bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selection of Cell Populations in Induction of Tolerance: Affinity of Antibody Formed in Partially Tolerant Rabbits
Authors: Theis Gail A. , Siskind Gregory W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Induction of partial tolerance to a haptenic determinant, by the neonatal injection of antigen, resulted in a decrease in the affinity of the antibody formed. Thus, tolerance was more readily induced in those cells capable of synthesizing high affinity as opposed to low affinity antibody. The results are interpreted in terms of a thermodynamically driven selection of cell populations participating in immunologic reactions.
The Antigenic Determinants of the Variable Half of a Bence-Jones Protein of Type L
Authors: Ruffilli A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The antigenic determinants of a fragment of a Bence-Jones protein of type L corresponding to the NH2-terminal variable half of this protein were studied. Information about the number of these antigenic determinants, their distribution among Bence-Jones proteins of type K and L and their presence in human IgG immunoglobulin was obtained. The best experimental conditions for identifying these immunologic “markers” in the variable half of the light chains of immunoglobulins were described.
Nephrotoxic Serum Nephritis in Mice with a Genetic Deficiency in Complement
Authors: Lindberg Lois H. , Rosenberg Leon T. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Complement-containing progeny from the hybridization of B10.D2-old line females with B10.D2-new line males were used to study the role of the complement system in immune tissue injury. Small differences in the severity of nephrotoxic serum nephritis were found following the injection of nephrotoxic serum which implicate the late acting complement components as intensifiers of tissue injury.
Immune Lytic Transformation: A State of Irreversible Damage Generated as a Result of the Reaction of the Eighth Component in the Guinea Pig Complement System
Authors: Stolfi Robert L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Data presented here indicate that during the sequential complement reaction a state of irreparable cellular damage is reached after the reaction of the eighth component, but before the reaction of the ninth component, in the guinea pig complement system. Spontaneous lysis of the EAbC′—8 complex was shown to be similar to the lysis of the classical E* complex (EAbC′—9) in that it proceeded to a greater extent during a fixed incubation in buffer at 0.15 M rel NaCl than in buffer of lower ionic strength; and also in that it was completely inhibited in 0.086 M EDTA. The rate of lysis in an EAbC′—8 population remained almost constant during 180 min at 37°C, whereas, the rate of lysis in a population containing very small numbers of C′9 sites was very much higher at the beginning of the incubation period and decreased rapidly so that by 90 min it was indistinguishable from that of a population of EAbC′—8. This difference in lytic pattern indicates that the lysis of EAbC′—8 is not a reflection of contaminating C′9 sites. The EAbC′—8 complex did not manifest increased lytic susceptibility compared with other stable intermediate complexes in buffers of low osmotic pressure, on subjection to mechanical trauma, or in buffers at pH between 5.0 and 7.5. The EAbC′—8 complex was found to be specifically more susceptible to lysis in the presence of low concentrations of sodium desoxycholate. Further, the lysis of this intermediate in the presence of sodium desoxycholate was found to be similar to its lysis in the presence of C′9 in that it was temperature dependent, and inhibited in buffer of low ionic strength. Under carefully controlled conditions of sodium desoxycholate concentration and incubation time, the amount of lysis of EAbC′—8 was proportional to the average number of C′8 sites per cell in the population.
Differentiation of Antibody-Forming Cells
Authors: Kind Phyllis , Campbell Priscilla A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Male LAF1 mice, 10 hr after irradiation with 750 r, were injected intravenously with normal LAF1 spleen cells followed 1 day later by an intravenous injection of sheep red blood cells. The recipient mice were sacrificed 6 days after antigen injection and their spleens separated in vitro into two portions: a portion showing precursor cell activity and therefore containing a large number of plaque-forming cells (positive areas), and a portion showing no precursor cell activity and therefore containing very few plaque-forming cells (negative areas). The number of antibody-forming cells and precursor cells in each portion was measured. The ratio of plaque-forming cells to precursor cells was 32:1 in the positive areas and 5.4:1 in the negative areas. These data suggest that all precursor cells are not stimulated maximally by antigen.
A Proposed Mechanism for Natural Immunity to Enterobacterial Pathogens
Authors: Chedid Louis , Parant Monique , Parant Francine , Boyer Fernand 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The bactericidal effect of normal mouse serum, generally ascribed to natural “O” antibodies, can be removed by absorption with rough microorganisms. Passive hemagglutination tests disclose the presence of thermolabile, non-agglutinating “R” antibodies in normal mouse serum; titers in germ-free animals are much lower. Horse hyperimmune serum against rough S. typhimurium protects mice against infection with unrelated virulent smooth K. pneumoniae. Provided the Klebsiellae are preincubated in normal mouse serum bactericidal activity can also be demonstrated in vitro. This activity does not require the presence of complement and can be removed either by the same Klebsiella strain or by rough strains of Salmonellae but not by the smooth strain of Salmonellae from which these mutants originate. Although these effects would most easily be accounted for by specific antibodies it is also possible that they are instead attributable to a serum protein capable of charge interaction with rough antigens. In any event these findings, together with previous observations concerning degradation of somatic antigen and phenotypic modification of Klebsiellae recovered from endotoxin-treated mice, have led to the development of a new concept of natural immunity to Enterobacteriaceae. In this hypothesis, enzymatic factors capable of attacking cell wall components unmask R antigenic sites common to many bacterial strains and species. Thereafter the presence of a few types of “R” antibodies or of serum factors reacting with rough antigens have the capability of coping, like masterkeys, with a very wide range of infections due to serologically unrelated organisms.
Neutralization of Sensitized Lactic Dehydrogenase Virus by Anti-γ-Globulin
Authors: Notkins Abner Louis , Mage Michael , Ashe Warren K. , Mahar Suellen 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Incubation of lactic dehydrogenase virus (LDV) with mouse anti-LDV resulted in the formation of an infectious virus-antibody complex (sensitization). Virus sensitization preceded neutralization and the more highly sensitized the virus became the more resistant it was to neutralization. Sensitized virus, in contrast to unsensitized virus was readily neutralized by goat antimouse serum or goat anti-mouse γ-globulin. Neutralization of sensitized virus by anti-γ-globulin occurred within 1 min at 4°C. The amount of virus neutralized was related to the degree of sensitization, the concentration of anti-γ-globulin and free γ-globulin in the reaction mixture and the specificity of the anti-γ-globulin. Anti-γF, anti-γG and anti-γA neutralized sensitized virus, whereas anti-γM had no effect. The Fab fragments of papain-digested goat anti-mouse serum partially neutralized the sensitized virus and blocked further neutralization by undigested anti-mouse serum. The Fc fragment had no effect. These findings point to the potential usefulness of sensitized virus as a tool for detecting and studying various immunoglobulins.
Skin-Fixing Antibody in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Falk George A. , Heinze Robert G. , Kies Marian W. , Alvord Ellsworth C. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The antibody response of guinea pigs to purified encephalitogenic myelin basic protein (BP) has been examined by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in the guinea pig. This technique is known to be a sensitive measure of 7S-γ1 antibody. Serum from animals developing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) following a single injection of guinea pig BP in Freund's complete adjuvant contained no PCA activity. Animals protected by multiple injections of guinea pig BP in Freund's incomplete adjuvant developed variable antibody titers. Two protected animals produced no detectable antibody. 7S-γ1 antibody is thus not required for either induction or prevention of EAE with BP. PCA activity in guinea pigs was confined to the serum fraction containing γ1 but not γ2-globulin, as previously reported in other antigen-antibody systems.
Experiments were also performed with bovine BP in a study of antigenic cross-reactivity. Serum from guinea pigs hyperimmunized with guinea pig BP had identical titers to guinea pig BP and bovine BP. Serum from guinea pigs hyperimmunized with bovine BP, however, had significantly higher titers against bovine BP than against guinea pig BP, indicating the presence of both shared and species-specific antigenic determinants in the bovine encephalitogen. Bovine BP showed cross-reactivity with pooled bovine serum, but not with bovine serum albumin, α-, β- and γ-globulins, hemoglobin, or fibrinogen.
Distribution of Antibodies Within 19 S and 7 S Immunoglobulins Following Infection with Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
Authors: Biberfeld Gunnel 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Sera from cases of pneumonia with serologic evidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection were fractionated by sucrose gradient centrifugation and gel filtration. The distribution of complement-fixing (CF), indirect hemagglutinating (IHA) and tetrazolium reduction-inhibiting (TRI) antibodies within the 19 S and 7 S immunoglobulins was determined at different times after onset of illness. The proportion of 19 S to 7 S antibodies varied considerably between individuals even when compared at the same time after clinical onset. However, in the majority of cases there was an increase of 7 S relative to 19 S CF antibodies with time after onset. Yet, most cases still had some 19 S CF antibodies after 5 to 12 months.
TRI antibodies also showed a temporal shift in their distribution between 19 S and 7 S globulins.
IHA antibodies were predominantly 19 S globulins. In half of the cases studied there was an increase of 7 S relative to 19 S IHA antibodies with time after infection while the remaining cases showed 19 S IHA antibodies exclusively even after 5 to 12 months.
In some cases both CF and IHA antibodies showed a partial temporal shift from 19 S to 7 S immunoglobulins whereas in other cases this trend was noted with only one of the antibodies.
No difference was found in the CF antigen requirement of sera collected in the early and late phase of infection or between 19 S and 7 S antibodies.
Development in Hamsters of Antibodies against Surface Antigens Present in Cells Transformed by Papovavirus SV40
Authors: Tevethia Satvir S. , Couvillion Lynda A. , Rapp Fred 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Newborn hamsters inoculated with SV40 and later challenged with the homologous virus in the latent period developed antibodies which reacted specifically with antigens at the surface of hamster cells transformed by SV40. Regression of tumors induced by SV40 was consistently related with the development of this antibody. Adult hamsters vaccinated with SV40 and subsequently resisting a transplant of SV40 transformed cells developed similar antibody in their sera which could be detected as early as the 2nd week after the challenge. The evidence indicates that the S antibodies elicited by the techniques employed may be directed against SV40-specific transplantation antigens.
Relationship between Molecular Size and Intra- and Extravascular Distribution of Protein Antigens
Authors: Nakamura Robert M. , Spiegelberg Hans L. , Lee Sun , Weigle William O. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Plasma proteins varying in molecular weight from 50,000 to 950,000 were radiolabeled and injected into rabbits and the lymph to plasma concentration ratios (CL/CP) of the various proteins were measured 3 days following injection. The amount of protein in the extravascular fluid spaces after equilibration, as measured by the CL/CP, correlated exponentially with the effective hydrodynamic diffusion radius of the protein. An exponential relationship also was observed between CL/CP and molecular weight for globular proteins, whereas fibrinogen, which is a spindle-shaped protein, showed only a correlation with the effective hydrodynamic diffusion radius and not with the molecular weight. No correlation between the intra- and extravascular distribution and half-lives of the various homologous and heterologous proteins was observed. The immunoglobulins of similar molecular size, but different chemical structure, as human γA-monomer, human γG and rabbit γG, showed a similar lymph to plasma concentration ratio following equilibration.
Following intravenous injection, a larger percentage of bovine serum albumin (BSA) complexed with Fab fragments from purified anti-BSA remained in the intravascular fluid spaces than of BSA alone after complete equilibration.
Similar to the CL/CP, the calculated extravascular lymph space occupied by the various proteins correlated exponentially with the effective hydrodynamic diffusion radius of the protein.
The importance of the in vivo distribution and the behavior of protein antigens in relation to immunologic phenomena is discussed. With a given blood concentration, the concentration of serum protein antigens in the extravascular fluid space varies considerably with antigens of different molecular sizes.
The Effect of Carbamylation and Amidination of Rabbit γG-Antibody on its Ability to Fix Complement
Authors: Cohen Stanley , Becker Elmer L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The effect of carbamylation or amidination of rabbit γG-antibody on its ability to fix guinea pig complement has been studied. These procedures, which result in the conjugation of lysine groups, cause a reduction in complement-fixing ability without significant loss in the antibody's ability to combine with antigen. Although heavy carbamylation can reduce the ability of antibody to precipitate antigen, this effect was not observed with amidination. At least a 55% loss in fixing ability, produced by light conjugation by means of either carbamylation or amidination, is probably due to the inactivation of specific complement-fixing sites; with increasing degrees of conjugation, further loss in fixing ability results, due to nonspecific alterations of the antibody molecule. These losses are associated with, but not caused by a diminution in the rate of antigen-antibody aggregation.
Preformed complexes of antigen and unconjugated antibody are less effective at fixing complement than immune complexes formed in the presence of complement. Both amidination and carbamylation abolish this difference.
Immunology of the Mycoses
Authors: Marcus Newberry W. , Chandler John W. , Chin Tom D. Y. , Kirkpatrick Charles H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The transformation of lymphocytes in vitro in the clinical types of histoplasmosis was studied by stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with histoplasmin. Lymphocytes were obtained from five healthy histoplasmin-positive and five histoplasmin-negative donors as well as five patients who had acute histoplasmosis and five patients who had chronic histoplasmosis. The measurement of incorporation of radioactive thymidine into DNA was a more sensitive indicator of lymphocyte transformation than morphology.
The uptake of thymidine, as expressed by a ratio of the radioactive counts from the antigne stimulated tubes and the unstimulated tubes (E′C), was greater for the healthy histoplasmin-positive donors (median E/C 66.7) than for the histoplasmin-negative donors (median E/C 4.9). Acute histoplasmosis patients (median E/C 51.1), as a group, reacted similarly to the healthy histoplasmin-positive donors. The chronic histoplasmosis patients (median E/C 22.6), on the other hand, reacted more like the histoplasmin-negative donors. The lymphocyte transformation, appeared to be depressed according to the severity of the clinical illness as well as by the presence of serum antibodies. Also, the transformation was depressed by heating serum at 56°C in a water bath for 30 min. No antibody against histoplasmin could be demonstrated in the culture fluid by means of the C-F test even when there was strong lymphocyte transformation.
Serum Complement in the Rejection of Sarcoma I Ascites Tumor Grafts
Authors: Phillips Mildred E. , Rother Ursula , Rother Klaus 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The reactivity of sarcoma I, isoantibody, and complement (C′) was studied in vitro and in vivo. C′ activity was needed in the cytotoxic reaction in vitro. When inoculated into the peritoneal cavity of presensitized mice, tumor cells bound mouse γ-globulin and C′ (β1C protein) within 2 min. Tumor growth resulted in decreasing serum C′ titers. There was a positive relation between the number of tumor cells implanted, loss of C′ activity and death of the recipient animals. B10D2/new line mice which possess a lytic C′ system were at least 10 times more efficient in the destruction of tumor implants than B10D2/old line mice which lack C′5 activity.
It is concluded that C′ participates in the rejection reaction against allografted sarcoma I tumor and that biologic functions dependent on the activity of C′5 are preeminent in the graft destruction. A second mechanism was independent of C′5 and less efficient.
Inhibition by Cardiolipin of the Antibody Response to Bacterial Antigens
Authors: Whang H. Y. , Neter E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A study of the effects of eardiolipin on the immune response of rabbits to bacterial antigens revealed the following results. 1) Cardiolipin, when injected together with common bacterial antigens of enterobacteriaceae or of Gram-positive bacteria, inhibited the production of circulating antibodies, but did not interfere with immunologic priming. 2) Separate injections of antigen and inhibitor resulted in undiminished immune response. 3) The inhibitor did not affect the antigenic determinant of the antigens in vitro, nor did it interfere with antigen attachment to erythrocytes. 4) Cardiolipin did not inhibit the antibody response to O antigen. 5) The effects of cardiolipin on the immune response to common bacterial antigens resembled those produced by lipopolysaccharide and its lipoid A component.
The Immune Response in the Hamster
Authors: Coe John E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A fast (7 S γ1) and slow (7 S γ2) 7 S γ-globulin system in the hamster has been described. Specific antisera to hamster 7 S γ1 and 7 S γ2 were prepared, and the antigenic relationship of the papain and pepsin digests of 7 S γ2 were compared to each other and to the 7 S γ1-globulin. Antigenic determinants common to the 7 S γ1- and 7 S γ2- globulins were located in the Fab and F(ab')2 piece of 7 S γ2, whereas antigenic determinants unique for the 7 S γ2 whereas antigenic determinants unique for the 7 S γ2 molecule were in the Fc piece of 7 S γ2. The molecular size of 7 S γ1-globulin was shown to be similar to that of the 7 S γ2-globulin (s020, w 7.2) and the antigen-binding capacity of the 7 S γ1-antibody was not detectably affected by 2-mercaptoethanol or heat treatment.
Production of Fe Fragments of IgM
Authors: Yakulis Vincent , Schmale John , Costea Nicolas , Heller Paul 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Stable Fc fragments were obtained by incubation of human or rabbit IgM with sodium borohydride (NaBH4). Hydrolysis of IgM with papain yielded only small amounts of Fc fragment. Treatment of rabbit IgG with NaBH4 resulted in the formation of Fc fragments which were identical to those obtained by papain digestion. NaBH4 appears to be more suitable than papain for obtaining Fc fragments of IgM.
Studies on the Ontogeny of the Mouse Immune System
Authors: Tyan Marvin L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The presence of potential immunologically competent cells in the various tissues of embryonic, newborn and adult mice was demonstrated by means of a modified γgraft-vs.-host” method and by the injection of chromosomally marked cells into irradiated recipients. The results indicate that lymphoid stem cells which have the potential to participate in cell-bound immune reactions appear in the placenta and liver by the 9th or 10th day of gestation. Throughout pregnancy they are found in the liver. During the 11th to 14th days of gestation these stem cells are present in the upper trunk or in the thymus. On about the 15th day they appear in the lung and toward the end of the pregnancy in the fetal bone marrow and spleen. There was little or no evidence of the presence of lymphoid precursors capable of maturation to cells which mediate cell-bound immune responses in the gut prior to birth.
Following parturition lymphoid stem cells were present in the liver, Peyer's patches, lung, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, blood and thymus. However, by 6 weeks after birth the bone marrow appeared to be the major or sole source of these cells.
Antigens of Rickettsia Prowazeki
Authors: Barker Lewellys F. , Patt Judith K. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Antigenic activities of intact rickettsiae, cell walls, protoplasm and soluble antigens of Rickettsia prowazeki were compared on the basis of weight in complement fixation and mouse protection tests. All of the materials were active in both systems. The protoplasm antigens showed the greatest specificity and heat lability in the CF test. Cell walls and soluble antigens as well as intact rickettsiae contained more heat-stable CF antigens and tended to be more active than protoplasm in the mouse protection test although differences in this activity were not statistically significant. Heating the antigens provided evidence of dissociation between heat-labile mouse-protecting antigens and heat-stable CF antigens.
The Detection of Antibody-Containing Cells in the Blood Stream during the IgM Cellular Antibody Response
Authors: Hiramoto Raymond N. , Hamlin N. Marlene , Harris Holland L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Evidence is presented that during the IgM response to sheep erythrocytes, significant numbers of plaque-forming cells (PFC) are circulating in the blood. The total number of PFC in the circulation did not exceed the total number in the spleen.
Comparative studies between the spleen and peripheral blood indicate that as much as 15.8% of the antibody synthesis may be taking place directly in the blood stream during a particular period. However, the response in the blood was transient: cells in the circulation did not persist for more than a few days after reaching their peak level.