bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Induction of Tuberculin Hypersensitivity and Serologic Unresponsiveness to Tubercle Bacilli in Newborn and Young Cuinea Pigs
Authors: Janicki Bernard W. , Aron Stephen A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The age at sensitization with tubercle bacilli was shown to have a marked influence on the expression of tuberculin skin reactivity in young guinea pigs. Animals varying in age from 0 to 4 weeks old were injected with 5 mg (dry weight) of heat-killed M. tuberculosis (H37Rv strain) and skin tested 2 weeks later with 5 µg of PPD. Only the 4-week-old animals exhibited tuberculin hypersensitivity to the same degree as similarly-sensitized adult animals. Evidence was provided to indicate that the failure of the younger animals to exhibit skin reactivity may reflect a nonspecific deficiency of the skin rather than a fault in functional immune capacity. The effect of varying the size of the sensitizing dose on tuberculin skin reactivity was not as striking as varying the age at sensitization. Positive skin reactions were noted following the use of sensitizing doses ranging from 0.125 mg to 5.0 mg when the animals were skin tested 2 weeks after injection. In contrast, the serologic reactivity of the sensitized young animals decreased as the sensitizing dose was increased above 0.5 mg. The 5-mg dose was found to induce serologic unresponsiveness quite effectively in newborn animals. Serologic unresponsiveness represented at least a 100-fold decrease in the circulating antibody response. It was suggested that serologic unresponsiveness may reflect a form of specific immune suppression. The implications of these findings to the use of acquired immunologic tolerance in guinea pigs as a model for study of the mechanisms of immunity in tuberculosis are discussed.
Human Serum Interactions with Candida Albicans
Authors: Chilgren Richard A. , Hong Richard , Quie Paul G. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Clumping of Candida albicans occurred when the organisms were incubated in normal human serum. This clumping of yeast and mycelia apparently accounts for the decrease in colony-forming units previously described. Homogenization of serum after incubation showed that clumping did not bring about organism death. Clumping of C. albicans did not occur in sera from three patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and furthermore these sera inhibited clumping in normal sera. The inhibitor of clumping present in the sera of patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis has been identified as specific IgG C. albicans antibody.
Comparative Antigenic Study of Besnoitia Jellisoni, B. Panamenis and Five Toxoplasma Gondii Isolates
Authors: Suggs M. , Walls K. W. , Kagan I. G. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Besnoitia jellisoni and B. panamensis were compared antigenically with five Toxoplasma gondii isolates. These were found to be related antigenically as shown by the CF, IHA and IFA serologic tests. Not all of the T. gondii isolates revealed the same degree of related antigenicity to Besnoitia. The T. gondii RH antigen showed no antigenic crossing with the Besnoitia antiserum in the CF and IFA tests, but cross-reactions were observed when T. gondii RH antiserum was reacted with Besnoitia antigen. The other Toxoplasma isolates crossed antigenically with both species of Besnoitia in the CF test, and all the Toxoplasma isolates were found to cross with both Besnoitia species in the IHA test.
The IHA test with absorbed sera revealed that of the Toxoplasma isolates, the T. gondii RH was antigenically the least related to the Besnoitia. The comparative antigenic studies of these two genera suggested that an antigenically related spectrum of organisms exists with the Besnoitia and the T. gondii RH isolate at opposite ends of the spectrum. The other Toxoplasma isolates were found to have strong antigenic similarities between the two extremes with the T. gondii VI-6 chicken isolate being closer to the Besnoitia and the T. gondii Taylor isolate closer to the T. gondii RH isolate. These studies also showed that there are antigenic differences among the Toxoplasma group.
Properties of Erythrocytes Stabilized with Sulfosalicylic Acid and Their Use in an Indirect Hemagglutination Test with Influenza Virus Rnp-Antigen
Authors: Becht H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Erythrocytes can be fixed with sulfosalicylic acid. The human blood group substances that have been tested are not destroyed The fiexd. cells behave differently toward hemagglutinin from influenza viruses in contrast to native erythrocytes. The stabilized cells can be coated with RNP-antigen prepared from infected chorioallantoic membranes and used in a sensitive indirect hemagglutination test for the detection of antibodies. RNP-antigen inhibits the hemagglutination reaction specifically. Blocking tests can therefore be used to titrate antigen-containing material.
Immunologic Unresponsiveness, Immunity and Enhancement in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Salvin S. B. , Liauw H. L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Progressive and fatal experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in guinea pigs was accompanied by the development of delayed hypersensitivity and low-titered ciruclating antibody to central nervous system (CNS) antigens. Inoculation with cyclophosphamide and allogeneic CNS tissue suspension produced a long-lasting immunologic unresponsiveness in which subsequent lethal challenge with allogeneic CNS tissue did not produce disease and related immunologic responses. Delayed hypersensitivity to allogeneic CNS antigens could not be demonstrated. Only partial suppression of EAE, accompanied by the development of delayed hypersensitivity and high-titered circulating antibodies, followed challenge of such unresponsive guinea pigs with xenogeneic (rabbit or dog) CNS tissue.
Similar inoculation of allogeneic or xenogeneic CNS suspension, but without cyclophosphamide, produced immunity to subsequent lethal challenge. Both delayed hypersensitivity and high-titered 7 S, γ2 complement-fixing antibodies were then present. Passive transfer of such high-titered allogeneic antibody partially protected normal recipients against lethal challenge, whereas sera from immunologically unresponsive animals or from animals with antibodies to xenogeneic CNS tissue were ineffective. After active challenge with allogeneic CNS tissue, guinea pigs which had also received sera from paralyzed, dying animals developed more severe disease and died at a faster rate than control animals.
Induction of Erythema-Wheal Reactions by Soluble Antigen-γE Antibody Complexes in Humans
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The activity of soluble antigen-antibody complexes to induce erythema-wheal reactions in humans was studied using a ragweed antigen-human antibody system. It was found that γE-antibody complexes induced positive skin reactions, whereas neither γG- nor γA-antibody complexes did. The skin reactivity of γE-antibody complexes depended on composition of the complexes. Analysis by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation strongly suggests the requirement of two or more antibody molecules for the formation of an active complex. The mechanisms involved in the induction of skin reactivity by the formation of complexes are discussed.
Heterologous Antisera-Enhanced Hemolysin in Sera and Tissue Extracts
Authors: Uyeki Edwin M. , Klassen Robert S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A technique is described for determining serum and tissue hemolysin titers in microliter quantities using a modification of the Jerne technique for hemolysin plaque-forming cells. The technique permits the visualization of augmented hemolysis resulting from the addition of rabbit anti-mouse sera. The enhanced antibody is a γ-globulin as characterized by several criteria. A γ-globulin or 7 S hemolysin was demonstrated in serum collected from animals injected 5 days previously with sheep red blood cells. A comparison of hemolysin plaque-forming cells and serum hemolysin titers indicated that peak levels of the developed hemolysin plaque-forming cells appeared 1 week prior to peak serum levels of developed hemolysin.
Hypersensitivity to Ascaris Antigens
Authors: Malley A. , Amkraut A. A. , Strejan G. , Campbell D. H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rhesus monkeys sensitized by intradermal inoculations with either Ascaris suum extracts or an electrophoretically purified fraction developed wheal and flare reactions upon intradermal challenge. Persistence of the skin reactivity in the sensitized animals lasted between 40 and 90 days, and all animals responded to restimulation with Ascaris extracts and attained their previous level of sensitivity.
None of the sensitized animals showed any sign of either Arthus or delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Attempts to demonstrate circulating anti-Ascaris antibody by PCA or precipitin (ring) tests were unsuccessful. However, the presence of homologous skin-fixing antibody in the sera of Ascaris-sensitized rhesus monkeys was demonstrated by in vitro histamine release from passively sensitized monkey lung tissue.
These studies indicate that crude Ascaris extract contains two components, separated by electrophoresis, with distinct biologic properties. The cathode migrating fraction 1) is nontoxic in guinea pigs, 2) induces wheal and flare reactions in normal animals, 3) elicits wheal and flare reactions in sensitized animals and 4) releases histamine from passively sensitized monkey lung tissue. The anode migrating fraction is toxic in guinea pigs and is unable to 1) sensitize normal animals, 2) elicit wheal and flare reactions in sensitized animals and 3) release histamine from passively sensitized lung tissue.
The Production of Antisera to Human γG Subclasses in Rabbits Using Immunological Unresponsiveness
Authors: Spiegelberg H. L. , Weigle W. O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It has been demonstrated that human γG immunoglobulins (γG) can be divided into four subclasses on the basis of antigenic differences in the heavy chain (1, 2). The antigenic differences between the subclasses are not pronounced and it is therefore difficult to obtain subclass-specific antisera. In the past, antisera usually have been produced in primates, because primates form more antibodies toward subclass-specific determinants than do rodents. However, even in primates, most of the antibodies that are produced react with γG of all subclasses and only after prolonged immunization and appropriate absorption can subclass-specific antisera be obtained. In addition, primates are not easily maintained in laboratories and not all of them form subclass-specific antibodies. For these reasons experiments were undertaken to develop a method to produce human γG subclass-specific antisera in rabbits. Since it has recently been shown that under certain conditions rabbits can form antibodies to one portion of the γG molecule while remaining unresponsive to another (3), rabbits were rendered tolerant to one γG subclass and immunized with γG of another subclass.
Regulation of Cellular Antibody Synthesis
Authors: Morris Alan , Möller Göran 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Adoptive transfer of spleen cells from hyperimmunized or primarily immunized donors into normal syngeneic recipients caused an efficient suppression of cellular 19 S synthesis against sheep red blood cells subsequent to antigenic stimulation, as compared to the response in mice given antigen only. Thus, endogenously produced antibodies may play a regulatory role also in the primary immune response and act to terminate 19 S synthesis. However, the same recipients exhibited a marked stimulation of 7 S synthesis at the cellular and humoral level as well. It was concluded that the phenomenon of antibody suppression functions in a feedback system to terminate 19 S synthesis in the primary and secondary response. In addition, the same phenomenon permits the selective stimulation of such antigen-sensitive cells that can compete efficiently for antigen with the serum antibodies.
Studies on the Ontogeny of the Mouse Immune System
Authors: Tyan Marvin L. , Herzenberg Leonard A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
It has been shown that cells which have the potential to differentiate into immunoglobulin-producing cells appear in the yolk sac, liver and caudal half of the embryo by the 9th day of gestation. Late in pregnancy these cells are found in the thymus, gut, lung, spleen, femur and peripheral blood. Certain of the data suggest that immunoglobulin-producing cell lines and those cells which mediate cell-bound immune responses arise early in gestation as separate cell populations. It has been shown that immunoglobulin synthesis per se is independent of the thymus.
Antigenic Variants of Arboviruses
Authors: Henderson J. R. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Seven antigenically distinct subpopulations of virus were recognized among 32 viral clones recovered after plating various chick embryo tissue culture passage levels of the parent Arg-B strain of EE virus. Each of the distinct clones was antigenically stable for at least seven passages in a single type of susceptible host. Virus populations from clones which were antigenically identical when grown in one host remained identical after propagation in other hosts. However, when one type of viral clone was propagated in different hosts, the antigenic properties of progeny virus from each host type were distinctly different. There appeared to be some relationship between the persistence of different clone types, the antigenic nature of cloned viruses and their rates of replication in tissue culture.
Antigenicity of Guanidinated and Amidinated Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Habeeb A. F. S. A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Extensive modification of bovine serum albumin (BSA) by guanidination, amidination, or by succinylation and amidination resulted in a protein antigenic to rabbits. The introduced groups created new antigenic patches which incorporated parts of the carrier protein without greatly impairing the already existing antigenic determinants on BSA. Antibodies produced against modified BSA had no specificity against the introduced groups if they were attached to another carrier protein (e.g., ovalbumin). The antibodies produced were of IgG type in early and late immunization and were separated into distinct specificities by absorption.
Observations Concerning the Pathogenesis of E. Coli Infections in Mice
Authors: Medearis Donald N. , Kenny Jean F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Two strains of E. coli, serotypes 07 and 0111, which had been found to differ strikingly in their ability to kill mice after intraperitoneal inoculation were compared in order to define certain aspects of the pathogenesis of E. coli infections. Bacteriolytic, bactericidal and opsonizing capacity of 07 antisera was strikingly less for 07 than 0111 antiserum was for 0111, despite the fact that homologous antisera contained comparable quantities of agglutinating antibody for the two organisms. The more virulent organism, 07, resisted phagocytosis by macrophages in vivo and by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro; in addition it persisted intraperitoneally and multiplied. Thus these studies define an important role for phagocytosis in the pathogenesis of virulent E. coli infections.
The Role of Proliferation in Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Feldman Joseph D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Heavily irradiated nondividing lymphoid cells from immune donor Lewis rats were capable of transferring DH to neutral recipients. Serial transfer of DH beyond a second passage failed and was only occasionally achieved in secondary recipients. Cells from immune donors could not be boosted by antigen or PPD to enhance serial transfer or the severity of DH. These results indicated that cellular proliferation was not a necessary part of the expression of DH. Lymphoid cells acquired immunologic competence to transfer DH only after continuous in vivo incubation with antigen and only after the donors exhibited positive skin reactions.
Neutralizing Activity in Nasal Secretions and Serum in Resistance of Volunteers to Parainfluenza Virus Type 2
Authors: Tremonti Lawrence P. , Lin Juey-Shin L. , Jackson George Gee 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Twenty-six volunteer subjects were challenged intranasally with parainfluenza virus type 2. Their response to the challenge was evaluated with respect to the prechallenge serum and nasal neutralizing activity against the infecting virus. Ninety-two per cent of the individuals possessed prechallenge serum antibody to the virus, and 42% had neutralizing activity in the nasal wash specimen. Following challenge, 14 of the volunteers became infected. Illness occurred in 29% of infected persons as an all-or-nothing phenomenon, independent of virus shedding. Nasal antibody prevented infection or markedly reduced virus shedding. Serum antibody was effective in reducing infection in direct relation to the height of the titer, but if nasal antibody was present the effect was augmented about fourfold. A serologic antibody response was the most sensitive index of infection. The most demonstrable effect of antibody was the reduction of illness, then virus shedding. Increasing immunity to infection was found with 1) a low titer of serum antibody alone, 2) low serum antibody plus nasal antibody and 3) a high titer of serum antibody. No infection occurred in a small number of subjects with high titers of serum antibody plus neutralizing activity in the nasal secretions.
Biologic Properties of Rat Antibodies
Authors: Bloch Kurt J. , Morse Herbert C. , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Radioimmunoelectrophoresis was used to define the distribution of antigen-binding activity in rat sera during the course of an immune response to a single injection of DNP-BGG emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. Binding of labeled antigen to IgM, IgA, IgGa and IgGb was found as early as day 4; more intense binding to IgA, IgGa and IgGb was seen in antisera from weeks 2 to 6. The IgM precipitin are did not bind antigen after week 5, nor after a second injection of antigen.
All four immunoglobulin classes were identified in sera from twelve different rat strains.
Properties of 19 S Antibodies in Complement Fixation
Authors: Cunniff Ruth V. H. , Cole Hollace H. , Stollar B. David 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Concentrations of urea which had no permanent effect on the C′ fixation activity of IgG antibodies rapidly inactivated the C′ fixation ability of human and rabbit macroglobulins. The kinetics of inactivation at varying temperatures and urea concentrations were studied. Urea lowered the temperature range at which an apparently localized structural change occurred in the IgM molecule with no change in the size or the antigen-binding activity of the molecule.
Immunoglobulins Produced in Response to Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infections of Man
Authors: Ishii Keizo , Matsunaga Yasuko , Kono Reisaku 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Thirty serum specimens were collected at intervals over the course of illness and during convalescence from six human cases of infection with Japanese encephalitis virus diagnosed by serologic tests. These sera were fractionated by gel filtration on Sephadex G 200 and the antibody activities present in the various fractions were determined. HI and neutralizing antibody activities occurred in both IgM and IgG classes of immunoglobulins, but CF activity was present only in the IgG class. These findings would explain why HI and neutralizing antibodies appear earlier in the course of infection than do CF antibodies. The time at which antibody initially appeared in the IgG serum fractions differed between individual patients, and ranged from the first week to the fifth week after onset of infection. A relatively high proportion of the total antibody was found in IgM fractions in sera taken 4 weeks after onset, and some IgM was present as late as 6 months after onset. CF antibody (representing IgG) was shown to appear early in the course of infection in patients with a previous history of JE vaccination and in some older patients who might have experienced prior JE infection; this was considered to indicate a secondary antibody response to the JE virus.
The Biologic Role of Host Antigens in Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Zhdanov V. M. , Chepulis G.-K. S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
An immunologic phenomenon is described: induction of susceptibility of mice to infection by chicken embryo-adapted NDV in animals rendered “tolerant” to chicken embryo antigens. “Tolerant” mice developed pulmonary lesions and viremia after intranasal inoculation of NDV and the virus could subsequently be maintained in mice by direct passage. Susceptibility to the virus was not induced in animals injected as newborns with heterologous antigens.
Anti-Nuclear Antibodies in Mice
Authors: Teague Perry O. , Friou George J. , Myers Lynn L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Indirect immunofluorescent antiglobulin techniques were utilized to examine the incidence of autoimmune anti-nuclear antibodies in aging retired-breeder and virgin A/J, aging retired-breeder DBA/1J, and aging virgin (A/JxDBA/1J)F1 hybrid mice. The incidence of anti-DNP antibody in aging retired-breeder A/J animals increased almost linearly to approximately 90% by 23 months of age. The greater incidence in 8-month-old retired-breeder females than in both retired-breeder males and virgin females of the same age disappeared as more animals in each group began to produce anti-DNP antibody during aging. Anti-DNA antibody was also produced spontaneously during aging, but only in very old animals. Aging DBA/1J (retired-breeders) and AJDF1 hybrids never developed either anti-DNP or DNA antibodies. The injection of calf thymus DNP or DNA, combined with complete Freund's adjuvant, did not induce 4 ½-month-old virgin A/J mice to produce anti-DNP or DNA antibodies. Similar treatments of 8-month-old retired-breeder A/J mice which lacked anti-DNP antibody prior to injection resulted in the production of antibody reactive with both calf and rabbit thymus DNP and autochthonous nuclei (LE cell formation). Antibody with specificity for DNA could not be detected in these sera. The injection of BSA or complete Freund's adjuvant alone also resulted in anti-DNP antibody production. In contrast, DBA/1J and (A/JxDBA/1J)F1 hybrids given similar injections did not produce anti-DNP or DNA antibodies.
Modification of Meningococcal Polysaccharide Antigens for Use in Passive Hemagglutination Tests
Authors: Hammond Bruce W. , Kingsbury David T. , Weiss Emilio 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide antigens derived from the cell walls of several Gram-negative bacteria by any of the commonly employed procedures have little erythrocyte-sensitizing activity. Their adsorption onto the erythrocyte can be greatly enhanced, however, by treatment with heat or mild alkali (1). The nature of the chemical change brought about by these procedures is not known, but it has been correlated with the removal of some of the lipid (1) or of O-acetyl (2).
Passive hemagglutination tests have been performed with crude or purified antigens derived from Neisseria meningitidis using tanned (3, 4) or untanned erythrocytes (5–7), which presumably adsorb, respectively, protein (8) or carbohydrate moieties. Adsorption of N. meningitidis carbohydrate requires pretreatment of the antigen with mild alkali. The observations reported here indicate that hindrance of carbohydrate adsorption is eliminated by removal of the sialic acid.
The strains of N. meningitidis used were CL-4, L-1, and NOR 20, groups A, B and C, respectively.