bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Quick and dirty”: Intuitive cognitive style predicts trust in Didier Raoult and his hydroxychloroquine-based treatment against COVID-19
Authors: Fuhrer Joffrey , Cova Florian 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, French public opinion has been divided about Pr. Didier Raoult and his hydroxychloroquine-based treatment against COVID-19. In this paper, our aim is to contribute to the understanding of this polarization of public opinion by investigating the relationship between (analytic vs. intuitive) cognitive style and trust in Didier Raoult and his treatment. Through three studies (totalNafter exclusion = 950), we found that a more intuitive cognitive style predicted higher trust in Didier Raoult and his treatment. Moreover, we found that Trust in Raoult was positively associated with belief that truth is political, belief in conspiracy theories, belief in pseudo-medicines and pseudo-medical and conspiratorial beliefs regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. We also found a negative association with knowledge of scientific methods and regard for scientific method over personal experience. However, higher trust in Didier Raoult was not associated with self-reported compliance with official regulations concerning the COVID-19 pandemic.
Inducing feelings of ignorance makes people more receptive to expert (economist) opinion
Authors: Meyers Ethan A. , Turpin Martin H. , Białek Michał , Fugelsang Jonathan A. , Koehler Derek J. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWhile they usually should, people do not revise their beliefs more to expert (economist) opinion than to lay opinion. The present research sought to better understand the factors that make it more likely for an individual to change their mind when faced with the opinions of expert economists versus the general public. Across five studies we examined the role that overestimation of knowledge plays in this behavior. We replicated the finding that people fail to privilege the opinion of experts over the public across two different (Study 1) and five different (Study 5) economic issues. We further find that undermining an illusion of both topic-relevant (Studies 2–4) and -irrelevant knowledge (Studies 3 and 4) leads to greater normative belief revision in response to expert rather than lay opinion. We suggest one reason that people fail to revise their beliefs more in response to experts is because people think they know more than they really do.
Unit Asking — a method for increasing donations: A replication and extension
Authors: Karlsson Hulda , Hellström Simon , Moche Hajdi , Västfjäll Daniel 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWe replicate and extend unit asking – a method to increase donations by first asking donors for their willingness to donate for one unit and then asking for donations for multiple units (Hsee, Zhang & Xu, 2013) We conducted a large scale replication and extension using a 2 (unit asking, control) × 3 (domains; children (original), animals, environment) between-subjects design. Across three domains, we find that unit asking increased donations, suggesting that this method can be used to increase giving to different charitable causes.
Input-dependent noise can explain magnitude-sensitivity in optimal value-based decision-making
Authors: Pirrone Angelo , Reina Andreagiovanni , Gobet Fernand 
Published: January 2023

AbstractRecent work has derived the optimal policy for two-alternative value-based decisions, in which decision-makers compare the subjective expected reward of two alternatives. Under specific task assumptions — such as linear utility, linear cost of time and constant processing noise — the optimal policy is implemented by a diffusion process in which parallel decision thresholds collapse over time as a function of prior knowledge about average reward across trials. This policy predicts that the decision dynamics of each trial are dominated by the difference in value between alternatives and are insensitive to the magnitude of the alternatives (i.e., their summed values). This prediction clashes with empirical evidence showing magnitude-sensitivity even in the case of equal alternatives, and with ecologically plausible accounts of decision making. Previous work has shown that relaxing assumptions about linear utility or linear time cost can give rise to optimal magnitude-sensitive policies. Here we question the assumption of constant processing noise, in favour of input-dependent noise. The neurally plausible assumption of input-dependent noise during evidence accumulation has received strong support from previous experimental and modelling work. We show that including input-dependent noise in the evidence accumulation process results in a magnitude-sensitive optimal policy for value-based decision-making, even in the case of a linear utility function and a linear cost of time, for both single (i.e., isolated) choices and sequences of choices in which decision-makers maximise reward rate. Compared to explanations that rely on non-linear utility functions and/or non-linear cost of time, our proposed account of magnitude-sensitive optimal decision-making provides a parsimonious explanation that bridges the gap between various task assumptions and between various types of decision making.
COVID-19 as infodemic: The impact of political orientation and open-mindedness on the discernment of misinformation in WhatsApp
Authors: Bonafé-Pontes Andressa , Couto Cleno , Kakinohana Regis , Travain Mariana , Schimidt Luísa , Pilati Ronaldo 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMessaging applications are changing the communication landscape in emerging countries. While offering speed and affordability, these solutions have also opened the way for the spread of misinformation. Aiming to better understand the dynamics of COVID-19 as infodemic, we asked Brazilian participants (n=1007) to report the perceived accuracy of 20 messages (10 true and 10 false). Each message was randomly presented within five fictitious WhatsApp group chats of varying political orientation. Correlational analyses revealed that right-wing participants had lower levels of truth discernment as did those with greater trust in social media as a reliable source of coronavirus information. Conversely, open-minded thinking about evidence and trust in the WHO and traditional media was positively associated with truth discernment. Familiarity with the content consistently increased perceived truthness for both true and false messages. Results point to the nefarious effects of COVID-19 politicization and underline the importance of promoting the ability to recognize and value new evidence as well as enhancing trust in international agencies and traditional media.
Social mindfulness is normative when costs are low, but rapidly declines with increases in costs
Authors: Engel Christoph , Van Lange Paul A. M. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAs a complement to high-cost cooperation as assessed in economic games, the concept of social mindfulness focuses on low-cost acts of kindness. While social mindfulness seems quite natural, performed by many most of the time (reaching a level of 60–70 percent), what happens if such acts become more costly, and if costs become more salient? The present research replicates the prevalence of social mindfulness when costs are salient, but low. Yet we show that, with small increments in costs, the vast majority no longer exhibits social mindfulness. This holds even if we keep the outcomes for self high in comparison with the beneficiary. We conclude that the literature on social mindfulness should pay attention to cost. Clearly, if being socially mindful comes with high costs, this is not what most people are prepared to do. In contrast as long as costs are low and not salient, social mindfulness seems natural and normative.
Judgments of frequency and duration: One or two underlying dimensions?
Authors: Titz Johannes , Sedlmeier Peter 
Published: January 2023

AbstractHowoftenand for howlonga certain object was encountered are two distinct questions, requiring two distinct answers. But when humans judge an object to have been presented often, they usually also judge it to have been presented for a long duration. Under certain conditions the reverse is also true: When an object has been presented for a long time, humans think it has been presented often. These mutual influences hint at a single underlying dimension on which judgments of frequency and duration are based. But the judgments also differ in certain respects, which instead speaks for two independent dimensions. In this article, from a novel formal perspective, we revisit arguments for and against unidimensional and two-dimensional models. To determine which of these models is supported empirically, we analyzed all available studies and tested an overlooked but critical condition that would allow us to draw a definitive conclusion. Our evidence speaks against a unidimensional model in all variants.
Randomization and serial dependence in professional tennis matches: Do strategic considerations, player rankings and match characteristics matter?
Authors: Spiliopoulos Leonidas 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn many sports contests, the equilibrium requires players to randomize across repeated rounds, i.e., exhibit no temporal predictability. Such sports data present a window into the (in)efficiency of random sequence generation in a natural competitive environment, where the decision makers (tennis players) are both highly experienced and incentivized compared to laboratory studies. I resolve a long-standing debate about whether professional players’ tennis serve directions are serially independent (Hsu, Huang & Tang, 2007) or not (Walker & Wooders, 2001) using a new dataset that is two orders of magnitude larger than those studies. I examine both between- and within-player determinants of the degree of serial (in)dependence. Evidence of the existence of significant serial dependence across serves is presented, even among players ranked Number 1 in the world. Furthermore, significant heterogeneity was found with respect to the strength of serial dependence and also its sign. A novel finding is that Number 1 and Number 2 ranked players tend to under-alternate on average, whereas in line with previous findings, the lower-ranked the players, the greater their tendency to over-alternate. Within-player analyses show that high-ranked players do not condition their randomization behavior on their opponent’s ranking. However, the under-alternation of top players would be consistent with a best-response to beliefs that the population of opponents over-alternates on average. Finally, the degree of observed serial dependence is not systematically related to other match variables proxying for match difficulty, fatigue, and psychological pressure.
Choosing victims: Human fungibility in moral decision-making
Authors: Białek Michał , Fugelsang Jonathan , Friedman Ori 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn considering moral dilemmas, people often judge the acceptability of exchanging individuals’ interests, rights, and even lives. Here we investigate the related, but often overlooked, question of how people decide who to sacrifice in a moral dilemma. In three experiments (total N = 558), we provide evidence that these decisions often depend on the feeling that certain people are fungible and interchangeable with one another, and that one factor that leads people to be viewed this way is shared nationality. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants read vignettes in which three individuals’ lives could be saved by sacrificing another person. When the individuals were characterized by their nationalities, participants chose to save the three endangered people by sacrificing someone who shared their nationality, rather than sacrificing someone from a different nationality. Participants do not show similar preferences, though, when individuals were characterized by their age or month of birth. In Experiment 3, we replicated the effect of nationality on participant’s decisions about who to sacrifice, and also found that they did not show a comparable preference in a closely matched vignette in which lives were not exchanged. This suggests that the effect of nationality on decisions of who to sacrifice may be specific to judgments about exchanges of lives.
Choosing to choose or not
Authors: Shoval Roy , Karsh Noam , Eitam Baruch 
Published: January 2023

AbstractTo what degree do people prefer to choose for themselves and what drives this preference? Is it memory-based and results from a life-long association between choices and better outcomes, or is the process of choice itself reinforcing? In a new paradigm, across 6 experiments, participants experienced both ’Own Choice’ and ’Computer Picks’ conditions with identical outcomes before selecting which condition to re-experience in the final part of the experiment. Consistent with previous work, an overwhelming majority ( 83%) preferred own-choice. Several variations of the paradigm reveal that (1) Preference For Choice (PFC) is reduced when thinking about the task without actually choosing in it, (2) PFC is substantially reduced by choice-unrelated cognitive load, and (3) Preference For Choice is further diminished when selection is based on criteria other than one’s preferences. Across experiments, participants’ self-rated enjoyment predicted a significant portion of their PFC, while their perceived gains had little to no predictive value. If PFC stems solely from past reinforcement learning (i.e., memory) then neither performing another few scores of choices nor adding cognitive load to that sequence of choices would be expected to dramatically affect it. Hence, our findings suggest that a significant part of this preference stems from the process of choice itself, and that the experience it confers can itself be reinforcing. We discuss the implications of the proposed mechanism for PFC, which leads us to the prediction that PFC may be muted or even reversed under specific conditions and what this means for when the ‘opposite’ effect – sticking with the default – will occur.
The advice less taken: The consequences of receiving unexpected advice
Authors: Rebholz Tobias R. , Hütter Mandy 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAlthough new information technologies and social networks make a wide variety of opinions and advice easily accessible, one can never be sure to get support on a focal judgment task. Nevertheless, participants in traditional advice taking studies are by default informed in advance about the opportunity to revise their judgment in the light of advice. The expectation of advice, however, may affect the weight assigned to it. The present research therefore investigates whether the advice taking process depends on the expectation of advice in the judge-advisor system (JAS). Five preregistered experiments (totalN= 2019) compared low and high levels of advice expectation. While there was no evidence for expectation effects in three experiments with block-wise structure, we obtained support for a positive influence of advice expectation on advice weighting in two experiments implementing sequential advice taking. The paradigmatic disclosure of the full procedure to participants thus constitutes an important boundary condition for the ecological study of advice taking behavior. The results suggest that the conventional JAS procedure fails to capture a class of judgment processes where advice is unexpected and therefore weighted less.
Stress and risk — Preferences versus noise
Authors: Parslow Elle , Rose Julia 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWe analyze the impact of acute stress on risky choice in a pre-registered laboratory experiment with 194 participants. We test the causal impact of stress on the stability of risk preferences by separating noise in decision-making from an actual shift in preferences. We find no significant differences in risk attitudes across conditions on the aggregate, using both descriptive analyses as well as structural estimations for risk aversion and different noise structures. Additionally, in line with the previous literature, we find statistically significant evidence for lower cognitive abilities being correlated with more noise in decision-making in general. We do not find a significant interaction effect between cognitive abilities and stress on noise levels.
Playing with words: Do people exploit loaded language to affect others’
decisions for their own benefit?
Authors: Capraro Valerio , Vanzo Andrea , Cabrales Antonio 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We report on three pre-registered studies testing whether people in the
position of describing a decision problem to decision-makers exploit this
opportunity for their benefit, by choosing descriptions that may be
potentially beneficial for themselves. In Study 1, recipients of an extreme
dictator game (where dictators can either take the whole pie for themselves
or give it entirely to the receiver) are asked to choose the instructions
used to introduce the game to dictators, from six different instructions
known from previous research to affect dictators’ decisions. The results
demonstrate that some dictator game recipients tend to choose instructions
that make them more likely to receive a higher payoff. Study 2 shows that
people who choose descriptions that make them more likely to receive a
higher payoff indeed believe that they will receive a higher payoff. Study 3
shows that receivers are more likely than dictators to choose these
self-serving descriptions. In sum, our work suggests that some people choose
descriptions that are beneficial to themselves; we also found some evidence
that deliberative thinking and young age are associated with this
tendency.
Frequency or total number? A comparison of different presentation formats
on risk perception during COVID-19
Authors: Jie Yun 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Curbing the COVID-19 pandemic remains an ongoing global challenge.
Institutions often release information about confirmed COVID-19 cases by
citing the total number of cases (e.g., 100,000), their (relative) frequency
(e.g., 100 per 1,000,000), or occasionally their proportion (e.g., 0.0001)
in a region. I compared the effect of these three presentation formats —
total cases, frequency, and proportion — on people’s perceived risk. I found
people perceived a higher risk of COVID-19 from a total-cases format than
from frequency formats when the denominators are relatively small, and the
lowest risk from a proportion format. Correspondingly, people underestimated
total infections when given frequency and overestimated frequency when given
total number of cases. Additional comparisons were made among mathematically
equivalent variations of frequency formats (e.g., 1 in 100, 10 in 1,000,
1,000 in 10,000, etc.). The results provided qualified support for
denominator neglect, which seems to occur in bins into which denominators
are grouped (e.g., 1–1000, 10000–100000), such that only across bins could
participants perceive differences. Finally, a mixed format of proportion and
total cases reduced perceived risks from total cases alone, while a mixed
format of frequency and total cases failed to produce similar results. I
conclude by providing concrete suggestions regarding COVID-19 information
releases.
Validation of Adult Decision-Making Competence in Chinese college students
Authors: Liang Shujing , Zou Yuwei 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe present study was conducted to validate the Chinese version of the Adult Decision-Making Competence scale. 364 college students were recruited from four universities in China. The results indicate the Chinese Adult Decision-Making Competence subscales have good internal consistency and the two-factor structure in the study of Bruine de Bruin et al. (2007) was confirmed. Gender differences were found in Resistance to Sunk Cost. Differences of Applying Decision Rules and Consistency in Risk Perception were found between participants with different education background. Overall, the Chinese Adult Decision-Making Competence scale is validated in China.
Value-directed information search in partner choice
Authors: Wang Hongyi , Ma Jiaxin , He Lisheng 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It is a widely held view that people rely on incomplete information to
find a relationship partner, resulting in non-compensatory choice
heuristics. However, recent experimental work typically finds that partner
choice follows compensatory choice strategies. To bridge this gap between
theory and experimental evidence, we characterize the mate choice problem by
distinguishing the information search process from the evaluation process.
In an eye-tracking experiment and a MouseLab experiment, we show that people
display strong value-directed search heuristics in response to all types of
cues and that the magnitude of value-directed searches increases with cue
primacy. Cue primacy also explains the interaction effect of cue type and
participant sex on the extent of valued-directed search. We further argue
that value-directed searching does not necessarily lead to non-compensatory
choice rules but may serve compensatory decision-making. Our results
demonstrate that people may adopt remarkably smart search heuristics to find
an ideal partner efficiently.
Hypothesized drivers of the bias blind spot—cognitive sophistication,
introspection bias, and conversational processes
Authors: Mandel David R. , Collins Robert N. , Walker Alexander C. , Fugelsang Jonathan A. , Risko Evan F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Individuals often assess themselves as being less susceptible to common
biases compared to others. This bias blind spot
(BBS) is thought to represent a metacognitive error. In this research, we
tested three explanations for the effect: The cognitive sophistication
hypothesis posits that individuals who display the BBS more strongly are
actually less biased than others. The introspection bias hypothesis posits
that the BBS occurs because people rely on introspection more when assessing
themselves compared to others. The conversational processes hypothesis
posits that the effect is largely a consequence of the pragmatic aspects of
the experimental situation rather than true metacognitive error. In two
experiments (N = 1057) examining 18
social/motivational and cognitive biases, there was strong evidence of the
BBS. Among the three hypotheses examined, the conversational processes
hypothesis attracted the greatest support, thus raising questions about the
extent to which the BBS is a metacognitive effect.