bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Commitment-enhancing tools in Centipede games: Evidencing European–Japanese differences in trust and cooperation
Authors: Krockow Eva M. , Takezawa Masanori , Pulford Briony D. , Colman Andrew M. , Smithers Samuel , Kita Toshimasa , Nakawake Yo 
Published: January 2023

AbstractTheories of trust distinguish general trust in situations of social uncertainty from assurance-based trust in committed, long-term relationships. This study investigates European-Japanese differences using the Centipede game, in which two players choose between cooperation and defection. The game models repeated reciprocal interactions, necessitating assurance-based trust to sustain cooperation. We included game conditions offering players the option of purchasing commitment-enhancing tools to increase social certainty. Japanese participants were more cooperative than Europeans, confirming higher assurance-based trust, and also purchased more commitment-enhancing tools, demonstrating their preferences for social certainty. Purchase of commitment-enhancing tools improved cooperativeness in both groups. However, if co-players refused tool purchase, the Japanese appeared to interpret this as non-cooperative intent and cooperativeness in the respective games decreased.
Do the Right Thing: Experimental evidence that preferences for moral behavior, rather than equity or efficiency per se, drive human prosociality
Authors: Capraro Valerio , Rand David G. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractDecades of experimental research show that some people forgo personal gains to benefit others in unilateral anonymous interactions. To explain these results, behavioral economists typically assume that people have social preferences for minimizing inequality and/or maximizing efficiency (social welfare). Here we present data that cannot be explained by these standard social preference models. We use a “Trade-Off Game” (TOG), where players unilaterally choose between an equitable option and an efficient option. We show that simply changing the labelling of the options to describe the equitable versus efficient option as morally right completely reverses the correlation between behavior in the TOG and play in a separate Dictator Game (DG) or Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD): people who take the action framed as moral in the TOG, be it equitable or efficient, are much more prosocial in the DG and PD. Rather than preferences for equity and/or efficiencyper se, our results suggest that prosociality in games such as the DG and PD are driven by a generalized morality preference that motivates people to do what they think is morally right.
The Short Maximization Inventory
Authors: Ďuriník Michal , Procházka Jakub , Cígler Hynek 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWe developed the Short Maximization Inventory (SMI) by shortening the Maximization Inventory (Turner, Rim, Betz & Nygren, 2012) from 34 items to 15 items. Using the Item Response Theory framework, we identified and removed the items of the Maximization Inventory that contributed least to the performance of the original scale. The construct validity assessed for SMI is similar to the full MI and is in line with the predictions from the literature: the Satisficing subscale is positively related to the indices of well-being, while the Decision Difficulty and Alternative Search subscales are negatively related to well-being. The new scale retains the good psychometric properties of the original scale. Furthermore, its brevity allows researchers to use the scale in studies in which maximization is not the primary focus. Although the SMI lacks the “High Standards” subscale, as did the original MI, we believe that SMI is a step towards developing a reliable and conceptually sound measure of maximizing that can be used in various research designs.
Debiasing System 1: Training favours logical over stereotypical intuiting
Authors: Boissin Esther , Caparos Serge , Voudouri Aikaterini , De Neys Wim 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWhereas people’s reasoning is often biased by intuitive stereotypical associations, recent debiasing studies suggest that performance can be boosted by short training interventions that stress the underlying problem logic. The nature of this training effect remains unclear. Does training help participants correct erroneous stereotypical intuitions through deliberation? Or does it help them develop correct intuitions? We addressed this issue in four studies with base-rate neglect and conjunction fallacy problems. We used a two-response paradigm in which participants first gave an initial intuitive response, under time pressure and cognitive load, and then gave a final response after deliberation. Studies 1A and 2A showed that training boosted performance and did so as early as the intuitive stage. After training, most participants solved the problems correctly from the outset and no longer needed to correct an initial incorrect answer through deliberation. Studies 1B and 2B indicated that this sound intuiting persisted over at least two months. The findings confirm that a short training can debias reasoning at an intuitive “System 1” stage and get reasoners to favour logical over stereotypical intuitions.
Drafting strategies in fantasy football: A study of competitive sequential human decision making
Authors: Lee Michael D. , Liu Siqi 
Published: January 2023

AbstractDrafting is a competitive task in which a set of decision makers choose from a set of resources sequentially, with each resource becoming unavailable once selected. How people make these choices raises basic questions about human decision making, including people’s sensitivity to the statistical regularities of the resource environment, their ability to reason about the behavior of their competitors, and their ability to execute and adapt sophisticated strategies in dynamic situations involving uncertainty. Sports provides one real-world example of drafting behavior, in which a set of teams draft players from an available pool in a well-regulated way. Fantasy sport competitions provide potentially large data sets of drafting behavior. We study fantasy football drafting behavior from the 2017 National Football League (NFL) season based on 1350 leagues hosted by the http://sleeper.app platform. We find people are sensitive to some important environmental regularities in the order in which they draft players, but also present evidence that they use a more narrow range of strategies than is likely optimal in terms of team composition. We find little to no evidence for the use of the complicated but well-documented strategy known as handcuffing, and no evidence of irrational influence from individual-level biases for different NFL teams. We do, however, identify a set of circumstances for which there is clear evidence that people’s choices are strongly influenced by the immediately preceding choice made by a competitor.
Preferences after pan(dem)ics: Time and risk in the shadow of COVID-19
Authors: Gassmann Xavier , Malézieux Antoine , Spiegelman Eli , Tisserand Jean-Christian 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis paper uses the COVID-19 health crisis to study how individual preferences respond to generalized traumatic events. We review previous literature on natural and man-made disasters. Using incentive-compatible tasks, we simultaneously estimate risk and ambiguity aversion, time discounting, present bias, and prudence parameters before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown in France. We find patience, risk aversion, and ambiguity aversion fell during lockdown, then gradually returned toward their initial levels 4 months later. These results have implications for health and economic policies, and deepen our understanding of the responses – and resilience – of economic preferences to traumatic events.
Assessing the test-retest reliability of the social value orientation
slider measure
Authors: de Matos Fernandes Carlos A. , Bakker Dieko M. , Dijkstra Jacob 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Decades of research show that (i) social
value orientation (SVO) is related to important behavioral outcomes such as
cooperation and charitable giving, and (ii)
individuals differ in terms of SVO. A prominent scale to measure SVO is the
social value orientation slider measure (SVOSM). The central premise is that
SVOSM captures a stable trait. But it is unknown how reliable the SVOSM is
over repeated measurements more than one week apart. To fill this knowledge
gap, we followed a sample of N = 495 over 6
months with monthly SVO measurements. We find that continuous SVO scores are
similarly distributed (Anderson-Darling k-sample
p = 0.57) and highly correlated
(r ≥ 0.66) across waves. The intra-class
correlation coefficient of 0.78 attests to a high test-retest reliability.
Using multilevel modeling and multiple visualizations, we furthermore find
that one’s prior SVO score is highly indicative of SVO in future waves,
suggesting that the slider measure consistently captures one’s SVO. Our
analyses validate the slider measure as a reliable SVO scale.
Cognitive miserliness in argument literacy? Effects of intuitive and
analytic thinking on recognizing fallacies
Authors: Svedholm-Häkkinen Annika M. , Kiikeri Mika 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Fallacies are a particular type of informal argument that are
psychologically compelling and often used for rhetorical purposes. Fallacies
are unreasonable because the reasons they provide for their claims are
irrelevant or insufficient. Ability to recognize the weakness of fallacies
is part of what we call argument literacy and imporatant in rational
thinking. Here we examine classic fallacies of types found in textbooks. In
an experiment, participants evaluated the quality of fallacies and
reasonable arguments. We instructed participants to think either
intuitively, using their first impressions, or analytically, using rational
deliberation. We analyzed responses, response times, and cursor trajectories
(captured using mouse tracking). The results indicate that instructions to
think analytically made people spend more time on the task but did not make
them change their minds more often. When participants made errors, they were
drawn towards the correct response, while responding correctly was more
straightforward. The results are compatible with “smart intuition” accounts
of dual-process theories of reasoning, rather than with corrective
default-interventionist accounts. The findings are discussed in relation to
whether theories developed to account for formal reasoning can help to
explain the processing of everyday arguments.
Pseudocontingencies: Flexible contingency inferences from base
rates
Authors: Vogel Tobias , Ingendahl Moritz , McCaughey Linda 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Humans are evidently able to learn contingencies from the co-occurrence
of cues and outcomes. But how do humans judge contingencies when
observations of cue and outcome are learned on different occasions? The
pseudocontingency framework proposes that humans rely on base-rate
correlations across contexts, that is, whether outcome base rates increase
or decrease with cue base rates. Here, we elaborate on an alternative
mechanism for pseudocontingencies that exploits base rate information within
contexts. In two experiments, cue and outcome base rates varied across four
contexts, but the correlation by base rates was kept constant at zero. In
some contexts, cue and outcome base rates were aligned (e.g., cue and
outcome base rates were both high). In other contexts, cue and outcome base
rates were misaligned (e.g., cue base rate was high, but outcome base rate
was low). Judged contingencies were more positive for contexts in which cue
and outcome base rates were aligned than in contexts in which cue and
outcome base rates were misaligned. Our findings indicate that people use
the alignment of base rates to infer contingencies conditional on the
context. As such, they lend support to the pseudocontingency framework,
which predicts that decision makers rely on base rates to approximate
contingencies. However, they challenge previous conceptions of
pseudocontingencies as a uniform inference from correlated base rates.
Instead, they suggest that people possess a repertoire of multiple
contingency inferences that differ with regard to informational requirements
and areas of applicability.
The boundary effect: Perceived post hoc accuracy of prediction intervals
Authors: Teigen Karl Halvor , Løhre Erik , Hohle Sigrid Møyner 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPredictions of magnitudes (costs, durations, environmental events) are often given as uncertainty intervals (ranges). When are such forecasts judged to be correct? We report results of four experiments showing that forecasted ranges of expected natural events (floods and volcanic eruptions) are perceived as accurate when an observed magnitude falls inside or at the boundary of the range, with little regard to its position relative to the “most likely” (central) estimate. All outcomes that fell inside a wide interval were perceived as equally well captured by the forecast, whereas identical outcomes falling outside a narrow range were deemed to be incorrectly predicted, in proportion to the magnitude of deviation. In these studies, ranges function as categories, with boundaries distinguishing between right or wrong predictions, even for outcome distributions that are acknowledged as continuous, and for boundaries that are arbitrarily defined (for instance, when the narrow prediction interval is defined as capturing 50 percent and the wide 90 percent of all potential outcomes). However, the boundary effect is affected by label. When the upper limit of a range is described as a value that “can” occur (Experiment 5), outcomes both below and beyond this value were regarded as consistent with the forecast.
Predicting elections: Experts, polls, and fundamentals
Authors: Graefe Andreas 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis study analyzes the relative accuracy of experts, polls, and the so-called ‘fundamentals’ in predicting the popular vote in the four U.S. presidential elections from 2004 to 2016. Although the majority (62%) of 452 expert forecasts correctly predicted the directional error of polls, the typical expert’s vote share forecast was 7% (of the error) less accurate than a simple polling average from the same day. The results further suggest that experts follow the polls and do not sufficiently harness information incorporated in the fundamentals. Combining expert forecasts and polls with a fundamentals-based reference class forecast reduced the error of experts and polls by 24% and 19%, respectively. The findings demonstrate the benefits of combining forecasts and the effectiveness of taking the outside view for debiasing expert judgment.
Loss aversion (simply) does not materialize for smaller losses
Authors: Zeif Dana , Yechiam Eldad 
Published: January 2023

AbstractLoss aversion, the argument that losses are given more weight than gains, has been recently shown to be absent in small losses. However, a series of studies by Mrkva et al. (2020) appear to demonstrate the existence of loss aversion even for smaller losses. We re-ran Mrkva et al.’s decision tasks after removing features of the task that differentiated losses from the gains, particularly asymmetries in sizes of gains and losses, an increasing order of losses, and status quo effects. The results show that we replicate Mrkva et al.’s (2020) findings in their original paradigm with online participants, yet in five studies where gains and losses were symmetrically presented in random order (n = 2,001), we find no loss aversion for small amounts, with loss aversion surfacing very weakly only for average losses of $40 (mean λ = 1.16). We do find loss aversion for higher amounts such as $100 (mean λ = 1.54) though it is not as extreme as previously reported. Furthermore, we find weak correlation between the endowment effect and loss aversion, with the former effect existing simultaneously with no loss aversion. Thus, when items are presented symmetrically, significant loss aversion emerges only for large losses, suggesting that it cannot be argued that (all) “losses loom larger than gains.”
When and why people perform mindless math
Authors: Lawson M. Asher , Larrick Richard P. , Soll Jack B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this paper, we show that the presence of numbers in a problem tempts
people to perform mathematical operations even when the correct answer
requires no math, which we term “mindless math”. In three pre-registered
studies across two survey platforms (total N = 3,193), we investigate how
mindless math relates to perceived problem difficulty, problem
representation, and accuracy. In Study 1, we show that increasing the
numeric demands of problems leads to more mindless math (and fewer correct
answers). Study 2 shows that this effect is not caused by people being wary
of problems that seem too easy. In Study 3, we show that this effect is
robust over a wider range of numeric demands, and in the discussion we offer
two possible mechanisms that would explain this effect, and the caveat that
at even harder levels of numeric demands the effect may invert such that
much harder math increases accuracy relative
to moderately hard math.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of neonatal outcomes of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy
Authors: Zhang Dingning , Huang Tingting , Chen Zhihui , Zhang Lulu , Gao Qi , Liu Ge , Zheng Jun , Ding Fangrui 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Background
The safety of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines during pregnancy is a particular concern. Here, we addressed the neonatal outcomes after maternal vaccination of COVID-19 during pregnancy.

Methods
We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the WHO COVID-19 Database for studies on neonatal outcomes after maternal COVID-19 vaccination from inception to 3 July 2022. Main neonatal outcomes were related to preterm, small for gestation (SGA), NICU admission, low Apgar score at 5 min (<7), and additional neonatal outcomes such as gestation <34 weeks, low birth weight and some neonatal morbidity were all also analyzed.

Results
A total of 15 studies were included. We found that maternal vaccination during pregnancy was related to the reduction rates of Preterm, SGA, Low Apgar score at 5 min (<7). In addition, there was no evidence of a higher risk of adverse neonatal outcomes after maternal vaccination of COVID-19 during pregnancy, including NICU admission, preterm birth with gestation <34 weeks, low birth weight, very low birth weight, congenital anomalies, and so on.

Conclusions
COVID-19 vaccination in pregnant women does not raise significant adverse effects on neonatal outcomes and is related to a protective effect on some neonatal outcomes.

Impact

Present study has addressed the neonatal outcomes after maternal vaccination of COVID-19 during pregnancy.

COVID-19 vaccination in pregnant women does not raise significant adverse effects on neonatal outcomes and is related to a protective effect on some neonatal outcomes.

The present study could encourage pregnant women to be vaccinated against COVID-19.
Safety and immunogenicity of a mosaic vaccine booster against Omicron and other SARS-CoV-2 variants: a randomized phase 2 trial
Authors: Kaabi Nawal Al , Yang Yun Kai , Liang Yu , Xu Ke , Zhang Xue Feng , Kang Yun , Jin Yu Qin , Hou Jun Wei , Zhang Jing , Yang Tian , Hussein Salah , ElDein Mohamed Saif , Lei Ze Hua , Zhang Hao , Shao Shuai , Liu Zhao Ming , Liu Ning , Zheng Xiang , Su Ji Guo , Yang Sen Sen , Cong Xiangfeng , Tan Yao , Lei Wenwen , Gao Xue Jun , Jiang Zhiwei , Wang Hui , Li Meng , Mekki Hanadi Mekki , Zaher Walid , Mahmoud Sally , Zhang Xue , Qu Chang , Liu Dan Ying , Zhang Jing , Yang Mengjie , Eltantawy Islam , Xiao Peng , Shen Fu Jie , Wu Jin Juan , Han Zi Bo , Du Li Fang , Tang Fang , Chen Shi , Ma Zhi Jing , Zheng Fan , Hou Ya Nan , Li Xin Yu , Li Xin , Wang Zhao Nian , Yin Jin Liang , Mao Xiao Yan , Zhang Jin , Qu Liang , Zhang Yun Tao , Yang Xiao Ming , Wu Guizhen , Li Qi Ming 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAn ongoing randomized, double-blind, controlled phase 2 trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a mosaic-type recombinant vaccine candidate, named NVSI-06-09, as a booster dose in subjects aged 18 years and older from the United Arab Emirates (UAE), who had administered two or three doses of inactivated vaccine BBIBP-CorV at least 6 months prior to enrollment. The participants were randomly assigned with 1:1 to receive a booster dose of NVSI-06-09 or BBIBP-CorV. The primary outcomes were immunogenicity and safety against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant, and the exploratory outcome was cross-immunogenicity against other circulating strains. Between May 25 and 30, 2022, 516 adults received booster vaccination with 260 in NVSI-06-09 group and 256 in BBIBP-CorV group. Interim results showed a similar safety profile between two booster groups, with low incidence of adverse reactions of grade 1 or 2. For immunogenicity, by day 14 post-booster, the fold rises in neutralizing antibody geometric mean titers (GMTs) from baseline elicited by NVSI-06-09 were remarkably higher than those by BBIBP-CorV against the prototype strain (19.67 vs 4.47-fold), Omicron BA.1.1 (42.35 vs 3.78-fold), BA.2 (25.09 vs 2.91-fold), BA.4 (22.42 vs 2.69-fold), and BA.5 variants (27.06 vs 4.73-fold). Similarly, the neutralizing GMTs boosted by NVSI-06-09 against Beta and Delta variants were also 6.60-fold and 7.17-fold higher than those by BBIBP-CorV. Our findings indicated that a booster dose of NVSI-06-09 was well-tolerated and elicited broad-spectrum neutralizing responses against divergent SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron and its sub-lineages.
Transcript shortening via alternative polyadenylation promotes gene expression during fracture healing
Authors: Khajuria Deepak Kumar , Nowak Irena , Leung Ming , Karuppagounder Vengadeshprabhu , Imamura Yuka , Norbury Christopher C. , Kamal Fadia , Elbarbary Reyad A. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMaturation of the 3′ end of almost all eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) requires cleavage and polyadenylation. Most mammalian mRNAs are polyadenylated at different sites within the last exon, generating alternative polyadenylation (APA) isoforms that have the same coding region but distinct 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs). The 3′UTR contains motifs that regulate mRNA metabolism; thus, changing the 3′UTR length via APA can significantly affect gene expression. Endochondral ossification is a central process in bone healing, but the impact of APA on gene expression during this process is unknown. Here, we report the widespread occurrence of APA, which impacts multiple pathways that are known to participate in bone healing. Importantly, the progression of endochondral ossification involves global 3′UTR shortening, which is coupled with an increased abundance of shortened transcripts relative to other transcripts; these results highlight the role of APA in promoting gene expression during endochondral bone formation. Our mechanistic studies of transcripts that undergo APA in the fracture callus revealed an intricate regulatory network in which APA enhances the expression of the collagen, type I, alpha 1 (Col1a1) and Col1a2 genes, which encode the 2 subunits of the abundantly expressed protein collagen 1. APA exerts this effect by shortening the 3′UTRs of the Col1a1 and Col1a2 mRNAs, thus removing the binding sites of miR-29a-3p, which would otherwise strongly promote the degradation of both transcripts. Taken together, our study is the first to characterize the crucial roles of APA in regulating the 3′UTR landscape and modulating gene expression during fracture healing.