bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Excess Mortality and Years of Potential Life Lost Among the Black Population in the US, 1999-2020
Authors: Caraballo César , Massey Daisy S. , Ndumele Chima D. , Haywood Trent , Kaleem Shayaan , King Terris , Liu Yuntian , Lu Yuan , Nunez-Smith Marcella , Taylor Herman A. , Watson Karol E. , Herrin Jeph , Yancy Clyde W. , Faust Jeremy Samuel , Krumholz Harlan M. 
Published: May 2023

ImportanceAmid efforts in the US to promote health equity, there is a need to assess recent progress in reducing excess deaths and years of potential life lost among the Black population compared with the White population.ObjectiveTo evaluate trends in excess mortality and years of potential life lost among the Black population compared with the White population.Design, setting, and participantsSerial cross-sectional study using US national data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 1999 through 2020. We included data from non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black populations across all age groups.ExposuresRace as documented in the death certificates.Main outcomes and measuresExcess age-adjusted all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, age-specific mortality, and years of potential life lost rates (per 100 000 individuals) among the Black population compared with the White population.ResultsFrom 1999 to 2011, the age-adjusted excess mortality rate declined from 404 to 211 excess deaths per 100 000 individuals among Black males (P for trend &amp;lt;.001). However, the rate plateaued from 2011 through 2019 (P for trend = .98) and increased in 2020 to 395—rates not seen since 2000. Among Black females, the rate declined from 224 excess deaths per 100 000 individuals in 1999 to 87 in 2015 (P for trend &amp;lt;.001). There was no significant change between 2016 and 2019 (P for trend = .71) and in 2020 rates increased to 192—levels not seen since 2005. The trends in rates of excess years of potential life lost followed a similar pattern. From 1999 to 2020, the disproportionately higher mortality rates in Black males and females resulted in 997 623 and 628 464 excess deaths, respectively, representing a loss of more than 80 million years of life. Heart disease had the highest excess mortality rates, and the excess years of potential life lost rates were largest among infants and middle-aged adults.Conclusions and relevanceOver a recent 22-year period, the Black population in the US experienced more than 1.63 million excess deaths and more than 80 million excess years of life lost when compared with the White population. After a period of progress in reducing disparities, improvements stalled, and differences between the Black population and the White population worsened in 2020.
Patterns of Manufacturer Coupon Use for Prescription Drugs in the US, 2017-2019
Authors: Kang So-Yeon , Liu Angela , Anderson Gerard , Alexander G. Caleb 
Published: May 2023

ImportanceAlthough manufacturer-sponsored coupons are commonly used, little is known about how patients use them within a treatment episode.ObjectivesTo examine when and how frequently patients use manufacturer coupons during a treatment episode for a chronic condition, and to characterize factors associated with more frequent use.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis is a retrospective cohort study of a 5% nationally representative sample of anonymized longitudinal retail pharmacy claims data from October 1, 2017, to September 30, 2019, obtained from IQVIA’s Formulary Impact Analyzer. The data were analyzed from September to December 2022. Patients with new treatment episodes using at least 1 manufacturer coupon over a 12-month period were identified. This study focused on patients with 3 or more fills for a given drug and characterized the association of the outcomes of interest with patient, drug, and drug class characteristics.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcomes were (1) the frequency of coupon use, measured as the proportion of prescription fills accompanied by manufacturer coupon within the treatment episode, and (2) the timing of first coupon use relative to the first prescription fill within the treatment episode.ResultsA total of 36 951 treatment episodes accounted for 238 474 drug claims and 35 352 unique patients (mean [SD] age, 48.1 [18.2] years; 17 676 women [50.0%]). Among these episodes, nearly all instances (35 103 episodes [95.0%]) of first coupon use occurred within the first 4 prescription fills. Approximately two-thirds of treatment episodes (24 351 episodes [65.9%]) used a coupon for the incident fill. Coupons were used for a median (IQR) of 3 (2-6) fills. The median (IQR) proportion of fills with a coupon was 70.0% (33.3%-100.0%), and many patients discontinued the drug after the last coupon. After adjustment for covariates, there was no significant association between an individual’s out-of-pocket costs or neighborhood-level income and the frequency of coupon use. The estimated proportion of fills with a coupon was greater for products in competitive (19.5% increase; 95% CI, 2.1%-36.9%) or oligopolistic (14.5% increase; 95% CI, 3.5%-25.6%) markets than monopoly markets when there is only 1 drug in the therapeutic class.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this retrospective cohort analysis of individuals receiving pharmaceutical treatment for chronic diseases, the frequency of manufacturer-sponsored drug coupon use was associated with the degree of market competition, rather than patients’ out-of-pocket costs.
Promoting retrieval practice use during self‐study in higher education: The effects of a compact strategy intervention with metacognitive support
Authors: Broeren Marloes , Verkoeijen Peter , Heijltjes Anita , Arends Lidia , Smeets Guus 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIntensive training programs have successfully supported students in using cognitive learning strategies. This study investigated whether a compact intervention can promote students' retrieval practice use during self‐study for course‐relevant materials. In an experiment embedded in a reputation management course, students were either given strategy instructions on retrieval practice (RP condition), strategy instructions and metacognitive email support (RP++) or no support (control). Students' potential retrieval practice use during self‐study of key concepts was measured with an online learning environment. Results showed a small but significant effect on retrieval practice use for the RP++ condition as compared to control (p = .005, r = 0.39). No significant differences were found between RP++ and RP, and RP and control and no significant effects were found on a delayed performance test. With our compact intervention, we took a small step in fostering the use of retrieval practice as a learning strategy during self‐study.
Fluorinated Organic A‐Cation Enabling High‐Performance Hysteresis‐Free 2D/3D Hybrid Tin Perovskite Transistors
Authors: Yang Wonryeol , Park Geonwoong , Liu Ao , Lee Hock Beng , Kang Jae‐Wook , Zhu Huihui , Noh Yong‐Young 
Published: May 2023

Abstract2D tin‐based perovskites have gained considerable attention for use in diverse optoelectronic applications, such as solar cells, lasers, and thin‐film transistors (TFTs), owing to their good stability and optoelectronic properties. However, their intrinsic charge‐transport properties are limited, and the insulating bulky organic ligands hinder the achievement of high‐mobility electronics. Blending 3D counterparts into 2D perovskites to form 2D/3D hybrid structures is a synergistic approach that combine the high mobility and stability of 3D and 2D perovskites, respectively. In this study, reliable p‐channel 2D/3D tin‐based hybrid perovskite TFTs comprising 3D formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI3) and 2D fluorinated 4‐fluoro‐phenethylammonium tin iodide ((4‐FPEA)2SnI4) are reported. The optimized FPEA‐incorporated TFTs show a high hole mobility of 12 cm2 V−1 s−1, an on/off current ratio of over 108, and a subthreshold swing of 0.09 V dec−1 with negligible hysteresis. This excellent p‐type characteristic is compatible with n‐type metal‐oxide TFT for constructing complementary electronics. Two procedures of antisolvent engineering and device patterning are further proposed to address the key concern of low‐performance reproducibility of perovskite TFTs. This study provides an alternative A‐cation engineering method for achieving high‐performance and reliable tin‐halide perovskite electronics.
Revisiting the Role of Sulfur Functionality in Regulating the Electron Distribution of Single‐Atomic Fe Sites Toward Enhanced Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Liu Heng , Jiang Luozhen , Sun Yanyan , Khan Javid , Feng Bin , Xiao Jiamin , Zhang Handong , Xie Haijiao , Li Lina , Wang Shuangyin , Han Lei 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIntroducing sulfur functionalities is reported as an efficacious route to regulate the electron distribution of single‐atomic Fe sites for improving the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity, however, it remains controversial about the role of type of sulfur functionalities in enhancing the ORR activity. Herein, this study revisits the role of sulfur functionalities in regulating the electron distribution of single‐atomic Fe sites by the construction of single‐atomic Fe‐N4 sites with sulfur functionalities (FeSNC) using sulfur‐containing molecules with different molecular structures. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and theoretical calculations confirm that thiophene S and oxidized S both possess the electron‐donating properties for regulating the electronic distribution of Fe‐N4 sites, which is beneficial to weaken the adsorption of the ORR intermediates. As expected, the optimal FeSNC has attractive ORR activity with half‐potential of 0.76 V in 0.5 m H2SO4 and 0.91 V in 0.1 m KOH along with remarkable Zn‐air battery performance. Moreover, the developed synthetic method has also been extended to construct B and P regulated FeNC catalysts.
Fluoride‐Catalyzed Siloxane Exchange as a Robust Dynamic Chemistry for High‐Performance Vitrimers
Authors: Tretbar Chase , Castro Jordan , Yokoyama Kosuke , Guan Zhibin 
Published: May 2023

AbstractSustainable development of new technologies requires materials having advanced physical and chemical properties while maintaining reprocessability and recyclability. Vitrimers are designed for this purpose; however, their dynamic covalent chemistries often have drawbacks or are limited to specialized polymers. Here, fluoride‐catalyzed siloxane exchange is reported as an exceptionally robust chemistry for scalable production of high‐performance vitrimers through industrial processing of commodity polymers such as poly(methyl methacrylate), polyethylene, and polypropylene. The vitrimers show improved resistance to creep, heat, oxidation, and hydrolysis, while maintaining excellent melt flow for processing and recycling. Furthermore, the siloxane exchange between different vitrimers during mechanical blending results in self‐compatibilized blends without any compatibilizers. This offers a general, scalable method for producing sustainable high‐performance vitrimers and a new strategy for recycling mixed plastic wastes.
3D Printing of Porous Degradable Scaffolds with Polylactic Acid‐Loaded Bioactive Glass and Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate for Bone Defect Repair
Authors: Hu Huiqiang , Zhao Zheng , Sun Yanni , Zhao Jiawei , Chen Zhengqian , Li Jianyi , Kong Weiqing , Du Yukun , Shao Jiale , Zhu Xiaoyang , Lan Hongbo , Xi Yongming 
Published: May 2023

AbstractRepair of bone defects, especially critical‐sized bone defects, remains a major clinical problem, and bone nonunion is the biggest challenge. Herein, melt‐extrusion 3D printing is applied to prepare biodegradable composite scaffolds containing bioactive glass (BAG), calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH), and polylactic acid (PLA). The compressive strength of scaffolds is similar to that of human bone tissue. In vitro and in vivo experiments show that the scaffolds have good biocompatibility. The scaffold can maintain the biomechanical stability of the bone defect area during the follow‐up period of 20 weeks and has no damage to liver and kidney in animal experiments. Scaffold degradation is accompanied by trabecular bone and vessel neogenesis. While the PLA group and control group cannot carry out effective bone defect repair, the bone defect repair effect of the PLA‐CSH‐BAG group is satisfactory. In conclusion, the biodegradable porous scaffold has been proposed as a safe and effective approach for the repair of bone defects.
Design of Bistable Soft Deployable Structures via a Kirigami‐Inspired Planar Fabrication Approach
Authors: Mungekar Mrunmayi , Ma Leixin , Yan Wenzhong , Kackar Vishal , Shokrzadeh Shyan , Jawed Mohammad Khalid 
Published: May 2023

AbstractFully soft bistable mechanisms have shown extensive applications ranging from soft robotics, wearable devices, and medical tools, to energy harvesting. However, the lack of design and fabrication methods that are easy and potentially scalable limits their further adoption into mainstream applications. Herein, a top–down planar approach is presented by introducing Kirigami‐inspired engineering combined with a pre‐stretching process. Using this method, Kirigami‐Pre‐stretched Substrate‐Kirigami trilayered precursors are created in a planar manner; upon release, the strain mismatch—due to the pre‐stretching of substrate—between layers will induce an out‐of‐plane buckling to achieve targeted 3D bistable structures. By combining experimental characterization, analytical modeling, and finite element simulation, the effect of the pattern size of Kirigami layers and pre‐stretching on the geometry and stability of resulting 3D composites is explored. In addition, methods to realize soft bistable structures with arbitrary shapes and soft composites with multistable configurations are investigated, which may encourage further applications. This method is demonstrated by using bistable soft Kirigami composites to construct two soft machines: (i) a bistable soft gripper that can gently grasp delicate objects with different shapes and sizes and (ii) a flytrap‐inspired robot that can autonomously detect and capture objects.
Organic Photonic Synaptic Devices with UV‐Stimulated Inhibition and Adaptive Short‐Term Plasticity
Authors: Zhu Chen‐Hui , Gao Xu , Huang Hai‐Tian , Li Li‐Xing , Xu Jian‐Long , Zhong Ya‐Nan , Tang Wei , Guo Xiao‐Jun , Wang Sui‐Dong 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBidirectional modulation of synaptic weight lays the basis for learning and memory in the brain, and the development of brain‐inspired photonic synaptic devices is hindered by deficient light‐stimulated inhibition. In this report, a type of organic thin film neuromorphic devices with a planar two‐terminal architecture, featuring as the inhibitory regulation of synaptic weight over two orders of magnitude upon selective UV illumination is developed. The in situ monitoring on the floating electrode potential and the corresponding simulation results demonstrate the effect of cumulative hole trapping in the polymer electret layer, which modulates the device conductance in a nonvolatile manner. Remarkably, UV‐induced long‐term depression is accompanied by enhanced short‐term potentiation in the device that may preserve a stable level of total synaptic activities. The UV‐stimulated inhibition and the adaptive short‐term plasticity, as well as the ON and OFF responses to light in the organic photonic synaptic device, suggest its potential applications in photonic neuromorphic computing.
Energy‐Saving High‐Bandwidth Perovskite Sub‐Micro‐Encoder
Authors: Liang Shuang , Zhong Yichi , Tang Bing , Wang Qiangqiang , Hu Yongsheng , Wang Zhenyu , Zhang Long , Dong Hongxing , Xie Wei , Xu Hongxing 
Published: May 2023

AbstractOptical coding is widely applied in communication and data processing fields due to its practical and powerful characteristics, such as high transmission rate and operational convenience. However, improvements in the loading information capacity of optical encoders always result in increased energy consumption. It is a challenge to realize an optical encoder that combines energy savings, high bandwidth, and miniaturization. Here, both the concept and the demonstration of a perovskite sub‐micro‐encoder with an 84% energy‐saving efficiency and a tunable bandwidth of up to 200 GHz are reported. The way to code the radiative dynamics of the light source allows for the reduction of unnecessary energy consumption from the initial stage through the control of the radiation core. Moreover, the miniature encoder generates code sequences of good coherence, stimulating the development of perovskite‐based optical microchips for ultrafast information processing.
Personal Solar UV Monitoring based on Photoinduced Electron Transfers in Luminescent Materials
Authors: Yang Zetian , Joos Jonas J. , Hu Jieqi , Van der Heggen David , Pier Tim , Delaey Maxime , Vrielinck Henk , Jüstel Thomas , Smet Philippe F. , Poelman Dirk 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe spectrally‐selective monitoring of doses of UV and visible light is crucial in numerous applications like photodynamic therapy and personal solar UV detection, due to the specific irradiation impact of light with different wavelengths and doses. Herein an approach to design wavelength‐specific integrating light dosimeters is demonstrated based on photo‐induced redox processes of certain lanthanides in phosphate compounds. Systematic experiments reveal that the reduction process is induced through ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer excitation while the oxidation process is achieved upon excitation of either the involved hole traps or 4fN‐4fN‐15d1 transitions of the created divalent dopants. These processes are rationalized in multi‐electron energy level diagrams for local electron transfer. The dose and wavelength‐dependent redox processes allow for selective UV and visible light dosimetry, and the spectral sensitivity of the dosimeter can be tailored by manipulating the dopant or the host. Particularly, the spectral sensitivity of Ba2.99Eu0.01(PO4)2 better matches the erythemal action spectrum of human skin than that of currently used benchmark polysulphone dosimeters, making it ideally suitable for personal solar UV radiation monitoring. These findings open the door to designing wavelength‐tunable light dosimeters according to the requirements of envisioned applications and are expected to benefit a wide range of luminescent functional devices.
Machine Learning Descriptors for Data‐Driven Catalysis Study
Authors: Mou Li‐Hui , Han TianTian , Smith Pieter E. S. , Sharman Edward , Jiang Jun 
Published: May 2023

AbstractTraditional trial‐and‐error experiments and theoretical simulations have difficulty optimizing catalytic processes and developing new, better‐performing catalysts. Machine learning (ML) provides a promising approach for accelerating catalysis research due to its powerful learning and predictive abilities. The selection of appropriate input features (descriptors) plays a decisive role in improving the predictive accuracy of ML models and uncovering the key factors that influence catalytic activity and selectivity. This review introduces tactics for the utilization and extraction of catalytic descriptors in ML‐assisted experimental and theoretical research. In addition to the effectiveness and advantages of various descriptors, their limitations are also discussed. Highlighted are both 1) newly developed spectral descriptors for catalytic performance prediction and 2) a novel research paradigm combining computational and experimental ML models through suitable intermediate descriptors. Current challenges and future perspectives on the application of descriptors and ML techniques to catalysis are also presented.
Ruthenium Complexes of Bidentate N,N‐Ligand as Catalyst for Selective N‐Alkylation of Amines with Alcohols
Authors: Bhatt Surabhi , Rana Monika , Sharma Anuj K. , Joshi Hemant 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis report describes the synthesis of a new N‐(4‐(benzo[d]thiazole‐2‐yl)phenyl)‐1‐(pyridine‐2‐yl)methanimine ligand (L1) by the reaction of 2‐(4‐aminophenyl)benzothiazole with pyridine‐2‐carboxaldehyde. The three new ruthenium(II) arene complexes were synthesized by the reaction of L1 with [RuCl2(p‐cymene)]2 (C1), [RuCl2(benzene)]2 (C2), and [RuCl2(hmb)]2 [hmb=hexamethylbenzene] (C3). The new ligand and complexes were characterized with the help of standard analytical techniques like 1H and 13C{1H} Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐Visible), High‐Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS), cyclic voltammetry, and elemental analysis techniques. The structure of ruthenium complex (C1) and its bonding mode with the ligand were authenticated with the help of single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The complex showed a pseudo‐octahedral half‐sandwich “piano‐stool” type geometry around the Ru center. The ruthenium arene complexes (C1–C3) were used to catalyze the N‐alkylation of aniline derivatives using aliphatic alcohols (EtOH, PrOH, MeOH). Among all three catalysts, C1 showed the highest yield of alkylated derivatives (up to 95%) with 1.0 mol% catalyst loading. The order of alkylation toward alcohol derivatives was EtOH = PrOH > MeOH. The alkylation reaction with ruthenium arene precursors showed poor yields (30–33%), demonstrating ligand design‘s potential in catalysis reactions. The proton NMR of the reaction mixture after 2 h shows the formation of Ru−H intermediate, which gave the desired alkylated products. Overall, these complexes are promising catalyst candidates for organic transformation.
Synthetic Studies to exo‐Ring‐Junction based Fused 5/5/n‐Tricyclic Systems: Access to A, B, C‐Ring System of Longeracinphyllin A, Himalenine D, and Daphnipaxiamine A.
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Agrawal Arpit , Keesari Ramakrishna Reddy 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe report a short synthetic approach to various tricyclic systems that are present in several diquinane‐based natural products starting with a readily available exo‐dicyclopentadiene‐1‐one. To this end, we have successfully assembled a fused 5/5/7‐tricyclic enone via ring‐rearrangement metathesis as a key step. The strategy has been further extended to synthesize the 1,3‐dihydroxy and then 1‐keto‐3‐hydroxy derivatives by utilizing regio‐ and stereoselective epoxidation and ring‐rearrangement metathesis reactions as key steps. All these target compounds are found to be present in diquinane‐based natural products such as longeracinphyllins A, himalenine D and daphnipaxianine A, etc. Moreover, the newly synthesized tricyclic compounds matches the exact ring‐junction stereochemistry (5/5‐exo) of these natural products. Hence, the synthetic studies disclosed here may be useful in the synthesis of biologically significant natural products and in the drug design. The newly synthesized molecules were characterized by NMR and HRMS data. Some of these structures were confirmed by a single crystal X‐ray diffraction studies.