bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Ambition That Resists Marginalization
Authors: Dowe Pearl K. Ford 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter moves further into the theoretical framework to explore the facets of the marginalization of Black women. By exploring the dynamic of stereotypes that have long attempted to define and limit opportunities for Black women while shaping perceptions of potential voters, media, and political parties about Black women candidates. This limits the political strength and advancement of Black women, and influences how Black female political and social networks resist and respond to those tactics. The socialization of Black women prompts them to carve out spaces of power via organizations and community service. The resources Black women receive from the organizations and service they engage in bolster their chances for candidate emergence and being elected because they provide support, access to potential donors, and recruitment by community members. The use of these spaces cultivated by Black women are consistent with the how marginalized groups more broadly cultivate resources.
Conclusion
Authors: Dowe Pearl K. Ford 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The concluding chapter summarizes the rich data presented. By reporting firsthand experiences of Black women, especially Black women who have run for public office, the book has advanced our understanding of candidate emergence, demonstrated how political socialization and community influence and engender ambition, and shown the extent to which those communities provide resources for Black women to run and to win public political office. Despite their impressive levels of participation, Black women still face many challenges in implementing their own and their community’s policy preferences. As well as enumerating these, this chapter also raises questions that still need to be addressed about Black women seeking office.
A Temple Consumed by Fire
Authors: Dailey E. T. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers Radegund’s life as Chlothar’s queen. It interprets a story in Baudonivia’s Life of Radegund, in which the queen destroys a pagan shrine, as an allegory for the opposition she faced from the Frankish warrior elite. The chapter explains Radegund’s patronage of ecclesiastical leaders as an effort to create a base of support in the absence of family or local connections. The ability of Merovingian queens to collect tax revenues and to access the royal treasury is established, before the chapter turns to the personal relationship between Chlothar and his wife. Though her hagiographers were not keen to admit it, Radegund likely desired a child, at the very least because the birth of a male child might secure her position at court. If Radegund wished to understand this desire within a Christian framework, ample biblical examples existed to provide her with a rationale. The chapter describes how Radegund integrated her pursuit of sanctity, including fledgling acts of asceticism, with her status as a queen, and highlights some earlier examples that might have served as precedent (including her mother-in-law, Chlothild). The chapter concludes by discussing the event that ended Radegund’s marriage—her husband’s decision to murder her brother. The sources are sapped for every available clue they might hold about this murder, which has proved challenging to understand because of a lack of information. A close reading of Venantius Fortunatus’s poetry results in the possible identification of the name of Radegund’s brother, hitherto undetected.
They Will Be as Bears and Wolves
Authors: Dailey E. T. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Radegund’s political involvement during the reigns of Chlothar’s sons: Charibert, Sigibert, Chilperic, and Guntram (described in a later text as a generation of ‘bears and wolves’). It is suggested that she actively opposed Charibert’s marriage to a woman who lived under religious vows, because she wanted the Merovingian episcopate to uphold such vows as irrevocable. The surprising deaths of the king and his wife, not long after their excommunication, may well have enhanced Radegund’s standing in the kingdom (and increased support for her position concerning the irrevocability of religious vows). Charibert’s successor, Sigibert, is the likely architect of a policy that saw politically useful women related to Charibert swept away into monasteries, an unforeseen consequence of Radegund’s efforts. Sigibert and his wife, Brunhild, proved useful allies for Radegund, and they helped her obtain a fragment of the True Cross from Constantinople for her convent. This constructive relationship ended with Sigibert’s assassination. Radegund was not able to establish a similar rapport with Chilperic, who in fact put her convent in jeopardy during his military campaigns. The chapter concludes by comparing Radegund to two other queens, Brunhild and Fredegund, who also managed to maintain political influence after the deaths of their husbands, but only through the use, or at least the threat, of violence. Radegund, in contrast, avoided such an approach (shared by the powerful men of her day), and still succeeded in exerting enough influence to preserve her convent and to see it adorned with the True Cross.
The Lord Knows His Own
Authors: Dailey E. T. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses Radegund’s acquisition of a fragment of the True Cross from Constantinople: her motivation, the political context, the controversy in Poitiers, and the significance of this relic for her convent. Radegund seems to have been inspired in her decision to seek out a fragment of the Cross by the legendary account of the Roman empress Helena, which she likely encountered in Rufinus of Aquileia’s rendition into Latin of the Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius of Caesaria. She may also have been inspired by this text to use as a model its depiction of Helena as a grand empress and an ascetic saint. Radegund had already attempted to acquire relics from the East, and in particular Jerusalem, in a difficult passage in Baudonivia’s hagiography that receives a new interpretation here. When the relics of the Cross arrived as a gift from Constantinople, the bishop of Poitiers, Maroveus, refused to install them in the convent, a decision explained by reference to the legend of Helena recorded in Rufinus. The chapter concludes by discussing the chronology for the adoption of the Rule of Caesarius by Radegund for her convent, a chronology that has hitherto proved difficult to reconstruct.
Reds in Blue
Authors: Porter Louis Howard 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This book examines Soviet participation in UNESCO from when the country joined the UN agency in 1954 until the eve of détente in 1967, providing the first analysis of the Soviet reception of the idea of world governance through noncommunist international organizations. Situating the USSR’s involvement in UNESCO in longer Soviet and Russian internationalist traditions, it tells the story of how the country went from boycotting UNESCO under Josef Stalin to embracing the organization in the years after his death. By doing so, it demonstrates that the Soviet decision to join UNESCO and other noncommunist international organizations in the post-Stalin period amounted to a recognition of the UN system as the legitimate venue for world governance. A result of the converging premises of the UN and the USSR as enlightenment projects for a better world, this endorsement of the UN made the world body a staple in the Soviet internationalist repertoire, enabling Soviet citizens to experiment with utopian visions of world governance, world civic duty, and international community. Soviet white-collar professionals worked for world governance as international civil servants in the UNESCO Secretariat. Members of the Soviet intelligentsia contributed to the international communities made by UNESCO gatherings and collaborative projects. Last, Soviet readers joined international reading publics engendered by UN print culture, creatively engaging with UN ideas as a result. Taken together, these Soviet citizens of the world used the UN to strive for a better future, practicing the dream of one world amid the realities of the Cold War.
Introduction
Authors: Porter Louis Howard 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The introduction provides an overview of how the book explores Soviet participation in UNESCO during the 1950s and 1960s. It argues that the UN method of world governance extended to members of the Soviet educated class a means of imagining and working for a better world. Situating Soviet engagement with UNESCO in a longer history of experimentation by the Russian and Soviet intelligentsia with noncommunist visions of world governance, world civic duty, and international community, it shows that both the USSR and the UN agency were enlightenment projects with utopian agendas to change mindsets. In addition to highlighting this theoretical convergence, it puts the existing historical literatures on the two internationalist institutions into conversation with each other to illustrate that the commonalities in how the UN and Soviet projects played out in practice shaped the Soviet experience of everyday world governance in the world body.
Dual Power in World Governance
Authors: Porter Louis Howard 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the deterioration in relations between the USSR and UNESCO from the organization’s founding at the end of the Second World War until Stalin’s death, illustrating how the Soviet boycott of the agency in these years allowed the West to shape its bureaucracy and activities. The chapter explains the reasons for this boycott, telling the history of UNESCO as it became an object of the USSR’s anticosmopolitan campaign while entangling itself in Cold War crises by assisting Western postwar reconstruction efforts; supporting UN operations during the Korean War; and collaborating with the American Red Scare in UN secretariats. The chapter also examines how the Soviet state at this time embarked on its own peace movement, which, while framed in opposition to UNESCO, had similar utopian aspirations, making the UN agency seem at once strange and familiar to Soviet participants once the country joined it in 1954.
Vinyl
Authors: Singer Howie , Rosenblatt Bill 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the emergence and rise of vinyl records as the dominant format for distributing music over three decades and the rise of the record label as the dominant corporate entity in the music business. It starts with the Columbia versus RCA format war, which resulted in the 12-inch long-playing record (“LP”) and the 45-rpm 7-inch (“the 45”), and it explains how the LP’s superior sound quality combined with postwar flight to the suburbs ushered in the “hi-fi” era of consumer electronics. The chapter describes how vinyl caused music recordings to expand, through a growing number of distribution channels, from small independent specialty retail items to mass-market consumer products. It examines artists’ discovery of the LP as a creative canvas for longer-form recordings, and it discusses the lack of copyright protection for recording artists until the early 1970s. The chapter also covers the vinyl revival of the 2010s.
War, Work, and Want
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The book explains why migration to the United States, Europe, and Asia tripled after 1973. Today, global migration is at a historic high of over 280 million people. Mass migration has transformed international and domestic politics. Such migration is not only unprecedented; it was—at least in the global north—unexpected and unwanted. Publics across Europe, North America, and Asia oppose immigration, and events in the early 1970s should have led to a decline in migration. Instead, global migration tripled. The book asks why. It argues that economic and geopolitical changes unleashed by the OPEC oil crisis led to an unanticipated surge in global migration. Economically, the quadrupling of oil prices halved growth rates in the West, they never recovered, and wages have stagnated for five decades. In response, consumers rebuilt their standard of living on the back of cheap migrant labor. At the same time, OPEC flooded the Middle East and Russia with oil money, destabilizing Iran, ushering in the Iranian Revolution, contributing to Moscow’s 1979 decision to invade Afghanistan, and leading to the two Gulf Wars. In the non-oil-producing states, Egypt and Syria, OPEC-induced inflation put the last nail in the coffin of import substitution industrialization (using tariffs to industrialize), forced a turn to neoliberalism, and led to inequality, mass protests, terrorism (Egypt), and civil war (Syria). These simultaneous economic and geopolitical developments, all set in motion by the OPEC oil crisis, resulted in 115 million migrants that few in the global north expected or wanted.
Prussians, Jews, Pan-Arabs, and Islamists
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The 1967 Six-Day War was an essential precondition to the 1973 quadrupling of oil prices. But it also led to mass expulsion, the transformation of Palestinians into laborers, and the reconfiguration of Middle Eastern politics. The Israel Defence Forces (IDF) caused the flight or expulsion of some 400,000 Arabs. The goal was to rid the newly occupied territories of as many Arabs as possible. One million still remained: The IDF entered a partnership with Israel’s General Federation of Labour, the Histadrut: the army would supply Histadrut factories with cheap Palestinian labor, supporting an economic boom. At the same time, Israel’s victory put the last nail in the coffin of Nasserism and created space for political Islam as a new basis of Egyptian (and broader Arab) identity. Fury over Israel’s annexations further strengthened Arab states’ resolve to leverage oil against Western governments and Western consumers. They did, and it changed the global economy forever.
Black Gold
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The chapter examines post-1973 migration to the Middle East, above all Saudi Arabia. The flooding of the Middle East with oil money after the OPEC-induced oil shock led to massive labor demand. It was strongest in Saudi Arabia, a country of fear and fascination for the West. The chapter provides a political history of Saudi Arabia, exploring the pact between the monarchy—the House of Saud—and Wahhabi clerics. The king welcomed both low-skilled Arab workers and Islamist intellectuals, hoping that nurturing Egyptian political Islam would undermine pan-Arabism across the Middle East, while employing Islamists in Saudi media, universities, and bureaucracy would provide a counterweight to hardline Wahhabi clerics. The strategy backfired: Egyptian political Islamists encouraged domestic criticism of the Saudis as corrupt and materialist Western patsies. The result was an intensification of Wahhabi restrictions.
Oil’s Curses
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The sudden influx of petrodollars into Iran provided a massive financial boost to the shah’s modernization program, but it unleashed forces he struggled to control, leading to his downfall. Modernization brought large numbers of low-skilled, rural, pious migrants into the cities just as oil-driven inflation exacerbated urban inequality, which led to mass protests that toppled the shah. The creation of an Islamic Republic with Ayatollah Khomeini as its leader infuriated Iraq’s Saddam Hussein and encouraged his attack on Iran. The eight-year conflict generated almost 2.4 million refugees, the largest refugee population in the world in the 1980s after Afghanistan. That war would not have happened without the Iranian Revolution, and the Iranian Revolution would not have occurred without the post-1973 oil price surge.
The Taliban, 9/11, and the Second Iraq War
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The refugee camps of northern Pakistan were the breeding ground for the Taliban and al-Qaeda, including Osama bin Laden himself. Before the Taliban hosted bin Laden, American optimism about the prospects of a gas pipeline through Afghanistan led to American indulgence of the movement. 9/11 ended that, and it became the excuse for the American invasion of Iraq in 2003; the main reason was oil. The US attacked Iraq not because it posed an immediate threat—it did not—but because it might pose a future danger, because it could not defend itself, and because it had oil. The disastrous American occupation led to al-Qaeda in Iraq, a murderous campaign against Shiite Muslims, and massive internecine violence. Millions of refugees fled the chaos and terror, including, by 2010, 1 million Iraqi refugees in Syria, and they wished to stay. Then, for the second time, their world collapsed.
What We Eat I
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The meatpacking and meat-processing industry once provided good jobs; from the 1970s, firms, responding to consumers’ desire for cheap meat, replaced them with poorly paid and insecure positions. In the mid-twentieth century, the sector provided well-paid, unionized jobs with good benefits, sustaining middle-class incomes for working-class families. In response to post-1973 inflation and escalating meat prices, firms turned (back) to a low-wage strategy. They abandoned the union-rich midwestern cities (above all Chicago) for the union-poor countryside and the South. They closed unionized plants and reopened them with non-union workers. They introduced de-skilling techniques and deployed intimidation, including the mob, to shut unions down and to block organization efforts. From 1981, wages fell 40%. It was, as that well-known supporter of union radicalism, Business Week, put it in 1983, “The Slaughter of Meatpacking Wages.”
What We Eat II
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Meat companies’ profit margins are meager, a few pennies per pound, because wholesale buyers followed the meat industry’s strategy of mergers, corporate concentration, and union decimation. The supermarkets and fast-food companies consolidated, magnified their bargaining power, and turned meat companies (and the agricultural industry) into price takers. The meat industry responded by hammering wages, which made up half of their costs, further, driving them down as much as 50% by the early 1980s. Whereas meatpacking wages were approximately 15% higher than the American manufacturing average in the 1960s and 1970s, by 2002 they were 25% lower. Today, there are 530,000 workers in the meat industry. The industry looks much as it did in the first two decades of the twentieth century: dominated by migrant laborers. Their wages are derisory, and the conditions in which they work are appalling—toiling long hours in dangerous conditions, suffering frequent injuries and occasional death to provide consumers with vast quantities of cheap meat.
Where We Live II
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
While construction unions are stronger in Europe than in the US, firms in northern Europe exploited a posting directive that allowed them to employ EU nationals from poorer parts of Europe at home-country wages, thus circumventing northern European unions. Posting was used throughout the European construction sector, and as a result workers were paid little, denied benefits, and were overcharged to live in cramped quarters. But these measures alone were not enough: as ever when profit margins increase on the back of cheap labor, it is never cheap enough. To avoid even miserly social security contributions of the sort required in countries such as Cyprus, and to drive real wages still lower, firms resort to the irregular employment of foreign workers, and it is widespread across the sector. Swiss, Portuguese, and Italian companies employ informal laborers to an unusually high degree.
What We Wear
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Consumer demand for ever-cheaper clothes, particularly fast-fashion “designer” labels, has led to massive migration dependence and extensive labor exploitation in textile and apparel supply chains. The textile and garment industry once provided good jobs. This ended in 1973. The quadrupling of oil prices threw the US economy into recession. Over two years, some 300,000 textile and apparel jobs vanished; by 1996, 900,000 jobs had disappeared. The cause was consumers’ search for lower prices, which set two processes in motion. Production shifted to Asia and, later, to Africa. Except for India and China, these countries ran out of domestic workers willing to work for miserly wages and turned to migrants. Retailers demanding quick delivery and ever-changing products led to subcontracting, where human trafficking is rampant. In the West, the industry that remained followed the same model, relying on exploited migrant workers.
Back to the Future
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In the early 2020s, the global economy and geopolitics look much like they did in the 1970s: Russia invaded a sovereign country, Europe faces an oil embargo, inflation is high, and real wages are falling. The chapter reviews the book’s argument—that in the fifty years since the OPEC oil crisis, war, work, and want resulted in a tripling of global migration, which by all expectations should have ended—and reflects on the choices society faces today. Consumers can tolerate an erosion of their standards of living and accept a dismal future that recalls the gloomy prognoses of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Or they can, as in the 1980s, seek to recapture their standard of living through further downward pressure on wages. The second scenario is more likely. If so, the trends identified in this book—labor exploitation, falling real wages, reliance on cheap migrant labor, and human trafficking—will continue.
Introduction
Authors: Snyder Jeremy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Donation-based online crowdfunding is a rapidly growing practice where campaigners take advantage of online social networks to raise funds. These campaigns are for a wide range of needs including basic needs like housing, medical care, and education. While soliciting financial support from the wider public is hardly a new phenomenon, the online and socially networked features of crowdfunding create new opportunities for benefits for campaigners. At the same time, this practice raises ethical, political, and practical concerns for all involved. This introduction briefly discusses the practice and scope of crowdfunding and then gives an outline of the content and central argument of the book.
Crowdfrauding
Authors: Snyder Jeremy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Many giving practices have tried to establish the genuineness of need and separate the poor into deserving and undeserving groups. This inspection of those in need may be justified in preventing fraud by those not requiring support or misrepresenting their needs; however, it can also lead to problematic invasions of privacy and require those in need to perform their deservingness to potential donors. The practice of crowdfunding has included examples of fraud ranging from high-profile cases that received viral media attention and massive public support to unsophisticated and largely unsuccessful attempts to mislead the public. While overt fraud in crowdfunding is likely rare, campaigners are required to prove their trustworthiness to the public in order to overcome concerns that they may mislead potential donors. This requires campaigners to reveal a great deal of sensitive information to the public with implications for the privacy and dignity of the recipient.