bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bovine Gastric and Intestinal Cryptosporidiosis
Authors: Anderson Bruce C. 
Published: March 2023

This writer intends to provide information which will be useful or may be useful, next week in the practices of cattle practitioners. Comments on epidemiology, control and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium parvum (intestinal pathogen) were solicited for an oral presentation at the recent meeting of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners. But, from day-to-day bovine practice standpoint, there isn't much to say about this intestinal pathogen, despite the publication of about 1000 articles on cryptosporidiosis in the past 10 years. In fact, William Current and Lynn Garcia stated recently in a review article1 (357 references) that, "Despite the large number of recent papers and the large number of laboratories throughout the world devoting significant effort in Cryptosporidium research, our present understanding of this protozoan parasite is very limited." Dubey, Speer and Fayer have published a complete reference book (1047 ref.) on cryptosporidiosis.2 Many of the details of the following may be found among the references in these two sources.
Some preliminary informaton on the newly-discovered gastric pathogen of cattle, Cryptosporidium muris was added to the above-mentioned talk and has been added to this paper. Our understanding about this gastric cryptosporidial parasite is also limited because it simply hasn't been studied. Mention of the parasite here and results of preliminary investigations should stimulate some interest in promoting further study of this possibly significant chronic parasitism of the stomach of production animals.
Cryptosporidia are coccidial protozoan parasites related to the well-known eimerial coccidia; in other words, they are in the suborder, Eimeriorina. The original definitions were of the gastric and intestinal forms, C. muris and C. parvum, respectively, isolated from mice. Today the C. parvum designation is applied to isolates which cause enteritis in numerous mammalian species including humans. The C. muris organism differs from the enteric C, parvum not only in location (stomach) but in size and shape of oocyst. (See section on C. muris).
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Authors: Robinson Mark M. 
Published: March 2023

Between November, 1986, and August, 1991, 35,100 clinical cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) were confirmed histopathologically by the staff of the Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL) Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in Weybridge, England. It is not known how many cases of BSE went unreported during this time period, but informal estimates range from several hundred to several thousand. These losses occurred within the prime production population of the United Kingdom's dairy and beef herds which number approximately four million adult animals (twelve million total cattle) in a geographic area approximately the size of Oregon. During the same period, novel spongiform encephalopathies were confirmed in nine zoo animals of various species, but all from the family bovidae. Also, spongiform encephalopathy was confirmed in nineteen domestic cats during the last sixteen months, and BSE was identified in native-born dairy cattle in Switzerland (7 cases confirmed) and France (4 cases confirmed) during the past ten months.
The advent of a novel, progressive, and transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in cattle and its rise to epidemic levels in the United Kingdom has caused substantial economic hardship for the dairy, beef, and rendering industries of that country. In addition, it has led to increased public concern about the quality of agricultural products in general and the effectiveness of the government agencies that regulate the production and consumption of those products. These concerns have been transmitted internationally such that a recurring question in Europe and the Americas is "Can BSE happen here?". A simple answer to this question is not available, but awareness on the part of U.S. bovine practitioners of the disease characteristics and the factors that contributed to the problem in the U.K. will help prevent a BSE-like epidemic from occurring in the United States.
Farming the Dairy Cycles
Authors: Rogers Don R. 
Published: March 2023

The decade of the '80s was primarily a down cycle for the dairy industry-a sorting out of those who really had the resources and the will to survive. Now, in the '90s, we have a wiser and better group of dairy farm managers. This group is demanding more professional services than ever from agribusiness, especially large animal veterinanans like you in the area of herd management and we in Farm Credit in farm management.
Today, I would like to address where I believe the dairy industry is going and how we can better serve their changing needs.
Considerations for Replacement Heifer Housing
Authors: Bickert William G. 
Published: March 2023

The calves and heifers on a dairy farm represent the future of the milking herd. Beginning at birth, the replacement animals should be the best of the lot, genetically superior to the older animals. Accomplishing this is the result of a well-managed breeding program; taking advantage of the genetic superiority requires that nutrition, health and housing are part of the management program as well.
For healthy, potentially high producing replacement animals, the housing environment should provide adequate space for water, feed, resting and exercise. High humidities are especially detrimental to animal health requiring adequate ventilation to remove the moisture produced by the animals themselves. Adequate ventilation also removes other air pollutants so as to maintain suitable air quality.
Mastitis Control Without A Slap In The Face
Authors: Johnson Andrew P. 
Published: March 2023

The importance of quality milk has been known by our profession for years. As dairy farmers work to improve their milk quality, the level of environmental mastitis appears to be going up as somatic cell counts go down. As our producers do a better job, the contagious bacteria are under control and the only bacteria left are the environmentals.
Many new procedures have been introduced to the dairy industry to help dairy farmers reduce the level of environmental mastitis. Things such as predipping, not using water, clipping udders, keeping stalls clean and dry, lot and pasture management, vaccines and nutrition have all been introduced to dairy farmers to help them control environmental mastitis.
Heifer Co-op
Authors: Hilton W. Mark 
Published: March 2023

In our area of the country (Eastern Iowa) we have many family farms that include beef cows as one of their many farming enterprises. Many of these producers find it difficult to justify saving back replacement heifers due to a variety of reasons, namely:1. One breeding pasture used.2. Only one bull used on the entire cow herd.3. Calving problems with heifers.4. Replacement heifers are sired by current herd bull.5. Too few heifers to successfully heat detect and A.I.6. Unable to identify top replacements due to a lackof records.7. Poor facilities to make A.I. practical.
So, many of these producers end up buying bred cows to replace their culls, and often times they are buying someone else's culls.
Pharmacokinetics of Danofloxacin in Pneumonic Cattle
Authors: Apley Michael D. , Upson Dan 
Published: March 2023

Two-hundred and two head of cross-bred steers and bulls were purchased in southwest Texas and shipped by truck approximately 13 hours to the study site in Manhattan, Kansas. The majority of the calves were freshly weaned and originated from numerous production units. No biologicals or pharmaceuticals were administered prior to or after shipping. Specific clinical criteria were used to select calves with acute respiratory disease.
The first 36 calves to meet clinical criteria were injected intramuscularly with danofloxacin* at a dose of 1.25 mg/kg and then sacrificed at one of 6 post-injection sample times. Two cranial-ventral and two caudal-dorsal tissue samples from each lung, as well as a plasma sample, were analyzed for danofloxacin concentration. The presence of bronchopneumonia was confirmed grossly, microbiologically, and histopathologically.
A computer generated line of best fit indicated the maximum cranial-ventral pneumonic lung tissue concentration of 1.17 μg/g occurred 1.8 hours after injection. Mean elimination halftime for pneumonic lung tissue was 5.2 hours. A trend towards slightly decreased danofloxacin concentrations in the pneumonic cranial-ventral lung samples, as compared to grossly normal caudal-dorsal lung tissue, was considered clinically insignificant.
Spanish and French abstracts on PDF
Promising Avenues in Mastitis Control
Authors: Sears Philip , Blackburn Peter 
Published: March 2023

The control of bovine mastitis commonly relies on the use of antibiotics and chemical germicides to treat and prevent intramammary infections. The failure of antibiotics to eliminate mastitis pathogens in lactating cows can be attributed to microorganisms sequestered in microabcesses or within leukocytes where they lie dormant and inaccessible to antibiotics. There is an increasing consumer concern over the potential risk of residues in the milk supply from mastitis treatment. Advances in biotechnology have made available alternative compounds that can be used for the treatment and control of mastitis. Examples are the antimicrobial proteins, nisin and lysostaphin, that are bactericidal against dividing and dormant organisms, and against antibiotic resistant mastitis pathogens. These proteins are nontoxic and may be used in the prevention and therapy of mastitis infections while reducing the risk of hazardous milk residues.
Spanish and French summaries on PDF
Potential Role of Antimicrobial Proteins in the Treatment of Bovine Mastitis
Authors: Sears P. M. , Wilson D. J. , Gonzalez R. N. , Blackburn P. 
Published: March 2023

The intramammary administration of antibiotics is the most common method used to treat bovine mastitis (1). Antibiotic treatment during lactation has a low cure rate for many mastitis pathogens, and the loss of milk due to drug residues results in a poor cost-benefit ratio for most antibiotic therapy during lactation (2). In addition, there is an increasing concern over the presence of drug residues in milk (3), which has led to the search for alternatives the classical antibiotic approach (4,5,6,7,8). The bacteriocins, lysostaphin (9) and nisin (10), are effective toward mastitis pathogens. These are nontoxic proteins, digested and inactivated by intestinal enzymes, and thus, are potentially less hazardous than the antibiotics currently available for use in dairy cattle (6).
This study examined the efficacy of several lysostaphin and nisin combinations for the treatment of experimental bovine mastitis infections by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus uberis.
Spanish and German summaries on PDF
Studies on Serotype-Specific Regulation of Antigen Expression in Pasteurela Haemolytica
Authors: Gonzalez Cynthia , Murtaugh M. P. , Maheswaran S. K. 
Published: March 2023

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) remains a major economic problem for both the beef and dairy cattle industries in the U.S. (1). Recent estimates of the losses due to BRO exceed a billion dolars annually which is greater than all other diseases combined (2).
The most common sequel observed in BRD is a fulminating fibrinonecrotic pleuropneumonia called shipping fever or pneumonic pasteurellosis. Although BRD is a multifactorial disease involving interaction between a number of environmental factors, various viruses and bacteria, Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A serotype 1 (A1) also called serotype 1 (ST1) has been established as the primary agent involved in the pathogenesis of the pneumonia (3). P. haemolytica ST1 can be isolated in pure culture from typical pneumonic lesions of the disease (4).
Leukotoxin As a Virulent Factor of Pasteurella Haemolytica
Authors: Maheswaran S. K. , Whiteley L. O. , Townsend E. L. , Ames T. R. , Weiss D. J. , Yoo H. S. , Gonzalez C. , Kannan M. S. 
Published: March 2023

Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A, serotype 1 (Al) has been established as the primary agent responsible for the clinical disease and pathophysiologic events leading to acute lobar fibrinonecrotizing pneumonia associated with bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis(1,2,3).
The bacteria produces several potential virulent factors, of which the leukotoxin (LKT) has received the most attention(4). The LKT is a heat-labile proteinaceous exotoxin, that is oxygen-stable, non-dialyzable, water soluble, and is produced in high concentrations by P.haemolytica during the logarithmic phase of growth(5). The genes that code for the synthesis and secretion of this LKT have been cloned(6). All 15 serotypes of P. haemolytica produce LKT(7). It has a molecular weight of 101-105kDa when determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis(8). Attempts to purify the LKT has been futile because it is tightly bound to the LPS and there is no efficient way to remove the LPS without inactivating the LKT. It is one of a family of RTX(repeat toxins)-pore forming cytolysin which has a unique specificity, in that it is only cytocidal to ruminant leukocytes(9). This cytotoxicity is caused by the formation of pores in the cell membrane which allows the influx of calcium and results in a sequence of cell-damaging events(lO). Since this organism produces disease only in ruminants, this would support the role of LKT as a virulence factor. Indeed, several observations point to the central role that LKT has in the pathogenesis of pneumonic pasteurellosis. For example, in experimental pasteurellosis, the clinical and pathophysiologic events are dose-dependently reproduced by the intatracheal administration of live logarithmic phase P. haemolytica and not by stationary phase organisms(ll). This enhanced pathogenicity may be related to the amount of LKT produced by these different populations. Indeed, we (5) and others(12)* have shown that the logarithmic phase cells produce far greater amounts of this LKT than stationary cells. In other studies, cattle with high LKT neutralizing antibody titers have higher survival rates in the natural disease and experimental pasteurellosis than animals with low antibody titers(13).
Although advances have been made in describing the cytolytic properties of the P.haemolytica LKT, the mechanisms by which it brings about lung injury in cattle are poorly understood. Our laboratory has long been interested in elucidating the contributions and mechanisms by which the LKT induce this acute lung injury in pneumonic pasteurellosis. Three experiments were designed to study if the LKT contributed in the genesis of lung injury in pneumonic pasteurellosis.
Risk Factors for Clinical Lameness in Lactating Dairy Cows in the Midwestern United States
Authors: Wells S. J. , Trent A. M. , Marsh W. E. , Robinson R. A. 
Published: March 2023

The importance of clinical lameness in dairy cows is receiving increasing recognition. In addition to treatment and prevention costs, culling, milk production, and reproduction losses may occur due to lameness. The moral cost of animal suffering during severe lameness episodes must also be considered. Despite this, recommended management practices for the purpose of lameness prevention at the cow and herd level are often based upon trial and error rather than sound research-based knowledge of causal mechanisms of lameness. This has been due in part to the sparcity of lameness research in cattle. In addition, much of the available literature on lameness has been based upon a subjective diagnosis of lameness without a standard case definition, and often using multiple observers (producers) leading to difficulty in interpretation. The result has been a scarcity of useful information for veterinarians and producers.
The objective of this study included evaluation of within herd risk factors (bodyweight, body condition score, dorsal claw angles, visible and palpable limb lesions, and antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi) and between herd risk factors (housing, flooring, dietary, and management practice) for clinical lameness in lactating dairy cows.
Diet-Meat and Diet-Milk Transfer of ¹³⁷Cs in the Cattle
Authors: Trenti F. , Calamosca M. , Pagano P. , Cipone M. 
Published: March 2023

In conditions of environmental radiocontamination, the vegetable-animal products-man food chain becomes particularly critical for the determination of population equivalent doses (1). Such doses may be predicted using contaminant transfer models such as NUCRAC-SAI (2), DOSDIM (3), NRPB (4), PATHWAY (5) and others.
These are principally founded on dynamic compartmental systems and they have in common the use of first degree kinetics, which lead to the formulation of a system of differential equations, the solution of which shows the trend of radionuclide concentration in time, in the various environmental and animal matrices. Efficacy verification of these analytical instruments is performed at its best in real situations of radioactive spill in the environment, such as the incident which interested Italy in 1986.
In the latter occasion we applied a modulus belonging to a more complex model described below, and which uses the daily dietary intake of 137Cs , to predict the meat and milk contamination variation in time, in the adult bovine.
To verify the efficacy of this model we compared calculated values against those measured directly by radiometry of meat and milk samples of the same bovines.
Intoxicacion Experimental En El Ganado Vacuno Por Quercus Spp.
Authors: Prieto F. , Fidalgo L. E. , Goicoa A. , Santamarina G. , Hernandez J. , Benedito J. L. 
Published: March 2023

We have studied and compared a "natural" and "experimental" intoxications by tanines in beef and dairy cows wich ingested oak acorn of Quercus spp.
In both cases we have analized the evolution of some blood parameter, and we established their relations with clinical and lesional signs.
It's impossible for us to reproduce the experimental form as a natural intoxication by supplied to the animals some dry acorn.
Subclinical Ketosis and Milk Production in Finnish Dairy Cows
Authors: Miettinen P. V. A. , Setälä J. J. 
Published: March 2023

Many dairy cows are unable to consume sufficient food to meet their production and maintenance requirements in early lactation and mobilize body reserves for milk production. Bovine ketosis results from an input / output imbalance in energy metabolism. The economic consequences of disturbancies due to bovine ketosis are of great importance.
The subsequent reproductive performance (5) and the energy balance (2) are negatively associated with milk yield and so the energy intake is positively related to reproductive performance (2 , 4, 7). In contrast to measured energy balance (energy balance = consument energy - required energy) subclinical ketosis; a stage of low energy balance, reflected as elevated levels of ketone bodies, reduced milk yield (3) as well as negatively affects reproductive performance in dairy cows (6, 7, 8), thus a cow with a low milk production should be less fertile, too.
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between milk production and subclinical ketosis in Finnish dairy cattle.
Effets Du Blocage Des Recepteurs Serotonergiques De Type 2 Sur Les Modifications Fonctionnelles Respiratoires Induites Par Un Challenge A La Serotonine Chez Le Bovin
Authors: Linden A. , Desmecht D. , Amory H. , Rollin F. , Lekeux P. 
Published: March 2023

The effects of exogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on pulmonary bovine function i.e. , hyperventilation, diffuse bronchoconstriction and pulmonary artery hypertension, have been previously reported. The purpose of the present investigation was to study, in vivo, the effects of a 5-HT challenge preceeded by treatment with a selective blocking agent of 5-HT2 receptors (R 50970) on pulmonary bovine function.
Article in French, English and German summaries on PDF
Descriptive Epidemiology of Salmonella Serotypes From Cattle in the USA (1982-1991)
Authors: Robinson R. A. , Ferris K. E. , Miller D. A. , Srinand S. 
Published: March 2023

Clinical and subclinical bovine Salmonella infections have long been the source of concern to the industry from both the animal disease and human health perspectives. In recent years there has been a perception that these infections are being seen with increasing frequency, but this may be due to a combination of increased awareness by producers and veterinarians, improved culture techniques, and the publicity given to both beef and dairy product-associated human outbreaks. Nevertheless, the trend to larger dairies, together with increased inter-herd movements and changing feed practices may all contribute to the spread of salmonellae among cattle.
While there have been a number of single and multiple herd case reports of both calfhood and adult salmonellosis in the USA, no attempt has been made to summarize national data over time and by region. The National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) at Ames, Iowa provides a Salmonella confirmation and serotyping service to state diagnostic laboratories. Quarterly reports are made to submitters and an annual summary is published in the Proceedings of the U. S. Animal Health Association. This service has been provided without charge but submitters are required to provide basic herd/flock data as follows: name and address of owner, source animal species, number of animals in the herd or flock, morbidity, mortality, age groups affected, and whether these are considered primary or secondary infections.
Stray Voltage
Authors: Southwick Lee 
Published: March 2023

In order for any discussion on stray voltage to be meaningful we first have to define what is meant by stray voltage. For the purposes of this paper I will use the definition found in the USDA Handbook 696, "EFFECTS OF ELECTRICAL VOLTAGE/ CURRENT ON FARM ANIMALS -- How To Detect and Remedy Problems."1 That definition reads as follows: "Stray voltage is a small voltage (less than 10V) that can be measured between two possible contact points. If these two points are contacted by an animal or person, a current will flow. The amount of current depends on the voltage and the circuit impedance, which includes the source, contact and body impedances. Animals or persons respond to the resulting current flow and not the applied voltage." From this definition there are two things I want you to notice:
First, stray voltage is found at cow contact points. It is not voltage found between a reference ground rod and the service entrance neutral wire (neutral to earth voltage [nev]) or the water bowl or any other contact point in the barn. Voltage between those points may indicate possible stray voltage but they are not stray voltage in themselves.1
Second, it is not the voltage, but the current, which the animal reacts to so any stray voltage investigation should determine current as well as voltage. We will discuss these points in more detail later.