Abstract 5742: Pharmacologic modulation of RNA splicing enhances anti-tumor immunity
Authors: Thomas James D. , Lu Sydney X. , De Neef Emma , Sabio Erich , Rousseau Benoit , Gigoux Mathieu , Knorr David A. , Greenbaum Benjamin , Elhanati Yuval , Hogg Simon J. , Chow Andrew , Ghosh Arnab , Xie Abigail , Zamarin Dmitriy , Cui Daniel , Erickson Caroline , Singer Michael , Cho Hana , Wang Eric , Lu Bin , Durham Benjamin H. , Shah Harshal , Chowell Diego , Gabel Austin M. , Shen Yudao , Liu Jing , Jin Jian , Rhodes Matthew C. , Taylor Richard E. , Molina Henrik , Wolchok Jedd D. , Merghoub Taha , Jr Luis A. Diaz , Abdel-Wahab Omar , Bradley Robert K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade therapy has revolutionized cancer care, including the treatment of advanced metastatic disease. However, most patients derive little or no clinical benefit from these therapies and many cancer types are notoriously non-responsive. Motivated by (1) the correlation between tumor neoantigen abundance and anti-tumor immunity and (2) that most cancers are characterized by widespread dysregulation of RNA processing, we reasoned that pharmacologic modulation of RNA splicing might increase cancer cell immunogenicity via the generation of splicing-derived neoantigens. We demonstrated that two compounds which modulate RNA splicing via distinct mechanisms, inhibited tumor growth and enhanced response to immune checkpoint blockade in a manner dependent on host T cells and peptides presented on tumor MHC class I. Critical for their clinical translatability, therapeutic doses of splicing inhibitors were non-toxic, tolerated by the host immune system, and did not affect T cell activation, proliferation, and anti-cancer killing activities. Mechanistically, splicing modulation induced stereotyped, dose-dependent “splicing failure” — dramatic intron retention, alternative exon skipping, etc. — that was consistent across multiple mouse and human tumor types. By combining RNA-seq-based peptide predictions and mass spectrometry of the MHC I-bound immunopeptidome, we identified drug-induced, splicing-derived peptides that promote the expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and trigger anti-tumor T cell responses in vivo. These data definitively identify splicing modulation as an untapped source of immunogenic peptides and provide a means to enhance response to checkpoint blockade that is readily translatable to the clinic.
Citation Format: James D. Thomas, Sydney X. Lu, Emma De Neef, Erich Sabio, Benoit Rousseau, Mathieu Gigoux, David A. Knorr, Benjamin Greenbaum, Yuval Elhanati, Simon J. Hogg, Andrew Chow, Arnab Ghosh, Abigail Xie, Dmitriy Zamarin, Daniel Cui, Caroline Erickson, Michael Singer, Hana Cho, Eric Wang, Bin Lu, Benjamin H. Durham, Harshal Shah, Diego Chowell, Austin M. Gabel, Yudao Shen, Jing Liu, Jian Jin, Matthew C. Rhodes, Richard E. Taylor, Henrik Molina, Jedd D. Wolchok, Taha Merghoub, Luis A. Diaz Jr, Omar Abdel-Wahab, Robert K. Bradley. Pharmacologic modulation of RNA splicing enhances anti-tumor immunity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 5742.