bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: King Matt 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the main idea of the book: that there is a single responsibility relation that holds across moral and non-moral action. It also outlines the methodological approach and some parameters of the theory, while introducing a useful framework for interpreting its overall argumentative structure. The theory defended aims at a certain level of generality, a simplicity of commitments, and a sparse architecture of components. The objective is to give an account of what it is to be responsible for the various things individuals do in the variety of contexts in which they blame and praise each other.
Basic Agency
Authors: King Matt 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets out and defends the conditions on the basic responsibility relation. It begins with an account of how agents exercise control through flexible and dynamic guidance by their representations. In this way, they have a say over what happens. The chapter distills the conditions on the basic responsibility relation by examining the considerations that undermine blameworthiness and praiseworthiness. When a result is due to an unguided spasm, or a proper accident or mistake, it is no longer to an individual’s credit or discredit. The features that are absent when these excusing considerations are present point to the necessary conditions on basic responsibility. Finally, those conditions are refined to account for certain complexities, and then connected to the mechanisms of basic agency. Satisfying the conditions on the basic responsibility relation requires only modest agential abilities.
Conclusion
Authors: King Matt 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This final chapter considers some more speculative extensions of the theory of basic responsibility. It defends the implication that animals can be responsible for their activities so long as they satisfy the conditions on basic responsibility. It discusses the development of agency and responsibility, from childhood to maturity, and how the evaluative standards governing activities, and thus the nature of such mitigations, should be understood. It also considers a traditional question regarding responsibility: is it compatible with the thesis of determinism? Though the theory of basic responsibility is officially neutral on that question, this chapter considers how the theory might motivate an affirmative answer. To the extent that activities are flexible and overlapping, the chapter discusses how basic responsibility is a promiscuous notion, such that individuals are responsible for far more things than typically acknowledged by extant theories. Finally, the chapter considers the way in which the theory is compatible, and in tension, with various approaches in ethical theory.
Humanity from the Ice
Authors: Gamble Clive 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The chapter examines how creatures acknowledged as fellow humans emerged in the fossil record and achieved sufficient adaptability to varieties of environment cognitive and enough creative and social skills to be able to spread over most of the land surface of the planet. Rejecting the notion of a ‘human revolution’, or of early humans who broke with their past, the author tells a tale of global travellers in interlocking contexts: climate, the orbital rhythms of the earth, and tectonic shifts. A regional approach discloses the rhythms of change among ‘7 million versatile hominins’, clever, imaginative, always good with hands, gifted with speech, and socially inventive, who achieved a global range thanks to the use of kinship, social and material storage, and cooperation between males to control and realign resources.
Into a Warming World
Authors: Jones Martin 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The author takes up the human story as, after a protracted series of climatic swings, global warming resumed some 10,000 years ago, and new techniques of permanent settlement, herding, and tillage represent a novel engagement with nature. The boundary between worlds of food procurement and food production—between a world of hunting, gathering, and foraging and a world of agriculture—seems more transgressive, more traversed by continuities, than commonly supposed. Combining archaeology with environmental and genetic sciences, the chapter reconstructs the processes by which some species lost reproductive independence, and eventually became reliant on their principal predator, humans, to produce a new generation.
The Farmers’ Empires
Authors: Fernández-Armesto Felipe 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Accelerated cultural divergence—more societies, increasingly different from each other—was the most conspicuous global consequence of the changes that accompanied the spread and intensification of agriculture. The chapter relates the history of how agrarian peoples became increasingly differentiated from one another. Between the fifth and third millennia bce, in widely separated places around the world, the story is of divergence through common experiences: intensified settlement; growing concentrations of population; multiplying social categories and functions of government; emerging states and, in some cases, their transformation into empires; and increasingly diversified and specialized economic activity. Developments in four areas—Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the valleys of the Indus and Yellow Rivers, in what are now Pakistan China respectively—claim special attention, because, albeit on an exceptional scale, they were representative of global developments. In trying to explain the further changes—sometimes fatal, always transmutative—that befell them in the second phase, towards or around the late second millennium, the focus broadens to take in comparable events in the regions where our world tour starts, in the Mediterranean and, first, the New World.
Growth
Authors: Morris Ian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
With reference to families, clans, tribes, cities, states, and empires, and some attention to other kinds of organizations, particularly churches and businesses, the chapter tells the story of social and political organizations between 1000 bce and 1350 ce in terms of growth. Humans learned or were forced to cooperate on larger and larger scales, as small organizations were swallowed up by larger ones and large organizations got larger still. Behind the long-term, large-scale story of growth, then, lie more complicated shorter-term, smaller-scale stories. The author focuses on five questions: Why did organizations grow in scale, wealth, hierarchy, complexity, and effectiveness? Why did growth differ so much before and after 175 ce? Why did growth so often turn into collapse? Why did the forms of organizations vary so much from one place to another at any given point in time? And why did Eastern Eurasia displace Western as the heartland of the world’s biggest, most powerful states after 175 ce? A big conclusion arises: that between 1000 bce and 1350 ce social and political organizations reached the limits of what was possible under purely agrarian conditions.
A Converging World
Authors: Northrup David 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
After 1350 maritime trade routes tightened connections among people and increased the movement of goods. For the first time ships sailed regularly between the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean, across the Atlantic, and across the Pacific. Along with goods and people, microbes, plants, and animals spread to the far corners of the planet. Forces for global convergence that had been quite contained became commonplace with consequences, whether good or bad, that by 1815 appeared unstoppable. Meanwhile, the planet was experiencing the most prolonged era of below normal temperatures since the Pleistocene Ice Age of 110,000 to 12,000 years ago. That human population could still increase overall is testimony to the positive effects of the resettlement of new lands, the cultivation of more productive plants, and changing economic circumstances that set the stage for the far more dramatic changes in the next 200 years.
The Anthropocene Epoch
Authors: Christian David 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In the last 200 years, humans have become a planet-changing species. The chapter offers some measures of the huge changes associated with the Anthropocene and describes the deep historical roots of the current epoch and the major technological, economic, social, and environmental changes of the period from the late eighteenth century to the present day. Human populations rocketed, adding 6 billion more humans, who needed more resources, more food, more clothing, more goods. Energy consumption increased even faster. The amount of energy available per person increased by at least three times in the last 200 years, and by almost fifteen times in comparison with 2,000 years ago. The chapter explores the reasons for and results of these changes.
The Modern World and its Demons
Authors: Bernardini Paolo Luca 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Through a history of thought and art in the last two hundred years, the chapter explores a paradox: science and philosophy combined to represent the individual, deprived of divine controls, as evolved to such a degree that even machines had to be meant as ‘extensions’ of his (more than ‘her’, so far) powers. Yet in the same period, ideologues placed the masses, collectively, in a key position overturning former systems of power. In the end, neither the masses nor individuals have emerged as sole and indisputable victor. Nor did the West, despite the prevailing flow of influence for most of the period. The apparently globalized, i.e. uniform, world is far from real uniformity. From within the West, and more often from ‘peripheries’, powerful forces challenge the influence of Western cultural traditions.
Politics and Society in the Kaleidoscope of Change
Authors: Black Jeremy 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The chapter presents hope and fear—inherent human volatility and dynamism—as keys to understanding change in the period. Elements of existing social conventions and political norms survived ideological pressures, many of which were conservative, but the extent and pace of change were even more amazing. Technological change transfixed contemporaries, but, to many, the changing relationships of men and women or of the generations appeared more remarkable still. The decline of deference, the rise of choice, and the individualism of norms were all strikingly different to prior attitudes, and none was limited only to elite groups. The chapter focuses on political and social changes, changing identities, and religion, with an emphasis on paradoxical effects of change: a crisis of confidence at the end of the period, with globalization reviled but unsubverted, and ‘the cohesion, co-operation and unity of purpose that had inspired many who had planned at the international level still only a distant hope’.
The Laws of Restitution
Authors: Stevens Robert 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Laws of Restitution is a new, and quite different, account of this large area of private law. Other works seek to oversimplify the subject as governed by a single ‘unjust enrichment’ principle. Instead, there are several different kinds of claim, governed by quite different principles, which interlock with other fields of law. They need to be separated if errors are to be avoided. The work covers: the recovery of payments that are not due; the quantification of claims for restitution; the necessary link between claimant and defendant for a successful claim; rescission; contractual conditions; the consequences of frustration and breach; the discharge of obligations properly borne by another; contribution, subrogation, and recoupment; salvage, general average, agency of necessity; proprietary and promissory estoppel; Equity, tracing, constructive and resulting trusts; accession, mixture, specification, and substitution of things; remedies for torts, breach of contract, intellectual property right violations, and breach of confidence; damages and an account of profits; the duties of fiduciaries to account; defences of change of position, passing on, bona fide purchase, limitation, counter-restitution, and ministerial receipt; and illegality in entering into and performing contracts.
Summary
Authors: Stevens Robert 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Restitution has been thought to be reducible to a single ‘unjust enrichment’ principle. This in turn has been divided into four distinct questions. Is the defendant enriched? Is the enrichment at the expense of the plaintiff? Is the enrichment unjust? Does the defendant have any defence? These questions have been treated as independent of one another, as constituent parts of a cause of action independent of other areas of law. The negative purpose of this work is to show that this is misleading. The positive purpose is to distinguish the different principles governing the various claims there are. In particular, it looks at: payments made that are not due, and cognate cases such as the rendering and acceptance of a service that is unjustified; a performance rendered conditionally under an agreement, where the condition has failed; the discharge of an obligation properly borne by another; why claims for salvage, general average, and other examples of ‘necessitous intervention’ are justifiable; how the right to things may be lost through accession, mixture, specification, and conveyance; when and why obligations to (re-)transfer rights give rise to constructive and resulting trusts, and how equitable tracing and subrogation can be explained; the limited circumstances in which a gain-based remedy for wrongdoing is possible; when and why the different defences applicable to the different kinds of claim arise; and the impact of illegality on claims for restitution.
Performance
Authors: Stevens Robert 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
If a plaintiff by mistake makes another person better off, and himself correlatively worse off, this does not alone suffice to bring a claim for restitution. What then is, or are, the necessary connection(s) between the plaintiff and defendant to justify an obligation to make restitution? One category is where a payment has been made by the plaintiff to the defendant, or a service rendered by the plaintiff accepted by the defendant. Controversially, it is maintained that the defendant must share the responsibility for the performance rendered. Pollock C B’s aphorism that ‘One cleans another’s shoes, what can the other do but put them on?’ is endorsed. A number of claims do not seem to require such a connection between the parties. A tripartite division of the law obligations into contract, torts, and restitution leads to over-generalisation, and a watering down of the necessary conditions of the different kinds of claim, in order to create a universal test capable of capturing all cases.
Contract
Authors: Stevens Robert 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
What is the relationship between the restitution and contract law? Where a performance is rendered conditionally under an agreement, a claim for restitution may be brought where that condition fails. How this simple proposition applies where the claim is brought against a party who is in breach of contract or by a party who is; whether it is to the return of money or some other kind of performance; or whether the performance of a contractual obligation is frustrated, varies. The central question in determining when restitution is available is the correct construction of the bargain between the parties. The most important qualification to this proposition is that penal deposits are recoverable.
The Performing Arts: Festival, Music, Drama, Dance
Authors: McGowan Margaret 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In the Renaissance, the performing arts flourished most conspicuously in festival. Across Europe, in churches, cities, and courts, actors, musicians and dancers, poets, artists, and composers, supported by a vast army of craftsmen, developed and practised their arts in the service of spectacle. As courts became less peripatetic, and as knowledge of the ancient world increased and provided a stimulus for performance, settings for performance such as gardens, courtyards, and churches were supplemented by permanent public theatres. Spectacles were occasioned by feast days (notably Corpus Christi), Carnival, princely parades, and ceremonial entries. Dance, drama, public theatre, and learned drama were all important strands in Renaissance culture.
Vernacular Literature
Authors: Boutcher Warren 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The subject of this chapter lies at the intersection of two broader histories first constructed by the western European nation-states in the nineteenth century: the rise of the national European vernaculars, and the Renaissance. The first of these traditional histories traces the emergence between the twelfth and the eighteenth centuries of a particular group of vernacular western European literatures, including some that in the modern period have spread across the globe. The second is that of the period of change and renewal in the arts and culture, c.1300-c.1650, designated since the late nineteenth century as the Renaissance. Renaissance humanists succeeded in making their style of analysis and composition of what was then called ‘poetry’ (fictive or imaginative writing) central to all elite European culture and knowledge in several languages, including vernaculars, by the mid-sixteenth century. The study and meditation of texts in non-native languages, particularly Latin, French, and Italian, became the fundamental pedagogical and literary activity for lay people (including some elite woman) with access to advanced education. Vernacular literatures were transnational because of shared languages, especially neo-Latin, Tuscan, and French, and Renaissance Europe shared as a common body of vernacular and neo-Latin, literary, and learned writings composed and circulated in many languages.
The Global Renaissance
Authors: Fernández-Armesto Felipe , Burke Peter 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Renaissance has traditionally been viewed as a European cultural movement. This chapter proposes a global Renaissance, one conceived as cultural exchange rather than cultural influence. This interpenetration of cultures went far beyond the so-called ‘Columbian exchange', which acknowledged the exchange of food and diseases between Europe and the Americas. It is the case that colonists, conquistadores, and missionaries were influential in parts of the world far from Europe, but European encounters with Byzantine culture and the Islamic world were in many ways reciprocal. Greek studies in Europe were revived by exiles from the Ottoman world, and Islamic culture influenced the art and architecture of Europe both from the Ottoman Empire and from Moorish Spain. There was also Chinese influence, in part mediated by the Mamluk rulers of Egypt, and influences from the Americas and Africa. There is also an important strain of cultural hybridity, often emanating from people of mixed cultural heritage.
Introduction
Authors: Campbell Gordon 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Introduction discusses the model of cultural descent known since the nineteenth century as the Renaissance. The model has the clear advantage of illuminating debts to classical antiquity, but the disadvantage of paying insufficient attention to cultural continuities. Shakespeare, for example, inherited the traditions of medieval English drama, and so divided his plays into scenes. When his plays were printed, however, they were presented according to classical convention in five acts, and when gathered in the First Folio, were organized according to three classical genres of comedy, tragedy, and history, the last of which was borrowed from an ancient non-dramatic genre. By such means, his plays were appropriated to the model of the Renaissance.
Courtship
Authors: Ford Mark 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with Thomas Hardy’s and Emma Hardy’s depictions of their courtship (1870–4), which mainly took place in St Juliot and the surrounding region in Cornwall. Hardy spent only about fifteen weeks with Emma on the Cornish coast, but these visits inspired numerous poems as well as many scenes in his third novel, A Pair of Blue Eyes. Poems assessed in this chapter include ‘Beeny Cliff’, ‘Under the Waterfall’, and ‘The Young Churchwarden’. It considers the impact of her alcoholic and mentally unstable father’s angry response to their plans to marry, and the poems of foreboding, such as ‘I Rose and Went to Rou’tor Town’, ‘Near Lanivet, 1872’, and ‘Where Three Roads Joined’, in which Hardy later responded to his curt dismissal by John Attersoll Gifford, who apparently called him ‘a low-born churl’. Although Emma later destroyed all the letters the couple exchanged during their courtship, much to Hardy’s regret, her memoir and his poems as well as extracts from his diary included in the Life are here collaged to tell the story of these four crucial years in Hardy’s career.
Divisions Dire and Wry
Authors: Ford Mark 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the bleak final years of the Hardys’ marriage and on the many anguished poems of self-recrimination that recall incidents from their unhappy domestic life together in Max Gate. It opens with a detailed reading of ‘Lonely Days’, which was versified from entries in Emma’s diary, and ‘The Spell of the Rose’, which allegorizes the construction of Max Gate in medieval terms and regrets the ‘divisions dire and wry’ that came to alienate husband from wife. It analyses the poems in which Hardy imagines that he sees Emma’s ghost returning to their garden, such as ‘The Going’ and ‘The Shadow on the Stone’, as well as those such as ‘Lost Love’ and ‘Penance’ that record her attempts to broker a peace with him by performing his favourite songs on the piano. It explores how the final division separating them caused by her death both echoes and reconfigures the divisions that separated them in life.
Dear Ghost
Authors: Ford Mark 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores Hardy’s depictions of Emma’s afterlife as a ghost in poems such as ‘The Haunter’, ‘The Voice’, ‘His Visitor’, ‘After a Journey’, and ‘At Castle Boterel’ (all from the sequence ‘Poems of 1912–13’). It pays particular attention to the influence of Virgil on some of these poems, arguing that Hardy creates a series of parallels between himself and Emma and Aeneas and Dido. It suggests that engagements with Emma’s ghost enabled Hardy to recover a more intense and immediate experience of nature, of the kind enjoyed by such as Wordsworth, and resulted in some of his most powerful and moving poems. Further, it makes the case that these poems channel the influence of canonical precursors such as the Shakespeare of Hamlet and the Ovid of the Orpheus and Eurydice episode of the Metamorphoses, while also demonstrating a link between their irregular patterning of the sequence and Hardy’s notions of the Gothic.
Fascism, the War, and Structures of Feeling in Italy, 1943-1945
Authors: Falasca-Zamponi Simonetta 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The book examines the years immediately after the fall of the fascist regime in Italy. Drawing on personal diaries and correspondence written between 1943 and 1945, it asks: What did Italians feel and think about fascism as they witnessed the regime’s demise? Did the historical circumstances, including foreign occupation and a civil war, lead to a hurried, unreflective liquidation of the regime? Ultimately, can we draw on people’s experiences of this period to illuminate contemporary Italy’s ambiguous relationship to its fascist legacy? By emphasizing the seemingly banal power of everyday experience, the book offers a new interpretive approach to the past.