bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le pétrole dans l’économie du Moyen-Orient
Authors: Teilhac Ernest 
Published: August 2023

The oil industry is almost completely isolated from the rest of the Middle East economy , its whole activity being oriented towards outside markets. The Middle East economy thus remains largely cut off from the world economy. Yet this area produces 20 % of the world's oil and accounts for half the world's proven reserves. Since the beginning of the oil age,, however, it has supplied only 7% of the world's cumulative production. Natural gas, moreover, is nearly all «flared off » for lack of a profitable local market or transport facilities. Contracts between governments and oil firms do nothing to discourage this wastage.
Refining capacity , already small in relation to output, was further reduced by the closure of the Haifa and Abadan plants , leading to a vast increase in exports of crude products for refining in Europe. In spite of the Anglo-Iranian conflict the region has in fact become the world's largest oil exporter on account both of a sharply rising production and an insignificant local consumption.
The investments of oil firms in the region have increased very sharply in recent years, reaching a cumulative total of $ 2.000 million in 1951 , shared about equally by British and U. S. firms. Contracts between governments and firms have been revised with a view to substantially increasing royalties. The latter , after being used almost exclusively to finance current public expenditure, are being devoted to development schemes, but local investment opportunities on a sufficient scale to absorb these oil returns are lacking, because of low demand and absence of skilled personnel.
Regional integration around oil, on the lines of the European coal steel community, might help stimulate local development , and end local rivalries, whilst a greater internationalisation of Persian oil (e. g. by an extension of the 1954 agreement ending the Anglo-Iranian dispute) might provide the means of drawing the Middle East into the world economy.
Le pliopole et le développement économique
Authors: Capet Marcel F. 
Published: August 2023

Pliopoly and economic growth
Pliopoly (literally “ more numerous sellers " ) may be characterized with reference to the market or to the firm. In the first case it is defined as an increase in the number of firms on a market, in the second, by the creation or the extension of a firm on one or several markets. It follows that the definition, as with all definitions, is to some extent arbitrary due to the lack of precision of the notions of the firm and the market and, also, that the phenomenon can take on various forms according to whether there is the creation or the extension of a firm , or whether the newcomer remains independant or merges totally or partially with firms already established, as is often the case in French industry.
Pliopoly is the result, as is the case with all migratory phenomena, of a disparity between the new and the old situations. The new situation always presents obstacles for the newcomer. These obstacles may be more or less important and depend upon the level of the capital and knowledge necessary and upon the type of market and the personality of the newcomer. For example, the established firms hesitate to fight a too powerful newcomer and neglect the arrival of small competitors. The initial departure situation, by providing certain elements such as capital, technical and other knowledge, distribution and supply channels, predisposes a firm more or less towards partial or total emigration to another market. As a result pliopoly tends to take place only between certain milieux and in certain directions according to the relative dispositions of the two situations, and according to their bargaining power and the importance of stimulants which, moreover, change according to the economic climate.
Les schémas théoriques de la croissance de la firme
Authors: Krier Jane 
Published: August 2023

<i>Theoretical diagrams of the growth
of firms </i>
The analysis of the growth of the firm suggests that , before approaching the problem from new angles, it is useful to explore systematically the means offered by traditional techniques for the analysis of the firm. This is done here in three stages.
1. The growth of the “ firm unit of production ” to reach the optimum size is illustrated by the simultaneous and complementary use of cost and iso-product curves. In this way the problem of markets is stressed, the latter conditioning the size of the individual firm but implying a study of the importance for the firm itself of the scale of production of the entire industry.
2. The same methods of traditional analysis can be applied to hypotheses not studied by competition theory ; for example , decreasing and increasing costs and the existence of monopoly elements.
3. Finally, the study of the firm as a “ financial unit ” could be re-worked stressing particularly the problems of multiple products and commercial services.
Although it is not very ambitious this sort of analysis makes it possible to reach certain conclusions regarding the ends and means of growth and the conditions and factors which favour growth.
L'évolution économique et la politique financière d'Israël
Authors: Horowitz David , Hackett John W. 
Published: August 2023

The new economic policy of, Israel instituted in 1952 is described in relation to the basic problems of the country's economy and to the events of the period from 1948 to 1952.
The institutional framework of monetary policy in Israel and the legislation creating a central bank provide the background for an analysis of the characteristics of the new economic policy.
Finally, the monetary and financial situation in 1955 and early 1956 is examined together with the measures taken in the monetary field to correct the lack of balance in the economy.
Sur la quantité "suffisante" d'innovations et la distribution correcte de leurs effets quant à l'économie des facteurs de la production
Authors: Fellner William John 
Published: August 2023

Quantitative sufficiency of innovations and proper distrirut ion of their factor-saving effects
An essential characteristic of Western industrialized economies is that they have produced adequate offsets to the tendency toward diminishing returns. The relative abundance of capital should have produced a consistent and appreciable trend toward diminishing returns to investors. It seems, however, that very much of this tendency has been offset by improvements.
In order to achieve this result improvements must have been both sufficiently plentiful and properly distributed as regards their labour, land and capital saving effects. The importance of this distinction is demonstrated analytically and the long-term trends in the American economy are studied in the light of the theoretical model.
The evidence points to an overall sufficiency of improvements, to a significant uptrend in real wages and to a mild and not very consistent downtrend in rates of return to investors. Although advanced economies , for which data exist, seem to have been moving somewhere near the danger point of insufficient labour — saving, still the character of the innovational mechanism, seems to have adjusted, by and large, to the requirements set by relative resource scarcities.
These conclusions are compared with other explanations for the maintenance of the average productivities of the various factors of production such as Trade Unions, monopolies, taxes, and changes in product-mix.
The study concludes with an appreciation of the mechanism of induced improvements in so far as they concern advanced and underdeveloped economies.
Taux de profit et croissance dans les économies centralisées et planifiées de type soviétique
Authors: Spulber Nicolas , Montuori M. 
Published: August 2023

Profit rate and growth in the centralized planned economies of the soviet type.
The general accounting framework used for economic planning is presented and the place of profits, both planned and unplanned, in this system indicated. The structure of the overall product as between surplus value and the other items of cost indicates a higher percentage of surplus value than in capitalist economies. The evolution of profits as a source of budgetary receipts is also examined as well as the finance of investments.
On the whole it appears that profits play no role in the allocation of ressources except in the short-run in the framework of individual firms. The incentive role of profit is officialy stressed but, in practice, restricted. The total surplus drained off by taxes and profits is also determined globally in the plan. Finally, profits are less important than budget grants for the finance of investments.
Réflexions sur la zone sterling
Authors: Higonnet René Paul 
Published: August 2023

Thoughts on the sterling area
In this survey of recent developments in the United Kingdom and the sterling area, an attempt is made to assess the value and the conditions of success of a pluri-national economic framework.
The United Kingdom is confronted with the difficult problem of building up the large and persistent surplus which its leading role in the sterling area requires, without endangering the expansion of its economy. During the last few years, these two objectives have not been simultaneously attained ; the crisis of September 1957 has forced the United Kingdom government to sacrifice deliberately economic expansion in order to preserve the exchange rale of £1 = 2.8 $. This policy has reduced the volume of imports, the prices of which have fallen considerably, so that, temporarily at any rate, the surplus of current payments is presumably high.
The view is expressed that this deflationary monetary policy has been a costly one in terms of output losses, as it is more difficult and painful to fight by credit restriction a «cost-push» inflation than a «demand-pull» inflation.
It is further indicated that this restrictive British policy has had unfavourable repercussions on the rest of the sterling area, through a reduction of British demand for sterling commodities, through interference with long term investment and through a drain of liquid capital to London.
Since many balance of payments difficulties are due to monetary and fiscal policies related to the pursuit of more or less realistic rales of intended growth, attention is given to the coordination of rates of growth of sterling area countries. Implementation of such proposals as have been put forth is considered highly difficult to achieve.
Réflexions sur la sous-consommation
Authors: Baran Paul Alexander 
Published: August 2023

Reflections on underconsumption
The theory of underconsumption has never been held in great esteem in academic circles. However, if it is reformulated in terms of economic surplus, it can become a valuable instrument for the comprehension of economic development. The concept of economic surplus derives from a distinction between the useful and wasteful aspects of production and consumption.
In the United States, there has been a vast increase in the productivity of production workers since the end of the nineteenth century. But their real wages per unit of production have not followed. As a result, the number of non-productive workers has increased considerably.
This ever-increasing economic surplus is continually re-distributed in favour of a smaller number of giant firms. The latter find themselves obliged, however, to increase continually their expenditure for market research, publicity, technical innovations destined for product differentiation, etc. It follows that the amount of economic waste in society increases continually, aided by government expenditure, but each individual firm is unaware of this.
Du bilatéralisme à la convertibilité : quinze ans d’histoire monétaire internationale (1945-1960)
Authors: La Genière Renaud de 
Published: August 2023

The re-establishment of external convertibility for European currencies at the end of 1958 marked a great if not a final step forward towards the restoration of an international system of payments. It is 40 years since the Western world had an international monetary regime offering such security and facility of transactions, and there is no doubt that this earlier «great epoch » has provided some of the inspiration for national and interna¬ tional monetary authorities in recent years.
However, the characteristics and problems of the «ideal regime » of 1914 were not identical with those of to-day : it is of interest to examine recent history and the present situation with the differences in mind. The author does this in the examination of three successive topics : monetary bilateralism (1945-1950) ; the development of E.P.U., transferability and the libera¬ tion of international exchanges (1950-1958) ; convertibility and regional integrations.
Résultats, problèmes et méthodes de l’industrialisation chinoise
Authors: Noirot P. , Lavallée Léon 
Published: August 2023

The authors emphasise the importance of recent industrial development in China, both for other under-developed countries and for the world at large. The nature of industrialisation is then explained, first by means of statistics describing the «considerable results » of industrial development, then by examination of the nature and evolution of Chinese policy towards the industrialisation process.
A final comment compares the growth of Chinese industrial production in 1958 favourably with that of Japan, and emphasises that Chinese industrialisation has been fundamentally socialist in character.
L'offre d'inventeurs et d'inventions
Authors: Machlup Fritz 
Published: August 2023

The Supply of Inventors and Inventions
In the author’s discussion of the supply of inventions , supply is understood in the sense of hypothetical variations of the flows of new inventions becoming available for eventual industrial application as in response to variations in the compensation society offers to those who undertake the production of inventions.
The author first analyses the supply of inventive labour, by trying to answer questions like : Why inventors invent ? When ? Why are there differences in quality among inventors ? And why is new recruitment sometimes so difficult ?
The quality differences are analysed in the perspective of short-run and long-run supply. The author tries to measure the elasticity of supply for the research worker. The author attempts to justify the fact that the flow of inventions can be measured, but inventions are different in quality and there is the problem of weighing their importance. Inventions are produced in firms, the Invention Industry and its particular problems are also described.
The author tries to explain why some inventions are used while most of them are rejected.
In his conclusion the author tells us about four shrinkages that limit the inventive activity :
1. Shortage of inventive labour.
2. Shortage of inventive labour capacity.
3. Shortage of new raw inventions.
4. Shortage of effective, workable inventions.
Les transformations sociales du système économique capitaliste
Authors: Sellier François 
Published: August 2023

L’équilibre économique — lorsqu’il tend vers un optimum — correspond à l’observation de règles de rationalité concernant les moyens et les résultats du fonctionnement. Il s’obtient aussi compte tenu de règles qui se rapportent à l’équilibre social entre les acteurs, entre des rationalités dominantes ou concurrentes concernant les objectifs ou les fins.
Est-ce que les transformations sociales du système ont altéré sa rationalité des moyens ? Ont-elles modifié l’équilibre des rationalités d’objectifs entre les acteurs ?
Du sacrifice de l’équilibre social à l’aggravation des déséquilibres économiques
Authors: Mills Catherine 
Published: August 2023

Le système de sécurité sociale s’est imposé historiquement comme une réponse à la crise de la régulation du système économique qui s’était manifestée lors de la grande dépression des années 30. Il exprimait la nécessité d’un dépassement de la coupure économique-social pérennisée par la théorie néo-classique source d’un rétrécissement du champ de la politique sociale. Il faisait de la restauration de l’équihbre social par la couverture des déséquilibres sociaux une condition de la régulation, de l’équilibre du système économique.
La crise actuelle de la régulation du système économique procède, selon nous, de la recherche d’un équilibre économique au sens étroit qui a conduit, sous couvert d’un équilibre comptable de la sécurité sociale à sacrifier l’équilibre social. Le système de sécurité sociale ne parvient plus à jouer son rôle régulateur des coûts sociaux. La crise du système de sécurité sociale aggrave donc la crise du système économique.
Il importe, au contraire, pour sortir de la crise actuelle, de redonner à la sécurité sociale les moyens d’accomplir sa mission de couverture des coûts sociaux et de promotion du progrès social comme moteur d’un autre type de développement centré sur la “dynamique des besoins sociaux”.
Interpénétration des capitaux et concurrence industrielle mondiale
Authors: Laubier Dominique de , Richemond Alain 
Published: August 2023

En modifiant profondément l’environnement international et les conditions dans lesquelles s’exerce désormais la compétition entre les nations industrielles, la crise amorcée en 1973 a eu un impact sensible sur le développement des investissements directs à travers le monde. Après avoir connu une croissance rapide, les investissements plafonnent, au moins provisoirement, cependant que l’importance relative des Etats-Unis comme investisseurs s’amenuise au profit de l’Allemagne et du Japon, dont les firmes multiplient les implantations à l’extérieur.
Le redéploiement industriel provoqué par la crise n’entraîne en réalité qu’un faible accroissement de la part des investissements orientée vers les pays en voie de développement. En fait, l’essentiel, notamment dans le secteur manufacturier, continue à être réalisé dans les pays industriels par des firmes appartenant à d’autres pays industriels.
Ainsi observe-t-on une interpénétration croissante des capitaux entre pays industriels qui n’a fait qu’accompagner celle des flux commerciaux entre les mêmes partenaires.
La dynamique de l’investissement international qui s’observe principalement entre pays développés agit sur les dynamiques internes et contribue à structurer les interdépendances industrielles mondiales. A l’instar de l’évolution des flux commerciaux, on peut représenter les mouvements d’investissements étrangers grâce à un effet gravitationnel où l’importance du marché constitue le pôle d’attraction déterminant. Cet effet gravitationnel se trouve renforcé par la forte corrélation existant entre la lutte pour le partage du “revenu mondial” et l’effort d’investissement à l’étranger des pays industrialisés : parallèlement à une politique de spécialisation internationale se développe une politique d’implantations durables à l’étranger. Menées ensemble, ces deux politiques permettent de mieux maîtriser les marchés solvables des économies développées. Ce mouvement contribue à une interpénétration plus poussée des économies occidentales qu’il est nécessaire aujourd’hui de mettre au premier plan de toute analyse sur le devenir de l’économie mondiale.
Sélection d’un point d’équilibre dans une situation de négociation avec coûts d’opportunité
Authors: Selten Reinhard , Leopold-Wildburger Ulrike 
Published: August 2023

L’objectif de ce papier est d’appliquer la Théorie de sélection d’un point d’équilibre de Harsanyi et Selten (1980) à un simple modèle de négociation avec coûts d’opportunité.
Le modèle est un jeu bimatriciel 3x3. Le jeu admet 3 points d’équilibre en stratégies pures. Deux de ces points d’équilibre corres- pondent aux accords possibles et le troisième est une paire de stratégies impliquant un point mort. On montre que chacun de ces points d’équilibre peut être une solution du jeu pour des combinaisons différentes de paramètres.
Avec l’aide de la théorie de sélection d’un point d’équilibre on détermine une seule solution pour chaque combinaison de paramètres.
Renouvellement du capital, croissance et productivité. Une analyse empirique sur l’industrie française
Authors: Cette Gilbert , Guellec Dominique 
Published: August 2023

La productivité totale des facteurs aurait fléchi au moment du premier choc pétrolier dans l’industrie manufacturière française, du fait d’un ralentissement de la productivité du travail, puis se serait très légèrement redressée au milieu des années 80 à cause d’une amélioration de la productivité du capital. Mais ce redressement est principalement lié au renouvellement de l ’ outil de production et à une meilleure utilisation des facteurs, car les effets propres du progrès technique ralentissent successivement au moment du premier choc pétrolier et au milieu des années 80.
Les effets du progrès technique paraissent empiriquement liés aux rythmes de la croissance enregistrés antérieurement. Ce résultat suggère une relation croissance-productivité cohérente avec les théories dites de la croissance endogène.
Degré de dépendance face aux prix étrangers d’un secteur exportateur d’un petit pays : une application à l’industrie du Luxembourg
Authors: Krecké Carine , Pieretti Patrice 
Published: August 2023

La compétitivité-prix d’une industrie exclusivement exportatrice dépend de la mesure dans laquelle les prix à l’exportation sont contraints par les prix concurrents étrangers. Dans ce contexte il est usuel de parler de comportements qui sont soit price-taker soit price-setter. Une approche plus souple en termes de stratégie mixte combinant ces deux comportements extrêmes semble cependant plus adéquate.
Dans ce but, l’article propose une modélisation de l'arbitrage-rentabilité unitaire contre compétitivité-prix d’un exportateur représentatif faisant face à une demande étrangère paramétrisée en fonction du taux de change réel. Ce modèle aboutit à une forme testable mettant en relation un indicateur de marge avec un indicateur de compétitivité général, ce dernier faisant la synthèse des grandeurs exogènes du modèle. Pour les besoins d’une analyse empirique on utilise les données de l’industrie luxembourgeoise. Dans la mesure où l'ajustement des marges et des prix est un processus dynamique, le comportement des producteurs domestiques est formalisé sous forme d’un modèle à correction d’erreurs. L’analyse économétrique met en évidence un comportement divergent entre l’industrie sidérurgique luxembourgeoise et l'ensemble des branches industrielles hors sidérurgie. Si l’hypothèse du price-taker est corroborée pour la sidérurgie, elle ne l’est pas pour l’industrie manufacturière hors sidérurgie, pour laquelle une importante marge de manœuvre quant à la fixation des prix à l'exportation semble exister.
A Macro-econometric Measurement of the Degree of Financial Integration in MENA Region
Authors: Ben Slimane Sarra , Ben Tahar Moez 
Published: August 2023

L'objectif de cet article est d'étudier le degré de mobilité internationale des capitaux dans la région MENA, en faisant référence à la méthodologie de Feldstein et Horioka (1980). En nous appuyant sur les travaux les plus récents, nous interprétons la relation de coïntégration de long terme entre l'épargne et l'investissement domestique comme la conséquence de la présence d'une contrainte de solvabilité du compte courant.
Pour mesurer plus efficacement l'intégration financière, nous utilisons le modèle à correction d'erreur en donnée de panel, pour 9 pays de la région MENA, sur la période de 1960-2007. Les tests de coïntégration affirment la présence d’une relation de long terme entre l’épargne et l'investissement domestique, indiquant la présence de la contrainte de solvabilité externe, pour les pays de la région MENA. Le coefficient de corrélation de court terme est significativement proche de zéro, indiquant une relative mobilité des capitaux dans cette région.