bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Purification, Molecular Properties, and Activation of C1 Proesterase, Cls
Authors: Sakai Kouko , Stroud Robert M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method to obtain a highly purified Cls in the proesterase form is described for the first time. Neutral euglobulins were precipitated from fresh heparinized plasma in the presence of 0.06 M l-lysine, followed by extraction of Cls after suspending the euglobulin in 0.02 M EDTA, 0.005 M l-lysine (pH 7.5, relative salt concentration 0.04), and then DEAE cellulose column chromatography. The Cls preparation was shown to be homogeneous on immunoelectrophoresis developed against a potent anti-whole human serum and on analytical acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The yield of Cls was 10 to 20%. The Cls preparations have a specific hemolytic activity which is 20 to 30 times lower than C1s̅ and have a slower electrophoretic mobility on agar at pH 8.6.
After incubating purified Cls with fractions containing Clr, Cls was activated as shown by an increase in its specific hemolytic activity and its faster migration to the anode on immunoelectrophoresis. The activating fractions were obtained from the DEAE column used to purify Cls and, although primarily Clr, they contain a few other proteins which do not bind at a relative salt concentration of 0.140. In addition to the different hemolytic activity and electrophoretic mobility, structural differences between Cls and C1s̅ were demonstrated by reduction and alkylation. Reduction of C1s̅ resulted in two major subunits with estimated molecular weights of 36,000 and 77,000. On the other hand, after reduction of Cls only one chain was found. Moreover, reduction of Cls which had been activated after purification resulted in the formation of two subunits similar to the subunits from C1s̅. The data indicate that activation is due to the cleavage of a peptide bond which converts a single polypeptide chain into two polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds. Experiments using insoluble C1s̅ (C1s̅ coupled to Sephadex G-25) showed that the destruction of C2 by C1s̅ occurred both in the presence of metals and in EDTA.
Intestinal Sphingoglycolipids with A and Lea Activity from Humans and A, H-Like and Leb-Like Activity from Dogs
Authors: Hiramoto Raymond N. , Smith Edwin L. , Ghanta Vithal K. , Shaw June F. , McKibben John M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Glycolipids containing fucose (fuco-lipids) have been shown to constitute an individual specific class of compounds both in humans and dogs. Since only trace amounts of some fuco-lipids can be isolated, immunologic techniques are invaluable in identifying these compounds and giving some insight into their structure. By using human and rabbit antisera and ulex lectin with precipitation and agglutination techniques, fuco-lipids isolated from human small intestine were shown to have human A and Lea blood group activity. Fuco-lipids isolated from dog small intestine had human A, H-like and Leb-like blood group activity. With fluorescein-labeled rabbit antisera it was demonstrated that Forssman activity was associated with the lamina propria whereas Leb-like activity was in the glandular epithelium of the small intestine.
Rabbit Antiserum to Brain-Associated Thymus Antigens of Mouse and Rat
Authors: Clagett James , Peter Hans-Hartmut , Feldman Joseph D. , Weigle William O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit anti-mouse brain and anti-rat brain sera detect thymic antigens unique to mice and rats, respectively, and detect antigens shared by these two species. Specifically, θC3H and θAKR murine phenotype cells share with rats an heteroantigenic determinant not revealed by alloanti-θ serum because of an unresponsive state among mice to this determinant. AKR thymocytes share with rat thymocytes an additional antigen, most likely associated with the θAKR alloantigen. Tissue distribution of the species-specific and shared markers was compatible with that of the classical θ alloantigens.
Genetics of Stimulation of in Vitro Hemolytic Plaque-Forming Cell Responses by Irradiated Allogeneic Spleen Cells
Authors: Kennedy James C. , Ekpaha-Mensah J. Ampoe 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The addition of heavily irradiated spleen cells to cultures containing syngeneic spleen cells and foreign erythrocytes may stimulate to some extent the hemolytic plaque-forming cell responses of those cultures, but the addition of allogeneic irradiated spleen cells may cause much greater stimulation. Irradiated spleen cells from mice of various inbred strains were tested for their ability to produce such stimulation in cultures containing spleen cells from an allogeneic or congenic resistant partner. It was found that a genetic difference in the region of the K end of the H-2 locus was sufficient to cause strong reciprocal stimulation, while a difference in the region of the D end was not. Multiple non-H-2 histocompatibility differences were ineffective, with two interesting exceptions. It is suggested that reciprocal allogeneic stimulation of in vitro hemolytic plaque-forming cell responses may be a useful means of detecting major histocompatibility differences. A model for allogeneic stimulation is proposed.
Human Blood T Cells: Response to Phytohemagglutinin
Authors: Wybran Joseph , Chantler Shireen , Hugh Fudenberg H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Evidence has accumulated to indicate that two different populations of lymphocytes are responsible for immunologic responsiveness. The functional characteristics of these cells appear to differ; thymic-derived or T lymphocytes3 are associated with cellular immune responses whereas B lymphocytes (probably bone marrow-derived or bursa-dependent) have been implicated in humoral aspects of the immune response (1). The isolation and characterization of T and B lymphocytes are essential for a full assessment of their functions.
Recently surface markers on lymphocytes have provided a tool for identifying their origin. With direct immunofluorescent technique, lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulins have been shown in animals to be bone marrow- or bursa-derived, whereas lymphocytes of thymic origins are not stained by this technique (2–4). On the basis of this distinction it has been suggested that human peripheral blood lymphocytes bearing immunoglobulins are also B cells (5).
Arylhydroxytriazenes: A New Class of Immunosuppressants
Authors: Brian Stewart P. , Possanza G. J. , Hess F. K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In a search for new immunosuppressants, it was found that some members of the arylhydroxytriazenes were active in suppressing the immune response in experimental animals. One member of this group, 3-methyl-3-hydroxy-1-(p-isopropyl-carbomoylphenyl)triazene and designated PR-H-286 BS,1 has been studied more closely and has the following structural formula.
This compound was readily prepared by the general method of Bamberger (1); diazotization of 4-amino-N-isopropylbenzamide and subsequent coupling with N-methylhydroxylamine gave reasonable yield. Its structure was confirmed by elemental analysis as well as by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
The immunosuppressant activity of PR-H-286 BS was first demonstrated in the Jerne plaque-forming cell (PFC) test (2). It was equally effective when given either by the intraperitoneal or oral route, suppressing the number of PFC by 96.6% and 96.4%, respectively (Table I). With this experience all further tests were done by the oral route.
Absence of Cell-Mediated Immunologic Tolerance to Leukemia Virus in Carrier Mice
Authors: Proffitt Max Rowland , Hirsch Martin S. , Black Paul H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Several viruses have been reported to induce immunologic tolerance in mice when infection occurs in the prenatal or immediate postnatal period. Among these are lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM)3 virus (1–3) and murine leukemia viruses (MuLV) (4–6). Although Moloney murine leukemia virus (MuLV-M) can induce leukemia in both newborn and adult mice (7), there is a marked difference in host response in these two age groups. Inoculation into adults results in development of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to the virus, whereas in neonatally infected mice these responses appear to be either greatly reduced or undetectable (5, 8).
Recent results have cast doubt on the validity of the concept of immunologic tolerance to viruses. It now is generally accepted that humoral antibodies can be formed after neonatal infection with LCM virus (9), MuLV-M (10), Harvey murine sarcoma virus (MuSV-H) (10), and Gross murine leukemia virus (MuLV-G) (11, 12).
A Quantitative Assay for the Mixed Leukocyte Reaction by Mouse Spleen Cells
Authors: El-Arini M. O. , Osoba David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method for culturing mixtures of allogeneic mouse spleen cells which gives quantitative results is described. The kinetics of the response is reproducible from experiment to experiment and the dose-response curve is linear. Radiation survival studies indicate that the responding cells require the capacity to proliferate during the mixed-leukocyte reaction (D37 = 95 rads). From experiments with the spleen cells of congenic resistant strains it is evident that the response is controlled by minor histocompatibility loci as well as by the H-2 locus.
Modulation of Immunoglobulin Ontogeny in the Chicken: Effect of Purified Antibody Specific for µ Chain on IgM, IgY, and IgA Production
Authors: Leslie Gerrie A. , Martin Louis N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The administration of anti-µ antibody to chick embryos in conjunction with bursectomy at hatch resulted in long-term suppression of IgM, IgY, and IgA synthesis. Anti-µ-suppressed chickens had less ability to produce antibody than bursectomized controls. Graft-vs-host responsiveness was normal or enhanced, indicative of the specific effect of anti-µ on bursa-dependent lymphocytes. Suppression of IgM, IgY, and IgA production could be achieved by anti-µ injection of 18-day-old embryos, providing evidence that IgY- and IgA-forming cells develop subsequent to that time. Repeated injection of anti-µ in early life was capable of producing abnormalities in immunoglobulin synthesis, including long-term IgY and IgA deficiency. These results were discussed in terms of the concept that IgY- and IgA-forming cells are derived from IgM-forming precursors.
Reconstitution of T Cell-Depleted Spleen Cell Populations by Factors Derived from T Cells
Authors: Gorczynski R. M. , Miller R. G. , Phillips R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
At least part of the interaction between bone marrow-derived (B) and thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes during the initiation of an in vitro immune response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) is mediated by a nonspecific activity released from antigen-stimulated T cells. The release of the activity requires stimulation with specific antigen, but the activity produced by different antigens can reconstitute an in vitro response to SRBC. The assay used to investigate the activity has been the reconstitution of spleen cell populations treated with anti-θ antibody. Preparations active in this assay can also initiate immune responses in B cells obtained from thymectomized, irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted mice and in B cells separated from normal bone marrow.
Three pieces of evidence suggest that cells liberating the active factors are T cells. First, pretreatment of such a population of cells with anti-θ antibody abolishes its capacity to produce the activity. Second, the sedimentation profile of SRBC-stimulated factor-producing cells is identical to the sedimentation profile of T cells required to initiate anti-SRBC antibody production in vitro. Third, the sedimentation profile of factor-producing cells in a population of alloantigen-stimulated cells is identical to the sedimentation profile of cells involved in cell-mediated immunity in the same population.
Decline in Mixed Lymphocyte Reactivity of Spleen Cells from Aged Mice of a Long-Lived Strain
Authors: Konen T. G. , Smith G. S. , Walford R. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The mixed lymphocyte reaction was measured in male C57BL/6J mice 21 to 25 weeks, 90 to 94 weeks, and 150 weeks of age. A statistically significant decline in reactivity was noted for the oldest group of mice, compared to both younger groups. These results are interpreted in relation to survival patterns and age-specific incidences of spontaneous neoplasia in this long-lived strain.
Lymphocyte Activation
Authors: Jones G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse lymphocytes were cultured with phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A and at various times antiserum to each mitogen was added. Incorporation of thymidine was partially inhibited even when antisera were added after 48 hr. Quantitative analysis of the inhibition produced in normal cultures or cultures containing colchicine suggested that the inhibition observed could not be explained simply by prevention of activation in the first division cycle. This was confirmed in other experiments where tritium-labeled cells were prevented from entering a second division cycle by specific antiserum. It is concluded that the continued presence of these mitogens is required to initiate division cycles beyond the first activation and that lymphocyte transformation is thus not an irreversible derepression leading to repetitive cell divisions.
Modulation of Membrane Associated Immunoglobulins of Cultured Human Lymphoid Cells by Specific Antibody
Authors: Hütteroth T. H. , Cleve H. , Litwin S. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Modulation of membrane associated immunoglobulins by specific antibodies was studied on lymphoid cells of established suspension cultures derived from four normal individuals. Changes in κ and µ surface immunoglobulins were monitored by the mixed antiglobulin reaction. Exposure to anti-κ antiserum led to rapid disappearance of both κ and µ antigen; exposure to anti-µ antiserum resulted in complete loss of µ antigen, while κ antigens were unaffected or only partially affected. Restoration of κ and µ antigens occurred from 3 to 12 hr. Monovalent antibody was unable to modulate surface κ immunoglobulins. Modulation would not occur at low temperature or in the presence of sodium azide.
Eosinophils and Immune Mechanisms
Authors: Colley Daniel G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Exposure of eosinophil-rich peritoneal cell populations obtained from Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice to a soluble schistosomal egg antigen stimulates eosinophil migration. Supernatant fluids from serum-free lymph node cell cultures stimulated with antigens to which the donor mice had been specifically sensitized, or stimulated with phytohemagglutinin, also stimulate eosinophil migration. The active principle in such culture supernatant fluids is soluble, nondialyzable and heat-stable (56°C/30 min). It is tentatively classed as a lymphokine and designated eosinophil stimulation promoter.
The Kinetics of the Serum Immunoglobulin Response of Rabbits to the Capsular Polysaccharide Antigen of Gaffkya Tetragena
Authors: Eisenberg George H. G. , Roberson Bob S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Passive hemagglutination using the purified capsular polysaccharide antigen of Gaffkya tetragena, strain GT8, was employed to study the primary, secondary and hyperimmune responses of rabbits after sequential single intravenous injections of a formalinized whole cell vaccine. Radioimmunodiffusion and radioimmunoelectrophoresis with 14C-labeled capsule were used to identify the antibodies produced. Systems for long-lasting synthesis of 19S IgM and 7S IgG anticapsule hemagglutinins were found to coexist in primary and anamnestic responses. Evidence for the presence of 19S IgG was also found. At no time in any of the responses studied was there any indication of a major shift from production of one antibody type to production of the other. These findings show that there is no feedback inhibition of 19S synthesis by 7S IgG. Indications of the presence of a true 19S IgM memory were found. Typical 7S immunologic memory was also observed. Autoradiography revealed the presence of two additional antibody activities in the hyperimmune response. These activities were tentatively identified as IgA and α2 macroglobulin. These observations, considered with the unrelated changes in the levels of the two antibody species produced during the responses and differences in rates of synthesis of the two antibodies during the maintenance phases of the response lead to the conclusion that at least two, and possibly four, separate components of the rabbit's immune mechanism were stimulated by administration of the capsular polysaccharide antigen of G. tetragena, strain GT8.
Corneal Immune Response to Herpes Simplex Virus Antigens
Authors: Meyers Roberta L. , Pettit Thomas H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immune response to herpes simplex virus (HSV) antigens was studied in sensitized guinea pigs. The animals were sensitized by footpad injections with viable HSV in complete Freund's adjuvant and challenged intracorneally with purified viral antigens at 3, 7, and 21 days later. Corneal opacities occurred only in the eyes of the sensitized animals receiving the viral antigens, not in the contralateral control eye receiving uninfected tissue culture cell antigens.
The corneal opacities occurring in the sensitized animals correlated with the appearance of edema and a cellular infiltrate. The corneal infiltrate was primarily polymorphonuclear in cell type and occurred in animals with delayed type hypersensitivity before circulating antibody was detectable and was not altered by the later appearance of circulating antibody. The reaction at the corneal limbus was also characterized by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, but lymphocytes and monocytes were also present. The appearance of plasma cells at the limbus correlated with the appearance of circulating antibodies which were first detectable 10 days after sensitization.
The ability of HSV antigens to inhibit migration of peritoneal exudate cells from the sensitized animals paralleled the onset of the cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity response at 7 days after sensitization. The in vitro inhibition of proliferation of HSV-sensitized corneal explants exposed to HSV antigens also correlated well with the onset of the delayed dermal hypersensitivity.
The Effect of Gm (23) on the Concentration of IgG2 and IgG4 in Normal Human Serum
Authors: Steinberg Arthur G. , Morell Andreas , Skvaril Frantisek , van Loghem Erna 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The IgG2 and IgG4 levels in 55 serum samples from family members with known Gm (23) genotype were studied. No correlation between IgG2 or IgG4 concentration and age or between these subclasses and sex was observed. Gm (23) shows no marked effect on the concentration of IgG2, but the concentration of IgG4 in serum is in the sequence Gm (23) homozygotes τ; Gm (23) heterozygotes τ; Gm (-23), and the differences are significant.
Since the IgG4 allotype 4b appears, on the basis of limited data, to be transmitted with Gm (23), the observed relation between the Gm (23) genotype and IgG4 concentration may be due to an effect of 4b and not to Gm (23). More data are needed.
Cytotoxicity Mediated by Human Lymphocyte-Dependent Antibody in a Rapid Assay with Adherent Target Cells
Authors: Yust Israel , Wunderlich John R. , Mann Dean L. , Buell Donald N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A rapid in vitro assay for lymphocyte-dependent antibody (LDA)-mediated cytotoxicity against adherent target cells has been characterized. Adherent HeLa and human melanoma cell lines were labeled with 51Cr, coated with sera from patients who had received multiple whole blood transfusions, and incubated for 4 hr with human peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors. Significant lysis was detected as early as 20 min after incubation with rapid progression in the reaction during the next several hours. Morphologically, the early phase of the reaction was characterized by adherence of lymphocytes to LDA-coated cells. Cytotoxic activity was proportional to LDA concentration, attacking cell concentration, and incubation time. LDA-mediated cytotoxicity was blocked by anti-IgG, supporting the concept that this factor is an antibody. LDA-coated target cells were killed by lymphocytes but not by adherent peripheral blood cells or tissue culture lymphoid cells. Conventional complement did not play a role in target cell destruction because carrageenan, a C1 inhibitor, was included in the reactions and serum samples were heat-inactivated before use. This rapid in vitro assay will prove useful in distinguishing between cytotoxicity resulting from lymphocyte-dependent antibody and other types of cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
Binding and Vesiculation of Rabbit IgG by Rabbit Yolk Sac Membrane
Authors: Sonoda S. , Shigematsu T. , Schlamowitz M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies are described which establish the glycocalyx as the morphologic site for the binding of IgG to the membrane of the rabbit yolk sac and which indicate that micropinocytotic vesiculation is the mechanism for its cellular uptake.
Yolk sac membranes were exposed in vivo and in vitro to rabbit antihorse ferritin antibody. The membranes were then treated with ferritin and examined by electron microscopy for deposition of ferritin. Deposits of IgG-bound ferritin were found localized at the glycocalyx coat of the microvilli, intermicrovillar pits, and incipient micropinocytotic vesicles.
Stages in the micropinocytotic process are shown, depicting internalization of microvillial membrane surfaces, indicating that this is the mechanism by which IgG is taken up by the fetal yolk sac from the maternal uterine lumen for transfer to the fetus.
These findings are discussed in the context of the specificity and kinetic characteristics of the transfer process.
Encephalitogenic Activity of Peptides from the Smaller Basic Protein of Rat Myelin
Authors: Dunkley P. R. , Coates A. S. , Carnegie P. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) can be induced in laboratory animals by injection of the basic protein of myelin in Freund's complete adjuvant. Certain peptides derived from this protein are also encephalitogenic and the potency of these peptides varies depending on the species selected for injection. The tryptophan region of the human and bovine basic proteins is highly encephalitogenic in guinea pigs (1, 2), while for rabbits a potent encephalitogenic determinant is located in the center of the protein (3).
Recently the smaller of the two basic proteins from rat myelin (rat S protein) was found to have little encephalitogenic activity in guinea pigs yet was fully active in rats (4). Since the amino acid sequence of the tryptophan region of the rat S protein is altered when compared with the human and bovine proteins (5, 6), Martenson et al. (4) concluded that this region was unlikely to be the determinant responsible for the induction of EAE in rats.