bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive analyses of genetic diversities and population structure of the Guizhou Dong group based on 44 Y-markers
Authors: Zhang Hongling , Huang Xiaolan , Jin Xiaoye , Ren Zheng , Wang Qiyan , Yang Meiqing , Xu Ronglan , Yuan Xiang , Yang Daiquan , Liu Hongyan , Shen Wanyi , Zhang Huiying , Que Yangjie , Huang Jiang 
Published: September 2023

Background
The non-recombining region of the human Y chromosome (NRY) is a strictly paternally inherited genetic marker and the best material to trace the paternal lineages of populations. Y chromosomal short tandem repeat (Y-STR) is characterized by high polymorphism and paternal inheritance pattern, so it has been widely used in forensic medicine and population genetic research. This study aims to understand the genetic distribution of Y-STRs in the Guizhou Dong population, provide reference data for forensic application, and explore the phylogenetic relationships between the Guizhou Dong population and other comparison populations.

Methods
Based on the allele profile of 44 Y-markers in the Guizhou Dong group, we estimate their allele frequencies and haplotype frequencies. In addition, we also compare the forensic application efficiency of different Y-STR sets in the Guizhou Dong group. Finally, genetic relationships among Guizhou Dong and other reference populations are dissected by the multi-dimensional scaling and the phylogenetic tree.

Results
A total of 393 alleles are observed in 312 Guizhou Dong individuals for these Y-markers, with allele frequencies ranging from 0.0032 to 0.9679. The haplotype diversity and discriminatory capacity for these Y-markers in the Guizhou Dong population are 0.99984 and 0.97440, respectively. The population genetic analyses of the Guizhou Dong group and other reference populations show that the Guizhou Dong group has the closest genetic relationship with the Hunan Dong population, and followed by the Guizhou Tujia population.

Conclusions
In conclusion, these 44 Y-markers can be used as an effective tool for male differentiation in the Guizhou Dong group. The haplotype data in this study not only enrich the Y-STR data of different ethnic groups in China, but also have important significance for population genetics and forensic research.
Assessing Risk Factors of Diabetes Mellitus based on Rural-urban Residence in Bangladesh: Findings from Two Cross Sectional Surveys
Authors: Akter Salma , Parvin Shahanaj , Soni Most Sifat Muntaha , Hossain Md. Ismail , Ireen Shahjadi , Sultana Rebeka , Begum Mansura 
Published: September 2023

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a rising global health issue that causes a number of health complications and is becoming increasingly prevalent in countries with low and medium incomes. The objective of the study is to assess the changes of the prevalence and associated risk factors of diabetes mellitus in the middle-aged and elderly population in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh between the years 2011 and 2018.
Methods: The relationship between the outcome variables and the covariates was evaluated using a chi-square test. In order to identify the risk factors strongly linked to diabetes mellitus, two distinct multivariate binary logistic regression models were utilized (one for urban and the other for rural areas).
Results: In 2011 there were 8.3% of respondents who had diabetes, and 11% in 2017–18. Multivariate analysis of the determinants of diabetes status in relation to place of residence revealed a significant impact on age, education, wealth status, region, and survey year. Diabetes risk was lower in rural Bangladesh (OR = 0.87), according to the odds ratio. In terms of fixed effects, the risk of diabetes was significantly 2.34 times higher for rich households compared to poor urban households, whereas the risk was 1.98 times higher for rural households. Unemployed respondents had a higher risk of diabetes (OR = 1.33 for urban and OR = 1.31 for rural residences) than employed respondents. Both urban and rural respondents without hypertension were at less risk of diabetes than those with hypertension (OR = 0.73 for urban and OR = 0.77 for rural).
Conclusion: A large proportion of the adult population in Bangladesh suffers from diabetes. Different health education programs are required to develop appropriate strategies, including proper weight control, physical activity, and healthier eating habits to prevent the prevalence of diabetes in Bangladesh.
Cyanobacteria Mediated CO2 Segregation: A Promising Alternative Method for Sustainable Bioremediation and Biomass Production
Authors: Haque Natasha Nafisa , Alam Md. Ashraful , Roy Chapol Kumar , Zenat Mst. Elina Akther , Munshi John Liton 
Published: September 2023

Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine the CO2 absorbent (NaOH) affected Spirulina sp. medium culture to verify growth rate, CO2 fixation ability and biomass production from S. platensis using the Zarrouk medium.
Methodology: Cyanobacterium Spirulina sp. was cultured with Zarrouk’s medium at 30±2°C, pH 9 which was obtained from the Applied Botany Section of BCSIR. Besides, to prevent precipitation, the medium without the carbon source was autoclaved for 30 min at 121°C and then the carbon source and NaOH were added. Furthermore, every 6-day intervals, the biomass c content, pH, and alkalinity were measured. The samples were obtained for the same analyses when the biomass concentration reached the blend concentration (0.5 g L-1).
Results: The first concentration was used 0.5 g/L. 47g/L (1.64 mmol/L) of absorbent. The mean increase of 2.45% for biomass generated by the assay using control (2.09 ± 0.11 g) when compared to the NaOH (2.04 ± 0.25 g) was due to the larger number of growth cycles. Besides, a larger number of growth cycles 35.4% for CO2 fixation rate increase compared to the control. The final protein (28.2 ± 4.5 % ww-1) and carbohydrate (19 ± 2.5 % ww-1) content in the biomass cultivated using NaOH was lower than normally found in the control assay (43.4 ± 2.9 % ww-1) and (11.5 ±1.2 % ww-1).
Conclusion: Recent advances in CO2 fixation and biomass production utilizing microalgae were compiled and analyzed, with an emphasis on how adding the CO2 absorbent affected the growth kinetics and biomass composition of Spirulina sp. When compared to the chemical absorbent assay, the control assay's high growth and CO2-fixation rates provide several advantages.
Effect of Different Pre - Sowing Seed Treatments on Germination and Growth of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Seedlings cv. Arka Surya
Authors: Rao G. Siva Koteswara , Krishna V. N. P. Sivarama , Srinivasulu B. , Sivaram G. Thanuja , Padmaja V. V. , Arunodhayam K. 
Published: September 2023

A study on effect of pre-sowing seed treatments with organics, chemicals and plant growth regulators on seed germination and seedlings growth of papaya cv. Arka Surya was carried out at YSRHU- College of Horticulture, Anantharajupeta during the year 2021 - 2022, under complete randomized design with eighteen treatments and replicated thrice. The papaya seeds were subjected to various organic, chemicals and plant growth regulators treatments. Papaya seeds soaked in KH2PO4 @ 0.5% (T7) had recorded minimum days for initiation of germination (8.67) and 50% germination (10.34). The treated seeds had also recorded maximum germination percentage (86.66), germination index (1.16), dry weight of shoots (2.00 g), tap root length (26.33 cm), number of lateral roots per seedling (22.84), dry weight of roots (0.79 g), quality index of papaya seedlings (0.47) and seedling survivability (100.00%). In addition the same treatment exhibited higher chlorophyll content (3.51 and 3.91 mg/g), photosynthetic rate (15.32 and 17.76 µmol Co2m-2s-1), transpiration rate (4.61 and 5.69 mmol m-2 s-1) and stomatal conductance (2.73 and 4.12 mol m-2 s-1) at 35 and 45 DAS, respectively. While the lowest values for germination and growth parameters were observed in treatment salicylic acid @ 2 mM (T16). Among all the treatments, KH2PO4 @ 0.5% (T7) was found to be superior to the other treatments followed by KNO3 @ 0.5% for the enhancement of germination, growth and physiological traits.
Standardization of Gowthamar chooranam – A Polyherbal Siddha Formulations in the Management of Swasakasam (Bronchial Asthma)
Authors: Anitha Kalaivani M.  , Shamshalniha S.  , Anbu N.  
Published: September 2023

Background: Siddha medicine is a unique one as it is not only a curative but also preventive and to achieve the healthy body and mind. Siddha medicines revitalize and rejuvenate the body. Bronchial asthma, characterized by chronic airway obstruction and increased airway hyper responsiveness leads to symptoms of wheeze, cough, chest tightness and difficulty in breathing. It affecting any age, race and socio-economic class globally and its prevalence is changing upwards worldwide. The increase in prevalence may be due to changes in lifestyle, rapid industrialization, tobacco, smoke, viral infections, chemical irritants and increase in air pollution. Siddha, an ancient system of Indian Medicine has recommended a number of drugs for indigenous plant sources for the treatment of Bronchial Asthma. One among them is Siddha polyherbal formulation Gowthamar chooranam.
Aim: The aim of the present study was to identify the presence of bioactive phytocomponents in the Siddha polyherbal drug formulation Gowthamar chooranam by subjecting the drug to various studies like physicochemical analysis, phytochemical screening, and HPTLC.
Methods: The ingredients present in the Siddha polyherbal formulation Gowthamar chooranam was first authenticated by the botanist and was purified. The purified ingredients of the drug was grounded to make a powdered form. The prepared siddha polyherbal formulation Gowthamar chooranam was sent it to the lab for the physiochemical analysis, phytochemical screening and HPTLC. The mentioned physicochemical and phytochemical analysis was conducted at The Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University, located at No.69, Anna Salai, Guindy, Chennai – 600 032. The HPTLC was carried out at Noble Research Solutions in Kolathur, Chennai – 600 099.
Results: Physicochemical analysis of the study revealed 0.64% of loss on drying (LOD) at 1050C, 2.41% of total ash value, 0.8394% of acid insoluble ash, 1.65% of water soluble ash, 62.30% of water soluble extraction, 11.25% of Alcohol soluble extractive. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of bioactive compounds such as carbohydrates, saponin, phenols, tannin, flavonoids, diterpenes and Gum and mucilage. Seven distinct peaks are seen in the sample’s HPTLC finger printing examination, which indicates that it contains seven different phytocomponents. The highest Rf value of the peaks varies from 0.05 to 0.75.
Conclusion: The findings aid in determining the formulations of siddha polyherbal drug Gowthamar chooranam and it reveals the presence of physicochemical and phytochemical properties of the drug which ensures the safety and therapeutic potential in the management of Swasakaasam (Bronchial Asthma) The study drug can also be used as a reference norms for the medicine of standard pharmaceutical product and further quality control enquires. This study provides the evidence for future clinical studies.
The Demirci Phenomenon: A Novel Finding of Ivermectin Molecules on Eyelash and Demodex Folliculorum in the Lipid Environment
Authors: Demirci G.  
Published: September 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the acaricidal mechanism of ivermectin against Demodex folliculorum and observe its behavior in lipid media, focusing on its movement and selective interaction with the Demodex parasite.
Methods: Eyelash epilation was performed on an ocular rosacea patient, and 8 eyelashes were extracted, 4 from the lower eyelid and 4 from the upper eyelid. 4 eyelashes were exposed to 1% ivermectin solution under a coverslip, while the other 4 served as the control. A high-resolution digital microscope with a noncontact digital thermometer was utilized to monitor the entire process. The behavior of ivermectin molecules and their redistribution towards the Demodex parasite were recorded and analyzed.
Results: Upon exposure to 1% ivermectin solution, intriguing behavior of the drug molecules was observed. The ivermectin molecules moved towards the Demodex parasite, forming distinctive bubbles that effectively covered both the eyelash and the body of the Demodex. Saponification of the lipid within the Demodex and eyelashes occurred within 10 minutes. After one hour, the ivermectin bubbles and the empty, shrunken body of the Demodex remained. The acaricidal effect of ivermectin was rapid, predictable, and highly selective.
Conclusion: The study provides valuable insights into the acaricidal mechanism of ivermectin against Demodex folliculorum and demonstrates the unique behavior of ivermectin molecules in lipid media. The "Demirci Phenomenon" highlights the selective and targeted interaction of ivermectin with Demodex parasites. These findings may have implications for the development of anti-demodex medicine and suggest alternative therapeutic approaches for managing demodicosis.
Medicaid Value-Based Payments and Health Care Use for Patients With Mental Illness
Authors: Lewis Ashley , Howland Renata E. , Horwitz Leora I. , Desai Sunita M. 
Published: September 2023

ImportanceMedicaid patients with mental illness comprise one of the most high-need and complex patient populations. Value-based reforms aim to improve care, but their efficacy in the Medicaid program is unclear.ObjectiveTo investigate if New York state’s Medicaid value-based payment reform was associated with improved utilization patterns for patients with mental illness.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study used a difference-in-differences analysis to compare changes in utilization between Medicaid beneficiaries whose outpatient practices participated in value-based payment reform and beneficiaries whose practices did not participate from before (July 1, 2013-June 30, 2015) to after reform (July 1, 2015-June 30, 2019). Participants were Medicaid beneficiaries in New York state aged 18 to 64 years with major depression disorder, bipolar disorder, and/or schizophrenia. Data analysis was performed from April 2021 to July 2023.ExposureBeneficiaries were exposed to value-based payment reforms if their attributed outpatient practice participated in value-based payment reform at baseline (July 1, 2015).Main Outcomes and MeasuresPrimary outcomes were the number of outpatient primary care visits and the number of behavioral health visits per year. Secondary outcomes were the number of mental health emergency department visits and hospitalizations per year.ResultsThe analytic population comprised 306 290 individuals with depression (67.4% female; mean [SD] age, 38.6 [11.9] years), 85 105 patients with bipolar disorder (59.6% female; mean [SD] age, 38.0 [11.6] years), and 71 299 patients with schizophrenia (45.1% female; mean [SD] age, 40.3 [12.2] years). After adjustment, analyses estimated a statistically significant, positive association between value-based payments and behavioral health visits for patients with depression (0.91 visits; 95% CI, 0.51-1.30) and bipolar disorder (1.01 visits; 95% CI, 0.22-1.79). There was no statistically significant changes to primary care visits for patients with depression and bipolar disorder, but value-based payments were associated with reductions in primary care visits for patients with schizophrenia (−1.31 visits; 95% CI, −2.51 to −0.12). In every diagnostic population, value-based payment was associated with significant reductions in mental health emergency department visits (population with depression: −0.01 visits [95% CI, −0.02 to −0.002]; population with bipolar disorder: −0.02 visits [95% CI, −0.05 to −0.001]; population with schizophrenia: −0.04 visits [95% CI, −0.07 to −0.01]).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study, Medicaid value-based payment reform was statistically significantly associated with an increase in behavioral health visits and a reduction in mental health emergency department visits for patients with mental illness. Medicaid value-based payment may be effective at altering health care utilization in patients with mental illness.
Economic Evaluation of Novel Models of Care for Patients With Acute Medical Problems
Authors: Goh Orlanda Q. M. , Xin Xiaohui , Lim Wan Tin , Tan Michelle W. J. , Kan Juliana Y. L. , Osman Hartini Bte , Kee Wanyi , Teo Tse Yean , Tan Wee Boon , Kang Mei Ling , Graves Nicholas 
Published: September 2023

ImportanceDuring COVID-19, Singapore simultaneously experienced a dengue outbreak, and acute hospitals were under pressure to lower bed occupancy rates. This led to new models of care to treat patients with acute, low-severity medical conditions either at home, in a hospital-at-home (HaH) model, or in a clinic-style setting sited at the emergency department in an ambulatory care team (ACT) model, but a reliable cost analysis for these models is lacking.ObjectiveTo compare personnel costs of HaH and ACT with inpatient care.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this economic evaluation study, time-driven activity-based costing was used to compare the personnel cost of inpatient care with treating dengue via HaH and treating chest pain via ACT. Participants were patients with nonsevere dengue and chest pain unrelated to a coronary event admitted via the emergency department to the internal medicine service of a tertiary hospital in Singapore.ExposuresHaH for dengue and ACT for chest pain.Main Outcomes and MeasuresA process map was created for the patient journey for a typical patient with each condition. The amount of time personnel spent on delivering care was estimated and the cost per minute determined based on their wages in 2022. The total cost of care was calculated by multiplying the time spent by the per-minute cost of the personnel resource and summing all costs.ResultsCompared with inpatient care, HaH used 50% less nursing time (418 minutes, 95% uncertainty interval [UI], 370 to 465 minutes) but 80% more medical time (303 minutes, 95% UI, 270 to 338 minutes) per case of dengue. If implemented nationally, HaH would save an estimated 56 828 SGD per year (95% UI, −169 497 to 281 412 SGD [US $41 856; 95% UI, −$124 839 to $207 268]). The probability that HaH is cost saving was 69.2%. Compared with inpatient care, ACT used 15% less nursing time (296 minutes, 95% UI, 257 to 335 minutes) and 50% less medical time (57 minutes, 95% UI, 46 to 69 minutes) per case of chest pain. If implemented nationally, ACT would save an estimated 1 561 185 SGD per year (95% UI, 1 040 666 to 2 086 518 SGD [US $1 149 862; 95% UI, $766 483 to $1 536 786]). The probability that ACT is cost saving was 100%.Conclusions and RelevanceThis economic evaluation found that the HaH and ACT models decreased the overall personnel cost of care. Reorganizing hospital resources may help hospitals reap the benefits of reduced hospital-acquired infections, improved patient recovery, and reduced hospital bed occupancy rates.
Zinc and Zinc Compounds
Authors: Engin Ayse Basak 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Zinc is one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust and is widely used in the metal, rubber, chemical, paint, and agricultural industry, in addition to the usage in cosmetics ingredients, or for medical purposes. In this context, nano‐sized zinc oxide is used in personal care products, sensors, antibacterial creams, and biomedical applications. In fact, for various organisms, zinc is an essential component in the basic cellular functions. Furthermore, extracellular zinc has the potential to interact with and modulate many different synaptic targets, induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, leading to alteration in the inflammatory responses. It is normally absorbed from the intestine, and competes with Cu
2+
, Fe
2+
, and Ca
2+
for absorption and potentially induces copper deficiency. Consequences of zinc deficiency have been recognized for many years, however high exposure to zinc fumes, zinc compounds, and zinc nanoparticles via inhalation, ingestion, or dermal route may result in severe hematological, developmental, gastrointestinal, and nervous system toxicity. This chapter aims to summarize the knowledge on the regulations of occupational zinc exposure limits and manifestations of bulk and nano‐sized zinc toxicity.
Phenol and Phenolics
Authors: Cavender Finis L. , O'Donoghue John L. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe phenolics used for industrial and commercial purposes are a large and diverse group of chemicals as the six‐member ring of phenolics can be methylated, halogenated or include other moieties that add properties or toxicological potential that is not observed with simple phenolics. For simple dihydroxy phenolics, the largest exposure potential can be through their presence naturally in foods. Low concentrations of chlorophenols are commonly found in drinking water due to water chlorination processes. Simple methyl phenols are commonly used as disinfectants. More complex phenolics such as creosote and pentachlorophenol are used as wood preservatives.The acute toxicity of phenolics at relatively high doses is manifested as excitation of the nervous system causing muscle tremors, salivation, and in severe cases, convulsions. The excitatory phase of phenolic intoxication gives way to depression of the nervous system and can result in mortality. Acute and repetitive exposure to phenolics can result in liver and kidney toxicity.A number of phenolics can be absorbed through skin and are readily absorbed after ingestion. Major metabolites of phenols are sulfates and glucuronide conjugates that are excreted through the kidneys. First pass metabolism present on ingestion is not a factor for phenols absorbed through the skin. Therefore, the toxicity of phenolics may differ depending on route of exposure.
Insecticides
Authors: Tosti Luca , Metruccio Francesca , Moretto Angelo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Insecticides include a variety of compounds that act against different target species targeting different receptors, enzymes or functions. Hence, there are many chemical groups that also present different species specificity and toxicity for humans. They are used in agriculture, in public health to fight against vectors of disease or nuisance insects, and in veterinary medicine. Some, for example, avermectins, are also used in human medicine. In general, they act on different molecular targets within the nervous system with variable species specificity. For instance, carbamates inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) without significant differences in potency between insects and mammals, while there is a significantly higher sensitivity to neonicotinoids of insects' nicotinic receptors as compared to mammalian ones. Also, significant differences in metabolism are responsible of the low toxicity of pyrethroids to mammalians as compared to insects. Application of insecticides is usually upwards; hence, human exposure during their application may be higher than that following the application of herbicides. Factors that impact on the level of exposure include the amount of active ingredient per hectare, water volume (dilution), the protective equipment used. Dermal exposure is considered to be the most relevant, inhalation accounting for about 10% of total exposure. The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) lists mode of actions and related compounds (
www.irac‐online.org
). It will not be possible to deal with all compounds in this chapter. Therefore, groups with significant current uses will be dealt with. In addition, organophosphates are considered in a separate chapter.