bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Civil aircraft brake energy scenario selection and analysis method
Authors: Sun Yuchen 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper expounds the method of determining the civil aircraft brake energy scenario. Brake energy is an extremely important requirement for the carbon disc and fusible plug design of the civil aircraft brake system. In order to determine the brake kinetic energy capacity, following conditions should be considered: designed landing-stop condition, normal landing stop condition, reject takeoff condition and the most severe landing stop condition. As the most severe condition is related to the operational environment, emergency events, the aircraft architecture and system failure conditions, the essay illustrates the principles of how to select the correct scenario, the factors to be considered and the potential most severe condition. With the brake kinetic energy calculation method and the data of a certain type of aircraft, the paper finds out 2 conditions could be the most severe ones for brake energy calculation.
Enhancing process efficiency through improved temperature measurement: the EMPRESS projects
Authors: Pearce J V , Edler F , Fateev A , Sutton G , Andreu A , Machin G 
Published: July 2023

AbstractEMPRESS 2 is a European project to enhance the efficiency of high value manufacturing processes by improving temperature measurement and control capability. This project seeks to address four contemporary thermometry challenges in this sector, and new developments from this and its predecessor project, EMPRESS, will be described:• Below 1000°C many industrial processes require reliable surface thermometry e.g. welding, coating, forging and forming. Conventional non-contact surface thermometry techniques e.g. thermal imaging are prone to large errors (tens of degrees) due to reflected thermal radiation and unknown emissivity. Contact thermometry approaches are prone to similarly large errors. Traceable imaging phosphor thermometry is being developed to overcome these difficulties, and is being combined with quantitative thermography to determine emissivity for thermometry over wide fields of view.• Above 1300°C sensor drift is a significant unaddressed issue for casting, forging and heat treatment, causing large errors. There is a need for more stable sensors and standardisation of at least one new thermocouple type to fill the gap from 1300°C to 1800°C. This is being addressed through improved Pt-Rh thermocouples and optimisation of double-walled mineral insulated, metal sheathed thermocouples by mitigating insulation breakdown and drift effects.• Combustion temperature measurement is very challenging and traceability is almost non-existent; for example, thermocouple measurements of flame temperatures can be in error by hundreds of degrees. A ‘standard flame’ that can be transported to users’ sites has been developed, and is being deployed in several high value manufacturing and industrial applications to a) demonstrate the possibility of reducing flame temperature uncertainties by at least an order of magnitude and b) for the first time to demonstrate in-situ traceability to the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90).• Many processes are not amenable to any conventional thermometry techniques due to inaccessibility, ionising radiation, electromagnetic interference, and contamination; here methods based on optical fibres are ideal but there are no traceable calibration techniques for such sensors currently available. A suite of different fibre-optic thermometers and calibration techniques is being developed to address this. In some cases (ionising radiation) darkening of the fibre is a problem, and this is being overcome by the development of novel thermometry approaches based on practical ‘hollow core’ fibres.
The effect of metal quantity on the temperature plateau time
Authors: Liu Yu Sheng , Cai Jing , Meng Su , Ren Jia 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In recent years, the miniaturization and portability of fixed-point containers are becoming a trend. This paper introduces a sealed small container, which is filled with 99.9999% high purity tin, with related reproducing experiments carried out in a Fluke dry-well furnace. A precision platinum resistance thermometer with 3.6 mm diameter is put into the bottom of the temperature well for running several tests. The differences in temperature plateau time are compared between the 40 g case and the 16 g case. The data shows that the reduction of the tin filling can significantly shorten the temperature plateau time.
Towards robust PICOSEC Micromegas precise timing detectors
Authors: Lisowska M. , Angelis Y. , Aune S. , Bortfeldt J. , Brunbauer F. , Chatzianagnostou E. , Dehmelt K. , Desforge D. , Fanourakis G. , Floethner K.J. , Gallinaro M. , Garcia F. , Garg P. , Giomataris I. , Gnanvo K. , Gustavsson T. , Iguaz F.J. , Janssens D. , Kallitsopoulou A. , Kovacic M. , Legou P. , Liu J. , Lupberger M. , Malace S. , Maniatis I. , Meng Y. , Muller H. , Oliveri E. , Orlandini G. , Papaevangelou T. , Pomorski M. , Ropelewski L. , Sampsonidis D. , Scharenberg L. , Schneider T. , Scorsone E. , Sohl L. , van Stenis M. , Tsipolitis Y. , Tzamarias S.E. , Utrobicic A. , Veenhof R. , Wang X. , White S. , Zhang Z. , Zhou Y. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The PICOSEC Micromegas (MM) detector is a precise timing gaseous detector consisting of
a Cherenkov radiator combined with a photocathode and a MM amplifying structure. A 100-channel
PICOSEC MM prototype with 10 × 10 cm2 active area equipped with a Cesium Iodide (CsI)
photocathode demonstrated a time resolution below σ = 18 ps. The objective of this work
is to improve the PICOSEC MM detector robustness aspects, i.e. integration of resistive MM and
carbon-based photocathodes, while maintaining good time resolution. The PICOSEC MM prototypes
have been tested in laboratory conditions and successfully characterised with 150 GeV/c muon
beams at the CERN SPS H4 beam line. The excellent timing performance below σ = 20 ps for
an individual pad obtained with the 10 × 10 cm2 area resistive PICOSEC MM of
20 MΩ/□ showed no significant time resolution degradation as a result of adding a
resistive layer. A single-pad prototype equipped with a 12 nm thick Boron Carbide (B4C)
photocathode presented a time resolution below σ = 35 ps, opening up new possibilities for
detectors with robust photocathodes. The results made the concept more suitable for the
experiments in need of robust detectors with good time resolution.
Construction of digital twin of the space furnace based on thermal simulation and data-driven thermophysical parameter identification technology
Authors: Huang Zhenyu , Yu Qiang 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This study aims to demonstrate the construction of a
simulation-based digital twin of a space furnace. During simulation
processes, uncertainties in the results can arise from variations in
parameter inputs and the utilization of different simulation
models. Moreover, simulating complex models often demands
substantial computational resources. To effectively achieve the
desired digital twin effect, it is crucial to employ specific
measures that address these challenges. In this paper, we propose a
layered meshing strategy that aims to strike a balance between
simulation accuracy and computational costs. By implementing this
strategy, we can optimize the mesh design and achieve accurate
results while efficiently managing computational resources. The
performance of the meshing strategy is evaluated based on three
indices: orthogonal quality, skewness, and aspect ratio. To enhance
the repeatability of simulation results, we employ two key methods:
model selection and thermophysical parameter identification. Laminar
and discrete ordinate (DO) models are selected by comparing
simulation results from different model combinations. A data-driven
method is proposed to identify the thermophysical parameters when
prior knowledge is lacking. To assess the validity of the proposed
method, simulation results are compared with state-of-art
methods. Results show satisfactory agreement between measured
temperatures and simulated temperatures, with the relative error
being approximately 1% at the temperature control
thermocouples. The proposed thermophysical identification method
achieves equivalent or better error performance compared to
cumbersome manual adjustment and instrument measurement methods,
which reduces experimental risks and costs.
Enhancing photocatalytic performance: a study of anionic (congo red, orange-g) and cationic (malachite green) dye degradation using WSe2 and WSe2/ZnIn2S4 nanocomposite
Authors: Chand Mool , Rawat Arun Singh , Khanuja Manika , Rawat Seema 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In the work, we developed a novel visible-light-driven photocatalyst WSe2/ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) nanocomposite and performed a comparative dye degradation study on cationic (Malachite green, MG) and anionic (Congo red, CR and Orange-g, OG) dyes. WSe2/ZIS nanocomposite was synthesised by the benign chemical aqueous solution method, under low temperature and pressure. The crystal structure and surface morphology of WSe2 and WSe2/ZIS nanocomposite were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), respectively. The optical properties of sample were examined using the UV–vis spectrophotometer and the obtained value of band-gap of WSe2 and WSe2/ZIS was about 1.76 and 2.0 eV, respectively. The WSe2/ZIS nanocomposite displays superior photocatalytic activity compared to bare WSe2 due to optimised surface charge and optical appealing characteristics of WSe2 powder, on the incorporation of ZIS. Pseudo-first-order and second-order rate kinetics were also studied and the result revealed that second-order model fitted well and the overall adsorption process is dominated by the chemisorption process. Scavenger tests were conducted to determine the active species (

O

2

⋅
−

) in photocatalysis mechanics, and the reusability of the nanocomposite was evaluated over 5 cycles. The photocatalytic study result demonstrated that WSe2/ZIS nanocomposite might be employed as an efficient, highly stable photocatalyst for the dye degradation application.
Real-time decoding for fault-tolerant quantum computing: progress, challenges and outlook
Authors: Battistel F , Chamberland C , Johar K , Overwater R W J , Sebastiano F , Skoric L , Ueno Y , Usman M 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Quantum computing is poised to solve practically useful problems which are computationally intractable for classical supercomputers. However, the current generation of quantum computers are limited by errors that may only partially be mitigated by developing higher-quality qubits. Quantum error correction (QEC) will thus be necessary to ensure fault tolerance. QEC protects the logical information by cyclically measuring syndrome information about the errors. An essential part of QEC is the decoder, which uses the syndrome to compute the likely effect of the errors on the logical degrees of freedom and provide a tentative correction. The decoder must be accurate, fast enough to keep pace with the QEC cycle (e.g. on a microsecond timescale for superconducting qubits) and with hard real-time system integration to support logical operations. As such, real-time decoding is essential to realize fault-tolerant quantum computing and to achieve quantum advantage. In this work, we highlight some of the key challenges facing the implementation of real-time decoders while providing a succinct summary of the progress to-date. Furthermore, we lay out our perspective for the future development and provide a possible roadmap for the field of real-time decoding in the next few years. As the quantum hardware is anticipated to scale up, this perspective article will provide a guidance for researchers, focusing on the most pressing issues in real-time decoding and facilitating the development of solutions across quantum, nano and computer science.
Effect of nitrogen application on nitrogen leaching pattern and leaching loss from drip irrigated cotton fields in Southern Xinjiang
Authors: Ma Honghong , Yang Zhiying , Pu Shenghai , Wu Xianglin , Wang Zeyu , Ma Xingwang , Yang Tao 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Farmers provided excessive nitrogen fertilizer to obtain high cotton yield in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Although drip irrigation could save water resources and improve nitrogen use efficiency, it is not known if leaching is occurring or not and whether leaching will harm the water environment under different nitrogen application. The purpose of our study was to estimate the effect of different nitrogen (N) application on the N leaching loss in drip irrigated cotton fields in South Xinjiang. A field experiment was conducted with N application rates of 317(N317), 395(N395) and 476(N476) kg hm−2 from 2021 to 2022. The characteristics of N pattern and leaching amount were analyzed. The concentration of NO3- and total nitrogen in the leaching water significantly decreased with the decrease of N application. The proportion of NO3–to total nitrogen reached the highest values of 51.52%–58.16%, 49.53%–56.91%, and 57.52%–62.87% at bud, flower, and boll stages of cotton, respectively. Moreover, the proportion of NO3– to total nitrogen remained at a stable level, which indicated that NO3–was the main pattern of N leaching. The N loss in the treatment N395 and N317 was 79.67% and 67.48% of that in the N476 treatment (1.23 kg hm−2), while the yield was 120.56% and 112.46% of that in the N476 treatment. Compared with conventional fertilizer application (476 kg hm−2), the reasonable N fertilizer application would not only reduce the amount of N leaching, but also increase the cotton yield.
Estimation of soil water content using electromagnetic induction sensors under different land uses
Authors: Mensah Clinton , Katanda Yeukai , Krishnapillai Mano , Cheema Mumtaz , Galagedara Lakshman 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The complex nature of podzolic soils makes investigating their subsurface challenging. Near-surface geophysical techniques, like electromagnetic induction (EMI), offer significant assistance in studying podzolic soils. Multi-coil (MC-EMI) and multi-frequency (MF-EMI) sensors were selected to maximize soil water content (SWC) prediction in this study. The objectives were to (i) compare apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) measurements from the MC and MF-EMI sensors under different land use conditions, (ii) investigate the spatial variation of ECa, SWC, texture, soil organic matter (SOM), and bulk density (BD) under different land use conditions, and (iii) use statistical and geostatistical analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of ECa measurements in characterizing SWC under different land use conditions, considering the texture, SOM, and BD contents. The study found that MC-EMI had statistically significant relations (p-value < 0.05) with SWC relative to the MF-EMI. Multiple linear regression (MLR) models were also shown to be more effective in representing SWC variations (higher coefficient of determination and lower root mean square error) than simple linear regression models. MC-EMI sensor provided better SWC predictions compared to the MF-EMI sensor, possibly due to larger sampling depths differences between time domain reflectometry measured SWC (SWCTDR) and MF-EMI sensor than those between SWCTDR and MC-EMI sensor. Lastly, cokriging of measured SWC was found to offer more accurate maps than cokriging of predicted SWC obtained from MLR across different land use conditions. The study has shown that EMI may not be highly effective for shallow depths, and ECa can be affected by various soil properties, making it difficult to extrapolate other parameters. However, EMI still shows promise as a reliable method for predicting SWC in boreal podzolic soils. Research into EMI’s usefulness for this purpose has yielded promising results, as indicated in this study. Further investigation is needed to fully harness the potential of this promising technique.
Strategies of diaspore dispersal investment in Compositae: the case of the Andean highlands
Authors: Tovar Carolina , Hudson Lucia , Cuesta Francisco , Meneses Rosa Isela , Muriel Priscilla , Hidalgo Oriane , Palazzesi Luis , Suarez Ballesteros Carlos , Hammond Hunt Eleanor , Diazgranados Mauricio , Hind D J Nicholas , Forest Félix , Halloy Stephan , Aguirre Nikolay , Baker William J , Beck Stephan , Carilla Julieta , Eguiguren Paúl , Françoso Elaine , Gámez Luis E , Jaramillo Ricardo , Llambí Luis Daniel , Maurin Olivier , Melcher Inga , Muller Gemma , Roy Shyamali , Viñas Paul , Yager Karina , Viruel Juan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Background and Aims
Understanding diaspore morphology and how much a species invests on dispersal appendages is key for improving our knowledge of dispersal in fragmented habitats. We investigate diaspore morphological traits in high-Andean Compositae and their main abiotic and biotic drivers and test whether they play a role in species distribution patterns across the naturally fragmented high-Andean grasslands.

Methods
We collected diaspore trait data for 125 Compositae species across 47 tropical high-Andean summits, focusing on achene length and pappus-to-achene length ratio, with the latter as a proxy of dispersal investment. We analysed the role of abiotic (temperature, elevation and latitude) and biotic factors (phylogenetic signal and differences between tribes) on diaspore traits and whether they are related to distribution patterns across the Andes, using phylogenomics, distribution modelling and community ecology analyses.

Key Results
Seventy-five percent of the studied species show small achenes (length &lt;3.3 mm) and 67% have high dispersal investment (pappus length at least two times the achene length). Dispersal investment increases with elevation, possibly to compensate for lower air density, and achene length increases towards the equator, where non-seasonal climate prevails. Diaspore traits show significant phylogenetic signal, and higher dispersal investment is observed in Gnaphalieae, Astereae and Senecioneae, which together represent 72% of our species. High-Andean-restricted species found across the tropical Andes have, on average, the pappus four times longer than the achene, a significantly higher dispersal investment than species present only in the northern Andes or only in the central Andes.

Conclusions
Small achenes and high diaspore dispersal investment dominate among high-Andean Compositae, traits typical of mostly three tribes of African origin; but traits are also correlated with the environmental gradients within the high-Andean grasslands. Our results also suggest that diaspore dispersal investment is likely to shape species distribution patterns in naturally fragmented habitats.
Spiralian genomics and the evolution of animal genome architecture
Authors: Liao Isabel Jiah-Yih , Lu Tsai-Ming , Chen Mu-En , Luo Yi-Jyun 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Recent developments in sequencing technologies have greatly improved our knowledge of phylogenetic relationships and genomic architectures throughout the tree of life. Spiralia, a diverse clade within Protostomia, is essential for understanding the evolutionary history of parasitism, gene conversion, nervous systems and animal body plans. In this review, we focus on the current hypotheses of spiralian phylogeny and investigate the impact of long-read sequencing on the quality of genome assemblies. We examine chromosome-level assemblies to highlight key genomic features that have driven spiralian evolution, including karyotype, synteny and the Hox gene organization. In addition, we show how chromosome rearrangement has influenced spiralian genomic structures. Although spiralian genomes have undergone substantial changes, they exhibit both conserved and lineage-specific features. We recommend increasing sequencing efforts and expanding functional genomics research to deepen insights into spiralian biology.
Socioeconomic disparities in surgery for carotid artery disease in England
Authors: Tong Thaison , Maheswaran Ravi , Michaels Jonathan , Brindley Paul , Walters Stephen , Nawaz Shah 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Background
Carotid artery disease and stroke are more prevalent in socioeconomically deprived areas. The aim was to investigate socioeconomic disparities in carotid artery disease surgery rates and in outcomes following surgery.

Methods
The study used population-based ecological and cohort study designs, 31 672 census areas in England, hospital admissions from April 2006 to March 2018, the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2010 as the area-level deprivation indicator, and Poisson, logistic, and Cox regression.

Results
A total of 54 377 patients (67 per cent men) from a population aged 55 years and older of 14.7 million had carotid artery disease procedures (95 per cent carotid endarterectomy). Carotid endarterectomy rates were 116 per cent (95% c.i. 101 to 132) higher in men and 180 per cent (95% c.i. 155 to 207) higher in women aged 55–64 years in the most compared with the least socioeconomically deprived areas by quintile. However, this difference diminished and appeared to reverse with increasing age, with 24 per cent (95% c.i. 14 to 33) and 12 per cent (95% c.i. −3 to 24) lower carotid endarterectomy rates respectively in men and women aged 85 years and older in the most deprived areas. Patients in deprived areas having carotid endarterectomy were more likely to have been admitted as symptomatic emergency carotid artery disease admissions. Mortality, and a combined outcome of mortality or stroke-related re-admission, were both worse in patients living in more deprived areas and were only partially accounted for by the higher prevalence of co-morbidities. There was, however, no clear pattern of association between deprivation and elective waiting time for carotid endarterectomy.

Conclusions
These results provide evidence of socioeconomic disparities in surgery for carotid artery disease. Clear policies are needed to address these disparities.
Evolutionary history, traits, and weediness inDigitaria(Poaceae: Panicoideae)
Authors: Touafchia Sami , Maurin Olivier , Boonsuk Boonchuang , Hodkinson Trevor R , Chantaranothai Pranom , Rakotomalala Nantenaina , Randrianarimanana Fenitra , Randriamampianina Jean Augustin , Roy Shyamali , MacKinnon Lorna , Rakotoarinivo Mijoro , Besnard Guillaume , Haevermans Thomas , Vorontsova Maria S 
Published: July 2023

AbstractDigitaria is a large pantropical genus, which includes a number of economically problematic agricultural weeds. Difficulties in species identification and the circumscription of the genus have previously hindered progress in understanding its evolution and developing a stable classification. We investigate the evolutionary history of Digitaria by combining two approaches: (i) phylogenetic analyses of the currently available Sanger sequence data with previously unpublished sequences mainly from South East Asia, and (ii) newly generated genomic data from low-copy nuclear genes obtained using the Angiosperms353 probe kit, with new data mainly from Madagascar. Both methods gave congruent results. The combination of these results allowed us to confirm a new clade structure within Digitaria lineages, in partial agreement with the previous morphology-based classifications. We confirm that Digitaria as traditionally circumscribed is not monophyletic, comprising Anthephora, Baptorhachis, Chaetopoa, and Chlorocalymma. We present an inference of key character evolution with morphological support for clades with spikelets arranged in binate and ternate groups, with variable trichome morphology, spikelet length, and culm length. Geographical clade structure is also observed. No phylogenetic signal of weedy function was observed.