bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Categorical versus gradient grammar in phonotactics
Authors: Alves Fernando C. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWithin the past 2 decades, probabilistic grammars have been put forward in the study of phonotactics as a necessary device to model gradient acceptability of lexical forms. This implicitly suggests that categorical grammars cannot even in principle account for such gradience. Most importantly, influential research has proposed that grammatical forms described by categorical grammars could be simply understood as by‐products of probabilistic thresholds. Therefore, either implicitly or explicitly, categorical grammars are painted as not only empirically insufficient but also theoretically and formally redundant by this interpretation of probabilistic grammars in the domain of phonotactics. This paper provides a general overview of this recent debate and argues against the standard threshold interpretation for probabilistic grammars based on mathematical results, explicit axiomatic principles, and recent experimental evidence. In its place, I propose an interpretation for gradient grammars that solves apparent inconsistencies, combines the two types of grammar, accommodates previous technical contributions and data, and establishes a clear theoretical role that opens up further research directions.
Why Peacekeeping Does Not Promote Peace
Authors: Jett Dennis 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPeacekeeping, and the conflicts to which it is applied, have evolved since the United Nations began these operations in 1948. Today, the UN has 90,000 peacekeepers deployed around the world in 12 operations that cost the international community $6.5 billion a year. Half of these missions have been going on for a combined total of three centuries, with no solution in sight to any of them. Five of the remaining six are in response to violent extremism. In those missions, a steadily growing number of peacekeepers are being killed despite the fact that they are unable to make any significant contribution to successfully combating the extremists. UN peacekeeping has therefore become either endless or impossible, and the peacekeepers have neither the carrots nor the sticks to effectively promote peace or punish those who are preventing it. It is time for the international community to rethink how it strives for international stability in conflict situations. To have a serious discussion, however, would require the UN member states to place a higher priority on peace than on their individual national interests.
What Drove Syria Back into the Arab Fold?
Authors: Kardas Saban , Aras Bulent 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAfter more than a decade of brutal civil war, which is still not resolved and has left Syria divided in thirds, regional states welcomed President Bashar al‐Assad back into the fold in May 2023. The Arab League's decision to reinstate Damascus's membership was the culmination of a slow and fitful process that accelerated when Saudi Arabia took the lead. Still, it is too soon to know whether and how Syrian normalization will evolve beyond its Arab core, especially due to the West's continued sanctions regime. This article analyzes how the evolution of the Syrian crisis, the changing calculus of Arab powers, and American inaction have contributed to Assad's rehabilitation. In conclusion, we consider four areas that will determine the next phase of the normalization process.
Ribosome profiling in the Symbiodiniacean dinoflagellate Fugacium kawagutii shows coordinated protein synthesis of enzymes in different pathways at different times of day
Authors: Bowazolo Carl , Morse David 
Published: August 2023

AbstractDinoflagellates respond to daily changes in light and dark by changes in cellular metabolism, yet the mechanisms used are still unclear. For example, Fugacium (previously Symbiodinium) kawagutii shows little difference in the transcriptome between day and night suggesting little transcriptional control over gene expression. Here, we have performed ribosome profiling at 2 h intervals over a daily light–dark cycle to assess the degree to which protein synthesis rates might change over the daily cycle. The number of F. kawagutii coding sequences with significant differences in the number of ribosome‐protected fragments (RPF) over the 24‐h cycle was 2923 using JTK_Cycle and 3655 using ECHO. The majority of the regulated transcripts showed peak translation at the onset of the dark period. The regulated sequences were assigned to different KEGG pathways and transcripts that were translated at roughly the same time were termed concurrently regulated. Both analyses revealed concurrent regulation of many transcripts whose gene products were involved in spliceosome or lysosome biogenesis with peak translation rates around the onset of the dark period, while others, involved in nitrate metabolism and ribosomal proteins, were preferentially translated around the onset of the day phase or the end of the night phase, respectively. In addition, some sequences involved in DNA synthesis were preferentially translated at the end of the day. We conclude that light–dark cycles seem able to synchronize translation of some transcripts encoding proteins involved in a range of different cellular processes, and propose that these changes may help the cells adapt and alter their metabolism as a function of the time of day.
Efficient scavenging of reactive carbonyl species in chloroplasts is required for light acclimation and fitness of plants
Authors: Ji Daili , Luo Manfei , Guo Yinjie , Li Qiuxin , Kong Lingxi , Ge Haitao , Wang Qi , Song Qiulai , Zeng Xiannan , Ma Jinfang , Wang Yingchun , Meurer Jörg , Chi Wei 
Published: August 2023

Summary
Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) derived from lipid peroxides can act as critical damage or signaling mediators downstream of reactive oxygen species by modifying target proteins. However, their biological effects and underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown in plants.
Here, we have uncovered the mechanism by which the RCS 4‐hydroxy‐(E)‐2‐nonenal (HNE) participates in photosystem II (PSII) repair cycle of chloroplasts, a crucial process for maintaining PSII activity under high and changing light conditions.
High Light Sensitive 1 (HLT1) is a potential NADPH‐dependent reductase in chloroplasts. Deficiency of HLT1 had no impact on the growth of Arabidopsis plants under normal light conditions but increased sensitivity to high light, which resulted from a defective PSII repair cycle. In hlt1 plants, the accumulation of HNE‐modified D1 subunit of PSII was observed, which did not affect D1 degradation but hampered the dimerization of repaired PSII monomers and reassembly of PSII supercomplexes on grana stacks. HLT1 is conserved in all photosynthetic organisms and has functions in overall growth and plant fitness in both Arabidopsis and rice under naturally challenging field conditions.
Our work provides the mechanistic basis underlying RCS scavenging in light acclimation and suggests a potential strategy to improve plant productivity by manipulating RCS signaling in chloroplasts.
Dose‐dependent long‐distance movement of microRNA399 duplex regulates phosphate homeostasis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Chiang Chih‐Pin , Li Jia‐Ling , Chiou Tzyy‐Jen 
Published: August 2023

Summary
MicroRNA399 (miR399), a phosphate (Pi) starvation‐induced long‐distance signal, is first produced in shoots and moves to roots to suppress PHO2 encoding a ubiquitin conjugase, leading to enhanced Pi uptake and root‐to‐shoot translocation. However, the molecular mechanism underlying miR399 long‐distance movement remains elusive.
Hypocotyl grafting with various Arabidopsis mutants or transgenic lines expressing artificial miR399f was employed. The movement of miR399 across graft junction and the rootstock PHO2 transcript and scion Pi levels were analyzed to elucidate the potential factors involved.
Our results showed that miR399f precursors are cell‐autonomous and mature miR399f movement is independent of its biogenesis, sequence context, and length (21 or 22 nucleotides). Expressing viral silencing suppressor P19 in the root stele or blocking unloading in the root phloem pore pericycle (PPP) antagonized its silencing effect, suggesting that the miR399f/miR399f* duplex is a mobile entity unloaded through PPP. Notably, the scion miR399f level positively correlates with its amount translocated to rootstocks, implying dose‐dependent movement.
This study uncovers the molecular basis underlying the miR399‐mediated long‐distance silencing in coordinating shoot Pi demand with Pi acquisition and translocation activities in the roots.
UK maternity care experiences of ethnic minority and migrant women: Systematic review
Authors: Obionu Ifeoma Maureen , Onyedinma Chioma Amarachi , Mielewczyk Frances , Boyle Elaine 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe increasing population of immigrant and migrant women in the United Kingdom has implications to the provision of healthcare and for healthcare experiences. Eliciting women's experiences and perceptions of maternity care received is an important way of monitoring and evaluating the quality of maternity services. This study was designed to explore the maternity care experiences of ethnic minority and migrant women in the United Kingdom.MethodsA literature search for relevant studies was carried across seven databases. We included nine studies carried out between 2015 and February 2022 that met the inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach.ResultsFindings showed that ethnic minority women and migrant women have had mixed experiences while utilizing maternity services in the United Kingdom. However, most of the experiences were negative and included issues related to communication, discrimination, culture, access to care, physical comfort, and continuity of care. Only one of the studies reported that the respondents had a wholly positive communication experience, one found that a few women felt the staff were respectful and one reported that the midwives gave the women treatment options that would respect their cultural and religious beliefs.ConclusionThis study has highlighted some important gaps in the maternity care experiences specific to ethnic minority and migrant women in the United Kingdom which provides useful insights to future policy and clinical practice.
U.S. agency growth aspirations and the effect of ideological extremism
Authors: Yackee Susan Webb 
Published: August 2023

AbstractDoes ideological extremism curb a public agency's desire to grow? This article theorizes that changes in the political environment affect a public agency leader's growth aspirations. Specifically, increased ideological extremism across an agency's elected principals leads an agency leader to be more cautious and less growth‐minded. The assessments of over 10,000 American state agency leaders are studied across 11 points in time from 1964 to 2018 and matched to data capturing the leader's ideological environment. Agency leaders, who face heightened extremism from elected state officials, are found to report a reduced interest in future growth. The results are strongest during periods of divided government, which may occur because the signal sent from greater extremism is more useful to agency leaders during these periods. When aggregated across thousands of agencies, the article's findings imply a driver of slower growth in the future size and scope of government.
Evaluating the “whole community” concept based on the national response to COVID‐19
Authors: Dunaway Michael , Bannan Brenda 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis article summarizes an 18‐month study of the national response to the COVID‐19 pandemic as viewed from the individual perspectives of a team of local emergency management professionals. The research project evaluated the COVID‐19 response based on a concept articulated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as a “whole community approach” to disaster preparedness and public health, which became the de facto organizing structure for the COVID‐19 national response. The research project identifies significant deficiencies in implementation of that concept, and offers some recommendations for defining a true “whole community approach” to public health and safety as a mitigation strategy against future national‐scale civic emergencies.
Diatom‐assisted aquaculture: Paving the way towards sustainable economy
Authors: Bhattacharjya Raya , Marella Thomas Kiran , Kumar Munil , Kumar Vikas , Tiwari Archana 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWith decreasing world oceans fish stock there is rapid increase in aquaculture production. To meet this demand, there is an urgent need to improve existing aquaculture technologies and make the system more sustainable and economically feasible. Diatoms are unicellular protists that are present ubiquitously in freshwater and marine habitats and are responsible for 40% of marine and 20% of net global primary productivity. They are the most preferred microalgae for production of live feeds in mariculture due to their suitable size, easy digestibility, and optimum nutritional content. Diatoms biosynthesize a range of bioactive compounds like lipids, polysaccharides, proteins, pigments, and vitamins which can both promote the health and survival of aquatic species like fishes, bivalves, and shrimps. As the main prerequisite to attain sustainability is to reduce pollutants from aquaculture wastewater, diatoms have long been employed for remediating and utilizing the eutrophic nutrients as a growth supplement which otherwise might be detrimental to aquaculture species. Though many recent studies have highlighted the significance of diatoms in aquaculture, its dual contribution in maintaining the nutritional content of the feed as well as in improving the water quality should be coupled with its unique mechanisms and adaptability. Thus, the current review addresses the bottlenecks in aquaculture industry and the prospects of implementing diatom‐based bioremediation and biomass valorization for the production of live feeds with the hindsight of establishing circular bioeconomy.
Incidental detection of bilateral cochlear implants on panoramic radiography: Case report associated with antecedent traumatic brain injury
Authors: Brooks John K. , Gardullo Patrick M. , Parsa Azin , Price Jeffery B. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPatients with chronic and severe hearing loss, refractory to nonsurgically‐worn devices, may consider use of cochlear implants to regain auditory capability. Cochlear implants consist of surgically emplaced and externally worn components. There are few published examples of the radiographic presentation of these devices appearing in the special needs‐based dental literature. This article features a case report and panoramic radiographic examination involving a 67‐year‐old patient who received bilateral cochlear implants after experiencing a traumatic brain injury and onset loss of hearing. A brief review of strategies for communicating with individuals with severe hearing impairment has also been provided.
An educational model for special patient care in dentistry
Authors: Risner‐Bauman Alicia , Henschel Marc , Robbins Miriam R. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractDental school graduates often have a basic knowledge in the management of patients with specialized healthcare needs. As of August 2019, CODA amended their accreditation standard 2‐25: dental school graduates must be competent in the assessment and management of treatment of patients with specialized healthcare needs and disabilities. While the majority of these patients require modified dental care, many dental schools lack the facilities to provide both the proper care and education. This paper identifies improvements to dental education brought on by the innovations at Penn Dental Medicines' Personalized Care Suite for Persons with Disabilities (PCARE). Patient centered care is the emphasis of the PCARE curriculum. Although the clinic has special rooms and equipment to assist in accommodating the special needs of the patients, the program focuses on teaching dental students how to provide comfortable, safe, and effective care in a typical office setting. Detailed patient assessment, non‐pharmacological management techniques, and treatment plans designed to meet the needs and abilities of the patients and caregivers are taught through lecture and direct patient care. Teaching assessment and management of this population is of great importance. Including treatment in Standard 2‐25 creates another challenge to dental education. Penn Dental's facility allows multidisciplinary care in a cohesive and timely manner. The experience in PCARE offers unique opportunities to educate dental professionals in developing a patient centered approach in the treatment and maintenance of oral health in those patients who require accommodation.
Sirtuin 2 up‐regulation suppresses the anti‐tumour activity of exhausted natural killer cells in mesenteric lymph nodes in murine colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Jiang Bin , Ke Chao , Zhou Hongjian , Xia Tian , Xie Xingwang , Xu Hanbin 
Published: August 2023

AbstractNatural killer (NK) cells inhibit colorectal carcinoma (CRC) initiation and progression through their tumoricidal activity. However, cumulative evidence suggests that NK cells become functionally exhausted in patients with CRC. To deepen the understanding of the mechanisms underlying CRC‐associated NK cell exhaustion, we explored the expression and effect of Sirtuin 2 (Sirt2) in mesenteric lymph node (mLN) NK cells in a murine colitis‐associated CRC model. Sirt2 was remarkably up‐regulated in mLN NK cells after CRC induction. Particularly, Sirt2 was increased in mLN NK cells expressing high T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain‐3 (TIM3), high lymphocyte activation protein‐3 (LAG3), high programmed death‐1 (PD‐1), high T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domains (TIGIT), high NK group 2 member A (NKG2A), but low tumour necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL), low interferon‐gamma and low granzyme B. In addition, Sirt2 was also increased in NK cells after induction of exhaustion in vitro. Lentivirus‐mediated Sirt2 silencing did not affect the acute activation and cytotoxicity of non‐exhausted NK cells. However, Sirt2 silencing partially restored the expression of interferon‐gamma, granzyme B and CD107a in exhausted NK cells. Meanwhile, Sirt2 silencing down‐regulated TIM3, LAG3, TIGIT and NKG2A while up‐regulated TRAIL on exhausted NK cells. Consequently, Sirt2 silencing restored the cytotoxicity of exhausted NK cells. Moreover, Sirt2 silencing partially ameliorates the defects in glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration of exhausted NK cells, as evidenced by increases in glycolytic capacity, glycolytic reserve, basal respiration, maximal respiration and spare respiration capacity. Accordingly, Sirt2 negatively regulates the tumoricidal activity of exhausted NK cells in CRC.
The 675‐nm wavelength for treating facial melasma
Authors: Coricciati Luigi , Gabellone Maddalena , Donne Pantalea Delle , Pennati Beatrice Marina , Zingoni Tiziano 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackgroundMelasma is an acquired skin problem. It characterises sun‐exposed areas, particularly on the face, with irregular borders and bilateral distribution. With this study, we want to strengthen the scientific literature regarding the use of a 675‐nm laser device for the treatment of women and men with facial melasma pigmentary and vascular symptoms.Materials and methodsEighteen patients were treated for facial melasma. A total of three sessions at 30‐day intervals were performed with a 675‐nm laser device. A five‐point Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale was used to separately assess the improvement of the patient's skin 3 months after the last treatment (T1) compared to baseline (T0). The pain during treatment was measured using a Visual Analog Scale of 10 points. The non‐ablative laser system used emits red light with a wavelength of 675 nm through a 13 × 13 mm scanning system.ResultsAt T1, a consistent improvement in the pigmentary and vascular components was visible. This is always combined with a considerable reduction in vascular expression.ConclusionOur research shows that individuals with Fitzpatrick phototypes II to III can treat facial melasma with the 675‐nm laser source system without risk. Due to its interaction with melanin, collagen and haemoglobin chromophores, as well as its excellent capacity to penetrate tissues with less heating, this system is promising in the treatment of pigmentary and vascular illnesses such as melasma. The great success of the technology we used came from the reduced levels of inflammation produced after the treatments and the low energy level implied.
Role of vermicompost and biochar in soil quality improvement by promoting Bupleurum falcatum L. nutrient absorption
Authors: Hou Saisai , Zhang Ruifang , Zhang Chi , Wang Lei , Wang Hong , Wang Xin‐Xin 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBupleurum falcatum L. has gained attention due to its medicinal value in its root. B. falcatum was continuously cultivated and intensively chemically fertilized in order to attain a high yield, which reduced the soil quality and caused continuous cropping problems. Thus, there is a significant impact on S. baicalensis yield and quality. To solve this problem, soil with 0 or 3 continuous cropping years (0‐ and 3‐year soil) was fertilized with several organic materials, which are Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mucilaginosus, humic acid fertilizer, biochar, and vermicompost. The experiment examined the effectiveness of B. falcatum's growth and nutrient uptake under various organic materials. It was shown that organic materials improved soil fertility and promoted the growth and nutrient uptake of B. falcatum. The combination of vermicompost and biochar had a better improvement effect. It increased soil nutrients by 23.8%–73.3% (0‐year soil) and 24.6%–71.1% (3‐year soil), respectively. In two types of soil, both microbial number and enzyme activity substantially increased. The B. falcatum shoot and root biomass with vermicompost was increased 74.8%–84.5% (without biochar) and 41.8%–71.1% (with biochar) in two types of soil. Vermicompost and biochar also significantly promoted the root development of B. falcatum. The root length increased by 13.3%–66.7%, the root diameter by 38.6%–84.8%, the root volume by 8.4%–61.3%, and the specific root length varied by −171.9% to 3.1% when compared with the control. The nutrient (N, P, and K) concentrations in shoots and roots changed from −3.9% to 67.2% and from 1.4% to 53.5%. All the findings demonstrated that long‐term continuous cropping caused cropping obstacles, deteriorated soil quality, and inhibited the B. falcatum growth. Applying organic fertilizers, such as vermicompost and biochar, can help to improve soil quality, increase soil nutrients, promote the growth and nutrient absorption of B. falcatum, and eliminate continuous cropping obstacles.