bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research on mining software repositories to facilitate refactoring
Authors: Nyamawe Ally S. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractSoftware refactoring focuses on improving software quality by applying changes to the internal structure that do not alter the observable behavior. Determining which refactorings should be applied and presented to developers the most relevant and optimal refactorings is often challenging. Existing literature suggests that one of the potential sources to identify and recommend required refactorings is the past software development and evolution histories which are often archived in software repositories. In this article, we review a selection of existing literature that has attempted to propose approaches that facilitate refactoring by exploiting information mined from software repositories. Based on the reviewed papers, existing works leverage software history mining to support analysis of code smells, refactoring, and guiding software changes. First, past history information is used to detect design flaws in source code commonly referred to as code smells. Moreover, other studies analyze the evolution of code smells to establish how and when they are introduced into the code base and get resolved. Second, software repositories mining provides useful insights that can be used in predicting the need for refactoring and what specific refactoring operations are required. In addition, past history can be used in detecting and analyzing previously applied refactorings to establish software change facts, for instance, how developers refactor code and the motivation behind it. Finally, change patterns are used to predict further changes that might be required and recommend a set of files for change during a given modification task. The paper further suggests other exciting possibilities that can be pursued in the future in this research direction.This article is categorized under:
Algorithmic Development > Text Mining
Application Areas > Data Mining Software Tools
Flow of two immiscible uniformly rotating micropolar and viscous fluid layers
Authors: Bashir Sammar , Sajid Muhammad 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe interfacial flow of two immiscible uniformly rotating micropolar and viscous fluid layers is investigated in this article. The top layer contains a micropolar fluid of having velocity components ), micro‐rotation components , density ρ1, viscosity μ1 and pressure p1 that is rotating with angular velocity ω1. A viscous fluid layer exists in the lower region with velocity components , density ρ2, viscosity μ2 and pressure p2 rotating with constant angular velocity ω2. The flow similarity solutions exist under the constraint , where (angular velocities ratio) and (densities ratio). The flow shows a co‐rotating case for and a counter‐rotating case for . A strong numerical technique known as the Keller‐box approach is utilized to obtain the solution of the resultant set of an ordinary differential equation. Similarity solutions can be found for (co‐rotating flows) but for (counter‐rotating flows), the similarity solution occurs up to the certain critical value of σ (i.e., ). Due to the coupling type of the flow near the liquid‐liquid interface, the micro polarity parameter K1 has an impact on both fluid's layer, even though the micropolar fluid exists just in the upper layer. The key objective of the current article is to analyze how these two different fluid layers will behave under the weak and strong concertation of microelements that can be fruitful in the engineering and scientific disciplines.
The Experience (and Constitution) of Society in Postwar and Post-Industrial Finland, 1960–2020
Authors: Haapala Pertti 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter asks how experiences of society, societal structures, and ideas of society are related; how they produce actions (like politics); and how these factors explain the change of society. A particular focus is on the explanatory power of experience. The case studied here is the rapid societal change in Finland after World War II. This was the period when a version of the Nordic Model was built in Finland. The modernization of society and the birth of the redistributive state was a success story but not without problems. A crucial element in making the change legitimate among citizens was the fulfilled expectations people had in a relatively poor society in the 1950s. Wide commitment to the idea of social equality was the major political driving force behind the reforms from the years of reconstruction until the challenges of globalization and information revolution.
The Challenges of Narrating the Welfare State in the Age of Social Media: A Narrative-Theoretical Approach
Authors: Mäkelä Maria 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe chapter presents narrative-theoretical methods for the analysis of the narrativization of the welfare state as shared experience. The focus is on early twenty-first-century narrative environments, particularly on the written forms of social media, journalism, institutional communication and fiction. The methods are derived from theories of narrative complexity, cognitive narratology, master and counter-narratives, narrative agency and viral social media storytelling. The chapter argues for the ultimate untellability of a well-functioning welfare system and shows how this resistance to narrativization fosters counter-narratives of the failure of the system. In the digital era, the most tellable counter-narrative contesting the master narrative of the foolproof welfare system is a viral social media story of personal experience, which is prone to transform into the representative and normative through sharing.
Pre-trained Language Models
Authors: Paaß Gerhard , Giesselbach Sven 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents the main architecture types of attention-based language models, which describe the distribution of tokens in texts: Autoencoders similar to BERT receive an input text and produce a contextual embedding for each token. Autoregressive language models similar to GPT receive a subsequence of tokens as input. They produce a contextual embedding for each token and predict the next token. In this way, all tokens of a text can successively be generated. Transformer Encoder-Decoders have the task to translate an input sequence to another sequence, e.g. for language translation. First they generate a contextual embedding for each input token by an autoencoder. Then these embeddings are used as input to an autoregressive language model, which sequentially generates the output sequence tokens. These models are usually pre-trained on a large general training set and often fine-tuned for a specific task. Therefore, they are collectively called Pre-trained Language Models (PLM). When the number of parameters of these models gets large, they often can be instructed by prompts and are called Foundation Models. In further sections we described details on optimization and regularization methods used for training. Finally, we analyze the uncertainty of model predictions and how predictions may be explained.
Knowledge Acquired by Foundation Models
Authors: Paaß Gerhard , Giesselbach Sven 
Published: May 2023

AbstractDuring pre-training, a Foundation Model is trained on an extensive collection of documents and learns the distribution of words in correct and fluent language. In this chapter, we investigate the knowledge acquired by PLMs and the larger Foundation Models. We first discuss the application of Foundation Models to specific benchmarks to test knowledge in a large number of areas and examine if the models are able to derive correct conclusions from the content. Another group of tests assesses Foundation Models by completing text and by applying specific probing classifiers that consider syntactic knowledge, semantic knowledge, and logical reasoning separately. Finally, we investigate if the benchmarks are reliable and reproducible, i.e. whether they actually test the targeted properties and yield the same performance values when repeated by other researchers.
Framing Green and Blue Infrastructure
Authors: Giudice Benedetta , Novarina Gilles , Voghera Angioletta 
Published: May 2023

AbstractGreen and blue infrastructure (GBI) is increasingly popular in international literature and cultural debates. Indeed, international opinion agrees that GBI is a strategic planning and design tool to face current and upcoming societal challenges. However, goals and practical applications are not fixed and differ based on disciplinary approaches and geographical areas. Thus, the chapter attempts to provide a systematic frame on the current cultural debate on GBI, presenting the diverse contributions deriving from planning and design practices, from vast scale strategies to local projects.
A Multi-Scalar Green Infrastructure Project for the Landscape Enhancement and Regional Regeneration of Media and Alta Valtellina
Authors: Arcidiacono Andrea , Ronchi Silvia , di Martino Viviana , Pristeri Guglielmo 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn the process of updating the Lombardy Region’s territorial and landscape planning tools, the Green Infrastructure has been defined as a strategic landscape infrastructure built based on the interpretation, assessment, and mapping of Ecosystem Services, with the aim of increasing their relative performance and, consequently, their Natural capital. The Regional Green Infrastructure is inspired by the European Commission’s principles, defined as a network of natural, rural, and anthropic landscape elements planned at a strategic level to improve human well-being. The Green Infrastructure design is multi-scale in that it allows both for the analysis of Ecosystem Services using the most appropriate functional and ecological scale and for the formulation of strategies and objectives that can be taken up and systematised by the most appropriate planning and programming tools with respect to the scale of implementation. This paper describes the procedure for downscaling the project contents and design of the Lombardy Region’s Green Infrastructure in the pilot area of Media and Alta Valtellina, as a fragile landscape context subjected to significant planning projects scheduled for the coming years. The Green Infrastructure downscaling procedure also becomes an opportunity to systematise and highlight the synergies among the various strategic and design-related components developed in support of the Lombard landscape planning tools.
NLO quark self-energy and dispersion relation using the hard thermal loop resummation
Authors: Sumit  , Haque Najmul , Patra Binoy Krishna 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Using the hard-thermal-loop (HTL) resummation in real-time formalism, we study the next-to-leading order (NLO) quark self-energy and corresponding NLO dispersion laws. In NLO, we have replaced all the propagators and vertices with the HTL-effective ones in the usual quark self-energy diagram. Additionally, a four-point vertex diagram also contributes to the quark NLO self-energy. We calculate the usual quark self-energy diagram and the four-point vertex diagram separately. Using those, we express the NLO quark self-energy in terms of the three- and four-point HTL-effective vertex functions. Using the Feynman parametrization, we express the integrals containing the three- and four-point HTL effective vertex functions in terms of the solid angles. After completing the solid angle integrals, we numerically calculate the momentum integrals in the NLO quark self-energy and plot them as a function of the ratio of momentum and energy. Using the NLO quark self-energy, we plot the NLO correction to dispersion laws.
Third-family quark-lepton Unification and electroweak precision tests
Authors: Allwicher Lukas , Isidori Gino , Lizana Javier M. , Selimović Nudžeim , Stefanek Ben A. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
We analyze the compatibility of the hypothesis of third-family quark-lepton unification at the TeV scale with electroweak precision data, lepton flavor universality tests, and high-pT constraints. We work within the framework of the UV complete flavor non-universal 4321 gauge model, which is matched at one loop to the Standard Model Effective Field Theory. For consistency, all electroweak precision observables are also computed at one loop within the effective field theory. At tree level, the most sizeable corrections are to W → τντ and Z → ντντ due to integrating out a pseudo-Dirac singlet fermion required by the model for neutrino mass generation. At loop level, the new colored states of the model generate large flavor-universal contributions to the electroweak precision observables via leading- and next-to-leading log running effects, yielding a significant improvement in the electroweak fit (including an increase in the W-boson mass). These effects cannot be decoupled if the model addresses the charged-current B-meson anomalies. Overall, we find good compatibility between the data sets, while simultaneously satisfying all low- and high-energy constraints.
The Loop Momentum Amplituhedron
Authors: Ferro Livia , Łukowski Tomasz 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In this paper we focus on scattering amplitudes in maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory and define a long sought-after geometry, the loop momentum amplituhedron, which we conjecture to encode tree and (the integrands of) loop amplitudes in spinor helicity variables. Motivated by the structure of amplitude singularities, we define an extended positive space, which enhances the Grassmannian space featuring at tree level, and a map which associates to each of its points tree-level kinematic variables and loop momenta. The image of this map is the loop momentum amplituhedron. Importantly, our formulation provides a global definition of the loop momenta. We conjecture that for all multiplicities and helicity sectors, there exists a canonical logarithmic differential form defined on this space, and provide its explicit form in a few examples.
Mental fatigue does not affect static balance under both single and dual task conditions in young adults
Authors: Salihu Abubakar Tijjani , Usman Jibrin Sammani , Hill Keith D. , Zoghi Maryam , Jaberzadeh Shapour 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe ability to control balance and prevent falls while carrying out daily life activities may require a predominantly controlled (cognitive) or automatic processing depending on the balance challenge, age, or other factors. Consequently, this process may be affected by mental fatigue which has been shown to impair cognitive abilities. Controlling static balance in young adults is a relatively easy task that may proceed automatically with minimal cognitive input making it insusceptible to mental fatigue. To investigate this hypothesis, static single and dual task (while concurrently counting backward by seven) balance was assessed in 60 young adults (25.2 ± 2.4 years) before and after 45 min of Stroop task (mental fatigue condition) and watching documentary (control), presented in a randomized counterbalanced order on separate days. Moreover, because mental fatigue can occur due to task underload or overload, participants carried out two different Stroop tasks (i.e., all congruent, and mainly incongruent trials) on separate days in the mental fatigue condition. Results of the study revealed a significantly higher feeling of mental fatigue after the mental fatigue conditions compared to control (p < 0.001). Similarly, the performance on congruent Stroop trials decreases with time indicating objective mental fatigue (p < 0.01). However, there was no difference in balance or concurrent task performance under both single and dual task assessments between the three conditions (p > 0.05) indicating lack of effect of mental fatigue on static balance in this population. Therefore, future studies investigating this phenomenon in occupational or sport settings in similar population should consider using more challenging balance tasks.
Tuberculosis revisted: classic imaging findings in childhood
Authors: Mahomed Nasreen , Kilborn Tracy , Smit Elsabe Jacoba , Chu Winnie Chiu Wing , Young Catherine Yee Man , Koranteng Nonceba , Kasznia-Brown Joanna , Winant Abbey J. , Lee Edward Y. , Sodhi Kushaljit Singh 
Published: May 2023

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) remains one of the major public health threats worldwide, despite improved diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Tuberculosis is one of the main causes of infectious disease in the chest and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality in paediatric populations, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Due to the difficulty in obtaining microbiological confirmation of pulmonary TB in children, diagnosis often relies on a combination of clinical and radiological findings. The early diagnosis of central nervous system TB is challenging with presumptive diagnosis heavily reliant on imaging. Brain infection can present as a diffuse exudative basal leptomeningitis or as localised disease (tuberculoma, abscess, cerebritis). Spinal TB may present as radiculomyelitis, spinal tuberculoma or abscess or epidural phlegmon. Musculoskeletal manifestation accounts for 10% of extrapulmonary presentations but is easily overlooked with its insidious clinical course and non-specific imaging findings. Common musculoskeletal manifestations of TB include spondylitis, arthritis and osteomyelitis, while tenosynovitis and bursitis are less common. Abdominal TB presents with a triad of pain, fever and weight loss. Abdominal TB may occur in various forms, as tuberculous lymphadenopathy or peritoneal, gastrointestinal or visceral TB. Chest radiographs should be performed, as approximately 15% to 25% of children with abdominal TB have concomitant pulmonary infection. Urogenital TB is rare in children. This article will review the classic radiological findings in childhood TB in each of the major systems in order of clinical prevalence, namely chest, central nervous system, spine, musculoskeletal, abdomen and genitourinary system.
Graphical Abstract
Phase 1 study of the pan-RAF inhibitor tovorafenib in patients with advanced solid tumors followed by dose expansion in patients with metastatic melanoma
Authors: Rasco Drew W. , Medina Theresa , Corrie Pippa , Pavlick Anna C. , Middleton Mark R. , Lorigan Paul , Hebert Chris , Plummer Ruth , Larkin James , Agarwala Sanjiv S. , Daud Adil I. , Qiu Jiaheng , Bozon Viviana , Kneissl Michelle , Barry Elly , Olszanski Anthony J. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Purpose
Genomic alterations of BRAF and NRAS are oncogenic drivers in malignant melanoma and other solid tumors. Tovorafenib is an investigational, oral, selective, CNS-penetrant, small molecule, type II pan‑RAF inhibitor. This first-in-human phase 1 study explored the safety and antitumor activity of tovorafenib.

Methods
This two-part study in adult patients with relapsed or refractory advanced solid tumors included a dose escalation phase and a dose expansion phase including molecularly defined cohorts of patients with melanoma. Primary objectives were to evaluate the safety of tovorafenib administered once every other day (Q2D) or once weekly (QW), and to determine the maximum-tolerated and recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) on these schedules. Secondary objectives included evaluation of antitumor activity and tovorafenib pharmacokinetics.

Results
Tovorafenib was administered to 149 patients (Q2D n = 110, QW n = 39). The RP2D of tovorafenib was defined as 200 mg Q2D or 600 mg QW. In the dose expansion phase, 58 (73%) of 80 patients in Q2D cohorts and 9 (47%) of 19 in the QW cohort had grade ≥ 3 adverse events. The most common of these overall were anemia (14 patients, 14%) and maculo-papular rash (8 patients, 8%). Responses were seen in 10 (15%) of 68 evaluable patients in the Q2D expansion phase, including in 8 of 16 (50%) patients with BRAF mutation-positive melanoma naïve to RAF and MEK inhibitors. In the QW dose expansion phase, there were no responses in 17 evaluable patients with NRAS mutation-positive melanoma naïve to RAF and MEK inhibitors; 9 patients (53%) had a best response of stable disease. QW dose administration was associated with minimal accumulation of tovorafenib in systemic circulation in the dose range of 400–800 mg.

Conclusions
The safety profile of both schedules was acceptable, with QW dosing at the RP2D of 600 mg QW preferred for future clinical studies. Antitumor activity of tovorafenib in BRAF-mutated melanoma was promising and justifies continued clinical development across multiple settings.

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier
NCT01425008.
AI-assisted compressed sensing and parallel imaging sequences for MRI of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: comparison of their capabilities in terms of examination time and image quality
Authors: Liu Haibin , Deng Dele , Zeng Weilong , Huang Yingyi , Zheng Chunling , Li Xinyang , Li Hui , Xie Chuanmiao , He Haoqiang , Xu Guixiao 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Objective
To compare examination time and image quality between artificial intelligence (AI)–assisted compressed sensing (ACS) technique and parallel imaging (PI) technique in MRI of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Methods
Sixty-six patients with pathologically confirmed NPC underwent nasopharynx and neck examination using a 3.0-T MRI system. Transverse T2-weighted fast spin-echo (FSE) sequence, transverse T1-weighted FSE sequence, post-contrast transverse T1-weighted FSE sequence, and post-contrast coronal T1-weighted FSE were obtained by both ACS and PI techniques, respectively. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and duration of scanning of both sets of images analyzed by ACS and PI techniques were compared. The images from the ACS and PI techniques were scored for lesion detection, margin sharpness of lesions, artifacts, and overall image quality using the 5-point Likert scale.

Results
The examination time with ACS technique was significantly shorter than that with PI technique (p < 0.0001). The comparison of SNR and CNR showed that ACS technique was significantly superior with PI technique (p < 0.005). Qualitative image analysis showed that the scores of lesion detection, margin sharpness of lesions, artifacts, and overall image quality were higher in the ACS sequences than those in the PI sequences (p < 0.0001). Inter-observer agreement was evaluated for all qualitative indicators for each method, in which the results showed satisfactory-to-excellent agreement (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion
Compared with the PI technique, the ACS technique for MR examination of NPC can not only shorten scanning time but also improve image quality.

Clinical relevance statement
The artificial intelligence (AI)–assisted compressed sensing (ACS) technique shortens examination time for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, while improving the image quality and examination success rate, which will benefit more patients.

Key Points
• Compared with the parallel imaging (PI) technique, the artificial intelligence (AI)–assisted compressed sensing (ACS) technique not only reduced examination time, but also improved image quality.
• Artificial intelligence (AI)–assisted compressed sensing (ACS) pulls the state-of-the-art deep learning technique into the reconstruction procedure and helps find an optimal balance of imaging speed and image quality.