Efforts Lead to Formulation of High-Performance ASP
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: July 2023

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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper IPTC 22729, “ASP Formulation Development Journey: Optimization, Validation, and Quality Control for Mangala Field,” by Nitish Koduru, Dhruva Prasad, SPE, and Amitabh Pandey, SPE, Cairn Oil and Gas. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2023 International Petroleum Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission.

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Mangala is a large low-salinity, high-quality fluvial oil field in India with stock-tank oil initially in place (STOIIP) of more than 1 billion bbl of waxy and moderately viscous crude. Aqueous-based chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has been identified as the most suitable technique to improve recovery over waterflooding. The objective of the complete paper is to describe alkaline/surfactant/polymer (ASP) formulation development for Mangala, which involved more than 30 corefloods at the time of writing, with formulation design changing over time.

Field Background
The Mangala field has been regarded as an excellent chemical EOR candidate since its discovery in 2004. The main reservoir unit is divided into the Lower and Upper Fatehgarh formations. These units are subdivided into five reservoir units, FM1 to FM5 from top to bottom.
Mangala contains waxy sweet crude oil with gravity ranging from 20 °API near the oil/water contact to 28 °API in the oil column. The crude has in-situ viscosity of 9–17 cp. The crude has good napthenic acid content and reacts with alkali to produce in-situ soap.
Immediately after the field’s appraisal stage, work to identify the most suitable EOR process began. First, a polymerflooding pilot was conducted during 2011–12. The encouraging results led to full-field polymerflooding implementation in November 2014. The ASP pilot performed well; incremental oil recovery over polymerflooding was estimated to be in the range of 20–25% of the pilot STOIIP.
The initial development plan involved implementing a hot waterflooding production startup to maintain reservoir pressure and effective sweep. The Upper Fatehgarh FM1 and FM2 units were developed with inverted nine-spot patterns, while the more-homogeneous lower Fatehgarh (FM3 and FM4) were developed with downdip injectors and updip horizontal producers. The Mangala field began producing under a hot waterflood in 2009, with the injected water heated to approximately 80–85°C to avoid wax deposition. Injection was started within a few months of first production.
At the time of writing, the field is under polymerflooding, with results largely in line with expectations. The field, which has already produced approximately 37% of the STOIIP, is on a declining production trend, and large-scale ASP flooding is being considered as the next development initiative to arrest production decline and increase overall recovery.
The complete paper discusses EOR screening studies; ASP formulations, including the initial formulation; the method adopted for selection of chemical suppliers for the pilot test; optimization of ASP formulations tested in the pilot; validation of the developed formulation to other layers of the field; and planned quality-control processes to be used during procurement of chemicals for larger applications of ASP floods in the field. This synopsis concentrates on the last three of these factors, rather than the formulations considered, which, in addition to the initial formulation, included the following:
- Formula 2: ASP formulation with a sacrificial surfactant
- Formula 3: ASP formulation with a single surfactant
- Formula 4: Formulation with a highly hydrophilic, large-hydrophobe surfactant