bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myopia‐related risks and benefits in the two‐continent population‐based studies project
Authors: Panda‐Jonas Songhomitra , Mukharram Bikbov , Gyulli M. , Wang Yaxing , Xu Jie , Nangia Vinay , Nangia Prabhat , Jonas Jost 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: Prevalence of myopia and vision impairment due to myopic macular degeneration and myopia‐related optic neuropathies have markedly increased worldwide. We evaluated for which ocular diseases myopia is a risk factor or protective factor.Methods: The Russian Ural Eye and Medical Study (UEMS) and the Beijing Eye Study (BES) included 5899 individuals and 4439 individuals (all aged 40+ years), respectively, and the Central India Eye and Medical Study (CIEMS) consisted of 4711 individuals, aged 30+ years.Results: In the UEMS, DR prevalence (OR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.56, 0.96), AMD prevalence (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.74, 0.98) and ACG prevalence (OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.94) decreased, and OAG prevalence (OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.17, 1.58) increased with longer axial length in multivariable analyses. In the CIEMS, lower AMD prevalence (OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.95) and lower ACG prevalence (OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.36, 0.83), and higher OAG prevalence (OR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.83) correlated with longer axial length. DR prevalence (0.33%; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.50) was too low for statistical analysis in the CIEMS. In the BES, prevalence (OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.50, 0.81) and 10‐year incidence of DR (OR: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.33, 0.71) and prevalence (OR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.89) and 5‐year incidence of AMD (OR: 0.996; 95% CI: 0.993, 0.999) decreased, and prevalence (OR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.17, 1.56) and 10‐year incidence of OAG (OR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.22, 1.61) increased with longer axial length. In all three studies, the correlation between higher OAG prevalence and longer axial length was nonlinear with a linear slight increase for the moderate myopia range, and a steep increase in the highly myopic range.Conclusions: Myopia is protective against DR, AMD and ACG, while high myopia more than moderate myopia is a risk factor for OAG. Future studies may assess whether in myopia, in particular in moderate myopia, the myopia‐related advantages of a lower risk for DR, AMD and ACG may outweigh the increased risks for OAG and other myopia‐related disorders.
Association of ABO and Rh blood groups with retinal structural indices
Authors: Rafati Shokoofeh , Shanbezadeh Effat , Vasaghi‐Gharamaleki Behnoosh , Nabovati Payam , Koochakzadeh Leili , Khabazkhoob Mehdi 
Published: January 2025

Purpose: To determine the association between ABO and Rh blood groups with retinal structural indices including macular thickness and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness.Methods: This cross‐sectional study was conducted using convenience sampling in a tertiary referral eye hospital in Tehran, Iran. Study participants were referred to the hospital laboratory to test their blood group. Ocular examinations were performed including measurement of visual acuity, auto‐refraction, subjective refraction, and slit‐lamp biomicroscopes. Retinal imaging was carried out using Spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography under dilated papillary conditions.Results: According to the multiple linear regression model, the global retinal nerve fiber layer thickness [coefficient: ‐3.05 (95% confidence interval: ‐5.30 to ‐0.74); p = 0.010] and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in the superior [coefficient: ‐4.65 (95% confidence interval: ‐8.40 to ‐0.89), p < 0.001] and inferior [coefficient: ‐4.00 (95% confidence interval: ‐7.81 to ‐0.19); p = 0.040] quadrants were significantly thinner in individuals with blood type B compared to those with other ABO blood groups. The average [coefficient: 12.69 (95% confidence interval: 4.12‐21.64); p = 0.004) and central [coefficient: 16.21 (95% confidence interval: 6.44‐25.97); p = 0.001) macular thicknesses were significantly thicker in AB group compared to other blood groups. The average macular thickness was significantly thinner in Rh+ compared to the Rh‐ group [coefficient: ‐8.33 (95% confidence interval: ‐15.4 to ‐1.25); p = 0.021].Conclusions: Retinal structural indices are related to blood groups implying a genetic linkage. Clinicians should consider blood groups in the clinical evaluation of retinal structural indices to avoid misdiagnoses. It is also recommended that the optical coherence tomography devices include the blood group in their databases.
Texture analysis of optical coherence tomography retinal images: Its potential use for the early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Ambrósio António Francisco , Oliveira Sara , Guimarães Pedro , Campos Elisa Julião , Fernandes Rosa , Serranho Pedro , Matafome Paulo , Bernardes Rui 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is usually diagnosed many years after diabetes onset. The early diagnosis of DR remains challenging, and identifying novel biomarkers is crucial. We aim to identify novel early biomarkers for DR, based on texture analysis of optical coherence tomography (OCT) retinal images.Methods: A type 1 diabetes (T1D) rat (Wistar) model (streptozotocin‐induced) was used. Volume OCT scans (N = 40‐44) and electroretinograms (N = 25) were acquired before and after 1, 2 and 4 weeks of diabetes. Automated OCT image segmentation was performed, followed by retinal thickness and texture analysis. Changes in blood‐retinal barrier (tight junctions and permeability), glial reactivity and nitrosative stress were assessed.Results: Early T1D induced significant changes in retinal texture. Several texture metrics, autocorrelation, correlation, homogeneity, information measure of correlation II (IMCII), inverse difference moment normalized (IDMN), inverse difference normalized (IDN), and sum average, decreased in all retinal layers at week 4. Correlation, homogeneity, IMCII, IDMN, and IDN decreased at week 2. T1D induced a progressive weekly reduction in the texture metrics. T1D also induced significant thinning of the inner plexiform and inner nuclear layers, inner/outer photoreceptor segments, and total retina, at weeks 1, 2 and 4. Impaired retinal function was also observed (increased latencies in a‐wave and oscillatory potentials at weeks 1, 2 and 4), as well as decreased tight junction proteins immunoreactivity and increased microglial cell number and nitrosative stress, but vascular permeability was unchanged.Conclusions: Early T1D impacts retinal texture, concomitant with molecular, cellular and physiological retinal changes, thus unlocking the potential of texture analysis for DR early diagnosis, but this needs further proof in clinical studies.Support: FCT, Portugal: 2020.07432.BD, PEst UIDB/04539/Base/2020 and UIDP/04539/Programatico/2020, and PEst UIDB/04950/Base/2020 and UIDP/04950/Programatico/2020.
Medium‐term post‐covid outcomes in patients with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Burgić Sanela Sanja , Mavija MIlka , Markić Bojana , Skočić Saša Smoljanović 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: To evaluate medium‐term post‐COVID visual and anatomical outcomes in patients with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (nAMD) due to delayed intravitreal anti‐VEGF treatment during pandemics.Methods: Single‐center retrospective study evaluating all patients with previous delayed anti‐VEGF tretment in the Eye Clinic of University Clinical Center of Republic of Srpska during COVID‐19 pandemic with 1‐year follow‐up period. The best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and anatomical findings (central macular thickness (CMT)) were evaluated before the pandemic, and at 6‐, 12‐months post‐pandemic.Results: We included 60 patients (92 eyes) with a mean age 75.64 ± 7.63 years (range 58‐90 years ). Compared to pre‐COVID BCVA, visual outcomes were significantly worse at 6‐month (0.22 ± 0.25 vs 0.16 ± 0.34 Snellen, p < 0.05) vs 12‐month follow up (0.22 ± 0.25 vs 0.16 ± 0.24 Snellen, p > 0.05). There was significant CMT reduction at 12‐month follow up in comparison to pre‐COVID CMT (281.88 ± 123.02 μm vs 238.03 ± 90.64 μm, p < 0.05).Linear regression analysis showed positive correlation between pre‐COVID CMT and post‐COVID CMT at 12‐month follow up (p < 0.05), while there was no correlation in BCVA change (p > 0.05).Conclusions: Delayed anti‐VEGF treatment has negative impact on treatment and disease progression and is assosiciated with significantly worse outcomes in patients with nAMD.
Drug‐induced choroidal effusion: Cases review
Authors: Fernandez‐Velasco Diego , Pueyo‐Bestué Ignacio , Mallen Victor , Bermudez Javier , Biescas Andrés , Rius Nuria , Ila Carmen , Monleón Claudia Hernández‐Barahona , Navarro Damián García , Santana Carlos 
Published: January 2025

Purpose: Choroidal effusion is a well‐known complication of intraocular surgery, but it can happen as a drug adverse effect.Methods: We present three clinical cases of choroidal effusion as a result of systemic treatments.Results: 82‐years‐old woman presents with pain and loss of vision in left eye. She was treated with acenocumarol. She had bilateral phacoemulsification two months ago with normal development. Visual acuity (VA) was 0.8 right eye and 0.3 left eye, intraocular pressure (IOP) was 16/18 mmHg and anterior segment exploration was normal. She had a complete choroidal effusion and a temporal serous retinal detachment in her left eye. After one week of topical steroids and atropine, fundus alterations had disappeared.65‐years‐old male presents with blurred vision and photopsias in right eye since one week. The patient has a history of type II diabetes and benign prostatic hyperplasia, treated with tamsulosine. First day exploration was: AV 0.3 right eye and 0.5 left eye, he was phakic and IOP was 16 mmHg both eyes. On right eye fundus, there where severe choroidal effusion. Topical and oral steroid treatment was started and cycloplegia. After one month, choroidal effusion had disappeared and VA improved.86‐years‐old male had bilateral painless loss of VA. He was diagnosed of Parkinson's disease and treated with rotigotine. First day exploration was: VA 0.5 right eye and 0.3 left eye, no alterations in anterior segment and IOP was 12 mmHg both eyes. On fundus examination, bilateral nasal choroidal effusion were found. Topical steroid and cycloplegia were the treatment and rotigotine was suspended. Seven days after rotigotine's interruption, both eyes choroidal effusion had disappeared.Conclusions: Drug‐induced choroidal effusion must be on the differential diagnosis if there are no antecedents of IOP alterations or recent surgeries. Ophthalmology patients are increasingly older and pluripathologic so drug adverse effects will be more common.
SS‐OCT and SS‐OCT A findings in nascent type 3 neovascularization complicating age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Sakji Fatma , Aoun Safa Ben , Maamouri Rym , Fendouli Ines , Slim Selmi , Cheour Monia 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: To emphasize the role of Swept‐source optical coherence tomography (SS‐OCT) and SS‐OCT angiography (SS‐OCT A) imaging in identifying and monitoring pre‐exudative type 3 neovascularization.Methods: Patients diagnosed with nascent type 3 neovascularization associated with age‐related macular degeneration were prospectively followed in the Department of Ophthalmology at Habib Thameur Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia. All enrolled patients had treatment‐naïve eyes in the pre‐exudative stage. All patients underwent SS‐OCT and SS‐OCT A imaging at baseline, one, three, and six months of follow‐up.Results: Six eyes of 6 patients were assessed in this study. The mean patient age was 65 years. At the baseline, all of them presented, on SS‐OCT, with an intraretinal hyperreflective foci (HRF) visualized above the external limiting membrane associated with retinal pigment epithelium detachment. SS‐OCT A detected a corresponding flow signal of the HRF originating from the outer retina slab without intraretinal exudation. During the follow‐up, only one patient developed an extension of the neovascularization with massive exudation treated by intra‐vitreal injections of Bevacizumab. No progression of the vascular lesions was detected in all the other eyes within 6 months.Conclusions: With the use of the SS‐OCT and the SS‐OCT A, nascent type 3 neovascularization has been identified as a pre‐exudative stage that warrants closely monitoring and early treatment if lesions progress in order to improve functional outcomes.References
Miere A, Querques G, Semoun O, Amoroso F, Zambrowski O, Chapron T, Capuano V, Souied EH. Optical coherence tomography angiography changes in early type 3 neovascularization after anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor treatment. Retina. 2017 Oct; 37(10): 1873‐1879.
Sacconi R, Sarraf D, Garrity S, Freund KB, Yannuzzi LA, Gal‐Or O, Souied E, Sieiro A, Corbelli E, Carnevali A, Querques L, Bandello F, Querques G. Nascent Type 3 Neovascularization in Age‐Related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmol Retina. 2018 Nov; 2(11): 1097‐1106.
AMD: Analysis, evaluation, evolution and prognosis of amd atrophy complication: Study with oct and automatic oct segmentation
Authors: Gonzalez Corinne 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: This study aims to analyze AMD Atrophy Complication using an efficient methodology to maximize the understanding of its characteristics, evolution and prognosisMethods: 572 eyes from 401 patients with AMD Atrophy Complication were examined using OCT (Spectralis HRA‐OCT, spectral domain OCT) and Automatic OCT segmentation (Ikerian). Every time, Automatic measurements of OCT scans evaluated: width, mean and maximum horizontal loss or extent of change per year, of both inner and outer retinal layers particularly focusing on PR (Photoreceptor), Myoid zone (MZ) and RPE (Retinal Pigment Epithelium) layer. Drusen, pigment epithelial detachment (PED), amorphous material (AM) measurements were also involved. Follow‐up assessments were conducted every 6 months during 4 years. Edge of atrophic areas was also evaluated, particularly focusing on retina layers at the border itself and at distance from it, in intervals of 0.1mm, so basically rings around the lesionResults: OCT allowed for a comprehensive analysis of all atrophic areas characteristics, retina layers. Automatic OCT segmentation facilitated enhanced analysis, evaluation, through automation, providing insights into atrophic lesion's characteristics: size, width, evolution, edge. 3317 OCT scans were analyzed. Mean change (mm/year) demonstrated a depletion extent of RPE: 0.16 (0.51); PR: 0.20(0.63); MZ: 0.22(0.69); an extent of PED: 0.07(0.57) and AM: 0.10(0.86). The MZ layer appeared to attenuate first, followed by PR, finally RPE layer over time. At Edge of Atrophic area: similar results concerning MZ, PR and RPE layers, but differences between 0 and 0,4 mm from the border. This approach enabled a closer examination, characterization of atrophy, edge of atrophic area too, as well as area itself, establishing a better understanding of its evolution and physiopathology. Consequently, criteria for risk evolution, biomarkers and predictors of AMD Atrophy complication were determined.Conclusions: The study of AMD Atrophy Complication with OCT and Automatic OCT segmentation significantly improves the criteria for evaluation, evolution and prognosis of ATROPHY, so better knowledge and understanding of physiopathology process and efficiency in therapeutic evaluations
Intravitreal injection leads to an increased density of vitreous fibrils and macrophage invasion
Authors: Jaramillo Patricia , Pampalona Judit , Carretero Ana , Cunilleras Eduard , Ruberte Jesús 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: The main objective is to describe the inflammatory response produced in the mouse vitreous composition and structure after intravitreal injection (IVI). The mechanism by which a sterile IVI produce inflammation has been previously described; however, no study has analyzed the specific changes occurring at the vitreous fibrils.Methods: Healthy adult male and female C57/BL6J mice were randomized to receive “in vivo” either physiological serum injection (7μl; one dose; n = 6) or no injection (n = 5). After 1 hour and 24 hours, eyes were enucleated, embedded in paraffin, sectioned (5 μm), and analyzed by scanning confocal microscopy after immunohistochemistry.Results: The sterile injection of serum in the mouse vitreous chamber produced noninfectious inflammation, characterized by the invasion of Mac‐2 (CD11b) expressing cells, a marker of macrophages. Furthermore, using anti‐fibrillin 1 antibody, the injected eyes showed an increased vitreous fibril density. Interestingly, macrophages expressed intracellularly fibrillin 1 suggesting that vitreous fibrils could be produced from these hyalocyte‐like cells under inflammation.Conclusions: Understand the composition and spatial arrangement of the vitreous fibrils can be very useful for evaluating pathophysiological conditions during posterior eye diseases. Additionally, determining the role these fibrils play during the post‐IVI inflammatory process provides new insights into the impact of IVI on this part of the eye. These results also establish the mouse as a model suitable for studying the iatrogenic mechanisms associated with therapeutic intravitreal injections.
Non‐clinical safety of PST‐611, non‐viral vectorized human transferrin, for the treatment of geographic atrophy (GA)
Authors: Bigot Karine , Bénard Romain , Gondouin Pauline , Piazza Marie , Orhan Elise , Touchard Elodie , Bordet Thierry , Behar‐Cohen Francine 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: Complement inhibitors slightly reduce geographic atrophy (GA) lesion growth, yet vision loss prevention remains a challenge. Iron overload worsens retinal diseases like age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), and Transferrin (Tf) supplementation mitigates iron‐induced toxicity, offering a promising therapy for GA (Picard 2015). To avoid repeated intravitreal Tf injections, we developed a non‐viral vectorized delivery platform via electrotransfection of the ciliary muscle, acting as a biofactory for sustained therapeutic protein production in the eye (Bigot 2020). We evaluated the safety and biodistribution of PST‐611, a DNA plasmid coding for human Tf.Methods: New Zealand White rabbits were divided into two treatment groups (45 μg and 150 μg/eye) and one control group. Part 1 animals received a single administration of PST‐611 or vehicle with a 30‐day follow‐up. Part 2 animals received repeated administration at the same doses with a 6‐month interval and were followed for up to 3 months after the second treatment.Results: No mortality, abnormal clinical signs, changes in body weight, temperature, or food intake were observed. No significant changes in blood chemistry, hematology, or systemic microscopic findings were found in PST‐611‐treated rabbits. PST‐611 caused no adverse ocular effects. The plasmid primarily localized in the ciliary muscle, with dose‐related levels persisting up to at least 30 days and 3 months after single and repeat doses, respectively. Lower levels were detected in nearby ocular tissues. No systemic exposure was observed. Human Tf was not detected in serum but was present in the vitreous of treated animals at almost all time points.Conclusions: PST‐611, administered via a minimally invasive proprietary delivery system, demonstrated safety. Following single and repeated administration, PST‐611 localized primarily in the ciliary muscle with ocular exposure to human Tf up to at least 3 months after the repeat dose. The favorable safety profile of PST‐611 supports its further clinical development for GA patients.References
Picard et al. Free Radic Biol Med (2105) 89: 1105‐21; Bigot et al. Pharmaceuticals (2020) 12(9): 836
Anatomical and functional results of injectable plasma rich in growth factors as a treatment for poor prognosis macular holes
Authors: Caminal Marta , Crespí Jaume , Saladrigas Albert , Conversa Santiago , Cobo Maria , Rego Daniela 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyse de benefits of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) as an adjuvant to pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in por prognosis macular holes (MH).Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was performed in patients with MH. Large ( > 400 μm), myopic, persistent and recurrent MH were included. Patients were treated with PPV associated with adjuvant injectable liquid PRGF. Postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and the MH closure, by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), were evaluated. Other variables were analysed such as: sex, age, type of MH, diameter, base and height of the MH and type of closure by OCT.Results: A total of 12 eyes were included in the study, 10 female (83.3%) and 2 males (16.66%). The mean age was 64.83 ± 10.4 years. The MH presented diverse etiology: 4 were myopic MH (33.3%), 4 were persistent MH (33.3%) and 4 were idiopathic large MH. One of the myopic holes, was recurrent. 7 patients (58.3%) had large MH ( > 400 microns). All patients underwent vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling and adjuvant PRGF. Complete closure of de MH was achieved in 11 patients (91.7%) and BCVA improvement in 9 patients (75%). Reconstitution of the external limiting membrane (ELM) and ellipsoid layer was observed in 5 patients (41.66%). In 5 patients (41.66%) closure type 1A was observed. Follow‐up time was 3 months. No adverse effects were recorded in any case.Conclusions: The use of PRGF as an adjuvant in PPV and ILM peeling in por prognosis MH may be an effective alternative to achieve anatomical closure of these, as well as reconstitution of the retinal structure and future improvement in final VA.
Imitation game: Ocular tuberculosis camouflaged as acute retinal necrosis
Authors: Chong Xin Yee , Chew Chia Chee , Yew Yih Chian , Ismail Fazliana 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: To report a case of ocular tuberculosis (TB) mimicking acute retinal necrosis (ARN)Methods: Case reportResults: A 32‐year‐old immigrant, presented with right eye blurring of vision for 2 months and associated with 1 week history of floaters. The left eye was blind since 8 years ago with a history of progressive blurring of vision. He did not seek any medical attention at that time due to financial constraint. Otherwise, he denies any constitutional or autoimmune disease symptoms. On examination, visual acuity of the right eye was 6/36 and left eye was non‐perception to light in all 4 quadrants. There was positive relative afferent pupillary defect on the left eye. Anterior segment examination of the right eye was normal and fundus examination showed presence of vitritis 3+ with multiple foci of retinitis 360 degrees peripherally, oedematous retina with confluent retinitis at superonasal and areas of haemorrhage nasally. Left eye showed white cataract and B‐scan revealed total retinal detachment (RD) posteriorly. He was treated for right eye ARN in view of typical peripheral retinal involvement with haemorrhages and left eye RD. He was started on intravenous Acyclovir 100mg/kg/dose TDS and was given 2 times of intravitreal Ganciclovir.Unfortunately, the symptoms worsened with deteriorating visual acuity throughout admission, and he was referred to medical retina team and the diagnosis revisited. Mantoux test showed positive result with 24mm with blister. However vitreous TB and viral polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were negative. Fundus fluorescein angiogram showed presence of hot disc and multiple peripheral vessel leakages from all quadrants. The diagnosis was revised to right eye ocular TB. Patient was co‐managed with medical team and anti‐TB medications were commenced. His symptoms improved tremendously with visual acuity of 6/9.Conclusions: Ocular TB is a great masquerader. High index of suspicion and thorough investigations are required to diagnose an atypical uveitis presentation especially in TB endemic areas such as in this case. Multidisciplinary approach is vital in treating tuberculosis to monitor for multisystem involvement.