bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Local Antibody Formation in the Nervous System of Paralyzed, Poliomyelitis Convalescent Monkeys
Authors: Sabin Albert B. , Steigman Alex J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Suspensions, consisting predominantly of the gray matter of the anterior horns of the spinal cord, obtained from rhesus monkeys 27 to 39 days after paralysis produced by the intracerebral injection of any one of three strains of poliomyelitis virus of recent human origin, were tested for antiviral activity against approximately 10 LD50 of the Lansing strain in mice and approximately 20 PD50 of the homologous strains in monkeys. Large numbers of mice and monkeys were used in these tests, but no antiviral activity was found. These results are not in agreement with the report, based on tests in mice, of the presence of high antiviral activity in similar preparations from the spinal cord of paralyzed monkeys, convalescent from infection with the Lansing virus, and do not support the hypothesis of local antibody formation in the nervous system.
Inhibitory Effect of Human Saliva on Hemagglutination by Influenza Virus a (PRS Strain) and the Swine Influenza Virus
Authors: Seltsam J. H. , Lanni Frank , Beard J. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A technique is described for collecting separately the secretion of the parotid gland and the combined secretions of the submaxillary (SM) and sublingual (SL) glands.
The SM-SL secretion from a given individual has a lower nitrogen content than parotid secretion but exerts a higher inhibitory activity against hemagglutination by influenza virus A (PR8 strain) or swine influenza virus. The inhibition is based on a reaction between inhibitor and virus. The SM-SL inhibitor is fairly thermostable, about 30 per cent remaining after 40 minutes at 100 C. The inhibitor is destroyed by unheated virus but not by virus heated for 30 minutes at 53 C. Heated virus is more susceptible than unheated virus to inhibition.
The SM-SL secretion also contains an agglutinin for chicken RBC; this factor is typically absent from parotid secretion. The hemagglutinin appears to be a factor distinct from the salivary inhibitor since the titers of the two are not correlated and since the hemagglutinin can be selectively absorbed out with RBC and selectively neutralized with traces of heparin.
Mouse-Pox (Infectious Ectromelia of Mice): A Review
Authors: Fenner Frank 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. Following Jenner's demonstration that the inoculation of cowpox virus protected humans against subsequent infection with smallpox, numerous vaccine lymph laboratories were established throughout the civilized world. In 1886 Buist (11) described the elementary bodies of vaccinia and variola, but it was not until 1906 that Paschen (80) demonstrated their etiological role. During the ensuing thirty-three years, especially in the period 1920–1940, vaccinia virus has been intensively studied. These investigations were greatly simplified by the wide range of animal hosts susceptible to vaccinia virus infection, and by the resistance of the virus to heat, so that it could be easily handled in the laboratory. As a result there probably is a larger body of data about vaccinia virus, its host range, antigenic constitution, and chemical structure, than about any other animal virus. Contrasting with this wealth of knowledge about laboratory aspects of vaccinia virus is the paucity of reliable information of the epidemiology and inter-relationships of the natural pox diseases of animals.
The Quantitative Estimation of Serum Albumin in Human Body Fluids by Direct Titration with Specific Horse Antiserum
Authors: Gitlin David , Davidson Charles S. , Wetterlow Leslie H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A horse was immunized with crystallized normal human serum albumin. The antibody response paralleled that previously observed during immunization of horses with egg albumin or diphtheria toxoid. An early bleeding yielded serum which did not contain precipitins for human serum albumin, but which did inhibit the precipitation of this antigen by specific rabbit antiserum. Serum obtained from subsequent bleedings gave the typical toxin-antitoxin precipitation curve.
Various methods for quantitative estimation of human serum albumin by precipitation with horse antiserum were tried, but most proved tedious and exacting. By taking advantage of the rapid rate of reaction between human serum albumin and horse antibody and its reversibility in the zone of antigen excess, a simple, quick direct titration procedure was developed and shown to yield results which agreed remarkably well with the electrophoretic estimation of human serum albumin in fractions of human plasma and in serum or other body fluids obtained from patients.
Serological Reactions in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Pike Robert M. , Sulkin S. Edward , Coggeshall Howard C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Methods of demonstrating the effect of serum from patients with rheumatoid arthritis on the agglutination of sheep erythrocytes by small amounts of rabbit antisheep-cell serum are described and the influence of certain factors on the reaction is indicated. The degree of agglutination obtained is dependent upon the concentration of antisheep-cell antibody, which should be standardized for this test on the basis of its agglutinating rather than its hemolytic capacity. The property of rheumatoid-arthritis serum affecting the agglutination of sensitized sheep cells was found to be stable on storage for several months.
Immunization of Guinea Pigs with a Soluble Antigen Obtained from Brucella Abortus
Authors: Larson Carl L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Immunization of animals against infections with Brucella sp. has been accomplished by employing living attenuated strains of Br. abortus as the antigen. Attempts have been made to immunize guinea pigs against brucella infections, employing as antigens killed organisms or fractions obtained by extraction. Huddleson (1) ground dried Brucella in distilled water and preserved the supernatant fraction obtained after centrifugation by addition of ethyl ether. Among 247 guinea pigs vaccinated with this material, only 9.0 per cent became infected while among 238 control animals 63.4 per cent became infected after receiving a challenge dose of Br. abortus. Live, Sperling and Stubbs (2) killed Br. abortus with ethyl ether and immunized guinea pigs with this material. Among 80 control animals 75 or 93.7 per cent developed brucellosis while among 43 animals vaccinated subcutaneously with the ether-killed vaccine 18 or 41.8 per cent became infected and among 17 animals vaccinated intracutaneously only 3 or 17.6 per cent became infected when given varying numbers of Br. abortus.
A Nonspecific Heat-Labile Factor in the Serum Neutralization Test for Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Howitt Beatrice F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
From the further studies on the neutralization tests against Newcastle disease virus in human sera reported here, it has been found that the positive results previously published (1) were due to a nonspecific heat-labile factor present in the sera in varying amounts according to the conditions of serum preservation. Heating to 56 C for 30 minutes completely destroyed the virucidal activity of all sera except those from specifically immunized animals. The neutralizing activity of immune sera was lowered by inactivation but could be enhanced by addition of fresh normal serum.
This virucidal factor for NDV was found in large amounts in the normal sera of man, monkey, rabbit, and guinea pig in correlation with the hemolytic activity of the complement. It was absent in the sera of the ferret, hamster, chicken, and mouse, although complement was detectable in the sera of the first three animals but not in that of the mouse. It may be associated quantitatively with one of the four components of complement, although there remains the possibility that another serum component may be the responsible factor.
Both the complement and the neutralizing ability for NDV of normal sera can be preserved for over a year if the serum is kept frozen either at −10 C or in the dry ice refrigerator. These activities are completely lost, however, after storage at 4 to 6 C for varying time periods.
The Inactivation of Rh-Antibodies by Peroxidase
Authors: Wagley Philip F. , Sizer Irwin W. , Diamond Louis K. , Allen Fred H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Anti-Rh agglutinins were inactivated by peroxidase in the presence of H2O2. This inactivation was by peroxidative oxidation and did not depend necessarily on the presence of any low molecular weight dialysable factor. Uric acid does not enhance the effect of peroxidase but may actually interfere with the inactivation. Peroxidative inactivation of anti-Rh agglutinins has been correlated with a decrease in ratio of maximum to minimum absorption in the ultraviolet spectrum of the oxidized serum proteins, manometric evidence of oxidation of human globulin containing anti-Rh agglutinins, and microbiological assay evidence of a decrease of tyrosine groups after treatment of the serum proteins with peroxidase plus H2O2. Although this evidence is not considered conclusive, and the effect is not specific for Rh antibodies, it is suggested that the biological activity of the anti-Rh agglutinin may require intact and unaltered tyrosine moieties in the protein antibody.
The Effect of Low Temperatures on Vaccines of Influenza Virus and on Purified Influenza Virus
Authors: Penttinen Kari 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The purpose of this investigation was to obtain information on the effect of subfreezing temperatures on the destruction of the hemagglutinating capacity of influenza vaccines and purified influenza virus.
Vaccines prepared by adsorption-elution showed no change in hemagglutinin titer during eight days' storage when frozen.
Vaccines prepared by centrifugation showed a marked decrease in hemagglutinin titer during eight days' storage at −10 C to −20 C. In higher and lower subfreezing temperatures the destruction was slower. The effect of repeated freezing and thawing processes was comparatively small.
In experiments with purified virus the hemagglutinating capacity of the virus diluted in phosphate buffer, as compared with virus diluted in buffered saline, was less stable at subfreezing temperatures and this phenomenon could be exaggerated by pH changes or by addition of formalin.
Studies on Chick-Embryo Adapted Rabies Virus
Authors: Koprowski Hilary , Black Jack 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The pathogenic properties of three egg-adapted strains of rabies virus (NYC, NIH and Flury) were studied in dogs.
Administered intraneurally the NYC and NIH strains were more virulent than the Flury strain.
The Flury strain was completely innocuous to dogs when inoculated either into the masseter or the thigh muscles.
Vaccination of 76 dogs by the intramuscular route with preparations of the Flury strain of living rabies virus at various egg-passage levels indicated excellent immunogenic properties of the strain as judged by the results of challenge with street strain of rabies virus.
The Flury strain was immunologically superior to the two other egg-adapted strains, also employed in the living stage for vaccination purposes.
These findings are discussed in the light of possible use of the egg-adapted Flury strain living rabies virus for mass vaccination of the canine population.
Colorado Tick Fever
Authors: Florio Lloyd , Miller Mabel Stewart , Mugrage Edward R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Wood ticks were collected from three areas near Denver where cases of Colorado tick fever had presumably been acquired. These ticks were divided into ten pools, nine of which showed evidence of infection with the virus of Colorado tick fever on the basis of lowered white blood cell counts. Neutralization tests were done on five of these and compared to two established laboratory strains of the virus. On the basis of the neutralizing power of one human immune serum, there was but little difference between our laboratory strains and field isolations. The wood tick has thus been shown experimentally to be a vector of Colorado tick fever. Laboratory reared adult wood ticks were carried through a complete cycle using hamsters to feed the various stages. The original ticks were considered disease-free, since none of the animals used to feed them or injected with the various stages of ground ticks showed lowered white blood cell counts. Some of the disease-free adult ticks and their larvae and nymphs were allowed to feed on hamsters infected with an established laboratory strain of Colorado tick fever virus, and were then carried through the cycle to the next generation of adults. Each stage was tested either by grinding the ticks and injecting hamsters with the supernatant or testing the hamsters on which the ticks fed, or both. Only the eggs failed to elicit evidence of infection on grinding and injecting, although the progeny from these eggs were infected. Both male and female adult ticks were found to be infected.
The original virus used to infect the ticks was recovered from the progeny in an unmodified form as measured by the minimal infective dose and neutralizing power of the immune serum.
The virus of Colorado tick fever is transovarially transmitted in the wood tick. Virus acquired in either the larval or nymphal stages is likewise transmitted to the adult.
Colorado Tick Fever
Authors: Florio Lloyd , Miller Mabel Stewart , Mugrage Edward R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Dog ticks obtained from Long Island, New York were suspected of harboring the virus of Colorado tick fever, based on the following evidence: Hamsters injected with serum from the animal that fed the adult ticks showed a splenic reaction characteristic of Colorado tick fever, as did animals injected with ground larvae. Hamsters infected with Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Q fever, and tularemia failed to show a similar reaction. Serial passage of serum in hamsters resulted in low white blood cell counts, consistent with Colorado tick fever infection. Male guinea pigs injected with the suspect material or with virus from established laboratory strains of Colorado tick fever failed to elicit any reaction, unlike animals that are inoculated with Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Q fever, or tularemia. The agent passed a 24 mμ gradocol membrane, as do the laboratory strains of Colorado tick fever virus. Two additional strains were isolated from another lot of Dermacentor variabilis, also from Long Island. Evidence of infection was based on lowered white blood cell counts. Cross immunity experiments in which recovered animals infected with one minimal infective dose of virus and challenged three weeks later with three minimal infective doses of both eastern and western strains showed the animals to be completely protected. Neutralization tests using a human immune serum and hamster immune serums were carried out. In the first instance all the available strains of virus were tested. The eastern showed a lower titer than the western strains. When random selections of eastern and western strains were tested against hamster immune serums to these same viruses, no difference in titer was detectable. The reason for this difference is unknown. The virus of Colorado tick fever, or a very closely related virus immunologically has been isolated from Dermacentor variabilis on Long Island. The disease has not been reported from this area.
Mutation to Heat Resistance in Coliphage T5
Authors: Adams Mark H. , Lark Gordon 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A new kind of virus mutation is reported for coli-phage T5. The mutant form is about a thousand-fold more stable than the wild type in low concentrations of salt. In high salt concentrations or in broth the two varieties of phage T5 appear to be equally stable.
No difference in properties of the two forms could be found other than their difference in temperature stability as a function of salt concentration. The mutant form is the same as the wild type in rate of adsorption to host cell, rate of reaction with anti-T5 serum, requirement of calcium ion for growth, and in the parameters of the one step growth curve.
Single plaque stocks of the heat susceptible form of phage T5 contain about 0.1 per cent of phage particles which are as heat resistant as the mutants but which are unable to transmit this property to their descendants, that is, they are phenotypically heat resistant but genotypically heat susceptible.
It is proposed to designate the heat resistant mutant T5 st for stable and the heat susceptible wild type T5 st+.
Serological Studies on Infectious Mononucleosis and Viral Hepatitis with Human Erythrocytes Modified by Different Strains of Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Evans Alfred S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Hemagglutinating properties of sera from cases of infectious mononucleosis and viral hepatitis, and certain other diseases have been studied, employing human red blood cells modified by adsorption and elution of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Serum from 17 per cent of 59 cases of infectious mononucleosis agglutinated red cells modified by the Connecticut strain of NDV in higher titer than found in serum of normal individuals, whereas serum from 74.5 per cent of the same cases agglutinated red cells similarly modified by an Australian strain. Individual titers were often in a much higher range with the latter strain. Absorption experiments indicate that red cells modified by either strain of NDV react with the same component of serum. Elevated titers were found in serums from 32 per cent of 40 cases of viral hepatitis studied with red cells modified by the Connecticut strain of NDV, and 26 per cent of 90 cases similarly studied using an Australian strain. Elevated titers were obtained in 13 per cent of patients with other infectious diseases whose serum was tested against red cells altered by the Connecticut strain, and in 10 per cent employing an Australian strain. The amount of residual virus present on the red cell after adsorption and elution, the hemagglutinin titer against chicken and human red cells, and the infectivity titer for eggs were all closely comparable for these virus strains as well as for 2 other strains of NDV. When subjected to elevated temperatures, differences in the stability of the chicken red cell hemagglutinin of 4 strains of NDV were demonstrable.
Factors Affecting the Propagation of Theiler's Gdvii Mouse Encephalomyelitis Virus in Tissue Cultures
Authors: Pearson Harold E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The GDVII strain of Theiler's mouse encephalomyelitis has been carried through 50 serial passages in flasks of Simms' solution with minced brains of embryonic or one day mice; brains from mice as old as 9 days may be used.
Temperature range for growth is 31–37 C; optimal pH is 7–9, the higher pH favors more rapid virus production.
Culture flasks of medium and tissue stored for as long as 2 days at 5 C or 35 C before virus was added still yielded as much virus after incubation as if fresh tissue was used.
Glucose increased yield of virus at pH 7 but not at pH 9.
The following substances did not affect yield of virus in culture: CO, NH4Cl, NaF, Al, Cr, Sr, d-ribose, lactate, succinate, pyruvate, thiamine, riboflavin, nucleic acid, choline, alanine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, thyroxin, sulfadiazine, para-aminobenzoic acid.
The following substances decreased yield of virus, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Co, Ni, NaCN, NaN3, iodoacetate and 2,4-dinitrophenol.
Virus was also carried through 26 passages in tissue cultures of chick embryo brain but not other chick embryo tissues.
Virus was passed 20 times in embryonated eggs of 8–16 days by intracerebral injection. Embryos usually survived without gross or histologic signs of infection.
Serological Relationships Existing between Bacterial Parasites and Their Hosts
Authors: Gillespie Hazel B. , Steber Madje Stacy , Scott Elizabeth Netto , Christ Yvonne Serett 
Published: January 2023

Summary
One hundred strains of aerobic and facultative bacteria were isolated from fecal specimens from one healthy human being (HBI); 99 similar strains were isolated from a second healthy human being (HBII). Eighty-six of the 100 strains from HBI and all of the strains from HBII belonged in the coliform group.
Of the 86 coliform strains isolated from HBI, 61 typical Escherichia strains and 1 strain that resembled Bacterium coli-mutabile were agglutinated when combined with HBI serum in dilutions ranging from 1:640 to 1:1,280, and 10 strains (3 typical Escherichia cultures and 7 slow-lactose-fermenters) were agglutinated to titres of 1:160 or 1:320. Fourteen of the coliform organisms (1 typical Escherichia and 13 Escherichia-like forms that produced orange-brown pigment) and 11 of the non-coliform types failed to react with serum dilutions higher than 1:40. Three gram-negative, non-lactose-fermenting rods were agglutinated to a titre of 1:80.
Positive precipitin tests were obtained with HBI serum and a coliform strain that was agglutinated by HBI serum diluted 1:1,280.
Ninety-two of the 99 coliform strains from HBII were agglutinated when combined with HBII serum in dilutions ranging from 1:80 to 1:160; 2 strains were agglutinated by serum dilutions of 1:320; 5 failed to be agglutinated by serum dilutions higher than 1:40.
At the beginning of this investigation the agglutinin concentrations in serum from HBI, HBII, and HBIV for Salmonella typhosa H and O, S. paratyphi, and S. schottmülleri antigens were, in general, too low to be considered significant. Following the ingestion of typhoid-paratyphoid vaccine, the agglutinin titres for certain typhoid-paratyphoid antigens increased slightly in the serum of each of the 3 human beings. HBI, whose serum contained unusually high anticoliform antibody concentrations, did not respond to ingested typhoid-paratyphoid antigens as actively as did HBII and HBIV.
The ingestion of killed suspensions of 2 native coliform strains for which HBI had not naturally produced high concentrations of antibodies failed to elicit a demonstrable antibody response in HBI.
Although living Lactobacillus acidophilus cells were maintained in large numbers in the intestinal tract of HBI for a period of 14 months by feeding acidophilus milk, no antibodies for them could be demonstrated in serum from their host.
The high antibody concentrations for particular coliform strains in serum from HBI remained practically constant over a period of 4 years.