bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Theory of Consensus-Based International Law
Authors: Cronin Bruce 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter advances a theory of consensus-based international law which holds that under certain well-defined conditions, some international legal obligations can be derived from a widespread agreement among the members of the international community, even in the absence of state practice and written consent. In doing so, it examines the conditions under which such legal norms can emerge, the sources of such norms, and the processes and institutions that enable states to develop them. The sources include multilateral lawmaking treaties; a corpus of soft law supported by a consistent pattern of resolutions passed by decision-making bodies within intergovernmental organizations; principles of international law that have achieved the status of jus cogens; and legal interpretations made by international courts that are broadly cited by legal analysts and political leaders. It then applies this theory to the regulation of internal state violence and the universal ban on atrocities.
International Consensus and the Future of International Law
Authors: Cronin Bruce 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The concluding chapter examines the degree to which the empirical sections have successfully demonstrated that states have accepted obligations that are not based on consent and whether a new source of international law is required to explain it. It reviews how the increased globalization of world politics through the expansion of multilateral institutions is leading to a larger role for international consensus as the foundation for legal rules. In doing so, it highlights the role of deliberation and process, how tipping points are identified, and how international organizations help to further this process. In doing so, it discusses the implications for the doctrine of consent, theories of consensus-based international law, the future of international law, and the regulation and enforcement of human rights norms.
Nature’s Mind and Mind’s Nature
Authors: Schöberlein Stefan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the shifting understanding of the brain by the British Romantics through an examination of the metaphor of the Aeolian harp, the prime image used to describe a brain reacting to nature. Centering on readings of Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Shelley, this chapter discusses the turn-of-the-nineteenth-century debate on the shortcomings of philosophical theories of mind (especially the Associationism of David Hartley) and observes how literary and scientific writers move from eighteenth-century theories of the brain as vibrating cords to a chemically inflected concept of mind as an atomic property of biological matter. This shift in reading the brain, this chapter argues, leads to a double-edged appreciation of the self by these poets: It elevates the mind to a structuring force in nature, while at the same time challenging the boundaries that uphold the thinking, autonomous self.
Cranial Reconstruction
Authors: Schöberlein Stefan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter interrogates the dominance of early psychometrics in the form of racial comparative craniology, in particular the measurement of brain volume. It opens with a reading of Turner’s Confessions to outline Black genius as a challenge to ubiquitous theories of racial cognitive difference, leading into an examination of Great Man theory in advocacy works like those of William Wells Brown in relation to the reformist impulse of the otherwise racially conflicted and complicit field of phrenology. These moments, the chapter argues, outline the emergence of a trend toward psychometric thinking that is exemplified by the medical testing the Union Army conducted on the brains of Black people. It is an act of cultural midwifery of sorts, creating a psychometric gaze that then infects the birth of the Realist novel, as exemplified by Miss Ravenel’s Conversion and Daniel Deronda.
We Go into Space
Authors: Powell James Lawrence 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Face of the Moon inspired chemist and Nobelist Harold Urey. He became the leading scientist in justifying crewed missions to the Moon, which he described as a fossil planet that would provide critical evidence about the origin of the Moon, the Earth, and the solar system. After Ranger had established that lunar craters derive from meteorite impact, Surveyor showed that the Moon’s surface would bear the weight of an astronaut, and Lunar Orbiter located the safest place for a lunar landing. On June 29, 1969, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin touched down to establish Tranquility Base and collect precious Moon rocks, which they brought back to anxiously waiting scientists. At last, they would be able to decide which of the three classic theories of the origin of the Moon was correct.
Introduction
Authors: Lehrer Keith 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The introduction discusses the human capacity to reconfigure how we conceive our world, ourselves in our world, and, even most remarkably perhaps, our world in us conceived by us. The book seeks a theory to explain the exercise of that capacity in terms of reflective freedom of choice in practice and theory. The goal is to explain as much as possible and to leave as little unexplained about freedom of choice. The introduction explains the idea of ultimate freedom of choice and offers a preliminary defense of its consistency with scientific explanation and determinism.
Confirmation Not Counterexample
Authors: Capes Justin A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter provides a summary of the previous four chapters and explains how the fine-grained analysis defended in those chapters ultimately vindicates the principle of alternative possibilities (PAP). It is argued that we have reason to be suspicious of, and ultimately to reject, our initial intuition that agents in Frankfurt cases are morally responsible for doing what they couldn’t have avoided doing and, consequently, that Frankfurt cases aren’t counterexamples to the principle. It is further argued that, given the fine-grained analysis of the Frankfurt cases defended in the preceding chapters, the Frankfurt cases actually provide further confirmation of PAP.
War powers authorities
Authors: Tama Jordan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
“War powers authorities” examines the political dynamics associated with US debates during the Obama and Trump presidencies over repealing or replacing authorizations for use of military force (AUMFs) that Congress had enacted into law in 2001 and 2002. While Democrats were generally more supportive than Republicans of repealing the AUMFs, libertarian Republicans joined progressive Democrats in support of greater restrictions on presidential military power. This strange bedfellows coalition was enabled by a politically diverse advocacy coalition outside government that pushed for AUMF repeal. However, the electoral risks facing members of Congress on AUMF votes resulted in congressional inaction on the issue, leaving the president in the driver’s seat on the use of force against suspected terrorist groups. The chapter also considers more briefly the political dynamics associated with two other Trump-era war powers debates, involving the authority to intervene militarily in Yemen and against Iran.
Sanctions on Iran
Authors: Tama Jordan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
“Sanctions on Iran” examines the political dynamics that have marked recent US debates over imposing or lifting sanctions on Iran. From the 1990s until 2013, Iran sanctions debates were routinely characterized by strong bipartisanship in Congress and tensions between Capitol Hill and the White House, as lawmakers in both parties repeatedly pressed for new sanctions that presidents considered ill-advised. This political constellation was fueled by concerns about Iran’s nuclear program that were widely shared by Americans across the ideological spectrum, as well as by support for sanctions by an influential advocacy group with close ties to both parties. However, policy debates on the issue became more polarized once the focus of Iran policy shifted to a major nuclear agreement negotiated by Barack Obama with Iran and other countries, which raised the partisan stakes of the issue and brought to the fore a core left-right ideological fault line over multilateralism.
Spending on foreign aid and diplomacy
Authors: Tama Jordan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
“Spending on foreign aid and diplomacy” analyzes factors that influenced the political alignments of Democrats and Republicans on US foreign policy spending during the presidencies of Barack Obama and Donald Trump. Although the greater support of liberals than of conservatives for social welfare programs leads more Democrats than Republicans to favor foreign aid spending, a politically diverse advocacy coalition that highly values aid and diplomacy has facilitated bipartisan support in Congress for this part of the federal budget. Under Obama, who also favored a robust international affairs budget, this coalition contributed to congressional bipartisanship in support of the president. Under Trump, who sought to slash spending on aid and diplomacy dramatically, the coalition influenced bipartisan action by Congress to soundly reject Trump’s proposals.
Spirit-based Christology in Antirrheticus Adversus Apolinarium
Authors: Abecina Alexander L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter turns to Gregory’s second major christological treatise, Antirrheticus adversus Apolinarium. Apolinarius argued that the divinity and humanity of Christ were united via the ‘Spirit’. This chapter shows that Gregory offered his own alternative account of Christ’s unity via the Holy Spirit’s anointing of Christ in eternity, at conception, and in the post-resurrection transformation of Christ’s flesh. In this way, the Holy Spirit grounds both the ‘static’ and ‘dynamic’ unity of the divine and human natures in Christ. Antirrheticus adversus Apolinarium therefore presents us with a significantly more coherent picture of the relationship between Gregory’s trinitarian theology and his christology than we find in Contra Eunomium III.
Christ’s Pneumatic Body in the Glory of the Trinity
Authors: Abecina Alexander L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that Gregory wrote In Canticum Canticorum to guide his readers through a subjective process of reading and interpreting the Song of Songs by which the objective reality of human transformation and union with God becomes for them a subjective reality. This chapter focuses on Gregory’s teaching in Homilies 7, 13, 14, and 15 on the church as Christ’s pneumatic body united by the Spirit to the eternal ‘circular’ glory of the Trinity. It shows that Gregory’s account of the subjective process of rightly reading the Song of Songs is itself thoroughly grounded in his understanding of trinitarian unity of activity and Spirit-based christology. In this way, it completes and renders coherent his objective account of human transformation and union with God articulated in earlier doctrinal works from the perspective of human subjective experience.
Space and Time
Authors: Edwards Nancy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the location of Wales on the edge of the Roman Empire in relation to the Irish Sea and Atlantic seaways, its regional geography, climate, and landscape, how communities interacted with their physical surroundings, and changing concepts of time. It discusses archaeological evidence for seafaring and contacts with Gaul, Iberia, and the Mediterranean, Ireland, and Scandinavia, but evidence for land routes is rare apart from Roman roads. The central mountainous massif and river systems of Wales fragment the more fertile coastal lowlands, leading to distinctive regional identities evident in the archaeology. The chapter then considers the potential impact of climate change, particularly the mid-sixth-century ‘Late Antique Little Ice Age’ in more marginal areas of Wales followed by the Justinian plague. Pollen diagrams also enable ‘snapshots’ of the changing early medieval Welsh landscape, revealing the exploitation of different environmental zones. Finally, the chapter examines the significance of and archaeological evidence for different concepts of time: natural time—the seasons, generations, and the life cycle—and the replacement of a Roman calendar by a Christian one. It also argues that memory played a significant role in early medieval society with prehistoric monuments and Roman remains in the landscape being reinvented to address contemporary concerns.
The Legacy of Rome, Irish Settlement, and Changing Identities
Authors: Edwards Nancy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the Roman legacy, which included Christianity and Latin literacy, and its reinvention, the significance of changing identities as indicated on the fifth- to seventh-century inscribed memorial stones, and the impact of Irish settlement. Early medieval activity is examined on key Roman sites, such as Caerwent and Caerleon, and it is argued that they were largely reinvented in Christian terms, thereby highlighting Christian continuity with the Roman past. Roman artefacts were also recycled, with some curated as amulets. Memorial stones with inscriptions in Latin or primitive Old Irish oghams, or both, demonstrate continuing elements of a Roman identity but also the growing significance of a British identity and the process of Irish integration. They also indicate the persistence of tribal signifiers and the emergence of new ones associated with kingdom formation together with the spread of Christianity and the increasing power of the Church. Other evidence for the longer-term impact of Irish settlement is also examined, including place names and written sources such as the Historia Brittonum.
Craft, Display, and Trade
Authors: Edwards Nancy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines craftworking in early medieval Wales before discussing the role of artefacts in elite display together with the changing pattern of trade and exchange, increasing use of silver bullion, and less clearly coin, as currency, and places where such interactions took place. Discussion of artefacts includes management of resources, such as timber, and exploitation of materials, such as iron, alongside tools and technology. Some crafts, for example textile production, were domestic and focused on women. Others, such as metalworking, were dependent on patronage with skills passed down the generations. Elite assemblages indicate how power and wealth were displayed and the impact of gift-giving. Penannular brooches likely projected group identities, whilst weapons emphasize martial display in a male-dominated society. Imported pottery and drinking horns demonstrate the significance of feasting and hospitality. Initially, long-distance trade was focused on the Atlantic seaways, but western Britain lay outside burgeoning developments in North Sea and cross-Channel trade during the long eighth century. The Viking advent brought new opportunities for international trade focused along the north coast between Dublin and Chester, and later along the south to Bristol. This is evidenced through increased finds of silver bullion, but, despite the Hywel Dda penny, there is little evidence for widespread use of coin as currency. Although, the early medieval economy followed a similar trajectory to other parts of Britain and Ireland, in Wales, a land without towns, it remained largely undeveloped despite mineral wealth and agricultural surpluses successfully exploited by the Romans.
Oxford Guides to Chaucer
Authors: Cooper Helen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This book remains in its third edition the most comprehensive single-volume account of the Canterbury Tales, combining information of what is known and what has been thought about the work to offer a fresh and individual tale-by-tale analysis. It provides not only information on textual variations and sources, but a readable commentary on thematic issues, structure, style, generic affiliations, and the contribution of each tale to the work as a whole. It concludes with a survey of the many imitations of the tales down to the early seventeenth century. This new edition also takes account of the fresh emphases in recent theory and criticism that bear directly on the tales, including such matters as gender identity, consent, and racial and religious difference.
The Squire’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Squire’s Tale is deeply bifurcated in almost every aspect. Threatening to be interminable but deliberately broken short, it provides just two sections of what apparently sets out to be an interlaced romance on the French model. Its first part, appropriately set in Tartary given its interest in wonder, introduces three magic objects, and has French antecedents; the second, close to Chaucer’s own Anelida, concerns the lament of a falcon betrayed by her lover. Early reactions to it ranged from absurd to fascinating; recently it has been widely dismissed as showing either the Squire’s or Chaucer’s immaturity, though its manner of telling is appropriate for the genres it adds to the Tales.
The Franklin’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Franklin’s Tale is a self-described Breton lai and so adds another to the varieties of romance in the Tales, though it is freely adapted from Boccaccio, probably the Decameron. For long admired for its presentation of a marital crisis overcome by the trust between the spouses, it has more recently been damned as showing the inadequacies of a shallow and patriarchal narrator—a view challenged in this chapter. The plot turns on astrological magic and illusion (high tides do not last for a fortnight), but the resolution is brought about by competitive acts of gentilesse by the three male protagonists.
The Tale of Sir Thopas
Authors: Cooper Helen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The tale of Sir Thopas, explicitly modelled on the popular form of tail-rhyme romances, is ascribed by Chaucer, as author to himself as pilgrim. Its awfulness rules him out of the competition and gives a certain credibility to the skills of the other tellers, but its dual reception, by the Host on behalf of the pilgrims (insulting condemnation leading to interruption) and by its real audience (admiration for its tour de force as parody) points to the way the same words can be read in opposite ways, as rubbish or genius. The parody extends to its layout in the earliest manuscripts. Its admirers, for different qualities in it, included Spenser and Shakespeare.
Taking Leave Chaucer’s ‘Retractions’
Authors: Cooper Helen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The relationship of the Retractions to the Parson’s Tale has been widely debated, as has its function: suggestions have ranged from Chaucer’s establishment of his canon to deathbed repentance. It is however structured as a series of prayers, to the readers, the Virgin, and Christ, culminating in a prayer for salvation.
Imitations of the Canterbury Tales 1400–1615
Authors: Cooper Helen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This survey of imitations of the Tales extends through the period when they were still a part of everyday culture. It is divided into completions of unfinished tales; new tales composed as part of the pilgrimage structure; tales modelled on Chaucer’s work but without a link to the original; and the afterlives of individual tales, in dramatizations, ballads, and so on.
Introduction
Authors: Moriarty John A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the concept of quantum-based interatomic potentials (QBIPs) is introduced as a viable means of extending the predictive power of density functional theory (DFT) quantum mechanics to the much longer length and time scales historically afforded only by simple empirical potentials. In metals and alloys, this extension of DFT is possible because the valence energy bands in these materials are amenable to simplified quantum treatments, leading to reliable expansion of the total energy in terms of weak interatomic matrix elements that define the potentials. In particular, QBIPs derived from first-principles generalized pseudopotential theory can power robust atomistic simulations on both simple- and transition-metal systems involving many millions of atoms. Because of their rigorous quantum origin, the physics content and accuracy of such QBIPs can also be systematically improved, aided by machine learning with state-of-the-art supercomputers where necessary.
Elastic Moduli and Phonons
Authors: Moriarty John A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the calculation of second-order elastic constants and quasiharmonic phonons from quantum-based interatomic potentials (QBIPs) is addressed for nontransition metals at the pair potential level and for transition metals at the level of two-, three- and four-ion potentials. The dynamical matrix establishing the phonon frequencies at constant volume is developed in terms of tangential and radial force-constant functions. Selected QBIP phonon spectra and Debye temperatures thereby obtained for twelve prototype bcc, fcc and hcp metals are compared against experiment. Treatment of the elastic moduli starts from the stress-strain relations of linear elasticity, makes close contact with the long wavelength quasiharmonic phonon limit, and provides local volume corrections where needed to yield accurate values of the shear modulus, bulk modulus and nonshear elastic moduli for bcc, fcc and hcp crystals. Applications to the calculation of thermodynamic properties below the Debye temperature such as the specific heat of bcc Ta and the temperature-induced hcp to bcc phase transition in Mg are discussed.
Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds
Authors: Moriarty John A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the quantum-based interatomic potentials (QBIPs) developed in Chapters 3–5 for elemental metals are extended to the much larger domain of alloys and intermetallic compounds. The main focus here is on binary systems, but applications to multi-component systems are also considered. Generalized pseudopotential theory (GPT) has been used to develop QBIPs and investigate the trends in cohesion and structure for Mg-Al and transition-metal aluminide (TM-Al) compounds. In this regard, first-principles GPT potentials have been calculated across the entire 3d TM-Al series as a function of TM concentration, together with applications to their binary and ternary phase diagrams in Co-Al, Ni-Al and Co-Cu-Al, as well as a predicted quasicrystal structure in the latter system. Bond-order-potential investigations of 3d transition-metal aluminides have focused on potential development for Ti-Al compounds with applications to dislocation core structure and mobility. An efficient strategy to develop and use model-GPT potentials for pure TM high-entropy alloys is also discussed.
Civil Recovery as a Hybrid Civil/Criminal Procedure
Authors: King Colin , Hendry Jennifer 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter details how civil recovery is a hybrid civil/criminal procedure. It contextualizes the motivations behind the introduction of procedural hybrids, and considers this procedural form in terms of due process protections and rights. Focusing on debates concerning security and prevention, this chapter engages with issues of both the greater public good and preventive justice. It then explores those features that contribute to a procedure’s classification as hybrid, examining the civil/criminal distinction and the jurisprudence of the ‘middleground’, and raising a challenge to the purported legislative honesty and pragmatism of such hybrid procedures.