bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case-Hardening With Ammonia Gas
Authors: Homerberg V. O. , Walsted J. P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
It has been the dream of metallurgists for many years to produce a steel of good toughness with maximum surface hardness and wear resistance. To produce these properties with a minimum of distortion has been the subject of much research work of a high order. In the past the most successful method of obtaining these properties has been by subjecting low-carbon steel to the action of a carburizing material at high temperatures. Under these conditions the steel takes up carbon in its surface layer, changing that portion of the material into a high-carbon steel capable of hardening, while the core remains low in carbon with the usual toughness and shock-resisting properties. By a suitable double heat-treatment the core can be brought to maximum physical properties while the case can be made hard and wear-resistant. This process of case-hardening by means of carbon is somewhat cumbersome. The necessary heat-treatment after carburizing is a frequent cause of distortion of the hardened parts.
A new process of case-hardening has been developed which has all the advantages of the older method. Besides being free from the troublesome warpage it surpasses the older method in the hardness of the case produced. The classic research of Doctor Fry at the Krupp Works, Essen, Germany, is responsible for the introduction of this valuable metallurgical development. Researches of a very high order in France and in this country have brought the process to its present high state of development. A great deal of credit is due Dr. Norton and Mr. De Fries of the Ludlum Steel Company for the excellent work which they did immediately after the introduction of this process into this country several years ago. This new process, known as “nitriding,” now a commercial success, is described by the authors in this paper.
Replacing Metals by Synthetic Resins—Phenol-Resinoid Molding Technique
Authors: Quigley Leon V. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
It is the purpose of this review to assist the engineer and mechanic whose experience has been chiefly with metals to get his bearings with regard to the synthetic resin plastics, which are becoming increasingly important in the metal trades. The paper deals particularly with that type of plastic or synthetic resin materials known as phenol resinoids. The review has involved a study of the literature of America, England, and the Continent covering the past five years, and relies also upon the technical archives of the American company which, during the past 20 years, since the inception of these materials, has been engaged in their manufacture.
Fundamentals of Machine Polishing
Authors: Kent Robert T. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The success of machine polishing depends on the proper coordination of the variables present in the work itself, in the polishing wheel, in the abrasive, in the machine, and in the glue used in setting up the polishing wheel. These variables are discussed in detail, and their relation to each other are set forth. Typical polishing machines are described, as well as examples of successful machine polishing.
Tool-Steel Tools
Authors: d’Arcambal A. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Metal-cutting tools offered the trade today are vastly superior in quality to tools of a decade ago. The factors that govern the life of metal-cutting tools made from carbon, alloy, and high-speed tool steels, namely, design, steel, and treatment, are discussed in this paper, particular stress being laid on the importance of correct design.
The important role played by cutting fluids or coolants as affecting the life of the tool, as well as the necessity of employing the proper grinding wheels and correctly using them, are also covered in some detail.
A Survey of Surface Quality Standards and Tolerance Costs Based on 1929-1930 Precision-Grinding Practice
Authors: Harrison R. E. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In an earlier paper presented at a meeting of the Chicago Section of the A.S.M.E. on March 18, 1929, the author reviewed the process of evolution through which the art of precision of cylindrical grinding had passed up to that date. This paper reviews some of the defects which exist in the present-day accepted standards of finish of mechanical components, and represents an endeavor to maintain continuity by carrying the discussion through to the present-day standards of finish attainable by the abrasive process. It is pointed out that it is useless to specify extremely close limits of accuracy unless the measurements are made across basically plane surfaces.
Size control and its effect on cost of production, as well as the length of useful life, is discussed, and better finishes are advocated as a means of reducing the ill effects of high initial wear. A scheme for the establishment of definite standards of finish is put forward, and a finish-calibrating instrument is described. Emphasis is laid on the fact that there is no available short-cut method of obtaining ultra-fine-finished surfaces with a minimum of initial wear, and the author points out that standardization of finishes can be attained at low cost with little disruption of present methods; also that the subject of longer useful life to mechanical components is closely interlocked with the provision of a better standard of finish and the attendant benefits derived from close adherence to true limits of accuracy.
Refinements in Finishing Cylindrical Bores
Authors: Hindes J. W. , Young James G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The limitations of boring, reaming, burnishing, and broaching as finishing operations on cylindrical bores have led to the general use of abrasives for such work. Improvements in manufactured abrasives and study of operating data, together with improved methods of application, have made grinding a precision process. The cost of operation and the difficulty of bearing maintenance of planetary-type grinders have brought about the use of the expanding grinder or so-called “honing” method. The latter method has the advantage of speed, improved accuracy and finish, and low cost. It also makes possible the precision grinding of long tubes, gun-barrel rifling, and bores with ports, keyways, and relieved portions.
Cemented Tungsten Carbide for Cutting Tools
Authors: St. Clair L. J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the author tells of the origin of cemented tungsten carbide and the most satisfactory method for making it. Because of its hardness its use for wear-resisting tools is valuable, and particular emphasis is placed on its use for cutting tools. The physical properties of cemented tungsten carbide and its economic value as a cutting medium are discussed. Design and care of the tools are essential factors in successful application. Proper support for the cemented-tungsten-carbide tip and allowance for proper clearance angles are essentials of design.
The tool set-up should be as rigid as possible, as chatter or vibration is detrimental to successful life. The critical speed at which the tool should run for a particular job should be determined, and the machine be operated below this. Grinding of the tool is important, and the author tells of proper grinding methods. Use of cemented tungsten carbide for cutting tools has resulted in increased machine speed, longer life per grind, reduced tool maintenance, less waste of material in setting up, and greater accuracy throughout a long run.
Materials-Handling Methods in the Fisk Tire Plant
Authors: Maynard C. E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper discusses the part that handling equipment has played in a program of cost reduction and quality improvement in the Fisk Tire Company Plant. In recent years there has been a tendency for the plant to become more “conveyorized,” coordinating groups of operations. The Trucking and Mechanical Departments are mainly responsible for the materials-handling equipment. The Engineering Department, a subdivision of the Mechanical Department, is expected to develop improvements. The cost of improvements has to be justified by a reduction in operating cost or an improvement in quality. There are no limitations on the cost of materials-handling equipment providing a saving can be made within a reasonable length of time. Comparing trucking costs of 1925 with the present, a 50 per cent reduction is noted. In spite of the tremendous savings that were made in materials-handling methods during the last four or five years, the possibilities of further improvement are far from being exhausted.
Handling Materials at the Postum Company
Authors: Pratt P. P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper offers a discussion of various types of conveyors in general use, together with descriptions of a few specialized conveyors. Practically every phase of manufacturing at the Postum plant embraces operations performed on the material in course of handling—especially is this true of modern automatic packaging machinery, referred to in this article. An enlarged section treats with the operation and mechanical details of the “intercommunicating pilot-car package-conveying system,” used as a connecting link between shipping points. This system automatically handles a wide variety of cased products and offers selective loading at each of four shipping points. It has effected quite considerable economies and has made it possible to utilize widely separated storage spaces, more or less as a unit.
Synchronization of Production Control With Conveyorization
Authors: Olin E. M. , Beattie W. C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Mass-production methods are applied to a plant making a variety of things by concentrating for a definite period on one thing, making a supply for distribution over a certain length of time, and then turning the plant’s efforts to producing another type of product. This paper deals with the production control of a partly conveyorized plant of the Westinghouse Company where 1500 operators produce certain domestic and commercial heating devices.
The Quiescent Combustion Chamber
Authors: Spanogle John A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The term “quiescent” is originated as describing more accurately than “non-turbulent” the condition of the combustion chamber in some fuel-injection engines at the time of injection of the fuel. Such a combustion chamber is considered quiescent if the movement of the air has no appreciable effect on the distribution of the fuel to the air with which it must unite during the process of combustion. Performance tests of a single-cylinder unit furnished the material for the paper, in the general program of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics in investigating the compression-ignition, fuel-injection engine as a source of power for aircraft. The simplest combustion chamber is the quiescent one, and the simplest injection orifice is the round hole; and the main tests were directed toward obtaining the optimum combination of these two elements.
Lubrication of Textile Machinery
Authors: Baudoin L. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Cotton textiles require absolute cleanliness during manufacture and finishing, and all operations including the lubrication of the equipment are secondary to this requirement. Present designs incorporate modern developments which aid lubrication, and also provide a reserve supply of lubricant with ample protection to the fabric. Frequent application of minimum quantities of lubricant is accepted practice, but “freak” oils are not necessary. A list is included which indicates the frequency of application, cleaning period, and the product required.
Repairing Oil Trunk Lines by Arc Welding
Authors: Horne Albert N. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Repairs to oil trunk lines should be made in the field without interruption to the service, and the methods of fixing up split joints, leaking couplings, and line breaks by the use of arc welding are described. Pipe line that has been corroded or that has become badly pitted also is patched and repaired by this means. Data are given to show that patch welding pays.
Developments in the Stabilization of Painting Practice for Wood
Authors: Browne F. L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Painting practice is changing from a craft to a part of engineering. The Forest Products Laboratory has tested the painting characteristics of softwoods. The tests included edge-grain and flat-grain boards, light woods consisting mostly of spring-wood and heavy woods with wide bands of summer-wood, white lead and prepared paint, various combinations of paint, linseed oil, thinner, and drier for the priming coat, and aluminum paint as a first coat. Conditions of dryness and of humidity entered into the tests. The basic factors responsible for the chief uncertainties of paint behavior were studied, and the way is pointed for a possible stabilization of painting practice for wood through further research.
The Problem of Catapulting Aircraft From Commercial Vessels
Authors: Fellers Wm. M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
After describing the catapult mechanism and the launching car, the author discusses the development of catapult launching by the U. S. Navy. Following this he outlines the several steps in launching a plane, stating the precautions which should be taken. In conclusion he discusses the possibilities of a ship-to-shore plane service, using catapults. It is his belief that the same mechanisms employed successfully in the Navy can be transferred almost intact to any commercial vessel, and that planes can be launched from shipboard with a degree of regularity and safety compatible with commercial operation.
Recent Developments in Aircraft Engines
Authors: Geisse John H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Improvements in engine design for airplanes during the year have been gradual. Production facilities now exceed the demand and developments should come more rapidly. There has been a trend during the year toward the “in-line” or air-cooled types of engines. However, the radial type still possesses a number of advantages. Manifolding in radial engines is quite a problem due to the impossibility of getting symmetry except in nine-cylinder types where three three-way manifolds may be used.
Cylinder construction with a steel sleeve having machined cooling fins and a cast-aluminum head is accepted quite generally, and there is a trend toward the use of heat-treated alloys for the crankcase. Many interesting developments in the Diesel types of airplane engines can be expected.
Development of the Drop-Forged Metal Propeller
Authors: Caldwell Frank W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the author tells of various types of metal propellers for airplanes, and their advantages and disadvantages. These include a tubular type, a type built up of various structural members riveted or welded together, the plate type, and the drop-forged type which is the latest development. Hollow blades of aluminum alloy suitable for drop forging are used. The weight of these is slightly more than similar wooden propellers, and the limit of life has not yet been established.
Installation of Air-Cooled Radial Engines
Authors: Taylor P. B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper tells of some of the installation problems of air-cooled radial engines, and the author points out some improvements that are desirable. Engine exhaust and cowling systems are described, and the purposes of carburetor air heaters and cleaners are given. Variation of the viscosity of oil with temperature, together with its low heat conductivity, causes many difficulties in the lubricating system. Oil foaming is another source of concern to designers. An effective method of preventing this is to discharge the oil on a plate sloping into the oil volume and allow it to run down the sides into the oil tank.
There are many types of fuel systems, and the author gives some general considerations that should be followed in installation. To provide for inverted flight requires special arrangements to give satisfactory results.
Silencing the Airplane
Authors: Dryden H. L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the author tells how sound is produced and defines intensity. Experiments and investigations made by the aeronautics branch of the Department of Commerce are described. These deal with the theory of engine mufflers and sound-proofing of airplane cabins. There appears to be no prospect that a device will be developed which at the cost of a pound or two of additional weight will eliminate the noise.
Metallizing the Airplane
Authors: Thaden H. V. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
At present there appears to be a gradual trend toward the use of metal in airplane construction. There are many design problems to be solved by research and experiments. Three basic materials or their alloys are now used in airplane construction. They are steel, aluminum, and magnesium. Extruded sections of duralumin can be formed readily and afford wide possibilities for moldings, trim, and primary structural members.
Internal cantilever wing bracing has developed to a point where it compares favorably in weight with externally braced structures. A smooth surface covering is most efficient, and rounding or filleting of corners and fairing the curves of the structure give high aerodynamic efficiency. The paper gives advantages and disadvantages of metal construction for airplanes.
The Problem of the Propeller With Minimum Loss of Energy
Authors: Pistolesi Enrico 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In previous papers the author has indicated the necessity of a thorough study of propeller problems, and has indicated the basis upon which such a study should be established. In his present contribution he undertakes to determine the distribution of velocity in an infinitely distant section of the slipstream which, for a given thrust, will result in a minimum loss of energy.
Natural Frequency of Gears
Authors: Peterson R. E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The natural frequency of machine parts as related to the noise problem in machine operation is discussed in a general manner. Vibration phenomena in disks and rings are described in detail, following which the author discusses the manner in which a gear vibrates at its natural frequency. An empirical formula is given for the natural frequency of a gear in terms of its dimensions and material.
Performance of Oil-Ring Bearings
Authors: Karelitz G. B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper comprises notes on the performance of oil-ring-lubricated bearings. The safety of the bearing determined by the minimum oil-film thickness is discussed; a diagram for computation of this value is given. The end leakage and the amounts of oil supplied by oil rings are shown, and the mechanism of operation of oil rings is described. The friction losses and the heat dissipation in oil-ring bearings are estimated and a way to predetermine the temperature rise of a bearing is indicated.
Crankless Reciprocating Machines
Authors: Michell Anthony G. M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The general features and properties of the crankless type of reciprocating machine, as compared with the crank-connecting-rod type, are described and illustrated. A few varieties of the crankless type are briefly described, including the author’s slant-slipper form of the mechanism. The limitations of the crank type are pointed out and it is suggested that mechanical science is due to supply a type of machine for various present and probable future applications not efficiently served by either purely rotary machines or reciprocating machines of the crank type. A case is presented for the crankless type as satisfying this need.
The Effect of Occasional Overstress and Subsequent Annealing on Chain Steel and Welded Chain Steel
Authors: Andrews H. Ivan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The results of the tests reported in this paper indicate that occasional overload tends to increase the static and fatigue strength of unwelded chain steel at the expense of the ability to resist the energy of shocks. They also indicate that the effect of annealing after overstress is to reduce the static and fatigue strength of the unwelded metal to values as low or lower than those for the metal before overstress, and that the benefit of annealing consists in the complete or partial restoration of the shock-resisting capacity of the metal.
Automotive Brakes With Servo-Action
Authors: Loewenberg F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The retardation produced in braking automotive vehicles results from the pressing of a fixed body against a moving surface. This paper discusses a method in which the friction forces themselves produce higher pressure. This has been called “self-actuation” or “self-energization.” Various conditions and arrangements are discussed, and the forces developed are worked out mathematically.
Smoke-Abatement Progress in Salt Lake City
Authors: Billeter J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
An observation tower 267 ft. above the street provides a convenient means of observing smoke conditions in Salt Lake City. A decrease in smoke from 10,891 min. per week in 1921 to 1050 min. per week in 1925 resulted from an active campaign. In 1925 active smoke-abatement work was discontinued, but was resumed again in 1927. During this time the minutes of smoke per week increased from 1050 to 2482. Police-court prosecution is found to produce but temporary results, and should be avoided if possible.
Economic Status of Anthracite and Factors Affecting Its Use as a Domestic-Heating Fuel
Authors: Duemler A. F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Pennsylvania anthracite as a smokeless fuel for domestic-heating purposes occupies an important economic position, and the producing fields are located central to the most densely populated area of the United States. The anthracite industry has for the past several years been engaged in extensive research pertaining to the utilization of this fuel for domestic heating. This work is being carried on in three stages, as follows:
1 By direct service contact with the consumer in an extensive survey to determine and classify factors affecting efficient utilization.
2 By laboratory research to determine relative efficiencies of various sizes of anthracite as one size or varying mixtures of sizes.
3 By laboratory research for the development and testing of equipment which will provide greatest convenience and efficiency in utilization.
The research work in the first stage has been particularly valuable in that it brings out the factors to be shared and considered by interests other than the anthracite industry.
A Graphic Method for Determining Expansion Stresses in Pipe Lines
Authors: Mitchell C. T. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The modern engineer recognizes an expansion problem in every pipe that carries steam. Increasing temperatures and pressures may compel the labeling of every important joint in the piping of a power plant with the bending stress allotted to it, the same as the stress diagram of a truss. The paper describes a serviceable method for determining the stresses. The claimed advantages are that it is graphic and thus free of tables and formulas; it is concerned only with the entire pipe structure from one anchor point to another; it is a standardized method applicable to any pipe structure in one or more planes; it involves less work with greater accuracy.