bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CO2 fertilization effect may balance climate change impacts on oil palm cultivation
Authors: Beringer Tim , Müller Christoph , Chatterton Julia , Kulak Michal , Schaphoff Sibyll , Jans Yvonne 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Oil palm cultivation has become one of the world’s most important drivers of land use change in the tropics causing biodiversity loss and greenhouse gas emissions. The impact of climate change and rising carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the atmosphere on oil palm productivity is not well understood. If environmental change leads to declining palm oil yields in existing cultivation areas, cultivation areas may expand or shift to other regions. Here we assess climate change impacts on palm oil production using an extended version of the dynamic global vegetation model with managed land, LPJmL4, and a range of climate scenarios from the inter-sectoral impact model intercomparison project. We find increasing average yields under all future climate scenarios. This contradicts earlier studies, which did not consider the potential positive effect of CO2 fertilization. If we do not account for CO2 fertilization, future yields also decrease in our simulations. Our results indicate the potentially large role of rising CO2 levels on oil palm cultivation. This highlights the importance of further applied plant science to better understand the impact of climate change and elevated CO2 levels on oil palm growth and productivity.
Association between one-year exposure to air pollution and the prevalence of pulmonary nodules in China
Authors: Cao Yuanyuan , Sun Tao , Wang Zhanpeng , Lei Fang , Lin Lijin , Zhang Xingyuan , Song Xiaohui , Zhang Xiao-Jing , Zhang Peng , She Zhi-Gang , Cai Jingjing , Yang Shujuan , Jia Peng , Li Jian , Li Hongliang 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
PM2.5 is a well-known airborne hazard to cause various diseases. Evidence suggests that air pollution exposure contributes to the occurrence of pulmonary nodules. Pulmonary nodules detected on the computed tomography scans can be malignant or progress to malignant during follow-up. But the evidence of the association between PM2.5 exposure and pulmonary nodules was limited. To examine potential associations of exposures to PM2.5 and its major chemical constituents with the prevalence of pulmonary nodules. A total of 16 865 participants were investigated from eight physical examination centers in China from 2014 to 2017. The daily concentrations of PM2.5 and its five components were estimated by high-resolution and high-quality spatiotemporal datasets of ground-level air pollutants in China. The logistic regression and the quantile-based g-computation models were used to assess the single and mixture impact of air pollutant PM2.5 and its components on the risk of pulmonary nodules, respectively. Each 1 mg m−3 increase in PM2.5 (OR 1.011 (95% CI: 1.007–1.014)) was positively associated with pulmonary nodules. Among five PM2.5 components, in single-pollutant effect models, every 1 μg m−3 increase in organic matter (OM), black carbon (BC), and NO3
− elevated the risk of pulmonary nodule prevalence by 1.040 (95% CI: 1.025–1.055), 1.314 (95% CI: 1.209–1.407) and 1.021 (95% CI: 1.007–1.035) fold, respectively. In mixture-pollutant effect models, the joint effect of every quintile increase in PM2.5 components was 1.076 (95% CI: 1.023–1.133) fold. Notably, NO3
− BC and OM contributed higher risks of pulmonary nodules than other PM2.5 components. And the NO3
− particles were identified to have the highest contribution. The impacts of PM2.5 components on pulmonary nodules were consistent across gender and age.These findings provide important evidence for the positive correlation between exposure to PM2.5 and pulmonary nodules in China and identify that NO3
− particles have the highest contribution to the risk.
Reflective Fourier ptychography-based depth-recovery & resolution-enhanced real scene hologram acquisition method
Authors: Qian Xin , Ai Lingyu , Shi Xiao , Dong Yue , Cho Myungjin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Recording interference holograms using coherent light is a complex process for real-world objects. Alternatively, holography based on integral imaging with natural illumination is considered an option. However, the field of view (FOV) of this technology is limited by the lenslet array of the integral imaging system. This paper proposes an integral imaging-based hologram recording method via a commercial plenoptic camera to increase the FOV for a conventional II system. Meanwhile, to address the problem of depth non-uniform compression caused by the main lens of the plenoptic camera, this paper proposed a depth recovery method combined with the camera’s metadata parameters for depth retargeting. Finally, we introduce a reflective Fourier-ptychography-based algorithm via an optimum overlap rate to acquire high-performance holograms. Compared to stereotypical integral imaging holography, this method produces a higher resolution reconstruction result. In addition, we conduct three sets of experiments on real scenes whose results also prove the proposed method embodies finer reconstruction results, and depth is recovered up to twice as much as the original outcome.
Optical characteristics of radially-polarised twisted light
Authors: Koksal K , Babiker M , Lembessis V E 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Recent work has confirmed that radially-polarised optical modes, specifically those endowed with helical wave fronts can now be routinely generated in the laboratory. Here we show that such a paraxial mode carries only an axial total optical angular momentum (AM)

where

ℓ

is the winding number and

is a constant. This mode, however, is shown to have zero spin angular momentum (SAM), so it is endowed only with orbital angular momentum (OAM) and no SAM. The helicity is found to be proportional to

ℓ

, hence this kind of mode displays chirality. When applied to a Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) mode our treatment leads to a total helicity equal to

, where

is the action constant. The factor

(
ℓ

/

|

ℓ

|

)
=
±
1

, depends on the sign, not the magnitude of

ℓ

and so the result holds for any radially-polarised LG mode however large the magnitude of its winding number

ℓ

is. The magnitude of the action constant

and hence the helicity are diminished for all such LG modes of large beam waist w
0.
Propagation-induced changes in non-isotropically correlated vector vortex beams
Authors: Manisha  , Khan Saba N , Joshi Stuti , Senthilkumaran P , Kanseri Bhaskar 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
We study the propagation of non-isotropically correlated vector vortex beams (NCVVBs) through an ABCD optical system. The statistical properties, namely, intensity, state of polarization, degree of polarization (DoP), and degree of coherence (DoC) of these beams are investigated. The terminology non-isotropically correlated is used for electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model beams, that exhibit the distinguishability of spatial correlations between parallel and orthogonal electric field components. The non-isotropic feature of the correlation widths introduces an azimuthal asymmetry in the intensity, DoP, and DoC distributions. The azimuthal asymmetry in the intensity and DoC distributions become prominent around the focal plane. However, this asymmetry can be clearly observed in DoP distributions even at a very short propagation distance. It is found that the statistical properties of NCVVBs are dependent on both Poincaré–Hopf index (PHI) and the source correlation parameters. The number of beamlets in the intensity distribution is twice the magnitude of the PHI of the input beam. Unlike isotropically correlated vector vortex beams, correlation-induced polarization around the central core of the NCVVB is observed. The DoC distribution exhibits the evolution of correlation singularities in the form of dislocations at the far field plane. These dislocations in the DoC profile under lower correlations depend on the PHI, which provides a feasible approach to measure the index of NCVVBs. This study provides a technique to synthesize beams with structured correlation and polarization features.
What Charges?
Authors: Eidinow Esther 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines in more detail the different possible charges that were brought against Theoris, Ninon, and Phryne, and explores both their coherence and their relevance to the fourth-century Athenian context. The possible charges include murder, ‘magic’ (creating spells or potions), and asebeia. This last term can be translated variously as ‘impiety’ or more broadly as ‘religious offence’, and the graphe asebeias was a procedure with a broad remit, which usually concerned some kind of offence against the gods. The chapter investigates the different kinds of activities that could result in a graphe asebeias, and asks whether any of the charges against these women fits the existing evidence about their trials. Finally, it raises some other factors that may have helped to bring these women to court, including their gender and the need to maintain social order.
Conclusion: ‘If Anyone Has Cursed Me…’
Authors: Eidinow Esther 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter concludes the initial investigation of part 1 into the different possible charges that were brought against women on trial in fourth-century bce Athens. Focusing on the charges that these women were performing illicit ritual practices, in particular accusations linking them and the creation of pharmaka, this chapter asks what kinds of social dynamics might give rise to those kinds of accusations. Returning to the story of Aretaphila (in Plutarch’s treatise on the Virtues of Women) discussed in chapter 1.2, it highlights the role of phthonos. This association between phthonos and magic-making is one that we also find attested in epigraphic evidence. A binding spell dating to the fourth century BCE is one of very few that gives us explicit information about the motivations behind aggressive magical action—and it highlights phthonos.
From Gossip to Action
Authors: Eidinow Esther 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines how the texts analysed in the previous three chapters reveal the role of gossip in expressing and generating interpretations of puzzling events. Such events are usually experiences of misfortune of some kind, and gossip is important in guiding attributions of blame and responsibility. A network analysis of the likely interrelations that shape gossip supports and illuminates these conclusions. This suggests how and why a legal case might develop out of local gossip. However, this process is not automatic, and contextual factors are crucial. The chapter presents a case where gossip failed to develop into a legal case: the case of the murder of Nicodemus. Although it was repeatedly alleged in a number of law-court speeches that Demosthenes was guilty of this murder, he was never charged.
After the War…
Authors: Eidinow Esther 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter takes a closer look at what is known—and not known—about the socio-economic situation of Athenians in the early to mid-fourth century. It explores changes in the population following the Peloponnesian war, and focuses on the immediate depletion of manpower and experiences of poverty. Despite her extensive foreign policy over the next half-century, the evidence indicates that, at least to begin with, Athens’ revenues were low; the problems of manning and resourcing her navy provides a case study. This chapter examines the ambivalent attitude to metics and foreigners in Athens; the concern with foreignness may reflect the increased mobility of populations. The Aegineticus of Isocrates gives a picture of the kinds of situations that forced families to travel. It reminds us that as well as the men that are the focus of our sources, there were many women caught in similar situations of dependence and survival, whose stories are more difficult to find.
Purification and characterization of a serine protease from the fruit of Ficus carica cultivar Masui Dauphine
Authors: Tokonami Mizuki , Horiguchi Akari , Ueshima Naoki , Takita Teisuke , Takahashi Toru , Nishimura Kosaku , Yasukawa Kiyoshi 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Ficus carica produces, in addition to the cysteine protease ficin, a serine protease (FSP). Here, we purified FSP to homogeneity from the fruit of F. carica cultivar Masui Dauphine. An 81-fold enrichment in specific activity of FSP with 2.1% recovery was attained. Three protein bands (70, 62, and 60 kDa) were identified on SDS-PAGE. Each band was identified as a subtilisin-like protease (661 amino acids) by trypsin digestion and LC-MS/MS analysis, and the partial N-terminal amino-acid sequence analysis. Gelatin zymography revealed that the active FSP exists as a dimer. The optimum hydrolysis pH of FSP was 7.5, and the pHs at which the enzyme retained its initial activity by 70% in 24 h were 8.0–11.0. The optimum hydrolysis temperature of FSP was 50–60ºC, and the temperature required to reduce the initial activity by 50% in 15 min was 70ºC. These results will inform the industrial use of FSP.
Characterization of phenolic constituents in hazelnut kernels
Authors: Uchikura Takashi , Kitano Tomoe , Yoshimura Morio , Amakura Yoshiaki 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT
Hazelnuts contain biologically active phenolic compounds and are widely used for their nutritional value. In this study, the phenolic compounds contained in hazelnuts were isolated from the kernels of Corylus avellana L. and investigated. Spectral analyses revealed 2 new acetophenone glycosides, characterized as 2′,4′,6′-trihydroxyacetophenone-4′-O-(2-O-β-d-apiosyl)-β-d-glucoside and 2′,4′,6′-trihydroxyacetophenone-4′-O-(2-O-β-d-apiosyl-6-O-α-l-arabinosyl)-β-d-glucoside, and 4 known compounds. Four high-molecular-mass condensed tannin fractions were detected in the water-soluble fraction of the extract, characterized as B-type procyanidin consisting of extension and terminal units. Gel permeation chromatography analyses revealed that the average molecular mass, based on the polystyrene standard, was approximately 15 000-113 000. These high-molecular-mass condensed tannin fractions were chemically characterized and exhibited different molecular weights. The fractions of high-molecular-mass condensed tannins were obtained from hazelnuts and tested for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity. The EC50 values indicated significant activity for all the fractions.
Evaluation of epitranscriptome-wide N6-methyladenosine differential analysis methods
Authors: Duan Daoyu , Tang Wen , Wang Runshu , Guo Zhenxing , Feng Hao 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
RNA methylation has emerged recently as an active research domain to study post-transcriptional alteration in gene expression regulation. Various types of RNA methylation, including N6-methyladenosine (m6A), are involved in human disease development. As a newly developed sequencing biotechnology to quantify the m6A level on a transcriptome-wide scale, MeRIP-seq expands RNA epigenetics study in both basic and clinical applications, with an upward trend. One of the fundamental questions in RNA methylation data analysis is to identify the Differentially Methylated Regions (DMRs), by contrasting cases and controls. Multiple statistical approaches have been recently developed for DMR detection, but there is a lack of a comprehensive evaluation for these analytical methods. Here, we thoroughly assess all eight existing methods for DMR calling, using both synthetic and real data. Our simulation adopts a Gamma–Poisson model and logit linear framework, and accommodates various sample sizes and DMR proportions for benchmarking. For all methods, low sensitivities are observed among regions with low input levels, but they can be drastically boosted by an increase in sample size. TRESS and exomePeak2 perform the best using metrics of detection precision, FDR, type I error control and runtime, though hampered by low sensitivity. DRME and exomePeak obtain high sensitivities, at the expense of inflated FDR and type I error. Analyses on three real datasets suggest differential preference on identified DMR length and uniquely discovered regions, between these methods.
The economic burden of topical corticosteroid use in dermatophytosis: a cost-of-illness analysis of steroid-modified vs. steroid-naive dermatophytosis
Authors: Jagadeesan Soumya , Sreekumar Sarath , Sajini Lekshmi , Binu Aiswarya , Das Anupam 
Published: April 2023

AbstractDermatophytosis is one of the leading causes of visits to the dermatology department, especially in India, where the hot and humid climate favours fungal acquisition and perpetuation. Usual modalities of treatment include the use of either oral or topical antifungals or a combination of both, depending on the severity and extent of infection as well as the type of causative organism. But recently, steroid-modified dermatophytosis, an iatrogenically perpetuated dermatophytosis caused by the indiscriminate use of topical corticosteroids has emerged as a troublesome epidemic. We planned a cost-of-illness analysis of superficial dermatophytosis comparing the direct healthcare costs in steroid-naive and steroid-modified dermatophytosis. In our study, the average total cost of treatment for steroid-naive and steroid-modified dermatophytosis was found to be rupees (Rs) 2172.42 and Rs 3770.61 respectively, meaning that the cost for patients who used topical steroids is an additional 40% on average for treatment, when compared with the cost for patients who are steroid naive. The need for more consultations, investigations (relating to atypical presentation) and extended duration of treatment with higher-grade antifungals were found to contribute to the increased financial burden in steroid-modified dermatophytosis.
A simple definition of food resources for the highly polyphagous Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) enables prediction of adult abundance
Authors: Andow David A 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) is a highly polyphagous herbivore with more than 300 known host plants. The high polyphagy has created logistical challenges for understanding its population dynamics. I hypothesized that the primary food resource of this species can be characterized simply, cutting across the multiple host plant species, and enabling a simpler understanding of its population dynamics. The food resource was defined as the apical buds and meristematic tissue and terminal flowers and young seeds. Adult abundance in a habitat was related to the relative abundance of food in the habitat, abundance on a host plant stem was related to the amount of food resource on the stem, and the rate of emigration was lower from host plant patches with higher amounts of food resources. These results suggest that the population dynamics of L. lineolaris depends less on the identity of the host plants and more on the amount of food resource the various host plant species provide.
Trust intermediary in a cryptomarket for illegal drugs
Authors: Andrei Filippo , Barrera Davide , Krakowski Krzysztof , Sulis Emilio 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Cooperation without third-party enforcement is particularly puzzling in illicit online markets given the anonymity of online exchanges in the ‘dark web’ and the asymmetry of information between buyers and sellers. Most of the literature investigates the effects of reputation systems on sales. Less is known about the role of (semi)institutionalized solutions to trust problems, such as the escrow service, which deposits payments for online purchases with the market platform and releases them only upon confirmation of the item delivery by a customer. We study the effect of such a trust intermediary on sales in a cryptomarket for illegal drugs. Using a large dataset of illegal online transactions, we estimate two sets of fixed effects models predicting the sellers’ choice to offer the trust intermediary and examine the effects of such a choice on sales. Our results indicate that the trust intermediary reduces online drug sales. We explain this finding by showing suggestive evidence that escrow may crowd out traders’ trust and reciprocity. Our findings have implications for theories of the role of institutions in online markets and offer policy recommendations for law enforcement agencies.
National human rights institutions: independent actors in global human rights governance?
Authors: Lacatus Corina , Carraro Valentina 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In an increasingly complex global human rights regime, international governmental organizations like the United Nations remain concerned with closing the human rights governance gap. In this context, national human rights institutions (NHRIs) are uniquely equipped regulatory intermediaries—they have the mandated powers to support and monitor national governments' human rights compliance, but require government cooperation to operate effectively. We argue that institutional independence is key for regulatory intermediaries like NHRIs to conduct their work effectively. At the same time, independence should not be solely a formal, de jure feature; it is essential for it to also manifest as de facto independence. We thus investigate the extent to which the de jure independence of NHRIs matches their de facto independence, and explain variation. We measure NHRIs' de jure independence by employing quantitative data on 187 NHRIs. To study their de facto independence, we collect survey data on the participation of Asia–Pacific NHRIs in the Universal Periodic Review (UPR), a peer-review mechanism monitoring states' human rights performance. We show that regulatory intermediaries like NHRIs can be successful even when they lack full de jure independence. De facto independence is key, and is facilitated by both NHRI- and UPR-related factors.
The OSCE and climate security: diplomatic practice in a changing geopolitical context
Authors: Bremberg Niklas 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This article analyses the role of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in the field of climate security. In 2021, the OSCE unanimously adopted a ministerial decision on climate change despite rising geopolitical tensions between Russia and the US. Why and how was this possible? The article answers these questions, drawing on a unique set of qualitative data collected from interviews with diplomats and officials conducted during Sweden's OSCE chairpersonship. The analytical framework draws on the concept of communities of practice to analyse how Swedish and like-minded diplomats built on the OSCE's approach to security to informally expand the domain of knowledge on climate-related security risks in the organization. The article suggests that the current political impasse in the OSCE does not necessarily mean that initiatives advanced by groups of like-minded states, in collaboration with the OSCE secretariat, need to be paralyzed. The findings reveal important features of multilateral diplomacy on climate security as well as how the OSCE works in practice.