bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Helminth Immunity
Authors: Heyneman Donald 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The time interval between initial infection with eggs of Hymenolepis nana and onset of a protective host reaction against a challenge with the same parasite has been restudied.
These findings confirm earlier reports of an extremely rapid onset of immunity to H. nana. It is concluded that a local, rapidly mobilized antibody reaction by the immediate cells affected could be responsible in spite of the brief period involved. If this can be proved immunologically, it would provide interesting evidence supporting the concept that locally concentrated cellular antibodies are an important host response to tissue invasion by helminths.
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Rose Noel R. , Shulman Sidney , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Hog thyroid crude extract and two fractions derived from it by ammonium sulfate precipitation—thyroglobulin and thyralbumin—were evaluated serologically, using rabbit antisera with various combinations of thyroid-specific and species-specific antibodies. Most of the organ specific thyroid antigen is precipitated as thyroglobulin between 1.60 and 1.70 M ammonium sulfate. Very little species-specific antigen precipitates in this fraction. Additional thyroid-specific antigens that do not cross-react with antiserum to heterologous beef thyroid extract are brought down by higher levels of ammonium sulfate. The thyralbumin fraction, precipitated between 2.50 and 3.00 M ammonium sulfate, contains little or no detectable thyroglobulin but reacts strongly with hog serum antiserum. Absorption of antithyralbumin rabbit serum with hog serum removes all of its demonstrable antibody content. In double diffusion gel precipitation tests, with thyralbumin antiserum, thyralbumin produces up to four lines, all identical with antigens of hog serum or hog kidney. By means of immunoelectrophoresis, thyralbumin can be seen to contain at least two components, migrating with mobilities of serum albumin and serum γ-globulin respectively. In the same experiment, thyroglobulin appears as a single or doubled are in the α-globulin region.
Immunochemical Studies of Elastase and Antielastase
Authors: McIvor Barbara C. , Moon Henry D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In quantitative precipitin studies with elastase and antielastase serum, the maximum amount of precipitate developed in the region of slight antigen excess. With a greater excess of elastase, soluble complexes were formed. Studies on the inhibition of the enzymatic activity of elastase were conducted with antielastase γ-globulin using elastolysis as an index of enzymatic activity. The antigen-antibody precipitates were completely inert; the elastolytic activity of the supernatants was inversely proportional to the amount of antielastase γ-globulin used.
Correlation of Three Potency Assay Methods for Smallpox Vaccines
Authors: Bartell Pasquale , Tint Howard 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Comparisons were made between three methods for assaying the potency of smallpox vaccines. After the elimination of refractory animals, the rabbit scarification test proved to be as reproducible as titration in bovine embryonic skin tissue culture. Both these tests were more reproducible than infectivity titration in the egg.
Equations relating infectious units determined by the three tests were determined. An over-all correlation of 94% was obtained for the acceptance-rejection records of 126 vaccine samples when titration in the rabbit and in bovine embryonic skin were compared. Seventy-seven of the vaccines were acceptable on the basis of each test. Correlation between the egg and rabbit tests was 81%.
Stability studies on a lyophilized vaccine utilizing the several titration methods demonstrated, with remarkable consistency among tests, that the vaccine was stable for at least 18 months under vacuum or nitrogen.
Serum Properdin, Complement and Agglutinin Changes in Dogs with Staphylococcal Bacteremia
Authors: Baltch Aldona L. , Osborne Winifred , Canarile Leonard , Hassirdjian Anne , Bunn Paul A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Serum properdin, complement and staphylococcal agglutinins were measured in 28 normal mongrel dogs, 16 operated dogs with an experimentally produced aorta inferior vena cava fistula and spontaneous or induced Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, and seven normal mongrel dogs with induced S. aureus bacteremia.
Properdin levels in normal dogs ranged from 7.0 to 66.6 Ph N50/ml with a mean of 25.6 Ph N50/ml; complement levels ranged from 17.1 to 41.3 C1H2O/ml with a mean of 28.1 C1H50/ml; S. aureus agglutinin titers were very low (1:10 serum dilution) or absent. Rapid decline in the properdin and complement titers was seen in dogs surviving less than 24 hr following the first intravenous (i.v.) injection of S. aureus. In contrast, following the initial fall an increase in properdin and complement titers was seen in sera of dogs who survived at least 4 days following the first injection. A rather precipitous fall of both titers was seen in animals who succumbed after the 5th day of infection. The titer of agglutinins remained unchanged or increased slightly. If the animal survived the infection, the elevated properdin and complement titers returned to normal in 2 to 4 weeks. Agglutinin titers usually were found to be highest 9 to 28 days following the first i.v. injection of S. aureus. The height of the titer of serum properdin, complement and S. aureus agglutinins obtained before the experimental infection used in this study did not appear to influence the survival rate of this group of experimental animals. By altering the anatomical and physiological state of an animal, such as produced by an arteriovenous shunt, the animals were made very susceptible to bacterial infection, especially endocarditis, without any remarkable changes in serum properdin, complement or S. aureus agglutinins. When exposed to a bacterial agent, these operated animals responded with changes in the properdin, complement and agglutinin titers which were similar to those observed in physiologically intact animals.
Studies on the Production of Wassermann Reagin
Authors: Fowler Evelyn , Allen Rovelle H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antigens for the VDRL microflocculation test have been prepared containing: a) a synthetic substitute for cardiolipin, b) a synthetic substitute for natural lecithin, and c) synthetic substitutes for both cardiolipin and lecithin. Reagin-like antibodies were produced when the floccules formed by mixing each of these with syphilitic serum were injected into rabbits. Results are given for dimyristoyl glycerophosphoric acid as a substitute for cardiolipin and dioleoyl lecithin as a substitute for naturally occurring lecithin.
The relation of these findings to the formation of reagin in syphilitic infection is discussed.
Skin-Reactive Serum Factor in Rat Homotransplantation
Authors: Witebsky Ernest , Müller-Ruchholtz Wolfgang , Milgrom Felix 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Large skin grafts were exchanged orthotopically between 29 pairs of unrelated female albino rats. The sera of these animals were tested for a skin reaction producing factor (SRPF) similar to that described in a previous paper on rat parabiosis. The sera of 17 rats out of 58 tested produced skin reactions when injected intradermally into the respective graft donor but always failed to produce a skin reaction in the animal itself. The sera which elicited a positive skin reaction in the graft donor also frequently produced positive results in other unrelated rats. In contrast, those sera which failed to elicit a skin reaction in the graft donor gave consistently negative results in other animals.
The skin reactions described in this paper were considered to be due to isoantibodies directed against the tissue constituents present in the skin of the graft donor but absent from the recipient of the graft.
Effect of Cations on Thermal Inactivation of Vaccinia, Herpes Simplex, and Adenoviruses
Authors: Wallis Craig , Yang Czau-Siung , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three DNA viruses, vaccinia, herpes simplex, and adenoviruses, have been studied for thermal inactivation in the presence of monovalent and divalent cations. Na+ protected vaccinia and adenoviruses from inactivation at 50°C, but Mg++ and Ca++ markedly increased the rate of inactivation of all three agents. This confirms our earlier observation with another DNA virus (vacuolating SV40) (12) and is in contrast to the remarkable stabilizing effect exerted by divalent cations on the small RNA viruses (9, 10).
Observations on Incidence and Mechanism of Egg Insusceptibility to Trachoma Viruses
Authors: Jawetz E. , Chino S. , Hanna L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In the fall of 1959 and the summer of 1960 there were periods of a few weeks when embryonated eggs failed to support the growth of trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis viruses. Yolk sac material harvested from such insusceptible eggs and stored at -40°C for several months interfered with the lethal effect of trachoma virus challenge in susceptible eggs. Quantitation of these phenomena has been attempted and possible explanations proposed. During 1961 careful, frequent tests failed to reveal a period of insusceptibility. Eggs laid during and after a time of extreme heat appeared to be fully susceptible to psittacosis and trachoma viruses. Thus environmental heat and associated nutritional disturbances appear less promising as an explanation for egg insusceptibility than a transmissible, interfering agent.
Gel Double Diffusion Studies with Group B and Group A, Type 9 Coxsackie Viruses
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The demonstration by the gel double diffusion technique of “specific” precipitating antibodies for the Coxsackie viruses suggests that the method offers considerable promise for use in the laboratory diagnosis of infections due to virus types A9, B1, B3, B4, B5 and possibly B6. Patients with Coxsackie B2 virus infections, however, could not be shown to develop “specific” precipitating antibody.
“Specific” precipitating antibodies for the infecting virus type were found in the sera of 97% of patients from whom a Coxsackie A9, B1, B3, B4, B5 or B6 virus was isolated and in 40 to 65% of these patients “specific” precipitating antibody developed over the course of the illness. However, since “specific” precipitating antibody disappears relatively rapidly during convalescence, its presence in any serum specimen may be evidence of a current or very recent infection. Heterotypic “specific” precipitating antibody was absent in 78% of the patients who yielded a Coxsackie virus, and when present would appear to be due to recent infection with the heterotypic virus, or to anamnestic response.
Studies on Mechanisms of Immunity in Listeriosis
Authors: Njoku-Obi Augustine N. , Osebold John W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The interaction of peritoneal exudate cells of sheep with Listeria monocytogenes was studied in vitro in Kapral-type cell culture chambers. Four combinations of reactants were studied: immune cells + immune serum, immune cells + normal serum, normal cells + immune serum and normal cells + normal serum. Immune cells in immune serum resisted the destructive results of the parasitic interaction when compared with the other host cell systems. Samples taken at the 20th hr indicated that the exudate cell counts in the immune cell + immune serum chambers were 39% of the original, whereas the counts in the other systems had declined to less than 5% of their original values. Bacterial growth was suppressed in the immune cell + immune serum system. The increase in bacterial growth was greatest in flasks of media containing no host cells. However, bacteria also accumulated rapidly in chambers containing the three other combinations of reactants. Parasitic and phagocytic indices were comparable in normal and immune serum. Results are discussed regarding a cellular basis of immunity in listeriosis and relationships to other host-parasite studies.
A Kinetic Study on the Labeling of Serum Globulin with Fluorescein Isothiocyanate by Means of the Gel Filtration Technique
Authors: Tokumaru Tadasu 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It was found that Sephadex gel filtration could be used for the quantitative analysis of reactants by rapid separation. Using simultaneous gel filtration of samples in a number of sister columns association constants and the number of sites were obtained for the kinetics of the labeling process of globulins with fluorescein. Reagents for protein precipitation were used to remove superficially adsorbed dye from fluorescent atibody. The results of such precipitation showed that the gel-filtered material contained smaller amounts of adsorbed dye than dialyzed material. The patterns of DEAE-cellulose and DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography were compared by the use of fluorescent antisera. It was shown that the complex of papain and fluorescent antibody could be separated from free papain satisfactorily on a Sephadex G-75 column.
Quantitative Studies on the Bis Diazotized Benzidine Method of Hemagglutination
Authors: Roberts Audrey N. , Haurowitz Felix 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Quantitative studies on the BDB method of hemagglutination revealed that an average of 5 × 105 molecules of C14-anti-BSA rabbit globulin were fixed to each BSA sensitized rabbit erythrocyte which was agglutinated in antibody excess. Similar results were obtained in experiments using different suspensions of erythrocytes and freshly prepared BDB. There was a strictly linear relationship between the number of sensitized cells added and the number agglutinated in antibody excess. As the number of sensitized cells added per tube increased 6-fold, the quantity of homologous antibody bound per cell decreased by 50%. When the agglutinated red blood cells were hemolyzed with water, all of the bound C14 antibody was found in the stroma. Using H3-labeled BSA, it was demonstrated that an average of 1.3 × 106 molecules of antigen were coupled to each erythrocyte during the BDB sensitization procedure. The significance of these findings has been discussed.
Hyperreactivity to Endotoxin in Mice Infected with BCG
Authors: Suter Emanuel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The induction of hyperreactivity to bacterial endotoxin by BCG infection was studied in germfree mice and in mice chronically infected with Salmonella typhimurium. The results showed that infection of BCG in germfree and in chronically infected animals caused a similar increase in sensitivity to endotoxin. It is concluded from these experiments that concomitant infection is not a decisive factor in the emergence of endotoxin hyperreactivity during BCG infection. The experiments also indicated that germfree mice were almost equally resistent to BCG infection as were conventional animals.
Some Properties of an Inhibitor of Polyoma Virus Hemagglutination Isolated from Bovine Serum
Authors: Halperen S. , Schieble J. H. , Mori R. , Dinka S. , Ackermann W. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
One of the several substances found in bovine serum which prevent agglutination of erythrocytes by polyoma virus has been isolated. The kinetics of its action indicate it reacts with the virus to form a product whose stability only at low temperature closely resembles the virus-erythrocyte complex. Like the red cell receptor, it is a mucoprotein. Some of its chemical and physical characteristics, as well as its visualization in the electron microscope, are described.
The Inhibitory Effect of Hydrocortisone on Lysis of Homologous Cells by Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Rosenau Werner , Moon Henry D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of hydrocortisone was studied on the cytolytic activity of sensitized lymphocytes of BALB/c mice on homologous cells of the L strain in vitro. Hydrocortisone partially inhibited the destructive action of previously sensitized lymphocytes on homologous cells. There was no demonstrable lympholytic effect of hydrocortisone in vitro under the conditions of these studies. Recognition of the homologous cells by the sensitized lymphocytes was not altered by hydrocortisone. Therefore it is suggested that the inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone in vitro is due to blocking of the cytolytic activity of lymphocytes and not to the inhibition of the recognition of homologous cells by sensitized lymphocytes.
Two Different Anti-Insulin Antibodies in Guinea Pig Antisera
Authors: Yagi Yasuo , Maier Patricia , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibodies in guinea pig anti-bovine insulin sera were fractionated by chromatography on DEAE cellulose. The anti-insulin antibody activity was found in two distinctly different fractions. Pooled antisera as well as antisera from individual animals contained both types of antibodies. However, the distribution of antibody activity in the two antibody fractions differed from serum to serum. The original antiserum and the two isolated antibody fractions showed very similar binding characteristics to crystalline bovine insulin. The antibodies differed in their electrophoretic mobility on starch: one migrated with the slow moving component of γ-globulin and the other with β2-globulin. Both antibodies were shown to have similar molecular size (probably of the order of 7 S globulins) by means of density gradient centrifugation.
Immunologic Identity of β-Lactoglobulins A and B
Authors: Gough Patricia , Jenness Robert 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The quantitative precipitin test, analysis for cross - reactions, Ouchterlony double - diffusion plates, and micro-immunoelectrophoresis were used to show that the two types of β-lactoglobulin of bovine milk (β-lactoglobulins A and B) are serologically identical.
The Effect of Iodination on the Binding of Haptene to Arsonic Antibody
Authors: Koshland Marian Elliott , Englberger Frieda M. , Gaddone Suzanne M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of iodination on the binding capacity of purified antiphenylarsonic acid antibody was studied by means of the equilibrium dialysis technique. A direct correlation was found between the uptake of iodine and the loss in binding capacity. Since the presence of homologous haptene protected the binding sites from destruction by iodination, evidence was obtained that iodine reacts directly with groups at the active site. Furthermore, a comparison of the experimentally determined losses in binding capacity with the probable losses calculated from the assumption of one or two reactive groups at each site indicated that only one iodine reactive group is present at each site.
Enhancement by Endotoxin of the Primary Antibody Response to Bovine Serum Albumin in Chickens
Authors: Luecke Donald H. , Sibal Louis R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella abortus equi (endotoxin) was shown to enhance the antibody response of chickens to a single, intravenous injection of bovine serum albumin. Simultaneous injection of 5 or 10 µg of endotoxin/kg body weight and bovine serum albumin markedly potentiated all phases of antibody synthesis. The induction period was shortened, antibody levels were several-fold greater and detectable serum antibodies persisted for longer periods than in animals given antigen alone. Enhancement was demonstrated when endotoxin was given 24 hr after, but not 24 hr before, antigenic stimulation. The results are discussed with respect to the animal species involved as well as the time interval between endotoxin and antigen administration.
Plaques Produced by T2r Phage Particles Partly Neutralized by Normal and Immune Guinea Pig Sera
Authors: Cetin Enver Tali 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Phage plated on agar medium produce plaques of a given size according to the properties of the phage and host strain. However, the size of the plaque depends upon the conditions of the environment, the composition and consistence of the medium. If these conditions are constant, phage particles of a given type produce plaques of the same size.
It has been observed that phage particles may, under certain conditions, give plaques that are smaller than normal. For instance, when phages active on a strain of Salmonella typhi Vi 4 were plated, they produced small plaques if exposed to considerable light (1). Moreover, it was demonstrated that T4 phage treated with immune serum taken early during immunization, in which period neutralized phage particles may reactivate, produced small plaques (2). In addition, following neutralization with high titer immune serum of T4, some of the active phage particles gave rise to small plaques (3).
The Relationship of Immediate Wheal Reactions to the Repeated Administration of Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoid
Authors: Kuhns William J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunization with single vs. repeated doses of diphtheria toxoid was carried out in human subjects to determine the effects of the mode and schedule of administering this antigen upon antitoxin titers and upon immediate wheal responses. A similar study was carried out using repeated doses of tetanus toxoid. Schick positive persons who remained Schick positive did not develop wheal reactions to toxoid. Schick negative persons who were immunized orally did not show appreciable increases in antitoxin titer or in immediate wheal reactions. All Schick negative persons who received repeated parenteral doses of toxoid showed considerable increases in antitoxin titer and immediate wheal reactions until after the time that toxoid was discontinued. The same amount of toxoid given in one dose usually caused a marked increase in antitoxin titer up to about 3 weeks, and this was followed by a rapid decrease in titer. Wheal reactions were not present as frequently or in as marked degree in persons who received one dose of toxoid as in persons who were repeatedly immunized. Delayed reactions occurred many times in most Schick negative persons who received repeated doses of parenteral toxoid, but did not occur in persons who received only one dose of toxoid. Delayed reactions following a dose of toxoid generally occurred prior to the onset of immediate wheal reactions. Evidence is presented for the concept that immediate wheal reactions, as inflammatory responses, are coincidentally within the framework of the immune response. The degree of coincidence may be influenced by modes and schedules of immunization. These factors may be important in complex formation, and complexes may in turn provide the potential for wheal reactions.
Antibody Responses Induced by Aqueous and Emulsified Influenza Virus Vaccines in Mice Exposed Daily to X-Rays
Authors: Berlin Byron S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody responses to aqueous and emulsified mineral oil adjuvant influenza virus vaccines were compared at 15, 27 and 43 days after vaccination in mice exposed to daily x-irradiation (except Sundays) beginning 1 day before vaccination. At each bleeding HI levels induced by the adjuvant were higher in similarly irradiated mice than those induced by an aqueous vaccine containing the same amount of antigen. Moreover, HI responses in the irradiated mice injected with emulsified vaccine were equal or higher at each bleeding than those in mice injected with aqueous vaccine but not irradiated. The findings were interpreted as indicating that the adjuvant effect of emulsified vaccine was reduced, but not abolished, by repeated exposures to x-ray.
Human Hypersensitiveness Induced by Very Small Amounts of Horse Serum
Authors: Hooker Sanford B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Following toxin-antitoxin injections a noteworthy proportion of human subjects became hypersensitive to horse serum as shown by specific endermal reactions. The pertinence of this observation to serum therapy in general is discussed. In order to avert the widespread and disadvantageous influence which such induced hypersensitiveness is likely to exert upon the use of therapeutic horse sera, it is recommended that some other animal be chosen for the production of that antitoxin which is destined for use in toxin-antitoxin mixtures.