bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Choice of Effect Measure Influences Minimally Sufficient Adjustment Sets for External Validity
Authors: Webster-Clark Michael , Keil Alexander P 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Epidemiologic researchers generalizing or transporting effect estimates from a study to a target population must account for effect-measure modifiers (EMMs) on the scale of interest. However, little attention is paid to how the EMMs required may vary depending on the mathematical nuances of each effect measure. We defined 2 types of EMMs: a marginal EMM, where the effect on the scale of interest differs across levels of a variable, and a conditional EMM, where the effect differs conditional on other variables associated with the outcome. These types define 3 classes of variables: class 1 (conditional EMM), class 2 (marginal but not conditional EMM), and class 3 (neither marginal nor conditional EMM). Class 1 variables are necessary to achieve a valid estimate of the RD in a target population, while an RR requires class 1 and class 2 and an OR requires classes 1, 2, and 3 (i.e., all variables associated with the outcome). This does not mean that fewer variables are required for an externally valid RD (because variables may not modify effects on all scales), but it does suggest that researchers should consider the scale of the effect measure when identifying an EMM necessary for an externally valid treatment effect estimate.
Complexity defying macroeconomics
Authors: Paniagua Pablo 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This article contributes to the literature on complexity and macroeconomic models by exploring the analytical relationship and tensions between complex phenomena and macroeconomics. By evaluating the properties of organised complexity, this article suggests alternative strategies for analysing the macroeconomy. Drawing on F. A. Hayek’s notion of organised complexity, I examine how its causal properties relate to the analytical criteria and assumptions that contemporary macroeconomic models use. The purpose is twofold: first, I associate the properties of complexity to the idea of the macroeconomy as an emergent totality arising from the causal interplay between individuals and the organising structure. This conceptually challenges modern macro and frames analytical tensions between complexity and macroeconomic analysis. Second, introducing complexity facilitates breaking away from current analytical and conceptual straitjackets in macroeconomics. Economic inquiry requires looking for alternative ways beyond standard models to analyse the macroeconomy as an emergent totality. This suggests stepping away from current formalistic methods and radical reductionism, in favour of unconventional strategies and approaches that are sensitive to rules, structures, and the causal properties of organised complexity.
Angela Carter’s Metaleptic Turn: The Possibilities of “a Mutation, of a Revolution in the Propriety of the Symbolic System”
Authors: Thomas Karima 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Angela Carter’s experiences in Japan molded her post-Japan writing: she became more preoccupied with the nature of reality and the status of the subject, which operates for her like Roland Barthes’s empty sign, whose sole reality is its appearance. Carter sought a new model of writing too, which she found partly in bunraku. This paper analyzes the role of bunraku in triggering Carter’s overlapping narrative and ontological frames. That metaleptic turn enables her to disclose the constructedness of the subject in general and the gendered subject in particular. In “The Loves of Lady Purple” and “Flesh and the Mirror,” Carter draws on bunraku for a system of representation that metatextually discloses itself as an aesthetic construction and of its subjects as discursive productions of subjectivity.
Changes in pulmonary artery index and its relation to outcome after stage II palliation in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Authors: Euringer Caecilia , Schaeffer Thibault , Heinisch Paul Philipp , Burri Melchior , Georgiev Stanimir , Lemmer Julia , Ewert Peter , Hager Alfred , Hörer Jürgen , Ono Masamichi 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to prove if pulmonary artery (PA) size influences survival and if an additional aortopulmonary shunt (APS) promotes left PA growth after bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt (BCPS) in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

METHODS
The medical records of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who underwent Norwood procedure and BCPS between 2007 and 2020 were reviewed. Right, left and total (right + left) PA indices were calculated according to Nakata and colleagues.

RESULTS
A total of 158 patients were included in this study. The median age at Norwood and BCPS was 8 (7–11) days and 3.6 (3.1–4.6) months, respectively. There were 7 hospital deaths and 12 late deaths. Survival after BCPS was 90.3% at 1 year and 86.2% at 2 years. Total, right and left PA indices were 238 (195–316), 136 (101–185) and 102 (75–130) mm2/m2 at the time of BCPS, and they were 237 (198–284), 151 (123–186) and 86 (69–108) mm2/m2 at the time of Fontan. Left PA index decreased significantly between the time of BCPS and Fontan (P &lt; 0.01). Nine patients needed partial takedown and additional APS due to failing BCPS, but the additional APS did not promote the PA growth significantly.

CONCLUSIONS
Preoperative PA index did not affect the mortality after BCPS. The partial takedown and additional APS for failing BCPS were unable to improve left PA size.
An alluring sight of music: the musical ‘courtesan’ in the Cinquecento
Authors: Ventura Nieto Laura 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The figure of the courtesan features in many literary and artistic productions of the Italian Cinquecento. The term ‘musical courtesan’ has been widely used to describe several portraits produced in the first half of the 16th century representing beautiful young women (belle) in different attires playing the lute. This article problematizes the notion of the ‘musical courtesan’ and argues instead that these depictions of belle should be understood in terms of the varied interpretations that might be reached by 16th-century viewers. Such portraits could convey higher ideals such as the institution of marriage of the contemplation of beauty. Case-studies are offered of portraits by Andrea Solario (1460–1524), Bartolomeo Veneto (1502–55), Parrasio Micheli (c.1516–78) and Palma Vecchio (c.1480–1528) that show beautiful, young female lutenists in different attires.
Double-gene targeting with preassembled Cas9 ribonucleoprotein for safe genome editing in the edible mushroomPleurotus ostreatus
Authors: Boontawon Tatpong , Nakazawa Takehito , Choi Yeon-Jae , Ro Hyeon-Su , Oh Minji , Kawauchi Moriyuki , Sakamoto Masahiro , Honda Yoichi 
Published: February 2023

AbstractCRISPR/Cas9 has potential for efficient molecular breeding. Recently, a foreign-DNA-free gene-targeting technology was established by introducing a preassembled Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex into the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. However, the target gene was restricted to such a gene like pyrG, since screening of a genome-edited strain was indispensable and could be performed via examination of 5-fluoroorotic acid (5-FOA) resistance caused by the disruption of the target gene. In this study, we simultaneously introduced the Cas9 RNP complex targeting fcy1, a mutation that conferred P. ostreatus resistance to 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), together with that targeting pyrG. A total of 76 5-FOA resistant strains were isolated during the first screening. Subsequently, a 5-FC resistance examination was conducted, and three strains exhibited resistance. Genomic PCR experiments followed by DNA sequencing revealed that mutations were successfully introduced into fcy1 and pyrG in the three strains. The results indicated that double gene-edited mutants could be obtained in one experiment employing 5-FOA resistance screening for strains with Cas9 RNP incorporation. This work may pave the way for safe CRISPR/Cas9 technology to isolate mutant strains in any gene of interest without an ectopic marker gene.
Tectonic stress of northeastern Indian region derived from seismic focal mechanisms and the effect of focal mechanism on stress drop: a comparative analysis with Kachchh intraplate region of India
Authors: Kamra Charu , Chopra Sumer , Yadav R B S 
Published: February 2023

SUMMARY
In this study, the focal mechanism solutions and source parameters of recent earthquakes that occurred in the northeastern region of India have been determined. The region has very complex tectonics as it is subjected to the compressional forces from all sides, due to the collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian, Burma and Tibetan plates. Waveform data from deployed broad-band seismographs (BBS) and strong motion accelerographs (SMA) in the northeastern India are used to determine the focal mechanism solutions and source parameters of moderate earthquakes, respectively. The estimated focal mechanisms are used to understand the existing stress field in the region. It is found that the Shillong-Plateau as well as the Indo-Burma subduction zone is dominated by the compressional tectonic regime, Mikir Hills and Bengal basin are dominated by the trans-tension tectonic regime, and the easternmost Himalayan region is dominated by the strike-slip tectonic regime. The maximum horizontal stress direction Shmax is also determined for above subregions. The direction of Shmax is southeast in the Bengal basin, northeast in Mikir Hills and Indo-Burma subduction zone whereas it is NNE in Shillong Plateau and SSW in the eastern Himalayas. The estimated stress drop value of the earthquakes in the region ranges from 2.11 to 23.89 MPa. The relationship between the source parameters and focal mechanisms is also explored. It is found that the earthquakes with a strike-slip mechanism have the highest average stress drop (7.05 MPa) followed by reverse (6.82 MPa) and normal (5.12 MPa) in the northeastern region of India. According to the examined data set, the stress drop is found to be dependent on the type of focal mechanism, seismic moment and hypocentral depths. The comparison of the results with the Kachchh intraplate region in western India shows earthquakes in Kachchh have larger mean stress drop for all types of mechanisms. In both intraplate and interplate regions of India, the stress drop of earthquakes depends on the type of focal mechanism solution.
A double-edged sword: Constitutional dialogue confined
Authors: Yosef Bell E 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Dialogic judicial review is a dialectic interaction between supreme courts and legislatures regarding the constitutionality of legislation, in which each institution preserves its constitutional authority, and yet performs it while considering the other institution’s stance and its ability to respond. This interaction is based on reciprocity and upon the contribution of both institutions to the constitutional design and interpretation of legislation. This dialogic interaction has much value at the institutional and instrumental level. Unfortunately, constitutional dialogue sometimes has a negative influence on petitioners and similar groups, as their rights are being trampled under a dialogic veil. This article argues that constitutional dialogue can (and sometimes must) be restricted to avoid hindering human rights during the constitutional institutional interaction. It sketches a doctrine designed to prevent impairing human rights in the name of dialogic interaction, through three arguments: (i) the constitutional dialogue must be restricted, since reality shows that courts in many cases prefer legitimacy considerations over protecting human rights; (ii) in the case of under-represented groups, there is no reason to trust legislatures to take human rights into consideration while formulating a legislative response; and (iii) courts can restrict the dialogic interaction by declaring the constitutional purpose to be unconstitutional or by using judicial decisiveness which strives for full and coercive judicial constitutional review.
Community pharmacist-led interventions to improve medication adherence in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Al-Arkee Sheelan , Al-Ani Omar 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Medication adherence in cardiovascular disease (CVD) is reported to be suboptimal. Therefore, an intervention to tackle non-adherence is important. Pharmacists’ intervention may have the potential to enhance medication adherence, leading to improvements in clinical outcomes in patients with CVD. This study assesses the impact of a community pharmacist intervention on improving medication adherence and clinical outcomes in patients with CVD. This study also describes the characteristics and actual contents of the interventions.

Methods
Electronic databases (MEDLINE (Ovid), PsycINFO (Ovid), Cochrane library and PubMed Central) were systematically searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs), assessing the impact of community pharmacists’ interventions on medication adherence in patients with CVD. Eligible RCTs were those published in English from database inception to April 2021. A narrative analysis was performed. The RCTs included were assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias. This review included eight RCTs. The majority included a multifaceted intervention with medication reviews and adherence counselling. Sample sizes varied from 225 to 1906, and intervention duration ranged from 2 to 12 months. Seven of the RCTs reported that interventions enhanced medication adherence. Five RCTs assessed the effect of the interventions on the clinical outcomes and reported a trend towards improvement in blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level in the intervention arm. Regarding the quality of evidence, most RCTs were classified as poor, due to the high risk of bias or insufficient reporting of information.

Summary
Community pharmacist-led interventions show improvements in medication adherence and clinical outcomes, but the content and delivery of the interventions vary. Future research should focus on identifying the most effective components that contribute to enhancing medication adherence and clinical outcomes for patients with CVD.
H∞and Asymptotic Stability via delay feedback for hybrid neutral stochastic delay differential equations with Lévy noise
Authors: Rhaima Mohamed , Mchiri Lassaad , Ben Makhlouf A 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis work addresses existence and stabilization problem for a hybrid neutral stochastic delay differential equations with Lévy noise (HNSDDELN). The coefficients of such systems do not satisfy the conventional linear growth conditions, but are subject to high nonlinearity. We first prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution. We then design a delay feedback controller to make an unstable HNSDDELN $H_{\infty }$ and asymptotically stable in ${\mathbb{L}}^{p}$. We end up with a numerical example that corroborates our theoretical findings.
Seeing the unseen: how can we best identify transgender women within the Veterans Affairs healthcare system’s electronic medical record?
Authors: Nik-Ahd Farnoosh , Waller Justin , De Hoedt Amanda M , Garcia Maurice M , Figueiredo Jane C , Carroll Peter R , Cooperberg Matthew R , Freedland Stephen J 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundOne challenge in transgender research is reliably identifying patients through electronic medical records data, as there is no universal transgender International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code, but rather multiple ICD codes that can be used.AimTo explore the sensitivity and specificity of 5 commonly used ICD codes to identify transgender patients overall and transgender women specifically (assigned male sex at birth) by using data from the Veterans Affairs (VA), the largest integrated health system in the United States.MethodsPatients aged ≥18 years were identified via ICD-9 codes 302.5 and 302.6 (Ninth Revision) and ICD-10 codes F64.0, F64.8, and F64.9 (Tenth Revision) using VA health records from 2000 to 2021 and stratified by bilateral orchiectomy status.OutcomesDetailed chart review was performed on 32 randomly selected patients for each code (half with and half without orchiectomy) to confirm transgender status and to perform descriptive analyses.ResultsFor each ICD code, rates of confirmed transgender status ranged from 88% to 100% for those with and without an orchiectomy, with the majority being transgender women (consistent with most veterans being assigned male sex at birth). Most transgender women (66%-100%) were undergoing estrogen gender-affirming therapy. The majority of provider-driven entries of transgender status took place from 2011 to 2020, with 75% of entries made from 2011 to 2020, consistent with increased recognition and societal acceptance of this population. False negatives were detected at a rate of 15%. Based upon these 5 ICD codes alone, we estimate that the VA has records for 9,449 to 10,738 transgender individuals.Clinical ImplicationsAll 5 codes are very sensitive in identifying transgender patients, and the combination of these codes with orchiectomy is extremely sensitive in identifying transgender women, specifically.Strengths and LimitationsMajor strengths of the study are the use of universal ICD codes and a large patient sample size that spans health records nationally and across multiple decades, potentially making our data more generalizable. The main limitation of this study is that subanalyses were performed on a limited number of patients, which prevented us from capturing all false positives and thus from calculating specificity for each code. Similarly, our true negatives were derived from a small, random subset of the population; as such, our calculation for specificity is an estimate.ConclusionThis study highlights a novel method to identify transgender women and paves the way for further research.
Structure of the EDAIC (Parts I and II)
Authors: Varvinskiy Andrey 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the structure of Part I and Part II of the European Diploma in Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care examination (EDAIC). It outlines the paper formats, the topics covered in Paper A and Paper B, the oral exam, and the marking system. The Part I exam comprises two multiple-choice question (MCQ) papers. Each paper has 60 questions and is of two hours duration (or 90 minutes if the examination is taken online). The MCQ format adopted is that of a stem with five responses where each may be either true or false. This format is also known as multiple true-false (MTF). The Part II exam is held in a single day, during which there are four separate 25-minute structured oral examinations (SOE). In each SOE, the candidate is examined by two examiners, thereby meeting eight examiners in all. The SOE embraces the same range of basic science and clinical topics covered in Part I.
Adult brachial plexus injury
Authors: Kay Simon , Bains Robert 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In any condition, the surgeon must understand the natural history (i.e. the prognosis or ‘forward knowledge’) in order to decide whether to intervene surgically to try to change the expected outcome. Peripheral nerve injuries pose difficulties in prognostication, and yet a wait-and-see policy (which used to be common for brachial plexus injuries) leaves the decision to explore too long for exploration to stand much chance of ameliorating the damage since irreversible changes occur peripherally and centrally.
The nipple–areolar complex
Authors: Buckland Garry 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The nipple–areolar complex is the focal point of, and defines, the breast. Its role is functional, aesthetic, and erogenous. There is significant variability in appearance and pigmentation between ethnic groups. The anatomy of the nipple–areolar complex is unique. It has a well-defined embryological origin which, when interrupted, is responsible for the congenital anomalies of the structure, and a well-described histology, composed of pigmented squamous epithelium and associated circumferential smooth muscle and sebaceous and sweat glands. The nipple–areolar complex has well-defined surface anatomy and ideal aesthetics. Its blood supply and nerve supply have important implications for the surgical management of congenital and pathological anomalies of the breast.
Necrotizing fasciitis of the abdomen
Authors: Barabás Anthony , Fleming Andrew 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Necrotizing fasciitis is a surgical emergency. It is primarily an infection of the fascia and deeper layers of adipose tissue or muscle, but can also arise from infections of the dermis and epidermis, and so there is a move to call these infections necrotizing soft tissue infections. The abdominal wall and perineum area are the more commonly affected sites. It is essential to recognize the signs, and make an early diagnosis, of necrotizing fasciitis as delay increases morbidity and mortality from this aggressive disease. Treatment involves surgical debridement, broad-spectrum antibiotics, resuscitation, and intensive supportive care. Survivors are often left with large complex wounds and, despite optimal care, mortality rates of 25–35% are reported in recent series.
Amputations
Authors: Winterton Robert 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Amputations of the upper limb are required for management of trauma, tumour, or congenital deformity. Important considerations in upper limb amputation include the functional aims and rehabilitation, as well as the psychological impact of amputation and the risks of phantom symptoms and chronic pain. In this chapter, the various levels of amputation are described together with the specific issues related to each individual level.
Inflammatory arthritis of the hand and wrist
Authors: Burge Peter 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Surgery is an essential component in the multidisciplinary management of inflammatory arthritis of the hand and wrist. Disease-modifying medical therapy has reduced the requirement for reconstructive surgery, especially for persistent synovitis and tenosynovitis, but the consequences of joint damage continue to require the attention of hand surgeons. Although the management is primarily medical, surgery of the hand and wrist can be effective in relieving pain and correcting deformity. However, increases in movement and strength are difficult to achieve. The surgeon requires an understanding of the natural history of the arthritis and its effect on the hand, as well as a familiarity with the principles of diagnosis and medical management. This chapter discusses the assessment and decision-making for the patient with inflammatory arthritis of the hand and wrist in the context of multidisciplinary management. It then describes the surgical techniques used to treat abnormalities in the arthritic hand
Lasers and flashlamps in the treatment of skin disorders
Authors: Barlow Richard J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
‘Laser’ is the acronym for ‘light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation’. An atom or molecule can be excited (elevated to a higher energy level) by an external power source to absorb energy in the form of a photon (a quantum of electromagnetic radiation or light). Spontaneous emission refers to subsequent loss of this photon whereas stimulated emission refers to loss of the photon when the atom is perturbed by another incident photon. The latter isn’t absorbed and the atom therefore emits two photons, each with the same wavelength and phase. It is this property which allows light amplification and the production of a laser system.