bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Ultrastructure of the Normal Rod Photoreceptor Synapse and Degenerative Changes Induced by Retinal Detachment
Authors: Torten Gil , Fisher Steven K. , Linberg Kenneth A. , Luna Gabriel , Perkins Guy , Ellisman Mark H. , Williams David S. 
Published: July 2023

The rod photoreceptor synapse is the first synapse of dim-light vision and one of the most complex in the mammalian CNS. The components of its unique structure, a presynaptic ribbon and a single synaptic invagination enclosing several postsynaptic processes, have been identified, but disagreements about their organization remain. Here, we have used EM tomography to generate high-resolution images of 3-D volumes of the rod synapse from the female domestic cat. We have resolved the synaptic ribbon as a single structure, with a single arciform density, indicating the presence of one long site of transmitter release. The organization of the postsynaptic processes, which has been difficult to resolve with past methods, appears as a tetrad arrangement of two horizontal cell and two rod bipolar cell processes. Retinal detachment severely disrupts this organization. After 7 d, EM tomography reveals withdrawal of rod bipolar dendrites from most spherules; fragmentation of synaptic ribbons, which lose their tight association with the presynaptic membrane; and loss of the highly branched telodendria of the horizontal cell axon terminals. After detachment, the hilus, the opening through which postsynaptic processes enter the invagination, enlarges, exposing the normally sequestered environment within the invagination to the extracellular space of the outer plexiform layer. Our use of EM tomography provides the most accurate description to date of the complex rod synapse and details changes it undergoes during outer segment degeneration. These changes would be expected to disrupt the flow of information in the rod pathway.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRibbon-type synapses transmit the first electrical signals of vision and hearing. Despite their crucial role in sensory physiology, the three-dimensional ultrastructure of these synapses, especially the complex organization of the rod photoreceptor synapse, is not well understood. We used EM tomography to obtain 3-D imaging at nanoscale resolution to help resolve the organization of rod synapses in normal and detached retinas. This approach has enabled us to show that in the normal retina a single ribbon and arciform density oppose a tetrad of postsynaptic processes. In addition, it enabled us to provide a 3-D perspective of the ultrastructural changes that occur in response to retinal detachment.
TECPR1 is activated by damage‐induced sphingomyelin exposure to mediate noncanonical autophagy
Authors: Kaur Namrita , de la Ballina Laura Rodriguez , Haukaas Håvard Styrkestad , Torgersen Maria Lyngaas , Radulovic Maja , Munson Michael J , Sabirsh Alan , Stenmark Harald , Simonsen Anne , Carlsson Sven R , Lystad Alf Håkon 
Published: July 2023

AbstractCells use noncanonical autophagy, also called conjugation of ATG8 to single membranes (CASM), to label damaged intracellular compartments with ubiquitin‐like ATG8 family proteins in order to signal danger caused by pathogens or toxic compounds. CASM relies on E3 complexes to sense membrane damage, but so far, only the mechanism to activate ATG16L1‐containing E3 complexes, associated with proton gradient loss, has been described. Here, we show that TECPR1‐containing E3 complexes are key mediators of CASM in cells treated with a variety of pharmacological drugs, including clinically relevant nanoparticles, transfection reagents, antihistamines, lysosomotropic compounds, and detergents. Interestingly, TECPR1 retains E3 activity when ATG16L1 CASM activity is obstructed by the Salmonella Typhimurium pathogenicity factor SopF. Mechanistically, TECPR1 is recruited by damage‐induced sphingomyelin (SM) exposure using two DysF domains, resulting in its activation and ATG8 lipidation. In vitro assays using purified human TECPR1‐ATG5‐ATG12 complex show direct activation of its E3 activity by SM, whereas SM has no effect on ATG16L1‐ATG5‐ATG12. We conclude that TECPR1 is a key activator of CASM downstream of SM exposure.
Decreased programmed cell death ligand 2-positive monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells and programmed cell death protein 1-positive T-regulatory cells in patients with type 2 diabetes: implications for immunopathogenesis
Authors: Liu Zhaoxiang , Zhang Mingqiang , Shi Xiaohu , Zhao Wenhui , Cao Chenxiang , Jin Lixia , Wang Yanlei , Xiao Jianzhong 
Published: July 2023

Objectives
The activation of immune cells plays a significant role in the progression of type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and T-regulatory cells (Tregs) in type 2 diabetes.

Methods
A total of 61 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were recruited. Clinical characteristics were reviewed and peripheral blood samples were collected. We calculated the percentage of different cells. Frequencies of MDSC subsets refered to the percentage of G-MDSCs (CD15+CD33+CD11b+CD14-HLA-DR-/low) in CD45 positive cells and the percentage of M-MDSCs (CD14+CD15-CD11b+CD33+HLA-DR-/low) in lymphocytes plus monocytes.

Results
Frequencies of programmed cell death ligand 1-positive granulocytic MDSCs (PD-L1+ G-MDSCs), programmed cell death ligand 2-positive monocytic MDSCs (PD-L2+ M-MDSCs), PD-L2+ G-MDSC, and programmed cell death protein 1-positive Tregs (PD-1+Tregs) were decreased in patients with type 2 diabetes. The frequency of PD-1+ Tregs was positively related to PD-L2+ M-MDSCs (r= 0.357, P = 0.009) and negatively related to HbA1c (r = -0.265, P = 0.042), fasting insulin level (r = −0.260, P = 0.047), and waist circumference (r = −0.373, P = 0.005).

Conclusions
Decreased PD-L2+ M-MDSCs and PD-1+ Tregs may promote effector T cell activation, leading to chronic low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes. These findings highlight the contribution of MDSCs and Tregs to the immunopathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and suggest their potential as targets for new therapeutic approaches.
Biomarkers for Pediatric Bacterial Musculoskeletal Infections in Lyme Disease–Endemic Regions
Authors: Kahane Caroline G. , Nigrovic Lise E. , Kharbanda Anupam B. , Neville Desiree , Thompson Amy D. , Balamuth Fran , Chapman Laura , Levas Michael N. , Branda John A. , Kellogg Mark D. , Monuteaux Michael C. , Lyons Todd W. ,   Pedi Lyme Net
Published: July 2023

OBJECTIVES
Bacterial musculoskeletal infections (MSKIs) are challenging to diagnose because of the clinical overlap with other conditions, including Lyme arthritis. We evaluated the performance of blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of MSKIs in Lyme disease–endemic regions.

METHODS
We conducted a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study of children 1 to 21 years old with monoarthritis presenting to 1 of 8 Pedi Lyme Net emergency departments for evaluation of potential Lyme disease. Our primary outcome was an MSKI, which was defined as septic arthritis, osteomyelitis or pyomyositis. We compared the diagnostic accuracy of routinely available biomarkers (absolute neutrophil count, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and procalcitonin) to white blood cells for the identification of an MSKI using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).

RESULTS
We identified 1423 children with monoarthritis, of which 82 (5.8%) had an MSKI, 405 (28.5%) Lyme arthritis, and 936 (65.8%) other inflammatory arthritis. When compared with white blood cell count (AUC, 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55–0.71), C-reactive protein (0.84; 95% CI, 0.80–0.89; P &lt; .05), procalcitonin (0.82; 95% CI, 0.77–0.88; P &lt; .05), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (0.77; 95% CI, 0.71–0.82; P &lt; .05) had higher AUCs, whereas absolute neutrophil count (0.67; 95% CI, 0.61–0.74; P &lt; .11) had a similar AUC.

CONCLUSIONS
Commonly available biomarkers can assist in the initial approach to a potential MSKI in a child. However, no single biomarker has high enough accuracy to be used in isolation, especially in Lyme disease–endemic areas.
Pesquisa em educação: refletindo sobre a devolução dos dados
Authors: Pereira Antonio Serafim 
Published: July 2023

A devolução de dados na pesquisa qualitativa em educação é o tema do presente trabalho, discutido a partir das seguintes questões: o que se deve entender por devolução/ restituição de dados? Quais seus objetivos primordiais? Qual o momento da pesquisa mais propício para fazê-la? Como potencializar a devolução como critério de ampliação/aprofundamento dos dados e validação da pesquisa? Nossas reflexões se constituíram na revisita de nossa própria experiência investigativa à luz do diálogo que estabelecemos com os pesquisadores do Programa de Investigaciones sobre Instituciones Educativas e os autores em que se fundamentam. A intenção é ampliar o debate acerca da devolução dos resultados para que esta se configure como instrumento de mediação pesquisador-pesquisado e se institua como estratégia de aprofundamento dos dados e validação da pesquisa para fortalecê-la em seu rigor e credibilidade.Palavras-chave: educação, pesquisa qualitativa, devolução.
Promise and peril: how health system reforms impacted public health in three Canadian provinces
Authors: Jarvis Tamika , Smith Robert W. , Sandhu Harman Singh , Mac-Seing Muriel , O’Neill Meghan , Rosella Laura , Allin Sara , Pinto Andrew D. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Objectives
Several Canadian provinces and territories have reformed their health systems by centralizing power, resources, and responsibilities. Our study explored motivating factors and perceived impacts of centralization reforms on public health systems and essential operations.

Methods
A multiple case study design was used to examine three Canadian provinces that have undergone, or are in the process of undergoing, health system reform. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 58 participants within public health at strategic and operational levels, from Alberta, Ontario, and Québec. Data were analyzed using a thematic analytical approach to iteratively conceptualize and refine themes.

Results
Three major themes were developed to describe the context and impacts of health system centralization reforms on public health: (1) promising “value for money” and consolidating authority; (2) impacting intersectoral and community-level collaboration; and (3) deprioritizing public health operations and contributing to workforce precarity. Centralization highlighted concerns about the prioritization of healthcare sectors. Some core public health functions were reported to operate more efficiently, with less duplication of services, and improvements in program consistency and quality, particularly in Alberta. Reforms were also reported to have diverted funding and human resources away from core essential functions, and diminished the public health workforce.

Conclusion
Our study highlighted that stakeholder priorities and a limited understanding about public health systems influenced how reforms were implemented. Our findings support calls for modernized and inclusive governance, stable public health funding, and investment in the public health workforce, which may help inform future reforms.
Proyeksi pertumbuhan penduduk dan ketahanan pangan beras di Kota Malang Tahun 2020–2045
Authors: Hamdani Ahmad Wildan , Budijanto Budijanto , Deffinika Ifan 
Published: July 2023

Food security that occurs in Malang City occurs because the population in Malang City is large with the availability of a narrow area so that problems arise in the form of increasing food needs every year and decreasing food production capabilities in the form of rice. In 2020 Malang City has a population of 843,810 people and an area of 145.3 km2 with a density level in Malang City of approximately 7,949 people/km2. The high demand for food in Malang City is not accompanied by a qualified regional production due to the conversion of land into housing. In doing this calculation using projections to determine the growth and population in the city of Malang, and to determine the need for rice using a spectrum application so that the results of the need and availability of rice in the city of Malang can be seen from year to year. The results were that Malang City experienced a large rice deficit due to the high demand of its residents, in 2020 the rice deficit reached 40,243 tons of rice and the city of Malang only produced 6,740 tons of rice for production within its territory. Therefore, Malang City needs rice support from the surrounding area which has a very large rice production, namely from the districts around Malang.
Ketahanan pangan yang terjadi di Kota Malang terjadi karena penduduk di Kota Malang yang banyak dengan ketersediaan wilayah yang sempit sehingga munculnya masalah berupa kebutuhan pangan yang meningkat pada tiap tahunnya dan menurunya kemampuan pemenuhan produksi pangan berupa beras. Pada tahun 2020 Kota Malang memiliki penduduk 843.810 jiwa dan luas wilayah 145,3 km2 dengan tingkat kepadatan di Kota Malang kurang lebih mencapai 7.949 jiwa/km2. Kebutuhan pangan di Kota Malang yang tinggi ini tidak dibarengi dengan produksi wilayah yang mumpuni karena alih fungsi lahan menjadi perumahan. Dalam melakukan perhitungan ini menggunakan proyeksi untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan serta jumlah penduduk di Kota Malang, dan untuk mengetahui kebutuhan beras menggunakan aplikasi spectrum sehingga dapat dilihat hasil kebutuhan dan ketersediaan beras di Kota Malang dari tahun ke tahun. Didapatkan hasil berupa Kota Malang mengalami defisit beras yang besar karena kebutuhan yang tinggi dari penduduknya, di tahun 2020 defisit beras mencapai 40.243 ton beras dan kota Malang hanya memproduksi sebesar 6.740 ton beras saja untuk produksi dalam wilayahnya. Oleh sebab itu Kota Malang membutuhkan sokongan beras dari wilayah sekitarnya yang memiliki produksi beras yang sangat besar yakni dari kabupaten-kabupaten di sekitar Malang.
Pengaruh model pembelajaran Group Investigation terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa pada mata pelajaran Geografi di SMAN 2 Sumenep
Authors: Cahyani Alfin Dwi , Suharto Yusuf 
Published: July 2023

A skill that is required for students to learn in the 21st century is the ability to think critically. Students must be able to think critically to solve problems in geography class, especially when dealing with social content. Students can master critical thinking with the influence of the Group Investigation learning model, because it can invite students to participate directly in the problem-solving process with investigative activities. This research was conducted to know how much influence the Group Investigation learning model had on students' critical thinking skills in geography at SMAN 2 Sumenep. The experimental research design included pre-test and post-test, and the Independent Sample T test was used to analyze the data. The subjects used were class X IPS 4 being the experimental group treated with the Group Investigation learning model and X IPS 5 being the control group treated with conventional learning. The results obtained in this study indicate that the Group Investigation model treatment has a significant effect, with a significance level of 0.000-0.05. This research can prove that geography students' critical thinking skills can be influenced by the Group Investigation learning model.
Suatu keterampilan yang diharuskan dimiliki oleh siswa untuk belajar pada abad 21 adalah kemampuan berpikir kritis. Siswa harus mampu berpikir kritis untuk memecahkan masalah di kelas geografi, terutama ketika berhadapan dengan konten sosial. Berpikir kritis siswa dapat kuasai dengan pengaruh model pembelajaran Group Investigation, karena dapat mengajak siswa untuk ikut serta secara langsung dalam proses pemecaan masalah dengan kegiatan penyelidikan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan maksud untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh model pembelajaran Group Investigation terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa pada mata pelajaran geografi di SMAN 2 Sumenep. Rancangan penelitian eksperimen meliputi pre-test dan post-test, dan Independent Sample T test digunakan untuk menganalisis data. Subjek yang digunakan adalah kelas X IPS 4 menjadi kelompok eksperimen dengan perlakuan model pembelajaran Group Investigation dan X IPS 5 menjadi kelompok kontrol yang diberi perlakuan pembelajaran konvensional. Hasil yang diperoleh pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan model Group Investigation berpengaruh signifikan, dengan tingkat signifikansi 0,000-0,05. Penelitian ini dapat membuktikan bahwa kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa geografi dapat dipengaruhi oleh model pembelajaran Group Investigation.
Indicators of crisis development and financial behavior of subjects of the global economic system in crisis periods
Authors: Romashkina G. F. , Skripnuk D. F. , Andrianov K. V. 
Published: July 2023

Purpose: is to form evaluative indicators of crises based on the analysis of financial behavior of subjects of the global economic system during various crisis periods.Methods: quantitative and qualitative analysis of the crises’ periodization, according to evaluative indicators calculated on the World Bank data; retrospective, comparative analysis of the financial behavior of subjects of the global economic system were used. Results: evaluative indicators of crises are formed. Methods and approaches to the study of crises are systematized based on the analysis of the financial behavior of subjects of the global economic system in crisis periods. It is shown that the state of the balance of payments can be among the evaluative indicators of crises. The spikes of the oil prices can also anticipate a crisis. The gold rises in price during and immediately after crisis, serving as a reserve currency. In this time, there is a decrease in the scale of variation in the growth rates of indicators of money supply, companies’ market capitalization and domestic credit.Conclusions and Relevance: the identified evaluative indicators can act as a system of leading indicators of crisis processes, in conditions of an increase in the global economy volume and the intensifying instability of the global financial system. It is shown that the financial sector of the world economy is increasingly detached from the real sector. The financial sector and state institutions, using various risk reduction tools, transfer risks to the global economic system, which leads to the development of new rules of financial behavior of the subjects of the global economic system in crisis periods. It is proposed to consider the leading indicators of crisis processes as a system that can form the basic factors of financial behavior of subjects of the global economic system in crisis periods, determining the directions of stability of the world economic system. The strengthening of the influence of new technologies, including advanced information and communication technologies, in the context of expanding the diversity of models and systems of interaction of individual agents and institutional systems can both act as an unconditional engine of economic development and provokes the strongest crises in the global economic system.
Analysis of the impact of landslides on rural community livelihood in Rwanda: Case of Ngororero district
Authors: Claudine Ihorikiza Marie , Ndokoye Pancras 
Published: July 2023

The study entitled “Analysis of the impact of landslides on rural community livelihood in Rwanda. Case of Ngororero District” was conducted to analyze the impact of landslides on rural community livelihood in Rwanda, a case of Ngororero District. The study objectives were to: Delineate landslides endangered areas and identify the causes, evaluate rural community livelihood status in Ngororero district throughout the study (2016-2020), and analyze the impact of landslides on rural community livelihood in Ngororero District. The study targeted 19,999 households as the study population; from the three sectors of the Ngororero district namely, Muhanda, Kavumu, and Sovu sectors. A sample of 392 members from that population was selected purposively. Data collection tools and techniques used to obtain primary and secondary data were interviews, questionnaires, observation, and documentation. The study was survey in nature and used qualitative, quantitative, and correlative research designs. Data analysis and map production were done using SPSS 16.0, and Geographic Information System (GIS) 10.8 software. The study findings confirm that the landslides occurrence had a significant impact on community members’ livelihood in Ngororero District, such as deaths and injuries of community members, income reduction, food insecurity problems, displacements and houses destruction. It is recommended that the government manages the situation and keeps it in control so that both government and the citizens use appropriate and durable materials in the construction of houses and infrastructures like roads, classrooms, and health centers to avoid potential damage due to landslide occurrence.
Tag-based annotation creates better avatars
Authors: Liu Minghao , Cheng Zeyu , Sang Shen , Liu Jing , Davis James 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Avatar creation from human images allows users to customize their digital figures in different styles. Existing rendering systems like Bitmoji, MetaHuman, and Google Cartoonset provide expressive rendering systems that serve as excellent design tools for users. However, twenty-plus parameters, some including hundreds of options, must be tuned to achieve ideal results. Thus it is challenging for users to create the perfect avatar. A machine learning model could be trained to predict avatars from images, however the annotators who label pairwise training data have the same difficulty as users, causing high label noise. In addition, each new rendering system or version update requires thousands of new training pairs. In this paper, we propose a Tag-based annotation method for avatar creation. Compared to direct annotation of labels, the proposed method: produces higher annotator agreements, causes machine learning to generates more consistent predictions, and only requires a marginal cost to add new rendering systems.