bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Elisa
Authors: Engvall Eva , Perlmann Peter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A sensitive and simple method for the quantitative determination of antibodies is reported. Tubes coated with antigen are incubated with antiserum followed by an enzyme-labeled preparation of anti-immunoglobulin. The enzyme remaining in the tubes after washing provides a measure of the amount of specific antibodies in the serum. Coating of polystyrene tubes with antigen is described, as well as the preparation of specifically purified antibodies against rabbit IgG, and their conjugation to alkaline phosphatase.
When rabbit antisera against human serum albumin or against the dinitrophenyl group (DNP) were incubated in tubes coated with antigen, less than 1 ng/ml of specific antibody could be detected in both systems. Antibodies in unknown sera could be quantitated by comparison with a standard antiserum. The results obtained compared well with those obtained with other methods for antibody determination.
In the DNP system, the specificity of the reaction was assessed by inhibition with hapten. The reaction of immune serum against DNP with DNP-protein, adsorbed to the tubes, was completely inhibited by hapten in solution.
Role of the Cerebrosides and a Galactodiglyceride in the Antigenic Cross-Reaction Between Nerve Tissue and Treponema
Authors: Dupouey P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Various authors have demonstrated an antigenic identity between nervous tissue and treponema. This report shows that this antigenic identity is due to the presence in the treponema extracts of a galactodiglyceride hapten: i.e, 2,3-di-O-acyl-1-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-glycerol. This hapten shows a cross-reaction with the cerebrosides; moreover, the nervous tissue contains a lipid which, on deacylation, liberates a O-(β-D-galactosyl)-1-1′-glycerol (11). The part played by each of the constituents as well as the possible consequences of this antigenic community are discussed.
Effect of Haptens on the Reaction of Anti-Idiotype Antibody with a Mouse Anti-Phosphorylcholine Plasmacytoma Protein
Authors: Sher Alan , Cohn Melvin 
Published: December 2022

Summary
In a radioimmune assay under conditions of excess antigen, the binding of a mouse antiphosphorylcholine plasmacytoma protein by anti-idiotype antibody is partially inhibited by phosphorylcholine and related haptens. The effect of these haptens on the idiotype correlates with the affinity with which they are bound by the plasmacytoma protein.
Reversed in Vitro Anaphylaxis Induced by Anti-IgG: Specificity of the Reaction and Comparison with Antigen-Induced Histamine Release
Authors: Grant J. Andrew , Lichtenstein Lawrence M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibodies to human IgE can combine with IgE on human basophils and cause release of intracellular histamine. Previous reports have demonstrated that anti-IgG is capable of eliciting the same response, but the possibility of contamination by antibodies which could also react with IgE remained to be explored. In this study, specifically purified antibodies to: 1) Fc of IgG, 2) Fc of IgE and 3) light chains were used to obtain histamine release from leukocytes of allergic donors. The inhibition of this reaction with purified IgG, IgE and light chains was then determined. It was shown that histamine release by anti-IgG was not due to specificities which recognize the ε chain and was only minimally due to anti-light chain specificities.
Histamine release mediated by allergen and anti-IgG was also inhibited by drugs which increase intracellular cyclic-AMP. Both processes were similarly inhibited. This suggests that anti-IgG-mediated histamine release mimics naturally occurring allergen-mediated release: both are noncytotoxic, secretory processes.
Stimulation of Lymphocyte Transformation by Streptococcal Type M1 Protein: Relationship to HL-A Antigens
Authors: Pellegrino M. A. , Ferrone S. , Safford J. W. , Hirata A. A. , Terasaki P. I. , Reisfeld R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
M1 protein isolated from group A streptococci, type 1, stimulates human peripheral blood lymphocytes in short-term tissue culture to undergo a dose-dependent increase in DNA synthesis. The degree of this lymphocyte stimulation is not related either to HL-A phenotype, the serum anti-M1 titer of the lymphocyte donor, or the effectiveness of M1 antigen in blocking the cytotoxic activity of HL-A alloantisera. However, both HL-A allo- and heteroantisera are highly effective in specifically inhibiting M1 mitogenic activity. This inhibitory effect clearly depends on anti-HL-A antibody since HL-A alloantisera are rendered ineffective when specifically absorbed with cultured human lymphoid cells. The mechanism by which anti-HL-A antibodies suppress the M1-induced lymphocyte transformation is thought to involve a masking of the M1 protein's mitogenic site such as to prevent interactions with specific lymphocyte receptors required for induction of the proliferative response.
Studies in Experimental Eosinophilia
Authors: Litt Mortimer 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Puromycin blocked the eosinophil response which is elicited in guinea pig lymph nodes by a single injection of hemocyanin into footpads. The drug was most effective in interfering with the 24-hr response when it was given just before or no later than 4 hr after the antigen. A partial block was noted when the drug preceded the antigen by 2 to 8 hr. Interference with the 15-min vascular response required a higher dose. The secondary type of eosinophil response, which is seen in an immunized animal, was not inhibited by puromycin. The drug was effective when administered into the footpads, but a higher dose was required when it was given by the intraperitoneal route. The results support the notion that the eosinophilia which occurs during the first few minutes of a primary immune response reflects the de novo synthesis of antibody, rather than the presence of preformed antibody.
Studies on the Subunit Structure of Rabbit Secretory IgA
Authors: Underdown Brian J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The nature of the intersubunit bonds in rabbit secretory IgA dimer was investigated by employing gel filtration on 2% and 4% agarose columns equilibrated with 6 M guanidine-HCl. Under these conditions, rabbit secretory IgA behaved as a dimer [(H2L2)2] which established that the bonds linking the monomer subunits were covalent in nature. Rabbit secretory component, however, dissociated from the native molecule in 6 M guanidine-HCl, which indicated that the secretory component was bound to the native dimer by non-covalent bonds. Mild reduction and alkylation with dithiothreitol (DTT) in aqueous buffer resulted in dissociation of the rabbit secretory IgA dimer molecule to monomer subunits and lower molecular weight material. Reduction with varying quantities of DTT showed that rabbit secretory IgA dimer was more resistant to reduction than human secretory IgA dimer which in turn was more resistant to reduction than a human IgA dimer myeloma protein.
Macrophage-Bound Antigens
Authors: Seeger Robert C. , Oppenheim Joost J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Macrophage-antigen is quite effective in activating T cells which are involved in mediating delayed hypersensitivity (DH) and in helping B cells produce antibodies. In this study we determined if this property was unique to macrophages by immunizing guinea pigs with antigen bound to macrophages, lymphocytes, thymocytes or hepatoma cells. Cells from unimmunized guinea pigs were incubated in vitro for 60 to 90 min with 125I tetanus toxoid or guinea pig albumin conjugated with orthanilic acid (GPA.OA), washed, and then injected into syngeneic unimmunized guinea pigs.
Macrophages took up 10 to 18 times more antigen than the other cells. To compensate for this difference in uptake, we injected equal doses of antigen rather than cells. Even with injection of fewer macrophages, macrophage-antigen was more effective than lymphocyte-antigen and soluble antigen in inducing DH and in priming for production of antibodies. Thymocyte-antigen and hepatoma antigen were ineffective in inducing immunity. Only macrophage-antigen was capable of activating T cells when guinea pigs were immunized by the intracardiac route or when weakly immunogenic GPA.OA was used.
These observations, with those of the previous paper, suggest that an initial interaction of antigen with macrophages but not with immunocompetent lymphocytes, immature thymocytes or hepatoma cells leads to activation of T cells involved in mediating DH and in helping B cells to form antibodies.
Stabilization of Dissociable IgA2 Proteins by Secretory Component
Authors: Jerry L. M. , Kunkel H. G. , Adams L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Am2(+) genetic variant of human IgA2 immunoglobulins is potentially unstable because it lacks disulfide bridges between the heavy (H) and light (L) chains. It dissociates spontaneously under denaturing conditions into heavy and light chain dimer subunits (H2, L2), without the need for prior reduction. Isolated secretory component (SC) binds to human Am2(+), IgA2 myeloma proteins in vitro, and stabilizes them so that they will no longer dissociate into subunits in the presence of denaturants. Both human and bovine SC will bind to and stabilize the polymer forms of these myeloma proteins, but only human SC will bind to and stabilize monomeric proteins. The reaction involves the whole IgA2 molecule rather than just its subunits. Moreover, SC will stabilize a pepsin F(ab′)2 fragment. Since stabilization is prevented by iodoacetic acid, covalent disulfide bonding appears to be involved. The ability of SC to stabilize the potentially dissociable Am2(+) genetic variant of IgA2 may enhance its capacity to function in external secretions.
A Specific Mouse B Lymphocyte Antigen (MBLA) Demonstrated by Double Immunofluorescence
Authors: Niederhuber John E. , Britton Sven , Berquist Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Double immunofluorescent staining was used to demonstrate the presence of a specific antigenic marker (MBLA) on the surface of B lymphocytes in the mouse. The percentages of thymus dependent and thymus independent cells detected by indirect staining of specific antisera-treated cells were consistent with the cytotoxic indices for these sera. The double staining of anti-MBLA-treated cells after incubation with fluorescein-conjugated anti-mouse immunoglobulin serum and rhodamine-conjugated anti-rabbit immunoglobulin serum confirmed the absence of anti-immunoglobulin activity in the anti-MBLA serum.
Subtyping of Hepatitis-Associated Antigen (HB Ag); Simplified Technique with Counterelectrophoresis
Authors: Holland Paul V. , Purcell Robert H. , Smith Holly , Alter Harvey J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A simple and sensitive counterelectrophoresis technique for determining the subtype of hepatitis-associated antigen (HB Ag) in sera is described. Using monovalent antisera, or polyvalent antisera rendered monovalent by appropriate absorption, we detected a group-specific antigenic determinant, a, and two additional specificities, d and y. All HB Ag-containing sera could be subtyped as either ad or ay. The subtype appears to be determined by the viral agent, not the host, and to remain the same in affected individuals.
While the frequency of subtypes ad and ay were about the same for patients with acute hepatitis, ad was much more common in patients with chronic hepatitis. Subtype ad was also detected more frequently than ay in blood donor carriers of HB Ag. The major values of subtyping for HB Ag will probably be in the study of the epidemiology of hepatitis B and the development of optimal testing reagents for HB Ag detection.
Simultaneous Induction of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Obese Strain (OS) Chickens with Spontaneous, Hereditary Autoimmune Thyroiditis
Authors: Wick Georg , Steiner Renate 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was elicited in Obese strain (OS) chickens, which develop a spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis, and in normal White Leghorn (NWLH) chickens by immunization with bovine spinal cord and complete Freund's adjuvant alone or Freund's adjuvant and pertussis vaccine. Control groups were similarly immunized with bovine liver. OS chickens developed severe EAE without any influence on the frequency and severity of spontaneous thyroiditis and on the occurrence of circulating thyroglobulin autoantibodies. The use of pertussis vaccine as a coadjuvant led to slightly more severe EAE in both NWLH and OS birds as compared to Freund's adjuvant alone.
Immunization with bovine spinal cord resulted not only in the formation of antibodies to this antigen but also to the appearance of circulating brain autoantibodies in OS and NWLH chickens.
This avian model which simultaneously displays a spontaneous and an experimentally induced autoimmune disease should provide a very useful tool for the study of the role of the bursa- and thymus-dependent part of the immune system in the development of these diseases.
The Clonal Nature of Antibody Formation
Authors: Bosma M. , Davis G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that prospective antibody cell clones can synthesize antibody molecules of only one specificity. This was done with the aid of a cell transfer system as follows: hapten-specific precursor cells of F1-hybrid mice were stimulated with protein carriers bearing random copolymers O-acetyl-D-serine and D-alanine (ser-ala); antibody allotypes served as genetic markers in evaluating the clonal origins of antibodies which were specific for the homopolymer haptens, poly-ser or poly-ala. Our analysis of the results supported the conclusion that different and unrelated antibody precursor cells responded to poly-ser and poly-ala determinants. Apparently the antibody specificity of these precursor cells was genetically restricted before contact with antigen.
The Effects of Aggregated Immunoglobulins on Human Blood Platelets in Relation to Their Complement-Fixing Abilities
Authors: Pfueller Sharron L. , Lüscher Ernst F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human immunoglobulin (IgG) coupled with bis-diazo-benzidine (BDB-IgG) is capable of causing a release reaction from platelets in a manner similar to heat-aggregated IgG or antigen-antibody complexes. Various organic solvents, e.g., ethanol and acetone, also produce platelet-stimulating complexes. All these aggregated immunoglobulins caused the fixation of complement (C), although not strictly in parallel to their ability to cause the platelet release reaction.
Myeloma proteins from the subclasses IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3, but not IgG4 or IgA, bind C, while all IgG subclasses, including IgG4, stimulate platelets. IgG3 proteins cause a poor release reaction but bind C well.
The release reaction induced by human BDB-IgG is inhibited by monomeric IgG but not by bovine IgG or albumin. Partially purified C1 and purified Clq also inhibit the release reaction. The presence of Ca2+ is not required for any of these effects.
It is concluded that for an aggregated immunoglobulin to stimulate platelets it is not necessary that it activate the complement enzymes in the classical way, but that either it may interact with a cell-bound Clq-like receptor, or the immunoglobulin possesses distinct, but closely situated, sites for platelet and C activation.
The Effects of Aggregated Immunoglobulins on Human Blood Platelets in Relation to Their Complement-Fixing Abilities
Authors: Pfueller Sharron L. , Lüscher Ernst F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When the amino groups of aggregated human immunoglobulin G (IgG) were modified by acetylation or acetimidation, its ability to bind complement and to stimulate the release reaction of platelets disappeared, modification of 40% to 46% of the amino groups by acetimidation being sufficient for marked inhibition. By reaction of 26% of the amino groups with dinitrofluorobenzene, platelet stimulation disappeared completely and complement fixation was reduced by 50%. Modification of 3 to 5 tryptophane residues/molecule caused 40% reduction in both activities. There was some indication that tryptophane residues exposed by conformational changes during aggregation of IgG may be important in endowing the molecule with biologic activity.
Removal of 36% of the IgG hexose caused total loss of platelet stimulating activity, although complement fixation was hardly affected. These results are compatible with the idea that the sites of Clq binding and for platelet interaction have amino acid sequences in common. Studies of the inhibition of the normal release reaction by modified monomeric IgG indicate that tryptophane and carbohydrate, but not the amino groups, are necessary for the initial interaction of IgG with the platelet surface. The amino groups are most probably required for a subsequent step in the release process.
The Lack of Thymic Influence in Regulating the Immune Response to Escherichia Coli 0127 Endotoxin
Authors: Veit Bruce C. , Michael J. Gabriel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A possible regulatory effect of thymus-derived lymphocytes on the immune response to a thymus independent antigen, Escherichia coli 0127 somatic antigen in mice, was investigated. Antilymphocyte globulin prepared in rabbits caused a substantial suppression of the antibody response to a thymus dependent antigen (sheep erythrocytes) but exerted no effect on the immune response to the bacterial antigen. Administration of E. coli somatic antigen to mice did not induce an immunosuppressive effect on a subsequently injected unrelated antigen indicating that this thymus independent antigen was incapable of inducing antigenic competition. Likewise, the immune response to the bacterial antigen was not influenced by prior immunization of the mice with sheep erythrocytes. Thus, in these immune reactions in which thymus-derived lymphocytes were affected the response to the bacterial antigen was not modified. These results contradict recent observations which indicated that thymus-derived lymphocytes exert a suppressive effect on the immune response to thymus independent antigens.
Use of the 51Cr Release Test to Demonstrate Patterns of Antibody Response in Humans to Herpesvirus Types 1 and 2
Authors: Smith Jerry W. , Adam Ervin , Melnick Joseph L. , Rawls William E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibodies to the surface antigens of cells infected with herpesvirus types 1 or 2 were assayed by the 51Cr release test. Absorption of sera with 107 unlabeled cells infected with herpesvirus type 1 removed all cytolytic activity to herpesvirus type 1 51Cr-labeled cells; however, cytolytic activity to 51Cr-labeled cells infected with herpesvirus type 2 remained in some of the absorbed sera. Sucrose gradient separation of the immunoglobulins revealed that the cytolytic activity was in the IgM fractions in all eight sera collected 3 to 28 days after the onset of illness caused by herpesvirus type 2 and also in the IgG fractions in all six sera obtained 11 to 28 days after the onset of illness. Sera collected 8 months or more after the infection were found to contain cytolytic activity only in the IgG-containing fractions. Cytolytic antibody activity of 20% specific 51Cr release or greater from labeled cells infected with herpesvirus type 2 after absorption with unlabeled type 1 infected cells was found in the convalescent sera of most patients who had no neutralizing antibody to type 1 in their acute phase sera. However, among persons with neutralizing antibodies in their acute phase sera, cytolytic activity to the type 2 cells was absent or at low levels in their convalescent sera after absorption with type 1 unlabeled cells. The data suggest that antibodies reacting only to herpesvirus type 2 infected cells can be detected by the 51Cr release test and that the quantity of the antibody present depends upon whether or not the person had been infected with herpesvirus type 1 before infection with herpesvirus type 2.
Rabbit Precipitin Antibody to Chicken Erythrocyte Histone F2C
Authors: Sotirov N. , Johns E. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Specific precipitin antibody was induced in rabbits to a pure preparation of the chicken erythrocyte histone F2C. The hyperimmune sera obtained reacted in agarose gel to form a distinct precipitin line with about 1 µg of F2C. No cross-reactivity could be detected with whole histone or histone fractions F1, F2B, F2A1, F2A2 and F3 isolated from calf or chicken thymus. The nonspecific precipitation between all histone fractions and normal serum proteins was completely removed by absorption of the hyperimmune sera with calf or chicken thymus whole histone or the various histone fractions. The specificity of the immune reaction against F2C was also proved by the skin test which was strongly positive in all the rabbits that had developed precipitin antibody. Chicken erythrocyte specific histone F2C was found to be antigenically distinct from any other histone fraction.
Lymphocyte Classes in New Zealand Mice
Authors: Stobo John D. , Talal Norman , Paul William E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The frequency of thymocytes bearing the “T” cell differentiation antigen theta (ϑ) as well as the mean density of ϑ determinants per thymocyte are similar in newborn through 6-week-old NZB and BALB/c mice. Although the capacity of these thymocytes to respond to the mitogen concanavalin A is acquired at a somewhat earlier age in NZB animals, the absolute responsiveness of 3-week-to 1-year-old NZB thymocytes is less than noted for comparably aged BALB/c mice.
Similarly, both the age dependent appearance of ϑ positive splenic lymphocytes as well as the absolute frequency of these cells are similar in newborn through 6-week-old animals of both strains. Spleen cells from 1-year-old NZB mice, however, demonstrate a decreased frequency of these cells when compared to BALB/c animals of similar age. The appearance of phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A reactivity among spleen cells parallels the appearance of ϑ positive cells, and is similar in both strains.
Thus, no gross abnormalities in the development of either surface “T” markers or in the responsiveness to mitogens which activate “T” cells can be found in newborn through 6-week-old NZB mice. Nonetheless, a defect in either an antigen dependent function of “T” cells or in a “T” cell subset cannot be excluded.
The Humoral Immune Response in Mice after Neutron or X-Irradiation at Different Dose Rates
Authors: Gottlieb Charles F. , Gengozian Nazareth 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Acute radiation dose rate and radiation quality are two critical, although little studied, variables involved in nonspecific radiation immunosuppression. Mice (C3BF1) were injected with sheep erythrocytes shortly after irradiation, and the humoral immune response measured over a 35-day period. With neutron irradiation, antibody formation was dependent only on the total dose, and not the dose rate. In contrast, the immune response after x-irradiation was dependent on both the dose and dose rate. Maximum dose-rate differences occurred with 500 rads of x-rays. Maximum depression with both neutron and x-irradiation occurred when antigen was given 12 hr after exposure. The exposure-rate effect on immunocompetent cells was directly demonstrated at the cellular level by culturing irradiated spleen cells in lethally irradiated recipients.