bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in Stability of Antigen-Antibody Complexes Formed with Poliovirus and Acute and Convalescent Phase Human Sera
Authors: Brunner K. T. , Ward R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The relative stability of antibody-poliovirus complexes was studied, comparing acute and convalescent phase human sera. At pH 7.5, the rate of reactivation of virus upon dilution of serum-virus mixtures was found to be higher with acute phase sera than with convalescent phase antibody. At pH 4.0, the rate is increased, allowing in 1 hr at 37°C for up to 99% reactivation with acute and up to 23% with convalescent type sera.
The Agglutination of L Cells by Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Mayyasi Sami A. , Schuurmans David M. , Brown Arthur 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Each of the three strains of vaccinia virus investigated agglutinated L cells. The observation that the agglutination was induced by the virus and not by the soluble hemagglutinin permitted the development of methods for the titration of the virus and agglutination-inhibiting antibody. By means of the agglutination titer, virus infectivity may be accurately estimated in samples containing more than 105 mouse LD50/ml. The test for antibody is somewhat more sensitive and reproducible than the pock-neutralization test, and far more sensitive and accurate than the mouse IC neutralization test. The tests may be performed and read within 24 hr, and are convenient and economical to use.
Differences in Primary and Secondary Immunizability of Inbred Mice Strains
Authors: Ipsen Johnnes 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunizability is defined in terms of amount of a given antigen that is necessary to confer a defined degree of immunity.
Pure inbred mice strains were found to differ up to 10-fold in respect to primary immunizability, referring to immunity after one dose of tetanus toxoid. The same strains were tested with two doses of toxoid separated by various time intervals. Whatever the time interval, the strains differed in respect to the amount of the first dose necessary to confer immunity, and the order of immunizability found after two doses correlated with the primary immunizability.
Although the regression of response on the first dose increased with time interval and was independent of strains, the regression of response on the secondary dose was independent of time—the flatter, the better immunizable the strain. Mean responses for the same set of doses showed a regular linear increase over three weeks.
The results are interpreted in the light of current hypotheses on antibody production. Differences in immunizability are explained as differences in the ease and speed with which cells are first matured into specific antibody production cells whereas the rate of multiplication of these cells bears little or no relation to immunizability.
Anaphylaxis in Bordetella Pertussis-Treated Mice
Authors: Munoz J. , Anacker R. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fatal passive anaphylaxis can be induced in Bordetella pertussis-treated mice with as little as 6–7 μg of mouse Ab N. Anaphylactic symptoms can be observed in these animals sensitized intraperitoneally with 2.3 μg of mouse Ab N. No significant difference was found between the amount of antibody required to sensitize B. pertussis-treated mice by the intravenous and by the intraperitoneal route. Normal mice can be sensitized to fatal anaphylaxis with mouse antibody, but a greater amount is required than for B. pertussis-treated mice. No latent period was observed after the intravenous injection of antibody since mice could be shocked 5–10 sec after administration of antibody. B. pertussis-treated mice could be fatally shocked at least 6 days after injection of 20 μg Ab N. Symptoms were observed 13, but not 21 days after the administration of antibody.
Persistent Infection of HeLa Cells with Meningopneumonitis Virus
Authors: Manire G. P. , Galasso G. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Meningopneumonitis virus has been adapted to growth in HeLa cells by incubating the cell-virus system for long periods of time.
The adapted virus causes a persistent type of infection of such cultures in which cell growth and virus production are balanced.
Two infected cultures have been maintained for periods of almost 1 year, during which time more than 100 harvests averaging 108 virus particles/ml have been made.
Virus obtained from these cultures is more infectious for eggs and mice than virus grown in the allantoic cavity, on a particle basis.
Immunochemistry of Synthetic Polypeptides and Polypeptidyl Proteins
Authors: Buchanan-Davidson Dorothy J. , Stahmann Mark A. , Dellert Eva E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
One polyglutamic acid, a polylysine, and a multichain polypeptide caused the formation of antibodies in rabbits which would not precipitate the homologous polypeptide but did form precipitates with bovine albumin, fibrinogen, and a few other naturally occurring proteins. The reactions between the modified proteins and antibodies appeared to be especially sensitive to salt concentration—precipitation being more easily inhibited by high salt concentration than the precipitins of many natural proteins. With a few other polyglutamic acid preparations, specific precipitates were formed with their antisera when the ionic strength was lowered to 0.05, suggesting that physiologic saline may have prevented the precipitin formation. The rabbit antisera to polyglutamic acid and the multichain polypeptide caused only a weak anaphylactic reaction in guinea pigs when the challenging antigen was the homologous or similar polypeptide and caused a moderate to fatal anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs challenged with bovine albumin or polyglutamyl bovine albumin. The synthetic polypeptides did not inhibit the reactions between their antisera and the proteins when tested by inhibition of precipitation techniques and passive anaphylaxis. No evidence of a strong reaction between the polypeptides and antisera to similarly modified proteins was found in inhibition of precipitation methods and passive anaphylaxis. Incomplete antibodies were not detected in antisera to polyglutamic acids which did not contain precipitating antibodies. A complex between the multichain polypeptide and its antiserum was not detected in electrophoresis and ultracentrifugal experiments.
Some Aspects of Intracellular Infections
Authors: Smadel Joseph E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
As many of the problems connected with the infectious diseases of man have been solved, a number of investigators have turned their attention to the course of infection in the individual cell. This contrasts with the interest of earlier workers who were primarily concerned with the course of disease in individual patients or in human populations. The trend toward the study of smaller and simpler universes has been hastened, no doubt, by the recognition of our inability to explain the cause of failures in studies involving such complexities as man. Similar trends toward microcosms are evident in many fields of biology and medicine, as well as in the physical sciences. Today I wish to discuss the use of the infected cell as a model for the study of problems associated with the chemotherapy of the carrier state in man.
One of the phenomena about which too little is known is the carrier state and the role of intracellular infection in maintaining this state.
Mixed Bacterial Infections in Relation to Antibiotic Activities
Authors: Friedman Dvora Rakover , Halbert Seymour P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In mixed peritoneal Shigella paradysenteriae-Escherichia coli infections of adult mice it has been shown that an antibiotically active E. coli will cause a reduction in the shigellae concomitantly with the in vivo secretion of antibiotic. When the E. coli partner of the mixed infection was nonantibiotic, both the shigellae and the E. coli flourished in the peritoneal cavity. In contrast to this finding, in the oral infection of newborn mice with a lethally virulent E. coli strain, there was no apparent difference in the slightly reduced mortality rates obtained when the pathogen was given in combination with an antibiotically active or a nonactive E. coli strain. This failure of the antibiotic E. coli to clearly protect against enteric infection in the second experimental model, was observed in spite of the fact that implantation of this strain (534) in the intestinal tract of newborn mice was demonstrated to be quite overwhelming Newborn animals of two mouse strains (CF1 and CFW) were found to differ significantly in their susceptibility to lethal enteric infection with an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strain (18A10).
Studies of Aggregated γ-Globulin
Authors: Christian Charles L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Molecular aggregation occurs when solutions of γ-globulin are heated to 56°C. Aggregated γ-globulin, when concentrated by salt fractionation, demonstrated marked anticomplementary properties. Preliminary C′ studies suggested that absorption of guinea pig serum with solid γ-globulin resulted in C′ component destruction that resembled C′ inactivation by immune systems.
Physical and Chemical Analysis of Endotoxin from Salmonella Enteritidis
Authors: Ribi Edgar , Hoyer Bill H. , Milner Kelsey C. , Perrine Theodore D. , Larson Carl L. , Goode Granville 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Some physical and chemical properties of the aqueous ether extract from Salmonella enteritidis (grown in synthetic medium) possessing the biologic properties of a Boivin-type antigen are described. The crude extract refined by dialysis or precipitation with ethanol contained polysaccharide and protein in proportions typical for endotoxin compounds, but had an exceptionally low lipid content. The polysaccharide contained rhamnose, mannose, galactose, and glucose. Major portions of the protein moiety could be removed without alteration of toxic and antigenic activities. Nonhydrolytic removal of at least one-half of firmly bound lipid was achieved. Preparations containing only 1–4% bound lipid were as toxic as Salmonella endotoxins containing 15–30% bound lipid and induced in mice specific resistance to challenge with virulent Salmonella enteritidis, whereas a fraction comparable to Westphal's “lipid A” was inactive. Sedimentation studies demonstrated the complex behavior of the endotoxin in solution. Fractions with reduced lipid content were homogeneous and had low sedimentation rates.
Purification of Rabies Antibodies in Horse Serum and Diagnostic Importance of the Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Authors: Etchebarne M. , Bernal P. G. , Leyton G. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified horse rabies antibody has been prepared by the isoelectric fractional alcohol precipitation method of Nichol and Deutsch, with a yield of 54%. Neutralizing antibody in the final preparation is found mainly in the γ-2-G fraction. Modifications of the method of Coons were used for conjugating the purified antirabies horse antibody with fluorescein isocyanate. Staining of brain smears from rabies-infected dogs and mice with fluorescent antibody showed the diagnostic usefulness of this method in a type of communicable disease in which prompt information is most urgent.
The Effect of Iodination on Antibody Activity
Authors: Johnson Alonza , Day Eugene D. , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of extent of iodination on antibody activity was studied in the following systems: a) the specific precipitation of antiovalbumin and of antibovine serum albumin, b) the localizing activity of antikidney antibody c) the binding activity of antierythrocyte antibody. In each system the antibody activity is decreased rapidly with iodination; 30-iodine atoms per antibody molecule essentially destroy activity. The destruction is interpreted as being due to preferential iodination of a particular group, probably tyrosine, in the antibody specific site. Iodination below 2 atoms/molecule does not affect antibody activity of antibodies requiring only one site for activity, i.e., localizing, binding, or hemolytic antibodies.
The Antibody Response of Roosters to Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Furesz John 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Six- to twelve-month-old roosters showed an excellent antibody response to injections of infective or inactivated preparations of the three types of poliovirus. Although in no instance were antibodies detected in the preinoculation sera of the roosters, cross neutralization in the post-inoculation sera for the heterologous types was observed. Antigenic crossings between Type I and II as well as between Type II and III viruses are described.
Preliminary results suggest that roosters may be used instead of monkeys in the laboratory control of the antigenic potency of Salk vaccine.
Concerning the Mechanism of Complement Action
Authors: Becker Elmer L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
In confirmation of previous work it has been found that C′1 can bind to the sensitized red cell in an hemolytically active form in the absence of the other components. The attachment of C′1 and its subsequent removal leaves a sensitized cell which does not differ from a cell which never had been in contact with C′1 in its susceptibility to hemolysis by whole complement or in its ability to again bind C′1.
The attachment of C′1 is necessary for the binding of C′4 activity, however, C′1 can then be removed and the cell will still retain C′4 activity. The presence of both C′1 and C′4 activity is required for the uptake of C′2 activity. However, once C′2 activity is attached C′1 is no longer required; its function has been performed. C′1 can be removed and the cell will still be able to lyse in the presence of C′3 as long as C′2 activity remains on the cell.
These facts lead to the view that with regard to immune hemolysis C′1 does nothing more to the sensitized cell than attach itself. Once on the cell C′1 acts upon C′4 and C′2 preparing and allowing their activities to bind to the sensitized cell. C′1 on the cell inactivated by diisopropyl-fluorophosphonate (DFP) is no longer capable of binding C′4 or C′2. This leads to the inference that it is the enzymatic action of C′1 on C′4 and C′2 which leads to their being bound. C′1 does not play a role in the decay of C′2 on the cell.
Typing of Viruses by Combinations of Antiserum Pools. Application to Typing of Enteroviruses (Coxsackie and Echo)
Authors: Lim K. A. , Benyesh-Melnick Matilda 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Individual tests of a virus antigen against an array of typing sera can be replaced by tests against a small number of pools of these sera. The serum pools yield combinations of results specific for each type according to the distribution of the sera in the pools. The procedure for constructing such “combination pools” is described.
Typing sera for 24 enteroviruses (18 ECHO and 6 Coxsackie) were distributed by this procedure into seven pools of sera. Prototype viruses tested by a single neutralization test against these seven pools gave results specific for each type. The results obtained by using these pools in typing new virus isolates are presented.
The method has been successfully applied to the typing of new virus isolates.
The Effect of Heat on the Immunochemical and Biologic Properties of Rabbit Antisera
Authors: Maurer Paul H. , Thorpe Richard M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Exposure of rabbit antisera to increased temperatures (70–80°C) has been shown to affect a progressive decrease in the precipitating ability of the antibody. Some sera which no longer precipitate with antigen still fix complement well, coprecipitate with unheated antisera and retain some biologic properties as measured by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and passive systemic anaphylaxis (PSA). The above activities of the antibody (γ-globulin) are present even when the globulin is complexed with albumin.
Reversed PCA reactions were obtained with antirabbit γ-globulin (anti-RGG) sera obtained from bovine, sheep, chicken and guinea pig and RGG present both in heated and unheated sera.
A Fluorescent Antibody Study of the Simian Foamy Agent
Authors: Carski Theodore R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The fluorescent antibody technique has been used to observe antigen localization during the progressive development of foamy degeneration in naturally infected monkey kidney tissue cultures and in inoculated tissue cultures of several types. The indirect fluorescent antibody technique has been useful as an antibody screening procedure and has allowed the selection of monkeys free of foamy agent from the colony for use in the preparation of tissue cultures.
Retention of Antigen in Tissues of Serologically Suppressed Chickens
Authors: Hirata Arthur A. , Garvey Justine S. , Campbell Dan H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Newly hatched chickens were injected intraperitoneally with 20, 60 and 180 mg of S35-labeled BSA, and the retention of the antigen in various tissues as well as their antibody response to BSA and HGG was determined several weeks later. The amount of antigen retained in the whole chick was estimated to be approximately 0.3% of the originally injected dose when determined 63 days after hatching. The smallness of the amount of antigen retention suggests that the suppression of antibody response is not due to “absorbing out” of the antibody produced. The larger the injection dose at hatching, the larger was the amount of retention, and the larger the amount of retention, the greater was the degree of suppression of antibody response. This relationship suggests that excess antigen retention in antibody forming cells results in suppression of antibody formation. Injection of S35-BSA at hatching did not affect the subsequent antibody response to HGG.
A Variant of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Attenuated for Mice and Monkeys
Authors: Hearn Henry J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus obtained from chronically infected L cell cultures showed a marked loss in virulence upon peripheral inoculation into mice and monkeys compared to parent virus strains. The new avirulent strain elicited high levels of neutralizing antibody in monkeys and protected both mice and monkeys against an intracerebral challenge inoculation of 105 and 105.3 LD50 respectively. The successful immunization resulted after the administration of one small dose of attenuated virus given by peripheral routes.
Immunization of Rabbits with Purified Blood Group A and B Substances
Authors: Baer Harold , Rasmussen Ursula 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified blood group A and B substances have been shown to be antigenic in the rabbit, leading to the production of agglutinating antibody of high titer and precipitating antibody. There in a wide variation among rabbits in their response to both antigens, a variation not related to the breed of the animals, nor to the method of isolation of the A and B substances.
Studies on Tolerance of the Y Chromosome Antigen in Mice
Authors: Billingham R. E. , Silvers Willys K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The principle of immunologic tolerance has been employed to study the isoantigen—usually referred to as the Y-factor—that is responsible for the rejection of male skin isografts by female mice of many different inbred strains. Various lines of evidence are presented that lend strong support to the view that this antigen is determined by a locus on the Y chromosome and that it behaves in all respects like the tissue transplantation antigens responsible for the destruction of tissue homografts. Tolerance of male skin isografts, like tolerance of skin homografts, can be abolished by transfer of normal or sensitized lymphoid cells from a genetically appropriate donor.
Exactly the same Y antigen appears to be present in all male mice, irrespective of their strain of origin, as evidenced by the fact that C57 female mice could be made tolerant of subsequent male skin isografts by inoculation at birth with male cells derived from any one of four different and unrelated donor strains.
The tolerance-responsive period of C57 female mice to this fairly weak antigen was found to be of the order of 17 days.
Because of the very high degree of toleranceresponsiveness of C57 females to the Y antigen, this simple tolerance system has been employed to investigate several fundamental aspects of transplantation immunology. For example, it has been found possible to render female mice tolerant of male skin isografts by repeated inoculations with high dosages of a cell-free extract of male lymphoid cells. Highly suggestive evidence has also been obtained that persistence of tolerance of the Y antigen does not require persistence of the antigen.
Experimental Production of Antinuclear Antibodies
Authors: Miescher Peter , Cooper Norman S. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Nuclcoproteins were found to be weak antigens for rabbits and guinea pigs and to give rise to various antibodies, reacting with nucleoprotein and/or DNA and histone. There was interspecies cross reactivity. Clear-cut and strongly positive lupus erythematosus (LE) phenomena were not observed. One guinea pig immunized with nuclei showed a weak LE like phenomenon. The serologic pattern of antinucleoprotein-antibodies in these experimental animals is strikingly similar to that in SLE. In none of the animals were pathologic changes observed which are pathognomonic of SLE. The pathogenetic significance of the anti-nucleoprotein antibodies has not been defined by the present study.