bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Only True, Intelligible Standard
Authors: Blaazer David 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the monetary consequences for Britain and Ireland of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, beginning with the financial crisis triggered by the declaration of war in 1792 and the bigger crisis of 1797, which triggered the ‘bank restriction’, a twenty-four-year period when the Banks of England and Ireland were prevented from giving gold for their notes, and circulated low-denomination notes for the first time. This episode occasioned the ‘bullion debates’, which concerned not only the economic management of money but also the nature of monetary justice and its relationship to national honour and patriotism, as well as the proper distribution of power between the Bank and the state. The chapter carefully differentiates the operation of the bank restriction in England, Scotland, and Ireland, while also recovering common people’s experience of the bank restriction. The chapter challenges the idea—based on the propaganda of supporters of a speedy return to circulating gold, such as William Cobbett and Lord Peter King—that the common people’s monetary experience in this period was wholly negative and created an enduring hostility to paper money. Instead, it shows that a silver recoinage in 1817 did much to alleviate the centuries-old scarcity of small money in England and Scotland, although not Ireland. Conversely, the return to the gold standard exacerbated the severe economic stress of the post-war depression. Despite this, politicians and other members of the elite refused to revisit the decision, partly on grounds of national ‘honour’.
The Limits of Perfection
Authors: Blaazer David 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the consolidation of the gold standard during the nineteenth century. This took place through legislation designed to ‘perfect’ the system, but was greatly aided by banking crises, especially that of 1825–6, which saw many people lose money when their low-denomination banknotes suddenly became valueless, thus instilling a widespread hostility to paper money in England. A ban on low-denomination banknotes, while widely welcomed in England, created such strong resistance in Scotland that the government withdrew a similar plan for both Scotland and Ireland. In the same year, the last monetary difference between Britain and Ireland was removed when the old Irish units of account were abolished and the Irish copper coinage was replaced with British coin in a shambolic process. By the last half of the century everyday experience of the monetary system had become completely unproblematic for the first time throughout the United Kingdom, with coins and notes of stable value in adequate supply in the required denominations. Increasingly attributed to the provisions of Sir Robert Peel’s Banking Acts of 1844 and 1845, the system appeared both natural and timeless, admired by people of all nations, classes and political persuasions in the UK, including the nascent labour movement. Critiques of the system—generally incoherent and poorly developed—attracted miniscule support. Meanwhile, the internationalization of the sterling gold standard, and the global financial hegemony of London, made the system a source of national pride, while raising anxieties about the ‘cosmopolitan’ nature of many of its activities and actors.
Epilogue
Authors: Blaazer David 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This Epilogue considers monetary developments since the Second World War, including debates over the EMS and the euro, in both the UK and Ireland; the ‘decline’ of sterling (manifest in currency crises and devaluations); the debate over currency options in the event of Scottish independence; and the monetary implications of the Global Financial Crisis. It highlights how diverse responses to these debates and developments in England, Scotland, and Ireland have been shaped by their respective monetary histories, including their shared history within the United Kingdom. Conversely, it suggests that more recent debates and episodes provide valuable perspective on the history examined in the book as a whole. It gives special attention to the importance of the association of sterling with British—and especially English—ideas of national prestige and esteem, and contrasts these with Irish attitudes to monetary questions. It concludes with a short review of recent heterodox ideas about money, and their prospects for success.
A Man Possessed
Authors: Ross Stephen 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with Conrad’s contradictory authorial statements on the supernatural, before moving quickly to analyse spectrality and possession in Nostromo. With its broad historical sweep and direct engagement with issues of colonization, modernization, multiple cultures, justice, and politics—and an abundance of ghosts and ghostly language—Nostromo presents a particularly rich opportunity for exploring how modernist novels think with ghosts. Tracking Conrad’s use of spectral rhetoric exposes how the novel turns upon the immanent logic of possession. The mechanisms of possession shift smoothly from the material to the immaterial and function reciprocally: what you possess also possesses you. Nostromo’s gradual subjection to the power of the silver is the tale of increasing fetishization, as is the tale of Charles Gould’s gradual absorption ‘body and soul’ by the mine. The chapter concludes by discussing how the asymmetry of the unlawful produces a state of exception which leads Conrad into a blind corner where ghosts proliferate. The language of spectrality comes to the fore precisely because Conrad recognizes capitalist imperialism as itself spectralizing. It enacts hauntology on a global-imperial scale. Ultimately, Nostromo’s spectral rhetoric articulates a view of justice that hinges on three key aspects: futurity, relationship to (and difference from) the law, and affiliation with material interests.
Introduction
Authors: Martin Nancy M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Diverse traditions of story and song surround the immensely popular sixteenth-century Hindu woman saint, Mirabai. This chapter argues that to get to know who she has been and is to so many requires exploring these multiple narratives, the immense number of songs sung in her name, and her role in the lives of divergent communities and key individuals across a wide range of social, historical, political, and religious contexts. A paucity of references to her in standard historical sources before the nineteenth century makes the search for a singular historical Mirabai impossible. Instead, hagiographic texts form the basis for subsequent accounts of her life and character, from the biographies of elite nationalist historians to oral epics performed by subaltern communities. Similarly, the songs she might have authored cannot be separated from those composed in her name by others, so that hers is a co-authored voice through which many speak of their own experience and devotion as well as the saint. Understandings of gender in India and of the nature of bhakti (the devotional strand of Hinduism to which she belongs) are essential components of these stories and songs, but her popularity also moves beyond India and Hinduism to touch global audiences. Indian concepts of darshan and lila are introduced as appropriate modes for understanding her inspirational power and multi-stranded identity which emerge in interrelationship with all those who have come to know and love her across the centuries.
Embodying Devotion in a Woman’s Body
Authors: Martin Nancy M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The earliest references to the Hindu woman saint Mirabai are found in the songs of other saints and the hagiographic literature of devotional Hinduism (bhakti) during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in India. This chapter examines these references in the context of the life stories of other bhakti saints, highlighting both shared and distinctive elements of her life and character, with attention to gender and the specific challenges of practicing bhakti and becoming a recognized saint for women. Mira’s life story reflects in varied ways the patterns identified by A. K. Ramanujan in women saints’ lives, including their early childhood devotion, avoidance of or escape from marriage, challenge to social norms of caste and/or gender, initiation by a guru, and merger with the divine, and also depicts a relationship of royal patronage with Akbar in contrast to male saints’ relations with the Mughal Emperor and other rulers. Passages relating to Mirabai in Nabhadas’s 1600 CE Bhaktamal (Garland of Devotees) and Priyadas’s 1712 CE commentary are translated and analyzed in detail, including the impact of the religious and political contexts in which they were composed, and the subsequent literary tradition of bhaktamals and commentaries that they inspired. Comparisons are made to dramatically different portrayals of the saint in the Pushtimargi Varta literature and the 1693 CE Sikh Prem Ambodh (Ocean of Love).
Weaver Woman and Lover Extraordinaire
Authors: Martin Nancy M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The sixteenth-century Hindu woman saint Mirabai is extremely popular among marginalized communities in India. This chapter examines two performance traditions of Mirabai circulating among nonelite communities: a khyal or Rajasthani folk drama entitled Mira Mangal (Mira’s Marriage) and an oral epic song tradition Mira Janma Patri (Mira’s Horoscope) performed by low-caste singers in Rajasthan. The saint is portrayed as down to earth, struggling with social and familial pressures, without miraculous divine aid, and her life story becomes a language to expose and resist gender expectations and caste oppression from subaltern perspectives. The khyal, performed in the mixed caste setting of the village as a whole, presents Mirabai’s tale as a romance. Already completely devoted to Krishna, she is clearly forced to marry against her will, with love the pivotal issue around which the plot turns, as individual desires conflict with familial, caste, and social cohesion. In the Janma Patri, she must act under varying degrees of coercion, complying with her arranged marriage in response to her mother’s plea and to protect them both from male violence. Here, however, assignations of caste and the immense suffering this creates are the focus of the tale, as Mira faces rejection initially because her fellow queens suspect her devotional practice but irrevocably when her allegiance to the low-caste guru Raidas is revealed to her royal husband. This epic, though generally performed by male singers, bears the distinctive marks of women’s experiences and song and ritual traditions, and Mira stands in solidarity with all those who suffer under patriarchal and feudal domination, choosing to live as they must and affirming the possibility of alternative values and social relations.
Expositions (説)
Authors: Ivanhoe Philip J. , Wang Hwa Yeong 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This section contains six expositions by Im Yunjidang. The exposition (seol 說) is a genre found among the writings of many orthodox neo-Confucians. It usually presents a focused interpretation and analysis of a term or terms of art, a phrase, or a line from a classic text. This is why Im Yunjidang’s expositions tend to offer some of the most complete and systematic accounts of her core philosophical beliefs.
Inscriptions (銘)
Authors: Ivanhoe Philip J. , Wang Hwa Yeong 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This section contains three inscriptions written by Yunjidang. In each, she takes as her theme a different physical object: a mirror, a short sword, and a ruler and scale, which she then describes as embodying and symbolizing some moral virtue, attribute, or activity. The first and third are written in verse; the body of the second is in prose but contains a concluding poem.
Inscriptions (銘)
Authors: Ivanhoe Philip J. , Wang Hwa Yeong 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This section contains five short inscriptions written by Jeongildang. She takes as her themes a range of everyday objects and a woodpecker she encountered in her garden. Unlike those by Yunjidang, these inscriptions do not embroider their themes with moral qualities; instead, she describes each in an enchanting way that conveys a sense of intimacy, affection, and wonder.
Mission, Race, and Empire
Authors: Snow Jennifer C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Mission, race, and empire have shaped the development of global Christianity as a whole, and studies of modern world Christianity pay close attention to how the practice and beliefs of the faith have been reshaped through the agency of converts and new churches in new cultures. This book explores how Christianity has been transformed and contextualized through the experience of mission, race, and empire from the “other side”: closely examining the history of the Episcopal Church for the ways in which it was shaped and changed through its experiences of mission and colonialism from roughly 1580 through 2021. The book traces the denomination’s many trials and errors in missional ideology and practice, in concert with colonialism and racial projects, from the first English contact with the Algonquin cultures in Roanoke and Jamestown through embroilment in slavery and antislavery, Christianizing and civilizing both white settlers and Native cultures, missional critiques, liturgical renewal, suburban expansion, civil rights, and the development of an entirely new understanding of mission, missio dei, in the second half of the twentieth century, focused on inclusion and justice. By focusing on “mission,” the way the church tries to incorporate and relate to those outside of its existing boundaries, both the understanding of the Episcopal Church and its relationship to larger global processes and patterns in world Christianity shift toward greater complexity, conflict, dynamism, and diversity.
Mission, Race, Empire
Authors: Snow Jennifer C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Why a new history of one American denomination? The Episcopal Church holds a unique status in attempting to understand the ways in which mission, race, and empire have co-constructed one another in American and modern world history. It has been continuously present since the first English settlement upon North American soil, was specifically tied to British governance and state establishment and became the first “postcolonial” church in the Anglican Communion, and has been involved in all major political and military expansions in the United States. Using a missional lens provides a window into the church’s institutional edges and the theologies and practices that developed through trial and error in expansion and in construction of social categories. This introduction explains the cross-disciplinary nature of the work, using sources and organizing structures from denominational history, global Christian history, political history, missiology, and studies in the construction of race. Identifying the author’s social location and interest, it also defines the organizing lenses of mission, race, and empire as used in the book’s approach and choice of investigations, and the overall outline and structure of the book.
Converting the Colony
Authors: Snow Jennifer C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
As the English colonies in North America developed greater stability in the eighteenth century, members of the colonial Church of England attempted to remake the old patterns with new social, cultural, and geographic materials, not realizing quite how impossible this task would be. By the opening of the American Revolution, the colonial church had developed in ways quite distinct from the “home church” in terms of polity and practice as its leaders and members worked with a new geographic context, the lack of a bishop, the development of a slave society, competing Christian denominations, and conflicts with Native Americans, while attempting to establish British orderliness in this new disorderly world. This chapter investigates the establishment of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, Mohawk Anglicanism and exile after the American Revolution, enslaved Black Anglicans, and divisions in church styles in different colonies relating to different styles of establishment.
Slavery and Antislavery
Authors: Snow Jennifer C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The early to mid-nineteenth century saw Black and white Episcopalians struggling with the realities of slavery and racism—in very different ways. Almost all white Episcopalians avoided discussion of slavery as too “political” as well as improper for the church to take a stance on; the few exceptions were generally for proslavery stances, with abolitionists only a small proportion of northern evangelical Episcopalians. Black Episcopalians struggled to support their churches and communities in the face of enslavement, violent racism, and the Fugitive Slave Laws. This chapter traces the rise of free Black congregations in the North, mission work among enslaved Africans in the South, the political and theological approaches to slavery among white Episcopalians, and the involvement of the church in the American Colonization Society, from roughly 1820 through the Civil War.
From Sea to Shining Sea
Authors: Snow Jennifer C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the possibilities and limitations of the Episcopalian mission strategies of the mid-nineteenth century during the period of urbanization, immigration, and territorial expansion to the West Coast, with a focus on William August Muhlenberg in the urban mission, developing the “institutional church,” and missionary bishop William Ingraham Kip in California. This exploration demonstrates the internal struggles that limited the church’s ability to develop greater flexibility in response to local needs, as well as the limitations of the missionary bishop as a missional strategy, which ensured that all missions would depend on the personality and energy of one man, often at a great distance from the sources of funding and direction. It also demonstrates the forces of inertia which consistently brought the church back to focus only on a narrow racial and class demographic, despite possibilities to do otherwise.
Emancipation and Exodus
Authors: Snow Jennifer C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the Episcopal Church and the Black community after the Civil War, as many southern Black people left the church when no longer forced to attend it. It discusses the Freedmen’s Commission and educational endeavors, Black congregations and leadership, the emigration and mission in Haiti, the movement for a “racial episcopate,” and the development of relationships between white Episcopalian supporters and Black Episcopalian leaders and communities in the context of the racial paternalism of the church and the scientific racism growing in American society at large. Important figures include George Freeman Bragg, James Solomon Russell, James Theodore Holly, and Alexander Crummell.
Animals as Covenant Partners in Genesis 9:8–17 and Hosea 2:20 (Eng. 2:18)
Authors: Olyan Saul M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In the aftermath of the flood, God establishes an “everlasting covenant” with both human beings and animals (Gen 9:8–17), promising never to destroy the living again. Hos 2:20 (Eng. 2:18), for its part, describes a future covenant between animals and human beings—perhaps Israelites specifically—that is put into effect by Yhwh, who promises to abolish war and guarantee universal safety and security for all. This chapter explores the implications of casting animals as treaty partners in these two grant-like covenants. By presenting animals as parties to these covenants, the author argues that the two texts imply that animals possess legal personhood with particular, concomitant rights. In Gen 9:8–17, animals’ interest in living rather than dying, like that of human beings, is given equal consideration by Yhwh, who in fact decides that this interest of animals and human beings in living trumps his own interest in his freedom to act in any way he wishes, at least with respect to the sending of a deluge. Hos 2:20 (Eng. 2:18) appears to envision a utopian future in which all of the living—human beings and animals—are accorded a right to life and a right to bodily integrity and are no longer subject to any kind of killing or physical harm.
Animal WelfareThe Evidence of Biblical Texts
Authors: Olyan Saul M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Are there biblical texts that share features in common with non-rights related animal welfare, in addition to the biblical texts that extend some form of legal personhood and genuine rights to animals? At least one biblical text, Prov 12:10, can be fittingly characterized as reflecting some non-rights related aspects of a contemporary welfare-oriented approach, displaying serious concern for the well-being of domesticated animals for their own sake and excoriating those who would treat them cruelly, without extending any kind of legal personhood or legal rights to them. The author compares Prov 12:10 to Deut 25:4, a passage that attributes a particular, context-specific right to a laboring animal, in order to bring the differences between the two texts into relief. After this, he goes on to consider a series of passages that are frequently assumed to have some kind of a welfare orientation but likely do not. The author ends the chapter with an analysis of a number of other texts that feature domesticated animals, but are clearly concerned with them only as the property of human owners, not for their own sake.
Questions
Authors: Williams Elizabeth Nutt 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Questions are a basic form of communication and a way for one to learn more about another person or a particular subject. Indeed, questions (particularly well-crafted questions) are foundational to psychotherapy. This chapter defines and illustrates therapist questions in individual psychotherapy and then reviews the empirical research on their effectiveness. Some studies have examined immediate impacts of questions in psychotherapy, with a mix of findings. The available research indicates that positive impacts, particularly of open questions, include increased client emotional expressiveness and affective exploration. The chapter concludes with diversity considerations, training implications, and practice recommendations based on the empirical research.
Metaphors
Authors: McMullen Linda M. , Tay Dennis 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Psychotherapy has been described as “the talking cure,” so it is perhaps not surprising that much has been said about the use of metaphor as a facilitator of client change. Therapists’ use of metaphor in psychotherapy is ubiquitous. However, compared to theoretical and clinical claims about the potential effectiveness of using metaphor, research investigations pose challenges and remain relatively sparse. This chapter provides examples of metaphors in sessions and then systematically reviews the empirical literature. This research suggests that collaborative co-elaboration of metaphors with clients is related to positive in-session client outcomes, particularly cognitive engagement. Future research might benefit from a more in-depth focus on the process and impacts of using metaphors. The chapter draws out implications from the research for diversity considerations, clinical training, and psychotherapy practice.