bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biological Approaches to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Barrios-Anderson Adriel , McLaughlin Nicole C. R. , Greenberg Benjamin D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Interest in alternative, nonpharmacological approaches for psychiatric illness, specifically psychiatric neurosurgery and more recent nonsurgical methods of neuromodulation, has grown with the emergence of novel technologies. This chapter briefly reviews the history of the nonpharmacological treatment modalities for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The chapter covers how patients, who are often resistant to standard pharmacological and behavioral treatment for OCD, are selected for the alternative biological approaches. The other biological approaches to OCD that are reviewed in the chapter include modern psychiatric neurosurgical procedures for OCD, such as lesion procedures, deep brain stimulation, and vagus nerve stimulation, and nonsurgical approaches, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy.
Neuroanatomy of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Authors: Lillevik Thorsen Anders , van den Heuvel Odile A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The structure, function, and chemistry of the brain in obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs), and obsessive-compulsive disorder in particular, have long been the topic of scientific inquiry. Current findings suggest that OCRDs share alterations in frontolimbic, frontostriatal, and frontoparietal circuits related to emotional, cognitive, and sensorimotor processing. Ongoing research is focused on combining imaging modalities to better understand the complexity of the brain, as well as how to translate neurobiological findings into treatment innovations. New research is also employing increased rigor and attempts to increase replicability through larger sample sizes and forming a consensus on how to image and analyze the brain.
Personality Features of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Authors: Pinto Anthony , Cowan Ezra 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews personality features (comorbid personality disorders, trait dimensions, and related constructs) in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and the DSM-5 obsessive-compulsive and related disorders [body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, and excoriation (skin-picking disorder)]. For each disorder, there is a discussion of the impact of personality features on clinical course, including the development and maintenance of symptoms and treatment outcome. The chapter also includes a review of the long-standing, yet often misunderstood, relationship between OCD and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Understanding the role of personality variables in the psychopathology of OCD and related conditions has important implications for the study and treatment of the disorders.
The Discovery of “Slums” in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Cincinnati, Ohio
Authors: Binford Henry C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The word “slum,” a part of British slang since the early years of the nineteenth century, was not widely used in the United States until the middle of that century. The term crept into American English during the 1850s and 1860s, applied at first to areas of New York City and then to other cities including newer and smaller ones in the continental interior such as Cincinnati. Delayed and then rapid adoption of the term resulted from a convergence of changes in the American experience and discussions of urban living. Modes of describing and evaluating urban space developed during the early nineteenth century laid a foundation for much later tenement reform and slum clearance movements of the Progressive era.
Social Geographies of Poverty in Victorian and Edwardian London
Authors: Dennis Richard 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Early Victorian investigations of the “poor” in London often proved self-fulfilling prophecies, concentrated on localities already perceived as “rookeries.” In contrast to such surveys and to novels set in expected “slum” localities, Charles Booth’s massive survey of Life and Labour of the People in London, published in seventeen volumes between 1889 and 1903, aimed to be comprehensive, compiling comparative statistics at different scales, and objective, dispassionately mapping and tabulating information on “poverty” and, by implication, social and spatial inequality, across the entire city. However, the language and impressions conveyed by Booth’s researchers in their notebooks is often as subjective and judgmental as that of his predecessors. Nevertheless, Booth’s focus on mapping and assigning everybody to “poverty classes” shifts attention away from the problem of “slums” as inadequate built environments to more challenging questions concerning the extent and spatial distribution of poverty and inequality, indicating the need to focus on suburbs as much as the inner city, displacement following “slum clearance,” and the combined effects of geographical and socioeconomic marginalization.
Slums and Communism
Authors: Nevzgodin Ivan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
A byproduct of the October Revolution of 1917 was a new Soviet type of slum. These slums were alien both culturally and ideologically to the communist regime. Therefore the slums were denied; they did not exist in the socialist city according to politicians, urban professionals, and scholars. They formed a hidden part of rapid Soviet urbanization. The Soviet government’s concentration on industrial development caused a deficit in good housing throughout the history of the Soviet Union. Post-Soviet Russia inherited the shantytowns from the communist period and has already given rise to new ones. This chapter discusses the fascinating history of urban resilience, official slum clearance projects, and unofficial town planning practices.
The Return of the Slums in Postwar America
Authors: Von Hoffman Alexander 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In postwar America, millions of African Americans, Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Appalachian whites migrated to cities where tight housing markets, poverty, ethnic ties, and especially racial discrimination funneled them into densely populated racial and ethnic enclaves. Despite racial segregation, these neighborhoods contained diverse populations and were rich in religious, cultural, social, and economic activities. Yet middle-class whites viewed them the way nineteenth-century Americans had viewed crowded immigrant quarters: as “slums” and “blight” filled with unsafe buildings and uncivilized people prone to indigence, disease, and crime. Attacking slums and blight as physical problems, government officials implemented urban renewal policies that bulldozed neighborhoods and displaced their inhabitants. Eventually Americans would confront underlying urban problems such as poverty and racial discrimination, but by then the slum conditions of the postwar years had begun to fade.
Pride and Shame
Authors: de Souza Flávio A. M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a reassessment of Brazilian “slums” and a short history of housing the poor by Brazilian governments, enhanced by the views of favela residents themselves. The Brazilian state needs to refine its tools for recognizing housing rights since, despite numerous attempts, it has not been able to guarantee access to urban land for housing the poor, nor has it been able to regularize land tenure for the residents of informal settlements. Also, society has to fight against the social injustices inherent in housing production. The example of ZEIS (Special Zones of Social Interest) in Recife, a political instrument for resolving housing claim disputes, is discussed to demonstrate institutional incapacities for social articulations at the local level. The mainstream views of slums are based on the material and social disqualification of individuals and need to end.
Relativism and the Ethical Criticism of Art
Authors: Nannicelli Ted 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by outlining several kinds of relativism in the two fields that concern us here: philosophy of art and moral philosophy. It then turns to a brief review of the recent literature in experimental folk moral psychology which suggests the folk are meta-ethical pluralists—objectivists in some contexts and relativists in others. Taking the case of ancient Greek art that celebrates pederasty as a touchpoint, the author suggests that empirical work on the moral appraisal of art is likely to mesh with and lend additional support to this idea. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Bernard Williams’s “relativism of distance,” and the argument that there are, independent of the empirical findings, good meta-ethical reasons for considering a limited form of relativism about the moral standing of artworks.
Consequentialist Approaches to Ethical Judgment of Artworks
Authors: Woodcock Scott 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores what a consequentialist approach to ethics will imply for ethical judgments of artworks. It may initially seem as if the implications of consequentialism will be straightforward. However, like other practical applications of consequentialism, what seems like a simple approach to promoting value in the world quickly becomes complicated when one considers the intricacies of the empirical details at stake when it comes to art and its impact on our lives. The primary aim of the chapter is to present a selection of these intricacies to give readers a sense of what sophisticated versions of consequentialism have to offer, yet it also presents some advantages and disadvantages of the theory as it applies to evaluations of art.
Humor Ethics
Authors: Butterfield Paul 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys some of the primary debates regarding the ethics of humor in contemporary philosophy and related disciplines. The author considers the question of whether jokes have morally assessable content at all, and the extent to which one can read a joker’s sincere beliefs from their comic speech. The author commends certain piecemeal approaches to the topic, which note morally relevant features of comedy without claiming to provide a full account of the rights and wrongs of humor. The chapter closes by assessing some answers to the related question of whether, if an instance of humor is morally compromised, it is therefore less funny.
Art, Race, and Racism
Authors: Clavel-Vázquez Adriana 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes up the question of the role of artistic practices in the formation of racial identity, and the sustainment and legitimization of racial projects. Rather than examining the ethical value of artistic representations in virtue of themselves, this chapter examines the ethical value of artistic representations in virtue of what they do in specific sociohistorical contexts, specifically in virtue of how artistic representations shape and are shaped by processes of racialization. The chapter first introduces the notions of race and racism as political categories. Next, the author examines how artistic practices contribute to shaping resistant racial identities, and how artistic representations are used to legitimize white supremacy. The next section examines the role played by artistic representations of racialized individuals in how we engage with one another, and, therefore, how they impact the experience of concrete racialized subjects in and of the world. The author also examines the place of political aims in artists’ acts of self-expression, and the problem of cultural appropriation.
Moral Learning from Art
Authors: John Eileen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Moral learning is a relatively demanding kind of learning. It seems to involve more than amassing knowledge of moral truths. Must one combine understanding with feeling the weight of moral concerns? Is the aim of moral learning to become a morally good person? The domain of art holds diverse potential for shaping thought and feeling in morally significant ways, though the realization of this potential is difficult to establish. This chapter aims to build some bridges between art and the processes and goals relevant to moral learning. This includes consideration of awareness of morally significant others, explicit representation of moral life, artistic projects of moral protest and memory, and the mutually negotiating potential of conversation around works of art.
The Knowledge That Joins Ethics to Art in Yorùbá Culture
Authors: Hallen Barry 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses knowledge, ethics, and art in Yorùbá culture. The international community has developed its own standards for identifying and evaluating the art of sub-Saharan Africa. Alternatively, indigenous Yorùbá scholars have begun to explore the intellectual and moral considerations internal to the culture that are involved in the creation and appreciation of such objects. They argue that their aesthetic properties and instrumental functions are enabled by endowing them with verbal essences (oríkì) that provide and ensure their characters and meanings. For this to happen the moral and intellectual attributes of the people who are their creators also are of fundamental importance to the success of the creative process.
Art and Ethics
Authors: Gal Michalle 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the formalist account of the moral status of an artwork as an aesthetically significant and autonomous form, with due emphasis on the Anglo-American art-for-art’s-sake aesthetic, as it developed between 1870 and 1960. The author shows that the formalist art-is-above-morals approach is a substantive moral stance in itself. Formalist aesthetics is usually presented in the literature as evincing a purist indifference to ethics, construing moral properties as external to art, in opposition to the internal pure properties of art’s composition. The chapter demonstrates that this is a misrepresentation of the complex formalist prescriptive idea of the relations between art and ethics. Through its autonomy and imperviousness to external co-opting—which is accomplished by due focus on aesthetic form—art on the formalist account is held to be a paradigm of the liberalist principles of individual freedom and self-fulfillment, thus an inherent means to the good.
Timbre Realities
Authors: Lochhead Judith 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the concept of timbre in reference to “Anthropogenic Debris,” the first movement of Liza Lim’s Extinction Events and Dawn Chorus (2018). It develops an enactive approach to timbre, demonstrating the reality of timbre as lived sonic experience. The chapter shows how timbral changes over time play a central role in music’s formal design. Further, the chapter entails a phenomenological investigation of timbre experience as the basis for its analysis of Lim’s music. The chapter argues that from the perspective of enactive cognition, timbres are real, qualitative phenomena co-determined by the sensorimotor activity of a perceiving creature and the physical attributes of sound waves in a specific sonic environment at a particular time.
“This Guitar Hurts!”
Authors: McCord Kimberly A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Individuals with autism are frequently described as lacking empathy for others. Is it possible that empathy can be expressed through music? How do we show caring for musicians who experience music differently, learn differently, and express themselves differently? Is there a place for musical empathy and caring in our ensembles and classrooms? Music has the potential to convey emotion and create a sense of interpersonal connection. Musical empathy does not require recognition of the other person’s experiences through speech or nonverbal forms of communication. Instead musical empathy is a way for people with communication challenges to relate empathically with others through music. This chapter explores these topics through the experiences of two student musicians and their teachers.
On Caring for Music Education in Troubled Times
Authors: Jorgensen Estelle R. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Music educators have faced a dark period during which social, political, and environmental problems and a global pandemic have disrupted musical life, society, and general education. Notwithstanding the hope, courage, resilience, and creativity of music teachers during the pandemic, the music educational system was strained and a broad and global vision of music education that meets such a time of trouble is needed. To this end, three principles of caring for music education in times of trouble are sketched: caring for music; caring for ourselves and those with whom we work; and positively impacting culture and society for the common good. These principles are proposed as ways to navigate music education during such times as this. They raise important questions that need to be addressed by those invested in music education.
Policy Practice as Citizenship Building
Authors: Schmidt Patrick 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter suggests that discursive change in our field of action must be thoughtfully aligned to re-capturing the impact of policy practice as a tool to actualize and structurally renew music educational priorities and practice. In these terms, policy practice moves to be more widely approached as a personal and local practice, rather than distant and overly managerial. Policy practice then functions as a critical contributor and conduit for professional, organizational, and pedagogical activism essential to the realization of more socially just and equity directed practice. Just as significant, although care/ing/filled experiences in education are dependent on intersubjective relations, they also function (and are sustained) through systems and environs often impacted, if not dependent, on policy and governance practice. The chapter suggests that framing care within music education should consider how teacher practice can benefit from policy practice understanding, particularly those framed through notions of agency and solidarity.
The Cultural Evolution of Sociopolitical Organization
Authors: Currie Thomas E. , Perret Cedric 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
One of broadest patterns of sociopolitical evolution over the last 12,000 years is the trend towards increasingly larger societies with more centralized and complex governance institutions. This chapter outlines how evolutionary theory is being applied to understand key changes in how wealth and power are distributed, how group decisions are made, and the scale at which societies are organized. The chapter discusses different evolutionary models that have been proposed to explain why leadership and inequalities in power might have emerged, contrasting ‘extractive’ theories of hierarchy, with ‘managerial’ or group-beneficial theories. The chapter builds on these theories to examine different hypotheses about why more politically complex societies were more common in certain parts of the world than others. The authors argue that cultural evolutionary theory can help organize and synthesize information from diverse disciplines to shed new light on long-standing issues and debates.
Membrane free-energy landscapes derived from atomistic dynamics explain nonuniversal cholesterol-induced stiffening
Authors: Fiorin Giacomo , Forrest Lucy R , Faraldo-Gómez José D 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
All lipid membranes have inherent morphological preferences and resist deformation. Yet adaptations in membrane shape can and do occur at multiple length scales. While this plasticity is crucial for cellular physiology, the factors controlling the morphological energetics of lipid bilayers and the dominant mechanisms of membrane remodeling remain to be fully understood. An ongoing debate regarding the universality of the stiffening effect of cholesterol underscores the challenges facing this field, both experimentally and theoretically, even for simple lipid mixtures. On the computational side, we have argued that enhanced-sampling all-atom molecular dynamics simulations are uniquely suited for the quantification of membrane conformational energetics, as they minimize a priori assumptions and permit analysis of bilayers in deformed states. To showcase this approach, we examine reported inconsistencies between alternative experimental measurements of bending moduli for cholesterol-enriched membranes. Specifically, we analyze lipid bilayers with different chain saturation and compute free-energy landscapes for curvature deformations distributed over areas from ∼5 to ∼60 nm2. These enhanced simulations, totaling over 100 μs of sampling time, enable us to directly quantify both bending and tilt moduli and to dissect the contributing factors and molecular mechanisms of curvature generation at each length scale. Our results show that the effects of cholesterol on bending rigidity are lipid-specific and suggest that this specificity arises from differences in the torsional dynamics of the acyl chains. In summary, we demonstrate that quantitative relationships can now be established between lipid structure and bending energetics, paving the way for addressing open fundamental questions in cell membrane mechanics.
Adapting antibacterial display to identify serum-active macrocyclic peptide antibiotics
Authors: Randall Justin R , Groover Kyra E , O'Donnell Angela C , Garza Joseph M , Cole T Jeffrey , Davies Bryan W 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The lack of available treatments for many antimicrobial-resistant infections highlights the critical need for antibiotic discovery innovation. Peptides are an underappreciated antibiotic scaffold because they often suffer from proteolytic instability and toxicity toward human cells, making in vivo use challenging. To investigate sequence factors related to serum activity, we adapt an antibacterial display technology to screen a library of peptide macrocycles for antibacterial potential directly in human serum. We identify dozens of new macrocyclic peptide antibiotic sequences and find that serum activity within our library is influenced by peptide length, cationic charge, and the number of disulfide bonds present. Interestingly, an optimized version of our most active lead peptide permeates the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria without strong inner-membrane disruption and kills bacteria slowly while causing cell elongation. This contrasts with traditional cationic antimicrobial peptides, which kill rapidly via lysis of both bacterial membranes. Notably, this optimized variant is not toxic to mammalian cells and retains its function in vivo, suggesting therapeutic promise. Our results support the use of more physiologically relevant conditions when screening peptides for antimicrobial activity which retain in vivo functionality.
Ocular features in Williams-Beuren syndrome: a review of the literature
Authors: Nassisi Marco , Mainetti Claudia , Aretti Andrea , Sperti Andrea , Nicotra Valeria , Rinaldi Berardo , Natacci Federica , Bedeschi Maria Francesca , Viola Francesco 
Published: August 2023

Purpose of review
The current review will discuss the pathophysiology, work-up and clinical relevance of the ocular phenotype in Williams-Beuren syndrome in detail.

Recent findings
Few case reports, case series and retrospective studies reported the ophthalmic features in Williams-Beuren syndrome, focusing on specific aspects of the ocular involvement. Recently, novel retinal findings have been described in association with the disease.

Summary
Numerous ocular features have been described in Williams-Beuren syndrome. Some of them, such as the stellate pattern of the iris or the retinal arteriolar tortuosity may be helpful for the diagnosis but have no significant clinical implications; others, such as strabismus and refractive errors require early treatment to reduce the risk of irreversible visual impairment. Finally, some features, such as a broad foveal pit and thinner retina still have unknown significance and require further longitudinal and multimodal studies.