Combining EFC with spatial LDFC for high-contrast imaging on Subaru/SCExAO
Authors: Ahn K. , Guyon O. , Lozi J. , Vievard S. , Deo V. , Skaf N. , Bragg J. C. , Haffert S. Y. , Males J. R. , Currie T. 
Published: March 2023

Context.Exoplanet direct imaging is a key science goal of current ground-based telescopes as well as of future ground-based extremely large telescopes and space-based telescopes. Several high-contrast imaging (HCI) systems for direct exoplanet imaging have been developed and are implemented on current telescopes. Despite recent developments in HCI systems, the contrast they deliver is limited by non-common path aberrations (NCPAs) and residual wavefront errors of the adaptive optics (AO) system. To overcome this limitation and reach higher contrast, HCI systems need focal plane wavefront-sensing and control (FPWFS&C) techniques.Aims.We propose a method that provides both deep contrast and a 100% duty cycle by combining two complementary FPWFS&C methods: electric field conjugation (EFC), and spatial linear dark field control (LDFC). The ultimate goal of this work is to generate the high contrast zone, which is called the dark hole, in the focal plane by using EFC and to maintain the contrast within the high-contrast zone by using spatial LDFC without interrupting science observations. We describe the practical implementation, quantify the linearity range over which LDFC can operate, and derive its photon-noise-limited dynamical performance.Methods.We implemented EFC+LDFC on the Subaru Coronagraphic Extreme Adaptive Optics (SCExAO) instrument using its internal light source (off-sky). We first deployed the implicit EFC (iEFC) algorithm to generate the dark hole with a classical Lyot coronagraph (CLC) with a 114 mas diameter focal-plane mask at 1550 nm wavelength. This iEFC algorithm was deployed with pair-wise probes. Using iEFC with pair-wise probes, we directly measured the response matrix of the deformable mirror (DM) modes and built the control matrix by inverting the response matrix. After the calibration process, we generated the dark hole by closing the iEFC loop. When the dark hole was generated, we implemented spatial LDFC to restore and maintain the contrast of the dark hole. In the tests shown here, we introduced static and quasi-static speckles, and then we operated spatial LDFC in closed loop to verify its performance. We used numerical simulations to derive linearity range and photon-noise-limited dynamical performance.Results.Using iEFC, we generated the dark hole with a ~2×10−7contrast in a narrow-band filter (λ= 1550 ± 25 nm). We reached a contrast floor limited by the camera noise. Comparison between pre- and post-iEFC images shows that with iEFC in closed-loop operation, an improvement in contrast of a factor ≈ 100–500× was reached across the dark hole. In the spatial LDFC experiments, we were able to nearly fully remove the speckles generated by the DM perturbation and maintain the contrast of the dark hole.Conclusions.This work presents the first laboratory demonstration of combining two FPWFS&C methods, iEFC and spatial LDFC. Linear range and photon-noise-limited sensitivity are provided to derive close-loop performance for on-sky systems. Our results provide a promising approach for taking advantages of both high contrast and a 100% science duty cycle for HCI systems.