bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Typical Components of Music Education Research
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the typical components of a music education research article. Typically, researchers aim to (a) convince readers that the topic under study is important and relevant to music educators; (b) describe the conceptual or theoretical framework that informs their perspective on the problem; (c) persuade the readers that their research will fill a gap in the current literature and further our understanding of the topic; (d) specify the particular purpose, questions, and/or hypotheses that their study will address; (e) explain the methodological steps taken to conduct their research; (f) present the findings of their inquiry; and (g) describe how their research has contributed to and/or extended our collective knowledge on the topic at hand. Often, a research project begins with the description of a problem or a broad area of concern relevant to music teaching and learning. Opening sections of the paper would then typically shape the problem toward a specific purpose statement and set of research questions. Quantitative, qualitative, and action research articles often include a review of related literature, that is, a synthesis of the research studies that have already been published on the problem at hand. Methods sections identify the participants and the context of the study, the data being collected and analyzed, and the specific procedures followed. Results are reported, and a discussion or conclusion section places the findings into a broader context. Historical and philosophical research studies may contain some but not all of these sections.
Common Elements of Qualitative Research Reports
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of key methodological decisions to be made when undertaking a qualitative study, as well as ways that researchers commonly describe the methodological approaches they have taken in their published research reports. Participant selection in qualitative research is accomplished through purposeful sampling strategies, with individuals selected for their perspective on or experience with the central phenomenon. Among the most commonly used data generation techniques are interviewing, observing, and collecting documents and other artifacts. Qualitative data analysis features both inductive and deductive reasoning, with the balance between these varying according to the design used. The majority of approaches entail coding data; organizing codes into broader categories, themes, or second-order constructs; visually representing themes that emerge from analysis; and developing thematic representations. The process of interpretation, involving the extraction of larger meanings from codes and themes, is not a discrete step but underlies every phase of the research process. Researchers may position their role as a complete participant, participant as observer, nonparticipant observer, or complete observer. Rather than purporting to conduct their studies objectively, qualitative researchers recognize and manage their subjectivity through a variety of means. The chapter concludes with a discussion of possible rhetorical structures for presenting and discussing findings of a qualitative study.
Canon fodder
Authors: Norton Anne 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This first of these theses rejects the myth of Athens as the birthplace of democracy. Instead, these theses show how the memory of democratic Athens was filtered through the imagination of the imperial British. As one might expect of in an imperial myth, this Athens was used not to support but to limit democracy. Athenian democracy excluded women so all democracies could exclude women. Athens excluded foreigners so all democracies could. Athens rested on slavery, any democracy might rest on slavery. Athens was tribal so all democracies should be tribal. Athens was also used to prove that democracies cannot last. The second thesis in this section argues that the canon of Western political philosophy is undemocratic to the core. The Western canon of political philosophy is said to be the well-spring of both democracy and critical thinking. However, canonical thinkers believed that democracy is a danger and an absurdity, contemporary liberal thinkers believe people are nothing but a problem to be managed. That canon -and contemporary theory- should not only be questioned but supplemented with works that show the origins and character of democracy among the people: in the interstices of the canon; in manifestos, poetry and practices.
Democratic divinity
Authors: Norton Anne 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The theses in this section look at the sovereign people as incarnations of the divine. There is a discreet current in political philosophy that suggests the divinity of the people. One finds it in Machiavelli and Rousseau, but also in Islamic philosophy as ijma, and in the phrase “vox populi vox dei , the voice of the people is the voice of God.” The opening thesis discusses how people become divine in governing themselves. This political theology runs directly counter to that of Carl Schmitt and those who follow him. The final thesis affirms that the earth belongs to the living, who are given power and a duty.
Improvising Fugue
Authors: Mortensen John J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This book lays out a gradual and clear method by which performers on piano, harpsichord, organ, or digital keyboards may learn to improvise fugues in eighteenth-century style. The first half of the book is a comprehensive course in Italian partimento, the pedagogical system that simultaneously trains musicians in harmony, counterpoint, keyboard style, improvisation, composition, and audiation. In order to teach partimento, the book draws upon the treatises of Italian masters such as Giovanni Furno, Fedele Fenaroli, and Francesco Durante. After building a foundation through partimento, the book presents a gradual approach to improvising fugues, drawing upon the fugue d’école (academic fugue) tradition of the Paris Conservatoire in the nineteenth century. Particular attention is paid to the fugue treatise of André Gedalge. Each concept is accompanied by practical exercises; readers will find detailed instruction at every level of their journey into improvisation. The book concludes with exercises in improvising complete fugues on a wide variety of musical themes.
Furno’s Ten Partimenti
Authors: Mortensen John J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter guides the reader through a comprehensive study of Giovanni Furno’s ten partimenti. The first and second partimenti are solved with Rule of the Octave. The third teaches cadences. The fourth and fifth explore modulations, also known as terminations. The sixth partimento demonstrates the bass motion Cascade. The seventh presents the bass motions Ascending 5-6 and Descending 7-6. The eighth teaches the bass motions C5 (circle of fifths) and Monte Romanesca (rising fifths). The ninth teaches the bass motion Tied Bass. Furno’s tenth partimento puts all the concepts from his treatise together in one piece.
Introduction to Improvised Fugue
Authors: Mortensen John J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of improvised fugue and the fugue d’école (academic fugue) at the Paris Conservatoire in the nineteenth century. The chapter explains why organists kept alive a tradition of improvisation while pianists ceased improvising. The chapter covers the contributions of Henri Herz, Pierre-Joseph-Guillaume Zimmerman, Henri Benoist, Luigi Cherubini, André Gedalge, and many other musicians.
Improvising a First Fugue on Handel
Authors: Mortensen John J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter guides the reader through a systematic process of creating a simple fugue on a subject of Handel. Concepts of subject, answer, episode, and presentation are addressed. Many exercises allow the reader to internalize the skills of spontaneous fugue creation. Other techniques discussed include descending expositions, ascending expositions, staggered expositions, harmonic plans, and pedal points. The chapter concludes with guidance on improvising a complete fugue.
Bounce
Authors: Wicks Robert J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Resilience is an evergreen topic of interest. People are naturally drawn to information on how to improve self-care, create a richer circle of friends, develop and maintain a healthy perspective, and—especially now—the importance of seeing “alone time” not simply as forced isolation but a venue for new personality development. Such areas aid self-awareness and understanding as well as improve our emotional intellect so we don’t react but instead pause to reflect and process life as it unfolds. The original edition of Bounce addressed these areas, and much of what was contained in the book is still current and applicable. But then the appearance of Covid-19, intense political strife, and increased divisiveness within countries, families, communities, and even faith traditions occurred. Greeting, successfully adjusting to, and even benefiting from such unexpected and broad-reaching change, challenges, and stress is of even greater import now. In addition, styles of living which were taken for granted—that is, adults go out to work and children are educated in an actual classroom—were also radically impacted. As a result, adults were also expected to deal with the questions raised by the young about their own security and hoped-for normalcy. With updated information and a new chapter on posttraumatic growth, the second edition of Bounce is designed to enhance the search for balance and new meaning-making by enabling a better understanding of both chronic and acute stress, creating and tailoring your own self-care protocol, and knowing how to better debrief yourself after an intense day.
Navigating Life’s Rough Waters
Authors: Wicks Robert J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chronic stress is like “psychological and spiritual carbon monoxide poisoning.” It can quietly slip up on us. Acute stress can be an emotional shock that may result in our not ever being the person we were again. Both types of distress need to be recognized, understood, and dealt with in ways that will minimize unnecessary impact and allow both a bouncing back from it and wisdom, which will enhance our resilience going forward. This requires an awareness of such factors as the following: the dangers of both toxic work and toxic people, the common causes and levels of burnout, the most helpful questions to ask to uncover vicarious posttraumatic stress in interacting with family, friends, and coworkers who have been traumatized, and the ability to determine our own “personal vulnerability profile” so we can respond in a more resilient fashion when faced with stress.
A Quarrel Among Friends
Authors: Braver Joshua 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In Colombia, the process extraordinarily adapted the law on the state of emergency to create a progressive constitution that broke with the clientelist democracy of the past. This process met the first two conditions of legal exhaustion and popular vindication. However, the third of inclusion was only partially fulfilled, and agreement was relatively easy to achieve because the Marxist guerillas did not participate in the assembly. Their demands for justice were left unaddressed. Although the inclusion of multiple urban parties facilitated a democratic constitution, the rural peasants were still left in the crossfire of the army, guerillas, paramilitaries, and drug traffickers. Colombia is an important but flawed example of extraordinary adaptation.
Effective Altruism’s Unsuspecting Twenty-First-Century Colonialism
Authors: de Lima Simone 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role played by Effective Altruism (EA) in the Global South, focusing on its impact in the animal rights movement in Brazil. It historically situates the arrival of EA ideology in the country through large US- and Europe-based organizations and analyzes how the efficacy paradigm affects movement dynamics. Three main issues in EA’s top-down approach are identified: (1) the trend toward campaigns for “low-hanging fruit,” with little consequences for the lives of animals exploited in the industry; (2) the choice to co-opt social media influencers disconnected from the reality of the population; and (3) the superficial, decontextualized analysis of food systems, lending itself to the promotion of companies that are major drivers of deforestation, involved in human and labor rights infringements and the exploitation of animals. The chapter closes by offering by a counter-perspective to colonialism in the movement: a collaborative approach between organizations in the North and South.
Queer Eye on the EA Guys
Authors: jones pattrice 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Effective Altruism is popular because it promises to satisfy deep-seated human desires, but it falls far short of this goal due to the same human fallibility that has led to the problems EA claims to be able to solve. In so doing, EA leads people who want to be maximally helpful to unintentionally cause harm. At this time, humans face three interrelated emergencies: (1) the climate emergency, (2) a worldwide pandemic, and (3) cascading collapses in consensus reality. But is the common-sense utilitarian precept of “the greatest good for the greatest number” the best approach to moral and practical decision-making? Unfortunately, this chapter argues that, the promise made by EA—we can show you how to most effectively expend your resources—is factually false. It offers instead, a queerer, and therefore more ecological, approach to efficacy that would be a more appropriate response to the multifaceted and intersecting emergencies confronted by humans today, including the climate crisis and cascading collapses in consensus reality.
Effective Altruism and the Reified Mind
Authors: Sanbonmatsu John 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter interprets Effective Altruism as a symptom of reification, or the process under advanced capitalism by which thought and culture progressively come to resemble the commodity form. Drawing on the Marxist theory of Georg Lukács, the chapter argues that Effective Altruism’s embrace of calculability or quantitative measurement as the basis for ethical and social reasoning results in a naive empiricism rooted in the fragmentation of knowledge, leaving objects of cognition to be viewed as discrete facts, without reference to complex social geographies. As a consequence, Effective Altruism remains oblivious to the totality of social relations that together constitute the epistemic ground beneath its own feet. Reverting to a purely voluntarist and ahistorical conception of social change, Effective Altruism mystifies the nature of praxis, strengthens existing structures of domination, and obscures paths to genuine freedom.
Conclusion
Authors: Li Ji 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter illustrates Caubrière’s murder in June 1948 when the Chinese Communist army was advancing across the region. His death soon made the headlines in local newspapers, and the murder was afterward subjected to repeated examination and interpretation in official discourses. This chapter compares different versions of the story of Caubrière’s murder that appear in the church records and official Chinese narratives, respectively. The Catholic publications blamed the Communist Party for Caubrière’s death. In contrast, the Chinese Communist Party included this murder case in its official documents as an example of praising the Party’s protection of human rights and property. The Communist Party’s discourse of sovereignty was rooted in its appropriation of imperialism. The missionary enterprise Caubrière represented complicated Manchuria’s transformation from a contested frontier of empires to the heartland of China’s socialist industrialization and “the eldest son of the People’s Republic of China” after 1949.
Alternate Possibility Arguments for Varieties of Incompatibilism
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The chapter presents, explains, and evaluates two “alternate possibility” (AP) arguments, one for the incompatibility of determinism and obligation (AP-Obligation), and the other for the incompatibility of determinism and blameworthiness (AP-Blameworthiness). These arguments share the premise that if determinism is true, no one can do otherwise. The skeptical conclusions are reached by drawing on the intermediary premise that obligation and responsibility require freedom to do otherwise. Argument AP-Obligation appeals to the following two principles: if one ought to do something, then one can do it (OIC); and one ought to do something if, and only if, it is wrong for one not to do it (Equivalence). In addition to OIC and Equivalence, argument AP-Blameworthiness calls on a third principle: one is blameworthy for doing something only if it is wrong for one to do it (BRI). Frankfurt examples are examples that seek to show that moral responsibility does not require freedom to do otherwise. The chapter explains why appropriately adjusted versions of such examples do not undermine AP-Obligation. The chapter concludes that even if Frankfurt examples have merit, determinism still imperils blameworthiness by precluding freedom to do otherwise because there are apt conceptual connections between blameworthiness and impermissibility.
Obligation Semicompatibilism
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Semicompatibilism regarding moral obligation is the thesis that even if determinism is incompatible with freedom to do otherwise, it is compatible with obligation. The driving force of this variety of semicompatibilism is the assumption that obligation does not presuppose that one could have refrained from behaving as one did. Against this assumption, this chapter offers considerations for the view that there is a requirement of alternative possibilities for right, wrong, and obligation. For example, nothing can be obligatory for one unless one could have done otherwise. The principle that if it is impermissible for one to do something, then one can do this thing (principle “impermissibility” implies “can”) is introduced and defended. This principle in conjunction with two others—one ought to do something if, and only if, it is wrong for one not to do it, and if one ought to do something, then one can do it—sustains the view that obligation, right, and wrong require alternatives. Assuming that determinism precludes freedom to do otherwise, this view, in turn, imperils obligation semicompatibilism.
Internalism and Externalism
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Externalism about responsibility or obligation is the view that how one acquires apt antecedents of action, such as beliefs, desires, and values, may influence whether one is responsible for, or morally obligated to do, something. Externalism implies that the history of how one procures one’s springs of action may affect responsibility (or obligation). What are called “radical reversal cases” in the philosophical literature, which feature invasively manipulating an agent without the agent’s awareness of being manipulated, are invoked to support responsibility externalism. It is argued that such cases do not sustain obligation externalism. Hence, obligation is not historical in the way responsibility is. A hypothesis is offered to explain this difference. Appraisals of responsibility are agent-focused appraisals: agents are the primary objects of appraisal. Radical unsolicited changes in an agent’s mental repertoire can affect responsibility. In contrast, appraisals of obligation are act-focused: agents’ behavior is the fundamental object of appraisal. Radical changes in an agent’s psychological life need not have the relevant sort of bearing on her obligations.
Concluding Reflections
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter assimilates the primary conclusions of the book. First, there are strong reasons to believe that obligation requires freedom to do otherwise: nothing can be obligatory for one unless one could have done otherwise. Owing to conceptual links between obligation and responsibility, with certain caveats, there is good reason to think that responsibility, too, requires alternate possibilities. Thus, again with apt qualifications, the freedom requirements of obligation and responsibility are symmetric. Second, semicompatibilism regarding responsibility (or obligation) is the thesis that even if determinism is incompatible with freedom to do otherwise, it is compatible with responsibility (or obligation). Given the first conclusion, both these sorts of semicompatibilism are suspect. Third, many concur that whereas one may now no longer have an obligation that one previously had, one cannot now fail to be blameworthy for something for which one was formerly to blame. This immutability thesis about blameworthiness is shown to be false. Both obligation and blameworthiness can change, in the relevant fashion, with the passage of time. Fourth, and finally, while how one acquires ones values may significantly influence whether one is responsible for much of one’s conduct, obligation is not “historical” in this way. The overall conclusion is that obligation is more similar to responsibility in various respects than many believe.
Prisoner of War Status in the Context of Naval Warfare: On the Status of Masters and Crews of Neutral Merchant Vessels
Authors: von Heinegg Wolff Heintschel 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The chapter deals with the legal status of the masters and crews of neutral merchant vessels in naval warfare, an issue that is not regulated in the 1949 Geneva Conventions II and III. The Geneva Conventions only apply to the masters and crews of enemy merchant vessels. Therefore, it is important first to identify the criteria determining the enemy or neutral character of merchant vessels. The fact that a vessel is flying a neutral flag does not provide sufficient evidence as to its true nature. The chapter identifies five criteria according to which neutral merchant vessels can be distinguished from enemy merchant vessels. Next, the circumstances rendering neutral merchant vessels liable to be attacked as lawful military objectives and the circumstances rendering them liable to be captured under prize law are summarized. In its final section, the chapter addresses the conditions under which the personnel of neutral merchant vessels are entitled to prisoner of war status or whether they may be held criminally liable for having directly participated in hostilities.
Protecting Prisoners of War in Contemporary Conflicts
Authors: Jinks Derek 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
What protection must be accorded prisoners of war (POWs) in international humanitarian law (IHL)? How might this protection scheme shed light on the role of personal status categories in IHL? IHL accords substantial legal protection to POWs. Many of these protections closely track the increasingly robust fundamental guarantees accorded all conflict-related detainees. Some POW protections, though, reflect a different protective logic. Indeed, POWs are overprotected with respect to the humanitarian baseline because of special considerations of fairness, honor, and respect tightly linked to the specific requirements for POW status. The analysis in this chapter provides (1) a detailed catalog and assessment of the protections accorded POWs; (2) an account of the role of personal status categories in contemporary IHL; and (3) a qualified normative defense of special protections accorded POWs.