bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Propagation of Fast Magnetosonic Waves and Their Conversion to Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves at Low L Shells
Authors: Xu Xiang , Zhou Chen , Chen Lunjin , Horne Richard B. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe propagation of fast magnetosonic (MS) waves from high to extremely low L shells and their conversion into electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves is investigated with a ray tracing model and a full‐wave model. The ray tracing simulations show that MS waves in the vicinity of the local crossover frequency at low L shells have a latitudinal range from to with wave normal angles from to , both of which provide the opportunity for their mode conversion to EMIC waves. Results from ray tracing are fed into the full‐wave model as initial conditions. The full‐wave simulations show that the incoming MS waves with small () and intermediate () wave normal angles may be efficiently converted to right‐handedly polarized band EMIC waves, which may be further converted to right‐handedly polarized band EMIC waves or to guided left‐handedly polarized band EMIC waves through bi‐ion resonance reflection and polarization reversal. With intermediate () or larger wave normal angles, via polarization reversal and left‐handed polarization cut‐off reflection, the incoming MS waves may be efficiently converted to guided left‐handedly polarized band EMIC waves and the optimal wave normal angles corresponding to the maximum conversion efficiencies decrease with magnetic latitudes. Our study verifies the mode conversion mechanism of MS waves to EMIC waves proposed with a previous ray tracing study and examines the dependence of the efficiency of the wave energy transfer on the magnetic latitudes and wave normal angles, which may help to understand the wave properties and distribution of MS and EMIC waves observed at extremely low L shells.
Characterizing Errors Using Satellite Metadata for Eco‐Hydrological Model Calibration
Authors: Zou Hui , Marshall Lucy , Sharma Ashish 
Published: August 2023

AbstractUnderstanding the origins of errors between model predictions and catchment observations is a critical element in hydrologic model calibration and uncertainty estimation. Difficulties arise because there are a variety of error sources but only one measure of the total residual error between model predictions and catchment observations. One promising approach is to collect extra information a priori to characterize the data error before calibration. We implement here a new model calibration strategy for an ecohydrological model, using the satellite metadata information as a means to inform the model priors, to decompose data error from total residual error. This approach, referred to as Bayesian ecohydrological error model (BEEM), is first examined in a synthetic setting to establish its validity, and then applied to three real catchments across Australia. Results show that (a) BEEM is valid in a synthetic setting, as it can perfectly ascertain the true underlying error; (b) in real catchments the model error is reduced when utilizing the observation error variance as added error contributing to total error variance, while the magnitude of total residual error is more robust when utilizing metadata about the data quality proportionality as the basis for assigning total error variance; (c) BEEM improves model calibration by estimating the model error appropriately and estimating the uncertainty interval more precisely. Overall, our work demonstrates a new approach to collect prior error information in satellite metadata and reveals the potential for fully utilizing metadata about error sources in uncertainty estimation.
City‐Level Virtual Groundwater Flows in Northern China and the Effect of Agricultural Relocation on Alleviating Groundwater Scarcity
Authors: Cai Beiming , Jiang Ling , Liu Yu , Zhang Zhuoying , Hu Xi , Zhang Wei 
Published: August 2023

AbstractNorth China faces severe groundwater overdraft because of unsustainable groundwater use. However, consumers of local groundwater have rarely been precisely delineated. As such, identifying external consumers of groundwater‐intensive products may promote targeted policies from the consumption side, especially for the most water‐scarce Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei (BTH) metropolitan area, which has important links to food security and groundwater overdraft across North China. In this study, we revealed the prefecture city‐level virtual groundwater flows in the BTH region for, to our knowledge, the first time by compiling a nested multiregional input‐output table with 13 BTH cities and 28 Chinese provinces outside BTH in 2012. Our results showed that >50% of groundwater use in BTH cities was driven by agricultural supply for outside provinces, significantly exceeding the local demand of 38.8%. In addition, we simulated different scenarios that focused on redistributing the original agricultural production of the BTH region to other northern provinces. We found that these redistribution strategies would lead to 13%–67% groundwater savings relative to total groundwater use in the BTH region in 2012. Moreover, our results also indicated that BTH cities would save groundwater under higher stress in exchange for increased groundwater use in provinces under lower stress. These findings can be utilized to optimize the agricultural distribution and groundwater conservation policies in other regions or countries facing agriculture‐induced groundwater overdraft issues.
Convective Self‐Aggregation Occurs Without Radiative Feedbacks in Warm Climates
Authors: Yao Lin , Yang Da 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPrevious research showed that radiative feedbacks are essential to the spontaneous development of convective aggregation (CSA) in idealized atmosphere models. We find that the contribution of radiative feedbacks decreases with warming and that, in warm climates, CSA occurs without radiative feedbacks. We perform 2D simulations in different climates using a cloud‐resolving model and use a layerwise moist static energy (LMSE) framework to quantify the contribution of radiative feedbacks to the increase of LMSE variance, which characterizes the development of CSA. The result shows that positive radiative contribution dominates the LMSE variance production when SST is below 300 K; when SST exceeds 300 K, adiabatic contribution shifts from negative to positive and dominates the variance production. Then we turn off radiative feedbacks by horizontally homogenizing radiative heating rates at all model levels. CSA still occurs in warmer climates (310–320 K). This result agrees with the LMSE diagnosis and additional 3D simulations.
Refractive Index of Engine‐Emitted Black Carbon and the Influence of Organic Coatings on Optical Properties
Authors: Hu Dawei , Alfarra M. Rami , Szpek Kate , Langridge Justin M. , Cotterell Michael I. , Flynn Michael J. , Shao Yunqi , Voliotis Aristeidis , Du Mao , Liu Dantong , Johnson Ben , McFiggans Gordon , Haywood Jim M. , Coe Hugh , Allan James 
Published: August 2023

AbstractRefractive indices (RI) of particles are important in determining their radiative forcing. We measured optical coefficients of particles classified according to their aerodynamic diameter, allowing retrieval of RI using a Mie model. At 405 nm, the RI of BC from a diesel engine was 1.870 (±0.132) + 0.640 (±0.015) i. The RI of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), using α‐pinene and o‐cresol as precursors, were 1.584 ± 0.015 and 1.738 (±0.021) + 0.0316 (±0.0018) i, respectively. Neither SOAs demonstrated absorption at 660 nm and their RIs were 1.551 ± 0.011 and 1.586 ± 0.011, the similar value suggesting that a single RI may be sufficient for simulating the radiative forcing of SOA at this wavelength. In addition, organics were condensed onto BC to test optical models for coated particles. For BC particles coated with non‐absorbing organics, the extinction is predicted accurately by all models. The absorption is significantly over‐estimated by core‐shell, volume mixing, and effective medium approximations and under‐estimated by external mixing. For BC particles coated with weakly absorbing organics, the extinction and absorption are best described by external mixing when the coating ratio is less than 2.5. When the coating ratio is over 2.5, the difference between the external mixing predictions and measurements increases with the coating ratio. Our results show that the absorption of coated BC particles may not be predicted accurately based solely on the equivalent diameter, coating ratio, and pure component RIs, and considerations of additional factors such as morphology may be necessary.
Suppresion of Log‐Periodic Dipole Antenna Spurious Radiation by Lumped Element Loading for Radioastronomical Application
Authors: Kyriakou Georgios , Bolli Pietro , Mezzadrelli Lorenzo 
Published: August 2023

AbstractLog‐Periodic Dipole Antennas have been known to provide good performance over large fractional bandwidths. However, optimized designs of log‐periodic antennas, in particular for radioastronomy and remote sensing, need to tackle the spurious radiation of secondary dipole harmonics that can compromise the gain smoothness and therefore the ability to detect natural spectral features emitted by the probed sources. A new, low‐cost method applicable also at a post‐design stage is proposed in this paper, which relies on loading some of the dipoles with appropriate lumped circuit elements in order to avoid this unwanted feature while preserving the desired performance characteristics. Application is found on the log‐periodic dipole antenna selected for the low‐frequency instrument of the SKA (Square Kilometer Array), and general guidelines are described for other designs. An experimental test using a transmitting VHF antenna and the antenna under test with new RLC loaded dipoles confirms our solution.
Palmitoleic acid as a coordinating molecule between the invasive pinewood nematode and its newly associated fungi
Authors: Ning Jing , Gu Xiaoting , Zhou Jiao , Zhang Hongxia , Sun Jianghua , Zhao Lilin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Symbiotic microorganisms are ubiquitous on the body surface or internal tissues of invertebrates, providing them with benefits. Developing symbiotic relationships requires synchronization of developmental stages and physical proximity of partners. Therefore, the identification of metabolites that coordinate the reproduction of symbiotic partners is essential. This study demonstrates that palmitoleic acid (C16: 1) coordinates bilateral propagation by regulating the synchronization of reproduction between the invasive pinewood nematode (PWN) and its newly associated blue-stain fungus, Sporothrix sp.1. When the PWN fed on Sporothrix sp.1, there was a significant increase in lipid metabolism gene expression and metabolite abundance. Through further investigations, it highlighted a significant enhancement in the reproduction of the PWN through direct acquisition of C16: 1, which was abundantly present in Sporothrix sp.1. Furthermore, the PWN biosynthesized C16: 1 through the involvement of the stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase gene fat-5 and its hormone nuclear receptor nhr-80, which was clarified to promote the egg-laying capacity of females. Moreover, it is worth noting that the production of C16: 1 was significantly higher by the associated fungus Sporothrix sp.1 to enhance sporulation during the spore formation phase compared to the hypha growth phase. Thus, by coordinating the fecundity and spore production, the key lipid metabolite C16: 1 facilitates the rapid and successful colonization of a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship between the invasive PWN and the native Sporothrix sp.1 within the host. This finding emphasizes the significant role of metabolite sharing and its function in promoting partner synchronization within symbiotic relationships.
A national survey of supervised toothbrushing programmes in England
Authors: Gray-Burrows Kara A. , Day Peter F. , El-Yousfi Sarab , Lloyd Ellen , Hudson Kristian , Marshman Zoe 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIntroduction Supervised toothbrushing programmes (STPs) are a cost-effective public health intervention, reducing tooth decay and health inequalities in children. However, the uptake of STPs in England is unknown. This study aimed to establish the current provision of STPs across England and summarise the barriers and facilitators to their implementation.Methods An online survey was sent to dental public health consultants, local authority (LA) oral health leads, and public health practitioners across England. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Barriers and facilitators were analysed using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research.Results Information was received for 141 LAs across England. Approximately half implemented an STP (n = 68/141). Most STPs were commissioned by LAs (n = 44/68) and adopted a targeted approach (n = 54/68). Barriers to implementation were: 1) acquiring funding; 2) poor communication and engagement between LAs, oral health providers and settings; 3) oral health not a priority; 4) logistically challenging to implement; and 5) lack of capacity. Facilitators were: 1) an integrated and mandated public health approach; 2) collaboration and ongoing support between LAs, oral health providers, and settings; 3) clarity of guidance; 4) flexible approach to delivery; 5) adequate available resources; and 6) ownership and empowerment of setting staff.Conclusion The current provision of STPs is varied, and although there are challenges to their implementation, there are also areas of good practice where these challenges have been overcome.
The cost of electrifying all households in 40 Sub-Saharan African countries by 2030
Authors: Egli Florian , Agutu Churchill , Steffen Bjarne , Schmidt Tobias S. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractElectrifying sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) requires major investments and policy intervention. Existing analyses focus on the levelized cost of electricity at aggregate levels, leaving the feasibility and affordability of reaching Sustainable Development Goal #7 – access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all – by country unclear. Here, we use the electrification model OnSSET to estimate granular and spatially explicit levelized costs of electricity and costs per person per day (pp/d) for 40 countries in SSA. We find that solar-powered mini-grids and standalone systems drastically lower the cost of electrifying remote and high-cost areas, particularly for lower tiers of electrification. On average, least-cost electrification in SSA at Tier 3 (ca. 365 kWh/household/year), can be provided at 14c USD/kWh or 7c USD pp/d. These results are sensitive to demand assumptions, for example, misguided electrification planning or oversizing due to overestimated demand can lead to substantial cost increases. Our results highlight large variances within countries, which we propose to visualise using electrification cost curves by country. Policymakers should consider such cost curves and use a tailored approach by country and region to reach SDG7 in SSA.
Simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging of pH, perfusion and renal filtration using hyperpolarized 13C-labelled Z-OMPD
Authors: Grashei Martin , Wodtke Pascal , Skinner Jason G. , Sühnel Sandra , Setzer Nadine , Metzler Thomas , Gulde Sebastian , Park Mihyun , Witt Daniela , Mohr Hermine , Hundshammer Christian , Strittmatter Nicole , Pellegata Natalia S. , Steiger Katja , Schilling Franz 
Published: August 2023

AbstractpH alterations are a hallmark of many pathologies including cancer and kidney disease. Here, we introduce [1,5-13C2]Z-OMPD as a hyperpolarized extracellular pH and perfusion sensor for MRI which allows to generate a multiparametric fingerprint of renal disease status and to detect local tumor acidification. Exceptional long T1 of two minutes at 1 T, high pH sensitivity of up to 1.9 ppm per pH unit and suitability of using the C1-label as internal frequency reference enables pH imaging in vivo of three pH compartments in healthy rat kidneys. Spectrally selective targeting of both 13C-resonances enables simultaneous imaging of perfusion and filtration in 3D and pH in 2D within one minute to quantify renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rates and renal pH in healthy and hydronephrotic kidneys with superior sensitivity compared to clinical routine methods. Imaging multiple biomarkers within a single session renders [1,5-13C2]Z-OMPD a promising new hyperpolarized agent for oncology and nephrology.
Carrier-envelope phase on-chip scanner and control of laser beams
Authors: Hanus Václav , Fehér Beatrix , Csajbók Viktória , Sándor Péter , Pápa Zsuzsanna , Budai Judit , Wang Zilong , Paul Pallabi , Szeghalmi Adriana , Dombi Péter 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe carrier-envelope phase (CEP) is an important property of few-cycle laser pulses, allowing for light field control of electronic processes during laser-matter interactions. Thus, the measurement and control of CEP is essential for applications of few-cycle lasers. Currently, there is no robust method for measuring the non-trivial spatial CEP distribution of few-cycle laser pulses. Here, we demonstrate a compact on-chip, ambient-air, CEP scanning probe with 0.1 µm3 resolution based on optical driving of CEP-sensitive ultrafast currents in a metal−dielectric heterostructure. We successfully apply the probe to obtain a 3D map of spatial changes of CEP in the vicinity of an oscillator beam focus with pulses as weak as 1 nJ. We also demonstrate CEP control in the focal volume with a spatial light modulator so that arbitrary spatial CEP sculpting could be realized.
Suppressing electron-phonon coupling in organic photovoltaics for high-efficiency power conversion
Authors: Jiang Yuanyuan , Li Yixin , Liu Feng , Wang Wenxuan , Su Wenli , Liu Wuyue , Liu Songjun , Zhang Wenkai , Hou Jianhui , Xu Shengjie , Yi Yuanping , Zhu Xiaozhang 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe nonradiative energy loss (∆Enr) is a critical factor to limit the efficiency of organic solar cells. Generally, strong electron-phonon coupling induced by molecular motion generates fast nonradiative decay and causes high ∆Enr. How to restrict molecular motion and achieve a low ∆Enr is a sticking point. Herein, the free volume ratio (FVR) is proposed as an indicator to evaluate molecular motion, providing new molecular design rationale to suppress nonradiative decay. Theoretical and experimental results indicate proper proliferation of alkyl side-chain can decrease FVR and restrict molecular motion, leading to reduced electron-phonon coupling while maintaining ideal nanomorphology. The reduced FVR and favorable morphology are simultaneously obtained in AQx-6 with pinpoint alkyl chain proliferation, achieving a high PCE of 18.6% with optimized VOC, JSC and FF. Our study discovered aggregation-state regulation is of great importance to the reduction of electron-phonon coupling, which paves the way to high-efficiency OSCs.
Characterization of two O-methyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of O-methylated catechins in tea plant
Authors: Jin Ji-Qiang , Qu Fu-Rong , Huang Huisi , Liu Qing-Shuai , Wei Meng-Yuan , Zhou Yuee , Huang Ke-Lin , Cui Zhibo , Chen Jie-Dan , Dai Wei-Dong , Zhu Li , Yao Ming-Zhe , Zhang Zhi-Min , Chen Liang 
Published: August 2023

AbstractTea is known for having a high catechin content, with the main component being (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which has significant bioactivities, including potential anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activity. The poor intestinal stability and permeability of EGCG, however, undermine these health-improving benefits. O-methylated EGCG derivatives, found in a few tea cultivars in low levels, have attracted considerable interest due to their increased bioavailability. Here, we identify two O-methyltransferases from tea plant: CsFAOMT1 that has a specific O-methyltransferase activity on the 3ʹʹ-position of EGCG to generate EGCG3′′Me, and CsFAOMT2 that predominantly catalyzes the formation of EGCG4″Me. In different tea tissues and germplasms, the transcript levels of CsFAOMT1 and CsFAOMT2 are strongly correlated with the amounts of EGCG3ʹʹMe and EGCG4ʹʹMe, respectively. Furthermore, the crystal structures of CsFAOMT1 and CsFAOMT2 reveal the key residues necessary for 3ʹʹ- and 4ʹʹ-O-methylation. These findings may provide guidance for the future development of tea cultivars with high O-methylated catechin content.
Hydrogel muscles powering reconfigurable micro-metastructures with wide-spectrum programmability
Authors: Zhang Mingchao , Pal Aniket , Zheng Zhiqiang , Gardi Gaurav , Yildiz Erdost , Sitti Metin 
Published: August 2023

AbstractStimuli-responsive geometric transformations endow metamaterials with dynamic properties and functionalities. However, using existing transformation mechanisms to program a single geometry to transform into diverse final configurations remains challenging, imposing crucial design restrictions on achieving versatile functionalities. Here, we present a programmable strategy for wide-spectrum reconfigurable micro-metastructures using linearly responsive transparent hydrogels as artificial muscles. Actuated by the hydrogel, the transformation of micro-metastructures arises from the collaborative buckling of their building blocks. Rationally designing the three-dimensional printing parameters and geometry features of the metastructures enables their locally isotropic or anisotropic deformation, allowing controllable wide-spectrum pattern transformation with programmable chirality and optical anisotropy. This reconfiguration mechanism can be applied to various materials with a wide range of mechanical properties. Our strategy enables a thermally reconfigurable printed metalattice with pixel-by-pixel mapping of different printing powers and angles for displaying or hiding complex information, providing opportunities for encryption, miniature robotics, photonics and phononics applications.
Trapping the HIV-1 V3 loop in a helical conformation enables broad neutralization
Authors: Glögl Matthias , Friedrich Nikolas , Cerutti Gabriele , Lemmin Thomas , Kwon Young D. , Gorman Jason , Maliqi Liridona , Mittl Peer R. E. , Hesselman Maria C. , Schmidt Daniel , Weber Jacqueline , Foulkes Caio , Dingens Adam S. , Bylund Tatsiana , Olia Adam S. , Verardi Raffaello , Reinberg Thomas , Baumann Nicolas S. , Rusert Peter , Dreier Birgit , Shapiro Lawrence , Kwong Peter D. , Plückthun Andreas , Trkola Alexandra 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe third variable (V3) loop on the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein trimer is indispensable for virus cell entry. Conformational masking of V3 within the trimer allows efficient neutralization via V3 only by rare, broadly neutralizing glycan-dependent antibodies targeting the closed prefusion trimer but not by abundant antibodies that access the V3 crown on open trimers after CD4 attachment. Here, we report on a distinct category of V3-specific inhibitors based on designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin) technology that reinstitute the CD4-bound state as a key neutralization target with up to >90% breadth. Broadly neutralizing DARPins (bnDs) bound V3 solely on open envelope and recognized a four-turn amphipathic α-helix in the carboxy-terminal half of V3 (amino acids 314–324), which we termed ‘αV3C’. The bnD contact surface on αV3C was as conserved as the CD4 binding site. Molecular dynamics and escape mutation analyses underscored the functional relevance of αV3C, highlighting the potential of αV3C-based inhibitors and, more generally, of postattachment inhibition of HIV-1.