bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-Healing Liquid Metal Magnetic Hydrogels for Smart Feedback Sensors and High-Performance Electromagnetic Shielding
Authors: Zhao Biao , Bai Zhongyi , Lv Hualiang , Yan Zhikai , Du Yiqian , Guo Xiaoqin , Zhang Jincang , Wu Limin , Deng Jiushuai , Zhang David Wei , Che Renchao 
Published: March 2023

AbstractHydrogels exhibit potential applications in smart wearable devices because of their exceptional sensitivity to various external stimuli. However, their applications are limited by challenges in terms of issues in biocompatibility, custom shape, and self-healing. Herein, a conductive, stretchable, adaptable, self-healing, and biocompatible liquid metal GaInSn/Ni-based composite hydrogel is developed by incorporating a magnetic liquid metal into the hydrogel framework through crosslinking polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with sodium tetraborate. The excellent stretchability and fast self-healing capability of the PVA/liquid metal hydrogel are derived from its abundant hydrogen binding sites and liquid metal fusion. Significantly, owing to the magnetic constituent, the PVA/liquid metal hydrogel can be guided remotely using an external magnetic field to a specific position to repair the broken wires with no need for manual operation. The composite hydrogel also exhibits sensitive deformation responses and can be used as a strain sensor to monitor various body motions. Additionally, the multifunctional hydrogel displays absorption-dominated electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties. The total shielding performance of the composite hydrogel increases to ~ 62.5 dB from ~ 31.8 dB of the pure PVA hydrogel at the thickness of 3.0 mm. The proposed bioinspired multifunctional magnetic hydrogel demonstrates substantial application potential in the field of intelligent wearable devices.
Rational Design of High-Performance PEO/Ceramic Composite Solid Electrolytes for Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Su Yanxia , Xu Fei , Zhang Xinren , Qiu Yuqian , Wang Hongqiang 
Published: March 2023

AbstractComposite solid electrolytes (CSEs) with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) have become fairly prevalent for fabricating high-performance solid-state lithium metal batteries due to their high Li+ solvating capability, flexible processability and low cost. However, unsatisfactory room-temperature ionic conductivity, weak interfacial compatibility and uncontrollable Li dendrite growth seriously hinder their progress. Enormous efforts have been devoted to combining PEO with ceramics either as fillers or major matrix with the rational design of two-phase architecture, spatial distribution and content, which is anticipated to hold the key to increasing ionic conductivity and resolving interfacial compatibility within CSEs and between CSEs/electrodes. Unfortunately, a comprehensive review exclusively discussing the design, preparation and application of PEO/ceramic-based CSEs is largely lacking, in spite of tremendous reviews dealing with a broad spectrum of polymers and ceramics. Consequently, this review targets recent advances in PEO/ceramic-based CSEs, starting with a brief introduction, followed by their ionic conduction mechanism, preparation methods, and then an emphasis on resolving ionic conductivity and interfacial compatibility. Afterward, their applications in solid-state lithium metal batteries with transition metal oxides and sulfur cathodes are summarized. Finally, a summary and outlook on existing challenges and future research directions are proposed.
No Evidence of an Elevation Effect Caused by Temperature Differences on Soil Microbial Properties in a Walnut Fruit Forest in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Oskonbaeva Zhyldyz , Maitykov Tilek , Schwalb Sanja Annabel , Joergensen Rainer Georg , Wichern Florian 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis study is to investigate the effect of differences in annual average temperature on soil microbial communities as caused by elevation in walnut-fruit forests in Kyrgyzstan with similar vegetation. Soil samples (n = 10 per site) were collected from top- and subsoil at three elevation levels (1000, 1300 and 1600 m above sea level) with an average temperature difference of 1.3 °C between sites and analysed for soil chemical and biological properties. All soil properties showed high variability within, but most revealed no differences between elevation levels. Microbial biomass, activity and community composition were largely similar at all sites with slightly higher fungal contribution based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence counts at high elevation, which, however was not reflected by ergosterol. Total soil organic carbon and nitrogen levels did not show elevation effects either. Mehlich-extractable elements revealed positive relationship with soil microbial properties, which was in particular pronounced for copper, manganese and zinc, highlighting the relevance of trace elements for soil microorganisms. The subsoil showed lower levels for all microbial properties even though they were on a comparably high level; it contained smaller sized bacteria and fungi, as revealed by MBC/dsDNA ratios, and fungal ITS counts/ergosterol ratios illustrating growth limitations for microorganisms in subsoils. Elevation with long-term average temperature differences did not yield pronounced differences in soil microbial properties, which were more potentially stronger affected by similar C input quantity and substrate quality from the similar vegetation. Consequently, climate change effects will more likely affect microbial properties indirectly via changes in vegetation.
Ubunyarwanda and the Evolution of Transitional Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda: “To Generalize is not Fresh”
Authors: Berman Zoë Elizabeth 
Published: March 2023

AbstractConversations around transitional justice often focus on concepts of victimhood and perpetration. Such has been the case in Rwanda in the decades following the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi. However, even as Rwandans continue to observe state-led transitional justice reforms which divide them into victims and perpetrators, they simultaneously draw on state discourses of unity to carefully critique and re-work the language and practices which produce such divisions. Drawing on long-term ethnographic fieldwork, Berman illustrates how a new generation of Rwandan youth is transforming political ideology by creatively engaging the discourse ofubunyarwanda(Rwandanness) to forge inclusive post-genocide politics.
“Tuskegee Is Her Monument”: Gender and Leadership in Early Public Black Colleges
Authors: Soares Leigh 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between gender and leadership in southern public Black colleges from the late nineteenth through the early twentieth century. Public colleges offer a unique view of this relationship because, in an era of disfranchisement, the political stakes of leadership were more obvious than in private schools. I argue that the gap between Black women's dynamic roles on public campuses and their marginalized representations in school reports reveals the processes that have obscured their public educational leadership in the American South. Analysis of images collected from college catalogs supplements my examination of documentary evidence from archives and published reports. State educational administration was one of the few remaining spaces where Black men could wield political influence. As they worked to produce institutional images that proclaimed their capacity for and right to public leadership, however, they minimized the contributions of Black women.
Childhood predictors of self-harm, externalised violence and transitioning to dual harm in a cohort of adolescents and young adults
Authors: Steeg Sarah , Farooq Bushra , Taylor Peter , Shafti Matina , Mars Becky , Kapur Nav , Webb Roger T 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe aetiology of dual harm (co-occurring self-harm and violence towards others) is poorly understood because most studies have investigated self-harm and violence separately. We aimed to examine childhood risk factors for self-harm, violence, and dual harm, including the transition from engaging in single harm to dual harm.MethodsData from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a UK-based birth cohort study, were used to estimate prevalence of self-reported engagement in self-harm, violence, and dual harm at ages 16 and 22 years. Risk ratios were calculated to indicate associations across various self-reported childhood risk factors and risks of single and dual harm, including the transition from single harm at age 16 years to dual harm at age 22.ResultsAt age 16 years, 18.1% of the 4176 cohort members had harmed themselves, 21.1% had engaged in violence towards others and 3.7% reported dual harm. At age 22 the equivalent prevalence estimates increased to 24.2, 25.8 and 6.8%, respectively. Depression and other mental health difficulties, drug and alcohol use, witnessing self-harm and being a victim of, or witnessing, violence were associated with higher risks of transitioning from self-harm or violence at age 16 to dual harm by age 22.ConclusionsPrevalence of dual harm doubled from age 16 to 22 years, highlighting the importance of early identification and intervention during this high-risk period. Several childhood psychosocial risk factors associated specifically with dual harm at age 16 and with the transition to dual harm by age 22 have been identified.
Reliability of the Reflective Essay Marking Scale (REMS): a scale for marking of students’ reflective essays
Authors: Chigwedere Craig , Fitzmaurice Brian , Thwaites Richard 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Personal practice (PP) is widely practised and a requirement across major psychology and psychotherapy organizations and modalities. However, one of the challenges for training institutions is how to assess the quality of such PP. The Reflective Essay Marking Scale (REMS) was developed to improve standardization of marking reflective essays in cognitive behavioural psychotherapy (CBT) training. A small sample of 16 expert CBT participants recruited by email used the REMS to rate two mock reflective essays in a within-subjects design. The internal consistency of REMS was acceptable (Cronbach’s α=.73) with excellent inter-rater reliability. Across the raters, it sufficiently differentiated quality (t12=4.91; p<.0001). Although these are the results of a preliminary and very small study with a small sample using mock essays, the REMS may be a useful scale, allowing CBT courses to account for students’ reflective work in a standardized way. A larger validation study is required in the future.

Key learning aims

(1)
To improve the thinking about what raters should focus on when rating the reflective essays of trainee therapists.

(2)
To describe the development of the scale and how its reliability was tested.

(3)
To improve the transparency and objectivity in assessing and rating reflective practice.
Disruptive Role of Vertical Land Motion in Future Assessments of Climate Change‐Driven Sea‐Level Rise and Coastal Flooding Hazards in the Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Sherpa Sonam Futi , Shirzaei Manoochcher , Ojha Chandrakanta 
Published: March 2023

AbstractFuture projections of sea‐level rise (SLR) used to assess coastal flooding hazards and exposure throughout the 21st century and devise risk mitigation efforts often lack an accurate estimate of coastal vertical land motion (VLM) rate, driven by anthropogenic or non‐climate factors in addition to climatic factors. The Chesapeake Bay (CB) region of the United States is experiencing one of the fastest rates of relative sea‐level rise on the Atlantic coast of the United States. This study uses a combination of space‐borne Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Light Detecting and Ranging (LiDAR) data sets, available National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) long‐term tide gauge data, and SLR projections from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), AR6 WG1 to quantify the regional rate of relative SLR and future flooding hazards for the years 2030, 2050, and 2100. By the year 2100, the total inundated areas from SLR and subsidence are projected to be 454(316–549)–600(535–690) for Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) 1–1.9 to 5–8.5, respectively, and 342(132–552)–627(526–735) only from SLR. The effect of storm surges based on Hurricane Isabel can increase the inundated area to 849(832–867)–1,117(1,054–1,205) km2 under different VLM and SLR scenarios. We suggest that accurate estimates of VLM rate, such as those obtained here, are essential to revise IPCC projections and obtain accurate maps of coastal flooding and inundation hazards. The results provided here inform policymakers when assessing hazards associated with global climate changes and local factors in CB, required for developing risk management and disaster resilience plans.
Revisiting HF Ground Wave Propagation Losses Over the Ocean: A Comparison of Long‐Term Observations and Models
Authors: Kirincich Anthony , Emery Brian 
Published: March 2023

AbstractUnderstanding variations in the received power levels for land‐based high frequency radar (HFR) systems is critical to advancing radar‐based estimates of winds and waves. We use a long‐term record of one‐way HFR power observations to explore the key factors controlling propagation losses over the ocean. Observed propagation loss was quantified using an 8‐month record of radio frequency power from a shore‐based transmitter, received at two locations: an offshore tower and a nearby island. Observations were compared to environmental factors such as wind speed and air temperature as well as models of path loss incorporating smooth and rough surface impedances and varying atmospheric properties. Significant differences in the observations at the two sites existed. One‐way path loss variations at the tower, a wavelength above mean sea level, were closely related to atmospheric forcing, while variations at the distant island site were dominated by wind‐driven surface gravity wave variability. Seasonal variability in ocean conductivity had no significant effect on over‐ocean path losses. Simplistic analytical models of path loss were found to have more skill than either ground wave propagation models or more complex numerical models of field strength in matching the observations, due in part to under‐observation of the atmosphere but also the differences in rough surface impedance between models of ocean waves.
Streamflow Prediction in Poorly Gauged Watersheds in the United States Through Data‐Driven Sparse Sensing
Authors: Zhang Kun , Luhar Mitul , Brunner Manuela I. , Parolari Anthony J. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractMany rivers and streams are ungauged or poorly gauged and predicting streamflow in such watersheds is challenging. Although streamflow signals result from processes with different frequencies, they can be “sparse” or have a “lower‐dimensional” representation in a transformed feature space. In such cases, if this appropriate feature space can be identified from streamflow data in gauged watersheds by dimensionality reduction, streamflow in poorly gauged watersheds can be predicted with a few measurements taken. This study utilized this framework, named data‐driven sparse sensing (DSS), to predict daily‐scale streamflow in 543 watersheds across the contiguous United States. A tailored library of features was extracted from streamflow training data in watersheds within the same climatic region, and this feature space was used to reconstruct streamflow in poorly gauged watersheds and identify the optimal timings for measurement. Among different regions, streamflow in snowmelt‐dominated and baseflow‐dominated watersheds (e.g., Rocky Mountains) was more effectively predicted with fewer streamflow measurements taken. The prediction efficiency in some rainfall‐dominated regions, for example, New England and the Pacific coast, increased significantly with an increasing number of measurements. The spatial variability of prediction efficiency can be attributed to the process‐driven mechanisms and the dimensionality of watershed dynamics. Storage‐dominated systems are lower‐dimensional and more predictable than rainfall‐dominated systems. Measurements taken during periods with large streamflow magnitudes and/or variances are more informative and lead to better predictions. This study demonstrates that DSS can be an especially useful technique to integrate ground‐based measurements with remotely sensed data for streamflow prediction, sensor placement, and watershed classification.
Controlled growth of a graphdiyne-Prussian blue analog heterostructure for efficient ammonia production
Authors: Gao Yaqi , Liu Huimin , Zheng Zhiqiang , Luan Xiaoyu , Xue Yurui , Li Yuliang 
Published: March 2023

AbstractSelective and efficient ammonia (NH3) production using an electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (ECNtRR) under ambient conditions provides a green and promising alternative to the traditional energy-intensive Haber–Bosch process. The challenge is in design and controlled syntheses of efficient electrocatalysts with high selectivities, high NH3 yield rates (YNH3) and long-term stabilities. Here, a freestanding three-dimensional graphdiyne-hollowed FeCoNi Prussian blue analog electrode (h-FeCoNi PBA@GDY) with highly selective and active interfaces was synthesized by in situ growth of a GDY layer on the surface of h-FeCoNi PBA and used for the ECNtRR in alkaline solution at ambient temperatures and pressures. The experimental results demonstrated that the uniquely incomplete charge transfer between metal atoms and GDY effectively enhanced the intrinsic activity and increased the number of active sites of the electrocatalyst and promoted fast redox switching and high-density charge transport at the interface, which resulted in high selectivity, activity and stability for the ECNtRR. The results indicated that the electrocatalyst showed a Faraday efficiency (FE) of 95.1% with a YNH3 of 1015.5 μmol h−1 cm−2 and excellent stability.
Photoactive conjugated polymer-based strategy to effectively inactivate RNA viruses
Authors: Qi Ruilian , Lv Fengting , Zeng Yue , Shen Qi , Huang Yiming , Bai Haotian , Liu Libing , Wang Shu 
Published: March 2023

AbstractTo efficiently combat viral infectious diseases, it is important to develop broadly applicable countermeasures, and efficient antiviral systems can be developed by elaborating the relationship of antiviral efficiency with the interactions between antiviral agents and viruses. In the present study, conjugated polymer (CP)-based photodynamic therapy was used to inhibit RNA virus infections. A severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pseudotyped virus composed of an SARS-CoV-2 envelope coated with the S protein and luciferase RNA genome was employed to assess antiviral efficiency. Three cationic CPs with different backbone structures, fluorene-co-phenylene (PFP), thiophene (PMNT), and phenylene vinylene (PPV), exhibit different photoinactivation effects. The highly efficient photoinactivation of PPV and PMNT is derived from the complete photodegradation of spike proteins, nucleocapsid proteins and nucleic acids of SARS-CoV-2 after binding to the viral spike proteins. Although PFP showed the highest efficiency in the photodegradation of spike proteins due to its strong binding affinity, ineffective viral inhibition was observed, which occurred because the viral gene was partially damaged under light irradiation and the process of delivering the viral gene to cells received assistance. This work preliminarily reveals the effect of CP-virus interactions on their photoinactivation activity and should be beneficial for further research on the development of highly efficient antiviral PDT agents.
Nano-encapsulation: overcoming conductivity limitations by growing MOF nanoparticles in meso-porous carbon enables high electrocatalytic performance
Authors: Sathiyan Krishnamoorthy , Dutta Asmita , Marks Vered , Fleker Ohad , Zidki Tomer , Webster Richard D. , Borenstein Arie 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAmong the methods employed for carbon capture, the electroreduction of CO2 offers both a reduction in CO2 levels and the possibility of recycling it into commodity chemicals. However, the most efficient catalysts for this reaction are precious metals. To achieve cost-effective processes, other elements should be used. Transition-metal atoms coordinated with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit high performance as electrocatalysts. However, the isolating natures of MOFs limit their utilization as electrocatalysts. In this study, we grew MOF nanoparticles inside hierarchically mesoporous carbon instead of mixing the MOFs with conductive carbon. The incorporated MOF nanoparticles showed improved properties compared with those of MOFs mixed with carbon, indicating strong electronic interactions in the composites. The encapsulated MOF nanoparticles demonstrated high electric conductivity while preserving their original crystallinity. When used as electrodes in CO2 electroreduction, the MOFs exhibited a high electroactive coverage of 155 nmol cm−2. Moreover, in a CO2-saturated electrolyte, the composites exhibited excellent electrochemical performance, including a small onset potential (−0.31 V vs. RHE) and large reduction currents (−18 mA. cm−2 at −1.0 V); these were considerably higher than those usually reported for MOF-based materials except in CO electroreduction. Importantly, the composite produced valuable hydrogenated commodity chemicals, including formic acid.
Achieving structural white inspired by quasiordered microstructures in Morpho theseus
Authors: Zhao Xinkun , Xiong Yuqin , Wang Wanlin , Zhang Wang , Zhang Di 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAs one of the most fascinating phenomena, structural whiteness in natural organisms serves important functions in thermoregulation and mating. However, the architectures that cause visible broadband reflection are often in quasiordered distributions, which hinders systematic research on their color formation mechanisms. Here, through numerical analysis, the architectures in Morpho theseus scales are shown to be distributed in various tubular morphologies between tubular and gyroid structures. Then, the mechanism of structural white is discussed using the numerical model built with the combination of a periodic numerical framework and random elements. Thermodynamic experiments indicate that the white scales can efficiently help reduce the temperature of butterfly wings under a direct light beam. Our work provides a concise method for analyzing quasiordered structures. The methodology developed by this numerical model can facilitate a deep understanding of the performance improvement facilitated by these structural characteristics. Corresponding solutions can guide the design of nano-optical materials to achieve an efficient cooling, camouflage, and photothermal conversion system.