bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machine-Design Management
Authors: Alden J. L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Extended search reveals many papers on drawing-room detail, routines, printed forms used in drafting rooms, drafting-room “kinks,” etc., but almost nothing relating to the broader problems of management which the design supervisor and his superiors must face. The present paper is a discussion of design-management practices, and is an attempt to record such of these practices as concern the Hawthorne Machine-Design Division of the Western Electric Company, Inc. The author’s views are influenced largely by the past and present problems confronting him. Many of these, doubtless, are peculiar to the Western Electric Company.
Gear Drives for Motorships: As Affecting the Development of an Efficient American Merchant Marine
Authors: Barraja-Frauenfelder J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper has been written with the object of clarifying a much-misunderstood situation. While the conclusions arrived at represent the author’s own deductions from current accomplishments, they are based on known facts and data, and other authorities are quoted extensively in order to present unbiased views from engineers who have no direct interest in the production of any particular type of engine and to avoid the impression of a one-man idea. Where opportunity has permitted it, reliable data have been quoted; where not so permissible, data have been omitted; but the author will gladly corroborate any statement or quotation which is thought by others to be doubtful or not sufficiently substantiated. It is suggested that the bibliography appended to the paper be carefully consulted in order that the scope of this effort may be fully digested. In substance, the paper should be considered a compendium of practically all that has been accomplished to date in this line which is, in the author’s opinion, worthy of note.
Comparative Performance of Diesel and Gasoline Engines in Motor Trucks
Authors: Langer P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The results are given of tests of the comparative performance of Diesel and gasoline engines in motor trucks. The question is raised whether the carburetor is any longer justified, in view of the present high development of the fuel pump. It seems improbable that carburetor engines will ever do any better in running at low speed under load than they are now doing. The possibilities of development of the fuel pump are great. Among these is the application of the Diesel principle to light-oil engines, rendering possible a standard motor-truck engine perfect both from the thermodynamic and the automotive points of view.
Design Considerations of a Natural-Gas Transmission System
Authors: Merriam Charles W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Since design is one of the chief factors in the economic success of a transmission system, the engineering principles and the requisite empirical data are discussed herein as employed in the design of a pipe-line system now completed. The maximum day demand in successive years of development is analyzed by component parts, particular emphasis in the domestic element of the load being given to previous usage of manufactured gas in terms of B.t.u. per average meter for range and water-heating purposes and to the probable space-heating element based upon the degree-day deficiency method. A brief discussion is included of basic relationships of the factors in the pipe-line flow formula. Consideration is given to relative physical advantages to be derived from application of an understanding of compressor requirements at varying ratios of pipe-line pressure expansion. The unusual features inherent in the looping of lines are shown graphically. Reasons for using a 24-hour instead of a 1-hour period as the time interval of maximum load in design are explained. A diagrammatic presentation of a part of an actual system is made, and discussion thereof is included, to illustrate the manner in which the several engineering principles apply.
Once-Through Series Boiler for 1500 to 5000 Lb. Pressure
Authors: Kerr H. J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper covers the development of series-type boilers from the early stages which resulted in the Calumet steaming economizer type now in extensive use to the once-through series boiler. It describes the operation of the latter units from 1500 to 5000 lb. per sq. in., and test data are given. The limiting factors of this type of unit, such as equalization of flow, control with variable capacity, and operation, are discussed. Heat-transfer data on high-pressure superheated steam are presented.
Characteristics of a High-Pressure Series Steam Generator
Authors: Potter A. A. , Solberg H. L. , Hawkins G. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The steam generator consists of two parallel circuits of seamless-steel tubing supplied with feedwater at one end, and delivering steam from the other end at any desired pressure up to 3500 lb. per sq. in. and at a maximum temperature of 830 deg. fahr. The changes which take place in the circuit are measured by means of thermocouples and manifolded pressure connections. The unit is controlled automatically by a system which uses the Thyratron vacuum-tube circuit. A set of charts is presented showing the operation of the automatic control on a swinging load. The tests reported in the paper indicate the effect of (a) varying the steaming capacity at constant pressure and temperature, (b) changing the pressure at constant capacity and temperature, and (c) increasing the steam temperature at constant capacity and two different pressures. The temperature and the pressure changes through the water and steam circuit are shown graphically. Data are also presented on the heat-transfer rates through the furnace-wall tubes. The results up to date indicate that this steam generator will operate successfully at any pressure between 1500 and 3500 lb. per sq. in. and at a maximum temperature which is limited by the materials used. Automatic control held the steam pressure and temperature nearly constant throughout the range of operation.
Determination of Carbonate, Hydroxide, and Phosphate in Boiler Waters: Progress Report of Subcommittee No. 8 of the Joint Research Committee on Boiler-Feedwater Studies
Authors: Schroeder W. C. , Fellows C. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Work of Subcommittee No. 8 of the Committee on Boiler-Feedwater Studies this year has involved critical examination of the methods generally used for examining boiler water, with a view of establishing methods for plant control and referee work that later might be recommended for adoption as standard in the industry. There has been much dissatisfaction with several methods for determining certain constituents in boiler water. This is because the methods used were developed for examining other types of water and consequently are not always applicable for accurate testing of water in steam boilers.
Those methods which, in the opinion of the subcommittee, required immediate consideration because they had to do with the determination of constituents important in control work in most plants, and because no generally accepted scheme of procedure had been found to yield satisfactory results, were: (1) Methods for the determination of alkalinity, especially that due to carbonate salts; (2) those for dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide; and (3) those for the determination of phosphates and silicates, inasmuch as these salts influence alkalinity and, in some cases, interfere with its determinations.
It was felt that the most logical way to clear up the questions arising in connection with these methods was to put the matter before a competent technician who would devote his entire time to the problem. The subcommittee was authorized to establish a fellowship in some university to carry out the work, and one was established at the University of Michigan. The first problem taken up was methods for determining alkalinities and some of those ions influencing alkalinity and its determination. The report tells of the progress made in carrying out this work.
Photogrammetric Measurement of Airplane Landing Speeds
Authors: Finch V. C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper gives a method of airplane landing-speed measurements. Wing loadings have mounted steadily in the past few years, with consequent increase in landing speed. Within the past two years wing areas have been so ruthlessly clipped that some of the 1932 models of conventional commercial airplanes are carrying weight per unit of wing area far in excess of the fastest wartime pursuit airplanes. To fit the government requirement of 65 mph as the limit for passenger-airplane landing with full load in still air, several manufacturers of stock models are assisting in the development of a method of actual measurement of landing speeds. The photogrammetric method gives an accurate and permanent record.
The Mooring and Ground Handling of a Rigid Airship
Authors: Rosendahl C. E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Problems in mooring and handling rigid airships are treated. Differences of opinion resulting from the relatively limited airship operating experience are discussed. Prediction is made that successful mooring and handling of rigid airships will center around the low mast. When the problems of airship terminals reach a satisfactory status, as it is asserted they soon will, it will be found that extremely important contributions will have been made by the airship personnel and engineering talent of the United States.
Heating and Ventilating of Cabin Airplanes
Authors: Beard M. Gould 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Comfort for airplane passengers is being seriously considered, and aeronautical engineers are designing features for the airplane cabin that follow closely the comforts of railroad drawing-room cars and the facilities of the larger motor coaches. The adaptation is easily made, with alterations in weight and size. Heating and ventilating systems are replacing the rudimentary provisions of the past. The paper states the problems of heating and ventilating of cabin airplanes, gives available data, describes methods in use or attempted, and urges the mechanical and aeronautical branches of the profession to join in solving the problems.
Developments in Aluminum Alloys in Relation to Economies in Aircraft Construction
Authors: Nagel C. F. , Hoglund G. O. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper reviews the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of available aluminum-alloy structural materials, and as to the fabricating situation, discusses the status of technical information, equipment, and practices (forming, jointing, and corrosion prevention). A summary coordinates these matters to show what has been accomplished and the general direction of present developments, with the thought that the present lull in production provides an opportunity to plan for the future and conduct the indicated experimental work. The discussion is limited to the structural parts of aircraft, such as fuselage and wing and control surfaces, omitting power plant, landing gear, and accessories.
Relation of Quality to Economics of Manufacture of Aviation Gasoline
Authors: Oberfell G. G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Quality of aviation gasoline is the problem of the fuel manufacturer and the designer of aircraft engines. Present aviation gasoline is the result of demands for an increase of power output per unit of weight and displacement of aircraft engines. The improved engines represent designs intended to take full advantage of the best grades of gasoline available in sufficient quantities. Any future improvement in gasoline quality should bring about commensurate improvements in gasoline engines. The quality of aviation gasoline is thus setting the pace for improvement in aircraft engines of the spark-ignition type in use at present.
Shaft Drives for Airship and Airplane Propellers
Authors: Goldthwaite J. L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
General recognition of the possibilities of gear and shaft transmissions would free the designer from the limitations imposed by the fixed-unit power plant and appreciably broaden the field of aircraft design. Against these advantages are the weight and many engineering problems. The author discusses the most important problems from the standpoint of transmission design and suggests methods of meeting them. Working stresses, torsional vibration, dynamic balancing of long shafts, flexible couplings, and splines receive attention.
Survey of Problems of Thin-Walled Structures: III—Analysis of Some Typical Thin-Walled Structures
Authors: von Kármán Th. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The structural skeleton of an airplane of the orthodox type can be considered as a truss, and the structural analysis uses, in general, the familiar methods. Also the structural analysis of the spar-rib type of wing system can be done by the theory of elastically supported continuous beams. The structural analysis of thin-walled structures is a much more complicated problem. There are different methods of attack. A survey of typical cases shows that there is a possibility of producing usable information. Experiments are being carried out on the stability and ultimate failure of cylinders in compression, bending, and torsion.
Stresses in Boiler Tubes Subjected to High Rates of Heat Absorption
Authors: De Baufre Wm. L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In order to get a more nearly accurate picture of the stresses in thick boiler tubes subjected to high rates of heat absorption, an investigation of the subject, under the supervision of the author, was made using as nearly accurate experimental data as could be found for mild steel and employing theoretically correct relations for the stresses in thick tubes. After calculating the stresses by relations derived for a constant ratio of stress to strain, the results were corrected for plastic flow in the tube wall where the stresses exceeded the elastic limit of mild steel, and also for creep which occurs when mild steel is stressed for long times at elevated temperatures. The stresses were investigated for non-uniform heat absorption around the tube circumference as well as for a uniform rate of heat absorption. Details of the investigation and the results obtained are set forth at length in the paper.
Influence of Bends in Inlet Ducts on the Performance of Induced-Draft Fans
Authors: Marks L. S. , Lomax J. , Ashton R. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper shows the great loss in capacity and efficiency of a fan that results from the location of elbows or bends close to the inlet boxes. The loss is shown to be a function of the type of bend, of its “aspect ratio” or ratio of depth to width, and of the direction in which the air is turned in the bend. By the use of guide vanes in the bend the loss can be almost entirely prevented. When scroll inlet boxes provided with guide vanes are used, this loss does not occur, but the capacity with such boxes is low, although the efficiency is maintained. The cause of the loss is not the friction in the bend, but is the poor distribution of the air leaving the bend and entering the inlet box. The use of a short length of straight duct between the bend and the inlet box will reduce the loss appreciably. Measurements by pitot tube of the distribution of velocity and static pressures at the entrance to the inlet boxes will indicate the existence of this loss and the desirability of inserting guide vanes in the bends.
A System for the Measurement of Steam With Flow Nozzles for Turbine Performance Tests
Authors: Moss Sanford A. , Johnson Wistar W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the authors give particulars regarding a system of steam-flow measurement by means of a nozzle for performance tests of jet-condensing, non-condensing, or extraction turbines where condensate measurements are out of the question. The system as outlined is on a laboratory basis in order to insure the accuracy necessary when steam-turbine guarantees are involved. One of the two appendixes presents an account of tests on which the system is based; the other deals with formulas for steam flow.
The Morgoil Roll-Neck Bearing
Authors: Dahlstrom F. P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
For several years a need has existed in two-high hot rolling mills for a rugged, precision-type bearing having a capacity great enough to carry existing loads, and which could be installed in the limited space available, without reduction of neck strength. This paper reviews the experimental work with roller bearings which eventually led to the development of a unit-type oil-lubricated sleeve bearing. A brief review of pertinent laws of bearing design is included, together with their application to rolling-mill problems. Following a description of the Morgoil bearing, some results of field tests are included which show how successfully the bearing has met the conditions imposed upon it.
Carburizing With Butane Gas
Authors: Spicer C. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The hydrocarbon gases of the paraffin series which are being used for commercial carburizing include methane (natural gas), propane, and butane. These hydrocarbons used without the admixture of air or other gases apparently give up carbon to the steel during certain cracking processes which occur at certain rather sharply defined temperatures and other conditions. Operating conditions which give satisfactory results with one hydrocarbon may not produce satisfactory results with other hydrocarbons. These conditions are not difficult to meet when fully understood.
Well-controlled butane offers: (1) smaller temperature range than commercial solid carburizers; (2) carburizing material at low cost; (3) maximum carburizing rate at temperatures metallurgically and economically advantageous; (4) chemically constant carburizing material; (5) carburizing material requiring no complications, such as admixture of air or other gases; (6) no labor or space within the plant is required for handling or storage of solid carburizer; (7) carburizing process so free from dust and dirt that with proper furnace equipment it may be placed in the regular factory line of manufacture; (8) absolute control of depth and character of case.
The paper gives some details of the author’s experiments, certain general observations regarding the physical chemistry and a table of physical constants of the paraffin hydrocarbons, a description of a flowmeter for measuring the flow of carburizing gas to the furnace.
Effect of Reradiation on Heat Transmission in Furnaces and Through Openings
Authors: Hottel H. C. , Keller J. D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In heat transmission by radiation, the reradiation of heat from adjacent surfaces has been a perplexing question. Radiation of heat through openings in furnace walls, radiation in electric furnaces having heating elements under the roof only, and radiation in some types of oil stills from muffles on the floor to the tubes under the roof are all cases in point. In this paper accurate methods of calculation are developed, and curves are presented from which the reradiation and total radiation factors can be read at a glance, for various shapes and proportions of radiating surfaces or openings. Incidental to the chief results, two methods of solving integral equations are presented. The theoretically developed values are checked and substantiated by actual test measurements.
Rustless-Steel Conveyors—Their Availability, Application, and Use
Authors: Elmer Nixon W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper covers corrosion-resistant metals for material-handling use, giving tables of relative corrosion resistance and costs under reasonably average conditions, particularly where food products are concerned. The various available materials are briefly described, and their good and bad features and qualities are developed. The types of conveyors for which these materials have been used are given, and the important and characteristic installation features of each are discussed.
Heat-Transfer Design Data and Alignment Charts
Authors: Chilton Thomas H. , Colburn Allan P. , Genereaux Raymond P. , Vernon Harcourt C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A search was made, during a research program on heat transfer, for the best available methods for the prediction of heat-transfer coefficients and for means of simplifying design calculations. The equations selected or developed on film coefficients are given in the paper for gases flowing in turbulent motion inside tubes, for gases flowing across tube banks, for free convection outside horizontal cylinders and at vertical surfaces, and for condensing vapors. Alignment charts are given for the solution of these equations. A simplified method of designing gas-heat exchangers was worked out on the basis of one of the equations for the heat-transfer coefficient, and a chart is also given for pressure-drop calculations made in designing heat-transfer equipment.
Canadian Pacific Railway Multi-Pressure Locomotive 8000: Its Construction, Operation, and Maintenance
Authors: Bowen H. B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Higher steam pressures and temperatures have marked the progress toward greater power at reduced cost. Locomotive development has not kept pace with stationary practice in the use of higher pressures. After studying all available information on new types of locomotive and after investigating improved types of locomotive abroad, the Canadian Pacific Railway Company decided to construct a heavy freight locomotive for service on its severe mountain divisions. Its 2-10-4 multi-pressure locomotive 8000, which is described in the paper, was the result.
Sanforizing Process
Authors: Cluett Sanford L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper describes a machine that will treat a fabric so that its dimensions in warp and filling will be what is desired after the fabric is subjected to laundry washing or other cleaning process. The causes of the shrinkage of a fabric when subjected to full laundry treatment being mostly mechanical, an effective treatment to prevent shrinking may be found in some process of mechanically rearranging the fibers of the fabric (including changing the count of warp and filling) to the same extent that the fibers would rearrange themselves if subjected to a full laundry washing. Data are given of characteristic runs of different fabrics in the Sanforizing process.
Cause and Effect of Recent Advances in Textile Machinery
Authors: Fowle Edwin D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
There is an important general advance in the improvement of textile machinery. The cause is mainly in the necessity which the machinery manufacturers face of developing equipment for replacement rather than for expansion. A slight falling off in the rate of development began this year, due largely to the great expense which the work entails, but the rate is still far above normal. If the industry will refrain from employing high-production machines to increase total output, that is to say, if it will use such equipment strictly to decrease operating costs, it will have a splendid opportunity to eliminate or reduce the overproduction which now hampers it. This is because continual renovation of the better mills will close the less efficient ones, and because reduced costs, followed by reduced selling prices, will widen the market.