bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scrutiny of genome‐wide somatic mutation profiles in centenarians identifies the key genomic regions for human longevity
Authors: Wang Hao‐Tian , Zhao Long , Yang Li‐Qin , Ge Ming‐Xia , Yang Xing‐Li , Gao Zong‐Liang , Cun Yu‐Peng , Xiao Fu‐Hui , Kong Qing‐Peng 
Published: July 2023

AbstractSomatic mutations accumulate with age and are associated closely with human health, their characterization in longevity cohorts remains largely unknown. Here, by analyzing whole genome somatic mutation profiles in 73 centenarians and 51 younger controls in China, we found that centenarian genomes are characterized by a markedly skewed distribution of somatic mutations, with many genomic regions being specifically conserved but displaying a high function potential. This, together with the observed more efficient DNA repair ability in the long‐lived individuals, supports the existence of key genomic regions for human survival during aging, with their integrity being of essential to human longevity.
Approach–avoidance behavior and motor‐specific modulation towards smoking‐related cues in smokers
Authors: Song Yuyu , Pi Yanling , Tan Xiaoying , Xia Xue , Liu Yu , Zhang Jian 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAimsBy performing three transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) experiments, we measured the motor‐specific modulatory mechanisms in the primary motor cortex (M1) at both the intercortical and intracortical levels when smokers actively approach or avoid smoking‐related cues.Design, Setting and ParticipantsFor all experiments, the design was group (smokers versus non‐smokers) × action (approach versus avoidance) × image type (neutral versus smoking‐related). The study was conducted at the Shanghai University of Sport, CHN, TMS Laboratory. For experiment 1, 30 non‐smokers and 30 smokers; for experiment 2, 16 non‐smokers and 16 smokers; for experiment 3, 16 non‐smokers and 16 smokers.MeasurementsFor all experiments, the reaction times were measured using the smoking stimulus–response compatibility task. While performing the task, single‐pulse TMS was applied to the M1 in experiment 1 to measure the excitability of the corticospinal pathways, and paired‐pulse TMS was applied to the M1 in experiments 2 and 3 to measure the activity of intracortical facilitation (ICF) and short‐interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) circuits, respectively.FindingsSmokers had faster responses when approaching smoking‐related cues (F1,58 = 36.660, P < 0.001,
p2 = 0.387), accompanied by higher excitability of the corticospinal pathways (F1,58 = 10.980, P = 0.002,
p2 = 0.159) and ICF circuits (F1,30 = 22.187, P < 0.001,
p2 = 0.425), while stronger SICI effects were observed when they avoided these cues (F1,30 = 10.672, P = 0.003,
p2 = 0.262).ConclusionsSmokers appear to have shorter reaction times, higher motor‐evoked potentials and stronger intracortical facilitation effects when performing approach responses to smoking‐related cues and longer reaction times, a lower primary motor cortex descending pathway excitability and a stronger short‐interval intracortical inhibition effect when avoiding them.
A randomised controlled trial of prehabilitation in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery
Authors: Akowuah E. F. , Wagnild J. M. , Bardgett M. , Prichard J. G. , Mathias A. , Harrison S. L. , Ogundimu E. O. , Hancock H. C. , Maier R. H. ,   the PREPs Trial investigators
Published: July 2023

SummaryThe feasibility, safety and efficacy of prehabilitation in adult patients awaiting elective cardiac surgery are unknown. A total of 180 participants undergoing elective cardiac surgery were allocated randomly to receive either standard pre‐operative care or prehabilitation, consisting of pre‐operative exercise and inspiratory muscle training. The primary outcome was change in six‐minute walk test distance from baseline to pre‐operative assessment. Secondary outcomes included change in inspiratory muscle strength (maximal inspiratory pressure); sarcopenia (handgrip strength); quality of life and compliance. Safety outcomes were pre‐specified surgical and pulmonary complications and adverse events. All outcomes were assessed at baseline; at pre‐operative assessment; and 6 and 12 weeks following surgery. Mean (SD) age was 64.7 (10.2) years; 33/180 (18%) were women. In total, 65/91 (71.4%) participants who were allocated to prehabilitation attended at least four of eight supervised in‐hospital exercise classes; participants aged > 50 years were more likely than younger participants to attend (odds ratio (95%CI) of 4.6 (1.0–25.1)). Six‐minute walk test was not significantly different between groups (mean difference (95%CI) ‐7.8 m (‐30.6–15.0), p = 0.503) in the intention‐to‐treat analysis. Subgroup analyses based on tests for interaction indicated improvements in six‐minute walk test distance were larger amongst sarcopenic patients in the prehabilitation group (p = 0.004). Change in maximal inspiratory pressure from baseline to all time‐points was significantly greater in the prehabilitation group, with the greatest mean difference (95%CI) observed 12 weeks after surgery (10.6 cmH2O (4.6–16.6) cmH2O, p < 0.001). There were no differences in handgrip strength or quality of life up to 12 weeks after surgery. There was no significant difference in postoperative mortality (one death in each group), surgical or pulmonary complications. Of 71 pre‐operative adverse events, six (8.5%) were related to prehabilitation. The combination of exercise and inspiratory muscle training in a prehabilitation intervention before cardiac surgery was not superior to standard care in improving functional exercise capacity measured by six‐minute walk test distance pre‐operatively. Future trials should target patients living with sarcopenia and include inspiratory muscle strength training.
Experiences of patients enrolled and staff involved in the prehabilitation of elective patients undergoing cardiac surgery trial: a nested qualitative study
Authors: Harrison S. L. , Loughran K. J. , Trevis J. , Witharana P. , Maier R. , Hancock H. , Bardgett M. , Mathias A. , Akowuah E. F. 
Published: July 2023

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to understand the views and experiences of patients enrolled and staff involved in the prehabilitation of elective patients undergoing cardiac surgery trial. This sub‐study was informed by normalisation process theory, a framework for evaluating complex interventions, and used consecutive sampling to recruit patients assigned to both the intervention and control groups. Patients and all staff involved in delivering the trial were invited to participate in focus groups, which were recorded, transcribed verbatim and subjected to reflexive thematic analysis. Five focus groups were held comprising 24 participants in total (nine patients assigned to the prehabilitation; seven assigned to control; and eight staff). Five themes were identified. First, preparedness for surgery reduced fear, where participants described that knowing what to expect from surgery and preparing the body physically increased feelings of control and subsequently reduced apprehension regarding surgery. Second, staff were concerned but trusted in a safe environment, describing how, despite staff's concerns regarding the risks of exercise in this population, the patients felt safe in their care whilst participating in an exercise programme in hospital. Third, rushing for recovery and the curious carer, where patients from both groups wanted to mobilise quickly postoperatively whilst staff visited patients on the ward to observe their recovery progress. Fourth, to survive and thrive postoperatively, reflecting staff and patients' expectations from the trial and what motivated them to participate. Fifth, benefits are diluted by lengthy waiting periods, reflecting the frustration felt by patients waiting for their surgery after completing the intervention and the fear about continuing exercise at home before they had been ‘fixed’. To conclude, functional exercise capacity may not have improved following prehabilitation in people before elective cardiac surgery due to concerns regarding the safety of exercise that may have hindered delivery and receipt of the intervention. Instead, numerous non‐physical benefits were elicited. The information from this qualitative study offers valuable recommendations regarding refining a prehabilitation intervention and conducting a subsequent trial.
Assessment of generalised Bayesian structural equation models for continuous and binary data
Authors: Vamvourellis Konstantinos , Kalogeropoulos Konstantinos , Moustaki Irini 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe paper proposes a novel model assessment paradigm aiming to address shortcoming of posterior predictive ‐values, which provide the default metric of fit for Bayesian structural equation modelling (BSEM). The model framework presented in the paper focuses on the approximate zero approach (Psychological Methods, 17, 2012, 313), which involves formulating certain parameters (such as factor loadings) to be approximately zero through the use of informative priors, instead of explicitly setting them to zero. The introduced model assessment procedure monitors the out‐of‐sample predictive performance of the fitted model, and together with a list of guidelines we provide, one can investigate whether the hypothesised model is supported by the data. We incorporate scoring rules and cross‐validation to supplement existing model assessment metrics for BSEM. The proposed tools can be applied to models for both continuous and binary data. The modelling of categorical and non‐normally distributed continuous data is facilitated with the introduction of an item‐individual random effect. We study the performance of the proposed methodology via simulation experiments as well as real data on the ‘Big‐5’ personality scale and the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence.
Internal audit in microfinance institutions‐ evidence from transitional and developing economies
Authors: Omidiji Abiodun , Redmayne Nives Botica , Ehalaiye Dimu , Gyapong Ernest 
Published: July 2023

AbstractMicrofinance institutions (MFIs) are hybrid organisations that strive to balance business and social goals. This paper examines the determinants of the internal audit (IA) function in MFIs, with particular emphasis on the business goals, specifically efficiency, productivity, regulation and the gross portfolio yield. We also investigate whether the establishment of an IA function is associated with MFI's focus on their social objectives relating to outreach, and women director appointments. Multivariate regression results from 1025 MFIs across 63 countries show that MFIs' focus on their social objectives is related to their propensity to establish an IA function. Thus, outreach and women director appointments are positively related to the establishment of an IA function. Similarly, in terms of the performance emphasis, the gross portfolio yield (inefficiency) increases (decreases) the likelihood of establishing an IA, but productivity and regulation have no effect. The findings suggest that MFIs' dual focus on social and business objectives impacts the establishment of internal audits. The results are robust to various measurements and estimations.
Industrial fisheries have reversed the carbon sequestration by tuna carcasses into emissions
Authors: Mouillot David , Derminon Suzie , Mariani Gaël , Senina Inna , Fromentin Jean‐Marc , Lehodey Patrick , Troussellier Marc 
Published: July 2023

AbstractTo limit climate warming to 2°C above preindustrial levels, most economic sectors will need a rapid transformation toward a net zero emission of CO2. Tuna fisheries is a key food production sector that burns fossil fuel to operate but also reduces the deadfall of large‐bodied fish so the capacity of this natural carbon pump to deep sea. Yet, the carbon balance of tuna populations, so the net difference between CO2 emission due to industrial exploitation and CO2 sequestration by fish deadfall after natural mortality, is still unknown. Here, by considering the dynamics of two main contrasting tuna species (Katsuwonus pelamis and Thunnus obesus) across the Pacific since the 1980s, we show that most tuna populations became CO2 sources instead of remaining natural sinks. Without considering the supply chain, the main factors associated with this shift are exploitation rate, transshipment intensity, fuel consumption, and climate change. Our study urges for a better global ocean stewardship, by curbing subsidies and limiting transshipment in remote international waters, to quickly rebuild most pelagic fish stocks above their target management reference points and reactivate a neglected carbon pump toward the deep sea as an additional Nature Climate Solution in our portfolio. Even if this potential carbon sequestration by surface unit may appear low compared to that of coastal ecosystems or tropical forests, the ocean covers a vast area and the sinking biomass of dead vertebrates can sequester carbon for around 1000 years in the deep sea. We also highlight the multiple co‐benefits and trade‐offs from engaging the industrial fisheries sector with carbon neutrality.
Long‐term forecast of thermal mortality with climate warming in riverine amphipods
Authors: Verberk Wilco C. E. P. , Hoefnagel K. Natan , Peralta‐Maraver Ignacio , Floury Mathieu , Rezende Enrico L. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractForecasting long‐term consequences of global warming requires knowledge on thermal mortality and how heat stress interacts with other environmental stressors on different timescales. Here, we describe a flexible analytical framework to forecast mortality risks by combining laboratory measurements on tolerance and field temperature records. Our framework incorporates physiological acclimation effects, temporal scale differences and the ecological reality of fluctuations in temperature, and other factors such as oxygen. As a proof of concept, we investigated the heat tolerance of amphipods Dikerogammarus villosus and Echinogammarus trichiatus in the river Waal, the Netherlands. These organisms were acclimated to different temperatures and oxygen levels. By integrating experimental data with high‐resolution field data, we derived the daily heat mortality probabilities for each species under different oxygen levels, considering current temperatures as well as 1 and 2°C warming scenarios. By expressing heat stress as a mortality probability rather than a upper critical temperature, these can be used to calculate cumulative annual mortality, allowing the scaling up from individuals to populations. Our findings indicate a substantial increase in annual mortality over the coming decades, driven by projected increases in summer temperatures. Thermal acclimation and adequate oxygenation improved heat tolerance and their effects were magnified on longer timescales. Consequently, acclimation effects appear to be more effective than previously recognized and crucial for persistence under current temperatures. However, even in the best‐case scenario, mortality of D. villosus is expected to approach 100% by 2100, while E. trichiatus appears to be less vulnerable with mortality increasing to 60%. Similarly, mortality risks vary spatially: In southern, warmer rivers, riverine animals will need to shift from the main channel toward the cooler head waters to avoid thermal mortality. Overall, this framework generates high‐resolution forecasts on how rising temperatures, in combination with other environmental stressors such as hypoxia, impact ecological communities.
Property investment and the making of the ambivalent elective Polish diaspora in Israel
Authors: Shmuel Irit , Cohen Nir , Bielewska Agnieszka , Zaban Hila 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe article explores investment decisions made by Israelis who purchased or intended to purchase a residential property in Poland. Specifically, it focuses on their set of motivations to invest there and the extent to which their ethno‐national or other types of affinity with the country played a role in their decision. Drawing on interviews with (Jewish) Israeli citizens, we argue that their Choice to invest in Poland was not only financial but influenced also by strong emotional connections to the country, a combination we term ‘sentrumental’ (instrumental and sentimental). We contend that the decision of Israeli Jews to buy property in Poland, against the historical backdrop of the traumatic experience of Jews there, is highly contentious. Analyzing the discursive strategies they use to explain, indeed justify, their unorthodox decision, we show how their emotional ties to Poland often conflict with its controversial history and their own personal identities. It is this conflict, we conclude, that makes Israeli Jews with various biographical ties to Poland an inherently ambivalent elective diaspora.
VALIDITY NOW
Authors: MARCHAND SUZANNE 
Published: July 2023

ABSTRACTThis review essay offers an extended analysis of Martin Jay's Genesis and Validity: The Theory and Practice of Intellectual History, highlighting Jay's emphasis on the need for intellectual historians to address the question of the present‐day validity of ideas. In this volume of essays on twentieth‐century philosophy and historiography, Jay contends that the perennial tension between historicism and truth value is integral to intellectual history; however, it is establishing the latter that is the most crucial, and perhaps most difficult, part of our practice. In thirteen separate but related pieces, Jay explores subjects such as the common ground shared by Quentin Skinner and Hayden White, the “styles” of thought represented by Walter Benjamin and Isaiah Berlin, and recent French theories of the historical sublime and the “advent” of ideas. This review essay discusses these pieces and compares Jay's essay on historical truthfulness to ancient rhetorical discussions of the many forms of lying about history. Its final section deals with the ways in which insights from the history of science might help us to connect genesis and validity by examining the practices of idea‐ or knowledge‐making, and it argues that validity is also, and perhaps most importantly, something we need to embrace in our roles as teachers. What makes ideas valid is the next generation of thinkers, and to make wise and well‐informed life choices, they need to have a full range of older and newer ideas about the human condition from which to choose.
Dental hygienists and dentists as providers of brush biopsies for oral mucosa screening
Authors: Edman Kristina , Stark Christina Runow , Basic Vladimir , Lindblad Joakim , Hirsch Jan‐Michaél 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBackgroundOral cancer is a severe and potentially fatal disease usually starting in the squamous epithelium lining the oral cavity. Together with oropharyngeal carcinoma, it is the fifth to sixth most common malignancy worldwide. To limit the increase in the global oral cancer incidence over the past two decades, the World Health Assembly adopted a resolution urging member states to integrate preventive measures such as engagement and training of dental personnel in screening, early diagnosis, and treatment into their national cancer control programs.AimThe aim of this study was to investigate if dental hygienists (DHs) and dentists (Ds) in general dental practice care can be entrusted to perform brush sampling of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), and to evaluate their level of comfort in performing brush biopsies.MethodsParticipants were five DHs and five Ds who received one day of theoretical and clinical training in oral pathology to identify OPMDs (leukoplakia [LP], erythroplakia [EP], and oral lichen planus [OLP]), and perform brush sampling for PAP cytology and high‐risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) analysis.ResultsOut of 222 collected samples, 215 were adequate for morphological assessment and hrHPV analysis. All the participants agreed that sample collection can be incorporated in DHs and Ds routine clinical duties, and most of them reported that sample collection and processing was easy/quite easy.ConclusionDentists and DHs are capable of collecting satisfactory material for cytology and hrHPV analysis. All the participating DHs and Ds were of the opinion that brush sampling could be handled routinely by DHs and Ds in GDP.
Heterogeneity of T cells in periapical lesions and in vitro validation of the proangiogenic effect of GZMA on HUVECs
Authors: Lin Xinwei , Lv Xiaomin , Li Baoyu , Meng Qingzhen , Lai Hongbin , Gong Qimei , Tong Zhongchun 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAimT cells are key immunomodulatory cells in periapical lesions. This study aimed to explore the roles of T cells in chronic apical periodontitis (CAP) using single‐cell RNA sequencing and to further investigate Granzyme A (GZMA) in angiogenesis regulation.MethodologyA total of five CAP samples were collected for single‐cell RNA sequencing. We performed subcluster and lineage‐tracing analyses for T cells. According to differential gene expression, distinct biological functions enriched in T cells of CAP were presented by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and compared with healthy gingiva (data obtained from the GEO database). CellChat was used to explore potential ligand–receptor interactions between T cells and endothelial cells in CAP. The coculture of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and Jurkat T cells, as well as the addition of GZMA recombinant protein, was used to validate the predicted pair of GZMA and coagulation factor II thrombin receptor (F2R) by RT‐PCR, angiogenesis and migration assays.ResultsA transcriptomic atlas of 44 746 individual cells was constructed from the periapical lesions of five patients with CAP by single‐cell RNA‐seq, and eight cell types were identified. We identified nine subsets of T cells and deciphered the cellular heterogeneity of T cells in CAP at the functional level by subclustering and GSEA. Lineage tracing revealed a distinct lineage of T cells in CAP and predicted the transition of the T cellular state upon CAP. GSEA revealed multiple biological processes and relevant angiogenesis genes upregulated in CAP T cells. GZMA‐F2R pairs were predicted by cell–cell interactions in CAP. High expression of GZMA and F2R was observed in the coculture of HUVECs and Jurkat T cells, and the proangiogenic capacity of the GZMA recombinant protein was emphasized by in vitro experiments.ConclusionsOur study provides novel insights into the heterogeneity of T cells in periapical lesions and reveals the potential role of GZMA in T cells in regulating angiogenesis in HUVECs.