bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sequestration of Pha-Responsive Cells (T-Lymphocytes) in the Bone Marrow of Leukemic Children Undergoing Long-Term Immunosuppressive Therapy
Authors: Borella Luis , Green Alexander A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although data from experimental models suggest that certain immunocompetent units are preferentially inhibited by drugs, the suppressive effects of chemotherapy upon various cell compartments in man have not been characterized. In this study we compared the effect of long-term combination chemotherapy upon T-lymphocytes in the bone marrow and peripheral blood of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in remission. The “in vitro” response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was used as index of T-lymphocyte function. After 2 to 3 years of immunosuppressive therapy, in half of the patients the response to PHA was significantly greater in bone marrow than in peripheral blood cultures. This contrasts with the results obtained after cessation of chemotherapy when 14 of 15 patients had greater response in peripheral blood than in bone marrow. We conclude that in some children with ALL in remission, long-term immunosuppressive therapy produces a relative increment of a PHA-responsive cell population in bone marrow, possibly by a selective sequestration of T-cells in this compartment.
Production of Antibody to Homologous α-Fetoprotein in Rabbits, Rats and Horses by Immunization with Human α-Fetoprotein
Authors: Nishi Shinzo , Watabe Hiroyuki , Hirai Hidematsu 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits, rats, horses and a dog were immunized with purified human α-fetoprotein. High titered antibodies were produced except in the case of the dog. The rabbit, rat and horse antibodies cross-reacted with their own homologous α-fetoprotein. Attempts to produce antibody with homologous α-fetoprotein in rabbits, rats and dogs were not successful.
Immunocytology of Cultured IgM-Forming Cells of Mouse
Authors: Namba Yuziro , Hanaoka Masao 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An attempt was made to gain an established culture cell line of murine IgM myeloma cells (MOPC-104E). The growth of the tumor cells could be maintained for more than 10 months in tissue culture by adding a factor obtained from the culture medium of tissue macrophages (histiocytes) or spleen phagocytic cells of mouse. The factor is protein in nature and has a molecular weight of about 5 × 104 daltons. Without this factor the tumor cells stopped growing at G1 stage and did not continue the cell cycle; however, the synthesis of IgM and its subunit was unaffected. The factor reinitiated DNA synthesis almost synchronously with a lag of about 90 min. The factor was also found in mouse serum and its activity increased remarkably after the injection of Freund's complete adjuvant. Adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate could substitute for the factor in a range of 0.3 µg/ml to 1.0 µg/ml. The immunologic role of the factor is discussed.
Comparative Studies of Vertebrate Immunoglobulins
Authors: Mehta P. D. , Reichlin M. , Tomasi T. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
IgG and IgM were isolated from 10 different species (human, monkey, horse, dog, cow, sheep, rabbit, chicken, rat and guinea pig) by a combination of starch block electrophoresis and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. The patterns of heavy and light chains were studied in urea starch gel electrophoresis at pH 3.0 after reduction and alkylation. With the exception of the chicken 7S immunoglobulin, the electrophoretic patterns of IgG from the different species were remarkably similar. However, when IgM preparations from these species were compared, marked differences in mobility of the µ chains were seen. The immunologic cross-reactions of the IgG and IgM proteins from these same species were studied by quantitative complement fixation with three rabbit antisera specific for human γ chains and three specific for human µ chains. The nonprimate IgG cross-reacted weakly (5 to 30%) compared with nonprimate IgM preparations which cross-reacted strongly (30 to 55%). In accordance with the electrophoretic studies, the chicken 7S protein was uniquely different from the other IgG fractions and did not cross-react at all with various antihuman γ chain sera while chicken IgM showed good cross-reactivity.
Mouse Antibodies to Group a Streptococcal Carbohydrate; Use of Idiotypy to Detect Inbred Strain Specificity and to Monitor Spleen Cell Transfer in Syngenetic Mice
Authors: Briles David E. , Krause Richard M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antibody response to the group A carbohydrate antigen was measured in SWR/J and A/J mice after intravenous (i.v.) immunization with whole heat-killed streptococcal vaccines. Microzone electrophoresis revealed antibodies with limited heterogeneity in both mouse strains. The light chains exhibited a restricted banding pattern by polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis. With the immunization procedure employed here, most SWR/J mice produced less than 1 mg of antibody per ml. The occasional mouse, however, produced 2 to 4 mg of antibody with restricted heterogeneity; such mice were used as donors for spleen cell transfers (107 spleen cells per recipient) to irradiated (500 R) recipient SWR/J mice. Antisera of recipient mice had antibody components identical to that of the donor as detected by microzone electrophoresis. Isolated antibody from one such SWR/J spleen cell recipient was used to prepare anti-idiotypic sera in rabbits. Idiotypy was detected by a hemagglutination inhibition assay. Antibody with the same idiotype was detected in the original donor mouse of the cell transfer experiments and in the majority of the mice of the first and second passage. This idiotypic specificity was not apparent in the antisera of SWR/J mice which received immune cells from a different donor.
By use of the hemagglutination inhibition test, at least 5 out of 14 immunized SWR/J mice had a minor antibody component with the same idiotypy as that of the proband. This idiotype was not detected in the group A antibodies of 16 A/J mice immunized with the same antigen. This SWR/J idiotypic marker may be useful for genetic studies, because an antibody component with this idiotype occurred in the hybrid SWR/J × A/J.
Dissociation of MIF Production and Cell Proliferation
Authors: Bloom Barry R. , Gaffney Judith , Jimenez Luis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The principal methods currently employed to explore the mechanism of cell-mediated immunity are blast cell transformation, production of soluble mediators and direct lymphocyte-target cell cytotoxicity. It is important to understand the nature of the cell detected in each of these assays in vitro, and to establish its relationship to the cell-mediated response in vivo.
While it appears clear that the induction phase in sensitization requires the proliferation of stem cells to fully competent lymphocytes, there is considerable evidence in vivo to suggest that the effector arm of the response does not require cell proliferation. The most obvious example in vivo of this is the well known radiation resistance of the cell-mediated immune response in comparison to the humoral responses (1, 2). Additionally, cells treated with mitomycin C, under conditions in which they can synthesize some RNA and protein but cannot divide, are capable of effecting passive transfer (3).
Specific Resistance As Influenced by Nonspecific Agents
Authors: Schatz William J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Results
Distilled water employed intravenously failed to initiate antisheep hemolytic sensitizer production. Without exception, a dose was found for each agency with which it was attempted to call forth increased sensitizer production that brought the desired result The same was also true as regards the elicitation of depression. Both protein and nonprotein agencies were used. Hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic agencies were included. Weekly bleeding apparently exerted no appreciable influence on sensitizer production. Among the doses calling forth increased sensitizer production, it was always the larger dose that called forth the greater production. The production of sensitizer following the use of the same dosage amount when employed subsequent to two sheep cell injections exceeded strikingly that following its use subsequent to only a single dose. The dose used to elicit depression exceeded considerably that employed in eliciting increased production. The amount of sensitizer produced when water and water containing increasing amounts of salts were injected subsequent to sheep cell injection, was inversely proportional to the amount of salt contained. There was no appreciable difference in the production between water injection on the one hand and Ringer's solution and normal saline on the other. Nor was there any appreciable difference in the results obtained with saline on the one hand and saline containing the microörganisms in quantity to make the typhoid-paratyphoid agency on the other.
The Optimal Dosage in the Treatment of Hay Fever
Authors: Rackemann Francis M. , Graham Lillian B. , Scully Margaret A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The method of plotting the several doses to make a curve for the course of treatment in hay fever is new. By this method several observations can be made.
In the majority of cases, the routine treatment in one season has but little effect upon the degree of hypersensitiveness at the outset of the next season, or upon the rate at which the tolerance to ragweed can be raised during the next season. Similar courses of treatment in different years are followed by similar end results. In those cases in which the courses of treatment have varied, it has been observed in about 20 per cent that a larger dosage was followed by a better end result. In at least 14 per cent of the cases, it has been possible to show that excessive dosage was responsible for the poor end results and that in many instances the result was much better when a smaller dose and a less vigorous course of treatment was employed. From this it is evident that success in the treatment demands a course of doses of a size and extent which is optimal for the particular patient. What this means so far as the underlying mechanism of hay fever is concerned, is a problem, the solving of which must wait upon the collection of data of another kind.
Studies in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Goodner Kenneth 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Frogs do not seem to show acute allergic manifestations as do mammals and it is suggested that this is due to certain pecularities of physiology and innervation of the smooth muscle fibers. The excised sensitized frog heart is markedly affected on contact with the specific sensitizing substance and this reaction seems to resemble light peripheral parasympathetic stimulation. It was shown that the muscle cells still respond to direct cellular stimulation. Excised smooth muscle from the alimentary tract of the frog did not exhibit the Schultz-Dale phenomenon and it is suggested that this may be explained by the fact that peripheral parasympathetic stimulation in this case does not produce contraction. These results would seem to offer further evidence that the precise site of the reaction is some portion of the neuro-muscular complex. It would seem that the characteristic features of anaphylactic intoxication in different animals depends not alone on the distribution of non-striated muscle but also on the character of the innervation of this muscle.
The Effect of Heat and Hydrogen Ion Concentrations on the Extract of Short Ragweed
Authors: Gay Leslie N. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
An extract of short ragweed pollen was subjected to heat—100°C. for periods of time ranging from one to twenty minutes. The extract was heated in concentrated solution and then diluted; it was also diluted and than heated. These dilutions were than titrated intradermally in patients suffering from ragweed hay-fever, and the reactions were studied by comparison. Variation of the reactions in a mild sufferer and in a severe sufferer of hay-fever was observed. An extract of short ragweed pollen was subjected to varying degrees of heat: 60°C., one hour; 100°C., one hour; and autoclaved 15 pounds pressure, twenty minutes. This abtract was diluted: one part to 1000, one part to 10,000 and one part to 100,000; the intradermal reactions were studied and compared. An adjustment of the neutral ragweed extracts to pH 8.4 and 4.0 was made; these solutions were diluted, heated as described above and then titrated in ten patients.
An Immunological Study of an Atypical Meningococcus Strain
Authors: Kirkbride Mary B. , Hutton Alice I. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
When isolated, the meningococcus strain under study was not agglutinated in the standard monovalent rabbit serums of groups I, II and III; nor in polyvalent serums obtained by immunization of horses with 4, 6, 20 and 60 strains. After prolonged cultivations, however, it acquired a certain degree of agglutinability in polyvalent serum and a slight tendency to react in low dilutions of monovalent serums of group II and finally of group III. It was found to be highly agglutinable in the homologous monovalent serums obtained by immunization of rabbits, a horse and a mule after it had been grown on media for about a year.
Although the organism should be classified in the indeterminate group “X” of the international classification, its remote relationship to groups I, II and III is shown by the definite agglutinative action of its homologous monovalent serums with representative cultures of these groups. It absorbed the group agglutinins from these serums as well as its own specific agglutinins. No specific agglutinins for strains of the classified groups I, II and III were, however, absorbed by it from the corresponding monovalent serums.
The observations recorded in this study, as far as they relate to the classification of the meningococcus, are in accord with the results published in a previous paper as to the existence of three distinct groups. The remaining atypical strains should be placed in group “X” of the international classification.
Finally, this strain is a striking example of a meningococcus giving rise to a serious infection that apparently yielded to treatment with polyvalent serum in which, when first isolated and for some time afterward, it failed to agglutinate. Moreover, it is interesting to note that as the culture became more agglutinable it reacted at least as well with the polyvalent serums produced by immunization with six selected strains belonging to the three main groups of meningococci, in which groups the “Rna” strain could not be classified, as with the polyvalent serum produced against sixty strains among which were included many atypical strains.
Studies in Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Fineman A. H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Neither the localization of the clinical manifestations of atopic hypersensitiveness nor their severity is dependent upon the degree of sensitiveness as determined by any method of clinical testing. Individuals sensitive to pollen (early and late hay fever) can be classified by the intradermal method into A, B and C groups, depending upon the degree of skin sensitivity. This classification serves as a guide in the treatment of cases (R. A. Cooke). Hay fever patients can also be classified, with the scratch method, into groups corresponding to the A, B and C classes of the intradermal method, but solutions 500, 100 and 30 times as strong must be employed in the respective groups. The eye (conjunctival) test is less sensitive than the intradermal, and more sensitive than the scratch method, but cannot be used with any degree of accuracy to classify pollen cases into A, B and C groups. It is an excellent test to determine the presence, but not the degree, of pollen sensitivity.
Studies on the Secretory Immunologic System of Fowl
Authors: Leslie Gerrie A. , Martin Louis N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A new immunoglobulin (IgA) was purified from chicken serum and secretions by using immunoabsorbent columns, Sephadex G-200 gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The immunoglobulin nature of IgA was confirmed by the presence of heavy (H) and light (L) chains, and antibody activity of serum IgA obtained from immunized chickens.
In chicken serum, IgA exhibited size heterogeneity, the major portion eluting from Sephadex G-200 in a volume corresponding to τ; 200,000 with a minor peak of approximately 170,000 to 180,000. In secretions IgA was mainly of high molecular weight (350,000 to 360,000). The IgA/IgY ratio in all secretions examined was greater than that in serum. Secretory IgA found in the bile contains an additional antigenic determinant not found in serum IgA, perhaps indicating the presence of secretory piece and/or J chain.
Serum IgA was dissociated by partial reduction to a size comparable to that of IgMs (∼175,000). Gel filtration in 8 M urea—0.05 M propionic acid separated H and L chains. The α H chains were approximately the size of µ chains (∼70,000). These results indicate that IgA is composed of H and L polypeptide chains and suggest the polymeric nature of most serum and secretory IgA.
The demonstration of an immunoglobulin in the chicken similar to mammalian IgA reconfirms the presence of a secretory immunologic system in the fowl.
Surface Immunoglobulins of Bovine Lymphosarcoma Cells
Authors: Tsuyuguchi Izuo , Ku Ming-Ming , Karush Fred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Bovine lymphosarcoma cells grown in tissue culture were examined for the presence of surface immunoglobulins. The experimental criterion employed was the specific binding of 125I-labeled antibody directed to bovine immunoglobulin determinants. It was noted that lymph node cell suspensions and peripheral blood leucocytes from a lymphosarcomatous animal exhibit specific binding of rabbit antibody directed to such determinants. However, thymocytes from such an animal fail to bind antibody. Normal peripheral blood leucocytes also show specific binding of rabbit anti-BγG and anti-µ chain antibody. It is also apparent that tissue culture cells adsorb exogenous immunoglobulin by exposure to equine serum and bovine serum. Tissue culture cells grown in medium containing 10% rabbit serum, however, exhibit BγG-like determinants. They clearly bind anti-BγG antibody but this binding does not seem to involve Fc determinants of the γ chain. Anti-µ chain antibody is not specifically bound and the binding of anti-γ chain antibody is ambiguous. It appears, however, that there are at least L chain determinants on the cell surface.
Chicken Antibodies to Group a Streptococcal Carbohydrate
Authors: Leslie Gerrie A. , Clem L. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adult chickens were hyperimmunized with group A streptococcal vaccine in an attempt to elicit the formation of high levels of antibody of restricted heterogeneity. All birds produced precipitating antibody after 3 weeks of immunization. The highest concentration was ∼8.6 mg/ml. After 6 weeks of immunization the highest level was ∼13 mg/ml and even after 6 weeks most birds had both IgM and IgY. Approximately 10% of specifically purified antibody preparations contained some IgA. In each case this was associated with the macroglobulin fraction of Sephadex G-200. Of the 37 different antibody preparations examined only ∼5% (two IgM preparations) showed a clear restriction in L chain heterogeneity. These data indicate that like rabbits and sharks, chickens can produce high levels of antibody to a group A streptococcal carbohydrate with some antibody preparations showing restricted heterogeneity.
Antigenic Properties of Rabies Virus Components
Authors: Wiktor Tadeusz J. , György Emese , Schlumberger H. Dieter , Sokol Frantisek , Koprowski Hilary 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein of rabies virus was shown to be the antigen responsible for the induction of virus neutralizing (VN) antibody formation and for the protection of animals against subsequent challenge with rabies virus. Preparation of two other envelope proteins and of the nucleocapsid protein, derived from disrupted virions, induced the formation of only low levels of VN antibody and protection of animals against rabies, which could be explained by the amount of residual glycoprotein present in these preparations. Purified preparations of free viral nucleocapsid, isolated from infected cells, did not induce VN antibody formation, but elicited, in immunized animals, the formation of antibodies demonstrable by complement fixation or fluorescent antibody tests.
Some Rabbit Allotypic Determinants Are Isotypes in Hare
Authors: Tosi Simonetta Landucci , Tosi Roberto , Perramon Arturo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Both a and b group rabbit allotypes, which are localized respectively on the variable region of the heavy chains and on the κ type light chains of Ig molecules, are known to be associated with multiple amino acid interchanges (1, 2). How multiple differences between alleles can accumulate during evolution is not clear. It cannot even be excluded that the structural genes for the polypeptide chains characteristic of each allotype are not truly allelic but coexist on the same chromosome. Allelism would be present at a different (regulatory) locus which would allow the expression of only one of the structural genes (3). Another hypothesis, put forward by Smith et al. (4) especially with reference to the a group allotypes, is that the sequences specifying the different allotypes may have evolved not as alleles but as gene duplications. Linked genes which diverged long before the rabbits became a species, and thus accumulated a large number of differences, might have become alleles (or pseudoalleles) in contemporary rabbits.
Neutrophilic Leukocytes in Immunologic Reactions in Vitro: Effect of Cytochalasin B
Authors: Hawkins David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Neutrophilic leukocytes (neutrophils) participate in immunologic tissue injury through the extracellular release of pro-inflammatory lysosomal bioactive factors (1). The translocation of lysosomes and the selective extrusion of their contents occur in response to phagocytizable (2, 3) and non-phagocytizable immune complexes (4, 5). It has been observed recently that cytochalasin B inhibits phagocytosis in neutrophils (6) as well as a number of other cellular functions apparently dependent on the microfilament system (7, 8). Since phagocytosis and lysosomal release have been clearly linked in the neutrophil the possibility that cytochalasin B might modulate this release reaction was investigated. The effect of cytochalasin B on the closely related if not identical process of non-phagocytic immune complex induced lysosomal release was examined concurrently.
Neutrophilic leukocytes were isolated from rabbit peripheral blood as described previously (2). Polystyrene latex particles (Dow Chemical Co., Don Mills, Ontario), 1.10 nm in diameter, were coated with rabbit γ globulin (RGG)2 and employed as the phagocytizable particles.
Genetic Control of the Immune Response in Mice. IV. Relationship Between Graft vs Host Reactivity and Possession of the High Tumor Genotypes Aya and Avya
Authors: Gasser David L. , Fischgrund Terry 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The graft vs host (GVH) reactivity of spleen cells from mice possessing the high tumor genotypes Aya and Avya was compared with the reactivity of spleen cells from histocompatible nonagouti animals. Spleen cells from YBR aa mice caused significantly greater GVH reactions than YBR Aya cells, and spleen cells from C57BL/6J aa donors were more reactive in GVH assays than cells from C57BL/6J Avya mice. These results suggest that reduced immune responsiveness may be involved in the tumor susceptibility of Aya and Avya mice.