bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consumption and tax gains attributable to Covid-19 vaccinations in 12 EU countries with low vaccination rates
Authors: Cylus Jonathan , Walters Jessica , McKee Martin , Cowley Peter 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe Covid-19 pandemic is an economic and a health crisis. Households reduced consumption expenditures as large-scale physical distancing measures, lower disposable incomes and fear of infection when engaging in many types of economic activity took hold. This, in turn, reduced domestic tax revenues at a time when governments were facing increased financial pressures to strengthen and sustain welfare states.MethodsWe developed a simulation model, the Covid-19 Taxination Simulator, to estimate potential economic gains and tax revenues attributable to vaccine rollouts. We apply the model to 12 European Union countries which had low vaccination rates at the beginning of 2022.ResultsThe highest growth in aggregate personal consumption expenditure attributable to Covid-19 vaccines administered as of January 2022 is in Greece (10.8%), Slovenia (8.6%) and Czechia (8.6%), while the lowest is in Bulgaria (2.2%) and Slovakia (2.1%). If countries had vaccinated 85% of their adult population, the largest gains in consumption tax revenues would be expected in Romania (830 million Euros) and Poland (738 million Euros). Consumption tax revenues generated by meeting the 85% of the adult population target would, on their own, be large enough to fully cover the costs of expanding the vaccine rollout itself in Estonia, Latvia, Slovenia, Croatia, Czechia, Hungary and Greece.ConclusionCovid-19 vaccination rollouts not only save lives and relieve pressures on health systems, they also support economic growth and generate additional tax revenues. These revenues can partially offset the costs of vaccines programmes themselves.
Multilevel analysis of integration and disparity in the mammalian skull
Authors: Sherratt Emma , Kraatz Brian 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBiological variation is often considered in a scalable hierarchy, e.g., within the individual, within the populations, above the species level. Morphological integration, the concept of covariation among constituent parts of an organism, is also hierarchical; the degree to which these “modules” covary is a matter of the scale of the study as well as underlying processes driving the covariation. Multilevel analyses of trait covariation are a valuable tool to infer the origins and historical persistence of morphological diversity. Here, we investigate concordance in patterns of integration and modularity across three biological levels of variation: within a species, within two genera-level radiations, and among species at the family level. We demonstrate this approach using the skull of mammalian family Leporidae (rabbits and hares), which is morphologically diverse and has a rare-among-mammals functional signal of locomotion adaptation. We tested three alternative hypotheses of modularity; from the most supported we investigated disparity and integration of each module to infer which is most responsible for patterns of cranial variation across these levels, and whether variation is partitioned consistently across levels. We found a common pattern of modularity underlies leporid cranial diversity, though there is inconsistency across levels in each module’s disparity and integration. The face module contributes the most to disparity at all levels, which we propose is facilitating evolutionary diversity in this clade. Therefore, the distinctive facial tilt of leporids is an adaptation to locomotory behavior facilitated by a modular system that allows lineages to respond differently to selection pressures.
Structure and evolution of the Australian plate and underlying upper mantle from waveform tomography with massive data sets
Authors: de Laat J I , Lebedev S , Celli N L , Bonadio R , Chagas de Melo B , Rawlinson N 
Published: February 2023

SUMMARY
We present a new S-wave velocity tomographic model of the upper mantle beneath the Australian Plate and its boundaries that we call Aus22. It includes azimuthal anisotropy and was constrained by waveforms from 0.9 million vertical-component seismograms, with the densest data sampling in the hemisphere centred on the Australian continent, using all available data covering this hemisphere. Waveform inversion extracted structural information from surface waves, S- and multiple S-waves and constrained S- and P-wave speeds and S-wave azimuthal anisotropy of the crust and upper mantle, down to the 660-km discontinuity. The model was validated by resolution tests and, for particular locations in Australia with notable differences from previous models, independent inter-station measurements of surface-wave phase velocities. Aus22 can be used to constrain the structure and evolution of the Australian Plate and its boundaries in fine detail at the regional scale. Thick, high-velocity (and, by inference, cold) cratonic lithosphere occupies nearly all of western and central Australia but shows substantial lateral heterogeneity. It extends up to the northern edge of the plate, where it collides with island arcs, without subducting. Diamondiferous kimberlites and lamproite deposits are underlain by cratonic lithosphere, except for the most recent diamondiferous lamproites in the King Leopold Orogen. The rugged eastern boundary of the cratonic lithosphere resolved by the model provides a lithospheric definition of the Tasman Line. Just east of the Tasman Line, an area of intermediate-thick lithosphere is observed in the southern part of the continent. The eastern part of Australia is underlain by thin, warm lithosphere, evidenced by low seismic velocities. All the sites of Cenozoic intraplate volcanism in eastern Australia are located on thin lithosphere. A low-velocity anomaly is present in the mantle transition zone (410–660 km depths) beneath the Lord Howe and Tasmanid hotspots, indicative of anomalously high temperature and consistent with a deep mantle upwelling feeding these hotspots and, possibly, also the East Australia hotspot. High seismic velocities at 200–410 km depth below New Guinea indicate the presence of slab fragments, probably linked to the subduction of the Australian Plate. High seismic velocities are observed in the transition zone below northeast Australia and indicate the presence of subducted lithospheric fragments trapped in the transition zone, possibly parts of the former northern continental margin of Australia.
A trifecta: patterns in orgasm consistency, relational satisfaction, and sexual satisfaction
Authors: Leavitt Chelom E , Leonhardt Nathan D , Eldredge Joanna Gurr , Busby Dean M , Clarke Rebecca W 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundWe based this study on the sexual wholeness model, which considers emotional, physical, and meaning elements of sexuality, and previous research that indicates variability in the associations among orgasm consistency, relational satisfaction, and sexual satisfaction.AimWe performed a person-based latent class approach to examine variables linked with the trifecta of orgasm consistency, relational satisfaction, and sexual satisfaction.MethodsWe used a Mechanical Turk sample that consisted of 1645 sexually active participants (1032 women) to evaluate classes and related variables.OutcomesWomen divided into 5 classes and men into 3 classes. High orgasm consistency alone did not ensure sexual or relational satisfaction.ResultsWe found that 5 groups emerged for women: high orgasm/low satisfaction (6%), low trifecta (8%), low orgasm/high satisfaction (16%), moderate orgasm/high satisfaction (15%), and high trifecta (55%). For men, 3 groups emerged: lower orgasm/high satisfaction (12%), moderate trifecta (14%), and high trifecta (74%). We also found that high orgasm consistency for women did not guarantee relational and sexual satisfaction, nor did lower orgasm consistency for men or women guarantee problematic relational and sexual satisfaction.Clinical ImplicationsCommunication, attachment, and sexual harmony were key elements associated with positive trifecta outcomes. Clinicians and educators may emphasize the importance of these variables when individuals encounter sexual or relational distress.Strengths and LimitationsData analytic techniques revealed a variety of groups for men and women and associations between a host of physical, psychological, and meaning variables and the trifecta of orgasm consistency, relational satisfaction, and sexual satisfaction. However, this study is cross-sectional and correlational, which limits the conclusions that we can draw from it.ConclusionWhile the variables of orgasm consistency, relational satisfaction, and sexual satisfaction are each informative, together they help clinicians, educators, and researchers better understand the complexity of sex.
The Lives of Stars
Authors: Ostlie Dale A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Lives of Stars explores why the patterns that emerged in the previous chapter exist. A star is born in a stellar nursery and these nebulas are found across interstellar space. Under the right conditions, portions of these clouds can begin to collapse, triggering star formation and the creation of protoplanetary disks that lead to exoplanets. Just like the Sun, stars are powered by nuclear reactions that occur because of the high temperatures and pressures generated by the relentless pull of gravity. But nuclear reactions cause the central composition of a star to change, which is reflected in observable surface changes; the star evolves. Like all of science, theories and models must be continuously tested. Pulsating stars are natural probes of stellar interiors, and the presence of clusters of stars allow astronomers to directly compare the influence of mass and composition on stellar evolution.
The first genetic landscape of inherited retinal dystrophies in Portuguese patients identifies recurrent homozygous mutations as a frequent cause of pathogenesis
Authors: Peter Virginie G , Kaminska Karolina , Santos Cristina , Quinodoz Mathieu , Cancellieri Francesca , Cisarova Katarina , Pescini Gobert Rosanna , Rodrigues Raquel , Custódio Sónia , Paris Liliana P , Sousa Ana Berta , Coutinho Santos Luisa , Rivolta Carlo 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are a group of ocular conditions characterized by an elevated genetic and clinical heterogeneity. They are transmitted almost invariantly as monogenic traits. However, with more than 280 disease genes identified so far, association of clinical phenotypes with genotypes can be very challenging, and molecular diagnosis is essential for genetic counseling and correct management of the disease. In addition, the prevalence and the assortment of IRD mutations are often population-specific. In this work, we examined 230 families from Portugal, with individuals suffering from a variety of IRD diagnostic classes (270 subjects in total). Overall, we identified 157 unique mutations (34 previously unreported) in 57 distinct genes, with a diagnostic rate of 76%. The IRD mutational landscape was, to some extent, different from those reported in other European populations, including Spanish cohorts. For instance, the EYS gene appeared to be the most frequently mutated, with a prevalence of 10% among all IRD cases. This was, in part, due to the presence of a recurrent and seemingly founder mutation involving the deletion of exons 13 and 14 of this gene. Moreover, our analysis highlighted that as many as 51% of our cases had mutations in a homozygous state. To our knowledge, this is the first study assessing a cross-sectional genotype–phenotype landscape of IRDs in Portugal. Our data reveal a rather unique distribution of mutations, possibly shaped by a small number of rare ancestral events that have now become prevalent alleles in patients.
Measurement Properties of the Patient-Specific Functional Scale in Rehabilitation for Patients With Stroke: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Evensen Janne , Soberg Helene Lundgaard , Sveen Unni , Hestad Knut A , Moore Jennifer L , Bronken Berit Arnesveen 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Objective
This study investigated the validity, reliability, responsiveness, and interpretability of the Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) in subacute stroke rehabilitation to determine its suitability to measure patient-identified rehabilitation goals.

Methods
A prospective observational study was designed according to the checklist from Consensus-Based Standards for Selecting Health Measurement Instruments. Seventy-one patients diagnosed with stroke were recruited in the subacute phase from a rehabilitation unit in Norway. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health was used to assess the content validity. Assessment of construct validity was based on hypotheses for correlation of the PSFS and comparator measurements. We assessed reliability by calculating the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) (3.1) and the standard error of measurement. The assessment of responsiveness was based on hypotheses for the correlation of change scores between the PSFS and the comparator measurements. A receiver operating characteristic analysis was conducted to assess responsiveness. The smallest detectable change and minimal important change were calculated.

Results
Eighty percent of the PSFS items were classified as activities and participation in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, indicating satisfactory content validity. The reliability was satisfactory with an ICC of 0.81 (95% CI = 0.69–0.89). The standard error of measurement was 0.70 point, and the smallest detectable change was 1.94 points. Five of 7 hypotheses were confirmed for construct validity, and 5 of 6 were confirmed for responsiveness, indicating moderate construct validity and high responsiveness. Assessing responsiveness with a criterion approach resulted in an area under the curve of 0.74. A ceiling effect was identified for 25% of the participants 3 months after discharge. The minimal important change was estimated to be 1.58 points.

Conclusion
This study demonstrates satisfactory measurement properties for the PSFS in individuals undergoing inpatient stroke rehabilitation.

Impact
This study supports the use of the PSFS to document and monitor patient-identified rehabilitation goals in patients receiving subacute stroke rehabilitation when applied using a shared decision approach.
Human Capital, Female Employment, and Electricity: Evidence from the Early 20th-Century United States
Authors: Vidart Daniela 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper revisits the link between electrification and the rise in female labour force participation (LFP), and presents theoretical and empirical evidence showing that electrification triggered a rise in female LFP by increasing market opportunities for skilled women. I formalize my theory in an overlapping generations model and find that my mechanism explains one quarter of the rise in female LFP during the rollout of electricity in the U.S. (1880–1940), and matches the slow decline in female home production hours during this period. I then present micro-evidence supporting my theory using newly digitized data on the early electrification of the U.S.
Long-term effects of sectarian politics: evidence from Lebanon
Authors: Emery Thomas J , Spruk Rok 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
We examine the effect of sectarian politics in the presence of weak state capacity on long-term economic growth. To this end, we exploit the 1956 civil uprising between Maronite Christian and Sunni Muslim factions in Lebanon to estimate the impact of sectarian political tensions on long-term growth. To isolate the impact of the uprising, we use synthetic control estimator and match Lebanon’s pre-1956 growth and development trajectory with the rest of the world where such uprising did not occur, and estimate the counterfactual growth trajectory in the hypothetical absence of the sectarian conflict. Our evidence indicates large and pervasive negative growth effects of factionalism. Our estimates imply that Lebanon’s per capita income down to the present day is on average 57% lower than that of its pre-1956 synthetic control group without sectarian clashes, and does not seem to be driven by preexisting or subsequent trends and shocks. The negative long-term growth effect of sectarian conflict is robust to a battery of spatial and temporal placebo checks, choice of samples and is not sensitive to the composition of control groups.
Oral testosterone therapy: past, present, and future
Authors: Miller Jake A , Nguyen Tuan T , Loeb Charles , Khera Mohit , Yafi Faysal A 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIntroductionTestosterone replacement therapy (TRT) remains a commonly utilized treatment for men with testosterone deficiency (TD). Despite the recent FDA approval of new oral TRT medications, concerns remain regarding their efficacy and safety, and prescription rates for these medications have decreased compared to those for TD medications with other routes of administration.ObjectiveIn this study we sought to investigate the efficacy and safety of oral testosterone undecanoate (oTU), a new oral TRT medication.MethodsA comprehensive review of the literature was performed using the Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases; 1269 articles were identified, with 44 articles included in the final review and 12 used to perform meta-analyses to investigate the change in serum total testosterone (TT) and risk of adverse effects following oral testosterone undecanoate (oTU) use. Articles were also reviewed to investigate the reported effects of oTU on body composition, liver function, hematologic assays, lipid profiles, hormone assays, prostate growth, hypertension, and symptoms of TD.ResultsAcross placebo-controlled randomized trials, there was no significant increase in TT for those receiving oTU vs placebo (mean difference, −0.26 [95% CI, −1.26 to 0.73]). On subanalysis, when eugonadal participants received oTU, a significant decrease in TT was demonstrated (mean difference −0.86 [95% CI, −1.28 to 0.43]). When participants who were hypogonadal at baseline received oTU, a significant increase in TT compared to placebo was seen (mean difference 1.25 [95% CI, 0.22-2.29]). There was no significant risk of adverse effects (RR, −0.03 [95% CI, −0.08 to 0.03]) or serious adverse effects (RR, 0.15 [95% CI, −0.66 to 0.96]) in the oTU groups compared to placebo.ConclusionoTU was found to be well tolerated in hypogonadal patients, resulting in improved testosterone levels, height velocity, and sexual symptoms, without significant hepatotoxicity, prostatic enlargement, or worsening hypertension. There was no consensus regarding the effect of oTU on lean and fat mass percentages, hematologic assays, lipid profiles, mood, and general well-being.
Necessity of Pretests in Central Venous Catheter Insertion Simulation-Based Mastery Learning: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Barsuk Jeffrey H. , Mitra Debi , Cohen Elaine R. , Wayne Diane B. 
Published: February 2023

Purpose
Simulation-based mastery learning (SBML) is a rigorous form of competency-based learning. Components of SBML include a pretest, deliberate practice, and a posttest; all learners must meet or exceed a minimum passing standard (MPS) on the posttest before completing training. The authors aimed to explore whether a modified SBML curriculum (without a pretest assessment) was as effective as the standard SBML curriculum (with a pretest assessment).

Method
The authors performed a randomized controlled trial of internal medicine residents who participated in an internal jugular central venous catheter insertion SBML curriculum at a tertiary care academic medical center in Chicago, Illinois, from December 2018 through December 2021. Residents were randomly assigned to complete the usual SBML intervention (pretest group) or to complete a modified SBML intervention without a pretest (no pretest group). The authors compared initial posttest performance and training time between groups.

Results
Eighty-nine of 120 eligible residents (74.1%) completed the study: 43 in the pretest group and 46 in the no pretest group. Median (IQR) initial posttest scores were not statistically different between the pretest group (96.6 [93.1–100]) and the no pretest group (96.6 [92.4–100]). However, all 43 residents (100%) in the pretest group reached the MPS at the initial posttest compared with 41 of the 46 (89%) in the no pretest group (P = .06). Residents in the pretest group required 16.5 hours more faculty and learning time than the no pretest group.

Conclusions
More residents who completed a pretest reached the MPS at initial posttest. However, incorporating a pretest during the internal jugular central venous catheter SBML curriculum required substantially more learner and faculty time without clear performance benefits.
Characteristics and Trends of Occupational Radiation Doses among Korean Radiation Workers (1984–2020)
Authors: Noh Eunbi , Lee Dalnim , Park Sunhoo , Ju Sun Dong , Kim Ji-Hye , Seo Songwon 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This study identified characteristics of occupational radiation doses among Korean radiation workers from 1984–2020 using the National Dose Registry. The overall mean effective dose from 1984–2020 was 1.05 mSv y−1, with the highest mean effective dose of 2.61 mSv y−1 for non-destructive testing workers. The mean effective dose gradually decreased from 2.97 mSv in 1984 to 0.34 mSv in 2020. The largest decline ratio between 1984 and 2020 was observed in educational institutions at 97.4% (0.84 mSv in 1984 and 0.02 mSv in 2020), followed by industries at 96.5% (2.55 mSv in 1984 and 0.09 mSv in 2020). Compared to 1984, the individual dose-distribution and collective dose-distribution ratios in 2020 decreased by 82.6–99% and 53.7–94.7%, respectively. This downward trend was consistent in all occupations, while decline characteristics were different depending on occupation types, work experience, and changes in radiation safety regulations. Considering that some changes in radiation doses in the registry could be solely based on changing the recording mode regardless of the actual changes in radiation doses, a careful understanding of radiation doses in the registry is particularly relevant for future epidemiological studies.
OLINDA/EXM 2—The Next-generation Personal Computer Software for Internal Dose Assessment in Nuclear Medicine
Authors: Stabin Michael G. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The OLINDA/EXM version 2.0 personal computer code was created as an upgrade to the widely used OLINDA/EXM 1.0 and 1.1 codes. This paper documents the upgrades that were implemented. New decay data and anthropomorphic and biokinetic models were implemented in the software, and the software alpha and beta tested. Agreement of doses between the OLINDA/EXM codes 1 and 2 was very good. Use of the new anthropomorphic and biokinetic models results in understandable differences between the codes. Previous models were retained in the new code, and those results were identical to those in the previous code. OLINDA/EXM 2.0 represents an upgrade from version 1, with new modeling data recommended by the international community. It standardizes internal dose calculations for dose assessments in clinical trials with radiopharmaceuticals, theoretical calculations for existing pharmaceuticals, teaching, and other purposes.