bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
V2V‐enabled cooperative adaptive cruise control strategy for improving driving safety and travel efficiency of semi‐automated vehicle fleet
Authors: Peng Liqun , Huang Ju , Zhou Tuqiang , Xu Shucai 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAlthough highly automated vehicle fleets have committed a safe and efficient traffic flow, the next few years are likely the human‐driven vehicles (HDV) and intelligent vehicles (IV) mixed in large‐scale traffic network, where the interaction of HDVs with IVs will become more frequent. In this study, the authors investigate the traffic flow performance in a widespread of V2V environment deployed for all types of HDVs and IVs, levelled from L0 to L5. Based on this assumption, the vehicle movements and operations are collected and assembled into a V2X BSM dataset, and to any vehicle in fleet, the sequential movements and driving behaviours of the vehicle ahead can be predicted in the short term and considered as the input to cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) model of the controlled vehicle. The predicted motion of the vehicle ahead is applied to rolling optimization process of a given MPC framework, which calculates appropriate longitudinal operation for each car‐following vehicle and keeps optimal equilibrium state of the vehicle fleets in heterogeneous traffic flow. The experimental results showed that when the front vehicle generates random acceleration/deceleration in saturated and over saturated traffic state, in the car‐following case, the improved CACC controller maintains average car‐following distance at 20–40 m, the acceleration variation in the range [−0.1, 0.25], the gap error changed within [−10, 13], and controls the relative speed variation from −0.25 to 0.3 m/s, compared to an average headway of 20–140 m, acceleration variation in the range [−1.6, 0.65], gap error changed within [−21, 30], and a relative speed variation from −1.75 to 4.1 m/s by the traditional CACC controller. In the car‐in and car‐out cases, the vehicle controlled by the improved CACC controller had a travel displacement of 4050 m, a speed fluctuation interval of [18.7, 27.7], and an acceleration variation range of [−0.15, 0.2], while the vehicle controlled by the traditional MPC controller had a travel displacement of 3800 m, a speed fluctuation interval of [13.8,27.7] and an acceleration variation range of [−2.9, 0.6]. The improved CACC model can adapt more accurately and quickly to the maneouvre of vehicle ahead in V2V environment, which can effectively improve the capacity of heterogeneous traffic flow and the safety and comfort of driving.
Study on a hybrid algorithm for accurate ripple detection in DC microgrids
Authors: Zhang Yongjun , Chen Mingli , Deng Wenyang , Zhong Kanghua 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWith the advantages of the low cost of transmission lines and high efficiency, the DC microgrid has become a rising star in the low‐voltage network. However, multi‐source and multi‐transformation characteristics in DC microgrids will lead to the existence of various forms of ripple generation sources in the system. The existence of a large amount of ripple not only directly cause the reduction of power quality of DC microgrids, but also decreases the accuracy of electricity billing. It is vital to achieving accurate ripple detection for the reliable power supply of the DC microgrid. A DC‐side ripple detection method, which combines the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), Variational Modal Decomposition (VMD), and Hilbert Transform (HT), is therefore investigated and proposed here. Firstly, the sample entropy (SampEn) is used as the fitness function, applied the whale optimization algorithm, is to determine the optimal decomposition scale and penalty factor, of the variational modal decomposition; then, the ripple‐containing DC signal is decomposed into a series of eigenmodal components (imf) by the optimized variational modal decomposition algorithm. Finally, the Hilbert Transform is performed to obtain the amplitude and frequency of the ripple components. To prove the effectiveness, the proposed method is compared with the conventional Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and the VMD algorithm, by testing simulated DC signals without and with noise. Results show that the proposed method has higher accuracy and noise robustness than the EMD and VMD algorithms.
Surgery for Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome and the Role of the Perfusionist
Authors: Brodie John E. , Edwards Fred H. , Danshaw Craig B. 
Published: August 2023

Surgical treatment of Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) is increasing dramatically and perfusionists should be familiar with the methods used in this procedure. Cardiac surgeons are being trained in this procedure in increasing numbers and hospitals are rapidly starting programs of surgery for certain arrhythmias. The success of the operation over the past 20 years has ensured that the number of procedures will increase as results continue to improve. In view of the safety and gratifying long-term results achieved in patients with a variety of supraventricular dysrhythmias, it has become apparent that early surgical intervention is generally preferable to chronic pharmacological therapy (1).
Surgery for WPW syndrome requires team work even more than other cardiac procedures. The surgical procedures used require either cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) or immediate standby in case of complications. In addition, operation of the cryoablation machine used in some procedures is most appropriately delegated to the perfusion team. The perfusionist must be thoroughly familiar with the techniques used and the varying aspects of each procedure.
Effect of Oxygen Flow on pCO2 and pO2 During Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Man
Authors: Baraka Anis , Haroun Sania , Baroody Maurice , Nawfal Maud , Dabbous Aliya , Sibaii Abla , Jamal Salim , Shamli Sana 
Published: August 2023

The effect of oxygen flow on arterial pO2 and pCO2 was investigated during cardiopulmonary bypass in three groups of patients undergoing open heart surgery. A Bentley-10 adult bubble oxygenator was used in all patients. The perfusion was maintained in the three groups at a constant flow of 2.31/m2/min throughout bypass. The oxygenator was bubbled in Group 1 by oxygen at an oxygen:perfusion ratio of 0.75:1.0 while 1.0:1.0 ratio was used in Group 2 and 1.5:1.0 ratio was used in Group 3. After going on bypass, moderate hypothermia was achieved, and the patients were rewarmed when surgery was completed.
The report shows that the arterial pCO2, and pO2 may be determined during cardiopulmonary bypass by the bubbled oxygen flow. Increasing the oxygen:perfusion ratio from 0.5:1.0 to 1.0: 1.0 is associated with a significant decrease of pCO2 and increase of pO2. Further increase of the oxygen:perfusion ratio to 1.5:1.0 resulted in further decrease of pCO2 without a significant increase of pO2. The results suggest that optimal oxygenation and carbon dioxide elimination can be achieved by using an oxygen:perfusion ratio 1.0:1.0 during hypothermia and following rewarming.
Clinical Accuracy of Continuous Hemoglobin Oxygen Saturation Monitoring Devices
Authors: Bolen Gregory Z. , Anderson Gary E. , Huddleson James R. , Riley Jeffrey B. , Sutton Robin G. , Bishop David G. 
Published: August 2023

Three devices used to measure hemoglobin oxygen saturation in the extracorporeal circuit were studied and compared to a control. The Baxter Bentley OxySat, Oximetrix Accusat, and the Radiometer ABIA blood gas monitor were compared to a control, the IL 282 Co-Oximeter. Fifty-one sample points were obtained during all phases of cardiopulmonary bypass with results as follows:

Table 1
Comparison of oxygen saturation devices.

r

DIFF
SD
p

ACCUSAT
0.94
p<.0001
-0.6
3.2
0.1834
NS

ABL-4
0.93
p<.0001
-1.7
3.3
0.0008
S

OXYSAT
0.87
p<.0001
-6.8
4.4
0.0001
S

r = correlation coefficient with corresponding p value, DIFF = difference from IL282,
SD = Standard deviation of difference, p = p value for testing the hypothesis of no difference between test device and IL282, NS = no significant difference,
S = significant difference.

The Accusat was found to be a statistically more accurate means of monitoring hemoglobin oxygen saturations during cardiopulmonary bypass than the ABL4 and the OxySat. All devices had significant correlation with the control and with each other.
Alpha-Stat versus pH-Stat: Implications for the Brain During Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Murkin John M. 
Published: August 2023

During cardiac surgery, systemic hypothermia is often utilized to augment cardioplegic myocardial preservation. The ensuing reduction in metabolic activity is directly related to the decrease in temperature as predicted by Vant Hoff's law. Lowered metabolic-activity decreases oxygen utilization, thus increasing tissue tolerance for reductions in oxygen delivery.
Among numerous other physiologic effects, hypothermia increases the solubility of O2 and CO2 in blood, producing a fall in gaseous partial pressures, while total gas content remains unchanged. When this occurs with CO2, the corresponding rise in pH may be perceived as a "respiratory alkalosis."
Percutaneous Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Whittaker S. , Rees M.R. , Hick D.C. , Browne T. , Tan L.B. , Nair U. , Davies G.A. 
Published: August 2023

We have employed a percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass (PCPB) system during high risk interventional procedures in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Eight patients (group 1) were elective and six (group 2) were emergencies. Group 1 (ages 39 - 80 years, mean 56 years) includes seven patients who were high risk percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and one patient who underwent balloon aortic valvuloplasty. Group 2 (ages 54 - 80 years, mean 66 years) were in cardiogenic shock, five of whom had arrested.
All patients were fully heparinized (300 iu•Kg1) prior to percutaneous insertion of 17 - 19F cannulae. Group 1 patients underwent ilio-femoral angiography prior to cannulae insertion.
Mean bypass time was 103 minutes (range 37 - 231 minutes) in group 1 and 406 minutes (range 40 -1781 minutes) in group 2. Bypass was instituted at a flow of 0.5 1•min-1 in group 1, flow was increased if chest pain, ECG changes or hypotension occurred, (maximum flow 0.5-2.5 1•min-1 mean flow 1.7 1•min-1) Maximum bypass flow in group 2 was 4 - 5.5 1•min-1 (mean 4.5 1•min-1). Mean fluid infusion during PCPB was 200 ml•hour-1 in group 1 and 385 ml•hour-1 in group 2.
The mortality was four patients, all in group 2. Three patients were unable to support their circulation when weaned from PCPB and one patient had a massive intrathoracic bleed such that PCPB could not be maintained. There were no procedural complications associated with cannulae insertion or perfusion management. Of the survivors two had an unexplained haematuria (normal plasma haemoglobin). Two patients bled from the cannulation site following cannulae removal, haemostasis was achieved without surgical intervention.
Comparing Ultrafiltration and Centrifugation During and After Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Traynor L , Sutton R , Riley J , Crawford FA , Sade RM 
Published: August 2023

Blood processing techniques related to pediatric cases have previously been generalized from adult experiences.
Twenty-two pediatric patients (<25 kilograms) undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for various congenital defects were prospectively randomized into an ultrafiltration or centrifugation group. Sixty-one variables were compared.
The blood infused from the ultrafiltration technique contained significantly more heparin (p=0.0001) and more plasma-free hemoglobin (PFH) (p=0.0001) levels than the centrifugation blood. Centrifugation patients had a significantly higher hematocrit (p=0.0066) than the ultrafiltration group twenty minutes postoperatively. The ultrafiltration patients (mean=431.82cc±116.8) received less total packed red blood cell volume before and during bypass than the centrifugation group (mean=534.091cc±113.07). In the centrifugation group, wash volumes showed positive correlation to postoperative blood sodium levels (r= +0.4006, p< 0.05). No significant difference was found between postoperative and preoperative sodium levels (p> 0.05). PFH levels for both groups showed a significant positive correlation to postoperative creatinine levels (r= +.4029, p< 0.05) suggesting decreased postoperative renal function, but a significant negative correlation to post-bypass hematocrit (r= -.4548, p< 0.05). Post-bypass heparin levels in the circuit showed a significant positive correlation to heparin levels in the reinfusion blood for the ultrafiltration group (r= +.8025, p<0.05). Post-bypass PFH level in the circuit showed a significant positive correlation to PFH levels in the reinfusion blood for both groups (r= +.5339, p<0.05). No significant difference existed between the ultrafiltration and centrifugation groups for postoperative prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times.
For pediatric cases, the centrifugation technique was found to be superior for post-bypass blood processing based on a higher postoperative patient hematocrit and the presence of less heparin and less PFH in the reinfused blood. The ultrafiltration technique was found to be superior for intraoperative blood processing due to a lower total packed red cell volume addition before and during bypass.
Percutaneous Cardiopulmonary Support System for the Treatment of Fulminant Myocarditis
Authors: Koyama Tomio , Itoh Takeshi , Takasu Akihiko , Yamazaki Yoshihisa , Tsuboi Hideyuki , Sone Takahito , Tauchi Nobuo , Minakuchi Kazue , Sassa Hiromi , Murase Mitsuya 
Published: August 2023

We have developed a simple percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (PCPS) system. The circuit of the system is set up and sterilized beforehand and can be used promptly in an emergency situation. We used the PCPS on three patients with fulminant myocarditis and treated them successfully.
Case 1 was a 53-yr-old man and Case 2 was a 12-yr-old girl. They had failed to respond to treatment of their circulatory states with conventional therapy. Their circulatory states improved dramatically after application of PCPS with 2 L/min blood flow. They were weaned from PCPS after 107 and 227 hours use, respectively. Case 3 was a 37-yr-old woman who developed ventricular fibrillation which was resistant to drug therapy and cardioversion. After starting PCPSwith4 L/min blood flow, arrhythmia disappeared and her circulatory state improved. She was successfully weaned after 39-hour of PCPS.
Patients with fulminant myocarditis fall into circulatory collapse which is resistant to conventional therapy, but there is a possibility that cardiac function will recover after the acute phase of myocarditis. Therefore, PCPS can be the only treatment of the circulatory collapse of fulminant myocarditis, which is refractory to conventional therapy.
Does Cardioplegic Protection of the Pediatric Patient Heart Vary According to the Cardiac Defect?
Authors: Stammers Alfred H. , Riley Jeffrey B. 
Published: August 2023

The technique of myocardial protection utilized during pediatric cardiac surgery may be influenced by the congenital lesion, and be related to the pathophysiological changes associated with myocardial dysfunction and altered systemic and pulmonary circulations. The present study is a retrospective examination of the cardioplegic and cardiopulmonary bypass parameters utilized during pediatric cardiac surgery.
1016 pediatric patients were subdivided according to cardiac lesion, with the following parameters recorded: Age at operation, weight, body surface area, cardioplegia (CP) volume administered, cardioplegia dose schedule, cardiopulmonary bypass and cross clamp times, and low perfusate temperature. Cardioplegia volume administration was indexed according to weight and body surface area and patients were categorized as being either acyanotic or cyanotic The following results (Mean ±SEM) were obtained between groups not significantly different in respect to weight and body surface area:

Defect
CP/Unit Weight (ml/Kg)
P Value

ASD vs Pulmonary Stenosis
26.7+0.8 vs 38.0±2.6
.001

ASD vs Pulmonary Atresia
26.7+0.8 vs 34.1+3.4
.001

A/VSD vs Truncus Arteriosus
30.5+2.1 vs 48.1+4.5
.009

VSD vs Tetralogy of Fallot
36.3+4.2 vs 35.2+1.1
.79

LV Outflow vs RV Outflow Lesions
32.3+2.8 vs 35.5+0.9
.27

Patients with pulmonary obstructive lesions had significantly more cardioplegic volume administered than certain acyanotic lesions. This may reflect a greater susceptibility to ischemic and reperfusion related phenomena in cyanotic compared to acyanotic patients. Cardioplegic protection of the pediatric heart may be influenced by multiple factors related to the cardiac lesion, necessitating preferential preservation strategies.
Coagulation Patterns in Perfusion with Low Systemic Heparinization
Authors: von Segesser L. K. , Weiss B. M. , Garcia E. , von Felten E. , Turina M. I. 
Published: August 2023

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with heparin coated perfusion equipment was realized in 13 patients undergoing myocardial revascularization with either low (ACT> 180) or full systemic heparinization (ACT>480). Blood samples for coagulation and other studies were drawn before, after heparin, and at regular intervals during and after CPB.

Heparinization
low
full
p<

Preop
ACT s
118±6
112±13
NS

PTT s
38±4
35±2
NS

TT s
14±1
14±1
NS

D-dimers mg/L
<05
<0.5
NS

Heparin
IU 103
8±2
51±9
.01

CPB 60 min
ACT s
230±19
594±287
.05

PTT s
56±9
94±63
.10

TT s
>200
>200
NS

D-dimers mg/L
<0.5
<0.5
NS

Protamin
IU 103
7±1
30±4
.01

60 min
ACT s
110±11
109±9
NS

PTT s
47±6
48±10
NS

TT s
19±6
19±8
NS

D-dimers mg/L
0.6±0.5
1.1±0.6
NS

Blood loss day 1 L/m2
0.4±0.1
1.0±1.0
.05

We conclude, that low dose systemic heparinization (16% of full) resulted in adequate anticoagulation during perfusion with heparin coated equipment and in reduced blood loss.
Plasmapheresis Techniques During Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Rasmussen Caroline R. , Stammers Alfred H. , Kratz John M. , Southworth Rhonda S. , Crumbley Arthur J. , Riggs Thomas R. , Crawford Fred A. 
Published: August 2023

Plasmapheresis is an aggressive autologous blood conservation method utilized in cardiac surgery to reduce patient exposure to homologous blood transfusion. Presently the three perioperative techniques which have been used clinically incorporate varying methodology in producing platelet rich plasma (PRP). However, no prospective randomized study has been made to concurrently examine the benefits of individual devices.
Fifty-two consenting adult cardiac patients who met selection criteria were randomly assigned to one of three plasmapheresis devices: Plasma Saver (PS), Cell Saver (CS), and Autotrans 1000 (AT 1000). Following induction of anesthesia, 20% of each patient's estimated plasma volume was removed, stored and then reinfused following the reversal of heparin with protamine. One hundred and twenty-two parameters were measured for each patient. These included anthropomorphic, operative, cardiopulmonary bypass, and postoperative follow-up parameters. Indices of hemostasis were measured which included coagulation screens and thrombelastographic data.
There were no differences between groups in all preoperative parameters including the volume of PRP removed. Fibrinogen levels in the PRP were 213.9 +/- 63, 219.4+/-73, and 188.9+/- 69mg/dl in groups PS,CS, and AT 1000 (p=NS), while platelet counts were 178.4 +/- 73, 121.6 +/- 85, and 210.6 +/- 77 109/L, respectively (p<.05 CS vs. AT). There were no differences in chest tube drainage, time on ventilator, or length of ICU stay between groups. However, patients in PS group had significantly lower discharge platelet counts than groups CS and AT 1000. Total homologous blood exposure rate (donor blood exposure per patient) was 8.2 units in group PS, 4.5 in CS, and 5.4 in AT 1000, (p=NS).
The currently available techniques for perioperative PRP production differ in both methodology and platelet yield, although the difference did not result in significantly different patient postoperative outcome indices.
Thrombus Formation in Centrifugal Pumps
Authors: Morin Bruce J. , Riley Jeff B. 
Published: August 2023

Three centrifugal flow pumps; the Biomedicus BP80, the Sarns Delphin and the Aries Lifestream 2100, were evaluated in vitro to determine each pump's individual tendencies for thrombus formation. Thrombogenic surfaces in the circuit were minimized by using heparin coated tubing and connectors. The centrifugal pumps, which were not heparin bonded, were placed in line in a circuit which consisted of a venous reservoir, a heat exchanger and a centrifugal pump.
One trial was performed for each of the three pumps by priming the circuits with approximately 500 ml of fresh heparinized bovine plasma. Protamine sulfate was titrated in slowly to decrease the activated clotting time (ACT) from an initial level of >600 seconds back to baseline. The thrombus formation was documented on videotape using a strobe lamp flashed at a frequency compatible with the pump's rpm.
Thrombus formation was observed in each of the centrifugal pumps we evaluated. We have determined that the centrifugal pump is a potential source of thrombus formation and it may result in an increased morbidity or mortality for the patient when used for cardiopulmonary bypass or ventricular assist without adequate systemic heparinization.
Laboratory Evaluation of a Low Prime ClosedCircuit Cardiopulmonary Bypass System
Authors: Sistino Joseph J. , Michler Robert E. , Mongero Linda B. 
Published: August 2023

We have explored the potential advantages of a low prime closed-circuit cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) system using a non-human primate model. Although manufacturers have reduced priming volumes in individual CPB components, the standard circuit volume remains high because of the tubing diameter and length necessary for gravity drainage. By replacing gravity drainage with the negative pressure generated by a centrifugal pump, we can realize significant tubing volume reduction.
Closed-circuit bypass was conducted on 13 baboons ranging from 5-15 kg. The circuit consisted of a centrifugal pump, a hollow fiber oxygenator, and l/4" arterial and venous tubing. The design of the circuit included the capacity to remove a limited amount of venous air. Circulatory arrest during deep hypothermia with volume displacement into a reservoir was also accomplished with this circuit.
The potential benefits of this low prime closed-circuit bypass system include blood conservation and reduction in blood surface area contact. The future safe clinical use of this type of closed-circuit bypass for routine open heart surgery will depend upon the incorporation of a device in the venous line to remove air. This is the greatest threat to patient safety in a closed circuit system and its use for open chest surgery must wait until an efficient venous air elimination device is available.