bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Prevalence of Sexual Violence Against Children
Authors: Piolanti Antonio , Schmid Iason E. , Fiderer Fabian J. , Ward Catherine L. , Stöckl Heidi , Foran Heather M. 
Published: January 2025

ImportanceSexual violence against children is a global concern, yet worldwide figures of its prevalence are scant.ObjectiveTo estimate the global prevalence of sexual violence against children using national-level population-based studies.Data SourcesWe searched the PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, PsycINFO, ERIC, and APA PsycArticles databases from their respective inceptions to March 2022. Searches were updated through April 2024.Study SelectionReports were included if (1) they were national-level population-based studies, (2) they reported lifetime or past-year prevalence data on any form of sexual violence against children (mean age ≤19 years), and (3) the data were based on children’s self-reports of sexual violence perpetrated by anyone.Data Extraction and SynthesisData extraction included study and participant characteristics, prevalence rates, and types of sexual violence. Outcomes were pooled using a random-effects model. Exploratory subgroup analyses were performed with categorical moderators.Main Outcomes and MeasuresPrimary outcomes included lifetime and past-year prevalence of forced sexual intercourse, contact sexual violence, and sexual harassment.ResultsWe identified 165 studies that included 958 182 children from 80 countries, with the majority of data focusing on girls (58.2%). The sample sizes of the studies ranged from 330 to 132 948; the mean age ranged from 10.5 to 19.4 years. Lifetime sexual harassment was the most prevalent outcome, with a pooled rate of 11.4% (95% CI, 8.5%-15.1%), followed by any contact sexual violence, with a rate of 8.7% (95% CI, 4.7%-15.5%). Furthermore, 6.1% (95% CI, 5.1%-7.3%) of children reported experiencing completed forced sexual intercourse in their lifetime, and 1.3% (95% CI, 1.0%-1.7%) reported experiencing it in the preceding year. Rates of lifetime completed forced sexual intercourse were higher among girls (6.8% [95% CI, 6.1%-7.6%]) compared with boys (3.3% [95% CI, 2.5%-4.3%]), similar to past-year violence (2.3% [95% CI 1.9%-2.7%] for girls and 0.6% [95% CI 0.4%-0.9%] for boys). We found considerable variation across regions and countries in the reported prevalence of sexual violence. Older age of children, lower national income levels, and the use of school-based surveys were associated with higher rates of sexual violence reporting in some exploratory analyses.Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis highlight the burden of sexual violence against children worldwide based on current available evidence. There is a pressing need to enhance data collection efforts globally, especially in underresearched regions and for boys.Study RegistrationPROSPERO CRD42022327090
Rejuvenating the immune system
Authors: Evangelou Konstantinos , Gorgoulis Vassilis G. 
Published: January 2025

Rejuvenation of elementary immune system components has emerged as a promising strategy to deal with increased susceptibility to infections, cancers, autoimmune disorders, and low efficacy to vaccines, frequently accompanying aging. In this context, the thymus has gained significant attention. A recent study by Santamaria et al. reveals that the receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB (RANK)–RANK ligand (RANKL) axis is altered during age related thymic involution, compromising immune responses. Based on their findings, authors propose exogenous RANKL administration as a therapeutic strategy to reinvigorate thymic function and improve T‐cell immunity during aging.
Combining detection dogs and camera traps improves minimally invasive population monitoring for the cheetah, an elusive and rare large carnivore
Authors: Verschueren Stijn , Hofmann Tim , Schmidt‐Küntzel Anne , Kakove Mikael , Munyandi Benny , Bauer Hans , Balkenhol Niko , Leirs Herwig , Neumann Stephan , Cristescu Bogdan , Marker Laurie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Monitoring large carnivores is imperative for conservation planning, but is difficult due to their elusive behaviour and natural rarity. Some carnivores such as the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) are particularly wide ranging and often go undetected despite being present, or are detected at rates too low to make meaningful quantitative inferences. The combination of minimally invasive survey techniques, such as detection dog surveys and camera traps, holds promise for improving monitoring efforts of large carnivores.

We surveyed a cheetah population within the Acacia savanna biome of central east Namibia, employing various search strategies and camera trap configurations. We analysed detection data in an occupancy framework and estimated the effort required to confirm cheetah presence with 95% certainty.

We found that sign surveys required intensive field effort when walked as road transects, but detections of scat by the detection dogs were twice that of tracks (5/100 and 2.5/100 km, respectively, 7.5/100 km combined). Vehicular searches to identify cheetah marking sites appear to be an efficient alternative or complementary approach (3.8/100 km), if a road network is available and marking sites are visually distinguishable. The detection probability (p) of cheetahs with one camera trap station per sampling unit placed at roads was low (p = 0.167), but increased for camera traps placed at marking sites that were identified through the detection dog survey (p = 0.244), and in particular when multiple camera trap stations were placed per sampling unit and detections were pooled across stations (p = 0.348–0.750). The minimum survey effort required to reliably detect cheetahs in each 256 km2 sampling unit was estimated to be 45 km or 10 h of walking, 123 km or 5 h of driving or 150 nights of camera trapping.

Practical implications. We showed that complementing detection dog surveys with camera trapping can comprehensively and efficiently inform occurrence patterns for an exceptionally wide‐ranging terrestrial carnivore. Our findings provide practical guidance for designing effective minimally invasive monitoring programmes, which are important for empirically deriving distribution maps of cheetahs and other carnivores in data‐poor regions.
Orchestrating a Controllable Engineering of Dual‐Model Carbon Structure in Si/C Anodes
Authors: Zhang Jiapeng , Yuan Renlu , Wang Dengke , Li Jiangchuan , Yao Xue , Chen Lixin , Li Xiaotian , Jiang Zhijie , Liu Haiyan , Hou Yu , Li Ang , Chen Xiaohong , Chen Zhiwen , Singh Chandra Veer , Song Huaihe 
Published: January 2025

AbstractSilicon‐carbon composites (Si/C) with multistage structures enable structural integrity during cycling. However, the lack of controllable structure preparation on a large scale hinders the stability improvement in practical applications. Herein, a new strategy is proposed to synthesize kilogram‐scale Si/C (PySi/C) featuring a dual‐model carbon structure in one step. The controllable combination of an onion‐like carbon coating on the Si surface with independent pyrolytic carbon is accomplished through the precise adjustment of the pyrolysis temperature. The dual‐model carbon formation mechanism is unraveled, detailing the cooperative coupling of the nucleation laws of carbon compositions as well as the changes trends in morphology and crystallinity. This density functional theory and finite element analysis highlight the dual‐model structure's essential contribution to the electrochemical behavior and structural stability. As expected, PySi/Cs anodes deliver stable cycling performance with retention of 91.5% after 800 cycles at 2 A g−1. Its comprehensive electrochemical performance surpasses that of the state‐of‐the‐art kilogram‐scale Si‐based anode reported. Moreover, the assembled pouch cell exhibits actual competitiveness, showing a capacity of 1.97 Ah and a retention of 88.9% after 300 cycles at 1 C. This work provides valuable design concepts to further advance the development of Si/C anodes.
Permeable and Durable Liquid‐Metal Fiber Mat as Implantable Physiological Electrodes with Long‐Term Biocompatibility
Authors: Zhou Ningjing , Ji Jiujiang , Qu Ruixiang , Feng Xue , Song Xiaoke , Chen Mengjia , Chen Fuguang , Ma Zhijun , Wei Yen 
Published: January 2025

AbstractImplantable physiological electrodes provide unprecedented opportunities for real‐time and uninterrupted monitoring of biological signals. Most implantable electronics adopt thin‐film substrates with low permeability that severely hampers tissue metabolism, impeding their long‐term biocompatibility. Recent innovations have seen the advent of permeable electronics through the strategic modification of liquid metals (LMs) onto porous substrates. However, the durability of these electronics is limited by the inherent poor wettability of LMs, particularly within the intricate 3D skeleton of the porous substrate. Herein, the study reports a spatial wettability tuning strategy that solves the wettability issue of LMs within the porous substrates, enabling the LM physiological electrodes with high durability and long‐term biocompatibility. The study demonstrates the use of the electrodes as implantable neural interface to realize in vivo acquisition of electrocardiograph and electrocorticogram signals with long‐term biocompatibility and high signal‐to‐noise ratio. This work demonstrates a promising direction for rational design of durable implantable bioelectronics with long‐term biocompatibility.
Bio‐Based Elastomers: Design, Properties, and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Liu Qingsheng , Lou Pengfei , Sun Zhentao , Li Daochang , Ji Haijun , Xu Zhengzhuo , Li Lei , Xue Jiajia , Wang Runguo , Wang Zhao , Zhang Liqun 
Published: January 2025

AbstractTo reduce carbon footprint and human dependence on fossil fuels, the field of bio‐based polymers has undergone explosive growth in recent years. Among them, bio‐based elastomers have gained tremendous attention for their inherent softness, high strain, and resilience. In this review, the recent progress of representative bio‐based elastomers derived from molecular building blocks and biopolymers are recapitulated, with an emphasis on molecular design, synthesis approaches, and mechanical performance. The performance‐advantaged properties of bio‐based elastomers, including immune modulation, biocompatibility, and biodegradability are also explored. Furthermore, their representative biomedical applications in wound dressing, cardiovascular, nerve repair, bone repair, and biosensors are exemplified. Lastly, the challenges and outlooks development of bio‐based elastomers are discussed. This review aims to offer readers valuable insights into the potential of bio‐based elastomers as viable alternatives to petroleum‐based counterparts, supporting the transition toward a more sustainable future.
3D‐Porous Electrocatalyst with Tip‐Enhanced Electric Field Effect Enables High‐Performance Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer
Authors: Chen Teng , Ma Jun , Liang Chenjia , Luo Yi , Xu Xin , Hu Jianqiang , Chen Jie , Ding Weiping 
Published: January 2025

AbstractHydrogen evolution reaction (HER), as one of the most advanced methods for the green production of hydrogen, is greatly impeded by inefficient mass transfer. Here we present an efficiently reactant enriched and mass traffic system by integrating high‐curvature Pt nanocones with 3D porous TiAl framework to enhance mass transfer rate. Theoretical simulations, in situ Raman spectroscopy and potential‐dependent Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results disclose that the strong local electric field induced by high‐curvature Pt can greatly promote the H3O+ supply rate during HER, resulting in ∼1.6 times higher H3O+ concentration around the Pt nanocone than that in electrolyte. X‐ray computed tomography and molecular dynamic simulation demonstrate the diffusion coefficient of H3O+ in 3D TiAl framework surpasses that in commercial carbon support by more than 16.7 times. Consequently, Pt/TiAl‐nanocone exhibits a high mass activity of 17.2 mA cm−2Pt at an overpotential of 100 mV with an ultrahigh TOF value of 42.9 atom−1 s−1. In a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer, the Pt/TiAl‐nanocone cathode achieves an industrial‐scale current density of 1.0 A cm−2 with a cell voltage of 1.88 V at 60 °C and can operate stably for at least 800 h with a sluggish voltage decay rate of 137 µV h−1.
Recent Advances in Promoting Bone Regeneration in Type 2 Diabetes Using Drug Delivery Vehicles and Vehicle‐Free Therapeutics
Authors: Pesaran Afsharian Yasamin , Rahimnejad Mostafa , Rabiee Sayed Mahmood , Feizi Farideh , Seitz Hermann 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) increases significantly worldwide. Due to consistent hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation, T2DM patients encounter osteoporosis and induced osteoporotic fracture risks. Antidiabetic drugs have been traditional therapies that seek to control blood glucose, balance bone metabolism, and favor systemic immunosuppression. However, such drugs impact bone quality and its nano‐scale features in the long‐term. Today, biomedical experts are continuously advancing drug delivery tools for local delivery of osteo‐immunomodulatory agents in T2DM. It is demonstrated that bioavailability and release profile determine osteo‐immunomodulatory and osteoconductivity outcomes of such therapeutics. This review focuses on introducing currently used local drug delivery vehicles in T2DM. The fabrication techniques of such biomaterial‐based systems are thoroughly examined. Furthermore, the feasibility and the potential factors contributing to consistent release of bioactive agents are surveyed. Furthermore, the extent of in vivo responses is described in the context of current research examples. Targeted signaling mechanisms are also assessed in detail to elucidate the activated healing routes.
The Primary Cilia are Associated with the Axon Initial Segment in Neurons
Authors: Wang Han , Li Yu , Li Xin , Sun Zehui , Yu Fengdan , Pashang Abolghasem , Kulasiri Don , Li Hung Wing , Chen Huan , Hou Hongwei , Zhang Yan 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe primary cilia serve as pivotal mediators of environmental signals and play crucial roles in neuronal responses. Disruption of ciliary function has been implicated in neuronal circuit disorders and aberrant neuronal excitability. However, the precise mechanisms remain elusive. To study the link between the primary cilia and neuronal excitability, manipulation of somatostatin receptor 3 (SSTR3) is investigated, as an example of how alterations in ciliary signaling may affect neuronal activity. It is found that aberrant SSTR3 expression perturbed not only ciliary morphology but also disrupted ciliary signaling cascades. Genetic deletion of SSTR3 resulted in perturbed spatial memory and synaptic plasticity. The axon initial segment (AIS) is a specialized region in the axon where action potentials are initiated. Interestingly, loss of ciliary SSTR3 led to decrease of Akt‐dependent cyclic AMP‐response element binding protein (CREB)‐mediated transcription at the AIS, specifically downregulating AIS master organizer adaptor protein ankyrin G (AnkG) expression. In addition, alterations of other ciliary proteins serotonin 6 receptor (5‐HT6R)and intraflagellar transport protein 88 (IFT88) also induced length changes of the AIS. The findings elucidate a specific interaction between the primary cilia and AIS, providing insight into the impact of the primary cilia on neuronal excitability and circuit integrity.
Achieving Balanced Performance and Safety for Manufacturing All‐Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries by Polymer Base Adjustment
Authors: Yi Xiaoping , Yang Yang , Xiao Kaishan , Zhang Sidong , Wang Bitong , Wu Nan , Cao Bowei , Zhou Kun , Zhao Xiaolong , Leong Kee Wah , Wang Xuelong , Pan Wending , Li Hong 
Published: January 2025

AbstractOrganic–inorganic composite solid electrolytes (CSEs) have aroused intensive attention due to their balanced performance and environmental adaptability. However, their high performance, e.g., the high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical window, and excellent interfacial compatibility, is achieved by sacrificing their mechanical strength, which increases the possibility of short circuits and thus poses serious safety hazards. Herein, a high‐performance and rigid‐flexible PM polymer matrix is synthesized by a simple process of polymerization addition reaction between polyethylene oxide (PEO) and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), where PM‐based CSEs (denoted as PMPS@LATP‐NF) is also prepared through a porous non‐woven fabric (NF) dense filling process. The effect of PM polymer on the mechanical properties, ionic transport, and interactions of CSEs is elucidated by the combined experimental and theoretical methods, where functional groups (─C─O─C, ─NCO, ─NH) contribute to the dissociation of lithium salts, self‐healing, and interfacial compatibility. Besides, PMPS@LATP‐NF can further mechanically regulate lithium dendrites and demonstrates ultra‐high thermal stability. Moreover, PMPS@LATP‐NF exhibits significantly enhanced cycling performance and rate capability in all‐solid‐state Li/LiFePO4 cells. This work emphasizes the pivotal role of the mechanical properties of CSEs in electrolyte modification, cycling stability, and lifespan of all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries, and provides inspiration for the development of practical solid electrolytes.
Buffered Hydroxyl Radical for Photocatalytic Non‐Oxidative Methane Coupling
Authors: Wang Xueyuan , Xin Xueshang , Xiong Lunqiao , Yang Jianlong , Wang Tieou , Yang Yang , Huang Zhipeng , Luo Nengchao , Tang Junwang , Wang Feng 
Published: January 2025

AbstractHydroxy radical (⋅OH) is a prestigious oxidant that allows the cleavage of strong chemical bonds of methane but is untamed, leading to over‐oxidation of methane and waste of oxidants, especially at high methane conversion. Here, we managed to buffer ⋅OH in an aqueous solution of photo‐irradiated Fe3+, where ⋅OH almost participates in methane oxidation. Due to the interaction between Fe3+ and SO42−, the electron transfer from OH− to excited‐state Fe3+ for ⋅OH generation is retarded, while excessive ⋅OH is consumed by generated Fe2+ to restore Fe3+. When combined with a Ru/SrTiO3:Rh photocatalyst, the buffered ⋅OH converts methane to C2+ hydrocarbons and H2 with formation rates of 246 and 418 μmol h−1, respectively. The apparent quantum efficiency reaches 13.0±0.2 %, along with 10.2 % methane conversion and 81 % C2+ selectivity after 80 hours of reaction. Overall, this work presents a strategy for controlling active radicals for selective and efficient photocatalysis.
Strained Dehydro‐[2,2]‐paracyclophane Enabled Planar Chirality Construction and [2.2]Paracyclophane Functionalization
Authors: Zhang Xue , Zhou Yi , Yu Zhi‐Xiang , Tung Chen‐Ho , Xu Zhenghu 
Published: January 2025

AbstractPlanar chirality found tremendous use in many fields, such as chemistry, optics, and materials science. In particular, planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophanes (PCPs) are a type of structurally interesting and practically useful chiral compounds bearing unique electronic and photophysical properties and thus have been widely used in π‐stacking polymers, organic luminescent materials, and as a valuable toolbox for developing chiral ligands or organocatalysts. However, the synthesis of chiral PCP derivatives remains a longstanding challenge. Current synthetic methods primarily rely on chiral preparative liquid chromatography separation or chemical and kinetic resolution reactions. Here, we report an enantioconvergent alkynylation of an in situ‐formed dehydro‐[2,2]‐paracyclophane intermediate by asymmetric copper(I) catalysis. This approach enables the efficient synthesis of valuable planar chiral PCP building blocks and heterocycles with good yields and excellent enantioselectivity. The success of this reaction lies in the development of a practical route to access strained dehydro‐[2,2]‐paracyclophane intermediates, which can also be utilized in various strain‐release nucleophilic or cycloaddition reactions to synthesize diverse functionalized PCPs. DFT calculations of this reaction suggest that the enantioselectivity is determined by the aryne complexation with chiral copper(I) acetylide and the subsequent insertion reaction.
Molecular Design for Dual Circularity: Polyester with Complementary Mechanical and Chemical Recyclability under Mild Conditions
Authors: Han Yue , Zhang Pingxia , Zhou Heng , Zhao Tong , Odelius Karin , Hakkarainen Minna 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe plastic waste accumulation requires facile yet effective solutions. Currently mechanical recycling typically leads to downcycling, while the environmental footprint of chemical recycling is often unacceptable. Here, we introduce a dual circularity concept, where rational molecular design paves the way for complementary closed‐loop mechanical and chemical recyclability under mild conditions. Very small changes in macromolecular structures, thermal and mechanical properties were observed, after as many as six repeated mechanical recycling cycles, showing that a wide processing window could be the key for closing the mechanical recycling loop. Facile, time and energy efficient closed‐loop chemical recycling into products with identical performance to original ones was also realized, thanks to the abundant free volume and accessible ester‐functionalities. With these design criteria at hand, dual circulation in recyclability can be realized; proceeding with mechanical recycling when we can, and switching to chemical recycling when we must.
Selective Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Catalysed by Simple Alkali‐Metal Bases in DMSO
Authors: Tschopp Melina S. , Tortajada Andreu , Hevia Eva 
Published: January 2025

AbstractIsotope Exchange processes are becoming the preferred way to prepare isotopically labelled molecules, avoiding the redesign of multistep synthetic protocols. In the case of deuterium incorporation, the most used strategy has employed transition metals, that offer high reactivity under mild reaction conditions. Despite their success, the trade‐off is that these metals are precious, so expensive, and often exhibit high toxicity. Therefore, alternative transition‐metal‐free protocols would be a welcome addition to this field. In this report we show how the simple bases NaHMDS (HMDS=hexamethyldisilazide) and NaCH2SiMe3 can efficiently and selectively promote deuteration of a wide range of C(sp2)−H and C(sp3)−H bonds in DMSO‐d6, providing an easy and direct access to deuterated compounds. Heterocycles, fluoroarenes, N‐heterocyclic carbenes, amides and other aromatic molecules could be deuterated under mild conditions using catalytic amounts of base. Mechanistic studies along with the isolation and characterisation of reaction intermediates have flagged up the importance of the metalated substrate and metalated solvent in solution, establishing an equilibrium between these compounds is crucial for the success of this approach. An alkali‐metal effect was observed, with heavier alkali‐metal amides being more reactive at room temperature, but their lower stability at higher temperatures made sodium bases the optimal reagents for Hydrogen Isotope Exchange.