bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increase in Gross (G) Antigen Sites on the Surface of AKR Virus-Induced Rat Lymphoma Cells after Treatment with Trypsin
Authors: Brandchaft Phyllis B. , Boone Charles W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
G (Gross) leukemia virus-associated surface antigens (G antigens) on AKR virus-induced Fischer rat lymphoma cells were measured with radioiodine-labeled syngeneic antiserum. Treatment of the lymphoma cells with trypsin resulted in a 3-fold increase in the number of surface antigen sites as compared to EDTA-treated cells. An increase in sites was seen after treatment with as low as 0.025 mg/ml trypsin. Prolonged treatment with trypsin did not decrease the number of G surface antigens, although all of the sites could be removed from the cells by treatment with papain. No increase in the number of antigen sites was observed after neuraminidase treatment of the cells. Blocking experiments with C57BL/6 anti-K36 (G-typing) mouse serum confirmed that the majority of the sites remaining on the cells after trypsin treatment were G cell surface antigens (GCSA). G antigens were also released from the cells by treatment with either trypsin or papain. Released G antigens were sensitive to degradation by trypsin.
Affinity of Murine and Human Interferon for Concanavalin A
Authors: Besancon Françoise , Bourgeade Marie-Françoise 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Mouse and human white blood cell interferon are specifically complexed to concanavalin A covalently linked to Sepharose 4B beads. This reaction does not take place when α-methyl-D-mannoside is added prior and simultaneously to interferon. After fixation, murine interferon can be displaced from concanavalin A by this sugar. Similarly, in a sensitive tissue culture system, contact with cell membranes detaches the active interferon molecule which, after diffusion, induces the antiviral state in cells located at distant sites from the beads. The Sepharose-concanavalin A interferon complex is more stable at 4°C than uncomplexed interferon.
Correction of T Cell Function by Thymosin in New Zealand Mice
Authors: Gershwin M. Eric , Ahmed Aftab , Steinberg Alfred D. , Thurman Gary B. , Goldstein Allan L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
There has been a great deal of interest in the preparation and purification of thymosin, a soluble product of calf thymus (1). This material is believed to be a thymic hormone and like other similar thymic factors described (2) is capable of restoring skin allograft rejection and ability to induce graft-vs-host (GVH)5 disease in neonatally thymectomized mice (3, 4). Further thymosin stimulates lymphoid tissue growth (4), and induces the appearance of T cell markers in bone marrow cells (5). There have been many suggestions that thymosin is critical in preventing autoimmune disease in humans. Indeed levels of thymic hormones are reported low in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and are stated to decrease with age (6).
New Zealand NZB × NZW F1 (NZB/W) female mice, after 7 months of age, manifest a large number of immunologic abnormalities including decreased ability to reject skin allografts, decline in capacity of lymphoid cells to respond to allogeneic cells or other mitogens, and diminished primary response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC).
Enhancement of Immunogenicity of a BALB/c Myeloma Protein in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Fraker Pamela J. , Cicurel Lucienne , Nisonoff Alfred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antiidiotypic antibodies to the BALB/c myeloma protein, LPC-1 (IgG2a(κ)) were induced in BALB/c mice by immunization with protein LPC-1 copolymerized with glutaraldehyde to either rabbit IgG or, preferably, C57BL IgG. The copolymers were much more immunogenic than monomeric LPC-1 or polymerized LPC-1. Tests for antibody activity were carried out by using Fab fragments of monomeric LPC-1 as ligand. The use of copolymers as immunogens should facilitate the study of the rejection of myeloma tumors by isologous mice actively producing antiidiotypic antibodies.
When C57BL mice, which differ from BALB/c with respect to heavy chain allotype, were used as recipients, antiidiotypic antibodies were elicited by monomeric LPC-1 as well as by polymers. In CBA mice, which are of the same allotype as BALB/c, monomeric LPC-1 was ineffective but a homopolymer of LPC-1 was an effective immunogen. Since the homopolymer was a very weak immunogen in the BALB/c strain a factor other than known allotypic determinants must play a role. The mechanism of enhancement of immunogenicity by polymerization is discussed.
Hapten-Specific IgE Antibody Responses in Mice
Authors: Hamaoka Toshiyuki , Newburger Peter E. , Katz David H. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present study was undertaken to carry out a detailed comparative analysis of the parameters most conducive to generation in inbred mice of antibody responses of the IgG vs IgE class, and more specifically, helper T cell function participating in antibody responses of these two classes. The data presented in this paper demonstrate the complex factors, i.e., the immunogenic strength, dose of antigen, and the nature of adjuvant vehicle employed for immunization, which determine the magnitude of helper function generated for either one or the other (or both) antibody classes. Although immunization regimens may be defined which result in some dissociation of IgE and IgG antibody responses, the overall impact of the evidence obtained indicates that the existence of distinct T cells for the regulation of these responses will be most difficult to demonstrate directly in the context of the numerous factors contributing to the generation of helper functions. Moreover, such a conclusion must be viewed with considerable caution since the data can equally be explained by differences in sensitivity of IgE and IgG B cells to the effects of the same activated T cells.
Lymphoid Tissue Architecture
Authors: Friedberg S. H. , Weissman I. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The morphogenesis of the neonatal spleen, mesenteric node, and Peyer's patches has been characterized in terms of the distribution of T antigen-positive and immunoglobulin-positive cells by using immunofluorescent markers. Newborn BALB/c mouse nodes have many T, but few Ig-bearing cells; conversely, the spleen at this stage contains only rare T cells, while prominent accumulations of Ig-positive cells occur surrounding conspicuous vessels. At about 3 days of age, T cells appear in increasing numbers in a perivascular position, displacing the cuffs of Ig-positive cells, and thus the basic pattern of organization charateristic of the adult splenic white pulp is established. The mesenteric node and Peyer's patches, in the early neonatal period, are both characterized by the presence of scattered Ig-bearing cells, in contrast to the highly organized distribution in the spleen. By the 3rd or 4th day, however, the Ig-positive cells of the nodes and patches form accumulations distributed in roughly the adult pattern. The paucity of T cells in the spleen and of Ig-bearing cells in the mesenteric node of the newborn has been shown not to be due to their failure specifically to trap infused adult T and B cells.
Kinetic analysis of Ig-positive cell accumulation reveals that such cells in the neonatal mesenteric node are probably not generated in situ. Moreover, the level of proliferation in the Peyer's patches is insufficient to account for the increase in even the splenic Ig-bearing cells, and it is thus highly unlikely, at least in the neonatal mouse, that the Peyer's patches are analogs of the avian Bursa of Fabricius.
Specific Suppression of Delayed Hypersensitivity: The Possible Presence of a Suppressor B Cell in the Regulation of Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Neta Ruth , Salvin S. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Delayed hypersensitivity to purified protein antigens in incomplete Freund's adjuvant is of a transient nature in guinea pigs. This decrease in delayed reactivity can be transferred adoptively to a sensitized recipient with lymphoid cells from the spleens and peritoneal exudate of donors 8 days after sensitization with ovalbumin. When such mixtures of donor lymphoid cells are adoptively transferred at subsequent times after sensitization, the delayed hypersensitivity of the recipient is not suppressed. When a hapten-protein conjugate, such as para-aminobenzoic acid-azo-hen egg albumin is used as a sensitizing antigen in the donor, and when the donor cells are removed at various time intervals after the decline in delayed skin tests to the carrier protein as antigen, such as 10 to 23 days after sensitization, adoptive transfer of lymphoid cells into sensitized recipients suppresses the elicitation of delayed skin hypersensitivity to the carrier. When spleen cells are compared with peritoneal exudate (PE) cells in their suppressive capacities, only the spleen cells show suppressive action. The duration of delayed responses varied inversely with the dose of the immunosuppressive drug in guinea pigs treated with varying doses of cyclophosphamide 72 hr before sensitization. In view of the observations that PE cells are an enriched source of T cells and that the particular schedule of treatment with cyclophosphamide affects rapidly dividing cells, the suggestion is made that a suppressor B cell may regulate the activity of a T cell in the expression of delayed skin hypersensitivity.
Modulation of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte-Mediated Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity
Authors: Gale Robert P. , Zighelboim Jacob 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are able to mediate the immunologically specific cytolysis of antibody-coated target cells—antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The initial interaction is divalent cation dependent and is inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Agents capable of elevating adenosine cyclic 3′,5′ monophosphate (cyclic 3′,5′ AMP) and exogenous cyclic 3′,5′ AMP are inhibitory to PMN-mediated ADCC activity, while cholinergic agents capable of elevating guanosine 3′,5′ cyclic monophosphate (cyclic 3′,5′ GMP) and exogenous cyclic 3′,5′ GMP exhibit a facilitory effect. Colchicine in concentrations inhibitory to microtubule formation and pharmacologic agents capable of interfering with granule release are inhibitory to PMN ADCC activity.
Anti-Idiotypic Antibody in Rat Transplantation Immunity
Authors: McKearn T. J. , Stuart F. P. , Fitch F. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lewis × Brown Norway (LBN) F1 antiserum to an idiotype of Lewis anti-BN alloantibody (referred to as the Id-1 idiotype) was used to test a variety of Lewis alloimmune sera for the presence of Id-1. Several such Lewis sera raised by BN antigen injection at monthly intervals possessed the Id-1 idiotype. Hyperimmune Lewis anti-BN alloantiserum raised by six weekly injections of BN antigen, however, did not possess the Id-1 idiotype, but appeared to possess anti-idiotypic antibody to Id-1 instead. The anti-BN hemagglutinin titer, anti-idiotypic antibody titer to Id-1, and levels of the Id-1 idiotype were then measured in individual weekly serum samples from Lewis rats repeatedly immunized with BN antigen. The anti-BN hemagglutinin titers followed a cyclical pattern, with the Id-1 idiotype predominating only in the first cycle of the anti-BN hemagglutinin response. Anti-idiotypic antibody was demonstrable in five of eight repeatedly immunized rats, and in each of these five animals the appearance of anti-idiotypic antibody to Id-1 followed the clearance of Id-1 from the serum. Anti-idiotypic antibody may play a role in the regulation or control of an established immune response.
The Plaque Cytogram Assay
Authors: Thornthwaite Jerry T. , Leif Robert C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method, the plaque cytogram assay, for preparing fixed, stained dispersions of plaque-forming cells (PFC) and rosette-forming cells (RFC) is described. Both light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies demonstrate that these cells are pleomorphic. Eight types of PFC and seven types of RFC can be simultaneously identified by light microscopy in which small and medium lymphocytes are the predominate cell types of the two immunocompetent cell classes. SEM shows fairly smooth cell surfaces on the PFC, while the RFC have a rough surface. Enzymatic staining of PFC and RFC for lipase demonstrates that none of the PFC are stained positive for lipase, while approximately 27% of the RFC are lipase positive. Finally, several distinct types of plaques and rosettes are shown in the plaque cytogram assay.
In Vitro and in Vivo Cytotoxicity to EL-4 Sarcoma in New Zealand Mice
Authors: Gershwin M. Eric , Klingenstein R. James , Chused Thomas M. , Steinberg Alfred D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immune response to EL-4 tumor was studied in female NZB/W, BALB/c and CDF1 mice after both in vivo and in vitro immunization with spleen cells as attackers and 51Cr-labeled EL-4 cells as targets. NZB/W mice demonstrated marked changes with age in the cytotoxic response after both in vivo and in vitro sensitization, whereas the other strains did not. These changes were characterized by hyporesponsiveness at 9 months of age, and hyper-responsiveness at 6 months of age, relative to 1 month of age. Antibody to EL-4 tumor was found in unimmunized NZB/W mice and tended to increase with age. Nevertheless, the cytotoxic antibody response in NZB/W mice after in vivo sensitization was similar at 1 month and 6 months of age, but was reduced at 9 months of age. Nine-month-old NZB/W mice failed to mount an adequate cytotoxic response and were killed by the tumor, whereas 1- and 6-month-old animals mounted cytotoxic responses and survived.
Cellular Immunity to Leishmania Donovani
Authors: Skov Clare B. , Twohy Donald W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
C57BL/6J mice were subjected to various combinations of immunosuppressive treatments and infected i.v. with amastigotes of Leishmania donovani. In normal mice the parasite population reached its peak about 24 days post-infection, after which parasite numbers gradually declined but they were still detectable on day 60. The course of infection was not altered in mice which had been thymectomized, lethally irradiated, and reconstituted with syngeneic marrow cells. Moderate lethally irradiated, and reconstituted with syngeneic marrow cells. Moderate suppression of acquired resistance resulted when thymectomized-irradiated mice were reconstituted with marrow cells which were previously treated with anti-brain associated θ serum and/or when recipient mice were treated with azathioprine on the same day they were infected. Splenectomy alone or together with irradiation failed to suppress immunity, but a long-lasting high level of immunosuppression resulted when splenectomy was combined with all the above treatments. These results suggest that 1) small numbers of thymus-dependent cells which survive irradiation and thymectomy or which may be present in the bone marrow may be sufficient to mount an immune response to L. donovani in mice, and 2) that T cells play an important role in acquired resistance to L. donovani in mice.
A Pathologic IgM Occurring in Serum as Pentamer, Dimer, and Monomer
Authors: Parr Dorothy M. , Connell George E. , Powell Andrew J. , Pruzanski Waldemar 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
IgM was recovered from the serum of a patient (Den) with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia by preparative electrophoresis and gel filtration. In the latter step three species were resolved, with sedimentation coefficients of 7.7S, 11.5S, and 19.0S. Molecular weight determinations showed that the three species were monomeric, dimeric, and pentameric IgM, respectively. The 19S and 11S species were not dissociated in 6M urea. Serologic, immunologic, and biochemical studies indicated that the constituent light and heavy chains of each species were the same. Light chains prepared from 19S IgM (Den) contained a second component identified as J chain. Light chains from 11S and 7S IgM (Den) did not contain this component.
Differentiation of Lymphoid Cells: Enhancement of the Induction of Immunoglobulin Production by Thymus Cells and a Product Secreted by Thymus Cells
Authors: Okumura Ko , Shinohara Nobukata , Kern Milton 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The induction of immunoglobulin M production, as a consequence of the incubation of rabbit spleen cells for 72 hr in cell culture in the absence of added antigen, was markedly enhanced when thymus cells were cultured along with spleen cells. In contrast, immunoglobulin production by lymph node cells was only slightly stimulated by the presence of thymus cells during culture. Immunoglobulin production by spleen cells was equally enhanced, regardless of whether the thymus cells were derived from unimmunized animals or from animals immunized with a dinitrophenyl-antigen. Thymus cells added to cultures of spleen cells at 48 hr were still markedly stimulatory even though the induction process in the absence of thymus cells appears to be largely complete at 48 hr. Ficoll density gradient separation of spleen cells revealed some fractions that were slightly enhanced and others that were markedly enhanced by thymus cells. Finally, a cellfree mediator secreted into the culture medium by thymus cells also enhanced immunoglobulin production to about the same extent as thymus cells.
In Vivo and in Vitro Production of a Slow Reacting Substance in the Rat Upon Treatment with Calcium Ionophores
Authors: Bach Michael K. , Brashler John R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Injection of the divalent metal ion-specific ionophores, A 23187 and X 537A, into the peritoneal cavity of the rat resulted in the release of histamine. In addition, there was produced a large amount of a substance which caused slow contractions of the atropinized, mepyramine-treated guinea pig ileum. A similar activity was also produced when mixed peritoneal cells were incubated with the ionophores in vitro in the presence of physiologic buffer solutions containing calcium ions. Production of the activity in vivo was unaffected by pretreatments of the animals to deplete them of mast cells, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, or both, or by the depletion of complement activity with cobra venom factor. The activity was stable to alkali and to incubation with chymotrypsin. Chromatography on XAD-2 resin followed by partition chromatography on silicic acid resulted in the recovery of the activity in an ethanolic ammonia eluate. These chemical characteristics and the yield of the recovered activity are reminiscent of the behavior of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) under the same conditions.
Thymus Dependence of the Spontaneous Induction of the in Vitro Anamnestic Antibody Responses to Human Serum Albumin and Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin
Authors: Stavitsky Abram B. , Tew John G. , Harold Weldon W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recently we reported that IgG antibody synthesis was spontaneously induced—no extrinsic antigen required—simply by transferring lymphoid cells from a human serum albumin (HSA)3 immunized rabbit into cell culture (1). Initiation of this spontaneous in vitro response was attributed to cell-associated persisting antigen, whose immunogenicity was subject to an antibody feedback mechanism (1). It was proposed that this in vitro phenomenon represented the essential features of the mechanism whereby antibody synthesis is maintained and regulated in vivo for months or years after antigen injection (1). Subsequently, additional evidence was presented that: a) persisting antigen was responsible for induction of the spontaneous antibody response, and b) this persisting antigen was bound to the surface of an accessory cell such as a sessile macrophage or dendritic type cell (2).
The purpose of the present study was to determine whether thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes were required for the induction of the spontaneous antibody synthesis.
Immunogenic Properties of Modified Antigen E
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Okudaira Hirokazu , King Te Piao 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ragweed antigen E loses its major antigenic determinant after denaturation in 8 M urea. The urea-denatured (UD) antigen and α-polypeptide chain isolated from the denatured molecule possess their own antigenic determinant(s) but lack the major determinant of the native molecule. The UD antigen and α-chain, however, are capable of priming mouse T cells specific for antigen E. Priming of A/J mice with the modified antigen enhanced both IgG and IgE antibody responses to antigen E. Both UD antigen-primed spleen cells and α-chain-primed spleen cells collaborate with DNP-primed cells to give an adoptive secondary anti-DNP antibody response to DNP-ragweed antigen in syngeneic irradiated mice. Pretreatment of A/J mice with an i.v. injection of α-chain partially suppressed both IgE and IgG antibody responses to antigen E. Weekly injections of α-chain or UD antigen to antigen E-primed animals depressed on-going IgE antibody response, and suppressed secondary IgE antibody response to antigen E. Transfer of spleen cells from animals treated with the modified antigen to irradiated recipients followed by challenge with native antigen showed that the adoptive secondary response was suppressed by injections of modified antigen to the donors. The results indicate that the immunocompetent cell population was changed by the treatment and provide an experimental model to analyze the immunologic effect of hyposensitization treatment.
Host-Derived Antibody-Forming Cells in Lethally Irradiated Mice
Authors: Pilarski Linda M. , Cunningham Alastair J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The technique of adoptively transferring an immune response by injecting donor cells into irradiated recipient mice is based on the assumption that the host is rendered immunologically inert by irradiation. We present evidence that these mice are not inert; in the presence of donor cells of various types they mount a substantial immune response against both heterologous erythrocytes and dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin. This restoration of the host requires donor cells for its expression and can account for up to 100% of the total response. The problems associated with this finding are discussed.
Spontaneous and Methylcholanthrene-Enhanced Thyroiditis in Buf Rats
Authors: Silverman David A. , Rose Noel R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Virgin female Buffalo strain (BUF) rats that were treated with methylcholanthrene (MC) had a higher incidence of lymphocytic thyroiditis than untreated BUF rats. The degree of infiltration was also greater in MC-treated rats. The incidence of thyroiditis in retired breeder female BUF rats approached that found in MC-treated rats. The susceptibility to the effect of MC was not expressed in most F1 hybrids of BUF and Lewis (LEW), a strain of rat that does not develop thyroiditis after treatment with MC.