bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supportive Interventions Involving Family Carers of Patients With Delirium Superimposed on Dementia in Hospital: A Scoping Review
Authors: Ashton‐Gough Caroline , Lynch Jennifer , Goodman Claire 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTBackgroundPeople with dementia admitted to hospital are at risk of developing delirium. Patients with delirium superimposed on dementia (DSD) have higher mortality rates, longer hospital stays and further cognitive loss. The role of family is often recommended as a resource to inform and support how patients with dementia's needs are understood. This review focuses on ward‐based interventions that enable family carers and health care professionals to work together to improve patient experience and outcomes.AimTo review evidence on ward‐based approaches involving family (or their proxies) and staff working together to prevent and manage delirium for patients living with dementia.MethodsWe undertook a scoping review including all types of research. Six electronic databases were searched (CINAHL, MEDLINE (run twice), EMBASE, Cochrane, PsycINFO and PubMed). The search was limited to papers written in English and published from 2009 to 2019. The search was updated in 2023. Papers were independently read by two researchers. Findings were presented through narrative synthesis (Prospero CRD42019130369).ResultsFifteen papers were included. Studies focused on educational and system change to improve the care of people with DSD. Family involvement ranged from enabling baseline assessment of delirium, commenting on different resources and measures designed to support their involvement in care or simulate their presence. The evidence of effectiveness was varied. Interventions to support personalised care and give family carers and staff confidence were positively evaluated in some studies but not all included both family carers and staff. Benefits to patients over time were less clearly demonstrated.ConclusionThis review identified the potential of family to mitigate the risk of delirium and improve patient outcomes. Further research is needed to understand how system and practitioner changes to enable family involvement in the support of people with DSD benefit patients in the short and long term.Relevance to Clinical PracticeThe review findings provide evidence for clinical practice when selecting existing interventions and approaches involving family in supporting patients with DSD.Patient or Public ContributionNot required as this was a review, not an original piece of research.
CmPPR4 gene controls drought resilience in melon ecotypes
Authors: Xia Yuelin , Xu Mingze , Yang Qinrong , Zhang Yutong , Shen Qinhui , Zhao Haoshun , Zhang Kejia , Meng Yiqing , Batool Asmat , Bo Yongming , Jin Rongrong , Cao Hong , Hu Zhongyuan , Yang Jinghua , Zhang Mingfang , Lyu Xiaolong 
Published: February 2025

SummaryGlobal climate change has rendered drought stress an increasing threat to sustainable crop production. Melon (Cucumis melo) crop is widely cultivated worldwide, and has been classified into two subspecies C. melo ssp. melo and C. melo ssp. agrestis with greater drought tolerance variation. However, the genetic basis for the difference in drought resilience between two subspecies ecotypes remains unclear. In this study, we constructed an F8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) population generated by crossing drought‐tolerant C. melo ssp. melo with drought‐sensitive C. melo ssp. agrestis and identified a CmPPR4 gene that encoded a pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein highly associated with drought tolerance. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation in CmPPR4 resulted in a nonsynonymous mutation, leading to reduced drought resilience in C. melo ssp. agrestis. The geographical distribution of CmPPR4 genotypes among 297 melon accessions closely parallels global annual precipitation patterns. Furthermore, the diminished drought tolerant capacity in RNA silencing seedlings and enhanced drought tolerance in overexpression lines further confirmed CmPPR4 as a crucial regulator of drought tolerance in melon. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the crucial role of CmPPR4 in regulating drought tolerance of melon ecotypes, promoting molecular breeding of water‐saving and drought‐resilient melon cultivars.
Transcriptomic analysis of the mandibular gland genes associated with reproductive dominance in Apis mellifera capensis Esch. parasitic workers
Authors: Mumoki Fiona Nelima , Pirk Christian Walter Werner , Crewe Robin Michael , Yusuf Abdullahi Ahmed 
Published: February 2025

AbstractRegulation of reproductive division of labour is generally modulated by the queen's chemical secretions, particularly the mandibular gland (MG) pheromone complex. Workers can activate their ovaries and lay unfertilised eggs with some dominant workers able to produce queen‐like MG signals to become false queens. We examined the effect of social condition as a regulator of social behaviour, by investigating differential gene expression in the MG of two subspecies of African honey bees, with differing reproductive potentials and, at two ages. Sequencing of RNA from young and older Apis mellifera scutellata (low reproductive potential) and A. m. capensis (higher reproductive potential) workers was carried out. A total of 5646 transcripts were differentially expressed across four libraries, classified into 29 biological processes based on their gene ontology accessions. Further, 48 differentially expressed genes were found to be putatively associated with the biosynthesis of MG fatty acids. Of these, 25 were cytochrome P450s thought to participate in the caste‐specific hydroxylation of stearic acid, a crucial regulatory point in the biosynthetic pathway. Multiple points of regulation were identified starting from in‐situ biosynthesis and activation of stearic acid, caste‐specific hydroxylation, transport between organelles, uncompleted β‐oxidation and oxidation of 9‐hydroxy‐2‐decenoic acid (9‐HDA) to 9‐oxo‐2 (E)‐decenoic acid (9‐ODA). Our data shows that regardless of age, reproductively dominant individuals switch on a very specific set of genes as they transition from worker‐like to queen‐like MG signals. This study provides insight into the molecular‐level changes that occur as workers switch from social cooperative behaviours to reproductive dominance.
Analysis of Population‐Level Avirulence and Virulence Genetic Frequencies Provides Insight Into Resistance Gene Rotation and Plant Disease Epidemiology
Authors: McCallum Alec J. , Idnurm Alexander , Scanlan Jack L. , Van de Wouw Angela P. 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTBlackleg disease, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, leads to significant yield losses to canola (Brassica napus) production worldwide. Whilst the impact of this disease can be minimised by genetic resistance in B. napus, pathogen populations evolve quickly to overcome this resistance and restore virulence. To prevent yield losses due to the evolution of virulence, population‐level monitoring is required so that timely warnings can be provided to growers and breeders. Here, we develop high‐throughput sequencing‐based molecular markers for L. maculans avirulence or virulence towards five B. napus resistance genes that allow their frequency to be determined within entire populations, rather than individual isolates. Using these markers on Australian spore populations, we show that avirulence alleles are present in populations at low frequencies, even when the corresponding resistance gene is deployed in the plant host. Furthermore, virulence frequencies can vary dramatically from different pieces of stubble (crop debris) within the same paddock. These results show that population‐level markers are an effective tool for monitoring virulence and highlight the significant gaps in the current understanding of the breakdown of plant genetic resistance, whereby it is unclear what percentage of the population is required to be avirulent for a resistance gene to be effective.
Large x$x$ Asymptotics of the Soliton Gas for the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation
Authors: Han Xiaofeng , Zhang Xiaoen , Dong Huanhe 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we construct a Riemann–Hilbert problem of the soliton gas for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, derived by taking the limit of the soliton solutions as . The discrete spectra corresponding to the soliton solutions are located in four disjoint intervals on the imaginary axis, which are symmetric about the real axis. We analyze the large asymptotics by setting the time variable to zero. Using the Deift–Zhou nonlinear steepest‐descent method, we find that the large asymptotics at behave differently, as , the asymptotics decays to the zero background exponentially, while as , the leading‐order term can be expressed with a Riemann‐theta function of genus three. In the conclusion, we expand this case to the general intervals and conjecture on the large asymptotics.
A Latent Class Analysis Predicting STEM Career Interest and Perceptions of Barriers
Authors: Mulvey Kelly Lynn , Cerda‐Smith Jacqueline , Joy Angelina , Ozturk Emine 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTDuring adolescence, individuals make key decisions about coursework, and career paths, including paths toward careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). This study identified groups of adolescents who vary in STEM career interests, feelings of support, and perceptions of barriers in STEM and explored what factors predict group membership. Using a latent class analysis with a sample of 473 9th and 10th grade students from public schools in the Southeastern United States (Mage = 15.14, 48.4% White and 43.6% female), 4 distinct classes of adolescents were identified: low STEM, supported with barriers (38.2%), high STEM with barriers (26%), high STEM without barriers (21.6%), and low STEM with high barriers (14.2%). The likelihood of membership in the high STEM without barriers class was higher for participants who reported greater STEM class belonging, growth mindset, and engagement. Efforts to promote continued STEM trajectories may focus on belonging, mindsets, and fostering STEM engagement.
Self‐efficacy, agency, and values as predictors of STEM teacher leader identity in urban‐like learning environments
Authors: Leonard Justin , Blondonville‐Ford Damaries , Grubb Derrick , Cheng Diana , Wang Xiaoyin 
Published: February 2025

AbstractTeacher leaders influence their peers by introducing innovative instructional methods and enhancing teaching quality. They have proven invaluable to school principals as they prioritize comprehensive teacher development, bolster teacher effectiveness, and promote teacher retention. Despite their importance, little to no research—prior to the present study—has shed light on the development of teacher leaders and the evolution of their leadership identity. While science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) teacher leaders offer a potential remedy for attrition in public schools, a substantial gap exists in understanding how a STEM teacher's self‐efficacy, values, and agency contribute to their transformation into effective STEM teacher leaders, especially in urban‐like learning environments. The present study focuses on STEM teacher leadership identity development and the challenges encountered. It ascertains the interplay between urban‐like learning environments, self‐efficacy, agency, the teacher leader's role within the school, and values in forecasting STEM teacher leadership identity. This research involved 100 in‐service PreK‐12 public school STEM teacher leaders. It yielded significant, positive, and meaningful relations between urban‐like learning environments, self‐efficacy/agency, teacher leader role, values, and STEM teacher leadership identity. These findings can enhance various facets of PreK‐12 STEM education, including educational programming, teacher training, and cultivating STEM teacher leadership.
Bridging the Cognitive/Collective and Supply/Demand Divides in Conspiracy Theory Research
Authors: Peker Efe , Dufour Frédérick Guillaume 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTObjectivesDespite the fast growth of the social scientific literature on conspiracy theories, fragmentation rather than dialogue is the norm across disciplines. One such division is between the individual/cognitive versus sociopolitical dimensions of conspiracy beliefs, which are often studied in isolation. This article aims to contribute to bridging the gap.MethodsWe carry out a selective review of the post‐2010 literature that approaches conspiracy theories from (social) psychological and political sociological perspectives to highlight and compare their main inquiries and findings.ResultsThe examination finds that the psychological scholarship, which deals with individual and group‐based variables, is more attuned to studying the public “demand” for conspiracy theories. By contrast, research on conspiracy theories in collective phenomena such as populism and social movements is more inclined to elucidate the “supply” side of the equation.ConclusionsIn addition to the quantitative‐qualitative rift already identified in the literature, conspiracy theory scholarship is also shaped by the divides that pertain to the level of analysis and the supply and demand sides of the conspiracy “market” dynamics. The article argues for a closer dialogue between micro (individual), meso (interpersonal), and macro (national/global) levels of analysis to integrate the demand and supply factors nourishing conspiracy narratives.
Tasselyzer, a machine learning method to quantify maize anther exertion, based on PlantCV
Authors: Teng Chong , Fahlgren Noah , Meyers Blake C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARYMaize anthers emerge from male‐only florets, a process that involves complex genetic programming and is affected by environmental factors. Quantifying anther exertion provides a key indicator of male fertility; however, traditional manual scoring methods are often subjective and labor‐intensive. To address this limitation, we developed Tasselyzer — an accessible, cost‐effective, and time‐saving method for quantifying maize anther exertion. This image‐based program uses the PlantCV platform to provide a quantitative assessment of anther exertion by capturing regional differences within the tassel based on the distinct color of anthers. We applied this method to 22 maize lines with six genotypes, showing high precision (F1 score > 0.8). Furthermore, we demonstrate that customizing the parameters to assay a specific line is straightforward and practical for enhancing precision in additional genotypes. Tasselyzer is a valuable resource for maize research and breeding programs, enabling automated and efficient assessments of anther exertion.
SlMYB1R1‐SlSWEET12c module synergistically promotes sugar accumulation in tomato fruits
Authors: Liu Hui , Zhang Jia‐Qi , Zhang Rong‐Rong , Chen Chen , Tao Jian‐Ping , Xiong Jin‐Song , Xiong Ai‐Sheng 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARYTomato (Solanum lycopersium), a globally significant vegetable crop prized for its distinctive flavor, relies on efficient sugar allocation for fruit development. Despite this, the molecular module underlying the translocation of sugars from sources to sinks within the tomato remains elusive. Sugar will eventually be exported transporters (SWEETs), a class of proteins known to mediate sugar transport, have been implicated in the process. Here, we discovered that SlSWEET12c, belonged to subfamily III, which was markedly upregulated during the development of tomato fruits. The subcellular localization of SlSWEET12c‐GFP to the plasma and vacuolar membrane supported its putative role in apoplasmic sucrose transport. Complementary growth in a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutant strain SUSY7/ura3 confirmed SlSWEET12c with sucrose transport activity. Overexpressing and CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated knockdown of SlSWEET12c in tomato plants demonstrated its role in promoting sugar accumulation in fruits. Additionally, the MYB transcription factor SlMYB1R1 was obtained by screening the cDNA library of tomato, which was highly expressed during tomato fruit development with a similar pattern to SlSWEET12c. The SlMYB1R1 could bind to the SlSWEET12c promoter and regulate its activity, thereby positively promoting sugar accumulation in tomato fruits. Collectively, our findings presented a novel role for the SlMYB1R1‐SlSWEET12c module in facilitating sugar accumulation and provided a basis for future efforts to breed crops with enhanced sugar content.
Breath‐by‐breath measurement of alveolar gas exchange must preserve mass balance and conform to a physiological definition of a breath
Authors: Girardi Michele , Capelli Carlo , Ferguson Carrie , Ward Susan A. , Rossiter Harry B. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractTidal breathing in awake humans is variable. This variability causes changes in lung gas stores that affect gas exchange measurements. To overcome this, several algorithms provide solutions for breath‐by‐breath alveolar gas exchange measurement; however, there is no consensus on a physiologically robust method suitable for widespread application. A recent approach, the ‘independent‐breath’ (IND) algorithm, avoids the complexity of measuring breath‐by‐breath changes in lung volume by redefining what is meant by a ‘breath’. Specifically, it defines a single breathing cycle as the time between equal values of the / (or /) ratio, that is, the ratio of fractional concentrations of lung‐expired O2 (or CO2) and nitrogen (N2). These developments imply that the end of one breath is not, by necessity, aligned with the start of the next. Here we demonstrate how the use of the IND algorithm fails to conserve breath‐by‐breath mass balance of O2 and CO2 exchanged between the atmosphere and tissues (and vice versa). We propose a new term, within the IND algorithm, designed to overcome this limitation. We also present the far‐reaching implications of using algorithms based on alternative definitions of the breathing cycle, including challenges in measuring and interpreting the respiratory exchange ratio, pulmonary gas exchange efficiency, dead space fraction of the breath, control of breathing, and a broad spectrum of clinically relevant cardiopulmonary exercise testing variables. Therefore, we do not support the widespread adoption of currently available alternative definitions of the breathing cycle as a legitimate solution for breath‐by‐breath alveolar gas exchange measurement in research or clinical settings.
A method for dyadic cardiac rhythmicity analysis: Preliminary evidence on bilateral interactions in fetal–maternal cardiac dynamics
Authors: Candia‐Rivera Diego , Chavez Mario 
Published: February 2025

AbstractCardiac activity responds dynamically to metabolic demands and neural regulation. However, little is known about this process during pregnancy. Reports show occasional fetal–maternal heart rate couplings, but it has remained unclear whether these couplings extend to more complex oscillatory patterns of the heart rhythm. We developed a framework of time‐varying measures of heart rate and rhythm, to test the presence of co‐varying patterns in concurrent maternal and fetal measures (late pregnancy dataset, n = 10, and labour dataset, n = 12). These measures were derived from first and second‐order Poincaré plots, with the aim to describe changes in short‐ and long‐term rhythmicity, but also the dynamic shifts in acceleration and deceleration of heart rate. We found episodes of maternal–fetal co‐varying patterns of cardiac rhythm in all the measures explored, in both datasets (at least 90% of the dataset presented a significant maternal–fetal correlation in each measure, with P < 0.001), with dynamic delays suggesting bilateral interactions at different time scales. We also found that these couplings intensify during labour (test between late pregnancy vs. labour datasets, P < 0.0015 in all second‐order Poincaré plot‐derived measures). While most literature suggests that the fetal heart responds to maternal breathing patterns or contractions, we propose the possibility that the fetal heart may also have a signalling function in the context of co‐regulatory mechanisms and maternal inter‐organ interactions. Understanding these complex visceral oscillations in utero may enhance the assessment of a healthy fetal development.
A Feasible Low-Cost System for Kinematic and Kinetic Analysis of Sit-to-Stand Movement
Authors: Wang Daoyuan , Tang Yang , Xu Shengqian , Wang Yichong , Yu Jingtao , Gu Zenghui , Ning Gangmin 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The sit-to-stand (STS) movement is a common activity essential for independence and mobility. Traditional methods for assessing STS often involve costly laboratory equipment, limiting their accessibility. This study introduced an economic alternative to the standard motion capture setup. The system presented in this study used an Azure Kinect and a plantar pressure sensor mat to acquire kinematic and kinetic data simultaneously during the STS. The Kinect provided non-contact motion capture, while the pressure sensor array measured ground reaction forces. To address the Kinect's inherent limitations in capturing extremity movements and the sensor array's inability to measure tangential forces, algorithms for the correction of lower limb joints and a multisource fusion model were developed. The accuracy of the proposed system was evaluated against a gold standard Vicon motion capture system. The results indicated that the system delivered estimates comparable to reference values for joint angles (r ranging from 0.85 to 0.99), antero-posterior and vertical ground reaction forces (r ranging from 0.81 to 0.98), joint reaction forces of knee and ankle (r ranging from 0.83 to 0.90), and joint moments of hip and ankle (r ranging from 0.77 to 0.82), suggesting that the proposed system can provide vital kinematic and kinetic data for efficient STS analysis. This study offered an accessible and practical solution for monitoring and assessing mobility in various settings.
Effect of various degrees of anterior disc displacement on the biomechanical response of the masticatory system
Authors: Teng Haidong , Sun Tinghui , Shu Jingheng , Shao Bingmei , Liu Zhan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Anterior disc displacement (ADD) is one of the most prevalent temporomandibular disorders (TMD). It was widely recognized that occlusal factors could affect temporomandibular joint (TMJ). However, the impact of ADD on the biomechanical environment of TMJ and occlusion are still unclear. This study aimed to describe the effects of ADD on the masticatory system, including TMJ and occlusion. The finite element model (FEM) was constructed based on the medical images of a healthy adult male. The complete skull, masticatory muscles, TMJs, and related ligaments were included. Three FEMs with different degrees of ADD were constructed with disc-condyle angles of 10°, 20° and 30°. The muscle forces corresponding to intercuspal clenching were applied as the loading condition. Four models were conducted: normal, mild, moderate, and severe ADD. It was found that the overall stress distribution was relatively consistent across the four models. The contact stress on the TMJ and occlusion in severe ADD was visibly different from the other three models. In addition, the contact stress on the condyle gradually increased with the increasing occlusal strength. Abnormally high-stress concentration began to appear on the condyle at 30% muscle strength. Moderate ADD was more of a transitional stage. Compared to mild and moderate ADD, severe ADD had visibly effects on the stress response of the TMJ and the entire mandible (including occlusion), such as abnormally high stresses of the condyle, stress concentration on the second molar, and prone to disc extrusion and anterior slippage during high-strength occlusion.