bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibacterial potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles derived from pineapple peel aqueous extract
Authors: Nida V , Saraswaty V , Nissa R C , Endah E S , Ratnaningrum D , Risdian C , Setiyanto H 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Pineapple peel waste contains antioxidant molecules. This paper describes a facile, efficient, and environmentally friendly approach for synthesizing ZnO nanoparticles using pineapple peel aqueous extract. This method aims to reduce the use of harmful chemicals in producing ZnO nanoparticles using zinc nitrate as a salt precursor and evaluating their antibacterial. Pineapple peel aqueous extract was obtained by macerating pineapple peel powder in distilled water. Engaging Zn(NO3)2, pineapple peel aqueous extract, and NaOH, ZnO NPs were successfully prepared by biosynthesis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was utilized to confirm the formation of ZnO NPs, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to see the morphology and size distribution of nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity of pineapple peel extract-ZnO nanoparticles (pp-ZnO NPs) against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was evaluated by an agar disc diffusion method. The SEM images showed that by applying pineapple peel aqueous extract, the pp-ZnO with an average size below 100 nm with a mixture of flakes and rod-like shapes were obtained. The XRD pattern confirmed the wurtzite phase of ZnO, while antibacterial assay results showed that the pp-ZnO actively inhibited B. subtilis and E.coli. at concentrations of 5 and 10 wt%. Therefore, phyto-assisted synthesis mediated by pineapple peel wastes is a promising green approach to preparing ZnO nanoparticles.
Coconut coir utilization as a catalyst precursor in the transesterification process of used cooking oil into cocodiesel
Authors: Afghani F A , Sofyan M I , Agustiani T , Sulistia S , Mansur D , Sampora Y , Yubaidah S , Manawan M T , Hafizah M A E , Piton J K 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This study aims to make a catalyst from biomass waste in the form of coconut coir and apply it to the transesterification process of cocodiesel. The raw material for cocodiesel in this study was a coconut-based cooking oil that was also a waste and could pollute the environment. The research method includes cooking oil analysis, the catalyst’s preparation, and the catalyst’s characterization with Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The next step was the application of the catalyst in the transesterification reaction. The results showed interesting information, in which the addition of the calcination process increased the catalyst’s surface area and crystallinity ratio. Applying a catalyst in converting used cooking oil to cocodiesel gave 48.5% and 51% yields with densities close to the biodiesel standard.
Quick sterilization of Spirulina powder through dry ozonization for pharmaceutical preparations
Authors: Djayanti S , Rame  , Mukimin A , Nilawati  , Pratista D R 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Quick sterilization using dry ozonation technology had been developed to destroy total pathogenic microorganism contamination in Spirulina powder effectively. This technology is safe and environmentally friendly, with carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) as output. Quick sterilization applications are easy and inexpensive but provide results that meet the quality standards of pharmaceutical preparations according to government regulations. This work aimed to perform rapid sterilization and determine the microbial level contamination produced by the ozonation sterilization system. The variables of sterilization time, flow rate, and ozone dose differ in the application of the ozonized sterilization system. The sterilization process through an ozonation reaction is carried out by providing ozone at the flow rate of 1, 2, 3, and 4 liters per minute (LPM) and ozone concentrations of 1, 2, 3, and 4 ppm. Ozone was produced at a rate of 5 gr/hour from an ozone generator with a voltage of 30 kV. 40 gr Spirulina powder in a closed reactor with a volume of <50% (Spirulina/reactor volume) was ozonated at room temperature (27 °C) for 1, 2, 3, and 4 minutes. The optimum operating conditions of Spirulina platensis sterilization were an ozone flow rate of 2 LPM, sterilization time of 2 minutes, and ozone dose of 2 ppm. This system reduces the sterilization time from 60 minutes (UV light) to 2 minutes. This technology is a very attractive and potential choice in the large-scale production of Spirulina powder for pharmaceutical industry applications.
Synthesis and characterization of calcium phosphate (tricalcium phosphate/calcium pyrophosphate) from snail shells (Achatina fulica)
Authors: Ardiansyah A , Saraswaty V , Risdian C 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Snail (Achatina fulica) is one of the sources of duck fodder commonly used by local breeders to meet protein needs of poultry farms. However, its shells as a by-product are rarely used and just become waste. To overcome this problem, we try to utilize the waste to be used as a source of bioceramic. Snail shells contain a lot of calcium which can be used as a calcium precursor to make bioceramics. One of the bioceramics that has the potential are tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and calcium pyrophosphate (CPP). They are mostly used as material for bone regeneration. It has advantages in terms of biocompatibility and osteoinductivity. In this study, we synthesized and characterized calcium phosphate from snails by coprecipitation method. It was then analyzed using X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis to see its characteristic. Based on XRF analysis, snail shell (raw material) contains 81.83% of calcium and calcium phosphate mixed bioceramics (TCP and CPP). Average crystal size is 17.00 nm. The surface shape of the formed particles was irregular, and also flux, sphere, and fracture shaped. Nevertheless, interfering compounds were still found, hence a further purification process needs to be conducted.
Study of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Extraction Process from Ilmenite Banten
Authors: Ginting Lavita Indriani Br. , Manaf Azwar , Astuti Widi , Supriyatna Yayat Iman , Bahfie Fathan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Ilmenite is found in the form of iron sand with reserves of 927,315,827 tons spread across several regions in Indonesia, including Banten which has seven million tons of iron sand. This mineral can be used as a raw material for making TiO2 pigments. The problem faced in the use of Ilmenite is its complex mineral structure which causes difficulties at the processing stage. The synthesis of TiO2 from ilmenite ore commonly used the sulfate process and the chloride process. The sulfate process is less environmentally friendly, has excessive costs, and produces a lot of liquid waste. While the chloride process requires high-grade raw materials and requires chlorine gas. Therefore, in this study, the synthesis of TiO2 from ilmenite Banten using caustic fusion, acid leaching using hydrochloric acid, and the use of citric acid were conducted. Caustic fusion is conducted with ratio between ilmenite and NaOH is 1:2, with a fusion temperature of 850 °C and a fusion time of 60 minutes. Then next process is water leaching and acid leaching. The result of this study is that the TiO2 obtained from each acid leaching is hydrochloric acid leaching producing powder pigment with 94.189% TiO2, acetic acid leaching producing 37.099% TiO2, citric acid leaching producing 41.480% and hydrochloric acid leaching without fusion process producing 43.991% TiO2.
The carrageenan fermentation process for (L)-lactic acid production using Lactobacillus plantarum: effect of fermentation time
Authors: Hidawati  , Saraswaty V , Marganingrum D , Nissa R C , Abdullah A H D , Handayani S 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The increase in plastic production has raised concerns about the depletion of fossil fuels. In addition, the environmental problems related to improper plastic waste have become progressively concerning. Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most intriguing biopolymers for the fabrication of biodegradable plastic. More importantly, PLA has sharply increased interest in producing its monomer, lactic acid (LA). Considering the expensive cost of LA production, exploring the potential of refined kappa-carrageenan (RKC) as a low-cost substrate is crucial. This work aimed to study RKC hydrolysate’s effect (20g L−1) on lactic acid production. A set of parameters were evaluated, including lactic acid content by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, optimum bacterial growth, and reducing sugar content. The results showed that by utilizing RKC as the substrate, the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum reached its maximum within 24 hours of fermentation. The reduced sugar content decreased from 18.8 to 0.8 g L−1 after 72 hours of fermentation. More importantly, about 18.5 g L−1 of LA was produced. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that RKC can be potentially used as an alternative substrate for lowering LA production costs.
Physicochemical properties of sodium alginate from brown algae Sargassum aquifolium and Sargassum cinereum
Authors: Chaldun E R , Andayani D G S , Handayani T 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Synthesis and characterization of sodium alginate from Sargassum aquifolium dan Sargassum cinereum have been successfully performed. S. aquifolium and S. cinereum were collected from the Dompu Islands, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Extraction was performed by acid pathway, due to cell disruption and the addition of Na2CO3 for extraction. The addition of HCl was to convert acid alginate into alginate, then transformed acid alginate into sodium alginate using NaOH. NaOCl and IPA were used for purification. Physicochemical properties were characterized using SEM-EDS, FTIR, and TG/DTG. The morphological structure of synthetic sodium alginate shows layer structure and fiber fibrils. Sodium alginate contained C, O, Na, and Cl elements. FTIR spectrum indicated the presence of functional groups at the following wavelengths: OH at 3343 cm−1, CH2 at 2915 cm−1, CO double bonds at 1614 cm−1, and fingerprint indicated by the presence of uronic acid, which functioned as the CH group stretched at 935 cm−1. The sodium alginate sample shows a three-step thermal degradation pattern. The first step was starting at 41.7 °C associated with dehydration and was followed by 206.4 and 241 °C associated with decomposition. TGA/DTG results showed a reduction in thermal stability at 250–300 °C. It is suitable for modification and application.
Characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from red seaweed Gracilaria verucosa and Eucheuma cottonii
Authors: Nissa R C , Abdullah A H D , Firdiana B , Kosasih W , Endah E S , Marliah S , Rahmat A , Hidayat  
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is pure cellulose isolated from alpha cellulose. The demand for renewable and sustainable raw materials for the industry has developed as one of the most pressing challenges in recent decades. The seaweed processing industry produces a large amount of solid fibrous waste, which can be utilized as an additional source of cellulose feedstock. The increase in seaweed production continues to increase, as well as waste that can be used as another source of cellulose raw materials. This study used red seaweed i.e., Gracilaria verucosa and Echeuma cottonii to produce high-quality MCC. Gracilaria verucosa and Echeuma cottonii are treated chemically through alkali, bleaching, and acid hydrolysis to obtain pure MCC. Following the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis result, MCC in the standard had a crystallinity of 67.2%, while the Gracilaria verucosa-MCC (GV-MCC) sample was 53.0% and Echeuma cottonii-MCC (EC-MCC) was 58.4%. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that GV-MCC and EC-MCC almost resemble the MCC standard. The morphology characteristic from Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis presented the difference between raw material before and after isolation into MCC. According to the Particle size analyzer (PSA) result, the mean sizes of EC-MCC and GV-MCC are 0.786 and 0.522 µm, respectively. The isolation of MCC from red seaweed has the potential to be used in a wide range of industries.
Implementation of drinking water quality surveillance and household water management practices in selected provinces in Indonesia
Authors: Irianti S , Yunianto A , Dharmayanti I , Hidayangsih P S , Zahra Z , Mbarep D P P , Sutapa I D A 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Safely managed drinking water (SMDW) is a prerequisite for maintaining human health and well-being. Therefore, drinking water quality surveillance (DWQS) is an appropriate approach to achieve the targets of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, particularly the SMDW indicator as the highest ladder of drinking water services. The objective of this study was to elicit information on current DWQS and household drinking water management practices (HDWMP) in South Sumatera, West Java, South Kalimantan, and North Sulawesi Provinces. The methods included an in-depth interview with 35 informants and an interview with 175 households using a structured questionnaire. The results revealed that the DWQS did not fully comply with Health Ministerial Decree (HMD) No. 736/2010, particularly in dealing with sample size, the availability of reagents, comprehensive reports, and recommendations for remedial actions. Dealing with the HDMWP, 46.86% of households used piped water, followed by protected dug wells (30.29%), boreholes (12.00%), and refilled water (10.86%). Only 43.43% of household water sources were free from Escherichia coli, where these were dominated by urban households. The majority of households complied with the chemical quality of several parameters. The proportion of households with SMDW was 35.9% and it was much higher than that of the national level. As such, the improvement of drinking water surveillance is needed through the implementation of water safety plans.
Synthesis and Physical Characterization of Bioplastics Based on Jicama Starch (Pachyrhizur Erosus) – Chitosan
Authors: Kusumaningrum M , Imani NAC , Gemilang S , Rahma FN , Wulansarie R 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The development of plastics that can be easily degraded is needed to reduce the impact of plastic use on the environment. This study aimed to utilize the starch present in jicama to be used as the main material for making plastic. In order to overcome the drawback of starch which is less flexible, materials such as chitosan and glycerol were used. The stages of this research consisted of extracting starch from jicama, making bioplastics by mixing yam starch with chitosan and glycerol in varying amounts, as well as analysis and characterization in the form of tensile strength tests, elongation measurements, hydrophobic properties measurements, and degradation tests. The results of the study showed that by varying the amount of glycerol and chitosan, the bioplastic degradation ability obtained could be optimized.
Potential Utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse as Raw Material for Bioethanol Production
Authors: Triyani A , Fachrul M F , Minarti A 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Bagasse has the potential to generate alternative energy resources such as bioethanol owing to its lignocellulose structure. This research aims for utilizing bagasse as the raw material for producing bioethanol. The process for producing bioethanol consists of delignification, hydrolysis, fermentation and distillation using biocatalyst namely Fungi Dekkera bruxellensis and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Delignification was conducted at the substrate variation of 5, 10, 15 grams and 3, 5, 7 days contact time. The hydrolysis process used H2SO4 2% with 30, 45, 60 minutes contact time. Fermentation used concentration ratio for fungi and yeast at 1:1 with 3, 5, 7 days contact time. The distillation process went through the temperature of 78-80°C to obtain ethanol. The gravimetric analysis shows the optimum removal efficiency at 10.90% using 5 gram substrates with 3 days contact time. The hydrolysis process shows the highest glucose concentration at 16.64 g/L for each contact time using 15 gram substrates and H2SO4 2%. The highest amount of ethanol was 3.1% with the ratio of substrates 1:1 and 3 days contact time. This research shows that bagasse can produce bioethanol by the utilization of Fungi Dekkera bruxellensis and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Characterization of Red Beans Yogurt (Phaseolus vulgaris L) with addition of dates (Phoenix dactylifera)
Authors: Damayanti Astrilia , Putri Radenrara Dewi Artanti , Salim Tobias Samuel , Sriwijaya Hannah Arya , Bajuri Dheandles Duta Agung 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Yogurt is one of the probiotic products that is commonly consumed and widely developed across the world. This experiment aims to determine the effects of red beans, dates, and starter culture addition on a certain ratio of full cream milk powder and characterized by Indonesian National Standard also known as SNI number 2981 :2009. This experiment was conducted with the ratio of red beans to dates (v/v) were 40:60, 50:50, and 60:50 and the starter cultures (%v/v) were 5, 15, and 25. This experiment method consisted of making red beans juice, dates juice and fermentation. The results of the experiment showed that the protein content (%) of the ratio of red beans to dates (v/v) and starter cultures (%v/v) were 40:60 and 5, 50:50 and 5,60:40 and 5; 40:60 and 15, 50:50 and 15, 60:40 and 15; 40:60 and 25; 50:50 and 25, 60:40 and 25 were 3.455, 3.63, 3.335, 2.805, 2.965, 2.915, 2.305, 3.10, and 3.15. While the fat content (%) were 2.22, 2.015, 1.55, 1.58, 1.515, 1.28, 1.27, 2.20, and 1.655; and the ash content (%) were 0.795, 0.88, 0.855, 0.835, 0.855, 0.91, 0.78, 0.82, and 0.89. The protein content that was not in accordance with the SNI was only found in yogurt with a ratio of red beans to dates 60:40 (v/v) and starter cultures of 5 (%v/v). Yogurt made from red beans, dates, and addition of full cream milk powder has the potential to become a healthy drink with a new taste.
Kinetic study on hydrolysis of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) stem dregs with cocktail enzymes in bioethanol production
Authors: Megawati  , Triwibowo B , Bahlawan Z A S , Fitriani Z , Ulfah N 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Sweet sorghum stem dregs have potential as an alternative raw material for bioethanol production due to its high sugar content. The purpose of this study is to examine the hydrolysis kinetics of sweet sorghum stem dregs with cocktail enzymes using several models, namely the Valjamae, Kopelman, and Gompertz models. The hydrolysis was carried out at a concentration of 1/16.7 g/mL, a temperature of 50°C, and at variations of time (0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 minutes). The cocktail enzyme used was Multifect CL, which contains endoglucanases, exoglucanases, and β-glucosidases and has the potential to convert lignocellulose. The reactor used is CSTR (Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor). The study results indicated that the hydrolysis kinetics of the Valjamae and Kopelman models were very suitable. The value of reaction rate constant and exponential fractal for the Valjamae model are 0.077 L/hour and 0.434 and for the Kopelman model are 0.044 L/hour and 0.415. The hydrolysis kinetics for the Gompertz model is not suitable. These hydrolysis kinetic parameters can be utilized in the bioreactors planning that will be used in the preliminary design of the biomass-based bioethanol industry.
Bioremediation of iron and manganese heavy metal polluted soil by mixed culture of Acetobacter tropicalis and Lactobacillus fermentum
Authors: Nugraha H T , Rinanti A , Wijayanti A , Aphirta S 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The research aim was to determine the growth response of mixed cultures of Acetobacter tropicalis and Lactobacillus fermentum in Stone Mineral Salt solutions (SMSs) and soil containing Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) in controlled batches. The first stage was the cultivation in SMSs followed by preparation of the pollutant source and sensitivity test. The second phase was the removal of heavy metals from iron and manganese in AMD by mixed bacterial cultures in SMSs with the contact time for 48, 96, 144, 192 hours, and pH 2, 3, 5, 7. The third stage was the removal on soil media with the same contact time. Research result showed that the sensitivity test of bacterium was resistant to heavy metals iron and manganese. The highest removal efficiency of iron and manganese was 94.89% at a contact time of 96 hours, while the highest removal efficiency at pH 7 was 93.79%. The removal of iron and manganese heavy metals on soil had a removal efficiency of 69.91% at a contact time of 144 hours. This study showed that a mixed culture of Acetobacter tropicalis and Lactobacillus fermentum could be an effective bacterium in removing heavy metals from iron and manganese in AMD-contaminated soil.
An Overview Study of Flowslide Liquefaction in Petobo, Palu, Indonesia
Authors: Upomo Togani Cahyadi , Chang Muhsiung , Kusumawardani Rini , Prayitno Galih Ady , Huang Ren-Chung , Fansuri Muhammad Hamzah 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A magnitude (Mw) 7.5 Palu-Donggala earthquake struck Palu, Indonesia on Friday, 28 September 2018 at 18:02:44 Central Indonesia Time (GMT+8). The earthquake resulted in tsunami and flowslide liquefaction. Balaroa, Petobo, Jono Oge and South Sibalaya were affected areas of flowslide liquefaction. Area of Petobo flowslide liquefaction had the largest impact as compared to other locations. This paper emphasizes on the observations on the ground surface when liquefaction occurred in Petobo. Interviews with the survivors and living witnesses, displacement vectors with reference to buildings, observations of soil conditions and groundwater levels as well as descriptions of conditions pre- and post-slide, are conducted in these observations. In addition, several data consisting of Satellite Imagery, DEM (Digital Elevation Model), regional geology and some photographs taken at the site are also discussed. Results show the slope of the area of flowslide liquefaction ranges from 1° to 2°. Besides earthquake shaking, soil types and groundwater tables are believed to have had contributions to the flowslide liquefaction. Loose silty medium to fine sands are found in the flowslide areas. Based on interviews, witnesses indicated the liquefaction occurred in about few seconds after the initiation of shaking. The ground then became like muddy flow and buildings started to move or sink. After flowslide, large swampy areas had appeared and the soft ground took several weeks to become hardened again.
Diesel Engine Performance using Pertamina Dex and Biodiesel (B30) on RPM and Fuel Consumption
Authors: Setiyawan A , Fitriyana D F , Bahatmaka A , Firmansyah H N , Darsono F B , Aryadi W , Kriswanto  , Roziqin A , Naryanto R F 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The need for fossil fuels is increasing every year. Various threats were made to obtain efficient fuel consumption. This study aims to determine the effect of Pertamina Dex and biodiesel on RPM and fuel consumption. The method used is an experiment on a diesel engine. Mixing Pertamina Dex fuel and biodiesel with a certain composition. The mixing variations were 0%, 10%, 30%, 40%, and 50% biodiesel and variations at 1000RPM, 1500RPM, and 2000RPM. The results of this study are (1) Pertamina Dex 100% is the most efficient fuel at 1000 RPM and 1500 RPM, (2) a mixture of 70% Pertamina Dex 30% Biodiesel is the most efficient fuel at 2000 RPM, and (3) Pertamina Dex 100% is the most fuel-efficient at 1000, 2000 and 3000 RPM.