bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poor health-related quality of life in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome in comparison with a sex- and age-matched normative population
Authors: Seeley Marie-Claire , Gallagher Celine , Ong Eric , Langdon Amy , Chieng Jonathan , Bailey Danielle , Dennis Annabelle , McCaffrey Nikki , Lau Dennis H. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Purpose
The effect of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) on health-related quality of life (HrQoL) remains poorly studied. Here, we sought to compare the HrQoL in individuals with POTS to a normative age-/sex-matched population.

Methods
Participants enrolled in the Australian POTS registry between 5 August 2021 and 30 June 2022 were compared with propensity-matched local normative population data from the South Australian Health Omnibus Survey. The EQ-5D-5L instrument was used to assess HrQoL across the five domains (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression) with global health rating assessed with a visual analog scale (EQ-VAS). A population-based scoring algorithm was applied to the EQ-5D-5L data to calculate utility scores. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were undertaken to explore predictors of low utility scores.

Results
A total of 404 participants (n = 202 POTS; n = 202 normative population; median age 28 years, 90.6% females) were included. Compared with the normative population, the POTS cohort demonstrated significantly higher burden of impairment across all EQ-5D-5L domains (all P < 0.001), lower median EQ-VAS (p < 0.001), and lower utility scores (p < .001). The lower EQ-VAS and utility scores in the POTS cohort were universal in all age groups. Severity of orthostatic intolerance symptoms, female sex, fatigue scores, and comorbid diagnosis of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome were independent predictors of reduced HrQoL in POTS. The disutility in those with POTS was lower than many chronic health conditions.

Conclusions
This is the first study to demonstrate significant impairment across all subdomains of EQ-5D-5L HrQoL in the POTS cohort as compared with a normative population.

Trial registration
ACTRN12621001034820
Improved distinct bone segmentation in upper-body CT through multi-resolution networks
Authors: Schnider Eva , Wolleb Julia , Huck Antal , Toranelli Mireille , Rauter Georg , Müller-Gerbl Magdalena , Cattin Philippe C. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Purpose
Automated distinct bone segmentation from CT scans is widely used in planning and navigation workflows. U-Net variants are known to provide excellent results in supervised semantic segmentation. However, in distinct bone segmentation from upper-body CTs a large field of view and a computationally taxing 3D architecture are required. This leads to low-resolution results lacking detail or localisation errors due to missing spatial context when using high-resolution inputs.

Methods
We propose to solve this problem by using end-to-end trainable segmentation networks that combine several 3D U-Nets working at different resolutions. Our approach, which extends and generalizes HookNet and MRN, captures spatial information at a lower resolution and skips the encoded information to the target network, which operates on smaller high-resolution inputs. We evaluated our proposed architecture against single-resolution networks and performed an ablation study on information concatenation and the number of context networks.

Results
Our proposed best network achieves a median DSC of 0.86 taken over all 125 segmented bone classes and reduces the confusion among similar-looking bones in different locations. These results outperform our previously published 3D U-Net baseline results on the task and distinct bone segmentation results reported by other groups.

Conclusion
The presented multi-resolution 3D U-Nets address current shortcomings in bone segmentation from upper-body CT scans by allowing for capturing a larger field of view while avoiding the cubic growth of the input pixels and intermediate computations that quickly outgrow the computational capacities in 3D. The approach thus improves the accuracy and efficiency of distinct bone segmentation from upper-body CT.
The politics of international testing
Authors: Kijima Rie , Lipscy Phillip Y. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractHow does quantifying and ranking national performance influence state behavior? Cross-national assessments in education, such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) promoted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), have become increasingly prominent in recent years. However, cross-national assessments are politically contentious, and their impact remains underexplored. We argue that assessment participation has a meaningful, positive impact on education outcomes and evaluate three hypotheses related to elite, domestic, and transnational mechanisms. Our mixed-method approach draws on a panel dataset covering all cross-national assessments and all countries as well as an original survey of education officials directly responsible for planning and implementation in 46 countries. We find that assessment participation increases net secondary enrollment rates even after accounting for potential self-selection. The magnitude of this increase is large: on a global basis, it is equivalent to improved access to higher education for 27–32 million students annually. The empirical evidence suggests elite-level mechanisms are primarily responsible for these findings.
Scaling limits of fluctuations of extended-source internal DLA
Authors: Darrow David 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn a previous work, we showed that the 2D, extended-source internal DLA (IDLA) of Levine and Peres is δ3/5-close to its scaling limit, if δ is the lattice size. In this paper, we investigate the scaling limits of the fluctuations themselves. Namely, we show that two naturally defined error functions, which measure the “lateness” of lattice points at one time and at all times, respectively, converge to geometry-dependent Gaussian random fields. We use these results to calculate point-correlation functions associated with the fluctuations of the flow. Along the way, we demonstrate similar δ3/5 bounds on the fluctuations of the related divisible sandpile model of Levine and Peres, and we generalize the results of our previous work to a larger class of extended sources.
On the relationship between school mathematics and university mathematics: a comparison of three approaches
Authors: Scheiner Thorsten , Bosch Marianna 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis paper examines how different approaches in mathematics education conceptualise the relationship between school mathematics and university mathematics. The approaches considered here include: (a) Klein’s elementary mathematics from a higher standpoint; (b) Shulman’s transformation of disciplinary subject matter into subject matter for teaching; and (c) Chevallard’s didactic transposition of scholarly knowledge into knowledge to be taught. Similarities and contrasts between these three approaches are discussed in terms of how they frame the relationship between the academic discipline and the school subject, and to what extent they problematise the reliance and bias towards the academic discipline. The institutional position implicit in the three approaches is then examined in order to open up new ways of thinking about the relationship between school mathematics and university mathematics.
The effects of lignin structure on the multiscale properties and electrochemical performance of activated carbons
Authors: Guizani Chamseddine , Sorsa Olli , Siipola Virpi , Ohra-Aho Taina , Paalijärvi Riina , Pasanen Antti , Mäkelä Mikko , Kalliola Anna , Vilkman Marja , Torvinen Katariina 
Published: June 2023

AbstractLignin is a nature’s wonder most abundant aromatic biopolymer and a promising precursor for a wide range of sustainable carbon materials (CMs). However, the effects of lignin structural heterogeneity on the properties and performance of lignin-based CMs are still poorly understood. In this paper, we address the influence of the lignin structural heterogeneity on the properties of lignin-based activated carbons (ACs). Taking two structurally different kraft (KL) and hydrolysis (HL) lignins, we show that they result into ACs with different properties and electrochemical performance in supercapacitor application. In similar carbonization and activation conditions, ACs from HL showed higher specific capacitances than ACs from KL. The difference between the two groups of ACs could not be solely attributed to the difference in their specific surface areas. They were rather found to result from different particle morphologies, pore size distributions, pore wall nanostructures, and surface chemistries, as revealed by multivariate data analyses. Moreover, we observed that KL and HL had different thermophysical behaviors and reactivities during the thermal treatment, which would have influenced the porosity development and surface oxygenation levels and consequently the electrochemical performance of the derived ACs. This work also shows that it is possible to engineer ACs from HL with electrochemical performance close to the commercial YP-50F Kuraray AC, which implies that less pure, carbohydrate-containing lignins are no less advantaged compared to purer KL to produce high-performance ACs for supercapacitor application.
Increasing Clinical Trial Participation of Black Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer
Authors: Fairley Ricki , Lillard James W. , Berk Alexandra , Cornew Sophia , Gaspero Joseph , Gillespie James , Horne LaTrisha L. , Kidane Sabrina , Munro Sandra B. , Parsons Matthew , Powers Emily R. , Rizzo Suzanne E. , Tishcler Alyson , Wohl Hope , Weiss Marisa C. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDespite racial disparities in breast cancer mortality, Black women remain underrepresented in clinical trials. In this mixed methods research, 48 Black women were engaged via focus group discussions and in-depth interviews to better understand the lived experience of women with breast cancer. The results of this qualitative study informed the development of a subsequent online survey to identify barriers, motivators, and other factors that influence decision-making by Black women diagnosed with breast cancer when considering clinical trial participation. Among the 257 Black survey participants, most (95%) were aware of clinical trials; of those, most viewed them as lifesaving (81%) and/or benefiting others (90%). Negative perceptions such as serious side effects (58%), not receiving real treatment (52%), or risk of potential harm (62%) were indicated. Barriers included financial expenses (49%), concerns that their condition could be made worse (29%), that they would receive a placebo (28%), or that treatment was unapproved (28%). Participants were more likely than their health care providers (HCPs) to initiate discussions of clinical trials (53% versus 33%), and 29% of participants indicated a need for more information about risks and benefits, even after having those conversations. The most trustworthy sources of information on clinical trials were HCPs (66%) and breast cancer support groups (64%). These results suggest that trusted communities are key for providing education on clinical trials. However, there is also a need for HCPs to proactively discuss clinical trials with patients to ensure that they are adequately informed about all aspects of participation.
Forecasting bitcoin volatility: exploring the potential of deep learning
Authors: Pratas Tiago E. , Ramos Filipe R. , Rubio Lihki 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis study aims to evaluate forecasting properties of classic methodologies (ARCH and GARCH models) in comparison with deep learning methodologies (MLP, RNN, and LSTM architectures) for predicting Bitcoin's volatility. As a new asset class with unique characteristics, Bitcoin's high volatility and structural breaks make forecasting challenging. Based on 2753 observations from 08-09-2014 to 01-05-2022, this study focuses on Bitcoin logarithmic returns. Results show that deep learning methodologies have advantages in terms of forecast quality, although significant computational costs are required. Although both MLP and RNN models produce smoother forecasts with less fluctuation, they fail to capture large spikes. The LSTM architecture, on the other hand, reacts strongly to such movements and tries to adjust its forecast accordingly. To compare forecasting accuracy at different horizons MAPE, MAE metrics are used. Diebold–Mariano tests were conducted to compare the forecast, confirming the superiority of deep learning methodologies. Overall, this study suggests that deep learning methodologies could provide a promising tool for forecasting Bitcoin returns (and therefore volatility), especially for short-term horizons.
DeepSHARQ: hybrid error coding using deep learning
Authors: Gil Pereira Pablo , Vogelgesang Kai , Miodek Moritz , Schmidt Andreas , Herfet Thorsten 
Published: June 2023

AbstractCyber-physical systems operate under changing environments and on resource-constrained devices. Communication in these environments must use hybrid error coding, as pure pro- or reactive schemes cannot always fulfill application demands or have suboptimal performance. However, finding optimal coding configurations that fulfill application constraints—e.g., tolerate loss and delay—under changing channel conditions is a computationally challenging task. Recently, the systems community has started addressing these sorts of problems using hybrid decomposed solutions, i.e., algorithmic approaches for well-understood formalized parts of the problem and learning-based approaches for parts that must be estimated (either for reasons of uncertainty or computational intractability). For DeepSHARQ, we revisit our own recent work and limit the learning problem to block length prediction, the major contributor to inference time (and its variation) when searching for hybrid error coding configurations. The remaining parameters are found algorithmically, and hence we make individual contributions with respect to finding close-to-optimal coding configurations in both of these areas—combining them into a hybrid solution. DeepSHARQ applies block length regularization in order to reduce the neural networks in comparison to purely learning-based solutions. The hybrid solution is nearly optimal concerning the channel efficiency of coding configurations it generates, as it is trained so deviations from the optimum are upper bound by a configurable percentage. In addition, DeepSHARQ is capable of reacting to channel changes in real time, thereby enabling cyber-physical systems even on resource-constrained platforms. Tightly integrating algorithmic and learning-based approaches allows DeepSHARQ to react to channel changes faster and with a more predictable time than solutions that rely only on either of the two approaches.
Interface behaviour of the slow diffusion equation with strong absorption: Intermediate-asymptotic properties
Authors: King John R. , Richardson Giles W. , Foster Jamie M. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe dynamics of interfaces in slow diffusion equations with strong absorption are studied. Asymptotic methods are used to give descriptions of the behaviour local to a comprehensive range of possible singular events that can occur in any evolution. These events are: when an interface changes its direction of propagation (reversing and anti-reversing), when an interface detaches from an absorbing obstacle (detaching), when two interfaces are formed by film rupture (touchdown) and when the solution undergoes extinction. Our account of extinction and self-similar reversing and anti-reversing is built upon previous work; results on non-self-similar reversing and anti-reversing and on the various types of detachment and touchdown are developed from scratch. In all cases, verification of the asymptotic results against numerical solutions to the full PDE is provided. Self-similar solutions, both of the full equation and of its asymptotic limits, play a central role in the analysis.
Survey of Crowd Crush Disasters and Countermeasures
Authors: Wang Soon-Joo 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:On the night of October 29, 2022, a crowd crush occurred during Halloween festivities in the Itaewon neighborhood of Seoul, Korea. At least 156 people were killed and at least 173 others were injured. In this study, the author tried to learn a lesson by investigating the worldwide crowd crush disaster and analyzing the differences and results.Method:First, the crowd crush disasters were investigated and summarized through literature and internet searches. Second, based on this, the prevention and management of crowd crush disasters, emergency medical response, and necessary research/development contents were derived through a Delphi survey of experts.Results:Crowd crush disasters have been experienced from developed countries to developing countries since the 1800s. Commonly the crowd density was high, and the crowds continued to move and then the crowd collapsed above a certain limit. The biggest casualty occurred during a pilgrimage to Mecca in Saudi Arabia in 2015, but the theme of the event, such as concerts, sporting events, and funerals, was varied. Experts survey was that the manager's efforts not to increase the crowd density, and efforts to maintain order and prevent contingencies were important. They said that it is important to comply with the principles of disaster medicine, but it is difficult to access the patient in the crowd crush state, so the management of the crowd may be more important. They said that it is necessary to establish a realistic guideline and a real-time crowd density monitoring system using CCTV or drones.Conclusion:Crowd crush disasters can occur in any type of crowd gathering events where the crowd density increases, and prevention through crowd management and real-time crowd density monitoring should be implemented.
The WTO's Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA): What's New?
Authors: Pauwelyn Joost 
Published: June 2023

AbstractTo preserve the functioning of WTO dispute settlement following the blockage of the Appellate Body, a sub-set of WTO Members created the Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA). In the wake of the first appeal award rendered under the MPIA, this contribution describes how the MPIA process works and lists some of the innovations that can be found in the first MPIA procedure. More innovations can be expected as arbitration under Article 25 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) (be it ad hoc or under the MPIA) can be adjusted and molded case-by-case by the disputing parties in their appeal arbitration agreements. In this sense, the MPIA can serve not only as an interim stop-gap to preserve WTO dispute settlement. It can also function as a laboratory to explore and test new ways of making WTO dispute settlement more efficient and in line with WTO Members' goals and interests: experimental reform by doing, rather than one-off, formal DSU review.
Models of EU Constitutional Reform: What do we learn from the Conference on the Future of Europe?
Authors: Crum Ben 
Published: June 2023

AbstractConstitutional reform in the European Union suffers from a post-functionalist dilemma: the options that are politically viable are not democratically legitimate and the options that are democratically legitimate are not politically viable. Against the background of the recent Conference on the Future of Europe and the involvement of transnational European Citizens’ Panels, this article asks whether there is any prospect of overcoming this dilemma and organizing fundamental reform of EU institutions that is both normatively legitimate and politically viable. For this, it examines four models of EU treaty reform and the way these have figured in actual EU reform processes: Intergovernmental Conference, European Convention, informal intergovernmentalism and a Citizens Convention. The article concludes that, as long as the European Union is best characterized as a ‘demoi-cracy’ in which political deliberation takes place primarily in national public spheres, the Intergovernmental Conference remains its main and inevitable forum for constitutional reform. Hence, alternative models of EU constitutional reform should be evaluated not so much on the basis of their potential to substitute the IGC but rather on their ability to catalyse the process and to pre-commit the member state governments.
Fusion of MISR Stereo Cloud Heights and Terra‐MODIS Thermal Infrared Radiances to Estimate Two‐Layered Cloud Properties
Authors: Mitra Arka , Loveridge Jesse Ray , Di Girolamo Larry 
Published: June 2023

AbstractOur longest, stable record of cloud‐top pressure (CTP) and cloud‐top height (CTH) are derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Multi‐Angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) on Terra. Because of single cloud‐layer assumptions in their standard algorithms, they provide only single CTP/CTH retrievals in multi‐layered situations. In the predominant multi‐layered regime of thin cirrus over low clouds, MODIS significantly overestimates cirrus CTP and emissivity, while MISR accurately retrieves low‐cloud CTH. Utilizing these complementary capabilities, we develop a retrieval algorithm for accurately determining both‐layer CTP and cirrus emissivity for such 2‐layered clouds, by applying the MISR low‐cloud CTH as a boundary condition to a modified MODIS CO2‐slicing retrieval. We evaluate our 2‐layered retrievals against collocated Cloud‐Aerosol Transport System (CATS) lidar observations. Relative to CATS, the mean bias of the upper cloud CTP and emissivity are reduced by ∼90% and ∼75% respectively in the new technique, compared to standard MODIS products. We develop an error model for the 2‐layered retrieval accounting for systematic and random errors. We find up to 87% of all residuals lie within modeled 95% confidence intervals, indicating a near‐closure of error budget. This reduction in error leads to a reduction in modeled atmospheric longwave radiative flux biases ranging between 5 and 40 W m−2, depending on the position and optical properties of the layers. Given this large radiative impact, we recommend that the pixel‐level 2‐layered MODIS + MISR fusion algorithm be applied over the entire MISR swath for the 22‐year Terra record, leading to a first‐of‐its‐kind 2‐layered cloud climatology from Terra's morning orbit.
Observations of Typhoon Generated Gravity Waves From the CIPS and AIRS Instruments and Comparison to the High‐Resolution ECMWF Model
Authors: Cullens Chihoko Y. , Thurairajah Brentha , England Scott L. , Randall Cora E. , Yue Jia , Wright Corwin 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe satellite‐based Cloud Imaging and Particle Size (CIPS) instrument and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) observed concentric gravity waves (GWs) generated by Typhoon Yutu in late October 2018. This work compares CIPS and AIRS nadir viewing observations of GWs at altitudes of 50–55 and 30–40 km, respectively, to simulations from the high‐resolution European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasting Integrated Forecasting System (ECMWF‐IFS) and ECMWF reanalysis v5 (ERA5). Both ECMWF‐IFS with 9 km and ERA5 with 31 km horizontal resolution show concentric GWs at similar locations and timing as the AIRS and CIPS observations. The GW wavelengths are ∼225–236 km in ECMWF‐IFS simulations, which compares well with the wavelength inferred from the observations. After validation of ECMWF GWs, five category five typhoon events during 2018 are analyzed using ECMWF to obtain characteristics of concentric GWs in the Western Pacific regions. The amplitudes of GWs in the stratosphere are not strongly correlated with the strength of typhoons, but are controlled by background wind conditions. Our results confirm that amplitudes and shapes of concentric GWs observed in the stratosphere and lowermost mesosphere are heavily influenced by the background wind conditions.