bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Health Education in Promoting Knowledge, to-wards Personal Hygiene Among Primary School Pupils in Umbada locality, Khartoum State, Sudan (2018 - 2020)
Authors: Essa Mariam Saeed Ibrahim , Yousif Magda Elhadi Ahmed , Abdalmagid M.A. 
Published: April 2023

Background: Personal hygiene is the behaviors that must be practiced in daily life, starting from morning to sleep time to protect our health.
Objectives: This study aimed to assess the role of health education in promoting knowledge of personal hygiene among Primary School Pupils in Umbada locality, Khartoum State Sudan (2018 - 2020)
Materials and methods: The study design an observational interventional study was conducted where a pre and post- assessment was done. Pre-test and post-test was used to determine the practices of hygiene among primary school Pupils in some selected schools of Umbada locality al emir unit. The targeted population was primary school Pupils in Government schools only. The study populations were the pupils in the Primary public schools with a total number of 37850 Pupils (grade 5, grade 6 and grade7) distributed among 180 public primary schools in the locality. The sample size consisted of (800) pupils during the period of the study. A pre and post- questionnaire was carefully prepared, tested and directed to the pupils . It covers pupil’s age, sex, and the classroom. , source of water supply and latrine in the house there, and to obtain data regarding knowledge, attitude, and practices (as regards personal hygiene in both pre and post-intervention phases. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS Computer Program Version (19.0).
Results: The study revealed that the overall knowledge of pupils about personal hygiene was increase from 38.7% to 61.3% after intervention of health education packages.
Conclusion: Due to gaps in many items of knowledge, attitude and practice regarding personal hygiene, there is need of the proper health education intervention through framework of schools to the school children, for improvement regarding personal hygiene among them, throughout the nation. Health education has significant role in promoting knowledge of school pupils regarding personal hygiene.
Evaluation of Early Postoperative Outcome of Success of Repair of One Stage Repair of Bladder Exstrophy
Authors: Mariam Rushdah 
Published: April 2023

Bladder exstrophy is a rare congenital anomaly of the genitourinary tract producing ventral abdominal wall defect. Previously; it was operated by a multi-stage procedure. In the course of time, the repair of bladder exstrophy has evolved from a staged repair to a one-stage reconstruction with encouraging results in different countries. One-stage repair of bladder exstrophy is being practiced since 2007 in BSMMU. So; this study was conducted on one-stage repair of bladder exstrophy to observe early possible outcomes.
Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at BSMMU on ten postoperative cases of Classic bladder Exstrophy who underwent one-stage repair from September 2018 to October 2021.
Results: Results show that 10% of the subjects developed wound dehiscence. The mean hospital stay was 18.9 days.
Conclusion: From the results found in this study, one-stage repair of bladder exstrophy achieved success in bladder, and abdominal wall reconstruction, as evidenced by the rate of wound dehiscence is comparably similar. Moreover, one-stage of repair of bladder exstrophy appears to be better enough for broader practice. One-stage reconstruction minimizes the number of surgical procedures required to achieve the treatment goals, including normal genital cosmesis and safe postoperative outcome.
Tax Payer's Tax Compliance Behavior, The Case Of Addis Ababa City Administration
Authors: Tsegaw Geletaw 
Published: April 2023

This paper attempted to reveal determinants of taxpayers’ tax compliance behavior. Six tax compliance determinants were examined; the examined tax compliance determinants were: tax knowledge; feeling of fairness; the influence of peer groups; income level of taxpayers; detection & punishments and perception on government spending. The study adopted a mixed method research approach to test the proposed hypotheses and to answer research questions. The data has been collected from 225 business profit taxpayers of those 200 were through distributing of self-administered questionnaires and the remaining 25 through in-depth interviews. The latest statistical package (SPSS) software, correlation and regression analysis, were used to analyze the survey and thematic analysis was applied to the in-depth interviews. The results of this combined research methodology suggest that Addis Ababa City business profit taxpayers tax compliance behavior have been highly and significantly affected by tax knowledge; feeling of fairness; the influence of peer groups; income level of taxpayers and detection & punishments variables while confidence in government spending doesn’t have as such significant impact on tax compliance behavior of businesses. The analysis focuses on tax compliance and its determinants and is therefore subject to an underlying assumption of tax payers' understanding of tax and other potentially relevant information. The results of this study also provide specific insights and allow policy makers to gain a better understanding of the key variables that are significantly associated with tax compliance and enable them to implement suitable strategies to minimize potentially damaging factors, and should also allow them to improve their government’s tax revenue collections. Such a study becomes imperative given limited research so far undertaken in the area. The present study may also be utilized to provide further information to assist tax authorities in designing full-fledged tax policies and in improving their respective tax collection mechanisms.
Assessment of Road Side Snacks’ Microbiological Qualities in Ilese-Ijebu Southwestern Nigeria: Implications on Packaging and Bioaerosol Monitoring
Authors: Ayoade Adegbite A. , Gbolahan Salako S. , Sowole Ayodele R 
Published: April 2023

The study was carried out to determine the microbiological contamination of three common snacks (Puff-Puff, Fried Cake Bean, and Fried Potato) consumed at Ilese-Ijebu Southwestern Nigeria and to determine the effect of the packaging materials on the contamination of the snacks. The study made used of two different types of packaging materials, the ones used by the food vendors and sterile plastic bags for control to transport the samples to the laboratory for analysis. The detections of pathogenic microorganisms were carried out using laboratory standard procedures for culturing by MacConkey Agar. The results of laboratory analyses showed that all the snacks samples collected with vendors packaging materials were contaminated with one or more of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus aureus, as result of old newspapers, students’ old notes used as the packaging materials coupled with poor food vendors’ hygiene practices. On the other hand, the snacks collected by the sterile plastic bags contained a few of the microorganisms that might be as results of contamination during food handling and bioaerosol presence around where the foods were prepared and served to customers. The study concluded that there is the need for educative and public awareness about the potential ingestion and health problems associated with consumption of the snacks with unclean packaging materials. The regulatory governmental agencies like NAFDAC should be actively involved in making sure food consumed by the people do not constitute health hazard and risks to the consumers.
Fallen from the Trail – A case study based on Banking Sector in Bangladesh
Authors: Anas Md. Mushfiqur Rahman , Amin Ruhul 
Published: April 2023

The history of bank failures in many countries indicates that loss of public confidence in banks could be contagious and quickly lead to systemic banking crisis situations. The depositors might lose confidence in the Bank for such activities. Corporate Governance is concerned with holding the balance between economic and social goals and between individuals and communal goals. Banks can undertake all business operations as a result of public trust and faith in the stability and soundness of the banks in particular and the system in general.
The study was carried out to measure the financial crisis and Corporate Governance in the troubled banks in Bangladesh. The concerned bank was forced to pay off loans from the four banks with its securities - treasury bonds and bills - with the Bangladesh Bank. In Bangladesh, commercial banks need to keep the securities with the central bank to maintain its mandatory Statutory Liquidity Requirement (SLR). Currently, few banks have no securities to sustain SLR. A bank has to keep at least 19 percent of its depositors' money in the form of SLR and CRR with the central bank to protect the interest of the depositors.
Nigeria cybercrime and ICT development And Internet Service Provider
Authors: Makeri Yakubu Ajiji 
Published: April 2023

The identification of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as an essential tool for sustainable development has proved to be worth every investment in Nigeria. Unfortunately, ’the ’country’s ’image ’has ’also suffered as a result of the nefarious activities of some Nigerians, who has turn the internet into a cheap ’channel ’for ’the ’perpetration ’of ’criminal activities, ’ranging ’from ’range ’from ’phishing, online ’trickery ’and ’the ’‘Advanced ’Fee ’Fraud (AFF)’ popularly known as ‘419 spam’. At the forefront ’these ’development ’Internet ’Service Providers ’(ISPs). ’Despite ’their ’many ’laudable contributions ’as ’facilitators ’of ’Internet ’usage, ISPs ’serving ’Nigeria ’seem ’to ’stand ’aloof ’or seemingly ’remain ’oblivious ’of ’the ’damaging implications ’resultant ’from ’the ’use ’ ’of ’their infrastructure for online criminal activities. Using questionnaires, ’we ’conducted ’a ’research ’to determine ’the ’level ’of ’awareness ’of ’ISPs ’in Nigeria about intermediary liabilities. The Analysis ’of ’our ’findings ’using ’descriptive statistics ’ ’and ’chi-square ’at ’0.05 ’level ’of significance ’revealed ’that ’the ’level ’of ’security provided against crime by ISPs are relatively low resulting in a positive relationships between the level of internet crime and the attitudes of ISPs to protecting their networks.
Perception of Employees Regarding Participation in Decision Making and Problem Solving: A study On Different Branches of Banks in Dhaka City
Authors: Khandakar Md. Shariful Alam , Huq Khadija , Sultana Sarmin 
Published: April 2023

Banking sector is one of the most raising sectors in Bangladesh. This sector is facing competitive pressures due to the rapid changes of market conditions. Participative Decision-making and problem solving is therefore very crucial to the fortunes of any organization as it is through the successful implementation of policy decisions that the goals and objectives of an organization. Employees in the banking sector of Bangladesh perceived that participative decision making improve the organizational performance. They argued that employees are the fuel that runs the engine of the organization and it is believed that their non-involvement in the decision-making process creates tensions between management and staff. This study, therefore, sought to determine the perception of employees’ regarding participative decision making. They provided the opinion that management think decision-making as a management tool and its implementation in organizations by determining low employee. Lack of participative decision is the main cause of poor implementation of decisions. In order to achieve the objective of the study an interview was conducted on 57 employees of different private, public and commercial banks of Dhaka city. The findings of the study suggested that employee participation and involvement in decision-making contributes to effective decision implementation and also creates an enabling environment for creativity and growth. If employees see themselves as stakeholders and owners of the decision making and problem solving then implementation of decision will be very smooth. The study was also revealed that when employees see themselves as not being part of the decision-making process, they become discontented and apathetic which is likely to adversely affect organizational performance. Moreover, the study attempt to find out the relationship between participative decision making and organizational commitment.
Generalized Traditional Risk Factors of Being Overweight and Obesity among Ever Married Non-Pregnant Women in Bangladesh: An Application of Decision Tree Analysis
Authors: Islam Mohammad Zahidul 
Published: April 2023

Background: As the prevalence of obesity increases, the co-existing underweight and increasing overweight has also become a public health problem in many developing countries like as Bangladesh. Therefore this study seeks to identify the major determinants factors of being overweight or obese.
Methods: This study used a cross-sectional analysis from the 2011 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey that include 2,740 maternal women. To assess the determinants factors of overweight and obese, a multivariate technique name as decision tree analysis was used in this study.
Results: Around 68% of the maternal women were underweight and 32% were either overweight or obese. Women higher socio-economic status, women age ≥25 years, higher educational level and urban place of residence were found to be most dominant factors of being overweight and obese.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that, the major policy implications of this study are the importance of socio-economic status women, age ≥25 years with higher educational level and urban women to minimize its adverse effect on overweight and obese.
The Hague Convention 1961: Solution of Foreign Public Document Legalization for Indonesia and ASEAN Member Countries
Authors: Hartoyo Bambang , Noor Fauziah Mohd. 
Published: April 2023

The main discussion of this study is why Indonesia and some Asean member countries so far have not participated as contracting state to The Hague Convention 1961 (Apostille Convention). This leads to the situation that anyone who needs the legalization of public documents to be used abroad, he/she must go through repeated legalizations to various institutions of the respective authorities. This is not only time consuming and costly to individual or corporate who requires the legalization, but also hinder the respective government's program to enhance foreign direct investment to their own country. The objective of this study, therefore, is particularly to encourage Indonesia as well as Asean member countries to become a contracting state to The Hague Convention 1961. This qualitative study is conducted based on the observation on some Indonesian representatives overseas, as well as on notary offices of Indonesia. Literatures and scientific studies from Indonesia and overseas, as well as interviews with high-rank officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Indonesia, and diplomats from Indonesian representatives abroad are also used and conducted to fulfill the objective comprehensiveness of this study. This study eventually provided some suggestions that Indonesia as well as Asean member countries would immediately take action to become contracting state to The Hague Convention 1961.
Essays on Evaluation of Sales and Marketing Strategy: A Perspective from Pharmaceutical Industry in Thailand, a Survey
Authors: Ing-udomnoogoon Kitcha 
Published: April 2023

This thesis was conducted during the author's final year of a three-year PhD program at the IICSE University, USA. The research has its focus on the constant need for new, innovative ways for marketers in pharmaceutical industry in Thailand to reach target physicians (customers) and also adapt to marketing changes. To be able to detect what changes need to occur in the industry, we need to understand the impact that medical representatives (or pharmaceutical representatives) have on the prescription-writing habits of doctors, and competitive landscape in terms of sales and marketing performance of different players in the domain. Physicians are solely responsible in the prescription of pharmaceuticals elsewhere in this world, including in Thailand. The medical representatives are responsible for detailing physicians and other healthcare professionals the information on medical products, so that patients can get the best medicine for their disease treatment. Both physicians and medical representatives can have a large effect on the perception of a certain pharmaceutical from a certain company. Physicians also need to be educated by medical representative, and medical representatives must find the best approach to selling their medical products based on the needs of the physician’s patients. Different companies have drugs that have very different molecular compositions or classification that treat same diseases. Usually one expensive original drug can be prescribed for a single disease, so it is important for medical representatives to point out how their medicine will best treat a certain disease in a certain type of person. This in turn requires asking some questions on how the medical representative can achieve their selling goals. What selling method makes one drug more desirable over the other? Do physicians respond better to a friendlier, more relational and educated sales representative? What kind of marketing methods are the most effective or preferable by physicians? How do physicians perceive the different ways of selling? This research was conducted by looking into the selling techniques and marketing strategies used by pharmaceutical companies and medical representatives in Thailand. This should help to distinguish the best sales and marketing methods for pharmaceutical companies and medical representatives, especially in today’s industry.
Consumers’ Perception toward Brand Preferences while Purchasing Personal Care Products: A Study on Rajshahi City
Authors: Karmakar Anima , Ahmed Atia 
Published: April 2023

This study conducted to focus the consumers’ perception of international brand over local brand while purchasing personal care products. Consumers’ perception highlighted on customer’s psychology that determines their viewing attitude towards using the local or international brand. Globalization makes the foreign trade easier than before and the availability of international brands confused the consumers’ ethnocentrism towards local brand but it is also true that using too much foreign products can destroy the employment opportunity of local people and also the country may face of security issues from foreigners. To examine the topic a convenient sampling method was applied to collect response from 280 customers from which 268 found free from errors; those respondents were used for the final study. The findings highlighted some factors that influence customers’ perception toward choosing brand while purchasing personal care products. Data were collected from local customer of new market and Shaheb Bazar area of Rajshahi city. Study reveals that according to the perception of the customer, product quality of local brands, price consideration, country of origin, availability of foreign brands and promotional actions have a significant role toward customer mind while purchasing products. Moreover the findings suggest that, for the wellbeing of the society, local products need foremost priority to expand their business. As it is known that more demand of local products lead more production that create more job opportunity in the market and to build the country as self-sufficient, a customer focused local market should be enhanced. The major contribution of the current study is that it focuses consumer’s observation and suggestion to create more opportunities for local brand in market place.
Political History and the Socio-Economic-Cultural- Transnational Innovation in Bangladesh
Authors: Majumdar Ananda 
Published: April 2023

Riverine country in South Asia Bangladesh has seen various incidents from the British Bengal to East Pakistan and after being an independent country in Bangladesh. Its social, economic, cultural changes affected its people from the beginning, people of East Bengal were an innocent, poor peasants Muslim Bengali majority. Because of its economic and educational disadvantage, the British have exploited through land reforms, feudal system. It was similar exploitation from West Pakistan. People of East Pakistan finally started a revolution for freedom from the exploiters and through a bloody war in 1971, East Pakistan became an independent country. Bangladesh after independence has seen poverty, unemployment, social classifications, communalism between majority Muslims and minority Hindus, it has seen a civilian and military government with impractical policies, which provided nothing but tensions and grief. However, Bangladesh finally manages its status in the world as a future economic power by the establishment of democracy, by the implementation of various policies, such as a vision of a developed country by 2030. Its academic exchanges through various institutions like the American Institute of Bangladesh Studies (AIBS) at the University of Wisconsin helps its acceptability worldwide and recognizes its linguistic features, such as literature of Tagore and Kaji Nazrul Islam. It is an ethnographic article, which will send a message to the rest of the about Bangladesh, its social, economic, political structure, people, and its ambition to be an economic powerhouse in the 21st century, it is a message from a Bengali nation who established Bengali language as an international language to the UN. This article has completed through the reading of various books, academic articles and journals, and the research will be continuing through discussions, publications and collaboration with academic institutes.
Assessment of Environmental Radiation Hazard on Public Health around BSMMU Campus, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Hassan Faria , Rahman M. S. , Tareq Shafi M , Yeasmin S. 
Published: April 2023

Objective: Medical institution uses ionizing radiation for diagnosis or treatment by using ionizing radiation generating equipment such as X-ray machines, CT, PET scan, etc. and radioactive materials especially in nuclear medicine centers. The purpose of the study is to monitor the real-time radiation around the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) campus of Bangladesh for minimizing the ionizing radiation hazard on public health and the environment.
Method: The radiation monitoring was performed using a real-time portable digital radiation monitoring device. This real-time digital portable radiation monitoring device meets all European CE standards as well as the American “FCC 15 standard”. The portable radiation monitoring device was placed at 1 meter above the ground on the tripod and data acquisition time for each monitoring point (MP) was 1 hour. 32 MPs were selected for the collection of radiation dose rates around the BSMMU campus from March-May 2019.
Results: The measured dose rate around the BSMMU campus ranged from 0.02-3.15 µSv/hr with an average of 1.452 ± 0.883 µSv/hr. The annual effective dose was ranged from 0.117 ± 0.058 mSv to 5.445 ± 0.045 mSv with an average of 2.54 ± 1.566 mSv. The excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) was estimated which ranged from 4×10ˆ-4 to 2×10ˆ-2 with an average value of 1×10ˆ-2 for 32 selected locations around BSMMU campus.
Conclusion: Dose monitoring helps to ensure the best possible protection of the radiation workers, patients, and the general public and provides an immediate indication of incorrect use of technical parameters or equipment malfunction. Not only that, but it is also essential to use an adequate amount of protective shielding for minimizing radiation hazard on public health and the environment from the scattering radiation of the hospital.