bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemotactic Factor-Induced Generation of Superoxide Radicals by Human Neutrophils: Evidence for the Role of Sodium
Authors: Simchowitz Louis , Spilberg Isaias 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of sodium ion in superoxide (O-2) generation by human peripheral neutrophils was investigated. Cells were activated by exposure to the synthetic tripeptide, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP), and O-2 release was assessed by ferricytochrome c reduction after 5 min of incubation at 37°C in the presence of FMLP 4 × 10-8 M. In the absence of monovalent cations (isotonic glucose), negligible O-2 generation occurred.
There was a progressive increase in the magnitude of FMLP-induced O-2 generation with increasing Na+ concentration up to 90 mM, where the response was noted to plateau. Varying the K+ concentration (1 to 10 mM) had no effect on the amount of O-2 produced in the presence of Na+ 140 mM.
FMLP also stimulated 22Na+ and 45Ca2+ uptake by the cells in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. FMLP-induced 22Na+ uptake appeared to be independent of the external Ca2+ concentration (0 to 4 mM). In contrast, there was a progressive decrease in the magnitude of the FMLP-induced increase in 45Ca2+ uptake as the Na+ concentration was reduced by replacement with choline+ or glucose. These studies support a requirement for Na+ in FMLP-induced O-2 generation and suggest that a Na+ influx may underlie the nature of this requirement. The data are also consistent with the hypothesis that a Na+ influx may precede the Ca2+ influx in the FMLP-induced activation sequence.
T Cell Regulation of Polyclonal B Cell Responsiveness
Authors: Goodman Michael G. , Weigle William O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In addition to the x-linked B cell maturation deficit previously reported in CBA/N mice, a functional T cell defect has now been observed. T lymphocyte regulation of the polyclonal PFC response was studied within the context of this x-linked immunodeficiency model. The ability of 1) B cells from (CBA/N × CBA/CaJ)F1, male mice to respond to nonspecific T cell helper signals and 2) T cells from NCF1 male mice to provide such signals was investigated under in vitro conditions by using bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as the polyclonal activator. B lymphocytes from both male and female NCF1 mice were receptive to T cell help rendered by NCF1 female T cells. Male T cells, however, were unable to augment polyclonal B cell responses of either NCF1 male or female B cells to LPS. Treatment with ATS + C reduced the polyclonal response of female but not male spleen cells to LPS. This deficit could not be overcome by the use of greater numbers of NCF1 male T cells. The observation that this deficiency in T cell regulation is not due to active suppression suggests that the results may be attributable to an intrinsic T cell defect.
Idiotypic Analysis of Anti-GAT Antibodies
Authors: Ju Shyr-Te , Pierres Michel , Germain Ronald N. , Benacerraf Baruj , Dorf Martin E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that anti-GAT antibodies of all inbred strains of mice share a common idiotype, termed CGAT idiotype. The CGAT idiotype is present on a major fraction of anti-GAT antibodies and is induced by the “GT”-related antigenic determinants on GAT molecules. The present paper describes another common idiotype of anti-GAT antibodies, termed GA-1 idiotype, the identification of which is based on a heterologous idiotypic interaction between guinea pig anti-idiotypic antiserum made against pooled specifically purified D1.LP anti-GAT antibodies and a monoclonal hybridoma anti-GAT antibody from the F9-102.2 cell line. The homologous anti-F9-102.2 idiotypic antiserum detected private idiotypic specificities.
GA-1 and CGAT are distinct idiotypes induced upon GAT immunization. Unlike CGAT idiotype, GA-1 idiotype is expressed on a minor fraction of the anti-GAT antibodies and “GA”-related antigenic determinants are responsible for the inducation of GA-1 idiotype. Thus, anti-GA, anti-GAT and anti-GLA40 antisera from 21 different inbred strains of mice expressed GA-1 idiotype. However, both the CE/J anti-GAT and anti-GA antisera lack detectable levels of GA-1 idiotype.
Experimental Malaria in the CBA/N Mouse
Authors: Jayawardena Anil N. , Janeway Charles A. , Kemp John D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
CBA/N mice carry an X-linked, recessive gene, which results in the absence of a B cell subset, and is expressed primarily as an inability to respond to a certain class of thymus-independent antigens. We have examined the responses of these mice to the malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii and found that primary infections induced by this parasite are more severe and last longer in mice with the X-linked defect than in normal controls. The decreased resistance of the defective mice is associated with a striking deficiency in their IgM antibody response. After recovery from a primary infection, defective mice resist reinfection with the homologous parasite as well as normal mice. Although as resistant as normal controls, B cells from defective mice transfer considerably less immunity to naive recipients than B cells from normal animals. Hence, two modes of thymus-dependent protective immunity may contribute to the host response to P. yoelii. Control of an acute primary infection appears to involve a thymus-dependent antibody response that CBA/N mice are deficient in. Resistance to reinfection may be mediated primarily by a different mechanism.
Different Responses of B Lymphocyte Colony-Forming Cells in Bone Marrow and Spleen of Mice Injected with Bacterial Cell-Wall Components
Authors: Staber Fritz Georg , Layton Judith E. , Tarcsay Lajos 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The responses of B lymphocyte colony-forming cells (BL-CFC) and hematopoietic colony-forming cells (HP-CFC) to three structurally unrelated chemically highly purified bacterial cell-wall components (BCWC) were studied in vivo. The total femoral BL-CFC content in C57BL/6 mice was found to be decreased approximately 70-fold 6 days after injection of lipid A and approximately 40-fold after injection of the outer membrane lipoprotein of Escherichia coli. Murein caused a much smaller decrease. In contrast to the marrow, the total splenic BL-CFC content did not change significantly after injection of any of the three BCWC. The response pattern of HP-CFC differed completely from that of BL-CFC. Although in the marrow only slight fluctuations were observed, the total spleen content of HP-CFC increased markedly after injection of either lipid A or lipoprotein but not after murein injection.
The decreased incidence of marrow BL-CFC was found to be maximal 4 to 6 days after injection, and normal levels of marrow BL-CFC were detectable again 2 weeks after injection. Inhibitory factors produced by marrow cells, especially prostaglandin E, appear not to be responsible for the decreased B lymphocyte colony-forming capacity of post-lipid A or post-lipoprotein marrow. The frequency of immunoglobulin-positive cells was also decreased in the marrow of mice injected with BCWC, but to an extent far too low to account completely for the decreased incidence of BL-CFC.
The Requirement of Ia-Positive Accessory Cells for the Induction of Hapten-Reactive Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in vitro
Authors: Yamashita Uki , Hamaoka Toshiyuki 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antigen-presenting mechanism to hapten-reactive cytotoxic T cells was studied by using fractionated responder T cells, hapten-modified syngeneic stimulator cells, and accessory cells. When the effect of various treatments on the stimulatory activity by spleen cells in the induction of cytotoxic T cells was studied by coculturing TNP-modified spleen cells and nylon wool column-purified T cells, the stimulatory activity was associated with the spleen cell population adhering to plastic dishes, Sephadex G-10, and nylon wool, and was sensitive to anti-Ia serum and complement treatment. The activity was resistant to anti-Th B serum and anti-Thy 1 serum and complement treatment. In order to figure out the role of Ia antigens for induction of cytotoxic T cells, Ia-negative tumor cells were used as stimulator cells with TNP-modification, and the effect of addition of spleen cells containing Ia-positive cells to the system was studied. The addition of accessory cells restored the induction of TNP-reactive cytotoxic T cell activity under conditions in which the TNP-modified tumor cells alone could not induce cytotoxic T cells to stimulate nylon wool column-purified T cells. In this system, not only syngeneic but also allogeneic spleen cells had the accessory activity. Anti-Ia serum could inhibit the induction of cytotoxic T cells when added continuously to the culture, and this inhibition was specific for the accessory cells added, but not for the responder T cells or stimulator cells. Thus, Ia-positive accessory cells seem to play a crucial role in the induction of cytotoxic T cells in vitro. The possible role of Ia-positive accessory cells is discussed in the context of cellular interactions in the antigen-recognition mechanism of cytotoxic T cells.
Subpopulations of Human T Lymphocytes
Authors: Gupta Sudhir 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Purified peripheral blood T lymphocytes were incubated with inducers of cyclic nucleotides and examined for the numbers of T cells with receptors for IgM (Tµ), IgG (Tγ), or IgA (Tα). Isoproterenol and theophylline, agents known to increase cAMP levels at 10-3 to 10-6 M concentrations, significantly decreased the number of Tµ cells but had no effect on Tγ or Tα cell numbers. This effect of isoproterenol could be completely blocked by a β-adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol. Receptors for IgM on Tµ cells regenerated after treatment with theophylline when cells were washed and further incubated at 37°C over a period of 12 to 24 hr in the absence of theophylline. Phenylephrine, at 10-3 to 10-6 M concentrations, significantly increased the numbers of Tµ cells but had no effect on Tγ or Tα cell numbers. The effect of phenylephrine could be completely blocked with an α-adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine. The significance of the results are discussed.
Induction and Specificity of Antisera from Mice Immunized with Syngeneic UV-Induced Tumors
Authors: DeLuca Dominick , Kripke Margaret L. , Marchalonis John J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sera from mice inoculated with syngeneic fibrosarcomas induced by ultraviolet light (UV) were tested to determine if antibodies specific for the immunizing tumor were present. The assay used for this determination involved indirect immunofluorescence binding of anti-sera to tissue culture cells derived from the appropriate UV-induced tumor. The degree of binding of a given antiserum was determined by either fluorescence microscopy or quantitative cytofluorometry.
Antisera specific for the syngeneic UV-induced tumor used for immunization were produced. Binding by such antisera was tumor specific and was not due to the presence of contaminating antibodies directed against AKR murine leukemia viruses (MuLV). Only two instances of cross-reactivity were observed, and these involved allogeneic UV-induced tumors. These sera did not react with embryonic fibroblasts, tail skin epidermal cell lines, methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced fibrosarcomas, or spontaneous fibrosarcomas. On the other hand, anti-UV-tumor sera, which also contained antibodies that react with MuLV, were cross-reactive with a number of tumors. Upon removal of anti-MuLV antibodies by appropriate adsorptions, the cross-reactive activity of these sera was lost, but the specific activity against the immunizing UV-induced tumor remained. We conclude that syngeneic mice challenged with UV-induced tumors can make a tumor-specific humoral immune response to individual tumors.
Regulation of Antibody Response in Different Immunoglobulin Classes
Authors: Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Hirai Yoshikatsu , Nakanishi Kenji , Azuma Ichiro , Nagamatsu Atsuo , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The suppressive effect of antigen-conjugated muramylpeptides or 6-O-mycoloyl muramylpeptides selectively on the induction of IgE antibody response was demonstrated. Preadministration of DNP-mycoloyl muramylpeptides completely inhibited the induction of the anti-DNP IgE antibody response with DNP-ovalbumin (DNP-OA). The selective suppression of the IgE response was due to the induction of DNP-specific suppressor T cells by DNP-mycoloyl muramylpeptides, and the suppressor cells were shown to be radiosensitive. Preadministration of OA-conjugated muramylpeptides partially inhibited the primary and secondary induction of an anti-OA IgE antibody response. The suppressor effect was also due to the induction of OA-specific suppressor T cells. Application of allergen-conjugated muramylpeptides as therapeutic agents in human allergic diseases was suggested.
Target-Effector Interaction in the Natural Killer Cell System
Authors: Roder John C. , Klein Margareta 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Dibutyryl cAMP (dB-cAMP) and the cAMP elevating agents, prostaglandin E1, theophylline, and histamine markedly suppressed NK cytolytic function in a dose-and rate-dependent manner. The inhibition was rapidly induced and persisted in the presence of the drugs. Separate pretreatment of targets and highly purified NK cells, isolated by a target binding and velocity sedimentation technique, revealed that PGE1 and dB-cAMP acted at the level of the effector cell in a short-term cytolytic assay. In contrast to the inhibitory effects of cAMP elevating agents, dB-cGMP and carbamylcholine caused a small but significant acceleration in the rate of lysis and could compete with inhibitory doses of dB-cAMP to reduce the level of suppression thereby suggesting that the cAMP-cGMP ratio might be important in NK-mediated lysis. Insulin had no effect on NK activity, whereas T cell-mediated cytolysis was augmented by insulin and cGMP if the effector cells were taken early after alloimmunization but not later. Neither cAMP- nor cGMP-elevating agents affected the frequency of NK-target cell conjugates. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that cyclic nucleotides may be involved in triggering the lytic event within NK cells.
Slow Reacting Substance (SRS) from Ionophore A23187-Stimulated Human Leukemic Basophils
Authors: Yecies Lewis D. , Wedner H. James , Parker Charles W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
SRS was generated from human leukemic basophils upon stimulation with ionophore A23187. Radiolabel from [14C]-AA was incorporated into SRS with continued comigration of radioactivity and bioactivity through several chromatographic systems including DEAE-cellulose, silicic acid, and RP-HPLC. Human basophilic leukemia SRS displayed physiochemical properties similar to those of rat basophilic leukemia cell SRS.
Identification and Separation of Thy-1 Positive Mouse Spleen Cells Active in Natural Cytotoxicity and Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity
Authors: Mattes M. Jules , Sharrow Susan O. , Herberman Ronald B. , Holden Howard T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The expression of the Thy-1 antigen on mouse spleen cells responsible for NK activity and ADCC was investigated by using a monoclonal IgM anti-Thy-1.2 antibody. Both C-mediated cytotoxicity and the fluorescence-activated cell sorter were used to fractionate cells. The effector cells were found to be heterogeneous in their expression of Thy-1. Effector cells from nude BALB/c mice were predominantly Thy-1 positive; some of the NK cells in CBA spleens appeared to be Thy-1 positive, but at least one-third of the lytic activity was due to Thy-1 negative cells. The effects of treatments on NK cytotoxicity and ADCC were very similar, supporting the hypothesis that the same cells mediate both activities.
Mechanism of Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity at the Single Cell Level
Authors: Grimm Elizabeth , Bonavida Benjamin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A single cell method has been developed for directly measuring the frequency of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). The method is based on the ability of CTL to bind corresponding target cells and to form CTL-target conjugates visible by microscopy. Conjugates are incubated at 37°C in agarose to prevent CTL recycling. Single target lysis is assessed by trypan blue uptake. Target cell lysis was evident as early as 15 min and reached a plateau at 2 hr with an average of 60 to 80% of the conjugated target cells lysed. In a population of nylonwool nonadherent BALB/c peritoneal exudate T lymphocytes sensitized to C57BL/6 alloantigens, the frequency of CTL was estimated to range from 12 to 24% of the total T lymphocytes. The frequency of CTL and the kinetics of lysis were a function of the state of immunity, the method of sensitization, and the target cell employed. The single cell method described here has several features, namely, its independence of CTL recycling, the elimination of the variability in 51Cr release by target cells, and its prevision for a direct estimate of CTL frequency. Furthermore, the method is simple, reproducible, highly quantitative with very low numbers of CTL, and adaptable to non-T cell-mediated cytotoxic systems.
The biologic effects of allogeneic effect factor on T lymphocytes. I. The mitogenic activity and the autonomous induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by AEF.
Authors: Altman A , Cardenas J M , Bechtold T E , Katz D H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies presented herein illustrate the capacity of the soluble mediator, allogeneic effect factor (AEF), which is derived from histoincompatible cell interactions, to induce the in vitro differentiation of normal murine splenic lymphocytes into mature cytotoxic cells capable of exerting activity on H-2-identical target cells. This process requires the presence of T lymphocytes during the sensitization phase, and the lytic activity on tumor cells is mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). The capacity of AEF to induce differentiation of such CTL does not require the presence of stimulating target cells in the sensitization phase. The induction of CTL requires the presence of AEF at the initiation of culture, although exposure to AEF as brief as 1 hr is sufficient to induce fresh spleen cells to differentiate into CTL during the subsequent 5 days in culture. In addition to its ability to induce CTL, AEF is highly mitogenic for T lymphocytes. However, the mitogenic and the CTL-inducing activities of AEF can be experimentally dissociated, indicating that different subpopulations of T lymphocytes may be involved in the response to AEF. In contrast to similar soluble helper factors derived from allogeneic cell interactions, AEF appears to be unique in its ability to autonomously induce a primary CTL response in vitro.
The protein-A plaque assay: a new system for the detection of cells secreting a given idiotype.
Authors: Hammarström L , Smith C I , Pettersson D , Mellstedt H , Holm G 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
With a modification of the protein-A plaque assay, cells secreting a given idiotype could be detected. Different anti-idiotypic antisera raised against the M-component of macroglobulinemia Waldenström patients were used. The antibodies did not cross-react with cell clones of other patients or normal controls. Spontaneous plaques, without prior cultivation, were mainly shown to be of IgM class, the majority being idiotype specific, in blood and bone marrow lymphocytes from these patients. This is in contrast to the predominance of Ig or IgA found in normal blood donors. A low but recognizable stimulation of the malignant clone may be observed when cells were stimulated by certain polyclonal B cell activators.
IgG B memory cell subpopulations: differences in susceptibility to stimulation by TI-1 and TI-2 antigens.
Authors: Tittle T V , Rittenberg M B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from mice primed with the thymus dependent (TD) antigen trinitrophenyl keyhole limpet hemocyanin several months earlier can be stimulated in vitro to produce an IgG anti-hapten response to TD as well as thymus independent (TI) forms of the hapten. Selective killing of TD or TI-2 responding B cells can be accomplished with the corresponding antigen by bromouridine deoxyribose (BUdR) and light treatment without affecting the other population. In contrast, we show here that selective killing with TI-1 antigens does not occur. Rather, the TI-1 antigens, TNP-Brucella abortus or TNP-lipopolysaccharide, eliminate both TD and TI-2 responding IgG memory B cells. All TNP-responding B cells are similarly eliminated if cultures are challenged simultaneously with TD and TI-2 antigens before BUdR and light but not when they are challenged with either a TD or TI-2 antigen separately. We conclude that IgG memory B cell precursors stimulated to produce anti-TNP by TD or TI-2 forms of the hapten are defined by only two functionally distinct subpopulations and that TI-1 antigens can stimulate both of these populations at least to divide.
Analysis of cytotoxic effector cell populations by kinetic and monolayer adsorption techniques.
Authors: Lynch D H , DeWitt C W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cytolytically active lymphocytes were generated by immunizations between rat strains and evaluated by both kinetic and monolayer adsorption techniques. Kinetic analysis yields two values (Ka and Vmax), which are characteristic of interactions between individual effector and target cell populations. The Ka values this obtained correlate with the quantitative level of adsorption of CTL onto cellular monolayers, and we conclude that Ka is a measure of the binding avidity of effector and target cells.
The interaction of C5 with C3b in free solution: a sufficient condition for cleavage by a fluid phase C3/C5 convertase.
Authors: Isenman D E , Podack E R , Cooper N R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have measured the interactions of C3b with C5 in free solution under conditions that favor detecting weak binding interactions (high C3b and low C5 concentrations and low ionic strength). When a mixture of 125I-C5 (2 X 10(-8) M) and unlabeled C3b (3.8 x 10(-5) M) was ultracentrifuged in a sucrose gradient, virtually all of the C5 sedimented to the position of a 13 to 14S complex. In contrast, a sedimentation rate for C5 of 9S was obtained in the absence of C3b. The ability to bind C5 was observed to be a property of C3b since native C3 was unable to bind C5. It was also found that beta 1H by itself could inhibit the binding of C5 to cell-bound C3b. From inhibition studies, we estimate that the association constant for the C3b-C5 interaction is on the order of 2 x 10(6) M-1 in a low ionic strength buffer (mu = 0.06) and 5-fold weaker at physiologic ionic strength. C5 bound to C3b in free solution was cleaved by nephritic factor-stabilized fluid phase C3bB. C5 activation did not occur on omitting C3b. We conclude that the ability to bind C5 is a property of C3b molecules whether surface bound or in free solution and that when C5 is bound in either fashion, it can be cleaved by a fluid phase C3/C5 convertase.