bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blood Grouping and Poliomyelitis
Authors: Madsen Th. , Engle E. T. , Jensen Claus , Freuchen Ib 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In the 1934 epidemic of poliomyelitis in Denmark, we have collected 1118 cases in which the blood group of the patients was recorded. For comparison we offer nearly 20,000 cases of blood groups in the state of Denmark. There is no significant difference in the percentage of polio cases in each blood group as compared with the general population. The series which includes paralytic cases of known blood group (47 cases) is too small for comparison, although the data are presented. From these data we conclude that there is no especial susceptibility or resistance to poliomyelitis attack, which may be related to the blood group of the patient, in the cases occurring in the epidemic under discussion.
A Procedure for the Serological Determination of Blood-Relationship of Ancient and Modern Peoples with Special Reference to the American Indians
Authors: Matson G. Albin 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
When the procedure which is applicable to detect blood-group antigens in saliva was applied to suspensions of washed and dried tissues taken from cadavers of known blood-groups, a certain amount of non-specific agglutinin-adsorption, due to the presence of particulate matter, was observed. To obviate this difficulty the antigens were extracted by repeated freezing and thawing of tissues; the saline extracts thus obtained permitted correct identification of known cadaveric tissues.
Similar extracts of muscle from Indian and Egyptian mummies were tested with O (α β) serum and anti-O bovine serum. As controls, muscle-tissue extracts of known O and A cadavers were used. The extracts of muscle-tissue of Indian mummies uniformly failed to neutralize either α or β agglutinin, but, with one exception, all neutralized the anti-O agglutinin of bovine serum. On the other hand 2 of 6 Egyptian mummies possessed the B antigen and one contained A.
A procedure has been developed by means of which the blood-groups in mummies may be determined. This serological procedure offers a means of tracing the blood-relationships between ancient and modern peoples.
Antibody in Relation to Immunity in Acute Poliomyelitis
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Rule Anna M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antiviral substance occurring in the blood appears to be a true antibody capable of neutralizing but not necessarily destroying the virus of poliomyelitis. This antibody occurring in the blood of normal human beings appears to be identical in its properties to that produced by infection and vaccination of monkeys and human beings. The origin of the natural antibody is uncertain but it may be the result of unrecognized infection, antigenic stimulation by common substances or haptens occurring in various bacteria and other substances or the product of normal growth. The prophylactic value of this antibody in normal and immune sera for human beings is uncertain but probably slight and of short duration due in part to inadequate dosage. There is no irrefutable statistical proof of the efficacy of the antibody in the treatment of poliomyelitis of human beings nor any absolute proof of its complete ineffectiveness. It is possible and probable, however, that large amounts administered early in the disease may effectually prevent progressive infection of the spinal cord by the neutralization of virus. The antibody, however, has demonstrated some protective activity in monkeys inoculated intracerebrally with virus and especially when administered in large amounts per body weight early in the incubation period. The immunity produced in monkeys and human beings by infection or immunization with living virus (active, glycerinated and ricinoleated) appears to be largely cellular (tissue) but may be partly humoral due to antibody. Over 90 per cent of monkeys immunized with living virus by various investigators showed the presence of antibody in the blood on the basis of serum neutralization tests. Practically 100 per cent injected subcutaneously or intracutaneously with 5 doses of ricinoleated virus in amounts of 0.1 to 0.5 cc. per kilogram showed the presence of the antibody in the blood. In our laboratory the majority of these monkeys were completely protected against the intracerebral injection of virulent virus and we believe that the resistance, while probably largely cellular, may be due in part at least to the antibody in the blood.
Lipids and Immunological Reactions
Authors: Horsfall Frank L. , Goodner Kenneth 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Additional and conclusive evidence has been reported to substantiate the hypothesis that the extraction of lipids from antipneumococal sera, even though causing a loss of agglutinating and precipitating properties, in no way laters the primary and fundamental capacity of antigen and antibody to unite. Immunologic agglutination and precipitation are therefore entirely secondary phenomena and are probably dependent upon the presence of certain phosphatides, free or combined as secondary components of the antibody-complex. With respect to the nature of the lipid essential to these secondary reactions, type I antipneumococcal sera from 10 animal species fall sharply into two groups. Horse-antiserum is the prototype of the first class, the essential lipid being lecithin. The type-example of the second group is the antiserum of the rabbit, in which cephalin is required. The sera of the first class fail to give complement-fixation with pneumococcal polysaccharide, while those of the second give positive reactions. The free pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide is antigenic in the animals of the first class, while no antibody-response is obtained in animals of the second. The possible rôle of the essential lipids has been discussed.
The Reaction Between Diphtheric Toxin and Formaldehyde
Authors: Follensby Edna M. , Hooker Sanford B. , Tayian Elizabeth H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Four hypotheses have been related to the production of toxoid by the action of formaldehyde upon diphtheric toxin: (a) the toxin contains an amino-group or groups with which formaldehyde reacts; (b) the reaction is a (partial) hydrolysis in which formaldehyde acts as a catalyst; (c) combined and not free formaldehyde converts toxin into toxoid; (d) formaldehyde causes a reaction of condensation in which 2 or more molecules of toxin unite to form an atoxic compound.
Barikin, Kulikow, Minerwin, and Kljuchin (2) used several aldehydes, and stated that the smaller the molecular weight of the aldehyde the more quickly the toxicity disappeared and the firmer the union of aldehyde and amino-groups became. Kissin and Bronstein (15) found that only a part of the amino-nitrogen in toxin disappeared during the toxoiding process, and concluded that only the NH2-groups responsible for toxicity reacted with formaldehyde.
A New Antigen and Its Use in the Serodiagnosis of Syphilis
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Brown Rachel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method has been given for the preliminary treatment of beef-heart tissue in order to prepare a highly sensitive antigen for precipitative tests by simple alcoholic extraction. The technic for adjusting the sensitivity of the extract by cholesterolization and dilution, and also the procedure for performing a one-tube precipitation-test are described. The results of this test are compared with those of a highly sensitive complement-fixation test.
The adaptation of such an antigen for a precipitative test of reliable diagnostic significance is under investigation.
In conclusion, we wish to express our appreciation of the criticisms and suggestions we have received throughout the work from Dr. Ruth Gilbert and Mrs. Elizabeth Maltaner.
Diphtheria Toxin-Production on Broths Made from Dried Complete Media
Authors: Bunney William Edward , Thomas Leona E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The report of Marbe and Olariu showing that a good yield of toxin could be obtained on a medium containing only Proteose-Peptone, Bacto-Peptone, maltose, dextrose and sodium acetate has been confirmed.
A study has been made of the suitability of other peptones for use in such a medium. Protone and proteose-peptone No. 2 have been found to yield good diphtheria toxin when substituted in the Marbe and Olariu formula. Neopeptone has been found to be very poor and tryptone and yeast-extract have been found to be worthless when used in the formula in the concentrations studied.
Of all the concentrations and combinations used, a 4 per cent solution of peptone composed of 1/3 proteose and 2/3 proteose-peptone No. 2 has been found to give the best and most consistent yields of toxin.
A complete dried medium is described, which when dissolved in cold water to a concentration of 5.8 per cent, dispensed in 700 ml. amounts in 2-gallon Blake bottles, autoclaved and inoculated gives a good yield of diphtheria toxin (20 to 26 Lf per milliliter) with the preparations and culture tried.
Inactivation of Tetanus Toxin by Crystalline Vitamin C (l-Ascorbic Acid)
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Vitamin C, when added to tetanus toxin in vitro, brings about inactivation of the toxin. This inactivation is not due to an acid effect, since it occurs when the ascorbic acid has been adjusted to a pH at which the potency of the toxin is undiminished. The inactivation phenomenon does not follow the laws of multiple proportions. Its chemical basis is obscure. Vitamin C fails to confer complete protection against tetanus intoxication in vivo, under the conditions of our tests.
Concentration of Tetanic Antitoxin by Adsorption
Authors: von Klobusitzky D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
From 16 attempts to concentrate tetanic antitoxin by adsorption on commercial kaolin and subsequent elution, the following statements may be made.
The potency of tetanic antitoxin was not altered after storage at room temperature for an 8-day period at hydrogen ion concentrations varying from pH 3.8 to 9.4. Adsorption by kaolin at pH 3.8 proceeded regularly and the antitoxic potency of the serum was reduced by about 80 per cent. Adsorption was not selective; all of the proteins were adsorbed at the same time. The antitoxin could be separated from the other proteins by the Fodor method at pH 9.3–9.4. This separation, however, did not proceed regularly, and the yields were very variable. In the most successful experiment the percentage yield of antitoxin was 56, and the increase in antitoxic potency was 114 times as calculated on the basis of nitrogen determinations. For the present, at least, methods of adsorption and elution are not suited to the commercial concentration of tetanic antitoxin.
Photodynamic Action of Methylene Blue on Antipneumococcal Serum
Authors: Ross Victor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The capacity to agglutinate pneumococci, to precipitate soluble specific substance, and to protect mice possessed by antipneumococcal horse serum was inhibited by the addition of methylene blue and exposure to the light of the Pointolite lamp. Agglutination and precipitation by rabbit antipneumococcal serum were also inhibited by such treatment. The native protective power of the serum of a human being against types 1, 2, and 3 pneumococci was destroyed in a similar manner. The capacity of this sample of serum (which belonged to blood group O) to clump red blood-cells of groups A and B was lost after photodynamic treatment.
Dilution of the antiserum with saline solution before exposure increased the proportion of antibody which was inactivated. The other changes studied also became proportionately more pronounced. However, when dilution was made with normal serum, the proportion of antibody which was inactivated remained approximately unchanged, thus suggesting that the reaction involving the change in antibody is a first order one, although it is not necessarily monomolecular.
Following treatment of the antipneumococcal serum from the horse with dye and light, precipitation with rabbit antihorse serum and the cutaneous reaction in sensitized rabbits were reduced. A few experiments with sensitized guinea pigs indicated a reduction in the “shocking” power of the treated serum.
An increased solubility of water-insoluble proteins of the serum followed treatment.
The active rays were absorbed by the solution of the dye.
Oxygen was considered indispensable to the reaction because destruction of antibody and other changes failed to take place in the absence of air. In the presence of an atmosphere of carbon dioxide or nitrogen the changes also failed to occur.
Certain similarities and differences between the action of ultraviolet light and photodynamic action are discussed.
Further Studies on the “Nonabsorbable” Protective Property in Serum from Rats Infected with Cysticercus Crassicollis
Authors: Campbell Dan H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Experiments described in a previous report (1) indicated that the serum of rats infected with C. crassicollis contained two types of functional antibodies. The first type, detectable within one week both in infected and in artificially immunized animals, brought about the destruction of larvae before encystment and was referred to as “early” immunity. The second type, detectable only after several weeks of infection, and not at all in artificially immunized animals, was responsible for a marked increase in the destruction of larvae after encystment and was referred to as “late” immunity. Since the nonabsorbable protective property, as well as the late immunity reaction, was found (2) to appear only in infected animals several weeks after infection, some relationship between these two reactions was suggested. Under the previously prescribed experimental conditions no measure of the late immunity was obtainable because the methods which were used, produced complete early immunity, i.e., no parasites were present.
The Nonspecific Nature of the Carbohydrate Portion of Horse Pseudoglobulin
Authors: Coghill Robert D. , Creighton Martha 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When recrystallized preparations of pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin are allowed to act on horse pseudoglobulin, the loss of specificity of the protein closely parallels destruction of protein both being completely effected by pepsin.
The polysaccharide present to the extent of 3.7 per cent in horse globulin, whether prepared by the method of Rimington, using baryta, or by a method which would preserve any acetyl groups originally present, gives neither specific precipitative nor inhibitive reactions with homologous antiserum.
It is concluded that the polysaccharide of horse globulin has no specificity in the sense that the pneumoccoccal polysaccharides have, the specificity of the globulin being a property of the molecule as a whole.
Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharide in Urine; Detection by Precipitation and Centrifugation
Authors: de Gara Paul F. , Bukantz Samuel C. , Bullowa Jesse G. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The minimal amount of specific soluble substance detectable after its addition to normal urine, and the optimal amount of rabbit antibody required for detection, was investigated for pneumococcal types I, II, III, IV, V, VII, VIII, and XIV. The minimal concentration detectable for I, III, IV, and XIV was 1:200,000 and for II, V, VII, and VIII, 1:400,000. The optimal antibody unitage required varied from 125 to 500 units per cubic centimeter. Concentration of urine containing specific soluble substance yielded roughly equal increases in the concentration of specific soluble substance. The precipitative reaction in urine has been successfully employed to identify the infecting type of pneumococcus in patients whose sputa yielded several types. Pooled rabbit sera, as used in Neufeld typing methods, were successfully employed for the detection of capsular polysaccharide in urine. Centrifugation at 2,000 r.p.m. for 30 minutes, immediately after mixture of urine and antiserum, yielded positive reactions in the full expected range. These reactions are generally more evident than are the reactions obtained after 20 hours by the usual procedure of incubation at 37° for 2 hours and refrigeration overnight.
Upon the basis of these experiences we propose the following procedure for the routine detection of urinary polysaccharide, for the 8 types studied (table 5).
Experiments on Histamine-Refractoriness
Authors: Farmer Laurence 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The uterine strips of normal guinea pigs that had received histamine by mouth were less sensitive to histamine than were the uterine strips of the untreated controls. The uterine strips of serum-sensitized guinea pigs that had received histamine by mouth at the height of sensitization were less sensitive to the specific antigen than were the sensitized uterine strips of the control animals. These experiments demonstrate (a) that histamine-refractoriness can be induced in normal guinea pigs through oral application of histamine; (b) that it is possible to “desensitize” sensitized guinea pigs non-specifically through oral application of histamine. The observations recorded under 3(b) confirm the conclusion previously (1) arrived at that “histamine is the substance responsible for the anaphylactic contraction of plain muscle.”
Equine Encephalomyelitis in Monkeys
Authors: Wyckoff Ralph W. G. , Tesar Walter C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Most young rhesus monkeys are susceptible to the nasally instilled viruses of Eastern and Western encephalomyelitis. Recovery was never observed in young animals after nervous symptoms had appeared but an occasional animal had a symptomless infection resulting in a high concentration of circulating antibodies.
Young monkeys have succumbed to the intralingual injection of virus of Eastern encephalomyelitis. In a few trials no encephalomyelitis was produced by the intravenous or subcutaneous inoculation of massive doses of either Eastern or Western virus. Such inoculated monkeys, however, developed circulating antibodies after about two weeks. The concentration of these antibodies has been greater after intravenous than after subcutaneous injection; it has remained high for months at least. Dropping virus into the eye has not resulted in either disease or appreciable production of antibodies. Two monkeys have been fed virus by stomach tube without subsequently becoming paralyzed and within our experience no healthy animal has contracted disease after being caged with the sick and dying.
Hyperimmune horse serum, given at the time of first symptoms (fever), or later, has been without beneficial influence upon the course of either Eastern or Western disease. Injected before exposure it has provided a strong passive protection against infection from nasally instilled virus. Approximately half the animals given serum within a day after infection with virus have failed to develop disease but none of these survivors has been protected from a second exposure several weeks later.
Vaccination with formalinized chicken embryo-vaccine has in most instances protected monkeys from subsequent infection with nasally instilled virus. The antibody-response to Eastern vaccine is readily studied. The titer resulting from vaccination depends on the animal; it reaches its maximum within two weeks after injection and is not enhanced by subsequent intranasal exposure to virus. Though nearly all the immune animals have developed a rich supply of antibodies a few monkeys have succumbed to virus in spite of their antibodies. Multiple vaccination is desirable but a single vaccination will protect against Eastern virus given intranasally after a month. This result has been obtained with the crude commercial vaccines and with vaccines after clarification or deformalinization.
Quantitative Studies on the Infectivity of the Virus of Herpes Simplex for the Chorioallantoic Membrane of the Chick Embryo, Together with Observations on the Inactivation of the Virus by Its Specific Antiserum
Authors: Shaffer Morris F. , Enders John F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A strain of herpes simplex virus readily produced macroscopic foci of lesion on the chorio-allantois of developing chick embryos when infective rabbit or mouse brain material was inoculated into fertile eggs of the proper age. In one series of transfers, initiated with rabbit brain virus, 42 egg to egg passages were obtained with foci in each. The gross and microscopic development of the lesions are described. By inoculation of a series of membranes with equal amounts of suitable dilutions of egg-membrane virus and determination of the averages of the counts of the individual membrane-foci for each dilution, it was possible to titrate the quantity of virus present. It was found that for this strain the inoculation of an amount of virus sufficient to produce one or a very few foci on the chorioallantois would also initiate fatal herpetic encephalitis in mice after intracerebral inoculation. The rate of increase of the virus in the chorio-allantois following inoculation into 12-day eggs was examined. During the first two days of infection the concentration of virus rose markedly, then increased more slowly to reach a maximum between the end of the third and fourth days; after which the concentration diminished, at first abruptly then more gradually. Egg-membrane virus was found to maintain infectivity better when frozen at −10°C. than when placed in 50 per cent glycerol-Tyrode's solution at 4°C. Suspensions of egg-membrane virus in Tyrode's solution retained their infectivity for at least two weeks at 4°C. For three samples of hyperimmune rabbit sera examined, it was determined that small amounts of antiserum could neutralize several thousand focus-initiating virus-units. Similar values for these sera were obtained by the parallel inoculation of mixtures of the same antiserum + virus intracerebrally into mice. Neutralization was equally effective whether the mixtures were injected immediately or ten minutes after preparation or were held for an hour at 25°C. before testing. Attempts to demonstrate reactivation by dilution of inactive mixtures were unsuccessful. In experiments designed to learn the rate of fixation of the virus to cells of the chorio-allantois it was found that within 5 minutes of contact, from 4 to 8 per cent of the viral inoculum might be fixed and produce lesions on the chorio-allantois despite the later presence of antiserum. By six hours as much as 50 per cent of the virus was fixed while by 18 hours all of the virus was so situated as to be insusceptible to subsequent antibody administration. Immune serum reaching the chorio-allantois 5 minutes previous to or simultaneously with the virus, effectively prevented the formation of any lesions.
The Detectability of Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharide and Antibody in Blood, Broth and Saline Solution (Optimal Concentration of Antigen and Antibody)
Authors: Bukantz Samuel Charles , de Gara Paul F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The “optimal” concentrations of antibody (in mouse-protective units) required for the detection of capsular polysaccharide in blood, broth, and saline solution showed only slight variation among the types I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, and XIV, and the “optimal” concentrations of specific soluble substance required for the detection of antibody were practically identical for these types. The minimal concentrations of SSS detectable in the different media as well as the minimal concentrations of precipitins detectable varied only slightly. The significance of these observations for the immunological study of pneumococcal pneumonia patients is discussed.