bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expanded Application of a Two‐Phase Partitioning Bioreactor through Strain Development and New Feeding Strategies
Authors: Vrionis H. A. , Kropinski A. M. , Daugulis A. J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis research demonstrated the microbial treatment of concentrated phenol wastes using a two‐phase partitioning bioreactor (TPPB). TPPBs are characterized by a cell‐containing aqueous phase and an immiscible and biocompatible organic phase that partitions toxic substrates to the cells on the basis of their metabolic demand and the thermodynamic equilibrium of the system. Process limitations imposed by the capability of wild‐type Pseudomonas putida ATCC 11172 to utilize long chain alcohols were addressed by strain modification (transposon mutagenesis) to eliminate this undesirable biochemical characteristic, enabling use of a range of previously bioavailable organics as delivery solvents. Degradation of phenol in a system with the modified strain as catalyst and industrial grade Adol 85 NF (primarily oleyl alcohol) as the solvent was demonstrated, with the system ultimately degrading 36 g of phenol within 38 h. Volumetric phenol consumption rates by wild type P. putida ATCC 11172 and the genetically modified derivative revealed equivalent phenol degrading capabilities (0.49 g/L·h vs 0.47 g/L·h respectively, in paired fermentations), with the latter presenting a more efficient remediation option due to decreased solvent losses arising from the modified strainapos;s forced inability to consume the delivery solvent as a substrate. Two feeding strategies and system configurations were evaluated to expand practical applications of TPPB technology. The ability to operate with a lower solvent ratio over extended periods revealed potential for long‐term application of TPPB to the treatment of large masses of phenol while minimizing solvent costs. Repeated recovery of 99% of phenol from concentrated phenol solutions and subsequent treatment within a TPPB scheme demonstrated applicability of the approach to the remediation of highly contaminated “effluents” as well as large masses of bulk phenol. Operation of the TPPB system in a dispersed manner, rather than as two distinct phases, resulted in volumetric consumption rates similar to those previously achieved only in systems operated with enriched air.
Development of an Antibody‐Based Assay for Determination of Baculovirus Titers in 10 Hours
Authors: Kwon M. S. , Dojima T. , Toriyama M. , Park Enoch Y. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe baculovirus expression system has been used to produce large amounts of biologically active proteins by infecting insect cells with a recombinant baculovirus expressing the target protein. For an efficient expression of the target protein, it is necessary to infect insect cells with an adequate amount of virus. However, current methods are time‐consuming and either have technical difficulties or are limited as a result of virus expression mechanism using a reporter gene. A novel method is developed to yield virus titers in 10 h that is easy to perform using 96‐well plates and applicable to both any Autographa californica nucleopolyhyderovirus (AcNPV) and Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV)‐based recombinant baculovirus. This assay uses an antibody to a DNA‐binding protein to detect the infected cells via immunostaining. The titer is determined by counting foci produced as a result of infection of the virus under a fluorescent microscope. The required incubation period was shortened considerably because infected cells expressed viral antigens at the post‐infection time of 4 h. Therefore, 10 h was enough to estimate the virus titer including virus infection time, insect cell culture, and estimation of virus titer. Titers determined using this immunological assay are comparable, both in value and validity, to those obtained using a traditional method, provided that the stocks have titers above 103 pfu/mL.
Lymphocyte proliferation modulated by glutamine: involved in the endogenous redox reaction
Authors: Chang W K , Yang K D , Shaio M F 
Published: July 2002

SUMMARY
Decreased glutamine concentrations are found during catabolic stress and are related to susceptibility to infections. However, little is known about the mechanism of glutamine modulation of lymphocyte functions. Glutamine is not only an important energy source in mitochondria, but is also a precursor of glutamate, which is used for cellular glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis in lymphocytes. In this study, we investigated the effects of glutamine on the redox reaction during lymphocyte proliferation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, obtained from healthy adult volunteers, were cultured and stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in the presence of different glutamine concentrations. Cells were harvested and prepared for analysis of lymphocyte proliferation, cell cycle propagation, intracellular glutathione levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We found that glutamine supplementation significantly enhanced PHA-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation and propagation of the cell cycle from the G1 to S and G2/M phases. Glutamine also enhanced production of both intracellular ROS and GSH levels in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes. Flow cytometric analysis by the mercury orange staining method showed that glutamine significantly enhanced intracellular non-protein thiols in PHA-stimulated CD4+, but not CD8+ lymphocyte subsets. Furthermore, intracellular GSH detected by monochlorobimane dye probe showed that glutamine enhanced GSH both in PHA-stimulated CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subsets. Inadequate glutamine supplementation resulted in decreased lymphocyte proliferation in association with decreased levels of intracellular GSH. Addition of exogenous GSH significantly enhanced lymphocyte proliferation, whereas blockade of GSH synthesis enhanced ROS production and suppressed lymphocyte proliferation. These results suggest that the modulation of PHA-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation by glutamine is closely related to the maintenance of appropriate intracellular redox status.
Genetic studies of a family with hereditary hyperparathyroidism–jaw tumour syndrome
Authors: Wassif Wassif S. , Farnebo Filip , Tean Teh Bin , Moniz Caje F. , Li Fang‐Yuan , Harrison John D. , Peters Timothy J. , Larsson Catharina , Harris Philip 
Published: July 2002

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVESFamilial hyperparathyroidism may occur as familial isolated hyperparathyroidism (FIHP) or as part of an inherited syndrome, in particular multiple endocrine neoplasia types 1 and 2 A (MEN1, MEN2A) and hyperparathyroidism–jaw tumour (HPT–JT) syndrome. The localization of the genes responsible for these syndromes has enabled genetic screening of families with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) to be carried out. This has important clinical implications in terms of individual follow‐up and management. We previously reported a large FIHP family with an increased risk of parathyroid cancer and excluded its linkage to MEN1, MEN2 and PTH genes. Here we re‐analysed this family and performed genetic linkage to the HPT–JT locus in chromosome 1q21‐q32. Loss of heterozygosity studies of 1q21‐q32, 11q13 and X chromosome were also performed.PATIENTS AND DESIGNWe studied 19 family members, aged 6–63 years. High molecular weight DNA was isolated from peripheral blood samples from 17 family members. For the two deceased individuals, DNA was extracted from normal paraffin embedded tissues.MEASUREMENTSAll individuals (except two deceased patients) had serum corrected calcium, inorganic phosphate, intact PTH, prolactin and various pancreatic hormones, measured on fasting blood samples. Twenty microsatellite markers were examined for the 1q21‐q32 region, the locus for the HPT–JT gene. Genetic polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification of genomic DNA and genetic linkage analysis was performed. Loss of heterozygosity studies were performed using paraffin‐embedded parathyroid tissues from four affected members.RESULTSSeven of the eight affected family members included in this study had biochemical evidence of PHPT and surgically proven parathyroid tumours. Indication of linkage of the disease to the HPT–JT locus was demonstrated with a maximum lod score of 2.32 by two‐points linkage analysis. Linkage data were supported by multi‐point analysis which gave a maximum lod score of 2.7. Meiotic recombinations detected in one affected individual narrowed the region to 26 cM. As a result of the genetic findings, we re‐screened the living family members by orthopantomograph and renal ultrasound, and identified two jaw lesions in two gene carriers. One affected family member demonstrated polycystic kidney disease, thus establishing the association between the two conditions. A reduced penetrance of HPT in females was evident, in agreement with our previous study. No allelic deletion was detected in any tumour at 1q21‐q32, 11q13 or X chromosome.CONCLUSIONSThis study illustrates the usefulness and importance of genetic studies in familial isolated hyperparathyroidism families. Our clinical and genetic findings indicate that this previously reported familial isolated hyperparathyroidism family has hyperparathyroidism–jaw tumour syndrome.
Vibrationally highly excited acetylene as studied by dispersed fluorescence and stimulated emission pumping spectroscopy: Vibrational assignment of the feature states
Authors: Yamanouchi Kaoru , Ikeda Naru , Tsuchiya Soji , Jonas David M. , Lundberg James K. , Adamson George W. , Field Robert W. 
Published: July 2002

The dispersed fluorescence (DF) and stimulated emission pumping (SEP) spectra of acetylene originating from single rovibronic levels of the Ã 1Au state were measured with resolutions of 30 and 0.5 cm−1, respectively, in order to examine the vibrational level structure of the electronic ground X̃ 1Σ+g state. The SEP spectra revealed that the number of vibrational levels under each peak in the DF spectra increases with vibrational energy from a single vibrational level below 8000 cm−1 to as many as ten vibrational levels above 16 500 cm−1. Taking account of the fact that a peak in the DF spectrum in the high energy region is composed of more than one level, a DF peak is called a feature state (or a feature). In the DF spectra from two trans-bending levels (v3=2 and 3) of the Ã state a total of 140 DF features between 5 700 and 21 200 cm−1 were detected and long progressions in the trans bend (v″4=6 –18) and CC stretch (v■2=0 –6) were identified.
Below 14 000 cm−1, 26 out of the 50 observed features were unambiguously assigned to these two modes and represented by a second order anharmonic expansion within the ∼20 cm−1 experimental error. At least three additional trans-bend progressions built on excitation in third vibrational mode were identified. Possible assignments of the third mode to the CH stretch (ν″1) and the cis bend (ν■5) are compared. The Darling–Dennison (DD) resonance between the two degenerate bending modes (trans and cis) was proposed as a mechanism to lend Franck–Condon (FC) intensity to the ν″5 mode. The vibrational analysis of the DF features shows that the DF features correspond to the zero-order FC bright basis states. Each feature represents a group of levels which share the character of a zero-order FC bright level. Above 14 000 cm−1, characteristic groups of DF features with a width of around 300 cm−1 appear in the DF spectra originating from both v3=2 and v′3=3. The relative intensity patterns within each group of features in the two DF spectra are nearly identical. Three anharmonic resonances, including the DD resonance, are proposed as a plausible mechanism which splits a single FC bright state into several DF features. The SEP measurement revealed that a single DF feature splits further into several features with widths around 0.5 cm−1. The characteristic nested level structure identified in the DF and SEP spectra are explained in terms of a stepwise energy flow via a series of anharmonic resonances from the initially excited CC stretch/trans-bend vibrations to the remaining vibrational modes.
Intramolecular vibrational redistribution of energy in the stimulated emission pumping spectrum of acetylene
Authors: Jonas David M. , Solina Stephani Ann B. , Rajaram Bhavani , Silbey Robert J. , Field Robert W. , Yamanouchi Kaoru , Tsuchiya Soji 
Published: July 2002

Using a combination of low resolution dispersed Ã→X̃ fluorescence spectra and high resolution stimulated emission pumping, we have spectroscopically identified the first stages of vibrational energy flow in the highly vibrationally excited acetylene prepared by Ã→X̃ emission over the energy range 5 000–18 000 cm−1. A detailed study of the stimulated emission pumping (SEP) spectrum of acetylene in the EVIB=7000 cm−1 region, in which we report spectroscopic constants and rovibrational term values for 12 vibrational levels, has conclusively shown that Darling–Dennison resonance between the cis and trans degenerate bending vibrations is the first step in the redistribution of vibrational energy from the initially excited Franck–Condon bright CC stretch and trans-bend vibrational combination levels. This allows an extension of our prior dispersed fluorescence (DF) assignments which suggested the crucial role of Darling–Dennison coupling between the cis and trans bends in IVR [J. Chem. Phys. 95, 6336 (1991)].
We prove that the symmetric CH stretch vibration, previously thought to play a crucial role in the redistribution of vibrational energy, is Franck–Condon inactive. We have also shown that vibrational-l-resonance among the states with excitation of both degenerate bending modes, when combined with a Fermi resonance which couples CC stretch/trans/cis-bend excited states to the antisymmetric CH stretch, determines the subsequent flow of vibrational energy after the Darling–Dennison bending resonance. These resonances all scale with vibrational excitation in nearly the simple manner expected for the lowest order anharmonic terms in the Hamiltonian, which allows the prediction of the fastest processes at high energy from a detailed study of the high resolution spectrum at lower energy. We find some interesting rules for vibrational energy flow in the short time dynamics: (i) CC stretch excitation is necessary for stretch–bend coupling; (ii) if V2″ and V4″ are the quantum numbers of the initially excited bright state, and vb″ = v4″ + v5″ is the total bending quantum number of a state coupled to that bright state, then V4″ ≥ vb″ ≥ (V4″–2V2″); (iii) the total stretch quantum number ns″ = (v1″ + v2″ + v3″) is also conserved by the short time dynamics.
These are severe and well characterized restrictions on the range of quantum numbers accessible to the initial bright state during the first stages of intramolecular vibrational redistribution of energy.
Alcohol usage in sport and exercise
Authors: GUTGESELL MARGARET , CANTERBURY RANDOLPH 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn this review we consider some of the acute and chronic effects of alcohol on human exercise and sport performance. The 1982 position stand of the American College of Sport Medicine on the use of alcohol in sport emphasized that there was little benefit for an athlete. Subsequent literature continues to demonstrate that there are adverse effects on performance. However, the literature is often confusing and disparate. We will attempt to explain the effects and speculate on the possible mechanisms. We divide the review into acute and chronic metabolic and physiological effects of alcohol on exercise performance, primarily in humans. We also review the epidemiological evidence of the associations between alcohol use and problem alcohol behaviors in various athletic groups. Finally, we review the limited data on the effectiveness of exercise therapy in the treatment of alcohol dependent patients. In spite of scientific evidence that alcohol use is, in general, detrimental (or of no benefit) to sport (exercise) performance, alcohol continues to be used by athletes both on a chronic basis and even immediately prior to sports participation. There is some encouraging but limited evidence that student‐athlete alcohol use is decreasing and exercise can be effective as part of alcohol rehabilitation.
Development and validation of a monoclonal based immunoassay for the measurement of fungal alpha-amylase: focus on peak exposures
Authors: Elms J. , Denniss S. , Smith M. , Evans P. G. , Wiley K. , Griffin P. , Curran A. D. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The inhalation of flour dust has been implicated in the induction of sensitisation and elicitation of respiratory symptoms, such as asthma in bakers. In addition to the cereal allergens present in wheat flour, enzymes in flour improvers, in particular fungal alpha-amylase, are now known to be a significant cause of respiratory allergy in the baking industry.
A monoclonal antibody based enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) was developed using two monoclonal antibodies that recognised two distinct epitopes of the fungal alpha-amylase enzyme. The ELISA had an inter-assay variation of 12.0% at 1360 pg/ml and 12.8% at 564 pg/ml and intra-assay variation of 4.9% at 1340 pg/ml and 6.1% at 504 pg/ml. The assay had a sensitivity of 200 pg/ml. Competitive inhibition assays confirmed that the monoclonal antibodies had no cross reactivity with other enzymes used in the baking industry and could distinguish added fungal alpha-amylase from cereal amylase.
We assessed the levels of exposure to dust, total protein and fungal alpha-amylase in four UK bakeries ranging in size and technical capabilities. Within the bakeries we surveyed, workers were exposed to variable levels of inhalable dust (0.8–39.8 mg/m3), total protein (0–5.7 mg/m3) and fungal alpha-amylase (0–29.8 ng/m3). Consecutive 15 min personal samples taken over a 1 h period demonstrated that the ELISA could measure fungal alpha-amylase exposure in such a 15 min period. Short term peak exposures to fungal alpha-amylase could be identified which may contribute to the sensitisation in individuals who appear to have low exposure levels if measured over a full shift period.
Neural network schemes for detecting rare events in human

genomic DNA
Authors: Choe Wooyoung , Ersoy Okan K. , Bina Minou 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: Many problems in molecular biology as well as other areas involve detection of rare events in unbalanced data. We develop two sample stratification schemes in conjunction with neural networks for rare event detection in such databases. Sample stratification is a technique for making each class in a sample have equal influence on decision making. The first scheme proposed stratifies a sample by adding up the weighted sum of the derivatives during the backward pass of training. The second scheme proposed uses a technique of modified bootstrap aggregating. After training neural networks with multiple sets of bootstrapped examples of the rare event classes and subsampled examples of common event classes, multiple voting for classification is performed.
Results: These two schemes make rare event classes have a better chance of being included in the sample used for training neural networks and thus improve the classification accuracy for rare event detection. The experimental performance of the two schemes using two sets of human DNA sequences as well as another set of Gaussian data indicates that proposed schemes have the potential of significantly improving accuracy of neural networks to recognize rare events.
Availability: Web service is at http://128.46.200.193/sharing/bioinfo.
Contact: wooyoung@ecn.purdue.edu; ersoy@ecn.purdue.edu
Cognitive therapy for depression
Authors: Scott Jan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThere is considerable empirical support for the use of cognitive therapy in the treatment of mild to moderately severe acute major depression. More recent research has focused on the utility of this approach in severe or chronic depressive disorders, in relapse prevention and also on the potential benefits of combining cognitive therapy with medication. This paper attempts to clarify the empirical data on these important issues in order to identify further the role of cognitive therapy in day-to-day clinical practice. It also provides an overview of findings regarding predictors of response to cognitive therapy and the possible mediators of its effects.
Specific protein dynamics near the solvent glass transition assayed by radiation‐induced structural changes
Authors: Weik M. , Ravelli R.B.G. , Silman I. , Sussman J.L. , Gros P. , Kroon J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe nature of the dynamical coupling between a protein and its surrounding solvent is an important, yet open issue. Here we used temperature‐dependent protein crystallography to study structural alterations that arise in the enzyme acetylcholinesterase upon X‐ray irradiation at two temperatures: below and above the glass transition of the crystal solvent. A buried disulfide bond, a buried cysteine, and solvent exposed methionine residues show drastically increased radiation damage at 155 K, in comparison to 100 K. Additionally, the irradiation‐induced unit cell volume increase is linear at 100 K, but not at 155 K, which is attributed to the increased solvent mobility at 155 K. Most importantly, we observed conformational changes in the catalytic triad at the active site at 155 K but not at 100 K. These changes lead to an inactive catalytic triad conformation and represent, therefore, the observation of radiation‐inactivation of an enzyme at the atomic level. Our results show that at 155 K, the protein has acquired—at least locally—sufficient conformational flexibility to adapt to irradiation‐induced alterations in the conformational energy landscape. The increased protein flexibility may be a direct consequence of the solvent glass transition, which expresses as dynamical changes in the enzyme's environment. Our results reveal the importance of protein and solvent dynamics in specific radiation damage to biological macromolecules, which in turn can serve as a tool to study protein flexibility and its relation to changes in a protein's environment.
Nanomaterials Responsive to Endogenous Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Disease Theranostics
Authors: Wei Chuang , Jiang Zeyu , Li Congcong , Li Peifeng , Fu Qinrui 
Published: March 2023

AbstractCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of death worldwide, which propels the development of advanced technologies for CVD diagnosis and treatment. Biomarker‐responsive nanomaterials are appealing therapeutic platforms that provide new horizons for CVD theranostics. In this review, recent advances in nanomaterials with endogenous biomarkers as stimuli or targets for CVD theranostics is presented. First, the categories of biomarkers involved are comprehensively itemized based on pathological mechanisms including pH, reactive oxygen species, lipids, enzymes, macrophage receptors, subendothelium components, platelet receptors, inflammation, and osteopontin. The role of these biomarkers in bridge‐building between nanomaterials and CVD is then presented. Next, the biomedical applications of nanomaterials responsive to endogenous biomarkers as stimuli or targets for the diagnosis and treatment of CVD are elaborated. Finally, the challenges and future research directions of biomarker‐responsive nanomaterials in CVD are also discussed. This review will provide scientific guidance to facilitate clinical applications of biomarker‐responsive nanomaterials.