bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(How) can psychologists study religion?
Authors: Jong Jonathan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to basic methods used by psychologists, and discusses the challenges they face especially when studying religion. It begins by contrasting correlational and experimental methods, using as its primary example scientific research on the efficacy of prayer. It then considers what makes a good—a reliable and valid—measurement instrument, first by looking at two of the most commonly-used types of tests, IQ tests and personality tests, before specifically addressing measures of psychological states and traits relevant to religion. The chapter concludes that measurement remains difficult in psychological science, and despite advances in neuroscience, traditional self-report and performance-based tasks remain essential in a psychologist’s toolkit.
Are children creationists?
Authors: Jong Jonathan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes a series of studies conducted over a decade by Deborah Kelemen. The first few studies were about how children explain features of the natural world. For adults, it is sensible to say that some things and not others exist to serve specific functions. Noses are for smelling, but rocks aren’t for anything: useful as we may find them, they do not exist for our sake, but are products of physical processes like volcanic activity. Children, it turns out, see functions and purposes all over the place: this may be the psychological foundation of creationist and intelligent design beliefs, as well as the belief that “everything happens for a reason.” Having first observed this in British and American children, Kelemen then conducted similar experiments in different contexts, including among children in China and scientists at elite American universities. The chapter considers the importance of follow-up studies and long-term research programs.
Other applications of multi-dimensional coherent spectroscopy in Physics
Authors: Li Hebin , Lomsadze Bachana , Moody Galan , Smallwood Christopher L. , Cundiff Steven T. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Multi-dimensional coherent spectroscopy on a variety of materials and systems relevant to physics and materials science is discussed. This chapter provides a summary of results from material systems not already covered in previous chapters of the book. These include semiconductor carbon nanotubes, color centers in diamond, and perovskite materials. The technique elucidates several important features in each of these systems, including the homogeneous linewidths and dephasing processes, population relaxation channels and mechanisms, carrier redistribution dynamics, and coherent phonon interactions.
On What Matters
Authors: Chadha Monima 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Buddhist no-self and no-person revisionary metaphysics aims to produce a better structure that is motivated by the normative goal of eliminating, or at least reducing, suffering. The revised structure, in turn, entails a major reconsideration of our ordinary everyday person-related concerns and practices and interpersonal attitudes, such as moral responsibility, praise and blame, compensation, and social treatment. This chapter compares Vasubandhu’s and Parfit’s stance on persons. Although Parfit flirts with eliminativism about persons, he stops short of defending it because of his implicit commitment to avoiding a wholesale revision of our actual person-related practices. Contemporary philosophers, following Parfit, assume that the cost of a wholesale revision of our ordinary practices is too high. This chapter explores the extent to which we must alter and perhaps discard some of our ordinary person-related practices and normative commitments in light of the revisionary Abhidharma metaphysics.
Ikpana Interrogatives
Authors: Kandybowicz Jason , Baron Bertille , Duncan Philip T. , Katsuda Hironori 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This book documents the interrogative system of Ikpana, an endangered indigenous Ghana-Togo Mountain language of eastern Ghana also known as Logba. The system is notable is several respects. It exhibits features that: 1) buck certain typological trends, 2) act as counterexamples to certain claims about language universals, and 3) exemplify fascinating patterns that are either rare or unfamiliar in interrogative systems crosslinguistically. The book provides a theoretically informed description and analysis of Ikpana interrogative grammar, encompassing both syntactic and phonological aspects of question formation in the language, including intonation and prosody, drawing on original fieldwork and a combination of formal/theoretical and experimental methodologies. Our coverage includes the following phenomena: polar questions; wh- questions; wh- movement; partial wh- movement; wh- in situ; indirect questions; multiple wh- questions; and superiority, intervention, and island effects, among others. Over the course of the book, we demonstrate the value of documenting aspects of a language with theoretical considerations in mind by showing that theoretically guided language documentation has the potential to not only make significant contributions to language description, uncovering the existence of gaps in the documentary record of a language, but also the ability to grow our understanding of the human language faculty and expand the empirical base of our language typologies. We argue that by bringing formal/theoretical concerns to the fore when documenting a language, we can reach richer descriptions of the grammar in ways that would have been impossible if the task had been approached from a purely descriptive perspective.
From Luxuria to Lust
Authors: Berno Francesca Romana 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of some Latin writers from the second to the fourth century ce, who manifest different attitudes towards luxuria: Pliny the Younger witnesses the acceptance of a certain degree of luxury in everyday Roman life as typical of senatorial class; historiography is a conservative literary genre, so Suetonius and Tacitus still look at it as a mark of degradation, whose main model is Nero; in his novel, Apuleius shows the switch from the economic to the erotic meaning of the term. Finally, Christian authors, such as Tertullian, Augustine, and Prudentius, on one side share the focus on lust which will lead luxuria, read in this sense, to enter the list of the Seven Capital Sins; on the other side, they show strong links with Pagan tradition and rely on its commonplaces (e.g. the connection with desire, pleasure, and weakness) and rhetorical devices (e.g. personification as a seducing woman).
Numerical Methods for Field Operations
Authors: Delaney Fredrickson , Delaney Kris T. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractChapter 4 provides an introduction to numerical methods for resolving fields and conducting field-based operations such as differentiation and convolution. Spectral collocation methods using Fourier and Chebyshev bases are emphasized, which permit efficient field operations based on highly-optimized fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms. Parallel implementations on multi-core central processing units (CPUs) and graphics processing units (GPUs) are described.
Loving the Monsters
Authors: Williams Deborah Lindsay 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines novels by Rebecca Roanhorse and Nancy Farmer, arguing that these texts illustrate a causal link between climate catastrophe and the perspectives that “other” entire populations, thus rendering them (and their geographies) available for exploitation. These novels dramatize a cosmopolitan critique of US identity politics, while demonstrating the need for a more expansive cosmopolitan theory that can better accommodate both feminism and the idea of nonhuman agency, sustained engagements with questions about female agency, environmental stewardship, and the nature of home. This chapter suggests that we can affiliate with those who are unlike us and that the monsters we most have to fear are the monsters who see the world solely in terms of commodity.
Making Bridges
Authors: Williams Deborah Lindsay 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines YA fiction by Nalo Hopkinson and Nnedi Okorafor and draws on Raymond Williams’s idea of dominant/residual/emergent in order to see how emergent practices—particularly those rooted in religious traditions—enable a shift of emphasis away from national or State-based identities to non-natal kinship groups as a source of power, resistance, and safety. These novels illustrate the power of reimagining the local as a challenge to dominant, environmentally destructive systems. The ancient belief systems that characters rediscover ultimately serve as modes of resistance to the Anglo-European legacies of colonialism and imperialism that have done such damage to the planet and its inhabitants.
The Knowledge Argument and the Subject of Experience
Authors: Howell Robert J. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 presents a version of the knowledge argument about the subject of experience. Given only objective knowledge, knowledge of the sort provided by the physical sciences, one cannot deduce that a system has a self or subject of experience. The subject of experience, like phenomenal states, eludes the objective perspective. It is tempting to think that this amounts to no more than the original point of the knowledge argument and that there is no further fact about subjecthood that escapes objective grasp. A conceivability argument is thus provided which argues that even if one knows all the phenomenal states a system has, in addition to all the objective facts about that system, one could still conceive that the system had different numbers of subjects.
Against Subjective Character
Authors: Howell Robert J. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Even if we are not explicitly presented with a subject of experience, it might be that consciousness is nonetheless shot through with subjectivity. Conscious states, some say, contain a subjective character even if they do not themselves present the subject. Chapter 4 distinguishes this claim from similar claims and argues against the existence of subjective character. It defends the anonymity thesis—that there is no “mineness” character to our conscious states. They are, instead, transparent and tend to direct our attention away from the self. After considering phenomenological arguments in favor of subjective character, the chapter considers an empirical argument based on the phenomenon of pathological depersonalization and arguments from the sense of bodily ownership. It is argued that there is an account of that phenomenon that is consistent with the anonymity thesis.
Pre-Reflective Self-Consciousness
Authors: Howell Robert J. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
While we can explicitly reflect upon ourselves and our mental states, we often don’t. It would be odd to walk around thinking “I am thinking.” Nevertheless, it seems that there is a sense that even when we are engaged in unreflective tasks we know we are conscious. There is, according to many philosophers, a pre-reflective self-consciousness that ultimately underwrites our moments of explicit self-consciousness. Consciousness is, in some sense, always self-consciousness. Chapter 5 considers the nature of pre-reflective self-consciousness and considers an argument for its existence. It is argued that while there is pre-reflective self-consciousness it doesn’t introduce extra complexity into the structure of consciousness. Instead, there is a deflationary account of pre-reflective self-consciousness that is consistent with the elusiveness of the subject and the anonymous character of conscious experiences.
I-Thoughts and Self-Awareness
Authors: Howell Robert J. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Though the subject of experience is elusive, we do have self-awareness and it grounds some of the most certain judgments we can make. Chapter 6 argues that this self-awareness is indirect and is grounded in our knowledge of our own conscious states. On this “conscious-state view,” in our most fundamental case of self-awareness, we are aware of ourselves as the subjects of our conscious states. This view also has the benefit of providing an account of the “essential indexical.” A semantics for basic self-knowledge is provided, and the chapter concludes with answers to a series of objections that have been leveled against this “conscious state view.” By securing the certainty of the cogito in a way that is consistent with the elusiveness of the self, the conscious state view provides a compelling solution to the puzzle of self-awareness.
The Parliamentary Path to the Brexit Referendum
Authors: Russell Meg , James Lisa 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the parliamentary developments before the Brexit referendum. It starts with the UK’s entry into the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1973 before covering the debates between the Conservative governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major, and the Labour governments of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. Both Westminster’s main parties had conflicted views about how to respond to the referendum result. The chapter elaborates further on the divided political parties, correlating with the extent to which backbenchers can use parliament to exert their power. The use of referendums raised questions about parliament's sovereignty after David Cameron’s commitment to facilitate the vote in the 2016 referendum.
Seeking, but Losing, a Majority: The 2017 General Election
Authors: Russell Meg , James Lisa 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the snap general election of June 2017. It starts with Theresa May’s promises to deliver a considerable political experience concerning Brexit. Even though she promised not to hold an early election, she did, and the 2017 snap election resulted in losses for the Conservative Party and left May to continue her premiership as the head of a minority government with the support of the Northern Ireland Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). Moreover, May’s leadership was hugely undermined as her credibility dropped. The chapter elaborates on the dynamics of a minority government. It looks into the opportunity May had of appealing directly to the public instead of taking a cross-party approach in parliament.
Determining the Form of Brexit
Authors: Russell Meg , James Lisa 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the options for Brexit, and parliamentarians’ attempts to influence the detailed Brexit outcome. It also looks into parliament’s role in foreign affairs. When negotiations began with the EU, it became increasingly clear that there were tensions between the ‘red lines’ that Theresa May had set out shortly after becoming Prime Minister as she tried to retain Northern Ireland’s stability because the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement relied on an open border with the Republic of Ireland. Through various mechanisms, parliamentarians sought to influence the negotiations, potentially to edge the Prime Minister towards a softer Brexit. However, no clear majority emerged despite the formation of groups on a cross-party basis.
The European Union as ‘Militant Democracy’?
Authors: Larsen Signe Rehling 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that the project of European integration and the post-Second World War development of a new form of value order constitutionalism at the domestic level are elements of a broader post-fascist constitutional project. Nevertheless, this chapter asks whether post-fascist constitutionalism applies equally to all the member states. The chapter suggests that, together with post-fascist constitutionalism, the member states of the EU are characterized by at least two additional varieties of constitutionalism: evolutionary constitutionalism and post-communist constitutionalism. These varieties of constitutionalism are not characterized by a foundational fear of the people or constrained democracy. For that reason, they do not look to the EU as a guarantor of democracy at the domestic level. The argument for the EU as a transnational militant democracy is therefore less convincing for the member states that are not influenced by post-fascist constitutionalism.
Messianism, Exodus, and the Empty Signifier of European Integration
Authors: Somek Alexander , Rendl Jakob 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In most his most recent accounts of European integration, J.H.H. Weiler claims that Europe was built with Messianic fervour. After the destruction and evil wrought by the Second World War, Europe was supposed to be a ‘promised land’. The article examines how Weiler conflates the narrative of the exodus with the Messianic leap into a different aeon and concludes that they have to be held distinct. It also suggests that Weiler’s fusion of two distinct religious ideas betrays the force of ‘Europe’ as an ‘empty signifier’ (Laclau) of integration.
The Constitutional Imaginary and the Metabolic Realities of European Integration
Authors: Lindseth Peter L 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The understanding of the EU as an autonomously constitutional entity—what this volume calls the EU’s ‘constitutional imaginary’—has primarily served as an ideology that legal elites and other proponents of integration have used to combat Europe’s polycentric, state-based constitutional realities. The core weakness of this ideology has been its almost exclusive focus on the ‘constraint’ function of constitutionalism rather than on the actual ‘constitution’ of power in a socio-political sense. The latter refers to the capacity of a system of governance not just to produce constraining legal norms but also to mobilize human and fiscal resources in a legitimate and compulsory fashion toward ends that governing bodies select. The construction of this sort of genuinely ‘metabolic’ constitution in the EU—one unmediated through the member states—is the true Rubicon that European governance must cross in order to turn its ‘constitutional imaginary’ into a socio-political reality.
The Struggle for Health
Authors: Sanders David 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This iconic book has had a significant influence in providing students of public health, health professionals in training, and health and development activists, amongst others, with a new perspective on health and development. It answers the questions that preoccupy the concerned health or development worker, as well as the general public—why do people, especially children, still die in large numbers throughout the world, from wholly preventable diseases? Why is it that appropriate provision for health care is not available to every individual in the world? What changes can be made to improve this situation? This book provides an accessible and deeply insightful analysis of the impact of the economic and political forces that shape the population health outcomes of communities, in particular the health of the world’s poor within and across countries. It investigates the impact of poverty and underdevelopment on people’s lives as a root cause of ill-health. It calls on health care workers to expand their work beyond only providing medical care, and to also focus on addressing the social determinants of health and issues of social justice. Comprehensive Primary Health Care, community health workers and civil society activist groups are championed as solutions.
Health, Population and Inequality
Authors: Sanders David , De Ceukelaire Wim , Hutton Barbara 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a historical perspective to explain how imperialism is entrenched in the current world order. Debunking the myths about medical interventions and overpopulation, it explains how contemporary globalisation is a continuation of imperialist political and economic policies. Underdeveloped countries have not always been poor. The historical context demonstrates that they were subjected to a global economic system that perpetuates an uneven distribution of resources, which explains their being ‘underdeveloped’. The monopolistic control by transnational corporations (TNCs) of the global food chain threatens each country’s capacity for development and the realisation of their populations’ right to food, directly and indirectly affecting health and well-being and placing them in a situation of high vulnerability and dependency. The conclusion drawn is that development requires that the mechanisms that keep people ‘underdeveloped’ are removed.
The Commercialisation of Health Care
Authors: Sanders David , De Ceukelaire Wim , Hutton Barbara 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
As the capitalist economic and political system extended globally, capitalist medicine was introduced into underdeveloped countries. As in developed countries, stark inappropriate health services have been primarily a result of the transformation of health into a commodity. This has led to neglect of health promotion, stunting of preventive activities and overinflation of the curative component of health care. In most post-colonial countries, the health professions and the local elites have argued for western-style health care services. In many cases, they have sealed this by adopting the educational curricula and institutions of the former colonial power. In this way, international saleability of professionals’ skills is ensured and with it their frequent international migration. The transfer of capitalist medicine to underdeveloped countries has had other important effects. As in the developed world, medical professionals are predominantly from the higher social classes and frequently allies with both local and international business interests. Behind the apparently reasonable argument of ‘professional freedom’, doctors insist on the right to private practice, sophisticated and expensive facilities and equipment and unrestricted prescribing of expensive drugs. Their vested interests have led them to resist social change that would threaten the status quo nationally or globally. Thus, the history of the medical contribution, like all history, is one of conflicts and relationships between certain social forces. The chapter asks: Is it possible to make the necessary changes in this model, in either developed or underdeveloped countries, while these commercial determinants of health are still at work?
Seeking Sanctuary
Authors: Kaikkonen Tuukka , O’Driscoll Cian 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The protection of cultural heritage sites in times of war is usually traced to The Hague Conventions 1954 or the Lieber Code. We argue, however, that its roots can be discerned in the much older notion of ‘sanctuary’. To show this, we examine the historical sanctuary tradition in western Eurasia from antiquity to the Middle Ages and contrast that with the heritage protections that are codified in international humanitarian law. We argue that many sanctuaries of old continue to enjoy protection as sites of cultural heritage today. However, we also see an intriguing contrast in how the sites and their occupants are given or denied protection: heritage protection norms are ostensibly more universal but also less extensive and less absolute than the norms that governed sanctuary spaces. This opens up exciting avenues for the study of spatial protections norms, laws, and practices in the context of war and its regulation.