bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theory of reinforcement schedules
Authors: Killeen Peter R. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe three principles of reinforcement are (1) events such as incentives and reinforcers increase the activity of an organism; (2) that activity is bounded by competition from other responses; and (3) animals approach incentives and their signs, guided by their temporal and physical conditions, together called the “contingencies of reinforcement.” Mathematical models of each of these principles comprised mathematical principles of reinforcement (MPR; Killeen, 1994). Over the ensuing decades, MPR was extended to new experimental contexts. This article reviews the basic theory and its extensions to satiation, warm‐up, extinction, sign tracking, pausing, and sequential control in progressive‐ratio and multiple schedules. In the latter cases, a single equation balancing target and competing responses governs behavioral contrast and behavioral momentum. Momentum is intrinsic in the fundamental equations, as behavior unspools more slowly from highly aroused responses conditioned by higher rates of incitement than it does from responses from leaner contexts. Habits are responses that have accrued substantial behavioral momentum. Operant responses, being predictors of reinforcement, are approached by making them: The sight and feel of a paw on a lever is approached by placing paw on lever, as attempted for any sign of reinforcement. Behavior in concurrent schedules is governed by approach to momentarily richer patches (melioration). Applications of MPR in behavioral pharmacology and delay discounting are noted.
High‐dose IV magnesium in mesothelioma patients receiving surgery with hyperthermic intraoperative cisplatin: Pilot studies and design of a phase II randomized clinical trial
Authors: Gupta Shruti , Wells Sophia L. , Jose Arunima M. , Seitter Robert H. , Feghali Lea , Devaraj Nishant , Hartigan Philip M. , Yacoubian Stephanie , Kwiatkowski David J. , Burke Donna M. , Barlow Julianne , Bueno Raphael , Leaf David E. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIntroductionHyperthermic intraoperative cisplatin (HIOC) is associated with acute kidney injury (AKI). Administration of high‐dose magnesium attenuates cisplatin‐induced AKI (CP‐AKI) in animal models but has not been rigorously examined in humans.MethodsWe tested the feasibility and safety of different doses of magnesium in mesothelioma patients receiving HIOC. In Pilot Study 1, we administered a 36‐h continuous infusion of magnesium at 0.5 g/h, targeting serum magnesium levels between 3 and 4.8 mg/dL. In Pilot Study 2A, we administered a 6 g bolus followed by an infusion starting at 2 g/h, titrated to achieve levels between 4 and 6 mg/dL. We eliminated the bolus in Pilot Study 2B.ResultsIn Pilot Study 1, all five patients enrolled completed the study; however, median postoperative Mg levels were only 2.4 mg/dL. In Pilot Study 2A, two of four patients (50%) were withdrawn due to bradycardia during the bolus. In Pilot Study 2B, two patients completed the study whereas two developed postoperative bradycardia attributed to the magnesium.ConclusionsA 0.5 g/h infusion for 36 h did not achieve therapeutic magnesium levels, while an infusion at 2 g/h was associated with bradycardia. These studies informed the design of a randomized clinical trial testing whether intravenously Mg attenuates HIOC‐associated AKI.
Psychiatric co‐morbidity in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa: A cross‐sectional study of clinical characteristics and burden of disease
Authors: Holgersen Nikolaj , Nielsen Valdemar Wendelboe , Ring Hans Christian , Rosenø Nana Aviaaja Lippert , Egeberg Alexander , Thyssen Jacob Pontoppidan , Thomsen Simon Francis 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBackgroundPsychiatric co‐morbidity (PCM) constitutes a major complicating factor for patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) but individuals at risk are ill defined.ObjectivesTo examine the differences in demographic and clinical characteristics, co‐morbidities, and disease burden in patients with HS with and without PCM.MethodsData were obtained through clinical examination and interviews. Disease burden was evaluated based on clinical severity, VAS‐10 for overall bother and pain, and dermatology life quality index. Analysis was conducted on all patients and amongst PCM‐subgroups. All current physician diagnosed psychiatric conditions were included.Results667 consecutive, adult patients with HS from a dermatological university outpatient clinic were included. Of these, 183 (27.4 %) had a diagnosis of PCM, with affective disorders (16.2%) being most prevalent.PCM was associated with being unemployed (52.5 vs. 18.7 %) OR 5.50 (3.73–8.10) p < 0.001, Caucasian (88.5 vs. 80.6 %) OR 1.86 (1.12–3.09) p < 0.05, younger at HS‐onset (23.6 vs. 26.2 years) p < 0.01, obese (44.0 vs. 34.5 %) OR 1.50 (1.06–2.13) p < 0.05 and smoker (89.6 vs. 73.2 %) OR 3.76 (2.20–6.40) p < 0.001. Differences within PCM‐subgroups were also discovered.Patients with PCM were more likely to have asthma or/and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (9.8 vs. 5.6 %) OR 1.94 (1.03–3.66) p < 0.05. Patients with PCM had higher VAS‐10 bother scores (mean 7.3 vs. 6.7) p < 0.05, but no differences in disease severity.Patients with HS‐onset before the age of 15 had the highest risk of developing PCM within the following 10 years, HR 3.37 (1.56–7.31) p = 0.002.ConclusionsPatients with PCM and HS vary in demographic and clinical characteristics, risk factors and burden of disease, compared to patients with HS without PCM. This calls for a multidisciplinary approach and increased awareness from the clinician.
Experimental investigation to assess the effect of graphene blended lithium grease on friction, wear, and surface morphology of 52100 chrome alloy steel contacts
Authors: Prasad Deepak Kumar , Kamarapu Santhosh Kumar , Bhoi Neeraj Kumar , Amarnath M. , Chelladurai H. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe results of a research on the tribological behaviour of lithium grease with the addition of graphene nanoparticles are presented in current work. Using a four‐ball tribometer, the wear and friction coefficient of lithium grease and blended grease samples with graphene additions were assessed. The significance of graphene in enhancing the tribological properties of grease materials is evident from experimental results. In the experimental investigation, a considerable decrease in wear and friction co‐efficient values was also noted. One weight percent addition of graphene to base grease decreases friction by 23.73% and wear scar width by 19.51%.
Proprioceptive Modulation of Pallidal Physiology in Cervical Dystonia
Authors: Sedov Alexey , Joshi Prajakta , Semenova Ulia , Usova Svetlana , Asriyants Svetlana , Gamaleya Anna , Tomskiy Alexey , Jinnah Hyder A. , Shaikh Aasef G. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBackgroundThere is a growing body of evidence suggesting that botulinum toxin can alter proprioceptive feedback and modulate the muscle‐spindle output for the treatment of dystonia. However, the mechanism for this modulation remains unclear.MethodsWe conducted a study involving 17 patients with cervical dystonia (CD), seven of whom had prominent CD and 10 with generalized dystonia (GD) along with CD. We investigated the effects of neck vibration, a form of proprioceptive modulation, on spontaneous single‐neuron responses and local field potentials (LFPs) recorded from the globus pallidum externus (GPe) and internus (GPi).ResultsOur findings demonstrated that neck vibration notably increased the regularity of neck‐sensitive GPi neurons in focal CD patients. Additionally, in patients with GD and CD, the vibration enhanced the firing regularity of non‐neck‐sensitive neurons. These effects on single‐unit activity were also mirrored in ensemble responses measured through LFPs. Notably, the LFP modulation was particularly pronounced in areas populated with burst neurons compared to pause or tonic cells.ConclusionThe results from our study emphasize the significance of burst neurons in the pathogenesis of dystonia and in the efficacy of proprioceptive modulation for its treatment. Moreover, we observed that the effects of vibration on focal CD were prominent in the α band LFP, indicating modulation of pallido‐cerebellar connectivity. Moreover, the pallidal effects of vibration in GD with CD involved modulation of cerebro‐pallidal θ band connectivity. Our analysis provides insight into how vibration‐induced changes in pallidal activity are integrated into the downstream motor circuit. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Alanine Scanning of the Unstructured Region of Ara h 2 and of a Related Mimotope Reveals Critical Amino Acids for IgE Binding
Authors: Canon Nicole , Schein Catherine H. , Braun Werner , Negi Surendra S. , Chen Xueni , Kulis Michael D. , Kim Edwin H. , Pathy Vidya , Pozzoli Marina , Liu Weimin , Dreskin Stephen C. 
Published: September 2023

ScopeThe unstructured region of Ara h 2, referred to as epitope 3, contains a repeated motif, DYPSh (h = hydroxyproline) that is important for IgE binding.Methods and resultsIgE binding assays to 20mer and shorter peptides of epitope 3, defines a 16mer core sequence containing one copy of the DPYSh motif, DEDSYERDPYShSQDP. This study performs alanine scanning of this and a related 12mer mimotope, LLDPYAhRAWTK. IgE binding, using a pool of 10 sera and with individual sera, is greatly reduced when alanine is substituted for aspartate at position 8 (D8; p < 0.01), tyrosine at position 10 (Y10; p < 0.01), and hydroxyproline at position 12 (h12; p < 0.001). IgE binding to alanine‐substituted peptides of a mimotope containing the DPY_h motif confirm the critical importance of Y (p < 0.01) and h (p < 0.01), but not D. Molecular modeling of the core and mimotope suggests an h‐dependent conformational basis for the recognition of these sequences by polyclonal IgE.ConclusionsIgE from pooled sera and individual sera differentially bound amino acids throughout the sequences of Epitope 3 and its mimotope, with Y10 and h12 being most important for all sera. These results are highly significant for designing hypoallergenic forms of Ara h 2.
Arbitrary mesh‐moving velocity‐based space‐time finite element method for large deformation analysis of solids
Authors: Shimizu Shion , Sharma Vikas , Fujisawa Kazunori 
Published: September 2023

SummaryThis paper presents a new velocity‐based space‐time finite element method for computing the large deformation of solids over arbitrary Lagrange/Eulerian moving meshes. The proposed method is oriented toward quasi‐static deformation problems with hypoelastic and neo‐Hookean hyperelastic constitutive models. The Cauchy stress in the weak form of the linear momentum equation is explicitly described in terms of deformation velocity through consistent time integration of objective stress rates transferred in the arbitrary moving mesh. Consequently, the resultant system equation only contains the space‐time nodal velocity as the primary unknown. An iterative algorithm for solving the discretized system equation is implemented, whereby the nonlinearities induced by geometrical change in the computational domain as well as nonlinear constitutive equations are computed in an iterative manner updating the stress and the strain over the moving mesh of the deforming domain. Three benchmark problems, such as uniform beam compression, thick‐cylinder compression with superimposed rigid body rotation and extrusion of a column involving material loss, have been solved in order to examine the accuracy of the proposed numerical scheme. The numerical results have revealed the proper computation of the stress and the displacement of the solids undergoing the large deformation and rotation over the arbitrary Lagrange/Eulerian moving meshes, and have shown the validity and applicability of the proposed method with linear convergence of the iterative algorithm.
Prednisone Decreases Opioid Use in Adults Undergoing Benign Oropharyngeal Surgery
Authors: Butkus Joann M. , Sagalow Emily S. , Alfonsi Samuel , Riordan Jacob , Zhan Tingting , McGettigan Brian , Fisher Kyle , Rosen David , Boon Maurits , Huntley Colin 
Published: September 2023

AbstractObjectiveThis study sought to analyze the efficacy and safety of postoperative prednisone to reduce reliance on opioids in adult benign oropharyngeal surgery.Study DesignProspective cohort study.SettingSingle tertiary‐care facility.MethodsPatients undergoing tonsillectomy (T), tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A), and/or modified uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) from December 2020 to January 2023 received the standard of care postoperative management. A prednisone taper was dependent on surgeon preference. Cohorts were based on the prescription of postoperative steroids. Patients completed a survey to assess opioid usage, pain scores, and steroid compliance.ResultsSeventy‐two patients were included. The nonsteroid cohort (N = 29) received an average of 467 ± 94.1 morphine milligram equivalents (MME), and the steroid cohort (N = 43) received an average of 285 ± 128 MME (P < 0.001). The nonsteroid cohort consumed 1.62 times more opioids than the steroid cohort (P < 0.002). There were no significant differences in complication or refill rates between treatment groups. There were no significant differences in pain scores on the day of surgery or postoperative days 1, 5, or 10 (P = 0.34, P = 0.66, P = 0.62, and P = 0.22, respectively). Patients undergoing T&A (p = 0.019) or who had current psychiatric medication use (P < 0.006) consumed significantly more opioids. Patients who received a total opioid prescription of >300 MME (40 5‐mL doses of 5 mg/5 mL liquid oxycodone) consumed 2.27 times more postoperative opioids than patients with opioid prescriptions ≤300 MME (P < 0.001).ConclusionPatients who did not receive steroids consumed 1.62 times more postoperative opioids compared to those who completed a steroid taper. Corticosteroid use was not associated with changes in pain scores, refill rates, or complication rates and may be considered in a multimodal approach to pain management in adults undergoing benign oropharyngeal surgery, although further study is warranted.
The Intersection Between Meritocracy and Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Authors: Wackym Phillip Ashley , Toh Elizabeth Hui Yee , Moody‐Antonio Stephanie Ann , Woodard Troy Donovan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractEmbracing meritocracy and diversity, equity, and inclusion is critical to the future of otolaryngology–head and neck surgery. Understanding the intersection of these two concepts is particularly important. Meritocracy, a key principle utilized in academic medicine and surgery, rewards individual achievement. However, it can inadvertently result in a widening disparity between individuals who have access to environments promoting and facilitating meritocracy and those facing systemic structural barriers. Navigating the intersection of meritocracy and diversity, equity, and inclusion is a complex endeavor. However, it is crucial to understand that these concepts can coexist. With a balanced approach, we can appreciate individual merit while fostering diversity, equity, and inclusion. It requires a commitment to systemic change, ongoing evaluation, and collaboration to create environments where everyone has an equal opportunity to succeed and contribute unique talents and perspectives. Through these efforts, our specialty of otolaryngology–head and neck surgery will be stronger.
Effect of carbon dioxide on lamellar arrangement in poly(lactic acid) ring band spherulites
Authors: Peng Qianyun , Li Shaojie , Liu Feng , Zou Fangfang , Han Weiqiang , Zhao Yishen , Li Guangxian , Liao Xia 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn this research, the formation of ring band spherulite of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) under carbon dioxide (CO2) was in‐situ studied and the internal lamellar arrangement of ring band spherulite formed under CO2 was revealed for the first time. The spherulites by PLA crystallized under air and different CO2 pressures have been studied, and the surface and internal lamellar arrangement of the ring band spherulites have also been analyzed in detail. It was found that PLA would form ring band spherulite under air and 6 MPa CO2, while the internal structures of the two types of ring band spherulites were different. The surface height difference of ring band spherulites formed under air was small, at 278.9 nm, and the twisting angle of the lamellae was also small. However, the difference in the surface height of the ring band spherulite formed under 6 MPa CO2 was big, reaching 778.3 nm. Through analysis on the internal lamellar arrangement of the ring band spherulite, it was found that the valley for the ring band spherulites formed under 6 MPa CO2 was composed of flat‐on lamellae, the ridge was composed of edge‐on lamellae and the sudden twist occurred between the flat‐on lamellae and edge‐on lamellae.
Hydrophobic Modification of Spherical Y2O3:Eu3+ Powder Using Nonfluorinated Alkyl Silanes
Authors: Zhou Runzi , Wen Cheng , Xu Haijun , Qiu Zenghui , Zhang Xin 
Published: September 2023

AbstractEuropium‐doped yttrium oxide (Y2O3:Eu3+) is one of the main red‐emitting luminescent materials currently used in light‐emitting devices owing to its high luminous efficiency, high color purity, and other excellent optical characteristics. However, Y2O3:Eu3+ is hydrophilic, which is a major obstacle to its long‐term application in high‐humidity outdoor environments. Hydrophobic modification is a viable solution to this problem, and can give Y2O3:Eu3+ many excellent properties and functions, such as self‐cleaning ability, anti‐static performance, oil/water separation functions, and corrosion resistance. This study reports the preparation of hydrophobic Y2O3:Eu3+ particles modified with nonfluorinated alkyl silanes. Several influencing factors, including the length of the carbon chain in the silane coupling agent, the pH value of the reaction system, the reaction temperature, and the ratio of reactants, on the hydrophobicity of the prepared samples are studied in detail, and the optimal conditions are determined. A superhydrophobic Y2O3:Eu3+ material with a water contact angle of 151.6° is finally obtained. Moreover, FTIR, TG, SEM, XPS, XRD, and PL are used to explore the mechanism of the hydrophobic modification and the structural and fluorescence performance changes imparted by this modification.
Rapid progressive spontaneous hemothorax caused by carcinoma of unknown primary: A very rare case
Authors: Koike Sachie , Kobayashi Nobutaka , Miyazawa Masahisa , Yamashita Naho 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWe present a very rare case of spontaneous hemothorax which was caused by carcinoma of unknown primary. To the best of our knowledge, there are no other such cases reported worldwide. The patient was 72‐year‐old male who was referred to our department for massive hemothorax. We undertook surgical treatment for haemostasis, and found multiple tumours which led to the diagnosis of carcinoma of unknown primary as the cause of haemorrhage. The tumours increased and grew rapidly after surgery and hemothorax progressed despite our treatment. The patient died from disseminated intravascular coagulation caused by continuous bleeding on postoperative day 19.
Distributed rendezvous and tracking for multiple unicycles with heterogeneous input disturbances
Authors: Yang Chengshuai , Chen Fei , Xiang Linying , Lan Weiyao 
Published: September 2023

SummaryThis paper addresses the distributed rendezvous and tracking problems for multiple unicycles in the presence of unknown heterogeneous disturbances. Disturbance compensators are designed to attenuate the effect of unknown disturbances, which rely on a state estimator constructed to estimate the disturbance‐free states of the controlled agents. LaSalle's invariance principle and Barbalat's lemma are employed, respectively, to prove the convergence of the systems. For the rendezvous problem, all agents will rendezvous at a pre‐specified point eventually under the effect of input disturbances. For the tracking problem, all follower agents will track the leader agent and then move with the leader at the same linear and angular velocities under the effect of input disturbances. The potential function approach is employed in constructing the control laws that are capable of avoiding inter‐agent collisions. With this method, the tracking error can be made upper bounded while all the agents keep a ‘safe’ distance from each other. Simulation examples are finally presented to verify the effectiveness of the designed controllers. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activating MoO3 nanobelts via aqueous intercalation as a near‐infrared type I photosensitizer for photodynamic periodontitis treatment
Authors: Li Bohua , Chu Dandan , Cui Haohao , Li Zhanrong , Zhou Zhan , Tan Chaoliang , Li Jingguo 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAlthough molybdenum trioxide nanomaterials have been widely explored as nanoagents for biomedical applications against bacteria through photothermal therapy, chemodynamic therapy, and catalytic therapy, their utilization as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been rarely reported so far. Herein, we report the activation of MoO3 nanobelts via aqueous co‐intercalation of Na+ and H2O into their van der Waals gaps as a near‐infrared Type I photosensitizer for photodynamic periodontitis treatment. The Na+/H2O intercalation of MoO3 nanobelts can shorten its length, generate rich oxygen vacancies, and enlarge its interlayer gaps. Such structural changes thus can induce the color change from white to dark blue with a strong near‐infrared (NIR) absorption. When used as a photosensitizer, the I‐MoO3−x nanobelts exhibit much higher activities for the generation of superoxide radical (·O2−) under an 808 nm laser irradiation than that of the pristine MoO3 nanobelts. Therefore, the prepared I‐MoO3−x nanobelts show a spectral antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces aureus, thus yielding a good clinical therapeutic effect on periodontitis. Our study proves that aqueous intercalation can be a simple but powerful strategy to activate layered MoO3 nanomaterials for high‐performance PDT.
Microcommitments: Mitigating procrastination with more than a nudge
Authors: Felkey Amanda J. , Dziadula Eva , Chiang Eric P. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractTechnological improvements have changed the way class content is delivered and absorbed, with new modes of communication and collaboration creating viable alternatives to the traditional classroom. While online learning has many benefits in terms of greater flexibility and convenience, the lack of face‐to‐face interaction creates potential consequences in the form of greater propensity for procrastination in completing coursework. Microcommitments, defined as small daily tasks accompanied by a soft commitment device delivered via an online platform providing social accountability, increase engagement with course content and have been shown to improve exam performance among students enrolled in online courses. We randomly assigned 276 online students into a treatment or control group and investigate whether reduced procrastination may be a channel contributing to the observed gains in academic performance. Our results support this hypothesis as we document a reduction in procrastination. Students exposed to microcommitments with social accountability are nearly twice as likely to complete at least some of the assigned work more than a week prior to the due date as opposed to leaving all of the work for the last week.