bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Egypt: A Coup against Democracy
Authors: Grewal Sharan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores why the Egyptian military staged a coup to end the country’s democratic transition in 2013. It shows how the military legacies built up under Nasser, Sadat, and Mubarak created a military with much to lose from democratization. It therefore took an active role, not only in running the transition, but in polarizing and dividing the revolutionary forces. The Muslim Brotherhood and its elected president, Mohamed Morsi, attempted to bargain with the military, preserving some of its interests while encroaching on others, but ultimately miscalculated, moving too quickly against the military than the conditions allowed. General Abdelfattah al-Sisi in turn actively organized counter-revolutionary protests and staged a coup to abort the transition.
Tunisia: Shirking in the Revolution
Authors: Grewal Sharan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the Tunisian military’s behavior during the 2011 Arab Spring revolution that toppled President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. It disputes the conventional narrative that the military defected from Ben Ali, noting that the military was never ordered to repress protesters and thus it did not refuse. At the same time, it counters a revisionist reading arguing that the military exhibited loyalty to Ben Ali. Instead, it argues that the Tunisian military’s behavior is best described as shirking: complying with orders to deploy to defend vital institutions, but ultimately stepping aside to allow protesters to attack government buildings and police stations rather than using force to defend them. It locates the source of this shirking in the coup-proofing strategies described in the previous chapter. Finally, it argues that these acts of shirking helped to overextend and hollow out Ben Ali’s internal security forces, in turn leading to his ouster.
Tunisia: Supporting the Transition
Authors: Grewal Sharan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines why Tunisia’s military did not stage a coup in 2013 against President Moncef Marzouki or the Ennahda-led government. I argue that the transition had bred goodwill towards democracy by beginning to reverse both of Ben Ali’s coup-proofing strategies. Once marginalized politically and materially, the military began to enjoy newfound influence over security policy, a budget growing faster than any other ministry, and a rebalancing relative to the Ministry of Interior. Likewise, once dominated by a minority of officers hailing from the coast, officers from the interior regions were finally elevated, lifting decades of discrimination. These gains wedded the military to the transition and led them to ignore the public’s calls for a coup. Finally, the apolitical professionalism the military had developed under autocracy similarly led it to shy away from a coup. The legacies of how Bourguiba and Ben Ali had treated the military thus allowed Tunisia’s democracy to survive its volatile transitional years.
Surveying the Military
Authors: Grewal Sharan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the results of three original surveys of military personnel in Egypt and Tunisia. The surveys show how each military’s corporate interests, composition, and professionalism shaped their attitudes towards democracy. In Tunisia, majorities felt that Ben Ali had neglected and counterbalanced them, leaving him with their support in the 2011 Arab Spring revolution. The Tunisian military’s gains during under democracy then bred goodwill towards the transitional government. In Egypt, by contrast, majorities saw the military’s interests encroached upon by democracy, fueling support for the 2013 coup. Priming experiments embedded in each survey confirm that the military’s gains and losses from the transition had a causal effect on their support for democracy. Beyond corporate interests, the surveys also show how each country’s coup-proofing strategies altered the military’s composition and professionalism in ways that likewise shaped their responses to the 2011 revolution and crises of 2013.
Why the Special Treatment for Financial Institutions
Authors: Davis Ronald , Madaus Stephan , Marcucci Monica , Mevorach Irit , Mokal Riz , Romaine Barbara , Sarra Janis , Tirado Ignacio 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains why financial institutions deserve distinctive treatment upon distress and failure. It introduces the role of the financial sector in the economy—namely, financial intermediation and financial asset creation—and maps the global financial sector landscape. The chapter introduces micro- and macroprudential approaches to conceptualizing and responding to systemic risk, and contrasts the ‘domino’ model of systemic risk and crisis with the ‘risk amplification’ model. The chapter analyses the sources of risk in the financial sector, the mechanisms which tend to amplify it, and the channels through which such risk travels between different parts of the financial sector, between the financial sector and the ‘real economy’, and between the ‘private’ sector and the sovereign. It shows that some of the standard responses to the fragility of the financial sector, including lender of last resort mechanisms and deposit insurance, may themselves exacerbate risk at both micro and macro levels. The chapter explains how well-designed recovery, resolution, and liquidation processes can mitigate both the risk of and harm from financial institution failures. This discussion sets the scene for the discussion in the subsequent chapter of specialized tools for recovery, resolution, and liquidation.
The Regulatory Landscape of Supervision and Resolution of Financial Institutions: A Cross-border Perspective
Authors: Davis Ronald , Madaus Stephan , Marcucci Monica , Mevorach Irit , Mokal Riz , Romaine Barbara , Sarra Janis , Tirado Ignacio 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the evolution of the regulatory landscape in which financial institutions operate, with a focus on the new normative approach that has emerged as a result of the global crisis. It offers an overview of the Basel Accords and other soft law initiatives undertaken by international regulators to preserve financial stability in situations of distress. These initiatives include the Financial Stability Board’s Key Attributes of Effective Resolution Regimes for Financial Institutions, which identify minimum standards for sound prudential regulation and supervision of financial institutions and various cooperation mechanisms. It examines the major coordination challenges that have to be addressed in the failure of cross-border institutions and describes how regulatory options and outcomes may vary depending on the linkages and possible degree of integration among jurisdictions as well as the cross-jurisdictional resolution strategies pursued under multiple points of entry or a single point of entry.
Principles and Theoretical Foundations of an Effective Financial Institution Resolution Regime
Authors: Davis Ronald , Madaus Stephan , Marcucci Monica , Mevorach Irit , Mokal Riz , Romaine Barbara , Sarra Janis , Tirado Ignacio 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers principles that can helpfully inform the design of a cross-border resolution framework. It also discusses some theoretical foundations that can undergird design of such a framework. For more than twenty years, there has been a growing legislative framework for dealing with the insolvency of corporations and other business entities, both domestically and internationally. Yet there is a significant gap in tools available to deal with cross-border insolvency of financially distressed banks, insurance companies, and other financial institutions. Cross-border resolution of financial institutions relies on informal agreements or pre-existing cross-border financial relationships as the only features of effective cross-border resolution of financial institutions. Given the unique features that justify special treatment of financially distressed and insolvent financial institutions, there is need to consider the principles that should inform design of cooperative mechanisms for resolution. Design of a framework needs to embed the fundamental principle of fairness, and under that overarching principle, the principles of timeliness, due process, transparency, and certainty. The resolution regime needs to be guided by a theoretical framework that recognizes procedural and substantive efficiency, informed by the fairness principle, and a framework that recognizes the need for an approach based on modified universalism.
The Necessity of Platonism for Christian Theology
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This lecture argues that, if one is to think through what is involved in Christian theology, one will find oneself drawn inexorably towards essential features of Platonism. It is not an argument for ‘Christian Platonism’, which confuses the issue, which is not that Christian theology is a form of Platonism, but rather for ‘Platonic Christianity’, viz., that Plato’s insights are valuable, indeed essential for Christian thinking, a Christian philosophy. Drawing on Balthasar’s treatment of Plato, the essence of the argument is that Plato—and even more clearly Plotinus—saw truth as something revealed, as a gift, not something acquired, as an achievement.
St Maximus the Confessor between East and West
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Maximos the Confessor has been claimed by many as an ‘ecumenical’ theologian, belonging both to Eastern and Western Christendom. Hans Urs von Balthasar, in the second edition of his epoch-making Kosmische Liturgie, claimed for Maximos the role of mediator between Asia and das Abendland. Such Western claims for Maximos sometimes seem to claim him for the West, making him a Byzantine Thomist (Garrigues), or the last real Eastern theologian before its decline into ‘decadence and sterility’. This lecture seeks to see Maximos as he was, identifying anacronisms that cloud scholarly judgement, and to set him in his historical context, in which his appeal to Rome is less an anticipation of later papal claims than an acknowledgement of the already fragile unity of the Mediterranean world, presenting him the first theologian to anticipate the real heart of Byzantine theology as manifest through the liturgy in song and celebration.
From the Doctrine of Christ to Person of Christ
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Interpretation of the Transfiguration of Christ has already a long tradition by the time of Maximos, heir to this tradition, conscious of Origen’s own interpretation. Maximos discusses the Transfiguration several times in his works, but in his extended interpretation in Ambiguum 10 he takes interpretation of the episode on to another level. The appearance of the transfigured Christ is interpreted by way of an original take on Dionysios’ distinction between apophatic and kataphatic theology: the manifestation of Christ through his clothing signifies his kataphatic revelation through creation and the Scriptures, the dazzling face of Christ an apophatic manifestation of the person (prosopon, the same word as ‘face’) of Christ. The true revelation of Christ occurs in a face-to-face encounter with Christ in which the Word becomes a ‘type and symbol of himself’. The doctrine of Christ passes over to contemplation of the image, or icon, of Christ.
Virtue Ethics
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In recent years, the notion of virtue ethics has regained ascendance. This essay claims that virtue ethics, understood as seeing the goal of ethics as less to provide a moral calculus than to nurture a habit of virtue that will issue in good actions, has been the predominant approach of the Christian tradition, East and West, until modern times. Maximos and Aquinas are both concerned with ethics in terms of virtue, and in modern times this tendency can be seen in their interpreters: Stăniloae for Maximos and Josef Pieper for Aquinas: all of them focusing their teaching on the virtues, but with significant differences. Whereas Stăniloae, following Maximos, is concerned with the personal nurturing of the virtues, pre-eminently love; Pieper, following Aquinas, is more concerned with promoting a society in which virtues can flourish.
Mystagogy in Saint Maximus
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Mystagogy—initiation into the Christian mysteries, or sacraments—is the express subject of his Mystagogia. This essay focuses on how Maximos inherited and developed a rich tradition of mystagogical discourse, classic examples of which are found in the latter half of the fourth century. Central to Maximos’ mystagogy is initiation into the Lord’s Prayer, on which he wrote a separate, though closely related, treatise. Christian initiation is to be introduced into the Son’s relation to the Father, made accessible to us through the Incarnation of the Word, his kenosis, death, and resurrection. This involves the restoration of natural human virtue and apprehension of the mystery of the Trinity through baptism and participation in the Eucharist: entailing a transformation that resonates throughout the cosmos and to the depths of the human soul.
Sophia, the Wisdom of God, in St Maximos the Confessor
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Sophiology was central to the Russian tradition stemming from Solov′ev, central to Florensky and Bulgakov, and the subject of intense controversy in the last century. It might be thought that such reflection would find intimations in Maximos. Not so, however, not that Maximos does not refer to Sophia, but it is as a pre-eminent virtue, intrinsic to his doctrine of deification, where it loses any architectonic metaphysical role and becomes a matter of (ineffable) experience. It is only in its use in Maximos’ Mystagogia, where its role in human spiritual development seems to acquire cosmic and most intimately personal entailments. Sophia revealed herself to Bulgakov in the Church of the Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, a building in which Maximos himself almost certainly stood. This building informs Maximos’ reflection in the Mystagogia, where wisdom is most deeply implicated in his theological understanding.
John of Damascus on the Mother of God as a Link between Humanity and God
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Introducing the Rabbinic distinction between aggadah and halakhah, both terms for exegesis, the former elaboration in the form of stories, the latter detailing moral commands from the Torah, a parallel is drawn in Christian theology between apocryphal stories and dogmatic definitions: in both cases the latter is imperative or binding, the former providing an imaginative entry into the biblical story. In relation to the Virgin Mary, dogmatic definitions are rare and often implicit, rather than explicit; apocryphal stories—such as the Protevangelium of James and accounts of the Dormition—abundant and heavy with meaning. The latter depict the Virgin as the link between humanity and God. Cultic images are frequent, associating Mary with Temple, the sacred items in the Holy of Holies, the Burning Bush as the place where Moses worshipped God—and occasioning liturgical Feasts of the Virgin—to all of which the Damascene is heir.
The Greatest Fantasy
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This review article of Leszek Kołakowski’s Main Currents of Marxism suggests that in its three volumes—the Founders, the Golden Age, the Breakdown—we have an account of the history of Marxism that bears comparison with what might had transpired, had the Emperor Julian the Apostate been spared to write a history of the Christian Church in which he had been brought up. A first volume, corresponding to the Founders, would have treated Jesus and Paul; the middle volume, the Golden Age, in this case the second century of Gnosticism; and the final volume, the Breakdown, the Christian Church after the end of persecution, telling of the great Fathers of the Church, including Basil the Great and Gregory of Nazianzus, fellow students with the young Emperor-to-be Julian. And like Julian, Kołakowski was an apostate—from Marxism.
The Image of Heloise in English Literature
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This essay takes its cue from Gilson’s remark, having summarized the retelling of the story of Heloise and Abelard in French literature, that the English do it better, citing Alexander Pope, George Moore, and Helen Waddell—and proceeds to discuss the three writers in English, after briefly giving an account of the pair. Pope depicts the grieving Heloise; Moore, in a long novel, weaves a detailed story, drawing them, somewhat anachronistically into the world of the trouvères. Waddell, who knew the Latin correspondence well and its medieval context, does something more remarkable: reading Heloise in the light of Abelard’s theory of the atonement, and herself seeking to enter into the heart and soul of Heloise.
Νά εὔχεσαι νά ᾽ναι μακρύς ὁ δρόμος
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Pilgrimage quickly became a feature of Christian devotion: the journey to, first of all, the Holy Land and the sites associated with Christ, or to places where saints had been martyred or made themselves manifest through miracles. Such sites were Jerusalem, Rome, and later Constantinople, New Rome; other centres of pilgrimage housed the relics of a saint or, like Thessaloniki, possessed a revered icon of their saint. Evidence for pilgrimage survives in pilgrims’ accounts of their journeys, as well as in tokens—oil lamps and pendants—purchased by the pilgrims. The words for pilgrimage in Greek and Latin—προσκύνημα, peregrinatio—highlight different aspects of pilgrimage: the veneration of relic or icon that constituted the goal, or the journey itself, in which one became a stranger, peregrinus, in the regions one passed through and even the place of destination. Between these aspects there existed a certain tension.
Father Sergii Bulgakov on the Mother of God
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Bulgakov’s theology was rooted in his life experience; this essay begins by tracing significant features of the recovery of his faith as recounted in his Autobiographical Sketches, bringing out two points especially: his sense, while still a Marxist, that he could not be reconciled to nature without God, to be expressed in his intuition of God’s Wisdom, Sophia. His first theological treatise, written in the West, The Burning Bush, was explicitly directed against Catholic Mariology and the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception. He rejects this by directly criticizing the doctrine, characteristic of the Catholic theology he encountered, of natura pura, nature on its own, untouched by God—for Bulgakov self-contradictory. His own development of Marian theology is drawn from liturgical texts, rather than theological argument; Mary’s sinlessness comes from her faithfulness to divine grace and calling. She is closely associated with Sophia and with the Holy Spirit.
What Is Theology? What Is Orthodox Theology?
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Simply linguistically, it is easy for theology to be classified among other -ologies—biology, geology, sociology …—as the study of God, risking reducing ‘God’ to a human concept. Orthodox theology has often avoided this, not least by the fortuitous fact that in the diaspora few ‘theologians’ initially had a professional ‘theological’ training (though soon put ‘right’). Philokalia introduced caution by seeing theology as a way of life. What could characterize Orthodox theology? Focus on the Paschal Mystery of the Death and Resurrection of Christ, a sense of the importance of the apophatic … but academic theology? theology in the academy? If theology has a place there, that place will not be justified by assimilation to other academic subjects, which will only emasculate it. Perhaps most fundamental is the cultivating of an attitude of thanksgiving, eucharistia, in a world that is God’s, created, guided, and redeemed by Him.
Space, Time, and the Liturgy
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Liturgical worship takes place in space and time; it is conditioned by the nature of space and time and how we perceive them. To understand a pre-modern liturgy, it is necessary to make sense of how space and time were understood. Nowadays, these are understood in terms of measurement; in Plato’s Timaeus that lies behind such notions in late antiquity space and time. For Plato space and time are more than measurable frameworks, but actually condition what they contain, which is all that partakes of change and movement, and do this in a largely qualitative way. Both are characterized by διάστημα, distance, as that which marks what becomes and moves. Furthermore, there is a fundamental analogy between the cosmos and the human being, extending to emotions and feelings. Space and time are fundamental aspects of beings in change and movement, lending them meaning, which is celebrated in the liturgy.
The Influence of the Philokalia in the Orthodox World
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The influence, in this case, of an anthology can be considered under two heads: material, traced through its various translations, and ‘noetic’, manifest in changing understanding theology and the Christian way of life. The origins of the Philokalia cannot be ignored, for the Philokalia itself was part of a wider movement, originating in Slav-Romanian monasticism in Moldovia, issuing in the Slavonic translation of Païssy Velichkovsky, an endeavour that anticipated the formation of the Greek Philokalia. Païssy’s Dobrotolyubie is parallel to, rather than dependent on, the Philokalia. The Dobrotolyubie also had the most immediate influence, bound up with a revival of monasticism and of spiritual fatherhood in nineteenth-century Russia—an influence that reached beyond monasticism, especially through The Way of a Pilgrim. The Romanian Filocalia, translated by Stăniloae, expands the scope of philokalic literature and provides commentary: pointing to a sense of the noetic influence uniting theology and prayer.
Theology of the ‘In-Between’
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Religious/philosophical understandings of the nature of reality often involve polarities: God and the world, the One and the many, the spiritual (or intellectual) and the material. The Christian doctrine of creation ex nihilo is often held to rule out any in-between, since there can be no tertium quid between the uncreated and the created. Creation ex nihilo is sometimes held to entail a world bereft of God; something heatedly disputed between Philip Sherrard and John Zizioulas, as well as between Florovsky and Bulgakov. There are many candidates for the ‘in-between’: Plato’s daimon, angels, saints, Mary, prayer and intercession, grace, sacraments, icons, together with philosophical notions such as analogia entis and the distinction between God’s essence and energies—all controversial. Could Christ underwrite the ‘in-between’ as the Incarnation of God’s creative word poised between the infinity of God and that of nothingness (Philaret)?