bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Nucleosides and Deoxycoformycin on Adenosine and Deoxyadenosine Inhibition of Human Lymphocyte Activation
Authors: Uberti Joseph , Lightbody James J. , Johnson Robert M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Micromolar deoxyadenosine inhibits leucine uptake during the 1st day of proliferation in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes if adenosine deaminase is inhibited. This inhibition occurs before DNA synthesis begins, suggesting that deoxyadenosine can affect mitogenesis by mechanisms that do not involve ribonucleotide reductase inhibition. If deoxyadenosine addition to mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes is delayed to the 2nd or 3rd day post-stimulation, inhibition of proliferation is markedly reduced. Although the time dependence of deoxyadenosine toxicity resembles that of adenosine, these compounds appear to inhibit early protein synthesis by different mechanisms: 1) deoxycoformycin markedly potentiates deoxyadenosine but not adenosine; 2) deoxycytidine and thymidine reverse deoxyadenosine toxicity but do not alter adenosine toxicity.
Immunoglobulin E in Coccidioidomycosis
Authors: Cox Rebecca A. , Arnold Douglas R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels of M, G, A, and E were quantitatively measured in 22 patients with active coccidioidomycosis (Group I), 15 patients in clinical remission (Group II), 15 healthy, coccidioidin (CDN) skin-test positive persons (Group III), and 26 healthy, CDN skin-test negative persons (Group IV). Serum IgM levels were comparable in the four study groups. Serum IgG was significantly elevated in patients with active disease (p &lt; 0.001) and those in clinical remission (p &lt; 0.05) and correlated with serum complement-fixing (CF) antibody titers. Serum IgA was elevated in 5 (42%) of 12 patients with active pulmonary disease, 2 (20%) of 10 patients with disseminated coccidioidomycosis, and 1 (7%) of 15 patients in clinical remission.
Thirteen (59%) of the 22 patients in Group I and 5 (33%) of those in Group II had an elevated IgE serum level (&gt;200 units/ml). In contrast, 5 (12%) of the 41 healthy subjects in Groups III and IV showed an elevated IgE level. Total serum IgE strongly correlated (p &lt; 0.001) with anti-CDN IgE which, in turn, correlated (p &lt; 0.01) with immediate wheal and flare responses to CDN. There was not, however, a correlation between serum IgE levels (either total or anti-CDN) and disease severity or duration of clinical disease. In addition to anti-CDN IgE, reaginic antibodies were demonstrable to allergens unrelated to Coccidioides immitis. Hyperproduction of IgE in 49% of 37 patients studied may be attributed to a T lymphocyte defect, presumably a T suppressor cell population(s).
Allotypes of C3 in Laboratory and Wild Mouse Distinguished by Alloantisera
Authors: Natsuume-Sakai Shunnosuke , Moriwaki Kazuo , Amano Shigetoyo , Hayakawa Jun-Ichiro , Kaidoh Toshio , Takahashi Morinobu 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Structural variations of murine complement C3 are controlled by a single codominant locus. Previous report from this laboratory described production of the alloantiserum directed to one of the C3 allotypes. The second alloantiserum, specific for the gene product of the C3-1b allele, was produced in NC mice by injecting partially purified C3 of BALB/c mouse. This antiserum reacted with C3-1 B, C3-1 AB, or C3-1 BC phenotype, but it did not react with either C3-1 A or C3-1 C phenotype. By the use of this antiserum it was found that C3 in mouse plasma or serum of all of 27 inbred strains previously typed as C3-1 B by IEF are not distinguished from each other antigenically. This implies that C3 in these mice is the gene product coded for by the same allele, C3-1b. With two different alloantisera, one directed to C3-1 B, the other directed to C3-1 A, we phenotyped 106 wild mice collected from four countries in Asia (Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Japan). All mice trapped outside Japan, which belong to either Mus musculus bactrianus or Mus musculus castaneus, had C3-1 B phenotype. On the other hand, mice that were trapped in eight out of nine places of Japan and belong to Mus musculus molossinus subspecies are polymorphic for C3. Three C3 phenotypes were found among Japanese wild mice: C3-1 A, C3-1 B, and C3-1 AB. Based on the reactivity with two alloantisera and IEF analysis, it is now possible to identify all of C3 allotypes in mice of four subspecies of Mus musculus.
Structural Studies on Induced Antibodies with Defined Idiotypic Specificities
Authors: Capra J. Donald , Nisonoff Alfred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper reports the complete amino acid sequence of the variable region of heavy chains derived from A/J anti-p-azophenylarsenate antibodies bearing a cross-reactive idiotype. The structure of this induced idiotypically defined antibody is homogeneous and provides the first direct evidence that heritable idiotypes are defined chemical entities. There are certain similarities between the structure of this murine antibody and the human myeloma protein Eu as well as guinea pig anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies. The amino acid sequence of approximately 15% of the constant region of this IgG1 molecule is also described. Combined with our studies of the variable region of the light chains of these molecules, this study represents the first complete V domain structure of an induced idiotypically defined antibody with heritable characteristics.
The LT System in Experimental Animals
Authors: Hiserodt John C. , Tiangco Gerry J. , Granger Gale A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
High levels of cytotoxic activity (lymphotoxin-like (LT)) detectable on L-929 cells was obtained in serum-free culture supernatants when non-adherent murine splenic lymphocytes or nylon wool-enriched T cells were cultured on monolayers of mitogen- (PHA) coated allogeneic or xenogeneic stimulator cells in vitro. Levels of lytic activity were lower in supernatants obtained from splenocyte cultures containing glass-adherent cell populations. Although release of lytic activity was very rapid, reaching maximal levels by 6 to 10 hr, this activity was very unstable. The levels of toxic activity in 8-hr supernatants were 20 to 50 times the levels obtained when lymphocytes were cultured with various dosages of mitogen (PHA-P, Con A) alone, even after 5 days of incubation. This phenomenon was not unique to murine lymphoid cells, for similarly high levels of LT activity were found in supernatants from lymphoid cells obtained from several animal species activated in a similar fashion. These results indicate that lymphoid cells from several animal species are capable of rapidly releasing high levels of cell-lytic activity in vitro not previously noted, and provide a means for obtaining highly active supernatants for biochemical studies. Furthermore, the data suggest that rapid release of LT may depend upon the nature of the cellular activating stimulus involving interaction of the lymphocyte with both lectin and target cell surface.
The LT System in Experimental Animals
Authors: Ross Monica W. , Tiangco Gerry J. , Horn Peter , Hiserodt John C. , Granger Gale A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
High levels of material with lymphotoxin- (LT) like activity, cytolytic for L-929 cells in vitro, were rapidly released by lymphoid cells obtained from rat, guinea pig, hamster, and rabbit after co-culture for 7 to 10 hr with lectin-coated L-929 cells in vitro. These supernatants were all rapidly fractionated under similar conditions by molecular sieving, ion exchange chromatography, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the results were compared to those previously obtained for human and murine LT molecules. The activity in all supernatants was separated by gel filtration into multiple m.w. classes that were strikingly similar to those previously assigned to human and murine LT molecules, i.e. complex (&gt;200,000 d), α (70 to 150,000 d), β (35 to 50,000 d), and γ (12 to 20,000 d). The α m.w. class was resolved on Ultrogel AcA 44 into two distinct m.w. forms, termed α heavy (αH) (110 to 150,000 d), and α light (αL) (70 to 100,000 d). All supernatants contained LT forms of the Cx, αH, and αL m.w. classes. The smaller β and γ m.w. forms were not as evident in supernatants induced in this fashion. The percentage of activity in each m.w. class varied, but the majority of activity was generally due to αH and αL forms. However, the relative percentage of activity in any given m.w. class was dependent upon the ionic strength of the separating column buffer. The actual molecular dimensions of materials within the α m.w. class varied somewhat between species, however, they did not vary within the smaller m.w. β and γ forms when detected. The αH and αL m.w. forms could each be further resolved into multiple charge subclasses. Although the αH and αL forms in guinea pig and rabbit have been shown by immunologic and/or physical data to be related forms, they can be distinguished by charge from one another. This evidence supports the concept that LT molecules detected in supernatants from experimental animals, although heterogeneous, represent a system of related subunits similar to that defined for the human and mouse. Moreover, this system of cell toxins appears to be conserved in evolution and has common features in each of the animals examined in this study.
Naturally Occurring Antibodies to Liposomes
Authors: Strejan G. H. , Smith Patricia M. , Grant C. W. , Surlan D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Liposomes were prepared from a mixture of sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and dicetylphosphate or L-α-dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and dicetylphosphate, in the presence of glucose. The amount of trapped glucose released from these liposomes was monitored after incubation with a variety of normal and immune sera in the presence of guinea pig complement.
All normal rabbit sera tested were found to release, in the presence of complement, detectable amounts of trapped glucose from sphingomyelin-containing liposomes. After immunization with a variety of unrelated antigens, the anti-sphingomyelin liposome activity increased significantly and in direct proportion to the number of injections, despite the fact that the liposomes used in the assay did not contain the relevant antigen used for immunization. Liposomes prepared from dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine showed only marginal release of their trapped marker when assayed with the same rabbit sera and complement. These liposomes, however, were fully reactive when the appropriate antigen was inserted in their bilayer structure. The antiliposome activity was associated mainly with the IgM antibody class.
These results raise the interesting possibility that antigenic stimulation may trigger the activation of lymphocyte clones directed against autologous cell-membrane components that cross-react with artificial model membranes containing sphingomyelin.
Allogeneic Marrow Transplantation after Total Lymphoid Irradiation (TLI): Effect of Dose/Fraction, Thymic Irradiation, Delayed Marrow Infusion, and Presensitization
Authors: Gottlieb Michael , Strober Samuel , Kaplan Henry S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
BALB/c mice infused with 30 × 106 C57BL/Ka bone marrow (BM) cells 1 day after treatment with fractionated total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) (17 fractions of 200 rads each) became stable mixed chimeras without clinical graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). Mice given 18 fractions of 100, 50, or 25 rads each followed 1 day later by C57BL/Ka BM did not become chimeric, indicating that a critical cumulative radiation dose is required for this effect. Animals given TLI with lead shielding placed over the thymus also developed stable chimerism without GVHD. Thus susceptibility to tolerance induction and protection from GVHD after TLI and allogeneic BM transplantation is not due to alteration of the thymic microenvironment by fractionated irradiation. A delay of 7 or 21 days between completion of TLI and BM administration resulted in a high incidence of graft rejection. Sensitization to minor histocompatibility antigens of the BM donor strain by blood transfusion either before or during TLI resulted in marrow graft rejection in a high percentage of animals.
Composition and Biologic Properties of Soluble IgG-Anti-IgG Immune Complexes: Effects of Variations in the Specificity of Rabbit Antibodies to Different Structural Components of Human IgG
Authors: Arend William P. , Sturge Jerrilyn C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit antibodies specific for antigenic determinants on the Fab fragments, Cγ2 domain, or Cγ3 domain of human IgG were purified by affinity chromatography. The interaction of these purified IgG antibodies with whole human IgG as antigen was examined. Antigen and antibody preparations were utilized that possessed either intact or reduced and alkylated interchain disulfide bonds. Quantitative precipitin analyses showed that the degree of precipitation, when antibodies were combined with antigen at equivalence, varied between the three antibody preparations. The Fab-specific antibodies gave the highest precipitability with the Cγ2-specific antibodies being intermediate and the Cγ3-specific antibodies exhibiting the least precipitation. In general, reduction and alkylation of either the antigen or antibodies, or both, led to a decrease in the amounts of antibodies precipitated at equivalence. In spite of the differences in precipitability at equivalence, soluble complexes prepared in 3-fold antigen excess possessed comparable amounts of larger-latticed structures (&gt;Ag2Ab2) in each antigen-antibody system. However, the relative amounts of small-latticed complexes present were greater with the Fab-specific antibodies.
The biologic properties of soluble IgG-anti-IgG complexes were evaluated with the antibody preparations of different specificities. The human IgG antigen in the complexes containing Fab-specific antibodies contributed to the ability of the complexes to activate complement and to bind to macrophage Fc receptors. In contrast, the IgG antigen in the complexes containing Cγ2- or Cγ3-specific antibodies was inhibited from contributing to these biologic activities.
It was concluded that the specificity of antibodies to IgG has significant effects on the interaction with antigen and on the biologic properties of soluble IgG-anti-IgG complexes.
The Induction of Cytolytic T Lymphocytes with Syngeneic Trinitrophenyl-Coupled Membranes
Authors: Sherman Linda , Mescher Matthew F. , Burakoff Steven J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Evidence is presented that trinitrophenyl-coupled tumor membranes are able to induce cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) when co-cultured with syngeneic spleen cells. These haptenated membranes stimulate spleen cells from naive and immune mice. The specificity of these CTL is determined by the H-2 antigens of the membranes used for stimulation.
The Alternative Pathway C3/C5 Convertase: Chemical Basis of Factor B Activation
Authors: Lesavre Philippe H. , Hugli Tony E. , Esser Alfred F. , Müller-Eberhard Hans J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The structural basis of activation of the alternative pathway C3 convertase was explored. For this purpose a modified isolation procedure of the activating enzyme, Factor D, was elaborated. The procedure affords a 70,000-fold purification of the enzyme with a 20% yield. A simple assay was designed for the quantitation of both Factor D and Factor B activity. On the basis of activity measurements and amino acid analysis, Factor D concentration in plasma was estimated to be 1 µg/ml. Highly purified Factor D was used to activate Factor B in the presence of C3b and Mg++. The resulting fragments, Ba and Bb, were characterized with respect to their circular dichroism spectra, amino acid compositions, reactive sulfhydryl groups, and partial amino- and carboxy-terminal sequences. The results indicate that the BA fragment constitutes the amino-terminal region and the Bb fragment the carboxy-terminal region of Factor B. The bond in Factor B that is cleaved by Factor D is proposed to be an arginyl-lysine bond.
Demonstration of Fcγ Receptors on Human Basophil Granulocytes
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , Sterk Alan R. , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fcγ receptors were detected on human basophil granulocytes. The mononuclear cell fraction of human peripheral blood was incubated with heat-aggregated human IgG (HGG) followed by 125I-anti-HGG. Autoradiography of the cells showed that the majority of basophil granulocytes gave a significant number of grains. Basophils were not labeled by preincubation of the same cells with monomeric HGG followed by 125I-anti-HGG. However, the binding of aggregated HGG to basophils was inhibited by the presence of a high concentration of monomeric HGG or its Fc fragment but not by the Fab fragment. Evidence was obtained that Fcγ receptors are distinct from IgE receptors on the same cells: i) Saturation of basophils with IgE did not affect the binding of aggregated HGG to the cells. ii) Preincubation with and the presence of aggregated HGG failed to affect the binding of 125I-IgE to basophils, or to block passive sensitization of the cells with IgE antibodies. iii) The Fcγ receptors did not co-cap with IgE receptors. Aggregated HGG failed to induce histamine release from basophils even in the presence of D2O. It was also found that the presence of aggregated HGG on basophils did not modulate IgE-mediated histamine release from the cells.
Effect of Glucan on Natural Killer (NK) Cells: Further Comparison between NK Cell and Bone Marrow Effector Cell Activities
Authors: Lotzová Eva , Gutterman Jordan U. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have studied the effect of glucan, a potent immunomodulating agent with immunotherapeutic potential for man, on murine natural killer (NK) cells. The results of our experiments have shown that a single i.v. injection of 4 mg of glucan caused significant depression of NK cell activities residing in the bone marrow and spleens of B6DF1 mice. The depression of NK cell cytotoxicity was expressed 24 hr after glucan treatment and lasted as long as the mice were tested, i.e., 15 days after treatment. Impairment of NK cell functions caused by glucan could not be mediated via mature T cell functions since the congenitally athymic BALB/c mice were also hyporeactive after glucan injection. The negative effect of glucan on NK cells is disturbing if one considers NK cells as an important component in immunosurveillance and in immunity to malignancies.
In order to test the relationship between NK cell and bone marrow effector (BM-E) cells, which can represent the same cell population(s) or subpopulation(s), we have studied also the effect of glucan on bone marrow graft rejection potential in B6DF1 mice. Bone marrow transplantation studies have shown close correlation between NK cell and BM-E cell activities. Specifically, at the time when glucan caused depression of NK cell anti-tumor activities (i.e., on days 2, 6, 11, and 15 after injection), there was also a prevention of rejection of histo-incompatible bone marrow transplants, and vice versa, histoincompatible bone marrow grafts were always rejected by untreated B6DF1 mice expressing high degree of NK cell anti-tumor activities. These results indicate, further, the similarity between NK cell and BM-E cells and, moreover, suggest possible benefits of glucan in bone marrow transplantation.
Ia-Bearing Bone Marrow-Cultured Macrophages Induce Antigen-Specific Helper T Cells for Antibody Synthesis
Authors: Stern Angelika C. , Erb Peter , Gisler Roland H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In bone marrow cell (BMC) cultures supplemented with colony-stimulating factor (CSF), accessory cells develop that are capable of inducing specific helper T cells. These accessory cells become effective after 4 days in culture and can be found not only in the adherent but also in the nonadherent cell population. On the other hand, very few accessory cells with helper cell-inducing capacity are obtained in BMC cultures without CSF. The active BMC-derived cell type has been shown to carry Ia surface antigen, since pretreatment with anti-Ia serum and complement abolished the capacity of these cells to function like macrophages in helper T cell induction. Moreover, the appearance of functional accessory cells in these cultures coincided with the presence of Ia-bearing cells.
IgG Recruiting Component (GRC): B Cell-Derived Signal for IgG Antibody Synthesis
Authors: Hinchman S. M. , Battisto J. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The B cell-derived soluble factor that has been described as an IgG-recruiting component (GRC) was investigated to: a) ascertain whether it is governed by genetic constraints, b) determine what triggers its synthesis, and c) identify its cellular target.
GRC has been shown to be unrestricted by histocompatibility barriers since it enhanced IgG antibody production in mice of diverse genetic backgrounds. Further, we report that eliminating IgG-bearing cells from B cells to be immunized in vitro allows T cells-replacing factor (TRF) to increase the number of IgM but not IgG PFC. Thus, TRF appears to act on IgM-bearing cells by expanding the IgM PFC number. Adding GRC 48 hr after the addition of TRF to such IgG-depleted cells caused expression of IgG PFC. Hence, B cells lacking IgG but possessing IgM surface immunoglobulins appear to be those that are acted upon by GRC. These data indicate that in whole splenic cell populations, GRC is derived from IgG-bearing B cells that are stimulated by antigen and a component in TRF.
Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase Activity in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes and Monocytes
Authors: Wedner H. James , Chan Bruno Y. , Parker Charles S. , Parker Charles W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity was assayed in human peripheral blood lymphocytes purified by isopycnic centrifugation as well as in lymphocyte preparations further purified to remove contaminating platelets and monocytes. The 16,000 × G supernatant from sonicates of each of these cell preparations contained two hydrolytic activities for cAMP with apparent Km of 1.1 to 2.5 µM and 33 to 66 µM, and a single hydrolytic activity for cGMP with an apparent Km of 6 to 25 µM. When lymphocytes were disrupted by Dounce homogenization, there was only a single, low Km cAMP PDE activity in the homogenate; however, the 16,000 × G supernatant demonstrated 2 Km similar to that seen in sonicated lymphocytes. Treatment of the Dounce preparations with 0.5% Triton X-100 or 1.0% NP-40 converted these preparations to activities similar to those seen in sonicated preparations. cGMP hydrolytic activity was low or absent in the Dounce preparations and was not altered by centrifugation; however, it was markedly enhanced by detergent extraction. These data indicate that human peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes have PDE activities similar to those seen in other tissues.