bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rough Skin: An Introduction
Authors: Gentilcore David , Priani Egidio 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWe begin this chapter, and the book, with the tragic story of Mattio Lovat (1806), to introduce the then fairly new and little-understood disease, known in Italy as pellagra—literally, ‘rough skin’, after its primary manifestation. But dermatitis was only the first of the infamous ‘four Ds’, to which we can add diarrhoea, dementia and death. Italy and the United States would be the countries most affected by the disease, but pellagra was either epidemic, endemic or occasional in many other areas where maize cultivation and consumption was widespread. We suggest that what must have seemed like a positive agricultural development—the introduction of the Central American plant maize, with its prodigious yields and its ability to feed so many—had some unintended consequences in Italy over the course of the long nineteenth century. If it became a celebrated part of local culture and diet, because of its very success, maize cultivation altered longstanding landholding patterns and adversely affected peasant conditions and livelihoods. A combination of poverty and meagre diet resulted in endemic pellagra, with an estimated 100,000 sufferers in Italy by the late 1870s. We conclude this chapter by outlining the aims and structure of the book.
Medical Reactions to a New Disease (The Eighteenth Century)
Authors: Gentilcore David , Priani Egidio 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, we explore reactions to pellagra as a new disease and the character of the medical debates that ensued. If pellagra in Italy can be characterised as a disease of the long nineteenth century, this history can be subdivided into three different phases. This chapter will examine the earliest of these, from 1770 to 1815. This phase is characterised by investigations aimed at constructing the new disease’s clinical history, through to the considering the disease as nosological ‘problem’—the question of its nature and how to classify it—and culminating in polemics over its causation. Two things are worth noting here. First of all, during this first phase of investigation, the focus was on the skin—manifestations on the body’s surface—as a key to understanding the new disease. And, secondly, this is far from a history of linear progression, there being as much diversity of opinion in 1815 as there had been a generation earlier.
The Aetiological Turn (The Nineteenth Century)
Authors: Gentilcore David , Priani Egidio 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBeginning in the 1830s, medical investigators began to think of organic disorders as having single causes that were both universal and necessary. For this to be possible required a radical shift in the way doctors defined diseases: from symptoms to causes. The so-called aetiological approach to disease meant that every case of the disease had the same cause. This, in turn, meant that any prophylactic or therapeutic measures directed at that cause, which were effective in one case, would be effective in every case. The crux of the matter now shifted to identifying a disease’s causation, beyond dispute. And when it came to pellagra, this was precisely the problem. By the middle of the nineteenth century, all the medical actors involved agreed on the close link between pellagra and maize consumption. What they disagreed on was the exact causal nature of that link, propounding two divergent, indeed mutually exclusive, explanatory models. How the cultural dominance of one explanatory model, at the expense of another, came about; what it tells us about the nature of Italian medical science in the second half of the nineteenth century; and what its dominance meant for sufferers, is the subject of this chapter.
Interlude: Patient Voices
Authors: Gentilcore David , Priani Egidio 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn this ‘Interlude’ between Parts I and II of the book, we reproduce a few verbatim excerpts from the thousands of clinical files of patients diagnosed with forms of pellagrous insanity at the Venetian insane asylums of San Servolo (men) and San Clemente (women) during the latter half of the nineteenth century. They are as close as we can come to the patients’ own harrowing experience of the illness, though of course as mediated by asylum doctors.
Institutionalising Pellagrous Insanity: An Introduction
Authors: Gentilcore David , Priani Egidio 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWhilst the exact aetiology of pellagra remained unclear, the effects of the disease could not have been clearer: asylums in the maize-growing areas of northern Italy were filled with cases of the disease. Part II of this book focuses on the experience of insanity caused by pellagra. We explore how pellagrous insanity was understood, diagnosed and treated by medical investigators and asylum doctors alike, as well as the patient experience of this terrible phase of the disease. We begin, in this chapter, by introducing pellagrous insanity—how it manifested itself, its place in pellagra’s symptomatology, as well as its impact on society. The qualitative—here referring to individual patient histories and asylum directors’ reports—will be integrated with the quantitative—based on data culled from the five thousand patient files which make up our Venetian Mental Asylums Database.
Understanding Insanity: Pellagrous Insanity in Italy and General Paralysis of the Insane in the United Kingdom
Authors: Gentilcore David , Priani Egidio 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn this chapter we examine the contemporary medical understanding of pellagrous insanity, and the conceptual and diagnostic challenges this posed. We do this by comparing debates surrounding pellagrous insanity in Italy with those waged around the same time in the United Kingdom vis-à-vis general paralysis of the insane (GPI). The latter disease was eventually linked to syphilis, even if the exact relationship between syphilis and insanity remained ambiguous—much like the body-mind link in pellagra and pellagrous insanity. We compare the two illnesses by examining how doctors classified them, sought to identify their causation and pathogenesis, and how this influenced diagnosis and treatment during the second half of the nineteenth century. Although pellagra and general paralysis were acknowledged as specific and distinct clinical entities, they nevertheless both lacked a recognised and precise aetiology and pathogenesis. As a result, the diagnostic process gave room to doubts, uncertainties and questions. Together, they provide us with historical and conceptual evidence of the need to subject ‘diagnostic reason’ to constant criticism.
Experiencing the Asylum
Authors: Gentilcore David , Priani Egidio 
Published: April 2023

AbstractHere (and in Chapter 9), we shift our gaze to the asylum experience of pellagra, focusing on Venice’s two insane asylums: San Servolo (for men) and San Clemente (for women). The two chapters are organised around the ‘life cycle’ of male and female sufferers at the two asylums: from local referral and admission, through to treatment, and ending either with release back into the community or death. Being photographed upon admission became a standard part of the patient experience and we shall see how the patient photograph became a clinical tool. The photographic record can help us restore patient agency to the asylum experience. Who were the pellagrous insane represented in these sometimes harrowing photographs? What can a patient typology tell us about the nature of the disease and how it compares to ‘regular’ or non-pellagrous insanity? To answer these questions we look at the gendering of pellagrous insanity, as well as other factors such as age, social status and geographical origins, before turning to the treatments offered—diet, medicines and work-related activities—and the notion of ‘curability’.
Probabilistic Forecast Methods
Authors: Haben Stephen , Voss Marcus , Holderbaum William 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe previous two chapters were concerned with point forecasts which only produce a single estimate for each time step in the forecast horizon, i.e. one value $$L_t$$

L
t

for each of the time periods $$t=N+1, N+2, \ldots , N+k$$

t
=
N
+
1
,
N
+
2
,
…
,
N
+
k

(assuming a forecast horizon of length k steps ahead starting at forecast origin N). Point estimates are limited in their description of the future demand, especially when the underlying data has a large degree of uncertainty. A more detailed picture of the possible values of the demand can be produced by estimating the distribution of the demand for each period in the forecast horizon. Forecasts which estimate the spread of the distribution are often called probabilistic forecasts. That is the subject of this chapter.
Selected Applications and Examples
Authors: Haben Stephen , Voss Marcus , Holderbaum William 
Published: April 2023

AbstractForecasts are very rarely produced for their own sake, and are vital for the optimal performance of a number of applications. This chapter summarises a few such applications as well as some adjacent areas which will use some of the similar techniques and methods presented in this book. The main focus will be for battery storage control which is presented in detail in the following section.
Primer on Statistics and Probability
Authors: Haben Stephen , Voss Marcus , Holderbaum William 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThroughout this book, various concepts from statistics and probability will be used which are essential for understanding and constructing forecasts. In this section some of the fundamental tools and definitions will be presented. It is assumed that the reader knows some basic probability and statistical concepts, and this chapter is only intended as a refresher of the main ideas which will be used in other parts of the book. This chapter will go over basic definitions of distributions, methods for estimating them as well as introduce some important concepts such as autocorrelation and cross-correlation. For a more detailed description of basic statistics the authors recommend an introductory text such as [1] (In addition see the further reading material listed in Appendix D).
Load Forecasting Model Training and Selection
Authors: Haben Stephen , Voss Marcus , Holderbaum William 
Published: April 2023

AbstractChapters 5 and 6 have shown how to define a time series forecast, how to prepare the data, and how to generate inputs for the models. Chapters 9 to 11 will show several methods for forecasting the demand. However, although Chap. 7 provided us the tools for measuring the accuracy of a forecast, the following questions remain largely unanswered: How do we train and select a model which will consistently produce accurate forecasts?. This chapter will investigate this question by looking at some of the most important aspects for creating a good forecast including proper utilisation of benchmarking, and how to use cross-validation to properly train your model. Underlying cross-validation is one of the most important aspects of a creating a good forecast, the so-called bias-variance trade-off principle, discussed in Sect. 8.1.2. This ensures that the model is not over (or under-) trained and allows the model to better generalise to new, unseen data.
Benchmark and Statistical Point Forecast Methods
Authors: Haben Stephen , Voss Marcus , Holderbaum William 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe previous sections have described in detail the steps required to develop a time series forecast including: how to generate useful explanatory variables; how to train the model; how to avoid overfitting; and how to evaluate the accuracy of the model. What has not been investigated is the models themselves. This chapter will be the first of three chapters looking at a wide range of models and some of their properties.
Posthumanizing Relaxation in Science-Fiction ASMR
Authors: Łapińska Joanna 
Published: April 2023

AbstractSteven Shaviro has asked what it feels like to live in the early twenty-first century, an era in which the concept of the human as a superior being towering over all others has become obsolete. It may produce a sense of dread about the unknown future, or it may fill us with joyful anticipation. A posthuman sensibility, which is both pro-active toward and affirmative of human and non-human coexistence in today’s world, surfaces in contemporary intermedia phenomena and post-cinematic art forms, such as autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR) videos. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze so-called post-cinematic affect, a specific emotional structure revealed through the science-fiction imagery used in ASMR videos. This structure is co-created through various post-cinematic techniques, which include non-human viewpoints, roles, and perspectives along with fragmentary and non-linear narratives. Science-fiction ASMR seeks to capture the posthuman experience of a reality in which humans, rather than being central, are merely a part of the various “arrangements, attunements and practices of being” (Willis in Fast forward: the future(s) of the cinematic arts, Wallflower Press, London and New York, p. 87, [2]). In ASMR, this experience does not cause fear, but surprisingly breeds contentment and relaxation.
Differences in the Comprehension of the Limit Concept Between Prospective Mathematics Teachers and Managerial Mathematicians During Online Teaching
Authors: Slavíčková Mária , Vargová Michaela 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe paper deals with university student's understanding of a limit process. We involved two groups of students with different specializations in the research: a group of pre-service mathematics teachers (PMTs) and a group of students of managerial mathematics (MNGs). Since the objectives for learning higher mathematics, particularly mathematical analysis, differ significantly, we expected a significant difference in reasoning between these groups. Therefore, we identified (literature- and empirical-based) the most common obstacles and misconceptions when learning a concept of limit. A teaching series was prepared, enacted, and analyzed. When analyzing students’ solutions, we applied codes from the literature with minor changes. We used two-dimensional contextual analysis to work with students’ answers and provided explanations: type of argument (based on Stylianides’s work) and representation. Our findings confirm the problems identified in the literature when we looked at the groups without distinguishing them. Moreover, we identified and discussed some specific outcomes in the group of PMTs and MNGs separately.
Empirically Investigating Virtual Learning Companions to Enhance Social Media Literacy
Authors: Theophilou Emily , Schwarze Veronica , Börsting Johanna , Sánchez-Reina Roberto , Scifo Lidia , Lomonaco Francesco , Aprin Farbod , Ognibene Dimitri , Taibi Davide , Hernández-Leo Davinia , Eimler Sabrina 
Published: April 2023

AbstractSocial media platforms provide opportunities for users across the world to connect and communicate between them and engage into acts of social support and entertainment. Yet it can also bring negative consequences as it has been associated with poor mental health and life dissatisfaction. This underlines the importance of delivering social media literacy (SML) interventions that raise awareness of the dangers and threats that are hidden within. To this date, SML initiatives have shown their benefits towards the acquisition of SML skills through the forms of school interventions and mini-games. However, studies on promoting SML through social media platforms need to be also encouraged and innovative approaches to provide interactive scenarios with hands-on experiences need to be formulated. Hence, the project COURAGE introduces a new approach towards SML by proposing the integration of educational opportunities within a controlled social media platform. To provide students the opportunity to learn whilst they naturally explore social media we propose the integration of virtual learning companions. In this paper we report seven empirical approaches towards SML skills acquisition powered by virtual learning companions. The paper concludes with a discussion towards the benefits and limitations of using this type of SML interventions.
How Covid-19 Affected the Slovak and Czech Mathematics and Physics Teachers’ Use of Resources
Authors: Michal Jakub , Kiss Tünde 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe paper describes a study realized with Slovak and Czech teachers of mathematics and physics. The pandemic and the sudden appearance of new types of resources, which appears in the preliminary results of the pilot study of the Horizon 2020 MaTeK project (in which are authors of this paper involved) implied the need to explore if teachers’ behavior in resource use was changed due to Covid-19 pandemic in a long-term or only during the time of lockdown and shortly afterward. Therefore, a questionnaire study focused on different use of resources with two lines of interest: differences between countries and differences between mathematics and physics teachers. The result of this study provides some crucial information about how teachers dealt with lockdowns and what the critical points and gaps in resource use are. Some of these factors can be starting points for further research or can provide helpful information for authors of curricular resources.
Analysis of MOOC Features in a Regional Platform: Design and Delivery of Courses
Authors: De Santis Annamaria , Sannicandro Katia , Bellini Claudia , Minerva Tommaso 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAt least two motivations make relevant research on regional MOOC providers: (1) they are Learning at scale environments where a large amount of data is produced, the high number of learners can show different approaches to learning, the whole population can be analysed, teaching and instructional design methods can be compared; (2) regional platforms reach the interests and needs of population groups that have only sometimes registered in international platforms.Therefore, we conducted a study at a large scale on EduOpen, an Italian MOOCs platform to which 28 institutions joined. The research aims to describe the current situation on EduOpen MOOCs, identify a latent model for the design and delivery of courses, and detect points of interest to enhance the platform’s procedure. We used courses as statistical units and identified three groups of variables: basic features, design features, and delivery features. We used multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) with descriptive statistics to answer the research questions. MCA is a method for data reduction for qualitative variables in which the categories assumed by the variables play a central role in defining a smaller number of dimensions.We found two dimensions that define the structure that underlies the design process – course density and content attainability, and the delivery process – diffusion and participation. Some focal points that EduOpen members can consider improving strategies in the design of the courses are related to the organization of activities and content, the scheduling of activities and whole courses, the levels of interaction in the courses, and the definition of qualified professional figures for design and tutoring.
The “Courage Companion” – An AI-Supported Environment for Training Teenagers in Handling Social Media Critically and Responsibly
Authors: Aprin Farbod , Malzahn Nils , Lomonaco Francesco , Donabauer Gregor , Ognibene Dimitri , Kruschwitz Udo , Hernández-Leo Davinia , Fulantelli Giovanni , Hoppe H. Ulrich 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe provision of toxic content and misinformation is a frequent phenomenon in current social media with specific impact and risks for younger users. We report on efforts taken in the project Courage to mitigate and overcome these threats through dedicated educational technology inspired by psychological and pedagogical approaches. The aim is to empower adolescents to confidently interact with and utilize social media and to increase their awareness and resilience. For this purpose, we have adopted approaches from the field of Intelligent Tutoring Systems, namely the provision of a virtual learning companion (VLC). The technical system is a browser-based environment that allows for combining a controllable social media space with a VLC as a plugin. This environment is backed by an API that bundles Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing algorithms for detecting and classifying different types of risks. The pedagogical scenarios that are supported by this technical environment and approach range from chat-based dialogues to more complex narrative scripts.
Intrinsic Motivation for Social Media Literacy, a Look into the Narrative Scripts
Authors: Lobo-Quintero René , Sánchez-Reina Roberto , Theophilou Emily , Hernández-Leo Davinia 
Published: April 2023

AbstractSocial media embodies the idyllic representation of the information society providing users opportunities to connect and communicate. Likewise, it can represent humanity’s worst nightmare with a plethora of negative phenomena. Different forms of media literacy interventions have been designed as preventative tools to counteract the negative phenomena of social media. One such approach, the narrative scripts, sees the integration of a social media intervention within a controlled social media platform. With an importance to design engaging educational tools to get learners attention without limiting the educational deliverables, the narrative scripts approach sees the implementation of gamifying elements to help deliver the learning material and motivate learners to participate. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed motivational properties of the narrative scripts, a descriptive exploratory study was designed. In total 124 adolescents participated in a social media literacy workshop powered by the narrative scripts. During the workshop students completed missions assigned by a virtual learning companion and participated in collaborative learning activities. To measure the motivation levels of the students, the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory was applied. Results demonstrate that adolescents found the narrative scripts an interesting and enjoyable activity. Qualitative analysis supported the findings with adolescents describing the activities as dynamic and entertaining. The results from this study provide insights towards the motivational aspects of the narrative scripts as a social media intervention tool.
Harvesting Metadata for XR Digital Learning Objects
Authors: Psyrra Georgia , Mangina Eleni 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe current work is a proposal for Moodle administrators who aim to provide content creators and teachers with capabilities to describe in a semi-automatic way their learning resources with LOM-based metadata and make these metadata available to search service providers so that other stakeholders can easily find and retrieve them. It was composed within ARETE project to support reusability and discoverability of 3D/AR and other types of educational resources included in the project’s Moodle digital repository.Aiming on utilizing previous work on this domain, the code of two existing plugins was modified and enriched to serve the project’s needs. This paper aims to demonstrate in detail two plugins that will be utilized in ARETE’s Moodle digital repository to support the discoverability of learning resources by creating and exposing their metadata to make them available for harvesting. The content in the ARETE repository is particularly relevant to 3D/AR learning activities created through an XR authoring toolkit. Nevertheless, educational content in other formats continues to be supported by the aforementioned plugins.The integration of IEEE-LOM and OAI-PMH standards to a Moodle repository seems to be a feasible way to enhance the development of learning content by utilizing relevant already existing resources that can be easily found and retrieved. However, the difficulty of finding service providers that could support the collection of learning resource metadata and be willing to build search engines on top of them suggests the need to consider different approaches.