bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunologic Studies of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Japan
Authors: Buescher Edward L. , Scherer William F. , Rosenberg Murray Z. , McClure H. Elliott 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Viremia and clinically inapparent infection by JE virus were readily induced in birds of several species by subcutaneous inoculation of six different strains in low mouse passage. Virus titers usually reached 102.5–3.0 LD50/0.03 ml of blood. Incidence of viremia was related directly to size of virus inoculum and inversely to mouse passage level of virus and age of chickens (but probably not black-crowned night herons). Contrariwise, the time of appearance of viremia was related inversely to size of virus inoculum and directly to mouse passage level of virus. Maximal titer of virus and duration of viremia were unaffected by size of virus inoculum, and duration was inversely related to mouse passage level and age of chickens.
Neutralizing and HI, but not CF antibodies, were found in plasma of previously viremic birds when tested for 8–12 weeks after infection. Antibodies formed in some birds that failed to circulate virus. HI antibody appeared promptly within 2–3 days of cessation of viremia and reached maximal titers within 14–21 days following infection. Neutralizing antibody did not appear until the 3rd–12th postinfection weeks and an occasional bird never produced significant levels of neutralizing antibody during the 3 months after development of viremia and HI antibody. The titer of HI antibody usually decreased during the second and third postinfection months but neutralizing antibody persisted longer. Occasionally both antibodies became undetectable between 3 and 9 months after infection.
Antigenic Comparison of Boston Exanthem Virus Strains and Their Relationship to ECHO-16 Virus as Studied by Neutralization and Complement Fixation Procedures
Authors: Neva Franklin A. , Malone Mary F. , Lewis L. James 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The discrepancy in clinical manifestations associated with Boston exanthem virus infections, and those produced by the immunologically-related ECHO-16 virus suggested study of the antigenic characteristics of these agents. Neutralization and complement fixation tests were used to examine monkey antisera prepared by single as well as multiple immunizing doses, and to test human sera from patients. Variable serologic patterns within a broad antigenic relationship were found for five strains of exanthem viruses and the prototype strain of ECHO-16 virus. Even the exanthem viruses as a group failed to show uniform immunologic properties. Consideration was given to the possible influence of technical procedures in antigenic studies of ECHO viruses.
A New in Vitro Method (END) for Detection and Measurement of Hog Cholera Virus and Its Antibody by Means of Effect of Hc Virus on Newcastle Disease Virus in Swine Tissue Culture
Authors: Kumagai Tetsuo , Shimizu Takehiko , Ikeda Sumio , Matumoto Minoru 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A new in vitro method (END method) was developed for detecting and measuring hog cholera virus. This method is based on the following findings: a) that, under certain experimental conditions, Newcastle disease virus exerts no cytopathic effect when inoculated into swine testicular cell monolayer cultures within 4 or 5 days of cultivation, whereas Newcastle disease virus produces cytopathic changes when inoculated into the same culture after 6 to 8 days of cultivation; b) that in cell cultures infected in the initial stage of cultivation with hog cholera virus, which produces no cytopathogenesis, Newcastle disease virus readily produces marked cytopathic effects even if it is inoculated as early as the second, third, or fourth day of cell cultivation. Various factors involved in the phenomenon were investigated and a standard method of procedure was established.
Quantitative Micro-Complement Fixation and Its Use in the Study of Antigenic Structure by Specific Antigen-Antibody Inhibition
Authors: Wasserman Eleanor , Levine Lawrence 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A quantitative micromethod for the estimation of C' fixation is described. The method is capable of measuring antigens in millimicrogram quantities. A use of the micro-C' fixation method is specifically illustrated by the quantitative inhibition of pneumococcus polysaccharide immune systems by oligosaccharides.
Studies on Japanese B Encephalitis Virus
Authors: Inoue Y. Kanda , Iwasaki T. , Kato H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Characteristics of mouse-adapted and hamster kidney (HK) adapted Japanese B encephalitis virus on chick embryo cell cultures have been studied by the plaque method, and the following results obtained: Plaques produced by mouse virus appeared faster than the plaques produced by HK virus. After 4 days of cultivation, mouse virus plaques were clear and 2 to 3 mm in diameter. In contrast, HK virus plaques were hazy and 1 to 2 mm in diameter.Using mouse and HK viruses, a strict linearity of response between plaque count and virus concentration was obtained over a 16-fold range.Maximal adsorption of mouse virus was obtained by 90 min incubation at 36°C, and that of HK virus by 120 minutes. Particles of mouse virus, unadsorbed at the time of agar overlay, subsequently diffused through the agar and produced plaques. In contrast, unadsorbed HK virus was unable to produce plaques.Using mouse and HK viruses, the titers obtained by plaque assay were as high or higher than the LD50 titers in mice or the TCD50 titers in HK cells.
An Adaptation of the Immunoelectrophoretic Method for the Use of Chicken-Precipitating Antisera
Authors: Tempelis C. H. , Lofy Mary F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
To create optimum conditions to test chicken-precipitating antibody by immunoelectrophoresis, it was necessary to increase the NaCl content of the agar strip. Clear, sharp differentiation of precipitin lines was evident when the agar contained 1.0 to 2.0% NaCl. Lesser amounts failed to precipitate all antigen-antibody systems and greater amounts produced diffuseness which made interpretation difficult.
Effect of Variation in Antibody-Hapten Association Constant upon the Biologic Activity of the Antibody
Authors: Siskind Gregory W. , Eisen Herman N. 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions
Under appropriate conditions the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis response can be shown to depend on the affinity of antibody for its homologous antigenic determinant. The variation in response observed is consistent with what would be expected from considerations of the law of mass action.
The Suppressive Effect of Supraoptimum Doses of Antigen of the Secondary Antibody-Forming Response of Spleen Cells Cultured in Cell-Impermeable Diffusion Chambers
Authors: Makinodan T. , Hoppe Immo , Sado Toshihiko , Capalbo Elmo E. , Leonard Martha R. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The effect of antigen dose on adequately primed spleen cells was studied in cell-impermeable diffusion chambers. Maximum secondary antibody response against sheep red blood cells (RBC) was obtained when 1.2 × 107 spleen cells were cultured with 1.2 × 106 sheep RBC, a ratio of sheep RBC to spleen cells of 1:10. Maximum secondary antibody response against soluble bovine serum albumin (BSA) was obtained when 2.4 × 107 spleen cells were cultured with 50 µg of BSA. A suboptimum response was readily obtained not only by decreasing the antigen dose below the optimum but also by increasing it. Pulse-labeling studies with H3-thymidine were carried out during the log phase of response, when the total number of lymphoid cells remained relatively constant. The results revealed that antigenic stimulation can cause a twofold reduction in the t2 and therefore the t1/2 of the lymphoid cells from approximately 1.0 to 0.5 day. Further autoradiographic studies with use of H3-thymidine, H3-uridine and H3-proline revealed that morphologically distinct blast cells, lymphocytes and plasma cells are in general metabolically distinct, and the decrease in the t2 of the lymphoid cell population after antigenic stimulation is due to preferential proliferation of metabolically active blast cells and plasma cells. Furthermore they showed that the change in antibody output as affected by the dose of RBC antigen can be related mainly to the number of metabolically active plasma cells. Finally, immunofluorescent studies showed that when primed spleeen cells were cultured with over 100 times the optimum dose of BSA the number of functional antibody-forming cells decreased markedly 1 week after culture, and, in addition, the efficiency of these functional cells seemed to be reduced to one fourth of the normal. The significance of these results to the cytokinetics of antibody response is discussed.
Heterogeneity of Sheep Diphtheria and Tetanus Antibodies
Authors: Locke R. F. , Segre D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The ultracentrifugal patterns of ovine immune globulin revealed two peaks, the major peak having a sedimentation coefficient (s20, w) of 6.6 S while the smaller peak sedimented at 18 S. Heat treatment (65°C for 1 hr) destroyed the globulin sedimenting at 18 S. The sedimentation pattern of the 6.6 S globulin was unaffected. Globulin sedimenting at 6.6 S had a molecular weight of 174,000. The faster sedimenting 18 S globulin had a molecular weight of about 1 million.
The administration of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids to sheep was followed by the production of heat labile 18 S antibodies, which reached a peak titer on the 7th day. Heat stable 6.6 S antibodies were not detectable until the 9th day and their titer rose sharply thereafter. Early response ovine antitoxin appeared to be composed largely of 18 S antibodies. Most of the antibody activity of hyperimmune sheep antitoxin was found to be concentrated in the 6.6 S globulin.
The antibody activity of electrophoretically separated globulin fractions of higher mobility was destroyed by heating at 65°C for 1 hr. The titers of globulin fractions of lower mobility were enhanced by the application of this level of heat.
Chromatographic subfractionation of purified 6.6 S γ2-globulin revealed the presence of tetanus antibodies in two subfractions, one of low and the other of intermediate electrophoretic mobility. Diphtheria antibodies were concentrated in a single fraction of intermediate mobility.
Purification and Characterization of Tetanus Toxoid and Toxin
Authors: Latham William C. , Jenness Cornelia P. , Timperi Ralph J. K. , Michelsen Christopher B. H. , Zipilivan E. Mario , Edsall Geoffrey , Ley Herbert L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Filtration of partially purified tetanus toxoid through the dextran gel Sephadex G-100 has yielded at least four clearly identifiable fractions. The two fractions emerging first from the column, containing 55 to 65% of the nondialyzable nitrogen in the starting material, were capable of reacting in vitro with tetanus antitoxin and stimulating immunity to challenge with tetanus toxin in mice. The antigenicity of these fractions did not differ significantly from the parent toxoid.
The third fraction emerging from the column, which apparently is of smaller molecular size, reacted in vitro with tetanus antitoxin, but was poorly antigenic in animals.
The fourth fraction identified, presumably consisting of nondialyzable medium derivatives and nonspecific by-products of metabolism of the tetanus organism, was inactive both in vitro and in vivo.
The results of this study have demonstrated the value of gel filtration for the analysis of tetanus toxoid as well as for its purification. The simplicity of the technique as well as the low cost of materials are additional advantages of the system.
The method described has yielded satisfactory separation when applied to batches of toxoid containing upwards of 200,000 flocculation units.
A New Serum Factor in Normal Rabbits
Authors: Mandy William J. , Fudenberg H. Hugh , Lewis F. Bruce 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The sera of 36 normal rabbits reacted specifically with the univalent 3.5 S fragments produced by papain digestion of rabbit γG-globulin. The reaction was demonstrated by the agglutination of human red cells sensitized by the univalent fragments of rabbit antihuman erythrocyte antibody. The activity of the serum factor was inhibited by the 3.5 S univalent fragments of normal rabbit γ-globulin.
The data suggest that the reactive factor, herein termed “homoreactant,” is one of a number of serologically distinct anti-γ-globulin factors. The factor was shown to reside in the 7 S γ-globulin fraction of serum, to be nondialyzable, and heat- and mercaptoethanol-resistant.
The data further suggest that papain digestion of rabbit γ-globulin reveals a buried antigenic groups; this group may be related to the genetically determined antigenic groups of rabbit γ-globulin (allotypes).
Differences between homoreactant and other serum factors are discussed.
Identification of Intrinsic Factor Autoantibody and Intrinsic Factor in Man by Radioimmunodiffusion and Radioimmunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Samloff I. Michael , Barnett Eugene V. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A micro-method for the detection of both intrinsic factor autoantibody and intrinsic factor which combines the techniques of immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis with radioautography has been described. A radioactive precipitin are demonstrable by radioautography formed when a mixture containing a complex of human intrinsic factor (IF) and Co60B12 (IF-Co60B12) and rabbit anti-human IgG (RAHgG) was reacted against the sera from 8 of 32 patients with pernicious anemia. Radioimmunodiffusion and radioimmunoelectrophoresis experiments revealed that antibody was present in IgG of both type K and type L; antibody was not found in IgA or IgM.
All antibody-containing sera blocked Co60B12 uptake by intrinsic factor. A nonradioactive precipitin are also developed when the Co60B12-binding capacity of intrinsic factor was blocked by unlabeled vitamin B12 and when nonintrinsic factor vitamin B12 binders were substituted for intrinsic factor. In the absence of anti-human IgG in the test system, a precipitin did not form and radioactivity was not demonstrable in the diffusion zone.
With antibody-containing serum, intrinsic factor was found in the gastric juice of 12 patients without pernicious anemia and in none of three patients with pernicious anemia.
Hemolysin Titration Based on Fixation of the Activated First Component of Complement: Evidence That One Molecule of Hemolysin Suffices to Sensitize an Erythrocyte
Authors: Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A new method for titrating hemolysin (A) is described. This method is based on the fixation by sensitized erythrocytes (EA) of the activated first component of complement (C′1a). The quantity of C′1a fixed by EA is determined by the ability of the EAC′1a to convert EAC′4 to EAC′1a,4. Hemolysin titrations by this new method have yielded data which are consistent with the hypothesis that one molecule of hemolysin suffices to sensitize an erythrocyte to the action of complement. When conventional titrations are performed under conditions where complement concentration does not affect the rate of lysis, data are obtained which support the view that one molecule of A produces a sensitized site on an erythrocyte.
Secondary sclerosing cholangitis and IgG4-sclerosing cholangitis – A review of cholangiographic and ultrasound imaging
Authors: Möller Kathleen , Braden Barbara , Culver Emma L. , Jenssen Christian , Zadeh Ehsan Safai , Alhyari Amjad , Görg Christian , Ignee André , Hocke Michael , Dong Yi , Sun Siyu , Faiss Siegbert , Dietrich Christoph F. 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT
Sclerosing cholangitis (SC) represents a spectrum of chronic progressive cholestatic diseases of the intrahepatic and/or extrahepatic biliary system characterized by patchy inflammation, fibrosis, and stricturing. Primary and secondary SC must be distinguished given the different treatment modalities, risks of malignancy, and progression to portal hypertension, cirrhosis, and hepatic failure. This review focuses on secondary SC and the pathogenic mechanisms, risk factors, clinical presentation, and novel imaging modalities that help to distinguish between these conditions. We explore the detailed use of cholangiography and ultrasound imaging techniques.
ANALISIS WAKTU TUNGGU PELAYANAN RESEP RAWAT JALAN DI INSTALASI FARMASI RUMAH SAKIT X
Authors: Haifa Ayu Izzatin , Resni Neng 
Published: December 2022

Instalasi farmasi merupakan salah satu unit kerja yang berperan sebagai penyelenggaraan kegiatan kefarmasian di rumah sakit. Salah satu standar pelayanan minimal farmasi di rumah sakit adalah waktu tunggu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui rata-rata waktu tunggu, faktor apa yang mempengaruhi lama atau tidaknya waktu tunggu, poli manakah yang waktu tunggunya paling lama, dan kesesuaian waktu tunggu pelayanan resep rawat jalan di Instalasi Farmasi Rumah Sakit X terhadap standar pelayanan minimal rumah sakit dengan indikator waktu tunggu. Metode penelitian dilakukan secara observasional dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dan dianalisis secara deskriptif dengan analisa univariat menggunakan Microsoft Excel dan SPSS versi 26. Hasil penelitian ini menghasilkan rata-rata waktu tunggu resep obat jadi 39 menit dan resep obat racikan 79 menit. Waktu tunggu pelayanan resep rawat jalan di Instalasi Farmasi Rumah Sakit X baik resep obat jadi maupun resep obat racikan, yaitu belum sesuai dengan standar pelayanan resep No.129/Menkes/SK/II/2008 tentang Standar Pelayanan Minimal Rumah Sakit. Faktor yang mempengaruhi lamanya waktu tunggu pelayanan resep rawat jalan di Instalasi Farmasi Rumah Sakit X, yaitu jenis resep, jumlah item obat per resep, jadwal poli rawat jalan, sumber daya manusia, sarana dan prasarana dan ketersediaan obat. Waktu tunggu terlama dari masing-masing poli rawat jalan untuk resep obat jadi, yaitu poli paru dengan lama 73 menit, sedangkan untuk resep obat racikan yaitu poli anak dengan lama 85 menit.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEPUTUSANKONSUMEN DALAM MEMBELI BAHAN BAKAR MINYAK (BBM) PADA PERTAMINI DI KECAMATAN TITEUE KABUPATEN PIDIE
Authors: Muhammad Rizki Teuku Isnaini, 
Published: December 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan konsumen dalam membeli bahan bakar minyak (BBM) pada Pertamini di Kecamatan Titeu Kabupaten Pidie. Adapun faktor-faktor yang dijadikan varibel dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari produk (X1) harga (X2) dan lokasi (X3). Jumlah sampel yang digunkan sebanyak 100 responden sampel ditentukan dengan teknik non probalility sampling. Data dalam penelitian ini valid dan realibel serta memenuhi asumsi regresi. Hasil analsis regresi linier berganda diperoleh Y = 4,400 + 0,225 + 0,301 + 0,192 .Berdasarkan hasil pengujian regresi linier berganda, diketuahi bahwa variabel produk, harga dan lokasi memiliki pengaruh secara bersama-sama terhadap keputusan pembelian BBM pada Pertamini di Kecamatan Titeue Kabupaten Pidie sebesar sebesar 39,6% sedangakan sisanya sebesar 60,4% dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti pada penelitian ini. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan, masih banyak faktor-faktor lain yang dapat mempengaruhi keputusan pembelian BBM pada pertamini selain dari variabel produk, harga dan lokasi.Variabel produk memiliki pengaruh secara signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian BBM pada Pertamini di Kecamatan Titeue Kabupaten Pidie sebesar 0,255%. Varaibel harga memiliki pengaruh secara signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian BBM pada Pertamini di Kecamatan Titeue Kabupaten Pidie 0,301%. Variabel lokasi memiliki pengaruh secara signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian BBM pada Pertamini di Kecamatan Titeue Kabupaten Pidie sebesar 0,192%. Dari ketiga variabel yang diteliti, variabel harga menunjukan nilai pengaruh yang lebih tinggi terhadap keputusan pembelian BBM pada Pertamini Kecamatan Titeu Kabupaten Pidie. Kata Kunci: Produk, Harga, Lokasi dan Keputusan Pembelian.
PENGARUH PENGHARGAAN ATASAN DAN KOMITMEN ORGANISASI TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA PEGAWAI PADA DINAS PERTANIAN DAN PANGAN KABUPATEN PIDIE
Authors: Akmal Syamsul , Sarbunis Sarbunis 
Published: December 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk “Pengaruh Penghargaan Atasan Dan Komitmen Organisasi Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Pegawai Pada Dinas Pertanian dan Pangan Kabupaten Pidie”. Dimana variabel independen yaitu Penghargaan Atasan (X1) dan Komitmen Organisasi (X2) dan Kepuasan Kerja Pegawai (Y) sebagai variabel dependennya. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 77 responden. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diperoleh persamaan regresi: Y = 4,801+ 0,382X1+ 0,436X2. Berdasarkan hasil analisis diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa dari keduavariabel yang diteliti, ternyata variabel Komitmen Organisasi (X2) mempunyai pengaruh yang paling dominan sebesar 43,6% terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Pegawai Pada Dinas Pertanian dan Pangan Kabupaten Pidie. Hubungan antara variabel dependen dan independen yaitu masing-masing variabel Penghargaan atasan (X1) dan Komitmen Organisasi (X2) terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Pegawai Pada Dinas Pertanian dan Pangan Kabupaten Pidie dengan indeks korelasi sebesar 81,6% Ini berarti hubungan tersebut sangat kuat. Kemudian indeks determinasi masing-masing variabel Pengembangan variabel Penghargaan atasan (X1) dan Komitmen Organisasi (X2) sebesar 81,6%, ini berarti berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Pegawai Pada Dinas Pertanian dan Pangan Kabupaten Pidie dan sebesar 18,4% yang dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti dalam penelitian ini. Kata kunci : Penghargaan Atasan, Komitmen Organisasi, Kepuasan Kerja Pegawai
PENGARUH CITRA MEREK DAN KUALITAS PRODUK TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN LAPTOP ASUS DI KOTA SIGLI KABUPATEN PIDIE
Authors: Zulkifli Zulkifli , Razi Muhammad 
Published: December 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Citra Merek Dan Kualitas Produk Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Laptop Asus di Kota Sigli Kabupaten Pidie (Studi Kasus Pada Toko Marsya.Com Sigli)”. Data hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan peralatan statistik sederhana antara lain distribusi frkuensi, persentase dan rata-rata. Untuk mengukur kehandalan variabel dalam kuesioner diterapkan analisis Cronbach Alpha pada taraf signifikansi 0,5. Untuk membuktikan hipotesis lebih lanjut digunakan peralatan Pearson’ Correlation, Linear Regression, dan t-Test. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa persamaan regresi linear berganda di atas dapat dijelaskan bahwa nilai constanta sebesar 4,400 dan nilai koefisien regresi motivasi sebesar 0,374 dapat diartikan bahwa setiap 1% kenaikan citra merek yang baik (X1) akan meningkatkan keputusan pemeblain laptop asus di Kota Sigli pada toko Marsya Com Sigli Kabupaten Pidie sebesar 0,374%. Ini artinya terjadi peningkatan keputusan pembelian pengaruh citra merek. Nilai koefisien regresi komitmen sebesar 0,447 dapat diartikan bahwa kualita produk (X2) akan meningkatkan keputusan pembelian laptop asus di Kota Sigli di toko Marsya Kabupaten Pidie 0,447%. Ini berarti terjadi peningkatan keputusan pembelian terhadap laptop asus di Kota Sigli pada toko Marsya Kabupaten Pidie. Dari kedua variabel yang diteliti ternyata variabel citra merek (X2) mempunyai pengaruh yang dominan sebesar 8,15 % terhadap keputusan pembelian. Hubungan variabel dependen dan independen yaitu masing-masing variabel citra merek (X1) dan kualitas produk (X2) terhadap keputusan pembelian dengan indeks korelasi sebesar 66,4% ini berarti hubungan tersebut sangat kuat.