bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross-Priming of Murine B Cells with TNP Conjugates of Hemocyanin and Ficoll: Characteristics of Primed B Cells Responding to Both Antigens
Authors: Umetsu D. T. , Chapman-Alexander J. M. , Thorbecke G. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
There is strong evidence that separate subsets of B cells respond to primary challenge with TNP-Ficoll (TI.2) and with TNP-KLH (TD). Although TD antigens can prime for responses to TI antigens, it has been suggested that, at least in vitro, distinct subsets respond to TI.2 and TD antigens even after such priming. The present experiments on adoptive secondary immune responses in LAF1 mice suggest that a single population of primed cells may respond to both antigens. This conclusion is based on the findings that 1) High-affinity 7S antibody-producing cells primed by TNP-KLH can be challenged by TNP-Ficoll even after removal of T cells; 2) Priming with TNP-Ficoll induced 2- to 4-fold increased responsiveness to itself and to TNP-KLH, although the maturation with respect to affinity distribution of these IgG responses is significantly less than after priming with TNP-KLH; 3) TNP-KLH primed-cells never give higher responses upon challenge with both antigens simultaneously than to one of these antigens injected alone; 4) Primary and secondary responses to both antigens are reduced to a similar degree after pretreatment of cells with anti-Ia and C; 5) Receptor blockade of TNP-KLH primed cells by incubation with TNP-SIII reduces responses to TNP-KLH by 77 to 90% and to TNP-Ficoll by 60 to 70%. The findings are interpreted as supporting the view that B cell subpopulations responding to TI.2 and TD antigens represent stages of differentiation of a single B cell lineage that are overlapping rather than distinct subsets in vivo.
Activation of Suppressor T Cells in Human Autologous Mixed Lymphocyte Culture
Authors: Smith J. Bruce , Knowlton Regina P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Co-culture of autologous T and mitomycin-C treated B cells results in increased DNA synthesis in the responding T cells. T cells thus activated in AMLC exerted suppressive effects on both the proliferative and cytotoxic responses of fresh unstimulated T cells to allogeneic cells in MLC. The suppressor cells generated are sensitive to treatment with mitomycin-C. AMLC-activated cells treated with mitomycin-C failed to suppress both cytotoxicity and proliferation in fresh primary MLC. It appears that the AMLC reaction reflects an immunologic homeostatic mechanism. Since this reaction is defective in patients with CLL and SLE and the homologous mouse syngeneic MLC is defective in NZB mice, the failure of this T-B interaction may be related to the pathogenesis of certain lymphoproliferative and autoimmune disorders.
X-Linked B Lymphocyte Defect in CBA/N Mice
Authors: Scher Irwin , Berning Alice K. , Asofsky Richard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The primary thymus-dependent IgG anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) response of (CBA/N × DBA/2)F1 male mice was &lt;10% of that of immunologically normal (CBA/N × DBA/2)F1 female mice. Adoptive transfers of activated T cells (ATC) and either bone marrow or anti-ϑ-treated spleen cells from F1 mice into lethally irradiated recipients demonstrated that the functional helper-cell activity of ATC from immune-defective and normal F1 mice was equivalent. By contrast, B lymphocytes of (CBA/N × DBA/2)F1 male mice gave very poor or absent IgG anti-SRBC responses in this system, whereas the response of B cells from immunologically normal F1 mice was excellent. The poor response of (CBA/N × DBA/2)F1 male B cells was not improved by providing additional T cell help, suggesting that these cells were refractory to a large proportion of this help. Furthermore, increasing the number of donor B cells from immune-defective mice failed to influence materially the IgG anti-SRBC response. Although the response of (CBA/N × DBA/2)F1 male primed B cells was considerably improved over that of unprimed cells, it remained less than the primary response of immunologically normal F1 mice. The presence of a low but detectable SRBC response in (CBA/N × DBA/2)F1 male mice suggests that the B cells of these mice, and by inference those of normal mice, can be triggered by antigen in the presence of ATC through a mechanism that is independent of Lyb 3+, 5+ B cells. The large increase in the response of (CBA/N × DBA/2)F1 male B cells to SRBC after priming suggests that Lyb 3+, 5+ B cells are not necessary for the generation of memory B cells.
An interesting difference in the environments of (CBA/N × DBA/2)F1 vs (DBA/2 × CBA/N)F1 male mice was demonstrated by reconstituting these mice with mixtures of ATC and B cells after lethal irradiation. In all cases, the IgG responses of the immune-defective F1 mice were significantly less than those of the immunologically normal mice. Mechanisms that could explain these findings are discussed.
Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte-Mediated, Antibody-Dependent, Cellular Cytotoxicity against Tumor Cells: Dependence on Oxygen and the Respiratory Burst
Authors: Hafeman Dean G. , Lucas Zoltan J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experiments were done to determine 1) whether the respiratory burst of superoxide anion (O2-) production in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) is triggered during antibody-dependent killing of tumor cells and 2) whether O2- production is essential for cytotoxicity. Three parameters of the respiratory burst (1-14C-glucose oxidation, oxygen consumption, and O2- release) were increased 2.5- to 7.3-fold during killing of antibody-primed tumor cells by human PMN. Added catalase and superoxide dismutase did not inhibit lysis, possibly because these enzymes were unable to diffuse into the inter-plasma-membrane space between killer and target cells. Evidence for an O2- requirement for cytotoxicity was the fact that concentrations of amobarbital or phenylbutazone sufficient to inhibit the cyanide-insensitive respiration of PMN also inhibited cytotoxicity. Also, hypoxic conditions inhibited cytotoxicity from 29 to 73%. The requirement for oxygen was most likely related to O2- generation and not mitochondrial respiration since cyanide and azide, which inhibit mitochon drial respiration, increased cytotoxicity.
Phenotypic and Functional Distinctions between the TH2+ and JRA+ T Cell Subsets in Man
Authors: Reinherz Ellis L. , Strelkauskas Anthony J. , O'Brien Carmeline , Schlossman Stuart F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Prior work has demonstrated the existence of distinct human peripheral blood T cell subsets by utilizing heterologous as well as autoimmune antisera. In the present study, the relationship between the TH2+ and JRA+ T cell subsets was examined. T cells were purified with Sephadex G-200 anti-F(ab)2′ affinity chromatography and E-rosetting technique, and subsequently fractionated into TH2+ and TH2- subsets by utilizing indirect immunofluorescence on FACS. Approximately 40 to 45% of the TH2- subset was shown to be JRA+, whereas less than 5% of the TH2+ subset was JRA+. In reciprocal studies, T cells were fractionated into JRA+ and JRA- subsets and reacted with heterologous antisera with anti-TH2+ specificity and indirect immunofluorescence. FACS analysis demonstrated that the JRA+ population contained no TH2+ T cells. In contrast, the JRA- population contained TH2+ T cells and accounted for the entire TH2+ subset found in the unfractionated T cell population. Functional studies showed that the TH2+ subset, and not the JRA+ subset, contain the effector population for cell-mediated lympholysis. It is concluded that the TH2+ and JRA+ T cell subsets define distinct and different T cell populations in man.
Inhibition of Methylation by Adenosine in Adenosine Deaminase-Inhibited, Phytohemagglutinin-Stimulated Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Johnston Jeffrey M. , Kredich Nicholas M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adenosine toxicity was studied in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated, normal human, peripheral lymphocytes in order to determine whether inhibition of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-mediated transmethylation reactions might contribute to the immune defect associated with heritable deficiency of the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA). Cells were treated with 20 µM erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine to inhibit ADA and with 20 µM uridine to prevent the pyrimidine starvation known to be caused by adenosine in this system. The further addition of 25 to 100 µM adenosine inhibited the uptake of radiolabeled thymidine and leucine into acid precipitable material, and also increased intracellular levels of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) from 3- to 8-fold. The formation in these experiments of AdoHcy, a potent inhibitor of AdoMet-mediated transmethylation reactions, presumably occurs through the action of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Although the physiologic function of this enzyme is to hydrolyze AdoHcy, the reversibility of the reaction and an equilibrium constant favoring synthesis allow net synthesis of AdoHcy under conditions of adenosine excess. Inclusion of 100 to 200 µM L-homocysteine thiolactone in our experiments enhanced AdoHcy accumulation and also potentiated the inhibitory effects of adenosine on radiolabeled thymidine and leucine uptake. Cytotoxic concentrations of adenosine also caused significant inhibition of in vivo DNA methylation, a process known to be AdoMet-mediated, and a good correlation between this effect and AdoHcy levels was noted. These findings indicate that adenosine toxicity in cultured human lymphocytes is at least in part due to AdoHcy accumulation and resultant inhibition of essential AdoMet-mediated methylation reactions. The relevance of these findings to the pathogenesis of the immune defect in ADA-deficient patients is not established but deserves consideration.
The Regulation of Thymidine Secretion by Macrophages
Authors: Stadecker Miguel J. , Unanue Emil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The secretion of thymidine by mononuclear phagocytes was correlated with the activity of the enzyme thymidine kinase (TK). Macrophages cultured in regular tissue culture medium released thymidine and did not express TK. However, when macrophages were incubated with medium conditioned by L cells, they expressed TK, incorporated 3H thymidine into trichloroacetic acid precipitable material, and ceased to secrete the nucleoside. Furthermore, replicating P388/D1 cells were induced to secrete thymidine by inhibiting TK with d-glucosamine. These results have demonstrated an inverse relationship between thymidine secretion and the expression of TK. They suggest that thymidine secretion by macrophages may be attributed to their lack of TK activity.
Mononuclear Cells Contain Human Transfer Factor as Assayed Locally on the Skin of Dogs
Authors: Tomar Russell H. , John Patricia A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We prepared transfer factor from mononuclear (M) cells and polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells by sieving cell lysates through a P-2 Biogel column. By assaying column fractions by their ability to induce a local delayed-type reaction to antigen in canine skin, we determined that mononuclear cells most consistently contained skin activity. The elution patterns from P-2 Biogel of PMN or M-enriched preparations were less complex and much different from that seen with whole leukocytes.
Circadian Rhythm in Activity of Lympholytic Natural Killer Cells from Spleens of Fischer Rats
Authors: Fernandes G. , Carandente F. , Halberg E. , Halberg F. , Good R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three and one-half-week-old male inbred Fischer rats housed individually at 24 ± 1°C with Purina Chow and water ad libitum were randomly assigned to six different rhythmometry chambers, each lighted daily for 12 hr and darkened the following 12 hr. The timing of these regimens differed from one chamber to the next by 4 hr (i.e., one chamber was illuminated from 0600 to 1800, the next from 1000 to 2200, etc.). Thus, completely light-dark synchronized animals sampled from the six chambers at any given clock time were intended to represent, in relation to the onset of the daily light span, six different circadian stages, differing from each other by 4 hr. After 2-week standardization in the chambers, rectal temperature was measured and the animal killed, its spleen collected aseptically in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum, and the activity of natural killer (N.K.) cells determined in a direct 51Cr release assay. Spleen cells of 6-week-old rats were effector cells and RL♀1 mouse lymphoma cells in tissue culture were target cells. Two experiments carried out, each on 3 successive days in November 1977 and February 1978, using subtotals of 24 rats at each lighting stage; i.e., a total of 144 rats for six intended circadian stages, revealed by cosinor analysis a circadian rhythm in N.K. cell activity and rectal temperature. The circadian recetal temperature acrophase may be a marker with similar timing of high murine N.K. cell activity. In the context of a budding chronoimmunology, these findings extend the scope of a spectrum of bioperiodic neuroendocrine influences on lymphoid activity and body resistance.
The Role of Cyclic AMP in Modulating Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
Authors: Plaut Marshall 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were generated in the spleen by immunizing C57BL/6 mice (H-2b) i.p. with allogeneic P815 cells (H-2d), or by culturing C57BL/6 spleen cells in vitro with mitomycin C-treated P815 cells. Agents that increase cyclic AMP levels, including histamine, prostaglandin E2, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, and theophylline, markedly inhibited the activity of in vivo-generated CTL. In contrast, these agents had little inhibitory effect on the activity of in vitro-generated CTL. The inhibition by cyclic AMP-active agents was not altered by varying lymphocyte:target cell ratios or assay times, or by removing dead cells. The differences in inhibition by histamine and dibutyryl cAMP persisted even in the presence of high concentrations of the cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors, theophylline and Ro 20-1724. Inhibition by mixtures of in vivo- and in vitro-generated CTL populations was the weighted average of the inhibition of each separate population. When in vivo-generated CTL were restimulated in vitro with antigen, within 24 hr, the inhibition by cAMP-active agents of the resultant CTL was no greater than inhibition of in vitro-generated, primary CTL. Thus, culture induces nonspecific desensitization of CTL to cyclic AMP-active agents, possibly by altering biochemical events in CTL such that their cytotoxic mechanism is disassociated from the cAMP-mediated regulatory step(s) that are present in in vivo populations.
Cloning of B Cells Positive or Negative for Surface IgD
Authors: Layton Judith E. , Pike Beverley L. , Battye Frank L. , Nossal G. J. V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A direct experimental approach has been used to test two hypotheses for the function of B lymphocyte surface IgD (sIgD). The first hypothesis is that the presence of sIgD distinguishes cells that respond to T-dependent antigens from those that respond to T-independent antigens and the second is that the presence of sIgD is responsible for resistance to tolerance induction. The approach used was to separate sIgD+ cells from sIgD- cells in the fluorescence-activated cell sorter and to use cloning assays in which the precursor activity is linearly related to the number of cells assayed, to test the activity of separated populations. Mice at 2½ weeks of age were used in most experiments to provide spleen cells in which there was an equal proportion of sIgD+ and sIgD- B cells. In this paper, the immune response and tolerance induction were examined in T-independent assay systems. Both sIgD+ and sIgD- cells responded to a T-independent antigen (FLU-POL) and mitogens, with the better response obtained from the sIgD+ population. The same degree of tolerance susceptibility was found in sIgD+ and sIgD- populations from either 2½-week-old or adult mice. The conclusion from these observations is that the T-independent response is not restricted to sIgD- B cells and also that resistance to tolerogenesis in a T-independent assay system is not caused by acquisition of IgD.
Fc Receptors for IgA on Human B, and Human Non-B, Non-T Lymphocytes
Authors: Lum Lawrence G. , Muchmore Andrew V. , O'Connor N. , Strober W. , Blaese R. Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recently, receptors for IgA were demonstrated on subpopulations of human T lymphocytes. In this report, TNP-modified ox erythrocytes coated with the IgA myeloma MOPC-315 were used to detect IgA receptor-bearing lymphocytes within the human non T cell lymphocyte population. A mean of 5.3% (range 2.9 to 12.4%) of Erosette negative human lymphocytes bound IgA-coated indicator cells. Blocking studies with soluble IgA, IgG, and IgM demonstrated that the IgA receptors on the non-T cell populations were separate and distinct from the Fc-receptors for IgG and IgM. Fractionation of the non-T lymphocytes on anti-human (Fab)2 columns into sIg+ and sIg- populations or by rosetting with EAC to provide CRL+ and CRL- populations demonstrated that Fc-IgA receptors were present on a subpopulation of sIg+, CRL+ lymphocytes, and also on sIg- (non-T, non-B) lymphocytes.
Interaction between T Cells and Non-T Cells in Suppression of Cytotoxic Lymphocyte Responses
Authors: Truitt Gary A. , Dennison David K. , Rich Robert R. , Rich Susan Solliday 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in mixed leukocyte cultures was suppressed by a factor elaborated by alloantigen-activated T cells. This suppressor factor, CTL-TsF, in contrast to a factor that suppresses proliferative responses in mixed leukocyte reactions (MLR-TsF), was effective only when added during the first 24 hr of a 6-day-culture period. Moreover, removal of CTL-TsF 24 hr after culture initiation failed to restore CTL responses. CTL activity could be rescued from suppressed cultures, however, by addition of 2-mercaptoethanol on days 3 or 4. Similarly, transfer of nonadherent cells at 3 or 4 days from cultures treated with CTL-TsF to cultures of adherent cells initiated in control factor restored CTL responses. Mixing experiments with cells pulsed with CTL-TsF for 4 hr at culture initiation identified a target of CTL-TsF as a Thy-1 negative cell that was adherent to plastic and to Sephadex G-10. Suppression was not due to interference with physiologic accessory cell function, but more likely was accomplished via a negative signal from CTL-TsF-pulsed cells. The results thus suggest that CTL-TsF acts early, but reversibly, in the CTL differentiative process via a second suppressor effector cell, possibly a macrophage.
Effects of Concanavalin A-Induced Cells on the Proliferative Response of T Cells
Authors: Mayumi Mitsufumi , Yoshida Takami , Shinomiya Keisuke , Nishikawa Shin-Ichi , Hirata Takeo , Izumi Takateru , Mikawa Haruki 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Effects of Con A-induced human mononuclear cells on the proliferative response of peripheral T cells were examined by using TNP-modified autologous lymphocytes as stimulator cells. Cells induced by incubation with Con A contained both suppressor cells and amplifier cells. The former were induced from nylon woolnonadherent T cells and these precursor cells were sensitive to mitomycin treatment. On the other hand, amplifier precursor cells were nylon wool-nonadherent T cells and were resistant to mitomycin treatment. Cell proliferation was required for the induction of suppressor cells but not for the induction of amplifier cells. Con A-induced suppressor effector cells were both nylon wool-adherent and nonadherent cells, on the contrary, Con A-induced amplifier effector cells were nonadherent cells. A small number of macrophages enhanced the suppressive activity of nonadherent T cells when added at the induction phase of suppressor T cells.
The Association of Immune Responsiveness, Mixed Lymphocyte Responses, and Ia Antigens in Natural Populations of Norway Rats
Authors: Shonnard John W. , Davis Bridgett K. , Cramer Donald V. , Radka Susan F. , Gill Thomas J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the rat has been separated into two regions. The A region contains genes that code for the classical histocompatibility (Ag-B/H-1) antigens, and the B region codes for the MLR, Ia antigens, and immune response to synthetic polypeptides. We have examined the relationship between MLR, Ia antigens, and the immune response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) in inbred rats and in a population of wild rats captured in a single location within the city of Pittsburgh. Antisera that define Ia antigenic specificities association with the RT1.Ba, RT1.Bl, and RT1.Bn MLR phenotypes in inbred rats detected the same MLR phenotype in each of 48 individual wild rats. This close association between Ia specificities and MLR phenotypes in a randomly breeding wild population suggests that the genes controlling the expression of these phenotypic strains are either tightly linked or that Ia antigens represent a stimulating determinant for the MLR.
In the same population of wild rats, distinct high and low immune responses to the synthetic polypeptide poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) could be detected. Breeding studies demonstrated that the immune response to poly-(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) segregated with the MHC. There was a close association between high immune responsiveness and the RT1.Ba (Ia.4) MLR phenotype, and low responsiveness was usually associated with either the RT1.B1 (Ia.1) or RT1.Bn (Ia.3) MLR phenotypes. These same MLR and immune response associations are observed in inbred animals.
The close association between alleles at different genetic loci in both the A and B regions of the rat MHC in natural populations is very similar to that reported for specific HLA haplotypes in man, suggesting that the rat may prove to be an important experimental model for studies involving the population dynamics of the genes in the MHC.
Fractionation of Human Lymphocytes with Plant Lectins
Authors: Boldt David H. , Lyons Ruth D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have fractionated human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) into distinct subclasses based upon differential adherence to the plant lectins wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and Lens culinaris lectin (lentil-PHA), derivatized to gelatin surfaces in plastic tubes and Petri dishes. Fifteen to forty percent of PBL were adherent to WGA-derivatized gelatin. Binding studies with 125I-WGA showed that, compared to unfractionated PBL which bound 31.9 × 106 WGA molecules/cell, adherent cells bound more (44.1 × 106 molecules/cell), and nonadherent cells bound less (20.4 × 106 molecules/cell) WGA. By contrast, there were no differences among these groups for binding of other plant lectins. When lentil-PHA-derivatized gelatin was used, 25 to 50% of PBL were adherent, and, as previously reported, adherent cells bound approximately 4 times as many lentil-PHA molecules as nonadherent cells, whereas there were no differences in binding of other lectins. Sequential fractionation studies indicated that the WGA- and lentil-PHA-selected subclasses were separate groups. The percentage of T and B lymphocytes and macrophages did not differ among the subclasses. WGA-selected and lentil-PHA-selected lymphocyte subpopulations responded differently to stimulation in vitro by a panel of plant mitogens. Human PBL contain a spectrum of cell subclasses with different lectin-binding capacities. These subclasses are functionally unique.