bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of the Growth Properties of Coxsackie Virus Strains A-9 and A-10 with Poliovirus Strain Mahoney in Cultures of Primary Human Amnion Cells
Authors: Dunnebacke T. H. , Mattern C. F. T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Comparable cultures of primary human amnion cells were inoculated with poliovirus strain Mahoney, Coxsackie virus strain A-9 and Coxsackie virus strain A-10TC. The intracellular virus reached a maximal titer between 8 to 12 hr after inoculation for each of the three viruses. The release of virus into the medium followed its production in the cell by about 4 hr, but the maximal amount released by 30 hr after infection did not exceed more than one-fifth of the amount produced (cell associated, intracellular).
The cytopathic changes in primary human amnion cells which followed inoculation were identical for each of the three viruses. However, the temporal relationships between the production of these viruses and the appearance of cellular changes were markedly different. The early cytopathic changes preceded slightly the appearance of intracellular poliovirus. Only 30% of the cells were in early stages of cellular change when the maximal intracellular titers of Coxsackie virus A-9 were reached. At the time of the maximal production of Coxsackie A-10TC, less than 10% of the cells were damaged, although 90% eventually underwent characteristic cellular alterations and degeneration. The data for the Coxsackie viruses showed that the cellular changes occurred subsequent to virus formation.
The amount of virus produced in individual cells of comparable size was similar for poliovirus strain Mahoney and Coxsackie virus A-10TC, while 4 to 7 times that amount was produced after inoculation with Coxsackie virus A-9.
Plaque Formation with ECHO Virus Types 15 to 24
Authors: Maisel John , Moscovici Carlo 
Published: January 2023

Summary
ECHO virus types 15 through 20 and types 22 through 24 were studied in Rhesus renal epithelial monolayers for plaque production and for morphology of the plaques formed. All the types studied produced plaques by the fifth day after virus seeding, and three different plaque patterns were observed. Small, irregular plaques with diffuse boundaries and hazy centers were formed by ECHO virus types 15 through 20 and by types 22 and 23; on the basis of plaque morphology, they apparently belong to the “Group A” of Melnick (11). ECHO type 19 also formed another type of plaque which was large, irregular, with diffuse boundaries and clear centers. This did not easily fit into either Group A or Group B. The third pattern was produced by ECHO virus type 24, and was samll, irregular, with sharp boundaries and clear centers; it might form a subgroup with types 1 and 13, and apparently belongs in Group A. To date, four distinct plaque patterns have been observed to be produced by ECHO viruses, and grouping of ECHO viruses according to plaque morphology should aid in their study.
Laboratory and Field Investigations of Bovine Myxovirus Parainfluenza 3 Virus and Vaccine
Authors: Hamparian V. V. , Washko F. V. , Ketler A. , Hilleman M. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study was carried out to evaluate, in cattle, the efficacy of a killed Myxovirus parainfluenza 3 virus vaccine which was incorporated into an emulsified mineral oil adjuvant. The vaccine was highly active in eliciting neutralizing, HI and CF antibody following a single dose in bovines and in preventing infection following artificial challenge by the respiratory route. By contrast, a prior history of one or two artificially or naturally acquired infections with the virus did not prevent reinfection on challenge. Appraisal of the value of the vaccine in preventing the clinical epidemiologic entity “shipping fever” must await clarification of the etiology and host factors responsible for this syndrome and proof of efficacy under natural conditions in the field. Evidence was presented for natural infection with Myxovirus parainfluenza 3 virus among initially seronegative calves in isolation. The source of the infection was unknown but might have been of human origin or have resulted from activation of a latent infection. The hemagglutination inhibition test was more sensitive than the neutralization or CF techniques for detecting antibody against Myxovirus parainfluenza 3 virus.
Effect of Endotoxin on Antibody Production by Chicken Spleen Cells Transferred to Chick Chorioallantois
Authors: Sibal Louis R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of endotoxin on the antibody response to bovine serum albumin (BSA) by adult chicken spleen cells transferred to chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) has been studied under various conditions. Spleen cells from donor chickens given endotoxin either 24 hr prior to or in conjunction with antigen produced significant amounts of antibody on chick membranes 4 to 7 days after transfer. This process was demonstrable even when cells were taken as early as 1 hr after antigen injection of endotoxin treated donors. The antibody response by cells of donors given antigen and endotoxin simultaneously 48 hr prior to transfer appeared to be depressed. Spleen cells from normal chickens consistently produced antibodies on the chick membranes when removed 48 hr after antigenic stimulation of donors. Possible explanations for these observations have been discussed.
Prophylactic Effectiveness of Live and Killed Tularemia Vaccines
Authors: Eigelsbach Henry T. , Downs Cora M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An attenuated USSR vaccine culture of P. tularensis was examined for dissociation and found heterogeneous with regard to colony type morphology. Live BV, the more immunogenic of two variants isolated from the culture, proved effective for the protection of the mouse against s.c. challenge with strain SCHU S4; in contrast, killed cultures were not immunogenic. Guinea pigs vaccinated with live BV cells and challenged with strain SCHU S4 exhibited an appreciably longer survival time than animals vaccinated with killed preparations but eventually they succumbed.
Although SCHU S1-11, one of several colony type variants of reduced virulence isolated from strain SCHU S1, proved equally as immunogenic for the mouse as BV and afforded the guinea pig greater protection than BV, the relatively high residual virulence of this variant for the guinea pig precluded its use as a vaccine strain. Serial animal passage of BV permitted the isolation of a culture that was ultimately selected for the production of live vaccine. The culture was designated the live vaccine strain (LVS) and is currently being used for the production of lyophilized live vaccine for use in man.
Strain SCHU S4 proved superior to strain 503 as a challenge strain for quantitating the protection afforded test animals administered live vaccines.
Data on the immunogenicity and storage stability of lyophilized live tularemia vaccine produced from cells harvested from GCHA and more recently from MCPH proved sufficiently encouraging to have warranted an extension of this study to a systematic evaluation of the vaccine in the monkey and subsequently in man.
Mouse Antibody
Authors: Anacker R. L. , Munoz J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been shown that peritoneal fluid of mice immunized intraperitoneally with Ea in Freund's adjuvants may contain as much as 2 mg of Ab N/ml. Qualitatively, mouse peritoneal fluid appears to be very similar to mouse serum. Mouse antibody behaves like rabbit antibody in the quantitative precipitin test; insoluble precipitates are formed in extreme antibody excess, and soluble complexes are formed in extreme antigen excess. The anti-Ea antibody, the only one studied, was found only in the γ-globulin portion of the fluid. Various factors affecting the precipitin reaction such as incubation temperature, length of incubation and NaCl concentration have been investigated, and conditions which permit satisfactory and reproducible results have been established.
Bacterial Adherence: A Method for Detecting Antibody Production by Single Cells
Authors: Mäkelä O. , Nossal G. J. V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A technique believed to be a further method for the detection of antibody production by single cells is described.
Rats were immunized with a variety of bacteria, and lymph node cells removed during the secondary response were studied for their capacity to induce motile bacteria to adhere to their surface. About 100,000 lymph node cells from immunized and nonimmunized animals have been studied, in drops containing either one cell or many thousands. It was found that adherence occurred only when the test bacteria shared an antigen with the immunogen. Ninety-eight per cent of the identifiable positive cells belonged to the plasma cell series. It was not possible to render plasma cells positive for adherence by incubating them in a high-titered immune serum either in vivo or in vitro.
Evidence is presented that the phenomenon depends on an antigen-antibody reaction between the bacteria and cell-associated antibody; that it is possible to differentiate two major types of adherence, viz., H-adherence and O-adherence; and that the positive cells actually are antibody-producers.
It is believed that this quick simple test may help in the screening of large cell populations for antibody-producing cells.
Antigenicity, Solubility and Chemical Stability of Renin Complexes
Authors: Haas Erwin , Goldblatt Harry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The ability of renin to function as an antigen for the formation of antirenin and the inhibition of the pressor activity of renin by the immune serum have been reconfirmed. This capacity of renin to stimulate the formation of antienzymatic antibodies can be impaired greatly by coupling of the renin to certain polymers of high molecular weight such as sodium desoxyribonucleate, hyaluronic acid or chondroitin sulfate.
The pressor activity of the renin was unimpaired when it was in the form of the complexes. This indicates that the enzymatically active groupings (centers) in the renin molecule were not affected by the complex formation.
Renin was investigated further in combination with five additional compounds known to form complexes with proteins, but all of these failed to interfere with the activity of renin both as a pressor agent and as an antigen in the formation of antirenin.
The solubility of renin was enhanced considerably by complex formation with hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate and protamine.
Renin exposed to n-heptane was completely inactivated, but it was protected and retained its pressor activity in the form of its complexes with oleic acid or lecithin.
Antibodies to Denatured Desoxyribonucleic Acid in a Lupus Erythematosus Serum
Authors: Stollar David , Levine Lawrence 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The reaction between the serum of a patient with disseminated lupus erythematosus and DNA has been studied by quantitative complement fixation. Thermally denatured DNA was shown to be a more reactive antigen than native DNA. Immunologic measurement of melting out and renaturation of the antigen characterized it as DNA. DNase-digested antigen preparations failed to react but were effective inhibitors. Lupus erythematosus (LE) serum detected serologic differences in denatured DNA preparations from various sources.
Studies in Experimental Eosinophilia
Authors: Litt Mortimer 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Eosinophilia was induced in the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs by the passive transfer of antigen-antibody complexes. These results were obtained in three systems: bovine serum albumin and rabbit antibody, hemocyanin and either guinea pig or rabbit antibody. Complexes were effective whether prepared in antigen excess, antibody excess or at equivalence. Activity disappeared from the antisera when the antibody was absorbed by the specific antigen. These experiments identify the active factor in serum as antibody and provide direct evidence that eosinophilia is induced by immune complexes. The conclusion is reached that eosinophilia is one of the consequences of antigen-antibody union and that eosinophils do not mediate the production of antibody. The possibility that a common mechanism underlies the eosinophilia which is noted in diverse pathologic states is discussed.
Typing of Echo Virus Isolates by Immune Serum Pools
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Guenther Raymond W. , Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An “intersecting serum scheme” for the identification of viral isolates by testing against pools of type-specific ECHO virus immune sera is described. Each specific serum is included in two pools and identification is made by demonstrating neutralization of the agent by the two pools sharing a common immune serum. The identification of all ECHO virus isolates tested in this scheme agreed with that made in tests with individual immune sera. The ECHO virus immune serum pools did not neutralize isolates of the poliomyelitis and Coxsackie viruses.
A single cell culture tube may be used for each immune serum pool-virus mixture.
Some Immunologic Properties of Human and Dog Glomerular Basement Membranes
Authors: Steblay Raymond William , Lepper Mark H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A consistently useful technique for producing human glomeruli and human glomerular basement membrane preparations has been demonstrated, based on the Krakower-Greenspon method. One human glomerular preparation was microscopically free of any capsular or tubular contaminants. Human and dog glomerular basement membrane preparations were found to produce CF antibodies in the rabbit. An in vitro cross reaction between human and dog glomerular basement membrane preparations was demonstrated by means of a CF test. The homologous titer was greater in all cases. The supernatant of the low speed centrifugate of the oscillated glomeruli, largely cellular, was found to be a good antigen in the in vitro CF test. It is not clear whether this is due to solubilized and fragmented basement membrane or shorn away cellular cytoplasm antigens or both. The most likely explanation for the above facts is that immunologically similar if not identical antigen(s) exist in dog and human glomerular basement membrane preparations of the purity herein described.
Studies of Mercaptoethanol-Dissociated Normal Human 19 S γGlobulin and Pathologic Macroglobulins from Patients with Macroglobulinemia
Authors: Reisner Catherine A. , Franklin Edward C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Following reductive cleavage of normal 19S γ-globulin and four pathologic macroglobulins with mercaptoethanol, the dissociated fractions could be separated into three distinct components by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose. Fractions 1 and 2 had s rates of approximately 8S whereas fraction 3 appeared to represent heterogeneous low molecular weight substances. The fragments shared certain antigenic groups with 7S γ-globulin. However, they differed from it in antigenic and electrophoretic properties, sedimented more rapidly in the ultracentrifuge and contained greater amounts of hexose. Fractions 1 and 2 generally differed from each other and the native macroglobulin in electrophoretic behavior and hexose content. The fragments of four of five proteins studied were antigenically deficient when compared to the native protein but could not be distinguished immunologically when compared to each other. The possible relationship of these structural units to the electrophoretic mobility of the native protein is discussed. The existence of several distinct 7 to 8S components, derived from the normal 19S γ-globulins, each of which differs from 7S γ-globulin, offers additional evidence for the existence of at least two major groups of immune globulins.
Influence of Magnesium and Calcium Ions on the Hemolytic Activity and Stability of Guinea Pig Complement
Authors: Fife Earl H. , Muschel Louis H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Quantitative studies have shown that Mg++ and Ca++ each have specific roles in C′ activity, the Mg++ enhancing hemolytic activity, the Ca++ protecting the reagent from decay. Although addition of Mg++ alone significantly increased C′ activity, this was offset by a marked reduction of stability. Concomitant addition of Ca++, however, overcame the lability conferred by Mg++. The findings indicated that optimal concentrations of both cations in complement fixation would provide maximum hemolytic activity and stability of C′, and minimize possible adverse effects due to uncontrolled amounts of endogenous cations in test reagents. A relative excess of either cation inhibited the activity of the other. Thus, addition of one cation alone, particularly Mg++, to diagnostic tests seemed strongly contraindicated.
Complement-Fixing Antibody Response to Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Schmidt Nathalie J. , Magoffin Robert L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The CF antibody responses induced by the administration of formalin-inactivated poliovirus vaccine (Salk type) were studied in two groups of 6- to 9-year-old children, totaling approximately 200 subjects, and a group of 47 army recruits, predominantly 18 to 22 years of age. Four-fold or greater rises in the CF antibody titer were elicited in 57% of the children with satisfactory pre- and postvaccination bleedings, but only half as often (28%) in the recruits. Detectable increases in CF antibody level were almost exclusively encountered in subjects (71 out of 74) who had had prior natural infection with one or more types of poliovirus as indicated by the presence of prevaccination neutralizing antibody. In these subjects, however, “heterotypic” CF antibody responses, i.e., to viral types for which there was no prevaccination neutralizing antibody, fairly often accompanied a homotypic response. In a few children bled 1 year after vaccination a marked decline in the CF antibody levels was evident but titers in the 1:4 to 1:16 range were still encountered more often than in the prevaccination blood specimen.
Hemorrhagic Encephalopathy in Chicken Embryos Infected with Influenza Virus
Authors: Grossberg Sidney E. , Hook Edward W. , Wagner Robert R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Prior allantoic infection with homologous or heterologous influenza viruses, or Newcastle disease virus, protected chicken embryos against the hemorrhagic and lethal effects of neurotropic (NWS) influenza virus inoculated intravenously. The titers of NWS virus in brains of protected embryos were appreciably lower than those in fully susceptible controls, suggesting that the protective effect of prior allantoic infection was related to inhibition of NWS virus multiplication. The refractory state to intravenous challenge with NWS virus did not depend on the amount of interfering virus inoculated intra-allantoically but did require that active allantoic infection be established 8 to 16 hr prior to intravenous challenge. Intra-allantoic inoculation of myxovirus inactivated by heat or u.v. irradiation, or neutralized by immune serum, did not enhance resistance to NWS virus challenge. The small quantity of infectious virus disseminated from the allantoic site of infection to the tissues of the embryo seems insufficient to account for interference with NWS virus multiplication. However, multiple intravenous or intra-allantoic injections of infected allantoic fluid, freed of infectious influenza virus by centrifugation and heating, protected embryos against hemorrhagic encephalopathy.
These studies are consistent with the hypothesis that the protective effect of prior allantoic infection is related to in vivo production of an interferon that gains access to the embryonic circulation from the infected allantois.
The Serological Cross-Reaction between Bovine Serum Albumin and Anti-Ovalbumin
Authors: Weigle William O. , McConahey Patricia J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
BSA reacted with sera from both guinea pigs and rabbits immunized with five times crystallized OV, but OV did not react with the sera from rabbits immunized with crystalline BSA. The cross-reaction between BSA and anti-OV sera was the result of antibody produced against an impurity in the five times crystallized OV. This impurity could be detected by double diffusion in agar in a commercial preparation of OM, but not in preparations of OV, CA or lysozyme. Sheep albumin also reacted with anti-OV sera. Sera of rabbits and guinea pigs immunized with five times crystallized OV contained antibodies which reacted in agar with OV, CA and OM, but not with lysozyme. The reactions of egg white, OV, CA and OM with rabbit anti-OV also were analyzed by immunoelectrophoresis.
Studies on the Role of Leukocytes in Infection with Influenza Virus
Authors: Inglot Anna , Davenport Fred M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A comparison was made of the associative reactions of PR8 strain of influenza virus with guinea pig red and white blood cells. Leukocytes adsorb virus more efficiently than do erythrocytes, but only a small proportion of the virus taken up by leukocytes was eluted. WBC-associated virus was less available to antibody than was RBC-associated virus, as judged by adsorption of antibody from solution and by neutralization of virus. The leukocytes of peritoneal exudates appeared to contain a higher content of virus than blood obtained from infected mice. Phagocytosis of virus-fluorescein labeled antibody complexes by leukocytes was clearly demonstrated but tissue culture cells showed only surface localization of antigen. The appearance of both types of cells treated with the hemagglutinin subunits of influenza virus obtained by extraction with ether was indistinguishable from cells treated with virus. The results of the studies with fluorescein labeled antibodies were obtained by the application of new techniques developed in the course of this investigation. The significance of the findings is discussed and the hypothesis is presented that leukocytes may serve to transport virus to extrapulmonary sites in infections of man and animals.
Transfer of Rabbit Lymph Node Cells to Neonatal Recipient Rabbits
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna , Farber Miriam B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When lymph node cells were obtained from adult rabbits, incubated in vitro with a filtrate of trypsin-treated Shigella, and transferred to irradiated neonatal recipient rabbits, agglutinins to Shigella appeared subsequently in the sera of these recipients. When approximately the same number of cells was given to neonatal and to adult recipients, the amount of antibody produced per transferred cell was estimated to be about one-fifth as much in the neonatal as the adult recipient. However, with decreasing numbers of cells transferred to the neonatal rabbits there was an increase in the highest relative values of antibody produced per cell until, when the numbers of cells were approximately proportional to the weights of the recipients, the maximal value for the amount of antibody per transferred cell in neonatal recipients was about half of the level in 1-kg recipients.
X-irradiation of the neonatal recipients prior to transfer led to higher antibody levels than those found in nonirradiated litter-mates, in the same range of ratios as that found in older recipients. Cells obtained from lymph nodes draining sites of injection of heterologous antigens did not lead to significantly different antibody titers than in the case of cells from uninjected donor rabbits.
Neonatal recipient rabbits previously injected with rabbit leukocytes, even on the first day of life, yielded lower agglutinin titers after lymph node cell transfer carried out 1 week later. Complete suppression of the antibody-inducing effect of transferred lymph node cells was found after the injection of 107 leukocytes, and decreasing degrees of suppression in the case of 106 and 105 leukocytes, respectively.