bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Industry-Based Thermodynamics Case Study on Refrigeration Cycle
Authors: Foust Emine Celik 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The case study learning methodology has been used for more than 20 years in teaching science and engineering. This methodology is known to be highly effective in promoting students’ understanding of the concepts and improving their ability to make connections between the concepts. In 2020 and 2021, the limited access to laboratory equipment and facilities due to the COVID-19 pandemic encouraged instructors to implement alternative methods. One of the alternatives considered in the current institution is the use of case studies to enhance students’ understanding of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics topics during the online and hybrid implementations of those courses.
In this study, an industry-based air-conditioning (AC) unit is facilitated to prepare a case study to teach refrigeration cycles in the laboratory part of thermodynamics. All four components of the AC unit, which include a compressor, a condenser, an expansion valve, and an evaporator, are assembled on a single platform. In an actual application, the compressor and condenser are part of the outside unit while an evaporator and expansion valve would be located indoors. In the first phase of the case study, students analyze temperature and pressure data for the normal operation of the unit to understand the function of each component in the cycle. In addition, by using thermodynamics property tables, they determine enthalpy and entropy values at different stages of the process, generate a temperature versus entropy (T-s) diagram, and calculate the efficiency of the AC unit. In the second phase of the study, they are provided with temperature and pressure data collected for the cases corresponding to when there is a problem with the AC unit. They perform analysis of those cases. The examples of issues introduced include part of the condenser or evaporator coils being disabled or using a partially blocked air filter. The equipment used in the case study is modified by the manufacturer to simulate those issues. During data analysis, student teams are tasked with identifying the issue introduced by looking at the changes in temperature, pressure, and T-s diagram. This paper provides detailed information about the case study, data collection, and analysis.
Characterization of Additively Manufactured Beta Materials
Authors: Dana Efrem Dawit , Kumpaty Subha , Weston Jordan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is transforming industrial production. AM can produce parts with complex geometries and functionality. However, one of the biggest challenges in the AM world is limited material options. The purpose of this research is to develop new material mixtures and determine their mechanical properties for use at the MSOE Rapid Prototyping Center and provide valuable insight into beta materials for use in AM industry. Elastomeric polyurethane (EPU 40) and Rigid polyurethane (RPU 70), resins developed by Carbon3D, are employed for this research. Initially, EPU 40 (100%) and RPU 70 (100%) were used to print tensile and hardness test specimens so that their mechanical properties could be compared to the standard values presented by Carbon3D and used as benchmarks for newly developed material. Mixtures of the two materials, EPU 40 and RPU 70, in multiple ratios were then created and used to print tensile and hardness test specimens. Data collected from tensile and hardness tests show that EPU 40 and RPU 70 can be combined in various ratios to obtain material properties that lie between the two individual components. In addition to developing these new materials, the effect of printing orientation on mechanical properties was also studied in this paper.
Experimental Assessing of the Energy Transformation in Turns
Authors: Otremba Frank , Romero Navarrete José A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Turning maneuvers of rail vehicles involve demanding situations for the infrastructure because of the steering forces generated and the resultant lateral load transfers. Such forcing situation involves increased tangential forces that consume kinetic energy from the vehicle. While much attention has been paid in the literature to the damage in such infrastructure segments, the energy that is dissipated in these maneuvers, has not been explicitly addressed. In this paper, a specialized scale-down infrastructure is used to characterize the effect of the initial speed of the vehicle and its mass, on the magnitude of both the rail forces developed and the amount of dissipated energy during turning maneuvers. The outputs of the experiments suggest that most of the original kinetic energy is dissipated at the first portion of the turn. Also, that the magnitude of the wheel forces and the amount of dissipated energy, correlate. That is, a greater rail damage would correspond to greater energy dissipation.
Design and Implement an Additive Manufacturing Injection Mold
Authors: Alsayyed Basel , Foland Nicholas 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this project, we would like to explore the viability of using 3D printed injection molds to cost-effectively produce low-volume production runs. These 3D printed molds are much more cost-effective than traditional methods, however, the 3D printed molds often only withstand 50–100 cycles. Research is needed to determine how to improve the durability of the molds. This can be accomplished by measuring and documenting how injection molds made from various plastics, and various 3D printing technologies, react under the stresses of an injection molding machine. We can develop a case study using 4 different types of plastics that can be used to create the 3D printed mold. The 3 plastics would be Formlabs Ridged 10k Resin, Formlabs Clear v4, and Formlabs Tough 2000 Resin. These materials will be printed using various 3D printing technologies. This paper will focus on a literature review of the positives and negatives of 3D printing additively manufactured injection molding tooling and propose potential solutions for many of the negatives of 3D printed molds. The case study portion will be based on how we are planning to perform the case study, but it has not yet been completed.
Making a Case for Innovative Assessment Frameworks for Large Cohorts of Undergraduate Engineering Students on Management Units
Authors: Yunusa-Kaltungo Akilu , Jungudo Rukaiyatu Mohammed 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Interdisciplinary units such as operations management are integral components of undergraduate education and their assessment methodologies immensely influence the attitudes of students, especially for engineering programmes that are accredited by external professional institutions. Users of the different forms of dominant assessments (mainly essays and multiple choice questions) often present very compelling arguments for their preferences. For example, essays are sometimes described as having the capabilities to assess deep learning but have limited coverage, while multiple choice questions (MCQs) can provide immense coverage but more suitable for assessing superficial learning. In addition to the costs attributable to their management (especially grading, compilation and collation of scores), it is very challenging if not impossible to achieve a perfect grading consistency with traditional essay-type assessments, especially when dealing with large cohorts. This is perhaps why the current body of knowledge clearly indicates that no single form of assessment is all encompassing, thereby paving ways for hybridization of multiple forms, so that the strength(s) of one type can adequately compensate for the weakness(es) of others. Based on these premises, the current article shares experiences related to the development and deployment of a hybrid assessment framework for an operations management unit delivered to 3rd year mechanical, aerospace and civil engineering students at the university of Manchester, UK. The framework comprises of 4 main classes of assessments — short zero weight independent (SZWI), MOCK zero weight independent (MZWI), light weight collaborative (LWC) and heavy weight independent (HWI) assessments. The framework has now been implemented during the last 2 academic sessions (2020/2021 and 2021/2022) and a comparision of the statistical indicators of student attainment in the unit over 5 different cohorts (2017/2018, 2018/2019, 2019/2020, 2020/2021 and 2021/2022) show very consistent trends. Additionally, responses from the unit evaluation questions (UEQs) completed by the students mostly depict very good levels of satisfaction.
Finite Element Analysis of Stress Propagation in Meso Structure of Low-Density Porous Material
Authors: Ogawa Ryotaro , Miyaki Hikaru , Sakuma Atsushi 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Low-density porous materials such as polymer foam exhibit various mechanical properties owing to their mesoscopic structure, e.g., they are lightweight but have high shock absorption and excellent specific strength. These mechanical properties can be designed not only by the type of materials of cellar foam, but also by the geometrical specifications of their mesostructures. This study employs a numerical analysis and simulation to obtain details about dynamic deformation. It uses the homogenization method to develop a technique for evaluating and designing their mechanical characteristics. Numerical simulations are computed using the finite-element method (FEM), and the unit cells for the homogenization method imitating cellar foam structure are developed by the tetrakaidecahedron of the Kelvin cell. Here, in addition to the cell part of foam structures, their porous parts are virtually modeled using the elastic constitutive equation, so the entire material is composed of only two linear elastic bodies. Under these conditions, the mechanical response of the periodic deformation is analyzed, and its response shows non-linear variation even if the model structures adopts linear elastic characteristics. According to the detailed observation of this behavior in FEM, it is known that there is a velocity difference in the stress wave owing to the difference in elastic modulus and density generated between the foam cell and the air in the pores, and this difference causes macroscopic viscoelasticity. This result indicates that the design of the geometric structure of the mesoscopic cell is also important in addition to the mechanical properties of the foam cell material for the design of the deformation behavior of the foam material.
Performance Assessment of Tri-Reforming of Methane
Authors: Farooqui Azharuddin , Shamim Tariq 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
There is growing interest in hydrogen (H2) as an energy carrier and fuel. Since H2 is a secondary or intermediate energy carrier, it is mainly produced from primary fossil fuels. To overcome the challenges of traditional reforming methods (such as high energy demands and CO2 emissions), this study investigates an alternative method, called tri-reforming, which combines the steam reforming of methane (SRM) and dry reforming of methane (DRM) with partial oxidation of methane (POM) in the same reactor. The energy requirement for this method is low since POM is an exothermic process that supplies the thermal energy for the endothermic SRM and DRM processes. Furthermore, the method can also potentially produce the desired quality of syngas (high H2/CO ratio) with low susceptibility to coking and high catalyst stability. A process model of a methane tri-reforming reactor is developed in Aspen Plus by employing the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. In this study, we investigate the effect of the H2O/CO2/O2 feed ratio together with CH4 as fuel and find their optimum value to produce blue hydrogen (through an optimized H2/CO ratio) at different temperature conditions. The results present the specific O2/CH4 ratios at different temperatures (125–925°C), which would support the CO2/H2O conversion and achieve lower CO2 emissions (molCO2e/molCH4) with lower heat demand for producing hydrogen than the corresponding SRM and DRM processes.
The Development of a Friction Stir Extrusion Machine for Producing Multiscale Extruded Cylinders and Hollow Tubes
Authors: Emblom William J. , Foreman Christopher , Kreamer Charles , Frazier Sydney , Doiga Seth , Leaumont Michael , Olayinka Ayotunde , Darby Paul , Wagner Scott W. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Friction stir processing is being used to improve characteristics of advanced manufactured process by improving the strength and ductility of material, joining, surface characteristics, and alloying. In addition, friction stir processing may be used as a first step for recycling metallic waste.
The authors are interested in the friction stir processing because they see that friction stir extrusion may be used for producing unique components that could be useful for the development of fuel cells, micromanufacturing, heat exchangers, biomedical applications, and MEMS.
The goal of the current project is to develop a custom built friction stir machine in order to investigate multi-scale friction stir extrusion processes. The machine will be used to characterize various friction stir extrusion processes such as forward and backwards extrusion to produce solid cylinders and tubes with outside diameters up to 37-mm down to 3-mm and for tubes with internal diameters down to 2-mm. In addition, various materials will be evaluated for friction stir extrusion processes and the process parameters will be used.
The machine described is being implemented in 3 phases. The first phase was the building of the basic machine and perform open-loop tests. The second phase was the implementation of process monitoring and begin to implement closed-loop control. The third phase of building the friction stir machine is to fully implement closed-loop control and begin charactering specific processes.
This paper describes the current state of the project (Phase 2). A force transducer, thermocouple, and a displacement transducer are used to monitor the process parameters. A PLC is used to record the process parameters as well as control the 10HP 3-phase 240v ac electric motor that powers the rotating probe.
Open-loop tests where the extrusion process was performed manually by the equipment operator were performed where the operators attempted to control forces during the tests and to perform component and system integration tests.
A-1100-o aluminum solid billets 12.7mm in diameter were used to produce tubes (OD: 12.7-mm, ID: 6.35-mm). Observations, temperatures, and forces were recorded and are presented. Because this machine was a proof-of-concept machine that is being converted to a production machine, observations made will be used to improve the machine for Phase 3.
Viable and Sustainable Measures of Meeting Student Outcomes Related to Communication in Graduate Capstone Projects and Specialty Papers
Authors: Shimek Gary , Kumpaty Subha 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Master of Science in Engineering program at Milwaukee School of Engineering has had its share of curriculum changes based on feedback from various stakeholders and annual assessment of the program leading to continuous improvement. One of the student outcomes is to have demonstrated an ability to integrate and analyze information in a chosen specialty in the form of scholarly work, either as an independent specialty paper or as an independent engineering project. And another outcome that follows is to have the ability to effectively present and communicate technical concepts, both orally and in writing. Even with all the engineering skills developed through discipline-specific coursework, these two outcomes were still quite a challenge to numerous students. While the program director takes measures to connect students with the appropriate advisor and even assists in technical content, the program needed and implemented the constant presence of a non-technical person as a member of the committee to improve communication of students through all stages of proposal writing, progress report and final report. We had tried one class of technical writing as a separate entity for students to take before they embarked on a capstone project, but the effectiveness varied as the principles had to be personally applied by the graduate student for the individual project. With the new approach, the student’s resources have grown, the project path has been made seamless, the effectiveness of working on the technical content and report writing in tandem right from the literature search and proposal development has resulted. The historic development of the current approach, including an overview of program educational objectives and student outcomes, is presented. The paper also showcases the results in terms of publications by the students who have grown in confidence in writing skills. This paper aims at enabling informed discussion for engineering graduate programs across the United States seeking to aid their students in this critical area of communication.
2D Numerical Ultrasound Computed Tomography for Elastic Material Properties in Metals
Authors: Aktharuzzaman Md , Anwar Shoaib , Borisov Dmitry , Rao Jing , He Jiaze 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Adequate knowledge of the materials through characterization during the development, production, and processing of the material is required for quality assurance and in-service safety. Material characterization involves the evaluation of properties such as elastic coefficients, material microstructures, morphological features, and associated mechanical properties. Ultrasonic signals are sensitive to useful acoustic properties, including wave speeds, attenuation, diffusion backscattering, variations in microstructure, and elastic properties (e.g., elastic modulus, hardness, etc.). To obtain a quantitative estimation of the material properties, an emerging imaging technique known as ultrasound computed tomography (USCT) can be utilized. This paper proposes to map the wave speeds (i.e., longitudinal and shear) inside elastic parts employing a wave-based methodology (known as full waveform inversion (FWI)) for USCT. FWI is a partial differential equation-constraint, nonlinear optimization technique. It is based on full wavefield modeling and inversion to extract material parameter distribution using wave equations. FWI consequently produces high-resolution images by iteratively determining and minimizing a waveform residual, which is the difference between the modeled and the observed signals. The performance of FWI based ultrasound tomography in material property reconstruction in numerical studies has been presented. The results show its application potential in nondestructive material characterization.
Effect of SF6 and C4F8 Flow Rate on Etched Surface Profile and Grass Formation in Deep Reactive Ion Etching Process
Authors: Sharma Pallavi , Pleil Matthias , Jackson Nathan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) is one of the most important methods of etching silicon and involves numerous interdependent parameters that affect the resulting etching quality and device functionality. Some of the issues in the etching process include bottom grass formation, notching effects, and isotropic etching. The influence of SF6 and C4F8 flow rates, as well as etching and passivation cycle duration, on the etched sidewall profile and grass growth is discussed in this paper. The combination of a 300 sccm SF6 flow rate and a 100 sccm C4F8 flow rate produces a flat bottom surface with no grass formation. The creation of grass begins in the corners of the structures as the SF6 flow rate increases while the C4F8 flow rate remains constant (100 sccm). The flow rate of C4F8 was varied from 50 to 200 sccm (with SF6 at 300 sccm), with lower flow rates affecting the profile of the etched sidewalls and higher flow rates causing grass development. The etch/passivation cycle ratio was also discovered to be important in preventing grass growth. The clamping or loading of the 4-inch wafer had cooling issues that affected the surface profile of the structures and demonstrated that insufficient cooling of the substrate during etching led to the production of isotropic etching of structures and resolved using lubricant media for proper heat dissipation. The process recipes were optimized to achieve flat smooth bottom surface and straight vertical sidewalls with no defects.
Effect of Metallic Insert Design Parameters on the Load-Carrying Capacity of GFRP Bolted Connection
Authors: Elbshbeshy Amr , Ali Mahmoud , Shazly Mostafa , Bahei-El-Din Yehia 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Threaded metallic inserts can be embedded between laminates to avoid drilling and prevent the bearing stresses on the hole boundaries. In the present work single lap joint configuration was used to evaluate the joint strength using embedded metallic inserts. The parameters were selected using the Design of Experiment (DOE) to facilitate and control the variables that will be tested. Parameters such as the tightening torque, the specimen length (L), fiber orientation, and loading rate were kept fixed for all tests. Other design parameters such as edge distance to hole diameter (E/D) using 3 levels and the thickness of the specimen (t) were evaluated using 2 levels, 3 replicates for each. Finite element analysis using ABAQUS was conducted to simulate the experiment, and the results of the experimental work were used to validate the FEA model. The failure was initiated in the matrix at the composite-insert contact surfaces. The fiber failure begins in the laminate which is in contact with the metallic insert surface. Progressive delamination and fiber failures led to several peaks in the load-displacement curve before total failure by shear-out. It was found that the joint strength tends to increase with a lower E/D ratio in both single and double layers of fabrics.
Autonomous Aerial Supply Delivery: Parachute Release and Impact Study
Authors: Hughes Kristina , King Katherine , Hickman Shane , Rannow August , Freisinger Gregory , Huntoon Stewart , Kuhlwein Ekaterina , Rooney Benjamin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Military missions are often limited by the quantity of supplies that soldiers can carry with them. The purpose of this research was to develop an autonomous aerial cargo delivery device capable of resupplying soldiers in contested and remote locations. Specifically focusing on the final leg of delivery, this device aims to transport cargo from existing long-range Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) to soldiers on the ground in a controlled and safe manner.
The solution developed through this research included low altitude drops of small, palletized, parachute-suspended loads from assorted UAS in flight. The device developed to accomplish this would be responsible for safely holding a variety of cargo, releasing from the UAS, decelerating in flight on its descent, and absorbing shocks on impact with the ground. By receiving signals from the UAS, this device would operate autonomously as no human interaction is required for its operation. Engineering analysis was conducted on these areas and an initial prototype was constructed based on relevant findings. Although intended for use with multiple UAS platforms, the Squad Operations Advanced Resupply (SOAR) UAS, currently in development at the US Army DEVCOM Soldier Center, was selected specifically as the basis for prototype modeling and design.
Through pilot testing, evaluation, and analysis it was determined that this method of inserting supplies into remote and contested environments is a viable and novel solution to small unit resupply. The device’s reliability was confirmed in its operation and data showed that the device increased survivability of cargo. This method of airdrop has great potential for future military and humanitarian applications and is worthy of further development.