bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rise of Diluvialism, 1650–1720
Authors: Dal Prete Ivano 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the rise of the biblical Flood to an ideological pillar of European imperialism, since it guaranteed both the universality of the Christian Revelation and the common origin of humankind from the same sinful couple. Once a mainly moral and theological story that natural philosophy could bypass entirely, the Noetic catastrophe solidified in the course of the seventeenth century into a major physical event that must have left considerable traces of its passage. As the historical truth of the Revelation increasingly depended on natural evidence for the Noachian Flood and its chronology, authors who defended an ancient Earth and rejected the diluvial origin of fossils began to find themselves associated with materialism and irreligion.
Introduction
Authors: Lorenzo-Dus Nuria 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn addition to outlining its aims, rationale, and structure, this chapter contextualizes the book theoretically and methodologically, including providing a detailed description of data (and selection principles), analytic methods applied, and ethical considerations in the conduit of research. The term “digital grooming” describes the manipulation of persons in relation to digital practices outside or at the boundaries of the law, with the ultimate aim of aligning others to one’s way of thinking, feeling, and acting. Digital grooming is applied to a range of topics, spanning political extremism through to criminal activity involving sex crimes and drugs. Understanding the methods used by digital groomers will ultimately aid in work to combat their efforts.
Digital Sexual Grooming
Authors: Lorenzo-Dus Nuria 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter considers the relevance of a growing body of research into the different components of digital sexual grooming and their interrelations. This is an area to which linguistics scholarship has only comparatively recently contributed but in which the results can have important practical applications for detection and prevention purposes. The chapter also provides an overview of the components of digital sexual grooming, which are aligned to groomer tactics, such as deriving sexual gratification from their online interaction with their victim, isolating them, developing a sense of trust in the groomers, and, in the case of those groomers also seeking sexual abuse offline, approaching the victim for a physical meeting. Additionally, the chapter reviews recent scholarship that has discerned some cross-goal tactics, such as the use of vague language to mask sexual intent. This chapter thus sets the scene for the detailed analysis of offenders’ identity performance in digital sexual grooming, which is provided in Chapter 4.
Digital Commercial Grooming
Authors: Lorenzo-Dus Nuria 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter acknowledges commonalities between crypto-drug markets and Clear Net shopping platforms: both are digital marketplaces reliant on vendor reputation systems and both use a number of mainstream marketing techniques. Nevertheless, critical review of extant literature evidences that the media-fueled image of crypto-drug markets as an e-Bay for drugs is misleading. The chapter explains how crypto-drug markets exploit the very economic theories of cooperation and freedom they claim to abide by. These markets’ “faux” libertarianism, moreover, often lures individuals into becoming not only (more frequent) consumers of illicit drugs but also to develop a “career” as drug dealers. Crypto-drug buyers progressively source stock intended for social dealing and wholesale offline distribution. Crypto-drug markets thus resemble traditional drug markets, with both operating according to economic principles of deception and coercion. The chapter also highlights that the sociotechnical affordances that underpin crypto-drug markets crucially reflect and shape the grooming practices undertaken in them. Technically, crypto-drug markets seek to minimize the risk of detection from law enforcement and scamming by users through third-party payment services such as escrow. Socially, they operate vendor reputation systems that, while largely fraudulent, purportedly demonstrate to potential and extant buyers the quality of products sold, the efficiency and stealth of transactional services provided, and the bona fide “identity” of those selling the drugs. These are crucial to vendors’ styling of themselves and their “brand” within the marketplace, which Chapter 8 discusses in detail.
Wrongs, Harms, and Costs
Authors: Keating Gregory C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The law of torts is fundamental. Any legal system worthy of the name must articulate what it is that we owe to one another in the way of coercively enforceable obligations not to interfere with or impair each other’s essential interests. By protecting people against diverse forms of interference and impairment, the core of the law of torts confers protections that are important background conditions for persons to be able to pursue their aims and aspirations as members of civil society. Tort law is thus an aspect of basic justice. It helps to create and sustain an essential part of the security that we all need to lead decent and independent lives. And it seeks to do so on reasonable terms—on terms that are justifiable to those who are affected by the rights and responsibilities that it recognizes. Tort law is both a law of wrongs and a law of harms. Because tort seeks to secure us against serious forms of interference and impairment, it is preoccupied with physical harm. Physical harm does especially great damage to our powers of agency, and it pervades modern life, as presence and as risk. Because tort protects us against harm at each other’s hands by recognizing rights and imposing reciprocal responsibilities, it is also a law of wrongs.
Fairness and Fault
Authors: Keating Gregory C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter Four addresses avoidable harm and reasonable precaution—the central preoccupations of negligence law. Negligence law articulates tort’s dominant principle of responsibility with respect to risks of physical harm. Those who are physically harmed through the negligence of others may enlist the assistance of the state to compel those who have so harmed them to make reparation for the injuries that they have inflicted. The dominant economic view of negligence understands it in cost-benefit terms. Cost-justified precaution maximizes wealth and thereby promotes welfare. Negligent conduct is inefficient conduct. From a social point of view, negligent conduct instrumentally irrational because it fails to maximize value. Tort doctrine, however, seeks to specify the demands of reasonable risk imposition, not the demands of rational risk imposition. We act reasonably when we take the interests of others into account, treat their interests as equal in importance to our own, and seek to act on principles that are acceptable from both their standpoints and ours. Taking negligence law’s commitment to reasonableness seriously directs our attention to the separateness and independence of persons and to the special, and negative, moral significance of physical harm. With these concepts in hand, Chapter Four develops an interpretation of negligence law as a law of reasonable precaution, concerned to articulate what we owe to each other in the way of coercively enforceable mutual obligations to protect each other from injury as we go about our lives in civil society.
The Wealth of English
Authors: Leben William R. , Kessler Brett , Denning Keith 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
English, the mother tongue of several hundred million and the most frequently taught second language in the world, has an enormous vocabulary. The abundance of words gives English enormous expressive power but presents a challenge every time we encounter a word we don’t recognize or whose meaning we’re unsure of. This book is designed to help the student respond to such challenges. What makes our task easier is that a vast number of English words, including the most complex, can be analyzed into parts whose meanings and uses offer clues to word meanings. Another source of help is an understanding of most consequential historical changes that took place as English evolved into its present state. Strikingly, despite all the changes, it’s still possible to trace features of present day English words back to the reconstructed ancestral language, Proto-Indo-European. Our language’s richness makes it possible to express a given idea in a variety of ways, raising the question whether some ways are better—more grammatical, more situation-appropriate—than others. The book offers some guidelines on judging linguistics choices that we and other speakers make.
The History of English and Sources of English Vocabulary
Authors: Leben William R. , Kessler Brett , Denning Keith 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
English is the native tongue of more than 379 million people in many independent nations. For its first thousand years, it was spoken almost entirely in England, beginning in the fifth century, when West Germanic-speaking invaders settled and replaced the indigenous Celtic tongue. Several major events have led to substantial changes in the language over time. Extensive Viking settlements, the Norman Conquest, and the English Renaissance, starting with the printing press, have all helped to shape the word stock. Nowadays, influences from other cultures continue to augment English vocabulary, but the basic division remains the same as the one that has existed since the rise of Middle English: native Germanic-based vocabulary vs. borrowed vocabulary from French and the classical languages. Recognizing the different sources of English vocabulary helps immensely to analyze English word structure.
Allomorphy
Authors: Leben William R. , Kessler Brett , Denning Keith 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter showed that the meaning of a word element can change from one word to another. This chapter dwells on allomorphy, changes in an element’s form when the element appears in different words. Allomorphy is everywhere. Young English learners encounter it early on, for example, in parks vs. beaches the endings -s and -es both mark the plural but cannot exchange places. Allomorphy has two main sources. A word element may acquire two distinct pronunciations over time due to phonetic influences from neighboring elements, as with the plural ending, whose form depends on what comes immediately before, as in parks vs. beaches. Adjacent elements can also merge together over time into a single element. For example, the n in tangible began as a separate morpheme in the ancestral language but is now fused with the root.
Phonetics
Authors: Leben William R. , Kessler Brett , Denning Keith 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines the basic principles of phonetics. Three parameters—manner of articulation, place of articulation, and phonation—capture the articulatory characteristics of consonants. Three others—tongue height, backness, and lip rounding—describe vowels. The chapter illustrates how each consonant and vowel’s specific articulatory pattern potentially influences neighboring sounds. These articulatory parameters help provide a rationale for allomorphy.
Later Changes
Authors: Leben William R. , Kessler Brett , Denning Keith 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces some of changes Latin underwent since its classical period. These changes had an impact on current English vocabulary, and understanding them helps clarify differences among English words depending on which period of Latin they were borrowed from. Latin loanwords in English often have very different semantics, spelling, pronunciation, and endings from the original. Loanwords from French words that descended from Latin often don't look very much like the original Latin words. Despite the complexity, this chapter presents some straightforward correspondences, which involve changes including deletion, coronalization, and diphthongization.
Engaging in Healthy Lifestyles
Authors: Cabassa Leopoldo J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes several promising healthy lifestyle interventions and health promotion programs that are being used to improve the health of people with serious mental illness (SMI). These interventions address the unhealthy behaviors that are common in people with SMI, particularly around issue of unhealthy diets and lack of physical activity. These interventions aim to help people with SMI lose weight, reduce their risk for cardiovascular disease and other chronic medical conditions, and improve their quality of life. The chapter also describes the key therapeutic elements of these interventions, how they have been adapted to address the unique health needs of people with SMI, and the evidence supporting these approaches.
From Fragmentation to Integrated Care
Authors: Cabassa Leopoldo J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes existing interventions and programs that aim to improve the delivery of health care for people with serious mental illness (SMI) by reducing the fragmentation of care that people with SMI face as they navigate between the health and mental health systems. These programs use different approaches that focus on care coordination, health care management, and working with clients and their providers to improve the access, use, and quality of health care. The evidence from existing clinical trials testing the effectiveness of these health care interventions are summarized. The strengths and limitations of the exiting models of care that are being used to deliver integrated care for people with SMI are discussed.
Smoking
Authors: Cabassa Leopoldo J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how smoking is a major contributor to the poor health and early mortality of people with serious mental illness (SMI). The literature examining the factors that contribute to the elevated rates of smoking in people with SMI and the gaps in the receipt of smoking cessation advice and treatments is reviewed. The evidence supporting the use of pharmacological and behavioral smoking cessation treatments for people with SMI is discussed. Examples of innovative and promising technology-based smoking cessation interventions tailored to the unique needs of people with SMI are presented.
Flattening the Mortality Curve
Authors: Cabassa Leopoldo J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This final chapter is a call to action for fundamental and pragmatic changes to flatten the premature mortality curve in people with serious mental illness (SMI). This chapter brings together the lessons learned from the existing literature, the people represented throughout this book, and the authors’ work in improving the physical health of people with SMI. Three major recommendations are discussed, including focusing on health prevention and health promotion from the very beginning, making integrated models of care the norm rather than the exception, and moving beyond the clinic walls by developing and implementing multilevel community interventions and policies that directly intervene in the social determinants of health (e.g., housing, poverty, employment) to improve the lives of people with SMI. Failure to act can no longer be an excuse for not implementing these important reforms and ending these deadly health inequities.
The language of thought
Authors: Summerfield Christopher 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by introducing the distinction between thinking and knowing, and the pivotal role that it has played in theories of artificial intelligence (AI) development. This distinction is traced back to the work of early theorists such as Hebb and Cattell. Then, focussing on the theories of ‘thinking’, the chapter follows the trajectory of twentieth-century thinking about the nature of thought. The chapter considers early approaches to building AI as systems that reasoned over logical premises, or language-like mental representations. The chapter considers the early approaches to understanding the mental models proposed by Craik, Tolman, and Kohler. It discusses the convergence of psychology and AI research in the 1970s, the development of expert systems, and finally the emergence of Bayesian models for probabilistic reasoning.
A picture of the mind
Authors: Summerfield Christopher 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The final chapter revisits many of the key questions posed at the start. It asks again, in the light of Chapters 3 to 7, what makes a generally intelligent agent. The chapter revisits the debate between nativist and empiricist frameworks for artificial intelligence (AI) research in the light of this discussion, and concludes that they agree more than they disagree. It considers integrated perspectives for human cognition, including the idea that humans have rich mental models or that the ‘mind is flat’. It proposes a summary in which intelligence requires the generalization of both concepts and programs. Finally, the chapter considers the need for artificial intelligibility—that if we ever build general AI, in order for it to be safe and useful, it will need to share our world view.
Setting the policy agenda
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Casswell Sally , Graham Kathryn , Huckle Taisia , Livingston Michael , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Sornpaisarn Bundit 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief history of alcohol policy. It then provides a global survey of policy as part of a public health strategy. It lays out the definition of alcohol policy proposed in this book, which relies heavily on concepts derived from public health, a specialized field of knowledge concerned with the management and prevention of diseases and injuries in human populations. The storyline of the book described in this chapter indicates that because alcohol is no ordinary commodity, concerted action at the local, national, and global levels will be needed to reduce the burden of disease and injury caused by alcohol.
Alcohol: no ordinary commodity
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Casswell Sally , Graham Kathryn , Huckle Taisia , Livingston Michael , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Sornpaisarn Bundit 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Beer, wine, and distilled spirits are alcohol-based commodities that are bought and sold in the marketplace. But alcohol is also a drug with toxic effects and other intrinsic dangers such as intoxication and dependence. This chapter examines these different aspects of alcoholic beverages, paying special attention to the contrast between alcohol’s dual role as a commodity and as a drug. Alcohol exacts enormous costs, both financial and personal, not only from individual drinkers, but also from the people and institutions that surround them. Like tobacco and other harmful commodities, alcohol has the potential to cause harm in multiple ways.
Alcohol consumption trends and patterns of drinking
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Casswell Sally , Graham Kathryn , Huckle Taisia , Livingston Michael , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Sornpaisarn Bundit 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The proportion of drinkers, the typical frequency of drinking, and the amount of alcohol consumed per occasion vary enormously, not only across countries, but also over time and between different population groups. Of particular concern is the increasing consumption in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), which is expected to continue in the years to come. Alcohol per capita consumption (APC) is closely related to the prevalence of heavy drinkers. The large variation in APC and drinking patterns across population subgroups implies that alcohol-related problems will be very unevenly distributed within a given country.
The burden of alcohol consumption
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Casswell Sally , Graham Kathryn , Huckle Taisia , Livingston Michael , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Sornpaisarn Bundit 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter on the global burden of alcohol consumption describes the enormous range of alcohol-attributable consequences within two broad categories: alcohol’s harm to the drinker and alcohol’s harmful effects on others. It describes not only health consequences, but also the effects of alcohol on the social fabric of families, communities, and nations. The latest evidence on alcohol-attributable burden of disease is reviewed, with an emphasis on coronary heart disease, breast cancer, liver disease, HIV/AIDS, suicide, and all-cause mortality, in addition to the impact of alcohol on social outcomes such as violence.
The alcohol industry: a nexus of considerable influence
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Casswell Sally , Graham Kathryn , Huckle Taisia , Livingston Michael , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Sornpaisarn Bundit 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Alcohol producers are large, consolidated, very profitable, and politically influential corporations. The industry nexus also includes the digital platforms and other marketing actors such as owners of global sporting events and the industry’s public relations agencies. Marketing to both consumers and stakeholders is a necessary part of industry activity to recruit and reinforce drinkers, normalize the use of alcohol products, and legitimize the industry’s role in the policy arena. Transnational alcohol corporations (TNACs) have a strong financial incentive to maximize profit by maintaining heavy drinking occasions and expanding numbers of drinkers in emerging alcohol markets has led to successful opposition to effective alcohol policy. Retail increasingly involves large corporations, such as superstores, and online purchase and delivery are expanding, exacerbated by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Globalization of the alcohol industry over the four past decades has been facilitated by trade and investment agreements and the highly profitable nature of alcohol products. TNACs, particularly the largest beer and spirits producers, have—through investments, mergers, and acquisitions—expanded into low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in Latin America, Asia Pacific, the Middle East, and Africa, and these have become increasingly important for their global markets.
Overview of strategies and interventions to prevent and reduce alcohol-related harm
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Casswell Sally , Graham Kathryn , Huckle Taisia , Livingston Michael , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Sornpaisarn Bundit 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets the stage for the chapters to follow by describing how research is conducted to evaluate the benefits and costs of specific alcohol policies. The seven key policy areas that constitute the current public health approaches to alcohol-related problems are described in terms of their theoretical assumptions and broad policy goals, and the alcohol industry strategies that are addressed or remediated by them. The assumptions suggest that alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems can be reduced by a variety of mechanisms, including demand reduction, supply control, environmental constraints, deterrence, social pressure, health information, marketing restrictions, and treatment services. A variety of methodological approaches are described to illustrate how the impact of alcohol control strategies, as well as policy-relevant prevention and treatment interventions, are evaluated. These include experimental studies, survey research, analysis of archival and official statistics, time-series analyses, qualitative research, and natural experiments. Evaluation research has increased in its quality, breadth, and sophistication in recent years, making it possible to measure with increasing confidence whether a policy has any impact and to provide a ‘reality check’ to high expectations often attached to promising new initiatives.