bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benchmarking of Finite Element Codes for Radioactive Material Transportation Packages
Authors: Ammerman Douglas J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The increased power of computers and computer codes makes the use of nonlinear dynamic finite element analyses attractive for use as a tool used in the design and certification of radioactive material transportation packages. For this analysis technique to be acceptable it must be demonstrated the technique has the ability to accurately capture the response of the packages to accident environments required by the regulations. The best method of demonstrating this ability is via a series of benchmark analyses. In this paper three benchmark problems involving significant inelastic deformations will be discussed. One of the problems has been analyzed using many different finite element codes. The other two problems involve comparison of finite element calculations to the results from physical tests. The ability of the finite element method to accurately capture the response in these three problems indicates the method should be acceptable for radioactive material transportation package design and certification.
Equivalent In-Plane Shear Elastic-Plastic Properties of Thick Tubesheets
Authors: McClellan Grant H. , Kizhatil Revi K. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In the design of tubesheets, using elastic-plastic analysis methods, inaccuracy in the equivalent in-plane shear properties will have little effect on the final analysis results. For the pressure loading involved in the design of tubesheets, the effects of anti-plane shear will be much more significant. However, when thermal effects of the no-tube-lane are to be taken into account, the accuracy of the in-plane shear properties may have a significant effect on results. In such a case, special care in modelling the anisotropy may be necessary in order to obtain accurate elastic-plastic solutions. Previous investigation (Slot and Branca, 1974) of the equivalent properties for perforated plates with a triangular pitch utilizes a finite element model that is a symmetric portion of a single ligament in order to limit computer run-times. The boundary conditions utilized in this investigation are, therefore, somewhat approximate because they do not represent the true repetitive symmetry of an infinite perforated plate. In addition, the previous work on in-plane shear properties does not take into account the variation in the equivalent properties resulting from hole pattern orientation with respect to the in-plane shear forces loading the ligaments. The purpose of this investigation is to study the effect of the extent of the model on the computed equivalent in-plane shear elastic-plastic properties for a thick perforated plate with a triangular pitch. In addition, a method is proposed for determining an integrated average equivalent in-plane shear property to allow a more accurate elastic-plastic analysis.
Inelastic Constitutive Equations Including Strain Rate Effects
Authors: Maresca Giuseppe , Pino Giovanni 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Inelastic analysis can be applied to assess safety margins against explosions or impact loading sustained by confinement structures. To this purpose constitutive equations including strain rate effects must be managed in large displacement problems.
In this paper a finite strain generalization of the Hoenemser Prager and Perzyna models, allowing for work hardening and coupled to elastic equations, is presented. Related problems, like determination of physical parameters, response computation and model validation are briefly discussed.
Finally, the possibility to adopt, in the framework of this model, failure criteria allowing for large deformations is considered. To the purpose of testing this aspect of the model, an experimental campaign on cruciform specimens dynamically loaded is in progress at the Ispra European Joint Research Center on behalf of ANPA.
Inelastic Response of Foundations and Piping to High Dynamic Loads
Authors: Scavuzzo R. J. , Lam P. C. , Gau J. S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper is a review of the authors’ work on the inelastic response of foundations and pipes subjected to dynamic loading into the plastic regime. A test in which foundations were subjected to high impact shock loading is summarized along with design calculations that bound plastic deformations. A second program in which pressurized piping was subjected to high impact loading is also summarized. Some of the analytical work associated with this program is reported. Lastly, ratcheting of pressurized piping in dynamic tests and quasi-static tests as well as the comparison of these data to analyses are briefly reviewed.
Crashworthiness of the AT-400A Shipping Container
Authors: Gruda Jeffrey D. , York Allen R. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Shipping containers used for transporting radioactive material must be certified to federal regulations. These regulations require containers be tested or evaluated in severe mechanical and thermal environments which represent hypothetical accident scenarios. The containers can only be certified if the containment vessel remains leaktight. This paper presents results from finite element accident simulations which include subjecting an AT-400A to a 30-foot (9.1 m) drop onto an unyielding target and crushing the container with an 1100 lb (500 kg) steel plate dropped from 30 feet (9.1 m). The simulations were done using PRONTO3D, an explicit, transient dynamics code developed at Sandia National Laboratories. The finite element predictions were supported using test results. The simulations of various impacts and crushes identified trends, worst-case orientations, and also showed that there is a significant margin of safety based on the failure of the containment vessel.
Asymmetric, Fully Plastic Crack Growth Mechanics and Tests for Structures and Piping
Authors: McClintock F. A. , Kenney K. L. , Jung S. , Reuter W. G. , Parks D. M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Many structures damaged in recent earthquakes had cracks from welds that broke the flanges of beams, broke flanges from columns, or veered off, sometimes through columns. At least some structures were fully plastic during crack growth..
A complete asymmetric, plane strain, non-hardening, isotropic, rigid-plastic fracture mechanics is developed to predict such asymmetric crack growth from small specimen tests. For short cantilever specimens with an EDM slot across from an offset shoulder, slip line fields give the three crack tip driving parameters: a slip direction 58° to 77° from the transverse (loading) direction, a moderate mean normal stress, and a slip of about half the applied displacement. Tests on A710 steel, TS = 630 MPa, gave the crack tip growth responses at that mean normal stress: cracking within 4° of the observed slip direction and growth per unit slip of 3 to 5, somewhat low compared to other configurations and materials.
Scale Effects in Fracture of Pipelines
Authors: Mineev Vladimir Nikolaevith 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The sudden failures of forty three gas pipelines are discussed. The lengths of the cracks and the intervals from the beginning of the pipe operation until the instance of the accidents as a function of the pipeline diameters can described by the energetic scale effect: the difference in the reserves of the elastic energy in the pipelines of the different diameters.
A Consistent Inelastic Formulation Analogous to Elastic Problems With Variable Coefficients
Authors: Jahed H. , Dubey R. N. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A technique for solving boundary value problems for inelastic solids based on their elastic solution is presented. For this purpose, a constitutive equation for inelastic materials is proposed in terms of variable parameters, similar in form to linear elastic equation. A method of obtaining these parameters based on energy consideration is presented. The technique is applied to predict the elastic-plastic analysis of a flat plate with circular notch subjected to uniform all around tension. It is also used to obtain the residual stress field induced by cold work expansion of fastener holes. Results of this method are compared to those obtained from finite element analysis and experimental data.
General Nonlinear Analyses Using a Co-Rotational Finite Element Formulation
Authors: Jiang Lei 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In this paper, we describe the development of nonlinear analysis capabilities in our general-purpose finite element program, VAST, for combined geometrically and materially nonlinear analyses of shell and beam structures. This development is based on a co-rotational formulation, in which the total displacement field is divided into two parts. The first part corresponds to the rigid body motion and fully characterizes the geometric nonlinearity in the problem, whereas the second part represents the pure relative deformation and is solely involved in the constitutive relations. Because the co-rotational strain and stress measures adopted in this formulation meet the requirement of computational objectivity, the inclusion of nonlinear material models becomes relatively easy. In this study, the commonly used J2-flow theory of plasticity is considered. Various numerical integration algorithms for integrating the rate-type constitutive relations have been included along with the corresponding consistent tangent moduli. Mixed isotropic and kinematic strain hardening can also be characterized. To handle structural instabilities in general nonlinear analyses, a group of advanced solution strategies for nonlinear finite element systems have been implemented. Extensive numerical experiments have been conducted for verification purposes, and the accuracy and robustness of the current approach have been demonstrated.
A Probabilistic Model for Inelastic Deformation
Authors: Whaley Paul W. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A probabilistic model for inelastic deformation is described based on three scale domains to relate properties of the crystalline structure to mechanical response. The microdomain is the scale of the grain structure. Each microelement is composed of a strain-rate sensitive element, a strain-hardening element and a plastic slip element with the yield point modeled as a random variable. The mesodomain is the population of microelements, and the macrodomain is the scale of expected value calculations. The Rayleigh probability distribution function was used to model random yielding in a nickel based super-alloy. Isothermal results at several temperatures are presented. The model is capable of accurately predicting strain-rate history effects, reversed loading, nonproportional loading and creep.
Algorithms for Iterative Solution of Coupled Contact Constraints
Authors: Mello Frank J. , Heinstein Martin W. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Transient dynamic simulations of many manufacturing and forming problems are computationally dominated by contact detection and enforcement. This paper presents algorithms developed to predict correct contact conditions, improve the accuracy of the contact force calculation, and iteratively solve coupled contact constraints. An augmented predicted configuration is used to prevent contacts jumping between surfaces prematurely. An impedance-based kinematic partitioning factor is presented, which more accurately enforces the contact rate constraint. Finally, ghost nodes are introduced to allow an individual node to accumulate multiple contacts. Ghost nodes have unambiguous normals and their contact forces assemble in a straightforward way. An iterative scheme is required to properly account for constraint coupling. An illustrative numerical example is presented.
Adhesive Yielding in Single Lap Joints With Voids
Authors: Rossettos John. N. , Sturtevant Samuel. C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The shear stresses in the adhesive and the loads in the adherends are obtained for a single lap joint with an elastic-perfectly plastic adhesive. Using a shear lag model, the adhesive is divided into yielded, elastic and void regions and appropriate continuity conditions are utilized. Two non dimensional parameters are identified and involve the overlap length of the joint together with the material and geometric properties of the adherends and the adhesive. The post yield response is determined by calculating the ratio P0 / P0L, where P0 is the current non dimensional post yield load, and P0L is the corresponding load which starts adhesive yielding. This ratio is shown to be sensitive to the parameters, clearly indicating how values of these parameters and void size influence the post yield load carrying capacity of the joint, and how they can be valuable components in design.
Progress in Railway Mechanical Engineering: 1995–1996 Survey — Locomotives
Authors: Bieber A. C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This survey reports on motive power developments for the previous year ending August 1996. Invitations to participate were sent to a large number of locomotive builders throughout the world. The response this year was limited, possibly due to the many organizational changes that the locomotive manufacturing industry has undergone in recent years. Railway industry trade journals and other rail magazines provided additional input, however.
General information is presented on 4 diesel locomotives and 7 electric locomotives. For further details on any given design, the reader is urged to contact the builders.
Improvements and Tests of Slackfree Drawbar
Authors: McKeown Frank S. , Spencer Charles P. , Kaufhold Horst T. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
American Steel Foundries introduced the Slackfree® Drawbar System to the North American Railroads in 1983. The system operated without significant problems until early 1993 when a series of yard derailments was reported on the CP Rail System. Derailments reportedly took place under empty or lightly loaded three platform container well cars. These cars were equipped with a shorter length drawbar system, developed in 1991, during facing point moves (in buff) through number 9 turnouts.
A series of yard tests conducted by the CP Rail in 1993 concluded that a sufficient lateral load applied to the car at the striker casting height would initiate near wheel lift on the truck ahead of the drawbar system under an empty platform as the car negotiated the number 9 turnouts. Yard tests also showed that the steel components inside the drawbar assembly could interact with the car geometry in a way that inhibits free lateral angling of the drawbar as the car advanced through certain curves.
ASF initiated a series of laboratory tests to determine the behavior of the system under conditions simulating the CP Rail Yard experiences. Tests were designed specifically to determine what might contribute to higher than intended lateral forces on the system including: (1) Component manufacture (tolerance, etc.), (2) Effect of non-lubrication, (3) Dynamic component behavior and (4) The mechanics of binding or jamming.
The results of the extensive laboratory investigation revealed that heavy draft loads on the system caused deflections that allowed the slack adjusting wedge to over-adjust, which, in turn, tended to inhibit free lateral angling of the drawbar. A solution was developed which allows the wedge to take up slack due to wear within the system without over-adjusting when the system is heavily stretched.
Effects of Service on Residual Stresses in Sub-Critically Quenched Rail Car Axles
Authors: Woodbury Clifford A. , Pearson John B. , Downs William E. , Brandimarte Glenn 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Sub-critically quenched axles have been used in passenger rail cars for many years to obtain improved fatigue resistance. While the formation of axial compressive residual stresses by sub-critical quenching is well documented, it has been theorized that bending from service loads and high forces from mounting and demounting pressed-on axle components could possibly relax or relieve some or all of the beneficial stresses from the sub-critical quench. To test this theory, an axle with 11 years and an estimated 660,000 miles (1,056,000 km) of service was obtained for residual-stress measurements. A section of this axle was re-sub-critically quenched by the same procedure as when new. Residual stresses in this comparison section and the service axle were measured by both X-ray diffraction and ASTM E837 hole drilling methods. Axial compressive stresses found at the surface of the service axle were 15 to 18 percent lower than those on the surface of the re-heat treated section, and residual stresses levels tapered off with depth. After making an allowance for final machining of the service axle when it was manufactured, it is concluded that the 11 years of service and maintenance operations caused no significant reduction in axial residual compressive stresses.
Progress in Railway Mechanical Engineering: 1995–1996 Report of Survey Committee — Passenger and Commuter Rail Vehicles and Components
Authors: Smith Charles M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This annual ASME committee report covers major worldwide developments in rail passenger and commuter vehicle equipment. The information contained herein was obtained from the responses to survey letters sent to the manufacturers of passenger rail vehicles and components, and from a review of the trade and technical publications.
Three-Piece Truck Development and Testing
Authors: Hawthorne V. Terrey , Wronkiewicz Robert D. , Moehling Charles , Pitchford Terry L. , McKeown Frank S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A light weight carbody/truck system has been developed jointly by Johnstown America Corporation and American Steel Foundries. Johnstown America developed a light weight aluminum “bathtub” gondola and American Steel Foundries developed a new design freight car truck which has been designated as the ASF-2001™ truck. This carbody/truck system has been subjected to an extensive evaluation test program including the various AAR Chapter XI test regimes.
This report describes the design effort to reduce the weight of three-piece trucks by eliminating a portion of the redundant load path between the carbody bolster and truck bolster.
The goal, to reduce the carbody bolster and the truck bolster weights while maintaining acceptable dynamic stability and truck turning resistance, is realized by proper optimization of these parameters. The design approach to select the bolster support location is described.
In the process of developing this truck using NUCARS and Chapter XI testing, a unique variable-damped, dual-rate, load-coil spring group was developed. In conjunction with this load-coil system, a dual-rate, control-spring system was designed to permit this truck to satisfactorily pass the difficult bunched spiral test.
A revised truck bolster fatigue test to evaluate a side support bolster is proposed.
Strategies for Analysis of Textile Composites
Authors: Whitcomb John D. , Noh Jae , Chapman Clinton 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Textile composites can take many forms (eg. weaves, braids, knits, etc.), but in each case there is interlacing of the fiber bundles. This interlacing offers the potential for increased damage growth resistance. It also introduces waviness in the fibers and complicates prediction of composite properties. Figure 1 shows schematics which illustrate the complex microstructure for weaves. A variety of analyses for analyzing the textile composites have been proposed in recent years. These range from modified laminated plate theory (eg. Ishikawa and Chou (1982, 1983), and Naik (1992)) to fully three-dimensional models (eg. Whitcomb (1991), Dasgupta (1994)). In some cases there has been “verification” of an analysis by comparison with experiments. While such comparisons are essential, they do not provide a complete story. Because of uncertainties in the actual tow architecture, variation of fiber fraction, and in situ constituent properties, it is quite possible for analytical predictions and experimental observations to agree, but for the wrong reasons. A useful compliment to comparison of a single analysis to experimental results is a comparison of several analyses which are based on a wide range of simplifying assumptions. Since the “virtual specimen” is known with much greater accuracy than a real one, it is possible to identify with much greater certainty the validity (or error) of various approximations. Of course, this procedure has its own weaknesses. The main weakness is that the various approximations are being evaluated for an idealized geometric model of the composite (since the real geometry is too complex). Conclusions based on an idealized geometry do not necessarily hold for the “real thing”. In spite of this risk, it is proposed that significant insight can be obtained.
In Situ Damage and Failure Observation in Model Carbon-Carbon Laminates Containing Planar Yarn Crimping
Authors: Roy Ajit K. , Anderson David P. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The two-dimensional carbon-carbon composite is an emerging class of material for high temperature applications. However, the structural application of two-dimensional carbon-carbon composites is currently very limited due to lack of understanding of failure mechanism under mechanical loading. The fiber reinforcement in two-dimensional carbon-carbon composites is normally in fabric form, mostly in satin weave. Failure in woven composites, in general, occurs in the vicinity of yarn crimping (due to two perpendicular yarns crimping over and under to each other, Figure 1) where the stress in known to be three-dimensional (Whitcomb, 1991). Due to the presence of two perpendicular yarns crimping at the failure location, there exists a difficulty in identifying experimentally the influence of the stress components on the failure of two-dimensional carbon-carbon composites.
Durability and Damage Tolerance Certification of Composite Structures
Authors: Deo R. B. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Several recent applications of polymer matrix, graphite fiber composites to operational aircraft structures have illustrated a need for well defined approaches or methodologies to demonstrate compliance with airworthiness certification requirements. This paper presents a review of the currently used compliance criteria, substantiating data required, and the methodologies available to address durability and damage tolerance certification of aircraft composite primary structures.
Use of Stacking Model of the Linear Inhomogeneous Layer Elements
Authors: Ohyoshi Tadashi , Sui Guangjun , Miura Kimihisa 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Various numerical results of backscatter from an inhomogeneous stacking layer are obtained by the use of the linear inhomogeneous layer element, LILE. The stacking of LILE provides us an excellent analytical model for wave motion in inhomogeneous materials. Extensive numerical calculation of the reflecting energy to a wide frequency range by using the model is very important to inspect the effective use of the model. Reflectance curves developed as a function of the incident wave number, are therefore presented in a wide frequency range and discussed on the relation between layered structure of a composite and the backscatter intensity. And further, numerical results of backscatter from a defected layer inside a composite are developed in graph. Examinations of the relative error in the computational reflectance to white noise incidence, are also made to know the required number of stacking elements. When the backscatter calculation to a complex composite is made with comparatively high frequency waves, the superiority of the LILE stacking model is recognized.