bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From soil to plant: strengthening carrot defenses against Meloidogyne incognita with vermicompost and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi biofertilizers
Authors: Ahamad Lukman , Bhat Aashaq Hussain , Kumar Harendra , Rana Aasha , Hasan Md. Nurul , Ahmed Ishtiaq , Ahmed Shakoor , Machado Ricardo A. R. , Ameen Fuad 
Published: June 2023

IntroductionSustainable agricultural practices for controlling crop pests are urgently needed to reduce the reliance on chemical pesticides, which have long-term detrimental effects on ecosystems. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and vermicompost (Vc) supplementation, alone and in combination, in mitigating the negative impacts ofMeloidogyne incognitainfestation on carrot (Daucus carotaL.) growth, development, and physiology.MethodsWe measured different plant growth parameters such as plant height and biomass accumulation, several plant physiological parameters such as the levels of photosynthetic pigments, phenolics, and the activity of defense enzymes such as peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases, and evaluated the severity ofMeloidogyne incognitanematode infestation on plants treated or not treated with vermicompost (Vc) and/or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF).ResultsOur findings show thatM. incognitasignificantly affects plant growth, biomass accumulation, and photosynthetic pigment and carotenoid content. The incorporation of Vc and AMF into the soil, either individually or in combination, significantly alleviates the negative effects of nematode infestation on carrot plants. This was accompanied by the induction of phenolic compounds and defense enzymes such as peroxidases (+15.65%) and polyphenol oxidases (29.78%), and by a reduction in the severity of nematode infestation on Vc and AMF-treated plants compared to nematode-infested plants. Principal component analysis (PCA) shows significant correlations between various of the studied parameters. In particular, we observed negative correlations between the application of AMF and Vc alone and in combination and disease severity, and positive correlations between plant growth, photosynthetic pigments phenol content, and activity of defense enzymes.DiscussionOur study highlights the relevance of cultural practices and beneficial microorganisms for the sustainable and environmentally friendly management of agricultural pests.
Quantitative assessment of the choroidal vasculature in myopic macular degeneration with optical coherence tomographic angiography
Authors: Dan Yee Shan , Cheong Kai Xiong , Lim Shen Yi , Wong Qiu Ying , Chong Rachel S. , Wong Chee Wai , Hoang Quan V. 
Published: June 2023

BackgroundTo assess and compare choroidal morphometric vascular parameters, using optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCTA), in highly myopic adults with and without myopic macular degeneration (MMD).MethodsThis is a clinic-based observational study of 148 eyes with axial length (AL) ≥25mm, enrolled from the high myopia clinic of the Singapore National Eye Centre. MMD was graded from fundus photographs. Swept source OCT (SS-OCT) and OCTA were performed and assessed for choroidal layer thickness (CT) and choroidal vasculature (choroidal vessel density (CVD), choroidal branch area (CBA) and mean choroidal vessel width (MCVW)) in the different choroidal layers (overall choroidal layer (CL), medium-vessel choroidal layer (MVCL), large-vessel choroidal layer (LVCL)).ResultsCTCL (r=-0.58, p&lt;0.001), CTMVCL (r=-0.22, p=0.04), MCVWCL (r=-0.58, p&lt;0.001), and CVDCL (r=-0.19, p=0.02) were negatively correlated with AL, while CBACL (r=0.61, p&lt;0.001) was positively correlated. Compared to eyes with no MMD, eyes with MMD2 had lower CTCL (120.37±47.18µm vs 218.33±92.70µm, p&lt;0.001), CTMVCL (70.57±15.28µm vs 85.32±23.71µm, p=0.04), CTLVCL (101.65±25.36µm vs 154.55±68.41µm, p=0.001) and greater CVDCL (71.10±3.97% vs 66.97±3.63%, p&lt;0.001), CVDMVCL (66.96±2.35% vs 65.06±2.69%, p=0.002), CVDLVCL (68.36±2.56% vs 66.58±2.88%, p=0.012), MCVWMVCL (6.14±0.34µm vs 5.90±0.35µm, p=0.007), and CBACL (12.69±1.38% vs 11.34±1.18%, p&lt;0.001). After adjusting for age, thicker CTCL (odds ratio (OR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97-0.99, p&lt;0.001), CTMVCL (OR 0.97 (0.94-0.99), p=0.002) and CTLVCL (OR 0.97 (0.96-0.98, p&lt;0.001) were significantly associated with lower odds of MMD2, while increased CVDCL (OR 1.37 (1.20-1.55), p&lt;0.001), CVDMVCL (OR 1.39 (1.12-1.73), p=0.003), CVDLVCL (OR 1.31 (1.07-1.60), p=0.009), CBACL (OR 2.19 (1.55-3.08), p&lt;0.001) and MCVWMVCL (OR 6.97 (1.59-30.51), p=0.01) was significantly associated with higher odds of MMD2.ConclusionDecrease in choroidal vessel width, density and thickness, and an increase in vascular branching were observed in eyes with long AL. A thinner and denser choroid with greater branching area and vessel width, which may all be signs of hypoxia, were associated with greater odds of MMD2.
Rapid response events with multiple triggers are associated with poor outcomes in children
Authors: Kritz Erin M. , Thomas Jenilea K. , Alawa Nawara S. , Hadad Elit B. , Guffey Danielle M. , Bavare Aarti C. 
Published: June 2023

ObjectiveWe describe the characteristics and outcomes of pediatric rapid response team (RRT) events within a single institution, categorized by reason for RRT activation (RRT triggers). We hypothesized that events with multiple triggers are associated with worse outcomes.Patients and MethodsRetrospective 3-year study at a high-volume tertiary academic pediatric hospital. We included all patients with index RRT events during the study period.ResultsAssociation of patient and RRT event characteristics with outcomes including transfers to ICU, need for advanced cardiopulmonary support, ICU and hospital length of stay (LOS), and mortality were studied. We reviewed 2,267 RRT events from 2,088 patients. Most (59%) were males with a median age of 2 years and 57% had complex chronic conditions. RRT triggers were: respiratory (36%) and multiple (35%). Transfer to the ICU occurred after 1,468 events (70%). Median hospital and ICU LOS were 11 and 1 days. Need for advanced cardiopulmonary support was noted in 291 events (14%). Overall mortality was 85 (4.1%), with 61 (2.9%) of patients having cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA). Multiple RRT trigger events were associated with transfer to the ICU (559 events; OR 1.48; p &lt; 0.001), need for advanced cardiopulmonary support (134 events; OR 1.68; p &lt; 0.001), CPA (34 events; OR 2.36; p = 0.001), and longer ICU LOS (2 vs. 1 days; p &lt; 0.001). All categories of triggers have lower odds of need for advanced cardiopulmonary support than multiple triggers (OR 1.73; p &lt; 0.001).ConclusionsRRT events with multiple triggers were associated with cardiopulmonary arrest, transfer to ICU, need for cardiopulmonary support, and longer ICU LOS. Knowledge of these associations can guide clinical decisions, care planning, and resource allocation.
Effectiveness and safety of anti-BCMA chimeric antigen receptor T-cell treatment in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of prospective clinical trials
Authors: Hu Dingyuan , Chen Liming , Yan Diqin , Dong Wenliang , Chen Min , Niu Suping , Wang Simin , Zhang Jiaojiao , Nie Xiaoyan , Fang Yi 
Published: June 2023

Background: Chimeric antigen receptor T cells treatment targeting B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is an emerging treatment option for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) and has demonstrated outstanding outcomes in clinical studies.Objective: The aim of this comprehensive review and meta-analysis was to summarize the effectiveness and safety of anti-BCMA CAR-T treatment for patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). Our research identifies variables influencing outcome measures to provide additional evidence for CAR-T product updates, clinical trial design, and clinical treatment guidance.Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standard was followed for conducting this comprehensive review and meta-analysis, which was submitted to PROSPERO (CRD42023390037). From the inception of the study until 10 September 2022, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, and WanFang databases were searched for eligible studies. Stata software (version 16.0) was used to assess effectiveness and safety outcomes.Results: Out of 875 papers, we found 21 relevant trials with 761 patients diagnosed as RRMM and were given anti-BCMA CAR-T treatment. The overall response rate (ORR) for the entire sample was 87% (95% CI: 80–93%) complete response rate (CRR) was 44% (95% CI: 34–54%). The minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity rate within responders was 78% (95% CI: 65–89%). The combined incidence of cytokine release syndrome was 82% (95% CI: 72–91%) and neurotoxicity was 10% (95% CI: 5%–17%). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 8.77 months (95% CI: 7.48–10.06), the median overall survival (OS) was 18.87 months (95% CI: 17.20–20.54) and the median duration of response (DOR) was 10.32 months (95% CI: 9.34–11.31).Conclusion: According to this meta-analysis, RRMM patients who received anti-BCMA CAR-T treatment have demonstrated both effectiveness and safety. Subgroup analysis confirmed the anticipated inter-study heterogeneity and pinpointed potential factors contributing to safety and efficacy, which may help with the development of CAR-T cell studies and lead to optimized BCMA CAR-T-cell products.Systematic Review Registration:Clinicaltrials.gov, PROSPERO, CRD42023390037.
High repetition-rate photoinjector laser system for S3FEL
Authors: Zhang Baichao , Li Xiaoshen , Liu Qi , Zhu Zexiu , Zhang Weiqing , He Zhigang , Liu Wei , Wu Guorong , Yang Xueming 
Published: June 2023

The photoinjector laser system of Shenzhen Superconducting Soft X-Ray Free Electron Laser (S3FEL) is reported in this paper. This laser system operates at up to 1 MHz and produces more than 50 μJ infrared (IR) laser pulses. With a customized fourth harmonic generation (FHG) module, more than 2 μJ ultraviolet (UV) laser pulses were obtained. The power standard deviations of the IR laser and the UV laser are 0.093% and 0.395% respectively. While the pulse energy standard deviations are 1.087% and 1.746% correspondingly. We implemented the pulse stacking scheme to generate flat-top pulses. With four birefringent uniaxial crystals, the Gaussian pulses were converted to flat-top shape, featuring 10 ps pulse width and 0.5 ps rising and falling edges. A cut-Gaussian transverse profile with very sharp rising and falling edges can be produced after the spatial pulse shaper.
Combined analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics on the cumulative effect of nano-titanium dioxide on mulberry seedlings
Authors: Yu Dongliang , Lu Qingyu , Wei Yuting , Hou Di , Yin Xingcan , Cai Kunpei , Qiu Changyu , Xu Kaizun 
Published: June 2023

IntroductionTitanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are among the most widely used inorganic nanomaterials in industry, medicine and food additives. There are increasing concerns regarding their potential risks to plants and the environment. Mulberry trees are widely grown in China due to their high survival rate and ability to aid ecological recovery.MethodsHerein, the effects of TiO2 NPs with different concentrations (100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/L) on the growth and physiology of the mulberry tree were systematically evaluated in aspects of physiology, transcriptomics and metabolomics.ResultsResults showed that TiO2 NPs could be absorbed by the mulberry sapling root system and be transferred to the plant shoot. This results in the destruction of mulberry sapling root and leaf tissue. Furthermore, the number of chloroplasts and their pigment contents were reduced and the homeostasis of metal ions was disrupted. The toxic effects of TiO2 NPs attenuated the mulberry sapling’s stress resistance, the contents of malondialdehyde in 100 mg/L, 200 mg/L 400 mg/L and 800 mg/L treatment groups increased by 87.70%, 91.36%, 96.57% and 192.19% respectively compared with the control group. The transcriptomic data showed that TiO2 NPs treatment mainly affected the expression of genes related to energy synthesis and transport, protein metabolism, and response to stress. Meanwhile, the results of metabolomics showed that 42 metabolites produced significant differences in mulberry, of which 26 differential metabolites were up-regulated in expression and 16 differential metabolites were down-regulated, mainly including metabolic pathways such as secondary metabolite biosynthesis, citric acid cycle, and tricarboxylic acid cycle, and was not conducive to the seed germination and or growth of the mulberry sapling.DiscussionThis study enriches the understanding of the effects of TiO2 NPs on plants and provides a reference for the comprehensive scientific assessment of the potential risks of nanomaterials on plants.
Impact of traveling on transmission trends of human monkeypox disease: worldwide data based observational analysis
Authors: Meo Sultan Ayoub , Al-Khlaiwi Thamir , Al Jassir Fawzi Fahad , Meo Anusha Sultan 
Published: June 2023

BackgroundHuman monkeypox is an emerging viral zoonotic disease caused by a monkeypox virus (MPXV). This year since early May 2022, the virus swiftly spread involved 94 countries, and 41,358 people, and has developed a highly challenging and threatening situation worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the impact of traveling on the transmission of human monkeypox disease and comprehend the link between monkeypox exported cases in the context of the global outbreak.MethodsIn this study, we identified data from two leading health organizations, the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC), as well as 40 documents that were identified through the search engines Web of Science, Pub-Med, Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, and Google Scholar using the keywords “monkeypox,” “human monkeypox,” “imported”’, “exportation” “travelers,” and “prevalence.” Finally, two international organizations WHO, and CDC, and out of 40 documents, 10 (25.0%) were included in the analysis, and the remaining 30 (75.0%) documents were excluded. The studies originated from the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Singapore, Israel, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, and India. The data on transmission trends and human monkeypox was recorded and analyzed.ResultsThe epidemiological data for exported monkeypox cases were analyzed jointly for understanding the transmission trends of exportations and the geographic context of the monkeypox outbreak. Ten people had a travel history, six had a travel history from Nigeria to the United Kingdom (2), Nigeria to the United States of America (2), Nigeria to Singapore (1) and Nigeria to Israel (1). Moreover, from Germany to Taiwan (1), Germany to the Republic of Korea (1) and the United Arab Emirates to India (2). Among these 10 people, all travelers were male (100%), with age ranges of 20–38 years, seven people (70%) developed clinical symptoms before the start of travel, three people (30%) developed symptoms 2–6 days after the travel, and one person (10%) developed clinical symptoms in the flight during the journey.ConclusionThe study findings conclude that traveling can cause the spread of human monkeypox disease in various countries. The findings support the hypothesis that virus sources can travel and spread the disease from person to person and from region to region. The international health authorities must implement global preventive policies to control the burden of the disease both at regional and international levels.
Poor written pragmatic skills are associated with internalising symptoms in childhood: evidence from a UK birth cohort study
Authors: Ahmed Kalim , Flouri Eirini , Vigliocco Gabriella 
Published: June 2023

IntroductionThis study examined the relation between pragmatic language and internalising (depressive and anxiety) symptoms in 11-year-olds, using data from the 1958 British birth cohort study.MethodsThe cohort children were asked at age 11 to write an essay on their life as they imagined it would be at age 25. We analysed 200 of these essays for relevance, organisation and context-dependent references.ResultsWe found associations between these aspects of pragmatic language and children's internalising symptom scores across parent and teacher ratings, even after adjustment for cognitive ability, socioeconomic position and structural language. Most notably, children writing more coherent essays had fewer teacher-rated internalising symptoms, after adjustment for confounders. Additionally, children who provided more relevant and varied information about their imagined future home-lives had fewer parent-rated internalising symptoms, after adjustment for confounders.DiscussionThe unique associations between pragmatic language skills and internalising symptoms observed are notable but preliminary, highlighting both the need for further research and potential applications for risk-assessment tools.
Inattention, academic underachievement, and depressive symptoms: uncovering environmental and genetic pathways from middle to late childhood
Authors: Plamondon André , Tarabulsy George M. , Dionne Ginette , Ouellet-Morin Isabelle , Vitaro Frank , Brendgen Mara , Boivin Michel 
Published: June 2023

IntroductionSchool underachievement has been shown to mediate the association between inattention and depressive symptoms in middle childhood. However, is it not clear whether these sequential associations are underpinned by genetic and environmental pathways, and the extent to which associated disruptive behaviors, such as hyperactivity/impulsivity, and peer relation difficulties partly account for these associations.MethodsThe present study used a longitudinal study of twins assessed from Kindergarten to Grade 6 to address these questions using multivariate biometric modeling.ResultsThe hypothesized genetically informed (twin) model revealed that over and above disruptive behaviors and relational difficulties, there was evidence for (1) shared genetic factors partly accounting for these associations, and for (2) putative phenotype-to-phenotype associations sequentially linking inattention, school achievement, and depressive symptoms.DiscussionConfirmation of the expected sequence of phenotype-to-phenotype associations (i.e., in addition to shared genetic factors) suggests an environmental pathway linking these phenotypes. The discussion focuses on the relevance and significance of these pathways for understanding the development of school and mental health problems, as well as for the identification of children at risk and early preventive interventions.
ĐÁNH GIÁ TÁC DỤNG KHÁNG KHUẨN VÀ CHỐNG OXY HÓA CỦA CÂY ĐƠN LÁ ĐỎ (EXCOECARIA COCHINCHINENSIS L.) Ở TUYÊN QUANG
Authors: Ngọc Lành Thị , Vân Trần Thị Thanh , Linh Nguyễn Kiều , Hạnh Đàm Thị Bích 
Published: June 2023

Nghiên cứu này đã đánh giá hoạt tính kháng khuẩn và chống oxy hóa của cao chiết tổng (EC); các cao chiết phân đoạn: n-hexan (ECH), etyl axetat (ECE) và metanol (ECM) từ lá cây đơn lá đỏ ở Tuyên Quang, kết quả như sau: Cao EC ức chế sự phát triển của 4 chủng vi khuẩn và nấm Bacillus subtillis, Staphylococcus aureus, Fusarium oxysporum và Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Cao ECH ức chế sự phát triển của 3 chủng Bacillus subtillis, Staphylococcus aureus và Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Cao ECE thể hiện hoạt tính kháng các chủng Bacillus subtillis, Staphylococcus aureus, Fusarium oxysporum và Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Và cao ECM kháng các chủng Escherichia coli và Bacillus subtillis với giá trị MIC 200 mg/ml. Cao EC biểu thị khả năng trung hòa gốc tự do SC 65,44 ± 1,2%, tương ứng với SC50 50,32 µg/mL. Trong các cao chiết phân đoạn, cao ECE biểu hiện hoạt tính chống oxi hóa tốt nhất với khi thử nghiệm bằng phương pháp DPPH với khả năng trung hòa gốc tự do SC 72,18 ± 1,1%, tương ứng với SC50 50,32 µg/mL. Nghiên cứu đã góp phần bổ sung và nâng cao giá trị y học của cây dược liệu quý này.
ĐẶC ĐIỂM TRÌNH TỰ GEN atpB-rbcL VÀ trnL CỦA CẨM CÙ LỘC (Hoya lockii)
Authors: Hiệp Hoàng Phú , Hường Dương Thị Bích , Trung Từ Quang , Hồng Trần Thị 
Published: June 2023

Cẩm cù lộc là loài đặc hữu của Việt Nam và hiện đang có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng. Cẩm cù lộc là một trong những loài được sử dụng làm cây cảnh cũng như cây dược liệu. Việc phân loại thực vật hiện nay thường được dựa trên đặc điểm hình thái và DNA barcoding như matK, ITS, rpoC1,... Các đặc điểm phân tử là cần thiết cho việc nghiên cứu phân loại phân tử của từng loài; vì vậy, cần phải bổ sung các trình tự phân tử để tìm ra những marker đặc trưng nhất cho từng loài. Trong nghiên cứu này, trình tự gen atpB-rbcL và trnL trong lục lạp đã được phân lập từ mẫu cây Cẩm cù lộc. Trình tự gen atpB-rbcL thu được có kích thước 713 nucleotide và gen trnL có kích thước 524 nucleotide. Các trình tự có độ tương đồng cao với các trình tự cùng chi đã được công bố. Cả hai vùng atpB-rbcL và trnL được sử dụng để xây dựng cây phát sinh loài.
ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA ĐƯỜNG, AXIT CITRIC VÀ PECTIN ĐẾN CHẤT LƯỢNG MỨT NHUYỄN CÀ RỐT
Authors: Vinh Phạm Thị , Hạnh Vũ Thị 
Published: June 2023

Cà rốt rất giàu vitamin, chất khoáng và các hợp chất có hoạt tính sinh học. Mứt nhuyễn cà rốt có chứa hàm lượng β-carotennoid cao. Mục đích của việc phối trộn nguyên liệu là tạo hỗn hợp đồng nhất và thuận lợi cho việc làm mứt. Bổ sung đường và axit citric không chỉ tạo vị mà còn làm tăng thời gian sử dụng của sản phẩm. Pectin được thêm vào để làm đặc cho mứt nhuyễn. Mục đích của nghiên cứu này là xác định tỷ lệ đường, axit citric và pectin bổ sung vào mứt nhuyễn cà rốt để nâng cao chất lượng sản phẩm. Để xác định tỷ lệ đường, axit citric và pectin thích hợp cho sản xuất mứt nhuyễn cà rốt, cà rốt được lựa chọn, rửa sạch, cắt thành các miếng nhỏ, hấp và xay nhuyễn. Đường và axit citric được bổ sung vào cà rốt đã xay nhuyễn với các tỷ lệ 30 - 40% đường, 0,3 - 0,5% axit citric, sau đó hỗn hợp được cô đặc ở 70oC trong 40 phút. Khi cô đặc được 30 phút, pectin được bổ sung với các tỷ lệ 0,6 - 1,0% pectin, sau đó tiếp tục cô đặc thêm 10 phút nữa. Những ảnh hưởng của hàm lượng đường, axit citric và pectin bổ sung đến thành phần chất dinh dưỡng và chất lượng cảm quan của mứt nhuyễn cà rốt đã được xác định. Tại tỷ lệ bổ sung 35% đường, 0,4% axit citric và 0,8% pectin, giá trị dinh dưỡng của mứt nhuyễn cà rốt là tương đối cao và chất lượng cảm quan được đánh giá tốt nhất.
NGHIÊN CỨU VỀ Ag VÀ Sn TRONG TRẦM TÍCH BỀ MẶT SÔNG CẦU – THÀNH PHỐ THÁI NGUYÊN: DẠNG KIM LOẠI VÀ RỦI RO SINH THÁI
Authors: Hà Phạm Thị Thu 
Published: June 2023

Ag và Sn tuy không được xếp vào loại độc hại nhưng cả hai đều có những tác động tiềm ẩn đối với môi trường, hệ sinh thái vì thế việc kiểm soát và đánh giá mức độ ô nhiễm của chúng vẫn rất cần thiết, đặc biệt ngày nay khai thác khoáng sản, vật liệu nano ngày càng phát triển dẫn tới giải phóng ra lượng Ag, Sn ngày càng nhiều. Do đó, nghiên cứu này tập trung vào hai kim loại Ag, Sn trong trầm tích sông Cầu – Thái Nguyên. Các dạng liên kết của Ag và Sn trong trầm tích được chiết ra theo quy trình chiết tuần tự đã được sửa đổi của BCR và Tessier. Mức độ rủi ro sinh thái của Ag, Sn được đánh giá thông qua chỉ số tích luỹ địa chất (Igeo), chỉ số đánh giá mức độ rủi ro (%RAC). Kết quả chỉ ra rằng, dạng kim loại của Ag và Sn tuân theo thứ tự F5 > F3 > F4 > F1,2 (F1,2 - dạng trao đổi và liên kết với cacbonat; F3: dạng liên kết với oxit sắt – mangan; F4 - dạng liên kết hữu cơ; F5 - dạng cặn dư), nhưng phần trăm dạng F4, F1,2 của Ag rất nhỏ, còn của Sn thì cao hơn. Hàm lượng của Sn vào khoảng 21,04 mg/kg – 26,73 mg/kg còn hàm lượng Ag chỉ từ 2,08 mg/kg – 6,71 mg/kg. Mức độ ô nhiễm của Ag cao hơn Sn theo chỉ số Igeo nhưng mức độ rủi ro sinh thái của Ag lại thấp hơn của Sn theo chỉ số %RAC.