bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of Nonspecific Virus-Neutralizing Properties in Sera of Some Neotropic Mammals
Authors: Koprowski Hilary 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It was found that the sera of certain species of marsupials and rodents captured in Brazil, notably Didelphis marsupialis, and members of the genus Oryzomys, which gave a positive neutralization test with yellow fever virus, also as a rule inactivated one or more of the following viruses, Japanese B, St. Louis and West Nile.
It is believed that the antiviral activity of these sera is due to the presence of some non-specific virus-inactivating substance which is unrelated to previous infection with yellow fever virus, as experimental inoculation of this virus into the same species of animals elicits an immune response specific for yellow fever virus only.
This non-specific inactivation of yellow fever virus is demonstrable by both the intracerebral and intraperitoneal neutralization test techniques.
The virus inactivating substance is not destroyed by heat (56°C.), and while subject to periodic fluctuation in the blood of an animal, may be present in sufficient amount to inactivate a very high concentration of yellow fever virus.
The practical application of comparative neutralization tests in epidemiological studies is discussed.
Quantitative Estimation of O Agglutinins in Typhoid Sera
Authors: Gurevitch J. , Ephrati E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A quantitative microchemical method has been applied to the determination of O agglutinins in sera of typhoid fever patients, rabbit antisera and sera of vaccinated persons.
The antibody N values in typhoid sera have been found to range from 0.056 mg/ml to 0.190 mg/ml with a considerable increase in later stages of the illness, and in accordance with the rise in the agglutinative titer.
The antibody N values for persons vaccinated three to five months previously were only about 25 per cent as compared with patients' sera.
The Transition Forms of Blood Groups
Authors: Hirszfeld Ludwik 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The O antigen is met with in most A and B blood cells and appears independently of their heterozygoty. It manifests itself in different degrees in various groups; that is to say O τ; A2 τ; B τ; A. The O-residues may be explained by an incomplete mutation of the O gene in the direction of A and B or vice versa. This O-remnant inhibits the anti-O formation. And so the inagglutinability of the group O by isosera can be explained as the result of an incomplete mutation of the O, A, B genes. A general law reflecting the serological consequence of mutation may be: The isoantibodies against the primary factor are absent when the mutations are incomplete. The blood corpuscles A or B of equal contents of the residual O belong according to the author to one pleiade, an idea which can replace the notion of subgroups. By means of appropriate methods further subgroups (pleiades) have been found. It is proposed to term them A5, A4, A3, A2, Am, Ar, Aj, Ac and B2, Bm, Br, Bj, etc. In such a way an international understanding of the subgroups seems to be possible. The observations indicate as a general law that the more advanced forms dominate the less advanced, containing more of the residual O. This can be applied not only for subgroups within A and B, but it embraces also the genetic conditions between A and B. It may be that this can have a practical importance in the cases requiring exclusion of paternity.
The Action of Urea and Some of Its Derivatives on Bacteria
Authors: Weinstein Louis 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Discussion
Propyl and isopropyl carbamate were found to possess potent bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties against a number of gram-negative and 2 gram-positive organisms. The range of anti-bacterial activity was greater than that of urea, methyl, or ethyl carbamate. Propyl urea appeared to be approximately 3 times more potent than urethane and 6 times more effective than urea in its bacteriostatic properties, and about 4 times as powerful as urethane and 8 to 10 times more potent than urea in killing bacteria.
All the studies carried out to this point indicate that when one of the NH2 groups in urea is replaced by a CH3 radical the antibacterial properties are increased, and that increasing the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain of the substituted compound results in further augmentation of antibacterial effect. Thus, urethane was found to be more potent than urea, and propyl carbamate more effective than the ethyl compound. That the configuration of the carbonatom chain in the urea derivative plays no role in determining the antibacterial effects is shown by the fact that isopropyl carbamate was no more and no less active than the straight-chain compound.
Nonbacteriostatic quantities of propyl carbamate when combined with amounts of sulfanilamide that did not in themselves inhibit bacterial growth resulted in a mixture possessing bacteriostatic properties. It was impossible to ascertain whether this effect was additive or synergistic.
Propyl and isopropyl carbamate were found to resemble urea and urethane in their ability to inhibit the action of para-aminobenzoic acid on sulfonamide. The propyl compounds, however, appeared to be more potent in this respect than urea or ethyl carbamate, since the same degree of effect was observed using appreciably smaller concentrations than those necessary with the latter substances. The neutralization of PABA was found to occur only over a short range of concentration of this compound and to persist for only a relatively short time.
Antigenicity of Gas Gangrene Toxoids in Guinea Pigs, Mice, and Human Beings
Authors: Adams Mark H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cl. welchii and Cl. novyi toxoids have been assayed for antigenicity in mice, guinea pigs and human beings. It is felt that preliminary assay of these toxoids in guinea pigs shows a better correlation with the results in human beings than does the mouse assay. The antigenic response of guinea pigs to a single dose of alum-precipitated toxoid is a fair indication of the human response to two doses of the same toxoid. With divalent alum-precipitated toxoid containing 15 Lb of Cl. welchii toxoid and 60 L+ doses of Cl. novyi toxoid, detectable Cl. welchii antitoxin appeared in about 50 per cent and Cl. novyi antitoxin in about 75 per cent of the individuals given a primary course of two injections one month apart. Evidence is presented in the following paper (11) that a single booster dose given 5 to 6 months later will raise the proportion of individuals with detectable circulating antitoxins to at least 90 per cent. The antibody response to the booster dose of toxoid occurs between the seventh and ninth day after injection and reaches a peak by the fourteenth day.
Local and systemic reactions to these toxoids have been for the most part mild, and typical of reactions observed routinely with alum-precipitated tetanal and diphtherial toxoids. Further work on methods for production of gas gangrene toxoids should greatly decrease the frequency and severity of such reactions.
A Quantitative Study of Passive Anaphylaxis in the Guinea Pig. III
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Coffin Grange S. , Smith David J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The relationships in passive anaphylaxis between the sensitizing dose of antibody, the shock dose of antigen and the severity of anaphylactic shock in the guinea pig have been investigated for the ovalbumin, tobacco mosaic virus, SIII and their homologous rabbit antibodies and for the cross reaction between SVIII and anti-SIII. The sera of guinea pigs sensitized with varying quantities of antibody were assayed for circulating antibody by the micro quantitative precipitin method at the time when shock would usually be elicited. The significance of differences in the quantitative relationships required for anaphylactic shock in the various antigen-antibody systems and the influence of circulating antibody on the severity of anaphylaxis is discussed.
Heredity of the Rh Blood Types
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Sonn-Gordon Eve B. , Handman Lillian 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The genetic theory and nomenclature of the Rh-Hr blood-types are reviewed and it is demonstrated how the present notations can be extended to include additional hypothetical Rh-Hr factors. Results of studies of the Rh-Hr blood-types in 226 new families with 326 children are presented and the findings are completely in accord with the expectations under the theory of multiple allelic genes.
Factors Influencing the Growth of Rickettsiæ
Authors: Smadel Joseph E. , Jackson Elizabeth B. , Gauld Ross L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Streptomycin produced a rickettsiostatic effect in embryonated eggs infected with R. prowazeki, R. mooseri, D. rickettsi, or R. akari, but had little or no effect on R. orientalis in the doses employed. This effect was demonstrable in some instances with amounts as small as 1 mg per egg, a dose which results in a concentration in embryo and fluids of about 2 mg per cent. Although the results in such experiments were statistically significant, the actual prolongation of life in the group of treated embryos was not great. On the other hand, the administration of 10 mg per egg resulted in a distinct lengthening of life of embryos infected with the four organisms.
Experiments in which preparations of streptomycin containing different amounts of impurities were employed, and others in which the bacteriostatic activity of the materials was reduced by treatment with semicarbazide, seemed to indicate that the antibacterial and antirickettsial effect of the substance went hand in hand.
Dihydrostreptomycin had some rickettsiostatic activity but it is less than that of streptomycin.
Combined treatment of embryos infected with the four susceptible rickettsiæ with 10 mg of streptomycin and 0.5 mg of para-aminobenzoic acid resulted in a more striking inhibition of growth than was obtained with similar amounts of either drug alone. In a like manner, 10 mg of streptomycin and 0.4 mg of nitroacridine displayed an additive effect in embryos infected with R. mooseri and D. rickettsi. The possible usefulness of this synergy in the treatment of rickettsial infections in man is postulated.
Several biologically active materials, namely, tryptophan, riboflavin, folic acid and two of its related compounds, had no demonstrable effect in the amounts employed on the growth of rickettsiæ in embryonated eggs. Furthermore, these substances did not influence the rickettsiostatic effect of paraaminobenzoic acid when tested under similar conditions.
Studies on the Antigenicity, in Man, of Calcium Phosphate Adsorbed Influenza Virus; with Comments on the Question of Dose of Virus Needed in Vaccines for Human Use
Authors: Salk Jonas E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of experiments carried out thus far on the antigenicity in man of calcium phosphate adsorbed influenza virus have been presented and discussed.
In no instance was the adsorbed virus a less effective antigen, and in 2 of 3 experiments higher mean antibody titers developed in subjects given the adsorbed, as compared with a corresponding amount of unadsorbed antigen.
Certain of the data suggest the possibility that a small amount of antigen adsorbed on calcium phosphate may produce an antibody response similar in degree to that resulting from the use of a relatively larger amount of unadsorbed virus. The trends observed require further study.
Since an opportunity has not yet been had for direct observation of immunizing effect during an epidemic, an indirect approach was employed for obtaining some estimate of the degree to which the vaccines examined in the present studies may satisfy the requirements for an immunizing agent. By comparison with sera from the 1943–44 study in which the effectiveness of vaccination was demonstrated against influenza A, it appears that the vaccines studied would have been at least as effective as those which had been proved effective in trials during an epidemic, had they been tested under similar circumstances. Moreover, from the degree of the antibody response and the degree of persistence of the elevated titers, in relation to antibody zones associated with different degrees of susceptibility, it would appear that the immunizing effect would have been maintained at a high level for at least 7 months (the longest interval tested thus far).
In view of the indications that it is possible to achieve and maintain what appear to be adequate levels of antibody, with the quantities of virus present in unconcentrated allantoic fluid, the question of the optimal concentration of virus for vaccines has been discussed.
With the quantities of virus contained in the vaccines studied, no systemic reactions occurred and the concentrations of calcium phosphate employed in combination with these quantities of virus produced no untoward effects.
Precipitin-Testing and Its Three-Dimensional Expression
Authors: Bolton Ellis T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of a series of quantitative turbidimetric precipitin-tests when plotted according to a three-dimensional scheme define the extent of the precipitin-reaction under study and describe the quantity of reaction in terms of the amount of precipitate formed over the range of visible antigen-antibody combination. The results of the ring-test methods and the method of optimal proportions when placed on the three-dimensional surface are observed to be of far less value in the description of the precipitin-reaction than is the quantitative turbidimetric method, for the information they yield may be not only fragmentary but sometimes misleading.
Further implications of the three-dimensional expression of the results of precipitin-studies are under investigation.
Shigella Rio, A New Type of Shigella
Authors: Weil A. J. , de Assis A. , Slafkovsky H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three strains of similar antigenic and cultural behavior were isolated from cases of diarrhoeic infection. Their cultural properties suggest their inclusion in the genus Shigella. They have a characteristic major antigen different from any of the presently known Shigellæ; their secondary antigens are essentially similar to those found in phase B of Sh. paradysenteriæ type IV. The designation Shigella rio is suggested for these microorganisms.
Responses of Human Subjects to Vaccines in Saline-in-Mineral Oil Emulsion
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Halbert Seymour P. , Smolens Joseph 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A total of 3.0 billion Shigella paradysenteriae bacterial cells in saline or totals of 0.6 and 1.2 billion cells emulsified in mineral oil were administered to groups of human subjects. The subjects experienced slight but similar systemic reactions; increases in mouse protective antibody titers were of low order and similar in the saline and oil vaccine groups. One abscess attributable and one possibly attributable to the oil vaccine developed out of a total of 140 oil injection sites. Under the conditions in which they were tested in humans, the oil emulsion vaccines did not show a marked improvement of the antigenicity to toxicity ratios.
Observations on Antibiotic Coaction of Gramicidin and Penicillin on Streptococci and Staphylococci in Vitro
Authors: Foley E. J. , Lee S. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Gramicidin in minimal effective concentrations has a more rapid bactericidal action on susceptible bacteria than does penicillin in amounts approaching minimum effective concentrations.
Mixtures of gramicidin and penicillin have a more efficient bactericidal and bacteriostatic action than either drug when used alone in comparable quantities.
Attempt to Produce Protection against Mosquitoes by Active Immunization
Authors: Dubin I. N. , Reese J. D. , Seamans Lois A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In this experiment the attempt to protect rabbits against mosquitoes by vaccination with mosquito antigen proved unsuccessful. Moreover, the rabbits so inoculated with a crude suspension of mosquitoes became sensitized to mosquito bites in contrast to the normal non-sensitive rabbits. The sensitized rabbits showed large indurated reddened papules at the site of the bites. These cutaneous reactions began in about 30 minutes and reached their maximum size at about 5 hours.
Attempts at desensitization of the sensitive animals were unsuccessful under conditions of the present experiment. Passive transfer of the sensitivity to normal animals was also tried but without success.
The Antirickettsial Effect of Thionine Dyes. II on the Mode of Action of the Thionine Dyes in Combatting Experimental Infections of Mice with Rickettsia Orientalis and Rickettsia Mooseri
Authors: Fox John P. , Peterson Osler L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Toluidine blue (TB) and methylene blue MB exert against R. orientalis, in vitro, only a slight rickettsiacidal effect, which is independent of light or oxygen.
Treatment with TB or MB of mice infected with R. orientalis impedes the localization and multiplication of rickettsiae in the brain, causes a diminution in the infectivity of the blood, and results in an inconstant inhibition of rickettsial multiplication in the liver. However, maximal tolerated doses of dye do not prevent small infecting doses of rickettsiae from initiating an immunizing infection; greater, eventually lethal, amounts of dye do not exert a completely suppressive effect; and, finally, great prolongation of treatment (a total of 65 days) does not sterilize the tissues.
As a corollary observation, a strain of rickettsiae recovered after the prolonged treatment shows no evidence of having become fast to MB.
As shown by limited histopathologic observations, MB largely prevents the development of the anatomic lesions of scrub typhus but, presumably secondary to its destructive effect upon red cells, does exert a marked stimulus to hemopoietic activity.
As noted by other workers, treatment with MB is effective against experimental murine typhus. In mice receiving such treatment, however, no inhibition of rickettsial multiplication in the liver is demonstrable.
In addition to TB and MB, six structurally related compounds, azure C, azure A, brilliant cresyl blue, azure B, thionin blue, and selenium methylene blue, also are effective in combatting rickettsial infections. In contrast, an additional and greater number of related compounds appear to possess no such activity.
The foregoing evidence does not permit definite conclusions to be drawn regarding the mode of action of TB and MB in combatting rickettsial infections. It is suggested that the mechanism is independent of the in vitro rickettsiacidal activity of the dyes and is only partly dependent upon the irregular rickettsiostatic effect observed in vivo. An additional possibility is that the dyes also operate to spare the cells from the usual harmful effects produced by the rickettsiae by virtue of their ability to mediate intracellular oxidation. A survey of related compounds further indicates that antirickettsial activity requires some degree of structural specificity.
Reactions to Concentrated Influenza Virus Vaccines
Authors: Salk Jonas E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of a series of experiments on reactions and immunological responses to different doses of influenza virus vaccine have been presented and discussed.
It was found that the frequency and severity of influenza-like symptoms and fever following inoculation of human subjects was related to the quantity of virus injected. Moreover, the data indicate that the reactions were due to a property of the virus and not to “impurities”. It was observed that a previous inoculation, associated with febrile reaction, did not prevent the occurrence of a similar reaction 6 months later. The question of the nature of the reactions that occurred has been discussed.
The serological data obtained in groups given different doses of virus revealed that the sensitivity of the human subject is such that the amount of virus injected can be varied within rather broad limits without corresponding variation in antibody response.
In the light of the correlated studies on reactions and immunological response, the question of dose of virus for vaccines has been discussed.
Lymphocytopenia in Rabbits Following Intravenous Injection of Influenzal Virus
Authors: Harris Susanna , Henle Werner 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The intravenous injection of allantoic fluid infected with the viruses of influenza Types A or B into rabbits led within a short period of time (3 hours) to a marked lymphocytopenia which lasted several hours. The decrease in lymphocytes amounted to more than 70 per cent of the original count in the average of 50 rabbits thus treated. The lymphocytopenic effect of infected allantoic fluids could not be separated from the virus particle by centrifugation and was type-specifically neutralized by rabbit immune sera. Lymphocytopenia of a similar extent was obtained also by the injection of the virus of mumps, rough pneumococci and nucleoproteins derived from hemolytic streptococci. The administration of normal allantoic fluid, horse blood or immune or normal rabbit sera was without effect on the lymphocytes. The lymphocytopenia was not accompanied by an anamnestic reaction in rabbits previously immunized with certain antigens. The granulocytes exhibited unaltered phagocytic activity. These data are discussed in the light of the alarm reaction.
The Serial Passage of Hodgkin's Disease Tissue Extract in Chicken Eggs
Authors: Bostick Warren L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Serial passage in a total of 2700 chicken eggs of extracts (usually filtered) from 20 cases of Hodgkin's disease revealed a small but statistically significantly greater mean mortality of the chick embryos from that of control series injected with extracts from other types of tumors and tissues. This difference was demonstrated by the amniotic sac injection. The yolk sac injection did not reveal such a difference. No characteristic gross or microscopic lesions were noted. These findings suggest the presence of a filtrable and serially passable factor in the Hodgkin's disease lymph nodes which causes an increased mortality in chicken embryos. Further investigations are being carried out.
The Biological Assay of Diphtherial Toxoid
Authors: Greenberg Louis , Roblin Marion 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three methods for the biological assay of diphtherial toxoid have been presented. Due to economy of animals and other practical considerations, the method involving the skin test as the challenging dose has been selected as the method of choice. Prigge's observations on the value of Lf determinations have been discussed. One provisional standard was used for testing all types of toxoid throughout this work. For convenience, an arbitrary unitage was established and the toxoids assayed are reported in terms of units.
The Application of the Falling Drop Technic
Authors: Lipton Murray M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method has been presented for the quantitative determination of antibody nitrogen. For the analysis of unknowns it was necessary to obtain the density difference of an NaOH solution of the antigen-antibody precipitate and to find the corresponding nitrogen value by projection on a correlation curve (prepared as described under methods) in which antibody nitrogen is the ordinate and the corresponding density difference is the abscissa.
When the data were analyzed an average variation of 5 per cent was found for a total of 83 samples when the results were compared with those obtained by the micro-Kjeldahl procedure.