bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The purpose reflex
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In our research on the so-called conditional reflexes we often came across the phenomena of sleep. Since these phenomena seriously complicated the experiments we were conducting, disturbed them, disrupted their usual progression, we naturally ended up being forced to take on these sleep phenomena directly. Besides collecting isolated facts, two of our colleagues—N. A. Rozhanski? and M. K. Petrova—delved into this question especially systematically. N. A. Rozhanski? researched that type of sleep, that somnolent state of the animal which occurs, evidently, under the influence of monotonous indifferent stimuli, such as the isolation of the environment in which the animal finds itself during the experiments.
Psychiatry as a helper for the physiology of the cerebral hemispheres
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
It’s fair to say that in the process of analyzing normal nervous activity physiology has finally succeeded in establishing a different reflex type in addition to the inborn reflex, a long-accepted basic and elementary nervous activity; what we established is just as basic but a somewhat more complex kind of reflex—the acquired reflex. At this juncture, further research can conceivably be pursued along the following lines. On the one hand, we now need, first and foremost, to define and systematize all the inborn reflexes, as they form the basic permanent foundation on which the gigantic structure of the acquired reflexes is built. The systematization of the acquired reflexes will inevitably have to rest upon a classification of the inborn reflexes. This amounts, so to speak, to the particular morphology of reflex activity. On the other hand, what must be pursued is the laws and mechanisms of reflex activity for both the inborn and the acquired reflexes. Needless to say, the study of inborn reflex activity has been going on for a long time and will continue; the study of acquired reflex activity, on the other hand, being a novel subject that was launched only recently, should naturally command the main attention, as it promises quick and most abundant results.
The characteristics of the cerebral cortex in terms of changes in the excitability of its various points
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Almost from the very beginning of our objective study of the higher nervous activity (behavior) of animals, as it shows in conditional reflexes, we faced in our experimental setting the unpleasant fact of our subjects’ drowsiness and sleep. The animals (dogs) were normally put in an upright position on a stand with loops, stabilized by suspenders for their legs and a rope for their necks, which were all fastened to a top cross-beam of the stand. In this way our animal’s movements were restrained. The stand with the animal was located in a special room, with the experimenter also there, positioned in front of the dog. Later the experimenter was moved to a space outside the room, from where he manipulated the animal in various ways and also observed its reaction.
Another question to be addressed in the physiology of the cerebral hemispheres
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The physiologist faces the colossal challenge of having to make sense of the functioning of the cortical mass of the cerebral hemispheres. At present, of course, only preliminary attempts can be made to characterize separate features of this mass, attempts of a purely empirical nature. One of these attempts I take the liberty to make in this paper, based on many years of earlier and current research by me and my co-workers. We have long been engaged in the study of the reflexes we called conditional, that is, those formed under certain conditions in the course of the individual existence of the animal. Their formation is tied to the existence of the cerebral hemispheres; this means that they constitute a special function of these hemispheres.
The latest advances in the objective study of the higher nervous activity of animals
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Among the questions to be addressed next in the developing strictly objective physiology of the cerebral hemispheres is the question of the paired nature of the cerebral hemispheres. What is the significance of them being a pair? How are we to understand, to picture the simultaneous activity of the cerebral hemispheres? What in it is meant to be compensatory, and what—what benefits and redundancies—are obtained by the constant joint activity of the two hemispheres? Based on the existing scientific data, we know that there exists a certain division of labor between the two hemispheres. But the existing data also tell us that the absence (extirpation in experimental animals) of one hemisphere, with time, is almost or even fully compensated by the work of the remaining one. In the physiology of the conditional reflexes there is a series of experiments that puts the question of the pairing of the hemispheres’ activity point-blank.
Relations between excitation and inhibition, delimitation of excitation and inhibition, and experimental neuroses in dogs
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
It is with special pleasure that I take part in the celebration of the work begun 30 years ago by the distinguished scholar and passionate teacher, Petr Frantsevich Lesgaft, with support from an enlightened donor, work that has now been brought to a splendid conclusion. I proceed to the topic of my report. Strange as it may be, it was only recently that physiology came into full possession of the animal organism. The problem was that one of the most complex and most important parts of this organism, namely, the uppermost end of its nervous system—the cerebral hemispheres—was, despite the exceptional interest it presents, outside the uncontested sphere of competence of physiology.
Healthy and pathological states of the cerebral hemispheres
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
All the data introduced below concern the work of the cerebral hemispheres and were obtained using the method of conditional reflexes, reflexes formed during the individual existence of the animal. Since the concept of conditional reflexes hasn’t yet become generally known and accepted among physiologists, to avoid repetition, I refer the reader to my recent articles that appeared in this Archiv (1923). In the work of the cerebral hemispheres, based on clear empirical differences, we had to posit two kinds of inhibition, external and internal, to use our terminology. The former shows up in our conditional reflexes right away; the latter takes time to develop and is established gradually.
A trial excursion of a physiologist into the field of psychiatry
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
At the present time, based on the nearly 30-year-long trial carried out by me jointly with my numerous co-workers, I feel fully justified in asserting that all the external activity of a higher animal like the dog, just like its internal functions, can be studied with full success in a purely physiological way, that is, using physiological methods and physiological terminology, the terminology of the physiology of the nervous system. Our jointly developed empirical material presented below should serve as a proof of this assertion. The activity of the nervous system is directed, on the one hand, toward unification, integration of all parts of the organism, and, on the other, toward connecting the organism with the surrounding environment, toward balancing the organism’s system with external conditions.
On the physiology of the hypnotic state in the dog
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
For the last 30 years, I and my numerous co-workers have focused on the study of the activity of the higher parts of the brain—mainly the cerebral hemispheres—following a strictly objective research method, the method of the so-called conditional reflexes. By now we have collected considerable empirical data. These data pertain not only to normal activity of the parts I just mentioned, but to some extent also to their pathology and therapeutics. We have already experimentally created some indubitable neuroses in our experimental animals (dogs) and have treated them, and it already seems possible that we can reproduce in the same animals something analogous to what is called psychoses in humans. This motivated me to acquaint myself more seriously with psychiatry, of which practically no traces were left, so to speak, after I studied medicine as a student. Thanks to the kindness of my medical colleagues, especially Prof. P. A. Ostankov and Dr. I. O. Narbutovich, I have now been systematically observing various forms of mental disorders. The first of those I observed and studied was schizophrenia.
On neuroses in humans and animals
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Besides the routine historical method of hypnotizing animals (putting them on their backs and holding them for a while in that unnatural position), which amounts to producing a cataleptic hypnosis, our laboratories have had the possibility—while studying the normal activity of the higher parts of the brain—of investigating all sorts of very subtle manifestations of the hypnotic state in greater detail. As we have already established, the basic condition for this state to happen is a continual repetition of the same stimuli, which finally puts the receiving cortical cells into an inhibitory state, which, on the one hand, may have different degrees of intensity, and on the other, a different scope of spread over the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres and farther down into the brain. The pertinent facts are discussed in a book by one of us (I. P. Pavlov, Lectures on the Work of the Cerebral Hemispheres of the Brain).
On the possibility of merging the subjective and the objective
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol. 70, there is a paper by Dr. P. Schilder entitled “The somatic basis of the neurosis”, in which the author recognizes that in what we, I and my co-workers, called neurosis even in our experimental animals (dogs) studied by the conditional reflexes method, “all the phenomena of the neuroses are found”. This recognition by a specialist, of course, is very much appreciated by us. But I must emphatically disagree with what the author says further about the contrastive studies of these neuroses in humans and in animals. The author makes the following statement: “These important experiments of Pavlov and his school can be understood only if we look upon them in the light of our experiences in the neuroses. We cannot interpret the neurosis by means of the conditioned reflex, but by means of the psychic mechanisms we have studied in the neurosis we can certainly very well interpret what takes place in a conditioned reflex.”
A case of an experimental neurosis and its treatment in the weak type of nervous system
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
I suppose that this is my last opportunity to address a general meeting of my colleagues, and so I will take the liberty of presenting to your attention a general, maximally systematic and brief summary of my—jointly with my dear co-workers—last research project, which comprises fully half of my total physiological research; I will naturally repeat a lot of what has already been published. I pass this summary on to you together with my ardent dream of the majestic horizon ever-expanding before our field and of its increasingly profound influence on human nature and its destiny.
Feelings of possession (les sentiments d’emprise) and the ultra-paradoxical phase
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The cerebral hemispheres ceaselessly receive countless stimulations of differing nature and intensity from both the external world and the internal environment of the organism itself. Some of them are only checked out by them (the orientational reflex), others already have the most diverse unconditional and conditional effects established. All these meet up, bump against one another, interact, and must in the end fall into place achieve balance, end up, so to speak, as a dynamic stereotype.
An attempt at a physiological interpretation of obsessive neurosis and paranoia
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Would you be interested in printing this letter in your journal and in commenting on the considerations that occurred to me when I carefully studied your paper published last year entitled “Feelings in the mania of persecution”? I am a physiologist, who has lately been engaged, with his co-workers, in studying exclusively the physiological and pathological work of the higher part of the central nervous system in higher animals (the dog), work that corresponds to our higher nervous activity normally called psychic. You are a neurologist, psychiatrist, psychologist. One would think that we should pay attention to each other and join our efforts—for, after all, we study the activity of one and the same organ (concerning this last point there could hardly be any doubt nowadays).
Shared types of animal and human higher nervous activity
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The starting point for a physiological interpretation of these disorders were some new laboratory facts obtained during our research on conditional reflexes in dogs. When conditional stimuli are formed from various external agents (for example, in the conditional food reflexes), the animal’s first reaction to the newly established conditional stimulus is usually a movement toward this stimulus, i.e., the animal moves toward the place where the stimulus is. When the stimulus is within its reach, the animal even tries to touch it, and specifically with its mouth; for example, if the conditional stimulus is the turning on of an electric bulb, the dog licks it, and if the conditional stimulus is a sound, then (when food excitability is very high) the dog even snaps at the air with its mouth. In this way, as far as the animal is concerned the conditional stimulus has really become like a full surrogate for the food. When different conditional stimuli come from different parts of the surrounding space, the animal naturally turns to each one of them.
On the establishment of a new department at the Leningrad Postgraduate Medical Institute
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Out of the enormous amount of material generated by the research on the higher nervous activity in dogs using the method of conditional reflexes, I will discuss three points today, specifically related to pathological disorders of this activity. They are: the strength of the two basic nervous processes of excitation and inhibition, then the correlation of their strengths—their balance—and finally their mobility. These points, on the one hand, form the basis of the typology of higher nervous activity—and types, notably, play a big role in the genesis of nervous and so-called psychiatric diseases; on the other hand, they make it possible to capture the characteristic changes that occur in the pathological states of this activity.
The physiology and pathology of the higher nervous activity
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Institute for Physicians’ Refinement received a very exciting gift for its fiftieth anniversary—a new Department of Physiology and Pathology of Higher Nervous Activity, or, to put it in a more understandable way, an independent department dealing with neuroses based on a solid physiological foundation. The situation of the clinic of neuroses among other clinics can in all fairness be considered unfortunate. As far as their subject matter goes, neuroses should be closer to the department of psychiatry, as is already indirectly acknowledged by their nickname “little psychiatry”.
Navigating Cultural Memory
Authors: Mwambari David 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This book analyzes how a master narrative of the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi evolved into a hegemonic narrative. It identifies key actors of the evolution and enforcement of the master narrative in the first two decades after the genocide and civil war ended. Primary and secondary sources and rarely analyzed Rwandan folklore examine how Rwandans—identified as Champions, Antagonists, and Fatalists of the master narrative—responded through language; physical symbols of memory and art; and traditional and new media. It is argued that what has emerged as the master narrative and, over time, as the hegemonic narrative of the Genocide Against the Tutsi, was created from plural and fluid memorialization approaches, debates, tensions, and contradictions among mnemonic actors in Rwanda and beyond. It indicates that Champions struggle to maintain power to shape and classify responses to the master narrative, Antagonists and Fatalists equally mobilize tools to contest that power. The transmission of these debates within online “conversable spaces” potentially can fuel further tensions or present an opportunity for compassionate transformation. A relational approach to dignity and its significance is needed to transform polarizing narratives away from sources of competition, exclusion, and silence toward facilitating the construction and more peaceful relationships. Political conversations around the master narrative and violent histories are important for not only contemporary politics but also the key to Rwanda’s present and future peace and stability. The book contributes to postgenocide literature and policy debates on memory politics and scholarship on meanings of dignity.
Decolonial Approaches to Memory
Authors: Mwambari David 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 focuses on major shifts in memory studies that have led to the transcultural and decolonial turns, opening avenues for scholars to examine Global South contexts in memory studies. The book addresses the wider debates of the interdisciplinary field of memory studies, which is still evolving. As a place to begin for interested readers, key concepts and ideas are analyzed that have informed the vast literature on acts of remembering the past, around the world. It is through examining these debates that Agaciro, or dignity, emerges as an alternative to current approaches. This chapter situates this book in the evolving debates within memory studies around decolonization and decentering Global North perspectives, to which this book hopes to contribute.
Rwandan Narratives and Rwandan Pasts
Authors: Mwambari David 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The second chapter provides a historical background of Rwanda. This chapter argues that in order to understand the emergence, evolution, enforcement, and responses to the current master narrative of the genocide, it is important to locate present-day tensions into a longue durée analysis of previous master narratives in Rwanda and how they relate to power, violence, and marginalization. It focuses on the role of master narratives in governance and legitimacy and examines how previous master narratives evolved into hegemonic narratives, as well as how these hegemonic narratives sometimes became dissident narratives through political developments. The chapter highlights the fluidity with which narratives have evolved from marginalization to dominance and then back again.
Imprinting the Land with the Materials of Memory
Authors: Mwambari David 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 then shows how the hegemonic master narrative gained prominence in Rwanda through the construction of physical symbols and through institutions and laws created to guard it from denialism. While physical symbols such as memorials might seem permanent, they also have evolved to serve different and sometimes contentious political, community, and individual purposes. They are also at the center of debates between local and international actors as well as among Champions, Antagonists, and Fatalists. This chapter examines how some memorials emerged and evolved using the universalized Holocaust model and other international approaches to reconciliation, and then the chapter analyzes the community-level official commemorations observed during fieldwork. The chapter shows how the master narrative was enforced during ceremonies and around memorials during the first two decades after the genocide. This is especially the case for the mainstream Kigali Genocide Memorial, which has become the center stage of genocide memory politics in Rwanda.
Expressing Memory after Genocide
Authors: Mwambari David 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 builds on the previous chapter to provide concrete examples of this reward and punishment approach to enforcing the official narrative in the first 20 years after the genocide. It examines how three individual artists emerged as prominent Champions, Antagonists, and Fatalists, respectively. One of them, Kizito Mihigo, was a genocide survivor who became an Antagonist, while Edouard Bamporiki—who identified as being from a radical Hutu family—became a Champion. Dorcy Rugamba’s artistic output categorized him as a Fatalist, speaking to both local and diaspora communities and to international audiences without capitalizing on genocide memory to pronounce a political position in support or against the hegemonic master narrative. This chapter brings a much-needed analysis of artists and art to memory studies, where such analyses have been historically neglected. It develops a nuanced discussion of postgenocide Rwanda to show that when it comes to youth, who are the majority in the country, it is not about their identity backgrounds. Instead, there are many other economic, social, and political factors that inform one’s position as a Champion, Antagonist, or Fatalist, and that can shift one’s position over time. This discussion contributes to growing debates in memory studies that challenge the concepts of perpetrators, survivors, and bystanders as fixed categories that explain people’s relationship to mass violence. It also contributes to the evolving literature on intergenerational memory politics in the digital age.
The Media, Commemoration, and the Enforcement of the Master Narrative
Authors: Mwambari David 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 evaluates how various actors used the evolving media landscape to communicate their positions as Champions, Antagonists, or Fatalists. It shows how the government and its representatives rewarded Champions who used the media to spread the hegemonic master narrative globally and punished Antagonists through the implementation of genocide denial laws. This chapter argues that the media remains a crucial and influential space for narratives about the genocide—much like it was in promoting violence leading up to and during the 1994 genocide. It is a space where the malleability of the master narrative and its purpose are both evident and its interactions with the dynamic landscape of the digital age. The chapter relies on primary and secondary sources, including social media, to argue the wildfire nature of these evolving digital cultures—that afford the hegemonic narrative an opportunity to evolve further and spread but simultaneously threaten its very durability by making people vulnerable to “fake news” and the limits of enforcement. These questions are especially salient given that, as described in Chapter 2, previous master narratives in Rwanda emerged, evolved, and were enforced for a period of time but eventually became marginalized and considered dissident. This analysis contributes to emerging debates in memory studies, especially in an age of dissident and often decolonial movements that are using online spaces to challenge hardened hegemonic master narratives around the world, including in the Global North. These dissident narratives are sometimes silenced despite assumptions that democratic countries do not suppress dissident narratives.