bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uplifting the Productivity of a Mature Gas Giant in Pakistan Using Integrated Asset Modelling
Authors: Ahmed Sheraz , Muhammad Waqas Ghulam , Sheikh Hafiz Mustafa Ud Din 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIt's almost certain that the oil & gas industry has passed its plateau for large field discoveries. This places an extra burden on the efficient handling of our mature assets, as reasonable amount of hydrocarbon still exists in such reservoirs. However, the ever-increasing cost of new projects and low production gains hardly justify the economics. This study presents a novel approach applied on a mature gas giant, in order to revitalize old wells, optimize surface network and exploit the scattered sweet spots still prevailing in the field, with integrated surface and subsurface engineering strategies.The field under study has been producing since 1955, with around 112 wells, completed in four independent formations. The primary reservoir (Reservoir-A) is categorized as a depletion-drive gas reservoir and has been on production since the field's inception; the reservoir pressure has depleted from 1,900psi to 300psi. The other formations: Reservoir B, C & D started producing from 1968, 2000 and 2015 respectively. At its peak, the field produced ~1,000 MMscfd gas; but lately, the production decline rose to around 7-8% annually, mainly due to natural depletion. However, deterioration in well performances and limitations of surface facilities (feederlines, Gas-Gathering-Mains (GGMs) and compressors) have also exacerbated this decline, due to the additional pressure drops amassed in their flow dynamics with reservoir pressure depletion & water production.To counter the field's rapid production decline, a comprehensive workflow and an Integrated Asset model was developed, with an absolute focus on the NPV for each development. At the subsurface level, Reservoir-B (still under-developed) was the first targeted, as most of its wells were producing at uneconomical rates. An ant-tracking algorithm was run on the newly acquired 3D-seismic; and natural fractures - near the 02 high producers in Reservoir-B, were analyzed. A workflow was then developed to target similar fractures and the integrated impact, on surface facilities, was evaluated. Finally, three successful pilots were drilled in Reservoir-B and Reservoir-C, to evaluate the post-drill dynamics. Based on the real-time performances of these pilots with existing producers and surface facilities, the integrated field model was updated, coupling the wells, surface facilities and all four reservoirs (with independent reservoir models). As a result of this integrated model, 12 more wells, 09 workovers, 02 GGM optimizations and 03 compressor modification jobs were finalized; giving an overall increase in EUR by 800 BCF, while the NPV of the field increased by 131 MM$.This study offers an innovative approach that has been followed to utilize each data-set systematically, in order to re-vitalize a field even after 84% depletion. The paper also describes the evaluation process for all the optimization opportunities and their impact on the NPVs, to reap the maximum reward from such an old field.
Lessons Learnt from the Completion Design for a HPHT Sour Gas Field Development in Offshore Sarawak
Authors: Grant CW Graham , Bandyopadhyay Parthasarathi , Wejwittayaklung Kittipat , Mansion James Hunter , Ong Swee Hong Gary , Konganuntragul Pornchuda , Toempromraj Wararit , Jantasuwanna Prapaporn , Lee Choon How , Chia Boon Shin , Lewis David 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis paper deals with the lessons learned during the completion design for a HPHT gas field (Field-X) offshore Sarawak, Malaysia. It is a carbonate reservoir with more than 500 meters of the gas column containing between 6-10 tcf of OGIP making it one of the major discoveries in recent years in this region. However, the combination of HPHT and the presence of about 18% CO2 and 2% H2S in the gas makes it a complex development, particularly for well and completion design.To address the challenges associated with the development of this field, a taskforce was formed with personnel from all relevant disciplines to come up with an appropriate design that can help produce from this reservoir safely. The project is now in the detailed design phase where the final aspects of the completion designs are being formulated. Considering that this will be one of the first development in this area with this combination of reservoir conditions, it is expected that the lessons learned from this project will support other future developments too.The paper discusses lessons learned during the design process specifically related to material selection for the highly sour environment, temperature modeling, identification of annulus pressure envelopes and their management, perforation philosophy, and surveillance methods for both reservoir management and well integrity.Another aspect which affects the overall well and completion philosophy for a complex development is the challenges associated with procurement and component qualification. At this stage, the key issues are being identified and will be briefly covered in this paper.
Microplastics Baseline Study in Gulf of Thailand: First Time in Thailand
Authors: Channarong Witthaya , Taranut Nuttapong , Thamrongnawasawat Thon 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Microplastics Baseline Study was initiated with a collaboration between PTTEP and Kasetsart University. The objective of this project is to measure microplastics level in the GoT through the use of PTTEP strength in location advantage cover PTTEP offshore facilities, Koh Losin, Koh Tao, and a coastal area in Chumphon. The baseline data was developed to support the government agencies scheme in fighting with Microplastics and identification of opportunities for further improvement.
The microplastic sampling was conducted 3 times at each location and twice between 2020 – 2021 through the use of Manta net (the global standard tool) by the well trained PTTEP operators onsite. All collected Microplastic samples were sent to analyze microplastic components through the use of the cutting-edge technology such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The result of Microplastics Baseline Study in the GoT is used as part of the Microplastics baseline data of Thailand.
The study found that the average numbers of microplastics particles in water from our 3 offshore assets are between 0.33- 1.26 pieces of mini-microplastics/m3 of water or 82,137-314,009 pieces/km2, close to the level found in the Eastern North Pacific, compared to other studies from oversea, this is more than the study from the northwest Atlantic (12,000-20,000 particles/km2) but more akin to the study of the northeast pacific (90,000-278,000 particles/km2) and less than that of Pacific garbage patch (1,345,000 particles/km2). The study also showed that the portion of offshore microplastics from fibers usually found in fishery tools like nets and fishing lines is high when compared to nearshore microplastics. (48% Fishing Net/ Line). PTTEP aims to foster collaboration among academics and private sectors in safeguarding the oceans with the ultimate goal of achieving concrete marine resource conservations.
The study marked Thailand's first attempt in conducting a baseline study of microplastics in the GoT and the world's first attempt to use a petroleum platform as a station to collect microplastic data.
Towards Sustainable Excellence & Biodiversity Protection in Upstream O & G Facility
Authors: Alsinan Ali , Rehman Khalilur , Bakodah Ahmad 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Objective
The objective is to showcase the Abu Ali facility's commitment to protecting and preserving the Abu Ali biodiversity ecosystem. The project demonstrates a modern sustainable, circular, innovative and systemic approach to target the biodiversity threats in multi-dimensional aspects and transforms these threats into opportunities to improve the island's ecosystem. The island is important to Aramco's upstream operations because it houses an oil and gas production facility. The organization has determined its environmental goals from the corporate policies and vision to be as follows.
Contribute to reaching the company's and the kingdom's vision for being a net zero-carbon operating facility by 2050 and 2060, respectively, by reducing and offsetting greenhouse gases’ impact on climate. Support the Saudi Green Initiative by planting mangroves and trees in the Abu Ali Island and seeking for sourcing out the mangrove seeds to other entities. Align and adapt with carbon circular economy (CCE) approaches in reusing/repairing/recycling wasted materials and resources turning them into valuable products. Protect, preserve and enhance the Abu Ali biodiversity area to create an integrated ecosystem for wildlife, marine life, and birds. Be recognized at the corporate, nationally, and internationally as a role model in environmental protection stewardship.
Secondary Versus Tertiary Polymer Flooding: A Laboratory Evaluation in Low Permeability HT/HS Carbonate Reservoir Conditions
Authors: Ould Metidji Mahmoud , Juarez Morejon Jose Luis , Garcia Mayoral Maria Flor , Rodriguez Pardo Maria Rosario , Montes Ruiz Jesus , Lereau Damien , Monzon Vazquez Jorge , Dupuis Guillaume 
Published: February 2023

AbstractPolymer flooding is a well-established EOR technique widely implemented in sandstone reservoirs. Sulfonated acrylamide-based copolymers recently proved their potential in harsh HT/HS carbonate reservoirs with pilot tests upcoming in the Middle East. While polymer flooding is often classified as a tertiary recovery method, the present study aims to evaluate EOR efficiencies in secondary and tertiary recovery scenarios. The polymer selection process and characterization in porous media are described in detail.The study was conducted on a lab-scale at a temperature of 120°C. The salinity of seawater used for injection was 42 g/L TDS. The polymer selection was based on a thorough rheology and filterability study. The coreflooding tests were performed on limestone outcrops with permeability in the range of 40 mD. Single-phase experiments were performed to evaluate the impact of a pre-shearing step and study the in-situ rheology. Secondary and tertiary oil recovery experiments were conducted using reservoir dead oil. In all experiments, the tracer method was used to determine dynamic adsorption.The rheology and filterability study identified the best candidate (SAV 10) among three different molecular weight polymers containing the same high-sulfonation level. The target viscosity for the desired mobility ratio was 3 cP at 120°C, achieved with a polymer concentration of 3500 ppm. The single-phase experiments suggested that pre-shearing the polymer reduced the apparent shear thickening at high velocities due to a reduction in viscoelastic properties. The best oil recovery performances were obtained in the secondary mode (polymer flood applied at Swi) with a 15% higher recovery when compared to the tertiary mode (after reaching Sorw). The results correlate with a later breakthrough for the earlier polymer flood case. In both cases the mobility ratio was comparable (0.18-0.20) and much lower than waterflooding (1.5). The polymer dynamic adsorption estimated with the tracer method was about 140 μg/g rock in brine saturated cores, decreasing to ∼100 μg/g rock in the presence of residual oil saturation. The in-situ rheology evaluation after stable recovery was reached following polymer flooding (Sorp), evidenced less apparent shear thickening, which could be related to a change in the conformation of the pores in the presence of oil.Most studies reported on secondary and tertiary polymer flooding focused on the case of heavy-oil sandstone reservoirs. The present work introduces new insights on early implementation of polymer flooding to optimize oil production by maximizing the performance of the method in HT/HS carbonate reservoirs. Furthermore, our study provides new insights about sulfonated acrylamide-base copolymer rheology in porous media for low permeability carbonate cores.
Completion Integrity Evaluation by Distributed Acoustic and Temperature Sensing Data Acquisition Through Coiled Tubing Real-Time Telemetry System
Authors: Malik Ataur R , Espinosa Galvis Mauricio A. , Ghamdi Abdullah A. , Ahmed Danish 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAn intensive well integrity (WI) examination was carried out utilizing distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) and distributed temperature sensing (DTS) tools through coiled tubing (CT) with real-time telemetry system in a horizontal gas well completed with open hole (OH) multi-stage fracturing (MSF) completion. During well completion, an unexpected leak in the lower completion led the OH packers not to effectively set. The WI examination was needed to locate the leak and effectively salvage the well.With DAS and DTS systems connected to the optical-fiber cable through the CT pressure bulk head at surface, CT conveying a bottom hole assembly consisting of conventional noise logging tool, temperature and pressure sensors, gamma ray and casing collar locator was run in the wellbore to the toe depth. The DAS and DTS data were recorded under shut-in, flowing and injection conditions keeping the CT stationed near to the toe depth. After recording DAS and DTS data in each shut-in, flowing and injection modes, noise logging was also performed by moving the CT across the entire horizontal section.The DAS optical interrogator unit connected, at surface, to optical-fiber cable deployed in the well successfully measured the Rayleigh backscattered light to provide a local measurement of the dynamic strain, which was converted into seismic wave fronts. The purpose of running noise logging tool was to validate acoustic wave fronts and interpretation obtained from the DAS and DTS. This comprehensive investigation involving DAS and DTS allowed to detect acoustic events simultaneously at multiple points along the entire wellbore through its capacity of providing the fluid movement visualization and detection: into or out of reservoir and evaluation of flow behind pipe and OH packers. DAS and DTS have also proved to be quick and operationally efficient techniques that can be done with minimum number of trips to surface and without complex bottom hole assembly.DAS system provided an opportunity for seismic data acquisition, where it significantly improved the efficiency of wellbore integrity diagnostic operations. A full well profile was recorded for each scenario in only minutes, rather than hours for a conventional tool survey. This paper elaborates facts on DAS data acquisition and how first time DAS data acquisition led to create a difference as comparison to the use of conventional CT.
Dual-String Barrier Evaluation Innovative Technology for Efficient P&A Operation Impacting CO2 Emissions
Authors: Zahmuwl Alhadi , Singh Kamaljeet , Wielemaker Erik , Bose Sandip , Zeroug Smaine , Assad Ali , Loov Rob , Ishberdina Gulnara , Martini Luca 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAbandoning a well after it reaches the end of its life cycle requires a barrier evaluation operation across multiple strings. The traditional method for barrier evaluation requires exposing the outer casing by a cut and pull or section mill of the inner casing so that the outer casing can be logged, to verify the barrier seal. The cut and pull and subsequent inner casing/tubing recovery or section milling operations are costly and time consuming, often lasting for several days, thus increasing the overall plug and abandonment (P&A) cost and carbon emissions. This paper will describe a novel logging technology, allowing barrier evaluation of two strings simultaneously without the need to remove the inner string. The dual-string barrier evaluation technology is based on combining advanced ultrasonic multimodality physics with a multimodal deep-probing array sonic measurement providing the capability to map the axial and azimuthal material coverage in the first and second annuli simultaneously. The technology is applicable to evaluate tubing-casing dual-string or casing-casing dual-string environments.Based on the new technology, operators are no longer required to remove the inner string to evaluate the outer string. This approach revolutionizes conventional operations by reducing P&A rig days to minimize costs and overall carbon emissions. Furthermore, when proactively performing dual-string barrier evaluation offline or rigless in a number of wells marked for P&A, operators can use the log data to optimize future rig-based operations, minimize contingencies, and possibly prioritize the rig schedule for specific wells only.This paper discusses an offshore case study where the technology was used in two wells in the southern North Sea during the P&A phase. The measurements and observations with dual-string logging technology will be presented in addition to a validation exercise after pulling the inner string. These dual-string log measurements were subsequently used to streamline the abandonment program in realtime resulting in minimized rig time and scope, subsequently reducing overall carbon emissions.Even though the case study covers wells from a P&A operation, the dual-string technology is equally useful in other well scenarios such as sidetracks or even monitoring barrier integrity in production wells in long-term time-lapse well integrity monitoring.The technology can evaluate different types of barrier material such as cement or formation (shale/salt) squeeze or barite sag in both the first and second strings. Formation squeeze from specific North Sea shale (Williams et al. 2009) or salt members has been tested to act as a competent barrier.
Kasawari Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Unfolding the Largest Offshore CCS Project Realization
Authors: Mohamed Najib Mohamed Aiman , Zainalabidin Muhammad Aizuddin , A Rahman Aina Suharny , Nor Azlan Ahmad Zikri , Mustafa M Azlan , Veroba Grant , Nordin Norsham 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Kasawari Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project is positioned as the world largest offshore CCS upon its commencement by 2025. It is developed as the first CCS project by PETRONAS. It targets to inject up to 3.7Mt CO2e per annum (MTPA), store approximately 80MT of CO2e over 25 years of operation. The scale is significant as it represents 9% of global CCS operation (2021) and anchors PETRONAS’ pathway for Net Zero Carbon Emission (NZCE) by 2050. This paper elaborates on the key challenges, major decisions, and learnings for value assurance in scope definition throughout Framing, Feasibility, and Concept Select phase as per Front End Loading (FEL) methodology. It serves as a future reference in overcoming similar CCS scale complexity and spur momentum for larger industry adoption to meet Net Zero Emissions target by 2050.
Large Capacity Data Microchip Transmission System and its Opportunities
Authors: Gramajo Eduardo , Li Bodong , Li Sanguo , Zong Yanbo , Rached Rached Maurice , Tella Sherif Adekunle , Zhan Guodong 
Published: February 2023

AbstractDownhole data transfer has been limited by slow downhole communication bandwidths for decades. The current data-transferring technologies have reached bottlenecks for acquiring logging data and ever-demanding high-frequency drilling dynamics measurements. There is an urgent need to significantly improve the downhole data communication speed for drilling optimization, real-time geosteering, and reservoir description. Current downhole communication systems with data rates between 20bit/s – 60kbit/s are not sufficient for the above-mentioned applications, let alone their limited robustness in structural integrity against inherent environmental noises and low cost-effectiveness make them less efficient. Therefore, a new downhole communication system using data microchips is proposed in this paper.The paper presents the improvements made to the first version of the data micro-storage-balls MSBs (Li et al., 2022) to adapt the system to 1) more complex drilling projects and 2) the acquisition of high-resolution and large datasets in a quasi-real-time for better well management decisions.The presented technology can transfer large amounts of data without needing a specific drill pipe connection or structure and employs the basic concept of a "flash drive" (downloading and exchanging data among systems). The equipment achieves time-devised data transmission using microchips stored in a sealed chamber which are released using a standard BHA sub. The upgrades to the first-generation MSB (larger memory capacity, robust packaging material, and added sensors) will improve multiple aspects of the technology. 1) The capability of deploying them in long horizontal sections and the recovery rate due to efficient housing density management (≤ 1.5 g/cm3) using high-performance hollow glass beads. 2) The increase in storage capacity (up to 32Gbit) with the use of state-of-the-art circuit boards that also support higher temperatures and pressures, improving the storage capacity, transmission rates, and overall tool performance in deep reservoir locations. Therefore, the newest additions and modifications made to the first generation of MSBs can create remarkable performance improvements.
Novel Approach of Autonomous Drilling Using Rotary Steerable System in Middle Eastern Oil and Gas Wells
Authors: Oliveira Victor , Elsadig Mohammed , Al-Ghazzawi Ayman , Osman Ahmed , M. Al Dossary Abdullah 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The history of wellbore trajectory control can be traced back to the days of drilling with rotary assemblies. During that time, experienced directional drillers (DDs) used their knowledge about the response of bottomhole assemblies (BHA) in a specific area or field by means of drilling parameters and assembly configurations changes. This method required intensive field and human experience and still resulted in considerable deviations from the required trajectories. Technologies evolved with the introduction of motor and rotary steerable systems that have additional predicted directional responses, however, considerable human intervention was still required to control the trajectories. As the rotary steerable system (RSS) tools matured, entire sections of the well trajectories were automated with closed-loop trajectory control that required minimum human intervention. However, the curved sections continued to be drilled in manual modes with DDs interventions.
A major operator focused on evaluating and validating a novel approach from its major directional drilling service provider using the auto-curve drilling mode to automatically drill the curved sections without human intervention and complete the missing puzzle of the autonomous well construction. The system is based on a minimum curvature method, which updates the target inclination and azimuth in a closed-loop system, similar to the one used in the hold inclination & azimuth method. Expected run rate of penetration (ROP) and planned dogleg severity (DLS) are needed while programming the tool for the RSS calculation update. Once the auto-curve mode is engaged in the RSS tool, updating the target inclination and azimuth will continue along the well to deliver the programmed DLS as per the ROP input.
A detailed comparison of the measurements has been performed through three directional drilling curve sections in three wells. Combining the data of the three wells, 5,632-ft were drilled in different sections. The results were promising and showed an average of 70% reduction of human intervention. Furthermore, regarding the well positioning, the new auto-curve automation technology delivered the wells within the required profile target tolerances with minimum tortuosity.
The novel autonomous curve drilling technology helped to minimize human error, enhance the accuracy of well positioning, and improve hole quality for drilling and workover operations. The system proved that this autonomous drilling technology is capable of improved well trajectory delivery with minimum intervention, faster well delivery, and reduction in operation costs.