bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation of an Immunosuppressive Peptide Fraction from Human Plasma
Authors: Occhino Joseph C. , Glasgow Arthur H. , Cooperband Sidney R. , Mannick John A. , Schmid Karl 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An immunosuppressive peptide fraction was isolated from Cohn fraction IV of normal human plasma by employing the low temperature-low salt-ethanol procedure of Cohn, fractional precipitation with ammonium sulfate, dialysis and ultrafiltration. The dissociation of the active peptide from an enriched protein fraction was found to be dependent upon high ionic strength and low pH. The resulting peptide fraction was electrophoretically heterogeneous although it appeared monodisperse by ultracentrifugation sedimenting with a coefficient of 0.6S. The peptide fraction was found to suppress both phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and the in vivo induction of splenic plaque-forming cells in mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes. The specific activity of this fraction was increased approximately 10-fold over that of Cohn fraction IV.
Particle Recognition by Cultivated Macrophages
Authors: Rabinovitch M. , De Stefano Mary Jo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper examines the interaction in serum free media of different particles with normal or stimulated mouse macrophages cultivated in the presence or in the absence of serum. Thioglycollate-stimulated macrophages cultivated for 7 weeks with or without serum phagocytized antibody-coated erythrocytes as well as a variety of particles that tested for “non-immunologic” recognition. After different periods of cultivation, however, depending on the media used, these macrophages failed to interact with erythrocytes coated with amboceptor and complement (EAC). Normal macrophages bound EAC after 2 weeks in culture with serum but failed to do so when serum was omitted from the culture medium. It is concluded that receptors for complement in cultivated macrophages are more labile and require serum for their manufacture or maintenance, in contrast to the apparent stability of receptors for immunoglobulin and non-immunologic phagocytosis.
Studies on Antibody Induction in Vitro
Authors: Adler Louise T. , Curley Dennis M. , Fishman Marvin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Soluble extracts of T2 phage prepared by detergent treatment (S-T2) stimulate the formation of vigorous primary type responses in suspensions of rabbit spleen cells. Neutralizing antibody activity in the tissue culture fluids is complement-dependent and reaches a peak at 5 days of culture after a 1-day lag period when an optimal immunogenic dose of antigen is used. Responses of spleen cells from individual rabbits vary considerably, but replicate cultures from a single spleen show excellent reproducibility. Antibodies produced in vitro with cells of unprimed rabbits belong predominantly to the IgM class, while the secondary in vitro response is mostly IgG. The suppressive effect of the inhibitors vinblastine and rifampicin on the primary response to S-T2 suggests that both RNA and DNA synthesis are required for antibody formation in this system.
Three New Immunologic Types of Trachoma-Inclusion Conjunctivities Organisms
Authors: Wang San-Pin , Grayston J. Thomas , Gale James L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Trachoma-inclusion conjunctivitis (TRIC) and lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) organisms are closely related. Utilizing protection of mice from toxic death by prior immunization and more recently an indirect micro immunofluorescence technique, we have described six immunologic types, A through F, of TRIC organisms and three types of LGV. This report describes three new types of TRIC organisms, G, H and I. While H and I are almost completely unique immunologically, type G has cross-reactions with type F and appears to be an immunologic bridge between the previously unique F type and the B-, Ba-, D-, E- and LGV-related types. Strains of the three new types have been isolated almost entirely from the genital tract and biologically resemble the TRIC types D, E and F which have also been associated primarily with genital infection.
Generation by Bacterial Proteinases of Leukotactic Factors from Human Serum, and Human C3 and C5
Authors: Ward P. A. , Chapitis J. , Conroy M. C. , Lepow I. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Proteinases derived from Serratia marcescens and group A, β-hemolytic Streptococcus are each able to generate, by cleavage, leukotactic fragments from human C3 and C5. In whole human serum, the Serratia enzyme produces a C3-related leukotactic factor, while the streptococcal proteinase produces a C5-related factor. The finding that proteinases derived from bacteria are able to generate complement-dependent leukotactic factors suggests that this may be one mechanism by which bacteria incite and maintain inflammatory reactions in tissues.
Restoration of Immunocompetency in Tolerant Lymphoid Cell Populations by Cellular Supplementation
Authors: Chiller Jacques M. , Weigle William O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Reconstitution experiments demonstrate that in mice the induction of unresponsiveness to human γ globulin (HGG) occurs more rapidly in specific bone marrow-derived (B) cells of the spleen (&lt;3 days) than the previously reported induction period required for unresponsiveness in specific B cells of the bone marrow (8 to 15 days). This temporal variance could not be attributed to a difference in the gross localization of tolerogen in the respective lymphoid tissues. In contrast, the maintenance of the unresponsive state was similar in both B cell populations (40 to 50 days). Accordingly, the restoration of immunocompetency in unresponsive spleens could be accomplished in an adoptive transfer system by the addition of syngeneic thymocytes only at times predictable by the temporal pattern of the spontaneous loss of unresponsiveness described for bone marrow cells. The mere adoptive transfer of syngeneic thymocytes into tolerant animals did not similarly affect the unresponsive state.
Normal Immunosuppressive Protein (N.I.P.)
Authors: Nelken David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A number of publications from this and other laboratories have indicated that α-globulinrich fractions isolated from normal mammalian plasma possess immunosuppressive properties both in vivo and in vitro (1–6).
The present communication describes a method for the isolation of a fraction from human plasma which is extremely active in the prolongation of skin allograft suvival times in mice and in the prolongation of survival times of xenografts from rats to mice. This fraction which we call N.I.P., normal immunosuppressive protein, migrates in immunoelectrophoresis and in acrylamide gel electrophoresis with the α-globulin bands.
The plasma of outdated ACD blood was removed and diluted two and a half times with distilled water. It was then adjusted to pH 5 with glacial acetic acid, and left overnight at 4°C. The fine precipitate which formed was removed by centrifugation. The supernatant was applied to a DEAE-cellulose chromatography column (Whatman, Microgranular, preswollen DE52) previously equilibrated with 0.03 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.
Peritoneal Exudate Lymphocyte
Authors: Rosenstreich David L. , Rosenthal Alan S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antigen-induced in vitro lymphocyte proliferative response of peritoneal exudate lymphocytes (PEL) from guines pigs immune to horseradish peroxidase (HRPO) has been studied. PEL can be stimulated after only a brief (60 min) exposure to HRPO in vitro at 37°C, and the amount of measured stimulation is equivalent to that produced by an equal concentration of antigen present continuously in culture. Lymphocyte stimulation is maximal when the short antigen exposure takes place at 37°C, but a small amount of stimulation is produced when PEL are exposed to antigen at 4°C. This reaction appears to require a separate antigen-binding cell rather than direct binding of antigen to the antigen responsive lymphocyte since PEL that have been pulsed with antigen can stimulate non-pulsed PEL when the two are mixed together. This antigenbinding cell does not have to divide in order to function since it is not sensitive to mitomycin-C, but must be viable. The antigen-binding cell does not have immunologic specificity since antigen-pulsed PEL from non-immune animals function as well as PEL from immune animals in inducing lymphocyte proliferation in non-pulsed PEL.
Several different lymphoid populations were analyzed for the presence of cells capable of binding HRPO and activating immune PEL. Two highly purified thymus-derived (T) cell populations, lymph node lymphocytes and thymocytes contained no antigen-binding cells detectable by this technique. In addition, a bone marrow-derived lymphocyte population, guinea pig L2C leukemia cells, contained no detectable HRPO-binding cells. However, both monocyte- and macrophage-enriched populations contained large numbers of HRPO-binding cells. These data suggest that even in a purified lymphocyte population, macrophages or monocytes are the primary antigen-binding cells for the induction of T lymphocyte proliferation, in vitro.
Immunity in Experimental Syphilis
Authors: Miller James N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Twenty-four rabbits, each immunized intravenously over a 37-week period with a total of 3.71 × 109 γ-irradiated, non-infectious Treponema pallidum, Nichols strain, were found to be completely resistant to intradermal challenge with either 1000 or 100,000 homologous treponemes administered 10 days after the last immunizing injection. Persistence of complete immunity was demonstrable in each of 11 vaccinated rabbits challenged intradermally with 1800 T. pallidum, Nichols strain, 1 year after the last immunizing injection. In contrast, only minimal resistance was observed in 10 of the T. pallidum-immunized rabbits challenged intradermally with 1000 Treponema pertenue, Haiti B strain, 14 days after completion of immunization.
Venereal Disease Research Laboratory, Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI), and Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorbed antibodies, each of which is important in the diagnosis and control of syphilis, developed during immunization and persisted in some animals for at least 1 year.
Conclusive evidence that TPI antibody is not associated with the immune response was provided by the finding that 8 of the 11 immune rabbits challenged 1 year after vaccination had no TPI antibody before challenge and failed to develop immobilizing antibody during the 3-month period of observation after challenge.
A Rabbit Antiserum to a Thymus Extract Specific for Mouse Thymus-Derived Cells
Authors: Sarkar Siddhartha , Hyman Robert , Masuda Tohru , Herzenberg Leonard A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A heteroantiserum has been prepared in rabbits against an EDTA eluate of mouse thymus. The globulin fraction of the unabsorbed serum precipitates macromolecules of several molecular weights eluted from various lymphomas. It is highly cytotoxic to both Thy-1 (ϑ)-positive lymphomas and normal thymus cells, but is also cytotoxic to some bone marrow cells. After absorption with insolubilized serum proteins and bone marrow cells, the serum is highly specific for mouse thymus-derived cells.
Indirect immunofluorescence of thymus cells assessed by rapid-flow fluorescent measurements gives a single sharp distribution; the activity of thymusderived cells is specifically removed from primed spleen cells by the absorbed serum plus complement when tested in an in vivo transfer system. The antiserum does not discriminate between Thy-1 (ϑ) alleles.
Complementary Genes Controlling Immune Response to ϑ-AKR Antigen in Mice
Authors: Zaleski Marek , Milgrom Felix 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The primary response of mice to ϑ-AKR antigen was measured by means of plaque assay detecting cells producing antibodies lytic for AKR thymocytes (PFC). It was found that 3 of 12 different F1 hybrids produced significantly more PFC than either parental strain. In segregating populations of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice, H-2 homozygotes responded like parental mice, whereas most but not all H-2 heterozygotes responded like F1 hybrids. In the F2 population 7% and in the backcross population to C57BL/6J parent 20% of H-2 heterozygotes responded like parental mice. On the basis of experimental data, a hypothesis was advanced that thre eloci in the IXth linkage group are involved in genetic control of the response to ϑ-AKR antigen. Each locus has at least two alleles, one dominant and one recessive. Dominant alleles complement each other which explains why the response to certain F1 hybrids is higher than the response of their parents. Two of three hypothetical loci are closely linked to each other as well as to the H-2 complex and might be considered components of the Ir-1 system.
Regulation of the Immune Response with Antigen Specific IgM Antibody: A Dual Role
Authors: Wason William M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
IgM a-SRBC antibody administered before antigen produced an augmented response to a suboptimal dose of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) in the mouse; however, this effect was not observed in two strains of rats tested. The same dose of IgM a-SRBC antibody which elicited an augmented response when given before the SRBC caused a significant suppression of the immune response when given 1 or 2 days after the SRBC. In vitro, IgM a-SRBC antibody suppressed the response of cultured mouse spleen cells to all doses of SRBC, whether given before or after immunization. In the intact mouse, IgM a-SRBC antibody apparently augments the primary immune response to low doses of antigen by increasing the number of SRBC localized in the spleen. Antibody must be present at the time of injection of the antigen for this effect to occur. However, IgM antibody can also act to suppress antibody-forming cells after antigen localization has occurred. Thus IgM antibody appears to play a dual role in the regulation of the immune response in the mouse.
Cutaneous Basophil Hypersensitivity
Authors: Colvin Robert B. , Pinn Vivian W. , Simpson Blanche A. , Dvorak Harold F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sensitization of guinea pigs with any of a variety of protein antigens in saline or incomplete Freund's adjuvant primes them for a form of delayed-onset cutaneous hypersensitivity characterized by the presence of large numbers of basophilic leukocytes. This form of reactivity, designated cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH), generally may be elicited only at early intervals after sensitization and is superseded by another form of cutaneous reaction with a more rapid time course, termed the “late reaction.” We have shown here that late reactions are composed of three sequential but overlapping phases, including cutaneous anaphylaxis, Arthus reactivity, and a residual CBH component. The distribution and clearance of antigen in guinea pig late reactions were quite similar to that observed in Arthus reactions elicited in hypersensitized rabbits, as judged by autoradiography. Clearance of 125I-peroxidase from rabbit skin was retarded by the presence of an Arthus reaction, regardless of its immunologic specificity. In guinea pig late reactions, 125I-HSA, probably combined with antibody, was concentrated by basophils and less commonly by eosinophils; antigen was more frequently localized in neutrophils and macrophages. The anaphylactic and, to a lesser extent, the Arthus components of late reactions could be passively transferred to normal animals with small amounts of hyperimmune serum. The CBH component was not so transferred, nor did hyperimmune serum administered before immunization interfere with the induction of CBH reactivity. However, large doses of passive antiserum given after immunization did inhibit the expression of CBH reactivity, as measured by basophil infiltration, but this effect was not immunologically specific.
Regional Lymph Node Irradiation: Effect on Local and Distant Generation of Antibody Forming Cells
Authors: Weissman Irving L. , Peacock Margo , Eltringham James R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
After footpad injection of sheep erythrocytes into Fisher rats, the major site of appearance of direct and indirect antibody plaque forming cells (direct and indirect) is the regional lymph node. Indirect plaque forming cells are subsequently found in the spleen, but no other lymphoid tissues. Repeated irradiation (days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9) to the draining lymph node region after antigenic stimulation prevents the appearance of plaque forming cells in the spleen by day 10. Selective irradiation of this node group on days 4 and 5 prevents splenic appearance of indirect plaque forming cells only, whereas contralateral node irradiation does not. Irradiation at a later time (days 7 and 8) did not significantly lower the level of splenic indirect plaque forming cells by day 10. We concluded from these experiments that the appearance of splenic indirect plaque forming cells was dependent on radiosensitive cell populations in the antigen draining lymph nodes, and not on the generation of these cells independently in the spleen.
Physical Association of Two Nuclear Antigens and Mutual Occurrence of Their Antibodies: The Relationship of the Sm and Rnaprotein (MO) Systems in Sle Sera
Authors: Mattioli Martha , Reichlin Morris 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An unexpected immunologic relationship was encountered when sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus directed against two different nuclear antigens in calf thymus extract were found to give a reaction of partial identity when reacted with a mixture of the antigens in agar diffusion experiments. Analysis of this antigenic mixture by absorption of the antigenic activity by monospecific antisera to such antigens has led to the conclusion that these two nuclear antigens designated Sm and Mo exist in calf thymus extract as a molecular complex. In addition to this physical association, human systemic lupus erythematosus sera containing anti-Sm were found to have an inordinately high concurrence of anti-Mo (17 of 19 sera).
Host Defenses During Primary Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Infection in Mice
Authors: Rabinowitz Stanley G. , Adler William H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The capacity of humoral antibody to confer protection against Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) infection did not require participation of cellular components of the immune response. Likewise, immune spleen cells conferred protection without participation of either preformed antibody or induction of an anamnestic antibody response. Time after donor immunization was a critical factor in determining the antiviral potential of transferred cells, and mice boosted with a second immunization of attenuated VEE virus did not have their antiviral capacity restored. Protection induced by transfer of immune spleen cells was immunospecific but could be inhibited by in vitro treatment of cell preparations with antithymocyte serum or anti-ϑ serum but not by treatment with anti-mouse γ-globulin. There was no evidence that preformed interferon contributed to the protective activity of passively transferred immune cells. Apparently, both humoral antibody and cellular immunity play important roles in protection against VEE virus infection in mice.
Antigen-Binding Lymphocytes in Normal Man and Guinea Pig to Human Encephalitogenic Protein
Authors: Yung Lily L. L. , Diener Erwin , McPherson T. Alexander , Barton Moira A. , Hyde Harry A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymph nodes and blood from human subjects without neurologic disease, as well as lymph nodes from normal guinea pigs, contain lymphocytes capable of binding radiolabeled encephalitogenic basic protein of human myelin. In man, the number of such cells is comparable to that of cells binding a foreign antigen, radioiodinated flagellin of Salmonella adelaide. These observations lend support to the opinion that “forbidden clones” of lymphocytes, recognizing autoantigens, do exist in apparently normal animals.
Long-Term Spontaneous Tumor Incidence in Neonatally Thymectomized Mice
Authors: Sanford Barbara H. , Kohn Henry I. , Daly James J. , Soo Sophie F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A number of workers have reported increased susceptibility of neonatally thymectomized mice to virally induced tumors (1–3). In this case, however, the response of the animal to the virus itself may be a critical factor, so that the effect of immunosuppression might be to reduce resistance to viral infection rather than to virally induced cell surface alteration.
The effect of neonatal thymectomy on other forms of carcinogenesis is not at all clear. Trainin et al. (4) have reported a decreased latent period and an increased number of tumor nodules after urethane treatment of mice that had been subjected to thymectomy on the 3rd day of life. Miller and coworkers (5) reported a decreased latent period for tumor induction when early thymectomy was combined with exposure to chemical carcinogens. On the other hand, using a system similar to Miller's, Law (6) observed no effect of neonatal thymectomy on either tumor incidence or latency.
A 51Cr Microassay Technique for Cell-Mediated Immunity to Viruses
Authors: Steele Russell W. , Hensen Sally A. , Vincent Monroe M. , Fuccillo David A. , Bellanti Joseph A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A 51Cr microassay procedure for the in vitro measurement of cell-mediated immunity to rubella virus is described. The technique consists of a lymphocyte target cell interaction employing tissue culture lines chronically infected with rubella virus in which the quantitative release of 51Cr is used as an index of lymphocyte reactivity. Also described in these studies is an apparatus which separates the reacting cells from supernatant fluids and recovers the released 51Cr. Significant release is only observed with lymphocytes from rubella seropositive individuals and the reaction is inhibited by rubella hyperimmune sera. The microassay technique also appears to be applicable for the study of cellular immunity to a wide variety of viral agents.
Stimulation of in Vitro Antibody Responses to Sheep Red Cells by Thymus Cells Activated to Histocompatibility Antigens
Authors: Vann Douglas C. , Galloway Peter C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thymus cells from parental strain mice were injected into irradiated F1 recipients to produce thymus-dependent (T) cells activated to histocompatibility antigens (ATC). In vitro, the responses of normal spleen cells, expressed as plaque-forming cells (PFC) to sheep erythrocytes, were significantly enhanced by addition of appropriate numbers of ATC reactive with the spleen cell histocompatibility antigens. The enhancement was greatest on day 3 of culture. These effects were observed only when T cells were activated to foreign histocompatibility antigens and the responding spleen cells possessed the histocompatibility antigens to which the T cells were activated.
ATC derived from a given strain did not enhance the PFC responses of “bystander” spleen cells which were syngeneic with the ATC unless an appropriate target cell population was added to the culture. Supernatants were prepared which enhanced in vitro PFC responses. The supernatants came from cultures of ATC mixed with target cells.
The source and nature of the factor responsible for the enhancing activity have not yet been determined. The mechanism of the enhancement is not known, but it may be related to the observation that addition of ATC or enhancing supernatants to normal spleen cell cultures apparently stimulated cell division to the extent that the normal decline in cell number in primary cultures was eliminated and in some cases recoverable cell counts significantly increased during the 5-day period.