bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pragmatics as a Pedagogical Target
Authors: Bardovi‐Harlig Kathleen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Pragmatics is the study of language use. It encompasses how speakers say what to whom in a given speech community. The teaching of pragmatics involves helping language learners learn what to say in situations (sociopragmatics) and how to say it (pragmalinguistics) as well as what not to say. Different languages, cultures, and speech communities often have different pragmatics, which creates the need to learn pragmatics along with other aspects of language. Research into the effect of instruction on pragmatics shows that instruction is effective across a range of learner and contextual variables including proficiency, instructional context, types of instruction, pragmatic targets, and ways in which development is measured. Although pragmatics researchers have demonstrated that the effects of instruction on pragmatics are very robust, the teaching of pragmatics in language classrooms lags behind more traditional areas of teaching, such as grammar and pronunciation. This entry discusses what pragmatics is, what makes it an important target of instruction and how it is different from traditional areas of teaching, the relation of pragmatics to existing approaches to teaching, and pedagogical proposals for teaching pragmatics. It then reviews the major findings of instructional effect studies and what challenges have to be met in order to see curriculum‐level integration of pragmatics and what possible solutions might be. The entry ends by considering possible future directions for the teaching of pragmatics.
Corpus Linguistics as a Pedagogical Tool
Authors: Tracy‐Ventura Nicole , Braidi Susan M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This entry describes how corpus linguistics and corpora have been utilized in language teaching, both in direct and indirect ways. First, we explain the many ways that corpora can support learning, in particular with data‐driven learning and corpus‐based reference works. Next, we describe how corpora can support teaching, highlighting how corpora provide empirically based evidence about the frequency of different words and phrases across registers, how concordancing programs can help us explore the meanings of words and phrases in context, and how corpora provide a source of authentic language that can be especially important in foreign language contexts in which access to naturalistic language is limited. We conclude the entry by discussing challenges to utilizing corpora in language teaching (e.g., limited teacher training), and highlighting some areas for future research.
Atomic‐Scale Configuration Enables Fast Hydrogen Migration for Electrocatalysis of Acidic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Wang Yaobin , Lu Qian , Li Feng , Guan Daqin , Bu Yunfei 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe efficiency of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts under acidic conditions is largely determined by the equilibrium of hydrogen adsorption/desorption on the catalyst surface. A promising strategy for enhancing the performance of multimetal‐supported HER electrocatalysts is the utilization of hydrogen spillover. However, current heterostructured catalysts often present challenges such as high interfacial transport barriers, extended reaction paths, and intricate synthesis processes. Addressing these limitations, a novel orthorhombic SrHf1−xRuxO3−δ perovskite oxide is proposed as an exemplary model for an atomic‐level configuration design strategy. This material exhibits a unique synergistic effect of multiple atomic‐level catalytic sites between Hf/Ru pairs, overcoming the aforementioned challenges. This study presents a new cooperative mechanism for HER, consisting of three steps: proton adsorption on the Hf site, hydrogen migration via a strong O‐bridge site, and H2 detachment from the Ru active site. The high conductivity and unusual charge redistribution within the Hf‐O‐Ru structure further enhance the specific acidic HER activity of SrHf1−xRuxO3−δ. This research paves the way for designing high‐performance HER catalysts for acidic media, leveraging hydrogen spillover and atomic‐scale configurations. The findings have significant implications for the development of efficient, cost‐effective, and environmentally friendly hydrogen production technologies.
Multifunctional Electrolyte Additives for Better Metal Batteries
Authors: Zhu Yuxuan , Ge Mengya , Ma Fengcan , Wang Qinghong , Huang Peng , Lai Chao 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe high energy density of rechargeable metal (Li, Na, and Zn) batteries has garnered a lot of interest. However, the poor cycle stability and low Coulomb efficiency(CE), which are mostly brought on by side reactions and dendrite development on the metal anode, place a cap on commercialization. The rational design of electrolytes via incorporating a small dose of additives is a simple, yet effect strategy to address the above issues. The majority of additives govern uniform metal deposition and significantly improve the cycling performance of metal anodes. However, the battery is a complex system and the electrolyte affects both the anode and cathode. Complex reactions during discharge/charge process put forward higher requirements for the functionality of electrolytes, such as improving the stability of the cathode and flame retardant. Thus, multifunctional additives are necessary and have more advantages in building high‐performance metal batteries. The recent developments in multifunctional additives for stable and dendrite‐free Li/Na/Zn anodes are the major focus of this review. Breakthrough research on multifunctional additives toward the durable cathode and high‐compatible electrolytes is also highlighted. Finally, the critical challenges and new perspectives on the optimization of electrolyte formulation via multifunctional additives are emphasized. This review will provide important insight to develop more effective electrolytes for high‐performance rechargeable metal batteries.
Organic Diamine‐Regulated Vanadium Oxides as Cathode Materials for High‐Performance Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Han Xu , Qiu Tianyu , Li Meiwei , Du Jing , Tang Wensi , Cheng Sihang , Yao Ruiqi , Li Yingqi , Tan Huaqiao , Wang Yonghui , Li Yangguang 
Published: June 2023

AbstractPre‐intercalating ions between VO layers is considered to be an effective strategy to modulate the interlayer spacing of 2D vanadium oxides. However, the rigid pre‐intercalated ions hardly keep stable during repeated charging/discharging process and their sizes limit the extent of interlayer spacing expansion, which inevitably lead to poor rate capability and cycle stability. In this work, aliphatic diamines are adopted as pre‐intercalated guests to elastically modulate the interlayer spacing of VO layers by tuning the chain length of the organic diamine molecules. Benefiting from the strong interaction between the terminal doubly protonated amine and the polar negative oxygen bridge of the VO layers, the aliphatic diamine molecules can act as a structural stabilizer between the layers and boost fast Na ion diffusion (10−8 to 10−10 cm2 s−1). The sodium ion battery based on the first synthesized 1,6‐hexanediamine pre‐intercalated vanadium oxide supported on nickel foam hybrid cathode achieves a large specific capacity of 597 mAh g−1 at 0.09 A g−1, as well as superior rate performance and cycling stability. This work provides a strategy to elastically modulate 2D layered materials with tunable interlayer spacing for batteries based on large‐size‐ions.
Directional Reconstruction of Iron Oxides to Active Sites for Superior Water Oxidation
Authors: Liu Hai‐Jun , Zhang Shuo , Yang Wen‐Yu , Yu Ning , Liu Chun‐Ying , Chai Yong‐Ming , Dong Bin 
Published: June 2023

AbstractRationally constructing and manipulating the in situ formed catalytically active surface of catalysts remains a tremendous challenge for a highly efficient water electrolysis. Herein, an anion and cation co‐induced strategy is presented to modulate in situ catalyst dissolution‐redeposition and to achieve the directional reconstruction of Zn and S co‐doped Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 on iron foams (Zn,S‐Fe2O3‐Fe3O4/IF), for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Benefiting from Zn, S co‐doping and the presence of Fe3O4, a directionally reconstructed surface is obtained. The Fe2O3 in the Zn,S‐Fe2O3‐Fe3O4/IF is directionally reconstructed into FeOOH (Zn,S‐Fe3O4‐FeOOH/IF), in which the S leaching promotes the Fe dissolution and the Zn co‐deposition regulates the activity of the obtained FeOOH. Moreover, the presence of Fe3O4 provides a stable site for FeOOH deposition, and thus causes more FeOOH active components to be formed. Directionally reconstructed Zn,S‐Fe3O4‐FeOOH/IF outperformes many state‐of‐the‐art OER catalysts and demonstrates a remarkable stability. The experimental and density functional theory (DFT) calculation results show that the introduction of Zn‐doped FeOOH with abundant oxygen vacancies through directional reconstruction has activated lattice O atoms, facilitating the OER process on the heterojunction surface following the lattice oxygen mechanism (LOM) pathway. This work makes a stride in co‐induced strategy modulating directional reconstruction.
Redox Homeostasis Disruptors Based on Metal‐Phenolic Network Nanoparticles for Chemo/Chemodynamic Synergistic Tumor Therapy through Activating Apoptosis and Cuproptosis
Authors: Zhao Fan , Yu Hongyan , Liang Liying , Wang Chen , Shi Dier , Zhang Xiangyu , Ying Yao , Cai Wei , Li Wangchang , Li Juan , Zheng Jingwu , Qiao Liang , Che Shenglei , Yu Jing 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe combination of chemo/chemodynamic therapy is a promising strategy for improving antitumor efficacy. Herein, metal‐phenolic network nanoparticles (NPs) self‐assembled from copper ions and gallic acid (Cu‐GA) are developed to evoke apoptosis and cuproptosis for synergistic chemo/chemodynamic therapy. The Cu‐GA NPs are biodegraded in response to the highly expressed glutathione (GSH) in tumor cells, resulting in the simultaneous release of Cu+ and GA. The intracellular GSH content is dramatically reduced by the released GA, rendering the tumor cells incapable of scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and more susceptible to cuproptosis. Meanwhile, ROS levels within the tumor cells are significantly increased by the Fenton‐like reaction of released Cu+, which disrupts redox homeostasis and achieves apoptosis‐related chemodynamic therapy. Moreover, massive accumulation of Cu+ in the tumor cells further induces aggregation of lipoylated dihydrolipoamide S‐acetyltransferase and downregulation of iron‐sulfur cluster protein, activating cuproptosis to enhance the antitumor efficacy of Cu‐GA NPs. The experiments in vivo further demonstrate that Cu‐GA NPs exhibited the excellent biosafety and superior antitumor capacity, which can efficiently inhibit the growth of tumors due to the activation by the tumor specific GSH and hydrogen peroxide. These Cu‐based metal‐phenolic network NPs provide a potential strategy to build up efficient and safe cancer therapy.
Coplanar Conformational Structure of π‐Conjugated Polymers for Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Xu Man , Wei Chuanxin , Zhang Yunlong , Chen Jiefeng , Li Hao , Zhang Jingrui , Sun Lili , Liu Bin , Lin Jinyi , Yu Mengna , Xie Linghai , Huang Wei 
Published: June 2023

AbstractHierarchical structure of conjugated polymers is critical to dominating their optoelectronic properties and applications. Compared to nonplanar conformational segments, coplanar conformational segments of conjugated polymers (CPs) demonstrate favorable properties for applications as a semiconductor. Herein, recent developments in the coplanar conformational structure of CPs for optoelectronic devices are summarized. First, this review comprehensively summarizes the unique properties of planar conformational structures. Second, the characteristics of the coplanar conformation in terms of optoelectrical properties and other polymer physics characteristics are emphasized. Five primary characterization methods for investigating the complanate backbone structures are illustrated, providing a systematical toolbox for studying this specific conformation. Third, internal and external conditions for inducing the coplanar conformational structure are presented, offering guidelines for designing this conformation. Fourth, the optoelectronic applications of this segment, such as light‐emitting diodes, solar cells, and field‐effect transistors, are briefly summarized. Finally, a conclusion and outlook for the coplanar conformational segment regarding molecular design and applications are provided.
Defect‐Hydrogen Interactions in Top‐Anode Oxide Semiconductor Schottky Barrier Diode
Authors: Liu Fayang , Pan Wengao , Zheng Dawei , Cai Zeyu , Zhang Shengdong , Li Guijun , Tseng Man‐Chun , Yeung Fion Sze Yan , Lu Lei 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAs amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOSs) are hotly pursued for advanced displays, flexible electronics, optoelectronics, and neuromorphic systems, the AOS Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) have been tried only using the mainstream amorphous InGaZnO (a‐IGZO) and the conservative bottom‐anode structure. To deepen the study on AOS SBDs, the more challenging top‐anode SBD is developed in this work using a versatile but vulnerable AOS, amorphous InZnO (a‐IZO). Unsurprisingly, the Schottky interface defects are seriously increased by the top‐anode process and the defective a‐IZO, which cannot be effectively passivated using the incumbent oxidizing treatments. The hydrogenation is proposed to considerably suppress these annoying interface defects and thus correspondingly reduces the large leakage current, while the hydrogen doping easily deteriorates a‐IGZO SBD. The underlying mechanism of such distinction is revealed to be the tricky interactions between defect and hydrogen in AOSs. Based on the sophisticated utilization of such defect‐hydrogen interplay, the a‐IZO/a‐IGZO stack is hydrogenated together to simultaneously realize a high‐conductivity bulk and low‐defect interface, noticeably enhancing the performance metrics. Such top‐anode SBD based on hydrogenated multilayer AOSs successfully blazes a novel evolution path for AOS SBDs.
Highly Efficient and Spectrum‐Tunable Hybrid Tandem White Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Achieved by Strategic Exciton Management based on Ultrathin Emitting Layer Structures
Authors: Sun Weidong , Jiao Shujie , Li Shuaibing , Zhang Danyang , Xia Xiaoyang , Zhou Liang 
Published: June 2023

AbstractHighly efficient hybrid white organic light‐emitting diodes (WOLEDs) featuring a tunable spectrum are constructed based on a tandem structure composed of a blue thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) unit and a bluish‐green TADF/red phosphorescent unit (inserting red ultrathin light‐emitting layer (EML) into bluish‐green EML). The direct carriers’ trapping and multi‐channels energy transfer onto red phosphorescent molecules help to enhance red light preferentially, thus realizing re‐adjustment of the spectrum with increasing driving voltage. Finally, the corresponding WOLED exhibits the maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 44.26%, along with the shift of correlated color temperature (CCT) from 8945 K at 1000 cd m−2 to 5836 K at 5000 cd m−2, and thus to 5078 K at 10 000 cd m−2, achieving efficient spectrum‐tunable cool WOLED. Moreover, by introducing an ultrathin red TADF EML, the obtained WOLED (EQE of 35.67%) achieves obvious variations in chromaticity coordinates and CCT from (0.292, 0.296) and 8469 K at 1000 cd m−2 to (0.352, 0.355) and 4744 K at 5000 cd m−2, and thus to (0.389, 0.397) and 3930 K at 10 000 cd m−2, exhibiting abroad color shift from cool to warm white.
Single‐Solvent‐Based Electrolyte Enabling a High‐Voltage Lithium‐Metal Battery with Long Cycle Life
Authors: Li Yuanqin , Liu Mingzhu , Wang Kang , Li Chengfeng , Lu Ying , Choudhary Aditya , Ottley Taylor , Bedrov Dmitry , Xing Lidan , Li Weishan 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe application of Li‐metal‐anodes (LMA) can significantly improve the energy density of state‐of‐the‐art lithium ion batteries. Lots of new electrolyte systems have been developed to form a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) films, thereby achieving long‐term cycle stability of LMA. Unfortunately, the common problem faced by these electrolytes is poor oxidation stability, which rarely supports the cycling of high‐voltage Li‐metal batteries (LMBs). In this work, a new single‐component solvent dimethoxy(methyl)(3,3,3‐trifluoropropyl) silane is proposed. The electrolyte composed of this solvent and 3 m LiFSI salt successfully supports the long‐term cycle stability of limited‐Li (50 µm)||high loading LiCoO2 (≈20 mg cm−2) cell at 4.6 V. Experiments and theoretical research results show that the outstanding performance of the electrolyte in high‐voltage LMBs is mainly attributed to its unique solvation structures and its great ability to build a highly stable and robust interphase on the surface of LMA and high‐voltage cathodes. Interestingly, this proposed electrolyte system builds a stable SEI film rich in LiF and Li3N on the surface of LMA by improving the two‐electron reduction activity of FSI− without adding LiNO3, the well‐known additive used for LMBs. The design idea of the proposed electrolyte can guide the development of high‐voltage LMBs.
From inequity to access: Evidence‐based institutional practices to enhance care for individuals with disabilities
Authors: Rotoli Jason , Poffenberger Cori , Backster Anika , Sapp Richard , Modi Payal , Stehman Christine R. , Mirus Carl , Johnson Luke , Siegelman Jeffrey N. , Coates Wendy C. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractPeople with disabilities experience barriers to care in all facets of health care, from engaging with the provider in a clinical setting (attitudinal and communication barriers) to navigating a large institution in a complex health care environment (organizational and environmental barriers), culminating in significant health care disparities. Institutional policy, culture, and physical layout may be inadvertently fostering ableism, which can perpetuate health care inaccessibility and health disparities in the disability community. Here, we present evidence‐based interventions at the provider and institutional levels to accommodate patients with hearing, vision, and intellectual disabilities. Institutional barriers can be met with strategies of universal design (i.e., accessible exam rooms and emergency alerts), maximizing electronic medical record accessibility/visibility, and institutional policy development to recognize and reduce discrimination. Barriers at the provider level can be met with dedicated training on care of patients with disabilities and implicit bias training specific to the surrounding patient demographics. Such efforts are crucial to ensuring equitable access to quality care for these patients.
Energetic costs of testosterone in two subsistence populations
Authors: Trumble Benjamin C. , Pontzer Herman , Stieglitz Jonathan , Cummings Daniel K. , Wood Brian , Emery Thompson Melissa , Raichlen David , Beheim Bret , Yetish Gandhi , Kaplan Hillard , Gurven Michael 
Published: June 2023

AbstractObjectiveTestosterone plays a role in mediating energetic trade‐offs between growth, maintenance, and reproduction. Investments in a high testosterone phenotype trade‐off against other functions, particularly survival‐enhancing immune function and cellular repair; thus only individuals in good condition can maintain both a high testosterone phenotype and somatic maintenance. While these effects are observed in experimental manipulations, they are difficult to demonstrate in free‐living animals, particularly in humans. We hypothesize that individuals with higher testosterone will have higher energetic expenditures than those with lower testosterone.MethodsTotal energetic expenditure (TEE) was quantified using doubly labeled water in n = 40 Tsimane forager‐horticulturalists (50% male, 18–87 years) and n = 11 Hadza hunter‐gatherers (100% male, 18–65 years), two populations living subsistence lifestyles, high levels of physical activity, and high infectious burden. Urinary testosterone, TEE, body composition, and physical activity were measured to assess potential physical and behavioral costs associated with a high testosterone phenotype.ResultsEndogenous male testosterone was significantly associated with energetic expenditure, controlling for fat free mass; a one standard deviation increase in testosterone is associated with the expenditure of an additional 96–240 calories per day.DiscussionThese results suggest that a high testosterone phenotype, while beneficial for male reproduction, is also energetically expensive and likely only possible to maintain in healthy males in robust condition.
Risk Factors associated with Recurrent Acute Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Behnke John , Asadi Zayd Al , Lombardo Dominic , Cui Ruifeng , Ramadan Hassan H. , Makary Chadi A. 
Published: June 2023

Key points
Few studies have evaluated the association of recurrent acute rhinosinusitis (RARS) with other comorbidities.
Allergic rhinitis, asthma, primary antibody deficiency, and autoimmune disorders are associated with RARS.
Evaluation for these comorbidities should be considered when treating patients with RARS.
Hippocampal sclerosis of aging at post‐mortem is evident on MRI more than a decade prior
Authors: Ortega‐Cruz Diana , Iglesias Juan Eugenio , Rabano Alberto , Strange Bryan A. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIntroductionHippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS) is an important component of combined dementia neuropathology. However, the temporal evolution of its histologically‐defined features is unknown. We investigated pre‐mortem longitudinal hippocampal atrophy associated with HS, as well as with other dementia‐associated pathologies.MethodsWe analyzed hippocampal volumes from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) segmentations in 64 dementia patients with longitudinal MRI follow‐up and post‐mortem neuropathological evaluation, including HS assessment in the hippocampal head and body.ResultsSignificant HS‐associated hippocampal volume changes were observed throughout the evaluated timespan, up to 11.75 years before death. These changes were independent of age and Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology and were driven specifically by CA1 and subiculum atrophy. AD pathology, but not HS, was associated significantly with the rate of hippocampal atrophy.DiscussionHS‐associated volume changes are detectable on MRI earlier than 10 years before death. Based on these findings, volumetric cutoffs could be derived for in vivo differentiation between HS and AD.HIGHLIGHTS
Hippocampal atrophy was found in HS+ patients earlier than 10 years before death.
These early pre‐mortem changes were driven by reduced CA1 and subiculum volumes.
Rates of hippocampus and subfield volume decline were independent of HS.
In contrast, steeper atrophy rates were associated with AD pathology burden.
Differentiation between AD and HS could be facilitated based on these MRI findings.