bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of Ctrl+Z in ship design: removing a bulbous bow
Authors: Arribas F P , Oyuela S , Otero A D , Sosa R , Diaz-Ojeda H R 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
A bulbous bow is a widely employed feature to enhance the hydrodynamic resistance of ships. More than 95% of the merchant fleet incorporates various types of bulbous bows to reduce wave-making resistance and wave breaking. Bulbous bow is also utilized in smaller vessels like fishing vessels. In certain cases, the initial ship design includes the addition of a bulbous bow by default. In this study, which focuses on a typical Argentinian trawler fishing vessel, we investigate the impact of the bulbous bow on resistance. Taking a reverse approach, we modify the fishing vessel by removing the bulbous bow and we evaluate its hydrodynamics. This research aims to assess the reduction in ship resistance achieved by the bulbous bow under different load conditions and speeds, comparing the vessel with and without the bulbous bow. The numerical analysis uses OpenFOAM, and the results are validated through towing tank experiments. The research demonstrates that the performance of the bulbous bow varies across different conditions, indicating that not always the vessel with a bulbous bow is better.
Experimental and numerical Investigation on drag reduction using polymer coatings
Authors: Du Xinru , Mutsuda Hidemi , Wasada Yuya , Nakashima Takuji 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The phenomenon of polymer drag reduction (DR) has primarily been investigated in the context of internal flows featuring mixed solutions. However, research on non-uniform polymer DR in external flows, such as polymer coatings on the surfaces of marine applications, remains scarce. To address this gap, experimental and numerical investigations were conducted in this research to find out the DR and turbulence performance. Firstly, the experimental results are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of polymer DR. Specifically, the drag reduction performance of a silicon polymer coating is tested under different Reynolds numbers. Then, the mesoscopic dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) method is coupled with DNS and LES methods, and the finitely extensible nonlinear elastic approach is used to validate the results obtained using this DNS/LES-DPD method. Additionally, the model is used to investigate the influence of the height of the polymer region on non-uniform polymer DR and turbulence behaviour is also investigated. The model also reveals that the polymer DR efficiency is significant even when the polymer region does not extend across the entire fluid area such as the application of polymer coating.
A CFD-based evaluation of ship speed at EEXI draft
Authors: Yuan Shuai , Shi Lei , Hu Fan , Yu Hai , Xiong Xiaoqing 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a simulation of ship speed for an existing containership at EEXI draft using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The simulation is divided into two steps namely (a) the numerical prediction of ship performance at model scale, and (b) the extrapolation of results to full scale. Model scale numerical simulations of ship resistance, open-water propeller and ship-propeller-rudder interactions at demonstrated. The method is at first validated by comparing against available experiments and at second stage full-scale ship performance is assessed by an extrapolation method. Comparison of the ship speed predicted by CFD against experiments demonstrates a difference of 0.05 knots when the same extrapolation coefficients are applied.
On suitable CFD setups for cavitation dynamics
Authors: Wang Youjiang 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In the current work, cavitating simulations were carried out with different setups including different mesh resolutions, time steps, RANS and IDDES turbulence models to investigate their influence on cavitation dynamics. The simulations were conducted for the Delft Twist hydrofoil, for which comprehensive experimental data is available. The open-source CFD solver OpenFoam is adopted because further model improvement is straightforward. The hydrodynamics, cavity volume, and cavitation shedding frequency are compared between different simulations. It is found that a good mesh for hydrodynamics is by far not enough to obtain appropriate cavitation dynamics. The turbulence model plays a prominent role on cavitation dynamics. The current work provides a valuable reference for choosing suitable setups to simulate cavitation dynamics.
Numerical simulations of submarine self-propulsion flows near the free surface
Authors: Guo Enkai , Cao Liushuai , Shen Zhiben , Wang Yun 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Submarine needs to complete more tasks near the free-surface area in modern war. When sailing near the free surface, the self-propelled characteristics of the submarine and its nearby flow field will be affected by the free surface. This paper presents the research on the self-propulsion submarine near the free surface with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. We take the generic Joubert BB2 submarine and Marine 7371R propeller models as the research objects. The RANS method and SST k-ω turbulence model are selected to solve the turbulent flows. The volume of fluid (VOF) method is used to capture the free surface. Grid convergence study is performed based on three sets of grids with different resolution. Numerical simulations are performed under the self-propulsion cases with different submergence depths and velocities. The proportional integral (PI) controller method is proposed to obtain the self-propulsion point. The results are more accurate compared with the traditional one. It is found that with the decrease of the submergence depths, the rotating speed of the self-propelled point and the corresponding thrust increase. The study also explores the free surface effect on flow field characteristics, wave-making characteristics and vortex structures. The scientific findings provide some useful results for the self-propulsion submarines near the free surface and support the further research in the future.
Analysis of the Hydrodynamic Performance of a Gate Rudder System
Authors: Turkmen Serkan , Wang Li , Raftopoulos Stefanos , Li Chang , Norman Rose 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
An alternative twin rudder system known as the Gate Rudder© has been applied to newbuild vessels and an existing ship with the aim to improve their hydrodynamic performance and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The system consists of two asymmetric cross-sections and L-shaped blades located either side of a propeller. The blades generate thrust (duct effect) from the propeller and ship-included flow. Initially, forces and moments of a single blade were measured using a 6-axis strain gauge sensor in the towing tank without a propeller. An alternative measuring device, consisting of a Piezoelectric Macro-Fiber Composite Actuator, was then attached to the blade to investigate flow-induced forces. Finally, Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations were compared with the experimental results to identify the source of the oscillating forces. The results show that flow-induced vibrations may occur on the gate rudder blades at both shedding frequencies and the structure’s natural frequency.
Estimation of the entrained water effect of tandem propellers based on numerical method
Authors: Wang Jianzheng , Zhou Ruiping , Guo Yukuo , Luo Xiaoyuan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The objective of the paper is to propose the empirical formulas of the entrained water effect based on numerical method to estimate the virtual mass and the virtual moment of inertia for tandem propellers. The fluid-solid interaction of combined propellers in the flow field has been taken into consideration in the calculation. The axial added mass and the added moment of inertia of the entrained water are calculated for a single propeller using the finite element method and the existing empirical formulas to verify the feasibility and accuracy of numerical method. Consequently, the numerical calculation of tandem propellers is conducted to obtain the novel empirical formulas of entrained water properties, which are available to evaluate the influence of the blade diameter, the expanded area ratio and the pitch/diameter ratio. The corresponding correction coefficients in the empirical formulas considering the entrained water effect of tandem propellers are given. The empirical formulas are beneficial to relevant practical engineering calculation of entrained water properties for combined propellers.
Predicting inkjet jetting behavior for viscoelastic inks using machine learning
Authors: Kim Seongju , Wenger Raphaël , Bürgy Olivier , Balestra Gioele , Jeong Unyong , Jung Sungjune 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Inkjet printing offers significant potential for additive manufacturing technology. However, predicting jetting behavior is challenging because the rheological properties of functional inks commonly used in the industry are overlooked in printability maps that rely on the Ohnesorge and Weber numbers. We present a machine learning-based predictive model for jetting behavior that incorporates the Deborah number, the Ohnesorge number, and the waveform parameters. Ten viscoelastic inks have been prepared and their storage modulus and loss modulus measured, showing good agreement with those obtained by the theoretical Maxwell model. With the relaxation time of the viscoelastic ink obtained by analyzing the Maxwell model equations, the Deborah number could be calculated. We collected a large data set of jetting behaviors of each ink with various waveforms using drop watching system. Three distinct machine learning models were employed to build predictive models. After comparing the prediction accuracy of the machine learning models, we found that multilayer perceptron showed outstanding prediction accuracy. The final predictive model exhibited remarkable accuracy for an unknown ink based on waveform parameters, and the correlation between jetting behavior and ink properties was reasonable. Finally, we developed a printability map characterized by the Ohnesorge and Deborah numbers through the proposed predictive model for viscoelastic fluids and the chosen industrial printhead.
High performance composite Pr4Ni3O 10±δ
—Ce0.75Gd0.1Pr0.15O
2−δ
solid oxide cell air electrode
Authors: Xie Zheng , Jang Inyoung , Ouyang Mengzheng , Hankin Anna , Skinner Stephen J 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
A composite electrode composed of Pr4Ni3O

10
±
δ

—Ce0.75Gd0.1Pr0.15O

2
−
δ

(50 wt.%–50 wt.%) was thoroughly investigated in terms of the electrochemical performance as a function of microstructure. The electrochemical performance was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the microstructures, characterized by focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy and 3D reconstructions, were modified by changing the particle size of Pr4Ni3O

10
±
δ

and the electrode thickness. The distribution of relaxation time method was applied to help resolve electrochemical processes occurring in the electrodes. It was found that an appropriate increase in electrode thickness and an appropriate decrease in particle size enhanced the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics. The lowest area specific resistance obtained in this study at 670 ∘C under pO
2 of 0.21 atm was 0.055 Ω cm2. Finally, a comparison to the Adler-Lane-Steele (ALS) model was made and the main active site for the ORR was concluded to be triple phase boundaries. A fuel cell made of the composite material as the cathode was fabricated and tested. The peak power density was 1 W cm−2 at 800 ∘C, which demonstrates that this composite material is promising for solid oxide fuel cell cathodes.
Experimental and analytical investigation of bio-inspired lattice structures under compressive loading
Authors: Doodi Ramakrishna , Balamurali Gunji 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The main objective of this study is to fabricate a Novel bio-inspired lattice structure for energy absorption. A lattice structure design was proposed based on the microstructure of one of the various butterfly species Papilio Xuthus. Two major parameters are chosen from the structure to make multiple designs which may cause changes in the behavior of the structure among all available parameters. The parametric values required for the designs were calculated with the help of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using Minitab software. The proposed designs are modeled in Autodesk Fusion 360 and 3D printed specimens of size 40 × 40 × 40 (all are in mm) are fabricated by Stereolithography (SLA) process based on the chosen parameters. The 3D-printed specimens are tested under quasi-static compressive loading using Instron 8801 Universal testing machine (UTM). The test results obtained from the testing are used to construct regression equations for energy absorption (EA) and specific energy absorption (SEA). The developed equations can be used to find out EA and SEA values for any combination of the proposed parameters (x and d) for suitable energy absorption applications.
Normal vector centering method for probe correction in cylindrical worm tooth profile measurement
Authors: Jie Tang , Hui Wan , Zhaoyao Shi , Guangcai Zhou 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The measurement results of cylindrical worms vary greatly under different probe tip diameters on the Gear Measuring Centre (GMC). Considering toroidal enveloping cylindrical worm (ZC1 worm) as an instance, after analysing the worm grinding coordinate system, the probe correction method based on normal vector centreing (NVC) is established. The theoretical coordinate values of the points on the normal equidistant line which is rotated into the axial section are used as the probe tip centre trajectory. Experiments were carried out with probe tip diameters of 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm for the worm tooth profile measurement on a GMC. Compared with the traditional method, the variation between the profile deviations results using the proposed method become smaller and the variation of ‘profile deviation, total’ is reduced from 8.3 μm to 0.5 μm, the profile slope deviation variation is reduced from 8.6 μm to 0.5 μm. The proposed method in ZC1 worm tooth profile measurement can effectively reduce the variation between the measurement results under different GMC probe tip diameters, and also the methodology can be applied to other kinds of cylindrical worms. The method has significance for other curved profiles measurement on coordinate measurements.
Foundations of attribution in climate-change science
Authors: Lloyd Elisabeth A , Shepherd Theodore G 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Attribution—the explanation of an observed change in terms of multiple causal factors—is the cornerstone of climate-change science. For anthropogenic climate change (ACC), the central causal factor is evidently ACC itself, and one of the primary tools used to reveal ACC is aggregation, or grouping together, of data, e.g. global mean surface temperature. Whilst this approach has served climate-change science well, the landscape is changing rapidly. First, there is an increasing focus on regional or local aspects of climate change, and on singular or unprecedented events, which require varying degrees of disaggregation. Relatedly, climate change is increasingly apparent in observations at the local scale, which is challenging the primacy of climate model simulations. Finally, the explosion of climate data is leading to more phenomena-laden methodologies such as machine learning. All this demands a re-think of how attribution is performed and causal explanations are constructed. Here we use Lloyd’s ‘Logic of Research Questions’ framework to show how the way in which the attribution question is framed can strongly constrain its possible and responsive answers. To address the Research Question ‘What was the effect of ACC on X?’ (RQ1), scientists generally consider the question ‘What were the causal factors leading to X, and was ACC among them?’. If the causal factors include only external forcing and internal variability (RQ2), then answering RQ2 also answers RQ1. However, this unconditional attribution is not always possible. In such cases, allowing the causal factors to include elements of the climate system itself (RQ3)—the conditional, storyline approach—is shown to allow for a wider range of possible and responsive answers than RQ2, including that of singular causation. This flexibility is important when uncertainties are high. As a result, the conditional RQ3 mitigates against the sort of epistemic injustice that can arise from the unconditional RQ2.
Operators taking values into Köthe-Bochner spaces
Authors: Randrianantoanina Narcisse 
Published: August 2023

It is known that for

0
>
p
≤
1

0>p\leq 1

, every linear operator

T
:

L
p

(
μ
)
→

L
p

(
λ
)

T: L_p( \mu ) \to L_p(\lambda )

is norm-bounded if and only if it is regular. Recently, this has been generalized to operators from

L
1

(
μ
)

L_1(\mu )

into the Lebesgue-Bochner space

L
1

(
λ
;
X
)

L_1(\lambda ;X)

in the form of dominated operators: every linear operator

T
:

L
1

(
μ
)
→

L
1

(
λ
;
X
)

T: L_1( \mu ) \to L_1(\lambda ;X)

is norm-bounded if and only if it is dominated. Using another method of proof, we generalize this result to all indices

0
>
p
≤
1

0>p\leq 1

. Our result asserts that if

X
X

is a

p
p

-Banach space, then every linear operator

T
:

L
p

(
μ
)
→

L
p

(
λ
;
X
)

T: L_p( \mu ) \to L_p(\lambda ;X)

is norm-bounded if and only if there is a positive operator

S
:

L
1

(
μ
)
→

L
1

(
λ
)

S:L_1(\mu ) \to L_1(\lambda )

satisfying for every

f
∈

L
p

(
μ
)

f\in L_p(\mu )

,
\[

‖
T
f
(
ω
)

‖
X
p

≤
S
(

|

f

|

p

)
(
ω
)
,

λ

-a.e

.

\|Tf(\omega )\|_X^p \leq S(|f|^p)(\omega ), \quad \text {$\lambda $-a.e}.

\]
We also obtain as a consequence, a version of Grothendieck inequality for bounded linear operators from

L
p

(
μ
)

L_p(\mu )

into

L
p

(
λ
;
X
)

L_p(\lambda ;X)

for

0
>
p
≤
1

0>p\leq 1

.
Associations of Early-Life Adversity With Later-Life Epigenetic Aging Profiles in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Schmitz Lauren L , Duffie Elizabeth , Zhao Wei , Ratliff Scott M , Ding Jingzhong , Liu Yongmei , Merkin Sharon Stein , Smith Jennifer A , Seeman Teresa 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Epigenetic biomarkers of accelerated aging have been widely used to predict disease risk and may enhance our understanding of biological mechanisms between early-life adversity and disparities in aging. With respect to childhood adversity, most studies have used parental education or childhood disadvantage and/or have not examined the role played by socioemotional or physical abuse and trauma in epigenetic profiles at older ages. This study leveraged data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) on experiences of threat and deprivation in participants’ early lives (i.e., before the age of 18 years) to examine whether exposure to specific dimensions of early-life adversity is associated with epigenetic profiles at older ages that are indicative of accelerated biological aging. The sample included 842 MESA respondents with DNA methylation data collected between 2010 and 2012 who answered questions on early-life adversities in a 2018–2019 telephone follow-up. We found that experiences of deprivation, but not threat, were associated with later-life GrimAge epigenetic aging signatures that were developed to predict mortality risk. Results indicated that smoking behavior partially mediates this association, which suggests that lifestyle behaviors may act as downstream mechanisms between parental deprivation in early life and accelerated epigenetic aging in later life.
PhenoDriver: interpretable framework for studying personalized phenotype-associated driver genes in breast cancer
Authors: Li Yan , Zhang Shao-Wu , Xie Ming-Yu , Zhang Tong 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Identifying personalized cancer driver genes and further revealing their oncogenic mechanisms is critical for understanding the mechanisms of cell transformation and aiding clinical diagnosis. Almost all existing methods primarily focus on identifying driver genes at the cohort or individual level but fail to further uncover their underlying oncogenic mechanisms. To fill this gap, we present an interpretable framework, PhenoDriver, to identify personalized cancer driver genes, elucidate their roles in cancer development and uncover the association between driver genes and clinical phenotypic alterations. By analyzing 988 breast cancer patients, we demonstrate the outstanding performance of PhenoDriver in identifying breast cancer driver genes at the cohort level compared to other state-of-the-art methods. Otherwise, our PhenoDriver can also effectively identify driver genes with both recurrent and rare mutations in individual patients. We further explore and reveal the oncogenic mechanisms of some known and unknown breast cancer driver genes (e.g. TP53, MAP3K1, HTT, etc.) identified by PhenoDriver, and construct their subnetworks for regulating clinical abnormal phenotypes. Notably, most of our findings are consistent with existing biological knowledge. Based on the personalized driver profiles, we discover two existing and one unreported breast cancer subtypes and uncover their molecular mechanisms. These results intensify our understanding for breast cancer mechanisms, guide therapeutic decisions and assist in the development of targeted anticancer therapies.
The paralogs’ enigma of germ-cell specific genes dispensable for fertility: the case of 19 oogenesin genes
Authors: Castille Johan , Thépot Dominique , Fouchécourt Sophie , Dalbies-Tran Rozenn , Passet Bruno , Daniel-Carlier Nathalie , Vilotte Jean-Luc , Monget Philippe 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Gene knockout experiments have shown that many genes are dispensable for a given biological function. In this review, we make an assessment of male and female germ cell-specific genes dispensable for the function of reproduction in mice, the inactivation of which does not affect fertility. In particular, we describe the deletion of a 1 Mb block containing nineteen paralogous genes of the oogenesin/Pramel family specifically expressed in female and/or male germ cells, which has no consequences in both sexes. We discuss this notion of dispensability and the experiments that need to be carried out to definitively conclude that a gene is dispensable for a function.
Does Policing Help or Hurt? Examining the Longitudinal Relationship Between Police Involvement and Delinquency in Norway
Authors: Andersen Synøve Nygaard 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The population heterogeneity argument links criminality to time-stable individual traits and suggests that criminal justice system involvements exert no independent influence on criminal behaviour. This study directly tests this postulation by estimating the relationship between police involvement and subsequent delinquency in an individual fixed effects design. The analysis relies on five waves of longitudinal data on self-reported delinquency and administrative data on police contacts. Results show that time-stable individual traits matter, but that the frequency of police contacts is positively associated with offending also after such characteristics have been accounted for. The results are thus in line with the state dependence argument and provide tentative support for labelling theory’s postulation that criminal justice involvement increases rather than decreases criminal behaviour.