bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes during Coxsackievirus B-3 Infection
Authors: Wong Catherine Y. , Woodruff Judith J. , Woodruff Jack F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The generation of cytotoxic reactivity in the spleens of adult male and female BALB/c mice infected with Coxsackievirus B-3 was compared. Cytotoxicity was measured by using an in vitro 51Cr release assay employing syngeneic virus-infected and uninfected fibroblasts as target cells. Males exhibited a stronger response and significant levels of cytotoxicity were evident by day 3 after infection. Generally activity detected at this time was not viral specific and both infected and uninfected target cells were lysed. Treatment of day 3 male spleen cells with anti-thy-1.2 + C abolished both reactivities indicating that each was mediated by cytotoxic T cells. Male cytotoxicity peaked on day 7 and effector cells obtained at this time were virus specific. In marked contrast, day 7 female immune cells caused little or no target cell lysis. Females, however, exhibited significant levels of cytotoxicity at earlier intervals, primarily between days 3 and 6. Although this activity then faded, a second wave of reactivity was observed in some between the 10th and 17th day. At all intervals female cytotoxicity was not viral specific and uninfected target cells were lysed as well or better than viral infected cells. Treatment of day 3 female spleen cells with anti-thy-1.2 serum + C significantly diminished cytotoxicity against infected targets but had no effect on activity directed against uninfected fibroblasts. The results indicate that the female response was composed of a mixture of different effector cell populations with T cells responsible for only a portion of the activity. These sex-related differences were specific for Coxsackievirus infection and were not observed in animals infected with vaccinia virus. The cytotoxic response of Coxsackievirus infected females was correlated with the finding that viral clearance was more rapid and early antibody production more vigorous than that observed in males.
Physicochemical Consequences of Opsonization: Perturbation of Liposomal Membranes by Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS Opsonized with IgG Antibodies
Authors: Tagesson Christer , Magnusson Karl-Eric , Stendahl Olle 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When phagocytosis-resistant Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS bacteria sensitized with anti-MS IgG antibodies were incubated with liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and dicetylphosphate, a previously sequestered liposomal marker (4-methylumbelliferylphosphate) was released. Unsensitized or F(ab′)2-sensitized bacteria had no such effect. This perturbation was neither dependent upon negatively charged dicetylphosphate nor upon cholesterol. It was further evident that palmitoyl-poly(ethyleneglycol) caused released of the trapped marker in a similar way as sensitized bacteria. These findings demonstrate a similarity between sensitized bacteria and a hydrophobic probe and lend support to the hypothesis that the perturbation was brought about by hydrophobic interaction. The observations indicate that liposomes, like phagocytes, possess “receptor sites” for the activated part of IgG and raise the possibility that phagocytic effectors can operate in a relatively nonspecific manner.
Humoral Immunostimulation
Authors: Shearer William T. , Gottlieb Charlene , Kornfeld Stuart 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Variant cell lines (LC1, LC2) obtained by growth of mouse L cells (L) in cytostimulatory and cytotoxic doses, respectively, of rabbit anti-L cell antiserum (AL) were found previously to be altered in many ways relative to the parent cell line. A major change was the reduction of those surface membrane antigens that AL recognizes. These cell variants have now been found to have increased membrane sialic acid relative to L. Treatment of intact variant cells with neuraminidase (50 units/ml, 37°C, 1 hr) greatly restored the susceptibility of LC1 to lysis with AL. In the presence of 1/100 dilution of AL and 5% complement the viability indices (1.00 = no cell kill) of untreated and neuraminidase-treated cells were respectively: L 0.10 and 0.03 and LC1 0.91 and 0.40. Neuraminidase-treated LC2 cells retained their resistance to AL. Parallel studies with 125I-ALIgG showed increased binding to neuraminidase-treated LC1 relative to native LC1. These findings suggest that the altered membrane sialic acid content affects the immunologic behavior of this cell variant by masking the original cell surface antibody-binding sites. This represents a possible mechanism for tumors to escape immunologic control.
Resistance of H-2 Heterozygous Mice to Parental Tumors
Authors: Clark Edward A. , Harmon Richard C. , Wicker Linda S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hybrid resistance to the C57BL lymphoma EL-4 and to two 3-methylcholanthrene-induced B10.A(4R) fibrosarcomas of recent origin was studied in H-2 heterozygous mice. Histocompatible tumor recipients were derived from mating C57BL/10, B10.A, and H-2a/H-2b intra-H-2 recombinant mice in such a way as to provide heterozygosity at defined portions of the H-2 complex. Hybrid resistance was assessed by comparing the mean survival times and tumor incidence of H-2 heterozygotes with those of homozygous 4R (sarcomas) or B10 (EL-4) mice. The results reveal that heterozygosity at the D end of the H-2 complex controls hybrid resistance to fibrosarcomas as well as to lymphomas. Evidence is discussed which suggests that the locus controlling hybrid resistance, Hh-1, is located within the H-2 complex between the S and D regions. Hh-1-controlled hybrid resistance was clearly demonstrable when tumor cells were inoculated by the intraperitoneal route but was not detected if tumor cells were injected subcutaneously. Both Hh-1-controlled hybrid resistance and its in vitro correlate, natural cytotoxicity, appear to be most strongly expressed in the peritoneum. Pretreatment of Hh-1 heterozygous mice with Hh-1-H-2Db parental spleen cells consistently reduced tumor resistance compared to mice pretreated with reciprocal parental Hh-1-H-2Dd splenocytes. This suggests that Hh-1 codes for or regulates the expression of cell-surface antigens found on normal H-2b parental cells. In addition, we have found that other H-2 genes, probably I region immune response genes, also influence fibrosarcoma growth in F1 hybrid hosts. Thus, several loci within the H-2 complex appear to play a role in the polygenic control of the immune response to fibrosarcomas.
Immune Response to a Mammary Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Huber S. A. , Lucas Z. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sera from Fischer 344 rats bearing a 13762A ascites mammary adenocarcinoma (MTA) blocked cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) by spleen cells in vitro and enhanced tumor growth in vivo. Blocking (or enhancing) factors were detected in serum 3 days after i.p. immunization; peak activity occurred on days 5 and 7 and decreased sharply thereafter. Both CMC and the blocking of CMC were immunologically specific for mammary adenocarcinoma; normal breast cells did not inhibit lysis of tumor targets. Blocking factor in sera 3 and 5 days after immunization was present only in fractions coeluting with IgG on Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The blocking factors adsorbed to and quantitatively eluted from anti-rat IgG immunoadsorbant columns. In contrast, the Sephadex G-200 distribution of blocking factors of sera 7 and 10 days after immunization was polydisperse; although major activity was eluted in the IgG area, both void volume and lower m.w. areas also blocked CMC. The blocking activities of void volume and IgG fractions of all immune sera were removed by adsorption to immune lymphocytes but not by tumor cells, nonimmune lymphocytes, or lymphocytes immunized to unrelated antigens. Pretreatment of the cytolytic cells, but not the tumor cells, with the IgG fractions of immune sera inhibited CMC as well as if they had been continuously present in the assay. Collectively, these data suggest that blocking occurs at the level of the cytolytic lymphocyte, mediated either by tumor antigen-antibody to tumor antigen complexes, anti-receptor site antibodies, or both.
Ontogeny of B Cells in the Chicken
Authors: Grossi Carlo E. , Lydyard Peter M. , Cooper Max D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
B lymphocytes simultaneously expressing surface and cytoplasmic IgM were first detected in the bursa of Fabricius from 12-day embryos lacking in detectable Ig-positive cells elsewhere. Bursal lymphocytes showed characteristic patterns of cIgM4 distribution which were related both to age and anatomic localization within the bursal follicles. Cells with diffuse cytoplasmic IgM (type 1) were the first to appear and later became the predominant cell type in the cortex. Cells containing cIgM localized in perinuclear and in Golgi regions (type 2) were the most abundant cell type in the bursa between the 16th day of incubation and the 3rd week after hatching. Cells with dispersed IgM-containing vesicles (type 3) appeared soon after hatching, and were prevalent in the medulla of mature follicles; release of IgM from type 3 cells observed at physiologic temperature was prevented by cold and by cytochalasin B. A rough correlation between the immunofluorescence patterns of cIgM distribution and the susceptibility of sIgM to be modulated by anti-µ antibodies was demonstrated. Type 1 cells required lower concentrations of anti-µ antibody for modulation of their sIgM than did type 2 and 3 cells. Except in very young birds, cells having the characteristics of bursal lymphocytes were not found in extrabursal tissues, including the bone marrow.
These results suggest that during normal development of the chicken, B cells are generated exclusively within the bursa and at least a subpopulation of B cells undergoes an unusual IgM secretory stage in differentiation. The data also suggest that tolerance or clonal abortion of B cells should be most easily accomplished in ovo.
Suppressor Cells in Mice Infected with Trypanosoma Brucei
Authors: Eardley Diane D. , Jayawardena Anil N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Within 2 to 3 days of infection with Trypanosoma brucei strain S42, the ability of spleen cells from infected CBA mice to mount a primary in vitro antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) is profoundly reduced, and suppressor cells are generated as detected by cell mixture experiments. Suppressor cell activity lies in the T and adherent cell compartments of spleens from infected mice, but not in the B cell compartment, although antibody responses to a thymus-independent antigen, DNP-Ficoll, are significantly reduced. Suppression of antibody responses of normal spleen cells depends on viable cells from infected mice. The trypanosome, itself, plays no direct role in suppression, and we have ruled out the possibility of antigenic competition as a mechanism of suppression.
Our data is consistent with the model of suppressor T cells induced by concanavalin A mitogenesis. We hypothesize that trypanosome antigens may directly stimulate T cells with the concomitant release of factors with affinity for macrophage surfaces thus becoming suppressive for T and B cell responses.
Immunosuppression by Spleen Cells from Moloney Leukemia
Authors: Cerny Jan , Grinwich Kazimiera D. , Stiller Ronald A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleens of mice bearing MuLV (Moloney)-induced leukemia contain cells that inhibit the antibody response of normal syngeneic lymphocytes to sheep RBC in Marbrook cultures. In order to determine whether these immunosuppressive cells are virus-infected tumor cells or normal cells we pretreated leukemic spleen cell suspensions with syngeneic mouse antiserum to Moloney leukemia antigen(s) (plus complement) and with rat anti-Moloney serum (plus complement). The cytotoxic treatment killed approximately 20% to 30% and 60% to 70% of the cells, respectively. The remaining viable cell population was tested for MuLV production (in an infectious center assay on S+L- fibroblasts), for lethal effect on newborn mice, and for immunosuppressive activity. After the treatment with anti-Moloney sera the number of MuLV-releasing cells decreased 10-fold and the leukemogenic potential in vivo decreased 100-fold as compared to leukemic spleen cells pretreated with nonimmune mouse and rat sera (plus complement). In contrast, the ability of the antisera-treated cells to inhibit anti-SRBC reponse remained undiminished. This indicates that, in part, the immunosuppressive cells in the leukemic spleen are normal, noninfected cells, involved, perhaps, in immune regulation.
Negative Allogeneic Effects in Vitro
Authors: Swain Susan L. , Dutton Richard W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When splenic T cells from normal mice recognize alloantigens on primed spleen cells there is a dramatic suppression of the secondary antihapten PFC response of the latter cells. From studies using intra-MHC recombinants it appears that differences at K or D alone can elicit allosuppression. There is sometimes suppression to differences in the I region. Even small differences in H-2K, as seen in the H-2b mutants, are sufficient to lead to such negative allogeneic effects. Thus, as far as has been determined, the specificity of allosuppressive T cells is indistinguishable from that of cytotoxic effector cells.
Negative allogeneic effects and positive allogeneic effects differed in the degree to which they influenced the primary and secondary responses. In our experiments no evidence for positive allogeneic effects was seen in the secondary response to TNP-carrier even with cells differing at the I region only. In contrast the primary response to SRBC was much enhanced by allogeneic cells and little suppression of that response was seen.
It is suggested that the allosuppression is distinct from cytotoxicity and may be a profitable model for the study of suppressor T cells.
Reduced Severity of Lesions in Mink Infected Transplacentally with Aleutian Disease Virus
Authors: Porter David D. , Larsen Austin E. , Porter Helen G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Inoculation of mink late in the second trimester of pregnancy with Aleutian disease virus (ADV) produces a persistent infection in the offspring. When these mink were analyzed at 83 days of age and compared with adolescent mink infected for a similar length of time, the transplacentally infected mink show: 1) a marked reduction in plasmacytosis, immunoglobulin level and specific ADV antibody; 2) increased amounts of infectious ADV and numbers of cells containing viral antigen; 3) a marked reduction in immune complex glomerulonephritis and absence of immune complex arteritis; 4) free ADV antigen in the glomeruli; and 5) a striking accumulation of eosinophils in the tissues. The findings suggest that the degree of ADV expression is partially immunologically controlled.
Serum Lipoproteins and C5̄6̄7̄-INH Activity
Authors: Lint Thomas F. , Behrends Carole L. , Gewurz Henry 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Serum contains an activity termed C-INH which inhibits the attachment of the C complex of complement to bystander cells. The serum constituents which express this activity have not yet been defined. The present studies were initiated to examine the possibility that serum lipoproteins have C-INH activity. Lipoproteins were prepared by sequential flotations and were free of other proteins detectable by immunochemical procedures; they comprised 3% of the serum proteins but accounted for approximately 25% of the serum C-INH activity. The lipoproteins selectively inhibited the attachment of C to bystander cells by interacting with C in solution; they did not inhibit either the formation of C from C and C7 or the lysis of preformed EC by limiting amounts of C8 and C9. Furthermore, the lipoproteins did not inhibit the complement-mediated hemolysis of EA or EAC. Inhibitory activity was found in each of the three major lipoprotein density classes, with the high density lipoproteins having the greatest specific activity. Poly-L-lysine, previously shown to counteract serum -INH also partially blocked the inhibitory activity of the lipoproteins. These experiments point to lipoproteins as a major constituent of serum -INH, and emphasize that lipoproteins exercise a potentially important modulating effect upon the complement membrane attack mechanism.
The Role of T Cells in Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus Immunity
Authors: Pfizenmaier Klaus , Jung Hartmut , Starzinski-Powitz Anna , Röllinghoff Martin , Wagner Hermann 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice infected with herpes simplex virus develop little or no cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. However, in lymph nodes (LN's) draining a local site infected with HSV, antigen-specific CTL precursors are sensitized, which upon transfer to in vitro culture conditions develop within 72 hr into effective CTL. The in vivo blockade of CTL differentiation can be overcome by cyclophosphamide, suggesting that a cyclophosphamide-sensitive mechanism blocks the in vivo generation of HSV-immune CTL.
The cytolytic activity of HSV-immune CTL is H-2 restricted and antigen specific. Thus CTL sensitized toward HSV type 1 discriminate between syngeneic targets infected with either the immunologic HSV variant type 1 or type 2 (and vice versa). H-2-matched target cells exposed for 30 min to infectious HSV are lysed within 60 min of contact with CTL. Since HSV replication is believed to require more than 4 to 5 hr, the data suggest that either the expression of HSV-dependent “early proteins” takes place within 30 to 90 min or cell membrane-integrated HSV virion represents the target antigen of CTL.
Paul-Bunnell Antigen in Lymphoma and Leukemia Spleens
Authors: Kano Kyoichi , Fjelde Audrey , Milgrom Felix 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphoid cells obtained from spleens of patients with lymphomas or leukemias were studied for the presence of heterophile (Paul-Bunnell (P-B)) antigen. A mixed agglutination (MA) test was established utilizing monolayers of cells attached to poly-L-lysine-coated wells of plastic U plates. After incubation of the monolayers with infectious mononeucleosis (IM) sera, indicator cells, sheep, or trypsinized bovine erythrocytes were added. The results were assessed according to sedimentation patterns of the indicator cells on the monolayers. Positive MA reactions were shown to be due to specific binding of P-B antibodies to the corresponding antigens on the spleen cells. Positive results were obtained with 15 of 37 spleens from patients with Hodgkin's disease, 5 of 8 lymphoma spleens, 4 of 15 chronic myelocytic leukemia spleens and 2 of 4 chronic lymphocytic leukemia spleens. Only 2 of 25 spleens from patients with various other diseases and 1 of 26 apparently normal thymus specimens gave positive results. This study confirmed demonstration of P-B antigen in lymphoma and leukemia by means of absorption experiments, which was reported previously.
Antibody-Dependent Killing of Erythrocyte and Tumor Targets by Macrophage-Related Cell Lines: Enhancement by PPD and LPS
Authors: Ralph Peter , Nakoinz Ilona 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Five murine macrophage or monocyte-related tumor cell lines in culture were compared for antibody-dependent lysis (ADL) of a tumor target (T lymphoma EL4) and lysis and phagocytosis of sheep erythrocytes (RBC). Some lines were effective only with RBC targets, while others were capable of lysing these and tumor targets. Both murine alloantisera to H-2 and Thy 1.2 antigens on the target cells and rabbit anti-mouse spleen and anti-mouse thymus sera directed target lysis, while normal mouse or rabbit sera were inactive. Preincubation of macrophage line RAW264 with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or purified protein derivative from Mycobacteria (PPD) for 2 days resulted in an average of 76% or 86% increase, respectively, in ADL of RBC, although there was no stimulation in RBC phagocytosis or in nonspecific or antibody-dependent lysis of tumor targets.
These results indicate that macrophage cell types are capable of antibody-dependent tumor lysis, that macrophages are probably heterogeneous in effector cell activities, and that they can be stimulated to increased ADL in the complete absence of other cell types.
Membrane Receptors for IgG and Complement (C4, C3b and C3d) on Human Eosinophils and Neutrophils and Their Relation to Eosinophilia
Authors: Anwar A. R. E. , Kay A. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Receptors have been shown, on human eosinophils and neutrophils, for rabbit IgG, human IgG, and human C4, C3b and C3d. Both types of granulocyte formed rosettes with EArabG. This was directly related to the amount of sensitizing antibody. No rosettes were formed with E alone or EArabM Receptors for human IgG were also demonstrated by using heat-aggregated IgG and fluorescent-labeled anti-human IgG. In addition, aggregated human IgG inhibited both eosinophil and neutrophil rosettes with EArabM.
Red cell intermediates were prepared with EArabM (EA) and functionally pure human complement components. Eosinophil and neutrophil rosette formation was demonstrable with EAC14 and EAC1423b, prepared with limited amounts of C4 (EAC3b), and was related directly to the input of either C4 or C3. No granulocyte rosettes were formed with EAC1 or EAC142. By decay experiments it was shown that C2, in addition to forming the classical pathway C3 convertase with C1 and C4, also inhibited eosinophil and neutrophil EAC14 rosettes. EAC3d intermediates (prepared by treating EAC3b cells with the C3b inactivator and so rendering them immune adherence negative, unsusceptible to lysis with C5–C9 and more agglutinable with anti-C3d) formed rosettes with eosinophils and neutrophils in comparable numbers to EAC3b cells. In general, the percentage of neutrophils bearing receptors for rabbit IgG, human IgG, or human C4, C3b, and C3d was approximately two and one-half times greater than eosinophils.
There was a significantly reduced percentage of eosinophils forming rosettes with EAC14 or EAC3b when patients with eosinophilia of various etiology were compared to controls; however, no differences were found with EArabG. When neutrophils from patients with eosinophilia were compared to controls in terms of percentage of EArabG, EAC14, or EAC3b rosettes, there were no significant differences. These results, taken together with previously published findings on the monocyte, suggest that all circulating phagocytic cells have similar membrane receptors for promoting adherence of opsonized particles and that with eosinophils the numbers of complement receptors may be altered in disease.
Characterization of Suppressive Immunoglobulin-binding Factor (IBF)
Authors: Fridman Wolf H. , Guimezanes Annick , Gisler Roland H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
L-5178-Y, a θ-positive, Fc receptor-bearing mouse thymoma cell line spontaneously releases immunoglobulin-binding factor (IBF) upon short-term incubation in vitro. IBF produced by L-5178-Y cells is identical in its biologic activity with IBF produced by Fc receptor positive alloantigen-activated T cells. It suppresses the in vitro plaque response of mouse spleen cells to sheep erythrocytes by interfering mainly with the late phase of the generation of antibody-forming cells. Therefore, L-5178-Y thymoma affords a homogeneous source of IBF in sufficient quantities for the study of its biochemical nature and the mechanism by which it interferes with cells participating in antibody synthesis.