bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dissociation of the Specific Protein Precipitate of Antipneumococcus Horse Serum, and a Comparison with a Protein Isolated by Chemical Means from this Immune Serum
Authors: Felton Lloyd D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Afterheating in 0.85 per cent sodium chloride with or without sodium carbonate (Gay and Chickering method), the relationship of protection to nitrogen was found to be approximately the same in precipitate and supernatant fluid of the pneumococcus carbohydrate-protein complex. It has been found possible to dissociate the specific precipitate, that is, separate the soluble specific substance from the protein by means of calcium or strontium phosphate. The protein thus separated is water-insoluble and salt soluble. In the material studied, it protects mice against one million lethal doses of virulent pneumococci, when the protein content is, in case of Type I, 0.0004 mgm. nitrogen per cubic centimeter, and with Type II 0.004 mgm. per cubic centimeter. The protein isolated by dissociation and that isolated by a zinc method are approximately alike in protective titer; both are water-insoluble, but readily soluble in neutral salts, and both alike react in similar fashion in all chemical analyses carried out. The nitrogen percentage by weight of the protein obtained by dissociation was with Type I, 14.9 per cent, and with Type II, 15.2 per cent. Three preparations by the zinc method gave respectively 15.7, 15.3 and 15.5 per cent nitrogen.
Agglutination Reactions in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Dawson Martin H. , Olmstead Miriam , Boots Ralph H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the preceding paper (1) it was shown that sera from the majority of patients with rheumatoid arthritis possess the property of agglutinating various strains of hemolytic streptococci to an extraordinarily high titer. No correlation was observed between the source of the strains and their agglutinability in the sera of rheumatoid arthritis patients. It was further shown that a variety of strains of other Gram-positive cocci were not agglutinated in a titer which was at all comparable with that obtained with strains of Streptococcus hemolyticus. An exception to this rule was observed in the case of strains of R pneumococci which were agglutinated in a titer almost as high as were strains of Streptococcus hemolyticus. In the present communication the nature of the agglutination phenomenon is analyzed and its possible significance is discussed.
Analysis of Patients Examined.
Early in the course of studies on the sera of rheumatoid arthritis patients it was observed that the agglutination phenomenon with hemolytic streptococci was subject to the widest variations.
The Mouse Protection Test on Antipneumococcic Serum Type I
Authors: Beard Stanley D. , Clapp Frances L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In our paper of the above title, published in The Journal of Immunology, XXIII, No. 1, July, 1932, we inadvertently omitted reference to a paper by Falk, McGuire, Valentine and Whitney, published in The Journal of Immunology, XXI, No. 3, September, 1931, 199–219, in which the authors say in reference to the protection test on Antipneumococcic Serum Type I (page 203):
“Even with preparations which give irregular results on the individual experiments, it was found that if these experiments were repeated sufficiently frequently so that perhaps fifty to one hundred mice were tested at each dilution of antibody the total results would be progressively uniform, that is, with less antibody, a greater percentage of deaths.”
We regret that this observation escaped our memory, since our work in this respect confirms that of the above mentioned authors.
The Use of an Intradermal Test in the Diagnosis of Trichiniasis
Authors: McCoy O. R. , Miller J. J. , Friedlander R. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Of 36 persons ill with trichiniasis (i.e., two to six weeks after infection) 25 (70 per cent) gave positive immediate skin reactions following intradermal injection with 0.1 cc. of a 1:10,000 dilution (in terms of dry weight of powder) of a saline extract of Trichinella spiralis larvae. An additional 8 reacted to a 1:500 dilution of the antigen making a total of 33, or 92 per cent positive. Of 39 persons tested from three to twenty-two months after infection, 19 (49 per cent) reacted to the 1:10,000 dilution and an additional 12 were positive to a 1:500 dilution, a total of 31 or 80 per cent positive. Of 13 persons ill three and one-half to seven and one-half years prior to the test, 3 (23 per cent) were positive to the 1:10,000 dilution, and 5 more reacted to the 1:500 dilution, a total of 8 or 62 per cent positive. One hundred and four control persons from Rochester, New York, showed an incidence of 9 per cent positive with the 1:10,000 dilution and a total of 18 per cent positive with both the 1:10,000 and 1:500 dilutions. Forty-seven control persons from San Francisco, California, showed an incidence of only 4 per cent positive to the 1:10,000 antigen and 6.5 per cent positive with both the 1:10,000 and 1:500 dilutions. Ninety-two persons from southern Louisiana infected with Trichuris trichiura showed an incidence of 18 per cent positive with the 1:10,000 dilution and a total of 62 per cent with both the 1:10,000 and 1:500 dilutions. The practical use of the skin test in the diagnosis of trichiniasis is discussed.
Studies on Cultures and Broth Filtrates of Staphylococci. II
Authors: Burky Earl L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The reactions of different types of rabbits to different types of filtrates are summarized in table 1 and confirm the findings of Burnet (2) and Parker (5) that immunity can be induced by intradermal injection of staphylococcus filtrates. This immunity manifests itself by a change in the skin reactions and a decrease in the lethal effect of toxic filtrates. Variation in reaction of rabbits is associated with the rabbits reaction to barium sulphide depilatory and probably the heredity of the animal.
Differentiation of Optically Isomeric and Related Cinchona Alkaloids by Quininesensitive Subjects
Authors: Dawson W. T. , Sanders J. P. , Tomlinson L. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of skin tests in three quinine-sensitive subjects with 42–48 cinchona alkaloids, including several pairs and one quartette of optical isomers, and with some chemically related substances show that the allergic reactions rest on somewhat different chemical bases in all three cases. In the optically isomeric quartette, quinine (ddll), epiquinine (ddld), epiquinidine (dddl) and quinidine (dddd) all three had allergic reactions to quinine that did not appear on administration of quinidine, and judging from skin tests were possibly insensitive to both epialkaloids also.
Results with five of the more common alkaloids in a fourth individual, with coryzal reaction to quinine, are given. Two other subjects, with urticarial reaction to quinine, had no such side effect from quinidine. These subjects with allergic reactions to quinine did not give positive skin scratch reactions to quinine.
A female subject with bleeding from the genital tract as a result of quinine administration was similarly affected by quinidine.
Merthiolate As a Preservative for Biological Products
Authors: Powell H. M. , Jamieson W. A. , Jones F. G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. It is common knowledge that bacteriophage is somewhat more resistant to heat and the usual antiseptics than the homologous bacteria on which the bacteriophage is produced. Also, just as bacteria may vary among themselves in resistance to heat and chemicals, different bacteriophages may be found to vary in the same way. Furthermore, the same strains, either of bacteria or bacteriophage, may show considerable variation in these properties in different subcultures during laboratory propagation.
In a recent comprehensive study, using “raw” and “purified” bacteriophage, Kligler and Olitzki (1) found that the resistance of bacteriophage to antiseptics and heat depends to some extent on the associated proteins and other factors which may be present in different bacterial culture media. Adsorbed and eluted (“purified”) bacteriophage was markedly more labile than bacteriophage as it exists just after production in broth culture media. This paper is referred to simply as an example of conditions sometimes ignored.
H and O Agglutination Following Typhoid Vaccination and in an Unselected Group of Individuals
Authors: Dulaney Anna Dean , Wikle Walter T. , Stewart R. L. , Rayfield J. D. , Walker J. K. , Preacher A. B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This paper presents the results of H and O agglutinations on 90 serums from individuals who had received triple typhoid (TAB) vaccine and on 100 unselected serums sent in for the Wassermann test.
The serums from vaccinated individuals were furnished by members of the class in Medical Bacteriology. Histories of previous vaccination or typhoid fever were obtained and these histories were properly considered in recording results.
It was impossible to obtain histories on the second group of serums but these were regarded as representative of any random group of individuals.
All of the serums were titrated for H and O typhoid agglutinin content using the formalinized antigen recommended by Dreyer (1) and an alcoholized antigen prepared according to Gardner's (2) method. A strain of typhoid which had been isolated from the blood stream of a patient six months previously was used for the preparation of the two antigens.
Inheritance As a Factor in Resistance to an Infectious Disease
Authors: Irwin M. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The weight in itself of the host animals cannot be considered as having contributed more than a minor part in the differences in mortality between the strains. The stock of the latest average weight at injection showed the greatest proportionate number of resistant animals.
The determinative influence of the weight upon the variation in mortality within the various strains was variable, with a tendency in each for a lower mortality to be associated with the litters of greater weight.
Inheritance As a Factor in Resistance to an Infectious Disease
Authors: Irwin M. R. , Hughes T. P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The whole blood of rats from two inbred strains highly susceptible to infection with Salmonella enteriditis showed little or no bactericidal activity toward this organism. Those individuals whose blood showed varying degrees of bactericidal activity were, on experimental infection, approximately equally distributed in surviving and non-surviving groups.
The Effect of Flagellar and Somatic Sensitization of the Typhoid Bacillus on Phagocytosis by Macrophages and Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes—Intracellular Digestion
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Lucké Balduin , Strumia Max 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Sera containing both flagellar and somatic antibodies against the typhoid bacillus and sera containing chiefly or only flagellar and chiefly or only somatic antibodies were prepared. Such sera were tested in parallel agglutination and phagocytosis experiments. Somatic sensitization has promoted phagocytosis of flagellate typhoid bacilli to an equal degree by both macrophages and polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The bacteriotropin effect has closely paralleled the agglutination in such experiments. Flagellar sensitization under the conditions of our experiments has promoted phagocytosis of flagellate bacilli by both macrophages and polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The phagocytosis-promoting effect in such experiments has been inferior both in completeness and in titer to the agglutination; this difference is readily explained, however, by the secondary physical factors involved in phagocytosis and agglutination. Intracellular digestion of typhoid bacilli occurs with great rapidity in both types of phagocytes. The phagocytic behavior of the two types of cells has been in essential agreement under the various conditions used in these experiments.
Certain Characteristics of the Water-Insoluble Protein of Normal as Compared with That of Antipneumococcus Horse Serum
Authors: Felton Lloyd D. , Kauffmann Gladys 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The hydrogen ion concentration of minimum solubility of the water-insoluble protein of antipneumococcus horse serum soluble at various percentages of saturation with ammonium sulfate, namely 30, 36, and 50 per cent, was found to be as follows: for the 30 per cent, a zone between pH 5.8 and 5.9; for the 36 per cent, pH 6.1 to 6.2; and for the 50 per cent, pH 6.8 to 7.0. These same fractions of the protein obtained from normal horse serum all lay in the zone between pH 6.0 and 6.2. At the hydrogen ion concentration of minimum solubility, the protein of immune serum was from one-fifth to one-tenth as soluble as that obtained from normal serum. The protein obtained by dissociating the S. S.-antibody complex was found to have a hydrogen ion concentration of minimum solubility at pH 6.7 or above. The highest protective potency in relation to the amount of protein was found in the fractions precipitated by ammonium sulfate at 36 and 50 per cent saturation. The percentage of total serum protein (pooled serum) present in the different fractions was respectively, with 30 per cent, type I 4.6 per cent; normal 3.8 per cent; with 36 per cent, type I 7.3 per cent, normal 3.3 per cent; and with 50 per cent, type I 3.0 per cent, normal 0.9 per cent.
Effect of pH on Heat Inactivation of Tetanolysin
Authors: Schrek Robert 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. Kyes and Sachs (1) in 1903 found that acidification of cobra lysin increased its thermostability. This finding was confirmed and extended by Morgenroth and Pane (2). Ando and Nishimura (3) observed recently that the heat stability of diphtheria toxin depended on the acidity, and that the acidified toxin withstood higher temperatures.
On the other hand, several investigators failed to observe any increase of thermostability of lysins after acidification. Famulener and Madsen (4) in a careful quantitative study found that both acidification and alkalization decreased the stability of tetanolysin to heat. Neill (5) did not observe any increase in the thermostability of lysin of B. welchii at pH's ranging between 3 and 9.
The present investigation is a continuation of these studies with reference to the effect of acidification and alkalization on the thermostability and oxidizability of tetanolysin.
Experimental. Methods. Tetanolysin; preparation and titration. Tetanolysin adjusted to various pH's was heated and was then neutralized and titrated.
Studies on Tissue Reactions in Immunity
Authors: Kahn Reuben L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the course of the studies on acquired sensitivity of rabbits to different organisms, previously reported (1), it had been observed that normal animals showed definite inflammatory responses to intradermal injections of bacterial suspensions of comparatively low concentration. The organisms employed were laboratory strains of B. typhosus, B. paratyphosus A, B. coli, Streptococcus hemolyticus and Staphylococcus albus that had been heated for one hour at 60°C. before use. If, for example, a skin sensitivity test, consisting of intradermal injections of 0.1 cc. quantities of suspensions containing varying numbers of organisms per cubic centimeter, was administered to a normal rabbit, inflammatory responses might have appeared in the course of twenty-four hours in the areas wherein the suspensions containing 1,000,000,000, 100,000,000 or perhaps 10,000,000 organisms per cubic centimeter, had been injected. These inflammatory responses were at first believed to be the result of endotoxins contained in the suspensions.
Studies on Cultures and Broth Filtrates of Staphylococci
Authors: Burky Earl L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
I. In previous reports (1), a toxin producing strain of staphylococcus has been described. This strain, “Ha,” produces in 10 day broth cultures a filterable substance that kills rabbits in twenty-four hours or less. The m.l.d. is about 0.1 cc. per kilogram of body weight. Whole cultures kill in a similar fashion. Burnet (2) has studied the lethal properties of similar strains and in particular, one strain, “Wood.” Filtrates of broth cultures of this strain kill rabbits in about five minutes after the intravenous injection of small amounts. A sublethal amount of filtrate, injected intracutaneously, produces an antiserum that neutralizes some, if not all, of the toxic properties of the filtrate. It is the belief of Burnet (2) that intracutaneous immunization produces the most potent antiserum. Further to confirm or disprove the findings of Burnet and to determine the precipitating and protective properties of filtrate Ha antiserums, the following studies were undertaken.
Immune Serum Production in Poliomyelitis Refractory Animals
Authors: Schultz E. W. , Gebhardt L. P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Studies were carried out to determine the serological responsiveness of various poliomyelitis refractory animals injected with the virus of poliomyelitis. To this end 3 guinea pigs, 4 rabbits, 1 dog, 2 sheep, 1 goat and 1 horse were given repeated injections of suspensions of ground poliomyelitic cords over periods of time ranging from about six months to approximately two years. Virucidal tests were carried out on the sera of these animals at varying intervals of time during and after the period of more intensive virus injections. These virucidal tests were carried out by mixing 1 cc. of virus suspension with an equal volume of undiluted or previously diluted serum, following which the serum-virus mixtures were injected intracerebrally into monkeys. Titration of the virus suspension as well as the serum were carried out on several occasions. Our results confirm the observations of other investigators with reference to the degree in which poliomyelitis refractory animals respond as antiserum producers, the majority responding poorly or not at all to virus injections. Individual animals may, however, respond exceedingly well. A horse included in our series of animals proved exceptionally responsive. It produced a serum which contained sufficient immune substance per cubic centimeter to neutralize at least 25,000 minimum infecting doses of virus.
Experimental Observations on the Antigenic Potency of H. Pertussis Extracts
Authors: Miller J. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An attempt was made to compare the antigenic potency of extracts of H. pertussis with standard pertusis vaccine. The titer of complement fixing antibodies in rabbits after the injection of these agents was the index used. Observations on a small number of animals suggest the following possibilities.
Fresh extracts of recently isolated strains produce a more rapid rise in titer than does vaccine. The addition of formalin, chinosol and tricresol to these extracts delays the response. Filtration of the extract through a Berkefeld L2 filter removes the antigen. A more rapid response occurs with the small quantity of extract prepared from the given amount of concentrated bacterial suspension than with the large quantity of standard vaccine prepared from the same amount of concentrated bacterial suspension. Therefore the greater concentration of the antigen in the extract is not the factor responsible for the rapid rise obtained. The unfixed and extracellular state of the antigen is the factor responsible. The antigenic component of H. pertussis endotoxin is relatively thermostabile whereas the toxic component is inactivated by temperatures of 37° and higher.
Studies on Vascularization of the Cornea
Authors: Julianelle L. A. , Morris M. C. , Harrison R. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A study has been made in rabbits of the passive inducibility of the hypersensitive corneal reaction typified by clouding and vascularization. In these experiments, three methods were employed: (a) intravenous or local injection of specific precipitating serum followed later by injection of antigen (albumin), (b) combination of antiserum and antigen, (c) antigen and later antiserum—reversal of the method of passive anaphylaxis. With all three methods it was possible in certain instances to cause skin reactivity. The passive establishment of the corneal reactivity was not satisfactory. While the majority of the tests were negative, some were of the irritative variety described above rather than typical of hypersensitive corneal reactions. It is not clear, therefore, whether the evidence submitted indicates that corneal reactivity may be passively induced. The significance of the results is discussed.
Studies on Tissue Reactions in Immunity
Authors: Kahn Reuben L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction In the preceding article (1), data were presented dealing with some aspects of the union between specific antigen and the skin of protein-immunized rabbits. Horse serum was employed as the immunizing protein and horse serum antitoxin as the test antigen. It was believed that in testing the skin of the horse serum-immunized rabbits with antitoxin instead of horse serum, a more quantitative picture could be obtained of the skin response, since antitoxin can be measured quantitatively by its toxinneutralizing action. In practice, a lethal amount of diphtheria toxin and a neutralizing quantity of antitoxin were injected some distance apart into the skin of normal and of horse serumimmunized rabbits. The normal animals survived and the immunized animals succumbed. In the former animals, both the toxin and antitoxin diffused from the area of injection and the toxin was evidently neutralized in vivo.
Poliomyelitis
Authors: Kramer S. D. , Schaeffer M. , Park W. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Large batches of virus prepared by grinding and mixing many cords, preserved in 50 per cent sterile glycerine, retain a constant infectivity for at least twelve to eighteen months. A practical method for standardization of virus and immune serum is suggested. It is possible and practical to prepare large amounts of neutralized mixtures of virus and serum of known and constant value. Nine of twelve animals inoculated intramuscularly and subcutaneously with neutralized mixture of serum and virus developed sufficent immune substance in their blood serum so that 0.5 cc. of the serum neutralized ten infective doses of the virus. It is suggested that the reasons for the higher incidence of immune response obtained, may lie in the ratio of serum to virus in these mixtures.
An Agglutination Reaction Observed with Some Human Bloods, Chiefly Among Negroes
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Strutton W. R. , Chase M. W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In an attempt to produce immune sera for the human blood property (1) designated as P two batches of 12 rabbits each were injected with the blood of individuals known to give strong reactions for P. The first batch received blood of the type O, M, N of a white man L. F., the second that of a Negro C. H. (O, N), the latter having been used for the preparation of anti-P-serum once before. The animals received several courses of six daily injections of 0.1 to 0.4 cc. washed blood cells in a volume of 1 cc. The courses were separated by rest periods of eight days; a fourth course of injections was given ten weeks after the third. From the first lot of rabbits, after three courses of injections, one P serum of moderate strength and two rather weak sera were obtained.