bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-Invasive Objective Markers to Measure Pain: A Direction to Develop a Pain Device - A Narrative Review
Authors: Shekhar Varun , Choudhary Nandan , Rathore Puneet , Singh Suraj Pal , Bhatnagar Sushma 
Published: June 2023

Objective:
To review the literature regarding non-invasive objective measurements of pain. Measuring pain is of uttermost importance, but it can be an inconvenient task, especially in terms of the interpretation of patient’s information. Reiterating, there is no “standard” that provides the physician with a method to objectively quantify this problem of patient’s pain. For assessing the pain, physician relies solely on unidimensional assessment tools or questionnaire-based pain assessment. Although pain is a subjective experience of the patient, but there is a need to measure pain sometimes in the individuals who cannot communicate their quality and severity of pain.

Material and Methods:
The articles from PubMed and Google Scholar without any year and age limit were searched in the current narrative review. A total of 16 markers were searched and their relation to pain was studied.

Results:
Studies have shown that these markers change in relation to pain and it can be considered a valuable tool for pain measurement but there are multiple factors like psychological and emotional factors which affect these markers.

Conclusion:
There is lack of evidence to show which marker can be used for measuring pain accurately. This narrative review is an attempt to look into the various pain-related markers that can be used and it calls for further studies including clinical trials with different diseases and taking into accounts different factors affecting pain to give an accurate measurement of pain.
Kesadaran Hukum Masyarakat Terhadap Perjanjian Hutang Piutang Dengan Bank Tungul
Authors: Tarmidzi Tarmidzi , Afifah Nur 
Published: June 2023

Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi banyaknya transaksi hutang piutang dikalangan masyarakat muslim dengan terdapat tambahan jumlah pengembalian bagi orang yang berhutang, khususnya dalam perjanjian hutang piutang dengan Bank Tungul yang notabenenya mengandung bunga yang tinggi. Tambahan dalam hutang piutang secara hukum Islam telah jelas bahwa hukumnya haram karena terdapat unsur riba didalamnya sebagaimana ditegaskan dalam QS. Al-Baqarah ayat 275. Namun demikian, dalam masyarakat praktik seperti itu masih di jalankan dan dianggap biasa oleh masyarakat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah jenis penelitian yuridis empiris dengan pendekatan sosiologis. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis kesadaran hukum masyarakat Desa Kebumen dalam perjanjian hutang piutang yang dilakukan dengan Bank Tungul, serta menemukan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi masyarakat dalam melakukan hutang piutang kepada Bank Tungul. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kesadaran hukum masyarakat Desa Kebumen dalam perjanjian hutang piutang dengan Bank Tungul terbilang rendah. Masyarakat belum memiliki pengetahuan dan pemahaman secara luas mengenai keharaman riba khususnya dalam transaksi hutang piutang, sehingga sikap dan perilaku mereka ketika melakukan pinjaman tidak mempertimbangkan adanya bunga dalam pinjaman tersebut. Adapun faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi masyarakat Desa Kebumen dalam melakukan hutang piutang kepada Bank Tungul antara lain karena faktor pendidikan, agama, sosial, ekonomi, dan faktor kemudahan bertransaksi.
Alexithymia and related mental and psychosomatic disorders
Authors: Zimоglyad O. E. , Ivanova Yu. S. , Smirnova A. P. , Volkova E. I. 
Published: June 2023

Rationale. Currently, there is a growing number of mental disorders, which are infl uenced by various external and internal factors, including the presence of alexithymia. Most studies focus on the prevalence of somatic diseases among patients with alexithymia, while the prevalence of mental disorders in these patients remains insuffi ciently studied. Presumably, alexithymia can serve as a background for the development of mental disorders such as anxiety, depressive, and mixed anxiety-depressive disorders. The aim of the study is to investigate the correlation between alexithymia and mental disorders, somatic diseases, and suicidal thoughts in patients.Material and methods. A total of 184 outpatients (107 women and 77 men) with various illnesses were examined. Clinical rating was conducted using the TAS, HADS, and MADRS scales. Additionally, medical history was collected.Results. A higher incidence of mental disorders was detected in patients with alexithymia (correlation coeffi cient 0.71). Depression was most frequently observed in these patients (73.5%), followed by anxiety disorder and mixed anxietydepressive disorder (13.2%). Patients with alexithymia also had a higher incidence of psychosomatic disorders (correlation coeffi cient 0.68), with multiple psychosomatic diseases usually occurring in the same person. Moreover, a higher incidence of hypertension (47%), ischemic heart disease (25%), skin diseases such as neurodermatitis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and others (59.6%), gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer and irritable bowel syndrome (28.7%), bronchial asthma (8.8%), thyrotoxicosis (0.7%), and rheumatoid arthritis (0.7%) was detected in patients with alexithymia. As the degree of alexithymia increased, suicidal thoughts were more frequent and severe (correlation coeffi cient 0.74).Conclusion. The hypothesis of the correlation between alexithymia and the development of mental and psychosomatic disorders and the appearance of suicidal thoughts has been confi rmed.
Initiating the Implementation of Merging Crimes in Corruption Self-help Housing Stimulant Assistance
Authors: Ahmadi Cecep Ibnu , Ismail Dian Ekawati , Rahim Erman 
Published: June 2023

Corruption in practice is not only a self-imposed crime but opens up space for other crimes both before and after the occurrence of corruption crimes. There are other criminal acts such as in the case of Self-Help Housing Stimulant Assistance in Pohuwato Gorontalo. However, in the process of law enforcement, only articles in the Corruption Law are used. Therefore, the focus of the problem in this paper is to examine the obstacles in investigating corruption in the Self-Help Housing Stimulant Assistance and how to apply the merger of criminal acts in corruption is implemented. The type of research used is normative research supported by empirical data. The results of this study indicate that the obstacles that affect the investigation of corruption in Self-Help Housing Stimulant Assistance consist of the minimum allocated budget, limited human resources, and facilities and infrastructure that are not following the cases handled. Meanwhile, the application of Article 263 of the Criminal Code in this case, should have been carried out by the method of merging criminal acts, namely concursus realis, because the perpetrators carried out the initial act of forging signatures regulated in Article 263 of the Criminal Code and then resulted in the birth of corruption crimes charged with Article 2 of the Corruption Law.
Geomorphological Analysis Methodologies for Houran Valley Basin in Iraq
Authors: Aldayyeni Maryem , A. Jawad Laith 
Published: June 2023

Extracting, studying and interpreting the morphological database of a basin is a basic building block for building a correct geomorphological understanding of this basin. In this work, Arc GIS 10.8 software and SRTM DEM satellite images were used. The principle of data integration was adopted by extracting the quantitative values of the morphometric characteristics that are affected by the geomorphological condition of the studied basin, then eliciting an optimal conception of the geomorphological condition of the basin from the meanings and connotations of these combined transactions. Hypsometric integration was extracted for each region in the basin separately with the value of integration of the plot curve for the relative heights of the basin regions with their respective regions. Hypsometry coefficients reveal that regions (A, B, C, D, and F) are still in their formative years, while region E is in the maturity stage and region G is in the monadnock stage of the geomorphological cycle.
PENETAPAN HARGA DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI ISLAM
Authors: Effendi Syamsul 
Published: June 2023

Ekonomi islam memiliki konsep bahwa suatu pasar dapat berperan efektif dalam kehidupan ekonomi bila prinsip persaingan bebas dapat berlaku secara normal. Pasar tidak membutuhkan suatu intervensi dari pihak manapun, tidak terkecuali Negara dengan otoritas penentuan harga dengan kegiatan monopolistik atau yang lainnya. Persaingan bebas dalam hal ini adalah bahwa umat islam menentukan sendiri tentang apa yang harus di konsumsi dan di produksi serta dibebaskan untuk memilih sendiri apa-apa yang dibutuhkan dan bagaimana cara memenuhinya Teori ekonomi Islam mengenai harga pertama-tama dapat dilihat dari sebuah hadis yang menceritakan bahwa ada sahabat yang mengusulkan kepada nabi untuk menetapkan harga di pasar. Rasulullah menolak tawaran itu dan mengatakan bahwa harga di pasar tidak boleh ditetapkan karena Allah yang menentukannya.Sungguh menakjubkan teori Nabi tentang harga dan pasar. Kekaguman ini dikarenakan ucapan Nabi Saw itu mengandung pengertian bahwa harga pasar itu sesuai dengan kehendak Allah yang sunnatullah atau hukum supply and demand.Menurut pakar ekonomi Islam kontemporer, teori inilah yang diadopsi oleh Bapak Ekonomi barat Adam Smith dengan nama teori invisible hand. Menurut teori ini pasar akan diatur oleh tangan-tangan tidak kelihatan (invisible hand). Bukankah teori invisible hands itu lebih tepat dikatakan God hands (tangan- tangan Allah). Oleh karena harga sesuai dengan kekuatan penawaran dan permintaan di pasar, maka harga barang tidak boleh ditetapkan pemerintah, karena ketentuan harga tergantung pada hukum supply and demand.Namun demikian ekonomi Islam masih memberikan peluang pada kondisi tertentu untuk melakukan intervensi harga (price intervention) bila para pedagang melakukan monopoli dan kecurangan yang menekan dan merugikan konsumen. Islam memandang bahwa pasar, negara, dan individu berada dalam keseimbangan (iqtishad), tidak boleh ada sub-ordinat, sehingga salah satunya menjadi dominan dari yang lain. Pasar dijamin kebebasannya dalam Islam. Pasar bebas menentukan cara-cara produksi dan harga, tidak boleh ada gangguan yang mengakibatkan rusaknya keseimbangan pasar. Namun dalam kenyataannya sulit ditemukan pasar yang berjalan sendiri secara adil (fair). Distorasi pasar tetap sering terjadi, sehingga dapat merugikan para pihak.
Pengenalan Alat Permainan Edukatif Berbasis Multimedia Interaktif bagi Guru TK Akhsanuttaqwim di Kelurahan Gunungpring, Magelang
Authors: Ramadhika Boris , Sukarno Sukarno , Ferri Karma Carolus Prima , Dewantari Nuryunita 
Published: June 2023

Di era sekarang, anak usia dini merupakan generasi alfa yang sangat dekat dengan teknologi. Hal ini menjadi tantangan bagi guru anak usia dini untuk dapat membimbing anak menggunakan teknologi ke arah positif. Tujuan dari kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah memberikan pengetahuan mengenai Alat Permainan Edukatif (APE) berbasis multimedia interaktif berupa LCD writing tablet bagi guru di TK Akhsanuttaqwim. Pengabdian dilakukan melalui beberapa tahap, yaitu sosialisasi, pelaksanaan—yang terdiri atas pelatihan dan pendampingan, serta evaluasi. Hasil dari kegiatan ini adalah meningkatnya pengetahuan akan literasi digital dan variasi media guru terkait penggunaan teknologi sebagai media. Selain itu, guru juga mampu menerapkan media yang diberikan pada kelas yang diampu. Harapan dari guru selanjutnya adalah agar kegiatan ini dapat berkelanjutan karena guru merasa pelatihan terkait penerapan teknologi sangat dibutuhkan.
MODERN TÜRK HİKÂYECİLİĞİNİN İLK ÜRÜNLERİNDEN MÜSAMERETNAME’NİN SÖZ VARLIĞI ÜZERİNE BAZI NOTLAR
Authors: DOĞAN Enfel 
Published: June 2023

Emin Nihad Bey (1838-1879) tarafından, 1872-1875 yılları arasında yayımlanan Müsameretname, on iki cüzde tamamlanmış olup yedi uzun hikâyeden meydana gelmektedir. Bu eser, edebiyatımızda, modern (Batı tarzı) Türk hikâyeciliğinin ilk örneklerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. “Müsameretname” sözcüğü gece sohbetleri, gece hikâyeleri anlamına gelmekte olup eser, uzun kış gecelerinde bir araya gelen kişilerin birbirlerine hikâyeler anlatmalarıyla oluşur.
Müsameretname’de ara sıra döneminin klasik Osmanlı Türkçesiyle yazılmış ifadelere rastlanmakla beraber halkın konuşma dilinden de birçok öge de eser içerisinde bulunmaktadır:
a) Bugünün ölçünlü dilinde kullanmadığımız Türkçe ve Türkçeleşmiş kelimeler: yoğunuzdu! (= yok artık), deyindi! (= haydi), alındı! (= alın işte), benilledim (< belinledim= irkildim/ürktüm), kuşkutma- (= ürkütmemek), öğür (= alışmış, dost), çemreyerek (= kolları, paçaları sıvayarak), ayaktaşını (= arkadaşını), başının döngünlüğünden (= dönmesinden), yunucu (= yıkanıcı) vb.
b) Bugüne göre anlam farklılığı içeren kullanımlar: vâsıta (= deyyus), bilet (= pusula, not kâğıdı), kumpaslar (=hayaller) kurarak, kıyaklık (= insafsızlık, gaddarlık), ekşice (= olumsuz) vb.
c) Mahallî kelimeler: tufakot (=ağa), çellecuk (=çocuk), gumul (= kurabiye), cago (= yağmurluk), kedük (= gocuk), ligago (= Çerkez pastırması), çevaka (= ayakkabı) vb.
Müsameretname’de –bir kısmı daha önce sözlüklerde yer almamış- çok sayıda ilginç deyim ve az sayıda da atasözü bulunmaktadır.
Bu makalede, Müsameretname’nin yukarıda bir kısmına değinilen zengin ve ilginç söz varlığı konusundaki tespitlerimiz bir sınıflandırma dâhilinde dile getirilmiştir.
BİR DİL İMKÂNI OLARAK MUKADDİMETÜ’L-EDEB’DE BİRLEŞİK FİİLLER
Authors: ÖZÇAMKAN AYAZ Gülşen 
Published: June 2023

İki/çok dilli sözlükler, dilleri ayrı iki grubun aynı konuyu konuşabilmelerinin birer aracı, birbirlerini anlayabilmek amacının bir sonucudur. Sözlük metninde, dili aktaran dil şekillenir. Burada, üreticisinin seçimleriyle çeviri bir süreç, metin de bu sürecin bir ürünüdür. Bu ürün, şüphesiz, hedef dilin sistemince mümkün üretmeler üzerinden ortaya konurken aynı zamanda da sistem sınırlarında yeni imkânlar örneklenir. Çok dilli bir sözlükten, üretildiği/sunulduğu dil ile üreticisinin/ tercümanının dili beraberinde kaynak dilin etkisi de izlenebilir. Bu bakımdan tercüme/li eserler ve özellikle sözlükler anlamın yeniden inşasını yorumlamada önemli veriler içerir.
Harezm Türkçesinin bilinen en eski tarihli eseri Mukaddimetü’l-Edeb de satır aralarında tercümeli Arapça-Türkçe pratik bir sözlüktür. Sözlüğün temel düzeyde Arapça öğretmek amacıyla yazılmış olması ve tercümenin satır aralarında konumlandırılışı, anlaşılırlık ve mukayese bakımından kolay kullanışlılığı öne çıkarır. Önemine binaen Türkiye’de ve yurt dışında çok sayıda nüshası bulunan bu sözlük, hacimli ve çeşitli dil malzemesiyle Türkçe araştırmaları için önemli bir kaynak olup bilinen en eski nüshalarından ikisi Paris ve Yozgat nüshalarıdır.
Bu çalışmada, Mukaddimetü’l-Edeb’in Paris ve Yozgat nüshalarındaki Harezm Türkçesi metin, çeviri sürecinin bir ürünü olarak irdelenmiştir. Arapça cümle ve bazı ifade kalıplarının Türkçeye çevirileri üzerinden sözlükte anlamın aktarılış yolları değerlendirilmiş ve bu değerlendirmede bir dil imkânı olarak birleşik fiil yapıları vurgulanmıştır. Mukaddimetü’l-Edeb’de birleşik fiil kullanımı yerine göre stilistik bir tercih; bazen anlamın netleştiricisi, kimi zaman da tercümenin tek yolu olarak belirmektedir.
Correlação entre o teste do degrau de 6 minutos e o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos na avaliação da capacidade funcional em idosos
Authors: Rossi Jhade Cordeiro , Antunes Luiza , Carvalho Yasmim Ferreira , Martins Líbyna Thaynara Calandrelli , Gomes Angela Gabriella , Silva Rannyelly Eugênia Nascimento de Souza , Oliveira Leslia Cesar Moreira de , Nascimento Leonardo Lopes do 
Published: June 2023

A avaliação da capacidade funcional cardiorrespiratória pode contribuir para o prognóstico de doenças cardiovasculares, respiratórias crônicas e do sistema musculoesquelético, considerando perda da capacidade funcional e a presença de comorbidades. Essa avaliação pode ser feita através de testes máximos como o teste cardiopulmonar de exercício, teste ergométrico e testes submáximos como o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6min) e o teste de degrau de 6 minutos (TD6min). Poucos são os estudos que comparam ambos os testes e possam validar a substituição do TC6min pelo TD6min, já que o TC6min é um teste que requer um espaço grande para ser executado, diferente do TD6min, que necessita apenas de um degrau de 20 cm de altura. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a correlação entre o TD6min e o TC6min na avaliação da capacidade funcional de idosos. Estudo descritivo transversal com amostragem não probabilística voluntária, constituída por 28 idosos que fazem parte do estudo Fisioterapia Cardiovascular na Atenção Primária. A amostra foi submetida ao TC6min e TD6min, e os parâmetros do ínicio e final foram colhidos para serem comparados. A capacidade submáxima de exercício foi avaliada pela distância percorrida no teste de caminhada e pelo número de subidas e descidas do degrau, e equações foram realizadas para obter o VO2máx de ambos testes. A amostra apresentou idade média de 69.86 ± 7.34 anos (75% feminino). Houve uma correlação positiva e moderada entre os valores estimados para o VO2máx no teste de caminhada e degrau (p = 0,01 e r = 0,57) e entre a distância percorrida no teste de caminhada e o número de subidas e descidas no teste do degrau (p = 0,02 e r = 0,43). O teste do degrau de seis minutos pode ser uma alternativa para avaliar a capacidade funcional de idosos.
Dark Laboratories of the Soil
Authors: Uhall Michael 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Faced with the ecological crisis, it is necessary to elaborate a cosmopolitical stance. Such a cosmopolitics indicates the degree to which traditionally political categories are in fact products of the ecological landscape. Bruno Latour helps us theorize just such a cosmopolitics. I argue that Latour allows us privileged access to the diverse agencies composing our ecological condition. Latour is primarily an ecological thinker. I explore Latour's own formulations of a cosmopolitics and points of contact between Latour and the broader tradition of political ecology as exemplified by the American environmental theorist Aldo Leopold. I claim that Latour's cosmopolitical program benefits from being placed into dialogue with classic ecological formulations such as Leopold's conception of the land community and its various normative implications—his so-called “land ethic.”
A Chef, a Scientist, and Soil Erosion
Authors: Montgomery David R. 
Published: June 2023

Handelsman, Jo. 2021. A World Without Soil: The Past, Present, and Precarious Future of the Earth Beneath our Feet. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Evans, Matthew. 2021. Soil: The Incredible Story of What Keeps the Earth, and Us, Healthy. Australia: Murdoch Books.
Ciąża przedmiotem podstępu (kan. 1098 KPK) w pozwach przyjętych przez Sąd Metropolitalny w Lublinie
Authors: Lemieszek Przemysław 
Published: June 2023

Dodanie nowego tytułu nieważności małżeństwa do nowego Kodeksu Prawa Kanonicznego z 1983 r. oraz umieszczenie go w Kodeksie Kanonów Kościołów Wschodnich wskazuje na rozwój prawa kanoniczego w myśl zasady ius sequitur vitam. Ustawodawca jasno wskazuje na elementy nowej figury prawnej: intencję i cel sprawcy podstępu; ofiarę; błąd, który jest skutkiem działania podstępnego; przedmiot podstępu. Ujęcie w prawie kanonicznym machinacji działania, która ma na celu uzyskanie zgody małżeńskiej wynika z ochrony osoby poszkodowanej, która została oszukana odnośnie do istotnego przymiotu drugiej strony umowy małżeńskiej.
Sędzia, na podstawie pozwu, może wszcząć postępowanie sądowe, które ma na celu odnalezienie prawdy na temat ważnego zawarcia konkretnego małżeństwa. Pozew jest prośbą skierowaną do sądu, w której strona powodowa podaje fakty, na podstawie których ustalana jest formuła wątpliwości procesowej. Przeanalizowane pozwy pochodzą z archiwum Sądu Metropolitalnego w Lublinie. Dotyczą one spraw, w których przedmiotem podstępnego działania była ciąża. Należy zaznaczyć, że taki podstęp, dokonany zwykle przez kobietę, może dotyczyć bądź wprowadzenia w błąd odnośnie do samego faktu ciąży, bądź wprowadzenia w błąd odnoście do ojcostwa dziecka.
Problematyka współdziałania między Państwem i Kościołem w zakresie prawa procesowego w świetle art. 1 i 5 Konkordatu między Stolicą Apostolską i Rzecząpospolitą Polską
Authors: Kamiński Rafał 
Published: June 2023

Zasada współdziałania Kościoła i Państwa została w jednoznaczny sposób wysłowiona w art. 1 Konkordatu między Rzecząpospolitą Polską a Stolicą Apostolską z 1993 r. Jednocześnie współdziałanie, które może obejmować swym zakresem różne dziedziny, musi odbywać się w poszanowaniu zasady autonomii i niezależności każdej ze stron umowy międzynarodowej we własnym zakresie.
Kościół katolicki w art. 5 Konkordatu uzyskał od Państwa zapewnienie swobodnego wykonywania swojej jurysdykcji, włącznie z autonomią kościelnego sądownictwa, zwłaszcza w sprawach małżeńskich (por. art. 10 ust. 3-4 Konkordatu). Wynika to z nadrzędnej zasady poszanowania wolności religijnej, zapisanej w Konstytucji RP z 1997 r.
Jednym z obszarów współdziałania Kościoła i Państwa może być prawo procesowe. Złożona problematyka musi uwzględniać normy dwóch odrębnych porządków prawnych – państwowego i kościelnego. Problematykę tę należy zatem rozważać zarówno mając na uwadze normy prawa polskiego, a szczególnie Konkordat między Rzecząpospolitą Polską a Stolicą Apostolską, jak również normy kanoniczne, jako prawo wewnętrzne Kościoła katolickiego.
Autor artykułu ukazuje problematykę współdziałania Państwa i Kościoła w zakresie prawa procesowego, ograniczając się do procesowego prawa małżeńskiego i procesowego prawa karnego, które stosowane jest w sądownictwie kościelnym, a które nie może być aplikowane w całkowitym oderwaniu od ustawodawstwa państwowego.
Na bazie poszczególnych przepisów polskich i kościelnych dotyczących Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego, a także orzecznictwa i stosowanej praktyki, ukazane zostały obowiązki i prawa, jakie wynikają z norm prawnych, ale także wątpliwości i trudności wynikające z odmiennych założeń dwóch porządków prawnych.
Gender Representation: A Survey of Public Sector English Textbooks of Grades 7 and 8, KP, Pakistan
Authors: Hussain Turab , Umar Hazrat , Khan Iftikhar , Batool Irum 
Published: June 2023

Gender representation in textbooks helps to develop the students' perceptions of gender construction. It gradually becomes ingrained in students, and they develop their perspectives on gender in society with the help of these textbooks. The represented yardsticks of masculinity and femininity directly impact the gender conception of both male and female students. The current study analyzed gender representation in the newly designed English textbooks taught in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's (KP’s) government schools. Using a mixed-method approach, the study analyzed two textbooks, one from grade 7 and the other from grade 8. The linguistic (nouns, noun phrases, pronouns, verbs, verb phrases, adjectives, and adjective phrases associated with male and female constructions) and non-linguistic (invisibility and association of roles with males and females) data was collected, analyzed, and interpreted using textual analysis. The results confirmed the androcentric portrayal of gender in the recently designed English textbooks, which mostly associate females with emotional, friendly, indoor, and dependent activities. On the contrary, it tends to associate males with heroic, intellectual, strong, brave, dominating, decisive, outdoor, and independent qualities. Apart from addressing the issue of education and gender equality, this study has implications for the concerned research community, educational institutions, and the social science disciplines along with the humanities.