bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tuberculin Type Sensitivity to Spinal Cord Antigen in Rabbits with Isoallergic Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Waksman Byron H. , Morrison L. Raymond 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In rabbits with experimental isoallergic encephalomyelitis, intracutaneous tests with homologous spinal cord suspended in saline gave reactions having the gross and histologic characteristics of the tuberculin response. Skin reactivity could not be passively transferred with large amounts of serum. The development of skin reactivity was correlated with the development of experimental disease, both in degree and in time. Positive corneal reactivity could be demonstrated in approximately one half to one third of the animals developing encephalomyelitis, especially in those surviving longer than 2 weeks. Titration of inoculation dose and skin test dose was carried out. Skin reactivity remained low and encephalomyelitis failed to appear in animals inoculated with low doses of antigen or tubercle bacilli, in animals inoculated subcutaneously or intraperitoneally, in immature animals, and in animals with cachexia. By using the skin testing method as a means of comparing nervous tissue fractions, antigenic effectiveness was found in a residue insoluble in water and ether and not affected by freezing and thawing in the presence of ether. Proteolipid A of beef brain also gave positive reactions. Encephalomyelitis could not be produced by the water soluble, dialyzable fraction described by Hottle et al. This substance was likewise not effective in skin tests. Dicumarol dosage, sufficient to keep the prothrombin level below 50% of normal, had no effect on incidence of experimental disease.
Studies on the Prevention of Mumps
Authors: Henle Gertrude , Henle Werner , Burgoon Jane S. , Bashe Winslow J. , Stokes Joseph 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of over 1800 skin tests and over 1500 complement fixation tests have been analyzed in terms of past mumps infection, age of the individual and geographical area.
Correlation between past known infection and positive complement fixation or skin tests was of the order of 70 to 80%. With the skin test it was somewhat higher in the adult than in individuals less than 18 years of age, whereas the reverse was noted with the complement fixation test.
Neither a positive complement fixation reaction nor a positive skin response affords absolute assurance of resistance to mumps but the incidence of infection among such individuals was found to be less than 2%, whereas it was many times that in those giving negative reactions. Since discrepancies between the results of the 2 tests, when performed simultaneously, were not infrequent, it is obvious that both technics should be employed to attain maximal accuracy in determining the immune status of an individual.
Experimental Human Salmonellosis
Authors: McCullough Norman B. , Eisele C. Wesley 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunity after experimental human infections due to Salmonella meleagridis and S. ana um was studied by challenging the subjects at various intervals and dose levels. Some increased resistance was found in all twenty-three subjects studied although the degree varied considerably.
On the first refeeding using somewhat larger doses of the same strains, sixteen of the twenty-three subjects did not become ill. Of seventeen subjects refed a second time using considerably larger doses, seven again did not become ill. The great majority of illnesses produced by first or second refeeding were milder than the initial illnesses. An increased resistance was present in some instances as long as nine months after the initial attack.
Seven men who developed prolonged carrier states in the initial experiments, with one exception, ceased excreting the organism promptly in the refeeding experiments.
Experimental Streptococcal Pneumonia
Authors: Weinstein Louis , Colburn Charles G. , Seltser Raymond , Mallory G. Kenneth 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Sulfonamide and penicillin have been found to be without effect on the development of the characteristic cellular reactions in pneumococcal infections in experimental animals. Wood and Irons (1), in a study of pneumonitis resulting from the intratracheal injection of the Pneumococcus in rats, found that the administration of a sulfonamide had no influence on the character of the anatomic changes in the lungs; this was thought to be due to the fact that the drug produced only bacteriostasis and, therefore, the same defense mechanisms were called into play as are present in the absence of chemotherapy. Penicillin, on the other hand, might be expected to alter the tissue responses of the host infected with pneumococci because of its bactericidal activity against this organism. Skinsnes (2), however, has presented evidence indicating that, in spite of the rapid cessation of spread of pneumococci and their early eradication by phagocytic cells following the use of penicillin, the cellular responses in treated and untreated animals were essentially similar.
The Resistance of Mice to Myositis and Central Nervous System Infection Following Immunization with GDVII Mouse Encephalomyelitis Virus
Authors: Rustigian Robert , Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Leblanc Thelma 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Following immunization of mice by the intraperitoneal route with active GDVII mouse encaphalomyelitis virus, a marked resistance to myositis and local virus multiplication was obtained against subsequent intramuscular challenge of a standard dose of GDVII virus. In addition, there was no invasion of the central nervous system as evidenced by the absence of signs of disease and histologic changes, and the failure to recover active virus from the spinal cords and brains of mice so challenged. Direct intracerebral challenge of a limited number of mice indicated that an immunity was also established in the central nervous system. However, since small amounts of virus were recovered from the central nervous system tissues of some of the immunized mice at the time of challenge, the occurrence of interference cannot be excluded. Immunization by the subcutaneous and intraperitoneal route also led to the development of complement fixing and neutralizing antibodies in considerable concentrations.
On the Stability of Desiccated Snake Venoms
Authors: Schöttler W. H. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The toxic potencies of desiccated snake venoms were tested over a period of up to 13 years.
It was found that the non-hemorrhagic, so-called neurotoxic venoms had lost little or nothing of their original toxicity in 8 to 9 years of storage in cork stoppered glass tubes in the dark. Hemorrhagic venoms kept under the same conditions had lost 41 to 56% of their power in 9 years and 84% in 13 years (Vipera) and 78 (Bitis) and only 14 (Agkistrodon)% in 8 years. When stored in a frequently opened and re-evacuated desiccator, Agkistrodon venoms lost approximately 70% of activity within one year. Under similar conditions, lyophilized neurotoxic Crotalus venom lost about one third of its original toxic potency in a couple of months whereas its antibody-binding capacity decreased less markedly, if at all.
The significance of these observations is discussed.
Studies of Herpes Simplex Virus in Newborn Mice
Authors: Kilbourne Edwin D. , Horsfall Frank L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Infection of the newborn (1 day old) Swiss mouse with the virus of herpes simplex results in rapidly progressive disease culminating in death within 3–5 days. This lethal disease provides an unequivocal end point for titrations of virus and antibody. With a constant amount of virus the serum dilution end point in neutralization tests is readily reproducible. The newborn mouse is at least as effective as the rabbit or the chick embryo for the recovery of herpes virus from human sources, and possesses the advantage of indicating the presence of virus on initial passage. Susceptibility of the mouse to inoculation of herpes simplex virus by either the intraperitoneal or intracerebral route decreases with age. Antigenic analysis of 3 herpes simplex virus strains failed to show evidence of antigenic difference.
Increase in Virulence of the Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus with Passage in Mice
Authors: Ainslie John D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
There was a progressive increase in the titer of the line of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus maintained in this laboratory between the 52nd and 84th consecutive passages in mice, from 10−2.5 to 10−4.6. The greatest single increase between pools was 5-fold, and occurred after the 71st passage. The daily morbidity data, and the number of days before 50% of the mice were paralyzed demonstrate that with increasing numbers of passages there was a progressive shift toward earlier involvement.
There were no detectable immunologic differences between the line of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus maintained in this laboratory and that maintained in another laboratory through approximately 200 passages in mice and 3 recent passages in monkeys. The line maintained in this laboratory was apparently unrelated to, and consequently not contaminated with, 2 strains of virus isolated from normal stock mice which developed spontaneous paralysis during the course of these experiments.
Studies on Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Briody B. A. , Ledinko Nada , Stannard Claudia 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A labile principle capable of neutralizing the egg infectivity of vaccinia virus is present in normal guinea pig serum. This “non-specific” inhibitor is inactive against vaccinia hemagglutinin. It can be stored at −60 C with no loss of activity, but rapidly deteriorates when stored for a few hours at 4 C. It is inactivated by heating to 56 C for 30 minutes. Removal of the hemolytic activity of complement from the GP serum does not appreciably reduce the activity of the viral inhibitor. A similar component capable of neutralizing vaccinia virus is not present in detectable amounts in the serum of mice. The pattern of infection following intranasal inoculation of vaccinia virus in the GP differs appreciably from that in the mouse.
in Vivo and in Vitro Studies of Serological Specificity among Viruses of the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Venereum Group
Authors: Hilleman M. R. , Haig D. A. , Helmold R. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The serological specificity of the direct and indirect complement-fixation, serum neutralization, conglutinating complement absorption (C.C.A.T.), and hemagglutination-inhibition tests for viruses of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group was compared in tests with rooster, human, rabbit and pigeon sera. Purified elementary body, purified lipid, hemagglutinating (meningopneumonitis) and phenol-enhanced antigens prepared from psittacosis, ornithosis (including meningopneumonitis), LV, feline pneumonitis and mouse pneumonitis viruses were used.
The rooster antisera were group-specific in the indirect complement-fixation test. This was in contrast to the sharp specificity which these same sera showed in serum neutralization tests.
The hemagglutination-inhibition tests with rooster and pigeon sera and the conglutinating complement absorption tests with human, rabbit and pigeon sera all gave group-specific reactions. Group-specificity was likewise shown in the direct complement-fixation tests with human, pigeon and rabbit sera when phenol-enhanced and lipid antigens were used. Minor antigenic differences, however, were evident when the rabbit and certain of the pigeon sera were tested with purified elementary body antigens. These differences were neither sufficiently consistent nor great enough to be of practical value in differentiating the viruses of the group.
The Cellular Transfer in Humans of Delayed Cutaneous Reactivity to Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Lawrence H. Sherwood 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In a series of 472 adult patients without apparent streptococcal disease or its complications, the incidence of positive delayed cutaneous reactions was as follows: To intact Streptococcal cells—39% of 67 patients. To SK-SD—69% of 112 patients. To M Substance—36% of 293 patients. Of the total 472 patients, the overall incidence of positive reactions to the streptococcal materials was 45%. It has been possible to transfer passively, in 14 consecutive instances, generalized cutaneous streptococcal reactivity of the delayed tuberculin type to streptococcus-negative human recipients by means of viable leucocytes obtained from streptococcus-positive human donors. This was accomplished with intact streptococcal cells as the test material in 4 instances, with SK-SD as the test material in 6 instances, and with M Substance as the test material in 3 instances. In one instance it was possible to induce delayed cutaneous reactions to intact streptococcal cells, SK-SD and M Substance simultaneously in the same negative recipient. Delayed cutaneous reactions did not develop in the streptococcus-negative recipient when the transferred leucocytes were obtained from streptococcus-negative donors. The endowment of the negative recipient with the capacity to develop generalized delayed cutaneous reactivity to streptococcal materials, following leucocytic transfer, is a transient phenomenon. The results of leucocytic transfer of delayed cutaneous reactivity to hemolytic streptococcal materials in humans generally appear to parallel those reported in humans using tuberculin as the test substance.
A Study of Infections Caused by Mumps and Newcastle Disease Viruses. I. Specific and Non-Specific Serologic Relations
Authors: Wenner Herbert A. , Jenson Marian H. , Monley Anne 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Specific antibodies, measured by the methods of hemagglutination-inhibition and complement-fixation, appeared in serum following experimental infection of monkeys with mumps and ND viruses. It could not be demonstrated, using the two serologic methods, that these viruses shared a common antigen. The hyperimmunization of rhesus monkeys with mumps and ND viruses did not provide convincing evidence of a serologic relationship between these viruses. Complement-fixing antibodies for NDV may appear in serums obtained from some human beings recently convalescent from mumps parotitis. Hemagglutination-inhibitor substance(s) was present in many serums at the onset of mumps; although a rise in titer occurred, the order of increase was not enough to warrant a conclusion that mumps and ND viruses shared similar antigenic components. A non-specific substance(s) has been found in many serums obtained from human beings and rhesus monkeys which inhibits hemagglutination of fowl RBC, and in some, apparently, fixes complement in the presence of mumps and ND viruses. The non-specific serum-inhibitor is discussed in regard to the apparent, but false, serologic relations of mumps and ND viruses.
The Growth of Mouse Encephalomyelitis Virus (Theiler's Fa Strain) in Embryonated Eggs
Authors: Lawson Robert B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Theiler's FA mouse encephalomeylitis virus grows equally well when suspensions of infected mouse brain are inoculated into embryonated chicken eggs by either the intra-embryonic or chorio-allantoic membrane routes. The optimal temperature of incubation after inoculation is 34–36 C. Lower temperatures result in low embryo survivals and irregular growth of virus, and at higher temperatures satisfactory growth is only occasionally obtained. There is little difference in virus growth whether embryos are inoculated after six or eight days of preliminary incubation. When inoculated by a peripheral route, virus growth in the embryo starts building up by the fourth to the fifth days after inoculation and reaches a peak by the eighth to tenth days after inoculation. The highest titres of virus will be found in the embryo, irrespective of the relative amounts of nervous tissue. The embryonic membranes contain the next largest amounts of virus, and the fluids the least amount. The concentration of virus in the inoculum has little effect on subsequent infectivity titres. One fundamental difference was noted in the behavior of FA virus from infected mouse brains and virus from infected embryonic products. Whereas original mouse brain virus would not propagate when inoculated into the yolk sac, egg adapted virus grew as well or better when inoculated by the yolk sac route as by the embryonic or chorio-allantoic membrane routes.
Parallel Studies of Complement and Blood Coagulation
Authors: Rice Christine E. , Boulanger Paul , Plummer P. J. G. , Annau E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The repeated oral or parenteral administration of ethionine produced in female guinea pigs a fatty degeneration of the liver of varying extent and severity; some animals also showed pancreatic changes involving the acinar cells. Fatty infiltration was observed in the livers of some of the male guinea pigs injected with ethionine but it tended to be less extensive than in females similarly treated. Both male and female guinea pigs showed a pronounced drop in complement titer; of the four major components, C′1, C′2 and C′3 were most affected, although a decline in C′4 also occurred. A moderate to marked prolongation of the coagulation time of the plasma was recorded in guinea pigs that had received repeated doses of ethionine. Accelerator-globulin (labile factor) as well as prothrombin and fibrinogen appeared abnormally low in many of the specimens. The sera of many of the ethionine-treated guinea pigs, even though normal in total protein content, had abnormally high albumin-globulin ratios owing to a marked decrease in globulin. Although a general relationship has been demonstrated between the fall in complement titer, the degree of liver damage and the shift in serum protein pattern, changes in complement activity were often detected before these other effects of ethionine-treatment had become evident.
Differences in the Capacity of Human Serums to Neutralize Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Rose Harry M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two types of neuralization tests were performed simultaneously on human serums known to contain antibody to herpes simplex virus. Significant variations in neutralizing capacity were not observed when constant amounts of the undiluted serums were tested against single or multiple concentrations of virus, but fairly wide differences were readily detected when dilutions of the serums were tested against a constant amount of virus. The cutaneous reaction to herpes viral antigen was negative in several patients, all of whom had relatively low titers of antibody in their serums. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Immunological Studies of Egg White Proteins
Authors: Wetter L. R. , Cohn M. , Deutsch H. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been possible to resolve a portion of the curve describing the precipitin reaction between egg white and anti-egg white rabbit serum as the sum of the individual reactions between purified ovalbumin, conalbumin, lysozyme and ovomucoid with their corresponding antibodies in anti-egg white serum. The four proteins studied comprise approximately 92% of egg white protein, yet an unexpectedly small proportion of the total antibody in anti-egg white serum is directed against them. Most of the antibody response is to minor and as yet poorly defined antigenic components of egg white.
Quantitative Studies on the Antigen-Antibody Reaction by the Monolayer Technique
Authors: Ogata Tomio , Tachibana Taro , Suzuki Kan , Fukuda Kiyoshige , Yamaoka Seizaburo 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By the monolayer technique the relationship between the number of haptenic groups in azoproteins and the number of antibody molelules combined was quantitatively observed. The optical thickness of the antibody layer specifically attached to a monolayer film of atoxyl-azo-ovalbumin increases in linear relation to the increase in the number of haptenic atoxyl groups, until it reaches a “saturation” point with an antigen containing about 30 haptenic groups, and thereafter the thickness remains unchanged, even if the number of determinant groups is increased over 30. Quantitative observations were made with monolayer films of mixtures of azoprotein (containing a certain number of haptenic groups) and native ovalbumin in various proportions. The thickness of the antibody layer decreased proportionally with the decrease in the average number of haptenic groups per unit area in the mixture films (hetero-monolayers), approximately corresponding to the thickness of the antibody layer obtained with homogeneous film (homomonolayer) containing the same number of haptenic groups per molecule. In multilayer films the thickness of the antibody layer increased proportionally with the number of layers each containing the same number of haptenic groups. The ratio of increase in the thickness of the antibody layer is in complete accord with that in the case of a single monolayer experiment. From the experimental results described in this paper the significance of the thickness of the antibody layer in a monolayer technique was made clear in that it indicates the average density of antibodies adsorbed on an antigen monolayer film. The structural arrangements of the haptenic groups in the monolayer film and of the antibodies on the antigen film were discussed in terms of molecular orientation.
Hemolysis with Complement of Intact Azo-Erythrocytes Sensitized with Antisera Homologous to the Attached Azo-Grouping
Authors: Silverstein Arthur M. , Maltaner Frank 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The data presented extend the observations of other investigators on the ability to obtain immune hemolysis with complement of erythrocytes sensitized with antibodies other than the anti-erythrocyte antibody. It has been shown that sheep erythrocytes, to which p-azo-phenyl-arsonate groupings have been attached, may be hemolyzed upon addition of complement to the cells previously sensitized with rabbit anti-p-azo-phenyl-arsonate antibody.
Serologic and Dermal Reactions in Guinea Pigs Injected Intradermally with Brucella Antigens
Authors: Carpenter Charles M. , Boak Ruth A. , DeBoer Carl J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Dermal sensitivity was not induced in guinea pigs by repeated intradermal injections of brucellergen, brucellin, or a Brucella vaccine containing 200,000,000 dead cells per ml. Repeated intraperitoneal injections of guinea pigs with brucellergen or brucellin failed to stimulate a significant production of either agglutinins or complement fixing antibodies. Brucella vaccine, however, prepared from dead cells was antigenic when administered intraperitoneally and caused significant antibody formation. The quantity of each agent required to cause production of serum antibody is many fold the amount used in successive intradermal tests. The order of increasing antigenicity of the Brucella preparations tested was: brucellergen, brucellin, and Brucella vaccine. The data obtained from guinea pigs indicate that repeated intradermal tests with brucellergen will not sensitize patients to protein nucleates derived from Brucella.