bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attitude change during mild intoxication
Authors: Nordstrom Erik 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe effects of mild alcohol intoxication on specific attitudes were investigated in two experiments. The first experiment consisted of two sessions in which 48 subjects gave ratings on seven attitudes and two beliefs. The two sessions were separated by an interval of 1 month. In the second session, half the subjects were administered sufficient ethanol to produce a 0.02‐0.03% blood level during the rating, while the other half repeated the ratings after a non‐alcoholic drink. Only the group receiving ethanol showed significant changes in ratings. The magnitude and direction of these changes varied with the attitude or belief rated. In the second experiment, 48 different subjects gave ratings on seven attitudes on two occasions separated by an interval of 1 month. On the second occasion, all subjects were administered sufficient ethanol to produce a 0.02‐0.03% blood level during the rating. Significant changes in ratings were again observed, with the direction and magnitude of changes consistent with that seen in experiment 1. Whether subjects were rated as relatively high or low consumers of alcohol was not significantly associated with changes in ratings. It is concluded that the changes in attitudes and beliefs that are observed during mild intoxication are specific to the object of the attitude or belief. Mechanisms for such an effect, and its legal and social implications, are discussed.
Acute reactions to alcohol
Authors: WHITFIELD J. B. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWhere the experience of alcohol is unpleasant because of adverse reactions to small amounts, alcohol consumption is likely to be low and alcohol dependence rare. This is shown by many studies of Asian subjects who experience the alcohol flush reaction (AFR) due to inherited aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) deficiency. Alcohol reactions are less common and on average less severe in non‐Asian subjects, but they do occur and can affect alcohol consumption. Information about alcohol reactions and their consequences in Europeans is reviewed, and such reactions are compared with those caused by mitochondrial ALDH deficiency in Asians.
Fos‐like immunoreactivity in tyrosine hydroxylase and substance P‐like immunoreactive neurones in guinea‐pig brain following intracerebroventricular injection of morphine and U50,488H
Authors: Bot G. , Chahl L. A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractOpioid drugs such as morphine have powerful reinforcing effects which lead to drug‐seeking behaviour. Both dopamine‐ and substance P‐containing neurones have been implicated in reward. In the present study twocolour immunohistochemistry was used to investigate whether Fos protein was induced in dopaminergic (tyrosine hydroxylase) and substance P‐containing neurones of guinea‐pig brain following intracerebroventricular administration of the predominantly mu‐receptor agonist, morphine, and the kappa‐receptor agonist, U50,488H, which have been reported to produce rewarding and aversive effects, respectively. The present study has shown that of the large number of neurones showing Fos‐like immunoreactivity following a single injection of morphine or U50,488H, few were tyrosine hydroxylase‐positive (dopaminergic) but a larger number were substance Plike immunoreactive. These results support the proposal that substance P plays a role in reward and reinforcement.
Effects of chronic inhalation of volatile solvents, malnutrition and their interaction on seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole in rats
Authors: Palencia Guadalupe , Calvillo Minerva , Benita Antonio , Sotelo Julio 
Published: July 2002

AbstractChronic inhalation of volatile solvents induce severe brain damage. In humans, intense exposure to volatile solvents for recreational purposes is frequently associated with chronic malnutrition. We studied in rats the effects of chronic inhalation of volatile solvents and malnutrition, alone and combined, on the seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole. Animals were subjected to 14 months of either normal rodent diet or malnutrition induced by a diet based on corn derivatives; some animals were subjected for the last 4 months to daily inhalation of volatile solvents (paint thinner). Afterwards, a trial of pentylenetetrazole‐induced seizures was conducted in all animals. When compared with controls, malnutrition, chronic inhalation of volatile solvents and their combination greatly reduced the threshold for both, the forebrain and the brain stem components of seizures. However, an expected lowering of the threshold when malnutrition and solvent inhalation were combined was not observed when compared with each condition alone. It is possible that malnutrition plus solvents exposure induce severe brain damage that interferes with the brain structures involved in the propagation of epileptic seizures.
Additional evidence for an association between the dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III seven‐repeat allele and substance abuse in opioid dependent subjects: relationship of treatment retention to genotype and personality
Authors: Mel Haim , Horowitz Ronit , Ohel Naomi , Kramer Ilana , Kotler Moshe , Cohen Hagit , Gritsenko Inga , Ebstein Richard P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe long form of the dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III repeat polymorphism has been linked in some but not all studies to impulsive, extravagant and novelty‐seeking personality traits that are prominent in affiliated behaviours such as attention deficit disorder and substance abuse. In particular, we have reported previously an increased frequency of the long seven‐repeat D4DR exon III allele in a group of 141 opioiddependent subjects compared to 110 control subjects. In order to further substantiate the role of D4DR in contributing to heroin addiction we have genotyped an additional, smaller cohort of opioid‐dependent subjects. In this new group of 57 opioid‐dependent subjects compared to an expanded group of 143 control subjects a significant difference was observed in overall genotype frequency (p=0.04). An excess of the seven‐repeat allele of the D4DR receptor gene was also observed compared to control subjects (p=0.06). The frequency of the seven‐repeat allele is 15.8% in the heroin addict population vs. 8.1% in the control group, conferring a relative risk of 2.07 (95% CI: 0.98–4.38). An association between two polymorphisms considered together (D4DR and dopamine D3 receptor) and treatment retention was observed (p=0.02). In a subgroup of 38 opioid‐dependent subjects, who were successfully administered the TPQ, higher Harm Avoidance (p< 0.001) and Novelty Seeking (NS3; extravagant vs. reserved, p< 0.001) scores were found. In contrast to some previous reports, no relationship was apparent between TPQ scores and treatment retention in this small group of opioid‐dependent subjects.
β‐Carbolines in alcohol‐dependent intensive care patients during prophylactics and therapy of alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Authors: SPIES CLAUDIA D. , MORCINIEC PAWEL , LENZENHUBER ERIKA , MÜLLER CHRISTIAN , MARKS CHRISTIAN , HELLING KAI , RUNKEL NORBERT , BERGER GERD , BLUM SUSANNE , ROMMELSPACHER HANS 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe primary aim of this study was to investigate whether the naturally occurring beta‐carbolines norharman and harman differed between alcohol‐dependent patients who developed alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) and those who did not. The secondary aim was to determine whether different treatment regimens influenced the levels of the beta‐carbolines. Thirty chronic alcoholics with carcinoma of the upper digestive tract were included in this study. They were prophylactically treated by two different medical regimens: flunitrazepam and clonidine (FNZ regimen) and gamma‐hydroxybutyrate and clonidine (GHB regimen). Patients exceeding the Revised Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol Scale (CIWA‐Ar) score of 20 were assigned to the AWS therapy group and received haloperidol in addition to their prevous prophylactic treatment. Patients without AWS remained in the prophylactic group. From days 1–4 of the intensive care unit (ICU) stay norharman, but not harman, was increased in the AWS therapy group. In the FNZ regimen, six of 16 patients (38%) and in the GHB regimen, nine of 14 patients (64%) developed AWS (p= 0.14). Norharman levels did not differ between the two regimens. However, harman levels were increased in the GHB treated regimen on days 1, 2 and 4 following admission to the ICU and correlated with the severity of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. As norharman was elevated in the therapeutically treated ICU patients, this marker appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of AWS. As harman was elevated before and during hallucinations on the GHB regimen, it seems reasonable to carry out further investigations into the potential role of harman as a hallucinatory substance.
Nifedipine but not verapamil inhibits subjective effects of i.v. morphine in opiate‐dependent patients
Authors: SOPHRONOV A. , ZVARTAU E. , KUZMIN A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe influence of verapamil and nifedipine after single and subchronic treatment on morphine‐induced subjective responses were studied in opiate addicts. Heroin‐dependent subjects were injected via an antecubetal vein with 20 mg of morphine or placebo using a randomized cross‐over design. In Experiment one, either verapamil 80 mg or nifedipine 60 mg or placebo was administered per os 1 hour prior morphine or placebo injection. In experiment two calcium blockers were administered weekly prior morphine administration. Administration of nifedipine (40 mg) reduced, not significantly, the subjective scaling of morphine effects and shifted the discrimination of morphine effects towards those of weak opiates. Acute treatment with verapamil (80 mg) increased, not significantly, the subjective rating of morphine effects. Pre‐treatment of heroin abusers with nifedipine 60 mg daily for a week resulted in a remarkable inhibition of opiate‐induced effects both expression and duration in comparison with placebo and verapamil pre‐treatment. Patients pre‐treated with nifedipine were also unable to discriminate properly morphine from other psychotropic compounds. Thus, nifedipine but not verapamil markedly inhibited but did not reduce completely the central effects of morphine. It is concluded that nifedipine can potentially offer a new interesting approach to the treatment programmes of opiate abuse.
Cocaethylene: effects on brain systems and behavior
Authors: HOROWITZ JUDITH M. , TORRES GERMAN 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCocaethylene is a psychoactive metabolite formed during the combined consumption of cocaine and ethanol. In this brief review, we discuss several well‐characterized effects of this metabolite with an emphasis on the neurobiological and behavioral correlates of polydrug addiction. Included herein are the descriptions of some of the changes in trans‐synaptic transmission and their relationship to pathological behaviors associated with a chronic, drug‐dependent state that may be altered by the spatial or temporal dynamics of cocaethylene.
Lack of association of the dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphism with alcoholism in a Brazilian population
Authors: ROMAN TATIANA , BAU CLAITON H. D. , ALMEIDA SILVANA , HUTZ MARA H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe dopaminergic system has been implicated in alcoholism, but most of the past investigations concentrated on the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2), with conflicting results. The dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) is in the same class as DRD2, but presents different pharmacological properties. This gene has an expressed highly variable 48 base pair (bp) tandem repeat polymorphism (VNTR), which could be of functional relevance.We screened 100 Caucasians and 100 Afro‐Brazilians to determine the allele distribution of this polymorphism in a southern Brazilian population. The allele frequencies observed are significantly different from those described in the literature except when Afro‐Brazilians and African Bantus are compared. A group of 136 male alcoholics, classified according to DSM‐III‐R criteria for alcohol dependence, was also ascertained. The results of the association study were negative for comparisons between white and black alcoholics and controls, and no association was disclosed when either subtypes of alcoholics and different aspects of this condition were considered. These results, together with those available in the literature for other ethnic groups, suggest a minor role, if any, of the DRD4 gene in the susceptibility to alcoholism.
Book and media reviews
Authors: COOK CHRIS 
Published: July 2002

Book reviewed in this article:Book reviews in this column will primarily be of titles focusing completely, or in part, on biological aspects of addiction. However, significant titles of general relevance to the addictions field will also be included, even if they are not “biological”, as will titles of general methodological and clinical relevance, even if they are not on “addictions”. Similar considerations will apply to other media (software, audio tapes and CDs, videos, etc). However, specific “addictions” software applications seem to be relatively uncommon and, as these items are rarely reviewed elsewhere, we will endeavour to include reviews of some of the older programmes that are still useful, as well as new titles that appear. I would appreciate suggestions of any items suitable for reviews, but especially software and other media of specific relevance to the addictions. Please contact: Professor Chris Cook, Kent Institute of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Kent at Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK. Email: http://www.c.c.h.cook@ukc.ac.uk Ninth Special Report to the US Congress on Alcohol and Health from the Secretary of Health and Human Services, June 1997 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM The Myth of Addiction JOHN BOOTH DAVIES Addictive Behaviour: Molecules to Mankind ‐ Perspectives on the Nature of Addiction A. BONNER & J. WATERHOUSE (Eds) Addiction Intervention R. K. WRIGHT & D. G. WRIGHT Nicotine, Caffeine and Social Drinking: behaviour and brain function J. SNEL & M. M. LORIST (Eds) New Treatments for Opiate Dependence SUSAN M. STINE & T. R. KOSTEN (Eds) Alcohol Use and Abuse among Latinos. Issues and examples of culturally competent services MELVIN DELGADO Cancer & Clinical Biochemistry PETER PANNALL & DUSAN KOTASEK Drug Data 2: a multimedia encyclopaedia on drugs and drug use Drug Discovery and Evaluation Pharmacological Assays H. G. VOGEL & W. H. VOGEL (Eds) The Cell “Unit of Life” ‐ A Visual Primer ALEXANDER N. GLAZER
Investigating parental views of involvement in pre‐school speech and language therapy
Authors: Glogowska Margaret , Campbell Rona 
Published: July 2002

AbstractToday, speech and language therapists working with the pre‐school population routinely involve parents in their children's treatment programmes. Also, there is increasing recognition of the importance of considering client and carer views in evaluating services. Thus, in both clinical and research terms, the rôle of parents is key. This paper reports an aspect of a study that investigated parents’ views and perceptions of their pre‐school children's speech and language difficulties and the speech and language therapy (SLT) they received. The methodology of the study was qualitative and data were collected from the parents of 16 pre‐school children, using in‐depth interviews. The parents’ perceptions could be characterized as a process with three phases. On the whole, parents viewed their involvement in SLT positively but crucially, the interviews highlighted discrepancies between therapists’ and parents’ perceptions of the therapy process. The study demonstrates that when parents’ views are considered, a fuller understanding of the effectiveness and acceptability of treatment can emerge.
Developing communication in adults with profound and multiple learning difficulties using objects of reference
Authors: Jones Frances , Pring Tim , Grove Nicola 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjects of reference were used to develop communication in adults with profound and multiple learning difficulties (PMLD). The use of objects specific to individuals is recommended, but it makes heavy demands on care staff who implement such programmes. This study investigated the effectiveness of using a standard set of objects with a group of 13 adults with PMLD. Progress was monitored over a 20−week training period using an assessment based upon the cues provided by staff to promote the use of the objects. Results indicated that the group as a whole made significant gains, although a plateau effect was reached after the first 10 weeks of training. Some individuals within the group were near to ceiling performance after training, while others, though progressing, still made limited use of the objects. There was evidence, as suggested in the literature, that greater and more sustained progress was made with objects at the index level of representation. The views of the care staff who implemented the training programme were sought through semistructured interviews. Although the use of a standard set of objects presents a number of difficulties, it is concluded that it is desirable in situations where the use of individual objects with each client is unfeasible. It has the additional advantages that it instructs and motivates care staff and provides a means by which the use of objects of reference by individual clients may be assessed and planning for the development of their communication may be informed.
Susceptibility to levofloxacin of clinical isolates of bacteria from intensive care and haematology/oncology patients in Switzerland: a multicentre study
Authors: Siegrist Hans H. , Nepa Mary-Claude , Jacquet Alain 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the susceptibility of clinical isolates to levofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone with extended activity against Gram-positive bacteria, and other antibiotics in 12 Swiss clinical microbiology laboratories using the NCCLS disc diffusion technique. Isolates were prospectively collected from intensive care units (ICUs) (59%), oncology wards (7%) and other units with haematology/oncology patients (34%) from June 1995 to March 1996. The levofloxacin breakpoints used were as recommended by the manufacturer. A total of 310 Gram-positive and 580 Gram-negative isolates from the respiratory tract (36%), skin/wounds (12%), blood (16%), urine (17%) and other sources (19%) were tested. The percentage of isolates susceptible to levofloxacin was 100% for Enterococcus spp. (38 strains), Streptococcus agalactiae (13), Streptococcus pneumoniae (65), Acinetobacter spp. (11), Citrobacter diversus (6), Citrobacter freundii (17), Klebsiella oxytoca (39), Morganella morganii (16), Proteus mirabilis (20), Proteus vulgaris (23), Serratia spp. (19), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (10) and Haemophilus influenzae (41). The percentage of isolates susceptible to levofloxacin for Staphylococcus aureus (95 strains, including 2% MRSA) was 94%, coagulase-negative staphylococci (85) 65%, Enterobacter spp. (75) 99%, Escherichia coli (111) 97%, Klebsiella pneumoniae (45) 98% and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (124) 87%. In conclusion, levofloxacin is a new fluoroquinolone to which the most common clinical isolates in Switzerland are susceptible. The susceptibility of Enterococcus spp. and S. pneumoniae to levofloxacin was particularly remarkable. This compound appears to be a promising therapeutic alternative for the treatment of Gram-positive infections.
Emerging Versatile Two‐Dimensional MoSi2N4 Family
Authors: Yin Yan , Gong Qihua , Yi Min , Guo Wanlin 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe discovery of 2D layered MoSi2N4 and WSi2N4 without knowing their 3D parents by chemical vapor deposition in 2020 has stimulated extensive studies of 2D MA2Z4 system due to its structural complexity and diversity as well as versatile and intriguing properties. Here, a comprehensive overview on the state‐of‐the‐art progress of this 2D MA2Z4 family is presented. Starting by describing the unique sandwich structural characteristics of the emerging monolayer MA2Z4, their versatile properties including mechanics, piezoelectricity, thermal transport, electronics, optics/optoelectronics, and magnetism is summarized and anatomized. The property tunability via strain engineering, surface functionalization and layered strategy is also elaborated. Theoretical and experimental attempts or advances in applying 2D MA2Z4 to transistors, photocatalysts, batteries and gas sensors are then reviewed to show its prospective applications over a vast territory. New opportunities are further discussed and prospects are suggested for this emerging 2D family. The overview is anticipated to guide the further understanding and exploration on 2D MA2Z4.
Giant Pressure‐Induced Spectral Shift in Cyan‐Emitting Eu2+‐Activated Sr8Si4O12Cl8 Microspheres for Ultrasensitive Visual Manometry
Authors: Zheng Teng , Runowski Marcin , Xue Junpeng , Luo Laihui , Rodríguez‐Mendoza Ulises R. , Lavín Víctor , Martín Inocencio R. , Rodríguez‐Hernández Plácida , Muñoz Alfonso , Du Peng 
Published: April 2023

AbstractTo address the unsatisfactory pressure sensitivity of luminescent manometers, Eu2+‐activated supersensitive microspheres operating in the visible range are developed. A series of Eu2+‐doped Sr8Si4O12Cl8 materials are synthesized as microspheres, and their structural and spectroscopic properties are studied theoretically and experimentally. Excited at 350 nm, the samples emit a bright cyan luminescence at ambient conditions that, upon pressure, changes to green emission and finally to yellow light above 7 GPa. Most importantly, a huge red‐shift of the emission band from 497.3 to 568.8 nm is observed as the pressure increases, leading to an ultrahigh‐pressure sensitivity of 9.69 nm/GPa, which is the highest sensitivity ever reported. The designed microspheres with polychromatic emissions and high‐pressure sensitivity are suitable for visual optical pressure sensing, and the applied strategy provides some important guidelines for the development of new optical manometers, allowing pressure monitoring with unprecedented accuracy.
Low‐Intensity Sensitive and High Stability Flexible Heart Sound Sensor Enabled by Hybrid Near‐Field/Far‐Field Electrospinning
Authors: Li Yihao , Huang Yan , Zhao Ni 
Published: April 2023

AbstractLow‐cost and wearable heart sound sensors can facilitate early detection and monitoring of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Such sensors are currently limited by either the complexity of fabrication processes or low sensitivity and reliability for weak signal detection. Here, a hybrid near‐field/far‐field electrospinning approach is demonstrated that enables low‐cost fabrication and optimization of triboelectric heterostructures for heart sound sensing. Specifically, by combining the far‐field produced highly polarized and porous polyvinylidene difluoride network for triboelectric electrification and near‐field patterned polyurethane grid spacers for vibration enhancement and charge trapping, the greatly improved sensor output at the heart sound frequency (50–150 Hz) and intensity (<80 dB) range, demonstrating record high sensitivity of 7027 mV Pa−1 and low detection limit of 47 dB. The sensor exhibits excellent stability under both sudden physical disturbance and long‐term cycling stress, showing no degradation during 7 h of continuous operation. It is demonstrated that the sensor can be integrated with apparel and capture high‐quality heart sound signals at all five diagnostic auscultation points and distinguish characteristic heart sound patterns caused by different cardiovascular diseases.