bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experiencing the Blank
Authors: Sawday Jonathan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
What is a blank? How do we know if it is intentional or a product of happenstance? Starting with the etymology of the word “blank” (related to the word “blink”), this chapter explores both Renaissance and modern conceptions of emptiness and gaps. The theoretical role of the blank in reading and interpretation is examined in the work of Roman Ingarden and Wolfgang Iser in the 1930s and 1970s. The history of the vacuum (as both a political and physical space) is discussed in the work of seventeenth-century natural philosophers (Pascal, Hobbes, Boyle) as well as the role of the gap in Christian iconography and contemporary ideas about knowledge production and discovery. This discussion leads into a consideration of silence and its representation on the printed page via punctuation (using John Milton’s Paradise Lost as an example) or parenthesis in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which are related to temporal pauses or gaps considered as historical periods.
Reading the Early Modern Page
Authors: Sawday Jonathan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses different approaches to reading the Renaissance page. It shows, first, how layout has been used to “cope with what writing does not represent” (David Olsen). Drawing on examples taken from the work of (e.g.) Stephen Hawes, John Donne, Robert Southwell, and Lancelot Andrewes in the sixteenth and earlier seventeenth centuries, the chapter considers the oscillation between oral delivery, manuscript transmission, and the printed book. Different reading practices in the early modern period are explored, as well as the distinction between “quick” and “slow” reading, and the practice of silent reading. These are discussed in terms of modern cognitive approaches to the question of how we read. The transition between blackletter and roman type is considered in the work of Thomas Nashe, Edward Coke, James VI/I, and Sir Philip Sidney, as well as the use of page ornaments and other “space-filling” practices in works by Shakespeare and Edmund Spenser.
Dickens’s Christmases to 1836
Authors: Patten Robert L. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractDickens associates the winter solstice, Christmas to Twelfth Night, with youthful performances in pubs, snow rarely, rain often, but no special parties. At twelve in London, his father imprisoned for debt, he had to fend for himself at a blacking warehouse. When the debts were compounded, Dickens had some further schooling. He then started publishing sketches of urban working-class life. Christmas entails remembering the dead, celebrating the living with a feast, and reuniting with strays. One about New Year’s ends with church bells tolling that life has been shortened by a year. Dickens develops a persona who can sympathize with readers experiencing the polarities of death and new life, remembering, enjoying, and expecting.
Yuletide Celebrations in the 1840s
Authors: Patten Robert L. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAfter returning from America to London at the end of June 1842, Dickens embarked on an exceptionally busy eight years: two travel books, three twenty-part serial novels, five Christmas books, a life of Christ for his children, the planning and execution of a daily newspaper, the organization of the Amateur Company of actors, and the birth of four sons and one daughter to add to the two sons and two daughters already cramming the nursery. Amid this, he burst into action as a holiday entertainer. In 1843 he planned a big party for Charley’s birthday, trying out for the first time a set of magic tricks. Magic transformation became a key to subsequent years’ performances. The testimony of witnesses communicates the magic of his presence and the Bacchanalian excesses that might ensue. None of these occasions had much to do with celebrating the birth of Christ, another magic.
Chirping
Authors: Patten Robert L. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractHere Dickens elects an agent of change associated with domesticity. The Cricket’s task is to heal a broken marriage between a middle-aged carrier of parcels, John Peerybingle, and his young bride Dot. This appears to be another version of unfortunate January-May marriages, set in late January when the carrier married a year ago. Complications are provided by a toymaker who deceives his blind daughter Bertha about deteriorating conditions in his home, and the grotesque character of his employer Tackleton. When an elderly stranger staying with Peerybingle seems to be wooing his young wife, the betrayal is seen as if it were staged by Tackleton, planning to marry Dot’s friend May. All the blindnesses are corrected by the end, thanks to the Cricket’s capacity to reanimate loving memories in the carrier’s heart and explanations that enlighten Bertha. The melodramatic structure seems designed for dramatization; Dickens is learning from previous Christmas-book stagings.
Bargain Haunters
Authors: Patten Robert L. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractMany elements within the previous Christmas books reappear, altered. A Cratchit family is radically reconceived, and the news may sell on train platforms, but not from Jerusalem Buildings; old news testaments can model lessons. A chemist, Redlaw, is granted his wish, to forget his unhappy past. The phantom granter might be a doppelgänger, but it isn’t just Redlaw’s “double”: it possesses powers Redlaw lacks, but lacks Redlaw’s redemptive potential. Faust lies behind this story, as does Dickens’s repeated tale of buddy stealing girlfriend. The discovery that mind and spirit grow from disappointments as well as triumphs, consorts with Redlaw’s recognition that every atom counts. Dickens features change in natural, spiritual, and human modes of repairing broken lives. He leaves a prostitute and a ragged boy, last/best instances of what neglected children reduce to, as further reasons for education and domesticity. Nature, feast, and portrait all speak to green recovery.
Thereafter
Authors: Patten Robert L. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter surveys the Christmas stories published between 1850 and 1867, a tumultuous time for Britain and Dickens himself. The stories increasingly don’t deal with Christmas, overtly teach Christ’s lessons, or imagine reformations. Death plays many parts. Its remit is Eternity, and its lesson is to conduct life justly. In his novels, death figures too, often as something in the past darkly influencing the present. That death may clear the way for new hopes and homes is something Dickens also continues to profess. But there are some exceptions: particularly the spooky Mugby Junction where the agent of death might be not supernatural, but the narrator himself. Dickens supplies few records of holiday festivities; Readings for profit kept him on tour three times during the winter solstice. In 1870, the Christmas Eve tempest that blows the hands off the ancient cathedral clock leaves unanswered whether God or Edwin Drood is dead.
Endings
Authors: Patten Robert L. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractHow do death and Christmas make endings and beginnings? Death is a source of stories, by the living about the dead, and vice versa. Life is change, kairos moments interrupting chronos duration. In a place, Britain, and a time, Victorian, racked by religious and secular disputes, the uses of Time itself were reconsidered. The misfits between historic, archeological, legendary, national, utilitarian, familial, and personal time, and providential and resurrectionist time, are the foundation of Dickens’s discourses. Death itself may not be writeable, but the other side of life can be imagined and projected back to educate the living. Time affords reconstitution, of lives, of histories, of the Dombey household, Bleak House, and Miss Havisham’s garden. What narrator can we trust to tell these stories faithfully? How can we know what changes are beneficial? And what is change, but life itself? Wallace Stevens says “Death is the mother of beauty, mystical.”
Introduction
Authors: Dosi Giovanni 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis introductory chapter offers an overview of the whole analysis of the book. The economy is interpreted as a complex evolving system. We start from a broad historical overview of ‘what there is to be explained’. There are three basic questions at the core of the whole economic discipline since its inception: first, the drivers and patterns of change of the capitalistic machine of production and innovation and, second, the mechanisms of coordination among a multitude of self-seeking economic agents often characterized by conflicting interests. Behind them there is an even more ambitious question, that is, third, why some countries succeeded in industrializing and others remained dramatically poor. Next, we outline the major building blocks of the interpretation, concerning the patterns of innovation, the nature and behaviour of economic agents—individuals and firms, their mechanisms of interaction, and the structure and dynamics of the industries in which they are nested. The processes of innovation, together with the far-from-equilibrium interactions yield as emergent properties the higher-level regularities which one historically observes in terms of technologies, industries, and whole economies.
Formal Models of Learning, Innovation, and Diffusion
Authors: Dosi Giovanni 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents a concise guide to modelling the dynamics of learning, innovation, and diffusion. A first ensemble of models, with their roots in the seminal contributions of Herbert Simon, attempts to formally grasp the procedural aspects of knowledge together with the combinatorial nature of organizational activities and learning. Many models of organizational ‘cognition’, memory, adaptation, and learning refine on the formalism of so-called ‘NK models’, while others build on ‘classifier systems’. A second, more blackboxed approach to technological knowledge represents learning in the space of input–output relations, generally as stochastic dynamics, made possible by expensive search efforts and with uncertain probabilities of success, depending also on the nature of innovative opportunities, discussed in Chapter 3 and organizational capabilities, as in Chapter 4. Finally, third, we address models of innovation along paths often characterized by various forms of increasing returns, network externalities, social adaptation, co-evolution between the features of supplied goods and demand, and path-dependencies.
Knowledge, Procedures, and Input–Output Relations
Authors: Dosi Giovanni 
Published: July 2023

AbstractModifications and refinements of procedures and designs are ‘where the action is’, but they result in changes in input–output relations as the outcome of successful attempts to achieve effective procedures and designs with certain performances and to change them in the desired directions. In that, first, each organization knows only one or very few of them. Second, even for apparently similar recipes, any two organizations might master them with very different degrees of effectiveness. Heterogeneity across firms is, thus, the rule, even in the presence of identical relative prices. Third, in general, there is at any point in time one or very few best-practice techniques which dominate the others, irrespective of relative prices. Different firms are likely to be characterized by persistently diverse (better and worse) techniques. Fourth, over time the observed aggregate dynamics of technical coefficients in each particular activity is the joint outcome of the process of imitation/diffusion of existing best-practice techniques, of the search for new ones, of the death of some others, and of the changing shares of the firm carrying them over the total. The chapter discusses the formal representation of the (changing) distribution of these techniques, which, for sure, cannot be reduced to standard production functions.
Consumer Behaviours
Authors: Dosi Giovanni 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter builds on some general empirical properties of consumption decisions and their evolution. We present a simple model which tries to capture—albeit in a quite rudimentary form—phenomena like the existence of recognizably different ‘lifestyles’, lexicographic orders on consumption acts, (limited) path-dependency of individual and collective consumption patterns, innovation, and social imitation. It turns out that, despite its simplicity, the model generates emerging aggregate patterns of consumption with statistical properties quite in tune with empirically observed regularities, such as S-shaped diffusion of new commodities and Engel-type dynamics of budget shares. It is also able to generate, under quite a few micro-parametrizations, distributions of consumption coefficients yielding, in the aggregate, notional downward-sloping demand curves.
Partisanship, Policy, Compromise, and the Non-Political
Authors: Dyck Joshua J. , Pearson-Merkowitz Shanna 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 demonstrates how partisanship affects preferences—policy preferences, preferences for compromise, and preferences for things that are not expressly political. The analyses presented in this chapter suggest not only that partisan-motivated reasoning exists, but that it has found its way into the public psyche on policy issues, system values, and even seemingly inane everyday non-political preferences. The findings suggest several important takeaways: First, party identification can drive policy preferences and that it is not always the other way around. Second, partisan policy preferences on policy issues like the minimum wage and foreign intervention change to align with the parties’ positions. Third, being a member of the party that is in the minority in the legislature is more likely to lead to ideological entrenchment than a desire for bipartisanship. And fourth, learning about the food preferences of partisan elites changes the way partisans rate these items.
Independents, Political Knowledge, and Alienation
Authors: Dyck Joshua J. , Pearson-Merkowitz Shanna 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 builds on the findings of Chapter 6 by revisiting the literature on partisanship and political knowledge. The chapter investigates what independents know about politics, and if it matters. It argues that political information as commonly measured by political scientists is entwined with partisanship, and as a result the supposition that more partisan information is a tonic for what ails democracy is problematic. Partisans with increased political information use it to bolster their political biases. The data in this chapter show that while pure independents have lower levels of political knowledge than partisans, there are many pure independents who are politically aware—more than a quarter are highly informed and more than half score 50% or better on a political knowledge battery that includes both policy and politically relevant information. However, recent political science measures of “political knowledge” favor partisans. The data in this chapter also suggest that pure independents are less trusting and less efficacious than partisans. They are also more likely to believe that all politicians are corrupt and to have very negative views of the parties. These two things may decrease their likelihood of seeking out and attaining partisan political knowledge. The chapter concludes that pure independents may come to politics with fewer political resources, but they also come with less bias.
Ensuring Treatment Fidelity and Clean Data Collection
Authors: Mariani Melissa , Chance Ellen 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter highlights implementation fidelity as the cornerstone of sound research practice. Various components of treatment fidelity, particularly those that should be considered prior to the design stage when one is outlining a study’s methodology, are covered. The authors illustrate aspects of treatment fidelity at various stages of the research process (from literature review, dissertation study, pilot study, to rigorous outcome study) and provide checklists to assist researchers in this process. They also present culturally responsive considerations regarding implementation fidelity from the system (school) and stakeholder perspectives and offer suggestions for addressing these issues. Lastly, the chapter offers a case study for readers to apply the concepts, considerations, and checklists provided in order to increase their understanding of treatment fidelity practices.
Homerocentones biblici
Authors: Lefteratou Anna 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter traces the evolution of Homeric centos into Biblical centos and examines the ancient audiences’, as opposed to that of the early modern editors’, reception of secular and Christian centos-, the techniques of excerpting and reusing Homer in the Empire, and the apologetic motivation of the centonists within the context of classicizing Christian poetic production in Greek and Latin. This analysis unweaves the Homeric from the biblical threads in the I HC in order to show how they are used in the new Christian context and demonstrates the variety of secular and religious cento compositions that had existed in antiquity. It shows how the I HC is Homeric with respect not only to its compositional units but also to other Homeric features yet is still a late antique epic poem. The conclusions emphasize that the I HC is stitched with both Homeric and biblical threads in a dense composition whose craft offers insight into both the classicizing technique and the Christian message.
Crucifixus etiam pro nobis
Authors: Lefteratou Anna 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the cento exegesis of the Jesus’ Passion and Crucifixion in Late Antiquity and provides an in-depth analysis of Jesus’ encounter with Pilate (4.2), who is presented in a positive light. The last two sections focus on the scenes of the Crucifixion and Christ’s victorious Descent in the Underworld that vividly evoke both epic-heroic models and apocryphal and canonical narratives. In terms of the reception of the Gospel, this chapter debunks the claim that the author’s goal was harmonization, illustrates instead the reuse of non-canonical sources and emphasizes the exegetic originality of the hexametric account. Regarding the Homeric material the analysis shows how the I HC drew on Homer to achieve a subtle balance between the canonical narrative of the Crucifixion, its apocryphal variants, and its Christian exegesis.
Cleavages and divides in voting and political theory
Authors: Bartolini Stefano 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter sketches the elements of a theory of groups’ divisions as relevant for politics. It starts with a discussion of the excessive stretching of the concept of ‘cleavages’. It moves next to a classification of ‘divides’, a general category that covers all sorts of groups’ oppositions/conflicts. This analysis proposes seven types of ‘simple’ and ‘compound’ divides combining in a different way the divisions rooted into the ‘social stratification’, the ‘normative’ and the ‘behavioural’ systems. In the second section, the chapter discusses the concept of ‘cleavages’ as a special type of compound divide, the process of cleavage formation, and cleavage change in the interaction of the social, normative, and behavioural dimensions. The third section applies this framework to the religious cleavage, which is the object of this volume. The chapter concludes with a reflection on how voting studies could profit from a theory of different types of divides.
Comparative religious voting
Authors: Sanz Alberto , Camatarri Stefano , Segatti Paolo , Montero José Ramón 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter claims that religious voting is a mechanism of politicization different from the previous ones, such as cleavage politics. This chapter theorizes and tests two distinct (re)politicization mechanisms of religious voting in Europe. The first one, labelled as party-based religious voting mode, is a mechanism through which parties trigger religious considerations in voters’ minds based on long-term identities or images. The second one, defined as election-based religious voting mode, is instead a process revolving around party competition, usually in election time, whereby political actors mobilize voters’ consensus by emphasizing specific positions on religious and/or moral issues. Empirical analyses, derived from individual and party-level data related to a series of post-cleavage general elections held between 1989 and 2014, show not only that religiosity matters in European voters’ choices over the selected period, but also that both (re)politicization mechanisms are to some extent at play.
France
Authors: Cautrès Bruno 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter assesses how the importance of the Catholic religion in French society resulted in a protracted conflict between practising, conservative Catholics and non-religious people on the left. Even today, the religious divide is crucial, and in general turns out to be more important than the class divide. In France, the religious vote remains a reality despite secularization and the decline in mass attendance. At the same time, the religious landscape has diversified: the number of declared Catholics is declining, and Islam is the second religion. The chapter analyses the effects of these different religious affiliations on political behaviour, using the French national elections studies series up to 2017.
Germany
Authors: Elff Martin , Roßteutscher Sigrid 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe chapter discusses the relation between religion and voting in Germany. In particular, it focuses on the relation between membership in a Protestant or Catholic Church, church attendance, and voting for the Christian Democratic parties in Germany (the CDU and CSU). It combines a historical perspective—which traces the roots of the relation between religion and voting back to the politics of the late nineteenth century—with a more contemporary perspective, highlighting the development of the relation between religion and voting from 1980 to 2010 with data from the German General Social Survey (ALLBUS). The survey data show that denominational differences and church attendance continue to influence the vote for the Christian Democrats. Although Church membership and church attendance are in decline, their influence on Christian Democratic voting has only slightly weakened, even if left–right self-placement is controlled for.
Norway, Sweden, and Denmark
Authors: Aardal Bernt , Oscarsson Henrik 
Published: July 2023

AbstractReligion has a different background in Scandinavia than in the rest of Europe. Due to the dominance of the Lutheran Church—officially sanctioned as the State’s Church—denominational affiliation has not played the same role as in countries with strong non-Lutheran confessions. Despite the fact that Scandinavia is one of the most secular parts of the world, all three countries have a Christian party, with the Norwegian party serving as a ‘role model’ and also gathering most votes. Despite a limited electoral base, all three parties have been influential through their participation in coalition governments. The Scandinavian parties have a narrower appeal than some of their European sister parties, attracting first and foremost religiously active and committed voters.