bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exact Construction of the (σ1+σ2)-Network From Photoelastic Observations
Authors: Neuber Heinz P. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Application of the photoelastic method of stress analysis to transparent bodies under plane stress permits direct observation of the two principal stresses σ1 and σ2 but determination of their values necessitates additional measurements or some form of graphical integration. In this paper the author develops the exact theory of the (σ1 + σ2)-network and a graphical method of applying it to the problem of stress measurement. By means of this method the isopachics can be accurately determined and these, together with the isochromatics and isoclinics, give the complete stress-field analysis from which the values and directions of the two principal stresses at any point may be readily obtained.
Budgeting an Industrial Enterprise
Authors: Rautenstrauch Walter 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this paper the author describes in detail the method followed in developing a complete operating budget for a company manufacturing and distributing yeast. The organization consisted of two manufacturing plants with branch distributing points located in a large number of cities throughout the eastern United States. This budget provided, on the basis of past experience, an orderly plan for profitable operation and an accurate means of constant check on the efficiency of each element of the enterprise. Prior to the introduction of the new management which installed the control system described, the company had been losing heavily but during the first year of operation under the budget and for each year thereafter it earned a satisfactory profit, with the operating figures in excellent agreement with the budgeted estimates. It is suggested by the author, in conclusion, that if every business enterprise in the United States were analyzed and budgeted in the manner described, many operating hazards would be materially reduced.
Current Practise in Surface Broaching
Authors: Geschelin Joseph 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
One of the most revolutionary developments in mass production in many years is the introduction of surface broaching as a major metal-cutting process. Its greatest acceptance has come in the automotive industry, supplanting many well-intrenched milling-machine operations.
This paper is concerned with a detailed discussion of surface broaching in the automotive industry, covering the general applications, design of broaches, description of broaching machines, etc. The paper also includes tabular material giving production data such as broach speeds, broach life, productivity.
Wherever possible, attention has been given to general applications of the method so as to be of interest to those concerned with metal cutting in various industries.
Current Practise in Pressures, Speeds, Clearances, and Lubrication of Oil-Film Bearings
Authors: Howarth H. A. S. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper contains many design and operating data furnished by makers of hearings for the trade and for machinery of their own manufacture. The poll of such manufacturers is by no means comprehensive hut it includes several of the larger firms. The data are available for critical examination and study with relation to advanced theoretical analyses of bearing problems.
Many of the data are tabulated and classified on charts, the most useful of which has as its coordinates the pressure and the velocity. Upon this chart are applied special scales showing some of Dr. Albert Kingsbury’s “Optimum Conditions for Journal Bearings.”
Examples are given showing how these analytical laws can be useful in the solution of simple practical problems of bearing design.
The selection of a lubricant of suitable viscosity is explained by means of a chart that may be entered with the calculated absolute-viscosity coefficient at operating temperature, and will yield the required commercial viscosity in Saybolt or Redwood seconds or Engler number, for a mineral oil of any base.
Classification of Drying, Including Graphical Analysis of Air Drying as Developed Abroad
Authors: Weisselberg A. , Thomas Chas. W. , Olive T. R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In order that the art of drying, or in other words the process of removing liquid from a mixture, may become a field of true engineering endeavor, it must be freed from the existing confusion with regard to classification and terms, and the analytical approach to the problem must be facilitated.
In this paper the authors classify the liquids as to kind, nature, and state, enumerate the means available for their removal, and discuss briefly the limitations of the various drying methods with regard to the material being processed and the results obtained.
A graphical method of analyzing air drying, the most widely used drying process, is described by the authors, and by means of this analysis, terms which are now confusing are defined and factors governing the performance of drying equipment are explained.
Use of Current Meters for Precise Measurement of Flow
Authors: Nagler Floyd A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this paper the author deals with the art of flow determination by current meter, compares the accuracy of this method with that of other means of water measurement, and draws attention to a number of precautions which should be observed in order to minimize error. He compares also the characteristics of cup and screw meters, discusses meter ratings, the effects of turbulence and angularity of flow, describes the channel sections best suited to accurate gaging, and covers in some detail the technique of flow determination under varying conditions in the field.
Rolling-in of Boiler Tubes
Authors: Fisher F. F. , Cope E. T. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper presents an introductory study of boiler-tube rolling and reviews the methods now in common use. It points out their limitations and explains and proposes specifications for a new method which approximates the ideal. Test results are given which show the superiority of this new method. A few pertinent details of tube rolling are also mentioned, including the over-rolling of tubes as a source of high stress concentration in the sheet metal around the tubes. This high stress concentration may be a source of corrosion fatigue.
Principles Underlying the Rational Solution of Automatic-Control Problems
Authors: Mitereff Sergei D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author presents twelve fundamental equations covering the characteristics of automatic regulators. It is the author’s belief that six of these equations completely cover all present forms of commercial regulators. The additional six equations cover modifications and improvements which will permit greatly increased accuracy and flexibility of automatic control and will permit a satisfactory solution of those control problems which could not be handled with complete success by previous types of regulators.
The Loading and Friction of Thrust and Journal Bearings With Perfect Lubrication
Authors: Howarth H. A. S. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author brings together here for the first time important formulas and charts that have been offered by bearing analysts in this field during the past fifteen or twenty years. Some new material is added for completeness, and some references made to earlier fundamental work. Descriptive matter that accompanied the original publication of the charts and formulas has been eliminated as far as practicable. Improved charts derivable from earlier ones, and the rearrangement of others will, it is hoped, prove more useful to the designing engineer than the original publications. The net result is a concise summary of valuable information.
In order that the reader at the beginning may have a fair idea of what is to be found and where in this paper, an explanation of the contents follows:
The first section dealing with journal bearings begins with a concise illustrated description of their several kinds. The side-leakage chart is then explained because from its curves are obtained the correction factors that are necessary for the proper application of the subsequent material to the solving of journal-bearing problems.
Optimum conditions for journal bearings of three classes are shown by charts, tables, and formulas. The titles, captions, and notes on these pages are intended to be sufficient explanation.
General conditions for journal bearings of several classes are next shown by a series of charts which are accompanied by the necessary textual explanation.
Thrust-bearing loading and friction data follow the charts for general conditions for journal bearings. They refer only to Kingsbury thrust bearings, which are made with freely pivoted shoes supporting a thrust collar having an unbroken flat surface. Data are given only for a single set of such surfaces having six pivoted shoes.
The appendixes, of which there are five, contain descriptive matter, the reading of which will help the reader in understanding the first section of the paper. Appendix A contains the symbols and their explanation. Appendix B gives a number of examples together with their solutions, which explain applications of the charts. These are by no means exhaustive. Appendix C discusses viscous flow in general, the viscosity coefficient, the relation between viscosity and friction, and gives useful formulas for several kinds of viscous flow useful to those dealing with bearing problems. Conversion factors are given for several units of absolute viscosity. The symbols for these formulas differ in some respects from those in Appendix A. Appendix D contains an explanation of perfect lubrication as it occurs in bearings, and covers such headings as tapered oil film, side leakage, film thickness, viscosity change within film, the flat-wedge film, the curved-wedge film, optimum conditions, deviations from optimum. This is a valuable introduction to the charts in the body of this paper. Appendix E is a bibliography of the technical literature referred to in or forming parts of the paper.
Some Physical Properties of Water and Other Fluids
Authors: Daugherty Robert L. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Absolute and kinematic viscosities of various liquids and gases as functions of temperature are shown by curves plotted on the same diagrams to the same scales so that these properties for different fluids can be readily compared.
Pressure, volume, and temperature relations for water are shown graphically, as are values of the volume modulus of elasticity for a wide range of pressures and temperatures. From recent data presented by Smith and Keyes it was possible to compute values of the specific heat of water for all temperatures up to the critical and for all pressures from saturation up to 350 atmospheres. These values are here shown.
Experimental and Practical Experience With the Gibson Method of Water Measurement: A Discussion of Prof. D. Thoma’s Paper on “The Degree of Accuracy of the Gibson Method of Water Measurement”
Authors: Gibson N. R. , Strowger E. B. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Gibson method is based on the equation of impulse and momentum applied to an enclosed column of water in motion. It is applicable in testing hydraulic power plants where the turbine is supplied with water through a closed conduit and means, such as turbine gates, are available for interrupting the flow of the water. To apply the method, it is necessary to obtain pressure-time diagrams, which show the changes with respect to time that occur in the conduit during and after the closure of the turbine gates. There are two kinds of diagrams: (a) simple diagrams, in which the changes of pressure at one point in the conduit are recorded, and (b) differential diagrams, in which the difference between the changes of pressure at two points in the conduit are recorded.
Professor Thoma (1) has discussed quite thoroughly, in an accompanying paper (Trans. A.S.M.E., 1935, HYD-57-4), the conditions of water flow which may affect the degree of accuracy of the Gibson method of water measurement, when using the simple application method. In general, he has considered four errors due to (No. 1) accessory motions, or extra currents due to turbulence, (No. 2) false valuation of the friction in the conduit during closure, (No. 3) friction of the mercury column, and (No. 4) the inertia of the mercury column.
In discussing the Thoma article, the authors have first given a somewhat more detailed proof of the fundamental equation applying to the method and have supplemented the derivation with a graphical representation of the terms of the equation on the diagram itself. Test results on a long pipe are shown where both kinds of diagrams were taken and where the agreement between the two sets of diagrams is within 0.2 per cent. The test results are discussed and a detailed study is made of the effects of the four errors.
The authors conclude that the residual error is probably within the limits of precision possible when large quantities of water are being measured.
Photoflow Method of Water Measurement
Authors: White W. M. , Rheingans W. J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper is written to reestablish the pitot tube as a useful and accurate instrument for measuring the flow of water. Difficulties in the measurement of water by the pitot tube have been caused by errors introduced in the measurement of the static pressure and such errors as are caused by changing distribution of flow across the measuring section while a traverse is being made.
Recent tests indicate the proper form of piezometer to use in order to determine the true static pressure of flowing water. The errors caused by changing distribution of flow can be eliminated by the photoflow method described in the paper. This method involves the photographic recording of the differences in pressure of pitot-tube points, positioned throughout the cross-section of flow, and piezometer connections positioned to indicate the pressure across the flow section. By making a simultaneous record of all the readings across the section, errors caused by changing distribution of flow are eliminated and a large number of measurements can be taken in a short interval of time.
The photoflow coefficient as determined by volumetric measurement for highly disturbed flow in a closed conduit was found by test to be 0.971. A coefficient of 0.976 for the photoflow method as applied to the flows normally encountered in closed conduits should give an accuracy of 0.5 per cent.
The Measurement of Air Flow in Fan Inlet and Discharge Ducts
Authors: Marks Lionel S. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper is devoted to a proposed method for determining the volume of air handled by any fan which is provided with either inlet or discharge ducts. The proposal is to use pitot tubes for capacities near the wide-open condition and square-edged inlet or discharge orifices for lower capacities down to the no-flow condition. To make the pitot-tube measurements accurate, a standard form of pitot tube is suggested, based on the investigations of Ower and the unpublished researches of Merriam and Spaulding at Worcester Polytechnic Institute. The coefficients of Ebaugh and Whitfield are suggested for use with inlet orifices, while those of Stach are suggested for discharge orifices used with flange pressure taps on the approach side. The alternative procedure of using an impact tube with the discharge orifice is discussed, but coefficients are not as yet available.
The Definition of the Quantity-Head Characteristic of Fans
Authors: Stuart M. C. , Somers W. E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The purpose of a fan characteristic is to delineate useful information regarding the performance of a fan in its installation. Specifically, the quantity-head characteristic shows the quantity of air delivered against a certain resistance in the intended installation. The authors discuss the set up of four basic arrangements of fan types and installations, and describe three currently used fan-head definitions. The definitions of fan head are evaluated, the fan head being defined as the discharge static head minus the inlet total head. A primary arrangement of each type of fan is described and a single primary quantity-head characteristic for each type of fan is defined. If a fan is installed in any arrangement other than its primary one, the primary characteristic cannot be assumed to apply, but a separate test must be conducted to determine its characteristic in its intended arrangement. Results of complete tests of a fan installed in its four possible arrangements are given to illustrate the principles which are set forth.
Drying Problems of the Ceramic Industry
Authors: Carruthers John L. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to outline and discuss the various problems encountered in designing and operating ceramic-drying systems, and to indicate the several methods that may be used in attacking the more difficult problems that arise.
The process of drying clay wares may be a relatively simple one or it may be quite complex. This is due to (1) wide variations in production requirements in different industries, (2) extreme differences in the physical characteristics of clay bodies used, and (3) various sizes and shapes of different products. In many cases, the methods and equipment used may appear to be very slow and inefficient when considered in the light of modern drying practice. Their use is generally justified, however, when all factors are taken into consideration. However, this does not imply that all present systems are best suited for their particular task.
The problems discussed in the paper center around the development, maintenance, and determination of safe, rapid, and economical drying rates and the reduction or prevention of ware losses in order to increase drying and manufacturing efficiencies.
Cavitation Testing of Model Hydraulic Turbines and Its Bearing on Design and Operation
Authors: Davis L. M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author discusses cavitation tests made with model turbines at the Holtwood hydraulic laboratory of the Pennsylvania Water and Power Company and points out benefits which have been realized therefrom. In addition to presenting the results of these tests the author compares them with results obtained by other investigators in this field. The author presents his views regarding the further application of the equipment in the Holtwood laboratory for the purpose of investigating various elements in the design of turbines which may have some bearing on their cavitation characteristics. He points out the need of coordinating the results of cavitation investigations now being conducted in various laboratories so that the industry as a whole may be benefited thereby.
An Experimental Investigation of Heat Absorption in Boiler Furnaces
Authors: Wohlenberg W. J. , Mullikin H. F. , Armacost W. H. , Gordon C. W. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper is a report of the A.S.M.E. Committee on Absorption of Radiant Heat in Boiler Furnaces and includes test data obtained on ten boilers in different power plants in the United States. It involves stoker-fired, pulverized-fuel, and oil- and gas-fired units with various combinations of refractory and water-cooled furnaces. The data include furnace-exit gas temperatures as measured by means of the high-velocity thermocouple. These temperatures are used to determine the fraction of heat input to the furnace that was absorbed in its walls.
Engineering Problems in Aircraft Operation at High Altitudes
Authors: Johnson R. E. , Gagg R. F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The authors review the capabilities of the typical modern airplane for high-altitude operation and present the restrictions of the power plant of the modern airplane which prevent it from delivering its normal output at high altitudes. The paper also discusses the improvements in the aerodynamic characteristics of the airplane as well as changes in the power-plant design and the progress achieved in cruising operation at high altitudes within the limitations imposed by passenger comfort and safety. The authors evaluate further possible gains which may result from an extension of this trend, and examine the engineering problems involved in both the airplane and the engine.
Distribution of Air to Underfeed Stokers
Authors: Griswold A. S. , Macomber H. E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The development of the underfeed stoker in coal-burning capacity has with few exceptions kept pace with the growth of large boiler units. The ability to continue further the increase in the amount of coal which can be successfully burned will depend greatly upon the solution of the problem of air distribution.
Because of the physical movement and progress of the fuel on an underfeed stoker, and the changes which take place during combustion, the fuel bed presents a progressively varying resistance to air flow, and the quantitative proportioning of air as regulated by fuel-bed resistance alone may be other than that desirable for the most efficient combustion.
As the result of many experiments, metered-air-control systems, which supplement the action of the fuel bed and control the air supplied to a large number of fuel-bed subdivisions on a quantitative basis, have been developed. They are successful both from the standpoint of an operating mechanism and from the results attained.
The installations described provide an appreciable improvement in combustion efficiency under test conditions and a small but measurable improvement in daily operation. Smoking is almost entirely eliminated. Stoker-maintenance expense is reduced and availability is increased. The most important feature is the ability to maintain higher coal-burning rates, which, in some instances, may lead to important reduction in boiler-plant investment.
Power Requirements and Mechanical Features of Textile-Printing Machines
Authors: Hope R. DeVere 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author presents in this paper the essential mechanical features and power requirements of textile-printing machines. Among the mechanical features the author discusses and compares the design and assembly of the principal parts of new- and old-type machines and gives the relation between printing speeds and types of fabrics being printed. Regarding power requirements, the paper includes (a) reasons for the application of electric-motor drives, (b) an analysis of a-c and d-c motor drives, and (c) the effect of both types of drive and their control apparatus on the product of the machines and on the operating cost of the plant. Operating test data obtained on textile-printing machines in normal operation are presented in the appendix.
The Torque and Thrust of Small Drills Operating in Various Metals
Authors: Boston O. W. , Gilbert W. W. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a detailed study in which torque and thrust were recorded when drilling with small drills ranging from 1/8 in. to 1/2 in. in diameter. The influence of cutting speed on the value of torque and thrust when cutting a low-carbon steel with a 1-to-16 emulsion is shown to be appreciable at the lower speeds but negligible in the higher ranges of speeds. The torque and thrust values are shown to be reduced slightly for increased values of helix when drilling low-carbon steel with drills of 5/32 in. diameter having helix angles ranging from 21 to 40 deg. It is shown that the greatest factor of safety, as represented by breaking strength over operating torque, is obtained when the helix angle is about 36 deg.
Another series of tests reported in this paper shows that the torque and thrust are increased as the web thickness of 23-deg helix drills of 5/32 in. diameter is increased from 0.029 to 0.043 in. The factor of safety is reduced as the web thickness is increased.
Extensive data for torque and thrust for drill sizes ranging from 1/8 in. to 1/2 in. are given when drilling nine ferrous and nonferrous metals. These data are then correlated with corresponding torque and thrust values for the same metals previously reported (1, 2, 3,) for larger diameter drills.