bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agglutination of Particulate Antigens in Agar Gel
Authors: Milgrom Felix , Loza Ulana 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Reactions of particulate antigens with their corresponding antibodies were studied by means of double diffusion in gel using 0.5% agar. In the following test systems, distinct reaction lines were observed and their patterns described: 1) Sheep erythrocyte stromata vs. rabbit anti-sheep erythrocyte sera and vs. human infectious mononucleosis sera; 2) human erythrocyte stromata vs. rabbit antisera to human M and N blood groups; 3) sheep erythrocyte stromata sensitized by rabbit antisheep erythrocyte serum vs. goat antiserum to rabbit serum and vs. rabbit antisera to rabbit allotypes; 4) Kahn antigen vs. human syphilis sera and vs. disseminated lupus erythematosus sera; and 5) ethanol-soluble brain antigens vs. rabbit anti-brain sera.
In all instances the antigen was in the form of insoluble particles and, accordingly, the reactions observed should be considered agglutination rather than precipitation reactions.
Competition Between, and Effectiveness of, IgG and IgM Antibodies in Indirect Fluorescent Antibody and Other Tests
Authors: Cohen Irun R. , Norins Leslie C. , Julian Alfredo J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Natural human 19S (IgM) and 7S (IgG) antibodies reactive with Neisseria gonorrhoeae were assayed by agglutination, bactericidal and indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) procedures. Fluorescent antibody reagents specific for IgG and IgM were used in the IFA procedure. It was found that purified 19S serum fractions contained antibodies which were readily detected by agglutination, bactericidal and IFA techniques using an anti-IgM reagent. However, bactericidal and agglutination tests appeared to be relatively insensitive to natural IgG antibodies in purified 7S fractions. In contrast, the indirect fluorescent antibody technique using an anti-IgG reagent could detect high titers of IgG antibodies within the 7S fractions.
A prozone phenomenon was observed in the IFA reactivity of IgM antibodies in whole serum. It was found that the addition of purified 7S antibodies to purified 19S antibody fractions decreased the ability of the 19S fraction to react with the anti-IgM reagent. This suggested that IgG antibodies inhibited IgM antibody reactivity in the IFA procedure. A partial inhibition of 19S bactericidal activity by 7S fractions was also found.
This study indicates that the unequal capacity of different antibody classes to produce reactions, and the interactions between antibodies themselves in various test systems, must be taken into account in the interpretation of the results of immunologic tests.
Characterization of Human Serum and Nasal Hemagglutinating Antibody to Francisella Tularensis
Authors: Bellanti J. A. , Buescher E. L. , Brandt W. E. , Dangerfield H. G. , Crozier D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The presence of specific antibody associated with the γA-immunoglobulins in nasal secretions was studied during the course of human respiratory tularemia in volunteers. Subjects immunized percutaneously with an attenuated tularemia vaccine 3 months previously, possessed detectable hemagglutinating antibody in both secretions and serum at the time of aerosol challenge with virulent organisms; nonimmunized subjects had none. Following aerosol challenge with 2500 virulent organisms, three of four previously immunized men withstood the challenge; all of the nonimmunized subjects and immunized individuals challenged with 25,000 organisms developed overt illness. Serum and nasal antibody persisted without significant change in titer in the immunized and became detectable in serum and nasal secretions of the nonimmunized subjects within 14 days after challenge. In both groups, serum antibody was associated primarily with the γM-immunoglobulins. Antibody in nasal secretions was found exclusively with the γA-immunoglobulins even though γG-immunoglobulins were detected in some secretions in both groups. Respiratory antibody activity to F. tularensis thus is found in the same immunoglobulin fraction which has been shown previously to possess antiviral activity.
Radioiodination of Antibodies Adsorbed to Insoluble Antigens
Authors: Day Eugene D. , Lassiter Sylvester , Fritz Robert B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method for radiolodinating antibody adsorbed to an insoluble antigen was developed. Antifibrin antibody as measured by its adsorption to fibrin was found to be sensitive to iodination. Antifibrin adsorption activity was preserved if iodination was carried out while the antibody was adsorbed to fibrin. Subsequent elution and readsorption showed little loss in activity. A fibrinophilic factor from normal globulin with a relatively high adsorption capacity was insensitive to iodination and was therefore unlike antifibrin antibody. A naturally occurring fibrinophilic protein, readily iodinated and elutable, was disclosed by the technique for labeling insoluble components.
Reversal of Post-Thymectomy Wasting Disease in Mice by Multiple Thymus Grafts
Authors: Stutman Osias , Yunis Edmond J. , Martinez Carlos , Good Robert A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Reversal of post-thymectomy wasting in mice has been achieved by subcutaneous (s.c.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) grafting of five thymuses from syngeneic, hemiallogeneic or allogeneic donors. The i.p. route was more effective in salvaging the wasted animals. In some instances a single i.p. graft proved to be effective. The reconstituted animals were able to reject skin homografts from third party strains. When syngeneic thymus donors were used, the spleen cells of restored animals had significant graft-vs.-host capability. When hemiallogeneic or allogeneic donors were used, the pattern of immunologic reconstitution varied with the strain combination and the site of thymus implants. If skin of the donor strain was rejected, the thymus grafts were usually not viable at autopsy, and the graft-vs.-host reactivity was appreciable and of host type. When skin of the donor strain was accepted, viable thymus grafts were noted at autopsy, and graft-vs.-host reactivity of host type was significant but reduced, presumably a reflection of the chimeric state. In certain allogeneic combinations, both donor and host components were detected in discriminating spleen assays.
Quantitative Hemadsorption, a New Assay Technique
Authors: Finter N. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A modification of the hemadsorption-inhibition method for measuring serum neutralizing antibodies to appropriate viruses is described. The extent of hemadsorption is measured indirectly on a spectrophotometer. The method described is sensitive and gives results which are reproducible and are obtained in 20 to 24 hr.
Suppression by Antihistamine of Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis Produced with Anaphylactic Antibody in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Movat Henry Z. , Di Lorenzo Nancy L. , Taichman Norton S. , Berger Sam , Stein Howard 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) was induced in guinea pigs with guinea pig anaphylactic (γ1) anti-egg albumin. The γ1 antibody was isolated by diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography or starch block electrophoresis. The PCA reactions could be significantly suppressed by the antihistamines mepyramine maleate and triprolidine hydrochloride.
These findings are in contrast to those obtained with heterologous γ2 antibody. PCA produced with the latter can be partially suppressed by rendering the animals leukopenic, but antihistamines have little suppressive effect. On the basis of these and of ultrastructural findings reported elsewhere, it is concluded that there are two mechanisms underlying the PCA reaction, depending on the type of antibody used for sensitization. Whereas PCA induced with γ2 antibody seems to be mediated primarily by release of lysosomal material from polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes, PCA elicited with anaphylactic (γ1) antibody is probably mediated by release of histamine from sensitized mast cells.
An Antigen Common to Mouse Cells and Salmonella Typhimurium
Authors: Boyle William 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The existence of a common antigen of mouse cells and virulent Salmonella typhimurium, as postulated by Rowley and Jenkin, has been confirmed. It has been shown to be the C-antigen, shared by mouse tissue cells and erthrocytes. The The antigen was detected by mixed agglutination between these cells using rabbit anti-erythrocyte sera or pig normal sera. This reaction was abollished by prior absorption of the sera with S. typhimurium, without concurrent reduction of the direct mouse hemagglutination titer of the sera. Rowley and Jenkin hypothesized that mice were susceptible to S. typhimurium infection because they recognized the common antigen as a “self” component and, so, failed to make an immune response against the bacterium. However, the C-antigen has been found in two strains of mice which differ by 1000-fold in their susceptibility to S. typhimurium and also in rats which are highly resistant to the bacterium.
Studies Concerning the Importance of Mononuclear Cells in the Development of Experimental Hepatitis
Authors: Scheiffarth F. , Warnatz H. , Mayer K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Transfer of lymphocytes from C57B1 inbred mice with experimentally induced liver damage was made into normal isologous mice. Transferred lymphocytes may lead to infiltration of the periportal fields with mononuclear cells, and to an increase of Kupffer cells in the livers of recipients in a rather high percentage. No significant difference could be observed between animals treated with lymphocytes of mice poisoned with carbon tetrachloride or treated with lymphocytes from mice that had been sensitized to homologous liver extract given in Freund's adjuvant. Controls which had received lymphocytes from normal animals showed no liver injury as determined histologically.
Suppression of the Primary and Secondary Immune Response of the Mouse by Phytohemagglutinin
Authors: Spreafico Federico , Lerner Edwin M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of phytohemagglutinin on the immune response of mice to sheep erythrocytes has been investigated by measuring the 19S and 7S antibody-producing capacity of isolated spleen cells.
The administration of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) simultaneously with, or prior to, the injection of sheep red blood cells induced a marked depression of both the primary and secondary immune response. On the other hand, PHA given after the antigen led to no modification of the antibody response. The observed immune suppression was transient, and disappeared within 4 days after PHA administration; thereafter a normal response to antigenic challenge was observed. The magnitude of the immune suppression was dose-dependent and no effects were detected when heat-inactivated PHA was used.
Synthesis of Human Immunoglobulins in Germinal Centers of Lymphoid Organs
Authors: Burtin Pierre , Buffe Denise 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fluorescein and rhodamine labeled monospecific antibodies to IgG, IgA and IgM immunoglobulins and to K and λ light chains were used to investigate their localization in lymphoid follicles of human tonsils, spleens and lymph nodes. With few exceptions, only one immunoglobulin, and one light chain was detected in individual germinal centers. These findings support the hypothesis that at a given time, only one immunoglobulin, and one type of light chain is synthesized by cells in an individual germinal center.
Immunochemical Study of Influenza Virus and Associated Host Tissue Components
Authors: Howe Calderon , Lee Lucille T. , Harboe Arild , Haukenes Gunnar 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The relation of chicken tissue antigens to influenza viruses propagated in chicken embryos has been investigated by immunochemical analysis of viral vaccine concentrates, in which egg albumin and other normal chicken tissue components have been identified. An acid mucopolysaccharide (host factor) (HF) which is extractable from chorioallantoic fluid, and antibody to which combines specifically with viral hemagglutinin, has been identified in vaccine preparations and in crude extracts of chorioallantoic membrane. Further evidence is presented to support the conclusion that HF forms part of the viral envelope, in intimate association with but distinct from hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.
Anti-Pasteurella Pestis Factor from Mice and Guinea Pigs
Authors: Eisler Daniel M. , Hill Beverly , Von Metz Eleanor K. , Chang Wei-Jen , Heckly Robert J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The anti-Pasteurella pestis factor (APF) from the organs of mice and guinea pigs contained 75 to 87% protein, 1% or less of carbohydrate and phosphorus and from 2 to 12% of cold chloroformsoluble substances. Amino acids constituted 51 to 84% of the proteins, the remainder being unidentified. The chief amino acids were arginine, leucine, lysine, glutamic and aspartic. Since the activity of APF was destroyed by lipase and a chloroform-soluble fraction alone retained activity, the activity appeared to be associated with a lipid. Chloroform-soluble substances contained 1% or less of cholesterol esters, 3 to 10% triglycerides and 18 to 58% fatty acids. The fatty acids were chiefly caprylic, lauric, myristic, stearic, oleic and linoleic. The protein, though apparently inactive against P. pestis, served to solubilize the active lipids and thus facilitate their action in vitro.
Nonspecific Agglutination of Tanned Sheep Erythrocytes by Heat-Inactivated Mouse Serum Collected from Diluted Blood
Authors: Munoz J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mouse plasma collected from diluted blood, when heated at 56°C for ½ hr, produces agglutination of tanned sheep erythrocytes to high titers. The nonspecific agglutination can be removed by absorption of the sera with tanned cells but not with washed erythrocytes. Five minutes at 56°C is sufficient to activate the substance responsible for nonspecific agglutination, but heating at 35°C for ½ hr did not produce a significant increase of nonspecific titers.
Exclusion of complement did not increase nonspecific agglutination. When mouse blood was allowed to clot, the nonspecific agglutination by serum did not take place either before or after heating the serum, indicating that substance involved in the clotting mechanism was responsible for the nonspecific agglutination. This substance might be mainly fibrinogen. Human fibrinogen solutions, when heated at 56°C for ½ hr, produced agglutination of tanned sheep erythrocytes. This agglutinating capacity could be removed by absorption with tanned but not with washed erythrocytes. Similar nonspecific agglutination of tanned sheep erythrocytes was also observed in human and rabbit plasma but not in guinea pig plasma.
Interaction of Rabbit Anti-Human H Chain Sera with Denatured Human γ-Globulin and its Subunits
Authors: Hirose Shun-Ichi , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits immunized with H polypeptide chains of human γ-globulin develop specific antibodies for both the clear and turbid (polymerized) preparations. The reactivity for the latter was relatively transient and barely detectable within 4 weeks after a single injection. The rabbit antisera resembled the human rheumatoid factors in demonstrating interaction with antigenic determinants induced by conformational changes in human γ-globulin or its subunits. These determinants were detected in polymerized H chains, the Fab fragments and in the intact γ-globulin molecule denatured by treatment with 6 M urea or heat.
Studies on the Effect of Interferon on the Formation of Antibody in Mouse Spleen Cells
Authors: Mazzur Scott R. , Ellsworth Barbara , Paucker Kurt 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method for the maintenance of mouse spleen cells in vitro by means of a rabbit kidney cell feeder layer has been described. Measuring cell viability by trypan blue exclusion, survival of spleen cells after 24 hr in culture was improved from approximately 50% to greater than 90%. Functional integrity of spleen cells cultured during that time interval was unimpaired as measured by the production of interferon and synthesis of antibody on transfer to x-irradiated recipient mice. However, the ability to form antibody plaques on agar was reduced, though not abolished, by incubation of spleen cells in vitro.
Studies on the Effect of Interferon on the Formation of Antibody in Mouse Spleen Cells
Authors: Mazzur Scott R. , Paucker Kurt 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of interferon on three types of antibody response has been studied. The formation of primary sheep red cell-hemolyzing antibody was examined in the antibody plaque assay of Jerne. Primary sheep red cell agglutinin production and the induction of the secondary Shigella agglutinin antibody response were investigated by transfer of interferon-treated spleen cells to x-irradiated recipient mice.
In no case did interferon exert any effect on the synthesis of antibody. However, antibody production could be depressed by exposure to the PR8 strain of influenza A virus. Since this effect of PR8 could be prevented by pretreatment of the cells with interferon, it is concluded that antibody-producing cells are susceptible to the action of interferon. These data indicate that interferon has no general effect on host cell protein synthesis in the uninfected antibody-producing cell.
Neutralizing and Hemagglutination-Inhibiting Activity of Nasal Secretions Following Experimental Human Infection with A2 Influenza Virus
Authors: Alford Robert H. , Rossen Roger D. , Butler William T. , Kasel Julius A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Nasal washes from eight volunteers experimentally infected with A2 influenza virus were collected at frequent intervals prior to and following infection. Total protein and IgA concentrations increased following infection and remained elevated for 3 weeks. An early increase in protein concentration was associated with markedly increased nonspecific HI activity presumably related to the presence of mucoprotein inhibitor. Increased neutralizing activity for the infecting virus strain appeared 10 days following inoculation concurrently with the appearance of serum neutralizing antibody. Specific nasal wash neutralizing antibody was also related to total protein concentration but was consistently demonstrated only after serum neutralizing antibody had increased to significant titers. The presence of nasal wash neutralizing activity to strains not related to the infecting virus was almost associated with elevated nasal secretion protein and IgA concentrations. No serum antibody titer changes to these strains occurred. Nasal secretion A2 influenza neutralizing and HI activities were present following infection in association with 11S IgA predominantly and also 7S immunoglobulins.
Studies on the Biophysical Characteristics of Antibodies Produced in Birds and Mammals in Response to Experimental Chlamydial Infection (Psittacosis)
Authors: Page L. A. , Patterson Judith M. , Roepke M. H. , Glaser F. O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Circulating complement-fixing and agglutinating antibodies—produced in turkeys, pigeons, sheep, rabbits and a calf at early and late stages of experimental infection with agents of the genus Chlamydia (psittacosis group)—were analyzed by sucrose gradient centrifugation and electrophoretic methods. All species, except pigeons, produced antibodies of the fast sedimenting type early in the course of experimental infection and slow sedimenting type in the later stages. Only slow sedimenting antibodies were found in pigeons. Both molecular types were readily detectable in turkey serums using the indirect complement fixation (ICF) method and in the other species using the direct complement fixation method. Agglutinating antibodies detected by the capillary tube method of Mason were principally of the fast sedimenting type.
Electrophoretic patterns of whole serums and gradient separated fractions confirmed that the antibodies were of the γ-globulin type. Inactivating serums at 56°C or 65°C caused a marked shift in the electrophoretic mobility of serum albumin, and 65°C inactivation reduced the γ2-globulin content.
The serologic activity of fast sedimenting antibodies produced in the calf was eliminated by 65°C heating (as was previously shown by others). However, heating the serums or gradient fractions thereof from turkeys or sheep not only inactivated the fast sedimenting antibodies but also reduced the titers of slow sedimenting antibodies.
Immunoglobulins of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca Mulatta)
Authors: Lakin James D. , Patterson Roy , Pruzansky Jacob J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Macaca mulatta monkeys immunized to bovine serum albumin and the dinitrophenyl antigenic determinant demonstrated immediate type skin reactivity and a 24-hr reaction of cutaneous necrosis. The serum of three of the four monkeys immunized transferred immediate type skin reactivity. Precipitating antibody, migrating in the γ-globulin region was synthesized in response to both DNP and BSA determinants. Anti-BSA antibody of the IgA and two specificities of IgG types were demonstrated by radioimmunoelectrophoresis. Anti-BSA IgM was detected in purified and concentrated pooled hyperimmune anti-BSA serum. Anti-DNP antibody of the IgM and IgG types was detected. The precipitating capacity of the sera was measured by the direct radioactive antigen precipitin technique; and the formation of soluble antigen-antibody complexes in antibody excess was found in the DNP-anti-DNP system. The formation of soluble complexes was shown to be more marked when DNP-BGG of a lower degree of haptenization was reacted with the anti-DNP serum. Equilibrium and dilution factors were measured and found to contribute little to the formation of soluble complexes. Classical quantitative precipitin types of curves were constructed. Anti-BSA precipitated in combination with antigen around a 3:1 ratio on a molar basis, with a sharp zone of equivalence. Anti-DNP combined with a broader zone of equivalence, than was observed in the BSA-anti-BSA system.
Duck Immunoglobulins
Authors: Grey Howard M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Investigation of the sera from three species of duck has demonstrated the presence of two major low molecular weight γ-globulins, a 7.8S and a 5.7S protein. The 7.8S protein shows similarities to mammalian γG-globulins when products of reduction and enzymatic cleavage were investigated.
The 5.7S γ-globulin had several interesting characteristics. It lacked certain antigenic determinants of the Fc fragment that were present on the 7.8S protein, yet had no detectable unique antigens to suggest it contained structural components that differed significantly from those found on the 7.8S protein. Gel filtration of the peptide chains indicated that the 5.7S protein had a smaller heavy chain than that of the duck 7.8S γ-globulin or mammalian γG-globulin. Also, reduction in the absence of denaturing agents caused a decrease in S rate from 5.7S to 3.5S. These data suggested that the duck 5.7S immunoglobulin lacked a considerable segment of the Fc fragment of the heavy chain. As a result of this, inter-H chain non-covalent bonds were sufficiently small in number so that reduction of the inter-H chain disulfide bond(s) lead to the formation of half molecules.