bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surviving revolution and democratisation: the Sudan armed forces, state fragility and security competition
Authors: Verhoeven Harry 
Published: May 2023

AbstractSudan has for decades been one of Africa's most fragmented polities. Yet arguably the single most consequential actor in its recent history is among the least well studied: the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF). For most of post-independence statehood, Khartoum has been ruled by generals. This article places SAF in a longitudinal context of the expansion and contraction of state power and the functions of the coercive apparatus in these processes. It situates SAF in institutional logics, driven by historically contingent ideas about the nature of the polity, the role of the army within it and its likely partners and enemies. Doing so historicises the strategic calculus of SAF during the 2018–2019 December Revolution which mobilised millions but ended with a new coup in October 2021. I underscore how institutionalised rivalry between SAF and other security services has moulded patterns of regime change and consolidation: from Ja'afar Nimeiri and Omar Al-Bashir to Abdelfatah Al-Burhan today, anxieties over security competition and state fragility shape SAF's willingness to break with regimes it once dominated and its subsequent subversion of revolutionary change and democratisation.
First record of the epiphyte sea anemone Bunodeopsis pelagica in the Mexican Atlantic
Authors: González-Muñoz Ricardo , Sánchez-Rodríguez Judith , Simões Nuno , Tello-Musi José Luis , Acuña Fabián H. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Bunodeopsis pelagica is one of the few species of sea anemones known to be found in the floating algae of Sargassum spp. It has been reported in the North Atlantic, particularly in the Canary Islands and the coast of Jamaica. The present study is the first to report the occurrence of B. pelagica in the Mexican Atlantic, found as epiphyte on Sargassum natans off Alacranes reef (southern Gulf of Mexico) and in Puerto Morelos reef (Mexican Caribbean), revealing that this species is much more widespread than has been reported. Bunodeopsis pelagica is mainly distinguished from other species of Bunodeopsis by having simple minute protuberances on its column, while its congeners have larger and much more developed vesicular projections. With the record of B. pelagica, the number of known species of actiniarian sea anemones from the Mexican Atlantic increases to 23.
The 2022 Russian intervention in Ukraine: What is its impact on the interpretation of jus contra bellum?
Authors: Corten Olivier , Koutroulis Vaios 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis article examines the precedential value of Russia’s ‘special military operation’ against Ukraine in February 2022 for the purpose of interpreting the rules of jus contra bellum. Following the methodology set down by the ICJ in its Nicaragua judgment, self-defence is identified as the legal basis explicitly invoked by Russia in order to justify its operation in Ukraine. The authors then examine closely the reactions by third states with respect to the legality of Russia’s military operation and establish that the legal arguments put forth by Russia – including, more specifically, an innovative reading of the right to self-defence of entities unilaterally recognized as states – have been overwhelmingly rejected by third states. On that basis, the authors conclude that this precedent does not challenge the established understanding of the prohibition to use force in international relations and of its exceptions.
-coupling mechanisms are sufficient to obtain exponential decay in strain gradient elasticity
Authors: Fernández Jose R. , Quintanilla Ramón 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the time decay of the solutions to some problems arising in strain gradient thermoelasticity. We restrict to the two-dimensional case, and we assume that two dissipative mechanisms are introduced, the temperature and the mass dissipation. First, we show that this problem is well-posed proving that the operator defining it generates a contractive semigroup of linear operators. Then, assuming that the function involving the coupling terms is elliptic, the exponential decay of the solutions is concluded as well as the analyticity of the solutions. Finally, we describe how to obtain the exponential stability in the case of hyperbolic dissipation.
Mixed-language input and infant volubility: Friend or foe?
Authors: Ruan Yufang , Byers-Heinlein Krista , Orena Adriel John , Polka Linda 
Published: May 2023

AbstractLanguage mixing is a common feature of many bilingually-raised children's input. Yet how it is related to their language development remains an open question. The current study investigated mixed-language input indexed by observed (30-second segment) counts and proportions in day-long recordings as well as parent-reported scores, in relation to infant vocal activeness (i.e., volubility) when infants were 10 and 18 months old. Results suggested infants who received a higher score or proportion of mixed input in one-on-one social contexts were less voluble. However, within contexts involving language mixing, infants who heard more words were also the ones who produced more vocalizations. These divergent associations between mixed input and infant vocal development point for a need to better understand the causal factors that drive these associations.
Sociodemographic disparities in purchases of fruit drinks with policy relevant front-of-package nutrition claims
Authors: Duffy Emily , Ng Shu Wen , Hall Marissa G , Bercholz Maxime , Rebolledo Natalia , Musicus Aviva , Taillie Lindsey Smith 
Published: May 2023

AbstractObjective:Our objectives were to describe sociodemographic characteristics associated with the purchase of (1) any fruit drinks and (2) fruit drinks with specific front-of-package (FOP) nutrition claims.Design:Cross-sectional.Setting:USAParticipants:We merged fruit drink purchasing data from 60 712 household-months from 5233 households with children 0–5 years participating in Nielsen Homescan in 2017 with nutrition claims data. We examined differences in predicted probabilities of purchasing any fruit drinks by race/ethnicity, income and education. We constructed inverse probability (IP) weights based on likelihood of purchasing any fruit drinks. We used IP-weighted multivariable logistic regression models to examine predicted probabilities of purchasing fruit drinks with specific FOP claims.Results:One-third of households with young children purchased any fruit drinks. Non-Hispanic (NH) Black (51·6 %), Hispanic (36·3 %), lower-income (39·3 %) and lower-educated households (40·9 %) were more likely to purchase any fruit drinks than NH White (31·3 %), higher-income (25·8 %) and higher-educated households (30·3 %) (all P < 0·001). In IP-weighted analyses, NH Black households were more likely to purchase fruit drinks with ‘Natural’ and fruit or fruit flavour claims (6·8 % and 3·7 %) than NH White households (4·5 % and 2·7 %) (both P < 0·01). Lower- and middle-income (15·0 % and 13·8 %) and lower- and middle-educated households (15·4 % and 14·5 %) were more likely to purchase fruit drinks with ‘100 % Vitamin C’ claims than higher-income (10·8 %) and higher-educated households (12·9 %) (all P < 0·025).Conclusions:We found a higher likelihood of fruit drink purchases in lower-income, lower-educated, NH Black and Hispanic households. Experimental studies should determine if nutrition claims may be contributing to disparities in fruit drink consumption.
“Building A Great Organization for War”: The Associational State and Woman’s War Work in North Carolina, 1917–1919
Authors: Finney Nathan K. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe entry of the United States into the First World War and the integration of women into mobilization expanded women-run private initiatives and integrated their associational efforts into the war effort. This created greater visibility of women and children to state and federal governments. In the end, however, the increased attention and mobilization of private organizations by the state around women’s issues was fleeting. The alacrity with which North Carolina dispensed with these mechanisms for mobilization is an example of their purpose as associational measures to manage the dynamics of wartime and maintain pre-war hierarchies of power. Throughout the war, the bifurcation of work based on gender and the unfixed status of women created a situation in which their participation required constant negotiation. The need to negotiate participation in the mobilization was itself an outgrowth of the conflicted relationship between American government and civil society over women’s issues. After the war, these issues again became the purview of private organizations and other systems of extra-governmental governance that leveraged a more associational relationship with federal and state governments.
Performance of unoccupied aerial application systems for aquatic weed management: Two novel case studies
Authors: Howell Andrew W. , Leon Ramon G. , Everman Wesley J. , Mitasova Helena , Nelson Stacy A.C. , Richardson Robert J. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractUnoccupied aerial application systems (UAAS) are gaining popularity for weed management to increase applicator safety and to deliver herbicide treatments where treatment sites limit ground-based spray equipment. Several studies have documented UAAS application strategies and procedures for weed control in terrestrial settings, yet literature describing remote spray technology for use in aquatics remains limited. Currently, applicators seek guidance for UAAS deployment for aquatic weed management to overcome site access restrictions, deal with environmental limitations, and improve ground-based applicator safety in hazardous treatment scenarios. In the present case studies, we evaluate a consumer-available UAAS to deliver the herbicide, florpyrauxifen-benzyl, as both foliar and directed in-water spray applications. The first case study showed that the invasive floating-leaved plant, yellow floating heart, was controlled 80% to 99% by 6 wk after treatment (WAT) following UAAS foliar herbicide treatments. The second case study demonstrated that UAAS directed in-water herbicide application reduced variable-leaf watermilfoil visible plant material by 94% at 5 WAT. Likewise, directed in-water applications from UAAS eliminated the need to deploy watercraft, which improved overall operational efficiency. Data from both case studies indicate that UAAS can provide an effective and efficient treatment strategy for floating-leaved and submersed plant control among common herbicide treatment scenarios. Future integration of UAAS in aquatic weed control programs is encouraged, especially among smaller treatment sites (≤4 ha) or where access limits traditional spray operations.
Dynamic Rupture Models, Fault Interaction and Ground Motion Simulations for the Segmented Húsavík‐Flatey Fault Zone, Northern Iceland
Authors: Li Bo , Gabriel Alice‐Agnes , Ulrich Thomas , Abril Claudia , Halldorsson Benedikt 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe Húsavík‐Flatey Fault Zone (HFFZ) is the largest strike‐slip fault in Iceland and poses a high seismic risk to coastal communities. To investigate physics‐based constraints on earthquake hazards, we construct three fault system models of varying geometric complexity and model 79 3‐D multi‐fault dynamic rupture scenarios in the HFFZ. By assuming a simple regional prestress and varying hypocenter locations, we analyze the rupture dynamics, fault interactions, and the associated ground motions up to 2.5 Hz. All models account for regional seismotectonics, topo‐bathymetry, 3‐D subsurface velocity, viscoelastic attenuation, and off‐fault plasticity, and we explore the effect of fault roughness. The rupture scenarios obey earthquake scaling relations and predict magnitudes comparable to those of historical events. We show how fault system geometry and segmentation, hypocenter location, and prestress can affect the potential for rupture cascading, leading to varying slip distributions across different portions of the fault system. Our earthquake scenarios yield spatially heterogeneous near‐field ground motions modulated by geometric complexities, topography, and rupture directivity, particularly in the near‐field. The average ground motion attenuation characteristics of dynamic rupture scenarios of comparable magnitudes and mean stress drop are independent of variations in source complexity, magnitude‐consistent and in good agreement with the latest regional empirical ground motion models. However, physics‐based ground motion variability changes considerably with fault‐distance and increases for unilateral compared to bilateral ruptures. Systematic variations in physics‐based near‐fault ground motions provide important insights into the mechanics and potential earthquake hazard of large strike‐slip fault systems, such as the HFFZ.
El Niño‐Related Stratification Anomalies Over the Continental Slope Off Oregon in Summer 2014 and 2015: The Potential Vorticity Advection Mechanism
Authors: Kurapov Alexander L. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractOver the continental slope off Oregon at the US West Coast, at 44.6°N, vertical stratification is found to be anomalously weak in July–August of 2014 and 2015 both in a regional ocean circulation model and conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) profile observations. To understand the responsible mechanism, we focus on the layer between the isopycnal surfaces σθ = 26.5 and 26.25 kg m−3 that is found between depths 100 and 300 m and represents material properties characteristic of the slope poleward undercurrent and shelf‐slope exchange. This layer thickness, about 50 m on average, can be twice as large during the above‐mentioned periods. In the 2009–2018 model analysis, this anomaly is revealed over the continental slope only in summers 2014 and 2015 and only off the Oregon and Washington coasts (40°–47°N). The stratification anomaly is explained as the effect of advection of the seasonal along‐slope potential vorticity (PV) gradient by an anomalously strong poleward slope current. In the annual cycle, the zone of strong along‐slope PV gradient is found between 40° and 47°N, supported by the local upwelling that results in the injection of the large PV in the bottom boundary layer over the shelf followed by its offshore transport in the slope region. The positive along‐slope current anomaly propagates to Oregon with coastally trapped waves as part of the El Niño oceanic response and can be up to 0.1 m s−1. Advection by this anomalous poleward current results in transporting the seasonal PV gradient earlier in the season than on average.
Changes in the Size Distributions of Oxalic Acid and Related Polar Compounds Over Northern Japan During Spring
Authors: Deshmukh Dhananjay Kumar , Kawamura Kimitaka , Kobayashi Minoru , Gowda Divyavani 
Published: May 2023

AbstractSize distributions of chemical species provide evidence for their sources and formation mechanisms. Size‐segregated aerosols with 12 sizes were collected over Northern Japan (Sapporo: 43.07°N and 141.35°E) during the spring (9 April–21 May) of 2001 and analyzed for water‐soluble organic and inorganic species. The dominances of SO42– and NH4+ in submicron (Da < 1.1 μm) and Na+ and Ca2+ in supermicron (Da > 1.1 μm) aerosols suggest substantial contributions from anthropogenic sources, sea‐salt and dust particles via long‐range atmospheric transport. Oxalic acid (C2) is the dominant organic species followed by malonic (C3) and succinic (C4) acid. A supermicron mode enrichment of C2 is heavily involved with the long‐range transport of dust particles, whereas submicron mode C2 was influenced by anthropogenic sources from the East Asian continent. The size distributions of shorter‐chain diacids (C3–C6), phthalic (Ph) and glyoxylic acid are consistent with those of C2, whereas azelaic acid (C9) is enriched in submicron and supermicron modes by the influences of continental and marine air masses. The mass concentration ratios of C3/C4 in submicron (1.5–2.3) and supermicron (1.2–1.8) mode demonstrated that water‐soluble organic aerosols in Sapporo were photochemically processed during long‐range transport. The Ph/C9 ratios show that the influence of anthropogenic sources on 9–28 April samples was pronounced in supermicron (2.5–2.9) than the submicron (1.1–1.2) particles, and vice‐versa on 6–21 May samples. These contrast distributions suggest that the continental air masses from East Asia and marine air masses from the surrounding ocean likely control the chemical composition of aerosols over Northern Japan.
On Clustering of Floating Tracers in Random Velocity Fields
Authors: Meacham Jamie , Berloff Pavel 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the aggregation of a floating tracer into clusters. Motivated by observations of dense patches of buoyant material in the real ocean (e.g., microplastic pollutants, plankton, and sargassum), we develop an idealized model that can reproduce the clustering process. A stochastic, kinematic 2D velocity field is chosen to represent turbulent oceanic surface currents, with a weakly divergent component. Lagrangian particles are introduced and we track their concentrations. We differ from delta‐correlated fields used in previous studies by including finite time correlations. Clustering in these fields can be compared to the traditional setting, through global measures and cluster detection algorithms. The enhanced velocity fields can be deformed using various interpolation methods. We can then investigate the sensitivity of clustering to the representation of temporal/spatial velocity structure to inform future studies of this phenomenon. We find coherency of time‐correlated velocities leads to significantly faster rates of clustering, causing a larger number of longer lived/more populated clusters to form. Clustering is likely relevant to a host of biogeochemical processes of urgent interest, such as phytoplankton blooms and the ecological risk of microplastic pollutants. This work aims to establish an accurate basis for clustering simulations, to enable further exploration.
Ice Freeze‐Up and Break‐Up in Arctic Rivers Observed With Satellite L‐Band Passive Microwave Data From 2010 to 2020
Authors: Podkowa A. , Kugler Z. , Nghiem S. V. , Brakenridge G. R. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe timing of ice freeze‐up and break‐up in the Arctic may be responding to climate change. Passive microwave remote sensing is a powerful technique for monitoring this timing. We processed low‐frequency microwave time series from the European Space Agency Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission for a set of 31 satellite gauging reaches (SGRs) above 65°N between 2010 and 2020 to determine timing of freeze‐up and break‐up and annual river ice durations. We found indication of progressive ice cover reduction over more than half of the monitored river reaches, with possibly the fastest rate occurring over northeast Russia. Some rivers in high‐latitude North America experienced a slight increase in ice cover. Across the data set, we observed an average 2.2 days shift toward later ice freeze‐up in autumn and an average 0.6 days shift toward earlier ice break‐up in spring, resulting in an average decrease of 3.4 days in ice duration between 2010 and 2020. River reaches with the longest duration of ice cover appeared to have experienced the fastest rate of decrease. A possible reduction of the time lag between air temperature rise or fall and corresponding river ice break‐up and freeze‐up was also observed. Yet results on variability are carefuly interpreted given the short length of the time series (2010–2020) and the low statistical confidence rates calculated for the decadal tendency. Still outcomes are consistent with increases in global and Arctic surface air temperature. Following these time series over the next decade using passive microwave satellite sensors can monitor ice cover duration in the Arctic and will further determine temporal and regional trends.
Controls on the Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Rainfall‐Runoff Event Characteristics—A Large Sample of Catchments Across Great Britain
Authors: Zheng Yanchen , Coxon Gemma , Woods Ross , Li Jianzhu , Feng Ping 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis study reveals the spatiotemporal variability of event characteristics and their controls from 290,743 rainfall‐runoff events across 431 Great Britain catchments. Metrics characterizing event runoff coefficient, event timescale and normalized peak discharge and their mean, variability and seasonality statistics are extracted to quantify event characteristics. Using random forest models, we find climate attributes are most influential in controlling the spatial pattern, with land cover, geology and soil properties also playing a critical role especially for explaining the variability of event runoff response. Rainfall characteristics (particularly rainfall depth) exhibit dominant controls on the temporal dynamic at event scale, while catchment initial state (antecedent soil moisture) determines its seasonal variations. Clear regional patterns of event characteristics are observed in Great Britain, while the influences of geology and anthropogenic activities on local differences are detected. Extremely low runoff coefficient values (<0.05) but with high variability are typical in Chalk catchments in Southeast region. Flashy events with short event timescale (<10 hr) and less seasonality of runoff response are observed in urban catchments. A large reservoir close to a gauge leads to the reduction of peak flows, yet the deviation is relatively small in summer. The impact of surface water abstractions is not obvious in our data set, whereas the impact of groundwater abstractions largely reflects the geology. This study provides the basis for regionalization studies by revealing the (dis)similarities of catchment runoff response and emphasizes the need for further research into the role of geology and human activities on rainfall‐runoff characteristics.
Global Sensitivity Analysis of a Dam Breaching Model: To Which Extent Is Parameter Sensitivity Case‐Dependent?
Authors: Schmitz V. , Arnst M. , El Kadi Abderrezzak K. , Pirotton M. , Erpicum S. , Archambeau P. , Dewals B. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractFailure of dams and dikes often leads to devastating consequences in protected areas. Numerical models are instrumental tools to assess flood risk and guide emergency management, but numerous uncertainties affect model outcomes. Identifying uncertain model input parameters that induce high uncertainties in model outputs is essential. This paper focuses on two model outputs: the maximum breach discharge and the time to reach this peak. Using our implementation of a simplified physically based dam breaching model developed by Wu (2016), a global sensitivity analysis was conducted based on Sobol indices of total order. Unlike in most previous studies, many different configurations (twenty‐seven), both at laboratory and field scales, were considered. For each of them, input variables were ranked according to the significance of the contribution of their uncertainty to the output variability, and the dependency between reference configurations and sensitivity analysis results was highlighted. Depending on the considered case study, input parameter uncertainties with the largest impact on output variability were different, and so was the magnitude of output uncertainties. We demonstrate that sensitivity analysis results obtained for a specific configuration cannot be transferred as it to other configurations. Finally, sensitivity and uncertainty quantification results were combined in a decision tree to determine which input parameter uncertainty is the most critical in each configuration and what standard deviation in the output variables is expected. The global sensitivity analysis procedure presented here may apply to a wide variety of models in environmental sciences.