bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Litigation Finance and the Assetization of International Investment Arbitration
Authors: Davitti Daria , Vargiu Paolo 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Third Party Funding (TPF) is presented as a tool to help fund the cost of expensive litigation. In the context of Investment Arbitration, however, TPF has instead led to the commodification of justice, and raises concerns around its assetization. Arbitration often comes at a net loss for States, and the extraordinary expenditures required may pique the interest of third party funders who wish to profit from suing States. A two-fold movement contributed to the assetization process of TPF. The first movement was to package TPF as a tool to ensure access to justice, and the second was to assert a ‘funding gap’ in access to justice that ad hoc TPF alone could not address. TPF leads to more claims and riskier claims against States and increases the risk of crippling compensation. This requires States to allocate public funds to the cost of litigation, rather than to other necessary public services.
A jungle
Authors: Osborne Martin J. , Rubinstein Ariel 
Published: June 2023

This chapter studies a society consisting of a set of individuals and a set of houses. Each house can accommodate only one person and each person can occupy only one house. Different people may have different preferences over the houses, but everyone prefers to occupy any house than to be homeless.
This chapter analyzes a model in which the assignment of houses is determined by the individuals’ strengths; the concepts of property and ownership do not exist. A person who wants to occupy a house currently occupied by a weaker person can do so simply by presenting herself to the current occupant. The process is orderly: everyone knows everyone else’s strength, and on seeing that a stronger person wants to occupy her house, a person vacates it without a fight, which she knows she would lose.
An exchange economy
Authors: Osborne Martin J. , Rubinstein Ariel 
Published: June 2023

This chapter discusses a market in which the goods can be consumed in any quantity: they are divisible. As in the previous chapter, the ownership of goods is recognized and protected.
Each individual initially owns a bundle of goods. We look for a distribution of the goods among the individuals and a price system with the property that for each good the total amount the individuals want to purchase is equal to the total amount other individuals want to sell: demand and supply are equal.
Socialism
Authors: Osborne Martin J. , Rubinstein Ariel 
Published: June 2023

Consider a society in which each individual can produce the same consumption good, like food, using a single input, like land. Each individual is characterized by her productivity. The higher an ndividual’s productivity, the more output she produces with any given amount of the input.
An economic system can be thought of as a rule that specifies the output produced by the entire society and the allocation of this output among the individuals as a function of the individuals’ productivities. Should individuals with high productivity get more output than ones with low productivity? Should two individuals with the same productivity receive the same amount of output? Should an increase in an individual’s productivity result in her receiving more output?
The design of an economic system requires an answer to such questions. The approach in this chapter (like those in Chapters 3 and 20) is axiomatic. The central result specifies conditions capturing efficiency and fairness that are satisfied only by an economic system that resembles the socialist ideal.
A jungle
Authors: Osborne Martin J. , Rubinstein Ariel 
Published: June 2023

This chapter studies a society consisting of a set of individuals and a set of houses. Each house can accommodate only one person and each person can occupy only one house. Different people may have different preferences over the houses, but everyone prefers to occupy any house than to be homeless.
This chapter analyzes a model in which the assignment of houses is determined by the individuals’ strengths; the concepts of property and ownership do not exist. A person who wants to occupy a house currently occupied by a weaker person can do so simply by presenting herself to the current occupant. The process is orderly: everyone knows everyone else’s strength, and on seeing that a stronger person wants to occupy her house, a person vacates it without a fight, which he knows he would lose.
Rainy Days in the Arctic
Authors: Boisvert Linette N. , Webster Melinda A. , Parker Chelsea L. , Forbes Richard M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Arctic is warming faster than anywhere on Earth, and with these warming temperatures, there is likely to be more precipitation falling as rain. This precipitation phase change will have profound impacts on the hydrologic cycle, energy balance, and snow and sea ice mass budgets. Here, we examine the number of rainfall days in the Arctic from three reanalyses, ERA-Interim, ERA5, and MERRA-2, over 1980–2016. We show that the number of rainfall days has increased over this period, predominantly in the autumn and in the North Atlantic and peripheral seas, and the length of the rain season has increased in all reanalyses. This is positively correlated to the number of days with above freezing air temperatures and a lengthening of the warm season. ERA-Interim produces significantly more rainfall days than other reanalyses and CloudSat observations, as well as significantly more rainfall when temperatures are below freezing. Investigation into the cloud microphysics schemes revealed that the scheme employed by ERA-Interim allowed for mixed-phase clouds to form rain at temperatures below freezing following a temperature-dependent phase partitioning function between 250 and 273 K. This simple diagnostic treatment erroneously overestimates rain at temperatures below 273 K and produces unrealistic rainfall compared to ERA5 and MERRA-2. This work highlights the importance of having accurate physics and improving microphysical schemes in models for simulating precipitation in the Arctic and the caution that is warranted for interpreting reanalysis trends.
Displacement Error Characteristics of 500-hPa Cutoff Lows in Operational GFS Forecasts
Authors: Lupo Kevin M. , Schwartz Craig S. , Romine Glen S. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Cutoff lows are often associated with high-impact weather; therefore, it is critical that operational numerical weather prediction systems accurately represent the evolution of these features. However, medium-range forecasts of upper-level features using the Global Forecast System (GFS) are often subjectively characterized by excessive synoptic progressiveness, i.e., a tendency to advance troughs and cutoff lows too quickly downstream. To better understand synoptic progressiveness errors, this research quantifies seven years of 500-hPa cutoff low position errors over the globe, with the goal of objectively identifying regions where synoptic progressiveness errors are common and how frequently these errors occur. Specifically, 500-hPa features are identified and tracked in 0–240-h 0.25° GFS forecasts during April 2015–March 2022 using an objective cutoff low and trough identification scheme and compared to corresponding 500-hPa GFS analyses. In the Northern Hemisphere, cutoff lows are generally underrepresented in forecasts compared to verifying analyses, particularly over continental midlatitude regions. Features identified in short- to long-range forecasts are generally associated with eastward zonal position errors over the conterminous United States and northern Asia, particularly during the spring and autumn. Similarly, cutoff lows over the Southern Hemisphere midlatitudes are characterized by an eastward displacement bias during all seasons.

Significance Statement
Cutoff lows are often associated with high-impact weather, including excessive rainfall, winter storms, and severe weather. GFS forecasts of cutoff lows over the United States are often subjectively noted to advance cutoff lows too quickly downstream, and thus limit forecast skill in potentially impactful scenarios. Therefore, this study quantifies the position error characteristics of cutoff lows in recent GFS forecasts. Consistent with typically anecdotal impressions of cutoff low position errors, this analysis demonstrates that cutoff lows over North America and central Asia are generally associated with an eastward position bias in medium- to long-range GFS forecasts. These results suggest that additional research to identify both environmental conditions and potential model deficiencies that may exacerbate this eastward bias would be beneficial.
Determining Patterns of Routine Weather Information Usage and Their Demographic Determinants
Authors: Wehde Wesley , Nowlin Matthew 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Social science studies of weather and natural hazards have examined in depth the sources of information individuals use in response to a disaster. This research has primarily focused on information sources in isolation and as they relate to severe weather. Thus, less research has examined how individuals use information acquisition strategies during routine times. This paper addresses this limitation by examining patterns of routine weather information source usage. Using three unique survey datasets and latent class analysis, we find that weather information source usage can be summarized by a limited number of coherent classes. Importantly, our results suggest that weather information types, or classes, are generally consistent across datasets and samples. We also find demographic determinants, particularly age, help to explain class membership; older respondents were more likely to belong to classes that are less reliant on technology-based information sources. Income and education also were related to more complex or comprehensive information use strategies. Results suggest that the prevalent view of single-source information usage in previous research may not be adequate for understanding how individuals access information, in both routine and extreme contexts.
Eliminating ANOVA Hand Calculations Predicts Improved Mastery in an Undergraduate Statistics Course
Authors: Pirlott Angela G. , Hines Jarrod C. 
Published: June 2023

Background Presumably, most statistics professionals use a software program to perform statistical analyses, yet statistics textbooks and classes commonly teach hand calculations. Objective This study examined whether, in an undergraduate psychology statistics course, hand calculations related to students' conceptual and applied analysis of variance (ANOVA) literacy. Method Quasi-experimentally, we compared 95 students’ mastery of one-factor between- and within-subjects ANOVAs, using the unit quiz and SPSS data analytics lab, between sections which did and did not include hand calculations. Results Controlling for GPA, gender, ethnicity, major, age, and math preparation to offset nonrandom assignment to section, eliminating ANOVA hand calculations predicted better performance on the quiz by 8% and on the SPSS lab by 6%. Conclusion Shifting instructional focus away from hand calculations could enhance students’ conceptual and practical understanding of one-factor ANOVAs. Teaching Implications Given time limitations, instructors might forgo teaching ANOVA hand calculations and focus on conceptual information and software applications.
“I Hope You Know I’m Proud of You”: Reflections on the Postcard to My Graduating Self Project
Authors: Pownall Madeleine 
Published: June 2023

Background Student transition to university can be a challenging time. Research suggests that providing space for student reflection and goal setting may facilitate this period of transition. Objective I describe the Postcard to my Graduating Self Project, in which psychology students were invited to write postcards to their future selves. In the postcards, students were encouraged to reflect upon their goals and plans for their psychology degree. Method I ran the Postcard Project as part of an induction program of a BSc Psychology undergraduate cohort. One hundred and sixty-six undergraduate psychology students completed postcards. Results In my reading of the postcards and experiences of running the session, students appeared to use the postcard project as (1) a motivational tool, which prompted thinking about future goals, (2) a reflective device, which encouraged reflecting upon previous experiences, (3) and a social experience, which brought students together in unique ways. Conclusion Facilitating students’ writing postcards to their future self may foster social connections and provide educators with richer insights into the student experience. Teaching Implications I provide tips for conducting this project in other institutions and encourage educators to consider using the Postcard to my Graduating Self Project.
Subacromial Balloon Placement Demonstrates No Advantage Over Debridement in the Treatment of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: A Dual-Armed Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Over 1000 Patients
Authors: Sandler Alexis B. , Gil Luis G. , Scanaliato John P. , Green Clare K. , Dunn John C. , Parnes Nata 
Published: June 2023

Background: In recent years, the placement of a subacromial balloon (SAB) spacer has emerged as a treatment option for massive irreparable rotator cuff tears (MIRCTs); however, there is significant controversy regarding its utility in comparison with other surgical interventions. Purpose: To compare outcomes after SAB spacer placement versus arthroscopic debridement for MIRCTs. Study Design: Dual-armed systematic review and meta-analysis (level IV evidence). Methods: A literature search of PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, and CINAHL Complete databases for articles published before May 7, 2022, was conducted to identify patients with MIRCTs undergoing the 2 procedures. For the SAB arm, 14 of 449 studies were considered eligible for inclusion, while 14 of 272 studies were considered eligible for inclusion in the debridement arm. Results: In total, 528 patients were eligible for inclusion in the SAB arm and 479 patients in the debridement arm, and 69.9% of patients undergoing SAB placement also underwent concomitant debridement. Decreases in the visual analog scale (VAS) pain score and increases in the Constant score were found to be significantly larger after debridement (–0.7 points [ P < .001] and +5.5 points [ P < .001], respectively), although the Patient Acceptable Symptom State for the VAS was not achieved after either procedure. Both SAB placement and debridement significantly improved range of motion in forward flexion/forward elevation, internal and external rotation, and abduction ( P < .001). Rates of general complication were higher after debridement versus SAB placement (5.2% ± 5.6% vs 3.5% ± 6.3%, respectively; P < .001); however, there were no significant differences between SAB placement and debridement in rates of persistent symptoms requiring a reintervention (3.3% ± 6.2% vs 3.8% ± 7.3%, respectively; P = .252) or reoperation rates (5.1% ± 7.6% vs 4.8% ± 8.4%, respectively; P = .552). The mean time to conversion to reverse total shoulder arthroplasty was 11.0 versus 25.4 months, respectively, for the SAB versus debridement arm. Conclusion: While SAB placement was associated with acceptable postoperative outcomes in the treatment of MIRCTs, there was no clear benefit over debridement alone. Shorter operative times coupled with better postoperative outcomes and longer times to conversion to reverse total shoulder arthroplasty rendered debridement a more attractive option. While there may be a role for SAB placement in poor surgical candidates, there is burgeoning evidence to support debridement alone without SAB placement for the treatment of MIRCTs.
Developing the Temporal and Order Characteristics of a Dance-Specific Star Excursion Balance Test (dsSEBT)
Authors: Beckman Samantha , Brouner James 
Published: June 2023

Background:Previous studies have made crucial steps toward developing a dance-specific balance test to challenge dancer’s balance capabilities wherein positional characteristics, timing, as well as reach order were altered. However, the authentic performance nature of the protocols could be questioned.Purpose:The aim of this study was to examine the effects of different tempo and order variations on the previously developed Dance-Specific Star Excursion Balance Test (dsSEBT).Methods:Twenty- two female dancers voluntarily took part in the research (162.68 ± 6.57 cm; 61.35 ± 11.25 kg). This research looked at 3 different temporal variations as well as an alternate reach order, to the traditional order, to examine the effect it may have on individual spoke scores. Reach distances (% of limb length), center of pressure (cm2), and error scores were measured.Results:Overall, the varying tempos did not create a significant change in any of the variables measured ( P = .067-1.00) which suggests that dancers have a unique ability to adapt to temporal changes due to the nature of ever-changing tempos in class and performance. Additionally, the new reach order did not affect the difficulty level of each individual spoke, which agrees with previous research suggesting that the crossed side and crossed front spokes are in fact the most challenging spokes for ballet and contemporary dancers to accomplish.Conclusion:Results support the utilization of all 8 spokes of the dsSEBT in identifying balance deficits in this genre of dancers. The data collected in this study provides useful baseline measurements to further develop a reliable dance-specific dynamic balance test protocol to be used by ballet and contemporary dancers.
Choroidal involvement in patients with catastrophic anti-phospholipid syndrome: Two case reports
Authors: Zaafrane Nesrine , Fendouli Ines , Abdesslem Nadia Ben , Mahjoub Ahmed , Chtioui Hanin , Ghorbel Mohamed , Hachmi Mahjoub 
Published: June 2023

Purpose To describe choroidal involvement in catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS). Methods We report here two cases of bilateral CAPS choroidopathy in two female patients. Results Case report 1: A thirty-five-year-old female patient, with history of primary anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS), treated with anticoagulants, presented an acute renal failure following a salpingectomy. She complained of bilateral acute blurred vision. Ophthalmologic evaluation revealed visual acuity (VA) of 5/10, extensive serous retinal (SRD) detachment, areas of hypofluorescence on fluorescein angiography (FA), and non-perfusion areas in the choriocapillaris, on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A), in both eyes. Considering the diagnosis of probable CAPS, the patient received intravenous pulse steroids, plasmapheresis, intravenous anticoagulation and haemodialysis, with favourable evolution. Case report 2: A thirty-three-year-old female patient, with history of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and secondary APS, treated with corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents and anti-coagulation, presented a myocardiac infarction. She complained of bilateral acute blurred vision. Ophthalmologic evaluation revealed VA of 1/10 in the RE and 6/10 in LE, bilateral extensive SRD, leakage points on FA and non-perfusion areas in the choriocapillaris on OCT-A. Criteria of probable CAPS were fulfilled. Treatment with intravenous pulse steroids, anticoagulation and reanimation modalities allowed VA improvement. Alveolar haemorrhage and cardiogenic shock led to fatal evolution. Conclusion Our case reports highlight the importance of early diagnosis and ophthalmic evaluation in CAPS. Multidisciplinary approach and rapid initiation of effective treatment, based on corticosteroids, anticoagulation and plasmapheresis, allow better vital and visual prognosis.
Inverse association between Mediterranean diet and risk of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Alfredsson Lars , Olsson Tomas , Hedström Anna Karin 
Published: June 2023

Objective: There is some evidence implicating diet in the development of inflammatory diseases. We aimed to study the influence of dietary habits on the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: We used a population-based case–control study recruiting incident cases of MS (1953 cases, 3557 controls). Subjects with different dietary habits 5 years prior to MS diagnosis were compared regarding MS risk by calculating odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using logistic regression models. Adjustment was made for a large number of environmental and lifestyle habits, including ancestry, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, physical activity, and sun exposure habits. Results: Mediterranean diet was associated with lower risk of developing MS (adjusted OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.34–0.86, p = 0.009), compared with Western-style diet. There was no significant association between vegetarian/vegan diet and MS risk (adjusted OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.75–1.24, p = 0.976), nor between diet with low glycemic index and MS risk (adjusted OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.60–1.42, p = 0.518). Conclusions: Mediterranean diet may exert a protective influence regarding the risk of subsequently developing MS compared with Western-style diet.
Staff experiences of training and delivery of remote home monitoring services for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in England: A mixed-methods study
Authors: Sidhu Manbinder , Walton Holly , Crellin Nadia , Ellins Jo , Herlitz Lauren , Litchfield Ian , Massou Efthalia , Tomini Sonila M , Vindrola-Padros Cecilia , Fulop Naomi J 
Published: June 2023

Objectives Remote home monitoring services for patients at risk of rapid deterioration introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic had important implications for the health workforce. This study explored the nature of ‘work’ that health care staff in England undertook to manage patients with COVID-19 remotely, how they were supported to deliver these new services, and the factors that influenced delivery of COVID-19 remote home monitoring services for staff. Methods We conducted a rapid mixed-methods evaluation of COVID-19 remote home monitoring services during November 2020 to July 2021 using a cross-sectional survey of a purposive sample of staff involved in delivering the service (clinical leads, frontline delivery staff and those involved in data collection and management) from 28 sites across England. We also conducted interviews with 58 staff in a subsample of 17 sites. Data collection and analysis were carried out in parallel. We used thematic analysis to analyse qualitative data while quantitative survey data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results A total of 292 staff responded to the surveys (39% response rate). We found that prior experience of remote monitoring had some, albeit limited benefit for delivering similar services for patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Staff received a range of locally specific training and clinical oversight along with bespoke materials and resources. Staff reported feeling uncertain about using their own judgement and being reliant on seeking clinical oversight. The experience of transitioning from face-to-face to remote service delivery led some frontline delivery staff to reconsider their professional role, as well as their beliefs around their own capabilities. There was a general perception of staff being able to adapt, acquire new skills and knowledge and they demonstrated a commitment to continuity of care for patients, although there were reports of struggling with the increased accountability and responsibility attached to their adapted roles at times. Conclusions Remote home monitoring models can play an important role in managing a large number of patients for COVID-19 and possibly a range of other conditions. Successful delivery of such service models depends on staff competency and the nature of training received to facilitate effective care and patient engagement.