bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunoregulatory Properties of Human Plasma in Very Low Density Lipoproteins
Authors: Chisari Francis V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Physiologic concentrations of VLDL isolated from human plasma by ultracentrifugal flotation and molecular exclusion chromatography inhibit the induction of DNA synthesis in human PBM by a variety of mitogenic and allogeneic cell stimuli. Rapid inhibition of PHA responsiveness during a brief (1 hr) VLDL pulse suggests a high affinity interaction between the inhibitor and its target cell(s) with rapid translation of the inhibitory message to intracellular sites responsible for the initiation of DNA synthesis. PBM refractoriness to VLDL when administered later than 6 to 12 hr after PHA suggests that early, inductive events in the DNA synthesis response of PBM of mitogens are susceptible to modulation by this inhibitor. Currently demonstrated inhibition of protein synthesis and previously documented inhibition of sterol metabolism by VLDL suggest that suppression of the DNA synthetic response of PBM might be mediated by one or both of these early prereplicative events.
The VLDL employed in these studies were shown to be free of the previously described inhibitory species of LDL (LDL-In) and were characterized by a variety of physicochemical, biochemical, and immunochemical parameters virtually incompatible with the other inhibitors of PBM DNA synthesis known to occur in human plasma. Considerable presumptive evidence suggests that inhibition depends on the biologic expression of the apolipopeptide B moiety which VLDL share with the bioregulatory low density lipoproteins and that VLDL may represent the physiologic progenitor of these molecules.
The current studies clearly add VLDL to the enlarging family of immunoregulatory lipoproteins biologically active as subphysiologic concentrations and therefore potentially important in the continuing maintenance of immunologic homeostasis. The precise role played by these molecules in the preservation of human immunologic integrity remains to be determined.
The Effects of Neuraminidase and Galactose Oxidase on Murine Lymphocytes
Authors: Kuppers Rudolf C. , Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The sequential treatment of normal C57BL/6 mouse spleen cell populations with neuraminidase (NA) and galactose oxidase (GO) resulted in cell proliferation, but not in the differentiation of cytotoxic T cells. In contrast, C57BL/6 spleen cells derived from animals primed 5 to 8 months earlier with alloantigen (P815 mastocytoma cells of the DBA/2 strain) both proliferated and demonstrated T cell-mediated cytotoxicity after NAGO stimulation.
T cells differentiating into cytotoxic cells after NAGO treatment demonstrated properties similar to alloantigen-specific ‘memory’ T cells. These were: 1) cytotoxicity developed only from ‘primed’ cell populations, 2) cytotoxicity developed within 24 hr after NAGO treatment, 3) DNA synthesis was not required for the differentiation of cytotoxic cells during the first 24 hr of culture but both DNA synthesis and cell proliferation were required for the cytotoxicity developing after 24 hr, and 4) all cytotoxicity induced by NAGO showed specificity for the priming alloantigen.
It was found, furthermore, that cytotoxicity could be induced at much lower GO concentrations than needed for increased DNA synthesis. We interpret this finding as an indication that NAGO can differentially deliver two ‘signals’ to T lymphocytes: one leading to cell proliferation, the other causing the differentiation of memory T cells into cytotoxic effectors.
Intravascular Aggregation and Pulmonary Sequestration of Platelets during IgE-Induced Systemic Anaphylaxis in the Rabbit: Abrogation of Lethal Anaphylactic Shock by Platelet Depletion
Authors: Pinckard R. Neal , Halonen Marilyn , Palmer John D. , Butler Cooley , Shaw James O. , Henson Peter M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Significant alterations in the circulatory properties of platelets have been documented during IgE-induced systemic anaphylactic shock in the rabbit. Within 30 to 60 sec after i.v. antigen challenge, platelet aggregation occurs in both the venous and arterial circulations. The platelet aggregates then sequester in small blood vessels of various organs, particularly in the lung. The organ sequestration results in the development of a profound thrombocytopenia within 3 to 5 min after antigen challenge. Fifteen min later deaggregation of platelets occurs and the platelets return to the peripheral circulation within normal, prechallenge levels by 60 min. Additional experiments demonstrated that platelet depletion before antigen challenge abrogates the lethal effects and significantly reduces the pathophysiologic manifestations of IgE-induced systemic anaphylaxis. We conclude that the IgE-induced platelet alterations, probably induced by the intravascular release of basophil and perhaps mast cell-derived platelet-activating factor (PAF), play a major role in the pathogenesis of systemic anaphylaxis in the rabbit.
Evidence That C1t (Amyloid P-Component) Is Not a Subcomponent of the First Component of Complement (C1)
Authors: Painter R. H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The recent observation that plasma P-component/C1t binds to agarose in a calcium-dependent fashion provided an opportunity to demonstrate that specific and selective removal of this protein from serum had no effect on the hemolytic or molecular properties of serum C1 activity. Thus, it is concluded that this protein does not form part of the C1 macromolecular complex.
Binding of F(ab′)2 of Normal Human IgG to Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Hofman Florence , Cohen Ada , Zipori Dov , Burstein Rimona , Benich Zvi , Haimovich Joseph 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The presence of immunoglobulins (Ig) on the surface of B lymphocytes in humans is well established. However, there has been considerable controversy concerning the proportion of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood bearing on their surface Ig of the IgG class. These different results may be due to variations in techniques, potency, and specificity of the reagents or to the presence of various populations of cells displaying surface IgG under particular conditions. The IgG-bearing cell population probably consists of cells possessing endogenously synthesized IgG present on the membrane and cells having Ig adsorbed onto their surface. Most of the IgG binding has been ascribed to the presence of Fc receptors on the cell surface (1). We have found, however, that part of the IgG bound to cells may be attributed to molecules bound through their Fab part.
Materials and Methods. Antigens.
Heterophile Antigen in Bacteria
Authors: Powell H. M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
One of 12 strains of Bacterium lepisepticum was found to contain heterophile antigen. Three strains of the hemorrhagic septicemia group of organisms isolated from guinea pigs did not contain heterophile antigen. One strain of B. avisepticus and three strains of B. bronchisepticus did not contain heterophile antigen.
Studies in Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Fineman A. H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The degree of sensitivity of asthmatics is best determined by skin-testing with dilutions of extracts of increasing strength, and apparently not by the reagin content of the blood; this point requires further study. Asthma patients sensitive to rabbit hair, horse dander, or cottonseed, can be classified, by the intradermal or scratch method, into three arbitrary groups, A, B, and C, depending upon the degree of skin sensitivity. The number of constitutional reactions, resulting from intradermal diagnostic tests or specific treatment, will be appreciably reduced if the degree of sensitivity is predetermined.
The Bactericidal Action of the Serum Following Injections of Adrenalin
Authors: Smith Geo. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Attempts to associate the glands of internal secretion, or the products of these glands, with immunity or with immunological phenomena have not been wanting, the tissue to receive the most attention from this point of view being the adrenal gland. In the literature of physiology as well as in that of immunology are to be found many contributions bearing upon the relationship of the adrenal glands or of adrenalin to questions of resistance and antibody reactions.
Most of the studies which have been made upon this problem have approached the subject from one of three angles: first, the effect of adrenalectomy upon resistance or upon the capacity of an animal to elaborate antibodies; second, the effect of adrenalin as a detoxicating agent and the relationship of the adrenal glands to detoxicating phenomena; and third, the effect of the administration of adrenalin upon the capacity of the body to produce antibodies to artificially administered heterologous antigens.
Immunity to Pneumococcus Produced in Rats by Feeding Tissues of Animals Killed by the Same Organism
Authors: Ross Victor 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rats fed on tissues of animals killed by pneumococcus Type I show an increased resistance to intraperitoneal injections of the same germ. The protection seems to be type specific. Protective substances exist in the sera of the immunized animals. Reference is made to the very favorable immunization created by feeding pneumococci. An explanation is suggested for the fact that those types of pneumococci most commonly found in normal mouths are the cause of a minority of actual cases of lobar pneumonia.
On the Value of the Blood-Group Feature As a Means of Determining Racial Relationship
Authors: Grove Ella F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The blood-group feature of the Hirschfelds and of Ottenberg has been studied in the Ainu and in some Filipino tribes. The blood-group feature of the Ainu in one district (Piratori) is very different from that of Ainu living in other districts, the former resembling the blood group feature of some Koreans, the latter resembling that of some Malay peoples. The Sulu Moros and the Samal Moros are both Malayan people resembling each other in their outward physical characters, yet they differ widely with respect to the blood group feature. The blood group feature of the former is the same as that of the Annamese Malays, but that of the Samals is very like the blood group feature of the Hindus. These findings as well as similarly discordant ones that have been reported by others reveal a serious limitation in the use of the Hirschfeld-Ottenberg method of characterizing peoples.
Bacterial Variation
Authors: Edwards Philip R. , Rettger Leo F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The study of the antigenic characters of bacteria has progressed rapidly within the last few years. Investigators have realized that in working with whole cultures of organisms they were dealing with a mass of varied and complex characters.
Andrewes (1922) was the first to observe two distinct antigens in the Salmonella group. By plating his stock cultures he was able to obtain two entities. The cultures arising from certain colonies he found to be specific and incapable of reacting with any immune sera other than those prepared from cultures of the homologous type. The second antigen, found to be present in an almost pure state in other colonies, was non-specific and reacted with all of the types of the group, agglutinating as readily and in as high dilutions with heterologous types as with the homologous.
Andrewes was able to prepare specific or non-specific sera with these strains, depending upon the particular substrains used.
Bacterial Protein-Free Bacteriophage Prepared by Tryptic Digestion
Authors: Arnold Lloyd , Weiss Emil 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The antigenic bacterial proteins can be removed from bacteriophage by digesting with trypsin.
Bacteriophage is not damaged by tryptic digestion.
Bacterial protein-free trypsinized phage injected into rabbits does not increase their resistance to a lethal dose of the homologous bacteria used in the propagation of the phage.
The only antibodies produced, when bacteriophage is used as an antigen, are antilytic or neutralizing antibodies.
On a New Serum Test in the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis and Syphilis
Authors: Kabelik J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It is quite generally accepted at present that the defense of the body against tubercle infection is cellular and that serum antibodies in this respect are not of any great importance. There are antibodies, however, in the serum and they have been shown to be of real value in the diagnosis of tuberculosis, a fact which the evidence of recent years has fully established.
The serum test is a valuable addition to our diagnostic resources meeting, as it does, a deeply felt want. As is known, the tuberculin test is too sensitive since it indicates that infection, at some time, has taken place. On the other hand the positive recognition of tubercle bacilli indicates an advanced stage of the disease, namely caseation of tubercular foci and hence open phthisis. In this stage the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is readily made but, as Macchiavelli rightly said, it is then very difficult to cure.
Neutralization of Atopic Reagins in Vivo
Authors: Clarke J. A. , Gallagher May G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
“Atopic reagin” is the name given by Coca to the specific, reacting body discovered by Prausnitz and Küstner in the blood serum of atopic individuals. These reagins have been studied by a number of investigators (1, 2, 3, 4) and their existence thoroughly proved. Briefly, they can be demonstrated by injecting the blood serum from a person suffering from asthma (or an allied condition) into the skin of a normal individual. At the site of this injection, atopens or substances which gave a positive skin reaction in the skin of the donor of the serum will also give a positive reaction in the normal skin of the recipient but will give a negative reaction at any other site not previously injected.
Coca and Grove (3) found that, in a mixture of appropriate atopen and reagin containing serum, the reagin was neutralized. That is they were unable to sensitize a normal skin with such a mixture.
Immunologic Release in the Rat Peritoneal Cavity of Lipid Chemotactic and Chemokinetic Factors for Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Valone Frank H. , Goetzl Edward J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigen challenge of the rat peritoneal cavity after passive preparation with IgGa-rich hyperimmune antiserum releases lipids that enhance the migration of human polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes in a modified Boyden micropore filter assay. Deproteinated peritoneal fluid was applied to an Amberlite XAD-8 column equilibrated in distilled water and sequential elution yielded 30% of the migration-enhancing activity in water and 70% of the activity in 80% ethanol. The lipids in the 80% ethanol eluate were chromatographed on silicic acid that was developed sequentially with hexane, dichloromethane, acetone, 1-propanol, and ethanol:ammonia:water (6:3:1, v:v:v). The lipids with migration-enhancing activity eluted in hexane and acetone in two discrete peaks. These were separated from the other lipid mediators slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) and platelet-activating factor (PAF), which eluted in ethanol:ammonia:water. The activity in the acetone fraction had the functional characteristics of a chemotactic factor in that it required a concentration gradient to stimulate PMN leukocyte migration and induced chemotactic deactivation, whereas the hexane fraction contained a chemokinetic factor that enhanced PMN leukocyte migration irrespective of a concentration gradient. Both lipid factors were preferentially active on neutrophil and eosinophil PMN leukocytes as compared to mononuclear leukocytes. Reversed immunologic challenge of the rat peritoneal cavity with rabbit anti-rat F(ab′)2 antiserum released both the chemotactic and chemokinetic factors, whereas challenge with rabbit anti-rat myeloma IgE antiserum released predominantly the chemotactic factor. Pretreatment of the rat peritoneal cavity with 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (TYA) before direct immunologic challenge inhibited the release of both lipid factors and indomethacin pretreatment suppressed the immunologic release of the chemotactic factor, but not the chemokinetic factor. Thus, immunologic challenge of the rat peritoneal cavity by pathways dependent on antibodies other than IgE generates both PMN leukocyte chemotactic and chemokinetic activities from arachidonate or related fatty acids, whereas IgE-dependent stimulation releases predominantly the lipid chemotactic factor.
Tolerance and Contact Sensitivity to DNFB in Mice
Authors: Moorhead John W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Contact hypersensitivity (CS) to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) in mice is a form of delayed hypersensitivity that can be measured both in vivo (ear swelling) and in vitro (antigen-induced proliferation). Experiments were done to determine whether in vivo and in vitro manifestations of the DH reaction were mediated by different T cell subpopulations. DNFB-immune LN cells were separated on nylon wool columns into nonadherent (T-enriched) and adherent (B-enriched) populations and tested for their ability to transfer CS to normal recipients and to respond to antigen stimulation in vitro. Unseparated LN cells transferred CS and gave a strong in vitro proliferative response to the antigen 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonate (DNBS). T-enriched LN cells also transferred CS but did not respond in vitro to either PHA or DNBS, although the response to PHA, but not antigen, could be restored by addition of peritoneal macrophages. B-enriched LN cells did not transfer CS, although they gave a strong antigen response in vitro which was T dependent. Additional experiments using anti-Ia serum plus C showed that the T cells that transferred CS were Ia-, whereas the T cells that responded to antigen stimulation in vitro were Ia+. Collectively, these results indicate that distinct T cell subpopulations mediate the in vivo and in vitro counterparts of this DH reaction. The two populations are separable by virtue of one adhering to nylon wool and by differential sensitivity to lysis by anti-Ia serum plus C. These findings are discussed in terms of the role of lymphocyte subpopulations in CS and with regard to in vitro methods used to investigate cellular and genetic requirements for T cell activation.
B Cell Differentiation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Kearney John F. , Klein Jan , Bockman Dale E. , Cooper Max D. , Lawton Alexander R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The mechanisms by which anti-µ chain antibodies suppress LPS-induced differentiation of murine B lymphocytes to plasma cells were examined as a function of age. Concentrations of anti-µ, sufficient to inhibit completely differentiation of adult B lymphocytes paradoxically enhanced cellular proliferation of LPS-stimulated cultures, whereas newborn cells, which are suppressed by much lower concentrations of anti-µ, failed to proliferate. Enhancement of proliferation of adult cultures was dependent upon both the concentration of anti-µ antibodies and the time they remained in culture. Proliferating lymphoblasts from anti-µ-treated cultures expressed H-2 and Ia alloantigens and receptors for Fc (IgG) and C3; they lacked rough endoplasmic reticulum and other ultrastructural characteristics of plasma cells and had no detectable membrane immunoglobulin. Small deposits of mouse IgM were identified in the perinuclear and Golgi regions in 95% of the cells. Cells recovered from suppressed newborn cultures lacked all of these characteristics. A population of cells, stimulated by LPS in the presence of anti-µ, appeared in the spleen between birth and 3 days, and, by 12 days of age, 35% of cells in suppressed cultures had Golgi-associated IgM. These results suggest that anti-µ inhibition of Ig synthesis in LPS-stimulated adult cells is highly specific, occurs subsequent to cross-linkage of surface IgM, and is mediated in intracellular sites by complexes of anti-µ chain antibody and IgM. Similar treatment of newborn spleen cultures results in elimination of immature B cells. These observations relate to the mechanisms of antigen-induced clonal elimination among immature B cells, as well as to the phenomenon of B cell tolerance and regulation of B cell function by anti-idiotypic antibodies in adults.
Phenotypes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex in Wild Rats of Different Geographic Origins
Authors: Cramer Donald V. , Davis Bridgett K. , Shonnard John W. , Štark Otakar , Gill Thomas J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The serologically detectable (Ag-B, H-1) histocompatibility antigens and mixed lymphocyte responses of geographically widespread populations of wild rats (Rattus norvegicus) were examined with reagents and cells derived from standard inbred rat strains. The histocompatibility antigens of the vast majority of wild rats from France, England, and the United States were very similar, if not identical, to those present in the inbred strains. All but one out of 89 animals displayed one or two Ag-B specificities detected by operationally monospecific alloantisera against Ag-B haplotypes 1 through 8 with the exception of the Ag-B4 group. This group was shown to include the Ag-B4 (H-1a), Ag-B9 (H-1d), and Ag-B10 (H-1f) haplotypes.
The mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) of peripheral blood lymphocytes from individual wild rats was established by testing against irradiated splenic lymphocytes from inbred rat strains representing seven MLR types. Identity reactions against one, and in many cases two, inbred MLR types were detected in 54 of 59 wild rats successfully tested. Two-way MLR testing established that the identity reactions between wild and inbred animals were reciprocal and that identity reactions could be shown to exist between wild rats from widely separated geographical locations.
The frequency of individual Ag-B(H-1) and MLR phenotypes was clearly different in rats from separate geographical locations. The English population was the most homogenous with only one Ag-B(H-1) and two MLR phenotypes, whereas the Pittsburgh population was more heterogenous and contained seven Ag-B(H-1) and three MLR phenotypes. Although occasional animals could not be characterized for their Ag-B or MLR type, the number of such animals was small, indicating that the degree of genetic polymorphism in the loci controlling these phenotypes in rats is restricted.
Guinea Pig Antiserum to Mouse Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Their Precursors
Authors: Rothstein Thomas L. , Mage Michael G. , Mond James , McHugh Louise L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An antiserum specific for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and their precursors has been prepared by immunization of strain 13 guinea pigs with a partially purified population of splenic CTL from BALB/c mice immunized with the C57 T cell lymphoma EL4. After absorption with EL4 cells, this antiserum (in the presence of C) totally abolished the activity of in vivo generated CTL and CTL precursors, although it killed only 20% of total Ig- spleen cells. Antibody activity was independent of the H-2 or Ly allotypes of the cells being treated. Helper activity and proliferative responses to concanavalin A and to phytohemagglutinin were unaffected. There was a variable effect on the mixed lymphocyte reaction, and a partial inhibition of graft-vs-host activity.