bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
People’s Archives of Rural India (PARI)
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The author takes the reader through the journey of People’s Archives of Rural India, which at its heart is the most unique and ambitious movement to tell the stories of everyday lives of everyday people of India and record and catalogue the occupational, linguistic, and cultural diversity of rural India. The project was launched by distinguished veteran journalist, Palagummi Sainath, former rural affairs editor of The Hindu, in an endeavour to document labour, livelihood, arts, crafts, traditions, challenges, and many other aspects of rural India. The organization’s genesis lies in the notion of keeping the Indianness alive in the people who are inclined towards the West, forgetting about the roots of their culture. The chapter enlightens the readers about the great initiative by P. Sainath who wants to keep up the dynamics of the diversity of India. The chapter also outlines the growth of the organization, its unique content and the quality of its products, and its revenue and funding model.
Exchange4media
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The chapter focuses on the exchange4media’s performance in the digital space for the long period of two decades. In the last 21 years, exchange4media.com has grown exponentially to become one of the most credible and the largest sources of media, advertising, and marketing information in the country. It reaches out to more than 60,000 professionals within the industry every day through information newsletters. The author takes the readers through the journey of Dr Annurag Batra’s business strategy and the growth and development of the company. The chapter focuses on the genesis, growth, and development of the organization, organizational structure, editorial policies, target audience, business model, and the overall working of the platform. The author also unveils the strategic intent of the group to engage a vast readership and how their content is different from other media platforms. It is a predecessor of ADSERT but works as an independent organization stating factual information about the media industry.
Erotics
Authors: Waters Rob 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Champions of London’s multiculture pointed often to what they saw as the rejuvenating force of New Commonwealth migration. This was an articulation of black vitality that was always in excess of the more formalized, institutionalized modes of integration that other chapters in this book have explored—integrations which worked by various forms of conscription into the institutions of civil society and the state. Even as integrationists often sought to reform black Londoners, they simultaneously cast them as objects of desire; the racialized excess that was to be reformed away also, paradoxically, stood for exactly the vitality and promise that these Londoners offered for the making of a revivified city. ‘Erotics’ addresses these themes through an exploration of the phenomenon of the post-war explosion of London’s multicultural markets, a reading of the work of the writer Colin MacInnes, and an exploration of mixed-race relationships.
The recovery of a Thomist tradition
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
After a brief survey of some relevant texts from Aquinas, this chapter shows how John Capreolus set about attempting to recover a genuinely Thomist Christology. It considers too his treatments of the views of Peter Auriol and John of Ripa. From Auriol, Capreolus learned the notion of hypostatic termination, and uses it to give an account of subsistence, albeit not of the hypostatic union itself. Through Capreolus, Auriol’s position became normative for the later Thomist tradition. Denys the Carthusian adopts Aquinas’s view, admittedly with some reservations. Capreolus’s text was variously copied or abbreviated by other late fifteenth-century Dominicans. The chapter also examines an instance of a Thomist Christology from mid-fifteenth-century Cologne, and ends with a treatment of the Christology of Marsilio Ficino, which follows a loosely Thomist structure.
Life-Writing
Authors: Wilson Ross 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the contested status of life-writing and biography. It seeks to clear a middle path between different positions on life-writing’s claim to be literary criticism by resisting mere dismissals of it, on the one hand, and noticing that biography’s explanatory power is limited, on the other. The place of biography in William Empson’s criticism is taken to offer one way of characterizing this interpretation of literary-critical life-writing. The chapter then considers the canonical example of Samuel Johnson’s critical biographies, focusing especially on their changing presentation as they went through different editions, before concluding with an extended discussion of Elizabeth Gaskell’s negotiation of Charlotte Brontë as woman and as author.
Introduction
Authors: Davies Jonathan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the work by briefly surveying existing scholarship on the question of Josephus’ political engagements in the Jewish War. It describes the growth of the classic conception of Josephus, as a traitor and a Roman/Flavian propagandist, in nineteenth- and twentieth-century scholarship, describing how changes in approach to the material over the course of the twentieth century rendered that classic conception no longer tenable. It identifies how both the emergence of postcolonial theory and developments in the way that classicists conceptualize the relationship between emperors and literature have led to fertile new approaches which, in some cases, reconceptualize Josephus as something like a dissident. However, such conclusions are at risk of becoming as reductive as the ‘propagandist’ model which they aim to replace. The goal of the present work is a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between Josephus’ text and Flavian imperial power.
Political Expression in Flavian Rome
Authors: Davies Jonathan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter establishes the background against which Josephus was writing and attempts to delineate the possibilities of political expression in that context. It examines practices which could be seen as analogous to censorship and the control of literature under early Roman emperors, examines powerful ideologies of literary veridiction as well as strategies for expressing awkward truths in the imperial period, considers how emperors could communicate preferred readings of their own characters and virtues, and questions the unique political difficulties of the field in which Josephus was working, contemporary historiography. The chapter concludes that historical authors under the early emperors, while predominantly responsible for their own content and not acting as “propagandists”, nonetheless were working within constraints when it came to depicting the imperial family. Although rhetorical strategies which facilitated the expression of “awkward” truths did exist, identifying such strategies in ancient literature is virtually impossibole, and a better approach to political expression under the emperors is to focus on potential ambivalence and reader response.
Future
Authors: Floridi Luciano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Previously, in Chapter 2, I argued that AI should be interpreted not as a marriage between some biological-like intelligence and engineered artefacts, but as a divorce between agency and intelligence—that is, a decoupling between the ability to deal with problems and tasks successfully in view of a goal, and the need to be intelligent to do so. This chapter uses the above interpretation of AI as a new form of successful non-intelligent agency to look at its future. After a short introduction in Section 3.1 about the difficulties facing any exercise in prediction, Sections 3.2 and 3.4 argue that the likely developments and possible challenges of AI will depend on the push for synthetic data, the tension between constraining and constitutive rules underpinning areas of AI application, leading to the progressive adaptation of the environment to AI rather than of AI to the environment (what I defined in the previous chapter as enveloping), and the increasing translation of difficult problems into complex problems. Section 3.5 is dedicated to Generative Models the debate about ChatGPT, and why chatbots should be seen as one more implementation of agency without intelligence. Section 3.6 returns to the importance of design and the responsibility to produce the right sort of AI to take advantage of the developments mentioned above. The conclusion in Section 3.7 discusses the seasons of AI, especially its winters, to highlight the lessons we should have learnt and those we can still learn—and hence apply—to make the most of this unique technology. This chapter concludes Part One of the book, which provides a brief philosophical introduction to AI’s past, present, and future.
Good Practices
Authors: Floridi Luciano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 reviewed the main issues concerning the illegal use of AI or what may be called AI for social evil. This chapter focuses on AI for social good (AI4SG). AI4SG is gaining traction within information societies in general and the AI community in particular. It has the potential to tackle social problems through the development of AI-based solutions. Yet to date, there is only limited understanding of what makes AI socially good in theory, what counts as AI4SG in practice, and how to reproduce its initial successes in terms of policies. This chapter addresses the gap in understanding by first offering a definition of AI4SG, then identifying seven ethical factors that are essential for future AI4SG initiatives. The analysis is supported by some case examples of AI4SG projects. Some of the factors discussed in this chapter are almost entirely novel to AI, while the significance of other factors is heightened by the use of AI. Finally, the chapter formulates corresponding best practices from each of these factors. Subject to context and balance, these practices may serve as preliminary guidelines to ensure that well-designed AI is more likely to serve the social good. The chapter does not offer specific recommendations, which are left to Chapter 10.
How to Deliver a Good AI Society
Authors: Floridi Luciano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapters 4–6 analysed the foundational concepts that can ground a future ‘Good AI Society’. Chapters 7–9 discussed the challenges, the bad, and the good practices characterizing the use of AI systems. This chapter, along with the next, turns to some constructive and concrete recommendations about how to assess, develop, incentivize, and support good AI. In some cases, these recommendations may be undertaken directly by national or supranational policymakers. In others, changes may be led by other stakeholders ranging from civil society to private actors and sectoral organizations. The hope is that, if adopted, these recommendations may support a firm foundation for the establishment of a Good AI Society.
The Gambit
Authors: Floridi Luciano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 presented the ethical principles that provide a framework for AI. One of these principles, beneficence, includes sustaining the planet. This and the following chapter further explore that requirement by analysing the positive and negative environmental impacts of AI. The goal is to provide policy recommendations for a path towards a greener and more climate-friendly development of AI—development especially in line with EU values and legislation. The timing is critical because AI is already used today to model events related to climate change and contribute to efforts in combating global warming. It can thus be a great positive force for a fair and sustainable society.
Introduction
Authors: Miller Kassandra J. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Within contemporary biomedicine, there is growing interest in the roles that timing and clocks (especially molecular clocks) can play in determining the efficacy of medical interventions. This interest—which can seem very modern, even futuristic—actually has deep roots within ancient Mediterranean medicine. This chapter introduces readers to some of the present book’s central questions, which have provoked healers both ancient and modern: in what contexts should medicalized time be expressed quantitatively rather than qualitatively? To what extent must it be standardized? And what degrees of precision and accuracy are medically useful or justified? This chapter proceeds to outline the stakes, scope, and key themes of the book and to challenge the traditional assumption that the social history of hourly timekeeping only begins with the advent of mechanical clocks in the Medieval period.
Clocks as Symbols 1
Authors: Miller Kassandra J. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on the roles of sundials and water clocks within a single Galenic text, On the Affections and Errors of the Human Soul. Surprisingly, this treatise on ethical psychology features an extended discussion of sundial and water clock construction which highlights the differences between Galen’s method of scientific inquiry and the methods used by members of contemporary philosophical schools. The chapter demonstrates that Galen associated clock-design with the positive concepts of verifiability, clarity, concord, utility, and long-term scientific progress, while associating sectarian philosophies with the opposite. It suggests that Galen chose to use clock-construction as his central example because of a series of personal ideological commitments, including his belief in long-term scientific progress, his dream of achieving clear communication among scientists, and his insistence that proper scientific method involves a balance between logic and empiricism.
Introduction: Revisiting EU Law on the Free Movement of Persons
Authors: Nic Shuibhne Niamh 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
How ‘free’ is the free movement of persons? And why should the EU legal framework that underpins it be ‘revisited’? To introduce how the book addresses these questions, this chapter provides a brief description of each contribution, and discusses two common themes that emerge across the book as a whole. First, the chapters in the book highlight, in different ways, the creation and evolution of categories that continue to matter in EU law on the free movement of persons. Second, the contributors engage with the vulnerability of the free movement of persons as a fundamental, and sustainable, objective of the European Union.
The Concept of Democracy
Authors: Cappelen Herman 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
If we don’t know what the words “democracy” and “democratic” mean, then we don’t know what democracy is. This book defends a radical view: these words mean nothing and should be abandoned. The argument for abolitionism is simple: those terms are defective and we can easily do better, so let’s get rid of them. According to the abolitionist, the switch to alternative devices would be a significant communicative, cognitive, and political advance. The first part of the book presents a general theory of abandonment: the conditions under which language should be abandoned. The rest of the book applies this general theory to the case of “democracy” and “democratic”. The book shows that “democracy” and “democratic” are semantically, pragmatically, and communicatively defective. Abolitionism is not all gloom and doom. It also contains a message of good cheer: we have easy access to conceptual devices that are more effective than “democracy”. We can do better. These alternative linguistic devices will enable us to ask better questions, provide genuinely fruitful answers, and have more rational discussions. Moreover, those questions and answers better articulate the communicative and cognitive aims of those who use empty terms such as “democracy” and “democratic”.
Some Data about “Democracy” and “Democratic”
Authors: Cappelen Herman 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces some data about the ordinary notions of “democracy” and “democratic,” with the adjective being used to modify many different kinds of objects and phenomena, such as decisions, laws, institutions, corporations, cultures, countries, clubs, and even families. The chapter goes on to introduce topics that will be central to the rest of the book: paradigms, the connection between the noun and the adjective, KQIE structures, expressive dimensions, genealogy, and lack of convergence among experts, all of which play a role later in the book. It includes a brief history of “democracy,” beginning in Athens 2,000 years ago, when 80–90 percent of the population were ruled by a small minority of property-owning men.
Problems with “Democracy”
Authors: Cappelen Herman 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines various semantic, pragmatic, and communicative defects of “democracy” and “democratic” (the “D-words”). This is the central negative chapter in the book: it presents the core argument for thinking that the D-words are defective, both semantically and communicatively. And it argues that, if the D-words are deeply defective, then we should abandon them; if we can do better using other terminology, then we should. It also presents both a “No-Meaning Hypothesis,” and a hypothesis that the D-words are meaningful but pick out something that’s radically different from what ordinary speakers want to talk about. None of the arguments is conclusively in favor of abandonment, but they provide some push in that direction.
Consequences of Abandoning “Democracy”
Authors: Cappelen Herman 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter illustrates various consequences of the abandonment of the D-words and how it’s possible to take familiar D-focused debates and improve them by using D-purged terminology. It uses discussions of Donald Trump and Joe Biden in the United States, Viktor Orbán in Hungary, restrictions on voting, and gerrymandering to show that we can do better if we abandon the D-words. The chapter includes a debate over epistocracy (rule by citizens with political knowledge) and the roles of knowledge and understanding in collective decision-making. It shows that the D-words are superfluous; if political questions and answers are purged of the D-words, we might become a bit less dogmatic.
The dorsal visual system
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe dorsal visual system computes information about where objects are in space, and their motion, and this is used for actions performed in space. The connectivity is described of the human dorsal visual cortical stream for visual motion leading to intraparietal visual regions and then to parietal area 7 regions for actions in space. These computations require coordinate transforms from retinal coordinates to head based coordinates, and then in parietal cortex regions to coordinates for reaching into space, and for allocentric, world-based, spatial coordinates. Recent approaches to how these transforms are performed, with analogies to transform invariance learning in the ventral visual system, are described.
The taste and flavor system
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractInformation is represented in taste regions up to and including the insular primary taste system of what the taste is independent of its reward value and pleasantness with a sparse distributed representation of sweet, salt, bitter, sour and umami inputs. The texture of food in the mouth, including fat texture, is also represented in these areas. The insular taste cortex then projects to the orbitofrontal cortex, in which the reward value and pleasantness of the taste and flavour are represented, with olfactory components incorporated by associative learning.
The olfactory system
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThere are 1000 gene-specified olfactory receptor types projecting to the olfactory bulb and then to the olfactory (pyriform) cortex. This processing enables what the odor is to be represented. The olfactory (pyriform) cortex then projects to the orbitofrontal cortex, where the representation is mapped away from a gene-specified space into an odor reward value space, with the orbitofrontal cortex responding for example to the pleasantness of odors including the smell and flavor of food. The mechanism of the transform includes pattern association with stimuli in other modalities, such as the taste and texture of food.
The somatosensory system
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractA ventral somatosensory hierarchical stream is described for humans that connects from the somatosensory cortex to the opercular and frontal opercular regions, and thereby to the insula, and then to inferior parietal largely somatosensory region PFop and then PF which has visual inputs. This stream builds representations of touched stimuli and objects and of the positions of the limbs in space. A dorsal somatosensory stream in humans connects from primary somatosensory cortical regions up through superior parietal cortex areas 5 and 7, where the system is interfaced to the visual system for the computations involved in reaching into space and grasping objects. Attractor network mechanisms for decision-making between somatosensory stimuli are described. In the orbitofrontal cortex, the affective value of pleasant touch and of pain is represented.
The auditory system
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractMechanisms for left-right auditory localization involving time differences for low frequencies, and intensity differences for high frequencies, performed in the brainstem are described. Auditory localization in 3D space using the pinna as an asymmetrical antenna is described. In humans a ventral auditory pathway has connectivity from S1 to medial and lateral belt to parabelt auditory cortex, then A4 and A5, and then to regions in the dorsal bank of the superior temporal sulus involved in semantic representations. These regions have connectivity with the orbitofrontal cortex, where neurons are found that respond for example to the emotional expression in a voice. A dorsal auditory pathway has connectivity to the intraparietal and parietal 7 regions, and is implicated in sound localization and in actions to sounds in space.
The orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, reward value, emotion, and decision-making
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe orbitofrontal cortex receives from the ends of all sensory processing systems, and converts these representations of what the stimulus is into representations of their reward value. The orbitofrontal cortex is therefore a key brain region in emotions, which can be defined as states elicited by rewards and punishers. Indeed, orbitofrontal cortex activations are linearly related to the subjectively reported pleasantness of stimuli. The orbitofrontal cortex then projects this reward value information to other structures, which implement behavioural output, such as the anterior cingulate cortex, and the basal ganglia. A key computational capacity of the orbitofrontal cortex is one-trial object-reward associations, which are rule-based, and enable primates including humans to change their rewarded behaviour very rapidly. Decision-making using attractor neural networks is described. Reward signals from the orbitofrontal cortex have connectivity with cholinergic neurons and may thereby influence hippocampal episodic memory and memory consolidation.