bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Rechtsgutstheorie Lens on the Legal Aspects of the States’ Cyber Interest Concept
Authors: Abdelkarim Y. A. 
Published: January 2025

Objective: to show the evolution of the state interests concept and its application in cyberspace, where it turns out to be fundamental for the development of state military policy aimed at protecting national interests.Methods: the research is based on the intersection of the theory of law and the concept of cyber interests of the state through the prism of the theory of legitimate interests (Rechtsgutstheorie). The latter was originally developed within the criminal law science, but with prospects for studying the concept of state interests in cyberspace. The application of the theory of legitimate interests made it possible to study the state cyber interests concept and determine its legal classification and applications. In particular, the theory of legitimate interests in this study is used to explore the legal perspectives of the concept of state interests in cyberspace as interests subject to legal protection.Results: it is determined that in the dynamic landscape of cyberspace, there are multifaceted interests of states related to national security, economic prosperity, sovereignty and diplomacy. To ensure their protection, states initiate strategies that generate a variety of political and legal consequences in international relations. This fact determines the importance of studying the concept of state interests from a legal viewpoint, as well as their legal status and consequences. Parallels are drawn between the concept of protected legal interests within the theory of legitimate interests and cyber interests that states seek to protect. The theory requires balancing the competing interests; hence, its applicability to the actions of the state in cyberspace is considered. The obstacles are identified, that hinder applying the theory of legitimate interests to cyberspace, including difficulties of attribution, damage thresholds and the need for global consensus. The author shows the evolution of the concept of state interests, which determines the possibility of its application in cyberspace, where it serves the purposes of developing state policy aimed at protecting national interests.Scientific novelty: it is expressed in the reflection of the theory of legitimate interests to the formation of the legal concept of cyber interests of the state, which serves as a sufficient justification for the protection of specific cyber interests.Practical significance: the main conclusions outlined in the article can be used to identify cyberspace interests subject to legal protection (such as confidentiality, data integrity, sovereignty, and economic stability). They may also improve legal mechanisms for protecting national interests in cyberspace, ensure uniformity of relevant international judicial practice, and improve the efficiency and quality of state policy management in cyberspace in order to ensure security and peaceful coexistence.
The Evolving Role of Copyright Law in the Age of AI-Generated Works
Authors: Hutson J. 
Published: January 2025

Objective: to identify the prospects and directions of copyright law development associated with the increasing use of generative artificial intelligence.Methods: the study is based on the formal-legal, comparative, historical methods, doctrinal analysis, legal forecasting and modeling.Results: the article states that the emergence of generative artificial intelligence makes one rethink the processes occurring in the field of creative activity and the traditional copyright system, which becomes inadequate to modern realities. The author substantiates the necessity of legal reassessment of copyright and emphasizes the urgent need for updated means of copyright protection. Unlike previous digital tools, which expanded human creativity by improving original works, generative artificial intelligence creates content through complex algorithmic processes, blurring the boundaries of authorship and originality. The research shows limitations of existing intellectual property law, as courts deny copyright in works created by artificial intelligence and insist on the need for “human authorship”. Such decisions emphasize the contradiction between existing laws and the reality of co-creation involving artificial intelligence. It is argued that taking into account the creative potential of generative artificial intelligence will facilitate the evolution of copyright law towards hybrid approaches, with artificial intelligence as an integral, albeit secondary, tool. It seems promising to create flexible intellectual property standards that give artists the opportunity to restrict or authorize the use of their works as training data for artificial intelligence, as well as ensure that authors retain control over their works included in datasets for training artificial intelligence, in case copyright metadata is integrated into digital works, etc.Scientific novelty: based on the analysis of the latest judicial precedents, modern international regulations and evolving institutional practices, the author proposes a balanced adaptive approach to copyright reform to ensure the ethical integration of generative artificial intelligence into the creative ecosystem and to develop flexible copyright protection measures that correspond to the rapid technological progress.Practical significance: the proposed combined approach will allow generative AI tools to become part of the human creative process in the same way that previous generations used digital tools. At the same time, it will contribute to the creation of an environment where the autonomy of authors is respected. This will not only protect the creators of creative content, but also broaden the understanding of creativity as a collaboration with generative artificial intelligence, where artificial intelligence is positioned as a force that complements but not replaces humans in creativity.
International Cooperation in Overcoming Digital Inequality: Legal Frameworks, Barriers and Development Parameters
Authors: Belikova K. M. , Dias Martins R. , Kazanba E. T. 
Published: January 2025

Objective: based on a systematic analysis of the actual level of international cooperation in overcoming digital inequality, to determine the parameters of its further development, taking into account modern legal and other barriers and global challenges caused by the transition from the knowledge economy to the data economy.Methods: the methodological basis of the research is represented by dialectics, comparative legal and historical legal approaches, and the method of system analysis.Results: the problem of digital inequality was considered in the following key aspects: access to the Internet; differences in the level of digital literacy; features of technology use and the versatility of digital inequality. It is noted that access to the Internet and digital technologies should become one of the fundamental human rights in order to ensure equal opportunities for all segments of society, since initially the crystallization of clearly expressed digital differences is based on the existing offline social differences. It was established that, in order to successfully overcome digital inequality, the key global task is to develop digital skills and literacy among the population. It is also important to stimulate the rational use of technologies and ensure people’s understanding of working with both the technologies and the data obtained through them. The authors propose to expand and deepen cooperation between developed and developing countries so that the latter can produce more data that may serve as a metric and a basis for creating development strategies. At the same time, greater transparency should be ensured by providing effective and accessible means so that the data owner can clearly understand who and why processes their personal data. The article argues that the transition from the knowledge economy to the data economy requires the adaptation of international cooperation strategies to ensure equitable access to both data and their processing. This may accelerate scientific discoveries and support inclusive economic development. The issues of fragmentation and defragmentation of international law are analyzed.Scientific novelty: it is due to the current lack of scientific results concerning the level of international cooperation achieved so far in overcoming digital inequality given the parameters of its systemic development and the main (legal and other) barriers.Practical significance: the study results can be used to improve the legal framework and strategies for international cooperation in overcoming digital inequality to ensure equitable access to data and their processing.
The evolutionary history of the field vole species complex revealed by modern and ancient genomes
Authors: Baca Mateusz , Bujalska Barbara , Popović Danijela , Golubiński Michał , Alves Paulo C , Bard Edouard , Berto Claudio , Cuenca-Bescós Gloria , Dalén Love , Fewlass Helen , Fadeeva Tatyana , Herman Jeremy , Horáček Ivan , Krajcarz Magdalena , Law Matthew , Lemanik Anna , López-García Juan Manuel , Luzi Elisa , Murelaga Xabier , Mahmoudi Ahmad , Peresani Marco , Parfitt Simon , Pauperio Joana , Pavlova Svetlana , Pazonyi Piroska , Rodríguez Iván Rey , Searle Jeremy B , Stojak Joanna , Strukova Tatyana , Wójcik Jan M , Nadachowski Adam 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
The field vole, an abundant and widespread microtine rodent, is a complex comprising three cryptic species. The short-tailed field vole (Microtus agrestis) is present over much of Eurasia, the Mediterranean field vole (Microtus lavernedii) in southern Europe, and the Portuguese field vole (Microtus rozianus) is limited to western Spain and Portugal. Previous research has shown high genomic differentiation of these three lineages; however, the details of the process underlying their divergence remain unknown.
Results
We analysed 46 mitogenomes and 16 nuclear genomes of modern specimens, and 75 mitogenomes and 12 nuclear genomes of ancient specimens spanning the last 75 thousand years, to investigate the evolutionary history of this species complex. We estimated the divergence of Portuguese from short-tailed and Mediterranean field voles to be ca. 220 ka ago and of the latter to be ca. 110 ka ago, earlier than previous estimates involving only modern sequences. The divergence times we obtained match those between major mitochondrial lineages of cold-adapted and steppe rodents in Europe. We found signatures of gene flow within and between field vole lineages, with some analyses suggesting a hybrid origin of the Mediterranean lineage. Ancient specimens from the Italian Peninsula revealed a previously unrecognised lineage that showed evidence of genetic exchange with other populations.
Conclusions
The pattern of genetic variation in the field vole species complex demonstrates unequivocally the impact of stadial-interstadial cycles in generating recurrent episodes of allopatry and connectivity of populations, a situation which could only be revealed by our dense genomic sampling over time.
Discovery of alternative stable states in a synthetic human gut microbial community
Authors: Faust Karoline , Garza Daniel , Liu Bin , de Velde Charlotte van , Saha Pallabita , Zhou Xingjian , Gonze Didier , Simoens Kenneth , Bernaerts Kristel 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Several human-associated microbial communities exist in multiple configurations and can change their composition in response to perturbations, remaining in an altered state even after the perturbation ends. Multistability has been previously proposed to explain this behavior for gut microbiota in particular, but has not been clearly demonstrated experimentally. Here, we first investigated the life history strategies of three common human gut bacteria to identify mechanisms driving alternative states. We then used this data to build and parameterize a kinetic model, which predicted that alternative states emerge due to phenotype switching between subpopulations of the same species. Perturbation experiments supported these predictions, and confirmed the existence of alternative states. Finally, simulations showed that phenotype switching can also explain alternative states in larger communities. Thus, a transient perturbation combined with metabolic flexibility is sufficient for alternative communities to emerge, implying that they are not necessarily explained by differences between individuals.
One-Sentence Summary: We demonstrate the existence of alternative states in a human gut microbial community and propose phenotype switching as a mechanism explaining their emergence.
Heterogeneous Catalytic Oxidative Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene of Metal Oxide-Mg/Al Layered Double Hydroxide
Authors: Ahmad Nur , Hanifah Yuliza , Arsyad Fitri Suryani , Lesbani Aldes 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Mg/Al-TiO2 and Mg/Al-ZnO were successfully prepared for dibenzothiophene catalytic oxidative desulfurization. XRD, FTIR, TEM, and BET analyses were utilized to characterize the catalyst. In composites, the distinctive XRD patterns of precursors are still observable. FTIR spectra of the absorption bands at 3448, 1627, 1381, 601, and 547 cm− 1. The TEM pictures of the sample also revealed the almost spherical and hexagonal platelets of Mg/Al-LDH and its composite. Mg/Al LDH, Mg/Al-TiO2, and Mg/Al-ZnO had typical pore sizes of 35.78 nm, 52.81 nm, and 38.37 nm, respectively. The graph of nitrogen isotherms Mg/Al LDH, Mg/Al-TiO2, and Mg/Al-ZnO followed type IV isotherms. In addition. The conversion rates on Mg/Al-ZnO, Mg/Al-TiO2, ZnO, Mg/Al-LDH, and TiO2 were 99.34%, 99.50%, 91.20%, 96.29%, and 88.06%, respectively. This work presents alternative materials for the oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene in practical applications.
The ups and downs of brain stress: Extending the triple network hypothesis
Authors: Henze Gina-Isabelle 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background: This pre-registered functional magnetic resonance imaging study aimed to test and possibly extend the triple network hypothesis of psychosocial stress processing, positing that responses in the salience (SN) and default mode network (DMN) dominate at the expense of the central executive network (CEN).
Methods: We reviewed psychosocial stress studies and conducted a mega-analysis of N=459 ScanSTRESS-datasets (222 women) with harmonized preprocessing (ENIGMA HALFpipe).
Results: Our findings disconfirmed the original hypothesis, revealing activations and deactivations across all three networks, related in a complex way to hormonal, cardiac, subjective, and performance parameters. Additionally, we replicated an exposure-time effect of decreasing activation, identified a novel age effect of increasing DMN-activation, sex-specific patterns, and confirmed the involvement of all networks by task-based connectivity.
Conclusions: These results suggest a new, extended triple network hypothesis of psychosocial stress processing, describing that SN- and DMN-structures orchestrate hormonal, cardiac, and subjective stress responses, while CEN- and DMN-structures process the stress-eliciting tasks.
Substituting leguminous crops for summer maize with optimal nitrogen fertilization strategies to improve soil ecosystem multifunctionality and crop production in semi-humid region
Authors: Cui Nan , Qi Tianxiang , chen zhen , Wang Jiayi , Ma jing , Liu Enke , Meruyert Medelbek , Jia Zhikuan , Siddique Kadambot H.M. , Zhang Peng 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Legume crop rotation and moderate nitrogen application have been widely recognized in maintaining crop production and improving soil quality. However, the mechanism of how soybean stubble combined with appropriate nitrogen reduction regulates winter wheat growth, nitrogen uptake, and especially soil ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF), remain unclear. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was conducted using three different preceding crops (Fallow-F, Soybean-B and Maize-M) and three nitrogen application rates (N0, N1 and N2) to investigate the effects of legume pre-crops and reduced nitrogen input on winter wheat root growth, above-ground dry matter accumulation and distribution, nitrogen uptake and utilization, as well as the impact on yield and soil EMF within the cropping system. Compared with F and M stubbles, B significantly promoted the aboveground and underground growth of winter wheat, and increased nitrogen uptake by 27.48% and 33.35%, respectively. With the increase of nitrogen application rate, the root growth, aboveground dry matter accumulation and nitrogen absorption of winter wheat increased under each stubble, and the nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) was significantly higher than N2 at N1 level. B stubble also significantly improved wheat yield, annual economic benefits and EMF, with the best performance observed at N1, where the economic benefits of BN1 were on average 70.87% higher, and EMF was 4.17 times higher than other treatments. Pearson correlation analysis revealed positive relationships between winter wheat root dry weight (RWD), above-ground biomass and grain nitrogen accumulation, as well as a positive correlation between EMF and wheat yield. These findings highlight the close relationship between winter wheat root and above-ground growth and nitrogen uptake, while also revealing the importance of soil EMF in wheat yield. This study provides theoretical support for incorporating legumes into cropping systems to reduce chemical nitrogen fertilizer use and enhance soil ecosystem multifunctionality.
Rice Bran Extract attenuates cognitive impairment by enhancing pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion in STZ-induced diabetic rats targeting the PPARγ/PDX1 pathway
Authors: Youssef Madonna Magdy , El-Yamany Mohammed Farrag , Abdel-Kader Reham Mahmoud , Heikal Ola Ahmed 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Type I diabetes (T1D), also known as juvenile diabetes, is an autoimmune disease that causes gradual destruction of pancreatic cells and leads to intellectual disability, neuropathy, cognitive impairment, and impaired learning ability in children. Despite standard treatment with synthetic human insulin, T1D patients can maintain up to 40% of their insulin-producing islets. PPARγ receptor activation research that aims to restore β-cell biology could help reverse the loss of pancreatic mass that comes with getting older and improve β-cell function. Egyptian RB ethanol extract (RBE), previously reported with PPARγ agonist activity, showed an increase in insulin secretion both in vivo and in INS-1 cells. The exact antidiabetic RBE mechanism is still unclear. The present study aims to investigate the molecular RBE mechanism in glucose-stimulating insulin secretion and restoration of β cell function. A diabetic rat streptozotocin (STZ) model was used; five groups were designed. The STZ-diabetic rats were treated with RBE daily for 21 days compared to an insulin-treated group. Biochemical parameters and quantitative RT-PCR of β-cell genes related to the PPAR/PDX1 signaling pathway were performed, and the influence on cognitive ability was confirmed by behavioral testing (Y-maze and NOR) and histological examination. The RBE-treated group reversed blood glucose, Glut2, Ca2+, and insulin levels in diabetic rats, with pancreatic insulin levels significantly increasing compared to the insulin group. With the exception of PDX1, RBE boosted PPARγ, SERCA, and PrKC gene expression. RBE also restored cognitive functions. This study suggests that RBE may enhance memory and cognition by increasing peripheral insulin secretion through PPARγ regulator activity.
Thermal acclimation dampens the warming-induced increase in ecosystem respiration
Authors: Wang Junna , Reed David , Classen Aimee , Knohl Alexander , Varlagin Andrej , Ouimette Andrew , Desai Ankur , Heinesch Bernard , Hanson Chad , Gough Christopher , Still Christopher , Bonal Damien , Yakir Dan , Baldocchi Dennis , Tuittila Eeva-Stiina , Sanchez-Cañete Enrique , Vivoni Enrique , Euskirchen Eugenie , Manca Giovanni , Starr Gregory , Simioni Guillaume , Limousin Jean-Marc , Wood Jeffrey , Chen Jiquan , Dušek Jiří , Šigut Ladislav , Montagnani Leonardo , Gu Lianhong , Arain Altaf , Bret-Harte Marion , Schmidt Marius , Ueyama Masahito , Peichl Matthias , Rodeghiero Mirco , Delpierre Nicolas , Buchmann Nina , Blanken Peter , Staebler Ralf , Malone Sparkle 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Global warming increases ecosystem respiration (ER), creating a positive carbon-climate feedback. Thermal acclimation, the direct responses of biological communities to reduce the effects of temperature changes on respiration rates, is a critical mechanism that compensates for warming-induced ER increases and dampens this positive feedback. However, the extent and effects of this mechanism across diverse ecosystems remain unclear. By analyzing CO2 flux data from 93 eddy covariance sites worldwide, we observed thermal acclimation at 84 % of the sites. If sustained, thermal acclimation could reduce projected warming-induced nighttime ER increases by at least 25 % across most climate zones by 2041-2060. Strong thermal acclimation is particularly evident in ecosystems at high elevation, with low-carbon-content soils, and within tundra, semi-arid, and warm-summer Mediterranean climates, supporting the hypothesis that extreme environments favor the evolution of greater acclimation potential. Moreover, ecosystems with dense vegetation and high productivity such as humid tropical and subtropical forests generally exhibit strong thermal acclimation, suggesting that regions with substantial CO2 uptake may continue to serve as strong carbon sinks. Conversely, some ecosystems in cold continental climates show signs of enhancing thermal responses, the opposite of thermal acclimation, which could exacerbate carbon losses as climate warms. Our study underscores the widespread yet climate-specific patterns of thermal acclimation in global terrestrial ER, emphasizing the need to incorporate these patterns into Earth System Models for more accurate carbon-climate feedback projections.
Headache and Psychiatric Comorbidities: Insights from a Newly Established Government Medical College Handwara, Kashmir
Authors: Dar Mansoor Ahmad , Amin Rehana , Sheikh Javid Ahmad , Roub Mehroosh , Bashir Nadeem , Ahmad Owais , Sani Sunayah 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background Handwara, located in the Kupwara district of Jammu & Kashmir, India, is a region profoundly impacted by prolonged conflict and socio-political instability, leading to widespread mental health challenges among its population. The newly established Government Medical College (GMC) in Handwara is crucial in addressing these issues, particularly through its Department of Psychiatry. Aim This paper examines the pattern of psychiatric disorders in patients with headaches in a peripheral tertiary care hospital.
Methods It was a cross-sectional structured clinical interview assessing all patients attending the Psychiatry OPD with headache as the chief complaint. A total of 650 consecutive consenting patients aged more than 18 years with headaches were enrolled in the study. The diagnostic tools used were a structured questionnaire, ICHD-3, and M.I.N.I. plus. Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were done to find the relation between different variables.
Results The majority of the patients were females presented with vascular headaches in the age group of >18-55 years. The most common psychiatric morbidities found were depressive disorders and panic disorder. A statistically significant correlation was found between headaches and psychiatric disorders.
Conclusion The high prevalence of mental health disorders such as depressive disorders, nicotine use disorders, somatic symptom disorders, and panic disorders indicate the need for enhanced evaluation of patients with headaches to improve outcomes. Longstanding untreated mental disorders can be a reason for chronic non-relieving and disabling headaches.