bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study of the Sensitized Cholera Antigen
Authors: Miura Y. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Knowing that ordinary heated vaccine has no complete prophylactic action upon experimental typhoid fever, Besredka (1), in 1902, first used the so-called sensitized vaccine, which was made by combining the living typhoid bacilli with the useful constituents of immune serum. Later he investigated with Metchnikoff (2) its prophylactic value against experimental typhoid fever, and they found it effective and not dangerous to the human body. In 1914 Ichikawa, in Japan, experimented with the non-heated sero-vaccine upon typhoid fever patients with good results. In 1916, when the outbreak of cholera was at its height in Japan, the cholera sensitized vaccine was prepared by Shiga and his associates (3) and favorable results were obtained. Later Yabe published an article on cholera vaccine, its weak reaction and rapid development of antibodies, as compared with the ordinary vaccine.
We regret, however, that the sensitized vaccine in solution is not stable, and thus it cannot be kept for a long time in soluble form.
The Antigenic Properties of Globin, with a Note on the Independence of the Properties of Serum and Tissue Proteins, as Exemplified by the Absence of Antibody from the Globin of an Immunised Animal
Authors: Browning C. H. , Wilson G. Haswell 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Globin can act as an antigen. In addition to two antisera for guinea-pig's globin, two antisera for ox globin have also been obtained from rabbits. With these antisera and a number of different specimens of the homologous globins powerful complement-fixation reactions have been obtained. The obtaining of the reaction depends on suitable quantitative relationships between antigen and antibody and also, as was shown previously, on a suitable hydrogen-ion concentration. Only certain rabbits apparently respond to injections of globin by the production of complement-fixing antibodies. The injections of globin caused no obvious toxic effects in rabbits. Hemoglobin seems to elicit antibody production more rarely. The reactions with antisera show, in certain cases, marked species-specificity of globin; thus the antiserum to guinea-pig's globin does not fix complement with ox globin. On the other hand, anti-ox globin fixes complement along with goat, duck and guinea-pig globin but not with rabbit globin; no explanation is offered of the contradictory behavior of ox and guinea-pig globins in the crossed experiments. But the results taken together seem to exclude bacterial contamination as the cause. The evidence points to the phenomena being due to a genuine antibody to globin and not to adventitious protein contamination. Further recorded facts (namely, that anti-guinea-pig globin does not contain hemolytic immune body for guineapig corpuscles and does not react with guinea-pig's hemoglobin, serum or acid serum-albumin, and that guinea-pig globin does not react with antihuman serum) also exclude the probable contaminations which might arise in the course of preparation of the globin solutions.
Serological Relationships of Liver and Kidney
Authors: Fleisher Moyer S. , Hall T. G. , Arnstein Natalie 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The subject of immune bodies against various tissues has occupied considerable space in the literature of immunity and especially has emphasis been laid in the discussions on the question of the “specificity” of the antibodies produced against organs. It is particularly with this latter phase of the subject that our experiments have dealt; the results we wish to report here concern however only liver and kidney. We do not desire to go into the literature (1) on this subject at the present time and will only briefly review some of the work which has appeared bearing most directly upon the antibodies produced against renal or hepatic tissue.
Bierry (2) and his co-workers, using so-called (3) nucleo-proteins of various organs (liver and kidney) for immunization, state that following injection of these antisera into animals of the same species as those whose organs had been used for immunization, definite and more marked changes occurred in the organs corresponding to the antiserum injected.
The Value of the Intra-Palpebral Mallein Test in the Diagnosis of Glanders
Authors: Mason Edward H. , Emmons R. V. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
There are certain factors that should be taken into consideration in interpreting these serological results. The fact that the sera of all the suspicious horses and controls were heated at 56°C. for one-half hour would tend to cut down the agglutinating titer of those sera. However, as the same technic was carried out in both test and control animals the results have a true relative significance. This fact may account for the absence of agglutinins in such a large percentage of the normal control horses.
The results definitely indicate that in horses giving a suspicious intra-palpebral mallein reaction of this type the complement fixation test is of more value than the agglutination reaction. In the former 75.4 per cent were positive while in the latter only 57.4 per cent were positive, even when all the borderline cases were included.
These observations agree fairly well with published statistics. In Povitzky's recent article (this Journal, 1918, 3, 463) she records work done in the laboratories of the New York City Department of Health on 123 horses which were proven at autopsy to have glanders. The complement fixation reaction was positive in 75.6 per cent of these cases, while the agglutination reaction was positive in 64.2 per cent. In her work she used horse sera which had not been heated to 56°C. for one-half hour, but again this would be partly neutralized by her using a titer of 1:1000 as necessary for a positive result. The consensus of opinion is that the agglutination reaction gives higher positive results in acute cases, while in chronic or subacute cases the complement fixation is the more reliable.
Comparison of Smear, Culture and Complement Fixation in Chronic Gonorrhoea in Women
Authors: Smith James D. , Wilson M. A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Clinical. The clinical material, serums and film preparations on which this report is based, were obtained from patients under treatment on the Venereal Disease Service of the Department of Health Hospitals of New York City. Ninety per cent of these patients are public prostitutes, the remainder being of the clandestine type. Their ages range from sixteen to sixty, the average being in the early twenties.
For convenience in outlining treatment and presenting the necessary data for the bacteriologist, the cases on admission are divided into three general classes, acute, subacute and chronic.
Acute. Vulva. Active inflammation and swelling of the parts. Involvement of Bartholin glands with or without abscess formation, but exhibiting some evidence of inflammation in the duct.
Urethra. Evidence of active inflammation as witnessed by mucopurulent or purulent discharge and swelling of the mucous membrane at the mouth of the urethra and ability to express a drop of purulent material on massaging Skenes glands.
A Note on the Non-Specific Production of Antibodies
Authors: Matsumoto Motomatsu 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immunization of rabbits with washed human and sheep corpuscles results in the production only of specific agglutinins and hemolysins for human and sheep corpuscles respectively. Occasionally rabbits showed an apparent slight increase of non-specific hemolysin or agglutinin, but these were so slight and irregular as to be explained by the normal variation of natural antibodies or experimental error.
A Study of the Mechanism of Human Isohemagglutination
Authors: Koeckert Herbert L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The mechanism of isohemagglutination has been interpreted in different ways by the various investigators of this phenomenon. The assumption of differences of affinity as explanatory of the purely chemical nature of such antigen-antibody reactions, as Ehrlich hypothecated, has given way to the widely accepted principle that these bodies are of colloid nature and their interactions analogous to those of colloids in general. On the other hand, Gay (1) has offered the explanation that these reactions are governed by physicochemical laws; but this conception has not been supported by sufficiently convincing proof to warrant its acceptance.
Bordet (2) showed that bacterial agglutinins can be absorbed and specific agglutinins isolated by this method. The absorption of hemagglutinins was demonstrated by Malkoff (3), and later by Hektoen (4); since then, this has been observed repeatedly by others.
Attempts to Transmit Primary Atypical Pneumonia and Other Respiratory Tract Infections to the Mongoose
Authors: Dammin Gustave J. , Weller Thomas H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An attempt has been made to isolate in the mongoose the causative agent of primary atypical pneumonia. Throat-washings from 7 patients, sputa from 6 patients and lungs from 2 fatal cases were employed and were inoculated intranasally and intratracheally. For the intratracheal inoculations, most of the specimens were suspended in 5 per cent gastric mucin. A total of 265 mongooses was used in these experiments. No gross or microscopical evidence of the presence of a transmissible agent in the mongoose-lung was obtained.
Additional experiments have been carried out to determine the susceptibility of the mongoose to influenza-viruses A and B, meningopneumonitic virus, the cotton-rat agent isolated from a case of primary atypical pneumonia by Eaton et al., and the mongoose-agent isolated from a case of acute pneumonitis by Weir and Horsfall. Pulmonary lesions were obtained only with the meningopneumonitic virus.
Antigen-Antibody Reactions in the Salmonella Group
Authors: Seligmann Erich 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Aqueous saline extracts of Salmonella organisms are antigenic. They elicit in rabbits the production of specific O- and H-agglutinins, of precipitins and complement-fixing antibodies. O- and H-agglutinins are similar in strength to those produced by immunization with bacterial cells; complement-fixing substances are somewhat weaker. O-antigens in the extracts are heat-stable, H-antigens are heat-labile as far as antibody production is concerned. While, as a rule, precipitins and complement-fixing antibodies were directed only against O-antigens, complement-fixation with H-antigens was observed in two instances. They involved antigen-antibody combinations that have been recorded previously.
Serological Relationship Amongst Salmonella and other Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Saphra Ivan , Wassermann Michael 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
During the last five years, as a result of work on the identification of several thousand enteric organisms, particularly Salmonellae, Shigellae and coliform organisms, certain observations concerning cross-agglutinations within the genus Salmonella and between Salmonellae, Shigellae paradysenteriae (Flexner), colon, paracolon and proteus bacilli were made. At first, these cross-reactions were rather confusing; they were followed up more systematically, and some of the results reported from our laboratory (1–3). An attempt will be made to evaluate our results and correlate our experiments with those of other workers in this field (4–12).
It is generally acknowledged that the genus Salmonella comprises a variety of gram-negative bacilli, which are relatively uniform biochemically and antigenically related. The Kauffmann-White schema divides them on grounds of their O-antigenic structure into a number of sub-groups (A, B, C, D, E…). The types within these sub-groups are mainly determined by their flagellar (H) antigen combination.
Studies on Listeria Monocytogenes
Authors: Robbins Mary Louise , Griffin A. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Stable factors I, II, IV, and V of Listeria monocytogenes are not affected by prolonged exposure to 100 C or by high concentrations of alcohol. Stable factor III is variously affected by heat and alcohol in different strains but does not lose its serological identity. It is suggested that the variable behavior of factor III may be explained on the basis of steric hindrance on the part of adjacent molecules in the cell matrix. Spontaneously occurring, smooth, non-motile variants are the material of choice for antigenic analysis of stable factors.
A New Method for the Production of Potent Inactivated Vaccines with Ultraviolet Irradiation
Authors: Levinson Sidney O. , Milzer Albert , Shaughnessy Howard J. , Neal John L. , Oppenheimer Franz 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A new method has been developed for completely killing or inactivating turbid suspensions of bacteria and viruses in less than one second by exposing continuously flowing thin films to far and extreme ultraviolet irradiation. Intensity, film thickness, time of exposure and distance have been so standardized that experiments could be duplicated with consistent results. By means of this new technic, suspensions containing approximately one billion organisms per ml of the following bacteria were completely killed in 0.17 to 0.33 seconds exosure to ultraviolet rays: (1) Bacterium coli, (2) Eberthella typhi (strain 58), (3) Salmonella enteritidis, (4) Staphylococcus aureus, (5) Streptococcus viridans, and (6) Diplococcus pneumoniae (type I). Four per cent uncentrifuged brain tissue suspensions infected with fixed rabies or lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus were completely inactivated by irradiation for 0.17 to 0.33 seconds; an exposure twice this length was necessary to inactivate lightly centrifuged four per cent suspensions of St. Louis encephalitis virus. Several lots of rabies vaccine inactivated by this irradiation technic consistently induced a higher degree of immunity in mice than control phenolized vaccines. The irradiated rabies vaccines exhibited no significant loss of potency after six months storage at 5 C. Two lots of St. Louis encephalitis vaccine inactivated by this irradiation technic conferred a high degree of immunity in mice. Irradiation of rabies or St. Louis encephalitis viruses beyond the optimal time necessary for complete inactivation causes progressive diminution of antigenicity.
Distribution and Heredity of the Human Blood Properties, A, B, M, N, P and Rh
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Sonn Eve B. , Belkin Ruth B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Results are presented of tests for the blood groups, subgroups, M-N types, and Rh types in a series of 156 Asiatic Indians (Moslems); 20 individuals were also tested for agglutinogen P. The distributions obtained were compared with the distributions of these blood properties in other races. The data were analyzed by the gene-frequency method in order to test the genetic theories of the blood groups, subgroups, M-N types and Rh types. The calculations were in good agreement with the expectations, except in the case of the Rh types. The probable causes for the discrepancies in the latter case were discussed.
Quantitative Study of the Neutralization of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus by Its Antiserum and the Effect of Complement
Authors: Morgan Isabel M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been found that the neutralizing capacity of a given antiserum to the virus of Western equine encephalomyelitis varies according to the conditions under which the neutralization is carried out. By intra-abdominal test a linear relationship was noted between antiserum concentration and virus neutralized when plotted on a log-log scale. By intracerebral test there was a similar relationship when fresh or frozen antiserum was tested. A reaction occurred in vitro between such sera and virus when incubated at 37 C.
A different relationship was observed between virus and anti-serum which had fallen in neutralizing capacity as a result of standing at 4 C or of heating at 56 C one-half hour. Heating denatured the antiserum and induced a perceptible difference in the electrophoretic picture. The neutralizing capacity of sera kept at 4 C could be fully restored by addition of complement. Antibody in rabbit antiserum, fractionated by salting-out, was found only in the pseudo-globulin fraction; neutralization by this globulin could also be enhanced by complement. Antibody was found distributed throughout electrophoretically separated serum fractions, not only in the v globulin, but also in the β globulin and in the albumin.
Production of Tetanal Toxin
Authors: Taylor Edith M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method has been described for preparing tetanal toxin to be used as toxoid for the immunization of humans. After four years of extensive use there has been no report of anaphylaxis resulting from this product. It has been shown that the toxoid prepared from this toxin produced a satisfactory degree of immunity in man (9).
The author wishes to thank Dr. Helen Plummer for the use of part of the data contained in the table.
The Use of a Commercially Available Complement-Fixing Antigen for the Diagnosis of Elementary Body Types of Viral Infection
Authors: Florman Alfred L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Complement-fixation tests with an egg-yolk-grown lymphopathia venereum antigen (“Lygranum CF”-Squibb) were performed on sera from patients with atypical pneumonia and from individuals with known exposure to venereal infection. The results were compared with those obtained with sera from patients with upper respiratory infections and influenza and from normal individuals. All tests included egg-yolk control antigens and Kolmer complement-fixation tests for syphilis. A modified micro Kolmer technic was used in testing with the “Lygranum CF” antigen which was comparable in sensitivity to the method recommended by the Squibb workers. There were 98 “controls,” 102 atypical pneumonia patients and 126 venereally exposed individuals who had satisfactory tests. Complete fixation with a serum dilution of at least 1 to 5 was found, respectively, in 28.6, 28.4 and 39 per cent of each of these groups. There was no correlation between the Kolmer serological test for syphilis and the “Lygranum” complement-fixation test. However, in the venereally exposed group there was a considerable number of patients whose serum reacted with the egg control antigen. Most of these showed positive Kolmer reactions. This phenomenon impairs the diagnostic value of the test among patients with venereal diseases. Twice as many atypical pneumonia as control sera reacted with the normal egg antigen. This observation is discussed. Quantitative titrations on a number of the positive sera from each group failed to reveal any clear-cut differentiation. However, quantitative study of more than one specimen of sera from each of 11 patients with respiratory infections revealed that 7 had a change in titer with progression of their disease. In 2, there was a rise in titer and in 5, a fall. In 4 of these 5, the first specimen to be examined was drawn after the second week of illness. Cutaneous and complement-fixation tests with “Lygranum” were performed on 77 venereally exposed patients. The serological test appeared more sensitive, though there were a few instances in which the cutaneous test was positive when complement fixation was negative.
Immunologic Studies in Rheumatic Fever
Authors: Taran Leo M. , Jablon James M. , Weyr Helen N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cutaneous reaction to the “purified M” fraction of each of the 40 known types of the hemolytic streptococcus was investigated in active and quiescent rheumatic children, 6–16 years of age. The incidence of positive cutaneous reactions and the degree of cutaneous reactivity is higher in the group of children having active rheumatic disease. Active rheumatic children react to a larger number of types of the hemolytic streptococcus than the quiescent group. Cutaneous reactivity to the known 40 types of the hemolytic streptococcus in rheumatic children increases significantly with the age of the child. The incidence, degree, and universality of cutaneous reactivity to the family of known hemolytic streptococci in Group A, decrease with lapse of time from the acute rheumatic episode for about 2 years; after this period cutaneous reactivity increases with the age of the child. The incidence and degree of cutaneous reaction in rheumatic patients to the “purified M” fraction of certain types of hemolytic streptococci are significantly greater than of others.
Studies of the Subgroups of Blood Groups A and AB
Authors: Young Lawrence E. , Witebsky Ernest , Mohn James 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The serological examinations of the blood of an individual belonging to subgroup A3B are described. Of all red cells available, A3B cells give the weakest reactions with B serum and therefore provide the most sensitive testing media for this serum. Serum from group B donors vaccinated intravenously with a solution of A and B factors may produce strong agglutination of A3B cells. Titrations of such a serum are presented in detail and serve to emphasize the great advantage of using “immunized” persons as donors of blood grouping serum. The case described constitutes an exception to the currently accepted theory of the inheritance of the agglutinogen A3 for which there is no ready explanation.
Studies on the Purification of the Syphilis Antigen
Authors: Fischer E. , Fischer-Dallmann R. , Boné R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
One g of a purified preparation of syphilis antigen was obtained from 207 g of beef-heart phosphatides by adsorption, elution and extraction of acid 80 per cent alcoholic solution with petroleum ether. This purified preparation, which certainly does not represent the pure syphilis antigen, is not anticomplementary and reacts without auxiliary substances—such as lecithin and cholesterol—with strongly positive sera. The purified substance contains only traces of P (0.01 per cent) and contains 40 per cent of fatty acids. After hydrolysis, reducing substances were obtained, equivalent to 0.25 per cent of glucose. No explanation can be offered as yet for the differences between the results obtained by Pangborn and those reported here.
A Comparison of the Value of Clarase, Penicillinase, and Cysteine Hydrochloride in Revealing the Presence of Contaminating Organisms in Preparations of Penicillin
Authors: McKee Clara M. , Chow Bacon F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Under the experimental conditions used clarase appeared to be more satisfactory for use in the routine testing of sterility of solutions of penicillin than penicillinase or cysteine hydrochloride. Purified penicillinase was only slightly less effective than clarase and, because of the ease of sterilization, it might prove to be the better agent if obtainable in large amounts. While cysteine is capable, under certain conditions, of destroying quickly large amounts of penicillin inconstant results may be obtained because of its instability. Another disadvantage in the use of cysteine is its bacteriostatic action against certain organisms in a concentration necessary for inactivation of penicillin.
On the Inhomogeneity of the Urinary Human A-Substance
Authors: Jorpes Erik , Thaning Torsten 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A crude preparation of the A-substance from urine has been separated into two different fractions. They differ in solubility in glacial acetic acid and in saturated ammonium sulphate solution. The insoluble fraction neutralizes the α-agglutinins of normal human B-serum and the soluble fraction neutralizes anti-A and anti-sheep hemolysins. The former is destroyed through the action of HCN-activated papayotin and through the influence of N/2 sodium hydroxide solution. The latter is resistant to these agents. The former is considered to be of a proteic nature, the latter is a polysaccharide.
The authors consider that the natural A receptor of the blood corpuscles and of urine is not the A-polysaccharide generally referred to in the literature but that it is a complex containing a proteic component in addition to the polysaccharide described by previous authors.