bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Poverty Paradox
Authors: Rank Mark Robert 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The paradox of poverty amid prosperity has plagued the United States throughout the 21st century: Why should the wealthiest country in the world also have the highest rates of poverty among the industrialized nations? Based on the decades-long research and scholarship, one of the nation’s leading authorities provides the answer. The Poverty Paradox develops a unique perspective for understanding this puzzle. The approach is known as structural vulnerability. Central to this new way of thinking is the distinction between those who lose out at the economic game and why the game produces losers in the first place. Americans experiencing poverty tend to have certain characteristics placing them at a greater risk of impoverishment. Yet poverty results not from these factors, but rather from a lack of sufficient opportunities in society. In particular, the shortage of decent-paying jobs and a strong safety net are paramount. Based on this understanding, this book details a variety of strategies and programs to effectively alleviate poverty in the future. Implementing these policies has the added benefit of reinforcing several of the nation’s most important values and principles. The Poverty Paradox represents a game changing examination of poverty and inequality. It provides the essential blueprint for combatting this economic injustice in the years ahead.
Introduction
Authors: Rank Mark Robert 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 provides an overview into the motivation behind the book and its contents. The author discusses his prior research pertaining to the structural vulnerability approach. The contents of the book are also described. The United States continues to have the highest rates of poverty among the wealthy countries. In the discussion in the text, the chapters are divided into three sections. Part I provides an overview into how poverty is measured and defined, along with a review of various approaches for understanding poverty. Part II details the structural vulnerability perspective. In Part III the structural vulnerability framework is applied to suggest policy strategies for alleviating poverty along with strengthening several fundamental principles and values.
Building the Foundation
Authors: Rank Mark Robert 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines the various values that are reinforced by addressing poverty within a structural vulnerability perspective. The schematic model from Chapter 6 is redrawn with these values displayed. If the importance of particular values can be agreed on, and if it can be shown that these values are being undermined by the processes described in the structural vulnerability model, then strong arguments can be begin to be made for the necessity of particular policies to reduce poverty. It is argued that several major principles are strengthened by addressing structural vulnerability. These include increasing human potential, enlightened self-interest, equality of opportunity, social justice, and democratic representation. In each of these cases, examples are given to show how these values are reinforced.
Moving Forward
Authors: Rank Mark Robert 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 brings the book to a close. Insights are provided into the failure of America and the research community to truly understand the nature and causes of poverty in the past. The paradox of poverty amid prosperity has been both puzzling and concerning. The country has often provided little support and opportunities to the poor, focusing instead on remediation and “tough love” solutions. Not surprisingly, these have done little to reduce the extent of poverty in the United States. It is argued that a more structurally based understanding of American poverty is necessary. The last 10 years have been marked by signs that the country is beginning to move in this direction.
South Asia's Christians
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
South Asia is home to more than a billion Hindus and half a billion Muslims. But the region is also home to substantial Christian communities, some dating almost to the earliest days of the faith. The stories of South Asia’s Christians are vital for understanding the shifting contours of World Christianity, precisely because of their history of interaction with members of these other religious traditions. In this broad, accessible overview of South Asian Christianity, Chandra Mallampalli shows how the faith has been shaped by Christians’ location between Hindus and Muslims. The author begins with a discussion of south India’s ancient Thomas Christian tradition, which interacted with West Asia’s Persian Christians and thrived for centuries alongside their Hindu and Muslim neighbors. He then underscores the efforts of Roman Catholic and Protestant missionaries to understand South Asian societies for purposes of conversion. The publication of books and tracts about other religions, interreligious debates, and aggressive preaching were central to these endeavors, but rarely succeeded in yielding converts. Instead, they played an important role in producing a climate of religious competition, which ultimately marginalized Christians in Hindu-, Muslim-, and Buddhist-majority countries of postcolonial South Asia. Ironically, the greatest response to Christianity came from poor and oppressed Dalit (formerly “untouchable”) and tribal communities who were largely indifferent to missionary rhetoric. Their mass conversions, poetry, theology, and embrace of Pentecostalism are essential for understanding South Asian Christianity and its place within World Christianity today.
Racism Damages Health Through Many Causal Pathways
Authors: Braveman Paula 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how racism damages health, producing large and persistent racial/ethnic disparities in health. Racism is a system of oppression—of treating some people adversely based on their perceived race or ethnic group and justifying that by valuing them differently. There is scientific consensus that race is primarily a social, not a biological, construct. Racism can take many different forms. Systemic and structural racism are the most upstream forms—the laws, policies, entrenched practices, and pervasive beliefs that foster, condone, and perpetuate prejudicial treatment based on race. Systemic and structural racism are often so embedded in systems that they may not be as readily visible as interpersonal discrimination—that is, prejudicial treatment of an individual(s) by another individual(s) based on race; interpersonal discrimination is produced and perpetuated by systemic and structural racism. Racism is an upstream (fundamental) cause of differences in the environments, experiences, resources, and opportunities that shape health and disease; it acts through multiple causal pathways. Among the pathways through which racism is likely to affect health are those generating stress, which can harm health long term by leading to inflammation and immune system dysregulation, thereby increasing risk of chronic disease in adulthood, such as heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. Systemic and structural racism are the fundamental, upstream causes of most racial disparities in health. In this chapter, strategies to address racism are discussed. Strategies focusing only on increasing awareness of racism are unlikely to be effective without also dismantling the systemic and structural barriers.
Navigating the Challenges of Concussion
Authors: Jaffee Michael S. , Broshek Donna K. , Svingos Adrian M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Navigating the Challenges of Concussion provides readers with facts, patient stories, and helpful guidance about managing the symptoms of concussion and promoting recovery. Concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury that typically causes temporary symptoms, such as headaches, changes in thinking, dizziness, irritability, and changes in vision. Concussions are very common, affect people of all age groups and backgrounds, and can occur in many settings and situations. Topics covered in this book include the early assessment and management of concussion, common concussion symptoms, what to expect, and what to do and how to seek help if symptoms do not improve within a matter of weeks. Special considerations for individuals who may be at increased risk for concussion are discussed, including children and adolescents, athletes, military personnel, and older adults. Information is provided about returning to school, sports, or work after a concussion. The authors hope that this book will increase readers’ understanding of what to expect, clarify misconceptions, and help patients feel more hopeful and optimistic about their recovery. Increased public awareness about concussion has led to a greater public understanding of this “invisible injury.” Research continues to guide best practices for the management of concussion.
Early Physical Symptoms of Concussion
Authors: Jaffee Michael S. , Broshek Donna K. , Svingos Adrian M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
After a concussion, patients may experience a broad spectrum of symptoms, both before and after they see the doctor or the emergency department staff. These symptoms may affect the patient’s thinking skills or mood or may cause pain or discomfort. Not everyone will have the same symptoms following a concussion, and not everyone will recover at the same rate. This chapter focuses on the physical symptoms of concussion, including headache, dizziness, and sleep problems. The authors discuss medications that may be used to treat headache for acute pain relief and they discuss assessments of dizziness and vertigo and treatments. Also discussed is the variety of sleep dysfunctions that can occur from concussion as well as the importance of sleep in the recovery process.
Early Emotional Symptoms of Concussion
Authors: Jaffee Michael S. , Broshek Donna K. , Svingos Adrian M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
After a concussion, patients may experience a variety of symptoms, including emotional symptoms. These symptoms may affect the patient’s mood or behavior and include feelings of depression, anxiety, and anger. It is important to remember that emotional and behavioral changes are common after concussion, because of both the injury itself and all the stress that can come along with injury. It is important for patients to discuss emotional changes after a concussion with their health care team, especially if they have a history of a mood disorder.
Early Cognitive Symptoms of Concussion
Authors: Jaffee Michael S. , Broshek Donna K. , Svingos Adrian M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
One of the major factors that determines whether a patient has experienced a concussion is a change in thinking skills. Cognitive symptoms are frequently experienced after concussion and include changes in concentration, memory, executive functioning, and processing speed. For many people, difficulty with thinking is clearly noticeable right away but may improve quickly. For others, difficulty with thinking persists for a longer period and can become quite frustrating and anxiety-provoking. This chapter describes some of the most common cognitive symptoms after concussion and offers some tips for how to manage these symptoms.
Toni Morrison
Authors: Balfour Lawrie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Toni Morrison: Imagining Freedom explores Morrison’s reflections on the idea of freedom in her novels and nonfiction from the 1970s to 2019. While Morrison’s literary achievements are widely celebrated, her political thought has yet to receive its due. Morrison’s writing illuminates the meanings of freedom and unfreedom in a democratic society that was founded on both the defense of liberty and the right to enslave and dispossess. Toni Morrison: Imagining Freedom argues that Morrison’s fiction and her meditations on the power of language contest the wishful thinking of color-blindness and repudiate complaints that it is time to get beyond race. Morrison’s attentiveness to the experiences of people “no one inquired of,” especially her interest in the lives of black women and girls, reorients democratic inquiry in the shadow of racial slavery, settler colonialism, and the ongoing processes of theft and domination they set in motion. Morrison’s writings, Balfour contends, kindle new practices of freedom-seeking that do not rely on the subjugation of others.
Disease
Authors: Sperber Jonathan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates disease during the Age of Interconnection. At the beginning of the period, infectious diseases were a major source of mortality, but the introduction of antimicrobials and large-scale vaccination campaigns dramatically reduced their effects. In the 1960s and 1970s, medical efforts increasingly focused on degenerative disease, with very mixed results. In the final two decades of the century, infectious diseases, including AIDS and drug-resistant tuberculosis made a comeback, while changes in nutrition and lifestyle were producing a global obesity epidemic, with important morbidity consequences.
Technologies
Authors: Sperber Jonathan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The focus of this chapter are the four crucially important forms of technology: energy, transportation, agricultural productivity, and microelectronics. Important innovations in all these technologies occurred during the Age of Total War, frequently connected to utopian expectations about their use—expectations that were generally disappointed in the 1960s and 1970s. The concluding decades of the century saw either new uses for existing technology or the introduction of technological innovations, including genetic engineering and the Internet.
The Powers
Authors: Sperber Jonathan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes international relations in the second half of the twentieth century. Two large-scale, interconnected forms of diplomatic and military conflict emerged from the Second World War: the Cold War, pitting the Western Powers against the Eastern Bloc, and the global realignment struggle, pitting Europe and its former settler colonies against much of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The ultimate victory of the Western Powers in the Cold War seemed to have resolved the global realignment struggle as well, an assumption that proved incorrect, as the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 would show.
Aftermath
Authors: Sperber Jonathan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This epilogue briefly explores the first decade of the twenty-first century in the light of developments in the second half of the twentieth century, particularly that century’s final two decades. Focusing on three developments—the continuation and acceleration of the economic, social, and demographic trends begun in the 1980s; the rise of China and its rapidly increasing global reach; and the decline of the US-led post-Cold War global order—the chapter delineates the expansion of a globally interconnected economy and the increasing emergence of a globalized class structure. It shows how decades of unprecedently rapid economic growth placed China in an increasingly powerful and influential position in world affairs, to the point that it seemed possible that the twenty-first century will be a Chinese century. The problematic US invasion of Iraq in 2003 and the global financial crisis of 2008 were the main examples of the decline of the post-Cold War global order that had featured a multilaterally exercised US hegemonic role and a system of deregulated, privatized, and globalized markets.
Introduction
Authors: van Eck Caroline 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Introduction gives a first presentation of the three art works that are the protagonists of this book: the colossal candelabra made by Giovanni Battista Piranesi (1770–1778) at the end of his life out of fragments excavated at the site of the Villa Hadriana in Tivoli. Although they were among the most sought-after and prestigious of his works, and fetched enormous prices during Piranesi’s life, they suffered a steep decline in appreciation from the 1820s onwards, and even today they are among the least studied of his works. The Introduction presents the main arguments of this book about the role of these artefacts and their biographies from fragment to museum piece in the emergence of neoclassicism, and it situates this book in current debates about human–thing entanglement, materiality, and the material reception of Roman antiquity.
Candelabra in Antiquity, their Rediscovery, and Reception
Authors: van Eck Caroline 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In all its variety the candelabrum displays a few constant elements. Chapter 2 gives an overview of the history of the artefact type of the candelabrum from prehistorical Spain to the 1750s. It discusses the cultural meanings attached to candelabra in Antiquity and their loss in the eighteenth century, and distinguishes various types of candelabra (Roman, Christian, Medieval, and Renaissance), to argue that one of the reasons for the puzzling appearance of Piranesi’s candelabra lies in his combination of the pascal candelabrum structure with elements taken from Hadrian’s Villa, and his preference for deviating from traditional iconographical schemes. In the second part of this chapter a new interpretation of Piranesi's composition method is proposed, placing it in the context of Alexandrian art and architecture, and Alexandrianism.
Literature and Justice in Mid-Twentieth-Century Britain
Authors: Stewart Victoria 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Literature and Justice in Mid-Twentieth-Century Britain: Crime and War Crimes examines the how ideas about crime, criminality, and judicial procedure that had developed in a domestic context influenced the representation and understanding of war crimes trials, victims of war crimes, and war criminals in post–Second World War Britain. The representation of Belsen concentration camp and the subsequent British-run trial of its personnel will be a particular focal point. Drawing on a range of source material including life-writing, journalism, and detective fiction, as well as criminological and sociological works from this period, the book explains why the fate of the Jews and other victims of the Nazis was sometimes brought starkly into focus and sometimes marginalized in public discourse at this period. What remain are glimpses of the events now called the Holocaust, but glimpses that can be as powerful and as meaningful as more direct or explicit representations.
Fugitive Economies
Authors: Narayanan Amrita 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Describes how ‘middle class’ is a form of aspirational identity rooted in reproductive sexuality that refuses pleasurable non-reproductive sexuality. Explains how a middle-class identification is constructed upon important adjectives—thrifty, hygienic, respectable, educated, and self-disciplined—which become strongly internalized then functions as internal police to women’s sexuality. Gives examples of women who are policed by this construction of middle-class sexuality, as well as examples of women who vengefully enact their rage about being policed. Uses A.K. Ramanujan’s essay Is there an Indian Way of Thinking, to explain how policing women’s sexuality draws from existing tropes and emotional registers in the Indian imagination. Develops the trope of ‘police’ and ‘fugitives’ to explain how women police each other’s sexuality, particularly across generational lines.
Secret Agents
Authors: Narayanan Amrita 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about the pleasures and problems of women who regularly exercise sexual agency outside their own marriage or inside someone else’s. Patriarchy makes a clear distinction between the rights of sexually desiring women who exercise erotic agency with men they fancy, and women who enter the contract of marriage that binds them to individual men within a family matrix. Sexual affairs raise the problem of difference between women of different types of agency sexual and non-sexual. Reminds us of the empirical research that tells us when it comes to women’s sexuality, despite global culture’s reach, it is smaller, locally enforced norms that dominate. Using examples from interviews and from literary texts, the chapter outlines the shame and pleasure that exists in sexual affairs outside of marriage. It suggests that affairs are made possible for women via an act of imagination in which a mother or other community member approves of the affair.
Sentencing and Punishment
Authors: Easton Susan , Piper Christine 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This book reviews the philosophical principles which underpin penal policy, sentencing and punishment, as well as examining the practical consequences of the legal principles enshrined in English law with an analysis of imprisonment and community punishment. The first part of the book covers the way sentencing law and guidelines are structured and discusses in detail retributivist and utilitarian justifications for punishment, as well as the current importance of public protection from risk and danger. It also covers those offenders and victims who can be dealt with differently, notably the mentally ill and children, together with ways of dealing with the offenders and their victims using restorative justice. Finally, Part A focuses on ways in which the impact of offending on victims and offenders can be reduced. Part B of the book covers in detail conditions in prison including the impact of the pandemic and the experience of imprisonment, especially in relation to women, BAME prisoners and other groups, where equal treatment is problematic. It also focuses on punishment and rehabilitation in the community, covering the available orders and the current approaches to rehabilitation. The civil and criminal orders available for use with those under 18 years of age, are also considered, as well as the way in which rights have been used to protect children in prison.
Structuring sentencing
Authors: Easton Susan , Piper Christine 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A sentencing system in which there were no controls on how the judge or magistrate came to a decision on sentence would not be a principled system. It could also lead to injustice in individual cases. This chapter examines the ways in which sentencing discretion is constrained, not only through law and guidance but also through the use of a justificatory principle as a constraint. In particular it reviews the way that more recent forms of sentencing guidance have developed, notably the definitive guidelines produced by the Sentencing Council. It also discusses in detail the importance of a retributivist rationale with reference to classical and modern retributivism.
Utility and deterrence
Authors: Easton Susan , Piper Christine 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we examine a key justification of punishment, namely utilitarianism, which focuses on the consequences or outcomes of sentencing and punishment. The origins of this approach in the work of Beccaria and Bentham, and its modern expression in the work of writers such as Wilson and Kennedy, will be discussed. We will focus here on the specific outcome of deterrence, considering whether punishment is effective in reducing offending, reviewing the available research on issues including the certainty and severity of punishment. The methodological problems which arise in proving a deterrent effect are reviewed, including in relation to the death penalty. The problems with this justification for punishment are also examined.