bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of early versus delayed space closure on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Daraqel Baraa , Mheissen Samer , Li Jiahua , Khan Haris , Allan Shawkat , Zheng Leilei 
Published: May 2023

Summary

Background
Orthodontic space closure of extraction sites can be initiated early, within 1-week post-extraction, or it can be delayed for a month or more.

Objective
This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effect of early versus delayed initiation of space closure after tooth extraction on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement.

Search methods
Unrestricted search of 10 electronic databases was conducted until September 2022.

Selection criteria
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the initiation time of space closure of extraction sites in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment were included.

Data collection and analysis
Data items were extracted using a pre-piloted extraction form. The Cochrane’s risk of bias tool (ROB 2.0) and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach were used for quality assessment. Meta-analysis was undertaken if there are at least two trials reporting the same outcome.

Results
Eleven RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis revealed that early canine retraction resulted in a statistically significant higher rate of maxillary canine retraction when compared to delayed canine retraction [mean difference (MD); 0.17 mm/month, 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.28, P = 0.003, 4 RCTs, moderate quality]. Duration of space closure was shorter in the early space closure group, but not statistically significant (MD; 1.11 months, 95% CI: −0.27 to 2.49, P = 0.11, 2 RCTs, low quality). The incidence of gingival invaginations was not statistically different between early and delayed space closure groups (Odds ratio; 0.79, 95% CI: 0.27 to 2.29, 2 RCTs, P = 0.66, very low quality). Qualitative synthesis found no statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding anchorage loss, root resorption, tooth tipping, and alveolar bone height.

Conclusions
Based on the available evidence, early traction within the first week after tooth extraction has a minimal clinically significant effect on the rate of tooth movement compared to delayed traction. Further high-quality RCTs with standardized time points and measurement methods are still needed.

Registration
PROSPERO (CRD42022346026).
Diversity and metabolic energy in bacteria
Authors: Allen Ben , Gonzalez-Cabaleiro Rebeca , Ofiteru Irina Dana , Øvreås Lise , Sloan William T , Swan Donna , Curtis Thomas 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Why are some groups of bacteria more diverse than others? We hypothesize that the metabolic energy available to a bacterial functional group (a biogeochemical group or ‘guild’) has a role in such a group’s taxonomic diversity. We tested this hypothesis by looking at the metacommunity diversity of functional groups in multiple biomes. We observed a positive correlation between estimates of a functional group’s diversity and their metabolic energy yield. Moreover, the slope of that relationship was similar in all biomes. These findings could imply the existence of a universal mechanism controlling the diversity of all functional groups in all biomes in the same way. We consider a variety of possible explanations from the classical (environmental variation) to the ‘non-Darwinian’ (a drift barrier effect). Unfortunately, these explanations are not mutually exclusive, and a deeper understanding of the ultimate cause(s) of bacterial diversity will require us to determine if and how the key parameters in population genetics (effective population size, mutation rate, and selective gradients) vary between functional groups and with environmental conditions: this is a difficult task.
Smoking prevention within social work organizations: a qualitative study about youngsters’ and youth workers’ perceptions
Authors: Leta Kenji , Lauwerier Emelien , Willems Sara , Vermeersch Sarah , Demeester Babette , Verloigne Maïté 
Published: May 2023

Summary
Tobacco smoking uptake is still a major public health concern, especially among youngsters living in vulnerable situations. Finding optimal ways to engage youngsters in smoking prevention is important. Compared to traditional settings such as schools, social work settings providing sports-based and recreational activities (SR-settings) tend to reach and engage youngsters more. This study aimed to gain insight into the reasons for smoking uptake among youngsters living in vulnerable situations and the conditions through which SR-settings are potentially beneficial for smoking prevention initiatives. Data were collected in two SR-settings in Flanders, Belgium, by means of five focus group discussions and six individual interviews with youngsters (n = 38, mean age = 12.9 ± 2.61 years, 69.7% boys) and eight individual interviews with youth workers (n = 8, mean age = 27.5 ± 7.95 years, 87.5% men). A thematic analysis (TA) approach was applied to analyse the data. Besides individual factors, such as attitudes towards smoking, the desire to be part of a group and conformity to group norms seem to be important drivers of smoking uptake among youngsters in vulnerable situations. The presence of powerful role models in SR-settings with whom youngsters identify may counteract group norms by encouraging healthy behaviour. SR-settings seem suitable for questioning perceptions of vulnerable youngsters, unlike other settings where they may struggle to be heard. The conditional characteristics of SR-settings, such as authentic group processes, having meaningful roles, and being heard, make these contexts promising venues for smoking prevention efforts among vulnerable youngsters. Youth workers who have established trusting relationships with youngsters seem well-suited to communicate smoking prevention messages. A participatory approach, in which youngsters are involved in developing smoking prevention programs, is desirable.
Estimating intra-cluster correlation coefficients for planning longitudinal cluster randomized trials: a tutorial
Authors: Ouyang Yongdong , Hemming Karla , Li Fan , Taljaard Monica 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
It is well-known that designing a cluster randomized trial (CRT) requires an advance estimate of the intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC). In the case of longitudinal CRTs, where outcomes are assessed repeatedly in each cluster over time, estimates for more complex correlation structures are required. Three common types of correlation structures for longitudinal CRTs are exchangeable, nested/block exchangeable and exponential decay correlations—the latter two allow the strength of the correlation to weaken over time. Determining sample sizes under these latter two structures requires advance specification of the within-period ICC and cluster autocorrelation coefficient as well as the intra-individual autocorrelation coefficient in the case of a cohort design. How to estimate these coefficients is a common challenge for investigators. When appropriate estimates from previously published longitudinal CRTs are not available, one possibility is to re-analyse data from an available trial dataset or to access observational data to estimate these parameters in advance of a trial. In this tutorial, we demonstrate how to estimate correlation parameters under these correlation structures for continuous and binary outcomes. We first introduce the correlation structures and their underlying model assumptions under a mixed-effects regression framework. With practical advice for implementation, we then demonstrate how the correlation parameters can be estimated using examples and we provide programming code in R, SAS, and Stata. An Rshiny app is available that allows investigators to upload an existing dataset and obtain the estimated correlation parameters. We conclude by identifying some gaps in the literature.
Reconstruction of a massive chest wall defect using a free anterolateral–lower medial thigh flaps: a case report
Authors: Sim Nadia Hui Shan , Ngaserin Sabrina , Feng Jia Jun , Kok Yee Onn , Chua Hui Wen , Gaviria-Pinzon Jorge , Chew Khong Yik , Wong Allen Wei-Jiat 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Critical defects of the chest wall require robust soft tissue coverage to protect the thoracic viscera. We define massive chest wall defects as larger than two-thirds of the chest wall. For such defects, classic flaps like the omentum, latissimus dorsi and anterolateral thigh flaps are usually insufficient. In our patient, a bilateral total mastectomy for locally advanced breast cancer resulted in a massive chest wall defect (40 by 30 cm). Soft tissue coverage was achieved with a combined anterolateral–lower medial thigh flaps. Revascularization of the anterolateral thigh and lower medial thigh components was via the internal mammary and thoracoacromial vessels, respectively. Post-operative recovery was uneventful and the patient received adjuvant chemoradiotherapy in a timely manner. The total follow up was 24-months. We illustrate the novel use of the lower medial thigh territory in extending the size of the anterolateral thigh flap to reconstruct massive chest wall defects.
The influence of a close secondary star on the planetary formation: the case of γ cephei b
Authors: Camargo B C B , Kley W , Winter O C 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
The formation of planets around a single star is a complex process that depends on many parameters. Planetary systems with a secondary star too close to the primary star can significantly complicate the process. In this work, we explored the formation of γ Cephei b, a giant planet located in a close binary system, using a hydrodynamic approach. We tested different parameters for the discs and protoplanet in an attempt to reproduce the observed features. We found that in situ formation can reach the observational mass of the planet. Both isothermal and radiative disc conditions exhibited similar planetary evolution. However, our results demonstrated a high planetary eccentricity. To understand this behaviour, we applied secular theory to the γ Cephei system. We found that the system can reproduce the observational and simulated values of eccentricities.
Post-starburst properties of post-merger galaxies
Authors: Li Wenhao , Nair Preethi , Rowlands Kate , Masters Karen , Stark David , Drory Niv , Ellison Sara , Irwin Jimmy , Satyapal Shobita , Jones Amy , Keel William , Mukundan Kavya , Tu Zachary 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
Post-starburst galaxies (PSBs) are transition galaxies showing evidence of recent rapid star formation quenching. To understand the role of galaxy mergers in triggering quenching, we investigate the incidence of PSBs and resolved PSB properties in post-merger galaxies using both SDSS single-fibre spectra and MaNGA resolved IFU spectra. We find post-mergers have a PSB excess of 10–20 times that relative to their control galaxies using single-fibre PSB diagnostics. A similar excess of ∼ 19 times is also found in the fraction of central (C)PSBs and ring-like (R)PSBs in post-mergers using the resolved PSB diagnostic. However, 60 per cent of the CPSBs + RPSBs in both post-mergers and control galaxies are missed by the single-fibre data. By visually inspecting the resolved PSB distribution, we find that the fraction of outside-in quenching is seven times higher than inside-out quenching in PSBs in post-mergers while PSBs in control galaxies do not show large differences in these quenching directions. In addition, we find a marginal deficit of H i gas in PSBs relative to non-PSBs in post-mergers using the MaNGA-H i data. The excesses of PSBs in post-mergers suggest that mergers play an important role in triggering quenching. Resolved IFU spectra are important to recover the PSBs missed by single-fibre spectra. The excess of outside-in quenching relative to inside-out quenching in post-mergers suggests that AGNs are not the dominant quenching mechanism in these galaxies, but that processes from the disc (gas inflows/consumption and stellar feedback) play a more important role.
SH2db, an information system for the SH2 domain
Authors: Bajusz Dávid , Pándy-Szekeres Gáspár , Takács Ágnes , de Araujo Elvin D , Keserű György M 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
SH2 domains are key mediators of phosphotyrosine-based signalling, and therapeutic targets for diverse, mostly oncological, disease indications. They have a highly conserved structure with a central beta sheet that divides the binding surface of the protein into two main pockets, responsible for phosphotyrosine binding (pY pocket) and substrate specificity (pY + 3 pocket). In recent years, structural databases have proven to be invaluable resources for the drug discovery community, as they contain highly relevant and up-to-date information on important protein classes. Here, we present SH2db, a comprehensive structural database and webserver for SH2 domain structures. To organize these protein structures efficiently, we introduce (i) a generic residue numbering scheme to enhance the comparability of different SH2 domains, (ii) a structure-based multiple sequence alignment of all 120 human wild-type SH2 domain sequences and their PDB and AlphaFold structures. The aligned sequences and structures can be searched, browsed and downloaded from the online interface of SH2db (http://sh2db.ttk.hu), with functions to conveniently prepare multiple structures into a Pymol session, and to export simple charts on the contents of the database. Our hope is that SH2db can assist researchers in their day-to-day work by becoming a one-stop shop for SH2 domain related research.
Patient-focused outcomes after initiation of dialysis for ESRD: mortality, hospitalization and functional impairment
Authors: Kolbrink Benedikt , Schüssel Katrin , von Samson-Himmelstjerna Friedrich A , Esser Grit , Floege Jürgen , Kunzendorf Ulrich , Schulte Kevin 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT

Background
Outcome data regarding clinically relevant endpoints after starting dialysis for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are sparse, and early events after starting dialysis are particularly underestimated. The aim of this study was to describe patient-focused outcomes in ESRD patients starting from first dialysis.

Methods
The data basis for this retrospective observational study were anonymized healthcare data from Germany's largest statutory health insurer. We identified ESRD patients who initiated dialysis in 2017. Deaths, hospitalizations and occurrence of functional impairment within 4 years after starting dialysis were recorded starting from first treatment. Hazard ratios in dialysis patients compared with an age- and sex-matched reference population without dialysis were generated, stratified by age.

Results
The dialysis cohort included 10 328 ESRD patients who started dialysis in 2017. First dialysis was performed in-hospital for 7324 patients (70.9%), and 865 of these died during the same hospitalization. One-year mortality for ESRD patients initiating dialysis was 33.8%. Functional impairment occurred in 27.1% of patients, while 82.8% of patients required hospitalization within 1 year. Hazard ratios of dialysis patients compared with the reference population for mortality, functional impairment and hospitalization at 1-year were 8.6, 4.3 and 6.2. Dialysis patients &lt;50 years were disproportionately affected, with &gt;40-fold increased risk of adverse events compared with their peers.

Conclusions
The emergence of morbidity and mortality after starting dialysis for ESRD is significant, especially in younger patients. Patients have a right to be informed about the prognosis associated with their condition.
Accommodating Non-Muslim Rights: Legal Arguments and Legal Principles in the Islamic Jurisprudence of the Indonesian Supreme Court in the Post-New Order Era
Authors: Hakim Muhammad Lutfi , Nasution Khoiruddin 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Most Islamic legal literature describes non-Muslims as ‘second-class citizens’. They do not have equal rights to Muslims, particularly under Islamic inheritance law. This article attempts to re-evaluate this general assessment by presenting cases of Islamic inheritance involving non-Muslims in post-New Order Indonesia. Using five decisions of the Indonesian Supreme Court, we argue that whilst the judges’ legal arguments are relatively progressive and inclusive by accommodating non-Muslim rights, their analogical interpretation of the waṣiat wājibah (mandatory will) is still trapped in classical fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) norms that position religious differences and apostasy as an obstacle to inheritance. Although their analogical interpretation has in some cases resulted in equal rights, the protection of non-Muslim rights has not been fully realized. The legal arguments and principles they adopt are made acceptable to the Muslim community because they maintain traditional fiqh in the context of a multicultural Indonesian society. This study has implications for equal rights among Indonesian citizens and the realization of the state’s ideals that uphold the right to freedom of religion.
Microvascular changes on nailfold capillaroscopy in acute stage of Kawasaki disease: a new diagnostic paradigm for an enigmatic condition
Authors: Reddy Konda Vishnu Vardhan , Jindal Ankur Kumar , Nadig Pallavi L , Banday Aaqib Zaffar , Vinay Keshavamurthy , Singh Surjit 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Kawasaki disease (KD) is a medium vessel vasculitis with a predilection to involve coronary arteries. However, there is a paucity of literature on microvascular changes in patients with KD.

Methods
Children diagnosed with KD based on American Heart Association guidelines 2017 were enrolled prospectively. Demographic details and echocardiographic changes in coronaries were recorded. Nailfold capillaries were assessed using Optilia Video capillaroscopy and data were analysed using Optilia Optiflix Capillaroscopy software at acute (prior to IVIG administration) and subacute/convalescent phase.

Results
We enrolled 32 children with KD (17 boys) with a median age of 3 years. Nailfold capillaroscopy (NFC) was performed in 32 patients in the acute phase (compared with 32 controls) and in 17 during the subacute/convalescent phase at a median follow-up of 15 (15–90) days after IVIG treatment. The following findings were seen in NFC in the acute phase of KD: reduced capillary density (n = 12, 38.6%), dilated capillaries (n = 3, 9.3%), ramifications (n = 3, 9.3%) and capillary haemorrhages (n = 2, 6.2%). Capillary density was reduced significantly in the acute phase of KD (38.6%) as compared with the subacute/convalescent phase (25.4%) (P-value &lt;0.001) and controls (0%) (P-value = 0.03). We observed no correlation between coronary artery involvement and mean capillary density (P = 0.870).

Conclusion
Results show that patients with KD have significant nailfold capillary changes in the acute phase. These findings may provide a new diagnostic paradigm for KD and a window to predict coronary artery abnormalities.
Debts unravelled: trust law’s unbiased approach to resolving sovereign defaults
Authors: Mak Charles Ho Wang 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Sovereign debt defaults have long ignited debate in international finance as debtors, creditors, and global entities wrestle with clashing interests. Trust law emerges as a fair and objective method, with trusts formed to manage and disburse funds for creditor advantage. This article investigates trust law’s relevance to sovereign debt defaults, presenting case studies and examining its impartiality. The article assesses trust law’s pros and cons, proposing its future use as an auxiliary tool alongside debt restructuring. In essence, the article thoroughly scrutinises trust law’s function in tackling sovereign debt defaults, highlighting its significance as a just and unbiased mechanism.
The Relationship Between Cochlear Implant Speech Perception Outcomes and Electrophysiological Measures of the Electrically Evoked Compound Action Potential
Authors: Skidmore Jeffrey , Oleson Jacob J. , Yuan Yi , He Shuman 
Published: May 2023

Objective:This study assessed the relationship between electrophysiological measures of the electrically evoked compound action potential (eCAP) and speech perception scores measured in quiet and in noise in postlingually deafened adult cochlear implant (CI) users. It tested the hypothesis that how well the auditory nerve (AN) responds to electrical stimulation is important for speech perception with a CI in challenging listening conditions.Design:Study participants included 24 postlingually deafened adult CI users. All participants used Cochlear Nucleus CIs in their test ears. In each participant, eCAPs were measured at multiple electrode locations in response to single-pulse, paired-pulse, and pulse-train stimuli. Independent variables included six metrics calculated from the eCAP recordings: the electrode–neuron interface (ENI) index, the neural adaptation (NA) ratio, NA speed, the adaptation recovery (AR) ratio, AR speed, and the amplitude modulation (AM) ratio. The ENI index quantified the effectiveness of the CI electrodes in stimulating the targeted AN fibers. The NA ratio indicated the amount of NA at the AN caused by a train of constant-amplitude pulses. NA speed was defined as the speed/rate of NA. The AR ratio estimated the amount of recovery from NA at a fixed time point after the cessation of pulse-train stimulation. AR speed referred to the speed of recovery from NA caused by previous pulse-train stimulation. The AM ratio provided a measure of AN sensitivity to AM cues. Participants’ speech perception scores were measured using Consonant-Nucleus-Consonant (CNC) word lists and AzBio sentences presented in quiet, as well as in noise at signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of +10 and +5 dB. Predictive models were created for each speech measure to identify eCAP metrics with meaningful predictive power.Results:The ENI index and AR speed individually explained at least 10% of the variance in most of the speech perception scores measured in this study, while the NA ratio, NA speed, the AR ratio, and the AM ratio did not. The ENI index was identified as the only eCAP metric that had unique predictive power for each of the speech test results. The amount of variance in speech perception scores (both CNC words and AzBio sentences) explained by the eCAP metrics increased with increased difficulty under the listening condition. Over half of the variance in speech perception scores measured in +5 dB SNR noise (both CNC words and AzBio sentences) was explained by a model with only three eCAP metrics: the ENI index, NA speed, and AR speed.Conclusions:Of the six electrophysiological measures assessed in this study, the ENI index is the most informative predictor for speech perception performance in CI users. In agreement with the tested hypothesis, the response characteristics of the AN to electrical stimulation are more important for speech perception with a CI in noise than they are in quiet.