bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obligation and Responsibility
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This book extends our understanding of the nature of moral obligation and moral responsibility by arguing that they are far more similar in pertinent respects than frequently conceived. First, the view that, unlike obligation, responsibility does not require freedom to do otherwise is challenged. Conceptual ties between obligation and responsibility largely speak in favor of responsibility’s requiring alternatives. Second, many philosophers champion responsibility semicompatibilism, the thesis that even if determinism is incompatible with freedom to do otherwise, it is compatible with responsibility. Essential relations between obligation and responsibility are deployed against this thesis, and the parallel thesis of obligation semicompatibilism is rejected. An upshot of forsaking these species of semicompatibilism is that determinism threatens both obligation and responsibility in virtue of eliminating alternate possibilities. Third, many concur that whereas you may now no longer have an obligation that you previously had, you cannot now fail to be blameworthy for something for which you were formerly to blame. This immutability thesis about blameworthiness is shown to be false, and significant ramifications of its falsity are exposed. Finally, a legitimate difference between obligation and responsibility is uncovered: while how you acquire your values may significantly influence whether you are responsible for much of your conduct, obligation is not “historical” in this way. The impact of these similarities and the one difference on whether obligation is overriding and whether various accounts of practical rationality, love, and punishment are cogent is discussed.
Responsibility Semicompatibilism
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Semicompatibilism regarding moral responsibility is the thesis that even if determinism is incompatible with freedom to do otherwise, it is compatible with responsibility. The overall aim of this chapter is to show that responsibility semicompatibilism is problematic owing to close associations between responsibility and obligation. Two principal reasons are advanced against responsibility semicompatibilism. The first calls into question so-called Frankfurt examples that attempt to show that responsibility does not require freedom to do otherwise. These examples fail to give adequate consideration to the bearing of right, wrong, and obligation on responsibility appraisals in situations where agents cannot refrain from doing what they do. The second draws on conceptual connections between, first, blameworthiness and impermissibility and, second, praiseworthiness and permissibility. Since both impermissibility and permissibility presuppose freedom to do otherwise, and it is assumed that determinism precludes such freedom, responsibility semicompatibilism is compromised.
Obligation, Blameworthiness, and Time
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Two theses concerning moral obligation enjoy widespread support: First, as of some time, something one has not yet done but will do at a future time can be obligatory for one. Second, obligations can change with the passage of time. For instance, one may now no longer have an obligation that one previously had. The corresponding theses concerning blameworthiness have been largely resisted. Many believe that one cannot now already be blameworthy for a future action of one that one has yet to perform, and that blameworthiness resists change with the passage of time. The chapter argues that these theses about blameworthiness are false and, hence, obligation and blameworthiness are both susceptible to changeability over time. Some important ramifications of this sort of changeability regarding blameworthiness are discussed. Notably, the impact of such changeability for an understanding of forgiveness, and for appropriate reaction to those presumed to be blameworthy, is addressed.
Varieties of Infertility
Authors: Moussa Hadiza , Kang Alice J. , Cooper Barbara M. , Kammerer Natalie 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThrough the life stories of six women, this chapter identifies the different circumstances in which a woman is considered infertile in Niamey, Niger. Some women have had repeated miscarriages or never experienced a pregnancy in their lifetimes and may be experiencing sterility. In other cases, women have had a child, but infant mortality renders them childless and infertile in the eyes of society. In a third set of circumstances, women have given birth and raised a child, but because of their families’ and society’s exhortation to produce many offspring, they are seen as lacking and thus infertile. While their stories are distinct, common themes emerge in interviews with women facing sterility, the loss of children, and subfertility. Women who encounter fertility constraints—whether they have or have not been able to become pregnant—question their own identity and womanhood. Some women without children find fulfillment outside the maternal framework, through fostering, religious devotion, and politics; but these cases are the exception rather than the rule.
Confronting the Biomedical Sphere
Authors: Moussa Hadiza , Kang Alice J. , Cooper Barbara M. , Kammerer Natalie 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the quality of care for women seeking reproductive health services at health clinics in Niamey, Niger. Whether it is to pursue treatment for infertility, give birth, or obtain contraception, issues ranging from miscommunication to medical violence arise that are rooted in the asymmetrical power relationship between providers and clients. Crucial decisions regarding a woman’s body are often made without her prior consent under the guise of an emergency. Surgical procedures such as tuboplasties and hysterectomies are sometimes carried out without the patient’s agreement or understanding. Despite widespread rumors about their harmful effects, some women go to clinics to obtain contraception. But once there, women are met with long waiting times and inconsiderate staff. Interviewees report being treated rudely by nurses and midwives if they are not their friends or of equal or higher social status. Women say they feel tense, dehumanized, intimidated, and disrespected in their interactions with health professionals. Health clinic staff talk about particular women—notably, those with less formal education and income—as being “bad patients.” While medical facilities ought to provide the best fertility management options for women, systemic problems within those spaces make it hard for women to use them.
Transnational Social Protection
Authors: Levitt Peggy , Sun Ken Chih-Yan , Paul Ruxandra , Dobbs Erica 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
How do individuals protect and provide for themselves in a world where so many people live, work, study, and retire outside their countries of citizenship? The conventional wisdom is that access to social protections is limited by proximity—by citizenship, by geographic proximity, and by social networks—which all place natural limits on the availability of social protection. The authors believe this conventional wisdom is sorely out of date. How and where people earn their livelihoods, the communities with which they identify, and where the rights and responsibilities of citizenship get fulfilled has changed dramatically. Among other topics, the authors examine the relationships between residents without membership and members without residence; professional-class migrants who carry two passports and poor, low-skilled, and undocumented migrants. This book analyzes how these changes are transforming social welfare as we know it. The authors argue that a new set of social welfare arrangements has emerged that they call Hybrid Transnational Social Protection (HTSP). This book finds that HTSP sometimes complements and sometimes substitutes traditional modes of social welfare provision. Migrants and their families unevenly and unequally piece together resource environments across borders from multiple sources. Changing understandings of how and where supranational rights are granted will aid migrants and nonmigrants in their efforts to protect themselves across borders. In fact, the authors suggest four logics upon which rights are based: citizenship, personhood/humanity, the market, and community. The conflicts between these different logics are at the core of the contemporary controversies over what can and should be done to protect dispersed individuals and families from risk, danger, and precarity.
West Germany
Authors: Volpe Tristan A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractChapter 4 examines how West Germany bargained with nuclear latency as the prospect of Bonn building the bomb hung over Washington and Moscow throughout most of the 1960s. West German leaders exploited the fear of proliferation as a diplomatic lever on three successive occasions from 1961 to 1969. West Germany is the only latent nuclear power that challenged two superpowers—an ally and an adversary—at the same time. Scholars have long investigated how the issue of Bonn’s nuclear status lay at the heart of American and Soviet efforts to establish détente in the 1960s. The chapter finds that German leaders were ultimately able to manipulate superpower concerns about proliferation as a diplomatic asset. However, Bonn faced limits on leveraging latency in the shadow of superpower collusion—West German leaders were unable to secure critical concessions despite being in the fissile material sweet spot.
Sibling Intensive Retreats
Authors: Lewis Karen Gail 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
An approach to working with siblings with a totally different tenor is the weekend retreat. The origin of this technique and how and why it works are considered. A detailed description of a sibling intensive retreat with three siblings, including therapists’ comments, illustrates the use of family genograms with color coding to graphically portray family patterns as an aid to both therapist and client comprehension. Included is a discussion of the types of activities, interventions, and exercises used in a retreat based on what is happening between or among the siblings. These techniques help them see and express themselves in nonverbal ways so they become aware of how their frozen images and crystallized roles frame their behaviors with each other and prevent them from seeing each other as they are today.
Serendipity
Authors: Goff James 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to the main thread of this book and the journey from an initial invitation to carry out research in northern Chile. The theme of serendipity is explored from this particular invitation through fortuitous searches through old journal volumes in libraries to the development of a series of strands that help the tsunami researcher through to the end point of discovering evidence for past tsunamis. This is a 3.5 billion year journey of discovery from the first known tsunami to more recent events such as the ad 1700 Cascadia tsunami that showed the value of multiple strands drawn from numerous disciplines to complete the picture. The ad 1700 event is part historical and so digging deeper back in time requires even more lateral thinking to produce convincing evidence of ancient tsunamis, which is where this story begins with a challenge to try and unravel the mystery of a ~3800 year old tsunami.
Strand 1
Authors: Goff James 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and discusses the importance of immediate post-tsunami surveys and tasks involved. It goes through the type of findings made during geological surveys of the event, introducing in particular the first strand in the techniques used to identify tsunami deposits—the characteristics of the sediment it leaves behind. This event and the 2011 Japan tsunami are used to illustrate the vagaries of the deposits that can be found and how geologists go about searching for such evidence. It also outlines the essential personal field equipment used and the difficulties of working in a variety of different field environments using examples from Samoa and New Zealand. It also outlines how the geology helps prove that it was indeed a tsunami that laid down the deposit, although other strands are needed to gain a better understanding, thus introducing the next strand—oral traditions.
Strand 2
Authors: Goff James 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers various oral traditions, which are invaluable not only for guiding geologists to suitable locations but also in supporting evidence found there. Despite this, many scientists treat oral traditions with skepticism. Using examples from New Zealand, Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna, the chapter makes the case for using both the geological and oral tradition strands together to get a better understanding of past tsunamis, not just those generated by tsunamis but from other sources too. Oral traditions cover a multitude of scenarios, perhaps related to the source but invariably dealing with the catastrophic after-effects of such devastating events that came from the sea. It also shows that there are other lines of evidence that can add even more to the picture.
Historical Memory and Antisemitism in Post-Communist East Central Europe
Authors: Subotic Jelena 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This essay surveys the current manifestations of antisemitism in post-Communist East Central Europe by linking antisemitism to historical memory, especially the still contested memory of the Holocaust. The objective of the article is to analyze the changing forms of antisemitism in East Central Europe since the collapse of Communism and to explain its relationship to unresolved questions of historical memory, especially the memory of what was once a vibrant Jewish presence and is now an overwhelming Jewish absence. The essay first provides a framework for understanding the political context of contemporary antisemitism. Next, it links the problem of antisemitism to the contested issues of historical memory in East Central Europe. It then offers a few brief snapshots of contemporary historical revisionism regarding the Holocaust and the place of the Jews in the region, as well as examples of contemporary antisemitism.
Representation
Authors: Dillon Elizabeth Maddock 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Democracy is a form of government by the people, but in order to govern, the ideas and wishes of the people themselves must be represented. How this representation takes place is no simple matter. This essay explores the competing and divergent modes of representation through which the people appear—not only through the ballot box but also through modes of writing (the print public sphere) and performance (the performative commons), whether at the theater or in the streets. In particular, the essay explores the “people out of doors” and their modes of embodiment, as well as the relation between literacy and the enforced a-literacy of disfranchised (non)members of the people, including African Americans and Native Americans.
Women’s Suffrage
Authors: Gold David 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This essay examines key arguments made for and against women’s suffrage that evidence conceptualizations of citizenship rights in the period, illuminating divides that still challenge contemporary feminism. For many white women, citizenship was tied to racial identity, influencing their opposition to suffrage, and even white suffrage advocates were at times unable to offer full support for universal suffrage that included women of color, fracturing potential cross-racial alliances. For many Black women, meanwhile, women’s suffrage was inseparable from racial justice. Women’s suffrage thus has not been stable or meant the same thing to all constituencies. Examining sources such as the 1869 American Equal Rights Association meeting proceedings, the 1915 “Votes for Women” symposium published by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People’s Crisis, and the 1916 Anti-Suffrage Essays by Massachusetts Women, this chapter suggests ways in which ideologies of race, gender, and citizenship interacted in the women’s rights movement in the long nineteenth century.
Belief
Authors: Castiglia Christopher 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Intangible, ideal, and imminent, the principles of democracy are objects of belief. Because of that, democracy cannot exist without belief. While that belief might be the cause of what Lauren Berlant calls “cruel optimism,” this chapter argues that belief in belief is a self-perpetuating source of resilience and aspiration among citizens of a democracy; as the political theorist William Connolly writes, “a positive existential spirituality” enables “a positive attachment to the world.” This essay centers on nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century spiritualism and the philosophy of John Dewey to explore the relationship between belief, attachment, and conscientious democratic reform. It argues that the phenomenology of belief is—or should be—at the center of the spirit of democracy, the “democracy-to-come.”
Public Opinion
Authors: Schmeller Mark 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
“Public opinion” entered the American political lexicon during the age of revolutions, but it was not necessarily a revolutionary concept. While some Americans identified public opinion with democracy, the concept could just as easily be used to limit self-government, cement traditional prejudices and hierarchies, forestall deliberation, and marginalize dissent. Over the course of the long nineteenth century, Americans deployed the concept of public opinion in three broadly defined but distinct ways that variously rejected, redeemed, or attempted to reassemble enduring democratic sensibilities. Politicians were the first to invoke public opinion, using the concept to define and legitimate political parties. Reformers came next to enlist public opinion in sundry projects of moral agitation and social transformation. Last came the social scientists, who redefined public opinion as a psychosocial phenomenon generated by mass communication and propaganda.
Partisan
Authors: Funchion John 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the eighteenth century, the term “partisan” came to describe the individual who engaged in insurgent warfare. Its use inaugurated a discourse on the politically disruptive features of this subject, which circulates off as well as on the battlefield. In US literature, the partisan is closely associated with a hypermasculine white man whose allegiances remain intensely local and whose power resides with the bullet, not the ballot. Federalists saw partisans in combat or in the halls of government as fanatics who cast their political opponents as enemies. At the end of the nineteenth century, Black writers established how partisans formed paramilitary groups and passed draconian election laws after Reconstruction’s dismantlement to suppress Black voters. Although often romanticized in historical novels and Hollywood movies as the freedom fighter, the partisan is an illiberal subject who poses a threat to democracy.
Disgust
Authors: Frank Jason 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Conservatives in the 1790s responded with disgust to the egalitarian pressures democracy placed on the hierarchies of the existing social and political order. Disgust, like contempt, plays an important role in securing and maintaining status and class distinctions. But where contempt remains removed and detached, even coolly indifferent, disgust mingles with threat and surprise and cannot tolerate or remain in the proximity of its object. Focusing on the writings of the radical social conservative William Cobbett, this essay demonstrates how his frequent association of democracy with disgust vividly illuminates the egalitarian challenge democracy posed to defenders of the inherited order during this period of revolutionary transition. Cobbett’s rhetoric recalls the radicalism of democracy’s basic claims. In contrast to normative arguments against disgust in contemporary democratic theory, the historical entanglement of democracy and disgust suggests the relationship might be constitutive and irresolvable.
Moderation
Authors: Carr Jean Ferguson 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The injunction to learn to be “moderate”—to avoid extremes, to contain passions and resentments—is a key discourse and practice in nineteenth-century instructional books. This term prefigures some of the contemporary unease about activists, and about those who seem to be going too far left or right on the political scale. As in today’s discourse, where the notion of what counts as the middle keeps shifting, so in the nineteenth century the notion of what would be moderate was a highly gendered, raced, and classed performance. Moderation was seen as a frame for civic discussion, a hedge against aristocratic license, and a practice linked to the temperance movement. It was a self-monitoring practice that disciplined the emotions, that contained anger or grief, and that crafted “appropriate” responses.
Disfranchisement
Authors: Chakkalakal Tess 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a short history of denying African American men the right to vote in the United States since its founding, which is otherwise known as disfranchisement. Taking up works by Walt Whitman, Booker T. Washington, and Charles W. Chesnutt, and the role they played in arguments both for and against voting rights, alongside close readings of legal documents such as the Reconstruction Amendments, anti-disfranchisement cases such as Giles v. Harris (1903), and the 1965 Voting Rights Act, the chapter uncovers the role African Americans played in the development of voting rights in the theory and practice of American democracy.
Mirroring and Understanding
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Sinigaglia Corrado 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a review of the data collected over the last twenty years in support of the claim that the mirror mechanism can play a distinctive role in our understanding of other people’s actions, emotions, and vitality forms. This claim is undoubtedly the most debated of all the issues tackled in the book. For this reason, the chapter extensively discusses the main lines of evidence suggesting that the sensorimotor transformations induced by the mirror responses impact on how observed actions are perceptually judged. Similarly, it examines several studies, assessing whether and to what extent the recruitment of visceromotor representations plays a distinctive role in understanding other peoples’ emotions. The chapter closes with a review of the evidence of mirror responses for vitality form recognition.
Understanding from the Inside
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Sinigaglia Corrado 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This final chapter is dedicated to clarifying what kind of action, emotion, and vitality form understanding, if any, can be related to the mirror responses and their corresponding sensori- and visceromotor transformations. One way of doing this makes use of the distinction between basic and full-blown understanding: while there is a large amount of evidence indicating that the mirror responses are sufficient for a basic understanding of the actions, emotions, and vitality forms of other individuals, exerting at the same time a content-respecting influence on the observer’s capability of judging them, whether and to what extent the mirror responses might contribute to full-blown mindreading is still an open issue, or so the authors argue. Making this distinction allows them to reply to the main objections formulated against their claim as well as to introduce and discuss the notion of understanding from the inside which evolved from a brilliant intuition of Marc Jeannerod. This notion implicates, among other things, that the experiences we acquire while observing other people’s actions and emotions are in certain respects similar to our own experiences when executing those actions or living those emotions ourselves.