bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of feeding fodder beet or kale in winter to dams and their heifer offspring on the heifer growth and production
Authors: Woods R. R. , Dalley D. E. , Edwards J. P. 
Published: April 2023

Context Fodder beet (FB) is a widely used winter feed in New Zealand’s southern regions due to its high yield, consistent quality, and environmental benefits. However, FB is low in crude protein, phosphorus and fibre, and a survey showed that many dairy farmers were concerned that feeding FB may have negative impacts on lifetime performance. Aim To determine whether winter feeding FB or kale (Ka) to dairy cows, and then their heifer offspring at 1 and 2 years old, affects the heifer performance from birth until the end of their first lactation. Methods In June–August 2017, pregnant dairy cows were fed FB or kale over winter and then 140 of the resultant heifer offspring were divided into four treatment groups at 9–11 months old according to their dam’s winter diet and offered either FB or kale, with pasture baleage. The groups were as follows (dam crop–heifer crop): FB–FB, FB–Ka, Ka–FB, Ka–Ka. The heifers’ subsequent performance (growth, stature, milk production, and reproduction) was measured to the end of their first lactation (May 2020), and blood mineral status was monitored from May 2018 to May 2019. This observational study has its limitations, but is useful for generating hypotheses to test in more controlled research. Key results Heifers grazing FB in winter (June–August) 2018 had lower blood plasma urea and phosphate concentrations than did heifers grazing kale, despite similar dietary crude protein contents. Treatments had no effect on milk production. However, the heifer liveweights were affected and there was an indication of poorer reproductive performance. The FB–FB heifer treatment group had a lower average liveweight than the FB–Ka heifers from 1 to 2.8 years old. Conclusions Although no impact on milk production for the first lactation was observed, the key results suggest possible negative impacts of feeding heifers FB during winter, particularly if their dam also wintered on FB. Implications The combined effects of FB dam and heifer winter diets on lifetime productivity warrant further investigation to help develop sustainable FB feeding systems. When feeding FB, we recommend that farmers test their crops and supplements to ensure that sufficient nutrition, in particular protein and phosphorus are provided.
Transcending the senpai ‘senior’/kōhai ‘junior’ boundary through cross-speaker repetition in Japanese
Authors: Machi Saeko 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This study explores the role of cross-speaker repetition in creating interpersonal connections between interactants in Japanese. The analysis focuses on Japanese non-reciprocal conversations between senpai ‘senior’ and kōhai ‘junior’ interactants, where the kōhai are normatively expected to speak using the honorific desu/masu markers. The analysis demonstrates that in such conversations, the kōhai sometimes drop the honorific markers while repeating the senpai’s utterances, thereby momentarily transcending the vertical boundary separating them from the senpai. Two types of plain form repetition are presented: (1) the kōhai repeat the senpai’s funny and/or questionable comments to savor the expressions, and (2) the kōhai repeat the senpai’s ideas, wishes or assessments to synchronize with the senpai. The analysis explicates how cross-speaker repetition allows the kōhai to drop the honorific markers in a way that is acceptable to the senpai. This study underscores the significance of the cross-speaker repetition device for creating harmonious relationships in Japanese.
Effect of Water Stress and Nano Selenium on Growth and Multiplication of Strawberry Shoots (Fragaria X ananassa Duch) in Vitro
Authors: Al-Quraishi Mohammad A. B. , Nayef Makki N. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in the plant tissue culture laboratory of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University. For the purpose of evaluating the tolerance of celery cultivar Festival to water stress in vitro using three concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) (4, 0.2 mg L-1) and three concentrations of nano selenium (Se) (4, 2, 0 mg L-1) in the growth and multiplication of strawberry shoots. The apical meristem taken from the purlins of the aforementioned cultivar, which was obtained from Najaf Research Department - Agricultural Research Department - Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture, was cultivated in the MS medium (Murashige and Skoog) supplied with (1 mg L-1BA + 0. mg L-1). IBA + 80 mg L-1adenine sulfate) for 4 weeks, Then the percentage of surviving plants, the average number of shoots formed, their lengths, the number of leaves, and their fresh and dry weights were calculated as indicators of their response and tolerance to water stress. The results showed a significant reduction in the percentage of plant survival, the number of branches and their lengths, the number of leaves, and their fresh and dry weights when the concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the multiplication medium was increased. The lowest values were recorded at a concentration of 4 mg L-1compared to the highest results when the control treatment was 0 mg L-1. As for the nano selenium, the highest values were recorded at a concentration of 4 mg L-1compared to the lowest results when the comparison treatment was 0 mg L-1.
The Effect of Adding Grape Seed Oil on the Chemical, Physical and Microbial Properties of Yoghurt
Authors: Zeena D. A. , Shaimaa R. A. , Khazal S. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The research aims to study the chemical tests of grape seed oil such as peroxide number, acidity number, saponification number and physical tests such as refractive index, density and smoking point, as well as estimating fatty acids in the oil and manufacturing healthy yoghurt milk by replacing animal fat with grape seed oil and by adding the initiator Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophiles. It also studies the changes in the product during storage for 14 days, estimation of peroxide number, acidity, pH, as well as estimation of the total count of bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and E.coli.
Effect of Black Caraway Oil on Prolonging the Storage Life of Flaxseed Oil
Authors: Fanus Farah Karim , Abbas Wedad Fadel 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The study was conducted for the purpose of prolonging the shelf life of flax oil by replacing different percentages of flax oil with black caraway oil. Flax oil was replaced with black caraway oil with of 10,5,2.5%, as well as a Comparison sample without addition. The samples were kept at a temperature of 25-30 °C for a period of 1 day, 3, 5 and 8 weeks. The results of estimating the fatty acids of flax oil showed a high content of alpha-linolenic fatty acid, as It reached 50.88%. As for oleic and linoleic acid, they reached 15.18,16.20%, respectively, while the percentages of linolenic, oleic and linoleic acid in black caraway oil were 0.22, 24.51, 55.2%, respectively. The results of estimating the effective compounds also showed that black caraway oil contains many effective compounds, and the compound, Phellandral, recorded the highest percentage, which amounted to 2.54%, and the paeonol compound recorded the lowest percentage, which amounted to 0.13%. As for the development in the pH, peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values of the samples, it was less in the oil sample with a 10% replacement ratio, as it reached 6.80, 3.33 mEq / kg fat, 0.051 mg Malone Dehyde / kg, respectively and the highest in the control treatment oil was 5.75, 5.25 mEq / kg fat, 0.085 mg Malone Aldehyde / kg, respectively, after 8 weeks of storage at a temperature of 30-25 ° C.
Films Sensor Containing Extracted Natural Dyes for Monitoring Freeze-Thawing of Frozen Chicken
Authors: Abdalla Omer A. , Saeed Mohammed W. Mohammed 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Films sensors include natural sensitive dyes and enzymes were used to create freezing-thawing sensitive films. Gliadin/glycerol, as well as anthocyanin, chlorophyll, and beta-carotene, were used to make the films. This type of biosensor is an efficient way to deal with the problem of freeze-thawing meat and provides a low-cost, colorimetric indicator for raising consumer awareness about freeze-thawed chicken. As a result of response enzymes, Glucose oxidase, and alpha-amylase have an impact on intensifying pigments films and reacting to freezing-thawing meat, the naked eye is capable of distinguishing between the colors of films, which changed from red, yellow, and green to faint colors. Sensing films’ color stability was tested, and the results demonstrated that the films were extremely stable and could be kept for longer than three weeks. Finally, real samples could be used to monitor misuse of utilizing storage temperature for chicken meat by using freeze-thawing sensitive colorimetric films. The best concentrations of GOX enzyme are 0.9%(activity270U/0.09g), 0.9%(117U/0.09g) of α-Amylase, and 5% of natural extracted pigments for preparing freezing-thawing sensitive films were of enzymes and, while the best concentration1:0.1 of Gliadin/glycerol composition films. The results of the colorimetric enzymatic system produced with different concentrations of enzymes and exposed to 8 and 35°C revealed that the same concentration of enzymes results in varying stability times when exposed to different temperature conditions, pH levels, and moisture.
Improving the Water Holding Capacity of Chicken Meat and Reducing Waste During Cooking by Using Rhizome Extracts of (Alpinia officinarum)
Authors: Qasim Munaf A. , Al-Azzami A.A. , Yaseen Ali Ameen 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of alcoholic and petroleum ether extracts of Alpinia officinarum roots on the physical parameters of poultry meat over different cold storage durations (4,7,10 day) at 4°C. The extracts helped to preserve the physical properties of the preserved meat samples in general by causing a substantial (P< 0.01) rise in pH levels. The third treatment (100 mg ethanol extract/kg beef) outperformed all others. The addition of the extracts also resulted in a substantial increase (P<0.01) in the ability of the meat to transport water, with the third treatment outperforming the others. The inclusion of the extracts resulted in a substantial reduction (P<0.01) in the percentage.
Effect of Surface and Subsurface Drip Irrigation and Furrows Irrigation System on Water Productivity, Growth and Yield of Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L)
Authors: Khamees Ahmed Abdel Hamza , Ati Alaa Salih , Hussein Hadi Hashem 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in Al-Yusufiya district - Al-Mahmoudiya district, Baghdad province during the winter season 2021, to study improving the efficiency and management of water use and the productivity of lettuce under different irrigation systems. The Nested-Factorial Experiments design was used, where the main plots include the first factor, irrigation levels (I1) 50%, (I2) 75%, (I3) 100, (I4) 125%, (I5) 150% ETpan. After depleting 35% of the available water and in terms of climatic data from the American Evaporative Basin, Class A. Then the main factor is divided into three replicates, and the coefficients of the second factor are distributed randomly within each replicate, which includes the irrigation system: surface drip irrigation, a plant line drip line (S1) and a two plant line drip line (S2), The subsurface drip irrigation system is a plant-line drip line (SS1) and a two plant drip line (SS2) and furrows irrigation system (SI.) The results show that the highest field water use efficiency is 108.2 and 104.1 kg m-3 for the subsurface drip irrigation system (SS2) and (SS1) and at irrigation level I2. While the field water use efficiency of the surface drip irrigation system was 72.07 kg m-3 at the level of irrigation I3 for treatment (S1) and for treatment (S2) it reached 68.90 kg m-3 at the level of irrigation I4. As for irrigation in-furrow (SI), it reached 33.30 kg m-1 for irrigation level I2 and the highest yield was 286.2 Mg. ha-1 for I5SS2 treatment, and the lowest yield was 62.50 Mg. ha-1 for I1S1 treatment. The highest average head length and head circumference were 46.19 and 69.20 cm at I5SS1 treatment, respectively.
Effect of Adding Organic Acid and Plowing Depth on the Available of NPK in the Soil and the Growth of the Yield of Wheat (Triticum eastvum L.)
Authors: Hassan Dunia Abdel Amir , Kadhem Hanoon Nahi , Abboud Ahmed Marza 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
To investigate the impact of organic acid addition and plowing depth on available NPK in the soil and the growth of wheat (Triticum eastvum L.) yield, a factorial experiment set up in a split-plot design was conducted during the 2021–2022 growing season in the Al Bandar area, which is 5 km from the center of the city of Samawah. Using the (R.C.B.D) design, the first factor included the depths of plowing with three depths of 8, 16 and 24 cm, symbolized by D1, D2 and D3, respectively, and the second factor was the addition of humic and fulvic acids at five levels 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 liters H-1 and symbolized by H0 And H1, H2, H3 and H4 respectively, the land was divided into slabs, and included 45 experimental units in three sectors, size of the test area, in square meters (22) In the experiment, 8 lines of 2 m each were separated by 20 cm and 75 cm on the left. In conversations with others, the amount of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium available in the soil and grain yield at harvest was measured The results showed that the H4 treatment was superior to the amount of potassium ready in the soil, which amounted to 184.89, and phosphorous, which amounted to 21.14, while the treatment of H3 was superior to the amount of nitrogen, which amounted to 28.39, and the grain yield amounted to 5.489. The results showed that the interaction treatment D2H3 and D2H4 was more than 5.571 in most of the studied traits, and the D2H3 treatment gave the highest percentage in the trait of grain yield, which amounted to 6.259.
The Geochemical Temporal Changes of the Salinity in Selected Agricultural Areas in Mid-Mesopotamian
Authors: Muslim Ruaa Issa , Al-Ghasham Najah Alwan Owayez , Al-Mayyahi Sattar Obaid Maiws 
Published: April 2023

AbstractSalinity is one of the most important aspects that cause great damage to the environment and reduce the productivity of agricultural spaces. A geochemical study was conducted for several farms, located in the south of Baghdad, to determine the impact of several geological factors that contribute to the increasing soil degradation by salinity in these selected green spaces (during the year 2021). Several laboratory methods were adopted to reach accurate results, including the grain size of these agricultural soils. Grain size ranges silt 52.08% and clay 39.59%. Fine grain size is adopted for organic materials and salts on the surface of minerals or within their crystalline structure. The agricultural soils and green spaces of the Mesopotamian basin in the study area are alkaline soil and have a great organizing capacity due to the change in pH (7.2-8). The high salinity was 8.1904%. This is caused by climate change and human activity through improper use of irrigation. The temporal geochemical changes in the salinity of selected agricultural spaces are connected with the formation model. This accumulated model of the Mesopotamian basin is represented by growing over time and developing to the top to be above the water level. This occurs through direct evaporative precipitation from the action of salt buildup to act in the solution by capillary property. Organic matters concentrated in the soils of present study with range 1.2 - 4.8%, is caused by the custom of chemical fertilizers as well as animal remaining. When mixed with surface water, the role of saline groundwater in the high concentration of soil salinity. Also, the climate has an important role in increasing the salinity of the studied soils in the area.
Effect of Polixal and Seaweed Extract in Nutrients Availability, Growth and Yield of Eggplant Under Protected Conditions
Authors: Al-Safi Hassan Naeem Tohme , Issa Falah Hasan , Jassim Raheem Alwan Halool 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This experiment was carried out in Al-Muthanna Governorate in one of the unheated greenhouses Dimensions (9 X 54 m) affiliated to Experiment Station of agricultural research in Al-Bandar area on the side of the Euphrates River, affiliated to the College of Agriculture / University of Al-Muthanna for the winter agricultural season (2021-2022), to study the effect of adding polixal 20-8 at four concentrations (0, 4, 8, 12 ml L-1) and the effect of spraying seaweed extract (Algaren) at four concentrations (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5 ml L-1) in the readiness of Some nutrients and their concentration in the plant of growth yield of eggplant cv Barcelona, The treatments were assigned to experimental following a randomized completely block design (R.C.B.D.) with three replicates and means were compared according to L.S.D. test at the level 0.05. The results showed the significant superiority of adding a polixal (12 ml L-1) in the average nitrogen content in the leaves (1.273%), and the average phosphorous content in the leaves (0.4458%), the average potassium content in the leaves (1.787 %), The average concentration of phosphorous available in the soil (5.03 MG KG-1), The rate of potassium concentration available in the soil (213.5 MG KG-1) and the average yield of the total hectare reached (16341.0 kg h-1), The results showed the significant superiority of adding spraying seaweed extract (Algaren) at Concentration (4.5 ml L-1) in The average nitrogen content in the leaves (1.260 %), and the average phosphorous content in the leaves (0.3350 %), the average potassium content in the leaves (1.636 %), The average concentration of phosphorous available in the soil (4.62 MG KG-1), The rate of potassium concentration available in the soil (228.3 MG KG-1) and the average yield of the total hectare reached (15037.0 kg h-1).
The Role of Iron Nanoparticles and Humic Acid in Iron Concentration, Growth and Yield of Broccoli (Brassica Oleracea var Italic)
Authors: Farhan Khaleel J. , Mahdi L. E. , Al-Falahi M. N. A. , Sallume Mohammed Obed , Alkhateb Bassam A. A. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out in one of the private farms in Fallujah district, west of Baghdad for the autumn season 2020/2021 in a sandy mixture soil to study the effect of adding humic acid and nano iron on iron availability, growth and yield of broccoli plant to show the effect of the method of adding humic acid at three levels of 0, 50 and 100 kg. h-1 and its interaction with the addition of source and iron level at levels without addition (0 mg L-1, 50 mg L-1 nano iron and 100 mg L-1 metallic iron in some growth and production traits of broccoli plant using a complete randomized block design for a factorial experiment with three replicates and the results were analyzed Statistically at the 0.05 probability level to test for the least significant difference, the results of the study showed that the addition of humic acid caused significant increases compared to the control treatment in the studied traits, the highest average in the traits (number of leaves, leaf area, total plant yield, root weight, root length, iron concentration In leaves) it was 17.89 leaf-1, 362.5 cm2 plant-1, 19.81 Mg h-1, 81.0 g, 45.1 cm, 16.65 mg kg-1, respectively. The treatments of iron spray formulas and concentrations also significantly affected by increasing most of the above characteristics and the superiority of spraying nano iron at a concentration of 50 mg L-1) in (plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, total plant yield, root weight, root length, iron concentration in leaves) reached 40.56 cm, 19.22 leaf. plant-1, 426.4 cm2 plant-1, 26.06 mg/kg H-1, 80.76 gm, 46.0 cm2, 19.12 mg kg-1, sequentially. The effect of the interaction between the two factors of the study was significant, and the combination of adding humic acid combined with spraying nano iron at a concentration of 50 mg L-1) excelled in the traits (number of leaves, leaf area, iron concentration in leaves, total plant yield) which amounted to .20.31 leaf. plant-1, 503.4 cm2 plant -1, 20.79 mg kg -1, 29.83 mg h-1, sequentially.
Spatiotemporal Distribution of Mean Temperature and Total Precipitation over Iraq for a Period (1980-2017)
Authors: Yehia Mohamed A. , Al-Taai Osama T. , Ibrahim Morwa K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Temperature is closely related to climatic elements (such as pressure, wind, humidity, evaporation, precipitation) because these elements are directly or indirectly related to them, especially the elements of temperature and rain, which are the most important elements of climate. The aim of the study is to verify the average monthly temperature and the mean amount of total precipitation for a period of 38 years during the period (1980-2017), for selected stations from Iraq (Mosul - Baghdad - Rutba - Basra) in Iraq. Satellite data recorded by the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast were used, and Mann-Kendall statistics were used for the purpose of calculating the monthly mean temperature and the amount of total precipitation. The results showed an increase in the mean temperature during the months (June, July, August and September), where the mean temperatures recorded an increase rate of more than 45, while the amount of precipitation recorded a decrease in its intensity with a decrease in its monthly mean for the months of winter and spring during the last decade (2010-2017), and some anomalies and extremes were recorded, especially during the decade (1990-1999), where they recorded fluctuation and variation in their monthly values between the increase and decrease in temperature and the difference in the values of the total precipitation rate, where the lowest value recorded for the average monthly free temperature at -3 for some extreme anomalies. This indicated that the behavior of the average temperature is affected by climatic changes and global warming, as well as the effect of this on the amount of total precipitation in terms of decreasing intensity as a result of high temperature rates, an increase in the amount of desertification, droughts and desertification and its impact on the environment in Iraq.
Impact of Weather on Marine Vessel Accidents in the Iraqi Port of Umm Qasr, a Case Study of the Salihiah Tugboat Accident
Authors: Al-Behadili Ahmed A. , Al-Taai Osama T. , Al-Muhyi Abdul Haleem Ali 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Arabian Gulf is known as a global center for trade, oil export, and shipping because the countries around the Gulf have many important commercial and oil ports. The southern port of Umm Qasr is one of these important transportation sites in the northern Arabian Gulf, as it includes berths for shipping goods as well as oil berths for importing and exporting oil derivatives and crude transport. Any disruption or disruption in port operations may lead to significant economic and material losses to Iraq. Marine accidents caused by bad weather are considered one of the most serious risks and obstacles facing marine work. In this study, we will investigate and evaluate the meteorological conditions that influence and cause marine accidents. The Salihiah tugboat accident, which collided with a foreign ship in 2020, and led to the sinking of the tow boat in the southern port of Umm Qasr. The disaster was caused by a violent dust storm and high wind speed. Two cases of dust storms were recorded on the day of the accident and several cases of dust raised, and there was also a significant drop in sea level pressure that led to the storm and the lack of visibility in the port of Umm Qasr. The aim of the study is to know the main causative weather factor for the accident and to advise the managers of Iraqi ports to take measures and reduce activity in bad weather conditions.