bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Einstein's Unfinished Dream
Authors: Lincoln Don 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The ultimate goal of physics is grand—it is to develop a theory that explains all physical phenomena. The name for this is “a theory of everything.” While many theories have been proposed, none have fit the bill. In Einstein’s Unfinished Dream, Don Lincoln takes us on a journey through earlier attempts, culminating in the standard model of particle physics and Einstein’s general theory of relativity. He then explains the obstacles that lay between where we are now and that final goal. In quick fashion, he dispenses with some popular theories that vie for the title of final theory, and then he lays out the actual path being followed by modern scientists. Rather than guessing at the final answer, scientists study data, trying to understand phenomena that aren’t yet explained. These are the clues that will lead the field forward. Lincoln introduces dark matter and dark energy, two substances that make up 95% of the matter and energy in the universe. He digs through the historical list of the building blocks of matter, hoping to find a smaller particle still. He points to the imbalance of matter and antimatter, a fact that modern science simply can’t explain. In short, the book brings the reader into the world of modern physics research, allowing people to understand what scientists are actually doing to help us answer the grandest question of all, “Why is there something, rather than nothing?”
Music as Ethics
Authors: McGraw Andrew 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This book is a comparative ethnography of music as ethics in four communities in Virginia, covering a wide range of demographic contexts and musical repertoires. Holy Cross Monastery in Berryville, Virginia, is a small community of 15 Trappist monks who follow the rule of Saint Benedict, composed in the early 6th century. Twin Oaks in Louisa, Virginia, is a 90-member intentional community, founded in 1967, dedicated to egalitarianism. The “Sanctuary” in the Richmond city jail is a community of approximately 40 residents drawn from two of the facility’s dorms. Richmond is the state capital of Virginia, with a fraught history of racial inequality. To say that people can experience music “as” ethics means that they can hold several, culturally informed attitudes about music’s ethical meanings and functions. Although music’s relationship to ethical life differs between each community, evidence from them suggests that we can all grow as ethical individuals and communities if we pay close attention to music’s ethical potential. But as long as our experience of music as ethics remains implicit and vague, we miss out on fully realizing its ethical affordances. More than that, we also expose ourselves to manipulation by those who would wield music (and other “affective” means) for their own social agenda.
The Change We Need
Authors: Gruen Lori 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Some activists who identify with Effective Altruism, and many of those who don’t, are working to try to make unjust systems less harmful and exclusionary. Other activists and scholars argue that these systems are working precisely the way they are designed to work—they can’t be fixed because they aren’t actually broken—and we need radical social change. This chapter discusses the contours of the debate between improving existing social arrangements and radically transforming them. Drawing on the insights of early socialist activism and current prison abolition work, the chapter explores “non-reformist reforms” as a helpful way of gauging whether or not certain campaigns for animals can help to create a genuinely just and caring world.
Introduction: Infertile Sexuality
Authors: Moussa Hadiza , Kang Alice J. , Cooper Barbara M. , Kammerer Natalie 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis chapter introduces the concept of infertile sexuality—sexual practices and conditions that do not result in procreation. In Niger and other African contexts, the dominant social expectation placed upon married couples is the production of children. Infertility, abortion, and contraception are deemed contrary to mainstream norms surrounding fertility. In a society that upholds male dominance, the burden of responsibility for finding solutions to infertility and practicing contraception falls upon the individual woman. Reproductive and sexual health policies do not address the emotional, psychological, and social difficulties that women struggling with infertility experience. Fields such as demography have paid relatively little attention to infertile sexuality in Niger. This chapter outlines a methodology for the study of infertility and contraception and reflects on how a female Nigerien researcher approaches these sensitive, if not taboo, topics in her own social milieu.
Marx and Minority Revolution
Authors: Kain Philip J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Marx also needs a theory of revolution that can get us to a democratic society able to end fetishism by controlling the market without an alienated state standing over and dominating society—and that can do this without a proletariat large enough to be the majority. Marx, Chapter 3 argues, has three distinguishable models for revolution. The first outlines a minority revolution in a pre-capitalist society, the second a majority revolution in a developed capitalist society, and the third (the one we are after) an electoral revolution by a social democratic party. In 1843, Marx argues for a proletarian revolution in Germany, which at that date could only have been a minority revolution in a pre-capitalist society. He gives us, basically, a philosophical-moral argument for revolution—an argument for why we ought to have a revolution. He is not arguing that it will be democratic—nor could it be.
Marx and Social Democratic Revolution
Authors: Kain Philip J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The third model for revolution presupposes a large proletariat and a broad extension of the franchise—something approaching universal male suffrage. This was impossible prior to the late 1860s. At that point Marx begins to support the possibility of peaceful electoral revolution. Moreover, in Capital Marx argues that socialism develops within capitalism. Individual capitalists are replaced by hired managers and by increasing numbers of stockholders. And as enterprises grow larger, they require greater and greater planning that increasingly involves the state. Capitalism itself gives rise to socialism. A social democratic party must analyze and understand this actual economic development, and it must build strong labor unions to give workers a direct say in the process. Marx and Engels actively supported, advised, and encouraged such a party—the Social Democratic Party of Germany—which eventually became the largest party in Germany and the largest socialist party in the world.
North Korea
Authors: Volpe Tristan A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractChapter 5 analyzes North Korea’s track record of leveraging latency against the United States. Washington launched the initial diplomatic effort to curb Pyongyang’s plutonium program in the early 1990s. But North Korea soon figured out how to blackmail the United States with explicit nuclear mobilization and brinksmanship tactics. In addition, North Korea increased its level of latency across two compellence episodes. Pyongyang benefited from being in the fissile material sweet spot during the first nuclear crisis (1991–1994). North Korea then marched up the latency continuum throughout the second nuclear crisis (2002–2008), even going so far as to test a nuclear weapon. This controlled comparison between medium and high levels of latency helps the chapter to assess the Goldilocks hypotheses against alternative explanations.
The Ghosts
Authors: Lewis Karen Gail 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Siblings bring conscious and unconscious images of each other from childhood into adulthood, and these images can interfere with their relationships with each other and other important people in their lives. The four components of ghosts are frozen images, crystallized roles, unhealthy loyalty, and sibling transferences. Frozen images can be positive or negative and are the perceptions siblings had of one another in childhood that stay frozen in their adult minds; these affect how they experience each other in adulthood—regardless of sibling ages or how much they have changed over the years. Crystallized roles, often “assigned” in early childhood, may begin as terms such as “the gifted one” or “the athlete,” with roles becoming fixed and defining the child as well as the child’s relationships with others. Parents often reinforce these crystallized roles with their adult children, unwittingly pitting siblings against each other. When crystallized roles exist in a family, one of the unwritten rules is to accept the roles parents created, which often leads to an unhealthy loyalty in adulthood that can result in self-sabotage and can affect one’s love and work as well as the sibling relationships. The fourth ghost, sibling transferences, occurs when adults “transfer” onto other important adults in their lives feelings they had about their siblings from childhood. The transference can be positive or negative; either way, though, it interferes with seeing lovers, friends, or colleagues as they really are, rather than as images from childhood. Included are clinical examples of each component.
Ghosts’ Unconscious Sibling Messages and Their Purposes
Authors: Lewis Karen Gail 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
No one wakes up one day and thinks, “Today, I will develop an emotional problem as a way to express anger at my sister.” The possible link between emotional and behavioral problems and the ghosts is explored in-depth, including four reasons for creating these problems: connecting/equalizing, getting even/dirty fighting, protecting/deflecting, and separating. Clients’ unconscious messages can begin at the onset of a symptom, start as a secondary benefit to the symptom, or appear in the process of recovering from a symptom. Surprisingly, when a message connection is made, clients often say, “I never thought about it before, but it makes sense.” A case example shows how several messages can be intertwined in one client’s problems.
Ghost Transferences in Love, Work, Friendship, and Into the Next Generation
Authors: Lewis Karen Gail 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Individual clients can bring their sibling transferences to their relationships; one or both spouses can bring them into their marriage. Some people have problems at work with bosses because of these sibling transferences. Therapists can help clients see the connections so they can break free of old patterns and realize why they are frequently disappointed by people or feel betrayed, discounted, taken advantage of, or even emotionally or physically abused. Though clients may be unhappy, they may not be willing to let go of the past and can choose friends where the transferences—positive and negative—are familiar. Finally, the chapter offers a clinical example of how sibling issues get passed down across the generations.
Therapists’ Feelings
Authors: Lewis Karen Gail 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Working with siblings may stir up therapists’ own old (recognized and unrecognized) sibling issues. Transference and countertransference are discussed in the context of working with sibling clients. Dealing with anger may be challenging for therapists, and a discussion of several conventional and unconventional techniques is included. Also addressed are mixed feelings after a session of feeling first like the best therapist who’s done a great job and then the worst therapist who has really messed up. The example of a six-session successful therapy is presented; following each session is a summary of what the author learned and ideas for what to address in the following meeting. The chapter concludes with examples of what went wrong in three unsuccessful therapies and a look at the skills necessary for working with siblings.
Conclusion
Authors: Cate Sarah D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The community-based reform movement reinforces the harmful idea that government cannot improve people’s lives and therefore supports the private sector and the “community” as substitutes to robust public spending. The antistatist, pro-privatization, individual uplift approach to social policy is a key contributor to the development of punitive policies. Thus, turning to these same forces in an attempt to reform the juvenile justice system and address its harmful effects is woefully inadequate and largely counterproductive. The conclusion makes a case for alternatives that actually make a break from the political trends that drove the developments of mass incarceration. A real challenge to mass incarceration will require replacing devolution with robust centralized universal public goods; replacing privatization with democratic public control over policymaking, institutions, and services; replacing the individualization of social problems with a collective view of economic solidarity; and replacing punishment with meaningful safety and support.
Strand 6
Authors: Goff James 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers whether human responses can be charted across oceans. It starts in New Zealand and unpicks the archaeology from a site called Waitore where an entire village was spread across the landscape by a 15th century tsunami. It then moves into the Pacific to look at the effects on early Polynesian settlers as they moved across the ocean. A minor aside diverts to Israel, fieldwork experiences there, and the discovery of a tsunami deposit made up almost entirely of pottery and what that tells us about the waves. Returning to the Pacific archipelago of Wallis and Futuna the chapter reviews regional archaeology that shows the after-effects of a large 15th century tsunami involving war-like invasion from other islands, and a retreat from Wallis westward in the direction that the Polynesians came from, a unique example of a region-wide response to a tsunami, with warfare ensuing between islands.
Russian Jewry in the Post-Soviet Era: Socio-Demographic Transformation
Authors: Tolts Mark 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The socio-demographic transformation of the Jews in Russia in the post-Soviet period was analyzed in this article. The significant topics explored are the increase of mixed marriage among the Russian Jewish population, as well as the rising prominence of Hebrew and the demise of Yiddish, changes in adult Jews’ educational attainments by area, and the differentiation in the attained levels of higher education between Jewish females and males. The analysis based on Moscow data shows that Jews remaining in Russia underwent a dramatic labor transformation (changes of profession and branch of economic activity). These labor transformations were caused by the post-Soviet transition to the new capitalist economy, and they were analogous to those experienced by ex-Soviet migrants in Israel.
Bridging the Divide: Philanthropy as an Intersection Point in Belgian Jewish Society during the Interwar Period
Authors: Stamberger Janiv 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This article focuses on the debates held in Belgian Jewish society on philanthropy during the interwar period. From the end of the nineteenth century, Belgium’s Jewish community underwent a process of rapid demographic growth and dramatic religious, cultural, and political transformation after successive ‘waves’ of Eastern European Jewish immigrants settled in the country. Jewish philanthropy, previously the prerogative of the Belgian Jewish elite, became a more diversified field as immigrant actors became involved. This inevitably resulted in conflicting visions about the goals of, and methods used in, Jewish philanthropic work. However, providing support for the poor also held out the possibility for Jews from different ideological and socioeconomic backgrounds to work together, thus creating the conditions to bridge divides and allowing for the emergence of new political and communal frameworks. This article examines the historical developments in Jewish philanthropic work in Antwerp and Brussels, the main ‘Jewish cities’ in Belgium.
Antisemitism, Holocaust, and Genocide
Authors: Lederhendler Eli 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses Kiril Feferman’s If we had wings we would fly to you: A Soviet Jewish Family Faces Destruction, 1941–42 (2020), which is a collection of family letters composed at a particularly crucial juncture of the Second World War and the Holocaust. The letters were saved by Efim Ginzburg, a Soviet Jew who evacuated from Moscow to Omsk in 1941. Although in some ways this is a uniquely Soviet story, the letters also highlight the struggles and dilemmas many Jews encountered elsewhere during the Holocaust. None of the Ginzburg family knew how far the German advance would extend or what, exactly, were their plans for the Jewish population. Like other Jews across Europe who relied on intuition, rumors, and the limited information available in the press, they continually weighed their options and made and remade decisions within the fractured spheres of action available to them. Tragically, Efim was the only survivor of the family, and his widow later donated the letter collection to Yad Vashem.
Constitution
Authors: Jackson Jack 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the complicated relationship between democracy and the US Constitution by placing political disagreement rather than consensus at the heart of the constitutional tradition. More precisely, the chapter maps out a history of struggles in the United States’ long nineteenth century to illuminate the politics of democratic contestation. Some areas of constitutional and political dispute include: the location of sovereignty in the constitutional order, the meaning of justice, the status of property, the politics of rights, the boundaries of political membership, the role of race and gender in constituting the body politic, and the value of democracy itself. In surveying this history, one sees that constitutional clashes prove to be enduring and that past battles both shape and illuminate current constitutional fault lines.
The Commons
Authors: Nelson Dana D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Commons are self-governing schemes for natural-, knowledge-, and civic-resource generation and management. The practice of commoning could be a resource for thinking about and practicing democracy today. Though we easily associate “commons” with knowledge and natural resources, we seldom stop to consider how the work of their administration produces a civic good—an experience of communal self-governing and resource allocation for commoners themselves. It can be argued that practices of commoning were foundational to the ideas and strategies that drove the American Revolution. At their best, commons can produce a democratically generated political power along with a political subjectivity grounded in interdependence. Thus commoning practices might be an important tool for democratic revitalization.
Security
Authors: Castronovo Russ 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Do liberty and security oppose one another? Does security threaten civil liberties, or does a robust sense of political freedom require security as a safeguard? Might security make democratic freedoms less secure? In asking these questions, this chapter shows how security and democracy have long been in tension from the colonial era through present-day policies of surveillance. It searches for answers by delving into the historical and rhetorical contexts behind Benjamin Franklin’s pronouncement that “Those who would give up essential Liberty, to purchase a little temporary Safety, DESERVE neither Liberty nor Safety.” In addition, it examines how the political writings of Thomas Paine, Alexander Hamilton, and Ralph Waldo Emerson have continued and altered this formulation.
Mirroring Brains
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Sinigaglia Corrado 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Mirroring Brains combines neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy to provide a comprehensive account of the mirror neurons and their potential role in social cognition. Three main claims are introduced and defended in the book. The first concerns the mirror property: far from merely identifying a small subset of neurons in a limited area of the premotor cortex, this property can be considered a fundamental principle of the functioning of the entire nervous system. The second pertains to the mirror mechanism and its sensorimotor or sensori-visceromotor transformations that are specifically related to different kinds of action goals, emotions, or vitality forms. Finally, the third claim is that the mirror mechanism plays a distinctive role in understanding the actions, emotions, and vitality forms of other people. The notion of understanding from the inside, which evolved from one of Marc Jeannerod’s brilliant intuitions, helps to characterize such a role. Indeed, this notion implicates, among other things, that the experiences we acquire while observing other people’s actions and emotions are in certain respects similar to our own experiences when executing those actions or living those emotions ourselves.
Childcare by Grandparents in the Context of Welfare State Policies
Authors: Bordone Valeria , Hank Karsten , Tomassini Cecilia , Arpino Bruno 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the chapter, childcare by grandparents reflects downward intergenerational support in families. The authors aim to understand the ways that policy, structure, and culture shape the extent to which grandparents provide care for their grandchildren. According to common approaches to the role of family policy, a strong welfare state may replace family arrangements and thus “crowd out” intergenerational solidarity within the family, or it may stimulate and thus “crowd in” intergenerational solidarity within the family. The authors suggest the concept of mixed responsibilities, according to which family and state provisions interact. Using this framework, the chapter provides an overview of grandparental childcare in different welfare state contexts (namely Europe, the United States, China, and South Korea). It concludes that a mix of demographic trends, cultural norms, and welfare state policies contributes to explaining cross-national differences in the provision of childcare by grandparents.
The Earliest Tools and Cultures of Hominins
Authors: Tennie Claudio 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter critically discusses the earliest tools and cultures of hominins—the species most closely related to humans. It starts with an inferred organic tool age that would have already existed before the split of hominins from the ape lineage. It then examines the two currently fully established earliest instances of the stone tool age—the Oldowan and Acheulean. Contrary to prevalent assumptions, the cultural status of the Oldowan and most or all of the Acheulean (and the organic tool age) may have been that of ‘minimal culture’. Minimal culture shares with modern human culture and animal culture influences of some social learning types—for example, on frequencies of behaviours and tools—but, unlike human culture, it excludes cultural transmission of novel—supra-individual—behavioural and/or artefact know-how. If true, cumulative cultural transmission of know-how to supra-individual levels would then have started much later than is currently presumed.