bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distributed Real-Time Multi-Pad Steam Allocation Optimization
Authors: Sibaweihi Najmudeen , Trivedi Japan 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) recovery, optimal real-time steam allocation from a shared steam generator to the physically coupled multi-pads can significantly improve long-term performance goals. However, multi-pad real-time optimization (RTO) with first-principle models can be computationally intensive. Furthermore, general-purpose optimization algorithms in RTO do not consider the future state beyond the prediction horizons to be optimized and treat the optimization problem as a long-term optimization process. Since steam is the primary cost factor in SAGD, Key Performance Indicators (KPI) such as Net Present Value (NPV), when used in RTO, result in low steam injection impeding steam chamber growth during the build-up and normal SAGD operational phase. Therefore, balancing steam chamber development and economics becomes essential for SAGD well-pads using RTO to meet long-term goals.In this contribution, we implement the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) and a dynamic data-driven model to reduce the computational cost of RTO. ADMM coordinates in real-time field-wide use of shared steam generation. The shared steam generation is a market commodity traded between the pads, with global coordination in real-time perturbation of their market prices. Four SAGD KPIs are implemented for a multi-pad RTO of the SAGD normal operations phase to see which KPI eventually grows the steam chamber without negatively affecting the long-term economic performance.A SAGD field with four pads with 33 well-pairs shows that for all four pads, an economic-based KPI limits the achievement of long-term goals because it cannot account for the future state beyond the horizon under consideration due to hindered steam chamber growth. For the steam chamber expansion and bitumen recovery KPI, high recovery and economic performance are achieved, but with a high resource requirement, leading to a high carbon footprint. On the other hand, an alternating economic and bitumen recovery KPI achieves high economic performance while minimizing resource requirements that decrease carbon footprint.
An Analytical Approach for Optimizing the Subcool of Non-Condensable Gas (NCG) Assisted Heavy Oil Production: Predictions & Limitations
Authors: Rosi Giuseppe , Zhu Da , Izadi Hossein , Mahmoudi Mahdi , Fattahpour Vahid , Roostaei Morteza , Tuttle Aubrey , Stevenson Jesse , Sutton Colby , Gates Ian 
Published: March 2023

AbstractNCG is increasingly being co-injected with steam in heavy oil production systems to reduce heat loss and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as to maintain reservoir pressure. Given increased use of NCG co-injection, the validity of conventional subcool models must be revisited since they assume that the steam chamber is comprised of water alone. The current study makes modifications to the pure-steam hydrostatic subcool model, as well as the Yuan & Nugent (2013) subcool model to account for the presence of NCG in the steam chamber. Using typical values from the Athabasca oilfield, the study then compares the liquid-height predictions made by the original and modified models and proposes rules-of-thumb that correct for the presence of NCG. In general, increasing NCG in the steam chamber results in a reduction in subcool relative to pure steam. According to modified hydrostatic model, to achieve a liquid-pool height equal to that of pure steam injection, the subcool must be increased by 0.60K per 1% increase in the vapor-phase molar fraction. In contrast, over a wide range of production rates and drawdowns, the modified Yuan & Nugent (2013) model predicts that to achieve a liquid-pool height equal to that of the pure steam case, the subcool must be increased by 0.66K per 1% increase in the vapor-phase molar fraction. Despite the rule-of-thumbs being qualitatively in line with expectations, they suffer from the inability to accurately calculate subcool from field data. The final section of the paper reviews limitations of subcool as a well performance metric and proposes an alternative method of assessment that relies on data that are more readily available to operators.
Fluids Migration Behind Casings: An Offshore Well Integrity Issue Restoration Experience of AGM043 in Gabon, West-Africa
Authors: Ebaga Ololo Jestril , Ndong-Ovono Dieudonné 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Minimizing risks in offshore oil and gas production facilities is of upmost importance for oil producers to reduce possibilities of liability claims, hydrocarbons production rate loss, and most importantly environmental impacts. In this regard, well integrity parameters such as MAASP and MAWOP become key tools to carefully follow and watch production tubings and annulus pressures behaviors at the surface.
AGM043 is an oil producing well which presented a high downgraded situation mainly with abnormal pressure in the annuli A and B and the christmas tree not holding the pressure. The pressure rate observed in the annulus B (104 bars) was considered higher than the limit set as per the MAASP (72 bars) presenting a risk of fracture at the 13-3/8″ casing shoe.
To regain full integrity of the well, since purging the annuli did not contribute to pressure stabilization and due to the presence of gas (mainly methane), actions were taken to conduct a well killing job split in four phases:
Phase 1: Purging, investigate communication point between tubing and annuli, echometer for fluid level determination. Phase 2: Well killing by bull heading in the tubing and lubricate and bleed in the annuli. Phase 3: Establishment of a double barriers Phase 4: Valves changes and test of Christmas tree integrity.
This manuscript discusses the rise of an abnormal pressure behavior in the annular, its management, and the lessons learnt at the end of the integrity regain after the killing job offshore Gabon. The experience gained can be applied to other wells with similar problems.
Complex Mass Transfer Phenomena in Bitumen Solvent Systems
Authors: Chaustre Ruiz Andres Javier , Mayorga Ariza Maria Daniela , Babak Petro , Kantzas Apostolos 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe overall objective of this study was to perform a series of diffusion experiments between liquid hydrocarbons (e.g., propane, pentane, and toluene) and bitumen or heavy oil to observe and analyze mass transfer in the systems. Some difficulties, such as the complex behavior of the phases, the high viscosity, and the opacity of hydrocarbons, generate the need for different techniques to measure mass transfer coefficients in heavy crude oils. In this work, X-ray tomography was used for such measurements. The measurements are carried out in environments where the sedimentation of solids is encouraged. To achieve this, a novel setup was designed and assembled to measure the mass transfer in these systems based on the density profiles established over time in aluminum containers that contain fluids. The containers were regularly scanned to track the behavior of the density profiles over time. The data was collected and analyzed, obtaining interesting results, which will be important as a starting point for future research related to systems that integrate interactions between solvents and oils in the recovery processes. Due to the novel results obtained in the original test, 7 sets of experiments were carried out, all with unique characteristics, trying to analyze its results in detail.One of the objectives is to analyze if the mass transfer is uniform and constant during long periods. This work shows results that were never published in the previous literature, such as partial miscibility when mixing n-propane and bitumen, oil swelling, oil shrinking, asphaltene precipitation and sedimentation, total miscibility, and the effect of adding pure asphaltenes and calcium carbonate to the mixture, among others. In addition, the impacts on the effectiveness of the proposed processes for the production and refining of these solvents are discussed.
Synergistic Hydrate Inhibition by Bovine Serum Albumin With Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors
Authors: Singh Ankur , Suri Ajay , Date Avadhoot 
Published: March 2023

AbstractUsing kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) can be technically and economically an ideal solution to achieving deep-sea hydrate risk management, but biodegradability requirements in many offshore locations, such as the North Sea, can restrict their usage. The problem could be addressed by developing so-called "green hydrate inhibitors." Many natural chemicals have been tested to achieve this goal. However, their performance has not been found to be at par with the non-biodegradable high-performing commercial KHIs. It has been shown by some studies that although natural chemicals cannot perform very well alone, they perform quite well when used as synergists with KHIs, possibly due to their large molecular structures with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic functional groups leading to increased steric hindrance to hydrate formation and their higher molecular viscosity possibly causing a reduction in the gas and water mass transfer rate to the hydrate nucleation sites. Thus, in this study, a protein prevalent in the circulatory system of bovine species called bovine serum albumin (BSA), was tested as a synergist with four KHIs used in academia for research and industry (PVP, PVCap, CKHI-1, and CKHI-2). Due to BSA's biodegradability, biocompatibility and nontoxicity, it is widely employed in the medical sector as a drug delivery agent. Standard constant cooling rate hydrate formation experiments at 1°C/h are performed to measure the induction time (delay in hydrate nucleation) and average hydrate growth rate within 1 hour of hydrate nucleation to evaluate the hydrate-inhibiting performance of various blends made of BSA and the four KHIs. The Induction time (IT) and the average hydrate growth rate (AHGR) delivered by each of the 0.5 wt % of the individual four KHIs are compared with the IT, and AHGR obtained from the blend of 0.25 wt % respective KHI mixed with 0.25 wt % BSA. It was found that the blends made from PVP, PVCap and CKHI-2 provided higher ITs (up to 66% for CKHI-2) and lower AHGRs (down to -60% for CKHI-2) compared to the ITs, and AHGRs obtained from the individual commercial KHIs at the same total dosage of 0.5 wt%. The blend CKHI-1 and BSA gave almost the same IT and AHGR as obtained from CKHI-1 alone. Along with high performance, the blended solutions also provide higher biodegradability as compared to commercial KHIs.
Maximizing Value from Advanced Reservoir Management at Suncor's Firebag SAGD Operation
Authors: Kariznovi Mohammad , Wang Jin , Li Jian 
Published: March 2023

AbstractSuncor's Firebag Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) project has been in operation since 2004 and a total capacity of 215 mbbls/d of bitumen.1 It is Suncor's largest in situ operation, with approximately 600 wells. Maximizing the value of the capital investment and operating cost requires a focused effort on reservoir management. This study focused on reservoir management and optimization at Firebag. With steam being the energy delivery system to the reservoir, it is imperative that it is distributed in a manner that optimizes usage and results in the lowest feasible Steam to Oil Ratio (SOR). A systematic and repeatable approach to reservoir management and optimization for SAGD thermal operation has been developed with two decades of experience. The primary concepts include chamber pressure optimization/management, mass, and energy balance, steam, and fluid leak-off management among well pads, non-condensable gas (NCG) co-injection, and energy recovery for late-life SAGD.For the Firebag site, reservoir management translates to determining optimum rates and pressures for over 250 injection wells in various stages of maturity. Since NCG is often added to the steam, it is critical to also determine when and what quantities can result in the best performance. The decision-making process for the operation has been significantly improved and streamlined by using a data-informed approach. A very large data set for analysis along with advanced sector and field scale reservoir simulation have been proven to be very effective in creating optimum parameters for operation. Capitalizing on operational experience and using leading digital tools, a comprehensive software platform has been developed to assist in monitoring Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). This instrument is being further enhanced to provide and implement real-time operating parameters. With fixed steam generation assets, it is imperative to maintain or lower field SOR to accommodate new pad development while preserving nameplate production volumes and meeting greenhouse gas objectives. While maturing pads generally require less steam over time, incremental initiatives are necessary to offset more challenging reservoir quality. Optimizing pressure and/or introducing NCG in mature pads are examples of two approaches to recovering a significant amount of energy and achieving sustainable operation at a lower steam rate.
Investigation CO2 EOR Types with Constrained CO2 Volume and Impurities for a High-Quality Sandstone, Stratified Offshore Newfoundland Reservoir
Authors: Pham Chau Quynh , Esene Ebeagbor Cleverson , James Anne Lesley 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe objective of this study is to evaluate the potential of CO2 sequestration coupled with oil recovery to lower the carbon intensity of incremental oil recovered considering different CO2 EOR types. A compositional stratified reservoir model (with/without crossflow) is used to investigate the effect of limited CO2 volume on the performance of CO2-WAG, enriched CO2-WAG, and carbonated water injection (CWI). We show that joint optimization of oil recovery and carbon storage can decrease carbon intensity. CO2 flooding, CO2-WAG, enriched CO2-WAG, and CWI are investigated under constrained CO2 volumes on a percentage pore volume basis. A sensitivity analysis using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is carried out within a range of reservoir temperature (50-130°C) and pressure (20-70 MPa) conditions. CO2 volumes that can be captured from offshore power generation are likely insufficient for CO2 flooding but could work for CWI, CO2 WAG or enriched CO2 WAG (CH4-CO2 WAG). Highest incremental oil was found using CWI. However, it did not consider carbon pricing nor look to minimize oil production emissions intensity. Emissions intensity is the new metric during our transition to cleaner energy. CWI can store less than 20% amount of CO2 captured while CO2-WAG, enriched CO2-WAG with 7-10% lower oil recovery, however, can store much larger quantities. The stratified reservoir with crossflow cases had higher recovery factors and later water breakthrough than without crossflow cases. The use of WAG reduced the extent of crossflow and the high WAG ratio (3:1) would lead to a higher oil recovery (additional 3% for enriched CO2 WAG case). Recovery factor increased with decreased temperature and increased pressure, since CO2 is in its supercritical state in the range studied. Proxy models showed good performance with high determination coefficients (R2), between 0.93 - 0.99. EOR studies focus on incremental oil recovery (without carbon pricing). CCUS studies maximize CO2 storage (assuming infinite CO2). We investigate the value of capturing post combustion CO2 from offshore power generation considering constrained CO2 volumes and different EOR methods without reproducing CO2. This study investigates the joint optimization of oil recovery and carbon storage bringing a unique perspective and way to decrease carbon intensity during the oil transition era.
Influence of prey availability on habitat selection during the non-breeding period in a resident bird of prey.
Authors: Bühler Roman , Schalcher Kim , Séchaud Robin , Michler Stephanie , Apolloni Nadine , Roulin Alexandre , Almasi Bettina 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Background: For resident birds of prey in the temperate zone, the cold non-breeding period can have strong impacts on survival and reproduction with implications for population dynamics. Therefore, the non-breeding period should receive the same attention as other parts of the annual life cycle. Birds of prey in intensively managed agricultural areas are repeatedly confronted with unpredictable, rapid changes in their habitat due to agricultural practices such as mowing, harvesting, and ploughing. Such a dynamic landscape likely affects prey distribution and availability and may even result in changes in habitat selection of the predator throughout the annual cycle.
Methods: In the present study, we 1) quantified barn owl prey availability in different habitats across the annual cycle, 2) quantified the size and location of barn owl breeding and non-breeding home ranges using GPS-data, 3) assessed habitat selection in relation to prey availability during the non-breeding period, and 4) discussed differences in habitat selection during the non-breeding period to habitat selection during the breeding period.
Results: The patchier prey distribution during the non-breeding period compared to the breeding period led to habitat selection towards grassland during the non-breeding period. The size of barn owl home ranges during breeding and non-breeding were similar, but there was a small shift in home range location which was more pronounced in females than males. The changes in prey availability led to a mainly grassland-oriented habitat selection during the non-breeding period. Further, our results showed the importance of biodiversity promotion areas and undisturbed field margins within the intensively managed agricultural landscape.
Conclusions: We showed that different prey availability in habitat categories can lead to changes in habitat preference between the breeding and the non-breeding period. Given these results we show how important it is to maintain and enhance structural diversity in intensive agricultural landscapes, to effectively protect birds of prey specialised on small mammals.
Preliminary Study on Retrograded Recanalization of Radial Artery Occlusion Through Distal Radial Artery Access: A Single-Centre Experience
Authors: Huanhuan Wang , Cui Cheng , Liu Haiming , Zhang Bo , Tian Tao , Ye Shaodong , Yang Weixian , Yuan Jinqing , Xu Bo , Gao Lijian 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Purpose
Radial artery occlusion (RAO) is an unresolved complication after transradial artery (TRA) puncture. The aim of this observational study was to access the feasibility and safety of retrograded recanalization of RAO through distal transradial access (dTRA).
Methods
from June 2021 to March 2022, 28 consecutive patients with successful puncture and intubation through dTRA in the anatomical snuffbox and RAO was confirmed by angiography were enrolled.
Results
Among 28 patients, 27 (96.4%) patients successfully retrograded recanalization of RAO through dTRA and peformed coronary angiography or coronary intervention successfully. After procedure, only 1 (3.7%) patient developed a forearm haematoma, and there were no other bleeding complications or nerve disorders.
Conclusions
DTRA is a safe and feasible approach for retrograded recanalization of RAO, with a high procedure success rate and low complications.
Chemical composition and anticonvulsant activities of herb pair of Gastrodia elata Blume-Acorus tatarinowii Schott decoction on experimentally induced seizures in mice
Authors: He Xirui , Yang Yan , Yuan Xufang , Sun Yin , Li Yongsheng 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Epilepsy is a serious public health problem in the world. At present, over 30% of affected patients remain refractory to currently available treatment. Medicinal plants as pharmaceuticals and healthcare treatments have been frequently used in the management of epilepsy in China for many centuries. Gastrodia elata-Acous tatarinowii (GEAT), as a classic and most commonly used herb pair in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been employed to control seizures for thousands of years. However, the animal experiment data on its anticonvulsant effect is limited in the literature. Thus, this study aimed to reveal the therapeutic actions of GEAT decoction against seizures in mice. UHPLC-MS/MS was performed to analyze the chemical components of GEAT decoction. The mice were given GEAT decoction for 7 days, and MES, PTZ, and 3-MP injection was given 30 min after the last administration. Video monitoring was performed for comparisons. In addition, the PTZ-induced kindling models were conducted to investigate the seizure severity, anxiety and cognitive profile, inflammation, and oxidative stress parameters in mice. The results showed that GEAT decoction dose-dependently protected mice against MES, 3-MP, and PTZ-induced acute seizures. Furthermore, GEAT decoction significantly ameliorated seizure severity, decreased the accumulation of inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, mitigated oxidative stress, as well as alleviated anxious-like behavior and cognitive deficits in PTZ-kindled mice. These results suggest that GEAT decoction possesses certain anticonvulsant properties, which might be clinically useful as phytotherapy alone or as an adjunct therapy for the prevention and treatment of seizures and epilepsy.
Mapping microstructural features of pathological tissues by pixel clustering of Mueller matrix images
Authors: Ma Hui , Wan Jiachen , Dong Yang , Yao Yue , Xiao Weijin , Huang Ruqi , Xue Jing-Hao , Peng Ran , Pei Haojie , Tian Xuewu , Liao Ran , He Honghui , Zeng Nan , Li Chao 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In histopathology, doctors identify diseases by characterizing abnormal cells and their spatial organization within tissues. Polarization microscopy and supervised learning have been proved as an effective tool for extracting polarization parameters to highlight pathological features. Here we present an alternative approach based on unsupervised learning to group polarization-pixels into clusters, which correspond to distinct pathological structures. For pathological samples from different patients, it is confirmed that such unsupervised learning technique can decompose the histological structures into a stable basis of characteristic microstructural clusters, some of which correspond to distinctive pathological features for clinical diagnosis. Using hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) samples, we demonstrate how the proposed framework can be utilized for segmentation of histological image, visualization of microstructure composition associated with lesion, and identification of polarization-based microstructure markers that correlates with specific pathology variation. This technique is capable of unraveling invisible microstructures in non-polarization images, and turn them into visible polarization features to pathologists and researchers.