bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Techno-economic analysis of converting low-grade heat into electricity and hydrogen
Authors: Zhao Yanan , Li Mingliang , Long Rui , Liu Zhichun , Liu Wei 
Published: August 2023

AbstractLow-grade heat recovery has received increasing attention as an essential contributor to improving overall energy utilization efficiency and facilitating the carbon neutrality commitment. Here, we developed a techno-economic analysis model of converting low-grade heat into electricity and hydrogen via the osmotic heat engine (OHE) and power-to-gas facility to alleviate the dilemma of lacking practical application scenarios of waste heat. The contribution margin is optimized in real time by either sending the electricity generated by the OHE into the electrolyzer for hydrogen production or selling it at market price in Wuhan, China, thus to identify the economically viable OHE costs under different conditions. Results show that the allowed heat engine cost is significantly impacted by the capacity factor, lifetime and discount rate. The effect of the capacity size of power-to-gas facility on allowed heat engine cost strongly depends on the hydrogen price. The allowed OHE cost increases with the elevating waste heat temperature for each heat transfer scenario. The hybrid energy system can be economically competitive compared with current mature technologies when the waste heat temperature is higher than 68 ℃ and 105 ℃ for fluid and air as heat transfer fluid, respectively. The economically viable heat engine cost is expected to gradually decline from 50,043 ¥/kW to 18,741 ¥/kW within next 15 years. Incentive policy would boost the economic viability of converting low-grade heat into electricity and hydrogen.
Statistical Analysis of Design Aspects of Various YOLO-Based Deep Learning Models for Object Detection
Authors: Sirisha U. , Praveen S. Phani , Srinivasu Parvathaneni Naga , Barsocchi Paolo , Bhoi Akash Kumar 
Published: August 2023

AbstractObject detection is a critical and complex problem in computer vision, and deep neural networks have significantly enhanced their performance in the last decade. There are two primary types of object detectors: two stage and one stage. Two-stage detectors use a complex architecture to select regions for detection, while one-stage detectors can detect all potential regions in a single shot. When evaluating the effectiveness of an object detector, both detection accuracy and inference speed are essential considerations. Two-stage detectors usually outperform one-stage detectors in terms of detection accuracy. However, YOLO and its predecessor architectures have substantially improved detection accuracy. In some scenarios, the speed at which YOLO detectors produce inferences is more critical than detection accuracy. This study explores the performance metrics, regression formulations, and single-stage object detectors for YOLO detectors. Additionally, it briefly discusses various YOLO variations, including their design, performance, and use cases.
FDA approves first leadless dual-chamber pacing system; A breakthrough in therapy of bradycardia
Authors: Ali Eman 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
More than 700,000 pacemakers (PMs) are implanted worldwide each year, with more than 250,000 deployed in the United States. Leadless cardiac pacemakers (LPCs) are an alternative to conventional pacemakers because they do not require permanent transvenous leads while alleviating bradyarrhythmias. An innovation in the field of pacing systems called ‘dual chamber pacing system’ has received US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval which is a safe, non-invasive, and efficacious procedure as documented by a landmark clinical study. It succeeded in its pre-established safety and performance goals, with definite procedural success, atrial pacing and reliable atrioventricular (AV) synchrony. Despite its hailing success, the system continues to undergo transformation and development, and requires further longitudinal data to reaffirm its safety and efficacy.
Efficacy of a far-ultraviolet-C light technology for continuous decontamination of air and surfaces
Authors: Memic Samir , Osborne Andrew O. , Cadnum Jennifer L. , Donskey Curtis J. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractA wall-mounted, far-ultraviolet-C light technology reduced aerosolized bacteriophage MS2 by >3 log10 plaque-forming units within 30 minutes. Vegetative bacterial pathogens on steel disk carriers in the center of the room were reduced by >3 log10 after 45 minutes of exposure, but Candida auris and Clostridioides difficile spores were not.
Hacking Nuclear Stability: Wargaming Technology, Uncertainty, and Escalation
Authors: Schneider Jacquelyn , Schechter Benjamin , Shaffer Rachael 
Published: August 2023

AbstractHow do emerging technologies affect nuclear stability? In this paper, we use a quasi-experimental cyber-nuclear wargame with 580 players to explore three hypotheses about emerging technologies and nuclear stability: (1) technological uncertainty leads to preemption and escalation; (2) technological uncertainty leads to restraint; and (3) technological certainty leads to escalation through aggressive counterforce campaigns. The wargames suggest that uncertainty and fear about cyber vulnerabilities create no immediate incentives for preemptive nuclear use. The greater danger to strategic stability lies in how overconfidence in cyber exploits incentivizes more aggressive counterforce campaigns and, secondarily, how vulnerabilities encourage predelegation or automation. Both of these effects suggest worrisome relationships between cyber exploits and inadvertent nuclear use on one hand and cyber vulnerabilities and accidental nuclear use on the other hand. Together, these findings reveal the complicated relationship between pathways to escalation and strategic stability, highlighting the role that confidence and perhaps-misplaced certainty—versus uncertainty and fear—play in strategic stability.
Policy paradigm modes: explaining USA antitrust law changes in the 1970s
Authors: Arslan Melike 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis article advances the theory of policy paradigms by investigating when paradigms are rigid, constraining alternative perspectives and policy options, and when instead they are more flexible, allowing actors to overcome paradigmatic restrictions and differences. Departing from the existing theories on policy paradigms, I conceptualize paradigm rigidity and flexibility as characteristics that develop endogenously within the policy-making process, shaped by the types of policy changes that are proposed and discussed and by the types of framing strategies policy actors employ to support their proposals. Policy paradigms can therefore have both rigid and flexible modes within the same policy area and in the same period. Conceiving paradigms in modes helps us better understand how policies change when there are competing paradigms and exogenous crises. I illustrate this empirically with an analysis of the debates surrounding four antitrust (competition) policy change proposals in the USA during the 1970s.
Methodology of identifying customary international law applicable to cyber activities
Authors: Pomson Ori 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWhat is striking about recent scholarship on the application of customary international law to cyber activities is how little has been dedicated to the preliminary question of how one identifies the applicability of existing rules of customary international law to cyber operations. Yet, the answer to this preliminary question holds the key to answering many of the questions which arise regarding whether existing rules of customary international law apply to cyber activities. This article seeks to answer the preliminary question. After providing background on the nature of customary international law, and in light of recent scholarly trends and what is often implied in literature on cyber activities, it makes the argument that rules of customary international law are not interpretable. Accordingly, reference must be made to state practice accepted as law for the purpose of identifying applicable customary international law; the article provides guidance on how this should be done. For a precedent of state practice to be relevant to determining the existence of a customary rule applicable to a cyber activity, pursuant to the International Court’s jurisprudence, the precedent must not have significant distinguishing features from the cyber activity concerned. For determining whether a precedent of opinio juris recognizes the existence of a customary rule applicable to the cyber activity, it is necessary to determine whether the relevant state pronouncement intended to accept as law a rule applicable thereto. In anticipation of objections, the article also addresses the practicability of the approach laid out.
The prognostic value of clinical frailty and American Society of Anesthesiology score in patients with chronic limb threatening ischaemia
Authors: Walter Amy , Bradley Nicholas , Flett Murray , Nagy John , Suttie Stuart , Guthrie Graeme 
Published: August 2023

Summary: Background: Frailty is a complex multisystem syndrome associated with increased comorbidity and decreased physiological reserve. There are associations between frailty and adverse outcome in surgical patients. Chronic limb threatening ischemia (CLTI) is increasingly prevalent, with a typically frail patient population. Existing frailty scoring systems focus on functional measures and do not reliably assess comorbidities. The present study aims to describe the prognostic value of multimodal frailty assessment in patients with CLTI. Patients and methods: Patients >50 years old admitted as an emergency with CLTI between May 2020 to June 2021 were included. Frailty was measured using Clinical Frailty Score (CFS), and comorbidities with American Society of Anesthiologists score (ASA). A composite score combining CFS and ASA was derived and the prognostic value compared with each component score. The primary outcome was overall survival. Results: There were 249 eligible patients, 53.4% (n=133) had CFS>4. The mean (95% CI) overall survival for the CFS>4 cohort was 15.9 (13.6–18.3) months vs. 28.5 (26.1–30.9) months for CFS≤4 cohort ( p<0.001). Increasing CFS-ASA score was associated with inferior survival on univariate (HR=2.84, 95% CI [1.96–4.11], p<0.001) and multivariate (HR=1.78, 95% CI [1.20–2.64], p<0.01) analyses. ROC-analysis showed comparable prognostic value of CFS and CFS-ASA to predict one-year survival. Conclusions: Frailty is highly prevalent and a poor prognostic indicator in patients with CLTI admitted as an emergency. Our results suggest that incorporating assessment of comorbidities into frailty assessment may offer prognostic value, but comparable to existing clinical frailty assessment. Further work to identify patients with inferior prognosis is required.
School Greenness and Student‐Level Academic Performance: Evidence From the Global South
Authors: Jimenez Raquel B. , Bozigar Matthew , Janulewicz Patricia , Lane Kevin J. , Hutyra Lucy R. , Fabian M. Patricia 
Published: August 2023

AbstractGreenspace in schools might enhance students' academic performance. However, the literature—dominated by ecological studies at the school level in countries from the Northern Hemisphere—presents mixed evidence of a beneficial association. We evaluated the association between school greenness and student‐level academic performance in Santiago, Chile, a capital city of the Global South. This cross‐sectional study included 281,695 fourth‐grade students attending 1,498 public, charter, and private schools in Santiago city between 2014 and 2018. Student‐level academic performance was assessed using standardized test scores and indicators of attainment of learning standards in mathematics and reading. School greenness was estimated using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Linear and generalized linear mixed‐effects models were fit to evaluate associations, adjusting for individual‐ and school‐level sociodemographic factors. Analyses were stratified by school type. In fully adjusted models, a 0.1 increase in school greenness was associated with higher test scores in mathematics (36.9 points, 95% CI: 2.49; 4.88) and in reading (1.84 points, 95% CI: 0.73; 2.95); as well as with higher odds of attaining learning standards in mathematics (OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.12; 1.28) and reading (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.02; 1.13). Stratified analysis showed differences by school type, with associations of greater magnitude and strength for students attending public schools. No significant associations were detected for students in private schools. Higher school greenness was associated with improved individual‐level academic outcomes among elementary‐aged students in a capital city in South America. Our results highlight the potential of greenness in the school environment to moderate educational and environmental inequalities in urban areas.
An Approach to Link Climate Model Tropical Cyclogenesis Bias to Large‐Scale Wind Circulation Modes
Authors: Feng Xiangbo , Toumi Ralf , Roberts Malcolm , Hodges Kevin I. , Vidale Pier Luigi 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAttributing sources of tropical cyclogenesis (TCG) bias to large‐scale circulation in global circulation models is challenging. Here, we propose the use of empirical orthogonal functions as an approach to understand model bias of TCG. Two leading modes of large‐scale wind circulations in the West Pacific can explain the TCG frequency and location in both climate reanalysis and the MetUM model. In the reanalysis, the two modes distinguish the summer monsoon trough position and the strength of the north Pacific subtropical high. However, in the model, the wind circulations are biased toward the positive phase of simulated modes thus overestimating TCG in the entire Main Development Region. This bias is further related to the north‐eastward shifted monsoon trough and a weakened subtropical high, and overly strong tropics‐subtropics connections. This approach could be deployed more widely to other basins and models to diagnose the causes of TCG bias.
Magnetospheric Response to a Pressure Pulse in a Three‐Dimensional Hybrid‐Vlasov Simulation
Authors: Horaites K. , Rintamäki E. , Zaitsev I. , Turc L. , Grandin M. , Cozzani G. , Zhou H. , Alho M. , Suni J. , Kebede F. , Gordeev E. , George H. , Battarbee M. , Bussov M. , Dubart M. , Ganse U. , Papadakis K. , Pfau‐Kempf Y. , Tarvus V. , Palmroth M. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractVlasiator is a high‐performance ion‐kinetic code that is now conducting 3D hybrid‐Vlasov simulations of the global magnetosphere. We use Vlasiator to investigate the impact of a pressure pulse with southward‐oriented magnetic field on the Earth's magnetosphere. The simulation driving parameters are comparable to conditions that have led to geomagnetic storms. Our pressure pulse simulation reproduces many physical effects, namely the expansion of the auroral oval, the development of field‐aligned currents, enhanced particle precipitation near the open/closed field line boundary, and compression of Earth's magnetopause. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the hybrid‐Vlasov approach for moderate driving conditions. Our investigation of the time‐dependent magnetopause compression motivates a generalization of the existing theory. Specifically, we find that accounting for the finite transition time of the solar wind dynamic pressure improves the model's description of the magnetopause oscillations.
Global Gridded Aerosol Models Established for Atmospheric Correction Over Inland and Nearshore Coastal Waters
Authors: Zhao Dan , Feng Lian , He Xianqiang 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe use of standard aerosol models for atmospheric correction over inland and nearshore coastal waters generates large uncertainties due to their inability to appropriately characterize aerosols in those regions. To address this problem, we developed new aerosol models using data acquired from 1,475 Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sites distributed in inland and coastal regions throughout the globe. We established spatially gridded (5° × 5°) aerosol models on a climatological monthly scale, with a total of 3,207 new aerosol models developed for 310 grid cells worldwide. The monthly aerosol model for each grid was derived using mean monthly values of microphysical aerosol properties from AERONET data. The optical properties (i.e., single scattering albedo and Ångström coefficient) of our global gridded aerosol models demonstrated considerable spatial and seasonal dynamics and deviated substantially from the aerosol models currently utilized by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). We built associated lookup tables for all aerosol models and incorporated them into two atmospheric correction algorithms: the combined near‐infrared and shortwave infrared algorithm (NIR‐SWIR) and the Atmospheric Correction algorithm for inLand and Nearshore Coastal waters (ACLANC). For both algorithms, the accuracies of atmospherically corrected satellite remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) improved markedly when the new aerosol models were used, and improvements were noted across all spectral bands and across all six inland and nearshore water bodies used in this study. Our new aerosol models can be easily applied to all ocean color satellite missions to obtain accurate Rrs products for inland and coastal waters worldwide.
Strong Evidence of Heterogeneous Processing on Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosol in the Extrapolar Southern Hemisphere Following the 2022 Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Eruption
Authors: Santee M. L. , Lambert A. , Froidevaux L. , Manney G. L. , Schwartz M. J. , Millán L. F. , Livesey N. J. , Read W. G. , Werner F. , Fuller R. A. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai (HT‐HH) caused the largest enhancement in stratospheric aerosol loading in decades and produced an unprecedented enhancement in stratospheric water vapor, leading to strong stratospheric cooling that in turn induced changes in the large‐scale circulation. Here we use satellite measurements of gas‐phase constituents together with aerosol extinction to investigate the extent to which the thick aerosol, excess moisture, and strong cooling enabled heterogeneous chemical processing. In the southern tropics, unambiguous signatures of substantial chlorine and nitrogen repartitioning appear over a broad vertical domain almost immediately after the eruption, with depletion of N2O5, NOx, and HCl accompanied by enhancement of HNO3, ClO, and ClONO2. After initially rising steeply, HNO3 and ClO plateau, maintaining fairly constant abundances for several months. These patterns are consistent with the saturation of N2O5 hydrolysis, suggesting that this reaction is the primary mechanism for the observed composition changes. The southern midlatitudes and subtropics show similar but weaker enhancements in ClO and ClONO2. In those regions, however, effects of anomalous transport dominate the evolution of HNO3 and HCl, obscuring the signs of heterogeneous processing. Perturbations in chlorine species are considerably weaker than those measured in the southern midlatitude stratosphere in 2020 following the Australian New Year's fires. The moderate HT‐HH‐induced enhancements in reactive chlorine seen throughout the southern middle and low‐latitude stratosphere, far smaller than those in typical winter polar vortices, do not lead to appreciable chemical ozone loss; rather, extrapolar lower‐stratospheric ozone remains primarily controlled by dynamical processes.
Dopamine transporter blockade during adolescence increases adult dopamine function, impulsivity, and aggression
Authors: Suri Deepika , Zanni Giulia , Mahadevia Darshini , Chuhma Nao , Saha Rinki , Spivack Stephen , Pini Nicolò , Stevens Gregory S. , Ziolkowski-Blake Annette , Simpson Eleanor H. , Balsam Peter , Rayport Stephen , Ansorge Mark S. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSensitive developmental periods shape neural circuits and enable adaptation. However, they also engender vulnerability to factors that can perturb developmental trajectories. An understanding of sensitive period phenomena and mechanisms separate from sensory system development is still lacking, yet critical to understanding disease etiology and risk. The dopamine system is pivotal in controlling and shaping adolescent behaviors, and it undergoes heightened plasticity during that time, such that interference with dopamine signaling can have long-lasting behavioral consequences. Here we sought to gain mechanistic insight into this dopamine-sensitive period and its impact on behavior. In mice, dopamine transporter (DAT) blockade from postnatal (P) day 22 to 41 increases aggression and sensitivity to amphetamine (AMPH) behavioral stimulation in adulthood. Here, we refined this sensitive window to P32-41 and identified increased firing of dopaminergic neurons in vitro and in vivo as a neural correlate to altered adult behavior. Aggression can result from enhanced impulsivity and cognitive dysfunction, and dopamine regulates working memory and motivated behavior. Hence, we assessed these behavioral domains and found that P32-41 DAT blockade increases impulsivity but has no effect on cognition, working memory, or motivation in adulthood. Lastly, using optogenetics to drive dopamine neurons, we find that increased VTA but not SNc dopaminergic activity mimics the increase in impulsive behavior in the Go/NoGo task observed after adolescent DAT blockade. Together our data provide insight into the developmental origins of aggression and impulsivity that may ultimately improve diagnosis, prevention, and treatment strategies for related neuropsychiatric disorders.
Gold nanoparticles combat enveloped RNA virus by affecting organelle dynamics
Authors: Li Fangzhou , Huang Qianqian , Zhou Ziran , Guan Qiongge , Ye Fei , Huang Baoying , Guo Weisheng , Liang Xing-Jie 
Published: August 2023

AbstractEnveloped RNA viruses are a group of viruses with an outer membrane derived from a host cell and a genome consisting of ribonucleic acid (RNA). These viruses rely on host cell machinery and organelles to replicate and assemble new virus particles. However, the interaction between viruses and host organelles may be disrupted by nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with unique physical and chemical properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of AuNPs with different surface charge properties on the subcellular structure and function of mammalian cells, and their effects on two representative enveloped RNA viruses: lentivirus and human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV- OC43) antiviral potential. By comparing the subcellular effects of AuNPs with different surface charge properties, we found that treatment with AuNPs with positive surface charges induced more significant disruption of subcellular structures than neutrally charged AuNPs and negatively charged AuNPs, mainly manifested in lysosomes and Cytoskeletal disorders. The antiviral effect of the surface positively charged AuNPs was further evaluated using lentivirus and HCoV-OC43. The results showed that AuNPs had a significant inhibitory effect on both lentivirus and HCoV-OC43 without obvious side effects. In conclusion, our study provides insights into the mechanism of action and biocompatibility of AuNP in biological systems, while supporting the potential of targeting organelle dynamics against enveloped RNA viruses.