bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why We Teach Science (and Why We Should)
Authors: Rudolph John L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Why We Teach Science (and Why We Should) provides a historical overview of the reasons science has been included as a school subject in the United States and examines them in light of research on how people use science in their daily lives and future occupations. The book argues that all the various reasons can be broken down into two primary purposes: teaching science to prepare future scientific and technical workers and teaching science for general public understanding. Data on educational attainment and career outcomes show that only a small fraction of school students end up in technical occupations. Yet, schools routinely teach science for content mastery with the assumption that this will prepare students for technical careers. This suggests that the primary goal of science education should focus on public understanding instead. However, research from the fields of cognitive psychology, science education, and science communication reveals that the primary general-education goals of teaching science for everyday personal use, better thinking skills, or democratic decision-making (what are sometimes referred to as scientific-literacy skills) are poorly served by the prevailing content-mastery approach. The book suggests that, given the current social challenges society faces, science education should instead focus on building public trust in science. Such an approach would require a radical departure from both the traditional science teaching we have grown accustomed to and the current recommendations being made by policymakers.
Introduction
Authors: Rashkow Ezra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This brief introduction begins to set up a theoretical discussion of the concept or nature of endangerment. It first addresses how broadly the term endangerment can be and has been applied. Used as an adjective, literally anything can be called endangered. Drawing attention to the prevalence of endangerment discourse in our contemporary era, which has often been called the Anthropocene as well as the Sixth Extinction, the introduction then looks at the history of the usage of the concept of endangerment. It thus sets up a major argument of the book: namely that human communities, particularly groups we now refer to as indigenous communities, have long been labelled as endangered, far longer in fact than non-human animal species and other environmental phenomena have been. Furthermore, the introduction begins to address the long history of overlapping biological and cultural diversity endangerment discourses by opening up a discussion of contemporary biocultural diversity conservation discourses today.
Endangered Species & Societies in India
Authors: Rashkow Ezra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 begins to document how the Indian situation departs from, and complicates, the global narrative of interlinking biological and cultural endangerment. It addresses the problems of interwoven discourses of indigenous and environmental endangerment by focusing on two major Adivasi (‘tribal’) populations in India, the Bhils and the Gonds. It explicitly challenges the common perception of these people as forest communities who are disappearing along with their forests, as hunting societies that are becoming extinct along with hunted species, or as wild tribes that are disappearing along with the wilderness. It is often said that traditional ecological lifestyles and livelihoods are becoming endangered or even extinct, and the comparison is frequently made with disappearing wildlife. Yet the parallel between endangered wildlife and human ways of life is as problematic as it is explanative. Both the Bhils and Gonds, with their massive combined populations totalling some 30 million, are not so much ‘tribes’ as large-scale umbrella identities, each with a wide variety of cultural ecologies and livelihood strategies. To generalize that they were all historically forest-dwelling communities that lost their forests would simply be inaccurate. Despite the complicated nature of Adivasi identity, global indigenous stereotypes of ‘the ecological Indian’ and ‘the vanishing Indian’ are still often mapped onto the Adivasi situation. Why it is assumed that the end of forest dwelling must also mean the end of Adivasi culture is the central consideration here.
Narmada Bachao, Manav Bachao
Authors: Rashkow Ezra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The title of Chapter 5, ‘Narmada Bachao, Manav Bachao’, is taken from one of the main slogans of the Save the Narmada movement, and literally means ‘Save the Narmada, Save the Humans’. Drawing on oral history fieldwork conducted while living in a punarvasan or resettlement colony with Bhils displaced by the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River, as well as fieldwork conducted in displaced villages in the hills directly above the reservoir created by the dam, it asks whether people who lived through one of the most famous environmental battles in modern Indian history, and who suffered the loss of their ancestral homes in the river valley, see themselves as ‘endangered’. While Narmada Bachao Andolan activists often argued that Adivasi culture itself was being drowned out along with Adivasi lands and villages, the assessment was much more complex amongst displaced villagers themselves. Looking back on Bhil history, this chapter reflects on how the same general paradigm which sees the Bhils as threatened with extermination has been applied to these communities at least since the outset of the colonial encounter in the early nineteenth century.
Bhutan
Authors: Ura Karma 
Published: January 2023

AbstractCastles were built using design principles that melded functional and aesthetic values. The walls of shrines in castles and houses were adorned with frescoes, but the very old ones were lost along with khars and dzongs which fell into ruins. Studies of frescoes show that both the composition of pigments and styles of paintings have changed. The style of iconography has been influenced by its primary purpose which is to support meditative visualization. But Buddhism has not been the only faith that shaped citizens. Different cosmological views and rites were sustained by pre-Buddhist faith. One example is the ancient festival celebrating fecundity and fertility associated with the progenitor god, Lha Ode Gungyel. Such unabashed yearly festivals have thrived because of the enormous space left to the customs and conventions of communities. The Legal Decree of 1729 also did that although it regulated government officials, monks, and the subjects, and made Buddhism the raison d’etre of the state. Its provisions include taxes, foreigners, and border security. As the relationship with Tibet improved, it deteriorated with the British, resulting in an armed conflict at the turn of 1864. Through all ups and downs of civilian life, the state monasteries maintained its routine and regularity. Among many of these is the daily honour accorded to the holy body of the founder of Bhutan, which has been a potent symbol of the nation. The volume comes to rest at the revered feet of Guru Padmasambhava analysing his wide-ranging legacy in Bhutan and beyond, and for times past and those still to come.
Structural and Substantive Concepts of Awareness
Authors: Silva Jr Paul 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides separate defences of the Generality of Awareness. One relies on lessons drawn from case-based intuitions about the separability of knowledge and factual awareness, while the other uses ‘factual awareness’ to stipulatively refer to a state of non-accidental true representation that is reached via a generalization from knowledge. This chapter explores the wide range of substantive views one could take about the nature of factual awareness and concludes with a defence of the idea that factual awareness cannot be identified with being in a position to know or being capable of knowing truths.
Desiderata for Theories of Awareness and Knowledge
Authors: Silva Jr Paul 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter defends a range of desiderata a theory of knowledge and factual awareness ought to satisfy. In addition to previously discussed desiderata, this chapter argues that a theory of knowledge should explain the way in which knowledge is a success from an agent’s ability and it should also explain why knowledge is absent in cases of environmental luck and lottery cases. Leading theories of knowledge that attempt to explain these last two insights face three challenges: they are non-normative theories of knowledge, they seem unable to resolve Kelp’s safety dilemma, and they fail to explain results from experimental philosophy. Two prominent normative theories of knowledge are discussed: Dretske’s view of knowledge as belief for conclusive reasons, and Schroeder’s view of knowledge as belief for sufficient reason. Each is shown to face its own problems.
Problems with Motive-based Scrutiny—and Some Judicial Solutions
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A motive-based constitutional theory, which resonates with the ideal of public reason (PR), raises some difficulties for a judicial practice which must be dealt with for a theory to be convincing. This chapter uses, as a primary case study, a 1971 judgment of the US Supreme Court Palmer v. Thompson that illustrates the controversy regarding obstacles facing a judge when attempting to ascertain the true motives, or purposes, of a law under scrutiny. It is shown that the alleged evidentiary difficulty regarding legislative motives could be discerned ‘relatively easy’. On occasions, a court may even have direct insight into legislators’ motives as revealed through their own statements and affirmations. Often the evidence is only indirect but still very convincing, along the lines of ‘res ipsa loquitur’ (Canadian jurisprudence is used to illustrate this point). Often the argument about motives is based on a reasoning about the effects of the regulation under scrutiny: the two strands of reasoning (about motives and effects) should not be seen as mutually antithetical. Sometimes effects-based inquiry is seen as a prerequisite to a subsequent inquiry into motives, while another way of harmonizing motives and effects may be by seeing effects as indicators of most likely motives. It is also clear that judicial scrutiny of legislative purposes/motives is greatly facilitated—indeed, mandated—in those constitutional systems which openly embrace proportionality analysis as a canonical model for constitutional scrutiny, as illustrated in this chapter by top courts in South Africa and Israel, among others.
Freedom of Speech, Viewpoint Regulation, and Wrongful Legislative Motives
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the connections between some persuasive doctrines of freedom of expression/freedom of speech and makes more explicit the idea of ‘improper governmental motives’ which are thought to contaminate a speech regulation. The chapters begins with an analysis of the First Amendment law, as developed by the Supreme Court of the United States, the doctrine of which comprises a set of tools to flush out illicit motives and to invalidate legislative actions infected with such motives. It is shown, in particular, that the requirement that regulations be viewpoint neutral resonates with the fundamental principles of public reason (PR). The relationship between the harm of speech and the viewpoint represented by the speech under regulation is discussed, and then a distinction between regulations based on subject matter and those based on viewpoint is finetuned. It is also shown why this distinction is relevant to detecting and distinguishing between different putatively improper motivations of speech regulations, such as paternalism and intolerance. This analysis is offered by also using cases from Germany and New Zealand, in addition to the United States.
European Court of Human Rights in Pursuit of Public Reason?
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), which may serve as an exemplar of ‘supranational public reason’ (PR) in action. Some aspects of the Court’s arguments clearly presuppose the adoption of a public reason ideal as a yardstick for evaluating the consistency of laws with the Convention. The Court’s task in this respect has been greatly facilitated by a combination of, first, explicit catalogues of permissible legitimate aims that may justify restrictions on some rights, and second, a canonical proportionality analysis that assigns the assessment of legislative aims to a separate stage in argument. The Court has, however, almost always eschewed its authority to evaluate aims in this way. In particular, there are some problems with the use of the necessity criterion as a device for aims detection. These problems arise in particular when the Court accords a wide ‘margin of appreciation’ to a state under scrutiny, which corresponds to the lowering of the Court’s standard of scrutiny. Finally, there is the puzzling case of the ‘protection of morals’ as a legitimate ground for the restriction of rights, which has been interpreted by the Court in different ways, and occasionally in a way incompatible with the ideal of public reason.
English Humanism and the Reception of Virgil c. 1400-1550
Authors: Day Matthew 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This monograph reassesses how the spread of Renaissance humanism in England impacted the reception of Virgil. It begins with the first signs of humanist influence in the fifteenth century, and ends at the height of the English Renaissance during the mid-Tudor period. This period witnessed the first extant English translations of Virgil’s Aeneid, by William Caxton (1490), Gavin Douglas (1513) and the Earl of Surrey (c. 1543). It also marked the first printings of Virgil’s works in England by Richard Pynson (c. 1515) and Wynkyn de Worde (1510s–1520s). Through a fine-grained analysis of surviving manuscripts and early printed editions, the monograph questions how and to what extent Renaissance humanism impacted readers’ and translators’ approaches to Virgil. Building on current scholarship in the fields of book history, classical reception, and translation studies, it draws attention to substantial continuities between the medieval and humanist reception of Virgil’s works. Humanist study of Virgil, and indeed of classical poetry more generally, continued to draw many of its aims, methods, and conventions from well-established medieval traditions of learning. In emphasizing the very gradual pace of humanist development and the continuous influence of medieval scholarship, the monograph comes to a more qualified view of how humanism did and (just as importantly) did not affect Virgilian reading and translation. While recognizing humanist innovations and discoveries, it gives due attention to the understudied, yet far more numerous examples of consistency and traditionalism.
Multilateral Development Banks in a Fast-Changing World
Authors: Humphrey Chris 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis introductory chapter focuses on the unique organizational model of the multilateral development bank (MDB) and why its study is particularly relevant now as the international order reinvents itself after the end of the Cold War and Bretton Woods. After first defining what an MDB is compared to other, related types of organizations, the chapter proposes a framework for explaining many operational differences across MDBs based on the pressures they face as a result of their financial model (common to all MDBs) and the balance of power between non-borrowing and borrowing country members in MDB governance (different in each MDB). The later sections lay out how the book will proceed, including an overview of the chapters, data and interview sources, and topics the book does not address.
Who’s in Charge? Governance across MDBs
Authors: Humphrey Chris 
Published: January 2023

AbstractGovernance and politics are fundamental to understanding MDBs, and national governments are a key set of actors in shaping their policies and actions. It could hardly be otherwise, as MDBs are created and owned by groups of nation-states. Government interests cannot explain everything about MDBs, but many aspects of how MDBs act cannot be fully understood without taking member government interests into account. Member government interests enter into MDB activities first and foremost through mechanisms of governance: how the countries owning an MDB take decisions on policies and operations. The first part of this chapter proposes a theoretical framework to analyze how the interests of member countries help explain MDB characteristics and to systematically compare how the dynamics of national interest and governance rules play out in different MDBs. The second section examines the governance mechanisms and procedures of how decision-making actually takes place and describes similarities and divergences across the universe of MDBs.
The Legacy MDBs
Authors: Humphrey Chris 
Published: January 2023

AbstractFor decades, international development cooperation has been dominated by the World Bank in front, followed by the four major regional MDBs: the African, Asian and Inter-American Development Banks, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. These “legacy” MDBs—controlled predominantly by the U.S. and other G7 powers—have set the global development agenda, channeled hundreds of billions of financing for development projects, and have thousands of staff spread across almost every developing country on the planet. But they are were built around a set of geopolitical and economic relationships that are a legacy of decades past. The chapter outlines how the legacy MDBs are reacting to the evolving global context in which they find themselves. The chapter focuses on i) the politics surrounding MDB capitalization and capital adequacy and ii) business practices that weaken the relevance of the major MDBs to borrower countries. In each of these two areas, the chapter draws a causal link to their governance tensions and the pressures they face as a result of the imperatives of their financial model.
Floral Beauty in Weeds and Wildings
Authors: Marrs Cody 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores Melville’s uses of flowers and the communal experiences they bring about. Weeds and Wildings distributes aesthetic experience in ways that underscore the unnaturalness of sovereignty and property alike. Despite the apparent smallness of their subject, Melville’s floral poems contain a rather big idea: if possession is in fact “the whole of the law,” beauty is its absolute other, its reversal and negation. In his final book of poetry, Melville suggests that beauty is a widely shared experience, a force that binds the world together. And that idea, which is woven into his late works, reframes our understanding of Melville’s relation to a wide range of writers, artists, and philosophers, from Claude Lorrain to Arthur Schopenhauer.
Appalling Beauty in Moby-Dick
Authors: Marrs Cody 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers types of beauty that stun or bewilder. Such beauty recurs throughout Melville’s work, but it plays a particularly important role in Moby-Dick, leading Melville to distinguish between two points of view: Ahab’s theory of individuated personhood, according to which everyone has an identifiable self (including a whale who is capable of shocking violence), and a more open perspective that views personhood as broadly distributed and marked by interdependence. Whenever something beautiful comes into view, it subtly but powerfully dissolves the self—or what we previously considered the self—and pulls us toward one of these perspectives. This chapter assesses this dialectical treatment of personhood, attending in particular to the way the novel connects the beautiful to the sacred and depicts whales as akin to works of art.
Addressing Intersecting Inequalities through Alternative Economic Strategies
Authors: Elson Diane , Sharples Marion 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines inequalities in income, wealth, and health in the United Kingdom (UK) prior to Covid-19, focusing on class, gender; and race. It shows how these inequalities have intensified during the pandemic and discusses ways in which these inequalities could be reduced through alternative economic strategies put forward by feminist economists. Central to these strategies is public investment in care services. The chapter argues for going beyond this to make the whole economy a caring economy in which we give priority to care for one another and the planet in the ways in which we produce and consume all goods and services. Eight steps towards bringing this about are set out, steps which can be strengthened by redressing the imbalance between the commercial property rights of corporations and rentiers and the economic and social rights of disadvantaged people.
Towards a Prudential-Ordinative Understanding of Providence
Authors: Kopf Simon Maria 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the history of the doctrine of providence and its explication, there are at least two major Christian approaches: ‘actionistic’ and ‘prudential-ordinative’ providence. In contrast to the prevailing action-based, or ‘actionistic’, model, this chapter develops a ‘prudential-ordinative’ understanding of providence, by examining what is arguably the prime exemplification of this approach, Thomas Aquinas’ doctrine of providence, which is based on the virtue of prudence, not merely on human action. First, this chapter discusses the virtue of prudence and human providence as an analogy for divine providence. Next, it introduces the distinction between providence and government, as well as that between primary and secondary causation. Finally, the chapter addresses various objections brought forth against ‘double agency’. To this end, the chapter distinguishes Austin Farrer’s well-known theory of double agency from Aquinas’ approach, which, it is argued, is a decisively different account of ‘double agency’. Consequently, the objections raised against Farrer’s double agency do not eo ipso apply to Aquinas’ theory of secondary causation. In fact, the chapter shows that the major objections raised in the science and theology debate miss the so-called doctrine of divine application, which is essential to Aquinas’ theory of secondary causation and his account of providence.