bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Signs of binary evolution in seven magnetic DA white dwarfs
Authors: Moss Adam , Kilic Mukremin , Bergeron P , Firgard Megan , Brown Warren 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
We present our findings on the spectral analysis of seven magnetic white dwarfs that were presumed to be double degenerates. We obtained time-resolved spectroscopy at the Gemini Observatory to look for evidence of binarity or fast rotation. We find three of our targets have rotation periods of less than an hour based on the shifting positions of the Zeeman-split H α components: 13, 35, and 39 min, and we find one more target with a approximately an hour long period that is currently unconstrained. We use offset dipole models to determine the inclination, magnetic field strength, and dipole offset of each target. The average surface field strengths of our fast rotators vary by 1–2 MG between different spectra. In all cases, the observed absorption features are too shallow compared to our models. This could be due to extra flux from a companion for our three low-mass targets, but the majority of our sample likely requires an inhomogeneous surface composition. Including an additional magnetic white dwarf with similar properties presented in the literature, we find that five of the eight targets in this sample show field variations on minute/hour time-scales. A crystallization driven dynamo can potentially explain the magnetic fields in three of our targets with masses above 0.7 M⊙, but another mechanism is still needed to explain their rapid rotation. We suggest that rapid rotation or low-masses point to binary evolution as the likely source of magnetism in seven of these eight targets.
A Noncoding A-to-U Kozak Site Change Related to the High Transmissibility of Alpha, Delta, and Omicron VOCs
Authors: Yang Jianing , Cui Yingmin , Yu Dalang , Zhang Guoqing , Cao Ruifang , Gu Zhili , Dai Guangyi , Wu Xiaoxian , Ling Yunchao , Yi Chunyan , Sun Xiaoyu , Sun Bing , Lin Xin , Zhang Yu , Zhao Guo-Ping , Li Yixue , Pan Yi-Hsuan , Li Haipeng 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Three prevalent SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) emerged and caused epidemic waves. It is essential to uncover advantageous mutations that cause the high transmissibility of VOCs. However, viral mutations are tightly linked, so traditional population genetic methods, including machine learning–based methods, cannot reliably detect mutations conferring a fitness advantage. In this study, we developed an approach based on the sequential occurrence order of mutations and the accelerated furcation rate in the pandemic-scale phylogenomic tree. We analyzed 3,777,753 high-quality SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences and the epidemiology metadata using the Coronavirus GenBrowser. We found that two noncoding mutations at the same position (g.a28271−/u) may be crucial to the high transmissibility of Alpha, Delta, and Omicron VOCs although the noncoding mutations alone cannot increase viral transmissibility. Both mutations cause an A-to-U change at the core position −3 of the Kozak sequence of the N gene and significantly reduce the protein expression ratio of ORF9b to N. Using a convergent evolutionary analysis, we found that g.a28271−/u, S:p.P681H/R, and N:p.R203K/M occur independently on three VOC lineages, suggesting that coordinated changes of S, N, and ORF9b proteins are crucial to high viral transmissibility. Our results provide new insights into high viral transmissibility co-modulated by advantageous noncoding and nonsynonymous changes.
Are hydrides under high-pressure–high-temperature superconductors?
Authors: Hirsch J E 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
Contrary to the current consensus, I argue that the existing evidence for high-temperature superconductivity in hydrides under high pressure is not compelling. I suggest that the focus of the field should urgently shift to establish unequivocally experimentally whether or not superconductivity in pressurized hydrides exists, instead of continuing to search for new materials that might show elusive signals of unproven superconductivity at ever higher temperatures. The implications of a negative finding for the theoretical understanding of superconductivity are discussed.
Hierarchical organization of rhesus macaque behavior
Authors: Voloh Benjamin , Eisenreich Benjamin R , Maisson David J-N , Ebitz R Becket , Park Hyun Soo , Hayden Benjamin Y , Zimmermann Jan 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
Primatologists, psychologists and neuroscientists have long hypothesized that primate behavior is highly structured. However, delineating that structure has been impossible due to the difficulties of precision behavioral tracking. Here we analyzed a data set consisting of continuous measures of the 3D position of two male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) performing three different tasks in a large unrestrained environment over several hours. Using an unsupervised embedding approach on the tracked joints, we identified commonly repeated pose patterns, which we call postures. We found that macaques' behavior is characterized by 49 distinct postures, lasting an average of 0.6 seconds. We found evidence that behavior is hierarchically organized, in that transitions between poses tend to occur within larger modules, which correspond to identifiable actions; these actions are further organized hierarchically. Our behavioral decomposition allows us to identify universal (cross-individual and cross-task) and unique (specific to each individual and task) principles of behavior. These results demonstrate the hierarchical nature of primate behavior, provide a method for the automated ethogramming of primate behavior and provide important constraints on neural models of pose generation.
The Transition from the Coffin Texts to the Book of the Dead
Authors: Gestermann Louise 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Coffin Texts (CT) and the Book of the Dead (BD) are linked in manifold ways. The Pyramid Texts (PT) will mostly be disregarded in the following since only a few of those spells were included into the repertoire of the BD, and even these were only included through the CT. Concerning the CT, the remarks in this chapter generally refer to those texts that were designated as CT for scholarly reasons (for some general remarks on the origins of the BD compare Dorman, 2017: 29–39). Numerous connections and correspondences occur as spells from the earlier text corpus (CT) were selected and edited for the later collection of the BD. This mainly concerns contents and perceptions related to death and the afterlife that were passed on in the texts. The disappearance of spell groups caused adjustments and displacements in terms of content from one corpus to the other while additional differences can be noted in relation to the layout and the placement of the text on its media. Even though plenty of this is known and recognized, the transition from the CT to the BD still brings about various questions regarding its details. The selected examples shall demonstrate a possible approach toward understanding the process of the transition from the CT to the BD.
The so-called Chapitres Supplémentaires
Authors: Wüthrich Annik 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The so-called chapitres supplémentaires, BD 162 to 167, Pleyte, have been composed during the last phase of the history of the Book of the Dead. The group of spells 163, 164, and 165 was first introduced into this corpus as an addition to it, while BD 162 seems to be considered the conclusive chapter of this ensemble. Furthermore, their originality lies in the main role played by the Theban theology and, on a lexical level, in the attempt to give them a Nubian background. Stylistically, they show some features of Late Egyptian, while the rest of the corpus is written in classical Middle Egyptian.
The United Nations Security Council and the 1540 Committee
Authors: Kienzle Benjamin , Salisbury Daniel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In April 2004, the UN Security Council adopted resolution 1540, which seeks to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) to non-state actors through mandating that states put in place a wide range of policy tools. This includes provisions relating to nuclear security—specifically, physical protection, material accountancy and control, and border controls. The chapter provides an overview of Resolution 1540 and its role in strengthening nuclear security. It considers the context to the resolution, its passage in 2004, and its basic provisions. The chapter also considers the role of the 1540 Committee and the Panel of Experts, and controversies and challenges surrounding the resolution. The chapter concludes by considering what the future holds for the resolution, the 1540 agenda, and its role in preventing nuclear terrorism.
Overview of Nuclear and Radioactive Materials
Authors: Frieß Friederike , Kütt Moritz 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A discussion of nuclear security is deeply intertwined with the fundamental physics of radioactive materials. These dictate the attractiveness of materials to potential adversaries and consequently, where protection efforts should be focused. The chapter provides the technical basis of nuclear security, written at a level accessible to a broad non-technical audience. It discusses the nuclear and radiative properties of key materials, in particular uranium and plutonium, as well as key radioisotopes that emit radiation that can be harmful to human health. It also introduces the history of nuclear weapons and the characteristics of the two most important isotopes for nuclear weapons use, uranium-235 and plutonium-239. And it outlines the production of these materials and their use in civil and military applications, as well as their current estimated stockpiles. In order to understand the potential harm nuclear and radioactive materials, the chapter explains their physical and biological effects.
The Evolution of Nuclear Security in Russia
Authors: Kovchegin Dmitry 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Russia inherited most of the Soviet nuclear complex and accompanying nuclear security practices following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. While these were arguably adequate to the risks of the time, the collapse of the Soviet Union led to a totally different threat environment. The old security system was no longer capable of addressing these emerging threats, thus requiring a new system to be developed from scratch. This challenge was exacerbated by the poor economic situation and Russia’s inability to devote resources necessary for the development of a new nuclear security system. International nuclear security assistance was critical during this transition period, both as a source of funding to pay for the development of the new system and as a source of expertise to develop an effective system. The chapter provides an overview of the evolution of nuclear security in Russia over the past 30 years, juxtaposing the following key themes: security threats and the social and political environment affecting nuclear security in Russia; the institutional structure of nuclear security in Russia; nuclear security policies and the introduction of best practices; sustainability of nuclear security in Russia; and current nuclear security challenges.
Nuclear Security in the Republic of Korea
Authors: Chung Jinho , Lee Na Young 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Making efforts to strengthen nuclear security is a prerequisite for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. With this in mind, the Republic of Korea (ROK) has established and effectively maintained its national nuclear security regime in response to emerging threats in a rapidly changing environment. As a nuclear supplier, the ROK also shares responsibility with other countries worldwide to build a robust and sustainable global nuclear security regime. The ROK stakeholders—including the regulatory body, operators, and other competent authorities—have paid careful attention to the various elements comprising the national security regime, systems, and measures. The country’s legal and regulatory framework has been improved by embracing international requirements, recommendations, and guidance. The ROK also stresses the importance of ensuring the effective design, operation, and maintenance of nuclear security systems and measures. Research and development have meanwhile played a role as a powerful force to counter emerging threats in a timely manner.
Securing Nuclear Materials during Transport
Authors: Dewey Karl , Officer Bob , Whittard Ben 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Nuclear and radiological materials are integral parts of the global economy and to enable their use across the world, they must be routinely transported both between and within states. However, protecting nuclear and radiological materials during transport is more complex than at licensed sites, and is widely considered one of the most challenging areas of nuclear security. Although the intricacies of mobility and the need to work with multiple stakeholders increase the complexities of transport operations, the transportation industry remains a highly regulated environment. Indeed, international standards clearly delineate the roles and responsibilities of states, competent authorities, and operators to form a comprehensive system within the global nuclear security regime. Although most transport takes place domestically via various national carriers, a small pool of carriers is also licensed to carry Category I nuclear materials internationally. By systematically analysing threat landscapes and using intelligence-led threat solutions and risk-based practices, these carriers can design and implement effective physical and cyber protection solutions. When combined with quality assurance and regulatory oversight, carriers are able to conduct secure and accountable operations that mitigate the threat posed by potential adversaries.
Radiological Source Security
Authors: Abdul Rahman Irman , Chapman Geoffrey , Mohamed Faizal 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
While radiological sources can be used for a variety of beneficial purposes, their misuse poses an ongoing security risk. This threat is set to increase due to the persistent growth in the legitimate uses of radiological sources. Although there has been limited non-state actor interest in radiological material, the potential tragic consequences of radiological material falling out of regulatory control have already been demonstrated by radiological accidents, when no harm was intended. To avoid such incidents, non-legitimate access to radiological material must be denied through the development of security systems. The chapter covers the essential elements of radiological source security, with a focus on how the international community has attempted to improve the effective implementation of these principles through a range of initiatives. Maintaining an effective radiological security regime will always be challenging in practice due to the range of actors involved, their limited capacities to focus on security issues compared to nuclear facilities, the often public-facing nature of the institutions hosting radiological sources, and the number and diversity of radiological materials in need of securing around the world. The chapter focuses on how states can cooperate in sharing best practices of implementing and improving radiological source security through legislative, regulatory, and institutional reforms. The chapter also draws on efforts undertaken in various national contexts, specifically Malaysia and the United Kingdom, as case studies to demonstrate how to improve radiological source security in a sustainable way.
Radiation Detection for Border Monitoring
Authors: Marianno Craig 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Since 1993, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has tracked reported incidents of illicit radioactive material trafficking in their Incident and Trafficking Database. Between 1993 and 2021 there have been 320 recorded incidents of malicious trafficking that included industrial radioactive sources, special nuclear material, and scam/fraudulent material. In order to detect and intercept the illicit movement of radioactive material, countries have developed radiation detection regimes at border crossings and at ports of entry. The chapter discusses the key concepts behind radiation detection at borders, highlighting the commonly deployed defence-in-depth security strategy that utilizes multiple different types of detectors. These detection systems range in size from large, fixed-location radiation portal monitors (RPMs) to hand-held instruments such as personal radiation detectors and radioisotope identification devices. Typically, RPMs monitor moving vehicular and pedestrian traffic and the hand-held systems are employed to isolate and identify radioactive sources registered by the larger systems. With a properly trained force, these radiation detection systems can be effective at detecting the illicit transport of radioactive material across points of entry at borders.
Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response
Authors: Leek Angela E. , Semancik Jeffrey D. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Nuclear power plants are designed to operate safely for decades. Contingency plans have been developed to manage the energy, heat, and radiation unique to nuclear emergencies. As world threats emerge and evolve, these plans must also be robust, resilient, and agile enough to protect the public and the environment. Effective nuclear emergency preparedness requires the deliberate integration of security considerations and radiological protection into contingency response plans and security protocols. This document first provides an overview of emergency preparedness. It then explores how world trends have increasingly shifted focus to security, particularly on hostile-based events. The next part systematically examines the inter-relation of security and radiological emergency preparedness (REP) considerations in developing sound plans and protocols. The discussion concludes with examples of best practices and the future trajectory of nuclear emergency preparedness.
Responding to Radiological Terrorism
Authors: Pearce Julia M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Public reactions play a key role in determining the overall economic, social, physical, and psychological impacts of radiological terrorism. Even incidents with low casualty rates can produce widespread anxiety and behaviour change, as radiation scores highly on psychometric measures of fear and dread, related to lack of control, unfamiliarity, potentially fatal consequences, and high risk to future generations. The chapter argues that understanding and informing public reactions is central to the success or failure of radiological terrorism response. Specifically, it draws on risk theory and real-world case studies to explore psychological and behavioural responses to radiological terrorism. The chapter also discusses data from two projects that developed and tested communication interventions for use in ‘dirty bomb’ and covert radiation release scenarios. In so doing, it establishes core principles for effective risk and crisis communication that are crucial for a successful response to radiological terrorism.
Nuclear Security in the Wake of the 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami in Japan
Authors: Roth Nickolas , Salisbury Daniel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In March 2011, the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Japan and a resultant tsunami destroyed large swathes of the Japanese coastline, killed thousands, and caused billions of dollars in damage. The nuclear power plant at Fukushima Daiichi was badly damaged by the tsunami, losing power and back-up generators, leading to a radioactive release. The chapter considers nuclear security in Japan before and after the Fukushima disaster. It provides background on the nuclear sector in Japan and considers the Fukushima disaster and its implications for nuclear security. While a safety incident, the Fukushima accident had consequential implications for nuclear security in Japan. Rather than focusing on the potential for a non-state actor to maliciously cause a Fukushima-style accident, the chapter centres on maintaining nuclear security during times of crisis. The chapter goes on to discuss nuclear security issues in Japan since the disaster and concludes by considering the future of the country’s nuclear security. It argues that nuclear security in Japan has improved significantly over the past decades, especially since the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, but with Fukushima having significant enduring influence. At the time of writing, however, the future of nuclear security—like the future of nuclear power in Japan more generally—remains unclear, largely a result of the disaster a decade ago.
The Risk of Nuclear Terrorism
Authors: Mueller John 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Terrorist groups seem to have exhibited only limited desire and have made even less progress in going atomic. The risk may be low because they, unlike generations of ‘alarmists’, have discovered that the effort required is scarcely likely to be successful. It is highly improbable that a would-be atomic terrorist would be given or sold a bomb by a like-minded nuclear state, because the donor would not be able to control its use and because the weapon’s source might be discovered. Moreover, neither ‘loose nukes’ nor a market in illicit nuclear materials seem to exist. To manufacture the device themselves would be very costly and would require a series of difficult hurdles being conquered in sequence, including the effective recruitment of corrupted co-conspirators. The difficulties are likely to increase due to enhanced protective and policing efforts by self-interested governments.
Social Stratification by Gender and Parenthood
Authors: Evertsson Marie , Magnusson Charlotta , van der Vleuten Maaike 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses theories and research on social stratification by gender, focusing on wage and earnings inequalities. The first part describes changes over time in gendered economic inequalities and discusses the various theories used to account for the gender pay gap from demand-side and supply-side perspectives. The division of paid and unpaid work changes considerably when couples have children. The second part of the chapter discusses research on the earnings gap and the theories aimed at explaining why the majority of women, and rarely men, take the majority of parental leave and reduce their work hours when children are young. Finally, the chapter teases out the relevance of these theories by comparing how the transition to parenthood links to relative income development in female same-sex and different-sex couples in the Nordic countries. Findings suggest that the doing of gender and identity formation may be the most important factors explaining birth mothers’ relative earnings development.
The Ḍākinī in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism
Authors: Simmer-Brown Judith 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Research on the Vajrayāna ḍākinī has required diverse methods to untangle the gendered and nongendered interrelated meanings attributed to her. When in female form, she can be a visionary messenger, a Tantric meditational yidam (yi dam) deity, or a realized woman susceptible to orientalist and New Age interpretations. But she is also a nongendered emblem of embodied realization, employing the dynamic energy of the subtle body, the nature of mind, and unified symbol of enlightenment in the Tantric sense, considered a powerful influence in Tibetan spiritual culture. Reversing the quadruple androcentrism of Tibetan Buddhism, current research has uncovered the biographies, sādhanas, writings, and liturgies authored by and about ḍākinīs while employing them for new purposes of healing and regeneration in post-Mao Tibet.