bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyclic AMP, ATP, and Reversed Anaphylactic Histamine Release from Rat Mast Cells
Authors: Kaliner Michael , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Reversed anaphylactic histamine release by rabbit (Rab) anti-Rat Fab was independent of serum factors and was established as being noncytolytic in that challenged isolated mast cells still retained incorporated 42K and excluded trypan blue dye after releasing histamine. The release reaction involved the activation of a diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP)-sensitive esterase and required energy utilization. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) consistently produced a dose-related increase in the mast cell content of cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) which at the optimal concentration was 2 to 3 times the average baseline of 4.71 pmoles/106 mast cells (range -1 to 10 pmoles/106 mast cells). Aminophylline and PGE1 alone each inhibited Rab anti-Rat Fab-induced histamine release with concomitant increases in cyclic AMP, and the combination of these agents had a synergistic effect on both parameters. The inhibition of histamine release by the endogenous accumulation of cyclic AMP was reproduced by the exogenous administration of dibutyryl cyclic AMP. The interaction of Rab anti-Rat Fab with isolated mast cells resulted in a depletion of the cellular levels of cyclic AMP, ATP, and calcium in association with histamine release. Although these consequences of membrane perturbation may be unrelated, it seems more likely that they are interrelated and intrinsic to reversed anaphylactic histamine release.
The Role of Iron in Nonspecific Resistance to Infection Induced by Endotoxin
Authors: Elin Ronald J. , Wolff Sheldon M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies using an experimental model of the mouse and Candida albicans as the challenge organism attempted to define better the mechanism of nonspecific resistance to infection induced by bacterial endotoxins. In vitro studies showed a positive correlation between the growth of C. albicans in serum from mice obtained at daily intervals for 10 days after endotoxin or saline injection and the percentage iron saturation of the serum. In vivo studies in which one of four different concentrations of iron as ferric ammonium citrate was injected into control and endotoxin-treated mice at the time of challenge with C. albicans showed that the rate of mortality of the mice was directly related to the concentration of iron injected. The endotoxin-induced nonspecific resistance was negated and reversed by iron administration. These studies demonstrate that changes in iron metabolism induced by bacterial endotoxin are a key factor in the mechanism of resistance to C. albicans infection in mice.
A Quantitative Radioisotopic Assay for Hemolytic Antibody by Employing Technetium-99m-Labeled Erythrocytes
Authors: Barth Rolf F. , Singla Om 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have developed a quantitative radioisotopic assay for hemolytic antibody with erythrocytes prelabeled with technetium-99m (99mTc), a high specific activity metastable gamma emitter. There was a linear relationship between the amount of 99mTc initially used for labeling and the amount of radioactivity taken up by and subsequently released from erythrocytes which were subjected to complete hemolysis. Hemolytic antibody titrations were carried out with sheep or mouse erythrocytes which had been labeled with varying amounts of either 99mTc or 51Cr and it was concluded that 1 mCi of 99mTc or 100 µCi of 51Cr was sufficient to label adequately the target cells. The same mean log2 endpoint titers were detected in parallel titrations with either mouse anti-sheep RBC serum or an H-2 alloantiserum although the absolute gamma counts of released radioactivity were up to 15 times greater when 99mTc erythrocytes were employed. In contrast to these data on the titration of hemolytic antibodies, it was not possible to use 99mTc-labeled murine thymocytes or lymphocytes as target cells in assays for cytolytic activity of high titer rabbit anti-mouse lymphocyte sera or an H-2 alloantiserum.
The principal advantages of 99mTc compared to 51Cr are its high specific activity, low spontaneous release, and non-reutilizability. From our studies it can be concluded that 99mTc can be successfully employed for the quantitative determination of hemolytic antibodies and that its favorable physical characteristics and ready availability suggest that it may replace 51Cr as a label of choice for erythrocytes.
Activation of the Classic and Alternate Complement Pathways by Endotoxin
Authors: Fine Douglas P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of bacterial endotoxin (LPS) to activate the complement system was studied in guinea pig serum (GPS). In serum chelated with ethyleneglycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) 10 mM, which permits alternate complement pathway activation but inhibits classic complement pathway activation, lysis of LPS-coated sheep erythrocytes (E-LPS) was inhibited. Furthermore, E-LPS could not decomplement GPS chelated with EGTA. GPS absorbed twice at 0°C with E-LPS retained normal levels of hemolytic complement (CH50) and reacted normally (as measured by CH50 depression) with both zymosan (which activates the alternate pathway) and LPS. The absorbed GPS did not react with E-LPS, whether measured by percentage of lysis of E-LPS or by CH50 depression after incubation with E-LPS. These results suggest that endotoxin is capable of activating both complement pathways but erythrocyte-associated endotoxin can activate only the classic patheay, requiring a serum factor absorbable by E-LPS at 0°C.
Carrier-Specific Enhancement of the Immune Response Using Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Terres Geronimo , Habicht Gail S. , Stoner Richard D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigen-antibody complexes formed at equivalence and injected into adult mice sensitize the mice so that a markedly enhanced antibody response is obtained following an injection of soluble antigen 3 days after the complex injection. The serologic specificity of the enhanced response is determined by the antigen injected on day 3; thus, rabbit anti-dog serum albumin (DSA) in complex with DSA sensitizes the mouse so that when human serum albumin (HSA) is injected on day 3 an enhanced antibody response to determinants unique to HSA is obtained. The antigen injected on day 3 must be related to the antigen in complex in order to produce an enhanced response; tetanus toxoid given on day 3 following injection of DSA-anti-DSA did not stimulate an anti-tetanus response. A mechanism is proposed in which the day 3 antigen-specific bursal-equivalent (B) cells produce an enhanced antibody response as a result of interaction with an increased number of carrier-specific thymus-derived (T) cells which have been stimulated to proliferate by the antigen-antibody complex; in this scheme, the albumin determinants which stimulate T cells to proliferate differ from those which stimulate antibody formation, i.e., B cells.
The Distribution of Lymphocytes with T- and B-Cell Surface Markers in Human Bone Marrow
Authors: Borella Luis , Sen Luisa 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study demonstrates that lymphocyte subpopulations are distributed differently in peripheral blood and bone narrow. The proportion of T (thymus-dependent) and B (bone marrow-derived) lymphocytes was simultaneously assayed in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in continuous remission for 3 to 8 years who had received no therapy for 1 month to 5 years. T cells were identified by spontaneous rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes (RFL) and B cells by immunofluorescence of surface immunoglobulins. Most bone marrow lymphocytes carried neither B- nor T-cell surface markers. These markers were not detected in 78% of bone marrow lymphocytes and in 39% of peripheral blood lymphocytes. In a majority of these children the proportions of T and B lymphocytes were different in blood and bone marrow. Percentages of RFL and of lymphocytes bearing IgG were greater in blood than in bone marrow in 95% of the patients assayed. In contrast, the proportion of IgM-bearing lymphocytes in the bone marrow of 65% of the children was equal to or greater than in their peripheral blood. In the bone marrow the average ratio of lymphocytes bearing IgG to lymphocytes bearing IgM was 1:5 while it was 1:1 in the peripheral blood. Similar results were obtained when the proportion of T and B lymphocytes were analyzed in a group of nine children in remission who had received no therapy for more than 1 year and who were normal as assayed by several clinical, hematologic and immunologic criteria. Thus, we conclude that a low proportion of T cells and IgG-bearing lymphocytes and a predominance of B lymphocytes with IgM receptors represent the physiologic distribution of lymphocytes in human bone marrow.
Effect of Phytohemagglutinin on Expression of Human Histocompatibility Antigens
Authors: Singal Dharam P. , Villanueva Valentine R. , Naipaul Naresh 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The phytomitogens, concanavalin A (Con A)2 and phytohemagglutinin (PHA-M) have recently been reported to mask cellular histocompatibility (H-2) antigens on mouse lymphoid cells (1). The antiserum utilized in the masking experiments had antibodies directed against a number of H-2 specificities and was produced in mice after two sequential skin grafts and several (8 to 12) weekly injections of 25 × 106 spleen cells from an allogeneic host in the serum donor (2). It is possible that the phytomitogens may have interfered with the interaction between antibody and the H-2 antigenic sites, perhaps through steric hindrance from a non-H-2 antigen-antibody complex. The present study was designed to study the effects of PHA on the expression of human histocompatibility (HL-A) antigens on peripheral blood lymphocytes with monospecific antisera. We also studied the inhibitory effect of monospecific HL-A antisera on PHA stimulation of lymphocytes.
Immunosuppressive Effects of Anti-lymphocyte Serum in Complement Deficient Mice. II. Evidence That Activity Is Mediated by C3 Independent Antibodies
Authors: Barth Rolf F. , Singla Om , Ward Peter A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The immunosuppressive effects of anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) have been studied in both normal and C5-deficient mice which were depleted of the third component of complement (C3) by treatment with an inactivator isolated from cobra venom. BALB/c and treated B10·D2 old and new line mice which had been treated with C3 inactivator and either ALS or ALG had a marked reduction in both splenic plaque-forming cells and serum hemagglutinin and hemolysin titers 4 days after immunization with sheep erythrocytes compared to normal serumtreated C3 deficient controls. The effectiveness of ALG was particularly significant since this was devoid of C3. The mean survival time of C57BL/6 skin allografts was significantly prolonged on ALS treated, C3-depleted BALB/c mice compared to controls. These findings indicate that antibody-mediated immune adherence, cytolysis, and phagocytosis that require the participation of C3 are not essential for ALS activity. They support the hypothesis that cytophilic antibodies, which are capable of promoting phagocytosis independent of the complement system, are primarily responsible for the immunosuppressive activity of ALS.
Cellular Proliferation As an Index of Immune Competence
Authors: Asantila Tuula , Vahala Jaakko , Toivanen Paavo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sir: We fully agree with Cunningham and Lafferty (1) that cellular proliferation alone can be an unreliable index of immune competence, particularly when fetal lymphocytes are concerned. Therefore, in our study (2) referred to above, microscopic examination was also employed to show destruction of the tubular epithelium in the rat kidney by human fetal lymphocytes (Fig. 2 in Reference 2). Such a destruction is not obtained with immunoincompetent cells proliferating in a xenogeneic environment (3). For quantitation of the response by the fetal lymphocytes, we preferred cell proliferation indices based on the uptake of a radioactive DNA-precursor. The quantitation revealed an increase in the xenogeneic graft-vs-host competence of fetal lymphocytes with the increasing age of the fetus. These observations clearly indicate that we were not measuring only the spontaneous proliferation of fetal lymphocytes, which has been shown to decrease with the increasing age of the fetus (4).
A Hybrid IgG4-IgG2 Immunoglobulin
Authors: Natvig J. B. , Kunkel H. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies have been described which delineate an unusual myeloma protein as a hybrid molecule consisting of heavy chains that are primarily IgG4 but with the C terminal homology region IgG2. The hybrid character of this protein was demonstrated mainly through the use of a wide variety of antigenic markers which have been localized to specific areas of the heavy chains of the different IgG subclasses. The highly purified myeloma protein contained three IgG4 markers but lacked two others that are found in all other Ig4 proteins. In addition it showed the presence of three IgG2 antigens but lacked five others that are characteristic of this subclass. The IgG4 markers which were present are all found in the CH1 and CH2 homology regions whereas the missing markers are in CH3. The reverse situation applied to the IgG2 antigens. These results indicated that the hybrid protein was made up of IgG4 in the CH1 and CH2 portion of the heavy chain and IgG2 in the CH3 area.
Evidence was obtained for a normal counterpart to this protein in certain Negro sera but not in other populations; the myeloma protein was derived from a Negro. It appeared to represent a genetic variant in this population. The studies on this hybrid protein provided further data for the tentative order of the IgG subclass cistrons in the chromosome. Some indication was obtained for a possible duplication of the IgG2 gene at least in the Negro population.
Studies on the Effect of Specific Antisera on the Metabolism of Cellular Antigens
Authors: Yu Alice , Cohen Edward P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thymus leukemia antigens and H-2a antigens were released in soluble form from ASL-1 leukemia cells (H-2a; TL 1,2,3) during extraction with the nonionic detergent, NP-40. They were isolated by immunoprecipitation with specific antisera and rabbit anti-mouse IgG. Specific antigens were obtained by the procedure because: 1) increasing radioactivity in immunoprecipitates of the NP-40 extracts of 3H-fucose or 125I-labeled ASL-1 cells was obtained with increasing amounts of H-2a or TL 1,3 antisera, but no significant amounts of radioactivity above control precipitates were detected in extracts incubated with H-2b antiserum; 2) the complete removal of TL antigens from the NP-40 extract of ASL-1 cells by immunoprecipitation with excess TL antisera had little effect upon the subsequent immunoprecipitation of H-2a antisera; 3) immunoprecipitates of NP-40 extracts of ASL-1 cells with H-2a antisera yielded one radioactive peak on acrylamide gel electrophoresis whereas the control immunoprecipitates with normal mouse serum or H-2b antiserum failed to yield any measurable peaks of radioactivity. The immunoprecipitates of NP-40 extracts of ASL-1 cells with TL 1,3 antiserum obtained from (BALB/c × C3H) F1 mice yielded two major peaks and one minor peak of radioactivity. Further analysis suggested that they represented TL, tumor antigens associated with ASL-1 leukemia cells, and an antigen of strain A mice which was foreign to (BALB/c × C3H) F1 mice, respectively.
The Isolation and Characterization of an Anti-Sheep Red Blood Cell Antibody Having Limited Heterogeneity
Authors: Bratcher Raymond L. , Chong Christine A. , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A rabbit (RB1) was induced to produce anti-sheep red blood cell antibodies of limited heterogeneity in abnormally high concentrations. These antibodies were isolated by a new procedure which involves the cross-linking of stroma with glutaraldehyde to produce a reusable immunosorbent. This immunosorbent permitted the isolation of a pure antibody preparation, primarily of the IgG class. The small amount of IgM antibodies present was removed by Sephadex chromatography to yield a pure IgG product (99.7%) which gave a discrete dense band by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and three or four bands by isoelectric focusing. Also, by isoelectric focusing, one major and one minor light chain band and two major heavy chain bands were observed. Moreover, all of the antibody molecules were of the same allotype and had a characteristic idiotypic specificity.
Requirement for Bone Marrow-Derived Cells in Resistance to Listeria
Authors: Campbell Priscilla A. , Martens Barbara L. , Cooper H. Rebecca , McClatchy J. Kenneth 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experiments were designed to study the participation of bone marrow-derived cells in mediating resistance to Listeria monocytogenes. Lethally irradiated normal mice were injected with various combinations of bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and peritoneal exudate cells. Eight to 10 days later, the mice were challenged with Listeria, and assayed for resistance by determining the number of Listeria in their spleens, livers, and blood 48 hr after challenge. In some experiments, survival was used as an indicator of resistance. Since the injected cells were from normal animals, and since antigen was not knowingly administered to the recipient mice, the resistance studied here is probably due primarily to nonspecific rather than specific mechanisms. Mice injected with bone marrow with or without the addition of thymus cells were resistant to challenge; whereas mice injected with thymus cells, with peritoneal exudate cells, with both these cell types, with spleen cells, or with no cells were not resistant to Listeria.
Since neither peritoneal macrophages nor spleen cells would substitute for bone marrow cells, and since anti-ϑ-treated bone marrow cells were effective, these data suggest that a bone marrow-derived cell in addition to the macrophage is required. In addition, it was found that these irradiated, bone marrow-injected mice appear to be more resistant to Listeria than are normal mice, and can resist supra-lethal doses of the bacterium as do previously immunized mice.
Crossed Immunoelectrophoresis and Electroimmunoassay of IgM
Authors: Grubb Anders O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Analysis of IgM by crossed immunoelectrophoresis is possible if the original technique is modified by the use of: agarose gel with little, or preferably no, electroendosmosis; a high pH of 10.3; and an antibody population essentially isoelectric at pH 10.3. Such an antibody population can easily be produced by a chemical modification, under mild conditions, of about one-third of the carboxylic acid groups of the antibodies. This analytical system also permits rapid quantitation of IgM by the electroimmunoassay.
Early Detection of Lymphocyte Stimulation and Mixed Lymphocyte Interaction in Man with a Semimicro Protein Synthesis Assay
Authors: Adkinson N. Franklin , Rosenberg Steven A. , Terry William D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A rapid semimicro assay for lymphocyte activation in man is described. It is based upon the stimulation of protein synthesis (SPS) in peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured in serum-free medium with soluble antigens, phytomitogens or allogeneic lymphocytes. Cellular response to PHA is discernible in 4 hr and response to antigen in 16 to 24 hr. Stimulation in mixed lymphocyte cultures can be detected as early as 8 to 10 hr and invariably by 42 hr. The assay permits detection of lymphocyte activation earlier and with greater precision than the widely employed thymidine incorporation blast transformation system.
Immunocyte Response to a Purified Bacterial Toxin (Choleragen) and Toxoid: Cytokinetics, Immunoglobulin Class, and Specificity
Authors: Kateley John R. , Lyons Susan F. , Friedman Herman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A unique indirect plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay has been developed to assess the immune response to choleragen, a highly purified exo-enterotoxin derived from Vibrio cholerae cultures, at the cellular level. Spleen cells releasing anti-choleragen antibody were readily detectable with choleragen-sensitized sheep erythrocytes as “target” cells in a variation of the localized hemolysin in agar technique. Injection of 1-µg doses of the toxin into BALB/c mice was sufficient to stimulate large numbers of specific antibody PFC. Heat-treated choleragen preparations, i.e., procholeragenoid and choleragenoid, also induced a detectable immune response at 1-µg doses; however, the results indicate that the PFC response varied as a function of the dose and form of the cholera antigen used for immunization. Choleragen and procholeragenoid induced essentially similar immune responses and were more immunogenic than choleragenoid, although all immunogens stimulated IgM (19S) and IgG (7S) PFC. Peak IgM PFC responses were detected on days 6 and 7 whereas peak IgG PFC responses occurred 1 day later in all cases. A booster injection of choleragen (1 µg) increased the numbers of IgM and IgG PFC approximately 4- to 5-fold. IgA PFC were also detected after a booster injection. Specificity experiments revealed that the toxin and toxoid, but not a vibrio whole cell vaccine or lipopolysaccharide preparation, could inhibit the anti-choleragen PFC response.
Products of Activated Lymphocytes: Leukocyte Inhibitory Factor (LIF) Distinct from Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF)
Authors: Rocklin Ross E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The mechanism of inhibition in the leukocyte migration system was investigated. The migration of human buffy coat cells was inhibited by a soluble product of activated lymphocytes. This factor was found to have an elution pattern in Sephadex G-100 gels similar to that of albumin (69,000 daltons), thus differentiating it from human migratory inhibitory factor (MIF) (23,000 daltons). Leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF), like MIF, was shown to be elaborated by sensitized lymphocytes following stimulation by specific antigen. LIF selectively inhibited the migration of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes but did not affect the migration of guinea pig macrophages or human monocytes. Thus, the leukocyte migration system has been shown to be mediated by a separate factor (LIF) and different indicator cells (PMN leukocytes) than the MIF-mediated system of migration inhibition which utilizes guinea pig macrophages or human monocytes as indicator cells.