bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(066) STI Co-infection Among Pregnant Women with SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Needham K , Pope R 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Although information on COVID-19 infection during pregnancy is still limited, existing evidence does not support increased susceptibility to infection or increased risk of developing severe disease during pregnancy, and the occurrence of intrauterine transmission has not been proven conclusively. However, to our knowledge, there is even less information available on co-infection with sexually transmitted infections in pregnant patients with COVID-19. The prevalence of any curable STI (gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, or syphilis) during pregnancy is estimated to be 3.3% (95% CI 2.9-3.7).

Objectives
STIprevalence may be correlated with COVID-19 infection in pregnant women, since both are influenced by risk-taking behaviors (i.e. condom use, mask-wearing, handwashing, and social distancing). On the other hand, an upregulated immune response in the setting of COVID-19 infection may in fact provide immunological protection against co-infection with STI’s or Group B Streptococcus (GBS), a non-sexually transmitted infection with a prevalence of 17.9% (95% CI 16.2-19.7) in pregnant patients. Our goal was to further explore this relationship.

Methods
We conducted a chart review of 34 pregnant patients with COVID-19, specifically looking at the incidence of antenatal STI’s and GBS.

Results
The mean age of the participants was 28.9 (SD 5.7) years, the mean gestational age at infection was 33.9 (SD 7.3) weeks, and the mean gestational age at delivery was 37.2 (SD 4.4) weeks. 26.5% (n=9) of patients tested positive for an STI, including gonorrhea (n=3), chlamydia (n=3), HPV (n=3), and trichomoniasis (n=2). 23.5% (n=8) tested positive for GBS infection.

Conclusions
The increased incidence of STI’s among pregnant women with COVID-19 compared to the expected incidence for any pregnant woman may suggest increased risks to this particular population that are worth investigating further.

Disclosure
No.
How to Approach Difficult Experiences: Memory Exposure and Processing
Authors: Rauch Sheila A.M. , Rothbaum Barbara Olasov 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, readers walk through how to approach memories of difficult experiences. This chapter provides the specific worksheets and how to approach the memory, stay with the emotions associated with the memory, consider what the memory says about you as a person at the time of the difficult experience and now, and then do it again and again. Through repeatedly connecting with the memory and letting yourself feel the emotions, you can come to a different perspective on the experience and how you feel and think about it and yourself. The Making Meaning of Difficult Experiences: Self-Guided Program gives the structure to approach the memory and emerge on the other side in a better place.
Getting Active
Authors: Rauch Sheila A.M. , Rothbaum Barbara Olasov 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, you learn how to get up and reconnect with the world despite difficult experiences through an intervention called behavioral activation. Behavioral activation essentially means getting and staying active. Behavioral activation is a way to increase your activities and improve your mood. We need to take care of ourselves before we can take care of others. Part of this self-care is staying active and doing things that nourish our soul. When we are stressed or sad or recovering from a difficult situation, it is easy to put those activities aside, but then we aren’t functioning at our best. Examples of self-care activities are presented to help you choose how to get started, provide a structure to help you set goals for behavioral activation, and track your progress.
Percutaneous Trial of Spinal Cord Stimulation
Authors: Pritzlaff Scott G. , Kreis Paul G. , Fishman Scott M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the percutaneous trial of spinal cord stimulation (SCS). Anterograde lead placement for stimulation is largely utilized for treating pains in the low back, leg, neck, and arm. Fluoroscopic guidance helps overcome the difficulties of false loss of resistance (LOR) during the process of inserting temporary leads while placing epidural catheters. Guidewires are also utilized for lead manipulation and steering to establish a path for epidural space. The chapter expounds on the process of percutaneous trials, which includes lead manipulation, stimulation testing, and anchoring the lead externally. It covers the instructions on what patients need to do following the SCS procedure.
History of Social Psychiatry and Historical Aspects of the World Association of Social Psychiatry
Authors: Kallivayalil Roy Abraham , Kastrup Marianne , Gogineni Rama Rao , Di Nicola Vincenzo , Sharma Shridhar 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Social psychiatry is a discipline that focuses on the social dimension of mental health, mental illness, and mental healthcare. Social psychiatry uses the concepts and methods of the social sciences, including psychology, sociology, and anthropology. In 1903 the term “social” was first linked to psychiatry. In 1911 psychiatric care outside the asylums was advocated. Dr. E. E. Southard of Harvard Medical School, in 1922, taught “social psychiatry,” which he termed “an art now during development by which the psychiatrist deals with social problems.” The First and Second World Wars advanced psychiatry, including social psychiatry. The tumultuous 1960s bought a myriad of advances, including family therapy, community psychiatry, and the biopsychosocial model. The World Association of Social Psychiatry (WASP) was founded in 1964 by Joshua Bierer of the United Kingdom. In 1976, the World Congress of Social Psychiatry was held for the first time in Opatija, Croatia. In 2001, the World Association of Social Psychiatry (WASP) was officially launched. WASP had a phenomenal growth, especially during the past decade. Currently WASP has 27 member societies representing all the continents. It is the beacon of promoting social psychiatry in etiology and the treatment of human wellness, and the prevention and treatment of mental suffering.
The Biopsychosocial Model of Health
Authors: Craig Tom K. J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an update to the biopsychosocial model of health first described in detail by George Engel in the 1970s. He argued that abnormalities in biological mechanisms are not enough to explain the subjective experience of “illness” or to account for the variation in treatment response, course, and ultimate outcome of many conditions. Instead, psychological and social factors come to the fore, determining when and how people come to view themselves as unwell, influencing whether and when they enter and remain in treatment, as well as many other key aspects of the illness experience. The model has been heavily criticized in the light of advances in the understanding of biological mechanisms; opponents claim that the model is little more than a distraction from the real understanding of disease, or a convenient compromise to resolve ideological conflicts with the champions of psychology and sociology. What is missing, they imply, is any evidence for a truly causal psychosocial mechanism that interacts with biology at a fundamental level. In this light, the recent theoretical work of Derek Bolton and Gillett provides a way forward. This model and supporting evidence are described.
Social Psychiatry
Authors: Lolas Fernando , Rodríguez Eduardo 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Every human being is born into a moral community. Ethics begins from the inner reflection of persons who orient their lives according to reason, belief, or utility. Social institutions have been established for regulating the practice of the professions. Psychiatry is a meta-text composed of different texts not easily compatible with each other. Written regulations, norms, and principles must be balanced against the major interests of all persons and institutions involved. If problems cannot be resolved, they can be dissolved in the common good of a democratic and egalitarian society. The ethical dimensions of social psychiatric practice will incorporate public health, international health and global health perspectives. Prima facie principles helpful in this field include autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Cultural and structural factors may influence the relative weight of each principle in concrete cases. Methods of ethical reasoning applied to psychiatric practice from a social perspective should be comprehensive and should incorporate social, clinical, research, educational, and training aspects.
The Importance of Medical Professionalism in Social Psychiatry
Authors: Rothe Eugenio M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The main goal of being a physician is to uphold the primacy of the patient (altruism), and a good-quality interaction and maintenance of the patient-doctor relationship form the core mission of the medical profession. Thus the new concept of medical professionalism recognizes that all healthcare occurs reciprocally, and that emotions play an important part of all human interactions and are connected to the curative effect of the doctor-patient relationship. This chapter discusses the erosion of medical professionalism in developing countries, the importance of restoring medical professionalism worldwide, and teaching it as an integral part of the medical school curriculum. It will also address cultural differences and the essential components in the practice of medical professionalism, as well as how practicing professionalism enriches both the physician and the patient and enhances the prestige of the medical profession.
Developing a Curriculum to Teach Social Psychiatry
Authors: Rothe Eugenio M. , Pumariega Andres J. , Gogineni Rama Rao 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Very few residency-training programs provide a formal curriculum of social psychiatry that teaches residents about the social determinants of health and the evidence-based social treatment approaches to treat these problems. In many cases, trainees learn about social aspects of psychiatry through clinical exposure to patients, their families, and the community. Trainees need to be taught that social psychiatry is a paradigm that combines medical training with the perspectives of social anthropology, social psychology, cultural psychiatry, sociology, and other disciplines relating to the human condition in order to better understand and treat mental disorders. This chapter describes the necessary elements that should be included in psychiatry residency-training programs so that future psychiatrists can learn to treat patients from a complete biopsychosocial perspective.
Social Psychiatry
Authors: Moffic H. Steven 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Psychiatrists face death in their clinical practice in many forms, and the psychology hereof is clearly important. It is part of the psychiatric profession to assess the risk of suicide, as well as homicide, as part of daily clinical work. Decisions related to these areas all have severe ethical and confidentiality implications. The chapter further describes some of the personal experiences of the author when faced with patient suicide. Despite many religious grieving rituals, workplace procedures on how to handle grief in employees are needed but lacking. Recently physician-assisted death has become a social issue of increasing concern. Though few psychiatrists support this procedure, they nevertheless play an important role in assessing the existence of clinical depression, or another psychiatric disorder, as a reason for the request. Society needs this clinical expertise also in the movement to prolong life. Recommendations are provided on pertinent issues related to death and dying, including countertransference, mourning, hastening death or prolonging life, epidemics, disasters, patient perspectives, relationship with other professions, and dealing with denial.
Social Psychiatry
Authors: Stotland Nada L. , Shrestha Angela Devi 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Historically women have been excluded from positions of power and subjected to abuse of various kinds. Both religious and scientific reasons have been used to confine women to inferior roles in society. In many societies, a female newborn is viewed as a liability, and all through the reproductive phases of life women may experience these as defining and incapacitating them. Menstruation may limit activities and be considered shameful. Fertility may be linked to reproductive injustice, and access to abortion may be nonexistent or under massive attack, and sexual access to unwilling women is seen as an entitlement in many situations. Postpartum depression poses particular social challenges. In the family, women are still subject to oppression. It is also within the family that women are most at risk of psychological and physical abuse. Women entering professional careers may encounter considerable resistance, varying from mistrust to outright harassment. Women’s rights, though recognized in a few places, are under attack in others, and fundamentalist expressions of religion may restrict women’s roles and rights. The #MeToo movement did not resolve women’s challenges, and it is doubtful if abused women are better off than they were before #MeToo. This chapter provides a list of clinical and social applications to incorporate the impact of social realities into the practice of medicine including psychiatry. Social psychiatrists have an important role to examine all that affects a woman’s mental health in order to prevent misunderstandings and subsequent mismanagement.
Social Psychiatry
Authors: Pradhan Basant 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Social cognitive neuroscience is an emerging discipline that bridges across several disciplines and includes the concepts of social brain and social psychiatry. Simply speaking, social brain is the biological substrate of what social psychiatry entails. Our sociality is the outcome of an intricate and multi-dimensional relationship between the size of the social brain, the richness as well as the selectivity of its neural networks and the behavioral complexities emanating from the bonded relationships that underpin our social coalitions. Although no specific brain area is specifically designated as the social brain, accumulating data from the neuroimaging and cognitive neuroscience research reveal that distinct neuronal networks do subserve our social functionings and also that the social information processing may actually be different non-social information processing. Our various social functioning and the related processes serve as the operational domains for both the social brain as well as social psychiatry. Their scopes are quite broad and range from epidemiological/anthropological research and an indistinct boundary with individual or group psychotherapy at one end, and quite precise brain mapping, genetic, neurochemical studies and targeted neuromodulation and integrative psychiatric interventions at the other end. This chapter embarks upon these fascinating aspects from social cognitive neuroscience, biological, developmental and spiritual perspectives and also discusses some therapeutic implications, both actual and potential.
Suicide and Sociocultural Considerations
Authors: Gaind K. Sonu 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter on suicide and sociocultural considerations reviews the complex phenomena related to suicide that must be understood by considering a person’s complete biopsychosocial and cultural experience, and societal context. While suicide in the medical model is traditionally considered to be linked to mental illnesses, sociocultural elements play significant roles in understanding suicide in the broader context. Societal responses to suicide and suicide attempts should not foster shame and blame; they likewise should not glorify or romanticize suicide. Suicide-prevention strategies benefit from integrated team approaches and need to be sensitive to local sociocultural environments. Careful consideration of sociocultural issues related to suicide is essential as assisted dying policies are being debated worldwide, and the medical profession has an obligation to contribute evidence-based policy guidance rather than simply ideologically driven positions. Total life suffering contributes to a person’s wish to die, and sociocultural suffering must be considered and addressed for suicide-prevention strategies to succeed.
Medical Illness in Psychiatry
Authors: Thornton Joseph E. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes a three-step approach to medical illness in psychiatry. First it takes the practitioner’s point of view in relationship to the patient encounter for assessment. Then it takes a holistic view for clinical formulations and interventions with the patient. Third, it examines the ethics of care and where interventions for patients are directed toward their social framework. For the clinical encounter the author emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive systematic patient-centric assessment so that the diagnostic formulation is driven by the findings on the examination, avoiding premature diagnostic closure. The next sections help place the clinical findings into the social context of the patient’s developmental history and current cultural environment. Treatment interventions are tailored to assist the patient from their perspective. Finally, looking at social determinants of health, one recognizes that interventions to help patients must be directed at the social matrix, whether it is access to information for self-care or access to medical care. The current COVID-19 pandemic provides content for discussion on ethics and social psychiatry.
Child Maltreatment from a Sociocultural Perspective
Authors: Shapiro Michael 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Child maltreatment occurs across the globe, in all nations, in all cultures. Consequences of child maltreatment include impaired lifelong physical and mental health; the global impact can lead to shortened life spans, a diminished workforce, increased healthcare costs, and ultimately slow the economic and social development of a society. There is sufficient evidence that links childhood maltreatment with the development of mental illness and physical illness, and maltreatment experienced as a child is a risk factor for being a perpetrator of child maltreatment as an adult. The best working definition of child maltreatment includes the context of contemporary community values and professional expertise of what is considered inappropriate and damaging, which are determined by social constructs and culture. This chapter presents a historical and current review of child maltreatment from a cultural perspective and foreshadows the global challenge that lays ahead.
The Mental Health of Prisoners
Authors: McLellan Angus , Molodynski Andrew 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Prisons have for centuries been the backbone of penal systems internationally, with more than 90% of inmates being men. Incarceration rates differ significantly and are highest among underprivileged and minority groups. The United States has the highest overall incarceration rate. Mental health problems are more prevalent in prisons than outside, with increased rates of major depression and psychosis. Those with mental illness also have significant impairment in other areas of social functioning, and female prisoners have very high levels of mental illness. Substance misuse is a significant problem in prisons, and again prevalence is higher than in the general population. The first weeks of incarceration are especially risky as regards suicidal behavior. Certain groups require special attention, such as prisoners on remand, adolescents, women, older people, and LGBT+ prisoners. Evidence is emerging that interventions may reduce reoffending rates and improve the health of prisoners, but there is no consistency of approach within or between individual countries. Prison is still used primarily as punishment, with rehabilitation playing a smaller part or being absent altogether even though the United Nations states that prisoners should have the same access to healthcare as if they were in the general community.
Youth Violence
Authors: Rothe Eugenio M. , Ono Yoshiro , Pumariega Andres J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Only a small proportion of acts of violence against children are reported and investigated, and few perpetrators are held to account. In terms of youth perpetrators, the scant data this chapter reviews the existing epidemiological iteterature and focuses on preventive interventions. However, there is increased international attention to violence perpetrated by youth and its various associated factors. This chapter reviews the literature on this important topic and focuses on preventive approaches.
Neuropathology Primer
Authors: Kulac Ibrahim , Pekmezci Melike 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The neuropathology primer chapter summarizes the histomorphologic, molecular, and immunohistochemical features of the central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms and is largely based on the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of CNS tumors (significant impending changes are noted where appropriate). It provides a practical approach and reviews the main diagnostic and grading criteria for the most commonly encountered CNS tumors and some rare tumors with unique histologic or molecular features. Specifically, it summarizes the diagnostic criteria for diffuse glial neoplasms including oligodendroglioma, diffuse astrocytoma, and glioblastoma using an integrated approach combining histologic and molecular findings. It also reviews solid glial tumors such as pilocytic astrocytoma and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma; glioneuronal, neuronal, and ependymal neoplasms; meningiomas; non-meningothelial mesenchymal tumors; primary melanocytic neoplasms of CNS; embryonal tumors; and tumors of the sellar and pineal region. In addition, tumors arising from the peripheral nerve sheaths are summarized. The chapter includes numerous figures representing typical histologic examples for many tumor types.
Ependymoma
Authors: Alnahhas Iyad , Rayi Appaji , Slone Wayne , Kobalka Peter , Ong Shirley , Giglio Pierre , Puduvalli Vinay K. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Ependymomas are uncommon glial neoplasms whose biology and clinical characteristics are poorly understood and for which there are few effective treatment options. They occur predominantly in the pediatric as well as the adolescent and young-adult age groups and are seen mainly in the posterior fossa and spinal cord. They range in behavior from low-grade slow-growing tumors such as myxopapillary ependymomas to aggressive malignancies such as anaplastic ependymomas. Intense research in recent years has yielded novel insights into the biology and clinical behavior of these tumors, which has allowed development of several targeted therapeutic approaches. However, the modest efficacy of such studies to date have emphasized the complexity of these tumors and highlighted the need for continued preclinical and translational research to address their clinical impact. This chapter reviews the current state of the science of biology, pathophysiology, and classification of ependymomas and outlines the current recommendations for treatment of patients with these tumors.