bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrating multiple data sources improves prediction and inference for upland game bird occupancy models
Authors: Emmet Robert L , Benson Thomas J , Allen Maximilian L , Stodola Kirk W 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBird populations have declined across North America over the past several decades. Bird monitoring programs are essential for monitoring populations, but often must strike a balance between efficiency of data collection and spatial biases. Species- or habitat-specialist-specific monitoring programs may be helpful for increasing efficiency of sampling and understanding effects of management actions, but may be subject to preferential sampling bias if they are used to assess large-scale occupancy or abundance and monitoring is largely focused in high-quality habitat. More general monitoring programs, such as the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) and eBird, may not preferentially sample specialists’ habitats but are subject to other forms of bias and often do not efficiently sample specialists’ habitats. We used an integrated occupancy model combining data from eBird, BBS, and Illinois state surveys of upland game bird habitat areas to estimate drivers of Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) and Ring-Necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) occupancy and compare inference from single-visit, multi-visit, and integrated monitoring programs. We fit sets of candidate models using every combination of the 3 datasets except for eBird by itself, to better understand how differences in spatial biases between programs affect ecological inference. We found that, for both bobwhite and pheasant, state surveys of upland habitat increased the predictive ability of models, and BBS data usually improved inference on occupancy parameters when it was integrated with other data sources. Integrating multiple data sources partially resolved the spatial gaps in each monitoring program, while also increasing precision of parameter estimates. Integrated models may be capable of combining the higher sampling efficiency of targeted monitoring programs with the more even spatial coverage of broad-scale monitoring programs.
Between Hindu and Christian
Authors: San Chirico Kerry P. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Between Hindu and Christian examines a movement of lowcaste and Dalit devotees worshipping Jesus in Catholic spaces in Varanasi, the purported heart of Hindu civilization. Through thick description and analysis, the author examines the worldview and ways of life of these devotees, along with the Catholic priests and nuns who mediate Jesus, Mary, and other members of the Catholic pantheon in a place never associated with Christianity. The author places this movement within the context of the devotional history of Varanasi, the history of Indian Christianity, the rise of low-caste and Dalit emancipatory struggles, and the ascendance of Hindu nationalism to demonstrate, among other things, that religious categories are not nearly as self-evident as they often seem.
Making “China” in Hong Kong
Authors: Fu Po-Shek 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter builds on the rich literature on the Shaw Brothers, including from old magazines and archival materials, to map out Asia’s Cold War media culture environment in the 1950s and 1960s—and the ways in which Run Run Shaw grappled and negotiated with it. The main strategies he embraced were to deemphasize the political in his culture making. His signature historical films of “Chinese flavors,” whether they presented Huangmei music or martial arts swordfighting, married cutting-edge Western technology and traditional Confucian values, celebrating a deterritorialized common heritage that brought ethnic Chinese to seek nostalgic solace in the theaters. These were actually old strategies in a new geopolitical context. Layering of diachronic and synchronic influences offers a deeper and more nuanced understanding of the Shaw empire and Asia’s cultural Cold War.
Epilogue
Authors: Fu Po-Shek 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Epilogue brings the Cold War history of Hong Kong up to the 1970s and 1980s. In this tumultuous period, the British colony experienced a confluence of seismic changes—rapid industrialization and modernization, massive social unrest, colonial reform, and a transformed media ecosystem with emphasis on large capital and new technology, among others—that prompted the local-born postwar generation to call into question and reshape the Cold War networks of émigré cultural production.
Bentham’s Chapter IV
Authors: Sverdlik Steven 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter IV discusses the measurement of pleasure and pain, and, by implication, happiness. It also implicitly discusses the measurement of intrinsic value. The claims that Bentham makes here about decision-making are discussed in later chapters. The focus is on his conception of utilitarian reasoning. Bentham’s conception of the quantities of pleasure and pain is first explained. Next, his implicit conception of the measurement of the intrinsic value of pleasures and pains is explained. His basic mathematical assumptions are presented. For example, he assumes that amounts of intrinsic goodness are represented by positive numbers, and amounts of intrinsic badness are represented by negative numbers. Bentham’s conception of utilitarian calculations that determine the rightness of actions is also presented. It’s argued that this conforms to the picture presented in chapter 1, that is, that Bentham thinks that the right action for an agent to perform is one that would produce the most happiness.
Bentham’s Chapter VIII
Authors: Sverdlik Steven 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In Chapter VIII Bentham discusses intentions. The main distinctions about them he makes are explained. First, there is the distinction between an intentional act, or bodily movement, and the intentional consequences of an act. Bentham discusses a case that involves a “deviant causal chain,” perhaps the first in the literature on action. Also discussed is his distinction between mediately and ultimately intentional consequences, that is, consequences intended as ends and as means. Bentham’s well-known distinction between directly and obliquely intentional consequences is explained. While his distinction is clear and important, his terminology is unfortunate, since obliquely intentional consequences are not intended at all.
Bentham’s Chapter XII
Authors: Sverdlik Steven 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter XII presents the concepts needed to understand, and in theory measure, all of the “mischief” that one act initially causes. Mischief is a central concept in IPML. Primary and secondary mischief, as well as alarm and danger are explained. Bentham thinks that an act that’s mischievous in the long run is a wrong act, and a wrong act is one that’s mischievous in the long run. Bentham’s two careful analyses of acts whose mischief is subtle are examined: self-intoxication and tax evasion. Bentham’s analysis is act utilitarian, but with the additional factor of danger or risk included in it. Given his assumptions about value, his conclusion about the mischief of tax evasion isn’t fully supported. He considers how the various mental states an offender could be in when offending affect some of the mischief her act causes. His thinking here is supplemented with some further facts about intentional and heedless action.
Sets, Functions, and Relations
Authors: Hook Julian 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Musical spaces are sets; this chapter presents concepts of mathematical set theory essential to the study of these spaces, extending and generalizing the pitch-class set theory that is familiar to music theorists. The concepts discussed include sets, ordered sets (tuples), multisets, Cartesian products, functions (transformations), composition of functions, relations, equivalence relations, quotient sets, and modular arithmetic. Many examples involving pitch-class sets and other fundamental musical entities are described. Functions of musical interest include neo-Riemannian transformations and other triadic transformations; equivalence relations include octave equivalence, enharmonic equivalence, generic equivalence, and equivalence of pitch-class sets under transposition and inversion. Several important relationships among chromatic, generic, and spelled pitch-class spaces, dependent on modular structure, are modeled as mappings between spaces.
Spaces II
Authors: Hook Julian 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter expands the repertoire of musical spaces by defining spaces whose elements are not single notes but higher-level entities such as chords, pitch-class sets, key areas, or twelve-tone rows. Double-circle spaces are introduced to accommodate major and minor triads in the same space; some related constructions are employed to model twelve-tone row spaces. Other important chordal spaces include Weber space and neo-Riemannian triad space, which is the dual graph of the note-based tonnetz. Distances between triads in several different spaces may be measured using appropriately defined distance functions. Other models examined include diatonic and generic chordal spaces, chordal-regional space, a three-dimensional tonnetz of seventh chords, and the “spiral array.” Several short analyses trace the movement of musical passages through various spaces. Examples studied in this way include diatonic sequences; works by Webern, Adams, and Britten; and three examples by Schubert.
Groups II
Authors: Hook Julian 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter opens Part Two, devoted to the study of transformation theory, with some additional topics in group theory that arise in musical applications. Transformation groups on finite spaces may be regarded as permutation groups; permutation groups on pitch-class space include not only the groups of transpositions and inversions but also the multiplication group, the affine group, and the symmetric group. Another musical illustration of permutations involves the rearrangement of lines in invertible counterpoint. The structure of a finite group may be represented in the form of a group table or a Cayley diagram (a kind of graph). Other concepts discussed include homomorphisms and isomorphisms of groups, direct-product groups, normal subgroups, and quotient groups. Groups underlie many examples of symmetry in music, as formalized through the study of equivalence relations, orbits, and stabilizers.
Scales I
Authors: Hook Julian 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Scales are the topic of the two chapters of Part Four. Diatonic or generic scales with seven notes per octave, studied in this chapter, are of interest both as spaces in their own right and in relation to larger chromatic scales. The structure of the seven-note space, studied by John Clough and others, is responsible for many distinctive characteristics of diatonic music, notably including the behavior of sequences. The generic set classes, far less numerous than their chromatic counterparts, are enumerated, and well-formed scales are defined. Viewing diatonic scales through the perspective of spelled pitch classes proves useful, particularly when enharmonic equivalence is taken into account. Abstract structures called designs are described, and signature transformations are defined as mappings from designs in one diatonic space to another. In this initial formulation, signature transformations do not account for enharmonic equivalence, but enharmonic versions of signature transformations are also defined, facilitated by a system of enharmonic coordinates. The group of enharmonic signature transformations also contains diatonic and chromatic transposition operators. The concepts of genus and species are introduced, and a general statement of the principle cardinality equals variety is proved.
Scales II
Authors: Hook Julian 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this chapter the focus broadens from the diatonic to scales of other kinds. Spelled heptachords, certain sets of seven spelled pitch classes, facilitate the study of some chromaticism as inflected diatonicism and recapture some aspects of signature transformations in non-diatonic contexts. The property of maximal evenness, often noted of the diatonic scale, is of interest in other cases as well; the geometric perspective provided by the OPTIC spaces proves fruitful in this connection, and filtered point-symmetry models produce maximally even sets through a quantization process. Logical relationships among maximal evenness and several other scalar properties are described. Many scale systems of interest consist of a generic scale in a generalized sense, not necessarily of seven notes, within a larger specific scale, not necessarily of twelve; the question of which such systems are most closely analogous to the usual diatonic and chromatic scales may be addressed in many ways. Enharmonic systems formalize systems in which the generic cardinality remains 7 but the specific cardinality is variable; a system with a 19-note specific scale is examined in some detail.
Jesuits and the Emperor Akbar, 1580–3
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Jesuit interactions with the Mughal Emperor Jalal-al-Din Muhammad Akbar (1542–1605) illustrate Christian engagement with an Indo-Persian religious environment. The priests of this first mission tried to make a convert of the emperor in hopes of opening up his entire domain to Christianity. What they found instead was an emperor with a voracious appetite for religious dialogue, but little interest in converting. In Akbar’s court, the highly confrontational methods of the Jesuits resulted in heated exchanges with Muslims but a remarkable openness on the part of Akbar to learn about Christian doctrines. Akbar at the time was developing his own universal religion (Din-i-Ilahi), which combined elements of all great religions of his day. Little did the Jesuits know that Akbar was accommodating them within his new interreligious framework. Despite their failure to convert the emperor, the Jesuits left behind a captivating legacy of interreligious engagement that is reflected in their writings and in the Mughal–Catholic artwork of this period.
Early European Encounters with India’s Hindus and Muslims
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
As Europeans encountered Indian society for the first time, they were compelled to locate the subcontinent’s Hindus and Muslims in their mapping of the world. Their Christian universalism (whether Catholic or Protestant) had to make sense of the seemingly familiar in Indian Islam and the relatively unfamiliar in Hinduism. To do so, they drew upon their evolving geopolitics of religious difference, readings of the Bible, and understandings of early Christianity in the more familiar world of the Mediterranean. By acquainting ourselves with European writings about Hindus and Muslims and the assumptions that shaped them, we become acquainted with the template of religious difference they imported to India, a template that Indian converts had to renegotiate as they developed their own ways of relating to Hindus and Muslims.
The Argumentative Protestant
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Protestant missionaries and their zealous converts located themselves between Hindu and Muslim through religious debates. Their heated, public exchanges concerned the veracity of Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian texts, but their attempts to discredit those texts—and the Hindus and Muslims who believed in them—rarely yielded the robust harvest of converts they hoped for. More often, they offended the religious feelings of others and elicited more organized forms of resistance. Indians eventually responded to missionaries with defensive reformulations of their faiths through printed texts, opinion pieces in local newspapers, and public debates. In the process, they imagined into being more collective notions of their religious identities. New “Protestantized” forms of Islam and Hinduism, many adopting the organizational and rhetorical strategies of missionaries, shaped an emerging climate of religious competition.
Mass Conversion Among Dalits and Tribals
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents mass conversions as events that took Protestant missionaries by surprise and radically reshaped their approaches to matters of caste and culture in India. It focuses on three contexts of mass conversion movements, with each illustrating a different theme. First, a discussion of Telugu mass conversion during a time of famine explores the motives behind conversion and its social impact among Dalit converts. Second, the chapter discusses conversion among the Nagas and Mizos of northeast India. Their stories highlight themes of rupture and continuity and questions relating to the impact of colonialism on conversion. Finally, an examination of the mass conversions of Chamars and Chuhras in the Punjab illustrates complex issues of identity in a region impacted by Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh traditions. The chapter concludes by discussing enduring controversies associated with caste and Christian identity, particularly among untouchable communities in contemporary India.
Stress Mediates the Health Effects of Many Social Determinants
Authors: Braveman Paula 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines current scientific knowledge of how stress influences health and health disparities. Stress (the experience of feeling “stressed” or “stressed out”) is distinguished from a stressor (an event or condition that causes stress) and from the stress response (the body’s physiologic response to stress). Advances in neuroscience indicate that stress is likely to be an important link between many social factors and many health outcomes. Chronic exposure to multiple everyday hardships (especially conditions over which one has little control) is likely to be more damaging to health than dramatic acute stressors. “Bad” (“toxic”) stress is stress that overwhelms one’s ability to cope, causing adverse cognitive, behavioral, and/or physiological effects. The links between social disadvantage (e.g., poverty and discrimination) and stress are explored in this chapter. For example, having chronically inadequate economic resources to cope with basic everyday needs—such as food, shelter, child care, elder care, or medical care—is likely to be stressful, as is experiencing ongoing discrimination (unfair treatment based on attributes such as race/ethnic group, skin color, religion, gender, disability, or LGBTQ status). Social support appears to protect to some extent against the health-damaging effects of stress. Strategies to reduce stress, particularly that due to social disadvantage, are discussed.
Housing, Health, and Health Disparities
Authors: Braveman Paula 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the connections between housing, health, and health disparities. Housing can influence health in many ways, including exposure to crowding, toxins, and other physical hazards; and effects of lack of affordability, such as stress, residential instability, homelessness, and inability to pay for other necessities. Differential exposure to substandard housing is a major cause of racial disparities in asthma, the most common chronic disease in children. Housing is considered unaffordable when its cost represents 30% or more of household income. Lack of affordable housing is associated with multiple adverse health outcomes, including poor self-rated health, hypertension, arthritis, and poor mental health. High housing costs can lead families to make potentially health-harming trade-offs such as being unable to purchase adequate nutritious food, heat, or needed medical care and medications. Unaffordable housing is a major cause of homelessness, along with lack of adequate social, economic, and mental health safety nets.. In addition to homelessness, lack of housing security (residential instability) is associated with emotional, behavioral, and school problems in children and with teen pregnancy, early drug use, and depression in adolescence. Racial discrimination in mortgage lending has excluded many people of color from homeownership and therefore the opportunity to accumulate wealth. Racial discrimination in housing has been illegal since 1964, but evidence indicates this bias persists, although to a lesser degree than before 1964. Initiatives to make housing healthier and more affordable are discussed in this chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Balfour Lawrie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces Toni Morrison’s contributions as a political thinker whose writing discloses the meanings of freedom in the shadow of slavery and colonialism. Freedom is one of the most prized and abused words in Americans’ political lexicon. Morrison’s work challenges the misuses of the word in popular culture and the narrowness of its definition by political theorists and philosophers. Through the creative use of words, especially through fiction-writing, she reconceives freedom as a collective practice rooted in African American history and culture. Balfour argues that Morrison draws her readers into a collaborative effort to remake the world in defiance of hierarchies of race, gender, class, or national membership.
Introduction to Săteni
Authors: Umbreș Radu 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This section offers a charcoal sketch of the territory of Săteni, its inhabitants, and the ethnographic research. The bird’s-eye view starts from ecology and history and continues with the structures of family and kinship, mode of production, property, and governance. The context of the book’s research in 2008–2010 includes the socialist and postsocialist legacy, relative poverty compared with EU levels, corruption, economic underdevelopment, and migration. The Introduction also presents the structured serendipity of this ethnography as a natural experiment in trust and distrust. It discusses the scope and problems of participant observation and anthropological interpretation, insisting upon the position of the researcher and the exploratory nature of ethnography. The section ends with an outline of chapters and restates this book’s goal to understand why there is so much distrust in Săteni.
The houses of trust, the fences of distrust
Authors: Umbreș Radu 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Săteni household is a nexus of people and things inextricably related and clearly demarcated and defended from the rest of society. A villager’s central world orientation in terms of identity, motivation, morality, and economic practices focuses on the family—the only corporate group in village society. Domestic modes of cooperative production provided protection against the known and unknown dangers lurking outside the home such as famine, historical political adversity, interpersonal envy, or predation. From design to folk customs and superstitions, households separate between the sphere of domestic trust and the sphere of public distrust. A culture of secrecy defends private interests at the cost of intense inquisitiveness and imaginative suspicions. The way family members align their interests and trust in each other’s commitments determines household solidarity or family division, given the costs and benefits of living together.