bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-parametric Nearest Neighbor Classification Based on Global Variance Difference
Authors: Deng Shaobo , Wang Lei , Guan Sujie , Li Min , Wang Lei 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAs technology improves, how to extract information from vast datasets is becoming more urgent. As is well known, k-nearest neighbor classifiers are simple to implement and conceptually simple to implement. It is not without its shortcomings, however, as follows: (1) there is still a sensitivity to the choice of k-values even when representative attributes are not considered in each class; (2) in some cases, the proximity between test samples and nearest neighbor samples cannot be reflected accurately due to proximity measurements, etc. Here, we propose a non-parametric nearest neighbor classification method based on global variance differences. First, the difference in variance is calculated before and after adding the sample to be the subject, then the difference is divided by the variance before adding the sample to be tested, and the resulting quotient serves as the objective function. In the final step, the samples to be tested are classified into the class with the smallest objective function. Here, we discuss the theoretical aspects of this function. Using the Lagrange method, it can be shown that the objective function can be optimal when the sample centers of each class are averaged. Twelve real datasets from the University of California, Irvine are used to compare the proposed algorithm with competitors such as the Local mean k-nearest neighbor algorithm and the pseudo-nearest neighbor algorithm. According to a comprehensive experimental study, the average accuracy on 12 datasets is as high as 86.27$$\%$$
%
, which is far higher than other algorithms. The experimental findings verify that the proposed algorithm produces results that are more dependable than other existing algorithms.
Reverberation chamber for electromagnetic compatibility testing of electric thrusters
Authors: Kiefer F. , Holste K. , Klar P. J. , Rover Y. , Probst U. , Volkmar C. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe need for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of electrical devices on satellites increases dramatically as the number of satellites is rapidly growing and the density of electrical devices on the satellite increases due to their miniaturization. Thus, EMC of the electric propulsion system becomes an important issue for a safe and reliable operation of the satellite. In particular, this also concerns the electric propulsion system. Since electric thrusters usually need to be operated in vacuum, dedicated facilities are required to assess their EMC. Here, we present how a common cylindrical vacuum vessel can be converted into a reverberation chamber suitable for EMC pre-compliance testing of electric thrusters. We describe and validate its operation principle and discuss its limitations. Finally, we show first measurement results of radiated emission measurements of a thruster and compare those with data obtained for the same thruster in a semi-anechoic chamber where the thruster is operated inside a metal-free vessel and fires into a larger vacuum chamber outside the semi-anechoic chamber.
Continuation Versus De-escalation of Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Therapy in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Aldardeer Namareq F. , Shukairi Abeer Nizar A. L. , Nasser Mohannad E. , Al Musawa Mohammad , Kalkatawi Bayader S. , Alsahli Reem M. , Ramdan Aiman M. Elsaed , Qushmaq Ismael , Aldhaeefi Mohammed 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Background
Antibiotic de-escalation (ADE) is a stewardship initiative that aims to reduce exposure to antimicrobials, thus limiting their unwanted effect, including antimicrobial resistance. Our study aims to describe the impact of ADE compared with the continuation of therapy on the outcome of critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.

Material and Methods
A single-center retrospective study included critically ill COVID-19 adult patients admitted between January 1, 2019 and August 31, 2021, and started on broad-spectrum antibiotics. The primary outcome was intensive care unit (ICU) mortality. In addition, other clinical outcomes were evaluated, including ICU readmissions, length of stay, and superinfection.

Results
The study included 73 patients with a mean age of 61.0 ± 19.4, and ADE was performed in 10 (13.6%) of these. In the ADE group, 8/10 (80%) cultures were positive. ICU mortality was not statistically different between ADE and continuation of therapy groups (60 vs. 41.3%, respectively, P = 0.317). Superinfection occurred in 4 (5.4%) patients. Hospital mortality, length of stay, and ICU readmission rates did not differ significantly between groups.

Conclusion
De-escalation of broad-spectrum antibiotics in critically ill covid-19 patients was not associated with higher mortality. A larger cohort is needed to confirm these findings.
An app a day: Results of pre- and post-surveys of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding antimicrobial stewardship principles among nurses who utilized a novel learning platform
Authors: Bobbitt Laura J. , Cimino Christo , Garvey Kim V. , Craft Leanna S. , Eichenseer Nicole A. , Nelson George E. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Background:
Nurses perform several functions that are integral for antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). However, nurses are underrepresented in research and underutilized in implementation of AMS interventions. The objective of this pilot study was to assess the effect of asynchronous microlearning on inpatient nursing staff knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding AMS principles.

Methods:
A team of pharmacists, physicians, and nurses developed 9 case-based, multiple-choice questions with accompanying educational explanations on associated AMS principles. One case was delivered to participants daily via an institutional web-based application (QuizTime). A KAP survey with 20 questions on a 5-point Likert scale was administered before and after the intervention. Survey results were compared using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Results:
Participants’ mean survey score after the intervention demonstrated statistically significant improvement for 18 (90%) of 20 items compared to before the intervention. Participants’ confidence improved in key AMS activities: (1) differentiating between colonization and infection (mean difference, 0.63; P < .001), (2) identifying unnecessary urine cultures and inappropriate treatment of urinary tract infections (mean difference, 0.94; P < .001), (3) recognizing opportunities for intravenous to oral therapy conversion (mean difference, 1.07; P < .001), and (4) assessing for antibiotic-associated adverse effects (mean difference, 0.54; P < .001).

Conclusions:
Nursing education provided through an asynchronous, microlearning format via a mobile platform resulted in statistically significant improvement in most KAP topics. Nurses are integral members of a multidisciplinary AMS team, and novel education methods can help equip them with the necessary AMS tools. This pilot study forms the basis for expanded AMS educational efforts in all healthcare professionals.
A One Welfare approach to identify socioeconomic vulnerability in families during investigations into companion animal abuse in Pinhais, Brazil
Authors: Monsalve Stefany , Hammerschmidt Janaina , Ribeiro Micheli , Caleme Maria Vitoria Duarte , Marconcin Solange , Filius Gizeli , Garcia Rita de Cassia Maria 
Published: March 2023

AbstractA One Welfare approach allows intervention to resolve problems related to the human-animal-environment interface. However, in Brazil and many other countries, there is poor communication between human and animal welfare services. In this research we considered a One Welfare approach in cases of abuse involving dogs and cats. When investigating pet abuse, professionals from the Animal Welfare Division of Pinhais, Brazil, can enter the home environment. During routine animal abuse investigations, the demographic profile of pet owners and their socioeconomic vulnerability was also recorded. Results from forty-five cases with (n = 30) and without (n = 15) suspicion of socioeconomic vulnerability were sent to the Department of Social Assistance of Pinhais, Brazil for confirmation. Socioeconomic vulnerability was suspected if socioeconomic problems were reported by the pet owners under investigation or their neighbours, as well by assessment of the socioeconomic environment of the families during home visits. Economic disadvantage was the most prevalent socioeconomic vulnerability. Cohen’s Kappa coefficients support the ability of animal welfare service professionals to detect socioeconomic vulnerability. Almost half of all families considered to have socioeconomic vulnerability had not previously participated in social programmes. In all cases involving families already being assisted by the Department of Social Assistance, pets were found to be suffering abuse. Families with socioeconomic vulnerability confirmed were included in the social programmes. These results support the need for a multi-disciplinary approach to improve the well-being of families with dogs and cats. This study can help guide the development of an interdisciplinary approach to address animal abuse cases.
A scoping review of nutrition education interventions to improve competencies, lifestyle and dietary habits of medical students and residents
Authors: Mogre Victor , Amoore Bright Yammaha , Gaa Patience Kanyiri 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
We reviewed the available research and gave an overview of the effects of nutrition education interventions (NEIs) on medical students’ and residents’ knowledge of nutrition, attitudes towards nutrition care, self-efficacy, dietary practices and readiness to offer nutrition care. From 28 May through 29 June 2021, we searched Google Scholar, PubMed, ProQuest, Cochrane and ProQuest to retrieve 1807 articles. After conducting de-duplication and applying the eligibility criteria and reviewing the title and abstract, 23 papers were included. The data were descriptively and narratively synthesised, and the results were displayed as frequencies, tables and figures. Twenty-one interventions were designed to increase participants’ knowledge of nutrition-related topics, and eighteen studies found that nutrition knowledge had significantly improved post-intervention. Only four of the eleven studies that reported on attitudes about nutrition post-intervention showed a meaningful improvement. The self-efficacy of participants was examined in more than half of the included studies (n 13, 56⋅5 %), and eleven of these studies found a significant increase in the participants’ level of self-efficacy to offer nutrition care post-intervention. At the post-intervention point, seven interventions found that dietary and lifestyle habits had significantly improved. The review demonstrated the potential of NEIs to enhance participants’ dietary habits and nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes and self-efficacy. Reduced nutrition knowledge, attitude and self-efficacy scores during the follow-up, point to the need for more opportunities for medical students and residents to learn about nutrition after the intervention.
A pressure instrument to measure skin friction in turbulent boundary layers on smooth and non-smooth walls
Authors: Storm P.V. , Newman B.G. 
Published: March 2023

SummaryA pressure instrument has been designed for the measurement of local skin friction in turbulent boundary layers on smooth and non-smooth walls. The instrument consists of three pitot tubes placed in the logarithmic mean velocity region of a turbulent boundary layer.An instrument was built and tested in the boundary layer produced on both smooth and rough walls. The rough walls consisted of two sandpaper abrasives of sizes #40 and #24. The experiments were performed over a range of momentum thickness Reynolds numbers, Rθ, from about 5 × 103 to 18 × 103, and in a small favourable pressure gradient given by –0·0005 < (υ/ρU3τ)(dp/dx) <–0·0001. The non-dimensional equivalent sand roughness, ks+ ≡ ksUτ/υ varied from zero to approximately 85, thus spanning all three roughness regimes from smooth to fully rough. Skin friction coefficients calculated using the three tube instrument were compared to those obtained using a skin friction balance. For the smooth wall measurements, skin friction relations and Preston tubes were also used as a basis of comparison. The results were found to agree fairly well for both the smooth and non-smooth walls, and was independent of the instrument's position within the logarithmic region. However, due to measurement difficulties the scatter and uncertainty were larger for the three tube instrument than the other techniques.Numerical smoothing of the results indicated that the agreement is expected to improve with better measurement of the pressure differences between the pitot tubes, or direct measurement of the velocity differences.
Computational modelling of shock wave/boundary layer interaction with a cell-vertex scheme and transport models of turbulence
Authors: Leschziner M. A. , Dimitriadis K. P. , Page G. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractA calculation procedure for modelling the interaction between shock waves and attached or separated turbulent boundary layers is introduced. The numerical framework, applicable to general curved grids, combines cell-vertex storage, a Lax-Wendroff time-marching scheme and multigrid convergence acceleration. The main numerical ingredients of the procedure are documented in some detail, with particular emphasis placed on the inclusion of viscous and turbulence transport within the cell-vertex framework, which was originally formulated for inviscid flow. An investigation of the predictive performance of alternative transport models of turbulence has been the primary objective of the present work. Particular attention has been focused on a comparison between variants of low Reynolds number k-ε models and an algebraic variant of a Reynolds-stress transport closure in strong interaction situations, including shock-induced separation. The turbulence models are introduced, and important numerical issues affecting their stable implementation are discussed. The calculation procedure is then applied to two confined transonic flows over bumps — one incipiently and the other extensively separated (Delery Cases A and C) — and to the transonic flow around the RAE 2822 aerofoil at two angles of incidence (Cases 9 and 10). The investigation demonstrates that the eddy-viscosity models tend to seriously underestimate the strength of interaction, particularly when separation is extensive. The performance of the Reynolds-stress model is not entirely consistent across the range of conditions examined. In the case of bump flows, the model displays strong sensitivity to the shock, predicting excessive boundary layer displacement in Case A, a broadly correct separation pattern in Case C and insufficient rate of post shock recovery in both cases. The aerofoil flows are either attached or incipiently separated, and the benefits arising from Reynolds-stress modelling are modest. Neither the k-ε model nor the Reynolds-stress closure is able to return a satisfactory representation of the most challenging RAE 2822 Case 10; at least not with the recommended windtunnel corrections for freestream Mach number and angle of incidence.
Some contributions to propulsion theory—The Stream Force Theorem and applications to propulsion
Authors: Bore C. L. 
Published: March 2023

SummaryAfter deriving the Stream Force Theorem, it is shown how this simplifies many problems of propulsion theory and makes the mathematics direct and concise. Applications discussed include forces upon ducting systems, intake entry losses, spill drag, mixing losses, errors in measuring intake losses by pitot traverse, and use of measured intake lip suction force in assessing entry losses and spill drag.
A summary of further measurements of steady and oscillatory pressures on a rectangular wing
Authors: Mabey D. G. , Welsh B. L. , Pyne C. R. 
Published: March 2023

SummaryThis report describes a series of steady and time dependent pressure measurements on a half-model of a rectangular wing of aspect ratio 4. The wing was mounted on a halfbody attached to a sidewall of the RAE 8 ft x 8 ft windtunnel and the tests were made at Mach numbers of 0·60, 0·70 and 0·80 with fixed transition and a Reynolds number of about 2·4 x 106 at the highest Mach number. The wing was oscillated about its mid-chord axis at four frequencies giving frequency parameters up to 0·27 at M = 0·80. The static angle of incidence was varied from -10° to + 10°; here interest is centred on angles of incidence for which the flow on the upper surface of the wing is separated.Selected mean and oscillatory measurements are offered as a challenge to computational fluid dynamicists for this simple threedimensional configuration. The measurements are of particular interest because the transonic flows include both incipient and well developed separations.
The use of colour graphics to show streamlines in two dimensional flow
Authors: Newman S.J. 
Published: March 2023

Interpreting test data or a mathematical function is often aided by plotting results in the form of contours. Many routines are available to accomplish this, but if a qualitative survey of the data is sufficient then a simple method can be employed using the basic colour screen graphics facilities found on personal computers. The principles of the method are described in this note.To form a set of contours a base area of the function plane must be defined and the method uses the screen as this base area.
The 33rd Lanchester Lecture. Automobile aerodynamics — the effects of airflow on road, racing and record breaking cars
Authors: Stollery J. L. 
Published: March 2023

Lanchester was undoubtedly a great British engineer. He died just 47 years ago, at which time the name Lanchester could be seen on the front of some motor cars, but many knew little about the great contributions that Frederick William Lanchester had made to both mechanical and aeronautical engineering.Whether Lanchester was interested in automobile aerodynamics or not, the subject combines two of his great loves. He designed and built petrol-engined cars, and his 1898 machine won the RAC’s Gold Medal (Fig. 1). As might have been expected, the drag coefficient of this vehicle is not recorded.
Stability augmentation of a sailplane in towed flight
Authors: de Matteis G. , Tamilia W. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis study details the design of an automatic control system for a sailplane in towed flight, the principal objective of which is control the relative position of the tow-aircraft and glider, since a large vertical distance is expected to drive unstable motions of the whole system. The synthesis of the control system is based on an approximated model for the constrained sailplane. The controlled motion of the sailplane is simulated by a general dynamic model of the three bodies, namely the two aircraft and the rope. Significant numerical results are presented and discussed in order to determine the effectiveness of the stability augmentation.
Integration of high bypass ratio engines on modern transonic wings for regional aircraft
Authors: Greff E. , Becker K. , Karwin M. , Rill S. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractChanging airline scenarios and aggravated congestion have led to an increasing demand for new regional aircraft which will cover ranges of more than 1500 nm and accommodate 80 to 130 passengers. These far exceed the capability of today's commuter types. In the required thrust range of 15-5-20 klb only a very limited number of older engines with high SFC is available. Recently the manufacturers have begun offering new turbofans based on modern core technology and internal mixing (long duct) with lower SFC.The underwing turbofan installation aspects are well understood from earlier wide and narrowbody aircraft but installing a long-duct nacelle on such a small aircraft means a significant increase in interference problems which may lead to close coupling and new methods for minimisation of the mutual interference.After a survey of installation problems on previous jet transports up to the Airbus family the state of the art of experimental and theoretical methods for interference analysis is discussed. By means of an inverse design method a local lofting change on a given wing design confined to 20% span area was derived in order to sustain the isobar pattern of the clean wing with the pod/pylon on.The design modification was checked by means of a 3D-Euler code and verified on a large half-model in the NLR-HST wind tunnel. From the analysis of the resulting conclusions concerning the feasibility of such a lofting change, further improvements are made.
Principles of engagement on research and other collaborations between the brewing sector and research entities: the FACT Principles
Authors: Kok Frans J. , Zarnkow Martin , Sierksma Aafje 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPublic–private partnerships are subject to intense scrutiny. This is specifically the case for sensitive health-related topics such as alcohol consumption. The brewing sector and representatives of the scientific community therefore stressed the need for specific principles for the proper and transparent governance of research and other collaborations between the brewing sector and research entities. At a 1-day seminar, a group of scientists and representatives from the brewing and food sector reached a consensus for such principles. They adhere to the following four fundamental conditions: Freedom of research, Accessibility, Contextualisation and Transparency. The points of focus in the FACT principles are open science, meaning that the methods and results are made accessible and reusable, and relationships are clearly disclosed. Actions to be taken for dissemination and implementation of the FACT Principles are, for instance, publishing them on public websites, including them in formal research agreements, and citing them in scientific publications. Scientific journals and (research) societies are encouraged to support the FACT Principles. In conclusion, the FACT Principles provide a framework for increased transparency and control of funding-related bias in research and other collaborations between the brewing sector and research entities. Monitoring their use and evaluating their impact will help to further refine and enforce the FACT Principles in the future.
Punishment for the Coercion of Labour during the Ur III Period
Authors: Reid J. Nicholas 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis article traces corporal and collective punishment in relation to the labour control of slaves and other dependent persons during the Ur III period (c.2100–2000 BCE). Slaves and other dependent persons often worked in related contexts with some overlap in treatment. Persons of different statuses could be detained and forced to work. Persons of various statuses also received rations and other benefits, but the evidence suggests that the most extreme forms of corporal punishment were reserved for slaves. This article, however, contextualizes these threats of mutilation and the death penalty, demonstrating that such punishments should be considered the exception and not the norm.