bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accessing Mental Health Care among People with Schizophrenia
Authors: Lukose Ammu , Venkatesh Rahul K. , Cherian Anish V. , Bhat Shrinivasa Undaru , Prabhu Santosh , Arahanthabailu Praveen , Kumar Shishir , Bhat Aneesh , Shetty Naveen Chandra 
Published: May 2023

Background:
“Duration of untreated psychosis” (DUP) remains a major predictor of poor outcome among people with schizophrenia (SCZ). Reducing DUP remains a challenging public health concern. Studies from various low- to middle-income countries demonstrate that many patients with SCZ remain untreated for long, especially in rural communities. However, there is paucity of data from rural India on DUP and pathways to care.

Methodology:
We consecutively recruited 106 patients registered at a rural psychiatric center in South India who met the International Classification of Disorders-10 criteria for SCZ. The delay from the onset of psychotic symptoms to seeking psychiatric help was measured and the pathways to care were assessed.

Results:
The patients were nearly equally distributed across the genders and were predominantly <40 years of age from rural and low- to middle-income backgrounds. The mean and median DUP were 3.15 ± 5.61 years and 1 year (interquartile range = 2.79), respectively. Although the longest time to contact was 28.5 years, 80% had DUP shorter than 5 years. Three major gateways to care were identified, with native/faith healers being the most popular (73.58%).

Conclusion:
In rural India, patients with SCZ tend to take longer to seek psychiatric help after their first psychotic episode compared to urban counterparts. Our results emphasize the necessity of developing early identification, improving mental health literacy, and providing community-based interventions for people with SCZ.
Naturalistic Study of “Adherence to Follow-Up” in the Initial 1st Year Cohort of Patients Utilizing a Tertiary Hospital-based Geriatric Mental Health-Care Service using the “Service Evaluation Framework”
Authors: Gupta Nitin , Das Subhash , Kaur Tanupreet 
Published: May 2023

Background:
There are very few specialised hospital with quality assurance services catering to the needs of the elderly with mental illness. The concept of 'Appointment adherence' has received little attention in the field of geriatric mental health from India. There is a need to study the pattern of 'drop-out' amongst geriatric patients.

Method:
An initial cohort of first 105 cases presenting to the clinic were followed up to explore their socio-demographic and clinical variables, overall functioning and satisfaction with the services. Adopting a 'naturalistic approach,' and using the 'service evaluation framework', at the assessment period of about 36 months, tools like socio-clinical profile, Hindi Mental State Examination (HMSE), Everyday Abilities Scale for India (EASI), Global Assessment of Function (GAF) scale, WHOQOL-BREF-Hindi version, Patient Satisfaction Scale (PAT-SAT) and 'Service Evaluation (SSS-16 and SSS-10 Practitioner Versions)' were administered.

Result:
68 cases were available for assessment of functional outcome and satisfaction parameters were assessed for 78 of the cases. 75% had functional disorders and medical morbidity was present in more than 50% of cases. The mean score for WHOQOL-BREF and GAF were 44.4 (poor quality of life) and 72.91 (slight impairment in socio-occupational functioning) respectively. PAT-SAT score in all the sub-categories were above average. 'Organic' diagnosis patients had lower QoL on certain domains compared to 'functional' patients. Only 30.47% patients were coming for follow-up with 25.71% having died. Of the 32/68 (34.29%) cases who had dropped out, 50% were adherent to treatment in different ways. Additionally, GAF scores were lower in 'drop-out' group.

Conclusions:
There is a relatively high rate of 'drop-out' over a 3-year period. However, if patients keep coming for follow-up (i.e. do not 'drop-out'), they are more likely to show improvement in their level of social and occupational functioning.
Profile of Inhalant Users Seeking Treatment at a De-addiction Center in Kashmir
Authors: Ismail Haamid , Hussain Arshad , Ismail Nadia , Zargar Waris Ahmad , Kour Sanjeet 
Published: May 2023

Background:
As substances of abuse, inhalants are chemicals whose vapors can be intentionally inhaled to produce psychoactive effects. Serious mental health and substance use problems commonly co-occur with inhalant-use disorders (IUDs).

Methods:
It was a cross-sectional study. All patients attending the outpatient service and inpatient department of the de-addiction center of the institute-seeking treatment for inhalant use were approached for the study. Diagnosis of IUD was made as per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5 criteria by the consultant psychiatrist. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to record the sociodemographic status. A phenomenology checklist was used to assess the phenomenology.

Results:
A total of 92 patients were included in our study. Nearly 98.9% of participants were males and 70.5% were of urban background. About 59.8% of participants were educated up to middle classes. The mean age of the study group was 18.38 years. Two-third of our study group were in the age group of 10–19 years. Adhesives were the most predominant inhalant used by 100% of cases. Bagging was the predominant mode of intake of inhalants (83.7%), followed by sniffing (16.3%). Feeling of relaxation (100%) followed by euphoria (73.9%) was the common hedonic experiences, whereas nausea was the most common aversive experience reported by 73.9% of cases. All patients reported high levels of craving.

Conclusion:
Our results showed that inhalant users were mostly urban male students who were using adhesives as the predominant inhalant. Bagging was the most common mode of intake of inhalants. Policymakers need to develop strategies regarding inhalant-use problem, especially in schools.
Assessment of Mental Health in Indian Medical Students during the Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic
Authors: Mangalesh Sridhar , Dudani Sharmila , Dave Neeru D 
Published: May 2023

Context:
Medical students are more anxious and depressed than their peers, and the prevalence of various mental health problems is on the rise. The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had far-reaching psychosocial consequences on the Indian population.

Aim:
The aim of this study is to assess the mental health status of Indian medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown.

Settings and Design:
A questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study of medical students from across India.

Methodology:
The general health questionnaire with 28 items (GHQ-28) was adapted to GoogleForms® and circulated extensively to medical students in various colleges across India among the nationwide lockdown that began from March 22, 2020. A total of 1000 responses were collected for a period of 1 month from May 12 to June 11. Other questions included uncertainty due to the pandemic about one's career as a medical student, satisfaction with the field of medicine, the year of training, and how long the student believed the effects of the pandemic would last.

Statistical Analysis Used:
A Chi-square test was applied to compare the proportions, and Mann-Whitney U or Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare the continuous variables between the groups.

Results:
A total of 60.3% (57.2–63.2) of students had GHQ-28 scores above the cutoff of >23 and had mental health problems. Female sex, smoking, alcohol, dissatisfaction with medicine, and uncertainty due to the pandemic were associated with mental distress. GHQ-28 scores increased uniformly with the year of training of the student, except in the case of IInd year, where scores were the least. Similar trends existed for the somatic, anxiety, social-dysfunction, and depression score components of the GHQ-28.

Conclusions:
Mental health issues are very common among medical students, particularly now during the COVID-19 pandemic. Early identification along with guidance and counselling is essential for all-round development of medical professionals.
Mental Health Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Reverse Migrant Workers in Uttarakhand
Authors: Verma Kanupriya , Mujawar Zeeshan , Mujawar Swaleha , Banerjee Amiya 
Published: May 2023

Introduction:
The announcement of a nationwide lockdown in India in March 2020 in response to the CoVID-19 pandemic led an exodus of migrant workers back to their homes. The significant adverse impact of this event in its early phase on these reverse migrants has been well documented. With the passage of several months, these reverse migrants eventually reached their homes and re-entered their own communities. This study was conducted amongst a rural community on the interior regions of Almora in hill state of Uttarakhand.

Aim:
It aims to assess the impact of the later phase of the CoVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on the reverse migrants, and compare this impact with the residents, who have never migrated. Methodology: Door-to-door survey was conducted in the study population, 5-9 months after the lockdown was announced. The participants were matched and grouped into residents and reverse migrants and were evaluated on PHQ-9, GAD-7, IES, and BRIEF-COPE to assess the impact on the participants.

Results:
No significant depression or anxiety was found in the reverse migrants group, even though the impact of the pandemic and lockdown was felt more by them as compared to the residents group. In addition, there was no significant difference between the two groups for depression or anxiety.

Conclusion:
These findings can be attributed to factors such as social support from the community members, engagement in work and the use of approach based coping mechanisms.
Psychological Impact and Coping Strategies in Health-Care Workers during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic at a Dedicated Coronavirus Disease 2019 Hospital
Authors: Panse Smita Nikhil , Parikh Disha Devang , Santre Manjeet S. , Wadgaonkar Gaurav P. , Gholap Shwetali D. , Raidurg Kalyani A. , More Jyoti B. , Karad Arvind V. , Meshram Nimish S. , Sikchi Rachit S. 
Published: May 2023

Background:
Health-care workers (HCWs) are on the frontline dealing with the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic all over the world. Several hospitals in India are now functioning as Dedicated COVID-19 Hospitals (DCH). This study has been designed to understand the psychological impact of the pandemic in HCWs at a DCH.

Objectives:
the objective of the study was to assess psychological impact and coping strategies in HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic at DCH.

Subjects and Methods:
This is a cross-sectional observational study conducted at a DCH. The study used a semi structured questionnaire for demographic details and the tools-Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) and Brief COPE for assessing psychological impact and coping strategies, respectively, in HCWs willing to participate. Chi-square test was applied to establish an association between the demographic variables and psychological symptoms and Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to assess correlation between coping strategies and psychological symptoms.

Results:
Out of 136 participants, 43.4% (n = 59) had at least one of the symptoms among stress, anxiety, or depression on the DASS-21 scale. Resident doctors and nurses had a higher incidence of psychological symptoms (P = 0.009, χ2 = 13.58, df = 5). The presence of chronic illness was significantly associated with psychological symptoms (P = 0.036, χ2 = 4.38, df = 1). Higher values on the anxiety (ρ = 0.216, P < 0.05) and depression (ρ = 0.226, P < 0.05) subscales correlated with the increased use of avoidant coping strategies.

Conclusions:
There is significant psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HCWs. Regular assessment and mental health interventions must be part of the pandemic management. Building positive approach coping strategies can reduce stress and other psychological symptoms.
Phototherapy versus pregabalin in treatment of chronic kidney disease associated pruritus
Authors: El Mulla Khaled F. , Khalifa Doaa E. , Gawish Rasha I. , Eldeeb Marwa E. 
Published: May 2023

Background
Chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus (CKD-AP) is a challenging disorder with unsatisfactory treatment response. The exact pathophysiology is unknown. Phototherapy and pregabalin are commonly used treatment options. Narrow band-ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) acts by inhibition of Langerhans cells, modulation of interleukin production, and induction of apoptosis of mast cells. Pregabalin acts by suppressing presynaptic glutamate release through inhibition of calcium currents via high-voltage active channels, leading to reduced neurotransmitter release and attenuation of postsynaptic excitability.

Objective
To compare the safety and efficacy of NB-UVB versus pregabalin in the treatment of refractory CKD-AP.

Patients and methods
A prospective randomized controlled study included 40 patients on maintenance hemodialysis with refractory pruritus. Patients were randomized into two groups: group A (20 patients) received two sessions of NB-UVB per week for a period of 2 months, and group B (20 patients) received pregabalin (50 mg after each dialysis session) for 2 months. The results of the present study were assessed by total 5-D itch score (after 4, 8, and 12 weeks).

Results
Both groups showed significant reduction in itching severity by the end of treatment (week 8) but recurrence of symptoms during follow-up (week 12) was observed, with no significant difference between both groups. However, fewer adverse effects, earlier onset of response, and less tendency of recurrence were observed in the NB-UVB group.

Conclusion
NB-UVB and pregabalin are both effective options in controlling refractory CKD-AP. Rapid control and delayed recurrence of symptoms favor NB-UVB.
Prevalence, clinical criteria, and risk factors of skin tags
Authors: Abdel-Rahman Amal T. , Elsaied Seham A. , Mohammed Sahar S. 
Published: May 2023

Background
Skin tags are benign condition; however, their appearance may be associated with some risk factors. There are no studies correlating clinical criteria of skin tags with the associated comorbidities whether isolated or mixed.

Objective
To evaluate prevalence, clinical criteria of skin tags, and risk factors that may be associated with skin tags.

Patients and methods
This study included 1000 participants, who were screened for the presence of skin tags and examined to detect clinical criteria. Patients with skin tags were screened for the presence of comorbidities (obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia) and were classified into patients without associated comorbidities and those with isolated or mixed comorbidities.

Results
Overall, 30% of patients presented with skin tags. Most skin tags were brown (72%), small (50.8%), sessile (81.6%), and located on neck (56.6%). Comorbidities were reported in 95% of patients with skin tags, with predominance of mixed comorbidities (65.96%). In comparison with patients without associated comorbidities, skin tags with isolated comorbidities were more sessile (P=0.043) and medium sized (P=0.002). However, skin tags with mixed comorbidities were more sessile (P=0.011), more numerous (P≤0.001), and with older age of onset (P<0.001) compared with those without comorbidities. On comparing the two groups of comorbidities, skin tags with mixed comorbidities were more black (P≤0.001), large (P≤0.011), more numerous (P≤0.001), and older age of onset (P≤0.001). There was a significant correlation between lesion duration and numbers and age, BMI, random blood sugar, hemoglobin A1c, and dyslipidemia.

Conclusion
Skin tags are very common and considered as cutaneous markers for risk factors such as age, BMI, random blood sugar, hemoglobin A1c, cholesterol, and low-density lipoproteins. Presence of mixed comorbidities can increase the liability of skin tags to be more numerous, larger, and with late age of onset compared with presence of isolated comorbidity or even absence of comorbidity.
Evaluation of serum interleukin-33 as an activity serum marker for nonsegmental vitiligo
Authors: Khafagy Naziha H. , Magdeldin Amany M. , Ibrahim Mona Abdel-Halim 
Published: May 2023

Background
Vitiligo is a chronic acquired disorder resulting from the destruction of epidermal melanocytes owing to multifactorial causes. Various cytokines play a central role in its pathogenesis. Interleukin (IL)-33 has an essential role in different autoimmune diseases; however, scarce data are available about its role in vitiligo as an activity marker.

Objective
To evaluate serum IL-33 levels in patients with active and stable vitiligo.

Patients and methods
A case–control study was conducted on 75 participants: 25 patients with active nonsegmental vitiligo (NSV), 25 with stable NSV, and 25 age-matched and sex-matched controls. The disease characteristics of vitiligo were reported regarding activity, duration, type, and extent. The vitiligo disease activity (VIDA) score was used to evaluate the disease activity. The serum level of IL-33 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in all groups.

Results
The serum IL-33 levels showed no significant difference (P=0.996) between active cases (mean=1378±1102.66 ng/l) and stable NSV cases (mean=1397±948.97 ng/l); however, a highly significant difference (P<0.001) was found between active/stable cases and controls (mean=230.00±55.90 ng/l). No relation was found between IL-33 levels and the patient's age (P=0.288), duration of vitiligo (P=0.67), duration of last activity (P=0.149), VIDA score (P=0.377), vitiligo extent (P=0.377), sex (P=0.217), or vitiligo types (P=0.383).

Conclusion
IL-33 may have a pivotal role in the immune dysregulation of NSV vitiligo. However, it cannot be used as a discriminating serum marker between active and stable cases.
Oral hygiene awareness and practice in orthodontic patients in Makkah city: A cross sectional study
Authors: Mahjoub Dalal Tariq , AlJabri Rahaf K. , Bifari Nidaa E. , Najjar Rahaf S. 
Published: May 2023

OBJECTIVES:
To evaluate the level of oral hygiene awareness and practice among orthodontic patients that have fixed appliances and investigate the differences in awareness as per age, gender, and education qualification.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
A cross-sectional study with 250 patients was included. A questionnaire was used to collect information regarding the patient's oral hygiene.

RESULTS:
The level of awareness and oral hygiene practice was significantly higher among females, with a consistent stepwise increase toward older ages. Also, increased with higher education level, longer duration since getting the appliance, and receiving instructions from the orthodontist.

CONCLUSIONS:
Oral hygiene instructions received by the orthodontist play an important role in the patient's awareness level. Also, many predictors have a significant effect on the patient's cooperation in practicing oral hygiene measures.
Effect of COVID-19 on orthodontic treatment/practice- A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Alam Mohammad Khursheed , Abutayyem Huda , Kanwal Bushra , Alswairki Haytham Jamil 
Published: May 2023

Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), which has affected almost all medical professions, has had a significant negative influence on dental care. Additionally, non-urgent dental procedures were stopped during the epidemic in a number of countries. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the impact of COVID-19 on individuals who had undergone or are currently having orthodontic treatment in any capacity during/after the pandemic's occurrence. After a thorough search of the online journals, a total of 634 documents were found, and 416 of the papers were initially chosen. The removal of 362 similar or duplicate publications that followed led to the initial availability of 54 separate papers. The final selection consisted of 23 documents, mostly in vitro investigations, cross-sectional studies, and comparative evaluations, which satisfied the necessary inclusion and exclusion criteria. COVID-19 had a significant impact on nearly every sphere of the patients' lives who were undergoing orthodontic treatment. However, people who are currently availing of various orthodontic treatment modalities did not experience the same issues as the ones faced by patients earlier. Teleorthodontics emerged as a viable option to access treatment during the lockdown period caused due to the pandemic. COVID-19 also had an overall negative impact on the psyche and morale of orthodontists around the world.

PROSPERO Registration Number:
CRD42022380823
Assessment and comparison of cranial base morphology in individuals with long face and short face
Authors: Rai Shivprasad , Saidath K , Mathew Karishma A. , Shetty Suhani S. 
Published: May 2023

OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of the study was to assess and compare the cranial base morphology in long face and short face.

METHODOLOGY:
The study comprises 64 individuals (32 in each group). Group I consists of individual's with long face and group II comprises individuals with short face. Individuals were classified into groups with the help of lateral cephalometric parameters like Gonial Angle, Anterior facial height, Posterior facial height, Jarabak's Ratio, and Y-axis. Linear and angular measurement in the cranial base was taken.

RESULT:
The results showed statistically significant difference in Sella-Nasion, Sella-Basion and Nasion-Sella-Basion between the two groups. Sella-Spinoethmoidal suture, Nasion-Spinoethmoidal suture, Spinoethmoidal suture-Sella-Basion, Frankfurt Horizontal-Sella-Nasion, Frankfurt horizontal-Sella-Basion, Frankfurt horizontal-Sella-Spinoethmoidal suture showed no statistically significant difference among the groups.

CONCLUSION:
The study concluded that individuals with long face have a greater Sella-Nasion, Sella-Basion, Nasion-Sella-Basion compared to individuals with short face.
Digital evaluation and correlation of facial growth patterns assessed on lateral CEPH and orthopantomogram through ONECEPH mobile application
Authors: Goyal Diksha , Kumar Piush , Jain Shubhangi 
Published: May 2023

OBJECTIVES:
This study aimed to investigate the correlation of gonial angle and three linear measurements on OPG and lateral cephalograms and their effects on the different facial patterns using the OneCeph android app.

METHOD:
About 90 pre-treatment digital lateral cephalograms and OPGs of 90 patients were selected and divided into 3 categories, based on their growth patterns. The OPGs and lateral cephalograms were uploaded on the OneCeph android app. After calibrating using One linear measurement i.e. length of extracted premolar for OPG and ruler in radiograph for lateral cephalogram, Gonial angle (Ar- Go-Me), ANS-Me (LAFH), U1-NF, L1-MP were measured. The data were collected, tabulated, and subjected to statistical analysis using the SPSS software (version 20.0). The level of significance was kept at 5%.

RESULTS:
Values for parameters were highest in the vertical growth pattern followed by average and horizontal in both cephalogram and OPG. Upon comparison of lateral cephalogram and OPG, no significant difference was observed in gonial angle and a significant difference in LAFH and L1-MP in all three growth patterns with OPG scores greater than cephalometric tracing. The interclass coefficient test indicated almost perfect agreement for the gonial angle between the two methods. A substantial agreement was seen for U1-NF on lateral cephalogram and OPG in the vertical group. Also, a fair agreement in the vertical and horizontal group was observed in Lower anterior mandibular height.

CONCLUSION:
Vertical parameters such as gonial angle and maxillary anterior dental height can be accurately determined on an OPG by the OneCeph application.