bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Occurrence of the Blood Groups Among the American Indians
Authors: Coca Arthur F. , Deibert Olin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The inheritance of the Landsteiner isoagglutination elements of the human blood has been studied in two different respects.
Von Dungern and L. Hirschfeld (1) and, later, Ottenberg (2) and also Buchanan (3) have investigated the mode of transmission of the elements from generation to generation by the examination of the blood in parents and offspring.
L. Hirschfeld and H. Hirschfeld (4) on the other hand, have studied, in about 9000 individuals, the percentage distribution of the four blood groups in the different human races, and, in this way, these authors have obtained statistical data which seem to provide indirect evidence as to the manner of transmission of the blood elements, and which also offer a new means of studying racial relationships.
The evidence referred to lies in the Hirschfelds' observation that the percentages of “found” I and IV (Jansky) groups in the different races approximate the respective percentages which they calculated from those of groups II and III.
Factors Influencing Host-Virus Interactions
Authors: Walker Duard L. , Boring William D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Exposure of adult mice to a cold environment (4°C) causes a loss of resistance to infection with the Conn.-5 strain of Coxsackie virus. In some respects this decrease in resistance appears similar to that brought about by treatment of mice with cortisone. Because this suggested that increased adrenocortical secretion stimulated by cold might be the mechanism by which cold exposure alters susceptibility to Coxsackie virus infection, experiments were designed to test this possibility. It was found that ACTH in doses sufficient to cause weight loss did not produce a detectable effect upon resistance to Coxsackie virus infection. A two-week period of adaptation of mice to cold prior to infection did not nullify the resistance reducing effect of the cold environment. When the effect of elevated environmental temperature (36°C) was compared with that of cold it was found that although the elevated temperature was a more adverse environment than the cold, as indicated by body weight gain, it had an opposite effect to cold and caused a marked inhibition of viral invasion and multiplication. It was further found that when exposure to a 36°C environment was applied as late as 36 hr after initiation of the infection at a time when viral multiplication was already well under way in the pancreas, viral multiplication was suppressed and the virus rapidly eliminated. These data were interpreted as strongly suggesting that the loss of resistance to Conn.-5 strain Coxsackie virus infection seen in adult mice at 4°C is not a consequence solely of adrenocortical hypersecretion.
A Passive Hemagglutination Reaction for Psittacosis
Authors: Benedict Albert A. , O'Brien Edith 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Tannic-acid-treated sheep erythrocytes were sensitized with a soluble antigen sedimented at 100,000 × G for 80 min from meningopneumonitis infected allantoic fluids. Agglutination of sensitized cells was demonstrated with antisera from 22 (70%) of 31 humans who had experienced infections with psittacosis one to five years previous to tests. Four (13%) of 29 supposedly normal human sera manifested hemagglutinins. Substances responsible for nonspecific hemagglutination by normal human sera were adsorbed from the antigen preparation with untanned sheep erythrocytes. Evidence was presented that the hemagglutination and complement-fixation reactions measured different antibodies. Hemagglutinating antibodies were adsorbed from rabbit antipsittacosis sera with meningopneumonitis sensitized cells and complement-fixing antibodies were not removed by this treatment. The sensitizing antigen was not associated with either complement-fixation activity or with the murine hemagglutinin.
Studies on the Transfer of Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna , Ogburn Clifton A. , Farber Miriam B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Filtrates of trypsin-treated suspensions of Shigella paradysenteriae (ST filtrates) were dialyzed in closed systems. The dialysates thus obtained were often found to have complement-fixing activity against anti-whole-Shigella serum. Evidence of antigenic material in such dialysates was also given by other serologic tests and by the appearance of agglutinins to Shigella in sera of rabbits injected with the dialysates. When lymph node cells of normal rabbits were incubated in vitro with such dialysates, washed and then transferred to fresh irradiated rabbits, agglutinins to Shigella appeared in the sera of the recipients. Within given ranges, higher agglutinin titers were found in sera of recipients of lymph node cells which had been incubated with dialysates of higher complement-fixation titers or with higher concentrations of given dialysates. Antigenic fractions of pyridine extracts of Shigella, prepared essentially according to Goebel et al. gave similar serologic reactions with anti-Shigella serum. Such extracts were also found to be effective for in vitro incubation with lymph node cells. Results of cross absorption tests among dialyzed ST, the ST dialysate described here and the pyridine-extracted antigen suggested that these were antigenically similar. On maintaining the pyridine-extracted acetone-precipitated antigen in solution, there was evidence of continued dissociation from it of dialyzable, antigenically active material. This dialyzable material was also found to be effective for in vitro incubation with lymph node cells in cell-transfer experiments.
Studies of the Inactivation of Phage by the Properdin System
Authors: Barlow James L. , Van Vunakis Helen , Levine Lawrence 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Details are given of a method for measuring the neutralizing activity of human serum using bacteriophage as an indicator. The technique measures activity in terms of the 50% neutralizing unit and yields precise and reproducible results. Evidence is presented which suggests that the phage-neutralizing activity might be a reflection of properdin levels.
Quantitative Studies of the Properdin-Complement System
Authors: Leon Myron A. , Ransby Arnold 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The formation of PZ proceeds optimally at a Mg++ concentration of 0.001 M-0.005 M. The PZ complex deteriorates at a rate proportional to the temperature. PZ inactivates C′3 in the absence of divalent cations. The inactivation is inhibited in undiluted RP, E.D.T.A. treated pig serum, or 1,3,4 fraction. The optimal range of pH for the reaction between PZ and C′3 is between 6.4 and 8.1.
Studies on the Immunotherapy of Bacterial Infections
Authors: Fisher Myron W. , Manning Mary C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Pooled human γ-globulin exhibited therapeutic activity in mouse infections induced with a variety of bacteria, with this action being related to the dose of γ-globulin. In order of decreasing susceptibility were strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus pyogenes and Diplococcus pneumoniae. Slight activity was noted against Salmonella typhimurium. The bacteria not affected by γ-globulin were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida and Streptococcus species, Group C. These findings appear to be consistent with the concept that normal antibodies are responsible for the described in vivo activity of γ-globulin.
An Immunochemical Study of the Relationship of Human Blood Group Isoantibodies to γ1- and γ2-Globulins
Authors: McDuffie Frederic C. , Kabat Elvin A. , Allen Peter Z. , Williams Curtis A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbit antisera were prepared to human γ2-globulin and to specific precipitates containing human isoanti-A and isoanti-B. The difference between the amount of antibody removed by A-anti-A and by dextranantidextran specific precipitate from anti-γ2-globulin sera was found to represent a small amount of additional antibody not detected by agar diffusion nor by the quantitative precipitin method. Antisera to A-anti-A and B-anti-B specific precipitates contain at least 3 antibodies, one of which is to γ1-globulin of S = 20 and another to γ2-globulin of S = 7. The capacity of these sera to give a Coombs test with anti-D and to enhance the saline agglutinating titer of anti-A and anti-B in the Coombs test depends on their content of anti-γ2-globulin.
The Reaction of Chicken Ovalbumin with Homologous Antibody in the Region of Antibody Excess
Authors: Nisonoff Alfred , Winkler Marvin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A pronounced decrease in the amount of precipitation in the region of antibody excess has been observed in the reaction of chicken ovalbumin with the concentrated globulin fraction of its homologous rabbit antiserum. A significant decrease was observed at a molar ratio of antibody to antigen of about 50:1, with almost complete inhibition at a ratio of 300:1. The results were confirmed with radioiodinated antigen; a much larger proportion of the antigen appeared in the supernatant in the prozone.
The amount of precipitate formed is dependent on the method used for mixing the two reactants. For maximum inhibition by excess antibody, it is necessary to add the antigen to antibody and to stir during the addition, so as to maintain constantly a high antibody to antigen ratio. A large effect of order of addition was observed; the inhibiting effect of excess antibody was greatly decreased when antibody was added slowly to antigen so that the proportions in the mixture passed through the equivalence zone.
Attempts to dissolve precipitates by extraction with excess antibody at 0° or 56°C have been unsuccessful. A high free energy of activation in the transformation of precipitate to soluble complexes is indicated.
The Roles of Time and Atabrine in Inducing Chronic Plasmodium Berghei Infections of White Mice
Authors: Cox Herbert W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In an experiment to study time factors and quantity of Atabrine for inducing chronic Plasmodium berghei infections of mice, groups of mice inoculated with P. berghei were treated with a single injection of 0.5 mg of Atabrine, one group on each of the fourth, sixth, eighth, tenth, twelfth, fourteenth, sixteenth and eighteenth days after infection. In a second experiment, groups of similar mice were treated with 0.5 mg of Atabrine per mouse per day for 5 days, one group on each of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and the ninth day after infection. In both experiments surviving mice were given a challenging inoculation of P. berghei to determine that they had been infected.
The results confirm previous observations that mice develop chronic P. berghei after treatment with Atabrine and are immune to super-infection. It was also shown that exposure to P. berghei infection for 6 days or more produced more chronic infections than did exposure for shorter periods. Further, it was shown that a longer period of treatment also enhanced the development of chronic infections.
It is suggested that the susceptibility of mice to P. berghei is attributable to the inability of this animal to withstand the burden of parasitism rather than the inability to develop acquired immunity to this parasite.
The Human Isohemolytic System: Complement Activity
Authors: Goodman Harold S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Human serum as a source of C′ for the titration of human isohemolysins was found to have serious disadvantages. It is difficult to obtain such serum free of either hemolysin or dissolved blood group substance, either of which has a marked effect upon hemolysin titration values. It was found that guinea pig serum would serve as C′ equally well without the disadvantage of adding either interfering antigen or antibody. A possible reason for the necessity of using high concentrations of C′ in the human hemolytic system is discussed. Our findings with related hemolytic systems indicated that the requirement for high concentrations of C′ is a reflection of the specificity of human isohemolysins and the sparse distribution of the corresponding antigenic sites in the human red cell.
Studies on Antibacterial Factors in Mammalian Tissues and Fluids
Authors: Myrvik Quentin N. , Soto-Figueroa Eva , Naff George , Henelt Edward 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The rabbit serum and human serum bactericidin systems for Bacillus subtilis were studied for participating cofactors. Both calcium ions and bicarbonate ions are required for activity of the human bactericidin, whereas only bicarbonate ions are required for the rabbit system. Bicarbonate ions must be present in the reaction mixture since cells grown on bicarbonate and then washed free of bicarbonate are not sensitive to the rabbit serum bactericidin. B. subtilis in the presence of sodium bicarbonate is not sensitive to egg white lysozyme which tends to rule out lysozyme as a major component of the serum systems. Antisera prepared against B. subtilis in rabbits neither influences the serum bactericidin levels nor alters the sensitivity of B. subtilis to the rabbit bactericidin.
Primary Antibody Response to a Distantly Related Heterologous Antigen During Maximum Depression Period After Varying Doses of X Radiation Antigen During Maximum Depression Period After Varying Doses of X Radiation
Authors: Makinodan Takashi , Gengozian Nazareth 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antigen administration by the intraperitoneal route stimulated greater antibody response than by the intravenous route in normal, adult mice. The 30-day LD50 dose for (C3H × 101)F1 mice was 756.3 r (95% confidence limits of 728.1 and 786.5 r). Antibody response for sheep red blood cells during the maximum depression period after varying doses of X radiation to the total body was measured in terms of a) inducation period, b) rate of antibody appearance in the circulation, c) mean peak titer and d) mean total titer. No quantitative relation between radiation dose and antibody response was apparent when mean peak titer was used as an index of antibody response. A curvilinear relation for the radiation dose and antibody response was obtained in terms of induction period, rate of antibody appearance, and mean total titer. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Studies on Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Cooney Marion K. , Kimball Anne C. , Bauer Henry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Comparison of complement fixation (C-F) analyses for Toxoplasma antibodies with peritoneal exudate (PE) and chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) antigens indicates that PE antigen prepared from whole peritoneal exudate has several advantages for use in diagnostic testing in spite of its being more anticomplementary and less reactive than CAM antigens.
The lower reactivity of PE antigen as compared to CAM antigen appears to be due to a later rise in titer and an earlier disappearance of reactivity to PE antigen. This has the practical advantage of permitting a rise in titer to be shown more frequently when PE antigen is used. In a limited number of serum specimens from symptomatic cases and possible active cases of toxoplasmosis, the PE and CAM antigens are equally reactive near the peak of the antibody response. With sera from normal persons, C-F tests with PE antigen are less frequently positive than with CAM antigen. The nonspecific reactions obtained with CAM antigens are a practical disadvantage. The study has shown no need to use a control antigen with PE antigen in routine diagnostic work.
Antigenic Variation in Relation to Classification of Shigella Flexneri
Authors: Okabe Kenzo 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A technique to introduce phase variations of Shigella flexneri by means of antiserum was established studying various S. flexneri strains. The pathways of the antigenic degradation of S. flexneri were traced using this method, and the resulting variations were discussed in relation to classification of S. flexneri species.
Studies on Serum Bactericidal Activity
Authors: Donaldson David M. , Marcus Stanley 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The intravenous administration of heparin into rabbits caused a temporary depression in the normal serum bactericidal activity. Serum and plasma exhibited less bactericidal activity than normal if either heparin or citrate was added to the blood in vitro immediately after withdrawal and prior to coagulation. In contrast, neither heparin nor citrate had a demonstrable effect on the serum bactericidal activity when added to the separated serum in vitro. The concentrations of citrate that inhibited bactericidal activity were anticomplementary when the complement titrations were carried out in saline. The heparin concentration used did not show a measurable anticomplementary effect with the test system employed.
The depression of bactericidal activity caused by the in vitro or in vivo addition of heparin to blood was partially reversed by the addition of protamine sulfate. The x-irradiation induced depression of bactericidal activity was not reversed by single or multiple injections of protamine sulfate.
The Specific Hapten of Group C (Group II α) Meningococcus
Authors: Watson R. Glenn , Marinetti Guido V. , Scherp Henry W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The specific hapten of Group C (formerly Group II α) meningococcus appears to be predominantly a polymer of a sialic acid congener, as evidenced by its nearly complete conversion to humin-like material on aqueous acid hydrolysis, specific colorimetric analyses, infrared absorption spectrum, periodate oxidation, quantitative elementary and group analyses, correlation of sialic acid content with serologic activity, and conversion by hydrolysis in methanolic hydrochloric acid into products having characteristics of a sialic acid. Hexosamine determinations and nitrogen content indicate that this polymer contains hexosamine units as well as sialic acid units.
Immunochemical Analysis of Human Serum and Its Fractions
Authors: Oudin Jacques 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antigenic composition of the fraction of human serum soluble in ⅔ saturated ammonium sulfate and insoluble in saturated ammonium sulfate has been qualitatively and quantitatively studied. This fraction has been subfractionated in order to lower the competition of the main component toward the others in the immunization. Rabbits have been immunized against a number of fractions and subfractions. The immune sera have been allowed to react with fractions and subfractions, using precipitation in gels (simple diffusion in one dimension). The observed precipitation zones have been identified mainly by a method previously described. This method, based on the quantitative laws of penetration, requires no previous manipulation, e.g., preabsorption or reaction of several antigen solutions in the same medium. Eight distinct antigens have been demonstrated in the fraction studied. The concentration of six of them is larger in this fraction or in its subfractions than in any other fraction of human serum studied. These six antigens, considered to be the major components of the analyzed fraction, which corresponds to the fraction formerly called albumin, have been named A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 and A6. This order is probably not greatly different from the decreasing order of their concentrations in the serum. By suitable immunizations and absorptions, immune sera giving a single reaction could be prepared against seven of the eight listed antigens. The concentrations of five antigens in human serum and in the fractions have been quantitatively studied, using measurements of the penetration of the precipitation zones and the laws of penetration, previously described. Antigen A1 is the main component; it can be prepared in an almost pure state by techniques described long ago by other authors. Antigen A2 is very labile on aging even in the cold and on fractionation. It was not studied quantitatively. Antigens A3, A4, A5 and A6 have been quantitatively studied. Because of the lack of pure preparations of these antigens, their concentrations in the fractions have been expressed only in arbitrary units. Antigen A4 gives precipitation zones which vary somewhat from fraction to fraction. This can be explained by the heterogeneity of this antigen.
The Recall Phenomenon in the Antibody Response to Influenza Vaccines
Authors: Culver James O. , Lennette Edwin H. , Navarre George , Donahue Gwendolyn A. 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
Orientation of the antibody response to influenza viruses by previous experience has been studied by several different approaches utilizing hemagglutination-inhibition tests (21–26). With this technique of antibody measurement, the data presented in this report afford primarily a confirmation of the earlier findings by an additional study design.
Orientation of antibody response in terms of the complement fixation reaction appears to be a new finding, even by the indirect method presented here. Indeed, in this study, the demonstration of strain specific reactivity of human sera seemed dependent upon the accentuating effect of prior antigenic experience. In addition, had not the distantly related PR-8 virus been used to measure the complement fixing antibody response to an A′ vaccine, the evidence for a “recall response” would have been rather unconvincing. In contrast, the effect of prior antigenic experience could be demonstrated with relative ease by hemagglutination inhibition tests with the much more closely related FM-1 and Cuppett strains; the highly strain specific reactivities of this technique presented difficulties in detecting a “recall phenomenon” with strains which are widely divergent antigenically, e.g., PR-8 and FM-1.
It has been previously noted (15–17) that allantoic fluids used as complement fixing antigens possess strain specific reactivities. Extensions of these studies, by Hoyle (18) and by Lief and Henle (19, 20), have further indicated that S antigens can be obtained in essentially pure form by means of simple differential centrifugation and adsorption techniques, and that these S antigens are type specific rather than strain specific. Even in the most purified preparations (19, 20), V antigens entirely free of S are not as yet available, and it appears that material with S reactivities forms an integral part of the influenza virus particle. In practice, V antigens actually represent a mixture of viral and soluble antigens. It seems reasonable to believe, therefore, that if a very highly purified viral antigen were utilized in contrast to the crude antigen employed in these studies, strain specific reactivity and the orientative effect of prior antigenic experience might be more readily demonstable.
Antigenic Analysis of Influenza Viruses by Complement Fixation
Authors: Fabiyi Akinyele , Lief Florence S. , Henle Werner 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Methods are described for the production in guinea pigs of antibodies to the complement fixing V antigens of influenza viruses. The antisera were free of measurable antibodies to the type specific S antigen. Antisera were prepared against 34 variants of type A which were representative of isolates covering the years 1931 to the present, and to the Lee strain of type B. On cross-matching them with the corresponding V antigens they were seen to be highly strain-specific. The antigenic patterns so revealed were in general agreement with those obtained in other laboratories by hemagglutination inhibition. The results indicate that the complement fixation test can be employed for strain analysis, disclosing thereby major, minor and minimal components which comprise the mosaic of antigens of a given strain. The implications of applying the technique to other problems dealing with strain specificity are discussed.