bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conductive filament formation in the failure of Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 ferroelectric capacitors
Authors: Webb Matthew , Chiang Tony , Lenox Megan K. , Gray Jordan , Ma Tao , Ihlefeld Jon F. , Heron John T. 
Published: January 2025

Ferroelectric materials provide pathways to higher performance logic and memory technologies, with Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 being the most popular among them. However, critical challenges exist in understanding the material’s failure mechanisms to design long endurance lifetimes. In this work, dielectric failure due to repeated switching cycles, occurring through oxygen vacancy motion and leading to the formation of a conductive filament, is demonstrated. A field modified hopping barrier of ∼150–400 meV is observed, indicating a vacancy charge of 0.4–0.6e markedly different from the charge states predicted in the literature. After failure, the capacitor leakage current is high (∼25 mA) and constant with capacitor area, consistent with filament formation. Conductive atomic force microscopy measurements and field distribution simulations suggest a local failure mechanism consistent with filament formation along the boundary of the island capacitor due to an enhanced electric field.
Symmetry of traveling wave solutions for a Camassa–Holm type equation with higher-order nonlinearity
Authors: Cheng Wenguang , Lin Ji 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We are concerned with a Camassa–Holm type equation with higher-order nonlinearity including some integrable peakon models such as the Camassa–Holm equation, the Degasperis–Procesi equation and the Novikov equation. We show that all the horizontal symmetric waves for this equation must be traveling waves. This extends the previous results for the Camassa–Holm and Novikov equations.
Meissner state of thin superconductors in nonideal paramagnetic environments
Authors: Genenko Yuri , Rauh Hermann 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this Chapter, thin type-II superconductor strips, tubes or rings carrying a transport current in the Meissner state are considered in the presence of paramagnetic environments of finite magnetic permeability and finite size. Building on some of the model configurations for a thin superconductor strip analyzed in Chapter 3 and also introducing thin superconductors of tubular and annular shapes, the emphasis here is to test the quality of results obtained when idealized conditions prevail and, at the same time, identify regimes where new traits appear. Particularly, it is demonstrated that thin paramagnetic surroundings may also be used to effectively control current distributions in superconductor strips but the relative magnetic permeability needs to be large enough so as to compensate the small thickness of paramagnetic constituents
Meissner state and critical state of thin superconductors in arbitrary paramagnetic environments: finite-element simulations
Authors: Genenko Yuri , Rauh Hermann 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Building on the results of Chapters 3 to 5 concerning both the flux-free Meissner state and the partially flux-filled critical state in model magnetic environments we take in this Chapter a step further towards investigations of superconductor/paramagnet heterostructures of practical relevance. To perform this, we call upon ANSYS and COMSOL, commercial finite-element programs for computing scalar, vector and tensor fields though not originally designed for modelling superconducting states, by exploiting magnetostatic-electrostatic analogues. The conditions of both an imposed transport current and an applied magnetic field are examined and the flux-free Meissner state as well as the partially flux-filled critical state taken into account. We calculate the hysteretic AC loss suffered by thin superconductor strips in various paramagnetic environments and the AC loss in magnetically shielded tubular wires in the presence of an applied magnetic field. Drastic reductions of the AC loss in some shielding configurations are predicted
RCV in Partisan and State Elections
Authors: Endersby James W , Towle Michael J 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter focuses on applications of preferential voting in partisan and state-level electoral contests. Primary elections for the selection of party nominees can be a useful environment for ranked choice voting (RCV) as there may be more than two viable candidates or factions. Several states adopted versions of RCV for primary elections during the Progressive Era. These early practices were repealed, sometimes due to fundamental assumptions about RCV and sometimes due to misinterpretation. Over time, many states served as laboratories of electoral democracy, adopting and testing a variety of electoral systems, including preferential voting. State judicial elections may also serve as an appropriate environment for RCV. Canada has extensive experience with RCV in past partisan provincial elections as well as in contemporary party leadership elections. RCV may have applications for party and state elections where polarization among voters is low and the number of alternatives competing exceeds two.
RCV in State and Federal Elections
Authors: Endersby James W , Towle Michael J 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter extends the discussion of ranked choice voting (RCV) to state elections generally, including detailed descriptions of its adoption in Maine and Alaska, and application of ranked choice methods for presidential elections. Potential applications of RCV are explored in these state and national election contexts. After a 2016 ballot initiative and lengthy adjudication, Maine began using RCV for party primaries and for federal elections in November 2018. Following a 2020 ballot proposition, Alaska adopted a top-four primary election with RCV in the general election. Both states instituted electoral change as a response to strong two-party polarization and extremism. RCV has also been suggested as a reform for the presidential nominating system, particularly for primaries with multiple candidates running, and even in the US general election for president. These possible applications in party primaries, national nominating conventions, and in relation to the Electoral College are explored in this chapter.
Evaluating RCV
Authors: Endersby James W , Towle Michael J 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides a discussion of some important features to take into consideration when contemplating ranked choice voting (RCV) and election reform. The goals and criticisms of RCV and plurality voting outlined earlier are reviewed in the context of actual election experience. Communities considering adoption (or rejection) of RCV or single transferable vote (STV) should take into account their intended goals and objectives as well as the drawbacks of RCV. Questions to pose and observations to consider provide a foundation to base an evaluation on actual electoral experience. There is no perfect electoral system. RCV and STV work well depending on the objectives of the reformers. On the other hand, preferential voting systems also impose burdens on voters and election administrators. RCV is not just an electoral system but a means for group decision-making. Alternative electoral systems or decision-making methods may also meet the goals suggested for RCV.
It's Only Human
Authors: Schulz Armin W 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
What makes humans cognitively unique—and why are they unique in these ways? These are interesting questions not just because we are humans, but also because we have an outsized influence on the planet as a whole. To answer them, this book begins by providing a clearer characterization of the nature of human cognitive uniqueness: it sets out and justifies an inventory of key features of distinctively human cognition. On this basis, the book assesses the major existing theories seeking to explain distinctively human thought from across the cognitive, social, and human sciences and argues that a new account is needed, one that bridges nativist and learning-based approaches. It then presents exactly such an account. At the heart of this account is a positive feedback loop that links evolved representations, forms of cultural learning, and technology. With the help of this feedback loop, key examples of uniquely human cognition can be explained: distinctively human mindreading, distinctively human moral cognition, and the distinctively human propensity for trade. The book concludes with an application of this interactionist theory of distinctively human cognition to various issues of contemporary importance: the relationship between distinctively human cognition and increasingly sophisticated artificial intelligence, the role of religion in human thought and action, and the relationship between extensive patent regimes and human innovation. In doing all this, the book takes a simultaneous methodological and explanatory approach: it shows how to best conduct the study of human cognitive uniqueness and actually engages in this study itself.
Introduction
Authors: Schulz Armin W 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter motivates the investigation of the evolution of distinctively human cognition: knowing more about how we think and act tells us something important about who we are, and it is useful for helping us make better decisions. The latter is especially important, given that we have an outsized influence on the planet. The chapter further clarifies the scope of the project and argues for the feasibility of this kind of evolutionary psychological investigation. It points out that the theory developed in the book is based on synthesizing work in many different fields—anthropology, psychology, economics, and philosophy, to name just a few—into a coherent overarching picture. While thus being a work of philosophy, it is not pure speculation: there is a difference between empirically grounded theorizing and fantasy. The chapter ends by providing an overview of the rest of the book.
Coup d’talk
Authors: Tendi Blessing-Miles 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Zimbabwe’s 2017 coup has been variously described as ‘a popular, peaceful revolution’, ‘military assisted transition’, ‘non-coup-coup’, ‘gentle’ coup, ‘the politest coup in history’, the ‘softest military coup’, a ‘modern’ coup, and ‘a very Zimbabwean coup’. This chapter debunks the aforementioned representations of the coup as exceptional or different from other coups. The chapter argues that Zimbabwe’s 2017 coup shared comparable justifications and operational attributes with coups elsewhere in Africa. Exceptionalist representations of the 2017 Zimbabwean coup do not engage instructive literature on the history of coups in Africa—hence their mischaracterization of the military action. Finally, the examples of gendered coups discussed in Chapter 2 amply demonstrate that, regardless of time (cold war versus post-cold war) and geography (Zimbabwe versus ‘the average African experience’), an essential quality of coups is that they are gendered operations. Gender destabilizes neat categorization of cold -war-type coups and post-cold-war-type coups.
Smith-Purcell Radiation
Authors: Doucas George 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Smith–Purcell radiation is the name given to the radiation produced when a charged particle beam, usually electrons, passes close to the surface of a metallic grating. The wavelength of the emitted radiation depends on the period of the grating and on the angle of observation. This makes this phenomenon a very useful tuneable source of radiation in the far-infrared (or THz) part of the spectrum, where tuneable sources are scarce. Moreover, a spectral analysis of the radiation can be used to reconstruct the time profile of the very short (picosecond or sub-picosecond) electron bunches that gave rise to this radiation. This is a parameter that is of interest to accelerator designers and users. The book is aimed primarily at experimentalists but starts with a relatively simple theoretical description of the origin of this radiation and then discusses its application either as a beam diagnostic tool or as a tuneable source of THz radiation. There is also a brief overview of other THz sources in order to allow the reader to assess the advantages of Smith–Purcell radiation.
Surface Current Theory
Authors: Doucas George 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter deals with the case of a single electron travelling above just one period of a perfectly conducting metallic grating. The charge density distribution induced on the surface is derived and discussed in some detail, and the emitted radiation is attributed to the acceleration of this surface charge distribution. The polarization of the emitted radiation is also discussed, together with the role of the grating width and the grating profile. There is a brief presentation of alternative theoretical descriptions and a comparison of the expected radiative yields in the case of highly relativistic electron beams, according to different theories.
Electron Beam Diagnostics
Authors: Doucas George 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The chapter discusses various methods for determining the time profile of electron bunches of sub-picosecond duration, especially methods involving measurements in the frequency domain. Since this type of measurement gives the magnitude of the Fourier transform of the time profile but not its phase, it is necessary to deduce the missing phase. This can be done either through the use of iterative algorithms or by applying the Kramers–Kronig method in order to recover the minimal phase. This is described in some detail, together with examples where the minimal phase is adequate and others where other contributions to the phase (Blaschke phases) are necessary for an accurate reconstruction.
Beam Diagnostics with Smith–Purcell Radiation
Authors: Doucas George 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The use of multiple gratings allows simultaneous sampling of the emitted radiation at a number of wavelengths and thus offers the prospect of determining the bunch profile in a single shot. This chapter reviews the criteria for deciding on the optimal number of sampling points and the methods of suppressing the background (i.e. non-Smith–Purcell) radiation through the use of filters and/or through the exploitation of the polarization properties of Smith–Purcell. The possible role of the grating itself as a source of blackbody background radiation is also assessed. Included in the chapter is an examples of a reconstructed time profile of a bunch with sub-picosecond full width at half maximum. There is also a brief discussion of the use of SP radiation as a monitor of the microbunch spacing in a train of microbunches.
Appendix
Authors: Doucas George 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Appendix presents a brief overview of two instruments that are essential for all work in the far-infrared (THz) part of the spectrum: detectors and filters. The detectors are assessed according to their spectral range, their ability to discriminate against noise (noise equivalent power (NEP)) and their responsivity. The filters relevant in this wavelength band are wire mesh filters, waveguide array plates (WAP), and polyethylene transmission gratings. This chapter includes typical transmission curves for these three types of filter. It also emphasizes the importance of maximizing the light collection efficiency of the emitted Smith–Purcell radiation through the use of Winston cones.
Early detection and management of hearing loss to reduce dementia risk in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: findings from the treating auditory impairment and cognition trial (TACT)
Authors: Yu Ruan-Ching , Pavlou Menelaos , Schilder Anne G M , Bamiou Doris-Eva , Lewis Glyn , Lin Frank Robert , Livingston Gill , Proctor Danielle , Omar Rumana , Costafreda Sergi G 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Age-related hearing loss and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) independently increase dementia risk. The Ageing and Cognitive Health Evaluation in Elders randomised controlled trial (RCT) found hearing aids reduce cognitive decline in high-risk older adults with poor hearing.

Methods
This pilot RCT in London memory clinics randomised people with MCI (aged ≥55, untreated hearing loss defined as Pure Tone Average 0.5–4 KHz between 25–70 dB) into two groups. The intervention group received 4 sessions of hearing aid fitting and support. The control group received healthy ageing education and a GP letter recommending audiological referral. Both were followed for 6 months. Primary outcomes were recruitment (feasibility target: 50%; 95% CI: 39%–61%) and retention (feasibility target: 80%; 95% CI: 71%–89%); intervention completion (≥2 visits) and hearing aid use (acceptability target: 80%; 95% CI: 71%–89%) for the intervention group and 50% difference between arms (95% CI: 31%–69%). Secondary outcomes included hearing aid fitting, cognition and other measures.

Results
From October 2018 to March 2020, 58 participants were recruited (29 per group, 95% [86%–99%]). Twenty-four participants were fitted with hearing aids in the intervention arm, and 6 in the control arm (difference: 62% [42%–82%]). At 6 months, retention was 81% [69%–90%]. Hearing intervention completion (≥2 visits) was achieved by 24 (83%). Daily hearing aid use was reported by 18 (75%) intervention versus 5 (22%) control participants, a difference of 53% [29%–77%].

Conclusion
Randomisation of people with MCI to a personalised hearing intervention versus control is feasible. These findings support proceeding to a fully-powered multicentre RCT.
A framework of multi-view machine learning for biological spectral unmixing of fluorophores with overlapping excitation and emission spectra
Authors: Wang Ruogu , Feng Yunlong , Valm Alex M 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The accuracy of assigning fluorophore identity and abundance, known as spectral unmixing, in biological fluorescence microscopy images remains a significant challenge due to the substantial overlap in emission spectra among fluorophores. In traditional laser scanning confocal spectral microscopy, fluorophore information is acquired by recording emission spectra with a single combination of discrete excitation wavelengths. However, organic fluorophores possess characteristic excitation spectra in addition to their unique emission spectral signatures. In this paper, we propose a generalized multi-view machine learning approach that leverages both excitation and emission spectra to significantly improve the accuracy in differentiating multiple highly overlapping fluorophores in a single image. By recording emission spectra of the same field with multiple combinations of excitation wavelengths, we obtain data representing different views of the underlying fluorophore distribution in the sample. We then propose a multi-view machine learning framework that allows for the flexible incorporation of noise information and abundance constraints, enabling the extraction of spectral signatures from reference images and efficient recovery of corresponding abundances in unknown mixed images. Numerical experiments on simulated image data demonstrate the method’s efficacy in improving accuracy, allowing for the discrimination of 100 fluorophores with highly overlapping spectra. Furthermore, validation on images of mixtures of fluorescently labeled Escherichia coli highlights the power of the proposed multi-view strategy in discriminating fluorophores with spectral overlap in real biological images.
Narrating the Consequences of Conflict: Death, Survival and the ‘Autobiographical Turn’ in the Criminology of War
Authors: Hearty Kevin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Locating itself within narrative criminological scholarship and the criminology of war literature, this article critically examines how the themes of death and survival are understood and represented in the memoirs of former Irish Republican Army (IRA) members. Building on the recent ‘autobiographical turn’ in the criminology of war, it identifies how death is storied from perspectives that reflect the nature of armed conflict, capture human loss, and criticize the leadership. Similarly, it shows how survival is storied as having outlived the conflict, living a meaningful post-conflict life, and addressing the legacy of conflict. It is concluded that these memoirs are a valuable dataset that amplify counter-discourses based on the lived experience of former combatants from non-state armed groups.
Artificial intelligence models using F-wave responses predict amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Martinez-Thompson Jennifer M , Mazurek Kevin A , Parra Cantu Carolina , Naddaf Elie , Gogineni Venkatsampath , Botha Hugo , Jones David T , Laughlin Ruple S , Barnard Leland , Staff Nathan P 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Nerve conduction F-wave studies contain critical information about subclinical motor dysfunction which may be used to diagnose patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, F-wave responses are highly variable in morphology, making waveform interpretation challenging. Artificial Intelligence techniques can extract time-frequency features to provide new insights into ALS diagnosis and prognosis.
A retrospective analysis was performed on F-wave responses from 46,802 patients. Discrete wavelet transforms were applied to time-series waveform responses after stimulating ulnar, median, fibular, and tibial nerves. Wavelet coefficient statistics, onset age, sex, and BMI were features for training a Gradient Boosting Machine model on 40,095 (5,329 diagnosed with motor neuron disease). Model performance was tested on responses from 689 ALS patients meeting Gold Coast criteria and 689 age- and sex-matched controls. An exploratory analysis examined model performance on cohorts of patients with inclusion body myositis (IBM), cervical radiculopathy, lumbar radiculopathy, or peripheral neuropathy which can mimic ALS symptoms. Factors affecting survival were estimated through cox proportional hazards regression.
The model trained using wavelet-features on the full waveform had 90% recall, 87% precision, and 88% accuracy. Similar model performance was measured using features only from the M-Wave or F-Wave. Classification probabilities for ALS patients were statistically different from the diagnoses mimicking ALS symptoms (p&lt;0.001, ANOVA, Tukey’s post-hoc), Higher model classification probabilities of ALS, older age at onset, and family history of ALS alone or with frontotemporal dementia were factors decreasing survival. Longer diagnostic delay and upper limb onset site were factors increasing survival. Model scores two standard deviations below the mean had 4 months increased survival (two standard deviations below had 3 months decreased survival).
Artificial intelligence techniques extracted important information from F-wave responses to estimate a patient’s likelihood of ALS and their survival risks. Although the model can make predictions at specific decision threshold as presented here, the true strength of such a model lies in its ability to provide probabilities about whether a patient is likely to have ALS compared to other mimicking diagnoses such as IBM, cervical or lumbar radiculopathy, or peripheral neuropathy. These probabilities provide clinicians with additional information they can use to make the final diagnosis with greater confidence and precision. Integrating such a model into the clinical workflow could help clinicians diagnose ALS sooner and manage treatment based on estimated survival, which may improve outcomes and patients’ quality of life.