bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Tillage Depths and Addition of Organic Acids on some Physical Properties and Yield of Wheat (Triticum eastvum L.)
Authors: Hassan Dunia Abdel Amir , Abboud Ahmed Marza , Kadhem Hanoon Nahi 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The experiment was carried out in the field at the first research station (Al Bandar) affiliated to the College of Agriculture - University of Al-Muthanna, 5 km from the center of the city of Samawah during the agricultural season 2021-2022 in order to study the effect of plowing depth and the addition of organic acid based on the physical properties in soil and wheat yield (Triticum eastvum L.) The experiment was designed as a factorial on the basis of a split plot design and in (R.C.B.D) design. The experiment included two factors. The first factor was the plowing depths that included three levels of plowing depths (8, 16 and 24) cm and symbolized by (D1, D2, and D3) respectively. The second was the addition of humic and fulvic organic acids, which included five levels (0, 10, 20, 30, 40) liters H-1 and symbolized by H0, H1, H2, H3, and H4 in sequence, subsequently the land was divided into experimental units, and 45 experimental units contained three Sectors, which included the area of one experimental unit (2×2) m2. 8 lines, each 2 m in length, were spaced 20 cm apart to make up the experimental unit, the distance between 75 cm was left between one repeater and another. Then the harvest stage was on 22/4/2022, and the yield was measured The moisture content, apparent and real density, porosity, and grain yield, and the results showed the following: the addition of organic acids at a level of 40 liters of H-1 (H4) affected the reduction of the bulk density (1.277) g.cm-3 and increased the soil moisture (40.56%) and the porosity (51.25%) while it exceeded the level of 30 liters H-1 (H3). ) in the grain yield amounted to (5,489) mcg ha-1. The depth of plowing affected, as the depth D1 exceeded (8) cm in reducing the bulk density (1.276) and the porosity increased (51.21)%, while the depth D3 (24) cm exceeded in the moisture content (36.87), while the depth of (16) cm exceeded D2 in The grain yield reached (5.571) mcg ha-1 The interactions between the added organic fertilizers H3 and the depth of tillage D2 significantly affected the increase in grain yield, which amounted to 5.519 mcg ha-1.
Assessment of Water Quality in Bawashaswar Dam/Kifri During Red Tide
Authors: Sarhat Abdulmutalib Raafat , Ali Shagul Abubaker , Mohsin Muhammad 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In summer 2021, water in Bawashaswar Dam turned red as a result of drought, decreasing in water supply and presence of high amount of anthropogenic pollutants. This strange situation had not happened in the region before, raising concerns among water users. In the present study, 12 samples were collected from various locations inside the reservoir. The selected physicochemical parameters include turbidity, pH, dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness (TH), Magnesium (Mg+2), Calcium (Ca+2), Sulfate (SO4
-2), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), Iron (Fe+2) and Fluoride (F-) were analyzed and were also used to determine water quality index (WQI). The results were obtained on the weighted arithmetic index (WAI) method. So, the parameters of water quality were found to be very high exceeding the limit range. This indicated that water in the reservoir has poor water quality and cannot be used either for drinking, irrigation, and fish culture.
Spatial Variability of Some Soil Microorganisms
Authors: Hadi Teeba Abdel Karim Abdel , Jubeir Amal Radhi , Hussain Mohammed A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The study area was chosen in the field of the College of Agriculture of Al-Qasim Green University, confined between longitudes 22.6° 22° 044° to 00.9° 24° 0.44° east and between latitudes 19.3° 21° 32° to 21.7° 24° 32° N, and the study area was interlocked and identified The coordinates were obtained by GPS, as samples were obtained from 40 sites of cultivated soils. For two surface depths 0-30 cm and sub-surface 30-60 cm and 40 sites for leftover soils of two depths as well, The volumetric analysis results showed that the variability of the microorganisms in the soil was that the Azotobacter bacteria were the most heterogeneous compared to the Bacillus bacteria, and that the content of Azotobacter was higher in the soil than the Bacillus bacteria, and the agricultural use had an effect on the presence of these microorganisms and their heterogeneity.
Appropriateness of Land and Crop Selection for an Area in Iraq Al-Salamiyat
Authors: Fadhel Batool Mohammed , Ali Iyad Kazem , Khalaf Waleed Mohammed 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Al-Salamiyat project, which is situated inside the administrative boundaries of Baghdad Governorate and has a total size estimated at 2621 hectares, required a study to assess the lands for cereal crops (wheat, barley, and maize). The study region was visited and examined repeatedly in order to set up and gather data; take soil models; observe the land cover; the level of soil salinity; the kind of agricultural use; and the planted crops. The internodes project was covered by satellite imagery retrieved from the satellite sentinel (2B) Al-Mashhad (SMC) for the month of March 2021. The soil model’s physical and chemical characteristics were estimated. The analyses’ findings demonstrated that the research area’s soils had a degree of interaction (PH), as estimated values for this characteristic ranged from 7.05 for soil model No. 8 to 7.9 for model No. 11, or neutral to medium basal. Because most of the study area’s lands are used for agriculture and have a high percentage of vegetative cover, the majority of the soils there contain modest amounts to moderately moderate salt. Carbonate minerals factor: According to Sys et alsuggestions.’s from 1993, the carbonate minerals factor estimations for wheat and barley harvests were 95% for all soils of the study area, and the final estimates for maize yield ranged from 60% to 85%. According to the findings, the estimations of the amount of exchanged sodium in the study area’s soils were a non-specific factor for the growth of the chosen crops and were given an estimate higher than 95%.. The evaluation of the soil’s properties for the research area’s specified crops showed that the (S1) variety is extremely suited for growing wheat, barley, and yellow corn due to the absence of determinants, while the (S2) class is moderate and acceptable for growing wheat and maize due to high salinity.
The Role of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Soil Surveying and Classification
Authors: Saleh Teeba Muzaffar , Jubeir Amal Rahi , Al-Tememe Mohammed Sallal Oleiwi 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The use of GIS is a technology that is not new, but it is constantly evolving, and that reliance on it in the agricultural field is increasing dramatically. By observing the vegetation cover and physical soil characteristics such as color, texture, water holding capacity and erosion, and soil chemical characteristics, especially evaluating the fertility of the soil for several years, it has become easy to employ this technology in soil surveys and land classification. Through geographic information systems, satellite images and remote sensing data, the studied lands expanded and it became easy to predict the characteristics of these lands in the future through simulating data with mathematical models. In addition, access to rugged and remote areas became easier through satellite images. Finally, this technology is considered as a shortening of time, effort and money to produce maps, graphs, or tables with flexibility, high accuracy, and abundant information that can be used at the present time to make important decisions or in the future.
Effect of Azospirillum brasilense Addition and Organic Matter on Irrigation Efficiency, NPK Availability and Wheat Yield (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Sawadi Sadiq Zayed , Noni Ghanem Bahloul 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
For the purpose of studying the effect of adding bio-bacterial fertilizer and levels of organic matter on irrigation efficiency and the available of some nutrients and on the yield of wheat plant (Triticum aestivum L.), a field experiment was carried out during the agricultural season 2021-2022 in one of the farms Located in Al-Muthanna Governorate / Al-Majd District, the investigation was applied using the randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D.) according to the system of factorial experiments inside the incision and with three replications, The treatment of irrigation periods in the main panels and the factorial treatments of biological and organic fertilization in Secondary panels, The biological fertilization treatments included the use of two levels (adding the bacterial vaccine and not adding it) and the organic fertilization treatments (buffalo waste) in which three levels were used (0, 40, 80 tons ha-1), while the treatments of the irrigation periods were At two levels (50 and 75%) of the field capacity. The results indicated that the treatment of adding bio-fertilizer was significantly superior to the comparison treatment. The highest values were recorded in each of the concentrations of N.P.K. available in the soil after harvest, achieving an increase of (26.81%, 13.21%, and 12.85%) sequentially, as well as the percentage increase in the number density of A.brasilense bacteria in the soil during the flowering stage was 73.03%, The percentage of increase achieved in each of the characteristics of biological yield and grain yield was (19.80%, 5.17%) respectively. Whereas the levels of organic matter were significantly affected, achieving an increase in the concentration of N.P.K. available in the soil (31.30%, 48.33% and 29.22%), respectively, the numbers of A.brasilense in the soil during the flowering stage 37.33%, biological yield 32.88%, and grain yield 20.09%. As for the irrigation periods, they did not significantly affect the studied Adjectives.
Evaluation of the Fertility Status of some Soil Series of the North Tikrit Agricultural Project using Geospatial Technologies
Authors: Musarhad Ahmed Hamed , Farhan Mohammed Jarullah , Khalaf Ayad Abdullah 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The survey aimed to study the fertility status of some of the soil chains of the North Tikrit Agricultural Project using geospatial technologies. Part of the project area (246.555) km2 was selected on the basis of heterogeneity in soil characteristics, the productive status of agricultural crops and the area formed by the soil series. as the study area is located at longitudes (43 °27′ 30) and (43°12′30) east and two latitudes (35°15′0) and (35°0′0′) north. Which included five soil chains and then obtained 44 soil models from the surface layer 0 - 30 cm distributed over the soil series and recorded some observations and field information. Physical qualities (Soil texture, bulk density), chemical qualities (degree of soil reaction, electrical conductivity, calcium carbonate, gypsum, cation exchange capacity and organic matter) and fertility qualities (total, ready, dissolved, total phosphorus, ready, dissolved and dissolved potassium) were estimated and analyzed. Its maps were mapped according to the technique of spatial derivation of the inverted distance median (IWD) using ArcGIS Ver.10.1, as well as monitoring changes to the vegetation and soil state of the project soil using space visualizations acquired on May 15 and 25 of 2002 and respectively 2022. The results reached.
Effect of Different Soil Organic Carbon Content in Different Soils on Water Holding Capacity and Soil Health
Authors: Masood Tareq K. , Ali Nooruldeen S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
An experiment was carried out to study the effect of soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil texture on the distance of the wetting front, cumulative water infiltration (I), infiltration rate (IR), saturated water conductivity (Ks), and water holding capacity (WHC). Three levels ( 0, 10, 20, and 30 g OC kg-1 ) from organic carbon (OC) were mixed with different soil materials sandy, loam, and clay texture soils. Field capacity (FC) and permanent wilting point (PWP) were estimated. Soil materials were placed in transparent plastic columns(12 cm soil column ), and water infiltration(I) was measured as a function of time, the distance of the wetting front and Ks. Results showed that advance wetting front as a function of time for soil column was 6 minutes and with no differences between OC levels for sandy soils, while it ranged between 90 minutes (0% OC) - 130 minutes (3% OC) for loam soils, and between 470 minutes (0 %OC) and 590 minutes (1%OC) for clay soils, at the same time cumulative water infiltration(I) increases at the beginning of infiltration and decreases with time and levels of OC. The highest infiltration values were in sandy soils, giving data of 0.05 and 0.12 cm min-1, with no significant differences with OC rates. IR values decreased when OC increased in loam soils, and IR increased exponentially in clay soils with increasing OC levels. The values of Ks decrease with increasing OC for sandy and loam soils, and increase when OC increases above 3% for clay soils. FC and WP values were increased for sandy, loam and clay soils when OC was increased. The AW values decreased for both sandy and clay soils compared to loam soils. It can be concluded that AW can be estimated from FC values regardless of texture and OC by the linear function: AW=0.51(FC)+0.005.
Identifying Suitability Rainwater Harvesting Zones in Diyala Watershed, Iraq, Using Multi-Criteria Analysis and GIS Modelling
Authors: Nabit Ban I. , Al-Anbari Riyad H. , Alwan Imzahim A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The rising demand for water and the depletion of natural water resources, as well as the current environmental problems, have led to the need for the provision of additional quantities of water to enhance water resources and the sustainability of ecosystems. Water harvesting technologies are one of the most effective solutions to treat this issue. In this study, appropriate zones for rainwater harvesting in the Diyala Watershed were identified using the Geographic Information Systems-based multi-criteria analysis and fuzzy logic model. Seven criteria were selected: slope, stream order, rainfall, runoff, hydrological soil group, land use, and distance to roads. The map of suitability was categorized into five categories, ranging from very low to very high, and the map showed that the majority of high-suitability areas are situated in the southeast parts of the study area, while most of the regions of low suitability are located in the western and northern parts. Lastly, this study will contribute to the effective planning and administration of rainwater on a broader scale.
Effect Different Levels of Organic Fertilizer and Agricultural Sulfur on the Growth and Yield of Potato Solanum tuberosum L.
Authors: Jafaar Ameer Adnan , Abdulrasool Kahtan Jamal 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in one of the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad / Al-Jadriya in the spring season 2021 to know the effect of adding different levels of organic matter (poultry manure) and agricultural sulfur on the growth and yield of potatoes. The experiment included two factors: the addition of three levels of organic matter (0-10-20) Mg h-1, symbolized by OM0, OM1, and OM2 in sequence, and agricultural sulfur (0-1000-2000) kg h-1 and symbolized by S0, S1 and S2 in sequence. The treatments were distributed according to a randomized complete block design. The dry weight of shoots, number of tubers plant-1, total yield, starch and protein content of tubers and percentage of dry matter in tubers were calculated. The results showed that treatment S2 gave the highest dry weight of 8.41 Mg ha-1 compared to treatment S0 which gave 4.64 Mg ha-1 and treatment M2 gave 7.37 Mg ha-1 compared to treatment M0 which gave 5.92 Mg ha-1 and the interaction between the two factors M2S2 gave the highest dry weight 9.0 Mg ha-1. The interaction between the two factors M2S2 gave the highest number of tubers plant-1 was 9.4 compared to the measurement treatment 5.1. The interaction between the two factors M2S2 gave a higher yield of 59.56 Mg ha-1 compared to the measurement treatment 25.74 Mg ha-1. The M2S2 interaction treatment gave the highest values for the qualitative characteristics in potatoes, which are the percentage of starch, protein and dry matter 13.02, 8.4 and 19.09%, respectively.
Effect of Adding Phosphate-Dissolving Bacteria on the Activity of Phosphatase Enzyme and some Soil Characteristics and the Yield of Solanum melongena L. under Protected Cultivation Conditions
Authors: Al-Aarthy Abbas Nadhem Bardan , Al-Jebory Abdallah Kreem J. , Al-Kaby Aman Hamed J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out in the agricultural season 2021-2022 at the second agricultural research station of the College of Agriculture - University of Al-Muthanna in Al Bandar area, southeast of Al-Muthanna Governorate, 3 km from the center of Samawa city / Al-Muthanna Governorate. The yield of eggplant (Solanum melongena L) under protected cultivation conditions. The study was carried out in two stages. The first was a laboratory study that included the isolation of Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens. 10 bacterial isolates were isolated from soil samples taken from 0-30 cm depth of the rhizosphere soil from fields planted with different crops. The isolates were diagnosed The study of its cultivar, morphological, biochemical and microscopic characteristics, and the experiment was applied according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). And I took the symbol B1, B2, B3 in addition to the I have the comparison treatment and got the symbol B0. As for the second factor, it included three levels of phosphorous mineral fertilization of 25%, 50% and 75% of the fertilizer recommendation, in addition to the comparison treatment that took the symbol F0, F1, F2, F3 sequentially. The results of the study showed the following: (1)Inoculation with phosphorous-dissolving bacterial isolates led to a significant increase in the number of phosphorous-dissolving bacteria, with a higher average of 106.6×Cfu 106.gm soil-1 compared to treatment B0 (without addition) by the effect of treatment B3 (mixing the two species Pseudomonas putida and pseudomonas fluorescens). (2) Bio-inoculation led to a significant increase in the ready phosphorous in the soil, and the highest average effect of treatment B3 was (40.10,17.88) mg/kg soil-1 for the control treatment B0 sequentially.
Bio Removal of Heavy Metals from Soil and Plants Treated with Sludge
Authors: Alshwaili Nisreen S. , Mijwel Abbas K. , Jasman Ammar K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Sludge is one of the sources of organic fertilizer and it is rich in the necessary mineral elements, but global warnings confirm the presence of heavy elements that greatly hinder its use in agriculture, so this study was conducted as four levels of sludge were used (0,10,20,30) tons ha-1 and two types of the two bacteria, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Serratia marcescens, for the biological removal of heavy metals from the soil and reducing their uptake in plants. The results showed that the level is 30 tons ha-1 sludge gave the highest increase in the percentage of heavy metals in the plant and soil as it gave lead 4.81 ppm, cadmium 0.563 ppm and nickel 9.4 ppm in the plant. As for the soil, it gave lead 88.29 ppm, cadmium 2.134 ppm and nickel 78.8 ppm. The microorganisms had a positive effect in reducing the content of heavy elements in the plant, as the bacteria S. marcescens showed a significant effect in reducing the proportion of lead and cadmium, while the bacteria E. aerogenes had a significant effect in reducing the proportion of nickel. As for the soil, the bacteria S. marcescens and Enterobacter aerogenes had a significant effect in reducing the rate of lead, cadmium and nickel. The interaction also had a significant effect on reducing the content of heavy metals in the plant. The bacteria S. marcescens and E. aerogenes had a significant effect in reducing the percentage of lead when adding 30 tons ha-1 only. As for cadmium and nickel, S. marcescens and E. aerogenes achieved a significant response in reducing their content upon addition of 10, 20 and 30, respectively. As for the soil, the bacteria S. marcescens and E. aerogenes had a significant effect on reducing the percentage of lead when adding 20 and 30 tons ha-1 and S. marcescen bacteria also had a significant effect in reducing the percentage of nickel when adding 20 tons ha-1, while cadmium did not show any significant differences at any addition.
The Background Radiation for the Soil Samples Selected from Al-Kafel Area-Babylon Governorate, Iraq
Authors: Al-Sadi Mohammed Abdul Kadhim Hadi , Kadhim Inaam H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The specific radioactivity for the Soil samples selected from Al-Kafel area in Babylon governorate was measured by using NaI(Tl) detector. A mathematical models were also used to calculate the radioactivity of 226Ra nucleus in plant and animal products and radiation doses resulting from its consumption. It was found that: The concentration of thorium nucleus (234Th) resulting from the decomposition of the uranium-238 chain has reached its highest value is (30.40) Bq/Kg for in soil sample SS7, which is within the universally permitted limits for the degenerated uranium chain and its products (35) Bq/Kg. An increase in its radioactivity was observed in radium nucleus (226Ra), the highest value of which was in the sample SS6 at the rate of (85.64) Bq/Kg with another noticeable increase of the samples SS1, SS2, SS3, SS7, SS8 which exceeded the permitted limits (35) Bq/Kg. Also, it was found that the highest radioactivity of thorium nucleus 232Th reached (45.39) Bq/Kg in the sample SS13, In addition, there is high radioactivity of the same nuclei in the samples SS16, SS17 SS18, SS19, SS10, SS12 Which exceeded the allowed limits of (30) Bq/Kg. Also the radioactivity of the potassium nucleus (40K) it was found that between (395.20 - 110.60) Bq/Kg to the samples (SS5, SS14), respectively, All of which are within the permissible limits (400)Bq/Kg. likewise found to high values from the radiation doses from human consumption of vegetable and animal products (milk and meat) in SS6, SS7 and SS8 samples due to the high concentration of radium isotope in soil samples(23), generally all of them within the allowed limits 0.1 Sv/y.
Prediction Model of Air Temperature in Relation to Field and Remotely Sensed Data in Baghdad Greater Area
Authors: Al-Totanje A. R. , Jasim S. N. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Recently, scientific research paid attention on the air temperature increase of the urban cities. Many technologies were involved in order to identify the relationship among the air temperature and the affective factors. This research was aimed to build a prediction model of air temperature based on the field and remotely sensed data of Landsat 8 OLI. The model building consists of two factors, the first of which was a field measurement of air temperature for specified areas in Baghdad, Iraq. While the second factor was obtained using the remote sensing technology to calculate the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), Normalized difference water index (NDWI), Normalized difference built-up index (NDBI), and Land surface temperature (LST). Results of the multiple regression relationship among the measured factors reveals significant values that supports the model. The methodology of this study could be employed to help the environmental researchers to predict the air temperature in Baghdad city based on satellite data. We recommend applying the prediction model based on both seasons for the most significant results of air temperature measures, we also recommend evaluating this model on urban arid and cold climates.