bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Best Practices and Conclusion
Authors: Brears Robert C. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
There is an array of financing instruments and approaches available from public, domestic, private, and blended financial sources to achieve water security and green growth, including green bonds and green loans to construct green-grey hybrid infrastructure, debt-for-nature swaps that enable countries to swap debt for initiating water security projects, payments for watershed services schemes that prevent floods, market-based instruments, such as seasonal water pricing, encouraging water conservation, public–private partnerships that involve local governments cooperating with local private sector actors on local water security projects, biodiversity offset schemes that protect water resources and related biodiversity, and water quality trading schemes that reduce or control water pollution.
Landscapes of the Learned
Authors: FitzPatrick Elizabeth 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Gaelic literati were an elite and influential group in the social hierarchy of Irish lordships and overlordships c. 1300–1600. From their borderland estates, they served Gaelic and Old English ruling families in the arts of history, law, medicine, and poetry. They farmed, kept guest-houses, and conducted schools. As political actors, they were involved in the assemblies of chiefs and in memorializing dynastic histories in the landscape. Using theories of extra-social space and historical landscape as cultural practice and an instrument of power, this book pioneers a framework for identifying and interpreting the settings and built heritages of learned kindred estates. It shows that a more textured definition of what this class represented can be achieved through an archaeology of the buildings and monuments they used and an appreciation of where their estates were situated in the political map. The concept of borderscape is adopted as the essential container of the practices of literati and other tangible expressions of the political power of ruling families. Mediated by case studies of the landscapes of their estates, their dwellings, and schools, the methodology is predominantly field based, using archaeological investigation, topographic and spatial analyses, and visual thinking. It draws on historical and literary texts, place names, and lore, to reference named people to places. More widely, this study contributes a much-needed landscape perspective to the study of autochthonous intellectual culture and the exercise of power by ruling families in northern European societies 1300–1600.
Dwellings of Literati
Authors: FitzPatrick Elizabeth 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The domestic and guesting environment of learned kindreds is explored in this chapter through case studies of enclosed settlements of caisel, crannóg and pailís type, a promontory fort, and tower-houses. The findings reveal variety, intention, continuity and change in the dwellings of literati, particularly among those they chose to build or to modify for themselves. In manipulating earlier settlement enclosures as their domestic space, learned kindreds contributed to architectural innovation in late medieval Ireland. Remodeling of the caisel of Cahermacnaghten, by brehon lawyers in the late medieval period, portrays an outward-looking family adopting the architectural fashion of the period but within their means as minor legal kindred. It is argued that historically important crannóg sites, such as Cró Inis on Lough Ennell, were occupied by literati during the late medieval period as a form of continuity of their predominantly early historic roles as royal retreats and hospices. A new insight is that members of the learned class are provenanced in late medieval and early modern sources to denominations named pailís and their immediate environs. The relationship of the learned class with pailís sites is interpreted as an indicator of the emergence of new power-centers of Gaelic chiefs in the fourteenth century and for which there is evidence to suggest that they were related to elite practices of feasting and hospitality. It is also proposed that the affiliation of literati with pailís-named environments in the sixteenth century may reflect a renaissance of Gaelic court culture in that period.
Church Space for Learned Occupations
Authors: FitzPatrick Elizabeth 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter makes a case for the use of church space for learned occupations, from parish formation to the Protestant Reformation. Learned men in the capacities of airchinnigh and comharbai, and as secular proprietors of church land, had access to ecclesiastical buildings. A key proposal about the relationship between literati and parish churches and sinecure chapels is that they were involved in building and modifying them as signatures of seats of learning. This is argued in relation to the presence of Romanesque-style doorways in churches where literati are recorded in the late twelfth and early thirteenth century, and by the involvement of comharbai in the construction and refurbishment of parish churches in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The needs of literati for space in which to work and dwell may have predicated adaptations to church buildings. This perspective is supported by the layout and architectural details of some churches associated with literati, and by the recovery of materials of learning at others. It is argued that with the increased control of the learned over churches in the late medieval period, the impetus for west-end quarters may have been driven by their needs. Conversion and appointment to the role of minister of some members of learned kindreds who had traditionally dominated the positions of comharba and airchinneach of church sites, reveals how they negotiated the changes brought by the Protestant Reformation and recognized a new opportunity to retain their church buildings and lands.
Understanding the utility of force to protect civilians from violence
Authors: Kjeksrud Stian 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how force—in theory—can be used effectively to protect civilians from physical violence in armed conflict. It introduces four potential causal conditions for successful military protection operations in UN missions: deterrent presence, willingness to accept risk, pre-emption, and matching the perpetrators of violence. The chapter also includes a threat-typology—categorizing perpetrators of violence into eight distinct scenarios—ranging from genocide to mob violence. The typology—developed by Alexander Beadle—helps unpack the types of threats that UN troops can be expected to protect civilians from and how force can be employed to reduce their negative impact on civilian security in armed conflicts.
Increasing the utility of force to protect
Authors: Kjeksrud Stian 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This final chapter summarizes the book, and points to implications of the findings for the theory, policy, and practice of protection of civilians in UN peace operations. The core findings indicate that UN peace operations, to a larger degree, must tailor operations to particular threats and to intervene in time to influence the perpetrators’ will and ability to target civilians. Although the UN wields force reluctantly, it is necessary to exploit the military protection tool to a larger degree to obtain more successful outcomes across countries and UN missions. Effective operations are seldom about using more force, rather to use militaries for what they are meant for, to deter, and if necessary, to coerce armed groups that kill, maim, and rape civilians as part of their warfare.
Facing the Sea of Sand
Authors: Cunliffe Barry 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Northern Africa is dominated now by the Sahara Desert stretching across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea. This book is about the people who lived around the edges of the Desert and the different ways in which they responded to its challenges, establishing networks of communication across the great waste. But the Sahara has not always ben a Desert. From about 9000 BC the region began to enjoy a warm humid period allowing vegetation to flourish and wild animals to move in. Humans soon followed practising pastoral economies but with the onset of harsher conditions once more around 3000 BC the desert reclaimed its own. Since then fluctuations in climate have continued to affect the lives of the people living around the desert fringes. The communities occupying the North African coast and the Nile Valley have come under the states dominating the Near East and the Mediterranean, but those living in the Sahel to the south of the desert have developed their own distinctive cultures. The book tells the story of the links between the two worlds showing that Africa played a crucial part in the development of the Old World before it was drawn into the story of the New World.
The Desert, the Rivers, and the Oceans
Authors: Cunliffe Barry 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The chapter sets the scene, describing the basic geology of Northern Africa and the plate tectonics which created its structure, sculpting the great Rift Valleys which dominate the eastern part of the continent. The ecological zones are discussed in relation to the factors affecting climate change which has always dominated and constrained human behaviour. Other features beneficial to human societies, like the great rivers, the Nile and the Niger, and the Ethiopian Uplands, are evaluated. The chapter end with a brief consideration of human origins in East Africa and the spread of humans from there into the rest of Eurasia leaving a large and diverse gene pool on the African continent giving its population the ability to respond to the changing environment and to evolve to evolve to meet its demands.
Creating Connectivities
Authors: Cunliffe Barry 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The development of complex societies in the Mediterranean began to impact on North Africa, first the Phoenicians and their successors the Carthaginians, later the Greeks and finally the Romans. Early in the first millennium Phoenicians had established colonies along the Mediterranean coast and down the Atlantic coast of Morocco and by c. 500 BC were exploring much further. Not long afterwards Herodotus was travelling down the Nile and was collecting information about northern African tribes and routes. With the Berber tribes of North Africa coming under increasing Carthaginian and, later, Roman, influence, and Egypt ruled successively by Persian and Hellenistic kings, the northern and eastern fringes of Africa were becoming closely bound up with the Mediterranean and Near Eastern World. Meanwhile, south of the Sahara the communities of the Sahel were developing a distinctive form of urbanism focussed on the Middle Niger Delta and the region around Lake Chad. In the wooded Savannah to the south Iron working was developing and in Nigeria craftspeople of the Nok culture were producing spectacular ceramic sculptures of the human form. Although the desert was a major barrier, routes across it were fast developing, driven by trade. One of the desert communities, the Garamantes of the Fazzan, by virtue of their ability to tap underground water supplies, and their central position, benefitted from the growing trade and developed an urban system. The disparate parts of Africa were now coming together bound by a network of connectivity.
Widening Horizons
Authors: Cunliffe Barry 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The period begins with the emergence of another deeply religious confederation, the Almohads in Morocco and their ascendancy over the whole of North Africa eastward to Tripolitania. But in the 1230’s the unity had begun to fragment once more into three tribal states, the Marinids, Zayyanids and Hafsids, while in Egypt the Malmuks took control. These four polities, each commanding a well-defined geographical region, were to remain in power for several centuries creating a degree of stability allowing culture to flourish and trade to continue to develop in comparative peace. South of the desert, in the Sahal, a similar stability emerged. In the west, from the Atlantic coast to the Niger Bend the empire of Mali emerged replacing that of Ghana. When one of its rulers, Mansa Musa set out, via Cairo, for Mecca in 1324, dispersing gold wherever he went, the whole world became aware of the wealth of Mali. Around Lake Chad another trading empire emerged, that of Kanem-Borno, and between Mali and Kanem-Borno, in Hausaland, city-states grew to become major commercial centres. The thriving networks of trade which ran north-south across the desert were now augmented by east-west routes along the full length of the Sahel linking to the Red Sea and Indian Ocean routes. The whole of northern Africa was now bound up in a World system.
Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Cunliffe Barry 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter falls into three parts. The first looks at human agency and the major zones of innovation that have shaped Africa’s history, the Mediterranean interface, the East African interface, the Nile valley and the Niger valley. It also reviews the corridors of connectivity, the Red Sea, the Nile and the trans-saharan routes. The second part briefly sketches the last 400 years of African history through the brief colonial interlude to the present day. The final section returns to the two prime movers of history, population and climate change and looks at the effect of both on Africa today.
Homer's Iliad and the Problem of Force
Authors: Stocking Charles H. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Beginning with the work of Simone Weil and Bruno Snell, the topic of force has long remained a problem of interpretation for readers of Homer’s Iliad. This book therefore offers the first full-scale treatment of the language of force in the Iliad from both philological and philosophical perspectives. Each chapter explores the question of Iliadic force by way of its reception in the French structuralist tradition and evaluates those receptions through contextualized poetic readings. By combining philological and philosophical perspectives, this book demonstrates that each term for force in the Iliad gives expression to distinct relations between self and “other,” while each utterance on force also calls into question the very relations that it seeks to establish. Thus, the very topic of force allows us to reconsider what it means to be a human subject in Homeric poetry.
Force and Discourse in the Funeral Games of Patroclus
Authors: Stocking Charles H. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes up an analysis of the language of force as it applies to the physical agōn proper in Homer. It begins with Michel Foucault’s detailed analysis of the chariot race in his posthumously published lecture series, Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling. In that work, Foucault argued specifically that the true function of the agōn was to enact a “liturgy of truth” and this was achieved primarily through the verbal exchanges after the contest proper. Through a more detailed analysis of the funeral games, with a focus on the two biggest “losers” of the games, Eumelus and Ajax, it can be seen how the results of the games run contrary to the authoritative hierarchy of warriors pronounced by the Muse-inspired narrator of the Iliad (Iliad 2.760–70). In addition, nearly every event in the agōn requires speech intervention on behalf of Achilles. Far from being a manifestation of the athlete-warriors’ purely physical abilities, the agōn of Iliad 23 thus demonstrates that it is nearly impossible to disentangle force from discourse.
Sensory biology and neuroanatomy
Authors: Buskirk Steven W. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Carnivorans exhibit sensory abilities that vary by modality and reflect the special challenges of living as they do. Pinnipeds use the vibrissae to locate underwater prey without inputs from other modalities, following turbulence wakes left by fish. The chemical senses comprise taste reception, nasal olfactory reception, and the vomeronasal organ system. Carnivorans are less sensitive to saltiness than herbivorous mammals because their animal foods provide ample minerals. Several highly carnivorous lineages have lost their senses of sweetness (mono- and disaccharides), while the folivorous pandas and pinnipeds have lost the umami sense for amino acids. The nasal olfactory sense tends to be more acute in lineages with long skull rostra, which provides more space for the turbinate bones that support the nasal olfactory receptors. Such species also tend to have many functional olfactory receptor genes. The vomeronasal organ functions in intraspecific communication and recognition and is developed variably across the order. As a group, carnivorans have the widest range of frequencies they can sense of any mammalian group, primarily because of their great variation in body size. Visual ability reflects acuity, sensitivity under low light, spectral quality, and stereopsis; carnivorans have abilities similar to or greater than those of other taxa. Pinnipeds, especially deep divers, face special sensory challenges related to living in water and air environments. Carnivorans brains (adjusted for body size) are larger than those of most mammalian groups and vary markedly across carnivoran families. Evidence shows correlation between the size of some brain regions and their putative functions.
Cascades
Authors: Buskirk Steven W. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Carnivorans are proposed to initiate several kinds of linked community responses to predation or other forces. Ecological cascades result from predation, competition, pollination, nutrient transport, or facilitation of scavenging, and may descend or ascend trophic levels. Trophic cascades are more narrowly described as effects of predation on herbivore densities or behaviors that in turn affect plant attributes. Evidence exists for some strong ecological cascades initiated by carnivorans. There are two recognized types of trophic cascades. In a density-mediated cascade, predation reduces herbivore densities over an area large enough to be considered a population response. This affects such plant attributes as production, biomass, or reproduction. In a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade, predation risk affects herbivore behavior heterogeneously across a landscape, which affects vegetation attributes. Cascades are now regarded as a general consequence of carnivoran predation, but field studies show highly variable effect sizes, or weak evidence for a cascade. Behaviorally mediated trophic cascades seem to be strongest where a single carnivoran species preys on a single herbivore species, where the carnivoran is an ambush predator, and where the landscape produces heterogeneous ambushing success. The Yellowstone system in the US has produced many reports of trophic cascades resulting from the reintroduction of wolves, but some of them have been discredited because of confounding ecological variation, small effect sizes over the short term, or sampling biases.
Population ecology
Authors: Buskirk Steven W. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Carnivorans differ from other mammals in some aspects of their population ecology. Carnivorans tend to die from proximate causes that differ from herbivores. Unsurprisingly, they die less from predation and more from interspecific killing than do herbivores. Carnivoran demography has made slow progress because most carnivoran reproduction occurs in protected dens or cavities hidden from view. Dates of parturition, litter sizes, and neonatal survival are difficult to estimate. Relatively few carnivoran species are known well enough to submit to matrix demographic modeling. Most of those are large-bodied species of conservation concern. Carnivorans have larger home ranges, disperse longer distances, and can return to their home ranges (homing) from longer distances than can herbivores, adjusting for body size. Seasonal migration is relatively uncommon for terrestrial carnivorans, in part because of the demands of territory maintenance, as well as challenges of raising altricial neonates. Pinnipeds undergo dramatic seasonal migrations, covering thousands of kilometers of ocean. Landscape genetics connects movement ecology to evolution, and carnivorans show a wide range of population-genetic patterns, including panmixia, isolation by distance, isolation by barrier, and isolation by ecology. Hybridization occurs across named carnivoran species, especially within Genus Canis. Deep introgression between nominal taxa is less common, but some cases involve domestic–wild crosses that have conservation implications. Carnivorans display life histories that do not differ markedly in their variety from those of herbivores. They display a remarkable range of social and mating systems. Many examples of microevolution in carnivorans involve character displacement of body size.
Statehood à la Carte in the Caribbean and the Pacific
Authors: Corbett Jack 
Published: May 2023

AbstractStatehood à la Carte in the Caribbean and the Pacific explains how leaders from small states in the Caribbean and Pacific regions balance the autonomy-viability dilemma of postcolonial statehood—that political self-determination is perceived as a hollow achievement unless it is accompanied by economic development—by practising statehood à la carte. Previous research has focused on the pursuit of decolonial self-determination through and above the nation state, via regionalism and internationalism, or by creating non-sovereign alternatives to it. This book looks at how communities have sought the same goals below the state, including via secession and devolution. Downsizing is typically portrayed as the antithesis of progressive, cosmopolitan internationalism and employed as evidence for the claim that the age of anticolonial self-determination has ended. Statehood à la Carte in the Caribbean and the Pacific employs a comparative interpretive approach to show how these movements are animated by similar ideas and motivations that are rendered viable by the simultaneous pursuit of regional integration and forms of non-sovereignty. It argues that the à la carte pursuit of political and economic independence through, above, and below the state, and via non-sovereign alternatives to it, is a pragmatic response to the contradictions inherent to coloniality.
Introduction
Authors: Corbett Jack 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter introduces the core puzzle that the book addresses: why leaders continually imagine that re-scaling the state, via either integration or secession, will solve political problems. It then provides a synopsis of the main argument: the practice of statehood à la carte is a pragmatic, anti-foundational response to the ‘problem space’ of coloniality which creates an autonomy–viability dilemma for small states in the Caribbean and the Pacific. It then situates these claims in relation to existing studies in political science and political geography, outlines the comparative interpretive approach used for the analysis, and justifies the case selection and data sources. The final section provides a brief summary of each of the subsequent chapters.
Introduction
Authors: Solovieva Olga V. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe Introduction details the methodology and intellectual framework of the book, allowing for a new historical and thematic perspective on the work of the renowned Japanese director Akira Kurosawa. Kurosawa’s understanding of “Russia” as differentiated from the “West” on the one side, and from the Soviet Union on the other, emerged from the Japanese reception of Russian democratic literature. Kurosawa stands in the intellectual tradition of the Russian-inflected anarchist dissent of prewar Japan and updates this tradition as a program for postwar reconstruction. Taking into account the Russian (and Russian–Japanese) democratic roots of Kurosawa’s ideological persuasion, the Introduction discusses how the book sidesteps the unproductive debate as to whether Kurosawa is “the most Japanese” or “the most western” of directors.