bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biologic Activity of Soluble Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Campbell Dan H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The optical activity of soluble antigen-antibody complexes was studied. It was found that levorotation increases in the formation of skin reactive BSA-anti-BSA complexes, whereax it does not change on the formation of the Ag2Ab complex which is inactive in the skin reaction. The increase of levorotation was observed by the formation of skin reactive soluble complexes composed of synthetic precipitating R3'-dye and homologous antibody, whereas it does nto change on the formation of simple hapten (R)-anti-R complexes. These results support our hypothesis that the toxicity of soluble complexes is due to molecular changes brought about in the antibody molecules.
The Lack of Absorption of Ingested Bovine Antibody in Humans
Authors: Dixon F. J. , Kuhns W. , Weigle W. O. , Taylor P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the past few years several articles in professional journals (1, 2, 3) and numerous reports in the public press have claimed that antibodies in cows' milk are absorbed in active form via the human gastrointestinal tract. Further, it has been suggested that by using milk from appropriately immunized cows, this method of passive immunization may be employed with benefit in the treatment of such human diseases as pollen allergies. So attractive is this hypothesis that clinical trials of milk from ragweed pollen immunized cows have been conducted in ragweed sensitive patients without, however, any apparent benefit (4). In these clinical trials the lack of a relatively pure antigen makes it impossible to determine quantitatively the amount of antibody in the milk or in the subject's serum after ingestion of milk, so that all results must be based on subjective observations.
Antigens of Bordetella Pertussis
Authors: Munoz J. , Ribi Edgar , Larson Carl L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Preparations of cell wall and protoplasm were made from young Bordetella pertussis cells and tested for: a) their ability to immunize mice against fatal B. pertussis infection, b) their ability to sensitize mice to histamine, and c) their toxic properties.
It was found that the heat labile toxin was mainly present in the protoplasm whereas the protecting antigen and the histamine sensitizing factor were located principally in the cell wall.
Immunochemistry of Synthetic Polypeptides and Polypeptidyl Proteins
Authors: Buchanan-Davidson Dorothy J. , Dellert Eva E. , Kornguth Steven E. , Stahmann Mark A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Quantitative precipitation studies of the antibodies produced in response to the immunization of rabbits immunized with bovine albumin modified by the addition of peptides of glutamic acid, lysine, leucine, or phenylalanine indicated that some of the antibodies were specific for the carrier protein, others were specific for the added polypeptide, and that some require both the modification and at least a part of the carrier protein. Similar quantitative studies on the sera prepared against rabbit albumin which had been modified in the same manner indicated that there were antibodies toward the added polypeptide and possibly some which required a portion of the carrier protein and the modification. The possible explanations for the existence of the antibodies requiring the modification and at least part of the carrier protein are discussed. Absorption experiments on antisera to the modified bovine albumins indicate that similarly modified rabbit albumins precipitate all the antibodies produced in response to the added polypeptide, but that unmodified bovine albumin does not precipitate all of the antibodies and that it may form a nonprecipitating complex with some antibodies which prevents subsequent precipitation with the homologous antigen. The modification of the bovine albumin with various polypeptides was found to weaken the antigenicity of the protein. The length of the added polypeptide chain appears to be more important in the change of specificity than the number of added polypeptide chains.
Studies on Antibody Production by Spleen Explants Maintained in Vitro
Authors: La Via Mariano F. , Uriu Stanley A. , Ferguson Lloyd A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A maintenance tissue culture system has been described which has certain advantages for the preservation of tissues in a viable, functional state and for sampling and feeding tissues. Spleen of rats given one intravenous dose of a particulate antigen were studied in this system. Antibody was synthesized under the conditions described as evidenced by a rise in antibody content in the tissue culture medium and incorporation of a radioactive amino acid by material specifically bound to antigen. This synthesis is accompanied by cellular differentiation similar to that described in vivo during antibody synthesis, but mitoses are not present.
Studies in Immunization
Authors: Leskowitz Sidney , Waksman Byron H. , Bardow Anna 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of the route of immunization on the response of rabbits to BSA in Freund adjuvant has been studied. Intramuscular and subcutaneous injection gave the highest circulating antibody levels, toe pad and intraperitoneal injections were intermediate, and intradermal and intravenous injections were least effective. The toe pad and intradermal routes were most effective for production of delayed hypersensitivity; the intramuscular, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes were less effective, and the intravenous completely ineffective. An intravenous booster injection suppressed delayed hypersensitivity in all cases and caused significant increases in circulating antibody in animals inoculated by the intraperitoneal, intradermal, intravenous, and toe pad routes.
A Modified Technique of Immunoelectrophoresis Facilitating the Identification of Specific Precipitin Arcs
Authors: Osserman Elliott F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A modification of the technique of immunoelectrophoresis has been developed which facilitates the identification of individual precipitin arcs in complex mixtures of proteins such as human serum. This modified procedure consists of the concurrent reaction of the antiserum with the electrophoretically separated primary antigen solution (e.g., whole serum) and with a known protein constituent. Examples are presented of the application of the technique to the identification of the components in Cohn Fraction IV-7 (primarily the iron-binding globulin), ceruloplasmin, and the urinary proteins in a case of myeloma.
An Immunologic and Chemical Study of the Similarities Between Mouse and Human Serum Proteins
Authors: Clausen J. , Heremans J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A new immunochemical method, combining the immunoelectrophoresis with the Ouchterlony diffusion method is described. By means of this new technique mouse proteins, antigenetically related to human prealbumin, albumin, alpha 1-glycoprotein, alpha-2-haptoglobin, transferrin, beta-I-C and γ-globulin, were localized in the immunoelectrophoretical tracings. Furthermore special staining for lipids of the immunoelectrophoretical tracings showed the α-2-III to be a lipoprotein.
The Effect of the Temperature of Incubation on the Spread of Herpes Simplex Virus in an Immune Environment in Cell Culture
Authors: Hoggan M. David , Roizman Bernard , Turner Thomas B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The MP variant of Herpes simplex virus was used in experiments designed to determine the relative rates of spread of virus infection from infected to noninfected FL cells incubated at different temperatures in the presence of antibody.
Preliminary experiments showed that one infectious particle is sufficient to infect a cell, and that an infected cell will almost invariably produce a macroplaque when deposited on a monolayer culture and incubated at 37°C in the presence of antibody. The conditions required to effect infection of all or most cells in an FL cell culture were also determined.
On the basis of these experiments, the mean size of macroplaques formed by infected cells added to the monolayer culture and incubated in the presence of antibody at 30°, 31°, 34°, 37°, and 39.5°C were determined. From these experiments it was learned that the largest macroplaque area is attained after 4 days of incubation at 37°C. Below and above 37°C the mean size of macroplaques after a similar incubation period is progressively reduced. In view of the absence of the cell fluid-cell transmission of infection in the presence of antibody in the fluid phase, the increase in macroplaques may be taken as a measure of the direct cell-cell transmission of the virus from infected to noninfected cells. The significance of the observed rates of spread of infection at different temperatures with respect to a) virus formation at different temperatures, b) virus release from infected cells at different temperatures, and c) recurrent herpetic infections in man were discussed.
The Formation of Bacterial Protoplasts In Vivo
Authors: Carey Warren F. , Muschel Louis H. , Baron L. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The intraperitoneal inoculation of Gramnegative bacteria into mice was followed by morphologic changes in these organisms from typical rods to protoplasts to protoplasmic membranes. The percentage of protoplast formation was a function of challenge size in both normal mice and those with elevated nonspecific resistance. Low challenges resulted in an acceleration of this effect upon cells, whereas in mice possessing specific antibody, the transformation of cells was rapid with maximum nonlethal doses. An additive protective effect was obtained in mice possessing both specific immunity and elevated nonspecific resistance. These mice were capable of transforming large challenge inoculums into protoplasts. Evidence also has been presented indicating an active mouse complement system which may be demonstrated in freshly drawn blood.
A Study of Antibody Production in Vitro
Authors: Vaughan John H. , Dutton Anne H. , Dutton Richard W. , George Mariam , Marston Robert Q. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sieved spleen cells isolated from rabbits 2 or 3 days after an in vivo anamnestic stimulation have been studied. Synthesis of antibody in vitro has been measured by the incorporation of radioactive amino acid into carrier antibody-antigen precipitates formed in the supernatants. The effect of alterations of the culture medium have been investigated. The rate of antibody production tended to be constant in spleen cells isolated at 3 days, but was still increasing in cells isolated at 2 days.
Effect of Polylysine on Immune Hemoantibodies in Mice
Authors: Stern Kurt 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Significant depressions of immune antibodies for sheep red cells were found in mice of five inbred strains injected with nontoxic quantities of polylysine concurrently with the administration of the red cells. In mice of three strains—DBA, C3H, and C57BL—only male, but not female, mice responded in this manner. Although several other mechanisms of the depressing activity on immune responses of polylysine were considered to be improbable, the possibility that polylysine may interfere with phagocytosis of red cells in vivo was thought to be deserving of further investigation.
A Property of Immune Sera Inhibitory for the Growth of the Tubercle Bacillus
Authors: Kochan Ivan , Raffel Sidney 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A strong inhibitory effect upon tubercle bacilli appears in the serum of tuberculous and BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs. In infected animals, this effect is present throughout the disease period; in the latter case it is present only for 2.5–3 months after a vaccinating dose. Investigation of the inhibitory factor revealed the following features: It progressively loses its activity at 65°C but remains intact at 56°C for 1 hr and, thus, does not require complement.It cannot be adsorbed from serum by heavy emulsions of tubercle bacilli.It requires calcium for its activity; addition of citrate to serum or dialysis of serum against saline, with chelation or loss of calcium, respectively results in an inactivation of the inhibitory factor which is reversible by the addition of calcium.It migrates electrophoretically with the α-globulins.It is specifically inhibitory for tubercle bacilli, but its formation can be induced by a heavy infection of guinea pigs with staphylococci.Its formation is not suppressed by total body irradiation.
The factor may be an acute-phase substance with highly specific and striking tuberculostatic activity. Its possible significance to acquired immunity in guinea pigs remains to be assessed.
Serologic Relationship between Inclusion Body Proteins of Some Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera
Authors: Krywienczyk J. , Bergold G. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Guinea pigs were injected with dissolved inclusion body proteins from 16 species of Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera collected from four continents.
On the basis of complement fixation tests they proved to belong to three serologically distinct groups. Two of these groups, namely nuclear polyhedron proteins from Lepidoptera and cytoplasmic capsule proteins from Lepidoptera, are the same as previously established for the corresponding viruses, although the capsule protein from Recurvaria milleri Busck (CRm) showed a higher cross reactivity with the polyhedron proteins than with the other capsule proteins. A third group is represented by the nuclear polyhedron proteins of Diprionidae (Hymenoptera). Within each group a varying degree of relationship was found which appears to be influenced by the phylogenetic status of the hosts.
Serum and Colostral Antibody Levels in Cattle Convalescent from Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Tests in Calves and Fetal Tissue
Authors: Stone S. S. , DeLay P. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two heifers were inoculated with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in late pregnancy. Twelve days after inoculation, one heifer calved. Both the heifer and calf died 3 days after parturition. The other heifer calved 18 days after inoculation, but the calf was stillborn. The dam was sacrificed at 12 days postpartum. Antibody levels were determined in sera and milk and attempts were made to isolate the virus from fetal membranes and calf tissue with the following results: Postpartum milk from a heifer infected with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) contained specific neutralizing antibody at a level higher than that of serum from the same animal at 7 days postinoculation (DPI); at 5 days postpartum the titers of serum and colostrum were comparable.Complement-fixation (CF) titers of postpartum whey were lower than the serum titers and were not detectable after 10 days.An extremely high concentration of whey proteins with globulin mobilities, as shown by paper electrophoresis, was noted during the first 5 days postpartum; however, the concentration of these proteins gradually decreased to an insignificant level by the 10th day.Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was not recovered from meconium, spleen, pancreas, heart muscle or placental tissues of the calves.The symptoms in pregnant heifers following infection with FMDV, type A-119, were more severe than those noted in steers or nonpregnant heifers.The virus neutralization (VN) test was more useful than the agar gel precipitin or CF test because of the persistence of VN antibody in milk.
Immune Mechanisms in Homotransplantation
Authors: Winn Henry J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been shown that mixtures of relatively large numbers of lymphoma cells and specific isoimmune serum fail to produce tumors when injected into compatible mice. The degree of neutralization is proportional to the amount of antiserum, provided that very large cell doses are not employed. In vitro incubation of serum-cell mixtures has no effect on the outcome of neutralization tests unless complement is present, in which case the level of neutralization observed is determined by the concentration of complement as well as the time of incubation. A striking enhancement of neutralization can be achieved by injecting the prospective hosts of the antiserum-cell mixtures intraperitoneally with guinea pig complement (0.25–1.0 ml/mouse). This treatment has no effect on the fate of grafts of tumor cells mixed with normal serum. Neutralization in the absence of exogenous complement is attributed to the action of host complement on antibody-sensitized tumor cells. Failure to demonstrate neutralization with large cell doses even when optimal amounts of antibody are present is ascribed to insufficient levels of host complement. The significance of these observations with respect to the mechanisms of homograft rejection and the so-called tumor inhibitory principle of guinea pig serum is discussed.
The Fate of Killed, Radioiodinated Brucella Abortus Injected Into Mice
Authors: Sulitzeanu Dov , Bdolach A. , Sperling O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Radioiodinated Brucella abortus injected into the peritoneal cavity of the mouse are partly phagocytosed in the cavity and partly transported to the blood stream, from which they are removed mainly by the liver and spleen. The final distribution of the bacteria appears to be determined by the extent of the phagocytosis taking place in the peritoneal cavity. A significant proportion of the engulfed brucellae are carried to the mesenteric lymph glands. Therefore, any factor enhancing phagocytosis, such as the presence of a peritoneal exudate, the stimulation of RES or the injection of Brucella antiserum, will increase the radioactivity in the mesenteric glands. The radioactivity in the spleen and liver will be consequently reduced. Factors decreasing phagocytosis in the cavity (such as levan) have an opposite effect.
Several hundred antibody molecules per bacterium are sufficient to sensitize the brucellae to increased phagocytosis in the peritoneal cavity.
The labeled brucellae can be used as a sensitive indicator of inflammatory activity in the abdominal cavity of the mouse.
Alterations in Serum Lysozyme and Properdin Titers of Mice Following X-Irradiation or Treatment with Zymosan or Endotoxin
Authors: Hook William A. , Carey Warren F. , Muschel Louis H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Inoculation of mice with Zymosan or endotoxin caused an initial decline and subsequent rise in lysozyme titers that was similar but not identical with changes in properdin titer. Mice responded to irradiation with progressively decreasing lysozyme levels whereas properdin titers rose to above normal shortly after irradiation and then fell to normal or below normal levels. The serum lysozyme titer in mice thus appeared to be a more consistent indicator in irradiation damage than the properdin titer.
Lysozyme could not be substituted for properdin in vitro for the lysis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria erythrocytes, tannic acid treated erythrocytes, toxoplasmacidal activity or for the inactivation of C′3. A lysozyme depleted serum (RL) containing complement and properdin possessed full activity in these systems.
Kinetics of the Inhibition of Cypridina Luciferase by Specific Antibody
Authors: Tsuji Frederick I. , Davis David L. , Sowinski Raymond 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A kinetic study of the antigen-antibody reaction involving specific rabbit antibody to luciferase, the enzyme responsible for the blue luminescence of the marine crustacean, Cypridina hilgendorfii, was carried out by a quantitative photometric method. Interaction of antibody and luciferase resulted in inactivation of the enzyme. Investigation of the rate of inactivation over a 100,000-fold range in antibody concentration showed the rate to be concentration dependent. The reaction equilibrium was represented by a sigmoid curve. At antibody excess, the inactivation obeyed pseudounimolecular kinetics during the initial 14 min, after which the rate decreased. Luciferase activity was inhibited by one molecule of antibody acting noncompetitively. The inhibition was partially reversible by simple dilution. The rate of inactivation was pH dependent, with an optimum of around 5.4. The data suggest that ionic attraction plays a significant role in the inactivation process.
Studies on Echinococcosis: Nonspecific Serologic Reactions of Hydatid-Fluid Antigen with Serum of Patients Ill with Diseases Other Than Echinococcosis
Authors: Kagan Irving G. , Norman Lois , Allain Dorothy S. , Goodchild Chauncey G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sera from 129 patients ill with liver cirrhosis, nephrosis, lupus erythematosus, multiple myeloma and diseases other than echinococcosis were tested with the hemagglutination test and flocculation tests. In the entire sample nine sera (7%) were positive by hemagglutination and 11 sera (8.5%) by flocculation; however, 36 of 129 (28%) showed some degree of serologic reactivity. In the cirrhosis sample, 17 of 35 sera (49%) were serologically reactive and in the other diseases from 10–25% of the sera showed reactivity. Analysis of some of the sera by paper electrophoresis showed no correlation between A/G ratios and reactive and negative sera.
Analysis of Echinococcus granulosus antigens of porcine origin and E. multilocularis antigens from cotton rats revealed the presence of host protein in these antigens. Studies by agar double diffusion methods revealed that E. granulosus and E. multilocularis antigens have common antigens with host liver.
Serologic activity with echinococcus antigens in patients with liver disease is believed to be due to the presence of autoantibodies which cross-react with host protein in the hydatid fluid antigen.
Cx-Reactive Protein Response in Rabbits during Immunization with Foreign Proteins
Authors: Hokama Y. , Coleman Monroe K. , Riley Richard F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Primary immunization of rabbits with intravenous bovine serum albumin or human γ-globulin resulted in a biphasic Cx-protein response. The secondary response was attributed to the formation of antigen-antibody complexes in the vascular system, since Cx-protein responses could be elicited by intravenous injection of soluble antigen-antibody complexes, and by formation of complexes in vivo by passive transfer of homologous antibody followed by antigen. A secondary Cx-protein response did not occur following primary intravenous immunization with tobacco mosaic virus, an antigen which disappeared from the blood stream well ahead of the appearance of antibody.
Elastase in the Exocrine Pancreas: Localization with Fluorescent Antibody
Authors: Moon Henry D. , McIvor Barbara C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The enzyme, elastase, was demonstrated in the acinar tissue of the porcine pancreas using antielastase rabbit serum and fluorescent sheep antirabbit globulin as a means of identifying and localizing the enzyme. No elastase was present in the islets of Langerhans. The specificity of the antibody to porcine elastase was demonstrated by its strong reaction with porcine pancreas and its failure to react with human or guinea pig pancreas. A positive reaction occurred between guinea pig anti-insulin serum and the islets of Langerhans of porcine pancreas whereas there was no reaction between this serum and the acinar tissue and ductal epithelium of porcine pancreas.
Immunologic Differences between the 7S and 19S Components of Normal Human γ-Globulin; Antigenic Specificity of the 7S Component
Authors: Franklin Edward C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Double diffusion studies in agar and quantitative precipitin studies have confirmed the close antigenic relationship of the 7S and 19S fraction of γ-globulin. Antigenic differences detectable by agar diffusion studies have demonstrated the presence of antigenic groups specific to the 7S γ-globulin which are not present in the heavier fractions. More rapidly sedimenting peaks present in these preparations and in normal serum do not appear to be simple polymers of 7S γ-globulin. Differences in the major 7S fraction of γ-globulin and the 7S units of the 19S fraction of γ-globulin are discussed.