bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Immunochemical Assay for the Detection of the First Component of Complement (CI)
Authors: Colten Harvey R. , Spalter Joel S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The design of a new immunochemical assay, the neutralization of inhibition (N-I) test, for the detection of C1 has been described. The sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of the N-I test make it possible to detect nanogram quantities of hemolytically active and inactive guinea pig and human C1 with an error in the measurement of about ± 5%.
Long-Term Skin Allograft Survival Elicited by a Finite Treatment with Antilymphocyte Serum Combined with Cytarabine
Authors: Perper R. J. , Monovich R. E. , Bowersox B. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Treatment with a pyrimidine nucleoside, cytarabine, combined with ALS, resulted in greatly prolonged survival of histoincompatible rat skin allografts in comparison with ALS or cytarabine used alone. Depending upon the potency of the ALS, 20% to 65% of the rats tolerated grafts for greater than 100 days despite the fact that treatment was limited to daily nontoxic doses of ALS and cytarabine given for only 10 and 22 days, respectively. With the same finite treatment, significant improvement of graft survival as compared with ALS given alone was achieved in sensitized animals, and in mouse-to-rat skin xenografts (31-day median survival). In the latter two cases, however, no animal permanently retained its graft. The possible mechanisms of the synergism of these two agents were discussed, and it was tentatively concluded that either concomitant suppression of both humoral and cellular responses or total suppression of the cellular response was responsible. Preliminary examination of the grafted animals indicated that graft survival was not due to specific immunologic tolerance to donor antigens and probably not to enhancement. It was tentatively concluded that “adaptation” of the grafts had occurred.
Quantitative Passive Hemagglutination: Adaptation of the Cell Migration Technique to Measurement of Antibodies to Protein
Authors: Johnson Howard M. , Peeler James T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The quantitative passive hemagglutination migration technique has been adapted for the measurement of antibodies to a protein. Egg albumin was coupled to sheep and goat red blood cells by the water-soluble carbodiimide, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride. The procedure is as sensitive as the tube hemagglutination test, but is considerably more quantitative with coefficient of variations less than 10%. The empirical mathematical model that best expressed the system was different from that found to be most appropriate for expression of hemagglutination migrations with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide.
Immunosuppressive Effect of the Depletion of Circulating Lymphocytes by Chronic Irradiation of the Rat Spleen
Authors: Yoshida Takeshi , Hunter Robert L. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of chronic irradiation of the spleen with a 32P polyethylene strip applied to the lateral surface of the spleen on the blood level of circulating small lymphocytes and on the immune response to 2,4-dinitrophenyl-bovine γ globulin administered in complete Freund's adjuvant was investigated in the rat. Irradiation restricted to the spleen caused severe lymphopenia and significantly depressed the cellular and humoral immune response to this antigen.
The Nature of the Reaction of Antigen with Lymphocytes from Rabbits Infected with Schistosoma Mansoni on the Release of Histamine from Rabbit Platelets
Authors: Barbaro J. F. , Schoenbechler M. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antigen-induced histamine release from rabbit platelets by interaction with leukocytes from rabbits infected with Schistosoma mansoni can be divided experimentally into two distinct steps. The first involves the reaction of lymphocytes with antigen; the second, the interaction of the activated leukocytes with platelets resulting in histamine release from the platelets. The nature of the reaction of antigen with sensitized lymphocytes to produce an activated cell was studied. The effects of time, temperature, divalent cations and viability on the rate and extent of activation suggest a complex sequence of changes in the lymphocyte which results in an activated cell.
Properties of Structurally Restricted Antibody to Type VIII Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Pincus Jack H. , Jaton Jean-Claude , Bloch Kurt J. , Haber Edgar 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Following three courses of immunization with type VIII pneumococci, the serum of one rabbit showed an unusually marked increase in electrophoretically-restricted γ globulin components consisting of anti-polysaccharide antibodies. Examination of the intact purified antibodies by isoelectric focusing and of the corresponding light chains by disc gel electrophoresis in urea disclosed a less complex banding pattern than was observed with antibody isolated from serum of a rabbit showing a diffuse increase in globulin components after immunization. The serum concentration of the electrophoretically-restricted γ globulin components increased and subsequently decreased after each course of immunization. Histologic examination following the third course showed evidence of an intense immune response; plasma cell tumors were not seen.
Selective Effects of Anti-Macrophage Serum, Silica and Anti-Lymphocyte Serum on Pathogenesis of Herpes Virus Infection of Young Adult Mice
Authors: Zisman B. , Hirsch M. S. , Allison A. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Weanling mice were treated with relatively specific suppressants of macrophages or lymphocytes and infected intraperitoneally with herpes simplex virus. Ingestion of silica particles or anti-macrophage serum impaired macrophage function and allowed virus to spread to the liver parenchyma with resulting hepatitis and early death. Anti-lymphocytic serum allowed the development of persistent viremia with subsequent spread of virus into the brain and development of fatal meningitis and encephalitis. These results are discussed in relation to the role of macrophage-dependent and lymphocyte-dependent reactions in protection of the host against parenteral virus infections.
Target Cells of Human Ragweed-Binding Antibodies in Monkey Skin
Authors: Hubscher Thomas , Ian Watson J. , Goodfriend Lawrence 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present study was designed to obtain evidence concerning the nature of the target cells of human reagins in monkey skin. Rhesus monkey skin biopsies were incubated with ragweed atopic or normal human sera, washed and quick frozen in isopentane or embedded in paraffin. Sections were treated sequentially with ragweed antigen E and fluoresceinated goat anti-antigen E globulin. Sections sensitized with allergic serum showed specific cellular fluorescence in the dermis which was invariably absent from those treated with normal serum. On counter-staining with toluidine blue, the fluorescent cells were identified as metachromatically staining mast cells.
In Vitro Detection of Transplantation Immunity: The Inhibition of Migration of Immune Spleen Cells and Peripheral Blood Leukocytes by Specific Antigen
Authors: Falk R. E. , Collste L. , Möller G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A modified capillary tube migration technique was used with rodent spleen cells and human peripheral blood leukocytes. Such cells were found to migrate in a consistent manner with the appropriate method. When cells were used from animal or human subjects sensitized to histocompatibility antigens and the corresponding lymphoid cells from the sensitizing strain or human donor were added to the culture media, after prior disruption by ultrasound, inhibition of migration was observed. This was consistent, immunologically specific and increased in degree with the state of immunity of the animal.
Transfer with a Plasma Fraction of Delayed Hypersensitivity to PPD in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Dupuy J. M. , Kalpaktosoglou P. , Good R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Passive transfer of delayed hypersensitivity to purified protein derivative was achieved in normal guinea pigs with a fast migrating electrophoretic plasma fraction. Plasma from Bacillus Calmette Guérin immunized, x-irradiated donors was subjected to electrophoresis on agar blocks. Fractions were injected into different groups of guinea pigs, which were skin tested with 10 µg of PPD 6 days after the last injection. In separate experiments, all guinea pigs injected with fraction I or II (cathodal migration) and with fraction III (nonmigrating) were found to be negative. The transfer of biologic activity was always obtained with the anode-migrating fractions V and VI. These data permit the conclusion that conventional antibodies of beta and gamma mobility do not participate in the transfer. They also indicate that the transfer, in this model, is obtained with a fast migrating factor(s).
Lymphocyte Response in Acute Experimental Renal Failure
Authors: Slavin Raymond G. , Kelly Joseph F. , Garrett John J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The in vitro response to phytohemagglutinin stimulation was studied with lymphocytes of normal guinea pigs and of guinea pigs made uremic by bilateral ureteral ligation. In 3 to 4 days the latter animals showed weight loss, increase in serum creatinine, anemia and profound lymphocytopenia. In vitro lymphocyte transformation showed no significant decrease.
The uptake of tritiated thymidine by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated and unstimulated lymphocytes of uremic animals was greater than that of lymphocytes of normal animals. Prolongation of homograft survival in acute uremia cannot be attributed to immunologic incompetence of the peripheral blood lymphocytes as determined by their in vitro response to phytohemagglutinin. The marked decrease in the number of immunologically competent cells may play a role in the prolongation of homograft survival.
Alloantibodies Induced by Weaker Histocompatibility Antigens in Rats
Authors: Thoenes G. H. , White E. , Hildemann W. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Allografts of skin, kidney or lymphoid tissue between H-1 (Ag-B) compatible Fischer and Lewis rats induced alloantibodies that could be detected with a modified 51Cr cytotoxicity assay. Isogeneic or allogeneic complement was efficient in this assay and allowed for greater sensitivity of the cytotoxicity test by decreasing the nonspecific background release of 51Cr from labeled target cells. The alloantibody detected in this test is presumed to be specific for weaker histocompatibility antigens determined by non-H-1 (Ag-B) alleles. Lewis recipients of long-surviving Fischer kidney allografts had relatively high levels of alloantibody present in their serum as early as 8 days after transplantation; these antibody levels gradually decreased during the 7-month observation period reported here. Especially noteworthy is the production and regular detection of serum alloantibodies induced across a weak histocompatibility barrier reflected in kidney allograft survival times normally exceeding 200 days.
Immunologic Unresponsiveness Following a Single Feeding of Picryl Chloride
Authors: Pomeranz Jerome R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pigs fed a single large dose of picryl chloride after prior starvation are unresponsive to subsequent immunization with the hapten. The induction of tolerance by the single feeding technique is directly comparable to the state produced by multiple feedings in terms of dose, specificity and degree of resistance to contact and anaphylactic sensitization.
Observations on the Mechanism of Immune Hemolysis: Importance of Immunoglobulin Class and Source of Complement on the Extent of Damage
Authors: Frank Michael M. , Dourmashkin Robert R. , Humphrey John H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Membranes of sheep erythrocytes lysed by rabbit IgM and IgG hemolysins and by human and guinea pig complements were examined with the electron microscope. Cells lysed with guinea pig complement in the presence of rabbit IgG hemolysin, or with human complement in the presence of either IgM or IgG hemolysin, had far more “holes” in their surface than were predicted by the “one-hit” theory of complement action. This was true, however, only under conditions of complement excess. Single “holes” were formed when the complement concentration limited the extent of hemolysis. The results suggest that the multiple “hole” phenomenon occurs at a step in the hemolytic sequence prior to the damage-producing step, and are consistent with the one-hit theory of complement action.
Comments on the Leucocyte Migration Technique As an in Vitro Method for Demonstrating Cellular Hypersensitivity in Man
Authors: Bendixen Gunnar , Søborg Mogens 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Kaltreider et al. (1) report difficulties encountered with “buffy coat” cells and tuberculin antigen in a capillary tube migration system designed to detect human delayed hypersensitivity. As we and others have been working with in vitro migration of human peripheral leucocytes in a similar system for 3 to 4 years and have consistently obtained significant and reproducible results (2–18) we have studied their communication with great interest.
Our first experiences with tuberculin hypersensitivity in a similar system were also inconclusive (9). One of us (G. B.) examined tuberculin hypersensitivity in 35 patients using purified protein derivative (PPD) as well as delipidated tubercle bacteria (E5) as antigen. There was a remarkable digression of migration indices, varying between pronounced stimulation and inhibition, and insignificantly correlated with the delayed-type intracutaneous response. Later, however, probably due to improved technique, Clausen and Søborg have obtained significant results with PPD as antigen in the leucocyte migration system (17).
Concanavalin A: A Reagent for Sensitization of Erythrocytes with Glycoproteins and Polysaccharides
Authors: Leon M. A. , Young N. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The jack bean globulin concanavalin A (con A) reacts with a variety of polysaccharides (1, 2) and glycoproteins (3, 4) by virtue of its specificity for sugars with the d-arabinopyranoside configuration at C3, C4 and C6 (5). Con A is divalent at pH 5.0 (6), but since it readily polymerizes at neutral pH (7), aggregates with higher valences may exist in solution. Studies of reactions of con A with sensitized sheep erythrocytes (8) and with lymphocytes (9) showed that substantial amounts of con A could combine with these cells without causing agglutination. A significant fraction of the con A combined with cells might thus have valences free to react with polysaccharides and glycoproteins. The data presented in this paper confirm this hypothesis and show that con A-coated erythrocytes can combine with polysaccharides and glycoproteins containing sugars of appropriate configuration, and that such sensitized cells are useful in hemagglutination assays.
An in Vitro Primary Immune Response to 2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenyl Substituted Erythrocytes: Response against Carrier and Hapten
Authors: Kettman J. , Dutton R. W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
We have observed an in vitro response to the trinitrophenyl determinant (TNP) when spleen cell suspensions from unimmunized mice were cultured with the trinitrophenyl group coupled to sheep erythrocytes (TNP-SRBG) as immunogen. The response was measured by a progressive increase in the number of hemolytic plaque-forming cells assayed with TNP coupled to non-cross-reacting burro erythrocytes.
Identification of Two Cell Populations Required for Mouse Immunocompetence
Authors: Brody Thomas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two cell populations participating in the mouse immune response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) are identified. Cells of one population can attach SRBC by means of surface receptors. These cells are present in bone marrow and spleen. Bone marrow receptor-bearing cells show synergism with thymus in response to SRBC in a cell transfer assay. Cells with receptors for antigen act as the direct cellular precursors of antibody-producing cells. Receptor-bearing cells may be fractionated from hematopoietic colony-forming units. The second cell population required for an immune response to SRBC acts in conjunction with receptor-bearing cells. This population is present in the peripheral lymphoid organs and can be fractionated from the receptor-bearing cells of these organs. This cell population is called the peripheral thymic population because its role in the immune response can be carried out by thymocytes.
The Immune Response of Mice to Serratia Marcescens LPS or Intact Bacteria
Authors: Field Charles , Allen Jerry L. , Friedman Herman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Injection of adult mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) somatic antigen, or a heat-killed vaccine of Serratia marcescens resulted in rapid appearance of specific antibody-forming cells in the spleen, as well as other lymphoid tissues such as the mesenteric nodes and the thymus. Either immunogen in a dose of 50 µg resulted in a maximum cellular antibody response 3 to 5 days later; higher or lower doses resulted in a lesser response. Injection of 500 or 750 µg antigen gave the least response. In mice injected with the high doses of antigen, there was no compensatory increase in the number of antibody-forming cells in lymphoid organs other than the spleen. Regardless of antigen dose used or the time period after immunization antiglobulin facilitation yielded no evidence for additional plaque-forming cells. All concentrations of antigen gave a rapid increase in hemagglutinin and bacterial agglutinin titers, the vaccine giving the highest titers. Mice injected with 500 or 750 µg of either form of antigen had lower serum titers. Mice given the higher doses of either LPS or vaccine displayed a marked increase in the number of nonspecific antibody-forming cells to sheep erythrocytes. These results are viewed as evidence for development of immunologic tolerance to large doses of Serratia antigens, either vaccine or LPS. The toxicity of the antigenic preparations did not appear to be involved in the immunodepression. Both the antigenic state and dose markedly influenced the number of antibody-forming cells appearing after immunization.
The Relationship Between Antibody Affinity and the Efficiency of Complement Fixation
Authors: Fauci Anthony S. , Frank Michael M. , Johnson John S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The efficiency of complement fixation by antigen-antibody complexes is shown for the first time to be directly related to the affinity of IgG antibody for its antigenic determinant. Decreased complement fixation by IgG antibody at 37°C is independent of antibody affinity. The biologic activity of the complexes in terms of complement fixation parallels their activity in the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction. The implications of these observations with respect to the mechanisms of complement fixation by immune complexes formed with IgG antibody are discussed.
Half-Lives, Body Distribution and Lack of Interconversion of Serum 19S and 7S IgM of Sharks
Authors: Small Parker A. , Klapper David G. , Clem L. William 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Passive administration of radiolabeled purified proteins derived from nurse and lemon shark serum to the homologous species revealed that the serum 7S IgM is neither a precursor nor a degradation product of the 19S IgM. The studies also showed that the 19S IgM is predominantly intravascular, as is the IgM of higher vertebrates, whereas the 7S IgM is distributed both extracellularly and intravascularly, as is the IgG in higher species. The half-lives of the 7S and 19S IgM depend on the species of shark, but the half-life of 19S IgM is comparable to that of man. In order to maintain the relatively high serum concentrations of 7S and 19S IgM in the shark, the rate of synthesis of both of these molecules exceeds that of higher vertebrates and totals 100 to 150 mg/kg/day.
Tonsillar Tissue Implants in Neonatally Thymectomized Mice
Authors: Hall Harrison Bettina 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Palatine tonsils from 28- and 29-day fetal rabbits, and from 1-day-old rabbits were implanted into the abdominal cavities of 1-day-old mice thymectomized at birth. After 4 or 6 weeks the spleens of these mice showed restoration of follicular organization and repopulation by lymphocytes of thymus-dependent and perifollicular areas, as compared with thymectomized, non-implanted controls. These results clearly indicate functional similarities between palatine tonsillar tissue and thymic tissue.
Transformation of Mouse Lymphocytes to Allogeneic Lymphocytes and Phytohemagglutinin
Authors: Mangi Richard J. , Mardiney Michael R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The inbred laboratory mouse may offer the best opportunity to investigate the sensitivity of the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Although previous investigators have reported transformation of mouse cells, they have not delineated the entire time sequence of the reaction. We have separated mouse lymphocytes from spleen by centrifugation and have successfully incubated them in 20% mule serum for up to 9 days. The one-way and the two-way MLR exhibited peak activity at 5 to 6 days. The response to phytohemagglutinin was maximal on the 3rd to 4th day. Histocompatibility differences at the H-2 locus were detected by both the one-way and the two-way MLR, whereas differences at non-H-2 loci were consistently detected by only the two-way MLR. There was significantly increased activity in the parent vs F1 one-way irradiated MLR, but not in the F1 vs parent irradiated.
Genetic Control of the Antibody Response to Simple Haptens in Congenic Strains of Mice
Authors: Rathbun W. E. , Hildemann W. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antibody response to the 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl hapten (TNP) conjugated to mouse serum albumin (MSA) was found to be substantially regulated by products of alleles of the H-2 locus. Mice from each of five strains representing congenic pairs differing at the H-2 and H-3 loci and their F1 and F2 progenies were tested. These mice were immunized with a variety of haptens coupled to MSA and their antibody responses were determined after individual serial bleedings by a sensitive test for antigen-binding capacity. The A/Jax and B10.A (H-2a) strains regularly showed a low antibody response whereas their congenic partners, A.BY and C57BL/10 (H-2b) gave a markedly higher response to TNP at all times tested. F1 hybrid progeny gave a low response similar to the H-2a parent strain. The antibody responses of F2 mice were consistent with the segregation of the histocompatability alleles as determined by skin transplants. These results support the hypothesis that low antibody responsiveness to the TNP hapten is determined by the H-2a allele as a dominant trait, whereas homozygosity for the H-2b allele leads to high responsiveness even on diverse strain backgrounds.
Immunochemical Analysis of a Uronic Acid Polymer of Staphylococcus Epidermidis, Strain 53
Authors: McDonald Hugh C. , Karakawa Walter W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An acidic polysaccharide was isolated from the culture filtrate of a strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis by a combination of cetavlon precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography and gel-filtration. Chemical analyses of the acidic polysaccharide indicate that it is an equimolar polymer of d-glucuronic acid and glucosamine. Immunologic studies revealed that the material is antigenic, but hapten-inhibition studies did not disclose any structural features of the antigenic determinants.