bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abrogation of hybrid resistance to bone marrow engraftment by graft-vs-host-induced immune deficiency.
Authors: Hakim F T , Shearer G M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lethally irradiated F1 mice, heterozygous at the hematopoietic histocompatibility locus Hh-1, which is linked with H-2Db, reject bone marrow grafts from H-2b parents. This hybrid resistance (HR) is reduced by prior injection of H-2b parental spleen cells. Because injection of parental spleen cells produces a profound suppression of F1 immune functions, we investigated whether parental-induced abrogation of HR was due to graft-vs-host-induced immune deficiency (GVHID). HR was assessed by quantifying engraftment of H-2b bone marrow in F1 mice with the use of splenic [125I]IUdR uptake; GVHID, by the ability of F1 spleen cells to generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in vitro. We observed a correlation in the time course and spleen cell dose dependence between loss of HR and GVHID. Both GVHID and loss of HR were dependent on injection of parental T cells; nude or T-depleted spleen cells were ineffective. The injection of B10 recombinant congenic spleens into (B10 X B10.A)F1 mice, before grafting with B10 marrow, demonstrated that only those disparities in major histocompatibility antigens that generated GVH would result in loss of HR. Thus, spleens from (B10 X B10.A(2R]F1 mice (Class I disparity only) did not induce GVHID or affect HR, whereas (B10 X B10.A(5R))F1 spleens (Class I and II disparity) abrogated CTL generation and HR completely. GVHID produced by a class II only disparity, as in (B10 X B10.A(5R))F1 spleens injected into (B6bm12 X B10.A(5R))F1 mice, was also sufficient to markedly reduce HR to B10 bone marrow. This evidence that GVHID can modulate hematopoietic graft rejection may be relevant to the mechanisms of natural resistance to marrow grafts in man.
Binding and mitogenic properties of a galactosyl-specific lectin from the tunicate Didemnum candidum for murine thymocytes and splenocytes.
Authors: Vasta G R , Marchalonis J J , Decker J M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The affinity-purified major galactosyl-specific lectin (DCL-I) from the tunicate Didemnum candidum binds and induces blastogenesis in untreated and Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN)-treated murine splenocytes. However, it only binds and stimulates murine thymocytes when they have been pretreated with VCN. Binding and stimulation of VCN-treated splenocytes and thymocytes is specifically inhibited by D-galactose. Binding of lectin to splenocytes is highly increased by the VCN treatment, but the cells are stimulated to the same extent in both untreated and VCN-treated cells. This suggests that although additional DCL-I carbohydrate acceptors are uncovered by VCN treatment of the splenocytes, the ones responsible for triggering blastogenesis are already exposed on the untreated cells. On the contrary, cleavage of terminal sialic acids from the thymocyte cell surface is required to expose DCL-I carbohydrate acceptors in order to obtain a mitogenic response. Our results suggest that the distribution of cell surface galactosyl carbohydrate moieties to which DCL-I binds is different in thymocytes and splenocytes.
Monocyte procoagulant inducing factor: a lymphokine involved in the T cell-instructed monocyte procoagulant response to antigen.
Authors: Gregory S A , Kornbluth R S , Helin H , Remold H G , Edgington T S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A T cell-derived lymphokine couples the recognition of alloantigens by human T inducer cells to monocyte effector procoagulant activity (PCA). This collaborative cellular response results in expression of the functional tissue factor gene product and initiation of the extrinsic coagulation protease cascade as an inflammatory sequelae to the immune response. We now provide initial characterization of this lymphokine, provide evidence that it is a unique lymphokine, and designate it as monocyte procoagulant inducing factor (MPIF). MPIF was produced by alloantigen-stimulated, nylon wool-purified T cells and was not diminished by irradiation. MPIF active supernatants induced PCA in isolated monocytes, and the effect was not modified by the presence of T cells with the responding monocytes, consistent with a direct effect on the monocyte effector cells rather than an indirect effect via an intermediate accessory T cell. Full expression of PCA by monocytes was complete within 4 to 6 hours. MPIF activity in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) supernatants (MLC-SN) was stable at pH 2.0 for 24 hr, but was diminished after exposure to pH 10.5 for 30 min. MPIF activity was stable at 56 degrees C but was labile at 63 degrees C or higher. When characterized by chromatography on Sephadex G-100 superfine at either pH 7.2 or 3.6, the activity was recovered in a major discrete peak of about 55,000 daltons, and minor peaks of activity at about 14,000 and greater than 150,000 daltons. There was no correlation between the presence or concentration of INF-gamma, INF-alpha, IL 1, IL 2, GM-CSF, CSF-1, TNF-alpha, TNF-beta (lymphotoxin), or migration inhibitory factor (MIF) with MPIF activity. Each of the previously defined cytokines was analyzed directly for MPIF activity. INF-gamma, INF-alpha, GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, and CSF-1 did not possess MPIF activity over a wide range of concentrations. IL 1 and IL 2 lacked activity at concentrations present in MLC medium positive for MPIF; however, at higher concentrations each demonstrated slight activity. There was a poor correlation between MPIF and MIF activities in MLC-SN, and the content of MIF was insufficient to account for the expressed level of MPIF activity. The lack of identity of these cytokines with MPIF was supported by selected MLC medium that lacked IL 1, IL 2, and MIF and yet contained high MPIF activity. MPIF was additionally distinguished from IL 1, IL 2, and MIF on the basis of separation in Sephadex G-100 superfine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
In vitro generation of an HTLV-III variant by neutralizing antibody.
Authors: Robert-Guroff M , Reitz M S , Robey W G , Gallo R C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Transmission and culture of "parental" virus (HTLV-III) from H9 cells transfected with the cloned isolate (lambda HXB-2D) in human serum possessing HTLV-III neutralizing antibody selected for a "variant" that was not neutralized by the selecting serum but was neutralized by another antibody-positive serum "Control" virus, selected in serum lacking neutralizing antibody, and the variant showed highly similar tryptic peptide maps of the major envelope glycoprotein, and no changes in restriction enzyme patterns of viral DNA. These findings show that HTLV-III type-specific neutralizing antibodies occur, can influence the propagation of variant viruses that may arise, and presumably result from minor changes in the eliciting antigen. The extent to which such type-specific neutralizing antibodies influence immune surveillance against HTLV-III infection in vivo, a question with relevance to future vaccination attempts, remains to be determined. Nucleotide sequencing of the control and variant envelope genes may elucidate a region important for virus neutralization and vaccine development.
Regulation of guinea-pig immune functions by interleukin 2: critical role of natural killer activity in acute HSV-2 genital infection.
Authors: Weinberg A , Basham T Y , Merigan T C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL 2) has a protective effect against acute HSV-2 infection in guinea pigs with a biphasic dose response which peaked between 4 and 20 X 10(4) U/kg, whereas 8 X 10(5) U/kg showed no effect on disease. Animals that escaped infection appeared lack immunologic memory to HSV-2, suggesting a nonspecific immune mechanism. In this study we have found that NK activity of fresh splenocytes measured against HSV-2 infected human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) is stimulated in vitro and in vivo by rIL 2 in a biphasic dose range similar to that determined for protection against disease. In contrast, lymphokine-activated killer (LAK)-mediated lysis of P815 showed a linear response to increasing concentrations of rIL 2 both in vitro and in vivo. Transfer of LAK cells did not alter the rate of infection after HSV-2 challenge. Anti-asialo GM-1 eliminated rIL 2 protection against HSV-2 infection. It also blocked HSV-2/HFF lysis and partially decreased P815 lysis in vitro; however, in vivo it inhibited both natural killer (NK) activity and LAK generation, failing to distinguish which of the lytic cells was responsible for the effect against infection. Early IgG production (7 days post-infection) was enhanced by rIL 2 administration before viral inoculation, but it did not influence the rate of infection as compared with controls. Polyclonal IgM secretion was not found to play a role in acute protection. Circulating serum interferon levels were enhanced with increasing concentrations of rIL 2 but did not correlate with the biphasic dose curve for protection. Therefore of these mechanisms the one that is most closely related to the protective effect of rIL 2 against primary HSV-2 infection appears to be NK-mediated lysis, although the other mechanisms may add to this effect.
Assessment of multi-organ system engraftment by genotypic typing using restriction fragment-length polymorphisms and by phenotypic typing using a microcytotoxicity assay.
Authors: Blazar B R , Soderling C C , Vallera D A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We report the first application of Southern blotting techniques for the quantitative assessment of the donor or host origin of cell populations present in recipients of allogeneic or sex-mismatched syngeneic murine donor marrow grafts. The sensitivity of this assay system was noted to 1 to 5% for detection of a minor cell population by using cDNA probes that hybridize to single-copy sequences in the murine genome. The use of probes that generate distinguishing autoradiographic patterns due to strain-specific genomic sequence variations obviates the need for retroviral vector transfections (which potentially skew engraftment quantitation). Southern blotting analysis has provided definitive engraftment data in multiple cell populations isolated from both short-term and long-term allogeneic and syngeneic radiation chimeras. In contrast, H-2 typing in a microcytotoxicity assay, a standard typing technique for allogeneic murine donor cell engraftment, was noted to be less sensitive than Southern blotting. This occurred particularly in selected cell populations, in ill-appearing recipients, and in the early post-BMT period. Furthermore, because H-2 typing is a phenotypic assay, the results may be substantially influenced by the passive cell surface acquisition of host H-2 antigens, a process that is not evident with the use of genotyping techniques. Our results establish the superiority of Southern blotting techniques for the quantitation of donor cell engraftment and demonstrate the potential of this methodology when low-level detection of engrafted donor or residual host cells is of critical physiologic importance.
Heteroantibody-mediated cytotoxicity: antibody to the high affinity Fc receptor for IgG mediates cytotoxicity by human monocytes that is enhanced by interferon-gamma and is not blocked by human IgG.
Authors: Shen L , Guyre P M , Anderson C L , Fanger M W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An IgG1 monoclonal antibody, 32.2, raised against the 72,000 dalton monocyte high affinity Fc receptor, was used to examine the role of this receptor in ADCC. This antibody did not inhibit the binding of human IgG1 to monocytes or to the U937 cell line, nor did it block or stimulate their killing of IgG-coated chicken erythrocytes (CE). Whole 32.2 or its Fab fragments were cross-linked to Fab fragments of rabbit anti-CE by using the agent SPDP. The resulting heteroantibodies (32.2 X Fab anti-CE) mediated monocyte and U937 cytotoxicity against CE, whereas an anti-HLA X anti-CE reagent did not. Both FcR expression and heteroantibody-mediated cytotoxicity were increased by culturing monocytes or U937 with IFN-gamma. Although IgG-mediated ADCC was significantly inhibited by 40 micrograms/ml human IgG1, cytotoxicity mediated by 32.2 X Fab anti-CE was not blocked by 2 mg/ml human IgG1, suggesting that such cytotoxicity might not be blocked by IgG in vivo. These data indicate the potential of 32.2 heteroantibodies in analysis of FcR function and in therapy.
Immunochemical characterization and purification of Sm-97, a Schistosoma mansoni antigen monospecifically recognized by antibodies from mice protectively immunized with a nonliving vaccine.
Authors: Pearce E J , James S L , Dalton J , Barrall A , Ramos C , Strand M , Sher A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice protected against Schistosoma mansoni infection by intradermal (i.d.) vaccination with nonliving schistosomula or soluble extracts of larval or adult schistosomes (SCHLAP and SWAP, respectively) produce antibodies that react by Western blot analysis with one antigen of Mr (X 10(-3)) 97 in SWAP prepared in the presence of protease inhibitors and two antigens of Mr (X 10(-3)) 95 and 78 in SWAP prepared in their absence. Vaccine antibodies also immunoprecipitated a single 97k molecule, with a pI of 5.5, from detergent extracts of [35S] methionine-labeled schistosomes. Three hybridomas, produced from spleen cells of i.d. immunized mice, all recognized both the 95k/78k doublet and the 97k antigen, indicating that the two lower Mr components are degradation products of the same 97k molecule. The 97k/95k/78k complex (Sm-97) was purified by affinity chromatography and found to constitute 0.5% of the total protein in SWAP. 125I-concanavalin A bound weakly to purified Sm-97, indicating that this antigen is minimally glycosylated. By indirect immunofluorescence, Sm-97 was localized to regions just below the tegumental and gut syncitia of adult worms. Mice protected by i.d. vaccination produced high titers (1:10,240) of anti-Sm-97 antibodies, whereas chronically infected mice responded at a much lower level (titer 1:640). In contrast, mice protectively immunized with irradiated cercariae and mice nonprophylactically inoculated by the i.v. route failed to produce detectable anti-Sm-97 antibodies. Competitive radioimmunoassays performed with 125I-labeled monoclonal antibodies and purified antigen defined at least two distinct epitopes on Sm-97. Antibodies from i.d. vaccinated mice recognized both monoclonal antibody-defined epitopes, whereas anti-Sm-97 antibodies in chronic infection sera recognized neither. Finally, purified Sm-97 was shown to elicit delayed-type hypersensitivity in i.d. vaccinated mice, suggesting that this molecule is also capable of evoking cell-mediated responses, a finding consistent with its proposed function as a vaccine immunogen.
Specific lymphocyte-target cell conjugate formation between tumor-specific helper T-cell hybridomas and IA-bearing RCS tumors and IE-bearing allogeneic cells. I. Role of Ia and both L3T4 and LFA-1 antigens in recognition/binding.
Authors: Ohnishi K , Bonavida B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The studies reported here describe the feasibility of using single cell techniques with nonadherent target cells for the formation of T helper lymphocyte-target cell conjugates in an Ia recognition system. We have taken advantage of four tumor-specific T cell hybridomas lines, two of which respond only to IA-bearing RCS tumor cells of SJL/J (H-2s) origin, and the other two that respond to both RCS and IA- or IE-bearing allogeneic cells of H-2k,d haplotypes. The conjugate frequency between the T cell hybridomas and target cells was scored microscopically and was facilitated by labeling the lymphocyte with fluorescein. The frequency of conjugate formation ranged from 20 to 40% above background. Conjugate formation was antigen specific and correlated well with the hybridoma specificity determined by IL 2 responses after antigenic stimulation. The cross-reactive hybridomas formed conjugates with RCS and LPS blasts derived from CBA or DBA/2 origin, but not with cells of syngeneic or other allogeneic strains. Conjugate formation with RCS was inhibited greater than 50% with mAb directed against IAs determinants on the RCS tumor cells, and conjugate formation with allogeneic cells was blocked only with mAb directed to either IA/IEk or IA/IEd specificities directed against the alpha or beta polypeptide chain. Blocking of conjugate formation was also achieved by various mAb directed against surface membrane molecules associated with the T cell hybridomas. LFA-1 mAb inhibited significantly the formation of conjugates. However, L3T4 mAb blocked only partially the conjugates. Other antibodies directed against Lyt-1 or Thy-1.2 antigens were without blocking effect. The poor blocking observed with L3T4 mAb did not correlate with the almost complete blocking observed in the IL 2 response by the same hybridomas. These studies of the syngeneic anti-RCS tumor response directed against IA-bearing RCS showed that the conjugate assay permits mapping of tumor-associated Ia epitopes. In addition, the results of these studies demonstrate the feasibility of conjugate formation in determining the antigenic specificity of the T helper system. This assay system can be used to establish the minimal frequency of antigen-reactive cells and can divide the T helper response into multiple steps (i.e., recognition/binding, activation, proliferation, and lymphokine release) and determine the surface membrane molecules involved in recognition.
Antibody-induced antigenic modulation is antigen dependent: characterization of 22 proteins on a malignant human B cell line.
Authors: Pesando J M , Hoffman P , Abed M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Expression of several of the surface antigens on normal and malignant hematopoietic cells is reduced or is modulated by incubation with specific antibodies. Although antigenic modulation provides a means by which cells can escape antibody-mediated immune destruction, the physiologic significance and frequency of this phenomenon are both poorly understood. To begin to address these issues, we identified and characterized surface antigens on the malignant B cell line Laz 221 established from a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Indirect immunofluorescence analysis with the use of 26 hematopoietic cell populations and immune precipitation studies with the use of iodinated ALL cells indicate that 163 monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) identify 22 different proteins on this cell line, including at least six previously described surface molecules. Seven of these antigens are expressed by all nucleated cells examined, whereas only the mu chain of immunoglobulin is B cell specific. Incubation of specific MoAb with cultures of Laz 221 cells at 37 degrees C reduces or modulates surface expression of five of these 22 antigens (p45, immunoglobulin mu chain, transferrin receptor, common ALL antigen (CD10), and p105). Studies that made use of multiple MoAb specific for the same antigen suggest that the capacity for antigenic modulation is an intrinsic property of individual antigens. These studies also suggest that the murine immune response to shared human antigens varies from one immunizing cell population to another. For example, three of the antigens present on Laz 221 cells were only identified by MoAb raised to the Burkitt's cell line Ramos and vice-versa. Only one of these six shared antigens is present in greater amounts on the immunogenic cell population. Immunogenicity of individual human antigens in the mouse may be a function of their cell surface environment.
IgG antinuclear antibodies with cross-reactive rheumatoid factor activity.
Authors: Darwin B S , Grudier J P , Klatt C L , Pisetsky D S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To investigate whether IgG antinuclear antibodies have cross-reactive rheumatoid factor activity, monoclonal IgG antibodies to DNA and Sm from autoimmune MRL-lpr/lpr mice were assayed by ELISA for binding to IgG antigens. Of the nine anti-DNA and anti-Sm monoclonals tested, six showed significant binding to affinity-purified rabbit IgG (RIgG) and human IgG (HIgG). To confirm that cross-reactivities were due to a single antibody, immunoabsorption of a representative polyspecific monoclonal termed C11 (anti-DNA, anti-Sm) on either Sepharose-DNA or Sepharose-RIgG resulted in marked loss of activity to the three antigens DNA, Sm and RIgG compared with immunoabsorption on Sepharose-bovine serum albumin. The monomolecular nature of the cross-reacting antibody was also suggested by inhibition analysis of C11; DNA inhibited C11 binding to RIgG 64%, whereas Sm inhibited binding to RIgG 33%. Aggregated RIgG and HIgG, however, did not inhibit binding of C11 to DNA, Sm, or solid-phase RIgG, probably reflecting the low affinity of this antibody for fluid phase Ig. Together, these findings suggest that antinuclear autoantibodies of the IgG, as well as the IgM, class have polyspecific IgG binding activity and suggest that IgG antinuclear antibodies may emerge from rheumatoid factor responses.
Immunolocalization and partial characterization of a nucleolar autoantigen (PM-Scl) associated with polymyositis/scleroderma overlap syndromes.
Authors: Reimer G , Scheer U , Peters J M , Tan E M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Precipitating anti-PM-Scl antibodies are present in sera from patients with polymyositis, scleroderma, and polymyositis/scleroderma overlap syndromes. By indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, anti-PM-Scl antibodies stained the nucleolus in cells of different tissues and species, suggesting that the antigen is highly conserved. By electron microscopy, anti-PM-Scl antibodies reacted primarily with the granular component of the nucleolus. Drugs that inhibit rRNA synthesis had a marked effect on the expression of PM-Scl antigen. In actinomycin D-treated cells, immunofluorescence staining by anti-PM-Scl was significantly reduced with residual staining restricted to the granular regions of nucleoli. Treatment with 5,6-dichloro-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) also selectively reduced nucleolar staining. On a molecular level, anti-PM-Scl antibodies precipitated 11 polypeptides with molecular weights (Mr) ranging from 110,000 to 20,000. The Mr 80,000 and 20,000 polypeptides were phosphorylated. Evidence suggests that the PM-Scl antigen complex may be related to a preribosomal particle.
Identification of monoclonal antibodies specific for the T cell receptor complex by Fc receptor-mediated CTL lysis.
Authors: Leo O , Sachs D H , Samelson L E , Foo M , Quinones R , Gress R , Bluestone J A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed at the T cell receptor complex (TcR) on cloned T cells have generally been identified by their ability to inhibit the clone's antigen-specific function. Because such inhibition is highly dependent on antibody concentration and affinity, detection of anti-clonotypic antibodies to murine alloreactive T cells has been very difficult. In this report, an alternative method is described on the basis of the ability of antibodies specific for the TcR complex to activate T cells in an antigen-independent manner. The assay is based upon the observation that soluble antibodies to human T3 promote lysis of irrelevant, Fc receptor-positive targets by a human CTL line. By using this approach, an anti-TcR mAb has been identified among a panel of murine mAb generated against an alloreactive CTL clone. Induction of lysis by soluble anti-TcR mAb has been shown to require both the expression of Fc receptors on the target cell and conjugate formation between the effector and the target cell. This assay provides a screening procedure that is much more sensitive than inhibition of function, and it preferentially detects antibodies specific for cell surface molecules involved in T cell activation.