bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lucius rules the world
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Two years into his reign Claudius divided the senior men of Rome into three groups, those whom he needed for the conquest of Britain, the island of dogs, slaves, oysters and possibly gold, the task in which even Julius Caesar had failed. There were those whom he needed with him to stop them exploiting his absence by a coup, and those whom he trusted to run the city and empire while the emperor was away. The leader of the third group, consul in 43 CE for the second time, was Lucius Vitellius. This was the highest position that the Vitellii had reached so far.
Ashes of a swallow
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Much banqueting marked Claudius’s return from his conquest of Britain. His doctor, Scribonius Largu, had new experiences from his trip to improve his text book of medicine, useful thoughts on damp and cold, snake bites and yew tree juice. Back home his more valuable expertise was once again in cosmetic toothpaste, breath-fresheners, earache, vomiting and the cure of those whose excrement signalled their excess. Largus used rare ingredients because his patients could afford them – and maybe because his rivals could not. His recipe book of drugs showed a man keen to assault the reputations of others while promoting his own Time with the emperor brought a doctor profit. If a drug was popular with the imperial family, it was saleable beyond the Palatine. Largus mixed celery seeds, cinnamon, myrrh and the ashes of an overcooked swallow to calm the throat of the emperor’s mother, Antonia. Her satisfaction was a profitable sign for others.
A bedroom slipper
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Polybius controlled the letters but Pallas controlled the money. Pallas was the most powerful freedman at Claudius’s court, vastly wealthy, proud of his reputation for virtue, prickly about any contradiction suggested between these two. Pallas was increasingly a person of suspicion to Messalina, too close, she thought, to Agrippina, the most direct descendent of Augustus still alive. Agrippina and the former slave were lovers, it was also said, a smear against each of them, the same smear by which the empress had put Seneca on a beach in Corsica. Lucius took the contrary side, the side of the established power. That was his way. There was never a suggestion that Messalina and Lucius were lovers although her slipper was often in his hand, ostentatiously kissed, to show whose side he was on – until Messalina’s fall and murder.
Of unshakable loyalty to his emperor
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Claudius would at some point need a new wife. The issue was who it should be, the kind of question where senior freed slaves, intimates of the family, had a stronger responsibility than those, like Lucius, who had their own families. The whole household needed clarity on who would succeed to the throne. The prospects of Messalina’s son, Britannicus, were dimming with the demise of his mother. Three men, Narcissus, Callistus and Pallas, played the main parts in a marital selection story that became both theatrical and mythical in its retellings. Lucius was weakened too by Messalina’s fall but died a natural death and received a bust of himself in the Forum to show Claudius’s gratitude.
Aulus the educator
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In October, 54 CE, the household was not united in accepting Nero. Although Pallas remained strongly in support of Agrippina and her sixteen-year old son, Narcissus led a faction which preferred Britannicus, aged only thirteen but with the potent claim that he was the grandson of Germanicus. Either boy would need guidance. Nero had his mother while Britannicus did not. Agrippina, even to her greatest critics, was a woman determined to educate her son. Seneca returned to teach rhetoric but Aulus was the educator in princely play. Nero needed his mother’s praise, his tutors’ praise and most of all his playmates’ praise. He was not drawn to gladiatorial shows. He wanted stages on which to tread, not an imperial box to sit in. He wanted flatterers to clap him not just friends who would join him in applause.
Tutor in vice
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The last time that an emperor had left Italy was when Claudius went to Britain in 43 CE, leaving Lucius Vitellius to manage Rome. Almost a quarter of a century later, when Nero left for a singing tour of Greece, Aulus did not get the chance to match his father. Every member of Nero’s entourage was in the wrong place to sense events that would bring Nero’s suicide and the year when four men were emperors, none of them an heir of Julius Caesar. The planners’ focus was instead that all the main Greek festivals should be rearranged. Nero had to win every possible prize in the shortest time. There were also Nero’s sexual needs. Poppaea had survived only three years. He was taking to Greece a boy castrato, Sporus, who had to be dressed like Poppaea, also his African ‘mistress of the Imperial wardrobe’, Calvia Crispinilla, known as Nero’s ‘tutor in vice’.
Mr Stingy
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The news of Nero’s death was at first uncertain. Not everyone believed that Nero was gone. Household members, few of whom were ever popular, took much of the blame. The dead emperor still retained respect on the streets he knew so well. There was hunger for food but not necessarily for a new Caesar. Nero’s nurse, Claudia Ecloge, and his long-time lover, Claudia Acte, arranged a suitable funeral pyre, dressing him in white robes embroidered with gold, laying him in a white crystal coffin in the tomb of his fathers. The most likely new emperor, an aged general called Galba, seemed certain to repudiate Nero, his friends and his works. Aulus Vitellius slipped into obscurity as best he could.
Brother behind the lines
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Lucius Vitellius was the younger brother of Rome’s new emperor in Cologne, heir to his father’s name, but that did not make him necessarily an enemy to Otho in Rome. When the stakes were the rule of the whole empire, it was not obvious to Lucius that his brother was the right man to back, or that Aulus would win if he fought Otho or even that he would fight at all. Lucius knew enough about Aulus to think that he might prefer doing nothing to doing anything. Otho marched north from Rome with Lucius as a hostage. Caecina and Valens marched south. The two sides clashed at Bedriacum, just north of the river Po. Otho’s force was the loser. Otho committed suicide. Aulus Vitellius summoned his generals to Lugdunum, modern Lyons, in Gaul.
In Augustus’s temple
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Vespasian’s brother, Sabinus, agreed to talk surrender terms in Augustus’s Palatine temple. Aulus brought there two of his most trusted friends, Cluvius Rufus, a historian and Silius Italicus who had been consul in the previous year. He needed a deal. This was not an occasion for freedmen trained to say no. His court was a shadow of that which had had run the empire for so long. Cluvius was already writing a history of the Caesars. Silius was younger, richer and a would-be poet. Together they stood with Aulus. Observers looked for signs. Aulus, tired and limping seemed dejected, maybe humbled. Sabinus looked out more compassionate than triumphant. The outcome was surely an abdication. Vitellius’s troops did not agree. They killed Sabinus on the Groaning Steps.
Introduction
Authors: Stone Nora 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The introduction sets up the question that the book will answer: how did documentary films go from the margins to the mainstream in the media industry? It points out that most histories of documentary film deal with specific filmmakers and film movements. This book, however, explores how changes in industry, institutions, and film culture affected documentary's popularity and profitability. The Introduction lays out the three core tensions that recur in this history of documentary film: television vs. cinema, the organized institution vs. isolated entrepreneur, and documentary as commodity vs. documentary as public service.
Direct Cinema Blossoms, but Little Support for Documentary Films in Theaters (1960 to 1977)
Authors: Stone Nora 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 covers 1960 to 1977, a time when the commercial possibilities for documentary film were being redefined. Television networks funded the production of documentaries, but Direct Cinema documentarian Robert Drew and his associates had ambitions beyond the scope of broadcast and the limits of journalism. They looked for a new context and new audiences for their work, and found it at film festivals, in experimental film culture, and, marginally, within the art house film market. More successful on the art house circuit were touristic documentaries like Mondo Cane (1963), which were marketed like the foreign films that dominated the art house box office. Direct Cinema filmmakers finally hit upon a winning formula by making documentaries about popular music and youth culture, like Dont Look Back (1967) and The Endless Summer (1966). Simultaneously, politically committed filmmakers sought to circumvent the existing commercial infrastructure by creating their own collectives for producing and distributing alternative documentaries.
Fighting for a Place on Public Television
Authors: Stone Nora 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 traces how documentary filmmakers lobbied for access to PBS funding and airtime. While PBS had some mechanisms for supporting documentary production, there was no regular broadcast of independent documentaries on the network. One reason for this exclusion is the strong point of view present in many independent documentaries, which contravene expectations of journalistic objectivity and risk controversy. Independent documentarians used the community and institutions formed through the American indie cinema movement to fight for more production funding and a national broadcast. The result was funding through the Independent Television Service and regular airtime through P.O.V., both of which persist to this day.
The Docbuster Era (2000 to 2007)
Authors: Stone Nora 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 details the “docbuster” era, a time of heightened visibility and popularity for documentary films. The years 2000 to 2007 saw a higher concentration of documentaries succeeding in theaters than ever before, with standouts like Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004), March of the Penguins (2005), and Capturing the Friedmans (2003). At the same time, the growth of the DVD market provided a new ancillary market for documentary films, and more cable television channels began funding the production of documentaries. While film festivals are often seen as a haven from the hypercommercial concerns of Hollywood, major film festivals became more imbricated with the industry than ever during this time.
Streaming Video Drives Documentary Production Trends and Private Investment (2008 to 2022)
Authors: Stone Nora 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The trend toward commercialization in the “docbuster” years intensified in the streaming era. Chapter 6 covers the contemporary moment, beginning in 2008. That year Netflix founded its streaming service and made documentary films a key part of its brand identity. This chapter explores how Netflix’s strategy around documentary shifted between 2008 and 2020. These shifts profoundly affected the documentary film industry—they drove production trends, caused filmmakers to adjust their mode of production, sent small theatrical distributors into a tailspin, and inspired numerous other streamers and portals to imitate Netflix’s strategy. With more outlets eager to acquire documentaries, the risk of investment lowered substantially, and companies began large-scale private investing in documentary projects for the first time ever.
Do sweat the small stuff
Authors: McTernan Emily 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter defends the significance of social standing and the desirability of taking offence at affronts to one’s standing against a background of social inequality. First, the chapter answers the persistent challenge to relational egalitarians that they tell us too little about what it is to live as social equals. It offers an account of the social dimension of social equality in terms of five features of the patterns in social interactions between groups, along with the power to negotiate the terms of one’s interactions. Second, drawing on feminist defences of emotions, offence is defended as a valuable and distinct way to resist inequality. Where members of one group are commonly attributed less social standing than members of another, taking offence not only resists that patterning of social relations but is also an act of insubordination against a social hierarchy, of value even where it fails to revise the underlying norms.
Only joking!
Authors: McTernan Emily 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
People often take offence at jokes or other humour. Yet the fact that a remark or act was intended as a joke or as humorous is often offered as a reason not to take offence. So, the next time that you cause offence, would “but I was joking” be a good response to offer and a reason for others to take less offence? Conversely, is there something that explains why humour so often offends? This chapter resolves this tension, examining the role of humour in sustaining unequal social standing. Jokes and other humorous remarks often do present more serious affronts to standing than would equivalent but nonhumorous utterances, on all three of the main theories of humour. But the chapter argues that taking offence can be an effective remedy to an offensive joke.
Thomas Lindsay
Authors: Gumprecht Blake 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Tells the life history of Thomas Lindsay, one of tens of thousands of Black people who moved to Boston from the South during the Great Migration, transforming the city. Lindsay moved to Boston from Birmingham, Alabama, in 1951. He is one of ten people featured in a book that explores the Great Migration by examining the lives of individual migrants. Each is the focus of one chapter. Their stories bring to life the history of the Great Migration. They reveal a hidden aspect of Boston’s history and shine a spotlight on a singularly important event in the making of Black Boston. They also provide a rare glimpse into the lives of ordinary people living in one city’s Black community.
Ollie Sumrall Jr.
Authors: Gumprecht Blake 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Tells the life history of Ollie Sumrall Jr., one of tens of thousands of Black people who moved to Boston from the South during the Great Migration, transforming the city. Sumrall moved to Boston from Quitman, Mississippi, in 1959. He is one of ten people featured in a book that explores the Great Migration by examining the lives of individual migrants. Each is the focus of one chapter. Their stories bring to life the history of the Great Migration. They reveal a hidden aspect of Boston’s history and shine a spotlight on a singularly important event in the making of Black Boston. They also provide a rare glimpse into the lives of ordinary people living in one city’s Black community.
Who Believes Our Pain?
Authors: Ray Keisha 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The research tells us that Black people’s pain is perceived, diagnosed, and treated differently than White people’s pain; Black people’s pain is dismissed and diminished, and they are not treated with compassion and concern. Using narratives from Black people who tell their stories of pain, this chapter identifies clinicians’ racial biases about Black people’s bodily and mental characteristics (e.g., a belief in their “hardiness”), the racist behaviors these biases encourage, and their experiences with institutional racism as the main social determinants of poor pain management. In this chapter it will be a given that (1) racism is a social determinant of health, (2) Black people have poor pain management because of racist behaviors and practices, and (3) leaving Black people in pain is incredibly cruel.
Panoramic Views, Planetary Visions
Authors: de Luca Tiago 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at two artists’ films, Medium Earth (2013), by the British duo the Otolith Group, and Walden (2018), by the Swiss artist Daniel Zimmermann. They are bound together through their allegiance to the panoramic shot, in both 360-degree and 180-degree versions, as a mode of Earth-seeing. I argue that the circular shot in these films is utilised to make visible planetary phenomena: the Earth as a geological landmass in the former and the global trading routes subtending the economic world system in the latter. By situating both films within a wider panoramic lineage via a media-archaeology approach, the chapter argues that both are uniquely suited case studies to demonstrate the way in which they update the panoramic gaze in the context of contemporary globalising processes, including the Earth’s environmental breakdown and the so-called Anthropocene. At the same time, both films are indicative of the dissolution of the physical spaces of cinema as the medium morphs into installations and migrates to art galleries, thus reinstituting the ambulatory character of the panorama into the cinematic experience.
Intermedial Voices
Authors: Holdsworth Claire M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the intermedial dynamics of feminist music and artists’ moving image in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s. Through discussion of the Feminist Improvising Group and the use of their music in Laura Mulvey and Peter Wollen’s AMY! (1980), the chapter focuses on sound and the use of voice. It examines how intersecting artistic practices have complex intermedial dynamics, a situation which is, at once, enhanced by feminist reexamination of mediums and history. It observes how the sounded and recorded voice enables us to reenter narratives in/of feminist creativity, forging new connections between the past and the present.
Entanglements of Intermediality
Authors: Bignell Jonathan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Working on intermediality from a historical and comparative perspective, this chapter analyses codependency and cross-fertilisation between examples drawn from screen culture, the stage, and broadcasting. It derives from an intermedial research project, “Pinter Histories and Legacies,” that documented Harold Pinter’s work on the stage, radio, and television and in cinema, thus tracing historiographic connections between media, across chronologies, between Pinter’s life and his work, and between Pinter and numerous other creative figures and their output. The chapter uses Pinter as the common thread between Roman Polanski’s film Cul de Sac, Pinter’s play The Birthday Party, and the BBC TV sitcom Steptoe and Son. This investigation leads to a methodological debate about the limits of intermedial methodologies and argues for historicisation in intermedial studies.
Theatrical Flourishing
Authors: Young Harvey 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Theater and Human Flourishing centers on theater studies informed by recent work in positive psychology with the aim of interrogating both the social good of theater and the personally restorative work of a range of live embodied performances. The contributors to this collection, all established or emerging performance scholars, build bridges toward psychology even as they center their investigations in theatrical and performance events: community theater productions, actor training, performance art, and more. It provides an introductory overview of Aristotle’s perspectives on human flourishing and theater; a review of contemporary theories of well-being within theater and performance studies, particularly the research of Jill Dolan, Susan Bennett, Martin Seligman; and brief, introductory summaries of the eleven chapters.
Actors as Surrogate Sufferers?
Authors: Magelssen Scott 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Audiences have long admired actors who undergo particularly punishing psychological preparation for their roles. And acting students often internalize this expectation, plumbing the depths of despair—at times endangering their health and safety—in order to create ever more compelling roles onstage. But is it responsible for us to expect our actors to endure emotional distress in order that we may be emotionally moved in the theater? This essay examines some of the historical factors that have perpetuated the idea that actors should suffer for their (and our) art, and offers some best practices for working with actors to create emotionally resonant material while promoting their well-being.
Braver Angels
Authors: Fletcher John 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Braver Angels, a grassroots organization aiming to “depolarize America.” The group’s facilitated workshops operate through a series of quasi-theatrical exercises designed to dissolve the mutual animosity between “reds” (conservatives) and “blues” (liberals). By practicing roleplay and affect management, participants are encouraged to step back from the thrill of righteous indignation, fear, and outrage in favor of the risky and sometimes unpleasant experience of listening to and learning their opponent’s worldview. They learn to perform civic comity, allowing “accurate disagreement” to replace stereotyping and dismissal in red-blue encounters. The civic performance style that Braver Angels teaches may contribute to human flourishing by breaking the lethal spiral of affective polarization in American politics. But, as critics of depolarization note, prioritizing civility can sometimes protect oppressive systems from criticism. An honest confrontation with injustice and inequality may require something other than comity. This chapter sets Braver Angels in the context of such larger debates about the best way to imagine and enact political conflict.
Beyond Survival
Authors: Howe Kelly 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this essay, Kelly Howe offers a brief overview of the core branches of its oft-referenced tree. Furthermore, she provides examples of groups using Theatre of the Oppressed practices toward the causes of health and well-being. These examples constitute a concrete point of departure for what becomes a theoretical examination of some key moments in which happiness, well-being, and pleasure are addressed within the foundational texts of Theatre of the Oppressed, especially the writings of Augusto Boal.
On Laughter and the Bonds of Community
Authors: Young Harvey 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter centers on the community-forming potential of live embodied performance and focuses on the visceral impact of theater as well as the negotiations that audience members make in the regulation of their own emotional responses. It spotlights the power of laughter among other forms of cathartic release and explores the appropriateness of such reactions. It asks whether the expression of pure, heartfelt emotion by an attendee can be ill-timed or inappropriate. Along the way, this chapter examines the composition of theater audiences, attending to the integration of spectators, and explores how the ability or freedom to respond can structure a person’s sense of belonging, membership in a community, and sense of well-being.