Association of Hospital Resource Utilization With Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Neonates With Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Authors: Quinones Cardona Vilmaris , Rao Rakesh , Zaniletti Isabella , Joe Priscilla , Johnson Yvette R. , DiGeronimo Robert , Hamrick Shannon E. , Lee Kyong-Soon , Mietzsch Ulrike , Natarajan Girija , Peeples Eric S. , Wu Tai-Wei , Hossain Tanzeema , Flibotte John , Chandel Amit , Distler Amy , Shenberger Jeffrey S. , Oghifobibi Onome , Massaro An N. , Dizon Maria L. V. ,   Children’s Hospitals Neonatal Consortium, Maitre Nathalie , Mathur Amit , Pallotto Eugenia , Smith Danielle , Speziale Mark , Yanowitz Toby , Brozanski Beverly , Evans Jacquelyn , Grover Theresa , Murthy Karna , Padula Michael , Piazza Anthony , Reber Kristina , Short Billie , Durand David , Dykes Francine , Asselin Jeanette , Sullivan Kevin , McKay Victor , Limjoco Jamie , Haack Lori , Dereddy Narenda , Wadhawan Raj , Falciglia Gustave , Rogers Becky , Hansen Anne , Welch Cherrie , Haberman Beth , Sysyn Gregory , Birge Nicole , Grover THeresa , Mikhael Michel , Ahmad Irfan , Munson David , Uhing Michael , Datta Ankur , Savani Rashmin , Brion Luc , Weiner Julie , Soghier Lamia , Coghill Carl , Black Allison , Chin Steven , Chapman Rachel , Golioto AnneMarie , Nedrelow Jonathan , Chi Annie , Johnson Yvette , Weems Mark , Weiss Aaron , Tripple Trent , Ling Con Yee , Patel Shrena , Lane Brian , Moyer Laurel , Engle William , Simpson Lora , Sokol Gregory , Jacobsen-Misbe Elizabeth , Lindower Julie , Suresh Gautham , Khatakam Lakshmi , D'Harlingue Art 
Published: March 2023

ImportanceIntercenter variation exists in the management of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). It is unclear whether increased resource utilization translates into improved neurodevelopmental outcomes.ObjectiveTo determine if higher resource utilization during the first 4 days of age, quantified by hospital costs, is associated with survival without neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) among infants with HIE.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsRetrospective cohort analysis of neonates with HIE who underwent therapeutic hypothermia (TH) at US children’s hospitals participating in the Children’s Hospitals Neonatal Database between 2010 and 2016. Data were analyzed from December 2021 to December 2022.ExposuresInfants who survived to 4 days of age and had neurodevelopmental outcomes assessed at greater than 11 months of age were divided into 2 groups: (1) death or NDI and (2) survived without NDI. Resource utilization was defined as costs of hospitalization including neonatal neurocritical care (NNCC). Data were linked with Pediatric Health Information Systems to quantify standardized costs by terciles.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was death or NDI. Characteristics, outcomes, hospitalization, and NNCC costs were compared.ResultsAmong the 381 patients who were included, median (IQR) gestational age was 39 (38-40) weeks; maternal race included 79 (20.7%) Black mothers, 237 (62.2%) White mothers, and 58 (15.2%) mothers with other race; 80 (21%) died, 64 (17%) survived with NDI (combined death or NDI group: 144 patients [38%]), and 237 (62%) survived without NDI. The combined death or NDI group had a higher rate of infants with Apgar score at 10 minutes less than or equal to 5 (65.3% [94 of 144] vs 39.7% [94 of 237]; P &amp;lt; .001) and a lower rate of infants with mild or moderate HIE (36.1% [52 of 144] vs 82.3% [195 of 237]; P &amp;lt; .001) compared with the survived without NDI group. Compared with low-cost centers, there was no association between high– or medium–hospitalization cost centers and death or NDI. High– and medium–EEG cost centers had lower odds of death or NDI compared with low-cost centers (high vs low: OR, 0.30 [95% CI, 0.16-0.57]; medium vs low: OR, 0.29 [95% CI, 0.13-0.62]). High– and medium–laboratory cost centers had higher odds of death or NDI compared with low-cost centers (high vs low: OR, 2.35 [95% CI, 1.19-4.66]; medium vs low: OR, 1.93 [95% CI, 1.07-3.47]). High–antiseizure medication cost centers had higher odds of death or NDI compared with low-cost centers (high vs. low: OR, 3.72 [95% CI, 1.51-9.18]; medium vs low: OR, 1.56 [95% CI, 0.71-3.42]).Conclusions and RelevanceHospitalization costs during the first 4 days of age in neonates with HIE treated with TH were not associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes. Higher EEG costs were associated with lower odds of death or NDI yet higher laboratory and antiseizure medication costs were not. These findings serve as first steps toward identifying aspects of NNCC that are associated with outcomes.