bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parallel spinor flows on three-dimensional Cauchy hypersurfaces
Authors: Murcia Ángel , Shahbazi C S 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The three-dimensional parallel spinor flow is the evolution flow defined by a parallel spinor on a globally hyperbolic Lorentzian four-manifold. We prove that, despite the fact that Lorentzian metrics admitting parallel spinors are not necessarily Ricci flat, the parallel spinor flow preserves the vacuum momentum and Hamiltonian constraints and therefore the Einstein and parallel spinor flows coincide on common initial data. Using this result, we provide an initial data characterization of parallel spinors on Ricci flat Lorentzian four-manifolds, which in turn yields the first initial data characterization of Ricci-flat pp-waves. Furthermore, we explicitly solve the left-invariant parallel spinor flow on simply connected Lie groups, obtaining along the way necessary and sufficient conditions for the flow to be immortal. These are, to the best of our knowledge, the first non-trivial examples of evolution flows of parallel spinors. Finally, we use some of these examples to construct families of

η

-Einstein cosymplectic structures and to produce solutions to the left-invariant Ricci flow in three dimensions. This suggests the intriguing possibility of using first-order hyperbolic spinorial flows to construct special solutions of curvature flows in Riemannian signature.
Millimeter-thick 3D tissues constructed by densely cellularized core–shell microfluidic bioprinting
Authors: Nie Minghao , Nagata Shogo , Oda Haruka , Takeuchi Shoji 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Recently, microfluidic bioprinting methods, which utilize microfluidic devices as printheads to deposit microfilaments, have improved printing resolution. Despite the precise placement of cells, current efforts have not succeeded in forming densely cellularized tissue within the printed constructs, which is highly desired for the biofabrication of solid-organ tissues with firm tissue consistency. In this paper, we presented a microfluidic bioprinting method to fabricate three dimension tissue constructs consisting of core–shell microfibers where extracellular matrices and cells can be encapsulated within the core of the fibers. Using the optimized printhead design and printing parameters, we demonstrated the bioprinting of core–shell microfibers into macroscale constructs and checked the viability of cells after printing. After culturing the printed tissues using the proposed dynamic culture methods, we analyzed the morphology and function of the tissues both in vitro and in vivo. The confluent tissue morphology in the fiber cores indicates the establishment of intensive cell–cell contacts in the fiber cores, which also leads to the upregulation of the albumin-secretion function compared to the cells cultured in a 2D format. Analysis on the cell density of the confluent fiber cores indicate the formation of densely cellularized tissues with a similar level of cell density of in-vivo solid organ tissues. In the future, better culture techniques with improved perfusion design are anticipated to enable further the fabrication of thicker tissues, which can be used as thick tissue models or implantation grafts for cell therapy.
Experimental investigation of the effect of skin-pass rolling reduction ratio on corrosion behaviors of AISI 304 stainless steel sheet materials
Authors: ÖZAKIN Batuhan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This study was carried out in order to reveal the effect of reduction ratio, one of the parameters of the skin-pass rolling manufacturing process of sheet metal materials, on the corrosion behaviours. In this experimental study, AISI 304 stainless steel sheet material samples were subjected to skin-pass rolling process with different reduction ratios (0.5%, 2.0%, 4.2% and 7.2%). The corrosion behaviours of skin-pass rolled AISI 304 stainless steel sheet material samples in 3.5% chloride solution was determined by potentiodynamic polarization curves. The changes in the surfaces were evaluated together with the surface roughness measurements and microstructure images. It was concluded that the increase in skin-pass rolling reduction ratio increased the corrosion resistance. The arithmetic mean roughness (Ra) did not give sufficient results to prove the finding that corrosion resistance improves as the reduction increases. The change of valleys and peaks in the roughness profile of the skin-pass rolled samples before and after corrosion was found to be evidence that the increase in reduction ratio improves corrosion resistance. As the skin-pass rolling reduction ratio increased was determined in the microstructural images that the amount of oxide layer increased and this situation was clarified from x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) findings. Electrochemical measurements, surface roughness profiles, microstructure images, and EDS analyses were obtained with results that support each other.
Synthesis of iron-substituted hydroxyapatite nanomaterials by co-precipitation method for defluoridation
Authors: Adamu Dagne Bayih , Zereffa Enyew , Segne Teshome Abdo , Razali Mohd Hasmizam , Lemu Bundi Roba 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The consumption of too much fluoride ions through drinking water can seriously harm human health. Thus fluoride ions need to be removed by the novel and efficient nanomaterials materials synthesized via eco-friendly method. The pure and iron-doped hydroxyapatites were synthesized using a simple co-precipitation technique for the removal of fluoride from water. The synthesized materials were characterized by advanced technical tools. The point of zero charge of the materials was determined by the salt addition method. Crystallite size and degree of crystallinity were observed to decrease with the substitution of calcium. However, the surface area and pore volume were found to have enhanced with modification of iron in the apatite. Batch adsorption experimental data were well fitted to pseudo-second order and Langmuir models, which implied that the sorption process is chemisorption through a monolayer on a homogenous surface. The maximum sorption capacities of HA and Fe-HA were found to be 40.46 and 83.86 mg g−1, respectively. The thermodynamic data revealed that the adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous. The regeneration and reuse analysis insured that the materials have good potential for reuse. The adsorption mechanism was inferred as chemisorption through electrostatic interaction and ion exchange. The modification of hydroxyapatite using iron considered as a competent sorbent for the removal of fluoride ions.
Feasibility and mixture performance assessment of waste oil based rejuvenators in high-RAP asphalt mixtures
Authors: Kaya Ozdemir Derya , Aghazadeh Dokandari Peyman , Raufi Hameedullah , Topal Ali , Sengoz Burak 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Asphalt pavements are amongst the most recycled materials in the contemporary world depending on the environmental and financial advantages. The introduction of Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) on newly produced asphalt pavement is possible by the utilization of rejuvenating agents, which should contain oily fractions. For this purpose, within the scope of this study, three types of agents with optimum amounts (by weight of bitumen) were utilized 5.4% Waste Engine Oil (WEO), 5.1% Waste Vegetable Oil (WVO), and 6.8% Commercial Rejuvenating Agent (CRA). The highest applicable RAP content in mixtures depends on the rejuvenator type determined by Marshall Mix Design tests (air voids, flow, and stability). Rejuvenation facilitated the use of 50 to 60% of additional RAP material in the mixtures depending on the rejuvenator type. Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) test results declared that RAP mixtures, when subjected to the rejuvenation process, resulted in relatively less brittleness and enhanced durability properties compared to the unmodified ones. Additionally, cost comparison analyses demonstrated encouraging results as the cost-benefit ratio exceeded up to 55% for mixtures involving high percentages of rejuvenated RAP. As a final analysis, Return on Investment (ROI) values were calculated for each rejuvenator type by the cost of upgrading the facility to handle RAP and the profit of RAP usage. Consequently, ROI was calculated as a return time in months, which unveils an extremely profitable opportunity in the industry.
Effect of abrasive water pressure on the surface layer characteristics of duplex stainless steel 2205
Authors: Liu Jiawei , Han Jingtao , Lu Ruilong , Wang Yu , Liu Cheng 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The martensitic stainless steel shot with a high number of cycles was applied to the abrasive water jet (AWJ) to study the effect of jet pressures on the surface layer characteristics of 2205 duplex stainless steel. The Almen strips (type A) quantitatively evaluate the AWJ intensity at jet pressures of 50 MPa, 60 MPa, and 70 MPa. The surface layer characteristics were comprehensively studied using scanning electron microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy, x-ray diffraction, electron backscatter diffraction techniques, and microhardness tester. It was found that with the increase of the jet pressure from 50 MPa to 60 MPa and 70 MPa, the AWJ intensity increased by 5.0% and 22% and the surface roughness for Ra increased by 16% and 37%. Residual compressive stresses existed in both phases to a depth of more than 200 μm. The austenite hardening rate is higher than that of ferrite, and the maximum residual compressive stress in austenite of the surface layer of the AWJ specimen occurred at the subsurface. The maximum residual compressive stress in ferrite occurred at the surface (50 MPa, 60 MPa) and subsurface (70 MPa). The hetero-deformation induced stresses formed during the plastic deformation of the heterostructured material made the austenitic residual compressive stresses in the surface layer slightly higher than those in ferrite. The surface grain refinement depth exceeded 150 μm, and the degree of austenite grain refinement was higher than that of ferrite. The fraction of deformation-induced martensite and the depth of phase transformation increased with the increase of jet pressure. These changes caused the surface hardening of the specimen, and the jet pressure had a significant effect on the depth of the hardened layer and the microhardness at depth greater than 50 μm.
Study of mixed-EHL traction coefficient between cam-roller follower interface under different operating conditions
Authors: Prajapati Deepak K , Prakash Chander 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In heavy duty vehicles, high power density (power throughput/weight) is desired to achieve the high fuel efficiency. The increasing demand of high power output results in harsh operating conditions (high load, high surface temperature) in which tribological components such as cam/roller follower are enforced to operate. The traction between cam-roller interface highly depends on the contact conditions between roller-pin interface, and the slippage between roller-pin interface may leads to high friction coefficient between cam/roller follower. In this work, a simplified mixed-EHL model is developed to study the traction between the cam/roller follower interface by considering coupling between roller-pin and cam-roller contacts. The develop mixed-EHL model is validated with published results in order to verify the correctness of the model. It is found that slide-to-roll ratio (SRR) increases with an increase in load torque. The effect of surface roughness on performance parameters is presented. Surface maps of SRR, lambda ratio and asperity load ratio for feasible range of maximum contact load and camspeed are also discussed.
Why Aren’t I Part of a Whale?
Authors: Builes David , Hare Caspar 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWe start by presenting three different views that jointly imply that every person has many conscious beings in their immediate vicinity, and that the number greatly varies from person to person. We then present and assess an argument to the conclusion that how confident someone should be in these views should sensitively depend on how massive they happen to be. According to the argument, sometimes irreducibly de se observations can be powerful evidence for or against believing in metaphysical theories.
Resolving Histological Inflammation in Ulcerative Colitis With Mirikizumab in the LUCENT Induction and Maintenance Trial Programmes
Authors: Magro Fernando , Pai Rish K , Kobayashi Taku , Jairath Vipul , Rieder Florian , Redondo Isabel , Lissoos Trevor , Morris Nathan , Shan Mingyang , Park Meekyong , Peyrin-Biroulet Laurent 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Background and Aims
To evaluate the effect of mirikizumab, a p19-targeted anti-interleukin-23, on histological and/or endoscopic outcomes in moderately-to-severely active ulcerative colitis [UC].

Methods
Endoscopic remission [ER], histological improvement [HI], histological remission [HR], histological-endoscopic mucosal improvement [HEMI], and histological-endoscopic mucosal remission [HEMR] were assessed at Week [W]12 [LUCENT-1: N = 1162, induction] and W40 [LUCENT-2: N = 544, maintenance] for patients randomised to mirikizumab or placebo. Analyses were performed to evaluate predictors of: HEMI at W12 with mirikizumab and HEMR at W40 in patients re-randomised to subcutaneous [SC] mirikizumab; associations between W12 histological/endoscopic endpoints and W40 outcomes in mirikizumab responders re-randomised to mirikizumab SC; and associations between W40 endoscopic normalisation [EN] with/without HR.

Results
Significantly more patients treated with mirikizumab achieved HI, HR, ER, HEMI, and HEMR vs placebo [p &lt;0.001], irrespective of prior biologic/tofacitinib failure [p &lt;0.05]. Lower clinical baseline disease activity, female sex, no baseline immunomodulator use, and no prior biologic/tofacitinib failure were predictors of HEMI at W12 [p &lt;0.05]. Corticosteroid use and longer disease duration were negative predictors of achieving HEMR at W40 [p &lt;0.05]. W12 HI, HR, or ER was associated with W40 HEMI or HEMR [p &lt;0.05]; ER at W12 was associated with clinical remission [CR] [p &lt;0.05] and corticosteroid-free remission [CSFR] at W40 [p = 0.052]. HR and HEMR at W12 were associated with CSFR, CR, and symptomatic remission at W40. Alternate HEMR [EN + HR] at W40 was associated with bowel urgency remission at W40 [p &lt;0.05].

Conclusions
Early resolution of endoscopic and histological inflammation with mirikizumab is associated with better UC outcomes. Clinicaltrials.gov: LUCENT-1, NCT03518086; LUCENT-2, NCT03524092.
Sex-biased gene expression at single-cell resolution: cause and consequence of sexual dimorphism
Authors: Darolti Iulia , Mank Judith E 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Gene expression differences between males and females are thought to be key for the evolution of sexual dimorphism, and sex-biased genes are often used to study the molecular footprint of sex-specific selection. However, gene expression is often measured from complex aggregations of diverse cell types, making it difficult to distinguish between sex differences in expression that are due to regulatory rewiring within similar cell types and those that are simply a consequence of developmental differences in cell-type abundance. To determine the role of regulatory versus developmental differences underlying sex-biased gene expression, we use single-cell transcriptomic data from multiple somatic and reproductive tissues of male and female guppies, a species that exhibits extensive phenotypic sexual dimorphism. Our analysis of gene expression at single-cell resolution demonstrates that nonisometric scaling between the cell populations within each tissue and heterogeneity in cell-type abundance between the sexes can influence inferred patterns of sex-biased gene expression by increasing both the false-positive and false-negative rates. Moreover, we show that, at the bulk level, the subset of sex-biased genes that are the product of sex differences in cell-type abundance can significantly confound patterns of coding-sequence evolution. Taken together, our results offer a unique insight into the effects of allometry and cellular heterogeneity on perceived patterns of sex-biased gene expression and highlight the power of single-cell RNA-sequencing in distinguishing between sex-biased genes that are the result of regulatory change and those that stem from sex differences in cell-type abundance, and hence are a consequence rather than a cause of sexual dimorphism.
Cross-National and Cross-Generational Evidence That Educational Attainment May Slow the Pace of Aging in European-Descent Individuals
Authors: Sugden Karen , Moffitt Terrie E , Arpawong Thalida Em , Arseneault Louise , Belsky Daniel W , Corcoran David L , Crimmins Eileen M , Hannon Eilis , Houts Renate , Mill Jonathan S , Poulton Richie , Ramrakha Sandhya , Wertz Jasmin , Williams Benjamin S , Caspi Avshalom 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Individuals with more education are at lower risk of developing multiple, different age-related diseases than their less-educated peers. A reason for this might be that individuals with more education age slower. There are 2 complications in testing this hypothesis. First, there exists no definitive measure of biological aging. Second, shared genetic factors contribute toward both lower educational attainment and the development of age-related diseases. Here, we tested whether the protective effect of educational attainment was associated with the pace of aging after accounting for genetic factors.

Methods
We examined data from 5 studies together totaling almost 17,000 individuals with European ancestry born in different countries during different historical periods, ranging in age from 16 to 98 years old. To assess the pace of aging, we used DunedinPACE, a DNA methylation algorithm that reflects an individual’s rate of aging and predicts age-related decline and Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders. To assess genetic factors related to education, we created a polygenic score based on the results of a genome-wide association study of educational attainment.

Results
Across the 5 studies, and across the life span, higher educational attainment was associated with a slower pace of aging even after accounting for genetic factors (meta-analysis effect size = −0.20; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.30 to −0.10; p = .006). Further, this effect persisted after taking into account tobacco smoking (meta-analysis effect size = −0.13; 95% CI: −0.21 to −0.05; p = .01).

Discussion
These results indicate that higher levels of education have positive effects on the pace of aging, and that the benefits can be realized irrespective of individuals’ genetics.
A Sister-Group Comparison of Branching and Pedicellariae in Brittlestars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)
Authors: Turner R L , O'Neill B O 
Published: April 2023

Synopsis
Branching of arms and presence of pedicellariae are characters among ophiuroids found only in the order Euryalida (snakestars and basketstars). Family Asteronychidae has neither character; family Euryalidae has 2 small clades with branched arms; and family Gorgonocephalidae has all species with pedicellariae and 3 or 4 clades with branched arms. Despite the rare occurrence of these characters in the Ophiuroidea, they might be key adaptations within the Euryalida that have led to relatively high diversification. Sister-group comparison of the distribution of these 2 characters among taxa indicates that neither character alone explains diversity patterns within the order. In particular, branching restricted to the tips of arms seems not strongly adaptive, probably for the lack of integration of basal forks with the disc. On the other hand, 2 clades of gorgonocephalids with basal branching exceed their snakestar sister groups in numbers of species, indicating an advantage of branching within the family. Unfortunately, the analysis cannot benefit from statistics, for at least 5 independent comparisons are required for a one-tailed sign test. Because branching and pedicellariae are probably not independent variables, future sister-group comparisons should be done only within the Gorgonocephalidae once clade structure is better clarified with increased taxon sampling (10 currently missing genera) and resolution of intra-generic inconsistencies in the most recent cladograms available. Branching might confer upon gorgonocephalid basketstars a more efficient use of pedicellariae for upstream capture of zooplankton over their snakestar relatives as well as over the Euryalidae, which retain ancestral downstream capture by mucus-laden podia.
Therapeutic compounds from medicinal plant endophytes: molecular and metabolic adaptations
Authors: Sharma Garima , Agarwal Surbhi , Verma Kavita , Bhardwaj Rashmi , Mathur Vartika 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
During the last few decades, endophytes have attracted increased attention due to their ability to produce a plethora of bioactive secondary metabolites. These compounds not only help the endophytes to outcompete other plant-associated microbes or pathogens through quorum sensing, but also enable them to surmount the plant immune system. However, only a very few studies have described the interlink between various biochemical and molecular factors of host-microbe interactions involved in the production of these pharmacological metabolites. The peculiar mechanisms by which endophytes modulate plant physiology and metabolism through elicitors, as well as how they use transitional compounds of primary and secondary metabolism as nutrients and precursors for the synthesis of new compounds or enhancing existing metabolites, are still less understood. This study thus attempts to address the aspects of synthesis of such metabolites used in therapeutics by the endophytes in the light of their ecological significance, adaptation, and intercommunity interactions. Our study explores how endophytes adapt to the specific host environment, especially in medicinal plants that produce metabolites with pharmacological potential and simultaneously modulate host gene expression for the biosynthesis of these metabolites. We also discuss the differential interactions of fungal and bacterial endophytes with their hosts.
Laser–tissue interaction simulation considering skin-specific data to predict photothermal damage lesions during laser irradiation
Authors: Kim Hyo-Jin , Um Seung-Hoon , Kang Yong Guk , Shin Minwoo , Jeon Hojeong , Kim Beop-Min , Lee Deukhee , Yoon Kyungho 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to develop a simulation model that accounts for skin-specific properties in order to predict photothermal damage during skin laser treatment. To construct a computational model, surface geometry information was obtained from an optical coherence tomography image, and the absorption coefficient of the skin was determined through spectrophotometry. The distribution of the internal light dose inside the skin medium was calculated using the light propagation model based on the Monte Carlo method. The photothermal response due to the absorption of laser light was modeled by a finite difference time domain model to solve the bio-heat transfer equation. The predicted depth and area of the damaged lesions from the simulation model were compared to those measured in ex vivo porcine skin. The present simulation model gave acceptable predictions with differences of approximately ∼10% in both depth and area.