bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunology based STEM outreach education efforts that support Knowledge Translation for Pacific College students
Authors: Sika-Paotonu Dianne 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Specialists and professionals working within STEM related fields can be important role models for students. In the right context and when effective, STEM role models can inspire and motivate children and young people to consider undertaking STEM related classes at school and college. Indigenous Māori and Pacific students in New Zealand (NZ), remain underrepresented within STEM and health related courses and pathways. The importance of role modelling in this particular context has been recognised. An Immunologically based leaning and teaching workshop effort was designed to support a wider STEM-related knowledge translation and outreach education event organised by an external organization. A female Pacific Biomedical Scientist was invited to appear as a STEM role model, and offer a teaching contribution to support increased interest, engagement and participation within the STEM related learning environment. A significant component of the STEM related teaching content was based upon cancer related Immunological content and was tailored for delivery to Pacific College students (aged 14–16 years). The cancer burden amongst Māori and Pacific Peoples in NZ and in the Pacific Region remains of concern. The feedback received from the College students highlighted this session was very well received and enjoyed by the students and was expressed in written and verbal form. Educators can be important role models for their students and for wider knowledge translation efforts. This work demonstrated the importance of role modelling in the classroom when delivering STEM related teaching content for Pacific College students.
Connecting with STEM and Immunology in the Classroom – the importance of Role Modelling
Authors: Sika-Paotonu Dianne 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Connecting young people with STEM and Immunology within the classroom setting can be a challenge. Outreach education and knowledge translation efforts can be supported by appropriate Role Modelling and Contextualisation for students and young people. The purpose of this work was to support improved interest and engagement by young Pacific students within a STEM related context, within the classroom setting using an Immunology based in-class teaching focus. Pacific students remain underrepresented in STEM and health related subjects and courses. An outreach education STEM based knowledge translational programme was specifically designed for Pacific students aged 10–12 years (Year 7 & 8) by an external organisation, and included an outreach activity contribution by a female Pacific Biomedical Scientist. Context specific STEM related Immunology content was shared with the Pacific students in the form of cancer related research work and was targeted to the 10–12 year age group. The growing burden of cancer remains a significant concern for Pacific Peoples living in New Zealand and the Pacific Region. Student feedback in verbal and written form indicated this in-class session was very well received. Students engaged well with the in-class question and answer session involving the Pacific Biomedical Scientist and expressed interest in considering STEM as possible subject options. The importance of appropriate Role Modelling and Contextualization of STEM associated Immunology based teaching in the Classroom in supporting positive and constructive classroom experiences for students, was reinforced by the feedback and interactions outlined in this work.
Studies of the Properties of a Bouillon Filtrate of the Gonococcus
Authors: Clark L. T. , Ferry N. S. , Steele A. H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It is generally conceded that the gonococcus is a very refractory organism to cultivate artificially, especially in liquid media. When growth does occur in the latter, even in a medium well fortified with any one of the serous human body fluids, the results are extremely uncertain, particularly in amount and duration of proliferation. This lack of adaptability to artificial cultural conditions perhaps accounts for the comparatively little work that has been reported in the literature referring to systematic studies on germ-free filtrates of the gonococcus and methods suited to their preparation and evaluation.
The inherent tendency of cultures of the gonococcus to autolyze offers another obstacle to the analysis of such filtrates, as found by McClintock and Clark (1) and others.
The work presented in this paper covers the preparation and testing of a toxic filtrate from liquid culture of the gonococcus which followed a request from Dr. B. C. Corbus of Chicago for a bouillon filtrate of the gonococcus in the nature of an “antivirus.”
On the Forssman Antigens in B. Paratyphosus B and B. Dysenteriae Shiga
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Levine Philip 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The occurrence of substances in bacilli of the Salmonella group,1 inducing in rabbits the formation of sheep hemolysins, so-called Forssman antibodies, has been described by various authors (4), (5), (6), (7).2 Such antigens have been found by Seiffert (6) in strains of B. paratyphosus (Schottmüller and Freiburg) and of B. enteritıdis Gaertner, and by Meyer in the types Newport and Berlin. Other bacilli which have been shown to contain Forssman antigens, are B. dysenteriae Shiga (9), (10), a particular strain of B. leptisepticus (11), and pneumococci (12), (13).
That the various bacillary antigens are not identical, has been shown by Jungeblut and Ross for B. paratyphosus B and B. dysenteriae Shiga, and Meyer has demonstrated that immune sera containing sheep lysin, produced by four different strains of the Salmonella group (B. paratyphosus B, B Berlin, B Newport, and B. enteridıtis Gaertner) were absorbable only by the homologous organisms (see Eisler (14)).
A Contribution to the Study of the Etiology of Serum Disease
Authors: Meyers H. Russell 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Serum reactions following the parenteral introduction of cock serum appear to possess characteristics distinct enough from serum disease following injections of horse serum to warrant a differentiation. Horse serum fibrinogen does not appear to be a responsible etiologic agent in the production of serum disease, for: When prepared reasonably free from other protein elements and injected intravenously in an amount equivalent to or greater than the amount estimated to be contained in a quantity of horse serum capable of producing serum disease in 90 per cent of patients, fibrinogen did not produce serum sickness in the series reported here. The concentrated sera prepared according to the Atkinson-Banzhaf method by the Department of Health in the City of New York does not contain detectable fibrinogen, although these sera are known to cause serum disease.
Type I IFN Receptor Signaling on B Cells Promotes Antibody Responses to Polysaccharide Antigens
Authors: Spurrier M Ariel , Jennings-Gee Jamie E , Haas Karen M 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We previously reported monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and synthetic cord factor trehalose-6,6′-dicorynomycolate (TDCM) significantly increase Ab responses to T cell–independent type 2 Ags (TI-2 Ags) in a manner dependent on B cell–intrinsic TLR4 expression, as well as MyD88 and TRIF proteins. Given the capacity of MPL to drive type I IFN production, we aimed to investigate the extent to which type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) signaling was required for TI-2 responses and adjuvant effects. Using Ifnar1−/− mice and IFNAR1 Ab blockade, we found that IFNAR signaling is required for optimal early B cell activation, expansion, and Ab responses to nonadjuvanted TI-2 Ags, including the pneumococcal vaccine. Further study demonstrated that B cell–intrinsic type I IFN signaling on B cells was essential for normal TI-2 Ab responses. In particular, TI-2 Ag–specific B-1b cell activation and expansion were significantly impaired in Ifnar1−/− mice; moreover, IFNAR1 Ab blockade similarly reduced activation, expansion, and differentiation of IFNAR1-sufficient B-1b cells in Ifnar1−/− recipient mice, indicating that B-1b cell–expressed IFNAR supports TI-2 Ab responses. Consistent with these findings, type I IFN significantly increased the survival of TI-2 Ag–activated B-1b cells ex vivo and promoted plasmablast differentiation. Nonetheless, MPL/TDCM adjuvant effects, which were largely carried out through innate B cells (B-1b and splenic CD23− B cells), were independent of type I IFN signaling. In summary, our study highlights an important role for B-1b cell–expressed IFNAR in promoting responses to nonadjuvanted TI-2 Ags, but it nonetheless demonstrates that adjuvants which support innate B cell responses may bypass this requirement.
Low-Dose Lipopolysaccharide Protects from Lethal Paramyxovirus Infection in a Macrophage- and TLR4-Dependent Process
Authors: Resiliac Jenny , Rohlfing Michelle , Santoro Jennifer , Hussain Syed-Rehan A , Grayson Mitchell H 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Respiratory diseases are a major public health burden and a leading cause of death and disability in the world. Understanding antiviral immune responses is crucial to alleviate morbidity and mortality associated with these respiratory viral infections. Previous data from human and animal studies suggested that pre-existing atopy may provide some protection against severe disease from a respiratory viral infection. However, the mechanism(s) of protection is not understood. Low-dose LPS has been shown to drive an atopic phenotype in mice. In addition, LPS has been shown in vitro to have an antiviral effect. We examined the effect of LPS treatment on mortality to the murine parainfluenza virus Sendai virus. Low-dose LPS treatment 24 h before inoculation with a normally lethal dose of Sendai virus greatly reduced death. This protection was associated with a reduced viral titer and reduced inflammatory cytokine production in the airways. The administration of LPS was associated with a marked increase in lung neutrophils and macrophages. Depletion of neutrophils failed to reverse the protective effect of LPS; however, depletion of macrophages reversed the protective effect of LPS. Further, we demonstrate that the protective effect of LPS depends on type I IFN and TLR4-MyD88 signaling. Together, these studies demonstrate pretreatment with low-dose LPS provides a survival advantage against a severe respiratory viral infection through a macrophage-, TLR4-, and MyD88-dependent pathway.
Inefficient Recovery of Repeatedly Stimulated Memory CD8 T Cells after Polymicrobial Sepsis Induction Leads to Changes in Memory CD8 T Cell Pool Composition
Authors: Moioffer Steven J , Berton Roger R , McGonagill Patrick W , Jensen Isaac J , Griffith Thomas S , Badovinac Vladimir P 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Long-lasting sepsis-induced immunoparalysis has been principally studied in primary (1°) memory CD8 T cells; however, the impact of sepsis on memory CD8 T cells with a history of repeated cognate Ag encounters is largely unknown but important in understanding the role of sepsis in shaping the pre-existing memory CD8 T cell compartment. Higher-order memory CD8 T cells are crucial in providing immunity against common pathogens that reinfect the host or are generated by repeated vaccination. In this study, we analyzed peripheral blood from septic patients and show that memory CD8 T cells with defined Ag specificity for recurring CMV infection proliferate less than bulk populations of central memory CD8 T cells. Using TCR-transgenic T cells to generate 1° and higher-order (quaternary [4°]) memory T cells within the same host, we demonstrate that the susceptibility and loss of both memory subsets are similar after sepsis induction, and sepsis diminished Ag-dependent and -independent (bystander) functions of these memory subsets equally. Both the 1° and 4° memory T cell populations proliferated in a sepsis-induced lymphopenic environment; however, due to the intrinsic differences in baseline proliferative capacity, expression of receptors (e.g., CD127/CD122), and responsiveness to homeostatic cytokines, 1° memory T cells become overrepresented over time in sepsis survivors. Finally, IL-7/anti–IL-7 mAb complex treatment early after sepsis induction preferentially rescued the proliferation and accumulation of 1° memory T cells, whereas recovery of 4° memory T cells was less pronounced. Thus, inefficient recovery of repeatedly stimulated memory cells after polymicrobial sepsis induction leads to changes in memory T cell pool composition, a notion with important implications in devising strategies to recover the number and function of pre-existing memory CD8 T cells in sepsis survivors.
Precipitation Test for the Sexes of Fowl Blood Serum, with Special Reference to Egg-Laying
Authors: Sasaki Kiyotsuna 
Published: January 2023

IV. Summary
Injecting the rabbits with the fowl blood sera, the sex tests of the blood sera were made by means of precipitin reaction, with special reference to egg-laying, and the results are as follows: The blood serum of the laying hen can not be distinguished from that of the cock or of the non-laying hen with the corresponding antiserum. However, by specialization of the antiserum, the former is capable of being clearly distinguished from the two latter with the absorbed antiserum for the blood of the laying hen, a specific reaction for the homologous serum being given; whereas sera of the cock and the non-laying hen are not distinguishable from each other with the corresponding absorbed antisera.The blood serum of the pullet gives similar results with that of the cock or of the non-laying hen. Therefore, the blood sera of immature fowl, namely, pullet, and those of mature ones, excepting the laying hen, can not be distinguished mutually.The antiserum for laying hen's blood serum contains specific precipitin for egg-laying not for sex.
Further Attempts to Transfer the Immunological Response of Tuberculous Animals
Authors: Dienes L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Three groups of experimental efforts to transfer to other animals the increased immunologic response of tuberculous animals have been described. The transfer of tuberculous omenta or tuberculous peritoneal exudate, a few minutes after the injection of egg-white, to the peritoneal cavity of normal pigs was unsuccessful. Where a similar transfer was made into the peritoneal cavity of a previously infected animal—in a stage of infection in which the injection of egg-white alone does not produce the characteristic effect—irregular positive results were obtained. A simultaneous injection of egg-white and tubercle bacilli was in these guinea pigs often successful.
The experiments suggest that two factors are involved, (a) the effect which the lesion itself produces upon the antigen, and (b) a certain preparation of the organism as a whole occurring during the course of the infection.
Serological Diversity Among Meningococci
Authors: Branham Sara E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Accurate “typing” of meningococci is often a laborious process. This is due chiefly to the following factors: (a) Lack of specificity among meningococci; (b) lack of specificity in “typing” serum; (c) lack of antigenic stability in meningococci; and (d) failure to do the “typing” soon after isolation. It is frequently necessary to use a combination of many methods in order to place some strains in their respective serological groups.
The relative proportion of meningococci which fall into the four groups of Gordon and Murray has not been the same during the 1927–1930 outbreaks as during 1915–1918. More than 80 per cent of strains studied have been placed in the I and III groups, the relation of which to each other is so intimate that the classification of many strains as I or III has been difficult.
Intensive study of the serological pattern of meningococci is important (a) in respect to the choice of strains to use in making therapeutic sera, and (b) in choosing standard “type” strains. The value of expending the amount of time and labor necessary for the satisfactory classification of complex strains in some routine work may be questioned.
The Mouse Protection Test on Antipneumococcic Serum Type I
Authors: Beard Stanley D. , Clapp Frances L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In evaluating the potency of antipneumococcic sera, the mouse protection test, based on the work of Neufeld (1) and that done at the Rockefeller Institute (2), has been extensively used, and has been prescribed by the Public Health Service (3), for the standardization of antipneumococcic serum type I. The minimum standard of potency as established in the official test is that 0.2 cc. of serum must protect at least 50 per cent of the mice injected against 0.1 cc. of virulent type I culture, this dose of culture being equivalent to about 10 million fatal doses of culture.
The New York State minimum standard (4) is essentially the same as the of the Public Health Service, but in actual practice the test has been somewhat modified. For example, 0.1 cc. of serum is often used in the serum-culture mixtures injected in the test mice as well as 0.2 cc.; also, 0.2 and 0.3 cc. doses of culture are used as well as the 0.1 cc. dose.
Studies on the Immunizing Substances in Pneumococci
Authors: Felton Lloyd D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Pneumococci, both type I and type II, dried by application of acetone followed by vacuum desiccation, retain their antigenicity.
The cell may be divided into acid soluble and acid insoluble constituents. The acid soluble fraction possesses most of the immunizing activity of the cell; the immunity obtained by injecting this fraction into white mice is largely specific. The acid insoluble fraction, perhaps containing some intact cells, also possesses a small amount of the immunizing substance and produces in white mice a heterologous immunity.
With the method used in this study, at least 90 per cent of the immunizing substance in the acid soluble fraction may be precippitated by ethyl alcohol or by acetone.
The work here reported is limited to tests on white mice, and to antigenicity as produced by a single injection of the immunizing substance.
Age and Antibody Production
Authors: Baumgartner Leona 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has previously been demonstrated by us that the avidity of fresh antisera agglutinating B. enteritidis produced by the active immunization of young rabbits is greater than that of antisera produced in adult or aged animals. Additional observations on these sera led to the following conclusions: These avidity differences diminish with the “aging” in vitro of the antisera.Antisera partially separated from serum proteins by adsorption to kaolin and elution with glycocoll, exhibit the same trends in avidity differences as do fresh sera.The temperature at which the observations were made did not affect the reaction.Antisera agglutinating B. enteritidis obtained from animals of various ages exhibit similar avidity differences when tested against Eb. typhosus, that is, minor agglutinins exhibit the same qualities as do major agglutinins.In antisera produced by the injection of a bivalent antigen composed of sheep erythrocytes and B. enteritidis, the hemolysin produced by the adult animal shows a greater avidity for its antigen than does the hemolysin produced by young or very aged animals.The avidity of a given antiserum is a property characteristic of that serum, and not directly related to its titer.
Serological Tests with Amino Acids
Authors: van der Scheer J. , Landsteiner K. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the course of studies on the immunological specificity of peptides (1, 2) it was found necessary to establish to what extent amino acids which are contained in proteins can be differentiated by immune sera.1
Preparation of Para-Nitro- and Para-Aminobenzoyl Derivatives of Amino Acids. Nitrobenzoylation of the amino acids was mostly carried out by the method used previously for the preparation of p-nitrobenzoyl peptides (2). In the case of histidine a dilute solution of sodium hydroxide was used instead of sodium bicarbonate (3). Phenylalanine and tryptophane were dissolved in a small amount of normal sodium hydroxide before adding sodium bicarbonate. For the nitrobenzoylation of glutamic and aspartic acid the directions given by E. Fischer for the preparation of the benzoyl derivatives were followed (4). The products were freed from nitrobenzoic acid by extraction with ether, and if the nitrobenzoyl amino acid was appreciably soluble in ether, the ether solution was concentrated to a small volume and the substance precipitated by addition of petroleum ether (boiling point 90 to 100°).
A Study of Inactivated Yellow Fever Virus As an Immunizing Agent
Authors: Gordon John E. , Hughes Thomas P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The injection of yellow fever virus fixed for mice together with immune serum (1) is an effective method of immunization against yellow fever but cannot be applied widely because of the difficulty in securing adequate amounts of immune human serum. The substitution of hyperimmune sera of animal origin has been suggested by Pettit and Stefanopoulo (2) and the feasibility of that procedure has been studied by Theiler and Whitman (3). Simplification in yellow fever immunization has been accomplished by the procedure of Sellards and Laigret (4), later modified by Laigret (5) in which active but allegedly attenuated virus is used without serum. The safety of this process has been questioned by Theiler and Whitman (6) and its efficiency by Findlay (7).
Immunization against dog distemper (8) and Rift Valley fever (9) by the use of inactivated viruses has revived interest in the application of this method to yellow fever immunization, although the results of previous investigations were unfavorable (1, 2, 10, 11, 12, 13).
The Plasma Lipids in Purpura Produced with Antiplatelet Serum
Authors: Tocantins L. M. , Cantarow A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The following changes occur in the plasma lipids of dogs with thrombopenic purpura produced experimentally by the injection of a moderate dose of antiplatelet serum: the fatty acids show an immediate slight decrease followed by a marked increase, one to two days later, with a subsequent return to normal; there is an immediate increase in lipid phosphorus that persists for 3 to 8 days; the cholesterol shows no significant changes.
A Procedure for the Serological Determination of Blood-Relationship of Ancient and Modern Peoples with Special Reference to the American Indians
Authors: Matson G. Albin , Brady E. O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
An examination of saliva from individuals of the various blood-groups served to emphasize the fact observed by others that the antigens are not demonstrable in the saliva of all persons. It was found that group-antigens in saliva are present in the secretion itself and their occurrence there is not determined by the presence of epithelial cells or blood. The experiments indicate clearly that although the group-ferments in saliva may under suitable conditions destroy the antigens, they are not the only factors determining the absence of A or B substance in saliva. In a study of families it was found that the presence or absence of group-antigen in saliva presented no exception to the Mendelian laws of inheritance.