bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benign Melanocytic Proliferations and Melanocytic Naevi
Authors: Stefanaki Irene , Antoniou Christina , Stratigos Alexander 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBenign cutaneous melanocytic proliferations are the most common neoplasms occurring in humans. Although benign in nature, they are often problematic for the patient due to aesthetic concerns or their association with other medical conditions. For dermatologists, melanocytic lesions are generally considered risk factors, precursors or simulants of melanoma, posing significant diagnostic and management issues in clinical practice. This chapter describes the spectrum of benign melanocytic lesions, their divergent clinical varieties and underlying pathogenetic pathways, their histological features, their association with other diseases – particularly melanoma – and their current principles of treatment.
Cutaneous Histiocytoses
Authors: Tran Thai Hoa , Pope Elena , Weitzman Sheila 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSkin involvement is common in all forms of histiocytic disorders and is seen at all ages. In general, the histiocytoses can be divided into those involving dendritic cells and those involving the macrophage–monocyte lineage. Langerhans cell histiocytosis is the most common dendritic cell disorder and haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis the most common non‐dendritic disorder. Rarer disorders, the non‐Langerhans cell histiocytoses, can be divided into dendritic and non‐dendritic origin and each group further subdivided into those that mainly involve skin but occasionally have a systemic component and those that may include skin but in which the systemic component predominates. This chapter will provide an overview of histiocytic disorders including a brief discussion of possible pathogenetic mechanisms, followed by a more in‐depth discussion of the skin manifestations, pathology and therapy. The similarities and differences between childhood and adult forms of the diseases will be highlighted.
Soft‐Tissue Tumours and Tumour‐Like Conditions
Authors: Calonje Eduardo , Tsai Kenneth Y. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, most of the mesenchymal (soft‐tissue) tumours involving the skin (including subcutaneous tissue) are described. Practically any soft‐tissue tumour can involve or originate from the skin including the subcutaneous tissue. Although most soft‐tissue tumours arising in the skin are benign or low‐grade malignant (e.g. dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans), some malignant tumours may primarily originate in the skin and their behaviour is usually aggressive. Examples of the latter include angiosarcoma and epithelioid sarcoma. Cutaneous soft‐tissue tumours are often difficult to diagnose histologically and benign lesions are often erroneously diagnosed by pathologists as malignant leading to unnecessary treatment.
Cutaneous Lymphomas
Authors: Whittaker Sean J. , Child Fiona 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPrimary cutaneous lymphomas are extranodal non‐Hodgkin lymphomas and consist of different variants defined by specific clinicopathological and immunophenotypic features. Primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas are the most common subset and are derived from resident memory T cells, whereas primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas are more closely related to their nodal counterparts with derivation from B cells at different stages of differentiation. Whilst the underlying pathogenesis of cutaneous lymphomas remains unclear, there is emerging evidence for a heterogenous pattern of somatic mutations and epigenetic events. Although the prognosis for many indolent primary cutaneous lymphoma variants remains excellent, the treatment of some rare variants and advanced stages of mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome represents an unmet medical need in view of high levels of chemotherapy resistance and limited durable responses. A variety of novel biological agents have been recently approved but long‐term remissions are rare. There is still an urgent need to clarify the underlying molecular pathogenesis and identify more effective targeted therapies for mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome.
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Madan Vishal , Lear John T. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBasal cell carcinomas (BCCs) are the commonest of the non‐melanoma skin cancers and are the most common human cancers. Their rising incidence and associated morbidity has generated phenomenal interest in unravelling their pathogenesis, which has also led to a keen interest in the search for newer potential non‐invasive treatments. Unlike other non‐melanoma skin cancers, the relationship between sun‐exposure patterns and pathogenesis of the various subtypes of BCC still remains undetermined. Besides, several complex genotypic, phenotypic and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of BCCs, which are mainly diagnosed clinically. Histology helps in the clinical confirmation of diagnosis and to subtype the BCC. The dermatologist now has several treatment options for BCCs. These range from non‐invasive, topical and photodynamic therapies for superficial BCCs to Mohs micrographic surgery for more complex lesions. The search for other more effective and tissue salvaging therapies continues.
Dermoscopy of Melanoma and Naevi
Authors: Jaimes Natalia , Marghoob Ashfaq A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Dermoscopy has been proven to increase the observer's diagnostic accuracy for skin lesions. It has also increased the sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of skin cancer, in particular melanoma, allowing for the detection of more melanomas at an early stage. While naevi usually display a symmetrical and organized dermoscopic pattern, melanomas usually manifest an asymmetrical, disorganized and chaotic pattern. Most melanomas will reveal at least one melanoma‐specific structure (i.e. atypical network, negative network, streaks, crystalline structures, atypical dots/globules, irregular blotch, blue‐white veil, regression structures, atypical vessels, peripheral tan structureless areas). Besides the aforementioned melanoma‐specific structures, melanomas located on the face, chronic sun‐damaged skin, volar skin, nails and mucosae often display other dermoscopic structures of concern such as the annular–granular pattern, polygonal lines, parallel ridge pattern and disruption in parallelism, just to mention a few. This chapter provides an overview of the dermosocopic evaluation of naevi, in particular those naevi that are frequently subjected to biopsy to rule out melanoma, and outlines the dermoscopic features of melanoma, according to their histological subtype and anatomical location.
Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Becker Jürgen C. , Schrama David , Hausen Axel zur 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a highly aggressive neuroendocrine skin cancer characterized by early and frequent metastasis, resulting in a 5‐year disease‐associated mortality rate of more than 40%. Predisposing factors include immune suppression, sun exposure and advanced age. Most MCCs are characterized by a clonal integration of the Merkel cell polyomavirus into the host genome, and virally encoded proteins appear necessary to maintain tumour cell growth. While MCC is still a rare cancer, its incidence is constantly and rapidly rising. Management of the primary tumour stage includes wide local excision, sentinel lymph node biopsy and adjuvant radiation. Management of systemic disease is, however, challenging. Indeed, while the tumour shows high response rates to chemotherapy, these responses are mostly short lived and no therapy regimen has proven survival benefit. Immunotherapy seems promising but clinical studies are needed to confirm its value.
Skin Cancer in the Immunocompromised Patient
Authors: Harwood Catherine A. , McGregor Jane M. , Proby Charlotte M. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe immune system plays a critical role in skin cancer development, progression and destruction. Skin cancers in individuals with compromised immune systems represent a growing challenge in terms of their frequency and diversity as well as their atypical and often aggressive nature. Mortality and morbidity associated with skin tumours in this clinical context are often considerable, their pathogenesis is multifactorial and an evidence base to guide management is lacking in many key areas.
The Skin and Disorders of the Haematopoietic and Immune Systems
Authors: Gniadecki Robert 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter reviews skin diseases and symptoms that develop secondarily to underlying malignant or benign diseases of the haematopoietic system. Skin lesions may be caused directly by infiltration of the skin with malignant cells (leukaemia cutis and lymphomatous infiltrates) or by paraproteins secreted by malignant plasma cells (amyloid light‐chain amyloidosis, type I cryoglobulinaemia and macroglobulinaemia cutis). A number of skin signs are an indirect effect of the underlying malignancy, such as paraneoplastic conditions or dermatological syndromes associated with haematological neoplasms (Schnitzler syndrome, POEMS, AESOP and TEMPI syndromes, neurofibromatosis, juvenile xanthogranuloma and juvenile myeloid leukaemia). Kikuchi–Fujimoto disease, Kimura disease, Rosai–Dorfman disease and IgG4‐related disease are idiopathic lymphoadenopathies presenting with characteristic skin lesions. Skin infections, eczematous lesions and vasculitis are the most common cutaneous signs of an underlying immunodeficiency. Chronic skin ulcers may accompany different haemoglobinopathies, such as thalassaemias and sickle cell anaemia. Finally, the skin signs of transfusion reactions (acute allergic reactions, transfusion‐associated graft‐versus‐host disease and post‐transfusion purpura) are reviewed. Diseases of the haematopoietic system often manifest themselves in the skin, and some manifestations are so typical that the dermatologist may be the first physician to detect the underlying blood disorder. More commonly, however, skin symptoms arise in the context of a known haematopoietic disease.
The Skin and Disorders of the Heart
Authors: Molin Sonja , Ruzicka Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
There are several diseases in which both cardiac and skin involvement may be found. Most of these are part of a syndrome or are systemic disorders affecting other organs as well. This chapter focuses on the skin signs of cardiac diseases and hereditary syndromes involving the heart, and skin and cardiac involvement in dermatoses or systemic diseases with cutaneous features.
The Skin and Disorders of the Respiratory System
Authors: Molin Sonja , Ruzicka Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
There are many disorders that affect both the skin and the respiratory system, ranging from common infections and allergies to complex multisystem diseases. This chapter examines the relationship between the two organ systems and discusses selected disorders from amongst the diverse groups of diseases that may affect both. After a brief discussion of allergic disorders affecting the upper respiratory tract, the chapter focuses on pulmonary involvement in autoimmune disorders, vasculitides, infections and hereditary syndromes.
Skin Ageing
Authors: Sachs Dana L. , Fisher Gary , Voorhees John J. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSkin ageing results from both the passage of time and from extrinsic forces, predominantly solar ultraviolet irradiation. Intrinsic ageing is characterized by fine wrinkling and homogenous colour on sun‐protected sites whereas extrinsic ageing is characterized by fine and coarse wrinkling, erythema and dyspigmentation on sun‐exposed sites. Two distinct phenotypes of extrinsic ageing have emerged: atrophic and hypertrophic variants. Tools to measure and quantify skin ageing have been developed and offer therapeutic and research applications. Molecular mechanisms distinguishing intrinsic and extrinsic skin ageing are discussed. The implications of skin ageing are cosmetic, medical and social in nature.
Cosmeceuticals
Authors: Koo Eubee , Kimball Alexandra B. , Wanner Molly 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe term cosmeceutical refers to a category of skincare products that are purported to have active ingredients whose physiological or pharmacological actions are capable of inducing cosmetic enhancements to the skin. Given a demand for brighter, healthier, younger‐appearing skin, and relatively limited regulatory control, thousands of different cosmeceutical formulations have found their way onto store shelves and onto the skin of hopeful consumers, despite a lack of scientific evidence. This chapter summarizes new and old, common and rare cosmeceutical ingredients; their uses and side effects; and the science, where available, behind the claims.
Soft Tissue Augmentation (Fillers)
Authors: Rzany Berthold 
Published: August 2023

AbstractInjectable fillers are one of the management cornerstones of aesthetic medicine. They provide a means to address the hallmark of facial ageing, which is volume loss due to fat pad atrophy and malalignment. In addition to volume augmentation, they can be used to decrease wrinkles and folds and improve skin quality. Due to strict Food and Drug Administration requirements only a few fillers are available for use in the USA; however, the remaining worldwide markets are flooded with a number of filler products, many of which have poor or limited safety and efficacy data. It is therefore preferable for the clinician to choose a filler product from a group where at least one good‐quality randomized controlled clinical trial has been published. In addition to product‐related adverse reactions, there are avoidable unwanted results based on misunderstanding of the indication, the underlying anatomy and other technique‐dependent issues. A cautious approach, particularly with new fillers and/or new indications, is recommended.
Love withdrawal use by toddlers: Multi‐informant associations with aggression and parents' use of love withdrawal
Authors: Brittain Heather , Vaillancourt Tracy 
Published: August 2023

AbstractLove withdrawal is a form of interpersonal manipulation that shares many features with relational aggression; its use by children has not been examined. Guided by social learning theory, we sought to investigate the prevalence of toddlers' use of love withdrawal toward caregivers (parents and teachers) and further investigate how this behavior was associated with relational and physical aggression and parents' use of love withdrawal. These aims were examined using parent and teacher reports in a sample of 198 toddlers (Mage = 33.62 months; SD = 5.00 months; 50.5% girls). We found that most toddlers used love withdrawal directed at parents (79.2%) and teachers (72.1%) when angry and displayed this type of behavior more than relational and physical aggression. Accounting for household income, hours per week in childcare, and child age in months, as well as classroom clustering, we found that relational aggression, and not physical aggression, predicted the use of love withdrawal by toddlers (teacher reports), and that the associations were stronger for love withdrawal and relational aggression than for physical aggression. We also found that parents' use of love withdrawal toward their child was correlated with their reports of their child's use of love withdrawal, but not with their child's use of aggression. These results highlight the importance of considering the use of love withdrawal by children given its association with aggression which is linked to poorer psychosocial functioning.
Disease progression of spinocerebellar ataxia types 1, 2, 3 and 6 before and after ataxia onset
Authors: Jacobi Heike , Schaprian Tamara , Schmitz‐Hübsch Tanja , Schmid Matthias , Klockgether Thomas ,   the EUROSCA and RISCA Study Groups
Published: August 2023

AbstractObjectiveOur aim was to study the evolution of ataxia and neurological symptoms before and after ataxia onset in the most common spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), SCA1, SCA2, SCA3 and SCA6. We therefore jointly analysed the data of the EUROSCA and RISCA studies, which recruited ataxic and non‐ataxic mutation carriers.MethodsWe used mixed effect models to analyse the evolution of Scale for the Rating and Assessment of Ataxia (SARA) scores, SCA Functional Index (SCAFI) and Inventory of Non‐Ataxia Signs (INAS) counts. We applied multivariable modelling to identify factors associated with SARA progression. In the time interval 5 years prior to and after ataxia onset, we calculated sensitivity to change ratios (SCS) of SARA, SCAFI and INAS.Results2740 visits of 677 participants were analysed. All measures showed non‐linear progression that was best fitted by linear mixed models with linear, quadratic and cubic time effects. R2 values indicating quality of the fit ranged from 0.70 to 0.97. CAG repeat was associated with faster progression in SCA1, SCA2 and SCA3, but not SCA6. 5 years prior to and after ataxia onset, SARA had the highest SCS of all measures with a mean of 1.21 (95% CI: 1.20, 1.21) in SCA1, 0.94 (0.93, 0.94) in SCA2 and 1.23 (1.22, 1.23) in SCA3.InterpretationOur data have important implications for the understanding of disease progression in SCA1, SCA2, SCA3 and SCA6 across the lifespan. Furthermore, our study provides information for the design of interventional trials, especially in pre‐ataxic mutation carriers close to ataxia onset and patients in early disease stages.
Adaptive non‐singular second‐order terminal sliding mode control for cyber‐physical systems subject to actuator cyber‐attacks and unwanted disturbances
Authors: Nemati Abbas , Peimani Mansour , Mobayen Saleh , Sayyedfattahi Sayyedjavad 
Published: August 2023

SummaryIn this study, a novel strategy of the adaptive non‐singular second‐order terminal sliding mode (SOTSM) control technique for the finite time stabilization of cyber‐physical systems (CPSs) is proposed. By utilizing the proposed nonlinear sliding surface, the reaching phase is obliterated and the entire system's robust operation is ameliorated. The offered online adaptive laws deal with the unwanted disturbances and cyber‐attacks, so that there is no need to identify their upper bounds. The designed adaptive non‐singular SOTSM control technique provides the strong robustness of CPSs in the presence of the unwanted disturbances and cyber‐attacks. Also, it guarantees high precision, pliable performance, fast response, smooth control, chattering‐free operation without transient oscillations, and appropriate convergence in the finite time. Numerical simulation results demonstrate effectiveness and success of the proposed adaptive non‐singular SOTSM control technique compared to the results of state feedback control (SFC), conventional sliding mode control (SMC), and integral‐type SMC methods.
Universal Strategy of Efficient Intracellular Macromolecule Directional Delivery Using Photothermal Pump Patch
Authors: Tang Heming , Yang He , Zhu Wenjun , Fei Liyan , Huang Jialei , Liu Zhuang , Wang Lei , Chen Hong 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe development of a highly efficient, nondestructive, and in vitro/vivo‐applicable universal delivery strategy of therapeutic macromolecules into desired cells and tissues is very challenging. Photothermal methods have advantages in intracellular delivery, particularly in in vivo manipulation. However, the inability of directional transmission of exogenous molecules limits their delivery efficiency. Here, a photothermal pump (PTP) patch with numerous “exogenous molecular reservoirs” is reported. Under a laser, the cell membrane ruptures, while “exogenous molecular reservoirs” shrink, resulting in a directional exogenous molecule delivery into cells for a high‐efficient intracellular delivery. The PTP patches are considered a universal structure for a highly efficient, nondestructive, and in‐vitro/vivo‐applicable intracellular macromolecule delivery. Under in vivo transdermal intracellular delivery conditions, the target genes are efficiently and noninvasively delivered into epidermal and dermal cells through the PTP patch and exosomes produced by the epidermal cells, respectively. The PTP patch provides a new strategy for a high‐efficiency, nondestructive, and in‐vitro/vivo‐applicable macromolecule delivery.
Directional Shunting of Photogenerated Carriers in POM@MOF for Promoting Nitrogen Adsorption and Oxidation
Authors: Li Xiaohong , Yang Lan , Liu Qilong , Bai Wei , Li Huiyi , Wang Mengxiang , Qian Qizhu , Yang Qinghua , Xiao Chong , Xie Yi 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe efficient catalysis of nitrogen (N2) into high‐value N‐containing products plays a crucial role in the N economic cycle. However, weak N2 adsorption and invalid N2 activation remain two major bottlenecks in rate‐determining steps, leading to low N2 fixation performance. Herein, an effective dual active sites photocatalyst of polyoxometalates (POMs)‐based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is highlighted via altering coordination microenvironment and inducing directional shunting of photogenerated carriers to facilitate N2/catalyst interaction and enhance oxidation performance. MOFs create more open unsaturated metal cluster sites with unoccupied d orbital possessing Lewis acidity to accept electrons from the 3σg bonding orbital of N2 for storage by combining with POMs to replace bidentate linkers. POMs act as electron sponges donating electrons to MOFs, while the holes directional flow to POMs. The hole‐rich POMs with strong oxidation capacity are easily involved in oxidizing adsorbed N2. Taking UiO‐66 (C48H28O32Zr6) and Mo72Fe30 ([Mo72Fe30O252(CH3COO)12{Mo2O7(H2O)}2{H2Mo2O8(H2O)}(H2O)91]·150H2O) as an example, Mo72Fe30@UiO‐66 shows twofold enhanced adsorption of N2 (250.5 cm3 g−1) than UiO‐66 (122.9 cm3 g−1) at P/P0 = 1. And, the HNO3 yield of Mo72Fe30@UiO‐66 is 702.4 µg g−1 h−1, ≈7 times and 24 times higher than UiO‐66 and Mo72Fe30. This work provides reliable value for the storage and relaying artificial N2 fixation.
Nanoelectronics Using Metal–Insulator Transition
Authors: Lee Yoon Jung , Kim Youngmin , Gim Hyeongyu , Hong Kootak , Jang Ho Won 
Published: August 2023

AbstractMetal–insulator transition (MIT) coupled with an ultrafast, significant, and reversible resistive change in Mott insulators has attracted tremendous interest for investigation into next‐generation electronic and optoelectronic devices, as well as a fundamental understanding of condensed matter systems. Although the mechanism of MIT in Mott insulators is still controversial, great efforts have been made to understand and modulate MIT behavior for various electronic and optoelectronic applications. In this review, recent progress in the field of nanoelectronics utilizing MIT is highlighted. A brief introduction to the physics of MIT and its underlying mechanisms is begun. After discussing the MIT behaviors of various Mott insulators, recent advances in the design and fabrication of nanoelectronics devices based on MIT, including memories, gas sensors, photodetectors, logic circuits, and artificial neural networks are described. Finally, an outlook on the development and future applications of nanoelectronics utilizing MIT is provided. This review can serve as an overview and a comprehensive understanding of the design of MIT‐based nanoelectronics for future electronic and optoelectronic devices.