bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of supernova neutrino signals by detectors and its future challenges
Authors: Gaba R. , Jaydip S. , Bhatnagar V. , Jyotsna S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Supernova neutrinos produced during a core collapse of a massive star, carries 99% of the energy produced during the violent phenomenon. These neutrinos are weakly interacting massive particles and can provide useful information for both particle physics (neutrino oscillations parameters) and astrophysics (explosion mechanism). This information can be used to explore physics beyond the standard model. Neutrinos escape from the supernova core hours before the light, so a neutrino signal providing information about supernova direction can enable early observation. The current generation of detectors, like, Super-Kamiokande (Super-K), Large Volume Detector (LVD), Borexino, Kamioka Liquid Scintillator Antineutrino Detector (KamLAND), and IceCube, as well as HALO, Daya Bay(reactor neutrino experiment) and NuMI Off-Axis νe
Appearance experiment (NOvA), have the ability to detect only a few orders of magnitude of events and the next generation experiment like, Hyper-Kamiokande (Hyper-K), Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), and Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) will have yet another order of magnitude in reach, as well as richer flavor sensitivity. This work will present a Monte Carlo based study using the SNOwGLoBES [1] package, which is used to estimate the event rate using folded fluxes, cross-sections, and detector smearing to determine mean expected neutrino interaction signals in multiple current and future detectors. A study is carried out for the calculation of core-collapse neutrino event rates in realistic detectors for different flux models, effects of different parameters on flux and its variation with time.
GRAVEL unfolding of gamma-ray spectra of CeBr3 detectors and related uncertainties
Authors: Dombrowski H. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Unfolded spectra are needed for the application of some
spectrum analysis methods. Frequently, iterative deconvolution
methods are used, especially if the spectra have a high
resolution. However, the uncertainties on the obtained results are
difficult to judge. In general, the user of an unfolding code gets
no information on the influence of chosen parameters, especially the
choice of the first estimate of the unfolded spectrum. General
studies regarding the uncertainties of unfolding algorithms are
difficult to perform, if not impossible, and therefore not
available. In this work, uncertainties of the results on the
iterative GRAVEL algorithm, which is based on SAND II, are closely
investigated by using medium resolution spectra recorded by using a
CeBr3 detector. Relevant parameters are varied systematically
to gain some information on the associated uncertainties on the
basis of examples. The uncertainty budget of the calculation of
total fluences and doses of unfolded spectra is compared with the
uncertainty budget of the results obtained by applying the
conversion method. The results allow, at least, the estimation of
the magnitude of typical uncertainties.
A mathematical model to identify the output variations of TrueBeam linear accelerators using Machine Performance Check evaluations
Authors: Borzì G.R. , Bonanno E. , Cavalli N. , Pace M. , Zirone L. , D'Anna A. , Stella G. , Marino C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The aim of this work is to find an effective mathematical model to identify the output variations of TrueBeam (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA, U.S.A.) linear accelerators (Linacs), using the daily output measurements performed with Machine Performance Check (MPC) tool. All daily output data, measured with MPC from July 2020 to October 2021, were exported and plotted for all energies investigated. After identifying the dates of dose calibration, the measurement period was divided into four and three sub-periods for photon and electron beams, respectively, common to the three Linacs; straight lines were applied to the data and slopes were analysed. Finally, all the output data were merged and a parameters optimisation process was performed that minimised the differences between output values measured by MPC and output values calculated by model. The output of Linacs under examination showed an increase for all photon and electron energies in agreement with the literature findings. MPC output trends were well represented by means of a linear mathematical model and the angular coefficients of the regression lines characterized the rate of daily output increase. The optimisation of the model provided an optimised angular coefficient for photon (0.0126% per day) and electron (0.0128% per day) beams. In this study, linear regression analysis is used to identify the TrueBeam output drift. The proposed model fitting daily MPC output data allows to define the right timing for preventive beams calibrations offering a tool to improve dose control.
Monte Carlo simulation of a high-efficacy composite material: feasibility for neutron and gamma ray shielding of Small Modular Reactor (SMR) facilities
Authors: Mukherjee B. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Secondary neutrons with energy distribution similar to that of a Small Modular Reactor
(SMR) was generated by bombarding a water target with 10 MeV proton beam from a Cyclotron and
analyzed using Monte Carlo (MC) technique. Transmission of neutrons (SMR-Analogue) through a batch
of spheres (r = 20 cm) made of a composite of Lead (PB), Boron Carbide (BC) and Polyethylene (PL)
granules of varying volume concentrations was investigated. An optimized blend of 50%(vol) PB,
2%(vol) BC and 48%(vol) PL: (50PB2BC48PL) giving the lowest neutron transmission factor was
evaluated. The tenth value layer thickness (TVLT) relevant to SMR neutrons in the optimized
composite and in ordinary concrete was calculated to be 5.6 cm and 25.4 cm respectively. The high
(50% vol) Lead content guaranteed a high attenuation of gamma rays co-produced by neutron
activation of reactor cooling water. Feasibility of the high-efficacy optimized compact composite
in radiological shielding of SMR is envisaged.
Injectable, self-healing poly(amino acid)-hydrogel based on phenylboronate ester bond for osteochondral tissue engineering
Authors: Li Guifei , Shi Zhen , Zong Hongjie , Zhang Kunxi , Yan Shifeng , Yin Jingbo 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A new generation of osteochondral integrated scaffolds is needed for articular osteochondral regeneration, which can not only facilitate the accurate construction of osteochondral scaffolds in a minimally invasive manner but also firmly combine the subchondral bone layer and cartilage layer. Herein, an osteochondral integrated hydrogel scaffold was constructed by the poly(L-glutamic acid) (PLGA) based self-healing hydrogels with phenylboronate ester (PBE) as the dynamic cross-linking. The bone layer self-healing hydrogel (hydrogel O-S) was prepared by physically blending nanohydroxyapatite into the self-healing hydrogel PLGA-PBE-S, which was fabricated by 3-aminophenylboronic acid/glycidyl methacrylate-modified PLGA (PLGA-GMA-PBA) and 3-amino-1,2-propanediol/N-(2-aminoethyl) acrylamide-modified PLGA (PLGA-ADE-AP). The cartilage layer self-healing hydrogel (hydrogel C-S) was prepared by PLGA-GMA-APBA and glucosamine- modified PLGA-ADE-AP (PLGA-ADE-AP-G). Excellent injectability and self-healing profiles of hydrogel O-S and C-S were observed, the self-healing efficiencies were 97.02% ± 1.06% and 99.06% ± 0.57%, respectively. Based on the injectability and spontaneous healing on the interfaces of hydrogel O-S and C-S, the osteochondral hydrogel (hydrogel OC) was conveniently constructed in a minimally invasive manner. In addition, in situ photocrosslinking was used to enhance the mechanical strength and stability of the osteochondral hydrogel. The osteochondral hydrogels exhibited good biodegradability and biocompatibility. The osteogenic differentiation genes BMP-2, ALPL, BGLAP and COL I of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) in the bone layer of the osteochondral hydrogel were significantly expressed, and the chondrogenic differentiation genes SOX9, aggrecan and COL II of ASCs in the cartilage layer of the osteochondral hydrogel were obviously upregulated after 14 d of induction. The osteochondral hydrogels could effectively promote repair of osteochondral defects after 3 months post-surgery.
Coordinating the electric vehicle transition and electricity grid decarbonization in the U.S. is not essential to achieving substantial long-term carbon dioxide emissions reductions
Authors: Leard Benjamin , Greene David 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
How quickly the US can decarbonize light-duty vehicle (LDV) transportation depends on the rates of change of electric vehicle (EV) sales, stock turnover, and grid decarbonization. We build a stock turnover model to assess how sensitive achieving 2050 LDV decarbonization targets is to these rates. We estimate carbon dioxide (CO2) reductions of 70%–85% by 2050, including emissions from vehicles and upstream electricity generation, provided that new vehicle sales transition to 100% EVs and substantial grid decarbonization are accomplished by 2050. This result is robust to continuation of long-term trends of increasing vehicle longevity, and to whether the timing of EV sales growth and grid decarbonization are coordinated. If the two key goals are met, the annual contribution of EV electricity use to CO2 emissions will be small over the entire period.
Is land use producing robust signals in future projections from Earth system models, all else being equal?
Authors: Tebaldi Claudia , Wehner Michael , Leung Ruby , Lawrence David 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
We use six Earth system models (ESMs) run under SSP3-7.0, a scenario characterized by a relatively large land use change (LUC) over the 21st century, and under a variant of the same scenario where a significantly different pattern of LUC, taken from SSP1-2.6, was used, all else being equal. Our goal is to identify changes in climate extremes between the two scenarios that are statistically significant and robust across the ESMs. The motivation for this study is to test a long-held assumption of the shared socio-economic pathway-representative concentration pathway (SSP-RCP) scenario framework: that the signal from LUC can be safely disregarded when pairing different SSPs to the compatible RCPs, where compatibility only considers global radiative forcing, predominantly determined by well-mixed greenhouse gasses emissions. We analyze extremes of daily minimum and maximum temperatures and precipitation, after fitting non-stationary generalized extreme value distributions in a way that borrows strength along the length of the simulation (2015–2100) and across initial condition ensembles. We consider changes in the 20 year return levels (RL20s) of these metrics by 2100, and focus on eight locations where LUC is large within each scenario, and strongly differs between scenarios, averaging the RL20s over a neighborhood characterized by the same LUC to enhance the signal to noise. We find that precipitation extremes do not show significant differences attributable to LUC differences. For temperature extremes (cold and hot) results are mixed, with some location-index combination showing significant results for some of the ESMs but not all, and not many coherent changes appearing for indices across regions, or regions across indices. These ESMs are representative of what is typically adopted as the source of climate information for impact studies, when the SSP-RCP framework is put to use. Overall, our analysis suggests that the hypothesis to pair SSPs to RCPs in a flexible fashion is overall defensible. However, the appearance of some coherence in a few locations and for some indices invites further investigation.
Evaluating net life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions intensities from gas and coal at varying methane leakage rates
Authors: Gordon Deborah , Reuland Frances , Jacob Daniel J , Worden John R , Shindell Drew , Dyson Mark 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The net climate impact of gas and coal life-cycle emissions are highly dependent on methane leakage. Every molecule of methane leaked alters the climate advantage because methane warms the planet significantly more than CO2 over its decade-long lifetime. We find that global gas systems that leak over 4.7% of their methane (when considering a 20-year timeframe) or 7.6% (when considering a 100 year timeframe) are on par with life-cycle coal emissions from methane leaking coal mines. The net climate impact from coal is also influenced by SO2 emissions, which react to form sulfate aerosols that mask warming. We run scenarios that combine varying methane leakage rates from coal and gas with low to high SO2 emissions based on coal sulfur content, flue gas scrubber efficiency, and sulfate aerosol global warming potentials. The methane and SO2 co-emitted with CO2 alter the emissions parity between gas and coal. We estimate that a gas system leakage rate as low as 0.2% is on par with coal, assuming 1.5% sulfur coal that is scrubbed at a 90% efficiency with no coal mine methane when considering climate effects over a 20 year timeframe. Recent aerial measurement surveys of US oil and gas production basins find wide-ranging natural gas leak rates 0.65% to 66.2%, with similar leakage rates detected worldwide. These numerous super-emitting gas systems being detected globally underscore the need to accelerate methane emissions detection, accounting, and management practices to certify that gas assets are less emissions intensive than coal.
Tetrahedron genuine entanglement measure of four-qubit systems
Authors: Guo Meng-Li , Jin Zhi-Xiang , Li Bo , Fei Shao-Ming 
Published: July 2023

AbstractQuantifying genuine entanglement is a key task in quantum information theory. We study the quantification of genuine multipartite entanglement for four-qubit systems. Based on the concurrence of nine different classes of four-qubit states, with each class being closed under stochastic local operation and classical communication, we construct a concurrence tetrahedron. Proper genuine four-qubit entanglement measure is presented by using the volume of the concurrence tetrahedron. For non genuine entangled pure states, the four-qubit entanglement measure classifies the bi-separable entanglement. We show that the concurrence tetrahedron based measure of genuine four-qubit entanglement is not equivalent to the genuine four-partite entanglement concurrence. We illustrate the advantages of the concurrence tetrahedron by detailed examples.
Public practice on the unused pharmaceutical waste and the effect on surface water
Authors: Khairunniza N , Aliyu M K 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Pharmaceutical waste is a waste that kept piling up by the days due to the increasing production of it. This issue leads to the detection of pharmaceutical waste residue in the water surface based on the previous studies that were conducted. This study was conducted to know the public practice on how they dispose of their unused pharmaceutical waste and help them to know the effect of that action to the water. A questionnaire was distributed to the target respondents to know their practice on how they dispose of the waste and the collected data were analysed to evaluate the public awareness about the effect of pharmaceutical waste to surface water. About 60 percent of the respondents knew that disposing of pharmaceutical waste can contaminate the surface water, yet there is still 24 percent of them that still dispose it by flushing it down the toilet. According to the study, the residue of the pharmaceutical waste can still be detected in drinking water even after water treatment. Antibiotic resistance may result from continued consumption even when there are no specific studies to demonstrate a direct connection to the water supply. It is also evident from the study that the respondents lacked sufficient knowledge about the proper and safe methods for disposing of unwanted pharmaceutical waste.
Analysis of hydrodynamic forces on freestanding risers with buoyancy cans
Authors: Earnest Praise , Al-Yacouby Ahmad Mahamad , Jarghouyeh Ehsan NikBakht 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Free-standing hybrid risers are vertical slender steel pipes that are commonly used in the oil and gas industry. These slender structures are subjected to complex hydrodynamic loads that results in fatigue damage. The tidal forces that develop on Freestanding Risers (FSR) with buoyancy cans (BC) because of varying outer pipe dimensions are investigated in this work. The study considered riser diameters of 0.2, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.6 meters as well as buoyancy can diameters ranging from 2, 3, 5 and 6 meters. The Morison equation was used in this study to investigate the wave hydrodynamic forces. Separate assessments of the lift force are also carried out consider a water depth (d) of 30 m. The findings reveal that the pipe diameter, wave heights and the wave periods have significant impacts on the hydrodynamic forces on the riser.
Assessment of river water quality improvement due to riverbank filtration (RBF) mechanism
Authors: Baharudin F , Zailani I , Hamzah N , Mohd Zaki Z Z , Mohamad I N 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Riverbank filtration (RBF) is a natural process where river water is induced to flow through riverbed soils to pumping wells located on the banks. It is a well-established and proven natural water treatment technology by having a series of physical and chemical processes during subsurface passage. This paper aims at the measurement of physical and chemical characteristics of river water and groundwater from riverbank filtration wells at Kg. Jenderam Hilir, Selangor and to assess the effectiveness of riverbank filtration through Water Quality Index (WQI) for both river water and groundwater. The riverbank filtration is able to improve quality of water such as reducing the turbidity to 0 NTU, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) to 3.67 mg/l, Suspended Solids (SS) to 6.33 mg/l and several other contents that existed in the river. In addition, the effectiveness of RBF is also proven based on the improvement of Water Quality Index (WQI) for Langat river from Class IV to Class III.
Evaluation lead removal kinetics modelling of adsorption by using composite of Chitosan and Ceramic waste
Authors: Bakar Siti Asmah , Geedi Hussein Saed , Khamidun Mohd Hairul , Mohamed Radin Maya Saphira Radin , Daud Mohammad Faizal Che , Md Ali Umi Fazara 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This study focuses on understanding the Pb adsorption kinetics from greywater using a composite of chitosan and ceramic waste (CCCW), which is suitable for preserving water quality. For ease and general application, a kinetic model with a simple expression and a manageable small set of parameters that nevertheless provides a fair adsorption description in the equilibrium state is still critical. Although some current kinetic models, such as the pseudo-second-order type, meet these conditions, their performance is still questionable, especially when applied to a variety of experimental data. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out with the predetermined value of the operational parameter such as adsorbent dosage, contact time, and shaking speed. Kinetic models such as pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, intraparticle diffusion kinetic model, Avrami model, and the Bangham model were used in this study to understand the kinetics of removal of lead from greywater. The efficacy results of adsorbent’s dose in lead removal process with increasing adsorption capacity with contact time from 0.0014 to 0.00277 mg/g, the removal efficiency increases from 45.90 to 90.83%. The most significant contribution of this work is an understanding of the optimal kinetics model that can describe the behaviour of lead adsorption on CCCW. Five models for the adsorption of Pb2+ have been identified to clarify the kinetics models’ usefulness in accuracy based on rank order. This study may provide insight into understanding the ability and usability of the appropriate model in kinetics adsorption.
Active cooling system for solar panels with silver nanofluid and water
Authors: Deivakumaran S , Chua Y L , Koh Y Y 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Solar panel is used to harvest solar energy through the photovoltaic panels to generate electricity. Due to the different intensity of the sun, the panel may be getting overheated during the operation which affect the performance. The research was conducted to analyse the efficiency of liquid immersion cooling technique with water, measure the differences of water and nanofluids under the liquid immersion technique, and determine the efficiency increase of the cooling system with additional cooling. The apparatus was set up to test the cooling system performance throughout the most active part of the day with sunlight. The collected data has shown an increase in the power efficiency of 12.66% in favour of silver nanofluid compared to water when the cooling system is attached with additional cooling capabilities. However, without the additional cooling capabilities, the difference in power output between silver nanofluid and water shows around 2.42% in favour of silver nanofluid. The use of nanofluid in this experiment indicates a noticeable increase in power efficiency through the ability to keep the panel better cooled throughout the day. This allows nanofluids to be used as a cooling fluid to remove heat form the solar panel.
Removal of Copper, Chromium, and Nickel Ions from aqueous solution by using different pre-treated orange peel
Authors: Low Wen-Pei , Lim Wen-Jie , Lee Hoong-Pin , Rahman Nurharniza Abdul 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In Malaysia, water pollution due to the various heavy metal contaminants has become a serious issue that needs to be concerned. Among various water treatment methods, the adsorption method has been considered one of the most efficient wastewater treatment techniques. This study was done to find out the adsorption capacity of orange peel (OP) by different pre-treatment in removing copper, chromium, and nickel ion from aqueous. OP powder was divided into three portions, which were untreated OP, pretreated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) OP, and detergent OP respectively. Each chemical solution that contains copper, chromium and nickel respectively was tested by these three adsorbents. From the experiment, NaOH pretreated OP was found highest performance in removing 85.67% of nickel and 81.55% of copper. While the untreated OP was good in removing 91.2% of chromium. The untreated OP for nickel ions and copper ions, Detergent treated OP for nickel ions and chromium ions were best fitted to Langmuir Isotherm, while untreated OP for chromium ions, detergent treated OP for copper ions and NaOH treated OP for all selected metal ions were best fitted to Freundlich Isotherm. In short, OP can be considered a very good adsorbent choice due to its good adsorption capacity, environment-friendly nature and low-cost characteristics.