bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of the Transformation of Gram-Negative Rods to Spheroplasts and Ghosts by Serum
Authors: Davis Starkey D. , Gemsa Diethard , Wedgwood Ralph J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Kinetic analysis of the action of serum on Escherichia coli demonstrated that bacterial rods were quantitatively converted to spheroplasts and then to ghosts. The bactericidal action of serum preceded the conversion of rods to spheroplasts by lysozyme. The bacteriolytic action of serum, defined as a decrease in optical density (O.D), was associated with the conversion of spheroplasts to ghosts. These appeared to be consecutive first order reactions. Hypertonic sucrose decreased the rate of both reactions and did not specifically stabilize spheroplasts. Added calcium and magnesium stabilized spheroplasts but did not inhibit bactericidal action or the conversion of rods to spheroplasts.
On the basis of current evidence, bacterial rods are thought to be killed by antibody and complement and converted to spheroplasts by lysozyme. The subsequent conversion of spheroplasts to ghosts may be the result of instability of the exposed cell surface, not a direct effect of serum action.
Studies of antibody-complement action of serum on bacteria based solely on changes in O.D. may be subject to significant errors of interpretation. Investigations of the hemolytic complement system may be subject to similar errors.
Immunogenicity of Insolubilized Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Hirata Arthur A. , Sussdorf Dieter H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
As compared with soluble bovine serum albumin, the use of the heat-denatured protein as an immunizing antigen in rabbits resulted both in a larger number of responding animals and in markedly higher serum antibody titers.
In measuring these titers, it was found that the lower the serum titer, the higher was the percentage of the nonprecipitating antibody in relation to the precipitating variety. Evidently, the appearance of nonprecipitating antibody preceded that of precipitating antibody.
The Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on the Rate of Inactivation of Cypridina Luciferase by Specific Antibody
Authors: Tsuji Frederick I. , Davis David L. , Donald David H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
High pressures, on the order of 1000 atmospheres, were found to have a retarding effect on the rate of inactivation of the enzyme, Cypridina luciferase, by rabbit antibody. The volume change of activation ranged from 9–12 ml/mole at 25.0°C. This small volume change has been interpreted to mean that (a) compensating volume changes are involved or (b) little conformational change takes place in the process of inactivation and that the combining site or sites are readily accessible, instead of being deeply imbedded in the molecules.
The Epidemiology of a Herpes Virus Infection of New World Monkeys
Authors: Holmes A. W. , Devine James A. , Nowakowski Edward , Deinhardt Friedrich 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Data are presented which indicate that the virus previously reported as marmoset herpes virus (Herpesvirus tamarinus) is an agent which produces nonfatal infection in nature in other New World Monkeys. It is suggested that the course of infection in these or other monkeys may mimic herpes simplex infection in the human.
Immunologic Response to the Nitro-Olefins
Authors: Josephson Alan S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The conjugated nitro-olefins have been shown to be effective agents in provoking delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. Studies of a variety of substituted and unsubstituted, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons indicate that only the conjugated, nitro-substituted compounds are sensitizers. Examination of cross-reactivity between nitro-olefins of differing chain length indicates that specificity of the contact reactions is dependent, at least in part, upon the size of the haptenic moiety.
Immunologic Studies of Anthrax
Authors: Mahlandt B. G. , Klein F. , Lincoln R. E. , Haines B. W. , Jones W. I. , Friedman R. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three components of anthrax toxin (edema factor, protective antigen and lethal factor) were separated and tested singly at three dose levels and in factorial combination (27 treatments) to determine their efficacy as immunogens in a resistant host (rat) and in a susceptible host (guinea pig). Each treatment was evaluated as an immunogen by five criteria: (1) protection of the host against challenge, (2) influence on the number of bacilli/milliliter of blood at death, (3) change in the units of toxin/milliliter of blood at death, (4) a development of antibody titer (Ouchterlony) and (5) units of toxin neutralized/milliliter of blood.
These evaluations showed that (1) the LF component was highly immunogenic in rats against either toxin or spore challenge and in guinea pigs against spore challenge; (2) the PA component was immunogenic against spore challenge in rats and guinea pigs, but completely ineffective against toxin challenge in rats; (3) the EF component alone was nonimmunogenic; (4) the effects of LF and PA combinations interacted significantly with LF to increase resistance in the rat, but was not additive in resistance in the guinea pig.
The number of organisms/milliliter of terminal blood decreased as resistance to establishment of disease increased. The units of toxin/milliliter of terminal blood were closely related to the number of bacilli/milliliter of blood at death.
Only 17% of the prechallenge serum of guinea pigs, principally among the LF treatments, produced antigen antibody precipitin lines on Ouchterlony plates. The rat sera were all negative in this test.
The antigen used to immunize man and animals should contain all the toxin components for maximum efficiency.
Mitosis in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages
Authors: Forbes Ian J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mitosis was induced in macrophages from the peritoneal cavity of sensitized mice by subcutaneous injection of specific antigen. Animals were best sensitized by intramuscular injection of antigen emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant, but were capable of giving a less intense mitotic response after sensitization by intraperitoneal injection of antigen in saline.
Subcutaneous injection of fresh normal rabbit serum caused a small mitotic response, which was abolished by prior heating of the serum or absorption with mouse spleen cells.
The changes in the peritoneal cell population during a mitotic response are described. Appearances suggested that mitosis occurred in both “old” and “young” macrophages, and that “young” macrophages were derived from lymphocytes by transformation. Mitosis was infrequent in these cells having morphology intermediate between lymphocytes and macrophages. Macrophage destruction apparently occurred only in the most intense reactions.
Mitosis occurred when the peritoneal cavity was disturbed by repeated puncture of the abdominal wall. Mouse serum or plasma was found to be a potent stimulus to mitosis when injected intraperitoneally.
Induction of a mitotic response by injection of soluble antigen in sensitized mice did not affect the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in the spleens of these mice or the phagocytosis of Salmonella typhimurium C5.
7Sγ1 and 7Sγ2 Antibody Response in the Mouse
Authors: Coe John E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The qualitative aspects of the 7S antibody response in the mouse have been studied using radio-immunoelectrophoresis. The production of a fast gamma (7Sγ1) and/or a slow gamma (7Sγ2) antibody was influenced by four separate factors: the antigen, the adjuvant, the strain of mouse and the previous exposure of the mouse to the antigen. A sequence of 7S antibody production was detected in certain circumstances and characterized by an initial antibody consisting of fast γ (7Sγ1)-, and a later antibody of slow γ (7Sγ2)-globulin.
Preparation and Evaluation of Antigens for Use in the Serologic Diagnosis of Human Hydatid Disease
Authors: Norman Lois , Kagan Irving G. , Allain Dorothy S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two of the parasite antigens identified in sheep hydatid fluid were demonstrated in extracts of Echinococcus multilocularis cysts. Serologic reactivity of the crude extract and fractions of the antigen appeared to be associated with the presence of at least one of these components. Fractionation of Emc antigen by a column chromatographic method in which the antigen was cycled through a G-50 Sephadex column followed by a cycle through a long G-200 Sephadex column separated measurable amounts of nonspecific proteins, but did not “purify” the parasitic material. Gel-diffusion showed the most serologically reactive fraction (M200A) to contain at least five of the nine components in the original crude extract. The antigenic fraction M200A was stable and reacted with the same degree of sensitivity and specificity as SHF antigen in the HA test for the diagnosis of hydatid disease.
Alteration of the Specificity of Lectin by Chemical Modification
Authors: Matsubara Shoji , Boyd William C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Acylation of lima bean and Sophora japonica lectins with p- phenylazobenzoyl chloride greatly increased the anti-A agglutinating activity and, in the case of S. japonica, diminished the anti-B and anti-O activity. Amino acid analyses of purified peptides isolated from the modified lectins suggested that the change in specificity might be due to combination of the introduced residues with the ε-amino groups of lysine.
Enhanced Immunologic Sensitization of Mice by the Simultaneous Injection of Antigen and Specific Antiserum
Authors: Morrison Sherie Leaver , Terres Geronimo 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An enhanced immune response to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was elicited only following the injection of complexes formed in antigen excess. The enhanced response to BSA was biphasic; the first peak was dose-dependent, while the second peak was dose-independent. The antigen-antibody ratio is more important in eliciting an enhanced response than the amount of antigen injected. Using the same amount of antigen, immune complexes are much more effective than alum precipitated antigen. An enhanced response to rabbit γ-globulin (RGG) was also elicited using immune complexes. The magnitude of the response was relatively independent of the antigen-antibody ratio and it exhibited a single peak at about 7 to 8 weeks. The responses to RGG and BSA appeared to be noncompetitive.
Complement Fixation for Antigens on a Picogram Level
Authors: Moore Blake W. , Perez Vernon J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A micro complement-fixation assay is described which is sensitive to 1 to 10 × 10-12 g of antigen. The method was shown to be capable of measuring a specific antigen in brain extracts made from amounts of brain (dry weight) as small as 1.4 × 10-9 g, and in extracts from layers of cerebellum.
Serum Effect on the Killing of Staphylococcus Aureus by Human Leukocytic Extracts
Authors: Li Isabel W. , Mudd Stuart 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The killing phenomenon of Staphylococcus aureus by human blood leukocytes is reconstituted extracellularly. The greatest killing action is manifested with the extract of the lysosomal granules of the leukocyte lysate around pH 5.0. Humoral factors as provided by the serum of healthy human adults significantly increase the rate of killing of the staphylococci. The effectiveness of human serum in preparing the bacteria for extracellular bactericidal action is considerably reduced by heating at 56°C, by adsorption with aggregated human γ-globulin or by the addition of ethylenediaminetetracetic acid in the serum.
Antigenicity of the M Proteins of Group A Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Fox Eugene N. , Wittner M. K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Highly purified M proteins have excellent antigenic capacities in rabbits when administered in the form of repository subcutaneous doses with adjuvants. Both mineral oil and peanut oil emulsions prepared with Arlacel A and as little as 10 µg of M protein, after two or three injections, stimulated type-specific protective antibodies. Small doses of M proteins adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide were equally efficacious preparations for vaccine purposes. The attributes of these immunization procedures are discussed in terms of a practical antistreptococcal vaccine for human use. The globulin nature of the antibodies induced in rabbits immunized with purified M proteins or whole bacterial cells was also investigated. Both types of antigenic stimulation induced IgG antibodies but with different precipitating and hemagglutinating capacities.
The Effect of Enzymatic Release of Sialic Acid from Human Erythrocytes on Rh Agglutinations
Authors: Prager Morton D. , Fletcher Mary Ann 
Published: January 2023

Summary
NANA is released from red cells when they are treated with enzymes (trypsin, papain, ficin, bromelin and neuraminidase) which render them specifically agglutinable by incomplete Rh antisera. There is a progression in NANA release and serologic score as a function of enzyme concentration. However, the serologic score attained for a given quantity of NANA released varies with the genotype of the cell. In attempting to define the minimum NANA release consistent with agglutinability, it was found that for trypsin treatment liberation of 0.11 µmole NANA/1010 RBC gave no agglutination while release of 0.25 µmole did. A narrower range may be specified for neuraminidase in that release of 0.21 µmole NANA/1010 RBC gave agglutination with two of three anti-D sera, but liberation of 0.14 and 0.17 µmole failed to do so. Since proteases bind to the red cell, it was determined that about 35% of the NANA liberated may be released by that fraction of enzyme (papain) which is firmly bound to the cell. The general features of the reaction by which enzymes produce the serologic effect may be summarized as follows: 1) Proteases producing the serologic effect have common specificity. 2) Proteases bind to the red cell but must be catalytically active. 3) Neuraminidase is the only nonprotease known to produce this effect. 4) NANA is released in a manner correlating with serology. 5) This release is consistent with the decrease in RBC charge and ζ-potential, which may be the ultimate factor determining the appearance of agglutination.
Studies on the Mechanisms of Hypersensitivity Phenomena
Authors: Levy David A. , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A two-step in vitro reaction system has been described for studies with human sera capable of passively sensitizing human leukocytes for interaction with ragweed pollen antigen. Cells from nonallergic donors are washed and sensitized by incubation in serum from ragweed-sensitive individuals. Following removal of the bulk serum phase from the reaction mixture, the extent of sensitization may be estimated in terms of the amount of histamine released during incubation with the pollen antigen. The following experimental conditions govern the sensitizing process: pH, temperature, time, reaginic serum and divalent cation concentration.
It has also been observed that only one in every five nonallergic individuals provides suspensions of leukocytes suitable for passive sensitization. The basis for this marked specificity of the cell-serum reaction remains unknown. Cells which cannot be sensitized with one potent serum remain nonreactive after incubation with sera of different individuals. Conversely, a serum containing sensitizing antibodies can transfer these antibodies to the cells of different individuals.
The leukocyte-sensitizing activity in human serum is destroyed after heating at 56°C for 2 hr.
The Immunologic Significance of Antigen Induced Lymphocyte Transformation in Vitro
Authors: Mills John A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Lymphocytes from guinea pigs immunized subcutaneously with tuberculin and other protein antigens in Freund's adjuvant will undergo a characteristic morphologic transformation on exposure to the sensitizing antigen in tissue culture. This reaction is strongly correlated with the state of delayed hypersensitivity in these animals. Animals immunized intravenously with large doses of antigen develop circulating antibody to ther antigen or hapten, but lymph node lymphocytes obtained from them fail to show the in vitro reaction. Similarly, lymphocytes from animals immunized with hapten-protein complexes respond to the immunizing conjugate but not to the hapten linked to an indifferent carrier despite the presence of hapten specific antibody in the donors.
The technique may provide a means of studying the relationship between delayed hypersensitivity and the cytologic events leading to antibody synthesis.
A Possible Role of γA-Immunoglobulin in Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Man
Authors: Tokumaru Tadasu 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The capacities to synthesize γA in normal subjects and persons with primary and recurrent herpetic infections were analyzed and compared. Complications of primary infections and recurrences appeared to be associated with a deficiency of herpes-specific γA. The threshold protective titer of this γA appeared to be 12 to 20. The initial immune response to herpes infection was characterized by a marked increase in the γM titer, followed after 21 days by a predominance of γA and γG. The protective effect of γA in the mucocutaneous tissues appears to be associated with its high avidity for the herpes simplex virus and its active secretion by such tissues.
Reovirus Infection in Suckling Mice: Immunofluorescent and Infectivity Studies
Authors: Kundin W. D. , Liu Chien , Gigstad Judith 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When reovirus type 1 was inoculated subcutaneously into suckling mice a generally nonfatal pantropic infection ensued. Infectious virus was recovered from most of the tissues tested from 1 hr to at least 20 days later. The greatest amounts of virus were recovered from 3 to 12 days after inoculation. Similarly, viral antigens were observed by fluorescent antibody staining in numerous tissues from 3 to 12 days after inoculation, with maximal antigenic distribution occurring from the 6th to the 9th days.
Immunogenicity of Trinitrophenyl-Hemocyanin: Production of Primary and Secondary Anti-Hapten Precipitins
Authors: Rittenberg Marvin B. , Amkraut Alfred A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The ability of soluble TNP-KLH conjugates to induce production of precipitating antibody was studied in rabbits early in the immune response. A hapten/carrier mole ratio of 800 to 1000:1 was found optimal. Such conjugates induced an average of 375 µg of anti-TNP antibody and up to 2.5 mg of anti-KLH antibody per ml serum within a week after second injection. Some rabbits produced nearly a mg of anti-hapten antibody/ml. Antibody titers obtained here without adjuvants are thus comparable to those obtained to other haptenated proteins when adjuvants are employed. Primary precipitins also were obtained both to hapten and to carrier, but the frequency of primary anti-hapten precipitin detection was only one-fourth that of the anti-carrier response.
Less heavily haptenated conjugates failed to induce anti-hapten precipitins while heavily substituted KLH was only poorly antigenic for either type of determinant.
Preimmunization with KLH appeared to reduce the anti-hapten response subsequent to injections of TNP-KLH. The depressed anti-hapten response in this case was accompanied by a normal secondary response to the carrier.
Serum Immunoglobulin Levels in Human Malaria and Their Relationship to Antibody Production
Authors: Tobie J. E. , Abele D. C. , Wolff S. M. , Contacos P. G. , Evans C. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immunoglobulins IgM, IgG and IgA were quantitated in 12 volunteers infected with Plasmodium vivax and five with Plasmodium cynomolgi. The serum levels in each subject were determined sequentially before, during and after the primary malarial attack and in one case after relapse. Large amounts of IgM globulin were produced in all subjects. However, the vivax volunteers, with parasitemias higher than those of the cynomolgi volunteers, showed greater increases in the macroglobulins, 357% as compared to 125%, respectively. In a vivax case who relapsed, essentially as much IgM globulin was synthesized during the secondary as during the primary response.
Large increases in absolute values for IgG globulin were observed in all volunteers but the percent increases in IgG and IgA globulins were not as striking as for the macroglobulins. Nevertheless, the vivax volunteers showed an increase of 42% for IgG globulin and 55% for IgA globulin. The cynomolgi cases, whose infections were somewhat milder, synthesized less of these two immunoglobulins—19% for IgG and 15% for IgA globulin.
The quantitative determinations of the immunoglobulins IgM, IgG and IgA in the primary attack of vivax and cynomolgi malaria demonstrated that there was an increase in each of the three classes of immunoglobulins which paralleled the increase in antibody formation.
Immunoglobulin Isoantigens (Allotypes) in the Mouse
Authors: Warner Noel L. , Herzenberg Leonard A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits were immunized with either normal mouse immunoglobulins or isolated mouse myeloma proteins from BALB/c or (BALB/c × NZB)F1 plasma cell tumors. The antisera were tested for antibodies directed to allotypic antigenic specificities by the method of inhibition of precipitation of I125 labeled antigens.
Three γG2a and one γG2b allotypic specificities were detected with one or another of these rabbit antisera. These specificities each corresponded in mouse strain distribution with one of the allotypic specificities previously defined through the use of mouse isoantisera.
The possible nature of the allotypic sites versus the class specific antigen sites was briefly discussed and the potential usefulness of these heterologous antisera in allotypic systems noted.
Studies of Human Intrinsic Factor Auto-Antibodies
Authors: Garrido-Pinson Gerardo C. , Turner Michael D. , Crookston John H. , Samloff I. Michael , Miller Leon L. , Segal Harry L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study of the sera of 19 patients with pernicious anemia by radioimmunodiffusion, by a charcoal adsorption assay and by gel filtration with Sephadex G100, showed conclusive evidence for the occurrence of two types of antibody to human intrinsic factor in the serum of some of these patients. One type of antibody, the “blocking” antibody, detected by the charcoal adsorption assay, reacted with intrinsic factor to prevent subsequent formation of the B12-intrinsic factor complex. Blocking antibody was unable to react with preformed intrinsic factor-B12 complex. The second type of antibody, “binding” antibody, was shown to react either with the intrinsic factor itself or with the intrinsic factor-B12 complex. Although this antibody reacted with intrinsic factor alone, it did not prevent the subsequent combination of intrinsic factor with vitamin B12 which occurred without displacement of the antibody by the B12. Of the 19 sera studied, eight showed the presence of both antibodies, in two the blocking antibody only was detected, and in one only the binding antibody. The antibodies varied in amount independently of one another. From the small number of patients studied, it did not appear that one occurred much more frequently than the other, and there was no obvious correlation between the presence of antibodies and the age of the patient or the duration of the disease. Instrinsic factor which had formed a complex with the binding antibody could still react with the blocking antibody. This reaction occurred without displacement of the binding antibody, indicating that the intrinsic factor molecule has two distinct antigenically reactive sites.