bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of red‐light therapy on retinal and choroidal blood perfusion in myopic children
Authors: Zhao Chang , Ni Yao , Zeng Junwen 
Published: July 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effect of repeated low‐level red‐light therapy (RLRLT) on retinal and choroidal blood perfusion in myopic children.MethodsForty‐seven myopic children (mean spherical equivalent refractive error [SE]: −2.31 ± 1.26 D; age range: 8.0–11.0 years) were enrolled and received RLRLT (power 2 mW, wavelength 650 nm) for 3 min twice a day, while 20 myopic children (SE: −2.75 ± 0.84 D; age range: 7.0–10.0 years) were included as a control group. All participants wore single‐vision distance glasses. Refractive error, axial length (AL) and other biometric parameters were measured at baseline and during follow‐up visits in the first, second and fourth weeks after initiation of treatment. Retinal thickness, subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), total choroidal area (TCA), luminal area (LA), stromal area (SA) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) were obtained using optical coherence tomography (OCT). The percentage retinal vascular density (VD%) and choriocapillaris flow voids (FV%) were measured using en‐face OCT angiography.ResultsAfter 4 weeks of treatment, a significant increase in SFCT was observed in the RLRLT group, with an average increase of 14.5 μm (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.6–19.5 μm), compared with a decrease of −1.7 μm (95% CI: −9.1 to 5.7 μm) in the control group (p < 0.0001). However, no significant changes in retinal thickness or VD% were observed in either group (allp > 0.05). In the OCT images from the RLRLT group, no abnormal retinal morphology related to photodamage was observed. The horizontal scans revealed an increase in TCA, LA and CVI over time (allp < 0.05), while SA and FV% remained unchanged (bothp > 0.05).ConclusionsThese findings indicate that RLRLT can enhance choroidal blood perfusion in myopic children, demonstrating a cumulative effect over time.
Editorial synthesis for counseling psychology and relationship science: Making connections and expanding disciplinary diversity
Authors: Roberts Tangela , Brooks James E. , Rice TeKisha , Randall Ashley K. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe field of relationship science began with understanding the role of attraction and has expanded to examine factors associated with relationship initiation, development, and maintenance. Despite the growth of the field, recent reviews of topics present in relationship science have revealed a dearth of literature examining sociocultural contexts that may impact relational processing, especially for traditionally underrepresented groups in science. Notably, given the theories, frameworks, and methods applied in these disciplines, counseling psychology and relationship science are at the forefront of examining such contexts. To this end, the goal of the special issue was to bring together scholars whose work is either an application of or showcases how the contemporary foci of counseling psychology, including but not limited to intersectionality, social justice, cultural competence/humility, identity, strengths‐based approaches, and social power hierarchies are applicable to the study of relationships broadly defined. This editorial synthesis provides a brief summary of the four articles that are included in this special issue and ends with recommendations for future research that intersects counseling psychology and relationship science.
The effects of infrared radiation on the human skin
Authors: Horton Luke , Brady Joshua , Kincaid Colin M. , Torres Angeli Eloise , Lim Henry W. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBackgroundInfrared radiation (IR) is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between visible light (VL) and microwaves, with wavelengths between 700 nm and 1 mm. Humans are mainly exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UVR) and IR through the sun. Unlike UVR which is well known for its carcinogenic properties, the relationship between IR and skin health has not been as extensively studied; as such, we gather the available published evidence here to better elucidate this relationship.MethodsSeveral databases including Pubmed, Google Scholar, and Embase were searched for articles relating to infrared radiation and the skin. Articles were selected for their relevance and novelty.ResultsDetrimental effects such as thermal burns, photocarcinogenesis, and photoaging have been reported, though evidence suggests that these may be due to the thermal effects produced secondary to IR exposure rather than the isolated effect of IR. There are currently no chemical or physical filters specifically available for protection against IR, and existing compounds are not known to have IR‐filtering capacity. Interestingly, IR may have some photoprotective properties against the carcinogenic effects of UVR. Furthermore, IR has been used with encouraging results in skin rejuvenation, wound healing, and hair restoration when given at an appropriate therapeutic dose.ConclusionA better understanding of the current landscape of research surrounding IR can help illuminate its effects on the skin and highlight areas for further research. Here, we review relevant data on IR to assess its deleterious and beneficial effects on human skin, along with possible means for IR photoprotection.
Coordination between leaf and root traits in Mediterranean coastal dune plants
Authors: Ciccarelli D. , Bona C. , Carta A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Plant trait‐based functional spectra are crucial to assess ecosystem functions and services. Whilst most research has focused on aboveground vegetative traits (leaf economic spectrum, LES), contrasting evidence on any coordination between the LES and root economic spectrum (RES) has been reported. Studying spectra variation along environmental gradients and accounting for species' phylogenetic relatedness may help to elucidate the strength of coordination between above‐ and belowground trait variation.
We focused on leaf and root traits of 39 species sampled in three distinct habitats (front, back and slack) along a shoreline–inland gradient on coastal dunes. We tested, within a phylogenetic comparative framework, for the presence of the LES and RES, for any coordination between these spectra, and explored their relation to variation in ecological strategies along this gradient.
In each habitat, three‐quarters of trait variation is captured in two‐dimensional spectra, with species' phylogenetic relatedness moderately influencing coordination and trade‐off between traits. Along the shoreline–inland gradient, aboveground traits support the LES in all habitats. Belowground traits are consistent with the RES in the back‐habitat only, where the environmental constraints are weaker, and a coordination between leaf and root traits was also found, supporting the whole‐plant spectrum (PES).
This study confirms the complexity when seeking any correlation between the LES and RES in ecosystems characterized by multiple environmental pressures, such as those investigated here. Changes in traits adopted to resist environmental constraints are similar among species, independent of their evolutionary relatedness, thus explaining the low phylogenetic contribution in support of our results.
Assessment of magnesium deficiency in greenhouse tomato crops grown on calcareous soil
Authors: Fei Chao , Zhang Shirong , Sun Zhenlei , Ding Xiaodong 
Published: July 2023

AbstractMagnesium (Mg) deficiency in greenhouse vegetable plants affects crop yields and quality. Assessing the degree of Mg deficiency and influencing factors is necessary for evidence‐based Mg supplementation. In this study, an investigation was conducted at 71 tomato cultivation greenhouses with calcareous soil, located in the main greenhouse vegetable production area of China. Plant and soil Mg contents were analysed, as well as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and other nutrients. The tomatoes showed Mg deficiency, with none of the farms supplementing this element. The critical leaf Mg concentration of the tomatoes was 3.40 mg kg−1. Using Ward's hierarchical cluster analysis, three clusters of Mg leaf content were obtained, which were 1.07–3.00 mg kg−1 (SD cluster), 2.56–5.64 mg kg−1 (MD cluster) and 5.12–6.88 mg kg−1 (ND cluster). Tomato yields in the SD and MD clusters were 31.4% and 16.5% lower than the ND cluster, respectively. Both soil exchangeable Mg content and soil pH in the SD cluster were the lowest, while total NPK, available NPK, K/Mg and the Ca/Mg ratio were the highest. A principal component analysis (PCA) showed that Mg leaf content was negatively correlated with the exchangeable K/Mg ratio, and positively correlated with soil exchangeable Mg content, soil pH and tomato yield. Mg deficiency in the tomatoes was attributed to the high accumulation of available K in the calcareous soil and the fact that the SD cluster with greatest Mg deficiency also had the lowest soil total Mg concentration. Considering the accumulation of NPK and the causes of Mg deficiency, foliar Mg spraying is suggested to mitigate Mg deficiency in calcareous greenhouse tomato soil.
Experimental Study on the Effect of Fines Content on the Frost Swelling Characteristics of Coarse-Grained Soil in Canal Base Under Open System
Authors: Wang Miao , Hai Mingwei , Su Anshuang , Meng Shangjiu , Mu Hailong , Guo Yanxiu 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Engineering usually considers coarse-grained soils as non-frost swelling soils, but serious frost swelling still occurs in coarse-grained canal bases, which is directly related to the recharge conditions and the fine particle content in the soil. Little attention is currently paid to the effect of different fine particle contents on coarse-grained soil frost swelling, especially after the fine particle admixture content exceeds 16%. This paper considers the characteristics of coarse-grained soils in water conservancy projects with fines content between 0% and 50%. The coarse-grained soils with 5%, 15%, 25%, 35%, and 45% fines content were designed for freezing and swelling tests. The evolution of temperature and moisture fields and the amount of freezing and swelling of coarse-grained soils during the freezing process were studied by using servo-type freezing and swelling and thawing tester. The experimental results show that the cooling process of soil samples can be divided into a rapid cooling stage, a slow cooling stage, and a freezing stabilization stage. The cooling rate and the frost heave amount with increasing fines content showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing.
A Theoretical Contact Model for Rough Elastic Spheres
Authors: Chen Shi-Wen , Yuan Wei-Ke , Liang Xuan-Ming , Wang Gang-Feng 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Investigating the contact of rough spheres is constructive to wide engineering applications and scientific research. However, the coexistence of global curvature and surface roughness brings difficulty in the analysis of this problem. In this work, we present a theoretical model for the contact between a rough elastic sphere and a rigid plane. As a fundament, the whole-range contact of nominally flat Gaussian rough surfaces is dealt with using a finite element method. With the load–area relation for the contact of nominally flat rough surfaces, the local real contact area of rough spherical contact is determined, in which the local pressure is given by the Hertzian model. Then, the total real contact area of rough spherical contact is obtained by integrating over the Hertzian contact area. It is found that the load–area relation for the contact of rough spheres is linear at light loads and converges to the result of smooth spherical contact as the load increases. This rough spherical contact model is validated through direct finite element simulations.
Effect of Direction and Frequency of Skull Motion on Mechanical Vulnerability of the Human Brain
Authors: Okamoto Ruth J. , Escarcega Jordan D. , Alshareef Ahmed , Carass Aaron , Prince Jerry L. , Johnson Curtis L. , Bayly Philip V. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Strain energy and kinetic energy in the human brain were estimated by magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) during harmonic excitation of the head, and compared to characterize the effect of loading direction and frequency on brain deformation. In brain MRE, shear waves are induced by external vibration of the skull and imaged by a modified MR imaging sequence; the resulting harmonic displacement fields are typically “inverted” to estimate mechanical properties, like stiffness or damping. However, measurements of tissue motion from MRE also illuminate key features of the response of the brain to skull loading. In this study, harmonic excitation was applied in two different directions and at five different frequencies from 20 to 90 Hz. Lateral loading induced primarily left-right head motion and rotation in the axial plane; occipital loading induced anterior-posterior head motion and rotation in the sagittal plane. The ratio of strain energy to kinetic energy (SE/KE) depended strongly on both direction and frequency. The ratio of SE/KE was approximately four times larger for lateral excitation than for occipital excitation and was largest at the lowest excitation frequencies studied. These results are consistent with clinical observations that suggest lateral impacts are more likely to cause injury than occipital or frontal impacts, and also with observations that the brain has low-frequency (∼10 Hz) natural modes of oscillation. The SE/KE ratio from brain MRE is potentially a simple and powerful dimensionless metric of brain vulnerability to deformation and injury.
Similarity-Driven Topology Optimization for Statics and Crash via Energy Scaling Method
Authors: Yousaf Muhammad Salman , Detwiler Duane , Duddeck Fabian , Menzel Stefan , Ramnath Satchit , Zurbrugg Nathan , Bujny Mariusz 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Topology optimization (TO) is used in the initial design phase to optimize certain objective functions under given boundary conditions by finding suitable material distributions in a specified design domain. Currently available methods in the industry work very efficiently to get topologically optimized design concepts under static and dynamic load cases. However, conventional methods do not address the designer’s preferences about the final material layout in the optimized design. In practice, the final design might be required to have a certain degree of local or global structural similarity with an already present good reference design because of economic, manufacturing, and assembly limitations or the desire to re-use parts in different systems. In this article, a heuristic energy scaling method (ESM) for similarity-driven TO under static as well as dynamic loading conditions is presented and thoroughly evaluated. A 2D cantilever beam under static point load is used to show that the proposed method can be coupled with gradient-based and also heuristic, nongradient methods to get designs of varying similarity with respect to a reference design. Further testing of the proposed method for similarity-driven TO on a 2D crash test case and a large-scale 3D hood model of a car body indicates the effectiveness of the method for a wide range of problems in the industry. Finally, the application of similarity-driven TO is further extended to show that ESM also has the potential for sensitivity analysis of performance with respect to the extension of design domain.
Enhancing Kinematic Calibration Accuracy for Parallel Manipulators Based on Truncated Total Least-Square Regularization
Authors: Jian Sheng , Xiong Hao , Yang Xiansheng , Lou Yunjiang 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This article proposes a novel kinematic calibration approach to address the ill-conditioned identification matrix problem and enhance the accuracy of parallel manipulators (PMs). The kinematic calibration approach applies the truncated total least-square (T-TLS) regularization method to the inverse kinematic calibration of PMs and does not have the unit inconsistency issue and configuration selection issue. The performance of the T-TLS method in the inverse kinematic calibration of PMs that have the ill-conditioned identification matrix problem is compared to that of classical regularization methods, including the truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) method and Tikhonov method, in simulations. Then, the kinematic calibration approach is applied to a 3-PSS/S spherical PM prototype in the real world. For the 3-PSS/S spherical PM prototype, the kinematic calibration approach can reduce the absolute angular errors of the end-effector from over 1.0 deg before calibration to less than 0.1 deg after calibration.
Digital Image Correlation Validation of Finite Element Strain Analysis of Dental Implant Insertion for Two Implant Designs
Authors: Yang Baixuan , Irastorza-Landa Ainara , Heuberger Peter , Ploeg Heidi-Lynn 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Sufficient anchorage of dental implants, defined as mechanical engagement between implant and bone at the time of insertion, has been recommended for positive clinical outcomes, particularly in immediate loading protocols. Accurate measuring and analysis of stress and strain in the bone are imperative to understand anchorage from the biomechanics perspective. However, the stress and strain distributions at the bone-implant interface are impossible to measure in vivo. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate an explicit continuum finite element analysis (FEA) to investigate the stress and strain in a bone surrogate during the insertion of a dental implant: with cutting flute (CF) and without (NCF). Ten dental implants (five with CF and five with NCF) were inserted into ten rigid polyurethane (PU) foam blocks with a prepared pilot hole. During the insertion, a stereo digital image correlation (DIC) system was used to record in-plane deformation on the PU foam surface at a frequency of 1.0 Hz; and, surface von Mises strain, εv_DIC, was calculated (VIC-3D, Correlated Solutions Inc). In parallel, the insertion was simulated using FEA with explicit solver (Abaqus Explicit version 2017, Simulia). The PU foam was defined as an elastic-plastic material with a progressive crushable foam failure behaviour. The surface von Mises strain predicted from FEA, εv_FEA, was compared against εv_DIC. Uncertainty of DIC displacement measurement was 0.6 μm; and the static noise floor for the strain measurement was 500 microstrain (με). Coefficient of determination for εv_DIC and εv_FEA along a horizontal line for the CF and NCF implants were 0.80 and 0.78, respectively, which suggested the overall FEA performance was good. FEA results indicated that the cutting flute reduced the maximum shear stress in the PU foam and axial force which facilitated the insertion with less effort. This study demonstrated the successful combination of mechanical testing and FEA to better understand the mechanics of dental implant insertion.
Impact Limiter Computer Simulation and Verification by Drop Tests
Authors: Niyogi Kalyan K. , Zhai Xuejun 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Impact limiters are often used to protect equipment by minimizing the load inflicted to the equipment due to an impact or fall. This paper presents a computer simulation of a simple and effective impact limiter used in a storage cask carrying a Multi-Purpose Canister (MPC) containing nuclear spent fuel assemblies and compares the analysis results with the actual drop test performed for the prototype of the impact limiter. The impact limiter consists of an array of stainless-steel tubes with small holes in each to define and accelerate the collapse of the tubes following an impact. The small holes drilled at the strategically picked location on the tube ensures a very uniform tube collapse pattern and thus a well-controlled overall impact limiter behavior. The numerical simulation is conducted with computer modeling in LS-DYNA with appropriate geometric parameters and material properties. The behavior of the impact limiter tubes is captured by the true stress true strain curve of the material. The numerical analysis reveals how the tubes collapse due to an impact from a drop accident and what the collapse pattern looks like. The prototype test is conducted to verify the accuracy of the computer model, and the collapse of the tubes is observed and recorded using a high-speed camera. Both the measured impact limiter deformation and impact acceleration match well with the predictions by the computer model. This simple impact limiter device is extremely effective in absorbing energy and the required design objective can be reliably confirmed by computer simulation.
Probabilistic Deep Learning for Validation of Emergent Structures in Simulated Images
Authors: Kaiser Bryan , Hickmann Kyle 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Deterministic integrated metrics for quantitative comparison of simulated images and experimental images, e.g., RMS error, are agnostic to structures that can emerge in highly nonlinear complex systems. Similarly, simple probabilistic metrics, such as direct comparisons of image data distributions, also do not explicitly account for salient structures. Normalizing flow architectures are probabilistic generative deep learning algorithms that leverage the nonlinear pattern recognition capacity of neural networks with variational Bayesian methods to assign likelihood values to images with respect to a “target” probability density learned from training images. If a normalizing flow is trained on simulation image data, then it can be used to quantify the probability that an experiment image could have been sampled from the unknown high dimensional distribution that describes the simulated images and vice versa. We demonstrate this validation method using the real non-volume-preserving (RealNVP) normalizing flow architecture and MNIST, corrupted MNIST, Wingdings, and blurred Wingdings data sets. Normalizing flows, and consequently our validation method, are not limited to two-dimensional data and may be applied to higher dimensions with appropriate modifications. Applications include, but are not limited to, turbulent flow simulations, proton radiography simulations, multi-phase flow simulations, and medical radiology.
Electrical image of magmatic system beneath the Xiangshan volcanogenic uranium deposit, southeast China: Linking magmatic evolution and uranium metallogenesis
Authors: Yu Hui , Deng Juzhi , Tang Bin , Egbert Gary , Chen Hui 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The uranium deposit of the Early Cretaceous Xiangshan caldera (southeast China) represents the world’s third-largest volcanogenic uranium deposit. While the hydrothermal system defines uranium mineralization in shallow volcanic-intrusive complexes, we argue that the underlying magmatic system, identified in magnetotelluric data from the Xiangshan deposit, is equally crucial in controlling the origin and migration of ore-forming fluids and driving uranium element transport. As imaged by a three-dimensional resistivity model, a volcanic conduit containing ~4% saline fluid underlies the Xiangshan peak, interpreted to control the formation of alkali fluids that aid the early alkaline uranium mineralization. A deep-seated intrusion also imaged beneath the northwestern Xiangshan caldera likely facilitates the formation of later acidic uranium mineralization and provides the requisite heat flux. Its enhanced conductivity is attributed to graphite liberalization along grain boundaries caused by CO2-bearing volatiles upwelling or igneous carbon injection. The merged zone of the volcanic conduit and intrusion, which is located at a depth of ~10–15 km, functions as a high-level magma chamber. It is fed episodically by low partial melting of lower-crustal rocks and may contain significant uranium concentrations. Essentially, the transport and enrichment of uranium elements are enabled by such a vertical extensive trans-crustal magmatic system, resulting in the emplacement of the shallow volcanogenic uranium deposit. This work is a compelling example regarding the inherited structural control of the magmatic system on volcanic-related uranium metallogenesis.