bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One Rights: Indivisibility and Interdependence of Human and Animal Rights
Authors: Stucki Saskia 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe previous chapters have argued that human rights can and should be extended to animals. This final part advocates the recognition of animal rights as new human rights. Accepting animal rights as the next generation of (non)human rights would constitute a seismic shift and likely lead to the formation of a new (post-)human rights paradigm. Based on the indivisibility and interdependence of human and animal rights, this chapter proposes One Rights as a novel, holistic human rights paradigm for the Anthropocene.
Introduction: Imagining the Ponytail
Authors: Broch Trygve B. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractYou see it everywhere—the ponytail hairstyle. Before the influencers Kim Kardashian West and Kylie Jenner, there were Barbie dolls and the movie stars Sandra Dee and Brigitte Bardot, and popstars Madonna and Beyoncé. Tennis star Serena Williams often sports a ponytail, and among women World Cup soccer players, countless. In this introduction, I outline a theoretical approach with which to show how and why the ponytail has become the hallmark of the female athlete and a total social phenomenon that answers to the experiential totality of modernity. I distinguish my approach from that of critical theorists who often argue that gender and femininities are all about social power relations and female subordination. Instead, I draw on multiple cultural theories about hair, bodies, and icons to argue that a total social fact like the ponytail is only iconic, imitated, and useful if it is polyvocal. A cultural sociology shows how the ponytail, as a material and corporal object, is imbued with codes, narratives, and myths that allow its wearers to access public culture and social inequalities in deeply personal, even existential ways.
Health
Authors: Broch Trygve B. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThroughout history, culture shapes our actions regarding biological health. Myths of youthfulness and vitality, as well as hope, courage, and willpower, give the ponytail a democratic half-life. Human hair grows fastest in healthy youth and during recovery from illness, and slows in old age, and during illness, pregnancy, and cold weather; therefore, it is no wonder that observations of hair shape cultural constructions of health. I show that the ponytail’s performativity of youthfulness energizes females of all ages in democracies. For example, ponytailed girls participate at summer camps and sport tournaments that promote gender equality and multiculturalism. Adult women with ponytails retain their youthfulness. They move as soft as sap and with a feminist vigor. Some are right-wing politicians professing neoliberal equalities; others speak out for social democratic justice. The ponytail’s youthful half-life provides vitality when modern women steadily enter new domains and challenge old conventions. So powerful is its iconic charge that it not only gives youthfulness to elderly women, but retains the democratic vitality these women sported as young, mature, and now aging feminists. For the ponytail to remain iconic, it must offer us leeway to maneuver and oscillate between existential hopes and fears of health.
Practicalities
Authors: Broch Trygve B. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWork-life pressures on the modern woman shape hair fashions and customs. The ponytail binds hair in practical ways that can echo feminist undercurrents, implying “I’m busy, I’m working, and need my hair OFF my face.” Furthermore, this chapter shows how the ponytail naturalizes women’s presence in male-dominated jobs and roles, and therefore radiates with the social progress of former feminist generations. Those who find the ponytail to be practical in work and family life encompass women who believe they live in a post-feminist reality as well as those who remain on the barricades, fists raised, ponytails waving. Ponytailed women are at times loud, youthful, bold, and unapologetic; other times, they perform bold body politics: positionality, presence, and existence. Clearly, the ponytail is iconic, a total social fact used to feel, see, and enact a meaningful relationship with a complex but gendered society. As modern women navigate their practical lives, a new code emerges, a code of movement that fuses the corporeal and practical with the social and feminist environments in which they reside. This code gives the ponytail—itself an embodiment of movement—a performativity of social movements.
Movements
Authors: Broch Trygve B. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe “nature of sport” is to sculpt bodies through rhythmic movements and bring these bodies into the public sphere through a dramatic staging of mastery, strength, and agility. When sporting bodies enter the public realm on TV screens, in prose, and as work colleagues, they do so sculpted through the materialization of meaningful movements. Women’s sports often provide especially good examples of this process. The preceding chapters describe how culture moves through the many examples of ponytailed customs and fashions, oscillating amid young and adult heteronormative womanhood, and in democratic tales and hopes motivated by social (in)justice. This chapter shows how the female athlete materializes motions, both physical and cultural, in the form of a cultural kinetics captured in their ponytails, moving with them and imbued with this movement.
Experience
Authors: Broch Trygve B. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractFor the ponytail to evoke meaningful experience, its materiality must be enmeshed in culture. Its material texture—touch and sight—must hold public culture in ways that allow us to feel hair as an iconic source that lives and moves through health, practicalities, and gendered expectations. Having established a sociological idea of movement embodied in the aesthetics of sports, I now show how body movements evoke the moral depth of health, practicalities, and gendered expectations, as the ponytail swings in athletic endeavors. In this final analytic chapter, I draw on the previous chapters to reveal how sports are shaped by and shape social life as the woman athlete’s movements are imbued with broadly available folklore, codes of democratization, and myth, which make the ponytail an icon of progress. We see how the coded experience of sports snaps into alignment to yield a ponytailed experience of sports.
Impact of Nanomaterials on Plant Secondary Metabolism
Authors: Selvakesavan Rajendran K. , Kruszka Dariusz , Shakya Preeti , Mondal Dibyendu , Franklin Gregory 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPlants encounter various nanomaterials (NMs) as pesticides and fertilizers. It is also possible that nanomaterials reach plants as waste from consumer products and industry. The effects of such NMs on plants have been widely studied, and both positive and negative effects of NMs on plant growth and development have been reported. Recent metabolomics studies suggest that nanoparticles affect the concentration of secondary metabolites in plants by modulating reactive nitrogen/oxygen species, gene expression, and signaling pathways. Secondary metabolites are plant compounds that accumulate in plants through their secondary metabolism. To date, more than 200,000 defined structures of secondary metabolites have been identified, among which many of them possess antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antidepressant, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anticancer properties. The application of elicitors is a simple strategy to increase the production of secondary metabolites in plant cell and tissues. The ability of nanomaterials to induce plant secondary metabolism has recently been exploited in the elicitation of pharmaceutically important compounds from various plant species. The ability of different NMs to induce the accumulation of different classes of compounds in the same plant species has also been accomplished. The molecular mechanisms behind the effects of NMs on plant secondary metabolism revealed the putative genes involved in NM-mediated elicitation of various plant compounds in several reports. This chapter reviews the current understanding of the effects of nanoparticles on plant secondary metabolism and the elicitation of pharmacologically important compounds from plant species.
Verwertung von Urheberrechten an Musikwerken
Authors: Klingner Stephan , Miller Mihail , Schumacher Frank , Thomas Patrick , Becker Michael 
Published: January 2023

ZusammenfassungDie Verwertung von Urheberrechten an Musikwerken ist ein komplexes Gefüge mit unterschiedlichen Akteursgruppen, vielschichtigen rechtlichen Perspektiven durch die zahlreichen Verwertungsmöglichkeiten von Musik sowie einer Vervielfachung vorgenannter Dimensionen durch die fortschreitende Internationalisierung der Verwertung. Die folgenden Kapitel unterstützen den Einstieg in die Thematik und legen die Grundlagen für die weiterführenden Themen.
Werkanmeldungen
Authors: Klingner Stephan , Miller Mihail , Schumacher Frank , Thomas Patrick , Becker Michael 
Published: January 2023

ZusammenfassungDie Werkanmeldung stellt die notwendige Voraussetzung und damit den Startpunkt jeder über die Verwertungsgesellschaften durchgeführten Wahrnehmung der Urheberrechte an einem Musikwerk dar. Sind Werke nicht oder nicht korrekt gemeldet, können auch Tantiemenabrechnungen nicht oder nur fehlerbehaftet durchgeführt werden.
Tantiemen
Authors: Klingner Stephan , Miller Mihail , Schumacher Frank , Thomas Patrick , Becker Michael 
Published: January 2023

ZusammenfassungTantiemen werden von Verwertungsgesellschaften als Vergütungen an Rechteinhaber*innen für die Nutzungen ihrer Werke ausgezahlt. Neben dem Transfer der finanziellen Mittel sind dabei insbesondere die zugehörigen Abrechnungsdaten relevant. Diese sind, im Falle von Verlagen, für zwei Arbeitsschritte notwendig:
Introduction to History, Theory, and Research in ODDE
Authors: Xiao Junhong 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis introductory chapter explores the interrelationship and interplay between history, theory, and research in ODDE, demonstrating how they inform research and practice covered in the handbook. It is argued that lack of historical knowledge about ODDE, unawareness of ODDE theories, and negligence of the abundant research literature on ODDE have contributed to the marginalization of and prejudice against the field in the wider education eco-system, despite the fact that it has entered the “mainsteam” of education now. Compelling arguments are advanced for the relevance of history, importance of theories, and necessity of research to the sustainable growth of ODDE. The chapter then goes on to explain the structure of the section, drawing the readers’ attention to issues worthy of further attention. It concludes with several implications from the other chapters in the section and a call for using them as a stepping stone to reimagining ODDE for the twenty-first century.
Theories of Motivation and Empowerment in Open, Distance, and Digital Education
Authors: Ng Clarence 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMotivation instigates and guides learning in open, distance, and digital education (ODDE). It is indispensable to distance learners’ engagement, persistence, and achievement. A lack of motivation is associated with perennial issues such as early dropout and poor performance in ODDE. This chapter provides an introduction to key theoretical perspectives on motivation, including sociocognitive theories, sociocultural theories, and the concept of perezhivanie. Each perspective provides a unique way for understanding and researching motivation in open and distance learning (ODL). Motivation is discussed as personal attributes internal to the distance learner from a sociocognitive perspective. Drawing attention to social processes and contextual influences, sociocultural theories situate motivation in relevant contexts and highlight motivation as a social, interactive, mediated, and evolving construct. The concept of perezhivanie gives prominence to distance learners’ learning experiences and subjective meanings they derived from personally significant experiences in ODL. This perspective pinpoints motivation that is experiential, reflective, and affect-laden. To advance the goal of empowering distance learners to engage and persist in ODL, these theoretical perspectives are important as they underscore empowerment derived from enabling personal attributes (sociocognitive theories), motivating contexts (sociocultural theories), and personally significant experiences (perezhivanie).
The Impact of International Organizations on the Field of Open, Distance, and Digital Education
Authors: Orr Dominic 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter argues that international organizations (IOs) are struggling to fulfill their mandate for change and improvement of society across the globe, and that they have been increasingly turning to open, distance, and digital education (ODDE) as part of their portfolio. Harnessing ODDE could be described as a “light-footed solution” for IOs and discussing and ideating around ODDE can be achieved without directly coming into conflict with the political and regulatory framework conditions of a specific country or region that formal educational systems and their institutions are usually entrenched in. This creates a situation in which there is a common discourse among IOs around the challenges that online and distance education should be tackling and an expectation that digital solutions can contribute to them. It is, however, also important to note that IOs focus on setting agendas and norms, but do not implement practices. This leaves a huge gap for ODDE that should be filled by research on what is implemented and “what really works,” but also why certain configurations around ODDE work in certain settings. This may require a more inclusive research framework with a focus on non-formal learning environments. Linking ODDE research to more expansive ideas of “learning in the wild,” that is, also outside of formal settings, will better reflect both the reality of learners in today’s digital world, and provide a foundation for contributing to better IO policies and supporting practices.
From Correspondence Education to Online Distance Education
Authors: Moore Michael Grahame 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter is about the history of open, distance, and digital education, with the primary focus on its evolving in the USA and Great Britain. A selection of key developments, trends, and players of more than 150 years includes reference to the nineteenth century correspondence schools, the American Land Grant universities, the pedagogical revolution in Charles Wedemeyer’s Articulated Instructional Media project, and its influence on the teaching model developed in the UK’s Open University. Brief coverage is included of the history of educational radio and television, the early computer networks, and the virtual classrooms. Knowledge of past achievements and failures is essential when planning for the future, and so the chapter aims to encourage research into personalization of learning in the correspondence tradition, most importantly research into institutional change and the reform of national systems.
Challenges and Opportunities for Open, Distance, and Digital Education in the Global South
Authors: Mays Tony 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores some of the challenges and opportunities for expansion of open, distance, and digital education in the global south. The discussion begins by defining the terms as used in the chapter and explains why such approaches are of relevance to the diverse countries involved. The chapter then provides some current examples of open, distance, and digital education provision and how some of these practices have been adapted in response to external factors such as climate, financial, and pandemic crises. The chapter then discusses the challenges and opportunities indicated both by current practice and by current research into issues such as open pedagogy, technology-enabled learning, and educational financing. The chapter then makes an argument for the development of more resilient, future-directed education provision, drawing heavily on the experience of the Commonwealth of Learning in its efforts to support sustainable development through learning.
The Borderless Market for Open, Distance, and Digital Education
Authors: Borgos Jill , Kinser Kevin , Kline Lindsey 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter highlights the historical, current, and emerging trends on the borderless market for ODDE. The rate of growth of the global market for ODDE is unprecedented. Both the public and private sectors are capitalizing on the seemingly limitless opportunities to expand educational offerings and the innovative delivery of ODDE. In the twentieth century, there is evidence of distance education using media formats such as television and delivery of course material through correspondence programs. With the development of the computer and internet, the depth and scope of the ODDE market in the twenty-first century is changing every day. As venture capitalists seek new financially lucrative opportunities and alternative learning formats open doors for those who otherwise may not have had access to learning opportunities, questions and concerns remain. The digital divide (access and inequality), quality assurance, regulation, privacy, and security remain central to areas of concern in the ODDE marketplace. Despite these concerns, across all educational sectors, the forging of partnerships within and across borders is enabling reskilling and upskilling of the labor force and advancing the conservation on how to improve transparency and protect vulnerable populations of current and future learners.
International Students in Open, Distance, and Digital Higher Education
Authors: Mittelmeier Jenna 
Published: January 2023

AbstractInternational students are a group of rising prominence in open, distance, and digital higher education, although there is, at present, limited systematic data about their numbers worldwide. International students in open, distance, and digital education occupy an interesting “third space,” whereby they commonly remain within their home environment and surroundings while simultaneously studying from an institution-based abroad. This means that many of the lenses used to frame and categorize international students in face-to-face settings – mobility, visas, and citizenship – are found problematic in online distance settings. This chapter reflects on these issues to outline complexities in categorizing international students in open, distance, and digital higher education and the ways that their experiences may be distinct from international students who are geographically mobile. The chapter ends with a reflection on gaps in current research and suggestions for researchers who include international students in their work.
ODDE Strategic Positioning in the Post-COVID-19 Era
Authors: Glennie Jenny , Paul Ross 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter considers some of the challenges of the development of strategy, both for the conventional and ODDE sectors of higher education, with a brief look at the literature since strategic planning was first in vogue in the private sector in the early 1960s. Although the most common approach in higher education, so much so-called strategic planning does little to advance long-term visions and strategies or to differentiate one institution from another. The sudden pivot to online learning and other distance education that the COVID-19 pandemic has forced on conventional (contact) institutions has blurred distinctions between traditional and ODDE universities, thus rendering effective strategy development and implementation more important than ever.This chapter conducts the literature review considering both institutional and system-wide strategy development, underlining their common elements. Then, from the unique vantage point of the South African Institute of Distance Education (Saide), a nongovernmental organization based in Johannesburg but conducting projects throughout South Africa and sub-Saharan Africa, it discusses the challenges for ODDE strategy development in the particular context of COVID-19. The chapter concludes with implications from the analysis for both the conventional and ODDE sectors in higher education in South Africa and elsewhere based, in part, on the lessons learned during the pandemic.
Open Education as Social Movement? Between Evidence-Based Research and Activism
Authors: Kalz Marco 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter analyzes open education initiatives through the lens of social movement theory. Open education is introduced as a field with multiple dimensions, activities, and perspectives. Social movement theory is used to discuss along the dimensions of conflict and protest, cultural representation, values and collective action, and the influence of the social, political, and cultural context. Accordingly, epistemic communities are proposed as an alternative development direction for the field.
Marketing Online and Distance Learning
Authors: Jean-Louis Maxim 
Published: January 2023

AbstractHow do colleges and universities market online learning? This chapter explores contemporary approaches to marketing online courses and programs and uses the historical lens of marketing Athabasca courses and degrees as a backcloth for understanding the unique challenges for this work. The chapter introduces a new approach to the marketing funnel as well as an understanding of the growing importance of social media in marketing to potential learners. The growing global competition for learners is also explored. The growing use of analytics and the challenges of overcoming myths are also discussed. The chapter gives emphasis to the importance of retaining students as well as “capture” of a student registration.
History and Development of Instructional Design and Technology
Authors: Molenda Michael H. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe origins and evolution of instructional technology and instructional design are treated in this chapter as separate concepts, although having intertwined histories. As with other technologies, their origins can be traced to the scientific discoveries on which they are based. Early in the twentieth century, new discoveries in optics and electricity stimulated educators to the adoption of technological innovations such as projected still pictures, motion pictures, and audio recording. Individuals and, later, groups of affiliated professionals promoted enriching learning by adding visual and, later, audiovisual resources where verbal presentations previously dominated. As radio broadcasting grew in the 1930s and then television in the 1950s, these mass media were perceived as ways to reach audiences, in and out of school, with educative audiovisual programs. In the 1960s, the wave of interest in teaching machines incorporating behaviorist psychological technology engendered a shift in identity from audiovisual technologies to all technologies, including psychological ones. As computers became ubiquitous in the 1990s, they became the dominant delivery system, due to their interactive capabilities. With the global spread of the World Wide Web after 1995, networked computers took on communication functions as well as storage and processing functions, giving new momentum to distance education. Meanwhile, research during and after World War II prompted a technology of planning – systems analysis. In the 1960s, educators adapted the systems approach to instructional planning, starting the development of instructional systems design (ISD). Since the 1980s, ISD has been the reigning paradigm for instructional design, while instructional design has become the central activity of instructional technology professionals.