bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal Gagliardo–Nirenberg interpolation inequality for rearrangement invariant spaces
Authors: Leśnik Karol , Roskovec Tomáš , Soudský Filip 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWe prove the optimality of the Gagliardo–Nirenberg inequality: $$\begin{aligned} \Vert \nabla u\Vert _{X}\lesssim \Vert \nabla ^2 u\Vert _Y^{1/2}\Vert u\Vert _Z^{1/2}, \end{aligned}$$

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,

where Y and Z are rearrangement invariant Banach function spaces, and $$X = Y^{1/2}Z^{1/2}$$

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is the Calderón–Lozanovskii space. By optimality, we mean that for a certain pair of spaces on the right-hand side, it is not possible to reduce the space on the left-hand side while remaining in the class of rearrangement invariant spaces. Our result establishes the optimality for Lorentz and Orlicz spaces, surpassing previous findings. Additionally, we discuss the significance of pointwise inequalities and present a counterexample that prohibits further improvements.
A variational theory for integral functionals involving finite-horizon fractional gradients
Authors: Cueto Javier , Kreisbeck Carolin , Schönberger Hidde 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe center of interest in this work are variational problems with integral functionals depending on nonlocal gradients with finite horizon that correspond to truncated versions of the Riesz fractional gradient. We contribute several new aspects to both the existence theory of these problems and the study of their asymptotic behavior. Our overall proof strategy builds on finding suitable translation operators that allow to switch between the three types of gradients: classical, fractional, and nonlocal. These provide useful technical tools for transferring results from one setting to the other. Based on this approach, we show that quasiconvexity, which is the natural convexity notion in the classical calculus of variations, gives a necessary and sufficient condition for the weak lower semicontinuity of the nonlocal functionals as well. As a consequence of a general$$\varGamma $$Γ-convergence statement, we obtain relaxation and homogenization results. The analysis of the limiting behavior for varying fractional parameters yields, in particular, a rigorous localization with a classical local limit model.
Improved Settling Mechanisms of an Industrial Copper Smelting Slag by CaO Modification
Authors: Isaksson Jenny , Andersson Anton , Vikström Tommy , Lennartsson Andreas , Samuelsson Caisa 
Published: August 2023

AbstractA significant source of copper losses from pyrometallurgical copper extraction is attributed to dissolved and entrained copper in discarded slag. Entrained copper can be recovered via pyrometallurgical slag cleaning in a settling furnace, where the slag viscosity and copper droplet size distribution (CDSD) are critical parameters. Reduced copper losses suggest improved raw material efficiency, and the slag becomes a more environmentally safe byproduct. In this study, iron silicate slags from a smelting furnace are industrially CaO modified in a fuming furnace to contain a CaO content between 8 and 18 wt.%. The viscosity of slags with and without CaO modifications is evaluated in the temperature range from 1423 to 1723 K. The influences of the CaO modifications on the CDSD, slag matrix copper content, and total copper content were determined. The results show that the slag viscosity decreases with increasing CaO concentrations in the slag. In addition, the copper content decreases in the slag phase, and the CDSD shifts to contain relatively larger droplets. The effect of CaO slag modification reveals a linear relationship between the overall copper recovery and viscosity, which increased from 63 to 88% when the viscosity in the respective batch was 0.51 and 0.25 Pa·s.
Graphical Abstract
Effects of the Digital Intervention StudentPOWR on the Subjective Wellbeing of Students Studying from Home: a Randomized Wait-List Control Trial
Authors: Nixon Louise , Slattery Brian , Cassese Alberto , ten Hoor Gill 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSince the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand to study and work from home has become of great importance. While recent research has provided evidence for the negative influence of remote studying on the mental and physical health of students, less is known about digital well-being interventions to mitigate these effects. This study had two objectives: 1) to assess the effects of the online well-being intervention, StudentPOWR, on the subjective well-being of students studying from home, and 2) to investigate the influence of engagement with the intervention on subjective well-being. This was a non-blind, 3-arm (full access, limited access, and waitlist control) randomized controlled trial (RCT) and took place in March 2021. University students (N = 99) studying remotely in Ireland and the Netherlands were randomly assigned to the full access (N = 36), partial access (N = 30), or waitlist control (N = 33) group for the four-week intervention period. Measures included the SPANE questionnaire for subjective well-being and the DBCI-ES-Ex for engagement with the intervention. Participants in both the full access and the partial access groups improved in their subjective well-being scores from baseline to week 2 compared to the waitlist control group (p = .004, Hedges g equal to 0.4902 - small effect size - and 0.5698 - medium effect size - for the full intervention and partial intervention, respectively). However, post-intervention, participants in the partial intervention – but not in the full access group - showed significantly greater changes in subjective well-being scores compared to those in the waitlist control group. Possible explanations for these results, comparisons with previous studies, and suggestions for future research are explored.
A primer on the insurability of decentralized finance (DeFi)
Authors: Bekemeier Felix 
Published: August 2023

AbstractDecentralized finance (DeFi), a blockchain-based form of alternative financial markets, has gained significant public attention in recent months. Despite its relatively short history, DeFi offers a range of opportunities for designing and transferring digital assets. This establishes market structures that bear resemblance to traditional financial markets. Notably, the landscape of DeFi projects has expanded to include insurance protocols that offer DeFi-inherent mechanisms for hedging DeFi-specific risks, particularly those associated with smart contracts. These insurance protocols aim to provide similar value propositions as traditional insurance, namely the minimization and transfer of risks in exchange for a premium. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that most of these risk transfer protocols are strongly dependent on subjective expectations and decentralized governance structures. This article aims to develop a taxonomical understanding of DeFi insurance. Moreover, it seeks to assess the insurability of risks related to smart contracts. By doing so, this study contributes to the emerging body of knowledge surrounding DeFi insurance, paving the way for further research and analysis in this evolving field.
What influences teachers to select their schools? Teachers’ perspectives on strengths and weaknesses of rural and urban area in Taiwan
Authors: Ho Hsuan-Fu , Tsai Chia-Lin 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe problem of teacher shortages in rural areas are intractable, as schools lack adequate qualified teachers, which inevitably exerts a negative impact on student learning and school development. In Taiwan, the government has implemented relevant policies, but the high teacher turnover rate and the high proportion of nonqualified teachers are issues that are still unsolved. This research investigated the relative importance of the determinants influencing teacher school selection and compared the teachers from rural districts with those from urban. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was adopted to analyze the proportion and ranking of the determinants, and a self-developed questionnaire was distributed to teachers from 25 rural and 25 urban schools in Taiwan. Initially, 10 urban and 5 rural schools were selected through the researcher’s social connections, and the remaining schools were recommended by the selected schools. The final 500 samples comprised 50 schools, each contributing 10 teachers to the research. The research results indicate that decent quality of life and professional autonomy are the most valued criteria by the participants, while monetary incentives, including both salary and subsidy, are moderately valued. Moreover, among the comparison between schools from different districts, teachers from rural areas are relatively pessimistic about the working conditions despite holding advantages in the areas of several determinants, which contradicts the stereotype of the unattractive hard-to-staff school. The findings provide suggestions for policymakers regarding the implementation of incentives catered to teachers’ needs to lessen the negative impact of teacher shortages in rural areas.
Reliability of Ensemble Climatological Forecasts
Authors: Huang Zeqing , Zhao Tongtiegang , Tian Yu , Chen Xiaohong , Duan Qingyun , Wang Hao 
Published: August 2023

AbstractEnsemble climatological forecasts play a critical part in benchmarking the predictive performance of hydroclimatic forecasts. Accounting for the skewness and censoring characteristics of hydroclimatic variables, ensemble climatological forecasts can be generated by the log, Box‐Cox and log‐sinh transformations, by the combinations of the Bernoulli distribution with the Gaussian, Gamma, log‐normal, generalized extreme value, generalized logistic and Pearson type III distributions and by the non‐parametric resampling, empirical cumulative distribution function and kernel density estimation methods. This paper is concentrated on the reliability of the 12 types of ensemble climatological forecasts. Specifically, mathematical formulations are presented and large‐sample tests are devised to verify the forecast reliability for the Multi‐Source Weighted‐Ensemble Precipitation version 2 across the globe. Climatological forecasts of monthly precipitation over 18,425 grid cells are generated for 30 years under leave‐one‐year‐out cross validation, leading to 6,633,000 (12 × 18425 × 30) sets of ensemble climatological forecasts. The results point out that the reliability of climatological forecasts considerably varies across the 12 methods, particularly in regions with high hydroclimatic variability. One observation is that climatological forecasts tend to deviate from the distributions of observations when there is inadequate flexibility to fit precipitation data. Another observation is that ensemble spreads can be overly wide when there exist overfits of sample‐specific noises in cross validation. Through the tests of global precipitation, the robustness of the log‐sinh transformation and the Bernoulli‐Gamma distribution is highlighted. Overall, the investigations can serve as a guidance on the uses of transformations, distributions and non‐parametric methods in generating climatological forecasts.
Deep self-learning enables fast, high-fidelity isotropic resolution restoration for volumetric fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Ning Kefu , Lu Bolin , Wang Xiaojun , Zhang Xiaoyu , Nie Shuo , Jiang Tao , Li Anan , Fan Guoqing , Wang Xiaofeng , Luo Qingming , Gong Hui , Yuan Jing 
Published: August 2023

AbstractOne intrinsic yet critical issue that troubles the field of fluorescence microscopy ever since its introduction is the unmatched resolution in the lateral and axial directions (i.e., resolution anisotropy), which severely deteriorates the quality, reconstruction, and analysis of 3D volume images. By leveraging the natural anisotropy, we present a deep self-learning method termed Self-Net that significantly improves the resolution of axial images by using the lateral images from the same raw dataset as rational targets. By incorporating unsupervised learning for realistic anisotropic degradation and supervised learning for high-fidelity isotropic recovery, our method can effectively suppress the hallucination with substantially enhanced image quality compared to previously reported methods. In the experiments, we show that Self-Net can reconstruct high-fidelity isotropic 3D images from organelle to tissue levels via raw images from various microscopy platforms, e.g., wide-field, laser-scanning, or super-resolution microscopy. For the first time, Self-Net enables isotropic whole-brain imaging at a voxel resolution of 0.2 × 0.2 × 0.2 μm3, which addresses the last-mile problem of data quality in single-neuron morphology visualization and reconstruction with minimal effort and cost. Overall, Self-Net is a promising approach to overcoming the inherent resolution anisotropy for all classes of 3D fluorescence microscopy.
Predictors of transition in patients with clinical high risk for psychosis: an umbrella review
Authors: Andreou Christina , Eickhoff Sofia , Heide Marco , de Bock Renate , Obleser Jonas , Borgwardt Stefan 
Published: August 2023

AbstractDiagnosis of a clinical high-risk (CHR) state enables timely treatment of individuals at risk for a psychotic disorder, thereby contributing to improving illness outcomes. However, only a minority of patients diagnosed with CHR will make the transition to overt psychosis. To identify patients most likely to benefit from early intervention, several studies have investigated characteristics that distinguish CHR patients who will later develop a psychotic disorder from those who will not. We aimed to summarize evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses on predictors of transition to psychosis in CHR patients, among characteristics and biomarkers assessed at baseline. A systematic search was conducted in Pubmed, Scopus, PsychInfo and Cochrane databases to identify reviews and meta-analyses of studies that investigated specific baseline predictors or biomarkers for transition to psychosis in CHR patients using a cross-sectional or longitudinal design. Non-peer-reviewed publications, gray literature, narrative reviews and publications not written in English were excluded from analyses. We provide a narrative synthesis of results from all included reviews and meta-analyses. For each included publication, we indicate the number of studies cited in each domain and its quality rating. A total of 40 publications (21 systematic reviews and 19 meta-analyses) that reviewed a total of 272 original studies qualified for inclusion. Baseline predictors most consistently associated with later transition included clinical characteristics such as attenuated psychotic and negative symptoms and functioning, verbal memory deficits and the electrophysiological marker of mismatch negativity. Few predictors reached a level of evidence sufficient to inform clinical practice, reflecting generalizability issues in a field characterized by studies with small, heterogeneous samples and relatively few transition events. Sample pooling and harmonization of methods across sites and projects are necessary to overcome these limitations.
Accelerated evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in free-ranging white-tailed deer
Authors: McBride Dillon S. , Garushyants Sofya K. , Franks John , Magee Andrew F. , Overend Steven H. , Huey Devra , Williams Amanda M. , Faith Seth A. , Kandeil Ahmed , Trifkovic Sanja , Miller Lance , Jeevan Trushar , Patel Anami , Nolting Jacqueline M. , Tonkovich Michael J. , Genders J. Tyler , Montoney Andrew J. , Kasnyik Kevin , Linder Timothy J. , Bevins Sarah N. , Lenoch Julianna B. , Chandler Jeffrey C. , DeLiberto Thomas J. , Koonin Eugene V. , Suchard Marc A. , Lemey Philippe , Webby Richard J. , Nelson Martha I. , Bowman Andrew S. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe zoonotic origin of the COVID-19 pandemic virus highlights the need to fill the vast gaps in our knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 ecology and evolution in non-human hosts. Here, we detected that SARS-CoV-2 was introduced from humans into white-tailed deer more than 30 times in Ohio, USA during November 2021-March 2022. Subsequently, deer-to-deer transmission persisted for 2–8 months, disseminating across hundreds of kilometers. Newly developed Bayesian phylogenetic methods quantified how SARS-CoV-2 evolution is not only three-times faster in white-tailed deer compared to the rate observed in humans but also driven by different mutational biases and selection pressures. The long-term effect of this accelerated evolutionary rate remains to be seen as no critical phenotypic changes were observed in our animal models using white-tailed deer origin viruses. Still, SARS-CoV-2 has transmitted in white-tailed deer populations for a relatively short duration, and the risk of future changes may have serious consequences for humans and livestock.
Kinetic resolution of substituted amido[2.2]paracyclophanes via asymmetric electrophilic amination
Authors: Yu Shaoze , Bao Hanyang , Zhang Dekun , Yang Xiaoyu 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPlanar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane derivatives are a type of structurally intriguing and practically useful chiral molecules, which have found a range of important applications in the field of asymmetric catalysis and material science. However, access to enantioenriched [2.2]paracyclophanes represents a longstanding challenge in organic synthesis due to their unique structures, which are still highly dependent on the chiral chromatography separation technique and classical chemical resolution strategy to date. In this work, we report on an efficient and versatile kinetic resolution protocol for various substituted amido[2.2]paracyclophanes, including those with pseudo-geminal, pseudo-ortho, pseudo-meta and pseudo-para disubstitutions, using chiral phosphoric acid (CPA)-catalyzed asymmetric amination reaction, which was also applicable to the enantioselective desymmetrization of an achiral diamido[2.2]paracyclophane. Detailed experimental studies shed light on a new reaction mechanism for the electrophilic aromatic C-H amination, which proceeded through sequential triazane formation and N[1,5]-rearrangement. The facile large-scale kinetic resolution reaction and diverse derivatizations of both the recovered chiral starting materials and the C-H amination products showcased the potential of this method.
Surface frustration re-patterning underlies the structural landscape and evolvability of fungal orphan candidate effectors
Authors: Derbyshire Mark C. , Raffaele Sylvain 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPathogens secrete effector proteins to subvert host physiology and cause disease. Effectors are engaged in a molecular arms race with the host resulting in conflicting evolutionary constraints to manipulate host cells without triggering immune responses. The molecular mechanisms allowing effectors to be at the same time robust and evolvable remain largely enigmatic. Here, we show that 62 conserved structure-related families encompass the majority of fungal orphan effector candidates in the Pezizomycotina subphylum. These effectors diversified through changes in patterns of thermodynamic frustration at surface residues. The underlying mutations tended to increase the robustness of the overall effector protein structure while switching potential binding interfaces. This mechanism could explain how conserved effector families maintained biological activity over long evolutionary timespans in different host environments and provides a model for the emergence of sequence-unrelated effector families with conserved structures.
Structural basis of HIV-1 Vif-mediated E3 ligase targeting of host APOBEC3H
Authors: Ito Fumiaki , Alvarez-Cabrera Ana L. , Kim Kyumin , Zhou Z. Hong , Chen Xiaojiang S. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractHuman APOBEC3 (A3) cytidine deaminases are antiviral factors that are particularly potent against retroviruses. As a countermeasure, HIV-1 uses a viral infectivity factor (Vif) to target specific human A3s for proteasomal degradation. Vif recruits cellular transcription cofactor CBF-β and Cullin-5 (CUL5) RING E3 ubiquitin ligase to bind different A3s distinctively, but how this is accomplished remains unclear in the absence of the atomic structure of the complex. Here, we present the cryo-EM structures of HIV-1 Vif in complex with human A3H, CBF-β and components of CUL5 ubiquitin ligase (CUL5, ELOB, and ELOC). Vif nucleates the entire complex by directly binding four human proteins, A3H, CBF-β, CUL5, and ELOC. The structures reveal a large interface area between A3H and Vif, primarily mediated by an α-helical side of A3H and a five-stranded β-sheet of Vif. This A3H-Vif interface unveils the basis for sensitivity-modulating polymorphism of both proteins, including a previously reported gain-of-function mutation in Vif isolated from HIV/AIDS patients. Our structural and functional results provide insights into the remarkable interplay between HIV and humans and would inform development efforts for anti-HIV therapeutics.
Pan-cancer atlas of somatic core and linker histone mutations
Authors: Bonner Erin R. , Dawood Adam , Gordish-Dressman Heather , Eze Augustine , Bhattacharya Surajit , Yadavilli Sridevi , Mueller Sabine , Waszak Sebastian M. , Nazarian Javad 
Published: August 2023

AbstractRecent genomic data points to a growing role for somatic mutations altering core histone and linker histone-encoding genes in cancer. However, the prevalence and the clinical and biological implications of histone gene mutations in malignant tumors remain incompletely defined. To address these knowledge gaps, we analyzed somatic mutations in 88 linker and core histone genes across 12,743 tumors from pediatric, adolescent and young adult (AYA), and adult cancer patients. We established a pan-cancer histone mutation atlas contextualized by patient age, survival outcome, and tumor location. Overall, 11% of tumors harbored somatic histone mutations, with the highest rates observed among chondrosarcoma (67%), pediatric high-grade glioma (pHGG, >60%), and lymphoma (>30%). Previously unreported histone mutations were discovered in pHGG and other pediatric brain tumors, extending the spectrum of histone gene alterations associated with these cancers. Histone mutation status predicted patient survival outcome in tumor entities including adrenocortical carcinoma. Recurrent pan-cancer histone mutation hotspots were defined and shown to converge on evolutionarily conserved and functional residues. Moreover, we studied histone gene mutations in 1700 pan-cancer cell lines to validate the prevalence and spectrum of histone mutations seen in primary tumors and derived histone-associated drug response profiles, revealing candidate drugs targeting histone mutant cancer cells. This study presents the first-of-its-kind atlas of both core and linker histone mutations across pediatric, AYA, and adult cancers, providing a framework by which specific cancers may be redefined in the context of histone and chromatin alterations.