bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Serologic Specificity of Crude and Purified Antigen Extracts of Escherichia Coli in Hemagglutination Reactions with Rabbit and Human Antisera
Authors: Vosti Kenneth L. , Monto Arnold S. , Older Jay J. , Rantz Lowell A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The presence of a common antigen in crude and purified extracts of several strains of Escherichia coli has been confirmed by hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition.
The occurrence of both O and non-O specific antibody in a human serum was demonstrated by differential absorption. Non-O specific antibody did not interfere significantly with the measurement of O specific antibody in the sera of normal or diseased patients when red cells sensitized with either pure or crude extracts were employed.
Cholera Vaccines and Placental Transmission of Antibodies
Authors: Panse M. V. , Dutta N. K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The placental transmission of cholera antibodies from mother to infant rabbits has been demonstrated. Ten-day-old rabbits derived from mothers immunized with live vibrio vaccine were immune to cholera infection, but those from mothers immunized with heat-killed or formolized vaccines were not. The agglutinin titer gave no indication of the protective power against vibrio challenge. The technique of placental transmission of antibodies could be used for the standardization of cholera vaccine. The use of live vibrio vaccine as a cholera prophylactic is suggested.
An Autoradiographic Study of the Stability of Plasma Cell Ribonucleic Acid in Rats
Authors: Miller John J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The ribonucleic acid (RNA) of mature plasma cells was labeled by giving tritiated cytidine to rats during the proliferative phase of a secondary immune response. Autoradiography of smears of the popliteal nodes taken at intervals up to 30 days after the last dose of tritiated cytidine showed the presence of stable RNA in plasma cell cytoplasm and nuclei.
Restimulation with specific and nonspecific antigens had no effect on the number of labeled plasma cells or on their stable, persistent RNA.
Serologic Studies of Embryonic and Trophoblastic Tissues of the Mouse
Authors: Schlesinger Michael 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The isoantigenicity of mouse embryonic and trophoblastic tissues was studied by quantitative absorptions of isohemagglutinins.
Isoantigenic activity was found in the earliest C3H embryos studied (10½ days old). The antigenicity of the liver increased rapidly between days 13½ and 15½, whereafter it remained constant. In preterm embryos the thymus was the most antigenic organ, having an antigenicity similar to that of the adult thymus. The placenta showed a relatively high antigenicity which remained unchanged throughout pregnancy.
The livers of (129 × C3H) F1 hybrids contained both paternal and maternal isoantigenic activity. The two antigens attained, at each developmental stage, about half the concentration found in homozygous embryos. Both the paternal and the maternal antigens were demonstrable in hybrid placentas.
No isoantigenic activity could be found in the trophoblastic growths resulting from grafts of 2½- to 3½-day-old fertilized C3H eggs into cryptorchid C57BL or 129 testes. It is concluded that the lack of H-2 isoantigenicity of the trophoblastic cells enables them to function as a barrier between the fetus and the mother.
Delayed Hypersensitivity in Vitro
Authors: David John R. , Al-Askari S. , Lawrence H. S. , Thomas L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The migration of peritoneal exudate cells from guinea pigs with delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin purified protein derivative, ovalbumin and diphtheria toxoid is markedly inhibited by the respective antigen, and such inhibition is specific. Cells from guinea pigs producing precipitating antibody are not inhibited by antigen. Sera from experimental animals exhibiting delayed hypersensitivity or sera containing precipitating antibody did not sensitize normal cells to antigen. The inhibition still occurs when heat-in-activated sera are used. The findings are consistent with the view of the primary importance of cells in manifestations of delayed hypersensitivity reactions, and the in vitro system gives promise of further elucidation of the mechanism involved.
Delayed Hypersensitivity in Vitro
Authors: David John R. , Lawrence H. S. , Thomas L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Peritoneal exudate cells from guinea pigs exhibiting delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin and from normal animals were mixed in varying proportions, and their migration in the presence of specific antigens was studied. The results indicate that only a few cells in a mixed population need be specifically sensitive to influence the behavior of the whole population. Killing the sensitive cells abolishes their effect on normal cells. Some questions raised by these results are discussed.
The Effects of Heat on Antibody Activity
Authors: Farah Fuad S. , Kurban Amal K. , Chaglassian Hrant T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified antibodies diluted in 0.15 M NaCl and heated at 70°C for 30 min showed no loss of ability to precipitate or to elicit the wheal and erythema responses. Antisera as well as purified antibodies diluted in normal serum, when heated at 70°C, showed a decrease in their ability to precipitate but retained their wheal and erythema reactivity. Purified antibody heated in the presence of serum had a monovalent behavior with respect to the antibody and was still capable of eliciting the wheal and erythema responses. It is postulated that heating produces changes in the antibody tertiary structure, which in the presence of serum allow for wedging of the albumin into the antibody molecule.
Cultivation of Rabies Virus in Human Diploid Cell Strain WI-38
Authors: Wiktor T. J. , Fernandes M. V. , Koprowski H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In spite of the initial infectivity of three strains of rabies virus for the human diploid cell strain WI-38, the virus could not be serially propagated in this cell system with conventional methods of passaging infectious material. However, by following the mixing-cell transfer technique, three strains could finally be adapted so that they could propagate indefinitely. The adapted HEP virus caused a cytopathic effect in WI-38 and its infectivity, for four other tissue culture systems of different animal origins increased during the course of its propagation in WI-38.
After adaptation to WI-38, the HEP strain seemed to lose its lethal properties for monkeys injected intracerebrally, while acquiring a high degree of immunizing capacity for the same species.
Inactivated vaccines prepared from two other strains of fixed virus (CVS and PM) were found to be highly antigenic after adaptation to WI-38. This fact and the availability of the WI-38-adapted live HEP virus seem to indicate that production of effective and safe anti-rabies vaccine for man is now feasible.
Finally, because of good antigenic properties demonstrated either by the live attenuated HEP virus or by inactivated CVS and PM viruses grown in WI-38, an ideal medium for the production of human vaccines, effective and safe immunization of man against rabies may not be too far away.
Inhibitors of Echovirus and Reovirus Hemagglutination
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Dennis Juanita , Hoffman Marjorie N. , Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Inhibitors of echovirus and reovirus hemagglutination (HA) have been demonstrated in infected and uninfected HeLa cell fluids, and also in fluids from uninfected cultures of certain nonprimate cells. The susceptibility of the inhibitor in uninfected HeLa cell fluids to chymotrypsin and papain (inhibitor for certain viral types) as well as to organic solvents suggests that it might be lipoprotein in nature. The occurrence of the inhibitor in cell culture fluids, rather than in cell homogenates, and its occurrence in cell cultures of nonprimate origin, as well as certain differences in susceptibility to physical and chemical agents, distinguish it from enterovirus inhibitors described by other investigators to be associated with cell receptors.
Further Studies of the Early Antibody in the Sera of Cattle and Guinea Pigs Infected with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Authors: Brown F. , Cartwright B. , Newman J. F. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibody found early after infection of cattle and guinea pigs with foot-and-mouth disease virus is a 19S γ-globulin. Reaction of this early antibody with mercaptoethanol destroys its neutralizing and precipitating properties.
Isolation and Immunochemical Properties of Haptenic Material from Timothy Pollen
Authors: Malley Arthur , Campbell Dan H. , Heimlich E. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The isolation of a fraction (WST-Fr2) from the dialysate of timothy grass pollen extract is described. This fraction (WST-Fr2) appears homogenous by chromatography on Sephadex-G25, Amberlite IRC-50 and electrophoresis, but immunologically heterogenous as demonstrated by inhibition of several lines of precipitation in agar diffusion. WST-Fr2 possesses haptenic properties as demonstrated by its inhibition of specific precipitation and inhibition of the formation of lines of precipitation in agar diffusions. The results indicate the importance of considering the possible presence and significance of haptenic material in pollen extracts for laboratory studies as well as for clinical use.
Immunologic Characterization of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Strains
Authors: Henderson J. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Ten WEE strains and plaques derived from each were compared by the plaque reduction neutralization test with antisera prepared in guinea pigs. The analysis indicated that most of the strains were comprised of subpopulations of virus having antigenically distinct properties and that the quantitative distribution of common but distinct antigens determined in part the immunologic properties of each strain. Hyperimmune guinea pig sera prepared from plaque purified viruses were more specific in their cross-neutralizing properties than similar antisera prepared from unpurified strains.
The antigenic variations of 100 WEE strains were studied using goat antiserum prepared from antigenically distinct plaque viruses derived from the McMillan strain of WEE. Three antigenic groups (phases) of the virus could be differentiated, and these were designated aphasic, phase I and phase II variants. There appeared to be a general pattern in the geographic distribution of these variants.
The antigenic properties of phasic strains could be altered by serial intracerabral passage in infant mice or passage in primary rhesus monkey kidney cultures. No changes in antigenic properties were recognized when phasic strains were passaged in primary chick embryo cultures. Aphasic virus strains were antigenically stable when passaged in different host systems.
The Detection of Prostatic Acid Phosphatase by Antibody Reactions in Gel Diffusion
Authors: Shulman Sidney , Mamrod Louise , Gonder Maurice J. , Soanes Ward A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Prostatic acid phosphatase was demonstrated in electrophoretic patterns of prostatic fluid in the region corresponding to the serum α2- and β-globulins. In gel diffusion precipitation, this enzymatic activity was localized in two distinct bands of dense brown, speckled appearance. The titration end point of the major band varied with the sample of prostatic fluid; some were as high as 1:16000. In immunoelectrophoresis, the activity was again localized in two of the precipitin bands that were formed with the homologous antiserum. These bands were clearly of different electrophoretic mobility, suggesting that there are two different molecules having similar enzymatic properties. A number of organ extracts were tested for this phosphatase activity, namely, seminal vesicle, kidney, testicle, liver, lung and prostate gland. All of these were negative except for prostate extract, which did show one line of reaction. Normal serum was also negative. Serum from patients with carcinoma of the prostate were also positive, but only in some of the experiments. This is being further studied.
A Bioassay for Estimation of Pneumococcal Polysaccharide in Unresponsive (Paralyzed) Mice
Authors: Siskind Gregory W. , Paterson Philip Y. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A bioassay is described for estimating the amount of pneumococcal polysaccharide present in intact mice and capable of binding antibody. The method is based upon measurement of the amount of antibody required to passively protect mice from pneumococcal challenge. The half-life of immunologically titratable SII was found to be 5 days for the first 10 days after administration and 50 days from 11 to 70 days after administration, and to be independent of the dose of antigen injected (5 to 100 µg). Approximately 0.8 µg of a rabbit anti-type II pneumococcal polysaccharide given intravenously will protect 50% of mice from pneumococcal challenge 24 hr later. Mice, 10 days after immunization with 0.05 µg of SII, had approximately 13 µg of specific antibody available for binding with administered SII as measured by the decrease in the amount of passively administered antibody required to protect them from pneumococcal challenge. The results are supportive of the hypothesis that immunologic paralysis is the result of a block in antibody synthesis rather than of the combining of antibody formed with excess antigen present.
The Immune Response in the Presence of Delayed Hypersensitivity or Circulating Antibody
Authors: Coe John E. , Salvin S. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A specific anamnestic response to the hapten of a hapten-protein conjugate develops if delayed hypersensitivity to the protein, such as that produced by sensitization 10 days earlier with 1 µg of hen egg albumin in saline, is present at the time of challenge with the conjugate. A specific depression of the immune response to the hapten of a hapten-protein conjugate occurs if circulating antiprotein antibody, such as that resulting from sensitization 10 to 15 days earlier with hen egg albumin in Freund's incomplete adjuvant, is present. This specific suppression is not effected by administration of large amounts of passive antiprotein antibody or by concomitant injection of large amounts of protein antigen in saline. Little or no specific serologic reaction between the hapten-protein conjugate used in this study and anti-protein antibody could be detected with various in vivo and in vitro techniques. A specific anamnestic response to the hapten of a hapten-protein conjugate occurs if a preliminary injection of the protein in Freund's complete adjuvant is given 15 days prior to injection of the conjugate. Skin tests with the hapten-protein conjugate indicate that animals sensitized with protein in Freund's incomplete adjuvant develop a transient phase of delayed hypersensitivity to the conjugate which disappears coincidentally with the appearance of circulating anti-protein antibody. In contrast, animals sensitized with protein in Freund's complete adjuvant demonstrate a persisting state of delayed hypersensitivity after the appearance of circulating antibody.
An Anti-Mycobacterial Principle of Peritoneal Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Ramseier Hansruedy , Suter Emanuel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A factor inhibiting the growth of tubercle bacilli was found in disrupted peritoneal mononuclear cells from normal and BCG-immunized guinea pigs. It was shown that mononuclear cells from immunized guinea pigs were, on the average, 4 times as active as were cells from normal animals. However, great variability existed among individual guinea pigs immunized with BCG with respect to yield of inhibitory material.
Serum did not increase the action of the cell-bound inhibitor but, in some instances, seemed to neutralize its action.
The growth inhibitor proved to be directed against tubercle bacilli only, and other facultative intracellular organisms, such as Brucella or Salmonella, were not inhibited when tested under similar conditions.
Delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculoprotein and yield of anti-mycobacterial principle of mononuclear cells from BCG-immunized guinea pigs or animals injected with complete Freund's adjuvant were unrelated.
Cells obtained from guinea pig lymph nodes or spleen contained on a per cell basis less antimycobacterial substance than peritoneal mononuclear cells, whereas lysed cells from guinea pig liver or kidney proved to be highly inhibitory for tubercle bacilli.
Biologic Properties of Polynucleotides
Authors: Yachnin Stanley , Rosenblum Daniel , Chatman Donald 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The kinetics of inactivation of whole guinea pig complement (C′) by polyinosinic (poly I) acid have been investigated by the use of polyadenylic (poly A) acid as a stopping agent. The inactivation of whole serum C′ by poly I is a time-consuming reaction which can be slowed slightly by reduced temperatures. The inactivation of C′ activity by the addition of poly I to whole C′ requires the presence of Ca++. By means of sensitized red cell-complement component intermediates poly I-inactivated whole C′ can be shown to be deficient, not only in C′1 activity, but in C′4 as well. Poly I, when added to purified C′4, is incapable of C′4 inactivation; the inactivation of C′4 by poly I proceeds only in the presence of a source of C′1. The mechanism of C′ inactivation by poly I resembles in many respects the fixation (or inactivation) of C′ by aggregated γ-globulin or antigen-antibody complexes.
Five Allelic Genes at the Asa Locus Which Control γ-Globulin Allotypic Specificities in Mice
Authors: Lieberman Rose , Dray Sheldon 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Isoantibodies can distinguish γ-globulins of different allotypic (antigenic) specificities existing among individuals of the same species (1–3). In mice, two such γ-globulin allotypic specificities have been identified (4–7). In a previous study, two mouse γ-globulin allotypic specificities, Asa1 and Asa2, were identified by ascitic fluid isoprecipitins using agar gel methods and were found to be inherited by codominant autosomal alleles (7). The sera of each of 38 inbred strains reacted with either the anti-Asa1 or anti-Asa2 antibodies but never with both (7).
This paper presents the results of further immunochemical and genetic studies with new immune ascitic fluids and sera obtained by immunization of recipient inbred mice with γ-globulin of donor inbred mice of other strains. With the availability of antibodies of greater specificity from new donor-recipient combinations, the previously reported precipitin reactions of the anti-Asa1 with the sera of some of the inbred strains (7) were found to be the result of cross-reactions with three new γ-globulin allotypes Asa3, Asa4 and Asa5.
Specificity of Reaction to Antigenic Stimulation in Lymph Nodes of Immature Rabbits
Authors: Cohen M. W. , Thorbecke G. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments are described which show that animals made tolerant to a specific antigen have a total absence of response to local stimulation by that antigen.
Neonatal rabbits were used as the experimental animals, because of their lack of spontaneous morphologic activity, and bovine serum albumin was used as the antigen. Tolerance was induced by intraperitoneal injection of soluble BSA, and local stimulation was by alum precipitated BSA in the footpad. Stimulated nodes were studied with regard to secondary nodule and plasma cell formation.
Results indicate that tolerant animals stimulated with the antigen to which tolerance was induced lack the specific histological changes associated with γ-globulin formation. In very young animals, reactivity in regional nodes could be suppressed or markedly diminished by systemic treatment given within 24 hr of local stimulation. A proper sequence of injections will allow the demonstration of unresponsiveness within one lymph node in the presence of reactivity to the same antigen in the regional lymph node of the opposite side in the same animal.
Studies on Immunization against Plague
Authors: Chen T. H. , Larson A. , Meyer K. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The tested vaccines were all atoxic, except that after intracutaneous injection of 0.2 ml of 3.26 × 109 organisms/ml with adjuvant, a hard papule persisted for a few weeks.
The potency ratio as tested in mice increased according to the number of organisms in the vaccine. The Al(OH)3 adsorbed vaccine appeared to be three times as effective as the aqueous one.
In guinea pigs, the protective single dose is about 1.5 × 109 organisms. Given in two equal doses, 0.652 × 109 to 6.52 × 109 organisms effectively protect all the animals. However, the group given the large dose had better antibody titers and developed smaller buboes after infection. About 1.0 × 109 organisms, given in two basic immunization doses with 1 booster, also revealed a stronger immune reaction and smaller buboes. These findings suggest that the frequency of small doses of vaccine is likewise important in that the use of small doses can be compensated for by more frequent inoculations. One sensitizing dose for basic immunization is adequate to prepare for the booster effect, as demonstrated in both the guinea pig and primate experiments.
A total dose of 4.89 × 109 organisms protected 90% of the guinea pigs when challenged by the intranasal route.
In primates, a total dose of 4.89 × 109 and 8.15 × 109 organisms protected all animals from a challenge dose of 9.9 × 106 195/P organisms given intraperitoneally.
In the animal experiments, the degree and duration of immunity was largely determined by the antigenic stimulation, enhanced by the aluminum adjuvant effect. The effective antigenic range of the tested vaccine preparations was relatively broad. When a good potential immunity exists in the host, an increase in antibody production can be obtained with a small booster dose.
Demonstration of Antibody in Rabbit Alveolar Macrophages with Failure to Transfer Antibody Production
Authors: Hunt William B. , Myrvik Quentin N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Under the experimental conditions described neither lung fragments nor alveolar macrophages were able to transfer the production of antibody to normal recipient rabbits. Equal weights of spleen and comparable numbers of spleen cells when transferred resulted in measurable antibody in the recipient serum. Extracts of alveolar macrophages contained relatively large amounts of antibody whether obtained from actively or passively immunized animals. The mechanism involved in the latter phenomenon is not clear from these experiments, but does not appear to be related to antibody production by these cells.