bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aging and Elder Care
Authors: Levitt Peggy , Dobbs Erica , Sun Ken Chih-Yan , Paul Ruxandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the ways older people’s rights to protections are transformed under the circumstances of transnational migration. This chapter highlights four groups at the intersection of aging, transnational migration, and social protection: (1) international retirement migrants, (2) parents whose children emigrate abroad, (3) older immigrants who return to their countries of origin, and (4) migrant elder care workers. Differences across these groups underscore the stratified nature of resource environments for the elderly and their families. While some seniors are able to create plentiful resource environments, the exchange of people, money, services, and information between societies also creates new dilemmas and controversies. As states redefine social and legal citizenship—and, by so doing, extend, block, regulate, and outsource social protections for noncitizens and residents—market actors emerge as important purveyors of services for those who can afford them. Market-based care, however, leaves behind those who lack resources and exacerbates already stark inequalities. Among the most vulnerable are elder care workers themselves.
Prospects for Jewish Studies in Poland: An Update for a New Decade
Authors: Wodziński Marcin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the most recent developments in Jewish studies in Poland. It traces the motivations of undergraduate students who have chosen to major in Jewish studies over the past ten years. It demonstrates their motivations remain strongly correlated with wider public debates, though at the same time they have become increasingly pragmatic. Next, a bibliometric analysis reveals that research interests among Polish scholars, as reflected in two databases: academic articles and research grants, are dominated by ethnocentrism; a focus on a selected set of topics (mostly Holocaust and antisemitism); and an increasing interest in contemporary issues to the detriment of historical studies. The concluding section turns to the question of the possible research interests of the emerging generation of scholars, as reflected in doctoral dissertations on Jewish topics currently being written in Poland.
History, Biography, Social and Gender Studies
Authors: Lederhendler Eli 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Jews at Work: Their Economic Progress in the American Labor Market, written by Barry R. Chiswick. It acknowledges how Jews are doing remarkably and economically well in the United State compared to other ethnic and religious groups. Chiswick dedicated a tremendous amount of effort to using theoretical and methodological tools to understand Jewish economic success. Indeed, Chiswick’s work covers earnings and occupational attainment, experiences of Soviet Jewish immigrants, the comparison between Jewish women and non-Jewish women, and the relationship between labor market outcomes and involvement in Jewish life. The chapter also addresses how Chiswick sheds light on the issue of the sustainability of Jewish success since Judaism is a time-intensive religion.
Pragmatism for Philosophy of Science
Authors: Andersen H. K. , Mitchell Sandra D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the volume, highlighting key themes and programmatic features of a pragmatist approach to topics in philosophy of science and metaphysics. Pragmatism is a potent tool at the interface between methodological and applied questions arising from scientific practice, and the underlying ontological or metaphysical commitments that are implied by or frame those questions. For topics at the intersection of philosophy of science and metaphysics, pragmatism is an effective way to take entrenched debates and re-frame them in ways that challenge old dichotomies and offer more fruitful paths forward. Pragmatist approaches here involve the inextricability of methodological or epistemological commitments with more fundamental or metaphysical questions. Many traditional dichotomies such as realism versus antirealism, truth versus idealization, unification versus disunity, are challenged, and alternatives developed from a more holist and pragmatist perspective.
Sketch of Some Themes for a Pragmatist Philosophy of Science
Authors: Woodward James 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter sketches one possible form that a pragmatist philosophy of science might take. It defends general philosophy of science, although not in the form it has traditionally taken, and along with this, a focus on methodology as a legitimate concern for philosophers of science. The chapter emphasizes the idea that good methodology depends on specific empirical assumptions about the subject matter to which the methodology is applied but the chapter also argues that common methodological problems arise across different areas of science—the investigation of these forms is an important part of the subject matter of general philosophy of science. Connections are made between some classical pragmatist themes (e.g., rejection of spectator theories of knowledge, skepticism about overly literal understandings of representation) and issues in contemporary philosophy of science. The author’s intention is to be provocative.
The Bearable Thinness of Being
Authors: Mitchell Sandra D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Taking a pragmatist stance toward the practices and products of science shapes our answers to central philosophical questions. This chapter develops a pragmatist/interactionist defense of realism. It rejects the dichotomy on offer between structural (top-down) and causal (bottom-up) defenses of the reality of phenomena. Inspired by the work of J. J. Gibson, an ecological psychologist, the chapter describes how scientists’ conceptual and representational practices work in concert with their observational and experimental ones to stabilize acceptance of a claim of realism. What is real is what is jointly afforded by philosophical presumptions about causation, theoretical representations of the purported phenomena, and inferences from experimental data.
Pragmatism, Perennialism, and the Physics of Ignorance
Authors: Ruetsche Laura 
Published: February 2023

AbstractInvestigating the foundations of quantum field theories, I have suggested that theory specification has a pragmatic dimension: strategies for equipping physical theories with content, if sensibly pursued, eventuate in contents indexed not only (or not just) to the way the world is, but also to our aims in using our theories and the circumstances we use them in. Here I assess the “fundamentalist” response, that the apparent appeal of pragmatizing content rests on transient artifacts of the present incomplete state of physics. Fundamental physics, the response continues, can be properly understood if only it’s understood as representing the way the world is. Insofar as none of the physics we have now is genuinely fundamental, we can’t directly assess this fundamentalist response. Undertaking an indirect assessment, I develop two reasons to predict that future scientific theories, including theories of “fundamental physics,” will continue to be best understood as possessing pragmatized content.
Conceptual idealism: the basic idea
Authors: Hofweber Thomas 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis chapter outlines the main ideas of the positive proposal defended in this book. It formulates a version of idealism, labelled conceptual idealism, with the notion of a harmony between our thought and reality, and it presents an argument that idealism so formulated is correct. This argument comes from the philosophy of language and proceeds via the defense of a certain view of what we do when we talk about facts, labeled internalism. It proceeds by considering an objection that no view merely about our language alone could establish that there is a harmony between two separate things: our language and reality. An outline is given how this objection is to be answered, which will be developed in later chapters.
Inescapable concepts
Authors: Hofweber Thomas 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis chapter focuses on how it is possible to draw substantial metaphysical conclusions from simply investigating our own representations of reality. It shows how this can be done in general, but then raises an issue concerning the quality of such results tied to the quality of the representations from which they are drawn. However, one can show in special cases that these results are of the highest quality. And we can again do this simply from thinking about our representations alone. This is connected to showing that certain concepts are inescapable in the sense of it being irrational to replace them with an alternative. The significance of such inescapable concepts is discussed, as well as a series of candidates for being an inescapable concept, in particular that of a fact.
The immanent stance
Authors: Hofweber Thomas 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIf some concepts cannot rationally be replaced by our own lights, does this mean that they are perfect fit for the world, or that we are trapped into having to think that these concepts have to be used, even if they are a bad match for reality? This chapter argues that even though it is possible to be trapped by one’s inescapable concepts, we are not now trapped by our concepts. The significance of one’s own inescapable concepts can be appreciated by taking the immanent stance and by keeping in mind that in inquiry we aim to answer questions that we ourselves asked. This stance is contrasted with the transcendent stance, and the difference is made vivid by considering Eklund’s recent discussion of thin normative concepts. The immanent stance is closely tied to a general approach towards making progress in metaphysics, which is labelled immanent metaphysics.
‘À bas les Anglais!’
Authors: Bensimon Fabrice 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses issues of integration and rejection. For migrants, although moving to the Continent sometimes involved travelling short distances, the environments they encountered could be very different from their places of origin in Britain. Overall, they were welcomed by local authorities, provided they did not become involved in local religious, political, or social disputes. We still know little about the interactions between British migrants and local populations. The social history of these encounters has traditionally pointed to a dichotomy between Anglophilia and Anglophobia. Migrants, however, are an ideal population for the study of ‘diplomacy from below’. This chapter addresses British labourers’ different interactions with the local populations, at work, in the localities where they lived, or in places through which they passed (harbours, etc.). There is some evidence of friendly relations between migrant workers and the local people, with whom they could work, share lodgings, worship, play, drink, and associate. While most sources document the absence of real antagonisms with local communities, several outbursts of xenophobia can be identified, such as the 1848 crisis in France, when the combination of the economic crisis and the fall of the July Monarchy led to several demonstrations against British workers. Some had been living in France for years but now, faced with unemployment and local animosity, had no choice but to leave. This chapter assesses this flashpoint of hostility, exploring what it can tell us about xenophobia, including its modern-day forms.
Global Financial Governance and Banking Regulation
Authors: Alexander Kern 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter sheds light on the decision-making processes in international financial standard setting bodies and it analyses critically whether or not the views and interests of other countries and stakeholder groups outside are adequately taken into account in the development of international banking supervisory standards. It discusses how post-crisis international financial regulatory reforms have increased the number of countries involved in international standard setting from the small number of advanced industrialized countries pre-crisis to a much broader grouping that includes large emerging market and developing countries and representatives from regional trading blocs. Although international financial standard setting bodies have made significant progress in broadening decision-making to include more representation from a wider number of countries, these bodies still do not meaningfully involve other countries (outside of the G20) in decision-making, nor do they take their views into account. Moreover, international financial bodies still neither consult nor involve stakeholder groups that represent broader societal interests.
China and Vietnam in Global Finance Governance
Authors: Zhang Weiwei 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter compares China’s and Vietnam’s participation in four key global financial institutions: the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), and the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). It traces their participation from the beginnings of their respective economic reform and presents an evolutionary picture of their participation over the years. It explores whether China’s and Vietnam’s level of participation in these institutions have changed over time, and if so, what the factors are that enabled such change. Finally, the chapter investigates whether each country’s influence in global finance governance has changed over time, and if so, whether this influence is related to their increased participation in these four institutions.
On Expanding the Theory of Stakeholder Participation
Authors: Brummer Christopher J 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a discussion of the key points that emerged from the chapters on the reforms to improve stakeholder participation in global finance governance and offers a critical reflection about the questions that remain open and the avenues for further research. It is noteworthy that formerly marginalized or excluded countries might be able to wield a surprising amount of influence, though most administrative reforms implied that such stakeholder participation remains highly diluted. At the same time, the entire regulatory ecosystem has to be taken into account. Reforms concerning organizational membership or voting power should be viewed in conjunction with other changes—from the inclusion of heads of state to administrative and procedural innovations aimed at enhancing the influence of non-members.
Global Health Governance and Stakeholder Participation
Authors: Gartner David 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the rule of stakeholder participation in major global health institutions including the World Bank, the World Health Organization, GAVI, and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. In recent decades, there has been a dramatic shift from models based on transparency and observer status for non-state actors to speaking rights, voting rights, and even potential veto rights for different stakeholders within global health institutions. The conceptualization of participation within global health institutions has also shifted from a focus on individual stakeholders often selected by the institution itself to broader constituencies of stakeholders who select their own representatives.
China and Vietnam in Global Health Governance
Authors: Cheng Cindy , Do Anh 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the consequences of institutional reforms in global health governance. Specifically, it investigates and compares changes in the voice and influence of Chinese and Vietnamese stakeholders—and assesses whether and to what extent those changes are attributable to recent institutional reforms adopted by GAVI, the Global Fund, ICH, IMDRF, GlobalG.A.P. and the Codex Alimentarius Commission, to increase the participation and influence of previously marginalized stakeholders. We argue that whether institutional change leads to greater Chinese or Vietnamese participation and influence is conditioned by three factors: issue salience, participant resources and institutional specificity. Although issue salience is high for both countries across these global health bodies, China’s engagement is more substantive than Vietnam’s, partly because of China’s greater economic and political resources. With regards to institutional specificity, Chinese and Vietnamese voice and influence have increased to a greater extent where country-specific domestic knowledge is necessary for achieving the global governance bodies’ goals, as is the case for GAVI and the Global Fund, than in global bodies that develop general standards or rules with broad international applicability, such as ICH, IMDRF, GlobalG.A.P. and Codex.
How Much do Health Actors from the Global South Influence Global Health Governance? A Response
Authors: Moon Suerie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Recent reforms across a broad range of global governance institutions to broaden and deepen meaningful participation by previously marginalized stakeholders have been significant, yet there is a long way to go. Middle-income country (MICs) governments and non-state actors can and do wield significant influence in global health governance processes, but sporadically rather than systematically. In global governance institutions with both health and economic objectives, public and private economic actors from developing countries exhibit much greater capacity to make use of existing and new channels for participation than health actors. Conversely, public interest non-state actors from the Global South seem largely absent. That said, while larger countries and commercial non-state actors have greater resources to wield influence, skilled leaders from smaller countries and NGOs have demonstrated that size does not always predict influence. Finally, protecting public health in developing countries in global governance processes remains a daunting challenge, despite participation reforms.
The World Health Organization’s Engagement with Non-State Actors
Authors: Gopakumar K M 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Participation deficiency is considered one of the failures of the global governance project. However, the participation of non-state actors (NSA), especially corporations, brings benefits along with certain kinds of risk. The most important risk is the undermining of public interest in development sectors such as health through undue influence. In the context of WHO these engagements with NSAs—especially with the private sector—have resulted in undue influence, which often compromised the public health concerns. The World Health Assembly, the highest decision-making body of the WHO, in 2016 adopted Framework of Engagements with Non-State Actors (FENSA) to regulate the WHO’s engagements with NSA. This article examines the effectiveness of the FENSA provisions, as implemented, in checking the undue influence from the private sector. It argues that a poor implementation of FENSA bears the danger of legitimizing the undue influence of the private sector on the WHO.
Public Power and Private Stakeholders
Authors: Raustiala Kal 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Twenty-first-century governance is increasingly characterized by multi-stakeholder governance. Although States remain the primary and most powerful actors in world politics, governments and international organizations are increasingly granting access and influence to private actors in a range of important global issues. Drawing from examples in global finance governance, global health governance, and other policy fields, this chapter seeks to examine and explain the evolution of this trend. Its core argument is that public power can be—and often is—strengthened by the inclusion of private power. The rise of private actors in global governance has not come at the expense of public actors, but instead often works to the political benefit of those public actors. This symbiotic relationship between public and private actors is insufficiently appreciated and helps to account for the striking rise of ‘multi-stakeholderism’ in global governance and the increase in stakeholder participation.
Tumor Necrosis Factor inhibitors
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
During the last 2 decades, increasingly more effective drugs have become available for treatment of patients who fail to adequately respond to NSAIDs. They are grouped under the term “biologics,” “biologicals,” or “biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs” (b-DMARDs). They include TNF inhibitors (TNFi), the subject of this chapter, and IL-17 inhibitors (IL-17i), discussed in the next chapter, and many others that are used for other disease. They do not cure arthritis and will help only if you continue taking them at the recommended dose. They slow progression of AS/axSpA that becomes noticeable 2 to 4 years after initiation of treatment, especially if the treatment is initiated in the early stages of the disease. Biologics are costly because they are produced by using biotechnology that requires living microorganisms or animal or human cells, or that contains components of living organisms. TNF-inhibitors are generally well tolerated, but you need to discuss with your healthcare providers and pharmacist about the most common as well as potentially serious adverse effects.
Living with the disease and its socio-economic impact
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Most people with AS/axSpA and related SpA can cope well and continue to have a very productive and active lifestyle, especially with the advent of more effective drug therapies and earlier diagnoses of their diseases. They can mostly maintain their level of employment in manual and semi-skilled work force. Some patients, especially those with severe AS with complete spinal fusion and physically demanding jobs, may need to change their type of work, decrease their work hours, or experience temporary work disability and possible job loss. Occupational therapists can be very helpful in making the employer aware of the patient specific physical limitations and needs. They can also come up with necessary work adaptations agreeable with the employer. Looking physically different from the rest of the population can present psychological problems, but most people are able to come to terms with this with or without psychosocial counseling. Most of the socio-economic factors associated with higher cost to the patient and the society are related to uncontrolled disease activity and functional disability. Therefore, early appropriate treatment is crucial, and interventions that maintain or improve patients’ functional ability are likely to have the greatest potential to decrease the costs of AS/axSpA.