bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Approaches to Accident Analysis in Recent U.S. Department of Energy Environmental Impact Statements
Authors: Mueller Charles , Folga Stephen , Nabelssi Bassel 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A review of accident analyses in recent U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) was conducted to evaluate the consistency among approaches and to compare these approaches with existing DOE guidance. The review considered several components of an accident analysis: the overall scope, which in turn should reflect the scope of the EIS; the spectrum of accidents considered; the methods and assumptions used to determine frequencies or frequency ranges for the accident sequences; and the assumptions and technical bases for developing radiological and chemical atmospheric source terms and for calculating the consequences of airborne releases. The review also considered the range of results generated with respect to impacts on various worker and general populations. In this paper, the findings of these reviews are presented and methods recommended for improving consistency among EISs and bringing them more into line with existing DOE guidance.
The Grate Debate
Authors: Brickman Dennis B. , Barnett Ralph L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The grate debate focuses on two important aspects of grating design, flow function and barrier guarding. In general, it is impossible when utilizing grating to simultaneously achieve the required function and adequate human protection. This paper outlines the leading philosophical positions and technical theories of barrier guarding that are required to resolve this risk-utility dilemma.
Building on Small Scale Pilots: Field Testing the Necessary and Sufficient Closure Process
Authors: Short David W. , Parzyck Dennis C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
After months of research, discussion, and effort, a process for arriving at Work Smart Standards sets was accepted for field testing by the DOE Department Standards Committee. This Necessary and Sufficient Closure Process was applied at nine locations throughout the DOE complex, locations chosen to offer a wide variety of sites and work scopes. The Committee wanted proof that reliable Work Smart Standards sets could be selected consistently across the range of DOE sites, facilities, and work activities. The Committee got the evidence it needed. Whenever and wherever a Pilot demonstration followed the process rigorously, a reliable Work Smart Standards set was selected, confirmed, and approved. Indeed, the results from these “Pilot demonstrations” were so promising that fifteen “Second Round” Work Smart Standards applications are underway, with more in the wings. Results including increased safety, reduced risk, costs avoided, and costs saved are already significant.
Predicted Dynamic Strength and Durability of a Network Interface Unit (NIU) Enclosure
Authors: Uschitsky M. , Suhir E. , Shepherd L. , Lambert W. R. , Zimmerman M. A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The Network Interface Unit (NIU) enclosures might be subjected, during the 10–15 years of their projected service life, to various dynamic loads. They will experience also harsh environmental effects. In this study, we analyze the dynamic strength and long-term reliability of a thin-walled NIU enclosure made of a preweathered polycarbonate. Dynamic response of the enclosure to shock loading and fracture due to harsh weathering conditions are evaluated, and a methodology for the prediction of the long-term strength of the material is developed. The obtained theoretical results are in good agreement with the available experimental data. The results of the study can be used in the structural analysis and physical design of NIU enclosures.
Separation of a Molten Axisymmetric Solder Joint
Authors: Goldmann Lewis S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
It is often critical in the processing of BGA or flip chip solder joints to be able to predict the tensile force or displacement at which a molten solder joint breaks apart. Among processes which could rely on this information are component rework, joint stretching for enhanced reliability and two-sided joining. This paper presents a physical model to describe separation and develops heuristic equations which describe the phenomenon.
Optimal Cryopreservation Protocol Design for Pancreas Islets
Authors: de Freitas Robson Cintra , Diller Kenneth R. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A thermal protocol for the cryopreservation of human pancreas islets was designed based on optimizing the dual criterion of minimizing the probability of intracellular ice formation and minimizing the volumetric excursions experienced by the islets during subzero temperature processing. The results indicate that a cooling rate of 1°C/min between the temperatures of −8°C and −40°C meets the optimization criterion for islets preequilibrated with a 2M DMSO cryoprotective additive (CPA).
Enhanced Vitrification of Cryopreservation Media in the Presence of Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Jackson Thomas H. , Ungan Aydin , Critser John K. , Gao Dayong 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper reports preliminary findings on the effect of microwave radiation on ice crystal formation. This experiment hypothesized that electromagnetic radiation could interact with dipolar H2O molecules in such a way that crystallization phenomena may be disrupted (or possibly enhanced). Test samples consisted of a series of ethylene glycol solutions. A microwave resonant cavity was used to provide an intense oscillating electric field. Solutions were simultaneously exposed to this electric field and cooled to −196°C by immersion in liquid nitrogen. Control samples where similarly submerged in liquid nitrogen but without the microwave field. The amount of ice formation was determined by analysis of digital images of the samples. It was found that cooling in the presence of an intense microwave field could significantly enhance vitrification during cooling of aqueous solutions. This study indicated that ice formation could be reduced by up to 66% in 4.5 molar solutions of ethylene glycol solutions.
Determination of Lung Dysfunction Using a Model for Gas Exchange (Theory)
Authors: Montoya J. Patrick , Peng Ching-An , Yang Wen-Jey , Bartlett Robert H. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In an effort to quantitate lung dysfunction in patients with respiratory failure, a technique is developed in which a mathematical model of lung gas exchange is used in conjunction with measured data readily obtainable from patient undergoing respiratory support. The whole lung is modeled as one or more homogeneous gas exchange alveolo-capillary units in which the conditions known to cause reduced gas transfer can be quantitated: diffusion impairment, ventilation/perfusion mismatch, venous to arterial blood shunt, and large ventilatory dead space.
Effect of Tissue Chromophore on the Mechanism and Dynamics of Pulsed Laser Ablation
Authors: Venugopalan V. , Nishioka N. S. , Mikić B. B. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The effect of chromophore targeting on the mechanism and dynamics of pulsed laser ablation of soft biological tissues is discussed. We argue that if mechanical stresses generated by thermoelastic expansion are insufficient to achieve tissue fracture and the delivered laser energy is confined to the site of absorption, material removal is governed by the thermodynamics of chromophore decomposition. Specifically, if water is the dominant chromophore, the ablation process will be explosive because heated water undergoes a process of explosive boiling which strains and fractures the tissue to achieve material removal. In contrast, if structural proteins of the tissue are targeted directly, the mechanical integrity of the tissue can be compromised during irradiation and results in material removal consistent with a process of rapid surface vaporization.
Scaling Blood Flow Rate in the Rat Spinotrapezius Muscle
Authors: Song Ji , Xu Lisa X. , Weinbaum Sheldon , Lemons Daniel E. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In this study, appropriate biological scalings were established based on our experimental measurements of the tissue weight, vessel diameter and blood flow rate in rat spinotrapezius muscle under the normal, vasoconstricted and vasodilated conditions. Based on the measured data in the spinotrapezius of rat of different weight, the scaling laws for geometry and flow in the same organ were analyzed for the first time. Using these relationships, blood flow rates within microvessels of different generations in spinotrapezius muscle can be extrapolated over a wide range of muscle weights. This provides an opportunity to predict the blood flow in large microvessels where it is difficult to make direct measurements using optical methods due to the high blood flow rate and the thickness of the tissue and vessel wall. Further, the allometric relationship between the blood flow rate and vessel diameter indicates that the shear stress at the vessel wall is approximately constant which follows the theoretical minimum work principle.
Penetration Depth Control With Dual Frequency Ultrasound
Authors: Moros Eduardo G. , Fan Xiaobing , Straube William L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Several groups are developing heating devices for simultaneous thermoradiotherapy to enhance thermal radiosensitization. One of our designs is an applicator for induction of superficial hyperthermia which is also compatible for concomitant operation with a linear accelerator. The dual-frequency system (DFS) design uses parallel-opposed linear arrays and a scanning dual-face reflector. The scanning reflector deflects and distributes, under computer control, the waves coming from the arrays toward the target. The prime design objectives for this design were: 1) compatibility with a linear accelerator; 2) sufficiently non-perturbing and non-attenuating to allow use of medical electron beams; 3) improved lateral conformability of power deposition; and 4) penetration depth control. Technical feasibility, lateral conformability and design optimization studies for a similar one-array system have been previously reported. Here, an acoustic model was developed to investigate the controllability of penetration depth of the DFS design. Results showed that by varying the power outputs from the low and high frequency arrays, the depth of the 50% isopower contour can be controlled over a range of 3 cm. Thermal simulations using the bioheat transfer equation were also performed which demonstrated corresponding changes in the depth of therapeutic isotherms over a 2.5 cm range for different low-to-high frequency power ratios. The results suggest that the DFS may be suitable for heating (sequentially or simultaneously with external beam radiation) extensive superficial tumors, where the distal tumor margin varies over the extent of the tumor, and where underlying bony structures and/or gas cavities are present such as in chest-wall lesions.
A Study of Bubble Behavior and Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement Under Electric Field
Authors: Oh Si-Doek , Kwak Ho-Young 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The effect of d.c electric field on nucleate boiling heat transfer for refrigerants, R11, R113 and FC72 was investigated experimentally in a single-tube shell/tube heat exchanger by using the temperature control method of wall superheat. Also the behavior of bubble under nonuniform electric field produced by wire electrodes was studied by numerical calculation. For R11, the Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) enhancement for boiling heat transfer was observed for all ranges of the wall superheat tested. However, the enhancement in boiling heat transfer disappeared if the wall superheat exceeds 13°C for R113 and no electric field effect on the boiling heat transfer was observed for FC72. An application of approximately 5kV was enough to eliminate the boiling hysteresis for R11 and R113. Numerical study has revealed that the bubbles are forced away from the heating surface and toward the electrostatic stagnation point by the dielectrophoretic force. Such modified bubble motion turns out to promote the boiling heat transfer if one use proper electrode configuration.
Turbulent Friction Factor for Two-Phase: Air-Viscoelastic Fluid Flows Through Horizontal Straight Circular Tubes
Authors: Rao B. K. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Fully developed turbulent isothermal Fanning friction factors for air-viscoelastic fluid flows through a horizontal pipe were experimentally measured. The viscoelastic fluids studied were aqueous solutions of polyacrylamide at three different concentrations (100, 200, and 500 wppm). The two-phase friction factor data were correlated in terms of the apparent Reynolds number defined based on the effective viscosity for gas-liquid mixture. Over a range of the apparent Reynolds number from 104 to 105, the simpler homogeneous model used was found to be accurate enough for engineering prediction of friction factor for air-viscoelastic fluid flows through straight pipes. A correlation for the prediction of air-viscoelastic two-phase turbulent friction factor is proposed.
Analysis of Tombstoning Phenomenon During Reflow
Authors: Qi Quan , Mahajan Roop L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A dynamic model is established to investigate tombstoning phenomenon of passive SMT components during reflow. This model consists of three dynamic equations for the motion of the component and four nonlinear algebraic equations for area conservation, constant curvatures for solder fillets and solder height-length relations. The formulation neglects the gravity effect in the solder. It is shown that formation of tombstoning depends on a combination of parameters such as component geometry, pad sizes, gap size between pads, molten solder volume and properties, and contact angles. For some values of these parameters encountered in practice, tombstoning can take place. For a given component, this model may be used to improve solder pad and stencil designs to avoid tombstoning.
Microstructural Effects in Precision Hard Turning
Authors: Chou Y. Kevin , Evans Chris J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Precision hard turning provides an alternative to grinding in some finishing applications. Rapid tool wear, however, remains a bottleneck to the process being economically viable. This experimental study reports microstructural effects on cubic boron nitride (CBN) tool wear in finish hard turning. Results indicate that; 1) carbide sizes of the workpiece have significant effects on tool wear; 2) wear resistance monotonically increases with decreasing CBN grain size; and 3) in finish turning with low CBN content tools, the governing wear mechanism is fine scale attrition by microfracture and fatigue. A powder metallurgy M50 bar hard turned using an ultrafine CBN grain tool shows flank wear less than 45 μm VBmax after 6.2 km cutting distance; wear rate equals to 3.1 μm/km. Surface finish is better than 80 run Ra.
An Analytical Finite Element Model for Predicting Three-Dimensional Tool Forces and Chip Flow
Authors: Strenkowski John S. , Lin Jong-Cherng 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In this paper, a model of three-dimensional cutting is developed for predicting three-dimensional tool forces and the chip flow angle. The approach consists of coupling an orthogonal finite element cutting model with an analytical model of three-dimensional cutting. The finite element model is based on an Eulerian approach, which gives excellent agreement with measured tool forces and chip geometries. The analytical model was developed by Usui, in which a minimum energy approach was used to determine the chip flow direction.
The model developed by Usui required orthogonal cutting test data to determine the tool forces and chip flow angle. In this paper, the finite element model is used to supply the orthogonal cutting data for Usui’s model. With this approach, a predictive model of three-dimensional cutting can be developed that does not require measured data as input. Cutting experiments are described in which excellent agreement was found between measured and predicted tool forces and chip flow angles for machining of AISI 1020 steel.
Numerical Modeling of a Spin-Casting Process
Authors: Chen Jim S.-J. , Dean Adam , Rajagopalan Srini 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In this paper, numerical modeling of heat transfer in a spin-casting process is analyzed. Effects of interface heat-transfer coefficient. undercooling and finite ribbon thickness on the solidification behavior are considered. The results are compared with analytical solutions of similar conditions. The temperature distribution across the wheel and ribbon is examined. In spin-casting of TiAl ribbon on a Mo wheel, the solid/liquid interface velocities in the range of 0.1–1.0 m/s and cooling rates in the range of 1–5 × 105°C/s are obtained. In the presence of undercooling, the solid/liquid interface velocity increases to 10 m/s. Moderate to high undercooling results in partial remelting of the ribbon.
Integration of Control and Information System for Automated Manufacturing Systems Based on Object-Oriented Approach
Authors: Chen Kai-Ying , Lu Shui-Shong 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In this paper, an object-oriented design method is proposed for the control software design of an automated manufacturing system. This object-oriented approach is based on three popular modeling tools — IDEFO, entity-relationship diagram (ERD) and Petri-Net. Firstly, IDEFO, ERD and Petri-Net models for manufacturing systems are constructed. Some transformation rules are found between these models and object-oriented model. Finally, simulation and control software are coded based on object-oriented model. As an example, application of this method to an automated manufacturing cell are illustrated.
Information Management and Presentation in Business Process Improvement: A Case Study
Authors: Chatterjee S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a case study in business process improvement for a tier-one automobile parts supplier. The organization was faced with of lack of part inventory accuracy resulting from an unstructured process of information recording, storage, dissemination, and presentation on manufactured components and finished assemblies. A systems approach was utilized in developing an improved process for rectifying inventory inaccuracy. A redesigned system for information collection, storage, dissemination, and presentation was developed and implemented. Significant improvements were observed in the overall process after the implementation.
Integer Programming Approach as an Alternative to the Quality Loss Function in Tolerance Design
Authors: Feng Chang-Xue Jack , Kusiak Andrew 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The Taguchi quality loss function provides an analytic tool for considering the quality cost in tolerance design at the product design stage. But it fails to consider the manufacturing cost and design constraints. In addition, it is difficult to determine the quality loss constant A in the quadratic function. This research demonstrates that the quality loss cost is only a small portion of the total cost if the manufacturing cost is considered. An alternative method is provided to ensure the required level of quality and avoid using the confusing constant A. A numerical example illustrates the quality loss function and the proposed approach.
A Method for Selecting Electronic Manufacturing Processes Based on Cost Factors
Authors: Shina Sammy G. , Saigal Anil 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The implementation of electronic circuits into products involves several complex steps in design and manufacturing. One of the most common implementations is in Printed Circuit Boards (PCB’s), which presents a low cost alternative in tooling and manufacturing over integrated circuits. In addition, PCB’s can be altered to accommodate design changes after the product has been manufactured.
This paper addresses the different factors involved in the choice of design and manufacturing parameters to accommodate the lowest cost electronic implementation in PCB’s by focusing on fabrication and assembly issues. It suggests an algorithm based on these factors which is collected from the different steps for design, layout and fabrication of PCB’s. The factors are analyzed in terms of expected quality, chosen technology and their effect on completing the total design and manufacturing process in the shortest time to market.
Order Accumulation and Sorting Using an Automated Storage and Retrieval System
Authors: Xie Xiaodong , Sharp Gunter P. , Dickerson Steve 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A pick-and-sort (PAS) system consists of a picking system (PS) and an accumulation/sorting system (A/SS). In a PAS, picking and order accumulation are highly interdependent. In general, the more orders that are being processed simultaneously, the greater the potential efficiency of picking as the motion required to move between successive storage locations can be decreased. Conversely, a larger number of orders being processed simultaneously increases the order accumulation cost. An automated storage/retrieval system (AS/RS) may be used for accumulating and sorting a large number of orders. In terms of the total cost of a PAS system, an AS/RS is a potentially low cost alternative to a conveyor system for order accumulation/Sorting. An approximate analytical performance model for rotary rack A/SS has been developed, as well as a cost model for a PS, in terms of the number of orders in process. A numerical example for a warehouse is presented.
Three-Dimensionai Finite Element Analysis of Stress Response in Adhesive Butt Joints Subjected to Impact Tensile Loads
Authors: Sawa Toshiyuki , Okuno Hirohisa , Higuchi Izumi 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The stress wave propagation and the stress distribution in adhesive butt joints of similar adherends subjected to impact loads are analyzed using three-dimensional finite-element method (FEM). The code employed is DYNA3D. An impact load is applied to a joint by dropping a weight. An adherend of a joint is fixed and the other adherend to which a bar is connected is impacted by the weight. The height of the weight is changed. The effect of the ratio of the adherends’ the adhesive’s Young’s modulus, the adhesive thickness and the geometry of T-shape adherends on the stress wave propagation at the interface are examined. It is found that the maximum stress is caused at the interface of the adherend subjected to an impact load. In the case of T-shape adherend, it is seen that the maximum stress is caused near the center of the interface and that it increases as Young’s modulus of the adherends increases. In the special case where the web length of T-shape adherends equals to the interface length, it is seen that the singular stress occurs at the edge of the interfaces and it increases as Young’s modulus of adherends decreases. The maximum principal stress increases as the adherends’ thickness increases. In addition, strain response of adhesive butt joints subjected to impact loads was measured using strain gauges. Fairly good agreement is found between the numerical and the measured results.