bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nature's chefs: Uniting the hidden diversity of food making and preparing species across the tree of life
Authors: Taylor Brad W , Allf Bradley , Hopkins Skylar R , Irwin Rebecca E , Jewell Michelle , Nevo Omer , Nichols Lauren M , Rodríguez Valerón Nabila , Evans Joshua D , Sörensen Pia M , Dunn Robert R 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThere may be no such thing as a free meal, but many species have evolved mechanisms for other species to consume the literal fruits of their labors. In the present article, inspired by a chef's recognition that such species are “nature's chefs,” we consider food-making species from the plant, animal, and fungal kingdoms, which produce food or mimic food to increase their own fitness. We identify three ways that species can produce or prepare meals—as food, drinks, or lures—and further distinguish between those providing an honest meal and those deceiving consumers with food mimics. By considering these species holistically, we highlight new hypotheses about the ecology and evolution of the widespread phenomenon of organisms that produce food for other organisms. We find surprising and useful generalities and exceptions among species as different as apple trees and anglerfish by examining species interactions across taxa, systems, and disciplines.
How and what adverse events are reported and captured in randomized control trials of emollients in the treatment of eczema?
Authors: Emmett Elizabeth R , Allen Megan , Crownshaw Sarah , Ridd Matthew J 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Background
Emollients are universally recommended for atopic dermatitis/eczema (‘eczema’), to improve the skin barrier and reduce symptoms. However, our knowledge of the frequency and nature of adverse effects associated with their use is limited.

Objectives
We sought to determine how well adverse events are reported in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of emollients for eczema.

Methods
MEDLINE was searched from inception (1946) to May 2022. Inclusion criteria were RCTs of moisturizers or emollients used as a leave-on treatment (as the intervention or control) in adults or children with eczema. Exclusion criteria were non-RCTs; patients with other diagnoses included; use of emollient as bath additives, soap substitutes or as preventative; and not published in English. References of eligible papers were reviewed for any additional, relevant research. Data were extracted into an Excel spreadsheet and analysed descriptively. An assessment of study quality was carried out using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool for RCTs.

Results
From 369 potential papers, 35 papers (reporting on 34 studies) were included. Most research was conducted in research centres or hospitals (unclear in 34%). In total, 89% reported collecting data on adverse events related to emollient treatment use but the methods used were poorly reported (40% unclear). Four papers used patient questionnaires/diaries. However, it was unclear how and what was collected as only two studies showed the questionnaires used.

Conclusions
Reporting of adverse events related to emollient use in trials of patients with eczema is poor and inconsistent. Agreement should be reached on how and what adverse events should be collected, to standardize reporting across studies.
New insights of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis from the perspective of COVID-19 vaccination
Authors: Yang Yang , Xiong Yi , Xu Gaosi 
Published: April 2023

Summary
The occurrence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) has been reported since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination, but whether there is a causal relationship or coincidence remains to be verified. We combined the term COVID-19 vaccination with each word of AAV to search for case reports and case series published in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases before 13 March 2023. A total of 56 patients who developed AAV after COVID-19 vaccination were identified from 44 research centers. Of the 56 subjects, 43 (76.7%) were vaccinated with the mRNA vaccine, followed by the adenovirus vaccine (14.3%) and inactivated vaccine (9.0%) (P = 0.015). Compared with relapsed AAV, new-onset AAV patients had at least two other diseases previously (P &lt; 0.001). Twenty-five (44.6%) patients presented symptoms after the first injection, and the medium onset time was 12 (1–77) days, while Twenty-eight (50.0%) patients developed symptoms after the second dose, and their medium period was 14 (1–60) days. Forty-four (78.5%) patients achieved remission after immunosuppressive agents, plasma exchange, and hemodialysis. One (1.8%) patient died from progressive respiratory failure and nine (16.1%) did not recover, leaving five patients permanently dependent on hemodialysis. Pathogenic ANCA may be activated by enhanced immune response and epitope spreading after COVID-19 vaccination and induced the occurrence of AAV, especially in genetically susceptible populations.
The clinical and experimental treatment of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Nijhuis L , Swart J F , Prakken B J , van Loosdregt J , Vastert S J 
Published: April 2023

Summary
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic rheumatic disease in children and comprises of multiple subtypes. The most relevant disease subtypes, grouped upon current insight in disease mechanisms, are nonsystemic (oligo- and polyarticular) JIA and systemic JIA (sJIA). In this review, we summarize some of the main proposed mechanisms of disease in both nonsystemic and sJIA and discuss how current therapeutic modalities target some of the pathogenic immune pathways. Chronic inflammation in nonsystemic JIA is the result of a complex interplay between effector and regulatory immune cell subsets, with adaptive immune cells, specifically T-cell subsets and antigen-presenting cells, in a central role. There is, however, also innate immune cell contribution. SJIA is nowadays recognized as an acquired chronic inflammatory disorder with striking autoinflammatory features in the first phase of the disease. Some sJIA patients develop a refractory disease course, with indications for involvement of adaptive immune pathways as well. Currently, therapeutic strategies are directed at suppressing effector mechanisms in both non-systemic and sJIA. These strategies are often not yet optimally tuned nor timed to the known active mechanisms of disease in individual patients in both non-systemic and sJIA. We discuss current treatment strategies in JIA, specifically the ‘Step-up’ and ‘Treat to Target approach’ and explore how increased insight into the biology of disease may translate into future more targeted strategies for this chronic inflammatory disease at relevant time points: preclinical disease, active disease, and clinically inactive disease.
Survey-Based Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Animal-Associated Risk Factors for Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea in the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study: The Gambia, Mali, and Kenya, 2015–2018
Authors: Berendes David M , Fagerli Kirsten , Kim Sunkyung , Nasrin Dilruba , Powell Helen , Kasumba Irene N , Tennant Sharon M , Roose Anna , Jahangir Hossain M , Jones Joquina Chiquita M , Zaman Syed M A , Omore Richard , Ochieng John B , Verani Jennifer R , Widdowson Marc-Alain , Sow Samba O , Doh Sanogo , Sugerman Ciara E , Mintz Eric D , Kotloff Karen L 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Background
Pediatric exposures to unsafe sources of water, unsafely managed sanitation, and animals are prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. In the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa case-control study, we examined associations between these risk factors and moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) in children &lt;5 years old in The Gambia, Kenya, and Mali.

Methods
We enrolled children &lt;5 years old seeking care for MSD at health centers; age-, sex-, and community-matched controls were enrolled at home. Conditional logistic regression models, adjusted for a priori confounders, were used to evaluate associations between MSD and survey-based assessments of water, sanitation, and animals living in the compound.

Results
From 2015 to 2018, 4840 cases and 6213 controls were enrolled. In pan-site analyses, children with drinking water sources below “safely managed” (onsite, continuously accessible sources of good water quality) had 1.5–2.0-fold higher odds of MSD (95% confidence intervals [CIs] ranging from 1.0 to 2.5), driven by rural site results (The Gambia and Kenya). In the urban site (Mali), children whose drinking water source was less available (several hours/day vs all the time) had higher odds of MSD (matched odds ratio [mOR]: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.7). Associations between MSD and sanitation were site-specific. Goats were associated with slightly increased odds of MSD in pan-site analyses, whereas associations with cows and fowl varied by site.

Conclusions
Poorer types and availability of drinking water sources were consistently associated with MSD, whereas the impacts of sanitation and household animals were context-specific. The association between MSD and access to safely managed drinking water sources post-rotavirus introduction calls for transformational changes in drinking water services to prevent acute child morbidity from MSD.
Giardia Detection and Codetection With Other Enteric Pathogens in Young Children in the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Case-Control Study: 2015–2018
Authors: Marcenac Perrine , Traoré Awa , Kim Sunkyung , Prentice-Mott Graeme , Berendes David M , Powell Helen , Kasumba Irene N , Nasrin Dilruba , Jones Joquina Chiquita M , Zaman Syed M A , Ochieng John B , Juma Jane , Sanogo Doh , Widdowson Marc-Alain , Verani Jennifer R , Liu Jie , Houpt Eric R , Jahangir Hossain M , Sow Samba O , Omore Richard , Tennant Sharon M , Mintz Eric D , Kotloff Karen L 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Background
Giardia has been associated with reduced risk of diarrhea in children in low-resource settings, but the mechanism underlying this association is unknown. To assess whether Giardia may shape colonization or infection with other enteric pathogens and impact associations with diarrhea, we examined Giardia and enteric pathogen codetection among children &lt;5 years old in Kenya, The Gambia, and Mali as part of the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa study.

Methods
We tested for Giardia and other enteric pathogens using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on stool, respectively. We evaluated associations between Giardia and enteric pathogen detection using multivariable logistic regression models separately for children with moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD, cases) and free of diarrhea (controls).

Results
Among 11 039 enrolled children, Giardia detection was more common among controls (35%) than cases (28%, P &lt; .001). Campylobacter coli/jejuni detection was associated with Giardia in controls in The Gambia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] [95% confidence interval {CI}]: 1.51 [1.22‒1.86]) and cases across all sites (1.16 [1.00‒1.33]). Among controls, the odds of astrovirus (1.43 [1.05‒1.93]) and Cryptosporidium spp. (1.24 [1.06‒1.46]) detection were higher among children with Giardia. Among cases, the odds of rotavirus detection were lower in children with Giardia in Mali (.45 [.30‒.66]) and Kenya (.31 [.17‒.56]).

Conclusions
Giardia was prevalent in children &lt;5 years old and was associated with detection of other enteric pathogens, with differing associations in cases versus controls and by site. Giardia may affect colonization or infection by certain enteric pathogens associated with MSD, suggesting an indirect mechanism of clinical impact.
Norovirus Disease Among Children &lt;5 Years in 3 Sub-Saharan African Countries: Findings From the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study, 2015–2018
Authors: Omore Richard , Powell Helen , Sow Samba O , Jahangir Hossain M , Ogwel Billy , Doh Sanogo , Ochieng John B , Jones Joquina Chiquita M , Zaman Syed M A , Awuor Alex O , Juma Jane , Kasumba Irene N , Roose Anna , Jamka Leslie P , Nasrin Dilruba , Liu Jie , Keita Adama Mamby , Traoré Awa , Onwuchekwa Uma , Badji Henry , Sarwar Golam , Antonio Martin , Sugerman Ciara E , Mintz Eric D , Houpt Eric R , Verani Jennifer R , Widdowson Marc-Alain , Tennant Sharon M , Platts-Mills James A , Tate Jacqueline E , Parashar Umesh D , Kotloff Karen L 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Background
To address a paucity of data from sub-Saharan Africa, we examined the prevalence, severity, and seasonality of norovirus genogroup II (NVII) among children &lt;5 years old in The Gambia, Kenya, and Mali following rotavirus vaccine introduction.

Methods
Population-based surveillance was conducted to capture medically-attended moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) cases, defined as a child 0–59 months old passing ≥3 loose stools in a 24-hour period with ≥1 of the following: sunken eyes, poor skin turgor, dysentery, intravenous rehydration, or hospitalization within 7 days of diarrhea onset. Diarrhea-free matched controls randomly selected from a censused population were enrolled at home. Stools from cases and controls were tested for enteropathogens, including norovirus and rotavirus, by TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and conventional reverse transcription PCR. We used multiple logistic regression to derive adjusted attributable fractions (AFe) for each pathogen causing MSD, which takes into consideration the prevalence in both cases and controls, for each site and age. A pathogen was considered etiologic if AFe was ≥0.5. In further analyses focusing on the predominant NVII strains, we compared rotavirus and NVII severity using a 20-point modified Vesikari score and examined seasonal fluctuations.

Results
From May 2015 to July 2018, we enrolled 4840 MSD cases and 6213 controls. NVI was attributed to only 1 MSD episode. NVII was attributed to 185 (3.8%) of all MSD episodes and was the sole attributable pathogen in 139 (2.9%); peaking (36.0%) at age 6–8 months with majority (61.2%) aged 6–11 months. MSD cases whose episodes were attributed to NVII alone compared with rotavirus alone were younger (median age, 8 vs 12 months, P &lt; .0001) and had less severe illness (median Vesikari severity score, 9 vs 11, P = .0003) but equally likely to be dehydrated. NVII occurred year-round at all study sites.

Conclusions
Infants aged 6–11 months bear the greatest burden of norovirus disease, with NVII predominating. An early infant vaccine schedule and rigorous adherence to guidelines recommended for management of dehydrating diarrhea may offer substantial benefit in these African settings.
Drivers of Decline in Diarrhea Mortality Between GEMS and VIDA Studies
Authors: Deichsel Emily L , Powell Helen , Troeger Christopher , Hossain M Jahangir , Sow Samba O , Omore Richard , Jasseh Momodou , Onwuchekwa Uma , Obor David , Sanogo Doh , Jones Joquina Chiquita M , Nasrin Dilruba , Tapia Milagritos D , Kotloff Karen L 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Background
Statistical modeling suggests that decreasing diarrhea-associated mortality rates in recent decades are largely attributed to improved case management, rotavirus vaccine, and economic development.

Methods
We examined data collected in 2 multisite population-based diarrhea case-control studies, both conducted in The Gambia, Kenya, and Mali: the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS; 2008–2011) and Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA; 2015–2018). Population-level diarrhea mortality and risk factor prevalence, estimated using these study data, were used to calculate the attribution of risk factors and interventions for diarrhea mortality using a counterfactual framework. We performed a decomposition of the effects of the changes in exposure to each risk factor between GEMS and VIDA on diarrhea mortality for each site.

Results
Diarrhea mortality among children under 5 in our African sites decreased by 65.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: –80.0%, −45.0%) from GEMS to VIDA. Kenya and Mali had large relative declines in diarrhea mortality between the 2 periods with 85.9% (95% CI: −95.1%, −71.5%) and 78.0% (95% CI: −96.0%, 36.3%) reductions, respectively. Among the risk factors considered, the largest declines in diarrhea mortality between the 2 study periods were attributed to reduction in childhood wasting (27.2%; 95% CI: −39.3%, −16.8%) and an increased rotavirus vaccine coverage (23.1%; 95% CI: −28.4%, −19.4%), zinc for diarrhea treatment (12.1%; 95% CI: −16.0%, −8.9%), and oral rehydration salts (ORS) for diarrhea treatment (10.2%).

Conclusions
The VIDA study sites demonstrated exceptional reduction in diarrhea mortality over the last decade. Site-specific differences highlight an opportunity for implementation science in collaboration with policymakers to improve the equitable coverage of these interventions globally.
Influence of Timing of Maternal Pertussis Immunization on the Avidity of Transferred Antibodies in Term and Preterm Neonates
Authors: Sartoretti Julie , Fontannaz Paola , Martinez de Tejada Begoña , Othenin-Girard Véronique , Chilin Antonina , Lemaître Barbara , Blanchard-Rohner Géraldine , Siegrist Claire-Anne , Eberhardt Christiane Sigrid 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The timing of maternal pertussis vaccination influences the titers of cord-blood anti-pertussis antibodies. Whether it affects their avidity is unknown. We demonstrate in 298 term and 72 preterm neonates that antibody avidity is independent of the timing of maternal vaccination, whether comparing second with third trimester or intervals before birth.
Upgrading the Bomb: Why and How the US Provides Advanced Nuclear Assistance to Junior Allies
Authors: Lee Do Young 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Why and how does the US provide advanced nuclear assistance to junior nuclear allies? Existing nuclear literature downplays the possibility that the US strategically employs the technical assistance option as a post-proliferation toolkit to control allied nuclear proliferation. Addressing the first question—why—I argue that the US provides advanced nuclear assistance to junior allies to inhibit the latter’s growing tendency towards unilateralism after nuclear acquisition, meanwhile inducing greater allied nuclear coordination. By forging advanced nuclear partnerships, the US seeks simultaneously to draw junior allies closer to the American nuclear leadership and establish coordinated nuclear strike plans and joint nuclear targeting. Addressing the second question—how—I claim that the US provides advanced nuclear assistance at a protracted pace and in a restricted manner, calculated to exert influence over recipient junior allies for as long as possible. To provide the plausibility probe of my argument, I explore two historical cases: The US’s strategic advanced nuclear assistance to the UK and to France. I conclude by identifying avenues for future study and the policy implications for China’s potential response to North Korea’s nuclear sophistication.
Degree-day-based model to predict egg hatching of Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae), the main vector of Xylella fastidiosa in Europe
Authors: Lago Clara , Giménez-Romero Àlex , Morente Marina , Matías Manuel A , Moreno Aránzazu , Fereres Alberto 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Philaenus spumarius L., the main vector of Xylella fastidiosa (Wells) in Europe, is a univoltine species that overwinters in the egg stage, and its nymphs emerge in late winter or spring. Predicting the time of egg hatching is essential for determining the precise times for deploying control strategies against insect pests. Here, we monitored P. spumarius eggs from oviposition to egg hatching together with the daily temperatures and relative humidities at four field locations that were located at different altitudes in central Spain. The collected data were used to build a growing degree day (GDD) model to forecast egg hatching in the Iberian Peninsula. Furthermore, the model was validated with field observations that were conducted in Spain. The model was then used as a decision-support tool to calculate the optimum timing for applying control actions against P. spumarius. Our results suggest that controlling nymphs at two different dates would target the highest percentages of nymphal populations present in the field. Our model represents a first step for predicting the emergence of nymphs and adopting timely control actions against P. spumarius. These actions could limit disease spread in areas where X. fastidiosa is present.
Quantifying the fraction of new mutations that are recessive lethal
Authors: Wade Emma E , Kyriazis Christopher C , Cavassim Maria Izabel A , Lohmueller Kirk E 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The presence and impact of recessive lethal mutations have been widely documented in diploid outcrossing species. However, precise estimates of the proportion of new mutations that are recessive lethal remain limited. Here, we evaluate the performance of Fit∂a∂i, a commonly used method for inferring the distribution of fitness effects (DFE), in the presence of lethal mutations. Using simulations, we demonstrate that in both additive and recessive cases, inference of the deleterious nonlethal portion of the DFE is minimally affected by a small proportion (&lt;10%) of lethal mutations. Additionally, we demonstrate that while Fit∂a∂i cannot estimate the fraction of recessive lethal mutations, Fit∂a∂i can accurately infer the fraction of additive lethal mutations. Finally, as an alternative approach to estimate the proportion of mutations that are recessive lethal, we employ models of mutation–selection–drift balance using existing genomic parameters and estimates of segregating recessive lethals for humans and Drosophila melanogaster. In both species, the segregating recessive lethal load can be explained by a very small fraction (&lt;1%) of new nonsynonymous mutations being recessive lethal. Our results refute recent assertions of a much higher proportion of mutations being recessive lethal (4%–5%), while highlighting the need for additional information on the joint distribution of selection and dominance coefficients.
Impact of in situ solar irradiation on snow bacterial communities and functional potential
Authors: Sanchez-Cid Concepcion , Keuschnig Christoph , Vogel Timothy M , Larose Catherine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Polar regions are increasingly exposed to ultraviolet light due to ozone depletion. Snowpacks contain photochemically active particles that, when irradiated, can lead to the production and accumulation of reactive species that can induce oxidative stress on snow microorganisms. This could generate a selective pressure on snowpack bacteria. In this study, snow microcosms were buried in a snowpack at Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard), either exposed to solar irradiation or incubated in the dark for 10 days, and the bacterial response to solar irradiation was evaluated in situ using a metagenomics approach. Solar irradiation induced a significant decrease in bacterial abundance and richness. Genes involved in glutathione synthesis, sulphur metabolism, and multidrug efflux were significantly enriched in the light, whereas genes related to cell wall assembly and nutrient uptake were more abundant in the dark. This is the first study demonstrating the response of snow bacterial communities to solar irradiation in situ and providing insights into the mechanisms involved. Our research shows that polar sun irradiation is sufficiently intense to impose a selective pressure on snow bacteria and supports the concern that increased ultraviolet exposure due to anthropogenic activities and climatic change could drive critical changes in the structure and functioning of snow bacterial communities.