bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tackling Defense Corruption
Authors: Pyman Mark 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a historical account and reflects on how Transparency International (TI) has contributed to tackling defense corruption. Retracing more than two decades of efforts since 1995, and especially since the formation of TI’s Defence & Security program in 2004, the chapter identifies mechanisms for change. Collaborating with, and pressuring, inter alia defense ministries, military forces, defense companies, NATO, and nongovernmental organizations are key to addressing thorny and seemingly intractable issues. Gathering relevant data, publishing comparative corruption vulnerability indexes and reports, engagement of professional communities of ethics officers in the defense companies, dedication by offices of suspension and debarment and the inspectors general, and bravery of many government officials and ministers are further elements that led to defense reform. The chapter concludes that a “whole sector” approach to reducing corruption in defense—embracing companies, governments, regulators, international organizations and civil society—can be effective. The chapter also holds lessons for how corruption reform in other sectors can be conceived and implemented.
The Nexus of Arms Embargoes, Corruption, and Foreign Investment
Authors: Hite-Rubin Nancy 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter conducts an empirical analysis on the complex relationship between arms embargoes, corruption, and foreign direct investment (FDI) in countries importing defense items. Less-developed countries—many that are at best institutionally weak and at worst corrupt—have become more important markets for defense firms. This, the chapter observes, creates an ethical minefield. The chapter further examines the effectiveness of arms embargoes. The evidentiary data gathered and analyzed in the chapter demonstrates that there is little evidence of a material effect and does not prove beyond doubt that embargoes would stop inflow of illicit weapons into sanctioned states. Apart from offering a preliminary analysis of an original data set, the chapter raises questions and identifies lines of research, both empirical and normative, that are essential to understanding and addressing the ethical issues related to arms embargoes, corruption, and FDI. Not least of these is the opportunity to explore a potential feedback mechanism, whereby defense spending attracts FDI but also pivots on corruption. The chapter lays the foundation for considering how this mechanism works in practice and for also considering potential future studies on how to ameliorate its effects.
Some Ethical Dimensions of Defense Offsets
Authors: Schoeni Daniel E. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the ethical dimensions of defense offsets, a widely practiced but understudied element of the international arms trade. Offsets are routinely condemned as an inherently corrupt transaction, or at least one that entails major corruption risks; but contrary to received opinion, offsets have been presumed guilty without receiving a fair appraisal. The chapter examines the three most common ethical complaints and finds all three require further study. Last, in what is the most original contribution, the chapter considers a case study of an ethical concern about offsets brought to the attention of the author by an industry insider. This is evocative precisely because it does not fit neatly into one of the three categories, suggesting that although ethical issues may exist, research about offsets thus far may concentrate on the wrong problems. Developing better policies requires a deeper understanding of offsets and identifying what the genuine ethical perils may be.
The Medes and the Kingdom of Mannea
Authors: Fuchs Andreas 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In the late ninth century bc the kingdom of Mannea and a multitude of Median chiefdoms first came into contact with the expanding Assyrian Empire, and for the next two and a half centuries, Assyrian sources shed light on western Iran and some of its peoples, cultures, and polities. This chapter explores the intertwined history of these states and communities. For most of the time, the Medes and their chieftains appear as helpless victims of Assyrian incursions and the insatiable Assyrian demand for horses, while Mannea was alternately a valuable ally of the Assyrian Empire, as well as a serious enemy of it, especially when allied with Cimmerian or Scythian raiders. However, at the end of the seventh century bc, the Medes united under one leader and destroyed both the Mannean kingdom and the Assyrian Empire, thus changing the course of Near Eastern history.
The Northeastern Regions of the Persian Empire
Authors: Minardi Michele 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Taking into consideration textual, material, and archaeological sources, this chapter offers an overview of the historical developments during the Persian imperial domination of Central Asia from the time of Cyrus II (ca. 600–530 bc) up to the events of 329–327 bc, when Alexander of Macedon’s invasion of the Persian Empire reached this vast region. This period is a key stage in the history and cultural shaping of Central Asia, but the severely restricted evidence available to us makes a precise reconstruction extremely difficult. Nevertheless, the chapter attempts a synthesis that highlights key historical processes and socioeconomic patterns and considers and interprets these in the light of the currently available evidence, especially on the basis of data from the most recent archaeological field research.
The Persian Empire
Authors: Brosius Maria 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Persians adopted and adapted selected cultural aspects and traits from their original homeland (Anšan, a part of Elam) as well as from the conquered kingdoms and lands, and subsequently amalgamated these into innovative features of Persian art and architecture, social and religious practices, as well as court life, that characterize Persian society and culture. From their empire’s hierarchical power structure to the royal court and court life, from expressions of kingship and the presentation of the king and his court to the monumental palace architecture and building projects, the Persians looked for inspiration at their imperial predecessors in Elam, Media, Urartu, Lydia, Babylonia, Assyria, and Egypt. With a particular focus on the role of imperial Persian court, the chapter discusses the role of clothing, meritocratic appointment practice, gift-giving, and marriage, all of which created power structures among the nobility, as well as the king’s investiture, royal audiences, and funerary rites. The chapter also analyzes the role of women and education at the court, as well as activities such as banqueting and hunting that brought the king in contact with his subjects. While the city of Persepolis is identified as the embodiment of Persian culture, the chapter focuses on the latter’s dissemination across the empire and beyond, in a process that may be identified as “Persianization,” as well as the level of influence of Persian culture and society.
Sunni Reassertion and the Crusades
Authors: Matthiesen Toby 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the crusades that resulted in the Victory of Sunni Internationalism. It starts with how the Sunni Saljuqs took Baghdad in 1055, which symbolised the start of the end of the Shii Century as Shiism ceased to be the religion of the current political powers. The deaths of Malik Shah and Nizam al-Mulk, and the lack of a clear succession plan allowed the Abbasid Caliphs to re-establish authority. Moreover, the Abbasid Caliphs emphasised pan-Islam and sought a rapprochement with the Shia. After the defeat of the last Crusader outposts by the Sunni Mamluks, Sunni rulers desired to punish people who cooperated with the Frank. However, some Shia saw the matter as an opportunity to regain the patronage of a major political power.
British India and Orientalism
Authors: Matthiesen Toby 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles how Orientalism was intertwined with British rule in India, where a large part of the British Empire’s Muslim subjects lived. Due to the academic discipline of Orientalism, religion was viewed as backward and invoked to justify why colonised peoples should remain as such. Moreover, modern states turned religion into an object of political struggles by declaring the majority and minority between religious groups. The chapter considers the response of either Muslim unity between Sunnis and Shia or the Sunni and Shii revivalisms and collective identities. It also explains that the modern state also changed people’s sectarian identities.
Ottoman Reorganisation and European Intervention
Authors: Matthiesen Toby 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the Ottoman transformations of the 19th century. It also discusses the Ottoman reorganisation that involved army reformation and European intervention. The Ottoman approach ranged between an adoption of European forms of political and military organisation and a reorganisation based on Ottoman and Islamic notions. The chapter elaborates on the European intervention, wherein political and military intervention coincided with the influx of goods from industrialising Europe and enriching a new class of often Christian intermediaries. It notes how the concept of Middle East people constituting a religious and ethnic mosaic unable to govern themselves served as the blueprint for the transformation of the Ottoman Empire’s Arab provinces after World War I.
Epilogue
Authors: Jong Jonathan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The final chapter reflects on what has been learned from the experiments covered in the preceding chapters. It begins by considering the difference between within- and between-subject experiments in the context of studying religion, and speculates about whether the former is more appropriate. It then turns to the question of whether religious beliefs are experimentally manipulable at all, whether directly or indirectly. Finally, the chapter turns to other scientific methods, returning to correlational studies covered in the first chapter, but also to longitudinal studies, which like experiments, may be amenable to causal inference. The chapter and book concludes on a note of humility and hope.
Explaining Role-Based Reasons
Authors: Blackman Reid 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Occupants of social roles have normative reasons that non-occupants lack. How do we explain this? Answering the question hinges on issues both in social ontology concerning the nature of social roles and in metaethics concerning the existence conditions for normative reasons. This chapter begins by laying out the conceptual terrain before sketching what is here called a ‘non-normative’ account of roles in social ontology: a view that rejects the normative account which takes roles to be identical to a set of normative relations. The chapter then articulates and defends a novel account of role-based reasons, Role Pluralism. According to Role Pluralism, role-based normative reasons are externalist (i.e. they do not depend on the motivational constitution of role occupants) and non-hierarchical (i.e. the reason-giving power of a role does not depend on any other role or anything external to a role for that power). Finally, the chapter explains why the most common objection to this view—that immoral roles cannot provide normative reasons—is irrelevant.
Optical Multidimensional Coherent Spectroscopy
Authors: Li Hebin , Lomsadze Bachana , Moody Galan , Smallwood Christopher , Cundiff Steven 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Optical multidimensional coherent spectroscopy provides information about the structure and excitation dynamics in a broad range of material systems. This book focuses on systems of interest in physics, including atomic vapors, semiconductor nanostructures and two-dimensional materials. An introduction to ultrafast spectroscopy and the fundamental concepts of multidimensional coherent spectroscopy applies to all material systems. Relevant experimental implementations, including phase-stabilized crossed-beams, frequency-tagged fully-collinear, three-dimensional and frequency-comb based methods. The use of the method to study atomic vapors, semiconductor quantum wells, semiconductor quantum dots and two-dimensional materials are described in separate chapters. The final chapters survey the use of the method in some other areas and speculate on future directions.
Experimental implementations
Authors: Li Hebin , Lomsadze Bachana , Moody Galan , Smallwood Christopher L. , Cundiff Steven T. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Experimental implementations of optical multi-dimensional coherent spectroscopy (MDCS) are discussed in this chapter. The chapter starts with an overview of experimental approaches along with the general experimental requirements and considerations in implementing MDCS. Two specific approaches of using the actively stabilized box geometry and the phase modulated collinear geometry are discussed and compared. The last section discusses the analysis of experimental data for generating multi-dimensional spectra.
New trends in multidimensional coherent spectroscopy
Authors: Li Hebin , Lomsadze Bachana , Moody Galan , Smallwood Christopher L. , Cundiff Steven T. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
New developments in implementation of optical multidimensional spectroscopy are presented. These include broadening the spectral range from terahertz to x-ray wavelengths, expanding the classes of materials that can be studied with the technique. Methods for improving the spatial resolution through, for example, tip-enhanced 2D spectroscopy, are discussed. Other methods for excitation and detection are present, including using non-classical light for excitation and detecting signals through photoemission of electrons.
No-Self and the Phenomenology of Ownership
Authors: Chadha Monima 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that Vasubandhu’s no-self view can be plausibly interpreted as a no-ownership view, according to which there is no locus or subject of experience and thus no owner of mental or bodily awareness. The chapter offers a defense of Vasubandhu’s view against the charge that the no-ownership view is self-refuting. My experiences seemingly come with the sense that I am the one who is undergoing this experience. Thus, the Abhidharma philosopher is left with the burden of explaining the phenomenological sense of agency. It is argued that there is nothing that it is like to be an owner of experiences, in the sense that there is no experiential phenomenology associated with ownership.
Polar questions
Authors: Kandybowicz Jason , Baron Bertille , Duncan Philip T. , Katsuda Hironori 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed description and analysis of the syntax and pragmatics of Ikpana polar questions. The unmarked polar interrogative strategy in the language involves the use of a clause-final question morpheme that is realized as a lengthened utterance-final vowel, but several clause-final discourse particles may also be employed. Three such particles are identified. One marker is fully optional in root yes/no questions and conveys speaker attitude, but is obligatory in indirect polar interrogatives. Another optional particle gives rise to advice/warning/surprise implicatures. The third discourse particle has the most limited distribution, surfacing exclusively in questions involving focus. These three markers are in complementary distribution. The syntax of these particles is investigated and shown to provide insights into the structure of the clausal left periphery. The chapter also discusses the following phenomena: alternative questions, rhetorical questions, tag questions, and the encoding of emotions via clause-final particles.
MY EARTHSEA
Authors: Plotz John 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
An occasion to talk about why fantasy and science fiction still remain so central to my own imaginative and professional life. It begins, though, from an appreciation of all the things that Le Guin does to make her books available to her readers—in fact how she empties out Earthsea, in the best possible way. Le Guin is always devoted to creating a space those who come after can inhabit it as their own. There is an earlier me who wanted simply to live in other worlds. The whisper that tempts me to write about Le Guin comes from 1975, from the second floor of my local library, where they turned on the fluorescent overheads and left you alone all afternoon.
European Constitutional Imaginaries
Authors: Přibáň Jiří 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the polysemy and polyvalence of the European constitutional imaginaries of pluralism, calculemus, imperium, and communitas. It argues that these imaginaries have to be distinguished from the imagination of EU constitutional theory. They spontaneously evolve in European society and, despite their theoretical contextualizations and uses, cannot be purposively constructed by theorists to justify the integration and constitutionalization of Europe. Imaginaries are societal power, which precedes the structures of political power and constitutes the common understanding of social reality despite all its fragmentations, diffusions, and differentiations. The chapter thus highlights the sociological meaning of the concept of imaginary as the background power of both national and transnational legal and political systems which determines legitimacies and illegitimacies in EU law and politics. It subsequently analyses specific imaginaries of EU integration and their general components. It concludes by arguing that these European constitutional imaginaries are part of the societal constitutionalism of the EU, beyond constraints of law and politics and the old semantics driven by the imaginary unity of statehood.
Ideologies and Imaginaries of Legitimacy from the 1950s to Today
Authors: Sternberg Claudia Schrag 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces changes in EU-official discourse around EU legitimacy since the 1950s, and relates these to the trajectory described, for modern democracy at large, by Pierre Rosanvallon in his Democratic Legitimacy: Impartiality, Reflexivity, Proximity (2011). It explores to what extent the European Community suffered from the same breakdown of democratic legitimacy as the one he observes for national modern democracies in the 1980s, and to what extent the European institutions looked to the same alternative modes of legitimation. The chapter finds important differences, in particular regarding the balance between electoral and bureaucratic legitimacy in the earlier years of integration, as well as significant similarities and interaction, manifested in a striking resonance between particular EU-official legitimation strategies and Rosanvallon’s alternative legitimation modes. It suggests, finally, that the ways in which these played out in the EU context point to dangers inherent to them, as well as their potentials.
The Imaginary and the Unconscious
Authors: Lev Amnon 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter interrogates the role of ideas in Neil Walker’s theory of constitutional pluralism. The first section of the chapter situates Walker’s work in relation to the body of state-centric constitutional theory. It shows the steps Walker takes to attach his theory to past constitutionalisms, and it argues that the focus on theory leads him to blank out the question of state practice. The second section considers the ideas and conceptual moves that pass from the body of constitutional theory to Walker’s theory. In the third section, the chapter shows that the continuity between past and present formats of constitutional theory rests upon a historically specific intuition of political life. It argues that the changes Walker makes to his theory can be explained in terms of the passing of a specific historical conjuncture, in which law could transcribe politics and keep economic rationality at bay.
Constitutional Patriotism as Europe’s Public Philosophy?
Authors: Linden-Retek Paul 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter critiques Jürgen Habermas’s concept of constitutional patriotism—and its basis in his discourse theory of democracy and law—from the analytic perspective of ‘constitutional imaginaries’, and details the consequences of this critique for the constitutional discourse of the contemporary European judiciary. In the first instance, analysis of constitutional imaginaries reveals the extent to which civic attachment to constitutional law is oriented not merely to legal principles simpliciter but also to the historical settlement of political conflict those principles reflect. This suggests that the plurality of constitutional imaginaries in the European legal space poses additional difficulties for inspiring civic attachments post-nationally. Second, understanding Habermas’s work in this light opens new avenues for rethinking the interpretive and structural tasks to which Europe’s juridical institutions should be directed. In particular, the chapter proposes more responsive forms of proceduralism able to sustain the reflexivity of constitutional imagination that post-national politics requires.
On the New German Ideology
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Abstract: The dominant constitutional ideology in post-war Europe is based on a fear of democracy, constituent power, and popular sovereignty, and a desire for political and economic stability. Constitutional relations are transformed over time through a mixture of political authoritarianism and economic liberalism, in a combination of domestic and supranational developments. The transformation also has a utopian dimension, and outlining its utopianism can help identify its ideological character. It is captured by such related terms as ‘post-politics’, ‘post-nationalism’, ‘post-sovereignty’, and ‘the end of history’. These terms all point to the way in which authoritarian liberalism is maintained not only—and perhaps not even predominantly—through coercion and consent but also in the grey area in between, namely through practices and beliefs that suggest politics can be transcended and the medium of law can reign supreme. We may call this the new German ideology. It has gradually come to dominate the European constitutional imagination. Although it was unsettled after Maastricht and entered a critical phase after the financial crisis, the new German ideology remains relatively resilient. It benefits from the acquiescence of a critical theory that has lost its moorings and a political system that is able to incorporate aspects of authoritarian populism, even as the centre ground appears increasingly unstable.