bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pseudo-Bayesian Small-Area Estimation
Authors: Datta Gauri , Lee Juhyung , Li Jiacheng 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn sample surveys, a subpopulation is referred to as a “small area” or “small domain” if it does not have a large enough sample that alone will yield an adequately accurate estimate of a characteristic. In small-area estimation, the sample size from various subpopulations is often too small to accurately estimate its mean, and so one borrows strength from similar subpopulations through an appropriate model based on relevant covariates. The empirical best linear unbiased prediction (EBLUP) method has been the dominant frequentist model-based approach in small-area estimation. This method relies on estimation of model parameters based on the marginal distribution of the data. As an alternative to this method, the observed best prediction (OBP) method estimates the parameters by minimizing an objective function that is implied by the total mean squared prediction error. We use this objective function in the Fay–Herriot model to construct a pseudo-posterior distribution for the model parameters under nearly noninformative priors for them. Data analysis and simulation show that the pseudo-Bayesian estimators (PBEs) compete favorably with the OBPs and EBLUPs. The PBE estimates are robust to mean misspecification and have good frequentist properties. Being Bayesian by construction, they automatically avoid negative estimates of standard errors, enjoy a dual justification, and provide an attractive alternative to practitioners.
Elie Wiesel and a Legacy of (Post-)Witnessing
Authors: Zühlke Christin 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This article explores how the relationship between a victim/survivor in a Shoah testimony and the audience (e.g., the listener, reader, or scholar) is shaped by the account, and inquires how the relationships may evolve when there are no survivors left. I argue that survivor testimonies pass the role of witness to the audience, thus intertwining the processes of witnessing (i.e., experienced by a victim or survivor) and post-witnessing (i.e., experienced through testimonies or other first-person accounts)—especially in the case of scholars. This study uses the survivor Elie Wiesel’s work as a case study to demonstrate that the role of a witness can become a transferable legacy. To examine this topic, I draw on current post-witnessing theories, Affect Theory, a hermeneutic approach to Wiesel’s testimony, and a particularly evocative passage by Primo Levi that depicts gazing on someone which inflicts shame in the one looking.
Galaxy cluster rotation revealed in the MACSIS simulations with the kinetic Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect
Authors: Altamura Edoardo , Kay Scott T , Chluba Jens , Towler Imogen 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
The kinetic Sunyaev–Zeldovich (kSZ) effect has now become a clear target for ongoing and future studies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and cosmology. Aside from the bulk cluster motion, internal motions also lead to a kSZ signal. In this work, we study the rotational kSZ effect caused by coherent large-scale motions of the cluster medium using cluster hydrodynamic cosmological simulations. To utilize the rotational kSZ as a cosmological probe, simulations offer some of the most comprehensive data sets that can inform the modelling of this signal. In this work, we use the MACSIS data set to investigate the rotational kSZ effect in massive clusters specifically. Based on these models, we test stacking approaches and estimate the amplitude of the combined signal with varying mass, dynamical state, redshift, and map-alignment geometry. We find that the dark matter, galaxy and gas spins are generally misaligned, an effect that can cause a suboptimal estimation of the rotational kSZ effect when based on galaxy motions. Furthermore, we provide halo-spin–mass scaling relations that can be used to build a statistical model of the rotational kSZ. The rotational kSZ contribution, which is largest in massive unrelaxed clusters (≳100 $\mu$K), could be relevant to studies of higher order CMB temperature signals, such as the moving lens effect. The limited mass range of the MACSIS sample strongly motivates an extended investigation of the rotational kSZ effect in large-volume simulations to refine the modelling, particularly towards lower mass and higher redshift, and provide forecasts for upcoming cosmological CMB experiments (e.g. Simons Observatory, SKA-2) and X-ray observations (e.g. Athena/X-IFU).
#3430 MORTALITY AND RISK FACTORS IN VERY ELDERLY PATIENTS WHO START HAEMODIALYSIS: KOREAN RENAL DATA SYSTEM (KORDS), 2016-2020
Authors: Park Ji Hyeon , Cho Ajin , 김 현경 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Background and Aims
The number of elderly patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is increasing worldwide. However, decision-making about elderly patients with ESRD remains complex because of the lack of studies, especially in very elderly patients (≥75 years). We examined the characteristics of very elderly patients starting haemodialysis (HD) and the associated mortality and prognostic factors.

Method
Data were analysed retrospectively using a nationwide cohort registry, the Korean Renal Data System. Patients who started HD between January 2016 and December 2020 were included and divided into three groups according to age at HD initiation (&lt;65, 65–74, and ≥75 years). The primary outcome was all-cause mortality during the study period. Risk factors for mortality were analysed using Cox proportional hazard models.

Results
In total, 22,024 incident patients were included with 10,006, 5,668, and 6,350 in each group (&lt;65, 65–74, and ≥75 years, respectively). Among the very elderly group, women had a higher cumulative survival rate than men (91.2% vs. 90.3% at 1 year and 56.4% vs. 51.9% at 3 years, respectively) (Figure 1a). The survival rate was lower in patients with vascular access via a catheter than in those with an arteriovenous fistula or graft (72.0% vs. 95.1% at 1 year and 23.8% vs. 60.7% at 3 years, respectively) (Figure 1b). Very elderly patients with more comorbid diseases had a significantly lower survival rate that those with fewer comorbidities (log-rank: p &lt; 0.001) (Figure 2).

Conclusion
Preparation of an arteriovenous fistula or graft when starting HD should be considered in very elderly patients with fewer comorbid diseases.
Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonists for Thrombocytopenia Secondary to HER2-Targeted Antibody Drug Conjugates
Authors: Rainone Michael , Kasparian Saro , Nguyen Tina , Talwar Neel , Yuan Yuan , Mei Matthew , Mortimer Joanne E , Waisman James R , Patel Niki , Pullarkat Vinod 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Trastuzumab emtansine and trastuzumab deruxtecan are widely used in breast cancer and other solid tumor malignancies. Thrombocytopenia is a common adverse event associated with the use of these agents that can lead to a treatment delay, reduction in dose intensity, and discontinuation. The role of thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RA) remains unknown in this setting. We report a case series of 6 individuals with breast cancer that experienced dose-reductions and therapy delays due to thrombocytopenia secondary to trastuzumab emtansine or trastuzumab deruxtecan therapy and received intervention with TPO-RA. All 6 were able to resume therapy with TPO-RA support.
An anthropomorphic body phantom for the determination of calibration factor in radionuclide treatment dosimetry
Authors: Kovan Bilal , Demir Bayram , Işık Emine Göknur , Has Şimşek Duygu , Özkan Zeynep Gözde , Kuyumcu Sekan , Türkmen Cüneyt , Şanlı Yasemin 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The aim of this study is to create an inhomogeneous human-like phantom, whose attenuation and scattering effects are similar to the human body, as an alternative to the homogeneous phantoms traditionally used in calibration factor (CF) determination. The phantom was designed to include the thorax, abdomen and upper pelvis regions sized to represent a 75-kg male with a body mass index of 25. Measurements using Lu-177 with 50- and 100-mL lesion volumes were performed using inhomogeneous anthropomorphic body phantom (ABP) and homogeneous NEMA PET body phantom. There was a difference of 5.7% of Calibration Factor including attenuation and scatter effect between ABP and NEMA PET body phantom. Because it better reflects the attenuation and scatter effect, it is recommended to use a human-like inhomogeneous phantom for determination of CF instead of a homogeneous phantom.
North–South research funding dynamics of collaborative projects: researchers’ appropriation strategies of agencies’ project frameworks
Authors: Alom Bartrolí Montserrat 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
North–South research funding dynamics have been progressively marked by the rise of project-based funding responding to agencies’ predefined research topics. Still, Southern researchers’ behaviour to cope with Northern agencies’ project frameworks remains an understudied question. This article addresses this gap by examining Southern applicants’ practices when preparing proposals for collaborative research for development projects in the social sciences, in particular their strategies to appropriate Northern donors’ frameworks. Findings single out that the appropriation process leads to the co-creation of a new cognitive framework accommodating both researchers’ and funders’ interests expressed in different agendas. This article also contributes to shedding light on Southern researchers’ active role in the face of asymmetric relationships. Finally, findings inform research management about the importance of defining relatively large frameworks that include applicants’ knowledge, competences, and contextual features to enhance local relevance while contributing to the policy debate on project-based funding impact on contemporary research.
Resolving Marine–Freshwater Transitions by Diatoms Through a Fog of Gene Tree Discordance
Authors: Roberts Wade R , Ruck Elizabeth C , Downey Kala M , Pinseel Eveline , Alverson Andrew J 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Despite the obstacles facing marine colonists, most lineages of aquatic organisms have colonized and diversified in freshwaters repeatedly. These transitions can trigger rapid morphological or physiological change and, on longer timescales, lead to increased rates of speciation and extinction. Diatoms are a lineage of ancestrally marine microalgae that have diversified throughout freshwater habitats worldwide. We generated a phylogenomic data set of genomes and transcriptomes for 59 diatom taxa to resolve freshwater transitions in one lineage, the Thalassiosirales. Although most parts of the species tree were consistently resolved with strong support, we had difficulties resolving a Paleocene radiation, which affected the placement of one freshwater lineage. This and other parts of the tree were characterized by high levels of gene tree discordance caused by incomplete lineage sorting and low phylogenetic signal. Despite differences in species trees inferred from concatenation versus summary methods and codons versus amino acids, traditional methods of ancestral state reconstruction supported six transitions into freshwaters, two of which led to subsequent species diversification. Evidence from gene trees, protein alignments, and diatom life history together suggest that habitat transitions were largely the product of homoplasy rather than hemiplasy, a condition where transitions occur on branches in gene trees not shared with the species tree. Nevertheless, we identified a set of putatively hemiplasious genes, many of which have been associated with shifts to low salinity, indicating that hemiplasy played a small but potentially important role in freshwater adaptation. Accounting for differences in evolutionary outcomes, in which some taxa became locked into freshwaters while others were able to return to the ocean or become salinity generalists, might help further distinguish different sources of adaptive mutation in freshwater diatoms.
What’s New in Pediatric Septic Arthritis? A Review of Pertinent Clinical Questions
Authors: Hachem Ahmad , Copley Lawson A.B. 
Published: June 2023

Background:
The evaluation and treatment of children with septic arthritis (SA) is challenging and requires an organized approach to address the spectrum of pathogens which appear to aggregate in age-specific groups. Although evidence-based guidelines have recently been published for the evaluation and treatment of children with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis, there is a relative dearth of literature devoted exclusively to SA.

Methods:
Recently published guidance for the evaluation and treatment of children with SA was reviewed and evaluated with respect to pertinent clinical questions to summarize what is new in this area of practice for pediatric orthopaedic surgeons.

Results:
Evidence suggests that there is a profound difference between children with primary SA and those who have contiguous osteomyelitis. This disruption of the commonly accepted paradigm of a continuum of osteoarticular infections has important implications in the evaluation and treatment of children with primary SA. Clinical prediction algorithms have been established to help determine the applicability of magnetic resonance imaging during the evaluation of children suspected to have SA. Antibiotic duration for SA has been recently studied with some evidence in favor of short-course parenteral followed by short-course oral therapy may be successful if the pathogen is not methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Conclusion:
Recent studies of children with SA have provided better guidance for evaluation and treatment to improve diagnostic accuracy, processes of evaluation, and clinical outcomes.

Level of Evidence:
Level 4.
Trend in Clinical Trial Participation During COVID-19: A Secondary Analysis of the I-SPY COVID Clinical Trial
Authors: Yang Philip , Dickert Neal W. , Haczku Angela , Spainhour Christine , Auld Sara C. ,   the I-SPY COVID Consortium
Published: June 2023

OBJECTIVES:
To analyze the temporal trend in enrollment rates in a COVID-19 platform trial during the first three waves of the pandemic in the United States.

DESIGN:
Secondary analysis of data from the I-SPY COVID randomized controlled trial (RCT).

SETTING:
Thirty-one hospitals throughout the United States.

PATIENTS:
Patients who were approached, either directly or via a legally authorized representative, for consent and enrollment into the I-SPY COVID RCT.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Among 1,338 patients approached for the I-SPY COVID trial from July 30, 2020, to February 17, 2022, the number of patients who enrolled (n = 1,063) versus declined participation (n = 275) was used to calculate monthly enrollment rates. Overall, demographic and baseline clinical characteristics were similar between those who enrolled versus declined. Enrollment rates fluctuated over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, but there were no significant trends over time (Mann-Kendall test, p = 0.21). Enrollment rates were also comparable between vaccinated and unvaccinated patients. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, age, sex, region of residence, COVID-19 severity of illness, and vaccination status were not significantly associated with the decision to decline consent.

CONCLUSIONS:
In this secondary analysis of the I-SPY COVID clinical trial, there was no significant association between the enrollment rate and time period or vaccination status among all eligible patients approached for clinical trial participation. Additional studies are needed to better understand whether the COVID-19 pandemic has altered clinical trial participation and to develop strategies for encouraging participation in future COVID-19 and critical care clinical trials.
Muscle Ultrasound Changes and Physical Function of Critically Ill Children: A Comparison of Rectus Femoris Cross-Sectional Area and Quadriceps Thickness Measurements
Authors: Ong Chengsi , Lee Jan Hau , Leow Melvin K. S. , Puthucheary Zudin A. 
Published: June 2023

IMPORTANCE:
Quadriceps thickness (QT) and rectus femoris cross-sectional area (RFCSA) are both used to evaluate muscle changes in critically ill children. However, their correlation and association with physical function has not been compared.

OBJECTIVES:
To compare QT with RFCSA changes, and their association with physical function in critically ill children.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:
Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study of children 0–18 years old admitted to a tertiary mixed PICU between January 2015 and October 2018 with PICU stay greater than 48 hours and greater than or equal to one organ dysfunction.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:
Ultrasound QT and RFCSA were measured at PICU admission, PICU discharge, hospital discharge, and 6 months post-discharge. QT and RFCSA changes from baseline were compared with each other and with change in motor function, physical ability, and physical health-related quality of life (HRQOL).

RESULTS:
Two hundred thirty-seven images from 66 subjects were analyzed. RFCSA change was not significantly different from QT change at PICU (–8.07% [interquartile range (IQR), –17.11% to 4.80%] vs –4.55% [IQR, –14.32% to 4.35%]; p = 0.927) or hospital discharge (–5.62% [IQR, –15.00% to 9.42%] vs –8.81% [IQR, –18.67% to 2.39%]; p = 0.238) but was significantly greater than QT change at 6 months (32.7% [IQR, 5.74–109.76%] vs 9.66% [IQR, –8.17% to 25.70%]; p < 0.001). Motor function change at PICU discharge was significantly associated with RFCSA change (adjusted β coefficient, 0.02 [95% CI, 0.01–0.03]; p = 0.013) but not QT change (adjusted β coefficient, –0.01 [95% CI, –0.02 to 0.01]; p = 0.415). Similar results were observed for physical HRQOL changes at hospital discharge (adjusted β coefficient for RFCSA change, 0.51 [95% CI, 0.10–0.92]; p = 0.017 and adjusted β coefficient for QT change, –0.21 [–0.76 to 0.35]; p = 0.458). Physical ability was not significantly associated with RFCSA or QT changes at 6 months post-discharge.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:
Ultrasound derived RFCSA is associated with PICU motor function and hospital discharge physical HRQOL changes, unlike QT, and may be more useful for in-hospital muscle monitoring in critically ill children.
Diabetes mellitus and adverse outcomes after carotid endarterectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Li Fengshi , Zhang Rui , Di Xiao , Niu Shuai , Rong Zhihua , Liu Changwei , Ni Leng 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Background:
There is still uncertainty regarding whether diabetes mellitus (DM) can adversely affect patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for carotid stenosis. The aim of the study was to assess the adverse impact of DM on patients with carotid stenosis treated by CEA.

Methods:
Eligible studies published between 1 January 2000 and 30 March 2023 were selected from the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials databases. The short-term and long-term outcomes of major adverse events (MAEs), death, stroke, the composite outcomes of death/stroke, and myocardial infarction (MI) were collected to calculate the pooled effect sizes (ESs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and prevalence of adverse outcomes. Subgroup analysis by asymptomatic/symptomatic carotid stenosis and insulin/noninsulin-dependent DM was performed.

Results:
A total of 19 studies (n = 122,003) were included. Regarding the short-term outcomes, DM was associated with increased risks of MAEs (ES = 1.52, 95% CI: [1.15–2.01], prevalence = 5.1%), death/stroke (ES = 1.61, 95% CI: [1.13–2.28], prevalence = 2.3%), stroke (ES = 1.55, 95% CI: [1.16–1.55], prevalence = 3.5%), death (ES = 1.70, 95% CI: [1.25–2.31], prevalence =1.2%), and MI (ES = 1.52, 95% CI: [1.15–2.01], prevalence = 1.4%). DM was associated with increased risks of long-term MAEs (ES = 1.24, 95% CI: [1.04–1.49], prevalence = 12.2%). In the subgroup analysis, DM was associated with an increased risk of short-term MAEs, death/stroke, stroke, and MI in asymptomatic patients undergoing CEA and with only short-term MAEs in the symptomatic patients. Both insulin- and noninsulin-dependent DM patients had an increased risk of short-term and long-term MAEs, and insulin-dependent DM was also associated with the short-term risk of death/stroke, death, and MI.

Conclusions:
In patients with carotid stenosis treated by CEA, DM is associated with short-term and long-term MAEs. DM may have a greater impact on adverse outcomes in asymptomatic patients after CEA. Insulin-dependent DM may have a more significant impact on post-CEA adverse outcomes than noninsulin-dependent DM. Whether DM management could reduce the risk of adverse outcomes after CEA requires further investigation.
Risk of prolonged sedation with the use of chlordiazepoxide in alcohol withdrawal treatment
Authors: Reiter Nanna , Andersen Charlotte U. , Thomsen Karen L. , Wamberg Christian A. , Petersen Tonny S. , Dalhoff Kim 
Published: June 2023

Summary
The use of chlordiazepoxide in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal symptoms poses a risk of prolonged sedation with the need of weeks lasting antidote treatment, and extended hospitalization due to active metabolites with very long half-lives.
We present four case stories to elucidate this issue. One patient received 800 mg chlordiazepoxide and was treated with flumazenil for 42 days. Another patient was treated with 100 mg chlordiazepoxide. 5 days after administration of chlordiazepoxide, concentrations of chlordiazepoxide and its active metabolite demoxepam, were within therapeutic range, the patient was treated with flumazenil for 6 days. He died after palliative care.
The great individual variation in the clinical effect of chlordiazepoxide depends on the activity of the CYP P450 system, especially CYP3A4/A5 and CYPS2C19, which can be impaired in cirrhotic and elderly patients.
Long-term Results of the Treatment of Scapholunate Instability with Dynamic Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Tenodesis
Authors: Nienstedt Frank , Huber Stefan , Mariacher Markus , Vorhauser Erika , Berger Wilhelm 
Published: June 2023

Background:
Scapholunate dissociation is the most common form of carpal instability. This retrospective case series aimed to assess long-term results obtained by treating scapholunate instability with dynamic tenodesis using the entire extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon, which is detached from the base of the third metacarpal, rerouted in the third extensor compartment, and fixed at the distal portion of the scaphoid to maintain reduced rotatory subluxation.

Methods:
Nine patients with scapholunate instability were treated. We reviewed eight patients with a mean follow-up of 12 years. One subgroup of four patients was affected by static scapholunate instability, and the other by dynamic scapholunate instability. Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score, Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation score, modified Mayo score, and radiographs were used to determine functional and anatomical outcomes.

Results:
Excellent functional results did not correlate with radiological outcome in patients with static scapholunate instability. In this subgroup, scapholunate angle and gap and radiolunate angle improved in average but remained in the pathologic range. In only one of these patients, osteoarthritis was observed. In the subgroup of patients affected by dynamic instability, very good functional outcomes correlate with radiological results, except in one patient who developed arthritic changes.

Conclusions:
Dynamic tethering of the scaphoid with the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon might be indicated in the treatment not only in patients affected by dynamic scapholunate instability but also in patients with static instability. Prospective studies with a larger number of patients are required to evaluate this method.