bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Arab Nightmare
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Across the Middle East, oil exacerbated existing inequalities. In the early 2010s, oil prices pushed inequality and poverty to intolerable levels. When it did, the result was the Arab Spring—a call in the first instance for economic, not political, freedom. The crackdown that followed, above all in Syria, led to millions of refugees. By the end of 2014, there were in total 3.8 million Syrian refugees abroad, and another 7.6 million were internally displaced. Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey struggled to cope with them. Thanks to a French, British, and American invasion, Libya, home to almost 2 million immigrants, was on the brink of collapse. The horrors had no end in sight, and the crisis was about to spill beyond the borders of the Middle East and North Africa, right into the heart of Europe.
The Assault on Working-Class Wages
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The destruction of the American labor movement is responsible for a sharp fall in working-class wages. White male working-class wages peaked in 1972; they have been on a long slide ever since. After the OPEC oil crisis, the US government, firms, and commentators defined inflation, a product of an exogenous oil shock, as the consequence of greedy workers. The Carter administration deregulated the trucking sector and let pro-union legislation die in Congress. The Reagan administration destroyed the air traffic controllers union and, with it, the broader union movement’s willingness to strike. Companies used an army of lawyers and management consultants, and direct threats, to prevent workers from unionizing. The result was a collapse in unionization rates and a dramatic fall in wages in both unionized and non-unionized sectors.
Where We Live III
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Without cheap migrant labor, and internal migrants in India and China, the stunning growth of Asian and Middle Eastern cities in the last fifty years would have been impossible. In Malaysia and Thailand, the dynamics were the same as they were in the global north: a domestic supply of workers was exhausted and firms turned to migrant workers. In Hong Kong and Singapore, no rural hinterland meant that process was telescoped, and both city-states turned to migrant laborers in construction immediately. Across all countries, labor exploitation is common. It is even more so in the Gulf States, in which essentially all construction workers are migrants. The kafala system ensures that migrant workers are utterly denuded of rights. The only exceptions in Asia to this migration dependence are China and India, whose massive rural internal populations serve the same function.
Appealing to the Crowd
Authors: Snyder Jeremy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This book offers a close examination of the ethical, political, and practical dimensions of donation-based online crowdfunding for basic needs including medical treatment, housing, food, and education. Crowdfunding uses online platforms and social networks to raise money from friends, family, and complete strangers for a variety of projects and needs. This practice has grown massively worldwide in recent years in terms of the numbers of crowdfunding campaigns and donors, money raised, visibility, and cultural influence. While the money raised through crowdfunding has helped millions of recipients, there is also reason for concern around how it may undermine campaigners’ privacy and dignity, mirror and exacerbate social inequities, mask and deepen social injustice, defraud donors, and spread misinformation and hate. The author places this discussion of crowdfunding in the wider historical context of giving practices and shows that crowdfunding can repeat and exacerbate ethical and political problems with traditional giving practices while creating other, new problems. While crowdfunding is often held up as a more democratic and less mediated giving practice than giving through philanthropies, crowdfunding platforms have a substantial role in mediating the relationship between donor and recipient, including determining what information is required in crowdfunding campaigns, influencing how viral crowdfunding campaigns are created, and deciding what kind of campaigns will be hosted. The author concludes by presenting nine values that should guide donation-based crowdfunding. These values can help crowdfunding donors, campaigners, recipients, platforms, and policy makers preserve the good that can come from crowdfunding while addressing some of its many negative aspects.
Giving and the rise of crowdfunding
Authors: Snyder Jeremy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Giving to others includes giving directly to recipients and giving indirectly through institutional intermediaries. Both forms of giving have done a great deal of good but are also subject to criticism. Direct giving to people in need can be unfocused, inconsistent, and distract attention from institutional reforms needed to address the root causes of need. Indirect giving through philanthropic organizations may address these concerns by offering more sustained and effective use of financial resources. However, philanthropic organizations may prioritize the interests of donors and undermine democratic determination of public policy and giving priorities. Donation-based crowdfunding has emerged as a largely direct giving practice that has the advantage of closely connecting donors and recipients, allowing recipients to quickly raise funding without institutional barriers and make giving more democratic. These advantages, among other factors, have encouraged rapid growth in donation-based crowdfunding worldwide.
Missing and masking injustice
Authors: Snyder Jeremy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Direct giving to people in need is often episodic, individualistic, and ill-suited toward addressing the underlying causes of need. Philanthropic organizations can be better equipped to create and support just social institutions but they may instead reflect the priorities of relatively powerful and wealthy donors rather than the goals of social justice. In other cases, giving practices can even undermine social justice by distracting attention from the causes of systemic need. While crowdfunding donations are not primarily made by wealthy elites, there is good reason for concern that crowdfunding can have a similar effect of diminishing the perceived need for systemic reforms to social support systems and mask social injustices that give rise to the need to crowdfund for basic supports.
Loyalty in the Exercise of Private Law Powers of Administration
Authors: Smith Lionel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 is devoted to elaborating a legal concept of loyalty. Loyalty is often invoked in relation to fiduciary relationships, but is also challenged by some as unhelpful. The chapter aims to explain what loyalty means in this context, and why it is necessary in acting for others. It goes on to explain what loyalty demands of those who are bound by it. The core idea is that loyalty in this context means that a power held as an administrator can only be lawfully used in the pursuit of the purpose for which it was granted. The chapter goes on to show how the legal requirement of loyalty necessarily has a subjective dimension, even while the requirement of loyalty can be constrained and delimited objectively, where the purpose for which the power is granted is objectively constrained. It addresses also the legal consequences of the disloyal use of a power, including the possibility that the exercise of the power be set aside in law.
Other Features of Private Law Administration
Authors: Smith Lionel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter completes the picture of private law administration by addressing other obligations of private law administration. This includes a range of duties which, although they are all important, are somewhat less characteristic of, or peculiar to, this field of law than the rules about loyalty, conflicts, and unauthorized profits. These duties are studied under three rubrics. The ‘duty of commitment’ is the duty to abide by the terms of the particular mission that has been entrusted to the administrator. A trustee, for example, must hew to the terms of the trust; a corporate director must abide by the terms of the corporate constitution and the relevant governing statute. Next there is the ‘duty of care, skill and diligence’, as it may be known in the common law, or the duties of ‘prudence and diligence’ in a more civilian turn of phrase. These duties presumptively require administrators to be careful and diligent in the way they carry out their mission. Finally we will address good faith. In both common law and civil law, many persons who are not administrators are bound by strictures of good faith. We will see, however, that good faith has a particular valence in the context of administration, and may allow certain kinds of wrongdoing to be aptly characterized as serious failures on the part of an administrator.
Clarifying Moral Understanding
Authors: Nannicelli Ted 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Moral understanding is a distinctive cognitive good that has many facets. Noël Carroll’s idea of clarificationism helps show how screen stories can both clarify our moral knowledge and recalibrate our emotional responses. Moral understanding is an achievement that also consists in the capacity to know how to ask the right questions and, as Alison Hills argues, to know why in addition to knowing that something is true. Moral understanding has instrumental value in that it is often strongly connected to motivation for action. The influence of screen stories on moral understanding is likely to be “processional” or “cumulative,” developed over time and in relation to the development of one’s character.
Phenomenal Experience and Moral Understanding
Authors: Plantinga Carl 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that the phenomenal experiences offered by films can, under certain conditions, lead to phenomenal knowledge that may deepen moral understanding. The chapter describes four methods by which screen stories provide remarkable phenomenal experiences: illustrative representation, looking and being looked at, the phenomenological aspects of mind reading (or theory of mind), and audiovisual metaphor. Films such as The Sound of Metal and The Silence of the Lambs are used to illustrate these four methods. The chapter then argues that two broad conditions must be met for a phenomenal experience in film viewing to contribute to moral understanding. The film or film scene must exhibit (1) directed realism, including patterns of salience, and (2) a qualifying ethical project.
Morality and Media
Authors: Oliver Mary Beth 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Issues of morality have played an important role in many theories of media psychology. Early research was based on cultivation theory and focused on how media consumption affects viewers negatively. More recently, the movement toward positive media psychology is an attempt to understand how media can be harnessed for prosocial ends. This chapter provides an overview of research in media and positive psychology. It focuses on the role of elevation, or inspiration, in media viewing. Elevation is an emotion that occurs when we witness acts of great moral beauty. One challenge for media psychology is that elevation is not elicited uniformly in viewers. Although such research focuses on how elevation may elicit mental and emotional states rather than long-term traits, it is plausible that such elevation or inspiration relates to the long-term trait of moral understanding.
Ironing Out Evolutionary and Social Theory
Authors: Miller Elizabeth M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The world’s women suffer from and sometimes die of iron deficiency. The simple approach offered by biomedicine—supplementation—is not enough to reach the most socially vulnerable women This chapter asserts that ignoring anthropological theory means that the problem of women’s iron deficiency will never be understood, let alone resolved. Arguing that anthropological human biology is a distinct discipline that relies on a multitude of theoretical perspectives to understand human physiology, it integrates evolutionary theory, evolutionary medicine, life history theory, social theory, and critical biocultural and medical anthropology to reframe iron deficiency as an evolutionary and social, rather than biomedical, problem, highlighting how they place women at risk for iron deficiency. Each framework adds tesserae to the mosaic of iron deficiency, helping reveal the full image of the human experience of iron.
Her Flesh and Blood
Authors: Miller Elizabeth M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 delves into the relationship between women’s reproduction and iron status using an evolutionary framework. Pregnancy heavily depletes iron from women, adding to their risk of iron deficiency. This chapter uses life history theory to understand the dynamics of reproductive-related iron depletion and repletion across women’s reproductive-aged lifespans and why these parameters can vary between groups. Poor nutrition, short interbirth intervals, and lack of breastfeeding put women at risk for iron deficiency. In turn, iron deficiency is associated with preterm birth and small infants, further increasing the chance for perinatal morbidity. On the other hand, low iron during critical early windows of pregnancy likely protects the developing embryo from harm. Women’s physiology evolved to balance the help and the harms of iron, but the balance depends on ecological, nutritional, and social contexts.
Bled Dry
Authors: Miller Elizabeth M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Globally, iron deficiency is a dire problem for women. This is not an evolutionary inevitability: women’s evolved iron biology can walk the tightrope between help and harm, if only there is enough iron available in the environment. The nutrientscape, or the flow of available nutrients between local and global contexts, greatly impacts a woman’s ability to walk that tightrope. This chapter will discuss why, globally, bodies do not have enough iron. It argues that food insecurity, soil depletion, and parasite infection are not accidents, but a feature of structural global inequalities that limit the flow of iron to certain people. The chapter will end with an analysis of the physical, mental, and social costs borne by affected women around the world.
Theology and History in the Methodology of Herman Bavinck
Authors: Clausing Cameron D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This book examines the theological methodology of Dutch theologian Herman Bavinck (1854–1921). The focus of the book is on the influence of the German historicist movement on his theological method and uses Bavinck’s doctrine of the Trinity as a way to test the argument that while not embracing all of the relativizing implications of the movement, the role of history as a force that both shapes the present and allows for development into the future has a demonstrable influence on his theological methodology. To make this argument the book considers Bavinck’s larger nineteenth-century context. It traces the development of both history and theology being understood as sciences in the university and how this required a reimagining of both disciplines. It could be said that theology is thoroughly historicized in the nineteenth century. The book then considers the three principia of Bavinck’s theological methodology: Revelation, Confession, and Christian Consciousness, demonstrating how Bavinck both appropriates and adapts historicist assumptions.
Herman Bavinck
Authors: Clausing Cameron D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces Herman Bavinck. It begins by offering a brief overview of his life demonstrating how he was born into a context in which the relationship between modernity and confessional orthodoxy was being worked out in substantially new ways. After offering a historical overview of the life and work of Bavinck, the chapter considers how others have attempted to answer the question about Bavinck’s relationship to modernity. It demonstrates that the current study sits fixed inside contemporary anglophone scholarship, arguing that Bavinck was ‘orthodox yet modern’. This chapter then lays out how this point will be demonstrated through an examination of Bavinck’s engagement with the historicist movement arising out of nineteenth-century Germany. Finally, the chapter closes by laying out the how this argument will be sustained in the subsequent chapters.
Theological Method
Authors: Clausing Cameron D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the Bavinck theological methodology as a whole. The chapter argues that the influence of historicism on Bavinck’s methodology allowed him to see theology as a progressive science. The chapter opens with an exploration of the nineteenth century’s subject–object break. After considering this post-Kantian context, the chapter looks at how Bavinck attempted to respond to this philosophical problem with an appropriation of the early modern Reformed orthodox categories of principia for his theological methodology. It will be shown that Bavinck modifies these principia and deploys the nineteenth-century category of organicism to unify subject and object. The chapter closes with an exploration of the three principia of Bavinck’s theological methodology: revelation, confession, and Christian consciousness. The chapter concludes by explicitly demonstrating the way in which historicism influences Bavinck’s theological methodology.
The Dialectic of Unity, Difference, and Political Pluralism in Islam
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached , March Andrew F. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This essay grapples with the dilemma of affirming moral unity and legitimate pluralism within an Islamic framework. Ghannouchi tracks complementary commitments to consensus and legitimate disagreement within the realms of theology and creed, reasoning and judgment, and membership in different communities. Ghannouchi’s argument is that pluralism, disagreement, and difference all have their place, and that they point to the abiding significance of mutual consultation (shura) as the quintessential Islamic political practice. Ghannouchi argues that even if the political experience of Islamic civilization does not reflect the application of a recognized political pluralism that represents a constraint on authoritarianism, the Islamic religious tradition preserves a moral commitment to the ideal of shura (among other values) that provides motivation for the transition to more inclusive and democratic political systems.
Human Rights in Islam
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached , March Andrew F. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this essay Ghannouchi asks, “Is there a concept of human rights in Islam? If so, what are its philosophical premises? How is it related to modern declarations of human rights?” Despite the concept’s secular origin and inconsistent application, Ghannouchi endorses modern international human rights standards, pointing out that Islam came with a declaration of divine respect for humanity and often addresses “the people” (rather than “believers”). Human rights are also a reflection of mankind’s status as God’s deputy (caliph) on earth and Islamic law’s fundamental orientation toward human welfare and well-being. Ghannouchi addresses Islam’s support for some specific human rights, including to freedom of conscience, legal equality, free religious practice, work and property, education and other social protections, political participation, and asylum.
Current Scholarship, Main Arguments, and Approach
Authors: Murib Zein 
Published: August 2023

AbstractChapter 1 situates the book’s argument in interdisciplinary scholarship on collective identity, citizenship, rights, interest groups, and social movements. This scholarship is woven together into an argument that highlights to perils of rightful citizenship claims for movement mobilization and identity construction, namely the exclusions they enact through the elevation of these members of the group who are most proximate to normative citizenship (White, male, heterosexual, reproductive). It details intersectionality as a methodological approach and describes the archive. Introduces critical discourse analysis as the method used and describes its implementation.
Feminism Is the Theory, Lesbianism Is the Practice
Authors: Murib Zein 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter details multifocal struggles to establish a lesbian identity that would advance a unique set of interests premised on rightful citizenship logic, specifically the right to self-determination and the right to be free from patriarchal dominance. It shows how the result of this discourse was a “woman-identified woman” for whom, in the words of radical feminist Ti Grace Atkinson, “feminism is the theory, lesbianism is the practice.” After laying out these epistemic foundations, the second part of the chapter foregrounds the writings and speeches of Black lesbian feminists who actively resisted the biological determinism at the core of this new lesbian identity. In contesting the narrow construction of lesbian identity emerging in White feminist discourse, Black lesbian feminists put forward a vision of political praxis focused on identifying power asymmetries as the basis of political coalitions and actively eschewed rights discourse.
“The B Isn’t Silent”
Authors: Murib Zein 
Published: August 2023

AbstractFocusing on why bisexuals were unable to gain political traction, the analysis in this chapter shows that the perception of bisexuality as a “radical” sexual orientation, which challenged the organizing logic of gender for gay men and lesbians, motivated gay and lesbian political actors to silence bisexual voices in their midst for fear that they would disrupt efforts to make rightful citizenship claims. As with the construction of gay and lesbian identities examined in the first two chapters, this analysis of bisexual political identity construction shows that these cleavages were largely along lines of racial and class differences, with bisexual identification serving as a home for all those cast to the margins of gay and lesbian identification understood as gender-normative and White.
A Second Study in Political Ethics
Authors: Niditch Susan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Tales of the biblical judges are often treated as pro-monarchic propaganda, describing the time before there were kings in Israel as one of political and moral chaos. This chapter in political ethics re-evaluates supposedly positive views of monarchy, exemplified by the Davidic kings, and emphasizes a biblical counterpoint that offers a sustained critique of kings and a romantic harkening back to the heroic days of the judges. Integral to the study is a reassessment of the refrain “In those days there was no king in Israel and each person what was right in his own eyes did” (Judges 17:6; 21:25). The chapter also considers negative and positive views of female royal leadership exemplified by portrayals of Athaliah and the Queen of Sheba.