bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The beetles (Insecta, Coleoptera) of the southwest of Primorsky Krai, Russian Far East
Authors: Makarov Kirill , Sundukov Yuri 
Published: December 2022

The article is based on the results of the authors' field studies on the fauna of Coleoptera in the southwest of Primorsky Krai, conducted in 1990, 1999, 2015 and 2017–2022. The collection of material was carried out in more than 150 geographical points in the territories of the Khasansky, Nadezhdensky and Ussuriysky raion of the Primorsky Krai of Russia. In addition, small collections materials stored at the Federal Scientific Center of East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity FEB RAS (Vladivostok, Russia) and Moscow Pedagogical State University (Moscow, Russia) were studied. This is the first generalised list of beetles for south-western Primorye and protected natural areas. A total of 13274 beetles belonging to 629 species from 311 genera and 44 families were studied. In addition to our own collections, the sample includes literature data on 10008 specimens belonging to 355 species from 142 genera and 16 families.
This is the first dataset that provides data on the taxonomic composition and geographic distribution with precise coordinates for 47 families of Coleoptera in the southwest of Primorsky Krai, Russia.
Studies in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Weil Richard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Introduction. As regards the composition of the precipitate, a great deal has been written, and there has been considerable discussion as to whether it is composed wholly of precipitinogen, or wholly of precipitin, or in part of both. That the last named is the correct view of its composition will, I think, be evident from a large number of experiments included in the present study. In order to establish this fact at the outset, however, the following experiment is inserted:
Experiment. To 1 cc. of Serum 894, rabbit versus horse serum, is added 0.02 cc. of horse serum. The resulting precipitate is thoroughly washed, and is then injected intraperitoneally into a guinea pig. Four animals are prepared in this manner. After four days, two of these pigs are given an intravenous injection of 0.5 cc. of horse serum. Both die in anaphylactic convulsions. This demonstrates by the method of passive sensitization the presence of rabbit-versus-horse antibodies in the precipitate.
Complement Fixation in Vaccinia and Variola
Authors: Kolmer John A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
While clinical experience since the days of Jenner has conclusively proven that successful vaccination with cowpox virus or with the virus of smallpox itself results in establishing a high degree of active immunity against smallpox our knowledge of these protective antibodies is quite limited. Likewise clinical experience indicates quite conclusively that the antibody produced by inoculation with cowpox virus must be identical with or almost so with the antibody produced by smallpox virus, but the establishment of this relation between the two antibodies by means of immunological reactions has been less satisfactory, due probably to our ignorance of the specific micro-organisms of those diseases, our imperfect knowledge of the nature of the antibodies and the present limitations of immunological technic.
Attempts toward inducing passive immunization of animals against cowpox and smallpox by means of the injection of blood from vaccinated animals have been occasionally successful and frequently unsuccessful; likewise in a few experiments the virus of cowpox has been successfully inactivated or destroyed in vitro through contact with the blood serum of vaccinated animals.
Studies on Antibacterial Serums
Authors: Hitchens A. Parker , Robinson George H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
By suspending a 16-hour meningococcus culture in sterile fresb guinea pig's serum, diluted to four times its volume, and injecting this suspension intraperitoneally into white mice, a regular virulence can be demonstrated.
If the amount of serum necessary to protect against one M.L.D. of culture is considered as a unit, a rational and uniform method of standardizing antimeningococcus serum can be obtained.
A dosage similar to that of antitoxic serum would be possible by such a method of standardization.
The protection test parallels the extent of immunization more nearly than agglutination or complement fixation tests.
The protection test is specific, differentiating strains of meningococci as well as the gonococcus.
The polyvalency of an antimeningococcus serum is of extreme importance.
Studies on Antibacterial Serums
Authors: Hitchens A. Parker , Hansen George 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Among the several methods suggested for the titration of antimeningococcus serum, complement fixation was first recommended by Kolle and Wassermann (1). They estimated that a serum to be valuable for treatment should inhibit hemolysis in a dose of 0.001 cc. Other writers, however, chiefly Krumbein and Diehl (2) and St. Baecher and Hachla (3) claimed that this method of testing may lead to erroneous results. Indeed, according to Neufeld (4) and Neufeld and Händel (5) the complement fixing antibodies are quite independent of the bacteriolytic amboceptors and do not necessarily bear any relation to the therapeutic value of the serum.
A similar view has been held by American investigators. Titration of the bacteriotropic power of the serum according to the method of Neufeld as modified by Jobling and Lamar was accepted by Flexner. The laboratories of this country adopted the bacteriotropic method as the most rational of the tests since it was believed to imitate the mode of action of the serum therapeutically.
Elective Localization of the Streptococcus from a Case of Pulpitis, Dental Neuritis and Myositis
Authors: Rosenow Edward C. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A streptococcus having peculiar properties was isolated from the dead pulp of the left upper first molar in the region where the attacks of pain usually began. The streptococcus was also demonstrated in the sections and isolated from the infiltrated deep fascia and muscles of the left side of the neck. A similar streptococcus was isolated from the pharynx and stool. This streptococcus was proved to have elective affinity for the pulp of teeth, dental nerves and muscles in animals. It was repeatedly isolated from and demonstrated in the experimental lesions in animals whose blood was sterile; the lesions were again produced on reinjection and the streptococcus again isolated. Many animals appeared to be in pain and 1 rabbit (Fig. 4) had marked swelling and tenderness over the left upper jaw. This affinity was proved absent in the diptheroid bacillus and Bacillus fusiformis, which also were isolated from the pulp of the tooth, and in the streptococcus broth culture filtrate. Streptococci from other sources rarely cause lesions in the pulp of teeth and dental nerves. The phagocytic power of the patient's blood following the attack over the strain from the tooth was twice that of comparable normal blood.
These results would appear to warrant drawing the conclusion that the attacks of pain in the face in this patient were due to a streptococcus infection of the sheaths of the dental nerves, and that the pain, swelling, tenderness and spasm of the muscles of the neck were due to myositis and fibrositis—the result of infection by this streptococcus. The demonstration of living streptococci in the pulp of the tooth and in the fascia and muscle during quiescent intervals is significant and may explain the recurrence of the attacks. The cavity in the tooth containing the dead pulp, which was originally infected from the mouth, judging by the character of the filling and of the bacterial flora, was quite unable to heal for mechanical reasons. The contents of the cavity appeared to afford a culture medium for the growth of the streptococcus. From stimulation of the defensive mechanism in the patient during the attacks, active growth appeared to be held in check and the symptoms disappeared in consequence, only to reappear later from recurrence of active growth and localization of the streptococci when the immunity was low.
The improvement in the patient since extraction of the tooth appears to be due to the removal of this focus and to prolonged artificial stimulation of the defensive mechanism by means of the autogenous vaccine, which, it is hoped, will lead to the destruction of all the streptococci in the muscle and dental nerves, and result in the ultimate recovery of the patient. However, the isolation of this streptococcus from so many places, indicates that complete recovery will probably be difficult.
The Relation of the Luetin Skin Reaction to Immunity in Syphilis (Including the Treponemicidal Action of Human Serum in Syphilis)
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Broadwell Stuart 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The results of this study conducted with one culture of treponema pallidum may be summarized as follows: Fresh active normal serum exerts no treponemicidal action on culture pallida in vitro in the proportion of one or two parts of serum to one part of diluted fluid culture.The sera of persons in the tertiary and latent stages of syphilis exert no appreciable treponemicidal action on culture pallida in vitro under similar conditions.The sera of syphilitic persons yielding typical luetin reactions did not exert any treponemicidal activity in vitro.There is no direct relation between the occurrence of cutaneous hypersensitiveness to luetin and the presence of agglutinin for culture pallida in the blood serum.There is no direct relation between the occurrence of cutaneous hypersensitiveness to luetin and the presence of a complement-fixing antibody with an antigen of luetin in the blood serum; both the anaphylactic and complement-fixing antibodies were present or absent together in 52 per cent of cases, while the former was present and the latter absent in 40 per cent. The anaphylactic and complement-fixation reactions indicate an infection with treponema pallidum, but as based upon experiments in vitro neither can be regarded as indicating the co-existence of a treponemolysin or as an index of immunity to syphilis.The sera of a larger percentage of syphilitics contain agglutinin for treponema pallidum than complement-fixing antibody when luetin is used as antigen. It is probable that this difference is due in large part to the poor antigenic sensitiveness of luetin as antigen; when ordinary lipoidal extracts were used as antigens both complement fixation and agglutination occurred together with the majority of sera.As based mainly upon the results of these treponemicidal and other tests in vitro, the anaphylactic luetin test cannot be regarded as an index of resistance to treponema pallidum; these experiments and the failure of others (Neisser and Bruck; Nakano and Noguchi) to produce active immunity in animals to syphilis indicate that a lytic type of immunity is absent in syphilis or, at least, that it plays but a minor rôle in this infection.
Studies in Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Spivacke Charles A. , Grove Ella F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The foregoing is an experimental study of a case of atopic hypersensitiveness (asthma) in which house dust was shown to be an exciting cause, a constitutional reaction having been produced on 2 occasions by the injection of the same small quantity, 0.1 cc., of the dust extract.
R. A. Cooke's opinion that house dust contains a specific excitant of atopy is confirmed by the demonstration, in the blood of a dust sensitive individual, of a specific reagin with which a normal skin site could be sensitized to the dust atopen.
With the use of the method of local passive transfer (Prausnitz and Kustner) it could be shown that the dust atopen was not a product of horse dander, to which latter material the individual was also slightly sensitive.
With the same technical method results were obtained which seemed to indicate the existence of more than one dust atopen.
The Incidence of Two Types of Group II Human Red Blood Cells
Authors: Kline B. S. , Ecker E. E. , Young A. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Until recently it was believed that there were but four groups of human blood and that these could be explained as dependent upon combinations of two agglutinins and two agglutinogens. In February of last year, however, Guthrie and Huck (1) reported a third agglutinin and corresponding agglutinogen, and the finding of eight of the twenty-seven biological groups possible with three agglutinins and three agglutinogens.
They found that the traditional Group II is not a unit but composed of at least two types, the serum of each containing a single agglutinin (a) but the red cells of one type containing one agglutinogen (B) and those of the other type two agglutinogens (BC). Concerning the incidence of the types of Group II blood, they remark, “We cannot state with absolute assurance which is the commoner of these two types as it is easy to be misled from a small series.”
The Heat Produced by Reactions of Antigens with Antibodies
Authors: Bayne-Jones Stanhope 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The differential micro-calorimeter of A. V. Hill was used for the measurement of the heat produced by the combination of diphtheria toxin with antitoxin and by the agglutination of bacteria by an immune serum. This type of calorimeter is well suited to such measurements, because it eliminates the effects of changes in the temperature of the environment during the long period required for these reactions and permits the use of suitable controls which cancel the heat effects due to dilution and to unknown substances in the solutions containing the antigens and the antibodies. A White potentiometer in conjunction with a thermocouple and galvanometer reproduced the temperature changes during the reactions in terms of microvolts, which were then converted into degrees Centigrade.
The probable errors in the measurements amount to approximately 10 per cent. The values obtained are thought to be somewhat too high.
Both types of reaction are exothermic.
At present, the amounts of the reacting components cannot be expressed in grams, and are measured in terms of immunological units.
The data for the reaction between diphtheria toxin and antitoxin are based upon the union of 1 unit of diphtheria antitoxin with 1 Lf amount of toxin. In this proportion, all of the affinities of the antitoxin are satisfied by combination with an equivalent of the toxin-antigen, regardless of its actual toxicity. The reaction between 1 unit of diphtheria antitoxin and 1 Lf amount of diphtheria toxin liberated 0.0645 gram calories.
The observations upon the heat produced by the agglutination of bacteria by an immune serum have only a qualitative significance, as it is impossible to reduce these to any satisfactory quantitative terms. Heat is liberated during this reaction in two periods. The first corresponds to the period in which the antigen and antibody combine; the second corresponds to the period of mechanical flocculation of the bacteria.
Further Studies on Bacterial Allergy
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Grinnell Francis B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although our previous studies on bacterial allergy have occupied themselves largely with the tuberculin reaction, we have, from the beginning, regarded this phenomenon merely as a specific instance of a train of occurrences probably general to all bacterial invasions of the animal body in which contact between invader and invaded exceeded the short periods of briefly acute infections, or in which—even in such brief contacts—periodic repetition occurred. Accordingly, we have from time to time published incidental experiments in which allergic reactions were observed in guinea pigs treated and tested with other bacteria (staphylococci, typhoid bacilli) (1).
In pursuing these studies in greater detail, we have subjected the hemolytic streptococcus infections to a more extensive study since these organisms by their frequent invasions of the human throat would seem to represent the most important group of bacteria with which lesions or symptoms secondary to the establishment of an allergic condition might be associated.
The Precipitin Test in the Identification of Yeasts
Authors: Balls A. K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It is the purpose of this note to show that serum reactions may offer considerable aid in the differentiation of various species and sub-species of yeasts—a tedious and difficult task by current methods. Schütze (1) in 1902 found that anti-yeast sera in rather high concentrations caused non-specific precipitation when mixed with press juice: agglutination reactions, as carried out by him were also found to be non-specific. The tendency of many yeasts to flocculate spontaneously led me to abandon work on agglutination phenomena. But in repeating Schütze's precipitin experiments, it was found that while some yeasts, notably S. logos, yielded non-specific sera, others, particularly if the dilutions were carried quite far, gave nicely specific results.
Ten authentic cultures were used, five of them races, or subspecies, of S. cervisiae, and therefore very closely related. These were first kept for nine months on the same medium, a cane molasses phosphate agar, grown aerobically with monthly transplants.
Serological Studies on Bovine Infectious Abortion
Authors: McAlpine James G. , Rettger Leo F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Results
Reacting cows may be divided into three main groups by testing their sera and milk at monthly intervals and titering to the end point. One of these groups comprises animals whose udder secretions constantly exhibit reacting bodies of both classes. The second is made up of cows in the milk of which the so-called immune bodies are present only during the colostral and drying off periods; while in the third group the complement fixing bodies are never present in the milk. Animals classified in the second group constituted 50 per cent of the cows under observation. All calves, regardless of the reaction of the dam, are born non-reactors to both the agglutination and complement fixation tests. If they are permitted to suck positive dams within the first twenty-four hours of life, they become reactors in a remarkably short time, but again become negative almost invariably before the sixth month of age. On the other hand, if they ingest the colostrum of negative dams, they remain negative unless they become infected from without during or after sexual maturity.
A Sandwich Technique for the Detection of Myxovirus-Infected Cells Using a Fluorescein-Conjugated Antibody Directed against a Glycoprotein Substrate (Fetuin)
Authors: Blough Herbert A. , Ballow Mark , Kreider John W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A two layer “sandwich” technique for the detection of macromolecular synthesis in myxovirus-infected cells has been carried out using a small glycoprotein substrate, fetuin, followed by an outer layer of antifetuin antibody labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate. This method appears to offer a high degree of sensitivity and permits one to use a single fluorescent label for the identification of myxovirus-infected cells.
Communications
Authors: Mergenhagen S. E. , Gewurz H. , Bladen H. A. , Nowotny A. , Kasai N. , Lüderitz O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cell wall lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria possesses both endotoxic and O-antigenic activity. Recent electron microscopic studies have provided strong evidence that the LPS, localized in the outer membrane of the cell wall, may also serve as a substrate for the action of the complement (C′) enzymes. “Lesions” indicative of utilization of the terminal C′ components have been visualized on the surface of Gram-negative bacteria and on the membranous LPS after incubation with fresh mammalian serum (1–3). Since various biologically active factors are generated by C′ interactions prior to terminal component activation, it was suggested that certain of the biologic effects of LPS might be mediated via the C′ system (2, 4).
An important contribution to the study of the chemical nature of endotoxin has recently been obtained by O. Lüderitz et al. (5). These workers found that endotoxin, isolated from a rough strain of Salmonella minnesota, consisted mainly of 2-keto-3 deoxyoctonate (KDO) and “lipid A” without O-polysaccharide or heptose.
Antigenicity of the M Proteins of Group a Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Fox Eugene N. , Wittner M. K. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Group A streptococcal M proteins of serotypes 3 and 12 cross-react as a result of shared antigenic determinants. These cross-reactions are seen in passive hemagglutination assays and in lines of identity in immunodiffusion plates with antisera from rabbits immunized with purified M protein vaccines. Rabbits immunized with one of types 3 or 12 M protein vaccines produce antibodies that are bactericidal only for the homologous serotype. Children with upper respiratory infections caused by either types 3 or 12 group A streptococci develop antibodies to both serotypes. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to streptococcal immunization of humans with M protein vaccines.
Hemagglutinin of Type 4 Adeno-Associated Satellite Virus
Authors: Ito Michio , Mayor Heather D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The mixture of type 4 defective adeno-associated satellite virus and its simian helper adenovirus was found to have a high hemagglutinating (HA) activity, particularly with type O human erythrocytes at 4°C. This activity was inhibited by antiserum against the satellite but was virtually unchanged after treatment with adenovirus antiserum. Satellite-free simian adenovirus had a low level of HA activity itself, which could be completely inhibited by homologous adenovirus antiserum. Growth cycle studies showed that the increase of HA activity coincided with the rise of satellite infectivity. After density gradient centrifugation, bands which consisted of high concentrations of satellite particles alone also showed high HA activity. These results indicate that HA activity is a property of the type 4 adeno-associated satellite virus.
Characterization of Antibodies Produced in Natural and Experimental Coxsackievirus Infections
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H. , Dennis Juanita 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Neutralizing, hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI), complement-fixing (CF) and precipitating coxsackievirus antibodies produced in natural infections of man and experimental infections of rhesus monkeys were characterized with respect to their sedimentation properties in sucrose density gradients and sensitivity to 2-mercaptoethanol (ME). Early appearing neutralizing and HI antibodies consisted largely of 19 S immunoglobulins; these were replaced by 7 S antibody globulins in convalescent-phase sera. Determining the ME sensitivity of neutralizing and HI antibodies in sera from human coxsackievirus infections did not give a particularly reliable indication of the current infecting virus type; in some instances homotypic antibody did not show significant reductions in titer after ME treatment, and in other instances heterotypic antibody was ME-sensitive to the same extent as homotypic antibody. Complement-fixing antibodies to the coxsackieviruses were invariably ME-resistant and demonstrable only in the 7 S immunoglobulin fraction, even in initial infections with a coxsackievirus. In both natural and experimental infections specific precipitating antibody was ME-sensitive and present in the 19 S immunoglobulin fraction, while group precipitating antibody was ME-resistant and present in the 7 S fraction.