bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Chemical Nature of a Normal Plasma Factor Which Suppresses Variation of Brucella Abortus
Authors: Cole Leonard J. , Braun Werner 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Normal bovine serum, and plasma globulin Fractions II and III-0, which produce a selective suppression of the establishment of non-smooth variants in broth cultures of Brucella abortus, were subjected to dialysis, pH changes, heat treatment, and to the action of proteolytic enzymes, polynucleotidases, urea, guanidine, formaldehyde, and other chemical reagents. The effects of such treatment upon the selective activity were investigated.
The results indicate that the selective activity is referable to non-dialyzable protein components, and that bovine plasma contains two distinct substances which possess this selective activity. One, a γ-globulin protein, is stable at low pH, and is inactivated by 6M guanidine hydrochloride. The other appears to be a lipoprotein, associated with a β-globulin fraction; it is very unstable at low pH, resistant to 6M guanidine, and destroyed by freezing to −25 C in the presence of ether.
The Relationship Between Precipitin Titer and Number of Trichinella Spiralis in the Intestinal Tract of Mice Following Test Infections
Authors: Hendricks James R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Four experiments, in which mice received 1 to 4 doses of 200 Trichinella spiralis larvae at 21-day intervals, revealed a marked progressive decrease in the percentage of worms recovered from the small intestine of the mice and a striking progressive increase in the precipitin titer of their sera. This effect was shown to vary with the number of doses administered.
The Zone of Localization of Antibodies
Authors: Pressman David , Eisen Herman N. , Fitzgerald Patrick J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The rate at which antibodies to mouse kidney are extracted from the circulating blood was measured by using antibody tagged with radioactive iodine. It was found that the circulating blood was essentially freed of antibody within 18 minutes after intravenous injection. Some localization of the radioactive anti-kidney antibody in the glomeruli was observable within as little as 2.5 minutes after injection.
Studies on Complement Fixation with Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Wenner Herbert A. , Monley Anne , Todd Richard N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A complement-fixing antigen appeared in allantoic fluid of chick embryos infected with Newcastle disease virus. There was a concomitant increase in complement-fixing and hemagglutinating activity, and in infectivity titer in the extra-embryonic fluids of the infected chick embryos.
Evidence has been recorded to the effect that Newcastle disease virus placed in the thalamic area of rhesus monkeys produced encephalitis. Serologically distinct antibodies, as measured by the complement-fixation and hemagglutinin-inhibition reactions, appeared in the serum of monkeys during convalescence.
Quantitative Studies on Diphtheria Prophylactic and Some Considerations on the Assessment of Antigenicity
Authors: Carlinfanti E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Quantitative studies have been performed on the immunity provoked by injecting purified diphtheria toxoid activated with a suspension of aluminium phosphate.
Aluminium phosphate has been shown to enhance very markedly the immunising potency of the toxoid, when this is not adsorbed but merely mixed with the former; however complete adsorption must be carried out if the maximum activating effect is desired.
The assay procedure used in these experiments, which consisted in dividing into subgroups the animals receiving identical inoculations and titrating the antitoxin titre of the pooled sera of each subgroup, has proved suitable for a precise statistical analysis.
The usefulness of this method is emphasized and some aspects of the problem of the standardization of diphtheria prophylactics are discussed. The most satisfactory method of standardization of an adsorbed toxoid is, for the time being, one based on the efficacy, in guinea-pigs, of a single injection compared with that of a single injection of an adsorbed purified toxoid used as a standard. Although it is deemed difficult at the present time to establish a unit of potency, it seems expedient to base the estimate on the responses to both a large and a small dose of prophylactic, for the purpose of providing a more complete assessment of its antigenicity.
Studies with the Rh0 (D) Antigen
Authors: Howe Calderon , Rustigian Robert 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
On the basis of tests for specific inhibition of saline agglutination, absorption of specific antiserum, and limited, but critical experiments with complement fixation, the conclusion seems warranted that lipid extracts prepared from whole erythrocytes (Rh0D) using the method outlined by Carter, though possibly of immunologic interest, bear no specific relationship in vitro to the Rh0 (D) antigen. Evidence is presented which indicates that the Rh0 (D) antigen present in whole erythrocytes is inactivated by the first step in the procedure employed to obtain these lipids. Whole lyophilized erythrocyte stroma, from which cholesterol has been removed by dry ether extraction, when redissolved retains its potency as a specific inhibitor of Rh saline (D) agglutination. The lipids obtained in ether solution by this method are inert with respect to the Rh0 (D) antigen.
Because of the absence of any demonstrable in vitro Rh specificity in the lipid extracts prepared by Carter's method, it seems necessary to conclude also that the administration of such material to Rh-sensitized pregnant women has no clear therapeutic rationale.
Serological Relationships Existing between Bacterial Parasites and Their Hosts
Authors: Gillespie Hazel B. , Steber Madje Stacy , Waugh M. Harriet 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Because in an intensive study of blood serum from 2 healthy human beings it was found that 1 of them, Human Being No. I (HBI),2 had produced antibodies in high concentrations for certain native coliform bacteria, an attempt was made to learn to what extent serum from other human beings and from animals would contain similar antibodies.
Materials and Methods. The methods, antigens, and 3 of the sera (HBI, HBII, HBIV) used in these experiments were discussed in a previous communication (1). Twenty additional human serum specimens were obtained from the laboratory of a local hospital. Specimens from 5 rabbits, 1 horse, 1 cow, and 1 new-born calf3 were also tested.
Results. Table I summarizes the results obtained. Serum from HBI agglutinated 67 coliform strains from HBII as readily as it agglutinated coliform strains native to HBI.
Cytochemical Studies on the Intranuclear Inclusion of Herpes Simplex
Authors: Crouse Helen V. , Coriell Lewis L. , Blank Harvey , Scott T. F. McNair 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Histochemical studies on the inclusion body of herpes simplex in the chorioallantois at various intervals after infection indicate that the formation of the inclusion is a dynamic process involving many stages which present different morphologic and tinctorial characteristics.
In the early inclusion a distinct accumulation of nucleoprotein of the desoxyribose type is present.
In the older inclusions presenting the “classical Type A” appearance nucleoprotein is no longer present within the nucleus.
An increase in protein synthesis within infected cells is suggested by the very large size of the nucleolus immediately prior to the formation of the inclusion body and by the presence of alkaline phosphatase in the inclusion body.
Studies on the Protective Effect of Gamma Globulin against Herpes Simplex Infections in Mice
Authors: Cheever F. S. , Daikos George , Sullivan Julia C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Concentrated human serum gamma globulin has been shown to contain virus neutralizing antibody for herpes simplex virus by means of protection tests in which mice were employed. When the globulin was administered prior to the challenge dose of virus the protective effect was definite although slight. No more than a minimal protective effect was observed when the viral injection preceded the administration of globulin by as little as 12 or 24 hours. Porcine and bovine gamma globulin had no demonstrable protective effect. No antigenic relationship between the viruses of herpes simplex and epidemic keratoconjunctivitis was revealed by protection tests with human gamma globulin.
The Action of Enzymes in Hemagglutinating Systems
Authors: Wheeler Warren E. , Luhby A. Leonard , Scholl Mary Louise L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusion
The nature of the enzymatic action on human red blood cells by weak solutions of certain proteolytic enzymes was studied,particularly with reference to the properties acquired which allow them to be agglutinated by homologous “incomplete” anti-Rh antibodies in saline media. The optimal conditions with respect to trypsin concentration, time, pH, and temperature for the treatment of red cells so that they take on these properties has been discussed. It would appear from the present data that this enzyme modification involves an alteration of the red cell surface to produce both a diminished cell “suspension stability” and a “rearrangement” or “uncovering” of portions of the antigenic moiety. Trypsin-modified red cells have been employed as extremely sensitive indicators for the detection of anti-11h and other blood group antibodies, both complete and incomplete. Agglutination reactions with such cells are specific, easily read,immediate,and unlikely to show failure of agglutination because of serum prozones.
A Nomographic Probit Solution for the Median Effective Dose (ED50)
Authors: Koch Walter , Kaplan Deborah 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A simple and rapid nomographic probit solution for the median effective dose (ED50) is proposed. ED50 and the slope of the dosage-response curve are directly read off from the same nomogram. Additional nomograms convert death rates into probits, and give estimates of the standard error of ED50, the standard error of the slope, and the standard error of the difference of two assays. A fully worked example is shown.
Agglutinin Response to Intradermal Tests for Sensitivity to the Brucella
Authors: Carpenter Charles M. , Deboer Carl J. , Klein Sidney J. , Tempereau Clinton E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Intradermal tests for sensitivity to the Brucella were made on 193 male patients with negative agglutination tests. Of this number, 136 (70 per cent) were negative and 57 (30 per cent) were positive. Agglutination tests for brucellosis made on the 136 skin-test-negative patients 2 weeks after negative intradermal tests were negative in every instance. Agglutination tests for brucellosis made on 57 patients 2 weeks after a positive intradermal test demonstrated that 17 (30 per cent) developed agglutinins with titres ranging from 1:20 to 1:1280. The agglutinin titre, observed in the sensitized patients after an intradermal test, either disappeared or declined markedly in from 1 to 3 months following the test. Agglutination tests carried out on patients 4 and 6 weeks after the intradermal tests did not detect additional positive reactions. The results of simultaneous intradermal tests with Brucellergen and a diluted Brucella vaccine containing 20 million cells were comparable to those obtained when a single antigen was employed. Complement-fixation and agglutination tests made on normal guinea-pigs 4 weeks following the intradermal injection of 0.1 ml either Brucellin or Brucellergen remained negative. One guinea-pig, however, injected with diluted Brucella vaccine developed complement-fixing antibodies in a serum dilution of 1:16. None of the guinea-pigs acquired dermal sensitivity to the antigens as demonstrated by intradermal tests with Brucellergen.
Studies on Commercial Typhus Vaccines
Authors: Chambers Leslie A. , Cohen Seymour S. , Clawson Jean R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified suspensions of epidemic typhus rickettsiae have been disrupted by sonic vibration and fractionated by differential centrifugation, yielding preparations of varying physical, chemical and biological activity. The low speed sediment, representing rickettsial debris largely, yields a turbid suspension containing about half of the total rickettsial nitrogen, demonstrating about half of the in vitro complement fixing activity of the whole rickettsiae, and cross-reacting completely with murine and epidemic typhus antibodies. The high speed sediment yields an opalescent suspension and contains about a third of the original nitrogen, and two-thirds of the original complement fixing activity, with decreased cross-reactivity. The high speed supernate yields a water-clear solution, containing only small amounts of the nitrogen and complement-fixing activity of the whole rickettsiae, and is relatively non-specific in its in vitro antigenic effects.
The low and high speed sediments subjected to proteolytic digestion, yield less turbid suspensions or solutions which lose one-fourth to one-third of their nitrogen in dialysis, but retain the complement fixing activity of the original suspension, with increased cross-reactivity.
Studies on Commercial Typhus Vaccines
Authors: Cohen Seymour S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rickettsial antigens have been demonstrated to be serologically unrelated to cytoplasmic particles of the host. Data have been presented on some amino acids and lipids found in rickettsial fractions and the S antigen. The demonstration of desoxyribose nucleic acid in R. prowazeki and its approximate estimation has been described, and a new procedure for its isolation in high yield has been recorded. The effect of sonic disruption in the depolymerization of desoxyribose nucleic acid has been noted. The failure to demonstrate ribose nucleic acid in rickettsial fragments has been described and discussed.
It has been observed that rickettsial antigens gave some anomalous color reactions for carbohydrate and showed aldehydic properties. In addition, the orcinol-reactive carbohydrate in various rickettsial fractions was equivalent to the reducing sugar content of these fractions before acid hydrolysis. The structural and possibly practical significance of these findings have been discussed.
The Enhancement of Anaphylaxis in Albino Mice with the Aid of Adjuvants
Authors: Wheeler Albert H. , Brandon Ella M. , Petrenco Helene 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A single subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection of protein antigen incorporated in Freund's adjuvant sufficiently sensitized albino mice so that almost all animals exhibited anaphylactic death or severe shock when subsequently challenged with specific antigen. Stronger anaphylactic responses were obtained with large rather than with small sensitizing doses and with intravenous rather than intraperitoneal injection of the challenge dose. Anaphylactic reactions were fewer and milder when the interval between sensitization and challenge was less than 14 days. Maximum results were obtained when this interval was 21 to 28 days. Fatal anaphylactic reactions occurred with greater frequency in bilaterally adrenalectomized sensitized mice than in nonadrenalectomized sensitized mice. However, a large percentage of adrenalectomized control mice died following challenge with a quantity of antigen that was not lethal to normal animals. The injection of adrenal-cortical extracts shortly prior to the injection of the challenge antigen regularly resulted in a slight reduction in the number of fatal shock reactions. Under the conditions of these experiments it appears that in sensitized pregnant mice, abortion following the injection of a shock dose of antigen is a useful measure of anaphylactic response. The results of these experiments appear to justify a further consideration of utilizing the above findings as the bases for formulating a practical and reliable method for demonstrating active anaphylaxis in albino mice.
The Indirect Complement Fixation, Hemagglutination and Conglutinating Complement Absorption Tests for Viruses of the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Venereum Group
Authors: Hilleman M. R. , Haig D. A. , Helmold R. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three new tests for demonstrating antibody against viruses of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group are described. These are the indirect complement fixation test, which detects inhibitory antibody for these viruses in the sera of chickens, the hemagglutination inhibition technique for testing human and chicken sera and the conglutinating complement absorption test for use with sera from patients. The possible application of the indirect complement fixation and agglutination inhibition tests to the study of infection with these viruses in avian populations is discussed. The relative merits and demerits of the three tests as compared with the ordinary complement fixation test are also reviewed.
Theoretical considerations regarding the mechanism of the indirect complement fixation test, the nature of the meningopneumonitis hemagglutinin and the inhibition of hemagglutination by calcium ion are discussed.
Observations on the In-Vitro Behavior of Dog Isoantibodies
Authors: Christian Ricilard M. , Ervin Donald M. , Young Lawrence E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Isohemagglutinins having four different specificities have been demonstrated in dog sera. These have been arbitrarily designated anti-A, -B, -C and -D and the corresponding agglutinogens A, B, C and D in the order of their identification in this laboratory. Anti-D has been observed as a naturally occurring antibody while anti-A, -B and -C have been demonstrated only in dogs transfused with erythrocytes containing the respective factors. Many variants of the A agglutinogen exist and these have been designated A′. The A-A′ differences are partly qualitative in nature and are thought to resemble human D-Du differences more closely than human A1-A2 differences. The following properties of anti-A, -B, -C and -D have been described: thermal amplitude, heat stability, hemolytic activity, complement fixation, effect of serum diluent and cell suspending medium on antibody titer, and the ability of the antibody to sensitize cells for the anti-globulin test. The in-vitro behavior of dog isoantibodies is correlated with a variety of in-vivo reactions.
Studies on the Use of Enzyme-Treated Red Cells in Tests for Rh Sensitization
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Katz Lillian 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The use of enzyme-treated red cells is a sensitive and specific method for testing for Rh-Hr antibodies and antibodies of other specificities. The most satisfactory results have so far been obtained with trypsin, papain, and ficin. For best results red cells should be washed three times with saline solution before treating them with enzyme, in order to remove the enzyme inhibitor present in normal human plasma. The sensitivity of the reactions increases with the period of incubation of the red cells with the enzyme preparation. Most satisfactory results were obtained by incubating the cells with the enzyme for a period of one hour at body temperature. Prolonged treatment with the enzyme may give rise to non-specific clumping. The action of the enzyme can be stopped at any time by washing the cells with saline in order to remove the enzyme. Chilling slows or stops the action of the enzyme, but this can be started again by rewarming the mixture. The use of enzyme-treated cells gives more sensitive results in tests for Rh sensitization than other standard tests hitherto introduced, and equals them in specificity. For example, the titers obtained in general are, on the average, four to five times as high as by the albumin-plasma conglutination technique. In no case of Rh sensitization encountered by us to date has the test with enzyme-treated cells failed to demonstrate the presence of Rh antibodies, although in several of these cases the other tests were negative. The use of trypsinated cells is a sensitive method of demonstrating autosensitization. Autosensitization, as detected in this manner, may be present without producing clinical symptoms. Normal human serum is approximately ⅛ as active as a 1 per cent solution of crystallized soy bean inhibitor in preventing the action of trypsin on red cells. Trypsin inhibitor is present in umbilical cord serum in approximately the same concentration as in adult serum, and is also present in equal concentration in the serum of sensitized Rh-negative individuals. Normal human serum inhibits the action of papain, whereas soy bean inhibitor, which is a more potent trypsin inhibitor, has no effect on papain. Thus the action of the inhibitors is specific. Evidence is produced to show that the enzymes do not damage any of the hemagglutinogen loci, but act instead upon a substance, probably a serum protein, which is intimately bound into the surface of the red cells. The clumping which results when enzyme-treated cells are coated with antibody appears to be related to conglutination rather than agglutination. Diagrammatic representations of these concepts are offered.
A Study of the Reaction between Human Serum Albumin and its Homologous Equine Antibody through the Medium of Light Scattering
Authors: Gitlin David , Edelhoch Harold 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The reaction between bovine serum albumin and homologous equine antibody has been studied by light scattering measurements. Equilibrium is reached more rapidly in the zone of antigen excess than in the zone of antibody excess. The final light scattering values obtained for definite antigen/antibody ratios appear to be the same in the equivalence zone when the final state is approached from either zone of excess, whether one reagent is added to the other all at once, or whether it is added in several successive increments. On the other hand, the reaction on the antigen excess side of the precipitation curve is rapidly and completely reversed by addition of excess antigen, while in the antibody excess zone, additional antibody results in only a very slow reduction in the amount of scattered light at 90° to the incident beam. However reversal is indicated under these conditions also if scattering is measured at angles closer to the incident beam. Large complexes consisting of soluble aggregates of antigen and antibody appear to exist over all possible ratios of antigen to antibody. Specific aggregates are larger in size the closer the reaction takes place to the point of maximum precipitation.
Nontoxic Influenza Virus
Authors: McKee Albert P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The production of nontoxic influenza A virus has been described. This was accomplished by inoculating undiluted, non-mouse-adapted, allantoic fluid virus into the allantoic sac of the developing chick embryo. Mouse-adapted influenza virus would not cause nontoxic virus to be produced. Exactly why the virus grows as a nontoxic suspension is not understood. The virus particle, however, appears to be responsible in part, although a soluble factor has not been excluded. The nontoxic virus appears to be as good an antigen as the toxic. Although most of the attempts to produce nontoxic virus meet with success some failures are encountered. Some of the problems for further study have been set forth.