bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thomas Reid, William Hamilton, and Augustus De Morgan
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Mugnai Massimo 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Thomas Reid’s importance lies primarily in the clear way he asserts that the syllogism is an inadequate tool for carrying out mathematical demonstrations. Reid argues that even a simple inference such as the one asserting the transitivity of equality cannot be recast in syllogistic form. William Hamilton, in his edition of Reid’s works, attempts to recast the statement concerning the transitivity of equality into a syllogistic inference. In the dispute for or against the syllogism, a very special place is held by Augustus De Morgan, who, while on the one hand considering the traditional syllogism insufficient as a tool for proving mathematical theorems, on the other hand proposes to interpret the copula as a generic relation, thus giving rise to valid relational inferences and paving the way for a logic of relations, which will be developed and refined later by Peirce and Schröder.
The Cooperative Neuron
Authors: Phillips William A. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Cooperative Neuron roots our understanding of mental life, as consciously experienced and as studied by psychologists, in recent discoveries in cellular neurophysiology, which show that many neurons in the mammalian neocortex have capabilities that transcend those assumed by twentieth-century psychology and systems neuroscience. These neurons receive information from many other parts of the brain and amplify their information transmission when appropriate in that context. Amplification is defined and quantified using recent advances in information theory by which the contributions of different inputs to information transmission can be distinguished. This context-sensitive cooperative style of Big Data processing produces widespread coherence from operations that are localized within each of a multitude of local neuronal processors. This book shows how this provides cellular foundations for contextual disambiguation in perception, selective attention, working memory and imagery, emotional prioritization, cognitive control, and learning, which has profound implications for neurobiology, psychology, neurology, psychiatry, and philosophy. The book is written for a wide audience, and it explains the neuroscience to the psychologists, the psychology to the neuroscientists, and both fields to philosophers, to students of the behavioural and brain sciences, and to all intrigued by the enduring mystery of how brains can be minds. Finally, it identifies many issues inviting exploration.
Neocortical Pyramidal Cells that Cooperate by Sensitivity to Context
Authors: Phillips William A. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers recent discoveries from multisite patch-clamping studies of neocortical pyramidal neurons. It discusses how the output of many pyramidal cells is amplified when it matches the current input to their apical dendrites in layer 1 of the neocortex, and that the apical input provides a context within which transmission of information abstracted from synapses closer to the cell body is amplified if it matches that context. It goes on to cover how they operate as context-sensitive neurons with two functionally distinct points of integration and how these distinct sources of input to the cell’s two sites of integration are shown to reflect their distinct functions. It explains that the interneurons that inhibit or disinhibit this apical amplification are shown to be distinct from those that regulate excitation closer to the cell body. Finally, it cites authoritative review articles to show that fundamental advances in the sciences of brain and mind are now arising from these discoveries.
Cooperative Neurons in Various States of Mind and Brain
Authors: Phillips William A. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates cooperative neurons in various states of mind and brain. It looks at how transitions between states of wakefulness, slow-wave sleep (SWS), and dreaming are shown to be regulated by the neuromodulators, such as the cholinergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic systems. These various systems are shown to operate predominantly via their effects on the function of apical dendrites. Apical dendrites have three modes of operation: amplification, drive, and isolation. Isolation of the apical dendrites from the cell body is shown to occur in SWS and general anaesthesia. This apical isolation has clear implications for conceptions of conscious experience.
What Cooperative Neurons Do for Mental Life
Authors: Phillips William A. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
First, the coordination of mental processes to form coherent percepts, thoughts, and actions is shown to depend on context-sensitivity. Neurophysiological and psychological investigations showing that contextual disambiguation guides perception via apical dendrites of pyramidal cells is then summarized, and related in detail to conscious experience, including direct phenomenological demonstrations to the reader. Many psychological and neurophysiological investigations are then described to show that context-sensitive cooperative neurons are closely implicated in the basic information processing capabilities, that, in various combinations, characterize the state of normal conscious wakefulness, that is, selective attention, working memory and imagery, prioritization of emotionally charged events, cognitive control, learning and long-term memory.
Evolution and Development of Cooperative Neurons
Authors: Phillips William A. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews similarities and differences in the structure and function of neocortical pyramidal cells across species as a source of evidence on the evolution of context-sensitive cooperative neurons. These comparisons are related to those revealed by cross-species comparisons of cognitive capabilities that depend on cooperative context-sensitivity. These cross-species neurophysiological and psychological comparisons are in broad agreement but are presented as early forays into largely unexplored territory. It shows how comparisons of the postnatal development of apical structure and function with the development of cognitive capabilities that depend on context-sensitive cooperation are also in good agreement, so invite much further investigation. Evidence for context-sensitive cooperative cells is shown to correspond with the neuroconstructivist perspective on cognitive development. It argues that, as linguistic capabilities are so highly context-sensitive, they may arise from distinctively human apical functions, and reviews evidence to support this claim.
Rating Politics
Authors: Barta Zsófia , Johnston Alison 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
How do countries’ political and policy choices affect the credit ratings they receive? Sovereign ratings influence countries’ cost of funding, and observers have long worried that rating agencies—these unelected, unappointed, unaccountable, for-profit organizations—can interfere with democratic sovereignty if they assign lower ratings to certain political and policy choices. Yet, it has remained unexplored whether, how, and why ratings react to policy and politics. Rating Politics opens the black box of sovereign ratings to uncover the logic that drives rating responses to political and policy factors. Relying on statistical analysis of rating scores, interviews with sovereign rating analysts, and a close reading of the official communications of rating agencies about their decisions, Rating Politics shows that ratings penalize center-left governments and many (though not all) policies associated with the center-left agenda. The motivation for such penalties is not rooted in assumptions about how those political and policy features affect growth and debt-servicing capacity. Instead, ratings are lower in the presence of those features because they are expected to make a country more vulnerable to market panics whenever the economy is hit by unforeseen shocks, as they signal insufficient willingness and/or ability to engage in determined austerity for the sake of reassuring markets. Since market panics and the resulting “sudden stops” of funding lead to humiliating collapses of ratings, rating agencies attempt to insure themselves against “rating failures” by preemptively assigning lower ratings to countries with the “wrong” political and policy mix.
Learning Urdu in Wartime India
Authors: Molteno Marion 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Extracts from Russell’s autobiography, Part 1 (Findings Keepings) describes how he first learnt Urdu. Conscripted into the army and sent to India, he learnt basic Urdu in army training near Abbottabad, where—unusually for a British officer—he took it seriously and became a fluent speaker; through subsequent transfers to other parts of India, and eventually to the India/Burma border. He describes his appreciative contacts with any local people he was able to meet despite the constraints of army life: his Urdu teacher from a landowning family; camp servants; hawkers; a Pathan fellow officer; and two destitute children who attached themselves to his unit. Knowing Urdu enabled him to get to know them personally and learn about their different life conditions; and with the sepoys in his unit he was able to discuss current political issues in India, without senior army officers’ knowledge.
Popular Literature
Authors: Molteno Marion 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Russell divides literature broadly into three kinds, classical, folk and ‘popular’. The latter (like detective stories) are not taken seriously by literary critics. He discusses examples of popular literature in Urdu: the dastan, for example The Tale of Amir Hamza, originally recited in the Mughal courts in Persian, but put into Urdu by two nineteenth century dastan-go (reciters). Then there are stories like Akbar and Birbal, and Mulla Dopiaza, short anecdotes often with a humorous twist. Qassas ul Anbiya (Tales of the Prophets) is looked down upon by religious because it includes fanciful tales, but remains popular—he compares its appeal to that of A Thousand and One Nights. Thanavi’s Bihishti Zewar, a book of instruction for Muslim women, is still widely available. Kwaja Hasan Nizami’s writing to his followers gives, through down-to-earth stories, guidance on matters of daily life.
Remarkable Women—Two Memoirs
Authors: Molteno Marion 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Anis Kidwai’s Azadi ki Chhaon Mein is a memoir about her experiences during the time of Partition. Russell was asked by a publisher to edit and translate it. He translated 100 pages but was not able to complete the project. (It was subsequently published in Anis Kidwai’s translation.) He admired her courage in moving beyond her home to help women victims of the violence. An extract from his translation describes the chaotic situation of trying to get wounded people to hospital. Shaukat Azmi’s Yad ki Rahguzar describes the traditional values in which she was raised in Hyderabad, and her long married life with Kaifi Azmi. Russell was asked to write a foreword to the English translation. He had known Kaifi as a fellow communist and a leading poet, but knew little about his personal life, and found Shaukat’s description of their life together vivid and moving.
On Translating Ghalib
Authors: Molteno Marion 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Ghalib is considered a difficult poet, even for Urdu speakers, and there are particular difficulties in translating his ghazals. Russell describes his joint work with Kurshidul Islam to present Ghalib’s life largely through translations of his prose writing. His letters, written to friends particularly in his later years, are lively and accessible, but other prose (mainly in Persian) was carefully crafted within traditional styles, which for modern readers is more difficult to appreciate. Nevertheless Russell feels it important to translate it in the style Ghalib chose. The difficulties of translating ghazals lie in the genre itself—highly condensed language (a complete meaning in each couplet), and conventional imagery which conveys nuances to Urdu (or Persian) speakers that need explaining to others. But while compromise is inevitable he feels it important to respect the form of the ghazal by remaining concise, and as far as possible conveying a sense of the metrical patterns.
Aziz Ahmad and Urdu Sources on South Asian History
Authors: Molteno Marion 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Aziz Ahmad was Russell’s colleague at the School of Oriental & African Studies, London, during which time Russell translated his novel Aisi Bulandi, Aisi Pasti, set in Hyderabad (loosely fictionalised as Farkhundanagar) where Aziz Ahmad had spent much of his life. His novels shocked readers of the time by their frankness about sexual attraction. For Russell their power lies in giving true-to-life portraits of the city’s noble families pre-Independence. His novel Ag similarly provides a picture of Kashmiri politics in the 1930s–1940s. Much other writing in Urdu that provides similar insights for social historians is still untranslated, so western historians who do not read Urdu have not benefited from their insights. Another limitation is that writers on South Asian Islam are often anxious not to give offence by stating unwelcome truths. Aziz Ahmad is a welcome exception to this.
FTOrepressesNLRP3‐mediated pyroptosis and alleviates myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury via inhibitingCBL‐mediated ubiquitination and degradation of β‐catenin
Authors: Sun Fei , An Cheng , Liu Can , Hu Ying , Su Yue , Guo Zhixiang , Che Hong , Ge Shenglin 
Published: May 2023

AbstractCardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a complicated pathological event, which has close association with pyroptosis. This study uncovered the regulatory mechanisms of fat mass and obesity‐associated protein (FTO) in NLRP3‐mediated pyroptosis during cardiac I/R injury. H9c2 cells were stimulated with oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Cell viability and pyroptosis were detected by CCK‐8 and flow cytometry. Western blotting or RT‐qPCR was performed to analyze target molecule expression. NLRP3 and Caspase‐1 expression was observed by immunofluorescence staining. IL‐18 and IL‐1β production was detected by ELISA. The total m6A and m6A level of CBL was determined by dot blot assay and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation‐qPCR, respectively. The interaction between IGF2BP3 and CBL mRNA was confirmed by RNA pull‐down and RIP assays. The protein interaction between CBL and β‐catenin and β‐catenin ubiquitination were evaluated by Co‐IP. Myocardial I/R model was established in rats. We determined infarct size by TTC staining and pathological changes by H&E staining. LDH, CK‐MB, LVFS, and LVEF were also assessed. FTO and β‐catenin were down‐regulated, while CBL was up‐regulated by OGD/R stimulation. FTO/β‐catenin overexpression or CBL silencing restrained OGD/R‐induced NLRP3 inflammasome‐mediated pyroptosis. CBL repressed β‐catenin expression via ubiquitination and degradation. FTO reduced the mRNA stability of CBL by inhibiting m6A modification. CBL‐mediated ubiquitination and degradation of β‐catenin were involved in FTO‐induced pyroptosis inhibition during myocardial I/R injury. FTO inhibits NLRP3‐mediated pyroptosis to attenuate myocardial I/R injury via repressing CBL‐induced ubiquitination degradation of β‐catenin.
SARS-CoV-2 Maternal Infection and Newborn Outcomes: A Comprehensive Systematic Review [ID: 1377802]
Authors: Ibrahim Tamara , Clore Lauren , Mathias-Prabhu Tara , Rubin Lewis , Scott Rachel , Yamamoto Rebecca 
Published: May 2023

INTRODUCTION:
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected several maternal and perinatal outcomes. However, the effect of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection on newborn birth weight has not been comprehensively evaluated. We performed a systematic review to determine the scope of literature considering the effect of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection on birth weight normalized for gestational age.

METHODS:
We searched OVID Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases from January 1, 2019, to June 17, 2022, using keywords “gestational age,” “birthweight,” “newborn,” and “COVID-19.” Studies that were nonhuman, unspecified date/location, published in non-English language, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, case reports, case series, narrative reviews, and editorials were excluded. We extracted data from included publications on perinatal and maternal outcomes, demographics, and study type.

RESULTS:
Of 899 studies identified, 204 met criteria and 24 included birth weight and gestational age data on COVID-19-positive (n=10,193) and -negative (n=611,018) maternal/newborn dyads. 11 retrospective cohort, 10 prospective cohort, and 3 case–control studies from Europe (33%), North America (25%), Asia (21%), and the Middle East (13%) were evaluated. In those comparing COVID-19-positive versus -negative mothers, most studies did not find significant differences in gestational age and birth weight. Among those studies comparing mild versus severe disease, the majority found significant differences in gestational age and birth weight.

CONCLUSION:
This internationally aggregated systematic review reveals potential differences in birth weight by disease severity that prompt an ongoing investigation of the effects of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection on gestational age-dependent birth weight.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of On-Demand, Any Cycle-Day Intrauterine Device Placement [ID: 1337731]
Authors: Reiser Hannah , Keller Michelle , Rible Radhika 
Published: May 2023

INTRODUCTION:
Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are a highly effective form of long-acting reversible contraception. In addition to the TCu380A IUD, the 52-mg-levonorgestrel IUD was recently demonstrated as a noninferior emergency contraception (EC) method, which would increase the menstrual cycle days on which an on-demand IUD placement protocol would be safe. Especially, considering up to 46% of patients that are lost to follow up if two-visit IUD placement protocol is used. This analysis aims to determine the cost-effectiveness of IUD provision of on-demand, any cycle-day, even if unable to reasonably exclude pregnancy.

METHODS:
We developed a decision-analytic model using TreeAge Pro 2022 software (TreeAge Software, Williamstown, MA) beginning with a patient presenting to clinic for IUD placement, either TCu380A or 52-mg-levonorgestrel IUD. Two strategies are modeled: on-demand placement after shared decision-making, even if unable to reasonably exclude pregnancy, and placement at follow-up visit. Our primary outcome is costs over 1 year from start of model. Our secondary outcomes include unplanned pregnancies averted and pregnancy types.

RESULTS:
Preliminary model analysis of 1,000 women over 1 year indicates on-demand, any cycle-day IUD placement averts 298 unplanned pregnancies compared to two-visit. Ectopic pregnancies, however, would increase to 9.92 from 6.31 per 1,000 women. The preliminary incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for the model is $7,793 in favor of on-demand placement. Sensitivity analysis is forthcoming.

CONCLUSION:
A preliminary analysis favors the cost effectiveness of on-demand, any cycle-day IUD placement after shared-decision-making counseling. As we gather more data on the effectiveness of IUD as EC, the time frame for placement may extend, which will further support the practice of on-demand placement.
COVID-19 Infection as a Barrier to Postpartum Tubal Ligation [ID: 1355689]
Authors: DiCenzo Natalie , Glassman Danielle , Shah Nayna , Singla Ashima 
Published: May 2023

INTRODUCTION:
About half of patients who do not obtain a requested postpartum tubal ligation experience pregnancy within the following year. There are many challenges to fulfilling postpartum tubal requests. Obstacles are exacerbated for those without private insurance, including Medicaid consent form requirements. Our institution considers postpartum tubal ligations “elective” and created policy prohibiting them for COVID-positive patients. We aimed to study how this creates additional barriers and delays to care for our patients.

METHODS:
This retrospective study identified patients with documented COVID infection at time of vaginal delivery who were unable to receive a requested postpartum tubal ligation at our institution between February 2020 and February 2022. Sociodemographic information, documented contraception ultimately obtained, and documented future unintended pregnancy were evaluated. Institutional review board approval was obtained.

RESULTS:
In a 2-year period, 24 patients were unable to receive requested postpartum tubal ligations at our institution because of COVID infection. 42% (n=10) of such patients were uninsured and 54% (n=13) had Medicaid. 92% (n=22) were Hispanic/Latinx. Average age was 33, and average number of prior pregnancies was 5. Only 21% (n=5) received an interval tubal ligation after delivery; no uninsured patients received an interval tubal ligation. Of the remaining patients (n=19), 37% (n=7) never received any contraception, 37% (n=7) received long-acting reversible contraceptives, and 26% (n=5) received another type of contraception. One patient had a future documented unintended pregnancy.

CONCLUSION:
Our institution's policy not to perform postpartum tubal ligations for COVID-positive patients prevented about 80% of patients requesting permanent sterilization after vaginal delivery from ever accessing this procedure.
Clinician Perspectives on the Barriers and Facilitators of Extended Use of the Contraceptive Implant [ID: 1373916]
Authors: Rigler Nicole , Averbach Sarah , Hildebrand Marisa , Kully Gennifer , Mody Sheila , Mody Sheila 
Published: May 2023

INTRODUCTION:
The contraceptive implant is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for 3 years. There is evidence that it is effective at preventing pregnancy for 5 years, known as extended use. We explored clinician perspectives and the barriers and facilitators to offering extended use.

METHODS:
We utilized the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to guide 20 IRB-approved, semistructured qualitative interviews among reproductive health clinicians. Participants were recruited from a nationwide cross-sectional survey on use of the contraceptive implant, with sampling to optimize the geographic and clinical diversity of participants. We coded interviews using ATLAS.ti, and then generated themes by CFIR domain and participant type.

RESULTS:
We interviewed 20 clinicians: 5 (25%) family medicine physicians, 6 (30%) advanced practice clinicians, 3 (15%) complex family planning (CFP) specialists, and 6 (30%) non-CFP obstetrician–gynecologists. Themes regarding barriers and facilitators to extended use emerged across CFIR domains. Within the outer setting, the dominant barrier was the current FDA approval for 3 years, while the strongest facilitator was educational materials for patients and providers. For the inner setting, the main barrier was clinician concern about liability with off-label use of a contraceptive device and the main facilitator was a champion of extended use. The primary barriers within intervention characteristics were patient concerns about changes in bleeding and future insurance coverage for contraception.

CONCLUSION:
Clinician education about extended use of the contraceptive implant up to 5 years as well as more data on the expected patient bleeding profile may increase offering of extended use of the contraceptive implant.