bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene drives for invasive wasp control: Extinction is unlikely, with suppression dependent on dispersal and growth rates
Authors: Lester Philip J. , O'Sullivan David , Perry George L. W. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractGene drives offer a potentially revolutionary method for pest control over large spatial extents. These genetic modifications spread deleterious variants through a population and have been proposed as methods for pest suppression or even eradication. We examined the influence of local dispersal, long‐distance and/or human‐mediated dispersal, and variation in population growth on the success of a gene drive for the control of invasive social wasps (Vespula vulgaris). Our simulations incorporated a spatially realistic environment containing variable habitat quality in New Zealand. Pest eradication was not observed, except in extreme and unrealistic scenarios of constant, widespread, and spatially intense releases of genetically modified individuals every year for decades. Instead, the regional persistence of genetically modified and wild‐type wasps was predicted. Simulations using spatially homogeneous versus realistic landscapes (incorporating uninhabitable areas and dispersal barriers) showed little difference in overall population dynamics. Overall, little impact on wasp abundance was observed in the first 15 years after introduction. After 25 years, populations were suppressed to levels <95% of starting populations. Populations exhibited “chase dynamics” with population cycles in space, with local extinction occurring in some areas while wasps became abundant in others. Increasing the wasps' local dispersal distance increased the spatial and temporal variability of the occupied area and population suppression. Varying levels of human‐associated long‐distance dispersal had little effect on population dynamics. Increasing intrinsic population growth rates interacted with local dispersal to cause higher mean populations and substantially higher levels of variation in population suppression and the total amount of landscape occupied. Gene drives appear unlikely to cause a rapid and widespread extinction of this and probably other pests but could offer long‐term and cost‐effective methods of pest suppression. The predicted level of <95% pest suppression would substantially reduce the predation pressure and competitive interactions of this invasive wasp on native species. However, the predicted long‐term persistence of genetically modified pests will influence the ethics and likelihood of using gene drives for pest control, especially given concerns that modified wasps would eventually be transported back to their home range.
Combination therapy of HIFα inhibitors and Treg depletion strengthen the anti‐tumor immunity in mice
Authors: Wei Ping , Kou Wei , Riaz Farooq , Zhang Kaimin , Fu Juan , Pan Fan 
Published: August 2023

AbstractHypoxia‐inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α), under hypoxic conditions, is known to play an oxygen sensor stabilizing role by exerting context‐ and cell‐dependent stimulatory and inhibitory functions in immune cells. Nevertheless, how HIF1α regulates T cell differentiation and functions in tumor settings has not been elucidated. Herein, we demonstrated that T‐cell‐specific deletion of HIF1α improves the inflammatory potential and memory phenotype of CD8+ T cells. We validated that T cell‐specific HIF1α ablation reduced the B16 melanomas development with the indication of ameliorated antitumor immune response with enhanced IFN‐γ+ CD8+ T cells despite the increase in the Foxp3+ regulatory T‐cell population. This was further verified by treating tumor‐bearing mice with a HIF1α inhibitor. Results indicated that HIF1α inhibitor also recapitulates HIF1α ablation effects by declining tumor growth and enhancing the memory and inflammatory potential of CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, a combination of Treg inhibitor with HIF1α inhibitor can substantially reduce tumor size. Collectively, these findings highlight the notable roles of HIF1α in distinct CD8+ T‐cell subsets. This study suggests the significant implications for enhancing the potential of T cell‐based antitumor immunity by combining HIF1α and Tregs inhibitors.
Learning Health Systems, Informed Consent, and Respect for Persons
Authors: Kaebnick Gregory E. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSeveral pieces in the Hastings Center Report's May‐June 2022 issue concern research ethics issues that arise in learning health care systems. In the lead article, Stephanie Morain and colleagues propose a new ethical framework for pragmatic clinical trials (PCTs), which are trials embedded in clinical care. Their framework consists of eight dimensions of demonstrating respect for patients enrolled in PCTs. In the second article, Robert Steel argues that patients being treated in a learning health care system can be required to participate in a clinical trial even if the risk to them is more than minimal. If they wish to refuse, they must either forgo treatment in the system or seek it elsewhere. Three commentaries explore various dimensions of Steel's argument. A third article in the issue turns in a different direction, to assumptions in bioethics about the quality of lives lived with disability. The authors, Debjani Mukherjee, Preya Tarsney, and Kristi Kirschner, find much that needs to change and offer recommendations for improvements at multiple levels.
Necessity, Rights, and Rationing in Compulsory Research
Authors: Schaefer G. Owen , Muralidharan Anantharaman 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIn “Compulsory Research in Learning Health Care: Against a Minimal Risk Limit,” Robert Steel offers an argument in favor of compelling individuals to participate in some research that poses more than minimal risk. In his view, the ethics of compulsory research turns on questions of fair distribution of benefits and burdens, within a paradigm analogous to health care resource rationing. We do not dispute that it may theoretically be permissible to compel participation in certain circumstances, including those that rise above minimal risk. Nevertheless, Steel's argument for this conclusion faces several challenges that ultimately render it unconvincing in its present form. First, compulsion should be subject to a “necessity” criterion, which substantially limits its applicable scope. Second, compulsion is a prima facie rights violation that requires stronger ethical justification than Steel offers. And third, substantial structural and motivational differences between rationing and compulsion render the analogy inapt.
The rise of the human capital industry and its implications for research
Authors: Cappelli Peter , Schwartz Shoshana 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWe document the size and scope of the industry of for‐profit vendors that now handles a considerable proportion of human resource tasks for individual US employers, a collection we describe as the human capital industry. Outsourcing these tasks changes how the human resources function is executed in ways we describe below. This change should matter to researchers if they are interested in choosing topics that have relevance, and it should also matter to teachers of human resources who want to present an accurate description of practice to students. Aside from the now remarkable size of the HR industry, arguably its most important attribute is its marketing efforts, which now drive the agenda for the field of HR. A concern about that agenda is that it often creates the perception of challenges for management when in practice no evidence of those challenges exists.
Numerical investigation of turbulent flow and heat transfer characteristics in the improved Kenics static mixer
Authors: Patil Priyanka R. , Dastane Gaurav G. , Pandit Aniruddha B. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis study focuses on using computational fluid dynamics to explore how well a modified static mixing component called the Kenics static mixer (KSM) increases heat transfer. The purpose of the study is to assess this new static mixer's pressure drop and heat transfer properties. Convective heat transport of water within the improved Kenics static mixer (IKSM) was examined using three‐dimensional turbulent, steady, and incompressible flow simulations. The Nusselt number and friction factor simulation results in the KSM are in good agreement with previous literature findings. Between the simulated outcomes of the IKSM, empty pipe, and standard KSM, a comparison analysis was done. The study considered a range of Reynolds number (Re) values from 2000 to 20,000 and investigated the effects of the Re, slit width configuration (), as well as an aspect ratio () on heat transfer and mixing. Based on the performance evaluation criteria and field synergy number characteristics, the hydrothermal efficiency of the IKSM was evaluated, allowing the geometry to be modified for better heat transmission while lowering the friction factor. Notably, in the 2000–20,000 Reynolds number range, the IKSM with four slits showed a 38%–52% greater heat transfer coefficient than the traditional KSM.
Five‐year on‐treatment variables‐based PPACS model predicts subsequent hepatocellular carcinoma in entecavir/tenofovir‐treated patients
Authors: Ha Yeonjung , Lim Jihye , Chon Young Eun , Kim Mi Na , Lee Joo Ho , Kim Kang Mo , Shim Ju Hyun , Lee Danbi , Hwang Seong Gyu , Han Seungbong , Lee Han Chu 
Published: August 2023

AbstractConsidering the lower risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients receiving long‐term potent antiviral therapy, models predicting HCC after 5 years of therapy are needed. We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study to construct and validate a model predicting HCC after 5 years of entecavir (ETV) or tenofovir (TFV) therapy for CHB. The endpoint was HCC after 5 years of ETV/TFV therapy. Information on age, sex, liver cirrhosis (assessed by diagnosis code and confirmed by clinical findings) and type of antiviral agent was obtained at baseline (initiation of ETV/TFV). Laboratory values were collected at baseline and 5 years. Risk factors for HCC were identified in the training set and the final prediction model was validated using the test set. Among 7542 patients, 345 (4.6%) developed HCC after 5 years of ETV/TFV therapy. HCC risk after 5 years of ETV/TFV therapy was increased by 4‐fold in patients with liver cirrhosis than in those without cirrhosis at baseline. Furthermore, Platelet counts and Prothrombin time at 5 years, Age at baseline and Sex were associated with risk of HCC and were incorporated into a prediction model, PPACS. PPACS showed a good performance with a time‐dependent area under the curve of 0.80 (95% confidence interval, 0.75‐0.85) at 8‐year of ETV/TFV therapy, a Brier score of 0.031 and an integrated Brier score of 0.006 in the test set. In conclusion, the PPACS model provides a reliable assessment of HCC risk after 5 years of ETV/TFV therapy (https://ppacs.shinyapps.io/shiny_app_up/).
Application of the evolutionary theory of behavior dynamics to severe challenging behavior
Authors: Hagopian Louis P. , Falligant John Michael 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe evolutionary theory of behavior dynamics (ETBD) is a genetic algorithm that applies the Darwinian principles of evolutionary biology to model how behavior changes dynamically via selection by contingencies of reinforcement. The ETBD is a complexity theory where low‐level rules of selection, reproduction, and mutation operate iteratively to animate “artificial organisms” that generate emergent outcomes. Numerous studies have demonstrated the ETBD can accurately model behavior of live animals in the laboratory, and it has been applied recently to model automatically maintained self‐injury. The purpose of the current series of studies was to further extend the application of the ETBD to model additional functional classes of challenging behavior and clinical procedures. Outcomes obtained with artificial organisms generally corresponded well with outcomes observed with clinical cases sourced from consecutive controlled case series studies. Conceptual and methodological considerations on the application of the ETBD to model challenging behavior are discussed.
Assessment of various standard fish diets on gut microbiome of platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus
Authors: Soria Erika , Russo Crystal , Carlos‐Shanley Camila , Drewery Merritt , Boswell Will , Savage Markita , Sanchez Lindsey , Chang Carolyn , Varga Zoltan M. , Kent Michael L. , Sharpton Thomas J. , Lu Yuan 
Published: August 2023

AbstractDiet is an external factor that affects the physiological baseline of research animals. It can shape gut microbiome, which can impact the host. As a result, dietary variation can challenge experimental reproducibility and data integration across studies when not appropriately considered. To control for diet‐induced variation, reference diets have been developed for common biomedical models. However, such reference diets have not yet been developed for nontraditional model organisms, such as Xiphophorus species. In this study, we compared two diets designed for zebrafish, a commercial zebrafish diet (Gemma and GEM), and a proposed zebrafish reference diet developed by the Watts laboratory at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (WAT) to the Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center custom diet (CON) to evaluate the influence of diet on the Xiphophorus gut microbiome. Xiphophorus maculatus were fed the three diets from 2 to 6 months of age. Feces were collected and the gut microbiome was assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing every month. We observed substantial diet‐driven variation in the gut microbiome. Our results indicate that diets developed specifically for zebrafish can affect the gut microbiome composition and may not be optimal for Xiphophorus.
Nanoparticles doped with methyl jasmonate: foliar application to Monastrell vines under two watering regimes. An alternative to improve grape volatile composition?
Authors: Pérez‐Álvarez Eva P. , Rubio‐Bretón Pilar , Intrigliolo Diego S. , Parra‐Torrejón Belén , Ramírez‐Rodríguez Gloria B. , Delgado‐López José M. , Garde‐Cerdán Teresa 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackgroundElicitors induce defense mechanisms, triggering the synthesis of secondary metabolites. Irrigation has implications for a more sustainable viticulture and for grape composition. The aim was to investigate the influence on grape aroma composition during 2019 and 2020 of the foliar application of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) nanoparticles and ACP doped with methyl jasmonate (ACP‐MeJ), as an elicitor, with rainfed or regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) grapevines.ResultsIn both growing seasons, nearly all terpenoids, C13 norisoprenoids, benzenoid compounds and alcohols increased with ACP‐MeJ under the RDI regimen. In 2019, under the rainfed regime, ACP treatment increased limonene, p‐cymene, α‐terpineol, 1,1,6‐trimethyl‐1,2‐dihydronaphthalene (TDN), 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol, (E,E)‐2,4‐heptadienal, and MeJ concentration in comparison with control grapes. In 2020, the rainfed regime treated with ACP‐MeJ only increased the nonanoic acid content. Grape volatile compounds were most influenced by season and watering status whereas the foliar application mainly affected the terpenoids.ConclusionA RDI regime combined with the elicitor ACP‐MeJ application could improve the synthesis of certain important volatile compounds, such as p‐cymene, linalool, α‐terpineol, geranyl acetone, β‐ionone, 2‐phenylethanol, benzyl alcohol, and nonanoic acid in Monastrell grapes. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Simulation‐based workshop for emergency preparedness in otolaryngology
Authors: La Monte Olivia A. , Lee Jason Han , Soliman Shady I. , Saddawi‐Konefka Robert , Harris Jeffrey P. , Coffey Charles S. , Orosco Ryan K. , Watson Deborah , Holliday Michael A. , Faraji Farhoud , Hom David B. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of a hands‐on simulation‐based course with emphasis on procedural techniques, clinical reasoning, and communication skills developed to improve junior Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery (OHNS) residents' preparedness in managing otolaryngologic emergencies.MethodsJunior OHNS residents and faculty from residency programs in California, Nevada, and Arizona participated in this workshop in 2020 and 2021. The stations featured airway management techniques, ultrasound‐guided needle aspiration, nasoseptal hematoma evacuation, and facial fracture repair using various models and cadavers. Participants completed a pre‐workshop survey, post‐workshop survey, and 2‐month follow‐up survey that assessed resident anxiety and confidence in three OHNS emergency situations across knowledge, manual skills, and teamwork using a 5‐point Likert scale.ResultsPre‐workshop surveys reported the least anxiety and most confidence in teamwork, but the most anxiety and least confidence in technical skills and knowledge related to foreign body retrieval and airway management. Immediately post‐workshop participants reported significant reductions in anxiety and increases in confidence, largest in the manual skills domain, in foreign body retrieval (anxiety: −0.99, confidence: +0.95, p < .01) and airway management stations (anxiety: −0.68, confidence: +1.07, p < .01). Data collected for the epistaxis station showed decreasing confidence and increasing anxiety following the workshop.ConclusionOur findings demonstrate the effectiveness of a workshop in preparing junior residents in potentially lifesaving otolaryngologic techniques that residents will encounter. Optimizing use of simulation centered training can inform the future of residency education, improving confidence and decreasing anxiety in residents responsible for the safety of patients.Level of EvidenceIII.
Effectiveness of Sucralfate comparing to normal saline as an oral rinse in pain reduction and wound healing promotion in oral surgery
Authors: Suparakchinda Chomsorn , Rawangban Worawat 
Published: August 2023

AbstractObjectivesTo study the effectiveness of Sucralfate suspension oral rinse compared to normal saline alone for pain reduction and wound healing promotion in open oral surgical wounds. The primary outcome of this study was postoperative pain VAS score reduction. The secondary outcome was wound healing promotion based on wound grade and maximal wound length reduction.Materials and methodsA total of 30 patients with secondary healing intraoral surgical wounds were enrolled in this study. Sucralfate suspension (1 g/5 mL) was prescribed to a randomized experimental group as an oral rinse every 6 h for 14 days in addition to standard postoperative care. Postoperative pain VAS score, wound grade, and wound length were collected and compared with baseline from initial to final visit during 2 weeks.ResultsThe mean change of VAS score was significantly lower from baseline in the Sucralfate group on day 3 (−0.77 in control and −2.15 in Sucralfate, p < .05) and day 7 (−2.15 in control and −3.62 in Sucralfate, p < .05). Wound grade distribution over time was the same in both Sucralfate and control groups. The mean change in wound length was not significantly different between the two groups. No adverse reaction to Sucralfate was reported during the study participation.ConclusionsSucralfate suspension oral rinse can be recommended as an effective topical analgesic solution in postoperative secondary healing of intraoral wounds with no significant interference. The benefits of wound healing promotion have yet to be proven.Level of evidence1b.
Exploring the formability of GLARE laminates enhanced with hybrid nanofillers through formability index, anisotropy, and surface crack length analysis
Authors: Logesh K. , Hariharasakthisudhan P. , Bright Renjin J. , Arul Marcel Moshi A. , Kannan Sathish 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe present study highlights the formability of hybrid nanofiller modified Glass Reinforced Laminate (GLARE) laminate, by considering the formability index, anisotropic characteristics, and surface crack length, which represent the considerations of forming capability, inherent material property, and damage tolerance, respectively. The GLARE laminates were manufactured by using hybrid fillers, multi‐walled carbon nanotube/nanoclay (MWCNT/NC), and multi‐walled carbon nanotube/Mg‐Al layered double hydroxide (MWCNT/Mg‐Al LDH). The formability analysis was carried out through the results of tensile test and Erichsen cupping test. The anisotropy of the laminate was accounted by considering the parameters, normal anisotropy, and planar anisotropy. The microscopic analysis was performed after the formability test to measure the surface crack length to interpret the forming response of the laminate with hybrid fillers. Desirability function approach (DFA) was applied to prioritize the laminates against the formability index, the anisotropy characteristics, and surface crack length. The results showed that the GLARE laminates with single filler are more suitable for forming operations than the laminates with hybrid fillers. The nanofillers with mixed morphology induced brittleness in the binder. Among the laminates with hybrid fillers, the combination of MWCNT/Mg‐Al LDH exhibited improved compliance with the forming operation. Nanofillers modified adhesives used in the fabrication of GLARE laminates proved to enhance the mechanical properties of laminates. The results of the present study showed an insight into the formability of the laminate. The understanding about the formability of GLARE laminate enables the designer to design automotive and aircraft lightweight structures.
Effect of airflow on the discharge uniformity at different cycles in the repetitive unipolar nanosecond‐pulsed dielectric barrier discharge
Authors: Wang Yu‐Ying , Yan Hui‐Jie , Bai Xiao‐Dong , Li Ting , Schulze Julian , Wang Xiao , Song Jian , Zhang Quan‐Zhi 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis study explores the discharge uniformity at different cycles under different airflow velocities in nanosecond‐pulsed dielectric barrier discharge. Based on a proper choice of the airflow velocity and discharge parameters, diffuse discharges can be maintained at an air gap of 5–7 mm. At higher airflow velocities, the discharge may transition to a complex mode, in which the diffuse and filamentary regions are maintained simultaneously. When the discharge is operated at a higher frequency, higher voltage, or smaller gas gap, the area of diffuse discharge can be expanded to a certain extent. The discharge characteristics indicate that airflow lowers the gas temperature and modulates the preionization degree, which induces the generation of a diffuse discharge for a properly adjusted airflow velocity.
Satellite signature of the instantaneous wind response to mesoscale oceanic thermal structures
Authors: Meroni Agostino N. , Desbiolles Fabien , Pasquero Claudia 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe thermal air–sea interaction mechanism that modulates the atmospheric mixing due to sea‐surface temperature (SST) variability is studied with long‐term consistent satellite records. Statistical analyses of daily and instantaneous wind and SST data are performed over the major western boundary currents (WBCs). This wind–SST coupling, which is mediated by atmospheric mixing, is found to be very relevant on daily, and even shorter, time scales. Co‐located and simultaneous SST and surface wind fields (from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer and Advanced Scatterometer data) reveal that the atmosphere responds instantaneously to the presence of SST structures with a larger coupling coefficient with respect to daily and monthly time‐averaged fields. The coupling strength varies seasonally over WBCs in the Northern Hemisphere, with wintertime coupling being the lowest. Reanalysis data show that this behaviour is related to the seasonality of the air–sea temperature difference over the region of interest. Over the Northern Hemisphere WBCs, dry and cold continental air masses drive very unstable conditions, associated with very weak thermal air–sea coupling.