bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Vaccum Dressings In Open Wounds of Pilonidal Sinus
Authors: Faheem Komal , Zaheer Farhan , Faizan Muhammad , Jawaid Bushra , Shahab Hassan , Salman Sumbla , Bin Shoaib Umer , Siddiqui Sarush Ahmed , Hasan Mohammad 
Published: July 2023

Pilonidal sinus is an acute suppurative condition occurring beneath the sacrococcygeal area presenting as an abscess acutely while as intermittent discharge in its chronic form. Objective: To determine the role of NPWT in the management of pilonidal sinus in a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan over 6 months. Methods: 50 patients were divided into two groups; control and NPWT. It was an open-label randomized trial. The patients in the control group were being managed by wet dressing compared to the NPWT group where VAC therapy was used for wound healing. Both groups were followed for 14 days. Healing was measured by VAS score, wound size, and number of complications. Results: Wound size post-operatively was measured in both groups and was 36.33 squared centimeters in the control group with 30. 97 squared centimeters in the intervention group showed no statistical significance. On the 14th day of the trial, the wound size was compared again and in the control group, the size was found to be 24.4 cm2 and 14.9 cm2 in the intervention group. However, no statistical significance was shown. On the visual analog scale for pain after 14 days, both groups demonstrated a steep decline falling to nearly 1.5 from 9 on the first postoperative day however showing no significant difference across the two groups. Conclusions: There was no significant difference between the two methods and similar time was required in both groups before resuming daily life activities.
THE INDIA–WORLD BANK: HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP
Authors: R. Venkatesh  
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Cooperation between the World Bank and India goes back to the foundation of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) in 1944. As one of 44 countries, India prepared the agenda for the Bretton Woods Conference in June 1944. The Indian delegation led by Sir Jeremy Raisman, Finance Member of the Government of India, proposed the name "International Bank for Reconstruction and Development India managed to lift 133 million people out of poverty between 1994 and 2012. However, India with a population of 1.3 billion shows 5% of its population living in extreme poverty. In June 2018, India ran a current account deficit of USD 15.8 billion, marking the highest deficit in the last five years. India exported USD 261 billion in 2016, making it the 17th largest exporter in the world. However, India's export structure is still not really diversified and focuses primarily on commodities and primary products. Diamonds and jewelry and packaged pharmaceuticals account for about 20% of the export sector
DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL LEARNING BASED INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS
Authors: Panji Adam Agus Putra  , Yuda Dharma Putra  , Maman Surahman  , Heru Pratikno  , M Zidan Al Insyani  , Intan Nurapriliani  , Nurbani Syifa  
Published: July 2023

Collaboration programs with international organizations develop all aspects, especially in the field of education that the university has carried out. The activity was educating the elementary school teachers because it has a significant component in the educational process. The university education system has a substantial role in preparing competitive human resources. This study result findings in the form of language and cultural differences is the main issues in the implementation of the international collaboration programs.
The method was used group discussions between Indonesian and Thai teachers through an innovative approach to digital learning media in a more structured and in-depth way. Group discussion case studies successfully provided practical and interactive experiences to the participants. It was concluded that mutual understanding of culture between teachers and students was fundamental and needs to be considered so that learning can be done effectively and comfortably. Educators can jointly build awareness of the effectiveness of using technology in the classroom. Technology was not only used but has a significant impact on learning processes and outcomes. The implementation of this international collaboration program aims to solve the problems faced and enhance cooperation between the two countries further.
Aarhus Regulation Administrative (self-) Review Mechanism: The Inevitable Failure to Contribute to Access to Justice in the EU?
Authors: Krężel Angelika 
Published: July 2023

In this article, the administrative review mechanism under the ‘old’ and the ‘new’ Aarhus Regulation is analysed. It is argued that the mechanism still raises concerns, among others, regarding impartiality and fairness, as required by the Aarhus Convention (the ‘old problems’). The conclusion is that although the Aarhus Regulation administrative review mechanism was introduced in order to strengthen access to justice in environmental matters in the EU legal system, it does not significantly contribute to this aim. Instead, it constitutes the mechanism of self-review for the EU institutions and bodies. Nevertheless, it is argued that this failure is inevitable and lays down in its very foundations. In practical terms, it seems that the mechanism designed to ‘provide for access to judicial or other review procedures for challenging acts and omissions by private persons’ effectively contributes to another than access to justice component of environmental democracy, mainly access to information.
Access to justice, EU legal remedies, environmental law, administrative review mechanism, Aarhus Convention, Aarhus Regulation
Case T-295/20 Aquind: Clarifying the Division of Powers in the EU Energy Sector
Authors: Huhta Kaisa 
Published: July 2023

Treaty law imposes several limitations on the use of the European Union’s (EU’s) powers in the energy sector. While many of these energy-specific competence restrictions have been analysed in EU legal scholarship, the scope and interpretation ofEUcompetences in the area of trans-European energy infrastructures have remained unexplored. Addressing this gap in the literature, the article examines the division of powers in the EU energy sector in the light of the recent Aquind ruling. The analysis demonstrates that the Aquind case not only clarifies the division of powers with regard to EU energy law and the development of trans-European energy infrastructures but also highlights how Member States’ territorial sovereignty interacts with the development of those infrastructures and thus impacts the development of the internal energy market.
T-295/20 Aquind, competence, projects of common interest, trans-European infrastructures, sovereignty, internal market
The Legality of EU Sanctions Under International Investment Agreements
Authors: Olmedo Javier Garcia 
Published: July 2023

The ‘unilateral turn’ in EU trade and investment policy is also reflected in the EU’s adoption of restrictive measures or sanctions following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. EU sanctions do not only target the Russian government but also Russian individuals and companies with investments in the EU. They can also indirectly affect the economic activities of other foreign investors running businesses in the territory of Member States. This raises unexplored questions about the interaction between EU sanctions and certain disciplines of international economic law, such as international investment protection law. Member States have undertaken obligations under international investment agreements (IIAs) signed with Russia and other states in respect of investments made in their territory by Russian and non-Russian investors. This article examines whether, and if so to what extent, the EU’s unilateral turn in the form of sanctions can fall within the scope of international investment law. It shows that this policy can trigger claims against Member States under a different set of IIAs. This article also examines potential defences that Member States can invoke against investment treaty claims resulting from the implementation of sanctions.
Sanctions, Russia-Ukraine conflict, international law, international investment agreements, ISDS, nationality, third-party countermeasures, essential security interests
The Concept of Net Assets for the Purposes of the Serious Loss of Capital Framework as Set Forth in the European Capital Maintenance Rules
Authors: Pessoa Diogo 
Published: July 2023

In this article, we start by describing the treatment of the participative loans under the Spanish recapitalize or liquidate rule and the potential problems of EU Law conformity of said framework. Under this light, we analyse the European rules on the serious loss of capital and try to conclude with an explanation of the concept of net assets, as relevant for such framework.
Net assets, Legal Capital Doctrine, Serious Loss of Capital, Subscribed Capital
The Impact of Appraisal Remedies on the Financial Position of the Private Company
Authors: Roodhooft Olivier 
Published: July 2023

Appraisal remedies offer a withdrawal right to minority shareholders who are confronted with midstream-changes in a company. This form of minority protection is a hot topic in (European) company law especially since the introduction of appraisal remedies in the Cross Border Mobility Directive.
This article deals with an underexposed risk to this form of minority protection in private companies, namely the impact of the payment of the compensation for the withdrawing shareholder on the financial position of the company. Just as any other distribution, the payment of the compensation could endanger the solvency and liquidity of the company. This is not only relevant for the company creditors but also the remaining shareholders. I will elaborate on this risk and how remedies for creditor protection can temper it.
This article argues that this risk will, however, only seldomly occur as the impact on the financial position of the company will have a deterrent effect on the underlying transaction. The most plausible situations in which this risk will occur are ‘do or die’ transactions and the scenario of irrational behaviour of shareholders. For these scenarios, means of creditor protection are needed.
Appraisal remedies, withdrawal of shareholders, private companies’ minority protection, creditor protection
Individual Private Rights of Action under the Platform-to-Business Regulation
Authors: Franck Jens-Uwe 
Published: July 2023

This article explores the availability of individual private rights of action under the Platform-to-Business Regulation. It is argued that Member States are required to provide for such remedies for the benefit of business users of online intermediation services and corporate website users. Individual rights of action are necessary, first, to ensure an adequate and effective level of overall enforcement and, second, to effectuate the implicit rights that must be inferred from the obligations the Regulation imposes on providers of online intermediation services and search engines. To make this case, we illustrate the practical relevance and deficiencies of individual rights of action using several German court cases; examine the key elements of the Regulation’s ‘visible’ enforcement architecture; apply the ECJ’s case lines on implicit individual rights and private rights of action as a non-specified enforcement tool; and provide an analysis of the potential added value and perceived weaknesses of individual rights of action as a mechanism to enforce the Regulation.
Platform-to-business regulation 2019/1150, private enforcement, individual rights of action, online intermediation services, online search engines, amazon marketplace, platform economy, choice-of-court agreements, principle of effectiveness
Global Finance and the Anthropocene: Regulatory Shifts and Prospective Effects
Authors: Marcacci Antonio 
Published: July 2023

Financial institutions must play their part in the fight against climate change. In this context, the concept of the Anthropocene becomes relevant for securities markets via terms such as sustainable finance and ESG. These terms are now a core issue for securities regulators around the world. Lack of clarity and standardized disclosure both across and within jurisdictions make the analysis of and comparison between financial products extremely difficult. Investors’ demand for green products exacerbates the need for standardization. Against this backdrop, financial institutions face two hurdles. First, how to properly assess their in-house financing activities. Second, how to guide investors in their investment decisions. The article shows that, due to the increasing complexity and political importance of green finance, we are witnessing a double, simultaneous shift. First, from transnational private regulation to domestic regulatory law, with the EU in the driver’s seat. Second, towards transnational supervisory standards, adopted by IOSCO.
Anthropocene, sustainable finance, ESG, IOSCO, transnational securities regulation, Brussels effect, European green deal, green taxonomy, ESMA, EBA
EU Case Laws on Customs in 2022
Authors: Melin Yves , Fressynet Isabel , Golouchko Anna , Opdenbosch Valentina Van , De Bruyn Jesse 
Published: July 2023

This article provides an overview of the judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) regarding EU customs in the year 2022,in particular, with respect to valuation, classification and value-added tax upon importation (import VAT).
EU customs, valuation, classification and import VAT, Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
Explaining Japan’s Decision to Join the MPIA: Avoiding the Void
Authors: Miyoka Kunio , Trehearne Colin 
Published: July 2023

Japan has long been a supporter of and an active participant in the rules-based trading system. This has allowed Japan, like many states, to engage in trade that it regards as fair and stable, liberated from superpower or great power preferences. In recent years, however, the rules-based trading system has faced challenges including from paralysis at the WTO Appellate Body arising from the United States deciding to block the appointment of Appellate Body members, accusing the body of ‘persistent overreaching’. In turn, the lack of a functioning Appellate Body allows WTO cases to be appealed ‘into the void’ of a non-functioning appeals system. Some WTO Members have made alternative temporary arrangements for an appeals system: the Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA) which, until now, Japan had not chosen to join. Japan’s decision to now join the MPIA could be seen as a departure from its prior approach, but is in fact consistent with its long-held principles.
Japan, MPIA, WTO, DSB, Arbitration, DSU, Appellate Body, Void, Trade, Plurilateral
The Serious Business of Having Fun: EU Legal Protection for Those Working Online in the Digital Economy
Authors: Barnard Catherine 
Published: July 2023

While a huge amount of judicial and academic attention has been paid to the employment status of those who provide physical services via an app, such as ride-hailing services by Uber drivers and food delivery services by Deliveroo cyclists, much less attention has been given to the legal position of those providing services as influencers and content creators in the online world via platforms such as Instagram and YouTube. It may be possible that some fall within the Court of Justice’s increasingly broad definition of ‘worker’, a position helped by the presumption of worker status in the proposed Platform Work Directive. If so, they will benefit from the full range of EU employment rights. But many are genuinely self-employed and so are entitled to almost no employment protection. Yet, like workers, they have a vulnerability. If their access to these platforms is turned off, it is highly damaging for their work; and there may be no obvious alternative platform to give them the profile which is necessary for them to succeed. The EU is showing itself to be innovative in responding to this challenge: first, with an extended personal scope under the proposed Platform Workers Directive which gives some rights to ‘persons performing platform work’ (PPPW) (and more rights still to ‘platform workers’), and second, in the P2B Regulation 2019/1150 and the Digital Services Act, by moving away from the focus on the status of the individual and paying attention instead to the obligations of the platform. These obligations can be summed up by the acronym TAR: Transparency, Accountability and Remedies. They are procedural rather than substantive obligations but they do recognize the need for at least some protection for those who, in the past, would have been denied it. This legislation is, indirectly, beginning to reshape our understanding of what constitutes labour law.
Gig Economy, Precarity, Worker Protection, Online Platforms, Influencers, Content Creators
The European Pillar of Social Rights: A Dangerous Distraction?
Authors: Seiwerth Stephan 
Published: July 2023

The European Pillar of Social Rights set out to reaffirm a European promise of universal welfare and prosperity as a remedy for a perceived crisis of legitimacy of the EU. This paper argues that the Pillar does not actually state legally binding rights and that ist name is therefore misleading. However, case-law of the European Court of Justice indicates that the Pillar could be used as a tool for the interpretation, in particular, of the – legally binding – Charta of Fundamental Rights, potentially widening the scope of application of the latter. This in turn, the article argues, might undermine the very objective the Pillar set out to reach – improving the EU‘s appeal to and acceptance by its citizens – by way of gradually increasing democratic deficits of the European Union while insufficiently targeting social ones.
crisis of legitimacy, source of interpretation, democratic deficit, social deficit
ISDS and States’ Ability to Deal with Financial Crisis
Authors: Wilson Therese , Banens Yuri , Sharif Shanayah 
Published: July 2023

This article reports on the results of an empirical study focused on ‘carve outs’ with respect to financial regulation in bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and free trade agreements (FTAs) entered into during the five-year period between 2015 and 2019. It did so by analysing the eighty-five BITs and FTAs signed in the period 2015 to 2019 inclusive, which were available in English in the UNCTAD Investment Policy hub, identifying three primary types of carve outs. We define carve outs as clauses which either provide an exception or defence to investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) claims in certain circumstances or exempt altogether particular conduct by a state from the scope of ISDS, in order to protect state sovereignty. The article explores the likely effectiveness of those carve outs in protecting state sovereignty and minimizing ISDS claims against states arising out of regulatory measures taken to protect national economies in the event of crisis. The inclusion of appropriate carve outs is likely to support perceptions of the legitimacy of ISDS in BITs and FTAs. The article considers some earlier cases of ISDS relating to financial regulation and considers the impact that some of the more modern carve outs might have had on those scenarios. The article concludes with recommendations for model clauses and approaches in BITs and FTAs.
Investor-state arbitration, financial regulation, state sovereignty, regulatory carve outs, BITs and FTAs
Responsive Competition Law Enforcement: Lessons from the Greek Competition Authority
Authors: Makris Stavros 
Published: July 2023

According to the conventional view competition law differs from regulation in that it is applied ex post, through proscriptions, and in a ‘crime-tort’ fashion. From this angle, when competition enforcers intervene ex ante, in a prophylactic manner, and employ prescriptive tools, they inappropriately transform competition law into ‘regulatory antitrust’. The present study challenges this view arguing that modern competition law intervention has moved beyond the crime-tort enforcement model and aspires to be ‘responsive’. This means that modern enforcers intervene ex ante and ex post, use prescriptive and proscriptive tools, and impose restorative and prophylactic remedies to ensure that the law is applied effectively. The works of the Greek Competition Authority offer a case study to illustrate this point. This authority has been utilizing a plurality of tools and enforcement strategies to enhance compliance and deterrence, and apply the law responsively. However, enforcement that aspires to be responsive may create problems of over-enforcement or under-enforcement, be vulnerable to regulatory failures or undermine Rule-of-Law principles. For this reason, this study draws on responsive regulation theory to make fourteen recommendations on how to address these challenges and ensure truly responsive enforcement.
competition law, enforcement, remedies, regulation, regulatory theory, competition policy
Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Pekerja yang Terkena Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja di Masa Pandemi Covid-19
Authors: Hasna Rafika , Febriansyach Reihandika , Sinurat Ronaldo Putra Pratama , Irawan Ferry 
Published: July 2023

Perlindungan hukum untuk pekerja atau buruh sangat diperlukan. Di masa pandemi Covid-19, banyak gejolak yang terjadi di perusahaan yang bisa menyebabkan perusahaan mengalami kerugian dan bisa berdampak pada pekerja dari perusahaan itu sendiri. Para pekerja bisa terkena imbasnya seperti pengurangan upah atau gaji hingga pemutusan hubungan kerja (PHK) sehingga mereka tidak bisa bekerja dan menghidupi keluarganya. Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui bentuk perlindungan hukum terhadap pekerja di masa pandemi Covid-19 jika dilihat dari peraturan perundang-undangan tentang perburuhan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini adalah metode penelitian yuridis normatif yang mengkaji ketentuan-ketentuan hukum positif, asas hukum, maupun doktrin hukum yang menggunakan pendekatan Peraturan Perundang-undangan dan Pendekatan Konsep yang berarti pendekatan yang dilakukan dengan menelaah Undang-undang dan peraturan lain yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan yang sedang dibahas. Hasil pembahasan menunjukkan sebagai berikut. Pertama, hak-hak pekerja yang harus didapatkan seperti tidak ada diskriminasi bagi pekerja dalam memperoleh pekerjaan, pelatihan kerja merupakan hak buruh, kesempatan pelatihan kerja adalah sama bagi setiap pekerja, dan lain-lain. Kedua, itu pemerintah berkewajiban untuk membuat program-program yang menunjang pekerja yang dirumahkan karena pandemi yaitu kartu prakerja, program padat karya, pemberian dana insentif, dan bentuk padat karya yang diharapkan bisa menekan dampak dari PHK yang dialami pekerja.