bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Herd Reproductive Status
Authors: Williamson Norman B. 
Published: March 2023

The realization that herd reproductive performance limits herd production and profits has made reproductive herd health programs increasingly popular with dairy clients for the last 25 years. We must ensure that reproductive health programs continue to contribute to farm profits. To do this we must continually measure and monitor herd reproductive performance. Many indices of reproductive performance have been described, so it may be difficult and confusing to decide which indices to use and how to use them.
This paper describes relationships between reproductive performance, production and farm incomes. It considers some indices of reproduction and how they are used to monitor herd reproductive performance to keep it profitable. To provide a benchmark for normal values of these indices, average 1984 / 5 indices for 21 typical Minnesota and Wisconsin herds are presented. These herds had used the DairyCHAMP Computerized Health and Management Program for a sufficient time to allow a correct analysis in 1986.
Promoting The Nutritional Value of Beef
Authors: Francis John 
Published: March 2023

Good morning! I'm pleased to have the opportunity to share with you a quick overview of programs developed as a result of the $1.00 checkoff.
But first, it is important to recognize the primary focus of the marketing programs: consumer demand, an increase that is, in producers' opportunities to make a profit.
To increase demand, the $1.00 checkoff is invested in ways designed to influence consumer's attitudes, or the willingness to buy, enjoy, eat more or better yet, eat beef more often.
In order to reach consumers, we need to first be all eyes and ears - we take our lead from current and potential consumers. Successful marketing however, dictates that we think with a consumer-driven orientation.
Promoting the Nutritional Value of Dairy Products
Authors: Wilkinson Marilyn 
Published: March 2023

Thank you for inviting me here today. You have asked me to do something I've been wanting to do for a long time-discuss the topic of promoting nutrition.
First, I want to make it crystal clear-I am not a nutritionist. In fact, I am not in the scientific disciplines per se. I am a professional in the field of public relations-a piece of the marketing puzzle. And, as a key player in the dairy and food industries, I have many thoughts I want to share with you.
A major point is simply this: Promoting nutrition is big business-and apparently getting bigger. Have you watched television lately? Looked at a cereal box? Read a newspaper?
Americans are being bombarded by more and more promotional messages, and more and more of them have to do with nutrition ...
Protein, Fats and Fertility in Dairy Cows
Authors: Ferguson James D. , Blanchard T. L. , Chalupa W. 
Published: March 2023

Levels of dietary protein that optimize milk production may depress fertility in dairy cows. While fertility responses of dairy cows fed diets with increased levels of crude protein have not been consistent, trends towards increased services/conception and days open have been reported. New concepts in ruminant protein nutriture partition crude protein into rumen undegradable and degradable fractions. Few studies investigating protein effects on fertility have accounted for partitioning of dietary protein. Dairy cows in their fourth or greater lactation are more likely to become pregnant by 120 days postpartum when fed diets balanced for rumen degradable and undegradable protein. Superovulation studies suggest fertilization failure occurs in older cows fed diets with high levels of rumen degradable protein.
Increases in milk yield has been reported in dairy cows receiving fat supplemented diets. Fats protected from rumen degradation have been advocated over vegetable oils and fat mixtures of grease and tallow. Dairy cows fed protected fats have a 2.052 risk odds ratio for pregnancy compared to cows not receiving fats. Conception rate in cows fed protected fats is 59.3% versus 41.5% in control cows. Fat included in dairy cattle rations may not only benefit production, but also reproduction.
Avoidance of Passive Transfer Failure in Calves
Authors: Gay Clive C. , Besser Thomas E. , Pritchett Lori C. , Hancock Dale D. , Wikse Steve 
Published: March 2023

Partial or complete failure of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins is known to be a major determinant of liability to neonatal disease and mortality in calves. When considering the causes of failure of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins the transfer process can be divided into three stages. These are:1. The formation of adequate volumes of high immunoglobulin concentration colostrum in the udder.2. The ingestion of an adequate mass of immunoglobulin by the calf early in life.3. The transfer of immunoglobulins across the gut into the circulation of the calf.
Currently we have information on the causes of failure associated with deficiencies in the first two of these stages and there are management strategies that can be used to minimize failure associated with these stages. We have limited knowledge to allow successful intervention strategies associated with the third stage.
Sterilizing Calf Pens to Control Salmonellosis
Authors: Petty Albert S. 
Published: March 2023

Salmonellosis can be one of the most difficult diseases to control on the dairy farm. In our practice the response to treatment with antibiotics has been disappointing especially when one considers the long term cure rate. Likewise the use of commercial autogenous bacterins have been of limited value. In addition, the frequent and often fatal reactions in both calves and adults to the bacterins limits the value of these products.
With this in mind I have looked for other methods of controlling this disease.
Use of a Bovine Nose Twitch, Bilge Pump, and Milk Test for Ketosis
Authors: Oetzel Garrett R. 
Published: March 2023

Bovine Nose Twitch. A bovine nose twitch, which has much the same effect as an equine nose twitch used in a horse, is available for use in cattle. Bovine nose twitches are commonly used in Europe, where they are sometimes referred to as Reetz nose holders.1 I first saw one of these twitches when a student brought one back from Ireland. It looked strange but worked impressively.
Bilge Pump. A large capacity, plastic pump comes in very handy when delivering large volumes of oral solutions to cattle. I have found that a standard plastic bilge pump designed to bail water from sailboats works both inexpensively and effectively.
Milk Test for Ketosis. Diagnosis of ketosis in postpartum dairy cows is difficult if you cannot get the cow to urinate or if you cannot detect the odor of ketones on the cow's breath. In such cases, I use a ketone test powder (Ketonate™, Labanco Inc., Box 483, Addison, IL 60101) to test for milk ketones.
Marketing Opportunities for the Food Animal Practice
Authors: Gavzer Karyn 
Published: March 2023

It may seem a little unusual to you to listen to a nonveterinarian speak at a bovine conference, but if anything, it is a little intimidating for me. I can't help but wonder if you aren't sitting there wondering what a "city girl" marketing director like me could possibly have to say that might interest you. I know if our roles were reversed, and I was sitting where you are, I'd have a few things to wonder about!
First of all, I want to reassure you that it is not just me. I'm just the lucky person the AABP invited out to talk to you about food animal marketing. What I share with you is the consensus of economic and veterinary experts throughout the country and the findings of AVMA's US Market For Food Animal Veterinarian Medical Society' study. I also bring to you over 16 years experience in marketing, much of which was spent in healthcare marketing.
I am Director of Marketing at AVMA. I have been with AVMA for almost two years and in that time I have developed and presented two different marketing clinics for them: one for food animal practitioners and one for companion animal practitioners. The talk you are about to hear today is actually an except from the food animal marketing program; but before I get into that, I'd like to address some of the common misunderstandings and misconceptions many veterinarians hold about marketing.
Bovine Pneumonic Pasteurellosis
Authors: Wilkie B. N. , Shewen P. E. 
Published: March 2023

The acknowledged efficacy of vaccination in preventing major infectious diseases is based upon obvious successes such as that against smallpox, which was declared eradicated in 1980 (24), or the Clostridium sp bacterin-toxoids which are used in man and animals.
Expectations for vaccine usefulness are consequently high, but many diseases which are apparently amenable to vaccine-based control remain as significant sources of economic loss in the livestock industry. Failure to observe certain basic principles of vaccine design may have contributed to this. Vaccination is feasible and warranted if directed towards an economically important infectious disease of livestock which is caused by an identified infectious agent with known virulence-mediating determinants which induce protective immune response against a realistic challenge under usual husbandry conditions. The vaccination program must be cost-effective.
Practical Forage Evaluation
Authors: Chase L. E. 
Published: March 2023

Forages provide the foundation upon which productive and economical dairy rations are built. However, there are a variety of forage types, harvesting, storage and feeding systems utilized on dairy farms.
A key component in the evaluation of a feeding program is an index of forage "quality." The term quality covers a broad spectrum of characteristics including visual appraisal, smell and chemical characteristics. All of these must be integrated into an overall framework to determine whether or not the forage is of acceptable quality and palatability to support the desired levels of productivity.
Veticare System
Authors: Labrosse Pierre 
Published: March 2023

In Canada, we have two levels of government: the federal Government of Canada and the provincial governments. To accompany this fancy political governing system, we also have two internal revenue systems, one federal and one provincial. If you are working for dollars, you definitely have to collect for it.
I come from the Province of Quebec. from the iegion we refer to as the Richelieu Valley situated in the most southern area of the province which coincides with the most northern area of the Vermont State,. It is situated south-east of Montreal, limited to the west by the Richelieu River which runs from the Champlain lake to the St. Lawrence river.
In this area, most of the producers are referred to as industrial type dairy producers. The typical farm is a family farm which owns approximately 150 head of cattle. The largest farm milks 350 cows and owns approximately 800 head. In this province, nothing seems to be done like anywhere else in this country. Politicians, in the past, managed to have the western producers produce grains that were shipped to the east to produce milk. Approximately 55% of the milk produced in Canada is produced in Quebec. We do not speak the same language, and we always seem to do things in a complicated manner.
Practice Equalizer
Authors: Johnson Andrew P. 
Published: March 2023

The question everyone always wants to know is how to get paid for what you do. As I have traveled around from practice to practice, I have seen a great deal of different ways to charge for your services. It is hard to say which is right and which is wrong but it is important to choose a method that best fits your style of practice.
The important question that must be asked by every veterinarian is how much of my time am I really getting paid for? When one actually takes the time to figure out his real chargeable hours per day, the results can be disappointing. Most veterinarians make around $50 per hour for their program work. If the average veterinarian spends 60 hours of week working and works 50 weeks a year, the average income for their service time only should be $150,000 per year plus drugs and supplies. Unfortunately, many veterinarians income for services fall far short of this. Take the time a figure your real hourly rate rather than the rate you actually charge. Are you disappointed?
Dairy Herd Facilities Designed for Efficient Production
Authors: Armstrong Dennis V. 
Published: March 2023

The major physical components of a dairy design are milking, feeding, treatment and waste-disposal facilities. These must be designed and located to provide animal comfort in combination with effective traffic and movement within the system for efficient day-to-day operation. The design of dairy components and complete systems depend upon certain management practices these will vary by climatic condition and herd size. Personal preference by individual dairymen may also influence the final selection of dairy design.
Two major considerations in dairy design are cow comfort and reduce labor costs. Cow comfort usually means dairy design which modifies the environment for the cow to improve production (milk and production). This would include shade for cattle in a hot climate or a partial enclosed barn for protection from cold and wind in a cold climate.
This paper will briefly deal with milking, feeding and waste-disposal of dairy design. A more detailed discussion of treatment facilities will be included.
Immunomodulation in Bovine Respiratory Disease
Authors: Roth James A. 
Published: March 2023

Animals are constantly exposed to the threat of bacterial, viral, and parasitic infection and neoplastic disease. The immune system is responsible for warding off these threats so that the animal remains healthy. The fact that the normal state of existence for animals is health attests to the remarkable efficiency of the immune system. When some factor(s) interferes with normal immune function or when an animal is exposed to an overwhelming number of an infectious agent, disease occurs.
The basic understanding of the immune system is advancing rapidly and a picture of a highly regulated, complex system of cellular and molecular interactions is emerging. These breakthroughs in basic understanding promise to give scientists the means for manipulating the immune system to prevent disease from occurring rather than treating disease after it occurs. Advances in basic immunology have led to the identification of several compounds which show promise as immunomodulators. Immunomodulators are compounds that can "modulate" or enhance the function of the immune system and are sometimes called biological response modifiers. There are two basic types of immunomodulators: exogenous and endogenous. The exogenous immunomodulators include bacteria or bacterial derived products (e.g. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), endotoxin, Propionobacterium acnes) and synthetic chemicals (e.g. levamisole and lipoidal amines). One mechanism of action of the exogenous immunomodulators is to induce the release of endogenous immunomodulators. The endogenous immunomodulators include proteins that are produced and secreted by cells (cytokines). Some examples of these proteins include interferons (IFN), interleukins (IL), tumor necrosis factors (TNF) and colony stimulating factors (CSF) (20). Genetic engineering techniques offer the potential to produce these compounds inexpensively. This manuscript focuses on research conducted at Iowa State University aimed at evaluating the potential for using immunomodulators in prevention and therapy of bovine respiratory disease. Research on immunomodulators in cattle has also been conducted by a number of other research groups, but will not be reviewed here.
Microbiology and Physiology of the Rumen and Its Response to Different Feeding Strategies
Authors: Leedle Jane A. Z. 
Published: March 2023

The rumen is inhabited by a complex and highly competitive microbial population composed predominantly of strictly anaerobic bacteria (1010 to 1011/g ruminal contents) and protozoa (HP to 107/g) with smaller numbers (~104/g) of anaerobic fungi and facultatively anaerobic bacteria. These microorganisms are responsible for the degradation of ingested feedstuffs to fermentation acids (primarily the volatile fatty acids: acetate, propionate and butyrate) which are absorbed by the host through the ruminal epithelium and serve as the dominant carbon and energy sources for growth, maintenance and production. The ruminant animal then is a symbiotic association between mammal and microorganisms which evolved to enable the animal to live on high fiber diets (19). The ruminal regulatory systems developed by the animal were intended to cope with the microbial fermentation of forage-based rations and they operate very effectively for this purpose. These regulatory systems include temperature control, ruminal pH control through the buffering action of saliva, provision of extra nutrients such as urea or phosphate which enters the rumen also via the saliva, removal of inhibitory soluble (end) products through absorption, and removal of indigestible solids through passage to the lower tract (28). The animal can regulate the activities of the ruminal microorganisms only in so far as it can vary these processes. For the rest, the microorganisms are controlled only by the limitations of their growth physiology and by synergism and competition between species.
With the practice of high grain feeding, the ruminal fermentation has become a liability to the host animal. When diets high in readily fermentable carbohydrates, i.e., diets high in starchy cereal grains, are fed to ruminants, caloric intake and substrate availability are no longer controlled by physical constraints such as fiber particle size and ruminal volume. The animal can now ingest more calories in a shorter time because of the smaller sized, energy-dense nature of cereal grains compared to cellulosic materials. As a result, members of the microbial community are released from substrate limitation restraints. For example, the activities of the amylolytic (starch-degrading) and the saccharolytic (sugar-degrading) bacteria are no longer limited by the relatively slow degradation of fibrous polymers to fermentable oligomers and thus starch degradation and fermentation can occur at very rapid rates.
Beef Industry in the 1990s
Authors: Thorpe Topper 
Published: March 2023

These are some of the most exciting and challenging times for cattlemen and those who provide services for, or supply products to them.
It's a time filled with opportunity and pitfalls -- It all depends on how the situation is approached.
Change is difficult for most of us who prefer to remain in our "comfortable rut". If we choose to remain in this rut, the world will probably pass us by -- But, if we're willing to get out of the rut we can find new opportunity.
Factors influencing the changes being seen today -* Maturing of the meat industry* Declining cattle numbers* Excess capacity in feeding and packing* Increased competition for supplies* Narrower margins* Consolidation and integration
All of these factors are forcing producers and processors to become more efficient, low cost producers, if they want to stay in business.
A look at changes in the structure of the various beef producing and processing segments.
Economic Analysis in Beef Feedlot Practice
Authors: Jordan Timothy 
Published: March 2023

The process of converting biology, physiology, and pathology from medical to economic terms can be a complex undertaking. Many veterinary practitioners do this almost subconsciously without complex computer assistance. For these experienced veterinarians, decisions to treat or not to treat and with what drug are often made from the clinical presentation of the animal or animals and the expected outcome or result of various therapeutic options. Determination of the "true economic" cost of animal disease should be an integral component of feedlot animal health.
The problems to overcome when determining the true cost of disease in a feedlot situation are many. The veterinary practitioners must many times overcome the lack of records or records that do not allow for economic evaluation. Other obstacles are the determination of what to measure, quantifying subclinical or inapparent loss, variation from animal to animal or from load to load, and determination of industry standards or comparison factors. These problems coupled with the fact that often the diagnosis of disease is subjective in nature seem to make the precise quantification of disease loss impossible. While these problems are formidable, they are not insurmountable. Let us look at how each of these problems can be overcome and then at a specific situational application.
Quality Assurance & Residue Avoidance in Midwest Feedlots
Authors: Huston Patrick L. 
Published: March 2023

Feedlot Drug Testing-Challenge of the 90's - Residues of drugs in food producing animals is presently one of the greatest challenges facing the cattle industry. While assessing the actual issue of drug residues as needs arise, a still larger task of addressing the perceived need of the consumer, as media misconception, and purposeful negativity by animal welfarists (of which the veterinary profession is an active part). Thus the ultimate goal of the beef industry, therefore, must be to make quality assurance & beef safety a "non-issue" by generating a positive image & maintaining consumer confidence.
In recent years the beef industry has generally been both aided & damaged by developments both internationally and at home.
Production and Economic Effects of Johne's Disease in Dairy Cows
Authors: Hutchinson L. J. , Galligan D. , Whitlock R. H. , Spencer P. A. , Burns C. M. 
Published: March 2023

Johne's disease (paratuberculosis) (JD) is a chronic progressive bacterial enteropathy. Infected animals have generally been exposed to the organism at a very young age. Clinical signs of weight loss and diarrhea are often preceded by a period of months or years during which M. paratuberculosis organisms are shed in feces. The effect of subclinical JD on production and economic parameters has not been well characterized.
A study of randomly selected cull dairy cows was conducted at a large plant slaughtering cull cows from throughout the northeastern U.S. Johne's positive cull cows weighed less, produced less milk during their lifetime and less milk during their last lactation than did Johne's negative cull cows.
Fatal Non-Responsive Diarrhea in Beef Calves 6 to 8 Weeks of Age
Authors: Radostits Otto M. , Booker Calvin W. , Shepherd Graham 
Published: March 2023

This is a case presentation of an epidemic of fatal, non-responsive diarrhea in 6 to 8-week old beef calves on a Saskatchewan cow-calf farm in May, 1991.
Members of the audience are asked to read and consider the case history, the clinical descriptions of the affected calves, and answer the questions at the end of Part One. After the questions and differential diagnoses have been discussed, the diagnostic laboratory results will be given and discussed in Part Two.
Look at Computer Care and Maintenance
Authors: Ehrlich Jim 
Published: March 2023

Paul called me up last February and asked me to tell you everything I know about computer maintenance, in five minutes. I'd have been more flattered if he'd asked for everything I know about cow maintenance. Anyhow, it's not hard to tell you about maintaining computers in four minutes, which will leave me a minute at the end, for cows.
Computer chips sometimes fail in the first few hundred hours of use due to manufacturing flaws. After that, the most common cause of computer failure is high voltage surges which occur regularly on both electrical power lines and telephone lines, especially during thunderstorms.