bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Barriers to human papillomavirus vaccine uptake: role of state religiosity and healthcare professionals’ participation in a state vaccine program
Authors: Chandra Monalisa , Osaghae Ikponmwosa , Talluri Rajesh , Shete Sanjay 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
Despite the known benefits of preventing human papillomavirus (HPV)–related cancers, HPV vaccine coverage is low in the United States. Grounded in Social Ecological theory, we assessed the macro-level (state) and meso-level (organization) factors associated with HPV vaccine initiation and up-to-date.

Methods
Data from 2020 National Immunization Survey-Teen were used to study a sample of 20 163 US adolescents (aged 13-17 years). The data were collected from each teen’s parents or guardians and health-care professionals. Weighted prevalence estimates were calculated, and multivariable regression analyses were conducted.

Results
The prevalence of HPV vaccine initiation was 75.1% and of remaining up-to-date was 58.6%. At the macro level, teens living in states with high and moderate religiosity had lower odds of HPV vaccine initiation (high religiosity adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.50 to 0.78; moderate religiosity AOR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.55 to 0.85) and up-to-date (high religiosity AOR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.56 to 0.85; moderate religiosity AOR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.61 to 0.91) than states with low religiosity. At the meso level, when none of their healthcare professionals ordered vaccine from the state, teens had lower odds of initiation (AOR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.53 to 0.87) and up-to-date (AOR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.60 to 0.95) than teens whose healthcare professionals ordered vaccine from the state. In addition, race and ethnicity, age, mother’s education level, household income, well-child examination status, and doctor’s recommendation were significantly associated with HPV vaccine uptake.

Conclusion
A multiprong approach is needed to address religious and systemic barriers to HPV vaccination and expand healthcare professionals’ access and enrollment in state vaccine initiatives, such as the Vaccine for Children program.
Epidemiology and the Spread of HIV
Authors: Banach Laurel , Goodier Meagan , Bolduc Philip 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the global prevalence, as well as the geographic distribution, of human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV)-1 and HIV-2 infections and updates on recent shared global initiatives. The demographic trends in HIV in the United States, especially regarding gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, age, injection-drug use, socioeconomic status, and recent initiatives are reviewed. Special attention is paid to HIV among communities of color, as well as women, children, and adolescents. The role of HIV in men who have sex with men and the transgender community is reviewed in detail. The chapter also discusses the 95-95-95 initiative, which highlights both critical improvements and enduring deficits alike.
Origin, Evolution, and Spread of HIV1 & HIV2
Authors: Kirchner Jeffrey T. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
All strains of HIV-1 and HIV-2 are genetic descendants of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). Initial cross-species transmission of the virus occurred from the butchering and eating of bush meat. This chapter reviews the origin of HIV and its entry into humans as well as the different strains and subtypes of HIV. A section of the chapter is dedicated to examining the spread of HIV throughout Africa and the rest of the world. The diversity of HIV is discussed in detail, along with treatments and vaccine developments. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion about the future of HIV regional and global genetic diversity. Genetic diversity of HIV, including recombination between subtypes, may continue to present challenges to the development of a globally effective vaccine.
HIV Care Coordination
Authors: Nelson Margret O. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Currently available antiretroviral therapies have higher efficacy and lower side-effect profiles and are associated with better adherence compared to antiretroviral therapy available in previous decades. This has led to prolonged survival of people living with HIV (PWH), approaching that of the general population. Coordination of care using a patient-centered interdisciplinary team model can be an effective strategy to increase engagement in care and reduce barriers, especially for complicated patients and/or those with few resources. This broad chapter describes the importance of an interdisciplinary team approach to the optimal management of PWH. The chapter covers interdisciplinary care coordination in care for PWH. The HIV continuum of care is discussed through to palliative and hospice care. Roles of the HIV patient care team are outlined in depth, along with information about quality improvement. The chapter also reviews the importance of clinical research and interpretation of clinical trial results. It concludes with a review of funding for HIV care.
HIV Drug Resistance
Authors: Chu Carolyn , Pollock Lealah , Shafer Robert W. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022), approximately 35% of persons with diagnosed HIV infection in the United States do not have a suppressed viral load, underscoring ongoing gaps in HIV care—many of which were exacerbated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Updated US guidelines continue to incorporate specific antiretroviral recommendations after first- and second-line treatment failures, accounting for commonly observed resistance patterns that emerge across different treatment scenarios. Proviral DNA sequencing remains an area of high interest, given ongoing attention to regimen simplification and “switch” strategies, including the newly approved dual combination of long-acting injectable cabotegravir plus rilpivirine. For persons who acquire HIV in the setting of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use (in particular long-acting injectable PrEP with cabotegravir), subsequent antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment selection should take into account potential transmitted and/or acquired HIV drug resistance. HIV providers should have a solid understanding of HIV drug resistance, as it is one of the most common dilemmas in HIV medicine and can be encountered in multiple contexts including transmitted drug resistance, pretreatment drug resistance, and acquired drug resistance. Drug resistance testing is recommended under specific circumstances including at time of initial HIV diagnosis, and when PWH on therapy experience virologic failure. Although guidelines continue to recommend caution when interpreting results of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) (proviral) DNA genotype testing, this information may be considered when optimizing/simplifying ART in people with viral suppression.
Substance Use in HIV Populations
Authors: Truong Thanh Thuy , David Elizabeth H. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The relationship between substance use and HIV infection is complex and encompasses all stages, including transmission, diagnosis, progression, and treatment. Substance use can increase risk for exposure to HIV via needle-sharing or impairing judgment linked to risky sexual behaviors. Among men who had sex with men (MSM), substance use was associated with an increased risk of HIV infection, particularly with binge drinking, crack/cocaine, methamphetamine, and inhalant use. In the 2018 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report, MSM accounted for 66% of HIV diagnoses in the United States. HIV diagnoses attributed to injection drug use increased from 2014–2018, which was likely due to the increase in prescription opioid use and heroin. Among people living with HIV (PWH), substance use can lead to a poor prognosis and progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Irregular follow-up with treatment, poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy, and risk of acquiring other sexually transmitted infections and hepatitis C through injection drug use increase morbidity and mortality. This chapter discusses issues, implications, diagnosis, and treatment of substance use disorders in PWH. The learner will be able to describe the bidirectional interactions between HIV and unhealthy substance use, recognize unhealthy substance use in PWH and provide an initial outline of possible approaches to the treatment of substance use disorders among people with HIV.
Opportunistic Infections
Authors: Armitige Lisa Y. , Vigil Karen J. , Dib Rita Wilson 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter aids the learner in recognizing and managing the most common opportunistic infections associated with people with HIV. The chapter describes the issues concerning starting antiretroviral therapy in the setting of an opportunistic infection. It summarizes the recommendations for starting ART in the setting of an opportunistic infection. Learners will be able to delineate the available test and treatment modalities to manage Mycoacterium tuberculosis, M. avium complex, and M. kansasii, and discuss the established and evolving science regarding diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis of opportunistic viral infections associated with HIV, including herpes simplex, Varicella zoster, Cytomeglovirus, human herpesvirus, and John Cunningham (JC) virus.
Malignancies in HIV
Authors: Clark Eva H. , Chiao Elizabeth Y. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of virally mediated and non-virally mediated AIDS-associated and non-AIDS-associated malignancies. The learner will review the epidemiology and role of antiretroviral therapy on the impact of AIDS-defining malignancies. The chapter discusses the role of human herpes virus-8 in the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma, the role of Epstein–Barr virus in primary central nervous system lymphoma, and other HIV-associated lymphomas. It reviews and the role of human papillomavirus vaccination in virally mediated anogenital squamous cell cancer. Non-AIDS-defining malignancies including lung, prostate, oropharyngeal, liver, breast, and pancreatic caners are covered. Lastly, it emphasizes that antiretroviral initiation is of utmost importance for all AIDS-defining malignancies and non-AIDS-defining malignancies and summarizes the National Cancer Center Network Guidelines for HIV malignancies.
Psychiatric Illness and Treatment in HIV Populations
Authors: Vijayvargiya Richa , David Elizabeth H. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the psychiatric concomitants of HIV illness and the role of psychiatric care in the overall treatment of persons living with HIV. The chapter reviewers the bidirectional causes of the close association between HIV infection and psychiatric illnesses and /symptoms. The learner will recognize symptoms that suggest the presence of a psychiatric component to the patient’s clinical presentation. Lastly, the chapter describes general principles of treatment and when specific interventions by mental health professionals are advised. This chapter has been updated to reflect terminology from the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders text revision (DSM-5 TR, American Psychiatric Association, 2022), and has been updated with relevant new citations. The section discussing the impact on people living with HIV from the COVID-19 pandemic has been updated with new statistics.
Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Sell Jarrett K. , Nunez Jonathan J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease and myocardial infarction in persons with HIV and the association between HIV infection as it relates to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. The learner will also understand the association between specific antiretroviral therapies and cardiovascular risk and myocardial infarction, and how to assess risk for cardiovascular disease using the AHA/ACC atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) 10-year risk calculator. Lastly, the learner will become familiar with medical therapies including statins and non-statins and lifestyle interventions including diet, exercise, weight loss, and smoking cessation to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease and myocardial infarction in persons with HIV.
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)
Authors: Coppock Dagan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter aids the learner in understating the epidemiology of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) and associated opportunistic infections. IRIS is the inflammatory response of a rapidly restored immunologic function after starting antiretroviral therapy for HIV that can cause clinical deterioration. Opportunistic and other infections, previously unrecognized or tolerated by a failing immune system, may suddenly become targets of an overzealous restored immune system that can cause patients to become clinically worse, despite an otherwise excellent response to antiretroviral therapy. The learner will also recognize timing considerations regarding opportunistic infection treatment and antiretroviral therapy initiation related to IRIS, as well as management approaches to IRIS based on presenting and underlying opportunistic infections.
Legal Issues
Authors: Sell Jarrett K. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter will assist the learner to demonstrate knowledge about legal issues surrounding HIV health care and to communicate effectively, professionally, and sensitively with patients and their families. Legal topics include recommendations for routine HIV testing in various health care settings, recommended frequency of testing for at-risk populations, consent, and allowable circumstances for HIV testing without consent. The learner will also be able to describe disease reporting systems and requirements. Issues related to partner notification and confidentiality, disclosure, HIV criminalization, and stigma are also discussed. Advance planning topics are delineated, as well as end-of-life issues, such as durable power of attorney, advanced directives, wills, and physician orders for life-sustaining treatment.
The effect of cottonseed oil on lipids/lipoproteins: a systematic review and plasma cholesterol predictive equations estimations
Authors: Hart Tricia L , Petersen Kristina S , Kris-Etherton Penny M 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Context
Cottonseed oil (CSO) is higher in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) than many liquid plant oils.

Objectives
To conduct a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining effects of CSO on markers of lipid metabolism and evaluate lipid and lipoprotein effects of incorporating CSO into a healthy dietary pattern using regression equations.

Data Sources
A systematic search was conducted for RCTs comparing CSO with a non-CSO comparator in any population.

Data Analyses
The Katan regression equation was used to predict lipid/lipoprotein changes when incorporating CSO into a US-style healthy eating pattern at 25 to 100% of the total oil allowance (ie, 27 g/2000 kcal) compared with average American intake (NHANES 2017 to 2020 pre-COVID pandemic).

Results
In total, 3 eligible publications (n = 2 trials), with 58 participants that provided 44% and 30% of total energy as CSO, were included. Fasting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; ≈ –7.7 mg/dL) and triglycerides (≈ –7.5 mg/dL) were lower after 5 days of a CSO-enriched diet vs olive oil (OO). In a 56-day trial, CSO lowered total cholesterol (TC; ≈ –14.8 mg/dL), LDL-C (≈ –14.0 mg/dL), and non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (≈ –14.2 mg/dL) vs OO. Postprandially, angiopoietin-like protein-3, -4, and -8 concentrations decreased with CSO and increased with OO intake. Compared with average American intake, a healthy eating pattern with 27 g of CSO was estimated to lower TC (–8.1 mg/dL) and LDL-C (–7.3 mg/dL) levels, with minimal reduction in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (–1.1 mg/dL). Compared with the healthy eating pattern, incorporating 27 g of CSO was predicted to increase TC and LDL-C levels by 2.4 mg/dL.

Conclusion
Limited high-quality research suggests CSO may improve lipid/lipoprotein levels compared with OO. Cholesterol predictive equations suggest CSO can be incorporated into a healthy dietary pattern without significantly affecting lipids/lipoproteins.
The power of berries against cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Kocabas Sule , Sanlier Nevin 
Published: September 2023

AbstractCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) pose a serious threat to human health and incidence is increasing gradually. Nutrition has an important impact on the prophylaxis and progression of CVD. In this article, general attention is drawn to the possible positive effects of berries on CVD. Polyphenols have beneficial effects on the vascular system by inhibiting low-density lipoprotein oxidation and platelet aggregation, lowering blood pressure, improving endothelial dysfunction, and attenuating antioxidant defense and inflammatory responses. This review provides an overview of the effects of berries for the prevention and treatment of CVDs. Berries contain several cardioprotective antioxidants, vitamins, and numerous phytochemicals, such as phenolic compounds, that have antioxidant properties and antiplatelet activity. Phytochemical compounds in their structures can modulate dissimilar signaling pathways related to cell survival, differentiation, and growth. Important health benefits of berries include their antioxidant roles and anti-inflammatory impacts on vascular function. The effectiveness and potential of polyphenols primarily depend on the amount of bioavailability and intake. Although circulating berry metabolites can improve vascular function, their biological activities, mechanisms of action, and in vivo interactions are still unknown. Analyzing human studies or experimental studies to evaluate the bioactivity of metabolites individually and together is essential to understanding the mechanisms by which these metabolites affect vascular function.
Prudential Problems for the Counterfactual Comparative Account of Harm and Benefit
Authors: Carlson Erik , Johansson Jens , Risberg Olle 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In this paper, we put forward two novel arguments against the counterfactual comparative account (CCA) of harm and benefit. In both arguments, the central theme is that CCA conflicts with plausible judgements about benefit and prudence.
Gender Neutrality Made Easy and Constitutional: Why We Call Members of the House “Congressman” and “Congresswoman,” and Why We Should Not
Authors: Wirls Daniel 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
How did we come to use and accept “congressman” and, later, “congresswoman” instead of “representative” as the nearly default designation for members of the House, while at the same time referring to senators exclusively by that title? And despite it being inherently inaccurate and unnecessarily binary, this convention for members of the House has gone unchallenged, even as gender-neutral language advances and even as the House of Representatives has considered such things as adding more gender-neutral bathrooms. This article traces, for the first time, the history of “congressman” (and “congresswoman”) conceptualized as a linguistic meme subject to a process of replication and imitation. It explores the first uses of “congressman” prior to the Constitution, how the reporting of elections in the early decades of the republic embedded the use of “congressman” for House members in the national vocabulary, and how the arrival of congresswomen ironically reinforced this convention. This study also uses comparisons to the titles for legislators in American states and other nations to show how exceptional these terms are in being both gendered and institutionally inaccurate. Finally, it draws on that history to argue that the House, press, and public should drop these gendered, civically confusing, and politically inappropriate honorifics in favor of the one specified in the Constitution.
Artificial intelligence-based clinical decision support for liver transplant evaluation and considerations about fairness: A qualitative study
Authors: Strauss Alexandra T. , Sidoti Carolyn N. , Sung Hannah C. , Jain Vedant S. , Lehmann Harold , Purnell Tanjala S. , Jackson John W. , Malinsky Daniel , Hamilton James P. , Garonzik-Wang Jacqueline , Gray Stephen H. , Levan Macey L. , Hinson Jeremiah S. , Gurses Ayse P. , Gurakar Ahmet , Segev Dorry L. , Levin Scott 
Published: September 2023

Background:
The use of large-scale data and artificial intelligence (AI) to support complex transplantation decisions is in its infancy. Transplant candidate decision-making, which relies heavily on subjective assessment (ie, high variability), provides a ripe opportunity for AI-based clinical decision support (CDS). However, AI-CDS for transplant applications must consider important concerns regarding fairness (ie, health equity). The objective of this study was to use human-centered design methods to elicit providers’ perceptions of AI-CDS for liver transplant listing decisions.

Methods:
In this multicenter qualitative study conducted from December 2020 to July 2021, we performed semistructured interviews with 53 multidisciplinary liver transplant providers from 2 transplant centers. We used inductive coding and constant comparison analysis of interview data.

Results:
Analysis yielded 6 themes important for the design of fair AI-CDS for liver transplant listing decisions: (1) transparency in the creators behind the AI-CDS and their motivations; (2) understanding how the AI-CDS uses data to support recommendations (ie, interpretability); (3) acknowledgment that AI-CDS could mitigate emotions and biases; (4) AI-CDS as a member of the transplant team, not a replacement; (5) identifying patient resource needs; and (6) including the patient’s role in the AI-CDS.

Conclusions:
Overall, providers interviewed were cautiously optimistic about the potential for AI-CDS to improve clinical and equitable outcomes for patients. These findings can guide multidisciplinary developers in the design and implementation of AI-CDS that deliberately considers health equity.
Factors Associated With Alcohol Consumption Among Thai People by Gender
Authors: Sitthisongkram Somporn , Prakobchai Sattha , Rajchawang Nutthachayada 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this study was to examine the factors associated with alcohol consumption among Thai people by gender using the social determinants of health theoretical framework.

Method
Participants were Thai people aged 15 years or older. A total of 25,758 Thai people were selected through a stratified random sampling method. The study was a secondary analysis of a national cross-sectional study using the data from the Thailand Smoking and Drinking Behavior Survey 2014.

Results
Thai people were regular drinkers (13.69%). Regarding gender, 26.54% of men and 2.72% of women were regular drinkers. The risk factors for regular drinking among Thai men included family members and close friends consuming alcohol, being aged 25–44 years, living in Northern Thailand, being a skilled or unskilled worker, smoking, and income of 10,001–30,000 Thai baht/month (31 Thai Baht (THB)/U.S. dollars). Protective factors against alcohol consumption were living in Southern Thailand and being unemployed/a student. For women, the risk factors for regular drinking were family members and close friends drinking as well as smoking. Being married, living in a nonmunicipal area, holding a diploma or bachelor's degree, and being unemployed/a student were protective factors against alcohol drinking among women.
Factors associated with alcohol consumption among Thai people vary by gender. Therefore, solving the drinking problems should consider both the risk and protective factors for men and women separately.