bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coda
Authors: Parkes Adam 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This Coda pulls the major themes of the foregoing chapters into the literature of the present by reflecting on Edward St. Aubyn’s Patrick Melrose novels as a latter-day inside portrait of aristocratic monsters after modernism. Blending fiction with personal memoir, and mixing modern modes of comedy, satire, elegy, and tragedy, St. Aubyn presents his own class as a horror show. As well as repeating modernism’s signature poetic technique of allusion, St. Aubyn’s echoes of W.B. Yeats engender a contemporary rewriting that honors the subtleties of the modern poet’s portrait of an aristocracy in decline.
Standing Defined and Distinguished
Authors: Liau Timothy 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Private law adjudication involves a network of legal relations. The goal in this chapter is to better demarcate a claimant’s ‘standing’ within private law, as opposed to other concepts it might be, or has been, falsely identified with or subsumed by. Thus, homing in on ‘standing’ as a distinct private law concept for further interrogation in subsequent chapters. The main argument in this chapter is that standing is not a ‘right’, in the sense of claim-right. To think of standing, we do not and should not need to think in terms of a claim-right against someone, whether against a defendant, or a court, or even the state. Standing ought not to be mixed up with the other ‘rights’ potentially at play within the larger remedial context of a private law dispute. We can and ought to differentiate more clearly between the enforcer—who has standing, and the subject matter of enforcement—typically a directed duty.
Contract
Authors: Liau Timothy 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In this chapter it is shown how, within contract law doctrine, loose reasoning about ‘third-party rights’ and ‘rights to enforce’ has elided the concepts of standing, primary rights to contractual performance, and secondary rights to damages for breach of contract. This has inhibited our understanding of privity and obscured what is truly at stake. Privity, it is argued, is more complex than commonly assumed. It is not a singular doctrine. Rather, it has multiple aspects. Thus, appeals to an idea of ‘privity’ are often references to an ambiguous cluster of several superficially similar but distinct component rules. One of these is a cautionary rule concerning the acquisition or formation of primary rights to contractual performance. Another is a rule about damages for breach of contract (and their direction). Yet another is, significantly, a standing rule. This complexity, having gone unnoticed, contributed to a missed dimension in the debate over privity and its English reform. A less drastic reform alternative—third-party standing—was not considered.
Unjust Enrichment
Authors: Liau Timothy 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter spells out the ‘unjust factors’ which could justify the estate’s right to restitution. It then proceeds to propose an analogy with trusts law procedures in which a trust beneficiary can, exceptionally, enforce the trustee’s right against strangers to a trust, arguing that a standing-based rationalization better explains why the action in Re Diplock is notoriously known as a ‘special’ equitable one. It is special, not because it involved a novel source of sui generis rights to restitution as restitution orthodoxy suggests, but because it involved an exception to the general standing rule, applicable not just narrowly within trusts law or contract law, but also within the law of unjust enrichment. It is no coincidence that judges and commentators had previously referred to the ‘enrichment at the expense’ requirement as one of ‘privity’. Like ‘privity of contract’, ‘enrichment at the expense of’ too contained a standing rule, implicit within it, and is undergoing further unpacking and refinement as the subject develops further. So that misleading analogies between estate beneficiaries and trusts beneficiaries might be avoided in future, the chapter concludes by clarifying four conceptual differences between them.
Theories of Health
Authors: Barnes Elizabeth 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter gives a big-picture overview of the extant philosophical literature on health. In doing this, it does not attempt to address all approaches or discuss all views. The goal, instead, is to motivate the idea that it is hard—surprisingly hard—to give anything like an adequate, informative answer to the question “what is health?.” Most extant approaches have obvious virtues but also serious—and arguably irremediable—vices. To make this case, the chapter examines the broad landscape of views: the ways in which philosophers have tended to approach the question “what is health?” and the kinds of answers they have tended to give. The aim, in doing this, is skeptical. The chapter seeks to show that the current approach to the question “what is health?”—in which we attempt to define or give necessary and sufficient conditions for health—is doomed to failure. The general (non-exhaustive) overview I give seeks to motivate that skeptical project.
Health and Wellbeing
Authors: Barnes Elizabeth 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The relationship between health and wellbeing is a vexed “it’s complicated” tangle. And sorting through this tangle is vital to understanding both what health is and why it matters. In this chapter, I’ll first (section 1) argue for the importance of the distinction between health and wellbeing. I’ll then (section 2) argue against the view that, even if health and wellbeing are different things, the value of health is its contribution to wellbeing. Let’s call views that collapse the distinction between health and wellbeing “constitution views” and views that say that health is valuable (only) insofar as it contributes to wellbeing “contribution” views. Both types of views on the relationship between health and wellbeing, I’ll argue, end up being overly simplistic and fail to allow for the complex, non-linear ways in which health and wellbeing can be related. I’ll then argue (section 3) that the relationship between grief and wellbeing gives us a useful model for thinking about the connection between health and wellbeing.
Ameliorative Skepticism, Shifting Standards, and the Measure of Health
Authors: Barnes Elizabeth 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The crux of the skepticism defended in Chapter 5 is this: the things we’re tracking when we talk about health are real and important, but there’s no consistent way of understanding their connections, interdependencies, and tensions that will give us an explanatorily adequate theory of health. This chapter builds on the idea that skepticism like this needn’t be destructive and can serve as a guide for thinking about complicated puzzles related to health. The goal of this chapter is to sketch, using the work of Delia Graff Fara, a model for two interrelated claims: (i) it can still be useful and informative to talk about health, even if there’s no clear, settled thing that health is; (ii) acknowledging that there’s no clear, settled thing that health is can help us communicate more effectively when talking about health.
The Unions of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1535–1922)
Authors: Jackson Alvin 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the origins, survival, and adaptation of the unions of the United Kingdom—the unions binding England and Wales, England and Scotland, Britain and Ireland. Drawing on the author’s earlier OUP work, The Two Unions, the chapter compares the Scottish and Irish unions, on the basis that they were each parliamentary unions and shared a wide range of interlinkages. But the chapter also introduces a lengthy consideration of the Welsh union, and sustains a comparison between it and the Irish and Scots unions. The chapter seeks to demonstrate through comparison the relative strengths and weaknesses of the historic union relationships binding these different polities. In particular it emphasizes some of the key agencies and institutions upholding union across the different polities of the United Kingdom. Through sustained and systematic comparison, the chapter seeks to reflect on the current health of the unions of the United Kingdom.
Centrifuge
Authors: Jackson Alvin 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter identifies some of the key explanations for the failure of multinational union states. It argues that such states were often pragmatic and functional arrangements which lacked compelling creation narratives or wider binding statements of purpose and vision. It argues, too, that these states were often characterized by profound imbalances in terms of their component polities and nationalities; and these imbalances (in the absence of detailed constitutional correctives) could act as weakening agents. The chapter identifies challenges to union arising not just from major nationalist mobilizations, but also—ultimately—from unionist disinvestment from union. It argues, too, for the importance of external relations in the life and health of complex union polities. It suggests that dysfunctional union states may look to unifying external ‘enemies’ as a means of creating short-term internal order; but that such strategies have been associated with cataclysmic failure.
Opposites and Explanations in Heraclitus
Authors: Neels Richard 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper offers a new interpretation of Heraclitus’ use of opposites and how they feature in his explanation of the cosmos. It argues that the so-called “unity of opposites’ thesis does not exhaust Heraclitus’ interest in opposites. It contrasts Heraclitus with his Ionian predecessors, Anaximander and Anaximenes, who treated opposites as fundamental explanantia for the cosmos. Viewed from this perspective, Heraclitus’ opposites appear to be explananda—things to be explained. The paper argues that this analysis of Heraclitus’ use of opposites reveals some features of his theory of explanation. Heraclitus rejects explanatory fundamentality but promotes the idea of a cosmos whose various parts explain its other parts. Opposites are both explananda and (non-fundamental) explanantia along with all the parts of the cosmos. Interestingly, Heraclitus’ cosmos itself appears to be both an explanandum and an explanans.
Is Plato a Consequentialist?
Authors: Bobonich Christopher 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper examines the relations between Plato’s ethical and political philosophy and modern consequentialism. It focuses on the Republic’s and the Laws’ criterion for the correctness of laws since that is where the similarities are greatest. It argues that this criterion is consequentialist in some fundamental respects. Section 3 considers various objections to seeing Platonic affinities with consequentialism and argues that although the most common objections are not convincing, there is reason for caution about this attribution. Section 4 thus looks for consequentialism’s distinctive features in the Republic and the Laws. Section 5 discusses an argument in Republic Book 1 whose conclusion is, in principle, inconsistent with consequentialism. Section 6 argues that Laws 10’s theology leads Plato in a fully impartialist direction and to endorse a strong form of consequentialism.
Aristotle’s Argument for the Necessity of What We Understand
Authors: Mendelsohn Joshua 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Aristotle holds that scientific understanding in a strict sense (epistēmē haplōs) is only of necessities, but his reasons for this position are not easy to discern. This paper expounds a highly elliptical argument Aristotle gives for this claim at Nicomachean Ethics 6. 3, 1139b19–23. Analysis of this argument, which has not been well understood in the literature, shows that Aristotle’s view allows him to maintain that scientific understanding is at once a relative and a stable quality. His restriction of the objects of epistēmē haplōs thus permits scientific understanding to be at once dependent on an object and yet never such as to be lost on account of changes in the external world.
Originality and Attribution
Authors: Orr Leah 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the reasons why women wrote for print and argues that most women did not make much money from publication, nor were they writing for self-expression. Instead, they often wrote in response to external influences, because of divine inspiration, or to carry out moral aims. Finally, it concludes with a case study of Aphra Behn, showing how her prefaces can be read as rhetorical self-fashioning rather than biographical revelations. She showed readers how to criticize a play and engaged in debates over dramatic theory, but her imitation of male playwrights’ rhetoric failed in her response to the accusation of plagiarism of The Rover. This demonstrates the limits of a woman writer’s ability to succeed in the marketplace by employing the rhetoric men used.
The Author as Subject
Authors: Orr Leah 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines representations of women writers in autobiography and biography as well as images of women writers in portraits and frontispieces. It argues that women’s lives are often adapted to present them as though they are like the characters or readers of their work. Representations of women writers are therefore rhetorical rather than historical and should be read alongside their works rather than as factual reports of their lives. It concludes with an examination of the autobiography of Laetitia Pilkington, in which she adopts several contrasting, popular models for a woman writer for rhetorical effect: a poet, a coterie writer and reader, and a subscription- and patronage-hunter.
Forging Nations
Authors: Blaazer David 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This book is a study of the relationships between money, power, and nationality in England, Scotland, and Ireland from the first attempts to unify their currencies following the Union of the Crowns in 1603 to the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis of 2007–8. Through successive crises spanning four centuries, Forging Nations examines critical struggles over monetary power between the state and its creditors, and within and between nations during the long, multifaceted process of creating the United Kingdom as a monetary as well as a political union. It shows how and why centuries of monetary dysfunction and conflict eventually gave way to the era of the sterling gold standard, when elite and popular beliefs about money converged around a set of almost unassailable monetary dogmas that transcended differences of nationality, party, and class. Sustained by a mixture of historical myths and imperial hubris, this consensus effortlessly reinforced the authority and served the interests of the monetary elite, even after its economic foundations had collapsed under the pressure of war and international competition. The book concludes by showing how the end of the UK’s global hegemony and the prospect of Scottish independence have resuscitated historical differences between England, Ireland, and Scotland in attitudes to currency’s role in defining national identity, while the Global Financial Crisis has revived forgotten debates over the nature of money and monetary power.
Spectrality in Modernist Fiction
Authors: Ross Stephen 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Spectrality in Modernist Fiction challenges the prevailing view that spectrality articulates melancholic, traumatic, or terminal forms of mourning. Instead, it claims, writers such as Joseph Conrad, E. M. Forster, Mary Butts, and Elizabeth Bowen use the rhetoric of spectrality to explore a logic of tendential utopianism. As these writers engage variously with problems of sex and sexuality, revolution, imperialism, capitalism, and desire, they begin to theorize an ethical perspective that prefigures much contemporary theorization of spectrality and ethics. Driven by a historical period defined by uncertainty, as is our own, these writers haltingly chart a new mode of ethical thought that depends on unmeetable imperatives and unanswerable demands. As they sort these relationships in their fiction, these writers must find ways to articulate values on a shifting continuum in a constantly changing set of contexts. It is ethical thought at its most distilled, when no solution will be adequate and yet some solution must be sought. The result, as Conrad, Forster, Butts, and Bowen demonstrate, is a key element of modernism’s celebrated difficulty: an ethical determination to tackle insuperable problems, issuing in tentative, even contradictory, feints towards potential future resolutions that are equal parts impossible (yet) and necessary. There is hope in these ghosts, not resignation. The impasses encountered are not final, but temporary, and the drive to overcome them embedded in Conrad, Forster, Butts, and Bowen’s spectral rhetoric constitutes a tensile optimism that remains essentially utopian.
Novel Environments
Authors: Hildebrand Jayne 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This book shows how Victorian novelists helped to imagine the modern idea of an environment. The environment concept has shaped humanity’s relationship to the natural world, and has drawn attention to the effects of human actions on our natural surroundings. But when did we learn that we live in an environment? While scholars have often located the concept’s emergence in twentieth-century ecological and political thought, Novel Environments reconstructs a longer—and a specifically literary—history. It was in the descriptive worldmaking of the Victorian novel, this book argues, that the environment was first transformed from a scientific abstraction into a vivid object of imagination and feeling. Engaging the scientific theories of their contemporaries, Mary Russell Mitford, George Eliot, Thomas Hardy, and Robert Louis Stevenson turned to detailed description of physical surroundings—from gardens and landscapes, to weather and atmospheres—to model interactions between life and its environment. Far from merely furnishing static background, the descriptive apparatus of the Victorian novel imagined the nonhuman world as dynamically involved with human action, feeling, and development. By showing how the novel elaborated the environment concept over the course of the nineteenth century, this book sheds new light on the relationship between Victorian literature and the life sciences, and reveals how literary form has shaped the ecological concepts through which we apprehend the nonhuman world.
Thomas Hardy’s Virtual Environments
Authors: Hildebrand Jayne 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers Thomas Hardy’s fiction as a response to the notion of a singular “environment” in the work of Herbert Spencer, who laid the groundwork for modern ecology with his theory that organisms and societies evolve into harmony with a surrounding environment. Focusing on The Woodlanders (1887), the chapter argues that Hardy casts skepticism on Spencer’s concept of a singular environment through descriptive techniques this chapter calls “virtuality effects”—phantasmagorically vivid descriptions that evoke the state of being enveloped in a virtual environment. By immersing his characters in virtual environments that displace their physical surroundings, Hardy questions the existence of any shared singular environment that stably grounds social and organismal life. In its place, Hardy envisions a world fractured into as many environments as there are organisms, anticipating recent ecological debates about the limits of the organism–environment dichotomy.
Robert Louis Stevenson’s Islands and the Poetry of Circumstance
Authors: Hildebrand Jayne 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that Robert Louis Stevenson’s fin-de-siècle island novels mediate the emergence of an idea we now call the environment: the notion that the natural world forms a totalized system coextensive with the planet. Stevenson’s islands experiment with the formal category of setting—what Stevenson called “circumstance”—to grapple with the environmental space of global empire. The first part of the chapter contends that Treasure Island (1883) imagines the enclosed island setting as the site of an ecological consciousness that counters the exploitative treatment of colonial environments prevalent in late Victorian adventure fiction. In its second half, the chapter argues that Stevenson’s late career romances The Ebb-Tide (1894) and The Wrecker (1892) draw on the descriptive strategies of island biogeography to represent the environmental effects of empire. Ultimately, these novels’ archipelagic vision anticipates the twentieth-century transformation of “the environment” into an object of political and ethical concern.
Coda
Authors: Hildebrand Jayne 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The coda explores how the Victorian affinity between descriptive practice and ecological thinking extends to a more recent historical moment by turning to contemporary environmental sound art. Examining compositions and installations by Hildegard Westerkamp and Anna Winderen, this coda argues that these environmental sound artists share with Victorian novelists an aspiration to create vividly perceptible virtual worlds as a means of rendering concrete and palpable the abstract concept of an environment. In their sonic foregrounding of environmental phenomena ordinarily relegated to the background, these artists employ descriptive practice as a means of illuminating the modern concept of “the environment”—a global totality that encompasses the whole of the natural world.
Introduction
Authors: Hicks Michael Townsen , Jaag Siegfried , Loew Christian 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A central question in the philosophy of science is: What is a law of nature? Humeans, in the wake of David Hume, argue that the laws of nature are nothing over and above what actually happens and reject irreducible facts about natural modality. According to non-Humeans, by contrast, the laws are metaphysically fundamental or grounded in primitive modal structures, such as dispositional essences of powerful properties, necessitation relations, or primitive subjunctive facts. This introductory chapter outlines and motivates pragmatic Humeanism, a recently influential version of Humeanism that puts the needs of limited agents like us front and center. We show how the book chapters jointly provide a roadmap that highlights the challenges and opportunities for developing pragmatic Humeanism.
Naturalism, Functionalism, and Chance
Authors: Fernandes Alison 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Here are three motivations for being Humean. Firstly, one might be worried about admitting ‘mysterious’ elements into one’s ontology. Secondly, one might be motivated by a kind of functionalism. Thirdly, one might be motivated towards Humeanism by naturalism of a kind that envisages a close connection between science and metaphysics. The argument of this chapter is that two of these motivations do not count in favour of Humeanism. If one is motivated by functionalism, one has no reason to adopt Humeanism over its rivals. If one is motivated by a naturalist connection between science and metaphysics, one has reason to reject Humeanism. Motivations of the first kind (finding modal entities strange) may still lead one to Humeanism. But for those more concerned with the function of modal relations and the fit between science and metaphysics, one should look elsewhere.