bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Time Factor in Solubility of Precipitates in Excess of Antigen
Authors: Boyd William C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A number of workers have postulated an increasing firmness of union between antigen and antibody with the passage of time (cf. 13, 3). Burnet (2) found that the compound of staphylococcal toxin or toxoid with antitoxin became irreversible within five minutes, in the sense that addition of toxoid, for example, after that time no longer set any toxin free. In some cases the evidence for increasing firmness of union seems convincing; in others, as in the case of the experiments of Martin and Cherry (10), it is possible to think of other explanations for the results obtained (cf. 14).
Well founded or not, the conclusions based on such experiments have probably influenced opinion in regard to a similar but independent question, viz., the solubility of specific precipitates in excess antigen. It is well known that sufficient excess of antigen mixed with the specific antiserum will in practially all cases prevent precipitation (“inhibition zone”).
A Comparative Study of Antigens for the Gonococcal Complement Fixation Test
Authors: Torrey John C. , Montu Elizabeth 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Of the four methods for producing gonococcal antigen for the complement fixation diagnostic test which have been compared, a “dissolved” antigen prepared by a modified Price method is recommended because of superior sensitivity, immediate availability and stability.
In view of our finding that strains of gonococcus vary greatly in anticomplementary property, in the sensitivity and breadth of valence exhibited by their protein fraction, the importance of careful selection of strains employed in the antigen is stressed. A Price-type antigen prepared with two strains selected in reference to the above attributes has given the best results in an extensive series of comparative tests.
Experimental Immunization of Mice with the Virus of Epidemic Influenza
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice were inoculated intraäbdominally with active or inactive influenza-virus and tested for immunity 14 days later with an intranasal dose between 1 and 10 MLD. The averaged results of a number of experiments show that the minimal immunizing dose of active virus of epidemic influenza (strain PR8) is approximately 250 intranasal MLD and of formolized inactive virus the equivalent of about 8000 intranasal MLD.
A similar result with active and inactive virus was obtained with the strains Melbourne and PR8 grown in chick-embryo tissue-culture.
The minimal immunizing dose of formolized virus-suspensions containing a small residuum of active virus is not appreciably greater than that of preparations containing no active virus except when the proportion of active virus exceeds 1 per cent of the total amount of virus.
Centrifugation at 27,500 rpm sediments the immunizing material from formolized suspensions as completely as the active virus from untreated suspensions.
Experimental Immunization of Mice with the Virus of Epidemic Influenza
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. , Beck M. Dorthy 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice inoculated intranasally with mouse-adapted strains of influenza-virus develop immunity, within 14 days, only when rather severe lung-lesions have been produced. An inapparent infection with a mouse-passage strain does not result in immunity.
After intranasal inoculation with tissue-culture or ferret-passage strains of virus, mice may become immune to the homologous mouse-passage strain without having had visible lung-lesions as a result of the immunizing procedure.
With the ferret-passage strains 1/100,000 of an MLD suffices to produce immunity while with the mouse passage strains 1/10 to 1/100 of an MLD is required.
Per unit of infected tissue, mouse-passage strains are much more virulent for mice than are ferret-passage or tissue culture strains, but the former possess only a little more immunizing capacity by the intranasal route than ferret-passage or tissue-culture virus.
The Electrophoretic Analysis of Several Hyperimmune Horse Sera
Authors: van der Scheer J. , Wyckoff Ralph W. G. , Clarke Frank H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Electrophoretic analyses have been made of hyperimmune sera against 15 antigens of bacterial origin. In some of these sera antibody is expressed by an increase in amount of the normally present γ-globulin. In others its appearance is accompanied by the development of a new T component.
Studies on the Detectability of Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharide in Urine: Influence of Variations in pH
Authors: de Gara Paul F. , Bukantz Samuel C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The influence of pH upon the detectability of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide in normal urine was determined for types I, II, III, IV, V, VII, VIII, and XIV. Solutions of polysaccharide of these types, ranging in concentrations from 1:25,000 to 1:1,600,000 were made in three aliquots of freshly voided urine, adjusted respectively to a pH of circa 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0. Employing the same solutions of antibody for precipitation, it was found that increasing alkalinity, in all experiments, permitted the detection of lower concentrations of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide in urine. Studies on the urine of a patient convalescing from a pneumococcus-III pneumonia confirmed the experimental observations. Accordingly, it seems advisable to adjust voided acid urines of pneumonia patients to a pH between 7.0 and 8.0 before performing the precipitative test for the detection of capsular polysaccharide.
Studies on the Immunization of Adults with Diphtheric Toxoid
Authors: Bunch C. P. , Morrow R. C. , Timmons J. R. , Smith D. T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Various procedures for the immunization of adults with diphtheric toxoid have been advocated in the literature. From these and from our observations on ninety Schick-positive subjects, we have sought an easy regime for routine use. It is not yet clear as to whether Schick-positive, toxoid-sensitive individuals should be left uninoculated. A simple program of intracutaneous injections has rendered twenty-six out of twenty-seven such subjects Schick-negative, leaving only one to undergo a series of graded subcutaneous doses. The plan we have adopted for the whole group is as follows: Do a Schick-test on the group to be immunized.Do a Moloney-test on the Schick-positive individuals.Give the M neg. and M + reactors the routine 2 ml of undiluted toxoid in 1 ml subcutaneous doses with an interval of one month.Give the M ++ and M +++ reactors three 0.1 ml intracutaneous injections of toxoid used for the Moloney-test (i.e., a 1:100 dilution of toxoid) at weekly intervals.Perform Schick-tests three to six months after the last injection.If any M ++ or M +++ subjects remain Schick-positive, inoculate these with a series of graded subcutaneous injections.
Notes on the Bacteriology, and on the Selective Action of B. Influenzae Pfeiffer
Authors: Roos C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Discussion
B. influenzae can be found in every case of true clinical influenza. To isolate this organism, which is most abundant in the earlier stages of the disease, it is necessary to exercise care in obtaining a suitable specimen, and since growth requirements of this organism are quite rigid, special selective culture media, such as those suggested by Avery (24) and also by Fleming (25), carefully prepared and adjusted to reaction are essential for successful work.
The various strains of B. influenzae apparently do not differ in kind. This is indicated by the cross agglutination, absorption, and protection tests with strains isolated at different localities during the recent pandemic as well as with those from the epidemic of a few years ago—1915 to 1917.
The toxic substances of B. influenzae show a marked action on the bronchorespiratory tract, thereby predisposing these organs to extensive invasion by the organism itself or to secondary infections.
No marked increase in virulence of B. influenzae has been obtained by passages through laboratory animals. This, in the first place, may be due to the relative insusceptibility of these animals to the infection of this organism; secondly, to the probability that the invasive power of the organism is very limited, infection apparently taking place only when the initial toxicity is severe enough to facilitate such invasion.
No bacteremia is produced by B. influenzae in laboratory animals by a dose approximating a minimum lethal dose regardless of the mode of injection chosen. Rabbits receiving intracranial injections will either die of acute toxemia and show no organisms in the blood stream or lungs, or where such infection passes into the sub-acute stage there is apparently a chance for a few of the organisms to get into the blood stream and to be transferred to such organs as the lungs when these have been rendered susceptible by the toxic substances of the organism.
The pathologic lesions in the rabbit, gross and microscopic, in many respects resemble those of influenza in human beings as observed during the past pandemic.
The injection of B. influenzae into the rabbit intravenously results in a rapid and marked decrease in the polymorphonuclear cells.
The Serological Reactivity of Nucleic Acid
Authors: Lackman David , Mudd Stuart , Sevag M. G. , Smolens Joseph , Wiener Maria 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The reaction of nucleic acids with certain antibacterial sera has been studied and the following points made: Nucleic acids give a specific precipitate with certain antisera, in particular equine antipneumococcic sera.The reactive substance is in the euglobulin fraction of the serum.The reaction is sensitive to changes in ionic strength. Also for a given ionic strength there is a difference in the amount of precipitate obtained when different ions are present.The reaction is specifically inhibited under suitable conditions by purine nucleotides, purine nucleosides and purine bases. Pyrimidine bases show only weak inhibition and pentoses and phosphates do not inhibit the reaction at all.
Acid Hydrolysates of Casein to Replace Peptone in the Preparation of Bacteriological Media
Authors: Mueller J. Howard , Johnson Everett R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The traditional use of “peptone” for the preparation of culture media for the growth of pathogenic bacteria often presents certain obvious disadvantages. On the one hand, its presence seriously interferes with the isolation in pure form of the various products of bacterial growth,—toxins, specific carbohydrates, etc. Again, the preparation of toxoids for prophylactic use from a medium which contains peptone is not without risk, for there are instances on record of severe reactions even to the minute amounts injected when it is employed as a diluent in the Schick test. An additional drawback lies in the variation between lots of peptone, even of the same brand, which is inevitable and due to the methods of production.
It appears that too often these commercial products have been considered as chemical entities, the word “peptone” being used to imply a conception almost, if not quite as definite as “salt” or “glucose.”
Report of a Trial of a New Schick-Toxin
Authors: Cameron G. D. W. , Gibbard J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A change in the specifications for the preparation of diphtherial toxin for use in the performance of the Schick-test has been advocated by Taylor and Moloney (1). The material they propose for use in this test differs from that specified by the Permanent Commission on Biological Standards of the League of Nations and incorporated in the Regulations under the Food and Drugs Act of Canada, in that it is made from “fresh” toxin (less than one year old and free from preservative) and that it has twice the toxicity and a lower antitoxin combining power (one dose neutralized by 1/1250, but not by 1/1500 unit of antitoxin). It is their contention that such material will increase the percentage of interpretable reactions, especially in those cases where the individual is a reactor to diphtheric protein.
The following brief report outlines our experience in a trial of material prepared according to Taylor and Moloney's specifications.
The Occurrence of Salmonella O-Antigens in Coliform Organisms
Authors: Schiff F. , Bornstein S. , Saphra I. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Five cultures of coliform organisms are described which contain Salmonella antigens. The flagellar antigens of these bacteria have no relationship to Salmonella.
One O-antigen was found to have the same formula as that of S. onderstepoort. Once the complete O-antigen of S. worthington, and in four cases components of the O-antigens of S. worthington, S. poona and the O-antigen I were found. In four strains there were residual non-Salmonella antigenic components.
Concerning the Mechanism of Anaphylactic and Tryptic Shock
Authors: Rocha E Silva M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Recently, we have described the effects produced by trypsin upon the mammalian smooth muscles (guinea-pig intestine, guinea-pig uterus, rabbit, cat and dog intestines, virgin uterus of the rat and mouse intestines (1–3)), as well as the circulatory effects produced in rabbits, cats and dogs by trypsin injected intravenously (2, 4). In experiments of perfusion of guinea-pig lungs we have demonstrated the ability of trypsin to liberate histamine from the tissues, and suggested that this may offer a basis for understanding the pharmacological effects of trypsin (4). The constancy of the phenomenon of “desensitization” observed on repeated additions of the same small dose of trypsin strongly suggested that the action of trypsin was an indirect one, probably through the intermediary of a tissular active substance—histamine—set free under the action of the ferment.
Antitoxin-Formation after Intravenous or Subcutaneous Injection of Plain or Alum Diphtheric Toxoid
Authors: Freund Jules , Bonanto Mary V. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It is a widely accepted opinion that when toxins or toxoids are used to immunize horses the subcutaneous route is more effective than the intravenous (1). Neill, Sugg and Richardson (2) found that also in guinea pigs antitoxin-formation is stimulated more readily by intracutaneous or subcutaneous than by intravenous injection of diphtheric toxoid. The experimental data on which these conclusions are based were not reported by the authors. Watanabe (3) reported that hens which received intravenous injections of purified diphtheric toxoid or tetanal toxin produced more antitoxin in a shorter time than those which received subcutaneous injections. The titer of antitoxin was maintained for a longer period of time in hens which were immunized by the intravenous route. When bacterial suspensions are employed as antigens the vascular route is the more effective one. Schultz and Swift (4) observed this relationship in rabbits immunized with non-hemolytic streptococci.
Dissociation of the Aggregates Obtained on Adding Beef-Heart Lipoid to Wassermann-Positive Sera
Authors: Bier Otto , Trapp Ewald 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The salt-dissociation method has proved applicable to the recovery of the Wassermann reagin, not only from syphilitic but also from leprous sera. The significance of this finding for the interpretation of the immunological response in leprosy is briefly discussed.
Preliminary experiments on the preparation of purified solutions of the Wassermann reagin are also reported.
Repeated Vaccination of Man Against the Virus of Equine Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Beard Dorothy , Finkelstein Harold , Beard J. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The content of neutralizing antibodies has been studied in the serum of man following primary vaccination against the Eastern and Western strains of virus of equine encephalomyelitis. The titer of antibodies effective against the Eastern strain in most instances diminishes so rapidly that within 6 to 9 months the serum possesses little or no more immunizing capacity than that taken before vaccination. In no instance was the titer maintained for this period at the level observed 2 weeks following initial vaccination. In contrast, antibodies for the Western strain, though diminishing markedly in a few instances, were maintained in general at a relatively high level for the same period. One instance of four was found in which antibodies induced by subclinical infection before initial vaccination and augmented by the primary vaccination were lost at about the same rate as those produced in normal individuals by vaccination alone.
Response to revaccination with a single dose resulted in every case in the induction of antibodies such that serum taken after 7 days neutralized 100,000 to 1,000,000 infectious units of virus of either strain. This reaction with respect to the Eastern strain was much more rapid than that following the first vaccination. The degree of response to both antigens was markedly greater than that seen at the initial vaccination.
General reactions to revaccination were more marked than to first vaccination, though still relatively mild.
The findings constitute evidence of the transient nature of at least one immunological factor in resistance to the virus. This finding in connection with results of direct investigation on the duration of immunity in vaccinated animals indicates the advisability of a second course of vaccination within one year under conditions of continued exposure to the virus. The height of the response to this second vaccination indicates the possibility that the interval between the second and subsequent vaccinations may safely be much longer than that between the first and second.
Antigenic Differentiation Among Strains of Paramecium Aurelia
Authors: Bernheimer Alan W. , Harrison James A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The members of a population of paramecia derived from a single cell, ordinarily considered pure, are likely to differ widely in their susceptibility to the immobilizing action of a given antiserum. The available data reveal no relationship between this difference in susceptibility and periodic nuclear reorganization. Paramecium aurelia is antigenically heterogeneous. The eighteen strains studied fall into four groups, A, B, C and D, of which D is heterogeneous. There exist relationships between the serological group and the mating variety. Each of the six strains of group A belongs to variety 1. Both strains of group B belong to variety 2. Group C contains two strains of variety 2 and two of variety 3 while group D contains six strains, all of variety 2.
An Electrophoretic Examination of Digested Sera
Authors: van der Scheer J. , Wyckoff Ralph W. G. , Clarke F. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A series of electrophoretic and chemical analyses has been carried out upon peptic digests of diphtheric and tetanal antitoxins and upon these antitoxins heated under similar conditions in the absence of pepsin. The results of these analyses show that the first step in antitoxic digestion is the disappearance of albumin and a replacement of T by a new “γ” component. Prolonged digestion leaves this “γ” unaffected but reduces the amount of other, electrophoretically inhomogeneous, material in the digest. Similarly digested pneumococcal antiserum did not develop a “γ”-peak; though it retained a considerable precipitative titer it had lost almost all its mouse-protective capacity.
Studies with H. Pertussis
Authors: Flosdorf Earl W. , Bondi A. , Dozois T. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By intradermal testing in normal and immunized animals it has been shown that both the thermolabile and the thermostable toxins of H. pertussis are definitely although weakly antigenic in rabbits but apparently not in human beings. In normal animals, and in a few humans tested, the agglutinogen shows no primary toxicity but in immunized rabbits and human beings an immune response lasting a day or two is obtained. The toxins, on the other hand, produce a primary toxic reaction in normal animals which lasts for one week and longer; the thermolabile toxin (TLT) produces necrosis. In immunized animals the prolonged primary toxic reaction to the toxins is not shown; the reaction appears as a non-necrotic lesion of duration corresponding to the immune response produced by the agglutinogen. The above-mentioned effects were produced in animals immunized slowly and in a prolonged series of injections either by the subcutaneous or intravenous route with either live or formalin-killed whole organisms or sonic extracts. The presence of antitoxin in the sera of the immunized animals was determined by neutralization tests in the skin of normal rabbits. By this procedure no antitoxin could be detected in human hyperimmune or in convalescent sera containing agglutinins. Both toxins were obtained from both phase III and IV and para-pertussis organisms, but in much smaller amounts than from phase I strains. By neutralization tests the toxins from the several phases and in para-pertussis were shown to be related in antigenic specificity. The fallacy of using toxicity as a sole criterion in evaluation of strains suitable for the preparation of vaccines is discussed. The possible use of the various components of H. pertussis as reagents in dermal tests for susceptibility, in diagnosis and as immunizing agents is discussed.
Influence of Collodion Particles on the Visible End-Point in Antibody Titrations
Authors: Eisler Daniel M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Collodion particles combined with autolysates of pneumococcus, meningococcus and gonococcus were agglutinated when the suspensions were mixed with antibacterial sera. The titers obtained in this manner were much greater than could be obtained by comparable mixtures of organisms and antisera, whole organisms, collodion particles and antisera, or autolysates and antisera. There is apparently an optimal concentration of collodion particles requisite for obtaining maximal titers from antisera. Titers obtained in non-specific reactions were lower than those obtained by specific mixtures of autolysates, collodion particles and antisera. It was found by experiment that the most satisfactory titers were obtained by allowing collodion particles to remain suspended in autolysate. It is suggested that no washing of the particles be made to free them of “excess” antigen in view of the fact that antigenic substances other than adsorbable proteins might be present. The phenomenon of increased titer effected by use of collodion particle-autolysate antigens was observed with both low- and high-titered sera.
The Antigenic Structure of Hemolytic Streptococci of Lancefield Group A
Authors: Zittle Charles A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The yield of the M-substance from undried whole streptococci is shown to be about 4 per cent, half of which is nucleic acid and half the type-specific M-protein. The nucleic acid is shown to be in the free state and to be the principal, and in some cases the sole, contaminant. It accompanies the protein on precipitation with acid in salt-like combination. The M-protein is separated from the nucleic acid by half-saturation with neutral ammonium sulfate; several successive precipitations are required to reduce the phosphorus-content from 3.0 to 0.1 per cent or less. Some of the properties of the purified protein are described. An interesting property of the M-protein is its considerable increase in solubility at elevated temperatures. The utilization of this property for purification is possible for the rare cases where considerable protein contamination accompanies the M-protein. The M-proteins studied are from strains 1048 (untyped) and 1685 (type 3). Similar chemical properties have been found. In the precipitin-reaction with antiserum to whole streptococci the 1685 M-protein gives a strong cross-reaction with 1048 antiserum, the 1048 M-protein appears to give less cross-reaction with 1685 antisera. A quantitative study of the precipitation of these proteins with a 1048 antiserum was made. Good absorption of protective antibodies from homologous streptococcal antisera is obtained with the 1048 M-protein. The preparation of 1685 M-protein studied was poor in this respect.