bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fractional Order, State Space Model of the Temperature Field in the PCB Plate
Authors: Oprzędkiewicz Krzysztof , Mitkowski Wojciech , Rosół Maciej 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In the paper the fractional order, state space model of a temperature field in a two-dimensional metallic surface is addressed. The proposed model is the two dimensional generalization of the one dimensional, fractional order, state space of model of the heat transfer process. It uses fractional derivatives along time and length. The proposed model assures better accuracy with lower order than models using integer order derivatives. Elementary properties of the proposed model are analysed. Theoretical results are experimentally verifed using data from industrial thermal camera.
Standard and Fractional Discrete-Time Linear Systems with Zero Transfer Matrices
Authors: Kaczorek Tadeusz , Ruszewski Andrzej 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The transfer matrix of the standard and fractional linear discrete-time linear systems is investigated. Necessary and sufficient conditions for zeroing of the transfer matrix of the linear discrete-time systems are established. The considerations are illustrated by examples of the standard and fractional linear discrete-time systems.
Effective Shaping of a Stepped Sandwich Beam with Clamped Ends
Authors: Magnucki Krzysztof , Kustosz Joanna , Goliwąs Damian 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The aim of this work is to propose a sandwich beam with stepped layer thickness in three parts along its length. The total depth, width of the cross-section and its mass are constant. The beam is under a uniformly distributed load. The system of two equilibrium equations was formulated for each part based on the literature. This system was analytically solved for the successive parts of the beam and the functions of the shear effect and deflection were determined in them. The effective stepped layer thicknesses was determined on the basis of the adopted criterion for minimizing the maximum deflection of the beam. The example calculations were made for two elected beams. The effective shapes of these beams are shown in the figures. Moreover, FEM numerical calculations of the deflections of these beams are performed.
The Influence of Friction Force and Hysteresis on the Dynamic Responses of Passive Quarter-Car Suspension with Linear and Non-Linear Damper Static Characteristics
Authors: Klockiewicz Zbyszko , Ślaski Grzegorz 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Vehicle passive suspensions consist of two major elements generating force – spring and passive damper. Both possess non-linear characteristics, which are quite often taken into account in simulations; however, the friction forces inside the hydraulic damper and the damping force’s hysteresis are usually left out. The researchers in this paper present the results of examination of the influence of using complex damper models – with friction and hysteresis; and with linear and non-linear static characteristics – on the chosen dynamic responses of a suspension system for excitations in the typical exploitation frequency range. The results from the simulation tests of the simplified and advanced versions of the damper model – different transfer functions and their relation to the reference model’s transfer functions – are compared. The main conclusion is that friction and hysteresis add extra force to the already existing damping force, acting similar to damping increase for the base static characteristics. But this increase is not linear – it is bigger for smaller frequencies than for higher frequencies. The research shows the importance of including non-linear characteristics and proposed modules in modelling passive dampers.
Thoughts on the Inconclusive Zone in Comparison Question Test (CQT)
Authors: Ginton Avital 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Inconclusive Zone, in one form or another, is an integral part of almost any data analysis method of CQT. It represents the existence of built-in uncertainties in the test and indicates how the test, in general, and the examiners, in particular, bear this limitation in practice. Unfortunately, it is so common that most examiners tend not to spend too much time and attention wondering about its meaning. The following are some reflections on the concept of an Inconclusive Zone, and its actual use, including some resulting recommendations. Th at includes internal aspects of the test, such as the relation between the extent of using multiple comparison points between relevant and comparison questions and the optimal Inconclusive Zone size. External aspects affecting the Inconclusive Zone’s size and shape are also stressed when looking at the CQT through a prism of aiding decision-making rather than a mere means to sort truth from lies.
The Effect of Training on the Effectiveness of Deception Detection
Authors: Dzida Jagoda 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The research conducted aims at determining the impact of short training on the trainee’s ability to detect deception with the use of non-instrumental methods of detection of deception. As the criminal procedure permits such methods of detection of deception, the results of the research are practical. The research was carried out on a group of participants given the task to watch a video recording and conclude whether the person presented told the truth or lied. Subsequently, the participants were given a short training on both verbal and non-verbal deception cues, illustrated with examples taken from the video they had watched. In the second leg of the test, the participants watched another video and decided whether the person presented was truthful or deceptive (on the grounds of deception cues they spotted). Th e results showed that the training improved participants’ ability to detect deception by c. 22%.
Attempt at Detection of Deception Based on Records of Physiological Reactions Remotely Captured with FaceReader Software. Part 1
Authors: Widacki Jan , Wójcik Bartosz , Szuba-Boroń Anna 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Strong emotions are among others manifested in the expressive movements (facial expression). Facial expressions are natural and universal by nature. They do not depend on ethnicity, culture, social status, age, etc. Nonetheless, humans are sometimes capable of controlling their facial expressions and hiding their emotions. Simulating emotions is a fundamental acting skill. However, controlling facial impressions takes time. The onset of such a control is delayed by anything from 0.25 to even 0.1 second – the period when the authentic facial expression, adequate to the emotion is demonstrated – and therefore remains imperceptible to an external observer. This short-lived facial expression observed in that short meantime is known as microexpression.
FaceReader, designed by Dutch company Noldus (established and directed by Professor Lucas Noldus), is a software package for automatic recognition and analysis of facial expression. As its diagnostic value for validity as well as reliability, that is the level of correct indications, remains unknown, we decided to determine it experimentally and have chosen to run an experiment comparing its diagnostic value with that of a traditional polygraph examination.
Fixations in Agile Software Development Teams
Authors: Borowa Klara , Kamoda Sebastian , Ogrodnik Piotr , Zalewski Andrzej 
Published: March 2023

AbstractCognitive biases influence every human being, including the individuals that take part in the software development process. Fixation is a cognitive bias that occurs when one focuses too much on certain items, events, obstacles or activities. In this study, we examine whether agile team members fixate on any particular agile practices. Through a set of semi-structured interviews, we investigated the source of these fixations, their consequences, and then propose possible countermeasures. We found that practitioners tend to fixate on practices that give them a sense of being in control over the project (such as meetings or Scrum events), while neglecting the Agile Principles of self-organising teams and working at a sustainable pace. This resulted in a series of problems, such as futile attempts to control team members, oversharing information with the client, meetings becoming a form of interrogation, and others.
Comparing the understandability of iteration mechanisms over Collections in Java
Authors: Hnatkowska Bogumiła , Krych Bartosz 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Source code understandability is a desirable quality factor affecting long-term code maintenance. Understandability of source code can be assessed in a variety of ways, including subjective evaluation of code fragments (perceived understandability), correctness, and response time to tasks performed. It can also be assessed using various source code metrics, such as cyclomatic complexity or cognitive complexity. Programming languages are evolving, giving programmers new ways to do the same things, e.g., iterating over collections. Functional solutions (lambda expressions and streams) are added to typical imperative constructs like iterators or for-each statements. This research aims to check if there is a correlation between perceived understandability, understandability measured by task correctness, and predicted by source code metrics for typical tasks that require iteration over collections implemented in Java. The answer is based on the results of an experiment. The experiment involved 99 participants of varying ages, declared Java knowledge and seniority measured in years. Functional code was perceived as the most understandable, but only in one case, the subjective assessment was confirmed by the correctness of answers. In two examples with the highest perceived understandability, streams received the worst correctness scores. Cognitive complexity and McCabe’s complexity had the lowest values in all tasks for the functional approach, but – unfortunately – they did not correlate with answer correctness. The main finding is that the functional approach to collection manipulation is the best choice for the filter-map-reduce idiom and its alternatives (e.g., filter-only). It should not be used in more complex tasks, especially those with higher complexity metrics.
Comparative Review of Selected Internet Communication Protocols
Authors: Kamiński Lukasz , Kozłowski Maciej , Sporysz Daniel , Wolska Katarzyna , Zaniewski Patryk , Roszczyk Radosław 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
With a large variety of communication methods and protocols, many software architects face the problem of choosing the best way for services to share information. For communication technology to be functional and practical, it should enable developers to define a complete set of CRUD methods for the processed data. The research team compared this paper’s most commonly used data transfer protocols and concepts: REST, WebSocket, gRPC GraphQL and SOAP. A set of web servers was implemented in Python, each using one of the examined technologies. Then, the team performed an automated benchmark measuring time and data transfer overhead for a set of defined operations: creating an entity, retrieving a list of 100 entities and fetching details of one entity. Tests were designed to avoid the results being interfered with by database connection or docker-compose environment characteristics. The research team has concluded that gRPC was the most efficient and reliable data transfer method. On the other hand, GraphQL turned out to be the slowest communication method of all. Moreover, its server and client libraries caused the most problems with proper usage in a web server. SOAP did not participate in benchmarking due to limited compatibility with Python and a lack of popularity in modern web solutions.
What Should a Good Software Requirements Specification Include? Results of a Survey
Authors: Rączkowska-Gzowska Karolina , Walkowiak-Gall Anita 
Published: March 2023

AbstractSoftware requirements specification is an important foundation of the software development process. It documents the requirements, expectations, and restrictions for a system to be developed. It should describe what the produced system will offer in detail and unambiguously. It should also provide a realistic basis for estimating product costs, risks, and schedules. Still, it is difficult to prepare a useful specification effectively. We want to propose an approach to creating a good specification. We started the work from scratch by determining what the scope of the specification should be. We asked people who work on IT projects what information is and should be included in the specifications with which they work. This paper presents results from a survey conducted with 163 participants who have experience working on commercial software development projects. The main observation is that the content of requirements specification differs with respect to project characteristics, such as industry or financing method. We also noticed that the information about integration with external systems and functionalities most often appears in the SRS.
Polish Contribution to Software Engineering Research 1992–2021
Authors: Szydłowska Justyna , Swacha Jakub 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Since the collapse of the Soviet Bloc, Polish researchers in the software engineering area made a large e ort to close the gap developed during the times of the Iron Curtain and the ensuing limited access to Western technology. The question arises as to whether they eventually managed to attain – or maybe even to surpass the scientific output in this area of the developed Western countries. In this paper, we perform analysis on papers published in 16 high-quality software engineering journals within the last 30 years to measure the Polish contribution to the global scientific output in the area of software engineering. We observe how the Polish contribution changed in quantity in relation to the global scientific output in subsequent years. We also identify the journals that attracted the Polish authors the most, the institutions located in Poland that contributed the most, as well as the most productive Polish authors and the most acknowledged works (in terms of citation number) written by Polish authors. Moreover, we investigate the topics most often chosen by them.
Effects of In Ovo Injection of Inorganic Salts of Zinc and Copper on Performance and Serum Biochemical Indices of Two Strains of Broiler Chickens
Authors: Sogunle O. M. , Ayodeji T. M. , Adetola O. O. , Odutayo O. J. , Adeyemo A. A. , Abiona J. A. , Olatunbosun O. B. , Safiyu K. K. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This study was composed of two experiments which investigated the response of two strains (Arbor Acre and Cobb 500, respectively) of broiler chickens to in ovo injection of inorganic salts of zinc, copper and their combination. A total of 300 hatching eggs [only 148 (59.20 %) and 232 (90.27 %), respectively, were fertile] each of Arbor Acre and Cobb 500 strains of broiler chickens were used in both experiments. These eggs were distributed into four treatments: control, in ovo inorganic Zn (80 µg.egg−1), Cu (16 µg.egg−1) and combined Zn and Cu (80 µg.egg−1 Zn and 16 µg.egg−1 Cu). The data obtained in both experiments were subjected to Completely Randomized Design (CRD) at the 5 % probability level. The results showed increased hatchability (P < 0.05) in eggs injected with the combination of inorganic salts of Zn and Cu in Experiment I and daily intake was influenced in both experiments. The carcass traits, organ development and gut morphometry were not significantly influenced by the treatment groups. The total serum protein and albumin of the birds were significantly (P < 0.05) increased by in ovo injection of inorganic salts of Zn and Cu at day 49 in the Experiment I. The study concluded that in ovo injection of inorganic salts of Zn at 80 µg.egg−1 and/or Cu at 16 µg. egg−1 could be adopted to increase feed intake with: attendant enhanced growth, enhanced immune response, increased albumin and total protein contents of blood serum in the strains of broiler chickens used.
Amylolytic and Cellulolytic Activities, the Digestibility of Dry Matter of Broiler Chickens After Feed Intake of Humic Substances
Authors: Marcin A. , Naď P. , Bujňák L. , Skalická M. , Hreško Šamudovská A. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of feed intake of humic substances (HS) on the cellulolytic and amylolytic activities, and the digestibility of dry matter (DM) in the chymus of the intestine and ileum of broiler chickens (Cobb 500). Four groups of birds (A, B, C, negative control; n = 120) were fed with mash diets (starter HYD1 230.20, grower HYD2 222.20, finisher HYD3 209.40 g crude protein (CP) per kg of DM) with the added HS from day 1 to 37 days as follows: A ‒ 0.7 % Humac nature; B ‒ 0.7 % Humac nature monogastric (HNM); C ‒ 0.5 % HNM (Humac Ltd., Slovakia). The cellulolytic activities were increased in the intestine in B/C by 2.50 (P < 0.01)/1.65 (P < 0.05) on day 3 and 1.02 (P < 0.001)/0.3 (P < 0.05) µmol.l−1.min−1.g−1 on day 24. There were observed higher values of digestibility coefficient of DM in the intestine (P < 0.05) in C by 15.14 % and 14.85 %, and in B by 20.73 % on days 17, 24 and 31, respectively. The enhancement of ileal digestibility of DM was observed in B by 7.38 % (P < 0.05) and CP in A and B by 3.7% and 6.1% (P < 0.05). The feed intake of HS favourably influenced the cellulolytic activities and increased the DM digestibility in the intestine and the ileum, as well as the CP digestibility in the ileum.
Hindlimb Skeletal Morphology of the Helmeted Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagridis)
Authors: Onwuama K. T. , Ibe C. S. , Omowunmi L. K. , Kigir E. S. , Jaji A. Z. , Salami S. O. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Guinea fowl (Numida meleagridis) is a semi-domestic bird whose commercial popularity is on the increase. The gross anatomy of the hindlimbs of 8 helmeted Guinea fowls of equal sexes were studied. The pubic shafts were free, thus they did not fuse ventrally to form a symphysis. The ilium had a quadrilateral and roughly triangular pre and post acetabular wings, respectively. A conspicuous renal fossa was observed in the post acetabular wing. An incomplete concentric obturator foramen, lacking a caudal margin, was formed by the ventral border of the ischium and dorsal border of the cranial pubic shaft, while a prominent ischiopubic fissure was formed by the same bones, caudally. The incomplete concentric nature of the obturator foramen created a common space between it and the ischiopubic fissure. The femoral major trochanter was more proximal than the head, while the minor tro-chanter and the head were on the same horizontal level. The femur lacked a visible pneumatic foramen. The tibiotarsus had a prominent cranial cnemial crest. The fibular spine terminated at the tibia mid-shaft, leaving one interosseous space. An intertarsal sesamoid bone was identified, indicative of an adult skeleton. Crests and channels depicted the hypotarsus. Vascular foramen was identified in the distal extremity of the tibiotarsus. Digit I was oriented to the planter direction.
These results, and others, were compared with those of other birds in the available literature, and some morpho-functional paradigm of the Guinea fowl hindlimb skeleton was established.
Detection of Antibiotic Residues and Mycotoxins in Milk Using Competitive Immunochromatographic Tests
Authors: Hriciková S. , Kožárová I. , McGoldrick D. , McCaul O. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
As milk should be free from harmful substances before leaving the farm, this study provides the results of the analysis of the presence of β-lactam and tetracycline residues and Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk samples obtained within one year from Ireland and Slovakia. To evaluate the presence of β-lactam and tetracycline residues, Duplex BT Scan assay, produced by Zeulab S. L. was used. For the detection of AFM1, AflaM1 Scan (Zeulab S. L.) tests were used. Of a total of 69 raw cow’s milk samples analysed, 40 samples were obtained from the farms in Slovakia and 29 samples from the farms in Ireland. Among the 69 analysed samples, 17 (24.6 %) samples were tested positive for the presence of β-lactam residues, 12 (17.4 %) samples for tetracycline residues and 59 (88.4 %) samples for AFM1. Milk samples positive for antibiotic residues and mycotoxins were not acceptable and it is important that the reputation of milk as a healthy and safe food is protected worldwide. Dairy farmers and consumers want to be confident that milk and milk products are of high quality and free of all pharmacologically active substances and toxins.
Testing of the Efficacy of Bee Probiotic Lactobacilli Under In Vivo Conditions
Authors: Kuzyšinová K. , Mudroňová D. , Toporčák J. , Molnár L. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
American foulbrood is amongst the most dangerous diseases of the bee-family affecting many honeybee colonies worldwide. In countries of European Union, based on veterinary legislation, the bee colonies tested positive to American foulbrood are eradicated with high economic losses. It is therefore necessary to look for effective prevention, especially by the using of natural ingredients such as probiotics. In this study, we used lactobacilli isolated from digestive tracts of adult healthy honey bees and selected based on their good probiotic properties and ability to inhibit the growth of Paenibacillus larvae. These isolates were identified as Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus plantarum. Night cultures of both strains were used for the preparation of probiotic suspensions and pollen was selected as an appropriate carrier for application of probiotic lacto-bacilli to the hives. Half a litre of pollen suspension was prepared for each hive. The suspension for experimental hives contained probiotic lactobacilli in concentration of 107–108 CFU.ml−1. Bees in control hives received pollen suspension without addition of probiotic lacto-bacilli. The suspensions were supplied to bees three times, once a week. Before and during administration of probiotics, samples of honey bees from each hive were taken every week and numbers of lactobacilli, P. larvae, enterobacteria and coliform bacteria were determined in their digestive tracts. Four weeks after the first administration of probiotic-pollen solution the numbers of lactobacilli were increased approximately by 0.5 log. Before starting this experiment, P. larvae (approx. 107 CFU.ml−1) were detected in digestive tracts of honey bees. In the experimental group after 3 weeks and in the control group after 4 weeks, no viable counts of P. larvae were found. The numbers of enterobacteria, coliform bacteria and Bacillus sp. decreased in both groups. During the experiment the health and condition of the hives were monitored. In addition, also monitored were: the development of the bee colony, the number of dead bees, the amount of hive debris, the aggressiveness of the bees, and the amount of honey spun; later during the autumn treatment also the fall of Varroa jacobsoni was noted. In the experimental and control groups, we recorded a decrease in the amount of hive debris. Only in the experimental group was a slightly above-average development of the bee colony, slightly above-average honey yields and a 70 % lower drop of Varroa mites. Based on these results, we assumed that the probiotic-pollen solution had a positive influence on the composition of microbiota in bee digestive tracts and it can increase resistance to P. larvae. It also had a positive effect on the health and condition of the bee colony. Probiotic-free pollen solution showed similar but weaker effects.