bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Behavior of Different Strains of Poliomyelitis Virus in the Complement Fixation Reaction
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H. , Dennis Juanita , Hagens Shirley J. 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
These studies did not reveal any strains of poliomyelitis virus which were superior to other strains of the same immunologic type for the production of complement fixing antigens, but they established the fact that the strains currently employed in this laboratory for this purpose (Mahoney type 1, Statler type 2 and McMullen type 3), as well as the MEF-1 type 2 and Saukett type 3 strains used by many other laboratories, are as satisfactory as any other strains studied for the production of antigens. All of the strains of each type, with the exception of the LSc type 1 strain, were similar in their capacity to produce complement fixing antigens in HeLa cell cultures.
It is interesting to note that antigens from the several type 1 strains (with the exception of the LSc strain, which is an attenuated derivative of the Mahoney strain) had similar titers against the type 1 monkey immune serum produced with the Mahoney strain; the antigens from various type 2 strains displayed similar titers against immune serum produced with the MEF-1 strain; and the antigens from different type 3 strains had similar titers against monkey immune serum produced with the Saukett type 3 strain.
The studies described herein indicate that the potency of complement fixing antigens produced in HeLa cell cultures is more dependent upon the condition and number of host cells infected than upon the virus strain from which the antigen is derived, as replicate antigens produced from a single strain of each poliomyelitis virus type showed approximately the same range of titers as antigens produced in parallel from different strains of the three types.
Concerning the complement fixing antigens derived from the three attenuated strains, the P-712 attenuated type 2 and the Leon attenuated type 3 strains produced antigens comparable in potency to those derived from the nonattenuated strains of these poliomyelitis virus types and, although the LSc type 1 attenuated strain did not give rise to antigens as potent as those derived from nonattenuated type 1 strains, they were, nevertheless, of sufficient potency to permit the use of two antigenic units in a complement fixation test. Previous studies have indicated that complement fixing antigens derived from the attenuated type 2 and type 3 strains compare favorably with those from nonattenuated strains from the standpoint of sensitivity and specificity (2). The LSc strain was previously found to be as specific as nonattenuated type 1 strains in the complement fixation reaction (2), but the strain was not available to us at the time studies on the sensitivity of antigens from type 1 strains were conducted. It has not been determined whether passage of the attenuated strains in HeLa cells to produce complement fixing antigens has caused an increase in virulence, but this should be ascertained before it can be assumed that the handling of such antigens does not involve a hazard.
Biologic Activity of Aggregated γ-Globulin
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Aggregated human and rabbit γ-globulin fixed complement and induced skin reactions in normal guinea pigs. The aggregated γ-globulin and soluble antigen-antibody complexes were comparable on a weight basis with respect to these biologic activities. The complement fixing properties of the aggregated γ-globulin were independent of the method for aggregation, i.e., heating, mercaptoethanol-urea or coupling by bis-diazotized benzidine, but were dependent on the species from which the γ-globulin was derived. Aggregated bovine or chicken γ-globulin did not fix complement. Horse γ-globulin showed a slight increase in its anticomplementary activity on aggregation with bis-diazotized benzidine. Combination of aggregated γ-globulin with tissue constituents of the guinea pig skin was probably one of the necessary processes in the skin reaction. The mechanism for the induction of the biologic activities by the formation of aggregated γ-globulin and of antigen-antibody complexes was discussed.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Mueller August P. , Wolfe Harold R. , Meyer Roland K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Injection of 0.63 mg 19-nortestosterone into eggs prevents differentiation of the bursa Fabricii. Chickens resulting from such treatment were unable to produce precipitins when challenged with a single intravenous injection of BSA at 6 or 22 weeks of age. Chickens surgically bursectomized at 1 and 2 weeks of age along with intact controls were challenged with BSA at 6 and 12 weeks of age. Antibody response of the bursectomized groups was significantly lower than the control group. The responses of age did not differ from one another. Chickens bursectomized at 1, 5 and 10 weeks of age were injected with BSA at 22 weeks of age and were reinjected at 34 weeks of age. The response of chickens bursectomized at 1 week of age was significantly less than the control response, whereas bursectomy at 10 weeks of age had little or no effect on the response at 22 or 34 weeks of age. Bursectomy at 5 weeks appeared to decrease antibody production at 22 weeks but was without apparent effect at 34 weeks. Surgical bursectomy had no effect on body weight. The hormonal injection of the incubating eggs produced birds weighing less than the controls and in generally poor health. Mortality in the hormone treated birds was high.
Purification of Q Fever Rickettsiae by Density-Gradient Sedimentation
Authors: Ribi Edgar , Hoyer Bill H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A rapid method for isolation and purification of Q fever rickettsiae is described. It consists of differential centrifugation of homogenates of infected yolk sacs or chick embryo tissue in M/1 KCl followed by sedimentation in continuous linear sucrose or glycerin gradients. Adequate yields of electron microscopically pure rickettsiae were obtained.
Some Immunologic Properties of Papain Digest Fragments of Multiple Myeloma Proteins
Authors: Stiehm E. R. , Morton Jane I. , Deutsch H. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Papain digestion products of myeloma serum proteins which are in the size range of Bence-Jones proteins have been separated and their immunologic properties studied. These fractions, although antigenically discrete, possess some of the specific antigenic structures of the parent molecule. They likewise possess antigenic similarities to both homologous and heterologous Bence-Jones protein and to heterologous myeloma serum proteins.
Phagocytosis of Microorganisms by Hela Cells
Authors: Shepard Charles C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Bovine fetal serum promotes the uptake of mycobacteria by HeLa cells and has been found superior to horse serum and chicken serum in infection medium. There has been little variation between lots. When bovine fetal serum has been used in the infection medium the subsequent intracellular growth rate of tubercle bacilli is faster than it is when horse or chicken serum is used in the infection medium. The time required to “fill” the cells with tubercle bacilli is shortened by about 20%. The phagocytosis of staphylococci and streptococci is also promoted by bovine fetal serum and by horse serum. Absorption with Zymosan of the bovine fetal serum before its inclusion in infection medium leads to more rapid intracellular growth of these organisms. Dilution of these organisms in broth, rather than salt solution, also increases the rate of their subsequent intracellular growth. A combination of two purified proteins, bovine fetuin and human albumin, also promotes the uptake of mycobacteria, staphylococci, and group A streptococci. A medium containing these two proteins appears to be the preferable infection medium for the growth of these organisms in HeLa cells.
Demonstration of a Normal Serum Macroglobulin Coprecipitating with the Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)-Chicken Anti-BSA Precipitate
Authors: Makinodan Takashi , Gengozian Nazareth , Canning Robert E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A normal serum protein is shown to coprecipitate with the BSA-chicken anti-BSA aggregate in 1.5 M NaCl regardless of the zones of precipitin reaction and the age of the antiserum. This protein is shown to be a macroglobulin with S20,w20, and with the mobility and salting-out properties of a β- or γ-globulin. In 0.15 M NaCl, however, coprecipitation occurs with aged antiserum but not with fresh antiserum. Associated with aging is the formation of a flocculating or a gelatinous material.
The Effects of Riboflavin Deficiency on Phagocytosis and Susceptibility to Infection
Authors: Wertman Kenneth F. , Sypherd Paul S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Male white rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were maintained on a well defined diet deficient in riboflavin, and a) the phagocytic activity of the leukocytes and b) the susceptibility of the deficient animal to bacterial infection were studied. Adequate numbers of inanition and ad libitum control animals were included.
The following observations were made from these studies: Riboflavin deficiency had a marked effect on the capacity of the leukocytes to phagocytize Diplococcus pneumoniae. The percentage of neutrophils actively engaged in phagocytosis was considerably less in the deficient animals than in the controls. The phagocytic activity of the leukocytes of the inanition and ad libitum control animals was comparable. The average number of organisms phagocytized by the active neutrophils of the deficient animals was considerably less than by the cells of either the ad libitum or inanition control rats. The cells of the inanition animals engulfed fewer organisms than did those of the ad libitum animals; however, on an average, they engulfed a great deal more than did those of the riboflavin deficient animals.Riboflavin deficient animals were highly susceptible to D. pneumoniae. However, the group of riboflavin deficient animals that received 60 μg of riboflavin daily for 7 days had a much lower percentage of fatality. There were no fatalities due to the extension of riboflavin deficiency for the total period of the experiment. The rats fed the ad libitum and inanition diets were less susceptible to the challenge dose of virulent type I D. pneumoniae than were those maintained on the riboflavin deficient diet.
Agglutination in Rheumatoid Arthritis Serum of Sheep Cells Sensitized with Hemolysin and Infectious Mononucleosis Agglutinins
Authors: Pike Robert M. , Schulze Mary Louise 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The reported failure of the sheep cell agglutination in infectious mononucleosis to be enhanced by rheumatoid arthritis serum has been confirmed. The nonreactivity of infectious mononucleosis agglutinins with rheumatoid factor was further demonstrated by the fact that sheep cells sensitized with the infectious mononucleosis antibody did not absorb rheumatoid factor. Precipitation of the agglutinins with sodium and ammonium sulfate and heating at 63°C did not alter their behavior in rheumatoid arthritis serum. Most rheumatoid arthritis sera did not enhance the agglutination of sheep cells by the serum of a guinea pig immunized with boiled beef cells. One rheumatoid serum, however, was strongly reactive in this respect.
In anion exchange cellulose (DEAE) chromatography of infectious mononucleosis serum the sheep cell agglutinins were found in fractions eluted with 0.10–0.15 M phosphate. Similar fractionation of rabbit antisheep cell serum revealed the major portion of the agglutinins in fractions eluted with 0.01 M phosphate. Some agglutinating activity was found, however, in fractions eluted with higher phosphate molarity. These latter agglutinins resembled those of infectious mononucleosis in that their activity was not enhanced by rheumatoid arthritis serum.
Transient Appearance of “Autoimmune” Antibodies During Prophylactic Immunization
Authors: Hackett Earle , Beech Margaret 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A transient positive “autoimmune complement fixation” reaction has been found in the sera of two out of seven girls undergoing a routine schedule of prophylactic immunization.
Various explanations are considered. It is thought that the phenomenon might be explained in terms of the temporary proliferation of one of the “forbidden clones” postulated by Burnet.
The Properdin System and Immunity
Authors: Hinz Carl F. , Wedgwood Ralph J. , Todd Earl W. , Pillemer Louis 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Partially purified human properdin was injected intravenously into rabbits. In one series of animals there was a marked rise in serum properdin level. In a subsequent series no consistent change was observed. Antibodies to several constituents of human serum appeared following the initial course of injections. Antibodies to properdin did not appear after the initial injections, but did develop after restimulation. The antibody to properdin interfered with the properties of human serum requiring the properdin system. These included inactivation of C′3 by Zymosan, hemolysis of PNH erythrocytes, lysis of certain bacteria, and inhibition of some viruses. The antibody to properdin reacted with properdin as a single line by agar diffusion which was distinct from the other antibodies to human serum which appeared. Properdin could be distinguished from antibodies to 7S and 19S γ-globulins. The evidence supports the hypothesis that properdin is a single substance with multiple biologic properties.
Studies of Blood Group Antibodies
Authors: Rawson Arnold J. , Abelson Neva M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By a combination of chromatography and ultracentrifugation, isohemagglutinins and isohemolysins have been separated into various molecular types. Isohemagglutinins are associated with S7, γ2-globulins, S7, γ1-globulins and S19, γ1-globulins. The possibility that the antibody spectrum also includes β- and α2-globulins cannot be excluded. In general, the isohemagglutinins of the S7 class show maximal activity in the presence of anti-human globulin serum, whereas the S19 isohemagglutinins are maximally active in sodium chloride solution. Isohemolysins are found associated with S7, γ2-globulins, and with S19, γ1-globulins.
A Biologic Comparison of Two Strains of Herpesvirus Hominis
Authors: Scott T. F. McN. , McLeod D. L. , Tokumaru T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two strains of Herpesvirus hominis which differ primarily in the cytopathic effects they induce in various host cells in tissue culture have been described. One strain (GC) causes the formation of syncytial giant cells, whereas the other strain (P) produces rounding and piling up of the cells with a few small giant cells but no syncytia. A number of other characteristics of these two strains were studied. Each was able to grow to the same titer in several lines of cultured cells. Their rates of multiplication were similar and new virus appeared in the medium between 5 and 7 hr after inoculation. Each was similarly inactivated by heat, the half life being 1 hr and 30 min at 37°C and 3 hr and 48 min at 30–31°C. Each was inactivated by u.v. light at the same rate with a half life of 7 sec. There was no difference in the rate of adsorption or penetration, 87% and 91% being adsorbed and 100% and 88% of the adsorbed P and GC strains, respectively, having penetrated within 2 hr at 37°C. Both strains were equally infective for mice and rabbits. They did not differ in antigenicity. The electronmicroscope showed particles of identical size (medians 154 mμ and 157 mμ respectively). G6P dehydrogenase and hexokinase activities in cells infected with either strain were increased over controls at 12 hr after inoculation, indicating increased permeability of cell membranes. At 3 and 6 hr after inoculation the hexokinase activity in GC infected cells differed from that in P infected cells. Some observations have been made on the toxic effect of neutral red on RK cells.
Specific Anion Effects with Antibenzoate Antibody
Authors: Pressman David , Nisonoff Alfred , Radzimski Gerald 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Inorganic salts affect the binding of p-iodobenzoate by anti-p-azobenzoate antibody. The effects observed were due to the anion whereas the nature of the cation was unimportant. Except for fluoride, univalent anions decreased binding of p-iodobenzoate whereas nearly all of the polyvalent anions increased binding. The magnitude of the decrease for univalent anions was in the order CNS- &gt; NO3- &gt; I- &gt; Br- &gt; Cl-. It appears that the anions at high concentration compete with p-iodobenzoate for the antibody site if they are small enough to be accommodated in the site.
It is proposed that the increase observed with polyvalent anions is due to increased ionic strength, which tends to decrease electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charged hapten and antibody; and that, in the case of univalent anions, this effect of ionic strength is more than overcome by direct competition with hapten for the antibody site.
Further evidence for the presence of a positive charge in the antibody site of anti-p-azobenzoate antibody is given.
The heat of reaction of p-iodobenzoate with antibody was determined from the temperature variation of the binding equilibrium constant to give a value of ΔH° = -4.1 ± 0.4 kcal/mole.
Studies on Hemagglutination with Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Felton Frances G. , Scott L. Vernon 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Factors affecting the herpes simplex hemagglutination test were examined to show the range and optimal requirements necessary for the proper performance of the test. Factors investigated were: a) the size of the test tube employed in the test, b) the time and temperature of incubation of the test, c) the concentration of tannic acid used to treat the erythrocytes, d) the pH of the saline applied in the sensitization of the cells with virus, e) the time required for this sensitization, f) the utilization of erythrocytes from different species, g) the type of serum used for the serum diluent, and h) various methods of preparation and preservation of the viral antigen.
Species-Specific Antigens from the Cell Walls of the Agents of Meningopneumonitis and Feline Pneumonitis
Authors: Jenkin Howard M. , Ross Martin R. , Moulder James W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When cell walls were prepared from the agents of meningopneumonitis and feline pneumonitis by treatment first with deoxycholate and then with trypsin, the group-specific antigens were found in the deoxycholate extract whereas the species-specific antigens remained in the cell walls. Group-specific antigens were demonstrated by complement fixation, whereas the presence of species-specific antigens was shown by both complement fixation and absorption of infectivity-neutralizing antibody. The deoxycholate extracts contained periodate-sensitive and periodate-resistant group antigens. The specific complement-fixing antigens of the cell walls resembled previously described specific antigens in being resistant to periodate but differed from them in not being destroyed by heating at 100°C. Unlike intact particles, the cell walls were not toxic for mice upon intravenous injection. The possible application of these findings to practical serology of the psittacosis group was discussed.
A Colorimetric Neutralization Test for Herpes Simplex, with Observations on Neutralizing and Complement-Fixing Antibody Levels in Human Sera
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
The colorimetric neutralization test for herpes simplex described in this report is considerably easier to conduct than neutralization tests in mice or embryonated eggs, and lends itself to large-scale studies. Also, the constant virusvarying serum technique, widely regarded as more sensitive than the constant serum-varying virus method for detecting differences in levels of neutralizing antibody, is utilized.
As a tool for epidemiologic and diagnostic purposes, the neutralization test was found comparable to the complement fixation test in its ability to demonstrate 4-fold or greater titer rises. It would appear that either the complement fixation or colorimetric neutralization test would be adequate for diagnosis of primary herpetic infections, and that little would be gained diagnostically by the use of both tests except in instances where equivocal results were obtained with one test. Only 2 of 31 4-fold or greater rises in antibody titer were detected by the neutralization test, but not the complement fixation test, and only 3 of the 31 antibody rises were detected by the complement fixation test, but not the neutralization test.
Although the neutralizing antibody titers tended to be somewhat higher than the complement-fixing antibody titers, they both increased at approximately the same rate in cases of primary herpetic infections. This is in contrast to the antibody response in many other viral diseases in which neutralizing antibodies appear long before complement-fixing antibodies, and may even reach their maximal titer by the time of onset of the illness, e.g., poliomyelitis (19).
The neutralizing antibody titers detected by the colorimetric method showed good correlation with the complement-fixing antibody titers for the same sera (r = 0.82). This correlation between complement-fixing and neutralizing antibody titers was noted for individuals in all age groups studied, and it would appear, on the basis of the limited amount of data available, that production of both types of antibody is stimulated by recurrent herpetic infections, or that complement-fixing antibody persists for as long after primary infections as does neutralizing antibody.