bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innate sensing and cellular metabolism: role in fine tuning antiviral immune responses
Authors: Ahmed Duale , Al-Daraawi Malak , Cassol Edana 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSeveral studies over the last decade have identified intimate links between cellular metabolism and macrophage function. Metabolism has been shown to both drive and regulate macrophage function by producing bioenergetic and biosynthetic precursors as well as metabolites (and other bioactive molecules) that regulate gene expression and signal transduction. Many studies have focused on lipopolysaccharide-induced reprogramming, assuming that it is representative of most inflammatory responses. However, emerging evidence suggests that diverse pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are associated with unique metabolic profiles, which may drive pathogen specific immune responses. Further, these metabolic pathways and processes may act as a rheostat to regulate the magnitude of an inflammatory response based on the biochemical features of the local microenvironment. In this review, we will discuss recent work examining the relationship between cellular metabolism and macrophage responses to viral PAMPs and describe how these processes differ from lipopolysaccharide-associated responses. We will also discuss how an improved understanding of the specificity of these processes may offer new insights to fine-tune macrophage function during viral infections or when using viral PAMPs as therapeutics.
ITGB4 deficiency in airway epithelia enhances HDM-induced airway inflammation through hyperactivation of TLR4 signaling pathway
Authors: Zhou Kai , Yuan Lin , Liu Huijun , Du Xizi , Yao Ye , Qin Ling , Yang Ming , Xu Kun , Wu Xinyu , Wang Leyuan , Xiang Yang , Qu Xiangping , Qin Xiaoqun , Liu Chi 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Airway epithelial cells (AECs) are the first cell barrier of the respiratory system against external stimuli that play a critical role in the development of asthma. It is known that AECs play a key role in asthma susceptibility and severity. ITGB4 is a downregulated adhesion molecule in the airway epithelia of asthma patients, which was involved in the exaggerated lung inflammation after allergy stimulation. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in AECs has also been shown to play a crucial role in the development of lung inflammation in asthma patients. However, the specific intrinsic regulatory mechanism of TLR4 in AECs are still obscure. In this article, we demonstrated that ITGB4 deficiency in AECs enhances HDM-induced airway inflammation through hyperactivation of the TLR4 signaling pathway, which is mediated by inhibition of FYN phosphorylation. Moreover, TLR4-antagonist treatment or blockade of FYN can inhibit or exaggerate lung inflammation in HDM-stressed ITGB4-deficient mice, separately. Together, these results demonstrated that ITGB4 deficiency in AECs enhances HDM-induced lung inflammatory response through the ITGB4-FYN-TLR4 axis, which may provide new therapeutic approaches for the management of lung inflammation in asthma.
Changing Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Children and Adolescents Over Four Successive Epidemic Waves in South Africa, 2020–2022
Authors: Chiwandire Nicola , Jassat Waasila , Groome Michelle , Kufa Tendesayi , Walaza Sibongile , Wolter Nicole , von Gottberg Anne , Zar Heather J , Reubenson Gary , Tempia Stefano , Ebonwu Joy , Govender Nevashan , Ntshoe Genevie , Shonhiwa Andronica Moipone , Blumberg Lucille , Cohen Cheryl 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Background
South Africa experienced four waves of SARS-CoV-2 infection, dominated by Wuhan-Hu, Beta, Delta, and Omicron (BA.1/BA.2). We describe the trends in SARS-CoV-2 testing, cases, admissions, and deaths among children and adolescents in South Africa over successive waves.

Methods
We analyzed national SARS-CoV-2 testing, case, and admissions data from March 2020 to February 2022 and estimated cumulative rates by age group for each endpoint. The severity in the third versus the fourth wave was assessed using multivariable logistic regression.

Results
Individuals ≤18 years comprised 35% (21,008,060/60,142,978) of the population but only 12% (424,394/3,593,644) of cases and 6% (26,176/451,753) of admissions. Among individuals ≤18 years, infants had the highest admission (505/100,000) rates. Testing, case, and admission rates generally increased successively in the second (Beta) and third (Delta) waves among all age groups. In the fourth (Omicron BA.1/BA.2) wave, the case rate dropped among individuals ≥1 year but increased among those &lt;1 year. Weekly admission rates for children &lt;1 year (169/100,000) exceeded rates in adults (124/100,000) in the fourth wave. The odds of severe COVID-19 in all admitted cases were lower in the fourth wave versus the third wave in each age group, but they were twice as high in admitted cases with at least one comorbidity than those without.

Conclusions
The admission rate for children &lt;5 years was higher in the fourth wave than in previous waves, but the overall outcomes were less severe. However, children with at least one comorbidity had increased odds of severe disease, warranting consideration of prioritizing this group for vaccination.
New perforated radiation shield for anesthesiologists: Monte Carlo simulation of effects
Authors: Yanagawa Ayaka , Takata Takeshi , Onimaru Taichi , Honjo Takahiro , Sajima Takeyuki , Kakinuma Akihito , Kataoka Akihisa , Kotoku Jun’ichi 
Published: January 2023

AbstractCatheterization for structural heart disease (SHD) requires fluoroscopic guidance, which exposes health care professionals to radiation exposure risk. Nevertheless, existing freestanding radiation shields for anesthesiologists are typically simple, uncomfortable rectangles. Therefore, we devised a new perforated radiation shield that allows anesthesiologists and echocardiographers to access a patient through its apertures during SHD catheterization. No report of the relevant literature has described the degree to which the anesthesiologist’s radiation dose can be reduced by installing radiation shields. For estimating whole-body doses to anesthesiologists and air dose distributions in the operating room, we used a Monte Carlo system for a rapid dose-estimation system used with interventional radiology. The simulations were performed under four conditions: no radiation shield, large apertures, small apertures and without apertures. With small apertures, the doses to the lens, waist and neck surfaces were found to be comparable to those of a protective plate without an aperture, indicating that our new radiation shield copes with radiation protection and work efficiency. To simulate the air-absorbed dose distribution, results indicated that a fan-shaped area of the dose rate decrease was generated in the area behind the shield, as seen from the tube sphere. For the aperture, radiation was found to wrap around the backside of the shield, even at a height that did not match the aperture height. The data presented herein are expected to be of interest to all anesthesiologists who might be involved in SHD catheterization. The data are also expected to enhance their understanding of radiation exposure protection.
Challenging the ‘Youth Gaze’: Building Diversity into Refugee and Asylum Reception and Integration Programmes
Authors: Oliver Caroline , Geuijen Karin , Dekker Rianne 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Reception and integration programmes have often a dominant socio-economic focus that supports refugees’ swift movement into the labour market. This article examines the assumptions that such programmes make about their core target group and how this corresponds with participants’ diverse needs, drawing on conceptual work around the intersectionalities of age, relationalities, and migrant capital to do so. It employs data from interviews with, and observations of residents of an asylum seeker centre in Utrecht, the Netherlands, participating in an innovative programme that aimed to help them ‘integrate from day one’ through co-education and co-housing. We examine the assumptions of the programme, including its inclusive orientation, but show how it appealed implicitly to younger participants. By exploring experiences of participation for a more marginal group of participants in the mid and later phases of professional lives, we show how the programme worked better for a core, younger group, but in doing so, inevitably supported those already advantaged. We argue that programmes need to be adaptive and responsive to the heterogeneity of participants, who vary by age, relationalities and possession of resources among other intersectionalities, to support all the populations they serve.
Discovering gravitationally lensed gravitational waves: predicted rates, candidate selection, and localization with the Vera Rubin Observatory
Authors: Smith Graham P , Robertson Andrew , Mahler Guillaume , Nicholl Matt , Ryczanowski Dan , Bianconi Matteo , Sharon Keren , Massey Richard , Richard Johan , Jauzac Mathilde 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT
Secure confirmation that a gravitational wave (GW) has been gravitationally lensed would bring together these two pillars of General Relativity for the first time. This breakthrough is challenging for many reasons, including: GW sky localization uncertainties dwarf the angular scale of gravitational lensing, the mass and structure of gravitational lenses is diverse, the mass function of stellar remnant compact objects is not yet well constrained, and GW detectors do not operate continuously. We introduce a new approach that is agnostic to the mass and structure of the lenses, compare the efficiency of different methods for lensed GW discovery, and explore detection of lensed kilonova counterparts as a direct method for localizing candidates. Our main conclusions are: (1) lensed neutron star mergers (NS–NS) are magnified into the ‘mass gap’ between NS and black holes, therefore selecting candidates from public GW alerts with high mass gap probability is efficient, (2) the rate of detectable lensed NS–NS will approach one per year in the mid-2020s, (3) the arrival time difference between lensed NS–NS images is $1\, \rm s\lesssim \Delta \mathit{ t}\lesssim 1\, yr$, and thus well-matched to the operations of GW detectors and optical telescopes, (4) lensed kilonova counterparts are faint at peak (e.g. rAB ≃ 24–26 in the mid-2020s), fade quickly ($d\lt 2\, \rm d$), and are detectable with target of opportunity observations with large wide-field telescopes. For example, just ≲ 0.25 per cent of Vera C. Rubin Observatory’s observing time will be sufficient to follow up one well-localized candidate per year. Our predictions also provide a physically well-defined basis for exploring electromagnetically the exciting new ‘mass gap’ discovery space.
Probing the multiwavelength emission scenario of GRB 190114C
Authors: Klinger Marc , Tak Donggeun , Taylor Andrew M , Zhu Sylvia J 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT
Multiwavelength observation of the gamma-ray burst, GRB 190114C, opens a new window for studying the emission mechanism of GRB afterglows. Its very high energy (VHE; ≳ 100 GeV) detection has motivated an inverse Compton interpretation for the emission, but this has not been tested. Here, we revisit the early afterglow emission from 68 to 180 s and perform the modelling likelihood analysis with the keV to TeV data sets. We compute for the first time the statistical preference in the combined synchrotron (syn) and synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model over the syn-only model. In agreement with earlier analyses, between 68 and 110 s an unstable preference for the SSC model can be found, which can also be explained by systematic cross-calibration effect between the included instruments. We conclude that there is no stable statistical preference for one of the two models.
Spectroscopic follow-up of statistically selected extremely metal-poor star candidates from GALAH DR3
Authors: Da Costa G S , Bessell M S , Nordlander Thomas , Hughes Arvind C N , Buder Sven , Mackey A D , Spitler Lee R , Zucker D B 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT
The advent of large-scale stellar spectroscopic surveys naturally leads to the implementation of machine learning techniques to isolate, for example, small sub-samples of potentially interesting stars from the full data set. A recent example is the application of the t-SNE statistical method to ∼600 000 stellar spectra from the GALAH survey in order to identify a sample of candidate extremely metal-poor (EMP; [Fe/H] ≤ –3) stars. We report the outcome of low-resolution spectroscopic follow-up of 83 GALAH EMP candidates that lack any previous metallicity estimates. Overall, the statistical selection is found to be efficient (∼one-third of the candidates have [Fe/H] ≤ –2.75) with low contamination (&lt;10 per cent have [Fe/H] &gt; –2), and with a metallicity distribution function that is consistent with previous work. Five stars are found to have [Fe/H] ≤ –3.0, one of which is a main sequence turnoff star. Two other stars are revealed as likely carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars of type CEMP-s, and a known carbon star is re-identified. The results indicate that the statistical selection approach employed was successful, and therefore it can be applied to forthcoming even larger stellar spectroscopic surveys with the expectation of similar positive outcomes.
Quantitative determination of minimum spanning tree structures: using the pulsar tree for analysing the appearance of new classes of pulsars
Authors: García C R , Torres Diego F 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT
In this work, we introduce a quantitative methodology to define what is the main trunk and what are the significant branches of a minimum spanning tree (MST). We apply it to the pulsar tree, i.e. the MST of the pulsar population constructed upon a Euclidean distance over the pulsar’s intrinsic properties. Our method makes use of the betweenness centrality estimator, as well as of non-parametric tests to establish the distinct character of the defined branches. Armed with these concepts, we study how the pulsar population has evolved throughout history and analyse how to judge whether a new class of pulsars appears in new data, future surveys, or new incarnations of pulsar catalogs.
Probing large-scale ionizing background fluctuation with Lyman α forest and galaxy cross-correlation at z = 2.4
Authors: Long Heyang , Hirata Christopher M 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT
The amplitude of the metagalactic ultraviolet background (UVB) at large scales is impacted by two factors. First, it naturally attenuates at scales larger than mean-free path of UVB photons due to the absorption by neutral intergalactic medium. Second, there are discrete and rare ionizing sources distributing in the Universe, emitting the UVB photons, and thus enhancing the local UVB amplitude. Therefore, for cosmological probe that is sensitive to the UVB amplitude and capable of detecting the large scale like Lyman α forest spectrum, the fluctuation due to the clustering of ionizing sources becomes a significant factor for Lyman α flux transmission and leave imprints on Lyman α flux power spectrum at these large scales. In this work, we make use of a radiative transfer model that parametrizes the UVB source distribution by its bias bj and shot noise $\overline{n}_{\rm j}$. We estimate the constraints on this model through the cross-correlation between Lyman α forest survey and galaxy survey, using the DESI Lyman α forest survey and the Roman Space Telescope emission line galaxy survey as an example. We show the detection sensitivity improvement for UVB parameters from disjoint to maximal overlap of DESI + Roman survey strategy. We also show that the degeneracy of two ionizing source parameters can be broken by increasing the overlapping survey area. Our results motivate survey strategies more dedicated to probe the UVB large-scale fluctuations.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and stringent social distancing measures on health-related quality of life and COVID-19 infection rates in patients with rheumatic disease: a longitudinal analysis through the pandemic
Authors: Cox Natasha , Raizada Sabrina R , Barkham Nick , Venkatachalam Srinivasan , Sheeran Tom P , Adizie Tochukwu , Sapkota Hem , Scott Ian C , Muller Sara , Bateman James 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Objective
The aim was to evaluate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and stringent social isolation measures on patients with rheumatic disease (RD) from the beginning of the pandemic (April 2020).

Methods
In this UK-based single-centre, prospective, observational cohort study, all RD follow-up patients at our centre were invited by SMS text message in April 2020 to participate in the study. Participants completed questionnaires at four time points between April 2020 and December 2021. We collected demographics, clinically extremely vulnerable (CEV) status, short form 12 mental (MCS) and physical health component scores (PCS) for health-related quality of life, vaccination status, COVID-19 infection rates and incidence of long COVID.

Results
We enrolled 1605 patients (female, 69.0%; CEV, 46.5%); 906 of 1605 (56.4%) completed linked responses to our final questionnaire. MCS improved (+0.6, P &lt; 0.05), whereas PCS scores deteriorated (−1.4, P &lt; 0.001) between April 2020 and December 2021. CEV patients had worse mental and physical health scores than non-CEV patients at entry (PCS, 36.7 and 39.3, respectively, P &lt; 0.001; MCS, 40.9 and 43.0, respectively, P &lt; 0.001) and at each time point throughout the study; both mental and physical health outcomes were worse in CEV compared with non-CEV patients (P &lt; 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively). At study close, 148 of 906 (16.3%) reported COVID infection, with no difference in infection, vaccination or long COVID rates between CEV and non-CEV patients.

Conclusions
Mental and physical health in RD patients has changed throughout the pandemic; outcomes for both metrics of health were worse in CEV patients, although there were no differences in infection rates between the groups. These data might assist the understanding and planning of future health-care policy and social restrictions in RD patients.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov, www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04542031.
Factor Momentum
Authors: Arnott Robert D , Kalesnik Vitali , Linnainmaa Juhani T 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Factors display strong cross-sectional momentum that subsumes momentum in industries and other portfolio characteristics. The profits of all these momentum strategies—based on factors, industries, and other characteristics—significantly correlate with each other and therefore likely emanate from the same source. If factors display momentum, so will any set of portfolios with cross-sectional variation in factor loadings. Consistent with factors being at the root of momentum, we find that momentum in industry-neutral factors explains industry momentum, but industry momentum explains none of the factor momentum. Cross-sectional factor momentum concentrates in the first few highest-eigenvalue factors and is distinct from time-series factor momentum.
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Rheumatoid factor recognizes specific domains of the IgG heavy chain complexed with HLA class II molecules
Authors: Zhang Shanshan , Tsuji Hideaki , Jin Hui , Kitagori Koji , Akizuki Shuji , Nakashima Ran , Yoshifuji Hajime , Tanaka Masao , Arase Hisashi , Ohmura Koichiro , Morinobu Akio 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Objective
We previously reported that RF recognized the IgG heavy chain (IgGH)/RA-susceptible HLA class II molecule complex. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying HLA binding to and the RF recognition of IgGH.

Methods
We synthesized various types of IgGH segments, including VH, CH1, CH2 and CH3, and transfected them with or without HLA class II molecules into the Human Embryonic Kidney 293T cell line. IgGH single domains linked with the HLA-Cw3 peptide, which binds to the binding groove of the HLA class II molecule, were also synthesized. The expression of IgGH domains on the cell surface and their recognition by RF were examined using flow cytometry.

Results
Flag-tagged IgGH segments containing CH1 (CH1, VH-CH1, CH1-CH2, VH-CH1-CH2, CH1-CH2-CH3 and VH-CH1-CH2-CH3) were clearly presented on the cell surface by HLA-DR4, while segments without the CH1 domain were expressed at a low level, and the CH3 single domain was only weakly detected on the cell surface, even with HLA-DR4. We then transfected IgGH single domains linked to the Cw3 peptide together with HLA-DR4 and showed that RF-containing sera from RA patients only recognized the CH3 domain and none of the other single domains. When various segments without the Cw3 peptide were transfected with HLA-DR4, only the CH1-CH2-CH3 segment and full-length IgGH were detected by the sera of RA patients.

Conclusion
The CH1 domain of IgGH binds to the RA-susceptible HLA-DR molecule and is expressed on the cell surface. RF specifically recognizes the CH3 domain of the IgGH/HLA-DR4 complex.
Does Labetalol Trigger False Positive Drug Testing Results?
Authors: Bithi Nazmin , Merrigan Stephen D. , McMillin Gwendolyn A. 
Published: January 2023

Objectives
Labetalol, an α- and β-adrenergic antagonist used to treat hypertension in pregnancy has been blamed for causing false-positive amphetamine and methamphetamine results. In this study, we tested 3 concentrations of labetalol prepared with 4 specimen types (urine, plasma, meconium, and umbilical cord tissue), for amphetamine, methamphetamine, and several other drugs with screen and confirmation tests.

Methods
Residual drug-free specimens were pooled. Labetalol hydrochloride dissolved in methanol was used to prepare spikes in triplicate per specimen type (2.7, 50, and 100 μM), which were tested with 41 previously validated drug tests performed by immunoassay or liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

Results
Labetalol triggered false-positive amphetamine and methamphetamine results by immunoassay in meconium but did not trigger positive results for any of the targeted drugs or drug metabolites tested by LC-MS/MS. No positive results were generated by any immunoassay or LC-MS/MS test included in the study, when challenged with high concentrations of labetalol in urine, plasma, or umbilical cord tissue.

Conclusions
In summary, false-positive results can be generated by labetalol when tested by immunoassay, but false-positive results are not expected when testing is performed by highly specific analytical approaches such as LC-MS/MS.
HIV and obesity: updates in management strategies
Authors: Parra-Rodriguez Luis , O’Halloran Jane A. 
Published: January 2023

Purpose of review
Weight gain has emerged as an important problem in people with HIV (PWH). When dealing with obesity, PWH face additional challenges to those without HIV. Understanding the nature of the problem and the modern evidence is essential to optimize management and identify knowledge gaps.

Recent findings
Some PWH treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) gain unhealthy amounts of weight and develop consequences of obesity. Newer agents have been consistently associated with excessive weight gain. Key studies are underway to inform the optimal use of specific ART in PWH dealing with obesity. For weight management, behavioral interventions fostering a healthier and active lifestyle, coupled with pharmacological therapies such as glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists may be effective strategies in PWH, as recently demonstrated in those without HIV, although data in this regard is pending.

Summary
A growing body of research has come to light in recent years regarding weight gain and obesity in PWH. However, much of the knowledge that inform current practices is extrapolated from studies in people without HIV. Modern ART regimens may promote excessive weight gain in some, and more research is needed to optimize ART selection and the use of weight loss medications.