bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Properties of Purified Mouse Homocytotropic Antibody
Authors: McVeigh Thomas A. , Voss Edward W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Purified anti-DNP antibody was obtained from a pool of hyperimmune mouse sera. Purity was verified by radioimmunoelectrophoresis, disc gel electrophoresis and sedimentation equilibrium studies. A molecular weight of 141,500 was determined by the method of Yphantis. A corrected valence of 2 and an average intrinsic association constant of 6 × 105 liters/mol was measured by equilibrium dialysis.
The purified antibody elicited a positive PCA reaction in mice only after a 3-hr incubation period. The length of the incubation period, the electrophoretic mobility and the heat stability at 56°C indicated that this antibody belonged to the 7S γ1 class of mouse immunoglobulin.
Structural and Antigenic Relationships Between Avian Immunoglobulins
Authors: Leslie Gerrie A. , Benedict Albert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ring-necked pheasants produced IgM hemagglutinating antibodies 3 days following a single injection of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Seven days following injection, IgG and IgM anti-BSA antibodies were detected by the method of radioimmunoelectrophoresis. Compared to chickens and pheasants, Japanese quail respond very poorly to injections of BSA.
Chicken IgG (C-IgG), pheasant IgG (P-IgG) and quail IgG (Q-IgG) were similar in several respects: their sedimentation coefficients, which ranged from 7.1S to 7.3S; their yields of heavy (H) and light (L) chains from reduced and acid-dissociated molecules; and the patterns formed by H- and L-chains in urea starch gel electrophoresis.
The most striking similarity between the IgGs of these avian species was that, unlike mammalian IgG, partial dissociation of the molecules occurred following reduction in the absence of a dispersing agent. In alkaline buffer, C-IgG and P-IgG each required 0.05 to 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol (ME) for release of L-chains, whereas Q-IgG required 0.2 M ME. About 35% of the C-IgG, P-IgG and Q-IgG each dissociated in the absence of a dissociating agent when reduced with 0.2 M ME. As with chicken IgM, reduction of pheasant IgM caused the release of some L-chains.
Fate of Antigen in Delayed Hypersensitivity and Arthus Reactions
Authors: Eisen Abraham H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hen egg albumin labeled with 125I was followed at the sites of delayed hypersensitivity and Arthus reactions, and in the lymph nodes draining the areas of both reactions. In the delayed hypersensitivity reaction, antigen localized preferentially in the cytoplasmic membrane of mononuclear cells. In the Arthus reaction, antigen localized in the polymorphonuclear leukocyte. The pattern of retention of antigen in the regional lymph nodes was the same in both delayed hypersensitivity and Arthus reactions and resembled that seen in the primed immune state. Antigen was not retained at the site of delayed hypersensitivity reactions. It is suggested that the in vivo observations correlate closely with the in vitro model of macrophage migration.
Studies on Rabbit Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Sell Stewart , Lowe Jennifer A. , Gell P. G. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The addition of mixtures of anti-allotypic sera to cultures of lymphocytes obtained from allotypically heterozygous donors causes a greater amount of “blast” transformation than the sum of the maxima that can be obtained with each anti-allotypic serum added separately. This “superaddition” of anti-allotypically induced transformation implies that the expression of allotypic specificities by lymphocytes is not limited to one allele (allelic exclusion), as has been found for plasma cells. Therefore, the expression of genetically controlled immunoglobulin antigenic specificities by lymphocytes appears to be less restricted than that by plasma cells. Plasma cells may become restricted in regard to immunoglobulin expression during differentiation from precursor cells that are not so restricted.
Phylogenetic Insight into Evolution of Mammalian Fc Fragment of γG Globulin Using Staphylococcal Protein A
Authors: Kronvall Göran , Seal Ulysses S. , Finstad Joanne , Williams Ralph C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The reaction between protein A of staphylococci and the Fc portion of γG globulins has been studied using representative sera and isolated γ globulins from species representing seven classes and 30 orders of living vertebrates. No reactions with immunoglobulins derived from either the primitive or later evolving fishes were noted. No reactions were recorded among Amphibia and Reptilia as well as all birds tested, except with serum from the primitive flightless bird Rhea americana. All members of the class Mammalia, including egg-laying monotremes, showed reactions with protein A except for the American oppossum. A comparison of patterns of reactivity between protein A and isolated human rheumatoid factors showed that in the majority of instances different specificities were involved. Protein A may provide a useful tool in the study of the evolution of γG globulin.
The Effect of Antigen Competition on Both the Primary and Secondary Immune Capacity in Mice
Authors: Hanna M. G. , Peters Leona C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The primary and secondary immune capacity in mice was studied during antigen competition. Three antigens were used: sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), rat erythrocytes (RRBC), and human γ globulin (HGG). The results of these studies demonstrate the following. 1) In both competition systems, SRBC prior to RRBC or HGG, a marked suppression of the secondary immune capacity corresponds to a suppressed primary agglutinin response to the second antigen. 2) The degree of suppression of the secondary agglutinin capacity can be reduced by increasing the dose of the secondary challenge, which suggests that in the secondary immune response there may be participation of both reacting sensitized and uncommitted immunocompetent cells. 3) The entire level of the immune suppression during competition is dependent upon the dose of the first antigen. Further, the experimental results do not support the possibility that the competition can be attributed to either an increased or a decreased rate of antigen elimination. 4) Antigen competition cannot be attributed to a deficiency in the extracellular localization of antigen in reticular cells of splenic germinal centers. 5) The deficiency in a competition system is attributed to an impairment which ultimately affects the immunocompetent cell or unit. One reflection of this lesion on the antigen-sensitive unit is expressed in the competition between SRBC and HGG. A detectable increase in the latent phase of the primary HGG agglutinin response occurs when the HGG is injected at 1 or 3 days after SRBC. The recruitment of immunocompetent cells, and thus priming, is limited by the decreased level of preexisting tissue-associated and/or free antigen. On the other hand, in a condidition where there was limited immune progenitor cell recruitment to RRBC as a result of subsequent competition with SRBC the result was antigen-driven depletion of the existing sensitized immune cell compartment.
Enzyme-Activation by Antibody
Authors: Pelichová H. , Suzuki T. , Cinader B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibodies that activate ribonuclease occur in fractions of rabbit IgG eluted at pH 8 from DEAE Sephadex A-50 between ionic strength 0.05 and 0.15. The fraction eluted at the lowest ionic strength (P1) activates the enzyme two- to threefold. Fractions eluted at higher ionic strength (P4 to P7) inhibit enzyme at relatively low antibody concentration, but become less inhibitory at high antibody concentrations. Activation and decreased inhibitory power at high antibody concentrations are observed with cyclic cytidylic and cyclic uridylic but not with ribonucleic acid as substrate. In fractions, such as P5, the zone of activation can be shifted when part of the antibody is removed by precipitation with ribonuclease. The resulting supernatants can activate ribonuclease (from 100% to 120%) at low concentrations of antibody.
The interaction of inhibiting and activating antibody was studied in terms of the neutralizing capacity of mixtures of enzyme and various proportions of activating and inhibiting antibodies. In antigen excess, the enhancing capacity of activating antibody was reduced by the admixture of inhibiting antibody. In antibody excess, the neutralizing capacity of inhibiting antibody was reduced by the admixture of activating antibody. The latter observation was not confined to experiments with cylic cytidylic acid but was also made when ribonucleic acid served as substrate. This was remarkable since enzymic hydrolysis of nucleic acid was not activated by isolated P1 or P5. These findings are analyzed in terms of relative concentrations and relative binding constants of inhibiting and activating antibodies and in terms of competition for overlapping determinants of the enzyme.
The Role of d-Alanine in the Antigenic Specificity of Bacterial Mucopeptides
Authors: Karakawa Walter W. , Maurer Paul H. , Walsh Patricia , Krause Richard M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mucopeptides extracted from Gram-positive cocci reacted with antisera against the synthetic random polypeptides poly (l-glu42-l-lys28-d-ala30)n and poly (d-glu16-l-lys16-dl-ala68)n. Quantitative precipitin inhibition studies employing a haptenic inhibitor derived from bacterial mucopeptide and synthetic peptides and polypeptides indicated that d-alanine is a critical amino acid in the antigenic determinant responsible for the cross-reactivity. Only copolymers containing d-alanine residues were effective inhibitors of the cross-reactivity.
The results of passive hemagglutination studies of appropriately coated erythrocytes and mucopeptide agglutination reactions with antimucopeptide sera and anti-synthetic polypeptide sera indicated that the immunologic relationship between bacterial mucopeptide and the synthetic copolymers of amino acids is predominantly associated with the presence of d-alanine in the determinant grouping.
Intracellular “Monoclonal” Immunoglobulin in Non-secretory Human Myeloma
Authors: Hurez Daniel , Preud'Homme Jean-Louis , Seligmann Maxime 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A few well documented cases of multiple myeloma without any monoclonal immunoglobulin in either serum or urine have been reported (1–5). The incidence of such cases is about 1% of myeloma patients (1). Whether in such instances the neoplastic plasma cells do not synthetize or do not secrete immunoglobulin has not yet been established with convincing evidence. We have been able to demonstrate by immunogluorescence in four such cases the presence within the plasma cells of non-secreted monoclonal immunoglobulin.
All the patients presented as clinically typical myeloma with osseous lesions and infiltration of their bone marrow by an abnormal number of plasma cells. The sedimentation rate was normal or only slightly elevated. There was no cryoglobulin. Repeated paper and agar gel electrophoresis of the serum never showed any narrow band. Urine samples were repeatedly examined. They contained only trace amounts of protein and no Bence Jones protein was detectable.
Influence of Thymosin on Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immune Responses in Normal and in Immunologically Deficient Mice
Authors: Goldstein Allan L. , Asanuma Yoshitsugu , Battisto Jack R. , Hardy Mark A. , Quint Jerome , White Abraham 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thymosin, a cell-free, lymphocytopoietic factor prepared from calf thymus, was examined for its influence on cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in normal and immunologically deficient mice. Thymosin was administered to the following groups of mice: a) normal adult; b) neonatally thymectomized; c) adult, lethally irradiated; and d) adult, thymectomized, lethally irradiated animals given syngeneic bone marrow cells. Immune responses of the mice in each group were assessed on the basis of their response to a skin allograft and their capacity to form humoral antibody.
Thymosin restored the skin allograft response in neonatally thymectomized mice, thus supporting our conclusion that this thymic function may be endocrine in nature. The capacity to form 19S antibody in neonatally thymectomized or adult thymectomized, lethally irradiated mice was not markedly altered by thymosin treatment, suggesting the lack of a primary function for thymosin in these experimental conditions. Thymosin had no stimulatory effect on the hemolysin response to sheep erythrocytes in normal and x-irradiated mice when given after the initial antigenic challenge. When thymosin was administered prior to antigenic challenge, there was a reduction in hemolysin titers. A hypothesis is presented suggesting that control by the thymus of cell-mediated immunity resides primarily in an endocrine function of the gland, with maturation of peripheral stem cells occurring under the influence of thymosin. In contrast, maturation of cells involved in humoral immune responses may require an in situ thymic locus under the influence of one or more humoral factors and/or interaction with other stem cells, and may be initiated and essentially completed prior to birth.
The Measurement of Immunoglobulin Associated with Human Peripheral Lymphocytes
Authors: Smith Richard S. , Longmire Robert L. , Reid Robert T. , Farr Richard S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A sensitive and reproducible technique for the quantitation of cell-associated Ig has been described. In a normal individual the amount of Ig associated with circulating peripheral lymphocytes seems to be quite constant over a 30 min period but varies widely over daily intervals.
In normal individuals, most of the Ig associated with intact cells can be accounted for by circulating peripheral lymphocytes. There is some evidence to indicate that significant amounts of Ig may be released from peripheral leukocytes after freezing and thawing, suggesting that other cellular elements are involved. The Ig associated with circulating peripheral lymphocytes was either free within the cell or loosely bound to membranous portions of the cell. Radioactive labeled protein isolated from circulating lymphocytes revealed the major immunoglobulin in a normal individual to be IgG. Human albumin was also found in normal peripheral lymphocytes using similar techniques. The function of albumin in circulating peripheral leukocytes is unknown.
Nonimmunologic Precipitin Lines between Serum and Enteric Contents Giving False-Positive Evidence of Local Antibody Production
Authors: Kraft S. C. , Rothberg R. M. , Kriebel G. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In a previous study, alimentary secretions and sera were obtained from 49 human subjects (1). Immunoglobulin A was found to predominate in parotid saliva. Duodenal specimens were reported to contain IgA, IgM, IgG and IgD. The apparent lack of a uniform distribution of the four major classes of immunoglobulins led us to feel that this was a real phenomenon. This seemed to be supported by the association of locally produced anti-BSA with immunoglobulins other than IgG in 9 of 31 subjects without circulating anti-BSA, as well as apparent antibody associated with IgG, IgA and IgM in duodenal contents from most of the subjects with high amounts of circulating anti-BSA. The purpose of this communication is to present follow-up data which demonstrate that the conclusions reached in the previous report were based on what now appear to be false-positive immunodiffusion and radio-immunodiffusion studies.
Products of Interaction of Antigen-Sensitized Leukocytes and Antigen: Further Characterization of the Mitogenic Factor
Authors: Spitler Lynn E. , Fudenberg H. Hugh 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies carried out on mitogenic factor produced by leukocytes from inbred guinea pigs in response to antigenic stimulation indicate that this factor is not transplantation antigen because it produces stimulation of normal leukocytes derived from guinea pigs of the same strain. Its activity was not enhanced by additional antigen. The factor is active on leukocytes derived from several sources, including spleen, lymph nodes, peripheral blood and thymus of outbred guinea pigs, and it is heat-stable.
Allotype Suppression in a2a2 Homozygous Rabbits Fostered In Uteri of a2-Immunized a1a1 Homozygous Mothers and Injected at Birth with Anti-a2 Antiserum
Authors: Vice John L. , Gilman-Sachs Alice , Hunt William L. , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By allotype suppression, rabbits were made agammaglobulinemic with respect to a locus immunoglobulins. This was accomplished by neonatal administration of anti-a2 antiserum to a2a2 homozygous rabbits which had been fostered in uteri of a2-immunized a1a1 homozygous mothers. The sera of these a2-suppressed a2a2 homozygotes were analyzed for a1γG, a2γG and total γG-immunoglobulin concentrations by radial diffusion analysis and by precipitation of 125I-labeled γG-immunoglobulins with anti-allotype antisera. At 14 weeks of age, the a2-suppressed offspring had no detectable a2γG molecules, but instead had compensatory levels of a locus-negative γG molecules. This suggests that another locus is involved in the synthesis of γG heavy chains and that the a+ and a- molecules represent subclasses of γG.
Cellular Differentiation in the Thymus
Authors: Colley Daniel G. , Malakian Artin , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By immunization of rabbits with rat thymus cells a rabbit anti-rat thymocyte serum (ARTS) was obtained which reacted with thymic and peripheral lymphocytes, as shown by both specific immunofluorescence and cytotoxicity testing. Upon proper absorption or dilution this serum was rendered specific for rat thymocytes but cross-reacted with mouse thymocytes. The antigen which it defined was present in 100% of thymocytes in adult rats of all strains tested and in less than 7% of lymphocytes in adult spleen and lymph nodes. It was represented on three-quarters of the cells in both the thymus and spleen of the fetal rat but approached the adult distribution before the age of 4 weeks. ARTS also contained antibodies reactive with a second antigen present to an equal extent on both thymocytes and peripheral lymphocytes. Both antigens appeared to be distinct from that defined by the natural antibody in normal rabbit serum. It was suggested that the immunosuppressive effect of long term treatment with anti-thymocyte sera may depend in part on destruction of newly generated cells entering the peripheral pool from the thymus and bearing the thymus-specific antigen.
Measurement of Antibodies to Herpesvirus Types 1 and 2 in Human Sera
Authors: Rawls William E. , Iwamoto Kumiko , Adam Erwin , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When varying dilutions of human sera were mixed with constant amounts of the two types of herpesvirus, it was observed that either type 1 virus was neutralized at a greater serum dilution than type 2, type 2 was neutralized at a greater serum dilution than type 1, or the two types were neutralized equally well. The relative antibody titer of type 2 virus to type 1 virus was found to correlate with the location of herpetic lesions experienced by the patients. When the ratio was expressed as an index (II/I index), sera from persons with oral herpesvirus type 1 infections, for the most part, yielded values of less than 85 whereas sera from persons with genital herpesvirus type 2 infections yielded values of 85 or greater. The same relationship was demonstrated using either the plaque-reduction or the microneutralization test. The plaque-reduction test, microneutralization test and neutralization kinetics test were compared by analyzing a group of sera for herpesvirus type 2 antibodies by all three methods. There was agreement between the three methods in 83% to 89% of the determinations. Thus antibodies to the two herpesviruses can be quantitated in the same serum by neutralization techniques employing varying serum dilutions and a constant amount of virus, and the same antibody activity is measured as in the neutralization kinetics test.
Appendix and γM-Antibody Formation
Authors: Hanaoka M. , Nomoto K. , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Intravenous injection of 200 µg of alum-precipitated bovine γ globulin into irradiated (900 r) rabbits, whose appendix and bone marrow had been shielded during irradiation, gave rise to an early hemagglutinin response predominantly of the γM immunoglobulin type. This effect was exaggerated by direct injection of antigen into the appendiceal artery or into the lumen of the appendix. Infection by either route of antigen freed of aggregated material by centrifugation gave little immune response and appeared to inhibit formation of γM antibody on subsequent challenge with alum-precipitated antigen. Late formation of γG antibody and the development of memory (ability to give an early γG response after secondary challenge) were not affected by irradiation of the appendix, but were inhibited in animals whose bone marrow was not shielded during irradiation.
The Fate of Antigen in Delayed Hypersensitivity Skin Reactions
Authors: Dvorak Harold F. , Simpson Blanche A. , Flax Martin H. , Leskowitz Sidney 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The fate of several protein antigens was followed in delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions in the guinea pig. 125I-labeled HSA and horseradish peroxidase were followed by autoradiography as were the 3H-labeled arsanilic acid conjugates of the synthetic polypeptides L- and D-GAT. Peroxidase activity was also localized by a histochemical method.
Initially the bulk of all antigens studied was extracellular in the dermis and deeper tissues. Antigen was rapidly cleared from the local site by diffusion into both lymphatics and blood vessels. Even at the earliest intervals some antigen was found within fixed tissue macrophages. However, the extent of phagocytosis varied greatly with different antigens, being maximal with peroxidase and minimal with the others studied. In confirmation of previous work, antigen clearance was little affected by the development of a delayed reaction. Infiltrating mononuclear cells showed little tendency to phagocytose antigen, although occasional labeled cells were found.
The distribution of antigen observed thus differed in certain respects from previous reports which followed the localization of vaccinia virus, ferritin and ferritin-conjugates. However, no definite differences in the handling of antigen were noted between experimental and control lesions.
Antibody Response in Rhesus Monkeys and Guinea Pigs to Inoculation with RNA Derived from Antigenically Stimulated Cell-Free Systems
Authors: Jacherts Diether , Drescher Joachim 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cell-free systems derived from rhesus monkey or guinea pig spleens were incubated with influenza virus hemagglutinins. The RNA extracted was designated as informational RNA and was found to be capable of inducing specific antibody responses in recipient non-immune rhesus monkeys and guinea pigs. The immunogenic activity of informational RNA was species-specific and sensitive to the action of RNase. Therefore, it was concluded that the antibody responses observed were due to RNA itself and not to traces of antigen possible present. The doses of RNA injected per animal ranged from 0.73 µg to 0.0005 µg. No correlation was found between immunogenic activity and the dose of RNA.
The Immunoglobulin Nature of the Antigen Recognition Site on Cells Mediating Transplantation Immunity and Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Mason Sally , Warner Noel L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Pretreatment of normal adult mouse spleen cells, or peritoneal exudate cells from mice sensitized to DNP~CSA, with anti-immunoglobulin light polypeptide chain sera considerably suppressed the ability of these cells to induce the graft v8 host reaction or the transfer of delayed hypersensitivity. Anti-heavy chain sera did not cause this suppression. These results indicate that the antigen recognition site on lymphocytes involves an immunoglobulin light chain which is either free or bound to a new heavy chain type.