bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Different Methods of Taking Lumber Out of Wind
Authors: Kurkjian Armen S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Boards are generally sawed out of the green log, and although as they come off the saw carriage they are quite straight, the saw has cut some fibers crosswise, others longitudinally, or across the grain in knot formations. The strains and stresses under which the cells adjacent to the saw were confined are now released, and the exposed surfaces of the board absorb moisture or lose it, this producing warp or wind in the lumber. In the drying of this lumber the fibrous cells often become rearranged, warping it out of shape. This condition is not objectionable for certain building applications such as baseboards and trim, where the stock is nailed in place, but when making furniture, musical cabinets, case goods, etc., it is important that the permanency of the joints be assured. For this reason machinery has been devised to overcome the warp or wind in boards to be used in these ways. The paper describes these mechanical processes.
Modern Developments in Wood-Finishing Materials
Authors: Pearce M. J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Wood-finishing materials as used today are classified according to composition, color, drying time, use, or other properties. The paper details the development work that has produced the modern finishes, and covers the purpose that they are designed to serve and the materials upon which they are used. The many stains, wood fillers, coaters and sealers, lacquers, and varnishes are described, their constituents are revealed, and their method of application is fully covered.
Trend in Aircraft-Engine Development
Authors: Caminez Harold 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
It is difficult to ascertain the extent to which various improvements in aircraft engines will be adopted, and it is unwise to predict what the eventual types of aircraft power plants will be. However, a discussion of present-day aircraft engines with their possibilities and shortcomings is helpful in establishing some of the trends in engine development.
The author discusses general features of aircraft engines, such as in-line versus radial types and water-cooled versus air-cooled types, and shows their limitations and advantages.
Rubber in Airplane Construction
Authors: Saurer C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
There are a large number of uses to which rubber can be put in airplane construction. Its ability to dissipate shocks and vibrations makes it useful for engine mountings, shock absorbers, and propeller insulators. It can also be used to produce a leakproof tank lining, for seat cushions, and as a lining for airplane cabins to insulate the passengers from outside noise and changes in temperature. The paper describes several types of construction in which rubber is used to advantage.
Stokers and Furnaces for New England Fuels
Authors: Foresman R. A. , Mosshart Donald J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the authors describe and analyze some of the troubles encountered in stoker installations and discuss the principal factors to be considered in making a successful stoker installation. The discussion is limited to those problems found in New England, where the fuel used creates problems peculiarly local. The principal fuel of New England is a semi-bituminous coal, known to the trade as Pocahontas and New River coal. Among the points discussed are, selection of type and size of stoker, preheated air, furnace volume, furnace walls, ash-disposal apparatus, waste fuel, operating methods, banking, boiler operation, and recent stoker installations. Many of the points discussed receive recognition in the majority of plants, but relatively few plants recognize them all. The authors bring these practical matters together in one group.
Comparative Performance of a Pulverized-Coal-Fired Boiler Using Bin System and Unit System of Firing
Authors: Grunert A. E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
An experimental program had for its object the comparative performance of a modern boiler unit, served, first, with the bin system of pulverized-coal firing and, later, with the unit system of firing, thus making possible comparisons on a common basis. The paper deals with specific types of equipment, certain types of coal, and operating conditions, influenced somewhat by local conditions. The operation of these two systems is compared in three ways—first, on an evaporative-test basis; second, on a basis of actual overall performance; and, third, on an operating-cost basis. A record of the pertinent experiences with both systems is given. Owing to the specific nature of the program, no general conclusions are given, and there is no intention to contribute to the controversial phase of the matter.
Tests of the Resistance to Repeated Pressure of Forged, Riveted, and Welded Boiler Shells
Authors: Moore H. F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Data regarding the performance of welded joints in resisting repeated stresses are very important in any consideration of the adoption of welded construction for power boilers, and it is the object of this paper to present such data. Comparative tests were made on (1) a standard A.S.M.E. riveted drum, (2) manganese-steel riveted drum, (3) forged seamless-steel shell, (4) two forge-and-hammer-welded shells, and (5) eight fusion-welded (metallic-arc) shells, each drum or shell being subjected to applications of pressure well above the allowable working pressure.
The results indicate that under repeated stress properly made welded joints are stronger than the plates themselves when weakened by “stress raisers” such as small holes or surface defects. The tests also give useful data on the strength of drum heads when subjected to intermittent pressures.
The Performance Rating of Steam-Generating Equipment
Authors: Solberg H. L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The demands for high capacity, high efficiency, and flexibility have resulted in the development of modern stokers and pulverized-coal burners, adequate furnaces with steam- and water-cooled walls, air heaters, steel-tube economizers, etc., and have completely changed the equipment which was used for steam generation ten years ago. Consequently the author believes it is time that the methods of expressing the performance of such equipment should be revised to conform with new conditions. Considering the problem of steam generation from the viewpoint of the functional purpose of the equipment, it appears to the author that the logical method of expressing the performance of such equipment should be on the basis of the total heat absorbed by all water- and steam-cooled surfaces per unit of time, such a method being general and applicable to all types of steam-generating equipment, and expressing the performance, not in terms of arbitrary dimensions, but of actual results produced.
Electrical-Conductance Measurements of Water and Steam, and Applications in Steam Plants
Authors: Hecht Max , McKinney D. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper a conductance method is presented for determining the concentration of salts in steam-plant water supplies. The method is applied to determine the purity of steam, of supplies used for boiler-feed purposes, and the concentration of boiler and evaporator water. The conductance data are refined by applying both a water and a CO2 correction. The method for establishing the CO2 correction is based on the preparation of a standard “synthetic” water, and eliminates the errors accompanying the chemical analysis of “pure” water. The conductance meter used may be calibrated in terms of dissolved salts. The relation of dissolved salts to conductance is discussed. Simple commercial equipment is used for measuring conductance. The data are obtained rapidly by the steam-plant personnel, and the results may be applied easily to the control of water conditions.
Comparative Physical Properties of Chromium-Nickel, Chromium-Manganese, and Manganese Steels
Authors: Clark C. L. , White A. E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper gives the results of short-time tensile tests at 75 and 1000 deg. fahr., and creep tests at 1000 deg. fahr., on certain selected steels. The steels investigated belong to either the chromium-nickel, the chromium-manganese, or the manganese series. Certain other alloying elements as silicon and tungsten were also present. The chromium-nickel steel specimens were taken from both bar and tube stock, and certain of them were tested in both the hot-rolled and water-quenched conditions.
The results indicate that the substitution of manganese for nickel in chromium-nickel steels is detrimental, at least in so far as the load-carrying ability of the alloy is concerned. Also that while the creep resistance of the manganese and manganese-tungsten steel at 1000 deg. fahr. is superior to that of many pearlitic steels, it is not equal to that of the Enduro KA2 type of alloy.
Radiant Heat Transmission Between Surfaces Separated by Non-Absorbing Media
Authors: Hottel H. C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Fundamental laws of radiation from solids have been discussed and applied to individual problems of heat transfer in numerous papers. In this one the author indicates just what principles are involved, to how many problems they have been applied, and gives a number of applications of the principles to problems in industrial-furnace design.
Fundamental principles and definitions discussed include: The definition of normal intensity, Lambert’s cosine principle, relation between intensity and emissive power, the square-of-the-distance law, Kirchoff’s law, and the Stefan-Boltzmann law. Various surface arrangements are divided into two groups: (1) in which one of the two surfaces is small relative to the distance separating them, and (2) in which both surfaces are of considerable extent relative to their distance apart. Various cases of these and the effect of incomplete absorption are treated mathematically. The task of applying many of the equations given in the paper is simplified by presentation of numerous graphs.
Operating Experiences, Deepwater Station
Authors: Irwin K. M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The physical characteristics of the Deepwater Plant are described, emphasizing only those details which are relatively new or those which have had a distinct bearing upon operating experiences. The paper gives a history of the operations from the time the plant was first started in March, 1930, up until the present, summarizing the difficulties that have been encountered and attempting to segregate them between those that are directly chargeable to the pressure or temperature and those which have been encountered due to other features of design. Due to the fact that a large portion of the plant has been in what might be termed commercial operating service only since June 1, or for three months at the time this paper was prepared, very little authentic data on operating efficiencies can be given.
Comparative Resistance of Refractories to Coal-Ash Slags
Authors: Hursh R. K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The results contained herein were obtained in an investigation conducted by the Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Illinois. Tests have been made in the laboratory slagging-test furnace of various commercial refractories and of a series of special mixtures representing clays from three manufacturing districts, as well as differences in the method of fabrication, the firing treatment, and the fineness of grinding of the materials. The slags used were ashes from coals of five different districts. The comparative resistance of refractories varied with the character of the coal ash. Dry-pressed and stiff mud bricks were more resistant than hand-made refractories. A moderate degree of firing treatment was preferable to hard burning when the brick were subjected to high furnace temperatures and slag action.
High-Pressure Chemical System for Boiler-Water Conditioning
Authors: Markson A. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the author describes the high-pressure phosphate system for boiler-water conditioning as used at the Kips Bay Station of the New York Steam Corporation. He believes that it solves the problem of economizer deposition, and while the primary object is to avoid deposition of scale in economizers and feed lines, it is apparent that it gives a flexibility of control superior to that obtained by adding the chemical directly to the feedwater heaters or hot wells. The paper does not discuss the chemical phases of the problem.
South Amboy Plant of the Jersey Central Power and Light Company
Authors: Roe R. C. , Mailler J. P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Jersey Central Power & Light Company, an operating unit in the Middle West Utility System, has just put into operation a new plant on the Raritan River at South Amboy, N. J., designed and constructed by the Electric Management & Engineering Corporation of New York City. This plant at present consists of two 25,000-kw. vertical-compound turbines with condensers and all auxiliaries and three 280,000 lb. of steam per hr. boilers, furnaces, and accessories, operating at 1400 lb. pressure. Space has been provided for the installation of a third turbine within the station which is approximately 168 ft. square and 110 ft. high to the boiler-room roof and is constructed along modern architectural lines.
The plant is located at the geographical center as well as the load center of the system and will, when the transmission lines are completed, serve as a base-load plant for both the Northern and Southern divisions, which at the present time are operated as independent divisions.
Flange- Versus Foot-Mounted Motors
Authors: Chase Herbert 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Advantages in favor of flange mounting given by the author include: improved appearance, compact arrangement, more rigid mounting, saving in weight, less cost, better alignment, more easy attachment, and better protection against oil, chips, and dirt. Full advantage cannot be taken of the benefits of flange mounting until some effort at standardization is made. Motor manufacturers can easily bring about such a standard to their own benefit and to the benefit of machine manufacturers generally, and the latter, it is believed, will readily accept such a standard.
Handling Bulk Materials Mechanically
Authors: Sayers William W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper outlines the general characteristics and fields of applicability of the numerous types of mechanical handling and conveying equipment. It also covers the types commonly used for handling such bulk materials as coal, coke, sand and gravel, crushed stone, lime, cement, phosphate and fertilizer, grain, cottonseed, sugar, earth, foundry sand, etc. No attempt has been made to cover overhead cranes and hoists, crawler and locomotive cranes, and such dock handling equipment as bridge tramways, unloading towers, lift-type car dumpers, etc., all of which are also used for handling bulk materials mechanically.
The Diesel-Engine Tractor and Excavator
Authors: Rosen C. G. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Special emphasis is given in this paper to the combustion process for Diesel-tractor service. A variety of fuel systems were installed and tested in a rugged engine of flexible design. General results of the tests are given. Accessories are considered extremely important in tractor service, and the author discusses air cleaners, oil filters, and engine starters. The problems discussed can be applied to other traction equipment including excavators. Reliability at all loads and speeds within the engine operating range is paramount, and maintenance costs must be kept low.
Development of the Double-Acting Engine
Authors: Ford Louis R. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In less than a decade there has been development of the Diesel double-acting engine into a reliable prime mover. Double-acting engines for large power-plant work are attracting attention. A committee studying types of equipment for the extension of the Copenhagen electric-power station has recommended acceptance of a Burmeister & Wain double-acting, two-cycle engine of 18,500 b.hp., with continuous overload capacity of 22,500 b.hp. At present the two-cycle type has forged ahead of the four-cycle design. The steps in the development of the double-acting engine are reviewed by the author.
Use of Superheated Steam in Oil-Well Drilling
Authors: Smith V. Weaver 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Advent of deep drilling for oil has greatly increased the size of the equipment necessary for drilling. The cost of equipment has been mounting very much faster than the return from the wells. Furthermore, the transportation of this heavy equipment is becoming a serious problem. These factors have turned the oil industry to the engineer for assistance in solving the problem of reducing the cost of drilling wells.
Conditions have become so serious that in spite of the fact that the driller pays nothing for his fuel, he is now able to buy power in some cases from public utilities, who pay for this same fuel, more economically than he can produce it. This condition has been brought about because little attention has been paid to decreasing the initial cost and increasing the life of the equipment. Utilities have overcome the fuel cost by more efficient design and operation of the power-plant equipment. The producing industry is in an excellent position to reduce the cost of drilling wells by taking advantage of the improvements that utilities and other industries have made in design of power equipment. By so doing they will recover the advantage of low or no fuel cost, and thereby reduce the cost of drilling.
The Work Factor of Lubricating Oil
Authors: O’Neill James G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The usefulness of the standard laboratory tests in judging the quality of lubricating oils in the past has been limited, due to widely different crudes from which lubricating oils are produced and to the varied processes used in their refinement. The new method proposed for evaluating lubricating oils seeks to extend the application of the standard laboratory tests in that their results will indicate the service that will be obtained from the oils in actual operation. Increases in viscosity, neutralization number, precipitation number, and per cent of carbon residue of a lubricating oil when subjected to an endurance test, which simulates service conditions as found in a forced-feed lubrication system, are expressed numerically by means of formulas, and the average of these results is called the work factor of the oil. A description of the method and apparatus of the endurance test is given, and the concordance of results obtained is shown when different machines are used to test the same oil. The work factors of turbine, Diesel-engine, and aviation oils are discussed with relation to their performance in actual service. The Navy method for purchase of lubricating oils employing the work factor is discussed, as also are the advantages derived from the use of the work factor.
Need of Forest-Products Engineers in the Woodworking Industries
Authors: Brown Nelson C. , Hoyle Raymond J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
For many years it was thought that a forester had to do only with the growing and handling of the forest crop. Now the forest schools recognize that the utilization of wood products, including the conditioning, remanufacturing and merchandising of various forms, is just as important a part of forestry. To meet this situation, the curricula of some of the forest schools are changing. The woodworking industries have problems that need solution. Trained men who know about the technological features of wood are needed. In some way the forest schools have failed to train men to meet the demand in these wood-using industries. It is also felt that the industries have failed to cooperate with the schools in order to have the courses fit in with their needs. Closer relationship, however, is growing up between the industries and the forest schools.
Grading Timber for Strength
Authors: Ericksen Leyden N. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper deals with the development of grading rules for structural timbers, the principles involved, effect of structural features on strength, and the application of the principles in commercial practice. Structural grading rides are based on the provisions of the American Lumber Standards, developed by the combined efforts of lumber producers, distributors, specifiers, and consumers, under the auspices of the U. S. Departments of Commerce and Agriculture. Structural material is divided into classes according to size and use: horizontal load-bearing members such as joists, planks, beams, and stringers, and vertical compression members, as posts and columns.
The strength of wood members is influenced by the density of the wood, moisture, seasoning, and the size, location, and number of strength-influencing factors present, such as knots, shakes, checks, and slope of grain. Heartwood, sapwood, and wane are more important from other points of view than for their influence on strength. Principles of structural-material grading have been applied in a practical manner by lumber-manufacturers’ associations in drawing up commercial grading rules.
Safe working stresses for various grades and different conditions of exposure have been established in accordance with strength of clear wood, effect of strength-influencing factors permitted, the effect of seasoning, time of loading, and the characteristics of each species. Basic principles can also be applied to general construction material carried in retail lumber yards, thus insuring maximum strength and efficient utilization.
Utilization of Wood Waste in the Chemical Industries
Authors: Fogler Ben B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The principal uses, other than for fuel, for the wastes from the sawmill and woodworking industries are found in the following chemical industries: Destructive distillation, the manufacture of pulp, paper, and building boards, and those industries consuming large quantities of wood flour, principally linoleum, plastics, and explosives. The technical aspects of this waste utilization have been so satisfactorily worked out that a project of this sort may be evaluated almost entirely from the economic side. Competition from other raw materials, together with certain economic factors, requires that all of these operations be based on an ample, well-located, and relatively long-lived supply of waste wood. In many of these processes the waste wood must be separated either as to size or as to variety, although in some cases similar varieties may be processed together.
The Aircraft Diesel Engine
Authors: Griffith Leigh M. , Vincent Edward T. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the authors present information to show that the Diesel or fuel-injection engine in some of its modified forms is well adapted to the requirements of airplane and airship propulsion. They believe that its first and most important commercial application will be in relatively large units on large aircraft and that increased fuel economy, both as to weight and cost, will be an important factor in the progress of commercial air transportation. They consider that the greatly reduced fire hazard will be an important factor in the development of quantity air transport of passengers and that the absence of radio interference will greatly simplify the problems of navigation and communication. The potential advantages of two-stroke cycle operation will be realized in the Diesel engine. In large airplanes from one to three engines of large size will be used, and these will be mounted and enclosed so as to allow of attendance during flight. Such engines will be fluid-cooled, either by liquid circulation or evaporation. The service reliability of the Diesel, they believe, will exceed that of the carbureted, air-cooled engines inaccessibly mounted, and the problems of weight and cost are less serious than are generally supposed, and will soon be solved commercially.