bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Possible involvement of the T4 molecule in T cell recognition of class II HLA antigens: evidence from studies of proliferative responses to SB antigens.
Authors: Biddison W E , Rao P E , Talle M A , Goldstein G , Shaw S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The T4 molecule has been identified as a marker of human T cell differentiation, but the function of this molecule remains to be defined. We have investigated its possible functional involvement in T cell proliferative responses to class II HLA antigens encoded by the recently described SB locus. The responses of SB-primed cells (specific for each of four different SB antigens) were studied with the use of two proliferation-inducing stimuli, SB antigen or TCGF. The proliferative responses to both stimuli were found to be mediated by T4+, T8- cells. Monoclonal antibodies against some epitopes on the T4 molecule (OKT4A and OKT4B) substantially blocked antigen-stimulated proliferative responses; antibodies against other epitopes of the T4 molecule (OKT4, T4C, T4D) blocked less well. Inhibition of SB-specific proliferation by antibodies to the T4 molecule was maximal only when the antibodies were incubated with the responder cells before the addition of stimulator cells. Proliferative responses of SB-primed cells stimulated with TCGF alone were not inhibited by any of the OKT4-related antibodies, but were completely inhibited by the anti-Tac monoclonal antibody, which reacts with the TCGF receptor. These results lend further support for the hypothesis that the T4 molecule is involved in T cell recognition of and/or activation by class II HLA antigens. We suggest that 1) the T4 molecule binds a nonpolymorphic epitope on class II HLA molecules, and 2) this interaction may facilitate, but not be an obligate requirement for, T cell activation by class II antigens.
The interaction of lymphocyte surface-bound immune complexes and neutrophils.
Authors: Archibald A C , Cheung K , Robinson M F 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Neutrophils can be stimulated directly by a variety of stimulants resulting in the production of highly reactive oxygen derivatives. Included in these stimulants are peripheral blood lymphocytes with bovine serum albumin-anti-bovine serum albumin immune complexes (BSA-IC) or aggregated gamma-globulin (AHG) bound to their surface receptors. Through the use of chemiluminescence (CL) studies, we found that B lymphocytes preincubated with AHG stimulated neutrophils to a much greater extent than similarly preincubated T lymphocytes. Preincubated Raji cells (a B lymphoblastoid cell line) were also capable of stimulating neutrophils. We further demonstrated that after periods of mixed incubation with neutrophils, lymphocytes with surface-bound AHG did show an abnormal proliferative response to pokeweed mitogen (PWM), but not to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). This was not due to loss of cell viability, as judged by chromium release cytotoxicity assays and trypan blue exclusion, or to neutrophil enzyme release. The data suggest that neutrophils, stimulated with lymphocyte surface-bound immune complexes, are capable of producing an environment of in vitro oxidant stress. This stress, although not great enough to cause a significant decrease in lymphocyte viability, can cause impaired lymphocyte function. Physiologically, this may relate in the long term to immunologic malfunction observed in patients with high levels of circulating immune complexes.
The T lymphocyte response to cytochrome c. IV. Distinguishable sites on a peptide antigen which affect antigenic strength and memory.
Authors: Hansburg D , Fairwell T , Schwartz R H , Appella E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The murine T cell proliferative response to the carboxyl terminal cyanogen bromide cleavage fragment 81-104 of pigeon cytochrome c (cyt) has been studied. Two interesting properties of this response have been previously described. First, T cells from B10.A mice primed with pigeon cyt 81-104 show more vigorous proliferation when restimulated with moth cyt 81-103 than when stimulated with pigeon cyt 81-104; that is, the B10.A T cell response to pigeon shows heteroclitic restimulation by moth. Second, T cells primed with the acetimidyl derivative (Am) of pigeon cyt 81-104 did not cross-react with the unmodified cyt fragments, but Am-moth cyt 81-103 still stimulated Am-pigeon cyt 81-104 primed T cells better than the Am-pigeon cyt 81-104 fragment. These results raised the issue of whether the antigenic sites on the fragments responsible for the specificity of T cell priming in vivo differed from the residues that contributed to the heteroclitic response of pigeon (or Am pigeon)-primed T cells to moth cyt c fragments. In this paper, synthetic peptide antigens were tested in order to identify which residues caused the heterocliticity of the moth fragment and which residues were involved in the antigenic differentiation of native and derivatized fragments. The heterocliticity of the T cell response to moth fragment 81-103 was found to be due to the deletion of the penultimate residue (Ala103) from the pigeon fragment. However, the ability to cause heterocliticity was not uniquely a property of this deletion. T cells from animals primed with peptides containing substitutions at positions 100 or 102 were also heteroclitically stimulated by the moth-like antigen. The observation that T cells could not be primed for recognition of the changes in peptide sequence that caused heteroclitic stimulation suggests that T cells do not directly recognize determinants in this region. The antigenically significant site of derivatization for T cell priming was found to be Lys99. Furthermore, substitution of a Gln at position 99 also resulted in elicitation of yet a third set of T cell clones specific for the presence of that residue. That is, the specificity of the primed T cell population was found to be altered by changes at residue-99, but no such alterations in specificity were demonstrable when T cells primed with peptides altered at residue-103, residue-102, or residue-100 were compared. Overall, the results demonstrate that the antigen can be divided into two functionally distinct sites that are in close physical proximity.
Rapid turnover of HLA proteins in quiescent lymphocytes: proposed connection with immunologic surveillance.
Authors: Monos D S , Cooper H L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Current immunologic theory defines a role for HLA-A, -B, -C proteins in cells presenting foreign antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. No clear function, however, is assigned to the prominently represented HLA molecules on the T cells themselves. To investigate this question, the synthesis and turnover of HLA-A, -B, -C molecules in human peripheral lymphocytes was studied. Newly synthesized HLA-A, -B, -C and beta 2-microglobulin molecules were identified among total lymphocyte proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and specific immunoselection. In resting T lymphocytes, the polymorphic set of HLA-A, -B, -C proteins was among the most prominently synthesized and rapidly turned over of total cell proteins. Its half-life was 6 to 7 hr, which is considerably shorter than that of total cell protein. HLA and beta 2M were the major proteins of the plasma membrane undergoing active synthesis and turnover in resting T lymphocytes. After growth stimulation, the rate of HLA synthesis increased to a lesser degree than total protein synthesis. Survival of newly synthesized HLA was increased, however, indicating reduction in HLA turnover. The result was the accumulation of HLA in the plasma membrane. It is suggested that continuous degradation and replacement reflects the biochemical nature of the participation of HLA molecules in immunologic surveillance by quiescent lymphocytes. Cessation of HLA turnover, with accumulation of surface HLA molecules, is a biochemical adjustment related to T cell activation.
Characterization of the oligosaccharides from the invariant chain associated with murine Ia antigens.
Authors: Swiedler S J , Hart G W , Freed J H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The oligosaccharide side chains of the murine invariant chain (Ii) glycoprotein associated with the Ia antigens have been characterized. Affinity chromatography using a monoclonal antibody column was employed to purify the I-Ak antigen from lysates of the AKTB-1b B cell lymphoma. The invariant chain isolated by this procedure was subsequently digested with proteases, and the resulting glycopeptides were fractionated by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The invariant chain appears to contain two glycosylation sites, both of which carry high-mannose oligosaccharides, each with a restricted size distribution and an average composition of Man6GlcNAc2 as judged by gel filtration and alpha-mannosidase digestion. These data, together with the observation that the invariant chain cannot be labeled metabolically with 3H-glucosamine, 3H-fucose, or 3H-galactose, allow the conclusion that the murine invariant chain does not contain complex oligosaccharides and is not O-glycosylated during its association with the Ia antigens.
Idiotypic and fluorometric analysis of the antibodies that distinguish the lesion of the I-A mutant B6.C-H-2bm12.
Authors: Melino M R , Epstein S L , Sachs D H , Hansen T H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The serologic lesion of the I-A mutant mouse strain, bm12, was investigated with the use of monoclonal anti-Iab antibodies and anti-idiotypic (Id) reagents produced against these antibodies. In a fluorometric analysis, three different monoclonal anti-Iab antibodies (25-9-17, 34-5-3, 28-16-8) failed to bind bm12 cells, whereas two anti-Iab antibodies (25-5-16 and 17/227), which bound bm12 cells, showed about one-half the fluorescence intensity that they showed in binding to Iab antigens. Of the three monoclonal antibodies that failed to react with bm12 cells, two antibodies (25-9-17 and 34-5-3) were found to bind the same steric site on Iab molecules (cluster I). In contrast, the antibodies (25-5-16 and 17/227) that reacted with both Iab and Iabm12 antigens were found to bind a second distinct site (cluster II). The binding of antibody 28-16-8 to Iab antigens inhibited reciprocally the binding of cluster I and II anti-Iab antibodies, suggesting a possible third site, sterically located intermediate between the other two sites. To assess the relatedness of the antibodies defining the serologic lesion of bm12 mice, xenogeneic and syngeneic anti-Id reagents were produced against antibodies 25-9-17 and 28-16-8. By using these anti-Ids in a binding site-related inhibition assay, a cross-reactive idiotype was detected that is shared by 25-9-17 and 34-5-3 antibodies; thus these two monoclonal antibodies share several features, including 1) idiotypic determinants, 2) failure to bind bm12 cells, 3) binding the same spatial Iab site, and 4) having indistinguishable serologic fine specificity that corresponds with a previously defined predominant alloantigenic determinant recognized in the bm12 anti-Iab humoral response. Therefore, several parameters of antibody recognition of Ia can now be correlated with structural changes in Ia molecules. These findings will potentiate future studies of the T cell recognition of these same Ia epitopes.
The fate of IgE bound to rat basophilic leukemia cells. II. Endocytosis of IgE oligomers and effect on receptor turnover.
Authors: Isersky C , Rivera J , Segal D M , Triche T 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have assessed the internalization of variously sized oligomers of IgE bound to rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells by measuring their accessibility to the extracellular environment, and by direct visualization of the radiolabeled ligands. We also followed the fate of the internalized ligands and their receptors, as well as the fate of the free receptor on cells internalizing oligomers. In contrast to monomeric IgE, surface-bound oligomeric IgE was internalized. Notably, dimers provided an effective signal for internalization, although larger oligomers seem to be internalized more efficiently. In our experiments, 48% of the cell-bound dimers and 67% of the trimers were eliminated from the cell surface in 180 min. One-half of the maximal internalization observed with dimers and trimers occurred in 25 and 11 min, respectively. Release of radioactivity into the supernatant followed internalization; the released radioactivity did not bind to fresh cells and was only partially TCA-precipitable. Radioactive ligands remaining associated with the cells were unchanged as judged by m.w; they also were shown to remain receptor-bound. During either internalization or release of substantial amounts of the originally cell-bound oligomers, there was no increase in IgE-binding activity. In contrast, there was a transient drop (25%) in the number of free surface receptors suggesting internalization of the free receptors together with the oligomer-occupied receptor. Cells that failed to release histamine (RBL-I) processed dimeric and trimeric IgE similarly to histamine-releasing (RBL-2H3) cells. We conclude that dimeric and trimeric IgE are internalized by RBL cells and later are released to the medium in a partially degraded form. The ligand-bound receptor seems to be internalized with the ligand, along with some free receptor, and does not appear to be reusable or to recycle rapidly to the cell surface.
Models of T cell deficiency in listeriosis: the effects of cortisone and cyclosporin A on normal and nude BALB/c mice.
Authors: Schaffner A , Douglas H , Davis C E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It is often difficult to test the role of T lymphocytes in resistance to infection because most models of T cell deficiency are associated with altered nonspecific resistance. In an attempt to address this problem, we compared the effects of cyclosporin A (CyA), cortisone (CA), and the athymic state on the course of murine listeriosis. We chose listeriosis because resistance to Listeria monocytogenes occurs in two phases. Bacterial multiplication is controlled by nonspecific defense mechanisms in the early phase and by acquired T cell-dependent immunity in the second phase. Mice treated with CA died during the early phase, probably because of inhibition of the antimicrobial activity of nonimmune macrophages. Accordingly, the immunosuppressive effect of CA was similar in athymic and normal mice. Untreated nude mice developed chronic low grade infection, probably because of heightened activity of nonimmune macrophages. In contrast, immunosuppression with CyA did not affect early resistance but induced overwhelming, fatal disease in the later phase when control mice began to acquire resistance. CyA did not change the course of listeriosis in nude mice, confirming its specificity for T cell-dependent immunity. Thus, this study shows that CyA is a potent and specific inhibitor of T cell-mediated immunity and that T cell-dependent resistance is essential for survival from listeriosis, a conclusion that could not have been established by studies of the nude mouse or immunosuppression by CA.
Establishment of a continuous T cell line capable of suppressing anti-tumor immune responses in vivo.
Authors: Roberts L K , Spellman C W , Warner N L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This report describes the induction, phenotypic characteristics, and functional properties of a continuous suppressor T cell line. This cell line, UV1, is capable of suppressing anti-tumor immune responses both in vivo and in vitro. The UV1 cell line was derived from a T cell-enriched (nylon wool nonadherent, Ia-negative panned fraction) spleen cell population from a ultraviolet radiation-(UV) exposed BALB/c Wehi mouse. By using an in vivo functional assay designed to demonstrate tumor-specific UV-induced suppressor T lymphocyte (Ts cell) activity, it was found that UV1 cells were capable of rendering normal syngeneic mice susceptible to the growth of UV-induced regressor tumors. In addition to their suppressive activity in vivo, UV1 cells displayed in vitro suppressive activity by blocking the differentiation of cytotoxic T cells from the draining lymph nodes of UV-tumor immunized animals. By flow cytometric analysis it was determined that UV1 cells expressed a number of T lymphocyte differentiation antigens and did not express any detectable amounts of surface immunoglobulin, I-A or E/C antigens, Fc receptors, or macrophage antigens. These data suggest that the UV1 cell line may be representative of the UV-induced Ts cell population and provide a potential means for studying UV-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms in greater detail.
Immune regulation by monoclonal antibodies: failure to enhance mouse skin allografts.
Authors: Lems S P , Tax W J , Capel P J , Koene R A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Monoclonal anti-H-2k alloantibodies were analyzed for their capacity to enhance the survival of B10.A skin grafted onto B10.D2 recipients. Included were five anti-class I and four anti-class II antibodies. In contrast to conventional B10.D2 anti-B10.A serum, none of the individual anti-class I or anti-class II monoclonal antibodies induced enhancement. The same negative results were obtained with various mixtures of anti-class I, anti-class II, or anti-class I + anti-class II antibodies. The failure to induce enhancement was not due to inefficient antigen binding in vivo, because monoclonal antibodies were as effective as conventional B10.D2 anti-B10.A serum in the induction of acute antibody-mediated graft rejection, and in the opsonization of 51Cr-labeled B10.A leukocytes injected into B10.D2 recipients pretreated with antibody. These results demonstrate that monoclonal antibodies cannot always substitute for conventional sera, at least not in immune regulation. They also show that although opsonization may be a prerequisite for the induction of enhancement, it does not guarantee that enhancement will invariably occur.
Functional studies on B cell hybridomas with B cell surface antigens. II. Ia molecules on the cell membrane and the differentiative response to anti-mu antibody.
Authors: Hamano T , Leiserson W M , Asofsky R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
TH 2.52, a subline of the B cell hybridoma with Iab, Iad, and IgM molecules on the cell membrane, was treated with F(ab')2 fragments of purified goat anti-mouse mu antibody (anti-mu), and the change in the expression of surface Ia molecules was determined by microcytotoxicity assays, quantitative absorption tests, and analyses of flow microfluorometery (FMF). We have previously reported that TH 2.52 cells can markedly generate IgM after stimulation with anti-mu without T cell factors. In the present studies, it was shown that the expression of surface Iab molecules on TH 2.52, originated from normal B cells of C57BL/6 (B6) mice, significantly decreased after treatment with anti-mu. In contrast, Iad molecules derived from M12.4.1 lymphomas did not change under the same conditions. These results indicate that cross-linking of anti-mu with surface IgM molecules on TH 2.52 provides signals for differentiation into IgM-secreting cells; this is followed by a decrease in the expression of Iab molecules on the cell membrane. Furthermore, monoclonal anti-Ia antibody (anti-Ia) did not inhibit the generation of IgM-secreting cells by TH 2.52 cells treated with anti-mu. In addition, la- sublines of TH 2.52 obtained after mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), as well as the original TH2.52, could differentiate into IgM-secreting cells in the presence of anti-mu. These findings suggest very strongly that la molecules on the cell membrane are not required for the induction of IgM secretion by B cells treated with anti-mu.
Immune properties of human teratocarcinoma. I. Human teratocarcinoma targets distinguish between natural killer and activated killer cells.
Authors: Carroll P G , DeWolf W C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Four human teratocarcinoma (HT) cell lines were studied as a class of targets for natural (NK) and activated (AK) lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. NK cells were found to be ineffective in lysing 51chromium-labeled HT targets. In contrast, alloactivated and mitogen-activated AK cells were highly cytotoxic for HT. The specificity of AK-mediated HT lysis was investigated by cold target competition experiments. The results showed that the target was shared by all HT lines tested but was not MHC related and was not present on lymphoblastoid cells (LBL) or on resting or activated normal lymphocytes. The demonstrated presence of unique fetal antigens on HT may provide an informative model for the study of AK target specificity and its functional relationship to differentiation.
Fatty acids and the inhibition of mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation by leukemic serum.
Authors: Brown R E , Steele R W , Marmer D J , Hudson J L , Brewster M A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of sera from 23 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia on mitogen-induced transformation of normal human lymphocytes were examined. All sera (100%) at diagnosis and 70% of those obtained during the induction of remission demonstrated inhibition of mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation as evidenced by decreased uptake of [3H]thymidine. The inhibition could not be overcome by an increase in the mitogen concentration. Eighteen sera demonstrating a mean inhibition of 44.2% had elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFA) compared with five sera showing no inhibition (p value = 0.001). Inhibition, within the range produced by leukemic sera, could be achieved by the purified methyl esters of linoleic and linolenic acid in this system. Flow cytometric analysis of mitogen-induced cycling of normal human lymphocytes suggested that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication was inhibited by leukemic sera containing elevated levels of FFA after the G1 phase of cell cycling. Similar inhibition could be achieved by the methyl ester of linolenic acid in this system. Gas chromatographic analysis revealed that sera demonstrating inhibition contained linolenic (C18:3) acid (p value = 0.015), and the majority showed one or more of the following: 1) a concentration of oleic (C18:1) acid greater than 2 standard deviations (SD) above the mean of the control leukemic sera (i.e., those not demonstrating inhibition); 2) an arachidonic (C20:4) to C18:1 ratio that is reduced to greater than 2 SD below the mean of the control group; or 3) the presence of an unexpected fatty acid fraction. The data raise the question of an influence of FFA and, specifically, an interplay of unsaturated fatty acids on immune function during the natural history of acute lymphocytic leukemia.