bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of drug palatability on prescribing and dispensing of antibiotic formulations for paediatric patients: a cross-sectional survey of general practitioners and pharmacists
Authors: Elgammal Ayat , Ryan Joseph , Bradley Colin , Crean Abina , Bermingham Margaret 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Background
Palatability is a key element of paediatric acceptability for medicines. Many patient and drug factors are considered when choosing an antibiotic for a child. Pharmacists report that they receive questions about the palatability of oral liquid antibiotics for children. This study aimed to explore the experiences of GPs and pharmacists concerning palatability of oral liquid antibiotics for children.

Methods
A questionnaire about the impact of palatability on the choice of antibiotic formulation for children was emailed to all community pharmacists in Ireland and to GPs and trainee GPs in the Cork region and posted on social media. Survey items were not compulsory; therefore, percentage responses were calculated based on the number of responses to that item. GP and pharmacist responses were analysed independently.

Results
Responses were received from 244 participants (59 GPs, 185 pharmacists). Clinical guidelines and availability of supply were the most important factors considered when choosing an oral liquid antibiotic formulation for children by GP (79.7%) and pharmacist (66.5%) respondents respectively. Forty GP respondents (76.9%) reported ensuring adherence was the most common palatability-related reason leading to deviation from guidelines. Pharmacist respondents (52%) reported advising a parent/caregiver to manipulate the required antibiotic dose to improve acceptability. The least palatable oral liquid antibiotics reported were flucloxacillin (16% GPs, 18% pharmacists) and clarithromycin (17% of each profession).

Conclusion
This study identified palatability issues associated with oral liquid antibiotics for children reported by GPs and pharmacists. Pharmaceutical approaches to adapting oral liquid antibiotic formulations must be developed to improve palatability and thus paediatric acceptability.
Contributions of declining mortality, overall and from HIV, TB and malaria, to reduced health inequality and inequity across countries
Authors: Haacker Markus 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The objective to reduce global health inequalities and inequities is integral to the global development agenda, from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to the sustainable development goals and the ongoing response to coronavirus disease. Yet, summary measures of global health gains or of the cost-effectiveness of global health programmes barely capture how well they improve the lives of the most disadvantaged populations. This paper instead explores the distribution of global health gains across countries and the implications for health inequality and inequity (here referring to health disadvantages that reinforce economic disadvantage, and vice versa) across countries. Specifically, it studies the distribution of gains in life expectancy across countries (overall and owing to reduced mortality from HIV, TB and malaria), using the Gini index and a concentration index ranking countries by gross domestic product (GDP) per capita as indicators of health inequality and inequity. By these counts, global inequality in life expectancy across countries declined by one-third between 2002 and 2019. Reduced mortality from HIV, TB and malaria accounted for one-half of this decline. Fifteen countries in sub-Saharan Africa, containing 5% of the global population, accounted for 40% of the global decline in inequality, with nearly six-tenth of this contribution coming from HIV, TB and malaria. Inequity in life expectancy across countries declined by nearly 37%, with a contribution from HIV, TB and malaria of 39% of this gain. Our findings show how simple indicators on the distribution of health gains across countries usefully complement aggregate measures of global health gains and underscore their positive contribution to the global development agenda.
Mediation and moderation of genetic risk of obesity through eating behaviours in two UK cohorts
Authors: Begum Shahina , Hinton Eleanor C , Toumpakari Zoi , Frayling Timothy M , Howe Laura , Johnson Laura , Lawrence Natalia 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Background
The mechanisms underlying genetic predisposition to higher body mass index (BMI) remain unclear.

Methods
We hypothesized that the relationship between BMI-genetic risk score (BMI-GRS) and BMI was mediated via disinhibition, emotional eating and hunger, and moderated by flexible (but not rigid) restraint within two UK cohorts: the Genetics of Appetite Study (GATE) (n = 2101, 2010–16) and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) (n = 1679, 2014–18). Eating behaviour was measured by the Adult Eating Behaviour Questionnaire and Three-Factor Eating Questionaire-51.

Results
The association between BMI-GRS and BMI were partially mediated by habitual, emotional and situational disinhibition in the GATE/ALSPAC meta-mediation [standardized betaindirect 0.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.02–0.06; 0.03, 0.01–0.04; 0.03, 0.01–0.04, respectively] external hunger and internal hunger in the GATE study (0.02, 0.01–0.03; 0.01, 0.001–0.02, respectively). There was evidence of mediation by emotional over/undereating and hunger in the ALSPAC study (0.02, 0.01–0.03; 0.01, 0.001–0.02; 0.01, 0.002–0.01, respectively). Rigid or flexible restraint did not moderate the direct association between BMI-GRS and BMI, but high flexible restraint moderated the effect of disinhibition subscales on BMI (reduction of the indirect mediation by -5% to -11% in GATE/ALSPAC) and external hunger (-5%) in GATE. High rigid restraint reduced the mediation via disinhibition subscales in GATE/ALSPAC (-4% to -11%) and external hunger (-3%) in GATE.

Conclusions
Genetic predisposition to a higher BMI was partly explained by disinhibition and hunger in two large cohorts. Flexible/rigid restraint may play an important role in moderating the impact of predisposition to higher BMI.
Application of nanomaterials for emission reduction from diesel engines powered with waste cooking oil biodiesel
Authors: Sharma Prabhakar , Paramasivam Prabhu , Bora Bhaskor J , Sivasundar Vijayakumar 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Diesel engines that predominantly run on fossil-based diesel fuel emit harmful emissions. Biofuels such as biogas and biodiesel are potential alternatives. However, many biofuels have poor heating values and supply inconsistencies. The use of nanoparticles (NPs) offers an appealing alternative for enhancing the combustion and emission reduction. This study aimed to improve the emission performance of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOB) by adding titanium oxide (TiO2) NPs. Tests were conducted in the diesel-powered engine at varying load levels using fuel mixtures of B1 (100% diesel), B2 (80% diesel + 20% WCOB) and B3 (80% diesel + 20% WCOB with the addition of 200 mg/l TiO2 NPs). In comparison with the diesel mode, the average reduction in carbon monoxide emissions was 8.92% for the B2 blend and 25% for the TiO2 NP-based B3 blend. For the B2 blend and TiO2-based B3 blend, the mean reduction in hydrocarbon emissions was 5.6 and 16.6%, respectively, when compared with diesel mode. When comparing B3 blends with B2 blends, the average reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions was 3.75%. In conclusion, adding NPs to engine fuel is a viable solution for reducing emissions.
On the Cohomology of Torelli Groups. II
Authors: Randal-Williams Oscar 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
We describe the ring structure of the rational cohomology of the Torelli groups of the manifolds $\#^g S^n \times S^n$ in a stable range, for $2n \geq 6$. Some of our results are also valid for $2n=2$, where they are closely related to unpublished results of Kawazumi and Morita.
Integrons as the potential targets for combating multidrug resistance inEnterobacteriaceaeusing CRISPR- Cas9 technique
Authors: Shetty Varsha Prakash , Akshay Sadanand Dangari , Rai Praveen , Deekshit Vijaya Kumar 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe emergence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) to pan-drug resistance (PDR) in Enterobacteriaceae has made treatment extremely challenging. Genetic mutations and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) through mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were frequently associated mechanisms of drug resistance in pathogens. However, transposons, plasmids, and integrons transfer MDR genes in bacterium via HGT much faster. Integrons are dsDNA segment that plays a crucial role in the adaptation and evolution of bacteria. They contain multiple gene cassettes that code for antibiotic resistance determinants that are expressed by a single promoter (Pc). Integrons are the cause of drug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. Although alternatives to antibiotics such as bacteriophages, phage proteins, antimicrobial peptides, and natural compounds have been widely used to treat MDR infections, there have been limited efforts to reverse the antibiotic resistance ability of bacteria. Thus, silencing the genes harboured on MGEs achieved by Gene Editing Techniques (GETs) might prevent the spread of MDR. One such GETs, which has a simple design, good repeatability, low cost, and high efficiency, is CRISPR- Cas9 system. Thus, this review is a first of the kind that focuses on utilizing the structure of an integron to make it an ideal target for GETs like CRISPR- Cas9 systems.
Soil microarthropod distribution on the urban–rural gradient of Riga city: a study with robust sampling method application
Authors: Grina Vendija , Kagainis Ugis , Jucevica Edite , Salmane Ineta , Melecis Viesturs 
Published: July 2023

AbstractTo address the new challenge of bringing more nature into the urban environment and developing adequate green infrastructure management methods, it is necessary to clarify the regularities of the distribution of the main ecosystem components—soil organism communities on the urban gradient. Microarthropods—collembolans and mites—are the most diverse soil animals and bioindicators of soil conditions. However, no suitable approaches exist so far to help reduce the high workload of soil zoological studies and make the data acquisition for soil assessment faster. To get closer to a solution to this problem, we propose a robust sampling approach using one pooled sample per site with surface area 58 cm2. This was tested in a microarthropod distribution study on the urban gradient of Riga city (Latvia) in six urban habitat types at 21 sites. The use of classical statistical methods for the processing of soil microarthropod data is limited because these data do not meet model requirements on which classical methods are based, first of all, conformity to the normal distribution. These problems are circumvented by bootstrapping methodology, which thanks to increasing computer performance now is implemented in the most modern program packages. We tested a set of such methods: one-way bootstrap-based analysis of variance, nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS), nonparametric multiplicative regression (NPMR), multi-response permutation procedure and Chao bootstrap-based rarefaction curves. NMS in combination with NPMR gave the best results providing statistically significant species distribution curves along the urban gradient which were broadly in line with species traits found by other studies.
New foundations for the physical mechanism of variable chlorophyll a fluorescence. Quantum efficiency versus the light-adapted state of photosystem II
Authors: Garab Győző , Magyar Melinda , Sipka Gábor , Lambrev Petar H 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) uses solar energy to oxidize water and delivers electrons to fix CO2. Although the structure at atomic resolution and the basic photophysical and photochemical functions of PSII are well understood, many important questions remain. The activity of PSII in vitro and in vivo is routinely monitored by recording the induction kinetics of chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF). According to the ‘mainstream’ model, the rise from the minimum level (Fo) to the maximum (Fm) of ChlF of dark-adapted PSII reflects the closure of all functionally active reaction centers, and the Fv/Fm ratio is equated with the maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSII (where Fv=Fm–Fo). However, this model has never been free of controversies. Recent experimental data from a number of studies have confirmed that the first single-turnover saturating flash (STSF), which generates the closed state (PSIIC), produces F1&lt;Fm, and have uncovered rate-limiting steps (Δτ1/2 half-waiting times) in the multi-STSF-induced F1-to-Fm increments that originate from the gradual formation of light-adapted charge-separated states (PSIIL) with significantly increased stability of charges compared to the PSIIC state that is elicited by a single STSF. All the data show that the interpretation of ChlF must be laid on new foundations. Here, we discuss the underlying physical mechanisms and the significance of structural/functional dynamics of PSII as reflected by ChlF and variations in the novel parameter Δτ1/2.
Online social integration of migrants: Evidence from Twitter
Authors: Kim Jisu , Sonne Soazic Elise Wang , Garimella Kiran , Grow André , Weber Ingmar , Zagheni Emilio 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
As online social activities have become increasingly important for people’s lives, understanding how migrants integrate into online spaces is crucial for providing a more complete picture of integration processes. We curate a high-quality data set to quantify patterns of new online social connections among immigrants in the United States. Specifically, we focus on Twitter and leverage the unique features of these data, in combination with a propensity score matching technique, to isolate the effects of migration events on social network formation. The results indicate that migration events led to an expansion of migrants’ networks of friends on Twitter in the destination country, relative to those of similar users who did not move. Male migrants between 19 and 29 years old who actively posted more tweets in English after migration also tended to have more local friends after migration compared to other demographic groups, indicating the impact of demographic characteristics and language skills on integration. The percentage of migrants’ friends from their country of origin decreased in the first few years after migration and increased again in later years. Finally, unlike for migrants’ friends’ networks, which were under their control, we did not find any evidence that migration events expanded migrants’ networks of followers in the destination country. While following users on Twitter in theory is not a geographically constrained process, our work shows that offline (re)location plays a significant role in the formation of online networks.
Materials used to prevent adhesion, growth, and biofilm formation ofCandidaspecies
Authors: Tornero-Gutiérrez Fátima , Ortiz-Ramírez Jorge A , López-Romero Everardo , Cuéllar-Cruz Mayra 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe species of the Candida genus are opportunistic pathogenic fungi found in humans and are responsible for ∼80% of worldwide fungal infections. Aimed at diminishing and preventing Candida adhesion to cells or implanted devices in the human host, a large diversity of materials has been developed and functionalized that have attracted much interest. Furthermore, these materials have been focused almost exclusively on Candida albicans, followed by C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis. Although an important diversity of materials has been synthesized to prevent adherence and formation of biofilms by Candida species, it is however important to evaluate the capacity of each material in terms of its property to diminish the adherence of Candida. These materials are discussed in this review.
Archaeal Hel308 suppresses recombination through a catalytic switch that controls DNA annealing
Authors: Lever Rebecca J , Simmons Emily , Gamble-Milner Rebecca , Buckley Ryan J , Harrison Catherine , Parkes Ashley J , Mitchell Laura , Gausden Jacob A , Škulj Sanja , Bertoša Branimir , Bolt Edward L , Allers Thorsten 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Hel308 helicases promote genome stability in archaea and are conserved in metazoans, where they are known as HELQ. Their helicase mechanism is well characterised, but it is unclear how they specifically contribute to genome stability in archaea. We show here that a highly conserved motif of Hel308/HELQ helicases (motif IVa, F/YHHAGL) modulates both DNA unwinding and a newly identified strand annealing function of archaeal Hel308. A single amino acid substitution in motif IVa results in hyper-active DNA helicase and annealase activities of purified Hel308 in vitro. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations using Hel308 crystal structures provided a molecular basis for these differences between mutant and wild type Hel308. In archaeal cells, the same mutation results in 160000-fold increased recombination, exclusively as gene conversion (non-crossover) events. However, crossover recombination is unaffected by the motif IVa mutation, as is cell viability or DNA damage sensitivity. By contrast, cells lacking Hel308 show impaired growth, increased sensitivity to DNA cross-linking agents, and only moderately increased recombination. Our data reveal that archaeal Hel308 suppresses recombination and promotes DNA repair, and that motif IVa in the RecA2 domain acts as a catalytic switch to modulate the separable recombination and repair activities of Hel308.
Glioblastoma modeling with 3D organoids: progress and challenges
Authors: Wang Xin , Sun Yusha , Zhang Daniel Y , Ming Guo-li , Song Hongjun 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive adult primary brain tumor with nearly universal treatment resistance and recurrence. The mainstay of therapy remains maximal safe surgical resection followed by concurrent radiation therapy and temozolomide chemotherapy. Despite intensive investigation, alternative treatment options, such as immunotherapy or targeted molecular therapy, have yielded limited success to achieve long-term remission. This difficulty is partly due to the lack of pre-clinical models that fully recapitulate the intratumoral and intertumoral heterogeneity of GBM and the complex tumor microenvironment. Recently, GBM 3D organoids originating from resected patient tumors, genetic manipulation of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived brain organoids and bio-printing or fusion with non-malignant tissues have emerged as novel culture systems to portray the biology of GBM. Here, we highlight several methodologies for generating GBM organoids and discuss insights gained using such organoid models compared to classic modeling approaches using cell lines and xenografts. We also outline limitations of current GBM 3D organoids, most notably the difficulty retaining the tumor microenvironment, and discuss current efforts for improvements. Finally, we propose potential applications of organoid models for a deeper mechanistic understanding of GBM and therapeutic development.
Artificial intelligence in orthopaedics: can Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) pass Section 1 of the Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons (Trauma & Orthopaedics) examination?
Authors: Cuthbert Rory , Simpson Ashley I 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Purpose
Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) is a large language artificial intelligence (AI) model which generates contextually relevant text in response to questioning. After ChatGPT successfully passed the United States Medical Licensing Examinations, proponents have argued it should play an increasing role in medical service provision and education. AI in healthcare remains in its infancy, and the reliability of AI systems must be scrutinized. This study assessed whether ChatGPT could pass Section 1 of the Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons (FRCS) examination in Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery.

Methods
The UK and Ireland In-Training Examination (UKITE) was used as a surrogate for the FRCS. Papers 1 and 2 of UKITE 2022 were directly inputted into ChatGPT. All questions were in a single-best-answer format without wording alterations. Imaging was trialled to ensure ChatGPT utilized this information.

Results
ChatGPT scored 35.8%: 30% lower than the FRCS pass rate and 8.2% lower than the mean score achieved by human candidates of all training levels. Subspecialty analysis demonstrated ChatGPT scored highest in basic science (53.3%) and lowest in trauma (0%). In 87 questions answered incorrectly, ChatGPT only stated it did not know the answer once and gave incorrect explanatory answers for the remaining questions.

Conclusion
ChatGPT is currently unable to exert the higher-order judgement and multilogical thinking required to pass the FRCS examination. Further, the current model fails to recognize its own limitations. ChatGPT’s deficiencies should be publicized equally as much as its successes to ensure clinicians remain aware of its fallibility.

Key messages

What is already known on this topic
Following ChatGPT’s much-publicized success in passing the United States Medical Licensing Examinations, clinicians and medical students are using the model increasingly frequently for medical service provision and education. However ChatGPT remains in its infancy, and the model’s reliability and accuracy remain unproven.

What this study adds
This study demonstrates ChatGPT is currently unable to exert the higher-order judgement and multilogical thinking required to pass the Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons (FRCS) (Trauma & Orthopaedics) examination. Further, the current model fails to recognize its own limitations when offering both direct and explanatory answers.

How this study might affect research, practice, or policy
This study highlights the need for medical students and clinicians to exert caution when employing ChatGPT as a revision tool or applying it in clinical practice, and for patients to be aware of its fallibilities when using it as a health resource. Future research questions include:
Implementation of chiral two-nucleon forces to nuclear many-body methods with Gaussian-wave packets
Authors: Fukui Tokuro 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Many-body methods that use Gaussian-wave packets to describe nucleon spatial distribution have been widely employed for depicting various phenomena in nuclear systems, in particular clustering. So far, however, the chiral effective field theory, a state-of-the-art theory of nuclear force, has not been applied to such methods. In this paper, we give the formalism to calculate the two-body matrix elements of the chiral two-nucleon forces using the Gaussian-wave packets. We also visualize the matrix elements and investigate the contributions of the central and tensor forces. This work is a foothold towards an ab initio description of various cluster phenomena in view of nucleons, pions, and many-nucleon forces.