bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellular and Antibody Reactions to Streptococcal M Protein Types 1, 3, 6 and 12
Authors: Pachman Lauren M. , Fox Eugene N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunization with purified M protein, a component of the group A streptococcal cell wall, induces the formation of circulating antibody and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH). The specificity of these responses was evaluated in guinea pigs and man, using types 1, 3, 6 and 12 M protein. In a study of 10 human adults, delayed hypersensitivity and circulating antibody to more than one M protein was usually present. In several individuals, in vitro cellular reactivity to several M proteins was found in the absence of detectable DCH and antibody. Female Hartley guinea pigs sensitized with specific M proteins were reactive to homologous and, to a lesser extent, heterologous serotypes when DCH or spleen cell reactivity was determined. High titer homologous antisera reacted with heterologous M proteins measured by passive hemagglutination; only opsonic antibody was type-specific. Cellular responses to M proteins, assayed by spleen cell reactivity and inhibition of peritoneal exudate cell migration 6 months after sensitization when antibody was no longer detectable, were as great as when titers were high. Unimmunized controls, or those given Freund's adjuvant without M protein manifested negative skin tests, did not produce circulating antibody or respond with significant cellular proliferation when challenged with M proteins.
Hidden Rheumatoid Factors Reacting with “Non a” and other Antigens of Native Autologous IgG
Authors: Gaarder Per Ivar , Natvig Jacob B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Several rheumatoid factor activities were revealed in 14 rheumatoid sera after the separation of IgM rheumatoid factors from inhibiting autologous IgG by gel filtration. These included a “new” specificity, anti-“non a.” Anti-Ga, found in 14 sera, anti-Gm(a), found in 10, and anti-“non a,” found in 6, were the most frequently detected rheumatoid factor specificities, while anti-Gm(g) was found in one serum. The anti-“non a” and anti-Ga rheumatoid factors reacted with antigens present in native autologous IgG. The original anti-Gm(p) and anti-Gm(e) rheumatoid sera contained anti-“non a” together with anti-Ga, and the respective original anti-Rh antibodies carried both the “non a” and Ga antigens. Gm(p) and Gm(e) appeared to be identical in part with “non a” and in part with Ga, and thus were not regular Gm types. The antigen for rheumatoid anti-“non a” was found to be located on the pFc' fragment of IgG. In contrast, the antigen for anti-Ga was present on Fc, but not on the pFc' fragment. Thus two distinct molecular regions of Fc were involved in the rheumatoid factor reactions.
Protein A from Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Stålenheim G. , Sjöquist J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Myeloma IgG proteins become equally anticomplementary when aggregated with protein A from Staphylococcus aureus and thus contain equally efficient C-fixing sites. Furthermore, Fc fragments aggregated with protein A inactivate complement. Sheep erythrocytes stabilized with glutaric dialdehyde and coated with protein A were agglutinated by normal human IgG, by myeloma IgG, by fragment Fc from IgG, but not by fragment Fab. Thus protein A is a sensitizing substance for aldehyde-treated cells.
Biochemical Demonstration of the Activatable Esterase of the Rabbit Neutrophil Involved in the Chemotactic Response
Authors: Ward Peter A. , Becker Elmer L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Direct biochemical evidence is provided that the rabbit blood neutrophil contains a precursor esterase involved in the cell response to the chemotactic stimulus C567, and that contact of the cell with chemotactic factor leads to activation of the proesterase. Rabbit blood leukocytes contain esterase 1, that is, an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing acetyl-dl-phenylalanine β-naphthyl ester. This activity can be ascribed largely, if not entirely, to the presence of neutrophils. Comparing blood leukocytes with peritoneal (exudate) neutrophils, the former cells contain greater esterase activity as well as greater chemotactic responsiveness. Treatment of blood leukocytes, but not peritoneal neutrophils, with chemotactic factor results in the acquisition of esterase activity (“esterase activation”) and chemotactic deactivation (loss of chemotactic responsiveness). By using highly purified complement and preparative (density gradient) ultracentrifugation, and employing agents that dissociate the macromolecular chemotactic factor, the phenomena of chemotactic activity, esterase-activating capacity and deactivating potential have been shown to be interrelated and clearly ascribable to C567. The esterase that appears in the blood leukocyte as a result of interaction with C567 can be identified as esterase 1, on the basis of exquisite sensitivity to inhibitory effects of phosphonate compounds at very low concentrations (10-8 M). These data provide direct biochemical support for the original hypothesis that the chemotactic response of the neutrophil to the complement chemotactic factor C567 involves an interaction which results in the conversion of the cell-bound proesterase to an active esterase. The biochemical role of this esterase in the kinetic behavior of the granulocyte is not known. This information may have special relevance to at least four other phenomena in which activation of a protesterase to an active esterase as the cause of an “allergic response” has been postulated on the basis of indirect evidence.
Abrogation of Immunologic Unresponsiveness by Whole Molecules and Fragments of Cross-Reacting Immunoglobulins
Authors: Scales R. W. , Cruse J. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A state of immunologic tolerance to a given antigen can be terminated by the injection of a cross-reacting antigen provided that the degree of cross-reactivity is within certain limits. The present investigation was designed to test the ability of human γG or its fragments to terminate tolerance to bovine γG or its fragments and vice versa. γG of both species was isolated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and digested by mercuripapain. C57BL mice were injected with 1.0 mg of tolerogen and 20 days later were immunized with 0.2 mg of the cross-reacting antigen in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Seven days after the last immunizing injection, 125I-tolerogen was injected intraperitoneally and the course of elimination followed by whole body counting. Sera were assayed for antibodies to the tolerogen by gel diffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and passive hemagglutination. Results of this investigation demonstrated that tolerance to bovine γG in mice may be terminated by injection of human γG or its fragments. Likewise, tolerance to human γG in mice may be terminated by injection of bovine γG or its fragments.
Immunologic Properties of the Main Encephalitogenic Peptide from the Basic Protein of Human Myelin
Authors: Lennon Vanda A. , Wilks Ann V. , Carnegie Patrick R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The encephalitogenic basic protein from human brain was digested with pepsin and encephalitogenic peptides were isolated. Two overlapping peptides containing 15 and 22 amino acids had similar encephalitogenicity as the parent protein. Both peptides induced delayed hypersensitivity to the protein but no detectable circulating antibody in guinea pigs. There was a striking correlation between the occurrence of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and low yields of peritoneal exudate cells. The main encephalitogenic determinant resides within the sequence Ser-Arg-Phe-Ser-Trp-Gly-Ala-Glu-Gly-Gln-. We postulate that the integrity of this region of the basic protein of myelin is vital to the normal functioning of the central nervous system. These small peptides should be of value in investigating the role of delayed hypersensitivity in autoimmune disease.
Homologous Serum Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis in Guinea Pigs Mediated by Two γ1 or γ1-Type Heat-Stable Globulins and a Non-γ1 Heat-Labile Reagin
Authors: Parish W. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoglobulins with properties like those of human IgE (reaginic antibodies) occur in several laboratory animals, particularly the rat after antigenic injection (1, 2) or helminth infestation (3), the mouse after antigenic injection (4, 5) or helminth infestation (6), and the rabbit after antigenic injection (7, 8) and helminth infestation (9). Apart from a heat-labile antibody reported in guinea pigs infected with Trichinella spiralis (10), which conferred passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) sensitivity on homologous skin for 21 days, reagin-like antibodies have not hitherto been described in guinea pigs, despite this animal's extreme susceptibility to anaphylaxis.
Benacerraf and Ovary and their associates (11, 12) described two 7S immunoglobulins in guinea pigs, a γ1 which sensitized homologous tissues anaphylactically, and a γ2 which did not. The investigations described below now reveal at least three antibodies in guinea pig sera capable of sensitizing homologous tissues anaphylactically.
Transfer of the Delayed Hypersensitivity Skin Reaction in the Guinea Pig Using Rna-Treated Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Jureziz R. E. , Thor D. E. , Dray S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ribonucleic acid extracts from the lymph nodes of guinea pigs sensitive to purified protein derivative, brain antigen, α, DNP-oligolysine and ε, DNP-oligolysine were shown to confer on syngeneic nonsensitive guinea pig lymphoid cells the ability to transfer for each antigen the delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction to nonsensitive guinea pigs. Successful transfers were obtained using intraperitoneal injections of approximately 109 nonsensitive lymphoid cells previously incubated for 15 to 30 min at 37°C with 120 to 300 µg/ml of RNA.
Specificity of Respiratory Secretion Antibody against Influenza Virus
Authors: Waldman R. H. , Wigley F. M. , Small P. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Serum, sputum and nasal secretion neutralizing antibody rises were measured against A2/Taiwan/64, A2/Hong Kong/68 and A/PR8 influenza viruses and parainfluenza type 1 virus in volunteers who had been immunized with A2/Taiwan/64 virus. There was approximately an eightfold rise in sputum, nasal wash and serum antibody to the homologous virus, and no rise to parainfluenza type 1 virus. There was no serum antibody rise to A/PR8 or A2/Hong Kong viruses, but in sputum and nasal washing there was approximately a three- to fourfold rise. Absorption studies with homologous and heterologous virus indicate that the heterologous response is due mainly to cross-reacting antibody. This could mean that secretory IgA is less specific than serum IgG. If these findings are substantiated for other viruses, it is possible that protection against a broad range of viruses may be inducible with fewer vaccines than would be expected on the basis of serologic studies.
Rosette Formation in Relation to Active Synthesis of Antibody
Authors: Moav Neomi , Harris T. N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies were done on the requirement for an active synthetic process for the production of rosettes by mouse spleen cells, and on the relation of rosette-forming cells (RFC) to plaque-forming cells (PFC). Evidence for an active process was obtained by injection of mice with actinomycin D on the day of antigen injection. This prevented the appearance of both RFC and PFC. In other approaches, the inhibiting agents were applied in vitro to suspensions of cells producing rosettes. Rosette formation was inhibited on incubation at 37°C, in contrast with 4°C, by inhibitors of protein synthesis, cycloheximide and puromycin, and by anti-metabolites, iodoacetate and arsanilic acid.
The most direct evidence that rosettes and plaques can be produced by the same cells was obtained by differential density centrifugation. Following bovine plasma albumin density gradient centrifugation of original spleen cell suspensions, both rosettes and plaques were found to be produced by cells of the same, relatively low, density. When such suspensions were first incubated for rosette formation, however, the RFC, now in rosettes, were found in a fraction of higher density, intermediate between that of white blood cells and red blood cells. The number of plaques produced by this higher density fraction was found to be markedly increased over the analogous fraction from original spleen cell suspensions, in which rosettes had not been formed.
The nature of the receptors on the cell surface involved in rosette formation was examined in several ways. It was shown that rosette formation could be inhibited by exposure of the cells to an excess of antigen or to anti-IgG serum or its Fab fragments. The rosettes were partially sensitive to complement, indicating that IgM molecules as well as IgG molecules can be involved in rosette formation.
Bence Jones Proteins and Light Chains of Immunoglobulins
Authors: Solomon Alan , McLaughlin Carla L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immunochemical recognition of three classes of κ light chains, κI, κII, κIII, has been substantiated through immunochemical studies in which antisera prepared against several different κI, κII, κIII Bence Jones proteins were utilized. Heterogeneity within each κ-chain class has been demonstrated immunochemically and two distinct groups of proteins within each κ-chain class have been defined.
The availability of amino acid sequence data on Bence Jones proteins and light chains representative of the two groups of κI proteins made possible comparisons between proteins of these two groups. The ability to cleave selectively light chains, representative of the two groups of proteins within a κ-chain class, into their constituent variant halves and constant halves permitted the localization of the regions which were recognized by our antisera and immunochemically distinguished.
Antibody Inhibition of the Immune Response: Experimental Analysis of the Site of Action in Vivo
Authors: Eisenberg R. A. , Weissman I. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Analysis of inhibition of the immune hemolysin response was tested in vivo, utilizing sublethally irradiated mice injected with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in order to separate antigen processing from central cellular events. The experiments demonstrate that passive anti-SRBC antibody, given to mice 2 days after SRBC and 3 days after irradiation with 600 rads, completely suppressed the response of incubated as well as non-incubated normal isologous spleen cells injected on the same day or 1 to 3 days after SRBC, but only partially suppressed a similar response in unirradiated mice when injected 2 days after SRBC. These experiments suggest that passive antibody can suppress the immune response by acting at some step subsequent to antigen processing.
Use of 51Cr in Studies on Cellular Immunity to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Brucella Melitensis and Poliovirus, Type I
Authors: Vickrey Herta M. , Elberg Sanford S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An assay procedure was developed to assess resistance to cytopathic damage by virulent H37Rv in oil-induced peritoneal macrophages of normal and bacillus Calmette Guérin-immunized rabbits utilizing 51Cr. Immune serum was required for potentiation of maximal resistance. The radiolabeling procedure was standardized in terms of cultural and labeling conditions to obtain maximal radiochromate uptake with minimal nonspecific release, absence of re-utilization of released radiochro-mate and the low standard deviation of radiorelease in replicate cultures. Whereas functionally immune cells released only little more label than did their controls (sometimes less), nonimmune cells released appreciably greater amounts than did corresponding control cells. The radioassay demonstrated the importance of immune serum in potentiating cellular resistance to necrotization by tubercle bacilli, for effective immunity required the conjoint action of immune cells and immune serum. Immune macrophages in normal serum released significantly more isotope than in immune serum; normal cells in immune serum exhibited increased resistance by diminished label release. However, cells and sera reacted interdependently so that some immune sera enhanced the antimicrobial activity of certain normal cells nearly to the immune cell level; conversely, a number of immune cells in normal sera reacted in a manner comparable to that of normal cells. Further evidence that release of radiolabel reflects cellular damage was obtained through the use of an obligate intracellular parasite, poliovirus, type I, capable of rapid cytopathogenesis over a 48- to 72-hr period. When used to infect labeled monkey kidney cells, patterns of isotope release clearly indicated a close correlation between isotope escape and virus-initiated cytolysis.
Comparisons of the Specificities of Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immune Responses
Authors: Henney Christopher S. , Nordin Albert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of guinea pigs to dinitrophenylated human IgG (DNP-HGG) have been concurrently assessed. Antibody-forming cells in draining lymph nodes and spleen were measured using a modified “plaque” assay and cell-mediated immunity measured on the same lymphocyte populations using a cytolytic technique, employing mouse mastocytoma cells coated with antigen as “target” cells.
The earliest plaque-forming cells (PFC) demonstrable in the spleens gave “plaques” only with DNP-HGG-coated SRC, although at the peak of the primary response the majority of the antibody-forming cells were producing antibody of antihapten specificity. The number of PFC formed against HGG-coated erythrocytes was always extremely low. Direct (γM) PFC of all specificities were negligible. PFC levels in the popliteal nodes were always higher than those observed in the spleen.
In contrast to the predominant anti-hapten specificity of the humoral response, cellmediated immunity was primarily directed against antigenic determinants of the carrier (HGG) molecule. The first cytolytic activity observable was specific for DNP-HGG-coated “target” cells, but by 14 days following antigenic stimulation DNP-HGG- and HGG-coated cells were lysed with equal efficiency. DNP-BSA-coated “target” cells were also effectively lysed, but cells coated with proteins immunochemically unrelated to the sensitizing antigen were not. The similar lysis rates observed with cells coated with the different antigens (DNP-HGG, HGG and DNP-BSA) suggested that a single lymphocyte population was involved in cytolysis, inferring that the “sensitized” lymphocytefr3 may be capable of recognizing more than one antigenic determinant of the immunizing antigen.
Corneal Hypersensitivity
Authors: Sery Theodore W. , Nagy Rose Marie , Winston Barber G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The escape velocity of equine γ globulin or albumin introduced into a previously sensitized rabbit cornea is much greater than that found in the normal rabbit eye or in the systemically immunized animal. The loss of antigen from normal or immunized corneas follows first order kinetics. With equine γ globulin the normal cornea demonstrates an escape coefficient of -0.08/day. In contrast, the previously injected cornea which has passed through an immunologic response (Wessely phenomenon) and recovered will, upon reinjection of protein, demonstrate from the 1st day a rapid rate of escape (k constants averaging -0.44/day). This rapid rate is almost reached after the first corneal injection in systemically immunized animals, but it does not begin until after 5 to 6 days. Similar results were obtained with equine albumin. The rapid loss of antigen in previously sensitized corneas is believed to be caused by antibody in the tissues, and by a small population of immunocytes which are the residua of previous sensitization. In systemically immunized animals the longer period needed for removal of antigen is related to the time required for such cells to migrate into the corneal stroma. Other aspects concerning the development of an immunologic memory in the cornea and its significance for corneal disease are discussed.
Enhanced Antibody Response in the Offspring of Immunized Rats
Authors: Gill Thomas J. , Kunz Heinz W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The inbred ACI strain of rats responds very well to immunization with poly Glu52 Lys33 Tyr15, whereas the F344 strain responds quite poorly; at least two genes are involved in the control of the antibody response (1). In the course of breeding the animals for these studies, we observed that the offspring of the F344 strain made considerably more antibody when the mothers were immunized with the antigen aggregated with methylated bovine serum albumin prior to becoming pregnant. It is important to define the factors involved in this effect, since they are presumably environmental and could interfere with the analysis of the genetic control of the antibody response.
In the studies reported here, the antibody responses of the offspring from unimmunized mothers and from immunized mothers are compared. Each of the immunized mothers received the antigen aggregated with methylated bovine serum albumin.
Two Complement Interaction Sites in Guinea Pig Immunoglobulins
Authors: Sandberg Ann L. , Oliveira Benedito , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Numerous attempts have been made in recent years to identify and characterize the immunoglobulin site(s) associated with activation of the complement (C) system. Although there is considerable evidence that this activity can be attributed to the Fc fragment of rabbit antibody (1–8), other findings implicate the pepsin digestion products, i.e., the 5S or F(ab′)2 fragment (9–13). A possible basis for these divergent reports may be that multiple pathways exist for an immunologic attack on the C system. Recent studies in this laboratory with guinea pig immunoglobulins have strengthened this inference (14–17). These experiments disclosed that the hemolytic potency of C was diminished following interaction with either the γ-1 or γ-2 antibody classes, and that different pathways of complement utilization characterized these events. We now extend these observations in experiments whose results indicate that there are dual C interaction sites on the γ-2 guinea pig immunoglobulins.
Mouse Blood Leukocytes: in Vitro Primary and Secondary Responses to Two Synthetic Polypeptides
Authors: Tyan Marvin L. , Ness Dolly B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antibody responses of various strains of inbred mice to a series of multichain synthetic polypeptide antigens are quantitative traits under a dominant-determinant-specific type of genetic control (1). That is, a given strain of mouse may respond poorly, if at all, to one of the antigens while a second strain will respond quite well. These antigens are composed of a polylysine backbone with side chains of poly-dl-alanine and, in the case of the two antigens used in these experiments, terminating in short random sequences of either tyrosine and glutamic acid [(T,G)-A--L], or histidine and glutamic acid [(H,G)-A--L]. It has been shown that the genetic mechanism controlling these antibody responses is closely linked to the major histocompatibility locus (H-2) of the mouse (2). All strains of the same H-2 type (except H-2d) exhibit a similar pattern of immune response to these antigens regardless of the remainder of the strain's genetic background.