bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epigenetics and Field Cancerization the Caveats of Carcinogenesis and Recurrence of Gastrointestinal Malignancies – A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocol
Authors: Kyaruzi Victor Meza , Md Emmanuel , Abdelhammed Ahmed , Suvvari Tarun Kumar , Manemugabe Tumusifu , Davis Banturaki , Sakaiwa Neontle , Hammoud Zeinab , Tango Tamara , Djatche Wesley H.B , Phiri Emmanuel Chileshe , Tunde Olabatoke , Waffa Zuraiha , Ngamba Ramadhani , Elamin Zobidah , Khamisi Ramadhani , Mwanga Ally , Shimber Emnet , Mfinanga Sayoki , Mwakigonja Amos , Dodgion Christopher 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Background
Gastrointestinal malignancies constitute the most common neoplasms with increasing prevalence worldwide, which portend a dismal morbidity and higher mortality rate. Epigenetic phenotypes and field cancerization impute a cutting edge for precursor of several gastrointestinal malignancies, this genetic aberration have been critically implicated in tumorigenesis and recurrence of gastrointestinal malignancies. There has been a paucity of knowledge about the interface effect between epigenetic signatures, epigenetic phenotype and field cancerization for carcinogenesis and recurrence of disease, a comprehensive analysis on the interplay of these biomarkers would streamline the strategy for epigenetic screening and chemoprevention therapy of gastrointestinal malignancy. This systematic review aims at assessing the effect of epigenetics and field cancerization on carcinogenesis and recurrence of gastrointestinal malignancies.
Methods and Analysis
This Systematic review and Meta-analysis will administer the provisions of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) 2020 guideline and the review protocol will be submitted to PROSPERO review registry for registration. The literature search will be executed through several electronic databases including EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochraine , Global index medicus , semantic scholar and google scholar . All original research articles reporting on the effect of epigenetic signatures, epigenetics and field cancerization on the carcinogenesis and recurrence of gastrointestinal cancers in adults will be included. Only articles with NOS score above 4 and Low ROB based on D1-D5 for RCTs will be included for a Meta-analysis.
Ethical Consideration and Dissemination
There is no involvement of human subject participation in this review thus giving no effect to ethical implication .The evidence report of this review will be disseminated on scientific conferences and will be published to a reputable journal of gastroenterology oncology. This review has been registered at PROSPERO registry ID CRD 42023391339
Membudayakan Literasi melalui Model Pembelajaran Batu-Basah pada Siswa di Sekolah Dasar di Sungai Pinang Samarinda
Authors: Mulyati Sri 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This study aims to improve the reading culture for early grade students by using the Batu-Basah learning model where the implementation of the action is carried out for 3 days, the problem that occurs at this time is the lack of student reading interest, especially non-textbooks so that researchers will carry out learning using the Batu- model. Wet and implemented for three days. This research method is a descriptive qualitative method where data sources are taken from research results and secondary data from research results that have been published in journals, the data analysis technique used is data reduction which concludes the research results related to (observation results, student activity sheet results and student presentations). The results of this study were that on the first day of observation, it showed that some students still looked less enthusiastic in participating in activities. The second day and the third day of the observations showed that the students' reading interest had increased, this could be seen from the enthusiasm of the students in participating in this literacy activity. Based on the results of the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the Batu-Basah learning model is able to improve the reading culture and courage of class II A students of SDN 007 Sungai Pinang.

Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan budaya membaca bagi siswa kelas awal dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran Batu-Basah dimana pelaksanaan tindakan dilaksanakan selama 3 hari, permasalahan yang terjadi saat ini adalah kurangnya minat baca siswa terutama buku non pelajaran sehingga peneliti akan melaksanakan pembelajaran dengan menggunakan model Batu-Basah dan diimplementasikan selama tiga hari. Metode penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif dimana sumber data diambil dari hasil penelitian dan data sekunder dari hasil penelitian yang telah diterbitkan ke dalam jurnal, teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah reduksi data yang menyimpulkan hasil penelitian terkait dengan (hasil observasi, hasil lembar aktivitas siswa dan presentasi siswa). Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini adalah pada hari pertama observasi menunjukan bahwa sebagian siswa masih terlihat kurang bersemangat dalam mengikuti kegiatan. Hari kedua dan hari ketiga hasil observasi menunjukkan bahwa minat baca siswa mengalami peningkatan, hal ini terlihat dari antusias siswa dalam mengikuti kegiatan literasi ini. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa model pembelajaran Batu-Basah mampu meningkatkan budaya baca serta keberanian siswa kelas II A SDN 007 Sungai Pinang.
Oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and intestinal microbial regulation after a chronic zinc exposure: an experimental study on adult zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Yuan Zixi , Li Ruixuan , Li Shuangshuang , Qiu Denggao , Li Guanyi , Wang Chun , Ni Jiajia , Sun Yingxue , Hu Hongying 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Zinc is one of the heavy metals present in textile wastewater with high concentrations. However, the chronic toxic effects of zinc on aquatic vertebrates are still ambiguous. Zinc accumulation in zebrafish after chronic zinc exposure and toxic effects on the intestines, muscles, and gills were investigated in this study. The results showed that a significant accumulation of zinc in the intestine, muscle, and gill was observed after 25 d of zinc exposure. The toxic effects of zinc were mainly in the form of zinc-induced oxidative stress in zebrafish, potential neurotoxicity, and changes in intestinal microbes. Significant changes in the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, metallothionein, glutathione, and malondialdehyde indicated that zinc damaged the antioxidant system of adult zebrafish. Zinc exposure resulted in a significant decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity and abnormal neural signaling. Furthermore, zinc exposure resulted in increased intestinal microbial richness and decreased the Simpson index in adult zebrafish. At the phylum and genus levels, the predominant microbes in the intestine are altered by zinc. In summary, this study provides an analysis of the toxic effects of chronic zinc exposure on adult zebrafish and the potential mechanisms, which are important for assessing the dual effects of zinc on aquatic organisms.
Studi Penilaian Indeks Kinerja Irigasi Dan Angka Kebutuhan Nyata Operasi dan Pemeliharaan (AKNOP) pada Daerah Irigasi Ngajum Kecamatan Ngajum Kabupaten Malang
Authors: Fathinun Najib  , Asmaranto Runi , Dermawan Very 
Published: January 2023

Strategi peningkatan produksi pangan dibutuhkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pangan yang semakin bertambah, salah satunya dengan pembangunan dan rehabilitasi jaringan irigasi. Agar keberlangsungan aset irigasi yang sudah dikelola dapat bertahan, maka harus dilakukan evaluasi secara berkala sesuai dengan Peraturan Menteri (Permen) No. 23 tahun 2015 tentang Pengelolaan Aset Irigasi. Dari hasil survei yang dilakukan di Daerah Irigasi (D.I) Ngajum, ditemukan 6 titik kerusakan yang terdiri dari 4 kerusakan lining saluran, dan 2 saluran yang dipenuhi oleh tanaman liar, sampah dan sedimen. D.I Ngajum mendapatkan nilai indeks kinerja sebesar 77,10% dan masuk ke kategori kondisi sedang (60-79%) dengan nilai aspek prasarana fisik senilai 36,29%, aspek produktivitas tanaman senilai 14,51%, aspek sarana penunjang Operasi dan Pemeliharaan (O&P) senilai 7,38%, aspek organisasi personalia senilai 8,72%, aspek dokumentasi senilai 4,10%, aspek Perkumpulan Petani Pemakai Air (P3A) senilai 6,10%. Angka Kebutuhan Nyata Operasi dan Pemeliharaan (AKNOP) yang didapatkan dari hasil perhitungan pada D.I Ngajum sebesar Rp. 235.172.711,00.
A strategy to increase food production is needed to fulfill the increasing demand for food, one of which is the construction and rehabilitation of irrigation networks. For the sustainability of irrigation assets that have been managed to survive, periodic evaluations must be carried out according to Ministerial Regulation No. 23 of 2015 concerning the Management of Irrigation Assets. From the results of a survey conducted in the Ngajum Irrigation Area, 6 damage points were found consisting of 4 damage to the channel lining, and 2 channel filled with weeds, plastic waste, and sediment. Ngajum Irrigation Area got a performance index score of 77.10% and categorized into the moderate condition category (60-79%) with a physical infrastructure aspect value of 36.29%, a plant productivity aspect of 14.51%, an Operation, and Maintenance support facility aspect (O&M) of 7.38%, personnel organization aspect of 8.72%, documentation aspect of 4.10%, Association of Water User Farmers of 6.10%. The real Cost Value of Maintaining and Operating Irrigation obtained from the calculation outcomes at Ngajum Irrigation Area is Rp. 235,172,711.00.
The Success of Cancer Crowdfunding Campaigns: Project and Text Analysis
Authors: Zhang Xupin , Tao Xinqi , Ji Bingxiang , Wang Renwu , Sörensen Silvia 
Published: January 2023

Background
Recent studies have analyzed the factors that contribute to variations in the success of crowdfunding campaigns for a specific cancer type; however, little is known about the influential factors among crowdfunding campaigns for multiple cancers.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between project features and the success of cancer crowdfunding campaigns and to determine whether text features affect campaign success for various cancers.

Methods
Using cancer-related crowdfunding projects on the GoFundMe website, we transformed textual descriptions from the campaigns into structured data using natural language processing techniques. Next, we used penalized logistic regression and correlation analyses to examine the influence of project and text features on fundraising project outcomes. Finally, we examined the influence of campaign description sentiment on crowdfunding success using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software.

Results
Campaigns were significantly more likely to be successful if they featured a lower target amount (Goal amount, β=−1.949, z score=−82.767, P<.001) for fundraising, a higher number of previous donations, agency (vs individual) organizers, project pages containing updates, and project pages containing comments from readers. The results revealed an inverted U-shaped relationship between the length of the text and the amount of funds raised. In addition, more spelling mistakes negatively affected the funds raised (Number of spelling errors, β=−1.068, z score=−38.79, P<.001).

Conclusions
Difficult-to-treat cancers and high-mortality cancers tend to trigger empathy from potential donors, which increases the funds raised. Gender differences were observed in the effects of emotional words in the text on the amount of funds raised. For cancers that typically occur in women, links between emotional words used and the amount of funds raised were weaker than for cancers typically occurring among men.
Clinical Validation of an Artificial Intelligence–Based Tool for Automatic Estimation of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction and Strain in Echocardiography: Protocol for a Two-Phase Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Hadjidimitriou Stelios , Pagourelias Efstathios , Apostolidis Georgios , Dimaridis Ioannis , Charisis Vasileios , Bakogiannis Constantinos , Hadjileontiadis Leontios , Vassilikos Vassilios 
Published: January 2023

Background
Echocardiography (ECHO) is a type of ultrasonographic procedure for examining the cardiac function and morphology, with functional parameters of the left ventricle (LV), such as the ejection fraction (EF) and global longitudinal strain (GLS), being important indicators. Estimation of LV-EF and LV-GLS is performed either manually or semiautomatically by cardiologists and requires a nonnegligible amount of time, while estimation accuracy depends on scan quality and the clinician’s experience in ECHO, leading to considerable measurement variability.

Objective
The aim of this study is to externally validate the clinical performance of a trained artificial intelligence (AI)–based tool that automatically estimates LV-EF and LV-GLS from transthoracic ECHO scans and to produce preliminary evidence regarding its utility.

Methods
This is a prospective cohort study conducted in 2 phases. ECHO scans will be collected from 120 participants referred for ECHO examination based on routine clinical practice in the Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. During the first phase, 60 scans will be processed by 15 cardiologists of different experience levels and the AI-based tool to determine whether the latter is noninferior in LV-EF and LV-GLS estimation accuracy (primary outcomes) compared to cardiologists. Secondary outcomes include the time required for estimation and Bland-Altman plots and intraclass correlation coefficients to assess measurement reliability for both the AI and cardiologists. In the second phase, the rest of the scans will be examined by the same cardiologists with and without the AI-based tool to primarily evaluate whether the combination of the cardiologist and the tool is superior in terms of correctness of LV function diagnosis (normal or abnormal) to the cardiologist’s routine examination practice, accounting for the cardiologist’s level of ECHO experience. Secondary outcomes include time to diagnosis and the system usability scale score. Reference LV-EF and LV-GLS measurements and LV function diagnoses will be provided by a panel of 3 expert cardiologists.

Results
Recruitment started in September 2022, and data collection is ongoing. The results of the first phase are expected to be available by summer 2023, while the study will conclude in May 2024, with the end of the second phase.

Conclusions
This study will provide external evidence regarding the clinical performance and utility of the AI-based tool based on prospectively collected ECHO scans in the routine clinical setting, thus reflecting real-world clinical scenarios. The study protocol may be useful to investigators conducting similar research.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
DERR1-10.2196/44650
Covidspiracy
Authors: Setiadi Bara , Sekar Mutiara Sukma Aanisah , Pramananda Bernardino Gracia , Maharani Fidiara , Danunegoro Rengga Akbar 
Published: January 2023

Berbagai teori konspirasi yang beredar di masyarakat menyebabkan terhambatnya usaha penanggulangan pandemi Covid-19. Teori konspirasi, sebagai bagian dari disinfodemik, tersebar luas berkat teknologi sosial media seperti Twitter. Tulisan ini membahas dua hal, pertama mengenai aktor-aktor kunci yang membangun diskursus alternatif mengenai Covid-19 dan cara mereka menyebarkannya di media sosial Twitter. Kedua, tulisan ini ingin menganalisis hubungan antara ideologi politik dan persepsi mengenai virus Covid-19. Persepsi yang dimaksud memiliki keterkaitan dengan diskursus alternatif Covid-19 Berangkat dari dua tujuan tersebut, tulisan ini menggunakan metode big data dan mengambil data dari Twitter pada rentang waktu 1 Mei 2021 hingga 1 September 2021. Tulisan ini menemukan kontestasi wacana mengenai konspirasi-konspirasi Covid-19 yang tersebar di media sosial. Dua wacana yang berkontestasi adalah wacana pemerintah yang sesuai dengan instruksi dari tenaga kesehatan dan wacana alternatif yang berupa teori konspirasi. Kontestasi ini juga diwarnai oleh ideologi politik, dimana terdapat kecenderungan dari para pemilik akun yang berideologi Islam untuk condong ke wacana alternatif, seperti teori konspirasi. Hasil temuan yang diurai dalam tulisan ini diharapkan dapat mengisi kekosongan literatur mengenai konspirasi Covid-19 di Indonesia dan memantik kajian lebih jauh untuk membantu penanggulangan Covid-19 yang lebih efektif kedepannya.
Desafios para a implantação da Estratégia de Saúde da Família em municípios de grande porte no Brasil
Authors: Lopes Rogerio Campos , Pavan Maria Valéria , Almeida Fernando Antonio de 
Published: January 2023

A baixa cobertura da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) nos grandes municípios (35%) evidencia a dificuldade para se consolidar como política de saúde. Objetivos: Identificar a situação da ESF em Sorocaba/SP e entender as dificuldades para a sua implementação e manutenção. Métodos: Pesquisa descritiva, exploratória e qualitativa. Foram avaliados dados documentais da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde (SMS) e realizadas entrevistas com 6 gestores. De 1998 a 2016 a cobertura populacional da ESF passou de 2,5% a 25,5%, aumento devido à adesão ao Programa Mais Médicos. Resultados: Os gestores apontaram como dificuldades para a implementação da ESF: falta de financiamento, pouco apoio estadual e federal, mudanças frequentes na SMS, resistência dos profissionais de saúde às políticas do SUS. Conclusões: são necessárias mudanças de conceito da gestão municipal e quebra de resistências políticas para viabilizar a ESF como modelo de Atenção Primária à Saúde em grandes municípios.
Overstrength and ductility factors of XBF structures with pinned and fixed supports
Authors: Yahmi Djamal , Branci Taïeb , Bouchaïr Abdelhamid , Fournely Eric 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In today's time, most seismic design codes are based on a linear elastic force-based approach that includes the nonlinear response (ductility and overstrength) of the structure through a reduction factor (named behavior factor q in Eurocode 8 [EC8]). However, the use of a prescribed q-factor that is constant for a given structural system may fail in providing structures with the same risk level. This paper focuses on the estimation of actual values of q-factor for X-braced steel frames (XBFs) designed according to the European codes and comparing these values to those suggested in EC8. For this purpose, a nonlinear pushover analysis has been performed. The effects of specific parameters, such as the stories number, the brace slenderness ratio, the local response of structural members, and the support type, are evaluated. The results show that the most important parameter that affects the q-factor is the brace slenderness ratio, while the support type has less effect on this factor. Furthermore, a local strength criterion has been proposed to implicitly ensure that the suggested value of the q-factor is conservative.
تأثير الانفتاح الثقافي ووسائل التواصل الاجتماعي على عقيدة المجتمع المسلم ( دراسة تحليلية )
Authors: Saleh Khaled Obaid , Aziz Sura Abdel 
Published: January 2023

لقد خلق الله سبحانه وتعالى الانسان وأنزل له من الدين ما يكون موافقا لطبيعته وفطرته التي خلقه الله تعالى عليها وارسل الرسل الكرام للقيام بتذكير الانسان بحقيقة وجوده وحكمته وتذكيره بان الدين هو أساس سعادته وفلاحه في الدنيا والاخرة هذه الحقيقة لها اهمية عظيمة في بناء الانسان وثقافته المجتمعية والتعامل مع كل ما حوله من الافكار والمناهج والآراء والفلسفات ومن رحمة الله بالإنسان انه لم يدعه يصنع تصوره الاعتقادي ومنهجه التشريعي بنفسه لان الانسان يعتريه الهوى والجهل لذا كان الدين بعقائده وتشريعاته منحة الهية من العليم الخبير لسد شذوذ الفكر وزيغ النفوس عن جادة الصواب فكان اختير بحثنا للانفتاح الثقافي لا أهمية التكنولوجيا والتواصل فقد كثر التعامل بهذه الوسائط فكان لها من الايجابيات والسلبيات فكان هدف البحث تشخيص السلبيات ووضع الحلول فكان منهج الاتباع لشرع الله تعالى ورسوله ودين الاسلام المنهاج السليم لخيارات الاتباع الاسلم للمحافظة على منهاج الاخلاق والاتباع الامثل للمحافظة على البنية الاسرية والمجتمعية والانضباط بشرائع الاتباع لما جاء به الانبياء عليهم الصلاة والسلام وختم بهم رسول الله صل الله عليه وسلم دينه الحنيف لتمام مكارم الاخلاق لذا كان التطور المستمر للانفتاح سبب لجهد هذا البحث الذي اعطى الاسباب والمؤثرات على الشباب والمجتمع والحياة واهم الحلول والتوصيات
الدرسُ النَّحويُّ العربيُّ بين التطوّر الذاتي والتّأثّر الخارجي
Authors: Ahmed Amar Taha 
Published: January 2023

يهدف البحث إلى بيان الفرق بين التطوّر الذاتيّ للدرس النحويّ العربي والتأثير الخارجي ، وأثر ذلك على المصطلحات ، والمنهجيّة ، والمفاهيم الموروثة للنحو العربي ، إذ تقوم فكرة البحث على محاولة الربط بين النتاج النحويّ العربيّ قبل ظهور الدراسات اللسانيّة الحديثة وبعد دخولها عليه ، ولحظ الفرق بين النتاجين من جهة ، ومن جهةٍ أخرى محاولة بيان مقدار الفقد والنفع في غاياتِ النّحو العربيّ.
نشأ الدرسُ النحويّ العربيّ نشأةً فطريّةً أصيلةً ونمى وتطوّر في وقتٍ قياسيّ ووصل إلى مرحلةٍ متميّزةٍ من الاستقرارِ العلمّي والمنهجي ، وما زالَ في تطوّرٍ ذاتيّ في المصطلح ، والمنهج ، والمفهوم حتى وصل إلى ثراءٍ رائعٍ ، ودخلت مصطلحاته ومفاهيمه في عمق الدراسات القرآنية ، ودراسات الحديث الشريف ، والشروح اللّغوية للنصوص الأدبيّة ، وبسبب تأثّر طائفةٍ من الباحثين العرب المحدثين بالدراسات اللسانيّة الحديثة ومناهجها حصلت محاولات لتغيير النمط الدراسي للنحو العربيّ وهذا يؤدّي في غالبه إلى نتائج تؤثّر سلبًا على غاياتِ النحو العربيّ ، وينبغي يكون التطوير ذاتيّا محافظًا على غايات علم النّحو مراعيّا خصائص العربيّة ، وأن يكون التعامل مع التطور الخارجي يكون ضمن سلسلة دراساتٍ منهجيّة فكريّة تحدّد أبعاد الفوائد والمضارّ التي يمكن أن يصل إليها الباحثون .
النشاط الاقتصادي في طرابلس إبان الحكم القرمانلي (1711-1835)
Authors: Al-Obaidi Ali 
Published: January 2023

عرف القرن الثامن عشر الميلادي عدة أمور كانت ذات شأن داخل كيان الدولة العثمانية، لم تكن تنبي بضعفها وانكماش سيطرتها على ممتلكاتها فحسب، بل بتقطع أوصالها عبر تهديدات خارجية، مثل: الزحف الروسي من الشمال، والتهديدات الداخلية، التي تمثلت في انفصال العديد من ايالاتها عن الباب العالي. كما هو الحال في ايالات العراق، بلاد الشام، مصر، تونس وطرابلس الغرب. وفي الايالة الأخيرة تمكنت واحدة من الأسرة المحلية من السيطرة على حكم الايالة والابتعاد عن السلطة المركزية العثمانية، حيث غدت هذه الايالة، كما كانت تبدو، دولة مستقلة لها كيانها ومؤسساتها، ووصلت إلى حد التقاطع مع الباب العالي في مجال السياسة الخارجية. ومن خلال هذا البحث: (النشاط الاقتصادي في طرابلس الغرب إبان الحكم القرمانلي1711-1835)، سنحاول تسليط الضوء- بشكل مركز- على بنية الاقتصاد في طرابلس خلال الحكم القرمانلي، ودراسة مجالات النشاط الاقتصادي وبيان حالات التميز والفشل فيه، وهل حاولت السلطة القرمانلية العمل على تطور النشاط الاقتصادي بمختلف جوانبه، بما يمكنها من إنعاش الاقتصاد وديمومته؟.
اثر المسلمين على الغرب الاوربي في مجال الطب من خلال الحروب الصليبية
Authors: Taha Hanan Abdul Rahman , Abdul-Janabi Mohammed Ibrahim , Hassan Muneera Abid 
Published: January 2023

كانت الحروب الصليبية احد مظاهر نقل الحضارة الإسلامية في أوروبا اذ اعتمد الأوروبيين على علم المسلمين لا سيما في مجال الطب ومدى تطوره .وبفضل الإسلام وجدت القواعد الحالية للعلوم الطبية. ولمعرفة هذه الحقائق لابد من الاطلاع على الخلفية التاريخية التي اسهمت في تطور وازدهار المجال الطبي في اوربا .
وبينما كانت أوربا في العصور المظلمة دخل الطب الإسلامي إليها عبر طريق مدن اسلامية كمدينة الأندلس التي اسهمت في نشر الوعي الطبي بين الأوروبيين. فقد اوردت المصادر أنه في الوقت الذي شهدت فيه الإمبراطورية الإسلامية عصرها الذهبي، كانت أوروبا تعيش في ظلام وبربرية، فضلا عن ان الكنيسة هي التي تتحكم في الطب ، وكان الدجالون والمشعوذون هم من اعتمد عليهم في شفاء المرضى من خلال معتقداتهم الواهية .
وقد بلغت المؤلفات الطبية الإسلامية حداً واسعاً في التأثير على الأوروبيين، اذ ترجمت إلى مختلف اللغات الأوروبية انذاك ، واستمرت تلك المؤلفات على مدى قروناً عدة ، وباتت هي المصادر الأساسية التي يعتمد عليها الأوروبيون في تعليمهم الطب سواء بأصولها العربية أو من خلال ترجمتها. اذا بقيت كتب العرب المسلمين هي المستخدمة ككتاب (القانون) لابن سينا وكتاب (الحاوي) للرازي وغيرها من الكتب حتى نهاية القرن السادس عشر الميلادي.