bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental research and theoretical analysis of novel polygon‐key assembly connections
Authors: Wei Wang , Xingxing Wang 
Published: March 2023

AbstractTo improve the shear performance of assembly connections in precast RC shear wall structures, a novel polygon‐key assembly connection (PKA connection) was proposed. Shear tests were carried out to study the shear performance of the PKA connections, specimens' parameters considered in the tests consist of polygon‐key inclination angles, polygon‐key heights, and axial compression ratios. Shear capacity, stiffness, and failure modes of the PKA connections were investigated. Furthermore, theoretical analysis of the PKA connection was performed, equations of PKA connection's shear capacity were deduced, and the theoretical analysis results were verified by the test results. The results show that the polygon‐keys can effectively improve the shear capacity of assembly connection of precast RC shear wall structure. Compared with the parallel assembly connection, peak shear capacity of the PKA connection can be enhanced by more than 15%. When polygon‐key's inclination angle is within the range of 45–90°, the peak loads of PKA connections change slightly. When polygon‐key's height is within the range of 5–7 cm, the cracking load and peak load of the PKA connection change slightly. With an increase in axial compression ratio, the shear capacity of PKA connection gradually increases, and the peak displacement changes slightly. Based on the shear‐friction theory, the calculated PKA connection's peak loads are in good agreement with the test results.
Synthesis of Selectively gem‐Difluorinated Molecules; Chiral gem‐Difluorocyclopropanes via Chemo‐Enzymatic Reaction and gem‐Difluorinated Compounds via Radical Reaction
Authors: Itoh Toshiyuki , Hayase Shuichi , Nokami Toshiki 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe incorporation of fluorine atoms into an organic compound can alter the chemical reactivity or biological activity of the resulting compound due to the strong electron withdrawing nature of the fluorine atom. We have synthesized many original gem‐difluorinated compounds and described the results in four sections. The first section describes the synthesis of optically active‐gem‐difluorocyclopropanes via the chemo‐enzymatic reaction; we applied these compounds to liquid crystalline molecules, then further discovered a potent DNA cleavage activity for the gem‐difluorocyclopropane derivatives. The second section describes the synthesis of selectively gem‐difluorinated compounds via a radical reaction; we synthesized fluorinated analogues of a sex pheromone of the male African sugarcane borer, Eldana saccharina, and used the compounds as proof for investigating the origin of pheromone molecule recognition on the receptor protein. The third involves the synthesis of 2,2‐difluorinated‐esters by visible light‐driven radical addition of 2,2‐difluoroacetate with alkenes or alkynes in the presence of an organic pigment. The last section describes the synthesis of gem‐difluorinated compounds via the ring‐opening of gem‐difluorocyclopropanes. We further developed a novel method of synthesizing gem‐difluorohomoallylic alcohols via the ring‐opening of gem‐difluorocyclopropane and aerobic oxidation by photo‐irradiation in the presence of an organic pigment. Since gem‐difluorinated compounds that were prepared by the present method have two olefinic moieties with a different reactivity at the terminal position, we accomplished the synthesis of four types of gem‐difluorinated cyclic alkenols via the ring‐closing‐metathesis (RCM) reaction.
Exploring Guanidinium Organocatalysts for Hypoiodite‐Mediated Reactions
Authors: Odagi Miami , Nagasawa Kazuo 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis account describes our recent work on developing guanidinium hypoiodite‐ catalysts for oxidative carbon‐nitrogen and carbon‐carbon bond‐forming reactions. These reactions proceeded smoothly using guanidinium hypoiodite generated in situ by treating 1,3,4,6,7‐hexahydro‐2H‐pyrimido[1,2‐a]pyrimidine hydroiodide salts with an oxidant. In this approach, the ionic interaction and hydrogen bonding ability of the guanidinium cations enable bond‐forming reactions that have been difficult with conventional methods. Enantioselective oxidative carbon‐carbon bond‐forming reaction was also achieved by using a chiral guanidinium organocatalyst.
Premedication with acetazolamide: Is its use for postoperative pain and stress control after laparoscopic ovariectomy in dogs ruled out?
Authors: Tavares Inês T. , Rivero Ramón , Sales‐Luís José P. , Vaudano Carlo G. , Correia Sérgio D. , Corbera Juan Alberto , Jaber Jose Raduan 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackgroundStudies in human medicine have concluded that acetazolamide reduces pain associated with carbon dioxide insufflation during laparoscopic surgery. However, there are no published reports regarding the use of acetazolamide for this purpose in companion animals, despite the increasing popularity of laparoscopic techniques in veterinary medicine due to their advantages over open surgeries.ObjectivesThirty mixed‐breed female dogs were included in the study and randomly assigned to one of three groups: OVE (median celiotomy ovariectomy;n= 10), OVEL (laparoscopic ovariectomy,n= 10) and OVELA (laparoscopic ovariectomy with acetazolamide preoperative administration;n= 10). Experienced surgeons performed all procedures, and the anaesthetic and analgesic protocols were identical for all animals. Acetazolamide was administered orally (at a dose of 25 mg/kg) 2 h prior to induction in the OVELA group. Postoperative pain was evaluated using serum cortisol, salivary cortisol, and the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS) Score.ResultsAny statistical differences were observed in the UMPS scores when the OVELA group was compared to the OVEL group at 1 h after surgery (p= 0.515), 12 h (p= 0.375) and 24 h (p= 0.242). Animals undergoing open surgery (OVE group) had significantly higher pain scores at all times after surgery when compared with OVEL and OVELA groups. A high positive correlation (r= 0.792;p= 0.01) was found between serum and saliva cortisol concentrations. Mean saliva cortisol concentration was not significantly lower for the OVELA group compared to the other groups.ConclusionsThis study found evidence that preoperative administration of acetazolamide may be beneficial in managing postoperative pain in dogs after laparoscopic surgeries. However, further research with a larger sample size is needed to confirm this and to determine if acetazolamide should be included in a multimodal postoperative analgesia protocol for laparoscopic ovariectomy in dogs.
An inexpensive, reproducible method to quantify activated sludge foaming potential: Validation through lab‐scale studies and year‐long full‐scale sampling campaign
Authors: Scarim Grace , LaMartina Emily Lou , Venkiteshwaran Kaushik , Zitomer Daniel H. , Newton Ryan J. , McNamara Patrick J. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractActivated sludge is a conventional treatment process for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solids (TSS) removal at water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs). Foaming events are a common operational issue in activated sludge and can lead to decreased treatment efficiency, maintenance issues, and potential environmental health risks. Stable foaming events are caused by biological and chemical drivers (i.e., microbes and surfactants) during the aeration process. However, foaming events are difficult to predict and quantify. We present an inexpensive and easy‐to‐use method that can be applied at WRRFs to quantify foaming potential. Subsequently, the method was applied over a year‐long full‐scale study while data on microbial community composition and functional parameters associated with foaming potential were collected from activated sludge samples at South Shore Water Reclamation Facility (WRF) (Oak Creek, WI). Results from the development of the foaming potential method using linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) showed that the method was reproducible (relative standard deviation <20%) and able to capture changes in foam‐inducing constituents. Using full‐scale activated sludge samples, higher relative abundance values for the following genera were associated with foaming events: Zoogloea, Flavobacterium, Variovorax, and Bdellovibrio. This is the first report that Variovorx and Bdellovibrio relative abundance was correlated with foaming events in activated sludge. Furthermore, the foaming potential positively correlated (ρ = 0.24) with soluble total nitrogen. Characterizing foaming events through frequent sampling and monitoring of specific genera and functional parameters may allow for predictions and preemptive mitigation efforts to avoid negative consequences in the future.Practitioner Points
A reproducible method to measure foaming potential in activated sludge is available.
Genera Zoogloea, Flavobacterium, Variovorax, and Bdellovibrio correlated with foaming events.
A year‐long sampling campaign of activated sludge measuring foaming potential and microbial community composition was conducted at South Shore Water Reclamation Facility in Oak Creek, WI.
More research at other facilities with this method is needed to understand links between microbes and foaming
Adult Education, Learning Citizens, and the Lessons of Enliven
Authors: Holford John , Boyadjieva Pepka , Clancy Sharon , Hefler Günter , Studená Ivana 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe body of international human rights law developed in the wake of the Second World War envisaged adults as citizens, playing an active part in society and government. The chapter explores how viewing adults as agentic citizens (yet also objects of state policy) relates to the notion of bounded agency, and summarises and discusses the implications of the Enliven project. These include the need for a rich and broad education throughout the lives of adults, the limiting effect (especially for the ‘socially excluded’) of framing the education for adults through the language of ‘markets’, the need to listen to those most excluded, the importance of work, workplaces, and labour markets to adult learning, and how organisationally stunted workplaces impoverish workers’ learning.
Participation in Adult Learning: System Characteristics and Individuals’ Experiences
Authors: Boeren Ellen , Cabus Sofie , Mackie Alan 
Published: March 2023

AbstractResearch on participation and inequality in adult education and training shows ‘system characteristics’ play a key role in restricting access to young adults with low levels of education. This chapter focuses on what advantages an inclusive policy on lifelong learning has for society as a whole. Structural barriers mean that an opportunity (or desire) to participate is not equally distributed, yet some low-educated adults do participate. From them we can learn how barriers can be lowered. Initiatives under the EU’s Youth Guarantee and Upskilling Pathway programmes are analysed across nine countries, representing different welfare regimes and approaches to adult education. Learners’ and staff experiences are broadly similar across programmes and countries. Participants’ motivation and confidence are key to success, pointing to the need for individual support.
NLO computation of diffractive di-hadron production in a saturation framework
Authors: Fucilla Michael , Grabovsky Andrey , Li Emilie , Szymanowski Lech , Wallon Samuel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The cross-sections of diffractive double hadron photo- or electroproduction with large pT, on a nucleon or a nucleus, are calculated to NLO accuracy. A hybrid formalism mixing collinear factorization and high energy small-x factorization, more precisely the shockwave formalism for the latter, is used to derive the results. The cancellation of divergences is explicitly shown, and the finite parts of the NLO differential cross-sections are found. We work in arbitrary kinematics such that both photoproduction and leptoproduction are considered. The results are therefore usable, to detect saturation effects, at both the future EIC or already at LHC, using Ultra Peripheral Collisions.
Restriction of access to the central cavity is a major contributor to substrate selectivity in plant ABCG transporters
Authors: Pakuła Konrad , Sequeiros-Borja Carlos , Biała-Leonhard Wanda , Pawela Aleksandra , Banasiak Joanna , Bailly Aurélien , Radom Marcin , Geisler Markus , Brezovsky Jan , Jasiński Michał 
Published: March 2023

AbstractABCG46 of the legume Medicago truncatula is an ABC-type transporter responsible for highly selective translocation of the phenylpropanoids, 4-coumarate, and liquiritigenin, over the plasma membrane. To investigate molecular determinants of the observed substrate selectivity, we applied a combination of phylogenetic and biochemical analyses, AlphaFold2 structure prediction, molecular dynamics simulations, and mutagenesis. We discovered an unusually narrow transient access path to the central cavity of MtABCG46 that constitutes an initial filter responsible for the selective translocation of phenylpropanoids through a lipid bilayer. Furthermore, we identified remote residue F562 as pivotal for maintaining the stability of this filter. The determination of individual amino acids that impact the selective transport of specialized metabolites may provide new opportunities associated with ABCGs being of interest, in many biological scenarios.
Novel gene loci associated with susceptibility or cryptic quantitative resistance to Pyrenopeziza brassicae in Brassica napus
Authors: Fell Heather , Muthayil Ali Ajisa , Wells Rachel , Mitrousia Georgia K. , Woolfenden Hugh , Schoonbeek Henk-jan , Fitt Bruce D. L. , Ridout Christopher J. , Stotz Henrik U. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Key message
Quantitative disease resistance (QDR) controls the association of the light leaf spot pathogen with Brassica napus; four QDR loci that were in linkage disequilibrium and eight gene expression markers were identified.

Abstract
Quantitative disease resistance (QDR) can provide durable control of pathogens in crops in contrast to resistance (R) gene-mediated resistance which can break down due to pathogen evolution. QDR is therefore a desirable trait in crop improvement, but little is known about the causative genes, and so it is difficult to incorporate into breeding programmes. Light leaf spot, caused by Pyrenopeziza brassicae, is an important disease of oilseed rape (canola, Brassica napus). To identify new QDR gene loci, we used a high-throughput screening pathosystem with P. brassicae on 195 lines of B. napus combined with an association transcriptomics platform. We show that all resistance against P. brassicae was associated with QDR and not R gene-mediated. We used genome-wide association analysis with an improved B. napus population structure to reveal four gene loci significantly (P = 0.0001) associated with QDR in regions showing linkage disequilibrium. On chromosome A09, enhanced resistance was associated with heterozygosity for a cytochrome P450 gene co-localising with a previously described locus for seed glucosinolate content. In addition, eight significant gene expression markers with a false discovery rate of 0.001 were associated with QDR against P. brassicae. For seven of these, expression was positively correlated with resistance, whereas for one, a HXXXD-type acyl-transferase, negative correlation indicated a potential susceptibility gene. The study identifies novel QDR loci for susceptibility and resistance, including novel cryptic QDR genes associated with heterozygosity, that will inform future crop improvement.
Toward combining qualitative race-specific and quantitative race-nonspecific disease resistance by genomic selection
Authors: Michel Sebastian , Löschenberger Franziska , Ametz Christian , Bürstmayr Hermann 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Key message
A novel genomic selection strategy offers the unique opportunity to develop qualitative race-specific resistant varieties that possess high levels of the more durable quantitative race-nonspecific resistance in their genetic background.

Abstract
Race-specific qualitative resistance genes (R-genes) are conferring complete resistance in many pathosystems, but are frequently overcome by new virulent pathogen races. Once the deployed R-genes are overcome, a wide variation of quantitative disease resistance (QDR) can be observed in a set of previously race-specific, i.e., completely resistant genotypes—a phenomenon known as “vertifolia effect.” This race-nonspecific QDR is considered to be more durable in the long term, but provides merely a partial protection against pathogens. This simulation study aimed to detangle race-specific R-gene-mediated resistance of pending selection candidates and the QDR in their genetic background by employing different genomic selection strategies. True breeding values that reflected performance data for rust resistance in wheat were simulated, and used in a recurrent genomic selection based on several prediction models and training population designs. Using training populations that were devoid of race-specific R-genes was thereby pivotal for an efficient improvement of QDR in the long term. Marker-assisted preselection for the presence of R-genes followed by a genomic prediction for accumulating the many small to medium effect loci underlying QDR in the genetic background of race-specific resistant genotypes appeared furthermore to be a promising approach to select simultaneously for both types of resistance. The practical application of such a knowledge-driven genomic breeding strategy offers the opportunity to develop varieties with multiple layers of resistance, which have the potential to prevent intolerable crop losses under epidemic situations by displaying a high level of QDR even when race-specific R-genes have been overcome by evolving pathogen populations.
Modernizing persistence–bioaccumulation–toxicity (PBT) assessment with high throughput animal-free methods
Authors: Escher Beate I. , Altenburger Rolf , Blüher Matthias , Colbourne John K. , Ebinghaus Ralf , Fantke Peter , Hein Michaela , Köck Wolfgang , Kümmerer Klaus , Leipold Sina , Li Xiaojing , Scheringer Martin , Scholz Stefan , Schloter Michael , Schweizer Pia-Johanna , Tal Tamara , Tetko Igor , Traidl-Hoffmann Claudia , Wick Lukas Y. , Fenner Kathrin 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe assessment of persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B), and toxicity (T) of a chemical is a crucial first step at ensuring chemical safety and is a cornerstone of the European Union’s chemicals regulation REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals). Existing methods for PBT assessment are overly complex and cumbersome, have produced incorrect conclusions, and rely heavily on animal-intensive testing. We explore how new-approach methodologies (NAMs) can overcome the limitations of current PBT assessment. We propose two innovative hazard indicators, termed cumulative toxicity equivalents (CTE) and persistent toxicity equivalents (PTE). Together they are intended to replace existing PBT indicators and can also accommodate the emerging concept of PMT (where M stands for mobility). The proposed “toxicity equivalents” can be measured with high throughput in vitro bioassays. CTE refers to the toxic effects measured directly in any given sample, including single chemicals, substitution products, or mixtures. PTE is the equivalent measure of cumulative toxicity equivalents measured after simulated environmental degradation of the sample. With an appropriate panel of animal-free or alternative in vitro bioassays, CTE and PTE comprise key environmental and human health hazard indicators. CTE and PTE do not require analytical identification of transformation products and mixture components but instead prompt two key questions: is the chemical or mixture toxic, and is this toxicity persistent or can it be attenuated by environmental degradation? Taken together, the proposed hazard indicators CTE and PTE have the potential to integrate P, B/M and T assessment into one high-throughput experimental workflow that sidesteps the need for analytical measurements and will support the Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability of the European Union.
A year in pharmacology: new drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2022
Authors: Kayki-Mutlu Gizem , Aksoyalp Zinnet Sevval , Wojnowski Leszek , Michel Martin C. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWhile new drug approvals by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had remained stable or even increased in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, the 37 newly approved drugs in 2022 are considerably less than the 53 and 50 new drugs approved in 2020 and 2021, respectively, and less than the rolling 10-year average of 43. As in previous years of this annual review, we assign these new drugs to one of three levels of innovation: first drug against a condition (“first-in-indication”), first drug using a novel molecular mechanism (“first-in-class”), and “next-in-class,” i.e., a drug using an already exploited molecular mechanism. We identify two “first-in-indication” (ganaxolon and teplizumab), 20 (54%) “first-in-class,” and 17 (46%) “next-in-class” drugs. By treatment area, rare diseases and cancer drugs were once again the most prevalent (partly overlapping) therapeutic areas. Other continuing trends were the use of accelerated regulatory approval pathways and the reliance on biopharmaceuticals (biologics).
Ecological-cultural inheritance in the wetlands: the non-linear transition to plant food production in the southern Levant
Authors: Ramsey Monica N. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe paper discusses a multi-proxy archaeobotanical dataset from the published macrobotanical and microbotanical research of 19 Epipalaeolithic sites over a period of 13.5 ka (ca. 25-11.5 ka cal bp) in the southern Levant. The archaeobotanical record includes over 200 phytolith samples extracted from sediments of 11 sites, macrobotanical evidence from seeds, plant tissues and wood charcoal from 11 sites and other microbotanical data from starches and starch spherulites from three sites. Phytolith assemblages show that Epipalaeolithic hunter-gatherers relied on wetland plant resources, and the macrobotanical evidence demonstrates the cultural importance of wetland resources to Late Epipalaeolithic foodways. The paper assesses the archaeobotanical data, using niche construction theory (NCT) to argue that human impacts in the wetlands over generations increased wetland productivity and created long-lasting ecological and cultural inheritances that allowed for the evolution and proliferation of a wetland-based system of wild plant food production. This paper proposes the idea that wetlands provided Epipalaeolithic people with a ‘domestication laboratory’ that allowed them to interact and modify their environment and also to experiment and gain new knowledge to build the long-lasting ecological-cultural inheritances necessary for the transition to plant food production. Importantly, the ecological-cultural inheritance of wild plant food production in the wetlands enabled the non-linear transition to cereal-based wild plant food production and domestication that took place in the southern Levant.