bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-term Patient-Reported Outcomes in a Population-Based Cohort Following Radiotherapy vs Surgery for Oropharyngeal Cancer
Authors: Dohopolski Michael J. , Diao Kevin , Hutcheson Katherine A. , Akhave Neil S. , Goepfert Ryan P. , He Weiguo , Lei Xiudong Jennifer , Peterson Susan K. , Shen Yu , Sumer Baran D. , Smith Benjamin D. , Sher David J. 
Published: June 2023

ImportanceOncologic outcomes are similar for patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) treated with primary surgery or radiotherapy. However, comparative differences in long-term patient-reported outcomes (PROs) between modalities are less well established.ObjectiveTo determine the association between primary surgery or radiotherapy and long-term PROs.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used the Texas Cancer Registry to identify survivors of OPSCC treated definitively with primary radiotherapy or surgery between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2016. Patients were surveyed in October 2020 and April 2021.ExposuresPrimary radiotherapy and surgery for OPSCC.Main Outcomes and MeasuresPatients completed a questionnaire that included demographic and treatment information, the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory–Head and Neck (MDASI-HN) module, the Neck Dissection Impairment Index (NDII), and the Effectiveness of Auditory Rehabilitation (EAR) scale. Multivariable linear regression models were performed to evaluate the association of treatment (surgery vs radiotherapy) with PROs while controlling for additional variables.ResultsQuestionnaires were mailed to 1600 survivors of OPSCC identified from the Texas Cancer Registry, with 400 responding (25% response rate), of whom 183 (46.2%) were 8 to 15 years from their initial diagnosis. The final analysis included 396 patients (aged ≤57 years, 190 [48.0%]; aged &amp;gt;57 years, 206 [52.0%]; female, 72 [18.2%]; male, 324 [81.8%]). After multivariable adjustment, no significant differences were found between surgery and radiotherapy outcomes as measured by the MDASI-HN (β, −0.1; 95% CI, −0.7 to 0.6), NDII (β, −1.7; 95% CI, −6.7 to 3.4), and EAR (β, −0.9; 95% CI −7.7 to 5.8). In contrast, less education, lower household income, and feeding tube use were associated with significantly worse MDASI-HN, NDII, and EAR scores, while concurrent chemotherapy with radiotherapy was associated with worse MDASI-HN and EAR scores.Conclusions and RelevanceThis population-based cohort study found no associations between long-term PROs and primary radiotherapy or surgery for OPSCC. Lower socioeconomic status, feeding tube use, and concurrent chemotherapy were associated with worse long-term PROs. Further efforts should focus on the mechanism, prevention, and rehabilitation of these long-term treatment toxicities. The long-term outcomes of concurrent chemotherapy should be validated and may inform treatment decision making.
Regulations and Guidelines for Toxic Exposures in the Workplace
Authors: Ewert Donald H. , Rompre Ghislain , Ansari Rais A. , Saghir Shakil A. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractHistorically, occupational diseases often served as signs of exposure to toxic substances in the workplace, and legislation to regulate workplace exposure was slow to develop. While research and technology provided the rationale and methodologies to develop legislation, regulations, and guidelines reducing workplace hazards, social (e.g., working age of children or working hours) and catastrophes (e.g., mine explosions, asbestos disease, and epidemics) were often the main factors for laws/regulations. Political and civil rights movements also play a role in regulatory changes. In the early part of this century, regulations and guidelines to control toxic substances in workplaces primarily emerged out of social forces such as those introduced by labor unions and social reformers such as Alice Hamilton who was instrumental in putting workplace health and safety on the agenda for U.S. federal activities during the early 1900s. The first academic programs to support these efforts were instituted very early in 1900; the Department of Biology and Public Health at MIT offered a course in industrial hygiene in 1905 followed by the University of Pennsylvania, where a doctorate in public health was offered in 1906 with emphases on industrial hygiene. In 1919, the University of Cincinnati established a 1‐year Certificate of Public Health in Industrial Hygiene. The National Safety Council on Benzol was the first committee to establish current benzene exposure thresholds, and various private organizations (e.g., NSC, ANSI, ACGIH, API) provided exposure guidelines for various toxic substances. This chapter covers history of the development of regulations/guidelines to control exposure to toxic substances at workplaces.
Coal Tar, Crude Oil, and Derived Products
Authors: Ryman‐Rasmussen Jessica 
Published: June 2023

AbstractNaturally occurring petroleum ranges in physical state from liquids to solids. Petroleum, its refining streams, and petroleum‐derived products are comprised of chemical compounds that can number in the thousands and that can vary in chemical composition due to variation in both source material and refining processes. As such, petroleum substances are Substances of Unknown or Variable Composition, Complex Reaction Products, and Biological Materials, also known as UVCBs. Petroleum and its distillates have been divided into categories in the United States and European Union based on refining processes. These categories have been used as an organization point for hazard characterization by regulatory authorities in the United States and European Union. This chapter describes the production, physicochemical properties, exposure, and hazards for petroleum, petroleum streams, and petroleum‐derived products. For substances for which chemical constituents have been identified that are key drivers of hazard (e.g., benzo[a]pyrene), these constituents are discussed. Additionally, for some substances, information is provided on regulatory and/or advisory hazard classifications, status regarding Harmonised Classification and Labelling, or recommended exposure limits from regulatory authorities.
N‐Nitroso Compounds
Authors: Green Laura C. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractN‐Nitroso compounds are a diverse group of hundreds of potentially toxic and carcinogenic chemicals. Of these, the most well studied are chemically simple nitrosamines, such as dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and diethylnitrosamine (DEN), both of which are remarkably potent causes of cancer in all animal‐species so far tested; and likely to be carcinogenic to humans as well. This chapter addresses how our exogenous exposures to these and related compounds—both occupationally and environmentally—have changed over the decades. Notably, DMN and some otherN‐nitroso compounds are also formed endogenously, in all animals, including humans: mechanisms of this endogenous nitrosation are discussed herein. The chemistry and metabolism of selected nitrosamines are presented, especially as these relate to the formationin vivoof the proximately toxic and carcinogenic chemical‐species. Nitrosamine exposures via cigarettes are detailed, as are (historical and current) occupational exposures, such as via rubber‐manufacturing, and via some metal lubricating fluids. General environmental exposures via food, beverages, and pharmaceuticals are also discussed.
Occupational Toxicology in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Dolan David G. , Bercu Joel P. , Graham Jessica C. , Barle Ester L. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Much of the activity in the pharmaceutical industry has its origins in the fine chemicals industry of the late nineteenth century. At that time, advances in chemistry and medicine led to the manufacture of pharmacologically active small molecules to produce desirable biological effects to treat diseases and illnesses at relatively low doses. Advances in biology and chemistry in the past quarter century have led to an increase in innovation resulting in a variety of novel modalities, especially recombinant proteins, antibody‐drug conjugates, cell and gene therapies, peptides and polypeptides, oligonucleotides, and vaccines. The roles and responsibilities of occupational toxicologists in the pharmaceutical industry have expanded dramatically in the twenty‐first century, commensurate with the changing regulatory requirements and treatment modalities. The occupational toxicologists' roles have become increasingly multidisciplinary and the scope of their involvement has expanded to encompass diverse aspects of worker safety as well as patient safety, and to include involvement throughout a molecule's development, from early development through postcommercialization.
Metalworking Fluids (MWFs)
Authors: Gordon Terry , Taylor Barbara 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Metal working fluids (MWFs) comprise a complex class of chemicals used in the processing and machining of metal products. A wide variety of additives are used to improve the functionality and longevity of MWFs and include detergents, antioxidants, buffering agents, anti‐foaming agents, and antimicrobials. Importantly, during the use of MWFs, the aerosolized fluids are contaminated by microbial products particularly in the water‐based MWFs. The majority of literature on the adverse human health effects associated with exposure to MWFs can be attributed to mixed exposures to predominantly water‐based fluids, with some straight oil data. Similarly, many of the experimental animal toxicology studies have also examined water‐based fluids and unfortunately, the development and production of MWFs are rapidly changing, and thus health studies have largely been conducted using MWFs that may no longer be in use. This chapter presents the current knowledge on the adverse health effects associated with exposure to water‐based, synthetic, and semi‐synthetic MWFs.
Mechanisms of Action of Carcinogenic Chemicals Including Occupational Carcinogens
Authors: Kobets Tetyana , Williams Gary M. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the diverse mechanisms, which are involved in the induction of neoplasia produced by chemical carcinogens, including occupational carcinogens. The key events involved in the process of carcinogenesis are discussed, and the broad classification of carcinogens based on their primary mechanism of action is delineated. Two major classes of carcinogens are discussed: (1) DNA‐reactive (genotoxic) carcinogens, which react with nuclear DNA directly producing DNA damage in the target tissue and (2) epigenetic (nongenotoxic) carcinogens, which either indirectly interact with DNA or affect other regulatory macromolecules altering cellular processes involved in growth control and/or cell death in the target tissue. Examples of human carcinogens are provided. In addition, methods of human risk assessment are discussed.
Computational Toxicology
Authors: Wijeyesakere Sanjeeva J. , Richardson Rudy J. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis chapter briefly explores the principles and application of predictive computational approaches (cheminformatics) to the field of toxicology. In recent years, regulatory and consumer pressures have promoted the use of non‐animal alternatives (including cheminformatics approaches) to assess hazards associated with novel and existing chemicals. In general, thesein silicoapproaches enable us to do two important things: (1) Rapidly assess likely molecular mechanisms of toxicity; and (2) Suggest mechanistic hypotheses for experimental validation or refutation. To this end, we provide an overview of current two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional computational approaches including mechanistic machine learning, structural scaffolding, docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. Together with techniques such as inverse docking and pharmacophore/toxicophore mapping, it is possible to use these techniques to align compounds with their potential macromolecular targets, including off‐targets of toxicity. While the approaches discussed in this chapter could potentially be of value when assessing hazards associated with biological xenobiotics and protein–DNA interactions, our focus is on small‐molecule toxicants and theirin vivo[protein] targets.
Molybdenum
Authors: Klipsch Kevin , Aveyard Lindsay , Carey Sandra , Hubbard Sue A. , Levy Leonard S. , Mitchell Philip C. H. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractMolybdenum is an essential element for humans, animals, and plants. But excess exposure to molybdenum substances may cause harmful effects. This chapter describes natural occurrence, production, uses, and chemical and biochemical properties of molybdenum substances, and possible adverse effects in relation to dose. The emphasis is on commercial inorganic molybdenum substances and those where the molybdate ion [MoO4]2−is the driver for a biological effect.
Kiritimatiellaceae
Authors: Spring Stefan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Ki.ri.ti.ma.ti.el.la.ce'ae. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Kiritimatiella
, type genus of the family; L. fem. pl. n. suff. –
aceae
, ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Kiritimatiellaceae
, the
Kiritimatiella
family.

Kiritimatiellota / Kiritimatiellia / Kiritimatiellales / Kiritimatiellaceae

To date, there is only one cultivated strain in the family
Kiritimatiellaceae
, the type strain of
Kiritimatiella glycovorans
(Spring et al., 2016). Microorganisms assigned to this family are generally free‐living, nonmotile, non‐spore‐forming, coccoid bacteria adapted to anoxic aquatic niches characterized by hypersaline conditions. Other features include cell division by binary fission, a Gram‐negative type cell wall containing peptidoglycan, no intracellular membranes, and an anaerobic metabolism based on the fermentation of carbohydrates. The main nongaseous fermentation products are ethanol and acetate. Transparent exopolymers are formed and probably protect cells from desiccation in hypersaline environments. Cellular fatty acid patterns are dominated by straight‐chain (C
18:0
) and iso‐branched fatty acids (iso‐C
14:0
). The major polar lipid was identified as phosphatidylglycerol (PG) besides minor amounts of an unidentified phospholipid, two distinct glycolipids, an aminolipid and small amounts of phosphoglycolipids. The genome size of the only described type strain of this family is 2.9 Mb.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 63 (genome analysis).

Type genus
:
Kiritimatiella
Spring et al. 2016, VL174.
Terrilactibacillus
Authors: Tanasupawat Somboon , Kingkaew Engkarat , Thitiprasert Sitanan , Thongchul Nuttha 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Ter.ri.lac.ti.ba.cil'lus. L. fem. n.
terra
, of the earth; L. neut. n
. lac
(gen.
lactis
), milk; L. masc. n.
bacillus,
a small rod; N.L. masc. n.
Terrilactibacillus,
soil lactic acid rodlet.

Firmicutes / Bacilli / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Terrilactibacillus

Terrilactibacillus
is a genus in the family
Bacillaceae
. It currently comprises two species
Terrilactibacillus laevilacticus
and
Terrilactibacillus tamarindi
. Members of genus are distributed in soils and tree bark. This genus encompasses endospore‐forming rod‐shaped bacteria. Cells are Gram‐stain‐positive, facultatively anaerobic, and motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Colonies on glucose‐yeast‐peptone (GYP) agar plates were circular, convex, and ivory‐white.
d
‐Lactic acid was produced homofermentatively from glucose. Growth at 20–45°C, pH 3.5–9.0, and 3–4% (w/v) NaCl. The cell wall peptidoglycan contained
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone with seven isoprene units (MK‐7). Major fatty acids were
iso
‐C
16:0
,
anteiso
‐C
15:0
, and
anteiso
‐C
17:0
. The
in silico
DNA G + C content was 36.8–37.1 mol%. The type species of the genus is
Terrilactibacillus laevilacticus
Prasirtsak et al. 2016
VP
. Originally isolated from soil.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 36.8–37.1 (
In silico
).

Type species
:
Terrilactibacillus laevilacticus
Prasirtsak et al. 2016.
Candidatus Nanopusillus
Authors: St. John Emily , Reysenbach Anna‐Louise , Podar Mircea 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Na.no.pu.sil'lus. Gr. masc. n.
nânos,
a dwarf; L. masc. adj.
pusillus,
very small; N.L. masc. n.
Nanopusillus,
a very small member of the
Nanoarchaeota
.

Nanoarchaeota / Nanobdellia / Nanobdellales / Nanobdellaceae /
Candidatus Nanopusillus

The genus
Candidatus
Nanopusillus is comprised of small coccoid cells (∼100–400 nm) that live epibiotically on the surface of archaeal hosts. The first described species,
Candidatus
Nanopusillus acidilobi, is an anaerobic, hyperthermophilic acidophile whose best growth is observed at 82°C, pH 3.6, cultivated from a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park.
Ca
. Nanopusillus acidilobi cells associate with the
Crenarchaeota
host organism
Acidilobus
sp. 7A. Archaeal flagella (archaella) have been predicted from the genome sequence and shown to be expressed in the proteome. A second putative species,
Candidatus
Nanopusillus massiliensis, was recently reported from human dental plaque and associates with the methanogen
Methanobrevibacter oralis
. The genome consists of a single scaffold which is highly fragmented by spans of ambiguous nucleotides, with 16S rRNA gene fragments from
Bacteria
. Both species have small genomes (∼0.6 Mb) encoding few biosynthetic genes and no apparent ATP synthase complex genes, suggesting that the nanoarchaeotes rely on their host for the production of major cellular precursors.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 24 (genome analysis).

Type species
:

Candidatus
Nanopusillus acidilobi

Wurch et al. 2016.
The anticipatory paradigm
Authors: Amos‐Binks Adam , Dannenhauer Dustin , Gilpin Leilani H. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAnticipatory thinking is necessary for managing risk in the safety‐ and mission‐critical domains where AI systems are being deployed. We analyze the intersection of anticipatory thinking, the optimization paradigm, and metaforesight to advance our understanding of AI systems and their adaptive capabilities when encountering low‐likelihood/high‐impact risks. We describe this intersection as the anticipatory paradigm. We detail these challenges in concrete examples and propose new types of anticipatory thinking, towards a paradigm shift in how AI systems are evaluated.
Strategies to Improve Equitable Access to Early Osteoarthritis Diagnosis and Management: An Updated Review
Authors: Abenoja Angela , Theodorlis Madeline , Ahluwalia Vandana , Battistella Marisa , Borkhoff Cornelia M. , Hazlewood Glen Stewart , Lofters Aisha , MacKay Crystal , Marshall Deborah , Gagliardi Anna R. 
Published: June 2023

Though osteoarthritis (OA) affects millions of people worldwide, many fail to access recommended early, person‐centered OA care, particularly women who are disproportionately impacted by OA. A prior review identified few strategies to improve equitable access to early diagnosis and management for multiple disadvantaged groups. We aimed to update that review with literature published in 2010 or later on strategies to improve OA care for disadvantaged groups including women. We identified only 11 eligible studies, of which only 2 (18%) focused on women only. Other disadvantaged groups targeted in the largely US‐based studies included patients who are Black, Spanish‐speaking, rural, and adults aged 60 years and older. All studies evaluated interventions targeted to patients; 4 (36%) assessed video decision aids, and 7 (63.6%) assessed in‐person, video, or telephone self‐management education. Interventions were often multifaceted (n = 9, 82%), and most studies (n = 8, 73%) achieved positive outcomes in at least some outcomes measured. No studies evaluated clinician‐ or system‐level strategies. Few studies (n = 5, 45%) described how they tailored strategies to disadvantaged groups or how they addressed person‐centered care concepts apart from enabling self‐management. Future research is needed to develop, implement, evaluate, and scale‐up multilevel strategies to enhance equitable, person‐centered OA care for disadvantaged groups including women.
Langmuir–Blodgett‐Mediated Formation of Antibacterial Microneedles for Long‐Term Transdermal Drug Delivery
Authors: Lu Ziyi , Du Shan , Li Jiaxun , Zhang Min , Nie Huali , Zhou Xiaojun , Li Fulun , Wei Xinwei , Wang Jinqiang , Liu Fuyao , He Chuanglong , Yang Guang , Gu Zhen 
Published: June 2023

AbstractMicroneedles (MNs) have become versatile platforms for minimally invasive transdermal drug delivery devices. However, there are concerns about MN‐induced skin infections with long‐term transdermal administration. Using the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique, a simple method for depositing antibacterial nanoparticles of various shapes, sizes, and compositions onto MNs is developed. This strategy has merits over conventional dip coating techniques, including controlled coating layers, uniform and high coverage, and a straightforward fabrication process. This provides MNs with a fast‐acting and long‐lasting antibacterial effect. This study demonstrates that antibacterial MNs achieve superior bacterial elimination in vitro and in vivo without sacrificing payload capacity, drug release, or mechanical strength. It is believed that such a functional nanoparticle coating technique offers a platform for the expansion of MNs function, especially in long‐term transdermal drug delivery fields.
Extracellular Vesicles‐Derived Hybrid Nanoplatforms for Amplified CD47 Blockade‐Based Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Tang Lu , Yin Yue , Cao Yuqi , Fu Cong , Liu Hening , Feng Jingwen , Wang Wei , Liang Xing‐Jie 
Published: June 2023

AbstractImmunomodulation of tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) into tumor‐inhibiting M1‐like phenotype is a promising but challenging strategy. Cleverly, tumor cells overexpress CD47, a “don't eat me” signal that ligates with the signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) on macrophages to escape phagocytosis. Thus, effective re‐education of TAMs into the “eat me” type and blocking the CD47‐SIRPα signaling play pivotal roles in tumor immunotherapy. Herein, it is reported that hybrid nanovesicles (hEL‐RS17) derived from extracellular vesicles of M1 macrophages and decorated with RS17 peptide, an antitumor peptide that specifically binds to CD47 on tumor cells and blocks CD47‐SIRPα signaling, can actively target tumor cells and remodel TAM phenotypes. Consequently, more M1‐like TAMs infiltrate into tumor tissue to phagocytize more tumor cells due to CD47 blockade. By further co‐encapsulating chemotherapeutic agent shikonin, photosensitizer IR820, and immunomodulator polymetformin in hEL‐RS17, an enhanced antitumor effect is obtained due to the combinational treatment modality and close synergy among each component. Upon laser irradiation, the designed SPI@hEL‐RS17 nanoparticles exert potent antitumor efficacy against both 4T1 breast tumor and B16F10 melanoma models, which not only suppresses primary tumor growth but also inhibits lung metastasis and prevents tumor recurrence, exhibiting great potential in boosting CD47 blockade‐based antitumor immunotherapy.