Abstract 638: EPB-53 prevents NASH-HCC transition via regulation of SPHK1-S1P-HIPPO signaling and immune modulation in a murine model
Authors: Tan Min , Pujol Eugenia , Vazquez Santiago , Zhang Jingwen , Yan Jun , Martin Robert C. , Vazquez-Carrera Manuel , Li Yan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a broad spectrum of disorders, ranging from non-progressive bland steatosis to non-alcoholic hepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and malignant transformation into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) exerts a key role in lipid homeostasis and play a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of obesity, diabetes, and NASH. Small molecules like EPB-53 that are activators of heme-regulated inhibitor (HRI) of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) kinase have been synthesized to induce FGF21. Previous study has shown that oral administration of EPB-53 alleviates NASH through increased FGF21 to prevent hepatic steatosis. However, it is unknown whether EPB-53 can prevent NASH-HCC transition.
Aim: To investigate the effect of EPB-53 on NASH-HCC transition and the therapeutic mechanism, focusing on the lipid metabolic reprogramming and tumor immune microenvironment (TIM).
Methods: NASH-HCC transition model was established in two-week-old male FGF21 knockout (KO) mice and wild type controls (C57BL/6J mice) by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) administration at 40 mg/kg body weight (i.p.). Four weeks after DEN administration, the mice were fed with western-style high fat diet (WSHFD, 60% kcal% fat and 19% kcal% fructose) for 3 months, and gavaged daily with either vehicle, 2% w/v, (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin or EPB-53 (300 mg/kg/day) in vehicle for 4 weeks before sacrifice. The tumor incidence, lipid metabolism, and carcinogenesis signaling pathways were determined. Mass cytometry (CyTOF) analysis was performed to detect the cell subpopulations in the NASH microenvironment and NASH-HCC TIM.
Results: Severe NASH with tumor cell detection, aberrant lipid components and HIPPO-YAP signaling were found in liver tissues of FGF21-KO mice compared to the WT controls. The upregulated sphingosine Kinase 1 (SPHK1)/sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in liver subsequently induced YAP dephosphorylation and nuclear localization. EPB-53 treatment prevents NASH-HCC transition evident as decreased HCC incidence in WT mice but not in FGFKO mice. Continuously increased FGF21 production in WT mice contributes to down-regulation of SPHK1-S1P-HIPPO-YAP signaling. Interestingly, EPB-53 treatment can alleviate the compromised function of macrophages/Kupffer cells which render a TIM in the NASH-HCC mice.
Conclusion: 1) Lack of FGF21 played a key role in lipid metabolic disorder and SPHK1-S1P-HIPPO signaling to promote NASH-HCC transition; 2) Lack of FGF21 rendered a TIM in NASH liver contributing to the NASH-HCC transition; 3) EPB-53 treatment can not only alleviate NASH, but also prevent NASH-HCC transition via lipid metabolic reprogramming, down-regulation of the SPHK1-S1P-HIPPO axis, and modulation of TIM.
Citation Format: Min Tan, Eugenia Pujol, Santiago Vazquez, Jingwen Zhang, Jun Yan, Robert C. Martin, Manuel Vazquez-Carrera, Yan Li. EPB-53 prevents NASH-HCC transition via regulation of SPHK1-S1P-HIPPO signaling and immune modulation in a murine model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 638.