bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Appraising the value of compositional information and its implications to scrap-based production of steel
Authors: Compañero Reinol Josef , Feldmann Andreas , Samuelsson Peter , Tilliander Anders , Jönsson Pär Göran , Gyllenram Rutger 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The current nature of steel design and production is a response to meet increasingly demanding applications but without much consideration of end-of-life scenarios. The scrap handling infrastructure, particularly the characterization and sorting, is unable to match the complexity of scrapped products. This is manifested in problems of intermixing and contamination in the scrap flows, especially for obsolete scrap. Also, the segmentation of scrap classes in standards with respect to chemical compositions is based on tolerance ranges. Thus, variation in scrap composition exists even within the same scrap type. This study applies the concept of expected value of perfect information (EPVI) to the context of steel recycling. More specifically, it sets out to examine the difference between having partial and full information on scrap composition by using a raw material optimization software. Three different scenarios with different constraints were used to appraise this difference in terms of production and excess costs. With access to perfect information, production costs decreased by 8–10%, and excess costs became negligible. Overall, comparing the respective results gave meaningful insights on the value of reestablishing the compositional information of scrap at the end of its use phase. Furthermore, the results provided relevant findings and contribute to the ongoing discussions on the seemingly disparate prioritization of economic and environmental incentives with respect to the recycling of steel.
Temporal Structure in Sensorimotor Variability: A Stable Trait, But What For?
Authors: Perquin Marlou Nadine , van Vugt Marieke K. , Hedge Craig , Bompas Aline 
Published: January 2023

AbstractHuman performance shows substantial endogenous variability over time, and this variability is a robust marker of individual differences. Of growing interest to psychologists is the realisation that variability is not fully random, but often exhibits temporal dependencies. However, their measurement and interpretation come with several controversies. Furthermore, their potential benefit for studying individual differences in healthy and clinical populations remains unclear. Here, we gather new and archival datasets featuring 11 sensorimotor and cognitive tasks across 526 participants, to examine individual differences in temporal structures. We first investigate intra-individual repeatability of the most common measures of temporal structures — to test their potential for capturing stable individual differences. Secondly, we examine inter-individual differences in these measures using: (1) task performance assessed from the same data, (2) meta-cognitive ratings of on-taskness from thought probes occasionally presented throughout the task, and (3) self-assessed attention-deficit related traits. Across all datasets, autocorrelation at lag 1 and Power Spectra Density slope showed high intra-individual repeatability across sessions and correlated with task performance. The Detrended Fluctuation Analysis slope showed the same pattern, but less reliably. The long-term component (d) of the ARFIMA(1,d,1) model showed poor repeatability and no correlation to performance. Overall, these measures failed to show external validity when correlated with either mean subjective attentional state or self-assessed traits between participants. Thus, some measures of serial dependencies may be stable individual traits, but their usefulness in capturing individual differences in other constructs typically associated with variability in performance seems limited. We conclude with comprehensive recommendations for researchers.
Synergy effect between tetracycline and Cr(VI) on combined pollution systems driving biochar-templated Fe3O4@SiO2/TiO2/g-C3N4 composites for enhanced removal of pollutants
Authors: Yang Bowen , Dai Jiawei , Zhao Yuan , Wang Zhanchao , Wu Jingwei , Ji Caiya , Zhang Yuhu , Pu Xiao 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBiochar-coupled Fe3O4@SiO2/TiO2/g-C3N4 composites were successfully constructed through simple sol–gel and calcination methods. The composites efficiently removed high-concentration toxic tetracycline (TC) by means of ·OH and ·$${\rm O}_2^{-}$$

O
2
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, whose removal rate exhibited 91.88% during 3 h, and the degradation rate constant reached up to 0.0068 min−1. The excellent performance can be attributed to the high specific surface area, enhanced visible light response, the introduction of magnetic nanoparticles and biochars expediting charge transfer, Z-scheme heterojunction enhancing the spatial separation of photo-generate carriers and, importantly extraordinary adsorption capacity of 147.96 mg g−1. Moreover, the composites showed the most excellent efficiency under the calcination temperature of 450 ℃, and exhibited good stability with tolerance to a wide range of pH and anions. Interestingly, a synergistic photocatalytic effect was discovered in the TC/Cr(VI) combined pollution systems, resulting in significantly improved removal of Cr(VI). Besides, the photocatalytic mechanism and degradation path of tetracycline were also elucidated. All these findings suggested the as-synthesized catalyst was an excellent photocatalyst for removal of TC/Cr(VI)-contaminated water.
Graphical Abstract
What should AI see? Using the public’s opinion to determine the perception of an AI
Authors: Chan Robin , Dardashti Radin , Osinski Meike , Rottmann Matthias , Brüggemann Dominik , Rücker Cilia , Schlicht Peter , Hüger Fabian , Rummel Nikol , Gottschalk Hanno 
Published: January 2023

AbstractDeep neural networks (DNN) have made impressive progress in the interpretation of image data so that it is conceivable and to some degree realistic to use them in safety critical applications like automated driving. From an ethical standpoint, the AI algorithm should take into account the vulnerability of objects or subjects on the street that ranges from “not at all”, e.g. the road itself, to “high vulnerability” of pedestrians. One way to take this into account is to define the cost of confusion of one semantic category with another and use cost-based decision rules for the interpretation of probabilities, which are the output of DNNs. However, it is an open problem how to define the cost structure, who should be in charge to do that, and thereby define what AI-algorithms will actually “see”. As one possible answer, we follow a participatory approach and set up an online survey to ask the public to define the cost structure. We present the survey design and the data acquired along with an evaluation that also distinguishes between perspective (car passenger vs. external traffic participant) and gender. Using simulation based F-tests, we find highly significant differences between the groups. These differences have consequences on the reliable detection of pedestrians in a safety critical distance to the self-driving car. We discuss the ethical problems that are related to this approach and also discuss the problems emerging from human–machine interaction through the survey from a psychological point of view. Finally, we include comments from industry leaders in the field of AI safety on the applicability of survey based elements in the design of AI functionalities in automated driving.
scEMAIL: Universal and Source-Free Annotation Method for scRNA-Seq Data with Novel Cell-Type Perception
Authors: Wan Hui , Chen Liang , Deng Minghua 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Current cell-type annotation tools for single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data mainly utilize well-annotated source data to help identify cell types in target data. However, on account of privacy preservation, their requirements for raw source data may not always be satisfied. In this case, achieving feature alignment between source and target data explicitly is impossible. Additionally, these methods are barely able to discover the presence of novel cell types. A subjective threshold is often selected by users to detect novel cells. We propose a universal annotation framework for scRNA-seq data called scEMAIL, which automatically detects novel cell types without accessing source data during adaptation. For new cell-type identification, a novel cell-type perception module is designed with three steps. First, an expert ensemble system measures uncertainty of each cell from three complementary aspects. Second, based on this measurement, bimodality tests are applied to detect the presence of new cell types. Third, once assured of their presence, an adaptive threshold via manifold mixup partitions target cells into “known” and “unknown” groups. Model adaptation is then conducted to alleviate the batch effect. We gather multi-order neighborhood messages globally and impose local affinity regularizations on “known” cells. These constraints mitigate wrong classifications of the source model via reliable self-supervised information of neighbors. scEMAIL is accurate and robust under various scenarios in both simulation and real data. It is also flexible to be applied to challenging single-cell ATAC-seq data without loss of superiority. The source code of scEMAIL can be accessed at https://github.com/aster-ww/scEMAIL and https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/biocode/tools/BT007335/releases/v1.0.
Evaluation of Short-Term Mortality Prediction Using Initial Lactate and NEWS+L at Admission in COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Abuzer Özkan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Objective:
To predict the short-term mortality of the serum lactate level and the National Early Warning Score + lactate (NEWS+L) at the time of first admission to the emergency department in COVID-19 patients.

Materials and methods:
This retrospective analysis was performed by screening the data of COVID-19 patients over a 6-month period (from January 15, 2021, to June 15, 2021). The demographic, comorbidities, vital parameters, and lactate values, as well as C- reactive protein (CRP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and 28-day mortality data were recorded.

Results:
A total of 70 patients were included in our study. The median (25th - 75th percentile) age was 58 (47.3 - 73.5) years, and 33 (47.1%) patients were female. The mean lactate value was 1.6 (1.2 - 1.98) mmol/L, the mean NEWS was 6 (4-7.75), and the mean NEWS+L was 7.24 ± 2.54. Mortality occurred in 13 (18.2%) of the 70 patients at 28 days. Lactate, NEWS, and NEWS+L had no significant relationship with mortality. None of these parameters was able to predict mortality (P = 0.132, 0.670, and 0.994, respectively).

Conclusion:
Our findings showed that the NEWS+L, NEWS, and lactate level could not predict short-term mortality in COVID-19 patients at the time of first admission.
The Creolizing Turn and Its Archipelagic Directions
Authors: Kabir Ananya Jahanara 
Published: January 2023

AbstractRecent years have seen a resurgence of scholarly interest across disciplines around the concept “creolization” even as there has been some pushback against this development in other academic quarters. This article contextualizes this state of art around “creolization” and presents an analytical overview of the term’s discursive history. First, I discuss the appearance of the termcreolein several areas of the world as an epiphenomenon of the first wave of European expansionism from the fifteenty century onward. Second, I track the emergence of “Creole” as an analytical category within nineteenth-century philology and its further development within linguistics. Third, I focus on milestones in the move of “creole” to “creolization” as a category for theorists of culture. Finally, I discuss recuperations of creolization as a theoretical model, including my own work that articulates it together with theoretical approaches to archipelagos.
Establishing the occurrence of late Neoarchaean – earliest Palaeoproterozoic magmatism in the Daqingshan area, northwestern North China Craton: SIMS U–Pb zircon dating, Lu–Hf and Sm–Nd isotopes and whole-rock geochemistry
Authors: Dong Chunyan , Xu Zhongyuan , Wilde Simon A. , Ma Mingzhu , Liu Shoujie , Xie Shiwen , Li Pengchuan , Wan Yusheng 
Published: January 2023

AbstractDaqingshan is located in the northwestern North China Craton where late Neoarchaean supracrustal rocks occur widely, but where magmatic zircon ages have rarely been reported for plutonic rocks. In this study, we report SIMS U–Pb zircon ages and Hf isotope, whole-rock element and Nd isotope compositions for 12 magmatic samples, including TTG, quartz monzonitic and monzogranitic gneisses, and meta-gabbroic and dioritic rocks. They have magmatic zircon ages of 2530–2469 Ma; some samples have ages of <2.48 Ga likely influenced by late Palaeoproterozoic tectonothermal events, making their ages less reliable. TTG gneisses have low Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, with whole-rock ϵNd(t) andin situmagmatic zircon ϵHf(t) values of +1.2 to +2.4 and −1.1 to +6.2, respectively. Quartz monzonite and monzogranite gneisses and gabbroic to dioritic rocks have similar Nd–Hf isotope compositions to the TTG gneisses. The absence of zircon >2.6 Ga in the early Precambrian rocks suggests that the Sanggan Group may have formed in an oceanic environment, whereas the TTG rocks formed as a result of partial melting of the basaltic rocks of the Sanggan Group under relatively low-pressure conditions. Combined with previous studies, the main conclusions are that in the Daqingshan area, late Neoarchaean magmatism was widespread, the late Mesoarchaean – early Neoarchaean was an important period of juvenile continental crustal growth, and the late Neoarchaean supracrustal and plutonic rocks most likely formed in an arc environment. These are common signatures for Neoarchaean crustal evolution throughout much of the North China Craton, and also globally.
VARIANTI DEI MODELLI DI GOVERNO PARLAMENTARE
Authors: Pasquino Gianfranco 
Published: January 2023

Introduzione«Chi conosce il diritto costituzionale classico e ignora la funzione dei partiti, ha un'idea sbagliata dei regimi politici contemporanei; chi conosce la funzione dei partiti e ignora il diritto costituzionale classico ha un'idea incompleta ma esatta dei regimi politici contemporanei» (Duverger 1961, p. 412) Alla luce di questa preziosa indicazione metodologica dell'autorevole politologo e costituzionalista francese, il dibattito italiano sul «premierato» appare immediatamente e sostanzialmente inadeguato perché incapace, tranne pochissime eccezioni, di tenere insieme il sistema dei partiti e il modello di governo. Certo, è innegabile che le regole e le attribuzioni di poteri costituzionali hanno anche una dinamica e una forza propria e specifica. Tuttavia, il modo e il grado di successo con il quale regole e poteri incidono sui rapporti governo/parlamento e governo/elettorato differiscono in maniera significativa a seconda del sistema di partiti sottostante sul quale si applicano e con il quale interagiscono. In questa sede, manterrò l'analisi focalizzata esclusivamente sui modelli parlamentari di governo, ma, naturalmente, anche qualsiasi tentativo di comprendere e di rendere conto del funzionamento dei modelli presidenziali di governo appare altrettanto inadeguato se, per l'appunto, non tiene conto dei diversi sistemi di partito sui quali viene innestato ciascun modello presidenziale (per le indispensabili differenziazioni fra presidenzialismi e parlamentarismi, si veda Sartori 2000; per un tentativo, peraltro piuttosto confuso poiché si perde in eccessive specificazioni che non conducono ad opportune generalizzazioni, Shugart e Carey 1992).
LA «VOCE» DI SIDNEY VERBA
Authors: Ono Keiko , Wilcox Clyde 
Published: January 2023

IntroduzioneSidney Verba sta lavorando ad un nuovo libro, in collaborazione con Henry Brady e Kay Schlozman. Verba ha 71 anni, e molti si sarebbero aspettati che prendesse congedo dalla ricerca creativa per scrivere saggi sintetici sulla storia della disciplina. Dopo tutto Verba era presente alla nascita del movimento comportamentista in politica comparata — uno degli autori di The Civic Culture. E inoltre negli ultimi decenni ha pubblicato due importanti libri sul volontariato civico e sulla partecipazione politica, per un totale di quasi 1.100 pagine (Verba, Schlozman e Brady 1995; Burns, Schlozman e Verba 2001). È anche riuscito a pubblicare quattro articoli sulla American Political Science Review, tre sul Journal of Politics, due sull'American Journal of Political Science e due rispettivamente sul British Journal of Political Science e sul Journal of Theoretical Politics. Un livello di produttività notevole per studiosi di qualsiasi età. Di certo nessuno avrebbe obiezioni se si prendesse una pausa.
Behavioural and clinical responses of turkeys stunned in a V-shaped, carbon dioxide tunnel
Authors: Hänsch F , Nowak B , Hartung J 
Published: January 2023

AbstractStunning with carbon dioxide gas (CO2) is used in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo var domesticus) as an alternative to electrical water bath stunning. Investigations were carried out to assess the behavioural and clinical responses of turkeys stunned in a V-shaped CO2tunnel while sitting in their transport crates as part of the usual slaughter routine in a commercial abattoir. The CO2concentration in the tunnel rose from 27% at the first observation point (A) to 74% at point D and the transport time was 180 s. At window 1, 37.1% of the birds showed head shaking, 3.7% deep breaths and 2.9% intensive wing-flapping and at window 2 the respective figures were 2.2, 18.4 and 6.2%. All birds appeared to have lost consciousness at the point of leaving the tunnel. Prior to shackling, 15 s after leaving the tunnel, 230 animals were tested for both interphalangeal reflex and eyelid closure; 20.4% had an incomplete eyelid closure but none displayed an interphalangeal reflex. It would appear that the tunnel system we investigated stuns turkeys effectively within 180 s. However, the initial stunning phase of 40-105 s appears to cause the animals distress, which is demonstrated by head shaking, deep breaths and wing flapping.
Do gorillas regurgitate potentially-injurious stomach acid during ‘regurgitation and reingestion?’
Authors: Hill SP 
Published: January 2023

AbstractRegurgitation and reingestion (R/R) of foodstuffs is a common abnormal behaviour in captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and certain other non-human primates, but it is not part of their normal feeding mechanism. It is similar to a behavioural problem seen in humans, human rumination syndrome (HRS), which can occur in association with anxiety or a poor relationship with a caregiver. Patients with HRS often regurgitate stomach acid with the food matter which can result in clinical problems; until this study, it was not known if stomach acid is regurgitated by gorillas also. Thus, samples of regurgitated matter were collected opportunistically and non-invasively, and pH was measured using an electronic meter. Results were compared with the pH of samples of the original food eaten by the gorillas, and show that regurgitated food has significantly higher acidity than the originally-ingested meal. By comparison, samples of saliva were collected from gorillas opportunistically, in the absence of recent ingestion, and were found to be alkaline and, thus, saliva should not have contributed to the increased acidity of regurgitated matter. The results imply that stomach acid is being regurgitated, as in human patients with potentially-injurious rumination syndrome, and it is indicative of sub-optimal welfare. Causes and effects of R/R should be investigated further, to lead to potential treatment and prevention and to promote the welfare of captive gorillas.
Stocking density and stress induction affect production and stress parameters in broiler chickens
Authors: Villagrá A , de la Torre JL Ruiz , Chacón G , Lainez M , Torres A , Manteca X 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to analyse the effects of three different stocking densities on the production, stress and fear parameters of female broilers during a 46-day production period. Chickens were randomly distributed among nine floor pens in groups of 30 broilers with different space allowances for each treatment; namely eight, 20 and 30 chicks m−2. Chicken growth rate was monitored from day eleven to 46 and indicators of stress, including haematocrit, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio and concentrations of plasma corticosterone, as well as tonic immobility, were measured on days 22 and 46. On day 46, the incidence of foot and skin lesions was assessed, and stress was induced to analyse the response of broilers to each stocking density. High stocking densities cause acute stress in broilers; the effects of low and intermediate stocking densities, however, are not so evident, particularly in relation to tonic immobility and response to acute stress.
Effect of footrests on the incidence of ulcerative pododermatitis in domestic rabbit does
Authors: Rosell JM , de la Fuente LF 
Published: January 2023

AbstractUlcerative pododermatitis or sore hocks is a common condition in adult rabbits housed in cages with wire-mesh floors. This study was carried out on a recently-opened commercial farm with 224 breeding cages (112 without footrests [NFR] and 112 with footrests [FR]) to assess the effect of footrests on the incidence of sore hocks (SH) and plantar hyperkeratosis (K) on domestic rabbit does, throughout the first part of their productive lives. The accumulated incidence of SH in the fifth lactation was 71.5 and 15.1% for NFR and FR groups, respectively and the accumulated incidence of K, at the same point, was 100 and 64.5%. The footrests were also found to have a curative effect on 81.3% of affected does. Clinical and epidemiological information obtained in this study revealed that the installation of a plastic platform or slatted footrest on the wire mesh played a significant role in the prevention and cure of sore hocks. Problems specifically related to cage hygiene and cleanliness were not addressed in this study.
Reducing post-mixing aggression and skin lesions in weaned pigs by application of a synthetic maternal pheromone
Authors: Guy JH , Burns SE , Barker JM , Edwards SA 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn commercial pig production, piglets are often mixed after weaning which can result in severe aggression and lead to body damage, disruption of feeding behaviour and reduced growth. This experiment investigated whether application of a synthetic maternal pheromone to groups of weaned pigs in commercial housing would affect the level of aggression and skin lesions sustained after mixing. Two treatments (Pheromone and Control) were used with 16 replicate pens of pigs (20 pigs per pen). Treatments were applied on the day of weaning (average 28 days of age) on a per room basis in alternate weeks. In Pheromone pens, after routine washing and disinfection, the walls and feeders were treated one hour prior to occupation with a synthetic pheromone at a rate of 1.0 ml pig−1. Control pens were as for Pheromone except no product was applied. During the 24-h period, post mixing, pigs in pheromone-treated pens spent significantly less time fighting than those in control pens. This was reflected in reduced injury scores 24 h after mixing, with pigs in pheromone-treated pens having 39% fewer skin lesions on the front of the body compared to those in control pens. Treatment had no effect on growth rate or feed efficiency, although the feed intake for days 7–28 was significantly lower and feed efficiency tended to be lower in pheromone-treated pens. In conclusion, application of a synthetic maternal pheromone can be considered one of the arsenal of strategies to reduce aggression and safeguard the welfare of groups of weaned pigs where mixing is unavoidable.