bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proof and proving in school and university mathematics education research: a systematic review
Authors: Stylianides Gabriel J. , Stylianides Andreas J. , Moutsios-Rentzos Andreas 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis systematic review aims to provide a complementary to existing synopses of the state-of-the-art of mathematics education research onproofandprovingin both school and university mathematics. As an organizing framework, we used Cohen et al.’s triadic conceptualization of instruction, which draws attention not only to the main actors of the didactical process (i.e., theTeacherandStudents) and theContentaround which the actors’ work is organized (herein, content related to proof and proving), but also to the relationships among the actors and the content. Out of the 103 papers we reviewed, almost half fell in the Student-Content category, which is consistent with the existence of a substantial number of frameworks, methods, and research findings related to students’ engagement with proof and proving. About a quarter of the papers fell in the Student–Teacher-Content category, which reflects an emphasis on viewing instructional practice in proof and proving in a holistic, systemic way. Only few papers fell in the categories that did not include Content in them, namely, the categories of Student, Teacher, and Student–Teacher; this suggests mathematics education research on proof and proving has a strong disciplinary identity, which potentially differentiates it from other mathematics education research strands. About a fifth of the papers were oriented towards ‘breaking ground’ through making an explicit theoretical and/or methodological contribution (Student–Teacher-Content and Content were the main categories where such contributions appeared), whilst the majority of the papers were focused on ‘building ground’ through elaborating or employing existing methodological and/or theoretical approaches.
Armut, Klassismus und Organisationen
Authors: Prigge Jessica , Simon Stephanie , Kerle Anja 
Published: August 2023

ZusammenfassungArmut als gesamtgesellschaftliches Problem und in Verbindung mit ökologischen Fragen stellt Organisationen der Sozialen Arbeit und der Kindheitspädagogik zugleich vor alte und neue Herausforderungen. Diesen Schwerpunkt einleitend werden Perspektiven auf Armut und Organisationen angerissen, die einen solidarischen, auf Emanzipation zielenden Umgang zu ermöglichen suchen. Über den bisherigen Tellerrand blicken sie hinaus, indem mit Bezug auf Beiträge des Schwerpunktes ökologische Fragen in den Blick genommen werden sowie Fragen nach der Rolle der (organisierten) Sozialen Arbeit in Selbstorganisationszusammenhängen potenziell armutserfahrener Menschen.
Local Agents of International Justice? On the Role of Subnational Units in Refugee Protection
Authors: Tanasoca Ana 
Published: August 2023

AbstractRefugee protection depends, minimally, on the identification of agents capable of discharging international obligations in this area of international law. Commonly discussed “agents of justice” include states, IOs, and NGOs. This article focuses on a different set of actors: subnational units (cities, states, and provinces in federal States) and the legal mechanisms they may use to discharge international obligations in the area of refugee protection. I advance three distinct theoretical models for understanding subnational units’ responsibilities vis-à-vis international law: (1) derived delegated responsibilities; (2) derived back-up responsibilities; and (3) assumed responsibilities. I conclude by sketching some ways in which subnational units could play an even more salient role in the promotion of international law.
Units of Selection
Authors: Suárez Javier , Lloyd Elisabeth A. 
Published: August 2023

This Element introduces the Disambiguating Project (DP) about the units of selection. By DP, the authors mean the thesis that the expression 'units of selection' refers to at least three non-co-extensional functional concepts: interactor, replicator/reproducer/reconstitutor, and manifestor of adaptation/type-1 agent. They present each concept and demonstrate the necessity of their isolation, because each of them responds to a distinct question about the units of selection, and these distinct questions are not always posed in combination in today's biological research. They further apply the framework to the analysis of the debates concerning the Evolutionary Transitions in Individuality (ETI) and argue that the DP interprets the ETI better than any project rejecting the three meanings of 'units of selection.' Thus, they claim that the differentiation between at least these three functional concepts is fundamental to clarify some conceptual confusions in biology, which rest on the conflation of these distinct meanings.
Expropriation Risk and Investment: A Natural Experiment
Authors: Bhambhwani Siddharth M. , Dong Hui , Huang Allen H. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis article uses the enactment of China’s 2007 Property Law (the Law), which reduces the risk of expropriation by local governments, as the setting to investigate the importance of property rights protection for private firm investment. Using propensity score matching and a difference-in-differences design, we find that firms facing weaker property rights protection prior to the Law significantly increase their investment and investment efficiency after the Law. Cross-sectional analyses document evidence consistent with a decrease in firms’ perceived expropriation risk as the main mechanism underlying the Law’s effect. Finally, we show that the Law improves local economic outcomes and employment.
Listening evaluation of cochlear implant users: comparison of subjective and objective evaluation by visual analogue scale
Authors: Yano T , Tomioka R , Shirai K , Nishiyama N , Tsukahara K 
Published: August 2023

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to use short-form visual analogue scale cochlear implantation questionnaires to evaluate subjective aspects at each out-patient visit. The correlation between subjective hearing tests using the short-form visual analogue scale and objective hearing outcomes was evaluated.MethodThis study was conducted in a single centre. Cochlear implant users (n = 199) evaluated their hearing on a scale of 0 to 100 for the right, left and both ears. The Japanese speech perception test (CI-2004) Japanese monosyllable speech perception test (67-S) and cochlear implantation threshold were used for the objective cochlear implantation evaluation.ResultsA significant correlation was found between the short-form visual analogue scale questionnaire and objective hearing outcome, for words (r = 0.64) and sentences (r = 0.62) in CI-2004 and 67-S (r = 0.56) tests. No significant correlation was found between the short-form visual analogue scale score and cochlear implantation threshold (r = −0.18).ConclusionShort-form visual analogue scale cochlear implantation questionnaires mean cochlear implant users spend less time answering subjective visual analogue scale questionnaires, and clinicians estimate a patient's cochlear implantation hearing and abnormality by chronological evaluation.
Noise-induced hearing loss in the pre-industrial era: early contributions in De Morbis Artificum by Bernardino Ramazzini (1633–1714)
Authors: Paladino M E , Belingheri M , Mazzagatti R , Riva M A 
Published: August 2023

AbstractObjectiveNoise-induced hearing loss is the most prevalent occupational disease worldwide and is historically associated with the Industrial Revolution. This study analyses early descriptions of this disorder during the pre-industrial period in the work of the Italian physician Bernardino Ramazzini (1633–1714).MethodPrimary and secondary historical literature were reviewed.ResultsRamazzini described hearing loss in corn millers and in coppersmiths and recognised that this disorder is irreversible and progressive when exposure to noise continues. He also seemed to describe tinnitus. He further suggested the use of earplugs as a preventive measure for these classes of workers. Ramazzini's anatomical and pathological knowledge appears to be based on ancient authors; he did not discuss contemporaneous medical authors’ work on hearing function.ConclusionDespite some limitations, Ramazzini's work appears pioneering for his time and represents an important milestone in the history of otolaryngology.
Evaluation of Eustachian tube dimensions by temporal bone computed tomography in patients with chronic otitis media
Authors: Taylan Cebi Isil , Bayram Ozlem , Gocgun Nurdan , Yilmaz Behice Kaniye , Karatas Abdullah 
Published: August 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo clarify the relationship between Eustachian tube dimensions and chronic otitis media aetiology using temporal bone computed tomography.MethodsThe data of 231 adults who had undergone surgery for unilateral chronic otitis media were reviewed retrospectively. Diseased and healthy ears were enrolled in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Group 1A included chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma (n = 28) and group 1B included chronic otitis media without cholesteatoma (n = 203). The Eustachian tube dimensions of groups 1 and 2 were compared, to clarify the relationship between the Eustachian tube dimensions and chronic otitis media aetiology. Groups 1A and 1B were compared to assess the effect of Eustachian tube dimensions on cholesteatoma development.ResultsThe Eustachian tube was shorter, narrower and located more horizontally in ears with chronic otitis media. No significant difference was found between groups 1A and 1B.ConclusionEustachian tube dimensions are closely related to chronic otitis media aetiopathology, but are not related to cholesteatoma development.
Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies
Authors: Holland C. , Bass E.M. , Orlov D.M. , McClenaghan J. , Lyons B.C. , Grierson B.A. , Jian X. , Howard N.T. , Rodriguez-Fernandez P. 
Published: August 2023

The OMFIT STEP (Meneghini et al., Nucl. Fusion, vol. 10, 2020, p. 1088) workflow has been used to develop inductive and steady-state H-mode core plasma scenario use cases for a

$B_0 = 8 \, {\rm T}$

,

$R_0 = 4 \, {\rm m}$

machine to help guide and inform future higher-fidelity studies of core transport and confinement in compact tokamak reactors. Both use cases are designed to produce 200 MW or more of net electric power in an up-down symmetric plasma with minor radius

$a = 1.4 \, {\rm m}$

, elongation

$\kappa = 2.0$

, triangularity

$\delta = 0.5$

and effective charge

$Z_{{\rm eff}} \simeq 2$

. Additional considerations based on the need for compatibility of the core with reactor-relevant power exhaust solutions and external actuators were used to guide and constrain the use case development. An extensive characterization of core transport in both scenarios is presented, the most important feature of which is the extreme sensitivity of the results to the quantitative stiffness level of the transport model used as well as the predicted critical gradients. This sensitivity is shown to arise from different levels of transport stiffness exhibited by the models, combined with the gyroBohm-normalized fluxes of the predictions being an order of magnitude larger than other H-mode plasmas. Additionally, it is shown that although heating in both plasmas is predominantly to the electrons and collisionality is low, the plasmas remain sufficiently well coupled for the ions to carry a significant fraction of the thermal transport. As neoclassical transport is negligible in these conditions, this situation inherently requires long-wavelength ion gyroradius-scale turbulence to be the dominant transport mechanism in both plasmas. These results are combined with other basic considerations to propose a simple heuristic model of transport in reactor-relevant plasmas, along with simple metrics to quantify coupling and core transport properties across burning and non-burning plasmas.
The real cause of our complicity: The preoccupation with human weakness
Authors: Hertwig Ralph 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chater & Loewenstein offer an incisive criticism of how behavioral sciences and public policy have become complicit with corporations in blaming public health and societal problems on individual weaknesses, thus deflecting support away from systemic reforms. However, their analysis stops short of holding the field to account in one important respect: its preoccupation with human irrationality and weakness.
When nudges have societal-level impact
Authors: Johnson Eric J. , Mrkva Kellen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Individual-level research in behavioral science can have massive impact and create system-level changes, as several recent mandates and other policy actions have shown. Although not every nudge creates long-term behavior change, defaults and other forms of choice architecture can not only change individual behavior but also reduce inequities and lead to changes in public policy and norms.
Use behavioral research to improve the feasibility and effectiveness of system-level policy
Authors: Cherry Todd L. , Kallbekken Steffen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Individual-level interventions are inadequate to address complex societal problems. Meaningful solutions require system-level policies that alter the incentives that govern behavior. We argue that individual-level interventions can help improve both the feasibility and effectiveness of system-level interventions, especially when designed as an integrated policy package.
COVID-19 cluster identification and support vector machine classifier model construction using global healthcare and socio-economic features
Authors: Guha Soumya Kanti , Sadhukhan Sandip , Niyogi Sougata 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Coronaviruses of the human variety have been the culprit of global epidemics of varying levels of lethality, including COVID-19, which has impacted more than 200 countries and resulted in 5.7 million fatalities as of May 2022. Effective clinical management necessitates the allocation of sufficient resources and the employment of appropriately skilled personnel. The elderly population and individuals with diabetes are at increased risk of more severe manifestations of COVID-19. Countries with a higher gross domestic product (GDP) typically exhibit superior health outcomes and reduced mortality rates. Here, we suggest a predictive model for the density of medical doctors and nursing personnel for 134 countries using a support vector machine (SVM). The model was trained in 107 countries and tested in 27, with promising results shown by the kappa statistics and ROC analysis. The SVM model used for predictions showed promising results with a high level of agreement between actual and predicted cluster values.
A study towards contextual understanding of toxicity in online conversations
Authors: Madhyastha Pranava , Founta Antigoni , Specia Lucia 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIdentifying and annotating toxic online content on social media platforms is an extremely challenging problem. Work that studies toxicity in online content has predominantly focused on comments as independent entities. However, comments on social media are inherently conversational, and therefore, understanding and judging the comments fundamentally requires access to the context in which they are made. We introduce a study and resulting annotated dataset where we devise a number of controlled experiments on the importance of context and other observable confounders – namely gender, age and political orientation – towards the perception of toxicity in online content. Our analysis clearly shows the significance of context and the effect of observable confounders on annotations. Namely, we observe that the ratio of toxic to non-toxic judgements can be very different for each control group, and a higher proportion of samples are judged toxic in the presence of contextual information.
Forest Resilience in the Himalayas Inferred From Tree Growth After Earthquake Disturbances
Authors: Pandey Jayram , Camarero J. Julio , Lu Xiaoming , Sigdel Shalik Ram , Gao Shan , Liang Eryuan 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe Himalayas are one of the most seismically active regions in the world; thus, experiencing frequent catastrophic earthquakes. A growing body of evidence has shown that large earthquakes severely impact on forest ecosystems, particularly in mountain regions. However, little is known about the impact of severe earthquakes on Himalayan forests. Herein, we analyzed tree radial growth patterns following major earthquakes that occurred in 1833, 1905, 1916, 1934, and 1936 in the Himalayas. Based on 46 tree‐ring sites, 77%, 64%, 73%, 72%, and 77% of total analyzed trees showed responses to these seismic events, respectively. On average, 72% of responsive trees undergo growth suppressions following the earthquake events. Superposed epoch analysis showed a strong growth decline 1–5 years after the earthquake. A negative relationship was found between the percentage of responsive trees and the distance of the tree‐ring site from the earthquake's epicenter. The mean time required for 75% of trees to recover reached 5, 5, 5, 13, and 28 years following the earthquake of 1833, 1905, 1916, 1934, and 1936, respectively. The recovery time after a low growth period showed a negative relationship with the distance to earthquake's epicenter. However, the growth resistance improved with increasing distance from the epicenter. Thus, forests located close to earthquakes' epicenters can serve as reliable archive for the reconstruction of earthquakes' impacts. As the Himalayas are prone to earthquakes, adaptive management strategies are required to minimize the impacts of earthquakes on the mountain forest ecosystem.
Structural Analysis of Nano Core PCF With Fused Cladding for Supercontinuum Generation in 6G Networks
Authors: Anbazhagan Rajesh , Chandru S. , Chinthaginjala Ravikumar , Bagadi Kalapraveen , Alibakhshikenari Mohammad , Virdee Bal S. , Ali Syed Mansoor , Dayoub Iyad , Livreri Patrizia , Aïssa Sonia 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe Sixth Generation (6G) networks have identified the use of frequency range between 95 GHz and 3 THz with a targeted data rate of 1 Terabytes/second at the access network for holographic video applications. As is demands broadening of spectrum at the core network, this paper proposes a Supercontinuum Generation (SCG) through photonic crystal fiber (PCF) as it provides excellent broadening of the optical spectrum. Discussed in the paper is supercontinuum generation at high pumping power as per the standards specified by the International Telecommunications Union. The proposed PCF is designed with silicon nanocrystal core and the cladding microstructures is arranged in a fusion approach to effectively optimize the optical parameters such as dispersion, nonlinearity, birefringence, group‐velocity dispersion, and confinement loss. The fused cladding comprises of a flower‐cladding assembly in which air‐holes arrangement is inspired from petals in a pleated structure. Such arrangement is shown here to provide high nonlinearity and negative dispersion for high power supercontinuum generation. The novel nanocore assembly with improved structural constraints delivers a non‐linearity of 6.37 × 106 W−1 km−1 and a negative dispersion of −142.1 (ps/nm‐km) at 1,550 nm. Moreover, a supercontinuum spectrum is generated using different pulse widths ranging from 350 to 650 ps with 25 kW pump power for PCF lengths of 10 and 15 mm.
Widespread retreat of coastal habitat is likely at warming levels above 1.5 °C
Authors: Saintilan Neil , Horton Benjamin , Törnqvist Torbjörn E. , Ashe Erica L. , Khan Nicole S. , Schuerch Mark , Perry Chris , Kopp Robert E. , Garner Gregory G. , Murray Nicholas , Rogers Kerrylee , Albert Simon , Kelleway Jeffrey , Shaw Timothy A. , Woodroffe Colin D. , Lovelock Catherine E. , Goddard Madeline M. , Hutley Lindsay B. , Kovalenko Katya , Feher Laura , Guntenspergen Glenn 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSeveral coastal ecosystems—most notably mangroves and tidal marshes—exhibit biogenic feedbacks that are facilitating adjustment to relative sea-level rise (RSLR), including the sequestration of carbon and the trapping of mineral sediment1. The stability of reef-top habitats under RSLR is similarly linked to reef-derived sediment accumulation and the vertical accretion of protective coral reefs2. The persistence of these ecosystems under high rates of RSLR is contested3. Here we show that the probability of vertical adjustment to RSLR inferred from palaeo-stratigraphic observations aligns with contemporary in situ survey measurements. A deficit between tidal marsh and mangrove adjustment and RSLR is likely at 4 mm yr−1 and highly likely at 7 mm yr−1 of RSLR. As rates of RSLR exceed 7 mm yr−1, the probability that reef islands destabilize through increased shoreline erosion and wave over-topping increases. Increased global warming from 1.5 °C to 2.0 °C would double the area of mapped tidal marsh exposed to 4 mm yr−1 of RSLR by between 2080 and 2100. With 3 °C of warming, nearly all the world’s mangrove forests and coral reef islands and almost 40% of mapped tidal marshes are estimated to be exposed to RSLR of at least 7 mm yr−1. Meeting the Paris agreement targets would minimize disruption to coastal ecosystems.
LTP induction by structural rather than enzymatic functions of CaMKII
Authors: Tullis Jonathan E. , Larsen Matthew E. , Rumian Nicole L. , Freund Ronald K. , Boxer Emma E. , Brown Carolyn Nicole , Coultrap Steven J. , Schulman Howard , Aoto Jason , Dell’Acqua Mark L. , Bayer K. Ulrich 
Published: August 2023

AbstractLearning and memory are thought to require hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), and one of the few central dogmas of molecular neuroscience that has stood undisputed for more than three decades is that LTP induction requires enzymatic activity of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)1–3. However, as we delineate here, the experimental evidence is surprisingly far from conclusive. All previous interventions inhibiting enzymatic CaMKII activity and LTP4–8 also interfere with structural CaMKII roles, in particular binding to the NMDA-type glutamate receptor subunit GluN2B9–14. Thus, we here characterized and utilized complementary sets of new opto-/pharmaco-genetic tools to distinguish between enzymatic and structural CaMKII functions. Several independent lines of evidence demonstrated LTP induction by a structural function of CaMKII rather than by its enzymatic activity. The sole contribution of kinase activity was autoregulation of this structural role via T286 autophosphorylation, which explains why this distinction has been elusive for decades. Directly initiating the structural function in a manner that circumvented this T286 role was sufficient to elicit robust LTP, even when enzymatic CaMKII activity was blocked.