bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Status of the engineering design of the IFMIF-DONES high energy beam transport line and beam dump system
Authors: Sánchez-Herranz D , Nomen O , Sanmartí M , Singh B K , Arranz F , Podadera I , Oliver C , Cara P , Hauer V , Ogando F 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
IFMIF-DONES plant [1] (International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility – DEMO Oriented Neutron Source) is currently being developed under the framework of a work package of the EUROfusion Consortium. It will be a facility located at the south of Spain in Granada. Its objective and main goal is the testing and qualification of fusion materials by the generation of a neutron flux with a broad energy distribution covering the typical neutron spectrum of a (D-T) fusion reactor. This is achieved by the Li (d,xn) nuclear reactions occurring in a liquid lithium target where a 40 MeV at 125 mA deuteron beam with a variable beam footprint between 200 mm × 50 mm and 100 mm × 50mm collides. The Accelerator Systems is in charge of providing such high energy deuterons to produce the required neutron flux. The High Energy Beam Transport line (HEBT) is the last subsystem of the IFMIF-DONES accelerator, and its main functions are to guide the deuteron beam towards the liquid lithium target and to shape it with the required rectangular reference beam footprints. The HEBT system includes a Beam Dump devoted to stop the beam during commissioning and start-up phases. The present work details the present status of the HEBT engineering design, including beam dynamics, vacuum configuration, radioprotection, beam diagnostics devices and remote handling analyses performed detailing the layout and integration of required components through-out the beamline.
Role of surface chemistry in conditioning of materials in particle accelerators
Authors: Sattonnay G , Bilgen S , Mercier B , Longuevergne D , Della-Negra S , Ribaud I 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
For the vacuum scientists and the accelerator community, finding solutions to mitigate pressure rises induced by electron, photon and ion desorption, and also beam instabilities induced by ion and electron clouds is a major issue. Along the time, changes in the surface chemistry of vacuum chambers are observed during beam operations, leading to modifications of: outgassing rates, stimulated desorption processes and secondary emission yields (SEY). To understand the role of the surface chemistry of air exposed materials in the electron conditioning process, typical air exposed materials used in particle accelerators : thin film coatings (NEG, i.e a Ti-Zr-V alloy, and carbon), copper (and its oxides Cu2O and CuO) and niobium were conditioned by low energy electron irradiation for a better understanding of electron-cloud effect. First, SEY was measured to understand the changes of surface conditioning upon particle irradiation; then, surface chemistry evolution after electron irradiation was investigated by both XPS and TOF-SIMS analyses using the ANDROMEDE facility at IJCLab. Finally, the relationship between the surface chemistry and the conditioning phenomenon will be discussed.
Few-nanosecond stripline kickers for top-up injection into PETRA IV
Authors: Loisch G , Belokurov V , Obier F 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
PETRA IV is the planned ultralow-emittance upgrade of the PETRA III synchrotron light source at DESY, Hamburg. The current baseline injection scheme is an off-axis, top-up injection with few-nanosecond stripline kickers, which would allow for accumulation and least disturbance of experiments during injection. Besides the requirements on kick-strength, field quality, pulse rise-rate, and heat management, two mechanical designs with different apertures are necessary, as the devices will be used for injection and the transverse multi-bunch feedback system. In this contribution we will present the current status of 3D finite element simulations of electromagnetic fields as well as the mechanical design and first pulse electronics tests.
Origin and mitigation of the beam-induced surface modifications of the LHC beam screens
Authors: Petit V , Chiggiato P , Himmerlich M , Marinoni S , Neupert H , Taborelli M , Tavian L 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
All over Run 2, the LHC beam-induced heat load on the cryogenic system exhibited a wide scattering along the ring. Studies ascribed the heat source to electron cloud build-up, indicating an unexpected high Secondary Electron Yield (SEY) of the beam screen surface in some LHC regions. The inner copper surface of high and low heat load beam screens, extracted during the Long Shutdown 2, was analysed. On the low heat load ones, the surface was covered with the native Cu2O oxide, while on the high heat load ones CuO dominated at surface, and it exhibited a very low carbon coverage. Such chemical modifications increase the SEY and inhibit a proper conditioning of the affected surfaces. Following this characterisation, the mechanisms for CuO build-up in the LHC beam pipe were investigated on a newly commissioned cryogenic system allowing electron irradiation, surface chemical characterisation by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and SEY measurements on samples held below 15 K. In parallel, curative solutions against the presence of CuO in the LHC beam screens were explored, which could be implemented in-situ to recover a proper conditioning and lower the beam-induced heat load.
X-Rays energy measurements during the RFQ conditioning at the European Spallation Source
Authors: Laface E , Maiano C G , Zeng R , Piquet O 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) was conditioned at the European Spallation Source during spring 2021. We used part of the conditioning time to estimate the accelerating potential within the RFQ analyzing the x-rays bremsstrahlung radiation emitted by the electrons released and accelerated in the RFQ. The results of these measurements are in good agreement with the theoretical prediction.
CERN Linac4 Chopper Dump: operational experience and future upgrades
Authors: Sharp C J , Franqueira Ximenes R , Calviani M , Grenier D , Mucher C Y , Grenier-Boley E , Torregrosa C , Hunt J R , Esposito L S , Costa G , Andreu Muñoz P , Krainer A M 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Chopper Dump in the Linac4 accelerator at CERN is a beam-intercepting device responsible for the absorption of the 3 MeV H− ion beam produced by the Linac4 source and deflected upstream by an electromagnetic chopper. It allows a portion of the beam, which would otherwise fall into the unstable region of the radiofrequency buckets in the Proton Synchrotron Booster, to be dumped at low energy with minimal induced radiation. It may also be used to absorb the entire beam. With peak currents of 25 to 45 mA and shallow penetration, this results in large deposited energy densities, thermal gradients and mechanical stresses. Additional constraints arise from geometric integration, vacuum and radiation protection requirements. Material selection, beam-matter interaction studies and thermo-structural analyses are important aspects of the design process. The Chopper Dump underwent modification in 2019 following observed material degradation in the original version of the device. The experience gained, modifications made and observations noted since then are detailed herein. Against this background, the design and analysis of an upgraded device, intended to cope with future operational conditions, is outlined and discussed.
Achromatic gantry design using fixed-field spiral combined-function magnets
Authors: Tesse R , Hernalsteens C , Gnacadja E , Ramoisiaux E , Pauly N , Vanwelde M 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Arc-therapy and flash therapy are promising proton therapy treatment modalities as they enable further sparing of the healthy tissues surrounding the tumor site. They impose strong constraints on the beam delivery system and rotating gantry structure, in particular in providing high dose rate and fast energy scanning. Fixed-field achromatic transport lattices potentially satisfy both constraints in allowing instant energy modulation and sufficient transmission efficiency while providing a compact footprint. The presented design study uses fixed-field magnets with spiral edges respecting the FFA scaling law. The cell structure and the layout are studied in simulation and integrated in a compact gantry. Results and further optimizations are discussed.
Beam optics studies for a novel gantry for hadron therapy
Authors: Felcini E , Frisella G , Mereghetti A , Pullia M G , Savazzi S , Pivi M T F , Benedetto E 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe design of smaller and less costly gantries for carbon ion particle therapy represents a major challenge to the diffusion of this treatment. Here we present the work done on the linear beam optics of possible gantry layouts, differing for geometry, momentum acceptance, and magnet technology, which share the use of combined function superconducting magnets with a bending field of 4 T. We performed parallel– to–point and point–to–point optics matching at different magnification factors to provide two different beam sizes at the isocenter. Moreover, we considered the orbit distortion generated by magnet errors and we introduced beam position monitors and correctors. The study, together with considerations on the criteria for comparison, is the basis for the design of a novel and compact gantry for hadrontherapy.
Explorative studies of an innovative superconducting gantry
Authors: Pullia M G , Benedetto E , Dassa L , De Matteis E , Donetti M , Felcini E , Frisella G , Karppinen M , Kurfürst C , Mariotto S , Mereghetti A , Mirandola A , Pella A , Perini D , Piacentini L , Pivi M T F , Prioli M , Ratkus A , Rossi L , Sabbatini L , Savazzi S , Stock M , Tommasini D , Torims T , Uberti S , Vannozzi A , Vilcans J , Vretenar M 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Heavy Ion Therapy Research Integration plus (HITRIplus) is an European project that aims to integrate and propel research and technologies related to cancer treatment with heavy ion beams. Among the ambitious goals of the project, a specific work package includes the design of a gantry for carbon ions, based on superconducting magnets. The first milestone to achieve is the choice of the fundamental gantry parameters, namely the beam optics layout, the superconducting magnet technology, and the main user requirements. Starting from a reference 3 T design, the collaboration widely explored dozens of possible gantry configurations at 4 T, aiming to find the best compromise in terms of footprint, capital cost, and required R&D. We present here a summary of these configurations, underlying the initial correlation between the beam optics, the mechanics and the main superconducting dipoles design: the bending field (up to 4 T), combined function features (integrated quadrupoles), magnet aperture (up to 90 mm), and angular length (30° – 45°). The resulting main parameters are then listed, compared, and used to drive the choice of the best gantry layout to be developed in HITRIplus.
Study of coil configuration and local optics effects for the GaToroid ion gantry design
Authors: Oponowicz E , Bottura L , Dutheil Y , Haziot A , Gerbershagen A 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
GaToroid, a novel gantry configuration for hadron therapy, is based on superconducting coils that generate a toroidal magnetic field to deliver the beam to the tumour location. Designing the complex GaToroid coils requires careful consideration of the local beam optical effects. We present a Python-based tool for charged particle transport in complex electromagnetic fields. The code implements fast tracking in arbitrary three-dimensional field maps, and it does not require a definition of specific or regular reference trajectories, as is generally the case for accelerator physics codes. The tool was used to characterise the beam behaviour inside the GaToroid system: to automatically determine the reference trajectories in the symmetry plane and analyse three-dimensional beam dynamics around these trajectories. Beam optical parameters in the field region were compared for various magnetic configurations of GaToroid. This paper introduces the new tracker and shows the benchmarking results. Furthermore, first-order beam optics studies for different arrangements demonstrate the main code features and serve for the design optimisation.
Production of radioisotopes for cancer imaging and treatment with compact linear accelerators
Authors: Vretenar M , Mamaras A , Bisoffi G , Foka P 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Accelerator-produced radioisotopes are widely used in modern medicine, for imaging, for cancer therapy, and for combinations of therapy and diagnostics (theragnostics). Clinical trials are well advanced for several radioisotope-based treatments that might open the way to a strong request of specific accelerator systems dedicated to radioisotope production. While cyclotrons are the standard tool in this domain, we explore here alternative options using linear accelerators. Compared to cyclotrons, linacs have the advantage of modularity, compactness, and reduced beam loss with lower shielding requirements. Although in general more expensive than cyclotrons, linacs are competitive in cost for production of low-energy proton beams, or of intense beams of heavier particles. After a review of radioisotopes of potential interest, in particular produced with low-energy protons or helium, this paper presents two linac-based isotope production systems. The first is a compact RFQ-based system for PET (Positron Emission Tomography) isotopes, and the second is an alpha-particle linac for production of alpha-emitters. The accelerator systems are described, together with calculations of production yields for different targets.
Ripple pattern formation on silicon carbide surfaces by low-energy ion-beam erosion
Authors: Gupta Divya , Umapathy G.R. , Singhal Rahul , Aggarwal Sanjeev 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A versatile experimental facility air insulated high current medium energy 200 kV Ion Accelerator, with the terminal voltage in the range of 30-200 kV has been running successfully at Ion Beam Centre, KUK for carry out multifarious experiments in material science and surface physics. This system offers single charge state, switching magnet with five exit ports and large area irradiation/implantation using hollow cathode ion source. Ion beam induced structures on the surfaces of semiconductors have potential applications in photonics, magnetic devices, photovoltaics, and surface-wetting tailoring etc. In this regard, silicon carbide (SiC) is a fascinating wide-band gap semiconductor for high-temperature, high-power and high-frequency applications. In this work, fabrication of ripple patterns is carried out on the SiC surfaces using 80 keV Ar+ ion beam for different fluences at oblique incidence of 500. AFM study demonstrates that ripple wavelength and amplitude, ordering and homogeneity of these patterns vary linearly with argon ion fluence. The formation of such surface structures is attributed to the preferential sputtering of silicon in comparison to carbon. The evolution of high degrees of order is explained with the help of existing formalisms of coupling between surface topography and preferential sputtering.
Rad-hard RISC-V SoC and ASIP ecosystems studies for high-energy physics applications
Authors: Andorno M. , Andersen M. , Borghello G. , Caratelli A. , Ceresa D. , Dhaliwal J. , Kloukinas K. , Pejasinovic R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The increase in complexity and size of modern ASIC designs in the HEP community and the use of advanced semiconductor fabrication processes raises the need for a shift toward a more abstract design methodology, that takes advantage of modularity and programmability to achieve a faster turnaround time both for design and verification. This contribution will present two complementary approaches, one using a RISC-V based System-on-Chip (SoC) and the other based on Application-Specific Instruction set Processors (ASIP). The SoC uses the PicoRV32 open-source RISC-V core and a rad-hard version of the AMBA APB bus to connect peripherals and is primarily geared towards control and monitoring applications. This solution is a demonstrator of what can become a more complete fully radiation-tolerant SoC platform with a standardized interconnect and an IP block library, to serve as the starting point for future ASIC designs. The ASIP based approach targets more the design of data path elements and the use in data processing applications. The presented approach makes use of a commercial ASIP Designer EDA tool to demonstrate an integrated workflow to define, benchmark and optimize an ASIP for a specific use case, starting from a general-purpose processor.
Simulations on detection efficiency of CLYC (Ce) detector
Authors: Biao Zhang , Jinjia Cao , Shuang Lin , Yingming Song 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
CLYC (Ce) crystal is a new type of inorganic scintillator with excellent performance, which can realize neutron and gamma dual mode measurement. CLYC (Ce) detector is widely used in national defense, homeland security, nuclear imaging, environmental monitoring, nuclear medicine and other fields. The detection efficiency of the detector is an important index in the design and development of the detector. The detection model of CLYC (Ce) detector is established by using Geant4 program based on Monte Carlo method, and the factors affecting the detection efficiency of detector are studied. The results show that: the detection efficiency is related to the shape and size of crystal section. The detection efficiency of rectangular section is lower than that of circular and square section, and the larger the crystal radial size and length, the higher the detection efficiency. The detection efficiency of CLYC (Ce) detector is related to the energy of rays: the higher the energy of neutrons and gamma rays are, the lower the detection efficiency is. It indicates that the crystal responds better to thermal neutrons and low-energy gamma rays. At the same time, if the radiation source is emanative, the smaller the distance between the radiation source and the detector, the higher the detection efficiency of the scintillator.
A trigger source for linear transformer driver
Authors: Liang Chuan , Li Mingjia , Wang Wenchuan , Li Zhenghong 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A repetitive low jitter trigger source applied in triggering the multi-gap gas switch of the linear transformer driver (LTD) stage, is designed and developed in this paper.The pulse source based on fast Marx topology can repetitively output a low jitter high voltage pulse into a 50 Ω resistance load with peak value of 150 kV, rising time of 7 ns, width of 260 ns and rep-rate 0.1 Hz. Proper design of stray capacitance to peak the output pulse and employing the UV light to pre-ionize each consequent stage gap to reduce the switch delay time and jitter have been proposed. All those have been demonstrated feasible and reliable. A software program control unit has been developed for operation and control of fast Marx generator. The software gives full remote control by a computer via optical fiber communication. The experimental results show that the trigger source can continuously and reliably generate a 150 kV/260 ns pulse into a resistive load every 10 s with 1-σ jitter less than 2.7 ns. The trigger source is compact and portable and agrees well with the trigger demands of LTD for new fusion energy.
Small-scale location identification in natural environments with deep learning based on biomimetic sonar echoes
Authors: Zhang Liujun , Farabow Andrew , Singhal Pradyumann , Müller Rolf 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMany bat species navigate in complex, heavily vegetated habitats. To achieve this, the animal relies on a sensory basis that is very different from what is typically done in engineered systems that are designed for outdoor navigation. Whereas the engineered systems rely on data-heavy senses such as lidar, bats make do with echoes triggered by short, ultrasonic pulses. Prior work has shown that ‘clutter echoes’ originating from vegetation can convey information on the environment they were recorded in—despite their unpredictable nature. The current work has investigated the spatial granularity that these clutter echoes can convey by applying deep-learning location identification to an echo data set that resulted from the dense spatial sampling of a forest environment. The Global Positioning System (GPS) location corresponding to the echo collection events was clustered to break the survey area into the number of spatial patches ranging from two to 100. A convolutional neural network (Resnet 152) was used to identify the patch associated with echo sets ranging from one to ten echoes. The results demonstrate a spatial resolution that is comparable to the accuracy of recreation-grade GPS operating under foliage cover. This demonstrates that fine-grained location identification can be accomplished at very low data rates.
Design methodologies and engineering applications for ecosystem biomimicry: an interdisciplinary review spanning cyber, physical, and cyber-physical systems
Authors: Hinkelman Kathryn , Yang Yizhi , Zuo Wangda 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Ecosystem biomimicry is a promising pathway for sustainable development. However, while typical form- and process-level biomimicry is prevalent, system-level ecosystem biomimicry remains a nascent practice in numerous engineering fields. This critical review takes an interdisciplinary approach to synthesize trends across case studies, evaluate design methodologies, and identify future opportunities when applying ecosystem biomimicry to engineering practices, including cyber systems (CS), physical systems (PS), and cyber-physical systems (CPS). After systematically sourcing publications from major databases, the papers were first analyzed at a meta level for their bibliographic context and for statistical correlations among categorical variables. Then, we investigated deeper into the engineering applications and design methodologies. Results indicate that CPS most frequently mimic organisms and ecosystems, while CS and PS frequently mimic populations-communities and molecules-tissues-organ systems, respectively (statistically highly significant). An indirect approach is most often used for mimicry at organizational levels from populations to ecosystems, while a direct approach frequently suits levels from molecules to organisms (highly significant). Dominant themes across engineering applications include symbiotic organism search algorithms for CS and ecological network analysis for CPS, while PS are highly diverse. For design methodologies, this work summarizes and details ten well-documented biomimetic process models among literature, which addresses an outdated concern for a lack of systematic methods for ecosystem biomimicry. In addition to the Biomimetics Standard ISO 18458, these methods include the Natural Step and Techno-Ecological Synergy framework, among others. Further, the analyses revealed future opportunities from less utilized design methods (e.g. interdisciplinary teams tackling indirect, ecosystem-level projects) to well-established engineering concepts ready for technological advancement (e.g. implementing membrane computing for physical applications). For future studies, this review provides a comprehensive reference for ecosystem biomimetic design practices and application opportunities across multiple engineering domains.