bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing Horizontal Well Placement in Turbidite Sands with the Use of New Reservoir Mapping-While-Drilling Systems: A Case Study from Offshore Brazil
Authors: Longhi Escarcena Luis , Andrade Alves Rafael , Alves Monlevade Audrey , Lavagnino Camargo Yuri , Borba Santos Thais , Nakajima Lincoln , Cuadros Guillermo , de Matos Ligia , Viandante Mauro , Salim Diogo , Abbas Yazil 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Frade field, located in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, is currently being developed using the latest advancements in reservoir mapping-while-drilling (RMWD) systems to aid horizontal well placement and enhance reservoir characterization. The technologies implemented include the high-definition (HD-RMWD), and the three-dimensional (3D-RMWD) systems, which convert ultra-deep electromagnetic measurements into a map of the resistivity profile around the borehole.
The HD-RMWD provides multilayer detection using a 1D deterministic parametric inversion engine that provides a detailed 2D resistivity map along the well trajectory, resulting in enhanced capabilities for geosteering and reservoir characterization. This system was implemented in the horizontal wells drilled in Frade since 2022. For landing, an actual vertical detection of around 20 m TVD has helped to set casing in the desired target, identifying the presence of shallower layers—that could result in a poor landing—when present. Within the reservoir, the radial depth of detection achieved with a two-receiver configuration was on the order of 30 m TVD, enough to map top and base of sandstone geobodies while identifying the occurrence and dipping of multiple thin beds.
The 3D-RMWD extends the application of this type of technology to the most complex reservoir settings and enables azimuthal geosteering. A set of new measurements—the full 360° electromagnetic tensor—is acquired and transmitted in real time using a new data compression algorithm, and then converted into 3D resistivity volumes derived from a cloud-based 2D transverse inversion technique. Results from the use of the 3D-RMWD technology in Frade—first case in Brazil's offshore operation—showed the 3D mapping capability of different geobodies in a complex geological environment. It also showed how reservoir properties were changing transversally along the well trajectory.
A previous-generation RMWD system was used in offshore Brazil for 13 years, and this paper presents the experience gained from using the latest developments. The HD-RMWD system represents a significant advance by providing a finer resistivity map around the borehole, while the 3D-RMWD technology opens a whole new area of application, especially for complex reservoir characterization and provides means for azimuthal geosteering, which is currently an avoided practice.
Vito Operating Model & Start-Up Ramp Up (SURU)
Authors: Rincon Jose , Greenlee Ivan , Hamerski Russell , Rayborn Joseph , Schexnayder Jacob , Tran Elena 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In 2009, the Vito field was discovered in more than 4,000 ft of water approximately 150 miles offshore from New Orleans, Louisiana. The project produces from reservoirs nearly 30,000 feet below sea level. This paper outlines the approach taken to develop the Vito facilities operating model (Operating Model) and prepare for start-up and ramp-up. This paper is part of a Vito Project series at OTC 2023, and the other papers are listed in the references.
In 2015 the project faced significant financial hurdles and went through a refresh of the concept design to reduce cost and simplify while maintaining safety as a top priority. This re-design resulted in reduced redundancy and operational flexibility including reducing host personnel on board (POB) capacity to 60 personnel. To prepare to start-up and operate the facility with this simplified design, a proactive approach was adopted across four key areas: Operating Model, maintenance strategy, digital building blocks, and start-up ramp-up (SURU) planning.
An Operating Model was developed to enable efficient execution of maintenance and operations activities with the reduced POB. This model leverages multiskilling of onsite personnel and enabling digital technologies. The limited POB necessitated development of a maintenance strategy that is both lean and comprehensive with high utilization of the base crew. With local performance standards as the foundation of the strategy, a Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) study was performed to validate and further optimize the defined strategy, which relies heavily on asst specific maintenance tasks and onshore sparing due to minimal redundancy and space on host for spares.
Digital Twin technology has been leveraged to create a virtual mirror image of the Vito facility that is a central repository of equipment data and documentation. This enables virtual planning of work which reduces POB needs by providing the ability to perform walkdowns, take measurements and identify access issues without being on site. Augmented reality technology supplements this by streaming the viewpoint of offshore staff directly to onshore teams to perform troubleshooting, diagnose issues, and inspect without requiring physical presence.
To manage well start-up and to optimize long term recovery, a start-up ramp-up model was implemented with a focus on proactive actions to optimize start-up. This led to long term lease of onshore caverns to eliminate requirements for temporary unloading equipment during start-up. A phased commissioning and start-up plan was developed with gas buyback brought on ahead of well start-up to pressure up vessels and commission compressors. Additionally, a real time simulator was built to test procedures, train personnel and walkthrough the start-up plan.
Vito Project: Hull / Mooring Design & Platform Installation
Authors: Johnson Darin P , Heyl Caspar N , Kamal Rajiv , Li Yile 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In 2009, the Vito field was discovered in more than 4,000 ft of water approximately 150 miles offshore from New Orleans, Louisiana. The project produces from reservoirs nearly 30,000 feet below sea level. This paper provides an overview of the Hull & Mooring system, executing a minimum technical scope to produce a simplistic design. This paper is part of a Vito Project series at OTC 2023, and the other papers are listed in the references.
The original Vito project execution strategy was to replicate the Shell mega-project of Appomattox. As the industry and market began to change in 2015, the project faced significant financial hurdles, and the project team decided to refresh the design concept to reduce cost and simplify. The team regrouped to propose a smaller semi-submersible Floating Production System (FPS) with a simplistic mooring design. The Topsides was designed to be lifted as a single module, with a payload of less than 10,000 st to enable competitive tendering process.
The redesigned FPS concept was moored with 12 taut, chain – polyester – chain mooring line system utilizing an in-line mooring tensioner, removing the traditional mechanically complicated and space demanding "on-vessel" winch systems. Vito employed a passive hull system, with all ballasting occurring over the top without hull penetrations. There were no pump rooms within the hull as equipment is accessed from top of column, removing the need for regular hull access to maintain equipment. The hull compartmentation also followed a simple approach, containing only 12 ballast tanks to reduce fabrication cost. The hull design also included simplified ring stiffening for columns which eliminated the traditional orthogonally stiffened systems. Additionally, the structure utilized an upper column frame structure to support the topsides deck and served as a bracing for supporting columns at the top for squeeze-pry loads and bracing for supporting columns during dry tow. The simplification of the stiffening system and topsides deck support design reduced interfaces between hull and topsides and also opened up options for fabrication of topsides and hull.
Key challenges included developing installation methods without traditional FPS mooring chain jacks and increasing installation options by not requiring a large installation derrick barge and enabling use of common anchor handler vessels. The project experienced fabrication delays due to COVID-19, which required creative solutions transporting the FPS from Singapore to the Gulf of Mexico. The design team enabled the use of various heavy transportation vessels (HTV), ultimately settling on a smaller HTV modified with four 25 ft outriggers.
Casing Exit to Casing Entry - A Novel Concept for the Abandonment Process in Intersect Applications
Authors: Emelander Tom , Willis Matthew 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The number of mature wells worldwide requiring abandonment intervention is rapidly gaining exposure again as the industry recovers. Current access to the completion, using straightforward methods of barriers to satisfy regulatory standards, is the primary means of completing the life cycle of a well. Other methods require an intersect process into the existing wellbore for the abandonment to be considered compliant. Using whipstocks to assist with the intersect can reduce time vs. conventional methods.
Traditional methods of intersecting wells involve drilling or milling into the existing wellbore using directional assemblies, usually after a sidetrack operation up hole. This process of trying to breach into the existing well can be problematic and result in multiple unsuccessful attempts, driving up operational spend. Rather than leaving an intersect to chance, a whipstock can be used as a diverter to increase the likelihood of success while also controlling depth and direction more accurately. Once run into the well and anchored, the whipstock also acts as a re-entry guide for intervention and abandonment operations.
An in-depth analysis of a recent abandonment operation, where both directional assemblies and eventually a whipstock was used to intersect existing casing for abandonment and to highlight the advantages and pain points associated with both methods. Through detailed preplanning, intensive logging, wellbore preparation, and prior experience, the whipstock operation was successful relative to prior attempts with conventional methods. The intersect and following abandonment process were not completed without lessons learned. Hole conditions, an up-hole casing exit junction, and custom cement blends were a few of the areas of focus for future improvement on efficiency. Even with operational challenges, the whipstock operation reduced time spent intersecting the well.
This paper shows that whipstocks are a viable option to reduce time spent intersecting wells for abandonment purposes. This case history provides the industry an opportunity to replicate this success in similar applications.
Case Study: Use of Vessel Motion Based Criteria to Establish Operational Window in Critical Operations
Authors: Lobo Daniel De Moraes , Santos Lucas André Dos , Pereira Leury Araújo , Axelsson Gunnar , Marotta Rodrigues Felipe Duncan 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn this paper, a methodology is proposed to use FPSO Fluminense motion-based criteria to establish the operational window for the disconnection and safe removal of a flexible riser with structural damages in parts of the tensile armour wires. A global model was established in Orcaflex to describe the FPSO and flexible riser responses considering two sea states (Hs = 2.0 and 2.5 m / Tp = 12.5s) and different headings from 0° to 45°. The results are then post-processed to calculate the statistics of top tension for 20-minutes time intervals and assess its correlation with FPSO motion (Heave, Pitch, Roll and Heave Rate). Finally, limit values for FPSO motion could be calculated using a high-level confidence interval in the regression analysis and comparing with top tension allowable limit considering the broken wires. A strong correlation was found between FPSO movements and top tension on the riser to be removed for all variables except for roll amplitude. Therefore, it was decided not to establish a roll limit in this case, but to use the roll measurements as an indication of the actual heading relative to incoming waves. A linear regression model and a confidence interval were calculated considering 99.9% of confidence to calculate the upper motion limit that would provide top tensions greater than the allowable limit. The calculated limit was then compared to the data measured by onboard MRU to support risk assessment in real-time. Based on historical data, the operational window could be improved by 7% using motion limit criteria and only 2% of historical data provided a rigid no-go (all limits reached).
Effective Power Transmission from Offshore Wind Farms
Authors: Iversen Øyvind , Doedens Espen 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
To cover future requirements for the offshore wind industry, which demands new innovative technology, a system approach to the transmission / export system has been investigated. Testing, modelling and manufacturing have been carried out to scale cable technology to higher voltage levels. This includes material testing, sample testing, and ultimately the manufacturing of full-scale cable system prototypes. Such prototypes comprise a multitude of different cable accessories, which together have been subjected to rigorous type-and pre-qualification tests per the present industry standards.
Subsea HVAC transmission systems are well known, but exhibit different types of transmission losses, especially pronounced for high voltage and longer lengths. Such losses can to some extent be minimized through cable design and a tailored phase compensation system. A recently qualified 145 kV AC system is currently undergoing testing in order to scale this for higher voltages. Subsea HVDC cable systems exhibit far fewer transmission loss types but do require converter stations compromising complex electronics at both ends. Such converters are both costly, large, and add a link length independent loss penalty. A recently qualified 525 kV extruded HVDC system, now capable of operating at higher rated temperature, is a new enabler for large bulk power flow at 1.2 GW per single pole and beyond.
Thereby, the technology has been scaled from dry 145 kV cable system to 245 kV AC or, from static 320 kV DC systems to a robust 525 kV DC offshore wind system. Based on successful test results, further prototypes are also to be manufactured in 2023.
Floating offshore wind parks currently only exist at lower power levels and voltages. This paper presents how the required high power systems can be enabled using novel technology combined with technology proven for other use.
Serial Production of Floating Wind Concrete Foundations
Authors: Stormyr Erik , Smeland Nils , Rist Ørjan , Reali Andrea 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Floating foundations in concrete for wind turbines offshore is a concept which up till now have limited use in full scale applications. Currently, the Hywind Tampen project is the only executed project with concrete substructures and multiple structures in a commercial setting. Serial producing such foundations require new ways of thinking, modified methods and re-thinking of conventional design and construction processes. Results presented highlights the differences compared to conventional construction and points towards future developments and improvements using the Hywind Tampen project as a basis.
Construction of spar type substructures requires a combination of partly construction onshore/in dry dock and partly construction in a deepwater site and the concept, design and methods must accommodate the method of construction. For serial production material flow, progress and logistics becomes vital.
The serial production developed and used for the fabrication of Hywind Tampen concrete substructures proved to be a success, but we need to take into consideration that is a small-scale production compared with large offshore wind developments. The use of slipforming technique is an efficient and robust method for constructing watertight hulls and planning and adoption of this technique for serial production has been done successfully. Concrete substructures have been used for the offshore oil & gas fields since late 1960's and the knowledge and experience from design and execution methods has been implemented in offshore wind in parallel with developments required for a new industry and serial production.
Further development of floating substructures for offshore wind relies on contractors being able to fabricate fast, cost-competive and reliable foundations in a safe manner and within quality requirements for offshore structures. The Hywind Tampen project represent an international milestone in this respect, being first of its kind project within floating wind. There are multiple floating wind concepts on the marked but there is only one completed project worldwide where learnings and experience can be utilized for future developments, Hywind Tampen.
Eemshaven LNG - Repurposing an FSRU Built for Tropical Conditions to Operate in the North Sea
Authors: Verhagen Joris , Heymans Etienne , Gjorgjievski Darko , Voogt Arjan , Van Nuffel Frederik 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In 2017, Exmar has taken delivery of an FSRU which was intended to operate in Bangladesh to provide the country up to 600 MMSCFD of natural gas. The FSRU was purpose-built with a shallow draft to allow it to be moored in a river estuary. The project in Bangladesh never materialized and the FSRU ended up in lay-up in Singapore.
With the energy crisis unfolding early 2022 several countries in Europe urgently started investigating the possibilities to bring FSRUs to Europe to ensure the security of natural gas supplies and in order to have a back-up for the decreasing natural gas flow from Russia. It was proposed to mobilize our FSRU from Singapore and eventually a 5-year contract with Gasunie was signed. This deal made it possible to operate the FSRU at the EemsEnergy Terminal in The Netherlands.
For the FSRU to operate safely and efficiently at the new terminal, several modifications needed to be applied in order to adapt the FSRU to the new, colder environment. First and foremost, the regasification system needed to be provided with warm heating water. As per the original design, the FSRU regasification system needs seawater of at least 15 °C in order to avoid freezing in the LNG vaporizers. A closed loop heating water system was not foreseen for heating the water which is used to vaporize the LNG. Several options have been investigated and together with the Client, it was decided to use heat from shore as input for vaporizing the LNG.
The FSRU layout was also found incompatible with terminal layout and changes were required on the main piping system and on the mooring system. Within a couple of months time the mooring design was revisited, the main piping layout was modified to ensure the FSRU could fit the terminal and could stay safely moored in the new metocean environment. After the FSRU was mobilized from Singapore it went straight into the conversion yard in the Netherlands. Within a period of 2 months all changes were implemented and the FSRU could be deployed on time to supply LNG to The Netherlands.
This project demonstrates that our FSRU concept is flexible and can be redeployed quickly to other sites when market conditions change. Thanks to our in-house engineering and operational capabilities, we could upgrade the FSRU design in a short time, matching the very demanding project timeline.
A Subsea Wellhead Interface Rated to Handle Extreme Drilling Requirements in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Rodela Alejandro , Potter Philip , Bornia Guaraci , Zhu Baozhi , Peters Stephen 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
With the offshore drilling industry desiring ever increasing structural performance, this inherently suggests a move to larger wellhead mandrels. The Wellhead System presented in this paper provides an alternative approach. This program optimized existing wellhead solutions, maximized the ability to survive worst case structural loads and created an operational envelope fully utilizing current wellhead drilling connector performance for 27" and 30" mandrel.
SUT - Volunteering to Advance Education
Authors: Hill Tricia Marie 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Society for Underwater Technology (SUT) is a multi-disciplinary learned society that brings together organizations and individuals with a shared interest in underwater technology, ocean science, and offshore engineering. SUT-US was founded in Houston in 2000 but boasts members from across the U.S. The chapter is one of several SUT chapters worldwide that links professionals and students from more than 40 countries in varied disciplines including among others site investigation, engineering, renewables, marine archaeology, hydrography, metocean, and robotics and automation. The funds we raise from our events are then provided to students in the form of scholarships to enable the next generation to innovate and solve the problems of tomorrow.
This paper addresses the background of SUT-US and an overview of the technical papers being presented in this session which include marine renewables, site investigation, geotechnical engineering, robotics and automation, subsea engineering and operations, and our WiND (Women in Industry) program.
SUT-US seeks to further SUT’s reach and remit by providing interdisciplinary courses, workshops, and networking events throughout the year to disseminate knowledge and create opportunities for professionals and students working to advance subsea research. SUT-US is a leader in creating and fostering a welcoming environment for women and minorities in underwater technology through both policies and networking events focused on diversity, equity, and inclusion.
Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Pediatric Limb Lengthening and Deformity Patients
Authors: Sax Oliver C. , Remily Ethan A. , Mohamed Nequesha S. , McClure Philip K. , Herzenberg John E. 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Vitamin D deficiency is one of the most common vitamin deficiencies in the world, afflicting over 1-billion children. Currently, there is a shortage of studies evaluating Vitamin D levels in pediatric limb lengthening or deformity correction (LLDC) patients. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in pediatric patients undergoing lower extremity osteotomies for LLDC.

Materials and Methods:
We retrospectively analyzed pediatric patients undergoing a lower extremity long bone osteotomy for lengthening/deformity correction at a single center from 2014 to 2018. Of 214 subjects, 80% had perioperative 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels available. Variables included age, sex, race, diagnosis, long bone treated, and perioperative 25(OH) D levels. Most patients were female, Caucasian, had a congenital diagnosis, and averaged 12.7 years old.

Results:
A single long bone was treated in 138 subjects (80%), while 19 patients (11%) underwent ipsilateral femur and tibial surgery and 15 patients (9%) underwent a bilateral surgery. The mean 25(OH)D level was 28.7 ng/mL. Deficient levels were found in 32% of subjects, and insufficient levels were found in an additional 41%. All patients healed appropriately.

Conclusions:
LLDC requires optimal bone metabolism for the generation of new bone. This study revealed a high proportion of Vitamin D insufficiency in pediatric limb-lengthening patients. Identifying these patients preoperatively may allow for Vitamin D “prehabilitation” to optimize bone health before limb-lengthening procedures in order to obtain satisfactory outcomes.