bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Touching Theater
Authors: Ferguson Marcia 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter liberates the subject of touch in theater from its reputation as a site of potential danger (in its ability to trigger, dominate, [re]traumatize, or otherwise adversely affect students, practitioners, and audiences) and from its position as a key player in numerous therapies (such as psychotherapy, dance/movement therapy, and drama therapy, to name a few). Drawing on diverse approaches in this exploration, ranging from attachment theory and haptic geography to rehearsal experiences, it explores other dimensions of theatrical touch, specifically its function as a vibrant vehicle of language-less expression, one providing insights into the mechanics and aesthetics of positive theatrical experience.
Theater, Performance, and Community Cultural Development for Human Thriving
Authors: Etheridge Woodson Stephani 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the intersection of an ambitious community-engaged arts and design program at Arizona State University (ASU) with a socio-ecological public health model positioning arts and design as essential components of a healthy and democratic society. ASU’s Herberger Institute for Design and the Arts is the largest comprehensive arts and design school in the United States, with approximately six thousand students. The chapter reflects on the process of creating a curricular requirement which provides students with a deep experience in community-engaged arts or design along with a curriculum focusing on cultural competency, democratic processes, reflective practice and community cultural development.
Introduction
Authors: Sundstrom Beth , Delay Cara 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The introduction asserts that the women’s health activist movement in Ireland has been essential in effecting national change. It introduces the Irish healthcare reformers, organizations, social media contributors, and campaigners who have worked to address the wrongs of the past and improve Irish women’s access to essential healthcare services. It lays out the specific topics that the book will cover, including contraception, abortion, cervical cancer, symphysiotomy and hysterectomy, pregnancy, and childbirth. The introduction also explains the authors’ methods and approaches, and it outlines the intersectional reproductive justice framework that the authors utilize in the book. Lastly, the introduction summarizes the essential links between the past and the present that underscore the authors’ arguments.
Pregnancy
Authors: Sundstrom Beth , Delay Cara 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 turns to an examination of pregnancy, explicating how medicalization has impacted the embodied experience of pregnancy in Ireland. Through a study of the National Maternity Strategy and current maternity practices, this chapter explores how calls for woman-centered care intersect with practices of midwifery and the biomedical obstetric paradigm. The In Our Shoes—Covid Pregnancy social media campaign shared anonymous narratives from women impacted by COVID-19 restrictions in Ireland. An analysis of this campaign uncovers gender inequity in government policies during a time of crisis to reveal the need for systemic change to ensure every woman’s human right to high-quality, respectful maternity care in all circumstances. Current debates on pregnancy rights and activism, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, reveal how medicalization of women’s bodies and the institutionalization of maternity services continue to regulate women’s reproductive lives and create systematic repression during labor and childbirth.
CDC and Outbreak Response
Authors: Jaffe Harold W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The history of the CDC, its role in disease prevention, detection, and response, and its unique assets including the Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS), the agency’s cadre of public health advisors, and the MMWR are presented—setting the scene for CDC’s early actions to determine the cause of the unexplained illnesses occurring in the United States that would become known as AIDS.
Heterosexual Men and Women and Injection Drug Users
Authors: Jaffe Harold W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores efforts to identify a known sexually transmitted infection (STI) that might serve as a model for the spread of the unidentified agent likely causing Kaposi’s sarcoma and opportunistic infections (KS/OI). The best model for KS/OI appeared to be hepatitis B virus (HBV). If this model were correct, KS/OI would be expected to occur in heterosexual men and women as well as in injection drug users (IDUs). Beginning in the summer of 1981, CDC began receiving reports of KS/OI in both heterosexuals and IDUs. Individual case investigations and epidemiologic studies indicated that the infectious agent was being transmitted by needle sharing between IDUs and sexually from bisexual and IDU men to their female partners. The epidemiology of KS/OI appeared to be like that of hepatitis B and suggested that KS/OI would spread to other populations.
Haitian Americans and Haiti
Authors: Jaffe Harold W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes reports of Kaposi’s sarcoma and opportunistic infections (KS/OI) in Haitians residing in the United States, primarily Miami, Florida, and Brooklyn, New York, which CDC began receiving in 1982. An unusual clinical feature was a high prevalence of toxoplasmosis, a parasitic infection, which can involve the brain. Most patients were men who denied homosexual activity and injection drug use. Additional studies done by CDC and others research groups found that KS/OI was also occurring in Haiti. Because studies of Haitians with KS/OI failed to find clear risk factors for the disease, Haitian entrants to the United States were designated as a “risk group” and, like homosexual men and IDUs, were not allowed to donate blood. Although probably justified for public health purposes, this designation undoubtedly led to unintended discrimination against Haitian Americans.
HIV-2 and Projet RETRO-CI in Cote d’Ivoire
Authors: De Cock Kevin M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the establishment of CDC’s second international AIDS site in 1998: Projet RETRO-CI in Cote d’Ivoire. The project was designed to study the epidemiology and natural history of a second AIDS virus, HIV-2, that was circulating in West Africa and to ensure accurate laboratory diagnosis. Controversy existed concerning HIV-2’s pathogenicity and transmissibility, including its potential for global spread and contamination of the blood supply. Early studies demonstrated a severe, heterosexual HIV/AIDS epidemic that was likely initiated by a thriving commercial sex industry. HIV-2 was present but at relatively low prevalence; HIV-1 predominated; and dual infections were frequent. HIV-2 epidemiology resembled that of HIV-1, but the virus was less transmissible until late stages of infection, which limited its spread. Clinical and autopsy studies showed that advanced HIV-2 disease resembled HIV-1-associated AIDS. Clinical trials showed efficacy of short course zidovudine to prevent vertical transmission and of cotrimoxazole reducing AIDS deaths.
The HIV/AIDS Collaboration in Thailand
Authors: De Cock Kevin M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes CDC’s HIV collaboration in Thailand, which grew from an existing field epidemiology training program. Extensive commercial sex and injection drug use in the region prompted concerns for widespread HIV transmission. Early studies showed sequential “waves” of HIV infection, first in injection drug users and then in female sex workers, their male clients, and women in the general population. Men who have sex with men were shown to have been infected early but were not an initial study population. Studies examined the efficiency of sexual and drug injection-associated HIV transmission, molecular epidemiology of HIV subtypes, and viral load as a risk factor for mother-to-child transmission. Clinical trials showed efficacy of short-course zidovudine to prevent perinatal HIV transmission and lack of efficacy of Carraguard® as a female microbicide and of the AIDSVAX B/E vaccine. Generalized HIV spread in Thailand has not occurred, with HIV largely restricted to key populations.
Advances in Science and Public Health
Authors: De Cock Kevin M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the scientific and programmatic advances following the elucidation of the cause of AIDS and of HIV epidemiology, including major treatment and prevention developments and growing global response. Studies showed HIV’s nonhuman primate origin, clarifying the importance of molecular epidemiology and phylogenetics in understanding viral emergence and spread. The most important advance in the pandemic was introduction in the mid-1990s of effective antiretroviral therapy rendering HIV/AIDS a treatable disease. Other advances include introduction of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and the protective efficacy of male circumcision. Important response developments were the creation of UNAIDS and regular revision by WHO of global technical guidance on HIV treatment and prevention. CDC modified its surveillance and prevention approaches for the new era of treatment and took on a lead role in PEPFAR, the dominant provider of global treatment and prevention.
Origins
Authors: De Cock Kevin M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the origins of HIV and its pandemic spread. Like most emerging infectious diseases, HIV had its origins in animals. Multidisciplinary research involving phylogenetics and animal ecology showed links between HIV-1 in humans and simian viruses in apes and monkeys from Africa. HIV-1 is divided into four groups, the pandemic group M, and the less common N, O, and P. Groups M and N viruses resulted from cross-species transmission from West-Central African chimpanzees, while O and P viruses were transferred from gorillas. Molecular evolution studies suggest these transmissions occurred early in the twentieth century. Diffusion of the epidemic was likely driven by socioeconomic factors, with the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) especially important. Different lines of evidence refute an alternate hypothesis proposing HIV-1 was spread through contaminated polio vaccines administered in DRC in the 1950s. HIV-2 in West Africa resulted from cross-species transmission to humans of a sooty mangabey virus.
CDC in the Modern AIDS Era
Authors: De Cock Kevin M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes CDC’s evolving response to HIV/AIDS in the United States in the modern era. Early AIDS investigations required a specific case definition and a national surveillance system. The AIDS case definition was expanded multiple times as understanding of the spectrum of HIV disease and affected populations improved. A controversial aspect of a 1993 revision was inclusion of a CD4 cell count threshold (&lt;200 cells/cu mm), which greatly increased the number of people considered to have AIDS. Introduction of antiretroviral therapy in the mid-1990s interrupted HIV’s previously predictable natural history, obscuring interpretation of trends and disease estimates. In 1999, CDC recommended name-based HIV reporting, after much controversy on which identifier to use to ensure confidentiality. In 2019, a national plan for ending the US epidemic was announced, emphasizing early HIV diagnosis and treatment, access to PrEP, detection of clusters based on phylogenetic analyses, and focus on most heavily affected populations and locations.
WHO and the Evolving AIDS Pandemic
Authors: De Cock Kevin M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes changing organizational roles in the global AIDS response. Michael Merson was appointed to head the World Health Organization (WHO) Global AIDS Programme after Jonathan Mann’s resignation in 1990. Widespread concerns about the pandemic led the United Nations to establish UNAIDS, a program coordinating the HIV/AIDS work of multiple agencies, with Peter Piot its first Director. Important UNAIDS contributions have included improved global HIV estimates, advocacy, and access to generic medications. WHO retreated from AIDS work until the early 2000s when access to ART began to dominate discussions. WHO issued AIDS treatment guidelines, launched an initiative aiming to treat 3 million persons with ART by 2005, and then committed to “universal access.” WHO leads the health sector response to HIV/AIDS, using its authority to issue guidance on issues such as provider-initiated and other HIV testing, male circumcision, prevention of mother-to-child transmission, and use of antiretrovirals for treatment and prevention.
What Has Already Been Said about Federal Responses to State and Local Budget Crises?
Authors: Schleicher David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 reviews the literature on fiscal federalism and state budget crises. It argues that previous efforts mostly have focused on bailouts, either on the cost of the “moral hazard” that follows from federal bailouts, or, alternatively, on the benefits bailouts create by preventing state budget cuts during recessions. But the literature largely ignores the interest the federal government has in credit being available to states and cities. States and cities produce most infrastructure in the United States for structural political reasons. Federal policies have always tried to ensure they have the access to the credit they need to do it. During a state or local fiscal crisis, the federal government must answer other than whether to provide a bailout or not. If it does not provide a bailout, the government then has to decide whether creditors or state or local taxpayers should bear the cost, either through defaults or austerity. Defaults reduce the harm to the economy from budget cuts in the short-run, but make it harder for jurisdictions to borrow going forward. The chapter ends by laying out the fiscal federalism trilemma.
State Debt Crises through the 1840s
Authors: Schleicher David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 discusses two of the most well-known state fiscal crises in American History: the crisis created by Revolutionary War debt and the default by eight states and a territory after the Panic of 1837. In the 1790s, the federal government adopted Alexander Hamilton’s plan to assume state debts, propping up the economy but also encouraging lenders to support reckless state spending in the years that followed. In the 1840s, the federal government refused to assume state debts, leading to defaults. This policy reduced moral hazard, with states responding by adopting aggressive limits on future indebtedness, but it also meant states would and could not borrow to build infrastructure.
The Dual Debt Crises of the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Schleicher David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 discusses how the Supreme Court responded to two sets of state and local defaults in the second half of the 19th century. When hundreds of cities and counties defaulted on debts incurred to build railroads between 1860 and 1890, the Supreme Court stretched its powers to their limits to help creditors. This let bondholders enforce contracts in federal court and forced local governments to raise taxes and cut spending, even during massive recessions. In contrast, when white-dominated Southern states defaulted on debts incurred by mixed-race governments during Reconstruction, the Supreme Court radically reshaped its “sovereign immunity” doctrine, helping these states avoid their creditors. These decisions had predictable effects. Cities and counties that defaulted on railroad bonds had to engage in austerity, making economic problems and social services worse. But these cities and others were then able to borrow, allowing them to build crucial urban infrastructure during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, some of which stands to this day. Southern states were spared the cost of repayment, providing short-term economic benefits. But their defaults meant they lost access to municipal bond markets, meaning they could not borrow to build critical infrastructure, harming their future economic growth.
COVID-19, the CARES Act, the MLF, and the ARP
Authors: Schleicher David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 discusses the federal government’s response to state and local fiscal problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. Topics covered include the size and economic impact of several major rounds of federal aid to states and cities, the potential effect state and local aid had in creating moral hazard, and the conditions put on federal aid. The chapter also discusses an innovation in this policy area during the pandemic response, the creation of the Federal Reserve’s Municipal Liquidity Facility. It shows the effect the Facility had on the bond market, analyzes why it was only used by two jurisdictions, and explains why it was structured in a more limited way than many political figures wanted.
Building Better Forms of State and Local Austerity
Authors: Schleicher David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 10 discusses how state austerity might be improved. While nothing can be said generally about what states or cities should cut from their budgets if they need to make cuts—each state and city is different—there are ways to make austerity less painful. For instance, the federal government could help administer a tax on a different tax base from the ones relied on by the federal government. The chapter also lays out a case for reforming state constitutional protections for public employee pensions.
Resilience, or Building a Better Federal System
Authors: Schleicher David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 11 discusses how to make the country more resilient against localized economic shocks. It argues in favor of relaxing land use and other regulations in rich regions in order to make inter-state mobility easier, particularly for the poor. This would make inevitable local economic crises somewhat less painful. The chapter also provides a tentative argument in favor of the income tax exemption for interest on municipal bonds as a way of avoiding “contagion,” or a situation where a default in one state or city leads to crises in many others. It also argues that the need for resilience against economic shocks provides an argument in favor of nationalizing some social welfare programs currently run on a “cooperative” basis.
Introduction
Authors: Kim Sungmoon 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of Confucian democratic constitutionalism and how it is inspired by and yet distinguished from both the premodern Confucian accounts of virtue politics and the modern discourses of Confucian constitutionalism explored by scholars such as Kang Youwei, Tan Sitong, Liang Qichao, and Liang Shuming. Unlike the old versions of Confucian constitutionalism, Confucian democratic constitutionalism does not attempt to reinstate Confucianism as the state religion or an official political idealism; recognizes pluralism as an undeniable sociological fact in contemporary East Asia; relies on the use of public reason that is embedded in Confucian values, mores, civilities, and moral sentiments; and promotes an active and institutionalized dialogue between the branches of government, especially between the legislature and the (constitutional) court in mediation of Confucian public reason. This chapter also addresses some of the key methodological problems in justifying Confucian public reason in pluralist East Asia.
Virtue, Dignity, and Constitutional Democracy
Authors: Kim Sungmoon 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the recent bifurcation of Confucian political theorists into two competing camps (i.e., Confucian political meritocracy and Confucian democracy) to their differing accounts of human dignity in Confucianism: inegalitarian dignity as achievement and egalitarian dignity as moral potential. It argues that the inegalitarian account of dignity is fundamentally incompatible with the principle of “equal protection of rights before law,” and this renders the alternative egalitarian conception of human dignity a far more plausible normative foundation for contemporary Confucian political theory, making Confucian constitutional democracy the only legitimate institutional arrangement. After thoroughly investigating Mencius’s and Xunzi’s accounts of human dignity, finally, it establishes two foundational rights of Confucian democratic constitutionalism—the equal right to political participation and the equal right to protection of constitutional rights—and present them as the underlying normative values of the dignity of legislation and the authority of the (constitutional) court, respectively.
Beyond the Pluralism Dilemma
Authors: Kim Sungmoon 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter defends Confucian democracy against the liberal critics who believe any attempt to justify Confucian democracy inevitably confronts a dilemma: that between its embrace of pluralism and its perfectionist promotion of Confucianism. It proceeds by pointing out how the liberal critics’ Rawls-inspired understanding of comprehensive doctrine fails to note the important practical distinction between partial and full comprehensive doctrines, how their formal distinction between “Confucian citizens” and “non-Confucians” with regard to the justifiability of Confucian democracy is misguided, and why their charge of oppression of or discrimination against non-Confucians is overstated. It argues that much of the liberal critics’ concern about Confucian democracy can be addressed in a satisfying way if Confucian democracy takes the form of constitutional democracy. In making this argument, this chapter pays special attention to the “horizontal view” of partially comprehensive Confucianism, which highlights the ceaseless communication between civic Confucianism and non-Confucian comprehensive doctrines.
Conclusion
Authors: Kim Sungmoon 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter highlights the intellectual connection between Liang Qichao’s seminal idea of Confucian constitutionalism and Confucian democratic constitutionalism, at the heart of which lies the mutually constitutive relation between democratic self-government and the constitutional protection of rights. By paying renewed attention to Liang’s constitutional vision for the people’s self-government and rule of law, it challenges Confucian meritocrats who reject the ideal of democratic self-government and place rule of law beyond the reach of the people’s active political participation. It argues that given the social, cultural, and political context in which contemporary East Asians find themselves, it is too early to move beyond the early twentieth-century constitutional vision for rule by the people. Rather, what is needed is to reinvent the modern ideal of Confucian constitutionalism in a way that can better realize the ideal of democratic self-government under the pressing challenges of values pluralism and moral disagreement.
Body, Mind, and Spirit in Early Chinese Medicine
Authors: Raphals Lisa 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chinese medical texts, especially those from the tradition of the Huangdi neijing (Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine), provide an important counterpoint to philosophical debates about the relation of body and mind in early China and in particular to the understanding of the heart–mind (xin 心), since medical texts must address the role of the xin-heart as one of the visceral systems. This chapter surveys accounts of both “mind” and “spirit” (shén 神) in the Huangdi neijing 黃帝內經 and proposes a view of a person in which cognitive and affective faculties are decentralized and corporeal, rather than being centered in the mind.