bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Purification of the Virus of Foot-and-Mouth Disease by Fluorocarbon Treatment and Its Dissociation from Neutralizing Antibody
Authors: Brown F. , Cartwright B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Treatment of suspensions of foot-and-mouth disease virus with Arcton eliminates the 7 mμ component without reducing the infectivity titer. The immunogenicity of vaccines prepared from virus suspensions and Arcton-treated suspensions is the same, indicating that there is no loss of 20 mμ component. Neutral mixtures of virus and antiserum can be dissociated with excellent recovery of virus infectivity.
Nephrotic Syndrome in Rats Produced by Sensitization to Rat Kidney Proteins: Immunologic Studies
Authors: Hunter Janet L. P. , Hackel Donald B. , Heymann Walter 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Twenty-nine rats were injected intraperitoneally 6–10 times at 2-week intervals with kidney supernatant emulsified in Freund's adjuvant. Their sera were tested against rat kidney antigen by Ouchterlony's double diffusion agar plate technique. Bands of precipitation were found with 43 of 187 sera tested. They appeared from 55 days before the onset of disease and persisted up to 64 days after the onset of proteinuria. Twelve of the sera from these 29 rats were also tested against rat liver, lung and muscle antigens. Four sera produced a band of precipitation with liver antigen. This band showed a reaction of identity with that formed by the same serum against kidney antigen. There were no bands formed against lung and muscle antigens. Twenty-two sera from eight rats injected with adjuvant and liver supernatant were tested against rat kidney antigen. Four of these sera produced bands. Seventeen sera were also tested against rat liver, lung and muscle antigens. Three of these produced a band of precipitation against liver antigen. This band gave a reaction of identity with that produced by the same serum and rat kidney antigen. Five sera from rats injected with rat kidney supernatant emulsified in adjuvant were tested against rat, rabbit and guinea pig kidney antigens. Two produced cross-reacting bands to the three antigens. Hemagglutination titers were estimated on 84 sera from 13 rats injected with kidney supernatant in adjuvant obtained throughout the injection period. Positive titers were found in only four sera. Fifteen sera from 13 rats injected with liver supernatant in adjuvant and 15 sera from 13 rats injected with adjuvant alone gave negative hemagglutination results. Serum complement values were determined serially in 98 sera of eight rats injected with kidney supernatant in adjuvant. A decrease was noted in five of these animals. The decrease correlated more closely with the onset of proteinuria than with the appearance or disappearance of precipitating antibodies. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis was tested using sera from four rats that had received injections of adjuvant and kidney with negative results. Skin tests performed on eight animals treated with kidney antigen in adjuvant were also negative.
Evidence of a Secondary Response in Transplantation Immunity
Authors: Steinmuller David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immunity elicited by 2 million intraperitoneally inoculated homologous spleen cells in mice is dissipated by the end of 60 days, as is evidenced by the epithelial survival scores of orthotopically transplanted skin homografts. If the skin test-grafts at this time are accompanied by a normally subliminal immunizing dosage of intraperitoneally injected spleen cells, however, their scores are significantly lowered. This is interpreted as showing that after primary immunity has faded the host's homograft rejection mechanism is in a hypersensitive state such that an immediate encounter with even an ordinarily negligible stimulus results in the reinstatement of an effective immune condition, i.e., that it represents a true secondary or anamnestic response.
Cellular Antibodies in Kidney Homotransplantation
Authors: Govaerts Andre 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The action of sera and lymphocytes from kidney homografted dogs has been studied on tissue cultures from the second kidney of the donor.
Sera from the recipient animals did not show any cytotoxic action on the cultures which, however, were highly sensitive to heterologous sera. Homologous sera did not protect the cultures against the cytopathogenic effect of infectious canine hepatitis virus (ICHV) (Da Costa Cruz phenomenon). Living lymphocytes from the recipient animals regularly produced specific cytotoxic lesions in renal cultures from the correspondent donors. These lymphocytes were not found to be cytotoxic for white cell suspensions obtained from the peritoneal fluid of the donors.
Studies on the Development of the Isoantigens of the H-2 System in Newborn Mice
Authors: Möller Göran 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Erythrocytes and spleen cells from C3H mice were insensitive to humoral H-2-isoantibodies until 2–3 days after birth. Adult reactivity was reached after 6–10 days. Newborn, less than 1 ½-day-old C3H mice were able to absorb intravenously injected antiserum. Erythrocytes of less than 1 ½-day-old C3H mice could not absorb H-2-isoantibodies in vitro. Spleen, liver and kidney cells of less than 1 ½-day-old C3H mice were able to absorb isoantibodies in vitro. Erythrocytes and spleen cells of newborn CBA and A mice were insensitive to humoral isoantibodies at 1 ½ days after birth. Erythrocytes and spleen cells of newborn C57B1 and C57L mice were sensitive to humoral isoantibodies from the day of birth. Immunization of adult C57L mice with x-irradiated spleen cells of less than 1 ½ day old C3H mice gave rise to humoral antibodies. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.
Immune Mechanisms in Homotransplantation
Authors: Winn Henry J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A technique for quantitatively assaying the activity of immunologically activated lymphoid cells is described. The technique consists in mixing the lymphoid cells with cells of an appropriate tumor and injecting the mixtures into mice of a) the strain of origin of the tumor, b) the strain of origin of the lymphoid cells, or c) the F1 hybrid obtained in matings between mice of types (a) and (b). Subsequently, these recipients are killed and the tumors are dissected out and weighed.
In a given donor-host combination the tumor weights were found to be inversely proportional to the numbers of immune lymphoid cells contained in the mixture. Except at very large cell doses, normal lymphoid tissues were inactive in this respect.
The antitumor activity was shown to be immunologically specific and to depend on the continued functioning of the lymphoid cells in their new hosts. Incubation of the cell mixtures prior to injecting them into the host mice has no effect on the level of activity observed, and the available evidence indicates that the two cell types do not react with each other in vitro.
The technique is extremely sensitive, being capable of detecting the activity of less than 0.1% of the cells harvested from the draining lymph nodes of a single mouse previously implanted with a tumor homograft. Very high activity has been found in the spleens of mice bearing subcutaneous tumor homografts on the right flank; much smaller amounts were detected in contralateral nodes and only occasional weak activity was detected in the thymus.
It is concluded that the lymph node cells are immunologically immature at the time of excision, that they mature in their new host at subcutaneous sites as well as in lymphoid organs and that they attack their target cells directly rather than through the elaboration of a serumborne antibody.
Passive Transfer of Bone Marrow Homotransplantation Immunity with Specific Antisera
Authors: Garver Richard M. , Cole Leonard J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The intraperitoneal injection of specific antisera (anti-C2H mouse spleen cells) prevented the protective effect of C3H strain bone marrow (i.e., homologous) injected intravenously into lethally X-irradiated (LxA)F1 hybrid mice. When this antiserum was absorbed in vitro with packed C3H erythrocytes (washed free of leukocytes), no loss of anti-bone marrow activity of the antiserum could be observed. Injection of anti-C3H erythrocyte serum did not prevent the “takes” of C3H bone marrow. Anti-LAF1 spleen serum (prepared in A mice) had no deleterious effect on protection by bone marrow when LAF1 bone marrow (i.e., isologous) was administered to lethally irradiated LAF1 host mice. In this instance, it is considered that the isoantibodies are absorbed out by the host tissue isoantigens, permitting little if any antibody to reach the injected marrow cells. Following in vitro incubation of isologous or homologous marrow cells with specific antisera, the protective effect of the marrow was diminished greatly. The question of cells versus antibody in the homograft reaction was discussed. It is concluded that dissociated cell homografts (such as bone marrow cells) can be rejected by humoral isoantibodies per se.
A Progressive Immunization Reaction in the Actively Sensitized Rabbit Eye
Authors: Silverstein Arthur M. , Welter Sylvia , Zimmerman Lorenz E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The injection of adequate amounts of crystalline egg albumin into the vitreous body of the rabbit eye forms a depot of antigen which leaks out of the site only slowly. Antigen is thus present during the development of a hypersensitive state in the animal, giving rise to a “spontaneous” inflammatory response in the uvea after a lag of about a week. This inflammation is characterized by an infiltration of mononuclear cells. Evidence is presented that the hypersensitivity state responsible for this ocular inflammation is systemic, and that the inflammation starts in the majority of cases at least one or more days before the appearance of detectable circulating antibody. The significance of these data with respect to a delayed hypersensitivity mechanism for this ocular inflammation is discussed as is the relationship of this experimental model to the “progressive immunization reaction” of Gell and Hinde.
Reduction of the Anaphylaxis Enhancing and Adjuvant Effects of Bordetella Pertussis by a Prior Injection of B. Pertussis
Authors: Kind Leon S. , Roffler Suzanne K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice inoculated with Bordetella pertussis and bovine serum albumin have an enhanced sensitivity to anaphylactic shock when subsequently challenged with BSA. The incidence of anaphylaxis as well as the amount of circulating antibodies to BSA are both significantly reduced in mice injected with pertussis vaccine 5 days prior to sensitizing injections of pertussis vaccine and BSA. A prior injection of B. pertussis also significantly reduces the incidence of anaphylaxis in mice sensitized with BSA in Freund's adjuvant.
Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in the Chicken
Authors: Lipton Murray M. , Steigman Alex J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Signs, symptoms and CNS histological lesions of EAE can be induced in chickens suitably injected with chicken CNS in Freund's adjuvants. Chicken cerebrum is less active and chicken cerebellum is inactive, in contrast to chicken spinal cord as the inoculum. There is a striking difference in reaction between two breeds of chickens. White Leghorns develop disseminated CNS lesions without displaying CNS signs and symptoms, whereas White Rocks develop both clinical and histological evidence of EAE. Chickens may recover from severe CNS signs and symptoms despite the continued persistence of severe CNS lesions. The demonstration that this nonmammalian host can be used in EAE studies, together with the genetic and other differences in reaction pointed out above, affords several additional and new possibilities for investigation. These include antibody studies in ovo and in hatchlings from inoculated fertilized hens, studies in a host with higher body temperature and metabolic rate than the usual laboratory mammals employed, studies of the influence of genetics via crossbreedings between White Rocks and White Leghorns, and studies in the induction of clinical relapse in asymptomatic but CNS lesion-bearing birds.
Studies on Immunity in Anthrax
Authors: McGann Virginia G. , Stearman Roebert L. , Wright George G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Complement fixation reactions were obtained with rabbit antisera and culture filtrates or partially purified preparations of protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis. By selection of appropriate antisera and adjustment of conditions, fixation by heat-stable antigens of no protective activity could be minimized or eliminated. Fixation titers were compared with the activity of the antigen preparations in active immunization of guinea pigs. A method was developed for deriving a dose-response curve from the mean reciprocal survival time after challenge of immunized guinea pigs. By use of this curve the results of the immunization assays were converted to relative potency units of protective antigen. There was significant correlation between the complement fixation titers and the immunizing activity of the preparations. The deviations were no greater than would be expected in view of the limited precision of the in vivo assay when practical numbers of guinea pigs are used. The significance of the results is discussed.
Platelet Agglutination by Immune Complexes and Its Possible Role in Hypersensitivity
Authors: Siqueira Maria , Nelson Robert A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mixtures containing antigen, antibody and complement induced macroscopic agglutination of washed platelets from normal guinea pigs and rabbits. The responsible mechanism is postulated as an attachment of the complex, antigen-antibody-complement, to a specific “receptor site” on the surface of the platelet. Platelets were not agglutinable after heating at 56°C for 15 min, nor after treatment with trypsin (2 μg) or with chymotrypsin. Citrate and heparin inhibited formation of the antigen-antibody-complement complex but did not inhibit agglutination of platelets. EDTA inhibited both formation of the complex and agglutination of platelets. Agglutination of platelets occurred with fresh serum from normal rabbits and guinea pigs mixed with the soluble antigens of S. typhosa and with certain dextrans reactive as “preparative” and “provocative” agents in the Shwartzman phenomenon.
Biological Activity of Soluble Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Sugahara Takao 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Soluble ovalbumin-rabbit antiovalbumin complexes gave immediate skin reactions in normal guinea pigs. Coprecipitating antibody and precipitating antibody were comparable, on a weight basis, with respect to their ability to form skin reactive complexes. With regard to the skin reactivity of the soluble complexes composed of coprecipitating antibody, the complexes formed throughout the antibody excess region up to the region of moderate antigen excess were all reactive. The complexes formed in moderate antigen excess had the highest reactivity. The complement-fixing potencies of the soluble complexes did not parallel their skin reactive properties. The complexes formed at the equivalence point had the highest complement-fixing activity. Speculations concerning the nature of the skin reactive antigen-antibody complexes have been presented.
Lowered Resistance to Influenza Infection of Mice Following Immunization with Mercurial Inactivated Influenza Virus
Authors: Ogasawara K. , Aida M. , Nagata I. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Some findings in mice were presented which suggest the existence of an antigen concerned in influenza allergy. This labile antigen present in mouse-adapted virus was destroyed by heat or formol treatment, but not by treatment with a high dilution of a mercurial (sodium ethylmercurithiosalicylate; Merzonin) which by itself could inactivate the virus.
Possible explanation of influenza allergy in relation to the chemical composition of influenza virus has been discussed.
Laboratory and Field Investigations of Bovine Myxovirus Parainfluenza 3 Virus and Vaccine
Authors: McClelland L. , Hampil B. , Hamparian V. V. , Potash L. , Ketler A. , Hilleman M. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A potent formalin-killed vaccine was prepared from bovine kidney cultures infected with the SF-4 strain of Myxovirus parainfluenza 3 virus. The aqueous vaccine was highly potent for guinea pigs when administered by various routes and regularly evoked the formation of neutralizing, HI and CF antibodies. On the other hand, the aqueous vaccine was of insufficient potency to immunize cattle in the dosage employed. Emulsification of the vaccine with Arlacel A-mineral oil adjuvant effected great enhancement of antigenic potency. Such material, in properdosage, evoked high level antibody response in both guinea pigs and bovines. The significance of the findings is discussed.
The Induction in Mice of Sensitization and Immunological Unresponsiveness by Neonatal Injection of Bovine γ-Globulin
Authors: Thorbecke G. J. , Siskind G. W. , Goldberger N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Results obtained by means of passive hemagglutination and agar diffusion studies on mouse sera have shown that: DBA/2 and A/Jax mice which had received 1 mg of bovine γ-globulin (BGG) intraperitoneally at birth showed a secondary type antibody response to a single challenge with BGG during the second month of age.This state of sensitization was preceded by a state of immunological unresponsiveness to BGG, demonstrated by challenge at 14 days of age.Mice which had received 10 to 30 mg of BGG neonatally were unresponsive when tested at 40 days of age. This state of unresponsiveness decreased with time.
Organ Specificity of the Heart
Authors: Gery Igal , Davies A. Michael 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits, guinea pigs and rats were immunized against saline extracts of hearts of heterologous species and the antisera examined in a battery of tests. Gel precipitation, complement fixation, latex agglutination and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests all showed cross-reactions between the immunizing heart and other organs of the immunizing species (species-specific reaction). Antiheart antisera reacted in the tanned red cell hemagglutination system with all hearts examined, including that of the immunized animal itself, demonstrating the presence of an organ specific antigen. The specificity of this common heart antigen was confirmed in hemagglutination-inhibition and neutralization tests.
Role of the Adrenals in Stress Induced Resistance to Anaphylactic Shock
Authors: Treadwell Perry E. , Rasmussen A. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An increase in resistance to passive anaphylaxis in mice regularly follows acute, 6 hr, or chronic, 6 hr per day for 4 weeks, shuttle box stress. This increase in resistance did not develop in stressed, adrenalectomized mice. Treatment of adrenalectomized mice with hydrocortisone acetate resulted in an increase in resistance to anaphylaxis. Acute stress exerted an additive protective effect to that of hydrocortisone in intact but not in adrenalectomized animals. The incidental stress of isolation resulted in a slight but definite increase in resistance to anaphylaxis.
The Beginnings of Immunofluorescence
Authors: Coons Albert H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Chinese have a picturesque cycle of designations for the succeeding years of their lives: the year of the tiger, the year of the rabbit, the year of the dragon. I suggest lightly that this is the hour of the fluorescent antibody. The last two or three years have seen the publication of several reviews on this subject; one of the latest, by Dr. Ernst Beutner, is in the current issue (1) of Bacteriological Reviews. Within the last year the Public Health Service has issued a handbook entitled: Fluorescent Antibody Techniques (Cherry, Goldman and Carski) (2). It is now no longer possible by an inspection of their titles to find papers employing immunofluorescence. Fluorescent antibodies have apparently been assimiliated into the general body of immunological methods and no longer merit special mention.
Experimental Shigella Infections
Authors: LaBrec Eugene H. , Formal Samuel B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sections of tissue obtained from guinea pigs succumbing to a fatal enteric infection of Shigella flexneri 2a were examined by fluorescent antibody and conventional histologic procedures to determine the nature and extent of a fatal infection.
Shigellae were neither cultured nor visualized in any organs outside of the intestinal tract. In most of the animals studied which succumbed to infection at 24 hr ulcerative lesions of the mid-and terminal ileum and cecum were noted. In animals dying 72 to 96 hr postchallenge ulcerative lesions of the duodenum-jejunum, or midileum were never seen. These animals consistently had large ulcerations of the cecum and colon, whereas lesions of the terminal ileum were rare.
In all of the challenged animals examined, shigellae could be found in the lamina propria of solitary villi without apparent loss of mucosal continuity. Examination of sections of intestine from animals sacrificed at various times after challenge dose revealed that shigella may invade the lamina propria of these villi within 8 hr. It is postulated that intestinal lesions of bacillary dysentery may depend on the presence of shigellae within the lamina propria as a requisite to the formation of an ulcer. Whenever ulcers formed they always contained specifically fluoreseing dysentery bacilli, and in early stages they did not appear to be contaminated with other microorganisms.
Control experiments in which large doses of heat-killed Shigella flexneri 2a or live Escherichia coli were fed to guinea pigs showed no production of ulcerative lesions.
Attempts to dctect antigenic products of shigellae in the organs of animals moribund from the experimental infections were not successful.
Effect of Egg Passage on the Reaction Between HVJ (Hemagglutinating Virus of Japan) and Chicken Erythrocytes
Authors: Matsumoto Toshisada , Yamamoto Nobuto , Maeno Koichiro 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When HVJ (hemagglutinating virus of Japan, Sendai virus) was passaged serially in the allantoic cavity of the chick embryo, the virus underwent a gradual change in its reactivity with chicken erythrocytes. On first transfer to chick embryos from mice, HVJ was adsorbed less efficiently and eluted at a faster rate from chicken erythrocytes than did the later passage virus. Elution of the early passage virus took place at 20°C but the later passage virus scarcely eluted at this temperature. This change, from M (mouse adapted) phase to E (egg adapted) phase, was associated with changes in the growth rate in the allantoic cavity of the chick embryo and in the adsorption rate to cells of the allantoic membrane, cultivated mouse lung cells or mouse red blood cells. The adsorption behavior of the virus onto chicken or mouse red blood cells was similar to that observed with the host cells from each species. The change of virus was observed readily when passage was made with undiluted seed, or less readily, when passaged with 10-3 dilution seed, whereas the virus retained the original form by repeated passages at the limiting infective dilution. The typical M and E phase virus could be isolated from virus which appeared to be of intermediate type. The nature of this variation was discussed in the light of the results obtained.
Requirement of Avian C′1 for Fixation of Guinea Pig Complement by Avian Antibody-Antigen Complexes
Authors: Benson Harold N. , Brumfield Helene P. , Pomeroy Benjamin S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An incompatibility has been shown to exist between certain avian antibody-antigen complexes and C′1 of guinea pig complement. This can be remedied by the substitution of species specific C′1 after which guinea pig C′2, C′3 and C′4 are fixed.