bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liberators
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The finale of South Africa's Border War in Angola saw Pretoria intervene in 1987 to shield UNITA against an MPLA drive into southeastern Angola. South Africa's military successes led Cuba to escalate its support to the Angolan government. Havana's effort involved reinforcing Angolan troops defending Cuito Cuanavale, and sending a larger force to the Namibian border. The chapter also considers the war between ANC supporters and the Inkatha movement in the Natal Midlands, which became a festering sore in South Africa's transition. Following a final flurry of military clashes between Cuba and South Africa in June 1988 there was a breakthrough in the deadlocked Namibian peace process, which concluded with the New York Accords of December 1988. The accords involved a US mediated pact for Namibian independence, and a bilateral Cuban-Angolan accord for Cuban troop withdrawal.
The Settlement
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
To end the negotiations impasse and isolate De Klerk, the ANC targeted the homelands, but this resulted in a massacre of protesters in the Ciskei, highlighting the limitations of mass action as a tool for the movement. A sobered ANC instead developed the idea of "sunset clauses", i.e. offering state officials job guarantees and reassurances against persecution, in return for a smooth transition to majority rule. Negotiations resumed amid increased efforts by white right-wingers to scupper the process. The violence included actions by the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging, which occupied the negotiating chamber at the World Trade Centre on 25 June 1993. The chapter recounts the successful completion of the negotiations process, and the ensuing 1994 election campaign in which the ANC triumphed and Nelson Mandela became president.
Transformation
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The first major scandals of the post-apartheid period are discussed in this chapter. This includes the arms deal of the late 1990s, and the ensuing cover-up. It also includes President Thabo Mbeki's handling of HIV-AIDS, which according to a team of Harvard University School of Public Health experts, cost some 335,000 lives. The chapter also discusses the emergence of the phenomenon of service delivery protests from 2004 onwards. One outcome of the arms deal was the spotlight that it cast on Jacob Zuma, the Deputy President, especially after his financial advisor Schabir Shaik's fraud conviction. The chapter ends with the Polokwane Conference in 2007 in which Zuma defeated Thabo Mbeki to become ANC president.
The Second Transition
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter discusses the end of the post-apartheid economic boom as a consequence both of the global "Great Recession" of 2008, and an energy crisis occasioned by the ANC's mismanagement of the country's power provider, ESKOM. The chapter also deals with the growth of xenophobia within South Africa, as exemplified by nationwide riots in 2008. The chapter also considers Jacob Zuma's legal travails and the obstacle they posed to his candidacy in the 2009 national elections. The complex legal processes that enabled him to avoid trial are discussed. The chapter also considers the 2010 Football World Cup that South Africa hosted. It concludes with a discussion of the early scandals of the Zuma presidency, including the use of taxpayer money to build his homestead at Nkandla, and his relationship with the Gupta family, as was first exposed by the landing at Waterkloof Air Force base in 2013.
Into the Whirlwind
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Marikana massacre of 2012, and South Africa's involvement in peacekeeping missions across Africa during the Mbeki and Zuma administrations. The latter included operations in the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2013 and 2014, which witnessed the largest military battles undertaken by South African forces in the post-apartheid period. The ongoing controversy over the Nkandla affair is considered, including Zuma's attempts to avoid implementing the remedial action mandated by the Public Protector, Thuli Madonsela, namely reimbursing the money spent that exceeded security needs. This was an issue that the Economic Freedom Fighters--a breakaway party from the ANC--was able to exploit in the 2014 elections. Finally, the chapter deals with the student ferment that began in March 2015 at the University of Cape Town over the statue of Cecil Rhodes, and which spread nationwide, morphing into nationwide fees protests later that year.
False Dawn
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with early policy missteps by the Ramaphosa administration, which ensured the failure of his stated objective of placing the country on an economic growth path. The consequences of the Zuma presidency also came into clearer view, with the collapse of administrative structures in parts of South Africa including the North West Province. Also considered is the Zondo Commission, which was established as a consequence of Thuli Madonsela's State Capture report. The Commission revealed that corruption within the ruling party was endemic and not limited to any particular faction. The chapter also discusses South Africa's 2019 Rugby World Cup victory, which was offset by the continued economic decline in 2019/20.
Syria 2011–19
Authors: Rosenblatt Nate , Kilcullen David 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines U.S. proxy warfare through the lens of the U.S. intervention in Syria. It compares U.S. support for rebels prior to the rise of ISIS and support for the SDF against ISIS. In doing so, it provides a theoretical framework of what factors shape a successful proxy warfare strategy.
Overcoming the Oppressors
Authors: Rotberg Robert I. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This book is about southern Africa’s long walk to freedom, about the overturning of colonial rule in the northern territories and the dissolution of backs-to-the-wall white settler suzerainty first in what became Zimbabwe and then in South Africa. Chapters on the individual countries detail the stages along their sometimes complicated and tortuous road to attain the political New Zion. We learn how and why the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland failed, how and why apartheid eventually collapsed, and exactly how the various components of this heavily white conquered and later white oppressed domain transitioned via diverse fits and starts into today’s assemblage of proud, politically charged, and still mostly fragmented nation-states. But what did the new republics make of their hard-won freedoms? That is the subject of more than half of this book. Having liberated themselves successfully, several soon dismantled democratic safeguards, established effective single-party states, closed their economies, deprived citizens of human rights and civil liberties, and exchanged economic progress for varieties of central planning experiments and stunted forms of protected economic endeavors. Only Botswana, of the new entities, embraced full democracy and good governance. The others, even South Africa, at first tightly regimented their economies and attempted severely to limit the degrees of economic freedom and social progress that citizens could enjoy. Corruption prevailed everywhere except Botswana. Today, as the chapters on contemporary southern Africa reveal, most of the southern half of the African continent is returning, if sometimes struggling, to return to the patterns of probity and good governance that many countries abandoned in the decades after independence. Now there is a resurgence of high performance, which this book celebrates.
King Cobra and Other Menaces
Authors: Rotberg Robert I. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
When Kaunda was ousted from power in 1991, President Frederick Chiluba, his successor, talked big, but walked small. Soon Zambia was awash with nefarious forms of corruption, the new president himself eventually being found guilty of massive peculation. The country’s economy suffered, too, as it did under his several successors. Some were less corrupt, some more, but until the eventual election in 2021 of President Hakainde Hichilema, Zambia endured interludes of prosperity amid an overall steady decline of good governance, managerial efficiency, and opportunity for its peoples. The Chinese came, and have been reviled. Copper production and prices have fluctuated, but until 2021, Zambians enjoyed few freedoms and little social and educational progress. That doleful period may now be over.
Surviving State Capture
Authors: Rotberg Robert I. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with Mandela trying to fashion a multiracial success and continues with his good work being undone by two powerful successors—Thabo Mbeki and Jacob Zuma—and by the African National Congress, in which Mandela so fervently believed. As in most of the other countries of southern Africa, corruption prevailed over integrity—despite Mandela’s efforts and warnings. This chapter is about the pandemics of HIV/AIDS and Covid-19 as well as about the struggle of South Africans to improve their standards of living and prospects for their children, But the chapter is also about how corruption spread until today, when President Cyril Ramaphosa is attempting to roll back the errors of his predecessors and to return South Africa to the promising days of Mandela.
Introduction
Authors: Hahn Judith 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The introduction sheds some light on the fundamental role of language for the church and its law. It identifies studies on the language of canon law as part of the broader law and language debate. It opens up the field of research on the language of canon law and presents the current state of research. While some studies do already exist on canon law terminology and on interpreting the law of the church, canon law has yet to receive the interdisciplinary findings which the law and language debate has generated over recent decades. There is a need to discuss what canonists can learn about canon law from linguistic findings on the language of the law.
A Global Law and Its Language
Authors: Hahn Judith 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
If Latin as the language of canon law gives way to a multi-language law, it will be necessary to address doubts about whether legal communications across cultural and language borders are even possible. Theorists who believe language fully determines our thought doubt whether it is realistic to hope for true communication across cultural borders. Representatives of weak language theories deem this possible albeit difficult. The study discusses several lawmaking models for multi-language communities with regard to their use of canon law: accepting one model law in one language from which translations are fabricated; working with a limited number of official legal languages; or publishing legal documents in all official languages. For canon law, the last model might give ample expression to the idea that the church is a unity of plural churches.
The Language of Legal Action
Authors: Hahn Judith 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
As canonical procedures are heavily textual, spoken language plays a reduced role. However, speech is key in the hearings, the only context in which most parties are confronted with ecclesiastical tribunal staff in person. The language of hearings is therefore of vital importance in a twofold sense: it provides the tribunal with evidence and influences public opinion about ecclesiastical judicature. As the tribunals mostly depend on the voluntary participation of the parties and witnesses, a good reputation is one precondition for their work. In addition, forensic communication is also about silence as an instrument of communication, as suggested by the Latin saying “Qui tacet consentire videtur” (“she or he who is silent is taken to agree”). In some contexts, silence is suggested or requested by law, for instance, when the law allows a suspect to remain silent when faced with a charge.
Conclusion
Authors: Hahn Judith 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The conclusion sums up the findings of this book. It then makes two suggestions what practical consequences one can draw from them: first, invest more effort in the analysis of canon law and language; second, change the language of canon law. In-depth linguistic studies of canon law are worthy academic endeavors in their own right. Adding to this, there is a need to study ecclesiastical legal language in the light of ecclesiological concerns. The church understands itself as promoting the Word of God, which has embodied itself in human culture and language. It is therefore confronted with the challenge of examining whether its message is communicated understandably and of correcting its language whenever it becomes difficult to comprehend. As the current language of canon law is provoking many legal subjects’ misunderstanding and resentment, it is in need of reform, including changing from Latin to local vernaculars.
The Cold-War Nuclear Force Balance
Authors: Lebovic James H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 shows that, despite the fervor of Cold War–era nuclear debates, the key strategies of the period—assured destruction, soft warfighting, and hard warfighting—had fragile conceptual and theoretical underpinnings. Consequently, all three strategies exaggerated the consequences of failing to meet established capability standards. The most ardent warfighting proponents took their concerns to the extreme. They insisted that “victory” in nuclear war was possible or, at least, the Soviets believed that victory was possible. The United States was obliged, then, to pursue offsetting measures to deny the Soviets potential advantages. The concept of “superiority” lived in these warfighting claims and, more generally, in a preoccupation with asymmetries—force balances and imbalances—that supposedly favored one side or the other. Ideas drawn from these three strategies continue to stoke controversy over the role of defense in strategy, the utility of arms control, and the appropriate response to the Russian nuclear threat.
Commitment
Authors: Lebovic James H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Through word and deed, leaders can arguably bolster their credibility to act, that is, their apparent capacity and willingness to meet potential challenges. Chapter 4 asserts, however, that both words and deeds involve risks that are frequently downplayed or ignored. Verbal and physical commitments each offer distinct benefits. Words allow a sender to convey messages quickly to deflect potential challenges. But deeds also hold advantages over words beyond the deficiencies of articulating a commitment. By acting, a person or other entity can strengthen its message in various ways that link adversary transgressions to specific retaliatory actions. Despite their relative advantages and disadvantages, commitments made through word or deed, are potentially ineffective and even counterproductive. Policymakers might reduce these accompanying risks with ambiguous commitments, though they arguably bring risks of their own.
Risk Manipulation
Authors: Lebovic James H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
To boost its credibility to act, the United States can arguably manipulate risk. That is, it can orchestrate conditions to convince the opponent that its probability of a costly loss is unacceptably great should it continue along a given course. By taking forceful action, the United States can hope, at least, that the increasing risk will convince the opponent to back down. As with commitments, however, risk manipulation can prove ineffective, even counterproductive. Chapter 5 develops its arguments by considering the nature of risk, US Cold War–era efforts to manipulate risk, “latent” risk ensuing from organizational practices, risk stemming from a “bad” US decision-maker, and risk involved in a potential military conflict with China or North Korea.
Resolve and Reputation
Authors: Lebovic James H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 explores the notions of resolve and reputation. To establish its credibility to use nuclear force, a nuclear “superior” can arguably bolster its apparent “resolve” to convince the opponent that the cost of its transgressions will exceed any gains. Or else it can build—and then store—credibility for future use by establishing a “reputation” for standing by commitments or taking decisive action. A party can supposedly harness both mechanisms by establishing a “reputation for resolve.” The concepts of resolve and reputation are problematic, however, when employed to understand deterrence (or compellence) relationships. Outcomes that we often attribute to resolve, or reputations, owe to other plausible influences. Indeed, efforts to establish resolve or build a reputation for action might again prove ineffective or counterproductive.
The Case for Nuclear Superiority
Authors: Lebovic James H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Contemporary strategies echo the logic of their Cold War–era predecessors. As before, the claims rest on compelling but indeterminate math—inconclusive ratios or differences of advantage—and ungrounded assumptions about the relative willingness of the combatants to absorb cost. No less problematically, they exaggerate US control over nuclear-crisis outcomes by downplaying the confounding influence of political, social, psychological, and organizational forces on all parties to the conflict. The deficiencies reflect the effects of a profound bias, rooted in “instrumental reasoning” and “linear thinking.” In response, Chapter 9 offers policy prescriptions that acknowledge the limits of our understanding, and the dangers that accrue from bold leaps into the unknown.
The Phenomenal Concept of Self and First-Person Epistemology
Authors: Guillot Marie 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter defends the view that the concept of self is a kind of phenomenal concept, anchored in self-experience. This approach sheds new light on the epistemic privileges traditionally attached to I-thoughts. Coliva (2003) argues that we should distinguish between immunity to error through misidentification and two other properties it is often confused with: the impossibility of a split between semantic and speaker’s reference, and the “Real Guarantee.” The phenomenal-concept model explains why each of these three properties arises in connection with I-thoughts, and with what frequency. It also makes sense of the fact that they are regularly conflated, given their common source in the nature of the concept of self, and in the properties of self-experience.
Initializing Crusades
Authors: Nicholson Helen J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Contemporaries sometimes depicted women opposing their menfolk’s involvement in crusading, holding back would-be recruits; but they also described them enthusiastically promoting crusading and urging their husbands, brothers, and sons to join crusade expeditions and selling their own property to support their crusading relatives. Although women were not licensed to preach about the spiritual rewards for crusading, they could campaign in person to raise troops or promote crusading through their writings. Elite women were involved in promoting and leading crusades from the very beginning of the movement, as in the mid-1070s Pope Gregory VII enlisted the aid of Countess Matilda of Canossa and her mother Countess Beatrice for his proposed campaign to aid the Byzantine Greeks against the Seljuk Turks: they would have provided troops for his army, although in the event the expedition never took place. From the early twelfth century the queens of the Iberian kingdoms of Portugal, León-Castile and Aragon promoted and supported war against the neighbouring Muslim kingdoms, and on her deathbed in 1504 Queen Isabel of Castile urged her husband Ferdinand of Aragon to continue the conquest of Africa and ‘fight for the faith’. In addition to tracing family traditions of crusading among the ruling dynasties of Europe, this chapter looks at the influence of holy women such as Birgitta of Sweden, Catherine of Siena, and Joan of Arc in promoting crusading as a fit undertaking for Christian warriors.
Crusade Campaigns
Authors: Nicholson Helen J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Crusade theoreticians ascribed three key roles to women in the crusades: accompanying their husbands on campaigns, caring for the sick, and diplomacy. The roles of caring for the sick and conducting diplomacy were prescribed by social and cultural tradition as acceptable roles for women. Many of the women who took part in crusade expeditions were indeed accompanying their husbands, but often out of necessity rather than religious devotion, as they would have been destitute if they had stayed behind. Some, however, took part in crusades on their own account. Noblewomen might lead their own troops, while non-elite women accompanied crusades as traders or as servants. Other roles that women took up during campaigns, such as wielding weapons in emergency situations, were commonplace roles for non-combatants in European armies although contemporary commentators presented them as exceptional. Like men, women were victims of crusade warfare as well as active participants. For everyone involved there was the constant danger of death or capture; some women killed their children and themselves to avoid falling into enemy hands. Clergy preaching to raise recruits for crusades dwelt on the cruel treatment that women suffered at the hands of the enemy, to encourage warriors to enlist. Honourable death could be more attractive than lifelong servitude with no hope of ransom; captors could be reluctant to release prisoners whom they saw as potential recruits to their faith and valuable negotiating counters, and some women’s captors refused to let them go.
Summing Up
Authors: Nicholson Helen J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
As crusading became an integral part of medieval Latin Christian society, women could not avoid being drawn into it in one way or another. For most women, as for most men, the crusade was an expression of faith which they supported but in which they were not personally involved. The most significant determining factor in the nature and extent of a woman’s involvement in crusading was her social status and economic position in society. Women of high social status had more opportunity to play a significant role in organization and recruitment to crusades than those of lower classes, as they had the resources and the authority to initiate crusades and to influence others to become involved. Not all women promoted crusading; some feared losing loved ones, personal suffering and family ruin, and the event often justified their fears. But the crusade movement needed women: their money, their prayer support, their active participation, and their inspiration.