bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of aerosol, humidity, and clouds in air masses travelling over Fennoscandian boreal forests
Authors: Räty Meri , Sogacheva Larisa , Keskinen Helmi-Marja , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Nieminen Tuomo , Petäjä Tuukka , Ezhova Ekaterina , Kulmala Markku 
Published: March 2023

Abstract. Boreal forests cover vast areas of land in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, which are under amplified climate warming. The interactions between the forests and the atmosphere are known to generate a
complex set of feedback processes. One feedback process, potentially
producing a cooling effect, is associated with an increased reflectance of
clouds due to aerosol–cloud interactions. Here, we investigate the effect
that the boreal forest environment can have on cloud-related properties
during the growing season. The site investigated was the SMEAR II station in Hyytiälä, Finland. Air mass back trajectories were the basis of the analysis and were used to estimate the time each air mass had spent over land prior to its arrival at the station. This enabled tracking the changes occurring in originally marine air masses as they travelled across the forested land. Only air masses arriving from the northwestern sector were investigated, as these areas have a relatively uniform forest cover and relatively little anthropogenic interference. We connected the air mass
analysis with comprehensive in situ and remote-sensing data sets covering up to 11 growing seasons. We found that the properties of air masses with short land transport times, thereby less influenced by the forest, differed from those exposed to the forest environment for a longer period. The fraction of air masses with cloud condensation nuclei concentrations (at 0.2 % supersaturation) above the median value of 180 cm−3 of the analysed air masses increased from approximately 10 % to 80 % after 55 h of exposure to boreal forest, while the fraction of air masses with specific humidity above the median value of 5 g kg−1 increased from roughly 25 % to 65 %. Signs of possible resulting changes in the cloud layer were also observed from satellite measurements. Lastly, precipitation frequency increased from the average of approximately 7 % to about 12 % after a threshold of 50 h of land transport. Most of the variables showed an increase with an increasing land transport time until approximately 50–55 h, after which a balance with little further variation seemed to have been reached. This appears to be the approximate timescale in which the forest–cloud interactions take effect and the air masses adjust to the local forest environment.
A GeoNEX-based high-spatiotemporal-resolution product of land surface downward shortwave radiation and photosynthetically active radiation
Authors: Li Ruohan , Wang Dongdong , Wang Weile , Nemani Ramakrishna 
Published: March 2023

Abstract. Surface downward shortwave radiation (DSR) and photosynthetically
active radiation (PAR) play critical roles in the Earth's surface processes.
As the main inputs of various ecological, hydrological, carbon, and solar
photovoltaic models, increasing requirements for high-spatiotemporal-resolution DSR and PAR estimation with high accuracy have been observed in
recent years. However, few existing products satisfy all of these
requirements. This study employed a well-established physical-based lookup
table (LUT) approach to the GeoNEX gridded top-of-atmosphere bidirectional
reflectance factor data acquired by the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) and
Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) sensors. It produced a data product of DSR
and PAR over both AHI and ABI coverage at an hourly temporal step with a 1 km spatial resolution. GeoNEX DSR data were validated over 63 stations, and
GeoNEX PAR data were validated over 27 stations. The validation showed that
the new GeoNEX DSR and PAR products have accuracy higher than other existing
products, with root mean square error (RMSE) of hourly GeoNEX DSR achieving
74.3 W m−2 (18.0 %), daily DSR estimation achieving 18.0 W m−2
(9.2 %), hourly GeoNEX PAR achieving 34.9 W m−2 (19.6 %), and
daily PAR achieving 9.5 W m−2 (10.5 %). The study also demonstrated
the application of the high-spatiotemporal-resolution GeoNEX DSR product in
investigating the spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability of surface
solar radiation. The data product can be freely accessed through the NASA
Advanced Supercomputing Division GeoNEX data portal:
https://data.nas.nasa.gov/geonex/geonexdata/GOES16/GEONEX-L2/DSR-PAR/ (last access: 12 March 2023) and
https://data.nas.nasa.gov/geonex/geonexdata/HIMAWARI8/GEONEX-L2/DSR-PAR/ (last access: 12 March 2023)
(https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7023863; Wang and Li, 2022).
Evolution of eddy viscosity in the wake of a wind turbine
Authors: Scott Ryan , Martínez-Tossas Luis , Bossuyt Juliaan , Hamilton Nicholas , Cal Raúl B. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract. The eddy viscosity hypothesis is a popular method in wind turbine wake modeling for estimating turbulent Reynolds stresses. We document the downstream evolution of eddy viscosity in the wake of a wind turbine from experimental and large-eddy-simulation data. Wake eddy viscosity is isolated from its surroundings by subtracting the inflow profile, and the driving forces are identified in each wake region. Eddy viscosity varies in response to changes in turbine geometry and nacelle misalignment with larger turbines generating stronger velocity gradients and shear stresses. We propose a model for eddy viscosity based on a Rayleigh distribution. Model parameters are obtained from scaling the eddy viscosity hypothesis and demonstrate satisfactory agreement with the reference data. The model is implemented in the curled wake formulation in the FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady State (FLORIS) framework and assessed through comparisons with the previous formulation. Our approach produced more accurate flow field estimates with lower total error for the majority of cases.
FREQUENCY AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PROFILE OF SALMONELLA TYPHI ISOLATED FROM DISTRICT BUNER
Authors: Ali Aftab , Rahman Noor , Adeeb Humera , Ullah Ihsan 
Published: March 2023

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency and drug resistance of Salmonella typhi in district Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
Methodology: This cross-section study was conducted at District Head Quarter Hospital Buner and private diagnostic centers from Jan 2020 to May 2021. A total of 460 blood samples were collected from OPD patients reported with signs and symptoms of Typhoid fever. Samples were cultured on blood and MacConkey agar and incubated at 37? for 24 hours. Bacterial identification was done on colony morphology, gram staining, and polyvalent antisera for strain identification. Finally, antibiotic susceptibility testing was done for the isolated bacteria. All commonly prescribed first-line and second-option antibiotics were tested on Mueller Hinton agar by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method following CLSI guidelines 2020.
Result: A total of 240 out of 460 samples showed bacterial growth where Salmonella typhi was found in 98 (40.8%) cases. Among them, 28(28.6%) were reported as MDR while 1 (17.4%) were XDR. Out of the XDR, 4 strains were found resistant to Vancomycin and clarithromycin as well. The isolated S. typhi was 100% sensitive to Meropenem, and Azithromycin, however showed 100% resistance to Aztreonam, Ampicillin, and Cotrimoxazole. Prevalence of S. typhi was more (50%) in females while resistance was reported more in age group 20-40 years.
Conclusion: The frequency of Salmonella typhi at district Buner was 41% in patients reported with high-grade fever where 28% of the strains reported were multidrug resistant. Some extended spectrum drug-resistant S. typhi and Vancomycin and Clarithromycin resistant strains were also reported which is alarming. Meropenem, and Azithromycin were the only drugs effective against most of the strains. However, resistance to these drugs may develop soon if we do not stop the empirical excessive use of antibiotics.
Keywords: Multidrug-resistant, Salmonella typhi, Typhoid fever, Extended spectrum drug-resistant
GENDER BIAS DURING ASSESSMENTS IN UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION: A QUALITATIVE STUDY
Authors: Bibi Dr Aliya , Jamil Brekhna , AHMED FAROOQ , Kashif Lubna 
Published: March 2023

Objective: To explore the perceptions of students and faculty about gender bias during assessments in undergraduate medical education.
Material and Method: The study was conducted at a Public and Private Medical College in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan, from June 2020 to October 2020. It was a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach in which, 4 focal group interviews with undergraduate medical students and 10 individual interviews with faculty members were undertaken by using a validated semi-structured interview guide. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The thematic analysis of the data was done where codes were developed and arranged in different categories giving rise to discrete themes. Data triangulation from students and faculty results was done for convergence and correspondence to increase the credibility and authenticity of the study.
Results: Out of 24 students and 10 faculty members, half of the participants were females who shared their perceptions about gender bias in medical education. The analysis revealed 30 codes that were labeled and collated into 9 categories. The themes deducted from these categories were Lack of awareness, discriminatory attitude, the societal projection of the phenomenon, and the gendered climate in medical education.
Conclusion: Most of the students are not aware of the concept of gender bias. The study emphasizes that bias is a natural phenomenon but society and culture multiply the effect of this phenomenon. Most of the participants do believe that the assessment environment is made more comfortable and positive for female students. The study also revealed that gendered cultures of learning and assessment still exist in Gynaecology/Obstetrics and General Surgery departments.
Keywords: Gender bias, Assessment, Undergraduate Medical Education
CLINICAL TEACHERS AS ROLE MODELS: PERCEPTION OF UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTS IN MEDICAL COLLEGES OF PAKISTAN USING ROLE MODEL APPERCEPTION TOOL
Authors: Khan Maria , Jamil Brekhna , Muhammad Fatima , Bilal Nazish , Hassan Bilqis 
Published: March 2023

Objective: This study aimed to determine medical students’ perceptions of their clinical teachers as role models during the clinical years of a medical program.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a pre-validated questionnaire, Role Modeling Apperception Tool was used and completed by Final year medical students selected from affiliated medical institutions of Khyber Medical University, Peshawar i.e. four graduating cohorts, comprising about 600 students. Participants were selected following universal sampling and data was analyzed for descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: The response rate to Role Modeling Apperception Tool was 75.1% n=451. The total number of students participating in this study from Private sector medical colleges was 157 34.8% and Public Government was 294 65.2%. The mean age of the students was 23.71 years SD=0.77, Range=22-26. Male respondents comprised 42.4% n=191 and females were n=260 57.6% of the study sample. Altogether, 92.9% of students experienced positive role models while 72% had negative role models among academic staff in their medical colleges. Mostly, medical students perceived male clinical teachers as their role models in comparison to their female counterparts. Moreover, clinical teachers were more considered positive role models than basic sciences teachers. Private-sector medical college students rated their clinical teachers higher among all domains Clinical, Personal, and Teaching in comparison to Public sector medical college students. A strong positive correlation was noted among domains tested on Role Modeling Apperception Tool.
Conclusion: Clinical instructors are inveterately considered by students as their role models in medical colleges and significance are conferred on their position. Altogether, doctors with teaching roles must be cognizant of their responsibilities and their influence on the professional growth and performance of students. Eventually, components related to Personal, Clinical, and Teaching attributes were suggested as major traits perceived in role models.
Keywords: Clinical Teacher, Role model, Medical Student, Medical College
FREQUENCY OF HYPOMAGNESAEMIA IN PATIENTSPRESENTING WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
Authors: Khan Zahoor Ahmad , Ullah Farman , Ullah Hameed , Ahmad Salman , Hakeem Yasir 
Published: March 2023

OBJECTIVES:To determine the frequency of hypomagnesaemia in patients presenting with Acute CoronarySyndrome.Methodology:
It was Descriptive Cross Sectional study conducted in Department of Cardiology, MTI-HMC, Peshawarfrom 07 Mar, 2021 to 20 Sept 2021 after approval from Institutional ethical board.About185 patients were enrolled in the study. All patients presenting with Acute coronary syndrome to CCU and admitted were enrolled in study .After informed consent ,using aseptic3cc BD syringe5ml of blood was drawn and was sent in the vial for assessment ofmagnesium level. Hypomagnesaemia was labelled as per operational definition. All the data wasnoted and recorded into the attached proforma along with demographic details of the patient.
RESULTS:.
Maximun number of patients were in age group 51-70 years ie 77.83% (144)patients .About 22.16%(41)patients were recorded in 35-50 years age group. Mean and SDs for age was 62+7.11years and BMI was 27.2+1.56 kg/m2. Mean and SDs formagnesium level was 0.79+0.04 mmoles
44 (23.78%) patients had unstable angina, 124(67.02%) patients had NSTEMI, 17 (9.18%) patients had STEMI.
15 (8.10%) patients wererecorded with hypomagnesaemia.
CONCLUSION:Our results show variations in the occurrence of hypomagnesaemia in acute coronary syndromeand that is the reason we recommend early assessment of serum magnesium concentration in acutecoronary syndrome so as to follow and implement proper magnesium supplementations well intime as hypomagnesaemia is preventable and therefore identifying it at early stage may be ofsignificant help to the patients.
Flowgorithm Sebagai Penunjang Pembelajaran Algoritma dan Pemrograman
Authors: Ni Nyoman Emang Smrti  , I Putu Gd Sukenada Andisana , Ni Kadek Dwi Trisna Rahayu , Adnan Adnan , Pande Putu Ode Juliantara 
Published: March 2023

Perkembangan teknologi sangat pesat, banyaknya perangkat lunak yang memudahkan orang untuk belajar. Salah satunya belajar algoritma dan pemrograman yang mempelajari tahapan penyelesaian masalah yang efektif sehingga dapat diterjemahkan ke dalam Bahasa Pemrograman. Salah satu standard yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan algoritma adalah flowchart. Flowchart adalah diagram yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan secara rinci tahapan penyelesaian masalah. Dengan menggunakan gambar suatu tahapan masalah akan lebih mudah untuk dipahami. Banyak perangkat lunak yang memberikan kemudahan dalam menggambar flowchart salah satunya adalah Microsoft Visio. Manfaat dari Microsoft Visio adalah memudahkan orang dalam menggambar flowchart, akan tetapi apa yang telah digambarkan tidak bisa diketahui hasilnya secara langsung.
Perangkat lunak yang memberikan kemudahan untuk membuat flowchart adalah Flowgorithm. Sebelum Flowgorithm Logika dan Algoritma adalah dasar dari Perangkat lunak ini Penggunaannya sangat mudah dan juga gratis, sehingga aplikasi ini banyak digunakan pemula dalam mempelajari algoritma. Flowchart yang dibuat dengan menggunakan flowgorithm langsung dapat dijalankan. Flowgorithm dapat secara interaktif mengkonversi flowchart ke lebih dari 18 bahasa. Ini termasuk: C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Perl, Python, Ruby, Swift, Visual Basic.NET. Tujuan dari karya tulis ini adalah memberikan alternatif mempelajari algoritma pemrograman sebelum mempelajari bahasa pemrograman dengan menggunakan aplikasi flowgorithm.
English Language Exposure and Literacy Rate toward Language Proficiency: A Cross-country Analysis
Authors: Bacus Remedios C. , Alda Rivika C. 
Published: March 2023

Globalization has made English more important than ever. Through time, curriculum designers and teacher practitioners remain steadfast in finding ways to advance the quality of student learning. To ascertain the quality of language teaching and learning, parameters like standardized tests are set. This paper examined, at the cross-country level, the difference between the 2009 and 2013 Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) iBT scores and the effect of language exposure on the test takers’ scores. It further investigated the correlation between literacy rate and English language use in the scores obtained. Using paired t-test to determine the English proficiency of the test takers and Pearson r to test the correlation of the literacy rate and language use in the scores obtained, the findings showed a significant difference in the mean scores between 2009 and 2013 scores in TOEFL. The results also revealed a strong positive linear relationship between TOEFL scores and literacy rate, while no association exists between TOEFL scores and language exposure. The quality of comprehensible input is more important than the quantity of language exposure. Active immersion in a language is still an acknowledged fact that contributes to effective language learning. Literacy remains a foundational competency that is of primary importance to language learning. It is then imperative that schools revisit language learning curricula and emphasize quality instruction through authentic language tasks and activities.
Outcomes of 5 years experiences for isolated coronary bypass surgery: the first regional cardiac center in Azerbaijan- Ganja Merkezi Klinika
Authors: Gapagov Vugar 
Published: March 2023

Aim: In Azerbaijan and in the world, coronary artery disease is one of the core causes of death. Despite the development of percutaneous interventions, Coronary Bypass surgery continues to be one of the most crucial surgical procedures in modern medical history and has most likely extended more lives and provided more significant symptomatic relief than significant operations.The aim of this study was to show statistically, the percentage of complications of operations in our clinic was close to world practice
Material and method.	Between 2013 and 2018, 836 isolated Coronary Bypass surgeries were performed at Ganja Central Clinic. The results of these operations conducted in the study were presented
Results: The length of stay of 362 (43.5%) patients was 5 days, and the length of stay of 58 (6.9%) patients was 10 days. 15 (1.8%) patients had an ischemic disorder of cerebral blood circulation in the postoperative period. 26(3.1%) patients developed acute kidney failure, and 25(3%) patients had acute lung failure. Acute liver failure was noted in 7 (0.8%) patients. An intra-aortic balloon pump was used in 14 (1.6%) patients. Postoperative MI was noted in 13 (1.5%) patients. Unfortunately, 17 (2%) patients died during hospitalization. Different types of arrhythmias were noted in 115 (13.7%) patients. 11(1.3%) underwent revision due to sternum ulcer. The mediastinum was inspected since 19 (2.2%) patients were bleeding.
Conclusion. Coronary Bypass surgery continues to be one of the most crucial surgical procedures in modern medical history. Our results in our clinic was close to world practice.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВИКЛАДАННЯ ОСВІТНЬОГО КОМПОНЕНТА «ПЕДАГОГІЧНА ТА ПСИХОЛОГІЧНА РЕФЛЕКСІЯ У ПРОЦЕСІ САМОРОЗВИТКУ ПЕДАГОГА ПІД ЧАС ВІЙНИ» В УМОВАХ ПІСЛЯДИПЛОМНОЇ ОСВІТИ
Authors: Хозраткулова Ірина 
Published: March 2023

У статті акцентовано на необхідності розвитку рефлексії як одного з основних чинників, що впливає на процес саморозвитку педагогів, зокрема під час військових подій. Зауважено, що актуальним для інститутів післядипломної педагогічної освіти є питання створення навчально-методичних комплексів, що сприятимуть збереженню психічного здоров’я учасників освітнього процесу. У фокусі уваги розвиток рефлексивних процесів педагогів. Приділено увагу важливості психолого-педагогічного супроводу педагогів у стабілізації психічного стану через розвиток здатності до життєстійкості методами рефлексії. Ситуацію професійної діяльності в період воєнної агресії розглянуто як стресову. Визначено проблему нормалізації психічних станів учасників освітнього процесу у складні періоди життя через участь у рефлексивній діяльності. Феномен рефлексивного мислення представлено як здатність особистості справлятися з кризовими подіями в житті. Уперше розроблено, систематизовано та впроваджено комплексну програму модуля рефлексивної одночасної взаємодії слухачів інституту післядипломної освіти в процесі модульно-розвивального навчання. Схарактеризовано рефлексивні вправи, які створюють дослідницьку ситуацію пошуку на шляху адаптації педагогів до змін, що мотивує до самоосвіти. Зосереджено увагу на аналізі набутого досвіду і помилок.
Nyeri Epigastrik sebagai Presentasi Awal Kolelitiasis
Authors: Kristianus David , Setijoso Rafael Eddy , Mayasari Maria , Koncoro Hendra 
Published: March 2023

Kolelitiasis sering dijumpai dalam praktek sehari-hari. Selain kolik bilier, kolelitiasis juga dapat menunjukkan gejala atipik berupa dispepsia, sehingga dapat menyebabkan kesalahan diagnosis. Laporan kasus ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan pentingnya evaluasi sindrom dispepsia dengan diagnosis akhir kolelitiasis. Seorang wanita berusia 33 tahun dirawat dengan keluhan nyeri epigastrik. Pasien didiagnosis dispepsia, namun terapi penghambat pompa proton tidak menghasilkan perbaikan. Pada pemeriksaan fisik ditemukan demam, sklera ikterik, dan nyeri tekan abdomen kuadran kanan atas. Pemeriksaan laboratorium menunjukkan neutrofilia dan hiperbilirubinemia. Pada ultrasonografi (USG) abdomen, ditemukan batu kandung empedu, batu duktus sistikus, dan kolesistitis. Pemeriksaan magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) menunjukkan adanya batu duktus koledokus. Intervensi berupa endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) disertai ekstraksi batu dan kolesistektomi laparoskopik memperbaiki keluhan nyeri perut. Kolelitiasis perlu dipertimbangkan sebagai diagnosis banding keluhan dispepsia.

Cholelithiasis is often encountered in daily practice. Besides biliary colic, cholelithiasis may show atypical manifestations as dyspepsia. This may lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate therapy. This case report reemphasized the importance of careful evaluation of dyspepsia. A 33-year-old woman was admitted with epigastric pain. She was diagnosed with dyspepsia, but proton pump inhibitor (PPI) did not result in any improvement. On physical examination, fever, icteric sclera, and right upper quadrant abdominal tenderness were found. Laboratory examination showed neutrophilia and hyperbilirubinemia. An abdominal ultrasound (USG) examination revealed gallbladder stones, cystic duct stones, and cholecystitis. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) examination revealed the presence of stone in the common bile duct. The patient underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with stone extraction and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. After the procedure, the abdominal pain improved. Cholelithiasis should be considered a differential diagnosis of dyspepsia.