bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
William Crathorn on predication and mental language
Authors: Robert Aurélien 
Published: May 2023

Guilherme de Crathorn é bem conhecido por suas posições provocativas sobre vários importantes temas de filosofia e de teologia de seu tempo. O presente artigo aborda a teoria nominalista de Crathorn sobre a linguagem mental com o intuito de mostrar que ela se encaixa em sua teoria do conhecimento mais geral e sistemática, mas também que ela traz problemas que dizem respeito à natureza da predicação mental. Com efeito, contrariando Guilherme de Ockham, Crathorn afirma que não há uma linguem mental natural. Seres humanos podem possuir representações naturais, mas seus pensamentos linguísticos têm sempre um sentido convencional proveniente de linguagens convencionais. Após ter inventado palavras escritas e faladas em numa linguagem particular, a mente humana é capaz de formar algumas representações naturais dessas palavras. Mas essas representações não significam o que elas representam, mas o que é significado pelas palavras que elas representam. Nós evidenciamos dois problemas fundamentais nessa teoria: 1) ela é incapaz de oferecer uma explicação coerente das diferenças entre os termos mentais que correspondem ao sujeito, à cópula e ao predicado; 2) ela não pode explicar como palavras podem estar por diferentes coisas em vários contextos proposicionais (a suppositio dos termos). De fato, Crathorn não pode manter a distinção entre suposição simples e material, isto é, as situações nais quais um termos está por um conceitos ou por uma ocorrência material da palavra, como se dá com o termo-sujeito nas seguintes proposições: "cavalo é um conceito" e "cavalo é uma palavra". AbstractWilliam Crathorn is well known for his provocative views on many important philosophical and theological issues of his time. This paper focusses on Crathorn's nominalist theory of mental language, in order to show that it enters in his more general and systematic theory of knowledge, but also that it raises some problems concerning the nature of mental predication. Indeed, contrary to William of Ockham, he affirms that there is no natural mental language. Human beings may have natural representations, but their linguistic thoughts always have a conventional meaning coming from conventional languages. After having invented spoken and written words in a particular language, the human mind is able to form some natural representations of theses words. But these representations do not mean what they represent, but what is signified by the words they represent. We argue that there are two major problems with this theory: 1) it cannot give a coherent account of the differences between the mental terms corresponding to the subject, the copula and the predicate; 2) it cannot explain how words can stand for different things in various propositional contexts (thesuppositio of terms). Indeed, Crathorn cannot maintain the distinction between material and simple supposition, i.e. the situations where a term stands for a concept or for an material occurrence of the word, such as the subject term in the following propositions: "horse is a concept" and "horse is a word".
Habermas e a Questão do Realismo Moral
Authors: Saturnino Braga Antonio Frederico 
Published: May 2023

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir a afirmação de Cristina Lafont de que a ética do discurso precisa se comprometer com uma concepção extra-epistêmica (realista) da justiça. A discussão parte de uma análise dos diversos tipos de discurso prático identificados por Habermas: discurso pragmático, discurso ético-político, discurso moral e negociação procedimentalmente regulada; com ênfase na diferença entre o discurso moral e o discurso de negociação. Com base no esclarecimento dessa última diferença, defende-se a tese de que Lafont não tem razão ao atribuir um comprometimento realista à ética do discurso, embora sua posição possa ser útil em uma análise que focalize o procedimento discursivo como um processo de aprendizagem, envolvendo a transição entre duas formas de se efetivar a condição procedimental da imparcialidade. Abstract:The aim of this paper is to discuss Cristina Lafont's thesis that discourse ethics is commited with an extra-epistemic (realist) conception of justice. The discussion starts with an analysis of the different kinds of practical discourse identified by Habermas: pragmatic discourse, ethical-political discourse, moral discourse and procedurally regulated bargaining; with emphasis on the difference between moral discourse and bargaining discourse. Based on the clarification of this last difference, I defend the thesis that Lafont is not entitled to assign a realist involvement to discourse ethics, albeit her position could be useful in an analysis that focuses on the discursive procedure as a learning process, involving a transition between two ways of fulfilling the procedural condition of impartiality.
Kant e a Discursividade do Entendimento
Authors: Beckenkamp Joãosinho 
Published: May 2023

Entre os fundamentos da filosofia crítica de Kant, encontra-se a concepção de conceito alcançada por volta de 1770, cuja consequência mais impactante é a tese da discursividade do intelecto humano. O presente artigo procura situar esta tese no duplo contexto histórico e de formação do pensamento kantiano, concluindo pela apresentação sumária de suas consequências para o discurso filosófico em geral. Abstract:Among the main foundations of Kant's critical philosophy there is his conception of concept, reached about 1770, a conception that has as more important consequence the thesis of the discursivity of human intelect. This paper aims to mark the place of this thesis in a double context of Kant's thought, both historical and formative. As conclusion it presents briefly some consequences of discursivity for philosophy as a whole.
Popper e o problema da predição prática
Authors: De Carvalho Eros Moreira 
Published: May 2023

O problema da predição racional, lançado por Wesley Salmon, é sem dúvida o calcanhar de Aquiles do método crítico preconizado por Popper. Neste artigo, avalio a resposta que tanto Popper quanto o popperiano Alan Musgrave deram a este problema. Ambas as respostas são inadequadas e, assim, a conclusão de Salmon é reforçada: sem apelar à indução, não há como fazer da predição prática uma ação racional. Além disso, o método crítico precisa ser vindicado se se pretende que a sua aplicação seja adequada para a preferência de hipóteses. Argumento que a natureza desta vindicação é tal que ela também pode ser aplicada à indução. Assim, ser um popperiano é uma boa razão para ser também um indutivista. Abstract:The problem of rational prediction, launched by Wesley Salmon, is without doubt the Achilles heel of the critical method defended by Popper. In this paper, I assess the response given both by Popper and by the popperian Alan Musgrave to this problem. Both responses are inadequate and thus the conclusion of Salmon is reinforced: without appeal to induction, there is no way to make of the practical prediction a rational action.Furthermore, the critical method needs to be vindicated if one pretends that its application be suitable for the preference of hypothesis.I argue that the nature of this vindication is such that it may be applied also to induction. Thus, to be a popperian is a good reason also to be an inductivist.Recebido em 01/2013Aprovado em 03/2013
Hilemorfismo, essência e definição: acordos e desacordos do debate medieval
Authors: Guerizoli Rodrigo 
Published: May 2023

Abordarei neste texto certos aspectos da relação entre hilemorfismo, essência e definição em autores-chave dos séculos XIII e XIV. Dois são os traços daquela relação aos quais fundamentalmente me aterei: explorarei as possibilidades que marcam tentativas medievais de se enxergar na estrutura composta das definições um correlato da estrutura composta dos entes materiais; em seguida, buscarei analisar a discussão em torno a certas estratégias que pretenderam fixar o modo como a complexidade das definições se refere à complexidade dos compostos hilemórficos aos quais fazem referência. Abstract:In this text I would like to address some aspects of the relation between hylomorphism, essence, and definition among key authors of the 13th and 14thcenturies. There are two aspects of this relation which I will particularly address: I will explore, first, the possibilities that mark the medieval attempts to glimpse in the compound structure of the definitions a faithful correlate of the compound structure of material entities, and, next, I will seek to analyze the discussion regarding certain strategies that intend to fix the mode in which the complexity of definitions refers to the complexity of the hylomorphic compounds to which they make reference.Recebido em 05/20103Aprovado em 06/2013
A singularidade como raiz da contingência em Leibniz: considerações críticas acerca da solução de Couturat ao problema da contingência em Leibniz
Authors: Marques Edgar 
Published: May 2023

Analiso e crítico neste artigo a solução que Couturat apresenta para o problema da contingência em Leibniz, segundo a qual a singularidade constitui a raiz da contingência. Mostro que essa concepção implica duas teses, a saber: (1) que não há prova a priori de nenhuma proposição que expresse a atribuição de um predicado a um indivíduo, e (2) que são contingentes todas as proposições acerca de indivíduos possíveis. Mostro, em seguida, que essas duas teses são insustentáveis no interior da metafísica leibniziana, devendo, portanto ser rejeitada a interpretação de Couturat. Abstract:In this paper I analyze and criticize Couturat's solution to the problem of contingence in Leibniz's philosophy. According to this conception the singularity constitutes the root of contingence. I show that this interpretation implies two theses, namely: (1) that there is no a priori truth of a proposition concerning the attribution of a predicate to an individual; (2) that all propositions about possible individuals are contingent. After that I show that these two theses are unsustainable in the leibnitian metaphysics. Couturat's interpretation must then be rejected.Recebido em 08/20103Aprovado em 09/2013
Do real ao singular pela mediação do universal
Authors: Landim Filho Raul Ferreira 
Published: May 2023

Tomás de Aquino afirma que o intelecto humano pode conhecer indiretamente o singular material por uma certa reflexão, graças à conversão à imagem sensível (phantasma). O artigo analisa e questiona a relação entre as noções de 'certa reflexão' e 'conversão ao fantasma', tendo em vista as afirmações de Tomás de que [a] o intelecto humano não pode conhecer direta e primeiramente o singular material; [b] no presente estado da vida não há intelecção em ato sem conversão à imagem sensível; [c] a imagem sensível é uma similitude de um singular material; [d] o conhecimento pelo intelecto do singular material envolve uma espécie de reflexão que é diferente da reflexão constitutiva de todo ato judicativo direto. O artigo procura mostrar as dificuldades para harmonizar estas afirmações no contexto da epistemologia tomista. Abstract Thomas Aquinas says that the human intellect can know indirectly the singular in the material things turning to the sensible images (convertendo se ad phantasmata) by a kind of reflection. This article analyses the relationship between the notions of "turning to the sensible images" and "a kind of reflection" in view of Aquinas's affirmations that [a] the human intellect cannot know directly and primarily the singular in material things; [b] it is impossible for the human intellect to understand anything actually without turning to the sensible images; [c] the sensible image is the likeness of an individual thing; [d] the knowledge of the singular material assumes a kind of reflection different from the reflection assumed by the direct judgments. I show the difficulty in harmonizing these statements in the conceptual framework of Thomistic epistemology. Recebido em 07/04 Aprovado em 08/04
Kant's “Self” as a Being in the World
Authors: Faggion Andrea 
Published: May 2023

De acordo com Kant, o idealismo é um “escândalo da filosofia”. Ao contrário de Hume, Kant não se satisfaz em notar que seres humanos não são capazes de abandonar suas crenças em coisas externas na vida prática. Kant pretende oferecer uma prova satisfatória da existência de coisas externas. Neste artigo, eu argumento que a prova definitiva da existência de coisas externas que Kant tem a oferecer está fundamentalmente conectada à sua nova concepção do eu empírico como um ser no mundo (Weltwesen), uma concepção que emerge na segunda edição da primeira Crítica e é completamente articulada nas Reflexões de 1788 em diante. Para mostrar isso, eu analiso a Refutação do Idealismo na Crítica ao Quarto Paralogismo da Psicologia Transcendental, a teoria kantiana da cognição de existências por inferência, a teoria crítica do “objeto” e a Refutação do Idealismo de 1787 em diante. Abstract According to Kant, idealism is a “scandal of philosophy”. Unlike Hume, Kant is not satisfied to point out that human beings are not capable of abandoning their belief in outer things in practical life. Kant aims to offer a satisfactory proof of the existence of outer things. My claim in this paper is that Kant's definitive proof of the existence of outer things is fundamentally connected to his new conception of the empirical self as a being in the world (Weltwesen), a conception that emerges in the second edition of the first Critique and is fully articulated in Reflections from 1788 onward. In order to make my point, I analyse the Refutation of Idealism in the Criticism of the Fourth Paralogism of Transcendental Psychology, the Kantian theory of inferential cognition of existences, Kant's critical theory of the “object”, and the Refutation of Idealism from 1787 onward. Enviado em: novembro de 2014Aprovado em: setembro de 2015
The Legal Ramifications of Digital Tokenization
Authors: Hardjono Thomas 
Published: May 2023

<p>Today there is considerable interest in the tokenization of assets within blockchain-based networks. Aside from the current lack of interoperability among these blockchain networks there is also the challenge of the interoperability of these digital assets across different legal jurisdictions around the world. In this paper, we discuss some of the challenges in automating the processing of tokenized assets. A primary concern in that context is the clear definition of legal aspects related to the issuance and the terms of use of digital assets.</p>
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Peranan Attaralu Dalam Sistem Pernikahan Masyarakat Desa Bontolempangan Kecamatan Bukit Kabupaten Kepulauan Selayar
Authors: Yuliana Yuliana , Ramli Ramli , Mansur Radjab 
Published: May 2023

Desa Bontolempangan Kecamatan Buki Kabupaten Kepulauan Selayar sebagai desa adat memiliki sistem pernikahan yang sampai sekarang di era globalisasi masih tetap eksis yaitu adat attaralu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis fungsi adat attaralu di Desa Bontolempangan Kecamatan Bukit Kabupaten Kepulauan Selayar. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif melalui pendekatan studi kasus dengan analisis deskriptif diantaranya melakukan pengumpulan data penyajian, display data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik observasi ,wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa adat attaralu hanya hanya dilaksanakan oleh masyarakat yang memiliki garis keturunan bangsawan hal ini menunjukkan bahwa adat attralu berfungsi memberikan gambaran adanya pelapisan sosial di dalam masyarakat desa bontolempangan kecamatan bukit kabupaten kepulauan Selayar.
Pengaruh kesegaran jasmani dan motivasi belajar terhadap hasil belajar pendidikan jasmani, olahraga, dan kesehatan
Authors: Masrun Masrun , Iyakrus Iyakrus , Pujianto Dian 
Published: May 2023

The purpose of this study is to find out the influence of Physical Fitness and Learning Motivation on Physical Education Learning Achievement. Based on the research goals, this study used quantitative (associative) multiple linear regression methods. This study was conducted in SMPN 18 Padang. The population was the student of class 17, who participated in an extracurricular program. The sample was taken by total sampling technique and with a total of 39 students. Physical Fitness was measured by the TKJI test, Learning Motivation was measured by a questionnaire, and Physical Education Achievement was taken from the test result of Physical Education Learning Achievement of the semester II periods. Before processing the data, several tests were made in advance, which was: the normality residual test, multicollinearity test, heteroscedasticity test, and autocorrelation test. The results of data analysis show that: (1) Physical Fitness influence Physical Education Learning Achievement (sig 0.00<0.05). (2) Leaning Motivation influence toward Physical Education Learning Achievement (sig 0.04 <0.05). (3) Physical Fitness and Leaning Motivation simultaneously affect Physical education Learning Achievement (sig 0.00 <0.05).
Pengaruh Metode Latihan Pull Up Dan Metode Latihan Single Rope TechniqueTerhadap Hasil Pemanjatan Lead Atlet Sport Climbing
Authors: Hardiyono Bayu , Sukmawati Noviria , Endrawan I Bagus , Kesumawati Selvi Atesya , Fikri Aprizal , Senna Haris Mastun 
Published: May 2023

Pull up dan metode latihan SRT merupakan variasi latihan yang sering digunakan pada sport climbing Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui latihan tersebut terhadap hasil pemanjatan lead atlet di kota Palembang. Penelitian eksperimen semu yang digunakan dalam metode penelitian ini. Sampel pada penelitian ini berjumlah 40 orang, kemudian dari sampel tersebut dilakukan Pretest. Latihan yang diberikan pada penelitian ini adalah latihan Pull Up dan SRT (Single Rope Teknik). Setelah di berikan perlakuan selama 6 minggu dua kelompok tersebut akan dilakukan Posttest. Untuk pengujian hasil dari panjatan atlet sport climbing menggunakan tes pemanjatan yang telah divalidasi oleh pakar olahraga sport climbing, pelatih, dan akademis. Langkah analisis pada penelitian ini pengujian hipotesis. Uji-T untuk mengetahui berapa besar pengaruh latihan kekuatan terhadap hasil pemanjatan atlet sport climbing. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang Signifikan hasil uji statistik variable latihan, diperoleh nilai uji-t antara pretest dan posttest latihan yang diketahui bahwa nilai Sig. kelompok 1 (2-tailed) 0.00< 0.05 maka terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara pre-test post-test latihan pull Up. Sedangkan nilai sig. kelompok 2 (2-tailed) 0.00< 0.05 maka terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara pre-test dan post-test latihan SRT (Single Rope Teknik). Dengan demikian, variasi model latihan kekuatan Pull Up dan latihan SRT (Single Rope Teknik) sama-sama memberikan peningkatan yang signifikan terhadap hasil pemanjatan atlet sport climbing.
ANALISIS KEBUTUHAN DAN LAYANAN KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI REMAJA PEREMPUAN DALAM MENGHADAPI PUBERTAS PADA MASA PANDEMI
Authors: Rumiatun Darti , Kurniawati Rery , Ismiyati Ismiyati , Sutomo Omo 
Published: May 2023

Latar Belakang: Proporsi penduduk di negara-negara berkembang hampir separuhnya adalah remaja dengan rentang usia 10-18 tahun. Berdasarkan data WHO 1,2 milyar atau sekitar 18% dari jumlah penduduk dunia adalah kelompok remaja. Dari 18% jumlah tersebut sebagian besar berada di negara berkembang. Di Indonesia, jumlah penduduk dengan usia remaja (10-19 tahun) 43,5 juta jiwa (18%) dari total penduduk Indonesia. Masa remaja adalah masa antara kanak-kanak menuju masa dewasa dimana pada tahap ini akan mengalami perubahan signifikan secara fisik dan psikologis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi kebutuhan kesehatan reproduksi pada remaja perempuan dan layanan kesehatan reproduksi yang sesuai serta dapat diakses selama masa pandemik covid-19.
Metode:Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi penelitian yang diambil adalah remaja usia 10 – 14 tahun di Kabupaten Lebak. Sampel diambil berdasarkan purposive sampling. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan adalah 112 remaja putri. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer yang didapatkan dengan cara menyebarkan kuesioner. Data yang didapatkan dianalisis menggunakan Chi-square.
Hasil: Terdapat hubungan antara berbicara tentang menstruasi dengan persepsi remaja tentang kesehatan reproduksi (p=0,006). Responden yang pernah membicarakan menstruasi sebagian besar responden mempunyai persepsi yang baik tentang kesehatan reproduksi. Namun, untuk berbicara tentang menstruasi dengan pilihan layanan kesehatan reproduksi tidak terdapat hubungan (p=0,757). Hampir semua responden baik yang belum pernah maupun sudah pernah membicarakan tentang menstruasi sebagian besar memilih layanan di keluarga. Hal ini karena kesehatan reproduksi adalah hal yang sensitive untuk dibicarakan sehingga remaja cenderung memilih bicara atau mendapatkan layanan di keluarga dan orang terdekat.
Kesimpulan: terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara variabel bicara tentang menstruasi dengan persepsi remaja tentang kesehatan reproduksi.
Pengaruh Kelas Ibu Hamil Terhadap Penurunan Kecemasan Ibu Hamil Primigravida Dalam Menghadapi Persalinan Di Puskesmas Kedaung
Authors: Yuliani Vini , Rochmawati Rochmawati 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
Kecemasan bagi Ibu hamil merupakan hal yang lazim terjadi, akan tetapi kecemasan itu sendiri juga dapat mmemberikan dampak yang negatif, oleh karena itu baik pemerintah ataupun lembega kesehatan biasan mengadakan berbagi jenis program yang ditujukan bagi ibu hamil untuk menghadapi kecemasan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan agar mengetahui Pengaruh Kelas Ibu Hamil Terhadap Penurunan Kecemasan Ibu Hamil Primigravida Dalam Menghadapi Persalinan Di Puskesmas Kedaung. Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian kuntitatif, dengan jenis eksperimen menggunakan quasi eksperimen dengan pendekatan non equivalent control group design. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwasanya; Ibu hamil yang aktif ikut pada kelas ibu hamil berpengaruh terhadap penurunan tingkat kecemasan dari katergori sedang menjadi ringan. Karakteristik untuk kelompok eksperimen dan kontrol, kebanyakan usianya berkisar 20-30 tahun, tidak kerja serta tingkat pendidikan menengah. Adanya perbedaan tingkat kecemasan ibu primigravida antara yang ikut kelas dan yang tidak ikut kelas ibu hamil. Peneliti menarik kesimpulan yakni adanya perbedaan yang signifikan pada tingkat kecemasan ibu primigravida dalam proses kehamilan yakni buktinya dengan hasil uji perbandingan antara skor kecemasan pada kelompok eksperimen dan kontrol sebelum dan sesudah dua kelompok menunjukkan nilai p-value 0,0001. Secara katagorikal pada kelompok eksperimen (kelas ibu hamil) mengalami penurunan tingkat kecemasan dari kategori kecemasan sedang menjadi ringan.