bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A mineralogical reason why all exoplanets cannot be equally oxidizing
Authors: Guimond Claire Marie , Shorttle Oliver , Jordan Sean , Rudge John F 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
From core to atmosphere, the oxidation states of elements in a planet shape its character. Oxygen fugacity ($f_{\rm O_2}$) is one parameter indicating these likely oxidation states. The ongoing search for atmospheres on rocky exoplanets benefits from understanding the plausible variety of their compositions, which depends strongly on their oxidation states – and if derived from interior outgassing, on the $f_{\rm O_2}$ at the top of their silicate mantles. This $f_{\rm O_2}$ must vary across compositionally diverse exoplanets, but for a given planet, its value is unconstrained insofar as it depends on how iron (the dominant multivalent element) is partitioned between its 2+ and 3+ oxidation states. Here, we focus on another factor influencing how oxidizing a mantle is – a factor modulating $f_{\rm O_2}$ even at fixed Fe3+/Fe2+ – the planet’s mineralogy. Only certain minerals (e.g. pyroxenes) incorporate Fe3+. Having such minerals in smaller mantle proportions concentrates Fe3+, increasing $f_{\rm O_2}$. Mineral proportions change within planets according to pressure, and between planets according to bulk composition. Constrained by observed host star refractory abundances, we calculate a minimum $f_{\rm O_2}$ variability across exoplanet mantles, of at least two orders of magnitude, due to mineralogy alone. This variability is enough to alter by a hundredfold the mixing ratio of SO2 directly outgassed from these mantles. We further predict that planets orbiting high-Mg/Si stars are more likely to outgas detectable amounts of SO2 and H2O; and for low-Mg/Si stars, detectable CH4, all else equal. Even absent predictions of Fe3+ budgets, general insights can be obtained into how oxidizing an exoplanet’s mantle is.
Inhibitory mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9 by AcrIIC4
Authors: Li Xuzichao , Liao Fumeng , Gao Jiaqi , Song Guangyong , Zhang Chendi , Ji Nan , Wang Xiaoshen , Wen Jing , He Jia , Wei Yong , Zhang Heng , Li Zhuang , Yu Guimei , Yin Hang 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
CRISPR-Cas systems act as the adaptive immune systems of bacteria and archaea, targeting and destroying invading foreign mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as phages. MGEs have also evolved anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins to inactivate the CRISPR-Cas systems. Recently, AcrIIC4, identified from Haemophilus parainfluenzae phage, has been reported to inhibit the endonuclease activity of Cas9 from Neisseria meningitidis (NmeCas9), but the inhibition mechanism is not clear. Here, we biochemically and structurally investigated the anti-CRISPR activity of AcrIIC4. AcrIIC4 folds into a helix bundle composed of three helices, which associates with the REC lobe of NmeCas9 and sgRNA. The REC2 domain of NmeCas9 is locked by AcrIIC4, perturbing the conformational dynamics required for the target DNA binding and cleavage. Furthermore, mutation of the key residues in the AcrIIC4-NmeCas9 and AcrIIC4-sgRNA interfaces largely abolishes the inhibitory effects of AcrIIC4. Our study offers new insights into the mechanism of AcrIIC4-mediated suppression of NmeCas9 and provides guidelines for the design of regulatory tools for Cas9-based gene editing applications.
Burden and quality of care index of chronic kidney disease: Global Burden of Disease analysis for 1990–2019
Authors: Rashidi Mohammad-Mahdi , Saeedi Moghaddam Sahar , Azadnajafabad Sina , Heidari-Foroozan Mahsa , Haddadi Mohammad , Sharifnejad Tehrani Yeganeh , Keykhaei Mohammad , Ghasemi Erfan , Mohammadi Esmaeil , Ahmadi Naser , Malekpour Mohammad-Reza , Mohammadi Fateh Sahar , Rezaei Negar , Mehrazma Mitra , Larijani Bagher , Farzadfar Farshad 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT

Background
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) imposes a heavy obscure burden on individuals and health systems. Besides its burden, the quality of care of CKD is less well investigated. In this study, we aimed to explore the global, regional and national trends of CKD burden and quality of care.

Methods
The Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 data were used. Trends of incidence, prevalence, deaths and disability-adjusted life years were studied for the 1990–2019 period in the global aspect. By generating four secondary indices to assess different aspects of quality of care the quality of care index (QCI) was developed to explore the care provided for CKD. Inequities and disparities between various geographic, socio-demographic and age stratifications, and sex were studied using the QCI values.

Results
In 2019, there were 18 986 903 (95% uncertainty interval 17 556 535 to 20 518 156) incident cases of CKD, globally. The overall global QCI score had increased slightly from 78.4 in 1990 to 81.6 in 2019, and it was marginally better in males (QCI score 83.5) than in females (80.3). The highest QCI score was observed in the European region with a score of 92.5, while the African region displayed the lowest QCI with 61.7. Among the age groups, the highest QCI was for children aged between 5 and 9 years old (92.0), and the lowest was in the age group of 20–24 year olds (65.5).

Conclusions
This study revealed that significant disparities remain regarding the quality of care of CKD, and to reach better care for CKD, attention to and care of minorities should be reconsidered. The evidence presented in this study would benefit health policymakers toward better and more efficient control of CKD burden alongside improving the care of this condition.
Cognitive Approaches to Understanding Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Authors: Taylor Steven , Abramowitz Jonathan S. , McKay Dean , Minaya Charlene 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on cognitive models (also known as cognitive-behavioral models) of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders. The models posit that appraisals, dysfunctional beliefs, and maladaptive behaviors play important roles in the etiology and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs). The chapter begins with an historical perspective in which the antecedents of the models are described. Contemporary cognitive models of OCD are described, and their empirical support is reviewed. This is followed by a review of cognitive models of four OCRDs: hoarding disorder, skin-picking disorder (excoriation), body dysmorphic disorder, and hair-pulling disorder (trichotillomania). Conceptual strengths and weaknesses of OCD and OCD-related cognitive models are identified, areas for improvement are identified, and potentially fruitful directions for future research are proposed.
Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Calamari John E. , Dams Gregory M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The phenomenology and epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are reviewed. Early observers of human behavior identified core OCD phenomenology, the experience of intrusive negative thoughts, and the related repetitive and compulsive behaviors. The evolution of the understanding of OCD is reflected in the psychiatric disorder taxonomy. Both the evolution and how the changes led to the condition’s current conceptualization and definition are evaluated, along with the new obsessive-compulsive and related disorders category. Comorbidity is the rule, not the exception, with OCD. We summarize which conditions co-occur with OCD and how often comorbidity happens. OCD epidemiology is reviewed including the condition’s prevalence, age at onset, and the significant associated disability and high levels of suicidality. OCD heterogeneity is seen in the many types of obsessions and compulsion symptoms observed, the variability in the age of onset, and the different comorbid conditions and the frequency of their comorbidity. Significant heterogeneity across multiple domains is a continuing challenge to the clinician attempting to identify or treat OCD, and to researchers working to better understand the disorder. Significant gains have been made in understanding OCD, but many challenges remain.
Treatment of Hoarding Disorder
Authors: Grisham Jessica R. , Norberg Melissa M. , Yap Keong 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Hoarding disorder (HD) is a chronic and debilitating psychological disorder with wide ranging negative effects on individuals, their families, and the community. In this chapter we review the current evidence for the use of pharmacological and psychological interventions in HD. Our review showed that cognitive-behavioral interventions are efficacious. However, many gaps and issues exist. In particular, research has not evaluated the efficacy of pharmacological treatments in comparison to control treatments. Furthermore, psychological treatment outcomes are modest and treatment effectiveness is further reduced by high dropout rates. Recent studies evaluating modifications to cognitive-behavioral interventions such as incorporating cognitive rehabilitation and exposure/sorting therapy, contingency management, community services such as a local fire officer, and the inclusion of student-facilitated in-home sessions show that improvements to outcomes are possible and provide an impetus for large scale clinical trials. We conclude the chapter with a discussion of the challenges that affect treatment outcomes for HD and provide suggestions for future directions in research.
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders in Older Adults
Authors: Calamari John E. , Carmin Cheryl N. , Messerlie Amanda , Sarac Sibel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
While the population ages, the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) remain understudied in older adults. Several OCRDs occur regularly in late life and are highly debilitating for older people. Other OCRDs have not been studied in older adults. This chapter summarizes the important emotional changes that are now known to characterize late life as a context for understanding older adults’ mental health. The chapter reviews estimates of late-life OCRD prevalence and whether the symptoms experienced by older people differ from symptoms in other age groups. The chapter examines age at onset and life course as important factors for understanding how the conditions come to affect older people. Studies on the life course of hoarding disorder (HD) suggest that while the condition begins early in life, the disorder is both chronic and progressive. Older adults often experience HD in severe form. Emerging information on the developmental course of HD and its prevalence in older adults has precipitated increased research and refinements in treatment. In contrast, late-life obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) remains neglected, and controlled treatment outcome studies have not occurred with older people. While most patients’ OCD begins early in life, evidence suggests that there is a subgroup who experience the disorder for the first time in late life. To better understand late-life OCRDs, new models test whether the important changes occurring in late life might interact with disorder risk factors to precipitate late-life obsessional disorders. The results of initial tests of these models are encouraging.
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Lee Scott M. , Liu Gary , Meinert Allison , Manis Jamie , Guzick Andrew G. , Schneider Sophie C. , Goodman Wayne K. , Storch Eric A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, and skin-picking disorder, among children and adolescents. For each disorder, the phenomenology, assessment, comorbidity, etiology, and extant treatment data are reviewed. While much of the knowledge is derived from literature and clinical expertise regarding obsessive-compulsive and related disorders in the adult population, it is hoped that that the synthesis of information presented will contribute to optimal care of pediatric patients with these disorders. Furthermore, it is hoped that this review will foster additional scholarship and understanding of the conditions towards improved care and new innovations in this population.
Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Trichotillomania and Skin-Picking Disorder
Authors: Ricketts Emily J. , Stiede Jordan T. , Woods Douglas W. , Antinoro Diana , Franklin Martin E. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter highlights the diagnostic features and clinical characteristics of trichotillomania, skin-picking, and nail-biting and their diagnostic distinction from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and other conditions. Nonclinical forms of these disorders are described. Information on the prevalence and limitations of epidemiologic research is discussed. The gender ratio, age of onset, longitudinal course, functional impairment, and healthcare utilization are described for each disorder. The cross-cultural features of the disorders are highlighted, and patterns of psychiatric comorbidity are discussed. Additionally, the chapter briefly discusses the relationship between the disorders and psychotic conditions.
Information Processing in Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Authors: Alcolado Gillian M. , Giraldo-O’Meara Martha , Krause Sandra C. , Leonhart Mark W. , Radomsky Adam S. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Information-processing (IP) is increasingly understood to be closely related to the cognitions and behaviors symptomatic of a wide range of disorders. This chapter covers key research on the state of IP differences (whether they be biases and/or deficits) seen in the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. These disorders include obsessive-compulsive disorder, hoarding disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and excoriation (skin-picking disorder). The chapter elucidates how each IP phenomenon appears to be related to its associated disorder. Conclusions are drawn about the relatedness of the disorders based on IP similarities and differences. Remaining uncertainties and gaps in the literature are identified and recommendations for future research that would clarify such questions are discussed.
The Historic Fires of Singapore
Authors: Loh Kah Seng 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Few fires in slums and squatter areas have been studied. One documented case on the crucial relationship between urban fires and housing is the 1961 Kampong Bukit Ho Swee fire in the city-state of Singapore. The inferno was historic in precipitating an expansive public housing program and forging a public housing state in Singapore. It transformed the physical and socioeconomic landscape and the role and identity of the people as model citizen-workers. But the inferno also generated an archival record and triggered oral history testimonies that can be used to tease out the intricacies of local life within the city’s maligned kampong districts.
The Bustos Domecq Cycle
Authors: García Mariano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Although the Crónicas de Bustos Domecq reveal a shared disdain for modern art in general and thus a shared reactionary stance, the collaborative writing between Borges and Bioy Casares was not always or necessarily the product of a “friendship to the death” spurred by unalterable affinities; rather, it progressed on the basis of mutual concessions, both thematic and aesthetic. Borges, after his detour into realism with El informe de Brodie, continuously moved toward the allegorical, as seen with El libro de arena. Bioy Casares, on the contrary, stayed within the vaguely fantastic costumbrismo initially seen in his book El sueño de los héroes, which constituted a complex operation of distancing his work from a certain Borgesian repertoire. In particular, Seis problemas para don Isidro Parodi, Dos fantasías memorables, and Un modelo para la muerte, in their baroqueness through accretion, demonstrate aesthetic interests stemming from opposite directions.
Borges, Gender, and Sexuality
Authors: Kaminsky Amy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses feminist and queer analyses of Borges’s narrative, especially “La intrusa” [The Intruder] and “Emma Zunz,” including Jewish feminist approaches. It discusses biographical criticism, particularly concerning Borges’s own sexuality. It considers how Borges’s writing relates to conflicts between nonessentialists and deconstructionist feminists, looking at both women’s subjectivity and a symbolic system rooted in gender difference. It proposes a new reading of “El duelo” [The Duel] that troubles the view of Borges as simply a cheerleader for patriarchal heteronormativity and proposes a new term, “the Borges impediment,” where the author opens up a space for women to establish relationships only to foreclose on them. The chapter turns to a discussion of queer critical concerns, including signs of homoeroticism and homophobia, and it looks at the occasional convergences of Borges scholarship and LGBTQ studies among scholars who do both, but often not at the same time. It concludes with a consideration of art in a range of genres that both renders homage to Borges and challenges the heteronormative, patriarchal world he reflects and produces.
Harlem Renaissance
Authors: Carter Jacoby Adeshi , Mason Sheena Michele 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Harlem Renaissance has been unquestioningly regarded by many of its interpreters as a profound period for the creation of racialized Black art. Undeniably, this was a very productive movement that birthed a plethora of aesthetic creations across a vast array of artistic mediums. This chapter argues that the existence of racialized Black art was itself a contested notion in and underlying the work of many of its most influential figures. The philosophical underpinnings of various positionalities related to racialization (i.e., philosophies of race) remain to be mined in the literature and other artistic output, but can reveal just how complex the creation and interpretation of racialized Black art from the Harlem Renaissance remains. Some problems germane to the New Negro movement concern ethical questions of an artist’s supposed obligation to be racially representative, or the responsibility of artist racialized as white toward subjects and subject matter of those racialized as Black and cultural appropriation.
Distinguishing between Ethics and Aesthetics
Authors: Song Moonyoung 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Recent discussion of the relationship between the aesthetic and the ethical has focused on whether and how the two realms interact with one another. Behind this value interaction debate lies the implicit assumption that the aesthetic and the ethical are distinct. But are the two realms indeed distinct and, if so, in what ways? This chapter surveys existing discussions related to this question and explores the implications that they might have for the value interaction debate. In doing so, the chapter focuses on three specific questions that correspond to three ways in which the aesthetics and the ethical may not be fully distinct: (1) Are the aesthetic and the ethical identical? (2) Do they partly overlap? (3) Is one of them part of the other?
Virtue Aesthetics, Art, and Ethics
Authors: Snow Nancy E. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a brief overview of virtue ethics and virtue epistemology, and then surveys work by Peter Goldie, Dominic McIver Lopes, David Woodruff, Tom Roberts, and Matthew Kieran and raises critical questions. For example, what is the role of phronēsis or practical wisdom in an Aristotelian-inspired account of aesthetic virtue? How does appropriate motivation come into play? Can a virtue consequentialist perspective explain why art matters, as Goldie’s account purports to do? Those who draw on virtue epistemology for inspiration allow for two types of aesthetic virtues: traits and faculties. The inclusion of faculties raises questions several questions. Is artistic talent a virtue? If so, the spectre of elitism arises, as the aesthetic virtues of production would not be attributable to those lacking artistic talent. The second part of the chapter draws on Woodruff, Roberts, and Kieran to explore in greater depth individual virtues and vices of production and appreciation. The author also raise other questions of ethics and art, for example, how the moral or immoral character of artwork affects our responses. Finally, the chapter outlines an approach to virtue aesthetics that answers questions raised in earlier parts of the chapter and contributes to the ongoing development of virtue aesthetics.
Ancient Greek Philosophers on Art and Ethics
Authors: Destrée Pierre 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Ancient Greek art of which Homer’s epic poems were paradigmatic was not morally uplifting. And yet as Homer conveys in the iconic episode of the Sirens, art is a source of great pleasures that no average morally good person would want to miss. Philosophers tried to find a way out of this paradox, which Plato reformulated as the challenge of reconciling pleasure and (moral) usefulness of (immoral) art. This chapter first reviews Plato’s banishment of the poets, which is to be read as a kind of provocation addressed to the reader, urging them to find a response to that challenge. It then presents four such responses. Plato himself suggests the idea of a detached contemplation of art, while Plutarch proposes that consuming art safely must be critical. Taking the concept of ethically useful in a very general sense, Aristotle put forward the connoisseur’s appreciation of art, while the Epicureans are adamant that art offers harmless sensuous pleasures.
Aestheticism
Authors: Rothfeld Becca 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter treats aestheticism, according to which moral evaluations sometimes depend wholly or partially on aesthetic evaluations. Because the view does not yet have many self-professed adherents, much of the taxonomizing in this chapter is somewhat speculative. The chapter classifies existing and possible variants of the view with reference to two questions: the relation question, which asks after the nature of the relation between the moral and the aesthetic, and the relata question, which asks after the nature of the entities in the relevant relation. While strong aestheticists answer the relation question by maintaining that aesthetic value gives rise to ethical value, weak aestheticists hold that aesthetic evaluations imply ethical evaluations. When it comes to the relata question, though aestheticism is most often formulated as a thesis about the aesthetic and ethical value of artworks in particular, it is sometimes formulated as a thesis about aesthetic value and ethical value more generally.
Film
Authors: Plantinga Carl 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Narrative films have long been thought to have the capacity to affect human action and understanding. This chapter examines five major strains of thought, in film theory and philosophy, about the relationship between film spectatorship and ethics. The first section describes early film theories which argue that the medium itself has the capacity to enlarge human understanding of the world and other people. The second section is about apparatus and critical theory in film studies, tracing the major strains of this Marxist-influenced theory and its interest in the ethics implications of immersion, estrangement, and reflexivity in narrative film. The third section discusses the burden of representation by which representations of individual characters may harmfully be taken to be representative of types or groups. The next section describes the film-as-philosophy movement in relation to ethics. The final section covers cognitive and analytical approaches to ethics in relation to the capacity of films to engender moral learning, moral persuasion, sympathy, empathy, character engagement, and emotional response.