bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forcing Mechanisms Associated With the Destructive Record‐High 2008 Ocean Wave in Toyama Bay
Authors: Nomura Shohei , Taguchi Bunmei , Tamura Hitoshi , Okajima Satoru 
Published: April 2023

AbstractSwells can cause coastal hazards. A unique example of such hazards is the Yorimawari‐Nami (YM‐wave) events that have been observed once every few years in Toyama Bay in the Japan Sea. Based on coastal in situ observations and hindcast simulations of ocean waves, the forcing mechanism for the record‐high 2008 YM‐wave event is investigated, focusing on the surface winds and the atmospheric disturbances that drove wind seas and swells in the Japan Sea. Detailed analysis of atmospheric mesoscale data along with cyclone tracking and wave spectral analysis revealed that the 2008 event was forced by an exceptionally persistent northerly wind off the Tohoku and Hokkaido regions associated with two successive extra‐tropical cyclones, passing across the Japan Sea and accompanying a well‐defined upper‐tropospheric cut‐off low. The first cyclone generated the initial northerly wind forcing toward the northwest of Hokkaido Island that was aligned with the direction of southward‐propagating wind seas toward Toyama Bay. This initial fetch caught up with the second cyclone, leading to an extension in the area of a large northerly wind component (>12 ms−1) that lasted longer than 24 hr and extended southward due to the southward extension of the cut‐off low with a propagation speed that matches the wave group velocity, reinforcing the initially generated swell.
Inland Water Greenhouse Gas Budgets for RECCAP2: 2. Regionalization and Homogenization of Estimates
Authors: Lauerwald Ronny , Allen George H. , Deemer Bridget R. , Liu Shaoda , Maavara Taylor , Raymond Peter , Alcott Lewis , Bastviken David , Hastie Adam , Holgerson Meredith A. , Johnson Matthew S. , Lehner Bernhard , Lin Peirong , Marzadri Alessandra , Ran Lishan , Tian Hanqin , Yang Xiao , Yao Yuanzhi , Regnier Pierre 
Published: April 2023

AbstractInland waters are important sources of the greenhouse gasses (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere. In the framework of the second phase of the REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP‐2) initiative, we synthesize existing estimates of GHG emissions from streams, rivers, lakes and reservoirs, and homogenize them with regard to underlying global maps of water surface area distribution and the effects of seasonal ice cover. We then produce regionalized estimates of GHG emissions over 10 extensive land regions. According to our synthesis, inland water GHG emissions have a global warming potential of an equivalent emission of 13.5 (9.9–20.1) and 8.3 (5.7–12.7) Pg CO2‐eq. yr−1 at a 20 and 100 years horizon (GWP20 and GWP100), respectively. Contributions of CO2 dominate GWP100, with rivers being the largest emitter. For GWP20, lakes and rivers are equally important emitters, and the warming potential of CH4 is more important than that of CO2. Contributions from N2O are about two orders of magnitude lower. Normalized to the area of RECCAP‐2 regions, S‐America and SE‐Asia show the highest emission rates, dominated by riverine CO2 emissions.
A Novel Population of Slow Magnetosonic Waves and a Method for the Observation of the Roots of Plasma Bubbles in the Lower Ionosphere
Authors: Bennett Charles L. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractUsing data from the Van Allen Probe and Swarm‐Bravo satellites, evidence for a persistent population of slow magnetosonic waves in the ionosphere is presented. Dispersion relations from two‐fluid analyses of waves in warm plasma are used to interpret and explicate these observations. These waves appear to be continuously present and globally distributed. Their amplitudes systematically decrease with increasing altitude. The amplitudes are also correlated with longitude in a manner consistent with the global distribution of lightning strikes. Evidence for narrow resonances in the Swarm data consistent with doppler shifted Schumann resonance frequencies is presented. In addition, nearly dispersionless fast magnetosonic waves are sometimes also seen. A new method for the analysis of these waves suggests they show the existence of “foamy” plasma bubble “roots” at the base of the ionosphere.
Global Dynamical Network of the Spatially Correlated Pc2 Wave Response for the 2015 St. Patrick's Day Storm
Authors: Chaudhry S. , Chapman S. C. , Gjerloev J. , Beggan C. D. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWe show the global dynamics of spatial correlation of Pc2 wave activity can track the evolution of the 2015 St. Patrick's Day geomagnetic storm for an 8 hr time window around onset. The global spatially coherent response is tracked by forming a dynamical network from 1 s data using the full set of 100+ ground‐based magnetometer stations collated by SuperMAG and Intermagnet. The pattern of spatial coherence is captured by network parameters which in turn track the evolution of the storm. At onset interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz > 0 and Pc2 power increases, we find a global response with stations correlated over both local and global distances. Following onset, whilst Bz > 0, the network response is confined to the day‐side. When IMF Bz < 0, there is a strong local response at high latitudes, consistent with the onset of polar cap convection driven by day‐side reconnection. The spatially coherent response as revealed by the network grows and is maximal when auroral (SuperMAG electrojet) and ring current (SuperMAG ring current) 1 min resolution geomagnetic indices peak, consistent with an active electrojet and ring‐current. Throughout the storm there is a coherent response both in stations located along lines of constant geomagnetic longitude, between hemispheres, and across magnetic local time. The network does not simply track average Pc2 wave power, it is characterized by network parameters which track the storm evolution. This is the first study to parameterize global Pc2 wave correlation and offers the possibility of statistical studies across multiple events and comparison with, and validation of, space weather models.
Library of Simulated Gamma‐Ray Glows and Application to Previous Airborne Observations
Authors: Sarria D. , Østgaard N. , Marisaldi M. , Lehtinen N. , Mezentsev A. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractGamma‐Ray Glows (GRGs) are high energy radiation originating from thunderclouds, in the MeV energy regime, with typical duration of seconds to minutes, and sources extended over several to tens of square kilometers. GRGs have been observed from detectors placed on ground, inside aircraft and on balloons. In this paper, we present a general purpose Monte‐Carlo model of GRG production and propagation. This model is first compared to a model from Zhou et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2016.08.004) relying on another Monte‐Carlo framework, and small differences are observed. We then have built an extensive simulation library, made available to the community. This library is used to reproduce five previous gamma‐ray glow observations, from five airborne campaigns: balloons from Eack et al. (1996b, https://doi.org/10.1029/96gl02570), Eack et al. (2000, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gl010849); and aircrafts from ADELE (Kelley et al., 2015, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8845), ILDAS (Kochkin et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jd027405) and ALOFT (Østgaard et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jd030312). Our simulation results confirm that fluxes of cosmic‐ray secondary particles present in the background at a given altitude can be enhanced by several percent (MOS process), and up to several orders of magnitude (RREA process) due to the effect of thunderstorms' electric fields, and explain the five observations. While some GRG could be explained purely by the MOS process, E‐fields significantly larger than Eth are required to explain the strongest GRGs observed. Some of the observations also came with in‐situ electric field measurements, that were always lower than Eth, but may not have been obtained from regions where the glows are produced. This study supports the claim that kilometer‐scale E‐fields magnitudes of at least the level of Eth must be present inside some thunderstorms.
Do Double‐Moment Microphysics Schemes Make Reliable Predictions on the Raindrop Number Concentration?: A Squall‐Line Case Study
Authors: Jin Han‐Gyul , Baik Jong‐Jin 
Published: April 2023

AbstractUtilizing raindrop size distribution observations in the evaluation of a cloud microphysics scheme helps identifying systematic deficiencies of the scheme and improving it. In this study, we evaluate the performance of seven different double‐moment bulk microphysics schemes in predicting raindrop number concentration Nr in squall‐line simulations using ground‐based disdrometer observations. While all seven schemes show good performances in the prediction of rainwater mass, they show significant biases from the observation and severe discrepancies from each other in the prediction of Nr. The Thompson, Thompson aerosol‐aware, and Weather Research and Forecasting double moment 6‐class (WDM6) schemes, where the main source of Nr is melting of snow and graupel, overestimate Nr by four times, which may be caused by overestimation of Nr production via melting. The Morrison and predicted particle properties (P3) schemes, where the autoconversion of cloud droplets into raindrops is an Nr source that is as important as melting, exhibit negative biases of Nr, which may be attributed to insufficient collisional breakup of raindrops. The P3_Nc scheme, the P3 scheme that prognoses cloud droplet number concentration, shows two prominent modes in Nr distribution, one of which consists of overestimated Nr produced by overly active autoconversion. The ice‐spheroids habit model with aspect‐ratio evolution scheme overestimates Nr but not as much as the two Thompson schemes and WDM6 scheme, showing the most realistic prediction of mean raindrop diameter. The high uncertainty in Nr prediction needs to be reduced by carefully selecting parameterizations for important microphysical processes, in order to maximize the advantage of using double‐moment microphysics schemes.
Modeling TEC Maps Over China Using Particle Swarm Optimization Neural Networks and Long‐Term Ground‐Based GPS, COSMIC, and Fengyun Data
Authors: Shi Shuangshuang , Zhang Kefei , Shi Jiaqi , Hu Andong , Zhao Dongsheng , Shi Zhongchao , Sun Peng , Wu Huajing , Wu Suqin 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis paper presents a new model for ionospheric total electron content (TEC) over China. The new model is developed using a hybrid method composed of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and artificial neural network and long‐term observations from 257 ground‐based global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) stations and space‐borne GNSS radio occultation systems (COSMIC and Fengyun) during the 14‐year period of 2008–2021. The PSO algorithm is used to optimize the traditional back‐propagation neural network (BP‐NN) model by reducing the effects of the local minimum problem. The new model is validated using out‐of‐sample data, and its results are compared to the BP‐NN, IRI‐2016 model, and global ionospheric maps provided by the International GNSS Service. Results show that TEC predicted from the new model agrees better with the reference TEC than the BP‐NN and IRI‐2016 models. The improvements made by the new model over the BP‐NN and IRI‐2016 models in the equinox, summer, and winter seasons of the solar maximum year (2015) are 4%–20%/20%–36%, 9%–21%/26%–42%, and 6%–22%/21%–43%, respectively, and their corresponding results in the solar minimum year (2019) are 12%–24%/41%–59%, 9%–24%/28%–56%, and 10%–26%/53%–72%. Furthermore, the new model well captures the diurnal evolution, seasonal variation, and variations in the ionospheric TEC under different solar activity levels. It also well captures the mid‐latitude summer nighttime anomaly over China, and the diurnal anomaly is more pronounced in the solar minimum year (2019) than in the solar maximum year (2015) in terms of the nighttime‐to‐noontime ratio and the range of months it lasts in a year.
Glacier Mass Loss Between 2010 and 2020 Dominated by Atmospheric Forcing
Authors: Jakob Livia , Gourmelen Noel 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWe generate a high spatial and temporal record of ice loss across glaciers globally for the first time from CryoSat‐2 swath interferometric radar altimetry. We show that between 2010 and 2020, glaciers lost a total of 272 ± 11 Gt yr−1 of ice, equivalent to a loss of 2% of their total volume during the 10‐year study period. Using a simple parameterization, we demonstrate that during this period, surface mass balance anomaly dominated the mass budget, accounting for 89% ± 5% of the total ice loss. Ice discharge anomaly was responsible for 11% ± 1% of the total ice loss, and 28% ± 2% of the ice loss when excluding land‐terminating sectors. Strong discharge anomaly is found over areas of changing oceanic conditions such as in the Barents and Kara Seas or in Antarctica, and areas fringed by lakes and fjords in Patagonia.
Evaluation of DNA methylation biomarkers ASCL1 and LHX8 on HPV-positive self-collected samples from primary HPV-based screening
Authors: Verhoef Lisanne , Bleeker Maaike C. G. , Polman Nicole , Steenbergen Renske D. M. , Ebisch Renée M. F. , Melchers Willem J. G. , Bekkers Ruud L. M. , Molijn Anco C. , Quint Wim G. , van Kemenade Folkert , Meijer Chris J. L. M. , Berkhof Johannes , Heideman Daniëlle A. M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background
Host-cell DNA methylation analysis can be used to triage women with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive self-collected cervicovaginal samples, but current data are restricted to under-/never-screened women and referral populations. This study evaluated triage performance in women who were offered primary HPV self-sampling for cervical cancer screening.

Methods
Self-collected samples from 593 HPV-positive women who participated in a primary HPV self-sampling trial (IMPROVE study; NTR5078), were tested for the DNA methylation markers ASCL1 and LHX8 using quantitative multiplex methylation-specific PCR (qMSP). The diagnostic performance for CIN3 and cervical cancer (CIN3 + ) was evaluated and compared with that of paired HPV-positive clinician-collected cervical samples.

Results
Significantly higher methylation levels were found in HPV-positive self-collected samples of women with CIN3 + than control women with no evidence of disease (P values <0.0001). The marker panel ASCL1/LHX8 yielded a sensitivity for CIN3 + detection of 73.3% (63/86; 95% CI 63.9–82.6%), with a corresponding specificity of 61.1% (310/507; 95% CI 56.9–65.4%). The relative sensitivity for detecting CIN3+ was 0.95 (95% CI 0.82–1.10) for self-collection versus clinician-collection, and the relative specificity was 0.82 (95% CI 0.75–0.90).

Conclusions
The ASCL1/LHX8 methylation marker panel constitutes a feasible direct triage method for the detection of CIN3 + in HPV-positive women participating in routine screening by self-sampling.
Five decades of breeding populations census for 12 species of colonial waterbirds in northwestern Italy
Authors: Fasola Mauro , Pellitteri-Rosa Daniele , Pinoli Guido , Alessandria Gianfranco , Boncompagni Eleonora , Boano Giovanni , Brangi Anna , Carpegna Franco , Cassone Pietro , Della Toffola Mauro , Ferlini Flavio , Gagliardi Alessandra , Gargioni Arturo , Gola Laura , Grattini Nunzio , Gustin Marco , Lavezzi Franco , Maffezzoli Lorenzo , Martignoni Cesare , Musumeci Roberto , Pirotta Giuliana , Provini Ivan , Ravasini Maurizio , Re Alessandro , Riboni Bassano , Tamietti Alberto , Viganò Enrico , Morganti Michelangelo 
Published: April 2023

AbstractColonial waterbirds, a major biodiversity element occurring in the core of ultra-anthropized Europe, are ideal indicators of the wellness of inland wetlands. Nonetheless, there is a critical knowledge gap in their trend and population status. We present an uninterrupted 47 years-long dataset of the breeding populations of 12 species of colonial waterbirds (Ardeidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Plataleidae, Threskiornitidae) throughout a 58,000 km2agricultural region in the higher Po basin (NW Italy). A trained team of collaborators censused with standardized field techniques the number of nests of each species at 419 colonies in the 1972–2018 period, summing up a total of 236,316 records. Data cleaning and standardization were performed for each census year, ensuring robust and consistent data. This dataset is among the largest ever collected for a guild of European vertebrates. It has already been used to describe the factors influencing population trends, and still offers opportunities to explore a wide range of key ecological processes such as biological invasions, global change consequences and biodiversity impact of agricultural practices.
Wave dispersion in moderate channel turbulence
Authors: Pilloton Chiara , Lugni Claudio , Graziani Giorgio , Fedele Francesco 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWe study channel turbulence by interpreting its vorticity as a random sea of ocean wave packet analogues. In particular, we investigate the ocean-like properties of vortical packets applying stochastic methods developed for oceanic fields. Taylor’s hypothesis of frozen eddies does not hold when turbulence is not weak, and vortical packets change shape as they are advected by the mean flow, altering their own speed. This is the physical manifestation of a hidden wave dispersion of turbulence. Our analysis at the bulk Reynolds number Reb = 5600 suggests that turbulent fluctuations behave dispersively as gravity-capillary waves, with capillarity being dominant near the wall region.
Elemental bioimaging and transcriptomics reveal unchanged gene expression in mouse cerebellum following a single injection of Gadolinium-based contrast agents
Authors: Richter Henning , Koke Anke , Soschinski Patrick N. , Martin Louise F. , Bücker Patrick , Sperling Michael , Karst Uwe , Radbruch Alexander , Witten Anika , Jeibmann Astrid 
Published: April 2023

AbstractGadolinium (Gd) deposition in the brain, first and foremost in the dentate nucleus in the cerebellum, following contrast enhanced MRI, rose awareness of potential adverse effects of gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) administration. According to previous in vitro experiments, a conceivable side-effect of Gd deposition could be an alteration of gene expression. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the influence of GBCA administration on gene expression in the cerebellum of mice using a combination of elemental bioimaging and transcriptomics. In this prospective animal study, three groups of eight mice each were intravenously injected with either linear GBCA gadodiamide, macrocyclic GBCA gadoterate (1 mmol GBCA/kg body weight) or saline (NaCl 0.9%). Animals were euthanized four weeks after injection. Subsequently, Gd quantification via laser ablation-ICP-MS and whole genome gene expression analysis of the cerebellum were performed. Four weeks after single application of GBCAs to 24–31 days old female mice, traces of Gd were detectable in the cerebellum for both, the linear and macrocyclic group. Subsequent transcriptome analysis by RNA sequencing using principal component analysis did not reveal treatment-related clustering. Also differential expression analysis did not reveal any significantly differentially expressed genes between treatments.
Safety and feasibility of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy for patients with spinal infection
Authors: Kilinc Fatma , Setzer Matthias , Behmanesh Bedjan , Jussen Daniel , Gessler Florian , Keil Fee , Kempf Volkhard A. J. , Kessel Johanna , Czabanka Marcus , Prinz Vincent 
Published: April 2023

AbstractOutpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) is a cost-effective method of administering intravenous antimicrobial therapy. Although OPAT is well established in the UK and US healthcare systems, few centres in Europe perform it. Here we analysed OPAT for the treatment of patients with spinal infections at our institution. In this retrospective study, patients with spinal infection who required intravenous (i.v.) antimicrobial treatment between 2018 and 2021 were analysed. The duration of short-term antimicrobial treatment for skin and soft tissue infections and complex infections requiring long-term antimicrobial treatment, such as spinal bone or joint infections, were analysed. All patients were discharged with a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) line. Prior to discharge, all patients received training in the safe administration of their medications via the PICC line. The duration of OPAT and the rate of readmission after OPAT were analysed. For this study a total of 52 patients who were treated via OPAT due to spinal infections were analyzed. In 35 cases (69.2%) complex spinal infection was reason for i.v. antimicrobial therapy. Surgery was required in 23 of these 35 patients (65.7%). The average hospital stay for these patients was 12 ± 6 days. The remaining 17 patients were treated for an infection of the soft tissue or the skin and hospital stay for these patients was on average 8 ± 4 days. Gram-positive organisms were isolated in 64.4%. Staphylococcus aureus followed by other Staphylococcus species, was the most common detected organism. After discharging i.v. antimicrobial treatment was given for an average of 20 ± 14 days. The duration of antimicrobial treatment for soft tissue was 10.8 ± 8 days, and for complex infections 25.1 ± 18 days. The mean follow-up was 21 ± 14 months. There was one case of readmission due to treatment failure. There were no difficulties encountered in implementing OPAT. OPAT is a feasible and effective option for delivering intravenous antimicrobial therapy to patients with spinal infections who can be managed without hospitalisation. OPAT offers patient-centred treatment at home while avoiding the risks associated with hospitalisation, with high levels of patient satisfaction.
A CRISPR/Cas9-generated mutation in the zebrafish orthologue of PPP2R3B causes idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Seda Marian , Crespo Berta , Corcelli Michelangelo , Osborn Daniel P. , Jenkins Dagan 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIdiopathic scoliosis (IS) is the deformation and/or abnormal curvature of the spine that develops progressively after birth. It is a very common condition, affecting approximately 4% of the general population, yet the genetic and mechanistic causes of IS are poorly understood. Here, we focus on PPP2R3B, which encodes a protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit. We found that PPP2R3B is expressed at sites of chondrogenesis within human foetuses, including the vertebrae. We also demonstrated prominent expression in myotome and muscle fibres in human foetuses, and zebrafish embryos and adolescents. As there is no rodent orthologue of PPP2R3B, we used CRIPSR/Cas9-mediated gene-editing to generate a series of frameshift mutations in zebrafish ppp2r3b. Adolescent zebrafish that were homozygous for this mutation exhibited a fully penetrant kyphoscoliosis phenotype which became progressively worse over time, mirroring IS in humans. These defects were associated with reduced mineralisation of vertebrae, resembling osteoporosis. Electron microscopy demonstrated abnormal mitochondria adjacent to muscle fibres. In summary, we report a novel zebrafish model of IS and reduced bone mineral density. In future, it will be necessary to delineate the aetiology of these defects in relation to bone, muscle, neuronal and ependymal cilia function.