bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural and Genetic Basis of the in Vivo Immune Response to TNP-LPS
Authors: Jacobs Diane M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
TNP-lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS) is a potent T-independent antigen in vivo, inducing a TNP-PFC response in T-depleted animals. The structural integrity of the lipid A-KDO portion of the LPS carrier molecule appears to be required since the haptenated LPS from Salmonella minnesota Re595 is immunogenic whereas the haptenated derivative of base hydrolyzed LPS is not. The immune response is not associated with any of the common histocompatibility types, but does depend on the ability of the host strain to respond to LPS. C3H/HeJ mice are not killed by low doses of LPS and give a poor PFC response to TNP-LPS. Lethality and immunogenicity are dominant responses in hybrids of C3H/HeJ and responder mice. The structural and genetic requirements for the response to TNP-LPS suggest an active role for the carrier in the immunogenicity of this T-independent antigen.
Identification and Properties of J Chain Isolated from Catfish Macroglobulin
Authors: Mestecky Jiri , Kulhavy Rose , Schrohenloher Ralph E. , Tomana Milan , Wright Genesis P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
After the cleavage of disulfide bonds of macroglobulin isolated from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), an electrophoretically fast-moving polypeptide, which resembled human J chain, was released. On a Sephadex G-200 column equilibrated in 5 M guanidine, the elution position of the J chain overlapped with the descending part of the L chain peak. Further purification was achieved by DEAE ion-exchange chromatography. The isolated polypeptide, which had a molecular weight of 14,800 ± 500, as determined ultracentrifugally by sedimentation equilibrium in 5 M guanidine, contained 7% carbohydrate with one residue of fucose, two of mannose, one of galactose, two of glucosamine, and one of sialic acid per chain. A comparison of catfish and human J chain amino acid analyses showed the former to have a higher content of serine, glycine, and phenylalanine and a lower content of aspartic acid, isoleucine, and arginine. Tryptic peptide maps of catfish and human J chains revealed very few common peptides. Rabbit and guinea pig antisera to human J chain did not cross-react with catfish J chain. Untreated, resuced and alkylated, S-sulfonated, or cyanogen bromide cleaved macroglobulin from the gar (Lepisosteus osseus) contained no polypeptide analogous to either catfish or human J chain by the criteria employed in this study.
Triggering Mechanism of B Lymphocytes
Authors: Watanabe Takeshi , Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Miyake Tadao , Nishizawa Yoshio , Inoue Hideo , Takeda Yoshiro , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In vitro stimulation of rabbit lymphocytes with anti-immunoglobulin antibody (anti-Ig) induced ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) (EC4.1.1.17) in the cells. The enzyme activity reached the maximum at 8 hr after stimulation of the cell with antibody and returned to the unstimulated level after 20 hr. The optimum concentration of antibody to produce the maximum activity of ODC was 25 µg/ml, which was in the same range that required for the maximum production of IgG and the highest rate of DNA synthesis. ODC was again induced with soluble factor (SF) in the cells that had been previously treated with anti-Ig antibody for 24 hr. The treatment of the cells with anti-thymocyte serum and complement did not affect the activity of the enzyme induced by anti-Ig or by SF, indicating that enzyme induction was an event occurring in B cells and not in T cells. The addition of mitotic inhibitors, such as hydroxyurea (HU) or cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), to the culture with anti-Ig did not inhibit the production of ODC. The presence of cytochalasin-B with anti-Ig did not inhibit, but rather enhanced, the synthesis of ODC. On the other hand, the presence of HU or cytochalasin-B with soluble factor completely suppressed the induction of ODC. These results suggested that intracellular events that trigger the induction of ODC by the interaction of Ig receptor with anti-Ig may be different from the events that induce the same enzyme triggered by SF.
Receptors for IgG and Complement in Human Spleen Lymphoid Cells. Preferential Binding of Particulate Immune Complexes through Complement Receptors
Authors: Scornik Juan Carlos , Drewinko Benjamin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human lymphoid spleen cells attached to Petri dishes by poly-l-lysine bind 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes coated with IgG antibodies or complement but not uncoated erythrocytes or those coated with IgM antibodies. The number of erythrocytes bound through complement receptors is several times larger than that bound through IgG receptors. Increasing up to five times the number of IgG molecules on the red blood cells only leads to a slight increase of binding. However, the addition of complement to the IgG-coated erythrocytes increases 10 times the binding to spleen cells, even in the presence of an excess of normal IgG. These results can be explained by postulating that there is a larger number (or greater affinity) of spleen cell receptors for complement than that of spleen cell receptors for IgG.
Lymphoid Cell Subpopulations
Authors: Howe Michael L. , Cohen Lewis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mixtures of isogenic thymocytes (TC) and lymph node cells (LNC) were shown to exhibit synergistic responsiveness to M and H-2 alloantigens in the mixed lymphocyte interaction (MLI). With respect to the kinetics and magnitude of proliferation and effector cell generation, the response occurring in synergizing cultures closely resembled that of optimal numbers of LNC or spleen cells (SC). In addition, the antigen specificity of effector cells generated by synergizing cultures was similar to that of effectors derived from cultures containing optimal numbers of responding SC. LNC-TC mixtures also exhibited synergy in response to the phytomitogens concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen but not to phytohemagglutinin. Weakly positive synergy was observed in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. It is proposed that the phenomenon of synergy is not restricted to cultures containing mixtures of LNC and TC but also occurs in cultures containing optimal numbers of LNC or SC as a result of interactions between subpopulations of lymphocytes contained within these tissues.
Immune Response to a Syngeneic Mammary Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Fortner G. William , Kuperman Oded , Lucas Zoltan J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The rat mammary adenocarcinoma 13762A is weakly immunogenic in syngeneic hosts. Transplantation immunity is not developed after injection of irradiated tumor cells. Two cell types were isolated from the tumor: one grew slowly forming solid implants; the second grew rapidly in ascites form, even in allogeneic hosts. Spleen cells cytotoxic for a tissue culture derivative of the tumor were produced in animals after injection of either cell type indicating a common antigen.
The kinetics of tumor growth and production of cytotoxic spleen cells were compared in syngeneic and allogeneic animals. In vivo rejection of the tumor in allogeneic hosts did not correlate with the in vitro assay of spleen lymphocyte cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the cytotoxic response of spleen cells from syngeneic tumor-bearing hosts parallels that found in allogeneic hosts.
The Humoral Response of Mouse Spleen Cells to Two Types of Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: McCarthy Margaret M. , Dutton Richard W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It was previously shown that there is multigene control of the response of mouse spleen cells to two types of sheep erythrocytes (H and L). Discriminator strains of mice make a much higher response to extra antigens found only on H SRBC than to the shared antigens found on both types of erythrocyte. Non-discriminator strains respond only to the shared antigens, making a response as great as the discriminator response to the extra antigens. In this study we have shown that the response to the extra antigen(s) on H SRBC is under the genetic control of a gene(s) located in the VH region near or to the left of the A5a, α1,3-dextran and NP markers.
Inhibition of Tumor Cell Proliferation: A Second Role for Suppressor Cells?
Authors: Thomas David W. , Talmage David W. , Joberts Walden K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An antimitotic factor for mouse tumor cells was isolated from the supernatant fluids of antigen-stimulated ovalbumin-immune mouse spleen cells. A similar antimitotic factor was obtained from the supernatant fluids of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated non-immune spleen cells. The inhibitor prevented the multiplication of mouse L929 fibroblast cells in vitro and the in vivo proliferation of Ehrlichascites tumor cells. Inhibition was not due to cytotoxic effects and the antimitotic effects were reversible. The antimitotic activity may be species-specific since the purified factor obtained from mouse spleen cells had no effect on human or monkey cell lines. This factor appears to be the same as the T lymphocyte-dependent suppressor for antibody production that we described previously. Several implications for the production of the suppressor in response to tumor cells that may be beneficial or harmful to the host are discussed.
Quantitation of Mouse Immunoglobulin Allotypes by a Modified Solid-Phase Radioimmune Assay
Authors: Bosma Melvin J. , Marks Robert , De Witt Carol L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Allotype-reactive polystyrene tubes were made by first coating their inner surface with immunoglobulin (Ig) solutions containing the allotype of interest; this was followed by the application of anti-allotype antibody. The latter was covalently cross-linked to the adsorbed allotype antigen by means of glutaraldehyde to prevent the dissociation of antibody from the surface of the tube in subsequent steps (glutaraldehyde treatment did not affect the specificity of these tubes). Under conditions of antibody excess, allotypereactive tubes were treated next with 125I-labeled 7S Ig from standard solutions in order to estimate the concentration of Ig allotypes in these solutions. Then, to determine serum allotype concentrations, we used the standard solutions and the serum unknown to carry out competition experiments between labeled and unlabeled allotype antigen. Quantitation of serum Ig allotypes in this way featured a high signal to noise ratio (30 to 100), an error estimate of 3 to 7%, and sensitivity in the nanogram range.
Genetic Complementation of Histocompatibility-Linked Ir Genes in the Rat
Authors: Günther Eberhard , Rüde Erwin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Different inbred rat strains that are congenic with respect to the major histocompatibility system (H-1) show either a low, an intermediate, or a high immune response to the synthetic polypeptide (H,G)-A--L. Two out of four low responder H-1 haplotypes are found to complement intermediate responsiveness to high responsiveness. This effect is observed for the primary and secondary response and is detectable at the humoral and cellular level, i.e., antibody production and anamnestic response in vitro. Interallelic and intergenic complementation models are outlined. The ensuing implications for H-linked Ir gene control of immune responsiveness and for the structure of major histocompatibility systems are discussed.
Immunosuppression of Normal Lymphoid Cells by Serum from Mice Undergoing Chronic Graft-vs-Host Disease
Authors: McMaster Robert , Levy Julia G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from F1 mice undergoing chronic graft-vs-host (GVH) reaction, induced by injection of parental cells, were shown to be immunosuppressed since their in vitro responses to the mitogens concanavalin A (Con A) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were substantially lower than control animals. Serum, from mice undergoing GVH, when cultured in vitro with normal spleen cells was immunosuppressive. The proliferative response to Con A and allogeneic cells of normal syngeneic, allogeneic, and parental spleen cells was 90% suppressed when serum from mice undergoing chronic GVH was added in comparison to the addition of serum from untreated F1 mice. Similarly, the in vitro antibody response to a T-dependent antigen was impaired; however, the antibody response to a T-independent antigen was not impaired. These results indicate that T cell functions are more sensitive than are B cell functions to immunosuppressive factors in the serum of mice undergoing GVH.
DNA Release As a Direct Measure of Microbial Killing
Authors: Friedlander Arthur M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A new method for quantification of microbial killing is presented, based upon the assumption that release of DNA from an organism can be taken as direct evidence of cell death. The assay was applied to measurement of serum bactericidal activity. A “serum-sensitive” Escherichia coli, whose DNA was pre-labeled with [14C] thymidine, released 95 to 100% of its radioactivity upon exposure to human serum for 120 min. This was accompanied by a fall in viability with &lt;0.1% of the bacteria surviving. Heating serum to 56°C for 30 min completely abolished both DNA release and killing. Normal serum did not release DNA from a “serum-resistant” Salmonella typhimurium whereas exposure to ampicillin caused both significant killing and DNA release. This assay is highly specific, sensitive, and rapid.
Effect on Tolerance Induction of the Mode of Attachment of the Hapten to the Carrier
Authors: Paley Robert S. , Leskowitz Sidney , Borel Yves 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this study we have investigated the role played by the mode of attachment of the hapten on autologous IgG in the induction of carrier-determined tolerance. Three conjugates of the dinitrophenyl hapten and mouse γ-globulin were prepared: 1) DNP-ɛ-lysine-MGG, 2) DNP-azo-MGG (which binds to histidine and tyrosine), 3) DNP-must-MGG (which binds to the carboxyl groups of glutamic or aspartic acid). DNP was also bound to the immunogenic carrier keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) by the three different linkages. The three DNP mouse γ-globulin conjugates were used to induce tolerance and immediately thereafter the animals were immunized with various DNP-KLH conjugates. Antibody response was tested by a modification of the Jerne plaque assay. It was found that DNP-ɛ-lysine-MGG induced tolerance to both DNP-ɛ-lysine-KLH and to DNP-azo-KLH. In contrast, neither DNP-azo-MGG nor DNP-must-MGG induced tolerance to DNP-ɛ-lysine-KLH or to DNP-azo-KLH and DNP-must-KLH, respectively. Clearance studies showed no differences in the catabolic rate of the various hapten mouse γ-globulin conjugates as compared to unconjugated MGG. However, although DNP-must-MGG and DNP-azo-MGG were not tolerogenic, they were immunogenic.
In conclusion, this study demonstrated that not only the nature of the carrier but the mode of hapten binding to this carrier are critical for the induction of hapten specific tolerance.
Age-Related Changes in Cell-Mediated Immunity in BALB/C Mice
Authors: Walters Curla S. , Claman Henry N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of increasing age on various tests of cell-mediated immunity was investigated in BALB/c mice both in vitro and in vivo with four different assay systems. The following results were obtained. 1) In contact sensitivity to DNFB, old mice (age 60 to 80 weeks) showed no differences in sensitization when compared to young adult mice (age 8 to 12 weeks). (In contrast, old NZB/W mice showed impaired contact sensitization when compared with young NZB/W mice.) 2) Unlike the reaction in contact sensitivity, cells from old BALB/c mice were defective in eliciting a graft-vs-host reaction. This was true also when a partially purified population of T cells was transferred. 3) In the mixed lymphocyte reaction, cells from old mice were as efficient or better than cells from young adult BALB/c mice in responding to or stimulating allogeneic cells. 4) Responses to PHA and Con A (both T cell mitogens) were greatly reduced when old cells were cultured as compared with cells from young adult mice. Thus, we have found that within the same batch of mice, increasing age was associated with increased capabilities in some measures of cell-mediated immunologic function and decreased capabilities in other measures of the same.
Isolation of the Most Immunoreactive Antigens of Echinococcus Granulosus from Sheep Hydatid Fluid
Authors: Pozzuoli Roberto , Plantelli Mauro , Perucci Carlo , Arru Efisio , Musiani Piero 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper describes a simplified procedure for obtaining purified Echinococcus granulosus antigens from sheep hydatid fluid by using affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose. The presence of two “major” antigens (4 and 5) was confirmed. Antigen 5 was isolated by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Antigen 4, eluted by diffusion from the gel, was seen to be “contaminated” by antigen 5 and was isolated by using anti-5 Sepharose-linked serum. These two major antigens were then tested separately against the sera of hydatidosis patients by using very simple immunologic tests. The best results were obtained in passive hemagglutination with antigen 4. Antigen 4 is the most immunoreactive parasitic antigen; antibodies against it were found in the sera of all hydatidosis patients showing a positive reaction. Apart from the direct use of this antigen in serologic tests, it appears possible to standardize the most frequently used and commercially available antigenic materials by titrating this component.
Specifically Cytotoxic Human and Mouse Lymphood Cells Induced with Antibody or Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Saksela E. , Imir T. , Mäkelä O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human or mouse lymphoid cells could be “armed” with anti-NIP antibodies to become cytotoxic to NNP-conjugated fowl erythrocytes (NNP and NIP are closely related haptens). The arming factor was neutralized by a sufficient concentration of NIP-BSA (twice the concentration causing maximal precipitation) but low concentrations (e.g., 7% of the maximal precipitation concentration) increased the arming capacity.
Maintenance of Lymphocyte Surface Ig by Mitogen Stimulation in Vitro
Authors: Teodorescu Marius , Buchholz Donna M. , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In 4 to 24 hr cultures of rabbit lymphoid cells in medium supplemented with autologous serum, most B cells lost their surface Ig as assayed by rosette formation with anti-Ig antibody-coated erythrocytes. This loss was prevented by adding selected mitogens such as streptococcal mitogen (SM), lipopolysaccharide, and concanavalin A or by supplementing the medium with fetal calf serum. When SM was added at various times to the cultures (1, 2, 3, or 4 hr), it was effective in maintaining the approximate level of Ig-bearing cells present at the time of its addition but was ineffective in restoring the level of Ig-bearing cells present at the time the cultures were intiated. Very small, submitogenic doses of SM were sufficient to maintain the level of Ig-bearing cells. The data suggest that lymphocytes require continuous stimulation to maintain their surface receptors.
Oxisuran and Immune Reactions: Mediation of Oxisuran Action by the Adrenal Glands
Authors: van Dijk Hans , Bakker Irma A. , Testerink Jan , Bloksma Nanne , Willers Jan M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Oxisuran was tested in a TAR system and for the DH on SRBC. Besides immunosuppressive properties in the TAR and DH also mentioned by other authors, stimulation was found after prolonged administration. No effect of oxisuran on the humoral response was observed. The action of oxisuran was suggested to be indirect, effected by stimulation of the PAG system. Adrenalectomy of mice made animals non-liable for oxisuran action measured in the TAR assay. Oxisuran caused an increase of the corticosterone plasma level with a peak after four daily injections. This was paralleled by a peak in adrenal gland weight and a minimum in thymus size. The reduction in these effects after five injections (tachyphylaxis) suggests that a feedback mechanism is involved. Comparison of thymus weights after oxisuran and corticosterone administration indicates that a daily dose of 100 mg oxisuran/kg corresponds with 1.5 mg corticosterone/kg. The effects of oxisuran in the TAR and on the DH and the feedback phenomenon could be imitated with 1.5 mg corticosterone/kg. The mononuclear phagocyte has been proposed as the main target cell of oxisuran action, mediated by the PAG system.
IgE-Induced Release of A Platelet-Activating Factor from Rabbit Lung
Authors: Kravis T. C. , Henson P. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sensitized rabbit lung fragments release a platelet-activating factor (PAFL) after challenge with specific antigen or monospecific antibody to rabbit IgE. This release requires calcium and is less evident in lungs from rabbits producing IgG as well as IgE antibody. The PAFL released from lung stimulates the secretion of serotonin from washed rabbit platelets. PAFL is distinguishable from ADP or thrombin and has properties similar to PAF derived from basophils (PAFB). It is not, however, identical to PAFB since rabbit platelets specifically desensitized to PAF still respond by releasing serotonin if stimulated with PAFL.
Absolute Macrophage Dependency of T Lymphocyte Activation by Mitogens
Authors: Rosenstreich David L. , Farrar John J. , Dougherty Suanne 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A T lymphocyte subpopulation that contains only 0.3% macropages and less than 2% B lymphocytes has been prepared from guinea pig lymph node cells by the use of two different types of adherence columns. This subpopulation does not proliferate in response to the mitogens Con A or PHA unless additional macrophages are added. The means by which macrophages restore T cell responsiveness to PHA has been investigated. Macrophages appear to function via two distinct mechanisms in this experimental situation. The first mechanism involves the binding of PHA to the macrophage followed by the “presentation” of the mitogen to the T lymphocyte in a manner that induces cell activation. This presentation function requires that the macrophage be viable and metabolicially active.
The second mechanism by which macrophages function is by the elaboration of a soluble factor or factors. The presence of these factors has been reliably and reproducibly demonstrated by using a double-chambered, Marbrook-type tissue culture vessel. This soluble factor can induce activation of T lymphocytes with surface bound PHA in the apparent absence of any form of macrophage presentation. In contrast, the function of this factor is clearly distinct from that of the reducing agent, 2-mercaptoethanol, (2-ME) since 2-ME does not enable this T cell subpopulation to be activated by mitogens.
On the basis of these observations, we propose that two distinct signals are required to activate this T lymphocyte subpopulation. One signal is delivered by the interaction of the mitogen with the T cell surface, and the second singal is delivered by a soluble factor(s) produced by macrophages. Whether all types of T lymphocytes require two signals to be activated, remains to be established.
Studies on the Mechanism of Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytolysis
Authors: Thorn Richard M. , Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of protein synthesis in the mechanism of T cell-mediated cytolysis has been re-investigated. Cytolytically active (C57BL/6 anti-DBA/2) spleen cells treated with pactamycin (10-7 M to 10-6 M) exhibited suppressed protein synthesis (100 ± 5%), but unimpeded lytic activity. Drug-treated effector cells, incubated for prolonged (up to 24 hr) periods of time in the presence and absence of antigen, showed no significant diminution of lytic activity although the incorporation of 3H-leucine into protein was totally ablated. Studies with emetine, another irreversible inhibitor of protein synthesis, gave identical results. These findings are difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis that effector T cells cause lysis via a soluble protein mediator.