bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive review on how ionic liquids enhance the pyrolysis of cellulose, lignin, and lignocellulose toward a circular economy
Authors: Eqbalpour Mohammad , Andooz Amirhossein , Kowsari Elaheh , Ramakrishna Seeram , Cheshmeh Zahra Ansari , Chinnappan Amutha 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe sustainable use of plant biomass (PB) to produce new valuable compounds helps alleviate the world's excessive reliance on fossil fuels. Among the different processes available, pyrolysis has drawn significant attention for its efficiency in converting PB (including lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose) into solid, liquid, and gas products by thermal degradation. Moreover, the participation of ionic liquids (ILs) in the pyrolysis process can further facilitate this process, improve the quality of pyrolysis products, and enhance the operational parameters. This review article presents an in‐depth examination of how ILs enhance the pyrolysis of lignin, cellulose, and lignocellulose toward sustainability and circular economy (CE). The structural chemistry of the components of PB, namely cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose, is first discussed. Furthermore, the role of ILs in the pyrolysis of cellulose, lignin, and lignocellulose is thoroughly investigated. These roles include pre‐treating agent before pyrolysis, catalyst after or during pyrolysis, template during pyrolysis, and extractant after pyrolysis. In the following, the sustainability of PB pyrolysis with the participation of ILs is examined from three aspects: environmental, social, and economical. Finally, the PB pyrolysis was investigated from the CE aspect. There is no doubt that the participation of ILs in the pyrolysis process positively affects the operating conditions and product quality, so the whole process is only one step away from complete sustainability.This article is categorized under:
Sustainable Development > Sustainable Development Goals
Sustainable Energy > Bioenergy
Climate and Environment > Circular Economy
Physico‐chemical characteristics and biodegradability of primary effluent and particulate matter removed by microscreens
Authors: Alizadeh Sanaz , Chowdhury Pankaj , Ghodsi Vahid , Giaccherini Francesca , Sarathy Siva , Santoro Domenico , Comeau Yves 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn this study, the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of raw wastewater were compared with the liquid and solid streams generated by a primary clarifier (PC), a rotating belt filter (RBF, 350 μm), and a drum filter (DF, 60 μm) and series (SER) combination of an RBF with a PC or a DF using pilot‐scale primary treatment units. The RBF removed about 36% of the influent total suspended solids. The DF and PC yielded an influent total suspended solid removal of 47% to 55% in both individual (parallel) and SER configurations. The size fractionation and chemical characterizations of the liquid fractions indicated a significant change in the wastewater composition in both filter configurations with no variation in the biodegradability of liquid fractions. The solids recovered by RBF had a higher total solids (TS) concentration and a higher volatile solids (VS) content (0.92 g VS/g TS) than that of DF and PC treatments (0.58 to 0.84 g VS/g TS). DF and PC sludge demonstrated a higher biodegradability rate (k1; 0.11 d−1 < k1 < 0.20 d−1) than solids recovered by RBF (0.09 d−1). The retained solids in the SER configuration demonstrated a significantly lower theoretical biochemical methane potential than the parallel configuration, likely due to the presence of smaller particles with a significantly higher ratio of particulate chemical oxygen demand over volatile suspended solids (1.86 to 2.40 g chemical oxygen demand/g volatile suspended solids). These results indicated that the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of liquid and solids from different filter configurations are required to determine design criteria to upgrade or retrofit water resource recovery facilities using an RBF or a DF.Practitioner Points
A rotating belt filter (RBF) removed less solids than a drum filter (DF) or a primary clarifier (PC).
A series configuration of an RBF with either a DF or PC resulted in an effluent with a lower proportion of slowly biodegradable organic matter than in a parallel configuration.
Solids from an RBF, a DF, or a PC had similar theoretical biochemical methane potential.
Introduction: Maritime Im/Mobilities
Authors: Ganser Alexandra , Lavery Charne 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn a time of refugee boats and rising seas, maritime mobilities and immobilities have regained critical status for the development of viable futures—social, economic, environmental, political, as well as imaginative. This introduction describes advances in maritime studies, alongside “blue cultural studies” or “oceanic humanities,” and covers a selection of recent critical perspectives in the maritime humanities that have extended, but also criticized, earlier assumptions in the field: Eurocentric, anthropocentric, and class-, race-, and gender-based. The focus is on some of the ways in which maritime studies has been informed by mobility studies, an interdisciplinary field within the humanities. Taking up cultural geography’s revision of the field to acknowledge the centrality of movement in history and society and to move beyond logistics-centered transportation studies, mobility studies investigates the production of mobilities and immobilities historically, socially, politically, and culturally. The present volume sets out to explore how oceanic im/mobilities have been framed and articulated in the literary and cultural imagination.
“Ocean People”: Maritime (Im)Mobilities in the Chinese American Imaginary
Authors: Poppenhagen Nicole 
Published: March 2023

AbstractUnderstanding the ocean in both metaphorical and material terms, this essay approaches Chinese American texts from the intersection of oceanic, mobility, and Chinese American studies. While mobility has often been perceived in highly romanticized terms, in Chinese American literature the ocean is characterized by ambiguity as it becomes a site of negotiation for the role of immigrants during the era of Chinese exclusion. In Maxine Hong Kingston’s auto/biographical textChina Men, Pam Chun’s family narrativeThe Money Dragon, poetry from Ellis Island and Angel Island, and Genny Lim’s playPaper Angels, the complex relationships between time and space, sea and land, inform the immigrants’ journey across the ocean. Their American beginnings are defined by a liberating, though often disorienting, mobility and at the same time a longed for, but mostly paralyzing immobility on and off ships and islands. To use Maxine Hong Kingston words, these circumstances of migration turn Chinese Americans into “ocean people.” Ultimately, a focus on the ship voyage and the island as oceanic tropes in Chinese American texts reveals the Chinese American experience as shaped by maritime (im)mobilities.
Storied Waves: Maritime Connections and Subaltern Knowledge in Arctic and Mediterranean Literary Contact Zones
Authors: Mackenthun Gesa 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWoven around Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, Olaudah Equiano’s Interesting Narrative, Peter Høeg’s Miss Smilla’s Feeling for Snow, and Merle Kröger’s Havarie (Collision), this chapter discusses the concurrence between the search for knowledge and the topic of human disposability in texts and events relating to the contact zones of the Arctic and the Mediterranean. It views them as combining macrogeographical considerations of oceanic contact with reflections on the micro-level of human experience, resonating with Edward Said’s and Kirsten Gruesz’s pleas for investigating “overlapping geographies,” “intertwined histories,” and maritime geopolitical regions as “engines” of empire. Straddling the period between the beginning of globalization and the recent past, these literary texts are harnessed to critical reflections on the complexity of these maritime, social, and epistemic connections and contact zones beyond the landed history of nations and mainlands.
Birds of the Plastic Pacific: Moving (the) Masses
Authors: Crane Kylie 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe “Great Pacific Garbage Patch”is a misnomer. It suggests an easily visualizable mass of plastic, clearly defined and floating atop the Pacific Ocean. The reality is that the masses of plastic move not singularly as a mass, nor are they necessarily clearly visible. The plastic moves, certainly; it shifts, floats, and sinks. It entangles and mangles. And it degrades, exuding lethal toxins into and through the oceans. The “Plastic Pacific” is more a shifting accretion of material than a static accumulation of objects.In lieu of a “patch,” then, what images and symbols can be mobilized to “move the masses” to respond to this phenomenon? Images of two kinds of maritime birds have emerged: the Layson albatross, lying prostate with plastic (Chris Jordan’s “Midway Islands” series, Susan Middleton and David Liittschwager’s Archipelago volume), and the rubber duck, rendered both homely and unheimlich in several books (Slow Death by Rubber Duck by Rick Smith and Bruce Lourie, Moby-Duck by Donovan Hohn).Drawing on theories of entanglement, archipelagoes, and toxicity, this article stresses the relational as a crucial component of political and ethical critique. The “moving” of the subtitle thus not only references the mobility of the material itself, but also the different aesthetic measures employed to effect responses and responsibilities.
Maritime Mobility and the Work of Susanna Rowson: Transatlantic Perspectives
Authors: Lippert Leopold 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe chapter explores how the work of Susanna Haswell Rowson (1762–1824) employs ships and sea travel as sites of the cultural articulation and negotiation of mobility in the early modern Atlantic world. Through her writings on seafaring, the chapter suggests, Rowson examines the tensions between imperial fantasies of seamless connectivity across the Atlantic world and the typically flawed material and infrastructural conditions that enabled/foreclosed that connectivity. Critically reading the playSlaves in Algiers(1794), the didactic treatise “Rise and Progress of Navigation” (1811), as well as the novelsReuben and Rachel(1798) andRebecca(1814 edition), the chapter analyzes the ways in which Rowson functionalized maritime mobility in order to deliberate the materiality of transatlantic travel and the ways such travel impacted on the cultural imaginaries of correspondence, circulation, and exchange. Moreover, Rowson used ships and seafaring as narrative devices to relate early U.S. national identities (such as her own) to larger transatlantic contexts. Ultimately, the chapter shows that Rowson’s writing establishes the Atlantic world as a contested and contradictory cultural space that could not always reconcile imperial fantasies of connectivity with the imperfect material conditions of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century maritime mobility.
Reading and Writing the Ship in “Benito Cereno” and “The Heroic Slave”
Authors: Massnick Thomas 
Published: March 2023

AbstractHerman Melville’s “Benito Cereno” and Frederick Douglass’s “The Heroic Slave” both explore the ways in which power is inscribed into maritime technologies. A focus on the role of ships within these narratives reveals the way systems of power operate, and invites inquiry into the way those systems can be disrupted. The hapless qualities of Melville’s central figure, Amasa Delano, and the hypermasculine heroism of Douglass’s protagonist, Madison Washington, have received much scholarly attention. These aspects of the characters come into sharper relief when we consider the ship itself to be a legible, authoritative text. Delano’s notoriously poor reading of his situation stands in contrast to his accurate and detailed reading of the ship in its disarray. Relatedly, Washington’s nautical literacy parallels Douglass’s own well-known history with the printed word. The two stories present opposing looks at the nature of power as inscribed in the ship. For Douglass, power is there for the taking, systems can be overturned, and their technologies subverted. Melville’s text offers a dimmer view; his story and its concluding legal documentation suggests that systems of power are supported by a self-sustaining and self-justifying logic. These two visions imply different prospects for Black agency.
From HI-SEAS to Outer Space: Discourses of Water and Territory in U.S. Pacific Imperialism and Representations of U.S. Mars Colonization
Authors: Temmen Jens 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter analyzes how imperial discourses of water and territory serve to claim such seemingly disparate spaces as the Hawaiian Islands and the planet Mars for U.S. empire. Through a comparative analysis of the so-called HI-SEAS Mars simulation project located on the slopes of Mauna Loa mountain (Hawai‘i) as well as of recent representations of Mars habitation and colonization, such as Andy Weir’sThe Martian, it argues that current conceptualizations of Mars in the U.S. context tend to rely on discourses of territorial management groomed in nineteenth-century U.S. Pacific imperialism.
Resilience, Food Security and Food Systems: Setting the Scene
Authors: Béné Christophe , Devereux Stephen 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe aim of this introduction chapter is twofold. First it will set the scene, frame the overarching problem and present the central question of this volume: How does the concept of resilience help in improving our general understanding of the development process, in particular around the issue of food (in)security, and how does it influence the way development interventions around this question of food security are now programmed and implemented? To address this ambitious question, the entire series of chapters will adopt a food system approach. The second part of the introduction chapter will then ‘kick-start’ the discussion, first by providing some initial element of definition for the three concepts under consideration and then by highlighting some of the main discussions, debates or even contradictions that emerge in the literature around the definition, interpretations and application of those concepts.
Urban Food Security and Resilience
Authors: Haysom Gareth , Battersby Jane 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe concept of resilience within urban food systems has gained significant academic and policy focus in recent years. This aligns with the increased global awareness of the problem of urban food insecurity, and increased focus on sub-national policies for sustainable development. COVID-19 demonstrated a series of vulnerabilities in the food system and the urban system. Academic work on urban food system resilience is wide ranging, however particular areas of focus dominate, focusing on urban agriculture, localized food systems, resilient city region food systems and the water-energy-food nexus. Renewed interest in resilience policy at the local government level has been amplified by global networks, whose framing of urban food systems resilience is embedded within the SDGs and the New Urban Agenda. Using findings from cities in five African countries, we argue for a re-framing of urban food system resilience that is inclusive of a wider set of factors shaping the form and function of the food system; that the urban system, specifically infrastructure, shapes the functioning of the food system and the ability of consumers to use the food system; and that the agency of urban food system users needs inclusion in understandings of, and efforts to increase, food systems resilience.
Reflections and Conclusions
Authors: Devereux Stephen , Béné Christophe 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe concluding chapter reflects on the conceptual, empirical, and policy-related contributions that this book has made and identifies remaining unresolved issues. ‘Resilience’, ‘food system’, and even ‘food security’ were seen to be elusive and contested concepts. A food systems’ lens is more holistic than conventional preoccupations with agriculture and food prices, by highlighting for instance the relatively neglected role of food processors in food security analysis. Global and national food systems are increasingly resilient, even against shocks like COVID-19 lockdowns, but climate change raises fundamental challenges. Moreover, paradoxes remain, such as the coexistence of high levels of undernutrition and overnutrition in countries where food systems appear to be performing efficiently. Governments, international agencies, civil society, the private sector, and local communities all have important complementary roles to play. But there are difficult policy trade-offs to negotiate: whether to promote higher crop yields or lower crop volatility, for instance, or whether to intervene in food systems by taxing unhealthy foods (e.g. sugar), which could benefit consumers but would harm affected farmers. Ultimately, at global, national, and local levels, well-functioning, sustainable and equitable food systems need to deliver not only enough food, but affordable access for all to sustainable healthy diets.
Achieving Food Security Through a Food Systems Lens
Authors: Fanzo Jessica 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAchieving food security for the global population of 8 billion will be a challenge without functional, equitable, and resilient food systems. This chapter examines the history of how food security has been framed and addressed in international development, and the importance of a food systems approach and mindset in tackling food security. While this new food systems framing is important in bringing together the myriad of actors and components that food touches upon, food security has become more complex in the modern, challenged world, and functional food systems do not necessarily equate to improved food security. As international goals and commitments are made, policymakers must consider how food systems engage with other systems, and the failures and successes that history has taught us in efforts to achieve food security for all.
The Global Food System is Not Broken but Its Resilience is Threatened
Authors: Caron Patrick , Daguet Ellie , Dury Sandrine 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe global food system is not broken. Apart from specific contexts, access to food has never been so easy as it is today. The global food system has been resilient and able to adapt during the twentieth century to many shocks and stressors such as an unprecedented population growth. The huge increase in production has exceeded the demographic growth. Together with the expansion of trade, they have been key in ensuring food system resilience of most countries, including those with limited resources. Yet, a profound transformation is needed for the following reasons: (i) food is today the major problem in public health, (ii) the economics of food chains fuel inequalities, and (iii) food systems are responsible for major environmental and climatic damage. Numerous calls for engaging in such a transformation highlight the need for a paradigm shift. However, despite such shared observations and alerts, no “great transformation” is taking place, for different reasons, including conflicts of interest. Resilience of food systems in the twenty-first century can thus be considered a property that is constrained by past transformation. Resilience depends on the ability to change the very drivers that made food systems resilient in the twentieth century.
Food Security and Resilience: The Potential for Coherence and the Reality of Fragmented Applications in Policy and Research
Authors: Constas Mark A. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWhile the topic of food security has long been a focal point for research and policy concerned with development, resilience represents a newer area of work. Given the complexity of each topic on its own, the task of integrating the inherently multidimensional concepts of resilience and food security is an ambitious undertaking. Against this background, the present chapter was motivated by two questions: How can the integration of food security and resilience be conceptualized? What trends can be observed when food security and resilience are linked? To answer the first question, the chapter offers a new conceptual model that articulates possibilities for connecting food security and resilience. In response to the second question, a case study of selected policy documents and a sample of research was conducted. From a methodological perspective, the case study combined lexical analysis methods with a scoping review protocol. The findings from the policy review and from the research literature revealed that attempts to integrate food security and resilience were limited, inconsistent, and largely superficial. The conceptual model and the findings from the case study highlight the need for more coherent integration of work situated at the intersection of food security and resilience.
Uncovering Change: A Streaming Approach for Declarative Processes
Authors: Burattin Andrea , López Hugo A. , Starklit Lasse 
Published: March 2023

AbstractProcess discovery is a family of techniques that helps to comprehend processes from their data footprints. Yet, as processes change over time so should their corresponding models, and failure to do so will lead to models that under- or over-approximate behaviour. We present a discovery algorithm that extracts declarative processes as Dynamic Condition Response (DCR) graphs from event streams. Streams are monitored to generate temporal representations of the process, later processed to create declarative models. We validated the technique by identifying drifts in a publicly available dataset of event streams. The metrics extend the Jaccard similarity measure to account for process change in a declarative setting. The technique and the data used for testing are available online.
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Resource Allocation in Business Processes
Authors: Żbikowski Kamil , Ostapowicz Michał , Gawrysiak Piotr 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAssigning resources in business processes execution is a repetitive task that can be effectively automated. However, different automation methods may give varying results that may not be optimal. Proper resource allocation is crucial as it may lead to significant cost reductions or increased effectiveness that results in increased revenues.In this work, we first propose a novel representation that allows the modeling of a multi-process environment with different process-based rewards. These processes can share resources that differ in their eligibility. Then, we use double deep reinforcement learning to look for an optimal resource allocation policy. We compare those results with two popular strategies that are widely used in the industry. Learning optimal policy through reinforcement learning requires frequent interactions with the environment, so we also designed and developed a simulation engine that can mimic real-world processes.The results obtained are promising. Deep reinforcement learning based resource allocation achieved significantly better results compared to two commonly used techniques.