bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of cranial infections in battlefield-related penetrating and open cranial injuries
Authors: Meister Melissa R. , Boulter Jason H. , Yabes Joseph M. , Sercy Erica , Shaikh Faraz , Yokoi Hana , Stewart Laveta , Scanlon Michaela M. , Shields Margaret M. , Kim Alexander , Tribble David R. , Bartanusz Viktor , Dengler Bradley A. 
Published: May 2023

BACKGROUND
Penetrating brain injuries are a potentially lethal injury associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. We examined characteristics and outcomes among military personnel who sustained battlefield-related open and penetrating cranial injuries during military conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan.

METHODS
Military personnel wounded during deployment (2009–2014) were included if they sustained an open or penetrating cranial injury and were admitted to participating hospitals in the United States. Injury characteristics, treatment course, neurosurgical interventions, antibiotic use, and infection profiles were examined.

RESULTS
The study population included 106 wounded personnel, of whom 12 (11.3%) had an intracranial infection. Posttrauma prophylactic antibiotics were prescribed in more than 98% of patients. Patients who developed central nervous system (CNS) infections were more likely to have undergone a ventriculostomy (p = 0.003), had a ventriculostomy in place for a longer period (17 vs. 11 days; p = 0.007), had more neurosurgical procedures (p < 0.001), and have lower presenting Glasgow Coma Scale (p = 0.01) and higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores (p = 0.018). Time to diagnosis of CNS infection was a median of 12 days postinjury (interquartile range, 7–22 days) with differences in timing by injury severity (critical head injury had median of 6 days, while maximal [currently untreatable] head injury had a median of 13.5 days), presence of other injury profiles in addition to head/face/neck (median, 22 days), and the presence of other infections in addition to CNS infections (median, 13.5 days). The overall length of hospitalization was a median of 50 days, and two patients died.

CONCLUSION
Approximately 11% of wounded military personnel with open and penetrating cranial injuries developed CNS infections. These patients were more critically injured (e.g., lower Glasgow Coma Scale and higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores) and required more invasive neurosurgical procedures.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level IV.
The impact of delivery by a fixed-wing, sling-launched unmanned aerial vehicle on the hematologic function of whole blood
Authors: Peltier Grantham C. , Meledeo Michael A. 
Published: May 2023

BACKGROUND
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been shown to shorten delivery times of medical products in health care, providing a potential answer to the question of prehospital resuscitation where blood and blood products are not readily available. While the capabilities and efficiencies of delivery via UAVs are already well established, the postdelivery viability and hemostatic function of whole blood has not been examined.

METHODS
Whole blood units were sampled for a preflight control and loaded onto a fixed wing UAV. The UAVs flew in predetermined flight paths to either deliver via parachute drop or direct recovery after UAV capture by arresting gear. Postflight and preflight samples were assayed for coagulation function with thromboelastography, blood chemistry, and free hemoglobin to observe hemolysis.

RESULTS
No significant differences in any metric were observed between the blood samples assayed preflight versus those flown and parachute dropped or those flown and recovered from the UAV.

CONCLUSION
The use of UAVs for delivery of whole blood offers significant benefits for prehospital care. Further innovations in UAV and transportation technologies will expand on an already strong foundation.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic/Care Management; Level IV.
Detecting and attributing the causes of biodiversity change: needs, gaps and solutions
Authors: Tekwa Eden , Gonzalez Andrew , Zurell Damaris , O'Connor Mary 
Published: May 2023

This issue addresses the multifaceted problems of understanding biodiversity change to meet emerging international development and conservation goals, national economic accounting and diverse community needs. Recent international agreements highlight the need to establish monitoring and assessment programmes at national and regional levels. We identify an opportunity for the research community to develop the methods for robust detection and attribution of biodiversity change that will contribute to national assessments and guide conservation action. The 16 contributions of this issue address six major aspects of biodiversity assessment: connecting policy to science, establishing observation, improving statistical estimation, detecting change, attributing causes and projecting the future. These studies are led by experts in Indigenous studies, economics, ecology, conservation, statistics, and computer science, with representations from Asia, Africa, South America, North America and Europe. The results place biodiversity science in the context of policy needs and provide an updated roadmap for how to observe biodiversity change in a way that supports conservation action via robust detection and attribution science.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Detecting and attributing the causes of biodiversity change: needs, gaps and solutions’
Disrupting and diversifying the values, voices and governance principles that shape biodiversity science and management
Authors: Salomon Anne K. , Okamoto Daniel K. , Wilson Ḵii'iljuus Barbara J. , Tommy Happynook hiininaasim , Wickaninnish  , Mack wiicuckum Anne , Allan Davidson Skil Hiilans , Guujaaw Gidansda , L. Humchitt Wigvilhba Wakas Harvey , Happynook Tom Mexsis , Cox weiwimtaeek Christina , Gillette Hyuuštulth Francis , Christiansen n'yasim Samantha , Dragon Dianna , Kobluk Hannah M. , Lee Lynn C. , Tinker M. Tim , Silver Jennifer J. , Armitage Derek , McKechnie Iain , MacNeil Aaron , Hillis Dylan , Muhl Ella-Kari , Gregr Edward J. , Commander Christian J. C. , Augustine Arianna 
Published: May 2023

With climate, biodiversity and inequity crises squarely upon us, never has there been a more pressing time to rethink how we conceptualize, understand and manage our relationship with Earth's biodiversity. Here, we describe governance principles of 17 Indigenous Nations from the Northwest Coast of North America used to understand and steward relationships among all components of nature, including humans. We then chart the colonial origins of biodiversity science and use the complex case of sea otter recovery to illuminate how ancestral governance principles can be mobilized to characterize, manage and restore biodiversity in more inclusive, integrative and equitable ways. To enhance environmental sustainability, resilience and social justice amid today's crises, we need to broaden who benefits from and participates in the sciences of biodiversity by expanding the values and methodologies that shape such initiatives. In practice, biodiversity conservation and natural resource management need to shift from centralized, siloed approaches to those that can accommodate plurality in values, objectives, governance systems, legal traditions and ways of knowing. In doing so, developing solutions to our planetary crises becomes a shared responsibility.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Detecting and attributing the causes of biodiversity change: needs, gaps and solutions’.
Acute intermittent hypoxia-induced increases maximal motor unit discharge rates in people with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury
Authors: Pearcey Gregory E P , Afsharipour Babak , Holobar Aleš , Sandhu Milap S , Rymer W Zev 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACTAcute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) is an emerging technique for enhancing neuroplasticity and function in respiratory and limb musculature. Thus far, AIH-induced improvements in strength have been reported for upper and lower limb muscles after chronic incomplete cervical spinal cord injury (iSCI) but the underlying mechanisms have been elusive. We used high-density surface electromyography (HDsEMG) to determine if motor unit discharge behaviour is altered after 15 × 60 s exposures to 9% inspired oxygen interspersed with 21% inspired oxygen (AIH), compared to breathing only 21% air (SHAM). We recorded HDsEMG from the biceps and triceps brachii of seven individuals with iSCI during maximal elbow flexion and extension contractions, and motor unit spike trains were identified using convolutive blind source separation. After AIH, elbow flexion and extension torque increased by 54% and 59% from baseline (p = 0.003), respectively, whereas there was no change after SHAM. Across muscles, motor unit discharge rates increased by ∼4 pulses per second (p = 0.002) during maximal efforts, from pre to post AIH. These results suggest that excitability and/or activation of spinal motoneurons are augmented after AIH, providing a mechanism to explain AIH-induced increases in voluntary strength. Pending validation, AIH may be helpful in conjunction with other therapies to enhance rehabilitation outcomes due to these enhancements in motor unit function and strength.
The impact of attending rheumatologist’s Big Five personality traits on systemic lupus erythematosus patients’ trust in their rheumatologist: the TRUMP2-SLE project
Authors: Oguro Nao , Yajima Nobuyuki , Ishikawa Yuichi , Sakurai Natsuki , Hidekawa Chiharu , Ichikawa Takanori , Kishida Dai , Hayashi Keigo , Shidahara Kenta , Miyawaki Yoshia , Yoshimi Ryusuke , Sada Ken-ei , Shimojima Yasuhiro , Kurita Noriaki 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACTObjectivesDifferences in communication styles according to physicians’ personality traits have been identified, and such physician-related factors can be important in building patient-physician trust. This study examined the impact of rheumatologists’ Big Five personality traits on patients’ trust in their attending rheumatologists.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included Japanese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) at five academic medical centres between June 2020 and August 2021. The exposure was the Big Five personality traits of their attending rheumatologists using the Japanese version of the Ten-Item Personality Inventory Scale (2-14 points each). The outcome was the patient’s trust in attending rheumatologist using the Japanese version of the 5-item Wake Forest Physician Trust Scale (0-100 points). A general linear model was fitted to adjust for rheumatologists’ and patients’ characteristics, while correcting for the clustering effect of the same attending rheumatologists.ResultsThe study included 505 patients with a mean age of 46.8 years, and 88.1% were women. Forty-three attending rheumatologists (mean age, 39.6 years, 23.3% women) were identified. Higher extraversion and agreeableness were associated with higher trust in attending rheumatologists (per 1-point increase, 1.85 points [95% CI 0.52 –3.19] and 2.24 points [95% CI 0.86 –3.61], respectively), and higher conscientiousness was associated with lower trust (per 1-point increase, −1.07 points [95% CI −1.64 – −0.49]).ConclusionsWhile higher extraversion and agreeableness of attending rheumatologists led to higher patient trust in their rheumatologist, overly high conscientiousness may lead to lower trust resulting from the physician’s demand of dutifulness from patients with SLE.KEY MESSAGESWhat is already known on this topicAlthough physicians’ personality traits are known to influence their attitudes and performance, little is known about how they affect trust through rheumatology patient-physician interactions.What this study addsSome Big Five personality traits of an attending rheumatologist were associated with patients’ trust in their rheumatologist; extraversion and agreeableness were linked to higher trust and conscientiousness was associated with lower trust.How this study may affect research, practice, or policyThrough reflection on their personality traits, attending rheumatologists are expected to become aware of their habits in patient-physician interactions and adapt their communication to strengthen the relationships with their patients.
Nurses’ perceptions of videoconferencing telenursing: comparing frontal learning vs. online learning before and after the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Kats Svetlana , Shmueli Liora 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIntroductionDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, a digital transformation led to an expansion in telenursing practices and a shift in training to online learning. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of behavioral-related factors, based on both TAM and TPB variables, on the intention to use telenursing through videoconferencing and to compare the effect of frontal (before COVID-19) vs. online (during and after COVID-19) training in post-basic nursing courses on nursing attitudes to telenursing.MethodsA cross-sectional online survey was conducted in December 2022 among nurses working mainly at hospitals in Israel who underwent post-basic education training between January 2017 and December 2022. A multivariate ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis was used to investigate determinants of intention to use telenursing through videoconferencingResultsNurses have a positive attitude towards telenursing technology via videoconferencing for remote patient care, regardless of whether they learned about it through face-to-face or online training. The ease of use and the perception of the technology’s importance by colleagues and supervisors were found to have the most significant impact on the attitude of both research groups towards the use of telelearning.DiscussionSuccessful implementation of new technology in healthcare requires organizational and collegial support. Therefore, managers should encourage the use of telenursing by providing appropriate training for nurses and the necessary resources and support.
Windows into leishmaniasis epidemiology in the United States: September 2021 through August 2022
Authors: Truong Thao T. , Crawford Karissa , Wang-McGuire Ichih , Jensen Kendal , Mushtaq Aisha , Lieberman Nicole A.P. , Buckner Frederick S. , Voorhis Wesley C. Van , Cookson Brad T. , Salipante Stephen J. , Lieberman Joshua A. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractLeishmaniasis is a rare disease in the United States, with an estimated annual incidence of dozens of cases occurring primarily in travelers, migrants, and military personnel. True disease incidence is unknown, since leishmaniasis is not a nationally notifiable condition. Here, we describe the results of molecular leishmaniasis over a 1-year interval (September 2021 to August 2022) when our laboratory served as the primary national reference laboratory for molecular diagnosis of civilian leishmaniasis. We tested 218 specimens submitted from 36 states yielding 94/186 (50.5%) positive cases with species or species complex-level identification and 18 novel mini-exon alleles. Most species belonged to subgenusViannia(75.6%) and associated with cutaneous or mucocutaneous disease. Cases were associated with recent travel (18.1%), travel timing unspecified (7.4%), migration (7.4%), remote travel (2.1%), military (1.1%), or unknown history (63.8%). These data illustrate the clinical utility of molecular testing for leishmaniasis and provide unique insight into disease epidemiology.
Establishment of CD1b-restricted immunity to lipid antigens in the pulmonary response toMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection
Authors: Harris Macallister C. , Gary Hadley E. , Cooper Sarah K. , Ackart David F. , Dilisio James E. , Basaraba Randall J , Cheng Tan-Yun , van Rhijn Ildiko , Moody D. Branch , Podell Brendan K. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractCD1 is an antigen presenting glycoprotein homologous to MHC I; however, CD1 proteins present lipid rather than peptide antigen. CD1 proteins are well established to present lipid antigens ofMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) to T cells, but understanding the role of CD1-restricted immunityin vivoin response to Mtb infection has been limited by availability of animal models naturally expressing the CD1 proteins implicated in human response: CD1a, CD1b and CD1c. Guinea pigs, in contrast to other rodent models, express four CD1b orthologs, and here we utilize the guinea pig to establish the kinetics of gene and protein expression of CD1b orthologs, as well as the Mtb lipid-antigen and CD1b-restricted immune response at the tissue level over the course of Mtb infection. Our results indicate transient upregulation of CD1b expression during the effector phase of adaptive immunity that wanes with disease chronicity. Gene expression indicates that upregulation of CD1b is the result of transcriptional induction across all CD1b orthologs. We show high CD1b3 expression on B cells, and identify CD1b3 as the predominant CD1b ortholog in pulmonary granuloma lesions. We identifyex vivocytotoxic activity directed against CD1b that closely paralleled the kinetic changes in CD1b expression in Mtb infected lung and spleen. This study confirms that CD1b expression is modulated by Mtb infection in lung and spleen, leading to pulmonary and extrapulmonary CD1b-restricted immunity as a component of the antigen-specific response to Mtb infection.
Proteomic predictors of individualized nutrient-specific insulin secretion in health and disease
Authors: Kolic Jelena , Sun WenQing Grace , Cen Haoning Howard , Ewald Jessica , Rogalski Jason C. , Sasaki Shugo , Sun Han , Rajesh Varsha , Xia Yi Han , Moravcova Renata , Skovsø Søs , Spigelman Aliya F. , Manning Fox Jocelyn E. , Lyon James , Beet Leanne , Xia Jianguo , Lynn Francis C. , Gloyn Anna L. , Foster Leonard J. , MacDonald Patrick E. , Johnson James D. 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACTPopulation level variation and molecular mechanisms behind insulin secretion in response to carbohydrate, protein, and fat remain uncharacterized despite ramifications for personalized nutrition. Here, we define prototypical insulin secretion dynamics in response to the three macronutrients in islets from 140 cadaveric donors, including those diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. While islets from the majority of donors exhibited the expected relative response magnitudes, with glucose being highest, amino acid moderate, and fatty acid small, 9% of islets stimulated with amino acid and 8% of islets stimulated with fatty acids had larger responses compared with high glucose. We leveraged this insulin response heterogeneity and used transcriptomics and proteomics to identify molecular correlates of specific nutrient responsiveness, as well as those proteins and mRNAs altered in type 2 diabetes. We also examine nutrient-responsiveness in stem cell-derived islet clusters and observe that they have dysregulated fuel sensitivity, which is a hallmark of functionally immature cells. Our study now represents the first comparison of dynamic responses to nutrients and multi-omics analysis in human insulin secreting cells. Responses of different people’s islets to carbohydrate, protein, and fat lay the groundwork for personalized nutrition.ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARYDeep phenotyping and multi-omics reveal individualized nutrient-specific insulin secretion propensity.
Beyond Anxiety and Grief: Mapping the Emotional Landscape of Parents Facing a Childhood Cancer Diagnosis
Authors: Sheikh Shanzeh , Wimberly Courtney E. , Towry Lisa , Walsh Kyle M. 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACTObjectiveWe sought to explore the variation in emotional responses and identify clusters of emotional patterns associated with sociodemographic, clinical, and familial factors.MethodsA large-scale survey with questions on demographics, experiences, and emotions at the time of diagnosis was sent to childhood cancer caregivers and completed between August 2012 and April 2019. Dimensionality reduction and statistical tests for independence were used to investigate relationships between sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors and 32 representative emotions.ResultsData from 3142 respondents were analyzed. Through principal components analysis and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding analysis, three clusters of emotional responses were identified, captured 44%, 20% and 36% of respondents, respectively. Hallmark emotions within each cluster were “anger and grief” (Cluster 1), “pessimism, relief, impatience, insecurity, discouragement, and calm” (Cluster 2), and “hope” (Cluster 3). Cluster membership was associated with differences in parental factors, such as educational attainment, family income, and biological parent status, as well as child-specific factors, including age at diagnosis and cancer type.ConclusionsThe study revealed substantial heterogeneity in emotional responses to a child’s cancer diagnosis than previously recognized, with differences linked to both caregiver and child-related factors. These findings underscore the importance of developing responsive and effective programs to improve targeted support for caregivers from the time of diagnosis throughout a family’s childhood cancer journey.
Association of neurotransmitter pathway polygenic risk with specific symptom profiles in psychosis
Authors: Warren Tracy L. , Tubbs Justin D. , Lesh Tyler A. , Corona Mylena B. , Pakzad Sarvenaz , Albuquerque Marina , Singh Praveena , Zarubin Vanessa , Morse Sarah , Sham Pak Chung , Carter Cameron S. , Nord Alex S. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractA primary goal of psychiatry is to better understand the pathways that link genetic risk to psychiatric symptoms. Here, we tested association of diagnosis and endophenotypes with overall and neurotransmitter pathway-specific polygenic risk in patients with early-stage psychosis. Subjects included 206 demographically diverse cases with a psychotic disorder who underwent comprehensive psychiatric and neurological phenotyping and 115 matched controls. Following genotyping, we calculated polygenic scores (PGSs) for schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP) using Psychiatric Genomics Consortium GWAS summary statistics. To test if overall genetic risk can be partitioned into affected neurotransmitter pathways, we calculated pathway PGSs (pPGSs) for SZ risk affecting each of four major neurotransmitter systems: glutamate, GABA, dopamine, and serotonin. Psychosis subjects had elevated SZ PGS versus controls; cases with SZ or BP diagnoses had stronger SZ or BP risk, respectively. There was no significant association within psychosis cases between individual symptom measures and overall PGS. However, neurotransmitter-specific pPGSs were moderately associated with specific endophenotypes; notably, glutamate was associated with SZ diagnosis and with deficits in cognitive control during task-based fMRI, while dopamine was associated with global functioning. Finally, unbiased endophenotype-driven clustering identified three diagnostically mixed case groups that separated on primary deficits of positive symptoms, negative symptoms, global functioning, and cognitive control. All clusters showed strong genome-wide risk. Cluster 2, characterized by deficits in cognitive control and negative symptoms, additionally showed specific risk concentrated in glutamatergic and GABAergic pathways. Due to the intensive characterization of our subjects, the present study was limited to a relatively small cohort. As such, results should be followed up with additional research at the population and mechanism level. Our study suggests pathway-based PGS analysis may be a powerful path forward to study genetic mechanisms driving psychiatric endophenotypes.