerned and sustained discipline in finding collective solutions. It is thus incumbent on the stakeholders themselves to ensure maximum integration and meaningful contribution by all. When some of the stakeholders remain less engaged, be it due to lack of funds, capacity, or interest, the whole experiment will suffer and the partnership’s ability to achieve its mission will be compromised. Power asymmetries must be reduced and should eliminated; weaker participants must be empowered accordingly. Despite ongoing measures to that end, achieving such an optimal equilibrium is a work in progress, particularly at the governance level of the global partnerships and continues to need dedicated attention. Like any capacity-building effort, however, enduring effects are likely to materialize over the medium to long term, with sustained and/or increased allocation of resources.
Conclusion
Authors: Büthe Tim , Pauwelyn Joost , Maggetti Martino , Berman Ayelet 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter begins with a few reflections about participation and legitimacy in global governance. It then summarizes the empirical findings, including the variation in new or expanded stakeholder voice opportunities in the key bodies for governing global finance and global health, the variation in actual engagement of those stakeholders in the aftermath of de jure reforms, and the variation in stakeholder influence in the aftermath of reforms. Returning to the analytical questions that motivated us to launch the project, we examine the implications of the empirical findings for the hypothesized explanations of differences in voice and influence. Drawing together the findings from across the entire volume, the chapter concludes with reflections on the distinct experiences of governmental versus non-state and civil society stakeholders, and with a comparison of the experience of traditionally disregarded stakeholders across the two policy fields of global finance and global health.
Early symptoms and pointers to early diagnosis
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Back pain is very prevalent in the general population but AS/axSpA is not its commonest cause. In the beginning, AS usually causes pain and stiffness felt in the buttock area and lower back due to inflammation of the sacroiliac joints and lower spine in a teenager or a young adult. This inflammatory back pain is worsened on prolonged rest and eased on physical exercise or intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Most patients first seek medical help when their back pain and stiffness become persistent and troublesome; and it may become a major impediment to good sleep. A few patients may present with pain in the hip (groin) or knee joint, or tenderness of some bones, such as the chest wall or the heels. Others may present with an acute inflammation of the eye, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, pain in the limb joints, or tenderness of some bones, such as the chest wall or the heels. Unless the physician has ample clinical experience and a high index of suspicion, many cases will be missed. An early diagnosis and a proper medical management are crucial as it can help alleviate symptoms, reduce the risk of long-term disability and deformity, and enhance quality of life.