bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EUROPEAN TRADITIONS OF DOCTORS OF PHILOSOPHY TRAINING
Authors: Korda M. M. , Fedchyshyn N. O. , Shulhai A. H. , Klishch I. M. , Shevchuk O. O. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract. The article analyzes the peculiarities of scientific personnel training during the integration of national educational system into European educational space. It has been found that there is no single mechanism for PhD or Doctors of Science preparation in European countries, however there are certain traditions with similar or different characteristics. The article shows that the planned time is a significant aspect in the preparation of scientific work. In European countries, there is an uneven distribution of the achievements in the fields that have been awarded scientific degrees, namely, in these countries the number of natural sciences doctors is higher than social sciences doctors. It has been established that in various European countries a significant role is assigned to the policy of systematic definition of criteria for evaluating universities and quality of doctoral programs, when selection of candidates is carried out not only on the basis of examinations, but also taking into account recommendation letters, results of academic activity, topics of dissertation researches. Due to independent scientific activity, PhD students acquire a wide range of skills and knowledge. An important aspect is the application of reform approaches in the structured training of PhD students.
Heart Failure Impairs Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Stem Cell Function and Responses to Injury
Authors: Marvasti Tina B. , Alibhai Faisal J. , Yang Grace J. , Li Shu‐Hong , Wu Jun , Yau Terrence , Li Ren‐Ke 
Published: June 2023

Background
Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome associated with a progressive decline in myocardial function and low‐grade systemic inflammation. Chronic inflammation can have lasting effects on the bone marrow (BM) stem cell pool by impacting cell renewal and lineage differentiation. However, how HF affects BM stem/progenitor cells remains largely unexplored.

Methods and Results

EGFP
+
(Enchanced green fluorescent protein) mice were subjected to coronary artery ligation, and BM was collected 8 weeks after myocardial infarction. Transplantation of EGFP
+
BM into wild‐type mice revealed reduced reconstitution potential of BM from mice subjected to myocardial infarction versus BM from sham mice. To study the effects HF has on human BM function, 71 patients, HF (n=20) and controls (n=51), who were scheduled for elective cardiac surgery were consented and enrolled in this study. Patients with HF exhibited more circulating blood myeloid cells, and analysis of patient BM revealed significant differences in cell composition and colony formation potential. Human CD34
+
cell reconstitution potential was also assessed using the NOD‐SCID‐IL2rγ
null
mouse xenotransplant model. NOD‐SCID‐IL2rγ
null
mice reconstituted with BM from patients with HF had significantly fewer engrafted human CD34
+
cells as well as reduced lymphoid cell production. Analysis of tissue repair responses using permanent left anteriordescending coronary artery ligation demonstrated reduced survival of HF‐BM reconstituted mice as well as significant differences in human (donor) and mouse (host) cellular responses after MI.

Conclusions
HF alters the BM composition, adversely affects cell reconstitution potential, and alters cellular responses to injury. Further studies are needed to determine whether restoring BM function can impact disease progression or improve cellular responses to injury.
Humanitarian Health Responses in Urban Conflict Zones
Authors: Stanski Keith 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
War has long tested the design, capacity, and protected status of health care personnel and systems. In recent years, however, urban conflict zones have come to exemplify many of the most intractable humanitarian dilemmas around the delivery of medical care. In this essay, I examine several recurring dilemmas concerning operational independence and physical safety, as encountered in Syria and Yemen. I argue that, as a generative force, war has the potential to make (and remake) social, economic, and political life in urban settings in ways that accentuate essential challenges facing the safe and principled delivery of health care. These far-reaching effects leave humanitarians and their supporters to adapt existing strategies, many developed in more rural contexts, to shifting urban environments. In such contexts, the establishment of “hospital” or “relief zones” may offer a pragmatic and principled strategy to mitigate many of the dilemmas surrounding the protection of medical facilities and personnel in urban conflict settings.
Phase-locking of Neural Activity to the Envelope of Speech in the Delta Frequency Band Reflects Differences between Word Lists and Sentences
Authors: Mohammadi Yousef , Graversen Carina , østergaard Jan , Andersen Ole Kaeseler , Reichenbach Tobias 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The envelope of a speech signal is tracked by neural activity in the cerebral cortex. The cortical tracking occurs mainly in two frequency bands, theta (4–8 Hz) and delta (1–4 Hz). Tracking in the faster theta band has been mostly associated with lower-level acoustic processing, such as the parsing of syllables, whereas the slower tracking in the delta band relates to higher-level linguistic information of words and word sequences. However, much regarding the more specific association between cortical tracking and acoustic as well as linguistic processing remains to be uncovered. Here, we recorded EEG responses to both meaningful sentences and random word lists in different levels of signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) that lead to different levels of speech comprehension as well as listening effort. We then related the neural signals to the acoustic stimuli by computing the phase-locking value (PLV) between the EEG recordings and the speech envelope. We found that the PLV in the delta band increases with increasing SNR for sentences but not for the random word lists, showing that the PLV in this frequency band reflects linguistic information. When attempting to disentangle the effects of SNR, speech comprehension, and listening effort, we observed a trend that the PLV in the delta band might reflect listening effort rather than the other two variables, although the effect was not statistically significant. In summary, our study shows that the PLV in the delta band reflects linguistic information and might be related to listening effort.
Imperfect Exchange Rate Expectations
Authors: Candian Giacomo , De Leo Pierre 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Using survey data, we document that predictable exchange rate forecast errors are responsible for the uncovered-interest-parity (UIP) puzzle and its reversal at longer horizons. We develop a general-equilibrium model based on shock misperception and over-extrapolative beliefs that reconciles these and other major exchange rate puzzles. These beliefs distortions generate both under- and over-reaction of expectations that account for the predictability of forecast errors about interest rates, exchange rates, and other macroeconomic indicators. In the model, forecast errors are endogenous to monetary policy and explain the change in the behavior of UIP deviations that emerged after the global financial crisis.
The Future of North Atlantic Right Whales and Fishing and Shipping Interactions
Authors: Brillant Sean 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Despite almost a century protected from whaling, the North Atlantic right whale remains endangered. This species grew from 292 individuals in 1992 to 482 individuals in 2010, but the decline since then has been precipitous; to 336 in 2020, and evidence suggests it continues to fall. Entanglements in rope and collisions by ocean-going vessels are the two human activities attributable to all known post-natal serious injuries and deaths. To consider if the ocean of our future will have North Atlantic right whales, first, the multiplicity of efforts underway to reduce harm to these animals are pre-sented. This includes spatial management measures for fishing and ship-ping in Canada and the United States, and the development and adoption of buoyless (i.e., on-demand, ropeless) fishing gear. Second, a brief reflec-tion is offered on the resilient traits and extraordinary recoveries this spe-cies has already shown. The conclusion of this discussion is that this is not a defeated species. It will recover if we stop harming them. Several important actions are necessary to accomplish this. These are simple to list but very challenging to put into practice, requiring, therefore, widespread and collec-tive willingness and support.
In the Shadow of Ancient Thebes. Belgian Consular Representation in Luxor and Local Elites, 1860 and 1937
Authors: Huskens Gert 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Throughout the long nineteenth century, nations that tried to expand their consular apparatus in Egypt relied on numerous autochthonous members of the Egyptian elite. Since Luxor was situated next to the site of ancient Thebes, the hordes of travelers visiting Upper Egypt in the course of the nineteenth century relied in particular on the services of consular agents. By means of a multidimensional analysis of the two diplomatic clans that served Belgium’s interests from the mid-1870s up until the abolition of the capitulation system in 1937, the Ayads and the Bicharas, this article provides a better insight in the integration of local elites into foreign diplomatic corps. By incorporating the fragmented and dispersed accounts of the services these consular agents provided into a general assessment of diplomatic culture, this contribution explores new grounds at the intersections of the history of tourism, archaeology, and diplomacy.
Information-Based Probabilistic Verification Scores for Two-Dimensional Ensemble Forecast Data: A Madden–Julian Oscillation Index Example
Authors: Takaya Yuhei , Komatsu Kensuke K. , Hino Hideitsu , Vitart Frédéric 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Probabilistic forecasting is a common activity in many fields of the Earth sciences. Assessing the quality of probabilistic forecasts—probabilistic forecast verification—is therefore an essential task in these activities. Numerous methods and metrics have been proposed for this purpose; however, the probabilistic verification of vector variables of ensemble forecasts has received less attention than others. Here we introduce a new approach that is applicable for verifying ensemble forecasts of continuous, scalar, and two-dimensional vector data. The proposed method uses a fixed-radius near-neighbors search to compute two information-based scores, the ignorance score (the logarithmic score) and the information gain, which quantifies the skill gain from the reference forecast. Basic characteristics of the proposed scores were examined using idealized Monte Carlo simulations. The results indicated that both the continuous ranked probability score (CRPS) and the proposed score with a relatively small ensemble size (<25) are not proper in terms of the forecast dispersion. The proposed verification method was successfully used to verify the Madden–Julian oscillation index, which is a two-dimensional quantity. The proposed method is expected to advance probabilistic ensemble forecasts in various fields.

Significance Statement
In the Earth sciences, stochastic future states are estimated by solving a large number of forecasts (called ensemble forecasts) based on physical equations with slightly different initial conditions and stochastic parameters. The verification of probabilistic forecasts is an essential part of forecasting and modeling activity in the Earth sciences. However, there is no information-based probabilistic verification score applicable for vector variables of ensemble forecasts. The purpose of this study is to introduce a novel method for verifying scalar and two-dimensional vector variables of ensemble forecasts. The proposed method offers a new approach to probabilistic verification and is expected to advance probabilistic ensemble forecasts in various fields.
Assessment of Five Wind-Farm Parameterizations in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model: A Case Study of Wind Farms in the North Sea
Authors: Ali Karim , Schultz David M. , Revell Alistair , Stallard Timothy , Ouro Pablo 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
To simulate the large-scale impacts of wind farms, wind turbines are parameterized within mesoscale models in which grid sizes are typically much larger than turbine scales. Five wind-farm parameterizations were implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model v4.3.3 to simulate multiple operational wind farms in the North Sea, which were verified against a satellite image, airborne measurements, and the FINO-1 meteorological mast data on 14 October 2017. The parameterization by Volker et al. underestimated the turbulence and wind speed deficit compared to measurements and to the parameterization of Fitch et al., which is the default in WRF. The Abkar and Porté-Agel parameterization gave close predictions of wind speed to that of Fitch et al. with a lower magnitude of predicted turbulence, although the parameterization was sensitive to a tunable constant. The parameterization by Pan and Archer resulted in turbine-induced thrust and turbulence that were slightly less than that of Fitch et al., but resulted in a substantial drop in power generation due to the magnification of wind speed differences in the power calculation. The parameterization by Redfern et al. was not substantially different from Fitch et al. in the absence of conditions such as strong wind veer. The simulations indicated the need for a turbine-induced turbulence source within a wind-farm parameterization for improved prediction of near-surface wind speed, near-surface temperature, and turbulence. The induced turbulence was responsible for enhancing turbulent momentum flux near the surface, causing a local speed-up of near-surface wind speed inside a wind farm. Our findings highlighted that wakes from large offshore wind farms could extend 100 km downwind, reducing downwind power production as in the case of the 400-MW Bard Offshore 1 wind farm whose power output was reduced by the wakes of the 402-MW Veja Mate wind farm for this case study.

Significance Statement
Because wind farms are smaller than the common grid spacing of numerical weather prediction models, the impacts of wind farms on the weather have to be indirectly incorporated through parameterizations. Several approaches to parameterization are available and the most appropriate scheme is not always clear. The absence of a turbulence source in a parameterization leads to substantial inaccuracies in predicting near-surface wind speed and turbulence over a wind farm. The impact of large clusters of offshore wind turbines in the wind field can exceed 100 km downwind, resulting in a substantial loss of power for downwind turbines. The prediction of this power loss can be sensitive to the chosen parameterization, contributing to uncertainty in wind-farm economic planning.
In-Hospital Mortality After Massive Transfusion and Motorcycle Trauma May Predict Highest Injury Severity in a Rural Level I Trauma System
Authors: Olson Robert , Rhodes Heather X. , Pepe Antonio P. 
Published: June 2023

The leading cause of preventable traumatic death is uncontrolled bleeding. This study aimed to better identify those most likely to experience in-hospital mortality with increasing injury severity scoring (ISS). This is a single-center study of Trauma Registry data, from July 3, 2016, to February 24, 2022. The inclusion criteria were based upon age (≥18 years) and in-hospital mortality. 546 patients (mean age 58) were included in the analysis. There were several significant associations with increasing ISS among those who experienced in-hospital mortality, which included a rising shock index ratio, activation of the massive transfusion protocol, and, most notably, motorcycle trauma. This research reiterates the importance of the “Stop the Bleed” campaign as vital for training laypersons in the life-saving technique for hemorrhage control.
Morphometric and morphological evaluation of mastoid emissary canal using cone-beam computed tomography
Authors: Temiz Mustafa , Ozen Duygu Celik , Duman Suayip Burak , Bayrakdar Ibrahim Sevki , Kazan Orhan , Jagtap Rohan , Altun Oguzhan , Z. Abdelkarim Ahmed , Syed Ali Z. , Orhan Kaan 
Published: June 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to determine mastoid emissary canal’s (MEC) and mastoid foramen (MF) prevalence and morphometric characteristics on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images to underline its clinical significance and discuss its surgical consequences. Methods: In the retrospective analysis, two oral and maxillofacial radiologists analyzed the CBCT images of 135 patients (270 sides). The biggest MF and MEC were measured in the images evaluated in MultiPlanar Reconstruction (MPR) views. The MF and MEC mean diameters were calculated. The mastoid foramina number was recorded. The prevalence of MF was studied according to gender and side of the patient. Results: The overall prevalence of MEC and MF was 119 (88.1%). The prevalence of MEC and MF is 55.5% in females and 44.5% in males. MEC and MF were identified as bilateral in 80 patients (67.20%) and unilateral in 39 patients (32.80%). The mean diameter of MF was 2.4 ± 0.9 mm. The mean height of MF was 2.3 ± 0.9. The mean diameter of the MEC was 2.1 ± 0.8, and the mean height of the MEC was 2.1 ± 0.8. There is a statistical difference between the genders (p = 0.043) in foramen diameter. Males had a significantly larger mean diameter of MF in comparison to females. Conclusion: MEC and MF must be evaluated thoroughly if the surgery is contemplated. Radiologists and surgeons should be aware of mastoid emissary canal morphology, variations, clinical relevance, and surgical consequences while operating in the suboccipital and mastoid areas to avoid unexpected and catastrophic complications. CBCT may be a reliable imaging diagnostic technique.
Combined effect of temperature difference across interface and finite size of the ions on interdiffusion in SOFC
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Chakraborty Jeevanjyoti , Das Prasanta Kumar 
Published: June 2023

In the present study, the combined effect of the temperature difference across the electrode-electrolyte interface and the finite size of ions non-idealities on the cation interdiffusion is investigated using a mathematical model. Here, we build on and add significantly to our previous work 1 where the study was limited only to the finite effect of ions. Considering each non-ideality/effect separately, the diffusion of manganese (Mn3+) ions decreases about 50 nm for a temperature difference (∆ T) of 50 K, and 31 nm for a finite size parameter ( ν) of 1.826. However, it is decreased by 54 nm considering both effects combindly for ∆ T = 50 K and ν = 1.75. Further, under individual effects, the highest electric potential drop is 0.32 for a ∆ T = 50 K and 0.27 for a ν = 1.75. Under combined effects, the electric potential drop is about 0.85 for ∆ T = 50 K and ν = 1.75. A significant variation is observed in the diffusion of Zr4+, Y3+ and Mn3+ ions and the overall electric potential. It is anticipated that the consideration of these effects/non-idealities will help in the better understanding of cation interdiffusion, and contribute towards performance enhancement of SOFCs.
Implementation of Healthcare Financing Based on Diagnosis-related Group in Three WHO Regions; Western Pacific, South East Asia and Eastern Mediterranean: A Systematic Review
Authors: Mehmood Asim , Ahmed Zafar , Ghailan Khalid , Dohare Sushil , Varghese Joe , Azeez Fahad Khan 
Published: June 2023

Payment methods based on a controlled or adjusted prospective payment system rather than ‘Fee for Services’ or direct payment are considered beneficial to access the healthcare delivery services. The purpose of this review was to identify technical challenges faced by three WHO regions, namely, Western Pacific, South East Asia Eastern and the Mediterranean while establishing or adopting a diagnosis-related group (DRG)/case-mix grouper and report the extent of implementing this system for reimbursement and healthcare financing in three WHO regions, namely, Western Pacific, South East Asia Eastern and the Mediterranean. The study followed PRISMA guidelines, and 33 articles published from 1st January 2009 to 31st December 2019 were selected for critical appraisal after systematic filtration. The objectives of the implementation of the DRG system in most developed and developing countries in these regions were to bring transparency in the payment system and reduce treatment costs by avoiding unnecessary healthcare services. The countries in the study regions were at different levels of economic and social development status, therefore the implementation and adaptation status of DRG/case-mix system/grouper varied in these countries The findings revealed that most of the countries faced challenges related to inequalities and inefficiencies in the healthcare system, shortage of funding, poor documentation related to diagnosis and procedures, incomplete medical record files and lack of primary data required for the case-mix system during the DRG/case-mix adaptation phase. The results also pointed to the importance of initial pilot testing of the DRG/case-mix system/grouper and careful manipulation and adaptation to the local context, especially when the DRG system/grouper imported from other countries.
Steroids in Headache: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Research
Authors: Kashyap Priyanka V. , Chabri Sounak 
Published: June 2023

Background Headache is an extremely common symptom of the general outpatient department and also the headache clinic, with prevalence of 48.9% in the general population. None has ever experienced headache in life time. Headache is seen in 1 patient out of 10 general practitioner (GP) consultations, 1 referral out of 3 is headache in neurology OPD, and 1 in 5 of all emergency medical admissions. Of all headaches, around 98% constitute primary headache: migraine without aura, tension headache, and cluster headache. With advancement in various drug modalities, certain headache forms respond less well to the regular approved medications, and some headaches are complicated by the analgesic itself. Steroids have been tried in many subtypes of headache, especially in primary forms of headache with dysautonomia, headache with trigeminal pathway activation and disinhibition, and in certain medication-culprit headaches. This subgroup of headaches is almost a challenge in an emergency for the headache expert as well. So, we need to assess the role of steroids in less well-responsive headaches. Summary Current reviewed evidence on the role of steroids in primary headache suggests that steroids have a role in status migrainosus and medication overuse headache when used in the mentioned and monitored manner. Consideration and further exploration of its role in other primary headaches may reveal insight into steroid efficacy as a treatment modality in various subtypes of headache. Key message Steroids, when used cautiously in specifically selected primary headaches under supervision, proved miraculous where other modalities failed.