bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Power of Partisanship
Authors: Dyck Joshua J. , Pearson-Merkowitz Shanna 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Joshua J. Dyck and Shanna Pearson-Merkowitz contend that political polarization is no longer bound by the ropes on the proverbial political boxing ring. Instead, The Power of Partisanship shows that no area or part of social life in the United States is safe from partisan influence. As a result of changes in the media landscape and decades of political polarization and negativity, voters are stronger partisans than in the past and are more likely to view the opposition party with a combination of confusion, disdain, and outright hostility. Yet, little of this hostility is grounded in the specifics of policy. In The Power of Partisanship, the authors argue that the growth in affective partisan polarization and the resulting negativity voters feel toward the opposition party has far-reaching, often toxic, effects on how Americans behave both inside and outside the realm of politics. In the book, Dyck and Pearson-Merkowitz show how partisanship influences the electorate’s support for democratic norms, willingness to engage in risk in financial and health care decisions, interracial interactions, and preferences on completely non-political issues like their choice of food for dinner. Partisanship blocks people from learning from their interactions with friends or the realities of their neighborhoods, and even makes them blind to their own personal economic hardship.
Elite Cues, Negative Partisanship, and the Changing Media Landscape
Authors: Dyck Joshua J. , Pearson-Merkowitz Shanna 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 empirically demonstrates the growth in strong partisanship and negative partisanship, and the relationship of these trends to the changing media environment. It shows that the share of the public that identifies as independent has remained stable over time. But, for those who identify as partisan, their attachment to their party has grown considerably stronger and is also far more negative toward the opposition party. This change corresponds with the development of a cadre of strongly partisan news outlets and social media that have allowed those who seek information about politics to find one-sided information that supports their side or attacks and vilifies the other. As a result of the advent of social media, political elites can now avoid the media all together and speak directly to voters. The conflagration of these forces has led partisan elites to have considerable influence over co-partisan voters.
Partisanship, Race, and Intergroup Contact
Authors: Dyck Joshua J. , Pearson-Merkowitz Shanna 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 begins the investigation into how party cues affect well-established social science theories that are not expressly political. The chapter investigates how partisan cues alter expectations derived from the intergroup contact theory. The data show that when partisan elite cues profess animus toward the out-group, even close contact fails to decrease intergroup animosity and increase acknowledgment of racial inequality. Perhaps most importantly, the data show consistent evidence that for white Americans, contact with the Black community crystalizes views about discrimination and systemic racism for both groups. Contact fails to make the expected change in attitudes among white partisans that the contact hypothesis has shown in previous research, except among Democrats. This chapter utilizes original data specifically designed to test this hypothesis during the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests, as well as data from other original surveys.
An Elite Problem Calls for an Elite Solution
Authors: Dyck Joshua J. , Pearson-Merkowitz Shanna 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8, offers a summary and discussion of the implications of the book’s findings. First, it addresses if the findings are expressive and argues that recent events suggest they are not. Second, it considers political scientists’ endorsement of political polarization and “responsible parties” as a normative good. Given the book’s findings, these endorsements are problematic: A well-sorted electorate that has a high degree of issue constraint in which people stop learning from their lived experience provides no benefit to society. Democrats and Republicans are not voting “correctly” if their policy beliefs are endogenous to their party preferences. The conclusion also addresses the asymmetry of many of the book’s findings: The data throughout the book suggest that conflict extension is much stronger for Republicans than for Democrats during the period in which the experiments presented in the book were conducted. The chapter concludes by arguing that since polarization is elite-led, to save the United States from further conflict and potential partisan-motivated violence requires partisan elites to change their combative negative public style and embrace tolerance and compromise.
Contrast and content in phonological features
Authors: Currie Hall Daniel 
Published: July 2023

Abstract‘Substance-free’ theories of phonology take two different approaches to eliminating phonetic information from phonological computations, positing either that distinctive features have phonetic content but phonological rules can manipulate them in arbitrary ways (Hale and Reiss 2003, 2008) or that features are based on phonological patterning and need not have any identifiable phonetic content at all (Blaho 2008; Samuels 2009). This chapter argues that the key insights of substance-free phonology can be maintained in a system that allows a limited role for phonetic substance. Methodologically, requiring that features have phonetic content and rules be formally natural limits the generative power of the system, forcing analysts to look more closely at apparently unnatural rules and classes, and precluding analyses based on spurious generalizations. At the same time, the fact that phonetic content does not always determine phonological patterning can be explained through underspecification based on contrast.
The relation between gestures and kinematics
Authors: Sorensen Tanner , Gafos Adamantios 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter reviews fundamental concepts about speech gestures as dynamical systems, presents some new results on their formal expression, and sketches unresolved challenges in the relation between the dynamical approach and open problems in phonological theory. Dynamical systems inherently have discrete, qualitative properties along with continuous, quantitative properties. This naturally sets up two hypotheses for the dynamical view. The first is that the gesture, as a dynamical system, captures the variability and context-specificity of speech movements. The second is that these same dynamical systems also provide a cognitively plausible basis for a theory of phonological representations. The chapter discusses evidence and issues met in fleshing out these two hypotheses and concludes by reviewing progress and outstanding challenges on issues of underspecification and spreading versus feature change.
Towards a quantized representation of phonological stop contrasts
Authors: Puggaard-Rode Rasmus , Botma Bert , Grijzenhout Janet 
Published: July 2023

AbstractQ-CV is a quantized approach to segmental structure in which, following Q-theory, segments consist of subsegments called q-positions. Work in Q-theory has so far mainly addressed the representation of contour segments. Our aim is to explore whether this type of approach is also suitable for representing less marked segment types, in particular stops. We propose an additional level of structure, the CV-level, which constrains the order of q-positions and reduces the number of features. We show that an advantage of Q-CV is that stop contrasts, especially those involving laryngeal contrasts, can be represented in terms of differences in the relative timing of their oral and laryngeal articulations.
Prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol has long-lasting, transgenerational impacts on fertility and reproductive development
Authors: Rogers Rachael E , Chai Shuyi , Pask Andrew J , Mattiske Deidre M 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Significant decreases in fertility have been observed over the past 50 years, with female conception rates dropping by 44% and male sperm counts decreasing by over 50%. This dramatic decrease in fertility can be attributed in part to our increasing exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is an estrogenic EDC that was prescribed to millions of pregnant women between 1940 and 1970 and resulted in detrimental reproductive effects in the offspring that were exposed in utero. Women who were exposed to DES in utero experienced higher rates of infertility, pregnancy complications, and reproductive cancers. Alarmingly, there is evidence to suggest that these effects may persist in the grandchildren and great grandchildren of exposed women. To define the transgenerational reproductive impacts in females following exposure to DES, gestating mice were exposed to DES and the effects monitored in the female descendants across 3 generations. There was a trend for reduced pregnancy rate and fertility index seen across the generations and moreover, the anogenital distance (AGD) was significantly reduced up until the third, unexposed generation. The onset of puberty was also significantly affected, with the timing of vaginal opening occurring significantly earlier in DES descendants. These results indicate a transgenerational effect of DES on multiple reproductive parameters including fertility, timing of puberty, and AGD. These data have significant implications for more than 50 million DES descendants worldwide as well as raising concerns for the ongoing health impacts caused by exposures to other estrogenic EDCs which are pervasive in our environment.
Patient and Community Factors Affecting Treatment Access for Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: Bulgin Dominique , Patrick Stephen W. , McElroy Tamarra , McNeer Elizabeth , Dupont William D. , Murry Velma McBride 
Published: July 2023

OBJECTIVE:
To examine whether access to treatment for women with opioid use disorder (OUD) varied by race and ethnicity, community characteristics, and pregnancy status.

METHODS:
We conducted a secondary data analysis of a simulated patient caller study of buprenorphine-waivered prescribers and opioid-treatment programs in 10 U.S. states. We conducted multivariable analyses, accounting for potential confounders, to evaluate factors associated with likelihood of successfully securing an appointment. Descriptive statistics and significance testing examined 1) caller characteristics and call outcome by assigned race and ethnicity and clinic type (combined, opioid-treatment programs, and buprenorphine-waivered prescribers) and 2) clinic and community characteristics and call outcome by community race and ethnicity distribution (majority White vs majority Black, Hispanic, Asian, American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander) and clinic type. A multiple logistic regression model was fitted to assess the likelihood of obtaining an appointment by callers' race and ethnicity and pregnancy status with the exposure of interest being majority Black, Hispanic, Asian, American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander community distribution.

RESULTS:
In total, 3,547 calls reached clinics to schedule appointments. Buprenorphine-waivered prescribers were more likely to be in communities that were more than 50% White (88.9% vs 77.3%, P<.001), and opioid-treatment programs were more likely to be in communities that were less than 50% White (11.1% vs 22.7%, P<.001). Callers were more likely to be granted appointments in majority Black, Hispanic, Asian, American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander communities (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.06, 95% CI 1.02–1.10 per 10% Black, Hispanic, Asian, American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander community population) and at opioid-treatment programs (aOR 4.94, 95% CI 3.52–6.92) and if they were not pregnant (aOR 1.79, 95% CI 1.53–2.09).

CONCLUSION:
Clinic distribution and likelihood of acceptance for treatment varied by community race and ethnicity distribution. Access to treatment for OUD remains challenging for pregnant people and in many historically marginalized U.S. communities.
The persistent underrepresentation of patients with chronic kidney disease in cardiovascular trials: a systematic review and evidence map of exclusion and outcomes
Authors: Colombijn Julia M.T. , Idema Demy L. , van Beem Sanne , Blokland Anna Marthe , van der Braak Kim , Handoko M. Louis , Huis in ’t Veld Linde F. , Kaul Tabea , Kolagasigil-Akdemir Nurda , Kusters Mike P.T. , Meijvis Sabine C.A. , Oosting Ilse J. , Spijker Rene , Bots Michiel L. , Hooft Lotty , Verhaar Marianne C. , Vernooij Robin W.M. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBackgroundPatients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at high risk for cardiovascular disease, but their systematic underrepresentation in cardiovascular randomised controlled trials (RCTs) limits appropriate evidence to guide cardiovascular risk management (CVRM). This systematic review aims to evaluate trends in the underrepresentation of patients with CKD in cardiovascular RCTs in the past 20 years and highlight evidence gaps for CVRM medications in this population.MethodsA systematic search was conducted in ClinicalTrials.gov from its inception in 2000 until October 2021, targeting RCTs evaluating the efficacy of CVRM medications on mortality, cardiovascular disease, and kidney failure in adults with cardiovascular disease or one or more cardiovascular risk factors. Two reviewers independently screened references and extracted data. Outcomes were the exclusion rate of patients with CKD over time and an evidence map of studies reporting results for this population.ResultsIn total, 1194 RCTs involving 2,207,677 participants were included. Since 2000, the percentage of cardiovascular RCTs that exclude patients with CKD has increased from 66% to 79% (74% overall, 884 RCTs). In 73% of RCTs, more patients were excluded than anticipated on safety grounds (63% without dose adjustment necessary and 79% of RCTs with dose adjustment necessary). In total, 158 RCTs (13%) reported results patients with CKD separately (e.g. in subgroup analyses). Significant evidence gaps exist for most CVRM interventions for patients with CKD, particularly for those with CKD stage 4-5. For patients with an eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73m2, 23 RCTs reported results, for dialysis patients 15 RCTs, and for kidney transplant patients only 1 RCT.ConclusionThe underrepresentation of patients with CKD in cardiovascular RCTs has not improved in the past two decades and three-quarters of RCTs excluded more patients than expected on safety grounds. A lack of RCTs that report results for patients with CKD has resulted in significant evidence gaps for most CVRM medications in all subgroups of patients with CKD, in particular for those with CKD stage 4-5.Primary funding sourceDutch Heart Foundation, 2020B008 RECONNEXTRegistrationPROSPERO (CRD42022296746)
Establishment and maintenance of two sand fly colonies (Phlebotomus perniciosusandPhlebotomus papatasi) to implement experimental infections
Authors: Prudhomme Jorian , Laroche Lison , Quân Anh Nguyen Hoàng , Fournier Justine , Mhaidi Idris , Berhard Aloïs , Killick-Kendrick Mireille , Bañuls Anne-Laure 
Published: July 2023

AbstractSand flies are vectors ofLeishmaniaandPhlebovirus, pathogens responsible for public health concerns in numerous countries. Sand fly colonies are essential for research on vector-pathogen interactions. Methods for establishing and maintaining sand fly colonies have been well described in the literature. However, very few colonies of these considerable vectors currently exist.In order to encourage the creation of new colonies, we provide a timeline for researchers who want to implement colonies ofPhlebotomus perniciosusandPhlebotomus papatasi. In this study, we set up colonies of both species to test and optimize their breeding conditions.ForPh. perniciosus, we reached a stable production of 800 individuals per week, one year after the start of the colony. ForPh. papatasi, a stable production of 400 individuals per week was reached 11 months after establishing the colony. Moreover, we have successfully conducted experiments within a year of establishing the colonies.In conclusion, our data on these two species showed that colonies could be established without difficulty with 1000-1500 eggs. It is possible to reach a stable weekly production of 800 individuals one year after starting the colony. We also describe colony settings and breeding recommendations to facilitate this procedure for other laboratories.
The reciprocal regulation between mitochondrial-associated membranes and Notch signaling in skeletal muscle atrophy
Authors: Ito Yurika , Yamagata Mari , Yamamoto Takuya , Hirasaka Katsuya , Nikawa Takeshi , Sato Takahiko 
Published: July 2023

AbstractSkeletal muscle atrophy and the inhibition of muscle regeneration are known to occur as a natural consequence of aging, yet the underlying mechanisms that lead to these processes in atrophic myofibers remain largely unclear. Our research has revealed that the maintenance of proper mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAM) is vital for preventing skeletal muscle atrophy in microgravity environments. We discovered that the deletion of the mitochondrial fusion protein Mitofusin2 (MFN2), which serves as a tether for MAM, in human iPS cells or the reduction of MAM in differentiated myotubes caused by microgravity interfered with myogenic differentiation process and an increased susceptibility to muscle atrophy, as well as the activation of the Notch signaling pathway. The atrophic phenotype of differentiated myotubes in microgravity and the regenerative capacity of Mfn2-deficient muscle stem cells in dystrophic mice were both ameliorated by treatment with the gamma-secretase inhibitor DAPT. Our findings demonstrate how the orchestration of mitochondrial morphology in differentiated myotubes and regenerating muscle stem cells plays a crucial role in regulating Notch signaling through the interaction of MAM.digestThis study investigated the link between Mfn2 and Notch signaling in skeletal muscle atrophy. We used a microgravity system to induce muscle atrophy and found that the loss of Mfn2 leads to decreased numbers of MAM and activation of Notch signaling and that treating MFN2-deficient human iPS cells with a gamma-secretase inhibitor DAPT improved their mitochondrial morphology and function. Additionally, Mfn2-deficient muscle stem cells in mice have a lower capacity to regenerate dystrophic muscles and DAPT treatment improves the regeneration of these cells. The study suggests that targeting the Notch signaling pathway with a gamma-secretase inhibitor could be a therapeutic option for skeletal muscle atrophy caused by defects in Mfn2.
Exploring clinicians’ experiences of how efficient virtual elective knee clinics are compared to traditional face-to-face clinics
Authors: Henry Ronan 
Published: July 2023

Purpose Efficient delivery of integrated healthcare requires solid alliances and collaboration with stakeholders on a regular basis. Due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it has become necessary to explore new ways of delivering integrated healthcare, and virtual clinics have offered one solution and are likely to continue due to the uncertainty with COVID-19. This study aims to explore clinicians’ experiences of how efficient virtual elective knee clinics (VEKC) are in an orthopaedic setting in comparison to traditional face-to-face clinics.Design/methodology/approach The study utilised a mixed-methods study to obtain qualitative and quantitative data. This involved an anonymous online survey in addition to in-depth qualitative interviews conducted with a purposive sample of multidisciplinary colleagues who work with the VEKC in an acute hospital.Findings Three overarching themes and nine sub-themes emerged in the qualitative analysis. Overall, clinicians in both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the study highlighted several ways that virtual clinics are efficient from both the patient and health service perspective. However, participants also highlighted barriers in relation to virtual clinics not being suitable for certain cohorts of patients and pathologies.Originality/value This is the first study in Ireland to provide valuable insights into the experiences of multidisciplinary clinicians using VEKC and their efficiency compared to traditional face-to-face clinics.
Vestibular disorders following BNT162b2 mRNA COVID‐19 vaccination: A retrospective case series
Authors: Ammar Helmi , Le Beller Christine , Bouccara Didier , Malinvaud David , Jouffroy Romain , Lillo‐Le Louet Agnès 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBackgroundThere are few publications regarding manifestations of vestibular disorders (VDs) following BNT162b2 mRNA COVID‐19 vaccination.PurposeWe describe cases of VD potentially related to BNT162b2 vaccination and calculate its reporting rate, in order to enlarge knowledge about this adverse effect.MethodsA retrospective analysis of cases of VD following BNT162b2 vaccination reported to the pharmacovigilance centre of Georges‐Pompidou European Hospital (France), in 2021 was performed. In order to identify these cases from the pharmacovigilance database containing all our registered cases, we used the Standardised MedDRA Query (SMQ) ‘vestibular disorders’. Then we analysed cases with vestibular symptoms, based on the association of typical manifestations. The reporting rate was calculated based on the number of VD cases and the number of vaccinated patients.ResultsAmong 6608 cases reported to our centre related to COVID‐19 vaccines during 2021, 34 VDs associated with BNT162b2 administration were included. They were mainly reported in females (79%), 62% occurred after the first dose and 32% were serious. Symptoms had completely resolved in 13 cases (38%). Vertigo was the most common symptom followed by balance disorders. Three patients received second dose without reappearance of VD. The final diagnosis was reported in 10 patients (six cases of vestibular neuritis, two cases of central VD, two cases of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo). The regional reporting rate was 26 [95% CI: 17–34] cases of VD per 1 million persons vaccinated.ConclusionAlthough the relationship between vaccination and VD cannot be established, clinicians should be aware of this rare adverse effect.
Examining the relationship between rural residents’ satisfaction with local hospital's COVID‐19 response and intention to use the hospital
Authors: Apenteng Bettye A. , Adewoye Aishat , Owens Charles , Opoku Samuel T. , Kimsey Linda , Peden Angie , Shehaj Blerta 
Published: July 2023

AbstractPurposeThe COVID‐19 pandemic highlighted the importance of having emergency and acute care services close to home and emerged as an opportunity for hospital‐community engagement. This study examined whether rural residents’ satisfaction with their local hospital's pandemic response was associated with improved community perception of the hospital and an intention to use it in the future.MethodsData for the study were obtained from a survey of rural residents of 6 Georgia rural communities and analyzed using multivariable logistic regression and mediation analyses.ResultsRural residents’ satisfaction with their local hospital's pandemic response was associated with an improved perception of the hospital. Improvement in the perception of rural hospitals following the pandemic was found to partially mediate a positive association between community residents’ satisfaction with hospital pandemic response and the intention to use the hospital when needed.ConclusionThe COVID‐response efforts may have given rural hospitals an opportunity to influence public perception.