bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differentiation of white matter histopathology using b-tensor encoding and machine learning
Authors: Rios-Carrillo Ricardo , Ramírez-Manzanares Alonso , Luna-Munguía Hiram , Regalado Mirelta , Concha Luis 
Published: February 2023

AbstractDiffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DW-MRI) is a non-invasive technique that is sensitive to microstructural geometry in neural tissue and is useful for the detection of neuropathology in research and clinical settings. Tensor valued diffusion encoding schemes (b-tensor) have been developed to enrich the microstructural data that can be obtained through DW-MRI. These advanced methods have proven to be more specific to microstructural properties than conventional DW-MRI acquisitions. Additionally, machine learning methods are particularly useful for the study of multidimensional data sets. In this work, we have tested the reach of b-tensor encoding data analyses with machine learning in different histopathological scenarios. We achieved this in three steps: 1) We induced different forms of white matter damage in rodent optic nerves. 2) We obtainedex-vivoDW-MRI with b-tensor encoding schemes and calculated quantitative metrics using Q-space Trajectory Imaging. 3) We used a machine learning model to identify the main contributing features and built a voxel-wise probabilistic classification map of histological damage. Our results show that this model is sensitive to characteristics of microstructural damage. In conclusion, b-tensor encoded DW-MRI analyzed with machine learning methods, have the potential to be further developed for the detection of histopathology and neurodegeneration.
Visuomotor activity associated with conditioned hand movements in premotor cortex of blindsight macaques
Authors: Yamamoto Yusuke , Kitazume Saya , Takahashi Jun , Onoe Hirotaka , Yamaguchi Reona , Isa Tadashi 
Published: February 2023

AbstractSome patients with damage to the primary visual cortex (V1) can respond to visual stimuli in their affected visual field, even though they report loss of visual awareness. This phenomenon is termed blindsight. To clarify the visuomotor transformation for hand movement control in the blindsight condition, we conducted multichannel electrocorticographical recordings from the ipsilesional frontal cortex including the frontal eye field, premotor, primary motor, and somatosensory areas during a delayed conditioned two-alternative forced choice manual response task with arbitrary assignment of push-pull manual responses in relation to the visual target cue locations before and after unilateral V1 lesioning in macaque monkeys. Before lesioning, the activity in the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) showed short latency task-related θ ~ α band responses that were significantly higher in the successful trials than in the error/miss trials at approximately 200 ms after target cue onset. At 2–3 months after lesioning, the monkeys regained a >80% success rate in response to appearance of the target cue in the lesion-affected visual field. At this stage, similar task-related θ ~ α band target cue responses were observed in the PMd. Further, Granger causality from the PMd to the primary motor cortex was enhanced in the θ ~ α, γ, and high-γ bands during the delay period of the task. These results suggested that the PMd plays a crucial role in mediating the visual signals for execution of hand movements in blindsight monkeys.Significant StatementBlindsight is a curious phenomenon in which the patients with damage to the primary visual cortex can still respond to visual stimulus in their blinded visual field despite loss of awareness. Previously we clarified the critical circuits for visually guided saccadic eye movements in blindsight macaques, however, those for the control of hand movements are still unclear. Here, we have recorded the multichannel electrocorticography in the frontal cortices during the conditioned manual response task and found that the dorsal premotor cortex exhibits task-related θ ~ α band target cue responses at approximately 200 ms after the visual cue onset, similarly to the intact state. This is the first report of electrophysiological recordings in the frontal lobe of the blindsight subjects.
Seasonal plasticity and energy efficiency in migratory buntings is an assemblage of alterations in metabolic and gut microbe adaptations
Authors: Gupta Neelu Jain , Das Samya , Das Mrinal , Arya Rakesh , Kumar Anit , Nanda Ranjan Kumar 
Published: February 2023

AbstractCirculatory system is the source of useful metabolites to enable organismal energy demands of muscle during different life states of birds including migration. In this study, we profiled the serum metabolites and fecal microbiome of redheaded buntings (Emberiza bruniceps) exhibiting diurnal non-migratory (nonM) pre-migratory (preM), migratory (M) and post-migratory (posM) states, when exposed to long days (14L:10D). Using gas chromatography, out of the identified 124 serum analytes, 38 showed significant variations (Fold change, VIP) between states. Out of these, 11 metabolites (short chain fatty acids, SCFAs-butanoate and hexanoate, lactate, pyruvate, ethylene and acetate oxime, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), niacin, L-valine and carboximidic acids viz. phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) and diethyl carbamate) involved in energy pathways and enhanced immunity showed higher abundance inMstate. While, upsurge of L-valine suggested energy contribution of glucogenic branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) inMstate, that of leucine metabolite, was related to higher temperature inposMbirds. Gut microbiota was analysed using faeces of buntings (n=6 each) during nonM and M states and alteration in bacterial compositions was observed; faeces of nonM birds were enriched in proteobacteria, while those of M were rich in firmicutes. This study reports the migratory state specific changes in the serum metabolome and faecal microbiome of the buntings and highlights the role of short chain fatty acids, SCFAs and branched chain amino acids, BCAAs during hypermetabolic state of migration.
Biomimetic multi-channel microstimulation of somatosensory cortex conveys high resolution force feedback for bionic hands
Authors: Greenspon Charles M. , Valle Giacomo , Hobbs Taylor G. , Verbaarschot Ceci , Callier Thierri , Okorokova Elizaveta V. , Shelchkova Natalya D. , Sobinov Anton R. , Jordan Patrick M. , Weiss Jeffrey M. , Fitzgerald Emily E. , Prasad Dillan , van Driesche Ashley , Lee Ray C. , Satzer David , Gonzalez-Martinez Jorge , Warnke Peter C. , Miller Lee E. , Boninger Michael L. , Collinger Jennifer L. , Gaunt Robert A. , Downey John E. , Hatsopoulos Nicholas G. , Bensmaia Sliman J. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractManual interactions with objects are supported by tactile signals from the hand. This tactile feedback can be restored in brain-controlled bionic hands via intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) of somatosensory cortex (S1). In ICMS-based tactile feedback, contact force can be signaled by modulating the stimulation intensity based on the output of force sensors on the bionic hand, which in turn modulates the perceived magnitude of the sensation. In the present study, we gauged the dynamic range and precision of ICMS-based force feedback in three human participants implanted with arrays of microelectrodes in S1. To this end, we measured the increases in sensation magnitude resulting from increases in ICMS amplitude and participant’s ability to distinguish between different intensity levels. We then assessed whether we could improve the fidelity of this feedback by implementing “biomimetic” ICMS-trains, designed to evoke patterns of neuronal activity that more closely mimic those in natural touch, and by delivering ICMS through multiple channels at once. We found that multi-channel biomimetic ICMS gives rise to stronger and more distinguishable sensations than does its single-channel counterpart. Finally, we implemented biomimetic multi-channel feedback in a bionic hand and had the participant perform a compliance discrimination task. We found that biomimetic multi-channel tactile feedback yielded improved discrimination over its single-channel linear counterpart. We conclude that multi-channel biomimetic ICMS conveys finely graded force feedback that more closely approximates the sensitivity conferred by natural touch.
Optogenetic inhibition of the caudal substantia nigra inflates behavioral responding to uncertain threat and safety
Authors: Wright Kristina M , Cieslewski Shannon , Chu Amanda , McDannald Michael A 
Published: February 2023

AbstractDefensive responding is adaptive when it approximates current threat, but maladaptive when it exceeds current threat. Here we asked if the substantia nigra, a region consistently implicated in reward, is necessary to show appropriate levels of defensive responding in Pavlovian fear discrimination. Rats received bilateral transduction of the caudal substantia nigra with halorhodopsin or a control fluorophore, and bilateral ferrule implants. Rats then behaviorally discriminated cues predicting unique foot shock probabilities (danger,p=1; uncertainty,p=0.25; and safety,p=0). Green-light illumination (532 nm) during cue presentation inflated defensive responding of halorhodopsin rats – measured by suppression of reward seeking – to uncertainty and safety beyond control levels. Green-light illumination outside of cue presentation had no impact on halorhodopsin or control rat responding. The results reveal caudal substantia nigra cue activity is necessary to inhibit defensive responding to non-threatening and uncertain threat cues.
Defective mechanosensory transduction of the new inner hair cells prevents hearing recover in the damaged cochlea
Authors: Li Xiang , Ren Minhui , Gu Yunpeng , Zhu Tong , Zhang Yu , Li Jie , Li Chao , Wang Guangqin , Song Lei , Bi Zhenghong , Liu Zhiyong 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACTHearing loss is a major health problem worldwide. Numerous attempts at regenerating functional hair cells (HCs) have been unsuccessful, but little is known about the main barrier that prevents us from achieving it and improving the hearing ability after damage. Here, we developed anin vivogenetic mouse model, by which the inner HCs (IHCs), the primary sound receptors innervated by the auditory neurons, were specifically damaged and the neighboring nonsensory supporting cells (SCs) were transformed into IHCs by ectopic expression of transient Atoh1 and permanent Tbx2. Despite ∼477 new IHCs were regenerated per cochlea and their differentiation status was more advanced than reported previously, no significant hearing improvement was achieved. By taking advantage of this unique model, we further found that the new IHCs expressed the functional marker vGlut3, harbored the similar transcriptomic profiles and electrophysiological properties as the endogenous IHCs. However, the mechanosensory transduction (MET) current could not be recorded in the new IHCs. Thus, our study indicated that the defective MET should be the main barrier that stops us from restoring the hearing capacity in the damaged cochlea and would pave the way for regenerating IHCsin vivo.
Larger and denser: an optimal design for surface grids of EMG electrodes to identify greater and more representative samples of motor units
Authors: Caillet Arnault H. , Avrillon Simon , Kundu Aritra , Yu Tianyi , Phillips Andrew T.M. , Modenese Luca , Farina Dario 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe spinal motor neurons are the only neural cells whose individual activity can be non-invasively identified. This is usually done using grids of surface electromyographic (EMG) electrodes and source separation algorithms; an approach called EMG decomposition. In this study, we combined computational and experimental analyses to assess how the design parameters of grids of electrodes influence the number and the properties of the identified motor units. We first computed the percentage of motor units that could be theoretically discriminated within a pool of 200 simulated motor units when decomposing EMG signals recorded with grids of various sizes and interelectrode distances (IED). Increasing the density, the number of electrodes, and the size of the grids, increased the number of motor units that our decomposition algorithm could theoretically discriminate, i.e., up to 83.5% of the simulated pool (range across conditions: 30.5-83.5%). We then identified motor units from experimental EMG signals recorded in six participants with grids of various sizes (range: 2-36 cm2) and IED (range: 4-16 mm). The configuration with the largest number of electrodes and the shortest IED maximized the number of identified motor units (56±14; range: 39-79) and the percentage of early recruited motor units within these samples (29±14%). Finally, the number of identified motor units further increased with a prototyped grid of 256 electrodes and an IED of 2 mm. Taken together, our results showed that larger and denser surface grids of electrodes allow to identify a more representative pool of motor units than currently reported in experimental studies.Significance statementThe application of source separation methods to multi-channel EMG signals recorded with grids of electrodes enables users to accurately identify the activity of individual motor units. However, the design parameters of these grids have never been discussed. They are usually arbitrarily fixed, often based on commercial availability. Here, we showed that using larger and denser grids of electrodes than conventionally proposed drastically increases the number of identified motor units. The samples of identified units are more balanced between early- and late-recruited motor units. Thus, these grids provide a more representative sampling of the active motor unit population. Gathering large datasets of motor units using large and dense grids will impact the study of motor control, neuromuscular modelling, and human-machine interfacing.
Genetically distinct parallel projection populations from ventral hippocampus to prefrontal cortex
Authors: Sánchez-Bellot Candela , MacAskill Andrew F. 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACTThe ventral hippocampus is proposed to perform its multitude of roles via segregated populations of neurons identified by either genetic makeup, downstream projection, or their combination. Recently we described two parallel projections from ventral hippocampus to prefrontal cortex, segregated across the radial axis of the CA1 and subicular areas. These two populations had distinct afferent and efferent connectivity and distinct influence of approach avoidance behaviour. In this study, we extend these data by performing RNA sequencing of each population of neurons. We find that these two populations have multiple genes that are differentially expressed. These genes correspond both to genes classically thought to be distributed across the radial axis such asCalbindin 1andPcp4, but also to more unexpected genes including postsynaptic scaffolds and GABA receptor subunits. Notably, a number of genes differentially expressed across the two populations were associated with the development of mental illness, suggesting an imbalance in the function of these two pathways in disease may be an interesting area for future research. Together, these data reinforce the dissociation of function of projections to prefrontal cortex across the radial axis of the ventral hippocampus, and provide multiple targets for both the genetic and functional dissociation of these roles.
Intravenous haloperidol and cocaine alter the distribution of T CD3+CD4+, non‐T/NK and NKT cells in rats
Authors: Jankowski Maciej M. , Ignatowska‐Jankowska Bogna M. , Glac Wojciech , Wiergowski Marek , Kazmierska‐Grebowska Paulina , Swiergiel Artur H. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe modulation of dopamine transmission evokes strong behavioural effects that can be achieved by commonly used psychoactive drugs such as haloperidol or cocaine. Cocaine non‐specifically increases dopamine transmission by blocking dopamine active transporter (DAT) and evokes behavioural arousal, whereas haloperidol is a non‐specific D2‐like dopamine receptor antagonist with sedative effects. Interestingly, dopamine has been found to affect immune cells in addition to its action in the central nervous system. Here, we address the possible interactions between haloperidol and cocaine and their effects on both immune cells and behaviour in freely moving rats. We use an intravenous model of haloperidol and binge cocaine administration to evaluate the drugs' impact on the distribution of lymphocyte subsets in both the peripheral blood and the spleen. We assess the drugs' behavioural effects by measuring locomotor activity. Cocaine evoked a pronounced locomotor response and stereotypic behaviours, both of which were completely blocked after pretreatment with haloperidol. The results suggest that blood lymphopenia, which was induced by haloperidol and cocaine (except for natural killer T cells), is independent of D2‐like dopaminergic activity and most likely results from the massive secretion of corticosterone. Haloperidol pretreatment prevented the cocaine‐induced decrease in NKT cell numbers. Moreover, the increased systemic D2‐like dopaminergic activity after cocaine administration is a significant factor in retaining T CD3+CD4+ lymphocytes and non‐T/NK CD45RA+ cells in the spleen.
Recurrence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: results from a nationwide prospective cohort study (CONCEPTION)
Authors: Lailler G. , Grave C. , Gabet A. , Regnault N. , Deneux‐Tharaux C. , Kretz S. , Tsatsaris V. , Plu‐Bureau G. , Blacher J. , Olié V. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the risk of gestational hypertension (GH) and pre‐eclampsia (PE) during a second pregnancy after occurrence during a first pregnancy.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingCONCEPTION is a French nationwide cohort study that used data from the National Health Data System (SNDS) database.MethodsWe included all women who gave birth for the first time in France in 2010–2018 and who subsequently gave birth. We identified GH and PE through hospital diagnoses and the dispensing of anti‐hypertensive drugs. The incidence rate ratios (IRR) of all hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP) during the second pregnancy were estimated using Poisson models adjusted for confounding.Main outcome measuresIncidence rate ratios of HDP during the second pregnancy.ResultsOf the 2 829 274 women included, 238 506 (8.4%) were diagnosed with HDP during their first pregnancy. In women with GH during their first pregnancy, 11.3% (IRR 4.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.4–4.7) and 3.4% (IRR 5.0, 95% CI 4.8–5.3) developed GH and PE during their second pregnancy, respectively. In women with PE during their first pregnancy, 7.4% (IRR 2.6, 95% CI 2.5–2.7) and 14.7% (IRR 14.3, 95% CI 13.6–15.0) developed GH and PE during their second pregnancy, respectively. The more severe and earlier the PE during the first pregnancy, the stronger the likelihood of having PE during the second pregnancy. Maternal age, social deprivation, obesity, diabetes and chronic hypertension were all associated with PE recurrence.ConclusionThese results can guide policymaking that focuses on improving counselling for women who wish to become pregnant more than once, by identifying those who would benefit more from tailored management of modifiable risk factors, and heightened surveillance during post‐first pregnancies.
Information about fetal movements and stillbirth trends: Analysis of time series data
Authors: Heazell Alexander E. P. , Holland Fiona , Wilkinson Jack 
Published: February 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the implementation of the Count the Kicks campaign in Iowa to increase maternal awareness of fetal movements and its association with stillbirth rates.DesignTime series analysis.SettingIowa, Illinois, Minnesota and Missouri, USA.SampleWomen giving birth between 2005 and 2018.MethodsData regarding campaign activity, including uptake of the app and the distribution of information materials, and population‐level data on stillbirth rates and potential confounding risk factors were obtained from publicly available data for 2005–2018. Data were plotted over time and examined in relation to key implementation phases.Main outcome measureStillbirth.ResultsApp users were largely centred on Iowa, and increased over time, although the numbers were modest relative to the number of births. Only Iowa demonstrated a reduction in stillbirth (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.96–1.00 per year; interaction between state and time, p < 0.001); there was a decline from 2008 to 2013 (before the launch of the app), an increase from 2014 to 2016 and a decrease from 2017 to 2018, which coincided with increased app use (interaction between period and time, p = 0.06). With the exception of smoking (which fell from approx. 20% in 2005 to approx. 15% in 2018 in Iowa), all risk factors increased in prevalence, so are unlikely to account for a reduction in stillbirth.ConclusionsThere was a reduction in the stillbirth rate in Iowa, where an information campaign about fetal movements was active; this reduction was not present in neighbouring states. Large‐scale intervention studies are needed to determine whether the temporal associations between app use and stillbirth rate are causally related.
Successful Eisenmenger syndrome‐targeted drug therapy in pregnant women: a case series and literature review
Authors: Chen W. , Chen J. , Peng M. , Luo J. , Chen Y. , Qiu H. , Li J. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo clarify the real‐world outcomes in pregnant women with Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) in the new therapeutic era and provide a literature review.DesignRetrospective case and literature review.SettingTertiary referral hospital (The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University).SampleThirteen women with ES delivered between 2011 and 2021.MethodsRespective study and literature reviews.Main outcomes measuresMaternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity.Results12/13 (92%) pregnant women were treated with targeted drugs. 9/13 (69%) of patients had heart failure, but no maternal deaths occurred. 12/13 (92%) of women chose caesarean delivery. One pregnant woman gave birth at 37+1 weeks, and the remaining 12 (92%) patients had preterm birth. 10/13 (77%) women gave birth to live infants, of which 9/10 (90%) were low birthweight infants with a mean birthweight of 1575 g. The infant mortality rate was 1/10 (10%). Cardiac functional class improved during pregnancy, probably due to therapy; 11/13 (85%) of the pregnant women were in cardiac functional level III/IV at admission and 12 (92%) were in cardiac functional class II/III at discharge. Our literature review identified 72 cases of pregnancy with ES from 11 studies, which were characterised by a low rate of targeted drug use (28%) and a high maternal mortality rate of 24% in the perinatal period.ConclusionOur case series and literature review suggest that targeted drugs may be key to improving maternal mortality in ES.