bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Papillomacular bundle sparing versus conventional internal limiting membrane peeling for idiopathic macular hole ≤400 µm
Authors: Kumar Aman , Moharana Bruttendu , Katoch Deeksha , Singh Ramandeep 
Published: March 2023

Purpose:
To compare the outcomes of papillomacular bundle (PMB) sparing internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling (group LP) and conventional ILM peeling (group CP) for treatment of idiopathic macular hole (MH) of ≤400 μm.

Methods:
Fifteen eyes were included in each group. In group CP, conventional 360° peeling was done, while in group LP, ILM was spared over PMB. The changes in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness were analyzed at 3 months.

Results:
MH was closed in all with comparable visual improvement. Postoperatively, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) was significantly thinner in the temporal quadrant in group CP. GC-IPL was significantly thinner in the temporal quadrants in group LP, whereas it was comparable in group CP.

Conclusion:
PMB sparing ILM peeling is comparable to conventional ILM peeling in terms of closure rate and visual gain, with the advantage of less retinal damage at 3 months.
To compare central visual field progression using mean deviation and pointwise linear regression analysis
Authors: Patil Trupti S , Viswanathan N , George Ronnie 
Published: March 2023

Purpose:
To compare central visual field progression using mean deviation and pointwise linear regression (PLR) analysis.

Methods:
We analyzed the 10-2 Humphrey visual field (HVF) tests for moderate and advanced primary glaucoma who had undergone at least five reliable 10-2 visual field tests with a minimum follow-up of at least two years and best-corrected visual acuity better than 6/12. Regression slope less than −1 dB/year at P < 0.01 at a point was defined as an individual threshold point progression.

Results:
Ninety-six eyes of 74 patients were included. The median follow-up duration was of 4 years (±1.97). Median 10-2 mean deviation (MD) at inclusion was −19.01 dB (interquartile range [IQR] −13.2, −24.14) and −21.90 (IQR − 13.4, −27.8) on 24-2 HVF. The median rate of MD change was −0.13 dB/year (IQR − 0.46, 0.08) for 10-2. The median rate for visual field index (VFI) change was 0.9% per year (IQR − 1.5, 0.4). Twenty-eight percent of eyes (27 eyes) showed progression. Twelve percent (12 eyes) showed progression of two or more points in the same hemifield on pointwise linear regression (PLR) analysis, and 16% of eyes (15 eyes) showed progression of one point. The median rate of MD change was significantly more in progressing eyes based on PLR analysis than eyes with no progression (−0.5 vs. −0.06 dB/year P < 0.001). One patient had likely and the second had possible progression on 24-2. In 24 eyes, event analysis did not show any change; the rest mean deviation was out of range.

Conclusion:
Central visual field PLR analysis is useful in detecting progression in advanced glaucomatous damage.
A cross-sectional study analyzing the correlation between the mean retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer thickness with axial length and refractive errors among children aged 5–15 years
Authors: Sanepalli Sravani , Raj Amit , Saha Bhawesh C , Singh Prabhakar 
Published: March 2023

Purpose:
To analyze the correlation between the mean retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness with axial length and refractive errors among children aged 5–15 years.

Methods:
This cross-sectional, observational study was done on 130 eyes of 65 consecutive subjects with refractive errors. The patients were evaluated for RNFL thickness and macular GCL thickness using spectral domain- optical coherence tomography.

Results:
One hundred and thirty eyes of 65 subjects aged between 5 and 15 years were divided into three groups based on their spherical equivalent in diopters (D). The children with a spherical equivalent of ≤−0.50 D were considered myopic, ≥−0.5 to ≤+0.5 D were considered emmetropic, and ≥+0.50 D were considered hypermetropic. RNFL thickness and GCL thickness were correlated with age, gender, spherical equivalent, and axial length. The mean global RNFL thickness was 104.58 µm ± 7.567.

Conclusion:
There exists a negative correlation between RNFL thickness and macular GCL thickness with increasing severity of myopia and increase in axial length, and the possible reason could be stretching of the sclera, which further leads to stretching of the retina, resulting in thinner RNFL and macular GCL thickness.
Changes in emergency glaucoma care during the COVID-19 pandemic in South India
Authors: Krishna Umesh , Odayappan Annamalai , Venkatesh Rengaraj , Kavitha Srinivasan 
Published: March 2023

Purpose:
To assess the differences in the pattern of presentation of glaucoma emergency conditions during the various phases of pandemic-related travel restrictions: first wave-related lockdown, unlock period, and the second wave-related lockdown.

Methods:
The number of new emergency glaucoma conditions, the various diagnoses, and the total number of all new glaucoma patients presenting to the glaucoma services at five tertiary eye care centers in south India from 24th March 2020 to 30th June 2021 were collected from the electronic medical records and were analyzed. The data were compared with the corresponding time period in the year 2019.

Results:
In total, 620 patients presented with an emergency glaucoma diagnosis during the first wave-related lockdown as against 1337 during the same period in 2019 (P < 0.0001). During the unlock period, 2659 such patients visited the hospital compared with 2122 in 2019 (P = 0.0145). During the second wave-related lockdown, there were 351 emergency patients compared with 526 patients in 2019 (P < 0.0001). Lens-induced glaucomas (50.4%) and neovascular glaucoma (20.6%) were the most common diagnoses during the first wave-related lockdown. During the unlock period, there was a greater proportion of neovascular glaucoma (P = 0.0123). The second wave-related lockdown had a greater proportion of phacolytic glaucomas (P = 0.005) and acute primary angle closure (P = 0.0397) patients.

Conclusion:
The study demonstrates that emergency glaucoma care was grossly underutilized by the people during the lockdowns. Trivial conditions like cataracts or retinal vascular diseases if not treated appropriately may progress to become emergencies in the future.
Study of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in diabetic patients using optical coherence tomography
Authors: Bhaskaran Aparna , Babu Mahesh , Sudhakar N A , Kudlu Krishna Prasad , Shashidhara B C 
Published: March 2023

Purpose:
This study aimed to assess and compare the changes in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in nondiabetics and diabetics with various stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Methods:
The study subjects were divided into four groups based on their diabetic status and findings, namely, controls (normal subjects without diabetes [NDM]), diabetics without retinopathy (NDR), nonproliferative DR (NPDR), and proliferative DR (PDR). Peripapillary RNFL thickness was assessed using optical coherence tomography. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the post-Tukey HSD test was done to compare RNFL thickness in different groups. The Pearson coefficient was used to determine the correlation.

Results:
There was statistically significant difference in measured average RNFL (F = 14.8000, P < 0.05), superior RNFL (F = 11.7768, P < 0.05), inferior RNFL (F = 12.9639, P < 0.05), nasal RNFL (F = 12.2134, P < 0.05), and temporal RNFL (F = 4.2668, P < 0.05) across the different study groups. Pairwise comparison showed that there was a statistically significant difference in RNFL measured (average and all quadrants) in patients with DR (NPDR and PDR) and the NDM control group (P < 0.05). In diabetics without retinopathy, the RNFL measured was reduced compared to controls, but it was statistically significant only in the superior quadrant (P < 0.05). Average RNFL and RNFL in all quadrants showed a small negative correlation with the severity of DR and it was statistically significant (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
In our study, peripapillary RNFL thickness was reduced in diabetic retinopathy compared to normal controls and the thinning increased with the severity of DR. This was evident in the superior quadrant even before the fundus signs of DR set in.
Mumbai metropolitan region eye care facility survey: Mumbai Eye Disease Study (MEDiS) report #1
Authors: Das Taraprasad , Moses Santosh , Gautam Kanishak , Telang Varun , Neog Shyamanta , Ghosalkar Shraddha , Roy Ashmita 
Published: March 2023

Purpose:
To examine the eye care practice in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR).

Methods:
This study consisted of primary and secondary research conducted in five zones of MMR. The primary research included interviews with the patients, eye care providers, and key opinion leaders. The secondary research included analyzing data from the professional ophthalmology societies, public health domain, and health insurance providers. We divided people into three economic classes by annual income – low (<INR 0.3 m), middle (INR 0.31–1.8 m), and high (>1.8 m). We analyzed the collected data to estimate the eye care demand–supply, quality of eye care, health-seeking behavior, gap in eye care delivery, and eye care expenditure.

Results:
We examined 473 key eye care facilities and interviewed 513 people. The ophthalmologist density in MMR was 80/million, and it was the highest in North MMR. Most ophthalmologists visited several facilities. Cataract surgery and glaucoma care coverage were better than other specialties; it was poor for oncology and oculoplastic services. Annual eye examination practice was poor in the low- and middle-income groups than in the high-income group (48%–50% vs. 85%). Most people preferred visiting eye care facilities within 5 km of their residence. Out-of-pocket spending was between 60% and 83%. Lower-income group people preferred public facilities.

Conclusion:
MMR eye care needs further improvement in affordable and accessible eye care, health literacy, public health surveillance, research into the application of newer technologies to provide less-expensive home care for the elderly and minimize their hospital visits, and collection and analysis of big data to address city-specific eye health issues.
Clinical identification of optic disk vascular alteration in glaucoma
Authors: Mansoori Tarannum 
Published: March 2023

Background:
Several characteristic vascular changes can be observed in the glaucomatous eyes, including changes in the vessel configuration and caliber, presence of collateral vessel on disk, and disk hemorrhage.

Purpose:
This video describes characteristic vascular changes in the optic nerve head, which can be observed on clinical examination in the glaucomatous eyes, and useful teaching points to identify the same.

Synopsis:
In glaucoma, as the optic cup enlarges, the normal pattern and course of retinal vessels on the optic disk are altered and show characteristic changes. Identification of these changes provides a clue to the presence of cupping.

Highlights:
In this video, the vascular changes and its identification in the glaucomatous disc are described, which would be useful to the residents.

Video link:
https://youtu.be/2eINumBx33E

Key words: Glaucoma, optic disk, vascular signs
Radial peripapillary capillary network in congenital cavitary optic disk anomalies
Authors: Mansoori Tarannum 
Published: March 2023

Background and Purpose:
“Congenital cavitary optic disk anomalies” is a term used to include optic disk pit (ODP), optic disk coloboma, and morning glory disk anomaly (MGDA). Imaging the radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) network in congenital optic disk anomalies with optical coherence tomography-angiography (OCTA) can shed light on its pathogenesis. This video describes the OCTA findings of optic nerve head and RPC network using the angio-disk mode in five cases of congenital cavitary optic disk anomalies.

Synopsis:
The video presents characteristic RPC network alterations in two eyes of ODP, one eye of optic disk coloboma, and two eyes of noncontractile MGDA.

Highlights:
OCTA in ODP and coloboma shows absence of RPC microvascular network and a region of capillary dropout. This finding is in contrast to MGDA, where the microvascular network is dense. OCTA is an effective imaging modality to study vascular plexus and RPC and their alteration in congenital disk anomalies, which could provide information about the structural differences among them.

Video link:
https://youtu.be/TyZOzpG4X4U

Key words: Cavitary disc anomalies, OCTA, RPC network
Dentoalveolar and airway changes following en masse distal movement of the maxillary dentition with infrazygomatic crest anchorage: A prospective study
Authors: Ramsundar Kavitha , Jain Ravindra K , Balakrishnan Nivethigaa 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Aims and Objectives:
Mini screws placed buccal to the maxillary first or second molars in the infra zygomatic crest (IZC) region can be used as anchors for various types of tooth movement. En masse distal movement of the maxillary dentition with IZC anchorage is routinely practiced nowadays as more patients demand a non-extraction treatment and it should be evaluated. The goal of this study was to assess dentoalveolar and airway changes in individuals with class II malocclusion after en masse distal movement of the maxillary dentition utilizing infrazygomatic anchorage.

Materials and Methods:
This prospective study included patients who required en masse distal movement of the maxillary dentition. Following initial leveling and aligning, mini screws were placed in the IZC region, and the maxillary arch was distalized en-masse. Pre (T0) and post distalization (T1) lateral cephalograms were traced for dentoalveolar and airway changes. Statistical tests were done with SPSS software. Shapiro-Wilk test for normality and paired T test for comparison between before and after en masse distalization were done.

Results:
The changes in dental angular and linear measurements such as U1 to N-A, L1 to N-B and interincisal angle, U1 to N-A and U1 to point A distance, U1 to palatal plane, L1 to N-B, L1 to Apo line distance, U6 to PtV were statistically significant (P > 0.05). Linear parameters such as L1 to ApO line, upper airway, and lower airway were not statistically significant (<0.05).

Conclusion:
Class II div I malocclusions can be efficiently corrected without extractions using IZC anchorage by en masse distal movement of the maxillary dentition. Significant reduction in upper anterior inclination, intrusion of maxillary anterior teeth, and distal movement of the posterior teeth were noted. No changes in airway dimensions were noted.
Synthesis, characterization and DFT studies of Schiff bases of p-methoxysalicylaldehyde
Authors: E. Olalekan Temitope , O. Akintemi Eric , Van Brecht Bernardus , M. Watkins Gareth 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT. Five new Schiff bases synthesized by the reaction between 2-(methylthio)aniline derivatives and p-methoxysalicylaldehyde are presented as MtH-1 (R = H), MtH-2 (R = CH3), MtH-3 (R = OCH3), MtH-4 (R = Cl) and MtH-5 (R = Br). They were characterized by CHNS analyses, NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT135, COSY and HSQC), FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopic techniques. FT-IR, elemental analyses and NMR data supported the formation of the Schiff bases, with the chemical shifts of azomethine and phenol protons showing sensitivity to ring substitution. The crystal structure of MtH-1 featured the alignment of the phenyl rings to each other and to the C=N group with dihedral angles >170o. The DFT calculations corroborated the bond lengths and angles of MtH-1. The HOMO-LUMO energies, dipole moments and other reactivity parameters were calculated. The methyl-substituted MtH-2 was the least polar of the compounds. With calculated energy band gaps of almost 4 eV, the compounds may have applications in the semiconductors field.

KEY WORDS: Schiff bases, p-methoxysalicylaldehyde, Crystal structure, Spectroscopic properties, DFT calculations

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(3), 675-688.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i3.11
Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from selected species of the genus Cucumis in Ethiopia
Authors: Assefa Teshale , Tesso Hailemichaele , Abdisa Eticha , Guta Leta , Melaku Yadessa 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT. Chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from various parts of Cucumis ficifolius, Cucumis dipsaceus and Cucumis prophetarum were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Compounds 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-1-hexadecanol, neophytadiene, and isophytol from leaves, phytol and octacosane from the stems, hentriacontane from the fruits, and octacosane, abietadiene from roots were identified the major constituents of Cucumis ficifolius. Hydrocarbons including Octacosane, tricosane, tetracosane, hentriacontane and hexacosane were the principal components of various parts of Cucumis. dispaceus. While leaves, stems and roots of Cucumis prophetarum contain mainly hentriacontane, neophytadiene and octacosane, respectively. The oils were evaluated for their antibacterial activity using disc diffusion method against four bacterial pathogens including E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and S. pyogenes. All tested essential oils were sensitive against the bacterial strains. The essential oil from the leaves of Cucumis dispaceus exhibited the highest inhibition zone against E. coli (11.87±2.42 mm) while the other displayed modest activity compared with the positive control, ceftriaxone. Therefore, the antibacterial activities displayed by the essential oils along with the literature reported for their constituents suggest the use of these plants as an antibacterial agent. Furthermore, the results presented herein also support the traditional use of these plants against bacteria.

KEY WORDS: Cucumis ficifolius, Cucumis dipsaceus, Cucumis prophetarum, Antibacteria

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(3), 703-715.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i3.13
Multi-component reactions for the synthesis of pyrazolo [1,5-a]quinoline derivatives together with their cytotoxic evaluations
Authors: M. Mohareb Rafat , H.E. Helal Maher , E. Mayhoub Amany , E.M.  Abdallah Amira 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT. A new approaches for the synthesis of novel pyrazolo[1,5-a]quinazoline 8a-f and pyrazolo[1,5-a]quinazolin-6-one 10a-s and 12a-s derivatives were obtained using 4-(2-phenylhydrazono)-4H-pyrazol-3-amine derivatives 5a-f via their multi-component reactions. The later pyrazole derivatives were prepared via arylhydrazone derivatives 3a-f. The structures of the synthesized compounds were established based on their respective analytical data. On the other hand, the cytotoxic effects of the synthesized compounds were obtained against the six cancer cell lines, namely A549, HT-29, MKN-45, U87MG, SMMC-7721 and, H460 utilizing foretinib as the positive control and the standard MTT assay in vitro. The obtained results showed that compounds 8c, 8f, 10c, 10i, 10l, 10p, 10s, 12c, 12i, 12l, 12p and, 12s were the most cytotoxic compounds. In most cases the presence of the electronegative Cl group enhanced the cytotoxicity of the tested compound.

KEY WORDS: Multi-component reactions, Pyrazolo[1,5-a]quinazoline, Pyrazolo[1,5-a]quinazolin-6-one, Cytotoxicity
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(3), 717-734.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i3.14
Structural analysis of Val-Trp dipeptide: Molecular mechanics and DFT calculations
Authors: Gambar Rahimzade Sara , Ahmad Akverdieva Gulnara 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT. The present study of biologically active Val-Trp dipeptide has been performed using computer modeling methods. To search the stable structures the different theoretically possible conformations of this molecule were calculated within molecular mechanics framework. The results showed that two types of conformations, folded and extended, are realized for this compound. Afterwards, the most stable conformations of the Val-Trp dipeptide were optimized using DFT/B3LYP level of theory with 6-31+G(d,p) basis set. The geometry, energy parameters, electronic properties, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) map, highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies, chemical reactivity descriptors, nonlinear optical properties such as the electric dipole moment and polarizability were computed and compared for the optimized extended and folded structures of this molecule. The differences in the electronic structure between two characteristic conformations of title dipeptide were revealed. It was found the redistribution of charges as a result of folding of the peptide chain leads to a decrease in the dipole moment of this molecule. The effects of intramolecular hydrogen bonding on geometry of Val-Trp dipeptide were observed.

KEY WORDS: Val-Trp dipeptide, Molecular Mechanics, DFT calculations

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(3), 757-770.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i3.17
Physicochemical properties and microbial load evaluation of raw cow milks of Jimma Town, Ethiopia
Authors: Tadesse Tesfaye , Gure Abera , Kedir Kassim 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT. In this study, physicochemical properties and microbial loads of raw and sterilized cow milks of Jimma town, Ethiopia, were investigated. Raw and sterilized milk samples were collected from milk venders and local market, respectively. Standard methods were used for analysis of both physicochemical and microbial loads of the samples. The results of the study showed that physicochemical properties of the studied milk samples were within the recommended values. The total bacteria count (TBC) and coliform count (CC) of raw milk samples were above the recommended values, whereas their values in the sterilized milk sample were comparable with the recommended values. However, the yeast and mould count (YMC) of the studied milk samples were comparable with their recommended values. ANOVA (p < 0.05) results showed the presence of significant differences in the physicochemical properties such as temperature, pH, titratable acidity, total solids, solids not fat, protein, fat, lactose, total bacteria count and coliform count among the studied milk samples. In general, the studied raw and sterilized milk samples had acceptable physicochemical properties. However, the TBC and CC of the raw milk samples were above their respective recommended values, which might be attributed to the low hygienic practices of the venders.

KEYWORDS: Raw and sterilized cow milks, Physicochemical properties, Microbial load

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(3), 553-563.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i3.2