bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunological Studies of Pollinosis
Authors: Loveless Mary Hewitt 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When 52 ragweed-sensitive patients were observed during 3 to 5 pollinating seasons and the number of “intensity-hours” of hay fever for each was compared with the amount of thermostable antibody in his circulation during the season, a close parallel was found to exist between the amount of antibody and the degree of clinical insusceptibility in 79 per cent. Another 19 per cent of the group showed the correlation in all years but one, whereas one patient failed to show any connection between the two factors. The degree of clinical resistance which was associated with a given amount of thermostable antibody in the circulation varied decidedly with the individual, some requiring much more antibody than others for effective immunity. It is suggested that pollen-sensitive patients be treated according to their particular immunological needs, rather than empirically as in the past. The immune state of such individuals may be used as a guide to treatment, especially if this be determined periodically during the first year of successful therapy. The conjunctival reaction, obtained with threshold-amounts of antigen, serves as a simple index to immunity.
Immunochemical Studies on Human Serum
Authors: Ecker E. E. , Pillemer L. , Seifter S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method for the titration of human complement is described.
The existence of at least four components in human complement, similar to, though not entirely identical with the components of guinea-pig complement, is established. Methods are given for the preparation of human complements lacking respectively in C′1, C′2, C′3 and C′4, and for the reactivation of these.
A method is given for the separation of human complement into two individually inactive fractions which are fully active upon recombination. This separation is achieved by dialysis of human serum against a phosphate buffer of ionic strength 0.02 and pH = 5.4. The two fractions obtained correspond functionally to the end-piece and mid-piece of guinea-pig complement.
It was found that C′3 is the only component which is effectively mutually substitutive in human and guinea-pig complement systems.
C′1 of cow and sheep sera were found effective in replacing human C′1.
The fortification of human complement by both guinea-pig and human specifically inactivated complements was attempted. Human “pH = 5.4 − μ 0.02 supernate” was found effective in fortification of human complement; guinea-pig C′3, and to a lesser degree C′2, were found to be involved in the fortification of human complement by guinea-pig specifically inactivated complements.
Analogy Between the Effect of Complement on Sensitized E. Typhosa and the Effect of Tissue Individuality on Sensitized Virus
Authors: Morris Marion C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Studies of the antigen-antibody reactions involving bacteria on the one hand or viruses on the other have led some investigators to the conclusion that the principles governing these reactions differ, depending on the nature of the antigen. In particular, it has been claimed (1–4) that viruses unlike bacteria do not combine with neutralizing antibody in vitro. One of the main arguments in favor of this opinion has been the occurrence of a “dilution phenomenon” with so-called neutral mixtures of virus and antiserum (i.e., resumption of infectivity upon simple dilution). Since this same phenomenon may be observed upon dilution of non-infectious mixtures of pneumococcus and anti-serum (5, 6) in which there is no doubt of an in vitro union between antibody and antigen, this evidence does not seem adequate to question the in vitro union of virus and antibody. Indeed, much of the evidence offered in support of the view that virus and antibody do not combine directly is open to criticism (7, 8).
Studies on Listerella Monocytogenes
Authors: Robbins Mary Louise , Griffin A. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The use of minimal heat, formalin, chloramine-T, merthiolate, or phenol as killing agents does not alter significantly the over-all capacity of Listerella monocytogenes to elicit the production of antibodies. Flagellar factors B and D are not affected by any of the agents tested. Flagellar factor A is not affected by minimal heat or formalin but is degraded by chloramine-T, merthiolate, and phenol. Flagellar factor C may be influenced by merthiolate.
Antirenin
Authors: Johnson C. A. , Wakerlin G. E. , Smith E. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antirenin has been produced in the rabbit by the intramuscular injection of human-, hog-, cat-, and dog-renins; in the guinea-pig by the intraabdominal injection of hog-, cat- and dog-renins and in the normal and renal hypertensive dog by the intramuscular injection of hog- and rabbit-renins. In dogs and rabbits the injection of homologous renins failed to produce antirenin. Antirenin is characterized by its ability to neutralize the acute pressor effect of renin when mixed in vitro. Antirenin is not a precipitin. In serum or plasma it is found in the pseudoglobulin fraction and is destroyed by heating at 75–80 C for one-half hour. Of the various antirenins studied only that produced by human renin in the rabbit appears to be species specific. The others are relatively non-specific.
Antibodies Against Sheep Erythrocytes Produced by the Injection of Hydatid Liquid in Patients with Hydatid Cyst
Authors: Graña Alfonso 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The injection of hydatid fluid in patients with hydatid cyst provokes the increase in their serum of agglutinins and hemolysins for the red cells of sheep and agglutinins for the red cells of rabbits. The increase in the titer of these heterologous antibodies is the more marked, the more intense is the response of the patient to intracutaneous injection of hydatid fluid (Casoni's reaction). In subjects without hydatid cysts and in noninfected rabbits the injection of hydatid fluid does not cause the appearance of such antibodies. Taking into account the results of these investigations, we present the hypothesis that for the appearance of this type of heterophilic antibodies the previous sensitization of tissues to the hydatid antigen is necessary.
The Effect of Paraffin Oil, Lanolin-Like Substances and Killed Tubercle Bacilli on Immunization with Diphtheric Toxoid and Bact. Typhosum
Authors: Freund Jules , Bonanto Mary V. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It was reported recently (1) that the antigenic effect of horse serum can be increased by combination with a lanolin-like substance and paraffin oil containing killed tubercle bacilli. In these experiments guinea-pigs received serum alone or combined with the adjuvants, injected subcutaneously, after which sensitization and precipitin-formation were found to be not only enhanced but remarkably persistent. When later the experiments were repeated, collodion-agglutinative tests were made which, also, were in harmony with those of precipitative tests (2). The technic of preparing collodion particles and of the agglutinative test may be found in previous papers (3).
The use of the above adjuvants was applied by Landsteiner and Chase (4) and by Chase (5) to sensitization and antibody-formation towards chemicals and proteic conjugates, horse serum and ragweed pollen. Kopeloff and Kopeloff (6) with the aid of the same adjuvants succeeded in demonstrating antibody-formation against brain extracts in the monkey.
Agglutination of Antigens from Distemper-Infected Dogs and Ferrets by Anticanine-Distemper Immune Sera
Authors: Weil A. J. , Popken F. , Black J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Organs and body fluids of dogs and ferrets experimentally infected with the virus of canine distemper contain an antigen that reacts specifically with an antibody present in the serum of immunized and hyperimmunized dogs.
The antibody-antigen reaction is demonstrated by the agglutination of heat-killed suspensions of B. prodigiosus that had been in contact with the organ-extracts or the body-fluids of infected animals.
Semliki Forest Virus
Authors: Smithburn K. C. , Haddow A. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A filterable virus has been isolated from Aëdes abnormalis group mosquitoes caught in the Semliki Forest in western Uganda. It has been called the Semliki Forest virus. The agent exerts its principal pathogenic properties on the central nervous system of susceptible hosts. It is virulent for, and lethal to, mice by various routes of inoculation, and for guinea-pigs, rabbits, and rhesus and red-tail monkeys by intracerebral inoculation. It is effective in very great dilution. When introduced extraneurally into resistant hosts, or even some susceptible hosts, it induces the formation of protective antibody without causing marked illness. In mice inoculated intracerebrally the virus is present in the blood and various other tissues in considerable concentration before the onset of objective illness. It has been demonstrated in the circulation of certain other inoculated animals, namely the red-tail and blue monkeys. The virus can be preserved by drying while frozen. It remains viable in saline at low temperatures for a number of days but gradually loses potency. It retains potency for several weeks when stored in serum in the refrigerator. It is not excessively sensitive to room or incubator temperatures. It survives heating at 60 C for ½ hour but not for 1 hour. It is inactivated by heating at 62 C for 30 minutes. Lesions caused by the virus in various animals have been described.
The Serological Types of Shigella Paradysenteriae (Flexner)
Authors: Weil A. J. , Black J. , Farsetta K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cross testing of numerous strains of Shigella paradysenteriæ (Flexner) with the corresponding immune sera reveals a definite number of patterns of agglutinative behavior. 18 of such patterns have been identified. Analysis of immune sera by absorption permits differentiation between primary and secondary antibody fractions that reflect the antigenic composition of the somatic antigens. The primary antigens characterize a given pattern. Secondary antigens can be labelled by their occurrence as primary antigens in other types. Fourteen primary antigens have been identified. Fourteen types can be characterized by these primary antigens. They are identified with 14 serological entities known from previous work, particularly that of Andrewes and Inman and that of Boyd. These 14 types contain one primary antigen only. Types do occur that have two primary antigens—each one identifiable by its occurrence as type-characteristic antigen in types containing one primary antigen only. 3 types with dual primary antigen are described. A simple classification of Sh. paradysenteriæ is proposed which is based on the identification of primary antigens. Identification of primary antigens is possible and made expedient by the employment of immune sera that have been deprived of their secondary antibody fractions by appropriate absorption. The rapid and economical technic of slide agglutination can be used for this purpose. The results of typing of 136 Flexner strains by slide agglutination are presented.
On the So-Called Neisser-Wechsberg Inhibiting Phenomenon in Bactericidal Immune Sera
Authors: Thjøtta Th. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A. Historical. In the year 1901 Neisser and Wechsberg described a peculiar function of immune sera, which they called “Complementablenkung,” and which later has been named the “Phenomenon of Neisser and Wechsberg.” The phenomenon consisted in the observation that, whereas small or medium doses of bactericidal sera exhibited the bactericidal function with the homologous strain, the larger doses were without effect. Thus an inactivated immune serum against Vibrio Metschnikoff with added complement, showed bactericidal action in doses of 0.05 to 0.0025 cc., but in larger doses it had no such effect. Likewise, Neisser and Wechsberg showed that the dose of complement-bearing serum, which was sufficient to activate a certain dose of an inactivated serum, was not capable of doing so when larger doses of immune serum were added.
The explanation of this paradoxical serum function was sought, by the authors, in the great richness of the immune serum in bactericidal amboceptors.
On the Transfer of the So-Called Normal-Antibodies from Mother to Offspring
Authors: Reymann G. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By examining the transmission of the agglutinins normally occurring in the blood from mother to offspring in goats, I have only in one case of fourteen been able to prove their recurrence; in all the others the kids were born without agglutinin and probably derived it from the mother animal through the milk, in which it is to be found accumulated at parturition. From the milk as well as from the kid's serum it disappears in the course of a few days; then follows a period of a few months in which the blood of the kid is free of agglutinin, and then it appears again, probably in consequence of an immunization from the flora of the digestive tract. The research was concerned with coli and typhoid agglutinins, as well as agglutinin against rabbit and horse blood corpuscles. In the blood of the kid there was in some cases more, in others less of the “normal antibodies” than in the blood of the mother animal, and only in one case the blood of the kid contained more than the colostrum, so that it is not possible to deduce any quantitative rule from these experiments. In the colostrum the titer was higher than in the serum of the mother animal. By nursing experiments it was shown in one case that the agglutinin is probably transmitted to the kid through the mother's milk, in another case the result was questionable. The agglutinin maximum in the blood of the kid may occur as early as about 11 hours after birth. By injections of horse blood corpuscles into kids it is possible to increase the agglutinating power as well against these corpuscles as against coli bacilli; vice versa by injection of coli bacilli the agglutinating power is increased also against horse blood corpuscles.
On the Nature of Bacterial Toxaemia
Authors: Zinsser Hans 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
I. On an occasion like this, when opportunity arises for students of immunity to meet for the discussion of their mutual problems, it seems fitting that, at least once during the meetings, the deliberations should take the form of a reëxamination of some of the fundamental premises on which our science is based. It is the business of most of us here to cast about continually for new leads, to leave the main highways of established fact and to follow more faintly marked paths to their endings. True progress can be made, and time and effort justified, only if we are sure, at each stage of our investigations that, so far, we have travelled straight. I assume that there are many of us here who have wasted effort on numerous occasions in trying to build at the top when the base needed support; and we all learn to recognize that endless repetition of experimental facts already well established, by slightly different methods and new manipulations, will bear dry fruit for science.
Hypersensitiveness: Anaphylaxis and Allergy
Authors: Coca Arthur F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The subject of hypersensitiveness dates from the earliest observations upon human idiosyncrasy when it was noted that certain persons reacted, with peculiar symptoms, to contact with substances, such as foods, drugs, animal emanations and pollens, which to the great majority of individuals were entirely innocuous. Considerable added interest was infused into the study of this natural hypersensitiveness of human beings by the observations of Richet, Arthus, Theobald Smith and many others upon the experimental hypersensitiveness of lower animals. One of the outstanding results of this stimulated interest was the generally accepted inclusion of all of the known phenomena of peculiar or unusual physiological reactivity under one heading—that of anaphylaxis.
In the designation of such phenomena in one group the quality of peculiar reaction has generally been the only one taken into account, notwithstanding obvious and often radical differences among some of them as to their nature and causation.
The Relation of Sputum Bacteria to Asthma
Authors: Rackemann Francis M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It is now recognized that asthma is a symptom complex which depends on one or the other of two great groups of causes: either the cause is a foreign protein which exerts its influence from outside the body—“extrinsic”—or it produces its effect from some focus, usually of bacterial growth and action within the body—“intrinsic.”
The treatment of this last group consists either in eradicating the focus by surgical means if possible or in the use of bacterial vaccines made preferably from the same strains which are causing the focus of infection or finally by surgery and vaccination together.
Inasmuch as the search for a “focus” is usually futile, it is assumed that a chronic infection of the bronchi is responsible for the asthma and vaccines are prepared from the sputum bacteria.
Treatment with such vaccines has been used with success by several workers.
On the Placental Transmission of So-Called Normal Antibodies
Authors: Reyman G. C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In completion of the present series of studies on the placental transmission of so-called normal antibodies the following observations as regards antilysins are reported.
A. Anti-Megatheriolysin. The examination for the presence of these bodies in the blood of the mother animal and the kid, as well as in the milk, was carried out in accordance with the quantitative method employed by the Serum-Institute for measuring antihemolytic bodies. It is to be observed that in the examination of milk only approximate accuracy can be obtained owing to its opacity With the purpose of overcoming this obstacle the casein in one experiment was precipitated with rennet, but this procedure was abandoned as it was found that the antihemolytic bodies were also almost entirely carried away.
The samples were inactivated for one-half an hour at 56°C., after it had been proved by experiments that the megatheriolysin-neutralizing power was practically unweakened by this process.
Immunization with Blackleg Aggressin
Authors: Haslam Thos. P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the last three years the methods of immunizing calves against blackleg have been changed. The older methods of immunizing calves with small doses of virus, based on the work of Arloing, Thomas, and Wright have been largely replaced by sterile, soluble products derived from the blackleg bacillus. In 1917 Haslam and Franklin published a preliminary report (1) on the preparation and properties of natural blackleg aggressin. The publication did not have wide circulation, and several articles on the subject appearing subsequently (2) have failed to place the credit for the first practical use of a sterile blackleg immunizing agent in the United States. The work of Haslam and Franklin was the first demonstration of the practical value of sterile blackleg aggressin in actually controlling losses from blackleg on infected premises, although Roux (3) in 1888 and later Schobel (4) had shown by laboratory experiments that the sterile antigens possessed marked immunizing properties.
Serologic Agglutination of Virus-Coated Bacterial Cells
Authors: Roberts Eugene C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In previous reports (1, 2) a technic was outlined by which certain neurotropic viruses (St. Louis Encephalitis and murine-adapted strain of Lansing Poliomyelitis) may be adsorbed to the surface of heat-killed bacterial cells (Serratia marcescens) and subsequently agglutinated by specific hyperimmune serum and by the convalescent serum of patients infected with the homologous virus. The test was designated as the Bacterial Agglutination (B.A.) Method for the detection of virus-related specific humoral factors. The validity of this reaction has been confirmed with experimental poliomyelitis (SK strain) in the monkey in which the initial appearance of this agglutinating factor in the blood stream was observed as early as the second day after inoculation (3).
Weil (4) has confirmed the observation that viruses may be adsorbed by heat-killed bacterial cells and such cells specifically agglutinated by an antiserum homologous to the adsorbed virus.
Serological Relationship of Blood Group A and B Antigens; Production of Anti-B Precipitins
Authors: Boyd William C. , Warshaver Estelle R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Four cases in which injection of group B human erythrocytes into rabbits resulted in the production of anti-A as well as anti-B antibodies are discussed. In two of these cases both anti-A (and some anti-O) and anti-B precipitins, as well as agglutinins, were demonstrable. These results seem to confirm the idea that the A and B antigens may be chemically rather similar, as has previously been suggested by various workers.
Immunologic Studies on Fibrin
Authors: Robbins Kenneth C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Heat-coagulated beef fibrinogen, Ca-fibrin, T-fibrin and heat-coagulated Ca-fibrin produce precipitins to fibrinogen. Heat coagulation of fibrinogen and fibrin changes their solubilities in 0.03 per cent hydrochloric acid and 0.5 per cent sodium carbonate. From the results obtained with the immunologic method, it would appear that the antigenic nucleus remains unaffected by clotting or by heat denaturation of fibrinogen regardless of its changes in solubility. The fibrinogen and fibrin molecules do not contain either albumin or pseudoglobulin.
The Administration of certain Chemotherapeutic Agents to Mice by Incorporation of the Chemical in the Drinking Water: An Evaluation of the Method
Authors: Kramer S. D. , Bunch L. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The incorporation of certain chemicals in the drinking water of mice is a satisfactory and convenient means of administering chemotherapeutic agents. The blood levels resulting from this means of administration are as constant and run parallel with the levels resulting from incorporating the same compounds in the diet. Higher blood values have followed the intake of the water solution than of the diet mixture of the same concentration of drug.
The method serves as a supplement to the drug-diet method, being a practical means of administering compounds in concentrations lower than can be adequately mixed with the food or compounds of such physical characteristics as do not lend themselves to incorporation in the diet.
Immunological Relations between Types of Shigella Paradysenteriae (Flexner) and Other Shigellae
Authors: Weil A. J. , Barnes L. A. , Binder M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Secondary (minor) antigens causing cross reactions have been found in:
Sh. ambigua, linking this species with type IX of Flexner;
Sh. alkalescens, linking this species with Flexner types I and IX;
Sh. dispar, type ceylonensis, linking this type with Flexner types X and XI.
The antigens causing cross reactions with type IX of Flexner are not present in all strains of Sh. ambigua nor in all strains of Sh. alkalescens.