bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design of hierarchical lattice structures attainable by additive manufacturing techniques
Authors: Musenich L , Stagni A , Libonati F 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Readiness of new materials that are simultaneously lightweight, damage-resistant, multifunctional, and sustainable is a primary need for many technology sectors. Thanks to additive manufacturing, lattice materials appear to be ideal candidates to meet this challenge. By designing their unit cells and structural organization, multiscale materials with unique combinations of properties can be obtained. Nevertheless, many gaps remain to be filled for their effective and efficient design. Nature, exploiting hierarchical architectures on a material scale, actually amplifies the properties of biological materials and combines them in ways we cannot achieve yet in synthetic materials. In materials design, we are still far from such a level of perfection. To narrow this gap and expand the current knowledge on the effects of hierarchy on the mechanical behaviour of materials, we numerically studied the mechanical response of 3D hierarchical lattice specimens under a four-point bending loading scenario. For this, we selected two types of unit cells with different structural behaviour and combined them together into different specimen topologies. The results show that, through hierarchy, it is possible to tailor lattice material performances, achieving benefits in terms of both specific mechanical properties and multifunctionality. The evidence found opens new horizons for applications such as heat exchangers, mechanical filters, scaffolds, energy storage, and packaging.
Smart design of customized hip prostheses in additive manufacturing by combining numerical and experimental methodologies
Authors: Milone D , Marchis C De , Longo F , Merlino G , D’Agati L , Catelani D , Risitano G 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThanks to the development of additive manufacturing techniques, prosthetic surgery has reached increasingly advanced levels, revolutionizing the clinical course of patients with joint arthritis. 3D printing has made it possible to obtain customized prostheses based on patient needs, using high-performance materials. However, wear caused by regular gait activities such as walking, sitting, or running, leads to the deterioration of the material used in the joint. Thus, the use of traditional materials has gradually been replaced with more performing ones which have made it possible to obtain customized devices based on patient needs and, therefore, more effective. Numerical techniques have recently been adopted, such as the Finite Element Method (FEM), to support the experimentation, allowing the calculation of the useful life and the optimization of the prostheses’ functionality to accurately evaluate the distribution of the load on the prosthesis. The present work aims to develop an algorithm that optimizes hip replacement mechanically using a machine learning algorithm coupled with multi-body and finite element model simulations.
A smart tool for the abridged assessment of potential environmental impacts of automotive solutions
Authors: Del Pero F , Barbieri R , Delogu M , Pierini M 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a smart tool to support the determination of sustainability of automotive components. Many research and industrial activities have been concentrated in the field of sustainability of passenger vehicles through the development of smart materials, manufacturing technologies and production processes. However, the environmental impacts quantification phase is always the most difficult and challenging in the design process. Literature and technical regulations provide that the Life Cycle Assessment methodology needs a lot of resources (both human and economic resources) to be implemented because of its complexity. The base idea of this work is to design and realize a tool easy-to-use also by non-LCA experts, with a set of input and output GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces) to make the design process easier also from the point of view of impact characterization. As final result, the conceived method is targeted at representing a simple and ready-to-use tool, which allows the application of eco-design methodologies in the application to the automotive sector.
A test rig for the experimental characterization of the mechanical energy dissipation due to the propagation of elastic waves during the impact of cylinders
Authors: Abruzzo M 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The proposed work describes the design and construction of an experimental test rig used to quantify the mechanical energy dissipation due to the propagation of elastic waves during the impact of cylinders and validate the background theoretical models. Firstly, the impact of perfectly elastic cylinders is studied using finite element and lumped parameter models. The main result obtained is the coefficient of dissipation, which allows quantifying the total mechanical energy dissipation of the system. Then, the final layout of the test rig designed to reproduce the test conditions of the theoretical models is shown. Two kinds of tests are performed to obtain the energy dissipation of the system with and without impacts. The position of one cylinder during its motion is acquired with an industrial camera. Finally, the experimental results are compared with an analytical model of a nonlinear pendulum and used to quantify the coefficient of dissipation.
Performance of hybrid supercapacitors in the presence of mechanical vibrations for applications of micro-mobility
Authors: Laschi M , Gulino M S , Vangi D 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Supercapacitors (SCs) have always been regarded as a source of electrical energy storage confined to equipment requiring high power, and particularly high currents, for a few moments. Hybrid SCs characterized by increasingly higher energy densities have been gaining ground. The main advantages of such accumulators are long service life, a high number of cycles which drastically reduces the problem of recycling lithium cells and good operation even at low temperatures. One of the most underestimated aspects, but with an impact on the service life of accumulators, is the mechanical vibration behavior. In micro-mobility vehicles, the battery pack is often attached to the charter, which in turn is not sufficiently dampened for normal road surface conditions. The literature mainly analyses the variation of ESR (internal resistance) as a function of the received vibration dose. In the following work, the impact of mechanical vibrations on the various parameters of an equivalent electrical circuit is assessed using impedance spectroscopy, and how the variation of individual components can influence the performance of a micro-mobility vehicle battery. The reference vibration cycle was realized by sampling a real driving cycle on an electric scooter on various types of urban terrain and was replicated on various types of cells using a shaker.
Active thermography characterization of aerogel materials for vehicle electrification
Authors: Curà F , Sesana R , Dugand M , Corsaro L 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Aerogel materials are very important in the actual scenario of both vehicle electrification and green mobility. Temperature control and cell physical state of battery packs are relevant for the correct operating conditions of electric systems. As a matter of fact, the achieved temperature inside the battery is a critical parameter to increase the battery performance. Thanks to its physical properties, due to the low thermal conductivity, aerogel materials can store a portion of the thermal energy released during discharging operation and then use it during the runaway one. This way, a passive thermal control increases the whole system performance without any further device. The evaluation of both thermal diffusivity and conductivity of aerogel materials becomes significant from an industrial point of view in order to test different aerogel typologies. Aim of this work was to develop an Active Thermography approach for aerogel testing to determine thermal parameters as diffusivity and conductivity. Experimental data were processed basing on dedicated ISO Standards. These results were also compared to those available in literature.
The use of induction heating for thermographic inspection of composite laminates
Authors: Nobile R , Saponaro A , Pirinu A 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the present paper, an active thermographic technique is proposed for the inspection of a unidirectional GFRP panel with integrated artificial internal defects and an aeronautical CFRP panel with real small production defects.
Different inductor geometries were considered by varying the length and the number of spires, finally allowing to identify the optimal solution. Several tests allowed to identify the optimal experimental setup for defect detection as a function of the location of the defect.
The acquired thermal maps were processed in Matlab with a suitable analysis algorithm for the determination of the absolute and normalized thermal contrasts. Another important consideration concerns the possibility of obtaining a qualitative indication on the defect depth. Although the thermal contrast depends on the choice of the intact and defective area, the maximum value of the absolute contrast was higher for the more superficial defects than for the deeper ones. Furthermore, the absolute contrast was correlated with the size of the defects. In the study of CFRP panel, the defects characterization was conducted in a comparable way to evaluate the contrasts with a suitable choice of undamaged reference area.
The comparison of the proposed technique with the traditional pulsed technique has demonstrated the real potential of application on SMArt GFRP and aeronautical CFRP elements with the same level of reliability as traditional thermographic techniques. However, the induction technique has shown better ability to detect small real defects more accurately in CFRP panels. However, the limitation of the power generator and the size of the inductor could limit the detectability of defects.
Effect of roughness small scales on the adhesion of randomly rough surfaces with high fractal dimension
Authors: Violano G , Dini D , Di Bari A , Afferrante L 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Surface roughness affects several tribological phenomena like adhesion. In this work, JKR-like experimental tests were performed between Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) spherical samples and flat glass substrates with different surface roughness properties. Data were interpreted in the light of classical JKR theory. We find that adhesion is destroyed by roughness in agreement with the most common and well-known results in the literature. However, from the analysis of the Power Spectral Density (PSD) of the surfaces, it emerges that the smaller scales of roughness have a greater influence on the surface adhesion energy in the range of the high fractal dimensions (D > 2.5). In this range, for surfaces with the same root mean square (RMS) roughness amplitude hrms
, which is mainly affected by large scale roughness, the pull-off force (i.e., the maximum tensile force reached during the retracting phase) is observed reducing by increasing the RMS slope of the surface roughness

h

r
m
s

′

, that is by changing the roughness content at the small scales. This result agrees with recent theoretical findings and has never been shown experimentally in the literature to the best of our knowledge.
Design and implementation of an innovative wind power system for beach erosion protection and nourishment
Authors: Demelio G P , Castellano A , Bergamini G 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Beach erosion phenomena have become increasingly frequent and devastating with serious economic damage on tourism. A relatively recent technique of beach protection and nourishment is based on the creation along the shoreline of an unsaturated sandy zone, in which the level of the phreatic surface is lowered by means of buried drains connected to electric suction pumps. The main problem encountered in this solution is the need to guarantee the drainage when the erosive activity is maximum in the presence of intense thunderstorms that often produce malfunction and outage problems of the power supply. This paper shows the realization of a “green” solution based on a totally mechanical design and construction approach, achieved by connecting a 3.5-meter single-bladed wind turbine to a submerged axial pump with optimized volute by means of a vertical shaft placed inside the tower. The system is managed by a mechanical pitch controller studied for starting and limiting power in exceptional winds.
The preliminary thermo–mechanical design, simulation and optimization, of LAD onboard the eXTP space mission
Authors: Lombardi G , Baldelli A , Fiacco R , Lombardi E , Biancolini M E , Piazzolla R 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The eXTP (enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry) mission is a major project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and China National Space Administration (CNSA) currently performing a phase B study and proposed for a launch in 2027. The eXTP scientific payload envisages a suite of instruments offering unprecedented simultaneous wide-band X-ray timing and polarimetry sensitivity. A large European consortium is contributing to the eXTP study and it is expected to provide key hardware elements, including the Large Area Detector (LAD) composed of 40 modules for a total effective area of 3.0 m2 at 6.0 keV. In this paper, we describe the preliminary study that led to the design solutions adopted for the most important thermo-mechanical drivers of the LAD Module, which have been elaborated and used for the demonstration of compliance to the system requirements at spacecraft level. We report in particular the mechanical design for the Module and its components, the thermal analysis for each range temperature of the worst cases (coldest case) with the evaluation of the thermoelastic deformation of a reduced module and the results of a campaign of static and dynamic finite element analysis of a simplified parametric model with an accurate mesh processing and the preliminary optimization of the critical components.
DIC analysis of gears in bending condition
Authors: Curà F , Mura A , Corsaro L , Revilla A 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Thin rim gears present a complex strain and stress field due to its particular geometry, above all in bending problems. From this point of view, the position of the most stressed point and the corresponding equivalent stress value are useful for an accurate design of thin rim gears. More in detail, in case of bending failure, both crack initiation point and corresponding propagation path are strictly related to the gear’s geometry.
In this work, an experimental analysis was performed to evaluate how light weight gears geometry may influence the strain field close to the tooth root.
To this aim, an experimental activity was carried on by a dedicated equipment for bending tests and the gear deformation was monitored by using the 3D Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique.
The local strain field in both tooth and web portions was measured for two types of gears (standard gear and thin-rim gear) in order to identify the stress condition due to the bending loading. A particular attention was devoted to point out the most stressed point for both gears. Results were also compared with XFEM model available in literature.
Hardware in the Loop Methodology for AEB system development
Authors: Alfatti F , Annicchiarico C , Capitani R 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Thanks to ADAS systems, vehicle and occupants safety has increased. These systems have however a great impact on design complexity, increasing the time necessary for the launch of the functionality on the market. In this work, a Hardware in the Loop tool and methodology that integrates the Autonomous Emergency System (AEB) is presented, with the objective to speed up the development process. A commercial brake-by-wire braking system has been installed on a static simulator. The unit stock AEB can be activated during the real-time simulation, thanks to a custom strategy reproduced via Software in the Loop approach. In order to assess the capabilities of the proposed methodology, two different controllers have been proposed: the first reproduces the AEB functionality of a commercial car, while the second represent a possible design alternative that must be evaluated during the design phase. The two controllers have been tested in EuroNCAP relevant scenarios, and the performances have been compared in terms of Time To Collision necessary to avoid the impact, deceleration request and final distance from the obstacle. The proposed methodology highlights the role of the static simulator as a development tool that can vastly reduce the time necessary for the development of the AEB system, thanks to an extensive testing of both hardware and control strategy.
Design methodology of a two-degrees-of-freedom gravitational energy harvester
Authors: Monaco M Lo , Russo C 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The growing spread of IoT (Internet of Things) and monitoring system based on micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS) concerns also the railway systems. The recent developments have made it possible to study and realize innovative integrated systems using connected devices. The technologies allow to collect real-time data from assets, thus providing fundamental information regarding the operation conditions and offering an evaluation of safety and durability of the monitored device. The major innovation of these devices is the use of energy harvesters to support or replace their power supply, making the monitoring device completely autonomous and drastically lowering the maintenance costs. The work presented in this paper is the product of the research group knowledge in vibrational energy harvesting. In particular, we studied a two-degrees-of-freedom (2DOF) gravitational vibration-based energy harvester (GVEH), characterized by the absence of the magnet on the top end of the tube, exploiting gravity as a restoring force. Different masses configuration were tested in order to find the best configuration optimizing power output, frequency bandwidth and overall performances. The time-domain simulations realized in Matlab/Simulink environment are supported with Multiboduy simulations for a better understanding of the system dynamics.
Electrical impedance decreases in annulus fibrosus cartilage exposed to microsecond pulsed electric fields ex vivo
Authors: Atsu Prince Mensah , Thompson Gary L 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Electropermeabilization of biomembranes often is measured by microscopic imaging of a membrane-impermeable fluorophore that penetrates the cells following pulsed electric field (PEF) exposure. PEF exposure subsequently changes physiological properties of tissue. One way to probe these changes in tissue is measuring electrical properties by way of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In this study, we analyze impedance and conductivity of bovine annulus fibrosus (AF) cartilage before and after exposures to PEF of 100 µs duration. Two PEF parameters – electric field amplitude and number of pulses – are varied, and total specific dose of PEF is calculated. AF tissue conductivity increases with both amplitude and number of pulses, indicating electropermeabilization of the annulus fibrosus cells. A Live/Dead cell imaging assay validates the EIS measurements, indicating intratissue cell permeabilization by µsPEF exposure. These results support the extension of EIS to monitor extent of electropermeabilization of cells within cartilage tissue.
Research on the mechanism and countermeasures of digital economy development promoting carbon emission reduction in jiangxi province
Authors: Sun Jianbing , Wu Xiaohong 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The digital economy is an important driving force for China’s economic transformation and upgrading, while ‘carbon peak and carbon neutrality’ is the target vision to be achieved in China. As an important support area for the rise of central China, it is an urgent question to investigate whether the development of the digital economy in Jiangxi Province can contribute to the realization of carbon emission reduction. Based on the panel data of 11 urban areas in Jiangxi Province from 2011 to 2020, the article empirically investigates the impact of the digital economy on regional carbon emissions and its mechanism of action by using the two-way fixed-effect model, mediated-effect model, and panel threshold-effect model. The study shows that, firstly, the digital economy has a significant carbon emission reduction effect, and the conclusion still holds after a series of endogeneity and robustness tests. Second, the carbon emission reduction effect of the digital economy differs among different regions, and the carbon emission reduction effect of the digital economy is more obvious in northern Ganzhou and regions with high carbon emission levels. Again, the intermediary effect suggests that the digital economy can promote carbon emission reduction by strengthening the control of foreign investment introduction. Finally, the panel threshold effect analysis with urbanization as the threshold variable shows that there is a non-linear correlation between the effects of the digital economy on carbon emissions. The findings of this paper provide a feasible path and policy reference for Jiangxi Province’s digital economy to contribute to carbon emission reduction goals.
Predicting the power grid frequency of European islands
Authors: Lund Onsaker Thorbjørn , Nygård Heidi S , Gomila Damiá , Colet Pere , Mikut Ralf , Jumar Richard , Maass Heiko , Kühnapfel Uwe , Hagenmeyer Veit , Schäfer Benjamin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Modelling, forecasting and overall understanding of the dynamics of the power grid and its frequency are essential for the safe operation of existing and future power grids. Much previous research was focused on large continental areas, while small systems, such as islands are less well-studied. These natural island systems are ideal testing environments for microgrid proposals and artificially islanded grid operation. In the present paper, we utilise measurements of the power grid frequency obtained in European islands: the Faroe Islands, Ireland, the Balearic Islands and Iceland and investigate how their frequency can be predicted, compared to the Nordic power system, acting as a reference. The Balearic Islands are found to be particularly deterministic and easy to predict in contrast to hard-to-predict Iceland. Furthermore, we show that typically 2–4 weeks of data are needed to improve prediction performance beyond simple benchmarks.