bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decomposition of Vertical Velocity and Its Zonal Wavenumber Kinetic Energy Spectra in the Hydrostatic Atmosphere
Authors: Žagar Nedjeljka , Neduhal Valentino , Vasylkevych Sergiy , Zaplotnik Žiga , Tanaka Hiroshi L. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The spectrum of kinetic energy of vertical motions (VKE) is less well understood compared to the kinetic energy spectrum of horizontal motions (HKE). One challenge that has limited progress in describing the VKE spectrum is a lack of a unified approach to the decomposition of vertical velocities associated with the Rossby motions and inertia–gravity (IG) wave flows. This paper presents such a unified approach using a linear Rossby–IG vertical velocity normal-mode decomposition appropriate for a spherical, hydrostatic atmosphere. New theoretical developments show that for every zonal wavenumber k, the limit VKE is proportional to the total mechanical energy and to the square of the frequency of the normal mode. The theory predicts a VKE ∝ k−5 and a VKE ∝ k1/3 power law for the Rossby and IG waves, assuming a k−3 and a k−5/3 power law for the Rossby and IG HKE spectra, respectively. The Kelvin and mixed Rossby–gravity wave VKE spectra are predicted to follow k−1 and k−5 power laws, respectively. The VKE spectra for ERA5 data from August 2018 show that the Rossby VKE spectra approximately follow the predicted a k−5 power law. The expected k1/3 power law for the gravity wave VKE spectrum is found only in the SH midlatitude stratosphere for k ≈ 10–60. The inertial range IG VKE spectra in the tropical and midlatitude troposphere reflect a mixture of ageostrophic and convection-coupled dynamics and have slopes between −1 and −1/3, likely associated with too steep IG HKE spectra. The forcing by quasigeostrophic ageostrophic motions is seen as an IG VKE peak at synoptic scales in the SH upper troposphere, which gradually moves to planetary scales in the stratosphere.

Significance Statement
The spectrum of kinetic energy of vertical motions (VKE) is less well understood compared to the kinetic energy spectrum of horizontal motions. One challenge is a lack of a unified approach to the decomposition of vertical velocities associated with the Rossby motions and inertia–gravity (IG) wave flows. This paper presents such a unified approach using a linear Rossby–IG vertical velocity normal-mode decomposition appropriate for a spherical, hydrostatic atmosphere. It is shown that for every zonal wavenumber, the limit VKE is proportional to the total mechanical energy and to the square of the frequency of the normal mode. The theory is successfully applied to the ERA5 data. It leads the way for a more accurate computation of momentum fluxes.
Biomass Burning Emissions of Black Carbon over the Maritime Continent and ENSO Variability
Authors: Xie Biyin , Yang Yang , Wang Hailong , Wang Pinya , Liao Hong 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Fire emissions from the Maritime Continent (MC) over the western tropical Pacific are strongly influenced by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), posing various climate effects to the Earth system. In this study, we show that the historical biomass burning emissions of black carbon (BCbb) aerosol in the dry season from the MC are strengthened in El Niño years due to the dry conditions. The eastern Pacific type of El Niño exerts a stronger modulation in BCbb emissions over the MC region than the central Pacific type of El Niño. Based on simulations using the fully coupled Community Earth System Model (CESM), the impacts of increased BCbb emissions on ENSO variability and frequency are also investigated in this study. With BCbb emissions from the MC scaled up by a factor of 10, which enables the identification of climate response from the internal variability, the increased BCbb heats the local atmosphere and changes land–sea thermal contrast, which suppresses the westward transport of the eastern Pacific surface water. It leads to an increase in sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific, which further enhances ENSO variability and increases the frequency of extreme El Niño and La Niña events. This study highlights the potential role of BCbb emissions on extreme ENSO frequency, and this role may be increasingly important in the warming future with higher wildfire risks.
A Rigorous Derivation of the Water Mass Transformation Framework, the Relation between Mixing and Diasurface Exchange Flow, and Links to Recent Theories in Estuarine Research
Authors: Klingbeil Knut , Henell Erika 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In this paper we present the analytical derivation of a local water mass transformation (WMT) framework for an individual water column. We exactly formulate the mapping of the governing equations from geopotential coordinates to an arbitrary tracer space. Unique definitions for the local effective vertical diasurface fluxes are given. In tracer space we derive new relations between the local diatracer fluxes and the mixing per tracer class. The key relation between the effective vertical diatracer velocity and the mixing per tracer class directly formulates how the overturning circulation is linked to local tracer variance dissipation. Horizontal integration of the governing equations in tracer space and the relations between the diatracer quantities finally recovers the well-known integral WMT formulations.
The 30 December 2021 Colorado Front Range Windstorm and Marshall Fire: Evolution of Surface and 3D Structure, NWP Guidance, NWS Forecasts, and Decision Support
Authors: Benjamin Stanley G. , James Eric P. , Szoke Edward J. , Schlatter Paul T. , Brown John M. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The Marshall Fire on 30 December 2021 became the most destructive wildfire costwise in Colorado history as it evolved into a suburban firestorm in southeastern Boulder County, driven by strong winds and a snow-free and drought-influenced fuel state. The fire was driven by a strong downslope windstorm that maintained its intensity for nearly 11 hours. The southward movement of a large-scale jet axis across Boulder County brought a quick transition that day into a zone of upper-level descent, enhancing the midlevel inversion providing a favorable environment for an amplifying downstream mountain wave. In several aspects, this windstorm did not follow typical downslope windstorm behavior. NOAA rapidly updating numerical weather prediction guidance (including the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh) provided operationally useful forecasts of the windstorm, leading to the issuance of a High-Wind Warning (HWW) for eastern Boulder County. No Red Flag Warning was issued due to a too restrictive relative humidity criterion (already published alternatives are recommended); however, owing to the HWW, a countywide burn ban was issued for that day. Consideration of spatial (vertical and horizontal) and temporal (both valid time and initialization time) neighborhoods allows some quantification of forecast uncertainty from deterministic forecasts—important in real-time use for forecasting and public warnings of extreme events. Essentially, dimensions of the deterministic model were used to roughly estimate an ensemble forecast. These dimensions including run-to-run consistency are also important for subsequent evaluation of forecasts for small-scale features such as downslope windstorms and the tropospheric features responsible for them, similar to forecasts of deep, moist convection and related severe weather.

Significance Statement
The Front Range windstorm of 30 December 2021 combined extreme surface winds (>45 m s−1) with fire ignition resulting in an extraordinary and quickly evolving, extremely destructive wildfire–urban interface fire event. This windstorm differed from typical downslope windstorms in several aspects. We describe the observations, model guidance, and decision-making of operational forecasters for this event. In effect, an ensemble forecast was approximated by use of a frequently updated deterministic model by operational forecasters, and this combined use of temporal, spatial (horizontal and vertical), and other forecast dimensions is suggested to better estimate the possibility of such extreme events.
Tracheostomy-Assisted Foreign Body Removal: Insights From a Case Series and Literature Review
Authors: Wang Hao-cheng , Chen Yong-chao , Pan Hong-guang , Li Lan , Teng Yi-shu 
Published: September 2023

Background: Foreign body aspiration into the trachea is a common occurrence in children. While most foreign bodies in the airways can be removed using rigid tracheoscopy, there are instances where tracheostomy or tracheotomy is needed. This article presents a series of cases in which tracheostomy was necessary to remove foreign bodies, and summarizes the relevant experiences and lessons learned. Methods: We reviewed a total of 7 cases in which tracheostomy and rigid tracheoscopy were combined for foreign body removal out of a larger cohort of 1559 cases at Shenzhen Children’s Hospital in Guangdong, China over a 20-year period. Results: The combined use of tracheostomy and rigid tracheoscopy resulted in successful removal of foreign bodies in all 7 patients reviewed in this study. Six patients developed complications of tracheotomy, mainly including mediastinal emphysema (5/7), subcutaneous emphysema (3/7), and pneumothorax (1/7). Tracheotomy was temporary in all patients. Conclusion: In cases where a foreign body in the trachea is too large or has irregular, sharp edges, is embedded in submucosal tissues with edema, cannot be passed smoothly through the vocal cords, or local endoscopic facilities are inadequate, a tracheotomy may be necessary. However, this approach should be used with caution, and close collaboration with anesthesiologists and careful management of intraoperative emergencies are crucial for improving the success rate of the procedure. Additionally, the complications should be noted, paying particular attention to early complications such as pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and bleeding.
Construct validity, responsiveness, and interpretability of the Utrecht Scale for Evaluation of Rehabilitation (USER) in patients admitted to inpatient geriatric rehabilitation
Authors: de Waal Margot W M , Jansen Michael , Bakker Loes M , Doornebosch Arno J , Wattel Elizabeth M , Visser Dennis , Smit Ewout B 
Published: September 2023

Objective The Utrecht Scale for Evaluation of Rehabilitation is a multi-domain measurement with good content validity, structural validity and reliability for measuring physical functioning (mobility, selfcare) and cognitive functioning in geriatric rehabilitation. We aimed to determine the construct validity of both Utrecht Scale for Evaluation of Rehabilitation scales and the responsiveness and interpretability of the scale for physical functioning in geriatric rehabilitation. Design Prospective follow-up study embedded in routine care. Setting Four care organisations in The Netherlands. Subjects Patients admitted for inpatient geriatric rehabilitation (2021–2022). Main measures Data collection included the Utrecht Scale for Evaluation of Rehabilitation, Mini-Mental State Examination, Barthel index, and a global rating scale anchor on recovery. Hypothesis testing was used to determine construct validity and responsiveness. For interpretability, minimal important change and floor and ceiling effects were determined. Results The mean age of participants ( n = 211) was 77 (SD 10.4). Their mean length of stay was 38.6 days (SD 26.3), and 81% returned home. The Utrecht Scale for Evaluation of Rehabilitation showed adequate construct validity, as all three hypotheses were confirmed for both scales. The Utrecht Scale for Evaluation of Rehabilitation-physical function scale showed adequate responsiveness, with all five hypotheses confirmed. The mean change for physical function (scale range 0–70) was 15.5 points (SD 17.1). The minimal important change for Utrecht Scale for Evaluation of Rehabilitation-physical function was 14.5 points difference for improvement. This scale showed no floor (2%) and ceiling effects (14%) at admission and discharge. Conclusions The Utrecht Scale for Evaluation of Rehabilitation showed to be effective for evaluating physical functioning during geriatric rehabilitation as well as screening cognitive functioning. In total, 14.5 points difference has been established as a minimal important change for physical functioning.
Patient characteristics and disease spectrum in a German vascular anomalies center
Authors: Strübing Felix , Laurich Annette , Weiss Christel , Kneser Ulrich , Schoenberg Stefan , Sadick Maliha 
Published: September 2023

Background Vascular malformations are rare diseases that should be treated in dedicated vascular anomaly centers (VAC). There is only a small amount of data on the diagnostic and therapeutic handling of these patients, before they are referred to a VAC. Purpose To demonstrate the disease-specific patient characteristics in a German VAC, which are required to determine diagnostic and therapeutic steps. Material and Methods In a retrospective study, all patients who were treated in the VAC from April 2014 until August 2021 were identified. In total, 593 patients were included in this study. Results Almost all patients had previously consulted a physician (591/593, 99.7%). A mean of two different physicians had been consulted (range 0–10). Patients with more complex, syndromal vascular malformations had significantly more previous appointments ( P = 0.0018). In only 44% (261/593) of patients, the referral diagnosis was made correctly. Most patients had been previously treated for their vascular anomaly: pharmacotherapy (n = 130; 21.9%), compression garments (n = 141; 23.8%), surgical resection (n = 80; 17.3%) and sclerotherapy (n = 68; 11.5%). Fifty-two patients who had been falsely diagnosed had also received therapy prior to their referral to the VAC (8.8%). Most patients received an ultrasound examination in the VAC (n = 464; 78.2%). Most frequently, compression therapy was prescribed (n = 256; 43.2%), followed by sclerotherapy (n = 175, 29.5%) and pharmacotherapy (n = 55; 9.3%). Conclusion Patients suffering from vascular anomalies often go through a complicated scheduling with numerous outpatient appointments and have a high risk of misdiagnosis and mistreatment prolonging the medical condition. Therefore, patients with vascular anomalies should be treated in a dedicated vascular anomaly center.
Meniscal Fibrocartilage Repair Based on Developmental Characteristics: A Proof-of-Concept Study
Authors: Yan Wenqiang , Zhu Jingxian , Wu Yue , Wang Yiqun , Du Cancan , Cheng Jin , Hu Xiaoqing , Ao Yingfang 
Published: September 2023

Background: Unlike the adult meniscus, the fetal meniscus possesses robust healing capacity. The dense and stiff matrix of the adult meniscus provides a biophysical barrier for cell migration, which is not present in the fetal meniscus. Inspired by developmental characteristics, modifying the matrix of the adult meniscus into a fetal-like, loose and soft microenvironment holds opportunity to facilitate repair, especially in the avascular zone. Hypothesis: Modifying the dense and stiff matrix of the adult meniscus into a fetal-like, loose and soft microenvironment could enhance cell migration to the tear interface and subsequent robust healing capacity. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Fresh porcine menisci were treated with hyaluronidase or collagenase. The density and arrangement of collagen fibers were assessed. The degradation of proteoglycans and collagen was evaluated histologically. Cell migration within the meniscus or the infiltration of exogenous cells into the meniscus was examined. Dendritic silica nanoparticles with relatively large pores were used to encapsulate hyaluronidase for rapid release. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles with relatively small pores were used to encapsulate transforming growth factor–beta 3 (TGF-β3) for slow release. A total of 24 mature male rabbits were included. A longitudinal vertical tear (0.5 cm in length) was prepared in the avascular zone of the medial meniscus. The tear was repaired with suture, repaired with suture in addition to blank silica nanoparticles, or repaired with suture in addition to silica nanoparticles releasing hyaluronidase and TGF-β3. Animals were sacrificed at 12 months postoperatively. Meniscal repair was evaluated macroscopically and histologically. Results: The gaps between collagen bundles increased after hyaluronidase treatment, while collagenase treatment resulted in collagen disruption. Proteoglycans degraded after hyaluronidase treatment in a dose-dependent manner, but collagen integrity was maintained. Hyaluronidase treatment enhanced the migration and infiltration of cells within meniscal tissue. Last, the application of fibrin gel and the delivery system of silica nanoparticles encapsulating hyaluronidase and TGF-β3 enhanced meniscal repair responses in an orthotopic longitudinal vertical tear model. Conclusion: The gradient release of hyaluronidase and TGF-β3 removed biophysical barriers for cell migration, creating a fetal-like, loose and soft microenvironment, and enhanced the fibrochondrogenic phenotype of reparative cells, facilitating the synthesis of matrix and tissue integration. Clinical Relevance: Modifying the adult matrix into a fetal-like, loose and soft microenvironment via the local gradient release of hyaluronidase and TGF-β3 enhanced the healing capacity of the meniscus.
Ponicidin Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Tumor Growth in C666-1 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Cells
Authors: Shen Yuanfeng , Zhang Lu , Hou Aihui , Suresh Kaviya , Balu Anbarasan , Gong Zhe 
Published: September 2023

Background Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), predominant in Southern China and Southeast Asia, is a malignant tumor that arises from the epithelial lining of the nasopharynx. Current NPC treatments result in unfavorable side effects. Natural compounds with anti-proliferative capabilities are gaining popularity as a way to mitigate the toxicity of radiation and synthetic antitumor drugs. Ponicidin, an ent-kaurane diterpenoid, has been demonstrated to possess several pharmacological activities, including antitumor, antibacterial, immunoregulatory, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties. Materials and Methods In the current investigation, the anti-carcinogenic activity of Ponicidin against nasopharyngeal cell line C666-1, has been investigated. The influence of Ponicidin on cell viability, apoptotic induction, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and apoptotic markers has been examined. Doxorubicin was selected as the positive control for the experiments. Results The effect of Ponicidin on the viability of C666-1 cells revealed that its cytotoxic potential increased in a dose-dependent pattern and the optimum concentration chosen for further experiments was 7.5 µM. The Ponicidin-treated cells demonstrated a significant increase in the amount of TBARS, whereas it reduced the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels, indicating augmented oxidative stress and lower antioxidant activity in the C666-1 cells. The acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) staining technique was used to assess morphological changes with respect to apoptosis, which confirmed its apoptotic nature. Furthermore, Ponicidin elevated the ROS generation, modified the mitochondrial membrane permeability, elevated the apoptotic marker levels (caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bax) and reduced the Bcl-2 expression in C666-1 cell lines. Conclusion The findings suggest that Ponicidin successfully inhibited cancer cell proliferation by following the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and thus could be effectively utilized as a potent anti-cancer agent for the treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer.
Catalpol Ameliorates Myocardial I/R Injury Through PI3k/Akt/P53 Signaling-mediated Anti-autophagy and Anti-apoptosis
Authors: Hu Lingai , Sun Yukun , Zhang Hongsheng , Cao Yong , Zhang Jinguo 
Published: September 2023

Background Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cardiovascular disease worldwide, with high mortality. Purpose The study aimed to observe the mechanism of catalpol inhibiting apoptosis and autophagy in H9c2 cells after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Materials and Methods We grouped H9c2 cells into 4 groups: control, I/R injury, catalpol (I/R injury +1 ug/mL catalpol treatment), and wortmannin (I/R injury + 1 ug/mL catalpol +150 nM wortmannin treatment) groups. Both catalpol and wortmannin group cells were given drug treatment 30 min before I/R injury. At 2h post-I/R insult, we used flow cytometry for detecting cellular apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. We identified p-PI3K, p-Akt, PI3K, Akt, p53, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, Bax, beclin1, LC3II, and LC3I protein expression levels. Results I/R significantly increased the apoptosis rate and ROS level of H9c2 cells, increased expression levels of p53, LC3II/LC3I, and Caspase-3, and decreased p-Akt/Akt, beclin1, Bcl-2/Bax, and p-PI3K/PI3K expression levels. Catalpol can reduce the expressions of p53, Caspase-3, and LC3II/LC3I ( p < 0.5). Catalpol can increase the expression levels of Akt/ p-Akt, Bax/ Bcl-2, and beclin1. Also, it can inhibit apoptosis and autophagy levels of H9c2 cells ( p < 0.5). Wortmannin, a PI3 K-specific inhibitor, was able partially to block the catalpol’s and anti-autophagic and anti-apoptotic effects. Conclusion Catalpol can inhibit apoptosis, reduces excessive autophagy, and alleviates the effects of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion through PI3K/Akt/p53 pathway.
Attachment and comorbid anxiety in ADHD
Authors: Akman Hazal , Serdengeçti Nihal , Yavuz Mesut , Kadak Muhammed Tayyib , Ercan Oya , Doğangün Burak 
Published: September 2023

Anxiety comorbidity is quite common in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). What is known about the relationship between anxiety, attachment and emotion regulation in such children is still limited. We aimed to investigate the associations between attachment, emotion regulation and comorbid anxiety in children with ADHD. 100 children with ADHD and 100 children without any diagnosis aged 8–13 years were included. After the participants were clinically evaluated, Turgay ADHD Scale, Emotion Regulation Checklist, Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child Version (RCADS-CV) and Kerns’ Security Scale were completed. According to the RCADS-CV scores, ADHD/ANX(+), ADHD/ANX(−), and control groups were formed. The emotional lability/negativity levels were higher in the ADHD groups compared to the non-ADHD controls. Paternal and maternal attachment security levels were lower in the ADHD/ANX(+) group compared to the controls. The regression analysis indicated that higher hyperactivity/impulsivity symptom levels and lower maternal attachment quality were associated with higher anxiety in children with ADHD. These results suggest that focusing on attachment quality and emotion regulation problems may be significant in management of core symptoms and comorbid anxiety problems in children with ADHD.