bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pedalling Cadence Affects V̇o 2 Kinetics in Severe-Intensity Exercise
Authors: Hill David W. , Vingren Jakob L. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Hill, DW and Vingren, JL. Pedalling cadence affects V̇o
2 kinetics in severe-intensity exercise. J Strength Cond Res 37(6): 1211–1217, 2023—The purpose was to investigate the effects of pedalling cadence on V̇o
2 kinetics in severe-intensity cycling exercise. This question is pertinent to exercise testing, where cadence is an important (and often confounding) variable, and to performance, where V̇o
2 kinetics determines the initial reliance upon anaerobic reserves. Eighteen university students performed tests to exhaustion at 241 ± 31 W, using cadences of 60, 80, and 100 rev·min−1. V̇o
2 data were fitted to a 2-component model (primary phase + slow component). Responses during the 3 tests were compared using a repeated-measures analysis of variance, with significance at p < 0.05. The mean response time of the primary phase of the V̇o
2 response (time to reach 63% of the response) was progressively smaller (response was faster) at higher cadences (37 ± 4 seconds at 60 rev·min−1, 32 ± 5 seconds at 80 rev·min−1, 27 ± 4 seconds at 100 rev·min−1), and there was a concomitantly faster heart rate response. In addition, the time delay before the slow component was shorter, the amplitude of the primary phase was greater, and the amplitude of the slow component was smaller at the higher cadence. The results suggest that pedalling cadence itself—and not just the higher metabolic demand associated with higher cadences—may be responsible for differences in temporal characteristics (time delays, time constants) of the primary and slow phases of the V̇o
2 response. Exercise scientists must consider, and coaches might apply, the relationship between V̇o
2 kinetics and pedalling cadence during exercise testing.
Heart Rate Variability and Cortisol Levels Before and After a Brief Anaerobic Exercise in Handball Players
Authors: Kayacan Yıldırım , Makaracı Yücel , Ucar Cihat , Amonette William E. , Yıldız Sedat 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Kayacan, Y, Makaracı, Y, Ucar, C, Amonette, WE, and Yıldız, S. Heart rate variability and cortisol levels before and after a brief anaerobic exercise in handball players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2022—Evaluating stress in athletes is important for monitoring overall physiologic load and is a core practice for sport performance teams. This study examined relationships between 2 metrics of training stress, heart rate variability (HRV) and cortisol, before and after intense anaerobic power testing. Electrocardiogram recordings and saliva samples were collected before and immediately after a Wingate anaerobic power test (WAnT-30) from professional handball players (n = 20) and sedentary controls (n = 18). Between-group differences and correlations were computed to assess study hypotheses. No differences were observed in HRV frequency-dependent parameters between groups, but in athletes, Min. R-R (p < 0.01) and Avg.R-R (p = 0.03) before WAnT-30 and the percentage of successive normal cardiac beat intervals greater than 50 milliseconds (i.e., pNN50; p = 0.03) after WAnT-30 were elevated. A high positive correlation was detected between the pretest and post-test cortisol levels in athletes (p = 0.0001; r = 0.87) but not in sedentary individuals. No correlations were observed between the cortisol levels and WAnT-30 power parameters in either group. Relationships were evident in the standard deviation of RR intervals (p = 0.02, r = −0.53), square root of the mean squared difference of successive RR intervals (p = 0.043, r = −0.46), very low frequency (p = 0.032; r = −0.480), high-frequency (p = 0.02; r = −0.52) variables, and pretesting cortisol in athletes. These findings suggest that HRV analysis is a valuable tool for examining cardiovascular regulation, independent of cortisol; the data may provide valuable information for performance teams in evaluating acute stress.
Effects of Occupational Load on the Acceleration, Change of Direction Speed, and Anaerobic Power of Police Officers
Authors: Kukić Filip , Janković Radivoje , Dawes J. Jay , Orr Robin , Koropanovski Nenad 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Kukić, F, Janković, R, Dawes, JJ, Orr, R, and Koropanovski, N. Effects of occupational load on the acceleration, change of direction speed, and anaerobic power of police officers. J Strength Cond Res 37(6): 1237–1243, 2023—Police officers engage in movements such as foot pursuits, sudden directional changes, or prolonged sprinting while wearing occupational loads (including body armor, baton, radio, handcuffs, and sidearm). This study investigated the effects of incrementally heavier loads carried by police students on their physical performance. Police students (n = 63; male n = 39 male and 24 female students) performed an acceleration over a 10-m distance (Acc10m), Illinois agility test (IAT), and 300-yard shuttle run test (ShR300y) without load, with a 5-kg load (handgun, spare empty magazine, baton, and handcuffs), and with a 10-kg load (loaded vest). The effects of different load conditions were investigated for both sexes using a repeated-measure analysis of variance and Cohen's effect size. Female students carried relatively heavier loads and were slower than male students in Acc10m, IAT, and ShR300y. Load significantly (p < 0.001) impaired the performance in Acc10m, IAT, and ShR300y in both sexes, but the effects were greater (p < 0.001) among female police students. A load as little as 5 kg was sufficient to reduce Acc10m, IAT, and ShR300y among police students. Increasing the load to 10 kg (i.e., wearing the body armor) did not significantly affect Acc10m and IAT among male students, but it did affect Acc10m and IAT among female students. Sprint endurance (i.e., ShR300y) was strongly affected by both loads regardless of sex. Strength and conditioning programs should focus on strength, power, and anaerobic endurance to improve performance while carrying occupational loads. Occasional training with loads similar to those at work may further ensure that officers are fit for purpose.
Can We Make Blood Flow Restriction Training More Accessible? Validity of a Low-Cost Blood Flow Restriction Device to Estimate Arterial Occlusion Pressure
Authors: Keller Martin , Faude Oliver , Gollhofer Albert , Centner Christoph 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Keller, M, Faude, O, Gollhofer, A, and Centner, C. Can we make blood flow restriction training more accessible? Validity of a low-cost blood flow restriction device to estimate arterial occlusion pressure. J Strength Cond Res 37(8): 1581–1587, 2023—Evidence indicates that low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction (BFR) results in comparable gains in muscle mass and muscle strength as high-load resistance training without BFR. Low-load BFR training is a promising tool for areas such as rehabilitation because individuals are exposed to low mechanical stress. However, BFR training is only safe and effective when the cuff pressure is individually adjusted to the arterial occlusion pressure (AOP). Generally, thresholds for AOP are typically determined with sophisticated laboratory material, including Doppler ultrasound and tourniquet systems. Therefore, this study investigated the validity of a low-cost BFR product with automatic AOP assessment (AirBands International) compared with the gold standard for determining the individual AOP. Valid measurements were obtained at the arms and legs in 104 healthy volunteers. For the arms (n = 49), a Bland-Altman analysis revealed a mean difference of 7 ± 13 mm Hg between the 2 methods, with slightly higher pressure levels for the gold standard (131 ± 14 mm Hg) than for the low-cost device (125 ± 17 mm Hg). For the legs (n = 55), the low-cost device reached its maximum pressure capacity in 70% of subjects during AOP identification, making the results on the legs unreliable. Although the low-cost device is a valid tool for identifying the individual AOP in the arms, the device cannot be recommended for use at the legs because of its limited pressure capacity. When using the low-cost device for BFR training at the arms, it is recommended to apply the cuff pressure to 60% of the individual AOP to meet current BFR training guidelines.
Judo-Specific Tests: A Narrative Review With Recommendations for Physical Assessment
Authors: Kons Rafael L. , Orssatto Lucas B. R. , Athayde Marina Saldanha da Silva , Detanico Daniele 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT
This narrative review aims to describe and provide usage directions for different types of judo-specific assessments based on the physical demands required by athletes during training and competition. Several judo-specific tests have been developed to test different physical capacities (e.g., aerobic and anaerobic capacities, strength endurance, etc). Judo skills or techniques are used to identify variables involved in performance, such as uchi-komi (technique repetition or repetition training), throws, displacements, grips on the judogi, and the like. Although all the tests can be used to identify the physical profile of each athlete and monitor training effects (acute, subacute, or chronic), some can also be used to prescribe training loads. The judo-specific tests analyzed in this study are a valid and accessible alternative to assess the physical performance of judo athletes, regardless of sex or weight category. These tests are recommended at different times (over the season) to monitor training effects or to prescribe training loads (when possible). Future studies could investigate other methods of validity (e.g., construct validity) in differentiated groups, as well as the sensitivity of the tests to detect changes (even if small) in performance.
Engage, Enthuse, Empower: A Framework for Promoting Self-Sufficiency in Athletes
Authors: Maloney Sean J. 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT
The coach-athlete relationship is foundational to the success of the strength and conditioning (S&C) program. By better understanding and applying psychosocial principles, the S&C coach can augment their impact on performance. However, coaches should seek to look beyond just performance. This article aims to put forward the case for a novel philosophical coaching framework that emphasizes the development of autonomy and self-sufficiency in athletes. Autonomous, self-sufficient athletes are likely to be more resilient, perform to a higher level, and be better prepared for life after competitive sport. It is proposed that the “Three E's” are the foundational components of this novel framework. (a) Engage athletes by promoting active involvement, providing an appropriate challenge, and understanding their values. (b) Enthuse athletes by promoting positive affect, setting them up to experience success, and facilitating positive social interaction. (c) Empower athletes by promoting autonomy, periodizing self-government of their program, and providing the rationale to explain recommendations or prescriptions. The framework's objectives are to maximize athletes' internal drive, help athletes understand the basic principles of S&C, and encourage athletes to make positive behavioral choices.
Load Carriage for Emergency Responders
Authors: Orr Robin M. , Lockie Robert , Saari Anssi , Paavola Tommi , Muhlbauer Dagmar , Dawes Jay 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACTSearch and rescue (SAR) personnel may be required to wear and carry external loads during a task. These external loads may be carried in austere environments across unpredictable terrain. Like other tactical occupations (military, law enforcement, fire, and rescue), SAR loads can range from ≥20 to 45 kg. Not only are these loads known to cause a variety of injuries to the musculoskeletal, integumentary, and neurological systems of the carrier, but these loads are also known to impede task performance and have ultimately led to mission failure. Ensuring personnel are physically capable of carrying external loads on tasks is critical to mitigating these potential risks of injury and performance decrements. Optimal load carriage conditioning, following the known frequency, intensity, time, and type of training formula would see SAR personnel conduct a load carriage specific session every 7 to 14 days, with load weights, walking speeds, and durations akin to those typical of their SAR requirements. The terrain types (inclusive of grade and nature of terrain) should likewise form part of this conditioning process. In addition to load carriage-specific sessions, improving strength (notably relative strength) and aerobic fitness should also optimize the load carriage conditioning of SAR personnel.
Anaerobic Speed Reserve and Middle-Distance Performance: A Systematic Review
Authors: del Arco Asier , Martinez Aguirre-Betolaza Aitor , Castañeda-Babarro Arkaitz 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT
Anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) allows us to measure an athlete's metabolic and neuromuscular capacities and to profile the different types of middle-distance runners. The main objective of this systematic review was to investigate the relationship between ASR and performance in middle-distance events. Five databases were consulted, and after the screening and selection process, 7 studies were selected. The results show that ASR has no relationship with performance. However, it may do so when one of its variables is equalized or considered as an interaction with its edges. Nonetheless, both maximal sprint speed and maximal aerobic speed influence performance in 800 and 1500 m, with major implications for pacing behavior or tactical decisions.
A Numerical Evaluation of Forming Failure of an Aluminum Sheet due to Splitting Damage in Hole Expansion Process
Authors: Aksen Toros Arda , Sener Bora , Firat Mehmet 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The reduction of car body weight is the principal issue of car manufacturers for reducing fuel consumption. Aluminum alloys are attractive materials for the automotive industry because they have low density and adequate strength, but they may exhibit crack formation during manufacturing processes. Generally, crack formations emerge because of tool geometry and material anisotropy. Accordingly, determination of the forming limits of aluminum alloys is essential. The hole expansion test (HET) is a significant formability process used in the automotive industry because it gives information about the stretch-flangeability limits of the material. Edge splitting (edge fracture) is a failure type seen in HET, and it limits the stretch-flangeability of the material. Therefore, the prediction of edge splitting is an essential issue for engineers in the automotive industry. In this work, HET of AA6016-O aluminum alloy was simulated with the finite element (FE) method to assess the influence of yield functions on failure prediction in HET. To this end, Hill48, Yld91, and a homogeneous fourth-order polynomial type yield criteria (HomPol4) were selected to identify the anisotropic behavior of the sheet. Analyses were carried out in Marc commercial FE software, and the Hypela2 user subroutine was incorporated into FE code. Thickness distributions in the rolling direction (RD), diagonal direction, and transverse direction (TD) of the part and around the hole edge were also predicted, and it was observed that only the HomPol4 criterion predicted excessive thinning at two locations near the RD and TD, separately. On the other hand, Yld91 and Hill48 predicted lower strain levels when compared with HomPol4. Finally, plastic work distribution around the hole edge was considered, and the predictions were compared with the experimental damaged sample. This comparison showed that HomPol4 predicted a robust plastic work localization in RD, which is consistent with the damaged sample.
The CTLA‐4 immune checkpoint protein regulates PD‐L1:PD‐1 interaction via transendocytosis of its ligand CD80
Authors: Kennedy Alan , Robinson Maximillian A , Hinze Claudia , Waters Erin , Williams Cayman , Halliday Neil , Dovedi Simon , Sansom David M 
Published: February 2023

AbstractCTLA‐4 and PD‐1 are key immune checkpoint receptors that are targeted in the treatment of cancer. A recently identified physical interaction between the respective ligands, CD80 and PD‐L1, has been shown to block PD‐L1/PD‐1 binding and to prevent PD‐L1 inhibitory functions. Since CTLA‐4 is known to capture and degrade its ligands via transendocytosis, we investigated the interplay between CD80 transendocytosis and CD80/PD‐L1 interaction. We find that transendocytosis of CD80 results in a time‐dependent recovery of PD‐L1 availability that correlates with CD80 removal. Moreover, CD80 transendocytosis is highly specific in that only CD80 is internalised, while its heterodimeric PD‐L1 partner remains on the plasma membrane of the antigen‐presenting cell (APC). CTLA‐4 interactions with CD80 do not appear to be inhibited by PD‐L1, but efficient removal of CD80 requires an intact CTLA‐4 cytoplasmic domain, distinguishing this process from more general trogocytosis and simple CTLA‐4 binding to CD80/PD‐L1 complexes. These data are consistent with CTLA‐4 acting as modulator of PD‐L1:PD‐1 interactions via control of CD80.
Analisis Implementasi Batasan Nilai (Threshold) Notifikasi Dalam Ketentuan Merger di Indonesia
Authors: Hsb Nurul Laylan , Harris Freddy 
Published: February 2023

Indonesia's merger notice law, Law No. 5 of 1999, prohibits monopolistic practices and unfair business competition. The merger has improved Indonesia's economy. Companies undergoing takeovers (acquisitions) can prevent monopolistic behaviors and unfair business competition by reporting asset and sales values to the Business Competition Supervisory Commission within a specific timeframe. However, the existing restrictions are less relevant and can create an issue for the Indonesian notification system and value-providing (thresholds). This normative legal research uses the library to research business competition books and merger regulations to prevent monopolistic practices and unfair business competition. This paper examines merger notification's limitations and issues with Indonesia's merger value restriction (problem finding). This report suggests Business Competition Law reform.Keywords: Value Limitation, Business Competition Law, KPPU, Merger Notification. AbstrakUndang-undang pemberitahuan merger Indonesia, UU No. 5 Tahun 1999, melarang praktik monopoli dan persaingan usaha tidak sehat. Penggabungan tersebut telah meningkatkan perekonomian Indonesia. Perusahaan yang mengalami pengambilalihan (akuisisi) dapat mencegah terjadinya perilaku monopoli dan persaingan usaha tidak sehat dengan cara melaporkan aset dan nilai jual kepada Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha dalam jangka waktu tertentu. Namun, pembatasan yang ada kurang relevan dan dapat menimbulkan masalah bagi sistem notifikasi Indonesia dan pemberian nilai (threshold). Penelitian hukum normatif ini menggunakan kepustakaan untuk meneliti buku-buku persaingan usaha dan peraturan merger untuk mencegah terjadinya praktek monopoli dan persaingan usaha tidak sehat. Makalah ini mengkaji batasan notifikasi merger dan permasalahan pembatasan nilai merger di Indonesia (problem finding). Laporan ini menyarankan reformasi Hukum Persaingan Usaha.Kata Kunci: Batasan Nilai; Hukum Persaingan Usaha; KPPU; Pemberitahuan Penggabungan
Performance of AAP Clinical Practice Guideline for Febrile Infants at One Pediatric Hospital
Authors: Yaeger Jeffrey P. , Richfield Courtney , Schiller Emily , Oh Yubin , Pereira Beatriz M. C. , Shabangu Thandolwethu , Fiscella Kevin A. 
Published: February 2023

BACKGROUND
In the absence of procalcitonin, the American Academy of Pediatrics’ clinical practice guideline (CPG) for evaluating and managing febrile infants recommends using previously untested combinations of inflammatory marker thresholds. Thus, CPG performance in detecting invasive bacterial infections (IBIs; bacteremia, bacterial meningitis) is poorly understood.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate CPG performance without procalcitonin in detecting IBIs in well-appearing febrile infants 8 to 60 days old.

METHODS
For this cross-sectional, single-site study, we manually abstracted data for febrile infants using electronic health records from 2011 to 2018. We used CPG inclusion/exclusion criteria to identify eligible infants and stratified IBI risk with CPG inflammatory marker thresholds for temperature, absolute neutrophil count, and C-reactive protein. Because the CPG permits a wide array of interpretations, we performed 3 sensitivity analyses, modifying age and inflammatory marker thresholds. For each approach, we calculated area-under-the-receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, and specificity in detecting IBIs.

RESULTS
For this study, 507 infants met the inclusion criteria. For the main analysis, we observed an area-under-the-receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.673 (95% confidence interval 0.652–0.694), sensitivity of 100% (66.4%–100%), and specificity of 34.5% (30.4%–38.9%). For the sensitivity analyses, sensitivities were all 100% and specificities ranged from 9% to 38%.

CONCLUSION
Findings suggest that the CPG is highly sensitive, minimizing missed IBIs, but specificity may be lower than previously reported. Future studies should prospectively investigate CPG performance in larger, multisite samples.
Artificial intelligence for materials research at extremes
Authors: Maruyama B. , Hattrick-Simpers J. , Musinski W. , Graham-Brady L. , Li K. , Hollenbach J. , Singh A. , Taheri M. L. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractMaterials development is slow and expensive, taking decades from inception to fielding. For materials research at extremes, the situation is even more demanding, as the desired property combinations such as strength and oxidation resistance can have complex interactions. Here, we explore the role of AI and autonomous experimentation (AE) in the process of understanding and developing materials for extreme and coupled environments. AI is important in understanding materials under extremes due to the highly demanding and unique cases these environments represent. Materials are pushed to their limits in ways that, for example, equilibrium phase diagrams cannot describe. Often, multiple physical phenomena compete to determine the material response. Further, validation is often difficult or impossible. AI can help bridge these gaps, providing heuristic but valuable links between materials properties and performance under extreme conditions. We explore the potential advantages of AE along with decision strategies. In particular, we consider the problem of deciding between low-fidelity, inexpensive experiments and high-fidelity, expensive experiments. The cost of experiments is described in terms of the speed and throughput of automated experiments, contrasted with the human resources needed to execute manual experiments. We also consider the cost and benefits of modeling and simulation to further materials understanding, along with characterization of materials under extreme environments in the AE loop.
Graphical abstract
AI sequential decision-making methods for materials research: Active learning, which focuses on exploration by sampling uncertain regions, Bayesian and bandit optimization as well as reinforcement learning (RL), which trades off exploration of uncertain regions with exploitation of optimum function value. Bayesian and bandit optimization focus on finding the optimal value of the function at each step or cumulatively over the entire steps, respectively, whereas RL considers cumulative value of the labeling function, where the latter can change depending on the state of the system (blue, orange, or green).