bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shared Leadership and the Evolution of Festivals
Authors: Caust Josephine , Goodwin Kim 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Arts leadership can have various meanings and associations, both in the context of arts practice as well as in the challenges of running an arts organization. This chapter focuses on the leadership of arts festivals. The two common models of leadership within arts festivals are individuals and duos (where one member of the duo is the general manager/executive director and the other is the artistic director). When it is an individual leader, the festival’s organization is usually built around their skills and needs. In the duo model, either organizational leadership is shared between the role of executive leader and artistic leader, who both report to the board, or one is given the overall role of organizational leader. Recently, though, in arts festivals this duo model has evolved into more complex collaborative leadership approaches. This chapter explores two such examples: Rising, where three individuals share the CEO role, and Next Wave, which has created an eight-person artistic directorate.
The Death of white Supremacy Culture in the US Creative Sector and Implications for Arts Management
Authors: Floyd Quanice , Cuyler Antonio C. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
As a response to the 2020 global protests for racial justice, more cultural organizations have posted statements supporting Black lives than ever before. More than a year later, we have observed an unparalleled seriousness in the US creative sector about addressing racial access, diversity, equity, and inclusion (ADEI) issues through an increase in training, the hiring of diversity, equity, and inclusion officers, and the creation of anti-racist strategic plans. Although this momentum is heartening, history has shown that because of how white Americans have socially constructed race, structured it, and systemically built it into society, white supremacy culture will always seek to thwart the search for racial justice by people of the global majority. Thus, this chapter explores two research questions. First, how might critical race theory (CRT) inform and assist the death of white supremacy culture in the US creative sector? Second, what implications might the death of white supremacy culture hold for the future of arts management? As it pursues an anti-racist and liberatory culture, the creative sector must remain hyperfocused on the threat that white supremacy culture poses to progress at this pivotal moment in the movement. The chapter’s discussion of the tenets of CRT, characteristics of white supremacy culture, and case studies aims to aid the creative sector in understanding why it must make an unwavering commitment to addressing racial ADEI now.
An International Perspective on Arts and Cultural Funding
Authors: Lin Yi , Luo Huihui 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In the market economy environment, the financing mechanism of arts and cultural organizations is usually considered to be the core element in achieving stable, sustainable funding. This chapter proposes that the financing mechanism is a dynamic system consisting of a driving system, an operation system, and the external environment. The funding structure, representing the proportions of income from each main funding source, is at the core of the driving system. In analyzing the motivations, values, and evaluation criteria behind different funding actions, this chapter finds that there are several forces behind the funding structure exerting power on arts organizations. The article also reveals the interactions between market force, academic force, innovation force, reputation force, and institutionalization force and their influence on the financing mechanism of cultural and arts organizations.
Memoir, Autofiction, and the New Indian Humanities
Authors: Srinivasan Ragini Tharoor 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter pursues two developments in modern Indian Anglophone literature: the institutionalization of creative writing in Indian institutions of higher education and a metacritical turn in literary memoir and autofiction. In the first two decades of the 21st century, Indian universities such as Ashoka and the Manipal Centre for Humanities advanced a formerly “Western” liberal arts tradition by creating new institutional structures for creative writing pedagogy and credentialization. The chapter reads Gayathri Prabhu’s experimental memoir, if I had to tell it again (2017), and Amit Chaudhuri’s autofictional novella, Friend of My Youth (2017), as evidence of a new trend in Indian literary nonfiction writing in English inflected by these institutional changes. It proposes that modern Indian Anglophone memoir and autofiction be read as a future-oriented process of living, as opposed to a means of memorializing the past. The chapter offers a critical complement to sociological scholarship on the itineraries of global-South writers in US creative writing programs by locating in India and Indian institutions a future for the New Indian Humanities.
Italic Pythagoreanism in the Hellenistic Age
Authors: Horky Phillip Sidney 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter seeks to elucidate the nature of “Italic” philosophy as a correlate to Pythagorean philosophy in the Hellenistic era. It starts from a claim made in Cicero’s On Old Age (77–78), in which Cato the Elder refers to Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans as “practically our own countrymen,” who were once called “Italian philosophers.” It aims to complicate Cato’s claim by evaluating what “Italian” meant in the writings of Cicero and his contemporaries, considering issues of ethnicity, language, geography, and political ideology. It then turns to the surviving evidence of “Italian” philosophy after the second century BCE, in the fragments ascribed to the Lucanians Aesara/Aresas (On the Nature of the Human), Occelus (On Law, On the Nature of the Universe) and Eccelus (On Justice), as well as those of the Oscan/Messapian poet Ennius of Rudiae (Epicharmus). The chapter concludes by considering the dissolution of Pythagorean philosophy in Italy, and its replacement by Epicureanism, in the late second century BCE.
Cicero and the Evolution of Philosophical Dialogue
Authors: Fox Matthew 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chapter examines Cicero’s contribution to the genre of philosophical dialogue. It argues that he was the first to use speakers in dialogues as representatives of different philosophical schools; he adds a particular kind of preface in order to situate philosophical conversation within a specific historical and political setting; by these means he emphasizes the practical and contingent aspects of philosophy, sometimes at the expense of the abstract; he uses historical references to highlight the need for philosophy, and to keep readers aware of the artificiality of his textual practice, and the conventional quality of the form itself. Passages from De finibus, including its account of the rape of Lucretia, are examined to show how these different aspects operate.
Plutarch
Authors: Karamanolis George 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Plutarch sets out to do justice to Plato’s philosophy as a whole, its doctrines as well as its skeptical aspect, but also to defend it from its critics and rivals, Epicureans and Stoics. Plutarch’s Platonic exegesis relies mainly on the Timaeus, which he interprets literally, maintaining that the world has come about from two principles, the demiurge (accounting for order and unity) and the indefinite dyad (accounting for disorder and multiplicity). Plutarch extends principle dualism in psychology and in ethics, maintaining that both the world soul and the human soul have a rational and a nonrational aspect. Plutarch appreciates Plato’s dialectical and aporetic element, and this becomes evident not only in his epistemology but also in that he emulates Plato by writing dialogues and making frequent use of analogies, metaphors and myths. Plutarch anticipates several ideas that we find articulated later in Platonism, especially in Numenius and Plotinus.
Roman Philosophy in Its Political and Historiographical Context
Authors: Malaspina Ermanno , Della Calce Elisa 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes up two topics. On one hand it examines the philosophical background of the historical genre in Rome and focuses on the “past-present” dialectic in the Prefaces of three Roman historians (Sallust, Livy, and Tacitus), examining the nature of their political theory. On the other hand, it deals with what is today called “political philosophy.” It first looks at Roman philosophical contributions to understanding the nature of the res publica and to healing its ills. It then turns to ethical approaches, predicated on the moral qualities of the citizen or ruler, and to the radical criticism of any commitment to public affairs. In all these areas, consideration is given not only to recognized philosophical writers such as Cicero, Lucretius, and Seneca, but also, more broadly, to the philosophical elements recoverable in writers who were not professional philosophers.
Self and World in extremis in Roman Stoicism
Authors: Porter James I. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Roman Stoicism is typically read as a therapeutic philosophy that is centered around the care of the self and presented in the form of a self-help manual. Closer examination reveals a less reassuring and more challenging side to the school’s teachings, one that provokes ethical reflection at the limits of the self’s intactness and coherence. The self is less an object of inquiry than the byproduct of a complex set of experiences in the face of nature and society and across any number of flashpoints, from one’s own or others’ beliefs, actions, values, and relationships to the difficulty of sizing up one’s place in the universe. The pressures of natural and ethical reflection put intuitive conceptions of the self at considerable risk. The Roman Stoic self, read in the present case through the example of Seneca, proves to be vulnerable, contingent, unbounded, relational, and opaque—in short, a rich matrix of problems that point beyond the individual self and anticipate contemporary critiques of the self.
Death
Authors: Warren James 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Roman philosophical authors inherit a set of arguments and claims about death from their Greek predecessors but develop and modify them in important ways. Most obviously, they take on the central disagreement between those who believe that after death the soul remains and those who believe that death is the total annihilation of the person. They also think about the nature and value of death in the context of standing Roman notions of duty, pietas, and courage. Roman writers influenced by Stoicism, often looking back to the examples of Socrates and Cato, make more prominent the theme of philosophically justified suicide.
Christian Ethics
Authors: Davidson Ivor J. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The De officiis of Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397) represents a significant landmark in early Christian ethics for its self-conscious adaptation of Cicero’s De officiis. This chapter considers what Ambrose was seeking to do in evoking Roman moral philosophy, and the relationship between continuity and change in his reconstruction of Ciceronian-Stoic ideals. Ambrose was a natural admirer of Cicero, deeply formed by his legacy. He also aspired to represent Christian virtue as not only matching but exceeding classical standards. In picking up the structure, style, themes, and reasoning of Cicero’s text while suffusing his own approach with biblical and Christian idiom, Ambrose ventured strategic imitation by way of a sustained contrast, seeking to annex but also to replace Ciceronian-Stoic ethics as a practical guide for public figures in a different cultural world. The attempt to supersede was mixed in its results; Roman philosophy inevitably endured in and beyond its creative Christian reception.
Augustine’s Reception of Platonism
Authors: Bouton-Touboulic Anne-Isabelle 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
There is both continuity (from his Earlier Dialogues of 386 to the City of God) and difference in Augustine’s reception of Platonism. For linguistic reasons, his appropriation of Plato was indirect, mainly via Cicero and neo-Platonism. He discovered philosophy by reading Cicero’s Hortensius, and it is worth underscoring that his intellectual adherence to the Christian faith was born from his encounter with neo-Platonism, through the Latin translation of the so-called Libri Platonicorum—books that still give rise to discussion among scholars concerning their nature, authors, and content. Augustine always placed Platonism above any other ancient philosophy, as being closest to Christian doctrine. He saw in Platonism above all the opposition between the intelligible and the sensible, and the affirmation of transcendence. Considering the neo-Platonism of Plotinus and Porphyry, this influence is operative also in his ontology as well as in his description of life and the activities of the soul, in the Confessions and De Trinitate. In these latter works, he offered a new representation of human subjectivity in respect to transcendence. As time passed, he moved toward a more polemical and apologetic approach, as he did in the City of God by his critical reading of Porphyry.
Transmitting Roman Philosophy
Authors: Griffin Quinn 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This article examines the relationship between Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Christianity in the letters of humanist Laura Cereta (1469–1499). Refusing to limit herself to a single philosophical school in her attempts to define how to live a “good life,” Cereta draws on the works of Seneca, and through him, the sayings of Epicurus. Cereta draws on Stoicism in particular as she considers how to face human mortality. Her discussion of Epicureanism constitutes a defense of the school from charges of hedonism, and draws on the work of contemporaries such as Lorenzo Valla in exploring the concept of voluptas. Ultimately, Cereta defines a path toward happiness that combines elements of both schools, and that is still compatible with Christianity.
“The Art of Self-Deception”
Authors: Meeker Natania 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the way in which libertine materialisms of the seventeenth and eighteenth century engage with a Roman philosophical legacy. The intellectual attitudes connoted by “libertinism” on the one hand and “materialism” on the other remain at odds with one another as the Enlightenment wears on. In a rearticulation of Lucretian themes, however, the two positions find a point of convergence. With the return to Lucretius, libertine materialism recovers a certain consistency and new versions of Epicurean community emerge in a space opened by literary and poetic representation. In contrast to other critiques of religious and political authority, libertine neo-Lucretianism most often posits pleasure not as the ultimate affirmation of a secular human subject but as this subject’s delightful dissolution or dispossession. The libertine turn to Lucretius is transnational and transgenerational, knitting together seventeenth- and eighteenth-century philosophies of pleasure, a libertinage érudit, and an enlightened libertinism preoccupied with the mechanics of the erotic encounter.
Marcus Aurelius and the Tradition of Spiritual Exercises
Authors: Sellars John 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Marcus Aurelius’s Meditations and considers its status as a work of philosophy by placing it within a broader tradition of spiritual exercises in ancient philosophy. It presents the Meditations as a private notebook, never intended for publication, in which Marcus engaged in a series of written exercises aimed at self-examination. In particular, these exercises were aimed at assimilating and digesting key philosophical principles. Central to this process was the practice of paying close attention to principles at all times. In this context the notion of a spiritual exercise is introduced and its use by Musonius Rufus and Seneca is examined; then some specific spiritual exercises in the Meditations are discussed.
An urgent appeal to paediatric primary caregivers to help prevent severe iron deficiency anemia in toddlers
Authors: Gruda Sussman Raizl , Baker Jillian M 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common problem in toddlers. The cause of IDA is multifactorial but is often from excessive consumption of cow’s milk. The prevalence and at times devastating consequences of IDA are under recognized. There are increasing numbers of toddlers presenting with severe IDA. We urge all paediatric primary care givers to help prevent severe IDA through adherence to the 2019 CPS Guidelines on iron requirements, early diagnosis, and adequate treatment.
Structural basis and evolution of the photosystem I–light-harvesting supercomplex of cryptophyte algae
Authors: Zhao Long-Sheng , Wang Peng , Li Kang , Zhang Quan-Bao , He Fei-Yu , Li Chun-Yang , Su Hai-Nan , Chen Xiu-Lan , Liu Lu-Ning , Zhang Yu-Zhong 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Cryptophyte plastids originated from a red algal ancestor through secondary endosymbiosis. Cryptophyte photosystem I (PSI) associates with transmembrane alloxanthin-chlorophyll a/c proteins (ACPIs) as light-harvesting complexes (LHCs). Here, we report the structure of the photosynthetic PSI–ACPI supercomplex from the cryptophyte Chroomonas placoidea at 2.7-Å resolution obtained by crygenic electron microscopy. Cryptophyte PSI–ACPI represents a unique PSI–LHCI intermediate in the evolution from red algal to diatom PSI–LHCI. The PSI–ACPI supercomplex is composed of a monomeric PSI core containing 14 subunits, 12 of which originated in red algae, 1 diatom PsaR homolog, and an additional peptide. The PSI core is surrounded by 14 ACPI subunits that form 2 antenna layers: an inner layer with 11 ACPIs surrounding the PSI core and an outer layer containing 3 ACPIs. A pigment-binding subunit that is not present in any other previously characterized PSI–LHCI complexes, ACPI-S, mediates the association and energy transfer between the outer and inner ACPIs. The extensive pigment network of PSI–ACPI ensures efficient light harvesting, energy transfer, and dissipation. Overall, the PSI–LHCI structure identified in this study provides a framework for delineating the mechanisms of energy transfer in cryptophyte PSI–LHCI and for understanding the evolution of photosynthesis in the red lineage, which occurred via secondary endosymbiosis.
GSK3 phosphorylates and regulates the Green Revolution protein Rht-B1b to reduce plant height in wheat
Authors: Dong Huixue , Li Danping , Yang Ruizhen , Zhang Lichao , Zhang Yunwei , Liu Xu , Kong Xiuying , Sun Jiaqiang 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The utilization of stabilized DELLA proteins Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b was crucial for increasing wheat (Triticum aestivum) productivity during the Green Revolution. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be clarified. Here, we cloned a gain-of-function allele of the GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinase-encoding gene GSK3 by characterizing a dwarf wheat mutant. Furthermore, we determined that GSK3 interacts with and phosphorylates the Green Revolution protein Rht-B1b to promote it to reduce plant height in wheat. Specifically, phosphorylation by GSK3 may enhance the activity and stability of Rht-B1b, allowing it to inhibit the activities of its target transcription factors. Taken together, we reveal a positive regulatory mechanism for the Green Revolution protein Rht-B1b by GSK3, which might have contributed to the Green Revolution in wheat.
Alanine/EPR dosimetry for mailed intercomparison at ocular proton therapy facilities—preliminary results for three centres for irradaitions at CCB IFJ PAN eyeline
Authors: Michalec Barbara , De Angelis Cinzia , Foltyńska Gabriela , Horwacik Tomasz , Reniers Brigitte , Wochnik Agnieszka , Kopeć Renata , Swakoń Jan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Quality control of therapeutic photon beams in the form of postal dose audits based on passive dosemeters is widely used in photon radiotherapy. On the other hand, no standardised dosimetry audit programme for proton centres has been established in Europe so far. We evaluated alanine/EPR dosimetry systems developed at the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Italy), the Hasselt Universiteit (Belgium) and the Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland) for their applicability as a potential tool for routine mailed dose audits of passively scattered therapeutic proton beams. The evaluation was carried out in the form of an intercomparison. Dosemeters were irradiated in the 70 MeV proton beam at ocular proton therapy facility in the Cyclotron Centre Bronowice at the Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow. A very good agreement was found between the dose measured by three laboratories and the delivered dose determined with an ionisation chamber. This, together with the inherent properties of alanine, such as non-destructive readout, tissue equivalence, weak energy dependence, dose rate independence and insignificant fading, makes alanine a good candidate for a dosemeter used in postal auditing in proton ocular radiotherapy.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) targeting the postcentral gyrus reduces malevolent creative ideation
Authors: Gao Zhenni , Lu Kelong , Hao Ning 
Published: March 2023

AbstractMalevolent creativity (MC) is defined as a manifestation in which people propose to materially, mentally or physically harm themselves or others in a novel manner. Malevolent creative ideation can be inhibited by high moral emotions (i.e. sympathy, guilt and shame) and low negative emotions, which promote prosocial behaviors. Given that the right postcentral gyrus (PCG) is involved in generating sympathy and emotional recognition for others and the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) is involved in emotional regulation, we suggest that the right PCG and right MFG may play important roles in malevolent creative ideation. In Study 1, we recruited 98 healthy and right-handed college participants (80 females, age = 21.11 ± 2.00 years) and examined the role of the right PCG in malevolent creative ideation using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). The results showed that the accuracy of emotional recognition changed when the right PCG received electrical stimulation. Enhancing the activation of the right PCG reduced MC originality and fluency, whereas inhibiting it increased MC originality and fluency. In Study 2, we recruited 91 healthy and right-handed college participants (74 females, age = 21.22 ± 2.28 years) and examined the role of the right MFG in malevolent creative ideation using tDCS. The results showed no significant difference in malevolent creative performance between the pre- and post-test when electrical stimulation was applied over the right MFG. These findings indicate that enhancing the activation of the right PCG, which is closely correlated with emotional recognition, reduces an individual’s malevolent creative ideation.