bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the comparison of diversity of parts of a distribution
Authors: Rajaram Rajeev , Ritchey Nathan , Castellani Brian 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The literature on diversity measures, regardless of the metric used (e.g., Gini-Simpson index, Shannon entropy) has a notable gap: not much has been done to connect these measures back to the shape of the original distribution, or to use them to compare the diversity of parts of a given distribution and their relationship to the diversity of the whole distribution. As such, the precise quantification of the relationship between the probability of each type p

i
and the diversity D in non-uniform distributions, both among parts of a distribution as well as the whole, remains unresolved. This is particularly true for Hill numbers, despite their usefulness as ‘effective numbers’. This gap is problematic as most real-world systems (e.g., income distributions, economic complexity indices, rankings, ecological systems) have unequal distributions, varying frequencies, and comprise multiple diversity types with unknown frequencies that can change. To address this issue, we connect case-based entropy, an approach to diversity we developed, to the shape of a probability distribution; allowing us to show that the original probability distribution g
1, the case-based entropy curve g
2 and the c
{1,k} versus the

c

{
1
,
k
}

*
ln

A

{
1
,
k
}

curve g
3, which we call the slope of diversity, are one-to-one (or injective), i.e., a different probability distribution g
1 gives a different curve for g
2 and g
3. Hence, a different permutation of the original probability distribution g
1(that leads to a different shape) will uniquely determine the graphs g
2 and g
3. By proving the injective nature of our approach, we will have established a unique way to measure the degree of uniformity of parts as measured by D

P
/c

P
for a given part P of the original probability distribution, and also have shown a unique way to compute the D

P
/c

P
for various shapes of the original distribution and (in terms of comparison) for different curves.
Electromagnetic shielding properties of LPBF produced Fe2.9wt.%Si alloy
Authors: Quercio Michele , Galbusera Francesco , Canova Aldo , Demir Ali Gökhan , Gruosso Giambattista , Previtali Barbara 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Ferromagnetic materials are used in various applications such as rotating electrical machines, wind turbines, electromagnetic shielding, transformers, and electromagnets. Compared to hard magnetic materials, their hysteresis cycles are featured by low values of coercive magnetic field and high permeability. The application of additive manufacturing to ferromagnetic materials is gaining more and more attraction. Indeed, thanks to a wider geometrical freedom, new topological optimized shapes for stator/rotor shapes can be addressed to enhance electric machines performances. However, the properties of the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) processed alloy compared to conventionally produced counterpart must be still addressed. Accordingly, this paper presents for the first time the use of the LPBF for the manufacturing of Fe2.9wt.%Si electromagnetic shields. The process parameter selection material microstructure and the magnetic shielding factor are characterized.
Cefiderocol-containing regimens for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia: a propensity-weighted cohort study
Authors: Rando Emanuele , Cutuli Salvatore Lucio , Sangiorgi Flavio , Tanzarella Eloisa Sofia , Giovannenze Francesca , De Angelis Giulia , Murri Rita , Antonelli Massimo , Fantoni Massimo , De Pascale Gennaro 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Background
Cefiderocol is a novel β-lactam with activity against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), but its role in CRAB pulmonary infections is controversial due to limited evidence.

Objectives
To assess the association between cefiderocol-containing regimens treatment and 28-day mortality in carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).

Methods
An observational cohort study including critically ill COVID-19 patients with CRAB-VAP admitted to two ICUs of a large academic hospital in Rome between September 2020 and December 2022. The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality. A propensity score was created to balance the cefiderocol- and non-cefiderocol-containing groups. A propensity-weighted multiple logistic regression model was calculated to evaluate risk factors for 28-day mortality. Survival curves were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results
121 patients were enrolled, 55 were treated with cefiderocol- and 66 with non-cefiderocol-containing regimens. The 28-day all-cause mortality was 56% (68/121). A statistically significant difference in 28-day mortality was found between cefiderocol- and non-cefiderocol- containing regimens groups (44% versus 67%, P = 0.011). In the propensity-adjusted multiple logistic regression, cefiderocol (OR 0.35 95% CI 0.14, 0.83) was a predictor of 28-day survival, Charlson comorbidity index (OR 1.36 95% CI 1.16, 1.78), SOFA score (OR 1.24 95% CI 1.09, 1.57) and septic shock (OR 3.71 95% CI 1.44, 12.73) were all associated with increased 28-day mortality.

Conclusion
Cefiderocol-containing regimens were associated with reduced 28-day mortality in CRAB-VAP. The sample size and the observational design limit the study’s conclusions. Future RCTs are needed to establish cefiderocol’s definite role in these infections.
A Monovalent Fab Affinity-Capture and Elution Bridging Immunoassay Overcomes Rheumatoid Factor Interference while Accurately Detecting Antidrug Antibodies
Authors: Calderon Boris , Reynolds Nichole A , Swearingen Craig A , Carter Quincy L , Bivi Nicoletta , Cramer Jeff W , Alexander Courtney L , Siegel Robert W , Konrad Robert J 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Background
Rheumatoid factor (RF) consists of autoantibodies that bind the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) and present in sera of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Immunoassays to detect antidrug antibodies (ADA) in RA patient samples may experience interference due to RF binding and crosslinking Fc regions of the capture and detection antibody reagents. To overcome this interference, a novel Fab affinity-capture and elution (ACE)-bridging immunoassay (Fab ACE-Bridge) was developed with monovalent-recombinant Fab to avoid RF interference.

Methods
ACE and ACE-Bridge assays were developed to detect ADA against a therapeutic monoclonal antibody using samples from healthy donors, psoriasis patients, and RA patients. The performance of these assays was compared to a novel Fab ACE-Bridge assay, in which monoclonal antibody was replaced with monovalent Fab.

Results
High screening signals in the ACE and ACE-Bridge assays were detected in RA patient samples but not in samples from healthy donors or psoriasis patients. The high screening signals in RA samples did not inhibit to the expected extent in the confirmatory assay, a consistent feature of false-positive screening results. Further investigation revealed RF as the interferent affecting assay performance. Modification of the ACE-Bridge assay by using monovalent Fab eliminated RF interference while allowing for sensitive and drug-tolerant detection of authentic ADA.

Conclusions
RF interfered significantly in traditional ACE and ACE-Bridge assays. Implementation of a novel monovalent Fab ACE-Bridge assay overcame RF interference. The use of monovalent Fab is recommended for immunogenicity assays when assessing ADA in RA patient samples.
Virtual Reality and Emotion
Authors: Markowitz David M. , Bailenson Jeremy N. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter evaluates how immersive virtual reality (VR) can be used as a tool to inform an understanding of emotion and how emotion operates as a mechanism for VR effects. The authors conducted a 5-year systematic review of the VR and emotion literature (2015–2019), focusing on empirical studies that were concerned with three types of research: (1) the connection between VR and emotion from an emotion regulation perspective (e.g., mood induction, clinical applications), (2) studies that treat emotions as a mechanism to evaluate social or psychological phenomena, and (3) studies concerned with a deeper understanding of emotions or emotion theory. This perspective draws on evidence from communication research, psychology, and human–computer interaction to achieve these aims. The authors ground their investigation in an overview of immersive VR and discuss current debates in emotion research, concluding with an attempt to make connections across fields.
A Variant of LbCas12a and Elevated Incubation Temperatures Enhance the Rate of Gene Editing in the Oomycete Phytophthora infestans
Authors: Mendoza Carl S. , Findlay Annika , Judelson Howard S. 
Published: July 2023

CRISPR-Cas editing systems have proved to be powerful tools for functional genomics research, but their effectiveness in many non-model species remains limited. In the potato and tomato pathogen Phytophthora infestans, an editing system was previously developed that expresses the Lachnospiracae bacterium Cas12a endonuclease (LbCas12a) and guide RNA from a DNA vector. However, the method works at low efficiency. Based on a hypothesis that editing is constrained by a mismatch between the optimal temperatures for P. infestans growth and endonuclease catalysis, we tested two strategies that increased the frequency of editing of two target genes by about 10-fold. First, we found that editing was boosted by a mutation in LbCas12a (D156R) that had been reported to expand its catalytic activity over a broader temperature range. Second, we observed that editing was enhanced by transiently incubating transformed tissue at a higher temperature. These modifications should make CRISPR-Cas12a more useful for interrogating gene and protein function in P. infestans and its relatives, especially species that grow optimally at lower temperatures. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Ethnoracial Differences in Premenopausal Hysterectomy
Authors: Robinson Whitney R. , Mathias Joacy G. , Wood Mollie E. , Anderson Lauren G. , Howard Annie Green , Carey Erin T. , Nicholson Wanda K. , Carey Timothy S. , Myers Evan R. , Stürmer Til , Doll Kemi M. 
Published: July 2023

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate whether greater symptom severity can explain higher hysterectomy rates among premenopausal non-Hispanic Black compared with White patients in the U.S. South rather than potential overtreatment of Black patients.

METHODS:
Using electronic health record data from 1,703 patients who underwent hysterectomy in a large health care system in the U.S. South between 2014 and 2017, we assessed symptom severity to account for differences in hysterectomy rates for noncancerous conditions among premenopausal non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, and Hispanic patients. We used Poisson generalized linear mixed modeling to estimate symptom severity (greater than the 75th percentile on composite symptom severity scores of bleeding, bulk, or pelvic pain) as a function of race–ethnicity. We calculated prevalence ratios (PRs). We controlled for factors both contra-indicating and contributing to hysterectomy.

RESULTS:
The overall median age of non-Hispanic White (n=1,050), non-Hispanic Black (n=565), and Hispanic (n=158) patients was 40 years. The White and Black patients were mostly insured (insured greater than 95%), whereas the Hispanic patients were often uninsured (insured 58.9%). White and Black patients were mostly treated outside academic medical centers (nonmedical center: 63.7% and 58.4%, respectively); the opposite was true for Hispanic patients (nonmedical center: 34.2%). Black patients had higher bleeding severity scores compared with Hispanic and White patients (median 8, 7, and 4 respectively) and higher bulk scores (median 3, 1, and 0, respectively), but pain scores differed (median 3, 5, and 4, respectively). Black and Hispanic patients were disproportionately likely to have severe symptoms documented on two or more symptoms (referent: not severe on any symptoms) (adjusted PR [Black vs White] 3.02, 95% CI 2.29–3.99; adjusted PR [Hispanic vs White] 2.61, 95% CI 1.78–3.83). Although Black and Hispanic patients were more likely to experience severe symptoms, we found no racial and ethnic differences in the number of alternative treatments attempted before hysterectomy.

CONCLUSION:
We did not find evidence of overtreatment of Black patients. Our findings suggest potential undertreatment of Black and Hispanic patients with uterine-sparing alternatives earlier in their disease progression.
Rigid Gas-Permeable Contact Lens for Visual Rehabilitation in Children Younger Than 12 Years With Penetrative Ocular Trauma
Authors: Yang Xiao-Di , Lyu Yong 
Published: July 2023

Objectives:
To observe the clinical outcomes of visual rehabilitation using rigid gas-permeable contact lenses (RGPCLs) after penetrative ocular trauma in children younger than 12 years in China.

Methods:
Patients younger than 12 years with penetrative ocular trauma fitted with an RGPCL for visual rehabilitation from 2017 to 2021 were included. In the case cohort, the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) with spectacles was measured when the RGPCL was fitted, and the initial BCVA with RGPCL, and the BCVA at the last visit were compared.

Results:
Fifteen patients, aged 4 to 12 (mean 8.0±2.7) years, who wore an RGPCL for 7 to 53 (mean 20.3±15.7) months, were included. The BCVA was log of minimal angle of resolution 0.4 (0.2–0.7) with spectacles and 0.1 (0.1–0.2) for RGPCL at the initial visit, and 0.0 (0.0–0.1) for BCVA at the last visit, with a statistically significant difference between the three comparisons (P<0.001). Six of the 15 (40%) children abandoned wearing RGPCL because of discomfort and lens rejection (n=3, 50%), lens loss and inability to replace broken lens because of travel distances and epidemics (n=2, 33%), and cost (n=1, 17%).

Conclusions:
Although application is complicated and initial wearing comfort is poor, an RGPCL is still a beneficial, safe tool for postoperative visual rehabilitation in children with open ocular trauma.
Surface defect classification of hot-rolled steel strip based on mixed attention mechanism
Authors: Fan Haonan , Dong Qin , Guo Naixuan 
Published: July 2023

Purpose
This paper aims to propose a classification method for steel strip surface defects based on a mixed attention mechanism to achieve fast and accurate classification performance. The traditional method of classifying surface defects of hot-rolled steel strips has the problems of low recognition accuracy and low efficiency in the industrial complex production environment.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors selected min–max scaling comparison method to filter the training results of multiple network models on the steel strip surface defect data set. Then, the best comprehensive performance model EfficientNet-B0 was refined. Based on this, the authors proposed two mixed attention addition methods, which include squeeze-excitation spatial mixed module and multilayer mixed attention mechanism (MMAM) module, respectively.

Findings
With these two methods, the authors achieved 96.72% and 97.70% recognition accuracy on the steel strip data set after data augmentation for adapting to the complex production environment, respectively. Using the transfer learning method, the EfficientNet-B0 based on MMAM obtained 100% recognition accuracy.

Originality/value
This study not only focuses on improving the recognition accuracy of the network model itself but also considers other performance indicators of the network, which are rarely considered by many researchers. The authors further improve the intelligent production technique and address this issue. Both methods proposed in this paper can be applied to embedded equipment, which can effectively improve steel strip factory production efficiency and reduce material and time loss.
Ultrasound‐guided pacemaker implantation at the bedside: A lifesaving technique for cardiac emergencies
Authors: Xu Rong‐Quan , Huang Xiao‐Feng , Guo Ping‐Qing , Cai Hong‐Bin , Feng Shao‐Dan , Lin Zhi‐Hong 
Published: July 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the safety and effectiveness of implanting temporary pacemakers using ultrasound‐guidance at the bedside for rescuing patients in case of cardiac emergencies.MethodsWe enrolled 194 patients with cardiac emergencies requiring temporary pacemakers in this study, and randomly assigned them to either a bedside ultrasound‐guided installation group or an electrocardiogram‐guided installation group. There were 105 cases in the bedside ultrasound‐guided installation group, aged approximately 66.3 ± 10.2 years, and 89 cases in the electrocardiogram‐guided installation group, aged approximately 65.8 ± 9.5 years old, and disease composition was similar between the two groups. We then compared the duration of the procedure, success rates, and occurrence of adverse events between the two groups.ResultsThe two groups showed similar clinical characteristics. The success rates of venipuncture and temporary pacemaker electrode placement were both 100% in the bedside ultrasound‐guided installation group, compared to 87.8% and 96.7% respectively, in the electrocardiogram‐guided installation group, with a statistically significant difference between the two groups. The duration of puncture was significantly shorter in the bedside ultrasound‐guided installation group than in the electrocardiogram‐guided installation group, with statistically significant differences. Moreover, no adverse events such as hematoma, pneumothorax and electrode dislodgement occurred in the bedside ultrasound‐guided installation group, while 13 cases in the electrocardiogram‐guided installation group experienced adverse events, and the difference was statistically significant.ConclusionsThe bedside installation of temporary pacemakers using ultrasound guidance is a simple, safe, effective, and cost‐efficient procedure that boasts a high success rate, does not involve radiation, and enables accurate placement of the electrode catheter.
Valproate pregnancy prevention scheme: what are the barriers to enrolling patients and how do we meet them?
Authors: Watila Musa Mamman , James Alistair , Milne Karen , Mackay Graham 
Published: July 2023

BackgroundThe UK Medicines Health products Regulation Agency instructs that valproate prescriptions should be restricted in women of childbearing age to those consenting to the Pregnancy Prevention Programme (PPP). We assessed the compliance and barriers to the valproate PPP.MethodsWe retrospectively audited NHS Grampian’s compliance with PPP guidelines among women of childbearing potential prescribed valproate between October 2017 and March 2018. Additionally, we prospectively reviewed new valproate prescriptions from February 2019 to March 2022 and compared this with our retrospective data to assess the effectiveness of our identification process using descriptive statistics.ResultsWe identified 351 women retrospectively and 80 women prospectively. Epilepsy, migraine and psychiatry were the main indications. There was a decline in valproate use over the years, particularly for epilepsy. Initially, only 132 (37.6%) met the PPP requirement, and eventually, 81 (23%) stopped the medication. Despite efforts, 38 (10.8%) had contact with secondary care but still did not meet PPP and 100 (28.5%) had no documentation or referral to secondary care. Patients not meeting PPP lacked capacity, most commonly with severe learning difficulties. Women treated for psychiatric purposes were less likely to meet PPP than other indications.ConclusionsA significant proportion of women continue valproate treatment without meeting the PPP requirement. This is linked to their indication for prescription and their comorbidities. Collaborative input from relevant specialities and primary care is required to fully achieve PPP if a national valproate database is to be established.
Examining barriers and facilitators of HPV vaccination in Nigeria, in the context of an innovative delivery model: a mixed-methods study
Authors: Talabi Odunayo , Gilbert Hannah , Fawzi Mary C Smith , Anorlu Rose , Randall Thomas 
Published: July 2023

BackgroundMore than 80% of cervical cancer cases diagnosed globally are in low-income and middle-income countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, where treatment facilities are widely unavailable, it is a leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, which is known to prevent almost 90% of cases of cervical cancer, has low uptake in this region, and little is known about the behaviour of those who have been offered the HPV vaccine. This knowledge is critical to guide policy-makers in sub-Saharan Africa on how best to roll out the vaccine and ensure successful and sustainable HPV vaccination programmes.MethodsTo better understand uptake of the HPV vaccine among schoolgirls in Nigeria, we designed a mixed-methods convergent study, with a case–control quantitative arm that recruited caregivers of adolescent schoolgirls as cases (those who accepted vaccination) and controls (those who did not accept vaccination). For the qualitative study, we conducted 10 focus group discussions with of caregivers and 6 in-depth interviews with school administrators, vaccination sponsors and policy-makers.ResultsThose with high awareness of HPV vaccination had three times the odds of uptake (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.6, 95% CI 1.54 to 4.31, p=0.002). Giving HPV vaccines in school was also associated with uptake (aOR 3.1, 95% CI 1.54 to 6.43, p=0.002). Being offered free HPV vaccination was significant in the bivariate analysis (aOR 1.67, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.70, p=0.039) but was marginally significant in the multivariate analysis (aOR 0.63, 95% CI 0.37 to 1.06, p=0.086). Qualitative themes supported these findings, demonstrating that effective awareness and convenience of vaccination could encourage uptake. Key barriers to uptake included lack of affordability and limited availability of vaccines.ConclusionsEffective awareness, administering HPV vaccines in school and subsidising HPV vaccination costs can improve uptake.
Improved NASM framework for the land application of food processing wash-water and solid residuals
Authors: Dunlop Connor , Abbassi Bassim , Zytner Richard G. 
Published: July 2023

The land application of food-processing wash-waters provides valuable nutrients and soil organic matter to agriculture lands if properly applied. Many jurisdictions have processes in place to ensure that land application provides positive benefits while protecting the environment. However, Ontario food processors have indicated that the land application regulations for wastes are overly burdensome and hindering economic opportunities. Therefore, research was completed to identify potential improvements to Ontario’s land application framework. The research revealed that Ontario has one of the best regulatory frameworks for land application compared to other North American jurisdictions. Ontario’s documents are easy to find and navigate, but the standards are overly burdensome for lower risk sources of waste. For example, high-risk sources for pathogens and heavy metals such as sewage wastewater are grouped with lower risk sources such as food-processing wash-waters. Potential improvements are presented, including decreased sampling frequencies.