bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influenza A Virus Interaction with Murine Lymphocytes
Authors: Woodruff Judith J. , Woodruff Jack F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This report describes changes in surface properties of rat thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) induced by influenza virus A/Japan 305 (H2N2). After incubation with virus at 37°C, sialic acids were released from the membranes of TDL with concomitant reduction in their mean electrophoretic mobility. Autoradiographs of TDL which had been incubated with 125I virus at 4°C showed that the particles attached to nearly all the lymphocytes although there was variation in the amount of virus bound per cell. Attachment occurred rapidly with maximum labeling evident after incubation at 4°C for 5 min. Incubation at 37°C for 1 hr resulted in a 10 to 18% reduction in the incidence of labeled TDL suggesting that some virus eluted spontaneously. When 125I-virus-treated TDL were incubated in syngeneic serum, substantial amounts of virus eluted reducing the incidence of labeled cells by 50%. In addition, evidence was obtained by indirect immunofluorescence that syngeneic serum contains antibodies which react with sites on the lymphocyte surface exposed by the viral neuraminidase.
Hepatitis a Antigen Isolated from Liver and Stool: Immunologic Comparison of Antisera Prepared in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Dienstag Jules L. , Schulman Alan N. , Gerety Robert J. , Hoofnagle Jay H. , Lorenz Douglas E. , Purcell Robert H. , Barker Lewellys F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Morphologically similar hepatitis A antigen particles (HA Ag)3 have been detected in the stools of patients with type A hepatitis and in the livers of marmosets experimentally infected with hepatitis A virus. To investigate the humoral antibody responses to these antigens and to compare the immunologic properties of HA Ag from these two sources, we immunized guinea pigs with either marmoset liver-derived HA Ag or with human stool-derived HA Ag in complete Freund's adjuvant and measured their antibody responses by immune electron microscopy (IEM) and immune adherence hemagglutination (IAHA). Antibodies reacting with both hepatitis A antigens were elicited in both groups. As determined by IEM, no distinction was seen between the reaction of guinea pig antiserum to each HA Ag tested under code when reacted against either liver-derived or stool-derived HA Ag. Antibodies elicited to marmoset liver-derived HA Ag and human stool-derived HA Ag had similar end point dilution titers by IAHA when tested against either “light” density (1.34 g/cm3) or “heavy” density (1.40 g/cm3) stool-derived HA Ag or liver-derived HA Ag. Low levels of antibody to normal liver or stool control antigens were observed transiently but did not obscure the specific response to HA Ag. These data suggest that morphologically similar HA Ag particles from different sources and with different densities are immunologically similar and may be identical. In contrast to the heterogeneity of surface antigens of hepatitis B virus, the comparable immunogenicity and apparent antigenic homogeneity of HA Ags derived from various sources may simplify the approach to development of a vaccine against viral hepatitis, type A.
Herpes Simplex-Raji(A44), a New Cell Line for Serologic Testing by Immunofluorescence
Authors: Seigneurin Jean-Marie , Desgranges Claude , Lavoue Marie-France , de-The Guy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An IF technique for the detection of HSV antibodies by using a lymphoblastoid cell line, Raji(A44), which continuously produce a constant amount of HSV antigen, is described. If and IH tests were found to be similar with respect to sensitivity and reproducibility. Sero-conversions detected by the CF test were detected with this cell line. The Raji(A44) line (cells in suspension) can be routinely used for the diagnosis of HSV infection.
Humoral Immunostimulation
Authors: Shearer William T. , Atkinson John P. , Parker Charles W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When L cells were treated with anti-L cell antibody in medium depleted of complement, rapid increases in calcium uptake were obtained over a wide range of antiserum concentrations. Concomitant cell growth and viability studies demonstrated that stimulation of cell growth occurred at higher dilutions of antiserum whereas cytotoxicity occurred at lower dilutions. The stimulatory and toxic effects of antibody on cell growth were potentiated by complement as was the enhancement in calcium uptake. Sera deficient in C1R, C2,4D, C4, C3–C9 did not increase the calcium uptake response to antibody whereas augmentation did occur with C6-deficient serum. A specific role for complement was further indicated by the ability of purified complement components to restore the response to complement in complement-deficient sera. C3 with C3–C9 deficient serum, but not C2, C5, and C6 with C3–C9 deficient serum restored augmentation effects. Taken together with the results of previous studies it is apparent that complement augments both calcium and nucleoside uptake and that the effect is primarily via the classical complement pathway through C3.
Substrate saturation studies demonstrated that antibody activated the facilitated diffusion of calcium altering the Vmax but not the Km of transport whereas adddition of complement altered both the Vmax and Km. These findings suggest that one of the early effects of enhancing antibody upon tumor cell metabolism in vitro is to stimulate uptake of calcium. In view of the suspected role of Ca++ in cell proliferation the increase in cell-associated calcium may be important in the subsequent proliferative response.
The Primary Structure of Porcine C3a Anaphylatoxin
Authors: Corbin Neal C. , Hugli Tony E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Porcine C3a was generated in whole porcine serum by inulin activation of enzymes of the alternative complement pathway. The C3a anaphylatoxin was isolated according to the procedures previously described by Hugli. The complete amino acid sequence for porcine C3a was determined utilizing automatic sequencing techniques in addition to manual subtractive Edman degradation and carboxypeptidase A, B, or Y digestion of isolated peptides. Porcine C3a is composed of a polypeptide chain containing 77 amino acid residues and has a m.w. of approximately 9,000 daltons. This C3a molecule is devoid of threonine, tryptophan, and carbohydrates. The proposed primary structure for porcine C3a is as follows:
Comparisons between the amino acid sequences of human and porcine C3a reveal that the six half-cystinyl and five aromatic residue positions are conserved. Conservation of these six half-cystinyl residue positions suggest that the disulfide arrangement remains identical in both anaphylatoxin molecules. Maintenance of three interconnected disulfide linkages helps to explain a near identity between the secondary structures of human and porcine C3a as indicated by circular dichroism measurements.
Particular attention was focused on the COOH-terminal region of the anaphylatoxins since an arginyl residue at position 77 is functionally essential in both human and porcine C3a. Five residue positions at the carboxy termini were conserved in both C3a molecules, and the sequence Leu-Gly-Leu-Ala-Arg probably relates directly to anaphylatoxin activity. A total of 23 residue replacements occur between human and porcine C3a which accounts for a 30% difference in primary structure. Although the C3a molecules exhibit identical biologic activity, this rather large structural difference readily explains the absence of a detectable immunologic cross-reactivity.
Virus-Enhanced Modulation of Cell Surface Antigens: Effect on Immune Lytic Susceptibility
Authors: Catanzaro Philip J. , Brandt Walter E. , Hogrefe Wayne R. , Phillips Stanley M. , Top Franklin H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Monkey kidney cells, upon progressive subculture, became refractory to complement (C)-dependent immune cytolysis by anti-cell serum. Arbovirus infection restored these cells to a state of lytic susceptibility. Similar results were also obtained with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), which is C independent. Antibodies raised against different subcultures varied considerably in lytic efficiency, indicating changing patterns of host cell expression during continuous subculture. Taken together with the fact that arbovirus infection restored the lytic efficiency of all antibody preparations to the same degree suggested some form of host cell antigen re-expression as a mechanism.
The results obtained in several exploratory experiments indicated that the antigenic re-expression responsible for the restoration of lysis was probably a local or selective rather than a generalized phenomenon. Thus, the amount of host cell surface antigen, measured by the use of mouse anti-cell serum and 125I anti-mouse globulin, was identical in both uninfected lytic susceptible and refractory cells, and decreased in both functional states following infection. Further, the binding of 125I concanavalin A, used to quantify surface glycoproteins, was similar in both lytic refractory and susceptible cells, and in both cases declined following virus infection. This result was incompatible with gross “masking” of cell surface antigens by exuberant production of surface coat material in lytic resistant cells. Finally, brief trypsinization of lytic resistant cells yielded an 8-fold increase in immune lysis, a result further consistent with local rather than generalized surface changes.
The data were discussed in terms of modulation of cell surface antigens affected both by repeated subculture and arboviral infection, and as a possible in vitro correlate of altered self-reactivity.
Inhibition of Normal Allogenic Lymphocyte Mitogenesis by a Soluble Inhibitor Extracted from Human Colonic Carcinoma
Authors: Remacle-Bonnet Maryse M. , Pommier Gilbert J. , Kaplanski Solange , Rance Roselyne J. , Depieds Raymond C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Soluble extracts from human colonic tumors (STE) and from their hepatic metastases (SHME) were found to be unable to induce a proliferative response among normal allogenic lymphocytes. However, addition of these tissue extracts to cultures stimulated with various mitogens resulted in an almost complete inhibition of lymphocyte DNA synthesis. Nevertheless, they did not reduce the unstimulated lymphocyte spontaneous proliferation. Control experiments have shown that normal or nonmalignant tissues do not affect the lymphocyte reactivity to mitogens. The nonspecific immunosuppressive effect was found to be irreversible and to block lymphocyte activation at an early stage. The inhibitor was soluble (not sedimented at 220,000 × G for 2 hr) and not nonspecifically cytotoxic. STE was also found to induce morphologic alterations resulting in blastlike cell production. However, no mitotic figures were seen, even after colchicin treatment. It is suggested that STE might contain molecular component(s) which would exert a double effect: 1) trigger metabolic alterations responsible for the blast-like cell induction, and 2) inhibit the lymphoproliferative response. The significance of such a mechanism is discussed in connection with the nonspecific immunosuppression caused by a tumor and the immune unresponsiveness against the tumor itself. A preliminary characterization of this tumor material has shown that its molecular weight was about 70,000 and that it is not related to carcinoembryonic antigen or α-fetoprotein.
Xenogenization of Rat Erythroid Cells by Lymphatic Leukemia Virus: Its Role in Induction of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: Kuzumaki Noboru , Moriuchi Tetsuya , Kodama Takao , Kobayashi Hiroshi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Newborn rats given injections of low doses of Friend lymphatic leukemia virus subsequently developed hemolytic anemia characterized by production of antierythrocyte autoantibody. Electron microscopy showed C-type virus particles budding from the cell membrane not only of lymphoid cells but also of erythrocyte precursor cells in bone marrow and spleen, suggesting that the erythroid cells were infected by the virus. In addition, erythrocyte precursor cells expressed virus-induced cell surface antigens detected by cytotoxicity tests. Normal syngeneic rats preimmunized with a Friend lymphatic leukemia virus-induced tumor and subsequently inoculated with bone marrow, spleen cells, or reticulocyte-rich fraction derived from other rats injected with high doses of the virus at birth produced cytotoxic antibody to the virus-induced tumor and antierythrocyte autoantibody. In contrast, rats subsequently inoculated with virus-infected thymus or lymph node cells produced cytotoxic antibody but not antierythrocyte autoantibody. These results indicate that “xenogenization,” previously shown for tumor cells and normal lymphoid cells, is also observed for rat erythroid cells and, further, that xenogenization of erythroid cells by Friend lymphatic leukemia virus is one of the most important factors in induction of autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
Activation of the Alternative Complement Pathway by Water-Insoluble Glucans of Streptococcus Mutans: The Relation between Their Chemical Structures and Activating Potencies
Authors: Inai Shinya , Nagaki Kazuyoshi , Ebisu Shigeyuki , Kato Keijiro , Kotani Shozo , Misaki Akira 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Water insoluble, sticky glucan was synthesized by reacting glucosyltransferase obtained from the culture filtrate of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans OMZ 176 on sucrose. This glucan (OMZ 176 glucan), that consisted of the backbone chains of consecutive α-1,3 glucosidic linkages (65%) and the side chain of α-1,6 glucosidic bonds (35%), showed an ability to activate the alternative pathway of the complement system in human serum. Water soluble glucans synthesized from the reaction of glycosyltransferases of S. mutans strain AHT, FA-I, and Ingbritt with sucrose, that have a high content of α-1,6 and a low content of α-1,3 glucosidic linkages, were less effective to activate the complement system. Sephadex (G-25) and Dextran (T-2,000 and T-40), that consisted exclusively of α-1,6 glucosidic linkages, did not significantly activate the complement system. Controlled Smith degradation products of OMZ 176 glucan, composed of the α-1,3 linked glucose backbone chain alone, lost its activity. From these results it was concluded that both backbone chain of α-1,3 glucose units and branched α-1,6 glucose units were essential for the OMZ 176 glucan to activate the alternative pathway of the human complement system.
Large-Scale Isolation of Dane Particles from Plasma Containing Hepatitis B Antigen and Demonstration of a Circular Double-Stranded DNA Molecule Extruding Directly from Their Cores
Authors: Takahashi Takashi , Nakagawa Susumu , Hashimoto Takashi , Takahashi Kazuaki , Imai Mitsunobu , Miyakawa Yuzo , Mayumi Makoto 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method was developed to isolate, on a large scale, Dane particles from five liters of pooled plasma of asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B antigen. It involved three successive ultracentrifugation procedures; the final preparation was more than 98% pure in Dane particles. Purified Dane particles had the density of 1.23 to 1.24 g/cm3. The concentration of nucleic acids in the preparation containing purified Dane particles was too low to be detected either by chemical or by spectrophotometric method. However, a circular double-stranded DNA molecule extruding directly from the core of Dane particles was clearly demonstrated by elelctron microscopic observations. The cores of Dane particles (hepatitis B core antigen; HBcAg) were prepared by treating the Dane particle preparation with mercaptoethanol and Nonidet P-40. They were sufficient both in purity and amounts to allow the determination of antibody to HBcAg by an immune adherence hemagglutination method.
Characterization of Lymphocyte Inhibition by Supernatants of Crowded Lymphocytoblasts
Authors: Green Stanley S. , Wistar Richard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Crowded lymphocytoblasts produce a factor (or factors) that inhibits the response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogens. This factor is destroyed by pepsin in 1 hr but not by neuraminidase. No activity was lost when the factor was incubated with packed human red blood cells, human lymphocytes, mouse spleen cells, or tissue culture cells. An antiserum was made to the factor which was capable of partially inhibiting its activity. The factor is active at about 25 µg/ml of protein. Maximal inhibition occurs if the factor is present for the duration of the culture period. This factor may play a regulatory role in the immune response.
Schistosoma Mansoni Soluble Egg Antigens
Authors: Pelley Ronald P. , Pelley Robert J. , Hamburger Joseph , Peters Pierre A. , Warren Kenneth S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A cell-mediated immunologic granulomatous response to Schistosoma mansoni eggs is now generally accepted as being responsible for the hepatosplenic disease of chronic schistosomiasis. Previous investigations have demonstrated that a soluble extract of S. mansoni eggs (SEA) both induces and elicits granulomatous hypersensitivity and other forms of cell-mediated immunologic reactivity. Mice with chronic light S. mansoni infections show spontaneous suppression of granulomatous hypersensitivity in the presence of high levels of anti-SEA antibodies. Immunodiffusion analysis using antiserum obtained from these mice and SEA resulted in the identification of three major serologic antigens which have been designated MSA1, MSA2, and MSA3. Initial studies with Sephadex G-200 gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the three antigens were markedly different in m.w. and at least two of the three were glycoproteins. The antigens were then extracted from crude SEA by adsorption to a concanavalin A Sepharose affinity column. The eluted antigens were separated from each other by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) MSA1 and MSA2 were homogenous; MSA3 was estimated to be 70% pure. The purified antigens were radiolabeled and were passed through Sephadex G-200 or Bio-Gel A 1.5 columns to determine their m.w. These studies have shown that MSA1 and MSA2 are glycoproteins of m.w. 137,000 and 465,000 daltons, respectively; the m.w. of MSA3 is in the range of 50,000 to 70,000 daltons. PAGE of the purified antigens revealed the following R.F.s: MSA1 = 0.34, MSA2 = 0.20, and MSA3 = 0.48. MSA1 and MSA2 were employed in radioimmunoassays using the ammonium sulfate method of Farr. On the basis of immunodiffusion analysis and radioimmunoassay, MSA1 exhibits a degree of stage and species specificity consistent with the granulomatous response to S. mansoni eggs. The potential specificity of the MSA1 radioimmunoassay and its great sensitivity suggest a role in the immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis.
Suppression of in Vitro Lymphocyte Stimulation in Mice by Uterine and Placental Extracts
Authors: Kouttab Nicola M. , Fowler Arnold K. , Strickland James E. , Hellman Alfred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of uterine extracts from virgin mice and uterine and placental extracts from mice at various stages of gestation on lymphocyte stimulation in vitro were compared. Placental and uterine extracts from mice in gestation, at 1% final concentration by volume, caused marked depression of lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) and to allogeneic cells in two-way mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC). An equivalent concentration of uterine extract from virgin mice caused slight depression of lymphocyte reactivity. Suppression was most marked with uterine extracts of mice at 15 days of gestation. At least two factors of different m.w. in uterine and placental extracts were responsible for suppression of lymphocyte reactivity. The higher m.w. fraction, present in small amounts in the uteri of virgin mice, was markedly increased in uteri of pregnant mice. This fraction contained immunoglobulin G (IgG). These factors may be involved in a protective role for the fetus from rejection by the mother as an allograft, thus assuring successful pregnancy.
Chemotaxis of Human Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils under Agarose: Morphologic Changes Associated with the Chemotactic Response
Authors: Nelson Robert D. , Fiegel Vance D. , Simmons Richard L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies of morphologic changes of leukocytes responding to a chemotaxin gradient have been limited due, in part, to difficulties encountered with detailed electron microscopic analysis of cells migrating through membrane filters or on glass slides. The recently developed migration under agarose method provides a new opportunity to view and compare morphologies of cells migrating spontaneously and in response to a chemotaxin gradient. The present report describes the morphologic features we have observed by scanning electron microscopy of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes both spreading on a cover slip and migrating under agarose. We demonstrate that cells migrating under agarose exhibit a morphology that differs distinctly from that of cells spreading on a cover slip and, further, that the cytoplasmic periphery of cells responding to a chemotactic gradient under agarose becomes very irregular due to the formation of blebs or small pseudopodium-like structures.
Hapten-Sandwich Labeling
Authors: Cammisuli Salvatore , Wofsy Leon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Bifunctional reagents have been prepared which permit extensive coupling of haptens to antibodies with retention of antibody-binding capacity. This modification procedure increases the sensitivity with which cell-surface antigens can be labeled for fluorescent or electron microscopy by the hapten-sandwich method to a level comparable to or greater than may usually be achieved by conventional indirect techniques. With two different haptens, and amplifying with anti-hapten antibodies bearing fluorescent or other markers, different antigens can be distinguished readily on a single cell or on separate cells. Mouse alloantigens detected only with difficulty by conventional fluorescence can be discerned clearly and with high specificity.
The reagent, either methyl hydroxybenzimidate (HB) or methyl 3,5-dihydroxybenzimidate (DHB), is first reacted with a diazonium phenyl hapten. Since the resulting azoderivative retains the imido ester function, the reaction solution can be used directly to amidinate antibodies. Both HB and DHB are easily prepared and may be stored for use as needed. With these reagents, the hapten-sandwich procedure may be applied to proteins other than immunoglobulins, e.g., hormones and mitogens. In addition to labeling antigens for fluorescent or electron microscopy, haptenamidinated antibodies or other ligands may be used in conjunction with appropriately modified antihapten amplifiers for a variety of purposes in cell biology, such as radioisotope studies, selective cell killing or suppression, and isolation of membrane antigens.
Antibody Response to Lymphoma Antigens in Syngeneic and H-2 Compatible Mice
Authors: Dalton James G. , Fujimoto Shigeyoshi , Sehon Alec H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antibody response to immunization with A/J lymphoma L1117 cells by syngeneic A/J mice and by H-2 compatible B10. A mice has been shown to be highly specific for tumor antigens of the lymphoma cells. In both strains the response exhibits a very slow rise in cytotoxic antibody levels reaching a maximum only after 3 months of biweekly injections. It is also unusual in that cytotoxic activity is primarily due to IgM antibodies even after 20 weeks of immunization. The similarity between these characteristics and those reported for “T-independent” antigens suggests that tumor antigens on L1117 cells may be unable to stimulate helper T cells.