bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mutters, Whimpers, Wails
Authors: Narayanan Amrita 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores generational styles in grieving the loss of women’s sexual freedom under patriarchy. Introduces a range of responses to patriarchal control of sexual freedom: some women experience almost no difficulty or resentment in navigating conservative sexuality, but others experience sexual deprivation of an order so high as it is hard for them to even imagine their desires. Introduces Freud’s theory of grief and contemporary approaches to grief. Defines ‘recovery’ from patriarchy while clarifying that not all women desire or need ‘recovery’ because women of different generations have different investments in patriarchy. Introduces styles of mourning—melancholic, elegiac, and angry—and articulates how these styles of mourning may take the form of sexual enactments or privatized grief. Reminds us that spectators to women’s grief have a tendency to value privatized grief and problematically refuse the grief and triumph in women’s sexual enactments. Argues for an ‘aesthetics of grief’ that allows for an appreciation of a range of responses to the trauma of female sexual control under patriarchy.
Discussions
Authors: West Stuart , Turnbull Lindsay 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Imagine that your reader has made it through the bottleneck of the Methods and Results and is now emerging, with some relief, into the Discussion. The Methods and Results sections are generally quite dense and demanding, as they are filled with technical details, so they are often the hardest parts of the paper to read. The Discussion is where you can return to the bigger picture, and provide a synthesis of your work, leaving your reader with a clear picture of what your paper has achieved (and hopefully wondering who they can recommend it to). The problem is that providing a synthesis is an open-ended demand, and it isn’t always clear what you should include. In this chapter we address key questions such as: What should you discuss? How long should you spend on different issues? How much space should be dedicated to a discussion of other literature or the limitations of your work?
Developing penal policy
Authors: Easton Susan , Piper Christine 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on key questions in penal policy, including justice, risk management, and human rights. It also considers the principal factors which shape the development of penal policy. Notably, these are political imperatives, economic influences, and penological and criminological principles, as well as public opinion and the media, which have become much more influential since the early 1990s. Recent penal policy developments to highlight significant trends and problems are discussed, including the impact of the pandemic. The chapter concludes by focusing on the management of sex offenders and providing a case study and discussion questions for further reflection on the issues.
Determining ‘just deserts’
Authors: Easton Susan , Piper Christine 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Seriousness and proportionality are key concepts in the ‘just deserts’ approach to sentencing which was endorsed by the Criminal Justice Act 1991. This chapter analyses the extent to which this framework based on retributivist principles has been undermined by subsequent changes in legislation. It examines law and guidance on constructing seriousness, particularly in relation to harm and culpability, and on determining a commensurate sentence. Throughout it refers to the Sentencing Code (referring to the Sentencing Act 2020 when we are explaining how changes occurred) and illustrates issues by using examples from recent guidelines, focusing discussion on custodial sentencing. Finally, it discusses criticisms of modern retributivism from a range of standpoints, including Marxian perspectives.
Risk and danger
Authors: Easton Susan , Piper Christine 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the current policy focus on the ‘dangerous’ offender and the aim of protecting the public from the risk posed by an offender’s reoffending. It examines notions of risk and dangerousness, noting that these may be historically contingent, and discusses developments in relation to preventive detention. It also examines the utilitarian justifications for selective incapacitation of offenders, or groups of offenders, believed to be dangerous, noting problems caused by the IPP sentence. The chapter then examines the changes in sentencing law, focusing on particular types of penalty and order. Lastly, it discusses the provisions for control of dangerous prisoners through discretionary release procedures.
Justice in the modern prison
Authors: Easton Susan , Piper Christine 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we focus on the treatment of adult prisoners, examining a number of aspects of prison life as well as considering the aims of imprisonment. Key developments since 1990 are considered, including the Woolf Report (Woolf and Tumin 1991), managerialism and privatisation, the implications of the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 and the impact of the pandemic, to assess whether the just treatment of prisoners has been achieved. While substantial improvements in prison regimes have been made since the early 1990s, there has also been considerable pressure on them from the expanding prison population. The problem of reconciling respect for the rights of prisoners with the administrative needs of the prison system and the deterrent function of prison is highlighted. The potential to reduce the prison population substantially in the current political climate is also discussed.
The Rule of Law and Fair and Equitable Treatment
Authors: Paparinskis Martins 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A plausible positive and normative claim can be made regarding fair and equitable treatment (FET) as a positive expression of the rule of law. First, the chapter introduces the concept of FET, identifies the elements in practice that support the argument for reading it in rule-of-law terms, and distinguishes various ways of making that argument. Second, it addresses in turn the more important instances of its application—arbitrariness, protection of expectations, and due process—and shows how the rule-of-law(-inspired) notions have been articulated in their regard. The main claim is that reading FET through rule-of-law lenses is plausible but may be conflating positive and normative claims as well as understating the potential and benefits for answering public international law questions in public international law terms.
Legality Requirements
Authors: Jarrett Martin A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Legality requirements stipulate that investors must make their investments in accordance with host State law. They operate to give more legal meaning to domestic law: if an investor breaches host State law in the investment-making process, then it runs the risk of the arbitral tribunal declining jurisdiction, which is the equivalent of the effective death of its investment-treaty claim. With this operation, legality requirements enhance the domestic rule of law. But when an arbitral tribunal declines jurisdiction because of the non-satisfaction of a legality requirement, it risks compromising the international rule of law. This compromise to the international rule of law occurs because the rules on the treatment of investments by States cannot take effect, meaning that States’ (potentially wrongful) conduct cannot be scrutinized. This is the rule-of-law tension that legality requirements give rise to. This chapter examines how arbitral tribunals manage this tension.
The Rule of Law, Standards of Review, and the Separation of Powers
Authors: Shirlow Esmé 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the extent to which separation of powers theories offer a useful framework to guide the approaches that tribunals take (or should take) to analysing deference to domestic decision-makers in investment treaty disputes. The separation of powers recognizes that decision-makers of structurally different institutional types will hold greater capacity to decide certain questions vis-à-vis others. The chapter highlights how such considerations might be relied upon by investment arbitrators to justify adopting deferential standards of review when examining the decisions of particular domestic actors, or the decisions of domestic actors on certain topics. To do so, the chapter first examines how separation of powers theories link to the concept of a rule of law. It then explores how such concepts might influence the approaches of investment tribunals to issues of deference in practice. The chapter further considers how separation of powers theories might be more directly engaged by investment tribunals to inform their approaches to deference, and so allow them to appraise and accommodate a separation of powers between domestic and international actors on a case-by-case basis.
Domestic Investors, the Rule of Law, and Equality
Authors: Nadakavukaren Schefer Krista 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Of all the criticisms of the current international investment law regime, the most radical is that the international protections of foreign investors violate host State obligations of equality towards domestic investors. Despite two recent court decisions denying any such failings, the question of how a State’s separate-and-preferential treatment of one group of investors can be compliant with the rule of law remains incompletely addressed. This chapter examines the role of equality from the perspective of the rule of law to determine whether the investment regime places hosts in danger of violating their responsibilities to their own investors by requiring them to offer foreign investors promises of protection and, more critically, exclusive access to international arbitration for alleged violations of the protection standards. The chapter includes, however, the acknowledgement of the possibility that equality and rule of law are related in a more dialectic way than one being an element or even result of the other. Here, the inequality of foreign and domestic investors becomes problematic—not as regards the individual domestic investor’s relation to the host, but as regards to the host State’s legitimacy in relation to its own population.
What’s All Your Furniture Pointed At?
Authors: Subramanian Vidya 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the influence of television on the sport of cricket; and how the televised sport is not just a sport but in fact ‘a branch of the advertising and promotion industry’. From being a sport, cricket became first, a media event, and second, a televised event. Building brands for individual players, creating spaces for advertisements within the stadium and the person of the player, and finding more audiences on the other side of a television set became more important markers of the sport, creating a ‘networked media sport’. The ‘networked media sport’ landscape provides a suitable substrate for the development and perpetuation of events such as the Indian Premier League, giving advertisers and audiences alike a relatively new consumption pattern that can be moulded to enhance individual celebrity, brand identification, advertising revenues, and indeed the visibility of high-profile sports and sportspersons.
Introduction
Authors: Ura Karma 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
‘Introduction’ explains the aims and reasons behind writing The Unremembered Nation. It provides details of the sources of information and methods used in researching for the book. History and other chronicles of the past were primarily about succession to the top civilian and monastic posts, but such narratives fell short of any record of the myriad traces of lives of the ordinary people long before modernization began in 1960s. The Unremembered Nation attempts to close this gap. ‘Introduction’ sketches the storyline of the book as it unfolds accounts of births and rebirths in a household, making of houses and matrimonies, rearing of children and livestock in a village, and husbandry of lands and forests around a valley. After sketching these fundamental aspects of existence, ‘Introduction’ chalks out the outlines on migration, trade, and travel over different climatic and linguistic areas. Colours, sounds, and other sensory experiences of ordinary people are described. Lastly, ‘Introduction’ summarizes chapters on monumental architecture and administration, authority and power, cosmological concepts and beliefs, religions and rites, fine arts and folk drama that affect the daily life of the people.
Introduction
Authors: Moffett Luke 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
As a concept and practice, reparations evoke a myriad of understandings and expectations in how they are intended to repair the past and continuing harms. This introduction provides an outline of the key themes throughout the book and how it is structured. It begins by spelling out the position of reparations in international law, the vernacular of reparations and how it reflects different meanings for interviewees, the parameters of war and armed conflict in the book, and a background of the project. The final section indicates the remaining structure of the book through nine substantive chapters and the themes and issues that are analysed in each.
A Responsive Judicial Voice
Authors: Dixon Rosalind 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the notion of a responsive judicial “voice,” or how choices about judicial authorship, narrative and tone may influence the public reaction to a court decision, and thus both its political and sociological legitimacy. It notes the significance to the acceptance of judicial decisions of the background of a judge, and the relationship between that background and that of parties or broader actors disappointed by the decision. It further suggests that courts should make conscious choices to assign responsibility for judicial opinion writing in light of this, and adopt a tone and approach to reasoning that shows respect to losing parties, and draws on a range of narratives likely to appeal to diverse audiences—including those persuaded by more local and global norms or appeals. Finally, the chapter notes the degree to which these various forms of responsive judging, or judicial statecraft, may be used in service of pro- and anti-democratic ends, and hence must be approached with caution by those committed to democratic responsiveness.
Conclusion
Authors: Dixon Rosalind 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book by restating the core ideas in earlier parts, and considering the degree to which they offer principles that all judges, in all countries, can usefully turn to in the process of constructional choice. Constitutional theory, it suggests, must inevitably be adapted to the specific constitutional context. And the best way to engage in adaptation of this kind is through a truly collaborative cross-national constitutional dialogue. But constitutional principles can still have relevance across a range of constitutional contexts. And while responsive judicial review, and judging, assume a quite high degree of judicial skill—including an appreciation of both legal and political context, and norms of legitimacy—there are many notable judges who have demonstrated this level of skill in recent decades. One judge sensitive to notions of responsive review can also help encourage responsiveness on the part of an entire court. And the hope is that, by providing an explicit blueprint for review of this kind, the book itself may contribute to judicial capacity to engage in review of this kind.
Englishwala Politics
Authors: Ben-Yishai Ayelet 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
As newspapers and journals were censored and made to print state-sanctioned propaganda, many were forced to reinvent the ways in which information and ideas were articulated and disseminated. Analyzing the role played by the English language in this flow of information, this chapter examines the responses to the Emergency of four diverse English-language periodicals, from a highbrow publication on politics and culture (Seminar), through a literary journal (Quest), an underground news service (Satyavani), to a then brand-new popular magazine (India Today). Reporting on the Emergency owes its complexity and complicity to censorship for sure, but also to the increasing tensions structuring the growing middle class in India and abroad. The ostensible depoliticization of public rhetoric seems to have first been a survival strategy and then an ideology. This depoliticization set the ground for the first regime change in modern Indian history, and the subsequent legitimization of the Hindu right. In the process of shifting to its new sociological and cultural roles, Indian writing in English became increasingly aware of its rhetorical modes of political engagement, refiguring the genres in which it made sense of its crises and continuities.
The First Impossibility Proof
Authors: Lützen Jesper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Pythagoras at first believed that everything can be expressed in terms of natural numbers. However, one of his followers discovered that there are line segments, such as the side and diagonal of a square, whose ratio cannot be expressed as the ratio of two natural numbers. They are incommensurable. This chapter analyses what we know about the Greek discovery of incommensurable magnitudes and discusses the enormous consequences the discovery had for the further development of Greek mathematics. In particular, it led to a pure formulation of geometry where line segments and areas are not measured by numbers. Finally, we discuss Euclid’s backhanded treatment of the incommensurability question.
Impossibility of Proving the Parallel Postulate
Authors: Lützen Jesper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Since Euclid, many mathematicians have attempted to prove the parallel postulate from other postulates of geometry. However, no one has found a convincing proof. Around 1820 Gauss, Lobachevsky, and Bolyai became convinced that one cannot prove the parallel postulate. This opened up the possibility of developing a so-called non-Euclidean geometry in which the parallel postulate does not hold. Nevertheless, it lasted another half-century before it was proved that it is indeed impossible to prove the parallel postulate. This happened when Beltrami, using Gauss’s theory of surfaces, showed that non-Euclidean geometry is realized on a surface with constant negative Gaussian curvature. Beltrami’s method of modeling one theory within another became important as a general method of proving independence of separate axioms in an axiom system.
Hilbert and Gödel on Axiomatization and Incompleteness
Authors: Lützen Jesper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Hilbert’s formal approach to mathematics called for the axiomatization of all branches of mathematics. According to Hilbert, a mathematical theory exists if its axioms are consistent. That raised the question of consistency of arithmetic. Hilbert also required that the axiom system should be complete in the sense that it would be possible to prove any well-formed statement in the theory or prove its negation. In his second Paris problem, he called for proofs of completeness and consistency of arithmetic. However, in 1930 Gödel proved that such proofs do not exist in the system. Morerover, in the tenth problem Hilbert had asked for an algorithm to decide whether a Diophantine equation is solvable. In 1970 Matiyasevich showed that such an algorithm does not exist either.
Fermat’s Last Theorem
Authors: Lützen Jesper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Around 1640 Fermat claimed that he could prove that it is impossible to solve the equation xn + yn = zn if x, y, z, and n are natural numbers and n ≥ 3. Fermat gave a proof of a related theorem that proved the statement when n = 4 but did not reveal his alleged general proof. The following century Euler proved the impossibility in case n = 3 and during the nineteenth century the impossibility was established for many values of n. Sophie Germain and Kummer made significant contributions. The general theorem was proved in 1994 by Andrew Wiles with the help from Richard Taylor. Wiles built on many previous results on elliptic curves and modular forms.
The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu
Authors: VanderKam James C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe chapter deals with an unusual publication that Charles issued in 1916. It explains the origin of the idea that he should translate the Chronicle of John, Bishop in the Egyptian city of Nikiu, and it continues with an account of the facts that the Chronicle, preserved in the Ethiopic language alone, had only recently been made available and it had not yet been translated into English. It notes that the latter chapters of the Chronicle which described the Muslim conquest of Egypt was a valuable addition to the information found in other, later sources concerning this period and that Charles, who was an expert in Ethiopic, agreed to prepare the translation. The chapter surveys the contents of John’s Chronicle and its textual history, from an original in Greek through an Arabic translation (now both lost) to the Ethiopic rendering. It deals with Charles’s assessment of the work of Hermann Zotenberg, the first editor and translator of the text (into French) and the characteristics of Charles’s translation. Included are an overview of reviews that Charles’s book received at the time and a brief statement about the present reception of his translation.
Narratives of the Past
Authors: Oldfield Paul 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the production of traditional genres of historical writing in Puglia and problematizes its disappearance after the monarchy was created in 1130. It first explores historical production in two key urban centres—Bari and Troia—in the period c.1040–c.1130, with particular focus on traditions of annalistic writing, and also possible lost Pugliese works which seem to survive as echoes of fragments in extant sources. It then discusses the production of historical writing within the kingdom of Sicily from 1130 to 1266, surveying the types of traditional works of historiography that emerged in this period, and noting one with a clear association with Puglia. It highlights that, while there might be an absence of conventional historical writing in post-1130 Puglia, other forms of important media and spaces existed to channel and record the remembrance of the past, such as hagiographies, necrologies, urban consciousness, buildings, inscriptions, and confraternities.
In tempore
Authors: Oldfield Paul 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter synthesizes evidence from across the preceding chapters to examine the concept of periodization as manifested through the memory of the past in Pugliese documentation. It considers how Pugliese individuals and communities experienced the compartmentalization of the past and considers the central agency of the monarchy/empire in this conceptualization of blocks of time. In the thirteenth century, the reign of King William II (which lasted from 1166 to 1189) and his death increasingly engendered a fundamental chronological marker, one used as a reference point to reset the past, while other periods of rule were erased. Evidence from the series of Pugliese inquests from the 1220s onwards also reveals a set of interwoven eras (shaped around the deaths of rulers, coronations, archiepiscopates, office-holding, governmental mandates, destruction of a city, family histories, etc).