bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Migration Inhibition of Peripheral Leucocytes in Human Schistosomiasis
Authors: Wolfson Ronald L. , Maddison Shirley E. , Kagan I. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Migration inhibition of peripheral leucocytes by extracts of Schistosoma mansoni was observed in individuals who showed delayed-type skin reactivity with the parasitic antigen. There was no correlation between the in vitro migration inhibition and immediate-type hypersensitivity, the presence of specific antibody to S. mansoni in the serum, nor a nonspecific serum factor. A correlation between migration inhibition of peripheral leucocytes and delayed skin reactivity was observed in individuals hypersensitive to Brucella abortus.
A Starfish Hemolymph Factor Which Activates Vertebrate Complement in the Presence of Cobra Venom Factor
Authors: Day Noorbibi , Geiger Hartmut , Finstad Joanne , Good Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In recent studies we demonstrated the presence of a factor(s) in hemolymphs of invertebrates which interacts with purified cobra venom factor (CVF) and lyses erythrocytes in the presence of vertebrate serum or invertebrate hemolymph treated with EDTA (1). These CVF-reacting components were to some extent interchangeable between vertebrate sera and invertebrate hemolymph but the most marked hemolytic activity was observed when starfish (Asterius forbesi) hemolymph was reacted with purified CVF and added to frog serum in EDTA (1). In the present studies, we have isolated a factor(s) from starfish hemolymph and have shown that the purified product is capable of participating with CVF in activating the complement (C) system of the frog.
Materials and Methods. Vertebrate and invertebrate species. The frogs, Rana catesbeiana, were obtained from Schettles, Stillwater, Wis. The starfish (A. forbesi) were purchased from Marine Biological Laboratories, Woods Hole, Mass. The hemolymph was obtained from the starfish and then clarified according to methods described previously (1).
Human Heat Labile Opsonins: Evidence for Their Mediation via the Alternate Pathway of Complement Activation
Authors: Jasin Hugo E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The possible participation of the alternate pathway of C3 activation in the activation of human heat labile opsonins by bacteria has been investigated. It was shown that: a) opsonization took place normally in human sera completely lacking C1q; b) complete absorption of immunoglobulins and C1q from agammaglobulinemic sera failed to abolish opsonic capacity; c) heat labile opsonic capacity for Escherichia coli was markedly reduced by heating normal serum at 50°C for 30 min, conditions which inactivate a component of the alternate pathway of complement activation and d) addition to such heated serum of purified C3 proactivator, a constituent of the alternate pathway, resulted in restoration of a significant fraction of the opsonic activity. These results indicate that heat labile opsonization is mediated via an alternate pathway of C3 activation.
Bidirectional Effects of Interaction between Parental Thymocytes and F1 Spleen Cells in the Production of Graft vs Host Splenomegaly
Authors: Liebhaber Stephen A. , Barchilon John , Gershon Richard K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The addition of 1.5 × 107 F1 spleen cells to inocula of parental thymocytes in sublethally irradiated F1 hosts influenced the resultant splenomegaly. The influence of the F1 cells was bidirectional; under certain conditions they increased the splenomegaly while under others they decreased it. Analysis of these conditions revealed that the effect the F1 cells had depended on the activity of the parental thymocytes. Active thymocytes produced small spleens when inoculated alone; the smaller the spleen the greater the synergy with F1 cells. On the other hand less active thymocytes occasionally produced some splenomegaly on their own. When they did, added F1 cells reduced the spleen size (acted “antergistically”). The mechanism(s) by which these bidirectional effects of F1 cells may be expressed are discussed.
Sensitization of Guinea Pigs to Alpha-Chloroacetophenone (CN) and Ortho-Chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (CS), Tear Gas Chemicals
Authors: Chung Choong W. , Giles Albert L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The most frequently used tear gas ingredients, 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and o-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (CS), caused contact sensitization or delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs by either a topical or intradermal route of administration with the aid of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). CN was allergenic even without the aid of FCA, was more irritating to skin than CS and was also more irritating to skin and more allergenic when administered as Chemical Mace than in acetone at equivalent concentrations. Upon intradermal challenge, the skin reactions of sensitized guinea pigs to CN showed erythema, edema, induration and occasional necrosis. The skin reactions developed by topical challenges were similar but resulted also in eschar formation. CN and CS, especially CS, showed a specificity for routes of immunization, namely, a better rate of elicitation in incidence and degree of allergic skin reactions when immunization and challenge routes were identical. The guinea pigs sensitized to CN showed cross-reactivity to 1-bromoacetophenone, 1,1-dichloroacetophenone and acetophenone in the order listed. Strongly sensitized animals showed weak cross-reactions whereas weakly sensitized guinea pigs gave no or negligible cross-reactivity to acetophenone derivatives having three fluorine atoms, a nitrile, acetyl or N-benzamidyl group at the 1 position or one halogen at one of the ring positions; ethane or acetone bearing three chlorines at the 1 position; DM (phenarzine chloride); or ethyl chloroformate.
Immunoglobulin E in Immunologic Deficiency Diseases
Authors: Waldmann Thomas A. , Polmar Stephen H. , Balestra Suellen T. , Jost Margaret C. , Bruce Robert M. , Terry William D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The serum immunoglobulin E concentration was determined in groups of patients with immunologic deficiency diseases that were secondary to a variety of pathophysiologic mechanisms including decreased synthesis, accelerated catabolism and excessive loss of immunoglobulins.
The geometric mean IgE level of normal adults was 105 ng/ml with a 95% interval of 5 to 2045. All of the patients with a generalized reduction in immunoglobulin production had a markedly reduced level of IgE. In nine of 10 patients with idiopathic-acquired hypogammaglobulinemia the IgE level was undetectable (i.e., &lt; 4 ng/ml) and was only 5 ng/ml in the remaining patient. Similarly, IgE was undetectable in the serum of seven of eight patients with thymoma and hypogammaglobulinemia and was only 8 ng/ml in the remaining patient.
The IgE levels of groups of patients with hypogammaglobulinemia secondary to a shortened immunoglobulin survival were found to be normal in contrast to the markedly reduced IgE levels seen in the patients with a generalized defect in immunoglobulin synthesis. The geometric means of the serum IgE concentrations of the 10 patients with myotonic dystrophy, low IgG concentration and short IgG survival, the two patients with familial hypercatabolic hypoproteinemia and a short survival of many serum proteins, and the 10 patients who had intestinal lymphangiectasia and generalized loss of serum proteins into the gastrointestinal tract did not differ significantly from normal.
The 12 patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome had markedly elevated IgE levels with a geometric mean value of 3475 ng/ml. These high IgE levels may reflect chronic stimulation of the IgE synthesizing system by antigens that cannot be processed adequately and eliminated by these patients.
Defective in Vitro Spleen Cell Proliferative Response to Antigens in Agammaglobulinemic Chickens
Authors: Kirchner H. , Oppenheim J. J. , Blaese M. R. , Hofstrand H. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cyclophosphamide treatment of chickens during early extraembryonic life selectively inactivates B cells as indicated by the induction of agammaglobulinemia and the lack of proliferative response of their spleen cells to anti-immunoglobulin. T cell functions as measured by the response to phytomitogens, anti-thymocyte serum and irradiated allogeneic cells in the mixed leukocyte reaction were found to be intact. However, the in vitro proliferative response to specific antigens was significantly diminished in agammaglobulinemic chickens which suggests that B cell participation may be required for this response.
The Effects of Heterologous Antithymocyte Sera in Mice
Authors: Mandel Mark A. , DeCosse Jerome J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The intraperitoneal inoculation of BALB/c mice with three doses of Bayol F resulted in the development of plasma cell tumors. Twelve months after the last Bayol dose 55% of mice had tumors. When mice were concomitantly treated with antithymocyte sera (ATS), tumors developed more rapidly and frequently than with Bayol alone. Suppression of host reactivity by other modalities, including the chemical agents, Imuran and Cytoxan, and by adult thymectomy, did not increase the rate of tumor induction. Irradiation of mice at the time of Bayol treatment resulted in a slightly higher incidence of tumor. Mice treated by suppressive therapy, without Bayol, did not develop tumors.
The enhanced rate of tumor induction noted with ATS and Bayol appears to be due, in great part, to selective destruction of lymphoid cells by the ATS with little direct effect on plasma cell elements. Treatment of mice with the chemical agents, however, did not enhance oncogenesis since these suppressed not only lymphoid cells but also malignant or potentially malignant plasma cells. In this experimental model, therefore, an increased rate of plasma cell tumor induction resulted when mice given Bayol were treated with ATS.
The effect of treatment with ATS on the type of tumor induced was studied by histologic methods and by analysis of ascitic fluid and serum for protein content. All induced tumors in each group were plasmacytomas, the majority of which synthesized IgA myeloma proteins. One-quarter of the mice developed tumors that synthesized IgG; IgM tumors were uncommon. Thus despite variations in the rate and intensity of oncogenesis for the different groups, the relative proportion of each myeloma class of induced tumor was constant.
Tumor Formation and Paraprotein Production by Mouse Plasmacytoma Cells Transplanted to Hamsters
Authors: Zlotnick A. , Slavin M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A suspension of cells from a BALB/c mouse MPC-11 plasmacytoma was transplanted into the cheek pouches of 51 irradiated and 50 nonirradiated hamsters. Forty-two of the irradiated and 29 of the nonirradiated animals took the graft. The irradiated hamsters were sacrificed, at the latest, 15 days and the nonirradiated ones 21 days after the transfer. By that time, the animals had developed large tumors and showed no signs of rejection. The tumors grew as well in the nonirradiated as in the irradiated animals. Histologic examination of the injection sites revealed infiltration of the areolar tissue with tumor cells of different sizes, many of which were undergoing mitotic division. By immunocytochemical techniques we showed that the tumor cells produce a γ-2b globulin identical with that found in mice carrying this tumor. This protein was also present in the peripheral blood of the tumor-bearing hamsters. Being a privileged site, the hamster's cheek pouch can serve well as a growth-sustaining environment for a heterologous mouse plasmacytoma. Because the mouse MPC-11 plasmacytoma remains viable and synthesizes a specific paraprotein for at least 21 days after implantation in the cheek pouch of normal hamsters, we are able to use this experimental model to study the effects of the continued presence of a foreign undenaturated protein on an immunologically competent host.
Histocompatibility-Linked Genetic Control of the Immune Response to Hapten Guinea Pig Albumin Conjugates in Inbred Guinea Pigs
Authors: Green Ira , Paul William E. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immune response of inbred guinea pigs to low doses of hapten-guinea pig albumin conjugates is controlled by a specific immune response gene closely linked to the gene complex controlling strain 13 histocompatibility antigens. Thus, strain 13 guinea pigs make significant anti-dinitrophenyl (anti-DNP) antibody responses to 1 μg of DNP-guinea pig albumin (GPA) while strain 2 guinea pigs make little or no response and are not prepared for secondary anti-DNP responses. Progeny of (2 × 13) F1 × 2 matings which possess strain 13 histocompatibility antigens are good responders to a low dose of DNP-GPA while offspring lacking strain 13 antigens are poor responders. The differential response of strain 2 and 13 animals to DNP-GPA is also observed with p-iodophenylsulfonyl-GPA and a 3-(2,4-dinitrophenylamino)-propylamide derivative of GPA. These observations indicate that this immune response gene is involved in carrier recognition and suggest that it operates in thymus-derived lymphocytes.
An Unusual Papain Fragment Containing the VH Region of an IgG3 Myeloma Protein
Authors: Dammacco Franco , Franklin Edward C. , Frangione Blas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A new enzymatic fragment resulting from papain digestion of an IgG3k myeloma cryoglobulin (protein KUP) is described. This fragment, which can be easily separated from the remainder of the Fab fragment by filtration on Sephadex G-100 in 1 N acetic acid, does not react with a panel of antisera in double diffusion experiments, has a blocked amino-terminal residue and was shown to correspond to most of the heavy chain variable region. It has been tentatively designated Fdv.
Fdv is readily soluble in acidic buffers, has a molecular weight of 11,900, a sedimentation coefficient of 1.7S in 1 N acetic acid and contains about 100 residues.
Attempts to isolate, under the same conditions, an analogous fragment from two additional IgG3 and one IgG1 myeloma proteins and from pooled human Cohn FII were unsuccessful. Whether production of Fdv is a unique property of protein KUP or is related to an unusual VH subgroup or other factors, remains, so far, undetermined.
Cross-Reactions of HL-A Antibodies
Authors: Dorf M. E. , Eguro S. Y. , Dawson J. R. , Rauckman E. J. , Amos D. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An immuno-chromatographic method of eluting HL-A antibodies from platelets has been described. An anti-HL-A3 serum (BC) was absorbed with platelets immobilized on a nylon column. The platelets obtained from HL-A3 (class I), HL-All (class II) or HL-Al (class III) positive donors were used to absorb HL-A antisera. A linear pH gradient (pH 7.4 to 2.5) was used to elute the antibody from the platelet columns. Anti-HL-A3 activity was eluted from class III platelets at pH 5.0, from class II platelets at pH 4.5 to 3.7, and from class I platelets at pH 4.2 to 2.7. It was shown further that the eluates from class I and class II platelets had different qualitative and quantitative serologic activities when they were retested on lymphocytes obtained from each class of donor. These data are indicative of differences in antibody avidity for each class of platelets analyzed and suggest that these differences are due to cross-reactivities. It has also been shown that the avidity of anti-HL-A3 antibody from early and hyperimmune bleedings increases with repeated immunization. These experiments illustrate the heterogeneity of HL-A antibodies.
Affinity Chromatography of Anti-Meningococcal Antiserum
Authors: Winkelhake Jeffrey L. , Kasper Dennis L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The separate isolation of specific antibody to different antigens on the cell surface is essential for the understanding of immunity to the meningococcus. A simple, efficient method for preparing highly cross-linked polyacrylamide immunoadsorbents containing purified serogroups A, B and C polysaccharide and the serotype protein antigen II of Neisseria meningitidis is described. After hyperimmune anti-live organism antiserum was passed over an immunoadsorbent, a 2.0 M potassium iodide elution of the adsorbed antibodies yielded biologically active, serogroup or serotype specific antibody populations. The populations are shown to consist of IgG and IgM and to be functional in bactericidal and hemagglutinating activity.
Detection of Additional Antigenic Determinants of Hepatitis B Antigen
Authors: Bancroft William H. , Mundon Francis K. , Russell Philip K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The heterogeneous antigenic determinants of Hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag) from 310 individuals were compared by using a micro-Ouchterlony immunodiffusion technique. Reference antisera were made in rabbits immunized with a purified HB Ag with ay determinants from an American with hepatitis and another purified HB Ag with ad determinants from a Thai blood donor. The immunizing antigens were prepared by a combination of equilibrium centrifugation in cesium chloride and rate zonal centrifugation in sucrose gradients. Three immunodiffusion patterns of antigen reactivity were observed: pattern 1 antigens showed identity to the reference ay HB Ag; pattern 2 antigens showed identity to the reference and HB Ag and pattern 3 antigens showed partial identity to both reference antigens. Further study after absorbing the antisera with heterologous antigens indicated that the reference antisera were distinguishing two additional antigenic determinants, designated w and r. Preliminary data suggest w is more common that r on HB Ag in the United States, but r is most common in Thailand.
Detection of Migration Inhibitory Activity in Human Mixed Lymphocyte Cultures
Authors: Mookerjee B. K. , Lao Vincent , Dossetor J. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The macrophage migration test represents an in vitro correlate of delayed type hypersensitivity (1). The technique has subsequently been adapted to human peripheral blood leukocyte migration with regard to particulate (2) and water soluble (3, 4) antigens. Inhibition of migration of human peripheral leukocytes has been used as an indication of immunologic reactivity after liver transplantation (5) and after skin grafting (6, 7). Migration is inhibited in mixtures of two cell populations when one of these is sensitized to the transplantation antigens of the other, but direct migration does not demonstrate histoincompatibility since allogeneic mixtures of nonsensitized cells migrate normally (7, 8). It has been proposed, however, that degrees of histoincompatibility between nonsensitized cell types may be measurable by the production of migration inhibition factors (MIF)1 when such cells are cultured together (9).
Ontogeny of Bursal Function in Chicken
Authors: Toivanen Paavo , Toivanen Auli , Linna T. Juhani , Good Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphoid cells from bursa of Fabricius, bone marrow, thymus and spleen of 3 ½- to 16-week-old donors were used to study the reconstitution of the bursadependent lymphoid system in cyclophosphamide-treated chickens. Parameters used to assess the development of humoral immunity and other effects of transplanted cells were: production of natural and immune antibodies, plasma immunoglobulin levels, microscopic morphology of spleen and bursa, gain of body weight and survival pattern. Bursa cells from young donors, 3 ½ to 10 weeks of age, were capable of a functional restoration. Bone marrow cells had the same restorative capacity only when obtained from donors of older age, starting at 10 weeks. At the age of 14 weeks, the spleen, and also the thymus cells to a more limited extent, had the same capacity. Functional restoration of humoral immunity was paralleled by a normalization of the microscopic structure of the spleen but restoration of the bursal morphology was not achieved with any of the cell types used.
These findings suggest that the postembryonic stem cell responsible for humoral immunity emigrates from bursa to bone marrow at the time of bursal involution. Subsequently, a cell with the same reconstituting capacities appears in spleen, and to some extent also in thymus.
The Immune Recognition of Ta3 Tumors, Its Facilitation by Endotoxin, and Abrogation by Abcites Fluid
Authors: Grohsman Jonathan , Nowotny Alois 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The escape of TA3-Ha cell line from immune recognition and rejection is not due to complete loss of major histocompatibility antigens, since hyperimmunization with this cell line rendered mice highly resistant against the specific TA3-St line, and vice versa. Sensitization of TA3-Ha-tolerant mice with incompatible skin graft from strain A mice rendered them refractory to TA3-Ha inocula. Accordingly, both the TA3-St and TA3-Ha lines share major histocompatibility antigens. Spleen cells from immunized animals as well as from animals bearing the tumor adoptively transferred tumor resistance into normal mice. This shows that in the non-pretreated, tumor-bearing animal, the escape mechanism can operate in spite of an existing immunogenic stimulus. If this immune stimulus is further incremented by previous injection of 1 µg bacterial endotoxin, the host is sufficiently assisted to defeat a lethal dose of tumor inoculum. The results reported here also indicate that the escape may be aided by ascites fluid. It has been found that components of ascites fluid from C57BL/10Sn or ICR mice carrying TA3-Ha tumor could increase the take of TA3-Ha tumor in normal mice of the same strain.
The Role of the Regional Lymph Node in Sensitization and Tolerance to Simple Chemicals
Authors: Friedlaender Mitchell H. , Baer Harold 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To determine the importance of the regional lymph node in sensitization and tolerance, we applied five simple chemicals to alymphatic skin islands and to intact skin of guinea pigs. These chemicals were found to be divisible into two groups according to their sensitizing and toleragenic properties. Three compounds were sensitizers when injected in complete Freund's adjuvant and induced delayed contact sensitivity and immunologic tolerance when applied to skin islands or to intact skin. The other two compounds were also sensitizers when injected in complete Freund's adjuvant, but induced no sensitivity when applied to intact skin or to skin islands. This latter group of chemicals induced marked tolerance when applied to intact skin, and no tolerance when applied to alymphatic skin islands. Therefore, lymphatic connections between skin and regional lymph nodes were necessary for the development of tolerance to these simple chemicals but were not required for sensitization.
A Plaque Assay on Agar for Detection of Gram-Negative Bacilli Sensitive to Complement
Authors: Fierer Joshua , Finley F. , Braude A. I. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A screening method to detect serum (complement) sensitive Gram-negative bacilli is described. Normal serum, dropped on the surface of a T.S.A. plate inoculated with the test organism will inhibit the growth of serum sensitive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria isolated from blood cultures were tested and only 9/120 were sensitive. Bacteria isolated from infections, other than urinary tract, were also usually serum resistant.
Anti-Hapten Chicken Antibodies of the 7S Class
Authors: Voss Edward W. , Eisen Herman N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chicken 7S anti-DNP antibodies requiring a high concentration of salt for precipitation with antigen were purified by immunoadsorption. Difference spectra between free and antibody-bound ligand (ε-DNP-L-lysine) showed maxima at 392 and 470 nm. These maxima and the Δεm at 470 nm were essentially the same as encountered with mammalian and shark antibodies. Chicken anti-DNP antibody of the 7S class has two combining sites (180,000 daltons) as measured in equilibrium dialysis. The average intrinsic association constant (1.6 × 106 M-1 at 5°C) was not altered by wide variation in salt concentration. The 5S bivalent fragment obtained by pepsin digestion also required the anomalous high salt concentration for immune precipitation.