bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anaphylactic Properties of Photo-Oxidized Rabbit-Antisera (vs Sheep-Erythrocytes and Pneumococci) and Horse-Antiserum (vs Diphtherial Toxin) Containing ‘Univalent’ Antibodies
Authors: Tyler Albert 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Photo-oxidation of antisheep-erythrocyte rabbit-serum to the point of maximal titer of ‘univalent’ antibody (243 mm3 O2 uptake per ml serum) gives a more than fifty-fold reduction in its direct anaphylactic action on guinea pigs. It is concluded that the ‘univalents’ are ineffective in inducing shock in this system. Antipneumococcal rabbit-serum photo-oxidized to 150 mm3 O2/ml (at which point precipitating ability is first lost) and 304 mm3 O2/ml (maximal titer of ‘univalents’) shows progressively decreased ability to produce passive sensitization of guinea pigs. The evidence shows the ‘univalents’ to be incapable of effecting such sensitization and indicates some inhibitory action on their part. The ability of photo-oxidized antipneumococcal rabbit-serum to induce shock in guinea pigs actively sensitized to untreated serum shows a reduction of between two- and five-fold for the “150” sample and between 50- and 1000-fold for the “304” sample. The reductions in protective value (12) are two-fold and twelve-fold respectively for these samples. Both of these photo-oxidized samples of antipneumococcal serum can actively sensitize guinea pigs to the action of untreated serum and of the treated serum. The results with the “304” sample give evidence of the presence of an active antigen of altered specificity. Photo-oxidation of equine diphtheric antitoxin to 448 mm3 O2/ml, gives an approximately 50-fold reduction in its action on guinea pigs actively sensitized to the untreated serum, as compared with a two-fold reduction in its ability to neutralize toxin. The photo-oxidized horse-serum can actively sensitize guinea pigs to the action of both the untreated serum and the treated material. A small number of tests show desensitization of horse-serum-sensitized guinea pigs by non-shocking doses of the photo-oxidized material. The more favorable ratio of reduction in anaphylactic action to reduction in protective value obtained with the antitoxic than with the antibacterial serum is interpreted on the basis of the loss of protective ability when antibacterial antibodies are converted into the ‘univalent’ form.
Shigella Paradysenteriae (Flexner) Type II.VII
Authors: Weil A. J. , Farsetta K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence in mouse protective tests is presented which in combination with previously reported tests in the chick embryo demonstrate that the subrace WX of Andrewes and Inman represents a valid dual type of Shigella paradysenteriae (Flexner). In the system of classification according to primary antigens previously proposed, it will have to be designated as type II.VII.
Semliki Forest Virus
Authors: Smithburn K. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The Semliki Forest virus has been propagated in developing chick embryos through 33 serial passages. Virus recovered from the final passage was identified by the intraperitoneal protection test.
The agent survives and multiplies by logarithmic progression in the embryos until near the time of their death. Inoculated embryos succumb within 11 to 24 hours after inoculation. The titer of virus does not decline appreciably within the first hours after death of the embryos.
The Behaviour of Platelets in Anaphylactic and Peptone Shock
Authors: Fidlar E. , Waters E. T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Platelet counts have been made in dogs which showed typical anaphylactic shock judged by the blood pressure tracing. Within two to ten minutes after the injection of the antigen in sensitive animals the platelet count reached a level of from 2½ to 20 per cent of the count before injection. The majority of these counts in shock were less than 50,000/mm3 and all showed clumping of the platelets to the extent of from 40 to 90 per cent. Injection of heparin before the antigen did not prevent the low count or the clumping. The low platelet counts also occurred when anaphylactic shock was obtained in the anaesthetized liverless animal. The decreased coagulability of the blood in the liverless dog in anaphylactic shock appears to be due to the lack of platelets in the circulating blood. In canine anaphylaxis the platelet count is of value in indicating sensitivity in mild or doubtful cases. Peptone in a dose of 0.3 g/kilo produced a reaction in dogs very similar to anaphylactic shock in its effect not only on blood pressure but also on the platelets.
Precipitin-Production in Chickens
Authors: Wolfe Harold R. , Dilks Eleanor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The in vitro rise in the precipitin titer was studied in chickens injected with mammalian serum. Rise in titer started as early as 11 hours after bleeding and in the majority of cases the peak was reached at 5 to 8 days. The rise in titer varies but the titers secured within 24 hours were not indicative of the final titers that could be expected. Two or 3 injections of small quantities of antigen given on alternate days resulted in high titered antisera within 3 to 6 days after the last injection. Precipitins disappeared almost completely within 3 weeks after a single series of injections, but have persisted for 2 months after a multiple series. A single injection yielded high titered sera within 5 to 8 days. A negative phase is produced by reinjections of the homologous antigen.
The Applicability of Skin Tests for Sulfonamide Hypersensitivity in Children
Authors: Fink Herbert WM. , Burton Irving , Wheeler Warren E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Leftwich (1) has reported an intradermal test to indicate the state of hypersensitivity to the sulfonamide drugs in adults. The following observations represent an unsuccessful attempt to confirm the conclusions of Leftwich in children.
Few children show apparent hypersensitivity reactions during the administration of the sulfonamide drugs. Fink and Smith (2) estimate the number of such children to be less than 1 per cent of those receiving these drugs. These hypersensitive children generally show during the course of sulfonamide administration unexplained fever, or fever and rash, which disappears when the drug is discontinued. About half of the children showing such reactions will show an immediate recurrence of the fever or the rash when even small amounts of the same drug are readministered at a later date. Some of these immediate reactions are severe and alarming. An immediate reaction definitely contraindidicates any further administration of that particular sulfonamide to the patient.
An Influenza Index on Periodic Determination of Average Antibody Titers of Population Samples
Authors: Schwartz Benjamin S. , Milstone J. H. , Bayliss Milward , Decoursey Elbert 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A serological index for the study of influenza, the use of a spectrophotometer for facilitating the estimation of hemagglutinin and antibody-titers, and a simplified method of calculating hemagglutinin and antibody-titers are proposed. The arithmetic mean of the antibody level of the population was periodically determined by photoelectric Hirst titrations on serum-pools. The antibody-levels of the civilian and military population of Oahu, T.H. were studied over a period of five months, following an epidemic of influenza B and during a period of mass vaccination carried on by the Army. The index demonstrated the generally elevated level of influenzal antibody-titer just after an epidemic, and the subsequent decline of that titer. The general antibody-response to mass-vaccination and the comparative antigenic effectiveness of the PR 8 and Lee components of the vaccine were demonstrated. The study also indicated an antigenic difference between the Lee strain of influenza B and a local strain of influenza B isolated here during a recent epidemic.
Reactivation of Overneutralized Mixtures of Influenza Virus and Antibody
Authors: McKee Albert P. , Hale Wm. M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. The detection of influenza carriers may be missed because the virus in nose and throat washings is overneutralized by antibody in the mucous as the virus is liberated from the parasitized cells. The purpose of this study was to determine if overneutralized influenza virus could be reactivated.
Numerous investigators have used diverse methods for the purpose of reactivating neutral mixtures of toxins, phages, viruses and bacteria and their specific antibodies. Apparently-neutral mixtures of toxin and antitoxin have been made toxic by simple dilution (1–4). This same “dilution phenomenon” has been observed where apparently-neutral phage-antiphage (5, 6), viral-antiviral (7–19) and bacterial-antibacterial (20) mixtures were employed.
Separation of the virus from its antibody by cataphoresis (11, 21) and centrifugation (20, 22–24) has been reported. Adsorption of viruses on Chamberland L2 filter powder, blood clot, euglobulin precipitate, and kaolin, as well as papaindigestion of antibody also have been used to accomplish the same end (9, 10, 12, 16, 25).
Circulating Antitoxin at the Onset of Diphtheria in 425 Patients
Authors: Ipsen Johs. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The author has determined the antitoxin-titer of 425 patients with clinical manifest diphtheria faucium. Of these, 287 were unvaccinated, 32 vaccinated once and 106 vaccinated with more than one injection.
In the case of the vaccinated the course of the disease was distinctly milder than that of the unvaccinated, while at the same time the antitoxin titre was much higher for the former than for the latter.
When the unvaccinated are divided into groups according to the severity of the disease, there is only a slight difference in the antitoxin-titers of the groups.
When all the cases are grouped according to the antitoxin-titer there is a scarcely demonstrable difference in the course of the disease for groups with a high titer and those with a low titer, provided that the course is indicated by means of the relative occurrence of complications and deaths in the groups.
When a comparison is made between the distribution of antitoxin-titer among diphtherics and distributions among the rest of the population, there are found to be fewer cases of a titer higher than 0.1 A.U. among the diphtherics.
The material is further treated statistically, the author having found a single quantity as an indicator for the course of the disease for each patient. The average course of each group can then be computed as the mean of the course of the individual cases. This provides greater statistical certainty than an analysis of the percentage of complications.
It was then possible to show a significant dependence between antitoxin-titer and course of disease, although the slope of the regression found was rather flat.
The vaccinated patients had a better course of illness than the unvaccinated who presented the same clinical picture on hospitalization and had the same initial antitoxin-titer.
Observations Upon the Specificity of the Complement Fixation Test for Lymphogranuloma Venereum
Authors: Dulaney Anna Dean , Packer Henry , Smith Mary Margaret , Hannah Walter , Brett Roland , Moore Bliful 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The Lygranum complement-fixation test affords valuable diagnostic information when sera are titrated, particularly in dilutions of 1:20 and 1:40. Titers of 1:40 and above offer good evidence of infection with the agent of lymphogranuloma venereum. Titers below 1:20 can only be interpreted following examinations of subsequent specimens of serum, employing quantitative procedures. Titers of 1:40 or above were obtained with sera from 56 per cent of patients from a clinic for anogenital lesions and from 97 per cent of patients with a clinical diagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum. If sera are tested only in dilutions of 1:5 the Lygranum complement-fixation test has limited usefulness. Under such conditions non-specific reactions may occur in apparently healthy individuals, in upper respiratory infections, as well as in the presence of venereal diseases other than lymphogranuloma venereum. While early syphilis may occasionally produce false positive reactions with the Lygranum C. F. antigen, these reactions can usually be screened out by titration studies, in which the 1:40 dilution is considered as the critical titer for diagnosis, or by the more tedious procedure of absorption of sera with Kahn antigen. Our experience has been that when titers of 1:40 or higher are manifested in the Lygranum C. F. test, absorption with Kahn antigen does not remove the reactivity for the Lygranum C. F. antigen, thus providing undisputable evidence that multiple infection is present.
Studies on Botulinum Toxoid, Types A and B
Authors: Nigg Clara , Hottle George A. , Coriell Lewis L. , Rosenwald Arnold S. , Beveridge Gerald W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A medium is described for the production of alum precipitated botulinum toxoids, Types A and B. The production methods are simple and the results uniformly reproducible.
The authors wish to acknowledge the helpful suggestions of Lt. Cmdr. J. A. Lichty, MC, USNR in the preparation of this manuscript. The technical assistance of the following is also acknowledged: T/4 Floyd Miller, T/4 Alfred Saks, T/5 L. Geronimus, 1st Lt. Robert Wiseman, PhM 2/C Anna Funke, and T/4 Vivian Andrews.
A Quantitative Study of the Arthus Phenomenon Induced Passively in the Rabbit
Authors: Fischel Edward E. , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The relationships between the quantities of anti-egg albumin nitrogen and of egg albumin nitrogen and the intensity of the Arthus phenomenon elicited passively in the skin of rabbits have been studied. Minimal Arthus reactions result regularly from intracutaneous injection of about 25 μg of anti-egg albumin nitrogen and are independent of the route by which antigen is administered. If the antibody is given intravenously one to two milligrams of anti-egg albumin nitrogen are required to yield a positive reaction on subsequent intracutaneous injection of egg albumin at a single site. Injection of antigen at several sites in rabbits passively sensitized by intravenous injection of anti-egg albumin gives reactions of reduced intensity.
Biophysical Studies of Blood Plasma Proteins
Authors: Deutsch H. F. , Alberty R. A. , Gosting L. J. , Williams J. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Marked differences in antibody-activity are found in human γ1-and γ2-globulin antibody preparations. The hemagglutinins and typhoid “O” agglutinin appear to be γ1-globulins. The β-hemagglutinin of plasma represents a small amount of the high molecular weight portion of the γ1-globulin. The antibody responses of rabbits to human γ1- and γ2-globulins, fibrinogen and albumin as studied by the antigen-dilution technic showed that these essentially electrophoretically pure proteins did not represent distinct immunological entities.
Isoallergic Encephalomyelitis and Radiculitis in Guinea Pigs After One Injection of Brain and Mycobacteria in Water-in-Oil Emulsion
Authors: Freund Jules , Stern E. R. , Pisani T. M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Rivers, Sprunt and Berry (1) and Rivers and Schwentker (2) induced lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) of the monkey by numerous injections of suspensions and alcoholic extracts of rabbit brain. Ferraro and Jervis (3) confirmed and extended these studies. Morgan (4) produced encephalomyelitis in rhesus monkeys by a few injections of suspensions of brain and spinal cord of monkeys combined with killed tubercle bacilli, paraffin oil and an emulsifying agent. Independently, Kabat, Wolf and Bezer (5) using the same technique obtained almost identical results in monkeys but stated that similar experiments carried out in guinea pigs and white mice were negative. In their study, neurologic symptoms were produced in 2 monkeys after a single injection.
It seemed desirable to ascertain whether this type of encephalomyelitis could be produced in the guinea pig.
Neurologic Manifestations in Laboratory Animals Produced by Organ (Adjuvant) Emulsions
Authors: Kopeloff Lenore M. , Kopeloff Nicholas 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Although these experimental results are limited by the small number of animals used it would appear that: Neurologic disturbances, characterized chiefly by paralysis of the hind limbs, have been induced in normal guinea pigs by single subcutaneous injections of emulsions of homologous and heterologous brain and heterologous kidney, containing Freund's adjuvants, as well as similar preparations of alcoholic extracts of brain. Testicle emulsions were without effect in normal guinea pigs, but induced hind leg paralysis in 2 guinea pigs which had previously received injections of various organ suspensions.It was also possible to produce this phenomenon in rabbits by repeated injections of adjuvant-emulsions of both rat brain and alcoholic extract of sheep brain in combination with egg-white.
Colorado Tick Fever
Authors: Koprowski Hilary , Cox Herald R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Four strains of Colorado tick fever virus were adapted to dilute brown agouti mice by intracerebral inoculation. Three of the above strains had been adapted previously to hamsters, while one strain was adapted directly from a human blood sample. One of the strains was carried through 50 consecutive mouse brain passages. Virus could be demonstrated in the blood of mice by the first day after inoculation, reaching maximal level on the third day. The concentration of the virus in brain tissue showed gradual rise with maximal level on the fifth day post inoculation. Virus was present in all tissues tested but the greatest concentration was observed in the central nervous system and the lowest in the serum. Mice 8 days of age are fully as susceptible to infection by intraperitoneal route as are 28-day old mice to intracerebral inoculation. Resistance to intraperitoneal inoculations of virus begins to manifest itself in 14-day old mice. Neutralization tests with Colorado tick fever virus and antisera prepared against thirteen different viral and rickettsial agents indicated the immunological individuality of Colorado tick fever virus. Of the various species of animals tested for susceptibility to Colorado tick fever virus, it was shown that hamsters succumb to infection, while cotton rats and opossums circulate the virus in their blood but sheep and rabbits do not. The virus is readily filterable as indicated by the fact that the difference in titers between filtered and unfiltered suspensions of Colorado tick fever virus never exceeded 5–10 LD50, which falls within the limits of experimental error. On the basis of rough estimation the virus has a diameter of 35 to 50 millimicrons. The virus remains viable at room temperature for more than 64 days, but less than 100 days, and remains quite stable when kept in the frozen or lyophilized state.
Changes in Embryonated Eggs Inoculated with Influenza Virus
Authors: Parodi A. S. , Lajmanovich S. , Pennimpede F. , Mittelman N. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In experimental work with viruses special attention has been given to their immunological and physicochemical properties. Relatively little study has been made of the interaction between the virus and the host, and this has been limited to pathological changes in the infected tissue. The metabolic changes in the host produced by the presence and reproduction of a virus have not been systematically investigated, and we believe that a knowledge of these changes may be helpful to a better understanding of the virus-host interactions.
Burnet (1, 2) studied the pathological changes produced in the chorioallantoic membrane and embryo of the chick by influenza A virus. We were impressed, however, by the fact that the pH values of the allantoic fluid of chick embryos infected with influenza A virus were always higher than normal. This was so striking that in our routine work we used it as a primary test of infection and discarded all fluids that gave a yellow or light green color with brom-thymol blue.
Nutrition and Resistance to Infection
Authors: Guggenheim K. , Buechler E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The influence of diets, quantitatively or qualitatively deficient in protein, on the bactericidal and phagocytic properties of the peritoneal fluid of rats was studied. The effects of various degrees of quantitative protein deficiency were tested on rats which were kept for 4 weeks on diets containing 18, 9, 6 and 3 per cent casein, respectively. In states of moderate protein deficiency (9 per cent and 6 per cent casein) a marked diminution of the bactericidal power of the peritoneal fluid was demonstrated. In states of severe protein deficiency (3 per cent casein) a significant decrease of phagocytic activity was observed as well. For testing the quality of protein from different sources, diets containing 9 per cent of protein, derived from egg, meat, processed soybean, peanut and maize, were employed. Diets containing 9 per cent egg and meat proteins elicited bactericidal and phagocytic activity roughly equal to that elicited by a diet containing 18 per cent casein; 9 per cent soybean protein had an effect similar to that of 9 per cent casein, and 9 per cent maize protein similar to 3 per cent casein. The results obtained, however, from a diet containing peanut protein were different. Rats, which were fed a diet containing 9 per cent of this protein showed an almost complete breakdown of phagocytic activity, whereas their bactericidal power was similar to that of rats fed a 6 per cent casein diet. It is concluded: It is concluded: a) the humoral defense mechanism appears to be more sensitive to protein deficiency than the cellular defense mechanism; b) different food proteins elicit different bactericidic and phagocytic powers. This quality of promoting antibacterial defense corresponds roughly to the growth promoting quality of the respective proteins.
Production of Anti-Haemophilus Influenzae Type b Rabbit Serum
Authors: Eaton F. D. , Gerwe E. G. , Leonard G. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Data from a study of six groups, containing two hundred rabbits each, hyperimmunized for the production of anti-Haemophilus influenzae type b rabbit serum, when analyzed, were sufficient to determine the optimum bleeding periods. The rate of rise in potency of individual rabbit bleedings different from pooled large scale production bleedings, and such difference probably was due to individual variation in rabbit response and possibly poor response of animals in the production colony due to necessary production methods. From a practical point of view, it appears advisable to begin production bleedings at the eleventh or twelfth week of immunization.