bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detecting ecological traps inhuman‐alteredlandscapes: A case study of the thick‐billed longspur nesting in croplands
Authors: Swicegood Amber E. , Ellison Kevin S. , Sather Marisa , Somershoe Scott G. , McNew Lance B. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractConversion of the North American prairies to cropland remains a prominent threat to grassland bird populations. Yet, a few species nest in these vastly modified systems. Thick‐billed longspurs historically nested in recently disturbed or sparsely vegetated patches within native mixed‐grass prairie, but observations of longspurs in spring cereal and pulse crop fields during the breeding season in northeastern Montana, USA, suggest such fields also provide cues for habitat selection. Maladaptive selection for poor‐quality habitat may contribute to ongoing declines in longspur populations, but information on thick‐billed longspur breeding ecology in crop fields is lacking. We hypothesized that crop fields may function as ecological traps; specifically, we expected that crop fields may provide cues for territory selection, but frequent human disturbance would result in reduced reproduction. To address this hypothesis, we compared measures of habitat selection (settlement patterns and trends in abundance) and productivity (nest density, nest survival, and number of young fledged) between crop fields and native grassland sites during 2020–2021. Across both years, settlement patterns were similar between site types and occupancy ranged from 0.52 ± 0.17 SE to 0.99 ± 0.01 on April 7 and 30, respectively. Early season abundance differed by year, and changes in abundance during the breeding season appeared to be associated with precipitation‐driven vegetation conditions rather than habitat type. While an index of nest density was lower in crop than native sites, the number of young fledged per successful nest (2.9 ± 0.18 SE) and nest survival (0.24 ± 0.03 SE;n = 222 nests) were similar for crop and native sites. Collectively, the data did not support our ecological trap hypothesis: longspurs did not exhibit a clear preference for crop sites and reproductive output was not significantly reduced. Our results indicate that croplands may provide alternative breeding habitat within a human‐dominated landscape.
Post‐glacial colonization of the Fennoscandian coast by a plant parasitic insect with an unusual life history
Authors: Solbreck Christer , Cassel‐Lundhagen Anna , Laugen Ane T. , Kaňuch Peter 
Published: April 2023

AbstractSpecies that exhibit very peculiar ecological traits combined with limited dispersal ability pose a challenge to our understanding of ecological and evolutionary mechanisms. This is especially true when they have managed to spread over long distances, overcome physical barriers, and colonize large areas. Climate and landscape changes, trophic web relations, as well as life history all interact to shape migration routes and present‐day species distributions and their population genetic structures. Here we analyzed the post‐glacial colonization of northern Europe by the gall midge Contarinia vincetoxici, which is a monophagous parasite on the perennial herb White swallowwort (Vincetoxicum hirundinaria). This insect not only has a narrow feeding niche but also limited dispersal ability and an exceptionally long dormancy. Gall midge larvae (n = 329) were collected from 16 sites along its distribution range in Denmark, Sweden, and Finland. Using microsatellite loci and knowledge of the species and the regions' history, we investigated the role of landscape change, host plant distribution, insect population dynamics, and life history in shaping the population genetic structure of the insect. We devoted particular interest to the role of the insect's presumed poor dispersal capacity in combination with its exceptionally extended diapause. We found significant levels of local inbreeding (95% highest posterior density interval = 0.42–0.47), low‐level within‐population heterozygosity (mean HE = 0.45, range 0.20–0.61) with private alleles in all populations except two. We also found significant (p < .001) regional isolation‐by‐distance patterns, suggesting regularly recurring mainly short‐distance dispersal. According to approximate Bayesian computations, C. vincetoxici appears to have colonized the study area via wind‐aided flights from remote areas approximately 4600–700 years before present when the land has gradually risen above the sea level. Extremely long dormancy periods have allowed the species to “disperse in time”, thereby aiding population persistence despite generally low census population sizes.
Causal mechanisms for negative impacts of energy development inform management triggers for sagebrush birds
Authors: Latif Quresh S. , Van Lanen Nicholas J. , Chabot Eric J. , Pavlacky David C. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractEstimated population trends can identify declining species to focus biological conservation, but monitoring may fail to illuminate causes of population change and strategies for reversing declines. Monitoring programs can relate trends with environmental attributes to test causal hypotheses, but typical analytical approaches do not explicitly support causal inference, diluting available data for informing conservation. The U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) extended Integrated Monitoring in Bird Conservation Regions with a quasi‐experimental sampling design over a 10‐year period (2010–2019) to evaluate the impacts of oil and gas development on sagebrush birds within the Atlantic Rim Natural Gas Field Development Project in southern Wyoming. We analyzed resulting data using a multiscale community occupancy model to estimate trends in species occupancy and richness relevant to management triggers. Additionally, we employed path analysis to evaluate mechanisms underlying observed trends to inform potential management responses. Fine‐scale occupancy for sage thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus) declined within the high‐development stratum at a rate sufficient to meet an a priori management trigger established by the BLM. Two additional sagebrush‐associated species, Brewer's (Spizella breweri) and sagebrush sparrow (Artemisiospiza nevadensis), exhibited negative development relationships with trend, as did overall species richness, and richness of grassland, sagebrush, and generalist guilds. We identified well pad density and invasive plants associated with energy development as causal factors contributing to these negative development impacts. We demonstrate an analytical approach for both estimating occupancy trends and identifying underlying causes to inform conservation action. Reducing the development footprint, including well pad density and associated invasive plants, could help reduce or limit impacts on birds within this landscape.
Biological and Catalytic Applications of Pd(II)‐Indenyl Complexes Bearing Phosphine andN‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands
Authors: Bortolamiol Enrica , Isetta Giacomo , Caligiuri Isabella , Demitri Nicola , Paganelli Stefano , Rizzolio Flavio , Scattolin Thomas , Visentin Fabiano 
Published: April 2023

AbstractA general synthetic entryway into novel cationic Pd(II) indenyl complexes bearing one alkyl/aryl phosphine and oneN‐heterocyclic carbene is reported. All metal complexes have been exhaustively characterized by spectroscopic and structural analyses, highlighting that the indenyl fragment has an hapticity intermediate between η3and η5. Most of the target complexes are stable in solid state and in solution for a long time. Two different applications of these organopalladium compounds are proposed. Firstly, they have been tested as antiproliferative agents towards three different ovarian cancer cell lines, showing a cytotoxicity significantly higher than that of cisplatin, with a clear dependence on the nature of the coordinated phosphine. Moreover, the similar cytotoxicity towards cisplatin‐sensitive and cisplatin‐resistant cell lines suggests that these new palladium derivatives act with a different mechanism of action with respect to classical platinum‐based drugs.Finally, the water‐soluble palladium complexes bearing 1,3,5‐triaza‐7‐phosphaadamantane (PTA) have demonstrated interesting catalytic performances in Suzuki–Miyaura coupling in aqueous media, being, inter alia, readily and efficiently recyclable.
Synthesis and Transition Metal Complexes of ((Phenylphosphanediyl) bis(ethyne‐2,1‐diyl))bis(diphenyl‐phosphane), [PhP{C≡CPPh2}2]
Authors: Mondal Dipanjan , Kumar Rajnish , Mohite Manali A. , Balakrishna Maravanji S. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis paper describes the synthesis of a new acetylene‐bridged triphosphine, ((phenylphosphanediyl)bis‐(ethyne‐2,1‐diyl))bis(diphenylphosphane) [PhP{C≡CPPh2}2] (2) and its coordination complexes of RuII, RhIII, CuI, PdII and PtII. The reaction of diethynylphenylphosphine [PhP{C≡CH}2] (1) with two equivalents of LiHMDS followed by the addition of PPh2Cl resulted in 2. Treatment of 2 with [Ru(η6‐p‐cymene)Cl2]2 and [RhCp*Cl2]2 in 1 : 1.5 molar ratios produced trinuclear complexes [{Ru(η6‐p‐cymene)Cl2}3{μ3‐PPh(C≡CPPh2)2}] (3) and [(RhCp*Cl2)3{μ3‐PPh(C≡CPPh2)2}] (4). The molecular structure of 3 was confirmed by single crystal X‐ray analysis. Treatment of 2 with M(COD)Cl2 (M=Pd, Pt) in 2 : 3 ratio afforded open book type complexes [(MCl2)3{μ3‐PPh(C≡CPPh2)}2] (5 M=Pd, 6 M=Pt). The reaction of 2 with CuI in 1 : 2 ratio afforded 1‐D coordination polymer [{Cu2(μ2‐I)2(CH3CN)}{PPh(C≡CPPh2)2}3{CuI}2] (7) containing [(CuI)2{μ2‐(P−C≡C−P)3}] cylindrical units.
The Remarkably Robust, Photoactive Tungsten Iodide Cluster [W6I12(NCC6H5)2]
Authors: Pachel Florian , Ströbele Markus , Romao Carl P. , Enseling David , Jüstel Thomas , Meyer Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe new heteroleptic tungsten iodide cluster compound [W6I12(NCC6H5)2] is presented. The synthesis is carried‐out from Cs2W6I14 and ZnI2 under solvothermal conditions in benzonitrile solution, yielding red cube‐shaped crystals. [W6I12(NCC6H5)2] represents a heteroleptic [W6I8]‐type cluster bearing four apical iodides and two benzonitrile ligands. Molecular [W6I12(NCC6H5)2] clusters form a robust hydrogen bridged crystal structure with high thermal stability and high resistibility against hydrolysis. The electronic structure is analyzed by quantum chemical methods of the calculated electron localization function (ELF) and the band structure. Photoluminescence measurements are performed to verify and describe the photophysical properties of [W6I12(NCC6H5)2]. Finally, the photocatalytic properties of [W6I12(NCC6H5)2] are evaluated as a proof‐of‐concept.
Pyridine‐Stabilized Cationic Silanethione Tungsten Complexes: Synthesis, Structures, and Reactivity
Authors: Muraoka Takako , Ishizeki Ryosuke , Tanabe Shun , Ueno Keiji 
Published: April 2023

AbstractSilanethione compounds, R2Si=S, have been recognized as highly reactive species. One reliable way to stabilize silanethione is its coordination to transition metal fragments to convert silanethione‐coordinated transition metal complexes. Herein, we report the synthesis, structure, and reactivity of a second cationic silanethione tungsten complex [Cp*(OC)3W{S=SiR2(py)}]TFPB (R=Me (5 a), Ph (5 b), Cp*: η5‐C5Me5, py: pyridine, and TFPB−: [B{3,5‐(CF3)2C6H3}4]−). Complex5was obtained by H−abstraction from the Si atom in the corresponding silylsulfanyl complex Cp*(OC)3W(SSiR2H) (4) with Ph3CTFPB, followed by the addition of pyridine. The reaction of5with PhNCS and PMe3produced [Cp*(OC)3W{SSiR2N(Ph)C(PMe3)2}]TFPB (R=Me (6 a), Ph (6 b)) via the elimination of pyridine and the addition of the 1,3‐dipolar species PhNC(PMe3)2(A) to the Si atom.
Palladium(II) Complexes of 1‐Phosphaisoprene Molecules and Polymers: Reversible Cross‐Linking of a Phosphorus‐Containing Polymer
Authors: Walsgrove Henry T. G. , Chowdhury Khadiza (Rodella) K. , Dabringhaus Philipp , Patrick Brian O. , Gates Derek P. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe anionic polymerization of 1‐phosphaisoprene [Mes*P=C(Me)−CH=CH2 (E‐1)] affords poly(1‐phosphaisoprene) 2 in high yield (75 %). Concentrated solutions of polymer 2 (Mn=21,800 g mol−1; Đ=1.02) a P‐analogue of natural rubber, undergo gelation upon treatment with [Pd(cod)Cl2] (0.15 P equiv). Evidence for P‐coordination of 2 to PdII was obtained by 31P and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The gelation is reversed by the addition of PMe3 and the reformation of recoverable 2 along with [PdII−PMe3] complexes were confirmed by 31P NMR spectroscopy. The use of labile metal‐ligand bonds to reversibly form gels is unprecedented and has relevance to self‐healing materials. In contrast, coordination of 2 to [Pd(η3‐C3H5)(μ‐Cl)]2 affords the well‐defined complex 2 ⋅ [Pd(η3‐C3H5)Cl] which was characterized by 31P, 1H, 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy and GPC. This polymer chemistry was complemented by detailed molecular model studies of the coordination chemistry of monomer 1‐phosphaisoprene E‐1 with [Pd(cod)Cl2] and [Pd(η3‐C3H5)(μ‐Cl)]2].
Lithiation and Alkylation of the Imidazole Backbone
Authors: Lundevall Frida Johanne , Bjørsvik Hans‐René 
Published: April 2023

AbstractA concise improved method for the alkylation of the imidazole backbone has been developed. The positions 1 and 2 of the imidazole ring were protected with tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐2‐yl and chloro groups, respectively. Position 5 of imidazole was then lithiated, whereupon alkylation could be conducted by means of a variety of electrophilic reagents including haloalkanes, aldehydes, and ketones. Finally, the two protective / auxiliary groups on the positions 1 and 2 were easily removed by means of treatment with acid and base and hydrogenation, respectively. The developed method proved good functional group tolerance but demanded non‐bulky molecular moieties in the vicinity of the attaching C‐atom of the reagent. The novel alkylating method was used to synthesize two new NHC−Ag complexes holding branched alkyl groups on the imidazole backbone.
A simulation model of climate policy analysis for sustainable environment in Pakistan
Authors: Raza Muhammad Amir , Aman M. M. , Abro Abdul Ghani , Shahid Muhammad , Ara Darakhshan , Waseer Tufail Ahmed , Tunio Nadeem Ahmed , Soomro Shakir Ali , Jumani Touqeer Ahmed , Haider Raza 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis study suggested a plan for making low carbon society (LCS) in Pakistan by 2050. Low Emissions Analysis Platform is used for simulation the entire energy system and forecasted the future CO2 emissions in relation to the use of renewable and fossil fuel resources under the two scenarios namely high carbon society (HCS) and LCS. Additionally, marginal abatement cost of future energy system is forecasted for the study period 2022–2050. The results revealed that, 100% de‐carbonization is possible under the LCS scenario. Further, this scenario suggested that 1123.15 TWh units of green energy are generated to meet the total energy demand of 966.05 TWh till 2050. Biomass has greater share of 380.16 TWh followed by wind 370.67 TWh, solar 358.74 TWh, and hydro 13.58 TWh respectively. CO2 emissions are reduced from 151.63 million metric tons in HCS scenario to 8.90 million metric tons in LCS scenario till 2050 but cost is increased from 46.36 billion US dollar in HCS scenario to 546.49 billion US dollar in LCS scenario for the year 2050. The technique can also be applicable to the developing, under‐developed and developed nations around the globe.
Seismic damage and functional loss of ceiling systems: Observation in shaking table test of hospital specimen
Authors: Qi Liangjie , Kurata Masahiro , Huang Jiantao , Kawamata Yohsuke , Aida Shinji , Cho Kosai , Kanao Iori , Takaoka Masashi 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis paper presents seismic damage to continuous ceiling systems and the impact of damage on functionality in the hospital specimen tested at the E‐Defense shaking table. The specimen had four ceiling systems with different peripheral constraint conditions, coverage areas, suspended lengths, and ceiling panel materials. The test results demonstrate that the continuous ceiling system is less susceptible to collapse than the lay‐in ceiling system. However, medical facilities require maintaining functionality after earthquakes, and the consequence of damage as functional deterioration needs discussion. The two‐elevation ceiling system across two rooms with different ceiling heights sustains severe damage at the rise‐up part and the partition wall separating the rooms. The damage becomes severe when the ceilings at different heights vibrate at separate frequencies. The results highlight the enhancement of the lateral stiffness of the suspended ceiling at the rise‐up part, such as by adding bracing bars. In the case of long‐duration shakings assumed for far mega‐earthquakes, damage accumulates with repeated loadings, and the functional loss by the damage becomes intense. This observation indicates that peak‐related parameters (peak floor acceleration or peak floor velocity) do not comprehensively reflect the degree of damage in ceiling systems. The proposed functionality loss matrix highlights that the damage to the ceiling harms the aseptic environment for key medical rooms, especially for the cleanroom with extremely strict requirements on the air environment.
Simultaneous working fluid and expander selection method for reaching low‐threshold technology organic Rankine cycle (ORC) design
Authors: Groniewsky Axel , Kustán Réka , Imre Attila R. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractMaximizing the utilization of an available source serves as the ideal approach, provided that only technical factors are considered. For sources with low heat flux, however, cost‐effective solutions are more suitable due to the minimal net power generated, regardless of the effectiveness of the energy conversion. In such cases, utilizing low‐threshold technology may be the most fitting solution, the layout of these cycles should be simple and inexpensive. In the case of organic Rankine cycles (ORCs)‐based power cycles, this means the omission of superheaters or recuperative heat exchangers and the use of simple expanders and small heat exchangers. Simplifying the design, however, requires additional considerations about the elementary steps of the cycle. This work presents a procedure to select favorable working fluids for ORC while considering the expander's internal efficiency. The criteria for favourability is to have a nonideal expansion process starting and ending in (or very near) saturated vapor states to avoid problems related to wetness/dryness between the given maximal and minimal expansion temperatures. It is demonstrated that the design can be simplified under the simultaneous working fluid and expander selection method presented in this study, regardless of the type and isentropic efficiency of the expander. The resulting methodology applies the novel classification of working fluids using the sequences of their characteristic points on temperature‐entropy space. The proposed approach is illustrated with a case study finding optimal working fluid for an ORC system fitted to industrial waste heat, a low‐temperature geothermal, and a cryogenic heat source.
Data‐driven snapshot methods leveraging data fusion to estimate state of health for maritime battery systems
Authors: Vanem Erik , Bruch Maximilian , Liang Qin , Thorbjørnsen Kristian , Valøen Lars Ole , Alnes Øystein Åsheim 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe number of fully electric or hybrid ships relying on battery power for propulsion and maneuvering is growing. In order to ensure the safety of these ships, it is important to monitor the capacity that can be stored in the batteries, and classification societies typically require that this can be verified by independent tests—annual capacity tests. However, this paper discusses data‐driven alternatives based on operational sensor data collected from the batteries. There are different strategies for such data‐driven state of health (SOH) estimation. Some approaches require full operational history of the batteries in order to predict SOH, and this may be impractical due to several reasons. Thus, methods that are able to give reliable estimation of SOH based on only snapshots of the data streams are more attractive from a practical point of view. In this paper, data‐driven snapshot methods are explored and applied to degradation data from battery cells cycled in different laboratory tests. Hence, data from different sources are fused together with the aim of achieving better predictions. The paper presents the battery data show how relevant features can be extracted from snapshots of the data and presents data‐driven models for SOH estimation. It is discussed how such methods could be utilized in a data‐driven classification regime for maritime battery systems. Results are encouraging, and yields reasonable degradation estimates for nearly 40% of the tested cells, although the fusion of data from different laboratory tests did not improve results significantly. Results are greatly improved if data from the actual cell is included in the training data, and indicates that better results can be achieved if more representative training data is available.
Utilization and cost of outpatient services: A cross‐sectional study on the Iran Health Insurance Organization insurees in Fars province
Authors: Mohammadi Ali , Lotfi Farhad , Ravangard Ramin , Emadi Mehrnoosh , Bayati Mohsen 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackground and AimsAnalyzing the utilization of health services is necessary for allocating the resources and planning the provision of health services. The present study aimed at investigating the utilization and cost of outpatient services and the factors affecting it among the insurees of the Iran Health Insurance Organization in Fars province in 2019.MethodsThe study population consisted of all Iran Health Insurance Organization insurees in Fars province in 2019 (n = 2,618,973). The data on the utilization and cost of the services were extracted from the information systems of Fars Health Insurance Organization. The descriptive statistics of the utilization and cost of outpatient services were provided by gender, age, and type of insurance fund. The effects of different factors on the utilization and cost of various services were also investigated using univariate analysis as well as cross‐sectional regression. The data analysis was done using EXCEL and STATA 15 software as well.ResultsThe average utilization rates of laboratory, drug, and radiology services were 0.940, 0.945, and 0.108 prescriptions per year, respectively. In addition, the mean costs of laboratory, drug, and radiology services were $1.13, $7.44, and $2.26 per year, respectively. The univariate and multivariate analyses showed that gender, type of insurance fund, and age had significant effects on the utilization and costs of laboratory, drug, and radiology services (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe utilization and expenditure of outpatient services were higher among the elderly and women. To control the costs of insurance organizations, it is helpful to identify the effective factors. In addition, due to the increasing trend of aging in Iran, it seems necessary to periodically monitor the pattern of the elderly people's utilization of health services and to plan to increase sustainable resources for insurance financing in the coming years.