bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Antigenic Relationship of Various Types of Shigella Alkalescens to Shigella Paradysenteriae
Authors: Neter Erwin , Deuchler E. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antigenic relationship of S. alkalescens types I, II, III and IV to S. paradysenteriae was investigated. The following results were obtained: S. alkalescens types I and II are not agglutinated by mono-type-specific anti-S. paradysenteriae sera active against the fourteen types included in the Flexner dysentery bacillus group. Therefore, they do not share the type-specific antigens of S. paradysenteriae.S. alkalescens type III, represented by strain #2-193, is strongly agglutinated (slide-agglutination test) by the mono-type-specific anti-Flexner type XIII (Boyd's type P143) serum. The other anti-S. paradysenteriae types I to XII and type XIV sera do not react with S. alkalescens type III. Quantitative agglutination and agglutinin-absorption tests indicate that the major type-specific antigens of S. alkalescens type III and S. paradysenteriae type XIII are different and that both organisms share a minor antigenic fraction.S. alkalescens type IV, represented by strain #9731, is not agglutinated by any mono-type-specific anti-S. paradysenteriae sera with the possible exception of anti-Flexner type XIII serum. This latter serum weakly agglutinates S. alkalescens type IV. The major type-specific antigens of these two microorganisms are different.Three types of S. alkalescens differ antigenically sufficiently from each other as well as from S. paradysenteriae types I to XIV to warrant recognition as distinct types of S. alkalescens. The taxonomic position of type II of Assis remains to be determined. In case this type be removed from the species, S. alkalescens types III and IV should be reclassified as S. alkalescens types II and III, respectively.
Studies on the A-Antigenic Polysaccharide from the Abomasus of Cattle
Authors: Jorpes Erik , Thaning Torsten 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Discussion
From the mucosa of the cow's fourth stomach, the abomasus, a polysaccharide has been prepared which exerted a strong neutralizing effect on α-agglutinins of B-serum and on anti-A and anti-sheep hemolysins. It was active in a dilution of 1:1 million. Its action on the β-agglutinins of A-serum was 100 times weaker.
The protein-free polysaccharide was inhomogeneous. It contained 20–25 percent of chondroitin- or mucoitin-sulphuric acid. The remainder was a neutral polysaccharide and contained about equal parts of acetylated glucosamine and another sugar, possibly galactose. The presence of mannose could be excluded by means of the Dische reaction.
The antigenic properties of the crude polysaccharide were not destroyed by mild treatment with alkali nor through OH-acetylation and subsequent deacetylation. They were, however, immediately destroyed on boiling with N or 0.1 N acid. Consequently, the high molecular polysaccharide structure is essential to the A-effect of the antigen.
When the polysaccharide was submitted to cataphoretic migration it was fractionated into strongly acid fractions containing chondroitin- and mucoitinsulphuric acid and into neutral fractions. Strangely enough, all fractions showed the same neutralizing effect on α-iso-agglutinins and on hemolysins. The neutralizing effect on the α-agglutinins and on the hemolysin, although strong, was not clear-cut, indicating some kind of incompleteness in the antigenic picture. Evidently the A-property occurring in the erythrocyte membrane, in saliva, and in urine has a more complete structure.
Distribution of the Blood-Groups, Subgroups, and Rh Blood-Types in Japanese
Authors: Miller Edward B. , Taguchi Tatsuo 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Data concerning the distribution of the Rh types, blood-groups and subgroups in Japanese are presented. The results obtained indicate marked differences in the frequency of the various blood-factors studied in Japanese from American Whites, American Negroes, and American Indians. Comparison with Chinese reveals very slight differences in the Rh types. However, it is likely that larger series of both groups would demonstrate their complete similarity.
Immunological Studies on Scorpions
Authors: Grasset E. , Schaafsma A. , Hodgson J. A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
These investigations on scorpions constitute a further contribution to the experimental studies carried out by one of us (Grasset and Zoutendyk, 1931; Grasset, 1931) on the immunity of the lower vertebrata, such as reptiles, compared with mammals.
The following immunological aspects were investigated: Susceptibility of scorpions to bacterial toxins such as tetanus, diphtheria, dysentery, and the persistence of the toxin in the system of the scorpion.The immunity response of scorpions to bacterial toxins and toxoids and to bacterial somatic antigens.Susceptibility of scorpions to homologous and heterologous scorpion venoms, and to a variety of snake venoms.
The bulk of these investigations have been done on the 3 most common genera of South African scorpions: Hadogenes, Opisthophthalmus and Parabuthus, the venoms of which have made the subject of previous investigations by the authors (Grasset, Schaafsma and Hodgson, 1945). For zoological taxonomy see Hewitt (1918) and Lawrence (1942).
Protective Value of ‘Univalent’ Antibodies Produced by Photo-Oxidation of Antipneumococcal Rabbit-Serum and Antidiphtheric Horse-Serum
Authors: Tyler Albert , Swingle Stanley M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When type 1 antipneumococcal rabbit-serum is photo-oxidized to the point where it becomes non-precipitating, it exhibits approximately half the mouse-protective value of the control antiserum. The protective value drops off rapidly towards zero upon further photo-oxidation while the precipitation-inhibiting titers (a measure of ‘univalent’ antibodies) pass through a maximum. By salting-out and by electrophoretic methods precipitating (‘multivalent’) antibodies are obtained from the first non-precipitating antiserum and are found to account for the protective action of the antiserum. On the other hand the fast electrophoretic component, obtained from a more highly photo-oxidized sample, shows a high precipitation-inhibiting titer but no appreciable protective action. It is concluded that the ‘univalent’ type of antibody is ineffective for passive protection against bacteria. When antidiphtherial-toxin horse-serum is photo-oxidized to the point where it becomes non-flocculating it still gives the same antitoxic value as the control. Upon further photo-oxidation the antitoxic value drops off very slowly. The results indicate that ‘univalents’ may function as protective antibody against toxins. Photo-oxidation effects an increase in electrophoretic mobilities and a decrease in number of components indicative of an interaction of the serum-proteins.
Leukoagglutination Differentiation of Normal Leukocytic and Leukemic Cell-Types
Authors: Steinberg Bernhard , Martin Ruth A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a previous publication the production of antileukocytic sera and a method of agglutinating leukocytes were described (1). In a later communication we presented a more rapid method of leukoagglutination and titration and indicated some of the environmental factors that may influence the reaction (2). The present study is concerned with determining the specificity of the cell-antigens of the various types of leukocytes obtained from normal and leukemic people.
Materials and Methods. Six antileukocytic sera were produced in rabbits (1). The antigens were leukocytes obtained from individuals with acute and chronic myelocytic leukemia, acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, normal people (leukocytes from blood-bank), and normal lymph-nodes. The total peripheral-leukocyte count in the patient with acute myelocytic leukemia was 621,000 cells per mm3 of blood with the following distribution in per cent: 77 blasts, 3.5 myelocytes and metamyelocytes, 19 juveniles and polylobed neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and 0.2 eosinophilic and basophilic granulocytes.
Propagation of Japanese B Encephalitis Virus in the Developing Chick Embryo
Authors: Koprowski Hilary , Cox Herald R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The Japanese B encephalitis virus was cultivated through 37 generations in the developing chick embryo by yolk sac passage. No changes in the virulence of the virus for mice occurred as result of such cultivation. The virus apparently increased best at incubation temperatures of 35.5–36 C. The virus was present throughout the egg, with the highest concentration being found in the embryo. The LD50 titer of embryo suspension remained within the range of 10−7.20 to 10−8.00, with the maximum reached in chick embryos approximately 48 hours after inoculation. Chick embryos were as susceptible to the virus as were mice; comparative titrations of virus in both gave LD50 titers which were practically identical.
The possibilities of using infected chick embryo as material for the preparation of formalin inactivated vaccine are discussed.
The Effects of Immunization with Histamine Azoprotein on Histamine-Intoxication and Passive Anaphylaxis in the Guinea-Pig
Authors: Coffin Grange S. , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Treatment of guinea-pigs by a series of subcutaneous injections of histamine azoprotein, as an alum precipitate or with adjuvants, confers little or no protection against the effects of one MLD histamine injected intravenously. Guinea-pigs can be protected against passive anaphylaxis by a series of subcutaneous injections of histamine azoprotein. The protective effect is enhanced by adjuvants. Immunization with human serum and adjuvants appears to protect guinea-pigs against passive anaphylaxis to approximately the same degree as treatment with histamine azoprotein and adjuvants, although adjuvants alone confer little or no protection against passive anaphylaxis. One or two subcutaneous injections of histamine azoprotein can sensitize a guinea-pig so that fatal anaphylaxis results after an intravenous injection of histamine azoprotein.
Studies in Human Malaria
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Mayer Manfred M. , Demarest Constance R. 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
Brownish-black concentrates of Pl. vivax were readily obtainable from 500 ml samples of heavily infected blood by the method of lysis and differential centrifugation described above. In general, purity was highest and the yields best when the parasites consisted mainly of large, pigmented forms, and in one such instance the nitrogen content of the product was only 0.4 mg per billion parasites.
Large, pigmented forms of Pl. vivax and Pl. malariae are also slowly separable from unparasitized red cells in 5 to 25 ml blood samples in a strong, unsymmetrical magnetic field, but the method does not appear suited to the preparation of large quantities of plasmodia.
A Specific Antigen Recovered from Tissue Infected with M. Paratuberculosis (Johne's Bacillus)
Authors: Sigurdsson Björn 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The specific antigen found in intestines of sheep infected with paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) was investigated.
The antigen was precipitated by 50 per cent saturation with ammonium sulfate, and by 2 per cent trichloroacetic acid. It does not diffuse through a dialyzing membrane. Extracts have been obtained containing the antigen, that give a negative Molisch test for carbohydrate but they give a positive Biuret test.
The antigen is insoluble in ether and thermostable.
It is therefore concluded that the antigen is either a protein or closely associated with a protein.
In 31 out of 33 cases tested the antigen was found to be masked in the infected mucosa. Practical methods of demasking the antigen are described although the nature of the masking is not understood.
Differentiation of Some Disorders of the Lymphatic System by Leukoagglutination
Authors: Steinberg Bernhard , Martin Ruth A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In a previous publication (5) we indicated that mature and immature lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes possess specific antigenic substances which can be recognized by agglutination with specific antisera. It was also shown that there was no cell specificity for leukocytes obtained from normal and leukemic people. In the present article, it is demonstrated that cells of leukosarcoma and lymphosarcoma (of the reticulum cell type and of malignant lymphocytoma, Ewing) are antigenically alike but are dissimilar from the cells of acute and chronic lymphoid leukemia.
These observations suggest a difference in chemical structure of the two types of cells, leukemic and lymphosarcomatous, the latter representing a malignant neoplasm.
Preliminary Standardization of the Cardiolipin-Lecithin-Cholesterol Antigen for a Microprecipitation Test for Syphilis
Authors: Brown Rachel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The proportions of cholesterol, lecithin, and cardiolipin have been investigated for an antigen adjusted for the practical purposes of a micro-precipitation test. A cholesterol:lecithin ratio of 3:1 and a lecithin:cardiolipin ratio of 10:1, or 0.9 per cent of cholesterol, 0.3 per cent of lecithin, and 0.03 per cent of cardiolipin appear to meet these requirements.
Antigen suspensions prepared from less cholesterol were difficult to observe in tests. More cholesterol increased the reactivity of the antigen.
An increase in the cholesterol:lecithin ratio, as well as in the lecithin:cardiolipin ratio, enhanced the reactivity.
An antigen with a lecithin:cardiolipin ratio of 5:1 was undersensitive and subject to a large number of prozone reactions. With dilutions of a pool of strongly reacting syphilitic sera the same degree of reactivity was shown by antigens containing lecithin and cardiolipin in ratios from 10:1 to 25:1.
The reactivity of antigen suspensions is dependent upon the rate at which the saline is added to the stock alcoholic solution of antigen.
The Efficiency of Different Sharples Centrifuge Bowls in the Concentration of Tobacco Mosaic and Influenza Viruses
Authors: Stanley W. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study was made of the efficiency of Sharples centrifuge bowls carrying liquid layers 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 inches thick in the concentration of tobacco mosaic and influenza viruses at different rates of flow. No significant differences in efficiency were found hence it can be concluded that the regular Sharples Laboratory Super Centrifuge equipment is satisfactory for the large scale production of purified and concentrated influenza virus for use in influenza vaccines. A discussion is presented of the distinct advantages which the centrifuge method possesses over all other methods yet reported for the large scale production of concentrated and purified influenza virus for use in vaccines.
The Action of Urea and Some of Its Derivatives on Bacteria
Authors: Weinstein Louis 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Discussion
Combination of non-bacteriostatic quantities of urea and urethane with penicillin did not alter the activity of the carbamate compounds. When the amount of either carbamate was increased to the point where it inhibited completely the growth of E. coli, the addition of penicillin did not decrease the antibacterial effect. Mixtures of amounts of urea or urethane bacteriostatic for E. coli with a quantity of penicillin just necessary to suppress the multiplication of S. aureus resulted in complete suppression of the growth of cultures containing both organisms. No evidence could be obtained indicating inactivation of either of the carbamates by penicillin or of a decrease in the anti-microbial properties of the antibiotic agent by urea or urethane.
The experiments reported here demonstrated the highly bacteriostatic activity resulting from the addition of adequate amounts of penicillin to bacteriostatic quantities of urea or urethane, without inactivation of any of the constituents of the mixture. The use of such combinations in the treatment of wound-infections would appear to be desirable and practical in order to produce eradication of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria simultaneously, and to prevent any inactivation of penicillin that might result from the presence of organisms such as E. coli. From the data cited above, and those presented in a previous paper on the antibacterial effects of combinations of sulfonamide with urea or urethane, it would appear that mixtures of penicillin plus urethane are preferable to those containing sulfonamide and ethyl carbamate in the treatment of wound-infections.
Studies on Antireticular Cytotoxic Serum
Authors: Straus Reuben , Runjavac Mildred , Zaitlin Robert , Duboff Gregory , Swerdlow Hyman 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Antigens for the preparation of ACS have been prepared with a clean but not aseptic technic from fresh spleen and bone marrow. The antigens were freshly prepared for each injection.
The serums were prepared in rabbits and goats by repeated intravenous injections of progressively increasing doses of the antigens. To avoid anaphylaxis the animals were injected every third day, instead of every fourth or fifth day, with excellent results.
ACS was similarly prepared against human tissue in rabbits and goats, against rabbit tissue only in goats, and against rat and mouse tissue in rabbits. The peak of antibody production is not reached until the fourth to the seventh day after the last injection of antigen. Higher titers of anti-human ACS were secured in rabbits than in goats.
In titrating the unit of complement, we recommend that the test be subjected to one and one-quarter hours of incubation at 37 C instead of three-fourths hour as required by Marchuk. This tends to make the unit of complement larger, the titer of ACS lower, and allows for the loss of complement in the process of serum titration which is a source of error.
Providing an excess of antigen is present, the dilution of antigen used in titration of the immune serum is immaterial except in high concentrations where it may be anticomplementary. It is important however that the antigen be fresh (not older than three days) for both titration of immune sera and for preparation of ACS in animals.
It is apparent that ACS is species specific and that a slight cross reaction in the lower dilutions of the sera may be due to a foreign antibody, possibly one of the Forssmann type. Hemolysins are usually not present in the serum in titers greater than 1:20 but hemagglutinins may be present to titers of 1:640 or more. These may be selectively absorbed out without materially affecting the titer of the ACS.
Liquid ACS may be kept at 4 C. or at room temperature for several months to a year with very gradual deterioration. Serum prepared in our laboratory, sent refrigerated to the USSR possessed adequate titers of ACS upon being checked by A. A. Bogomolets.
Passive Protection of the Central Nervous System of Mice Against Viruses that Pursue the Pathway of the Olfactory Nerves After Intranasal Instillation
Authors: Slavin Howard B. , Hale Harry W. , Berry George Packer 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Passive immunization, either natural or artificial, has been shown to protect the central nervous system of mice against infection by intranasally instilled vesicular stomatitis and St. Louis encephalitis viruses. In keeping with what is known to be generally true of immunological phenomena, the efficacy of passive immunity, as demonstrated in these experiments, depends upon the relationship between the quantity of antibody available to the host and the dose of the virus used to test resistance.
Missed Cases and Contact Carriers Among Nasal Carriers of Beta Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Lemon Henry M. , Hamburger Morton 
Published: January 2023

Summary
One hundred nine ambulatory nasal carriers of Group A hemolytic streptococci in two army camps have been studied from the standpoint of the antistreptolysin-response of the blood serum, and in most instances, of signs and symptoms of respiratory infection. On the basis of these studies they have been classified as “missed cases,” “probable missed cases,” “possible missed cases,” “contact carriers,” and “probable contact carriers.” A few have not been classifiable by the criteria laid down. Antistreptolysin-levels among 149 normal non-carriers and 46 patients hospitalized for non-streptococcal infection served as a basis of comparison for the carriers. Contact carriers and probable contact carriers among this group were uncommon, comprising less than 5 per cent of the total. Missed cases, probable missed cases and “possible missed cases” accounted for 67.6 per cent of carriers in one camp and 94.3 per cent in the other. 24.3 per cent in one camp were not classifiable by the criteria laid down, though it seems likely that most of these were probably missed cases also.
The Antigenicity of Alkali-Treated Bovine Serum Protein
Authors: Kazal Louis A. , DeFalco Ralph J. , Arnow L. Earle 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Alkali-treated proteins were prepared by digestion of bovine serum with 1 N sodium hydroxide solution at room temperature for various periods of time up to 24 hours. The alkali-treated proteins were recovered from the digests by isoelectric precipitation. These proteins differed in the ease with which they could be dissolved in slightly alkaline solution. Bovine serum protein exposed to alkali for 5 minutes was rendered insoluble under these conditions. Serological and toxicological studies with these derived proteins revealed that, with increased exposure to the alkali, the protein first lost its capacity to produce specific antibodies; then lost its antigenic capacity but retained its power to act as a hapten; and finally lost its haptenic capacity, thus becoming non-antigenic but simultaneously becoming toxic.
Studies on the Reversibility of the Antigen-Antibody Reaction
Authors: Morris Marion C. , Karr Helen V. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
When sensitized pneumococci are exposed to homologous type-specific poly-saccharide there is a prompt reversal of the capsular swelling (1, 2, 3). In addition, it has recently been shown (3) that mouse-infectivity may be partially restored when sensitized and washed type III pneumococci are exposed to the type-specific carbohydrate (SIII), the free carbohydrate being removed by washing before injection of the mice. These results suggest a partial dissociation of antibody from the originally sensitized pneumococci. It was pointed out (3), however, that mouse-infectivity might have been increased merely by the addition of the SIII to the outer layer of the sensitized pneumococcus, although it was difficult to see why capsular swelling should have been reversed under these circumstances. As long as this possibility exists, it is impossible to state decisively that a reversal of the immune phenomena under observation (capsular swelling and protection) represents an acutal reversibility of the antigen-antibody combination.