bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compressive Behaviors of Steel Braces with Different Sectional Shapes
Authors: Shin Dong‐Hyeon , Kim Hyung‐Joon 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSteel braces are an essential structural element to resist lateral seismic forces and widely utilized in various types of buildings. The primary source of load carrying capacity in steel braced frames is through buckling and yielding of diagonal braces. Hysteretic behaviors of steel braces exhibit unsymmetric properties in tension and compression. Especially, they show significant strength degradation when loaded into the inelastic range in compression. Therefore, the governing failure modes of steel braces shall be global buckling in compression and this phenomenon shall occur prior to brittle limit states such as net section rupture or local buckling of elements. Except for effects of material properties, most of influential parameters is strongly related to the configuration and sectional shape of steel braces. Of them, the objective of this study is to investigate effects of sectional shapes on compressive behaviors of steel braces. Especially, this study focuses on the variation in the plastic hinge rotation and residual deformation of steel braces with representative sectional shapes which are typically applied on the construction field.
Novel formula for the elastic critical moment of beams with corrugated web
Authors: Hajdú Gábor , Papp Ferenc 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper presents a novel analytical expression to determine the elastic lateraltorsional buckling resistance of I‐beams with corrugated web. The corrugated web beams have higher torsional stiffness than the flat web beams; therefore, the self‐weight of the beam can be reduced. The appropriate hand calculation methods to determine the elastic critical moment of corrugated web beams are based on the modification of warping constant of the cross‐section. In this paper, instead of modifying the warping constant the approximate expression is derived from the total potential strain energy of the beam using an energy method. During the solution, the beam is separated into three parts. The flanges are modelled as thin‐walled beams and the corrugated web is modelled as a thin equivalent orthotropic plate with uniform thickness. To assess the accuracy of the proposed analytical formula full shell finite element models were created in Abaqus software. The accuracy of the proposed expression is examined for sinusoidal and trapezoidal corrugation also. The results of the parametric study showed that the derived formula is accurate and applicable for elastic lateral‐torsional buckling analysis of I‐beams with web corrugation.
Seismic Performance Evaluation of Moment Resistance Connection by Load Velocity.
Authors: Seol Younghun , Lee Kiwon , Park Jaehan , Oh Sanghoon 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe seismic performance of beam‐column connections is typically evaluated using a loading protocol specified by codes such as AISC. This protocol involves applying incremental and repeated loads at a specified speed to reach a target rotation angle, with a low load velocity of about 0.5 mm/s to 1.0 mm/s. However, testing at such a low load velocities may not fully account for brittleness breakdown due to factors such as a reduction in material toughness and a decrease in maximum deformation rate caused by stress concentration in vulnerable areas at high load velocities.Therefore, it is important to verify the seismic performance of connections, including their plastic deformation ability, under the influence of dynamic loads with high velocities, such as those experienced during an earthquake. We conducted a static and dynamic experiment on welded connections and extended end plate connections to analyze the effect of load velocity on connections behavior.Our results showed that increasing the load velocity reduced the strength of the connection, its plastic deformation capacity, and energy absorption capacity. These findings confirm that load velocity can significantly affect the seismic performance of connections and suggest that the current loading protocol may not fully capture the connection behavior under dynamic loads.
Proposal for determination of wind action on steel rack supported warehouses during execution
Authors: Henriques José , Marra Antonino Maria , van Vugt Glenn , Bartoli Gianni , Degée Hervé 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe exponential growth of e‐commerce in the last decade boosts the need of large logistic centers. Steel rack supported warehouses (SRSWs) are one of the most competitive solutions for such infrastructures. The execution phase of SRSWs is challenging, as the stability of the structure has to be ensured throughout the different erection stages. The wind action is here particular important. The density of structural elements and the incompleteness of the SRSWs structure, is a vulnerable condition under wind loads. The determination of wind forces during execution according to the EN 1991‐1‐4 is very limited when dealing with open frame structures, and in particular, with structural systems such as SRSWs. In order to overcome this lack, the wind action on SRSWs during execution has been subject of a recent concluded RFCS research project “STEELWAR”. This paper presents the proposal of a method to determine the wind forces on SRSWs under construction. The method is derived from a series of wind tunnel tests. Subsequently, given the inherent limitation of such experimental program, the extension of the method to a range of practical cases is proposed. Finally, an application to a real case study is used to assess the vulnerability of the SRSWs during the execution.
Changes to the lambda model for fatigue loads on steel railway bridges in Europe
Authors: Maljaars Johan , Verdenius Stefan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractFor the fatigue design of steel railway bridges in Europe, the European standards EN 1991‐2 and EN 1993‐2 provide a factored Load Model '71, called the lambda model. The stress range in the fatigue detail of study should be determined with this model. Engineers can easily verify their structural design for fatigue by comparing this stress range to the fatigue reference strength of the detail.This paper compares the load effect caused by the lambda model with the load effect of actual trains measured with ‘Weigh In Motion’ systems during 7 years at 81 locations in the rail network of The Netherlands. Locations with heavy loads are selected and their load effects in terms of stress ranges and fatigue damage are determined for various influence lines, including one, two and three span beams with spans ranging between 1 and 150 m. The design (i.e. elastic section modulus) is optimized such that the calculated fatigue damage using the damage accumulation rule of Palmgren Miner equals 1 for a 100 years design life for these locations. This elastic section modulus is compared to the elastic section modulus obtained by designing according to the lambda model.Improvements are proposed to the lambda model based on this comparison, such that the resulting design gives a reasonable agreement with the design based on measured loads, while maintaining the current ease of use of the lambda model. Uncertainties such as possible changes in axle loads and train speeds in future are taken into account.
Non‐Destructive Testing of Bridge Cables using MIT
Authors: Ruff Daniel C. , Eirich Hans 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis article presents the importance of non‐destructive testing (NDT) in maintaining the safety and functionality of bridge cables, and focuses on the practical use of magnetic‐inductive testing (MIT) and ultrasonic testing (UT) for NDT of bridge cables in free length and in the area of the end connectors. MIT is a non‐invasive method that can effectively detect defects such as broken wires, corrosion symptoms, and other imperfections, making it a promising technique for inspecting and maintaining bridge cables. A research project investigated various types of magnetic induction testing on different tension members made of single wires and evaluated the advantages and limitations of the MIT method. The study also explored the impact of factors such as cable diameter and measurement speed on the effectiveness of the technique. The results suggest that the MIT method can accurately detect defects in bridge cables and provide valuable information for maintenance and repair purposes. However, the article highlights the need for further research to optimize the MIT technique, particularly in automating the detection and characterization of signals, and to expand its applicability to a wider range of cable diameters and conditions.
Effect of salt water ageing on the degradation of steel‐composite bonded interfaces
Authors: Arouche Marcio Moreira , Feng Weikang , Karatsi Paraskevi , Kapteijn Tim , Pavlovic Marko 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis work aims to investigate the long‐term effect of sea water conditions on the steel‐composite interface. The degradation of the steel‐composite bonded interface was investigated using fracture tests in coupon specimens. Specimens were manufactured and placed for ageing in a salt water solution to simulate the degradation of the bi‐material interface in offshore environment. Four‐point end notched flexure (4ENF) tests were performed to access the interface fracture behavior under quasi‐static loadings. Results of non‐aged and aged specimens show negligible degradation of the interface fracture properties after 69 days of immersion. In addition, steel plates were coated with resin and placed for ageing. The corrosion of uncoated and coated steel surfaces was inspected using optical microscopy. Results showed that the coated steel surface is susceptible to the environmental degradation. This indicates that the steel‐composite interface bonding will degrade after moisture reaches the steel surface.
The cable‐stayed footbridge in Prague ‐ Radotín
Authors: Janata Vladimír , Lahodný Jiří , Pecina Jan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe original, seriously damaged concrete footbridge across the Berounka River, which was in a state of disrepair, was replaced by an asymmetric 110 m long steel‐cable‐stayed footbridge using the adapted existing substructure. The 24 m high pylon consists of one tube asymmetrically pinned to the upper chord of the triangular lattice structure above the bearing sliding on the pillar. Another interesting solution is the termination of the ropes by sockets with a threaded bar and tendon, with a turnbuckle and a socket with pin which enable their convenient adjustment. The composite deck of the footbridge is a suitable alternative to timber or steel orthotropic one.
Wind hazard on earthquake damaged buildings
Authors: Athanasiou Anastasia , Dakour Mohamad , Tirca Lucia , Stathopoulos Ted 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis study proposes a holistic approach to multihazard performance‐based assessment of a tall steel building, partially damaged by earthquake, and then subjected to wind. The case study is a 16‐storey LD‐CBF building in Montreal, designed in accordance with the Canadian code and steel standard. Advanced numerical models are developed in OpenSees; hence, they account for material nonlinearity including low‐cycle fatigue to simulate brace fracture. Wind histories are generated from wind tunnel data. The sequence of analyses is: (i) design the LD‐CBF building to respond to code‐based earthquake (2475 years return period) and verify the LD‐CBF members to design wind load (1‐in‐500 years), as well as, the interstorey drift under the service wind (1‐in‐10 years); (ii) apply the 60 min. wind load history on earthquake damaged building; (iii) assess the building response in terms of interstorey drift and residual interstorey drift, and (iv) compare the results of the case study under (1) earthquake on intact building, (2) wind on intact building, and (3) wind on earthquake damaged building. The findings are significant and allow the realistic representation of the effects of multiple hazards on steel buildings. In summary, the consequent hazard on building safety has a detrimental effect.
Ultimate behaviour of bolted beam‐to‐column connections in large rotations
Authors: Francavilla Antonella B. , Latour Massimo , Tan P.J. , Rizzano Gianvittorio 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe capacity of steel Moment Resisting Frames (MRFs) to survive to extreme load is strictly linked to the moment‐rotation capacity of the beam‐to‐column connections. In those conditions, i.e., in extreme loading conditions, catenary actions develop in the connected beam leading in large joint rotations. The current European code, the Eurocode 3 Part 1‐8, neglects the regime of large joints rotations in the modelling leading to gross under‐ (or over‐) prediction of its response. In fact, recent works have shown that geometrical nonlinearity strongly influence the overall behaviour of connections when in large rotations range. To fill this knowledge gap, a mechanical model of a Double‐Split Tee Joint (DSTJ) that only considers material non‐linearity, is extended here to include geometric non‐linearity. To preliminary validate the mechanical model presented in the paper, an experimental test on a DSTJ has been performed and the result, both in terms of experimental data and mechanical prevision, has been compared. As a results, the updated mechanical model will be shown to be highly accurate in predicting the ultimate joint rotation (φ) and the maximum bending moment capacity (M) of the joint.
Local buckling of WAAM stainless steel circular columns
Authors: Huang Yanan , Yang Lu , Liu Meiyu , Xu Kelong 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is one of the promising metal 3D printing techniques, with the ability to produce large‐scale structural components with high speed and low cost. However, there is a lack of research on the structural performance of WAAM members. To this end, numerical modeling and design of WAAM stainless steel circular hollow section (CHS) stub columns has been conducted. Finite element (FE) models considering both as‐built material properties and rough geometry were proposed and verified by the existing experimental studies. By using the FE models, parametric studies on the local buckling resistance of WAAM CHS stub columns were conducted to consider a wider range of specimen geometries. Based on the FE results, the applicability of the current column design provisions in EN 1993‐1‐4 and AISC 370 to WAAM stainless steel CHS stub columns was assessed. At last, a new modified method was proposed to predict the local buckling resistance of WAAM stainless steel CHS stub columns. This study provides a novel approach for the FE modelling of WAAM components.
Feasibility study on stub and slender veneer‐wrapped steel columns
Authors: Vigneri Valentino , Taras Andreas 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe paper presents a newly developed steel‐timber composite column, called “STIMBER‐COL”, which is made of an inner hollow section wrapped by several veneer layers glued together. In addition to the well‐known environmental benefits, the potential advantages at mechanical level are thoroughly discussed in consideration of the literature available. In view of the promising experimental results on steel‐timber composite columns reported in recent studies, a foreseen experimental campaign of 5 stub and 3 slender columns is described along with the setup and instrumentation. Special emphasis is given to the manufacturing process which represents a challenging step in this feasibility study. The test results confirm that the veneer layers lead to a significant increase in stiffness and strength. The work is conducted in the frame of an applied research project to support more advanced research and the implementation of the market in the future.
Second Generation of Eurocode 8: Seismic Design Rules for Cold‐Formed Steel Buildings
Authors: Landolfo Raffaele , Fiorino Luigi 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe seismic design of Cold‐Formed Steel (CFS) building structures is not covered by the current edition of Eurocode 8. In order to update Eurocode 8 to reflect the findings of extensive research undertaken over the last ten years, the University of Naples “Federico II” is taking part in the evaluation of current seismic design criteria and the creation of new guidelines for the design of CFS systems. This paper especially examines various Lateral Force Resisting System (LFRS) types that may be found in the second version of Eurocode 8. It also provides background information on the research initiatives and reference design standards in use in various parts of the world that served as the basis for the development of design criteria included in the new version of Eurocode 8.
Numerical investigations of the load‐bearing and fatigue behavior of orthotropic composite slabs for road bridges
Authors: Lewerenz Camilla , Shirinzadeh Mozhdeh , Stroetmann Richard 
Published: September 2023

AbstractFatigue damage to existing steel bridges occurred due to the large increases in traffic loads and the notch sharpness in the details of orthotropic steel roadway slabs. The development of the orthotropic‐composite‐slab (OC‐slab) provides an alternative durable and lightweight composite construction. As part of the AIF‐FOSTA research project P1265 [1], the orthotropic‐composite‐slab for road bridges is currently being investigated at the Technische Universität Dresden. The project aims to develop fundamentals for the design of OC‐slabs with dowel strips. The investigations create important foundations for the establishment of the innovative construction method as an economical and durable alternative. The papers [2] and [3] give an overview of the construction and the load bearing behavior of the OC‐Slab, the paper [4] details about the experimental test program. This paper describes the numerical investigations carried out. They complement the experimental tests and provide additional knowledge about the load‐bearing and fatigue behavior of the OC‐slabs with dowel strips. The focus is on the presentation of the numerical simulation of the beam test and the determination of the ultimate and fatigue strength of the structure.
Decarbonisation of steel production by the low‐carbon DRI‐EAF route
Authors: Gervásio Helena , da Silva Luís Simões 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe effects of climate change, induced by global warming, are leading to huge economic, environmental and social impacts worldwide. The world is considered to be in a state of climate emergency, and urgent decarbonisation measures are required to control the temperature rise and mitigate such effects. In this context, EU targets for decarbonisation are to reduce, at least 55% of GHG emissions until 2030, and then to become climate‐neutral, by 2050. The steel industry, being among the biggest producers of CO2, is committed to fulfil this goal. However, the production of 1 tonne of steel, in the coal‐dependent BF/BOF route, can lead to about 2.3 tonnes of CO2, and this route is responsible for more than half of all steel produced in EU. Therefore, finding alternative breakthrough technologies to reduce CO2 emissions is a priority for the steel industry, and different decarbonisation strategies are being implemented in different European plants. Such strategies include the optimization of the DRI and EAF route. This paper focused on this strategy and it was found that the combined route DRI and EAF, based on green hydrogen and carbon free electricity, may reduce CO2 emissions in about 98% compared to the BF/BOF route.
Fire exposure measurements using plate thermometers
Authors: Malendowski Michał , Szymkuć Wojciech , Daszkiewicz Tomasz , Turkowski Piotr , Węgrzyński Wojciech 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPlate thermometers (PT) are known and utilized in fire testing for more than 30 years. They are simple devices that measure the temperature of the thin plate, made of a thermal conductor, that is exposed to fire from one side and insulated from the opposite side. The main advantage of measuring thermal exposure using a plate thermometer is its ability to capture both the convective and radiative parts of the heat flux. However, thermal exposure is not directly the value the plate thermometer outputs. For this reason, an adiabatic surface temperature (AST), which could be considered as an objective measure of thermal exposure, can be calculated on the basis of the plate thermometer output. In this work, the abilities for fire‐exposure measurements using plate thermometers are discussed.This work introduces the closed‐form analytical solution of the plate thermometer heat balance equation for an adiabatic surface temperature. The authors consider the introduced solution as the best method, at this moment, for the evaluation of AST based on the PT output. This allows several findings to be presented that are not affected by the shortcomings of previously used methods for the AST evaluation.
Experimental response of full‐scale steel‐aluminium foam‐steel sandwich panels in bending
Authors: Sato Atsushi , Latour Massimo , D'Aniello Mario , Rizzano Gianvttorio , Landolfo Raffaele 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe introduction of metal foams into the building market represents a significant opportunity to increase the use of metal in construction. Developing new structural products made of metal foams and steel could improve conventional buildings' performances in terms of stiffness and resistance. Steel or aluminium foams are characterised by mechanical properties similar to glulam timber, combined with a high energy dissipation capacity. These peculiarities allow conceiving new composites with features typical of the bio‐mimetic materials: lightness, compactness, dissipation, resistance and stiffness. The first structural applications of these materials have already shown the potentialities of composites made of foam and steel, verifying the possibility to realise mono‐dimensional and bi‐dimensional elements with exceptionally high resistance‐weight ratios. Reducing the structural weight can represent a significant advantage in many cases, such as for buildings in the seismic zone or for infrastructures. Within this framework, this preliminary work paper aims to analyse the response of full‐scale metallurgically bonded sandwich panels made of steel and aluminium foam with three‐point bending tests. From the testing, it was confirmed that the metallurgically bonded sandwich panels reach the full‐plastic strength that is computed from the rigid‐plastic material assumption. Moreover, the sandwich panel's bending stiffness can be easily calculated according to the Navier hypotheses. The ultimate limit state of the sandwich panel was determined by the plastic hinge formation of the panel section; fracture between the aluminium foam and the steel sheet was not observed (except the layer where the it was initially detached). The potential performance of the metallurgically bonded sandwich panel that can be used for the civil engineering application was verified from this testing.