bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proliferation Curves
Authors: Koch Lisa Langdon 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that nuclear proliferation should be conceived of as a political process that hinges on decisions. These decisions are strongly linked to state interests and are made at the highest levels of government. Observable outcomes that follow from those decisions may not be reached for years, if ever. Types of nuclear decisions are identified. The chapter then presents empirical evidence of the proliferation pathways—which this book calls proliferation curves—taken by six nuclear weapons pursuers. The proliferation curves indicate that leaders do not pursue nuclear weapons in uniform ways. At first glance, nuclear decisions do not appear to be easily predictable.
The Permissive Period
Authors: Koch Lisa Langdon 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines nuclear decisions in the Soviet Union, Israel, and France. During the permissive period (1941–1964), states pursued nuclear weapons with relatively few external constraints. Across these three cases, nuclear decisions were made by both strong and weak leaders, within different types of political regimes, and in security contexts ranging from rivalry to existential threat. Nuclear acceleration decisions did not simply follow leaders’ interests in acquiring nuclear weapons, nor did they mirror the state’s security environment. Organizational interests and politics also played a role in shaping the course of each nuclear weapons program. The Soviet nuclear organization had the interest and capacity to silence opposing voices and influence nuclear decision making. Israel’s pursuit of nuclear weapons was marked by divided organizational preferences, especially within the military. High levels of secrecy and the nuclear agency’s legal informality further limited organizational influence on Israeli nuclear weapons development. In France, as domestic political conditions changed, the army either gained or lost leverage to influence nuclear decision making.
Technology and the Making of Experimental Film Culture
Authors: Powers John 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Bolex camera, 16 mm reversal film stocks, commercial film laboratories, and low-budget optical printers were the small-gauge media technologies that provided the infrastructure for experimental filmmaking at the height of its cultural impact. This book examines how the avant-garde embraced these material resources and invested them with meanings and values adjacent to those of semiprofessional film culture. By reasserting the physicality of the body in making time-lapse and kinesthetic sequences with the Bolex, filmmakers conversed with other art forms and integrated broader spheres of humanistic and scientific inquiry into their artistic process. Drawing from the photographic qualities of stocks such as Tri-X and Kodachrome, they discovered pliant metaphors that allowed them to connect their artistic practice to metaphysics, spiritualism, and Hollywood excess. By framing film labs as mystical or adversarial, they cultivated an oppositionality that valorized control over the artistic process. And by using the optical printer as a tool for excavating latent meaning out of found footage, they posited the reworking of images as fundamental to the exploration of personal and cultural identity. Providing new detail about the making of canonized avant-garde classics by such luminaries as Carolee Schneemann, Jack Smith, and Stan Brakhage, as well as rediscovering works from overlooked artists such as Chick Strand, Amy Halpern, and Gunvor Nelson, this book uses technology as a lens for examining the process of making: where ideas come from, how they are put into practice, and how arguments about those ideas foster cultural and artistic commitments and communities.
Orange is the New Corruption
Authors: Hale Henry E. , Onuch Olga 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the history of Ukraine from the 2004 Orange Revolution through the start of the Euromaidan mass mobilization in 2013. It examines how some members of the independence generation rallied to the civic nation while others like Zelensky did not yet join in. The hopes of the Orange Revolution were soon dashed as "politics as usual" returned in Ukraine, resulting in incessant and corrupt political battles among rival political-economic networks rather than true people power. Ukraine's masses grew increasingly disillusioned and even voted the Orange Revolution's chief villain, Viktor Yanukovych, into the presidency in a free and fair election. It was during this time, after working in Moscow, that Zelensky returned to Ukraine, founded his famous Kvartal 95 studio, and rose to prominence both as a performer and a media mogul. This position gave him major managerial experience, but also put him in the uncomfortable position of overseeing highly biased news coverage on the country's leading TV channel while simultaneously producing biting satire that lambasted Ukraine's political establishment, reflected the struggles of ordinary Ukrainians, and gained him considerable fame. His rise coincides with that of the independence generation and the continued strengthening of Ukraine's civic national identity.
The Art of Politics
Authors: Hale Henry E. , Onuch Olga 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The chapter explains the 2013 Euromaidan mass mobilization and assesses the resulting, important changes in Ukrainian politics and society. It also examines Zelensky's relationship to oligarchs and political life more generally. Yanukovych sparked the Euromaidan by moving Ukraine away from Europe, toward Russia. By violently attacking the protesters, he turned even more of the country against him, resulting in his February 2014 ouster and the election of a new president, Petro Poroshenko. Within weeks, Russia had seized Ukraine's Crimean peninsula and fomented insurgency in other Ukrainian regions, launching a war that would kill thousands yearly straight through 2022. While Zelensky lay low during the Euromaidan itself, his entertainment production ramped up its political content soon afterward, now giving special emphasis to Ukrainian civic identity, territorial integrity (including Crimea), the need to support Ukraine's military, criticism of the political establishment, and citizens' own duty to fight corruption in daily life as well as politics. The chapter examines his Servant of the People TV series and shows how it set the stage for his entry into electoral politics. Ukraine's civic national identity deepened considerably and became more firmly Euro-Atlantic in orientation. Zelensky's growing public appeal tapped into just this.
The Virtual Incumbent
Authors: Hale Henry E. , Onuch Olga 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses Zelensky's 2019 presidential campaign, explaining how the reputed "comedian" wound up winning Ukraine's largest presidential landslide election ever. His strategy, arguably unique, was not simply to run as an outsider or to emphasize social media (which he used very effectively), but to run as a virtual incumbent. This means not only that he ran while playing a president on a TV series that was being aired during the actual campaign, but also that he (like many actual incumbent presidents) forewent traditional campaigning practices like political rallies and instead emphasized continuing to do his job "as usual." In his case, this meant performing concerts and producing, appearing in, and advertising his shows. The chapter documents that he did, however, have a clear message in his campaign (one based on civic national identity and duty) and shows how it resonated more strongly with the Ukrainian population than did the messaging of his opponent, the actual incumbent Poroshenko. The chapter examines apparent support Zelensky received from key Ukrainian oligarchs, including media they owned, and how this compared to his chief rival.
President “Ze!”
Authors: Hale Henry E. , Onuch Olga 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses the Zelensky presidency from his 2019 election up until the night Russia launched its all-out war in February 2022. Zelensky's presidency compares favorably to past Ukrainian presidencies in terms of reforms enacted and the ability to win and sustain popular support, even though he had to face the additional challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. While many expected him to reverse key Poroshenko-era reforms, in fact he continued and deepened many of them, including language policy, decentralization, and military reform. Continuing to strike his central theme of civic national duty, Zelensky won many Ukrainians newly over to a pro-democracy, Euro-Atlantic orientation. Opponents' accusations of incompetence and cronyism are addressed, as are Zelensky's role in the Trump impeachment scandal and his relationship with oligarchs and corruption. The strongest case for his naivete is in his expectation that simply talking with Russia could end the war, though he quickly changed tactic. Unable to persuade or manipulate Zelensky, the Kremlin realized it no longer had any hope of winning over Ukraine by anything other than massive force, arguably explaining the Kremlin's war timing.
Fear and Insecurity
Authors: Leslie Jonathan G. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractTo observers of the Iran–Israel conflict, its vitriolic rhetoric might suggest an ancient hatred between Jews and Muslims--a biblical feud dating back hundreds, or thousands, of years. But this rivalry is a far more modern development. In this authoritative study, Jonathan G. Leslie examines the origins of the conflict. Drawing on extensive archival and open-source research, he concludes that--despite the animosity surrounding the Iran-Israel relationship--the twenty-first century's hostilities are not inevitable consequences of these nations' history, nor of contemporary political events. The intensification of tensions has been largely the product of one nation's efforts, with Israel viewing Iran as a far greater danger than Iran does Israel. Using a novel theoretical approach considering the power of narrative within historical context, Leslie outlines how Israel's leaders successfully reimagined their erstwhile ally Iran as an existential threat. Former Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu took this further, employing populist strategies in an attempt to rewrite history, depict Iran as a global menace, and recruit allies against the JCPOA nuclear deal. Fear and Insecurity provides important new insights into the history of the Iran–Israel conflict, and offers fresh prospects for defusing the tensions threatening both global and regional security.
Introduction
Authors: Leslie Jonathan G. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This book opens with a consideration of Jalal Al-e Ahmad's visit to Israel in 1963. During that trip, the famous Iranian intellectual, whose work would later inspire the leaders of the Islamic Revolution, observed both the promise and peril of an ambitious religious country seeking to establish its place in the Middle East. He came away largely impressed with what he saw, and in a subsequent travelogue, he speculated about the lessons the Jewish State held for his homeland. Al-e Ahmad's experience offers a glimpse of an Iran-Israel narrative that might have been, one that challenges the idea that the two nations were destined to become the bitter enemies they are today. This chapter sets the stage for the analysis to come by defining the distinction between the historical and threat narratives surrounding this conflict. It is the divergence of the latter from the former that forms the basis for the present-day hostility.
The Power of Narrative
Authors: Leslie Jonathan G. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractChapter 1 explores the power of narrative. This chapter begins by contextualizing the threat narrative as a species of the political version. A threat narrative empowers a leader to construct a policy agenda based on followers' fears and insecurity. The chapter continues with a discussion of how the recently developed theory of securitization modifies conventional international relations theory, and how a further modification into "populist securitization" provides a framework for understanding Benjamin Netanyahu's eventual success in constructing and disseminating a persistent threat narrative with the power to change the course of Middle East politics, foreign policy, and history. Netanyahu's Iran narrative enabled him to challenge both democratic governance at home and global stability abroad as he promoted and escalated Israel's conflict with Iran.
History
Authors: Leslie Jonathan G. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides the background for the analysis by detailing and analyzing Iran and Israel's historical relationship. Beginning in antiquity, this chapter guides the reader through the biblical accounts of interactions between Jews and Persians. These ancient interactions are significant for our modern understanding of two proud cultures, both of which value and utilize their history as part of their political and cultural identity. Ironically, their complex and complicated relationship does not support the simplistic account of historical enmity that exists today. This chapter also recounts how Israel's relationship with the ill-fated Iranian monarchy contributed to the anti-Shah fervor that culminated in the 1979 Islamic Revolution, and it offers insights into the oft-ignored subtleties and contradictions regarding both nations' policies in the early years of the Islamic Republic.
Messaging
Authors: Leslie Jonathan G. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Through the lens of populist securitization theory, this chapter focuses on the pivotal role of Benjamin Netanyahu in promoting, securitizing, and sustaining the Iran threat in Israeli society. It explores his return to political prominence in the late 2000s, from his takeover of the Likud Party to his re-ascension to prime minister in 2009. Analysis of his speeches and actions reveals how Netanyahu, speaking from a position of authority, succeeded in driving the urgency of confronting Iran, reframing the narrative of the contest between Israel and Iran from one of competing strategic interests into a Manichean struggle with potentially apocalyptic stakes. For much of this period, Netanyahu's foreign policy stand in stark contrast to that of Iran, which grew increasingly eager for reengagement with the West. When Iran signed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (a.k.a. the Iran Deal) in 2015, it appeared as though Iran had succeeded in its objective while Netanyahu had failed.
Iran and Israel in the Age of Populism
Authors: Leslie Jonathan G. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe final chapter details the surprising twists of history following the signing and implementation of the Iran Nuclear Deal. Thanks to the aid of a fellow populist leading the world's biggest superpower, Netanyahu was able to resurrect his populist securitization strategy and, by extension, his political fortunes. The global "wave of populism" that began in 2016 did not spare the United States, and the election of Donald Trump gifted Netanyahu a powerful ally in his competition against Iran. With Trump's help, Netanyahu sought to isolate Iran, renewing the fear that re-empowered hardliners in Tehran might seek to foster violence and mayhem in response. This version of Iran was a clear threat not only to Israel's existence but also to regional and global stability. Netanyahu exploited the Iranian reaction to Trump's "maximum pressure" campaign to chip away at Israel's historical regional isolation, pursuing ties with Arab states as a method of countering Iran.
From Contestation to Infighting
Authors: Hamming Tore 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Based on analytical frameworks inspired by the study of social movements and insurgencies, this chapter develops the book's theoretical perspective and empirical focus. Presenting an overview of episodes of intra-Jihadi conflict between 2013–2019, it illustrates the scope of Jihadi fratricide in recent years followed by a discussion of the drivers of such conflict. These involve specific narratives of conflict, inadequate institutionalization, and distinctive group and counter-group dynamics that all played a central role in enabling and promoting conflict.
Tracing the Islamic State’s Split from al-Qaida 1999–2014
Authors: Hamming Tore 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the relationship between al-Qaida and its Iraqi affiliate from the beginning of the affiliation to the splinter in 2013. It tells the story of how al-Qaida on several occasions faced challenges with its official affiliates or partners and the leadership's efforts of crisis management to mitigate negative impact and to guide the broader Jihadi movement. Focusing especially on the relationship to its Iraqi affiliate, the chapter offers a new and more complex narrative of the de-affiliation process and the growing factionalism that came to dominate al-Qaida's internal affairs. It presents the argument that the creation of the Islamic State of Iraq in 2006 is key to understanding the official splinter that materialized seven years later in 2013.
Diverging Attitudes
Authors: Hamming Tore 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter builds on the previous chapter's analysis of the escalation of conflict between al-Qaida and the Islamic State. It explains how conflict escalation was also driven by diverging attitudes to the Jihadi project and especially how the competing groups viewed the process of reaching their desired end state. For the Islamic State this involved the establishment of the caliphate and a process of sanctification while al-Qaida pursued a more gradualist approach. The chapter also describes how the Islamic State's rebellion, as a former affiliate in the global al-Qaida network, involved a challenge to the dominant authority within the Sunni Jihadi movement. This challenge was led by a group of younger Jihadi scholars and leaders who suddenly started to discredit and vilify their former teachers and superiors.
Al-Qaida and the Syrian Jihad
Authors: Hamming Tore 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Similar to the Islamic State, al-Qaida would from 2016 onwards face internal turbulence. This chapter covers the splintering of the al-Qaida network in Syria leading to the establishment of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham and the ensuing tensions with al-Qaida loyalists. While beginning as an organizational matter, it quickly turned ideological and resulted in further fragmentation of the Sunni Jihadi movement. Suddenly in opposition to its former brothers-in-arms in al-Qaida, Hayat Tahrir al-Sham's new strategy depended on regional hegemony in Idlib which occasionally involved violent confrontations with competing Jihadis. For those supportive of al-Qaida, the judgement was clear; Hayat Tahrir al-Sham was abandoning the true religious principles and it now represented a threat to the Jihadi project.
The Returns to Power
Authors: Remington Thomas F. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Returns to Power: A Political Theory of Economic Inequality argues that to understand why economic inequality in the United States is so high and is increasing, we must examine the policy choices made over the past four decades. Employing an unconventional comparative framework, the book shows how the market-oriented reforms in Russia and China after they dismantled their planned economic systems shed light on the causes and consequences of the recent surge of inequality in the United States. The book also discusses post–World War II Germany, where the reconstruction of the war-oriented, centrally controlled Nazi economy created a market system that provides widely shared prosperity, high growth, and robust democracy. The book details income and wealth inequality in the United States across multiple dimensions. It explains why rent-seeking fuels a self-reinforcing alliance between wealthy economic interests and government. It shows how inequality contributes to political polarization and extremism, undermining democracy. Finally, it proposes a new conception of economic and political liberalism.
The Threat to Democracy
Authors: Remington Thomas F. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This book argues that political forces, together with economic drivers such as technological change and globalization, have helped to produce extreme economic inequality in the United States. The book argues that our high income and wealth inequality threatens democracy. It fuels political polarization, which in turn contributes to the surge of right-wing extremism. It uses comparisons with Russia, China, and Germany to show different pathways a major turn to economic liberalization can take. Russia and China exhibit in extreme form tendencies that have played out in less dramatic fashion in the United States over the past four decades. Germany, on the other hand, offers an example of a country where the opening of the market economy brought about a more equal distribution of prosperity throughout society.
I Judge No One
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Why was Jesus, who said "I judge no one," put to death for a political crime? Of course, this is a historical question--but it is not only historical. Jesus' life became a philosophical theme in the first centuries of our era, when "pagan" and Christian philosophers clashed over the meaning of his sayings and the significance of his death. Modern philosophers, too, such as Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Nietzsche, have tried to retrace the arc of Jesus' life and death. I Judge No One is a philosophical reading of the four memoirs, or "gospels," that were fashioned by early Christ-believers and collected in the New Testament. It offers original ways of seeing a deeply enigmatic figure who calls himself the Son of Man. David Lloyd Dusenbury suggests that Jesus offered his contemporaries a scandalous double claim. First, that human judgements are pervasive and deceptive; and second, that even divine laws can only be fulfilled in the human experience of love. Though his life led inexorably to a grim political death, what Jesus' sayings revealed--and still reveal--is that our highest desires lie beyond the political.
“What Is This Wisdom?”
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In The Gospel of Thomas, one of Jesus' disciples says to him: "You are like a wise philosopher." Jesus has been a recurring figure in philosophical texts for twenty or twenty-one centuries. From the beginning, his sayings have been seen by certain "pagans" and Judaeans as wise. This chapter begins to show that the Galilean rabbi is originally depicted, in the gospels, as a philosophically intriguing figure. It is further argued that there seem to be echoes of Graeco–Roman philosophical sayings in the gospels. And it is shown, finally, that subtle differences in Jesus' sayings can be as revealing as their similarities to certain Graeco-Roman sayings.
Jesus and the Presentiment of Death
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Did Jesus know, before his capture, that he would face a hard death in Jerusalem? This chapter introduces the problem of Jesus' predictions of his own death in the gospels. What are these predictions? And are they credible? It is argued that Jesus' presentiments of death should not be dismissed by modern commentators. And it is suggested, further, that they should not merely be seen as instances of "prophecy." For the first-century philosopher Seneca wrote: "The wise man knows all the things that are in store for him." In a first-century context, Jesus' presentiments of death do not only mark him out as a prophetic figure, but as a philosophical one.