bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Veterinary Feed Directive
Authors: Stokka Gerald L. 
Published: February 2023

In 1996, the Animal Drug Availability Act created a new category of products called veterinary feed directive (VFD) drugs. These are livestock antibacterial drugs (medically important) intended for use in or on animal feed. Any animal feed containing a VFD drug to be used in animals will be required to have a veterinarian issue an order, called a veterinary feed directive (VFD), providing for such use. The purpose of this rule is to limit the use of medically important antibiotics in livestock to those considered necessary for assuring animal health, and only for treatment, control and prevention of disease. The VFD is an authorization granted by a licensed veterinarian who is familiar with the client's operation and provides health, management, and treatment recommendations. This type of professional relationship is known as a veterinary-client-patient/producer relationship (VCPR). Medicated feed articles have a number of approved claims and uses; however, the use of VFD drugs does not permit any extra-label drug use.
Whenever antibiotics are used, resistance by susceptible bacterial populations is likely to occur. However, our stewardship responsibility is to use all of these products in a judicious manner and to demonstrate a greater awareness and accountability in this arena.
Investigation of the relationship between bedding materials, bedding characteristics, and intramammary infection in late lactation dairy cows
Authors: Rowe S. M. , Godden S. M. , Royster E. E. , Timmerman J. A. , Crooker B. A. , Boyle M. 
Published: February 2023

Many cows acquire subclinical intramammary infections (IMI) during lactation, necessitating antimicrobial treatment at dry-off (dry cow therapy). If the dairy industry moves toward the adoption of selective dry cow therapy, one essential strategy to reduce mastitis-associated antimicrobial use at dry off will be to reduce the incidence of new IMI during lactation. One important source of mastitis-causing pathogens is bedding. However studies are needed to investigate the association between bedding management, bedding bacteria count (BBC), and IMI risk in late lactation cows.
The objectives of this prospective cross-sectional study are to: 1) describe associations between BBC and IMI prevalence for individual pathogens and specific pathogen groups in late lactation cows, 2) identify bedding-related risk factors for high BBC, and 3) identify critical levels of bacteria in bedding that might be used as cut-points to guide practitioners when interpreting BBC reports. This study is ongoing, with winter 2018 results currently being assembled.
Assessment of a commercial borescope to evaluate the presence of lesions of digital dermatitis in dairy cows
Authors: Ferraro S. , Rousseau M. , Dufour S. , Dubuc J. , Roy J-P. , Desrochers A. 
Published: February 2023

Digital dermatitis (DD) is a worldwide infectious disease of cattle with high prevalence in dairy herds. It is a painful disease with welfare issues causing economical losses. Identifying the affected animals is crucial to establish early treatment and evaluate the efficacy of a control strategy. The "gold standard" diagnosis of DD is the direct observation of DD lesions in a trimming chute. However, the use of a trimming chute for daily diagnosis of DD in all cows is not possible. To facilitate DD monitoring between trimming sessions, lesions could be identified in the parlor during milking. Therefore, we evaluated the use of a commercial borescope in a rotary milking parlor. Our hypothesis was that a borescope is an adequate alternative to evaluate DD lesions between trimming sessions. Our objective was to assess the sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of a borescope for the diagnosis of DD in the milking parlor as compared to direct observation in a trimming chute, and to quantify the agreement between both techniques.
economics of metaphylactic antibiotic treatment
Authors: Latta Tom 
Published: February 2023

If you are involved in the cattle business, you can’t help but be aware of the low margin of profitability and high risk of this business. Certainly, animal health is in the forefront of managing profit and risk.
Of all the health issues facing new cattle in an operation, by far the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is the most common and most costly. There are many approaches to managing health in these cattle: vaccines, immune stimulants, feeding programs, low-stress handling, and antibiotics. Many loads of cattle are candidates for metaphylactic treatment with antibiotics on arrival or soon after. The above factors determine the need for this program, but still in most cases it boils down to an economic decision.
effect of prepartum negative dietary cation-anion difference and serum calcium concentration on blood neutrophil function in the transition period of dairy cows
Authors: Serrenho R. C. , Morrison E. I. , Pascottini O. B. , LeBlanc S. J. 
Published: February 2023

Hypocalcemia and impaired immune function are recognized risk factors for clinical disease in the transition period of dairy cows. At the onset of lactation, calcium homeostasis is disrupted by redirection of calcium for colostrum production, which triggers a substantial decrease in the blood calcium concentration for 1 to 4 days. Blood calcium concentration is associated with neutrophil function, which turn is associated with the risk of retained placenta, metritis, and mastitis. Negative Dietary CationAnion Difference (DCAD) diets fed during the prepartum period increase postpartum blood calcium concentrations and reduce the risk of disease.
Our objectives were to assess the effects of a negative dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) on phagocytosis (P) and oxidative burst (OB) function of circulating neutrophils and to determine the associations of serum ionized (iCa) and total calcium concentrations (tCa) with P and OB. We hypothesized that multiparous cows fed a negative DCAD prepartum would have greater serum ionized (iCa) and total calcium concentrations (tCa), and thus improved P and OB.
Effect of bi-modal milk letdown on milk production
Authors: Erskine R. J. , Thomson R. S. , Norby B. 
Published: February 2023

The dairy industry is relying more on hired labor to milk cows and many dairy operations are increasing pressure on employees to maintain high levels of milking parlor throughput. This management emphasis negatively impacts milking protocols that are aligned with milk quality. Parlor efficiency is often defined in terms of cows milked per hour. However, we need to consider milking efficiency to include milk quality, milk flow, and employee performance (Moore-Foster et al., 2019; Erskine et al., 2019). The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of poor pre-milking preparation (as evidenced by bi-modal milk letdown) on subsequent milk production.
Erskine, RJ, B Norby, LM Neuder, et al. 2019. Decreased milk yield is associated with delayed milk ejection. J. Dairy Sci. (in press)
Moore-Foster R, B Norby, RL Schewe, et al. 2019. Herd-level variables associated with delayed milk ejection in Michigan dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 102:696-705.
Identification of epigenetic markers predictive of late embryonic mortality in milk
Authors: Droscha C. J. , Kesler K. W. , Smith Katie , Sporer Kelly , Zenchak Jessie 
Published: February 2023

Current industry standards of pregnancy diagnostics include transrectal palpation, ultrasound and measurement of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) levels via ELISA; however, there is no available diagnostic that can predict embryonic mortality, which is a major contributor to reproductive failure (Inskeep and Dailey, 2005). Early embryonic mortality (EEM) occurs before day 30 of gestation and is generally associated with failures of implantation and maternal recognition of pregnancy (Pohler et al., 2016a; Pohler et al., 2016b; Thatcher et al., 2001). Late embryonic mortality (LEM) occurs between days 30 and 60 of pregnancy is generally attributed to placental insufficiency (Pohler et al., 2016b). LEM has an inordinate economic impact for the producer due to calving interval extension (Pohler et al., 2016; Silke et al., 2002).
Developmental processes enlist epigenetic factors that tightly control the timing and magnitude of gene expression within and between mother and fetus. Detection and quantification of soluble and circulating epigenetic factors such as microRNAs to determine embryogenic fidelity is at the forefront of modern molecular diagnostics as demonstrated in non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) within humans (Biró et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2017; Zhu et al., 2013). Circulating miRNAs in serum and milk have been shown to be reliable non-invasive biomarkers of acute animal physiology due to their stable, sensitive, and specific nature (Pohler et al, 2017; Etheridge et al., 2011; Gilad et al.,2008; Izumi et al., 2012). We hypothesized that LEM-specific microRNAs in milk are present, predictive and robust biomarkers.
Data driven decision making
Authors: Muller Fred J. 
Published: February 2023

When I began my veterinary career in the late 1990s there was a lot of talk about production medicine in food animal medicine. And while the profession has been evolving since it began, I think at that time there was a real struggle to establish just what production medicine was. As many veterinarians described what they did as herd advisors or consultants, it was common to declare our role was to assist with establishing herd health protocols, such as vaccination or treatment protocols, and then help analyze whether those protocols were effective or not. The only problem was our evidence of whether something was working on-farm was slim to non-existent. Or, our evidence was either statistically irrelevant or incorrectly interpreted.
In the early 2000s several production medicine-oriented veterinarians began working towards improving the data we had available to evaluate herd performance and improving our ability to make good management recommendations. This started with improving our farm records systems and then developing additional analytical programs to improve the efficiency of analyzing farm records. The final step to using data to make decisions is to improve our knowledge of statistics and our ability to accurately interpreting farm data.
Building your bullpen
Authors: Rooker Eric J. 
Published: February 2023

According to the AVMA, 20% of veterinarians are expected to retire in the next decade. This means that nationwide there will be a need to replace this highly qualified workforce. However, 1 of the top complaints on list-serves for veterinary clinic owners is the inability to find and retain quality employees, specifically veterinary associates in rural America.
For years, veterinary clinics have been able to rely on the tried and true “job listing ad” to garner replacement associates for their private practice. However, for a variety of reasons, today’s generation of veterinarians is more likely to choose an alternative path into corporate, urban, or relief-type work.
To compete with these areas, we must rethink our recruitment process, beginning earlier, evaluating continuously, and offering aggressively. Fostering long-term relationships with job candidates that span years, not weeks, and wooing them with contract offers that extend beyond traditional salary and benefit packages.
To compete in today’s aggressive hiring economy, we must adapt and pursue other avenues that make our practices more appealing to the next generation of veterinarians.
How to save the eye on 95% of your cancer eye surgeries
Authors: Hilton W. Mark 
Published: February 2023

The overwhelming majority of cows with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC or “cancer eye”) can have the neoplastic tissue removed so that the eye does not have to be removed. Early detection of SCC is the key to only having to excise the neoplastic tissue while saving the eye. A lesion of approximately 1 cm or less can be readily seen when the cow walks through the chute for yearly vaccinations and/or pregnancy examination, and it is easily removed at this time.
Cows with SCC should not necessarily be automatic culls. A cow with a small lesion on the third eyelid or on the cornea that is removed in a timely fashion can have a long and productive life in the herd.
Dinner plan killers
Authors: Jones Meredyth 
Published: February 2023

Urinary obstructed small ruminants, pigs in dystocia, and pregnancy toxemia all represent challenging, truly emergent clinical scenarios in mixed and large animal practice. Each of these scenarios, however, lend themselves to protocol development. Putting these cases on autopilot can remove a lot of the associated stress and ensure consistent patient care with consideration for client expectations and finances built right in.
Initial evaluation of animals with suspected urolithiasis should include examination of the preputial hairs for grit or formed stones and exteriorization of the penis for examination and amputation of the vermiform appendage. When vermiform appendage amputation fails to relieve the obstruction, catheterization and surgical intervention, including perineal urethrostomy, tube cystotomy, minimally invasive tube cystotomy, and others should be considered.
Swine presented for dystocia are often compromised and require a Cesarean section. Having a standard protocol in place for perioperative drugs, including anesthetic drugs, antimicrobials, and anti-inflammatories, reduces the veterinarian’s stress in preparing to go to surgery. Unlike other species, the surgical approach in swine is paramammary and the uterus is much more highly vascularized. Care must be taken to minimize abdominal contamination where dead piglets are involved.
Ewes and does presented ill in late gestation should always be evaluated for pregnancy toxemia. Many, if not most of these animals, additionally have pneumonia and a GI parasite burden. Does and ewes that are still standing and eating can often be managed in the field, while those that are recumbent will only recover if placed on IV fluids and dextrose CRI. Producers must be educated on pregnancy toxemia risk factors, such as obesity, parasitism, and improper feeding.
La ética como principio de vida. Un estudio en docentes universitarios
Authors: Mendieta Lenin 
Published: February 2023

Cuando un docente universitario es considerado por sus estudiantes como un profesional con valores, ética y moral, esta estima abona el alma ese hombre que ejerce tan noble tarea. El objetivo de estudio fue comprender los relatos biográficos de los docentes de la universidad ecuatoriana, vinculando laética con la enseñanza en Educación Superior. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa interpretativa en donde los relatos construyeron un entramado entre los valores del ser, su ética y moral con sus distintas categorías de análisis, se realizaron encuestas dirigidas a los estudiantes para determinar aquellos buenosdocentes de la Universidad de Guayaquil, se utilizó en consentimiento informado por escrito el cual fue socializado con los profesores participantes de la investigación, se diseñaron entrevistas semiestructuradas luego de lo cual se sistematizaron los datos en ATLAS.ti, a continuación se interpretaron las narrativas de los entrevistados y se construyó un entramado filosófico-hermenéutico. Se concluye que los valores en los docentes de la Universidad de Guayaquil son premisas de vida que permiten mirar con esperanza el futuro de la humanidad, que quien enseña y siembra en valores, logra que de las aulas universitarias surjan personas humanamente profesionales, que la ética primera de Lévinas está presente en estos buenos maestros quienes miran al otro con compasión.
The Role of Exercise-based Cardiac Rehabilitation in Heart Failure
Authors: Yin Ong Jeanne Shan , Lin Weiqin , Yeo Tee Joo 
Published: February 2023

Abstract:
Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (EBCR) is a treatment modality for patients with heart failure
(HF) that has withstood the test of time. It has continued to show benefits even in the current era of pharmacotherapeutics
for HF. Participation in a multidisciplinary comprehensive EBCR programme reduces mortality
and morbidity, has a multitude of physiological benefits, and improves cardiovascular risk factor control and
quality of life. Despite this, historical barriers to enrolment and uptake remain. Strategies to overcome these, as
well as alternative delivery methods of EBCR in HF patients, are emerging and include telerehabilitation, focus
on special groups and emphasis on behavioural change. This review provides oversight on the modalities of exercise
training in HF as well as their benefits and gives an overview of barriers to the utilisation of EBCR along
with future progress in the field.
Evaluating Sonographers’ Awareness of Artifacts in Renal Ultrasound
Scans
Authors: Alshamrani Abdullah F. , Alrehily Faisal A. , Alhazmi Fahad H. , Alharbi Ammar M. , Almohammadi Samer O. 
Published: February 2023

Background:
A routine ultrasound scan is used to assess a variety of renal pathological
cases. Sonographers face a variety of challenges that may affect their interpretation. Understanding
normal organ shapes, human anatomy, physical concepts, and artifacts is required for accurate diagnosis.
Sonographers must understand how artifacts appear in ultrasound images in order to reduce errors
and improve diagnosis. The purpose of this study is to assess sonographers' awareness and knowledge
of artifacts in renal ultrasound scans.

Methods:
Participants in this cross-sectional study were asked to complete a survey containing different
types of common artifacts in renal system ultrasound scans. An online questionnaire survey was
used to collect the data. The questionnaire targeted radiologists, radiologic technologists, and intern
students in Madinah hospitals in the ultrasound department.

Results:
The total number of participants was 99, with 9.1% being radiologists, 31.3% being radiology
technologists, 6.1% being senior specialists, and 53.5% being intern students. There was a significant
difference in the participants’ knowledge of ultrasound artifacts in the renal system with the total selection
of the right artifact in senior specialists at 73% and intern students 45%. There was a direct relationship
between age and years of experience in distinguishing artifacts in the renal system scan. A
category of participants with the highest age and experience got 92% of the correct selection of artifacts.

Conclusion:
The study concluded that intern students and radiology technologists have limited
knowledge of ultrasound scan artifacts, whereas senior specialists and radiologists have a high level of
awareness of the artifacts.
The Effect of Inhalation Aromatherapy on Patients with Cardiovascular
Disease Seeking Pain Relief: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Mohammadi-Dashtaki Razieh , Heidari-Soureshjani Saeid , Sherwin Catherine Mary Turner 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Untreated cardiovascular disease (CVD) can commonly cause disability and
morbidity and increase the mortality risk.

Objective:
This systematic review and meta-analysis study aimed to investigate the pain-relieving effects
of aromatherapy with medicinal plants on patients with cardiovascular diseases.

Methods:
This meta-analysis followed PRISMA guidelines. Several keywords were explored using an
extensive search of databases, including PubMed, Web of Science (ISI), EMBASE, and Scopus, on
May 15, 2022. In addition, an excel form was designed for recording the data of the RCT studies.
Standardized mean difference (SMD) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to estimate
the overall effect size. The Cochran Q test and the statistic I2 were used to evaluate the heterogeneity
of studies. Lastly, Egger's and Begg's tests were used to assess potential publication bias.

Results:
We included studies examining the effect of inhalation aromatherapy on pain in patients with
CVD after 5 minutes (five papers) and 15-30 minutes (six papers) of intervention. The results showed
a significant decrease in pain in the intervention group compared to the control group after 5 minutes
(SMD = -2.25, 95% CI = -3.21 to -1.29, P < 0.001) and after 15-30 minutes (SMD = -3.22, 95% CI = -
4.41 to -2.03, P < 0.001) of intervention in CVD patients. No publication bias was observed related to
the association between inhalation aromatherapy and pain relief.

Conclusion:
In CVD patients, inhalation aromatherapy could significantly reduce pain severity and
can be used as a complementary medicine for pain reduction.
Medical Image Classification Using DL-based Feature Extraction in IoMT
Authors: Thimmapuram Madhuri , Salvadi Shoba Rani , Pallati Narsimhulu , Aluvalu Rajanikanth 
Published: February 2023

Aim::
Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the addition of Deep Learning
(DL) have made it possible to analyse both real-time and historical data from the Internet of Things
(IoT). Recently, IoT technology has been implemented in healthcare schemes as IoMT to aid in
medical diagnoses. Medical image classification is useful for predicting and identifying serious diseases
at an early stage, which is crucial in the diagnostic process.

Background::
When it comes to managing, treating, and preventing illness, medical photographs are
an essential element of a patient’s health record. However, it is a difficult issue in computer-based
diagnostics to classify images using efficient characteristics.

Objective::
The study aimed to develop a deep learning-based classification model for feature extraction.

Methods::
Levy flight optimization is employed to pick the weight for the classification model optimally.
At the end of the day, the optimal weight led to a better classification result and a higher degree
of precision when analyzing medical photos for disease.

Result::
We tested the proposed results in MATLAB and compared them with conventional methods
of classification. The suggested model’s best results include 97.71% accuracy on a brain dataset
and 97.2% accuracy on an Alzheimer’s disease dataset.

Conclusion::
The proposed algorithm’s high rate of convergence proves that it can successfully balance
the exploration and exploitation phases by avoiding capturing in local optimization and classifying
thresholds rapidly. In light of the need for improved accuracy, precision, and computational
speed in clinical picture classification, a novel approach based on soft sets has been presented.