bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multifrequency electromagnetic induction soil moisture characterization under different land uses in western Newfoundland
Authors: Mensah Clinton , Katanda Yeukai , Krishnapillai Mano , Cheema Mumtaz , Galagedara Lakshman 
Published: April 2023

Identifying and characterizing the spatial patterns in soil moisture variability under different land use conditions is crucial for agriculture, forestry, and civil and environmental engineering. Yet employing multifrequency (MF) electromagnetic induction (EMI) techniques to carry out this task is under-represented in boreal podzolic soils. This study ( i) compared four frequencies (∼2.8–80 kHz) for shallow mapping of soil moisture measured with a time–domain reflectometry at 0–20 cm soil depth under three different land use conditions (agricultural land, field road, and a recently cleared natural forest), ( ii) developed a relationship between apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) measured using multifrequency EMI (GEM-2) and soil moisture, and ( iii) assessed the effectiveness of ECa as an auxiliary variable in predicting soil moisture variations under different land use conditions. The means of ECa measurements were calculated for the exact sampling location (ground truth data) in each land use condition at a research site, Pasadena, NL, Canada. Soil moisture–ECa linear regression models for the three land use conditions were only statistically significant for 38.3 kHz frequency and were further analyzed. Further statistical analysis revealed that ECa was primarily controlled by soil moisture for the three land use conditions, with the natural forest possessing the highest mean ECa and soil moisture. Geostatistical analysis revealed that cokriging ECa with less densely collected soil moisture improved the characterization accuracy of soil moisture variability across the different land use conditions. These results reveal the effectiveness of the georeferenced MF–EMI technique to rapidly assess intrafield soil moisture variability under different land uses.
Soil C, N and P bioavailability and cycling following amendment with shrub willow chips
Authors: Uwituze Yvonne , Nyiraneza Judith , Jiang Yefang , Dessureaut-Rompré Jacynthe , Fraser Tandra D. 
Published: April 2023

Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) crops are often cultivated in coarse-textured soils with low soil organic matter and high nitrate leaching risk. Incorporating shrub willow chips into soil could enhance soil properties, while temporally immobilizing N and thus reducing N leaching. We performed a laboratory incubation study and a field experiment to evaluate the effects of shrub willow chips applied at increasing rates in the fall after the potato harvest on C, N and P cycling, soil pH and moisture, and on barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) yield in the following year. In comparison with the control, willow chip incorporation at the rates of 40 and 60 Mg ha−1 increased total C content, but it did not affect the activity of C cycling enzymes. Willow chip addition at these rates also induced nitrate immobilization and reduced barley grain yield and total N uptake, but increased the activity of N cycling enzymes (β-1,4- N-acetylglucosaminidase and leucine aminopeptidase). Mehlich-3 extractable P content and phosphomonoesterase activity were not affected by willow chip addition. Our results suggest that shrub willow chips increased total organic C and immobilized N following their incorporation and can thus mitigate nitrate leaching after the potato harvest. The N immobilization was short lived and was not observed over second winter. We recommend to seed a forage legume in the spring following shrub willow chip incorporation. Willow chip incorporation is an effective means of increasing soil organic carbon.
GKZ-system of the 2-loop self energy with 4 propagators
Authors: Feng Tai-Fu , Zhang Hai-Bin , Dong Yan-Qing , Zhou Yang 
Published: April 2023

AbstractApplying the system of linear partial differential equations derived from the Mellin–Barnes representation and the Miller transformation, we present the GKZ-system of the Feynman integral of the 2-loop self energy diagram with 4 propagators. The codimension of the derived GKZ-system equals the number of independent dimensionless ratios among the external momentum squared and virtual mass squared. In total 536 hypergeometric functions are obtained in the neighborhoods of the origin and infinity, in which 30 linearly independent hypergeometric functions whose convergent regions have nonempty intersection constitute a fundamental solution system in a proper subset of the whole parameter space.
Homogeneous and isotropic cosmology in general teleparallel gravity
Authors: Heisenberg Lavinia , Hohmann Manuel , Kuhn Simon 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWe derive the most general homogeneous and isotropic teleparallel geometries, defined by a metric and a flat, affine connection. We find that there are five branches of connection solutions, which are connected via several limits, and can further be restricted to the torsion-free and metric-compatible cases. We apply our results to several classes of general teleparallel gravity theories and derive their cosmological dynamics for all five branches. Our results show that for large subclasses of these theories the dynamics reduce to that of closely related metric or symmetric teleparallel gravity theories, while for other subclasses up to two new scalar degrees of freedom participate in the cosmological dynamics.
Forecasting patient flows with pandemic induced concept drift using explainable machine learning
Authors: Susnjak Teo , Maddigan Paula 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAccurately forecasting patient arrivals at Urgent Care Clinics (UCCs) and Emergency Departments (EDs) is important for effective resourcing and patient care. However, correctly estimating patient flows is not straightforward since it depends on many drivers. The predictability of patient arrivals has recently been further complicated by the COVID-19 pandemic conditions and the resulting lockdowns.This study investigates how a suite of novel quasi-real-time variables like Google search terms, pedestrian traffic, the prevailing incidence levels of influenza, as well as the COVID-19 Alert Level indicators can both generally improve the forecasting models of patient flows and effectively adapt the models to the unfolding disruptions of pandemic conditions. This research also uniquely contributes to the body of work in this domain by employing tools from the eXplainable AI field to investigate more deeply the internal mechanics of the models than has previously been done.The Voting ensemble-based method combining machine learning and statistical techniques was the most reliable in our experiments. Our study showed that the prevailing COVID-19 Alert Level feature together with Google search terms and pedestrian traffic were effective at producing generalisable forecasts. The implications of this study are that proxy variables can effectively augment standard autoregressive features to ensure accurate forecasting of patient flows. The experiments showed that the proposed features are potentially effective model inputs for preserving forecast accuracies in the event of future pandemic outbreaks.
Evaluating controls on scroll bar spacing and morphology: comparing chute channel and main channel scroll bar development
Authors: Chamberlin Ellen P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Scroll bars are curvilinear ridges of sediment deposited as meandering channels migrate laterally. It is unclear exactly which variables control the spacing, height, and curvature of scroll ridges, and in turn how these properties record channel migration histories. This study tests the relationship between channel and scroll bar geometries in river systems with laterally migrating chute channels that deposit their own scroll packages. LiDAR- and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission-derived digital elevation models (DEMs) are used to calculate the spacing, relief, wavelength, and curvature of scroll bars in eight different chute-channel-dominated river systems with a range of channel dimensions, slopes, and water and sediment discharge regimes. Seven of the eight rivers have statistically indistinguishable chute channel (CC) and main channel (MC) scroll spacings, even though the chute channels have smaller channel dimensions. Additionally, there is no correlation between scroll spacing and relief for main or chute channels. For LiDAR-derived DEMs, the ratio between median scroll spacing and median channel width is low and falls within a narrow range for MC scrolls (from 0.13 to 0.22; mean 0.16), but is higher with a wider range for CC scrolls (from 0.48 to 1.33; mean 0.8). CC scrolls are straighter overall than MC scrolls, but there is no correlation between curvature and scroll spacing. Overall, these results show that (1) chute channel scrolls are often indistinguishable from main channel scrolls based on spacing and relief, and (2) MC and CC scrolls have different relationships with formative channel widths, which suggests that other variables, such as lateral migration rate and flood inundation depth, are key controls on scroll bar geometries.
Reconciling onshore and offshore geological mapping: lessons from north Cornwall, SW England
Authors: Craven Benjamin , Lloyd Geoffrey E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
We present the first detailed stratigraphic and structural geological map of offshore north Cornwall and Devon, SW England, based on freely available bathymetric data. Although the bathymetry is often spectacular, revealing fold and fault structures exposed on the seabed at a range of scales and with high resolution, interpretation is not as straightforward as it might appear and depends critically upon both accuracy and knowledge of the onshore geology. Unfortunately, onshore stratigraphic controls are limited and restricted to several thin ‘named shales’ whose coastal outcrops are not always well constrained. In addition, the structure is markedly non-cylindrical on local to regional scales, making seaward projection problematic, while the impact of early thrusting on the stratigraphy has often been previously neglected. We therefore developed a workflow to handle the problems we encountered, including: recognition of vertical to horizontal and 3D to 2D projections; variations in bathymetric data characteristics; prediction of expected seabed outcrop geometries based on coastal structures; incorporation of non-cylindrical effects; and problems with quantitative GIS terrain profiles and structural measurements that result in an absence of such measurements. The geological map produced should therefore be viewed as a step forward, but as forming a base for further detailed bathymetric mapping.
Securing Data for Business Telephones
Authors: Tray Alex 
Published: April 2023

The
Communications
website, https://cacm.acm.org, features more than a dozen bloggers in the BLOG@CACM community. In each issue of
Communications
, we'll publish selected posts or excerpts.

twitter

Follow us on Twitter at http://twitter.com/blogCACM
https://cacm.acm.org/blogs/blog-cacm
Cybersecurity consultant Alex Tray looks at potential security issues, and solutions, for business telephone systems.
Fast In-kernel Traffic Sketching in eBPF
Authors: Miano Sebastiano , Chen Xiaoqi , Basat Ran Ben , Antichi Gianni 
Published: April 2023

The extended Berkeley Packet Filter (eBPF) is an infrastructure that allows to dynamically load and run micro-programs directly in the Linux kernel without recompiling it.
In this work, we study how to develop high-performance network measurements in eBPF. We take sketches as case-study, given their ability to support a wide-range of tasks while providing low-memory footprint and accuracy guarantees. We implemented NitroSketch, the state-of-the-art sketch for user-space networking and show that best practices in user-space networking cannot be directly applied to eBPF, because of its different performance characteristics. By applying our lesson learned we improve its performance by 40% compared to a naive implementation.
The Slow Path Needs an Accelerator Too!
Authors: Zulfiqar Annus , Pfaff Ben , Tu William , Antichi Gianni , Shahbaz Muhammad 
Published: April 2023

Packet-processing data planes have been continuously enhanced in performance over the last few years to the point that, nowadays, they are increasingly implemented in hardware (i.e., in SmartNICs and programmable switches). However, little attention is given to the slow path residing between the data plane and the control plane, as it is not typically considered performance-critical.
In this paper, we show that the slow path is set to become a new key bottleneck in Software-Defined Networks (SDNs). This is due to the growth in physical network bandwidth (200 Gbps is becoming common in data centers) and topological complexity (e.g., virtual switches now span hundreds of physical machines). We present our vision of a new Domain Specific Accelerator (DSA) for the slow path at the end host that sits between the hardware-offloaded data plane and the logically-centralized control plane. We discuss open problems in this domain and call on the networking community to creatively address this emerging issue.
Causes of Early Mortality After Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Tan Min Choon , Rattanawong Pattara , Karikalan Suganya , Deshmukh Abhishek J. , Srivathsan Komandoor , Scott Luis R. , McLeod Christopher J. , Asirvatham Samuel J. , Noseworthy Peter A. , Mulpuru Siva K. , Cha Yong-Mei , Munger Thomas M. , Lee Justin Z. 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Recognition of the causes of early mortality after atrial fibrillation (AF) catheter ablation is essential for the improvement of patient safety. This study sought to determine the causes of early mortality (≤90 days) after AF ablation.

Methods:
We performed a retrospective analysis of AF ablation from January 1, 2013, to December 1, 2021 at the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Phoenix, and Jacksonville). Causes of death were identified through a comprehensive chart review of the electronic health record from within the Mayo Clinic system and outside records when available.

Results:
A total of 6723 patients were included in the study. The 90-day all-cause mortality rate was 0.22% (n=15). Among all 90-day deaths, majority of the deaths (73.3%) did not have a direct relationship with the procedure. Sudden death was the most common cause of early death (20%), followed by peri-procedural stroke (13%), respiratory failure (13%), atrioesophageal fistula (13%), infection (7%), heart failure (7%), and traumatic brain injury (7%). The 90-day mortality rate directly due to AF ablation procedural complications was 0.06% (n=4).

Conclusions:
AF ablation procedure has a 90-day mortality of 0.22%, and the most common cause of early mortality was sudden death. The majority (73.3%) of early mortality was not directly associated with a procedural complication, and the mortality rate due to complications associated with the AF ablation procedure was low at 0.06%. Further studies are required to investigate causes and risk factors associated with sudden death in this patient population.
Super Drought under Global Warming: Concept, Monitoring Index, and Validation
Authors: Wang Lin , Huang Gang , Chen Wen , Wang Ting 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed growing frequency and severity of catastrophic droughts in many regions of the world. Despite lots of studies having been dedicated to extreme drought investigation, the fundamental question that has long been ignored is, What is extreme drought? The answer is much more complex than it first appears, because a critical issue in the study of drought is the multiscalar nature. To address the challenge, this study establishes the theoretical basis of the super drought concept, which refers to the simultaneous occurrence of extreme droughts at multiple time scales. The physical significance of super drought represents compound dry extremes in all parts of water resources or equivalently a grand loss in total water storage, which is identified as the essential determinant distinguishing high-impact droughts from those causing mild damage. To have a quantitative representation, a novel monitoring index called comprehensive multiscalar index (CMI) is developed based on the vine copula framework. It turns out that CMI is a plausible measure to determine the overall rarity of multiscalar drought and recognize super drought. Furthermore, the worldwide skill of CMI and super drought identification are testified against Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) total water storage. Compared to traditional indices that lack comprehensive treatment of drought, CMI performs better in capturing the variation of overall water availability and enables the accurate detection of real water scarcity, with gross improvements in correlation and root-mean-square error scores exceeding the 10−3 significance level. To facilitate end users and policy-makers, near-real-time monitoring and a historical data repository are available through the public website superdrought.com.
Financial Toxicity for Caregivers of Pediatric Patients With Long-Term Tracheostomies
Authors: Rosi-Schumacher Mattie , Nagy Ryan , Favre Nicole , DiNardo Lauren , Carr Michele M. 
Published: April 2023

Objective: To assess financial toxicity experienced by caregivers of children with long-term tracheostomies. Methods: Cross-sectional survey study with comparison group conducted at a tertiary pediatric hospital and outpatient clinic. Pediatric (<18 years) patients with tracheostomies for ≥12 months were recruited for the study. Patients who underwent tympanostomy tube placement or adenotonsillectomy were recruited as controls. Eligible patients’ caregivers were contacted to fill out a questionnaire including the validated Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity survey. Results: Surveys were completed for 72 patients, including 31 in the study group (mean age, 6.58 years, 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.85-8.30 years) and 41 controls (mean age, 6.42 years, 95% CI, 5.15-10.52 years) ( P = .864). The mean duration of tracheostomy was 3.98 years (95% CI, 2.91-5.05 years). The mean household income and education level were lower in the study group than in the control group. Caregivers of the study group were more likely to have public health insurance or be uninsured. Caregivers of study patients reported greater financial toxicity, with a lower mean Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity (18.23 [95% CI, 15.20-21.25]) than caregivers of controls (34.27 [95% CI, 32.05-36.49]; P < .001). Linear regression analysis showed that survey scores were lower for caregivers who employed home nursing care ( P < .001). Conclusion: Caregivers of pediatric patients requiring long-term tracheostomies experience greater financial toxicity than caregivers of pediatric patients who have typical otolaryngologic surgery.
Multiple trajectories of depressive symptoms among Chinese in middle and late life: Characterization and risk factors
Authors: Li Chao , Liu Jin , Ju Yumeng , Liu Bangshan , Zhang Yan 
Published: April 2023

Background: Depressive symptoms, which are continuously changing, are an essential manifestation of depression and can increase the risk of mental disorders and other diseases. Because the causes and cures for depression have not yet been identified, finding the characteristics, and risk factors of depressive symptom trajectories can help us identify at-risk populations early and reduce the related public disease burden. Aims: Herein we aimed to figure out the specific manifestations of depressive symptom trajectories among Chinese adults, explore the risk profiles of trajectory groups with higher depression burdens, and test the longitudinal associations between blood biomarkers with depressive symptoms. Methods: Trajectories of participants’ depressive symptoms measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scores were modeled with growth mixture models from 2011 to 2018. Multinomial logistic models tested associations of baseline covariates with trajectories. Generalized estimating equations were used to explore the longitudinal associations between blood data and depressive symptoms in two waves from 2011 to 2015. Results: Among the sample of 5,641 individuals aged 40 or over, four heterogeneous depressive symptom trajectories were defined: stable-low, high-decrease, stable-high, and low-increase. At baseline, demographic factors and health statuses such as gender, education, income, and self-reported health status were associated with trajectories. A significant association was found between high-density lipoprotein and depressive symptoms. Conclusions: These findings provide clues for predicting and identifying adults with elevated depression burdens in middle and late life and may facilitate the development of targeted preventive strategies for this population.
Outcome of massive pulmonary embolism treated only with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and anticoagulation without thrombolytic therapy or surgical embolectomy
Authors: Sim Hyung Tae , Jo Min Seop , Chang Yong Jin , Cho Deog Gon , Kim Jong Woo 
Published: April 2023

Introduction Although thrombolytic therapy is the standard treatment for massive pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE), it is often ineffective in patients with circulatory collapse. Surgical embolectomy is another treatment option, but whether it is absolutely necessary is controversial. We sought to evaluate the outcomes of patients with massive PTE treated with intensive critical care including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) without thrombolytic therapy or surgical embolectomy. Methods We analyzed 39 patients who were treated for massive PTE from January 2011 to June 2019. Massive PTE was treated with anticoagulation and hemodynamic support at an intensive care unit. ECMO was applied in patients with circulatory collapse. The computed tomography (CT) obstruction index and the ratio of the right ventricle to left ventricle short-axis diameters (RV/LV) were measured using serial CT angiography to confirm changes in pulmonary emboli and RV strain. Results Twenty-one patients were in cardiogenic shock, and 15 of them needed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Fifteen patients were treated with ECMO and nine of them were weaned successfully. The overall in-hospital mortality was 23% (9/39). On the follow-up CT scan after 6 months, residual PTE was observed in 10 patients and their median CT obstruction index was 6.25 % (range 2.5–35). The initial mean RV/LV ratio was 1.8 ± 0.47 and the value measured at follow-up CT decreased to less than 1 (0.9 ± 0.1). Conclusions Intensive critical care with heparin alone and timely ECMO support without thrombolytic therapy could be an effective treatment option in patients with acute massive PTE.