bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal Management Implications for Heterogeneous Integrated Packaging
Authors: Nelson Cameron 
Published: January 2025

As the semiconductor industry reaches lower process nodes, silicon designers struggle to have Moore’s law produce the results achieved in earlier generations. Increasing the die size in monolithic system on chip (SoC) designs is no longer economically viable. The breakdown of monolithic SoCs into specialized chips, referred to as chiplets, presents significant benefits in terms of cost, yield and performance. Chiplets offer the advantage to manufacturers of being able to shrink process nodes of only specific components, while maintaining others in more economical sizes. In addition, several power-related factors come into play. The efficiency of power-per- computation in silicon continues to improve, however, the overall package power density is increasing. Increased package power density requires careful design and material consideration to obtain optimal thermal performance. Due to increased integration and power density, thermal management in high-performance computing has not only challenged the package design but also the system-level cooling solutions. As a result, significant effort has been focused on developing the next generation of cooling technologies for data centers which include various implementations of liquid cooling. All of these technologies aim to reduce the thermal resistance path for heat dissipating from the package to the ambient. These trends result in the package having a much more significant contribution to the overall thermal budget. Enhancements to the package’s thermal performance have significant implications for data centers. A lower package thermal resistance can offer longer operating life, or, alternatively, the ability to operate the device at a higher power level for the same temperature. Lower junction temperatures can offer decreased cooling requirements in terms of heatsink size, lower airflow or increased allowable ambient temperature. From a facility standpoint, every 1°C reduction in the ambient temperature of a data center translates to about 2% saving in cooling costs for typical data center efficiencies. This presentation will investigate the thermal implications of heterogenous integrated packages compared to traditional system on chip (SoC) designs from the viewpoint of package design and thermal interface materials.
Autocatalytic Tin: How to Overcome Process Limitations to Introduce a New Solution for Thick Tin Plating
Authors: Schafsteller Britta 
Published: January 2025

The autocatalytic deposition of tin is gaining high interest as it offers several benefits compared to the immersion deposition. Despite the fact that in contrast to the immersion plating process there is no technical limitation of the thickness of the tin deposit, it also allows the deposition of tin on different materials other than copper or aluminum. With this, it can open up new application fields for plating deposits, which are not considered for electroless plating yet. Even though there is a great potential for this technology, there are limitations that have prevented the successful introduction of this process so far. One limitation of possible electrolyte formulations is for example, that the plating rate of the process is instable in so far as it tends to drop already after few minutes of dwell time. Target of the investigations presented in this paper was to understand the root cause of this deposition rate drop. In order to clarify the reaction mechanisms different electrochemical approaches such as Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) or Quarz-Microbalance (QMB) were used to determine the physical and chemical background. It could be proven, that pyrophosphate which is used as complexing agent in most autocatalytic tin solutions adsorbs on the electrode surface and that due to that adsorption, the plating reaction of tin is inhibited. Based on this finding a bath formulation was created, which is able to overcome this inhibiting effect being able to provide stable plating performance over bathlife. In this paper exemplary tin deposits are presented which were plated with an autocatalytic electrolyte comparing their layer properties to those of other conventional final finishes like immersion tin or electroless nickel/immersion gold. To judge the performance of the final finish, solder wetting behavior and solder joint reliability were rated and compared. It is also shown, that the electrolyte solution can be tailored in composition and plating parameters to fulfill requirements such as defined layer roughness or the capability for plating of fine patterns. The presented results will allow to consider the autocatalytic tin deposition as a potential solution for specific applications. Thicker tin layers would improve the solderability. In addition, higher tin thickness (>3 Âµm) is also of interest in IC substrates. Here, mechanical solder paste printing is currently limited to areas with a diameter of ~50 Âµm. Commonly used structures have areas with a diameter ~20 Âµm. An autocatalytic tin process which deposits tin (solder) chemically onto the ball grid arrays would therefore lead to technological progress in microchip manufacturing. Beneath deposition of solder bumps also filling of SMD pads could be fulfilled. In Âµ-LED market it could replace sputtered tin allowing comparable quality at lower costs and easier process handling. It could be concluded that potential applications for this process are wide.
Multipurpose Use of Laser-Sensitive Materials for Temporary Bonding and Debonding Applications in Wafer-Level Packaging
Authors: Prenger Luke 
Published: January 2025

New technologies and purposes for older existing technologies in wafer-level packaging (WLP) are consistently being developed further in order to help with the performance increase and cost reduction gap left by the end of Moore’s Law. With further investment from outsourced semiconductor assembly and test (OSAT) facilities, packaging houses, foundries, and integrated device manufacturers (IDMs) in advanced packaging, it opens doors for further expansion of the use of conventional temporary bond and debond (TB/DB) methods such as mechanical, thermal slide, and laser debond. In particular, laser debond technologies offer the highest flexibility compared to mechanical and thermal slide debond techniques due to their ability to offer high adhesion systems, high-temperature processing capability, and the potential for additional applications in WLP that are not traditionally TB/DB applications. In this paper, several different innovative laser-active systems will be covered, spanning from single-layer multifunctional material systems to a traditional two-layer system setup. Each of these laser-sensitive systems offers its own benefits and disadvantages in terms of cost effectiveness and processability. These systems will help enable processing of highly warped substrates, such as epoxy mold compound (EMC) wafers, processing of higher temperatures up to 300°C, and have the flexibility of cleaning by commonly used organic solvents and plasma cleaning. These laser-sensitive thermoplastics and thermosets will also alleviate concerns of laser device damage due to their high absorption at the specified wavelength or the ability to be used a thick film of 20 µm or greater. Furthermore, a laser-sensitive thermoset material designed for laser etching and patterning applications will be presented. These new materials, compared to traditional laser etching and patterning materials, offer faster etching time and lower residues generated from the ablation process. With the faster etching time and lower post-ablation residues, the throughput of these materials will increase compared to previous materials. Further development of laser materials will offer the versatility and robustness able to be used in many different types of processing with similar types of tooling.
Gene of the month: C-KIT
Authors: Kumari Niraj , Lingaiah Raghavendra 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
KIT is a gene coding for tyrosine kinase receptor, which was identified as the ligand of stem cell factor. Its role in disease was first identified in gastrointestinal stromal tumor. However, later, this gene was found to be implicated in many other benign and malignant tumors. C-KIT has been studied as the first biomarker for targeted therapy. Herein we review its structure, function and role in various non-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases.
Case report on adenoid cystic carcinoma of larynx and review of the literature
Authors: Lakshmi JS , Ullattil Pushpaja K. , Ashitha M K , Bibin  
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignant tumor, accounts for <1% of laryngeal malignancy. Majority tumors are found in subglottis and supraglottis region. These tumors show female predominance and diagnosed at advanced stage.

Case 1:
A 42-year-old woman presented with foreign body sensation and pain in the throat. Laryngoscopy and computerized tomography imaging showed submucosal lesion involving entire larynx. Suspicious bilateral lymph nodes were noted. Following biopsy, she underwent total laryngectomy with neck dissection. Final histopathological report confirmed ACC with extensive perineural invasion. Now at 8 months of follow-up, there was no evidence of recurrence.

Case 2:
A 32-year-old man presented with hoarseness of voice, dysphagia, and stridor for which emergency tracheostomy was done. Following scopy and imaging, he underwent total laryngectomy with neck dissection and adjuvant radiotherapy. At 2.10 years of follow-up, there was no evidence of recurrence. Thus, our patients require long-term follow-up to assess the benefit and survival outcome.
Advancements in graft-versus-host disease prevention in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Das Soumyajit , Singh Mahendra Pratap , Balaraman Ashok Kumar , Mehta Rachana , Sah Sanjit 
Published: January 2025

Abstract:
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a critical obstacle in the success of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), adversely affecting patient survival and posttransplant quality of life. Recent advancements in GVHD prophylaxis emphasize achieving a delicate equilibrium between effective immunosuppression and preservation of the graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect. This article synthesizes cutting-edge developments, including immune modulation strategies such as regulatory T-cell expansion and cytokine blockade, novel pharmacological approaches like Janus kinase inhibitors and posttransplant cyclophosphamide, and cellular therapies leveraging mesenchymal stromal cells and ex vivo-expanded regulatory T cells. Furthermore, the advent of biomarkers such as ST2 and microRNA signatures has enabled early risk stratification, fostering personalized, risk-adapted prophylactic strategies. By integrating these innovations, HSCT outcomes can be significantly improved, offering enhanced safety, reduced GVHD incidence, and optimized long-term patient care.
The Relationship between Balance and Mobility in Poststroke Survivors: A Narrative Review
Authors: Parmar Merlin J. , Gandhi Nensi V. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background:
Stroke often leads to impaired balance and mobility, significantly impacting functional abilities. This narrative review investigates the relationship between balance and mobility in poststroke survivors.

Materials and Methods:
A comprehensive literature review was conducted. A total of 21 relevant articles were identified through electronic sources, print materials, and search engines. Articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and critically appraised using the Bigby and Gadenne tool with scores ranging from 13 to 26 for randomized controlled trials and cross-sectional studies. Data were analyzed to uncover patterns and correlations between balance and mobility in stroke survivors.

Results:
The review indicated that targeted balance interventions enhance mobility and promote greater independence in activities of daily living. Improved balance is strongly associated with better mobility outcomes, though mobility is also influenced by factors like age, lower limb strength, and the severity of motor impairments.

Conclusion:
The findings underscore the importance of integrating balance and mobility-focused strategies into stroke rehabilitation. The multifactorial nature of mobility demands personalized rehabilitation protocols that consider individual characteristics such as age, motor impairment severity, and lower limb strength. This approach contrasts with traditional “one-size-fits-all” methods, such as generalized mat-based functional activities.
<i>Case Report</i> - Unexpected histopathological finding: a case report of <i>Schistosoma</i> ova in prostate adenoma
Authors: Kura M.M. , Ibrahim R. , Damina M.M. , Lawan A.I. 
Published: January 2025

Background: Schistosomiasis of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts is wellknown, yet its chronic effect on host genitalia such as the prostate is often ignored or overlooked. This report describes an incidental finding of Schistosoma ova in a prostate adenoma.
Case: A 66-year-old man from a schistosomiasis endemic area in northeastern Nigeria presented with symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction. The Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was normal, and he had no family history of prostate cancer. Histopathology of the prostate adenoma removed at open prostatectomy had multiple foci of acute and chronic inflammation with calcified Schistosoma ova and areas of luminal abscesses, and there were no foci of malignancy. A diagnosis of prostate adenoma with schistosomiasis was made.
Conclusion: Genital schistosomiasis should be a differential diagnosis of prostate pathologies, especially in patients who live in or have recently visited schistosomiasis endemic communities.
Participation of women in the blue economy value chain at Kilifi, Kenya
Authors: Njenga Solomon 
Published: January 2025

Participation of women in the blue economy value chain in Kilifi County in Kenya was assessed based on household surveys and key informant interviews. A sample of 96 households from the coastal Malindi sub-county was selected based on cluster sampling. The most senior female in each household was interviewed, and an additional 10 women leaders from 10 self-help groups were interviewed as key informants. Data from the household survey were analysed for mean, percentages and frequency while content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. Based on the interview data, 88.5 % of women worked in fish processing, 63.2 % in trading of fish products, 62 % in fish eateries, 18.4 % in fishponds, 23 % in solid waste management, and 20.7 % in mining. Consequently, individual women participated in more than one activity, with a mean of 2.75 activities per woman. Work-related, cultural and economic challenges inhibited women's participation with mean responses of >3 on a 4-point Likert scale. Low levels of participation were observed in economic decision-making, access to information, ownership of productive resources, leadership positions and women's living conditions. Participation of women in the blue economy value chain should be prioritized in strategic decisions by government and stakeholders.
Meretas Kesejahteraan Mental: Eksplorasi Potensi Terapi melalui Pendekatan Soteriologi pada Gangguan Kecemasan
Authors: Herman Samuel , Trifosa Florence 
Published: January 2025

This research explores the role of soteriology in managing anxiety disorders. Utilizing a literature review method with a descriptive analysis approach, this journal indicates that soteriology, through its holistic approach encompassing spiritual dimensions, personality theory, and cognitive-behavioral therapy, has the potential to enhance mental well-being. While the literature provides a positive overview, further research is needed to delve into the impact of soteriology on the anxiety disorder cycle, compare it with conventional therapy, and evaluate its influence on the subjects' quality of life. The results highlight the necessity to incorporate spiritual aspects and personality theory in future research to comprehend the effectiveness of soteriology. With a deeper understanding, the application of this approach is anticipated to make a valuable contribution to addressing anxiety disorders. AbstrakPenelitian ini mengeksplorasi peran soteriologi dalam mengelola gangguan kecemasan. Menggunakan metode studi pustaka dengan pendekatan analisis deskriptif, jurnal ini menunjukkan bahwa soteriologi, melalui pendekatan holistiknya yang mencakup dimensi spiritual, teori kepribadian, dan terapi kognitif-behavioral, memiliki potensi untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan mental. Meskipun literatur memberikan gambaran positif, penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mendalami dampak soteriologi pada siklus gangguan kecemasan, membandingkannya dengan terapi konvensional, dan mengevaluasi pengaruhnya terhadap kualitas hidup subjek. Hasilnya menyoroti kebutuhan untuk melibatkan aspek spiritual dan teori kepribadian dalam penelitian mendatang untuk memahami efektivitas soteriologi. Dengan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam, penerapan pendekatan ini diharapkan dapat menjadi kontribusi berharga dalam mengatasi gangguan kecemasan.
Sang Gambar Otoritas Ilahi: Pelayanan yang Bertanggung Jawab dengan Lensa Vocation Dei dan Imitatio Christi
Authors: Tarigan Karel Benridho 
Published: January 2025

Church ministers organize church life institutionally and guide church member's spirituality. This research focuses on the spiritual dimension, especially on morality. Church Ministers are seen as role models and are not treated as examples only, but also as actors of good-moral. The benchmark of good-moral in this research is Christ as the main nomos because the church minister is the image of divine authority in the church's life. however, how can Christ the Nomos be interpreted, so that the service carried out is full of passion and responsibility? Therefore, this research uses the idea of vocation Dei which has nuances of responsibility fulfillment. In addition, the idea of imitatio Christi and the theology of participation are elaborated to emphasize that fulfilling the responsibility of the call to serve is an attempt to demonstrate the image of divine authority. The results of this study show that as an image of divine authority, ecclesiastical ministers are responsible for "mediating" the citizens of the congregation to the Head of the Church because they are in the two scopes. AbstrakPara pelayan gerejawi tidak hanya sekadar mengatur kehidupan jemaat secara institusional, melainkan juga membimbing perkembangan spiritualitas warga jemaat. Penelitian ini berfokus pada cakupan dimensi spiritual, terutama tentang moralitas dalam pelayanan gerejawi. Para pelayan gerejawi kemudian dilihat sebagai role model yang tidak hanya menjadi contoh, tetapi juga menjadi pelaku moral-baik. Tolok ukur moral-baik dalam penelitian ini adalah pribadi Kristus sebagai Nomos utama, karena para pelayan gerejawi adalah gambaran dari otoritas ilahi dalam kehidupan jemaat. Lantas, bagaimana Kristus Sang Nomos dapat dimaknai, sehingga pelayanan yang dilakukan penuh gairah dan tanggung jawab? Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menggunakan gagasan dari vocation Dei yang memiliki nuansa pemenuhan tanggung jawab. Selain itu, ide imitatio Christi dan teologi partisipasi dielaborasi untuk menegaskan bahwa pemenuhan tanggung jawab dari panggilan untuk melayani merupakan upaya untuk mendemonstrasikan gambaran otoritas ilahi. Hasil penelitian ini menampilkan bahwa sebagai gambaran otoritas ilahi, para pelayan gerejawi bertanggung jawab untuk menjadi “pengantara” warga jemaat kepada Sang Kepala Gereja, karena mereka berada dalam dua cakupan tersebut.
Urgensi Standar Kompetensi Pendeta: Tinjauan terhadap Dokumen Standar Kompetensi Pendeta di Sinode Gereja Kristus
Authors: Wattimury Costansa , Surbakti Pelita Hati 
Published: January 2025

The church in the Northern Hemisphere has been in a state of decline, while the church in the Southern was predicted to experience growth. In the context of Asia, including Indonesia and South Korea, this prediction does not seem to match reality. The level of congregational participation in some of the older churches in Indonesia is still low, some even very low. Will what happened to the church in the Northern also happen to the church in the Southern? One thing that can be done to avoid this is to hand over the leadership of the church to a leader or Pastor who is competent and relevant to the context of his time. Unfortunately, the two aspects have not received serious attention. Many churches do not have instruments to measure the two aspects. Among those who have it, it is also not sufficient because the instrument in question has not been compiled by considering the context. Through qualitative research, by collecting data through literature studies and interviews, this article shows that some of the above realities are indeed true. Specifically, this article takes the measurement instrument document used in the Synod of Gereja Kristus as a case study. At the end of this article, we propose a process of establishing competency standards for Pastors and the stages of making competency measurement instruments. AbstrakGereja di bagian bumi Utara telah mengalami kondisi yang memprihatinkan, sementara gereja di bagian Selatan diprediksi mengalami pertumbuhan. Dalam konteks Asia, termasuk Indonesia dan Korea Selatan, prediksi ini kelihatannya belum sesuai dengan realitas. Tingkat partisipasi jemaat di sejumlah gereja tua di Indonesia masih rendah, bahkan ada di antaranya sangat rendah. Akankah yang dialami oleh gereja di Utara juga akan dialami oleh gereja di Selatan? Salah satu yang bisa dilakukan untuk menghindarinya adalah menyerahkan kepemimpinan gereja kepada pemimpin atau Pendeta yang kompeten serta relevan dengan konteks zamannya. Sayangnya kedua hal di atas masih belum mendapat perhatian yang serius. Banyak gereja tidak memiliki instrumen pengukuran kedua aspek di atas. Di antara yang telah memilikinya juga belum cukup memadai oleh karena instrumen yang dimaksud belum disusun dengan mempertimbangkan konteks. Melalui penelitian kualitatif, dengan melakukan pengumpulan data melalui studi kepustakaan serta wawancara, tulisan ini memperlihatkan bahwa sejumlah realitas di atas memang benar adanya. Secara khusus tulisan ini mengambil dokumen instrumen pengukuran yang digunakan di lingkungan Sinode Gereja Kristus sebagai sebuah studi kasus. Pada bagian akhir tulisan ini, kami mengusulkan sebuah proses pembentukan standar kompetensi Pendeta serta tahapan pembuatan instrumen pengukuran kompetensinya.