bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dimensional Tuning of Perylene Diimide‐Based Polymers for Perovskite Solar Cells with Over 24% Efficiency
Authors: Fu Qiang , Tang Xingchen , Gao Yuping , Liu Hang , Chen Mingqian , Wang Rui , Song Zonglong , Yang Yang , Wang Jian , Liu Yongsheng 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe hygroscopic dopants used in Spiro‐OMeTAD hole transport material (HTM) in state‐of‐the‐art perovskite solar cells (PSCs) inevitably induce premature degradation of the devices. Here, two multifunctional polymer interface materials based on the perylene diimides (PDI) unit are developed. It is found that quasi‐two‐dimensional (2D) polymer 2DP‐PDI can form a denser film and exhibit better hydrophobicity than linear polymer P‐PDI. Importantly, 2DP‐PDI can passivate the surface defects and extract hole carriers of perovskite film more effectively, leading to much reduced nonradiative recombination loss. With polymer interface material between the perovskite and HTM layers, the optimized device using 2DP‐PDI and P‐PDI yields a champion PCE of 24.20% and 23.09%, respectively, along with significantly improved stability, whereas the control device shows a lower efficiency of 22.23%. These results suggest that developing multifunctional polymer interface materials can be a promising strategy to improve the efficiency and stability of PSCs.
Superior Thermoelectric Properties of Twist‐Angle Superlattice Borophene Induced by Interlayer Electrons Transport
Authors: Song Jizhe , Cao Yi , Dong Jun , Sun Mengtao 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn this paper, the energy bands, interlayer interactions and thermoelectric effects of twisted bilayer borophene (TBB) synthesized on Ag (111) are studied theoretically. The results manifest the advantages of twistronics, where the high electrical conductivity and the large Seebeck coefficient are regulated to the same range, which lead to the significantly increase of figure of merit ZT than that of bilayer borophene (BB) without twist, where the BB without twist is successfully synthesized on Ag (111) film is recently experimental report [Nat. Mater. 2022, 21, 35]. For the TBB synthesized of on Ag (111) film, theoretical analysis demonstrates that TBB and Ag are relatively strongly coupled, and TBB becomes a metallic 2D material, where the top and bottom borophene layers are semiconducting and metallic, respectively. TBB exhibits excellent thermoelectric efficiency due to the charge transfer bonding between the layers, less electron localization, and the regulation of Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and ZT at the same region of chemical potential and the same temperature by twistronics. The structure‐property relationship offers the possibility of applying TBB in thermoelectric devices.
Oxygenated Triazine‐Heptazine Heterostructure Creates an Enormous Ascension to the Visible Light Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Performance of Porous C3N4 Nanosheets
Authors: Chang Jing , Zhang Tong , Qiu Shengchuang , Huang Na , Pang Dawei , Li Haoran , Masese Titus , Zhang Haijiao , Li Ziquan , Huang Zhen‐Dong 
Published: March 2023

AbstractA highly efficient g‐C3N4 photocatalyst is developed by a novel one‐pot thermal polymerization method under a salt fog environment generated by heating the aqueous solution of urea and mixed metal salts of NaCl/KCl, namely SF‐CN. Thanks to the synergistic effect of the oxygenation and chemical etching of the salt fog, the obtained SF‐CN is an oxygenated ultrathin porous carbon nitride with an intermolecular triazine‐heptazine heterostructure, meanwhile, shows enlarged specific surface area, greatly enhanced absorption of visible light, narrowed band gap with a lower conduction band, and an increased photocurrent response due to the effective separation of photogenerated holes and electrons, comparing to those of pristine g‐C3N4. The theoretical simulations further reveal that the triazine‐heptazine heterostructure possesses better photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) capability than pure triazine and heptazine carbon nitrides. In turn, SF‐CN demonstrates an excellent visible light PHE rate of 18.13 mmol h−1 g−1, up to 259.00 times of that of pristine g‐C3N4.
Organic quantum materials: A review
Authors: Wang Xin , Zhang Qichun 
Published: March 2023

AbstractInterests in organic quantum materials (OQMs) have been explosively growing in the field of condensed physics of matter due to their rich chemistry and unique quantum properties. They are strongly correlated systems and show novel electromagnetic performance such as high‐temperature superconducting, quantum sensing, spin electronics, quantum dots, topological insulating, quantum Hall effects, spin liquids, qubits, and so forth, which exhibit promising prospects in information communication and thus facilitate the construction of a modern intelligent society. This article reviews recent developments in the research on the electromagnetic characteristics of OQMs. We mainly give an overview on the progress of superconductors and quantum spin liquids based on organic materials and describe their possible mechanisms. Numerous experimental findings exhibit new exciton interactions and provide insights into exotic electronic properties. Finally, their association and strategies for realizing multiple quantum states in one system are discussed.
An industry survey on approaches, success factors, and barriers for technology transfer in software engineering
Authors: Daun Marian , Brings Jennifer , Aluko Obe Patricia , Tenbergen Bastian 
Published: March 2023

AbstractOne central aspect of software engineering research is the transfer of the proposed approaches into industrial practice. In the past, a number of technology transfer approaches and experiences from technology transfer projects in software engineering have already been reported. However, many researchers still struggle to get their research results noticed by practitioners. To investigate what is important to practitioners, we conducted a mixed‐methods study that provides us with reliable quantitative data as well as deeper insights from qualitative data. Our results show that there is a mismatch between industry professionals' needs and commonly proposed technology transfer approaches in the software engineering field. For instance, collaboration between industry and academia as well as participation in empirical evaluations is not deemed important from an industry point of view. In contrast, industry professionals emphasize the use of company‐specific pilot projects conducted by industry and the need for experts to be available in every phase of technology transfer.
Tumor‐associated macrophages‐derived exo‐let‐7a promotes osteosarcoma metastasis via targeting C15orf41 in osteosarcoma
Authors: Yan Chen‐Fei , Xia Jun , Qun Wang‐Si , Bing Wei‐Yi , Guo Wu‐Jian , Yong Huang‐Gang , Chen‐Jie  , Sheng Shi‐Jing , Lei Zhao‐Guang , Huang‐Xin  
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackgroundOsteosarcoma (OS) immune environment is complexed and the immune factors‐related to OS progression need to be explored. Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) are regarded as immune suppressive and tumor‐promoting cells. However, the underlying mechanisms through which TAMs function are still fragmentary. Here, we aim to explore the underlying mechanisms by which TAMs regulate OS progression.MethodsTAMs from OS tissues were isolated by flow cytometry. Exosomes derived from TAMs were separated using ultracentrifugation and western blotting. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and flow cytometry were constructed to characterize TAMs‐derived exosomes. Additionally, the differential MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and genes were detected through RNA sequencing, and further validated using real‐time PCR (RT‐PCR). OS cell metastasis ability was assessed using transwell invasion and scratch wound healing assays. MiRNAs mimic and lentiviral vectors were utilized to explore the effects on OS progression.ResultsExosome secreted by TAMs accelerated the OS metastasis. Let‐7a level was upregulated in TAMs derived exosomes, which downregulated C15orf41 by targeting 3′‐untranslated region (UTR). Furthermore, overexpressing let‐7a enhanced invasion and migration by blocking the transcription of C15orf41. In consistent, up‐regulating let‐7a promoted OS progression and made the prognosis to be worse, which can be reversed by C15orf41 overexpression.ConclusionThis study highlighted the critical role of TAMs‐derived exosomes in OS progression and explored the potential value of the let‐7a/C15orf41 axis as an indicator or target for OS.
Evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo effect of liposomal doxorubicin along with oncolytic Newcastle disease virus on 4T1 cell line: Animal preclinical research
Authors: Faranoush Pooya , Jahandideh Alireza , Nekouian Reza , Mortazavi Pejman 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackgroundBreast cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women, with one in 20 globally. Oncolytic viruses have recently been the first step in the biological treatment of cancer, either genetically engineered or naturally occurring. They increase specifically inside cancer cells and destroy them without damaging normal tissues or producing a host immune response against tumour cells or expressing transgenes. One of the most known members of this family is the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a natural oncolytic virus that selectively induces apoptosis and DNA fragmentation in human cancer cells.MethodsThis study performed biochemical and molecular investigations with variable doses of NDV (32, 64, 128 HAU) and liposomal doxorubicin (9 mg/kg) on mouse triple‐negative mammary carcinoma cell line 4T1 and BALB/c models tumours for the first time.ResultsReal‐time quantitative PCR analysis in NDV‐treated animal tumours showed increased expression of P21, P27 and P53 genes and decreased expression of CD34, integrin Alpha 5, VEGF and VEGF‐R genes. Additional assessments in treated mouse models also showed that NDV increased ROS production, induced apoptosis, reduced tumour size and significantly improved prognosis, with no adverse effect on normal tissues.ConclusionsThese findings all together might indicate that NDV in combination with chemotherapy drugs could improve prognosis in cancer patients although many more conditions should be considered.
In‐situ growth of layered double hydroxide on montmorillonite nanosheets to improve the flame retardant performance of ABS resin
Authors: Wang Bainian , Wu Bo , Zhang Gaoshi , Yang Baojun 
Published: March 2023

AbstractLayered double hydroxide (LDH) is a widely used flame retardant in polymer materials; however, the poor dispersion due to its high hydrophilic nature results in disappointing thermal stability and fire safety. In this work, LDH was in‐situ grown on the disordered montmorillonite (MMT) nanosheets to obtain the hybrid of LDH and MMT nanosheets (LDH@MMT, simplified as LM). Various techniques, including X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscope were used to characterize the microstructure of LM. In addition, the acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) composite containing LM and intumescent flame retardant (IFR) was prepared, and its mechanical and flame‐retardant properties were also measured. The characterization results demonstrate that the LM exhibits a periodically alternating layered structure. The Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) of the ABS composite reaches 27.2% with a V‐0 rating in the UL‐94 vertical burning test, while its flexural strength and tensile strength decrease by only 17.82% and 13.45%, respectively. Furthermore, the heat release rate, total heat release, smoke production rate, and carbon monoxide production rate of the ABS composite present a significant decline in cone calorimeter tests compared with those of pure ABS. The results further indicate that the hybridization could effectively improve the flame‐retardant performance of ABS composites and perform lesser impacts on their mechanical properties.
Torsional Control of Frustrated Lewis Pair Behaviour Involving PNP‐type Phosphines
Authors: Guo Yanhui , Zulkifly Ili , Soderman Jennifer , Protchenko Andrey V. , Kolychev Eugene L. , Fuentes M. Ángeles , Aldridge Simon 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWe present convenient syntheses of a range of PNP‐type phosphines which feature a pair of ortho‐functionalized ArPPh2 moieties linked via a central NMe unit, but which differ in the nature of the additional backbone ‘tether’ linking the aryl groups. These comprise the acyclic system bis(2‐diphenylphosphinophenyl)methylamine, together with related systems centred around 5‐, 6‐ and 7‐membered heterocycles. Structurally, contraction of the backbone tether causes the phosphine centres to be projected further apart, and to be more constrained torsionally to the plane containing the NMe unit. In terms of potential frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) reactivity, the conformationally more flexible systems based on an acyclic linker or a cyclic core featuring a 7‐membered ring, are capable of achieving P−B bond formation and generating a classical Lewis adduct with B(C6F5)3. The less flexible carbazole‐derived compound (featuring a five membered heterocyclic core) gives rise to an FLP at room temperature, and an equilibrium mixture of frustrated and classical Lewis pairs at lower temperatures. Most interestingly, the PNP system based on a central six‐membered acridine ring ‐ which gives rise to the shortest contacts in the solid state between phosphorus and the N‐bound methyl group – undergoes C−H activation in the presence of B(C6F5)3, resulting in the formation of B−H and P−C bonds.
Definiteness of certain differential operators obtained via moment expansion of non‐negative functions
Authors: Leck Jakob 
Published: March 2023

AbstractLower bounds are demonstrated for a specific quotient of differences of Taylor polynomials of functions whose inverse Fourier transform is non‐negative and additionally may be isotropic or decreasing. This provides insight on the spectra of differential operators obtained by using truncated moment expansions, especially their definiteness. Physical applications include the approximation of nonlocal elasticity or nonlocal electrostatics by gradient theories, and the Kramers–Moyal expansion.
From Heroic Exploration to Careful Control: Mobility, Health, and Medicine in the British African Empire
Authors: Hokkanen Markku 
Published: March 2023

AbstractNineteenth-century explorers epitomised, in their public image, heroic, energetic, and enduring Victorian masculinity. The demands of mobility in challenging conditions and facing high risks to health were central to this image. This was particularly the case in tropical Africa. Among many mid- to late Victorians there was a common idea that keeping active and on the move in tropical conditions was healthy and that conversely immobility or slowness could be perilous. However, as the exploration of the African interior gave way to conquest and colonisation, ideas advocated for controlled, disciplined, and careful mobility gained ground. Although the image of the enduring, risk-taking mobile explorer persisted, it gradually gave way to depictions of more careful, controlled colonisers. Markku Hokkanen’s chapter analyses the changing relations between mobility, health and medicine in the contexts of British exploration and early settlement in tropical Africa in images, theories, and practices. Authors studied include David Livingstone, Horace Waller, and John Buchanan on South-Central Africa, and Mary Kingsley on West Africa.
Drawing on the Delphi Technique to Explore Areas of Convergence and Divergence Among Expert Opinions in the Field of Teaching
Authors: Praetorius Anna-Katharina , Charalambous Charalambos Y. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe chapter brings together the individual chapter perspectives on theorizing teaching and thus initiating exchanges among the authors on outstanding issues and discrepancies to provide insights for how research on teaching may move forward. The Delphi study conducted for this aim was based on summaries of the answers of all individual chapters on three questions; authors were asked to rate and comment on each other’s ideas. Comparing ratings and comments exposed the variability in the contributors’ perspectives on (a) the existence, degree of development, and grain size of theories of teaching (first question), (b) the attributes of theories of teaching (second question), and (c) the process of developing theories of teaching (third question). We identify general trends with respect to these issues, leaving a more in-depth discussion for the next chapter.
Theorizing Teaching: Synthesizing Expert Opinion to Identify the Next Steps
Authors: Charalambous Charalambos Y. , Praetorius Anna-Katharina 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter is a synthesis of the views on theorizing teaching put forward in Chaps. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 and those that emerged from the Delphi study in Chap. 10. In considering these views, we discuss a number of questions: Do theories of teaching exist? If they do, how are they defined, what purpose do they serve, and what attributes do they have? How should theories be generated, and is it possible to develop a comprehensive theory of teaching? What role does content specificity and context sensitivity have in the generation of such theories? What role can teachers play in this process and how can theories of teaching inform practice? The chapter considers how and why the contributors’ views on these questions agreed or differed, and identifies pathways to resolving differences. The exercise demonstrates the importance of providing the research community with opportunities for focused and systematic discussion. As the capstone of this book, the chapter also proposes ways in which the field of theorizing teaching can be moved forward.
Creating Practical Theories of Teaching
Authors: Hiebert James , Stigler James W. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn this chapter we propose a way to create theories of teaching that are useful for teachers as well as researchers. Key to our proposal is a new model of teaching that treats sustained learning opportunities (SLOs) as a mediating construct that lies between teaching, on the one hand, and learning, on the other. SLOs become the proximal goal of classroom teaching. Rather than making instructional decisions based on desired learning outcomes, teachers could focus on the kinds of SLOs students need. Because learning research has established reliable links between specific types of learning opportunities and specific learning outcomes, theories of teaching no longer must connect teaching directly with learning. Instead, theories of teaching can become theories of creating SLOs linked to the outcomes teachers want their students to achieve. After presenting our rationale for moving from theories of teaching to theories of creating SLOs, we describe the benefits of such theories for researchersandteachers, explain the work needed to build such theories, and describe the conditions under which this work could be conducted. We conclude by peering into the future and acknowledging the challenges researchers would face as they develop these theories.
A Theory of Teaching
Authors: Schoenfeld Alan H. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWhether one can claim to have a theory of teaching depends on what one takes to constitute teaching and what one means by theory. This chapter characterizes both. Given those characterizations, I claim that we already have a theory of teaching, which specifies that teachers’ in-the-moment classroom decisions can be modeled by attending to three major factors: the resources at the teachers’ disposal (both their knowledge and material resources), their orientations (beliefs, preferences, values, etc.), and their goals (which exist at multiple levels and change dynamically according to evolving events). Beyond that, the Teaching for Robust Understanding (TRU) framework indicates that the following five dimensions of learning environments are consequential and comprehensive – the degree to which the environment: (1) offers affordances for rich engagement with content; (2) operates within the students’ zone of proximal development; (3) supports all students in engaging with core content; (4) provides opportunities for students to contribute to classroom discourse and develop a sense of agency and disciplinary identity; and, (5) reveals and responds to student thinking. Combining these two theoretical frames yields a theoretical specification of what has been called “ambitious teaching.” There is much more to be concerned with, however. In general, the field’s understanding of relevant knowledge and resources for ambitious teaching is weak, a problem exacerbated by the widespread adoption of virtual instruction due to the presence of Covid-19. Moreover, little is understood regarding teachers’ developmental trajectories. Such knowledge will be necessary to establish effective long-term professional development efforts.
Keeping Theorizing in Touch with Practice: Practical Rationality as a Middle Range Theory of Mathematics Teaching
Authors: Herbst Patricio G. , Chazan Daniel 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter characterizes the practical rationality of mathematics teaching as a middle range theory, a theory that is developed through the practice of research. We argue that a middle range theory of teaching permits theorizing that keeps in touch with practice, the exploration of complementarities and mutual sharpening of competing constructs, and the pursuit of an agenda of scientific research on mathematics teaching. We illustrate how empirical research on practical rationality has enabled not only the progressive characterization of phenomena hypothesized by the basic concepts of the theory (e.g., what are the norms of instructional situations) or the uncovering of relationships among those concepts (e.g., complementarities and tensions among contractual and situational norms) but also the drawing of relationships with other constructs (e.g., teachers’ beliefs and knowledge). We use this example to argue that progress in theorizing teaching can benefit from a middle-range theory, to illustrate in what way subject-specificity and subject-genericity can complement each other in theorizing, and to speculate on what the field needs from different theorizations to advance toward better understanding of the practice of teaching.
Theory for Teaching and Teaching for Theory: Artifacts as Tangible Entities for Storing and Improving Professional Knowledge for Teaching
Authors: Cai Jinfa , Hwang Stephen , Melville Matthew , Robison Victoria 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn discussing theories of teaching, we take the position that there is a two-way street between what we calltheory for teachingandteaching for theory. We articulate the linkages between these two dynamic processes through a particular conceptualization of professional knowledge for teaching carried by tangible artifacts. Within this context we have tried to answer a set of questions about theory and teaching: (1) What is a theory (of teaching)? (2) What should it contain and why? (3) Can such a theory accommodate differences across subject matters and student populations taught? If so, how? If not, why? (4) Do we already have a theory or theories on teaching? If so, which are they? (5) In the future, in what ways might it be possible, if at all, to create a (more comprehensive) theory of teaching? To answer these questions, we draw on the lens of Confucian learning as well as examples from Chinese and U.S. mathematics education to elaborate on understanding, assessing, and accumulating professional knowledge for teaching.