bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An increased dependence on agricultural policies led European grazing agroecosystems to an unsustainability trap
Authors: Muñoz-Ulecia Enrique , Bernués Alberto , Briones-Hidrovo Andrei , Franzese Pier Paolo , Buonocore Elvira , Santagata Remo , Ulgiati Sergio , Martín-Collado Daniel 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAs all production processes, the agrifood system is driven by energy and materials. The origin and relative contribution of these resources to the system’s functioning determines its sustainability. Here we analyse the evolution of the sustainability of mountain grazing agroecosystems, which are often perceived as a better alternative for animal food production than industrial systems. Specifically, we use Emergy Accounting to assess the dependency of livestock farming on materials and energy in the Spanish Pyrenees along the last three decades, using data collected through face-to-face surveys in 1990, 2004 and 2018. We observe an increase of farm dependence on non-renewable resources, despite longer grazing periods and reduced use of off-farm animal feeds. The increasing inflow of public economic support and services from the socio-economic system (mainly driven by non-renewable sources) transfers its unsustainability to mountain grazing agroecosystems.
Adverse perinatal outcomes attributable to HIV in sub-Saharan Africa from 1990 to 2020: Systematic review and meta-analyses
Authors: Murray Claudia , Portwood Clara , Sexton Harriet , Kumarendran Mary , Brandon Zoe , Kirtley Shona , Hemelaar Joris 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background
Maternal HIV infection and antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) are associated with increased risks of adverse perinatal outcomes. The vast majority of pregnant women living with HIV (WLHIV) reside in sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to determine the burden of adverse perinatal outcomes attributable to HIV and ARVs in sub-Saharan Africa between 1990 and 2020.

Methods
We conduct a systematic review of studies on the association of pregnant WLHIV with adverse perinatal outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa. We perform random-effects meta-analyses to determine the risk difference (attributable risk, AR) of perinatal outcomes among WLHIV receiving no ARVs, monotherapy, or combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) initiated antenatally or preconception, compared to HIV-negative women. We estimate numbers of perinatal outcomes attributable to HIV and ARVs by combining the AR values with numbers of WLHIV receiving different ARV regimens in each country in sub-Saharan Africa annually between 1990 and 2020.

Results
We find that WLHIV receiving no ARVs or cART initiated antenatally or preconception, but not monotherapy, have an increased risk of preterm birth (PTB), low birthweight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA), compared to HIV-negative women. Between 1990 and 2020, 1,921,563 PTBs, 2,119,320 LBWs, and 2,049,434 SGAs are estimated to be attributable to HIV and ARVs in sub-Saharan Africa, mainly among WLHIV receiving no ARVs, while monotherapy and preconception and antenatal cART averted many adverse outcomes. In 2020, 64,585 PTBs, 58,608 LBWs, and 61,112 SGAs were estimated to be attributable to HIV and ARVs, the majority among WLHIV receiving preconception cART.

Conclusions
As the proportion of WLHIV receiving preconception cART increases, the burden of adverse perinatal outcomes among WLHIV in sub-Saharan Africa is likely to remain high.

Systematic review registration number
CRD42021248987
Guest editorial: recent advances in synthetic aperture sonar technology
Authors: Zhang Xuebo , Heald Gary , Lyons Anthony P. , Hansen Roy Edgar , Hunter Alan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract[Correction added on 28‐July‐2023, after first online publication: The first affiliation has been changed and bio for Gary Heald has been added in this version.]Compared to traditional sidescan sonar, synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) or Interferometric synthetic aperture sonar (InSAS) systems can provide much higher resolution images across the whole swath. Due to the high resolution and fast mapping rate at a given speed, SAS/InSAS technology is gaining increasing interest within the field of underwater engineering. Navigation, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), sonar technolog and electronics have achieved great progress in recent years. Thanks to these developments, the SAS/InSAS has also been pushed into a new stage. Firstly, the lightweight and compact SAS can be mounted on ever smaller, highly flexible platforms. Secondly, current algorithms are computationally more efficient. Thirdly, the SAS/InSAS images are further improved based on various methods. Last but not least, SAS/InSAS technology is preferred by underwater mapping users due to its high resolution. The current Special Issue is focused on research ideas, articles and experimental studies related to “Recent Advances in Synthetic Aperture Sonar Technology” for development, operating mode, algorithms and applications the various aspects of SAS/InSAS in applications.
Beamforming for LEO satellite communication based on FDA
Authors: Xie Haihua , Zhang Yangyang , Zhang Yuanhao , Liu Huijie , Guo Rujiang 
Published: July 2023

AbstractDue to the time‐varying phase in frequency diverse arrays (FDAs), traditional phase‐based secure communication (SC) methods cannot be utilized. In this reported work, the automatic scanning property of FDAs (time‐varying property) was rederived. This property allows for the presetting of the beam scanning time towards the desired receiver (Bob). Subsequently, this time‐carrying beam design was applied to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. A satellite‐to‐ground communication method is proposed based on time intervals, which effectively prevents the interception of information by an undesired receiver (Eve). Simulation results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Physics‐based wave propagation model assisted vehicle localisation in tunnels
Authors: Qin Hao , Zhang Xingqi 
Published: July 2023

AbstractConnected and autonomous vehicles systems can provide a safe and convenient transportation solution through wireless communication between vehicles and roadside communication infrastructure. The vehicle's ability to establish its location plays an important role in such systems. This article presents an efficient localisation framework by combining physics‐based wireless propagation models and fingerprint localisation algorithms. To that end, a parabolic wave equation (PWE)‐based wireless channel simulator is utilised to obtain the direction of arrival (DOA) values that construct the fingerprint dataset. A detailed procedure on how to obtain the DOA information using PWE, as well as analysis and guidelines on the selection of the key parameters of the localisation framework are provided. Numerical results are compared with theoretical data in terms of accuracy, and the selection of parameters during the localisation process is investigated in actual road tunnel cases. Besides, various numbers of wireless access points and schemes of fingerprinting algorithms have been studied, showing the capability of the proposed approach to be employed for the pre‐design of wireless communication systems.
Assessment of a PLL‐ASMO position/speed estimator for sensor‐less control of rotor‐tied DFIG (RDFIG)
Authors: Mbukani Mwana Wa Kalaga , Gule Nkosinathi 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIn this paper, an adaptive sliding mode observer (ASMO) associated with a phase locked loop (PLL) is assessed for the sensor‐less control of a rotor‐tied doubly‐fed induction generator (RDFIG). In the proposed PLL‐ASMO estimator, the ASMO utilizes the stator current, the stator voltage, and the back electromotive force (EMF) as state variables. The proposed ASMO is used in order to estimate the back‐EMF from which the slip position/speed is extracted using a PLL. The design of the ASMO gains is based on the Lyapunov stability criteria to ensure the convergence of the proposed observer in a finite time. Therefore, the main contribution of this paper is to propose a PLL‐based ASMO estimator that aims to improve the estimation by reducing the chattering effect. A comparative study between the standard PLL‐SMO estimator and the PLL‐ASMO estimator is presented. Also, For the first time, an adaptive sliding mode observer is used for the sensor‐less control of a RDFIG. The performance of the proposed sensor‐less control strategy is validated through simulation and experimental measurements under various operating conditions. Furthermore, the estimator is shown to be robust to machine parameter variation.
Tracing the signatures of a quiet Sun nanoflare
Authors: Robinson Rebecca A. , Carlsson Mats 
Published: July 2023

Context. Nanoflare-scale reconnection events are difficult to detect, and even when they are detected, it is tricky to reconstruct the details and trigger mechanisms that power them. However, numerical models of nanoflare-scale reconnection can provide context to observations of small-scale reconnection events via the comparison of synthetic observables to observed signatures of the nanoflare.
Aims. We aim to demonstrate how a simulated nanoflare event would look if it were observed by the Solar Dynamics Observatory Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (SDO/AIA) and the upcoming Multi-slit Solar Explorer (MUSE). The goal is to determine the details (if any) of nanoflare-scale reconnection events that could reasonably be captured by current and future instruments.
Methods. We calculated synthetic observables from a quiet Sun simulation of a nanoflare-scale reconnection event, including integrated intensities of Fe IX at 171.073 Å and Fe XII at 195.119 Å. Then, we degraded the synthetic observables to SDO/AIA and MUSE resolutions in order to determine whether the instruments are capable of capturing the details of the reconnection event.
Results. We determine that even small-scale reconnection events in the quiet Sun can be detected by both SDO/AIA and MUSE. In the 171 channel of each instrument, it is possible to discern details of the two bidirectional jets that emanate from the reconnection site. These two bidirectional jets correspond to two different magnetic features undergoing large-angle reconnection with an overlying horizontal field in the corona. In the 193 channel of SDO/AIA, it is only possible to see one set of bidirectional jets, which corresponds to the most energetic reconnecting feature. However, the calculated count rate for AIA 193 is not sufficient for a reliable observation.
Conclusions. Quiet Sun activity is detectable with SDO/AIA and will be detectable with the future MUSE mission. It is possible to detect bidirectional jets with both instruments, which can give context clues as to the mechanisms causing the nanoflare event. The resolution and spectral information of MUSE will give a much more detailed observation of the event, making it much easier to reconstruct a possible trigger mechanism. However, we must be careful in our interpretations of observations when we have limited information, as vastly different physical processes can produce similar observational signatures.
Salivary protein expression profiles of five species of Pentatomidae (Hemiptera)
Authors: Marshall Adrian T , Cooper W Rodney , Walker William B , Wildung Mark R , Northfield Tobin D , Krey Karol L , Beers Elizabeth H 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) development typically requires feeding on a diversity of plant species and various plant tissues. During feeding, stink bugs discharge salivary enzymes with roles in extraoral digestion and countering plant defense responses. Although previous research has described digestive salivary proteins from stink bugs, less is known of the salivary proteins involved in the suppression of plant defenses. We sequenced the transcriptomes of salivary glands dissected from five stink bug species collected from non-crop habitats in Washington: Halyomorpha halys (Stål), Nezara viridula L., Euschistus conspersus (Uhler), Thyanta pallidovirens (Stål), and Chlorochroa ligata (Say). We identified a total of 677 candidate secreted proteins from the salivary glands of the five species. Based on work from other insects, many of the proteins have potential functions in the suppression of plant defense signaling and deactivation of plant defense molecules. We also identified salivary proteins with potential roles in the extraoral digestion of plant tissues, protection from entomopathogens, and deposition of salivary sheaths. This report provides a curation of putative salivary effector genes for further functional analysis.
1566 EVALUATING A NEW DELIRIUM FOLLOW UP CLINIC SERVICE
Authors: Khan D , Ling K T , McNeela N , Janagal S 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Background
Delirium is common and experienced by 20% of all admissions to hospital1. Studies have shown a link between delirium and development of dementia2 but there are not many services to follow such patients up, post-discharge. A new service has been developed at New Cross Hospital run by Care of the Elderly Consultants with an interest in Cognition.

Methods
A delirium follow up clinic was designed to assess these patients after 6 to 8 weeks from discharge following hospital admission or reviews in Frailty. We set up referral criteria for prolonged or recurrent delirium follow up. The clinic is run by a consultant and a registrar. A thorough history is taken and memory is assessed using the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III or RUDAS. Data was collected and analysed from the clinic and the outcome was fed into Excel.

Results
31 patients reviewed post admission with delirium, with 8 of those having a suspected cognitive impairment. 12 patients were diagnosed with dementia and 6 with Mild Cognitive impairment (MCI). The subtypes were as follows: Alzheimer's (2), Mixed Dementia (2), Vascular Dementia (6), Lewy Body Dementia (1), Fronto-temporal dementia (1). Only one patient had fully resolved delirium with no cognitive impairment. The rest of the patients had a diagnosis of BPSD (Korsakoff's) (1), ongoing reviews (4), cognitive impairment not quantified (6) and pseudodementia/ depression (1).

Conclusion
This service has ensured follow up for patients with delirium and has shown a significant relationship between complex delirium and MCI or dementia. It has provided a medium to diagnose, treat and signpost patients and carers for support with community services. Very few regions have such pathways in place and the services to follow up patients with delirium discharged from health care settings. This service offers quick and comprehensive follow-up for patients with concerns regarding cognition.
1579 IMPROVING DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS OF DELIRIUM IN ELDERLY PATIENTS ON ADMISSION WARDS WITH THE USE OF 4AT IN A TERTIARY CENTRE
Authors: Sharp A , Gray J , Abraham S , Danbaki E , Hauxwell J , Atkinson M , Headlam J , Ninan S 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Delirium remains under-recognised. We wished to improve recognition of delirium on our assessment wards.

Methods
Data was collected prospectively on two admissions wards between 18/10/21 and 30/01/23 initially weekly, and then periodically to assess for the presence of a 4AT assessment by post take ward round. PDSA 1 -Departmental meeting to raise awareness and creating of an improvement team including doctors and ward managers. PDSA 2 -Teaching ward nurses “How to” do a 4AT and education sessions for nurses on delirium. Online guide on 4AT PDSA 3 -Adding 4AT to the admissions checklist performed by nurses.

Results
On ward A, 4AT completion rates improved from 15.4% to 35% with a step change in completion rates with 6 points above the baseline. On ward B, 4AT completion rates improved from 14.8% to 24.5% with a step change improvement but with wider variability.

Conclusions
Ward teams felt that education and inclusion of the 4AT to the admissions checklist would result in significant improvement. Whilst a statistically significant improvement did occur, 4AT completion rates are still lower than desired and there was still some resistance to completion from both medical and nursing teams. Ward A had a few nurses who took up admission 4AT completion enthusiastically, with strong local leadership from the ward manager. The nursing leadership of the wards changed during the time of the project, and consultant cover was at lower levels than has been the case historically. We have now added 4AT to the “ward metrics” so wards will be measured on compliance. We have launched a trust-wide delirium improvement plan, supported by senior management. We plan for routine electronic collection of 4AT completion rates. In addition, we have designed a delirium care plan to link 4AT assessment to prevention and management.
1596 HOW COULD PRE-HOSPITAL ‘SILVER TRIAGE’ FOR OLDER PEOPLE LIVING WITH FRAILTY BE IMPROVED? – THE VIEWS OF PARAMEDICS
Authors: Teranaka W , Jones H T , Wan B , Tsui A , Gross L , Hunter P , Conroy S 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Background
Most older people access acute hospital care via ambulance conveyance. The ambulance service provides a key link in the urgent care chain, yet the role of frailty-attuned assessment and care in this context is poorly understood. North Central London Integrated Care System has invested in a pre-hospital programme where geriatricians and emergency physicians support London Ambulance Service: ‘Silver Triage’. We report here on feedback on the scheme from paramedics.

Methods
452 cases were discussed with Silver Triage between November 2021 and January 2023. Paramedics using the service were sent a survey including a free text question on how the scheme could be improved which was analysed thematically.

Results
103 comments were organised into three key themes: 1. Improving access to the service – this included expanding to a 24-hour service, accessible in other areas of London, available to emergency medicine technicians and for people not living in care homes. 2. Improving information about the service – this included education for paramedics on who to refer but also increasing awareness of the scheme in local emergency departments. 3. Improving delivery of the service – this included requests for video conferencing, reported technology issues and frustrations with pathway breakdown following triage. For example, if the agreed plan was not to convey and to support through rapid response or district nurse services, lack of availability led to conveyance to hospital contrary to outcome of triage.

Conclusion
Whilst the Silver Triage scheme has been well received by paramedics, there are clear areas for improvement to ensure sustainable and equitable pre-hospital care for older people living with frailty.
1635 THE INTRODUCTION OF AN OLDER PERSON’S ASSESSMENT UNIT AND IMPACT ON LENGTH OF STAY AT ROYAL BOLTON HOSPITAL
Authors: Cash R , Khan A , Donnelly G , Han-Lim V , Oates R 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Nationally, there have been increased attendances to hospital for older frailer adults. Recommendations from GIRFT and NHS England acknowledge the importance of identifying frailty, and the role that dedicated specialist services play. Best practice indicates when frailer adults receive a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA), this reduces patient harm and improves outcomes. Locally in October 2022, Bolton NHS Trust converted an Acute Medical Assessment Unit (AMU) to a 22 bedded frailty unit, the Older Person’s Assessment Unit (OPAU) to provide older frailer adults with early specialist input and review from a dedicated multi-disciplinary team (MDT). The unit is run by three Consultant Geriatricians and a dedicated wider MDT, with links to community partners and when needed preferential admission to Geriatric base wards.

Methods
Data was collated and analysed with set metrics by the Trust’s Business Intelligence Department. Data was compared for the 3 months pre and post inception of the frailty unit. Regular service reviews occur and utilise PDSA cycles to assess interventional change.

Results
The average age of patients pre-intervention was 69, and post intervention was 79.6. Pre-intervention, the average length of stay for patients admitted from AMU to Geriatric base wards was 25.93 days. This reduced to 18.79 days post-intervention. The average length of stay for patients admitted to non-Geriatric base wards was 10.77 days, this reduced to 8.62 days post intervention.

Conclusion
Specialist Consultant Geriatrician and MDT input on a dedicated frailty unit has reduced the average length of stay of patients to all base medical wards assessed, especially base Geriatric wards. This has clear implications on patient flow, and benefits patients and the Trust. We expect this will have a compound and positive effect on patients by reducing the risk of deconditioning and potential development of inpatient harms.
1637 IMPROVING PLANNED CARE IN THE FRAIL AT MORRISTON (IPCF MORRISTON) PHASE 1
Authors: James K , Soppitt D , Davies E , Burberry D 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Introduction
The pathway for referral to elective perioperative clinic involves frailty screening patients at the point of referral1. This is adequate If waiting times are short. At Swansea Bay 6,458 patients&gt;65 years are awaiting surgery with up to 5 year waits for cholecystectomies. Opportunity to medically optimise patients prior to surgery are lost using a traditional approach. We aimed to develop a screening tool to identify frailty in patients awaiting surgery.

Method
The cholecystectomy list (750 patients) of which 258 were&gt; 65years. Older people were sent a postal questionnaire gaining 96 responses. 58.3% felt their health deteriorated since being referred for surgery. 50% stating they had unmet healthcare needs and 17.5% stating unmet social care needs. Frailty was identified using this questionnaire, telephone interview or electronically by the Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS).

Results
193 patients were successfully contacted utilising an expanded CRANE questionnaire. All patients triggering on HFRS, CFS&gt;4 or any concern on the CRANE questionnaire were offered a clinic appointment. Each interaction was then classified into change or no change in medical management of patients. 92 patients had no interventions, 35 had an intervention following the initial CRANE telephone questionnaire that did not require further input, 31 had an intervention following clinic. CFS&gt;4 identifies 56% of the patients that undergo any form of intervention. HFRS identifies 34% and the CRANE questionnaire identifies 42%. In patients who need a clinic review HFRS identifies 19%, CFS&gt;4 identifies 59% and CRANE identifies 87%.

Conclusion
The CRANE questionnaire is a useful screen for patients on a waiting list who will benefit from an elective perioperative clinic.

Reference
1. Guidelines of perioperative care CPOC.