bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congress and World War II
Authors: Wallach Philip A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines Congress’ role during World War II to show the value of congressional representation, which provided the means for equitably distributing the massive burdens entailed by the war effort. The American people did not quietly accept the rationing, price inflation, and massive tax increases imposed during the war. However, healthy wartime debates in Congress yielded reasonable and politically legitimate arrangements, while blocking unaccountable presidential control of the economy, especially after the war. Roosevelt is rightly remembered as the dominant presence in American politics during this time, but his influence over the home front was limited—precisely because he could not, as a single person, hope to fairly represent the multiplicity of interests struggling with the disruptions of war. The nation ultimately profited from the legislature’s stubborn resistance against some of FDR’s most ambitious plans for organizing the American economy.
Revival
Authors: Wallach Philip A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 11 lays out a final future scenario, “Renewal,” in which Congress rediscovers and recommits to its constitutional role as a pluralist, decentralized representative body responsible for deciding the major questions facing the country. Committees are re-empowered, members put their districts’ policy needs ahead of their party leaders’ calls for lockstep unity, and floor debate is recovered as a means of actual persuasion. Congress offloads administrative minutia so it can focus on the weightiest issues—and by doing so, the representative legislature helps the country come to some meaningful accommodations on difficult issues such as immigration. This chapter includes a skeptical, though not dismissive, discussion of whether major structural changes, such as a significant expansion of the House of Representatives or a move toward different electoral rules, might restore Congress’ vigor.
Living Together
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Moral philosophy begins with a question of how to live. Is moral philosophy more foundational than political philosophy? In other words, is “how to live?” more fundamental than “how to live together?” Philosophers were taught to say yes, but there was never any reason to believe it. Must rigorous reflection on how to live aim to derive necessary truths from timeless axioms, ignoring ephemeral circumstances of time and place? In the 1800s, philosophy left the contingencies to emerging departments of social science. How did that work out for philosophy? Did opportunities to cut ties to empirical reality checks leave us with better questions? Better answers? Philosophy wants to say yes, but the truth appears to be no. To recover a measure of relevance to questions that truly need answers, theorizing about how to live together might take its cue from philosophy’s current effort to reconnect with political economy. Philosophers can ask whether any principles have a history of demonstrably being organizing principles of actual thriving communities at their best.
Strategic Consequentialism
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Here are three mundane facts. First, people are social beings. Second, people make decisions. Third, decisions affect other people. These facts make morality what it is. They also make morality unlike what current moral theories say it is. People decide for themselves. Outcomes, however, often depend on what others decide. If people could choose outcomes in the way they choose actions, act-utilitarian morality would be a simple matter of choosing the utility-maximizing outcome. A buried premise that choosing acts is the same as choosing outcomes quietly lies beneath what utilitarianism became in the 20th century. The premise is false in ways that matter. Utilitarianism as it came to be done in the 20th century does not work. It does not solve problems baked into the human condition that give philosophers reason to theorize about morality.
Strategic Deontology
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Suppose philosophers take seriously Singer’s idea that “If it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought, morally, to do it.” Suppose they take the idea very seriously: sending goods to where goods do more good and for the same reason sending “bads” to where bads do less harm. People ship food to wherever it extends life expectancies more than it would their own. People also ship toxic waste to wherever it reduces life expectancies less than it would reduce their own. Wrong? By what standard? What is the other part of morality— the part that sometimes trumps Singer’s imperative to “prevent something bad from happening whenever we can do so without sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance.” The lesson is that people need to think strategically not only to promote the good but also to respect it.
Political Economy and the Rule of Law
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Judges cannot do what philosophers do. They do not work in the space of ideal theory. Their task is to give flesh-and-blood litigants a way to get past a dispute and get on with their lives. Theorizing about how to live together might take its cue less from what is now called moral philosophy and more from the economic analysis of law, an area of research that tracks the evolution of law. It considers how evolving legal precedent may have shaped rules of engagement that help people to know what to expect from each other, get comfortable with what they are learning to expect from each other, and learn how to deserve to be esteemed as social beings.
Cost-Benefit Analysis as Moral Science
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
If different legislative branches pass different versions of a bill, reconciliation follows. Something gets treated as having passed, and then it falls not to the legislature but to regulatory agencies of the executive branch to make sense of what just became law. Subject to judicial challenge, law-as-enforced will be law-as-interpreted by regulatory agencies of the executive branch. So, regulatory agencies need to decide. When unsure, regulators may weigh pros and cons. Cost-benefit analysis is not a theory about what to do. It is not in that sense a moral theory, utilitarian or otherwise. Instead, it is a crude but serviceable tool of moral science, useful for (among other things) subjecting policies of the administrative state to public scrutiny.
Understanding Territorial Withdrawal
Authors: Pinfold Rob Geist 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
From Ukraine to Afghanistan, occupations and exit dilemmas permeate contemporary geopolitics. However, the existing literature on territorial conflict rarely scrutinizes what makes states withdraw from occupied territory. This book addresses this research gap. It argues that an occupier withdraws when the policy’s costs outweigh the perceived benefits across three arenas of bargaining: (i) between occupier and occupied; (ii) within the occupier’s internal polity; and (iii) between the occupier and third parties. This book applies this framework to: (i) Israel’s withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula between 1974 and 1982; (ii) Israel’s “unilateral” withdrawal from southern Lebanon in 2000; and (iii) the “unilateral disengagement” from the Gaza Strip in 2005. It contrasts the above cases to those of Israeli occupation, without exit in: (iv) the West Bank and (v) the Golan Heights. This book argues that each withdrawal was a gradual process of policy reassessment. Local violence escalated, which intensified international pressure against the occupier to change the status quo. This caused domestic opinion, which was previously pro-occupation, to endorse exit. Affirming this pattern with a probability probe of the US exits from the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, this book constructs a generalizable framework for understanding territorial withdrawal. It delineates commonalities that manifested in each exit yet were absent in the cases of occupation without withdrawal. It thus provides a critical intervention for the study of international security, territorial conflict, and the Arab-Israel conflict alike.
The Framework and the Milieu
Authors: Pinfold Rob Geist 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 proposes an analytical framework for understanding territorial withdrawal. It notes that existing literature has traditionally fixated on either “tangible” economic, strategic, and material factors; or “intangible” ideational and subjective territorial value. Recent works of territorial conflict have integrated these competing variable-types and levels of analysis. The chapter corresponds to this trend, by developing an analytical framework for understanding the multivariate nature of occupation and exit. It demonstrates that withdrawal is a complex problem, whose understanding requires a framework that embraces, rather than downplays, its multifaceted nature. Correspondingly, it delineates the “arenas of bargaining” framework that is held constant throughout the book, before applying this framework to the Israeli milieu. As such, it provides a brief history of Israeli territorial policy. It also demonstrates that interactions within and between the three arenas of bargaining have consistently determined Israeli security policy and its approach to occupations and exits.
Bad Things
Authors: Feit Neil 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This book focuses on the nature and importance of harm by providing a sustained defense of the counterfactual comparative account, in particular by extending the account to allow for a certain kind of plural or collective harm. According to the counterfactual comparative account, an event harms a person provided that she would have been better off had it not occurred. On the account defended in this book, there are cases in which some events harm a given individual even though none of them by itself harms the individual. This account aims to solve the most serious problem facing the counterfactual comparative account, a problem involving cases of preemption. In such cases, an intuitively harmful event does not make the victim worse off, since if it had not occurred, another event would have had a similar adverse influence on the victim’s well-being. The book also contains discussion of various competing accounts of harm, and it replies to other challenges to the counterfactual comparative account. It argues, moreover, that an action that would harm a person does not thereby have a strong moral reason against it; if there is a strong moral reason against a harmful act, the reason is due primarily to some of the act’s other features.
The Realist Challenge
Authors: Stein Nathanael 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Aristotle thinks that each “mode” of causality includes a variety of different metaphysical relationships—there is not one single relationship that obtains between, say, matter and what it is the matter of. This raises a question about whether and how Aristotle can answer basic metaphysical questions about the relationship between causes and what they cause. The fundamental challenge is that explanatory power seems to require three features that are in tension: causes should be distinct from what they cause (Discreteness), causal relations are in some way contingent (Contingency), and causes are non-accidentally related to what they cause (Non-accidentality). A realist theory that accepts all three must be able to say how they can be jointly satisfied.
Causal Kinds and Causal Profiles
Authors: Stein Nathanael 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Different types of phenomena have different causal profiles, which are structures that characterize different sub-classes of causally defined phenomena. There is a distinction between origin-dominant and end-dominant causal profiles: in the former, the efficient cause has priority, while in the latter the final cause has priority. The varieties of causal profile are distinguished, and shown to align with other philosophically important distinctions Aristotle draws. Their nature and use are illustrated by an application to a specific phenomenon. The distinctions among causal profiles can resolve more local puzzles about Aristotle’s account of causality, including his attitude toward the so-called Principle of Causal Synonymy, and his various claims that formal and final causes are “one” or the same.
Coming to Know Causes
Authors: Stein Nathanael 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
When Aristotle presents his views about causes, the context is invariably epistemological, and he thinks his views make natural science possible in a way that his predecessors’ views do not. This raises a question: how do we grasp causes, and how do we grasp them in a way that yields scientific understanding? The importance of this question is often overlooked; here it is clarified, and a range of answers are surveyed. Aristotle does not attack the question directly, but he does make important claims about knowledge in relation to causes. These passages indicate that we should approach the question by examining our cognitive goals, our cognitive starting points, and the cognitive capacities by which we are supposed to be able to make the transition between them.
Introduction
Authors: Shevchenko Dimitry 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the topic and the goals of the book. The popularity of mirror models of consciousness in Brahmanical philosophical traditions of Sāṃkhya, Yoga, and Advaita-Vedānta is explained in the context of these schools’ non-reductionism about consciousness, as opposed to the reductionist models of consciousness in Buddhism. More broadly, the chapter draws the reader’s attention to the underlying representationalist tendencies of Brahmanical mirror models of consciousness and their awareness of critique coming from Indian anti-representationalists. As non-reductionists, Brahmanical theories present a radical alternative to the prevalence of various kinds of reductionism in contemporary philosophy. As representationalists, they provide a thorough defense against Rortian critique of the so-called philosophy-as-epistemology view.
New Mirrors
Authors: Shevchenko Dimitry 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes a foray into a modern mirror model of consciousness, namely Lacan’s theory of the mirror stage. By comparing Lacan’s theory with Indian mirror models, the chapter brings forward the ontological basis of mirror-like interaction between consciousness, the mind, the society, and the world—that is, the illusory identity of different entities. The chapter also negotiates with Thomas Metzinger’s representational theory of consciousness to construct a plausible theory of mental representation of consciousness, based on Indian mirror models, and suggests that such a theory provides a tenable solution to the hard problem of consciousness. The chapter demonstrates the plausibility of non-reductionism about consciousness proposed by Brahmanical philosophers—plausibility enhanced by mirror models. Finally, I defend a new model of consciousness, integrating consciousness-matter dualism, mind naturalism, and representationalism about consciousness.
The Rise and Fall of Animal Experimentation
Authors: Miller Richard J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Every year hundreds of millions of animals are used in the service of biomedical research, which costs taxpayers and the government billions of dollars. When these experiments are viewed objectively, there can be little doubt that the vast majority of them are extremely cruel to their animal subjects. What exactly are these experiments supposed to achieve from the scientific point of view, and in reality, how effective are they? Working scientists answer these questions by saying that their research is absolutely necessary if new therapies for human diseases are going to be developed. But is this really the case? Many people, including members of the general public and scholars in the humanities, have taken issue with the answers provided by science. Importantly, recent advances that employ new methodologies such as stem cell technology, genetic sequencing, and live human imaging have now rendered animal experimentation obsolete. This book describes how animal research began in antiquity as well as its subsequent historical and cultural development, what it is supposed to achieve, why it often fails, and what can expected in the future if we want to invent new therapies for human diseases. The book describes the rapidly developing field of stem cell research and the development of organoid systems that allow experiments to be performed on human tissues rather than animals, and how future scientists should be trained in the ethical appreciation of animal lives.
The Seminar
Authors: Miller Richard J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The author describes his thoughts while attending a lecture discussing experiments performed on a mouse into which investigators have inserted a large number of recording devices through which they can administer “aversive” stimuli and simultaneously monitor the animal’s brain activity and behavior. The experiments are scientifically interesting but objectively very cruel, although most members of the audience of professional scientists do not seem to see them that way. Why is this? The author starts to question the assumption that this kind of research really provides useful information that is relevant to humans. He also starts to think about whether there are better methods for answering questions about humans that don’t involve the abuse of animals, and concludes that such methods are now widely available and that animal experimentation is rapidly becoming obsolete as we enter a new era of biomedical research that is free of cruelty to animals.
Not Just Kids
Authors: Miller Richard J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
What are the ethical and philosophical arguments for and against animal experimentation? Are there alternative approaches that might be considered today? In the nineteenth century Jeremy Bentham raised the issue that harm to animals should be considered as a reflection of whether they can suffer rather than whether they are rational. Utilitarian arguments have been widely used in modern critiques of animal experimentation. In this regard the absolute value of many scientific publications can be seen to be negligible and do not support utilitarian arguments. Other civilizations, such as those in India, have offered the concept of ahimsa or opposition to violence as an approach when considering animal experimentation. PETA and other groups have contributed to a widespread popular movement that opposes animal experimentation. The laws in different countries differ widely with respect to their views on animal protection. The “three Rs” are widely considered as a starting point to discussions of animal welfare.
Introduction
Authors: Jenkins Katharine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This introduction outlines the main topics of the book and summarises the other chapters. The book argues that the fact of being socially constructed as a member of a certain social kind can, in some cases, be wrongful in and of itself. It is commonly recognised that the social arrangements that bring human social kinds (kinds such as judge or wife) into being can be unjust or even oppressive and that being made into a member of a human social kind can have unjust and oppressive consequences. This book goes further, arguing that we can and should subject human social kinds to direct normative assessment, and it offers philosophical tools for doing so. This introduction also outlines the author’s method, termed ‘emancipatory analytic philosophy’.
Race and Gender Identity Kinds and Ontic Oppression
Authors: Jenkins Katharine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces a third variety of race and gender kinds, ‘race and gender identity kinds’. A distinction is drawn between two senses of identity: identity as norm-relevancy and identity as identification. The chapter shows how both types of identity kind can be incorporated into the constraints and enablements framework. It argues that race and gender identity (as norm-relevancy) kinds cannot be ontically oppressive but that race and gender identity (as identification) kinds can, though they are not always ontically oppressive and can sometimes even serve an emancipatory function. Finally, the chapter shows how attending to identity kinds and the needs to which they can give rise draws our attention to a distinctive form of ontic oppression, ‘selective ontic oppression’, which affects some, but not all, individuals who are constructed as members of the relevant kind.
Conclusion
Authors: Jenkins Katharine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This conclusion briefly summarises the main arguments of the book and emphasises two cautionary messages. The first caution is against an all-or-nothing approach to applying the concept of ontic oppression to race and gender. Whilst it is important and illuminating to note the oppressive nature of some race and gender kinds, it is misleading and counterproductive to frame this as a general claim about race and/or gender as such. The second caution is against an approach to social ontology that aims to vindicate social practices that are conducive to emancipation by showing that such practices align with existing social kinds, thereby committing us to identifying social kinds with contours that support the sorts of social practices that will be effective in reducing oppression. However, given that social kinds can be ontically oppressive, there is no guarantee of our finding any such kinds.
The Coupling Paradigm
Authors: Gross Stephen G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows how German economists created a powerful paradigm to guide policymakers, by arguing that economic growth was inextricably and inherently coupled with growth in the supply of energy. This coupling paradigm let economists forecast the consumption and production of energy far into the future. Their framework initially reinforced the ideas of Ordoliberalism, that markets and competition were the best method of ensuring low energy prices and thus prosperity. West German economists diverged from American neoclassical economists, who were paying less attention to raw materials as a limit to growth in the 1950s and 1960s. German experts, by contrast, saw energy as a uniquely important input, and this led them to think more critically about energy security and crises. They developed different priorities than their peers in America, where the pursuit of growth trumped all else. Because development remained so tied to energy in German models, and because the nation’s prime energy was increasingly foreign oil, security came to rival growth as a goal.
Coda
Authors: Gross Stephen G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Coda brings the story of German energy policy up to the present, exploring the continuing conflict between advocates of the old coupling paradigm and the new paradigm associated with Ecological Modernization. While Germany mandated some of the strictest carbon reduction goals in the world and began to phase out nuclear power after Fukushima, it continued to face immense problems in implementing its climate targets. As a result of the persisting power of some conventional elites, who remained wedded to fossil fuels, brown lignite coal continued to dominate electricity production and the nation stumbled into ever greater reliance on natural gas from Russia. Nevertheless, mounting pressure from grassroots actors, new energy experts, and activist politicians managed to push through legislation in 2019 that aimed to phase out lignite coal, while the Russian invasion of Ukraine created a conjuncture of events that promised to reinvigorate a stalled green energy transition.