bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Setting the Stage for Supervision
Authors: Veach Patricia McCarthy 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses the importance of the supervision working alliance and ways supervisors can begin establishing a strong working relationship with students. It suggests ways to anticipate and address critical elements of the supervision experience that promote positive supervision processes and outcomes. It includes examples of common student and supervisor questions about beginning a supervision relationship and the structure of fieldwork experiences. It describes anticipatory guidance strategies to structure supervision, including supervision information statements and agreements. The chapter explains the purpose and use of information statements and agreements and includes a sample information statement and supervision agreement. The chapter presents learning activities that provide reflection about and practice in initiating supervision relationships.
Recognizing and Addressing Student Problematic Performance
Authors: Veach Patricia McCarthy 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter defines problematic performance and identifies different types of performance issues and their sources. It includes cues that student performance is problematic and notes common barriers to addressing problematic performance. It describes a deliberate process that supervisors can engage in with program leadership to report, review, document, and remediate problematic performance. It describes specific strategies that provide support and guidance for following this deliberate process, including ways to engage in difficult conversations. Learning activities presented in this chapter promote self-reflection about what constitutes problematic performance and barriers to addressing it (e.g., personal biases and subjectivity) and provide opportunities to practice addressing student problematic performance.
Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Cilostazol, Naftidrofuryl Oxalate, and Pentoxifylline for the Treatment of Intermittent Claudication
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on the efficacy of medications for the treatment of intermittent claudication. This systematic review of the efficacy of cilostazol, naftidrofuryl oxalate, and pentoxifylline assessed the role of these three medications in improving walking distance. It concluded that both naftidrofuryl oxalate and cilostazol appeared to be effective treatments. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, how many studies were included, inclusion and exclusion criteria, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Safety of Stenting and Endarterectomy for Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery assessing whether carotid stenting improved outcomes compared to carotid endarterectomy in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery disease. This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials demonstrated that stenting is associated with a significantly higher rate of any periprocedural stroke and periprocedural minor stroke than carotid endarterectomy. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, year range for searches, inclusion and exclusion criteria for studies, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
General Anesthesia Versus Local Anesthesia for Carotid Surgery (GALA)
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery assessing whether local anesthesia improved outcomes compared to general anesthesia in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. The General Anesthesia Versus Local Anesthesia (GALA) trial demonstrated that no difference in outcomes between general and local anesthesia for carotid surgery. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Outcomes of 3,309 Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repairs
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery reporting on the outcomes of open surgery for patients with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repairs. The study, which involved a retrospective data analysis, demonstrated that repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms, when performed at an experienced center, can produce respectable outcomes. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Long-Term Results of Endovascular Repair for Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery assessing the long-term outcomes of thoracic stenting for the repair of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms. The study, which involved a retrospective observational analysis, demonstrated that endovascular repair should be considered the treatment of choice for patients with this pathology. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Multicenter Aneurysm Screening Study (MASS)
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery assessing whether screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm was beneficial and cost-effective. The Multicenter Aneurysm Screening Study, a randomized controlled trial from the United Kingdom, demonstrated benefit from ultrasound screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms in men aged 65 to 74 years. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Stenting and Medical Therapy for Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery assessing whether renal artery stenting improved outcomes compared to medical management in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. The Cardiovascular Outcomes in Renal Athero-sclerotic Lesion (CORAL) study, a randomized controlled trial, demonstrated that renal artery stenting did not confer a significant benefit. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Splenic Artery Aneurysms
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery reporting on the natural history and surgical outcomes of splenic artery aneurysms. This observational study, a review of two decades of experience at the Mayo Clinic, demonstrated that the growth rate of these aneurysms is slow, so selective management is safe. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Open and Laparoscopic Treatment of Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery reporting on the outcomes of open and laparoscopic surgery for patients with median arcuate ligament syndrome. The systematic review conducted in this study demonstrated that both laparoscopic and open release of the median arcuate ligament may provide sustained relief of symptoms. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Absence of Long-Term Benefit of Revascularization in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery assessing whether endovascular therapy improved walking distance compared to supervised exercise in patients with intermittent claudication. The Invasive Revascularization or Not in Intermittent Claudication (IRONIC) trial demonstrated that revascularization did not result in any long-term improvement in health-related quality of life or walking capacity. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Is Duplex Surveillance of Value After Leg Vein Bypass Grafting?
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery assessing whether duplex surveillance improved outcomes compared to clinical surveillance following bypass surgery. The findings of the Vein Graft Surveillance Randomized Trial (VGST) demonstrated that duplex surveillance did not result in any benefit for patients undergoing vein bypass graft operations. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Risk of Death Following Application of Paclitaxel-Coated Balloons and Stents in the Femoropopliteal Artery of the Leg
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery reporting on the risk of death following the use of paclitaxel-coated balloons and stents. The meta-analysis performed in this study demonstrated an increased risk of death following application of paclitaxel‐coated balloons and stents in the femoropopliteal artery of the lower limbs. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many studies were included, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
A Prospective Study of Risk Factors for Diabetic Foot Ulcer
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery reporting on the effects of diabetes characteristics, foot deformity, behavioral factors, and neurovascular function on the risk of developing a foot ulcer. This large prospective cohort study demonstrated a multifactorial etiology for diabetic foot ulceration. The most notable risk factors were found to be sensory neuropathy, Charcot deformity, and history of amputation. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Long-Term Results of Compression Therapy Alone Versus Compression Plus Surgery in Chronic Venous Ulceration
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery assessing whether surgical treatment of superficial venous reflux reduced the risk of recurrence in patients with open or recently healed leg ulcer. The Effect of Surgery and Compression on Healing and Recurrence (ESCHAR) trial demonstrated that surgery led to a reduction in the recurrence of ulcers at 4 years and resulted in a greater proportion of ulcer-free time. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
A Randomized Trial of Early Endovenous Ablation in Venous Ulceration
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery assessing whether early endovenous ablation improved ulcer healing in patients with a leg ulcer. The Early Venous Reflux Ablation (EVRA) trial, a randomized controlled trial, demonstrated that endovenous ablation resulted in faster healing and more time free from ulcers. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Multiple Preoperative and Intraoperative Factors Predict Early Fistula Thrombosis
Authors: Al Shakarchi Julien 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery reporting on the effects of preoperative and intraoperative factors as predictors of early fistula thrombosis. The study demonstrated that early thrombosis was associated with female gender, forearm fistula, smaller arterial size, and draining vein diameter of 2 to 3 mm. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, how many patients were recruited, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Prostatitis
Authors: Mufti Uwais , Ali Ased 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Prostatitis is a broad clinical entity and men with this condition can present with a wide range of symptoms based on the type. The acute presentation is usually easy to diagnose and straightforward to treat but the management can be challenging in the chronic type. Classification into acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis, chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), and asymptomatic prostatitis has simplified the diagnostic pathway to some extent but the understanding of CP/CPPS is poor and consequently the management remains challenging. The case presented below is a complication of an inadequately treated urinary tract infection. However, the different types of prostatitis, the challenges, and the management strategies for consideration are also described.
Newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer
Authors: Ali Adnan , Clarke Noel W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In unscreened populations, approximately 16% of men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer have metastatic disease. The optimal treatment for such patients is combination therapy with androgen deprivation combined with either docetaxel, abiraterone, enzalutamide, or apalutamide. In patients with low metastatic burden (only non-regional lymph node metastasis or fewer than four bone metastases and no visceral metastasis), prostate radiotherapy combined with systemic treatment improves survival. Selection between these treatments depends on patient comorbidity and preference, availability of drugs, side effects, and metastatic burden. Eventually, disease progression occurs in the majority and treatment sequencing thereafter depends on patient comorbidity and preference, previous therapies, drug availability, side effects, sites and extent of metastases, and, now, the presence of genomic alterations. Bone metastases are the most common secondary site and timely management is required to prevent skeletal complications. Despite optimal treatment, most cases will require palliative support in the disease’s later stages. This case presentation of a man with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer highlights some of the key decisions required in managing this condition.
Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Nobrega Richard , Sullivan Mark 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), although rarer than urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, is more aggressive with 60% of patients presenting with invasive disease. Bilateral synchronous UTUC is scarcer still, with much literature quoting a 2% lifetime risk of recurrence in the contralateral upper tract. This case aims to discuss and reinforce the key evidence supporting current guidance and management algorithm in managing a patient with UTUC and examines the role of renal autotransplantation in the patient with bilateral UTUC; a principal that could also apply to invasive UTUC in a solitary kidney.
Benign prostatic enlargement and acute urinary retention
Authors: Papworth Emma , Jelski Joseph , Hashim Hashim 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This is a case of mixed lower urinary tract symptoms in a male managed initially with medical therapy, and subsequently investigated with urodynamics. Following this, a transurethral resection of the prostate was performed. After surgery, further treatment was required for ongoing lower urinary tract symptoms. The case reviews important considerations, patient factors, and possible outcomes relating to this common presentation in urology.
Urge urinary incontinence
Authors: Ravindra Pravisha , Parkinson Richard 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Urge urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine associated with a sudden, compelling desire to pass urine. Successful treatment is dependent on an accurate initial diagnosis, especially in patients with complex or mixed symptoms. Differentiation from other complaints, such as stress incontinence, bladder pain syndrome, or urinary tract infection, is achieved by careful clinical assessment. A 3-day bladder diary, urine dipstick, and post-void bladder scan are useful initial investigations, with more invasive tests used on a selective basis. Bladder retraining, weight loss, caffeine reduction, and fluid management can produce significant improvement. Pharmacotherapy in the form of vaginal oestrogens, antimuscarinics, and beta-3 agonists can be initiated if conservative measures fail. The management of refractory overactive bladder syndrome is challenging; options include intravesical botulinum toxin, percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation, sacral neuromodulation, or augmentation cystoplasty.
Stress urinary incontinence
Authors: Barratt Rachel , Biers Suzanne 
Published: January 2023

AbstractStress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common condition accounting for around 50% of all female urinary incontinence. Diagnosis includes robust history taking, clinical examination including cough stress test, urinalysis, and post-void residual measurement. For uncomplicated primary SUI, guidelines advise that urodynamic studies are not required, although clinicians may offer this test to assist with patient counselling. Management of primary SUI includes conservative measures with bladder training, supervised pelvic floor muscle training, and weight loss. Surgical options comprise urethral bulking agents, mid-urethral tapes (currently on ‘pause’ in the UK), autologous fascial slings, and colposuspension. Approximately 20–30% fail primary treatment for SUI with recurring incontinence which can be more difficult to treat. Urodynamics is essential in this setting. All surgical options can be offered again, and insertion of an artificial urinary sphincter. For end-stage complex SUI, surgical management is limited to artificial urinary sphincter or urinary diversion. Clear patient counselling on the treatment options and associated risks is essential.
Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis
Authors: Mangera Altaf 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis is a condition that is poorly understood, poorly researched and poorly managed. This typical case discusses assessment and evidence for the management of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis with an expert commentary and clinical tips for those who may encounter such patients. It is important to be aware of how patients may present, the investigations which are indicated, the natural progression of the symptoms and how to exclude red flags and other diagnoses. We find, it is essential to have good communication with your patients and explain the understanding of the condition and work through a stepwise approach to management.
Vesicovaginal fistula
Authors: Malde Sachin , Sahai Arun 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) is uncommon in well-resourced countries and is usually as a result of pelvic surgery such as hysterectomy. In poorly resourced countries, VVF usually occurs as a result of obstructed labour. Evaluation of VVF includes cystoscopy and examination under anaesthetic, and select imaging to assess the pelvis and the upper urinary tract. The timing of surgery typically is within the first week or delayed at 3–6 months. Surgery can be performed through either the vaginal or abdominal routes. This case describes a VVF repaired through the vaginal route with the use of a Martius fat pad interposition graft. Expert comments, clinical tips, evidence bases, and learning points in managing VVF are provided.
Erectile dysfunction
Authors: Tracey James , Shabbir Majid 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Erectile dysfunction is a common and difficult concern for patients to address. It can be an early indicator of systemic illness that may require treatment before more significant complications occur. It is important for both urologists and general practitioners to ask their male patients about erectile dysfunction and use the opportunity to treat their symptoms while addressing and managing any underlying cause. This holistic approach to men’s health will ensure an improvement in their longevity as well as their quality of life.