bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neoplasms of the Exocrine Pancreas
Authors: Wolff Robert A. , Crane Christopher H. , Li Donghui , Evans Douglas B. , Maitra Anirban , Tsai Susan 
Published: August 2023

OverviewAdenocarcinoma of the pancreas is one of the most morbid and lethal malignancies. Worldwide, it accounts for 330,000 deaths annually. Smoking and obesity are both risk factors for pancreatic cancer and current estimates suggest half of all cases may be preventable. Genetic predisposition to pancreatic cancer is associated with some genetic syndromes to include BRCA1 or BRCA2 germline mutations, Peutz–Jeghers syndrome, and hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Somatic mutations in KRAS, CDKN2A/INK4A, TP53, and SMAD4/DPC4 are common. Pancreatic cancer is often diagnosed when the primary tumor is inoperable or there is metastatic spread rendering the cancer incurable. At present, clinical staging defines the malignancy as resectable (and potentially curable), borderline resectable, locally advanced, or metastatic. Surgery with curative intent is possible for patients with resectable disease and for a subset of patients with borderline resectable disease. While chemotherapy has been proved to prolong survival as a component of adjuvant therapy, and as therapy for locally advanced or metastatic disease, the role of radiation therapy in treatment is less‐well defined and not universally accepted. Thus far, molecular targeted therapy has shown no clinically meaningful benefit. Adjuvant and neoadjuvant approaches are employed in patients with resectable and borderline resectable disease. Intense research in the molecular biology of pancreatic cancer continues with increasing interest in the role of the tumor microenvironment in invasion, metastatic potential, and resistance. Novel therapeutic strategies that focus on stromal modification and immunologic manipulation are at the forefront of clinical and translational research efforts.
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Burgess Earle F. , Riggs Stephen B. , Rini Brian I. , Raghavan Derek 
Published: August 2023

OverviewRenal cell carcinoma occurs in 64,000 new patients each year in the United States and results in about 14,000 deaths. For localized disease, cure is achieved by nephrectomy. Meticulous surgical staging is crucial. With improved imaging techniques, active surveillance has become an option for small, asymptomatic renal masses. Modifications in surgical technique, including laparoscopic and robotic approaches, have contributed to reduced morbidity. In more advanced disease, with locoregional or metastatic spread, immune response is a governor of outcome and survival, and immune modulation via interleukin‐2 or PDL‐1 inhibition results in sustained responses. Cytotoxic chemotherapy has negligible activity, but targeted therapies, such as tyrosine kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, often cause dramatic regressions. Uncommon cancers of the kidney represent about 10% of incident cases, and a general approach to their management is reviewed in this chapter.
Gynecologic Sarcomas
Authors: Rahaman Jamal , Cohen Carmel J. 
Published: August 2023

Overview
Sarcomas are extremely rare and account for less than 1.5% of gynecologic cancers. Carcinosarcoma and leiomyosarcoma each account for 35–40% of uterine sarcomas, with endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) accounting for 10–15% and other sarcomas including adenosarcomas comprising 5–10%. Uterine carcinosarcoma should be classified as a metaplastic carcinoma of the uterus. Most adenosarcomas and ESSs have good prognosis and respond to hormonal therapy. Undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma (UES) and adenosarcomas with sarcomatous overgrowth are rare and have poor prognosis and require chemotherapy. ESS are histologically and clinically distinct from UES and each have distinct gene rearrangements. More than 50% of Stage I leiomyosarcomas (LMSs) and carcinosarcomas patients will recur. Chemotherapy is required for advanced or recurrent disease. In LMSs, the active drugs are doxorubicin, ifosfamide, gemcitabine, and docetaxel. For uterine carcinosarcomas, the drugs of choice are ifosfamide, cisplatin/carboplatin, and paclitaxel. Adjuvant radiation therapy may provide locoregional control in select cases of uterine carcinosarcomas. Hormonal therapy, including progestational agents, GnRH analogues, and aromatase inhibitors, has a role in the treatment of advanced or recurrent low‐grade ESSs and adenosarcomas.
Neoplasms of the Breast
Authors: Rugo Hope S. , Majure Melanie , Dragun Anthony , Buxton Meredith , Esserman Laura 
Published: August 2023

OverviewBreast cancer in women remains a major medical problem with significant public health and societal ramifications, including issues related to screening, risk factors, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and survival following diagnosis. Major advances have markedly improved the understanding of clinical phenotypes, as well as the biologic pathways that drive tumor growth and resistance. This research has led to dramatic changes in treatment that have contributed to a significant reduction in breast cancer mortality over the last two decades, and is the basis of ongoing clinical research. Molecular profiling has provided insights into the heterogeneity of breast cancer subtypes; combining biology and tumor burden has allowed stratification of both risk and treatment to begin the process of individualizing screening, prevention, and treatment. As new information accumulates, new paradigms of management become the standard of care reflected in international guidelines. Our challenge is to apply new formation and treatment appropriately and effectively, and to understand both response and resistance. Information obtained from molecular, biologic, and pathologic investigations and clinical trials provides the major focus of this chapter.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Rai Kanti R. , Barrientos Jacqueline C. 
Published: August 2023

OverviewChronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an indolent B‐cell neoplasia characterized by a progressive accumulation of small functionally incompetent lymphocytes in the blood, marrow, and lymphoid tissues. Given its indolent presentation, initiation of therapy is deferred until patients become symptomatic. CLL primarily affects the elderly population who generally has clinically significant coexisting conditions. The use of traditional chemoimmunotherapy regimens has been historically limited to fit patients able to tolerate the known toxicities from such regimens. A major shift in the management of CLL is currently taking place with the approval of several new targeted agents with unprecedented clinical activity in patients with poor prognostic markers and high‐risk disease. New drug combinations are being evaluated with the goal to optimize treatment approaches based on the clinical and biological profile of the CLL patient.
Evaluation and improvement of angular response for a commercial 2D detector array for patient‐specific QA
Authors: Wang Sha , Zheng Yuanshui 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPurposeMatriXX ionization chamber array has been widely used for the composite dose verification of IMRT/VMAT plans. However, in addition to its dose response dependence on gantry angle, there seems to be an offset between the beam axis and measured dose profile by MatriXX for oblique beam incidence at various gantry angles, leading to unnecessary quality assurance (QA) fails. In this study, we investigated the offset at various setup conditions and how to eliminate or decrease it to improve the accuracy of MatriXX for IMRT/VMAT plan verification with original gantry angles.MethodsWe measured profiles for a narrow beam with MatriXX located at various depths in increments of 0.5 mm from the top to bottom of the sensitive volume of the array detectors and gantry angles from 0° to 360°. The optimal depth for QA measurement was determined at the depth where the measured profile had minimum offset.ResultsThe measured beam profile offset varies with incident gantry angle, increasing from vertical direction to lateral direction, and could be over 3 cm at vendor‐recommended depth for near lateral direction beams. The offset also varies with depth, and the minimum offset (almost 0 for most oblique beams) was found to be at a depth of ∼2.5 mm below the vendor suggested depth, which was chosen as the optimal depth for all QA measurements. Using the optimal depth we determined, QA results (3%/2 mm Gamma analysis) were largely improved with an average of 99.4% gamma passing rate (no fails for 95% criteria) for 10 IMRT and VMAT plans with original gantry angles compared to 94.1% using the vendor recommended depth.ConclusionsThe improved accuracy and passing rate for QA measurement performed at the optimal depth with original gantry angles would lead to reduction in unnecessary repeated QA or plan changes due to QA system errors.
An Aggregation‐Induced Emission Molecule‐Assembled Nanovaccine with Self‐Adjuvanted Function for Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyan , Wang Kefei , Gao Zhiyuan , Wu Zelin , Liu Wei , Li Jisen , Gao Heqi , Wei Jun , Ding Dan , Zheng Wenting 
Published: August 2023

AbstractCancer nanovaccine is a promising therapeutic strategy; however, the complicated composition and ambiguous structure of cancer nanovaccines hinder their clinical application. Thus, developing minimalist nanovaccine with simple structural molecule and potent immunostimulatory function is with great value. Herein, an organic small molecule with well‐defined molecular structure and strong aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) activity is synthesized. This molecule can self‐assemble into nanoparticle (NM‐7) acting as not only adjuvant but also carrier to capture model antigen ovalbumin to form nanovaccine, which can effectively deliver and chronically release antigens and induce effective antigen cross‐presentation in draining lymph nodes. Additionally, the photophysical property of AIE molecule facilitates the determination of in vivo tissue distribution of NM‐7. Notably, NM‐7/ovalbumin (OVA) nanovaccine induces robust tumor‐specific CD8+ T‐cell responses with greatly reduced cell exhaustion. Accordingly, NM‐7/OVA nanovaccine shows potent efficacy in both prevention and therapeutic tumor models, and produces an impressive synergistic therapeutic effect when combined with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Therefore, AIE nanomaterial NM‐7 with simple synthesis, well‐defined molecular structure and self‐adjuvanted function provides a new reference and general strategy for cancer vaccine development.
Iron‐Chelated Silk Microfibers as a Novel Magneto‐Responsive Architecture for In Situ Aligning Biomaterial Scaffolds
Authors: Wojnowski Melissa A. , Martin Julia L. , Kanber Mohammad , Ngo Ken , Hendricks Gregory , Uzarski Joshua R. , Zlotak Aidan , McDonnell Camille , Trubko Raisa , Beltran‐Huarac Juan , Grimm Ronald L. , Coburn Jeannine M. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractMagnetically functionalized biomaterials represent an exciting prospect in the development of stimuli‐responsive tissue engineering scaffolds. Magneto‐responsive properties are traditionally imparted to scaffold systems via integration of iron oxide‐based magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), yet poor understanding of long‐term MNP toxicity presents a significant translational challenge. Given the demonstrated iron‐binding capacity of silk fibroin (SF), passive chelation of ferric iron ions is explored herein as an alternative, MNP‐free approach for magnetic functionalization of silk fibroin (SF)‐based biomaterials. SF microfibers treated with aqueous ferric chloride (FeCl3) exhibit significantly increased iron content relative to the nascent protein. Coupled with the absence of detectable chlorine traces and inorganic iron oxide species, the ferric oxidation state of the iron detected within the FeCl3‐treated microfibers suggests that iron is incorporated, without reduction, at innate oxygen‐containing ligands in SF. On exposure to an external magnetic field, these ferric iron‐chelated SF microfibers (Fe3+‐mSF) display paramagnetic magnetization behaviors that facilitate field‐parallel alignment. Both magnetization and directional uniformity increase with iron exposure during FeCl3 treatment, suggesting the observed magnetic response of Fe3+‐mSF is derived from the chelated iron. This work is the first to investigate the magneto‐responsive properties and biocompatibility of ferric iron‐chelated SF, highlighting a novel, MNP‐free mechanism for synthesizing magnetically functionalizedscaffolds.
Rationally Integrated Precise ER‐Targeted and Oxygen‐Compensated Photodynamic Immunostimulant for Immunogenicity‐Boosted Tumor Therapy
Authors: Qian Yanrong , Wang Man , Xie Yulin , Sun Qianqian , Gao Minghong , Li Chunxia 
Published: August 2023

AbstractNotwithstanding that immunotherapy has made eminent clinical breakthroughs, activating the immunogenicity and breaking the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITME) remains tempting yet challenging. Herein, a customized‐designed immunostimulant is engineered for attenuating ITME and eliciting an immune response to address this challenge head‐on. This immunostimulant is equipped with dual silica layers coated upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as nanocarriers modified with endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐targeted molecular N‐p‐Tosylglycine, in which the dense silica for chlorin e6 (Ce6) and the glutathione (GSH)‐responsive degradable silica for loading resveratrol (RES) ‐ (UCSMRER). On the one hand, this precise ER‐targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT) can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in situ under the 980 nm laser irradiation, which not only induced severe cell death directly but also caused intense ER stress‐based immunogenic cell death (ICD). On the other hand, tumor hypoxia aggravated by the PDT is alleviated by RES released on‐demand, which reduced oxygen consumption by impairing the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). This integrated precise ER‐targeted and oxygen‐compensated strategy maximized the PDT effect and potentiated ICD‐associated immunotherapy, which availed to attenuate ITME, activate tumor immunogenicity, and further magnify the anti‐tumor effect. This innovative concept about PDT and immunotherapy sheds light on cancer‐related clinical application.
Hematite α‐Fe2O3(0001) in Top and Side View: Resolving Long‐Standing Controversies about Its Surface Structure
Authors: Redondo Jesús , Michalička Jan , Kraushofer Florian , Franceschi Giada , Šmid Břetislav , Kumar Nishant , Man Ondřej , Blatnik Matthias , Wrana Dominik , Mallada Benjamin , Švec Martin , Parkinson Gareth S. , Setvin Martin , Riva Michele , Diebold Ulrike , Čechal Jan 
Published: August 2023

AbstractHematite is a common iron oxide found in nature, and the α‐Fe2O3(0001) plane is prevalent on the nanomaterial utilized in photo‐ and electrocatalytic applications. The atomic‐scale structure of the surface remains controversial despite decades of study, partly because it depends on sample history as well as the preparation conditions. Here, a comprehensive study is performed using an arsenal of surface techniques (non‐contact atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, low‐energy electron diffraction, and X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy) complemented by analyses of the near surface region by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The results show that the so‐called “bi‐phase” termination forms even under highly oxidizing conditions; a (1 × 1) surface is only observed in the presence of impurities. Furthermore, it is shown that the biphase is actually a continuous layer distorted due to a mismatch with the subsurface layers, and thus not the proposed mixture of FeO(111) and α‐Fe2O3(0001) phases. Overall, the results show how combining surface and cross‐sectional imaging provides a full view that can be essential for understanding the role of the near‐surface region on oxide surface properties.
Bulk‐Size and Highly Transparent Composite Phosphor for NIR Spectroscopy
Authors: Zhang Liangliang , Wang Dandan , Liu Feng , Wu Hao , Pan Guohui , Wu Huajun , Hao Zhendong , Zhang Jiahua 
Published: August 2023

AbstractNear‐infrared (NIR) phosphors offer a novel luminescent solution for NIR spectroscopy, but their efficiency remains low. Herein, it is demonstrated that the high transparency of a phosphor improves its external quantum efficiency by developing a new inorganic–organic composite phosphor. The new bulk‐size and highly transparent composite phosphor is fabricated through layer‐by‐layer assembly of micron‐sized hexagonal LiSrAlF6:Cr3+ powder phosphor. The inline transparency of the final bulk phosphor can be controlled from 0% to 90.2% at a large solid concentration of ≈47 vol.%. With high transparency, the new bulk phosphor allows the phosphor‐conversion light‐emitting diode (pc‐LED) a 2.9 times improvement in efficiency. This paper inspires a feasible and low energy consumption method to facilitate next‐generation NIR pc‐LED phosphors.
Methanol‐Induced Crystallization of Chiral Hybrid Manganese (II) Chloride Single Crystals for Achieving Circularly Polarized Luminescence and Second Harmonic Generation
Authors: Song Zhexin , Liu Xiaojie , Yang Can , Wu Qi , Guo Xiaoyu , Liu Guokui , Wei Yaoyao , Meng Lingqiang , Dang Yangyang 
Published: August 2023

AbstractChiral hybrid Mn (II)‐based halides have attracted great interest in the optoelectronic field due to their low cost, non‐toxicity, abundant structural diversity, and excellent photoluminescence, chiroptical, and nonlinear optical characteristics. Here, chiral hybrids (R/S‐MBA)MnCl3·CH3OH (MBA = C6H5CH(CH3)NH3+) and (R/S‐NPA)Cl·H2O and (R, S‐NPA)Cl (NPA = C10H7CH(CH3)NH3+) single crystals are successfully obtained using methanol (CH3OH) as an induced‐crystallization reagent by slow evaporation method. Interestingly, (R/S‐MBA)MnCl3·CH3OH single crystals with obvious circular dichroism (CD) characteristics exhibit the strong red emission characteristics originating from the d‐d transition of Mn2+ cation, while (R/S‐NPA) Cl·H2O and (R, S‐NPA)Cl exhibit blue emission originating from the organic NPA group. Based on their chiral space group P21 (no.4), (R/S‐MBA)MnCl3·CH3OH single crystals show excellent circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) with a relatively high luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) value, which is equivalent to that of reported Mn (II)‐based metal halides. Also, (R/S‐NPA)Cl·H2O and (R/S‐MBA)MnCl3·CH3OH exhibit the obvious second harmonic generation (SHG) response. This work not only deepens the understanding of the role of methanol‐induced crystallization in improving the quality and growth habits of Mn (II)‐based halide hybrid single crystals, but also provides guidance for further structural design, crystal growth, and optoelectronic applications of multi‐functional chiral hybrid Mn (II)‐based halide materials.
Scalable and Tunable PEDOT:PSS Emitter for Thermal Camouflage
Authors: Wu Zuoxu , Wang Xiaodong , Hou Shuaihang , Liu Yijie , Tang Zunqian , Yin Li , Qiao Youwei , Wang Jian , Liu Xingjun , Mao Jun , Zhang Qian , Cao Feng 
Published: August 2023

AbstractMaterials with tunable infrared emissivity are scarce but significant for thermal camouflage. In this study, the optical properties of the conjugated polymer PEDOT:PSS are investigated, and it is found that its infrared emissivity can be facilely modulated by regulating the PSS doping level in PEDOT:PSS, which enables superior thermal camouflage across broad application scenarios with different objects and background temperatures. An effective model with PEDOT particles embedded in the PSS matrix is proposed to elucidate the infrared optical response of PEDOT:PSS thick films. The PEDOT molecules possess strong electromagnetic shielding in the middle‐infrared wavelength range, contributing largely to the metallic infrared optical performance. Moreover, the metallic infrared optical properties of PEDOT:PSS become weaker through increasing the PSS doping level in PEDOT:PSS, resulting in an incredibly large infrared radiation modulation from IR “white” (high reflectivity) to IR “black” (large emissivity ε). Furthermore, the perfect thermal camouflage matched with the environment (εBG ≈75%) can be achieved for the PEDOT:PSS with a large PSS doping level across a wide temperature ranges from 35 to 60 °C. This work not only reveals the IR optical characteristics of PEDOT:PSS via the effective model but also paves the way for scalable thermal camouflage compatible with various application environments.
Exosomes‐transferred LINC00668 Contributes to Thrombosis by Promoting NETs Formation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Zhang Long , Zheng Bin , Bai Yang , Zhou Jing , Zhang Xin‐hua , Yang Yu‐qin , Yu Jing , Zhao Hong‐ye , Ma Dong , Wu Han , Wen Jin‐kun 
Published: August 2023

AbstractEpidemiological studies show an association between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and increased risk of thrombosis. However, how IBD influences thrombosis remains unknown. The current study shows that formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) significantly increased in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced IBD mice, which in turn, contributes to thrombus formation in a NETs‐dependent fashion. Furthermore, the exosomes isolated from the plasma of the IBD mice induce arterial and venous thrombosis in vivo. Importantly, proinflammatory factors‐exposed intestinal epithelial cells (inflamed IECs) promote neutrophils to release NETs through their secreted exosomes. RNA sequencing revealed that LINC00668 is highly enriched in the inflamed IECs‐derived exosomes. Mechanistically, LINC00668 facilitates the translocation of neutrophil elastase (NE) from the cytoplasmic granules to the nucleus via its interaction with NE in a sequence‐specific manner, thereby inducing NETs release and thrombus formation. Importantly, berberine (BBR) suppresses the nuclear translocation of NE and subsequent NETs formation by inhibiting the interaction of LINC00668 with NE, thus exerting its antithrombotic effects. This study provides a novel pathobiological mechanism linking IBD and thrombosis by exosome‐mediated NETs formation. Targeting LINC00668 can serve as a novel molecular treatment strategy to treat IBD‐related thrombosis.
12.84% Efficiency Flexible Kesterite Solar Cells by Heterojunction Interface Regulation
Authors: Xu Xiao , Zhou Jiazheng , Yin Kang , Wang Jinlin , Lou Licheng , Li Dongmei , Shi Jiangjian , Wu Huijue , Luo Yanhong , Meng Qingbo 
Published: August 2023

AbstractDue to their environmental friendliness, low cost, and versatility in applications, flexible Cu2ZnSn(S, Se)4(CZTSSe) solar cells have garnered significant attention in recent years. However, the lack of alkali metal elements in the flexible substrate has posed a challenge to the advancement of flexible CZTSSe solar cells. In this study, a post‐treatment strategy is proposed involving Rb ions to simultaneously regulate the surface properties of the CZTSSe film and the reactions during the CdS chemical bath deposition (CBD) process. Material and chemical characterization results confirm that Rb ions effectively passivate the detrimental Se0defect, leading to a more active surface for the CdS epitaxial growth. Additionally, the coordination between Rb ions and thiourea in the CBD solution improves the ion‐by‐ion deposition of the CdS layer. These beneficial effects significantly improve the heterojunction interface and consequently enable the flexible CZTSSe solar cell to achieve a record total‐area efficiency of 12.84% and excellent bending performance. Overall, the heterojunction interface regulation strategy employed in this work, along with the obtained remarkable results, offer promising prospects for the development of flexible CZTSSe solar cells.