bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measures of Brain Connectivity and Cognition by Sex in US Children
Authors: Tomasi Dardo , Volkow Nora D. 
Published: February 2023

ImportanceThe neurobiological underpinnings underlying sex differences in cognition during adolescence are largely unknown.ObjectiveTo examine sex differences in brain circuitry and their association with cognitive performance in US children.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study analyzed behavioral and imaging data from 9- to 11-year-old children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study between August 2017 and November 2018. The ABCD study is an open-science, multisite study following up more than 11 800 youths into early adulthood for 10 years with annual laboratory-based assessments and biennial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The selection of ABCD study children for the current analysis was based on the availability of functional and structural MRI data sets in ABCD Brain Imaging Data Structure Community Collection format. Five hundred and sixty participants who had excessive level of head motion (&amp;gt;50% of time points with framewise displacement &amp;gt;0.5 mm) during resting-state functional MRI were excluded from the analyses. Data were analyzed between January and August 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcomes were the sex differences in (A) global functional connectivity density at rest and (B) mean water diffusivity (MD) and (C) the correlation of these metrics with total cognitive scores.ResultsA total of 8961 children (4604 boys and 4357 girls; mean [SD] age, 9.92 [0.62] years) were included in this analysis. Girls had higher functional connectivity density in default mode network hubs than boys, predominantly in the posterior cingulate cortex (Cohen d = −0.36), and lower MD and transverse diffusivity, predominantly in the superior corticostriatal white matter bundle (Cohen d = 0.3). Age-corrected fluid and total composite scores were higher for girls than for boys (Cohen d = −0.08 [fluid] and −0.04 [total]; P = 2.7 × 10−5). Although total mean (SD) brain volume (1260 [104] mL in boys and 1160 [95] mL in girls; t = 50; Cohen d = 1.0; df = 8738) and the proportion of white matter (d = 0.4) were larger for boys than for girls, the proportion of gray matter was larger for girls than for boys (d = −0.3; P = 2.2 × 10−16).Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this cross-sectional study on sex differences in brain connectivity and cognition are relevant to the future creation of brain developmental trajectory charts to monitor for deviations associated with impairments in cognition or behavior, including those due to psychiatric or neurological disorders. They could also serve as a framework for studies investigating the differential contribution of biological vs social or cultural factors in the neurodevelopmental trajectories of girls and boys.
Using Haplotype-Based Artificial Intelligence to Evaluate SARS-CoV-2 Novel Variants and Mutations
Authors: Zhao Lue Ping , Cohen Seth , Zhao Michael , Madeleine Margaret , Payne Thomas H. , Lybrand Terry P. , Geraghty Daniel E. , Jerome Keith R. , Corey Lawrence 
Published: February 2023

ImportanceEarlier detection of emerging novel SARS-COV-2 variants is important for public health surveillance of potential viral threats and for earlier prevention research. Artificial intelligence may facilitate early detection of SARS-CoV2 emerging novel variants based on variant-specific mutation haplotypes and, in turn, be associated with enhanced implementation of risk-stratified public health prevention strategies.ObjectiveTo develop a haplotype-based artificial intelligence (HAI) model for identifying novel variants, including mixture variants (MVs) of known variants and new variants with novel mutations.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used serially observed viral genomic sequences globally (prior to March 14, 2022) to train and validate the HAI model and used it to identify variants arising from a prospective set of viruses from March 15 to May 18, 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresViral sequences, collection dates, and locations were subjected to statistical learning analysis to estimate variant-specific core mutations and haplotype frequencies, which were then used to construct an HAI model to identify novel variants.ResultsThrough training on more than 5 million viral sequences, an HAI model was built, and its identification performance was validated on an independent validation set of more than 5 million viruses. Its identification performance was assessed on a prospective set of 344 901 viruses. In addition to achieving an accuracy of 92.8% (95% CI within 0.1%), the HAI model identified 4 Omicron MVs (Omicron-Alpha, Omicron-Delta, Omicron-Epsilon, and Omicron-Zeta), 2 Delta MVs (Delta-Kappa and Delta-Zeta), and 1 Alpha-Epsilon MV, among which Omicron-Epsilon MVs were most frequent (609/657 MVs [92.7%]). Furthermore, the HAI model found that 1699 Omicron viruses had unidentifiable variants given that these variants acquired novel mutations. Lastly, 524 variant-unassigned and variant-unidentifiable viruses carried 16 novel mutations, 8 of which were increasing in prevalence percentages as of May 2022.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, an HAI model found SARS-COV-2 viruses with MV or novel mutations in the global population, which may require closer examination and monitoring. These results suggest that HAI may complement phylogenic variant assignment, providing additional insights into emerging novel variants in the population.
Comparison between mono‐tacrolimus and mono‐glucocorticoid in the treatment of myasthenia gravis
Authors: Fan Zhirong , Lei Lin , Su Shengyao , Zhang Shu , Xie Nairong , Li Ling , Lu Yan , Di Li , Wang Min , Xu Min , Shen Xin‐Ming , Da Yuwei 
Published: February 2023

AbstractObjectiveUse of tacrolimus in mild to moderate myasthenia gravis (MG) is generally limited to glucocorticoid‐refractory cases; the advantage of mono‐tacrolimus over mono‐glucocorticoids is unknown.MethodsWe included mild to moderate MG patients treated with mono‐tacrolimus (mono‐TAC) or mono‐glucocorticoids (mono‐GC). The correlation between the immunotherapy options and the treatment efficacy and side effects were examined in 1:1 propensity‐score matching. The main outcome was time to minimal manifestations status or better (MMS or better). Secondary outcomes include time to relapse, the mean changes in Myasthenia Gravis‐specific Activities of Daily Living (MG‐ADL) scores and the rate of adverse events.ResultsBaseline characteristics showed no difference between matched groups (49 matched pairs). There were no differences in median time to MMS or better between the mono‐TAC group and mono‐GC group (5.1 vs. 2.8 months: unadjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.73; 95% CI, 0.46–1.16; p = 0.180), as well as in median time to relapse (data unavailable for the mono‐TAC group since 44 of 49 [89.8%] participants remained in MMS or better; 39.7 months in mono‐GC group: unadjusted HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.23–1.97; p = 0.464). Changes in MG‐ADL scores between the two groups were similar (mean differences, 0.3; 95% CI, −0.4 to 1.0; p = 0.462). The rate of adverse events was lower in the mono‐TAC group compared to the mono‐GC group (24.5% vs. 55.1%, p = 0.002).InterpretationMono‐tacrolimus performs superior tolerability with non‐inferior efficacy compared to mono‐glucocorticoids in mild to moderate myasthenia gravis patients who refuse or have a contraindication to glucocorticoids.
Moist‐Electric Generator with Efficient Output and Scalable Integration Based on Carbonized Polymer Dot and Liquid Metal Active Electrode
Authors: Li Qijun , Qin Yukun , Cheng Dengke , Cheng Ming , Zhao Hongjia , Li Lvzhou , Qu Songnan , Tan Jing , Ding Jianning 
Published: February 2023

AbstractMoisture‐enabled electricity generation (MEG) is highly promising in next‐generation energy conversion. However, the practical applications of existing MEG devices are limited due to their low current and voltage outputs, strong dependence on high moisture, and inflexible nature. Herein, an efficient MEG integrated with flexible, all‐weather, and scalable fabrication characteristics based on the rational combination of carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) and liquid metal (LM) active electrodes is developed for the first time. Remarkably, the fabricated MEG device can produce a stable voltage output of 800 mV and a record high current density of 1640 µA cm−2. Even at a low air humidity of 15%, the MEG device can provide a high voltage output of 0.65 V and a considerable current density of 12 µA cm−2. The prompted diffusion of hydrogen ions in CPDs and the additional metal ions ionized from the LM electrode contribute synergistically to the high electricity generation. Additionally, the device can be easily integrated on various flexible substrates and generate an ultrahigh voltage of 210 V to power commercial electronics, showing great potential in large‐scale fabrication and application.
Fully 3D‐Printed, Stretchable, and Conformable Haptic Interfaces
Authors: Grasso Giulio , Rosset Samuel , Shea Herbert 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIntegrating rich cutaneous haptic feedback enhances realism and user immersion in virtual and augmented reality settings. One major challenge is providing accurately localized cutaneous stimuli on fingertips without interfering with the user's dexterity. This sub 200 µm thick, fully printed, stretchable Hydraulically Amplified Taxels (HAXELs) enable both static indentation and vibrating haptic stimuli, localized to a 2.5 mm diameter region. The HAXELs are directly bonded to the user's skin, are soft enough to conform to any body part, and can be fabricated in dense arrays with no crosstalk. All functional materials (elastomers, stretchable conductors, and sacrificial layers) are deposited by inkjet printing, which allows rapid prototyping of multi‐material, polymer‐based structures. The actuators consist of oil‐filled stretchable pouches, whose shape is controlled by electrostatic zipping. The 5 mm wide actuators weigh <250 mg and generate cutaneous stimuli well above reported perception thresholds, from DC to 1 kHz. They operate well even when stretched to over 50%, allowing great freedom in placement. The 2 × 2 arrays are tested on the fingers of human volunteers: the actuated quadrant is correctly identified 86% of the time. Printing soft actuators allows tailoring dense and effective cutaneous haptics to the unique shape of each user.
Variability in molar crown morphology and cusp wear in two Western chimpanzee populations
Authors: Stuhlträger Julia , Kullmer Ottmar , Wittig Roman M. , Kupczik Kornelius , Schulz‐Kornas Ellen 
Published: February 2023

AbstractObjectivesChimpanzees(Pan troglodytes)possess a relatively generalized molar morphology allowing them to access a wide range of foods. Comparisons of crown and cusp morphology among the four subspecies have suggested relatively large intraspecific variability. Here, we compare molar crown traits and cusp wear of two geographically close populations of Western chimpanzees,P. t. verus, to provide further information on intraspecific dental variability.Materials and MethodsMicro‐CT reconstructions of high‐resolution replicas of first and second molars of two Western chimpanzee populations from Ivory Coast (Taï National Park) and Liberia, respectively were used for this study. First, we analyzed projected tooth and cusp 2D areas as well as the occurrence of cusp six (C6) on lower molars. Second, we quantified the molar cusp wear three‐dimensionally to infer how the individual cusps alter with advancing wear.ResultsBoth populations are similar in their molar crown morphology, except for a higher appearance rate of a C6 in Taï chimpanzees. In Taï chimpanzees, lingual cusps of upper molars and buccal cusps of lower molars possess an advanced wear pattern compared to the remaining cusps, while in Liberian chimpanzees this wear gradient is less pronounced.DiscussionThe similar crown morphology between both populations fits with previous descriptions for Western chimpanzees and provides additional data on dental variation within this subspecies. The wear pattern of the Taï chimpanzees are in concordance with their observed tool rather than tooth use to open nuts/seeds, while the Liberian chimpanzees may have consumed hard food items crushed between their molars.
Hybridization‐Induced Spin‐Wave Transmission Stop Band within a 1D Diffraction Grating
Authors: Riedel C. , Taniguchi T. , Körber L. , Kákay A. , Back C. H. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractSpin wave propagation is studied through a diffraction grating in a 200 nm thick YIG film by using scanning time resolved magneto‐optic Kerr microscopy (TR‐MOKE) and supported by micromagnetic simulations. Caustic‐like spin wave emission and the hybridization of Damon Eshbach (DE) type spin wave modes within the grating region, depending on the magnetic field and the dimensions of the grating, are observed. Hybridization leads to an increased attenuation length for propagating spin waves and consequently to a transmission stop‐band for spin waves at the grating for a certain magnetic field range.
Teaching vulval anatomy in the twenty‐first century: The Australian experience
Authors: Hayes Jennifer A. , Temple‐Smith Meredith J. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAnatomy has often been regarded as an immutable discipline where everything that needs to be known is known. This article focuses on the teaching of vulval anatomy, the diversification of gender in contemporary society, and the increasing popularity of the Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery (FGCS) industry. The binary language and singular structural arrangements contained in lectures and chapters on “female genital anatomy” are nowadays rendered exclusive and incomplete. A series of 31 semi‐structured interviews with Australian anatomy teachers identified barriers and facilitators for teaching vulval anatomy to contemporary student cohorts. Barriers included lack of connection to contemporary clinical practice, time and technical difficulty involved in regularly updating online presentations, the crowded curriculum, personal sensitivity to teaching vulval anatomy, and reluctance to introduce inclusive terminology. Facilitators included lived experience, regular use of social media, and institutional initiatives toward inclusivity including the support of queer colleagues.
Prognostication refinement in NPM1‐mutated acute myeloid leukemia stratified by FLT3‐ITD status with different induction doses of cytarabine
Authors: Wang Biao , Hua Xiaoying , Zhang Jihong , Gu Weiying , Li Haiqian 
Published: February 2023

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to retrospectively discern the heterogeneity of outcomes from clinicopathological characteristics and next‐generation sequencing (NGS) data in adult patients with NPM1‐mutated (NPM1mut) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) induced with standard‐dose (SD, 100–200 mg/m2) and intermediate‐dose (ID, 1000–2000 mg/m2) cytarabine arabinose (Ara‐C).MethodsIn the entire cohort and FLT3‐ITD subgroups, multivariate Logistic and Cox regression analyses were used to analyze the comprehensive complete remission (cCR) rate after one or two induction cycles, event‐free survival (EFS), and overall survival (OS).ResultsAmong a total of 203 NPM1mut patients evaluable for clinical outcome, 144 (70.9%) received a first SD‐Ara‐C induction and 59 (29.1%) received ID‐Ara‐C induction. Early death was recorded in seven (3.4%) after one or two cycles of induction. Focusing analysis on the NPM1mut/FLT3‐ITD(−) subgroup, independent factors showing inferior outcome were presence of TET2 mutation [cCR rate, OR = 12.82 (95%CI 1.93–85.28), p = 0.008; EFS, HR = 2.92 (95%CI 1.46–5.86), p = 0.003], increasing age [EFS, HR = 1.49 (95%CI 1.10–2.02), p = 0.012 by every 10‐years elevation], white blood cell count ≥60 × 109/L [EFS, HR = 3.30 (95%CI 1.63–6.70), p = 0.001], and ≥4 mutated genes at initial diagnosis [OS, HR = 5.54 (95%CI 1.77–17.33), p = 0.003]. In contrast, when focusing on the NPM1mut/FLT3‐ITD(+) subgroup, factors showing superior outcome were ID‐Ara‐C induction [cCR rate, OR = 0.20 (95%CI 0.05–0.81), p = 0.025; EFS, HR = 0.27 (95%CI 0.13–0.60), p = 0.001] and allo‐transplantation [OS, HR = 0.45 (95%CI 0.21–0.94), p = 0.033]. Factors showing inferior outcome included CD34(+) [cCR rate, OR = 6.22 (95%CI 1.86–20.77), p = 0.003; EFS, HR = 2.01 (95%CI 1.12–3.61), p = 0.020] and ≥5 mutated genes [OS, HR = 2.85 (95%CI 1.33–6.10), p = 0.007].ConclusionWe conclude that TET2(+), age, and white blood cell count convey an outcome risk modulation for AML with NPM1mut/FLT3‐ITD(−), as does CD34 and ID‐Ara‐C induction for NPM1mut/FLT3‐ITD(+). The findings permit re‐stratification of NPM1mut AML into distinct prognostic subsets to guide risk‐adapted individualized treatment.
A Guide to Gene‐Centric Analysis Using TreeSAPP
Authors: Morgan‐Lang Connor , Hallam Steven J. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractGene‐centric analysis is commonly used to chart the structure, function, and activity of microbial communities in natural and engineered environments. A common approach is to create custom ad hoc reference marker gene sets, but these come with the typical disadvantages of inaccuracy and limited utility beyond assigning query sequences taxonomic labels. The Tree‐based Sensitive and Accurate Phylogenetic Profiler (TreeSAPP) software package standardizes analysis of phylogenetic and functional marker genes and improves predictive performance using a classification algorithm that leverages information‐rich reference packages consisting of a multiple sequence alignment, a profile hidden Markov model, taxonomic lineage information, and a phylogenetic tree. Here, we provide a set of protocols that link the various analysis modules in TreeSAPP into a coherent process that both informs and directs the user experience. This workflow, initiated from a collection of candidate reference sequences, progresses through construction and refinement of a reference package to marker identification and normalized relative abundance calculations for homologous sequences in metagenomic and metatranscriptomic datasets. The alpha subunit of methyl‐coenzyme M reductase (McrA) involved in biological methane cycling is presented as a use case given its dual role as a phylogenetic and functional marker gene driving an ecologically relevant process. These protocols fill several gaps in prior TreeSAPP documentation and provide best practices for reference package construction and refinement, including manual curation steps from trusted sources in support of reproducible gene‐centric analysis. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Creating reference packagesSupport Protocol 1: Installing TreeSAPPSupport Protocol 2: Annotating traits within a phylogenetic contextBasic Protocol 2: Updating reference packagesBasic Protocol 3: Calculating relative abundance of genes in metagenomic and metatranscriptomic datasets
Puppet masters of B‐cell progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: The preB cell receptor and the interleukin 7 receptor α
Authors: Das Gupta Dennis , Lohoff Michael 
Published: February 2023

AbstractB‐cell progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP‐ALL) is enriched for a preB cell phenotype, hinting at a specific vulnerability of this cell stage. Two signaling pathways via the preB cell receptor (preBCR) and the interleukin 7 receptor α (IL‐7Rα) chain govern the balance between differentiation and proliferation at this stage and both receptor pathways are routinely altered in human BCP‐ALL. Here, we review the immunobiology of both the preBCR as well as the IL‐7Rα and analyze the human BCP‐ALL spectrum in the light of these signaling complexes. Finally, we present a terminology for preBCR signaling modules that distinguishes a pro‐proliferative “phase‐I” module from a pro‐differentiative “phase‐II” module. This terminology might serve as a framework to better address shared oncogenic mechanics of preB cell stage BCP‐ALL.
Novel approach for the performance augmentation of phase change material integrated battery thermal management system for number of charging/discharging cycles
Authors: Patel Jay R. , Rathod Manish K. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractWith the development of fast charging unit for electric vehicles (EVs) battery, it is required to develop a battery pack that can maintain the temperature in the desired range. Hence, some thermal management system is required to enhance performance and safety issues. The objective of the present work is to enhance the performance of phase change material (PCM)‐based battery thermal management system (BTMS) for continuous charging/discharging cycles. The cycle is considered as 3C‐1C as charging‐discharging rates. The PCM‐in‐pack BTMS is effective only for one cycle, and after that, the value of maximum battery temperature (Tmax) and maximum battery temperature difference (ΔTmax) reaches above 60°C and 5°C, respectively. The PCM‐around‐cell BTMS (PCM layer around battery cells) is found effective in maintaining ΔTmax below 5°C for three consecutive cycles but found effective in maintaining Tmax below 60°C for the first cycle only. For further improvement, fins are utilized, and found that fin and PCM‐around‐cell BTMS can effectively maintain Tmax below 60°C for two cycles. Even the addition of fins is found effective after the second cycle; therefore, rest time between charging and discharging is explored for further improvement. With a 10‐min rest time, both Tmax and ΔTmax are found under 60°C and 5°C for four consecutive cycles. However, the value of Tmax increases around 4°C to 5°C after each cycle. This problem of increment in Tmax after each cycle is eliminated by 20‐min rest time and found almost similar Tmax for four consecutive cycles. For 20 min of rest time between charging and discharging, Tmax is found with PCM‐around‐cell with fin based BTMS as 44.98°C, 45.98°C, 46.49°C, and 46.82°C during four consecutive cycles. Hence, PCM‐around‐cell arrangement, fins, and rest time of 20 min can provide desirable results for a large number of consecutive cycles.
Future of Nanotechnology in Food Industry: Challenges in Processing, Packaging, and Food Safety
Authors: Singh Rajesh , Dutt Shradha , Sharma Priyanka , Sundramoorthy Ashok K. , Dubey Aman , Singh Anoop , Arya Sandeep 
Published: February 2023

AbstractOver the course of the last several decades, nanotechnology has garnered a growing amount of attention as a potentially valuable technology that has significantly impacted the food industry. Nanotechnology helps in enhancing the properties of materials and structures that are used in various fields such as agriculture, food, pharmacy, and so on. Applications of nanotechnology in the food market have included the encapsulation and distribution of materials to specific locations, the improvement of flavor, the introduction of antibacterial nanoparticles into food, the betterment of prolonged storage, the detection of pollutants, enhanced storage facilities, locating, identifying, as well as consumer awareness. Labeling food goods with nano barcodes helps ensure their security and may also be used to track their distribution. This review article presents a discussion about current advances in nanotechnology along with its applications in the field of food‐tech, food packaging, food security, enhancing life of food products, etc. A detailed description is provided about various synthesis routes of nanomaterials, that is, chemical, physical, and biological methods. Nanotechnology is a rapidly improving the field of food packaging and the future holds great opportunities for more enhancement via the development of new nanomaterials and nanosensors.