bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LA POLITICA INTERNAZIONALE NELL'ERA DELLA GLOBALIZZAZIONE
Authors: Andreatta Filippo 
Published: January 2023

IntroduzioneCome spesso accade ai concetti di gran moda, anche la globalizzazione è presa a prestito nelle accezioni più disparate. Invocato come deus ex machina per spiegare ogni sorta di fenomeno sociale, il concetto rischia di perdere la sua utilità e di non spiegare più nulla (Sartori 1979). Un concetto è infatti utile nella misura in cui specifica un insieme di fenomeni al quale è applicabile, distinguendoli dagli altri. Se un concetto è applicato ad ogni situazione, la sua (sovra-)estensione così generalizzata ne assottiglia l'intensione, cioè la sua capacità di specificare e di spiegare i fenomeni. Un'estensione senza limiti porta ad una completa evanescenza esplicativa perché non si può attribuire la stessa causa ad un fenomeno e al suo contrario. La globalizzazione rischia questo fato in quanto utilizzata in una tale varietà di contesti da rendere estremamente ardua una sua definizione precisa. Se il concetto significa per ciascuno una cosa diversa, allora si entra in una torre di Babele nella quale ognuno parla la propria lingua senza possibilità di confrontarsi con gli altri.
SISTEMI ELETTORALI, SISTEMI PARTITICI CAUSE E CONSEGUENZE
Authors: Pappalardo Adriano 
Published: January 2023

IntroduzioneIn un passaggio frequentemente citato, Giovanni Sartori definisce il sistema elettorale «il più specifico strumento manipolativo della politica» (1968, 273; 1996, 11). In questo articolo, mi propongo di verificare le più tipiche «manipolazioni» attribuite al maggioritario o alla rappresentanza proporzionale, quelle sul sistema partitico. Al riguardo, è ancor oggi utile partire da Duverger (1954), il quale distingueva oltre cinquanta anni fa effetti psicologici ed effetti meccanici. Gli effetti psicologici entrano in causa prima, o al momento, del voto, condizionando la decisione degli elettori di votare o meno e, in caso affermativo, per quale partito. In questo, evidentemente, ha un plausibile peso la percezione che ogni sistema fornisce incentivi, o pone vincoli, a certi comportamenti, ed esige, quindi, una misura di adattamento alla sua logica di funzionamento. Date le alte soglie di rappresentanza associate ai sistemi maggioritari, l'adattamento si manifesta empiricamente sotto forma di voto strategico, cioè con la tendenza degli elettori a votare «utilmente», disertando i partiti senza possibilità di vincere e concentrandosi sui più forti.
PREMIERATO FORTE E PREMIERATO ELETTIVO
Authors: Sartori Giovanni 
Published: January 2023

IntroduzioneLa dizione «premierato» indica un sistema parlamentare nel quale il potere esecutivo sovrasta il potere legislativo e nel quale il primo ministro comanda i suoi ministri. L'idea è di un governo sopra l'assemblea che ribalta il governo della assemblea (l'assemblearismo). Va da sé, pertanto, che il premierato sta per «governo forte» nel senso di governo efficiente, di governo in grado di governare. Dire «premierato forte» è pleonastico: se è premierato, è per definizione forte (strutturalmente parlando).
Referendum: Europa Centro-Orientale E Italia
Authors: Uleri PierVincenzo 
Published: January 2023

The author reviews two books on the referendum phenomenon, one on the experience in Central and Eastern European countries, and the other on the Italian experience. The first book, edited by Andreas Auer and Michael Bützer, is a large collection of essays written by scholars, constitutionalists and political scientists, and has its origins in the conclusions of an international study congress held in Budapest in February 2000. The book is the result of intense study and research promoted by the Centre d'ètudes et de documentation sur la démocratie directe (c2d - http://c2d.unige.ch) set up in 1993 in the Department of Constitutional law of the University of Geneva. The first part contains twelve contributions on referendum as such as well as on experiences in twelve Central and Eastern European countries, from the Baltic to the Balkans. The second part features thirteen contributions commenting on a number of different institutional issues relating to normative theory and empirical analysis.The second book by Alfonso Di Giovine, an Italian constitutionalist, is a collection of articles on the Italian referendum experience. The Central-Eastern European and Italian experiences are different in many aspects, but they have two significant points in common: the importance of the role played by political parties, and the requirement of a quorum for the vote to be valid. Auer holds that «threshold requirements are a childhood disease of direct democracy» whereas Di Giovine believes that threshold requirements and abstentionism must be given due consideration in order to counteract referendum abuse. The reviewer's opinion is that the quorum ought to be disposed of.
SAMUEL E. FINER, L'INDIVIDUALISTA ERUDITO
Authors: Daalder Hans 
Published: January 2023

IntroduzioneUn ritratto di Samuel E. Finer — Sammy per gli amici - deve inevitabilmente cominciare da due caratteri fuori dal comune: il suo è un caso di rara mobilità intellettuale, e di uno straordinario rapporto tra fratelli. Samuel Finer nasce nel 1915, figlio minore di una coppia di ebrei immigrati in Gran Bretagna dalla Romania nel 1900, e stabilitisi in uno dei più poveri quartieri londinesi. Il fratello, maggiore di 18 anni, sarebbe divenuto in breve un brillante junior lecturer alla London School of Economics, per poi spostarsi alla University of Chicago. Si narra che il giovane Sammy abbia presto detto: «voglio essere come mio fratello» (1980a). A circa 15 anni deve aver visto il fratello Herman affittare un cavallo e un calesse per portare al suo editore londinese un grosso manoscritto. Si trattava della prima stesura di The Theory and Practice of Modem Government. Secondo la tradizione l'editore insistette perché fosse ridotto della metà, ed esso apparve così nel 1932 in un'edizione in due volumi di più di 1.500 pagine fittamente stampate, più le appendici. Il libro fu una pietra miliare nella letteratura di comparative government, sostituendo i tradizionali confronti paese a paese con lunghe analisi istituzionali di Parlamento, Esecutivo e Civil Service, che comparavano dati inglesi, americani, francesi e tedeschi. Già nel 1934 usciva un'edizione ridotta di un solo volume, il che contribuì molto a diffondere il richiamo del libro (ma nella mia copia della nuova edizione del 1949 ci sono le 954 pagine a due colonne mancanti!). Con il successivo Constitutional Government and Democracy. Theory and Practice in Europe and America di Carl Friedrich (1937, e diverse altre edizioni con titoli leggermente differenti), l'opera di Herman Finer divenne per molto tempo il testo fondamentale di comparative government, rimpiazzando i seminali volumi di J. Bryce, A.L. Llowell et al. Esso divenne esemplare per la sua esaustività, per la forte componente storica delle analisi, e per l'erudizione generale. E tradiva anche il perenne problema di testi del genere, ovvero che la comparazione presuppone la conoscenza dei sistemi politici da comparare. Non stupisce quindi che Herman Finer abbia sentito la necessità di pubblicare un successivo libro dal titolo Governments of Greater European Powers (1956), che tornava sugli stessi quattro paesi con la vecchia formula dal confronto a due. Questo lavoro, che ebbe meno successo del primo pur se di pari erudizione, consta anch'esso di quasi 951 pagine a due colonne, con altre 94 pagine di appendici, commenti, indici, ecc.
Are wild animals suited to a travelling circus life?
Authors: Iossa G , Soulsbury CD , Harris S 
Published: January 2023

AbstractA comprehensive synopsis of the welfare of captive, wild (ie non-domesticated) animals in travelling circuses is missing. We examined circus animal welfare and, specifically, behaviour, health, living and travelling conditions. We compared the conditions of non-domesticated animals in circuses with their counterparts kept in zoos. Data on circus animals were very scarce; where data were absent, we inferred likely welfare implications based on zoo data. Circus animals spent the majority of the day confined, about 1-9% of the day performing/training and the remaining time in exercise pens. Exercise pens were significantly smaller than minimum zoo standards for outdoor enclosures. Behavioural budgets were restricted, with circus animals spending a great amount of time performing stereotypies, especially when shackled or confined in beast wagons. A higher degree of stereotyping in circuses may be indicative of poorer welfare. Inadequate diet and housing conditions, and the effects of repeated performances, can lead to significant health problems. Circus animals travel frequently and the associated forced movement, human handling, noise, trailer movement and confinement are important stressors. Although there is no conclusive evidence as to whether animals habituate to travel, confinement in beast wagons for long timeperiods is a definite welfare concern. Circuses have a limited ability to make improvements, such as increased space, environmental enrichment and appropriate social housing. Consequently, we argue that non-domesticated animals, suitable for circus life, should exhibit low space requirements, simple social structures, low cognitive function, non-specialist ecological requirements and an ability to be transported without adverse welfare effects. None of the commonest species exhibited by circuses, such as elephants and large felids, currently meet these criteria. We conclude that the species of non-domesticated animals commonly kept in circuses appear the least suited to a circus life.
The Virtuous Bicycle: a delivery vehicle for improved farm animal welfare
Authors: Webster AJF 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis paper briefly reviews the development of monitoring procedures used for the assessment of husbandry and welfare within Farm Quality Assurance (QA) schemes. Most current protocols are based on measures of the resources, records and management provisions necessary to promote good husbandry. However, it is now generally accepted that monitoring protocols should be largely or wholly made up of direct, animal-based measurements of animal welfare. Whether based on provisions or outcomes, many current schemes lack impact, partly because they do not necessarily lead to effective action on-farm and partly through lack of public awareness or trust in the claimed benefits of the scheme. This paper proposes the concept of the ‘Virtuous Bicycle’ as a delivery vehicle for improvements in farm animal welfare through simultaneous operation of two virtuous cycles, one on-farm, involving assessment, action and review, the other at the retailer level, involving assurance and promotion, based on proof of compliance.
Compromised health and welfare of bears farmed for bile in China
Authors: Loeffler IK , Robinson J , Cochrane G 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe practice of farming bears for bile extraction is legal in China and involves an estimated 10,000 to 12,000 animals, primarily Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus). This study outlines the compromises to health and welfare suffered by bears on bile farms and is based on the results of visits to more than 50 bear farms; 15 years’ worth of interviews with bear farmers, Chinese officials, practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine and vendors dealing in bear parts; and from the observation and care of approximately 250 bears that have been rescued from bile farms. Bears that have been rescued from farms display evidence of severe and chronic physical and psychological suffering. Medical complications arising from the husbandry and the gall bladder fistulation significantly, and often fatally, compromise bears’ health.
Rope test may indicate efficacy of tail-biting treatments in growing pigs
Authors: Bracke MBM 
Published: January 2023

AbstractTail biting is a most serious welfare problem in pigs raised for slaughter. In instances of an outbreak of tail biting, scientists have recommended that farmers take measures such as removal of affected animals, provision of enrichment materials and application of repellents to the pigs’ tails. However, no scientific study has ever confirmed the efficacy of any of these suggestions in counteracting an ongoing outbreak. Here, the efficacy of two repellent ointments, Dippel's oil and Stockholm tar, were examined in a tail-chew test. For this, a novel piece of nylon rope was used as a tail model to measure biting behaviour semi-automatically in 24 single-sex groups of growing pigs (total 264 pigs). Repeated measures analysis showed no effect of time, gender or unit (12 pens per unit), but a highly significant effect of treatment, in that both Stockholm tar and Dippel's oil significantly reduced rope manipulation compared to controls. These results suggest that Stockholm tar and Dippel's oil may be effective in reducing tail biting. The approach taken may be valuable in further testing of strategies to reduce tail biting and improving pig welfare.
Stakeholder, citizen and consumer interests in farm animal welfare
Authors: Verbeke W 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe assessment and improvement of animal welfare are the tasks and joint responsibility of many stakeholders involved in the agro-food chain. This paper first looks at the supply side of the chain, and presents different stakeholder views on farm animal welfare, discussing the potential for market differentiation, communication and labelling related to farm animal welfare standards. From the demand side, the paper then examines the duality that exists between citizens’ attitudes and consumer behaviour in relation to animal welfare and livestock products, and identifies distinct segments of citizens and consumers. Although the importance that citizens claim to attach to animal welfare seems relatively strong, consumers’ interest in information about animal welfare is only moderate compared to other product attributes, and the market shares of products with a distinct animal welfare identity remain small. The paper concludes that while there seems to be substantial consensus between supply chain stakeholders, citizens and consumers about what is relevant for achieving an acceptable level of farm animal welfare, the differentiation and satisfaction potential of increased animal welfareper seas a stand-alone product attribute seems limited to particular niche market segments. It argues that improved farm animal welfare is more likely be realised and valued by consumers when it is integrated within a broader concept of quality, such as quality assurance or sustainability schemes.
Using a national dairy database to identify herds with poor welfare
Authors: Sandgren CH , Lindberg A , Keeling LJ 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis research project was carried out by the Swedish Dairy Association as part of the development of a ‘Scheme for Animal Welfare’. As a first step, on-farm, animal-based measurements on calves, young stock and cows in 55 randomly selected herds were performed. Nine animal-based measurements formed the basis for a classification of welfare at the herd level: cleanliness and body condition in calves, cows and young stock, in combination with lameness, injuries/inflammations and rising behaviour which were recorded for cows only. The threshold (gold standard) for being a case herd with poor welfare, was a score lying among the worst 10% on two or more of the nine welfare measurements. Thirteen of the 55 herds were cases fitting this criterion. As a second step, 65 potential welfare indicators from seven different focus areas in a pre-collected data register were identified by expert opinion. In the final step, the extent to which suggested potential welfare indicators predicted farms’ risk of having poor welfare according to the definition was assessed. The final set of welfare indicators, taken from the national dairy database, included two fertility measures and calf mortality, and it correctly classified 77% of the herds, with a sensitivity of 0.62. The inclusion of cow and young stock mortality led to it correctly classifying 76% of the herds with a sensitivity of 0.77. We propose that this approach could be useful in helping to allocate advisory services to farms at risk of poor welfare.
Wild animal conservation and welfare in agricultural systems
Authors: Mathews F 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAt least one-third of the land on earth is used for agricultural production and conflicts with the interests of wildlife are inevitable. These conflicts are likely to escalate as the human population expands and as the scale and intensity of agricultural production increases. This paper argues that the same underlying causes frequently affect both wild animal welfare and conservation. Three key threats are discussed: disease transmission from domestic animals and the interventions used to manage wildlife reservoirs of zoonotic diseases; physical operations such as harvesting and the conversion of wildlife habitat to farmland; and the use of agrochemicals, particularly for pest control. While direct effects, such as accidental poisoning, tend to attract the most public attention, it is argued that indirect effects, such as the reduction in food supplies or the disruption of social structures, are likely to be of greater importance. The suffering of pest animals has traditionally been undervalued. There is a need for broader adoption of integrated, ecologically based strategies which minimise suffering and also minimise the numbers of animals involved by preventing population resurgence. New research is urgently required to compare the effects of alternative, economically viable farming strategies on both wildlife conservation and welfare, possibly within the framework of ecosystem services assessments.
Is sleep in animals affected by prior waking experiences?
Authors: Langford FM , Cockram MS 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMethods to assess changes in the mental state of animals in response to their environment can be used to provide information to enhance animal welfare. One of the most profound changes of mental state observable in mammals is the change between wakefulness and sleep. Sleeping mammals have characteristics that are similar to one another and are measurable, such as specific behaviours, changes in responsiveness to external stimuli and changes in electrophysiology and neurochemistry. Although sleep is a ubiquitous behaviour in the life of mammals, there has been relatively little research on this topic in domesticated animals. All animals are motivated to sleep and this motivation increases after a prolonged period of wakefulness. In humans, sleep can be affected by what has occurred in the prior period of wakefulness and this has also been demonstrated in some non-human mammals. An important aspect of human sleep medicine is the association between stress and subsequent sleep disturbances. Studying changes in amount, bout length, distribution or type of sleep after exposure to potentially stressful events, could help us understand how animals respond to changes in their environment. It is possible that different types of stressors could affect sleep characteristics in different ways and that monitoring and identifying these changes could be useful in providing an additional way of identifying management procedures that have the potential to affect welfare. Sleep measurement is a potentially valuable tool in studies to assess animal welfare.
The effect of essential oils showing acaricidal activity against the poultry red mite(Dermanyssus gallinae)on aspects of welfare and production of laying hens
Authors: George DR , Sparagano OAE , Port G , Okello E , Shiel RS , Guy JH 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe poultry red mite(Dermanyssus gallinae)causes severe welfare concerns for laying hens arising from anaemia and disease transmission, and has been identified as an associated risk factor in cannibalistic feather pecking. Previous work suggests that essential oils may offer an alternative to synthetic acaricides to controlD. gallinae.Such alternatives are needed due to the limitations of synthetic acaricides (eg availability, resistance, environmental concerns and product residues). The aim of the current study was to ensure that selected essential oils have no negative impact on either hen welfare or egg production. To achieve this aim, small groups of laying hens were confined in poultry huts for a period of eight weeks during which time the interior of the huts was sprayed at weekly intervals with one of four different treatments: i) Thyme essential oil at 5×the LC90level (the concentration of oil previously found to kill 90% ofD. gallinaeunder laboratory conditions) forD. gallinaein 500 ml of water, ii) Pennyroyal essential oil at 5×the LC90level forD. gallinaein 500 ml of water, iii) Solvent-only (huts treated with 500 ml of water); and iv) Pseudo-spray where huts were not treated with any product, but subjected to sham-spraying. The results suggest that pennyroyal essential oil would not be suitable for further development as an acaricide forD. gallinae, since this treatment had to be terminated early in the study period as a result of concerns about the welfare of hens exposed to this oil. Conversely, there were few differences in feather condition, hen weight, feed intake, feeding efficiency, egg production or egg weight between thyme-treated huts and huts that were either pseudo-sprayed or sprayed with solvent-only (water). It is concluded that thyme essential oil is a promising candidate for further development as an acaricide forD. gallinaeto help safeguard the welfare of laying hens in commercial poultry systems.
Relationships between pathology and pain severities: a review
Authors: Gregory NG 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe relationships between pathology severity and pain severity are reviewed using the literature available for humans. The aim is to help veterinary radiologists, physicians and pathologists recognise the disorders in which severity of a lesion is likely to be related to the severity of pain or to incipient pain. Specific features or lesions within the following conditions showed a relationship with pain score, which was usually assessed with a visual analogue scale: inflammation; pancreatitis; ileitis; mucositis; fasciitis; synovitis; arthritis; lower back pain; disc herniation; sciatica; scoliosis; myalgia; cancer; arteriosclerosis; skin ulcers; mastalgia; skin and oral neuropathies; endometriosis; hepatopathy and chronic pulp diseases of the teeth. As experience with magnetic resonance imaging grows, there will be further opportunities to look for quantitative relationships in humans between pathology and pain severities. This information will be useful to veterinarians and other people working with animals in evaluating pain in animals in their care.