bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constraining the Nineteenth-Century Temperature Baseline for Global Warming
Authors: Schneider L. , Konter O. , Esper J. , Anchukaitis K. J. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Since the Paris Agreement, climate policy has focused on 1.5° and 2°C maximum global warming targets. However, the agreement lacks a formal definition of the nineteenth-century “pre-industrial” temperature baseline for these targets. If global warming is estimated with respect to the 1850–1900 mean, as in the latest IPCC reports, uncertainty in early instrumental temperatures affects the quantification of total warming. Here, we analyze gridded datasets of instrumental observations together with large-scale climate reconstructions from tree rings to evaluate nineteenth-century baseline temperatures. From 1851 to 1900 warm season temperatures of the Northern Hemisphere extratropical landmasses were 0.20°C cooler than the twentieth-century mean, with a range of 0.14°–0.26°C among three instrumental datasets. At the same time, proxy-based temperature reconstructions show on average 0.39°C colder conditions with a range of 0.19°–0.55°C among six records. We show that anomalously low reconstructed temperatures at high latitudes are underrepresented in the instrumental fields, likely due to the lack of station records in these remote regions. The nineteenth-century offset between warmer instrumental and colder reconstructed temperatures is reduced by one-third if spatial coverage is reduced to those grid cells that overlap between the different temperature fields. The instrumental dataset from Berkeley Earth shows the smallest offset to the reconstructions indicating that additional stations included in this product, due to more liberal data selection, lead to cooler baseline temperatures. The limited early instrumental records and comparison with reconstructions suggest an overestimation of nineteenth-century temperatures, which in turn further reduces the probability of achieving the Paris targets.

Significance Statement
The warming targets formulated in the Paris Agreement use a “pre-industrial” temperature baseline that is affected by significant uncertainty in the instrumental temperature record. During the second half of the nineteenth century, much of the continental landmasses were not yet covered by the observational station network and existing records were often subject to inhomogeneities and biases, thus resulting in uncertainty regarding the large-scale mean temperature estimate. By analyzing summer temperature reconstructions from tree-rings for the Northern Hemisphere extratropical land areas, we examine an independent climate archive with a typically broader and more continuous spatial extent during the “pre-industrial” period. Despite the additional uncertainty when using climate reconstructions instead of direct observations, there is evidence for an overestimation of land temperature during the summer season in early instrumental data. Colder early instrumental temperatures would reduce the probability of reaching the Paris targets.
Observations of Internal Wave Interactions in a Southern Ocean Standing Meander
Authors: Cyriac Ajitha , Meyer Amelie , Phillips Helen E. , Bindoff Nathaniel L. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
We characterize the internal wave field at a standing meander of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) where strong winds, bathymetry, and a strong eddy field combine to form a dynamic environment for the generation and dissipation of internal waves. We use Electromagnetic Autonomous Profiling Explorer float data spanning 0–1600 m depth collected from a meander near the Macquarie Ridge, south of Australia. Of the 112 internal waves identified, 69% are associated with upward energy propagation. Most of the upward propagating waves (35%) are found near the Polar Front and are likely generated by mean flow–topography interactions. Generation by wind forcing at the sea surface is likely responsible for more than 40% of the downward propagating waves. Our results highlight advection of the waves and wave–mean flow interactions within the ACC as the dominant processes affecting the wave dynamics. The larger dissipation time scales of the waves compared to advection suggests they are likely to dissipate away from the generation site. We find that about 79% (66%) of the waves in cyclonic eddies (the Subantarctic Front) are influenced by horizontal strain, whereas 92% of the waves in the slower Polar Front are influenced by the relative vorticity of the background flow. There is energy exchange between internal waves and the mean flow, in both directions. The mean energy transfer (1.4 ± 1.0 × 10−11 m2 s−3) is from the mean flow to the waves in all dynamic regions except in anticyclonic eddies. The strongest energy exchange (5.0 ± 3.7 × 10−11 m2 s−3) is associated with waves in cyclonic eddies.
Numerical Evaluation of Internal Tide Characteristics Extracted from Mobile Float Observations: A Case Study near the Luzon Strait
Authors: Cao Anzhou , Guo Zheng , Wang Shuya , Guo Xinyu , Song Jinbao 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
With the development of ocean observation technology, data from specially designed mobile profiling floats have been used to study the internal tides (ITs). However, the accuracy of IT characteristics extracted from such observations has not been fully evaluated. Based on numerical simulations of ITs and background circulation with hundreds of free-moving floats near the Luzon Strait, this study examines the IT characteristics extracted from the float observations based on statistics. For the case in which only the M2 constituent is considered, the lowest error level of extracted M2 temperature fluctuation amplitudes (TFAs) is 40%–50%, which appears at 200–1500 m depth. Increasing the sampling frequency of the float from daily to hourly does not decrease the lowest error level. The quasi-daily sampling and other tidal constituents also have an impact on the extracted M2 TFAs and increase their errors. The different patterns of background currents mainly influence the errors of extracted M2 TFAs in the upper 200 m. The relation between TFA and vertical displacement of ITs and the two error sources of the TFA extracted from float observations are discussed in this study.
Duodenal Atresia Repair: A Single-Center Comparative Study
Authors: Cruz-Centeno Nelimar , Stewart Shai , Marlor Derek R , Aguayo Pablo , Rentea Rebecca M , Hendrickson Richard J , Juang David , Snyder Charles L , Fraser Jason D , St Peter Shawn D. , Oyetunji Tolulope A. 
Published: May 2023

Background The use of laparoscopy in the repair of duodenal atresia has been increasing. However, there is no consensus regarding which surgical approach has better outcomes. We aimed to compare the different surgical approaches and types of anastomoses for duodenal atresia repair. Methods Patients who underwent duodenal atresia repair at a single pediatric center were identified between January 2006 and June 2022. Those with concomitant gastrointestinal anomalies or who required other simultaneous operations were excluded. The primary outcome was rate of complications, defined as rate of leak, stricture, and re-operation by surgical approach and technique of anastomosis. Results A total of 78 patients were included. The majority were female (51.3%, n = 40), with a median age of 4 days (IQR 3.0,8.0) and a median weight of 2.7 kg (IQR 2.2,3.3) at repair. The re-operation rate was 7.7% (n = 6), of which two were anastomotic leaks, and four were anastomotic strictures. The leak rate was 5.6% (n = 1/18) for the open handsewn and 4.8% (n = 1/21) for the laparoscopic handsewn technique. The stricture rate was 12.5% (n = 1/8) for the laparoscopic-assisted handsewn, 9.1% (n = 2/22) for the laparoscopic U-clip, 4.8% (n = 1/21) for the laparoscopic handsewn, and none with laparoscopic stapled and laparoscopic converted to open handsewn techniques. No differences were found in complication rate when controlling for surgical approach. Conclusion The method of surgical approach did not affect the outcomes or complications in the repair of duodenal atresia.
Blunt Cerebrovascular Injury in Pediatric Hanging Victims
Authors: Golubkova Alena A. , Liebe Heather L. , Leiva Tyler D. , Stewart Kenneth E. , Sarwar Zoona , Hunter Catherine J. , Johnson Jeremy J. 
Published: May 2023

Introduction Incidence of blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) following hanging in the pediatric population is ill-defined. Current guidelines recommend screening imaging during the initial trauma evaluation. Necessity of screening is questioned given BCVI is considered rare after hanging, especially when asymptomatic. This study aims to elucidate the incidence of BCVI in pediatric hangings and determine the value of radiographic work-up. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed of pediatric hangings reported to the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB), 2017-2019. Imaging, diagnoses, and findings suggestive of BCVI, such as Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤8, presence of cervical injury, and soft tissue injury were considered. Statistical analysis was carried out to compare incidence. Results 197 patients met study criteria, with 179 arriving in the trauma bay with signs of life. BCVI incidence was 5.6% (10 of 179). Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) of the neck was the only reported screening modality in this data set. A CTA was completed in 46% of the cases. Discussion BCVI incidence following pediatric hanging is more common than previously thought. Less than half of patients had a CTA reported in this cohort. This may result in an underestimate. Given the potentially devastating consequences of a missed BCVI, the addition of CTA to initial work-up may be worthwhile to evaluate for cervical vascular injury, but further studies into the outcomes of children who do receive prophylactic therapy are needed.
Retrograde Pylorogastric Intussusception—Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Worth Samantha , Morton Zoey , Groot Samuel , Evert Michael , Gates Robert L. 
Published: May 2023

A 6-month-old male presented with an acute onset of emesis and feeding intolerance. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a mass in the distal stomach immediately adjacent to the balloon of a gastrostomy button. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) series demonstrated persistence of the mass obstructing the pylorus even after deflation of the gastrostomy balloon with failure of contrast to empty from the stomach. Upper endoscopy revealed retrograde pylorogastric intussusception. The child then underwent laparotomy, and after removal of the gastrostomy, a Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty was performed. Postoperative total parenteral nutrition was administered for 10 days at which point he was passing flatus and enteral oral feeding started. The postoperative course remained uncomplicated.
The Australian evidence-based clinical practice guideline for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: May Tamara , Birch Edwina , Chaves Karina , Cranswick Noel , Culnane Evelyn , Delaney Jane , Derrick Maddi , Eapen Valsamma , Edlington Chantele , Efron Daryl , Ewais Tatjana , Garner Ingrid , Gathercole Michael , Jagadheesan Karuppiah , Jobson Laura , Kramer John , Mack Martha , Misso Marie , Murrup-Stewart Cammi , Savage Evan , Sciberras Emma , Singh Bruce , Testa Renee , Vale Lisa , Weirman Alyssa , Petch Edward , Williams Katrina , Bellgrove Mark 
Published: May 2023

Objective: The objective of this article was to provide an overview of the development and recommendations from the Australian evidence-based clinical practice guideline for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The guideline aims to promote accurate and timely identification and diagnosis, and optimal and consistent treatment of ADHD. Methods: Development integrated the best available evidence with multidisciplinary clinical expertise and the preferences of those with lived experience, underpinned by the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. The 23 guideline development group members included psychiatrists, paediatricians, general practitioners, psychologists, speech pathologists, occupational therapists, educators, Indigenous psychologists, and people with a lived experience; with two independent chairs and a methodologist. Where appropriate, evidence reviews from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 2018 ‘Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management’ guideline were updated. Fifty prioritised clinical questions were addressed in 14 systematic reviews (new and updated from NICE 2018) and 28 narrative reviews. Results: The 113 clinical recommendations apply to young children (5 years and under), children, adolescents and adults. They provide guidance for clinicians on identification, screening, diagnosis, multimodal treatment and support, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. The guideline and supporting information are available online: https://adhdguideline.aadpa.com.au/ Conclusions: The guideline was approved by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia and relevant medical and allied health professional associations. It is anticipated that successful implementation and uptake of the guideline by organisations, health care providers and other professionals will increase delivery of evidence-based treatment and improve health outcomes for the more than 800,000 Australians with ADHD.
The effect of multivitamins on anxiety and depression in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment: A double-blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lagzi Negar , Bateni Amin , Goli Rasoul , Talebiazar Nasim 
Published: May 2023

Background The prevalence of addiction is increasing in the world. Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) can be associated with severe stress and mild to moderate depressive symptoms. Vitamins and minerals are commonly found in multivitamins seem to improve mood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of multivitamins on anxiety and depression in patients undergoing MMT in a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Methods The study was designed as a double-blind, randomized controlled trial and involved 70 male MMT patients over the age of 18. Participants were randomized to one of two groups, either those receiving multivitamins or those receiving a placebo for 12 weeks. The multivitamin capsule included vitamin E, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, C, biotin, folic acid, and zinc. Anxiety and depression were measured using standard questionnaires, before and after the intervention. Results The between-group comparison (i.e., intervention vs. placebo) indicated there was no significant difference in anxiety scores; however, there was a significant between-group difference in depression scores, favoring the intervention group. Conclusions Multivitamin supplementation improved depression but did not have a significant impact on anxiety in patients undergoing MMT.
Time Allocation and Satisfaction Among Tenured Psychology Faculty at Public, Regional Universities
Authors: Fuegen Kathleen , Hatchett Gregory T. 
Published: May 2023

Background Research on the experiences of tenured faculty employed at teaching-intensive institutions is lacking. Objective We gathered data regarding how tenured psychology faculty allocate time. We identify variables that predict time allocation and report associations between time allocation and job satisfaction. Method We surveyed 386 tenured psychology professors at regional, public universities in the United States. We measured (1) the percentage of time respondents typically allocated and would prefer to allocate to four activities: teaching, research, service, and administration, and (2) job satisfaction and intentions to seek another position. Results Time typically allocated to teaching, research, service, and administrative activities was unrelated to job satisfaction. Time allocated to research was associated with intentions to seek another position. Associate professors allocated more time to teaching than did full professors. The discrepancy between typical and preferred time allocation was associated with occupational dissatisfaction. Conclusion In contrast to previous studies, we found that allocating a large percentage of work time to teaching activities did not predict lower job satisfaction. Teaching Implications Tenured psychology faculty allocated time to teaching activities in ways consistent with their preferences.
Evaluation of new dew point evaporative cooler heat and mass exchanger designs with different geometries
Authors: Sulaiman Mohammed A , Adham Ahmed M 
Published: May 2023

In this study four new geometries of heat and mass exchanger for dew point evaporative cooling are investigated and their performance is compared to that of the commonly used flat plate and corrugated plate exchangers. In the proposed exchangers, each dry channel is completely enclosed by its adjacent wet channels, and each wet channel is completely enclosed by its adjacent dry channels (related detailed information is presented graphically in this paper). In addition, a robust numerical model was developed and is examined under various operational and geometrical conditions. The analysis showed that the proposed dew point evaporative coolers improve the chilled air temperature, water consumption, cooling capacity, and energy efficiency. In particular, the circular concentric tube exchanger, under certain operating conditions (inlet air temperature, humidity ratio, and velocity of 40°C, 6 g/kg, and 3 m/s, respectively), could produce the lowest chilled air temperature of 9.6°C and the highest wet bulb and dew point effectiveness of 148% and 99%, respectively. Additionally, water consumption is reduced to 1.34 L/hr for an inlet air velocity of 1 m/s. A triangular tube exchanger achieved the highest cooling capacity and coefficient of performance, but consumed the largest amount of water. Our geometrical analysis demonstrates that the overall performance of dew point evaporative cooling systems can be improved by employing new geometries for heat and mass exchanger channels. Practical application: The dew point evaporative cooler is an environmentally friendly air conditioning system used in buildings. It is considered the strongest candidate to replace vapour-compression refrigeration systems because it consumes considerably less electricity while achieving high performance. Our research demonstrates that through revised geometry it is possible to further improve the performance of the system leading to improved energy and water efficiency.
Examining the effect of moral resilience on moral distress
Authors: Kovanci Mustafa Sabri , Atli Özbaş Azize 
Published: May 2023

Aims The study aims to test the Turkish validity and reliability of the Rushton Moral Resilience Scale (RMRS) and examine the effect of moral resilience on moral distress. Background Moral distress is a phenomenon that negatively affects health workers, health institutions, and the person receiving care. In order to eliminate or minimize the negative effects of moral distress, it is necessary to increase the moral resilience of nurses. Moral resilience involves developing systems that support a culture of ethical practice in healthcare and aim to increase an individual’s capacity to cope with moral challenges. Methods A methodological and descriptive-predictive study design was adopted. Sociodemographic Information Form, Measure of Moral Distress – Healthcare Professionals (MMD-HP), and Rushton Moral Resilience Scale were used to collect data from the nurses. A total of 255 clinical nurses were recruited. Ethical considerations Hacettepe University’s non-interventional ethics committee approved the study’s protocol and informed consent was obtained from the participants. Results The original four-factor structure of the scale was tested with confirmatory factor analysis, and the index values were evaluated and found at an acceptable level. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.826. Moral resilience predicted moral distress total, intensity, and frequency levels. A moderate and weak relationship was found in the negative between all sub-dimensions of moral distress and moral resilience. Conclusions The Rushton Moral Resilience Scale Turkish version showed good psychometric properties. Moral resilience has a reducing effect on moral distress. Young nurses who have less experience are at risk because they have lower moral resilience levels, while nurses working in intensive care units are at risk because of their high moral distress levels. A healthy workplace can be created by developing specific approaches to improve moral resilience in reducing the impact of moral distress in the healthcare environment.
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) aided full-length phrenic nerve transfer for restoration of elbow flexion
Authors: Gunasagaran Jayaletchumi , Ab Wahab Nuraliza , Khoo Saw Sian , Shamsul Shams Amir , Shivdas Sachin , Hashim Shahrul , Ahmad Tunku Sara 
Published: May 2023

Background In complete brachial plexus injury, phrenic nerve (PN) is frequently used in neurotization for elbow flexion restoration. The advancement in video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) allows full-length PN dissection intrathoracically for direct coaptation to recipient without nerve graft. Purpose We report our experience in improving the surgical technique and its outcome. Methods Seven patients underwent PN dissection via VATS and full-length transfer to musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) or motor branch of biceps (MBB) from June 2015 to June 2018. Comparisons were made with similar group of patients who underwent conventional PN transfer. Results Mean age of patients was 21.9 years. All were males involved in motorcycle accidents who sustained complete brachial plexus injury. We found the elbow flexion recovery were earlier in full-length PN transfer. However, there was no statistically significant difference in elbow flexion strength at 3 years post-surgery. Conclusion We propose full-length PN transfer for restoration of elbow flexion in patients with delayed presentation.
A qualitative study of clinicians’ perspectives on reasons for delays in clozapine initiation
Authors: Gangadharan Dhivya , Tirupati Srinivasan 
Published: May 2023

Objectives To elicit mental health clinicians’ views on the reasons for delayed initiation of clozapine treatment. Method Thematic analysis of transcripts from a semi-structured interview of 15 mental health clinicians. Results Four major themes emerged from data analysis: Patient and Carer Factors, Medication factors, Protocol factors, and Prescriber factors. Patient and carer anxiety over side effects and experience of stigma, difficulties in implementing the monitoring protocol, problems with community managing of treatment, prescriber preferences and practices, and gaps in mental health services were some of the reasons identified. Conclusion Education and support to patients and carers, a modified monitoring protocol, establishing clozapine clinics, improved early intervention services, and upskilling of clinicians can promote early clozapine initiation.