bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Positive and Negative Allogeneic Effects Mediated by MLR-Primed Lymphocytes: Quantitation by Limiting Dilution Analysis
Authors: Corley Ronald B. , Kindred Berenice , Lefkovits Ivan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocyte populations primed in mixed lymphocyte cultures have been used to determine if the allogeneic effect is mediated by alloreactive T lymphocytes. A microculture system with excess B cells, sheep erythrocytes, and limiting numbers of allogeneic T cells was used to compare the frequencies of allogeneic “helper” cells in primed and unprimed populations. A positive allogeneic effect, i.e., the production of anti-sheep erythrocyte antibodies, could be detected when low numbers of primed T cells were added to the cultures. After priming to the H-2 antigens of the B cells used in the cultures, the frequency of allogeneic helper cells was increased at least 10-fold to approximately one in every 30 cells. Priming to different H-2 antigens did not produce this effect. Therefore, the allogeneic effect can clearly be mediated by cells that specifically recognized and respond to alloantigens.
As the number of primed T cells increased, the number of responding microcultures decreased. Lymphocytes mediating the suppressive effect were clearly different from those mediating positive effects with respect to their susceptibility to irradiation and mitomycin-C treatment. The frequency of the set of cells mediating the negative effect was estimated, but varied from experiment to experiment. That the helper activity could be detected only under conditions of limiting T cells stresses the importance of limiting dilution analysis in the functional assessment of mixed populations of cells.
Molecular Characterization of the Ss and Slp (C4) Proteins of the Mouse H-2 Complex: Subunit Composition, Chain Size Polymorphism, and an Intracellular (Pro-Ss) Precursor
Authors: Roos Marleen H. , Atkinson John P. , Shreffler Donald C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adherent peritoneal cells, presumably macrophages, from mice of a number of congenic strains when cultured in vitro in medium containing 14C-labeled amino acids were found to synthesize the Ss protein (mouse C4), as revealed by immunoprecipitation with anti-Ss serum from 14C-labeled, 24-hr culture supernatants. Strain B10.WR7, which expresses the Slp allotype of the Ss protein, was shown by the same method also to synthesize the Slp antigen. SDS-solubilization and 2-ME-reduction of the B10.WR7 immunoprecipitates followed by separation on SDS polyacrylamide slab gels and autoradiography revealed three major polypeptide bands in Slp-positive Ss molecules and three major bands in Slp-negative Ss molecules with m.w. comparable to those of the α-, β-, and γ-chains of human C4. The Slp-negative Ss polypeptides of strain B10.WR7 had apparent m.w. of 98,000, 75,000, and 33,500 whereas the Slp-positive Ss molecules of B10.WR7 yielded three polypeptides with apparent m.w. of 105,500, 75,000, and 32,000. Immunoprecipitation analyses of normal, unlabeled B10.WR7 serum or plasma in SDS slab gels followed by staining with Coomassie Blue revealed similar differences in the m.w. of the α- and γ-polypeptides of the Slp-negative versus the Slp-positive Ss proteins. Such analyses of sera and plasmas of mice from a backcross linkage test and from a series of intra-H-2 recombinants showed clearly that the m.w. differences in α- and γ-chains are controlled by the S region of the H-2 complex. In addition, the Slp-negative Ss protein in strains other than B10.WR7 had an Ssα-chain of 103,000 daltons, indicating the existence of still further Ss polymorphism also controlled by the S region. An apparent intracellular precursor polypeptide of the Ss molecule with a m.w. of approximately 185,000 (comparable to the guinea pig Pro-C4 described recently) has also been demonstrated in lysates of cultured peritoneal cells. These results further confirm the structural homologies of the mouse Ss-Slp and human and guinea pig C4 proteins. They also indicate that Ss and Slp-antisera define two similar, but structurally distinct subclasses of mouse C4 that are apparently controlled by two discrete structural genes in the S regions of Slppositive strains. It is postulated that each of these structural genes codes for a single polypeptide precursor for the native Slp-positive and Slp-negative Ss molecules, and that the observed differences in the m.w. of the α- and γ-chains of these two Ss subclasses reflect a mutational shift in the site of the proteolytic cleavage step that releases the chains.
Surface Immunoglobulin on Frog Lymphocytes
Authors: Mattes M. Jules , Steiner Lisa A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The presence of surface immunoglobulin (Ig) on Rana catesbeiana lymphocytes was evaluated by immunofluorescence. With all antisera to frog low molecular weight (LMW) Ig and with certain antisera to high molecular weight (HMW) Ig, two populations of lymphocytes, one with and one without surface Ig, were identified. Both populations were present in all lymphoid organs except for the thymus, which had less than 5% Ig-bearing cells. Nonlymphoid cells were not stained. This distribution suggests that these populations are homologous to mammalian and avian B and T lymphocytes. Most cells with surface Ig bear HMW Ig, but a minority bear LMW Ig, and of these a large fraction is distinct from typical lymphocytes morphologically. Unexpectedly, other antisera to HMW Ig, but no control antisera, stained thymocytes, all lymphocytes, and also all other blood cells. This reaction was abolished by absorption with several preparations of HMW Ig purified in different ways. Absorption with frog erythrocytes also abolished the staining of thymocytes and nonlymphoid blood cells, but some lymphocytes continued to be brightly stained; absorption with a non-Ig component of frog plasma had the same effect. Evidently, similar determinants are present on HMW Ig, on a non-Ig plasma component, and on thymocytes and all blood cells. The presence of antibodies to such cross-reactive determinants in certain anti-Ig antisera may lead to the mistaken identification of Ig on cell surfaces.
Further Studies on the Tumor-Specific Suppressor Cells Induced by Ultraviolet Radiation
Authors: Fisher Michael S. , Kripke Margaret L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that the immunologic unresponsiveness of UV-irradiated mice against UV-induced fibrosarcomas might be due to the presence of suppressor lymphoid cells. In these experiments, we present additional evidence that suppressor lymphoid cells are present in lymph nodes and spleens of UV-irradiated mice and demonstrate that these cells are enriched after incubation on nylon wool columns, that they are inactive after treatment with anti-ϑ serum and complement, and that they are effective for at least 7 weeks after transfer to lethally x-irradiated mice. Splenectomy of UV-irradiated mice before tumor challenge did not restore their anti-tumor reactivity. The UV-induced suppressor cells appear to be specific for syngeneic UV-induced tumors, since they did not suppress the rejection of an allogeneic UV-induced tumor or two chemically induced syngeneic tumors.
Nature of the Antigenic Complex Recognized by T Lymphocytes
Authors: Thomas David W. , Shevach Ethan M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the present study we examined the effects of antisera directed against guinea pig Ia antigens on the ability of TNP-conjugated macrophages to stimulate TNP-specific T lymphocyte proliferation. Treatment of macrophages with anti-Ia sera for 1 hr before, 1 hr immediately after, or as late as 24 hr after TNP-modification resulted in a reduced ability to stimulate the TNP-specific T cell. The inhibition produced by anti-Ia sera was specific and did not result from interference with the ability of macrophages to process TNP-conjugated membrane antigens in a nonspecific manner. Brief treatment with anti-Ia serum did not result in inhibition of Ia-antigen synthesis nor could evidence of carry-over of anti-Ia antibody into the lymphocyte cultures be obtained. These results demonstrate that anti-Ia sera interfere with the development of a TNP-specific immunogen on the macrophage surface and strongly suggest that an association exists between TNP-modified membrane proteins and Ia antigens on the macrophage surface.
Enhancement by Interferon of Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity in Normal Individuals to Cells of Human Lymphoblastoid Lines
Authors: Skurkovich Semen V. , Skorikova Albina S. , Eremkina Elena I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cytotoxic activity of healthy donor lymphocytes toward cells of two human lymphoblastoid lines was studied by radioimmunoassay with 51Cr. Cells of the following lymphoblastoid lines were used as target cells: line L-101, derived from the peripheral blood of a patient with acute erythromyelosis, and line D-102, derived from the blood of a healthy donor. Lymphocytes of different donors revealed a certain cytotoxicity toward these target cells (from 0 to 34.4% for cells of L-101 line and from 3.1 to 37.2% for cells of D-102 line). Attempts to enhance the mentioned cytotoxic effect with interferon were made. Human leukocyte interferon was obtained by induction with Newcastle disease virus. The preparations of interferon were concentrated 10 to 20 times by ultrafiltration. As a control, preparations of “false interferon” were used, having been obtained and concentrated in the way analogous to interferon obtaining, except for viral induction. Preincubation of donor lymphocytes in interferon of different dilutions during 1 to 2 hr under 37°C led to enhancing their cytotoxic action toward lymphoblast target cells 1.5 to 30.6% higher in comparison with preincubation in the medium RPMI 1640 or in “false interferon.” A certain enhancing effect of “false interferon” preparations on the cytotoxicity of normal human lymphocytes toward lymphoblastoid target cells was observed, but in these cases the cytotoxicity value was significantly lower than that under the treatment with interferon. The probable role of interferon in immune reactions between lymphocytes and target cells is discussed.
Occurrence of Idiotypically Identical Antibodies in the Sera of Two Outbred Rabbits Hyperimmunized with Type II Pneumococcal Vaccine
Authors: Brandt Daniel Ch. , Jaton Jean-Claude 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thirty outbred New Zealand White rabbits were hyperimmunized i.v. with type II pneumococcal vaccine. Whole antisera were analyzed by isoelectric focusing (IEF) in the pH range of 5 to 9. Dissimilar IEF patterns were recorded for most of them with the exception of two rabbit antisera, 4422 and 311, which exhibited two antibody components with an indistinguishable IEF pattern. The antiserum 4422 was highly electrophoretically restricted, whereas antiserum 311 displayed several antibody components. Antibody components from antiserum 311 were isolated by affinity chromatography and the fraction exhibiting an IEF pattern indistinguishable from that of antibody 4422 was found to bind a nonasaccharide hapten derived from SII pneumococcal polysaccharide with the same affinity as antibody 4422. Both antibodies expressed a1/b4 allotypic specificities. Crossrecombinant molecules between antibodies 4422 and 311 exhibited the same affinity constant as that of parent antibody molecules, thus strongly suggesting that these have the same antigen complementarity-determining regions. Anti-idiotypic sera were prepared in guinea pigs against both antibodies. The reactions between 125I-labeled antibodies and their corresponding absorbed antiidiotypic serum were inhibited to the same extent by unlabeled antibody 4422 or 311, an observation that is consistent with the expression of full idiotypic crossreactivity between this pair. No inhibition was obtained with four other anti-SII antibodies of IEF patterns different from those of 4422 or 311. The guinea pig antiidiotypic sera were not antigen-binding site specific since the nonasaccharide hapten was not inhibitory in this system. Taken together, the results strongly suggest a high degree of structural similarity of two antibodies from outbred rabbits.
Identical VL Region Sequences of Two Antibodies from Two Outbred Rabbits Exhibiting Complete Idiotypic Cross-Reactivity and Probably the Same Antigen-Binding Site Fine Structure
Authors: Brandt Daniel Ch. , Jaton Jean-Claude 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The amino acid sequences of the VL domains of two antibodies (4422 and 311) that exhibited the same isoelectric focusing (IEF) spectrotype, a1/b4 allotype, idiotype, and association constant for a nonasaccharide hapten have been determined. Two large fragments were obtained upon tryptic digestion of the citraconylated, fully reduced, and alkylated light chains owing to the presence of only two arginine residues per molecule of L chain. By homology with other rabbit k chain sequences, these peptides encompassed residues 1 to 63 and 64 to 214, respectively. The sequence of the N-terminal 60 residues was analyzed by automated Edman degradation with the whole L chain and by carboxypeptidases A + B digestions performed with the N-terminal 63-residue fragment. The citraconyl-peptide 64 to 214 was successfully degraded for 50 steps, which covered the sequence of the third hypervariable region. Both VL domains of antibodies 4422 and 311 were structurally identical with the possible exception of a Glu/Gln substitution at position 91. To our knowledge, this is the first report of two identical rabbit VK regions derived from antibodies expressing identical idiotypic determinants. In contrast, light chains from two other anti-SII antibodies, exhibiting IEF spectrotypes different from that of antibody 4422 (311), differed markedly both in their framework and first hypervariable regions from the leading sequence 4422. Taken together with the immunochemical data presented in the accompanying paper, these sequence data provide further strong support for the great similarity if not identity between antibodies 4422 and 311. Genetic implications of these results are discussed.
Presidential Address to the American Association of Immunologists, Delivered in Atlanta, Georgia, June 6, 1978
Authors: Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effector pathways recruited for host defense in both the nonimmune and the immune host are specific and generate an array of beneficial functions, but they can also be detrimental to the host if the response is misdirected or excessive. A maladjustment in function of these effector systems so as to contribute to pathologic states of hypersensitivity is not to be viewed as an excessive physiologic response but rather as an involuntary response to an insult extrinsic to the system and of such a nature as to violate the usual mechanisms for maintaining integrity of the host. My growing awareness of the physiologic rather than the pathologic potential of two such systems, namely the mast cell-eosinophil axis, which is situated at portals of possible host penetration by hostile elements, and the alternative complement pathway which distinguishes self from nonself by biochemical rather than immunochemical means, prompts me to emphasize their homeostatic functions.
Selective Sensitivity to Hydrocortisone of Regulatory Functions that Determine the Magnitude of the Antibody Response to Type III Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Markham Richard B. , Stashak Philip W. , Prescott Benjamin , Amsbaugh Diana F. , Baker Phillip J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies on the basis for the immunosuppressive potential of adrenal corticosteroids have stressed that the effects of these agents on immune functions depend on the animal species being considered, as well as the subpopulations of lymphocytes involved in the expression of immune functions examined. In the present work, we have evaluated the effect of a single dose of hydrocortisone on three different immunoregulatory functions that can influence the magnitude of an antibody response to Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III) in mice; these functions include suppressor, amplifier, and helper activity that are dependent upon the presence of distinct subpopulations of thymus-derived (T) cells. The results obtained show that a single injection of a relatively large dose of hydrocortisone, when given at the time of priming with carrier, eliminated all evidence of carrier-specific helper T cell activity; hydrocortisone was also found to eliminate a significant amount of helper T cell activity when given after such activity had been generated. But, under the same experimental conditions, suppressor and amplifier T cell activities were unaffected, even in this steroid-sensitive species. Such selective sensitivity may account for some of the immunosuppressive potency of steroids.
Guinea Pig Homologues of TL and QA-2 Antigens
Authors: Schwartz Benjamin D. , Cigen Ragnhild , Berggard Ingemar , Shevach Ethan M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The H-2, thymus-leukemia (TL), and Qa-2 antigens of mice are encoded by closely linked genes on murine chromosome 17, and have structural similarity in that each antigen is borne on a ≈ 44,000 dalton molecule associated with β2 microglobulin (β2µ). The extensive homology of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products that exists for the mouse and guinea pig suggested that a similar homology might exist for products of genetic regions closely linked to the MHC. By taking advantage of the selective association of β2µ with H-2, Qa-2, and TL antigens, and by using the technique of sequential immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated two previously undescribed guinea pig molecules reactive with anti-guinea pig β2µ. The first molecule was composed of a 36,000 dalton glycoprotein associated with β2µ and was found on guinea pig thymocytes, but not lymphocytes. The second molecule was composed of a 40,000 dalton glycoprotein associated with β2µ, and was found on both guinea pig thymocytes and lymphocytes. By structure, chemical composition, association with β2µ, and tissue distribution, the first molecule is an attractive candidate for the guinea pig homologue of TL antigen, whereas the second fits the criteria for the guinea pig homologue of Qa-2 antigen.
Chronic Permeability of the Central Nervous System to Mononuclear Cells in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in the Lewis Rat
Authors: Stohl William , Gonatas Nicholas K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In order to assess whether experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a putative animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS), is an ongoing chronic disorder, we have studied the permeability of spinal cords of Lewis rats with EAE to 3H-uridine- or 3H-thymidine-labeled lymphoid cells obtained from thymuses of naive donors or from draining lymph nodes of donors injected with guinea pig spinal cord + complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), guinea pig myelin basic protein + CFA, or with CFA alone. During the acute clinical phase of EAE there is a high-level infiltration of 3H-thymidine- or 3H-uridinelabeled cells into the spinal cords. After clinical recovery from EAE up to 58 days post-inoculation, there is a lowlevel infiltration of 3H-thymidine-labeled cells into the spinal cords. A similar infiltration into the spinal cords by 3H-uridine-labeled cells was not detected. Donor cells from animals immunized with CFA alone showed similar levels of infiltration into the spinal cords of animals with EAE as donor cells from animals immunized with the encephalitogenic emulsion. Spinal cords from recipients immunized with CFA alone showed no increased permeability to labeled cells. Heat-killed labeled cells did not migrate into the spinal cords of animals with EAE. We conclude that a) EAE is a chronic disease and in this regard is a valid model for MS; and b) in the chronic phase of EAE, recently divided cells (3H-thymidine-labeled cells) show higher levels of migration into the target tissue than 3H-uridine-labeled cells.
Serologic Analysis of Tumor-Associated Surface Antigens on a Moloney Leukemia Virus-Induced Lymphoma, MBL-2
Authors: Ng Ah-Kau , McIntire K. Robert , Holden Howard T. , Herberman Ronald B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tumor-associated surface antigens of a Moloney virus-induced lymphoma, MBL-2, were studied by a 51Cr release, humoral complement-dependent cytotoxicity assay. A syngeneic antiserum obtained from C57BL/6 (B6) animals 40 to 60 days after infection with Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV), and a xenogeneic antiserum prepared by immunizing rabbits with the MBL-2 cells were used in this study. The specificities of the MSV serum and the rabbit anti-MBL-2 serum were examined by the direct cytotoxicity assay with various target cells and by the cytotoxicity inhibition assay with MBL-2 as target cells. B6 leukemia cells, induced by Friend virus (FBL-3), Moloney virus (MBL-2), Rauscher virus (RBL-5), and benzpyrene [EL-4(G+)] could inhibit both sera, and a Gross virus-induced leukemia (E♂G2) was negative. BALB/c leukemias induced by Moloney virus (YC8 and LSTRA) and Rauscher virus (MCDV-12) as well as an A/SN strain leukemia induced by Moloney virus (YAC) also gave positive results whereas a radiation-induced BALB/c leukemia (RL♂1) was negative.
Similar results were obtained with the cytotoxicity inhibition assay when either soluble 3 M KCl extracts or whole cells were tested. Cell surface antigens extracted from MBL-2, RBL-5, and El-4(G+) were positive whereas extracts from E♂G2, normal spleen cells, and P815 (a mastocytoma of DBA/2 mice) were negative.
Despite the identical patterns of the specificity of the two antisera when whole tumor cells or crude extracts were tested, major differences in the specificity of the two antisera were noted when virus reagents were tested. Although the anti-MSV serum was inhibited by intact Moloney or Rauscher virus, the anti-MBL-2 serum was not inhibited by either intact or disrupted viruses. The anti-MSV and heterologous antisera recognized similar but not identical antigens with a distribution broader than the FMR (Friend-Moloney-Rauscher) specificity, but unrelated to Gross cell surface antigens (GCSA). The anti-MBL-2 may be detecting a Moloney virus-associated cell surface antigen that appears not to be a virion antigen.
Augmentation of Human Natural Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity by a Soluble Factor
Authors: Koide Yukio , Takasugi Mitsuo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NCMC) like immune T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and antibody production is regulated by a soluble factor released during coculture of lymphocytes with mitomycin C-treated lymphoblastoid cell lines. This N-cell-activating factor (NAF) enhances the activity of effector N cells and increases natural cytotoxicity. There appears to be no restriction for compatibility at the A and B locus of the major human histocompatibility complex in the production or activity of the factor. NAF was observed in the supernatant as soon as 2 days after initiation of mixed culture with a peak of production at 5 days. A soluble factor produced and released by T cells in response to stimulation by other cells acts by enhancing cytotoxicity of effector cells in NCMC, demonstrating a T-N cell cooperation.