bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of the Bactericidal Activity of the Properdin System by Zymosan and Other Properdin Binding Agents
Authors: Wardlaw Alastair C. , Pillemer Louis 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sixteen preparations of cell walls and polysaccharides from Gram-positive and negative bacteria and from yeasts, all of known reactivity toward the properdin system as defined by the Zymosan assay, have been examined for ability to inhibit the bactericidal activity of serum. The indicator strain used (Shigella dysenteriae) was one previously shown to be sensitive to the properdin system.
In competitive inhibition tests where bacteria and test preparation were added simultaneously to a bactericidal concentration of serum, the most active inhibitory agents were those that were known to inactivate complement in addition to combining with properdin. Preparations that combined with properdin but did not inactivate complement had 50- to 100-fold lower inhibitory activities. Certain anomalous results are explained on the basis of differences in reaction rates.
Cell walls from a variety of Gram-positive and negative bacteria resembled Zymosan in their ability, when used as absorbing agents, to remove the bactericidal activity of human serum. Such absorbed serum is termed RPb.
A study was also made of the effect, on RPb formation, of varying the temperature and time of absorption of serum with Zymosan. The effect of these variables accorded, in general, with the known characteristics of interaction of Zymosan with properdin and with the third component of complement.
The results are discussed in relation to the general concept of properdin as a normal serum constituent differing from antibody in its broad spectrum of serologic reactivity and in having exacting requirements for its interactions, but resembling antibody in forming a bactericidal system with complement. The possible relationship of properdin to normal bactericidal antibodies is also briefly considered.
Fluorescent Antibody Methods in the Differentiation of Murine and Epidemic Typhus Sera; Specificity Changes Resulting from Previous Immunization
Authors: Goldwasser R. A. , Shepard C. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method is described for the staining of typhus rickettsiae with fluorescent antibody. Convalescent human or guinea pig sera are used in an indirect or in a complement staining procedure. Fluorescent antibody procedures are readily adapted to antibody absorption (or inhibition) techniques, and advantage is taken of this fact to differentiate murine from epidemic typhus sera.
A group of sera from human beings and guinea pigs convalescent from murine or epidemic typhus fever gave results with the expected specificity, but three of 14 presumed murine typhus sera from humans had indeterminate specificity or specificity directed toward epidemic typhus rickettsiae.
Two instances were observed of laboratory personnel who received epidemic typhus vaccine and subsequently were accidentally infected with murine typhus rickettsiae. In both cases the antibody formed during infection had specificity directed toward epidemic rickettsiae.
Guinea pigs were given epidemic or murine typhus vaccines and then infected with murine or epidemic typhus rickettsiae. As a result of infection the homologously challenged animals formed antibody characteristic of the infecting rickettsia, but many of those receiving heterologous challenge formed antibody characteristic of the vaccine.
Antigens Associated with the Toxin of the Gravis Type of Corynebacterium Diphtheriae
Authors: Branham Sara E. , Hiatt C. W. , Cooper Aaron D. , Riggs Donald B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Dialyzed filtrates from cultures of two gravis type strains of C. diphtheriae grown on Mueller's medium produced more edema and free pleural and peritoneal fluid in guinea pigs than did comparable preparations from the traditional PW8 (intermedius type) strain. Immunoelectrophoresis confirmed the antigenic complexity of the products of all three strains and disclosed the presence of an extra antigenic component in the gravis preparations.
Ultracentrifugal analysis of the filtrates revealed that a heavy component (40–60 S) was present in the gravis products only. This component appeared to be responsible for the local edema observed in guinea pigs skin tests with gravis toxins.
Notes on the Mathematics of the Antigen-Antibody Double Diffusion Technique
Authors: Engelberg Joseph 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the double diffusion technique, antigen and antibody are allowed to diffuse toward each other and react in gel. The reaction may be carried out in agar plates (1) or in tubes (2, 3, 4). In the latter case three contiguous layers, the first consisting of antigen solution, the second of agar, and the third of antiserum or antiserum solidified with agar, are established in a tube (Fig. 1). Antigen and antibody molecules migrate into the central agar layer and combine there to form a visible band by precipitation. Preer (4) and Ouchterlony (5) have developed equations describing the position and movements of zones of precipitation. Their treatments are based on the assumption that the effect of the antigen-antibody reaction on diffusion may be neglected, and that precipitation occurs where equivalent concentrations meet. We have developed equations for the particular case of the stationary boundary which take into account this reaction.
Action of Anticellular Sera on Virus Infections
Authors: Quersin-Thiry Lise 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Various heated anticellular sera were tested for cell agglutination and for a protective effect against viruses in 23 different stable cell lines and five types of trypsinized primocultures derived from several animal species.
The tests indicate that HeLa cells and all other human cell lines susceptible to poliovirus, as well as Salk's monkey heart cell line, belong to one homogenous antigenic group and that cross-reactions between these lines are complete.
It is assumed that these lines share two antigens in common: an antigen linked to susceptibility to poliovirus and an antigen present in human and monkey cells. As evidenced by partial or weak cross-reactions, either of these two antigens may exist separately in some stable lines or primocultures, e.g., the antigen linked to poliovirus susceptibility in Westwood's rabbit lines; a human antigen, very similar to a monkey antigen, in human and in monkey cell lines which are not susceptible to poliovirus. Cultures not of human or monkey origin and not susceptible to poliovirus had no antigenic relationship to human cell lines or to monkey kidney primocultures (with one exception).
In contrast to those human cell lines which are susceptible to poliovirus (prototype, HeLa), the human cell lines which are not virus susceptible do not form a homogenous group. They do share some human antigen in common but seem to contain another distinct antigen specific for each line.
During the first week of cultivation, trypsinized monkey kidney cultures seem to acquire a new antigen which is present in cultures of the HeLa group but absent in the noncultivated monkey kidney organ.
Homografts of monkey kidney will support multiplication of poliovirus. Antisera prepared against these grafts exhibited a strongly protective effect on MK cultures infected with virus. Antisera prepared against kidney suspension were only weakly active. It is possible that homografts have an ability, like that of MK cultures in continuous cultivation in vitro, to elaborate the antigen linked to virus susceptibility.
Within the HeLa group, some lines displayed more susceptibility to agglutination by various antisera than did other lines. Chang's human liver line (HL) was particularly susceptible to agglutination but, conversely, was less easily protected against virus. However, anti-HL sera had weak agglutinative and high protective effect. No explanation for this last phenomenon is offered.
A Study of the Effect of γ-Irradiation Versus Thermal Processing on the Antigenic Response of Milk Proteins Using the Schultz-Dale Technique
Authors: Linder Robert O. , Shaw T. Michael , Kraybill Herman F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Milk which was thermally processed at 60°C for 35 min showed no appreciable alteration, while similar treatment at 130°C exhibited drastic protein alteration as demonstrated by reduced antigenic response using the Schultz-Dale technique. A commercial hypoallergic milk was found to have about the same degree of alteration as the 130°C heat-treated sample. The degree of milk protein alteration produced by γ-irradiation was considerably less than that produced by super heating. Using treatment-response curves, a heat treatment equivalent for the 9.30 megarad sample was found to be about 89°C for 35 min. Goat milk produced a strong antigenic response in guinea pig uteri passively sensitized to bovine milk proteins.
The Effectiveness of Tuberculo-Glycolipid as an Adjuvant in Eliciting Allergic Encephalomyelitis and Aspermatogenesis
Authors: Freund Jules , Stone Sanford H. , Goode Julius H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Guinea pigs were injected with testicular extract incorporated in water-in-oil emulsion containing graded amounts of killed, dried Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Wax D from human type of tubercle bacilli. The minimum amount of tubercle bacilli required to induce aspermatogenesis was 0.015 mg; and of Wax D, 0.1 mg. Guinea pigs were injected with rabbit spinal cord incorporated in water-in-oil emulsion containing graded amounts of killed, dried M. tuberculosis or Wax D from human strain tubercle bacilli. The minimum amount of tubercle bacilli required to induce encephalomyelitis with death was 0.04 mg; and of Wax D, 0.4 mg. The minimum amount of tubercle bacilli which induces encephalomyelitis with recovery was 0.02 mg; and of Wax D, 0.2 mg. The guinea pigs were tested for tuberculin sensitization. The minimum amount of tubercle bacilli or Wax D in the water-in-oil emulsion required for sensitization was determined: 0.0004 mg for M. tuberculosis, and 0.2 mg for Wax D. The data summarized in paragraphs 1 and 2 above indicate that 7–10 times more Wax D than tubercle bacilli was required for inducing allergic encephalomyelitis and aspermatogenesis. Since Wax D is only 6–8% of the whole bacillus, it may be concluded that if Wax D is the active factor in inducing delayed hypersensitivity, it is 84–160 times more active when contained in the mycobacterium than after isolation and purification. This consideration is not in favor of, but does not exclude, the role of Wax D in eliciting hypersensitivity of the delayed type. Various interpretations are discussed.
The Relationship between a Serum and Tissue Inhibitor and the Rheumatoid Disease Agglutinating Factor
Authors: Gray J. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The presence of a substance in serum which inhibits the activity of the rheumatoid disease agglutinating factor for sensitized sheep red blood cells is confirmed. It has been shown that this inhibitory substance is present in saline tissue extracts of heart muscle, lung, liver, spleen, kidney and placenta. The evidence indicates that the substance is a heat labile globulin that denatures on exposure to 57°C for 2 hr and that it combines directly with the R.A. factor. Disassociation between inhibitor and factor can be brought about by heat without loss of potency of the latter but with inactivation of the former.
Normal human serum contains large amounts of free inhibitory substance, a considerable quantity of R.A. factor bound to inhibitor and little or no free R.A. factor. Serum from cases of rheumatoid disease contain large amounts of R.A. factor, some factor bound to inhibitor and little or no free inhibitor.
Consideration is given to an hypothesis that R.A. factor is an antibody and inhibitor probably a complex hapten that arises from tissue metabolism and that the hapten can become fully antigenic by the addition of a further component.
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Witebsky Ernest , Rose Noel R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Beef thyroid antisera and hog thyroid antisera produced by the rabbit contain, in addition to potent antibodies against their homologous antigen, antibodies against rabbit thyroid extract. Beef thyroid and hog thyroid antisera when treated with the homologous antigen are completely deprived of their antibody content. Complete absorption with rabbit thyroid extract, on the other hand, removed only that part of the antibody spectrum which is directed against the rabbit thyroid extract but always left antibodies against the homologous thyroid antigen. Rabbit thyroid antibodies in rabbit antisera produced by immunization with thyroid extracts of foreign species are demonstrable mainly by the tanned cell hemagglutination test and occasionally by the gel diffusion precipitation test. In addition, complement-fixing antibodies against rabbit thyroid extracts could be demonstrated in certain antisera against hog thyroglobulin following an intensive and prolonged course of immunization. Histologic changes characteristic of immunologic thyroiditis were also observed in the thyroid glands of the rabbits intensively treated with hog thyroglobulin.
Studies on Herpes Simplex
Authors: Jawetz E. , Okumoto M. , Sonne M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The topical application of corticosteroids to the eye of man or rabbit infected with Herpes simplex virus markedly aggravates the keratitis and may lead to loss of vision. In the experimental herpetic keratitis of rabbits this deleterious effect could not be attributed to enhancement of viral proliferation. Virus titers were similar in steroid-treated or untreated rabbit corneas during the entire course of infection. It is suggested that corticosteroids may exert their harmful effect in this infection by interfering with normal reparative processes and with the structural integrity of the cornea.
A Guinea Pig Potency Test for Adenovirus Vaccine
Authors: Binn Leonard N. , Hilleman Maurice R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An assay for potency of adenovirus vaccine in guinea pigs based on the antigen extinction principle is described. The potency test values in repeat titrations were reproducible within a maximal 7-fold range. Further need for control with a standard reference vaccine is indicated. Potency values for a number of vaccines of diverse origin are presented. These ranged in potency from 66-fold difference for type 4 to 1667-fold difference for type 7 component. The correlation of animal potency value with efficacy in field trials and the limitations of the test are discussed.
Continuous Synthesis of Antibody after Primary Immunization with Protein Antigens
Authors: Richter Maxwell , Haurowitz Felix 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been demonstrated that formation of antibodies to innocuous protein antigens such as bovine serum albumin, guinea pig serum protein, egg albumin and its azo derivatives continues unabated for at least several months after either single or multiple antigen injections. The antibodies present in the immune sera are of the non-precipitating type. They are detected by the agglutination of antigen-coated red blood cells. The implications of this finding for the understanding of the mechanism of antibody formation in general and the secondary antibody response in particular are discussed.
A Chromatographic Technique for the Quantitative Study of the Precipitin Reaction
Authors: Miquel Jaime , Horvath Beni , Klatzo Igor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A chromatographic technique for quantitative estimation of precipitin reactions is presented. The main advantageous features of the technique are the small amount of serum required (0.01 ml), the high sensitivity (1 γ of nitrogen), and simplicity of the procedure. The ratio of antigen to antibody in the precipitate can be determined by using the fluorescent antibody. The abbreviated version of the technique can be used for qualitative precipitin reactions or for testing the reactivity of fluorescent antibodies. The minimal concentration of precipitated nitrogen required for quantitative determinations is 100 γ/1 ml of antiserum.
The Differentiation of Cytotoxic and Hemagglutinating Antibodies in Anti-Hela Cell Rabbit Sera
Authors: Goldstein Gerald , Myrvik Quentin N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits injected with viable HeLa cells produce cytotoxic antibodies and antibodies that agglutinate human erythrocytes of all major blood groups. By means of absorption with HeLa cells, the cytotoxic antibodies may be removed without decreasing the titer of hemagglutinating antibodies. These results suggest that the antibodies producing cytotoxicity and hemagglutination are different antibodies.
Study of Cellular Mechanisms in Resistance to Systemic Histoplasma Capsulatum Infection
Authors: Hill Gilbert A. , Marcus Stanley 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An isotope assay method is described for following intracellular digestion (cytopepsis) in macrophages in vitro and in vivo. This procedure, in conjunction with morphologic and cultural methods, has been used to study cytopeptic capacities of macrophages derived from normal and immunized mice. Immunization was shown to induce a degree of auxocytopepsis which was independent of mediation by circulating or added antibody.
Immunochemical Studies on Cross-Reactions of Antipneumococcal Sera
Authors: Goodman Joel W. , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A series of dextran fractions of graded molecular weight cross-react with a horse and a rabbit type II antipneumococcal serum. The lower molecular weight fractions precipitate less anti-SII than do the higher molecular weight fractions and none of the fractions removes as much antibody N as does the native dextran from which they were derived.
Quantitative inhibition studies with oligosaccharides of the cross-reaction of the lowest molecular weight dextran fraction with horse anti-SII showed that an upper limit in inhibiting power was reached with isomaltopentaose, as had been found for the cross-reaction of this antiserum with native dextran.
Studies on Cytotropism in Animal Viruses
Authors: Stewart Robert B. , Morgan Herbert R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Infection of tissue cultures derived from hatched chicks and chick embryo lung tissue with the PR8, WS and NWS strains of influenza type A virus and the Lee strain of influenza type B virus showed both tissue culture systems able to support the growth of these viruses at 37°C. At 41°C Lee virus was unable to multiply, and the WS strain was partially inhibited. A similar pattern of results was obtained in vivo, suggesting that a body temperature of 41°C of the hatched chick is the mechanism responsible for the failure of the Lee and WS strains to grow in the lungs of such birds. The PRS and NWS strains were able to grow in both tissue culture systems at 41°C; however, only the PR8 strain was able to persist and perhaps replicate at 41°C in the lungs of hatched chicks. All strains were able to grow in chick embryo lungs in vivo, hence a mechanism other than elevated temperature or absence of cells capable of supporting virus growth is required to explain the failure of the NWS strain to infect hatched chicks.
Antigenic Relationships Between Polymorphic and Monomorphic Strains of the Brucei Group Trypanosomes
Authors: Desowitz R. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antigenic relationships between the Brucei group trypanosomes have been examined. The serum of infected sheep has been used as a source of antibody and a respiratory technique empolyed to measure the cross-reactions to specific antibody. Antibody to polymorphic strains is relatively specific although a weak cross-reaction with other polymorphic and monomorphic strains may be demonstrated. After prolonged maintenance by mechanical passage in laboratory animals and the resultant loss of the polymorphic character, the antigenic distinctions between the three species tend to disappear. There is almost complete cross-reactivity between monomorphic strains of the three species comprising the Brucei group.
Observations on the Neutralizing Antibody Response to Group B Coxsackie Viruses in Patients with Central Nervous System Disease
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Shinomoto Tak T. , Schmidt Nathalie J. , Magoffin Robert L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sera from 540 patients with central nervous system disease were examined by a colorimetric technique for neutralizing antibodies to group B, types 1–5, Coxsackie viruses. Diagnostically significant increases in homologous antibody titer were demonstrated in 50% of the 238 patients from whom a group B Coxsackie virus was isolated. The neutralization test permitted a laboratory diagnosis of 33 cases of group B Coxsackie virus infections from which it was impossible to isolate a viral agent. Increases in the level of heterotypic antibody were seen in only 10% of this group of 271 patients. Although high titers of neutralizing antibody to group B Coxsackie viruses were frequently seen in individuals with laboratory evidence of infection with other viral agents, 4-fold or greater rises in antibody to group B viruses were encountered in only 3 of 101 such patients.
The Effects of Anti-Cornea and Anti-Heart Serum on Cultured Cells of Rabbit Cornea and Other Tissues
Authors: Ehrlich G. , Halbert S. P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antisera produced in the duck against pooled rabbit corneas exhibited cytotoxic effects on various rabbit cells grown in vitro. Corneal epithelium, endothelium and conjunctival epithelium were damaged by these antisera. The anti-cornea sera showed no significant reactions with rabbit corneal stromal fibroblasts. Conjunctival and spleen fibroblasts and heart “fibroblasts” were also completely unaffected. No effects on rabbit kidney epithelial cultures were observed. Antisera against rabbit lens and rabbit heart also showed cytotoxic effects against rabbit corneal epithelial cells. An apparent difference was found between fibroblasts grown from rabbit corneal stroma, conjunctiva and spleen, and the fibroblast-like cells grown from rabbit heart. The heart cells were profoundly damaged by anti-heart serum, while they were unaffected by anti-corneal and anti-lens sera. None of the sera had any effect on the fibroblasts grown from the other tissues.
Delayed Corneal Hypersensitivity in Guinea Pigs Following Homotransplants of Skin
Authors: Smith Robert F. , Weiser Russell S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In accord with the observation of Brent and associates (3) it has been demonstrated that, following the rejection of skin homografts, guinea pigs give delayed type skin reactions to “homograft antigen” extracted from the spleens of respective donors.
The present investigations have also shown that such animals respond to the intracorneal injection of homograft antigen from their respective donors with typical delayed type hypersensitivity reactions.
An Investigation into the Use of 6-Mercaptopurine to Induce Immunological Tolerance
Authors: Goh Kong-Oo , Miller Daniel G. , Diamond Henry D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments to repeat 6-mercaptopurine induced immunological tolerance are reported. 6-Mercaptopurine definitely suppresses antibody formation in the primary response with a dose of 6 mg/kg a day for 14 days from the day of antigen injection in most of the animals studied. With pure antigens, it was not possible to produce immunological tolerance in rabbits pretreated with 6-MP in the experimental procedure indicated above. Three animals showed immunological unresponsiveness or poor response to the second dose of antigen and to the first dose of another antigen. These animals were considered to be poor producers of circulating antibody.