bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunologic Studies on Fertility and Sterility
Authors: Kiddy C. A. , Stone W. H. , Casida L. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Heifers were immunized with rabbit semen. The immune sera (IS) from them, in high concentrations, caused tail-tail agglutination of rabbit sperm in contrast to a head-head type produced by normal sera (NS). Diluted rabbit semen (same concentration for each trial) was mixed with NS and IS approximately 15 min before being used for insemination.
Normal serum did not affect fertilization. High concentrations of IS prevented fertilization but the fertilization rate increased as lower concentrations were used (173 females studied).
Embryo survival percentage was estimated in the NS and IS groups by a comparison of the number of fertilized ova in a random sample of females killed at 28 hours after insemination with the number of surviving fetuses in a comparable group of females at 28 days. The average embryo survival percentage for 58 IS females was 38.2 compared to 53.1 for 59 NS females. The loss of whole litters was much more common in the IS group (23 females out of 58) than it was in the NS group (3 females out of 59). Resorbing embryos or placental sites were found in 17 of the 23 IS females. A significantly greater amount (P &lt; 0.005) of embryonic death occurred in the IS group.
The mechanism by which the antibodies caused fertilization failure and embryonic death is not known. The effect on fertility could not be explained on the basis of the gross amount of sperm agglutination or any marked interference with sperm motility.
The Fate of Killed, Radioiodinated Brucella Abortus Injected Into Mice
Authors: Sulitzeanu Dov 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Following intraperitoneal injection of radioiodinated, acetone killed Brucella abortus, the spleens and livers of normal mice collected a higher amount of radioactivity and the mesenteric lymph glands a lower amount, than the corresponding organs of immune animals. The distribution of the label was similar, whether the mice had been actively immunized with a living or killed vaccine or passively immunized with mouse or rabbit anti-Brucella serum. There was a good correlation between the immunizing dose and the radioactivity in the mesenteric glands.
Labeled bacteria sensitized with antibody behaved in the normal animal in a manner identical to that of the nonsensitized bacteria in the immune animal.
The radioactivity found in the organs was shown to be attached to heavy particles retaining their antigenic properties, presumably intact bacteria.
A considerable proportion of the injected brucellae was destroyed and the breakdown products excreted during the first 6 hr after inoculation.
Studies on the Adjuvant Action of Bacterial Endotoxins on Antibody Formation
Authors: Kind Phyllis , Johnson Arthur G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The adjuvant effect on antibody formation of bacterial endotoxins has been shown to be confined to a period of time within several days after antigen administration. Enhancement of the antibody response was demonstrated by injection of endotoxin simultaneously, 6, 12, 24 or 48 hr after antigen. It was not shown by injection of endotoxin 24, 12 or 6 hr before antigen or three to four days after antigen.
Initial experiments are described documenting the ability of endotoxin administered simultaneously with antigen to partially restore antibody formation in x-irradiated rabbits.
Studies of Blood Group Antibodies
Authors: Abelson Neva M. , Rawson Arnold J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Through use of an anion exchange adsorbent, DEAE-cellulose, and a cation exchange adsorbent, CM-cellulose, isohemagglutinins anti-A and anti-B have been separated into three components. One fraction, of low anionic binding capacity, is associated with γ-2 globulins of low sedimentation constant. Its serologic behavior is characteristic of the “immune” antibody. A second fraction is of intermediate anionic binding capacity. It consists of an albumin-globulin mixture whose most conspicuous globulin component is α-2. The sedimentation constant (uncorrected) of the non-albumin portion of this fraction has been found to be 15.2. A third fraction is of high anionic binding capacity. It contains some non-γ-globulin and serologically-active γ-1 globulin. This γ-globulin is not homogeneous with respect to sedimentation constant. Serologically, the second and third fractions are similar in that they are not enhanced by high-protein diluents, but the third fraction contains relatively more hemolysin activity than the second.
Serologic Cross Reactions among Leptospirae Observed with Sera from Animals Infected with Leptospira Pomona
Authors: Lang R. W. , Morse E. V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sera from sheep, goats, pigs and guinea pigs infected with Leptospira pomona were examined for cross agglutination lysis reactions with Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae AB, L. icterohaemorrhagiae A, Leptospira canicola, Leptospira sejroe and Leptospira hebdomadis antigens L. icterohaemorrhagiae AB, L. icterohaemorrhagiae A, and L. canicola antigens were consistently agglutinated by sera from infected sheep, goats and pigs. Guinea pig sera containing antibodies for either strain O or W did not agglutinate L. icterohaemorrhagiae AB, cells to an observable level but did react with L. icterohaemorrhagiae A, and L. canicola. Reactions for L. sejroe or L. hebdomadis were not regularly demonstrated with sera from L. pomona infected animals.
Generally the levels of cross reactivity coincided with the persistence and fluctuations of homologous titers.
The possible significance of differences in the degree of cross reaction observed with sera from several animal species and differences within a single animal species is pointed out.
An anamnestic response was obtained in guinea pigs infected with L. pomona strain O but not strain W upon challenge with any of the three cross reactive serotypes. Serum adsorptions were conducted on one sheep serum and two pig sera.
Thermal Differentiation of the Adenovirus Complement Fixing Antigens
Authors: Friedman Murray , De Berry Patricia , Barron W. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The CF antigens of adenovirus types 1 through 8 have been subjected to thermal inactivation at 68°C, 70°C and 75°C at pH levels of 6, 7 and 8. The rates of inactivation have been shown to be exponential in character and each adenovirus type CF antigen may be differentiated by its thermal characteristics. The inactivation rates of the antigens have been demonstrated to be influenced by the pH of the medium and the CF antigens have been arbitrarily separated into thermal-pH groups. Types 1, 2, 5 and 6 (Group A) are more resistant to inactivation at pH 6 whereas types 3, 4 and 8 (Group B) are more resistant at pH 8. The inactivation of type 7 is not affected by pH at temperatures of 70°C and 73°C, but is more resistant at pH 8 than at pH 6 at 68°C as are the group B antigens. The relation between the thermal-pH groupings of the adenovirus and their epidemiology has been discussed. The ΔH values derived from the thermal constants of the adenovirus CF antigens are not similar and suggest that immunologic homogeneity may mask molecular variation.
Quantitative Immunohematologic Studies of Hemagglutination
Authors: Gibbs Mary B. , Akeroyd Joseph H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The log-probit hemagglutinins assay has been modified and applied to a study of human group A and AB red cells reacted with homologous stimulated group B sera. Qualitative differences among the A antigens were shown by the characteristic slopes produced by each subgroup. The decreasing progression in slope of the A cells was of the order: A1 &gt; A1B &gt; A2 &gt; AintB &gt; A2B &gt; A3.
The findings of differences in the mode of reaction of A and AB cells along with that previously reported for the B and A1B cells lends support to the theory of Morgan and Watkins that the substance produced by the gene in the heterozygote differs from that of either gene in the homozygous condition. Significant quantitative differences in the content of agglutinogen were found among the cells of A1 individuals with stimulated group B sera. Three percentage grades of A1 have been recognized which are not related to genotype.
Kinetics of Equine Complement
Authors: Leon Myron A. , Nordén Åke 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Equine complement reacts with sensitized sheep erythrocytes to form a complex that can be lysed with EDTA treated guinea pig serum. The complex formed is more labile than the corresponding human or guinea pig complexes. The maximal concentration of complex obtained decreases to an asymptotic value as the ratio of cells to equine serum is increased. At constant C′3, the lysis obtained is directly proportional to the concentration of complex.
Titration of Herpes Simplex Virus in One-Day Eggs by an Improved Inoculation Method and Its Application to the Serum Neutralization Test
Authors: Yoshino Kamesaburo , Taniguchi Hirokazu , Taniguchi Sadako 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A new and simple technique for the yolk sac inoculation of 1-day eggs is described. Since the nonspecific death rate within one week following the inoculation was fairly constant regardless of the diluent used or of the season of experiment, averaging less than 20% in one week, a formula for the LD50 calculation was standardized by adopting 0.2 as a correction factor for nonspecific deaths. The sensitivity of the new titration for egg-adapted herpes virus appeared to be about equal to that of other yolk sac titration methods employing older eggs, but the 1-day egg titration required only one week as compared with 10–12 days needed with older eggs. The standard deviation of titers using ten 1-day eggs per dilution was approximately 0.3–0.4 log10. When compared with the pock counting technique, the titer was approximately one log10 lower, and serial 1-day egg passages of the virus did not alter the ratio of PFU (pock-forming units) to OIU (1-day egg infective units). However, the 1-day egg technique was thought to be of special value in the serum neutralization test because of the technical ease, quick determination of titer and constancy of result, when a constant virus-varying serum system was utilized, the virus-serum mixture was incubated at 37°C for 1 hr and five eggs were used per dilution.
Studies on the Development of Complement Fixing Antibodies in Measles Patients
Authors: Bech Viggo 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The development of complement fixing measles antibodies has been studied in 71 persons who had measles during a widespread epidemic in Greenland. The age of the patients was from 7 to 65 years.
Sera from measles immune persons living in close contact with a measles patient were also examined in complement-fixation tests. No variation in titers was observed in sera from these measles immune persons collected on the first day of the patient's rash and 10 to 16 days later.
Kinetics of Human Complement
Authors: Taylor A. B. , Leon Myron A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A serum factor involved in the terminal, cation-independent stage of immune hemolysis is inactivated by hydrazine. The reaction kinetics favor a bimolecular mechanism for the inactivation. The reaction exhibits no Ca++ or Mg++ requirements and the rate is independent of ionic strength. The activation energy has been determined and the effect of pH investigated. The evidence indicates that the hydrazine reacts in the form of uncharged, free base. The inactivating properties of certain other reagents have been noted and discussed.
Kinetics of Human Complement
Authors: Leon Myron A. , Ransby Arnold 
Published: January 2023

Summary
At least two different mechanisms are responsible for the decay of the complex EAhuC′A. The increase in the rate of decay with increasing concentration of EAhuC′A follows a sigmoid curve. Exposure of a single batch of EA to successive cycles of formation and decay of intermediate complexes results in decreasing lytic susceptibility to C′3 until a minimum is reached. The behavior of whole human and guinea pig complement with these cells is described. A hypothesis is advanced to described these results which postulates an equilibrium between decayed compopents of complement in the sensitized cell and fresh complement in solution.
The Resistance-Promoting Activity of Endotoxins and Other Microbial Products
Authors: Hook Edward W. , Wagner Robert R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
These studies emphasize the exacting conditions required for demonstration of endotoxin-induced resistance to typhoid infection. The degree of protection is never very great and can be readily overcome by increasing the challenge dose. It is also dependent upon the routes of inoculation and the interval of time between protective and challenge injections. Enhanced resistance to peritoneal typhoid infection was most marked in mice previously injected intraperitoneally with endotoxin. The incidence of death from cerebral typhoid infection was only slightly affected by intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin, and not at all by subcutaneous injection. However, striking protection against cerebral typhoid infection was noted in mice pretreated with endotoxin by the intracerebral route. These observations suggest that local alterations of tissue susceptibility occur at the site of injection of endotoxin. The significance of these findings is discussed in the following paper on resistance to virus neurotoxicity.
An advantage accruing to the use of the brain as the site of infection is the relative ease with which reproducible growth curves of typhoid bacilli could be obtained. In support of the findings of Landy and Pillemer on typhoid peritonitis, the bacterial titers in the brains of resistant mice were appreciably lower than those in fully susceptible controls. Despite the favorable outcome of infection in mice pretreated with endotoxin, typhoid bacilli persisted at relatively high and constant levels throughout an observation period of 10 days.
Refractoriness to cerebral typhoid infection induced by prior injection of typhoid vaccine or xerosin is almost undoubtedly related to the endotoxin present in these materials. In contrast to its antiviral action, xerosin was the least effective of the products derived from Gram-negative bacteria. Slightly increased resistance to cerebral typhoid infections could also be demonstrated by pretreatment with influenza virus. The results with staphylococcus vaccine were uncertain and the inflammatory response produced by intracerebral injection of aleuronat was not accompanied by protection aginst typhoid infection.
Intracerebral injection of endotoxin or typhoid vaccine did not alter susceptibility to cerebral infection with streptococci or pneumococci. The capacity of bacterial products to bolster host resistance appears to be demonstrated most easily in infections with Gram-negative bacteria and, as will be shown in the following report, to the toxic action of viruses.
Studies on a Skin-Fixing, Reagin Blocking, Antipneumococcal Antibody
Authors: Palczuk Nicholas C. , Flick John A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sera from persons immunized with pneumococcal type specific polysaccharides contained factors which would fix to the skin of most injected subjects and which would block the reagin-antigen skin reaction. The factors showed specificity, had properties different from those of antigen, so were considered to be antibodies. In each case this antibody was found to be heat stable. It did not measurably coprecipitate with rabbit precipitating antiserum. The sera containing this form of antibody also contained others probably against the same antigenic component. Although precipitins were present, in these human sera, against other antigenic components, they could not be detected against the antigenic fraction corresponding to the skin-fixing, blocking antibody.
Further Studies on the Effect of Ca++ on the First Component of Human Complement (C′1)
Authors: Young Frank E. , Lepow Irwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The kinetics of inactivation of C′1 in human serum treated with Na3 EDTA are reported. The extent of reaction was dependent on time and temperature but was insensitive to pH and ionic strength. Complete inactivation of C′1, following first order kinetics after an initial accelerated phase, was achieved by incubating serum at unadjusted pH and ionic strength with 10-2 to 5 × 10-2 M Na3 EDTA at 45°C for 4–5 hr. The specific effect of Ca++ in stabilizing C′1 was shown by using MgNa EDTA and CaNa EDTA under the same conditions. Although partial inactivation of other components of complement occurred in some experiments, the primary effect of Ca++-depletion was on C′1. The activity of C′1 could not be restored after complete inactivation had occurred but partial restoration was possible after partial inactivation.
Sera depleted of C′1 by treatment with Na3 EDTA (R1-EDTA) were tested as reagents for measurement of C′1 in a human serum pool and in a purified fraction. When prepared under carefully controlled conditions of concentration of Na3 EDTA, temperature, time, and ratio of surface area to serum volume, R1-EDTA compared favorably with conventional R1 prepared by dialysis as a reagent for such titrations.
Effect of Temperature on the Growth Curves of Herpes Simplex Virus in Tissue Culture
Authors: Wheeler Clayton E. , Canby Charles M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Since recurrent herpes simplex infections in man can be precipitated in 40 to 70% of the general population by elevation of the bodily temperature (1, 2), it seems likely that temperature has an important effect, either directly or indirectly, upon the host-herpes simplex virus relationship. In a previous paper (3) we have demonstrated that temperature exerts a significant influence on the amount of herpes simplex virus produced in infected tissue cultures. During a 3-day period of incubation infected cultures kept at 35°C produced large amounts of virus, cultures kept at 30 and 40°C produced intermediate amounts of virus and cultures kept at approximately 25°C and which were produced little or no virus could be made to elaborate increased amounts of virus by raising the temperature of incubation to 35°C. These experiments were done by adding a known amount of virus to cultures and titrating the amount of virus present after 3 days of incubation at the four different temperatures.
Mortality Enhancing Polypeptide Constituents from Pseudomonas Pseudomallei
Authors: Levine H. B. , Lien O. G. , Maurer R. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The preparation and properties of mortality enhancing peptide fractions derived from Pseudomonas pseudomallei are described. The mortality of mice, inoculated intraperitoneally with this species, was proportional to the dosage of the fractions, also administered intraperitoneally, over a range of 3 to 30 μg. In the absence of infection, the preparations were nonlethal at a dosage of at least 1000 μg. At 50 μg/mouse, the LD50 of the infecting strain was lowered approximately 1000-fold. The fractions consisted of peptides of varying weight which were, however, similar in amino acid composition, solubility and spectral properties. These properties, in conjunction with others pertaining to biologic activity, suggested that the mortality enhancing peptides were derived from a common protein or similar proteins. A biologically active protein residue, resembling the fractions in certain properties, was demonstrated. The fractions and residue together comprised more than 0.6% of the dry weight of the organism. A crude lipid fraction of the organism also possessed mortality enhancing properties.
The Specificity of Antibody Response in Typhus Fever. Its Alteration during Murine Typhus Infection as a Result of Previous Exposure to Epidemic Typhus Antigen
Authors: Goldwasser R. A. , Shepard C. C. , Jordan M. E. , Fox J. P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A previously described fluorescent antibody procedure that makes use of antibody absorption was used for the study of the sera of human volunteers in the strain E typhus vaccination experiments. These individuals had been vaccinated with either living strain E epidemic typhus rickettsiae or commercial killed epidemic typhus vaccine. They and several unvaccinated controls were subsequently challenged with living virulent rickettsiae of either epidemic typhus or murine typhus. In response to infection the unvaccinated controls formed specific (noncross-reacting) antibody that was directed toward the infecting rickettsiae. Similar results were seen in those (epidemic) vaccinated individuals who were infected with epidemic rickettsiae. Contrasting results were seen in the eight persons who received (epidemic) vaccine and were then infected with murine typhus rickettsiae. Five of these formed during their infection specific antibodies directed toward epidemic rickettsiae, two had mixed responses, and only one formed specific antibody for the infecting (murine) rickettsiae. These results indicate that the specificity of the antibody response is usually not a reliable indicator of the infecting type of typhus rickettsiae in persons who have had earlier immunologic experience with typhus antigen. In the United States this would include vaccinated members of the armed forces, and former inhabitants of eastern Europe. The latter group contains the individuals in whom recrudescent epidemic typhus, or Brill's disease, might be suspected.
Comparative Immunologic Studies of Cell Structures Isolated from Salmonella Typhosa
Authors: Carey W. F. , Baron L. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The cell walls of Salmonella typhosa strains Ty2 and 0-901 exhibited similar lethality for mice as did the intact cells, whereas the isolated protoplasts and protoplasmic membranes were less toxic. Antigenic analysis showed that the somatic complex was a constituent of the protoplast membrane. No distinctive antigens could be detected as constituents of protoplasts or membranes. The protective potency of protoplasts of strain Ty2 was dependent upon retention of the Vi antigen. The addition of Vi antigen to protoplasts prepared from the Vi negative strain 0-901 resulted in their agglutination in specific Vi antiserum.
The Agglutination of L Cells by Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Brown Arthur , Mayyasi Sami A. , Officer Julius E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of studies on the L cell-vaccinia virus interaction indicated that the L cell is relatively resistant to both infectious virus growth and release. Although low doses of virus can infect the cells, only higher multiplicities of infection induce the agglutination reaction. This reaction is independent of infectious virus growth and perhaps of noninfectious virus synthesis; it is dependent on temperature and on glycolytic cell metabolism, but independent of cell metabolism inhibited by azide and amethopterin. Agglutinated cells remain alive for 3 days and can partially reagglutinate during this time after they are first separated by a proteinase. Both the reagglutination and agglutination reactions have similar temperature and metabolic requirements.
A greater (cohesive) force can be observed to act in infected cells undergoing agglutination or reagglutination than is observed in uninfected cells which are allowed to clump under certain conditions.
It is suggested that the virus by the act of adsorption and/or penetration induces cell rounding but permits the cells to produce or maintain an otherwise normal substance which has caused the cells to become more cohesive (agglutinated) than adhesive (to glass) because of infection.
The mechanism of L cell agglutination is different from myxovirus induced hemagglutination.