bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Reversibility of the Antigen-Antibody Reaction
Authors: Morris Marion C. , Karr Helen V. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A previous paper (1) dealing with the effects of homologous type-specific polysaccharide on the agglutination and capsular swelling of sensitized pneumococci III has shown that both agglutination and capsular swelling are reversed when suitable amounts of carbohydrate are used. The reversal of these two reactions was interpreted as being due to dissociation and redistribution of the specific antibody. With the reagents and technic used at that time, it was not possible to demonstrate that any amount of carbohydrate caused increased aggregation of pneumococci sensitized in the inhibition-zone of antibody-excess and washed free of uncombined antibody. This was contrary to expectations in view of the findings of Heidelberger and Kabat (2).
By use of a higher-titered serum and by modifying the earlier technic, it has now become possible to demonstrate increased aggregation of sensitized washed pneumococci exposed to certain concentrations of the homologus polysaccharide.
Specific Aggregation of Streptococcal Proteins Adsorbed on Oil Droplets
Authors: Boroff Daniel A. , Tripp Leonard M. , Dembeck Bernard J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A bacterial antigenic preparation in solution may possess several specificities, some of which become apparent only under special conditions.
Adsorption of a group-specific protein (NPA) derived from streptococci Lancefield Group A, on olive oil changes the reactivity in an agglutination reaction from predominantly group-specific to predominantly type-specific.
When this protein is adsorbed on olive oil globules, it behaves serologically more like intact streptococci than when it is in solution, in that it shows a prozone in the region of antibody excess and exhibits cross-reactivity in low dilutions of antisera.
Adsorption of NPA on a non-streptococcal bacterial surface did not change the specificity of the protein from that exhibited by NPA in solution.
It is suggested that the type-specific activity of NPA complex may be due to the hapten “T”.
The Plasma Cellular Reaction and Its Relation to the Formation of Antibodies in Vitro
Authors: Fagraeus Astrid 
Published: January 2023

Summary
During secondary response, elicited in sensitized rabbits by means of intravenous injections of antigen, a great increase in the number of plasma cells (pl.c.) in the spleen was recorded simultaneously with the increase of circulating antibodies. Pl.c. were confined almost exclusively to the red pulp, especially after the injection of living S. typhi. They originated apparently from reticulum cells, passing through a chain of development: transitional cell → immature pl.c. → mature pl.c. Pieces of spleen were excised at different times during the period of antibody formation in rabbits, differential cell counts were made and the capacity of excised splenic tissue to form antibodies in vitro was investigated. The following observations were made: The a mount of antibody liberated in plain tissue extracts, under conditions preventing growth or metabolism of cells, was very low, whereas significant yields were obtained in tissue cultures. The capacity of the red pulp abundant in pl.c. to produce antibodies in vitro was considerably superior to that of lymph follicles, rich in lymphocytes but devoid of pl.c. Antibody production was comparatively poor in tissue containing only transitional cells, reached a maximum when numerous immature pl.c. were present and receded when predominantly mature pl.c. were found. After intravenous injections the antigen accumulated in those places where pl.c. subsequently developed.
The conclusion is drawn that antibodies under the conditions of the experiments, are formed by cells of the R.E.S., passing through a chain of development, the final link of which is the mature pl.c.
The author takes this opportunity of thanking Professor F. Henschen, Professor G. Olin and Doctor S. Gard for their interest in this work and valuable criticism. The work has been facilitated by grants from the Foundation Therese and Johan Anderssons minne.
A Study of the Role of the Thymus and Spleen in the Formation of Antibodies in the Rabbit
Authors: Harris T. N. , Rhoads Jonathan , Stokes Joseph 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The thymus did not play a demonstrable role in the formation of antibodies by the young rabbit, or in the retention of antibodies derived by the fetus from the maternal circulation. Only slight evidence of formation of antibodies in the spleen was shown following the subcutaneous injection of antigens. Following intravenous injection of antigens, however, high antibody-titers were demonstrated in splenic extracts. The failure of the thymus to form antibodies, which is in contrast with ecent and current observations on the lymph-nodes and spleen is discussed in erms of the architectural differences between the thymus and those organs.
Review Purified Animal Viruses
Authors: Beard J. W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Progress in the purification of viruses has resulted, principally in the preceding decade, in an encouraging accumulation of knowledge of the chemical, physical and morphological characters of these agents. Though the initial successful studies in this field were made on bacteriophage and with agents responsible for animal diseases, widespread interest was given first to the findings with certain of the plant viruses. Work with the animal viruses under more complicated conditions for examination has continued, however, until, at the moment, there is a better understanding of some aspects of the characters of the animal viruses than of those of the agents causing disease in plants. Many general reviews (216, 87, 215, 222, 258) have been written of the findings with purified viruses, concerned in most instances with agents responsible for disease in plants. Smadel and Hoagland have reviewed (202) in detail the results with vaccinia virus and Pirie (168) has described the recent work with animal viruses.
The Antagonism of Coliform Bacteria Against Shigellae
Authors: Halbert Seymour P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A total of 1,243 strains of coliform organisms, isolated by rectal culture from Latin-American children in South Texas, were tested for their antagonistic properties on solid medium against an arbitrarily chosen Shigella paradysenteriae Flexner type III (Z). Of these, 18.3 per cent possessed some antagonistic property. As indicated by identification tests with a random sample of these organisms, most were probably members of the Escherichia coli group. These strains were obtained from 147 individuals. A total of 37, or 25 per cent harbored one or more antagonistic coliform organisms. The antibacterial spectrum of these organisms is remarkably limited. Of a wide range of bacteria tested for susceptibility to sample coliform strains, only 38 of 58 strains of Shigella tested proved to be moderately or greatly affected, and 9 out of 15 strains of E. coli were shown to be moderately affected. Of the Shigella strains studied for susceptibility, a definite tendency was revealed toward a relationship between susceptibility and type specificity. The mechanism of the production of the zones of inhibition was shown to be due to antibiotic production in the instances tested. The zones of inhibition were not affected by rabbit and human blood or serum in concentrations of 5 to 25 per cent. A single case of acute diarrheal disease (of unknown etiology) was studied with reference to the antagonistic coliforms. During the course of the illness, there was a profound change in the coliform flora, in the direction of the development of organisms which showed a great degree of antagonism against Shigella Flexner type III (Z). This shift in the character of the flora paralleled the process of recovery. The possible significance of the findings is discussed.
Studies on Tularemia
Authors: Coriell Lewis L. , King Elizabeth O. , Smith Margaret G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Clinical, laboratory and pathologic data on the course of tularemia in normal and vaccinated Macacus mulatta are presented. The disease in monkeys has many similarities to the disease in man. Vaccination did not protect immature monkeys against large infective doses and only partially protected young adult monkeys against small infective doses. An improved vaccine described by Foshay was the most effective of the four vaccines tested.
The Effect of Environmental Temperature Upon Resistance to Pneumococcal Infection Under Sulfadiazine Therapy, and Upon Body Temperature and Oxygen Consumption During Infection
Authors: Junge J. McBroom , Rosenthal S. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The resistance to pneumococcal infection under sulfadiazine therapy is significantly influenced by environmental temperature. The optimum is in the neighborhood of 26 C to 31 C, while markedly lowered therapeutic responses are observed at 18 C. Lowered responses also appear at 37 C.
In untreated mice with pneumococcus I infection no febrile response is observed during the course of the disease when the animals are maintained at room temperatures of 18 C or 31 C. As the infection progresses there occurs, at 18 C, a progressive fall in oxygen consumption and body temperature.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Wolfe Harold R. , Dilks Eleanor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Ability to produce precipitin was studied in newly hatched chicks and chicks of various ages up to 12 weeks. The interfacial method was used. Newly hatched chicks gave low-titered antisera to bovine serum; slightly over one-half showed no precipitin with the dilutions (lowest 1:12.5) tried. There was a gradual increase in production-ability up to 4 weeks of age. The average titer given by the sera of 5-week-old chicks showed a remarkable increase over that of the 4-week-old ones. This increase could, in part, be attributed to the fact that almost all birds responded at 5 weeks of age. Chickens of 6 to 12 weeks of age gave titers similar to the 5-week-old ones indicating that serological “maturity” was reached at 5 weeks as far as precipitins against serum-proteins were concerned.
Studies on Inhibition of the Agents of Murine and Feline Pneumonitis by Penicillin
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. , Dozois Theodore F. , van Allen Alwine , Parish V. Lee , Schwalm Shirley 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Prolongation of the survival time of chick embryos infected in the yolk sac with the agent of murine pneumonitis was obtained with doses of 2 to 20 Oxford units of penicillin per egg. An increase in the dose of 4 to 15 fold allowed survival of all embryos for 12 days after inoculation.
Inhibition of the development of the virus of feline pneumonitis was obtained with 20 to 2,000 units of penicillin per egg, or about 20 times as much as is required for comparable inhibition of the growth of the mouse pneumonitis virus.
Infections of the yolk sac caused by the agent of mouse pneumonitis were sterilized by penicillin in doses of 100 units given 24 hours after infection. For a similar complete virucidal effect on the cat pneumonitis virus, 5,000 units given three times at 2, 72, and 144 hours after infection were necessary.
When treatment was delayed the dose of penicillin required increased with the time after inoculation at which it was administered, but inhibitory and virucidal effects on the mouse pneumonitis virus were demonstrable with 5,000 units given 4 to 5 days after inoculation.
In vitro virucidal effects by crystalline penicillin G at a concentration of 2,000 units per cubic centimeter were not demonstrable. Impurities of unknown nature in crude penicillin were virucidal in vitro for the mouse pneumonitis virus.
Preparation and Properties of Purified Rickettsial Suspensions
Authors: Castaneda M. Ruiz 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An improved method for the purification and concentration of typhus rickettsiae cultivated by the “lung method” is described. The material thus obtained may be used for various serological tests such as agglutination, complement fixation and opsonization. A suitable dilution of the stock suspensions may be used for the preparation of monovalent and bivalent vaccines which have been widely tested in the immunization of human beings. For emergency work an “oil protected” bivalent vaccine to be administered in a single dose is now being tested. The highly purified rickettsial suspensions have been successfully used to detect allergic reactions in typhus immune individuals with results which have indicated their value in epidemiological surveys.
Serological Studies on Infectious Mononucleosis and Other Conditions with Human Erythrocytes Modified by Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Evans Alfred S. , Curnen Edward C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Serological reactions with human red blood cells modified by adsorption and elution of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) have been studied. Serum from some patients with infectious mononucleosis agglutinated such NDV-treated red cells in higher titer than serum from normal persons or from patients with non-infectious diseases. Similarly high titers were observed in the serum of some patients with other infectious diseases. Serum from rabbits immunized against Newcastle disease virus or against three other immunologically unrelated viruses agglutinated NDV-treated red cells in higher titer than normal rabbit serum or serum from a rabbit immunized against normal chick embryo tissue. Human serum as well as serum from rabbits immunized with viruses other than Newcastle disease virus, which agglutinated NDV-treated human red cells in high titer, failed to inhibit the agglutination of chicken red cells by Newcastle disease virus except for the serum of one patient which, however, failed to neutralize the virus. The capacity of both human and immune rabbit sera to agglutinate NDV-treated human red cells appeared to be unrelated either to the heterophile antibody of infectious mononucleosis or to the hypothetical agent of that disease.
Studies in Dysentery Vaccination
Authors: Cooper Merlin L. , Keller Helen M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study of sera from children convalescent from proven dysentery showed a wide range in the 50 per cent protective volumes, 0.0004 ml to 0.1 ml.
The agglutinative titers of these sera also varied widely, from 640 to 0.
The most protective sera were usually obtained from the older children.
All sera containing agglutinins were from the older children.
A Note on Enzyme-Purified Antitoxin and Anaphylaxis in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Christensen P. Agerholm , Kerrich J. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been confirmed that guinea pigs actively sensitized to pepsin-treated serum are sensitive to normal horse serum. It has been confirmed that guinea pigs sensitized to normal horse serum are less easily shocked by pepsin-treated antitoxin than by the unaltered antigen. It has been confirmed that guinea pigs sensitized to pepsin-treated antitoxin can be shocked by the same antigen. It has been shown that pepsin-treated antitoxin is more effective in eliciting anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs sensitized to pepsin-treated antitoxin than in guinea pigs sensitized to normal horse serum. This suggests that the antitoxin has acquired a new specificity, and the possibility of serum reactions in persons receiving enzyme-purified serum for the second time is emphasized. The validity of the results obtained has been assessed statistically.
The Long Persistence of Rickettsia Orientalis in the Blood and Tissues of Infected Animals
Authors: Fox John P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Discussion
The ready demonstration of R. orientalis in the blood and tissues (liver, brain, and kidney) of albino Swiss mice at intervals up to 610 days after infection has been reported. These mice survived in a few cases (not tested for virus beyond the 62nd day) because primary infection was by the subcutaneous route. For the most part, they survived because of treatment with toluidine blue or methylene blue. During this period the serum antibody (complement fixing) was high and the mice were resistant to reinfection. The greatest concentration of infectivity appeared to be in the kidney, and the least, perhaps because of the presence of antibody, in the blood. No infectivity was demonstrated, in two attempts, in bladder urine or, in one attempt, in day-old mice from an infected mother. Parallel observations made in the cotton rat, terminated at 269 days after infection, revealed a similar persistence of infectivity except in the brain (not infective at 269 days) and blood (infective at 102 days but not at 154 or 269 days.) Serum antibody was also demonstrated.
These observations suggest that of all the rickettsiae, with the possible exception of the immunologically similar Canadian vole agent, which was not sought in animals beyond 75 days after infection (13), R. orientalis is the most persistent in the tissues of rodent hosts. The equilibrium observed in the mouse most nearly parallels that observed in mouse carriers of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (2), with the interesting difference that the latter animals had little or no demonstrable serum antibody (of the neutralizing type), although they remained resistant to reinfection. Unpublished results of neutralization tests with sera from guinea pigs convalescent from infection with R. orientalis have revealed peculiar zonal effects (neutralization of large and of small but not of intermediate amounts of virus) which may help to explain the interesting simultaneous demonstration of infectivity and antibody in the same blood specimens. The significance of these observations to the problem of the rodent reservoir in Tsutsugamushi disease is obvious.
Characterization of the “Enzymic” Action of Influenza Viruses on Human Red Cells
Authors: Briody B. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Two capacities of the influenzal group of viruses (a) the agglutination of RBC, and (b) the elution or liberation of the viral particles from the RBC with concomitant receptor destruction, can be dissociated by appropriate treatment. Elutability can be destroyed by heating which is without action on the hemagglutinative titer; such heated virus can be liberated by RDF from RBC to which it is absorbed. The elutability of viruses is influenced in general by the same treatments and in the same direction as the activity of the soluble factor, RDF, derived from the cholera vibrio. The evidence presented is consistent with the hypothesis that a factor closely resembling RDF is an integral part of the surface of these viruses and that it plays an important role in the initial virus-cell interaction.
An Epidemic of Influenza a due to an Atypical Strain. The Relationship of This Strain to Other Influenza Viruses
Authors: Kalter Seymour S. , Chapman Orren D. , Feeley Doris A. , MacDowell Shirley L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An epidemic due to atypical strains of influenza A appeared in the population regardless of prophylactic vaccination. High titers to the viruses in the vaccine were found in the acute phase sera indicating the potency of the vaccines. The relationship of these new strains to known viruses of influenza is discussed. Differences in strains occurring during the same epidemic have been found. No relationship between this epidemic and previously noted increases in antibodies to the porcine virus could be determined. The data suggest that the new strains were introduced into a highly susceptible population. Precautions against interference in the isolation of influenzal viruses must be taken.
The Incidence of Neutralizing Antibodies for Type A and Type B Influenza Virus in Normal Infants and Children
Authors: Lazarus Alfred S. , Westfall Robert E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sera were obtained from 212 normal infants and children during the winter and spring of 1947, and the neutralizing antibody titers for types A and B influenza viruses were obtained, using the Hirst agglutination-inhibition technic. Titers ranged from below 1–20 up to 1–1280, with the majority between 1–20 and 1–160. There was some indication of a higher average titer for type B than for type A. The data reported herein should supply basic information regarding the incidence of neutralizing antibodies in normal infants and children during a nonepidemic period.
Activity of Hexenolactone against Salmonella Enteritidis in Mice
Authors: Bartholomew James W. , Johnson Charles W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The toxicity of hexenolactone as measured by the L.D.50 for 14 to 18 gram white mice on intraabdominal injection was 4.69 mg. Single injections of 1 mg of hexenolactone gave significant protection for 14 to 18 gram white mice against 100,000 cells of Salmonella enteritidis. Protection was demonstrated even after a 12 hour lapse between the injection of the organisms and the hexenolactone.
The Differentiation of Species of Trichomonads by Immunological Methods
Authors: MacDonald Etta Mae , Tatum A. L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The study herein presented is concerned with the questions of identity of, or differences between, Trichomonas hominis and Trichomonas vaginalis, and for comparative purposes Trichomonas foetus is included. The two former named organisms have been generally assumed to be of different species, the T. hominis being a form whose habitat is the intestine, whereas T. vaginalis is found in the human vagina and only occasionally in the prostate gland of man. T. foetus is the common pathogenic form found in cattle. The approach employed in this work is that of serological technic.
Antigens derived from bacteria-free cultures of T. vaginalis and T. foetus have been studied particularly since these cultures have become available (1, 2). Byrne and Nelson of this laboratory (3) studied the nature of immunity to T. foetus infections in rabbits, but could not correlate resistance to infection with agglutinative titers in the blood of animals which were infected intravaginally or injected intravenously with living trichomonads.
Therapy of Experimental Brucella Infection in the Developing Chick Embryo
Authors: Shaffer James M. , Spink Wesley W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A reliable and consistently reproducible method for testing the therapeutic activity of drugs against Br. abortus infection in the 7 day chick embryo is described. Using this method, streptomycin, sulfadiazine and combinations of the two drugs were tested. The results with a water soluble, chemical combination of streptomycin and sulfadiazine (Commercial Solvents S.D.-2) are reported. Combination therapy with streptomycin and sulfadiazine is superior to either drug used alone. The effectiveness of combined therapy against Br. abortus in the chick embryo is due to a streptomycin-sulfadiazine potentiation, rather than merely to an additive effect of the two drugs.
II. A Study of the Serological Relationships of Pneumococci from the Upper Respiratory Tract with Special Reference to Common Colds and Influenzal Conditions
Authors: Cooper Georgia M. , Mishulow Lucy , Blanc Ninette E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This study forms a part of a general investigation by the Bureau of Laboratories and the Influenza Commission of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company of the flora of the respiratory tract in normal and pathological conditions. The purpose of this section of the work was to determine whether any one variety of pneumococcus would be encountered more frequently in epidemic inflammatory conditions resembling influenza than in those of the nature of ordinary colds and in the normal controls. If, in a wave of common colds or influenzal-like inflammations, a dominant variety could be demonstrated in the majority of cases it would suggest strongly that the pneumococcus strain in question was the primary causative agent of the outbreak in which it was prevalent. The presence of a single type of a pathogenic variety in the individual case may indicate, however, that it is either the primary agent or one of the secondary invading bacteria; or that it may be only an accidental parasitic variety.