bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in the Asymmetric Catalytic Synthesis of Phosphonates with an α-Chiral Center
Authors: Xie Dezheng , Chen Ziyi , Wang Chun-Jiang , Dong Xiu-Qin 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPhosphonates and derivatives with an α-chiral center are of great importance and they are widely distributed in many natural products, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals with various bioactive features. Great effort has been made toward the development of efficient methods for their synthesis. In this short review, recent advances in the asymmetric catalytic synthesis of phosphonates with an α-chiral center are summarized, including asymmetric hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated phosphonates, asymmetric addition of phosphonates to unsaturated electrophiles, and asymmetric addition of nucleophiles to α,β-unsaturated phosphonates. In addition, continuous development of enantioselective catalytic synthetic methods and the application of phosphonates and derivatives with α-chiral center are future prospects.1	Introduction2	Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α,β-Unsaturated Phosphonates3	Asymmetric Addition of Phosphonates to Unsaturated Electrophiles4	Asymmetric Addition of Nucleophiles to α,β-Unsaturated Phosphonates5	Conclusion
Connecting Teaching and Research in Homoeopathy: Why and How?
Authors: Nayak Chaturbhuja 
Published: March 2023

AbstractLinking teaching with research in any stream is the need of the hour. Homoeopathy, being an integral part of health care delivery system in India and many other countries, goes no exception to it. Both teaching and research are inter-related, dependent and complementary to each other. Without quality teaching, research is like learning without curiosity, or like cataract surgery without restoring visual equity, or like studying Materia Medica without knowledge of Organon of Medicine. Similarly, sans high standard research, teaching in any medical discipline is like searching without direction, or like operating upon a human subject without knowing anatomy. In spite of the fact that some of the teaching institutions have taken up research projects and the outcomes of such research studies have been published in reputed medical journals, yet the quality of such articles needs further improvement. Many homoeopathy research organisations as well as the researchers, on certain aspects, have failed to update with the recent advancements in the field of education. Absence of mandatory provision for conducting research in teaching curriculum at undergraduate (UG) level and lack of proper training on research methodology and biostatistics at postgraduate (PG) level, has led to the non-involvement of academicians and students in research studies. As a result, a void has been created in scientific publications by the faculty and students of homoeopathic colleges. The latest progresses in the field of research are useful for teaching of the individual subjects of UG and PG courses. The academicians as well as the researchers have to sit and discuss across the table the modalities of meaningful integration of teaching and research for mutual benefit. Hence, different facets of connecting teaching and research need to be deliberated upon to find out mutually acceptable solutions.
Photooxidative Coupling of Thiols Promoted by Bromo(trichloro)methane in a Basic Aqueous Medium
Authors: Cheng Xiamin , Li Lin , Shan Shiquan , Pang Songhao , Qu Yunwei , Lu Yongna 
Published: March 2023

AbstractA transition-metal- and organic-solvent-free oxidative coupling of thiols catalyzed by BrCCl3 and NaOH in an aqueous medium with oxygen as a green oxidant was established The facile and green method has a broad substrate scope in converting thiols into the corresponding disulfides with medium to excellent yields (up to 91%). This method could potentially be used to construct bioactive molecules containing disulfide bonds and to label bioactive molecules with disulfide bonds.
Nickel-Сatalyzed Carbon–Selenium Bond Formations under Mild Conditions
Authors: Zhumagazy Serik , Zhu Chen , Yue Huifeng , Rueping Magnus 
Published: March 2023

AbstractA nickel-catalyzed C–Se cross-coupling between aryl iodides and selenols is described. The newly developed catalytic methodology offers facile access to various unsymmetrical selenium-containing motifs. The reaction features excellent functional group tolerance, wide substrate scope, good efficiency, and operates under mild reaction conditions. Notably, this protocol could be readily scaled up to gram scale without the loss of yield.
Individualised Homoeopathic Treatment in Plantar Callosities: An Evidence-Based Case Report
Authors: P. Dastagiri , Pritam Prem Deeshna 
Published: March 2023

AbstractCallosities are circumscribed areas of hyperkeratosis due to intermittent pressure or friction over a bony prominence. They are often present on the soles and toes due to physical activity, poorly fitting shoes and foot deformities. Its prevalence is more in the above 65 age group, and primarily females are affected. Scalpel debridement and regular application of topical keratolytics like caustic and acidic compounds are the treatment options in conventional medicine, but it is impractical for older people with diabetes mellitus. A case of plantar callosities cured with Sulphur without topical application, recurrence or adverse effects is presented here. The main complaints and overall well-being were assessed using the Measure Yourself Medical Outcome Profile (MYMOP2) and Outcome Related to Impact in Daily Living (ORIDL) scale (+4). The causal relationship attributed to modified Naranjo criteria for homoeopathy (MONARCH) score (+9) suggested clinical improvement through homoeopathic intervention only. This evidence-based case report exhibits the importance of individualised homoeopathic treatment in plantar callosities.
Paddle-Lead Spinal-Cord Stimulation Surgeries for Chronic Neuropathic Pain: A Single Surgeon Case-Series Outcome Analysis in Indian Population
Authors: Baruah Satyakam , Banerjee Anirban D. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Background Spinal-cord stimulation (SCS) for relief of chronic neuropathic pain is well established.
Objective The inherent limitations with conventional percutaneous lead SCS are lead migration, positional variations in stimulation, as well as possible nonreplication of benefits after permanent SCS implantation, which were experienced during a positive trial period. To circumvent these limitations, we analyzed five consecutive cases of chronic intractable neuropathic pain who underwent direct SCS paddle lead placement during the trial period for pain relief. In addition, during the process of placing a permanent paddle lead, the impediment created by prior epidural scarring in such chronic patients can be obviated mechanically thereby increasing the efficacy of the procedure.
Material and Methods The demographic details, diagnosis, preoperative visual analogue scale score (VAS), and follow-up VAS were recorded. Surgical procedure consisted of a standard dorsal laminotomy followed by placement of permanent paddle leads.
Results All patients reported significant improvement in their VAS scores. Mean duration of follow-up was 23.6 months (9–35 months). Mean preoperative VAS was 9.4 and 1.4 at the last follow-up. No major complications were found.
Conclusion With careful patient selection and appropriate surgical strategy, it was possible to implant permanent paddle leads during SCS trial itself in our five patients thereby replicating and sustaining the trial period pain relief. We argue that this can be a new cost-effective and reliable technique for the placement of SCS leads achieving excellent and sustained pain relief.
Time to Modify Rather than Discard the Transoral Approach to Selected Cases of Clival Chordomas at the Craniocervical Junction
Authors: Kirollos R. W. , Pillay R. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractMaintaining the transoral approach in the armamentarium of surgical approaches to clival chordomas mainly as a complimentary procedure to endonasal endoscopic approach in selected cases is advantageous. Lateral extension of the disease is a limitation to both approaches and is addressed by transcranial approaches. Especially for extensive lesions the simultaneous combination of approaches is based upon the predicted blind spots for each approach and certain technical nuances need to be considered.
Global ‘zero particle flux-driven’ gyrokinetic analysis of the density profile for a TCV plasma
Authors: Mariani A , Brunner S , Merlo G , Sauter O 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The tokamak `a configuration variable (TCV) is a small-sized tokamak, where finite size effects (often called ‘rho-star’ or ‘global’ effects) could significantly impact the heat and particle fluxes, leading to discrepancies between gyrokinetic flux-tube results and global ones (McMillan et al 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett.
105 155001). The impact of global effects on the radial profile of the plasma density has been investigated in a previous study for a particular TCV discharge with negligible particle source, satisfying the ‘zero particle flux’ (ZPF) condition. A radially local flux-tube analysis, reconstructing the dependence of the peaking of the density profile on the main physical parameters, invoking the ZPF constraint, was pursued close to mid-radius in (Mariani et al 2018 Phys. Plasmas
25 012313). This analysis was followed by a global one (Mariani et al 2019 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion
61 064005), where local quasi-linear (QL) and nonlinear (NL) results were compared with global simulations, showing small global effects on the density peaking. However, these gradient-driven (GD) global runs considered Krook-type heat and particle sources to keep temperature and density profiles fixed on average, which differ from the experimental radially localized sources. To remove this possible bias on the results, a different evaluation of the density peaking for the same case is performed here, based on global NL hybrid simulations where the temperature profiles are [still] kept fixed with the Krook-type sources, however the density profile relaxes in a flux-driven way (with zero particle source). The new hybrid simulations show a good agreement with the old GD runs. A global QL model is also developed and applied using the output from linear global runs, to estimate ratios of fluxes, showing a good agreement with the flux-tube results of global NL GD simulations. The effect of collisions on the results is also investigated, in order to evaluate their impact on the radial variation of the density peaking.
The unusual distribution of spin-triplet supercurrents in disk-shaped Josephson junctions
Authors: Fermin Remko , Yao Junxiang , Lahabi Kaveh , Aarts Jan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The phenomenon of s-wave spin-triplet Cooper pairs induced in ferromagnetic metals has been researched now for more than a decade, and its main aspects are well understood. Crucial in converting s-wave singlet pairs in the superconductor to s-wave triplets in the ferromagnet is the engineering of well-defined magnetic inhomogeneity (the ‘generator’) at the interface with the superconductor. Vertical layer stacks are typically used as such, where two separate thin ferromagnetic layers with homogeneous but non-collinear magnetizations, provide the inhomogeneity. Alternatively, magnetic textures, like ferromagnetic domain walls and vortices, are possible triplet generators, although they are far less studied. In this paper, we review our experiments on lateral disk-shaped Josephson junctions where a ferromagnetic bottom layer provides a weak link with a vortex magnetization imposed by the shape of the disk. We present three different junction configurations, exhibiting their own generator mechanism. In the first, we utilize the non-collinearity with a second ferromagnetic layer to produce the triplet correlations. The second configuration consists of only the bottom ferromagnet and the superconducting contacts; it relies on the vortex magnetization itself to generate the spin-polarized supercurrents. In the third case, we exploit an intrinsic generator by combining a conventional superconductor (NbTi) and a half-metallic ferromagnetic oxide (La0.7Sr0.3MnO3). We find strong supercurrents in all cases. A particularly interesting finding is that the supercurrents are strongly confined at the rims of the device, independent of the generating mechanism, but directly related to their triplet nature. What causes these rim currents remains an open question.
Localization of edge state in acoustic topological insulators by curvature of space
Authors: Quan Jia-Qi , Wu Hong-Wei , Liu Yun-Kai , Xie Peng-Xiang , Sheng Zong-Qiang 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Topological insulators (TIs) with robust boundary states against perturbations and disorders have boosted intense research in classical systems. In general, two-dimensional (2D) TIs are designed on a flat surface with special boundary to manipulate the wave propagation. In this work, we design a 2D curved acoustic TI by perforation on a curved rigid plate to localize the edge state by means of the geometric potential effect, which provide a unique approach for manipulating waves. We experimentally demonstrate that the topological edge state in the bulk gap is modulated by the curvature of space into a localized mode, and the corresponding pressure distributions are confined at the position with the maximal curvature. Moreover, we experimentally verify the localized edge state is still topologically protected by introducing defects near the localized position. To understand the underlying mechanism for the localization of the topological edge state, a tight-binding model considering the geometric potential effect is proposed. The interaction between the geometrical curvature and topology in the system provides a novel scheme for manipulating and trapping wave propagation along the boundary of curved TIs, thereby offering potential applications in flexible devices.
Numerical integration of stochastic contact Hamiltonian systems via stochastic Herglotz variational principle
Authors: Zhan Qingyi , Duan Jinqiao , Li Xiaofan , Li Yuhong 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In this work, we establish a stochastic contact variational integrator and its discrete version via stochastic Herglotz variational principle for stochastic contact Hamiltonian systems. A general structure-preserving stochastic contact method is provided to seek the stochastic contact variational integrators. Numerical experiments are performed to verify the validity of this approach.
Transition mechanisms of breather molecules in the Hirota equation
Authors: Zhao Jun-Fei , Wang Lei , Zhou Shuo , Zhao Yin-Chuan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The transition dynamics of the breather molecules are investigated for the Hirota equation, which describes the propagation of ultrashort optical pulses in optical fibers. Based on the two-breather solution, the breather molecules and breather complexes are obtained. The half-transition mechanism of the breather molecules is unveiled and a series of the transformed wave molecules and the corresponding complexes are generated. The superposition mechanisms of breather molecules and transformed wave molecules are explained through the nonlinear superposition principle. It should be noted that the full transition of the breather molecules does not exist in the Hirota equation. The effects of the phase parameters on the transformed wave molecules are discussed. Besides, the collisions for breather molecules and transformed wave molecules are investigated. The distances between atoms in the molecules and the shapes of the transformed waves are changed after the collisions. By means of the phase shift analysis, the nature of shape-changed collisions is shed light on. Finally, the stability of the propagation of molecule waves under small perturbations is performed.
Fluctuation-dissipation relation, Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, equipartition theorem, and stochastic calculus
Authors: Escudero Carlos 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
We derive the fluctuation-dissipation relation and explore its connection with the equipartition theorem and Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics through the use of different stochastic analytical techniques. Our first approach is the theory of backward stochastic differential equations, which arises naturally in this context, and facilitates the understanding of the interplay between these classical results of statistical mechanics. Moreover, it allows to generalize the classical form of the fluctuation-dissipation relation. The second approach consists in deriving forward stochastic differential equations for the energy of an electric system according to both Itô and Stratonovich stochastic calculus rules. While the Itô equation possesses a unique solution, which is the physically relevant one, the Stratonovich equation admits this solution along with infinitely many more, none of which has a physical nature. Despite of this fact, some, but not all of them, obey the fluctuation-dissipation relation and the equipartition of energy.
Nonintegrability of a coupled KdV system: prolongation structure approach
Authors: Wang Zhilan , Zang Liming 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
We apply the Wahlquist-Estabrook prolongation method to a coupled KdV system proposed by Kamata and Nakamula [J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 35(2002) 9657-70]. Under the assumption that the center is trivial, we prove that there exists no non-trivial finite-dimensional representation for the prolongation algebra. In this sense, the nonintegrability of the coupled KdV system is proved.
Recalibration of neuromodulation parameters in neural implants with adaptive Bayesian optimization
Authors: Aiello Giovanna , Valle Giacomo , Raspopovic Stanisa 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Objective. Neuromodulation technology holds promise for treating conditions where physiological mechanisms of neural activity have been affected. To make treatments efficient and devices highly effective, neurostimulation protocols must be personalized. The interface between the targeted nervous tissue and the neurotechnology (i.e. human-machine link or neural interface) usually requires constant re-calibration of neuromodulation parameters, due to many different biological and microscale phenomena happening over-time. This adaptation of the optimal stimulation parameters generally involves an expert-mediated re-calibration, with corresponding economic burden, compromised every-day usability and efficacy of the device, and consequent loss of time and increased discomfort of patients going back to clinics to get the device tuned. We aim to construct an adaptable AI-based system, able to compensate for these changes autonomously. Approach. We exploited Gaussian process-based Bayesian optimization (GPBO) methods to re-adjust the neurostimulation parameters in realistic neuroprosthetic data by integrating temporal information into the process to tackle the issue of time variability. To this aim, we built a predictive model able to tune the neuromodulation parameters in two separate crucial scenarios where re-calibration is needed. In the first one, we built a model able to find the optimal active sites in a multichannel electrode, i.e. able to cover a certain function for a neuroprosthesis, which in this specific case was the evoked-sensation location variability. In the second one, we propose an algorithm able to adapt the injected charge required to obtain a functional neural activation (e.g. perceptual threshold variability). By retrospectively collecting the outcomes from the calibration experiments in a human clinical trial utilizing implantable neuromodulation devices, we were able to quantitatively assess our GPBO-based approach in an offline setting. Main results. Our automatic algorithm can successfully adapt neurostimulation parameters to evoked-sensation location changes and to perceptual threshold changes over-time. These findings propose a quick, automatic way to tackle the inevitable variability of neurostimulation parameters over time. Upon validation in other frameworks it increases the usability of this technology through decreasing the time and the cost of the treatment supporting the potential for future widespread use. This work suggests the exploitation of AI-based methods for developing the next generation of ‘smart’ neuromodulation devices.
EEG-based classification of imagined digits using a recurrent neural network
Authors: Mahapatra Nrushingh Charan , Bhuyan Prachet 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Objective. In recent years, imagined speech brain–computer (machine) interface applications have been an important field of study that can improve the lives of patients with speech problems through alternative verbal communication. This study aims to classify the imagined speech of numerical digits from electroencephalography (EEG) signals by exploiting the past and future temporal characteristics of the signal using several deep learning models. Approach. This study proposes a methodological combination of EEG signal processing techniques and deep learning models for the recognition of imagined speech signals. EEG signals were filtered and preprocessed using the discrete wavelet transform to remove artifacts and retrieve feature information. To classify the preprocessed imagined speech neural signals, multiple versions of multilayer bidirectional recurrent neural networks were used. Main results. The method is examined by leveraging MUSE and EPOC signals from MNIST imagined digits in the MindBigData open-access database. The presented methodology’s classification performance accuracy was noteworthy, with the model’s multiclass overall classification accuracy reaching a maximum of 96.18% on MUSE signals and 71.60% on EPOC signals. Significance. This study shows that the proposed signal preprocessing approach and the stacked bidirectional recurrent network model are suitable for extracting the high temporal resolution of EEG signals in order to classify imagined digits, indicating the unique neural identity of each imagined digit class that distinguishes it from the others.
The quantum muon
Authors: Blundell Stephen J 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Most muon spin rotation (µSR) experiments are based on the coupling between a muon (a quantum, spin-

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particle) and a macroscopic magnetic field, either applied externally (as is often the case for experiments on superconductors) or produced internally (due to, for example, the alignment of spins in an ordered magnet). This article will review some experiments which have exploited this, essentially classical, interaction, but then will consider cases in which a more intrinsically quantum mechanical approach is needed. In these cases, one cannot ignore the back reaction of the muon’s effect on the system it is probing. It can be profitable to consider the muon as a qubit, evaluating the decoherence of quantum information injected by the muon into the environmental spin system. Experiments focussed on this approach are underpinned by DFT+µ calculations (density functional theory with an included muon) and give rise to an excellent agreement between theory and experiment and open up new ways of using the muon as a probe.