bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medical Examiner Surveillance of the COVID-19 Pandemic in King County, Washington, USA
Authors: Harruff Richard C. , De Silva Malintha , Lubin Micheline 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The King County Medical Examiner's Office in Seattle, Wash, initiated a surveillance project with a dedicated team and database tracking the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, deaths due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and deaths occurring within 28 days of COVID-19 vaccination. From January 2020 through July 2022, the results of 13,801 nasal/nasopharyngeal swabs from 7606 decedents tested for the virus were assembled in the surveillance database. Generally, 2 samples were collected and tested separately by 2 different laboratories. Positive rates increased from 5.7% in 2020 to 14.3% in 2022. Of 744 decedents positive for the virus, autopsies were performed on 418 (56%); of these, 106 (25%) died of COVID-19 as either the primary or a contributing cause. Comparison of autopsy findings of those dying of COVID-19 with those positive for the virus but dying of other causes demonstrated increased risk for those with preexisting conditions. Of 1035 deaths reported within 28 days of vaccination, the rates of thrombotic complications and myocarditis were no higher than in other decedents. This study provides evidence of the value to public health surveillance of an adequately resourced medical examiner office in tracking viral spread in the community, understanding disease mortality, and assessing vaccine safety.
Springs Produce Favorable Morphologic Outcomes Relative to H-Craniectomy According to a Two-Center Comparison of Matched Cases
Authors: Fischer Sara , Unander-Scharin Jesper , Bhatti-Söfteland Madiha , Nysjö Johan , Maltese Giovanni , Lif Hanna , Tarnow Peter , Enblad Per , Kölby Lars , Nowinski Daniel 
Published: May 2023

Background:
Sagittal synostosis is the most common type of premature suture closure, and many surgical techniques are used to correct scaphocephalic skull shape. Given the rarity of direct comparisons of different surgical techniques for correcting craniosynostosis, this study compared outcomes of craniotomy combined with springs and H-craniectomy for nonsyndromic sagittal synostosis.

Methods:
Comparisons were performed using available preoperative and postoperative imaging and follow-up data from the 2 craniofacial national referral centers in Sweden, which perform 2 different surgical techniques: craniotomy combined with springs and H-craniectomy (the Renier technique). The study included 23 pairs of patients matched for sex, preoperative cephalic index, and age. Cephalic index, total intracranial volume (ICV), and partial ICV were measured before surgery and at 3 years of age, with volume measurements compared against those of preoperative and postoperative controls. Perioperative data included operation time, blood loss, volume of transfused blood, and length of hospital stay.

Results:
Craniotomy combined with springs resulted in less bleeding and lower transfusion rates than H-craniectomy. Although the spring technique requires 2 operations, the mean total operation time was similar for the methods. Of the 3 complications that occurred in the group treated with springs, 2 were spring-related. The compiled analysis of changes in cephalic index and partial volume distribution revealed that craniotomy combined with springs resulted in superior morphologic correction.

Conclusion:
The findings showed that craniotomy combined with springs normalized cranial morphology to a greater extent than H-craniectomy based on changes in cephalic index and total and partial ICVs over time.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, III.
“Pain Sketches Demonstrate Patterns of Pain Distribution and Pain Progression following Primary Targeted Muscle Reinnervation in Amputees.”
Authors: Gomez-Eslava Barbara , Raasveld Floris V. , Hoftiezer Yannick AJ. , McCarty Justin C. , Daddario Jenna L. , Valerio Ian L. , Heng Marilyn , Eberlin Kyle R. 
Published: May 2023

Background
Numerical scales are validated methods to report pain outcomes after Targeted Muscle Reinnervation (TMR) but do not include the assessment of qualitative pain components. This study evaluates the application of pain sketches within a cohort of patients undergoing primary TMR and describes differences in pain progression according to early postoperative sketches.

Methods
This study included 30 patients with major limb amputation and primary TMR. Patients’ drawings were categorized into four categories of pain distribution (focal (FP), radiating (RP), diffuse (DP) and no pain (NP)) and inter-rater reliability was calculated. Secondly, pain outcomes were analyzed for each category. Pain scores were the primary and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) instruments were the secondary outcomes.

Results
The inter-rater reliability for the sketch categories was good (overall Kappa coefficient of 0.8). The NP category reported a mean decrease in pain of 4.8 points, followed by the DP (2.5 points) and FP categories (2.0 points). The RP category reported a mean increase in pain of 0.5 points. For PROMIS Pain Interference and Pain Intensity, the DP category reported a mean decrease of 7.2 and 6.5 points respectively, followed by the FP category (5.3 and 3.6 points). The RP category reported a mean increase of 2.0 points in PROMIS Pain Interference and a mean decrease of 1.4 points in PROMIS Pain Intensity. Secondary outcomes for the NP category were not reported.

Conclusions
Pain sketches demonstrated reliability in pain morphology assessment and might be an adjunctive tool for pain interpretation in this setting.
Pharmacologic and Other Noninvasive Treatments of the Aging Face: A Review of the Current Evidence
Authors: Bustos Samyd S. , Vyas Krishna , Huang Tony C. T. , Suchyta Marissa , LeBrasseur Nathan , Cotofana Sebastian , Wyles Saranya P. , Mardini Samir 
Published: May 2023

Summary:
Aging of the face is the result of the interrelation of three-dimensional changes occurring over time among the 5 different layers of the face and its associated structures. Knowledge regarding the causes of these changes and identification of new key anatomic structures have helped elucidate one of the most complex areas of the human body. This has resulted in the introduction of pharmacologic agents to help stop, mitigate, or counteract signs of aging and restore the youthful appearance of the face. The authors performed a systematic search of the literature to review the current highest-level evidence of facial antiaging pharmacologic agents. Pharmacologic and minimally invasive antiaging treatments can target different components of facial aging and continue to evolve. With continuous research efforts, traditional treatments, such as botulinum toxin type A, injectable fillers, and chemical peels, are emerging in newer, more effective formulations, with longer lasting clinical results. However, for soft-tissue descent and facial volume loss, surgery remains the standard treatment. An adequate understanding of the three-dimensional process of facial aging over time (the fourth dimension), facial anatomy, and the pharmacologic properties of antiaging/rejuvenation agents are the sine qua non of facial antiaging treatment. The specific modality should be tailored to patient characteristics, preferences, and goals.
A Study of Two Novel Techniques for One-stage Closure of Chronic Oroantral Fistula and Sinus Floor Lift
Authors: Hu Ying-Kai , Qian Wen-Tao , Xu Guang-Zhou , Zou Duo-Hong , Yang Chi 
Published: May 2023

Purpose:
This study aimed to compare two novel techniques for chronic oroantral fistula (OAF) closure combined with maxillary sinus floor elevation.

Materials and Methods:
Ten patients who had implant installation needs but suffered from a chronic OAF were enrolled in the study from January 2016 to June 2021. The technique applied involved OAF closure and simultaneous sinus floor elevation by either a transalveolar or lateral window approach. Bone graft material evaluation results, postoperative clinical symptoms and complications were compared between the two groups. Student’s t-test and χ2 test were used to analyze the results.

Results:
In this study, 5 patients with a chronic OAF were treated with the transalveolar approach (group I), and 5 were treated with the lateral window approach (group II). The alveolar bone height was significantly higher in group II than in group I (P＜0.001). The pain at 1 day (P=0.018) and 3 days (P=0.029) postoperatively and facial swelling at 7 days (P=0.016) postoperatively were obviously greater in group II than in group I. There were no severe complications in either group.

Conclusions:
The techniques combined OAF closure with sinus lifting to reduce surgical frequency and risks. The transalveolar approach resulted in milder postoperative reactions, but the lateral approach could provide more bone volume.
How Do the Faces of Kyrgyz Beauties Look? A Photogrammetric Analysis of Beauty Pageant Winners
Authors: Hwang Se Won , Wu Xiajing , Tukeshov Sultan K. , Hwang Kun 
Published: May 2023

The aim of this study was to assess how the eyes of Kyrgyz beauties look through an anthropometric analysis of beauty pageant winners. Eleven winners of the Miss Kyrgyzstan contest (2011–2021) were included. Ten other beauty contest winners were added, resulting in a total of 21 beauties who were included. The horizontal corneal diameter, which is 11.75 mm, was used as a standard distance. Other distances were calculated in millimeters based on the proportions of the pixels measured. Twenty-six distances (face: 10, eyebrows: 2, eyes: 4, nose: 4, lips: 4, and chin: 2) and 9 angles (forehead-brow, cantal tilt, 5 face angles, the mandible angle, and the chin angle) were measured. Thereafter, 16 indices (forehead: 1, eyes: 5, nose: 4, lips and chin: 3, and contours 3) were calculated. The forehead-brow angle was 82.2±7.2 degrees. The canthal tilt was 9.0±2.0 degrees. The overall face angles 1 and 2 were 108.6±4.1 degrees and 69.6±2.3 degrees, respectively. The midface angles 1 and 2 were 129.9±3.8 degrees and 125.1±3.9 degrees, respectively. The lower face angle was 139.6±4.1 degrees. The mandible angle and chin angle were 136.9±4.0 degrees and 106.0±4.0 degrees, respectively. The ratio of forehead height to total face height was 0.33±0.03. The ratio of nose height to total face height was 0.25±0.02. The lower face width/face width ratio was 0.82±0.05. The ratio of face width to total face height was 0.72±0.03. The ratio of midface height to total face height was 0.34±0.02. The data from this study might serve as the recommended esthetic proportions for performing plastic surgical procedures.
Myocardial alterations following traumatic hemorrhagic injury
Authors: Simpson Rebecca , Praditsuktavorn Banjerd , Wall Johanna , Morales Valle , Thiemermann Christoph , Tremoleda Jordi L. , Brohi Karim 
Published: May 2023

BACKGROUND
Cardiac dysfunction (CD) has emerged as a key contributor to delayed organ failure and late mortality in patients surviving the initial traumatic hemorrhagic response. Inflammatory processes are implicated in the initial stages of this CD; however, downstream pathways leading to a characteristic rapid fall in stroke volume and cardiac output are not yet fully defined. Currently, no cardioprotective treatments are available. We investigated the role of myocardial oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of CD associated to traumatic hemorrhagic injury, and its related metabolomic profile.

METHODS
Ex vivo tissue from a 3-hour murine model of pressure-controlled trauma hemorrhagic shock (THS) was analyzed. Animals were randomized to echocardiography-guided crystalloid fluid resuscitation or a control group (sham: cannulation and anesthesia only, or naïve: no intervention). Trauma hemorrhagic shock and naïve samples were assessed by immunohistochemistry for nuclear 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine expression as a marker of oxidative stress. Metabolomic analysis of THS and sham group tissue was performed by LC-MS.

RESULTS
8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine expression across the myocardium was significantly higher following THS injury compared to naïve group (33.01 ± 14.40% vs. 15.08 ± 3.96%, p < 0.05). Trauma hemorrhagic shock injury significantly increased lysine (p = 0.022), and decreased aconitate (p = 0.016) and glutamate (p = 0.047) in the myocardium, indicating activation of a catabolic metabolism and oxidative stress response.

CONCLUSION
We confirm the acute development of oxidative stress lesions and altered cardiac energy metabolism following traumatic hemorrhage injury, providing insight into the relationship between inflammatory damage and impaired cardiac contractility. These findings may provide targets for development of novel cardioprotective therapeutics aiming to decrease late mortality from trauma.
The Face of a Surgeon: An Analysis of Demographic Representation in Three Leading Artificial Intelligence Text-to-Image Generators
Authors: Ali Rohaid , Tang Oliver Y. , Connolly Ian D. , Abdulrazeq Hael A. , Mirza Fatima N. , Lim Rachel K. , Johnston Benjamin R. , Groff Michael W. , Williamson Theresa , Svokos Konstantina , Libby Tiffany J. , Shin John H. , Gokaslan Ziya L. , Doberstein Curtis E. , Zou James , Asaad Wael F. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBackgroundThis study investigates the accuracy of three prominent artificial intelligence (AI) text-to-image generators—DALL-E 2, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion—in representing the demographic realities in the surgical profession, addressing raised concerns about the perpetuation of societal biases, especially profession-based stereotypes.MethodsA cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 2,400 images generated across eight surgical specialties by each model. An additional 1,200 images were evaluated based on geographic prompts for three countries. Images were generated using a prompt template, “A photo of the face of a [blank]”, with blank replaced by a surgical specialty. Geographic-based prompting was evaluated by specifying the most populous countries for three continents (United States, Nigeria, and China).ResultsThere was a significantly higher representation of female (average=35.8% vs. 14.7%, P<0.001) and non-white (average=37.4% vs. 22.8%, P<0.001) surgeons among trainees than attendings. DALL-E 2 reflected attendings’ true demographics for female surgeons (15.9% vs. 14.7%, P=0.386) and non-white surgeons (22.6% vs. 22.8%, P=0.919) but underestimated trainees’ representation for both female (15.9% vs. 35.8%, P<0.001) and non-white (22.6% vs. 37.4%, P<0.001) surgeons. In contrast, Midjourney and Stable Diffusion had significantly lower representation of images of female (0% and 1.8%, respectively) and non-white (0.5% and 0.6%, respectively) surgeons than DALL-E 2 or true demographics (all P<0.001). Geographic-based prompting increased non-white surgeon representation (all P<0.001), but did not alter female representation (P=0.779).ConclusionsWhile Midjourney and Stable Diffusion amplified societal biases by depicting over 98% of surgeons as white males, DALL-E 2 depicted more accurate demographics, although all three models underestimated trainee representation. These findings underscore the necessity for guardrails and robust feedback systems to prevent AI text-to-image generators from exacerbating profession-based stereotypes, and the importance of bolstering the representation of the evolving surgical field in these models’ future training sets.
Proteomic predictors of physical, cognitive and imaging outcomes in multiple sclerosis: 5-year follow-up study
Authors: Jalaleddini Kian , Jakimovski Dejan , Keshavan Anisha , McCurdy Shannon , Leyden Kelly , Qureshi Ferhan , Ghoreyshi Atiyeh , Bergsland Niels , Dwyer Michael G. , Ramanathan Murali , Weinstock-Guttman Bianca , Benedict Ralph HB , Zivadinov Robert 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBackgroundA quantitative measurement of serum proteome biomarkers that would associate with disease progression endpoints can provide risk stratification for persons with multiple sclerosis and supplement the clinical decision-making process.Materials and Methods202 persons with multiple sclerosis were enrolled in a longitudinal study with measurements at two time points with an average follow-up time of 5.4 years. Clinical measures included the Expanded Disability Status Scale, Timed 25-foot Walk, 9-Hole Peg and Symbol Digit Modalities Tests. Subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging to determine the volumetric measures of the whole brain, gray matter, deep gray matter and lateral ventricles. Serum samples were analyzed using a custom immunoassay panel on the Olink™ platform and concentrations of 18 protein biomarkers were measured. Linear mixed-effects models and adjustment for multiple comparisons were performed.ResultsSubjects had a significant 55.6% increase in Chemokine Ligand 20 (9.7pg/mL vs. 15.1pg/mL, p<0.001) and Neurofilament light polypeptide (10.5 pg/ml vs. 11.5 pg/ml, p=0.003) at the follow-up time point. Additional changes in CUB domain-containing protein 1, Contactin 2, Glial fibrillary acidic protein, Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, and Osteopontin were noted but did not survive multiple comparisons correction. Worse clinical performance in the 9-HPT was associated with Neurofilament light polypeptide (p=0.001). Increases in several biomarker candidates were correlated with greater neurodegenerative changes as measured by different brain volumes.ConclusionMultiple proteins representing diverse biological pathways (neuroinflammation, immune modulation, and neuroaxonal integrity) associate with physical, cognitive and radiographic outcomes. Future studies should determine the utility of multiple protein assays in routine clinical care.
Relationships between age, fMRI correlates of familiarity and familiarity-based memory performance under single and dual task conditions
Authors: Chastelaine Marianne de , Horne Erin D , Hou Mingzhu , Rugg Michael D 
Published: May 2023

AbstractUsing fMRI, we investigated the effects of age and divided attention on the neural correlates of familiarity and their relationship with memory performance. At study, word pairs were visually presented to young and older participants under the requirement to make a relational judgment on each pair. Participants were then scanned while undertaking an associative recognition test under single and dual (auditory tone detection) task conditions. The test items comprised studied, rearranged (words from different studied pairs) and new word pairs. fMRI familiarity effects were operationalized as greater activity elicited by studied pairs incorrectly identified as ‘rearranged’ than by correctly rejected new pairs. The reverse contrast was employed to identify ‘novelty’ effects. Behavioral familiarity estimates were equivalent across age groups and task conditions. Robust fMRI familiarity effects were identified in several regions, including medial and superior lateral parietal cortex, dorsal medial and left lateral prefrontal cortex, and bilateral caudate. fMRI novelty effects were identified in the anterior medial temporal lobe. Both familiarity and novelty effects were age-invariant and did not vary according to task condition. In addition, the familiarity effects correlated positively with a behavioral estimate of familiarity strength irrespective of age. These findings extend a previous report from our laboratory, and converge with prior behavioral reports, in demonstrating that the factors of age and divided attention have minimal impact on behavioral and neural estimates of familiarity.
Neuronal Tau Pathology Worsens Late Phase White Matter Degeneration After Traumatic Brain Injury in Transgenic Mice
Authors: Yu Fengshan , Iacono Diego , Perl Daniel P. , Lai Chen , Gill Jessica , Le Tuan Q. , Lee Patricia , Sukumar Gauthaman , Armstrong Regina C. 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACTTraumatic brain injury (TBI) causes diffuse axonal injury which can produce chronic white matter pathology and subsequent post-traumatic neurodegeneration with poor patient outcomes. Tau modulates axon cytoskeletal functions and undergoes phosphorylation and mis-localization in neurodegenerative disorders. The effects of tau pathology on neurodegeneration after TBI are unclear. We used mice with neuronal expression of human mutant tau to examine effects of pathological tau on white matter pathology after TBI. Adult male and female hTau.P301S (Tg2541) transgenic and wild type (Wt) mice received either moderate single TBI (s-TBI) or repetitive mild TBI (r-mTBI; once daily x 5), or matched sham procedures. Acutely, s-TBI produced more extensive axon damage in the corpus callosum (CC) as compared to r-mTBI. After s-TBI, significant CC thinning was present at 6 weeks and 4 months post-injury in Wt and transgenic mice, with homozygous tau expression producing additional pathology of late demyelination. In contrast, r-mTBI did not produce significant CC thinning except at the chronic time point of 4 months in homozygous mice, which exhibited significant CC atrophy (−29.7%) with increased CC microgliosis, but not astrogliosis. Serum biomarker quantification demonstrated neurofilament light detection of early axonal damage one day post-injury in Wt and homozygous mice. At 4 months, high tau and neurofilament in homozygous mice implicated tau in chronic axon pathology. Conclusions: Neuronal tau pathology differentially exacerbated CC pathology based on injury severity and chronicity. Ongoing CC atrophy from s-TBI became accompanied by late demyelination. Pathological tau significantly worsened CC atrophy during the chronic phase after r-mTBI.
Knowledge, attitudes and biosecurity practices among the small-scale dairy farmers in Sylhet District, Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury Tonmoy , Ahmed Junayed , Hossain Md Tafazzal , Roy Mithu Chandra , Ashik-Uz-Zaman Md , Uddin Md Nazim , Rahman Md Masudur , Kabir Md Golam , Hossain Ferdaus Mohd Altaf 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBackgroundIn the context of zoonosis, Bangladesh’s small-scale dairying is yet to frame satisfactory levels due to poor biosecurity practices.ObjectivesThis study intended to reveal the degree of knowledge, attitudes, and biosecurity practices among Sylhet district, Bangladesh’s small-scale dairy farmers. We also focused on the association between biosecurity practices and the incidence of non-specific enteritis in humans.MethodsA questionnaire-based survey was conducted on the farmers’ KAP via personal interviews of 15 farmers from the randomly selected fifteen small-scale dairy farms. The questionnaire was developed with six questions for knowledge, six questions for attitude, and 12 questions for the practice of biosecurity measures. Alongside that, data on the number of non-specific enteritis cases experienced by the farmers or their family members were also recorded. Spearman correlation was used to find out the correlation among KAP variables and between practice scores and non-specific enteritis incidences.ResultsWe found an insignificant (p > 0.05) influence of demographic characteristics over knowledge, attitude, and biosecurity practices. Significant (p<0.05) and strong correlations were found in knowledge-attitude (r = 0.65), knowledge-practice (r = 0.71), and attitude-practice (r = 0.64). Incidences of non-specific enteritis and biosecurity measures’ practice were also strongly correlated (r = -0.9232) and statistically significant (p<0.05).ConclusionsOur study suggests that increasing knowledge and developing a good attitude are necessary to increase the adaptation of biosecurity measures as three of these factors are correlated. Also, farm biosecurity measures are closely related to human health.