bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Precipitin Reactions of Clq with Various γ Globulins and Anionic Macromolecules
Authors: Agnello V. , Winchester R. J. , Kunkel H. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recently a gel diffusion method has been established for demonstrating C1q precipitin reactions with aggregates or complexes of γ globulin. In this system the marked affinity of aggregated γG3 for C1q is very evident when compared to the reactions of γG1 and γG2 aggregates and is consistent with the known affinity of the monomeric proteins for C1q: γG3 &gt; γG1 &gt; γG2. In contrast, however, to the affinity studies with monomeric γG4 which show no combination of this protein with C1q, aggregates of some γG4 globulin do precipitate with C1q in gel diffusion. These aggregates are unusual in that they are not anticomplementary. This situation is not unique since certain anionic substances such as DNA precipitate strongly with C1q in gel diffusion but do not have a commensurate anticomplementarity in vitro or in vivo.
C1q precipitin reactions in gel diffusion have been found useful in detecting γ globulin complexes in pathologic fluids in certain immune complex diseases.
Leukocyte-Mobilizing Factor: A New Biologic Activity Derived from the Third Component of Complement
Authors: Rother K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To recognize leukocyte-mobilizing activity, a simple test system was developed. It consisted of a rat or guinea pig femur perfused at a steady rate with medium 199. Leukocyte-mobilizing factor (LMF) was recognized by an increase in the number of cells in the effluent following addition of the test substance to the perfusate. LMF was found in the supernatants of the reactions of sensitized erythrocytes or other antigen-antibody complexes and the sera of either (1) rabbit, (2) guinea pig, (3) mouse, (4) rat or (5) the human. Similar results were obtained when C6-defective rabbit serum (Cdef) or C5-defective mouse serum was used instead of the reactants 1–5. LMF was also observed when purified rabbit β1C-globulin was incubated with functionally pure C1, C4 and C2, but not if any one of the four reactants was absent from the mixture. At pH 6.5 and 20°C, LMF was not precipitated from activated serum in 3.2 M ammonium sulfate.
Complement-Derived Leukotactic Factors in Human Synovial Fluids
Authors: Ward P. A. , Zvaifler N. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
More than half the synovial fluids from humans with rheumatoid arthritis contain leukotactic activity for rabbit neutrophils. By ultracentrifugal analysis and antibody suppression techniques C and cleavage products of C5 have been identified as the responsible factors. Approximately half these fluids also contain an enzyme, possibly derived from lysosomal granules of neutrophils, capable of producing leukotactic cleavage products from C5 at neutral pH. Synovial fluids from patients with osteoarthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus are usually negative for leukotactic activity. Fluids were also studied from patients with inflammatory, non-rheumatoid arthritis, associated with spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, rheumatic fever and ill-defined arthritic states. Approximately half of these fluids were leukotactically positive, containing activity ascribable to cleavage products of C3, with sedimentation velocities of 4S or less. Many of these fluids also contain a C3-cleaving factor capable of producing additional leukotactic activity.
C5a: A Chemotactic Factor for Mononuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Snyderman R. , Shin H. S. , Hausman M. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cleavage of guinea pig C5 results in the release of a biologically active fragmentation product (C5a) which enhances vascular permeability, contracts smooth muscle and is chemotactic for guinea pig and rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Since C5a apparently affects a number of cell types involved in the acute inflammatory response, experiments were performed to determine if C5a was chemotactic for mononuclear leukocytes (MNL). Chemotactic activity was quantitated in modified Boyden chambers with glycogen-stimulated guinea pig peritoneal exudates as the source of MNL. Purified guinea pig C5 cleaved by trypsin, or by , as well as purified guinea pig C3 cleaved by trypsin, or by , were tested for chemotactic activity. Cleavage of C5, but not C3, resulted in the production of chemotactic activity for MNL, with activity detected in solutions containing as little as 3.5 µg of cleaved C5/ml.
Hemolytic Activity of the Reduction Products of Rabbit IgM Antibody
Authors: Kishimoto T. , Ikeda M. , Onoue K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Our previous experiments on anti-hapten rabbit IgM antibody have shown that the 7S subunit and peptic dimer fragment of the antibody are divalent. These fragments agglutinated red cells coated with antigen and their hemagglutinating activity was comparable to that of IgG antibody on a weight basis. In the present experiment, hemolytic activity of the 7S subunit was studied. Specifically purified IgM antibody was subjected to mild reduction in 0.03 M cysteine followed by alkylation. The 7S subunit and its dimer were isolated by gel filtration. Both fragments maintained inter-µ-chain disulfide bond(s). Hemolytic activity of the 7S subunit was comparable to that of native IgG antibody. The dimer of the subunit had higher hemolytic activity than did the 7S subunit or IgG antibody on a weight basis. The results suggest that high hemolytic activity of the original IgM antibody is due to polyvalency of the antibodies.
Sites and Mechanisms of Complement Interaction with Guinea Pig Immunoglobulins
Authors: Sandberg A. L. , Osler A. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pig γ1 immunoglobulins incubated as preformed aggregates with undiluted guinea pig serum initiate their attack on the C sequence at C3, apparently bypassing C1, C4, and C2. This C interaction site is located on the F(ab′)2 fragment as demonstrated by the full retention of activity after digestion with pepsin. γ2 Immunoglobulins seem to possess two C interaction sites, one on the Fc fragment and the other on the F(ab′)2 fragment. Pepsin digestion of the γ2 antibodies reduced their C-fixing activity and also changed their mode of C interaction. Whereas the intact molecule utilized all nine C components, the F(ab′)2 fragment no longer reacted with C2 but diminished the activity of late components. Both types of immunoglobulins utilized C more efficiently at 37°C than at 4°C when incubated as preformed aggregates. However the soluble γ2 complexes exhibited enhanced C consumption at 4°C.
Specific Isolation of B Lymphocytes by Means of Their Receptor for Antigen-Antibody-Complement (Ag-Ab-C) Complexes
Authors: Eden A. , Bianco C. , Nussenzweig V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A population of lymphocytes (CRL) from many mammalian species including man has a receptor for Ag-Ab-C complexes. CRL interact with sheep red blood cells (E) coated with antibody (A) and complement (C) forming rosettes (Bianco, C. and Nussenzweig, V., J. Exp. Med., 132: 702, 1970). In the mouse, CRL are part of the population of B lymphocytes (Dukor, P., Bianco, C. and Nussenzweig, V., in preparation). The interaction between CRL and EAC appears to be mediated by a receptor for modified C3 on the lymphocyte membrane. Papain fragments of rabbit γG anti-mouse C3 competitively inhibit and revert the binding of EAC to CRL. Based on this finding, a method has been devised to purify CRL, which consists of: 1) incubation of EAC with lymphocytes for rosette formation; 2) separation of rosettes by sedimentation in a linear bovine serum albumin (BSA) gradient (The purified clusters contain less than 5% free leukocyte contamination); 3) treatment of the clusters with papain fragments of anti-C3 antibodies in order to dissociate EAC from CRL; 4) separation of CRL from EAC by ultracentrifugation in a discontinuous BSA gradient.
Antibody and Complement Dependent Damage to Liposomes Prepared with Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides
Authors: Kinsky S. C. , Kataoka T. , Inoue K. , Lüderitz O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Liposomes were made with either lecithin or sphingomyelin in the presence of various Salmonella minnesota S and R form lipopolysaccharides. These “actively” sensitized liposomes release trapped glucose marker when incubated with both an appropriate rabbit antiserum and guinea pig serum. The liposomes lose most glucose in the presence of homologous antiserum although cross-reactivity, which seems limited to liposomes containing lipopolysaccharides closely related in structure, has been observed. Liposomal response differs from other reported phenomena which have suggested that lipopolysaccharides can interact with complement in the absence of added antibodies. Treatment of S or R form lipopolysaccharide with alkali markedly reduces the amount required for half-maximal sensitization. The alkali-treated lipopolysaccharides are also effective in “passive” sensitization of liposomes; in this procedure, the liposomes are first generated in the absence of any antigen and subsequently incubated with lipopolysaccharide. Both actively and passively sensitized liposomes release a greater percentage of their trapped glucose when prepared with lecithin than with sphingomyelin.
Glycine-Rich γ-Glycoprotein (GBG): Evidence for Relation to the Complement System and for Genetic Polymorphism in Man
Authors: Alper C. A. , Boenisch T. , Watson L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Glycine-rich β-glycoprotein (GBG) is a 6.3S protein which occurs at a concentration of 9 to 47 mg/100 ml of normal serum. On storage of serum, particularly at 37°C, this protein fragments very slowly into glycine-rich γ-glycoprotein (GGG) which is 4.3S and glycine-rich α-glycoprotein (GAG) of similar size. Incubation of serum for 1 hr at 37°C with antigen-antibody precipitates or zymosan but not hydrazine results in virtually complete conversion of GBG but little appearance of GAG in the fluid phase. EDTA blocks GBG conversion by antigen-antibody or zymosan.
GBG is highly polymorphic when examined in various human sera and consists of at least five bands in all samples tested. Population and family studies indicate that this polymorphism is determined by two common genes, GbF and GbS, with frequencies of 0.50 and 0.44, 0.28 and 0.71, and 0.13 and 0.87 in Negroes, Caucasians and Orientals respectively, and two rare genes, GbF1 with a frequency of 0.06 in Negroes, and GbS1 with a frequency of 0.01 in Caucasians.
Limited Heterogeneity of Antibodies against the Para-Azobenzoate (Xp) Hapten
Authors: Hoffman Donald R. , Grossberg Allan L. , Pressman David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A series of IgG antibodies raised in 21 rabbits against the p-azobenzoate hapten was examined by isoelectric focusing in acrylamide gels. Specifically purified antibodies from 14 of the rabbits gave isoelectric spectra that consisted of only five or fewer patterns similar to those obtained from myeloma proteins, which showed a single pattern consisting of a series of three or more regularly spaced lines. A restricted number of patterns indicates limited heterogeneity. Five of the preparations were very restricted, giving primarily a single pattern. Four of these five preparations also gave a single band in isoelectric focusing of the light chains and four also appeared homogeneous with respect to binding constant. One antibody preparation that gave two simple patterns on isoelectric focusing and two light chain bands was fractionated to give a fraction with a single isoelectric focusing pattern and a single light chain band. For two rabbits the same antibody isoelectric focusing pattern persisted for over 1 year. On the basis that a simple pattern represents a biosynthetically homogeneous antibody species, a large proportion of the rabbits produced primarily one to five different antibody molecular species directed against this hapten.
Macrophage-Antigen Interaction: Uptake, Metabolism and Immunogenicity of Foreign Albumin
Authors: Schmidtke Jon R. , Unanue Emil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The uptake of radioiodinated mouse and human serum albumin (HSA) by macrophages from non-immunized CBA mice depended on the degree of aggregation of the albumin, and not on cytophilic antibody on the surface of the cell. Autologous and heterologous albumin of comparable physical states were taken up and metabolized equally by macrophages. The HSA taken up by macrophages was rapidly catabolized, except for a small amount that remained associated with the cell both intracellularly and on the surface for long periods in culture. The membrane-bound albumin represented non-pinocytosed molecules. This membrane-bound antigen was maintained independently of intracellular material and was responsible for most of the immunogenicity of macrophage-bound albumin. A portion of albumin taken up by macrophages was released undegraded into the supernatant during culture. The metabolism of HSA was directly proportional to the degree of aggregation of the albumin as increased aggregation resulted in more extensive catabolism.
Antigen Recognition and the Immune Response: the Capacity of L-Tyrosine-Azobenzenearsonate to Serve as a Carrier for a Macromolecular Hapten
Authors: Alkan Sefik S. , Nitecki Danute E. , Goodman Joel W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The low molecular weight compound L-tyrosine-azobenzenearsonate (RAT) induced immunity in guinea pigs, as evidenced by delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and stimulation of DNA synthesis by lymphoid cells in culture. Two different conjugates of RAT and a poly-γ-D-glutamic acid hapten of m.w. 35,000 were prepared. In one, an average of nine molecules of RAT were linked directly to the PGA backbone [PGA-(RAT)9]. In the other, RAT was joined to PGA by means of 6-aminocaproyl (SAC) hydrocarbon chains that extended the RAT groups out from the PGA backbone by a maximum of 10 Å [PGA-(SAC-RAT)12]. Immunization with the two conjugates gave rise to anti-PGA antibody, PGA-(SAC-RAT)12 being somewhat more effective in that regard, and all animals developed delayed hypersensitivity to RAT but not to PGA. Lymphoid cells from animals sensitized to PGA-RAT conjugates demonstrated specificity for the homologous conjugates, assessed by the rate of incorporation of 14C-thymidine into DNA. Prior immunization with RAT potentiated the response to PGA following administration of the conjugates. Thus, it appears that a molecule with an m.w. of about 400 was recognized by antigenreactive cells and could serve as a carrier for a hapten with an m.w. of 35,000.
The Pll Gene and Histocompatibility Genotype in Inbred and Random-Bred Guinea Pigs
Authors: Ellman Leonard , Green Ira , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated a close linkage of the PLL immune response gene and the major histocompatibility locus of the inbred strain 2 guinea pig in both (2 × 13)F1 × 13 back-cross animals and in random-bred Hartley guinea pigs. In the present study, this relationship was confirmed by the demonstration that: 1) anti-strain 2 isoantiserum made in PLL non-responder Hartley animals distinguished between strain 2 and strain 13 lymphocytes, and between Hartley PLL responder and non-responder lymphocytes; 2) Hartley PLL responder anti-strain 2 isoantiserum did not detect these differences; and 3) a strain-specific strain 2 guinea pig leukemia was readily rejected by PLL non-responder (2 × 13)F1 × 13 back-cross animals whereas it was uniformly fatal for PLL responder back-cross animals. Finally, the observation of close linkage of the PLL gene and the major histocompatibility locus of the strain 2 guinea pig was also extended to a second randombred guinea pig strain, the NIH multipurpose strain.
Morphologic Changes in Draining Lymph Nodes and in Lymphocyte Cultures after Sensitization with Complete or Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant. Correlation with Immunologic Events in Vivo and in Culture
Authors: Dvorak Ann M. , Bast Robert C. , Dvorak Harold F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Morphologic changes occurring in draining lymph nodes were studied at two intervals after sensitization of guinea pigs with human serum albumin (HSA) in complete or incomplete Freund's adjuvant (CFA or IFA) and were correlated with the immunologic response of these animals. At 1 week after sensitization with HSA in IFA guinea pigs were primed for the delayed-onset reactions of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) but had little circulating antibody. Their lymph nodes manifested paracortical cell hyperplasia with a striking degree of blast transformation, and cells from such nodes, cultured in the presence of antigen, incorporated 3H-thymidine at an enhanced rate and underwent morphologic blast transformation. At 6 weeks, these animals had lost CBH skin reactivity but had high titers of circulating antibody. Draining lymph nodes contained prominent germinal centers and numerous plasma cells, but paracortical blasts had returned to control levels, and isolated cells were not stimulated to incorporate thymidine by antigen in culture. By contrast, animals sensitized with the same antigen in CFA developed progressively indurated skin reactions characteristic of delayed hypersensitivity (DH), as well as high titers of circulating antibody. In draining lymph nodes, blast cells outside of germinal centers were never as numerous as at 1 week following administration of antigen in IFA; however, a significant number persisted at 6 weeks when excellent antigen-induced thymidine incorporation and blast transformation could be achieved in culture. Taken together, these data provide additional evidence for the existence of two distinguishable forms of cellular immunity, DH and CBH, and define certain properties of each.
Rabbit Secretory IgA
Authors: O'Daly Jose A. , Cebra John J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit secretory component (SC) of colostral secretory IgA (sIgA) was isolated following dissociation from the immunoglobulin in 5 M guanidine ·HC1. Two procedures were used, one yielding native SC and the other SC with all half-cystines carboxymethylated. The results of analytic and preparative zone electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels led to a correlation between the antigenic activities used to define component polypeptide chains of sIgA and the characteristics of their electrophoretic mobility. The native form of a fast-migrating component (F-component) different from alpha, light and SC polypeptides was also isolated by preparative gel electrophoresis. Its cellular localization was compared with that of other components of sIgA.
Recovery of the Antigen Retention Mechanism after Sublethal X-Irradiation in Mice Receiving Cells from Various Sources
Authors: Nettesheim P. , Hammons Anna S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The intravenous injection of spleen or peritoneal exudate cells into mice x-irradiated with 600 R leads to rapid partial restoration of the x-ray damaged antigen retention system. This effect was already clearly discernible when 125I-AHGG was injected 1 day after cell infusion, and became very pronounced when the labeled antigen was given 8 days after cell infusion. In contrast, no significant recovery was observed in mice receiving either thymus cells, bone marrow cells or no cells after x-irradiation. The cell doses were approximately equivalent to one-third spleen, one thymus, one femur and the peritoneal cavity cells recoverable from one mouse. The weight, histologic and autoradiographic studies suggest that spleen and peritoneal exudate cell suspensions contain cells (or their precursors) instrumental in recovery of (and probably also in unimpaired) follicular antigen localization. Further studies are needed to determine the nature of the cells involved and precisely what role they play in the enhancement of recovery of antigen localization after x-irradiation.
Effect of Antimacrophage Serum on Hypersensitivity (Schistosoma Mansoni Egg) and Foreign Body (Divinyl-Benzene Copolymer Bead) Granulomas
Authors: Boros D. L. , Warren K. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antimacrophage serum (AMS) was obtained by immunizing rabbits with glassadherent mouse peritoneal exudate cells. The antiserum was repeatedly absorbed until free of antilymphocytic antibodies. Repeated injections of AMS into mice suppressed the level of circulating blood monocytes. AMS was toxic in vitro to peritoneal exudate cells. Repeated injections of AMS suppressed the delayed hypersensitivity granulomas that formed around eggs of Schistosoma mansoni injected into the microvasculature of the mouse lung. Similar injections of the antiserum, however, had no effect on the foreign body granulomas produced in response to similarly injected plastic beads.
Quantitation of Immunoglobulin- and Virus-Producing Cells in Rats Infected with Moloney Leukemia Virus
Authors: Cremer Natalie E. , Taylor Dee O. N. , Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Using the fluorescent antibody technique, the numbers of popliteal lymph node cells (PLN) that produce viral antigen and antibody to BSA or ferritin were evaluated in normal rats and those infected with Moloney leukemia virus (MLV). There was a 96% to 99% reduction in cells forming anti-BSA antibody and 64% to 84% reduction in those forming anti-ferritin antibody in infected rats. 47% to 57% of the cells that formed anti-BSA antibody also formed viral antigen and 19% to 43% of those that formed anti-ferritin antibody contained viral antigen. The main class of antibody in the sera of both normal and infected rats was IgGa. In the sera of BSA-immunized rats another class of antibody, either IgGb or γ1, was present. Antibody of the IgM class was seen only in the younger group of infected rats immunized with ferritin. One per cent to 5% of the PLN cells contained large amounts of viral antigen as shown by bright abundant staining with fluorescein-tagged anti-MLV conjugate whereas most cells contained only a fleck or two of specific stain for viral antigen.
Characterization of the Antibody Response to Type III Pneumococcal Polysaccharide at the Cellular Level
Authors: Baker Phillip J. , Prescott Benjamin , Stashak Philip W. , Amsbaugh Diana F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A plaque-inhibition test was used to assess the relative avidity of the IgM antibody specific for type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III). No changes in avidity were demonstrable at various times after immunization and over a 20,000-fold range of antigen dose. Prior immunization, regardless of the dose of SSS-III employed, resulted in no change in avidity. These results indicated that a restricted population of lymphoid cells participates in the antibody response to SSS-III and that an antigen-mediated cell selection process does not play a significant role.