bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EMI (English‐medium instruction) across the Asian region
Authors: Bolton Kingsley , Bacon‐Shone John , Botha Werner 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis article has two main aims. First, to describe the general background to English‐medium instruction (EMI) with reference to Outer Circle and Expanding Circle societies in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia. Second, it analyses data from each of the four case studies in the symposium in this issue in order to identify and explain the background to, and varying forms, of EMI in higher education in Cambodia, Indonesia, Singapore, and South Korea.
The Preparation of Stable Nonslacking Fuel by Steam-Drying Subbituminous Coal and Lignite
Authors: Parry V. F. , Harrington L. C. , Koth Arthur 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Subbituminous coal and lignite, as mined, contain 20 to 40 per cent moisture, which limits their markets, due to slacking and to the costs of transporting this water. By drying these fuels with saturated steam at 400 psi pressure, by the Fleissner process, described in this paper, the free-moisture content may be lowered to 4 to 8 per cent, reducing slacking and increasing the available market. The properties of the dried fuel and processing data are presented and the construction and operating costs of plants are estimated.
Theoretical Consideration of Power Loss Caused by Combustion Knock
Authors: Good C. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this paper the author presents a theoretical analysis to show that the power loss accompanying combustion knock may be attributed to a mass vibration of the gases within the combustion chamber rather than to radiation. Equations are developed, based on perfect gases, to show that, on the basis of assumptions made, pressure rise with normal combustion is proportional to the quantity of charge burned and to show the loss in effective pressure caused by the vibration resulting from knocking combustion. The latter have been developed for both the Otto and Diesel cycles and the relative theoretical losses for the two cycles is indicated. The author indicates the effect of differences between actual and assumed conditions.
Understanding the biology, morbidity and social contexts of adolescent tuberculosis: a prospective observational cohort study protocol (Teen TB)
Authors: Swanepoel Jeremi , Zimri Klassina , van der Zalm Marieke M , Hoddinott Graeme , Palmer Megan , Doruyter Alex , De Beer Gezila , Kleynhans Leanie , Johnson Sarah M , Jongen Vita , Wademan Dillon , Mcimeli Khanyisa , Jacobs Stephanie , Swanepoel Ruan , Van Zyl Gert , Allwood Brian W , Malherbe Stephanus , Heuvelings Charlotte , Griffith-Richards Stephanie , Whittaker Elizabeth , Moore David A J , Schaaf H Simon , Hesseling Anneke C , Seddon James A 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionA considerable burden of the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic is found in adolescents. The reasons for increased susceptibility to TB infection and higher incidence of TB disease in adolescence, compared with the 5–10 years old age group, are incompletely understood. Despite the pressing clinical and public health need to better understand and address adolescent TB, research in this field remains limited.Methods and analysisTeen TB is an ongoing prospective observational cohort study that aims to better understand the biology, morbidity and social context of adolescent TB. The study plans to recruit 50 adolescents (10–19 years old) with newly diagnosed microbiologically confirmed pulmonary TB disease and 50 TB-exposed controls without evidence of TB disease in Cape Town, South Africa, which is highly endemic for TB. At baseline, cases and controls will undergo a detailed clinical evaluation, chest imaging, respiratory function assessments and blood collection for viral coinfections, inflammatory cytokines and pubertal hormone testing. At 2 weeks, 2 months and 12 months, TB disease cases will undergo further chest imaging and additional lung function testing to explore the patterns of respiratory abnormalities. At week 2, cases will complete a multicomponent quantitative questionnaire about psychological and social impacts on their experiences and longitudinal, in-depth qualitative data will be collected from a nested subsample of 20 cases and their families.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol has received ethical approval from the Stellenbosch University Health Research Ethics Committee (N19/10/148). The study findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, academic conferences and formal presentations to health professionals. Results will also be made available to participants and caregivers.
Impact of community-based health insurance on healthcare utilisation and out-of-pocket expenditures for the poor in Senegal
Authors: Ly Mamadou Selly , Faye Adama , Ba Mouhamadou Faly 
Published: December 2022

ObjectivesThis study aims to assess the impact of the subsidised community health insurance scheme in Senegal particularly on the poor.Design and settingThe study used data from a household survey conducted in 2019 in three regions, representing 29.3% of the total population. Inverse probability of treatment weighting approach was applied for the analysis.Participants1766 households with 15 584 individuals selected through a stratified random sampling with two draws.Main outcome measuresThe impact of community-based health insurance (CBHI) was evaluated on poor people’s access to care and on their financial protection. For the measurement of access to care, we were interested in the use of health services and non-withdrawal from care in case of illness. To assess financial protection, we looked at out-of-pocket expenditure by type of provider and by type of service, the weight of out-of-pocket expenditure on household income, non-exposure to impoverishing health expenditure and non-exposure to catastrophic health expenditure.ResultsThe results indicate that the CBHI increases primary healthcare utilisation for non-poor (OR 1.36 (CI90 1.02–1.8) for the general scheme and 1.37 (CI90 1.06–1.77) for the special scheme for indigent recipients of social cash transfers), protect them against catastrophic (OR 1.63 (CI90 1.12–2.39)) or impoverishing (OR 2.4 (CI90 1.27–4.5)) health expenditures. However, CBHI has no impact on the poor’s healthcare utilisation (OR 0.61 (CI90 0.4–0.94)) and do not protect them from the burden related to healthcare expenditures (OR: 0.27 (CI90 0.13–0.54)).ConclusionOur study found that CBHI has an impact on the non-poor but does not sufficiently protect the poor. This leads us to conclude that a health insurance programme designed for the general population may not be appropriate for the poor. A qualitative study should be conducted to better understand the non-financial barriers to accessing care that may disproportionately affect the poorest.
How Australian First Nations peoples living in the Torres Strait and Northern Peninsula Area of Australia describe and discuss social and emotional well-being: a qualitative study protocol
Authors: Meldrum Kathryn , Andersson Ellaina , Sagigi Betty , Webb Torres , Wapau Chenoa , Quigley Rachel , Strivens Edward , Russell Sarah 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionColonisation has, and continues to, negatively impact the mental well-being of Australia’s First Nations peoples. However, the true magnitude of the impact is not known, partially because clinicians have low levels of confidence in using many existing screening tools with First Nations clients. In addition, many authors have critiqued the use of tools designed for Western populations with First Nations peoples, because their worldview of health and well-being is different. Therefore, the aim of the overarching study is to develop an appropriate mental well-being screening tool(s) for older adults (aged 45 and over) living in the Torres Strait that can be used across primary health and geriatric settings. This protocol describes the first phase designed to achieve the overarching aim—yarning about social and emotional well-being (inclusive of mental well-being) in First Nations peoples living in the Torres Strait and Northern Peninsula Area of Australia.Method and analysisThe study will be guided by decolonising and participatory action research methodologies. Yarning is an Australian First Nations relational method that relies on storytelling as a way of sharing knowledge. Yarning circles will be conducted with community members and health and aged care workers living on six different island communities of the Torres Strait. Participants will be recruited using purposive sampling. Thematic analysis of the data will be led by Torres Strait Islander members of the research team.Ethics and disseminationThe Far North Queensland, Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) (HREC/2021/QCH/73 638-1518) and James Cook University HREC (H8606) have approved this study. Dissemination of study findings will be led by Torres Strait members of the research team through conferences and peer-reviewed publications.
ImmunoSep (Personalised Immunotherapy in Sepsis) international double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial: study protocol
Authors: Kotsaki Antigone , Pickkers Peter , Bauer Michael , Calandra Thierry , Lupse Mihaela , Wiersinga W Joost , Meylan Sylvain , Bloos Frank , van der Poll Tom , Slim Marleen A , van Mourik Niels , Müller Marcella C A , van Vught Lonneke , Vlaar Alexander P J , de Nooijer Aline , Bakkerus Lieke , Weis Sebastian , Antonakos Nikolaos , Netea Mihai G , Giamarellos-Bourboulis Evangelos J 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionSepsis is a major cause of death among hospitalised patients. Accumulating evidence suggests that immune response during sepsis cascade lies within a spectrum of dysregulated host responses. On the one side of the spectrum there are patients whose response is characterised by fulminant hyperinflammation or macrophage activation-like syndrome (MALS), and on the other side patients whose immune response is characterised by immunoparalysis. A sizeable group of patients are situated between the two extremes. Recognising immune endotype is very important in order to choose the appropriate immunotherapeutic approach for each patient resulting in the best chance to improve the outcome.Methods and analysisImmunoSep is a randomised placebo-controlled phase 2 clinical trial with a double-dummy design in which the effect of precision immunotherapy on sepsis phenotypes with MALS and immunoparalysis is studied. Patients are stratified using biomarkers. Specifically, 280 patients will be 1:1 randomly assigned to placebo or active immunotherapy as adjunct to standard-of-care treatment. In the active immunotherapy arm, patients with MALS will receive anakinra (recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) intravenously, and patients with immunoparalysis will receive subcutaneous recombinant human interferon-gamma. Τhe primary endpoint is the comparative decrease of the mean total Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score by at least 1.4 points by day 9 from randomisation.Ethics and disseminationThe protocol is approved by the German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices; the National Ethics Committee of Greece and by the National Organization for Medicines of Greece; the Central Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects and METC Oost Netherland for the Netherlands; the National Agency for Medicine and Medical Products of Romania; and the Commission Cantonale d’éthique de la recherche sur l’être human of Switzerland. The results will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberNCT04990232.
Characteristics of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis users at first PrEP counselling visit: the CSL-PrEP cohort
Authors: Nozza Silvia , Raccagni Angelo Roberto , Lolatto Riccardo , Ceccarelli Daniele , Galli Laura , Alberton Francesca , Bruzzesi Elena , Canetti Diana , Strano Martina , Ripa Marco , Bertoni Costanza , Castagna Antonella 
Published: December 2022

ObjectivesPre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is effective for HIV prevention and is mostly used by men who have sex with men (MSM). The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of a cohort of PrEP users at first PrEP counselling visits (baseline, BL).DesignCross-sectional study of a cohort of MSM receiving PrEP (Centro San Luigi, CSL-PrEP Cohort).SettingSecondary-level sexually transmitted infections (STI) centre in Milan, Italy, from May 2017 to May 2022.ParticipantsOverall, 624 MSM PrEP users were included; most users were Caucasian (97%), attended university (64%), with a median BL age of 34.5 years.ResultsOverall, 45% choose the daily-based PrEP regimen, 55% the event-based one. An increasing trend in PrEP counselling visits was observed (p=0.024). The majority had between 10 and 19 partners in the 3 months before BL and 41% were chemsex users. All had a HIV Incidence Risk Index for MSM (HIRI-MSM)>10, 54% between 20 and 29. Overall, 50% had ≥1 previous STI and 22% ≥1 BL STI. BL chlamydia (10%) was often more frequent than in the past (7%). The number of sexual partners was associated with BL chlamydia (p<0.001), gonorrhoea (p=0.002) and syphilis (p=<0.001), HIRI-MSM with chlamydia (p=0.001) and gonorrhoea (p=0.008), chemsex use with chlamydia (p=0.003) and gonorrhoea (p=0.030).ConclusionsWe observed an unbalanced access to PrEP in respect to all key populations which might benefit from PrEP, with a similar choice for event-based or daily-based regimens. High-risk behaviours and STIs were frequently observed. History of chlamydia was very frequently high in asymptomatic MSM at BL, compared with what observed before access to PrEP. High-risk behaviours and HIRI-MSM were associated with most of STIs.
Responding to COVID-19 with integrative health and sheltering models for persons experiencing homelessness in Southern Ontario, Canada: protocol for a qualitative study exploring implementation and sustainability
Authors: Elliott Jacobi , Forchuk Cheryl , Sacco Veronica , Hiebert Bradley , Tong Catherine E , Whate Alexandra , Bondy Jessica , Stolee Paul 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionCOVID-19 has disproportionately impacted persons experiencing homelessness in Canada, who are at an increased risk of infection and severe outcomes. In response to the pandemic, several regions have adopted programmes that aim to address the intersecting nature of health and social challenges faced by persons facing homelessness. These programmes adopted during the pandemic may contribute to broader health and social impacts beyond limiting COVID-19 transmission, but the processes involved in developing and implementing these types of programmes and their sustainability after the pandemic are unknown. Our overall goal is to understand the processes of developing and implementing integrative health and sheltering initiatives in Ontario during COVID-19, as well as their sustainability post-pandemic.Methods and analysisThis study will use a multiple case study design—two cases over 1 year—enabling us to investigate how integrative health and sheltering approaches have been implemented in two mid-sized cities in Ontario, Canada. Each case will offer a unique narrative; through cross-case analysis, the cases will highlight programme operations, successes and challenges. Data will be collected using semi-structured interviews with programme staff and managers, and document analysis. Project partners will be brought together to further explore and interpret findings, along with co-creating a sustainability action plan and policy documents.Ethics and disseminationEthics clearance was obtained through the Western University Research Ethics Board and the University of Waterloo Office of Research Ethics. Findings will be disseminated through publications, conference presentations and lay summary reports.
Prevalence and associated factors of symptomatic dry eye among undergraduate students in Hawassa University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa, Ethiopia
Authors: Mohammed Seid , Kefyalew Biruktawit , Kebede Balcha Negese , Markos Lorato Merkineh 
Published: December 2022

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of symptomatic dry eye (SDE) among undergraduate students at the College of Medicine and Health Science, Hawassa University, Ethiopia.Methods and analysisInstitution-based cross-sectional study was conducted using a systematic random sampling technique. A total of 311 undergraduate students were recruited to execute the study. Ethical clearance was obtained from the ethical review committee of the school of Medicine and Health Science. A standardised self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data were entered using Epi Info V.7 and cleaned and analysed using SPSS V.23. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to select candidate variables and to identify statistically significant factors. Variables with a p value of <0.05 on multivariable analysis were reported as statistically significant.Results and conclusionThe overall prevalence of SDE was found to be 49.4% (95% CI 43.7% to 55.1%). In this study, the history of ophthalmic drop use (adjusted OR, AOR 2.063; 95% CI 1.073 to 3.957) and being second (AOR 5.99; 95% CI 1.10 to 32.56) and third (AOR 11.55; 95% CI 2.12 to 62.94) year student were factors that significantly associated with SDE.In this study, the prevalence of SDE was significantly high. The factors associated with SDE were the use of ophthalmic drops and the class year of students. Therefore, public health education about protective measures should be considered to minimise the effects of SDE on the quality of life of students.
Impact of cardiovascular health and genetic risk on coronary artery disease in Chinese adults
Authors: Cui Qingmei , Liu Zhongying , Li Jianxin , Liu Fangchao , Niu Xiaoge , Shen Chong , Hu Dongsheng , Huang Keyong , Chen Shufeng , Zhao Yingxin , Lu Fanghong , Liu Xiaoqing , Cao Jie , Wang Laiyuan , Ma Hongxia , Yu Ling , Wu Xianping , Li Ying , Zhang Huan , Mo Xingbo , Zhao Liancheng , Hu Zhibin , Shen Hongbing , Huang Jianfeng , Lu Xiangfeng , Gu Dongfeng 
Published: December 2022

ObjectiveTo examine whether adherence to ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) can mitigate the genetic risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in non-European populations.MethodsFine and Grey’s models were used to calculate HRs and their corresponding 95% CIs, as well as the lifetime risk of CVH metrics across Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) categories.ResultsWe included 39 755 individuals aged 30–75 years in Chinese prospective cohorts. 1275 CAD cases were recorded over a mean follow-up of 12.9 years. Compared with unfavourable CVH profile (zero to three ideal CVH metrics), favourable CVH profile (six to seven ideal CVH metrics) demonstrated similar relative effects across PRS categories, with the HRs of 0.40 (95% CI 0.24 to 0.67), 0.41 (95% CI 0.32 to 0.52) and 0.36 (95% CI 0.26 to 0.52) in low (bottom quintile of PRS), intermediate (two to four quintiles of PRS) and high (top quintile of PRS) PRS categories, respectively. For the absolute risk reduction (ARR), individuals with high PRS achieved the greatest benefit from favourable CVH, mitigating the risk to the average level of population (from 21.1% to 8.7%), and the gradient was strengthened in individuals at the top 5% of PRS. Moreover, compared with individuals at low PRS, those at high PRS obtained longer CAD-free years (2.6 vs 1.1) from favourable CVH at the index age of 35 years.ConclusionFavourable CVH profile reduced the CAD relative risk by similar magnitude across PRS categories, while the ARR from favourable CVH was most pronounced in high PRS category. Attaining favourable CVH should be encouraged for all individuals, especially in individuals with high genetic susceptibility.
Geo- and reactor antineutrino sensitivity at THEIA
Authors: Zsoldos Stephane , Bagdasarian Zara , Orebi Gann Gabriel D. , Barna Andrew , Dye Stephen 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWe present the sensitivity of the Theia experiment to low-energy geo- and reactor antineutrinos. For this study, we consider one of the possible proposed designs, a 17.8-ktonne fiducial volume Theia-25 detector filled with water-based liquid scintillator placed at Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF). We demonstrate Theia’s sensitivity to measure the geo- and reactor antineutrinos via inverse-beta decay interactions after one year of data taking with $$11.9 \times 10^{32}$$

11.9
×

10
32

free target protons. Considering all uncertainties on input throughout the whole analysis chain, the expected number of geo- and reactor antineutrinos is $$220\,^{+30}_{-24}$$

220

-
24

+
30

(stats+syst) and $$168\,^{+26}_{-24}$$

168

-
24

+
26

(stat+sys), respectively, after one year of data taking. The corresponding expected fit precision of a sole experiment is evaluated at 8.7% and 10.1%, respectively. We also demonstrate the sensitivity towards fitting individual Th and U contributions, with best fit values of $$N_\text {Th}=40^{+26}_{-22}$$

N
Th

=

40

-
22

+
26

(stat+sys) and $$N_\text {U}=180^{+30}_{-24}$$

N
U

=

180

-
24

+
30

(stat+sys). Finally, from the fit results of individual Th and U contributions, we evaluate the mantle signal to be $$S_\text {mantle} = 9.3\,\pm [5.2,5.4]$$

S
mantle

=
9.3

±

[
5.2
,
5.4
]

NIU (stat+sys). This was obtained assuming a full-range positive correlation ($$\rho _c\in [0, 1]$$

ρ
c

∈

[
0
,
1
]

) between Th and U, and the projected uncertainties on the crust contributions of 8.3% (Th) and 7.0% (U).
Making AI Fair, and How to Use It
Authors: Rotenberg Marc , Roschelle Jeremy 
Published: December 2022

The
Communications
website, https://cacm.acm.org, features more than a dozen bloggers in the BLOG@CACM community. In each issue of
Communications
, we'll publish selected posts or excerpts.

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https://cacm.acm.org/blogs/blog-cacm
Marc Rotenberg looks at how an early AI study led to the 1974 Privacy Act, while Jeremy Roschelle considers different aspects of human-centric AI.
Utilizing the power controller, enhance the operation of a single-phase AC to DC converter
Authors: Hameed Ahmed Raghad , Taha Yunis Mohammed , Taresh Dawood Basima 
Published: December 2022

<span lang="EN-US">Smooth switching technology with a single-phase converter from AC to DC is existing in this work. A study of implementing a buck-batch converter was explored and the implementation details assessed. The system explaining the versatile balanced power control (VPBC) has advantages, the suggested boost buck processor is charged during the downtime; the voltage is relieved via the MOSFET switch. It has enhanced the power factor to 0.9715 at full load in further development. The advanced model of the AC to DC converter design will maintain stability and its reliability will depend on the average “charge” and “discharge” with the help of the VPBC-controlled current of the inductor, compensate automatically. Because of this process, a linear construction between line current and voltage is achieved by running normal work at regular intervals. As a result, they almost realized the PF at the input source. The output voltage of the planned for any load condition in the transformer model is always constant (0-1,000) watts. Suggested circuit has a great dynamic reaction. Suggested PFC circuit is usable for a range of loads. From the simulation, the efficiency of the suggested transformer is 91.11% upper at the rated load. Designed by MATLAB.</span>