bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hybrid forms of peace, peace formation, and counter-peace
Authors: Richmond Oliver P. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers hybrid forms of peace emerging in the contemporary layers of the international peace architecture. This raises issues of historical injustice, global inequality, and long-term sustainability. Hybrid political order and hybrid peace is formed through political contestation involving a range of actors, their preferences, and security interests. An everyday form of peace is its objective. It raises the question of how local forms of legitimacy, or alternative political, social, and economic systems, and norms of peace can engage with the international system. The chapter then looks at peace formation and counter-peace processes. Counter-peace strategies operate to preserve privileges, access to power, and resources.
Two hundred years and counting
Authors: Abbott Carl 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter identifies trends in global suburbanization in the twenty-first century. Since the 1990s, American-style suburban housing and suburban development, including gated communities, has been very popular among the growing middle class in the countries of Eastern Europe, Latin America, and Asia. The American influence can be seen in the choice of names for new developments that evoke Las Vegas or Orlando. In North America, older inner-ring suburbs are being transformed by ethnic change and by changes in retailing. The result is the repurposing of old malls for new businesses and sometimes their retrofit for new uses, such as housing. Some commentators propose that we have entered a postsuburban era, but this chapter suggests that “postsuburban” characteristics have long been found in suburbs and suburbanization in many parts of the world.
The future of addiction
Authors: Humphreys Keith 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the future of the landscape of addiction. It expounds on the rise of synthetic drugs, which posed great challenges to traditional approaches to drug control. Corporate control and regulation of producing and supplying addictive drugs are deemed to shape the future of addiction. The chapter also considers the possibility of increased tailoring of addictive products. A more positive outlook into the future of addiction would involve the public demanding politicians to comply with tighter regulations of addictive products and the corporations that supply them. It is also important to expand effective health and social services for people with addiction.
109 OUTCOMES FOLLOWING NECK OF FEMUR FRACTURES IN A UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL
Authors: Sullivan R , McCauley H , Macgregor B , Mulpeter K 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
Neck of femur (NOF) fractures cause significant morbidity and mortality. Many require off site rehabilitation and it can lead to a new functional baseline with increased care needs. The objective of this study was to explore this impact on patients with NOF fractures in a university teaching hospital.

Methods
This retrospective observational study was performed on admitted patients with NOF fractures in 2019. Using a structured proforma, data was collected from the patients’ electronic record and from follow up telephone consultations at one year. Frailty and functional capacity was assessed at one year using the Clinical Frailty Scale and the Barthel Index.

Results
123 patients had a NOF fracture from January to December 2019. The female to men ratio was 2:1 and the average age was 79 years. The majority of patients were admitted from home (86%). At baseline, 58% mobilised independently without aids. On discharge, 39% were transferred to offsite rehab, 41% discharged home and 13% were discharged to a nursing home.
At one year, the mortality rate was 26% which is comparable with other studies [1]. 30% had a new home care package and 19.4% were in a nursing home. 75% were readmitted with a third due to falls. On average, patients were classified as mild to moderately frail (CFS of 4.84) with moderate dependency (Barthel Index of 76.5).

Conclusion
Hip fractures have a high mortality rate and have a significant impact on patient’s function with a third requiring extra support at home and a fifth requiring a nursing home admission. Frailty tools may be useful to help predict outcomes in the future.

Reference
1. Schell et al., The 1-Year Mortality of Patients Treated in a Hip Fracture Program for Elders, Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil. 2010 Sep; 1(1): 6–14.
155 CHARACTERISTICS AND PREDICTORS OF INPATIENT FALLS IN A GERIATRIC REHABILITATION UNIT
Authors: Smyth H , O'Connor A , O'Connor S , Mello S 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
Falls are one of the most frequent complications on geriatric rehabilitation wards. In addition to having adverse consequences for patients, falls also result in prolonged hospitalisation and increased healthcare costs. Therefore, identification of risk factors and development of successful falls prevention strategies targeted at this population are essential. The aim of this study is to identify predisposing or situational risk factors contributing to falls in older adults completing post-acute inpatient rehabilitation.

Methods
Retrospective review of all inpatient falls on two geriatric rehabilitation units over a one year period identified from incident forms. Chi-squared test was used to calculate differences between fallers and non-fallers.

Results
One in five patients admitted to the unit suffered a fall (average age 81, 52% male) with a total of 95 falls involving 56 patients. Of these, only 77% (n = 43) were identified as high risk on falls screening. 61% (n = 34) had one fall and 39% (n = 22) had two or more falls. Nearly one in three (n = 15) falls resulted in injury. More falls occurred in the single bedded unit (14.8 per 1,000 bed-days) as compared to the multi-bedded unit (6.8 per 1,000 bed days). Use of a Zimmer frame or rollator was associated with more falls than use of other mobility aids. Fallers tended to have a previous history of falls (75%, n = 42) and polypharmacy (average 10 medications). Delirium and dementia were present in one third of fallers. Falls were associated with a higher risk of discharge to long-term care, with 70% of fallers discharged home compared to 89% of non-fallers (p = 0.0006).

Conclusion
Previous falls, single room occupancy, polypharmacy and a medium level of dependency when mobilizing were identified as predictors of falls in our review. Nearly a quarter of fallers were not identified as high falls risk on screening further questioning the utility of falls risk screening assessments.
78 HIGHER NEUROVASCULAR SIGNAL ENTROPY IS ASSOCIATED WITH ACCELERATED BRAIN AGEING
Authors: Knight S , Boyle R , Newman L , Davis J , Rizzo R , Duggan E , De Looze C , Whelan R , Kenny R A , Romero-Ortuno R 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
Often chronological age is not the most accurate marker of an individual’s health status since ageing is a heterogeneous process across individuals. Machine learning can be used to quantify the relationship between structural brain MRI data and chronological age, to estimate an individual’s ‘brain age’, which, when subtracted from chronological age, provides a brain predicted-age difference score (BrainPAD) [1]. BrainPAD reflects the biological ageing of the brain. Increased complexity in neurovascular signals has been shown to be associated with poorer cognitive performance and physical frailty [2]. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between the complexity of frontal-lobe oxygenation (tissue saturation index (TSI)) data and BrainPAD in a cohort of older community-dwelling adults.

Methods
To calculate BrainPAD, machine learning was applied to 1,359 T1-weighted MRI brain scans from various open-access repositories, and this model was subsequently applied to MRI data acquired from the study cohort. TSI was non-invasively measured in the left frontal lobe using near-infrared spectroscopy. TSI data were acquired continuously during five minutes of supine rest and the last minute was utilized in this analysis. The complexity of TSI signals was quantified using sample entropy (SampEn). Multivariable linear regression was employed, controlling for age, sex, education, antihypertensive medications, diabetes, cardiovascular conditions, smoking, alcohol, depression, BMI, physical activity, and blood pressure.

Results
Complete data were available for 397 individuals (age: 67.9 ± 7.7 years; 53.7% female). An increase in TSI SampEn of 0.1 was associated with an increase in BrainPAD of 0.9 years (P = 0.007, 95%CIs: 0.3 to 1.6). Similar results were found with and without the inclusion of chronological age in the models.

Conclusion
This study reports significant associations between higher complexity in peripherally measured frontal lobe oxygenation concentration and accelerated brain ageing.

References
1. Boyle R. et al. Brain Imaging and Behavior. 15,327–345 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-020-00260-3.
2. Knight S. et al. Entropy. 23(1):4 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3390/e23010004.
Burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Attributable to Tuberculosis: A Microsimulation Study
Authors: Sy Karla Therese L , Horváth-Puhó Erzsébet , Sørensen Henrik Toft , Szépligeti Szimonetta Komjáthiné , Heeren Timothy C , Thomsen Reimar W , Fox Matthew P , Horsburgh, Jr. C Robert 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but COPD is also a predictor of TB. The excess life-years lost to COPD caused by TB can potentially be saved by screening for and treating TB infection. We examined the number of life-years that could be saved by preventing TB and TB-attributable COPD. We compared the observed (no intervention) and counterfactual microsimulation models constructed from observed rates in the Danish National Patient Registry (covering all Danish hospitals between 1995 and 2014). In the Danish population of TB and COPD-naive individuals (n = 5,206,922), 27,783 persons (0.5%) developed TB. Among those who developed TB, 14,438 (52.0%) developed TB with COPD. Preventing TB saved 186,469 life-years overall. The excess number of life-years lost to TB alone was 7.07 years per person, and the additional number of life-years lost among persons who developed COPD after TB was 4.86 years per person. The life-years lost to TB-associated COPD are substantial, even in regions where TB can be expected to be identified and treated promptly. Prevention of TB could prevent a substantial amount of COPD-related morbidity; the benefit of screening and treatment for TB infection is underestimated by considering morbidity from TB alone.
The effect of individual state on the strength of mate choice in females and males
Authors: Dougherty Liam R 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAnimals are thought to gain significant fitness benefits from choosing high-quality or compatible mates. However, there is large within-species variation in how choosy individuals are during mating. This may be because the costs and benefits of being choosy vary according to an individual’s state. To test this, I systematically searched for published data relating the strength of animal mate choice in both sexes to individual age, attractiveness, body size, physical condition, mating status, and parasite load. I performed a meta-analysis of 108 studies and 78 animal species to quantify how the strength of mate choice varies according to individual state. In line with the predictions of sexual selection theory, I find that females are significantly choosier when they are large and have a low parasite load, thus supporting the premise that the expression of female mate choice is dependent on the costs and benefits of being choosy. However, female choice was not influenced by female age, attractiveness, physical condition, or mating status. Attractive males were significantly choosier than unattractive males, but male mate choice was not influenced by male age, body size, physical condition, mating status, or parasite load. However, this dataset was limited by a small sample size, and the overall correlation between individual state and the strength of mate choice was similar for both sexes. Nevertheless, in both males and females individual state explained only a small amount of variation in the strength of mate choice.
The Testing Imperative: Why the US Ending the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Epidemic Program Needs to Renew Efforts to Expand HIV Testing in Clinical and Community-Based Settings
Authors: Nosyk Bohdan , Fojo Anthony Todd , Kasaie Parastu , Enns Benjamin , Trigg Laura , Piske Micah , Hutchinson Angela B , DiNenno Elizabeth A , Zang Xiao , del Rio Carlos 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Data from several modeling studies demonstrate that large-scale increases in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing across settings with a high burden of HIV may produce the largest incidence reductions to support the US Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE) initiative's goal of reducing new HIV infections 90% by 2030. Despite US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's recommendations for routine HIV screening within clinical settings and at least yearly screening for individuals most at risk of acquiring HIV, fewer than half of US adults report ever receiving an HIV test. Furthermore, total domestic funding for HIV prevention has remained unchanged between 2013 and 2019. The authors describe the evidence supporting the value of expanded HIV testing, identify challenges in implementation, and present recommendations to address these barriers through approaches at local and federal levels to reach EHE targets.
CISG Exclusion during Legal Proceedings
Authors: Pohl-Michałek Małgorzata 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the contracting States of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), where the CISG applies via its Article 1, the courts have a duty under public international law to apply its rules automatically, regardless of the parties’ awareness in this respect. At the same time, the parties have a subsequent autonomy based on Article 6 of the CISG to exclude the application of the Convention, which may be done expressly or by implication. Such an exclusion may take place at various stages of the parties’ legal relationship, including during legal proceedings. Due to the fact that the legal representatives are often not aware of the CISG’s existence and its potential automatic application to the given case, when a dispute arises, they may fail to plead or base their arguments on the basis of its applicable rules. This article focuses on the adjudicator’s duty to apply the CISG ex officio, together with the possibility and requirements regarding its exclusions made during legal proceedings, given the example of two recent Chinese cases. In this contribution, it is advocated that the failure by the parties’ representatives to plead and base their arguments during litigation over the applicable CISG rules is not a sufficient indication of their intention to exclude the Convention.
Corticosteroids Increase the Risk of Invasive Fungal Infections More Than Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibitors in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Gregory Martin H , Spec Andrej , Stwalley Dustin , Gremida Anas , Mejia-Chew Carlos , Nickel Katelin B , Ciorba Matthew A , Rood Richard P , Olsen Margaret A , Deepak Parakkal 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundInvasive fungal infections are a devastating complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment. We aimed to determine the incidence of fungal infections in IBD patients and examine the risk with tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors (anti-TNF) compared with corticosteroids.MethodsIn a retrospective cohort study using the IBM MarketScan Commercial Database we identified US patients with IBD and at least 6 months enrollment from 2006 to 2018. The primary outcome was a composite of invasive fungal infections, identified by ICD-9/10-CM codes plus antifungal treatment. Tuberculosis (TB) infections were a secondary outcome, with infections presented as cases/100 000 person-years (PY). A proportional hazards model was used to determine the association of IBD medications (as time-dependent variables) and invasive fungal infections, controlling for comorbidities and IBD severity.ResultsAmong 652 920 patients with IBD, the rate of invasive fungal infections was 47.9 cases per 100 000 PY (95% CI 44.7–51.4), which was more than double the TB rate (22 cases [CI 20–24], per 100 000 PY). Histoplasmosis was the most common invasive fungal infection (12.0 cases [CI 10.4–13.8] per 100 000 PY). After controlling for comorbidities and IBD severity, corticosteroids (hazard ratio [HR] 5.4; CI 4.6–6.2) and anti-TNFs (HR 1.6; CI 1.3–2.1) were associated with invasive fungal infections.ConclusionsInvasive fungal infections are more common than TB in patients with IBD. The risk of invasive fungal infections with corticosteroids is more than double that of anti-TNFs. Minimizing corticosteroid use in IBD patients may decrease the risk of fungal infections.
TNF
ΔARE
Pigs: A Translational Crohn’s Disease Model
Authors: Winogrodzki Thomas , Metwaly Amira , Grodziecki Alessandro , Liang Wei , Klinger Bernhard , Flisikowska Tatiana , Fischer Konrad , Flisikowski Krzysztof , Steiger Katja , Haller Dirk , Schnieke Angelika 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background and Aims
Crohn’s disease [CD] is a major subtype of inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD] with increasing incidence and prevalence. Results of studies using available small and large animal models are often poorly translatable to patients, and few CD models show small intestinal pathology. Due to its similarities to humans, the pig has emerged as a highly suitable translational disease model, particularly for testing novel nutritional and technological interventions. Our goal was to develop a physiologically relevant porcine CD model to facilitate translation of findings and interventions towards the clinic.

Methods
We generated pigs bearing a 93-bp deletion of the adenosine–uracil-rich element [ARE] and a constitutive-decay element within the 3ʹ untranslated region of the TNF gene. Comparative analysis of physiological, molecular, histological and microbial characteristics was performed between wild-type, TNFΔARE/+ and TNFΔARE/ΔARE animals. Alterations in the microbiome were compared to the TNFΔARE mouse model and IBD patients.

Results
TNF ΔARE pigs recapitulate major characteristics of human CD, including ulcerative transmural ileocolitis, increased abundance of proinflammatory cytokines, immune cell infiltration and dysbiotic microbial communities. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed enrichment in members belonging to Megasphaera, Campylobacter, Desulfovibrio, Alistipes and Lachnoclostridum in faecal or mucosa-associated bacteria compared to wild-type littermates. Principal components analysis clustering with a subset of TNFΔARE/+ mice and human IBD patients suggests microbial similarity based on disease severity.

Conclusions
We demonstrate that the TNFΔARE pig resembles a CD-like ileocolitis pathophenotype recapitulating human disease. The ability to conduct long-term studies and test novel surgical procedures and dietary interventions in a physiologically relevant model will benefit future translational IBD research studies.
Benedicamus Domino as an expression of joy in Christmas songs of the Devotio moderna
Authors: Louviot Manon 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Christmas, as the celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ, is a central and joyful feast of Christian worship. In medieval and early modern Europe, this translated into a rich musical tradition, of which Christmas songs were a significant part. Song collections from the Devotio moderna, a spiritual movement that spread in the Low Countries and Germany during the 15th and 16th centuries, are an important witness to this Christmas tradition. However, because of their wide dissemination and their simple musical style, these songs have presented an historiographical challenge: it has proved impossible to detail in full the ubiquitous circulation of the well-known songs adopted within the Devotio moderna, as well as to subject their music and texts to close analysis of the kind usually undertaken for more ‘complex’ polyphony. In this context, the Benedicamus Domino offers a new and productive perspective: not only was the Benedicamus Domino singled out for special permission to be sung in polyphony at Christmas, but many Christmas songs are in fact Benedicamus tropes. I trace the uses and functional implications of the Benedicamus Domino within a single and very widely transmitted song, Puer nobis nascitur. Based on an analysis of its polyphonic versions in Latin and of its transmissions with a mix of Latin and vernacular texts, I argue that the Benedicamus was one element deliberately used in Christmas songs to guide spiritual exercises and meditation, inspiring and expressing joy during the Christmas season.
‘With the base Viall placed between my Thighes’: musical instruments and sexual subtext in Titian’s Venus with musician series
Authors: Bandy Malachai Komanoff 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Late in his career, Titian (and his workshop) treated the Venus with musician theme in a series of five similar paintings of unconfirmed patronage. All show the goddess in the same reclined pose, but the musician at her feet transmutes over the course of the series from organist to lutenist, and subtly changes position in the frame. Recently, the paintings and their thematic origins have elicited much debate among art historians McIver, Goffen, Falomir and others. But any mention of the painting’s musical instruments remains confined to discussion of the works’ composition, perspective, or implicit Neoplatonic or Petrarchan sensory discourse. In particular, conversation regarding Titian’s viol only highlights its crude form, as ‘proof’ of the series’ completion, after Titian’s death, by a less-skilled hand.
Despite its generally noble status throughout its lifespan, the viol became a widely sexualized object in Renaissance Italian literature; the first viol-centric sexual allusion comes from Straparola’s Le piacevoli notti, ii (Venice, 1553), which closely coincides in time and place with the viol’s appearance on Titian’s canvas. In particular, considering the wealth of viol-sexualizing English poetry and drama in the following century, connections between Titian’s Venus and Le piacevoli notti, with its ultimate vogue in English Transalpina culture, warrant recognition and investigation.