bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Islamic State
Authors: Hamming Tore 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The chapter looks at the internal conflict dynamics within the Islamic State. It describes the development of an internal ideological schism between the so-called Binaliyya and the Hazimiyya wings of the group. Diverging in their views on the criteria for excommunication (takfir), the two wings engaged in a violent conflict for control over the Islamic State's most powerful institutions including the Delegated Committee. While manifesting itself most prominently in Syria and Iraq, this internal schism would also affect internal dynamics within several of the caliphate's affiliates with severe effects for the global group's cohesion at a critical time in its evolution.
Renewed Cohesion or Continued Polarisation?
Authors: Hamming Tore 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Following the previous two chapters' examination of the internal conflict dynamics within the Islamic State and al-Qaida, this chapter investigates the immediate aftermath. It reveals how the ideological cleavage between al-Qaida and Hayat Tahrir al-Sham continued to escalate and even led to a break between previously unified ideologues, who started to debate the role of the Jihadi movement in the contemporary political context and essentially question its future. The analysis also highlights how the Jihadi movement had become more fragmented than ever, no longer exclusively defined by the competitive relation between al-Qaida and the Islamic State but facing the challenge of accommodating a third way of viewing the Jihadi project.
Epilogue
Authors: Hamming Tore 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
After years of inter- and intra-group conflict and infighting, the pressing question is when, or whether, inter-Jihadi conflict is coming to a halt. The epilogue moves on from the 2014–2019 period to show how Jihadi fratricide continued to escalate and move to new locations in a replay of events that confirm a specific conflict cycle. Taking stock of the development, it lists six negative effects of conflict that are likely to function as drivers for continued conflict cycles.
Jesus the Philosopher
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The poet William Blake once claimed: "There is not one Moral Virtue that Jesus Inculcated but Plato and Cicero did Inculcate before him." This chapter tries to show that Blake's comparison of Jesus with "pagan" philosophers is less eccentric than it might strike us today. For most of their history, the gospels have been read in connection to Graeco-Roman philosophy. And, indeed, they may have been written with an eye to certain philosophical traditions. Nor does this diminish the Jewish provenance of the gospels: Graeco–Roman philosophy belongs to the reception horizon, not only of the gospels, but of most first-century Jewish literature. This chapter tries, therefore, to present Jesus as a figure whose life and sayings connect him--at once--to the legacies of Hebrew prophecy, and "pagan" philosophy.
Jesus among the Lawbreakers
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
There is an iconic scene in John 8, in which Jesus is asked whether a woman who has been unfaithful to her husband should be put to death. The present chapter offers a new reading of this tense--and ultimately, redemptive--scene, beginning with the question of its literary origins. Although this scene is found in John, it seems to have originated outside the gospel. Textual critics have nevertheless concluded that it is a piece of very early Christian tradition which entered the gospel collection in its current position--namely, in John 8. This scene can therefore be treated in the context of John's gospel. And as chapter 10 has shown, this is not the only text in which Jesus boldly refuses to act as a political judge.
The Way
Authors: Fraser Chris 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines different views concerning the nature of and grounds for dào (the Way), the central architectonic concept in late Warring States thought. The discussion considers views on which dào is fixed by nature, as well as the claim that people’s nature provides a built-in dào to follow. It examines texts that present dào as primarily a natural or cosmogenic process, in which wise human agents subsume themselves. It then explores a ‘craft’ conception of dào, on which human dào is a construct justified by how effectively it engages with natural conditions. This view overlaps but contrasts with Xúnzǐ’s cultural constructivism, on which human dào is an authoritative system of cultural and political norms and institutions developed by epochal cultural leaders. Finally, the chapter looks at the pragmatic pluralism found in parts of the Zhuāngzǐ.
Introduction
Authors: Wickham Chris 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets out the main underpinnings of the arguments of the book as a whole. It presents the regions chosen for study, and explains the methodology of how written sources and archaeology are used. It argues that the main indicator for economic activity, complexity, and prosperity of different regions has to be the production and exchange of bulk goods, such as (in this period) wine, olive oil, cloth and its raw materials, or iron, and not luxury goods. It also stresses that regional economic complexity is far more important than interregional trade, as indeed is still the case even today. It argues that it is wholly wrong to discuss any Mediterranean region in the central middle ages in terms of its supposed economic failure.
Kant’s Practical Proof of the Fact of Freedom
Authors: Kitcher Patricia 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Kant examined the necessary conditions for the possibility of phenomena, e.g. cognition or morality. Still, his approaches to freedom differed in the Critique of Pure Reason and the Critique of Practical Reason. In the former, Kant argues that the freedom required for morality is not impossible; in the latter, he argues that freedom and morality are actually possible, because their enabling conditions are actual. The crucial capacity is being determinable by the moral law. Since the only human access to theoretical or practical reasoning is through reasoning, the proof of practical freedom must be practical. Just before the “fact of reason” passage, Kant invites readers to consider adopting a maxim of false testimony; his expectation is that when they do, they are conscious of the moral law as producing a determinate willing, an intention to not to lie. As determinable by the moral law, they are free.
Imagining Freedom
Authors: Matherne Samantha 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The main focus of this chapter is on the role that the imagination plays in Kant’s theory of the sublime. Although commentators tend to describe the imagination’s contribution in wholly negative terms, I defend a positive interpretation of what the imagination does in relation to the sublime. More specifically, I argue that the imagination is expanded and empowered in judgments of the sublime insofar as it treats objects in nature as a symbolic exhibition of what in us is properly sublime, viz., our vocation as free and moral agents. I show that insofar as Kant connects this vocation to our freedom, the imagination contributes to Kant’s overall efforts in the third Critique to explain how the “great chasm” between nature and freedom can be overcome, helping us regard nature as a symbol of our freedom and sublimity within.
MANUS MANUTII
Authors: de Candal Geri Della Rocca 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Aldus Manutius (c. 1450–1515), arguably the best-known Renaissance printer, was eager to offer the highest editorial and typographical standards in his editions. Not even Aldus, however, was immune to typographical errors and occasional disasters. This chapter provides a checklist of all known in-house corrections found in the first five years of his printed production (1495–1500), examining various approaches to deal with errors, and addressing the question of how typographical flaws help us understand early printing practices. The sheer number of misprints, alterations, and interventions observed in this handful of editions should serve as a reminder that Renaissance print shops were far from the idealised, almost clockwork descriptions that one still occasionally finds in modern secondary literature, and Manutius’s was no exception: printing was, simply put, a highly complex and messy business.
Sepúlveda on the Spanish Invasion of the Americas
Authors: Glanville Luke , Lupher David , Feile Tomes Maya 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This volume presents translations of four key texts from the dispute between Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda and Bartolomé de las Casas regarding the justice of Spain’s invasion of the Americas, culminating in their famous debate in Valladolid in 1550–51. Sepúlveda’s Democrates secundus (composed around 1544), an impassioned defence of the invasion, amplified the controversy within Spain about the justice of its activities in the Americas. When Las Casas schemed to block publication of Sepúlveda’s manuscript, Sepúlveda wrote an Apologia (1550) in its defence. Tensions were so heightened that Emperor Charles V called a temporary halt to undertakings in the Americas and convoked a meeting of theologians and jurists in Valladolid to address the matter. Here, Sepúlveda and Las Casas debated bitterly. Las Casas subsequently printed a composite record of the Valladolid deliberations (Aquí se contiene una disputa o controversia, 1552). Sepúlveda retaliated by penning a furious response (Proposiciones temerarias y de mala doctrina, around 1553–54) and strove to have Las Casas’s text banned by the Inquisition. Complete English translations of these texts are here published for the first time. The debate between Sepúlveda and Las Casas was a pivotal moment in the history of international legal thought. They argued over fundamental matters of empire and colonial rule; natural law and cultural difference; the jurisdiction of the Church, responsibilities of Christian rulers, and rights of infidel peoples; the just reasons for war and grounds for resistance; and the right to punish idolatry, protect innocents from tyranny, and subjugate unbelievers for the purpose of spreading the Christian faith.
Jane Addams
Authors: Grady Kate , Heathcote Gina 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Jane Addams, born 6 September 1860—died 21 May 1935, was an important early feminist theorist of international law, linking domestic and international activism, identifying labour rights, citizenship, arms control, and gender equality as components of peace. Addams was also the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931. As a founding member of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), she is recognized as holding a crucial role in the development of transnational feminist movements and anti-militarism that continue to this day. Addams published extensively, of particular note to international law are: Newer Ideals of Peace (1907), The Revolt against War (1915), and Peace and Bread in the Time of War (1922).
Avabai Wadia
Authors: Nesiah Vasuki 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Avabai Wadia was a lawyer and activist whose work built and travelled paths between law and public health, feminist, and anti-colonial struggles. A co-founder of International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), she was an earlier pioneer in the field of reproductive health but equally in a feminist, anti-imperial, internationalism. She was born in 1913 in Colombo, Sri Lanka (then colonial Ceylon) into a peripatetic Zoroastrian family but she also created her own home, politically and otherwise, in women’s movements across the world and the paths they forged towards each other, and away from the world they had inherited. They sought to develop nothing less than a new international order, from the most intimate arenas of women’s lives to the most public and global arenas of international law and policy that determined possibilities for their future.
Alva Myrdal
Authors: Orford Anne 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Alva Myrdal was a feminist public intellectual, social policy researcher, ambassador, socialist internationalist, and eventual Nobel Peace Prize Laureate. She is remembered both as one of the major architects of the Swedish welfare state and as a significant figure in international disarmament. For much of her life she was engaged in debates about social policy, initially within Sweden and then on the international stage, first as principal director at the UN Department of Social Affairs in New York from 1949, then director of the Department of Social Sciences at UNESCO from 1951, and finally as Swedish Ambassador to India from 1955 to 1961, before becoming the head of Sweden’s delegation to the UN Committee on Disarmament from 1962 to 1973. Alva Myrdal’s life and work offers a window into social democratic internationalism at the period when it was at its most idealistic and influential. As this chapter shows, the struggle over how to interpret her legacy is closely tied up with the rise and fall of social democratic internationalism in Sweden and beyond.
Suzanne Bastid
Authors: Tallgren Immi , Buchet Antoine 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Suzanne Bastid was the first woman in many professional roles and institutional positions: as a professor of international law in France, an international judge and later president of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, as a legal counsel at the International Court of Justice and later an ad hoc judge in the same court, and as a member and later president of the Institut de droit international. She was also the founder and editor-in-chief of L’Annuaire français de droit international, a leader of diverse academic and professional associations, such as Société française pour le droit international, a member and subsequently the president of the French Académie des sciences morales et politiques, and the author of not a small number of academic publications. The portrait traces Suzanne Bastid’s ascension into a prominent and respected figure in international law in France and internationally in an analysis that focuses on the representations (visual and textual) of her exceptionality. How did Suzanne Bastid manage to overcome the gendered legal, social, cultural, and political obstacles? In the representations of Bastid today, the sex and gender marking on her career makes it figure as a site of struggle for representation. She has become an emblem of progress for women in the legal professions, but was she a ‘feminist’, and in the eyes of whom? What difference does it make?
Marjorie M Whiteman
Authors: Shinohara Hatsue 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Marjorie M Whiteman (1898–1996) served at the United States Department of State from 1929 to 1970. During her tenure, she served ten Secretaries of State. Her original specialization was ‘damage in international law’, yet her participation in the League of Nations Codification Conference of 1930 broadened her expertise in international legislation. In 1946, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt asked Whiteman to assist in the drafting of the UN Declaration of Human Rights. Her major accomplishment lay in the first United Nations Conference on the Laws of the Sea in 1958. At the 1958 Conference, her role was paramount in negotiating and reaching an agreement on the Convention on the Continental Shelf. In addition to the practical contribution to the development of international legislation, Whiteman edited fifteen volumes of Digest of International Law, acclaimed as a monumental work indispensable for international lawyers. In 1985 the American Society of International Law awarded her the Manley O Hudson medal, the first American woman that received such an honor.
The Grounds of Political Legitimacy
Authors: Peter Fabienne 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Political decisions have the potential to greatly impact our lives. Think of decisions in relation to abortion or climate change, for example. This makes political legitimacy an important normative concern. But what makes political decisions legitimate? Are they legitimate in virtue of having support from the citizens? This is what democratic conceptions of political legitimacy maintain. And they are right to highlight that legitimate political decision-making must respect disagreements among the citizens. But what if democratic decisions fail to track what there is most reason to do? For example, what if a democratically elected government fails to take measures necessary to protect its population from threats related to climate change? In this book, I defend a hybrid conception of political legitimacy. I argue that political legitimacy doesn’t just depend on respect for the political will. It also depends on responding to evidence for what there is most reason to do.
Translation and Mystification: Wilkins
Authors: Figueira Dorothy M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at the Gītā’s discovery in the West in its first English translation by Charles Wilkins (1785) and the commentary and analysis of this translation by his colonial sponsor, Warren Hastings. This early stage of conceptualization and contextualization is sketchy. However, Wilkins and Hastings present a cogent expression of the Indian Other to be studied in order to improve Europe’s cultural present and delimit British national identity. They valorize the act of translation itself and show the usefulness of translating from Sanskrit for Britain to better rule its subjects. Translation becomes part and parcel of empire building. Wilkins was very concerned with the issue of fidelity and recognized the challenge posed by the Gītā’s foreignness (mystery). He also raised the issue of the criteria needed to translate from Sanskrit into another language, particularly a Western idiom. This chapter shows the limitations of much postcolonial theory in not acknowledging the aesthetic and religious concerns raised in even this initial colonialist literary encounter. The exoticism of the Gītā, a concern raised by its initial translator, will continue to haunt subsequent readers and translators and necessitate the formulation of strategies for dealing with this text effectively.
Disability Through the Lens of Justice
Authors: Begon Jessica 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
When thinking about disability in the context of justice, our focus should not be on the ways in which people’s bodies and minds function differently. Instead, we should shift our focus to the limitations that this leads to—for particular people, in particular contexts. And, at least from the perspective of justice, only a subset of these limitations matter. Specifically, those that prevent individuals from having control in certain domains of their life, by restricting the availability of acceptable options or the ability to choose between them. Our theory of justice should be concerned with the lives individuals can lead, and not with whether their bodies and minds function typically. What matters is that people can be mobile, form relationships, engage in leisure, and so on—not how they achieve these things. The problem that disability raises is not the mere fact of difference, but the ways in which that difference is accommodated (or not) and the limitations it may cause. Indeed, on my definition of disability, to be disabled just is to be unable to exercise the control over our life that everyone should be able to. Our focus, then, should not be on whether someone has received a particular diagnosis, or on the most visible deviations from what we take to be the species norm, but on whether people have access to central capabilities. Achieving justice does not require ‘normalisation’, or the elimination of difference, but enabling all individuals to control their lives as they choose.
Disability and Distribution
Authors: Begon Jessica 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Reflection on disability can contribute to an argument in favour of adopting a capability approach to distributive justice. Here I delineate the core features of such an approach. Indeed, insofar as disability has been considered in the context of distributive justice it is usually by proponents of the capability approach. However, capabilities are commonly understood as components of well-being, meaning that individuals are entitled to those capabilities that will make them better-off. If incorporated into my justice-based account of disability this would entail that individuals are disabled whenever their impairments contribute to an opportunity loss that reduces well-being. This is implausible both as an account of justice and of disability, since it will justify extensive intervention, pushing us towards normalising—even perfecting—human functioning capability. Thus, I argue entitlements must be distinguished from well-being, where the former is narrower than the latter.
Communication and Transformation of Music Theory
Authors: Blum Stephen 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
As musicians reflected on how to communicate musical knowledge, they developed models of social relationships intended to meet the needs of those involved, and this remains a major concern. The models may be explicit to some extent or wholly implicit. Numerous ethnomusicologists have gained invaluable experience as disciples or apprentices of master musicians whose teaching takes advantage of complementarities among speech, writing, gesture, movement patterns, and performance of illustrations. All of these media are conducive to theorizing as well as to pedagogy. Through their relationships with other musicians, researchers and educators, ethnomusicologists become aware of weaknesses in theories and pedagogies and may seek to develop alternatives. One serious weakness is insufficient attention to aural learning and techniques of the body.
Concepts, Models, and Metaphors
Authors: Blum Stephen 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Ethnomusicological studies of music theory are necessarily concerned with relationships of names and terms to concepts. It is important not to lose sight of significant differences when assessing commonalities in usages of words from diverse languages whose meanings overlap to some extent. Lexicographic studies of pertinent terminology in all major language groups are crucial if musicology is ever to become an international rather than a Eurocentric discipline. European and North American projects of colonialism and imperialism fostered an internationalization of music-theoretical terms (e.g., mode, composition, improvisation) as they were applied to activities and resources to which they were not always well suited. Models of relationships among terms are potentially helpful in translating terms of one musical practice into those of another and in identifying variables among the interrelated terms used in a given musical practice (often in two or more languages). Empirical research has allowed ethnomusicologists to correct erroneous representations of realities to which prominent terms refer.
An Infidel among Believers
Authors: Molteno Marion 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Russell describes how and why he became an atheist at 15, his attitudes now best described as ‘humanist’. He has spent most of his life in the company of religious believers, and particularly—as a scholar of Urdu—Muslims. He makes clear his respect for sincere and thoughtful believers like Raza Ansari of Firangi Mahal and how much he has gained from being involved with people of different cultures. He looks for common ground with whoever he meets, and attaches more importance to this than to differences. Mutual respect goes together with frankness but he feels it is important not to shy away from challenging harmful practices. He examines the stances taken up by various groups of Muslims against Rushdie after Khomeini’s fatwa condemning him to death for writing Satanic Verses; and argues that Muslims should be as active in exposing abuses within Muslim communities.