bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Planar Slope Failure in Heavily Jointed Rock: Tension Cracks and Nonlinear Strength
Authors: Úcar Roberto , Belandria Norly , Corredor Alfredo , Arlegui Luis 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis work proposes the calculation of the factor of safety for a strongly jointed rock mass in the case of plane failure with a tensile crack whose exact position or depth is not known but is expected to exist. This calculation is performed by applying the non-linear failure criteria of the Focus Procedure of Úcar and Hoek–Brown’s and implementing the necessary formulae in a spreadsheet. The aim is to provide a simple, cost-effective, and easy-to-use procedure that is useful in the early stages of a project or as a starting point for more detailed investigations. Besides slope geometry and strength parameters, the required parameters are the RMR of the rock mass or its mi, depending on the criterion used. The proposed procedure allows for the estimation of the factor of safety, the position and depth of the tensile crack, and the inclination of the failure plane in the most unfavorable case, with reasonable accuracy, using an iterative process with the conventional tools available in common spreadsheet programs. An example is provided in which an accuracy of 86–96% for the factor of safety is obtained.
Review of Segmentation Methods for Coastline Detection in SAR Images
Authors: Ciecholewski Marcin 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSynthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired by airborne sensors or remote sensing satellites contain the necessary information that can be used to investigate various objects of interest on the surface of the Earth, including coastlines. The coastal zone is of great economic importance and is also very densely populated. The intensive and increasing use of coasts and changes of coastlines motivate researchers to try to assess the pace of these changes. As remote sensing develops, coastlines are detected using various image processing and analysis methods, including segmentation methods. Segmentation is to allow separating water and land areas in order to obtain contours representing the shorelines of coasts. Its result has direct impact on the accuracy of the obtained contours and is one of the most important steps in image processing. This article presents an overview of state-of-the-art segmentation methods used for detecting and extracting coastlines from SAR images, taking into account the evaluation metrics used in them. Segmentation methods can be divided into three main groups: thresholding methods, active contours, and machine learning approaches. This article presents the theoretical and practical properties of individual groups of segmentation methods, their advantages and disadvantages, and also promising research directions. This article is intended to give researchers insight into existing approaches and to help them propose new, better solutions.
Influence of the chemical kinetics on the prediction of turbulent non-premixed jet CH$$_4$$ flames
Authors: Yu Chunkan , Cai Liming , Chopra Lovish , Minuzzi Felipe , Maas Ulrich 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe present work focuses on the five different chemical mechanisms coupled with probability density function (PDF) model to represent the local extinction and re-ignition flame characteristics of the well-known Sandia Flames D–F. These five mechanisms span from the Foundational Fuel Chemistry Model (FFCM) mechanism involving 38 species to the Glarborg mechanism involving 150 species. The coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and transported-PDF method are used for the turbulence modeling, and the reaction–diffusion manifolds (REDIMs) are used as an advanced technique for the simplification of chemical kinetics and to speed up the numerical computation. It is demonstrated that these chemical mechanisms have an ability to represent the degree of local extinction and re-ignition accurately. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis shows that the degree of local extinction is very sensitive to only several key elementary reactions, and an analysis on the turbulence–chemistry interaction investigates the influence of these elementary reactions.
Analysis of MHD Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Inside an Inclined Deformable Filter Chamber: Lie Group Method
Authors: Lekoko Modisawatsona Lucas , Magalakwe Gabriel , Khalique Chaudry Masood 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper investigates MHD fluid flow and distribution of heat inside a filter chamber during a process of filtering particles from the fluid. A flow model of MHD viscous incompressible fluid inside a filter is studied to seek semi-analytical solutions which are analysed to find flow and heat dynamics that lead to optimal outflow (maximum filtrates) during filtration. Lie group method is used to reduce a system of four partial differential equations describing fluid flow and temperature distribution inside the filter chamber to a system of two ordinary differential equations. The reduced system is then solved by perturbation process to obtain semi-analytical solutions for flow velocity and temperature variation inside the chamber. To understand the flow dynamics and heat distribution of the underlying case study better, the influence of different parameters during filtration resulting from the filter design, flow dynamics and heat effects are graphically presented and analysed in order to identify a combination of flow parameters that yields the best filtration process. The findings show that to maximise filtrates production, more fluid injection is required during filtration. Moreover, from the findings, it is evident that the temperature increase inside the chamber arising from the Joule heating effect is ideal since it increases internal work done and hence increases filtrates production.
Characterization analyzes in the geomechanical behavior of travertine rock
Authors: Luza Huillca Carlos Alberto , Jiménez Pacheco Hugo Guillermo , Miranda Ramos Lilia Mary , Delgado Sarmiento Pavel Kewin , Alvarez Tohalino Victor Ludgardo , Terrones Diaz Héctor Enrique , Vargas Euripedes do Amaral 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThere is a fundamental interest in studying travertine rocks, and this is to understand their structure, their geomechanical behavior and other particularities in order to guarantee their proper use in different engineering and architectural applications, and thus, evaluate the sustainability of the travertines, natural resources, the stability of slopes, the preservation of cultural heritage and the mitigation of possible anthropic risks. Travertine has petrological and mechanical properties similar to carbonates from oil fields such as those found in El Presal-Brazil, which currently contain the largest hydrocarbon reserves in the world. Given the impossibility of obtaining rock samples from this deposit to carry out the study, rocks similar to these were used. The present study specifically used samples of Lapis tiburtinus rocks, coming from the west of the city of Tivoli in Italy and these showed resistance to uniaxial and triaxial compression, and showed mechanical resistance due to increased porosity and brittleness. The investigation carried out an analysis of the geomechanical behavior travertine through an experimental program, which includes a petrological, structural, and mechanical characterization. It was determined the travertine is mainly composed of micrite and spastic calcite without the presence of grains or allochemical cements and presents high porosity of the fenetral and vulgar type. Macro and micropores were found to be chaotically distributed in the rock and have low connectivity, which demonstrates the complexity and heterogeneity of the porous structure of Roman travertine. Uniaxial and triaxial compressive strength tests were also carried out, observing a decrease in its mechanical strength due to the increase in porosity, presenting a property of brittleness in its behavior. The results were consistent and valid for this type of rock compared to other studies; determining that there is a correct and adequate operation of the triaxial cell used in the mechanical resistance tests.
A CFD-Based Collaborative Approach for Box-Wing Aircraft Aerodynamic Assessment: The PARSIFAL Study Case
Authors: Abu Salem Karim , Palaia Giuseppe , Carini Marco , Méheut Michaël , Maganzi Marco , Falcone Carmine 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis article presents a detailed aerodynamic investigation on a transport aircraft with a box-wing lifting system. The aerodynamic development of this configuration is presented through the description of the collaborative and multi-fidelity design approach that took place within PARSIFAL, an European project aiming to develop the box-wing configuration for a civil transonic aircraft. The article starts from an accurate description of the collaborative methodological framework employed and offers an overview of the development of the box-wing aerodynamics together with the highlight on its most significant characteristics and aerodynamic features identified. The design development is detailed step by step, with specific focus on the challenges faced, starting from the conceptual investigations up to the most advanced evaluations. Significant focus is given to the assessment of the aerodynamic performance in transonic flight for the box-wing lifting system, and to the design solutions provided to overcome issues related to this flight regime, such as drag rise and flow separation. In addition, the high-fidelity shape optimisation techniques employed in the advanced stage of the design process are detailed; these allow to define a final configuration with improved aerodynamic performance.
Groups versus individuals, partial lying, and social image concern in a dice-rolling experiment
Authors: Okano Yoshitaka , Goto Eiji 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis study compares the lying behavior of groups that consist of paired friends to that of individuals in a dice-rolling experiment. Both groups and individuals exhibit strong evidence of lying, but partial lying (not lying to the maximum extent possible) is more pronounced under group decisions. Furthermore, we estimate the preference parameter(s) of existing models for lying aversion. Groups are more sensitive than individuals to social image concerns of not being perceived as liars, and have a lower cost of lying than do individuals.
Spatial analysis of urban expansion, land-use dynamics and its effects on land surface temperature in Oyo town, Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Salam Rofiat Dolapo , Oluwatimilehin Isaac Ayo , Ayanlade Ayansina 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper assessed the expansion of land use and land cover that occurred in Oyo State, Southwestern Nigeria, over a period of thirty-year. This was to assess urban expansion, landuse dynamics and their effects on land surface temperature in the area. The study used four multi-date imageries of the area. Landsat 7 ETM + , 1990, 2000, 2012, and Landsat 8 OLI/TIR, 2021 were collected from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) website were used. The ArcGIS 10.1 environment was utilised to clip the area of interest, and ERDAS Imagine remote sensing software was employed to efficiently improve and categorise the images. The images were then divided into five major: cultivation, built-up area, vegetation, water body, and bare soil using a maximum likelihood supervised classification algorithm. These categories were then utilised to conduct time series analysis or change detection analysis.Results of this study revealed that the built-up area has changed over the preceding three decades because of urban expansion. The built-up area increased from 19.83 km2 to 35.67 km2 in 2012 and 44.84 km2 in 2021, indicating increases of 14.93% to 79.87% and 25.71%, respectively, whereas the vegetative land cover decreased from -0.11% to -3.01 48% and 12.75% during the study period. Findings revealed that anthropogenic factors including urbanisation and agricultural expansion, have significantly altered the surface and atmospheric characteristics of the study area, causing a variety of heat patterns within the area. The built-up area had average temperatures between 35.05 °C and 36.16 °C between 1990 and 2021, which indicated a higher temperature with evidence of an urban heat island.This study concludes that the city’s land surface temperature is rising and that the expanding built-up area’s density and a corresponding decline in vegetation over time significantly impact it. Therefore, the study suggests cultivating and maintaining trees, promoting green environment,, public awareness, campaigns and education on actions that aggravate high temperatures are also required.
Avalanche Education Is Associated with Increased Avalanche Safety Practices in the New Hampshire Backcountry
Authors: Reyes-Zaragoza Miguel A. , D’Agostino Erin N. , Daniel Nicholas J. 
Published: September 2023

Introduction Avalanche risk can be mitigated by adhering to certain safety practices. Previous studies of these practices have focused on western United States and European cohorts. We conducted a survey of backcountry users in the White Mountains of New Hampshire to determine local adherence to 5 previously studied avalanche safety practices. We assessed whether participants were carrying transceiver, probe, and shovel (TPS); had formal avalanche education; had awareness of the day’s avalanche danger level; had a route plan; and were traveling in a group. Methods Backcountry users in the White Mountains were directed to an online survey from December 2020 to June 2021. The survey was completed individually and queried demographics and avalanche safety practices. Results A total of 133 users participated. Not all surveyed participants answered all questions. Avalanche training was reported by 87% of users, 86% checked the avalanche forecast prior to recreating, 93% had a travel plan, 87% traveled in a group, and 59% carried TPS. All 3 items were carried by all group members only 48% of the time. Only 28% of users met all 5 safety practices. Conclusions White Mountains backcountry users are less likely to meet avalanche safety practices than users in previous studies. There is an association between meeting these defined safety practices and formal avalanche education.
Spectral Contamination of the 6300 Å Emission in Single‐Etalon Fabry‐Perot Interferometers
Authors: Kerr R. B. , Kapali S. , Harding B. J. , Riccobono J. , Migliozzi M. A. , Souza J. R. , Mesquita R. , Dandenault P. , Wu Q. , Pimenta A. A. , Peres L. , Silva R. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe spectral line profile of the atomic oxygen O1D2—3P2 transition near 6300 Å in the airglow has been used for more than 50 years to extract neutral wind and temperature information from the F‐region ionosphere. A new spectral model and recent samples of this airglow emission in the presence of the nearby lambda‐doubled OH Meinel (9‐3) P2(2.5) emission lines underscores earlier cautions that OH can significantly distort the OI line center position and line width observed using a single‐etalon Fabry‐Perot interferometer (FPI). The consequence of these profile distortions in terms of the emission profile line width and Doppler position is a strong function of the selected etalon plate spacing. Single‐etalon Fabry‐Perot interferometers placed in the field for thermospheric measurements have widely varying etalon spacings, so that systematic wind biases caused by the OH line positions differ between instruments, complicating comparisons between sites. Based on the best current determinations of the OH and O1D line positions, the ideal gap for a single‐etalon FPI wind measurements places the OH emissions in the wings of the O1D spectral line profile. Optical systems that can accommodate prefilters with square passbands less than ∼3 Å in the optical beam can effectively block the OH contamination. When that is not possible, a method to fit for OH contamination and remove it in the spectral background of an active Fabry‐Perot system is evaluated.
Damage detection and localization based on different types of actuators using the electromechanical impedance method in 3D-printed material
Authors: Singh Shishir Kumar , Fakih Mohammad Ali , Malinowski Paweł H 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Electromechanical impedance (EMI) measurement, using piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) in the high-frequency range is a potential method for assessing the health of lightweight structures. The major objective of this work is to comprehend how different actuators react to damage in additively manufactured (AM) polymer structures. A novel frequency-range selection technique was suggested based on the maxima of the standard deviation of the impedance frequency spectra gathered for the referential and damage cases. A 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plate was used for the investigation, where two PZT and one macro fiber composite (MFC) actuator were glued to the surface. Small magnets were used to simulate damage and were positioned at increasing distances from each transducer as EMI measurements were made using the MFC and 1 PZT. This served both in studying the transducers’ sensitivity to damage and selecting the proper frequency range for damage detection utilizing the standard-deviation approach. The EMI-acquired data from the MFC actuator displays damage-sensitive peaks in a low-frequency band (0–58

kHz

), while the PZT shows a good sensitivity in a higher frequency range (94–304

kHz

). In order to evaluate the PZT and MFC actuators’ sensitivity to damage in the 3D-printed ABS plate, impact damage is also generated in the plate’s center. The impedance-based damage indices obtained from different types of PZTs (2 PZTs and 1 MFC) were projected to the same base level and then fused—for the first time—for impact-damage localization and further added magnetic mass damage localization. The obtained damage index values of impedance are encouraging for the evaluation of AM polymer structures with a 4.48 mm positional error from a real location by fusing data in the different frequency ranges for PZTs and MFC. The damage localization error increases significantly to the new location beyond the damage sensitivity range of the PZT2 and MFC for the added magnetic mass on the 3D printed structure.
“No wonder you have a diversity problem”: Hollywood’s systemic gatekeeping against assistants of color
Authors: Bennett Kiah E 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This article examines the experiences of Black, Indigenous, and/or people of color (BIPOC) assistants in Hollywood, focusing on those who work for above-the-line creatives and executives. I argue that despite Hollywood industry’s commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion, the logics and mechanisms of whiteness remain deeply ingrained in Hollywood’s treatment of entry-level workers. The article is divided into three sections: first, it historicizes post-Civil Rights Hollywood and maps it onto present-day US and Hollywood cultural whiteness; second, it analyzes how Hollywood industry gatekeeps BIPOC assistants using interviews, demographic information, and survey responses; and finally, it considers ways to create more equitable working structures within Hollywood. The article highlights the unpublicized harm behind entertainment media and the need for greater attention to the experiences of BIPOC workers in Hollywood.
People interact closer when a face mask is worn but risk compensation is at best partial
Authors: Aranguren Martin , Cartaud Alice , Cissé Ibrahima , Coello Yann 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
Wearing a face mask and keeping a minimal distance from others are common nonpharmaceutical interventions that governments may mandate or recommend to contain the spread of infectious diseases. The article addresses the following questions: (i) Do people interact closer when the face mask is worn? (ii) Do people interact closer because they believe that the mask reduces the risk of contagion? (iii) If the mask induces people to interact closer, does the increase in risk entailed by shorter distances entirely offset the decrease in risk offered by the mask?

Methods
With a view to maximizing both the external and the internal validity of the study, between 2021 and 2022 we performed a large field experiment on real-life interactions (n &gt; 4500) and a controlled laboratory experiment in virtual reality.

Results
Converging between the field and the lab, the results indicate that in general people interact closer when the mask is worn, and in particular when they believe that the mask reduces the risk of contagion. However, even assuming a very low filtration efficacy and an extremely large distance-reducing effect of the mask, the counteracting effect of shorter interpersonal distances is never strong enough to entirely offset the mask’s protection.

Conclusion
The distance-reducing effect of the mask is real but warrants no serious objection against a face mask policy.
Trends in the long-term impact of childhood visual impairment on health and social outcomes in the UK: a cross-cohort study across three decades of disability-related legislation and policy implementation
Authors: Bountziouka Vasiliki , Horvat-Gitsels Lisanne Andra , Cortina-Borja Mario , Rahi Jugnoo Sangeeta 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
Childhood vision impairment (VI) can adversely impact health and social outcomes and limit life chances. We investigated whether its adverse impacts into adult life changed during a period in which legislation, policy and services to address inequalities relating to disability were implemented.

Methods
Cross-cohort study comprising 14 247 participants from the 1946, 1958 and 1970 British birth cohorts (BC). Participants dichotomized as VI at age 15/16 (distance visual acuity was 6/12 or worse in the better-seeing eye) or normally sighted. Associations of childhood VI with health, well-being, socioeconomic and social participation outcomes in mid-adult life were investigated using regression models adjusted for participants’ early life socioeconomic markers and sex. Change in adjusted odds ratios of &gt;10% in the same direction in successive cohorts, or a &gt; 20% difference between 1970BC and one older cohort were considered meaningful.

Results
Trends over time in impacts of childhood onset VI into mid-adult life were complex. This included worsening of odds of poorer physical health (odds ratio 1.47; 95% confidence interval 1.02–2.14), living in unsatisfactory (1.54; 1.03–2.29) or overcrowded (2.34; 1.26–4.06) households, being unemployed (2.19; 1.19–3.97) and not gaining additional educational qualifications during mid-adult life (1.61; 1.08–2.47). By contrast the odds of not participating in some social activities (e.g. seeing friends) improved over time. Associations with other outcomes were unchanged.

Conclusions
Many adverse impacts of childhood VI do not appear ameliorated over time by legislation, policies and provision that would have been expected to reduce inequalities. Moreover, some were increased. Childhood VI continues to cast a life-long shadow.