bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“State captured” policy advice? Think tanks as expert advisors in the Western Balkans
Authors: Djordjevic Irena , Stone Diane 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Few scholars have dedicated their attention to the role of think tanks as policy experts within captured states. We investigate how, why, and to what extent think tanks are used in the captured states in the Western Balkans. Our assumption was that think tanks could become party to the processes of “capture”. However, original findings from focus group and interviews with think tankers show that think tank expertise is perceived as an imposed obligation—from external pressures and existing national regulatory frameworks. Accordingly, incorporation of think tank policy advice is fulfilled to an extent, but not necessarily for the sake of improving the quality of public policies. In this environment, think tanks are enrolled in the simulacra of inclusive policy deliberation without substantially influencing policy making. Nevertheless, these organizations have developed creative mechanisms to survive, preserve their independence, and still foster advice uptake within captured bureaucracies. Openly value-driven advice is the overarching one.
A 4D asymptotically flat rotating black hole solution including supertranslation correction
Authors: Takeuchi Shingo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In this study, beginning with the 4D asymptotically flat Kerr black hole solution in the Boyer–Lindquist (BL) coordinate system, then by using the technique of frame-dragging and some coordinate transformation to incorporate the linear-order supertranslation correction, we finally obtain a 4D asymptotically flat black hole solution with an arbitrary a in the linear-order supertranslated BL coordinate system. We can confirm that this satisfies the Einstein equation. At the end, we calculate the angular momentum of the spacetime we obtained in this study including the linear-order correction. Since the supertranslation is a type of general coordinate transformation, which is usually defined by linear order, the corrections we incorporate in this study is sufficient, considering the fact that a is arbitrary. This work would be interesting as a generalization of the supertranslated spacetime to the rotating system.
Aldhelm’s Fandom: The Humble Virtues of Boniface’s Riddles
Authors: Cavell Megan , Neville Jennifer 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
St Boniface, the eighth-century scholar, missionary, and eventual martyr, is generally characterized as an important historical figure but a bad poet. In part it is because his verse is so strongly marked by direct borrowings from Aldhelm that it is easy to assume he did not possess the creativity or ability to write for himself. Here, we seek to rehabilitate Boniface’s collection of Latin riddles about the personified Virtues and Vices, engaging especially with Humilitas Cristiana (‘Christian Humility’), Virginitas … humilium (‘Virginity of the Humble’), Superbia (‘Pride’), and Vana gloria iactantia (‘Vainglorious Boasting’). We examine Boniface’s riddles through the lens of fan studies, arguing that fandom and fan fiction provide insights into group-identity formation and gift-giving that reframe Boniface’s debt to Aldhelm, as well as his entire creative project. Like a writer of fan fiction, Boniface creates new characters based on his reading of Aldhelm’s De virginitate (‘Concerning Virginity’) and, through them, he develops Aldhelm’s warning against taking pride in virtue. However, Boniface’s riddle-subjects speak an encoded message that only a true fan of Aldhelm could appreciate. Distance from this fandom has led to scholarly neglect of a fascinating poetic collection, but we hope to bridge the gap.
Tissue expression of the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor gene ACE2 in children
Authors: Huang Jiyi , Guo Zhibin , Duan Junkai , Zou Yong , Chen Kuai , Huang Hui , Zhang Sheng , Zhou Yunguo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a significant global public health problem. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the disease, utilizes angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) as a major functional receptor to enter host cells. No study has systematically assessed ACE2 expression in multiple tissues in children. This study investigated ACE2 expression and ACE2 protein’s histological distribution in various organs in paediatric patients (the small intestine, thymus, heart and lungs). Our study revealed that ACE2 was highly expressed in enterocytes of the small intestine and widely expressed in the myocardium of heart tissues. The most notable finding was the positive staining of ACE2 in the Hassall’s corpuscles epithelial cells. Negligible ACE2 expression in the lung tissues may contribute to a lower risk of infection and fewer symptoms of pneumonia in children than in adults with COVID-19 infection. These findings provide initial evidence for understanding SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and prevention strategies in paediatric clinical practice, which should be applicable for all children worldwide.
The Rise in Women’s Labor-Force Participation in Mexico—Supply vs. Demand Factors
Authors: Bhalotra Sonia , Fernández Manuel 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This study estimates the relative importance of alternative supply and demand mechanisms in explaining the rise of female labor-force participation (FLFP) over the last 55 years in Mexico. The growth of FLFP in Mexico between 1960 and 2015 followed an S-shaped, with a considerable acceleration during the 1990s. Using descriptive decomposition methods and a shift-share design, the study shows that, put together, supply and demand factors can account for most of the rise of FLFP over the entire period, led by increases in women’s education, declining fertility, and shifts in the occupational structure of the workforce. However, there is unexplained variation in the 1990s, when FLFP spiked.
Glide-reflection symmetry in deuterostomes: an evolutionary perspective
Authors: Kuznetsov Alexander N 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Alternation of left and right antimeres of segmental structures, generally known as the glide-reflection symmetry, was found to be unexpectedly widespread in deuterostomes. It occurs in both somatic and visceral organs. Its distribution in echinoderms, acorn worms, cephalochordates, ascidians, hagfishes, and chimaeras might suggest its ancestral nature in deuterostomes. It could have been inherited from Precambrian ancestors. There is a lead of the left segments against their right counterparts in all deuterostomes with glide-reflection symmetry, where the leading side is known. This allows us to presume an inherent left-to-left-side and right-to-right-side homology across all deuterostomes, contradicting a hypothesis of the whole-body dorsoventral inversion in chordates. The features of inversion could be alternatively explained by a transformation of the gastrulation process, which has caused an inversion of dorsoventral polarity in some parts of the body, but did not affect the left–right polarity. It is suggested that this process had involved the animal-vegetal extension of the blastopore along embryonic dorsal side in basal deuterostomes that was followed by the shift of the left–right organizer from the dorsal lip of the blastopore to the anterior tip of archenteron in non-chordate deuterostomes, which has caused roof-to-floor relocation of the notochordal area in their archenteron.
Seed Imbibition and Metabolism Contribute Differentially to Initial Assembly of the Soybean Holobiont
Authors: Gerna Davide , Clara David , Antonielli Livio , Mitter Birgit , Roach Thomas 
Published: September 2023

Seed germination critically determines successful plant establishment and agricultural productivity. In the plant holobiont's life cycle, seeds are hubs for microbial communities’ assembly, but what exactly shapes the holobiont during germination remains unknown. Here, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing characterized the bacterial communities in embryonic compartments (cotyledons and axes) and on seed coats pre- and post-germination of four soybean ( Glycine max) cultivars, in the presence or absence of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), which prevented germination and associated metabolism of seeds that had imbibed. Embryonic compartments were metabolically profiled during germination to design minimal media mimicking the seed endosphere for bacterial growth assays. The distinction between embryonic and seed coat bacterial microbiomes of dry seeds weakened during germination, resulting in the plumule, radicle, cotyledon, and seed coat all hosting the same most abundant and structurally influential genera in germinated seeds of every cultivar. Treatment with ABA prevented the increase of bacterial microbiomes’ richness, but not taxonomic homogenization across seed compartments. Growth assays on minimal media containing the most abundant metabolites that accumulated in germinated seeds revealed that seed reserve mobilization promoted enrichment of copiotrophic bacteria. Our data show that seed imbibition enabled distribution of seed-coat-derived epiphytes into embryos irrespective of germination, while germinative metabolism promoted proliferation of copiotrophic taxa, which predominated in germinated seeds. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Racial and Ethnic Inequities in Development of Type 2 Diabetes After Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Janevic Teresa , McCarthy Katharine , Liu Shelley H. , Huyhn Mary , Kennedy Joseph , Tai Chan Hiu , Mayer Victoria L. , Vieira Luciana , Tabaei Bahman , Howell Frances , Howell Elizabeth , Van Wye Gretchen 
Published: September 2023

OBJECTIVE:
To estimate racial and ethnic disparities in type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and to investigate baseline pregnancy clinical and social or structural characteristics as mediators.

METHODS:
We conducted a retrospective cohort of individuals with GDM using linked 2009–2011 New York City birth and hospital data and 2009–2017 New York City A1c Registry data. We ascertained GDM and pregnancy characteristics from birth and hospital records. We classified type 2 diabetes as two hemoglobin A1c test results of 6.5% or higher. We grouped pregnancy characteristics into clinical (body mass index [BMI], chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, preterm delivery, caesarean, breastfeeding, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia) and social or structural (education, Medicaid insurance, prenatal care, and WIC [Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children] participation). We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate associations between race and ethnicity and 8-year type 2 diabetes incidence, and we tested mediation of pregnancy characteristics, additionally adjusting for age and nativity (U.S.-born vs foreign-born).

RESULTS:
The analytic data set included 22,338 patients with GDM. The 8-year type 2 diabetes incidence was 11.7% overall and 18.5% in Black, 16.8% in South and Southeast Asian, 14.6% in Hispanic, 5.5% in East and Central Asian, and 5.4% in White individuals with adjusted hazard ratios of 4.0 (95% CI 2.4–3.9), 2.9 (95% CI 2.4–3.3), 3.3 (95% CI 2.7–4.2), and 1.0 (95% CI 0.9–1.4) for each group compared with White individuals. Clinical and social or structural pregnancy characteristics explained 9.3% and 23.8% of Black, 31.2% and 24.7% of Hispanic, and 7.6% and 16.3% of South and Southeast Asian compared with White disparities. Associations between education, Medicaid insurance, WIC participation, and BMI and type 2 diabetes incidence were more pronounced among White than Black, Hispanic, and South and Southeast Asian individuals.

CONCLUSION:
Population-based racial and ethnic inequities are substantial in type 2 diabetes after GDM. Characteristics at the time of delivery partially explain disparities, creating an opportunity to intervene on life-course cardiometabolic inequities, whereas weak associations of common social or structural measures and BMI in Black, Hispanic and South and Southeast Asian individuals demonstrate the need for greater understanding of how structural racism influences postpartum cardiometabolic risk in these groups.
Association Among Race, Ethnicity, Insurance Type, and Postpartum Permanent Contraception Fulfillment
Authors: Bullington Brooke W. , Berg Kristen A. , Miller Emily S. , Boozer Margaret , Serna Tania , Bailit Jennifer L. , Arora Kavita Shah 
Published: September 2023

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the association among race, ethnicity, insurance type, and fulfillment of permanent contraception requests.

METHODS:
This is a secondary analysis of a retrospective cohort of patients who delivered at 20 or more gestational weeks in a 2-year time period at four hospitals across the United States: University of California San Francisco, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, MetroHealth Medical Center in Cleveland, and University of Alabama at Birmingham. All patients included had permanent contraception documented as their postpartum contraceptive plan. We used modified Poisson models to estimate the associations among race and ethnicity, insurance type, and fulfillment of permanent contraception before hospital discharge, within 6 weeks of delivery, and within 1 year of delivery, adjusting for age, parity, gestational age, delivery type, marital status, body mass index, insurance type, adequacy of prenatal care, and hospital site.

RESULTS:
Of 2,945 people in our cohort, 1,243 (42.2%) were non-Hispanic Black, and 820 (27.8%) were Hispanic, and 882 (30.0%) were non-Hispanic White. Overall, 1,731 of 2,945 patients (58.2%) who desired postpartum permanent contraception received it before hospital discharge, 1,746 of 2,945 (59.3%) received it within 6 weeks of delivery, and 1,927 of 2,945 (65.4%) received it within 1 year of delivery. Across all racial and ethnic groups, patients with Medicaid insurance were less likely to have their desired postpartum permanent contraception procedure fulfilled compared with patients with private insurance. In unadjusted models, non-Hispanic Black patients were less likely to have their desired postpartum permanent contraception procedure fulfilled. In an examination of interaction with insurance type, non-Hispanic Black patients with private insurance were less likely to have permanent contraception fulfilled compared with non-Hispanic White patients with private insurance before adjustment. After adjustment, there were no significant associations between race and postpartum permanent contraception fulfillment among those with Medicaid or private insurance.

CONCLUSION:
In unadjusted models, we find marked racial disparities in fulfillment of permanent contraception. Controlling for individual- and facility-level factors eliminated associations among race, ethnicity, insurance type, and fulfillment, likely because covariates are mediators on the pathway between racism and fulfillment.
Opportunistic CT-Based Hounsfield Units Strongly Correlate with Biomechanical CT Measurements in the Thoracolumbar Spine
Authors: Martini Michael L. , Mikula Anthony L. , Lakomkin Nikita , Pennington Zach , Everson Megan C. , Hamouda Abdelrahman M. , Bydon Mohamad , Freedman Brett , Sebastian Arjun S. , Nassr Ahmad , Anderson Paul A. , Baffour Francis , Kennel Kurt A. , Fogelson Jeremy , Elder Benjamin 
Published: September 2023

Study Design.
Retrospective cohort study.

Objective.
Hounsfield units (HUs) are known to correlate with clinical outcomes, but no study has evaluated how they correlate with biomechanical computed tomography (BCT) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements.

Summary of Background.
Low bone mineral density (BMD) represents a major risk factor for fracture and poor outcomes following spine surgery. DXA can provide regional BMD measurements but has limitations. Opportunistic HUs provide targeted BMD estimates; however, they are not formally accepted for diagnosing osteoporosis in current guidelines. More recently, BCT analysis has emerged as a new modality endorsed by the International Society for Clinical Densitometry for assessing bone strength.

Methods.
Consecutive cases from 2017 to 2022 at a single institution were reviewed for patients who underwent BCT in the thoracolumbar spine. BCT-measured vertebral strength, trabecular BMD, and the corresponding American College of Radiology Classification were recorded. DXA studies within three months of the BCT were reviewed. Pearson Correlation Coefficients were calculated, and receiver-operating characteristic curves were constructed to assess the predictive capacity of HUs. Threshold analysis was performed to identify optimal HU values for identifying osteoporosis and low BMD.

Results.
Correlation analysis of 114 cases revealed a strong relationship between HUs and BCT vertebral strength (r=0.69; P<0.0001; R
2=0.47) and trabecular BMD (r=0.76; P<0.0001; R
2=0.58). However, DXA poorly correlated with opportunistic HUs and BCT measurements. HUs accurately predicted osteoporosis and low BMD (Osteoporosis: C=0.95, 95% CI 0.89–1.00; Low BMD: C=0.87, 95% CI 0.79–0.96). Threshold analysis revealed that 106 and 122 HUs represent optimal thresholds for detecting osteoporosis and low BMD.

Conclusion.
Opportunistic HUs strongly correlated with BCT-based measures, while neither correlated strongly with DXA-based BMD measures in the thoracolumbar spine. HUs are easy to perform at no additional cost and provide accurate BMD estimates at noninstrumented vertebral levels across all American College of Radiology-designated BMD categories.
Preoperative Optimization for Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery
Authors: Katiyar Prerana , Reyes Justin , Coury Josephine , Lombardi Joseph , Sardar Zeeshan 
Published: September 2023

Study Design.
Systematic Review

Objective.
The purpose of this review is to identify modifiable risk factors in patients undergoing adult spinal deformity surgery and compile literature recommendations for preoperative optimization of these risk factors.

Summary of Background Data.
Optimization of modifiable risk factors not only benefits the patient but also lessens resource and cost burdens on the healthcare system, allowing for better quality and value-based care. There is limited but applicable literature discussing preoperative optimization in adult spinal deformity surgery patients specifically.

Methods.
We searched PubMed for studies that looked at one of the variables of interest (e.g. osteoporosis, prehabilitation and functional status, multidisciplinary preoperative screening, infection, obesity, nutrition, smoking, diabetes, blood loss, chronic opioid use and psychosocial factors) in adult patients with spinal deformity according to PRISMA guidelines.

Results.
70 studies were included in the final review and synthesis of information. Guidelines and recommendations from these studies were compared and compiled into evidence based action items for preoperative optimization of modifiable risk factors prior to adult spinal deformity surgery.

Conclusions.
While the approach of preoperative optimization of modifiable risk factors may incur additional planning efforts and patient care time, it has the potential to significantly reduce perioperative complications and reduce morbidity and mortality during surgery, thus allowing for improved outcomes, increased quality of life, and satisfaction from this patient population.

Level of Evidence.
III
Anticipating HIV viral escape – resistance to active and passive immunization
Authors: Williamson Carolyn , Lynch Rebecca M. , Moore Penny L. 
Published: September 2023

PurposeActive and passive immunization strategies are challenged by the extraordinary diversity of HIV, and the need for high titers of neutralizing antibodies to confer protective immunity. This review summarises recent studies and the barrier that these interventions will need to overcome to prevent viral resistance.Recent findingsStudies from the antibody mediated prevention trial identified a measure of protective titers, finding that higher titers than anticipated will be needed to prevent infection. This benchmark has advanced our ability to predict combinations of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) that will provide optimal coverage. To limit escape, these combinations should ensure that the majority of viruses are bound by a minimum of two antibodies. The characterization of currently circulating viruses has revealed increased resistance to some bNAbs over time, highlighting the need for continued surveillance, especially in under-studied populations and subtypes. Active vaccination will face similar challenges in combating diversity, although despite successes in germline targeting, this approach is not yet able to elicit bNAbs.SummaryCumulatively these studies highlight the need to target multiple antibody epitopes for maximum coverage, but also to restrict escape pathways. Successful immunization strategies should anticipate viral escape and devise strategies to counteract this.
Controversies in axillary management of patients with breast cancer – updates for 2024
Authors: Tauber Nikolas , Bjelic-Radisic Vesna , Thill Marc , Banys-Paluchowski Maggie 
Published: September 2023

Purpose of review
For some time now, the question of de-escalation in axillary staging in breast cancer patients has been raised. The aim is to improve the patients’ quality of life and reduce morbidity by optimizing surgical strategies with a high level of oncological safety. This review offers a current overview of published evidence and clinical practice, aiming to guide the surgical community as they reassess and reshape their practices.

Recent findings
Years after introducing sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in clinically node negative breast cancer patients several guidelines suggest completely omitting SLNB in older patients with low-risk tumors. It is worth noting that for patients with a metastatic sentinel lymph node in the upfront surgery setting, a de-escalation of axillary surgery may in fact lead to an escalation of radiation therapy. Currently, there is limited evidence on the axillary surgical approach for patients with initially positive node status achieving complete axillary response (ycN0), resulting in heterogenous guideline recommendations.

Summary
Innovative trials are contributing to a growing evidence on de-escalation of axillary surgery with the aim of reducing arm morbidity and improving long-term health-related quality of life.
Intravascular Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia (Masson Tumor) of the Right Thumb: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Alkabbaa Saud , Alassaf Hala M. , Alothman Mohammed A. , Alammar Alwaleed , Alkhotani Mona , Alsolami Afaf 
Published: September 2023

Summary:
The Masson tumor is a benign vascular tumor named after Pierre Masson, the French pathologist who originally described it in 1923, terming it “hémangio-endothéliome végétant intravasculaire.” It is a rare tumor that can arise in any area throughout the body. However, the exact cause of Masson tumor remains poorly understood, and its diagnosis is challenging and difficult to distinguish from several other soft-tissue tumors. In this report, we report a case of Masson tumor arising in the right thumb that is only the second reported case in the hand in Saudi Arabia.
Can You Go the Distance: Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum Manipulation at 1 Month after Injection
Authors: Pflibsen Lacey R. , Jain Nirbhay S. , Benhaim Prosper 
Published: September 2023

Summary:
Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum is a popular treatment in Dupuytren contracture. Current guidelines are for manipulation 24 hours to 7 days after injection. We present a case of successful manipulation 28 days after injection.