bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Operating Experiences in the Steam and Power Department of the South’s First Alkali Plant
Authors: Avery G. R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this paper is given a simplified diagrammatic outline showing the water and steam flows in the powerhouse of the Southern Alkali Corporation. The greater part of the boiler feedwater is raw river water carefully treated by the hot-process lime-and-soda-ash method followed by a phosphate treatment directly into the boiler drum. Excellent results have been obtained with this type of treatment as is shown by the present maximum length of run allowed before the boiler is taken out of service for inspection as a matter of safety procedure. Costs due to boiler outage, maintenance of boiler and furnace, labor and material have been considerably reduced by this close attention to feedwater treatment and control.
Electric power generation is obtained as the by-product of steam used in process requirements. Turbine blading has shown signs of corrosion due to moisture and probably will be replaced with stainless steel or its equivalent when necessary. The protection of generators and motors when not in use is a serious problem along a moist and humid coast. They are protected in this instance by covers and electric heaters. Pump and air-compressor valve troubles have been mainly a question of materials and seem to be fairly satisfactorily settled now.
Automatic control of boiler and water pressures is used extensively with good results. Automatic alarms guard against the contamination of condensates being returned from process departments. Excellent cooperation in the design, maintenance, and operation of the plant have resulted in a smooth load curve with high load and use factors.
A New Low-Alloy Pearlitic Steel for High-Temperature Service
Authors: Clark C. L. , Brown Roger Stuart 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper describes the high-temperature characteristics of a carbon-molybdenum steel which differs from those now in general use in that it contains 1.5 per cent rather than from 0.5 to 1 per cent molybdenum. On the basis of standard creep tests and comparative constant-loading tests, it is shown that the increase in molybdenum content has greatly improved the load-carrying ability of the steel, especially at the higher temperatures.
Since the oxidation and corrosion resistance of this steel is no better than that of plain carbon steels, advantage cannot be taken of its improved load-carrying ability unless its surface is protected from attack. Accordingly, this analysis is considered only in a calorized condition. The present-day calorizing process is briefly described and certain proposed applications for this calorized steel are discussed.
Power and Forces in Milling S.A.E. 3150 Steel With Helical Mills
Authors: Boston O. W. , Gilbert W. W. , Kaiser K. B. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper outlines a series of tests conducted on a milling machine using slab mills of similar construction except for variation in rake angle, when milling an S.A.E. 3150 steel. The cutters had rake angles of 20, 15, 10, and 5 deg as variables, but otherwise were 3 in. in diameter, and had 12 teeth on a 25-deg left-hand helix. Gross and net power, as determined on a wattmeter, and the three components of the cutting force, as determined on a specially constructed dynamometer, were obtained for a wide variety of combinations of depths of cut and feed. The speed was constant, and a single cutting fluid was used in all tests.
From the data presented graphically, formulas for net power input, the horsepower per cubic inch per minute, and for the tangential and axial components of the cutting force have been determined for each cutter as a function of feed and depth of cut. For any size of cut the tangential and normal components are shown to decrease as the rake angle is increased. The axial component shows comparatively little change in value up to a 10-deg rake angle, after which it decreases rapidly for an increase up to 20 deg. The horsepower per cubic inch per minute decreases rapidly with an increase in rake angle.
For each cutter the tangential and axial components increase as the feed or depth of cut is increased. The normal component compresses the work for small values of feed and depth of cut but tends to lift the work for large values. Gross and net values of horsepower for the 15-deg rake angle cutter are plotted for each of a number of values of depth of cut over feed as a variable. From these curves, values may be selected for any combination of depth of cut and feed.
Similar data are included, also, for a cutter having eight teeth, 45-deg helix angle, and 15-deg rake angle.
Industrial Instruments, Their Theory and Application
Authors: Smith Ed S. , Fairchild C. Owen 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper is complemental to the paper: “Automatic Regulators, Their Theory and Application”, published previously in the A.S.M.E. Transactions (1). The treatment of the material in this present paper parallels that given in the previous paper (1) for the reason that instruments and regulators have so much in common, there being both self-operated and servo-operated types in both cases. The principal difference between them is that the regulator reacts upon the variable while the instrument in general does not do so in such a way as to cause the possibility of hunting. Most of the material in this present paper is perforce old; however, the invasion of the industrial-instrument field by devices operated from a separate source of power has been so gradual that this modern situation should be emphasized at this time. This paper is a contribution toward that end.
Hydraulic Phenomena in Fuel-Injection Systems for Diesel Engines
Authors: DeJuhasz Kalman J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author compares the problems of water-hammer phenomena with those of fuel-injection surges. He also presents a graphical method for analyzing the pressure and velocity conditions and shows how it is applied to representative examples of injection systems with a timed valve, and those with a timed pump. In the latter group the action of “open” and “closed” nozzles is explained. Singular cases of injection conditions are analyzed. The effect of enclosed volume and of included rigid masses is examined. Various methods of terminating the injection are discussed.
Comparisons Between Calculated and Test Results on Water Hammer in Pumping Plants
Authors: Schnyder O. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author discusses surge conditions in pump-discharge lines caused by the sudden failure of the power supply to the pump driving units in both low-head and high-head plants, particularly the latter. He gives a detailed discussion of surge phenomena in pump discharge lines for (a) the period immediately following the failure of the power supply when the speed of the pump and discharge both decrease, (b) the period during which the reversal of flow continues until maximum discharge is reached in the reverse direction, and (c) the period between the maximum backward flow in the pipe line and the complete stoppage of the backward flow. He shows by graphical representation the conditions occurring during period (b) when the line is equipped with a flap valve and when it is equipped with a surge suppressor. He concludes the paper with a discussion of surge conditions in the discharge lines of large pumping installations as established by test, and compares such conditions with calculated results, pointing out that the design engineer can predetermine such surge conditions and also calculate accurately the effect of various devices employed to limit water hammer in pumping plants.
Mechanical Processing of Vegetable Oils
Authors: Moss W. Wade 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author discusses the function of unit-operation engineering as applied to the mechanical processing of vegetable oil, and although he does not attempt to make a comprehensive study of oil processing, he shows the importance of certain basic factors required for the efficient refining of edible oils. He elaborates on recent work at the University of Tennessee on the use of pressure cooking at higher temperatures than normally used, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of varying cooking pressure, temperature, and time.
The paper includes a discussion of different means of processing oils by hydraulic expeller expression and extraction by solvent methods. A detailed description is given of a hydraulic press of the newer pot type which combines filter action, press action, and automatic ejection.
The author points out that the moisture in the press cake varies according to the nature of the oil, and that by maintaining the proper percentage of moisture the cakes can be prevented from pasting, thereby permitting easy removal from the press cloths. He gives data relative to bleaching admixtures of char and fuller’s earth and makes recommendations as to the proper bleaching compounds to use in order to obtain the best result when processing the oils.
The author also discusses the advantage and disadvantages of impeller and piston-type vacuum pumps, and thermocompressors, and recommends the use of thermocompressors which are able to maintain a vacuum of 29.5 in. Hg in the vapor kettles while deodorizing the oils.
Running-In Characteristics of Some White-Metal Journal Bearings
Authors: McKee S. A. , McKee T. R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper describes an extension of the investigation of the running-in characteristics of journal bearings which was a part of the program of research on lubrication conducted at the National Bureau of Standards in cooperation with the Special Research Committee on Lubrication of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The results of tests on three kinds of white-metal bearings are given.
A four-bearing friction machine was used to determine the effect of progressive amounts of running in, upon the frictional characteristics of the bearings. The results are compared with those of previous investigations and all are in agreement in providing an indication that the major effect of running in is to reduce the friction losses at low values of ZN/P and to increase the permissible operating range. The results also give a comparison of the frictional and running-in characteristics of the various metals.
Investigation of the Oxidation of Metals by High-Temperature Steam
Authors: Potter A. A. , Solberg H. L. , Hawkins G. A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Inasmuch as steam temperatures in modern central stations are approaching those used for the commercial production of hydrogen by reaction between steam and iron, an investigation was undertaken at Purdue University of the oxidation by steam of the various steels that are available for high-temperature steam service. Apparatus was constructed and techniques developed for measuring the amount of oxidation due to temperatures up to 1200 F and pressures up to at least 1600 lb gage. Data are presented showing the effect of temperature from 800 to 1200 F on the oxidation of low-carbon steel in contact with steam at 1200 lb gage. The rate of oxidation of low-carbon steel at 1100 F is apparently the same at 400 and 1200 lb steam pressure. Apparatus was developed for operating seven tubes simultaneously under identical conditions and data are presented to show the comparative oxidation of six steels of different analyses. The investigation is being continued.
Chain- or Traveling-Grate Stokers
Authors: Anbro Gosta 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The paper describes the principal difference in construction of these two forms of grate and points out that, contrary to an opinion which was prevalent for many years, this difference has no bearing upon their fields of application. As the traveling-grate stoker was developed primarily for burning small-size anthracite, forced draft was a necessity and its application to both types has given industry the only satisfactory stoker for this fuel. Stoker development was accompanied by startling changes in furnace design which are commented upon, the long reararch construction now used reducing the solid carbon lost with the flue gases. Both types will burn almost any solid fuel of suitable size, but low ash content is objectionable and coal should be reasonably uniform in size and free from dust, the latter giving considerable trouble in plants that experience difficulties from tube slagging.
Small Underfeed Single-Retort Stokers
Authors: Guthrie B. M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Although concerned with the mechanical development of small underfeed single-retort stokers having an hourly capacity of 1200 lb and less, the paper specializes on their development and application for residential heating. A discussion of the various methods of feeding coal is first presented and is followed by a résumé of the classification of stokers on the basis of hourly coal-feeding rates, which was recently made by the United States Department of Commerce in cooperation with the Stoker Manufacturers’ Association. Design and mechanical details of these stokers for house heating are commented upon at some length, variation in combustion rates with size of stoker and grade of coal is touched upon, importance of proper furnace volume and height are stressed, and the influence on furnace design of the type of load to be carried and the essentials of good furnace design are mentioned. Several tabulations of data supplement the paper, which thus far has been concerned with burning of bituminous coal. Brief sections relating to the use of stokers with anthracite coal and the heat-control devices for both anthracite- and bituminous-coal stokers complete the paper.
Selection of Coal for Pulverized Firing
Authors: Tate B. E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
While sulphur, phosphorus, and hydrogen may, in a consideration of the entire boiler unit with its heat-recovery apparatus, render an otherwise satisfactory coal unsuitable for that particular installation, certain other characteristics are of primary importance in selecting fuel for a powdered-coal-fired furnace. These characteristics are (a) use value, (b) heat content, (c) grindability, (d) volatile content, (e) moisture content, (f) ash-fusion temperature, (g) ash content, (h) size of coal, (i) foreign material, and (j) fly-ash characteristics. All of these are concisely but comprehensively discussed in the paper and are supplemented in some instances by experiences of the author, tabulations, and illustrations.
Underfeed Stokers From the Standpoint of Coal Selection
Authors: Tobey J. E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
As an example of the benefits to be secured from careful selection of coal for underfeed stokers, the paper cites the experience of a Middle West industrial power plant burning 700 tons of coal per day, where the boiler capacity was increased from approximately 2100 hp in 1917 to more than 13,000 hp in 1924. Errors in design of the original boilers were repeated in each of the three subsequent additions and caused combustion troubles with resulting interruptions to power service and factory shutdowns. Mechanical changes to boiler equipment and an exhaustive coal-selection program resulted in marked improvement in operation. When the latter was adopted, coal might be supplied by any one of 60 different mines which rendered any segregation impossible and compelled burning the fuel as mixtures. In the three years that elapsed before the program was completed, coals from 130 mines were analyzed and given burning tests under service conditions and the output of 18 mines, none of which were included among the original 60, was found suitable for plant use. Differences between these coals, such as quality, price, degree of satisfaction, mine capacity, and general availability, reduced the number to 6 and these fuels were given trials for longer periods, with the result that a single coal was finally chosen and has been burnt exclusively for a number of years. The coal-selection program is described in considerable detail in the paper and combustion troubles encountered during the burning tests are mentioned and commented upon.
Relation of Wahl Correction Factor to Fatigue Tests on Helical Compression Springs
Authors: Zimmerli F. P. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper presents the results obtained in an effort to test Wahl’s correction factor for spring stresses. Fatigue tests were run on springs of various indexes which were coiled from the same bundle of wire and blued at the same time to insure uniform treatment. As the results were not uniform, four series of tests were made, with additional tests to demonstrate the inertia effect of the walking beam of the testing machine and the influence of speed and stroke. With high spring loads the inertia effects of the beam during the down stroke were neutralized by the spring pressure. Stress ranges for the various indexes as obtained in the tests were corrected for (a) spring rate, (b) stroke, and (c) motor speed and the corrected values plotted. From this chart, the conclusion is drawn that the Wahl factor overcorrects the stress values for low indexes.
Hot-Pressing Technique for Plywood
Authors: Perry Thomas D. , Bretl Martin F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The authors review briefly the history of the cold pressing of plywood with various adhesives, and discuss the development and adoption of hot pressing with thermosetting synthetic-resin adhesives which are more water resistant than the adhesives developed for cold pressing. The various types of domestic and foreign hot presses and their characteristic features are described. It is shown that several factors in the behavior of wood under heat are common to all known types of resin adhesives; these are the speed of heat penetration through various thicknesses of veneer and the heat losses encountered in practicable bonding periods of time, both differentiated as to core thicknesses, moisture content, and temperature. Specific pressure and wood species are found to have little if any influence on these factors. Another factor is the effect of heat on the tensile strength of wood, which is shown to be relatively unchanged in practicable bonding periods. These phenomena are shown by tables and graphs and are fully described. Other factors individual to the adhesive used, and the characteristics of a resin film, are outlined in tables and are described. The authors predict that the rapidly growing adoption of hot pressing and resin adhesives is widening the plywood market.
The Hydraulic Jump in Sloped Channels
Authors: Bakhmeteff B. A. , Matzke A. E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The discussion of a previous paper on the hydraulic jump in sloped channels (1) made it evident that the existing literature carried no clear exposition of the subject, and moreover that no systematic experimental evidence was available which would permit an engineer to draw practical conclusions regarding the matter. The research described in this paper is an attempt to clarify this situation.
Influence of Pressure on Film Viscosity in Heavily Loaded Bearings
Authors: Needs Sydney J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Extensive investigations of heavily loaded journal bearings were conducted in Dr. Kingsbury’s laboratory several years ago in connection with studies of roll-neck bearings. The problem of maintaining complete fluid-film lubrication under loads of several thousand pounds per square inch of bearing area was visualized as one of bearing design and the provision of an adequate supply of the proper lubricant to suit operating conditions. Following this line of approach, it was found that the usually available lubricants are entirely satisfactory for the formation of a complete metal-separating oil film when the bearing has been constructed in such manner as to make the formation of this protecting film possible. Hence, except at the moments of starting and stopping, metallic friction and wear may be eliminated under operating conditions.
Results of the tests were found to be in good agreement with published theory when the operating conditions were reasonably close to those upon which the theory is based. For example, theory indicates that with constant speed and film viscosity the friction coefficients of fitted journal bearings and plane surfaces will continue to decrease indefinitely with increasing load. At constant speed and temperature it was observed that when the load was increased to several thousand pounds per square inch the friction-coefficient curves for fitted journal bearings reached a minimum and then started to increase with added load. In the absence of metallic contact this discrepancy between observed and theoretical frictions suggested the probability of the high pressures in the bearing oil film causing an increase in film viscosity. The present paper undertakes a mathematical explanation of this phenomenon by calculating the effect of viscosity increase under pressure on the operating characteristics of plane surfaces of infinite width. Some of the more interesting of the test results are given in the form of curves and these are compared with calculations for plane surfaces of infinite width assumed to be operating under the same conditions.
Investigation of Stress Conditions in a Full-Size Welded Branch Connection
Authors: Everett F. L. , McCutchan Arthur 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper presents the results of an investigation of stress conditions in an 8-in.-diam, 0.500-in.-wall test manifold having a full-size welded branch connection. Stresses were determined from strain-gage measurements on the outer surface of the manifold at some 50 stations in the vicinity of the welded juncture of header and branch. High stresses were found to exist on the outer surface at the flat portion on the side of the manifold. No evidence of high stress was found on the outer surface of either the unreinforced or reinforced manifold in the vicinity of the crotch, although high stresses were deduced analytically as probably existing in the inside wall at this location in the unreinforced manifold.
The ring-type of reinforcement was found to assume its share of the load in the region which it covered but to have little significant effect on adjoining areas, even increasing the measured strains where the ring joined the header at the side of the manifold. While permanent distortion occurred at the sides of the reinforced manifold at a pressure only 70 per cent of the pressure calculated to cause yielding of the pipe proper, eventual failure occurred in the header outside of the reinforced region at a pressure approximately the same as would be expected to burst a straight length of pipe. It is concluded that the ring type of reinforcement described herein will develop the full strength of the pipe.
Combination Oil-and-Gas Burners
Authors: Campbell O. F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author gives combustion data pertaining to the burning of petroleum fuels in combination oil-and-gas burners for industrial use, and discusses the principles of combustion involved in burning such fuels. He also gives a brief description of nine representative types of combination oil-and-gas burners, describes their operation, and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.