bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative assessment of life cycle impacts of various plastic waste management scenarios in Johannesburg, South Africa
Authors: Mazhandu Zvanaka S. , Muzenda Edison , Belaid Mohamed , Nhubu Trust 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPurposeLandfilling can result in a loss in revenue that would otherwise have been accrued from recycling plastic waste, loss in potential jobs, and groundwater contamination. Plastics in landfills may also eventually find their way into marine environments, where they can be damaging to animals. This work aims to establish the environmental sustainability of current plastic waste management practices in South Africa using the City of Johannesburg (CoJ) as a case study.MethodologyFive scenarios encompassing combinations of landfilling, mechanical recycling, incineration with energy recovery, gasification, and use of plastic waste in a cement kiln were assessed through an environmental Life Cycle Assessment (e-LCA). Scenarios were developed based on an extensive literature review, current practices in South Africa and Europe, and the country’s National Waste Management strategy, which aims to achieve “zero waste to landfill”. SimaPro 9.1.1 software and the Ecoinvent Database were used to assess the life cycle impacts of each scenario over seven impact categories. The ReCiPe endpoint method, Egalitarian version, was employed in determining the impact potentials. A sensitivity analysis was also carried out to evaluate the model’s robustness.Results and discussionOverall, the impact assessment results, including damage assessments and single score results, revealed that moving away from landfilling and combining mechanical recycling, incineration, gasification, and use of plastic waste (PW) as solid refuse fuel in a cement kiln is the least environmentally impactful scenario when managing plastic waste. Landfilling alone was the worst-performing scenario, resulting in adverse effects on human health, ecosystems, and resource depletion. This agrees with the waste hierarchy. On sensitivity analysis, the increase in transportation distances and reduction in market substitution factor in mechanical recycling did not change the ranking of scenarios despite reducing the net benefits to the environment. Including open dumping as an end-of-life scenario significantly increased the negative impact of the current plastic waste management scenario being practised in South Africa, while assuming a 100% mechanical recycling rate had the least environmental impact when compared to the other modelled scenarios.ConclusionsThe current plastic waste management practices in South Africa were found to be environmentally unsustainable based on the modelled scenarios, and a move away from landfilling is encouraged. The outcomes of this study will assist policymakers and other stakeholders in making informed decisions based on scientific evidence when formulating sustainability-related waste management policies.
Multimodal exploration of the intracranial aneurysm wall
Authors: Niemann Annika , Tulamo Riikka , Netti Eliisa , Preim Bernhard , Berg Philipp , Cebral Juan , Robertson Anne , Saalfeld Sylvia 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Purpose
Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) are pathological changes of the intracranial vessel wall, although clinical image data can only show the vessel lumen. Histology can provide wall information but is typically restricted to ex vivo 2D slices where the shape of the tissue is altered.

Methods
We developed a visual exploration pipeline for a comprehensive view of an IA. We extract multimodal information (like stain classification and segmentation of histologic images) and combine them via 2D to 3D mapping and virtual inflation of deformed tissue. Histological data, including four stains, micro-CT data and segmented calcifications as well as hemodynamic information like wall shear stress (WSS), are combined with the 3D model of the resected aneurysm.

Results
Calcifications were mostly present in the tissue part with increased WSS. In the 3D model, an area of increased wall thickness was identified and correlated to histology, where the Oil red O (ORO) stained images showed a lipid accumulation and the alpha-smooth muscle actin (aSMA) stained images showed a slight loss of muscle cells.

Conclusion
Our visual exploration pipeline combines multimodal information about the aneurysm wall to improve the understanding of wall changes and IA development. The user can identify regions and correlate how hemodynamic forces, e.g. WSS, are reflected by histological structures of the vessel wall, wall thickness and calcifications.
Comparison of radiomics models and dual-energy material decomposition to decipher abdominal lymphoma in contrast-enhanced CT
Authors: Bernatz Simon , Koch Vitali , Dos Santos Daniel Pinto , Ackermann Jörg , Grünewald Leon D. , Weitkamp Inga , Yel Ibrahim , Martin Simon S. , Lenga Lukas , Scholtz Jan-Erik , Vogl Thomas J. , Mahmoudi Scherwin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Purpose
The radiologists’ workload is increasing, and computational imaging techniques may have the potential to identify visually unequivocal lesions, so that the radiologist can focus on equivocal and critical cases. The purpose of this study was to assess radiomics versus dual-energy CT (DECT) material decomposition to objectively distinguish visually unequivocal abdominal lymphoma and benign lymph nodes.

Methods
Retrospectively, 72 patients [m, 47; age, 63.5 (27–87) years] with nodal lymphoma (n = 27) or benign abdominal lymph nodes (n = 45) who had contrast-enhanced abdominal DECT between 06/2015 and 07/2019 were included. Three lymph nodes per patient were manually segmented to extract radiomics features and DECT material decomposition values. We used intra-class correlation analysis, Pearson correlation and LASSO to stratify a robust and non-redundant feature subset. Independent train and test data were applied on a pool of four machine learning models. Performance and permutation-based feature importance was assessed to increase the interpretability and allow for comparison of the models. Top performing models were compared by the DeLong test.

Results
About 38% (19/50) and 36% (8/22) of the train and test set patients had abdominal lymphoma. Clearer entity clusters were seen in t-SNE plots using a combination of DECT and radiomics features compared to DECT features only. Top model performances of AUC = 0.763 (CI = 0.435–0.923) were achieved for the DECT cohort and AUC = 1.000 (CI = 1.000–1.000) for the radiomics feature cohort to stratify visually unequivocal lymphomatous lymph nodes. The performance of the radiomics model was significantly (p = 0.011, DeLong) superior to the DECT model.

Conclusions
Radiomics may have the potential to objectively stratify visually unequivocal nodal lymphoma versus benign lymph nodes. Radiomics seems superior to spectral DECT material decomposition in this use case. Therefore, artificial intelligence methodologies may not be restricted to centers with DECT equipment.
LCDnet: a lightweight crowd density estimation model for real-time video surveillance
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asif , Menouar Hamid , Hamila Ridha 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAutomatic crowd counting using density estimation has gained significant attention in computer vision research. As a result, a large number of crowd counting and density estimation models using convolution neural networks (CNN) have been published in the last few years. These models have achieved good accuracy over benchmark datasets. However, attempts to improve the accuracy often lead to higher complexity in these models. In real-time video surveillance applications using drones with limited computing resources, deep models incur intolerable higher inference delay. In this paper, we propose (i) a Lightweight Crowd Density estimation model (LCDnet) for real-time video surveillance, and (ii) an improved training method using curriculum learning (CL). LCDnet is trained using CL and evaluated over two benchmark datasets i.e., DroneRGBT and CARPK. Results are compared with existing crowd models. Our evaluation shows that the LCDnet achieves a reasonably good accuracy while significantly reducing the inference time and memory requirement and thus can be deployed over edge devices with very limited computing resources.
Strategic agency and learning in sustainability initiatives driving transformation: the symphony tool for ecosystem-based marine spatial planning
Authors: Järnberg Linn , Vulturius Gregor , Ek Filippa 
Published: March 2023

AbstractEcosystem-based management and marine spatial planning (MSP) represent novel approaches intended to transform marine governance and improve ecosystems. The transformation can be supported by sustainability initiatives such as decision-support tools, which inform changes in management strategies and practices. This study illustrates the potential and challenges of such sustainability initiatives to promote deliberative transformative change in marine governance systems. Specifically, it focuses on the amplification processes of the Symphony tool for ecosystem-based MSP in Sweden. Our findings suggest that the amplification of sustainability initiatives is driven by informal networks, coalition forming, resource mobilization skills, a shared vision, trust, experimentation, and social learning. Our results also highlight that in the face of institutional challenges such as sparse financial resources, uncertain institutional support, and divided ownership, a strategic way forward is to simultaneously work on parallel amplification processes, as they may enable each other. Further, we find that a key challenge in amplification across governance scales is the need for significant adjustments of the original innovation, to meet differing needs and competences. This highlights the broader challenge of achieving transformative change across scales in heterogenous and fragmented multilevel governance systems. Co-production of knowledge and early stakeholder interaction to ensure accessibility and availability can improve the chances of successful amplification. To move beyond a mechanistic understanding of steps and processes, future research on sustainability initiatives should consider the interplay between strategic agency, social learning, and institutional context in driving amplification processes.
A population-based investigation of participation rate and self-selection bias in momentary data capture and survey studies
Authors: Stone Arthur A. , Schneider Stefan , Smyth Joshua M. , Junghaenel Doerte U. , Couper Mick P. , Wen Cheng , Mendez Marilyn , Velasco Sarah , Goldstein Sarah 
Published: March 2023

AbstractParticipant selection bias is of concern to researchers conducting surveys of all types. For momentary data capture studies, such as Ecological Momentary Assessment, the level of burden associated with these techniques and the possibility of low uptake rates makes the concerns especially salient. This study invited 3,000 individuals to participate in a study of health and mood and recorded the uptake rates at various points in the process. Respondents expressing interest in participating in general were randomized into a one-time survey, a low-burden momentary study, or a high-burden momentary study. Overall, 85.9% of the sample did not respond to the study invitation (including confirming non-interest); 6.9% of the sample expressed interest in the study by completing a brief survey; 2.1% agreed to participate in the study when the protocol specifics were described (none of the study protocols were actually run). Whites were more likely to complete the survey. Of those completing the survey, individuals who reported higher income, a more “open” personality, better typing skills, better computer skills, who viewed the research topic as important, and who expressed interest in research on daily feelings more likely consented to being enrolled in the experiment. The number of prior surveys taken had an inverted-U shaped association with participation in this study. Finally, all individuals randomized to the one-time survey group agreed to participate compared to two-thirds of individuals in the momentary groups. These results suggest that participant selection bias may affect both one-time survey and momentary data capture studies, with the caveat that the degree of such bias will be related to a study’s hypotheses.
Sexting Behaviors Before and During COVID-19 in Italian and Colombian Young Adults
Authors: Morelli Mara , Plata Maryluz Gomez , Isolani Stefano , Zabala Maryoris Elena Zapata , Hoyos Kattia Paola Cabas , Tirado Liliana Maria Uribe , Gracia Marcela Sucel Ruiz , Barbosa Carmelina Paba , Pistella Jessica , Zuffianò Antonio , Gerbino Maria , Laghi Fiorenzo , Pastorelli Concetta , Baiocco Roberto 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIntroductionRecent research highlight increasing at-risk online sexual activities and behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic among young adults. Specifically, sexting refers to exchanging sexually suggestive messages, photos, and videos through technological devices, and it can be placed on a continuum from safer to riskier behavior. This study aims to improve our knowledge about sexting behaviors in Italian and Colombian young adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsA survey online was filled in by all recruited participants through a snowball sampling procedure (from December 2019 to June 2021) both in Italy and Colombia, resulting in a total of 2931 participants (2051 from Italy and 880 from Colombia) aged 18 to 35 years old (Mage = 23.85;SDage = 3.63; 67.6% girls).ResultsItalian youth were more engaged in risky sexting than Colombian participants, while Colombians indicated being more engaged in non-consensual sexting than Italians. Sexual minority people reported more sharing their own sexts, higher levels of sexting under pressure, and 3.2 times more risky sexting than exclusively heterosexual counterparts. During the pandemic period, participants sent their own sexts 1.5 times more and were less involved in non-consensual sexting than in the pre-pandemic era.ConclusionsThe present research could help understand better the cultural dynamics underlying the differences in sexting behaviors, suggesting the relevance of investigating how sexting behaviors and online at-risk activities have changed since the pandemic started.Policy ImplicationsResults provide implications for educational and prevention programs to improve young people's awareness of sexting behaviors.
The ethics of self-aware behavioural public policies: any different to standard nudges?
Authors: John Peter 
Published: March 2023

AbstractNudges – light-touch interventions aimed to help people achieve socially desirable outcomes – can take place without individuals being aware of them. It would seem to be ethically superior to tell individuals that they are being nudged, encouraging them to be aware of the reasons for the official interest in their behaviours. Aided by internal reflection, individuals may make informed choices whether to go along with officially-preferred options or not. In general, this paper adopts this line of argument, justifying self-awareness from the liberal belief in autonomy of the person. However, awareness and/or reflection are not always necessarily ethically superior to passivity, as in cases where manipulation is also present with information provision, when there is framing of deliberative exercises, and where there is harm done to others due to reflectively-driven actions. Most of the time self-awareness is to be preferred, but not always.
Poetic Injustice
Authors: Nowak Ethan 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWhen J.R. Cash (Johnny Cash) sings that he shot a man in Reno just to watch him die, audiences impressed by the singer's skillful creation and depiction of a nihilistic lyrical subject clap and cheer. When Terrell Doyley (Skengdo) and Joshua Malinga (A.M.) sang broadly similar lyrics at a concert in 2018, London's Metropolitan Police and the Crown Prosecution Service took them to be describing violent acts they had participated in and violent intentions they harbored, and the lyrics were used as the basis for legal proceedings against the singers that resulted in convictions. In this paper, I will argue that Doyley and Malinga's case illustrates a distinctive and important form that epistemic injustice can take. By failing to see their lyrics as speech that involves the exercise of their capacity for imagination, the police and prosecutors treat them as an impoverished sort of epistemic agent. I will call the wrong involved in cases like this one poetic injustice.
Legislators’ Religiosity and Same-Sex Marriage in Latin America
Authors: González-Rostani Valentina , Morgenstern Scott 
Published: March 2023

AbstractSame-sex marriage has risen to the top of political agendas across Latin America, but it is still illegal in many countries. Public support about the issue varies greatly, and the roles of the courts, presidents, and legislatures have also differed. This article focuses on legislators because they are charged with representing the public and converting demands into policy. Although many legislatures have now voted on the issue, the literature has not intensively examined the policy makers’ attitudes toward same-sex marriage. This study applies a theoretical framework that extends theories considering context and social contact and uses a survey of the region’s legislators to study the correlates of support for same-sex marriage. Although the study also tests for individual-level variables (e.g., gender and ideology), the models focus on the contextual role of religiosity. The results show that having more secular colleagues encourages even pious legislators to support same-sex marriage.
The Earth Observation Data Centre and its task
Authors: Waggett P. W. 
Published: March 2023

To satisfy a user’s request for spaceborne remote sensing data a series of elements in the data chain must come together. The complete data chain has three major elements; orbiting platforms (to collect the data), data reception facilities and data processing facilities. The UK has a wide range of remote sensing users and, to support them, it has a strong presence in all areas of the data chain.This paper will describe the less well known, but equally important area of data processing and dissemination. The two main UK facilities are the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) and the Earth Observation Data Centre (EODC).
The development and design integration of a variable camber wing for long/medium range aircraft
Authors: Greff E. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractA deliberate product strategy is usually aimed at creating a transport aircraft family on the basis of a common wing by stretching the fuselage. Due to this policy of high fleet commonality the costs for development, manufacture and maintenance can be reduced. On the other hand the wing designer has to choose an appropriate wing area for the maximum stretched version and try to find the best trade-off between design and off-design conditions.A transonic wing however shows optimum performance at high loadings which are not achieved at entry into service with such a conventional fixed geometry wing. Variable Camber (VC) is offering an opportunity to achieve considerable improvements in operational flexibility, buffet boundaries and performance which allow a reduction in optimum wing size.Significant drag reductions and increases of the buffet boundary were found from research work. This work led to the current concept where the trailing edge flaps and ailerons are used to modify the wing camber in cruise according to the lift demand.An efficient VC system requires a change in design philosophy and several new constraints in the design problem were found to effect the extent of the supersonic region, the acceptable pressure gradients in the recompression zone and the required surface curvature. Theoretical and wind tunnel results are given as well as a discussion of the effects on the system design, loads, weight, handling qualities, propulsion integration and mission performance.Variable camber will contribute an average reduction of 3 to 6% in fuel burn and enable the use of one wing for medium range and long range missions respectively. The introduction of VC will launch a new generation of intelligent airliners which will optimise their camber schedule throughout the entire mission. A further improvement potential due to leading edge camber devices and spanwise differential camber is emphasised.
Maintenance standards
Authors: Cumming A. C. D. 
Published: March 2023

British Airways currently operates over 200 aircraft and the fleet continues to grow. These include twelve airframe types coupled to fifteen engine types. They represent most of the design and build philosophies that have been used over the last thirty years.The aircraft range from the turboprop 748s through the latest 747-400s to Concorde.The one feature which is common to all these aircraft is that they are maintained to standards which are defined to ensure maximum passenger safety and the best financial returns.
A knowledge based expert system for laminated composite strut design
Authors: Wu C. M. L. , Webber J. P. H. , Morton S. K. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractA knowledge based expert system for the design and analysis of composite laminated struts is described. This system is part of a Composite Design EXpert (CODEX) system that not only performs analysis and design of composite laminated plates and struts, but also incorporates the modelling of uncertainties of information, definition and decision when assessing competing designs. The analysis part of the system is based on a minimum weight optimisation that satisfies the failure criteria of local buckling, overall buckling and maximum strain or maximum stress. Available in the system for analysis and assessment are seven types of strut shapes, six composite materials and aluminium alloy. Examples of strut design are carried out and assessed using this system.
The glancing interaction of a Prandtl-Meyer expansion fan with a supersonic wake
Authors: Smart M. K. , Stalker R. J. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe glancing interaction of a Prandtl-Meyer expansion fan with a supersonic wake is examined. The particular supersonic wakes of interest are the combustion wake generated by a vertical strut injected scramjet, and the side wall boundary layer of a supersonic wind tunnel. A physical structure for the interaction is defined, and an approximate analysis of the downstream behaviour of the wake is presented. The phenomenon of wake over-turning by the glancing expansion fan is introduced, based on this analysis. This over-turning produces a high pressure zone on the expansion generating surface, which for the vertical strut injected scramjet, is part of the thrust nozzle. Combustion wake over-turning is suggested to be a major thrust producing mechanism in this form of scramjet.Pressure measurements were taken on the expansion generating surface of a glancing interaction involving the side wall boundary layer of a small supersonic wind tunnel. Results from the analysis presented were found to be consistent with these measurements.
Unsteady aerodynamic modelling for aircraft lateral parameter estimation
Authors: Singh J. , Raisinghani S. C. 
Published: March 2023

SummaryA mathematical model of unsteady aerodynamic effects for use in lateral aircraft dynamics has been proposed based on Weissinger’s arrangement of trailing vortex system. The suggested model is shown to be suitable for use in parameter extraction algorithm. Simulated flight data of an example airplane has been analysed through maximum likelihood parameter estimation algorithm in frequency-domain to show the effect of inclusion and omission of unsteady aerodynamics on estimated parameters.