bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polysynthetic words
Authors: Johns Alana 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter is an overview of some current issues of polysynthetic words from a morpho-syntactic perspective in Generative Grammar. The central idea explored is that polysynthetic languages are characterized by lack of ‘bundling’ (Harley 2017), which results in a higher ratio of minimal functional morphemes than seen in more bundling languages like English (see Mattissen 2004; 2017 for a related perspective). The polysynthetic word is constructed in the syntax (Halle and Marantz 1993) and a post-syntactic process amalgamates the functional morphemes into a single domain or word (Compton and Pittman 2010; Harizanov and Gribanova 2018 inter alia). It is proposed that minimal features are by default attached like clitics. The role of morphophonological representations in affixation in Inuttitut is briefly discussed. This chapter also looks at some historical evidence for change in languages from phrases to polysynthetic words.
Prominence in Muskogean languages
Authors: Gordon Matthew K. , Martin Jack B. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractMuskogean languages are known for their highly agglutinative morphological structure and diverse prosodic features that interact in interesting and complex ways with the morphology. Muskogean languages are prosodically most famous for their morphological use of tone to convey verbal aspect and for their iambic metrical structure, which has different phonetic exponents depending on the language. Both prosodic structure and aspectual tone are sensitive to morphological structure in ways that suggest an intricate and to a large extent language-specific mapping between morphology and prosody. Beyond aspectual tone and metrical structure, variation is also observed in how Muskogean languages employ other prosodic systems involving tone, stress, and intonation. Comparison of morphological systems in the family provides insight into how prosodic divergence may be rooted in diachronic developments.
Word Prominence in Languages of Southern Asia
Authors: Hildebrandt Kristine , Anderson Gregory D. S. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, we survey what we term ‘prominence at the word-level’ in the languages of greater South and Southeast Asia that demonstrate polysynthesis, specifically languages belonging to the Tibeto-Burman and Austroasiatic phyla. We show that despite assumptions to the contrary, ‘polysynthesis’ is commonly observed in languages of South Asia, particularly those belonging to the Tibeto-Burman and Austroasiatic (Munda) families. Word-level accent and prominence may be a prominent feature of Munda languages, but the phonetic and word-prosodic details are still debated and in need of further research and verification. It is not clear how prosodic words differ from grammatical words in the languages phonologically, whether the data described for the Munda languages to date actually reflects word-level, reference other prosodic domains (various phrasal levels or utterance-level phenomena), or may rather be due to information structure uses of pitch, for example, for focus. In Tibeto-Burman, stress is a less salient indicator of word-level prominence, but tonal and segmental patterns tend to illuminate either initial or final prominence at the word-level, following a roughly west-east geographic split.
Introduction
Authors: Weber Samuel 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s major themes. The first subsection offers an overview of Spanish and Italian historiography on the period of Spanish rule in Italy. Although historians have stressed the significance of patron-client networks between the Spanish Habsburgs and Italian nobles in the early modern period, surprisingly little is known about how these networks were perceived by their beneficiaries. The second subsection uses work on early modern patronage, corruption, symbolic politics, and Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of misrecognition to develop a methodology that allows historians to capture how the Spanish kings’ Italian clients negotiated their entanglement with the crown and its ethical implications. This section also introduces the protagonists of this case study, the Borromeos of the Angera branch, and discusses the unique set of sources used to challenge the Borromeos’ image as selfless paternalists. A final section provides an overview of the book’s narrative arc, detailing how each chapter advances its argument.
Prologue
Authors: Weber Samuel 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Prologue provides background information on the Borromeo family history that is vital for understanding the significance of the story told in this book. The first part focuses on the sixteenth century when the Borromeos controlled the Milanese church and sought to use its institutions to affirm themselves as an alternative center of power in the face of Spain’s conquest of Italy. The latter half of the Prologue shows how two archbishops of the house came to terms with Spain’s hegemony in Italy from the 1580s forward. Fearing they would soon be cut out of the patronage market in Spain, the Borromeos changed tack, seeking to integrate their house into the emerging patron-client networks of Spain’s first minister-favorite, the Duke of Lerma, at the dawn of the seventeenth century. Thus, the archbishops laid the foundations for the family’s integration into the crown’s networks, which took off in the 1620s.
Olivaristas on the Make
Authors: Weber Samuel 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Borromeos’ rapprochement with the government of the Count-Duke of Olivares in the 1620s. The first part focuses on Giulio Cesare Borromeo, who took advantage of the lively patronage market in Madrid to establish himself as a feudatory. The main source discussed is the correspondence between the Borromeos and their agent charged with negotiating the sale of the fief of Angera in Madrid, which reveals the gap between the rhetoric of clean government and widespread administrative malpractice, familiarizing the reader with a tension that would overshadow the Borromeos’ ascent. The chapter closes with an analysis of a first attempt to mitigate the family’s entanglement by looking at a treatise Federico Borromeo Sr. wrote in honor of Olivares. Using Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of misrecognition, it is argued that the book is the first attempt at overcoming the contradiction between a formal commitment to the common good and a dangerously deepening dependence on Spanish patronage.
“A Faithful Vassal of His Majesty”
Authors: Weber Samuel 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter shifts focus from Giovanni to his younger brother, Federico Jr., and shows how he addressed the contradiction between patronage and the commonwealth that had spelled Giovanni’s downfall. The chapter opens with a discussion of Federico’s early education as a future cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, preparing him for the post-dynastic politics that the fall of favoritism in Spain had ushered in. The following section focuses on how Federico benefited from a parallel shift away from nepotism in the papal court to reinvent himself as a loyal public servant. Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of “disinterestedness” is used to make sense of this new conception of public service. The chapter ends with a discussion of Federico’s 10-year stint as a nuncio in the Swiss Confederacy, revealing how he used this appointment to advance a pro-Spanish agenda and so position himself as a reliable client of the crown.
Moral Panics and the Restoration of Consensus
Authors: Weber Samuel 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses Federico Borromeo Jr.’s work for the Congregation of Ecclesiastical Immunity in the later seventeenth-century papal court. Jurisdictional conflicts between the Spanish monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church persisted throughout the period of Spanish rule in Italy. What changed over time was the Borromeos’ attitude to them. In the sixteenth century, the two Borromeo archbishops had exploited these conflicts to weaken Spain’s position in Milan. In light of the seventeenth-century rapprochement with the monarchy, Federico worked tirelessly to end the jurisdictional strife and prove his loyalty to Spain. He focused on the thorny issue of ecclesiastical asylum. This chapter uses Stuart Hall’s seminal work to read Federico’s campaign against priests who helped criminals hide in churches as a “moral panic” engineered to position himself advantageously as upholding the law. Thus, he sought to convince a Milanese public and the Spanish court of the family’s commitment to a well-ordered society with powerful monarchical institutions.
Dissimulation and Subterfuge
Authors: Weber Samuel 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Federico Borromeo Jr.’s stint as nuncio in Madrid and secretary of state in the papal court in the late seventeenth century. This period was overshadowed by the regency of Queen Mariana and the debate over her confessor, Johann Eberhard von Nithard, who was evicted from Spain. This chapter reveals how Borromeo acted as a leading broker in Nithard’s eviction and subsequent promotion to the cardinalate, arguing that his operation through privy correspondence was indicative of his role as a servant of the dominant faction in the Madrid court. Federico used his public offices to advance causes of potential patrons, hoping to be rewarded. This modus operandi led to a creation of secret channels within institutions officially committed to the defense of the common good. Federico Borromeo was thus able to outwardly overcome the contradiction between factional interests and the common good that had plagued his brother Giovanni.
Accountability to God
Authors: Torrance Andrew B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This book proposes, develops, and analyses two concepts of accountability, as a condition and a virtue. The book also engineers these concepts to make them particularly apt for thinking about (1) accountability to God and (2) other relationships of accountability that exist under God. The conceptual work is primarily undertaken in the first part of the book, where a theological and a general case is built for the book’s particular view of accountability. The second part engages in the constructive work of developing a theology of accountability in relation to the doctrines of the Trinity, participation in Christ, the Fall, the fear of God, reconciliation, baptism, repentance, faith, and conversion. Over the course of the book, there is interaction with a number of major theologians, such as the apostle Paul, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, and Karl Barth, and also extensive engagement with contemporary work in analytic philosophy, systematic theology (including analytic theology), biblical studies, and psychology. By bringing a diverse range of scholarship into discussion, this book is not only the first book to focus specifically on what it means to be accountable to God, but its originality is also reflected in the new conversations it creates on a range of issues that are central to the task of theology.
The Virtue of Accountability
Authors: Torrance Andrew B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers an analysis of the concept of ‘accountability’ as a virtue that characterizes those who embrace the condition of accountability (as defined in Chapter 1). It opens by proposing a theological basis for thinking about accountability as a virtue. The rest of the chapter is then divided up into two sections. The first section focuses on the relational nature of the virtue of accountability and asks what it means to consider accountability as a relational virtue. The second section offers a comparison between the virtue of accountability and Thomas Aquinas’s virtue of obedience. It is argued that embracing the Thomistic virtue of obedience is more likely to expose persons to paternalistic or authoritarian relationships than embracing the virtue of accountability.
Slavery—Accountability or Exploitation?
Authors: Torrance Andrew B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to develop an account of relationships of accountability that help to prevent them from being confused with relationships of exploitation. The chapter begins by considering how two of this book’s key interlocutors, the apostle Paul and Thomas Aquinas, could accept narratives that gave legitimacy to the authority of masters over enslaved persons. In response, it is explained why slavery does not meet this book’s criteria for accountability. Yet it is also recognized that it can be difficult to judge whether a relationship is one of accountability or of exploitation. This is because it is easy to disguise exploitation as accountability by spinning false narratives. To address such deception, it is proposed that practical wisdom, grounded in a true narrative, is crucial for making good judgements about authority. Finally, this chapter engages in some conceptual analysis of the distinction between accountability and exploitation.
Free Trade Agreements
Authors: Seshadri V. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
India did not sign any new FTA for almost a decade since 2011. Its past FTAs were only with countries in East and South East Asia and South Asia. Some of these FTAs were also not seen as delivering commensurate benefits to India. The book analyses possible reasons for this situation. India also pulled out of RCEP negotiations. However, fresh momentum has now been injected with the conclusion of a comprehensive FTA with the UAE and an interim deal with Australia. Negotiations are also underway with several others including the United Kingdom, the European Union, Canada, GCC, and Israel among others. In this context, and keeping in view the overall global FTA scene, the book suggests possible ways forward both in respect of the ongoing negotiations as well as in respect of effectively monitoring and implementing FTAs already concluded and those that will be done in future.
The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
Authors: Seshadri V. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), though a somewhat truncated TPP, is a recent mega-regional FTA of a fairly high standard. It has a membership of all the original 11 countries from the Asia Pacific region that participated in the TPP negotiations, except the United States which withdrew from it. A few more economies like the United Kingdom, China, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Taiwan have also applied subsequently expressing interest to join. This chapter traces the agreement’s evolution and its making. It then goes on to examine the various provisions on market access and rules for trade in goods, commitments on trade in services and investment, regulatory and behind-the-border issues and institutional and dispute provisions. The agreement has several additional features in a WTO plus or a WTO extra manner. These have been brought out along with the provisions in TPP that have been suspended in CPTPP that had been originally included mainly at the behest of the United States.
The Priest and the Magistrate
Authors: Scheid John 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explicates the divisions of power between priests and magistrates, which are either determined by Roman tradition or Greek thought. It highlights the Roman public law reproduced by the hierarchy: Publicum ius in sacris, in sacerdotibus, in magistratibus consistit. Cicero outlined two types of legislation for the main aspects of power, religious laws, and laws concerning magistrates in line with the legitimately hierarchical order that corresponds to Ulpian. The chapter then considers the military immunity and privileges of priests, and how magistrates could also participate in the practice of public religion. Additionally, it recognizes the difference of recruitment for priests and magistrates.
Not the One nor the Many; A Pragmatic Approach to Religious Behaviour in a Polytheistic Society
Authors: Bendlin Andreas 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Rome as a complex polytheistic system. It explains how Rome became a place wherein all divinities come together to receive worship from various ethnic groups and individual civitates. However, Roman authors tend to paint the city as a city of migrants. Latin literature thematises fears of religious infiltrations due to the uncontrolled immigration of innumerable foreign gods and the proliferation of superstitiones. According to Cicero?s political and forensic speeches, the selection of gods depended on varying contexts such as political communication. The chapter then looks into the normalcy of religious pluralism due to the polytheistic system of ancient Rome. It also considers polytheism and monotheism as inventions of early modern religious taxonomy.
Rites and Practices of Warfare in Italy between Romans and Samnites
Authors: Cazanove Olivier de 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers rites and practices and procedures around the practice of war in Italy amidst the 5th–3rd centuries BC. It explains how war and weaponry became a common language and culture widely shared in codes and techniques. Romans and Samnites do not carry the same significance of rites and practices of war, but they do have a shared custom of going under the yoke in line with the defeat at the Caudine Forks. The chapter also looks into Livy’s discussion regarding the praetorium being the centre of the camp by referencing the recruitment of the Samnite Legio Linteata and the Roman encampment. It highlights that the military camp and its general area had a religious aspect or a place of worship.
The Ritual of Centuriation
Authors: Gargola Daniel J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explicates how surveying is regarded as a rite. It considers the surveying techniques of Frontinus and Hyginus Gromatics from their collection Corpus Agrimensorum Romanorum. Frontinus and Hyginus Gromaticus started with the description of centuriation’s origins and virtues. Centuriation had been primarily developed and deployed in the colonies and viritane assignments that accompanied Roman expansion. The chapter elucidates the process of surveyors in centuriating a field, while also acknowledging that other scholars correlated centuriation and Roman augury. It then looks into the correlation between antiquarianism and administration that has been found within Roman works on public and sacred law.
Cicero and Divination
Authors: Beard Mary 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles how Cicero translated De Divinatione into Latin and Roman rhetorical modes. It notes the Roman elite’s scepticism over divination, augury, prodigies, and haruspicy, while the works of Cicero appeared to contradict scepticism on its validation. In De Legibus, Cicero showed his support for traditional Roman religious practices while referencing tenets of the state religion. In the late Republic, Rome was known to be the site of philosophical activity and Cicero was famous for fully integrating Hellenizing philosophy with traditional Roman practice. The chapter explores the philosophies prior to the prominence of Cicero. It also points out that Cicero’s theological works could be best understood in the context of cultural integration.
Expert Power and the Classification of Human Difference
Authors: Navon Daniel 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses experts’ far-reaching power to classify things—particularly humans—and how that power is strongest when expert categories seem objective and timeless. First, it outlines three pillars for a sociology of classification: (a) seminal work interrogating the social origins of expert classification systems; (b) the “performative” power of categories to remake the world in their image; (c) the dynamic way classifying people actually changes them, but also creates “looping effects” that can transform the categories themselves. It goes on to review existing scholarship on diagnosis, medicalization, and psychiatry, as well as the classification of race, ethnicity, nationalism, status, -etc. Finally, it confronts long-standing efforts to use genetics and biology to classify mental illness and developmental difference, as well as race and ethnicity. By way of conclusion, it argues that biology will never resolve the immense challenges or dangers inherent in human classification, but it will initiate unpredictable new cycles of performativity and looping.
Vaccine-hesitant people misperceive the social norm of vaccination
Authors: Vriens Eva , Tummolini Luca , Andrighetto Giulia 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Vaccine hesitancy is one of the main threats to global health, as became clear once more during the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccination campaigns could benefit from appeals to social norms to promote vaccination, but without awareness of the social norm in place any intervention relying on social norms may backfire. We present a two-step approach of social norm diagnosis and intervention that identifies both whether a vaccination norm exists or develops over time and corrects misperceptions. In two studies (N=887 and N=412) conducted in Rome, Italy from June to August 2021 (during the first COVID-19 vaccination campaign), we show that vaccine-hesitant people strongly underestimated vaccine acceptance rates for COVID-19 despite increases in region-wide vaccination rates. This suggests a false consensus bias on the social norm of vaccination. We presented a subgroup of vaccine-hesitant people with the accurate vaccine acceptance rates (both planned uptake and vaccine approval) and tested if this social information would lower their vaccine hesitancy. We do not find clear effects, most likely because of the introduction of the COVID-19 health certificate (the “green pass”) that was implemented during our data collection. The green pass reduced both misperceptions in the social norm and vaccine hesitancy, thus undermining our treatment effect. We conclude that to alleviate misperceptions on the social norm of vaccination in early stages of the vaccination campaign governments and media should report not just the current vaccination rate, but also about vaccination intentions and approval.
Movable but unavoidable nodal lines through high-symmetry points in 2D materials
Authors: Damljanović Vladimir 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In 2D materials, electronic band contacts often make a non-trivial contribution to a material’s topological properties. Besides band contacts at high-symmetry points (HSPs) in the Brillouin zone (BZ), like those in graphene, there are nodal lines that form various patterns in the reciprocal space. In this paper we have found all movable nodal lines, whose shape depends on the model, that pass through HSPs in the presence of time-reversal symmetry. Cases with and without spin–orbit coupling are included by studying all 80 layer groups and their double extensions. Eight single and six double groups, including three symmorphic, necessarily host Dirac and Weyl nodal lines that extend through the whole BZ, respectively. Our research might be of interest in designing new materials with interesting physical properties.