bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Principles of Radiation Oncology
Authors: Connell Philip P. , Weichselbaum Ralph R. 
Published: August 2023

Overview
In recent decades, we have witnessed major technologic advances that have influenced how radiotherapy is delivered to cancer patients. Simultaneously, our understanding of the underlying basic biology that governs radiation effects in human cells and tissues has grown rapidly. Here, we summarize some of these key advances and place them into the context of the evolving paradigms that shape cancer therapeutics more generally. Key biologic topics covered in this chapter involve the molecular responses of cells to DNA damage by ionizing radiation, including the repair of DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and death, cellular signaling, and the influence of tumor‐initiating cells (tumor stem cells) on post‐treatment outcomes. As radiation generates an inflammatory microenvironment in tumors, drugs that modulate immune functions also represent a potential therapeutic opportunity. We also describe newer biology‐based technologies that can accurately predict the intrinsic sensitivity of cells to radiation, and pharmacologic agents that can modulate this radiation sensitivity. Finally, this chapter reviews the major physics‐based technologic innovations that have improved the accuracy and utility of clinical radiotherapy. Despite these advances, several unmet challenges continue to limit the impact of radiotherapy, and these remaining hurdles should be the factors that guide future innovations of our field.
Folate Antagonists
Authors: Cole Peter D. , Figueiredo Lisa , Bertino Joseph R. 
Published: August 2023

OverviewFolic acid antagonists (antifols) are cytotoxic drugs used as antineoplastic, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, and immune‐suppressive agents. While several folate antagonists have been developed, methotrexate (4‐amino‐4‐deoxy‐10‐N‐methyl‐pteroylglutamic acid; MTX) is the antifol with the most extensive history and widest spectrum of use.MTXremains an essential drug in curative chemotherapy regimens used to treat patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, osteosarcoma, and choriocarcinoma and is an important agent in the therapy of patients with lymphoma, breast cancer, bladder cancer, and head and neck cancer. In addition, it is used for patients with nonmalignant diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, autoimmune diseases, and graft versus host disease. This chapter will review the clinical use of and the metabolism ofMTXand discuss structurally related folate antagonists that have been developed to overcome resistance or have alternate intracellular targets.
Malignant Melanoma
Authors: Ko Justin M. , Swetter Susan M. , Zager Jonathan S. , Sondak Vernon K. , Woodman Scott E. , Margolin Kim A. 
Published: August 2023

OverviewMelanoma comprises a wide variety of malignant cell types arising from the skin, the mucous membranes, and the pigmented cells of the eye. While these tumors are all classified as melanoma and share a common molecular biology of pigmentation and biological resemblance to cells of neural crest origin, important distinctions in other molecular characteristics and patterns of exposure to ultraviolet light as a carcinogen determine their clinical natural history, including the response to therapeutic interventions. While the majority of melanomas are diagnosed at an early stage and curable with minimal surgery, melanoma has the potential for early and widespread dissemination via lymphatic and hematogenous routes. Surgery remains the mainstay of therapy for primary, regional, and many cases of single‐ or oligo‐metastatic disease, but systemic therapies have dramatically improved the prognosis for metastatic melanoma, particularly immunotherapies that enhance existing cellular immunity. The rapid discovery of new molecular targets, immunotherapy combinations (including the use of radiotherapy), and understanding of the mechanisms of therapeutic resistance are likely to lead to even greater improvements in the prognosis for patients with melanoma in the near future.
The Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Authors: Silverman Lewis R. 
Published: August 2023

OverviewThe existence of a hematopoietic disorder characterized by anemia and dyspoiesis preceding the onset of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) has been recognized since the early part of the twentieth century. Initially designated as preleukemia, the syndrome was ill defined and could only be established with certainty retrospectively. Moreover, the terminology itself conveyed an unwarranted confidence in predicting the outcome that often belied the facts. The more accurately descriptive and appropriate designation as a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) was adopted in 1976 by the French–American–British (FAB) study group. The FAB classification permitted the prospective identification of patients within this heterogeneous clonal disorder.MDS, derived from a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell, is characterized clinically by a hyperproliferative bone marrow, reflective of ineffective hematopoiesis, and is accompanied by one or more peripheral blood cytopenias. Bone marrow failure results, leading to death from bleeding and infection in the majority, while transformation to acute leukemia occurs in up to 40% of patients. The evolution of the disease proceeds in accordance with the multistep pathogenesis theory of carcinogenesis and can thus serve as an important model in furthering our understanding of the processes involved in neoplastic transformation.This constellation of findings raises the question of whether MDS represents a frank neoplastic state or is merely a preneoplastic condition in transition. The syndrome appears to represent a spectrum where the initial lesion in the genome, though clinically undetectable, subsequently evolves, with the acquisition of additional genetic and epigenetic lesions, to a state of frank neoplasia.The designation of this disorder as an MDS, rather than preleukemia, permits its distinction from other abnormalities that are known to be associated with the development of acute leukemia. These latter include the classic myeloproliferative syndromes (polycythemia vera, chronic myelocytic leukemia, agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, essential thrombocythemia), aplastic anemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), as well as Fanconi, Bloom, and Down syndromes. These particular “preleukemic states” are beyond the scope of this chapter.MDS can be further divided into primary and secondary syndromes. The former arise de novo and are of indeterminate etiology, while the latter are induced by identifiable environmental, occupational, or iatrogenic causes.Estimates of the incidence of MDS range from a frequency equal to that of AML or approximately 14,000 new cases per year in the United States to almost twice that of AML. The SEER database now tracks the disease; thus more accurate data will be available in the future. An estimate based on medical insurance claims indicated a total of 107,000 cases in the observation period from 2009 through 2011. The consensus is that the incidence is increasing owing to a number of factors, including greater awareness, greater diagnostic precision, and the aging of the population.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Adults: Mast Cell Leukemia and Other Mast Cell Neoplasms
Authors: Stone Richard M. , Schiffer Charles A. 
Published: August 2023

OverviewAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common variant of acute leukemia occurring in adults, comprising approximately 80% of acute leukemia cases diagnosed in individuals of age >20 years. Remarkable advances in transfusion medicine, treatment of infections, development of potent antiemetics, improved chemotherapeutic approaches, and increased use of safer allogeneic transplantation have led to an improved outcome at least in younger patients. Moreover, a more sophisticated understanding of pathophysiology, particularly in the area of genomics, may soon lead to less toxic, patient‐specific, and more effective therapies. At present, approximately 80% of younger (age <60 years) adults and 30%–50% of all older patients achieve complete remission (CR) defined as a morphologically normal bone marrow with reasonable neutrophil and platelet counts and no evidence of extramedullary disease. Varying with patient age and other biologic factors, 10–70% of these complete responders can be expected to achieve long‐term survival with the likelihood that most of these individuals are cured of their disease. However, AML is largely an intrinsically chemoresistant disease, the outcome in older adults has changed little, and the chemotherapeutic approach has remained stagnant.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Jain Nitin , Faderl Stefan , Kantarjian Hagop M. , O'Brien Susan 
Published: August 2023

OverviewIn adults, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a disease with poor prognosis. In the last several years, there have been significant advances in understanding the disease biology, prognostication, and in the development of novel therapies. These include development of monoclonal antibodies, antibody–drug conjugates, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and more recently, chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapy. These therapies are beginning to result in improvements in survival of patients with ALL.
Non‐Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Authors: Freedman Arnold S. , LaCasce Ann S. 
Published: August 2023

OverviewThe malignant lymphomas are neoplastic transformations of cells that reside predominantly within lymphoid tissues. Although Hodgkin lymphomas (HLs) and non‐Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) infiltrate lymphohematopoietic tissues, their biologic and clinical behaviors are distinct. They differ with neoplastic cells of origin, sites of disease, presence of specific symptoms, and response to treatment. Although both are among the most sensitive malignancies to radiation and cytotoxic therapy, their cure rates markedly differ. HLs are cured in nearly 80% of all patients employing both conventional and salvage treatment strategies whereas NHLs are cured in fewer than 50% of patients.
Endocrine Complications and Paraneoplastic Syndromes
Authors: Yeung Sai‐Ching Jim , Gagel Robert F. 
Published: August 2023

OverviewTransformation of normal cells results in activation and/or suppression of a number of hormonally active genes. This chapter outlines the several clinical endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes and their appropriate management. Treatment of cancer results in a number of endocrine or metabolic manifestations, most of which are related to hormone deficiency or drug‐related toxicity. The introduction of targeted therapy that disrupts signaling pathways and immunotherapy, contrary to expectations, has actually increased the number of endocrine manifestations. This chapter will chronicle the major new endocrine toxicities in addition to those observed with older cytotoxic chemotherapies and radiation.
Infections in Patients with Cancer
Authors: Nesher Lior , Rolston Kenneth V. I. 
Published: August 2023

OverviewPatients with cancer have an increased risk of developing infections, owing both to their underlying disease and its treatment. This risk appears to be greatest in patients with hematologic malignancies and in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. This is due primarily to the development of various immunologic defects such as neutropenia and impaired cellular and/or humoral immunity, each associated with a unique spectrum of infection. Newer therapeutic modalities for the treatment of some cancers are changing the spectrum of infections as are the increasing use of catheters and other medical devices. While bacterial infections are documented most often, opportunistic fungal and viral infections are being encountered with increasing frequency. The morbidity and mortality of infections in cancer patients is generally greater than in the general population. Thus, early diagnosis and the prompt administration of appropriate therapy are of paramount importance. Antimicrobial resistance among these pathogens has become a worldwide problem, which can only be partially tackled by the development of novel agents. Consequently, the importance of conducting frequent epidemiologic surveillance in order to detect local epidemiologic shifts and of infection prevention, infection control, and antimicrobial stewardship cannot be emphasized enough. The number of cancer survivors is steadily increasing. Many of these patients remain immunosuppressed for substantial periods of time. Keeping these survivors healthy and infection free will continue to be a challenge for years to come.
Development of programs to predict the occurrence of mucositis from digital imaging and communications in medicine data by machine learning in head and neck volumetric modulated radiotherapy
Authors: Rachi Toshiya , Ariji Takaki , Takahashi Shinichi 
Published: August 2023

AbstractVolumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) with cisplatin for head and neck cancer is often accompanied by symptoms of pharyngeal and oral mucositis. However, no standard medical program exists for the prevention and treatment of mucositis, and the mechanisms of mucositis have not yet been fully proven. Therefore, adaptive radiotherapy (ART), which is a re‐planning process, is administered when severe mucositis develops during the treatment period. We extracted the treatment plans of patients who developed severe mucositis from DICOM data and used machine learning to determine its quantitative features. This study aimed to develop a machine learning program that can predict the development of mucositis requiring ART. This study included 61 patients who received concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT). For each patient, the equivalent square field size of each segmental irradiation field used for VMAT, dose per segment (Gy), clinical target volume high, and mean dose of the oral cavity (Gy) were calculated. Furthermore, 671 five‐dimensional lists were generated from the acquired data. Support vector machine (SVM) and K‐nearest neighbor (KNN) were used for machine learning. For the accuracy score, the test size was varied from 10% to 90%, and the random number of data extracted in each test size was further varied from 1 to 100 to calculate a mean accuracy score. The mean accuracy scores of SVM and KNN were 0.981 ± 0.020 and 0.972 ± 0.033, respectively. The presence or absence of ART for mucositis was classified with high accuracy. The classification of the five‐dimensional list was implemented with high accuracy, and a program was constructed to predict the onset of mucositis requiring ART before treatment began. This study suggests that it may support preventive measures against mucositis and the completion of RT without having to re‐plan.
Two‐Dimensional Semiconductors: From Device Processing to Circuit Integration
Authors: Sheng Chuming , Dong Xiangqi , Zhu Yuxuan , Wang Xinyu , Chen Xinyu , Xia Yin , Xu Zihan , Zhou Peng , Wan Jing , Bao Wenzhong 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe atomically thin nature and exceptional electrical properties of 2D materials (2DMs) have garnered significant interest in circuit applications. Researchers have developed circuits based on wafer‐level 2DM fabrication and monolithic integration in the laboratory. Numerous studies have been conducted on discrete device processes; however, circuit manufacturing is a multifaceted and methodical engineering process that demands seamless integration of multiple procedures. Notably, the optimization of crucial processes holds paramount significance in achieving expected results. This review presents the existing research on process integration of 2DM devices and circuit applications. The selection of suitable 2DMs for circuit applications is outlined, considering their excellent theoretical properties and feasible high‐quality growth processes. Drawing on highly mature semiconductor manufacturing process, while incorporating customized key processes, 2DM devices have the potential to strongly compete with, and even outperform, the conventional devices. Finally, the recent circuit applications of 2DMs are also discussed in detail. 2DM integrated circuits (2DM ICs) are now being practically applied in advanced manufacturing, transitioning from laboratory development to fabrication plant deployment. The implementation of underlying 2DM IC fabrication provides effective and unique solutions for More Moore, More than Moore, and Beyond CMOS technology routes.
Li2MnO3: A Catalyst for a Liquid Cl2 Electrode in Low‐Temperature Aqueous Batteries
Authors: Sui Yiming , Zhuo Zengqing , Lei Ming , Wang Lu , Yu Mingliang , Scida Alexis M. , Sandstrom Sean K. , Stickle William , O'Larey Timothy D. , Jiang De‐e , Yang Wanli , Ji Xiulei 
Published: August 2023

AbstractLi2MnO3 has been contemplated as a high‐capacity cathode candidate for Li‐ion batteries; however, it evolves oxygen during battery charging under ambient conditions, which hinders a reversible reaction. However, it is unclear if this irreversible process still holds under subambient conditions. Here, the low‐temperature electrochemical properties of Li2MnO3 in an aqueous LiCl electrolyte are evaluated and a reversible discharge capacity of 302 mAh g−1 at a potential of 1.0 V versus Ag/AgCl at −78 °C with good rate capability and stable cycling performance, in sharp contrast to the findings in a typical Li2MnO3 cell cycled at room temperature, is observed. However, the results reveal that the capacity does not originate from the reversible oxygen oxidation in Li2MnO3 but the reversible Cl2(l)/Cl−(aq.) redox from the electrolyte. The results demonstrate the good catalytic properties of Li2MnO3 to promote the Cl2/Cl− redox at low temperatures.
Apoptosis of Multi‐Drug ResistantCandidaSpecies on Microstructured Titanium Surfaces
Authors: Le Phuc H. , Linklater Denver P. , Aburto‐Medina Arturo , Nie Shuai , Williamson Nicholas A. , Crawford Russell J. , Maclaughlin Shane , Ivanova Elena P. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe proportion of hospital‐acquired medical device infections caused by pathogenic, multi‐drug resistantCandidaspecies occurs in up to 10% of implantations. In this study, a unique antifungal micro‐pillared titanium surface pattern is developed, which demonstrates both fungicidal and fungistatic activity, persistently deterring biofilm formation byCandida albicansand multi‐drug resistantCandida aurisfungi for up to 7 days. The Ti micropillars of 3.5 µm height are fabricated using maskless inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching. The micro‐textured surface consistently kills ≈50% ofCandidaspp. irreversibly attached cells and prevent the proliferation of the remaining cells by inducing programmed cell death. Proteomic analysis reveals thatCandidacells undergo extensive metabolic stress, preventing the transformation from yeast to the filamentous/hyphal cell phenotype that is essential for establishing a typical in vitro biofilm. The mechanical stress imparted following interaction with the micropillars injures attaching cells and induces apoptosis whereby theCandidacells are unable to be revived in a non‐stress environment. These findings shed new insight toward the design of durable antifungal surfaces that prevent biofilm formation by pathogenic, multi‐drug resistant yeasts.
A Spot Ionogel for Visual Early‐Warning of Illegal Lead Concentrations Coupling Inorganic Perovskite Crystallization and Photoluminescence
Authors: Fu Jie , Zhang Lei , Liu Jia‐Ying , Zhang Guo‐Hao , Wang Shuang‐Long , Zhu Qiu‐Hong , Qin Song , He Ling , Tao Guo‐Hong 
Published: August 2023

AbstractLead halide perovskite solar cells still have potential lead leakage under the influence of natural forces, which has attracted widespread attention. In future large‐scale applications, it is necessary to monitor and control the concentration of lead in the environment according to local laws and regulations. In this work, the coupling strategy of inorganic perovskite crystallization and photoluminescence is proposed for the first time to achieve the detection of lead in the environment. An easy‐to‐use, low‐cost, and portable PVA/C6mimBr/CsBr ionogel (PCCI) device is prepared through solution process for on‐site detection of Pb(II). The limit detection of PCCI is 236 mg kg−1, which is close to and lower than the statutory standard of 250 mg kg−1 in China's agricultural regulations, and is expected to achieve on‐site early‐warning. This work may promote the development of environmental early‐warning devices in line with laws and regulations.
Multi‐Type Topological States in Higher‐Order Photonic Insulators Based on Kagome Metal Lattices
Authors: Tao Liyun , Liu Yahong , Zhou Xin , Du Lianlian , Li Meize , Ji Ruonan , Song Kun , Zhao Xiaopeng 
Published: August 2023

AbstractTunability of topological photonic structures opens a new avenue for photonics research. The rich physical characteristics of the topological photonics have great significance in practical implementations. In this paper, multi‐type topological states are demonstrated in higher‐order photonic topological insulators based on Kagome metal lattices. By stretching or rotating Kagome metal lattices, two types of topological insulators are obtained, and multi‐type topological states are observed. By stretching Kagome metal lattices, a 1D topological edge state and two types of higher‐order topological corner states (corresponding to a traditional higher‐order topological corner state based on nearest‐neighbor coupling and a new higher‐order corner state caused by long‐range interactions) are obtained in a classical quantization of dipole moments higher‐order topological insulators. By rotating Kagome metal lattices, dual‐band higher‐order valley‐Hall topological insulators are achieved with nodal ring degeneracy. Odd‐type and even‐type topological states are obtained. Achieving reconfigurable, multi‐type, and multi‐band topological insulators by using a single structural unit provides interesting insights into topological photonics and provides an unconventional approach to explore photonic systems and condensed matter physics.
3D Sponge Electrodes for Soft Wearable Bioelectronics
Authors: Lin Fenge , Cheng Wenlong 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBy definition, a sponge refers to a soft and porous material, which is typically made from cellulose or synthetic polymers. Structurally, it is 3D offering a high surface‐to‐volume ratio; mechanically, it is elastic and durable; economically, it is inexpensive and can be produced at industrial scales. These attributes promote a strong research interest in exploring 3D sponges for applications in absorption, separation, catalysis, and electronics. This work is dedicated to the discussion of the recent progress in design of mechanically deformable sponge electrodes for their application in soft electronics. First, the characteristics and advantages of sponge electrodes are described, which is followed by the discussion of various active materials for fabricating 3D sponge electrodes, including carbon, metal, conductive polymers, MXenes, and their hybrids. Then, the viable fabrication methodologies are reviewed by comparing their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, the applications of 3D conductive sponges in stretchable conductors, sensors, energy storage devices, and integrated systems are discussed. Finally, the challenges and opportunities in future sponge‐based soft electronics are covered.