bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Toad in a Box”
Authors: Solovieva Olga V. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter reads Kurosawa’s Something Like an Autobiography (1980) as a literary counterpart to the director’s first post-war film No Regrets for Our Youth (1946). Through a detailed discussion of the book’s references to Russian literature, the chapter recovers the genealogy of Kurosawa’s democratic, anti-militarist, and antistatist cinema in pre-war Japanese–Russian anarchist pacifism which Kurosawa understood as an alternative to Western modernity. Kurosawa’s commitment to Japanese grassroots democracy and his self-understanding as a people’s director is shown as an act of self-restoration or repentance and contextualized in the prewar cultures of Russian-inflected free pedagogy, Populist literature, and arts.
The Idiot
Authors: Solovieva Olga V. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses Kurosawa’s film Hakuchi, a 1951 adaptation of Dostoevsky’s novel The Idiot. This film finds its proper historical context in post-Second World War cultural critique which coincided with the international revival of interest in Dostoevsky. Kurosawa’s turn to Dostoevsky contributes a Japanese variant to the series of rethinkings by Thomas Mann, Pier Paolo Pasolini, and Mikhail Bakhtin. For them Dostoevsky represented an alternative model for an ethically differentiated collective consciousness, in opposition to the now discredited father of modernism, Friedrich Nietzsche. Through a reading of the film’s crucial scenes and motifs, Kurosawa’s cinematic mediation between the East and the West is shown to have started from the shared premises of an ethically revised modernism that emerged from wartime trauma. Dostoevsky’s structure of consciousness as historical conscience provides Kurosawa with a means of reflection on Japanese war crimes as being a continuation of the criminality inherent in the colonial claims of Western modernity.
“To live! To live how?”
Authors: Solovieva Olga V. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses Kurosawa’s adaptation of “Tolstoyan religion” in Ikiru (To Live, 1952). It shows how the plot of the film reproduces the logic of the metatext of Tolstoy’s late writings from The Death of Ivan Ilyich to Bethink Yourselves to The Meaning of the Russian Revolution. The chapter places the film in the context of postwar debates on the meaning of art in the recovery of Japan. It demonstrates how Kurosawa’s Ikiru polemically opposes Tolstoy’s understanding of what art is to the contemporary Sartre-inspired “literature of the flesh.” Via Tolstoy, Kurosawa dismisses aspects of contemporary entertainment culture that in his eyes repress the consciousness of war and defeat and thus interfere with the necessity of mourning as a precondition of postwar recovery.
The Lower Depths
Authors: Solovieva Olga V. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractKurosawa’s The Lower Depths (Donzoko, 1957) has been seen exclusively as a literal adaptation of Maxim Gorky’s drama with no content of its own and therefore as a merely formalist exercise in transforming a theatre play into a film. Breaking with the received film-as-theatre approach, this chapter contextualizes the film within the 1953 Japanese debate on photographic realism and Kurosawa’s cinema of the 1950s. Morphing the iconography of post-war misery together with the iconography of the Tokugawa period, Kurosawa’s cinematic rendition of Gorky’s play not only countered the ideological tendency of post-occupation Japan to avoid realistic representation of its war-inflicted destitution but also linked this representation to its causes in the nationalist and militarist past. Reinserted into the context of Kurosawa’s postwar cinema and the 1957 filming of historical epics glorifying Japanese victory in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, The Lower Depths appears as an act of radical defiance against the demands of national narcissism.
The Erased Grave of Dersu Uzala
Authors: Solovieva Olga V. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses Kurosawa’s late 70 mm color film Dersu Uzala (1975), made in the Soviet Union, in relation to its source in the writings of the Russian explorer and ethnographer Vladimir Arseniev. The chapter uncovers the meaning of Arseniev’s engagement in the Far East, the colonialist reception of his writings in Japan, and Arseniev’s civilizational criticism and advocacy on behalf of the nomadic populations of the Far East. Kurosawa’s film is revealed as a film drawing on the sensibility of the Japanese Nonwar Movement of the time of the Russo-Japanese War and on still fresh Japanese collective memories of Siberian internment. Through Arseniev’s writings, Kurosawa returns to his postwar project of addressing the question of Japanese colonial crimes against the indigenous populations of Japan’s conquered territories.
The Structure of Acting
Authors: Wu Wayne 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an a priori argument for a specific psychological structure of every action. The structure emerges through solving a Selection Problem, namely the problem agents must solve when confronted with more than one possible action where action requires “selection” of one possibility among others. Action occurs in each case due to bias that exerts pressure on how the Selection Problem is solved. Intentional action distinctively involves intention as a bias. When the agent acts intentionally, she responds in light of how she takes things, given a specific intention. Further, intention establishes control as a contrast to the automatic features of action, with control and automaticity precisely defined. Solving the Selection Problem is connected to its biological implementation in primate agents, and the biological data is reviewed to show how solutions to the Selection Problem are implemented in our world.
Intention as Practical Memory
Authors: Wu Wayne 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Intention is identified as a type of practical memory. In intending to act, the subject remembers what she is aiming to do. Since such memory is put to work to produce action, intention functions like working memory as theorized in cognitive science. Mnemonic actions of remembering, keeping in mind, and recalling are fit to the structure of action. Empirical theories of working memory are discussed and the function of working memory in setting attention through its central executive component is highlighted. This function is the subpersonal reflection of the role of intention in setting attention. Accordingly, it is argued that working memory is the substratum of intention, specifically proximal intentions ready to initiate action and intentions-in-action that regulate action as it is done. The functions of intention in establishing vigilance, a readiness to attend to action-relevant targets, and in maintaining steadfastness, the keeping of the agent on task, are explained.
Automatic Bias, Experts and Amateurs
Authors: Wu Wayne 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter applies the structure of action to understanding what is called implicit bias but which is reconceptualized as automatic bias. Specifically, since attention guides action, attention biases action toward specific targets, and the outcome can be positively, negatively, or neutrally biased behavior. The concept of a bias as a basis for solving the Selection Problem is revealed as a driver of biased behavior through biased attention. These automatic biases have disparate sources. Positive biases in medical attention as seen in radiologists is described, revealing how excellence in learning sets biases that shift a novice toward expertise. Negative biases in vision and memory that have negative social consequences are explained through biased attention due to inadequate upbringing (learning). Some proposals regarding how we might better understand automatic bias so as to mitigate them are explored.
Music in Colonial Punjab
Authors: Kapuria Radha 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This book offers the first social history of music in undivided Punjab (1849-1947), unearthing new evidence to argue for the power of female performers and the primacy of classical music for a region conventionally understood as a centre of folk music alone. It maps the historical journey of musicians and dancers in colonial Punjab—whether mirāsī (community of bards), kalāwant (higher-status musicians), kanjrī (subaltern female performers) or tawā’if (courtesans)—from the prominence of Pul Kanjri during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s reign in the early nineteenth century, to the emergence of the Patiala gharānā (musical lineage) as the epitome of musical excellence in the early twentieth. The volume examines the history of Punjabi socio-musical reform by the newly emerging Anglicised middle classes—whether Hindu, Muslim or Sikh—and the engagement of British colonial administrators with Punjab’s musician and performing communities. The author reveals the inherently diverse composition of musical connoisseurship in Punjab and positions gender and caste at the heart of the musical transformations wrought by colonialism in the region. Combining insights from history, ethnomusicology, sociology, literature and geography, Music in Colonial Punjab provides a unique perspective on the social history of an activity that still unites a fascinating region today divided between the rival nation-states of India and Pakistan.
Mirāsīs, Missionaries, and Memsahibs
Authors: Kapuria Radha 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter tracks the shift in the social position of the mirāsīs—Punjab’s caste of hereditary musicians and bard-genealogists—with the dissolution of the Sikh state and the arrival of British rule. It is divided into two parts: Part I is focused on the engagement of colonialists/colonists with Punjab’s mirāsīs and the use of music by missionaries for evangelization, while Part II offers an indigenous perspective on this community of musician-genealogists. The first half examines the mirāsīs’ role in knowledge creation and propagation, especially analysing their interactions with colonial ethnographers and Christian missionaries. In contrast to these Western interlocutors, the second half of this chapter observes music and musicians from the perspective of an ‘insider’: a nineteen-page long Punjabi qissā imbued with a censorious, colloquial view of the mirāsīs, written by a Muslim police constable with social proximity to the mirāsīs themselves. Moored in the politico-economic shifts in Punjabi society attendant upon colonialism in the late nineteenth century, the chapter demonstrates the emergence of unprecedented levels of denunciation of mirāsīs, as against a more ambivalent attitude towards them in pre-colonial times.
Princely Patronage and Musicians
Authors: Kapuria Radha 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Existing scholarly literature views Patiala either in terms of its association with kīrtan music, which became increasingly popular and definitive of Sikh identity in the earlier twentieth century, or with oral histories of the Patiala gharānā. In this chapter, I attempt a more holistic view of music in Patiala, which places this existing literature in dialogue with a more conventional archival investigation. The chapter explores the hybrid worlds of cross-cultural musical exchange at Patiala, where middle class, devotional aesthetics, and westernized recruitment practices merged with an older, more cosmopolitan trajectory of Hindustani music. It goes on to reposition the importance of the archive in considering the ‘traces’ left behind by little-known, lower-status musicians at the Patiala court. Beyond Patiala, it briefly discusses the Kapurthala gharānā of music and demonstrates the Kapurthala court’s special affinity with western aesthetics and musical practice. Finally, it reveals the circulation of musicians’ networks in significant geographies of music both within Punjab and beyond. In the process, it aims to deepen our historical understanding of the social place of music in the princely states of Patiala and Kapurthala.
Confirmation Bias in Criminal Cases
Authors: Lidén Moa 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Confirmation bias is a tendency to search selectively for and emphasize information that is consistent with a hypothesis or preferred conclusion. At the same time, opposing information is ignored or interpreted in ways that do not threaten the predetermined conclusion. Importantly, confirmation bias is a more or less subconscious phenomenon. Hence, legal actors and criminal practitioners who are expected to be objective, who may make genuine efforts to be objective, and who also perceive of themselves as objective, may still display a confirmation bias. This includes police officers, crime scene investigators, forensic analysts, pathologists, prosecutors, and judges, and the range of distinct decision-making tasks that these actors undertake; for example, interviews with suspects, witnesses, plaintiffs, crime scene investigations, autopsies, decisions about whether to press charges, and whether to convict. Since confirmation bias can be present at all stages of criminal investigations and proceedings, it constitutes a serious risk of error, for example resulting in wrongful convictions and wrongful acquittals. It is therefore essential to find and use bias mitigation measures, and a good starting point is the explanations of this bias provided in cognitive, emotional and motivational, social and organizational psychology. This includes measures such as changing decision-maker, contextual information management, linear sequential unmasking, and structured evaluations of the evidence.
The ‘Human Factor’ in Criminal Cases
Authors: Lidén Moa 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The importance of the so-called human factor for the outcome and accuracy of criminal law and procedure has been acknowledged for a long time but only recently has it been specified and more directly addressed in research. Confirmation bias specifically has been identified as a particularly problematic aspect of human reasoning that impacts on legal actors and criminal practitioners subconsciously. This means that even judges or prosecutors who are expected to be objective, and who may perceive of themselves as objective, may display this form of bias. Following the subconscious nature of confirmation bias, legal actors and criminal practitioners are unlikely to detect and mitigate the bias in themselves. Instead, effective bias mitigation requires scientific evaluations by researchers using established methodologies to evaluate different debiasing techniques.
Confirmation Bias in Criminal Investigations
Authors: Lidén Moa 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In criminal investigations, there are some overall as well as context-specific manifestations of confirmation bias. The overall manifestations include suspect-driven investigations, in which investigators early on decide, more or less subconsciously, who the guilty individual is and from there on, the investigation’s only or primary aim is to search for information confirming this hypothesis. Other overall manifestations concern more the evaluation of information including, for example, asymmetrical scepticism; that is, that decision-makers tend to uncritically approve of information supporting their hypothesis but very critically review and counterargue information challenging their hypothesis. Confirmation bias has also been noted in relation to, for example, interviews with suspects, plaintiffs, and witnesses, crime scene investigations, forensic analysis, and autopsies. Bias mitigation measures that have already been identified in research include, for example, using established frameworks for interviewing, changing decision-maker and contextual information management.
Overall Summary and Conclusion
Authors: Lidén Moa 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Since the 1960s and Wason’s famous experiments, the research into confirmation bias has not only become more field specific and realistic but it has also gradually shifted towards bias mitigation rather than studying the phenomenon of confirmation bias per se. This has become clear not least when it comes to confirmation bias in criminal investigations and proceedings. The chapter summarizes manifestations as well as possible debiasing techniques for specific settings during investigative and litigation phases. This includes interviews, suspect-line ups, crime scene investigations, forensic analysis, and so on (investigative phase) as well as prosecutors’ and judges’ decision-making (litigation phase). It is also clear that mitigating confirmation bias in criminal cases in a wider sense will require joint efforts of all actors included, and is to a certain extent a question of legal policy. It is essential that adjustments are made with a firm basis in research. In this chapter, important suggestions for future research, primarily focusing on debiasing techniques, are outlined.
Counting with one variable
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter introduces the notion of counting quantifiers, and presents some fundamental results in the theory of integer linear programming. We explain the notion of the minimal basis of an integer linear programming instance, and obtain bounds on the values occurring in it. We also introduce the notion of the footprint of a solution, and obtain an upper bound on its cardinality. These results will be used throughout the remainder of the book. In the present chapter, they enable us to show that the one-variable fragment of first-order logic with counting quantifiers has the finite model property, and that its satisfiability problem is in NPTime. We additionally consider the numerical syllogistic, a subfragment of the one-variable fragment with counting quantifiers, originally investigated by A. De Morgan. We show that its satisfiability problem is NPTime-hard.
Counting with two variables
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe consider the two-variable fragment of first-order logic with counting quantifiers. We show that this logic lacks the finite model property, but that its satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems are both nevertheless in NExpTime. Our proof employs the results on integer linear programming obtained in the previous chapter. We also establish parametrized complexity bounds concerning the satisfiability problem for the two-variable fragment with counting quantifiers.
Guarded counting
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe consider the guarded two-variable fragment of first-order logic with counting quantifiers, a subfragment of the two-variable fragment with counting quantifiers in which, in addition to the requirement of guarding, individual constants do not appear. We show that this logic lacks the finite model property, but that its satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems are both nevertheless ExpTime-complete. We introduce the concepts of database and data complexity, and show that the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems for the guarded two-variable fragment of first-order logic with counting quantifiers and databases remain in ExpTime, and are NPTime-complete for data-complexity.
Equivalence and counting
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe consider the two-variable fragment of first-order logic with counting quantifiers, but where k distinguished binary predicates are constrained to be interpreted as equivalence relations. We show that, if k=1, the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems for the resulting logic remain NExpTime-complete. Our treatment here employs the full power of the results on integer linear programming obtained in Chapter 7. In addition, we show that, if k=2, the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems for the resulting logic become undecidable.
Introduction
Authors: Demaria Federico 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the keys aspects of (1) Why this book: The research questions; (2) How this book was made: The methods; and (3) What this book is about: A preview of the chapters. Lacking social recognition, recyclers are looked down as beggars, criminals, drug addicts, and alcoholics. Instead, an informal recycler (often called waste picker or rag picker) is a person who salvages reusable or recyclable materials thrown away by others to sell it and obtain a livelihood. According to the International Labour Organization the informal recycling sector is a way of making a living for over 30 million people in the Global South. Despite their large number, they have been neither properly investigated nor taken into account in formal waste management policies. The book aims to fill in this gap. Calls for integrating the informal recycling sector into the formal waste management systems have mainly gone unheard. Improving our understanding of this sector is a first essential step if we intend to improve their conditions and the sustainability of the economy. To this end, from the perspective of situated political ecology, and based on extensive field work lasting a decade, the book focuses on two case studies in India about the social relations of recycling: ship breaking in Alang-Sosiya, and solid waste management in Delhi. The book sheds light on the relationship between social metabolism (that is the flows of energy and materials) and political economy, or else materiality, power relations and social conflicts, with a focus on waste.
Shipbreaking in Alang
Authors: Demaria Federico 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 investigates the management of ocean-going ships as waste. The shipping industry constitutes a key element in the infrastructure of the world’s social metabolism. In fact, more than 80% of international trade in goods by volume is carried by sea. Ocean-going ships are owned and used for their trade by developed countries but are often demolished, together with their toxic materials, in developing countries. Shipbreaking is the process of dismantling an obsolete vessel’s structure for scrapping or disposal. The Alang-Sosiya yard in India, one of the world’s largest shipbreaking yards, is studied with particular attention to toxic waste management. Ship owners and shipbreakers obtain large profits by dumping the environmental costs on workers, local farmers, and fishers. The latter see their means of existence and bodies degraded, at the economic benefit of the former. This unequal distribution of benefits and burdens, due to an international and national uneven distribution of power, has led to an ecological distribution conflict. This is exemplified by the controversy at the Indian Supreme Court in 2006 over the dismantling of the ocean liner Blue Lady, that shows how the different languages of valuation expressed by different social groups clashed and how a language that expresses sustainability as monetary benefit at the national scale, dominated. Shipbreaking in the developing world is not just an externality but a successful case of cost-shifting, or else, capital accumulation by contamination. In this case, it takes place thanks to the indirect profits due to saved costs (i.e. indirect subsidies).