bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jesus and the Visibility of God
Authors: Irwin Luke 
Published: January 2025

Although scholars have debated the link between empirical senses and belief in the Gospel of John, few have queried their own presuppositions about the invisibility of God. In this study, Luke Irwin establishes the value of God's physical incarnation for belief, arguing that the theological nature of belief derives from a God who makes himself physically visible in the world. Irwin builds on recent work on divine embodiment in the Hebrew Bible and New Testament and illuminates the Jewish context for John's Gospel. He also explains John's understanding of 'seeing' as a positive component of belief-formation and resolves the Johannine relationship between 'seeing' and 'believing'. Showing how God is the ultimate target of belief, Irwin argues that unless God becomes physically visible in Jesus, belief cannot be attained.
Solid and liquid digestate generated from biogas production as a fertilizer source in processing tomato yield, quality and some health-related compounds
Authors: Alan Ozlem , Budak Bulent , Sen Fatih , Ongun Ali Riza , Tepecik Mahmut , Ata Samet 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
To manage anaerobic digestion residues (digestate) sustainably, it is important to determine their agricultural properties. In the present study, the effects of two digestate fractions (solid and liquid) on processing tomato yield parameters, quality traits, health-related compounds and some fruit physiological disorders were evaluated. The solid and liquid digestate fractions were compared with chemically fertilized and unfertilized control to evaluate the potential of the digestate as a fertilizer. A 2-year experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design, with three replications and using two tomato varieties: cv. ‘Arte F1’ and cv. ‘Zeplin F1’. The results indicated that (1) compared with chemical fertilizer, the solid digestate produced equal or even better results in terms of fruit size, yield parameters (solid digestate treatment increased the total fruit weight per plant by an average of 30.7, 8.2 and 22.4% in 2019 and 25.3, 14.2 and 17.9% in 2022 compared with control, chemical fertilizer and liquid treatments, respectively) and percentage of fruit affected by sunscald and blossom-end rot in both years; (2) use of liquid digestate led to similar or significantly higher fruit size, yield parameters and percentage of fruit affected by sunscald and blossom-end rot than control in both years and (3) use of both solid and liquid digestate fractions significantly maintained or improved fruit quality in terms of colour traits, pericarp thickness, dry matter content, total soluble solid content, titratable acidity, pH, vitamin C and antioxidant activity. However, the effects of solid and liquid digestate fractions varied with year and variety.
Permafrost Dynamics Observatory: 3. Remote Sensing Big Data for the Active Layer, Soil Moisture, and Greening and Browning
Authors: Wig Elizabeth , Schaefer Kevin , Michaelides Roger , Chen Richard , Clayton Leah K. , Fager Brittany , Huang Lingcao , Parsekian Andrew D. , Zebker Howard , Zhang Yingtong , Zhao Yuhuan 
Published: January 2025

AbstractBecause of the remote nature of permafrost, it is difficult to collect data over large geographic regions using ground surveys. Remote sensing enables us to study permafrost at high resolution and over large areas. The Arctic‐Boreal Vulnerability Experiment's Permafrost Dynamics Observatory (PDO) contains data about permafrost subsidence, active layer thickness (ALT), soil water content, and water table depth, derived from airborne radar measurements at 66 image swaths in 2017. With nearly 58,000,000 pixels available for analysis, this data set enables new discoveries and can corroborate findings from previous studies across the Arctic‐Boreal region. We analyze the distributions of these variables and use a space‐for‐time substitution to enable interpretation of the effects of climate trends. Higher soil volumetric water content (VWC) is associated with lower ALT and subsidence, suggesting that Arctic soil may become drier as the climate warms. Soil VWC is bimodal, with saturated soil occurring more commonly in burned areas, while unburned areas are more commonly unsaturated. All permafrost variables show statistically significant differences from one land cover type to another; in particular, cropland has thicker active layers and developed land has lower seasonal subsidence than most other land cover types, potentially related to disturbance and permafrost thaw. While vegetation browning is not strongly associated with any of the measured permafrost variables, more greening is associated with less subsidence and ALT and with higher bulk soil VWC.
Carbon Dioxide Migration Along Faults at the Illinois Basin—Decatur Project Revealed Using Time Shift Analysis of Seismic Monitoring Data
Authors: Bukar I. , Bell R. , Muggeridge A. H. , Krevor S. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractLarge scale geological storage of CO2 is being deployed worldwide to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. Previous modeling studies have investigated the potential for CO2 migration along faults. We observe such migration at a commercial‐scale, demonstration CO2 storage project, including subsequent emergence of the CO2 into overlying permeable layers. Previous attempts at interpreting the time‐lapse seismic data using amplitude attributes were hindered by noise from the limited survey repeatability combined with a weak signal due to the stiffness of the rock. Here we apply an alternative interpretation of the seismic data using time shift attributes, resulting in clear plume anomalies. In addition to migrating up the fault, we observe the plume diverted by the start of injection at a neighboring project. This work provides field observations of theorized plume behaviors and demonstrates an alternative approach to overcome challenges in interpreting seismic monitoring data for geological CO2 storage.
Strong Shaking From Past Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquakes Encoded in Coastal Landforms
Authors: LaHusen Sean R. , Grant Alex R. , Perkins Jonathan P. , McPhillips Devin 
Published: January 2025

AbstractStrong earthquakes along subduction zones are often devastating events, but sparse records along some tectonic margins limit our understanding of seismic hazards. Constraining shaking intensities is critical, especially in subduction zones with infrequent but large‐magnitude earthquakes like the Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ), where the lack of recorded ground motions has led to uncertainty in the severity and potential impacts of future earthquakes. Here we fill this observational gap with a novel inventory of quantitative estimates of past shaking intensities from geotechnical modeling of coastal landforms. One hundred fifty‐four deep‐seated landslides and 65 fragile geologic features constrain minimum and maximum peak ground accelerations, respectively. These estimates are broadly consistent with model predictions of M9 ruptures, suggesting strong shaking of 0.4–0.8 g during past CSZ earthquakes. Local discrepancies between our geologic shaking constraints and earthquake simulations may inform past rupture behavior, leading to better predictions of shaking intensity for future earthquakes.
Evidence for an Upper Crustal Melt Lens Beneath Tianchi (Changbaishan) Volcano
Authors: Yu Weiqian , Wei Wei , Hammond James O. S. , Han Cunrui , Xu Jiandong , Tan He , Zhan Yan , Yang Yanming 
Published: January 2025

AbstractChangbaishan volcanic field (CBVF) located on the border of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) is famous for intense volcanism in the Cenozoic. Many studies show evidence for partial melt beneath the volcano, but details on the structure of the magmatic system are lacking, due to a lack of data in the region. In this study, we obtained a high‐resolution crust and upper mantle shear wave velocity (Vs) model beneath the CBVF by ambient noise tomography and receiver functions using a new dense seismic array. The absence of velocity anomalies beneath Wangtian'e and Namphothe volcanoes suggests a lack of magma within the crust. However, our models reveal two low Vs anomalies beneath Tianchi associated with magma reservoirs. The shallow low velocity anomaly (<4 km) overlaps with petrological estimates of the assembly depth of erupted rhyolite magma reservoir and the depth inferred for a hydrothermal reservoir from a recent MT study. The deeper one is located between 7 and 14 km depth with a lateral extent of ∼30 km, with a melt fraction of ∼6%–12%. Underlying the deeper low velocity zone in the lower crust is a region of faster velocity compared to the surrounding region. We interpret this as a low melt fraction crystal mush. This structure is similar to that seen at other large caldera volcanoes worldwide, suggesting a possible common mechanism underlying magmatism at these volcanoes.
Constraining the Uncertainty Associated With Sea Salt Aerosol Parameterizations in Global Models Using Nudged UKESM1‐AMIP Simulations
Authors: Venugopal Abhijith U. , Bhatti Yusuf A. , Morgenstern Olaf , Williams Jonny , Edkins Nick , Hardacre Catherine , Jones Anthony , Revell Laura E. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractSea salt is the largest source of natural aerosol in the atmosphere by mass. Formed when ocean waves break and bubbles burst, sea salt aerosols (SSA) influence Earth's climate via direct and indirect processes. Models participating in the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison project (CMIP6) demonstrate a negative effective radiative forcing (ERF) when SSA emissions are doubled. However, the magnitude of the ERF ranges widely from −0.35 0.04 W to −2.28 0.07 W , with the largest difference over the Southern Ocean. Differences in the response to doubled SSA emissions arise from model uncertainty (e.g., individual model physics, aerosol size distribution) and parameterization uncertainty (e.g., how SSA is produced in the model). Here, we perform single‐model experiments with UKESM1‐AMIP incorporating all of the SSA parameterizations used by the current generation of CMIP6 Earth system models (ESMs). Using a fixed SSA size distribution, our experiments show that the parameterization uncertainty causes large inter‐model diversity in SSA emissions in the models, particularly over the tropics and the Southern Ocean. The choice of parameterization influences the ambient aerosol size distribution, cloud condensation nuclei and cloud droplet number concentrations, and therefore direct and indirect radiative forcing. We recommend that modeling groups evaluate their SSA parameterizations and update them where necessary in preparation for future model intercomparison activities.
Depth Matters: Lake Bathymetry Selection in Numerical Weather Prediction Systems
Authors: Kessler James , Espey Eamon , VanDeWeghe Alexander , Gronewold Andrew D. , Sorensen Troy , Khazaei Bahram , James Eric , Smirnova Tatiana G. , Casali Matt , Yates David , Omani Nina , Kelley John G. W. , Barlage Michael , Benjamin Stanley G. , Anderson Eric J. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractLake surface conditions are critical for representing lake‐atmosphere interactions in numerical weather prediction. The Community Land Model's 1‐D lake component (CLM‐lake) is part of NOAA's High‐Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) 3‐km weather/earth‐system model, which assumes that virtually all the two thousand lakes represented in CONUS have distinct (for each lake) but spatially uniform depth. To test the sensitivity of CLM‐lake to bathymetry, we ran CLM‐lake as a stand‐alone model for all of 2019 with two bathymetry data sets for 23 selected lakes: the first had default (uniform within each lake) bathymetry while the second used a new, spatially varying bathymetry. We validated simulated lake surface temperature (LST) with both remote and in situ observations to evaluate the skill of both runs and also intercompared modeled ice cover and evaporation. Though model skill varied considerably from lake to lake, using the new bathymetry resulted in marginal improvement over the default. The more important finding is the influence bathymetry has on modeled LST (i.e., differences between model simulations) where lake‐wide LST deviated as much as 10°C between simulations and individual grid cells experienced even greater departures. This demonstrates the sensitivity of surface conditions in atmospheric models to lake bathymetry. The new bathymetry also improved lake depths over the (often too deep) previous value assumed for unknown‐depth lakes. These results have significant implications for numerical weather prediction, especially in regions near large lakes where lake surface conditions often influence the state of the atmosphere via thermal regulation and lake effect precipitation.
Changes in the Climate Effects of Major Anthropogenic Aerosols in East Asia Under Different Emission Reduction Scenarios in China
Authors: Gao Yiman , Gao Peng , Zhuang Bingliang , Hu Yaxin , Zhou Yinan , Wang Tijian , Li Shu , Li Mengmeng , Xie Min 
Published: January 2025

AbstractPollutant emissions in China have significantly decreased over the past decade and are expected to continue declining in the future. Aerosols, as important pollutants and short‐lived climate forcing agents, have significant but currently unclear climate impacts in East Asia as their concentrations decrease until mid‐century. Here, we employ a well‐developed regional climate model RegCM4 combined with future pollutant emission inventories, which are more representative of China to investigate changes in the concentrations and climate effects of major anthropogenic aerosols in East Asia under six different emission reduction scenarios (1.5°C goals, Neutral‐goals, 2°C ‐goals, NDC‐goals, Current‐goals, and Baseline). By the 2060s, aerosol surface concentrations under these scenarios are projected to decrease by 89%, 87%, 84%, 73%, 65%, and 21%, respectively, compared with those in 2010–2020. Aerosol climate effect changes are associated with its loadings but not in a linear manner. The average effective radiative forcing at the surface in East Asia induced by aerosol‐radiation‐cloud interactions will diminish by 24% ± 13% by the 2030s and 35% ± 13% by the 2060s. These alternations caused by aerosol reductions lead to increases in near‐surface temperatures and precipitations. Specifically, aerosol‐induced temperature and precipitation responses in East Asia are estimated to change by −78% to −20% and −69% to 77%, respectively, under goals with different emission scenarios in the 2060s compared to 2010–2020. Therefore, the significant climate effects resulting from substantial reductions in anthropogenic aerosols need to be fully considered in the pathway toward carbon neutrality.
Surface Pressure Semidiurnal Tides and the Stratospheric Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation: Synchronization and Disruption
Authors: Hirahara S. , Deushi M. , Yoshida K. , Ishii M. , Sakazaki T. , Naoe H. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractAtmospheric surface pressure provides valuable information on the vertical dynamical structure of the atmosphere. Previous studies have reported that among the waves observed in surface pressure, semidiurnal tides (SDTs) are significantly affected by the stratospheric Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation (QBO). Using historical surface‐pressure observations and the Earth‐system model MRI‐ESM2.0, this study confirms that SDTs and the QBO are synchronized, such that SDT amplitude increases or decreases, respectively, at a rate of ∼1 Pa per 20 ms−1 during westerly or easterly phases of the QBO at 30 hPa. Our numerical simulations and a linear analytical model support the QBO‐SDT relationship being dynamically forced by background zonal winds rather than by anomalous ozone radiative heating. We also find that the QBO‐SDT relationship was notably disturbed by the volcanic eruptions of Mount Agung in 1963 and Mount Pinatubo in 1991, during which increased shortwave radiative absorption caused by stratospheric aerosol enhanced the SDT amplitude. Short‐lived El Nino events also occurred, moistening the upper troposphere to provide extra solar heating when volcanic aerosol was transported to higher latitudes. The influence of volcanic eruptions and El Nino events overlap with the QBO frequency band, jointly working as “noise” in QBO‐SDT synchronization.
Biogeochemistry of Riverine Organic Matter Inputs to the Patagonian Fjords and Implications for Fjord Organic Carbon Budgets
Authors: Bertrand Sebastien 
Published: January 2025

AbstractFjords are increasingly recognized as hotspots for organic carbon (OC) burial. The OC buried in fjords is of both marine and terrestrial origin, with a predominance of terrestrial OC in fjords worldwide. The proportions of marine and terrestrial OC in fjords are traditionally calculated using end‐member modeling based on δ13C and/or N/C. However, characterizing the terrestrial end‐member remains a challenge, with authors inconsistently using measurements obtained on land plants, soils, and/or river sediments. Here, we analyzed the TOC, δ13C, and N/C composition of soil samples, suspended river sediments, and bulk and grain‐size fractions of river sediments from the main rivers discharging into the Patagonian fjords (44–48°S), to identify the processes that affect the biogeochemistry of the terrestrial organic matter reaching fjords via rivers. Radiocarbon measurements indicate that Patagonian rivers contain 0.18% petrogenic OC and variable concentrations of biospheric OC. Despite soil δ13C significantly decreasing with precipitation, δ13C in river sediments remains relatively stable around −27‰. In contrast, N/C in river sediments is highly variable, mostly due to a high contribution of petrogenic nitrogen in glacier‐fed rivers. Furthermore, N/C varies significantly with sediment grain size, making it virtually impossible to define a fixed N/C value to represent the terrestrial end‐member. By comparison, grain size has a limited influence on δ13C. Overall, our results support the use of riverine δ13C to define terrestrial OC in mixing models, regardless of the presence of glaciers in the watershed, and they suggest that the fraction of terrestrial OC buried in fjord sediments may have been underestimated.
Towards quantum‐safe blockchain: Exploration of PQC and public‐key recovery on embedded systems
Authors: Marchsreiter Dominik 
Published: January 2025

AbstractBlockchain technology ensures accountability, transparency, and redundancy, but its reliance on public‐key cryptography makes it vulnerable to quantum computing threats. This article addresses the urgent need for quantum‐safe blockchain solutions by integrating post‐quantum cryptography (PQC) into blockchain frameworks. Utilizing algorithms from the NIST PQC standardization process, it is aimed to fortify blockchain security and resilience, particularly for IoT and embedded systems. Despite the importance of PQC, its implementation in blockchain systems tailored for embedded environments remains underexplored. A quantum‐secure blockchain architecture is proposed, evaluating various PQC primitives and optimizing transaction sizes through techniques such as public‐key recovery for Falcon, achieving up to 17% reduction in transaction size. The analysis identifies Falcon‐512 as the most suitable algorithm for quantum‐secure blockchains in computer‐based environments and XMSS as a viable but unsatisfactory stateful alternative. However, for embedded‐based blockchains, Dilithium demonstrates a higher transactions‐per‐second (TPS) rate compared to Falcon, primarily due to Falcon's slower signing performance on ARM CPUs. This highlights the signing time as a critical limiting factor within embedded blockchains. Additionally, smart contract functionality is integrated, assessing the impact of PQC on smart contract authentication. The findings demonstrate the feasibility and practicality, paving the way for robust and future‐proof IoT applications.
Effective neural coding method based on maximum entropy
Authors: He Dongbin , Hu Aiqun , Sheng Kaiwen 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThere are a large number of perceptrons in the new bionic network. To improve the efficiency of data transmission in the bionic network, a maximum entropy neural coding method is proposed. By drawing on the characteristics of human nerve conduction, the authors designed a data transmission model and adopted an adaptive spike firing rate encoding strategy to maximize information entropy, thereby improving encoding efficiency. The simulation experiment results and the applications of the maximum entropy neural coding method to fault detection and seismic detection have validated the effectiveness of the maximum entropy neural coding method. Even if there is certain data distortion, the statistical characteristics of the decoded data and the fault detection performance will not be affected. This research not only proposes novel approaches for efficient data transmission in bionic network, but also identifies possible directions for enhancing data transmission efficiency through the integration of task‐oriented semantic communications in future applications.
Optimized design of a pseudo‐linearization‐based model predictive controller: Direct data‐driven approach
Authors: Sekine Mikiya , Tsuruhara Satoshi , Ito Kazuhisa 
Published: January 2025

AbstractTo reduce the typical time‐consuming routines of plant modelling for model‐based controller designs in Single‐Input Single‐Output (SISO) systems, the fictitious reference iterative tuning (FRIT) method has been proposed and proven to be effective in many applications. However, it is generally difficult to properly select a reference model without a prior information on the plant. This significantly affects the control performance and might considerably degrade the system performance. To address this problem, a pseudo‐linearization (PL) method using FRIT is proposed, and a new controller for SISO non‐linear systems by combining data‐driven and model‐based control methods is designed. The proposed design considers input constraints using model predictive control. The effectiveness of the proposed method was evaluated based on several practical references using numerical simulations for hysteresis and dead zone classes and experiments involving artificial muscles with hysteresis characteristics.
A low‐complexity block EP‐based detector for iterative detection and decoding in unsourced random access
Authors: Chen Jinyang , Xu Renhui , Cui Xiaonan , Peng Laixian , Zhao Wendong , Wang Jinwei 
Published: January 2025

AbstractHere, a multi‐user signal iterative detection and decoding scheme named LBEP based on block expectation propagation (BEP) is proposed for LDPC‐coded two‐phase unsourced random access (URA) scheme. In the iterative process, the approximation of matrix inversion is used to facilitate expectation propagation (EP). In addition, this idea is also applied to the double EP (DEP) scheme. The simulation results show that, in the two‐phase URA scheme, the performance of the proposed LBEP scheme is similar to the BEP scheme for LDPC codes, but the complexity of the receiver is greatly reduced.
Coherent CW THz generation with a coupled‐cavity mini‐array VCSEL
Authors: Hu Yinghui , Brenner Carsten , Ledentsov Nikolay N. , Ledentsov Nikolay , Shchukin Vitaly A. , Hofmann Martin R. , Lindemann Markus 
Published: January 2025

AbstractCoupled‐cavity mini‐array vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting lasers (VCSELs) are promising laser sources for high‐speed data transmission due to their extended intensity modulation frequencies. Here, it is demonstrated for the first time how to use such a 2 × 1 mini‐array VCSEL for the photonic generation of CW THz radiation. The emission frequencies of the cavities are tuned via current and provide the beat frequency for the photoconductive antennae. With coherent lock‐in detection we measured frequencies up to 300 GHz, making the mini‐array VCSEL an extremely simple and low‐cost alternative laser source for frequency‐modulated continuous‐wave radar or spectroscopy systems.