bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Memory and Amnesia
Authors: Uysal Suzan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Memory is a general term for the mental processes involving the acquisition and retention of information, and the retrieval of stored information. Our understanding of the neurological basis of memory was revolutionized by studies of patient H.M., who underwent an experimental bilateral temporal lobectomy to treat epilepsy in 1953. The surgery was successful in treating the seizures but unexpectedly resulted in a profound anterograde amnesia, an impairment in the conscious, deliberate recall of information learned initially after injury or illness onset. Amnesia occurs in a variety of neurological conditions that disrupt brain memory networks. This chapter describes the anatomy and clinical features of anterograde amnesia, pathologies that commonly produce amnesia, transient amnesia syndromes, and the various forms of memory that have been elucidated by studying individuals with memory disorders.
Neuropsychological Assessment
Authors: Uysal Suzan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Neuropsychological assessment is an in-depth, performance-based evaluation of cognitive and behavioral functions (also referred to as higher brain functions). It is performed by neuropsychologists who have specialty training and expertise in brain-behavior relationships; the effects of brain injuries and disease on brain function; psychometric measurement of mental processes relating to brain function; and the diagnosis of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional disorders associated with brain injury or disease. The neuropsychological assessment can be thought of as an expansion of the mental status component of the neurologic examination. Both examinations evaluate nervous system functions, and they are complementary; some patients may require both. This chapter describes the process of clinical neuropsychological assessment and the structure of the resulting report.
Divine Contradiction
Authors: Beall Jc 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Christian theology is supposed to be monotheistic: the number of gods is 1. A longstanding problem comes with the trinity: each of Father, Son and Spirit is God, but Father isn’t Son, and Son isn’t Spirit, and Spirit isn’t Father. The doctrine confronts two longstanding problems: a ‘logical’ problem (viz., apparent contradiction) and a ‘counting convention’ problem. In his paradigm-shifting Divine Contradiction Jc Beall charts a strikingly new account of divine reality. Unlike the many philosophers and theologians before him, Beall provides a simple but logically rigorous solution to target problems, arguing that the apparent contradictions of the trinity cannot be rejected without thereby rejecting fundamental truths of divine reality. With the clarity and precision that only a logician could provide, Beall provides theology and the christian church in general with a very simple and viable model of divine reality. Unlike the vast number of theologians and philosophers before him, Beall rejects the quest for a logically consistent account of divine reality. The triune god (viz., God) is truly and fully described only via contradiction. As such, attempts to remove the contradiction are attempts to remove truths of God.
Seven Virtues
Authors: Beall Jc 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 highlights seven virtues of Beall’s contradictory account of trinitarian reality. A key virtue of Beall’s account is that it offers a rare unified solution to the ‘logical’ problems of both the incarnation and trinitarian reality. Additionally, Beall discusses the simplicity and both the epistemological and metaphysical neutrality of his contradictory account. Furthermore, Beall argues that his contradictory account avoids unnecessary appeals to mystery, analogical language, and convoluted relative-identity relations.
Seven Objections
Authors: Beall Jc 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
As with any proposed solution to the target trinitarian problems, objections abound. In Chapter 5, Beall replies to seven big-picture objections directed at his contradictory trinitarian account. Some of the objections addressed in this chapter are leveled against contradictory theology writ large (e.g., that a contradictory God is not a perfect God or that God’s transcendence blocks univocal discussions of God’s nature). Some of the objections are highly detailed, focused on specific elements in Beall’s account (e.g., the counting convention, features of the advanced 3-1-ness entailment patterns). In addition, an objection highlighting the seemingly conflicting nature of Beall’s christological account found in The Contradictory Christ (2021) with his trinitarian proposal helps to illuminate how Beall’s understanding of divine reality changed from his original 2021 work in christology.
Measuring Some Non-Contradictory Accounts
Authors: Beall Jc 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The pile of literature devoted to the target trinitarian problems is colossal. In Chapter 6, Beall briefly rehearses and critically evaluates some of the more recent (and popular) non-contradictory solutions to the relevant trinitarian issues. Specifically, Beall briefly discusses social-trinitarian accounts, ‘pure’ relative-identity accounts, ‘impure’ relative-identity (constitution) accounts, epistemic mystery accounts, and more. Beall’s precise logical framework for evaluating such accounts illuminates many novel issues confronting (or, in some cases, clearly refuting) such well-known accounts. Ultimately, the problems discussed in the chapter further motivate Beall’s account over the common lot of consistency-seeking accounts.
Georg von der Gabelentz’s typology
Authors: McElvenny James 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper by Georg von der Gabelentz (1840–1893) contains the first published use of the term ‘typology’ (Typologie) in a specifically linguistic sense; this term has since become the standard name for the subfield of linguistics concerned with the structural diversity of the world’s languages. The significance of Gabelentz’ text is, however, not confined to a felicitous coinage: his essay encapsulates key aspects of the transition in linguistic scholarship from the nineteenth to the twentieth century. On the one hand, Gabelentz revisits key themes from nineteenth-century language classification in a conceptual framework that appeals to notions of ‘race’, an endeavour that was no longer fashionable even at the time he was writing. On the other hand, Gabelentz seemingly anticipates ideas and methods that would only come to the fore in twentieth-century efforts at language typology. Most notable here is his treatment of languages as ‘free organic structures’ whose ‘parts stand together in a necessary mutual configuration’, a clear statement of a central tenet of later structuralism. Gabelentz’ proposal to use statistics to capture the correlation of structures within languages similarly seems to anticipate key aspects of the methods employed in linguistic typology since the work of Joseph Greenberg (1915–2001). The introductory essay explores the historical and intellectual context of Gabelentz’ paper and its reception in linguistic scholarship.
On applying cognitive psychology
Authors: Baddeley Alan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
There are many different ways of applying cognitive psychology to practical problems. The author’s own approach owes much to the early years of their research career spent at the Medical Research Council Applied Psychology Unit in Cambridge, UK. The Unit’s commitment to combining theory and practice is briefly described as reflected through the very different research styles, methods, and personalities of its most senior scientists during the author’s early development: Broadbent, Conrad, and Poulton. Rather than attempting to cover the author’s own work over the following 50 years, the chapter illustrates this influence through three diverse projects conducted over the last 5 years. One study investigated the memory capacities of people known as Hafiz, those who have learned by heart the whole of the Qur’an. A second was concerned with the role of the phonological loop in second language learning by Chinese speakers. The third aimed to develop a measure of accelerated long-term forgetting in people with epilepsy. All began with a practical aim and resulted in unexpected implications for theory.
Working memory, intelligence, and life success
Authors: Mashburn Cody A. , Burgoyne Alexander P. , Engle Randall W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Some people are more successful than others when it comes to school performance, career attainment, financial stability, mental health, and physical well-being. What explains individual differences in these real-world outcomes? This chapter shows how individual differences in intelligence, and particularly working memory capacity, attention control, and fluid intelligence, are related to life success. It begins by discussing the executive attention view, which treats attention control as a central factor underpinning individual differences in working memory capacity and fluid intelligence. After describing the theoretical framework, it reviews evidence revealing how individual differences in these cognitive abilities, and intelligence more broadly defined, relate to life outcomes in the domains of academic achievement, job performance, physical health, mortality, and psychological well-being. It also speculates about mechanisms that might mediate these relationships and discuss confounding variables such as environmental inequality that challenge the ability to disentangle the effects of intelligence from the effects of the environment. The chapter concludes by suggesting avenues for future research.
Parent–child autobiographical reminiscing as a foundation for literacy, memory, and science education
Authors: Fivush Robyn , Haden Catherine A. , Reese Elaine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a sociocultural developmental model of children’s autobiographical memory as foundational for the development of more abstract cognitive skills. It argues that autobiographical memory develops in parentally scaffolded everyday interactions that help children construct coherent and elaborated narratives of the personal past. The chapter then presents theoretical and empirical evidence that the reflective and metacognitive skills that are modelled, socialized, and internalized during everyday practices of parent–child reminiscing about the personal past provide a basis for abstract and academic knowledge-building in literacy, deliberate memory, and scientific concepts.
Medieval Allegory as Epistemology
Authors: Nievergelt Marco 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This book argues that late medieval dream-poetry was able to use allegorical fiction and dream-vision poetry to explore a set of complex philosophical questions regarding the nature of human knowledge. The three principal texts discussed in this monograph are among the most widely read and influential poems of the later Middle Ages: they are Jean de Meun’s Roman de la Rose; the Pèlerinages trilogy of Guillaume de Deguileville; and William Langland’s vision of Piers Plowman in its various versions. All three poets grapple with a number of shared, closely related epistemological problems that emerged in Western Europe during the thirteenth century, in the wake of the reception of the complete body of Aristotle’s works on logic and the natural sciences. The present study therefore does not only examine the intertextual and literary-historical relations linking the work of the three poets, but takes their shared interest in cognition and epistemology as a starting point to assess their wider cultural and intellectual significance in the context of broader developments in late medieval philosophy of mind, knowledge, and language. This study therefore argues that vernacular literature more broadly played an extremely important role in lending an enlarged cultural resonance to philosophical ideas developed by scholastic thinkers, but also stresses that allegorical narrative could prompt philosophical speculation on its own terms, deliberately interrogating the dominance and authority of scholastic discourses and institutions by using first-person fictional narrative as a tool for intellectual speculation.
Introduction
Authors: Nievergelt Marco 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The introduction situates the study in the context of recent research on the interaction between intellectual culture and vernacular literary culture in the later Middle Ages (c. 1250–1400), and identifies the larger theoretical and methodological implications of the study. In general, the introduction argues for the importance of recognizing the relevance of vernacular ‘literature’, and especially poetry, within a more capacious and fluid kind of intellectual history of the later Middle Ages. More specifically, the introduction identifies the ability of allegorical dream narrative to function as a powerful tool for staging thought experiments on a series of closely interlinked philosophical questions that concern the mechanisms of human cognition and experience as well as the larger problem of the status of subjective, and specifically contingent, knowledge. The introduction also provides an overview of some of the principal developments in late medieval philosophy of mind, knowledge, and language that provide the broader context for the close analysis of the main corpus of texts in subsequent chapters.
In the Beginning was the Rose
Authors: Nievergelt Marco 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Roman de la Rose does not only play a seminal role not only in the development of late medieval allegorical literature in the Anglo-French and European traditions, but also helps to trigger a wider epistemic turn within late medieval vernacular poetry more broadly. This chapter situates the poem within its immediate context of production—that Faculty of Arts at the University of Paris in the 1270s—and examines in detail the poem’s attitude towards scholastic learning as a whole. More specifically, the chapter examines in depth how the Roman de la Rose engages and critiques some of the contemporary theories of signification, and particularly theories of metaphorical expression (translatio or transumptio), especially those articulated by Roger Bacon, which challenge a wide range of established beliefs that underpin the theories of contemporary grammarians and logicians. The chapter then provides a sustained discussion of the interpretive, cognitive, and epistemological challenges raised by the poem, particularly in terms of the relations between language, knowledge, and different types of scientia, and goes on to identify some of the recurrent philosophical problems and difficulties that emerge throughout the poem’s reception history during the later Middle Ages across Europe. The chapter finally argues that the Roman de la Rose mounts a systematic critique of mainstream theories of linguistic signification that dominate contemporary University culture, drawing attention to the highly unstable, unpredictable, and potentially manipulative referential function of language as a whole, and of poetic language in particular.
Cognition: Theory and Practice
Authors: Nievergelt Marco 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 opens by arguing that despite its pointed interest in language, Deguileville’s Pèlerinage de Vie Humaine finally traces a movement away from language—away from signa and back to the res that appear as the sole ‘real’, ultimate objects of human acts of understanding. The poem’s energies are now refocused on the nature of human mind, cognition, perception, and imagination. Deguileville adopts a distinctly dualist/Augustinian model of the soul, rejecting the hylomorphic, and by now dominant model of cognition based on sense perception propounded by Aristotle and his Arabic commentators. In order to do so, Deguileville has recourse to a number of alternative theoretical accounts of cognition—from Avicenna’s thought experiment of the ‘Flying Man’ to John of Peter Olivi’s unusual and controversial theory of the soul’s active perception. The poem’s action, however, tends to suggest that the pilgrim’s soul is rather a passive recipient of physical forces from the created world. This also reveals the fragility of Deguileville’s theory of the poetic imagination: for from confirming the independence of the imaginative faculty from the world of matter, the status of mental images is revealed as being ineluctably embodied, and as such susceptible to sensual and concupiscible appetites. Despite his best efforts to reject the carnal allegorical poetics of the Roman de la Rose, then, Deguileville appears forced to concede the cognitive operations of the mind and poetic imagination are inextricably entangled with the world of contingent matter, and thus inherently prone to error, deception, misreading, delusion, and manipulation.
The Desire for Knowledge and the Experience of Conversion
Authors: Nievergelt Marco 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The chapter begins with an overview of scholarly work on Langland and the French allegorical tradition, and suggests important modifications of our approach to Langland’s use of such ‘sources’. The chapter then moves on to discuss how what arguably is the central event of the poem—Will’s crisis in the third vision, culminating with the first inner dream in B passus XI—grows out of Langland’s protracted and reiterated engagement with Deguileville’s Pèlerinage de Vie Humaine and its own internal tensions and contradictions. Langland’s anxious exploration of the salvific potential of learning in particular, as well as his treatment of Will’s ‘conversion’ in this section, must be read as elaborate responses to the aporias of the French poem. I begin by considering the events in passus XIII and XIV, which may be read as an extended rewriting, renegotiation, and ultimately disavowal of the closing sections of Deguileville’s poem, where the pilgrim abandons his quest and seeks refuge in a monastic enclosure. Indeed, the sustained development of the alimentary metaphors during the Feast of Patience suggest that Langland is here refashioning the ending of Deguileville’s poem: there, the pilgrim is converted to a radically contemplative life of monastic devotion, oration, and liturgical performance, characterized by a new, sapiential understanding of the inner Word. Langland, by contrast, once more exposes the limitations of institutional structures in preserving the living Word made flesh, and concludes this extended section with the departure of Conscience, signalling a transition to yet another stage in Will’s wanderings.
The Ends of Experience: Incarnation and Apocalypse
Authors: Nievergelt Marco 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how Langland forges the overarching narrative logic of this final section of the poem (passus XV–XX in the B text) out of his close engagement with Deguileville’s poetry, with particular attention to the larger structural and conceptual shifts and ruptures that cut across his pilgrimage trilogy as a whole. In particular, Langland demonstrates a nuanced understanding of the highly problematic place of the Pèlerinage Jhesuscrist in the evolving poetic vision of his predecessor, and responds by integrating the account of Christ’s life within the account of the life of his own pilgrim, Will. The enhanced re-visionary dynamism of Langland’s poem, however, also requires him to ‘unmake’ any sense of closure and resolution that accompanies the culminating vision of the Incarnation in passus B XVIII. The poem does so by returning once more to the level of human time, staging an apocalyptic ending that redeploys numerous themes and motifs that structure the terminal decline of the idealised religious community at the end of PVH2. In particular, Langland focuses his attention on the role of linguistic abuses and perversions, refracted in the dubious penitential practices of Friar Flatterer. This final stage of historical, institutional, narrative, and visionary unmaking also provides the occasion for a final reflection on the inherent limitations of poetic ‘makyng’—its provisional status, its intrinsic fallibility, and its fundamentally elusive and unreliable epistemic status as a product of human imagination and artifice.
Why Precedent Works
Authors: Barber Nicholas W 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a social model of precedent, one in which the legal rules of precedent are supplemented by non-legal rules generated within social groups, principally the legal community of which the judge is a part. It argues that the legal structures of precedent are not enough, in themselves, to explain how the practice operates and, in particular, how it is that judges come to experience precedent as coercive. Precedent should be understood as a social practice, a mode of argumentation partly structured by non-legal rules that operate within social groups, and social expectations are key to the effectiveness of these rules. The chapter concludes by considering some of the problems raised by the roles of social groups in the operation of precedent and suggests ways in which these problems may be mitigated.
The Uses of Precedent and Legal Argument
Authors: Michelon Claudio 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Courts rely on authoritative judicial precedents by deploying different types of argument. They (a) apply the ratio decidendi of previous cases to the case before them, (b) deploy legal analogies, (c) argue a fortiori, (d) argue a simile, (e) infer more general principles, inter alia. Each different type of argument leaves a distinctive argumentative footprint: they are deployed for different reasons, possess different structures, rely on different assumptions, and offer different support to different types of claims. This chapter sets out to motivate the claim that a satisfactory theory of authoritative judicial precedent should take account of the different ways in which authoritative precedent is used in legal argument. It does so by presenting and contrasting three types of judicial precedent-based argument, namely (i) arguments where a court purports to apply an authoritative precedent, (ii) precedent-based legal analogies, and (iii) precedent-based inferences to the best legal explanation. From the discussion of these argument types, the chapter shows that the authority of precedent is used in judicial decisions in a variety of ways and that a sufficiently sophisticated theory of judicial precedent should pay heed to these different ways in which authority is utilized in legal argument.
The Hermeneutics of Legal Precedent
Authors: Poscher Ralf 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The application of statutory law is hermeneutical in nature along the lines of an intentionalist account of meaning and interpretation. This even holds for legal construction in hard cases. The hermeneutical character of the practice of precedent, however, is disputed. It has been contrasted with interpretation because of its purported analogical character. The question goes to the methodology of precedents in both common law and continental legal systems. This contribution shows that the application of precedent shares the hermeneutical character of the application of statutory law, although with some qualifications. These qualifications pertain to the necessity of constructing an intentional subject, the object of interpretation, and the necessity of legal construction. With these qualifications, the application of precedent follows the intentionalist account even for ‘bare’ precedents, that is, precedents without stated reasons. Unlike the application of precedents, the creation of precedent is not necessarily hermeneutical.