bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MECANISMOS LABORALES DEL EMPLEO AGRÍCOLA EN LAS RELACIONES URBANO–RURALES, SUR DEL ESTADO DE TLAXCALA (MÉXICO). 2010-2018
Authors: Alvarado Méndez Ma. Concepción , Delgadillo Javier 
Published: March 2023

The aim of this article is to analyze the structural mechanisms of agricultural employment associated with processes of territorial reconfiguration of the urban-rural labor market which affect the population of municipalities such as Zacatelco, Papalotla de Xicohténcatl and Xicohtzinco (in the south of the state of Tlaxcala, México). In this regard, the variables of working time, income and type of activity that are framed in the urban-rural continuum by the flexibilization and changes in the multi-active condition of the rural labor force, are of particular importance.
The methodology used is based on i) official statistical information bases, ii) key informant interviews, and a iii) sampling randomly based-from on the register of shareholder of common land and landowners.
The results show that, from 2010 to 2018, the population better positioned in non-agricultural activities was affected by a significant increase in surplus working time and a significant change in the quality of their jobs, occupying the low-profile jobs and displacing the population that depended on the latter for reproduction.
El artículo se propone analizar los mecanismos estructurales del empleo agrícola asociados a procesos de reconfiguración territorial del mercado laboral urbano-rural, que afectaron a la población de los municipios de Zacatelco, Papalotla de Xicohténcatl y Xicohtzinco (sur del estado de Tlaxcala, México). En ello, son protagónicas las variables de tiempo de trabajo, ingresos y tipo de actividad que en el continuum urbano-rural se enmarcan por la flexibilización y cambios en la condición multiactiva de la fuerza laboral rural.
La metodología se basó en: i) el uso de bases de información estadística oficial, ii) entrevistas a informantes clave para reconocer los cambios en la estructura socio-productiva de la región, y iii) la aplicación de un muestreo aleatorio proveniente del padrón de ejidatarios y propietarios de tierras de labor.
Los resultados muestran que, en el periodo de los años 2010 al 2018, la población mejor posicionada en actividades no agrícolas fue afectada por un aumento significativo del tiempo de trabajo excedente y un cambio significativo en la calidad de sus empleos, ocupando los de bajo perfil y desplazando a población que dependía de estos últimos para su reproducción.
PRESERVACIÓN PAISAJÍSTICA EN LA INTERFASE NATURAL-URBANA DE CIUDADES TURÍSTICAS DE MONTAÑA, EN BARILOCHE, RÍO NEGRO, ARGENTINA Y LAGO TAHOE, CALIFORNIA, EEUU
Authors: Rodríguez Norberto Javier 
Published: March 2023

During the last decades, the particular characteristics of the landscape have been analyzed in mixed areas such as rural-urban, here the wildland-urban interface areas are taken into account, foccusing on touristic mountain cities, their potentialsand conditioning factors, particularly due to the risks they entail. This article takes the doctoral thesis approved at FADU-UBA, the applied methodology combines Territorial Intelligence with Landscape Ecology, developing studies of satellite images, mapping and GIS processes, while combining different territorial scales, interviews and secondary sources. The southern zone of Lake Nahuel Huapi in Argentina was compared with the western zone of Lake Tahoe in the USA.
As a result it was possible to observe the different ways of dealing with the complexity of territorial planning, depending on whether the scientific information obtained or the political decision has been prioritized without taking into account academic studies. The comparative spreadsheets have considered, among other data, the NDVI index (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), from the EOS platform with its Land Viewer program. The work concludes with a decalogue of recommendations for planning in similar areas due to their geographical characteristics, and whose main economic activity is tourism due to its attractive landscape.
Keywords: Territorial planning; Turistic cities; wildland urban interface; landscape preservation; Bariloche.
Durante las últimas décadas, se han analizado las características particulares de paisaje en zonas mixtas como las rural-urbanas, aquí se investigan las zonas de interfase natural-urbana, diferenciando el caso de las ciudades turísticas de montaña, atendiendo a sus potencialidades y sus condicionantes, particularmente por los riesgos que conllevan. El artículo toma la tesis doctoral aprobada por FADU-UBA, la metodología aplicada combina la Inteligencia Territorial con la Ecología del Paisaje, desarrollando estudios de imágenes satelitales, mapeos y procesos de GIS combinando distintas escalas territoriales, entrevistas y fuentes secundarias. Se comparó la zona sur del lago Nahuel Huapi en Argentina, con la zona oeste del lago Tahoe en EEUU.
El resultado ha permitido observar las diferentes formas de afrontar la complejidad en la planificación territorial, según la priorización de la información científica o la decisión política sin priorizar los estudios académicos. En planillas comparativas se han considerado entre otros datos el índice NDVI (nivel de densidad de la vegetación por índices), en base a la plataforma EOS con su programa Land Viewer. Concluye el trabajo con un decálogo de recomendaciones para la planificación en zonas similares por sus características geográficas, cuya principal actividad económica sea el turismo apoyado en su paisaje atractor.
ADULTOS MAYORES RESILIENTES EN TERRITORIOS RESILIENTES: ÁREA METROPOLITANA DE GUADALAJARA, MÉXICO
Authors: Barranco Martín María del Carmen , Calonge Reillo Fernando 
Published: March 2023

Urban spaces must be adapted to aging citizens’ needs, according to the 2030 Agenda, and the Decade of Healthy Aging. The concept of resilience has been very useful to elucidate such adaptation, as it has been employed to analyse the territorial resilience, and to unveil how aging populations come through diverse physical and cognitive impairments. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on the interrelations between the territorial resilience and elderly persons resilience. This article contributes to such understanding, by resorting to desk research to measure the territorial resilience of the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara, Mexico, and through 18 in-depth interviews with senior citizens to calibrate how they adapt to physical and territorial alterations. Our results showed varying degrees of resilience. On the one hand, middle-class districts characterised by single-family developments led to many difficulties for aging populations. Such citizens were no longer autonomous and depended on relatives to meet their daily needs. On the other hand, mixed-land use areas in lower-class neighbourhoods were characterised as more resilient, and they allowed certain elderly persons to find nearby places to carry out their quotidian activities.
En el contexto de la Década del Envejecimiento Saludable 2021-2030, y de la Agenda 2030, se aconseja que las ciudades adecúen sus espacios a las necesidades de unas poblaciones cada vez más envejecidas. En el estudio de estas adecuaciones, ha sido de gran interés la propuesta de investigar al territorio y a los adultos mayores desde la perspectiva de la resiliencia. Ahora bien, son muy escasas las investigaciones que abordan conjuntamente las interacciones entre los distintos niveles de resiliencia del territorio y las respuestas resilientes de los adultos mayores. El objetivo de este artículo es indagar en dichas interacciones, en el caso del Área Metropolitana de Guadalajara México. La investigación documental nos ha permitido determinar los diferentes grados de resiliencia del territorio, y la realización de 18 entrevistas en profundidad nos ha permitido caracterizar las resiliencias de los sujetos. Los resultados nos muestran que los territorios monofuncionales y habitacionales de clase alta son los menos resilientes, y en ellos los adultos mayores ven comprometida su propia resiliencia, con amenaza de pérdida de su autonomía; por el contrario, territorios resilientes de usos mixtos, y de clases bajas, han permitido el ejercicio óptimo de la resiliencia a algunos habitantes mayores.
Bilingual and Monolingual Language Modes
Authors: Grosjean François 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Bilinguals change their way of communicating when they are with monolinguals and when they are with bilinguals who share their languages. While they avoid using their other language(s) with monolinguals, they may call upon it (or them) when interacting with bilinguals, either by changing over completely to the other language(s) or by bringing elements of the other language(s) into the language they are speaking. In other words, they change their language mode which, at the cognitive level, implies the change of the state of activation of their languages and language‐processing mechanisms. This entry describes language mode and its impact on language behavior, gives evidence for it, discusses various types of bilinguals affected by it, examines language mode as a confounding or control variable in research, and ends with a few words on models and what needs to be studied further.
Bilingualism and Age
Authors: Singleton David 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis entry addresses three obvious issues that arise from any consideration of the topic of bilingualism and age. The first has to do with the relationship between maturational age and the characterization of bilingualism—the question of whether or not there is a clear empirical distinction between “early” and “late” bilingualism, relatable to a specific age; the second concerns the vexed question of whether maturational constraints—as the critical period claims—impede progress in bilinguals who begin their second language after their early years toward a very high (“native‐like”) degree of proficiency in both languages; and the third relates to the methodology of investigating maturational constraints, specifically examining the possible desirability of using the proficiency of early bilinguals rather than that of native speakers as the yardstick in the evaluation of the ultimate attainment of later L2 beginners.
Gesture Analysis in Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Gullberg Marianne 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWhen we speak, we typically also gesture. Gestures are an integral part of language use in both production and comprehension. They are therefore also vital in second language (L2), foreign language (FL), and bilingualism studies since they can open new windows on cognitive processes, interaction practices, and learning. This entry discusses methods and tools for studying second language users' and bilinguals' gestures while they speak and also examining how they understand gestures around them. The entry outlines some basics concerning what to study and measure, tasks, participants, what to think about in preparing for data collection, transcription, coding, and analysis schemes.
Pragmatic Development in Study‐Abroad Contexts
Authors: Shively Rachel L. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Study abroad offers second language (L2) speakers the opportunity to employ the L2 in a wide range of settings, for various purposes, and with different interlocutors. Through participation in everyday activities that involve the L2, study‐abroad students can be exposed to the pragmatic practices of the host community which, in turn, can facilitate L2 pragmatic development. Therefore, study abroad would appear to be an ideal context for pragmatic development, and, indeed, many study‐abroad students do become more native‐like in pragmatics after a stay abroad. However, due to a variety of factors, there is considerable variability in pragmatics learning outcomes. This entry discusses the role of study abroad in pragmatic development, highlighting the aspects of pragmatics that tend to be learned and discussing variables that influence pragmatic development in study‐abroad contexts.
Observer‐based adaptive time‐varying group formation tracking control for nonlinear second‐order multi‐agent systems
Authors: Li Jiacheng , Xiao Bo , Han Tao , Yang Qingsheng , Yan Huaicheng 
Published: March 2023

SummaryIn this article, observer‐based adaptive control of time‐varying group formation tracking (TVGFT) problem for nonlinear second‐order multi‐agent systems is discussed. Follower agents are divided into multiple groups and all agents communicate with each other to exist the spanning tree. The followers of different groups follow the corresponding leaders to accomplish different tasks. The design of the control protocol is based on the observation of agents and the communication between the agents. Sufficient conditions for achieving TVGFT are obtained by solving Riccati inequality. Finally, it is demonstrated from simulation experiments that the TVGFT can be achieved by utilizing the designed control protocol.
Spider‐Inspired, Fully 3D‐Printed Micro‐Hydraulics for Tiny, Soft Robotics
Authors: Smith Gabriel L. , Tyler Joshua B. , Lazarus Nathan , Tsang Harvey , Viornery Luis , Shultz Jeffrey , Bergbreiter Sarah 
Published: March 2023

AbstractMany arachnids use internal hemolymph pressure to actuate extension in their leg joints. The inherent large foot displacement‐to‐body length ratio that arachnids can achieve through hydraulics relative to muscle‐based actuators is both energy and volumetrically efficient. Until recent advances in nano/microscale 3D printing with two‐photon polymerization (2PP), the physical realization of synthetic complex ‘soft’ joints would have been impossible to replicate and fill with a hydraulic fluid into a sealed sub‐millimeter system. Inspired by nature, the smallest scale 3D‐printed hydraulic actuator (4.9 × 10−4 mm3) by more than an order of magnitude is demonstrated. The use of stiff 2PP polymers with micron‐scale dimensions enable compliant membranes similar to exoskeletons seen in nature without the requirement for low‐modulus materials. The bio‐inspired system is designed to mimic similar hydraulic pressure‐activated mechanisms in arachnid joints utilized for large displacement motions relative to body length. Using variations on this actuator design, the ability to transmit forces with relatively large magnitudes (milliNewtons) in 3D space is demonstrated, as well as the ability to direct motion that is useful towards microrobotics and medical applications. Microscale hydraulic actuation provides a promising approach toward the transmission of large forces and 3D motions at small scales, previously unattainable in wafer‐level 2D microelecromechanical systems (MEMS).
Deterministic Fabrication of Twisted Van Der Waals Structures
Authors: Zhang Yan , Lee Yangjin , Zhang Weifeng , Song Dekui , Lee Kihyun , Zhao Yan , Hao He , Zhao Zihan , Wang Shiyu , Kim Kwanpyo , Liu Nan 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn 2D van der Waals (vdW) materials, rotational misalignment by a twist angle between adjacent layers can significantly affect their properties, referred as twistronics. Accurate tuning of twist angle of vdW materials in a controllable and efficient way is highly required. Here a thin‐film assisted transfer (TAT) technique that can controllably fabricate vdW structures with deterministic twist angles (accuracy of 0.37°) is developed. The transparent and ultrathin film as transfer medium ensures the visible and intact manipulation of monolayer building blocks, thus constructing vdW architectures with multi‐materials and designated position. Multilayer homo‐/hetero‐architectures in the geometry of series connection, spiral structure and chiral symmetry at deterministic twist angles are for the first time demonstrated. They can be located on various substrates for both structural analysis and device application. The capability of fabricating twisted homo‐/hetero‐ vdW structures in a deterministic, high‐throughput manner will serve as a powerful tool for twistronics.
Surface Defect Engineering in Colored TiO2 Hollow Spheres Toward Efficient Photocatalysis
Authors: Liccardo Letizia , Bordin Matteo , Sheverdyaeva Polina M. , Belli Matteo , Moras Paolo , Vomiero Alberto , Moretti Elisa 
Published: March 2023

AbstractNanostructured TiO2 is one of the best materials for photocatalysis, thanks to its high surface area and surface reactivity, but its large energy bandgap (3.2 eV) hinders the use of the entire solar spectrum. Here, it is proposed that defect‐engineered nanostructured TiO2 photocatalysts are obtained by hydrogenation strategy to extend its light absorption up to the near‐infrared region. It is demonstrated that hydrogenated or colored TiO2 hollow spheres (THS) composed of hierarchically assembled nanoparticles result in much broader exploitation of the solar spectrum (up to 1200 nm) and the engineered surface enhances the photogeneration of charges for photocatalytic processes. In turn, when applied for photodegradation of a targeted drug (Ciprofloxacin) this results in 82% degradation after 6 h under simulated sunlight. Valence band analysis by photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the presence of oxygen vacancies, whose surface density increases with the hydrogenation rate. Thus, a tight correlation between degree of hydrogenation and photocatalytic activity is directly established. Further insight comes from electron paramagnetic resonance, which evidences bulk Ti3+ centers only in hydrogenated THS. The results are anticipated to disclose a new path toward highly efficient photocatalytic titania in a series of applications targeting water remediation and solar fuel production.
Large‐Area Freestanding Bi2S3 Nanofibrous Membranes for Fast Photoresponse Flexible IR Imaging Photodetector
Authors: Rong Ping , Gao Shiyong , Ren Shuai , Lu Huiqing , Yan Jun , Li Lin , Zhang Mingyi , Han Yajie , Jiao Shujie , Wang Jinzhong 
Published: March 2023

AbstractFilms with excellent flexibility and mechanical stability are important for flexible and wearable devices. However, most films reported are prepared on substrates, and the synthesis of freestanding flexible films remains a challenge. Herein, a freestanding Bi2S3 nanofibrous membrane (NFM) is successfully prepared via a one‐step hydrothermal method, which is self‐assembled from ultralong Bi2S3 nanowires (NWs) over a length of millimeter‐scale crisscrossing each other. Significantly, the Bi2S3 NFM can be bent or clipped into an arbitrarily desired form. Based on the freestanding Bi2S3 NFM, an IR photodetector is fabricated, depicting a robust responsivity of 2.23 (2.06) µA W−1 under 850 (940) nm illumination. The Bi2S3 NFM photodetector exhibits a relatively fast response time (47.1 ms), which is attributed to high‐speed carrier transport efficiency in the NWs network. Under the bending states, the device still exhibits excellent detection performance, maintaining more than 86% of the initial photocurrent even after 1000 bending‐flattening times. The robust photoresponse of the Bi2S3 NFM photodetector after 2 months of storage in air and after 1 week in the bending state illustrates its excellent air stability and flexible detection ability. Besides, the photodetector can clearly identify the target image, indicating widespread potential applications in flexible and wearable fields.
High‐Efficiency All‐Small‐Molecule Organic Solar Cells Based on New Molecule Donors with Conjugated Symmetric/Asymmetric Hybrid Cyclopentyl‐Hexyl Side Chains
Authors: Wang Xunchang , Li Zhiya , Zheng Xufan , Xiao Cong , Hu Tianyu , Liao Yuchen , Yang Renqiang 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAll small molecule organic solar cells (ASM‐OSCs) have numerous advantages but lower power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) than their polymer equivalents, which is largely due to the suboptimal nanoscale network structure in a bulk heterojunction (BHJ). Herein, new small molecule donors with symmetric/asymmetric hybrid cyclopentyl‐hexyl side chains are designed, accounting for manipulated intermolecular interactions and BHJ morphology. Theoretical and experimental results reveal that the asymmetric cyclopentyl‐hexyl side chains modification has a significant influence on potential energy surface and intermolecular interaction that can ensure preferable molecular assembly and regulate the D/A interfacial energetics, thus boosting the exciton dissociation and charge transport when pairing with a wide‐used acceptor L8‐BO. Concurrently, a nanoscale bicontinuous interpenetrating network with optimal domain size can be fully evolved in the BHJ layer. As a consequence, the As‐TCp‐based binary device achieves a superior PCE of 16.46% in comparison to that of the controlled symmetric counterparts S‐BF (14.92%) and A‐TCp (15.77%), and ranks one of best performance among ASM‐OSCs. This study demonstrates that precise manipulation of the cyclo‐alkyl chain in combination with the asymmetric 2D side chain strategy is an effective synergistic approach to control intermolecular interaction and nanoscale bicontinuous phase separation for achieving high‐performance ASM‐OSCs.
Lysine‐Based Ionic Liquid Enables Peptides to Reverse Skin Photoaging: From Leaves to Roots
Authors: Liu Tianqi , Zhang Dilong , Pan Zhihao , Yang Huang , Ruan Bo , Bo Yiyang , Xie Lin , Wang Zhenyuan , Zhang Jiaheng 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPeptides and proteins are pharmacologically active and highly safe; however, their local delivery remains a challenge in the field of drug delivery. Based on this, a novel lysine‐based ionic liquid via proton transfer between lysine and malic acid that can overcome the difficulties in the application of copper peptides is developed. Density functional theory, molecular docking simulations, and experimental validation demonstrate the chemical stability of this ionic liquid. Furthermore, by combining it with a vegetable oil system, a biocompatible lysine‐based ionic liquid microemulsion system is constructed, which perfectly combines the high viscosity of ionic liquids and low viscosity of microemulsions. Multi‐dimensional analysis shows that the system not only leads to a dramatic elevation in the local penetration of copper peptides, but also enables copper peptides to effectively suppress skin aging. In addition, transcriptome sequencing analysis reveals that the system primarily regulates p53, p16, and ECM‐related signaling pathways to combat photoaging in the skin. Overall, a noninvasive, efficient, and convenient anti‐aging system with enormous potential is developed for the clinical prevention and treatment of skin photoaging.
Superelastic and Ultralight Aerogel Assembled from Hemp Microfibers
Authors: Zhu Jiaying , Zhu Yeling , Ye Yuhang , Qiu Zhe , Zhang Yifan , Yu Zhengyang , Sun Xia , Bressler David C. , Jiang Feng 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAerogels with both high elastic strain and fast shape recovery after compression have broad application potentials as thermal regulation, absorbents, and electrical devices. However, creating such aerogels from cellulosic materials requires complicated preparation processes. Herein, a simple strategy for scalable production of hemp microfibers using a top‐down method is reported, which can further be assembled into aerogels with interconnected porous structures via ice‐templating technique. With density as low as 2.1 mg cm−3, these aerogels demonstrate isotropic superelasticity, as exhibited by their fast shape restoration from over 80% compressive strain. Due to the high porosity (99.87%) and structural tortuosity, these aerogels show a low thermal conductivity of 0.0215 ± 0.0002 W m−1 K−1, suggesting their potential in thermal insulation application. Certain hydrophobic modification using silane derivative further endows these aerogels with reduced water affinity. Overall, the proposed strategy to prepare bio‐based microfibers using scalable technology, as well as the assembled aerogels, provides new insights into the design and fabrication of multifunctional bio‐based aerogels for value‐added applications.