bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peyronie’s disease
Authors: Prattley Sarah , Rees Rowland 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPeyronie’s disease and penile deformity is an uncommon but significant problem which can lead to a notable impact on a patient’s physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Medical intervention, while abundant, currently lacks the evidence base and proven efficacy in therapeutic management. Surgical intervention is reserved for the stable phase of the disease, and includes penile shortening, penile lengthening, and penile prosthetic interventions. We present the case of a 51-year-old gentleman with significant curvature of 70° who underwent assessment and surgical intervention with a Lue procedure. The case highlights the importance of thorough assessment and selection of the most appropriate form of management, and provides intraoperative tips to aid outcome.
Ejaculatory orgasmic disorders
Authors: Satchi Maria , Ralph David 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Ejaculation is the physiological process that refers to the expulsion of semen from the penis, whilst orgasm refers to a state of climax from sexual excitement. Disorders of ejaculation and orgasm, either lifelong or acquired, can pose both a diagnostic and management challenge. Although linked and typically occur during sexual excitement, ejaculation and orgasm are different neurophysiological processes, where some patients may reach orgasm without ejaculation and some ejaculate without orgasm. Different hormonal and neurotransmitter pathways have been found to influence the ejaculatory and orgasmic pathway. These symptoms can cause significant patient and partner distress. An understanding of the different symptoms and specific patient concerns is needed to streamline investigations and is pivotal to planning subsequent management.
Renal trauma
Authors: Lee Hack Jae , Anderson Christopher , Sharma Davendra M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Kidneys are commonly injured organs in trauma and account for approximately 1–5% of all trauma patients. The way renal trauma is managed has changed over the years and conservative management is favoured to prevent iatrogenic nephrectomies. In unstable, high-grade renal injuries, patients occasionally require arterial embolization or surgical exploration. This case presents a 16-year-old male who sustained penetrating injury to his kidney. The case discusses the role of imaging in diagnosing renal trauma, current management strategies, surgical procedures, and complications.
Neurogenic bladder in children
Authors: Lobo Sara , Taghavi Kiarash , Mushtaq Imran 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Neurogenic bladder–sphincter dysfunction constitutes the major cause for morbidity in children with myelomeningocele, and the management of this condition is challenging and requires a multidisciplinary team approach. A contemporary review of the literature is presented with expert commentaries, focusing on the definition of neurogenic bladder, the natural evolution, diagnostics (highlighting investigations and their interpretation), medical and surgical treatment, prognosis, and protocols for follow-up. These aspects are illustrated with a clinical case, describing the presentation, investigation, and subsequent management of this neurogenic bladder patient.
Vesicoureteral reflux in children
Authors: Figueroa-Díaz María S. , Cho Alexander , Mushtaq Imran 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A male neonate with antenatal bilateral severe hydronephrosis presented with abnormal renal function postnatally despite urethral catheter insertion. Ultrasonography confirmed bilateral hydroureteronephrosis that was worse on the right and a micturating cystourethrogram showed grade 5 right vesicoureteric reflux. Clean intermittent catheterization was started due to incomplete bladder emptying that led to a deceased serum creatinine. A dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan showed 14% right kidney differential function. Cystoscopy confirmed a normal urethra. A right-sided refluxing loop ureterostomy and circumcision was performed with subsequent right dilatation decrease and resolution of the left hydronephrosis. A DMSA scan at 17 months showed 10% right kidney differential function and a right nephroureterectomy was undertaken. At follow-up, the child is urinary tract infection free and has complete spontaneous bladder emptying. The diagnosis and treatment options are discussed including controversies regarding bladder dysfunction associated with vesicoureteric reflux, the benefits of circumcision, the therapeutic options, and why it was finally decided to perform a refluxing loop ureterostomy and subsequent nephrectomy.
Improving Magnetic STEM-Differential Phase Contrast Imaging using Precession
Authors: Nordahl Gregory , Nord Magnus 
Published: January 2023

AbstractDifferential phase contrast in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM-DPC) is a technique used to image electromagnetic fields in materials. STEM-DPC is based on tracking the minute changes in the position of the bright-field disk, so any effects which cause inhomogeneities in the intensity or geometry of the disk can lead to the contrast from the electromagnetic fields to be obscured. Structural changes, like grain boundaries, thickness variations, or local crystallographic orientation, are a major cause of these inhomogeneities. In this paper, we present how precession of the STEM probe with the objective lens turned off, providing a near field-free environment for magnetic imaging, can average out nonsystematic inhomogeneities in the electron beam. The methodology was tested on a polycrystalline Fe60Al40 thin film with embedded ferromagnetic structures. The effect of precession was assessed on magnetic induction maps created by three different processing algorithms. Results demonstrate that precessed STEM-DPC with the objective lens turned off shows an improvement in the form of smoothing of the variations found in the DPC signal arising from the underlying polycrystalline background.
Parallel tracks of kHz QPOs: implication of the bimodal luminosity components in neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries
Authors: Wang De-Hua , Zhang Cheng-Min 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT
We employ the bimodal luminosity components, i.e. the disc luminosity Ld and non-disc luminosity Lr, to interpret the parallel track phenomena in the relation between the kilohertz quasi-periodic oscillation (kHz QPO) frequency ν and X-ray luminosity LX observed in the neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries: For an individual source with a constant non-disc luminosity Lr, the increase of its disc accretion rate $\dot{M}_{\rm d}$ can arise the shrink of neutron star magnetosphere-disc radius that results in the increase of the kHz QPO frequency. Then, with the enhancements of both the kHz QPO frequency and total X-ray luminosity, LX = Ld + Lr, the source will trace out an oblique track in ν–LX relation. Furthermore, for the different sources with various constant non-disc luminosities, they trace out series of parallel tracks in ν–LX relation. Our model presents an approximate power-law relation between the upper kHz QPO frequency ν2 and LX (i.e. $\nu _2\sim L_{\rm X}^k$), where the power-law index k decreases with the ratio parameter of $\mathcal {R}\equiv L_{\rm d}/L_{\rm r}$. Moreover, the fittings of $\nu _2{\!-\!}L_{\rm X}^k$ relation with the observation data indicate a range of ∼0.1–2.7 for the k values, which is basically compatible with the model prediction. In addition, we discussed the physical factors that affect the validity of the model.
Cross-Cultural Interaction across the Arafura and Timor Seas
Authors: Urwin Chris , Russell Lynette , Yulianti Farid Lily 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Prior to sustained contact with Europeans, Aboriginal people in parts of northern Australia—coastal regions of the Kimberley, Arnhem Land, and the Gulf of Carpentaria—interacted with people from South Sulawesi and other parts of eastern Indonesia, especially Makassar. The visitors (often called ‘Macassans’) arrived on Australian shores annually in sailing ships (praus) to harvest trepang (also called sea cucumber, bêche-de-mer) and to exchange things and ideas with Aboriginal people. Within Australia, evidence for these interactions can be seen in Macassan trepang processing sites (often associated with introduced tamarind trees); the inclusion of Indonesian borrow words in local Aboriginal languages; paintings of praus in Aboriginal rock art sites; and Aboriginal archaeological deposits containing Asian pottery, metal, and glass. More broadly, the histories of these interactions are found within oral traditions from either side of the Arafura and Timor Seas. Archaeology has begun to show that Aboriginal people selectively engaged in exchange with Indonesian people, using traded items to sustain customary exchange and new maritime technology to transform how they engaged with coast and sea. Macassan trepanging visits to northern Australia date from the eighteenth century to c. CE 1907, though some archaeological and oral historical evidence suggests that initial encounters occurred before CE 1664. Yet key questions remain regarding the nature of Macassan-Aboriginal interactions, and, fundamentally, the chronology of cross-cultural contact in northern Australia.
Confucianism and Chinese Religion
Authors: Littlejohn Ronnie 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis article provides an overview of Confucianism’s interactions with Chinese religion along the continuum from official state contexts to local and popular practices and beliefs. The study is organized into two broad categories: gods, ghosts, and ancestors; and rituals and ritual specialists. The many ways in which Confucian literati and officials moved within the civil and village contexts demonstrates how rigid attempts to study Confucianism’s engagement in either civil religion or so-called popular religion in isolation can be potentially misleading. Points of contact between Chinese religion and Confucianism include the identification and veneration of Confucian and local worthies, literati and ritual specialist interactions, and the role of Confucian intellectuals in controversies and tensions between recognized traditions such as Buddhism and Daoism, as well as conflicts between regional practitioners. The strategies for relating to Chinese religious beliefs and practices constructed by key Confucian thinkers such as Xunzi, Han Yu, and Zhu Xi are highlighted.
Confucius and the Zhou Dynasty
Authors: Cook Scott Bradley 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Confucius’s relationship to the Zhou dynasty, both as the historical source of the cultural heritage that he transmitted and as the declining age in response to which his philosophy took shape. After first recounting the process by which the Zhou’s political consolidation broke down over time and the rise of ministerial families during the Chunqiu period, the chapter then explores how Confucius viewed the authentic reinstatement of ritual (li 禮) as a remedy to the disorder of his times, how he did so while managing the tricky political constraints which faced him, and, finally, how he transformed the notion of the Zhou’s “mandate” to rule into a kind of personal “mission” to preserve the greater, longstanding cultural tradition that the Zhou ultimately represented.
Confucianism in Mainland China
Authors: Bai Tongdong 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Although Confucianism has been on the defensive for much of the past 150 years, it has experienced renewal and growth in the past 40 years in mainland China. This essay will contextualize the attacks of Confucianism in the early People’s Republic of China, the beginnings of a Confucian revival in the 1980s, and the factors that have led to new modes of Confucianism in the past several decades, including works by the older generations and their students, the influence of Overseas New Confucianism, and since the new millennium, a growing minority among mainland Confucian sympathizers, the so-called Mainland New Confucians. This essay looks in particular at the Mainland New Confucianism, arguing that it may be more promising than Overseas New Confucianism in offering critical and constructive ideas relevant not only to China, but to the wider world.
Images of Confucius Through the Ages
Authors: Sommer Deborah 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Over the centuries, the body and face of Confucius have been envisioned in many different ways. His body is not only an imaginary construction: he is actually many different bodies, each one a corpus of signs that bears a complex range of religious, ethical, political, and cultural meanings. This essay surveys some of these imaginary constructions, from ancient to modern times: textual descriptions from the Analects and other early texts; cosmic visions from Han mantic apocrypha; stone carvings and cliff sculptures from the Han and Song; and images used in rituals. This essay also explores how visual representations of Confucius were deconstructed during Ming-era imperial iconoclastic reforms of the Confucian temple and in the Cultural Revolution.
Confucianism and Ritual
Authors: Sarkissian Hagop 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Confucian writings on ritual from the classical period (c. eighth–third centuries BCE), including instruction manuals, codes of conduct, and treatises on the origins and function of ritual in human life, are impressive in scope and repay careful engagement. These texts maintain that ritual participation fosters social and emotional development, helps persons deal with significant life events such as marriages and deaths, and helps resolve political disagreements. These early sources are of interest not only to historians and Sinologists, but also to philosophers and social scientists; they contain enduring insights into the nature and status of rituals more generally. This chapter surveys classical Confucian theories of the origins and functions of ritual, and summarizes some strident critiques of them from contemporary thinkers in the Mohist, Daoist, and Legalist schools of thought. The aim is to indicate key issues as well as promising strategies for analyzing ritual in Confucian thought and action.
Re-forming Confucianism
Authors: Adler Joseph A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Zhu Xi is often called the “great synthesizer” of the Song dynasty revival of Confucianism, known in the West as “Neo-Confucianism.” Sometimes, however, “synthesis” in this context is used in a weak sense, meaning simply “combining into a harmonious whole.” This chapter examines four areas in which Zhu Xi was a synthesizer in the sense of producing something new. They are (1) a new version of the “succession of the Way” (daotong 道統), (2) a new significance of the term “Supreme Polarity” (taiji 太極), (3) a new synthesis of active (dong 動) and quietistic (jing 靜) methods of self-cultivation, and (4) a new emphasis on the non-duality of cosmology and ethics.
Confucianism in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Chun-chieh 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The development of Confucianism in postwar Taiwan comprises three major aspects: “state Confucianism” as the political ideology of the Chinese Nationalist Party; Confucianism as academic discourse; and Confucianism as a way of life. The first version of Confucianism is a kind of “official” Confucianism, whereas the other two are forms of “civil” Confucianism. Confucianism as articulated by the New Confucians in Taiwan is elite Confucianism, which contrasts sharply with the Confucianism developed by Buddhist sects as popular Confucianism. The central concern of New Confucians in postwar Taiwan lies in the development of “Confucian democracy.” Mou Zongsan and Xu Fuguan are the two major theorists who articulated “Confucian democracy.” The chapter concludes by indicating that the pristine Confucian values, predominantly humanness, human dignity, and ecological mutuality, may not only serve as a bridge of mutual thriving for Chinese people on the mainland and Taiwan island, but may also become the universal values of humankind in the 21st century and beyond.
Procurement Systems and Industry Dynamics
Authors: Tanaka Akira , Wang Yue 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the development of procurement systems for the mass production of steel in the United States, Japan, and China over the past 120 years. It shows that the evolution of global procurement systems in the steel industry is the result of the creative adaptations of the industries of the three countries based on the historical conditions in each of them. Thus, in the first half of the 20th century, US steel mills established the captive mine system and extended their vertical integration into iron mines; in the second half of the 20th century, Japanese steel producers adopted a long-term contract system with overseas iron ore suppliers. The rapid growth of China’s steel industry in the early 21st century created a spot market for iron ore. Facing the decline of the long-term contract system, Chinese steel companies adopted a pluralistic strategy that combined all three procurement systems.
The Ethics of Public Policy Experiments
Authors: MacKay Douglas 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Social scientists and research ethicists have begun, somewhat belatedly, to confront and address the ethical challenges raised by public policy experiments. In doing so, however, they have not fully availed themselves of the large and sophisticated literature on the ethics of clinical research which has developed since the 1970s. While clinical research and public policy research are different, the author argues that the clinical research ethics literature yields valuable insights for discussions of the ethics of policy experiments. Focusing on seven ethical issues which have received a good deal of attention in public and scholarly discussions of the ethics of policy experiments, the author makes use of the history of reflection on the ethics of clinical research to provide guidance to researchers planning and conducting policy experiments.
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness through the Lenses Useful of Government Consumption
Authors: Nana Francois John , Mata Andrea 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The fiscal policy literature on sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) has predominantly focused on the direction and size of the impact of a specific fiscal policy instrument— i.e., government consumption, investment and/or taxes— on output. Moreover, the literature has disproportionately given attention to understanding the degree of productivity of public investment spending and its impact on real GDP through the crowding-in of private investment. In contrast, less attention has been given to the usefulness of government consumption and how it impacts output via the crowding-in or crowding-out of private consumption in SSA countries. In this chapter, we review the logic of useful public consumption in the context of Edgeworth substitutability/complementarity between public and private consumption and why it matters for fiscal policy effectiveness in Cameroon. We then present some empirical evidence of Edgeworth substitutability of government consumption based on a permanent income theory of consumption. This naturally leads to the examination of the implication of this empirical evidence of useful government consumption and its implication for fiscal policy design and effectiveness in Cameroon.
The Cameroon Economy
Authors: Mukum Mbaku John 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Cameroon, which is often referred to as Africa in miniature, has a political economy that has been influenced significantly by various groups and institutions. Cameroon is a bilingual country, with English and French as its official languages, as well as a mixed common-law and civil-law system, all remnants of British and French colonialism. Christianity has also affected the worldview of Cameroon’s various ethnolinguistic groups and the way they have interacted with one another over the years. Missionaries helped create written forms of many indigenous languages (e.g., Duala and Mungaka) and facilitated the creation of knowledge in these languages. Migrants from neighboring countries enriched the country’s cultural mix and contributed significantly to economic development. Internal migrations, occasioned by population pressures and the search for opportunities for self-actualization and economic advancement, contributed to the growth of Cameroon’s urban centers. In addition to Christianity, Islam and Cameroon’s various traditional religions inculcated in the people values, such as probity and morality, which have been critical to the development of economic and financial institutions in the country. Many of Cameroon’s traditional religious require that their adherents to be devout, honest, faithful and spiritual, values that augur well for the development of a fully functioning and sustainable economy.
Fiscal Decentralization, Entrepreneurship, and Firm Productivity in Cameroon
Authors: Bougna Théophile , Nguimkeu Pierre 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the impact of fiscal decentralization on entrepreneurship and firm productivity in Cameroon. Drawing on Bougna & Nguimkeu (2020)’s model, we simulate counterfactual changes in taxation policy on the regional distribution of firm outcomes. Our results show the potential of optimal and adapted tax reforms in fostering business creation, increased formalization and aggregate income gains across and within regions in Cameroon. Our findings suggest that a well-targeted regionally decentralized taxation policy has the potential to improve the overall socio-economic ecosystem by attracting an optimal size of entrepreneurship in each region and hence favoring a more efficient cross-regional distribution of income. Policy recommendations include the need to empower regional authorities to design and implement tailored based fiscal policies that account for regional heterogeneity, cities’ specialization and comparative advantages.
Public Debt
Authors: Monga Célestin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Recent reports about Cameroon’s public debt start from the position that high debt is necessarily bad. They often offer generic accounting frameworks and static “prudential” ratios for deciding whether the debt is sustainable, without discussing the economics of debt and its underlying dynamics. Public debt carries costs and potential benefits, to be carefully analyzed in a balanced manner, taking into account each country’s specific context and prospects, and the specific debt conditions. This chapter argues that both assessments lack strong analytical and empirical basis, and that Cameroon’s public debt situation should be examined with a criterion that reflects its unique economic situation. It sets the context, discusses fears and facts about the historical origins of Africa’s and Cameroon’s public debt. It then examines the missing elements of traditional debt sustainability analyses. Finally, it provides a roadmap and policy guidelines for managing public debt in Cameroon.
The Political Economy of Reform Consensus (or Lack thereof) in Cameroon
Authors: Lonkeng Constant 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter proposes a rationale for the apparent lack of economic reform consensus in Cameroon. Drawing on the political economy literature, we provide a model-based evidence that the quasi status quo may have resulted from a systematic strategy by the rent-seeking elite to buy off constituencies to counter reform proposal by any reform-minded group. The chapter focuses on the interaction between different interest groups and not on specific reforms, many of which are explored throughout the handbook