bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repeated elevational clines of early life‐history traits and their proximate mechanisms in brown trout
Authors: Takatsu Kunio , Brodersen Jakob 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Climate warming imposes a severe threat to freshwater ecosystems, which are dominated by ectotherms such as fish and aquatic insects. To better predict the effects of climate warming on thermally sensitive ecosystems, information on how temperature affects individual traits within populations is fundamental.

Patterns of intraspecific variation in thermal reaction norms along geographic thermal gradients provide valuable information. Immediate temperature effects on individual traits can be inferred from the shape of the thermal reaction norm. The way that temperature and associated environmental conditions (to which populations have been exposed over generations) affect individual traits through transgenerational plasticity in, and/or natural selection on, these traits can also be inferred from patterns of trait variation along a geographic thermal gradient.

Many studies have documented patterns of intraspecific variation in thermal reaction norms along geographic thermal gradients. However, most previous studies cannot exclude the possibility that the observed geographic patterns are solely explained by random processes, such as isolation by distance, due to the lack of replication of geographic gradients. Here, we show consistent patterns in intraspecific trait variation along geographic thermal gradients using Salmo trutta (brown trout), which is an ecologically and economically important fish in alpine streams.

We kept trout embryos collected from 52 families from 14 populations along wide and replicated elevational gradients from three Alpine drainages (Danube, Po, and Rhine) in two temperature treatments (3.2 and 6.2°C). Timing and body size at emergence from the nest, which are key early life‐history traits of trout affecting their early growth and survival, were measured.

Besides faster embryonic development at warmer temperatures, we found that offspring from low‐elevation parents took very slightly longer to reach emergence from fertilisation and were larger than offspring from high‐elevation parents. Importantly, this was evident for all three drainages. Further analyses found that the longer duration until‐ and larger body length at‐ emergence of low‐elevation trout were mainly due to the larger eggs laid by low‐elevation females, which had larger body size than high‐elevation females.

Trout female body size, which is positively correlated with egg size, is susceptible to temperatures and associated environmental conditions. Consequently, climate warming may not only immediately accelerate development rate but also shift timing and size at emergence through egg size‐mediated maternal effects within a relatively short time scale.
The climatic drivers of long‐term population changes in rainforest montane birds
Authors: de la Fuente Alejandro , Navarro Alejandro , Williams Stephen E. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractClimate‐driven biodiversity erosion is escalating at an alarming rate. The pressure imposed by climate change is exceptionally high in tropical ecosystems, where species adapted to narrow environmental ranges exhibit strong physiological constraints. Despite the observed detrimental effect of climate change on ecosystems at a global scale, our understanding of the extent to which multiple climatic drivers affect population dynamics is limited. Here, we disentangle the impact of different climatic stressors on 47 rainforest birds inhabiting the mountains of the Australian Wet Tropics using hierarchical population models. We estimate the effect of spatiotemporal changes in temperature, precipitation, heatwaves, droughts and cyclones on the population dynamics of rainforest birds between 2000 and 2016. We find a strong effect of warming and changes in rainfall patterns across the elevational‐segregated bird communities, with lowland populations benefiting from increasing temperature and precipitation, while upland species show an inverse strong negative response to the same drivers. Additionally, we find a negative effect of heatwaves on lowland populations, a pattern associated with the observed distribution of these extreme events across elevations. In contrast, cyclones and droughts have a marginal effect on spatiotemporal changes in rainforest bird communities, suggesting a species‐specific response unrelated to the elevational gradient. This study demonstrated the importance of unravelling the drivers of climate change impacts on population changes, providing significant insight into the mechanisms accelerating climate‐induced biodiversity degradation.
Study on gas trapping during precision glass molding of microlens array in a nitrogen atmosphere
Authors: Zhou Tianfeng , Zeng Zihao , Yu Qian , Zhou Jia , Liu Peng , Wang Xibin 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMicrolens arrays will suffer from filling defects due to trapped gas when molded in a nitrogen atmosphere by precision glass molding (PGM). In this paper, a multistep molding method is proposed to avoid gas trapping and improve the accuracy of a microlens array. The defect formation mechanism of the microlens array caused by the trapped gas is investigated, and the effect of the molding pressure on the defect formation is analyzed. A numerical model of the mold‐nitrogen‐glass interface at high temperature is established to evaluate the defect evolution, and the minimum number of PGM steps required to greatly reduce defects caused by the trapped gas is predicted. The numerical model is validated by a multistep PGM experiment of D‐K59 glass material. The results show that a three‐step PGM process significantly reduced the height of the defect. The difference between the height of the microlens unit and the depth of the mold is less than 0.4%. The molded microlens array has a peak‐to‐valley value of 0.38 μm and a surface roughness Ra of 3.5 nm. This work is instructive for the fabrication of high‐precision glass microlens arrays.
Antioxidant, and physical properties of chitosan/gelatin composite film incorporated with Caulerpa lentillifera extract for pork preservation
Authors: Zhang Chuanli , Wang Jiang , Du Huiying , Han Xintong , Li Changjiu , Huang Danni , Yu Xiaolong 
Published: January 2023

SummaryThe effects of Caulerpa lentillifera (CL) extract incorporation on antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, water stability, and physical properties of the chitosan/gelatin (CS/GEL) films were studied. The CL extract containing CS/GEL composite film was prepared by the casting method. The effect of CL content (1%, 3%, 5%) on the antioxidant properties, thermal property, mechanical properties, barrier properties, water stability and water contact angle of CS/GEL films was evaluated. With the increase of CL extract content, bumps and micro‐pores appeared on the surface and cross‐section of the composite films. The water contact angle, water solubility, and water absorption swelling rate of the composite films were improved with the addition of CL; therefore, the composite films exhibited better water stability. The TS of films were enhanced (from 12.57 to 23.66 MPa). Compared with the normal CS/GEL films, the CS/GEL‐CL films exhibited better antioxidant with DPPH scavenging capacity values of 72.6% and could effectively slow down the lipid oxidation of refrigerated pork samples during storage, such as lower accumulation of free fatty acid content and fluorescence compound formation. This suggested that CS/GEL‐CL film might be suitable as active films for food packaging.
Staff perceptions following a training programme about reducing psychotropic medication use in adults with intellectual disability: The need for a realistic professional practice framework
Authors: Barratt Macey , Jorgensen Mikaela , Deb Shoumitro (Shoumi) , Limbu Bharati , Donley Mandy , Buchholtz Moira , Smith Victoria , Wilson Nathan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBackgroundAdults with intellectual disability are at higher risk of being administered psychotropic medications. The UK‐developed SPECTROM (Short‐term PsychoEducation for Carers To Reduce Over Medication of people with intellectual disabilities) training programme educates disability support workers on psychotropic medications and alternatives to these medications.MethodInterviews were conducted with 10 participants who took part in the pilot SPECTROM training programme to elicit their views on the programme and its appropriateness in an Australian context.ResultsThe key theme was ‘Need for a psychotropic medication practice framework’. Four sub‐themes were Broad satisfaction with the SPECTROM training programme; Disability support workers acknowledging the limitations of their scope of practice; Empowering training through prescriptive and reflective methods and; Need for future mentoring from Multi‐Disciplinary Team members in the application of new knowledge.ConclusionsParticipants felt that whilst they could improve their knowledge and attitudes surrounding psychotropic medication administration for behaviours of concern through SPECTROM training, a national practice framework is needed to execute its goals at scale.
Indole‐3‐acetic acid increases the survival of brine shrimp challenged with vibrios belonging to the Harveyi clade
Authors: Zhang Shanshan , Van Haesebroeck Jana , Yang Qian , Defoirdt Tom 
Published: January 2023

AbstractVibrios belonging to the Harveyi clade (including closely related species such as Vibrio campbellii, Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus) are important pathogens of aquatic organisms. In this study, we investigated the use of indole‐3‐acetic acid to control disease caused by Harveyi clade vibrios. Indole‐3‐acetic acid, which can be produced by various seaweeds and microalgae, was added to the rearing water of brine shrimp larvae challenged with 12 different Harveyi clade Vibrio strains. Indole‐3‐acetic acid significantly decreased the virulence of 10 of the strains without any effect on their growth. The latter is important as it will minimize the selective pressure for resistance development. The survival rate of brine shrimp larvae increased from 1.2‐fold to 4.8‐fold upon treatment with 400 μM indole‐3‐acetic acid. Additionally, indole‐3‐acetic acid significantly decreased the swimming motility in 10 of the strains and biofilm formation in eight of the strains. The mRNA levels of the pirA and pirB toxin genes were decreased to 46% and 42% by indole‐3‐acetic acid in the AHPND‐causing strain V. parahaemolyticus M0904. Hence, our data demonstrate that indole‐3‐acetic acid has the potential to be an effective virulence inhibitor to control infections in aquaculture.
Food prescription pilots: feasibility, acceptability and affordability of improving diet through menu planning and grocery delivery
Authors: Cohen Deborah A. , Estrada Erika L. , Montes Monica , Voorhees Allison C. , Inzhakova Galina , Rios Claudia , Hsieh Timothy , Tayag Justin , Castillo Amorette , Hashmi Sean 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBackgroundLack of adherence is a primary reason people fail to maintain a healthy diet or lose weight. Multiple environmental factors, including aggressive marketing and convenience of nutrient‐poor food, undermine people's best intentions. The aim was to assess the feasibility, acceptability and impact of food prescriptions in which participants' exposure to commercial food outlets is reduced, because the groceries are delivered with weekly menu plans and recipes.MethodsThis is a series of pre‐post pilot proof‐of‐concept studies. We recruited 37 members of Kaiser Permanente interested in improving their diet or losing weight. Weekly meal plans meeting more than 90% of recommended dietary allowances were designed to be low cost, in line with Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) allowances. Five separate pilots targeted different populations. Participants were required to provide 24‐h dietary recalls (ASA24) before and during the interventions. Weight management pilot participants had height, weight and blood pressure measured before and after 4‐week pilots and followed sustainability guidelines, limiting meat and dairy.ResultsAcross pilots, the healthy eating index improved (+21.1 points; 95% CI [confidence interval] 15.9, 26.3). For the weight management pilots, most participants lost weight (average 10.3 lbs for men, 5.7 lbs for women; 95% CI −10.2, −5.4). The majority of participants liked the programme and considered it the easiest weight loss programme they ever tried.ConclusionsThese pilots suggest that meal planning and grocery delivery can be affordable and acceptable and could ultimately have a major impact on diet‐related chronic diseases. Longer‐term studies are needed to confirm how long compliance will endure.
Low serum creatinine, a surrogate marker of muscle mass, correlates with insulin sensitivity in nonhuman primates
Authors: Chaudhari Uddhav K. , Hansen Barbara C. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractObjectivesDecreased serum creatinine levels are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in humans, however, its association with muscle mass and insulin sensitivity have not been studied in NHPs.MethodsRetrospective data of 229 adult NHPs were studied for association of serum creatinine levels with muscle mass and onset of T2DM.ResultsSerum creatinine levels were positively correlated with lean muscle mass in nondiabetic (non‐DM), male and female NHPs. Aged NHPs had significantly reduced lean muscle mass and corresponding creatinine levels compared to young age groups (p < .001). Creatinine was positively correlated with insulin sensitivity in nonDM male NHPs and significant decrease in creatinine was observed in T2DM (p < .001) compared to same age group nonDM NHPs.ConclusionsThe pathophysiology of T2DM in NHPs is similar to humans, low creatinine further provides utility of surrogate biomarkers of lower muscle mass and risk factor for T2DM NHPs.
Influence of body image on quality of life in breast cancer patients undergoing breast reconstruction: Mediating of self‐esteem
Authors: Jang Yunhee , Seong Mihyeon , Sok Sohyune 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBackgroundBreast cancer is considered as a major health problem for women, and the prevalence is increasing over the world. Research to improve their quality of life is necessary.PurposeThis study was to examine the body image and self‐esteem of breast cancer patients who underwent breast reconstruction in order to determine whether these affect their quality of life.MethodsA cross‐sectional descriptive design was employed. This study was conducted on 140 patients who underwent breast reconstruction following breast cancer surgery at S University Hospital in Gyeonggi‐do, South Korea. Measures were the general characteristics list, body image scale, self‐esteem scale, and the Korean version of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐Breast Cancer Version 4 for quality of life. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, linear regression, and process macro bootstrapping for mediation effect. Data were collected from October 2020 to March 2021.ResultsThe path regression coefficient was 1.59 (p < .001), and the direct effect of body image on the quality of life was 1.34 (p < .001) considering the effect of self‐esteem, which is a parameter. This confirmed that self‐esteem mediates body image and quality of life. The explanatory power of self‐esteem for quality of life was 54%.ConclusionThis study suggests that body image and self‐esteem are important factors in the quality of life of breast cancer patients who underwent breast reconstruction. Also, the self‐esteem has a mediating effect in the relationship between body image and quality of life.Relevance to clinical practiceIn clinical practice, nurses should focus on the body image and self‐esteem of breast cancer patients who have undergone breast reconstruction in order to improve their quality of life.Patient or public contributionThis cross‐sectional descriptive design study was conducted on patients who underwent breast reconstruction following breast cancer surgery at hospital in South Korea.
SCOTUS in the time of COVID: The evolution of justice dynamics during Oral arguments
Authors: Ringsmuth Eve M. , Sag Matthew , Johnson Timothy R. , Jacobi Tonja 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWe assess changes in oral arguments at the US Supreme Court precipitated by the COVID‐19 pandemic and the degree to which those changes persisted once the justices acclimated to the new procedures. To do this, we examine whether key attributes of these proceedings changed as the Court experimented with telephonic hearings and subsequently returned to in‐person oral arguments. We demonstrate that the initial telephonic forum changed the dynamics of oral argument in a way that gave the chief justice new power and reconfigured justices' engagement during these proceedings. However, we also show that the associate justices adapted to this new institutional landscape by changing their behavior. The findings shed light on the consequences of significant, novel disruptions to institutional rules and norms in the government and legal system.
Relative importance of students’ expectancy–value beliefs as predictors of academic success in gateway math courses
Authors: Benden Daria K. , Lauermann Fani 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMath‐intensive fields in postsecondary education, such as physics and math, often struggle with high student dropout rates. Motivational declines after the transition to postsecondary education are a key factor underlying students’ achievement difficulties and decisions to leave these fields. A better understanding of which motivational factors play a particularly central role in predicting achievement difficulties and dropout decisions is needed to inform potential interventions. Thus, drawing on Eccles’ expectancy–value theory, we examined changes in the relative importance of students’ expected success and different task values as unique or joint predictors of students’ academic success and course dropout across three time points within a semester. Data were collected in gatekeeper math courses for physics and math majors (N= 811). Commonality analyses showed an increasing overlap in the predictive effects of students’ expectancies and values on later academic outcomes, which indicates convergence in these motivational beliefs, as they likely influence each other over time. A significant shift in the relative importance of students’ expectancies and values occurred after the transition to postsecondary education, highlighting a sensitive time point for interventions. Pre‐existing achievement, socioeconomic, and gender differences lost some of their unique predictive power toward the midpoint of the semester.
Usage of phosphoric acid plant's circulate pond waters in struvite precipitation—Effect of conditions
Authors: Tuomikoski Sari , Sauvola Emilia , Riponiemi Marko , Lassi Ulla , Pesonen Janne 
Published: January 2023

AbstractStruvite is a suitable fertilizer, and electrochemical precipitation of nutrients from industrial waters provides one answer to the circular economy. Molar ratio between ammonium and phosphate is crucial: Water suitable for the precipitation includes more or at least the same amount ammonium than phosphate. That kind of water typically does not exist in industry. Therefore, ammonium‐rich industrial water was mixed with phosphorus‐rich water to obtain a suitable molar ratio for struvite precipitation. Parameters were studied to determine their effect on removal‐% and struvite yield. 100% struvite yield was obtained under several conditions even without pH control with pH 7–9. The highest phosphate removal (99.7%) was occurred with the molar ratio 1.7:2:1 for Mg:NH4:PO4 (pH 9.0). Waters dilution prevents magnesium anode corrosion. Formed struvite has potential as recycled fertilizer due to low bioavailability of metals and high leachability of nutrients studied by four‐stage sequential leaching.
The Effects of Favorable and Unfavorable Geometric Perturbations on the Response of Pressure-Loaded Hemispherical Shells
Authors: D’Mello Royan J. , Waas Anthony M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Hemispherical shells subjected to external pressure loading are known to be sensitive to geometric imperfections. Dimple imperfections and their effects on the buckling and postbuckling response of spherical and hemispherical shells under externally applied pressure loads have been widely studied. The studies have shown that dimple imperfections are unfavorable, and their presence leads to a drastic lowering of buckling pressure, the severity being dependent on the radius-to-wall thickness ratio of the shell. Motivated by a plenary lecture presented by Hutchinson, we have conducted equilibrium analysis through finite element computations of externally pressurized hemispherical shells to understand if we can intentionally design shells with initial geometric perturbations that are favorable to resisting external pressure. We have studied dimple imperfections that can either increase or decrease the local curvature. We show that outward pointing dimples outperform inward-pointing dimples in such a structure and hence can be viewed as being favorable with regards to shell buckling under external pressure. With advances in precision manufacturing, the results presented here serve as a guide to designing shells with intentional perturbations to the initial shell geometry that can lead to favorable outcomes.
Synthesis of Proton Conducting and Highly Stable PWA-ZRP-Doped Composite Membrane for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: Pandey Jay , Seepana Murali Mohan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Mechanically stable, proton-conducting, and very cost-effective nanocomposite membrane was synthesized successfully using a simple and scalable phase-inversion approach. Phosphotungstic acid (PWA) and zirconium phosphate (ZRP) were synthesized using sol–gel and co-precipitation method, respectively. PWA-ZrP nanoparticles showed remarkable compatibility with cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) (c-PVA) and thus forming uniform and defect-free composite membrane of thickness ∼100–120µm. Doped PWA-ZRP nanoparticles into c-PVA membrane led to introduced bronsted acidic sites, and thereby, drastic improvement in proton conductivity of membrane was observed. Composite membrane revealed excellent water-holding capabilities with proton conductivity of 5.2 × 10−5 Scm−1 under fully hydrated conditions (i.e., 98% relative humidity). The synthesized proton-conducting nanocomposite membrane was demonstrated as a potential advanced functional solid electrolyte for possible application in proton exchange membrane fuel cell.