bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of circulating tumor DNA between African American and Caucasian patients with metastatic castrate‐resistant prostate cancer post‐abiraterone and/or enzalutamide
Authors: Jang Albert , Lanka Sree M. , Huang Minqi , Casado Crystal V. , Caputo Sydney A. , Sweeney Patrick L. , Gupta Kanika , Pocha Olivia , Habibian Nicholas , Hawkins Madeline E. , Lieberman Alexandra D. , Schwartz Jennifer , Jaeger Ellen B. , Miller Patrick J. , Layton Jodi L. , Barata Pedro C. , Lewis Brian E. , Ledet Elisa M. , Sartor Oliver 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundAfrican American men are much more likely than Caucasian men to be diagnosed with and to die of prostate cancer. Genetic differences likely play a role. The cBioPortal database reveals that African American men with prostate cancer have higher rates of CDK12 somatic mutations compared to Caucasian men. However, this does not account for prior prostate cancer treatments, which are particularly important in the castrate‐resistant setting. We aimed to compare somatic mutations based on circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) between African American and Caucasian men after exposure to abiraterone and/or enzalutamide.MethodsThis single‐institution retrospective study characterizes the somatic mutations detected on ctDNA for African American and Caucasian men with mCRPC who had progressed after abiraterone and/or enzalutamide from 2015 through 2022. We evaluated the gene mutations and types of mutations in this mCRPC cohort.ResultsThere were 50 African American and 200 Caucasian men with CRPC with available ctDNA data. African American men were younger at the time of diagnosis (p = 0.008) and development of castration resistance (p = 0.006). African American men were more likely than Caucasian men to have pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) mutations in CDK12 (12% vs. 1.5%; p = 0.003) and copy number amplifications and P/LP mutations in KIT (8.0% vs. 1.5%; p = 0.031). African American men were also significantly more likely to have frameshift mutations (28% vs. 14%; p = 0.035).ConclusionsCompared to Caucasian men, African American men with mCRPC after exposure to abiraterone and/or enzalutamide had a higher incidence of somatic CDK12 P/LP mutations and KIT amplifications and P/LP mutations based on ctDNA. African American men also had more frameshift mutations. We hypothesize that these findings have potential implications for tumor immunogenicity.
Combining evidence from clinical trials in conditional or accelerated approval
Authors: Deforth Manja , Micheloud Charlotte , Roes Kit C. , Held Leonhard 
Published: April 2023

AbstractConditional (European Medicines Agency) or accelerated (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) approval of drugs allows earlier access to promising new treatments that address unmet medical needs. Certain post‐marketing requirements must typically be met in order to obtain full approval, such as conducting a new post‐market clinical trial. We study the applicability of the recently developed harmonic mean ‐test to this conditional or accelerated approval framework. The proposed approach can be used both to support the design of the post‐market trial and the analysis of the combined evidence provided by both trials. Other methods considered are the two‐trials rule, Fisher's criterion and Stouffer's method. In contrast to some of the traditional methods, the harmonic mean ‐test always requires a post‐market clinical trial. If the ‐value from the pre‐market clinical trial is , a smaller sample size for the post‐market clinical trial is needed than with the two‐trials rule. For illustration, we apply the harmonic mean ‐test to a drug which received conditional (and later full) market licensing by the EMA. A simulation study is conducted to study the operating characteristics of the harmonic mean ‐test and two‐trials rule in more detail. We finally investigate the applicability of these two methods to compute the power at interim of an ongoing post‐market trial. These results are expected to aid in the design and assessment of the required post‐market studies in terms of the level of evidence required for full approval.
Theoretical study on initial decomposition paths of several [5,6,5]‐tricyclic, [5,7,5]‐tricyclic and [5,8,5]‐tricyclic heterocyclic energetic materials based on fused ring
Authors: Shang Fangjian , Wang Ting , Xue Hua , Ma Yinhua 
Published: April 2023

AbstractHigh energy materials based on fused ring are an important type of new energetic materials recently synthesized. However, its decomposition path has not received much attention. Density functional theory (DFT) method is used to study the initial decomposition reaction paths of 12 high energy materials based on fused ring. In addition to the conventional decomposition reaction, it is also found that the production of N2 molecule by ring opening process, which is the lowest energy initial decomposition path with only 40 kcal/mol energy barrier among [5,6,5]‐tricyclic heterocyclic energetic materials and also theoretically shows that such reactants are the most unstable and conform to the experimental data. In addition, it is also found that there is a novel reaction path for releasing N2 by contraction of middle ring in the initial decomposition path of [5,7,5]‐tricyclic and [5,8,5]‐tricyclic heterocyclic energetic materials.
Characterizing aboveground biomass and tree cover of regrowing forests in Brazil using multi‐source remote sensing data
Authors: Chen Na , Tsendbazar Nandin‐Erdene , Requena Suarez Daniela , Verbesselt Jan , Herold Martin 
Published: April 2023

AbstractCharacterization of regrowing forests is vital for understanding forest dynamics to assess the impacts on carbon stocks and to support sustainable forest management. Although remote sensing is a key tool for understanding and monitoring forest dynamics, the use of exclusively remotely sensed data to explore the effects of different variables on regrowing forests across all biomes in Brazil has rarely been investigated. Here, we analyzed how environmental and human factors affect regrowing forests. Based on Brazil's secondary forest age map, 3060 locations disturbed between 1984 and 2018 were sampled, interpreted and analyzed in different biomes. We interpreted the time since disturbance for the sampled pixels in Google Earth Engine. Elevation, slope, climatic water deficit (CWD), the total Nitrogen of soil, cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soil, surrounding tree cover, distance to roads, distance to settlements and fire frequency were analyzed in their importance for predicting aboveground biomass (AGB) and tree cover derived from global forest aboveground biomass map and tree cover map, respectively. Results show that time since disturbance interpreted from satellite time series is the most important predictor for characterizing AGB and tree cover of regrowing forests. AGB increased with increasing time since disturbance, surrounding tree cover, soil total N, slope, distance to roads, distance to settlements and decreased with larger fire frequency, CWD and CEC of soil. Tree cover increased with larger time since disturbance, soil total N, surrounding tree cover, distance to roads, distance to settlements, slope and decreased with increasing elevation and CWD. These results emphasize the importance of remotely sensing products as key opportunities to improve the characterization of forest regrowth and to reduce data gaps and uncertainties related to forest carbon sink estimation. Our results provide a better understanding of regional forest dynamics, toward developing and assessing effective forest‐related restoration and climatic mitigation strategies.
Porous Supramolecular Assemblies for Efficient Suzuki Coupling of Aryl Chlorides
Authors: Chen Fang , Zheng Liping , Li Chen , Wang Benlei , Wu Qing , Dai Zhifeng , Wang Sai , Sun Qi , Meng Xiangju , Xiao Feng‐Shou 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe development of catalytic systems that can activate aryl chlorides for palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions is at the forefront of ongoing efforts to synthesize fine chemicals. In this study, a facile ligand‐template approach is adopted to achieve active‐site encapsulation by forming supramolecular assemblies; this bestowed the pristine inert counterparts with reactivity, which is further increased upon the construction of a porous framework. Experimental results indicated that the isolation of ligands by the surrounding template units is key to the formation of catalytically active monoligated palladium complexes. Additionally, the construction of porous frameworks using the resulting supramolecular assemblies prevented the decomposition of the Pd complexes into nanoparticles, which drastically increased the catalyst lifetime. These findings, along with the simplicity and generality of the synthesis scheme, suggest that the strategy can be leveraged to achieve unique reactivity and potentially enable fine‐chemical synthesis.
Anomalous Colloidal Motion under Strong Confinement
Authors: Abelenda‐Núñez Irene , Ortega Francisco , Rubio Ramón G. , Guzmán Eduardo 
Published: April 2023

AbstractDiffusion of biological macromolecules in the cytoplasm is a paradigm of colloidal diffusion in an environment characterized by a strong restriction of the accessible volume. This makes of the understanding of the physical rules governing colloidal diffusion under conditions mimicking the reduction in accessible volume occurring in the cell cytoplasm, a problem of a paramount importance. This work aims to study how the thermal motion of spherical colloidal beads in the inner cavity of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) is modified by strong confinement conditions, and the viscoelastic character of the medium. Using single particle tracking, it is found that both the confinement and the environmental viscoelasticity lead to the emergence of anomalous motion pathways for colloidal microbeads encapsulated in the aqueous inner cavity of GUVs. This anomalous diffusion is strongly dependent on the ratio between the volume of the colloidal particle and that of the GUV under consideration as well as on the viscosity of the particle's liquid environment. Therefore, the results evidence that the reduction of the free volume accessible to colloidal motion pushes the diffusion far from a standard Brownian pathway as a result of the change in the hydrodynamic boundary conditions driving the particle motion.
Temperature Dependent Hydrogen Bond Toward High Emission in an Emerging Indium‐Based Perovskite
Authors: Jin Zicong , Zhuang Bihao , Deng Jiahuan , Yuan Songyang , Xiong Hui , Zhang Yangyi , Fan Jiandong , Li Wenzhe 
Published: April 2023

AbstractLow‐dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) with broadband emission attract immense scientific interest due to their potential application for the next generation of solid‐state lighting. However, due to low exciton utilization, organic cations generally adjust structure rather than contribute the band edge to affect optical properties. Based on this, OIHPs are usually allowed to obtain a low photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). Herein, a good charge transfer carrier (p‐phenylenediamine, PPDA) as organic cation is rationally employed and a novel indium‐based perovskite is synthesized. By coupling with H2O molecules, a strong interaction between organic and inorganic components is realized by hydrogen bonding, which has good transportability and greatly improves the exciton utilization. The regions of hydrogen bonding show high electron mobility, combined with the induced recombination center, improving the progress of charge relaxation. As a result, the regulation of hydrogen bond strength based on the microstructure optimization directly determines the optical emission intensity, realizing nearly 100% PLQY. Further, the polyhydrogen bond structure makes each component a stronger interaction, showing high stability in polar, organic, and acidic solvent, as well as long‐term storing, which represents one of the highest overall performances for lighting in OIHPs.
Replacing CC Unit with B←N Unit in Isoelectronic Conjugated Polymers for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Ru Chenglong , Wang Yue , Chen Peiyan , Zhang Yahui , Wu Xuan , Gong Chenliang , Zhao Hao , Wu Jincai , Pan Xiaobo 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThree linear isoelectronic conjugated polymers PCC, PBC, and PBN are synthesized by Suzuki‐Miyaura polycondensation for photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) production from water. PBN presented an excellent photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate (HER) of 223.5 µmol h−1 (AQY420 = 23.3%) under visible light irradiation, which is 7 times that of PBC and 31 times that of PCC. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of PBN is due to the improved charge separation and transport of photo‐induced electrons/holes originating from the lower exciton binding energy (Eb), longer fluorescence lifetime, and stronger built‐in electric field, caused by the introduction of the polar B←N unit into the polymer backbone. Moreover, the extension of the visible light absorption region and the enhancement of surface catalytic ability further increase the activity of PBN. This work reveals the potential of B←N fused structures as building blocks as well as proposes a rational design strategy for achieving high photocatalytic performance.
Rapid Generation of Therapeutic Nanoparticles Using Cell‐Free Expression Systems
Authors: Peruzzi Justin A. , Vu Timothy Q. , Gunnels Taylor F. , Kamat Neha P. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe surface modification of membrane‐based nanoparticles, such as liposomes, polymersomes, and lipid nanoparticles, with targeting molecules, such as binding proteins, is an important step in the design of therapeutic materials. However, this modification can be costly and time‐consuming, requiring cellular hosts for protein expression and lengthy purification and conjugation steps to attach proteins to the surface of nanocarriers, which ultimately limits the development of effective protein‐conjugated nanocarriers. Here, the use of cell‐free protein synthesis systems to rapidly create protein‐conjugated membrane‐based nanocarriers is demonstrated. Using this approach, multiple types of functional binding proteins, including affibodies, computationally designed proteins, and scFvs, can be cell‐free expressed and conjugated to liposomes in one‐pot. The technique can be expanded further to other nanoparticles, including polymersomes and lipid nanoparticles, and is amenable to multiple conjugation strategies, including surface attachment to and integration into nanoparticle membranes. Leveraging these methods, rapid design of bispecific artificial antigen presenting cells and enhanced delivery of lipid nanoparticle cargo in vitro is demonstrated. It is envisioned that this workflow will enable the rapid generation of membrane‐based delivery systems and bolster our ability to create cell‐mimetic therapeutics.
Permeable and antifouling PSf‐Cys‐CuO ultrafiltration membrane for separation of biological macromolecules proteins
Authors: Sabri Nurul Shahira Mohd , Hasbullah Hasrinah , Jye Lau Woei , Sadikin Aziatul Niza , Ibrahim Norazana , Rahman Sunarti Abd , Ismail Ahmad Fauzi , Kusworo Tutuk Djoko 
Published: April 2023

AbstractMembrane technology has been extensively applied for protein separation. A membrane with reliable filtration performance and high removal efficiency is required. In this study, an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane was fabricated by dry‐wet phase inversion to incorporate copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) with a different ratio of L‐cysteine (Cys) in polysulfone (PSf). The characterization of the membrane involves using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angle, water content, pore size, and porosity analysis. The membrane performance evaluation includes flux permeation and bovine serum albumin (BSA) removal as a protein foulant. The membrane antifouling feature was examined by dynamic filtration of BSA. It was found that the Cys to CuO NPs ratio of 1.7:1 gives an optimal value on flux permeation and protein removal. The membrane exhibited high removal of BSA with 96.3%, and optimum water flux was achieved at 173.3 L/m2h, respectively. The highest permeability of aqueous BSA permeate at 500 ppm was about 111 L/m2h and 82.5 L/m2h for 1000 ppm. The enhancement of PSf‐Cys‐CuO membrane performance could be due to its lower contact angle (68.7°), high porosity (68%), and ideal pore size (46 nm) as well as showing good morphological structure. Most significantly, the inclusion of Cys improves antifouling capabilities. The membrane showed a lower chance of fouling based on the evaluation of the relative flux reduction and flux recovery ratio. Hence, the availability of Cys has a better impact on the polymer‐based membrane and seems promising for protein separation applications.
Similar geographic distributions of death rates from inflammatory bowel disease and Hodgkin lymphoma or multiple sclerosis
Authors: Sonnenberg Amnon 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundA previous comparative analysis of the time trends of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), multiple sclerosis (MS), Crohn's disease (CD), and ulcerative colitis (UC) suggested that the occurrence of all four diseases was precipitated by exposure to similar environmental risk factors during early lifetime. In the present cross‐sectional study, it was hypothesized that besides their resembling temporal variations the four diseases would also show similar geographic distributions.MethodsUsing the vital statistics of 21 countries from 1951 to 2020, overall and age‐specific death rates from the four diseases were calculated for each individual country. The death rates of different countries were compared using linear regression analysis.ResultsThe data revealed strikingly similar geographic distributions of all four diseases. Their occurrence was common in Europe and relatively uncommon in countries outside Europe. Further stratification by consecutive age groups showed that for each disease analyzed separately, there were significant correlations amongst each two sequential age groups. In HL and UC, the inter‐age correlations started at age 5 years or less. In MS and CD, the inter‐age correlations only started at age 15 years.ConclusionsThe similarities in the geographic distributions of death rates from HL, MS, CD, and UC suggest that these four diseases share a set of one or more common environmental risk factors. The data also support the contention that the exposure to such shared risk factors starts during an early period of lifetime.
Risk Governance Dilemmas and Democratization: Public Trust, Risk Perception and Public Participation in Risk Decision-Making
Authors: Gattinger Monica 
Published: April 2023

AbstractRisk scholars and practitioners are grappling with how best to govern risk in the face of growing calls and rationales for democratization. The centrality of public trust to effective risk governance, the fragmentation of perceptions of risk and growing expectations for public involvement in risk decision-making, all characterize risk governance in the twenty-first century. This chapter frames challenges to reforming risk decision-making as risk governance dilemmas. Effective risk governance requires confronting differences in expert and public perceptions of risk successfully, engaging the public meaningfully and fostering public trust in decisions. All three objectives can challenge fundamental epistemological, cultural and ontological underpinnings of risk governance. Understanding the reasons why this is the case (and why not), carefully disentangling causes and effects, and providing case studies of real-world efforts to address the dilemmas, lays the groundwork for informed reform of risk governance arrangements. There are no simple answers to the questions raised by the above three dilemmas. There is much to be learned about the strengths—and limitations—of opening risk decision-making processes to public participation. In addition to presenting the risk governance dilemmas running through the volume, this chapter presents @Risk, the research project on which this edited volume is based and provides an overview of the volume’s chapters.
Public Engagement on Childhood Vaccination: Democratizing Policy Decision-Making Through Public Deliberation
Authors: Chuong Kim H. , Rotella Amanda , Cooper Elizabeth J. , O’Doherty Kieran C. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractImmunization is considered one of the most successful and cost-effective public health interventions by the World Health Organization, preventing an estimated 2 to 3 million deaths per year globally (WHO, 2018). From a public health perspective, there is growing concern that vaccination rates are insufficient to effectively control the spread of infectious diseases. From a public trust perspective, there is increasing doubt in some groups of the claims made about vaccination by authorities. Active and meaningful public engagement in health service delivery and health research is considered essential to quality improvement of health services, greater responsiveness to public needs, and more legitimate, transparent, and accountable decision-making. Public engagement through deliberative processes has garnered increasing interest from public health researchers and policy makers on a number of health-related topics, including priority setting, planning and governance of health services, and health technology assessment (Degeling et al., 2015). Calls for deliberative approaches relating to vaccine-related policy decisions have also been made. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, there has not been any official, government-sponsored public engagement event for members of the public in Ontario to deliberate on the topic of childhood vaccination. In this chapter, we begin by providing a brief overview of the current regulatory context in Ontario with regard to childhood vaccination. We then outline the Ontario Vaccine Deliberation, an academic-led project in which a lay public was convened to discuss challenges and controversies regarding childhood vaccination in Ontario, and the recommendations that were generated and endorsed by the participants through small and large group discussions during the deliberation. We draw on the Ontario Vaccine Deliberation, as well as scholarly literature, to illustrate the importance of engaging publics in decision-making about childhood vaccination. We focus our discussion on the main issues that were raised during the deliberation, namely mandatory vaccination and non-medical exemptions, communication about vaccination, and compensation for serious adverse events following immunization. The chapter includes an appendix that examines the application of democratization processes through public deliberation to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Narratives and the Water Fluoridation Controversy
Authors: Perrella Andrea M. L. , Kiss Simon J. , Shankardass Ketan 
Published: April 2023

AbstractFluoridation is one of the most significant public health measures of the last century and yet also deeply controversial. Adding a small amount of fluoride in drinking water is a safe and relatively cheap approach to provide oral health in communities. But since its advent in the 1940s, there has been opposition to fluoridation, with a recent resurgence challenging some communities to stop the practice. The aim here is to explore some reasons why this happens, focusing on how different narratives can affect how people think about fluoridation. Some narratives are based on scientific fact, some on normative frames. Is each equally capable of affecting public opinion? Answers are sought through experimental survey questions whereby respondents are exposed to different narratives. This survey was administered in 2017 in both Canada and the United States, with a sample of more than 3400, possibly the largest survey that focuses on attitudes toward water fluoridation. Results suggest that although there is majority support for fluoridation, it is much easier to reduce that support than it is to increase it.