bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat management and tensile strength of 3 mm mixed and matched connections of butt joints of S355J2+N, S460MC and S700MC
Authors: Eichler Stefan , von Arnim Mareike , Brätz Oliver , Hildebrand Jörg , Gericke Andreas , Bergmann Jean Pierre , Kuhlmann Ulrike , Henkel Knuth‐Michael 
Published: September 2023

AbstractHigh‐strength structural steels are beneficial in terms of the sustainability of constructions due to the possible reduction of weight and overall material needs. Nevertheless, high‐strength steels have a smaller processing parameter range in regarding the specific heat input and resulting cooling rate. Especially the cooling time t8/5 characterizing the time span to cool down from 800 to 500 °C is an important indicator. Single layer butt‐welded gas metal arc welding (GMAW) connections of 3 mm plates between normal strength (S355J2+N, S460MC) and high‐strength steels (S700MC) as well as matched connections (S460MC, S700MC) are carried out. Hereby, the influence of the energy input, melting rate, joint preparation, filler metal (matching and undermatching) and backing methods are observed. Spatially resolved IR‐thermal observation shows variations within the welds of up to 50 % in the cooling time t8/5 depending on those parameters. These fluctuations lead to significant changes of the microstructure within the melting and heat‐affected zone. UCI hardness mappings show the softening and microstructural change within these zones. Those soft zones can be the region of failure for butt welded connections as shown by transverse tensile tests with spatially resolved optical strain measurements. The results obtained can be used to define more precise welding procedures of these types of connections and also are used to develop design rules for mixed connections made of normal strength and high‐strength steel.
Numerical study on the impact of longitudinal stiffeners ending within the buckling field
Authors: Lukas Immo , Timmers Ralph , Lang Robert 
Published: September 2023

AbstractTypically, longitudinal stiffeners of plated structures pass through the entire girder (continuously) or span from one transverse stiffener to another (discontinuously). The present research deals with a design method predominantly executed in crane manufacturing – non‐continuous longitudinal stiffening. Non‐continuous longitudinal stiffeners end within the buckling field, i.e., leaving a gap ahead of the transverse stiffener or the end of the girder. To date, the standardization in EN1993‐1‐5 is limited to conventional longitudinal stiffening (continuous and discontinuous), as defined above. This paper deals with a numerical study aiming to obtain initial insights into the load‐bearing behavior of non‐continuously stiffened plates. Geometrically and materially nonlinear buckling analyses with imperfections (GMNIA) are performed to provide the foundation for a series of experimental tests. Alongside the realization of realistic boundary conditions, estimating the most realistic ultimate load‐bearing capacity is of particular importance to comply with the constraints in the laboratory. The simulations reveal a significant load‐bearing behavior and capacity modification compared with conventional longitudinal stiffening.
Prediction of the cyclic rotation capacity of steel members with cold‐formed hollow cross‐section
Authors: Bosco Melina , Caragliano Marco , D'Aniello Mario , Landolfo Raffaele , Rossi Pier Paolo 
Published: September 2023

AbstractCold formed Hollow Structural Sections (HSS) are widely used in structural applications, especially in multi‐storey buildings located in seismic areas because of their high strength‐to‐weight ratio and torsional stiffness. However, the current version of the European seismic code provides limited rules and guidance to evaluate the ductility and the plastic rotation capacity of HSS members. The research activity carried out in this study aims to develop formulations to predict both the deformation capacity and the overstrength of cold formed HSS beams and columns at significant damage and near collapse limit states. Therefore, parametric finite element simulations have been carried out on a large set of members with different cross section (i.e., both square and rectangular HSSs), local and global slenderness, shear span and axial load ratio (from 0 to 0.5). The adopted finite element models have been calibrated against results of cyclic experimental tests available from the literature. The accuracy of the proposed equations has been statistically verified and discussion of practical applications is also provided.
Demountable shear connectors – constructional details and push‐out tests
Authors: Király Krisztián , Dunai László , Calado Luis , Kocsis András Balázs 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe sustainable composite structures are built by demountable elements in order to reuse them which can fit to the circular economy. The current research and development project – in the cooperation of Budapest University of Technology and Economics and KÉSZ Group, bim.GROUP Ltd, Hungary – is aiming to design a new kind of demountable steel‐concrete composite structural system. The key component of this construction is the demountable shear connector. In the current research, bolted shear connectors with embedded bolts and threaded rods are developed and studied which can fit to the applied technology of the industrial partner. One of the main aspects of this connection is to consider the bolt hole clearance since it occurs initial slip and stiffness reduction of the composite beam. In the first phase of the research program, the aim is to develop demountable and economical structural details which can reduce the stiffness reduction with proper strength and ductility features. To study the behaviour of these shear connections, a push‐out experimental program is developed and tested in March 2023. In the paper, the developed structural details and the push‐out experimental program with the first results are presented.
Additive manufacturing of steel components by cold spraying
Authors: Klemm Alina , Taherkhani Farrokh , Gündel Max 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDesign of steel structures in the construction industry uses built‐up or rolled steel sections. These are processed as steel elements and connected together at joints. Massive and complex steel nodes such as those in steel frame bridges or truss structures are still manufactured by forging or casting to avoid weld seams in highly stressed areas. Since this is a manual manufacturing process, it results in increased costs and time. Cold spray (CS) technology has recently attracted attention in aerospace and automotive engineering for producing metallic, composite coatings as well as repairing the surface damage of components in service. Additive manufacturing by cold spraying can offer significant advantages with respect to other additive manufacturing methods due to higher material deposition rates (up to 14 kg/h), lower energy consumption, and deposition in solid state. So far cold spraying has not been used for 3D‐printing of typical steel constructions.In the preliminary test campaign, structural steel‐powder was investigated to evaluate their suitability for cold spraying in civil engineering applications. Simple flat specimens were used, and a range of metallographic and mechanical tests were conducted to determine the properties of the deposited coupons, such as the coating quality, layer thickness, the degree of porosity, micro‐hardness, and micro flat tensile test. This paper presents the results of the powder characterisation and the preliminary tests on the printed specimens.
Experimental and Numerical Programs on Laser‐Cut I‐Beam‐to‐CHS/SHS‐Column Joint Components
Authors: Händeler Damian , Don Rafaela , Vulcu Cristian , Hoffmeister Benno , Kanyilmaz Alper 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWithin a series of EU‐RFCS funded projects, i.e. LASTEICON and LASTTS, the use of tubular cross‐sections for steel and composite joints has been and is currently being investigated towards the development of more efficient solutions. Connections between tubular cross‐sections, respectively between tubular cross‐sections and open profiles, often require a high number of gusset plates and excessive welds. For this reason, a new fabrication method is employed and investigated in these projects, i.e.: laser‐cutting technology. Laser‐cutting allows for a precise and fast cutting with a large degree of geometric freedom, which favors complex joint geometries such as I‐beams passing through the cut slot in tubular columns. Within the completed LASTEICON project, the global performance of the joints was experimentally investigated, resulting in higher strength and stiffness compared to the joints with profiles welded directly on the tubes. As part of the ongoing LASTTS project, the research activities – that are to be performed at RWTH‐Aachen – are focused on the response of joint components and on the influence of various parameters. Advanced finite element numerical investigations were carried out and, based on the outcomes, the configuration of the specimens as well as the test set‐ups for the upcoming experimental investigations were developed.
Numerical assessment of the cyclic behaviour of structural steel members subjected to biaxial bending
Authors: Cerqueira Elisa , Eshaghi Cyrus , Peres Rita , Castro José Miguel 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn recent decades, there has been extensive research on the behaviour of steel structures under seismic actions. While the monotonic behaviour of steel elements subjected to uniaxial bending is well understood, there is still a need to investigate the cyclic behaviour and energy dissipation capacity, especially in relation to metal elements subjected to biaxial bending. This is of paramount interest for seismic analysis and performance assessment of steel buildings. Modelling and damage assessment criteria derived for members subjected to uniaxial bending may not be entirely appropriate for the seismic analysis of buildings composed of structural steel members subjected to biaxial bending. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the behaviour of steel members subjected to biaxial cyclic bending and compare it to behaviour under uniaxial loading conditions. To this end, detailed 3D finite element analyses are conducted to examine the effects of bidirectional lateral cyclic loading on the hysteretic response of steel members under different uniaxial and biaxial lateral displacement‐controlled load paths. The numerical results presented in this paper provide an insight into the influence of biaxial loading on the behaviour of steel members in terms of backbone curves and deformation capacity, and indicate that biaxial cyclic loading paths can significantly affect the rotation capacity of steel elements.
Structural performance of additive manufactured aluminum tubular stub columns
Authors: Bock Marina , Bawazeer Junaid , Robinson John , Theofanous Marios , Skalomenos Konstantinos 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAluminum is gaining more popularity in the construction industry due to its light weight, mechanical resistance and corrosion properties. Although several studies covering extruded and cold‐rolled aluminium members exist, research into the structural performance of 3D printed aluminium remains scarce. With the increasing importance of digital engineering in the construction industry and the transition from traditional to digital lean, it is important to investigate whether existing design codes are suitable to design 3D printed cross‐sections. To address this, the present paper reports experimental results on additive manufactured aluminium tubular sections subjected to compression. The sections were manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) and were made of AlSi10Mg which is a hardenable aluminium based casting alloy. The tubular sections have different thicknesses to cover a wide range of slendernesses. Tests on similar extruded aluminium tubular sections are also reported for comparison. Tensile tests were conducted on material coupons printed in different orientations (0° and 90°) to assess the potential effect of the orientation of printing on the material response. Full load‐deformation responses using digital image correlation (DIC) are reported and key experimental results are used to assess the local buckling design provisions given in EN 1999‐1‐1 for application to additive manufactured aluminum tubes.
Additive Manufacturing of a Steel Splice Joint for Tubular Elements in a Modular Wind Tower
Authors: Morales Mariela Mendez , Tankova Trayana , Branco Ricardo , Rebelo Carlos 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWind turbines of large size pose a challenge to structural engineers in providing suitable supporting structures. Nevertheless, these structures frequently result in complex logistical requirements, raising the expenses of new projects. Hence, the design philosophy is shifting towards lighter and modular towers, which often use tubular components. However, due to the intricate shape of the joints, connecting these tubular components is costly and laborious. Therefore, considering the advantages of new fabrication techniques, such as additive manufacturing, a ‘plug and play’ (PnP) device is in development to satisfy the requirements of a splice joint part of an onshore modular tower supporting a wind energy converter. An optimisation methodology was developed to determine the geometry of the device by structural topology optimisation and validate using finite element method software. As result from this methodology, three optimised geometries able to meet the desired requirements were found. Finally, the PnP device delivered a bespoke solution that allows for the simple joining of modular tubular components and reduces the raw material consumption without compromising the performance of the joint.
Interactions between typical antibiotics and Microcystis aeruginosa in aquatic environment
Authors: Li Mengwei , Zhou Haidong , Ye Mixuan , Xu Xinxuan , Pang Lidan , Zhao Ziming , Xuan Yumei 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe interactions of six typical antibiotics, including azithromycin, clarithromycin (CLR), ciprofloxacin, sulfathiazole, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (TCY), with Microcystis aeruginosa were investigated, discussing the effects of antibiotics on algal growth in terms of mono‐ and co‐antibiotics, and the removal of six antibiotics by the alga. The results showed that all the antibiotics showed “low‐promoting and high‐inhibiting” effects, except for sulfonamides, which showed a promotion trend on algal cell density and chlorophyll a. The tests of half effective concentrations (EC50s) of antibiotics against M. aeruginosa showed that the antibiotics of the same category had similar EC50s, and the toxicity effects of co‐antibiotics were higher compared to mono‐antibiotics. The toxic effects of antibiotics against M. aeruginosa were antagonistic in most binary co‐antibiotics, and synergistic and simple additive effects in the ternary co‐antibiotics. For removal tests of antibiotics by the alga, it could be seen that at the same concentration (10 µg L−1), M. aeruginosa showed the best removal of TCY with 22.8% and the lowest removal of CLR with only 5.8%. It was found that both antibiotics and M. aeruginosa had mutual influences; therefore, the interaction might be favorable to the permanent removal of antibiotics and reduce the impact on the aquatic ecological environment.
Elastic and Conductive Cross‐linked Anion Exchange Membranes Based on Polyphenylene Oxide and Poly(vinyl alcohol) for H2‐O2 Fuel Cells
Authors: Han Juanjuan , Zhang Yangyang , Zheng Xiumeng , Lu Yuyang , Li Wanting , Zhou Xiaorong , Ren Zhandong , Liu Yi , Hu Meixue , Xiao Li , Zhuang Lin 
Published: September 2023

AbstractA series of cross‐linked AEMs (c‐DQPPO/PVA) are synthesized by using rigid polyphenylene oxide and flexible poly(vinyl alcohol) as the backbones. Dual cations are grafted on the PPO backbone to improve the ion exchange capacity (IEC), while glutaraldehyde is introduced to enhance compatibility and reduce swelling ratio of AEMs. In addition to the enhanced mechanical properties resulting from the rigid‐flexible cross‐linked network, c‐DQPPO/PVA AEMs also exhibit impressive ionic conductivity, which can be attributed to their high IEC, good hydrophilicity of PVA, and well‐defined micro‐morphology. Additionally, due to confined dimension behavior and ordered micro‐morphology, c‐DQPPO/PVA AEMs demonstrate excellent chemical stability. Specifically, c‐DQPPO/PVA‐7.5 exhibits a wet‐state tensile strength of 12.5 MPa and an elongation at break of 53.0 % at 25 °C. Its OH− conductivity and swelling degree at 80 °C are measured to be 125.7 mS cm−1 and 8.2 %, respectively, with an IEC of 3.05 mmol g−1. After 30 days in a 1 M NaOH solution at 80 °C, c‐DQPPO/PVA‐7.5 experiences degradation rates of 12.8 % for tensile strength, 27.4 % for elongation at break, 14.7 % for IEC, and 19.2 % for ion conductivity. With its excellent properties, c‐DQPPO/PVA‐7.5 exhibits a peak power density of 0.751 W cm−2 at 60 °C in an H2‐O2 fuel cell.
Association of a single nucleotide polymorphism in SOD2 with susceptibility for the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes: A Saudi population study
Authors: Sultan Samar , Alharbi Meshari , Alrayes Nuha , Makki Nehad , Faruqui Hanan , Basuni Lama , Alhozali Amani , Abdulnoor Reham , Borai Anwar , Almalki Abdullah , Alzahrani Abdullah , Alamoudi Reem , Almaghrabi Mazin 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIntroductionOne of the complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) is diabetic nephropathy (DN), which plays a significant role in the progression of end‐stage renal disease. Oxidative stress is implicated in DN pathogenesis, and genetic variations in antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and catalase (CAT) may contribute to the susceptibility. This study aimed to investigate the potential association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in antioxidant enzymes, specifically SOD2 rs4880 and CAT rs769217, and the risk of T2D and susceptibility to DN within the Saudi population.MethodsThis case–control study included 150 participants, comprising 50 patients with T2D without DN (group 1), 50 patients with T2D with DN (group 2), and 50 healthy participants (group 3). The samples were genotyped using real‐time PCR for SOD2 rs4880 and CAT rs769217 SNPs. Sanger sequencing was used for validation. Statistical analyses were performed to explore associations between these SNPs and T2D with or without DN.ResultsNo significant difference was observed in CAT rs769217 expression between the groups. However, a significant difference was observed in SOD2 rs4880 expression between the healthy controls and patients with T2D with DN (p = .028). Furthermore, SOD2 rs4880 was associated with approximately threefold increased risk of DN in patients with T2D compared to that in healthy participants (odds ratio [OR] = 2.99 [1.31–6.83]). Validation through Sanger sequencing further confirmed these findings.ConclusionsThe findings of this study provide evidence that SOD2 rs4880 SNP may contribute to inadequate defence by the antioxidant enzyme, SOD2, against DM‐induced oxidative stress and thus cause DN in Saudi patients with T2D. Therefore, SOD2 rs4880 may serve as a predictive marker to prevent the development and progression of DN in patients with T2D.
Activation and differentiation of cognate T cells by a dextran‐based antigen‐presenting system for cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Mahata Dhrubajyoti , Mukherjee Debangshu , Biswas Debarati , Basak Shyam , Basak Aditya Jyoti , Jamir Imlilong , Pandey Nidhi , Khatoon Huma , Samanta Dibyendu , Basak Amit , Mukherjee Gayatri 
Published: September 2023

AbstractImmunotherapeutic modulation of antigen‐specific T‐cell responses instead of the whole repertoire helps avoid immune‐related adverse events. We have developed an artificial antigen‐presenting system (aAPS) where multiple copies of a multimeric peptide‐MHC class I complex presenting a murine class I MHC restricted ovalbumin‐derived peptide (signal 1), along with a costimulatory ligand (signal 2) are chemically conjugated to a dextran backbone. Cognate naive CD8+ T cells, when treated with this aAPS underwent significant expansion and showed an activated phenotype. Furthermore, elevated expression of effector cytokines led to the differentiation of these cells to cytotoxic T lymphocytes which resulted in target cell lysis, indicative of the functional efficacy of the aAPS. CD8+ T cells with decreased proliferative potential due to repeated antigenic stimulation could also be re‐expanded by the developed aAPS. Thus, the developed aAPS warrants further engineering for future application as a rapidly customizable personalized immunotherapeutic agent, incorporating patient‐specific MHC‐restricted tumor antigens and different costimulatory signals to modulate both naive and antigen‐experienced but exhausted tumor‐specific T cells in cancer.
Elaboration of enriched margarine with lentisk oil and honey: Formulation, characterization, and monitoring of oxidative stability
Authors: Sadou Dyhia , Amessis‐Ouchemoukh Nadia , Ouchemoukh Salim , Ayad Rabha , Guenaoui Nawel , Otmani Amar , Bachir‐bey Mostapha , Hadjal Samir , Madani Khodir 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis study focused on the use of lentisk oil and honey as natural sources to formulate margarine with ameliorated quality and oxidative stability. For this, five margarines were formulated with honey and different concentrations of lentisk oil. Analyses were performed on oil and honey used, and then physicochemical characterization and several oxidative stability tests were applied to assess margarine quality. The results showed a significant richness of lentisk oil and honey in total phenolics and total flavonoids and expressed good antioxidant activities. As well as the evaluation of oxidative stability of enriched margarines during 3 months of storage demonstrated that margarine added with 2% lentisk oil (M1) had the best resistance properties and longer Rancimat induction time (22.26 h), better than the control and margarines added with 5% (M2), 10% (M3), and 15% (M4) lentisk oil. Globally, margarines prepared with high concentrations of lentisk oil (M2–M4) were not different from the control, whereas only M1 was permitted to ameliorate the stability of margarine with a slight influence on physicochemical parameters. The elaboration of margarine supplemented with 2% lentisk oil improves the properties of the product, which could then be applied to margarine manufacturing.
Obama's EPA Memorandum Follows the Law, Does Not Make It
Authors: McKinstry Robert B. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSome politicians and pundits have decried President Obama's directive calling on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) from electric‐generating units (EGUs) as an end run around Congress, an executive usurpation of power, part of a “war on coal,” and an unwarranted extension of the Clean Air Act, a law they assert is unsuited to GHG regulation. Rhetoric aside, a substantial legal rationale supports the president's commitment.
Electric Regulation: Time‐Differentiated Rates for the Mass Market?
Authors: Bowden Nicholas S. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn a January 2011 column, I asserted that the institution of time‐differentiated rates would be an effective means of delivering the reliability and efficiency benefits promised by the Smart Grid. Furthermore, I said there that the institution of time‐differentiated rates for the greatest number of electric consumers possible, the mass market, would produce the greatest efficiency gains. Currently, policymakers appear unwilling to institute time‐differentiated rates on a mandatory or an opt‐out basis.