bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental and Statistical Optimization of Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Nylon Composite Based 3D Printed Cellular Structures
Authors: Hisham Ahmad , Ali Shafahat , Abdallah Said , Mohammed Abdallah Nassir Abdo , Susantyoko Rahmat Agung , Pervaiz Salman 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The development of advanced composite materials in the recent years has changed numerous aspects of the manufacturing sector. These advanced composite materials showed the potential to replace high-performance alloys at extremely competitive costs. Additive manufacturing gained popularity in the industry due to the ability to print complex shapes. As per existing literature cellular geometry has a controlling influence on the mechanical behavior, and it can be employed to have tunable mechanical properties. Onyx™ is a composite material comprised of nylon mixed with chopped micro-carbon-fiber. For this study, 3D printed nylon-carbon fiber reinforced composite specimens were fabricated using a high-end Markforged® X7™ printer. The study aimed to experimentally investigate the Young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and toughness of the 3D printed nylon-carbon fiber composites having cellular geometry structure. The study investigated different cellular geometry patterns, strain rates and layer heights. Taguchi assisted design of experiment was utilized. To reach reasonable conclusion, a multi objective optimization technique known as grey relational analysis was utilized. Parameters should be optimized in to have proper melting of filament and material solidification. It was found that the optimal parametric condition was diamond horizontal infill pattern, strain rate of 1 mm/ min and a layer height of 0.1 mm. It was observed that sensitivity of 3D printed cellular materials significantly controls the quality of the specimens.
Optimized HVAC Air Distribution for Improved Air Quality Using CFD Analysis
Authors: Kokash Hussein , Burzo Mihai G. , Agbaglah Gbemeho , Mazumder Fardeen 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The energy consumption of Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems accounts for a large proportion of global energy usage so even a small percentage of energy savings in these systems will account for important absolute value savings. One such saving can be realized by better designs as well as optimizing existing air distribution system. The indoor air quality (IAQ) is also greatly impacted by the air distribution system. In this work, the task of optimizing both the placement and the design of diffusers is investigated so acceptable Air Changes per Hour (ACH) numbers are attained with less energy consumption and good thermal comfort. The ANSYS Fluent software was used to optimize the design and placement of a newly developed diffuser. The proposed air distribution system is design to produce conditions like what one would experience while standing outside in a small breeze while experiencing perfect weather (room temperature, uniform air temperature distribution, air speed less than 2 m/s) [1]). This work is an extension of a previous study where a new diffuser design was proposed, which takes advantage of the Coanda effect [2]. The numerical analysis includes realistic models of a 9 × 9 × 3 m (width × length × height) classroom, which is occupied by students and a teacher. To be more realistic, it includes furniture, a door and windows. The simulated Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system complies with ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) standards for acceptable air quality. This investigation proposes a template on how anyone can optimize the location and placement of the air diffusers while achieving both thermal comfort and good IAQ. While this work was inspired by the COVID-19 pandemic this is foreseen to be an important ongoing issue and could lead to future advances in HAVC system that improve IAQ and produce better thermal comfort with improved energy savings.
Derivation of the Exact Curvature Formulation for Gothic Arch Ball Screw Grooves
Authors: Bertolino Antonio C. , De Martin Andrea , Mauro Stefano , Sorli Massimo 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
No exact formulations are present in literature to calculate the principal curvatures of the ball screw grooves, while approximate equations are commonly adopted due to their simplicity. However, they derive from the ball bearing theory and do not take into account ball screw’s characteristic main geometric parameters, such as the helix angle. This leads to approximation relative errors up to 50% for commercial off-the-shelf ball screws. In this paper a new exact explicit exact solution is proposed by means of a rigorous mathematical approach. The helix angle and a generic gothic arch shape of the raceway profile are taken into account. The results of the exact and literature formulations are presented and compared. The principal curvature is seen to be strongly dependent on the helix angle and, therefore, the proposed exact solution should be used in the design phase and, in general, when high accuracy is required, such as in high-fidelity models for prognostic activities.
Trajectory Tracking in the Image Frame for Autonomous Navigation of UAV in UAV-AGV Multi-Agent System
Authors: Sivarathri Ashok Kumar , Shukla Amit , Gupta Ayush , Kumar Amit 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
UAV-AGV heterogeneous multi-agent robotic system has drawn the attention of researchers to explore its capabilities in different perspectives. The UAV-AGV can concatenate their individual capabilities to overcome the drawbacks of each. UAV will benefit in payload and AGV will have the navigation guidance due to the presence of UAV. Collaborative kinematics between both agents is basic requirement of the system. Vision-based method is one of the techniques to implement collaborative motion. A high-level sliding mode controller is developed and validated for the vision-based navigation of UAV for reaching the target/AGV. Gazebo simulations are performed for trajectory tracking in the image frame to reach the target by the UAV. UAV autonomously detects the target and plans the trajectory to reach it. Apparent size-based depth controller is developed for the UAV and simulated in the Gazebo. Altitude trajectory tracking is implemented for the UAV using sliding model controller. Sliding mode based high-level controllers are performing well for the navigation of UAV and trajectory tracking in the image frame opens a different approach for the reaching of AGV by UAV. A non-linear depth controller is developed and simulated in Gazebo which can be useful for the landing task of UAV over AGV.
A Time-Dependent Two Species Explicit Finite Difference Computational Model for Analyzing Diffusion in a Drug Eluting Stented Coronary Artery Wall: a Phase I Study
Authors: Edwards Maegan , Kizito John P. , Hewlin Rodward L. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper outlines results for a mathematical drug transport model developed for simulating the transport of a hydrophobic drug in a drug eluting stented coronary arterial vessel wall. The mathematical drug transport model incorporates the diffusion equation with a two species (free and bound drug) reversible equilibrium reaction source term to account for tissue binding. The model is solved by an explicit 2-D finite difference method for discretizing and solving the free and bound convection equations with anisotropic vascular drug diffusivities. The relative reaction rates control the interconversion of drug between the free and bound states. Results include provide a glance at the relative distribution of the two drug forms in a two-dimensional model of the arterial vessel wall. The model also reveals how a single species drug delivery model cannot accurately predict the distribution of bound drug.
Aerial Vehicle Rapid 3D Map Generation for Safe Landing Area Detection
Authors: Tatoglu Akin , Chun Yin Cheng , Cervello Brianna , Corrado Antonio , Balko Bernard , Sohn Kiwon 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This project assists in building a robust control LiDAR scanning unit that helps aerial vehicles land autonomously. The LiDAR scans the terrain, detects static or dynamic obstacles, and helps target safe landing areas. The whole terrain scanning system uses a robust control system to control the LiDAR position to collect point clouds around the environment and use ICP (Iterative Closest Point) to create a 3D point cloud map. In the robust control system, IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) is used to control the servo to ensure the control system had an accurate target angle for the LiDAR scanning. MSAC algorithm is used in the 3D mapping to help the system detect flat areas for an aerial vehicle to land. This project also shows the different voxelization levels (1 × 1 and 5 × 5) of the flat surfaces and the maximum point to plane distance changed (0.05, 0.25, 1, and 10). Also, an exaggerated voxelization level (10 × 10) was investigated to get a rapid first-level estimation of flat surfaces. The results of the different values and comparisons are also noted and shared. This study is the variable resolution mapping and perception portion of our full-scale heterogeneous localization and mapping research project of Autonomous Mobile Robotics Research Group.
Separating Oil-Water Mixtures Using Bump Arrays
Authors: Bamberger Judith Ann , Pease Leonard F. , Burns Carolyn A. , Minette Michael J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Particle separation is an important process step across many fields. One technique being applied for separating solids such as blood components or sand particles from carrier fluids is the use of arrays of aligned posts called deterministic lateral arrays to bump particles to one side in the flow stream to induce separation. This technique may be useful for separation of deformable particles including oil droplets.
The ability to efficiently separate two-phase industrial (oil/water) mixtures is key for future use of valuable resources. The ability to reclaim petroleum production water may be critical for the Central High Plains (Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas). Current drawdown trends in the High Plains alone suggest loss of up to 40% of the aquifer area by 2100 that will cause the switch from irrigated to dryland farming. Proving this technology is key to reuse of petroleum production water for crop irrigation or to replace water from currently failing aquifers in rich agricultural lands of the Central High Plains.
We conducted experiments applying mesofluidic separation for flowing two-phase (oil/water) mixtures. Experiments were conducted using oil with water as the carrier fluid; separation was achieved over a range of oil-water concentrations. We describe the results of these experiments in this paper.
Multichannel Electromechanical Impedance Structural Diagnostics in Plate Specimens
Authors: Nwokocha Funmilola , Zagrai Andrei , Hunter David 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Structural health monitoring has become increasingly important in order to save costs and improve the safety of structures. One of the methods of monitoring the health of structures is the use of thin piezoelectric wafer active sensors to measure the electromechanical impedance of the integrated structure/sensor system. These wafers have proved to be efficient in structural diagnostics as they serve as both actuator and sensor for the structures they are attached to. In this contribution, a multichannel unit, which is an arrangement of single miniaturized electro-mechanical impedance units, is utilized to measure the electromechanical impedance of a complex plate structure. The multi-channel unit was validated by measuring the impedance signature of a cantilevered beam and comparing the results with those obtained using a desktop impedance analyzer, the HP4192A.
A numerical modelling of 2D structures was performed using finite element analysis on COMSOL multiphysics software. This was validated by comparing the electromechanical impedance data obtained from the numerical modelling with analytical and experimental data. The specimen was numerically modelled for each sensor bonded to its surface and the results were analyzed. Furthermore, all the sensors on the specimen were simultaneously excited within the same frequency band and the electromechanical impedance data from each sensor was compared with those from same sensor when only one sensor was excited. The results were analyzed and discussed. A numerical modelling of the specimen with all the sensors simultaneously excited was also carried out and the results were compared with experimental data.
The multi-channel unit was also used for damage detection in plate specimens. Structural damage was introduced in the specimen and the electromechanical impedance signatures of the damaged specimen was measured. The result was analyzed and compared with results obtained from the pristine specimen in the same frequency band. The data from each sensor was analyzed and discussed. The efficiency of piezoelectric sensors for detecting damages in structures was highlighted and the effect of sensor location on the accuracy of detecting damages in structures was presented. This suggests optimum sensor location for damage detection in structures.
Finally, the multichannel unit was used to measure damage detection in the specimen at different frequencies when excited simultaneously by all sensors. The electromechanical impedance data obtained was analyzed and compared with data from the pristine specimen and in the single frequency band. The ability of piezoelectric sensor to detect damages in simultaneously varying frequency bands was explored. Recommendations for the application of the multichannel electro-mechanical impedance approach in structural health monitoring were given.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of Particle Flow Through Additively Manufactured (SS 316L) Lattice Frame Material Based on Octet-Shape Topology
Authors: Aider Youssef , Mishra Ashreet , Li Like , Cho Heejin , Singh Prashant 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper presents experimentally obtained heat transfer characteristics of additively manufactured lattice frame material based on Octet-shaped unit cell. Binder jetting technology was used to print lattices in Stainless Steel 316L material. Lattice porosities ranging from 0.75 to 0.9 were investigated where thermal transport characteristics were obtained for void space occupied by air and particles. Particle diameters were varied from 266–966 microns. Effective thermal conductivity and averaged heat transfer coefficient was calculated through steady-state experiments. It was found that presence of lattice enhances the effective thermal conductivity by 2–4 times when compared to packed bed of particles alone. Furthermore, for gravity-assisted particle flow through lattice panel, significantly high convective heat transfer coefficients ranging from 200–400 W/m2K were obtained for the range of particle diameters tested. The superior thermal transport properties of Octet-shape based lattice frame material for particle flow through them makes it a very promising candidate for particle-to-supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) heat exchanger in concentrating solar power (CSP) application.
Mechatronic System Design and Construction of a CNC Machine for Cutting Styrofoam Parts for RC Planes
Authors: Roa Prada Sebastián 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Flying radio controlled, RC, planes has become both a sport and a form of entertainment that attracts an increasing number of practitioners worldwide. RC plane hobbyists design and build reduced-scale airplanes, unmanned aircrafts or replicas of existing full-scale ones, and fly them as often as possible to develop the necessary skills to go from basic flights to complex maneuvers and acrobatics and to race against other planes. Unfortunately, many practice flights do not go as planned and end with physical damage to the aircrafts. Companies dedicated to the production and marketing of RC planes require Computerized Numerical Controlled, CNC, machines to cut different parts for these model aircrafts due to their geometrical complexity, such as the case of the wings. Airplane wings must be light, strong and at the same time they have a tridimensional shape which is difficult to obtain by means of conventional manufacturing processes such as milling. Styrofoam is a convenient material for the fabrication of RC plane wings. The most common way to cut Styrofoam parts is by means of a taut hot wire. In order to achieve the complex shape of the wing, starting with a block of Styrofoam, the motion of the two ends of the taut hot wire must be carefully controlled and synchronized, to keep the tension in the wire and to obtain the desired shape in the part being manufactured. The best way to get this precise control for the two ends of the wire is by means of computerized numerical control. The aim of this research is to illustrate the steps for the mechatronic system design and construction of a machine for cutting RC plane Styrofoam parts to be used in the manufacturing of the aircrafts and the fabrication of spare parts for repairs after crash landings. The details for the development of each step of the mechatronic system design methodology are illustrated. The steps include design requirement specification, conceptual design, CAD modeling, structural analysis, sensors and actuators specification, assembly and testing. Once the functioning of the machine is validated, the quality of the manufactured parts must be tested so that they can be fitted to the corresponding aircrafts. The results demonstrated that the application of the methodology for the design of mechatronic systems facilitates the development of a robust device, such as a CNC machine, which synergistically combine the advantages of precision mechanics, electronics, control systems and computers to manufacture high quality parts for the RC planes industry.
Aerosol Dispersion Modeling With a Low-Cost Flow Simulation Tool: Analysis of Performance and Boundary Condition Sensitivity
Authors: Hirn Mallory , Rodriguez Andrew , Owkes Mark , Dacunto Philip , Ng Andrew , Rogers John , Benson Michael 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Understanding the dispersion of potentially infectious aerosols released from breathing and speaking is critical to maintaining a healthy indoor environment. This study used a low-cost commercial off-the-shelf flow simulation tool (SolidWorks Flow Simulation) to model aerosol dispersion within a university classroom and assessed its utility by comparing results to those from physical experiments. A SolidWorks model of a university classroom was created using parameters from a series of full-scale carbon dioxide tracer gas release experiments previously conducted in the physical classroom at both low (520 cfm) and high (900 cfm) flowrates. Steady state concentrations at 13 monitoring points throughout the room were obtained from the flow simulation tool and compared to the experimental results using four performance measures for dispersion model evaluation [15]. The performance measures for the baseline model fell within published acceptance criteria for Fractional Mean Bias (FB), Normalized-Mean Square Error (NMSE), Fraction of Cpredicted within a factor of two of Cobserved (FAC2), and Normalized Absolute Difference (NAD). A sensitivity analysis revealed that the most critical boundary condition for creating an optimum model in both cases was the student heat flux. Adding a simulation of body heat from the silhouettes improved the FAC 2 in the low flow case from 0.08 to 1.0, the NMSE from 1.19 to 0.14, the FB from 0.91 to 0.30, and the NAD from 0.45 to 0.15. Given the ability of SolidWorks Flow Simulation to function as a viable first pass modeling method at a low cost, this accessible tool could be used by a variety of interested parties to quickly predict the spread of aerosols, gases, and other passive scalars under a variety of ventilation and physical arrangement conditions. This software tool may already be available to many academic institutions and provides a reasonable expectation of accuracy.
Latent Representation and Characterization of Scanning Strategy on Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Imani Farhad , Chen Ruimin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Despite the transformative capability of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing to create components with intricate geometry, the large-scale adoption remains a barrier owing to the process complexity and significant build quality concerns. In-process melt pool imaging offers an unparalleled capability to tackle the problems by evaluating the impact of prominent process parameters (e.g., laser power, laser velocity, and hatch spacing) on build quality. However, the current investigations overlook the effect of other influential factors such as scan strategies. Because of the multitude and high-dimensionality in melt pool images, the extraction of manual features to characterize and intertwine diverse scan strategies (e.g., orthogonal serpentine, pre-scanned boarder, and clockwise spiral) is cumbersome or inefficient. While end-to-end deep neural networks realize automated feature extraction from melt pool images, they are limited in providing meaningful signatures for the characterization of various scan strategies. This paper presents a systematic image-guided analysis based on variational autoencoder (VAE) that enables the semantic representation of image data on low-dimensional latent space to characterize similarities between scan strategies. Further, hyperdimensional computing as a cognitive solution is integrated to differentiate various scan strategies according to latent features. Experimental results on the real-world case study based on 30,000 in-situ melt pool images show that VAE is significantly effective in interpretable characterization associated with 12 different scan strategies. In addition, the cognitive model differentiates scan strategies using the latent representation with an accuracy of 81.20 ± 0.8%.
Rapid and Low-Cost Fabrication of Microfluidic Devices Using Liquid Crystal Display-Based 3D Printing
Authors: Shan Yujie , Sahu Praveen , Sundararajan Raji , Mao Huachao 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Microfluidic devices have been widely investigated for various applications, specifically in the biomedical field, which involve manipulating cells at a sub-micron scale. However, the conventional lithography process with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micro-molding process (soft lithography) involves numerous steps demanding high-end equipment and a cleanroom fueling up the cost and making it a time-consuming process. This paper presents a low-cost yet versatile way to fabricate long microfluidic channels using liquid crystal display (LCD)-based vat photopolymerization 3D printing. The accuracy, resolution and repeatability of the printing process were characterized using various parameter settings.
We validated the developed process by 3D-printing four different microfluidic devices with 100 μm wide channels. Subsequently, we successfully demonstrated the formation of a single streamline of breast cancer cells in a microchannel with long and smooth edges. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization shows a high-quality fabricated channel. This proposed approach aligns with the ongoing efforts toward a versatile, flexible, and fast option for producing the diagnostic device.