bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activation and suppression of graft-vs-host reactions by cyclophosphamide.
Authors: Wander R H , Hilgard H R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have investigated the effects of a single injection of cyclophosphamide (CY) on the graft-vs-host (GVH) reactivity of spleen cells from BALB/c mice. Six days after CY injection, spleen cells showed a broad range of reactivity when tested for their capacity to produce splenomegaly in young F1 hybrid recipients. Eight and 10 days after CY treatment, their capacity to produce GVH splenomegaly was markedly reduced. We also investigated the effects of untreated and CY-treated BALB/c spleen cells on the local GVH reaction that occurs when BALB/c lymph node pieces are grafted onto F1 host kidneys. Untreated BALB/c spleen cells augmented the local GVH reaction, whereas day 8 CY-treated BALB/c spleen cells reduced the local reaction. Day 6 CY-treated BALB/c spleen cells marginally reduced the local response and elicited considerable host splenomegaly. Day 6 CY-treated F1 hybrid spleen cells stimulated the local GVH reaction and did not produce splenomegaly. We interpret our results to indicate that CY treatment leads to a) the appearance on day 6 of a BALB/c cell population with increased GVH reactivity, b) the emergence of a suppressive mechanism by day 8 that results in reduced GVH reactivity, and c) an alteration at day 6 in F1 lymphoid cell antigenicity that enables these cells to stimulate an ongoing GVH reaction. We discuss our results in terms of the similar effects that CY has on GVH-reactive and autoreactive cell populations, and examine the possibility that the mechanisms that underlie GVH reactivity and autoreactivity are similar in that both involve imbalances of immunoregulatory cell populations..
Specificity of OKT4+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones.
Authors: Krensky A M , Clayberger C , Reiss C S , Strominger J L , Burakoff S J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
OKT4+, HLA-DR-specific CTL were cloned by limiting dilution, and two clones were evaluated. One clone, B8, specifically recognized DR6 antigens, whereas another cloned, C6, recognized an Ia-like determinant on some DR 3, 5, and 6 target cells. Both clones were OKT3+, OKT4+, and OKT8-, and their cytolysis could be blocked by OKT3 and OKT4, but not OKT8, antibodies. A panel of monoclonal antibodies that recognize DR molecules blocked target cell recognition by these OKT+ CTL. Although cloned B8 recognized a DR6-specific determinant, clone C6 appeared to recognize a supratypic determinant that may be common to some DR molecules (e.g., MT2) or possibly another human Ia-like antigen (e.g., SB). The availability of OKT+ CTL clones should help to dissect the Ia-like antigens recognized by human T cells.
Structural and numerical variations of the carbohydrate moiety of immunoglobulin G.
Authors: Mizuochi T , Taniguchi T , Shimizu A , Kobata A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Oligosaccharide patterns obtained from human IgG by hydrazinolysis were fairly constant from sample to sample. In contrast, a variety of oligosaccharide patterns were obtained from IgG myeloma proteins. Structural analysis of each oligosaccharide by sequential exoglycosidase digestion and methylation studied indicated that the different patterns of IgG myeloma proteins are produced by different degrees of incompleteness of the formation of a single sugar chain: Sia alpha 2 leads to Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2 Man alpha 1 leads to 6(Sia alpha 2 leads to Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to Man alpha 1 leads to 3)(GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 6)GlcNAcOT.
Biosynthesis of a structurally abnormal C2 complement protein by macrophages from C2-deficient guinea pigs.
Authors: Goldberger G , Cole F S , Einstein L P , Auerbach H S , Bitter-Suermann D , Colten H R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In order to characterize a genetic deficiency of C2 in guinea pigs, production of C2 by peritoneal macrophage cultures derived from four normal, four heterozygous deficient, and four homozygous deficient animals was measured functionally and immunochemically after metabolic labeling with 35S-methionine. Macrophage monolayers from homozygous deficient animals failed to secrete hemolytically detectable C2 up to 74 hr in culture. A single cell hemolytic plaque assay also failed to demonstrate any functional C2 production by cells from homozygous deficient animals. No C2 protein was detected in media from three of the four homozygous deficient animals, but in one, apparent C2 fragments were present. In contrast, intracellular C2 protein was identified in all four homozygous deficient cell cultures. Its mobility on SDS-PAGE was slightly faster than normal. Much less abnormal intracellular C2 protein was recovered from homozygous deficient macrophage monolayers than intracellular C2 protein from normal macrophage monolayers. Monolayers from heterozygous animals produced functional and immunochemical C2 at approximately 30% of the normal rate. Normal rates of biosynthesis and secretion of two other MHC-linked class III antigens, C4 and factor B, were detected in macrophage cultures from homozygous and heterozygous deficient animals. These data suggest that a specific defect, i.e. a structural abnormality in C2 protein, underlies C2 deficiency in guinea pigs.
Evidence for placing the Neu-1 locus within the mouse H-2 complex.
Authors: Figueroa F , Klein D , Tewarson S , Klein J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Congenic lines B10.KPA42, B10.KPA132, B10.SNA57, B10.DRB62, and B10.WOA105 carry H-2 haplotypes of wild mice on the genetic background of the strain C57BL/10Sn. Two of the lines (B10.DRB62 and B10.WOA105) have H-2 haplotypes indistinguishable from H-2v of B10.SM. The H-2 haplotype of one line (B10.SNA57) seems to have arisen from H-2v by recombination between the D and Qa-2 loci. The H-2 haplotypes of the remaining two lines probably arose from H-2v by recombination between the C4 and D loci. Since all six and no other lines carry the rare Neu-1a allele, the neuraminidase-1 locus is probably located proximal to the H-2D locus. Typing of H-2s recombinants for the enzyme acid phosphatase liver, the processing of which is controlled by the Neu-1 locus, suggests that the locus resides between the E alpha and D loci, that is in the S region.
Drug transfer into lymphoblasts mediated by liposomes bound to distinct sites on H-2 encoded I-A, I-E, and K molecules.
Authors: Machy P , Pierres M , Barbet J , Leserman L D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Protein A from S. aureus was covalently coupled to small sonicated liposomes containing methotrexate (MTX) and carboxyfluorescein (CF). These liposomes were incubated with mitogen-stimulated CBA T or B cells preincubated with one of a panel of murine IgG2 monoclonal antibodies directed at distinct sites on H-2Kk, I-Ak, or I-Ek molecules. Liposomes became bound to the cells as a consequence of the interaction of protein A on the liposome and antibody on the cell. The number of bound liposomes was measured by fluorescence, and the endocytosis of liposomes was evaluated by the MTX-mediated reduction in radiolabeled deoxyuridine incorporation. T cells were sensitive to MTX in liposomes bound to all anti-H-2Kk antibodies tested, but B cells were essentially insensitive, even though they expressed more H-2Kk, bound more liposomes directed at this molecule, and were equally sensitive to free MTX. By contrast, B cells were sensitive to liposome-encapsulated MTX when liposomes were bound to any antibody directed at I-Ak. The situation was more complex with respect to I-Ek. Antibodies directed at one part of the molecule were quite effective at drug delivery, while antibodies directed at other, spatially separate domains were much less effective, even though the number of liposomes bound to these various determinants was the same. The results suggest differential regulation of the internalization of H-2K by T and B cells, and are compatible with the existence of functionally distinct I-E molecules.
Phagocytosis by rat peritoneal mast cells: independence of IgG Fc-mediated and C3-mediated signals.
Authors: Otani I , Conrad D H , Carlo J R , Segal D M , Ruddy S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Phagocytosis of sheep erythrocytes (E) bearing rabbit immunoglobulin and rat C3 by rat peritoneal mast cells was quantitated by using 51Cr-labeled E and was confirmed by electron microscopy. The relative importance of IgG Fc receptor interaction in C3-mediated phagocytosis was assessed. Removal of any traces of IgG antibody by absorption of IgM antibody with protein A-Sepharose and absorption of the other reagents with sheep E had no effect on the phagocytosis of C3b- and C3bi-coated cells. IgG antibody enhanced the phagocytosis of intermediates prepared with IgM, purified components and rat C3 (EaIgMClgp4hu oxy2hu3brat) with a graded dose response, but was only additive and not synergistic with C3. The independence of the C3- and Fc-mediated signals was confirmed by using chemically produced polymers of rabbit IgG to inhibit phagocytosis. These polymers, especially tetramers and higher aggregates, completely blocked ingestion of EAIgG, but not that of EAIgMC1423b or -3bi. When IgG was substituted for IgM in the C3b intermediate, the IgG polymers inhibited about 50% of the phagocytosis. Cumulatively, the data demonstrated that in the case of rat mast cells, the stimuli to phagocytosis induced by C3 and IgG are independent; either is sufficient by itself.
Characterization of the rat mast cell beta-adrenergic receptor in resting and stimulated cells by radioligand binding.
Authors: Marquardt D L , Wasserman S I 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rat serosal mast cell beta-adrenergic receptors were characterized both functionally by assessing changes in histamine release and cyclic 3',5' adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and directly by radioligand binding studies using [3H]dihydroalprenolol ([3H]DHA), a beta-adrenergic antagonist. Mast cells were obtained by lavage of the pleural and peritoneal cavities of Sprague-Dawley rats and were purified on metrizamide gradients to greater than 95% purity. Resting mast cells stimulated with beta-adrenergic agonists demonstrate a marked rise in cAMP levels after a 15-sec incubation. However, the same concentrations of these agonists have no effect on IgE-mediated mast cell histamine release. [3H]DHA binding to intact mast cells is rapid, reversible, saturable, and stereoselective. The cells possess 40,000 +/- 14,000 beta-adrenergic receptors/cell and demonstrate a binding affinity of 1.58 +/- 0.56 nM for [3H]DHA. Competition studies reveal that 83.5% of the receptors are of the beta 2 subtype and 16.5% are beta 1. Neither sensitization with anti-DNP-BSA IgE nor subsequent challenge with specific antigen alters mast cell beta-adrenergic receptor characteristics. Rat mast cells possesses large numbers of high affinity beta-adrenergic receptors, primarily of the beta 2 subtype, coupled to adenylate cyclase, but the role of these receptors in mast cell secretory events is not yet established.
Subclass restriction of anti-Sm antibodies in MRL mice.
Authors: Eisenberg R A , Winfield J B , Cohen P L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The subclass distribution of anti-Sm antibodies in the serum of MRL/Mp-Ipr/Ipr and MRL/Mp- +/+ mice was investigated with a sensitive ELISA technique. In both strains, but particularly in the Ipr mice, anti-Sm antibodies were predominantly of the IgG2a isotype. This preponderance was not an artifact of the sensitivity or specificity of the subclass-specific anti-Sm ELISA, nor did it reflect the subclass distribution of total serum IgG. A plaque-forming cell assay for anti-Sm antibodies also showed a predominance of the IgG2a isotype, indicating that the serum findings could not be explained by differential catabolism of IgG subclasses. Finally, antibodies to double-stranded DNA, as detected by the Crithidia luciliae assay, did not show a restricted subclass distribution. The isotype expression of anti-Sm antibodies in MRL mice must reflect in vivo mechanisms regulating the production of these autoantibodies. The IgG2a restriction in particular suggests an important in vivo role for T cells.
Immunopathology of BCG infection in genetically resistant and susceptible mouse strains.
Authors: Pelletier M , Forget A , Bourassa D , Gros P , Skamene E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Natural resistance to Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) is under the control of a single gene, designated Bcg. Resistant (Bcgr) mice prevent multiplication of an i.v. injected inoculum of congruent to 10(4) dispersed BCG cells, whereas progressive multiplication of this pathogen occurs in the first 3 wk of infection in spleens and livers of susceptible (Bcgs) mice. Striking differences in the development of cellular immunity, as measured by granuloma formation in the liver and spleen, delayed-typed hypersensitivity, and a resistance to the challenge with homologous (BCG) and heterologous (Listeria monocytogenes) pathogens, were detected between Bcgr (C3H/HeN and A/J) and Bcgs (C57BL/6J and B10.A) strains. Cellular immune reactions progressively developed in the Bcgs mice, as a response to the increasing bacterial load, whereas greatly inferior levels of acquired immunity were observed in Bcgr strains. These findings support the concept that mice genetically resistant to BCG infection are able to prevent bacterial multiplication without the need for a cellular immune response, whereas genetically susceptible mice will eventually control bacterial multiplication with the acquisition of cellular immunity.
Complement-mediated leukocyte adherence to infective larvae of Dipetalonema viteae (Filarioidea): requirement for eosinophils or eosinophil products in effecting macrophage adherence.
Authors: Haque A , Ouaissi A , Santoro F , des Moutis I , Capron A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present study reports the existence of C-mediated adherence of eosinophils and/or macrophages to filarial infective larvae of Dipetalonema viteae. C3 molecules are present on the surface of the parasite, as shown by immunofluorescence studies. Samples of fNRS depleted of AP of complement by treatment with Zymosan A or of factor B by heating at 50 degrees C for 20 min fail to mediate cell adherence to the parasite. In contrast, fNRS inactivated for CP of complement by the chelating agent EGTA retains its activity in mediating cell adherence to the parasite. There is a significant consumption of factor B and AP of complement when infective larvae are incubated in fNHS. Consumption of C4 of the CP of complement is much lower in the same test. The adherence of macrophages cannot occur without the simultaneous presence of eosinophils, whereas eosinophils probably act alone and not in concert with macrophages. The eosinophil adherence is associated with degranulation. The damage is notably enhanced by replacing the spent eosinophil population with a newly obtained population. In the present test system, mast cells did not adhere to filarial larvae even when mast cell-rich populations were used, nor did they effect macrophage adherence when presented in association with the latter. When eosinophil-enriched cell populations containing less than 1% mast cells were used, cell adherence to filarial larvae still occurred, but the presence of 30% mast cells in such cell populations markedly increased both the rate and level of adherence. We suggest that a cell-mediated adherence and destruction dependent upon the activation of complement via AP, without a requirement for specific antibody, may represent a natural mechanism of parasite killing in a nonimmune host.
Allergic Reactions to Streptococcus Antigens
Authors: Mackenzie George M. , Hanger Franklin M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In a preliminary communication (1) we reported briefly on what we believe to be allergic skin reactions occurring after intracutaneous injections of derivatives of hemolytic and nonhemolytic streptococci. The present paper describes these observations in more detail, and reports extensions of this work carried on during the past two years.
Antigens. Most of the observations were made with derivatives of hemolytic and non-hemolytic streptococci obtained from a variety of sources. A few strains of Staphylococcus aureus and albus, Pfeiffer bacillus, B. coli, B. typhosus, B. paratyphosus A and B were also tested. Apparently the same type of reaction occurs in certain individuals with derivations of some strains of these organisms; some of these filtrates, however, caused reactions which seem to be due to primarily toxic substances, rather than, as in the case of the streptococcus antigens, acquired reactions to substances inactive in non-allergic individuals.
Reactions of the Urinary Bladder in Rabbit Anaphylaxis
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , Marino H. D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions
On intravenous injection of specific foreign protein into hypersensitive guinea pigs, there is invariably a sharp and very marked contraction of the urinary bladder, usually sufficient to increase the intracystic pressure about 40 mm. Hg. Relaxation usually sets in during the third minute, but in fatal anaphylaxis the intracystic pressure rarely falls below 20 mm. Hg before the death of the animal.
This marked, prolonged urinary bladder contraction is consistent with the generally accepted view that smooth muscle contractions play a dominant rôle in the production of the anaphylactic syndrome in guinea pigs.
On intravenous injection of specific foreign protein into hypersensitive rabbits, there is, in contrast, in the great majority of cases no recordable increase in the tone of the urinary bladder, even in the rapidly fatal type of anaphylaxis leading to death of the animal in ten to fifteen minutes. In fact, about a third of the rabbits show the opposite phenomenon, a partial or even complete loss of cystic tone.
In about 20 per cent of the rabbits thus far tested, however, a slight suggestion of a cystic contraction was recorded, usually sufficient to increase the intracystic pressure about 1 or 2 mm. Hg. Full relaxation usually took place by the end of the fourth minute.
This uniformly negative or practically negative result is inconsistent with the suggestion that smooth muscle contractions play an appreciable rôle in the production of anaphylactic symptoms in rabbits.
Relation of Anaphylaxis to Immunity
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , Marino H. D. , McCleave T. C. , Boone T. H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions
Urinary bladders of goat serum immune dogs, therefore, show no suggestion of an acquired insusceptibility to the histamine-like substances explosively formed or liberated by the hypersensitive liver during the initial stages of horse serum shock. Horse serum immune bladders show no suggestion of an acquired insusceptibility to the hepatic anaphylatoxins of goat serum shock.
This apparent specificity of the acquired fixed-tissue antianaphylatoxic insusceptibility, is in harmony with our conception that the hepatic anaphylatoxin is a specific secondary antigen, presumably of protein nature, conceivably a denaturization product of the primary protein used in sensitization or immunization.
The Relatively Heat Stable Components of Complement
Authors: Whitehead Hugh Robinson , Gordon John , Wormall Arthur 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Small quantities of ammonia or amines inactivate complement by destroying a relatively heat stable component, not identical with the third component. A fourth component of complement is therefore postulated. The action of ammonia is quite specific, for other alkalies have no similar effect. The possible significance of this new component in explaining difficulties and discrepancies in previous work on complement is discussed. The relatively heat-stable components of serum are much more stable towards ultra-violet light than the heat-labile components.
The Action of Pancreatic Extracts on Complement
Authors: Wormall Arthur , Whitehead Hugh Robinson , Gordon John 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The proteoclastic and anticomplementary powers of three pancreatic extracts have been compared. The ratio is almost identical for each function. Thus the observation of Grove that the proteoclastic and anticomplementary functions of a pancreatic extract reside in two different substances cannot be confirmed.
Activation requirements of cloned inducer T cells. II. The failure of some clones to respond to antigen presented by activated B cells.
Authors: Dekruyff R H , Cantor H , Dorf M E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Inducer/helper T cells recognize nominal antigen in association with Ia on the surface of the antigen-presenting cell (APC). Recent studies have shown that B cells can effectively function as APC. In the present study we have assessed the ability of cloned inducer T cells to discriminate between activated B cells or splenic macrophages as APC. We found that most of the clones tested demonstrated an equivalent response to antigen presented by activated B cells or splenic adherent cells. Some clones were very efficiently stimulated by antigen presented by activated B cells, whereas other clones failed to respond or responded very poorly when activated B cells were used to present antigen. We attempted to determine the mechanism responsible for the inability of certain clones to proliferate in response to antigen presented by activated B cells.
Oligopeptide antigens of the angiotensin lineage compete for presentation by paraformaldehyde-treated accessory cells to T cells.
Authors: Buus S , Werdelin O 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The heptapeptide antigen angiotensin III can be presented to guinea pig T cells by paraformaldehyde-treated antigen-presenting cells, which are incapable of processing antigens and presumably cannot even ingest them. We demonstrate here that the decapeptide angiotensin I can outcompete angiotensin III for presentation by paraformaldehyde-treated antigen-presenting cells. It seems likely that the competition is for a site on the surface of the presenting cell. This extends earlier findings of competition for presentation between antigens. We also demonstrate that the antigens of the angiotensin series are highly susceptible to proteolytic destruction in cultures containing prefixed accessory cells. The proteases responsible for the destruction of these peptides are apparently located in the plasma membrane of accessory cells. These enzymes represent a methodologic problem in studies of competition between antigens for presentation; but since they presumably are active also in untreated cells, they may play a physiologic role in the normal immune response.
Identification of an antigenic determinant within the phylogenetically conserved triprolyl region of myelin basic protein.
Authors: Potter N T , Hashim G A , Day E D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Synthetic peptide SP6 (RTPPPSG), comprising amino acid residues 98-103-Gly of myelin basic protein (MBP), and a series of peptide analogs were used to probe the structural requirements for antigenicity of a highly conserved region of a self protein. By means of a liquid-phase radioimmunoassay, antibody responses directed toward this determinant in both multi-specific anti-MBP and monospecific anti-peptide antisera were measured. The specificities of the antibodies present in the anti-MBP and anti-peptide antisera were examined by an equilibrium competitive inhibition radioimmunoassay by using the set of related peptides, as well as intact MBP from different species. Although the fine specificities of the reagent antisera differed, competitive inhibition analyses with intact MBP revealed a cross-reactive determinant involving residues 99-100 (Thr-Pro). This suggests that the neighborhood of the triprolyl region of MBP, despite its strong phylogenetic conservation, serves as an immunogen for humoral responses whether presented as a hapten-carrier conjugate or in the context of intact MBP. The latter supports the contention that the general antigenicity of a protein need not require sequence differences between the immunizing protein and its counterpart in the host.