bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recombinant acetylcholine receptor immunization induces a robust model of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in mice
Authors: Nelke Christopher , Theissen Lukas , Schroeter Christina B. , Huntemann Niklas , Räuber Saskia , Dobelmann Vera , Cengiz Derya , Mourikis Philipp , Polzin Amin , Hartung Hans-Peter , Meuth Sven G. , Ruck Tobias 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a prototypical autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). The study of the underlying pathophysiology has provided novel insights into the interplay of autoantibodies and complement-mediated tissue damage. Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) emerged as a valuable animal model, designed to gain further insight and to test novel therapeutic approaches for MG. However, the availability of native acetylcholine receptor (AChR) protein is limited favouring the use of recombinant proteins.
Main text:
To provide a simplified platform for the study of MG, we established a model of EAMG using a recombinant protein containing the immunogenic sequence of AChR in mice. This model recapitulates key features of EAMG including fatigable muscle weakness, presence of anti-AChR-antibodies and engagement of the NMJ by complement. Further characterization of this model demonstrated a prominent B cell immunopathology supported by T follicular helper cells.
Conclusions
Taken together, the herein presented EAMG model may be a valuable tool for the study of MG pathophysiology and the pre-clinical testing of therapeutic applications.
Clinical Research on the Improvement of Balance Function of Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis by Electroacupuncture Combined with Exercise Therapy: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Xue Kun , Lu Wang , Hang Minghui , Bao Jie , Zhao Yun , Lu Yusun , Xu Qiong , Huang Chunshui , Wu Ji 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a long-term, worsening knee disease that affects a lot of people in their middle years and later years. Its main symptoms are joint pain, limited movement, and a loss of proprioception. This makes it hard for older people to keep their balance, which makes them more likely to fall. This study looks at how well electroacupuncture and exercise therapy work together to treat early to mid-stage KOA. It also looks into how electroacupuncture and exercise therapy work together to improve balance in patients with KOA.
Methods
This protocol for a randomized, single-blind, controlled clinical study is proposed for this investigation. Sixty-six patients were to be admitted and randomly assigned to one of two groups: the treatment group (electroacupuncture plus exercise therapy) or the control group (exercise therapy). In the treatment group, electroacupuncture will be used in conjunction with exercise therapy: acupuncture was applied to the Dubi(ST35),Neixiyan (EX-LE4), Xuehai(SP10), Liangqiu(ST34), Yanglingquan(GB34), and Zusanli(ST36) for 20 minutes, followed by exercise therapy (muscle strength training and knee mobility training). The treatment schedule was identical for both groups: three times per week for four weeks, totaling 12 sessions. Before the first treatment session, after the first treatment session, after the 12th treatment session, and one month after the completion of treatment, static balancer function was measured, and VAS and WOMAC scales were recorded at the above 4 time points.
Discussion
The dynamic and static balance function test in the clinic is easy to perform, reliable, effective, and time-saving, which provides a basis for quantitative studies of clinical balance ability and can better complete the test that meets the aforementioned conditions and objectively evaluate the improvement of pain and functional impairment prior to and after treatment of KOA. It creates conditions for the establishment of a Chinese medicine rehabilitation treatment plan for KOA with certain efficacy and distinction.
Trial registration:
This trial has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the China Clinical Trials Registry, (approval number: ChiCTR2300071577).Date of Registration:18 May 2023.
Ideals on quantales, prime ideals and spectrum topology
Authors: Pankiti Pascal , Jugnia Célestin Nkuimi 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In this paper, given a quantale Q non necessary with identity. We establish that there exists a bijective correspondence between the set of all ideal of a quantale Qand the set of its all two-sided elements (see 4.3). We investigate the ideals, prime ideals and maximal ideals of Q1 × Q2. After having studied in all the contours the prime ideals, we introduce the spectrum topology, well known in rings theory as being Zariski topology.
AMS subject classification: 06F07, 18D10
Current Prospects of Saponins as Promising Anti-Trypanosoma brucei
Compounds: Insight into the Mechanisms of Action
Authors: Kamdem Boniface Pone , Boyom Fabrice Fekam 
Published: July 2023

Background:
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a parasitic infection that may lead to death if left untreated. This disease is caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Trypanosoma and is transmitted to humans through tsetse fly bites. The disease is widespread across Sub-Saharan Africa, with 70% of cases in recent reports in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and an average of less than 1000 cases are declared annually. Since there is no appropriate treatment for HAT, steroidal and triterpenoid saponins have been reported to be effective in in vitro studies and might serve as scaffolds for the discovery of new treatments against this disease.

Aim of the Study:
The present study aimed to summarize up-to-date information on the anti-Trypanosoma brucei activity of steroidal and triterpenoid saponins. The mechanisms of action of in vitro bioactive compounds were also discussed.

Methods:
Information on the anti-Trypanosoma brucei activity of plant saponins was obtained from published articles, dissertations, theses, and textbooks through a variety of libraries and electronic databases.

Results:
There has been incredible progress in the identification of steroidal and triterpenoid saponins with pronounced in vitro activity against Trypanosoma brucei. Indeed, more than forty saponins were identified as having anti-T. brucei effect with activity ranging from moderate to highly active. The mechanisms of action of most of these saponins included DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis through downregulation of bcl-2 and MDM2, and upregulation of Bax and Bak, among others.

Conclusion:
Referring to in vitro studies, plant saponins have shown anti-Trypanosoma brucei activity; however, more cytotoxic and in vivo studies and detailed mechanisms of action of the bioactive saponins should be further considered.
Capability of Higher Education in Overcoming Digital Inequality in the Conditions of the Crisis in Ukraine
Authors: Stepura Tetiana , Kuzmak Olena 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The purpose of the article is to assess the gap between people’s readiness for effective activity in the digital economy and to identify the functional capabilities of universities to reduce this gap. The research used methods of generalizations, logical, systematic, and comparative analysis, and statistical-economic, sociological, and economic-mathematical methods and techniques. The results of the study showed that the digitalization of the economy, the state, and society, which is taking place in Ukraine, requires a significant increase in the level of society’s readiness for digital changes. For effective integration into the digital environment, in particular in the field of education, it is necessary to create a digital infrastructure that meets EU standards. The authors conducted a study of the development of the digital inclusive component of the regions of Ukraine.Proposed ways of digital development of society. In particular, it has been proven that promoting the development of the provision of educational services improves the digital literacy of the population for daily tasks and for employers to minimize the gaps between the digital environment and people’s skills. It is substantiated that the acquisition of new digital skills and competencies of employees requires the development of training networks and the improvement of foreign language knowledge, both for young people and for other generations.
Nato between Article 5 and the Discouragement and Defense Posture
Authors: Metea Ileana-Gentilia 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The paper aims at a retrospective analysis of the evolution of the NATO in the context of the new security challenges that have arisen, especially in the eastern and northeastern areas of Europe, and of the factors that have substantially contributed to the strategic orientation of the political-military organization, acting both from within, as well as from without. The work follows in stages the events that had a major impact on the positioning of the Alliance in one direction or another, while remaining consistent with the principles established in the Washington Treaty. Descouragement and defense are only part of the Alliance's eighth strategic concept.
Considerations on the Impact of Military Actions on the Environment
Authors: Milandru Marius 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
From a systemic point of view, it can be said that the natural environment is dynamic, constantly changing and evolving and directly influenced by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. As an integral part of the society, the military organization has an important role in the implementation of Romania’s environmental strategy. Consequently, the fulfilment of its functional tasks will be carried out in accordance with the incident normative framework, having as a priority the protection of the environment. In this vein, focus is placed on the respect of specific standards, as well as on the elimination of potential environmental risks that may occur during military actions. Specific military activities can cause significant environmental damage through the deterioration of environmental factors, i.e. soil degradation, water quality, environmental damage through the disposal of large quantities of waste, and degradation of flora.
Ramses the Great, the Peacemaker
Authors: Strechie Mădălina 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Ramses the Great was not only the greatest Egyptian pharaoh and the longest in office, but also the greatest diplomat of the ancient world. His achievements as a peacemaker were equaled only by the superpower of the ancient world, Rome, through its Pax Romana, but Rome imposed this concept as a policy of a world empire, while Ramses II, rightly nicknamed the Great single-handedly effected an Egyptian peace, more valuable than any peace in the world, which became the prototype of all peace treaties after his reign. Every political leader of Antiquity has at least one military masterpiece, the ancient leaders being the supreme leaders of the army, but Ramses is the only one who has a masterpiece of peace. The genius of Ramses the Great was fully demonstrated by the “sublime treaty”, truly a gift of the gods, mediated by the Son of the Sun, the pharaoh Ramses. He made peace with the most bitter enemies, the Hittites, also called by the Egyptians, Hyksos. The Egyptian Son of the Sun made peace with his civilization built for peace with a civilization built for war, the Hittite (Indo-European, a deeply warlike one, a general characteristic of all Indo-European civilizations). Ramses the Great proved that he is a god, even though this peace treaty, the world’s first attested diplomatic treaty, concluded at Kadesh with the Hittites, proving that peace is as difficult as war. But unlike war, peace has the merit of lasting much longer and, paradoxically, gives meaning to war. These two antagonistic principles, war and peace, were balanced for the first time, in a perfect way, by the Son of the Sun, Ramses the Great.
A Nexus of Defense and Security Governance in the Framework of Contemporary Managerial Trends
Authors: Ranf Diana-Elena , Badea Dorel , Halmaghi Elisabeta-Emilia 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The article contains a literature review of the most relevant and important trends in contemporary management and, based on this background, some possible directions for determining how to run processes specific to defense organizations are highlighted. As methodological framing, an applied research (information collection using Web of science and bibliometric processing to build the conceptual picture of management trends) and exploratory (in terms of purpose) was intended to determine the impact of contemporary management trends in the military. The work is of interest both for researchers in the field of general management for the understanding of some managerial peculiarities of the military organization but also for military specialists for a better awareness of the need and usefulness of scientific investigation of some specific aspects, at the same time also of the military science, considering the framing of the military domain in the social macro-field. It was also taken into account the fact widely accepted by scholars that in the history of management, on several occasions, some authors have considered the military organization as a managerial model.
Corruption - Global Threat to Human Security
Authors: Bălan-Liseanu Rodica-Cristina 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Corruption is a pervasive, highly topical, interdisciplinary social phenomenon that manifests itself globally, with regional specificities. It is a broad and complex concern whose manifestations and dynamics such as bribery, misappropriation of public funds through lack of transparency and integrity, nepotism, illegal and unfair access to positions of interest have devastating effects on economic and political instability and prevent or slow down economic growth or block competitive environments. The hypothesis is woven around the phenomenon of corruption seen not only as a question of legality but also of ethics, both institutional and personal. The present article proposes a perspective that goes beyond the purely theoretical sphere, problematising issues of current interest. The theoretical-empirical complementarity offers a complex perspective through the qualitative-quantitative alternations and the examples chosen.
Mediation - A Tool for Solving the Fundamental Problems of the Contemporary World
Authors: Bălan-Liseanu Rodica-Cristina 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In an ever-changing international environment, where international conflicts are evolving at a rapid pace, the culture of mediation as an alternative method of peaceful resolution of international disputes is at the centre of the global agenda, and its role is growing in relation to the diversity of internal and external threats. Flexibility, adaptability, impartiality, economic and temporal components are the main attributes that contribute significantly in the fields of preventive diplomacy, justice, crisis management and conflict prevention, security and defence. Mediation is a priority both in the prevention of conflict escalation and in the reconstruction phase, out of a desire to restore peace while safeguarding freedom, the rule of law and the common heritage.
Analysis of Budget Allocations for Personnel Expenses in the National Security System
Authors: Corman Narcis-Alexandru 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The National Security System represents the set of institutions with attributions in the area of defence, public order and national security. The National Security System is currently facing a rather large shortage of personnel, which may have serious implications on the public safety climate in Romania. This deficit is partly due to the fact that the world no longer considers employment in this system attractive from the salary point of view. The status of military personnel involves many restrictions and duties, which are not to the liking of new generations, thus reducing the competition for admission to military schools, having implications on the attraction of the best graduates within the National Security System, which can easily lead to its de-professionalization. This paper aims to analyse the budget allocations related to personnel expenses within the institutions that make up the National Security System in Romania, namely the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of National Defence, the Protection and Guard Service and the Special Telecommunications Service, taking into account the number of employees of each institution, in accordance with the information published by the Ministry of Finance.
Terrorist Behaviour - Between Psychological and Social
Authors: Dragomir Andreea-Nicoleta , Berindea Sergiu-Gabriel 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The paper captures some of the trends in terrorist behaviour based on an analysis of demographic, historical, psychological and political factors. Rational choice theory also shows that this behavioural tendency is nothing more than an adaptation to, or a rejection of, governmental policy changes. The causes of terrorism are complex and multi-dimensional, including social, political, economic, cultural and psychological aspects. One of the most common causes of terrorism is discrimination, i.e. perceived oppression or discrimination against an ethnic, religious or cultural group; and political conflict (terrorism can be used as a means to influence political decisions). Sociologically, even criminologically, terrorism cannot be reduced to the form of insanity or mental disorder, as it is essentially a political act with political aims. It can also be pointed out that some terrorists may suffer from psychiatric problems or behavioural disorders, but the causes of terrorism go much deeper, such as social frustration, moral indignation, the desire to change an unjust situation or to achieve a specific political goal.
Industrial Heritage as a Tourist Attraction. Case Study Unirea Salt Mine (Romania)
Authors: Merciu Florentina-Cristina , Păunescu Cornel , Merciu George-Laurenţiu , Olaru Martin 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Industrial heritage assets represent cultural heritage objectives that have multiple values (historical, technological, architectural, cultural, and social). The purpose of this study is to analyze the degree of interest of tourists to visit the Unirea salt mine in the town of Slănic Prahova (Romania) as an industrial heritage attraction. To develop the study, the authors applied a questionnaire to a number of 348 Romanian tourists with the aim of evaluating the degree of knowledge of the tourists regarding the mining heritage and the degree of interest in (re)visiting the Unirea salt mine. The main results of the study reflect the fact that there is a low share of tourists (16%) who visited the Unirea mine as an industrial heritage attraction. The main conclusion of this study is that, due to the complexity of the Unirea mine as an industrial heritage attraction, it requires better tourism exploitation to attract more visitors.
Specificities of the Culture and the Management of Economic Organizations in Romania in Approaching the Model Developed by Fons Trompenaars
Authors: Stanciu Leontin , Stanciu Cristian-Lucian 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The cultural determination of the managerial policies and practices is recognized and accepted within the modern theoretical and professional circles. The values, mentalities, generic ways of thinking and acting that define a culture, as well as the specific behaviors or patterns of interaction, which result from this cultural profile, have a major influence both on what happens within the economic organizations and on their management. To this purpose, by using the cultural dimensions of the model developed by Fons Trompenaars, the authors aimed to identify the main characteristics and the behaviors of the members of the culture and the management of the economic organizations in Romania.
Investigating the Contribution of Self-Compassion and Openness in Predicting Depression, Stress, and Anxiety
Authors: Lupu Valentin , Lupu Sarah K. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In recent studies, it was discovered that Self-compassion has the potential to be an individual protector from social stressors. Research shows that the use of self-compassion can be a positive strategy in regulating emotion for increased mental health. The relationship between self-compassion, openness, depression, stress, and anxiety among K-12 teachers in Romania is unexplored territory. The present study is examining the relationship between openness as one of the five traits of the Big-Five personality test, self-compassion, and the mental health of teachers. We also explored the contribution of self-compassion and openness in predicting depression, anxiety, and stress. The participants in this study were 85 K-12 Romanian teachers. We found a significant negative correlation between self-compassion and depression, anxiety, and stress. There is also a significant negative correlation between openness and all the DASS-21R scores. The correlation between self-compassion and openness was significantly positive.
Considerations on the Education of the United States Army Officers in the 19th Century
Authors: lică Gabriela Mihăilă 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Our paper presents in broad lines the beginnings of the formal education for the army officers in the United States of America, focusing on the information, the skills and the competencies the future American army officers had to achieve as well as on the training they had to undergo in order to receive a commission. We also analyze the methods of teaching and learning, some of these being still utilized today with great effectiveness. The objective of our article is to show how the Military Academy of West Point managed to adapt from the very beginning to the requirements of the changing nature of warfare and to the requirements of the society in order to provide the United States Army with effective leaders that are capable of confronting the challenges of the present as well as those of the future. Despite its humble beginnings and the harsh historical conditions, the military education in the United State has aspired for excellence and has succeeded into becoming the comprehensive educational system of today. The foundation of the intellectual architecture that will enable the military leaders to achieve victory on the battlefield is prepared in military institutions like the West Point Military Academy.
Using Technology to Increase Students’ Motivation for Learning a Foreign Language
Authors: Negoescu Alina Gabriela , Mitrulescu Corina Mariana 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Motivating students in learning a foreign language can be challenging, but educators can help to foster student motivation by employing a series of strategies, such as creating a positive and supportive learning environment and building a positive relationship with the students, using a variety of teaching methods, providing regular feedback and recognition for their efforts, using authentic materials, using technology, setting achievable goals, and providing opportunities for student choice and autonomy by encouraging learning outside the classroom. Employing technology in education is becoming a global trend and the majority of students use it in education in general but also in the process of language acquisition. Most scholars view the use of technology as being supportive for the learning environment and as a crucial element in providing a high-quality education, especially for the new generations of students who were born in this digital era and cannot function without technology. Technology offers students quick access to relevant information, not to mention that it expands their universe of learning. It also allows students to get in contact with a wealth of authentic resources, which can inspire language learners. The paper begins with highlighting the importance of motivation in language acquisition, then it presents the main reasons why we should connect motivation with technology, and finally it reviews some benefits of using technology to enhance language learning.