bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactivation of Overneutralized Influenza Virus in Chicken Embryos
Authors: McKee Albert P. , Hale Wm. M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. What happens to the influenza virus during interepidemic periods has been the source of considerable speculation. As is the case with some other infections, the possibility of human carriers also has been considered. The unequivocal demonstration of human carriers of the influenza virus, however, as yet awaits presentation.
McKee and Hale (1), tentatively accepted the theory that the detection of influenza carriers may be missed because the virus in nose and troat washings is overneutralized by antibody in the secretions as the virus is liberated from the parasitized cells. They employed concentrated, heat-inactivated, homologous virus as the agent of reactivation and were able to reactivate influenza virus that was overneutralized as much as five hundred times. The criterion of neutrality was a mixture of virus and its specific antibody which could not be reactivated by dilution, papain-digestion, or serial mouse passage.
A Critical Analysis of the Performance of the Photronreflectometer in the Measurement of Serological and other Turbid Systems
Authors: Bolton Ellis T. , Leone Charles A. , Boyden Alan A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Data resulting from the operation of four different photronreflectometers under a variety of circumstances are presented. The data and their significance for the turbidimetric measurement of serological reactions are discussed.
Immunochemistry of Toxins and Toxoids
Authors: Pillemer Louis , Wittler Ruth G. , Clapp Frances L. , Adam J. N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Special methods are described for the preparation of a stable, purified diphtherial toxoid which is suitable for human immunization. The addition of glycine to the toxoid permits freezing, drying, and sterile filtration with no impairment in the antigenicity of the toxoid principle.
The purified toxoids may be alum precipitated and are highly stable in this form or in the fluid state. The antigenic response in guinea-pigs and in human beings is high and durable.
Studies in Dysentery Vaccination
Authors: Cooper Merlin L. , Keller Helen M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Information has been presented regarding two methods for testing the passive mouse protective power of sera from subjects receiving Shigella vaccines. These two methods are: the Constant Serum Passive Mouse-Protective Test and the Constant Organisms Passive Mouse-Protective Test.
We prefer the “constant organisms” method since it permits comparison of protective volumes of sera and the calculation of the increase in protective power of serum obtained after vaccination as compared to serum from the same subject before vaccination. The “constant organisms” method in our hands requires fewer mice and less serum.
Studies on the Toxicity of Influenzal Viruses
Authors: Henle Werner , Henle Gertrude 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments have been reported on the effect of vaccination of mice against the toxic properties of the viruses of influenza types A and B. Attempts to differentiate by various means between the immune responses to the toxic activity of the virus and to intranasal infection by these agents have failed. This indicates, therefore, that the resistance of the mice in these two instances is based, at least in part, on the same mechanism. The immunity to the toxic property has been studied in regard to various factors which possibly might affect it. These included the influences of the number of immunizing doses of vaccine, the time interval between vaccine and challenge, the severity of the test done, the sensitivity of the test and the age and strain of the mice used. As a result of these experiments a new potency test has been suggested for the assay of vaccines of influenzal virus.
The Zone of Activity of Antibodies As Determined by the Use of Radioactive Tracers; The Zone of Activity of Nephritoxic Antikidney Serum
Authors: Pressman David , Keighley Geoffrey 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antiovalbumin serum prepared in rabbits was iodinated with radioiodine without destroying its ability to precipitate specifically with ovalbumin. The antibody thus specifically precipitated was found to contain iodine.
Antirat-kidney serum similarly iodinated, upon inoculation into rats, localized in the kidney, while iodinated antiovalbumin serum or normal serum showed no such localization. This demonstrates that the zone of activity of antikidney serum is the kidney.
Quantitative Studies of Complement Fixation
Authors: Mayer Manfred M. , Osler Abraham G. , Bier Otto G. , Heidelberger Michael 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A simplified and improved quantitative method for the estimation of the fixation of C′ is described. A single value of 1/n, 0.2, suffices for many variations in experimental conditions. Adsorption of protein antigens by glass at the high dilutions used may be avoided by dilution with 0.1 per cent inactivated serum. Data are given leading to the choice of 90 min as the most suitable fixation period at 37 C. Comparisons are presented of the extent of C′ fixation at 37 C and ice-box temperatures in the presence of varying amounts of C′.
Donovania Granulomatis: Cultivation, Antigen Preparation, and Immunological Tests
Authors: Dulaney Anna Dean , Guo Koda , Packer Henry , Parker Bii 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cultures of Donovania granulomatis (Anderson strain) grown in a Locke-embryonic-yolk medium have been used for preparation of several types of antigens.
Bacterial suspensions and boiled filtrate antigens were used in complement fixation tests with sera of 88 individuals. The highest order of sensitivity and specificity was obtained with the latter preparation. Eighty-three per cent of 24 patients with verified granuloma inguinale gave positive reactions with this antigen.
In sera from 28 cases of early syphilis, 6 positive tests, mostly weak in character, were obtained with the bacterial suspension antigen, and 5 with the control antigen. One weak (1+) non-specific reaction was obtained with the boiled filtrate antigen in this group. No positive tests were obtained with either the boiled filtrate or bacterial suspension antigens in 5 cases of lymphogranuloma venereum, 11 patients with miscellaneous genital lesions, and 20 healthy controls.
Skin-tests with the two antigens have not yielded conclusive data. The bacterial suspension would appear to be a better test reagent than is the boiled filtrate antigen.
Rabbits, immunized with heat-killed suspensions of Donovania granulomatis gave positive complement-fixation with both antigens but positive skin-tests with only the bacterial suspension.
It is our opinion that serological studies and skin-tests employing both the bacterial suspension and boiled filtrate antigen would add to precise information regarding granuloma inguinale, especially if such tests were conducted at different stages of the disease. The boiled filtrate antigen is recommended because of the ease of preparation, the sensitivity, and the specificity exhibited in various other clinical conditions.
IV. Further Studies on Grouping of Influenza Bacilli with Special Reference to Permanence of Type in the Carrier
Authors: Povitzky Olga R. , Denny Helen T. , Provost Dorothy J. , LaMont Anna C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Four out of seven influenzal meningitis strains isolated years apart, were proved by agglutinin absorption tests to be of one type; the remaining three were of different types. From the respiratory cases, five strains from different individuals were obtained which were of the same type. No other groups of more than two members were obtained in agglutination tests with any cultures. This was true of both the original pandemic and also of the new outbreak strains. Atypical hemoglobinophilic bacilli were found in 18 cases (normal individuals and cases of cold) and in five cases these were found in coexistence with typical influenza bacilli. These atypical organisms produced hemolysis, did not form indol and did not ferment glucose. About 75 per cent of typical influenza bacilli form indol; from 50 to 60 per cent ferment glucose somewhat irregularly and not energetically. The indol reactions did not correspond fully among the meningitis group of four serologically identical strains. Of these, three formed indol—one did not. In the family group, though the strains were not all identical serologically, all except the atypical hemoglobinophilic colonies formed indol. In general, it was found that strains having the same immunological characteristics had the same cultural reactions, but there were some exceptions. Many colonies were fished from each of a number of selected cases and tested with homologous and heterologous serums. In a few cases as many as 20 or 30 colonies from each case were tested with the homologous serum prepared from one of these colonies. In most cases the fishings of influenza bacilli proved to be of one type; at least one type greatly predominated. But in a minority of instances, the colonies from the same case were not of the same type as proved by agglutination absorption tests. In carriers or where the infection was mild, more than one type variety of the influenza bacillus was apt to be found in the same case. In several convalescent carriers, tests were made during periods of from several weeks to three months. These resulted in finding in all but one, the original type of the influenza bacillus. In one case, tests made one year apart proved the original type present.
Antibody Studies
Authors: Huntoon F. M. , Masucci P. , Hannum E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chemical nature of antibodies can be definitely determined only by direct tests on the pure product. Unfortunately, these substances occur in such small proportions that hitherto it has been impossible to isolate them in pure form. Whether the substances involved in immunity reactions are colloids or not, we know that antibodies are closely associated with proteins, and that not only antibody, but some proteins are taken up by antigen in the process of sensitization. Both of these serum constituents may be dissociated during the final extraction of a sensitized antigen. That such a possibility exists will be shown in protocol 4.
Again, the question of the delicacy of the chemical tests at our disposal and the competence of any chemical reaction to detect the presence of antibody as a chemical entity must be considered. The fundamental fact to be borne in mind is that these bodies are comparatively unstable and are easily altered by strong chemical reagents.
Immunological Experiments with Catalase
Authors: Burnett Theo. C. , Schmidt Carl L. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The sera from rabbits which had received repeated injections of catalase prepared from calf liver, when mixed with the homologous antigen, gave a precipitate which carried with it catalase from the solution, in amounts dependent on the quantities of sera used. There was no evidence that a true inhibitory antibody was present in the sera of the injected animals, since the precipitate was as active as the antigen in the liberation of oxygen from neutral H2O2. The theoretical aspects of the results are discussed.
Studies on Acute Respiratory Infections
Authors: Valentine Eugenia , Mishulow Lucy 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This study is part of the general investigation of the diseases of the respiratory tract. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not a dominant variety of hemolytic streptococcus could be isolated from the cases of acute colds and influenza studied.
The rôle played by the hemolytic streptococcus in a considerable percentage of the fatal pneumonias in 1918 has stimulated many investigators (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), to study the incidence of this organism in the secretions of the nose, throat and in the sputum of normal persons and in conditions of respiratory disease. They also studied the fermentative reactions in an attempt to correlate the fermentative types with the character of the respiratory condition.
The work of these investigators is of interest primarily in that it indicates that the streptococcus hemolyticus is frequently present in the throat, especially if the tonsils be large and cryptic.
Studies on Acute Respiratory Infections
Authors: Krumwiede Charles , Valentine Eugenia 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Barnes, (1), in a study on the cultural and serological relationship of hemolytic streptococci reported recently that the serums of rabbits intensively immunized against the streptococcus will give precipitin reactions with streptococcus antigens even when such serums are diluted as high as 1-3200.
His method of eliciting what he terms a precipitin reaction, was as follows: The streptococci were grown in broth for forty-eight hours at 37°C. The broth cultures were centrifuged at high speed to sediment the cocci. In each test a constant amount (1 cc.) of clear undiluted supernatant broth antigen was added to an equal amount of the diluted antistreptococcus serum. These mixtures as well as controls with normal rabbit serum and with uninoculated broth were incubated at 37°C. for eight to ten hours, removed to the ice-box for two hours and then read. Sterility tests were made to eliminate the possibility of the precipitate being bacterial growth.
The Reaction of the Rat to Diphtheria Toxin
Authors: Coca Arthur F. , Russell Ernest F. , Baughman William H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Zingher's method of injecting intracutaneously in guinea-pigs is described. It is shown that constant results can be obtained with the Roemer technic only if the larger guinea-pigs are used (over 400 grams). The rat is not absolutely immune to diphtheria toxin. Although it usually survives the injection of 1000 minimal lethal doses (for the guinea-pig) it regularly succumbs to 4000 such units. The rat is capable of the production of antitoxin upon the repeated injection of diphtheria toxin. The resistance of the rat to diphtheria toxin is not due to the presence of normal antitoxin, but to the property of the cells of preventing the toxin from entering them or of attaching itself to them.
The Action of Bacterial Culture Products on Phagocytosis
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus B. , Hoppe E. N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary Of Experimental Results
To sum up the experimental section: First, the action of culture broths of thirteen widely differing pathogenic and saprophytic bacterial species was tested on phagocytes in vitro. In every case the phagocytic power of the leucocytes was inhibited in a high degree. Second, tests, chiefly with a standard diphtheria toxin, were done to determine some facts concerning the nature of this substance depressing to phagocytic activity and its relation to the true toxins. These tests showed that its action was immediate, and could not be neutralized by the ordinary antiserums tested, nor destroyed by exposure to the degrees of heat or light used in the experiments. Variations in the constitution of the culture broths, which greatly affected true toxin production caused no variation in the production of the depressing substance. The depressing action of young culture broths was found to be less marked than that of older cultures. It was also found that digestion with proteolytic enzymes either wholly or partially destroyed the depressing element. The substance could be isolated by adsorbing it to leucocytes and then washing it from them with salt solution. After removal of the substance the leucocytes regained their phagocytic activity.
Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy of Immune Precipitates
Authors: Eisen Herman N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of a rabbit antibody has been recorded. The spectrum does not change appreciably over a broad range of the precipitin curve. UV absorption provides an accurate, extremely sensitive method for the quantitative measurement of immune precipitates. Analysis of spectral data offers, within limits, an opportunity to determine the antigen-antibody composition of those immune precipitates whose components have significant and different UV absorption spectra.
The Effect of Certain Enzyme Inhibitors on the Activity and Growth of Psittacosis Virus
Authors: Burney Thomas E. , Golub Orville J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antiviral activity of various enzyme inhibitors was tested on psittacosis virus in vitro. Iodoacetamide, p-chloromercuribenzoate, hydroquinone, proflavine, atabrine, and mercuric chloride markedly reduced the activity of psittacosis virus as measured by egg titrations. Glutathione and cysteine were shown to antagonize the effect of p-chloromercuribenzoate on psittacosis virus, resulting in resumption of virus activity. Growth of psittacosis virus in tissue culture was inhibited after exposure of the tissue medium to o-iodosobenzoate or hydroquinone. The significance of these findings in relation to the enzymic make-up and requirements of psittacosis virus is discussed.
Anaphylaxis in the Fish
Authors: Dreyer N. B. , King J. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been shown that it is possible to sensitize several species of teolost fish to protein antigens as represented by horse serum and egg albumen. This sensitivity is demonstrated by a characteristic reaction which has been described.* That this reaction is on the basis of hypersensitivity has been shown because it is specific for the various antigens used; an incubation period is necessary before hypersensitivity may be shown to be present, it can be diminished by the effect of anaesthesia and modified by the action of epinephrine and ephedrine, and finally it can be simulated by the administration of histamine. The fact that benadryl, pyribenzamine and neohetramine do not affect the reaction does not invalidate this hypothesis as it is well known that these drugs do not affect many clinical allergic states. Hypersensitive reactions could not be demonstrated in the frog. In vitro anaphylactic reactions, using isolated heart and muscle preparations, could not be demonstrated in fish and frogs.
The Use of Synthetic Medium As an in Vitro Test of Possible Chemotherapeutic Agents Against Gram-Negative Bacteria
Authors: McKenzie Doris , Stadler Marilyn , Boothe Jane , Oleson J. J. , Subbarow Y. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A readily reproducible synthetic medium which supported growth of Vibrio cholera, Pasteurella multocida, Shigella dysenteriae, Eberthella typhosa, and Salmonella pullorum was used over a period of two and a half years in in vitro tests of the activity of more than 1000 compounds. Approximately 15 per cent of these chemicals were able to inhibit completely the growth in this medium. Chemicals whose in vitro activity was also demonstrated in vivo were all recently developed sulfonamides such as 2-sulfanilamidopyrimidine, 2-sulfanilamidopyrazine, 2-sulfanilamidopyridine and their heterocyclic substituted chloro-, bromo-, and methyl compounds.
None of the compounds showing in vivo activity as demonstrated by Little et al. (in press) failed to show in vitro activity.
Comparison of Mouse-Protective Tests and Chick-Protective Tests of Over 600 Chemicals Against Pasteurella Multocida
Authors: Little Paul , DeMello G. , Tanzola J. , Subbarow Y. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Mouse-protective tests and chick-protective tests have been used to determine possible in vivo activity for over 600 chemicals tested for in vitro activity against P. multocida by McKenzie and co-workers (1948). None of the chemicals other than the sulfonamides showed in vivo activity against Pasteurella multocida. The chemicals showing superior activity were 2-sulfanilamidopyrimidine, 2-sulfanilamidopyrazine and their chloro-, bromo-, and methyl derivatives.
Studies on Infection with Brucella Abortus Variants
Authors: Braun Werner , Hauge Steinar 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Infection of mice, rabbits, and guinea pigs with a number of variants of Brucella abortus (clones of S, I, R, M, etc. isolated from virulent and avirulent cultures) was accompanied by strikingly different agglutinin production among the three host-species after inoculation of identical antigens. All non-smooth types, as well as the smooth type, could be recovered from the spleens of mice which had been infected with the respective type five weeks previously; no similar recovery of non-smooth types could be obtained after culturing of the spleens from guinea pigs and rabbits infected with non-smooth variants, the inoculated material could be recovered only from those animals which had been infected with the smooth type. This result supports the validity of in vitro observations which had demonstrated a differential selective action of normal sera from certain species upon the establishment of non-smooth types in broth-cultures. Results obtained during the infection experiments also revealed differences in antigenic properties between certain variant clones of identical colony type, thereby confirming previous observation which had shown such differences in vitro with the help of an acriflavine test. The effect of antisera, produced from smooth types and several non-smooth variants, in mice previously infected with a virulent smooth type was tested; on the basis of spleen-weights, the greatest mitigation of infection was produced in animals treated with antiserum produced from an “Intermediate” variant. The relation of these results to such problems as species resistance, testing of antigenic properties, isolation of variant types from infected hosts, as well as the dangers involved in generalizing from results obtained with one host-species only, has been discussed.
The Effect of Streptothricin on Systemic Infection with Cryptococcus Neoformans in Mice
Authors: Solotorovsky Morris , Bugie Elizabeth J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The recent advances in the chemotherapy of bacterial diseases have not been accompanied by similar progress in the treatment of fungus infections. The widely used antibiotics, penicillin and streptomycin, are not active against fungi in vitro (1, 2). Furthermore, bacitracin, polymyxin, and chloromycetin which are now being studied for possible application in human therapy, have not been reported to possess activity against fungi that are pathogenic for man. On the other hand, streptothricin, hemipyocyanin, clavacin and gliotixin are effective against pathogenic fungi in vitro (3). The pharmacological properties and antibacterial activity of streptothricin have been investigated thoroughly, but it has not been used for human therapy because of its relatively high toxicity in animals (4, 5).
Shortly after Waksman and Woodruff (6) had announced the discovery of streptothricin, Robinson, Smith, and Graessle (2) showed that streptothricin inhibited the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans, Epidermophyton inguinale and Sporotrichum schenkii.
Studies on a Factor in Whole Wheat Flour, Modifying Pneumococcal Infection in Mice
Authors: Dworetzky Murray 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In recent communications Hitchings and Falco (1, 2) reported that mice fed laboratory stock diets or 100 per cent whole wheat bread were more susceptible to Type I pneumococcus infection than were those fed a purified synthetic diet, or enriched white bread. In attempting to explain this difference in susceptibility, they suggested that wheat germ and certain other crude foodstuffs contain a factor which promotes growth of the pneumococcus, and that diets rich in this factor thereby increase the fatality rate in infected hosts.
Because these observations are difficult to reconcile with certain basic principles of nutrition relating to infection and immunity, we have repeated and extended these experiments.
In preliminary experiments we observed, in contrast to the findings of Hitchings and Falco, that regardless of diet all or nearly all of the mice died within 36 to 72 hours after intraäbdominal infection with as few as six pneumococci.