bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Purification of Poliomyelitis Virus as Studied by Complement Fixation
Authors: Mayer Manfred M. , Rapp Herbert J. , Roizman Bernard , Klein S. Wayne , Cowan Keith M. , Lukens David , Schwerdt Carlton E. , Schaffer Frederick L. , Charney Jesse 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Complement fixation (CF) assays for poliomyelitis virus and for monkey kidney antigens have been found useful in guiding and controlling the processes of concentration and fractionation required for the purification of poliomyelitis virus. In conjunction with infectivity measurements, as well as nitrogen analyses, CF titers furnish information on yield and purity. Three variations of the basic purification procedure have been studied with respect to yield and purity gain. Usually, the yield of purified virus was equal to or better than 50%, with purity gains up to about 1000-fold relative to the starting material. The infected tissue culture fluids (ITCF) used as starting material were found to contain about 0.01 to 0.2 μg of virus nitrogen/ml. ITCF from minced tissue cultures contained about 20 μg of total non-dialyzable N per ml, while ITCF from cultures of the trypsinized type contained only about 3–5 μg of total non-dialyzable N. Concomitantly, the former type of ITCF showed monkey kidney antigen titers by CF about 40 times greater than those of the latter type. Tentative estimates indicate that the most highly purified fractions were composed primarily of viral substance. Those which were derived from ITCF of the minced tissue type still contained appreciable amounts of monkey kidney substance, perhaps 25%. On the other hand, purified products from ITCF of the trypsinized type were free of detectable monkey kidney antigens, but the presence of non-antigenic contaminants could not be excluded. However, only a small proportion, somewhat less than 0.1%, of the actual mass was infectious virus, as detected on monkey kidney cultures. The remainder, presumably represents non-infectious virus, or viral products, which are immunologically reactive but which do not form plaques on tissue cultures. Fractionation of purified products by ultracentrifugation in a sucrose density gradient (SDG) led to a separation of fast sedimenting infectious units from slower non-infectious components. Both were reactive in CF tests with polio antisera. It is shown that infectivity titers should not be used as a measure of viral substance, but, instead, CF titers should be employed.
Reactivity of Influenza A and B Viruses Propagated in Cultures of Human Embryo Tissues and in the Chick Embryo
Authors: Simpson Georgie I. , Mogabgab William J. , Wilson L. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Influenza A (1953) and B (1954) isolated and propagated in human embryo tissue cultures differed from the same viruses passaged only in the chick embryo in regards to certain hemagglutination characteristics and other reactions with receptors. Thus, fowl erythrocytes were agglutinated at 4°C but not at 25°C by the TC line of influenza A and at either temperature by the E line. The former even when inactivated did not agglutinate sheep red blood cells, while the latter agglutinated these cells at 4°C but not at 25°C. Temperature dependence of the reaction with sheep erythrocytes was also demonstrated with the TC line of influenza B, and titers were lower than those with red blood cells from other species. The E line of this virus, in contrast, agglutinated sheep cells at either temperature and at relatively higher titers.
Disagglutination of the virus-erythrocyte patterns occurred at a more rapid rate with the TC lines of influenza A and B than with the E line. This was observed at 5°, 25° and 37°C, with human, fowl, sheep and monkey erythrocytes, and with adsorbed-eluted virus as well as that contained in tissue culture or allantoic fluids. Patterns with human and fowl erythrocytes were maintained when inactivated virus was used except for the TC line of influenza A with fowl red blood cells.
Elution rates of both TC viruses from human and fowl erythrocytes were more rapid than those of the E lines at 25 or 37°C. The TC line of influenza A was adsorbed poorly by fowl erythrocytes and not at all by sheep red blood cells. Both lines of influenza B were adsorbed more rapidly by fowl than human erythrocytes Degree of adsorption was correlated with hemagglutination behavior. The virus-erythrocyte combinations that agglutinated at 25°C showed more virus adsorption at 15–24°C, while those that required 4°C were adsorbed more rapidly at the same temperature. Amount of inactivated virus adsorbed increased progressively with temperatures between 5 and 37°C.
More human urinary mucoprotein was required to inhibit hemagglutination by the TC lines of both viruses. Also, higher dilutions of normal rabbit serum inhibited the TC line of influenza A than the E line; slight differences in the opposite direction were found with influenza B. Differences between the virus lines in enzymatic activity as determined by receptor destruction were not demonstrable with human urinary mucoprotein, intact erythrocytes or their extracts.
Both lines of influenza A behaved similarly in adapting to the mouse lung after serial passages. The E line, however, lost its adaptation to the allantoic sac and ability to agglutinate fowl cells at 25°C after mouse passages. The E line of influenza B adapted to the mouse lung after approximately the same number of passages as influenza A. The TC line, on the other hand, did not adapt even with 23 passages.
Demonstration of Antigenic Relationship between Mumps Virus and Hemagglutinating Virus of Japan
Authors: DeMeio Joseph L. , Walker Duard L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In sera from 22 of 24 cases of clinical mumps infection in young adults a heat stable factor reactive with the Hemagglutinating Virus of Japan (HVJ) increased in titer during the course of the illness. This factor was not affected by RDE and was measurable by the hemagglutination inhibition, complement fixation, and neutralization techniques. A similar response was not detectable in rabbits or mice following injection of mumps virus.
Sera from 60 individuals were tested for activity against both HVJ and mumps virus. Twenty-eight were found to inhibit HVJ and detectable antibody against mumps virus was found in 22 of these, suggesting that much of the antibody against HVJ found in sera of persons in the United States may be the result of mumps infection rather than actual infection with HVJ.
A Study of Experimental Encephalomyelitis Employing Mammalian and Nonmammalian Nervous Tissues
Authors: Paterson Philip Y. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three species of nonmammalian nervous tissue (frog, snake and turtle) failed to elicit experimental encephalomyelitis in the Hartley guinea pig, in contrast to the known and demonstrable paralytogenic activity of rabbit brain for this host.
Both mammalian (rabbit) and nonmammalian (frog, snake and turtle) nervous tissues stimulated the production of CF antibrain antibodies in rabbits. Such antibodies cross reacted with and could be absorbed by either mammalian or nonmammalian brain. Thus, it is concluded that the CF antibrain antibodies are stimulated by at least one antigenic component common to both mammalian and nonmammalian nervous tissue.
Both mammalian and nonmammalian brain tissues elicited CF antibodies; only mammalian brain produced paralysis. Thus, these CF antibrain antibodies appear to be directed against an antigen(s) of a nonparalytic character and would appear to play no direct role in initiating encephalopathy.
Effective Passive Immunization of Mice Twelve Days after Intracerebral Inoculation of Type 2 Poliovirus
Authors: Evans C. A. , Chambers Velma C. , Hotta Susumu , Wood E. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
In 3 experiments more than 900 mice were inoculated intracranially with approximately 1 to 8 LD50 of type 2 poliovirus of the Y-SK strain. Treatment on the 12th day with type specific antiviral antiserum prepared in monkeys caused a clear reduction in subsequent mortality. This was most strikingly shown in the experiment in which serum was derived from monkeys immunized with virus grown in monkey kidney tissue culture.
It is concluded that in many animals specific antiserum to type 2 poliovirus terminated infection that had existed 12 days in the central nervous system. It is suggested that antibody was effective in the quiescent phase of the infection which has been shown to occupy most of the incubation period in mice undergoing prolonged incubation periods.
Repository Immunization in Pollen Allergy
Authors: Loveless Mary Hewitt 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In a longitudinal study extending over 17 years and associated with statistical analysis, 117 ragweed-allergic individuals have been given 749 annual courses which alternated between conventional, multi-visit injections and single-visit repositories of the Freund type. In comparing the effectiveness of these two methods of immunization, three criteria were applied: the customary clinical estimate obtained from the patient at the end of each pollinating season, his daily diary of hay fever hours, and a controlled variety of conjunctival test which gaged the acquisition of blocking antibody by the tissues. Whereas these served as yardsticks of clinical and immunologic effectiveness, the incidence of untoward reactions afforded the clue to the relative safety of the new and old procedures. The two procedures were found to be comparable in effect by all the criteria except that based on the conjunctival test. Here, the older method proved to be more effective by an amount that carried statistical—but not, however, practical—significance. The repository technique offers, therefore, a great saving in time without decreasing the practical advantages of therapy or increasing the risk of overdose reactions. It is possible that our schedules of dosage, which have depended on conjunctival classification of each patient, can be utilized by allergists who employ only the endermal or scratch methods of classification. A sizable minority of our ragweed-allergic group appeared to respond as well to placebo repositories as to active emulsions, according to their clinical reports and recorded hay fever hours. At the same time, no acquisition of blocking antibody was indicated by eye-test. Obviously, such placebo-responsive subjects should be excluded from experiments which compare the clinical efficacy of two therapeutic procedures. These patients stood in contrast with other individuals whose clinical reports promptly reflected any change from specific to placebo management. Such subjects should be responsible for the ultimate clinical opinion on repository therapy. No abscesses, cysts, or malignant growths have resulted from 1200 repositories used during the past 9 years. When either isopropyl myristate or corn oil was substituted for petrolatum in the repository, the number of overdose reactions was increased owing to a more rapid release of antigen. Clinical results were somewhat inferior with the substitutes. However, fewer nodules persisted beyond the season of pollination. This minor cosmetic problem surrounding the standard emulsion can probably be met by reducing the volume of mineral oil in repositories.
Studies on Mumps Virus
Authors: Tokuda Masao 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Recovery of mumps virus and the appearance of antibodies were studied in guinea pigs after intracerebral, intratesticular or intracutaneous inoculation of diluted amniotic fluid infected with the Fujimura strain. Observations also were made after inoculation of the virus into the anterior chamber of the eyes. Mumps virus was recovered from the testicles for 3 days after intratesticular inoculation, from the brains for 4 days after intracerebral inoculation and from the fluid of anterior chamber of eyes for 7 days. In no case was virus recovered from the blood of the guinea pigs. With one exception, virus was not isolated from guinea pigs organs on the 2nd or later passages.
Complement-fixing, neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies were demonstrable after inoculation by all routes. The highest titers were obtained after two intracerebral inoculations at 1-wk intervals. The intracerebral immunization of guinea pigs, therefore, appears to be the best and simplest method for the preparation of hyperimmune serum for complement-fixation tests. With complement-fixation test not only V-antibodies but also S-antibodies were detected in the sera of the guinea pigs after intracerebral inoculation with mumps virus.
Biologic and Serologic Characteristics of Echo Viruses from West Virginia
Authors: Ormsbee Richard A. , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The biologic and serologic characteristics of 30 echo viruses from Charleston, West Virginia, have been described. This group has been characterized as human enteric viruses which are not related to poliovirus, Coxsackie, herpes or adenovirus groups, which are not pathogenic for monkeys or newborn mice, but which produce cytopathic effects in tissue cultures of rhesus monkey kidney cells.
Twenty of the 30 were typable as echo types 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, or a new type no. 15. A number of the remaining untypable viruses show cross neutralization reactions in one direction only, indicating the possibility of mixtures of viruses, antigenic deficiencies, or variations within a single type as already known to exist in the echo-6 virus group.
The growth characteristics in monkey kidney, HeLa, and Maben cell tissue cultures have been described, and some strains have been shown to differ markedly in their ability to grow in these 3 cell types.
Neutralization of these echo viruses by donor sera has been correlated with some of their growth characteristics in tissue culture. Those echo viruses which produced cytopathic effects rapidly and produced high virus titers in monkey kidney cell cultures were strongly neutralized. Those which produced cytopathic changes slowly and yielded only low virus titers were only weakly neutralized by sera from their human donors, as measured in tube cultures by the inhibition of the cytopathic response.
Phagocytosis of Influenza Virus
Authors: Boand Arthur V. , Kempf J. E. , Hanson Robert J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
From data obtained using the fluorescent antibody technique of Coons and Kaplan it appeared that the influenza virus could be phagocytosed by human and rabbit leucocytes in vitro. It is believed that the virus was first adsorbed to the leucocyte following which penetration into the cell occurred. The reaction of phagocytosis was markedly enhanced by the presence of immune serum and by leucocytes from immune animals.
Heterogeneity and Average Combining Constants of Antibodies from Individual Rabbits
Authors: Nisonoff Alfred , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Specifically purified anti-p-azobenzoate antibody from individual rabbits exhibits a large degree of heterogeneity with respect to free energy of combination with p-iodobenzoate, as measured by equilibrium dialysis. Antibody prepared from a pool of 5 sera was intermediate in heterogeneity among preparations from the individual sera comprising the pool. Quantitative indexes of heterogeneity and average equilibrium constants were obtained by application of the equations of Sips to the experimental data.
Average free energies of combination with hapten of purified antibody from the individual sera, a pool of these sera, and 3 other serum pools varied over a narrow range, indicating only small differences in the effectiveness of precipitating antibodies produced in the different rabbits. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanism of antibody formation.
A method for specifically purifying antihapten antibody in good yield is described. The procedure was shown to have no appreciable effect on the average combining constant or index of heterogeneity.
Preparation of Serologically Homogeneous Plague Murine Toxin and Its Reactions with Physical, Chemical and Enzymatic Agents
Authors: Ajl Samuel J. , Rust James , Hunter Donald , Woebke Jeanette , Bent Donald F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By the use of the continuous-flow hangingcurtain electrophoresis apparatus developed by Karler, it has been possible to purify the murine toxin of Pasteurella pestis to such an extent that the final preparation exhibited only 1 band in the very sensitive gel precipitation techniques of Oudin and Ouchterlony. The final product had an intraperitoneal LD50 of 0.7μg for 16 to 20-g mice, and an intravenous LD50 of 0.2μg. Experiments are described which suggest that even this relatively pure toxin molecule may still contain portions which are not necessary for toxicity.
Purification of the Toxin of Pasteurella Pestis by Continuous-Flow Paper Electrophoresis
Authors: Spivack Martin L. , Karler Arthur 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Continuous flow electrochromatography was an effective method for seperating the toxin of Pasteurella pestis from crude extracts. Large amounts of material were processed and a fine degree of fractionation achieved with no evidence of toxin loss. The number of antigens was reduced from 8 to 10 in the crude extract to 3 in the final product. The intravenous LD50 of the purified toxin in the mouse was 0.1 to 0.3 μg as compared to an LD50 of 5 to 15 μg for the crude extract. Toxin from the attenuated strain E.V. 76 behaved similarly in every way tested to the toxin isolated from the highly virulent strain 195/P.
The immunogenic properties of purified toxin from virulent and attenuated strains of P. pestis are under investigation.
An Intracellular Mortality-Enhancing Material from Malleomyces Pseudomallei
Authors: Lusby Monica , Levine H. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The injection of intracellular material obtained from either a virulent or a relatively avirulent culture of Malleomyces pseudomallei into mice caused marked enhancement of the lethal outcome of concurrent infection with this species. Mortality enhancement was demonstrated employing a number of strains of varying virulence for the mouse but not with 2 avirulent cultures. While enhancement of lethality was similarly demonstrated in infection with Pasteurella pestis, comparably derived material from the latter genus was without significant effect in melioidotic or plague infections. Administration of the intracellular material at 4 to 12 days prior to infection, rather than concurrently with the infecting dose, rendered the mice more resistant to the lethal effects of infection with M. pseudomallei.
The active enhancing component was purifed 19-fold and was shown to be a nondialyzable, heat stable, chloroform-resistant, ammonium sulfate-precipitable material free of detectable nucleic acids. Less than 60 μg/mouse of partially purified material elicited an enhanced mortality response. This and higher concentrations were nontoxic.
Elimination of Nonspecific Components from Viral Antigens by Fluorocarbon
Authors: Hamparian Vincent V. , Muller Ferdinand , Hummeler Klaus 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Several viral complement fixing antigens derived from various host systems were treated with fluorocarbon. It was possible to remove undesirable reactivities such as anticomplementary activity and host component antigens from these preparations.
The specific complement fixing antigens demonstrated differences in their susceptibilities to the fluorocarbon treatment. Those of the Coxsackie and poliomyelitis groups tolerated successive treatments without loss in titers. Others, i.e., mumps and influenza virus (V) and soluble (S) antigens, were precipitated after 2 treatments.
In Vivo Purification of Isp131 Labeled Localizing Antirat Lymphosarcoma Antibody
Authors: Bale William F. , Spar Irving L. , Goodland Ruth L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Antibody preparations were separated from the sera of rabbits immunized with a homogenate of rat Murphy lymphosarcoma plus Freund adjuvant. When labeled with I131 and injected intravenously into rats bearing this tumor, they showed substantial tumor localization. One day after intravenous injection the portion of the injected I131 found in the tumors of 20 rats averaged 6.8% of the injected dose in an amount of tumor equal to 1% of the animals' weight. This I131 concentration in tumor was more than twice the blood concentration at time of sacrifice and several times the concentration found in any other perfused organ or tissue. The tumor localizing substance behaved like γ-globulin with starch electrophoresis. Control studies with labeled normal γ-globulins indicated that most of the accumulation of I131 in tumor was specific and due to antibody to the Murphy tumor.
The antibody purification procedure involved a step in which a labeled crude antibody preparation was injected into tumor bearing animals, the animals sacrificed a day later, and the I131 labeled antibody attached to the washed homogenate of these tumors eluted into solution with 32% urea in pH 8 borate buffer.
Preparations made by completely in vitro methods gave less specific tumor localization.
Antigenic Relationships Among Adenoviruses with Appraisal of Reliability of Complement-Fixation Test for Typing Isolates
Authors: Binn L. N. , Hilleman M. R. , Rodriguez J. E. , Glabere R. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Strains of type 3, 4 and 7 adenoviruses of widely separated temporal and geographic origin were found to be remarkably homogeneous antigenically within types in serum neutralization and complement-fixation (CF) tests with monotypic rabbit antisera. Antigenic similarity of type 7 adenoviruses was also shown in neutralization tests with paired sera from human volunteers who received monovalent type 7 adenovirus vaccine. Only minor antigenic difference between prototype 7 and 7a viruses was noted and this appeared so slight as to offer little support for the establishment of a type 7a subgroup at this time. Minor antigenic crossing between types was encountered infrequently in the neutralization tests and commonly in the CF tests. There was, however, but little crossing between types 3, 4 and 7 viruses, which are important in epidemic acute respiratory illness, and this caused no difficulty in proper differentiation of types by the CF technique. There was complete agreement between the CF and serum neutralization findings in the typing of 194 newly recovered type 2, 3, 4 or 7 adenoviruses. A procedure for routine typing of type 3, 4 and 7 adenovirus isolates is presented. There is need for further study to develop and evaluate the CF procedure for typing the remaining adenoviruses.
The Production of Precipitating Antibody in Chickens to a Substance Present in the Fluids of Nonsecretors of Blood Groups A, B and O
Authors: Baer Harold , Naylor Ingeborg , Gibbel Natalie , Rosenfield Richard E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Substances have been isolated from the ovarian cyst of a woman of blood group A who is a nonsecretor of A substance, and from the saliva of a man of group B who is a nonsecretor of B substance. Injection of these materials into chickens resulted in the production of precipitating antibody. The antisera exhibited a specificity for the secretions and derivative substances of A, B and O nonsecretors; there was good correlation between Lea activity of the sample and its ability to precipitate the chicken antisera. It has not, however, proven possible to demonstrate experimentally prepared specific agglutinins for Le(a+) red cells nor can such cells absorb the precipitins from the chicken sera.