bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body, Mind, and Spirit
Authors: Raphals Lisa 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores a “spirit-centered view” in texts that emphasize the importance of spirit and explicitly privilege the body as a site of self-cultivation. In some cases, they marginalize, or even disparage, the heart–mind. These texts take spirit (shén 神) as an internalized faculty of persons and understand it as central and crucial to self-cultivation. They describe processes that closely link spirit with essence (jing 精) and qi. Jing, the product of refined qi, circulates in the body and can be transformed into spirit and stored in the heart–mind. Spirit thus depends on an adequate supply of jing and qi. Finally, the correct functioning of spirit is the source of sagelike abilities. The chapter starts with a new understanding of the importance of the body in textual fragments attributed to the fourth-century figure Yang Zhu 楊朱. The remaining four sections address views of body, mind, and spirit in the Guanzi, Zhuangzi, the Shiwen 十問 (“Ten Questions”) text from Mawangdui, and the Huainanzi.
Breakthroughs
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Shortly after her dismissal from Columbia, Monroe became personally and professionally associated with the powerful agent Johnny Hyde. She appeared briefly with Groucho Marx in Love Happy and, soon afterward, posed for her famous nude calendar. A major turning point came with her casting in John Huston’s The Asphalt Jungle, which won her outstanding reviews. A second important film, All about Eve, followed months later and led to a new contract at Twentieth Century-Fox. Interspersed with these were minor film roles and even a television commercial. Hyde’s death late in 1950 left her grief-stricken and, for a time, without firm professional guidance.
Seriously
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Now working steadily, Monroe was loaned to RKO for a supporting role in Fritz Lang’s drama Clash by Night. Although beset by insecurities, she acquitted herself well. Upon returning to Fox, she was cast in a lead in Don’t Bother to Knock, for which she worked particularly hard on her role as a mentally disturbed woman unwisely hired to babysit. Again, there were difficulties on the set, and upon its release, she and the film both earned mixed reviews. Fox quickly cast her in small roles in two multistory films, We’re Not Married and O. Henry’s Full House. While the former gave her little in the way of good material, Full House afforded her the opportunity to work opposite the masterful Charles Laughton and, in a fleeting appearance, make an excellent impression.
Detonating
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Fox gave Monroe a final supporting role—with star billing—in the Howard Hawks comedy Monkey Business. The role was insubstantial, yet Monroe’s fame and publicity had reached a level even higher than the film’s stars, Cary Grant and Ginger Rogers. With the revelations that she had posed for a nude calendar and was now dating Joe DiMaggio, her stardom reached an even higher rung. Fox, bowing to the inevitable, cast her in a major leading role as femme fatale Rose Loomis in the Technicolor film noir Niagara. As directed by old pro Henry Hathaway, Monroe gave an over-the-top demonstration of lurid glamour. In her appearance, attitude, and walk (which Hathaway spotlighted twice in the film), Monroe was the epitome of high-contrast 1950s sexuality. Seldom in the future would she be so blatant in her effects and presentation.
Due Diligence
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Without a break, Monroe moved into a film she abhorred: River of No Return. She clashed with director Otto Preminger—particularly over the on-set presence of coach Natasha Lytess—and found pleasure only in her musical performances. Balking at her next assignment, the Fox musical Pink Tights, she married Joe DiMaggio and was put on suspension by her studio. After performing, with enormous success, for the troops stationed in Korea, she finally agreed to return to Fox. There’s No Business Like Show Business was an especially garish musical spectacle, and Monroe’s participation was beset by illness and constant lateness. When the film was released, her musical numbers received some harsh criticism.
Course Correction
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Monroe, abetted by photographer and would-be producer Milton Greene, engineered a complete break with Fox and Hollywood. She moved to New York and a close association with the Actors Studio and its revered cofounder Lee Strasberg. She took acting classes, studied privately, began psychoanalysis, and commenced a relationship with playwright Arthur Miller. Fox, desperate to have her return to film, finally agreed to her terms, including a higher salary and approval of directors and material. Before leaving for California, she successfully performed a scene from Eugene O’Neill’s Anna Christie for an exacting Actors Studio audience. Her “comeback” film was Bus Stop, directed by prized stage director Joshua Logan. Monroe gave a detailed and poignant performance completely unlike anything she’d done previously and won outstanding reviews.
A Sense of Self
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Monroe married Arthur Miller and went to England to make a film for her own production company. The Prince and the Showgirl (based on Terence Rattigan’s play The Sleeping Prince) was a comedy, but the circumstances surrounding its filming were hardly amusing. Director and costar Laurence Olivier had little rapport with Monroe and zero patience for her Method-led approach to acting. Moreover, the production was hobbled by clashes between Miller and Milton Greene, with additional interference from Lee Strasberg and his wife, Paula, who served as Monroe’s coach. Most held Monroe’s conduct to be less than professional, and once again there was lateness and personal crisis. Though the film was not a financial success, it could be seen as one of Monroe’s finest hours on film: at her most beautiful, she delivered a performance so enchanting that even Olivier felt he had been outmatched.
The Desert
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Misfits, written by Arthur Miller and directed by John Huston, was the final completed film of both Monroe and Clark Gable. Its production, in and around Reno, Nevada, in the blistering summer of 1960, was little short of a nightmare. Emotionally and physically, Monroe was in poor condition, and her marriage to Miller was reaching the point of no return. Although her issues have traditionally been held to be the chief problem besetting the filming, a fair amount of the difficulty lay with Huston, especially with his unchecked addiction to gambling. Gable, performing valiantly under difficult circumstances, died only days after shooting was completed. Although hopes were high, the final film was the kind of pretentious disappointment that contained affecting moments but did not coalesce. Later efforts to judge it a kind of masterpiece were ill advised, and it would hardly be Monroe’s finest hour on film.
Legacies
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Monroe died, and instead of fading into a mellow glow, her legend began to explode even more than in her lifetime. Her films ran steadily on television, shelves of books began to be written, and scores of imitators and emulators continued to find ways to hitch their wagons to her star. Among them, Madonna was especially successful with her “Material Girl” video. As the Monroe literature proliferated in print and on television screens, there arose a steady stream of opportunists with agendas, offering “theories” about her death and her relationship with the Kennedy family. Fortunately, her work has endured, and more so than the rumors and sensation.
Tour de France Stages
Authors: Bachrach Steven M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The chemical reaction step is compared to a mountain stage of the famous Tour de France bicycle race. Both have a starting and ending point with some barrier to cross. Just as the bicyclist has to find the energy to climb over a mountain in the Alps, molecules must find the energy to cross chemical barriers. These chemical barriers combine the energy needed to break the correct bonds along with the energy needed to arrange molecules in the appropriate way for them to react. This latter component, called entropy, is presented through three examples.
Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions. I. Basics and SN1
Authors: Bachrach Steven M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Nucleophilic substitution reactions are often the first type of chemical reaction presented in an introductory organic chemistry course. Kinetics, the study of reaction rates, are introduced and used to define the first type of nucleophilic substitution reaction, SN1. The SN1 reaction is unimolecular and has two distinct chemical steps.
Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions. IV. Further Details
Authors: Bachrach Steven M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A few details of nucleophilic substitution are presented. Solvent polarity and ability to participate in hydrogen bonding allow for the selection between the SN1 and SN2 reactions. Isotopes enable close examination of nucleophilic reactions. The endocyclic restriction test implicates a backside attack in the SN2 reaction.
Where the Heart Belongs
Authors: Mitchell Scott A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Building on the previous two chapters, this chapters discusses the idea of genre and genre categories: how are genres of art or categories of religion conceived, defined, and maintained? Beginning with a discussion of Alan Watts and his role as the foremost promoter of Zen at midcentury, the chapter argues that a category of religion, American Buddhism, emerged in the 1950s. This category of religion was made possible by the labor of Japanese American Buddhists; however, their role in its early formulation has been overshadowed by later converts and often unexamined in the scholarly literature. Whereas scholars have divided American Buddhism into the “two Buddhisms” of Asian Americans and white converts, this book argues against this division. The chapter asks, what if? What if we conceptualized American Buddhism beyond this limited frame?
From Community Conflicts to Policy Outcomes
Authors: Spalding Rose J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 explains the argument introduced in this book. It brings together three elements—elite power, social movement networks, and institutional “docking points”—that normally serve as the centerpieces of distinct analytical traditions. It lays out a framework for mapping variation in levels of elite consensus in both the political and economic arenas. It explores the extent to which resistance activists either achieve national-level frame alignment through multisectoral and multiscalar networking or fragment into “distributional,” “definitional,” and “scale” (large-scale versus artisanal) conflicts. Finally, it examines the issue of state penetrability, or the availability of absorptive spaces where popular movements can insert resonant demands and capture official attention. This chapter describes how resistance networks can, under specific circumstances, embed their demands into political party programs and electoral campaigns, strategic litigation and high court rulings, bureaucratic practices and regulatory deliberations, and negotiations between national and local government leaders, as they propel local initiatives into national policy outcomes.
Lower Class of Inmates
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In addition to the prison criminal leadership and general inmate population who have not violated major criminal organization set prison rules, there are lower castes, with specific rules of interaction, that are basically untouchables. It is easy for an inmate to fall from an upper caste to a lower caste, but absolutely impossible for an inmate to rise up from a lower caste. The existence of the lower castes is based on need and designed to solve the following problems: doing the dirty jobs, punishment (mechanism to scare inmates into complying with vory organization set prison rules), scurity (in the outside world, a dangerous person can be isolated in prison, but within the prison, the only recourse is a lower caste), emotional well-being (inmates are trapped in an intimate environment with people of different personalities, making it necessary to have a system where they can at least tolerate each other), and show of power.
Conclusion
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 was led by those in the lowest class of society. As a result of the revolution, the social order of the country was changed and those deprived of resources had no option but to move underground. Eventually, they found themselves behind bars where. While behind bars, those people formed the vory criminal family, which soon declared total control of the prison’s internal governance throughout the Soviet Union, and vory criminal ideology became the only ideology behind bars. During its early years, the Soviet Union had a war with crime, and the situation in prisons for the vory criminal family was extremely difficult, and it fought for its survival. But when the country and its law enforcement became weak, the vory criminal organization became so strong that not only were they not just an underground secret group anymore, but they became a part of the legal business world, and even the government. The absence of an existential threat led the vory criminal group into getting stuck in the internal problems. Inmate dissatisfaction with the vory prison regime and its social order continued to increase until the early 2000s, when a new ideological group appeared in the prisons. Islamist jamaats, claiming to be the antithesis of an unfair and corrupt vory criminal ideology, wanted to—if not take prisons over—at least share control of them. And they became successful, significantly increasing their ranks and eventually taking power in at least some of the prisons.
Health Impact Assessments as a Negative Right to Health
Authors: Ho Christina S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows that legislating mandatory health impact assessments would be one way to value health as a right, while maintaining fidelity to the American tradition of rights as negative liberties from state action. The chapter catalogues other values protected by mandatory impact assessment requirements and shows that under an account of rights-as-proportionality, these requirements to articulate justification and fit effectively render these values as subconstitutional negative rights. The chapter then poses the question of why Americans should have rights such as freedom from government action imposing paperwork burdens, but not freedom from government action burdening human health, especially when there is burgeoning evidence that government action across all sectors, including housing, transportation, education, and taxation, can have adverse effects on human morbidity and mortality. An existing panoply of legislative and regulatory impact assessments already impose similar heightened justification requirements to protect values that compete with health (including private property, economic freedom of small businesses, the economic freedom of states and localities, and extraconstitutional protection of religious liberty). Health should be placed on at least equal footing, and the author outlines a proposal for a health impact assessment measure that would achieve precisely that.
On the Syntax of Fronted Adverbial Clauses in Two Tyrolean Dialects: The Distribution of ResumptiveSemm
Authors: Casalicchio Jan , Cognola Federica 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses adverbial resumption in two Tyrolean dialects, Meranese and Mòcheno, which represent two privileged environments for investigations on microvariation. We show that certain classes of fronted adverbials are resumed in both languages by the resumptive element semm (lit. “there, then”), which behaves semantically like a generalized resumptive because it is used with a variety of adverbial clauses. However, unlike the Norwegian generalized resumptive studied by Christine Meklenborg, semm is a maximal category and cannot resume nominal arguments. We demonstrate that resumption with semm is limited to central adverbial clauses (e.g. temporal clauses), while peripheral adverbial clauses (e.g. adversative clauses) cannot be resumed. These restrictions are shown to depend on semantics in Meranese but on syntactic reasons in Mòcheno. Moreover, we discuss additional differences in the syntax of semm in the two languages, which we claim ultimately depend on the fact that Meranese is a strict V2 language, while Mòcheno is a relaxed V2 language that allows V3 and V4 orders in some configurations.
V3 in True V2 Contexts and Adverbial Resumption in Old English
Authors: Haeberli Eric , Pintzuk Susan 
Published: April 2023

AbstractEven though Old English (OE) has word order properties that are reminiscent of the modern Germanic Verb Second (V2) languages, a wide range of exceptions to V2 can be found. However, clauses with the fronted adverbs þa and þonne (“then”) can be shown to be quite rigidly V2. The main productive exception to V2 occurs in clauses where þa/þonne act as resumptives of a clause-initial adverbial clause. This chapter examines such cases of resumptive V3 and compares them with alternative word orders involving initial adverbial clauses (V2 and nonresumptive V3). Based on detailed quantitative evidence, we show that the initial adverbial clauses are best analyzed as occupying a clause-external position both with resumptive V3 and with V2. With the former, the adjunct clause is followed by true V2, and with the latter, it is followed by a V1 clause. Main clause internal placement of the adverbial clause may however be an option with nonresumptive V3.
The Syntax of the V3 Particlesåin the Swedish Left Periphery
Authors: Holmberg Anders 
Published: April 2023

AbstractA characteristic feature of the left periphery in Mainland Scandinavian is the particle så occurring optionally between certain fronted constituents and the finite verb in root clauses. Following Kristin Melum Eide, the particle will be analyzed as the spell-out of a head encoding declarative Force (D-Force) in the C-domain, which attracts a constituent in spec-FinP. The D-Force head includes an unvalued feature [uF]. When the attracted constituent is a nominal category, [uF] copies its nominal features; this is how so-called Copy Left Dislocation is derived. When the attracted constituent is an adjunct, the head can be, and when it is an ,adverb or other nonreferential category must be, spelled out as the invariant så, the default spell-out of [F]. Exceptions include wh-adjuncts, the fronted negation, and certain other focused constituents. The particle så in Fenno-Swedish has a freer distribution: it can spell out the D-Force head regardless of the features of the attracted constituent, with the exception of pure operators, including non-D-linked wh-phrases and focused polarity items.
Abraham Isaac Kook (1865–1935)
Authors: Breier Idan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Widely regarded as a broad, innovative philosophical treatise, Harav Abraham Isaac Hacohen Kook’s A Vision of Vegetarianism and Peace sets out his ideas regarding Jewish vegetarianism. God originally intending human beings and animals to be vegetarians; following Adam and Eve’s sin he allowed humanity to eat meat under certain conditions. One of the ways in which human culture has yet to fully develop thus relates to the animal world, human beings and animals both being destined to become noncarnivores in the eschaton. This chapter presents the biblical bases upon which Rav Kook’s thesis rests—verses from Genesis and Psalms that refer to God’s mercy and prophetic texts with an eschatological tinge. Addressing the Jewish dietary laws and other commandments relating to animals, he maintains that these are intended to educate human beings to be considerate of the animal kingdom and prevent animal suffering.
Jürgen Moltmann (1926–)
Authors: McLaughlin Ryan Patrick 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Jürgen Moltmann’s eschatological orientation, coupled with his inclusion of every single moment of every individual creature who has ever lived into the scope of God’s redemptive work, suggests that the Church’s role as eschatological witness ought to include the cessation of violence toward nonhuman animals to the greatest extent possible. This role calls for a staunch resistance of violence, even in some cases where there is luxurious benefit to humanity. Such a position challenges practices such as hunting and affirms the propriety of practices such as vegetarianism—except in areas where such practices are necessary for sustaining human life and/or maintaining a healthy ecology.
The Revolutionary Consensus
Authors: Hongxuan Lin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to subvert narratives of Islam, Marxism, and the revolution that “nationalize” history in the state’s interest. It shows how the Indonesian Revolution (1945–49) was a moment of ideological efflorescence, when unprecedented solidarity allowed eclectic combinations of religious identities and political commitments. This environment made possible a plurality of combinations of Islam and Marxism. Muslim politicians like Achmad Soebardjo and Islamic scholars like Hamka induced insights directly from Marx and Engels, going beyond Permi’s or PSII’s affective identification with socialism or implicit reliance on Marxist critiques in the 1930s. The reborn PKI, with a new leadership coalescing around D. N. Aidit, argued that Communism could serve Islamic ends. Tan Malaka resurfaced to lead a Communist alternative to the PKI, with his commitment to Islam intact. 1920s-style Islamic Communism, oriented toward global resistance to European imperialism, yielded in favor of more Indonesia-centric engagements with Marxist ideas. The revolutionaries’ creativity highlights the limitations of relying on well-worn categories like “nationalist,” “Communist,” or “Islamic” to taxonomize Indonesian political thinking.
Why Congress
Authors: Wallach Philip A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
To achieve legitimate self-government in America’s extended republic, the US Constitution depends on Congress harmonizing the country’s factions through a process of conflict and accommodation. Why Congress demonstrates the value of this activity by showing the legislature’s distinctive contributions in two crucial moments in the mid-twentieth century: during World War II, when congressional deliberation contributed to national cohesion by balancing interests and ensuring fairness, and during the push to end racial segregation, when a prolonged debate in Congress focused the nation’s attention and delivered a decisive victory for the broad coalition united around civil rights. The second part of the book traces the evolution of Congress, which first experimented with radical decentralization in the 1970s and then, beginning in the 1980s, embraced powerful leadership and ideological caucuses that prioritized partisan unity and electoral confrontation. This transformed institution has been unable to work through the country’s deep divisions on contemporary issues like immigration or the COVID-19 pandemic. Contemporary policymaking often circumvents Congress entirely. In other instances, Congress is engaged, but it proceeds without any bipartisan cooperation or through leader-broken compromises generated by crises. Each of these patterns creates serious difficulties for legitimating American policy. The book concludes with three scenarios for Congress’ future. Without significant change, the institution will sink into decrepitude. But it could still be transformed, either by progressive constitutional reform empowering the president at the legislature’s expense or by a revival of meaningful deliberation and debate facilitated by the renewal of the committee system.