bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SAA suppression of immune response in vitro: evidence for an effect on T cell-macrophage interaction.
Authors: Aldo-Benson M A , Benson M D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
SAA has been shown previously to inhibit the in vitro antibody response of normal murine spleen cells to SRBC. This effect is nonspecific but does not directly suppress B cells. To evaluate the mechanisms of this suppression, the in vitro antibody response to SRBC was studied using cells from cytoxan-treated mice. No evidence for preformed suppressor cells was found. Also, preincubation of normal cells with SAA failed to reveal evidence for the generation of suppressor cells in vitro. The addition of 2-mercaptoethanol to cultures completely reversed the suppression caused by SAA. Addition of either normal T cells or normal macrophages to cultures partially reversed suppression caused by SAA, but only a combination of T cells and macrophages could completely reverse the suppression. These data are consistent with an effect of SAA on macrophage-T cell interaction in the generation of the immune response to T-dependent antigen. No evidence for the participation of suppressor cells as has been demonstrated for alpha-fetoprotein was found.
Induction of anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) by allogeneic intraocular tumors does not require splenic metastases.
Authors: Niederkorn J Y , Streilein J W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID), induced by intracameral injection of allogeneic tumor cells, is expressed in three distinct ways: 1) progressive growth of intraocular tumors, 2) specific suppression of systemic allograft immunity, and 3) transient growth of allogeneic tumors injected subcutaneously. Induction of ACAID requires that alloantigen presentation occur via the anterior chamber; injection by other routes failed to elicit this phenomenon. Antigenic material must remain in the anatomically intact eye for at least 10 days; removal of the injected dye before this time prevented the establishment of ACAID. The similar temporal requirement for an anatomically intact spleen confirms the validity of the concept of a camero-splenic axis for processing of intracamerally injected alloantigens. Deployment of an alternate model of ACAID, using LP/J mice injected intracamerally with B16F10 melanoma, showed the antigen-specific inductive signal for ACAID (transmitted via the camero-splenic axis) was not in the form of viable alloantigen-bearing tumor cells that metastasize to the spleen. B16F10 melanoma cells were never found in the spleens or any other extraocular sites after intracameral injection, despite the fact these mice manifested ACAID and harbored enormous ocular tumors. The data emphasize that intraocular processing of antigens is a unique and dynamic phenomenon with significant, systemic immunologic consequences.
An erythrocyte and serum antigen with a specificity antithetical to the mouse C4 associated H-2.7 antigen.
Authors: Passmore H C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Repeated immunization of intra-H-2 recombinant strain A.TBR16 with lymphoid tissue from strain A.TBR13 produced an antiserum that agglutinated the erythrocytes from inbred strains of mice carrying the b, d, r, q, u, wr7, w13, w17, w19, and w21 haplotypes of the H-2 complex. The antiserum was negative with erythrocytes of strains carrying the haplotypes f, j, k, p, and s. This pattern of reactivity among fifteen H-2 haplotypes is unlike the strain distribution for any known H-2 erythrocyte antigen, and is exactly antithetical to the S region-controlled H-2.7 antigen. An examination of 12 intra-H-2 recombinant haplotypes mapped the genetic determinant controlling the new antigen to the IC or S regions of the H-2 complex. In addition, hemagglutination inhibition studies revealed the antigen was also expressed in serum and plasma. The serologic, genetic, and tissue distribution data suggest the gene controlling the newly defined antigen is allelic to the gene controlling the H-2.7 antigen.
Subcellular distribution of particle-associated antigens in Trypanosoma rhodesiense.
Authors: McLaughlin J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Bloodstream forms of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma rhodesiense were subjected to analytic cell fractionation procedures using isopycnic sucrose gradient centrifugation. The fractions obtained were analyzed using fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis, which revealed the most antigenic components to be associated with particles sedimenting between density increments of 1.10 to 1.15 and 1.20 and 1.22. From the distribution of various marker enzymes and the fluorogenic label fluorescamine, these particle populations were identified as derived from flagella pocket and surface membrane, respectively. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of postulated flagella pocket and surface membrane fractions demonstrated at least seven and 10 distinct antigens, respectively, with only limited cross-reactivity. On the basis of crossed affini-immunoelectrophoresis four to five of each of these membrane antigens were glycoproteins, being precipitated in a concanavalin A-containing gel. Of the various detergent treatments used, it was found that optimum extraction of these glycoprotein antigens was achieved using the zwitterionic detergent Zwittergent 3-12 (0.1%) in the presence of 0.4% Triton X-100. Fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis also revealed a single prominent antigen associated with a particle population having an equilibrium density of approximately 1.180, which was identified as lysosomal from the distribution of marker enzymes. Other intracellular sites were not significantly antigenic.
Delineation of four antigenic sites on a paramyxovirus glycoprotein via which monoclonal antibodies mediate distinct antiviral activities.
Authors: Yewdell J , Gerhard W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Six hybridoma antibodies specific for the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) molecule of the parainfluenza type 1 virus strain 6/94 were used to demonstrate the existence of four distinct antigenic sites on the HN molecule. Three of the sites (A, B-C, D) are topologically nonoverlapping, because antibodies to these sites bind noncompetitively to the HN molecule. Two sites (B, C) are operationally nonoverlapping, because mutations in site B do not detectably modify the antigenic site C. Although antibodies to each site had similar potencies (activity per microgram of antibody) in hemagglutination inhibition tests, antibodies to sites A and C or D differed approximately 100-fold in their potency to neutralize virus. Also, the antibody to site A strongly inhibited viral neuraminidase activity, whereas antibodies to sites C and D (and to a lesser extent to site B) enhanced the neuraminidase activity. Lastly, only antibodies to sites C and D formed precipitates in Ouchterlony double diffusion against detergent-disrupted virus. Because all six anti-HN antibodies are of IgG isotype and exhibited similar avidity for HN, these findings suggest that the ability of anti-HN antibodies to interact with the viral protein and to alter viral functions is largely dependent on their fine specificity.
The presence of sialic acid on two related bacterial polysaccharides determines the site of the primary immune response and the effect of complement depletion on the response in mice.
Authors: Markham R B , Nicholson-Weller A , Schiffman G , Kasper D L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have examined the antibody responses in mice to two structurally similar antigens: the capsular polysaccharide of type 3 group B streptococci (sssGBS 3) and the capsular polysaccharide of type 14 pneumococci (sssPn 14), which differ only in the presence of a terminal sialic acid on the side chain of the former. The cells that produce antibody to the nonsialated antigen (sssPn 14) reside in the spleen, whereas the cells that produce antibody to the sialated antigen (sssGBS 3) do not. Cobra venom factor treatment of the mice before immunization abrogates the antibody response to the nonsialated antigen, but does not affect the response to the sialated antigen.
Soluble bacterial antigen induces specific helper and cytotoxic responses by human lymphocytes in vitro.
Authors: Hank J A , Sondel P M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fresh human T lymphocytes respond proliferatively to soluble antigens, such as PPD, provided the cell donor has been immunized to those antigens in vivo. This proliferative response requires the addition of antigen-presenting cells bearing autologous HLA-D antigens. This report demonstrates that the proliferative response to PPD activates a collaborative response that aids in the activation of alloreactive cytotoxic T cells (Tc). Furthermore, the proliferative response to "soluble" PPD alone activates a population of Tc specifically able to destroy autologous target cells passively labeled with PPD. Allogeneic PPD-labeled targets are killed less effectively. This PPD-specific cytotoxicity is not inhibited by soluble PPD, but is competitively inhibited by PPD-labeled autologous cells. Thus, in vitro stimulation with "soluble" bacterial antigen activates both helper and cytotoxic recognition of antigen-altered self by a mechanism comparable to the recognition of viral or hapten-altered cells.
Ia antigen expression and antigen-presenting function by macrophages isolated from hypersensitivity granulomas.
Authors: Stadecker M J , Wyler D J , Wright J A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Macrophages were isolated from granulomas elicited in the liver by the eggs of the trematode Schistosoma mansoni. They were analyzed for the expression of determinants encoded by the I-A subregion of the major histocompatibility complex and for their ability to present antigen in a T cell proliferation assay. Seventy-five to 81% of the macrophages were found to bear I-A antigens after 24 hr in culture; they also were shown to be effective in carrying out antigen-presenting function. Subsequent in vitro cultivation for up to 4 days demonstrated a progressive loss of I-A molecules, which correlated with a corresponding reduction in antigen-presenting capability. The latter was antigen-specific, blocked by monoclonal antibody directed against I-A, and abrogated after depletion of I-A-positive macrophages. Populations of macrophages from hepatic egg granulomas were richer in I-A-positive cells, and were more effective in terms of antigen-presenting capability compared to those obtained from foreign body-type granulomas. These observations suggest a central role for macrophages from infectious granulomas in the induction and maintenance of immunity and hypersensitivity.
Assays for the Sm and RNP autoantigens: the requirement for RNA and influence of the tissue source.
Authors: White P J , Billings P B , Hoch S O 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The disease systemic lupus erythematosus is characterized by antibodies directed against two nuclear antigens, designated Sm and RNP. The two antigens from any one tissue can be distinguished on the basis of the polypeptides recognized by anti-Sm and anti-RNP specific sera. Multiple polypeptides were associated with RNP isolated from rabbit thymus. To determine if these polypeptides were species-specific, a comparison was made of this antigen among different mammalian species. We report that the native RNP antigen has a m.w. of 70,000 and is readily susceptible to proteolysis generating smaller polypeptides that still retain antigenicity. Such an analysis also demonstrated multiple Sm-specific polypeptides, including species of 13,000 and 29,000 m.w. Because the immunoreactive species are protein in nature, the role of RNA for the detection of Sm and RNP by assay procedures such as immunodiffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis was examined. RNP, while still antigenically active, becomes insoluble after RNAse treatment; Sm remains largely soluble after such treatment. Both antigens can be reconstituted from their separated protein and RNA moieties with restoration of precipitin reactivity.
Relationship between the rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes, the appearance of a B lymphocyte antigen, and immunoglobulin synthesis in murine pre-B cell lines.
Authors: Sugiyama H , Akira S , Yoshida N , Kishimoto S , Yamamura Y , Kincade P , Honjo T , Kishimoto T 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Eighteen Abelson virus-transformed immature B cell lines were established and immunoglobulin biosynthesis, expression of a B lymphocyte antigen detected by a monoclonal antibody, and rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes in these cell lines were studied. Only one cell line (A1) synthesized micro-chains but no light chains, and the other cell lines synthesized no detectable immunoglobulins. None of the cell lines established had detectable membrane-associated IgM. Fifteen cell lines expressed a B lymphocyte antigen on their cell surfaces. In three cell lines, however, the majority (greater than 99%) of cells did not express this antigen. Heavy chain genes were rearranged on both chromosomes in all the cell lines, although one heavy chain gene was deleted in three cell lines. In 12 of 18 cell lines, one or both kappa-chain genes were rearranged. In six cell lines, however, both kappa-chain genes remained in embryonic form; lambda-chain genes were in embryonic form in all the cell lines. These results suggested the hierarchy of Ig gene rearrangements, beginning with mu and proceeding to kappa and then to lambda. JH rearrangement was also shown to precede the appearance of a B lymphocyte antigen. In three cell lines (A1-A3), which were considered subclones derived from a single common precursor, it was suggested that one rearranged JH gene was functional, and the other was nonfunctional, indicating that allelic exclusion already operated in pre-B cells.
Dihydrotestosterone and estradiol deplete corticosensitive thymocytes lacking in receptors for these hormones.
Authors: Barr I G , Khalid B A , Pearce P , Toh B H , Bartlett P F , Scollay R G , Funder J W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The sex steroids dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol (E2), were found to deplete the same cortical population of thymocytes as the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DM) in intact and in adrenalectomized, castrated mice. Although receptors for DM were demonstrated in this cortical population, none were found for E2 or DHT. We suggest that the sex steroids bind to other thymic elements, possibly thymic reticular epithelial cells, which may in turn act secondarily on cortical thymocytes, or their precursors within the thymus.
Presence of auto-anti-idiotypic antibody during the normal human immune response to tetanus toxoid antigen.
Authors: Geha R S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Auto-anti-idiotypic antibodies were searched for in the serum of two individuals who received booster immunization with tetanus toxoid (TT) antigen. IgG from serial bleeds obtained for 4 mo after immunization was studied a) for its capacity to specifically bind 125I IgG F(ab')2 anti-TT prepared from serum obtained 7 and 10 days post-booster immunization, and b) for its capacity (after its absorption with TT) to specifically inhibit the binding of 125I-radiolabeled TT to IgG obtained 7 and 10 days post-immunization and designated "peak IgG." In both individuals studied, auto-anti-Id IgG were detected in both assays as early as 2 wk post-booster immunization and remained detectable throughout the study period. Evidence for modulation of idiotypic expression on IgG F(ab')2 anti-TT after booster immunization with TT was obtained by studying a) the capacity of serial IgG samples to inhibit the binding of 125I-IgG F(ab')2 anti-TT to rabbit anti-Id antibody raised against the IgG F(ab')2 anti-TT, and b) the capacity of the rabbit anti-Id to specifically inhibit the binding of 125I-TT to serial samples of serum IgG. Both assays indicated that some idiotypic determinants present on anti-TT obtained before and shortly after booster immunization were expressed to a much lesser extent 2 wk and beyond after immunization. The decrease in the expression of these determinants coincided with the appearance of auto-anti-Id antibody and remained evident throughout the 4-mo study period. The results obtained indicate that auto-anti-Id antibodies arise in normal human subjects after a secondary challenge with antigen and suggest that these antibodies may play a role in the modulation of idiotypic expression that is observed after booster immunization with antigen.
Map position of Igh-Oxa gene within the Igh region of the DBA/2 mouse strain.
Authors: Pelkonen J , Karjalainen K , Mäkelä O , Taylor B A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice of 23 BXD recombinant inbred strains derived from the cross of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J were typed for the presence of a public idiotype found in the antibodies against the hapten phenyloxazolone (phOx) produced by DBA/2 mice. The marker is under the control of an immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region gene, Igh-Ox. Eleven out of the 23 BXK strains shared the public idiotype with the DBA/2 progenitor, while 12 other BXD strains were negative, like the C57BL/6 progenitor. The Igh-Ox marker was inherited concordantly with allotype in all BXD strains except BXD-27, which carries the Igh-1c allotype of DBA/2 but lacks the Igh-Ox idiotype. The Igh-Ox marker was inherited concordantly with 4 other Igh-V markers (Igh-Np, Igh-Nb, Igh-Bgl, and Igh-Gte) in all BXD strains except BXD-20, which has the DBA/2 alleles at Igh-1 and Igh-Ox but resembles C57BL/6 at the other 4 markers. On the basis of these results the Igh-Ox marker is tentatively placed between Igh-C and the rest of the Igh-V markers.
Arrangement of lambda light chain genes in mutant clones of the MOPC 315 mouse myeloma cells.
Authors: Hozumi N , Wu G , Murialdo H , Baumal R , Mosmann T , Winberry L , Marks A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The synthesis of lambda light chains and the arrangement of the lambda-chain genes was examined in cells of the mouse myeloma MOPC 315, which is an alpha lambda 2 producer, and in several mutants derived from it. The mutants produce lambda 2 chains only (MOPC 315.26, MOPC 315.34, and MOPC 315.37) or fail to produce alpha and lambda 2 chains (MOPC 315.25 and MOPC 315.36). Messenger RNA from the lambda 2 chain-producing cells directed the synthesis of a lambda 2 chain precursor and a fragment of the lambda 1 chain (lambda 1 F) in a wheat embryo cellfree system, whereas mRNA from the cells that do not produce lambda 2 chains directed the synthesis of lambda 1 F only. DNA from the parental MOPC 315 cells and from the lambda 2 chain-producing cells contained discrete EcoRI restriction fragments coding for rearranged lambda 1 and lambda 23 chain genes and their respective germ-line V and J-C regions. DNA from the no-Ig-producing cells contained fragments coding for the rearranged lambda 1 chain gene and the germ-line V lambda 2 region, but it lacked the sequences coding for the rearranged lambda 2 chain gene and the germ-line V lambda 1 and J-C lambda 1 regions. These results suggest that rearrangements of the lambda 1 and lambda 2 chain genes occur on different chromosomes in MOPC 315 cells and imply that rearrangements of the lambda 1 and lambda 2 chain genes on the same chromosome may be mutually exclusive.
Genetics of cell interactions in aged mice: age-related decline in capacity of parental cells or environment to induce allogeneic effects on F1 lymphocytes.
Authors: Zuberi R I , Katz D H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In order to ascertain whether the process of aging would affect various aspects of genetic control of cell-cell interactions in mice, studies were initiated to examine the capacities of lymphoid cells and host lymphoid tissues of parental mice of varying ages to induce allogeneic effects of primed lymphocytes of young F1 donor origin. These studies demonstrate that with increasing age, both parental cells and parental environment gradually lose the capacity to influence antibody responses via the allogeneic effect. This age-related decline in induction of allogeneic effects could be attributed to 1) dysfunction or loss of allogeneic effect-inducing cells from lymphoid populations of aged mice, and 2) a change in the homing pattern of transferred immunocompetent cells to lymphoid tissues in the aged environment.
Coexistence of defective and normal immunologic functions in lymphocytes and macrophages from osteopetrotic (op) rats.
Authors: Hochman N , Wahl L M , Sandberg A L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The restoration of normal bone remodeling in osteopetrotic animals by transplantation of spleen or bone marrow cells from normal littermates has suggested that the connective tissue abnormalities associated with this disease may be attributed to defective functions of the cells of the immune system. Examination of several immunologic parameters has revealed that both thymocytes and macrophages from osteopetrotic (op) rats express some dysfunctions but retain other activities. Mitogen-induced proliferation of thymocytes from affected rats is significantly lower than that of thymocytes from normal littermates. However, mitogen-activated thymocytes from op rats produce levels of a chemotactic lymphokine that are similar to those produced by the thymocytes from normal animals. Peritoneal exudate macrophages from op rats are defective in that they migrate minimally in response to a chemotactic lymphokine or C5a. These macrophages do, however, produce lymphocyte-activating factor as efficiently as those from the unaffected littermates. The results presented here, which document immunologic defects in the lymphocytes and macrophages from the op rat, indicate that multiple immunoregulatory mechanisms involved in the degradation of connective tissue may contribute to the skeletal malformations that are present in this animal model.
Inhibition of monocyte-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by ouabain: relationship between cytotoxic function, glycolysis, and intracellular cation homeostasis.
Authors: Ladisch S , Feig S A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ouabain, a specific inhibitor of membrane Na+K+-ATPase, was used to study the relationship between monovalent cation, homeostasis and cytotoxic effector function. 5 X 10(-6) M ouabain completely inhibited monocyte monovalent cation active transport within 30 min but caused only 50% inhibition of monocyte-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (MMADCC) in a subsequent 20-hr assay. Longer (6-hr) preincubation of monocytes in ouabain was required for nearly complete inhibition of cytotoxic function. The previously reported augmentation of monocyte glycolysis caused by the sensitizing antiserum was decreased by 71% in 5 X 10(-6) M ouabain, identifying monovalent cation transport as the cellular function utilizing a major portion of the ATP generated by this augmentation of glycolysis. The lag in inhibition of MMADCC indicated, however, that a delayed effect of ouabain (e.g., changes in intracellular [K+] and [Na+]), and not the rapid ouabain inhibition of cation transport, caused inhibition of cytotoxic function. Four additional findings support this interpretation: i) a 30-min preincubation in ouabain caused little inhibition of MMADCC in a 4-hr assay; ii) monocytes lost cytotoxic activity when incubated in medium (0.2 mEq/cytotoxic activity when incubated in medium (0.2 mEq/liter) that reduces intracellular [K+]; iii) the rapid recovery of cytotoxic activity after readjustment of extracellular [K+] to 6 mEq/liter was blocked by ouabain; iv) increasing membrane K+ permeability by valinomycin while blocking active transport by ouabain caused 50% inhibition under conditions in which neither agent alone significantly affected MMADCC. Thus, it is suggested that homeostasis of monocyte intracellular [K+] and [Na+], but not monovalent cation active transport per se, is required for cytotoxic function.