bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Petrography of Sandston Units in Gercus Formation, Shaqlawa and Dokan areas Northern Iraq
Authors: Nusaif Alaa K. , Khwedim Kareem H. 
Published: May 2023

The present study deals with the petrographic investigations revealed that the sandstone of Gercus Formation the studied samples of sandstone units composed primarily of rock fragments (sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic), quartz grains (monocrystalline and polycrystalline), and feldspars (orthoclase, microcline and plagioclase). These components are cemented by carbonate and iron oxides. The studied sandstones are classified as litharenites, Sandstone rocks of Gercus Formation are chemically and mechanically unstable due to the high percentage of rock fragments ,such a grain assemblage infers that the source of the rock fragments is nearby. The petrographic analyses indicate that the studied sandstones are immature mineralogically because of high content of unstable components, such as lithic fragments and feldspars. the tectonic provenance for Gercus formation can be described as lithic recycled.
Detection of A Possible Subsurface Water Seepage Using 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging Survey at a site in Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Iraq
Authors: AL-Mahemmdi Waleed D. , Al-Banna Ahmed Sh. , AL-Menshed Firas H. 
Published: May 2023

Unknown subsurface leaking water sources and possible subsurface seepage from a sewage tank in a garden at Al-Khawarizmi engineering college, University of Baghdad, were detected in this study. The 2D electrical resistivity imaging. The ERI survey is carried out along two lines, 60m and 50m long, with an electrode spacing of 1 m, forming a cross using the Wenner-Schlumberger array configuration. Line 1 is 60m, while line 2 is 50m. Soil samples were collected from line 1 at positions of electrode 34, which shows a high resistivity value, and electrode 55, which shows low resistivity, for laboratory analysis. Robust inversion and modelling processes showed relative change and high contrast in interpreted resistivities. Soil analysis showed a general homogeneity in mineral content and sediment type. Therefore, the relatively high contrast was related to variations in water content. The low resistivity was caused due to the water seepage from the sewage tank, which was precisely located.
On The extension Bi-Normality of Linear Operators
Authors: Hijab Anas A. , Abdulwahid Elaf S. 
Published: May 2023

In this paper, we introduce the bi-normality set, denoted by , which is an extension of the normality set, denoted by for any operators in the Banach algebra . Furthermore, we show some interesting properties and remarkable results. Finally, we prove that it is not invariant via some transpose linear operators.
Doubly Type II Censoring of Two Stress-Strength System Reliability Estimation for Generalized Exponential-Poisson Distribution
Authors: AbdAwon Hajer M , Karam Nada S 
Published: May 2023

In this paper, a Bayesian analysis is made to estimate the Reliability of two stress-strength model systems. First: the reliability of a one component strengths X under stress Y. Second, reliability of one component strength under three stresses. Where X and Y are independent generalized exponential-Poison random variables with parameters (α,λ,θ) and (β,λ,θ) . The analysis is concerned with and based on doubly type II censored samples using gamma prior under four different loss functions, namely quadratic loss function, weighted loss functions, linear and non-linear exponential loss function. The estimators are compared by mean squared error criteria due to a simulation study. We also find that the mean square error is the best performance of the estimator from that found in quadratic, weighted, linear and non-linear exponential loss functions.
Using K-mean Clustering to Classify the Kidney Images
Authors: Hassan Enass Hammadi , Ali Alyaa Hussein , Shehab Russul Mohammad , Alrida Walaa Ahmad Abd , Mahdi Mohammad Salih 
Published: May 2023

This study has applied digital image processing on three-dimensional C.T. images to detect and diagnose kidney diseases. Medical images of different cases of kidney diseases were compared with those of healthy cases. Four different kidneys disorders, such as stones, tumors (cancer), cysts, and renal fibrosis were considered in additional to healthy tissues. This method helps in differentiating between the healthy and diseased kidney tissues. It can detect tumors in its very early stages, before they grow large enough to be seen by the human eye. The method used for segmentation and texture analysis was the k-means with co-occurrence matrix. The k-means separates the healthy classes and the tumor classes, and the affected parts were isolated from the healthy parts. To isolate the kidney from the other anatomical parts in a CT image, a mask must be generated, which is a binary image (0s or 1s). This mask was also utilized to remove undesired characteristics from the images. Density slicing was utilized to color the image based on its texture density. A slice is considered a band of neighboring gray levels in a gray scale image seen through monocular color. The gray scale band of (0-255) is transformed into a variety of color slices; it is the conversion of a gray scale image to a colored image that efficiently displays symmetric and diverse regions. Density slicing is a property process for segmentation. The unsupervised classification process, the K-Mean clustering, is used the application of K-mean on C.T. images to detect and classify the type of tumor in the kidney. The K-mean clustering separates each class depending on the texture properties and the distance from each class and color. This method of segmentation was used to separate the affected part from the healthy part of the tissue; the K-mean with Co-occurrence matrices gives statistical properties such as energy, homogeneity, contrast, and correlation. These give an indication of the nature of the tissues that are different in density. The standard deviation for the cancer was higher than the stone, so was the mean, the contrast and the correlation. This means that the texture of the cancer was brighter and has a none of grey level more than the stone and this can be seen from the energy value; the texture of the cancer was highly correlated. This method proved to be a good method for the early diagnosis.
Antithyroid Peroxidase and Thyroid Hormones in a Sample of Iraqi Patients with Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus
Authors: Fakri Yasameen Ali , Al-Jowari Suha Abdul-Khaliq 
Published: May 2023

This study aims to investigate the relationship between thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO) and thyroid function tests (TSH, T3 and T4) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Ninety women and men, with ages ranging between 35-65 years and weighing 60-80 kgs, were selected for this study. They were classified into three groups: G1 included 15 healthy control group, G2 had15 patients with T2DM and G3 had 60 patients with T2DM and hypothyroidism. Blood samples were collected from each individual via vein puncture to assess thyroid hormone and TPO-Ab. The results showed highly significant (p < 0.01) increase in TSH level in the diabetic group with hypothyroidism when compared to the other groups. There was no significant difference between diabetic and control groups. T4 and T3 levels showed highly significant (p<0.01) decrease in the diabetic group with hypothyroidism when compared to the diabetic and healthy control groups. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the diabetic and healthy control groups. The results showed highly significant (p < 0.01) increase in the TPO-AB level in diabetic group with hypothyroidism when compared with the diabetic and healthy control groups.
Genetic Polymorphism of TLR5 and TLP6 in Iraqi Patients with Heart Failure Disease
Authors: Abed Reema Mohammed , Abdulmalek Hadeel Waleed , Yaaqoob Laith Ahmad , Altaee Maha Fakhry , Kamona Zaid K. 
Published: May 2023

In spite of the high rate of morbidity and mortality heart failure (HF) is common, and none of the medications are now entirely available for HF treatment. In addition to many environmental influences and clinical diseases, genetic factors may also contribute to the progression and development of HF. In the current study, samples of blood were collected from 150 heart failure patients and 130 healthy controls. We evaluated the association of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) of Toll-like receptors (TLR6 and TLR5) with (HF) susceptibility in the Iraqi population. In this work, (SNP) called Toll-like receptor 5 (rs5744168, rs2072493) and Toll-like receptor 6 (rs1039559, rs5743810) were employed. (PCR-RFLP) for snps (rs5744168, rs2072493, and re5743810), and sequencing for snps were used to assess the allele and genotype frequencies in both the patient and control groups (rs1039559). In patients with heart failure and healthy controls, a significant difference was discovered in the genotypic and allelic frequencies of snps. From our results, we suggest that these snps act as a potential predisposing factor for HF development.
مستجدات قانون تنظيم الوكالة التجارية العراقي رقم (79) لسنة 2017 (دراسة قانونية تحليلية)
Authors: Najeeb Ibrahim Najeeba , Mohammed Asaad Halmat 
Published: May 2023

تتمتع الوكالات التجارية بأهمية كبيرة نتيجة دورها الكبير في عملية الانماء الاقتصادي وزيادة فرص العمل في المجتمع، ونظراً للتغيير الحاصل في النظام الاقتصادي من نظام اشتراكي شمولي الى نظام سوق الحر، جاء قانون تنظيم الوكالة التجارية العراقي رقم (79) لسنة 2017 بأحكام ونصوص جديدة لتنظيم الوكالات.
يهدف البحث الى دراسة أهم المستجدات والمشاكل التي أثارتها نصوص قانون تنظيم الوكالات التجارية العراقي الجديد، من حيث أنواع الوكالات التجارية وأحكامها والمنع الوارد بخصوص السلع والبضائع، وكيفية منح الإجازة والغاءها والعقوبات الجزائية والمالية، وذلك من خلال اتباع منهج تحليلي لاحكام قانون تنظيم الوكالة التجارية العراقي الجديد، حيث بيّن البحث الجوانب الإيجابية التي أضافتها أحكام القانون الجديد، والثغرات التي لا تزال قائمة في القانون.
انتهى البحث الى ضرورة قيام الجهات المعنية ومنها برلمان إقليم كوردستان- العراق بإصدار قانون جديد للوكالة التجارية لكي ينسجم مع واقع الوكالات التجارية في الإقليم، إضافة الى العمل مع مسجل الوكالات التجارية (الشركات) في بغداد لتذليل العقبات امام الوكالات العاملة في إقليم كوردستان.
التزامات الكيانات غير المعترف بها بموجب الاتفاقيات الدولية لحقوق الإنسان
Authors: Amin Mohammed Nawzad , Mohammed Rasheed Jotyar 
Published: May 2023

تبرز بين الفينة والاخرى كيانات بحكم الأمر الواقع، تمارس على مجموعة من السكان وضمن حيز جغرافي معين معظم مظاهر السيادة الداخلية التي تمارسها الدولة العضو في المجتمع الدولي إلا انه لا يُنظر اليها بوصفها "اعضاءاً" في المجتمع الدولي يحق لها ما يحق لبقية اعضاء هذا المجتمع والبعض من هذه الكيانات يستمر في الوجود بوصفها هذا لفترة لا توصف بالقصيرة.
وبما أن القانون الدولي لحقوق الانسان, يهدف الى توفير الضمانات الاساسية للافراد تجاه تعسف سلطات "الدول" التي يخضعون لولايتها. ففي حالة الكيانات غير المعترف بها تبقى الدولة الام هي الطرف الرسمي في اتفاقيات هذا القانون على الرغم من عدم ممارستها لاية سيطرة فعلية على الأقليم الذي يحكم نفسه بنفسه بحكم الامر الواقع, الامر الذي يبرز عدم جدوى استمرار فرض إلتزامات حقوق الإنسان على الدولة الام بموجب إتفاقيات حقوق الانسان فيما يخص الافراد الخاضعين لسلطة الكيان القائم بحكم الامر الواقع, بذلك تكتسب مسألة التزام الكيان الناشئ بحكم الامر الواقع بقواعد القانون الدولي لحقوق الانسان اهمية كبيرة بوصفه الجهة الوحيدة في ظل الظروف السائدة، التي بمقدورها توفير ضمانات حقوق الانسان للاشخاص الخاضعين لولايتها وبخلاف ذلك، يكتسي وضع حقوق الانسان في الكيان غير المعترف به غموض وخشية من عدم وجود جهة تتحمل التزامات حقوق الانسان ويمكن مساءلتها في حالة حدوث انتهاكات لحقوق الانسان وهو ما يضعف بلا شك من قيمة المعايير والضمانات الدولية لحقوق الانسان.
المسؤولية الدولية للكيانات غير المعترف بها عن إنتهاكات حقوق الإنسان
Authors: Amin Mohammed Nawzad , Mohammed Rasheed Jotyar 
Published: May 2023

الكيانات غير المعترف بها تمارس السيطرة على أقاليمها وسكانها من خلال مؤسساتها وهياكلها التنظيمية الشبيهة بالهياكل التنظيمية للدول, وإنه من المحتمل حصول إنتهاكات لحقوق الإنسان في أقاليمها وضمن ولايتها القضائية شأنها في ذلك شأن الدول, ولذا السؤال يثار بشأن مدى إمكانية تحميل هذه الكيانات المسؤولية الدولية عن الأفعال أو الإغفالات التي تعد إنتهاكاً لحقوق الإنسان والتي تُنسب الى الأجهزة التابعة لها.
وبما أنه من الممكن فرض إلتزامات معينة على الكيانات غير المعترف بها خاصة بموجب القانون الدولي العرفي لحقوق الإنسان, حيث تطور القانون الدولي لحقوق الإنسان وبات يعتبر وعلى نحو متزايد ان الجهات الفاعلة من غير الدول يمكن ان تكون ملزمة في ظروف معينة بالقانون الدولي لحقوق الإنسان، خاصة عندما تمارس درجة معينة من السيطرة على إقليم ما وسكانه, وبالتالي يمكن تحميل هذه الكيانات المسؤولية الدولية فيما يتعلق بإنتهاك تلك الإلتزامات. وبما أنه من المسلم به إن هذه الكيانات تتحمل الحد الادنى من إلتزامات حقوق الإنسان, لذا من الاهمية البحث في إمكانية تحميلها المسؤولية الدولية في حالة إنتهاكها لهذه الإلتزامات وذلك من خلال الرجوع الى القواعد العامة لنشوء المسؤولية الدولية والإحتجاج بها, وبيان مدى إنطباقها على هذه الكيانات غير المعترف بها.
Solar Panel Energy With Smart Irrigation System
Authors: Rashmita Rashmita , Pathare Rushil , Gupta Vansaj , Nair Sreyas 
Published: May 2023

In today’s climatic conditions such as unprecedented amounts of rain and frequent heat waves, cultivating has become a tedious task. Predicting nature’s next move is not easy but what we can do is minimize its effect on the yield. There are so many regions that receive excessive rainfall, suffer frequent flash floods and scorching heat. To adapt to these conditions, sensor networks can be deployed in the fields and the available resources should be used as efficiently as possible. In order to fulfill this requirement, power storage capable of storing energy efficiently from solar panels and an irrigation controller which monitors the land, be it for farm, gardening or horticulture with little to none intervention in certain aspects. The existing products in the market have proprietary parts, features and they don’t endorse cross-compatibility with other products. Keeping the design open source and easy to work promotes recycling and reparability something essential in the current time of global silicon shortage.
Farmers or gardeners often don’t know the amount of water and the intervals of irrigation for many exotic and domestic species of plants, they then end up growing crops such as wheat and rice which need flooding of the field, the cultivation of these species can be promoted and be made easy with the project. Telemetry and connected technologies are part of every system these days. The project monitors various parameters and depending on the conditions, will carry out necessary action such as irrigation in only amounts required by the field. This is possible through PWM control of motors coupled with valves.
Real-Time Image-Based Relative Pose Estimation and Filtering for Spacecraft Applications
Authors: Kaki Siddarth , Deutsch Jacob , Black Kevin , Cura-Portillo Asher , Jones Brandon A. , Akella Maruthi R. 
Published: May 2023

The problem of estimating relative pose for uncooperative space objects has garnered great interest, especially within applications such as on-orbit assembly and satellite servicing. This paper presents a full end-to-end open-source pose estimation and filtering pipeline using monocular camera images for space systems applications. The algorithm pipeline consists of three main components: 1) a set of neural networks to perform keypoint regression; 2) a pose estimation component, implementing both nonlinear least-squares and perspective-[Formula: see text]-point solvers; and 3) a full-pose tracking component, implementing a multiplicative extended Kalman filter. While this software pipeline is designed to be a general-purpose solution, its development was motivated and driven by the size, weight, power, and cost requirements of the NASA Seeker CubeSat program. A combination of real and simulated results is presented to evaluate the neural network components, and simulated time-series results are presented to evaluate the performance of the full pipeline on flightlike hardware in real time.
Neural network application to road surface typ eidentification
Authors: Исаева А.С. , Денисенко М.А. , Ковалев А.В. 
Published: May 2023

Цель.Решена задача определения типа дорожного покрытия (асфальтированная, гравийная дорога, мостовая) с использованием искусственного интеллекта. Методы.Предложено использовать данные об ускорении по трем осям с инерциального измерительного модуля, помещенного в транспортное средство. Массив разделен на данные, полученные на трех разных типах дорожного покрытия путем фильтрации данных по географическим координатам. Всего при частоте дискретизации 400 Гц получено 802 163 отсортированных по координатам семпла, что равно примерно 33 минутам езды на автомобиле. Для реализации алгоритма идентификации типов дорожного покрытия использована сеть долгой краткосрочной памяти (англ. long short-term memory — LSTM) — разновидность архитектуры рекуррентных нейронных сетей. Однослойная LSTM-нейронная сеть, содержащая 256 нейронов, реализована с помощью библиотеки Keras. Результаты.Эффективность идентификации типов дорожного покрытия, достигнутая в работе, равна 88.2 %. Проанализирована матрица ошибок. Большинство ошибок можно объяснить, принимая во внимание выбранную стратегию сбора данных: симуляция естественной езды на легковом автомобиле в черте города. Приведено краткое описание будущей работы по данной теме.
Road condition monitoring is an essential goal for transport infrastructure. It is important for the fast and safe evolution of autonomous vehicles, useful for advanced driver assistance systems and efficient road repair. In this paper we propose a solution to the problem of identifying the type of pavement using machine learning methods. Asphalt road, gravel road and cobbled road were the types of pavement quality, which were identified. The research community uses various types of sensors and data to solve this classification problem. This paper evaluates pavement type identification using data received from the inertial measurement unit installed in a vehicle and, in particular, data generated by the accelerometers. One car was used. The traffic route was chosen so that all three types of road surface were located on a small section of the road. The obtained data was used in training the long short-term memory recurrent neural network. The achieved accuracy of identification the type of road surface was 88.2 %.
A new scheme for integrating the equations of particle motions in the particle-in-cell method for plasma physics
Authors: Вшивков К.В. , Воропаева Е.С. , Ефимова А.А. 
Published: May 2023

Представлен новый метод решения релятивистских уравнений движения заряженных частиц в электромагнитных полях, учитывающий условие постоянства их значений на каждом временном шаге. Проведено сравнение точности и эффективности вычислений при решении тестовых задач в дву- и трехмерной постановках на основе нового метода, метода Бориса и его модификаций. В каждом случае рассматривались варианты аналитически и дискретно заданных значений электрического и магнитного полей.
At present, the Boris method is mostly common for the numerical solution of problems of the dynamics of charged particles in electromagnetic fields. In recent years, new modifications of the Boris method have appeared that are capable to simplify, refine, or speed up calculations. However, despite the rather large number of publications which consider algorithms for calculating the trajectories of charged particles, new, more accurate and high-performance algorithms are desired. The article presents a detailed analysis of some explicit methods for solving the problem of the motion of charged particles in electromagnetic fields, which differ in how they set the average values of velocities. A new scheme based on an analytical solution, which has not been studied before, is proposed. For the Boris, Vay, Higuera – Cary schemes and the new VD1 scheme, a comparative analysis of the accuracy, convergence and counting time for the relativistic and nonrelativistic cases is carried out. In the nonrelativistic case, the new scheme allows accurate solving of the equations for motion of charged particles, and in the relativistic case, the accuracy of the new scheme remains higher compared to other schemes. As the relativistic factor increases, the accuracy of all considered schemes for calculating the trajectory of particles in an electromagnetic field decreases. For large values of the relativistic parameter, the new scheme is more accurate than the other schemes and retains the second order. In practical calculations, when particles can have different speeds, the scheme automatically adjusts to the given speed of the particle. The presented new scheme for calculating trajectories can be important for solving a wide range of problems in astrophysics and thermonuclear fusion, where high accuracy in determining particle trajectories in inhomogeneous fields for large moments of time is required.
Economical finite-difference algorithms for spatial hypersonic flows of a multicomponent gas with thermochemical nonequilibrium
Authors: Григорьев Ю.Н. , Ковеня В.М. 
Published: May 2023

Статья посвящена построению экономичных конечно-разностных алгоритмов для пространственных задач гиперзвуковой аэродинамики. Дан краткий обзор современных моделей и алгоритмов, используемых в этой области, с точки зрения их вычислительной сложности для моделирования колебательной и химической кинетики. Применительно к двухтемпературной модели многокомпонентного диссоциирующего газа построены новые алгоритмы, основанные на методе приближенной факторизации или схеме предиктор-корректор с расщеплением операторов по физическим процессам и пространственным направлениям. Реализация алгоритмов на дробных шагах сводится к трехточечным скалярным прогонкам, что делает их экономичными по числу арифметических операций на узел сетки. Причем число операций имеет линейную зависимость от числа узлов расчетной области и числа уравнений. Используемая для построения алгоритмов идеология расщепления предполагает возможность распараллеливания вычислений при решении многомерных задач, так как решение исходной многомерной задачи сведено на каждом дробном шаге к независимому решению одномерных или более простых задач.
The article addresses construction of economical finite-difference algorithms for spatial problems of hypersonic aerodynamics. A brief survey of modern models and algorithms used in this field is given. Their computational complexity due to the modelling of vibrational and chemical kinetics is examined. On the base of two-temperature model of a multicomponent dissociating gas new algorithms are constructed. The approximate factorization method or the predictor-corrector scheme with splitting of operators by physical processes and spatial directions are employed. Their realization at fractional steps to three-point scalar sweeps allows reducing number of arithmetic operations per grid node. Moreover, the number of operations increases linearly with the number of grid nodes and the number of equations. The proposed algorithms allow efficient parallelization.