bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Modern Slavery Act 2015 (Duty to Notify) Regulations 2015
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers regulations that may be cited as the Modern Slavery Act 2015 (Duty to Notify) Regulations 2015, which took effect on 1 November 2015. It defines the term victim as a person whom a public authority has reasonable grounds to believe may be a victim of slavery or human trafficking. It also describes a notification relating to a victim aged 18 or over that may not include information that enables the victim to be identified unless the victim consents to the inclusion of the information. The chapter points out that a public authority does not breach any obligation of confidence in relation to information relating to the victim. It highlights the referral of suspected slavery or human trafficking to a chief officer of police for a police area in England and Wales.
The Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations 2016
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses regulations that may be cited as the Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations 2016, which come into force on 1 February 2017. It explains that the Immigration Regulations 2016 calculates periods of continuous residence in the United Kingdom. It also points out that continuity of residence is not affected by periods of absence from the United Kingdom which do not exceed six months in total in any year and by periods of absence from the United Kingdom on compulsory military service. The chapter highlights the requirement for the self-sufficient person or student to have sufficient resources not to become a burden on the social assistance system of the United Kingdom. It mentions that a person who is no longer working must continue to be treated as a worker provided that the person is temporarily unable to work as the result of an illness or accident.
The Modern Effects of Champerty and Maintenance on Funded Litigation
Authors: Mulheron Rachael 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers nine potential consequences of champertously funded litigation, by having regard to the tripartite relationship among the champertor, the funded party, and the party being sued in the underlying action. This chapter includes analysis of: the impact of the unenforceability of a champertous agreement; whether champerty is a defence to the underlying action; whether a stay of the underlying action is permitted; the regulatory or disciplinary consequences which may arise for a champertor; the potential for non-party costs orders against the champertor; the impact of champerty upon professional indemnity insurance policies; whether a counter-suit for abuse of process is available; the potential for severance of the champertous clauses of the agreement; and whether recovery on the part of a champertor on a quantum meruit basis is possible, where services and assistance have been rendered to the funded party under a champertous agreement. Some difficult and contrary authorities pervade the consequences of champerty.
Non-Lawyers’ Funding
Authors: Mulheron Rachael 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Where non-lawyers are providing a litigant (the funded client) with money, other assistance, or both, much more latitude has been afforded by the English judiciary towards what constitutes champertous conduct. The courts typically undertake a case-by-case assessment in order to ascertain whether the funding agreement is likely to jeopardize the proper administration of justice or infringe public policy. This chapter considers the law of champerty as it has applied to third party funding (aka professional funding) in English law to date, and analyses the factors to which courts have had regard in respect of champertous motive and champertous conduct. The chapter also analyses a myriad of other parties who fall within the nomenclature of the ‘non-lawyer’—insurers, unions, banks, credit hire companies, and ‘conscience funders’—and whose financial assistance has given rise to the question as to whether or not such assistance was champertous. Finally, the chapter examines the lesser-known but oft-litigated arena of those who provide litigation services (rather than financial assistance) in return for a share of the spoils of any financial recovery obtained (the so-called ‘supporters’ of litigation).
General Concepts: Assessing Champertous Assignments
Authors: Mulheron Rachael 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The visible manifestations of champerty and maintenance have survived in only two respects (according to Lord Mustill in Giles v Thompson)—in respect of funding and in respect of assignments of causes of action. A cause of action is a legal chose in action, and the circumstances in which it can, or cannot, be assigned has long bedevilled the law of champerty. Whether or not an assignment is champertous is an oft-litigated issue, notwithstanding that the law is undoubtedly showing more tolerance to assignments than it once did. This chapter contrasts the law of assignments with the other field of legal conduct to which champerty attaches, that of funded litigation. The chapter also explains the typical arrangement of assignments, involving the original claimant (the assignor), the substituted claimant (the assignee), and the defendant. The chapter then sets out the framework which governs the validity of assignments, by reference to post-Trendtex law, and which will form the basis for the analysis which follows in later chapters.
Assigning ‘Bare’ Causes of Action: Proving a Genuine Commercial Interest
Authors: Mulheron Rachael 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The requirement of proving that the assignee had a genuine commercial interest in the subject matter of the transaction applies particularly to where the assignor has sought to assign a cause of action, or a ‘bare right to litigate’. This approach flows from the analysis undertaken in Trendtex Trading Corp v Credit Suisse and has operated as a considerable brake upon the validity of assignments. It means that, where the assignment is challenged, the court must hunt for the ‘something more’, some genuine commercial interest over and above the assignee’s right in acquiring the cause of action and the profits that will accompany that assignment. Case law analysis reveals that several relationships between assignor and assignee have pointed to a genuine commercial interest on the assignee’s part; these are considered in this chapter. Various circumstances which show a close identity of interest between the assignor and the assignee have also proven to be important in upholding the validity of assignments. Both the categories of relationships and the identities of interest sufficient to justify an assignment are not closed but are constantly evolving. The chapter also considers the other side of the coin, viz, those matters which tend to denounce any genuine commercial interest that renders the assignment champertous. Before that, however, those things which are not assignable causes of action (causes of action that have not accrued at all, or causes of action that have been compromised) are discussed, for those are not champertous so much as ineffective.
Key Reform Issue for Funded Litigation
Authors: Mulheron Rachael 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Reservation Provision in s 14(2) of the Criminal Law Act 1967 should be retained, in order to secure the application of public policy and the due administration of justice as part of the landscape of funding and of assignments. However, this chapter considers this more controversial question: more than five decades after its statutory abolition, should the doctrine of champerty be reintroduced as a tort in English law, that is, as a cause of action capable of giving rise to damages? Apart from some misgivings regarding the reasoning for abolition expressed by the England and Wales Law Commission in 1966, the principal reason for considering this reform is the recent recognition in English law of the tort of malicious prosecution of civil proceedings, by bare majority, in Willers v Joyce in 2016. Both champerty and the tort of malicious prosecution of civil proceedings belong to that group of ‘abuse of litigation’ torts, and both share the same nuanced (and policy) concerns as to whether they viably serve any purpose as torts. Much can be learnt from Willers v Joyce, especially given that some of the policy arguments which were the subject of such disagreement in that judgment are also highly relevant to any reinstatement of the tort of champerty, and are quite finely balanced. Those parallels—and other relevant arguments for and against—are analysed in this chapter.
Key Reform Issues for Assignments
Authors: Mulheron Rachael 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Litigation needs to be funded, and assignment of causes of action from assignor to assignee is one way of achieving that. Criticisms have been made of the requirement to show a genuine commercial interest on the assignee’s part, despite the increasing liberalization pervading champertous assignments in modern law. This chapter considers two suggestions for law reform of this area: that the requirement for a genuine commercial interest should be jettisoned; or that the point has been reached where the law should dispense with the notion of champertous assignments altogether. Having considered both suggestions, the conclusion is reached that under the detailed analytical framework which has developed post-Trendtex, in which it must be proved either that a cause of action being assigned is ancillary to a property interest, or that it is a bare cause of action for which the assignee has a genuine commercial interest in receiving it; and that for either category, the assignment must pass the public policy and due administration of justice tests, the law is working as it should. The existing legal framework is putting a brake upon the untrammelled sale of causes of action, while allowing those who have a sufficient interest to take the assignment, stand in the shoes of the original claimant, and treat the action as his own. An appropriate balance has been struck in the law of assignments, whilst acknowledging that the categories of ‘genuine commercial interest’ and appropriate ‘identity of interest’ are always evolving.
UK Policy towards the Creative Industries Sector Post-Brexit
Authors: Harcourt Alison 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 scrutinises the UK’s position towards the creative industries post-Brexit, which is a key domestic growth sector. It begins with examination of the national policy toolkit used to promote national content production. This includes subsidies, tax relief, quotas, and public service broadcasting. The chapter then turns to the effect of Brexit on foreign investment, independent production, and employment. It finds that removal of EU rules on the freedom of movement has negatively affected the creative sector, which is an industry requiring a high degree of flexibility and mobility. The chapter then examines the UK’s post-Brexit status concerning the sector under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and free-trade agreements. The conclusion points to the freedom of movement being the most salient problem for the creative industries. The UK is found to have more flexibility in delivery of state aid to the sector. However, there is an imbalance in funding support moved towards infrastructure, such as broadband, and away from the cultural sector, particularly the creative arts.
In Blood and Ashes
Authors: Lamont Jessica L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
From binding spells and incantations to curse-writing rituals, magic pervaded the ancient Greek world. In Blood and Ashes: Curse Tablets and Binding Spells in Ancient Greece provides the first historical study of the development and dissemination of ritualized curse practice from 750 to 250 bce, documenting the cultural pressures that drove the use of curse tablets, charms, spells, and other private rites. This book expands understandings of daily life in ancient communities, showing how individuals were making sense of the world and coping with conflict, vulnerability, competition, anxiety, desire, and loss, all while conjuring the gods and powers of the Underworld. Bringing together epigraphic, historical, literary, archaeological, and material evidence, this volume reads between traditional histories of Archaic, Classical, and early Hellenistic Greece, drawing out new voices and new narratives to consider: here are the cooks, tavern keepers, garland weavers, helmsmen, barbers, and other persons who often slip through the cracks of ancient history. The texts and objects presented here offer glimpses of public and private lives across many centuries, illuminating the interplay of ritual and conflict-management strategies among free and enslaved persons, men and women, pagans and Christians. Filled with new material and insights, this book offers a fresh perspective on ancient Greek social history and religion, highlighting the role of ritual in negotiating life’s uncertainties.
Introduction: Magic and Curses in Ancient Greece
Authors: Lamont Jessica L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This introduction presents readers with the overarching questions, bodies of evidence, and chapter structure of In Blood and Ashes: Curse Tablets and Binding Spells in Ancient Greece. The place of magic within Classical scholarship is considered, as are the ways in which curse inscriptions can be used to draw out new historical narratives. Examples of both a Greek curse tablet and curse effigy are discussed, and an overview of the book’s three parts is provided.
Public Imprecations and Private Curse-Writing
Authors: Lamont Jessica L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This final chapter investigates public, orally pronounced curses, arai (ἀραί), and explores their relationship to private curse-writing rituals. As widespread sacred and civic phenomena, arai were pervasive in the early Greek polis, and featured regularly in treaties, oath ceremonies, civic institutions, and sacred precincts. This chapter first illuminates the linguistic contours of the public curse, and the contexts in which it found use in Greek communities. Arai carry inherently different forms of ritual speech from the binding spells examined in the previous chapter, yet just as some curse-writers were influenced by incantations, others drew inspiration from civic discourse, and public arai in particular. Curse tablets that employ the language of sacred and civic arai are understudied in scholarship on both oral and inscribed maledictions. This chapter demonstrates how practitioners—from the development of curse-writing rituals in western Sicily to their proliferation in fourth-century Athens, and well beyond—were influenced by public arai. Such curse tablets accordingly provide access to another form of early ritual speech, the public curse (ara). The final chapter thus expands the project’s scope by showing how some curse-writing rituals could partake in (and thereby preserve) older, oral traditions of sacred and civic imprecations.
Conclusion
Authors: Lamont Jessica L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This Conclusion summarizes the book’s three parts, and the major themes and insights found therein. It also provides an overview of the breadth, diversification, and heterogeneity of curse rituals during the later Roman Empire, which, while by no means exhaustive, leaves readers with a sense of the practice’s transformation over time and space in the centuries after those examined in previous chapters.
The First Christian Emperors (324–361)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the first Christian emperors during the years 324-361. It starts with Constantine establishing and binding Constantinople to his dynasty. Constantine’s sponsorship of the Church unleashed the forces of division that resulted in a Church-wide controversy about the nature of God lasting for a century. As bishops gained social power, church councils became courts of criminal law and bishops acted as judges over their peers. Thus, the Christian clergy was integrated into Roman society through the similar fiscal-legal mechanisms by which emperors defined and regulated all social classes. The chapter then details the aftermath of Constantine's death wherein conflicts arose between Constantius, Vetrania, and Magnetius.
Growing Confidence (815–867)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The chapter notes how Leon V rose through the army to become an emperor and faced no rebellions, mutinies, or plots. The sequence of Leon-Konstantinos raises a red flag of the emperor drifting into iconoskepticism after Leon V crowned his son Symbatious as the co-emperor with the name Konstantinos. After icons were regarded as symbols of loss for emperors, Leon V needed a military victory to bolster the fight against icons. The chapter then explains how Michael II took the throne after Leon V's murder, citing that he also did not allow the restoration of icons. It details how the end of iconoclasm in 843 inaugurated a phase of humanism in literature and a closer engagement with ancient models.
A New David and Solomon (867–912)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the growth of Constantinople through internal migration from provinces while referring to the regime of Basileios I. Basileios’ ascent highlights the weakness of the dynastic principle and the possibility of men from low provincial origin entering political establishments. Some of Basileios' works involve unraveling the recent history of the Church and reinstating dissident Ignatians. The chapter then looks into the rise of higher education as an effort to spread the skill of using ancient Greek during the regime of Leon VI's regime. It notes the Tetragamy scandal caused by Leon VI's four marriages and the questions regarding the extent of the emperor's power.
The Triumph of Roman Arms (950–1025)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the triumph of Roman arms. It starts with the rhythm of the raid and counter-raid across the eastern frontier that turned into a twenty-year war. After centuries of defending Asia Minor, the imperial army took a more offensive stance with the core of four tagmata with about 1,000 cavalries in each conquest army. Thus, Konstantinos VII reformed the property basis of military service to protect soldiers’ lands from being absorbed into larger estates owned by “the powerful". The chapter examines the conquest of Cilicia and Syria. It also notes the achievements of Nikephoros II Phokas that earned him the moniker The White Death of the Saracens and Basil II as the longest-reigning Roman emperor in history..
Disintegration and Betrayal (1180–1204)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the decline of the empire after the death of Manuel II Komnenos. Manuel’s experienced cousin Andronikos was expected to save the state from the predators who wish to take advantage of the city after his death. However, Andronikos’ propaganda cast the massacre of Latins in an effort to restore Roman affairs. By 1182, Latinophobia was pervasive in Roman society, especially in religious and popular circles, while Latinophilia was a niche attitude limited to a few secular elites. Moreover, Andronikos’ reign of terror alienated the extended Komnenian aristocracy, especially by restricting their abuses. The chapter then details the Third Crusade and Fourth Crusade.
The Noose Tightens (1354–1402)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains that Andronikos III ensured that the Romans remained a formidable Balkan power despite the loss of Anatolia. However, the civil war of the 1340s enabled Serbs to annex Macedonia and central Greece, which reduced the Roman state to second-rate status. The chapter cites that the Romans of Trebizond had also experienced a prolonged period of political instability and civil war. It mentions how Ioannes V’s reign began with a cascade of territorial losses and concessions. Meanwhile, Manuel II won the late Palaiologan civil war and his reign resulted in the disappearance of the language division between Orthodoxy and Catholicism.
From the Stage to the Studio
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
No matter the excellence of a musician’s performance achievements upon entering the professional world, it is unlikely that any musician will depend solely upon performance for income. Those who distinguish themselves as both skilled teachers and skilled performers will have a significant advantage. This book provides the tools and information necessary for musicians to become effective teachers in terms useful to both pedagogy and applied music instructors, as well as young music students learning to teach while perfecting their performance skills. Premised on the integral partnership between pedagogy and performance, the authors offer in-depth explorations of the essential components of performance, the nature of student-teacher interactions, and the manner in which knowledge, skills, and musicianship are most effectively conveyed. In doing so, they illuminate the profound resonance between music performance and education and how musicians benefit as much from teaching as their students do from being taught. Included is a wealth of information and concrete examples on everything from setting up a studio, to writing a lesson plan, to soliciting constructive feedback from students.
Comprehensive Teaching
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the concept of teaching beyond skills, and offering more information and musicianship ideas. The chapter is prefaced by an overview of the previous chapters—Principles, Sequencing, and Independence—and how essential they are in creating the opportunity to teach musical concepts and explore indepth music-making. Well-chosen literature is also essential to comprehensive teaching because great music provides substantial and varied possibilities for exploring aspects of knowledge, such as compositional style, form, and theory; skills essential to a fine performance; and an opportunity for students to make deep and life-long personal connections to beautiful music. Full understanding of repertoire is essential to every fine performer, and should be essential to every teacher as well. Awareness of repertoire choices, including underrepresented composers and music emerging from historically oppressive situations is addressed. Teachers are also encouraged to consider that students can not only practice but complete various kinds of assignments that lead them to deeper understanding of the music. Teachers also are asked to consider what their highest priorities are, and to make certain those are embedded in their work with students.
Quandaries and Recommendations
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents several challenges that music teachers might encounter during their teaching career, and provides recommendations for resolving such problems, including ways to avoid them altogether. Adapted from real-life situations, various scenarios are described, many of which have no easy answers. These are followed by one or more recommended approaches resolving the problem presented, or at minimum, how to make the best of the difficult situation. The chapter covers challenges the arise in scheduling and fee collection, and in relationship to students, parents, other teachers, and even oneself. The teacher is encouraged follow ethics guidelines, to be willing to admit to mistakes when they happen, and to find ways to create the best environment for all concerned.