bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Cellular Transfer of Tuberculin Sensitivity in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Metaxas M. N. , Metaxas-Buehler M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The following evidence is presented to show that tuberculin sensitivity passively induced in normal guinea pigs by means of peritoneal exudate cells from donors sensitized with BCG in Freund's adjuvants is not preceded by a latent period. In animals given cells intravenously and tested at the same time by the intradermal, intracorneal, or intraperitoneal injection of tuberculin, typical local or systemic reactions are produced. The same is true when cells and tuberculin are mixed and injected into the skin, or when cells are administered by the intraperitoneal route and the recipients are simultaneously tested by systemic tuberculin injection. Typical local reactions can also be induced by “reverse transfer”, i.e., by injecting cells intravenously into animals skin-tested 3 to 24 hours earlier. By contrast, cutaneous reactivity in guinea pigs which have received cells intraperitoneally is not established until about 20 hours after cell transfer.
Minimal and maximal skin reactivity are induced, under the conditions of these experiments, by the intravenous injection of about 0.05 and 0.3 ml moist packed cells, respectively. In animals given equivalent amounts of cells intravenously, the reactions to multiple intradermal test doses of tuberculin are markedly weaker than the reaction to a single dose, a phenomenon that has been previously described by others in passively induced Arthus reactivity.
In corroboration of the results reported by other workers, it has been observed that transferred tuberculin sensitivity does not last longer than a few days and that, after freezing or heating, cells lose their capacity for passive sensitization.
The bearing of these findings on the possible mechanism of the tuberculin reaction is discussed, and it is suggested that the response of passively sensitized animals is brought about by a direct interaction between tuberculin and transferred cells.
An Evaluation of the Roller-Tube Tissue Culture for the Isolation of Poliomyelitis Viruses from Feces
Authors: Kibrick Sidney , Enders John F. , Robbins Frederick C. , Chang Yinette 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Single fecal specimens from 216 patients were examined for the presence of poliomyelitis viruses by means of the roller-tube tissue culture technique employing mostly human tissues. Twenty-five additional specimens had previously been found positive for virus by an alternate technique. Specimens from which no virus was obtained at first were re-examined by modified procedures permitting the use of large quantities of material as inocula. A comparison of the efficiency of the various procedures for isolation of these agents is given and the results correlated with the clinical diagnoses. Virus was recovered from 96% of patients diagnosed as paralytic poliomyelitis, thus attesting to the sensitivity of the procedures. In contrast, these agents were obtained from only 43% of subjects diagnosed as nonparalytic poliomyelitis. A number of unidentified viruses were also recovered.
A comparison of the sensitivity of various human tissues in the detection of poliomyelitis virus is also presented along with similar data for monkey and human kidney tissues.
Application of the techniques that have been described may be expected to result in a high incidence of virus recoveries from feces of patients with poliomyelitis.
The antigenic type of each of the poliomyelitis viruses isolated has been determined. No difference in the distribution of viral types between paralytic and nonparalytic cases of the disease was observed.
Studies of Antibodies to Strains of Influenza Virus in Persons of Different Ages in Sera Collected in a Postepidemic Period
Authors: Hennessy A. V. , Davenport F. M. , Francis T. , Fabisch Phyllis 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Comparison of antibody content of pre- and postepidemic collections of sera pooled by ages showed an increase in the average antibody level of the population in the postepidemic period. Increase in antibody was most marked in the childhood age range when it was measured with recent A-prime isolates. This correlates with the known high incidence of influenza in childhood. Reinforcement of antibody to older strains, i.e., PR8 and swine virus, was demonstrated in adults. These results were in accordance with the concept that the initial infections of childhood orient the antibody-forming mechanism, so that experience later in life to antigenically similar strains confers progressive reinforcement of the primary antibody, which then characterizes that part of the population throughout life.
The findings taken in conjunction with an analysis of antibody content of individual sera collected from consecutive age groups in a post-epidemic period demonstrated that with experience not only is the antibody mechanism oriented by the initial infections of childhood, but that, with experience, antibody reacting with successively prevalent strains is added. This results in a continuing broadening of the antibody spectrum with age which confers the immunity of the older age groups in the population.
The analysis of the antibody levels of individual sera showed a few individuals in childhood and adolescence also to have antibody against major antigens of viruses which are no longer prevalent. This indicates that strains with major antigens of older viruses have had a limited circulation in recent years.
The age at which antibody against older prototype strains appears and the age range at which antibody is present in greatest amount, as well as the general configuration of patterns of antibody distribution in the population, as shown in this study with pools of human sera and with groups of individual sera, are very similar results to those of the previous study (1). Three independent samples, then, demonstrated the serological recapitulation of the history of the experience with variants of influenza virus.
Suppression of Influenza Viral Pneumonia in Mice by the Non-Specific Action of Xerosin
Authors: Ginsberg Harold S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
After intranasal inoculation of 108.0 E.I.D. or more of CAM virus into mice, the acid precipitable material, Xerosin, from culture filtrates of Achromobacter Xerosis, n.sp. limited the development of pneumonia but did not alter the formation of non-infectious viral particles. Xerosin, however, did not diminish the lethal effects of Newcastle disease virus infection of chick embryos, nor did it inhibit the severe damage inflicted by this agent upon Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. In the mouse lung Xerosin suppressed lesions produced by chemical irritants in a manner similar to its inhibitory action upon viral pneumonia in mice. The action of Xerosin was shown not to be the result of a cortisone-like activity. Histologic studies indicated that Xerosin did not act to prevent damage of the specific host cells of influenza viruses, namely, the epithelial cells lining bronchi and bronchioles, but rather inhibited secondary reactions which lead to edema, hemorrhage and cellular infiltration manifested as pneumonia.
The Recovery of Tetanus Antitoxin from Toxin-Antitoxin Precipitates
Authors: Bolyn A. E. , Moskowitz M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Various factors affecting the recovery of tetanus antitoxin from toxin-antitoxin floccules by proteolytic enzyme action have been studied to determine the optimum conditions for the reaction. The highest recovery of antitoxin was obtained by treating floccules obtained from an over-neutralized concentrated toxin-antitoxin mixture with pepsin at pH 3.0 and in the absence of electrolyte.
Evidence is presented which possibly explains why antitoxin can be recovered from toxin-antitoxin floccules and not from toxoid-antitoxin floccules by the action of pepsin.
The Hemagglutinins of Semliki Forest and Bunyamwera Viruses, Their Demonstration and Use
Authors: Clarke D. H. , Theiler M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A technique is described for the preparation of hemagglutinins for Semliki Forest and Bunyam wera viruses from infected suckling mouse serum. The titer of hemagglutinin appeared to be related to the infective titer of the serum. No hemagglutinin could be demonstrated for either virus in suckling mouse brain despite a high infective virus titer.
Specificity tests with homologous and heterologous immune mouse sera demonstrated the relative specificity of the Semliki antigen and the absolute specificity of the Bunyamwera in HI tests.
HI tests were carried out with selected human sera previously studied by neutralization test with the two viruses. Correlation between the two types of test was obtained with 73% of the sera for Semliki and 87% of the sera for Bunyamwera.
It is suggested that the antigens are of value for preliminary survey purposes and perhaps for diagnosis of recent infection. The technique of antigen production should be useful for the identification of these viruses as well as being applicable to other viruses.
Cytopathogenic Effect of Antiserum to Human Malignant Epithelial Cells (Strain HeLa) on HeLa Cell Culture
Authors: Mountain Isabel Morgan 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits were immunized by repeated intravenous injections of culture fluid in which HeLa cells had been grown and ruptured. No anaphylactic reactions were observed with the schedule followed. The serum of the rabbits before immunization showed no untoward effect on HeLa cells in stationary tube culture. After immunization the rabbits' serum developed the capacity to agglutinate and lyse HeLa cells in culture. In contrast, serum of rabbits immunized with maintenance solution without cellular antigens did not affect HeLa cells in culture.
The anti-HeLa effect could be demonstrated inmedium containing either horse serum or human serum. The anti-HeLa property of antiserum could be removed by adsorption with HeLa cell suspension. The reaction on six other tissues of human origin cultured on glass have been tested, but the specificity of the reaction needs further study.
The “antibody” responsible was resistant to exposure to 56°C for one-half hour, or for two weeks at 4°C. The anti-HeLa effect was not found to be enhanced by the presence of fresh normal guinea pig serum at 1:15 or 1:20 final dilution. However, in the presence of 1:4 dilution of normal guinea pig serum a predominantly lytic effect occurred when the serum was fresh, in contrast to the agglutination reaction observed in inactivated serum.
The possibility of such an anti-tissue reaction should be considered when attempting to produce antisera to agents growing in tissue culture. The reaction may prove useful for releasing parasitic organisms from the intracellular position in tissue culture. It may also serve in studies of host-parasite relationships by employing antibodies to antigens of cellular as well as of parasitic origin.
The Demonstration of an Antibody against Complement
Authors: McKee Albert P. , Jeter W. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method for the preparation of antibody against several complements has been described. This is a true antibody and not what is ordinarily understood as anticomplementary activity for the following reasons: The antibody gives a classical primary and secondary immune response to parenterally injected complement.It reacts with its homologous complement, fixing heterologous complement, to produce a positive complement-fixation test.It is inhibited by unheated homologous complement but not to any extent by heated homologous complement.It can be removed by adsorption with homologous complement.
Varying degrees of cross-reaction were shown to exist between the anticomplements and heterologous complements tested.
Incorporation of Glycine-2-C14 into Homologous Antibody by Rabbit Tissue Slices
Authors: Keston Albert S. , Katchen Bernard 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A controlled system has been designed for the in vitro study of antibody synthesis. To avoid difficulties in interpretation, coprecipitation of radioactive impurities has been controlled by comparison of the radioactivity in a homologous specific precipitate to that in a closely related heterologous specific precipitate made in the same medium.
Animals exhibiting the anamnestic response were superior for the in vitro study of antibody synthesis.
Synthesis of radioactive antibody was demonstrated in isolated rabbit spleen, lymph node, lung and liver slices.
Production of radioactive antibody in each organ studied is in accord with the concentration and distribution of cell types believed to be responsible for antibody synthesis.
Studies on the Antigenicity of Modified Fluid Gelatin
Authors: Maurer Paul H. , Lebovitz H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been shown that modified fluid gelation (MFG) was antigenic in the rabbit only upon injection in a water-in-oil emulsion. MFG was not antigenic in man upon 5 intramuscular injections. Further studies with MFG are indicated before definite conclusions are reached as to its antigenicity in man. It appears that a great part of the serological specificity of the antibodies to MFG is directed against the succinyl groupings. The effect of various acids on the solubility of the MFG-anti-MFG precipitates has been presented.
Non-Specific Viral Inactivating Substance (Vis) in Human and Mammalian Sera
Authors: Karzon David T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The heat-labile viral inactivating substance (VIS) against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was studied in human and rabbit sera.
Four procedures for the inhibition of VIS were demonstrated, namely treatment with 1) trypsin, 2) streptokinase, 3) ethylenediamine-tetraacetate, and 4) tissues. The inhibition of VIS by streptokinase appeared to be effected by the conversion of plasminogen to its active form, plasmin. The temperature sensitivity of VIS and the enzymatic destruction of VIS by trypsin and streptokinase indicate that VIS activity depends upon the integrity of a labile serum protein. Tissue inhibition of VIS was greatest in the kidney, moderate in spleen, brain, lung, liver and chick embryo, less in muscle, and minimal or entirely absent in red blood cells and extraembryonic fluids of the chick embryo. The VIS inhibitor in tissues was found associated with the nuclear, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions.
Destruction of VIS by the above inhibitors failed to release infectious virus after the VIS-virus union had taken place. Also, dilution of a “neutral” mixture of virus and VIS, or addition thereto of large amounts of inactive virus, failed to reactivate virus in either instance. Thus the present data indicate that the virus is irreversibly inactivated by VIS. In this respect, the union of NDV with VIS appears to be fundamentally different from the binding of NDV by specific antibody. Serum VIS directed against NDV was further found to differ significantly from another nonspecific viral inhibitor, the β inhibitor of influenzal infectivity.
Based upon the existence of circulating VIS, serum proteases which potentially may alter the level of VIS, and an intracellular inhibitor of VIS, a system of “species” or “natural” resistance to NDV is postulated.
Use of Fallopian Tube As Source of Tissue in the Cultivation of Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Pizarro Enriqueta , Pérez-Rebelo Rodolfo 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The use of the fallopian tube as a source of tissue for the cultivation of poliomyelitis viruses is suggested. This tissue supports the growth of the virus and shows the typical cytopathogenic effect. The fallopian tube can be used advantageously as it is a good source of sterile tissue, is easily obtained, and grows faster than other mature tissues.
Studies of Chemotaxis in a Simple Chamber Including Observations Using Cells from Allergic Human Subjects and Their Allergens
Authors: Smith Jeanne Montgomery 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A relatively simple method of observing granulocyte migration and chemotactic activity is described. It is a modification of the technique of Martin et al. (1) and it makes possible a permanent preparation for the observation of chemotaxis and the phenomena occurring when polymorphonuclear leukocytes meet bacteria or other objects placed in their path.
Observations with this preparation are described.
The response of the leukocytes to a strain of S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, and C. albicans were the same in bloods from all the subjects studied. This was true irrespective of positive or negative delayed skin reaction to the organism used in the preparations.
With the strains of streptococcus and pneumococcus, observations were less constant.
A halo appearance seen in some preparations but not others when chicken blood was used with fragments of Rous sarcoma is illustrated.
Antigenic Studies on the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Venereum Group of Viruses
Authors: Benedict Albert A. , McFarland Clarence 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The time of onset of cutaneous hypersensitivity in chickens infected with ornithosis virus was related to the LD50 used for infection. Hypersensitivity developed within 4 weeks of infection and was detected for 1 year after infection. Complement-fixation inhibition antibody appeared earlier in the infection than detectable allergy, although after 7 weeks of infection the serological and skin-test methods agreed in approximately 80% of the infected chickens. The skin-test antigen was resistant to periodate, trypsin, desoxyribonuclease, and exposure to 90°C. The complement-fixing and allergenic activities were separated by ultracentrifugal sedimentation of the complement-fixing antigen. The skin-test antigen was standardized on a nitrogen basis in guinea pigs and chickens.
Vaccination Against Smallpox
Authors: Elisberg Bennett L. , McCown Jack M. , Smadel Joseph E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the United States vaccination against smallpox usually is accomplished by percutaneous inoculation of calf lymph employing the multiple pressure technique. This method is time consuming; moreover, success or failure in eliciting a vaccinial reaction depends largely on the skill of the vaccinator. Because of these drawbacks another method was sought which might be more suitable for the rapid immunization of large groups of people by relatively untrained personnel. The use of a jet injection apparatus for inoculating vaccinia virus appeared to be worth investigating for a number of reasons. A known quantity of material is introduced into the recipient, a portion of which lodges intradermally while the majority reaches the subcutaneous tissues forming a cone shaped pattern with the apex at the point of entrance (1). Since no needle is used, contamination of the instrument by such blood-borne microbial agents as malaria or serum hepatitis is avoided and frequent sterilization of the jet injection apparatus is unnecessary.
Heterogeneity in Extent of the Combining Regions of Human Antidextran
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
As inhibitors of the dextran-human 1 → 6 antidextran system on a molar basis, the series isomaltohexaose τ; isomaltopentaose τ; isomaltotetraose &gt; isomaltotriose was found. The ratio of inhibiting power of these oligosaccharides to one another varied in the serum of different individuals, but remained quite constant in serum samples obtained from a given individual without further immunization over a 3-year period. The data are best interpreted as indicating that the antidextran combining sites produced by a single individual are not homogeneous with respect to the extent of their complementary areas but range in dimensions from sites complementary to a trisaccharide or tetrasaccharide to those complementary at least to a hexasaccharide. The significance of these findings in relation to specificity and cross reactions is discussed.
A “Hemolysin” Associated with Leptospirae
Authors: Russell Catherine M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Of 11 species of Leptospira, 5 produce hemolysin for sheep red blood cells. L. pomona produces the greatest amount of hemolysin; smaller amounts are produced by L. autumnalis, L. australis, L. canicola, and L. grippotyphosa. Hemolysin of L. pomona exhibits strong activity against sheep erythrocytes, slight activity on human and rabbit erythrocytes, and little or no activity on guinea pig erythrocytes. The hemolysin is heat labile but is not altered by repeated freezing and thawing. Hemolysin is neutralized by antiserum from immunized rabbits.
Studies on the Role of Histamine in the Increased Susceptibility to Bacterial Endotoxins Induced by Pertussis Vaccine
Authors: Abernathy Robert S. , Spink Wesley W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The injection of Hemophilus pertussis vaccine increased the susceptibility to histamine in Swiss-Webster mice but not in ABC mice. Injections of intact brucella cells or of brucella endotoxin did not increase susceptibility to histamine in either Swiss-Webster or ABC mice. Both Swiss-Webster and ABC mice demonstrated an increased susceptibility to bacterial endotoxins after pertussis vaccine. Pertussis vaccination did not alter the susceptibility of Swiss-Webster mice to the histamine-releasing agent, 48/80. Pertussis vaccination abolished the protective action of chlorpromazine against endotoxin but did not alter the protection afforded by adrenocorticosteroids. The relationship between susceptibility to endotoxin and susceptibility to histamine following pertussis vaccine is discussed.
Effect of 500 r Whole Body Irradiation on the Cellular Composition of the Peritoneal Fluid Following an Intraperitoneal Injection of Antigen in Mice
Authors: Speirs R. S. , Jansen V. , Speirs E. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of 500 r whole body irradiation on the cellular composition of peritoneal fluid prior to and following an intraperitoneal injection of fluid tetanus toxoid was studied. It was noted that: Irradiation given prior to antigen injection greatly reduced the number of eosinophil and mononuclear cells in the peritoneal fluid and prevented the increase of these cells in response to the antigen in both immunized and nonimmunized mice. The inhibitory effect was marked for 14 days and was still evident on the 42nd day after irradiation.Irradiation given at various times after the antigen injection also reduced the concentration of mononuclear cells in the peritoneal fluid and consistently inhibited the mononuclear response to the antigen injection in both immunized and nonimmunized mice.Irradiation given after the antigen injection varied in its effect upon the concentration of eosinophil cells depending upon the immunity of the animal to the toxoid and the time of irradiation relative to the injection. In nonimmunized animals irradiation had an inhibitory effect on the number of eosinophils. In immunized animals, irradiation 24 or 72 hr after the challenging injection did not inhibit the 4-day eosinophil response, and in some animals an increased concentration of eosinophils occurred. By the 7th day there was a significant decrease in the concentration of eosinophils as compared to the nonirradiated mice.The relation of mononuclear and eosinophil cells to immune responses was discussed. It was noted that there did not appear to be a correlation between the effects of irradiation on the mononuclear cell response and the ability of the animal to produce antitoxins. On the other hand there did appear to be a correlation between the effects of irradiation on the eosinophil response and on the ability of the mice to produce antitoxins. It was suggested that eosinophils are part of the antibody forming mechanism and may form the enzymatic template which is phagocytized and utilized by the mononuclear cells to form antibody.