bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Value of Renal Histology in Predicting Cardiorenal Outcomes in Heart Transplant–listed Patients
Authors: Barua Sumita , Yang Tao , Conte Sean , Bragg Christopher , Sevastos Jacob , Macdonald Peter S. , Muthiah Kavitha , Hayward Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Background.
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in patients requiring mechanical circulatory support and transplantation. There are no validated markers to predict major adverse kidney events (MAKEs), for which simultaneous heart-kidney transplant (SHKT) could offer improved survival. We evaluate renal histology in predicting MAKEs in transplant-listed patients.

Methods.
We identified 18 patients with renal histology consistent with CRS from 655 consecutive heart transplant-listed patients between 2010 and 2019. Biopsies were analyzed for glomerular, tubular, interstitial, and arteriolar changes tallied to give a biopsy chronicity score. The primary outcome, MAKE, was a composite of death, need for renal replacement therapy (RRT), or estimated glomerular filtration rate decline >50%. These were evaluated at 2 time points: before and following the transplant. Secondary outcomes included the individual components of the composite outcomes and the need for short-term RRT following the transplant.

Results.
The mean age was 52.3 y, 22% were female. Five patients did not survive to transplant. One patient underwent successful SHKT. MAKE occurred in 8 of 18 before the transplant and in 8 of 13 following the transplant. Neither outcome was predicted by baseline biochemistry. The biopsy chronicity score was significantly higher in patients with MAKE before transplant (4.3 versus 1.7, P = 0.024) and numerically higher in patients requiring short-term RRT following transplant (3.2 versus 0.7, P = 0.075). Contrary to limited previous literature, interstitial fibrosis did not predict any outcome, whereas tubular atrophy and arteriosclerosis were associated with MAKE before transplant.

Conclusions.
A higher biopsy chronicity score was associated with adverse kidney endpoints, raising its potential utility over standard biochemistry in considering SHKT referral.
Perceptions and Early Outcomes of the Acuity Circles Allocation Policy Among Liver Transplant Centers in the United States
Authors: Pawlak Natalie , Song, Cherilyn , Alvi Saba , Schuster, Kimberly , Segalini Nicole , Kwon, Yong K. , Akoad Mohamed E. , Rauf M. Ameen , Mulligan David , Aziz, Hassan 
Published: December 2022

Background.
Recently, a new liver allocation policy called the acuity circles (AC) framework was implemented to decrease geographic disparities in transplant metrics across donor service areas. Early analyses have examined the changes in outcomes because of the AC policy. However, perceptions among transplant surgeons and staff regarding the new policy remain unknown.

Methods.
A 28-item survey was sent to division chiefs and surgical directors of liver transplantation across the United States. Questions assessed the respondents’ perceptions regarding center-level metrics and staff satisfaction. We used Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network data to study differences in allocation between the pre-AC implementation period (2019) and the post-AC implementation period (2020–2021).

Results.
A total of 40 participants completed this ongoing survey study. Most responses were from region 8 (13%), region 10 (15%), and region 11 (13%). Sixty-three percent of respondents stated that the wait time for a suitable offer for recipients with model of end-stage liver disease score <30 has decreased, whereas 50% stated that wait time for a suitable offer for recipients with model of end-stage liver disease score >30 has increased. However, most respondents (75%) felt that the average cost per transplant had increased and that the rate of surgical complications and 1-y graft survival had remained the same. In most states, an observable decrease in in-state liver transplantations occurred each year between 2019 and 2021. In addition, most allocation regions reported an increase in donations after circulatory deaths between 2019 and 2021.

Conclusions.
Perceptions of the new AC policy among liver transplant surgeons in the United States remain mixed, highlighting the potential strengths and concerns regarding its future impact. Further studies should assess the effects of the AC policy on clinical outcomes and liver transplantation access.
Phaeohyphomycosis in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Highlighting the Importance of Early Recognition and Surgical Debridement
Authors: Singla Animesh A. , Garg, Priya , Chui, Juanita N. , Pham, David , Webb-Harvey, Zachary J. , Halliday, Catriona L. , De Silva, Ramesh , Hameed, Ahmer , Nulend, Rowan Klein , Lee Taina , Wong Germaine , Pleass, Henry 
Published: December 2022

Background.
Fungal infections are a recognized complication of immunosuppression in solid organ transplant recipients. Phaeohyphomycoses are fungal infections caused by a diverse group of dematiaceous fungi.

Methods.
We share the learning points from 2 Australian cases of phaeohyphomycosis secondary to Phaeacreomonium species (spp). A literature review was performed using Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar to identify this condition among kidney transplant recipients.

Results.
With the 2 cases reported in this article, a total of 17 cases were identified in the literature. Phaeacremonium spp is ubiquitous in humid and temperate flora, including Australia. Minor trauma is likely the source of inoculation in most cases and diagnosis is often delayed. Presently, no guidelines for management exist given the rarity of this condition. Most known cases have been treated with surgical debulking combined with long-course antifungal therapy.

Conclusion.
This paper describes 2 Australian cases of phaeohyphomycosis in kidney transplant recipients. A high index of suspicion, especially in the immunosuppressed, is essential for timely diagnosis in kidney transplant recipients. There are several diagnostic and therapeutic challenges that remain with this condition.
A context-sensitive and non-linguistic approach to abstract concepts
Authors: Langland-Hassan Peter , Davis Charles P. 
Published: December 2022

Despite the recent upsurge in research on abstract concepts, there remain puzzles at the foundation of their empirical study. These are most evident when we consider what is required to assess a person's abstract conceptual abilities without using language as a prompt or requiring it as a response—as in classic non-verbal categorization tasks, which are standardly considered tests of conceptual understanding. After distinguishing two divergent strands in the most common conception of what it is for a concept to be abstract, we argue that neither reliably captures the kind of abstraction required to successfully categorize in non-verbal tasks. We then present a new conception of concept abstractness—termed 'trial concreteness'—that is keyed to individual categorization trials. It has advantages in capturing the context-relativity of the degree of abstraction required for the application of a concept and fittingly correlates with participant success in recent experiments.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Concepts in interaction: social engagement and inner experiences’.
The division of linguistic labour for offloading conceptual understanding
Authors: Andrade-Lotero Edgar J. , Ortiz-Duque Julián M. , Velasco-García Javier A. , Goldstone Robert L. 
Published: December 2022

The division of linguistic labour (DLL), initially theorized by philosophers, has gained the attention of cognitive scientists in the last decade. Contrary to some controversial philosophical accounts of DLL, we propose that it is an extended mind strategy of offloading conceptual understanding onto other people. In this article, we empirically explore this proposal by providing an exploratory experimental paradigm to search for the mechanisms underwriting DLL and how they may work in practice. We developed a between-subjects experiment in which participants had to categorize two pairs of highly confusable dog breeds after receiving categorization training on just one pair of breeds. In the treatment group, participants were grouped in dyads and were allowed to interact with each other by means of the labels of these four dog breeds. In their queries to trained ‘experts’, novices frequently used labels to refer to breeds that they could not identify themselves. Experts were highly responsive to their paired novices' queries, and the rates of querying for the two members within a dyad were positively correlated. Independent categorization failure and offloading categorization success lead to subsequent increases in querying by novices, indicating adaptive use of offloading. Self-reports of breed knowledge were higher for experts within a dyad compared to isolated experts.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Concepts in interaction: social engagement and inner experiences’.
Kick-starting concept formation with intrinsically motivated learning: the grounding by competence acquisition hypothesis
Authors: Mannella Francesco , Tummolini Luca 
Published: December 2022

Although the spontaneous origins of concepts from interaction is often given for granted, how the process can start without a fully developed sensorimotor representation system has not been sufficiently explored. Here, we offer a new hypothesis for a mechanism supporting concept formation while learning to perceive and act intentionally. We specify an architecture in which multi-modal sensory patterns are mapped in the same lower-dimensional representation space. The motor repertoire is also represented in the same space via topological mapping. We posit that the acquisition of these mappings can be mutually constrained by maximizing the convergence between sensory and motor representations during online interaction. This learning signal reflects an intrinsic motivation of competence acquisition. We propose that topological alignment via competence acquisition eventually results in a sensorimotor representation system. To assess the consistency of this hypothesis, we develop a computational model and test it in an object manipulation task. Results show that such an intrinsically motivated learning process can create a cross-modal categorization system with semantic content, which supports perception and intentional action selection, which has the resources to re-enact its own multi-modal experiences, and, on this basis, to kick-start the formation of concepts grounded in the external environment.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Concepts in interaction: social engagement and inner experiences’.
Cross-domain semantic alignment: concrete concepts are more abstract than you think
Authors: Liu Qiawen , Lupyan Gary 
Published: December 2022

We can easily evaluate similarities between concepts within semantic domains, e.g. doctor and nurse, or violin and piano. Here, we show that people are also able to evaluate similarities across domains, e.g. aligning doctors with pianos and nurses with violins. We argue that understanding how people do this is important for understanding conceptual organization and the ubiquity of metaphorical language. We asked people to answer questions of the form ‘If a nurse were an animal, they would be a(n) …’ (Experiments 1 and 2) and asked them to explain the basis for their response (Experiment 1). People converged to a surprising degree (e.g. 20% answered ‘cat’). In Experiment 3, we presented people with cross-domain mappings of the form ‘If a nurse were an animal, they would be a cat’ and asked them to indicate how good each mapping was. The results showed that the targets people chose and their goodness ratings of a given response were predicted by similarity along abstract semantic dimensions such as valence, speed and genderedness. Reliance on such dimensions was also the most common explanation for their responses. Altogether, we show that people can evaluate similarity between very different domains in predictable ways, suggesting either that seemingly concrete concepts are represented along relatively abstract dimensions (e.g. weak–strong) or that they can be readily projected onto these dimensions.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Concepts in interaction: social engagement and inner experiences’.
Whole-exome sequencing study identifies genes associated with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias
Authors: Gao Xiaoyi Raymond , Chiariglione Marion , Arch Alexander J. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of late-onset neurodegenerative disease. Previous genome-wide association studies have identified numerous common genetic variants associated with AD. The contribution of rare variants to AD remains to be uncovered. AD-by-proxy, based on parental AD status, showed superior statistical power boost in recent AD studies. Using the UK Biobank (UKB) 368,865 whole-exome sequences of white British ancestry and AD-by-proxy (57,976 proxy AD cases and 310,889 non-AD proxy controls), we conducted the largest exome-wide association study of proxy AD to date. We identified 38 novel genes harboring rare variants for AD, such asANKRD36(P= 6.02 × 10−31),MMP13(P= 1.08 × 10−6),TUBA4A(P= 7.15 × 10−12), andZNF296(P= 4.19 × 10−14), demonstrating the power boost of aggregating rare variants and utilizing AD-by-proxy in gene discovery. We further replicated these genes in the FinnGen dataset. Notably,MMP13is a current drug target for AD andTUBA4Ais a drug target for cognitive impairment in clinical trials. These results expand our knowledge of the genetic architecture of AD, especially the role of rare variants, and potential drug targets for AD.
Increased neurovirulence of omicron BA.5 and XBB variants over BA.1 in K18-hACE2 mice and human brain organoids
Authors: Stewart Romal , Yan Kexin , Ellis Sevannah A. , Bishop Cameron , Dumenil Troy , Tang Bing , Nguyen Wilson , Larcher Thibaut , Parry Rhys , Jun Sng Julian De , Khromykh Alexander A. , Sullivan Robert K. P. , Lor Mary , Meunier Frédéric A. , Rawle Daniel J. , Suhrbier Andreas 
Published: December 2022

SUMMARYThe reduced pathogenicity of the omicron BA.1 sub-lineage compared to earlier variants is well described, although whether such attenuation is retained for later variants like BA.5 and XBB remains controversial. We show that BA.5 and XBB isolates were significantly more pathogenic in K18-hACE2 mice than a BA.1 isolate, showing increased neuroinvasiveness, resulting in fulminant brain infection and mortality, similar to that seen for original ancestral isolates. BA.5 also infected human cortical brain organoids to a greater extent than the BA.1 and original ancestral isolates. In the brains of mice, neurons were the main target of infection, and in human organoids neuronal progenitor cells and immature neurons were infected. Although fulminant brain infection is not a feature of COVID-19, evidence for brain infection and brain damage in some COVID-19 patients with severe disease is becoming compelling, with the results herein suggesting that evolving omicron variants may have increasing intrinsic neuropathogenic potential.
HOW DO WE INDUCE LABOURS IN SPAIN? RESULTS OF THE INDUCESPAÑA SURVEY
Authors: del Barrio Fernández Pablo , Medina Mallen María del Carmen , Alonso Saiz Rubén , Álvarez Suberviola Edurne , Álvarez Colomo Cristina , Batllori Badia Emma , Dueñas Carazo María Begoña , Benítez Cano Elena , Bernardo Vega Rut , Boza Novo Patricia , Castro Portillo Laura , Comas Rovira Montserrat , Díaz Meca Lucía , Fernández Fernández Camino , Fernández Buhigas Irene , Fernández Menéndez Sara , Garrido Luque M. Belén , Gastaca Abásolo Irene , Llano Fontela Ruth , Llordella Sarmiento Ivanna , Llull Gomila Marina , López Pérez Rocío , Meca Casbas Marta Ruth , Muñoz Abellana Begoña , Muñoz Carmona Víctor , Orizales Lago Carmen María , Orozco Fernández Rodrigo , Ortiz Herrera María Caridad , Peña Salas María Soledad , Pérez Álvarez Sara , Prats Rodríguez Pilar , Puertas Prieto Alberto , Puerto Tamayo Linda Grace , Rodríguez López Silvia , Rodríguez Pradera Susana , Sabench Carreras Cristina , Soldevilla Pérez Susana , Suarez Arana María , Pintado Paredes Elena , Carrasco Catena Mª Amparo , Martínez-Pérez Óscar 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACTBackgroundInduction of labour (IDP) is the artificial initiation of labour with the goal of achieving a vaginal delivery. IDP is one of the most frequently performed obstetric procedures in the world. Recent data indicate a highly variable percentage of induction depending on the country.MethodsA descriptive study was carried out on different aspects that are part of the ITP process through a survey prepared according to the Delphi method distributed among the 37 participating hospitals from June to October 2021.ResultsThe mean induction rate was 30.6%. The average rate of caesarean sections was 21.4%. 75% of the centers had a rate higher than 20% and only in 1 center was it lower than 15%. In 11 centers they were not available to use misoprostol and in 4 centers they did not have oxytocin as PDI. Mechanical methods were available in 23 hospitals. In 16 centers they had a double Cook balloon; in 5 they used a Foley catheter and in 2 hospitals they used both devices. In 4 hospitals they used mechanical methods simultaneously with prostaglandins. In all but 5 centers, continuous monitoring was performed in low-risk pregnancies, at least for the first hour. In these 5 centers, windows of 20 minutes were carried out from the start of the induction
Post-mortem Nasopharyngeal Microbiome Analysis of Zambian Infants with and without Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease: A Nested Case Control Study
Authors: McClintock Jessica , Odom-Mabey Aubrey R. , Kebere Nitsueh , Ismail Arshad , Mwananyanda Lawrence , Gill Christopher J. , MacLeod William B. , Pieciak Rachel C. , Lapidot Rotem , Johnson W. Evan 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACTBackgroundRespiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and lower respiratory tract infections in children in their first year of life, disproportionately affecting infants in developing countries. Previous studies have found that the nasopharyngeal microbiome of infants with RSV infection has specific characteristics that correlate with disease severity, including lower biodiversity, perturbations of the microbiota and differences in relative abundance. These studies have focused on infants seen in clinical or hospital settings, predominantly in developed countries.MethodsWe conducted a nested case control study within a random sample of 50 deceased RSV+ infants with age at death ranging from 4 days to 6 months and 50 matched deceased RSV-infants who were all previously enrolled in the Zambia Pertussis and RSV Infant Mortality Estimation (ZPRIME) study. All infants died within the community or within 48 hours of facility admittance. As part of the ZPRIME study procedures, all decedents underwent one-time, post-mortem nasopharyngeal sampling. The current analysis explored the differences between the nasopharyngeal microbiome profiles of RSV+ and RSV-decedents using 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing.ResultsWe found thatMoraxellawas more abundant in the nasopharyngeal microbiome of RSV+ decedents than in RSV-decedents. Additionally,GemellaandStaphylococcuswere less abundant in RSV+ decedents than in RSV-decedents.ConclusionThese results support previously reported findings of the association between the nasopharyngeal microbiome and RSV and suggest that changes in the abundance of these microbes are likely specific to RSV and may correlate with mortality associated with the disease.
Understanding the current and future usage of donor human milk in hospitals: an online survey of UK neonatal units
Authors: Shenker NS , Griffin S , Hamill-Keays J , Thomson M , Simpson J , Weaver G 
Published: December 2022

AbstractObjectiveThe use of donor human milk (DHM) where there is a shortfall of maternal milk can benefit both infant and maternal outcomes but DHM supply is not always assured. This study aimed to understand current DHM usage in UK neonatal units and potential future demand to inform service planning.Design/SettingAn online survey was disseminated to all UK neonatal units using SmartSurvey or by telephone between February and April 2022 after development alongside neonatal unit teams.ResultsSurveys were completed by 55.4% units (108/195; 18 Level 1, 47 Level 2, 41 Level 3; cot numbers 9-56) from all thirteen Operational Delivery Networks. Only four units reported not using DHM, and another two units only if infants are transferred on DHM feeds. There was marked diversity in DHM implementation and usage. Five of six units with their own milk bank had needed to source milk from an external milk bank in the last year. Ninety units (84.9%) considered DHM was sometimes (n=35) or always (n=55) supportive of maternal breastfeeding, and rarely supportive by three (2.9%). Usage was predicted to increase by 37 units (34.9%), driven by parental preference, clinical trials, and improved evidence.ConclusionsThese findings support the assumption that UK hospital DHM demand will increase after updated recommendations from the WHO and British Association of Perinatal Medicine. This data will help policymakers and milk banks to plan strategic service delivery, alongside ongoing cost-benefit analyses, donor recruitment strategies and infrastructure planning to ensure equity of assured access to DHM nationally.What’s known, what does this study add?What is already known on this topicUpdated recommendations from WHO and BAPM are likely to increase demand for donor human milk provision from human milk banks, but there have been no recent data collected on baseline usage criteria, enteral feeding guidelines, and anticipated future use.What this study addsThis national survey of UK neonatal units highlights variability in DHM provision, and reasons for demand spikes that will be helpful for modelling future services. Almost 85% of neonatal units responded that DHM availability was supportive of maternal lactation support. DHM demand is likely to increase further in the next 2 years.How this study might affect research, practice or policyUnderstanding demand variability will help in planning nationally equitable human milk bank services, and support the development of robust national service continuity planning. The study also highlights variability in practice, often in single regions, raising concerns related to health equity, staffing limitations and uncertainty in DHM implementation.