bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Indian Uprising of 1857
Authors: Davis Alexander E. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Indian Uprising of 1857 remains a deeply politicized event. It is often remembered as a nationalist Uprising in India, a ‘First War of Independence’, and condescendingly referred to in the UK as a ‘mutiny’ of Indian soldiers. This chapter looks at the Uprising and its international and local effects. It was foundational to the creation of the colonial state in India and changed imperial governance structures globally, with the British forever aware of the possibility of anti-colonial resistance and governed with greater brutality as a result. Conceptually, I argue that a granular reading of the Uprising, defined as an emphasis on the texture of the event itself, must focus on colonial violence. Moreover, this violence should disrupt the broad strokes historical narratives that International Relations (IR) rests upon. Indeed, the 1857 Indian Uprising demonstrates to us the colonial genealogy of the international, and the extreme violence that underpins it.
The First World War and Versailles
Authors: Kelly Duncan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The First World War and the Treaty of Versailles are pivotal moments in the historical evolution of International Relations (IR) and International Law. Together they often form an origin story about the rise of an opposition between realism and idealism in politics, or between statist positivism and utopianism in law. This essay begins with the problem of the First World War and Versailles as part of a regime of historicity. In so doing, it sheds light on the often-discordant mixture of intellectual hesitation, archaism, and radical modernism that underpinned attempts to legitimize various forms of international politics and International Law around the period of the war as idealism or realism. It then suggests that recent, global histories of International Law and politics, offer suggestive new ways of seeing both the modernity as well as the (imperial) granularity of such crucial moments.
Sykes–Picot
Authors: Donaldson Megan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Sykes–Picot agreement (1916), apportioning the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire between Britain and France, reflects long-term geopolitical considerations, the diplomatic style of late imperialism, and wartime strategic imperatives. Though the agreement was not ultimately decisive of the post-First World War settlement, its basic tenets did find expression in the arrangements for mandate governance in the interwar years and helped shape the conditions in which postcolonial states would emerge. The agreement is still charged with symbolic significance, and figures in the diagnoses and political projects of diverse actors today. However, focus on the agreement itself can distort the questions we ask about twentieth-century history and politics in the region. This chapter analyses the agreement as a discrete ‘moment’, unpacking its conventional contexts, but also probing how we might re-examine it through lenses of modernity and granularity, and vice-versa.
World War Two and San Francisco
Authors: Gorman Daniel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the Second World War (WWII) and the creation of the United Nations (UN) at the San Francisco Conference in 1945 as key moments where the modernist concepts of territorial sovereignty and a shared awareness of global challenges converged. The chapter surveys the different but overlapping ways in which international historians and International Relations (IR) scholars understand WWII and the creation of the UN as global moments. It demonstrates that the war years were a period of seismic international transformation that mobilized global actors to establish new patterns of international engagement, some of which incorporated aspects of the pre-war system. It analyses the San Francisco Conference as a signal moment of closure and creation, both a peace settlement and a blueprint for an emergent multilateral international system. Finally, the chapter identifies legacies of WWII and the San Francisco Conference in International History and IR.
History and the International
Authors: Spanu Maja , Reus-Smit Christian 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This Handbook has avoided cleaving to a fixed conception of the international, but instead has treated the international as an historically emergent and variable concept (and field of inquiry). In this final chapter we recentre the international and its history. Our goal is not to distil from our authors’ writings overarching ‘umbrella’ conceptions of the international. Rather, we seek to draw out—in general and in relation to our authors’ arguments—some of the challenges of locating key concepts and practices that have characterized the international historically. In saying that such key concepts and practices are historically contingent, we are making the case that they have carried multiple meanings, that they have been defined and deployed at different points in time, in diverse global contexts, serving often contradictory ends. Moreover, as the preceding chapters testify, conceptions of political life have been imagined, discursively constructed, and mobilized by diverse actors, often in contestation. With this in mind, the following discussion focuses on four topics that help us access the multiple origins, understandings, and deployments of the international (and the global), and of the many practices, conceptions and moments that accompany them. These are, respectively, time, agency, space, and language. One advantage of these foci is that they enable us to trace, through the writings of our contributors, how conceptions of the ‘international’ blend into the ideas of the ‘global’, a concept that appears frequently in preceding chapters.
Historical Sociology in International Relations
Authors: Pal Maïa 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows that Historical Sociology in International Relations (HSIR) is a fundamental approach that contributes to the foundations and key challenges of historical IR by grounding the discipline back to key debates in the philosophy of social sciences. It argues that HSIR should focus more on how it produces knowledge through methodological questions regarding research and pedagogy. After situating itself through the angles of modernity and granularity and presenting key developments in recent HSIR, the chapter explores the analytical device of internalism. If not necessarily constituting a problem for anti-Eurocentric projects, internalism forces more methodological conceptions of Eurocentrism and remains a useful starting point for research. Finally, the chapter explores methodological questions in terms of pedagogy, i.e. how we teach students to compare in IR. Experimenting with how undergraduate students choose to embark on small scale comparative exercises constitutes a useful platform to explore how IR actually ‘does’ historical sociology.
Global History and International Relations
Authors: Lawson George , Mulich Jeppe 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the relationship between global history and International Relations (IR) with the aim of showing how a closer engagement would enrich both disciplines. The chapter begins by charting the multiple forms that global history takes, highlighting some of the key issues at stake in the global turn. It then examines the ways in which IR has engaged with, or failed to engage with, these histories across a variety of theoretical approaches. The final section outlines two possibilities for how engagement between IR and global history can be developed further in the future: a minimalist vision premised on the generation of synthetic historical-theoretical work, and a maximalist vision based on the construction of new, non-Eurocentric histories of transboundary encounters and entanglements.
Future Possibilities for Qualitative Research in Music Education
Authors: Barrett Janet R. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter sketches out some of the challenges and opportunities facing qualitative research in music education. It proposes seven future directions: “strong purposes,” in which qualitative research will attain greater clarity in aligning research activities with wisely chosen and pressing aims; “strong footings,” in which it will attend more closely to the epistemological coherence of theoretical and analytical frameworks; “new realms,” in which it will situate inquiry in new contexts, engaging new voices, and pursuing compelling new realms of study; “new affordances,” in which it will utilize new affordances of technology and social media as strategic tools and environments for qualitative work; “resonance and rigor,” in which it will seek greater resonance and rigor through attending to writing and scholarly critique; “community,” in which it will integrate the community of qualitative researchers in order to build professional capacity and collaborative power; and “expanding the reach” of its impact on practitioners, scholars, and communities.
Would an unapportioned US federal wealth tax be constitutional, and what does that mean?
Authors: Shaviro Daniel 
Published: August 2023

AbstractTo assess the constitutionality of an unapportioned federal wealth tax, and/or of a federal income tax provision reaching wealthy taxpayers’ unrealized gains, one needs an underlying framework for making judgements about legal claims. While no such framework can be entirely specified, at least to general agreement, this does not support nihilistically rejecting all comparative judgements about better versus worse, or more versus less convincing, instances of legal analysis.While it appears nearly certain that the Supreme Court’s current right-wing majority would strike down an unapportioned federal wealth tax, the ‘correct’ answer to this constitutional question cannot be proven to general agreement. I myself would disagree with such a holding by the Court. An important variable in resolving the issue for oneself is how much continuing precedential weight one should give to Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co.—a case that itself blatantly disrespected precedent, but that did so more than a century ago, and that (on the other hand) some argue has already ceased to be good law. The principle of respecting precedent both has instrumental value and has been long (if fitfully) honoured within the American legal system, but all agree that its weight is not absolute.An unapportioned minimum income tax on the wealthiest Americans that included in income their unrealized capital gains would likely be constitutional under currently prevalent legal doctrine. It is true, however, that Eisner v. Macomber (1920), if it were held to remain good law beyond its immediate facts, would support holding it unconstitutional. The prospect that the current Supreme Court’s six right-wingers will decide to revive Macomber provides only one reason for suspecting that they might strike down such a provision, perhaps while also launching a broader constitutional war against central tenets of the current regime for taxing wealthy individuals and capital income. However, it lies beyond the power of conventional legal analysis to predict either what form such a war would take, or on what terms it might end up being resolved.
What drives major tax reform? Implications for taxing the rich
Authors: Beretta Martina , Güçeri İrem , Jakobsen Katrine 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This paper examines some drivers behind substantial changes in tax policy in recent decades. Using existing theories and our definition of ‘beneficial major tax reforms’, we discuss three case studies: the US in the 1980s, the UK in the 1980s, and the UK’s failed ‘mini-budget’ of 2022. Our analysis reveals that the US’s TRA86 has, to some degree, improved efficiency, while the UK reforms may have exacerbated inequality with ambiguous effects on efficiency. Finally, we outline the potential for future reforms and conclude that political conditions are more likely to instigate major change than economic motivations.
What is the average federal individual income tax rate on the wealthiest Americans?
Authors: Yagan Danny 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
I estimate the average federal individual income tax rate paid by America’s 400 wealthiest families, using a relatively comprehensive estimate of their Haig–Simons income: their change in wealth, plus US individual taxes. I do so using publicly available statistics from the IRS Statistics of Income Division, the Survey of Consumer Finances, and Forbes magazine from 1992 to 2020. This paper’s baseline analysis uses all years of data and systematically varies start and end years. The baseline estimates of the average federal individual income tax rate on the wealthiest 400 families are 9.6 per cent in nominal terms and 12.0 per cent in real (inflation-adjusted) terms. Sensitivity analyses yield nominal estimates in the 6.7–14.6 per cent range and real estimates in the 8.4–17.9 per cent range. These estimates can be combined with effective corporate income tax rates to estimate all-in effective income tax rates on the wealthiest.
Taxing the rich (more)
Authors: Güçeri İrem , Slemrod Joel 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis issue of the Oxford Review of Economic Policy addresses whether and how to tax the rich more, drawing on the expertise of 16 author teams, most of whom are economists but also spanning legal scholarship and political science. The papers in this issue ask a range of research and policy questions about the way governments tax the rich. How can we measure the effective tax rates on the incomes and/or wealth of the rich? How do governments tax specific sources of income that the rich earn, and is there need for reform? Who bears the burden of different types of taxes, and do potential gains from reducing the tax burden on the rich ‘trickle down’? How do the rich respond to the taxes imposed on them?
The wealthy as a barrier to tax reform
Authors: Page Benjamin I , Seawright Jason 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIn the optimal design of tax reform proposals, and in decisions about when and how to recommend them, it is useful to take explicit account of issues of political feasibility. In the United States—and probably around the world—important political barriers work against the enactment of major progressive tax reforms. A close look at US poll and survey data indicates that opposition by the general public is not a significant barrier: large majorities favour progressive taxation in general and favour a number of specific progressive tax changes, including higher top personal income tax rates; higher taxes on corporations; increased taxation of realized capital gains; and taxation of unrealized gains at death. But there exist other serious political barriers against tax reform, including an institutional status quo bias that makes any major policy change (especially any progressive change) very difficult; and strong political opposition from business corporations and wealthy individuals. The best available evidence indicates that nearly all US business firms, and most multi-millionaires and billionaires, oppose practically any sort of progressive tax reform. The best evidence also indicates that these firms and individuals exercise far more influence on policy-making than ordinary citizens do. We mention some possible strategies for dealing with this problem.
Bright Type II supernova 2023ixf in M 101: A quick analysis of the early-stage spectra and near-infrared light curves
Authors: Yamanaka Masayuki , Fujii Mitsugu , Nagayama Takahiro 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
We present early-stage analyses of low-resolution (R = 1000) optical spectra and near-infrared light curves of the bright Type II supernova (SN II) 2023ixf in the notable nearby face-on spiral galaxy M 101, which were obtained from t = 1.7 to 8.0 d. Our first spectrum showed remarkable emission features of the Balmer series, He ii, N iii, C iv, and N iv with a strong blue continuum. Compared with the SNe II which show flash-ionized features, we suggest that this SN could be categorized as a high-luminosity SN II with a nitrogen/helium-rich circumstellar material (CSM), e.g., SNe 2014G, 2017ahn, and 2020pni. The Hα emission line can be tentatively explained by a narrower component with a velocity of &lt;300 km s−1 and a broader one with ∼2200 km s−1. The near-infrared light curves were well consistent with those of the another luminous SN 2017ahn, and its absolute magnitudes are located at the bright end of the luminosity distribution of SNe II. These observational facts support that SN 2023ixf is well consistent with high-luminosity SNe II showing evidence of a dense nitrogen/helium-rich CSM.
Initiation of B-type starch granules in wheat endosperm requires the plastidial α-glucan phosphorylase PHS1
Authors: Kamble Nitin Uttam , Makhamadjonov Farrukh , Fahy Brendan , Martins Carlo , Saalbach Gerhard , Seung David 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The plastidial α-glucan phosphorylase (PHS1) can elongate and degrade maltooligosaccharides (MOSs), but its exact physiological role in plants is poorly understood. Here, we discover a specialized role of PHS1 in establishing the unique bimodal characteristic of starch granules in wheat (Triticum spp.) endosperm. Wheat endosperm contains large A-type granules that initiate at early grain development and small B-type granules that initiate in later grain development. We demonstrate that PHS1 interacts with B-GRANULE CONTENT1 (BGC1), a carbohydrate-binding protein essential for normal B-type granule initiation. Mutants of tetraploid durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) deficient in all homoeologs of PHS1 had normal A-type granules but fewer and larger B-type granules. Grain size and starch content were not affected by the mutations. Further, by assessing granule numbers during grain development in the phs1 mutant and using a double mutant defective in both PHS1 and BGC1, we demonstrate that PHS1 is exclusively involved in B-type granule initiation. The total starch content and number of starch granules per chloroplast in leaves were not affected by loss of PHS1, suggesting that its role in granule initiation in wheat is limited to the endosperm. We therefore propose that the initiation of A- and B-type granules occurs via distinct biochemical mechanisms, where PHS1 plays an exclusive role in B-type granule initiation.
Nanoscale goldbeating: Solid-state transformation of 0D and 1D gold nanoparticles to anisotropic 2D morphologies
Authors: Tanjil Md Rubayat-E , Gupta Tanuj , Gole Matthew T , Suero Keegan P , Yin Zhewen , McCleeary Donald J , Douglas Ossie R T , Kincanon Maegen M , Rudawski Nicholas G , Anderson Alissa B , Murphy Catherine J , Zhao Huijuan , Wang Michael Cai 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Goldbeating is the ancient craft of thinning bulk gold (Au) into gossamer leaves. Pioneered by ancient Egyptian craftsmen, modern mechanized iterations of this technique can fabricate sheets as thin as ∼100 nm. We take inspiration from this millennia-old craft and adapt it to the nanoscale regime, using colloidally synthesized 0D/1D Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) as highly ductile and malleable nanoscopic Au ingots and subjecting them to solid-state, uniaxial compression. The applied stress induces anisotropic morphological transformation of AuNPs into 2D leaf form and elucidates insights into metal nanocrystal deformation at the extreme length scales. The induced 2D morphology is found to be dependent on the precursor 0D/1D NP morphology, size (0D nanosphere diameter and 1D nanorod diameter and length), and their on-substrate arrangement (e.g., interparticle separation and packing order) prior to compression. Overall, this versatile and generalizable solid-state compression technique enables new pathways to synthesize and investigate the anisotropic morphological transformation of arbitrary NPs and their resultant emergent phenomena.
Multimodal ultrasound muscle assessment in patients with rheumatic diseases: a patient-based reliability study
Authors: Smerilli Gianluca , Moscioni Erica , Sclocco Roberta , Lommano Maria Giovanna , Cipolletta Edoardo , Maccarrone Vincenzo , Farah Sonia , De Angelis Rossella , Salaffi Fausto , Grassi Walter , Filippucci Emilio , Di Matteo Andrea 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Objectives
The aim was to explore the inter-reliability of a newly developed US scanning protocol (multimodal US) for the assessment of different aspects of sarcopenia-related muscle involvement, including muscle mass, muscle quality and muscle stiffness [using point shear-wave elastography (SWE)], in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs).

Methods
Quadriceps muscle mass (i.e. muscle thickness), muscle quality (i.e. muscle echogenicity evaluated with both a visual semi-quantitative scale and a dedicated software package for image analysis, ImageJ) and point SWE measurements were obtained by two rheumatologists (blinded to each other’s evaluation) in consecutive RMD patients without previous/current myositis or neuromuscular disorders.
Inter-reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for continuous variables and Cohen’s kappa (κ) for categorical variables.

Results
A total of 45 RMD patients were enrolled [mean age 54.5 (16.0) years, male-to-female ratio 1:1.5, mean BMI 24.6 (4.6) kg/m2], 10 with PsA, 7 RA, 5 AS, 5 PMR, 4 SLE, 4 gout, 4 OA, 3 FM and 3 SSc. The grade of inter-rater reliability was excellent for muscle mass [ICC = 0.969 (0.953 &lt; ICC &lt; 0.979)]. Regarding muscle echogenicity, the agreement was substantial/almost perfect using the visual semi-quantitative scale (weighted linear = 0.793, weighted squared = 0.878) and excellent using ImageJ analysis [ICC = 0.916 (0.876 &lt; ICC &lt; 0.944)]. Finally, a good agreement was obtained for point SWE measurements [ICC = 0.76 (0.712 &lt; ICC &lt; 0.8)].

Conclusion
Multimodal US is a novel and reliable tool for the evaluation of different aspects of muscle involvement (muscle mass, muscle quality and muscle stiffness) in RMD patients.
Establishment of diagnostic reference levels in computed tomography in two large hospitals in Oman
Authors: Bouchareb Yassine , Al-Maimani Amal , Al-Balushi Al-Yaqin , Al-Kalbani Maather , Al-Maskari Hasina , Al-Dhuhli Humoud , Al-Kindi Faiza 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to estimate diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for the most frequent computed tomography (CT) imaging examinations to monitor and better control radiation doses delivered to patients. Seven CT imaging examinations: Head, Chest, Chest High Resolution (CHR), Abdomen Pelvis (AP), Chest Abdomen Pelvis (CAP), Kidneys Ureters Bladder (KUB) and Cardiac, were considered. CT dosimetric quantities and patient demographics were collected from data storage systems. Local typical values for DRLs were calculated for CTDIvol (mGy), dose length product (DLP) (mGy·cm) and effective doses (mSv) were estimated for each examination.
The calculated DRLs were given as (median CTDIvol (mGy):median DLP (mGy·cm)): Head: 39:657; Chest: 13:451; CHR: 6:228; AP: 12:578; CAP: 20:807; KUB: 7:315, and Cardiac: 2:31. Estimated effective doses for Head, Chest, CHR, AP, CAP, KUB and Cardiac were 1.3, 12.7, 6.3, 12.5, 18.1, 5.8 and 0.8 mSv, respectively. The estimated DRLs will act as guidance doses to prevent systematic excess of patient doses.