bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interpretable sensitivity analysis for balancing weights
Authors: Soriano Dan , Ben-Michael Eli , Bickel Peter J , Feller Avi , Pimentel Samuel D 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAssessing sensitivity to unmeasured confounding is an important step in observational studies, which typically estimate effects under the assumption that all confounders are measured. In this paper, we develop a sensitivity analysis framework for balancing weights estimators, an increasingly popular approach that solves an optimization problem to obtain weights that directly minimizes covariate imbalance. In particular, we adapt a sensitivity analysis framework using the percentile bootstrap for a broad class of balancing weights estimators. We prove that the percentile bootstrap procedure can, with only minor modifications, yield valid confidence intervals for causal effects under restrictions on the level of unmeasured confounding. We also propose an amplification—a mapping from a one-dimensional sensitivity analysis to a higher dimensional sensitivity analysis—to allow for interpretable sensitivity parameters in the balancing weights framework. We illustrate our method through extensive real data examples.
Computationally efficient Bayesian unit-level random neural network modelling of survey data under informative sampling for small area estimation
Authors: Parker Paul A , Holan Scott H 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The topic of neural networks has seen a surge of interest in recent years. However, one of the main challenges with these approaches is quantification of uncertainty. The use of random weight models offer a potential solution. In addition to uncertainty quantification, these models are extremely computationally efficient as they do not require optimisation through stochastic gradient descent. We show how this approach can be used to account for informative sampling of survey data through the use of a pseudo-likelihood. We illustrate the effectiveness of this methodology through simulation and data application involving American National Election Studies data.
Differential Retention of Pfam Domains Contributes to Long-term Evolutionary Trends
Authors: James Jennifer E , Nelson Paul G , Masel Joanna 
Published: March 2023

AbstractProtein domains that emerged more recently in evolution have a higher structural disorder and greater clustering of hydrophobic residues along the primary sequence. It is hard to explain how selection acting via descent with modification could act so slowly as not to saturate over the extraordinarily long timescales over which these trends persist. Here, we hypothesize that the trends were created by a higher level of selection that differentially affects the retention probabilities of protein domains with different properties. This hypothesis predicts that loss rates should depend on disorder and clustering trait values. To test this, we inferred loss rates via maximum likelihood for animal Pfam domains, after first performing a set of stringent quality control methods to reduce annotation errors. Intermediate trait values, matching those of ancient domains, are associated with the lowest loss rates, making our results difficult to explain with reference to previously described homology detection biases. Simulations confirm that effect sizes are of the right magnitude to produce the observed long-term trends. Our results support the hypothesis that differential domain loss slowly weeds out those protein domains that have nonoptimal levels of disorder and clustering. The same preferences also shape the differential diversification of Pfam domains, thereby further impacting proteome composition.
The 1940s
Authors: Mordden Ethan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the portrayal of gay people in theatre in the 1940s and the influence of the enactment of the Wales Law. It explains how Lee Shubert reacted strongly against Dorothy and Howard Baker’s Trio playing in his playhouse. Playwright Elmer Rice offered the Belasco Theatre stage to Trio instead, but it had to close since the City Commissioner refused to grant Rice an extension for lease renewal. The chapter then introduces the works of John Van Druten, who has been writing for gay idols, and Tennessee Williams, who raised the stakes with brutally honest tales that are usually premised around Big Characters whose lives turn on sex and violence. It also highlights the prominence and influence of Eva Le Gallienne and Katharine Cornell in Williams’ works.
From the Christian Right to the Corporate Right
Authors: Lynn Andrew 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Interpretations of work and economic activity can easily entail particular political agendas related to the broader functioning and efficiency of markets and capitalism. This chapter looks at the political agenda of a subset of actors in the faith and work space that seek to promote free market thinking through faith and work resources. These actors attempt to promote their ideas on three different fronts: promoting the inherent dignity of all work regardless of ethical conditions, promoting market vocations as an off-ramp to social justice initiatives, and promoting a God-ordained vision of laissez-faire capitalism. The author analyzes the successes and failures of these efforts on all three fronts.
Make Them Rare or Make Them Care
Authors: Hereth Blake , Evans Nicholas G. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses a notorious ethical issue concerning the military use of artificial intelligence (AI), which may represent the most disruptive and ethically problematic emerging technology on the horizon. The chapter argues that while civilians are never spared in war, part of the process of war is the moral cost-sharing of this burden for killing. AI would subvert this burden in unjust ways if applied for lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS). Because LAWS lack moral agency, in particular the capacity for moral emotions, moral costs are only borne by the dead and their loved ones. The chapter argues that it is unjust insofar as those responsible for unjust harm to others ought to share those costs by outlining and applying the Moral Affect Principle. This presents a dilemma: either autonomous weaponry are designed to be capable of moral emotions, which may be a step too far even for proponents of LAWS, or the use of such weaponry needs to be limited, which may risk worsening combatant casualties and achieving strategic aims.
Silo Mentalities, Dominant Logics, and Their Ethical Challenges in the Defense Industry
Authors: Werhane Patricia 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter identifies how the tragic loss of life in the space shuttle accidents in 1987 and 2003 as well as the two deadly crashes of 737 MAXes in 2018 could occur despite very high levels of expertise and professionalism both in NASA and Boeing. The chapter argues that corporate cultures may lead to disastrous moral consequences when people—who do not desire to do harm—work as a group. The chapter identifies two phenomena that are particularly to blame: silo mentalities and dominant logics. The former concerns the tendency to overspecialization within large organizations, sometimes resulting in an almost deliberate ignorance of problems for which detection requires a broader awareness. The latter concerns an overriding cultural lens that can obscure what should be obvious. The chapter proposes remedies. First is the adoption of Adam Smith’s perspective of an “impartial spectator.” Awareness of cognitive framing and bounded awareness are vital steps toward attaining that perspective. Second, the chapter recommends communication, cross-disciplinary training, and improved risk and system analyses to counter any divide between engineers and the business side of an organization as well as any tendency for engineers to remain silent based on respect for superiors.
Ikpana interrogatives from a GTM perspective
Authors: Kandybowicz Jason , Baron Bertille , Duncan Philip T. , Katsuda Hironori 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book by summarizing key findings, making connections to the interrogative systems of other Ghana-Togo Mountain languages, and highlighting the important insights, contributions, and lessons learned from the investigation of the Ikpana interrogative system. Some suggestions for future research directions exploring the grammar of question formation across the Ghana-Togo Mountain language subfamily are offered. The chapter reprises the book’s recurring argument that theoretically informed field-based documentation leads to richer grammatical descriptions and discoveries that would not have been possible if not for the scaffolding provided by linguistic theory in shaping the questions asked and the analytical directions pursued.
Brains for language (and everything else)
Authors: Tolchinsky Liliana , Berman Ruth A. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents our motives for taking a neurobiological perspective on language to understand the genetic and neurological capacities underlying language use and development, by taking a short journey through the brain that learns language. We consider, first, how researchers have argued for the biological component of language acquisition—such as by proving the existence of a critical period, an age limit for the capacity to acquire language natively—and the fact that much of the brain’s functioning is not accessible to conscious control, as illustrated by the processes of priming and relearning. We introduce the neuro-constructivist approach, as a distinctive framework in neurobiology that supports our view of the relationship between genetic endowment, brain structuring, and experience. The bulk of the chapter concerns major properties of the developing brain: (i) its increasing specialization; (ii) its growing capacity for parallel processing; (iii) its functioning as an anticipatory machine based on sensory-motor experience; (iv) its hierarchical organization enabling cognitive control; and (v) its long-lasting capacity for learning, a characteristic that motivates our interest in later language developments beyond early childhood. The chapter concludes by noting major changes that take place in learning and use of language in four distinct periods of life: from birth to 3 years, when children move into language; age 4 to 5 years, as a psycholinguistic frontier between early and later language acquisition; age 6 to 12, when children ‘go conventional’; and age 13 to 19, when young people become rebellious and (sometimes) creative individuals.
Language for imagery
Authors: Tolchinsky Liliana , Berman Ruth A. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe chapter opens by reviewing scholarly attempts to specify the difference between literal and figurative uses of language, based on criteria such as processing time, the role of context, making inferences, or perceiving ambiguities. We then point out why these are inadequate and how the issue could be resolved by avoiding a dichotomous distinction between the two, since many of the same factors are involved in both types of language use. Here, we take into account notions of embodiment and salience, and the impact of familiarity in processing conventional, established versus novel usages, along with the well-known distinction between what people say versus what they mean. Next, we move to varieties of figurative use—how idioms and proverbs differ from metaphors, linguistic humor, and irony—and what is involved in understanding and producing each of these different figures of speech, as language-dependent and culture-bounds linguistic usages. We go on to consider the brain structures that underlie non-literal language, and the networks shared by most figurative usages as well as those activated for specific varieties, showing that, for example, contrary to what is commonly believed, the left hemisphere is strongly involved in metaphor and other types of figurative usages. And we conclude by tracing the protracted developmental pathways involved in gaining command of non-literal uses, where varieties of figurative use show different trajectories from childhood on.
Constitutionalism and Powerlessness
Authors: Kukovec Damjan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chapter explains the limits of empowerment of the existing constitutional discourse and argues for an interpretative turn in constitutional thinking focusing on narrative and understanding of harm. The development of the European Union has been marked by individual empowerment. However, the paradigms of pluralism and constitutionalism, which are based on the same predispositions, may not be able to fully address economic and consequently political powerlessness. All the while appearing to advance constant change, they do not commit to deep structural social transformation which would aid the social periphery. To portray the limits of constitutionalist transformation, the chapter portrays four positions in the European Union discourse—left federalist, left sovereignist, right federalist, and right sovereignist. Constitutionalism’s open-endedness and a priori normative vacuity give an impression that social options are limitless. Real contestation, however, remains obstructed by the existing narrative and understanding of harm.
AN INTRODUCTORY LETTER TO DR BROWNE
Authors: Francis Gavin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
An introduction to the works of Thomas Browne, with a focus in particular on biographical details of his life, the range of his curiosities, the titles of his principle works, and his legacy. The introduction is in the form of a letter to Dr Browne, explaining the ways in which the author, a twenty-first-century general practitioner, feels indebted to Browne and finds threads of relevance both to modern medical practice, and to contemporary literature. It is explained that Browne’s knighthood was granted only late in life, almost inadvertently, and so he remains ‘Dr Browne’ rather than ‘Sir Browne’ for this consideration of his life and his work.
CURIOSITY
Authors: Francis Gavin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The role of curiosity in Browne’s work is examined, through scattered hints about the contents of the rooms he kept in Norwich, his primitive laboratory, and his writings that demonstrate a questioning intellect which sought answers by carrying out simple experiments. Browne was not a ‘scientist’ in the way we now understand the word, but investigated the world in his own way, and a few vivid examples are recounted. His sense of wonder was profound, and its role in inspiring him is considered together with his belief that he was contributing to the understanding of God’s creation. ‘Curiosity’ can also mean something trivial or obscure, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s reading of Browne is considered in this context.
HUMILITY
Authors: Francis Gavin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The place of generalism and of general practice within medicine’s hierarchy of prestige is examined, in tandem with an acknowledgement that Browne’s choice of a provincial medical practice rather than a lucrative London one demonstrates a measure of humility. Francis Bacon’s conviction that to be understood, nature must be approached in all humility is touched upon, as is Browne’s humility in matters of enquiry—always quick to admit to a lack of knowledge, and open to changing his mind. Insect life fascinated him, and he considered ants and bees as ‘little citizens’ with more to teach than much larger or more broadly considered forms of life. Browne counselled against arrogance, something evident in his correspondence with his son Edward.
MORTALITY
Authors: Francis Gavin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
For many readers of Browne’s books, his essay Urn Burial is his finest work. It’s an essay that begins with a description of funerary practices around the world and through history, and delves into the consideration of Christian views on immortality, Buddhist views on annihilation, and Hindu views on reincarnation. This chapter examines the theme of mortality in Urn Burial, considering the context of the rest of Browne’s work, with a focus on Browne’s conviction of the futility of expecting earthly renown after death. Browne’s familiarity with death and dead bodies (through both medical practice and human dissection) is touched upon, as is Browne’s writings on offering palliative care to a young man dying of tuberculosis, published posthumously as Letter to a Friend. Finally, Browne’s own death is described, as well as his legacy.
Conclusion
Authors: Turksen U , Kreissl R , Rasmouki F , Vozza D , Abukari A 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter highlights the efforts put into reducing tax crimes. It starts with the socio-economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on budget deficits and optimisation of tax collection and reducing the tax gap. The Anti-Money Laundering (AML) framework and anti-tax fraud framework in the EU laid the foundation for future legislation and policy to counter tax crimes across Europe. Case studies, focus groups, and workshops found that interagency and international cooperation in fighting tax crimes fronted significant constraints, such as data exchange, joint investigations, collaborative asset confiscations, and sanctions. The chapter then discusses the findings from the PROTAX project to expound its point on legal regimes being made across Europe. It suggests that developing a holistic tax enforcement eco-system is needed instead of just tinkering with legal provisions.
Principle 4: The Context
Authors: Calnan Richard 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The purpose of Chapter 4 is to explain which materials are available to the interpreter in addition to the statute itself. As well as describing what materials are available, it also discusses the purpose to which those materials can be put and the limits on the use of context to establish the meaning of the statutory words. The clearer the statutory words, the more unlikely it is that they can be influenced by the relevant background.
Beat the Market
Authors: Smith Gary 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The wild fluctuations in stock prices sustain seductive dreams of being able to get rich quick by nimbly jumping in and out of the market at the right time. Buying low and selling high seems a lot easier and more lucrative than working 9-to-5. Alas, changes in stock prices remain frustrating difficult to predict reliably. Nonetheless, greed springs eternal. Scientists have created the hardware, software, and data that allow amateurs and professionals to use data mining to discover stock market models that succeed spectacularly in backtesting but fail miserably in forecasting. When the models fail, the credibility of scientists slips a little lower.
The Habitual Unity of Science
Authors: Dika Tarek R. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 places Descartes in the context of scholastic debates about the unity of science. Descartes transforms the scholastic debate by demonstrating that there is one habitus, which (1) extends to all possible objects of science, and (2) unifies the sciences themselves. Descartes terms this habitus “wisdom” (sapientia) in Rules for the Direction of the Mind, and one can acquire wisdom by practice in the method, which is the source of science (scientia) and which coordinates the sciences as needed in solutions to particular problems. Section 2.1 introduces the Cartesian scientific habitus, and argues that Descartes models the unity of science, not on Aristotelian theoretical wisdom, which does not unify the sciences, but rather on Aristotelian practical wisdom, which unifies the virtues in deliberations about what to do in particular cases. Section 2.1 also enumerates the properties that distinguish the Cartesian scientific habitus from scholastic concepts of scientific habitus. Section 2.2 discusses the subject of the Cartesian scientific habitus, the formation of the Cartesian scientific habitus, and the ontology of the Cartesian scientific habitus. Section 2.3 argues that the unity of science in Rules depends on an explicit rejection of Aristotle’s ban on genus-crossing in the sciences, and Section 2.4 shows how Descartes concretely overcomes the ban via his theory of the object of science (the “simple natures”). Sections 2.5–2.6 discuss Descartes’s understanding of the unity of science in Rules and explain salient differences between Rule 1 in the standard edition of Descartes’s Rules and Rule 1 in the Cambridge manuscript.
Descartes’s Theory of the Objects of Knowledge in Rules
Authors: Dika Tarek R. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 reconstructs Descartes’s theory of simple natures in Rules for the Direction of the Mind and explains its role in his solution to the problem of the limits of knowledge. Section 7.2 discusses the criteria whereby Descartes enumerates the simple natures in Rule 12. Sections 7.3–7.6 show how Descartes draws on his theory of the faculties discussed in Chapter 6 in order to divide the simple natures into separate classes: the intellectual simple natures (Section 7.3); the material simple natures (Section 7.4); and the common simple natures and their corresponding privations and negations (Sections 7.5–7.6). Sections 7.7–7.8 reconstruct Descartes’s theory of conjunction, which canonizes rules that determine how simple natures may be combined with one another in intuition and deduction. Section 7.7 shows how Descartes’s theory of conjunction includes his earliest “theory of distinctions,” which he would later take up more explicitly in First Replies and Principles of Philosophy I. 60–2. Section 7.8 discusses the structure of complex intuitions and the difference between complex intuitions and confusion. Sections 7.9–7.10 discuss the relation between intuition and judgment as well as Descartes’s theory of error in Rules, both of which are grounded in his theory of simple natures. Finally, Sections 7.11–7.12 show how Descartes’s theory of the simple natures solves the problem of the limits of knowledge and reassess the longstanding debate over whether the theory amounts to a species of “idealism” or “realism.”
The Origins of Cartesian Dualism in Rule 12
Authors: Dika Tarek R. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 examines Descartes’s mind–body dualism in Rule 12 of Rules for the Direction of the Mind. Section 8.1 discusses the evidence contained in the Cambridge manuscript, where, unlike all other known manuscripts and editions, Descartes does not assert that the mind is “purely spiritual” or “distinct from the whole body.” Section 8.2 provides a detailed interpretation of Descartes’s mind–body dualism in the standard edition of Rules. Descartes’s dualism in the standard edition of Rules is deducible from the following four properties of vis cognoscens: (1) its ontological simplicity or indivisibility; (2) its ability to be both active and passive; (3) its per se existence; and (4) its independence, qua “pure intellect,” from all other (corporeal) cognitive functions. Section 8.3 argues that while the differences between the standard edition and the Cambridge manuscript are important, the Cambridge manuscript precludes interpretation along both materialist and hylomorphic lines. In both the standard edition of Rules and the Cambridge manuscript, Descartes enumerates the same four properties of vis cognoscens. What the Cambridge manuscript contains is Cartesian dualism in its barest form, before even the theory of simple natures, let alone Descartes’s ontology of substance, attribute, and mode.