bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of general and special educators' experiences with teacher‐directed aggression and violence
Authors: Zinter Kayleigh E. , McMahon Susan D. , Greeson Megan R. , Bare Kailyn 
Published: August 2023

AbstractTeacher‐directed violence has been acknowledged as a major issue in research over the past decade. Teacher‐directed violence is the over‐arching term used to describe teachers' experiences with physical violence and aggression (i.e., harassment, intimidation, verbal threats). This study is the first to quantitatively compare general education and special education teachers' experiences with violence from a variety of aggressors, including students, parents, colleagues, and administrators. Understanding the unique experiences of special and general educators is needed to inform intervention and prevention efforts focused on teacher‐directed violence. Data from 2363 teachers who participated in a national study in the United States examining teachers' experiences with violence and aggression were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Comparisons of special and general educators revealed special educators were more likely to report experiencing aggression in the current or past year. Special educators were also more likely to report violence by student aggressors, while general educators were more likely to report violence by parent aggressors. Further, teacher demographic characteristics (i.e., age, gender, race/ethnicity, years of experience) and school setting (i.e., rural, urban, suburban) influenced experiences of teacher‐directed violence for both general and special educators. Findings suggest the need for future longitudinal and mixed‐methods studies, providing more educators, training, and supports in special education settings, and incorporating all school stakeholders in school‐wide interventions.
Microproteins—Discovery, structure, and function
Authors: Mohsen Jessica J. , Martel Alina A. , Slavoff Sarah A. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAdvances in proteogenomic technologies have revealed hundreds to thousands of translated small open reading frames (sORFs) that encode microproteins in genomes across evolutionary space. While many microproteins have now been shown to play critical roles in biology and human disease, a majority of recently identified microproteins have little or no experimental evidence regarding their functionality. Computational tools have some limitations for analysis of short, poorly conserved microprotein sequences, so additional approaches are needed to determine the role of each member of this recently discovered polypeptide class. A currently underexplored avenue in the study of microproteins is structure prediction and determination, which delivers a depth of functional information. In this review, we provide a brief overview of microprotein discovery methods, then examine examples of microprotein structures (and, conversely, intrinsic disorder) that have been experimentally determined using crystallography, cryo‐electron microscopy, and NMR, which provide insight into their molecular functions and mechanisms. Additionally, we discuss examples of predicted microprotein structures that have provided insight or context regarding their function. Analysis of microprotein structure at the angstrom level, and confirmation of predicted structures, therefore, has potential to identify translated microproteins that are of biological importance and to provide molecular mechanism for their in vivo roles.
Disruption of Iron Homeostasis to Induce Ferroptosis with Albumin‐Encapsulated Pt(IV) Nanodrug for the Treatment of Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Tian Hui‐Xiang , Mei Jie , Cao Lei , Song Jianan , Rong Dingchao , Fang Man , Xu Zhe , Chen Juan , Tang Jie , Xiao Haihua , Liu Zhaoqian , Wang Peng‐Yuan , Yin Ji‐Ye , Li Xiang‐Ping 
Published: August 2023

AbstractNon‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common pathological type of lung cancer , accounting for approximately 85% of lung cancers. For more than 40 years, platinum (Pt)‐based drugs are still one of the most widely used anticancer drugs even in the era of precision medicine and immunotherapy. However, the clinical limitations of Pt‐based drugs, such as serious side effects and drug resistance, have not been well solved. This study constructs a new albumin‐encapsulated Pt(IV) nanodrug (HSA@Pt(IV)) based on the Pt(IV) drug and nanodelivery system. The characterization of nanodrug and biological experiments demonstrate its excellent drug delivery and antitumor effects. The multi‐omics analysis of the transcriptome and the ionome reveals that nanodrug can activate ferroptosis by affecting intracellular iron homeostasis in NSCLC. This study provides experimental evidence to suggest the potential of HSA@Pt(IV) as a nanodrug with clinical application.
Biosynthesis of Multifunctional Transformable Peptides for Inducing Tumor Cell Apoptosis
Authors: Di Yufei , Shen Qi , Yang Zhiwen , Song Gang , Fang Tiantian , Liu Yazhou , Liu Yamei , Luo Qun , Wang Fuyi , Yan Xuehai , Bai Haotian , Huang Yiming , Lv Fengting , Wang Shu 
Published: August 2023

AbstractEngineered nanomaterials hold great promise to improve the specificity of disease treatment. Herein, a fully protein‐based material is obtained from nonpathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli), which is capable of morphological transformation from globular to fibrous in situ for inducing tumor cell apoptosis. The protein‐based material P1 is comprised of a β‐sheet‐forming peptide KLVFF, pro‐apoptotic protein BAK, and GFP along with targeting moieties. The self‐assembled nanoparticles of P1 transform into nanofibers in situ in the presence of cathepsin B, and the generated nanofibrils favor the dimerization of functional BH3 domain of BAK on the mitochondrial outer membrane, leading to efficient anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo via mitochondria‐dependent apoptosis through Bcl‐2 pathway. To precisely manipulate the morphological transformation of biosynthetic molecules in living cells, a spatiotemporally controllable anticancer system is constructed by coating P1‐expressing E. coli with cationic conjugated polyelectrolytes to release the peptides in situ under light irradiation. The biosynthetic peptide‐based enzyme‐catalytic transformation strategy in vivo would offer a novel perspective for targeted delivery and shows great potential in precision disease therapeutics.
Carbonized Platycladus orientalis Derived Carbon Dots Accelerate Hemostasis through Activation of Platelets and Coagulation Pathways
Authors: Liang Pan , Bi Tao , Zhou Yanan , Wang Chengmei , Ma Yining , Xu Houping , Shen Hongping , Ren Wei , Yang Sijin 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAchieving rapid and effective hemostasis remains a multidisciplinary challenge. Here, distinctive functional carbon dots derived from carbonized Platycladus orientalis (CPO‐CDs) are developed using one‐step hydrothermal method. The negatively charged surface of CPO‐CDs retains partial functional groups from CPO precursor, exhibiting excellent water solubility and high biocompatibility. Both rat liver injury model and tail amputation model have confirmed the rapid and effective hemostatic performance of CPO‐CDs on exogenous hemorrhage. Further, on endogenous blood‐heat hemorrhage syndrome rat model, CPO‐CDs could inhibit hemorrhage and alleviate inflammation response. Interestingly, the excellent hemostasis performance of CPO‐CDs is ascribed to activate exogenous coagulation pathway and common coagulation pathway. More importantly, metabolomics of rat plasma suggests that the hemostasis effect of CPO‐CDs is closely related to platelet functions. Therefore, the designed in vitro experiments are performed and it is discovered that CPO‐CDs significantly promote platelets adhesion, activation, and aggregation. Further, the underlying mechanism investigation suggests that Src/Syk signal pathway plays a key role in platelets activation triggered by CPO‐CDs. Overall, CPO‐CDs with rapid and excellent hemostatic performance are discovered for the first time, which could be an excellent candidate for the treatment of hemorrhagic diseases.
What English language in‐service teachers think, know, and do about writing instruction: Iranian teachers' stated attitudes vs. actual practice
Authors: Bozorgian Hossein , Nemati Narges , Shamsi Esmat , Yaqubi Baqer 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis study explored second language (L2) in‐service teachers' (ISTs') attitudes toward writing, probed any discrepancy between their attitudes and practice, and investigated the extent to which writing skill is included in L2 classrooms compared to the other three macro skills, namely listening, speaking, and reading. To conduct this mixed‐methods study, 100 Iranian L2 ISTs who teach English in language institutes filled out a validated questionnaire on teachers' attitudes toward writing. Before filling out the questionnaire, a sample of 10 L2 ISTs was randomly selected to participate in nonparticipant observation sessions throughout a semester. They were finally invited for semi‐structured interviews. The result indicated that teachers had positive attitudes toward teaching writing. However, there was a mismatch between their stated attitudes and their actual practice—less than 3% of their class time was allotted to actual writing compared to the other three macro skills (speaking = 45%; listening = 17%; reading = 13%; writing and grammar = 14%; other activities = 11%). Furthermore, teachers reported on some factors such as insufficient payment for additional writing tasks including feedback, and lack of allotted time for writing. Implications of these findings for teachers and stakeholders are discussed further.
A study of programmed death‐1/programmed death ligand and iodine‐induced autoimmune thyroiditis in NOD.H‐2h4 mice
Authors: Li Fan , Zhou Zheng , Wang Lingbo , Li Baoxiang , Jin Meihui , Liu Jinjin , Chen Yun , He Yanhong , Ren Bingxuan , Shen Hongmei , Liu Lixiang 
Published: August 2023

AbstractExcess iodine will trigger the occurrence of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), and programmed death‐1 (PD‐1)/programmed death ligand (PD‐L) will also contribute to the development of AIT. The purpose of this study was to explore the role that negative regulatory signals mediated by PD‐1/PD‐L play in the development of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT) in NOD.H‐2h4 mice when they are exposed to iodine. Programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) antibody was administered intraperitoneally to NOD.H‐2h4 mice. The relevant indicators were determined by flow cytometry, real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry, pathological hematoxylin and eosin staining, and arsenic–cerium catalytic spectrophotometry. Results showed that the level of urinary iodine, the level of thyroid lymphocyte infiltration, the level of thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) and interferon (IFN‐γ)/tumor necrosis factor (TNF‐α)/interleukin (IL‐2)/IL‐17, and the relative expression of PD‐1/PD‐L1/programmed death‐2 (PD‐L2) increased with the intervention of excess iodine. After the intervention of the PD‐L1 antibody, the expression of PD‐1/PD‐L1/PD‐L2 in different degrees was inhibited, but the level of thyroid lymphocyte infiltration and serum TgAb/IFN‐γ/TNF‐α/ IL‐2/IL‐17 did not decrease. Collectively, although PD‐1/PD‐L participates in the occurrence of SAT and induces inflammation, administration of the PD‐L1 antibody does not effectively improve the pathological process of SAT. More research is needed to determine whether PD‐1/PD‐L intervention can treat autoimmune thyroid disease.
Integrating de novo QTL‐seq and linkage mapping to identify quantitative trait loci conditioning physiological resistance and avoidance to white mold disease in dry bean
Authors: Roy Jayanta , Soler‐Garzón Alvaro , Miklas Phillip N. , Lee Rian , Clevenger Josh , Myers Zachary , Korani Walid , McClean Phillip E. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWhite mold (WM), caused by the ubiquitous fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a devastating disease that limits production and quality of dry bean globally. In the present study, classic linkage mapping combined with QTL‐seq were employed in two recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations, “Montrose”/I9365‐25 (M25) and “Raven”/I9365‐31 (R31), with the initial goal of fine‐mapping QTL WM5.4 and WM7.5 that condition WM resistance. The RILs were phenotyped for WM reactions under greenhouse (straw test) and field environments. The general region of WM5.4 and WM7.5 were reconfirmed with both mapping strategies within each population. Combining the results from both mapping strategies, WM5.4 was delimited to a 22.60–36.25 Mb interval in the heterochromatic regions on Pv05, while WM7.5 was narrowed to a 0.83 Mb (3.99–4.82 Mb) region on the Pv07 chromosome. Furthermore, additional QTL WM2.2a (3.81–7.24 Mb), WM2.2b (11.18–17.37 Mb, heterochromatic region), and WM2.2c (23.33–25.94 Mb) were mapped to a narrowed genomic interval on Pv02 and WM4.2 in a 0.89 Mb physical interval at the distal end of Pv04 chromosome. Gene models encoding gibberellin 2‐oxidase proteins regulating plant architecture are likely candidate genes associated with WM2.2a resistance. Nine gene models encoding a disease resistance protein (quinone reductase family protein and ATWRKY69) found within the WM5.4 QTL interval are putative candidate genes. Clusters of 13 and 5 copies of gene models encoding cysteine‐rich receptor‐like kinase and receptor‐like protein kinase‐related family proteins, respectively, are potential candidate genes associated with WM7.5 resistance and most likely trigger physiological resistance to WM. Acquired knowledge of the narrowed major QTL intervals, flanking markers, and candidate genes provides promising opportunities to develop functional molecular markers to implement marker‐assisted selection for WM resistant dry bean cultivars.
Hydrogel and aerogel‐based flame‐retardant polymeric materials: A review
Authors: Vahabi Henri , Gholami Fatemeh , Tomas Martin , Movahedifar Elnaz , Yazdi Mohsen Khodadadi , Saeb Mohammad Reza 
Published: August 2023

AbstractHydrogels are multifunctional engineering materials best known for their promising characteristics such as toughness, flexibility, water absorption capacity, and porosity. These features can support fire protection missions. Application of hydrogels as flame‐retardant materials is receiving much attention, such that several research and industrial projects have been devoted to design, manufacturing, and optimization of flame‐retardant hydrogels—taking a unique position among advanced multifunctional materials and strategies. Likewise, aerogels (derived from gels) due to their porous structure filled with a gas, usually air, rather than water in the case of hydrogels, have shown superior thermal insulation potential. Correspondingly, they have been used in fire and flame protection applications. In this work, the flame‐retardant hydrogels and aerogels along with mechanisms underlying their flame retardancy are reviewed. Besides classifying and interpreting the open literature on flame‐retardant hydrogels and aerogels, challenging aspects of future developments ahead of these advanced materials are highlighted.Highlights
Briefly overviewed general features of hydrogels including synthesis and applications.
Briefly overviewed principles of flame retardancy and flame‐retardant polymers.
Reviewed and classified flame‐retardant hydrogels and aerogels as advanced materials.
Summarized the latest advancements in flame‐retardant hydrogels and aerogels.
Highlighted future fire protection by flame‐retardant hydrogels and aerogels.
Set up: The European Parliament
Authors: Berthet Valentine , Gaweda Barbara , Kantola Johanna , Miller Cherry , Ahrens Petra , Elomäki Anna 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPrior to conducting any research, it is crucial to understand and familiarise oneself with the research context and setting. The chapter provides an overview of the existing research on the European Parliament and its political groups, as well as key information on the Parliament as a setting for qualitative research. Following the step-by-step approach of the book, Chapter 2 provides the readers with key preliminary insights about the European Parliament with regard to conducting qualitative research. It engages with key concepts in qualitative research on parliaments and discusses them in light of the uniqueness of the European Parliament. Specifically, the cultural and linguistic diversity and its highly technical legislative process and complex institutional context make the European Parliament a rich albeit challenging site of qualitative research. The chapter stresses the high level of informality in the parliamentary work of the European Parliament and highlights the contributions qualitative research makes to a field still largely dominated by quantitative research. The study of everyday dynamics and informal practices reinforces the importance of utilising a qualitative toolkit and data, like interviews and ethnography, and that of broadening the range of research participants to parliamentary staff from political elites only.
How Was the Data Gathered? Doing Research Interviews and Ethnography
Authors: Berthet Valentine , Gaweda Barbara , Kantola Johanna , Miller Cherry , Ahrens Petra , Elomäki Anna 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe chapter describes the process of gathering data for research interviews and ethnography in the context of the European Parliament. First, the ethical review process is reviewed and discussed in light of the impact of the General Data Protection Regulation on interviews and ethnography. This chapter provides a detailed overview of how the interviews were conducted, outlines the selection and recruitment of interviewees and describes the preparatory steps ahead of the interview. It also offers various ethnographic practices that researchers can use in parliamentary research. Simultaneously, the chapter discusses the specificities of the research site that influenced data gathering. For example, in the European Parliament Strasbourg site, the long hours and close-knit community provided unique opportunities for building relationships and gaining credibility as ‘insiders’ through informal dialogues and shared experiences. However, the intense schedule and overlapping meetings made it challenging to secure interviews. Finally, the impact of Covid-19 on how the interviews were conducted and how the European Parliament operated, in general, is also discussed.
Ok Google or Not Ok Google?—Voice Assistants and the Protection of Privacy in Families
Authors: Backes Christina , Jungfleisch Julia , Pültz Sebastian 
Published: August 2023

AbstractVoice assistants, such as Alexa, Siri or the Google Assistant have become a fixed component in the everyday life of many. However, their use gives rise to several questions in the context of data protection. This chapter provides an overview of the function of voice assistants and the international, European and national legal framework that regulates them. The focus lies on the implications of the use of voice assistants, especially when considering the right to privacy of children towards their parents, as a special case of horizontal effects of fundamental rights between private individuals. In the context of a possible future and existing state regulation, the right of parents to educate their children, as well as the fundamentally required restraint of the state in family matters must be taken into account. New legislation in the area of digital services and AI could help to improve the protection of personal data in this area in the future. Evaluations from other, at first glance similar, cases such as smart toys or dash cams, can only be transferred to a limited extent.
Reevaluating Main Concepts of Intellectual Property in the Light of AI-Challenges
Authors: Mešević Iza Razija 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems on some of the main principles of Intellectual Property, specifically those inherent to copyright and patent law. Particular attention is dedicated to the concept of authorship in relation to AI-assisted and AI-generated creations in the field of art. The chapter also examines the potential need, or a lack thereof, to re-evaluate the anthropocentric foundations of copyright embedded in the acquis communautaire, copyright laws of the Member States and the case law of CJEU. Taking into consideration the AI’s inability to act as an autonomous agent, attention is drawn to possible legislative interventions to introduce legal certainty, whilst honoring and maintaining core values of copyright law.
Theory of Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Krüger Maleika 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe scientific field of second language acquisition (SLA), as it emerged in the 1970s, is concerned with the conditions and circumstances in which second and foreign language learning occurs. Although sometimes used synonymously, the terms second language and foreign language describe two different aspects: a second language refers to the official language within the country of residence, which is not a person’s mother tongue. This is, for example, the case for immigrant children who learn the language of their parents’ homeland before or while learning the language of their country of residence as a second language in school or kindergarten.
Remembrance of things past
Authors: Woodard R. P. , Yesilyurt B. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Nonlinear sigma models on de Sitter background have proved a useful prototype for quantum gravity in summing the large logarithms which arise from loop corrections. We consider a model whose evolution is described, at leading logarithm order, by the trace of the coincident, doubly differentiated scalar propagator. An analytic approximation for this quantity on an arbitrary expansion history is applied to generalize the resummed de Sitter result to any cosmological background which has experienced primordial inflation. In addition to analytic expressions, we present explicit numerical results for the evolution in a plausible expansion history. The large scales of primordial inflation are transmitted to late times.
Scalar-fermion fixed points in the ε expansion
Authors: Pannell William H. , Stergiou Andreas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The one-loop beta functions for systems of Ns scalars and Nf fermions interacting via a general potential are analysed as tensorial equations in 4 − ε dimensions. Two distinct bounds on combinations of invariants constructed from the couplings are derived and, subject to an assumption, are used to prove that at one-loop order the anomalous dimensions of the elementary fields are universally restricted by γϕ ⩽ $$ \frac{1}{2} $$

1
2

Nsε and γψ ⩽ Nsε. For each root of the Yukawa beta function there is a number of roots of the quartic beta function, giving rise to the concept of ‘levels’ of fixed points in scalar-fermion theories. It is proven that if a stable fixed point exists within a certain level, then it is the only such fixed point at that level. Solving the beta function equations, both analytically and numerically, for low numbers of scalars and fermions, well-known and novel fixed points are found and their stability properties are examined. While a number of fixed points saturate one out of the two bounds, only one fixed point is found which saturates both of them.