bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selenium‐Containing Type‐I Organic Photosensitizers with Dual Reactive Oxygen Species of Superoxide and Hydroxyl Radicals as Switch‐Hitter for Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Wang Haiyang , Qin Tian , Wang Wen , Zhou Xie , Lin Faxu , Liang Guodong , Yang Zhiyong , Chi Zhenguo , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: June 2023

AbstractOrganic type‐I photosensitizers (PSs) which produce aggressive reactive oxygen species (ROS) with less oxygen‐dependent exhibit attractive curative effect for photodynamic therapy (PDT), as they adapt better to hypoxia microenvironment in tumors. However, the reported type‐I PSs are limited and its exacted mechanism of oxygen dependence is still unclear. Herein, new selenium‐containing type‐I PSs of Se6 and Se5 with benzoselenadiazole acceptor has been designed and possessed aggregation‐induced emission characteristic. Benefited from double heavy‐atom‐effect of selenium and bromine, Se6 shows a smaller energy gap (ΔEST) of 0.03 eV and improves ROS efficiency. Interestingly, type‐I radicals of both long‐lived superoxide anion (O2•‾) and short‐lived hydroxyl (•OH) are generated from them upon irradiation. This may provide a switch‐hitter of dual‐radical with complementary lifetimes for PDT. More importantly, simultaneous processes to produce •OH are revealed, including disproportionation of O2•‾ and reaction between excited PS and water. Actually, Se6 displays superior in–vitro PDT performance to commercial chlorin e6 (Ce6), under normoxia or hypoxia. After intravenous injection, a significantly in–vivo PDT performance is demonstrated on Se6, where tumor growth inhibition rates of 99% is higher than Ce6. These findings offer new insights about both molecular design and mechanism study of type‐I PSs.
Improving Ca‐Ion Storage Dynamic and Stability by Interlayer Engineering and Mn‐Dissolution Limitation Based on Robust MnO2@PANI Hybrid Cathode
Authors: Zuo Chunli , Chao Feiyang , Li Ming , Dai Yuhang , Wang Junjun , Xiong Fangyu , Jiang Yalong , An Qinyou 
Published: June 2023

AbstractRechargeable Ca‐ion batteries (CIBs) have attracted great interest due to potentially high output voltage and abundant calcium resources. Among various cathode materials, manganese oxides with high theoretical capacity and low cost are suitable as strong candidates for rechargeable CIBs. However, the dissolution of manganese and the strong electrostatic interactions between Ca2+ and host materials result in inferior cycle stability and poor rate performance. Herein, a MnO2‐polyaniline (PANI) hybrid cathode with both PANI intercalation and coating is developed to solve the above problems. The intercalation of PANI can expand the interlayer spacing and effectively buffer the local electrostatic interaction for facile Ca2+ diffusion. Meanwhile, the density functional theory (DFT) calculations prove that the PANI coating inhibits manganese dissolution by forming strong Mn‐N bonds to enhance the structural integrity of MnO2. Benefitting from the above, the MnO2‐PANI (MnO2‐P) cathode delivers high capacity (150 mAh g⁻1 at 0.1 A g⁻1), excellent rate performance (120 mAh g⁻1 at 1 A g⁻1) and long‐term cycling stability (5000 cycles). The organic‐inorganic hybrid desig provides a new strategy for developing high performance CIBs cathode materials.
Boosting Bi‐Directional Redox of Sulfur with Dual Metal Single Atom Pairs in Carbon Spheres Toward High‐Rate and Long‐Cycling Lithium–Sulfur Battery
Authors: Dong Chenxu , Zhou Cheng , Wu Mingwei , Yu Yongkun , Yu Kesong , Yan Kaijian , Shen Chunli , Gu Jiapei , Yan Mengyu , Sun Congli , Mai Liqiang , Xu Xu 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe severe shuttle effect of polysulfides and sluggish redox kinetics are the main problems that hinder the practical applications of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. In this study, dual metallic single atom pairs are implanted into carbon nanospheres to address the shuttle effect and facilitate the bi‐directional redox kinetics of sulfur. Fe sites are found to be favorable for the reduction reaction of polysulfides, while Co sites facilitate the dissolution of Li2S experimentally and theoretically, promoting the overall electrochemical performance of Li−S batteries due to the synergetic effect. The sulfur cathode with the dual metallic single atom pairs exhibits an ultrahigh capacity retention of 96.4% after 100 cycles at 0.5 C. More importantly, it demonstrates excellent rate performance (618 mAh g−1 at current density of 10 C) and outstanding cycle performance at 2 C after 2800 cycles with only 0.01% decay per cycle. Impressively, the assembled pouch cell delivers a high discharge capacity of 1385 mAh g−1 and retains 869 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.2 C. These results demonstrate the potential of dual single atom catalysts for the favorable bi‐directional redox kinetics in Li−S batteries.
Grain boundary engineering of organic semiconductor films in organic transistors
Authors: Wang Yanpeng , Sun Shougang , Huang Yinan , Fu Yao , Qi Jiannan , Tie Kai , Wang Zhongwu , Jiao Fei , Si Rongmei , Chen Xiaosong , Li Liqiang , Hu Wenping 
Published: June 2023

AbstractOrganic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) show great application potential in organic electronic and optoelectronic fields due to their excellent mechanical flexibility, low cost, and solution processing. However, grain boundaries (GBs) disrupt the aggregation state of organic semiconductor (OSC) films and hinder electrical performance and stability, which limits the application of OFETs. Besides, the sensitive nature of GBs is widely used in sensing, but detailed descriptions of the GBs are scarce. This review aims to fill this knowledge gap. The role of GBs and their effect on the performance and stability of OFETs are analyzed, followed by a detailed summary of the characterization of GBs. Then, strategies for suppressing the negative effects of GBs and utilizing the sensitive nature of GBs for application are proposed. Finally, potential research directions for GBs in OFETs are discussed.
Polycythemia vera: 2024 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and management
Authors: Tefferi Ayalew , Barbui Tiziano 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDisease OverviewPolycythemia vera (PV) is a JAK2‐mutated myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by clonal erythrocytosis; other features include leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, splenomegaly, pruritus, constitutional symptoms, microcirculatory disturbances, and increased risk of thrombosis and progression into myelofibrosis (post‐PV MF) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML).DiagnosisA working diagnosis is considered in the presence of a JAK2 mutation associated with hemoglobin/hematocrit levels of >16.5 g/dL/49% in men or 16 g/dL/48% in women; morphologic confirmation by bone marrow examination is advised but not mandated.CytogeneticsAbnormal karyotype is seen in 15%–20% of patients with the most frequent sole abnormalities being +9 (5%), loss of chromosome Y (4%), +8 (3%), and 20q− (3%).MutationsOver 50% of patients harbor DNA sequence variants/mutations other than JAK2, with the most frequent being TET2 (18%) and ASXL1 (15%). Prognostically adverse mutations include SRSF2, IDH2, RUNX1, and U2AF1, with a combined incidence of 5%–10%.Survival and PrognosisMedian survival is ⁓15 years but exceeds 35 years for patients aged ≤40 years. Risk factors for survival include older age, leukocytosis, abnormal karyotype, and the presence of adverse mutations. Twenty‐year risk for thrombosis, post‐PV MF, or AML are ⁓26%, 16% and 4%, respectively.Risk Factors for ThrombosisTwo risk categories are considered: high (age >60 years or thrombosis history) and low (absence of both risk factors). Additional predictors for arterial thrombosis include cardiovascular risk factors and for venous thrombosis higher absolute neutrophil count and JAK2V617F allele burden.TreatmentCurrent goal of therapy is to prevent thrombosis. Periodic phlebotomy, with a hematocrit target of <45%, combined with once‐ or twice‐daily aspirin (81 mg) therapy, absent contraindications, is the backbone of treatment in all patients, regardless of risk category. Cytoreductive therapy is reserved for high‐risk disease with first‐line drugs of choice being hydroxyurea and pegylated interferon‐α and second‐line busulfan and ruxolitinib. In addition, systemic anticoagulation is advised in patients with venous thrombosis history.Additional Treatment ConsiderationsAt the present time, we do not consider a drug‐induced reduction in JAK2V617F allele burden, which is often incomplete and seen not only with peg‐IFN but also with ruxolitinib and busulfan, as an indicator of disease‐modifying activity, unless accompanied by cytogenetic and independently‐verified morphologic remission. Accordingly, we do not use the specific parameter to influence treatment choices. The current review also includes specific treatment strategies in the context of pregnancy, splanchnic vein thrombosis, pruritus, perioperative care, and post‐PV MF.
Epidemiology of clinically significant forms of alpha‐ and beta‐thalassemia: A global map of evidence and gaps
Authors: Musallam Khaled M. , Lombard Louise , Kistler Kristin D. , Arregui Maria , Gilroy Keely S. , Chamberlain Christina , Zagadailov Erin , Ruiz Kimberly , Taher Ali T. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis systematic literature review assessed the global prevalence and birth prevalence of clinically significant forms of alpha‐ and beta‐thalassemia. Embase, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library were searched for observational studies published January 1, 2000, to September 21, 2021. Of 2093 unique records identified, 69 studies reported across 70 publications met eligibility criteria, including 6 records identified from bibliography searches. Thalassemia prevalence estimates varied across countries and even within countries. Across 23 population‐based studies reporting clinically significant alpha‐thalassemia (e.g., hemoglobin H disease and hemoglobin Bart's hydrops fetalis) and/or beta‐thalassemia (beta‐thalassemia intermedia, major, and/or hemoglobin E/beta‐thalassemia), prevalence estimates per 100 000 people ranged from 0.2 in Spain (over 2014–2017) to 27.2 in Greece (2010–2015) for combined beta‐ plus alpha‐thalassemia; from 0.03 in Spain (2014–2017) to 4.5 in Malaysia (2007–2018) for alpha‐thalassemia; and from 0.2 in Spain (2014–2017) to 35.7 to 49.6 in Iraq (2003–2018) for beta‐thalassemia. Overall, the estimated prevalence of thalassemia followed the predicted pattern of being higher in the Middle East, Asia, and Mediterranean than in Europe or North America. However, population‐based prevalence estimates were not found for many countries, and there was heterogeneity in case definitions, diagnostic methodology, type of thalassemia reported, and details on transfusion requirements. Limited population‐based birth prevalence data were found. Twenty‐seven studies reported thalassemia prevalence from non–population‐based samples. Results from such studies likely do not have countrywide generalizability as they tended to be from highly specific groups. To fully understand the global prevalence of thalassemia, up‐to‐date, population‐based epidemiological data are needed for many countries.
Metal‐Free Visible‐light Mediated C−S Bond Formation
Authors: Sahoo Ashish Kumar , Barik Dinabandhu , Dam Binoyargha , Patel Bhisma K. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe upsurge in interest in the development of methodologies for the synthesis of sulfur‐containing compounds via the use of visible‐light has been established as a sustainable tool in organic chemistry. Particularly, visible‐light mediated C−S bond formation has gained popularity due to its operational simplicity, minimized by‐products, easy handling, mild reaction conditions, etc. Photochemistry not only provides a sustainable way to synthesize complex molecules but also has the ability to overcome many challenges which are difficult to attain by conventional thermal pathways. Owing to the biological importance of sulfur‐containing compounds, the present review focused on the C−S bond formation under metal‐free conditions mediated by visible‐light. The objective of the current review is to bring out the unearthing collection regarding C−S bond formation via photoredox catalysis. For better understanding, the review is categorized according to the mode of reactions viz, C−S bond formation via difunctionalization of alkenes and alkynes, C−S bond formation via C−H functionalization, and C−S bond formation via radical cyclization. All the reactions in each of the sections are described with selected examples with a proper explanation of the proposed mechanism.
Air pollution exposure is associated with rhinitis in older US adults via specific immune mechanisms
Authors: Scussiatto Henrique Ochoa , Wroblewski Kristen E. , Pagel Kristina L. , Schumm L. Phillip , McClintock Martha K. , Ramanathan Murray , Suh Helen H. , Pinto Jayant M. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBackgroundPathophysiology of rhinitis in older adults is largely unknown. We tested whether air pollution is associated with this condition and how immune mechanisms may play a role in this relationship.MethodsWe analyzed cross‐sectional data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, a nationally representative study of older adults born between 1920 and 1947. Particulate matter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) air pollution exposure estimates were generated using validated spatiotemporal models. Presence of rhinitis was defined based on medication use (≥1: intranasal medications: steroids, antihistamines, lubricants, and/or decongestants, and/or oral medications: antihistamines and/or decongestants). K‐means cluster analysis (Jaccard method) was used to group 13 peripheral blood cytokines into 3 clusters to facilitate functional determination. We fitted multivariate logistic regressions to correlate PM2.5 exposure with presence of rhinitis, controlling for confounders, and then determined the role of cytokines in this relationship.ResultsLong‐ (but not short‐) term exposure to PM2.5 was associated with presence of rhinitis: 3‐year exposure window, odds ratio (OR) = 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.98, 1.80, per 1 standard deviation (SD) PM2.5 increase. Inclusion of cytokine cluster in the model led to a modestly stronger effect of PM2.5 exposure on rhinitis (OR = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.87; 3‐year exposure window). The particular immune profile responsible for this result was composed of elevated IL‐3, IL‐12, and IFN‐γ (OR = 4.86, 95% CI: 1.10, 21.58, immune profile–PM2.5 exposure interaction term).ConclusionWe show for the first time that IL‐3, IL‐12, and IFN‐γ explain in part the relationship between PM2.5 exposure and rhinitis in older US adults. If confirmed, these immune pathways may be used as therapeutic targets.
Cooperative Network Formation via Two‐Colour Light‐Activated λ‐Orthogonal Chromophores
Authors: Eren Tugce Nur , Feist Florian , Ehrmann Katharina , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIndependently addressing photoreactive sites within one molecule with two colours of light is a formidable challenge. Here, we combine two sequence independent λ‐orthogonal chromophores in one heterotelechelic dilinker molecule, to exploit their disparate reactivity utilizing the same reaction partner, a maleimide‐containing polymer. We demonstrate that polymer network formation only proceeds if two colours of light are employed. Upon single colour irradiation, linker‐decorated post‐functionalized polymers are generated at either wavelength and in either sequence. Network formation, however, is only achieved by sequential or simultaneous two colour irradiation. The herein introduced photoreactive system demonstrates the power of wavelength orthogonal chemistry in macromolecular synthesis.
Design of MWCNTs and rGO co‐decorated elastic core‐spun yarn towards multifunctional flexible strain sensor with low detection limit and wide working range
Authors: Zhang Mingguang , Feng Peifeng , Lian Xiuye , Zhao Gang , Liu Cheng , Li Nan , Xu Jian , Chen Yousi , Jian Xigao 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn order to reduce the detection limit and improve the working range of flexible strain sensor, in this article, we reported a multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) co‐decorated multifunctional core spurn yarn flexible strain sensor (CGY FSS). It was found that the well lapping between MWCNT and rGO endows sensor with high working range (> 300%), while the helical structure of core‐spun yarn makes it sensitive to very tiny deformation (0.1%). To improve its dynamic durability, polydopamine (PDA) was used to improve the interface bonding force between yarn and conductive materials, which ensures the sensor conduct stable electrical signals during 10,000 stretching cycles test at 10% strain. These features made it suitable for human motion detection and structural health monitoring. Moreover, due to the abundant carboxyl groups on the carbon material surface and the employment of polymer‐based yarn, CGY FSS also showed good responsiveness to water vapor and acetone gas. It can be conceived that this as prepared strain sensor shows promising potential in smart device application with multiple response mechanism.
Evidence of the Atlantic nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) population shrink at Rocas Atoll, Southwestern Atlantic
Authors: Bettcher Vanessa B. , Santos Luciano N. , Bertoncini Áthila A. , Silva Maurizélia B. , Castro Andrey L. F. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

The Atlantic nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum, was recently listed as Vulnerable by IUCN Red List, however, as highlighted, little is known about its populations in the Southwestern Atlantic. Therefore, population studies are essential to propose status evaluations and new conservation measures.
Natural marks present on the animals' bodies are used as an alternative non‐invasive method rather than the usual tagging system for individual identification, thus avoiding the need for animal handling.
This study aimed to evaluate the population size trend of G. cirratum at the Rocas Atoll Marine Biological Reserve, the only atoll located in the South Atlantic.
Data were collected through underwater filming, photo‐identification, and visual censuses. Three expeditions were carried out in 2018 and the abundance of sharks was sampled in the inner part of Rocas Atoll Marine Biological Reserve.
Sharks were identified individually with the aid of the software Interactive Identification System – Contour (I3S). Based on the re‐sightings of identified animals, two capture–recapture estimators of population size were used (Petersen–Bailey; Jolly–Seber). The estimates were then compared to the only previous estimate made 20 years before, which employed the same number of expeditions and estimators.
A total of 139 sharks were identified from 444 sightings in 63 h of diving effort. Population estimates varied from 200 to 205 sharks, which are significantly lower than the previous estimate (339–368 sharks) made 20 years ago, suggesting a demographic decline in Southwestern Atlantic populations.
Population studies and movement of G. cirratum are essential to inform the implementation of additional protective measures, including the establishment of protected corridors between marine protected areas and the recovery of G. cirratum populations. It is crucial to consider that the distribution of individuals may extend beyond the borders of the non‐take marine protected area. Therefore, the observed decline in the local population could potential indicate a broader decline across the Southwestern Atlantic.
DMSO‐Assisted K3PO4‐Catalyzed Cooperative Metal‐Free, Base‐Free Etherification of Chloroheteroarenes at Low Temperature
Authors: Khandagale Deepali , Kori Santosh , Kapdi Anant R. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractEtherification of chloroheteroarenes was performed at low temperatures under metal‐free, ligand‐free and base‐free conditions, that is, the reaction is promoted by the cooperative effect of DMSO (solvent) as a promoter and K3PO4 providing the catalytic surface (rather than a base). The protocol exhibits good substrate scope under mild reaction conditions and has also been explored mechanistically.
Non‐Noble Bifunctional Amorphous Metal Boride Electrocatalysts for Selective Seawater Electrolysis
Authors: Silviya R. , Vernekar Yashashree , Bhide Aniruddha , Gupta Suraj , Patel Nainesh , Fernandes Rohan 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe global scarcity of freshwater resources has recently driven the need to explore abundant seawater as an alternative feedstock for hydrogen production by water‐splitting. This route comes with new challenges for the electrocatalyst, which has to withstand harsh saline water conditions with selectivity towards oxygen evolution over other competing reactions. Herein, a series of amorphous metal borides based on the iron triad metals (Co, Ni, and Fe), synthesized by a simple one‐step chemical reduction method, displayed excellent bifunctional activity for overall seawater splitting. Amongst the chosen catalysts, amorphous cobalt boride (Co−B) showed the best overpotential values of 182 mV for HER and 305 mV for OER, to achieve 10 mA/cm2, in alkaline simulated seawater. This superior activity was owed to the enrichment of the metal site with excess electrons (HER) and the in‐situ surface transformation (OER), as confirmed by various means. In alkaline simulated seawater, the overall cell voltage required to achieve 100 mA/cm2 was 1.85 V for the Co−B catalyst when used in a 2‐electrode assembly. The Co−B catalyst showed negligible loss in activity even after 1000 cycles and 50 h potentiostatic tests, thus demonstrating its industrial viability. The selectivity of the catalyst was established with Faradaic efficiency of above 99 % for HER and 96 % for OER, with no detection of chloride products in the spent electrolyte. This study using the mono‐metallic boride catalysts will turn to be a precursor to exploit other complex metal boride systems as potential candidates for seawater electrolysis for large‐scale hydrogen production.
Effects of Magnetic Field on Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate
Authors: Latifa Sirine Ben , Cheap‐Charpentier Hélène , Perrot Hubert , Amor Yasser Ben 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn this study, fast controlled precipitation (FCP) and chronoamperometry (CA) methods were performed to evaluate the influence of the magnetic treatment at 0.70 T, upon the scale formation in synthetic solutions (hardness 25 °F), exposed to a static magnetic field for different exposure times. According to FCP results, homogeneous CaCO3 precipitation rates in treated solution were lower than those in the absence of the magnetic field. It has been found that the memory effect can last up to 24 h after the magnetic treatment even if it decreases over time. As purpose of comparison, CA method was applied to investigate the influence of the magnetic treatment on heterogeneous CaCO3 precipitation. The magnetic field effect increased with the increasing exposure time. The obtained scale, characterized by scanning electronic microscopy and X‐ray diffraction, was formed by a mixture of calcite and aragonite in the presence of magnetic field.