bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Windscheid steht Paulus in nichts nach, und ist dabei für uns viel mehr wert als jener’
Authors: Bodura Ernest C. 
Published: August 2023

Summary
‘Windscheid is in no way inferior to Paul, and in this he is worth much more to us than Paul’ – on Stanisław Wróblewski’s treatment of Pandectistics. – In his home country Poland Stanisław Wróblewski (1868–1938) is unanimously numbered among the jurists of the first rank in the extant literature on legal historiography. He is considered to be ‘the Polish Roman lawyer about whom the most has been written’. The admiration for Wróblewski’s scholarly oeuvre among Polish authors even goes as far as that he is often referred to as the ‘Polish Papinian’ in local literature. He is appreciated on the one hand for his expertise as a jurist and, on the other hand, for his mastery of the art of legal thought and argumentation, and finally for the depth of his legal analysis. In the context of this contribution, however, only the question of his relationship to the pandectism, including in particular his relationship to the university teaching of modern Roman law (pandect law), will be examined in more detail. Wróblewski is repeatedly associated with pandectism in legal historical literature. After all, he argued in favour of the continuation of Pandect lectures (pandect law), after the year 1900, i.e. even as the great epoch of pandectism was already drawing to a close. For this purpose, four texts from the years 1894 to 1916, in which Wróblewski explicitly addressed the problem of the relationship to pandectism or to modern Roman law (pandect law), will be analyzed in more detail.
Zum Irrtum des Erblassers im klassischen römischen Recht
Authors: Krükel Amon 
Published: August 2023

Summary
On error of the testator in classical Roman law. – The paper discusses the different ways in which the classical Roman jurisprudence treated the testator’s error, be it a mistake concerning the choice of words, be it a false estimation of facts misleading the testator’s voluntas. In either case, the jurists may have treated the erroneous disposition as void or reformulated it according to the testator’s intention. However, it is shown that – contrary to some voices in the literature – no general rules on dealing with errores can be recognised. Rather, the Roman jurists and emperors decided each case on its own without referring to an underlying principle. It is only in the late classical period that some tendencies of an abstract thinking regarding this topic can be discerned.
Semi-Implicit Computation of Fast Modes in a Scheme Integrating Slow Modes by a Leapfrog Method Based on a Selective Implicit Time Filter
Authors: Moustaoui Mohamed , Barclay Bryce M. , Kostelich Eric J. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
A scheme for integration of atmospheric equations containing terms with differing time scales is developed. The method employs a filtered leapfrog scheme utilizing a fourth-order implicit time filter with one function evaluation per time step to compute slow-propagating phenomena such as advection and rotation. The terms involving fast-propagating modes are handled implicitly with an unconditionally stable method that permits application of larger time steps and faster computations compared to fully explicit treatment. Implementation using explicit and recurrent formulation is provided. Stability analysis demonstrates that the method is conditionally stable for any combination of frequencies involved in the slow and fast terms as they approach the origin. The implicit filter used in the method damps the computational modes without noticeably sacrificing the accuracy of the physical mode. The O[(Δt4)] accuracy for amplitude errors achieved by the implicitly filtered leapfrog is preserved in applications where terms responsible for fast propagation are integrated with a semi-implicit method. Detailed formulation of the method for soundproof nonhydrostatic anelastic equations is provided. Procedures for implementation in global spectral shallow-water models are also given. Examples comparing numerical and analytical solutions for linear gravity waves demonstrate the accuracy of the scheme. The performance is also shown in more practical nonlinear applications, where numerical solutions accomplished by the method are evaluated against those computed from a scheme where the slow terms are handled by the third-order Runge–Kutta scheme. It demonstrates that the method is able to accurately resolve fine-scale dynamics of Kelvin–Helmholtz shear instabilities, the evolution of density current, and nonlinear drifts of twin tropical cyclones.
The Climatology, Vulnerability, and Public Perceptions Associated with Overlapping Tornado and Flash Flood Warnings in a Portion of the Southeast United States
Authors: Ellis Kelsey N. , First Jennifer M. , Strader Stephen M. , Grondin Nicholas S. , Burow Daniel , Medley Zachary 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Simultaneous and overlapping tornadoes and flash floods are a meteorological hazard with complex societal implications as, when issued at the same time, tornado and flash flood warnings provide conflicting public safety advice. This work assessed potential tornado and flash flood (TORFF) events in a portion of the Southeast from an interdisciplinary perspective with a focus on the climatology, vulnerability, and public perceptions surrounding these hazards. Our results suggest that, in addition to the conflicting warning advice, TORFFs present a challenge to the public because they can occur at night or in cool seasons when they are least expected, though they are most common in spring. Also, the storms causing TORFFs are often not clearly organized, causing a forecast and communication challenge. The public responding to the tornado and flash flood warnings in our study area is more vulnerable to TORFFs than those in other areas and may lack vehicles and structures to respond safely to one or both hazard threats. Administered survey results suggest that many believe they know what protective actions to take in a TORFF, though they may not believe they are likely in their area. Those that believe they are likely are also more likely to feel prepared to respond. Many climatology and vulnerability characteristics vary between, and at times within, NWS county warning areas, highlighting the different communication and preparation needs across the region. Approximately a quarter of flash flood and tornado warnings overlap in the region for an average of 31 min. The frequency of TORFFs and their associated public safety challenges warrant continued investigation.

Significance Statement
The purpose of this work is to increase our understanding of overlapping tornado and flash flood events by studying them from a multidisciplinary perspective. We found that residents in the southeastern United States are especially vulnerable to overlapping tornado and flash floods. This vulnerability is heightened by the climatology of overlapping tornado and flash floods because they can occur when they are unexpected, for example, at night or in the winter, and the public perceptions of overlapping tornado and flash floods, which is that they may not be likely in their area. These findings are important because much of the Southeast includes a population vulnerable to overlapping tornado and flash floods who may be underestimating their risk, and therefore may be unprepared for an event that requires critical decision-making.
Visualization of maternal IL-17a across the placental membrane
Authors: Kim Hyunju 
Published: August 2023

IL-17a is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced primarily by T helper-17 cells. Several studies have shown that maternal IL-17a, associated with maternal immune activation (MIA), affects the developing brain. However, the mechanisms underlying maternal IL-17a signaling remain partially unknown. This study detected trans-placental IL-17a passage using luminescent activity studies and an in vitro transfer assay. First, the luminescent activity was observed using LiCoR dye-conjugated IL-17a injected into pregnant mice. IL-17a luminescent activity was highly detected in the placenta and isolated fetus, but positive control IgG and negative control IgM showed low or no luminescence in the placenta and fetus, respectively. Next, IL-17a transmission across the placenta was investigated using a transwell experiment with trophoblast BeWo cells and primary trophoblast cells. Significant amounts of IL-17a were detected in the lower compartment. And in various placenta cell lines, IL-17a treatment significantly increased IL-17RA mRNA expression. However, it did not affect IL-17RC mRNA expression. This study showed that elevated IL-17a increased the IL-17RA expression in the trophoblast and may accumulate in the placenta. Furthermore, these results indicate the molecular basis of an important role in IL-17a/IL-17RA in the maternal placenta.
The Peruvian State and COVID-19
Authors: Lust Jan 
Published: August 2023

The Peruvian state is a dependent capitalist state. Its characteristics are principally the product of the country’s role in the capitalist world system. The measures that have been taken in the fight against COVID-19 have been a mix of repression and the implementation of weak economic and social relief programs. The expansion of the coronavirus has demonstrated that society’s socially and economically segmented character corresponds with a segmented state presence. The policies implemented to reduce the economic and social effects of COVID-19 show that the pre-COVID neoliberal model was not adjusted to confront the economic, social, and health crisis. International and national economic and political restrictions impede a post-COVID state transformation in Peru. The leftist-oriented Castillo government lacked the political and social bases to radically reform the state. El estado peruano es un estado capitalista dependiente y sus características son primordialmente consecuencia del papel que juega el país en el sistema mundial capitalista. Las medidas que se han tomado en la lucha contra la COVID-19 son una mezcla de acciones represivas y la implementación de frágiles programas de ayuda económica y social. La expansión del coronavirus da muestra del carácter social y económicamente segmentado de la sociedad que corresponde con una presencia estatal segmentada. Las políticas implementadas para reducir los efectos económicos y sociales de la COVID-19 muestran que el modelo neoliberal pre-COVID no se ajustó para enfrentar la crisis económica, social y sanitaria. Las restricciones económicas y políticas tanto internacionales como nacionales impiden una transformación estatal post-COVID en el Perú. El gobierno izquierdista de Castillo careció de las bases políticas y sociales para reformar radicalmente el estado.
Structural and Exchange Occupational Mobility in India, 1994–2018: A Log-Linear Model- Based Analysis
Authors: Ahmed Nawazuddin , Nauriyal D. K. 
Published: August 2023

This article examines intergenerational structural and exchange occupational mobility in India. Using data from India’s multiple National Sample Surveys’ employment and Periodic Labour Force Survey rounds, the study investigates co-resident father-son relationships from 1993–1994 to 2017–2018. It employs a log-linear model with a quasi-symmetry fit—also called an SHD model—to estimate the structural and exchange components of occupational mobility. This work reveals that intergenerational mobility owes considerably to economic structural shifts and that exchange mobility for the larger study period from 1993–1994 to 2011–2012 remains low. However, it also suggests that there has been an increase in exchange occupational mobility in recent survey year (2017–2018). JEL Classification: J62, J24
Some Comparisons of the Performance in Fire of Polyurethane Flexible Foams and Other Materials in a Small-scale Simulation of a ‘Woolworths’ Type Fire Scenario
Authors: Fishbein J. , Hunter G. , Hurd R. , Smith A. 
Published: August 2023

The performance of cushions made from a number of fabrics and in-fills have been compared in small-scale fire experiments designed to simulate conditions in the fire at the Woolworths Store in Manchester on 8 May 1979. It is concluded that contrary to much comment at that time, other materials in addition to the polyurethane foam present made a significant contribution to the fire and that replacement of polyurethane by some other conventional in-fill materials would not have made a major difference to the rate of development of the fire or of smoke and toxic gases. Tests in the same configuration indicate the beneficial effects of composite design and of the major improvement obtained by the use of a polyurethane barrier foam composition.
Flexible Polyurethane Foams under Fire Conditions
Authors: Grayson S. J. , Hume J. , Kumar S. , Smith D. A. 
Published: August 2023

Experimental data are presented which illustrate the significant reduction in smoke and toxic gases generated during burning achieved by incorporation of fairly high concentrations of a smoke suppressant, maleic acid, in a standard polyurethane flexible foam. In addition to simple free burning of bare foam, two types of instrumented tests were used: (a) Small-scale (laboratory) tests involving exposure to radiant heat under controlled atmosphere in the QMC Conical Furnace; (b) Large-scale (fire room) tests of foam cushions fitted with viscose velour and polypropylene covers, and assembled into chair shapes. Modifications of the QMC Conical Furnace procedure have led to improved correlation between the results of the small-scale and large-scale tests, even when the latter are greatly influenced by cover-splitting during the burns. While chlorendic acid, ferrocene and potassium fluoborate exhibit some smoke-suppressant activity in bare foam, the only additive we tested which was effective in covered foams at the room scale was maleic acid. Chlorendic acid generated more smoke in covered foams than did the control. The efficacy of all additives varied with the burning temperature. Sorbitol, anisaldehyde, calcium stearate, trioctyl borate and two new ferrocene derivatives were ineffectual in our small-scale screening tests; maleic anhydride and furfural formulations could not be processed in the laboratory.
Environmental Considerations in the Production of Flexible Slabstock
Authors: Vreenegoor N.C. 
Published: August 2023

Total gas loss by the production of flexible polyether foam may range between 4–20 weight percent; higher densities are mainly blown with carbon dioxide – the lower densities partially with CO2, partially with either fluorocarbon and/or methylene chloride. During blow-off approximately 30% of the total gas loss will escape spontaneously from the top surface, the other 70% being contained in the block will mainly diffuse via the vertical sides and the bottom of the block. The speed of diffusion depends upon a number of physical variables and was measured and determined respectively (a) from smaller lab tests, (b) a larger 2 × 2 × 1 metres box test and finally (c) from 20 metres long blocks (2 metres wide, 1 metre high) which were made on the pilot plant. During these trials the installation and application of adequate chlorofluoro-carbon (or CFC 11) and/or methylene chloride recycling systems was made. For the block test 2 × 2 × 1 metres a 5 kgs capacity adsorption unit was installed; diffusion rates and fan capacities were determined and with this information a pilot plant for 20 metres long block was designed and built by Laader Berg. The objectives for this newly developed foaming system were: 1. Producing emissions at environmentally acceptable limits with a controllable degree of adsorption and recovery which may vary from 0·99%. 2. Improved formulation accuracy achieved by application of the computer in combination with gas analysis equipment, resulting in a narrower spread of the properties. 3. Improved working atmosphere for the operators – TDI concentrations approaching to zero. 4. Remote controlled starts and stops using improved mechanical methods which can be controlled by microprocessors. The existing situation with this project is as follows: 1. The pilot machine can produce a wide range of foams. 2. A filter adsorption system was operational at the end of Feb. 1987. 3. Various tests were carried out through 1987. 4. Cost-price comparison calculations indicate positive feasibility.
Equipment Developments for Polyurea and Structural RIM Processing
Authors: Mazzoni B.C. , Corradi P. 
Published: August 2023

The improvements made with RRIM technology, particularly when polyurea chemical systems which have faster cycle times are used require new equipment to meet their full potential. The Cannon RM mixing head has a new geometrical form with a delivery capacity of 10 litres per second and has an extremely high mixing efficiency. The kinetic energy transformation coefficient for mixing purposes is higher than that of other heads and the time needed to pass from recycling to pour has been reduced leading to greater pressure stability and the resulting maintenance of the ratio between components. Difficult formulations such as RRIM and rigid integral skin foams can be mixed perfectly without the use of aftermixers in the mould. Cannon has also designed a structural RIM system and a SRIM clamp to meet the needs of full access to both platens, making easier the handling of mats and the use of preforms. The Cannon processing equipment meets the market requirements for faster cycle times, improved productivity and greater profitability.
The Production of Cellular Crosslinked Polyolefins — Part 2 — The Injection Moulding and Press Moulding Techniques
Authors: Puri R.R. , Collington K.T. 
Published: August 2023

The paper describes the evolution of press moulding and injection moulding techniques for use in the production of cellular, crosslinked olefins. The selection of polymers, additives a curing systems suitable for use in such processes are discussed in detail. Particular reference is made to the development of formulations relative to the moulding process being used.Finally attempts are made to predict future developments in the area of injection and/or press moulding techniques for the production of low density crosslinked olefin foams over a wide range of densities.
Alumina Trihydrate in Rigid Polyurethane Foams. Part 1
Authors: Simioni F. , Modesti M. , Conte L. 
Published: August 2023

Alumina trihydrate (ATH) is an active filler in various polymer systems with respect to flame resistance and smoke emission. It does not modify substantially the morphology of the foam in the density range normally used for heat insulation when it is utilised as filler for rigid polyurethane foams. The physical properties of the foams are only slightly affected by the filler and it would not seem necessary to treat the surface of the filler in order to improve its coupling with the polymer. A certain amount of care must be taken in order to maintain the volumetric yield during expansion.
Thermal-Oxidative Degradation of Rigid Polyurethane Foams Filled with Alumina Trihydrate. Part 2
Authors: Simioni F. , Modesti M. 
Published: August 2023

Rigid polyurethane foams filled with alumina trihydrate (ATH) exhibit, in comparison with non-filled foams, higher fire resistance when evaluated using the oxygen index (O.I.) test method. The hydrate particle size within a certain range, does not have any effect on the oxygen index. The efficiency of the treatment increases with the concentration of ATH in the foam and, by using simultaneously flame resistant agents containing phosphorous, it is possible to obtain polyurethane foams with O.I. of the same order of those of polyisocyanurate foams. Thermogravimetric analysis has shown that the ATH does not modify the thermal-oxidative degradation in the polymer. The reduction in the smoke density of the ATH filled foams can be attributed to the action in gas phase of an intermediate in the ATH decomposition process and to the slower thermal-oxidative degradation of the polymer.
Waterproof and Breathable Fabrics for Outdoor Garments
Authors: Kleinerman G.J. 
Published: August 2023

An ideal fabric for outdoor garments should possess several critical properties, principally water and windproofness, permeability to water vapour, durability and good drape. Attempts to combine these properties in one product have involved a diversity of constructional approaches so that resulting products function by very different mechanisms. The paper discusses the principal current product constructions and outlines the principles by which they function. Performance of fabrics for outdoor garments is then reviewed, with emphasis on water vapour permeability, waterproofness, and abrasion reistance of various product types. Fabrics which are composites of textiles with PU or PTFE microporous membranes are shown to have the best combination of water vapour permeability and waterproofness. Composites of textiles with solid hydrophilic films are less permeable though they are more resistant to abrasion. A microporous PU membrane, Porelle(R) * , affords a combination of functional and mechanical properties which makes it well suited for use in textile composites for waterproof and breathable outdoor garments. Physiological and echnical requirements of such garments are met very adequately by the use of Porelle(R) * composites.
Polyester Polyols from Microcellular Elastomer Scrap for Rigid Polyurethane and Polyisocyanurate Foam Production
Authors: Simioni F. , Modesti M. , Brambilla C.A. 
Published: August 2023

Glycolysis products from microcellular elastomer polyurethane were used in the preparation of PUR-PIR rigid foams. Foams were generally good but, with a low NCO index, showed insufficient dimensional stability. The foam stability can be improved by an increase in the crosslinking density of the polymer, by using polyol components with an increased functionality or by increasing the isocyanurate content. The improved crosslinking induced by trimerisation is more efficient for stability than that derived by higher polyol functionality. The use of MDI with a high average functionality and glycolysis products with a relatively high equivalent weight, permit a more favourable MDI/polyol ratio and are therefore economical.
Reduced and Zero CFC-11 Rigid Foams for the Appliance Industry
Authors: Cunningham A. , Rosbotham I.D. , Sparrow D.J. 
Published: August 2023

The development of rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams as the best thermal insulation materials has been based on trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) as the essential blowing agent, and because of the closed cell nature it remains encapsulated in the cells contributing to the excellent insulation performance during the working life of the foam. However, it is now known that future usage of CFC-11 will be strictly limited as a consequence of international regulations based on environmental concerns. New hydrofluoroalkanes (HFAs) are under development, with HFA-123 and HFA-141b emerging as front runners to replace CFC-11. However, the future of neither of these alternatives is certain, even given the most optimistic progress before 1993. In the meantime the use of CFC-11 as a blowing agent is being progressively reduced as a result of cooperation between regulatory authorities and industry. Consequently our R&D attack on the problem has been divided into three distinct categories. These should be capable of allowing us to provide performance products from now until well into the next century. These are: i) The development of optimised systems in which up to 50% of the conventional CFC-11 blowing agent can be replaced with an equivalent molar amount of carbon dioxide generated by the water/isocyanate reaction. ii) The short term development of totally CFC-11 free optimised systems by using the best currently available blowing agents that have substantially reduced ozone depleting potentials and are safe to handle by the industry. iii) The development of optimised systems based on HFA 123 and HFA 141b.