bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Green GDP and Economic Openness in India
Authors: Kamesh T. M. 
Published: March 2023

Aim: The vast range of weather conditions in India's climate system is a result of numerous reasons, including growing agricultural activity, altered land use patterns that increased emissions of methane and nitrous oxide as well as other greenhouse gases, automobile use, and so forth. It is necessary to quantify the significant and under-estimated impact of climate change on the natural system through changes in extreme weather. To account for the economic losses of the environment as a result of climate change, the Green GDP concept was introduced. The objective of the paper is to compute the Green GDP for India and test the effect of economic openness on GDP and Green GDP.
Methodology: The World Bank Database, the OECD, and Energy Statistics India 2021 are some of the sources from which information was gathered. Growth Rate, Economic Openness Index and the Green GDP estimation methods are employed. To compute the Green GDP indicator for the years 2011 to 20, the GDP measure is subtracted from the costs associated with the utilization of natural resources and environmental degradation.
Results: According to the outcome, the cost of environmental damage will decline from 11 per cent in 2011 to 9 per cent in 2020. The cost of environmental damage growth rate was -3.07 percent. The Economic Openness Index was 55.62 in the year 2011 and it is gradually declining and attained 36.46 in the year 2020. The lower the index, the lower the impact of trade on domestic activities and the less powerful the economy of that country. The relationship between economic openness and Green GDP per capita shows that less and less economic openness moves the cost of environmental damage to the increasing side.
Conclusion: The cost of environmental damage increased in the year 2020 compared to 2011 but the growth rate shows negative. The government should take several initiatives to assure data availability and accountability to estimate the environmental damage cost and to frame suitable policy options to improve economic performance overall.
Response of Different Levels of Salicylic Acid on Growth Characteristics, Chlorophyll Content, Yield Attributes and Yield of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.) under Rainfed Condition
Authors: Rawat Deepak Kumar , Khan M. A. , Kumar Amit , Prasad Janki , Prajapati Sunil Kumar , Prajapati Bimlesh Kumar 
Published: March 2023

To study the response of different levels of salicylic acid on growth characteristics, chlorophyll intensity, yields attributes and yield of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) under rainfed conditions. The field experiment was conducted at Department of Crop Physiology, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India during kharif season in the year 2017-18. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 10 Treatments replicated thrice and assigned in 30 plots. The treatment comprised as T1: Control, T2: Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 50 ppm at 20 DAS, T3: Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 50 ppm at 40 DAS, T4: Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 50 ppm at 60 DAS, T5: Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 100 ppm at 20 DAS, T6: Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 100 ppm at 40 DAS, T7: Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 100 ppm at 60 DAS, T8: Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 150 ppm at 20 DAS, T9: Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 150 ppm at 40 DAS, T10: Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 150 ppm at 60 DAS. The results showed significant increments in Growth attributes, relative water content (%), chlorophyll intensity (SPAD meter value), yield and yield attributes viz., plant height (36.50 and 38.10 cm) at 70 DAS and maturity, number of leaves plant-1(8.66, 23.66 and 22.0) at 35, 70 DAS and maturity, number of branches plant-1 (3.9, 8.60 and 10.33) at 35, 70 DAS and maturity, dry weight of plant-1(2.76, 6.12 and 5.01 g) at 35, 70 DAS and maturity, dry weight of stem plant-1(2.76, 7.12 and 7.96 g) at 35, 70 DAS and maturity, total dry weight of plant (4.96, 13.24 and 21.97 g) at 35, 70 DAS and maturity, total leaf area plant-1 (211.33 and 384.87 cm-2) at pre and post flowering, Relative water content (51.50 and 43.43) at Pre and post flowering, Chlorophyll content (49.93 and 40.90) at pre and post flowering, Number of pods plant-1 (46.00) at maturity, Dry weight of pods plant-1 (8.99g) at maturity, seed yield plant-1 (6.66 g), 100-Seed weight (4.41 g), Harvesting index (30.30%), Grain Yield (10.35 q ha-1) with the foliar application of salicylic acid @ 150 ppm at 60 DAS while minimum in control. The addition of salicylic acid under rainfed conditions resulted in significant increments in growth parameters, chlorophyll intensity, yield and yield attributes of black gram in rainfed conditions. Thus, it may be concluded that the foliar application of salicylic acid @ 150 ppm was found to be optimum concentration in enhancing growth and yield of a black gram over rest of treatment under rainfed conditions.
Impact Analysis of Conservation Structures and Climate Change on Streamflow of Thuthapuzha Watershed, Kerala
Authors: Fousiya . , Varughese Anu 
Published: March 2023

Hydrological models are increasingly being used to assess how climate change and watershed management practices affect the hydrological processes. In this research, SWAT model was used to analyse the impact of water conservation structures and climate change on streamflow of Thuthapuzha watershed, subbasin of Bharathapuzha located in Kerala, India. Major conservation practices in the study area were modelled as ponds and Kanjirapuzha reservoir was modelled as dam. The impact of conservation structures on streamflow was evaluated and found that monthly streamflow increased during summer season (9-17%), during which usually the river has a lean flow. Thus, the conservation structures increase recharging and thereby helps in maintaining a better environmental flow regime. Similarly, the impact of climate change on streamflow was also analysed and the results of the future simulations of streamflow reveal that, river flow increased under all Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios with predominant increase in RCP6 scenario (37-60%) followed by RCP4.5 (13-16%) and RCP8.5 (9-16%) from 2021-2070. For all the scenarios used in the study, due to the predicted increase in rainfall during all the three scenarios, a significant increase in streamflow was observed near the end periods of simulation.
Impacts of Different Irrigation Schedules and Nutrients Management Practices on Economics of Wheat
Authors: Namdeo Balkrishna , Dubey Dig Vijay , Patel Shriman Kumar , Verma Ashok Kumar 
Published: March 2023

A field investigation was conducted during two kharif seasons of 2020-21 and 2021-2022 at Agriculture Research Farm, Rabindranath Tagore University, Raisen, Madhya Pradesh, India, to evaluate the effect of different irrigation scheduling and nutrient management practices on yield and economics of wheat crop in split-plot design with three replications. The irrigation level N0 - No irrigation, N1- One Irrigation at CRI (crown root inition) stage, N2- One Irrigation at CRI & one irrigation before flowering were arranged in main plots whereas nutrient management treatments of N0 – Control, N1-100% RDF + FYM @ 2.5 t/ha. + Azotobacter, N2 - 100% RDF + Vermicompost @ 1.5 t/ha + PSB, N3 - 50% RDF+ FYM@5.0 t/ha, N4 -50% RDF+ Vermicompost@2.5 t/ha were used in the sub plots. The results shown that one Irrigation at CRI & one irrigation before flowering along with application of 50% RDF+ FYM@5.0 t/ha found to be best in the terms of grain and straw yield 28.70 and 41.88 q ha-1 in 2021 and 29.52 q ha-1, 42.13 q ha-1 in 2022. Minimum yield and cost benefit ratio recorded under control plot. The study suggests economically combinations of currently used irrigation scheduling and nutrient management practices that may help farmer to obtaining optimum yield.
Projection of Yield of Rice Crop over Prayagraj with Future Climatic Scenario
Authors: Sahu Chinmaya Kumar , Bind Naveen Kumar , Gupta Siddhant , Kiran Ravi 
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of climate change on productivity of rice cultivars Swarna sub-1, Sarjoo-52, Pant Dhan 4, and NDR-359 for the years 2030, 2050, 2070, and 2090 for the Prayagraj district of Uttar Pradesh using the Marksim and DSSAT crop simulation model under four different climate change scenarios, namely RCPs 2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5. The model evaluation indicated good performance with both calibration (PE=2.43,6.26,4.31,3.79, RMSE= 132.79, 345.13, 237.44, 237.85, nRMSE = 2.53, 7.31, 4.46, 3.97) and validation (PE =3.58, 10.03, 4.28, 6.09, RMSE = 197.88, 456.35, 238.37, 366.52, nRMSE = 3.95, 10.55, 4.67, 6.39) for Swarna sub-1, Sarjoo-52, Pant Dhan 4 and NDR-359 cultivars respectively, which showed good agreement between anticipated and observed values. For the Prayagraj region, NDR-359 yields the most among the four varieties, followed by Pant Dhan 4, Swarna Sub-1, and Sarjoo-52. By examining the future climate data that MarkSim's weather generator downloaded, it was noticed that all other weather variables, such as solar radiation, average maximum and minimum temperature increases while rainfall decreases. The findings of the study reveal that, among all projection scenarios, the grain yield is greater for RCP 2.6 and lowest for RCP 8.5. Analysis of the expected climate scenario data with yield revealed that the yield was higher in 2030 and lower in 2050. Additionally, it was observed that again in 2090 the yield gets increased for RCP 2.6 & decreased for RCP 4.5,6.0 & 8.5. Among all the four cultivars the yield of Sarjoo-52 will be reduced for RCP 4.5,6.0 & 8.5 for the year of 2050,2070 & 2090.These findings may offer insightful information about possible climate change effects on rice yield and suitable adaptive strategies to minimize the negative effects of future climate change.
Resettlement for China's Three Gorges Dam: socio-economic impact and institutional tensions
Authors: Jackson Sukhan , Sleigh Adrian 
Published: July 2002

Large dams have been an important component of infrastructure development in capitalist and communist countries alike. In 1998, changing world attitudes on large dams led to a two year World Commission on Dams and new global standards may soon insist that future projects pay fair compensation so that resettlement becomes voluntary. Now, 10 years after introduction of economic reforms, China is mobilizing its resources to build the world's largest dam. This fulfils a longstanding ambition to impound the Yangtze River in Central China at the Three Gorges and use the hydropower, improved navigation and flood control to develop the economy.
This paper examines the socio-economic impact of Three Gorges Dam on over 1.3 million people to be displaced while China is in transition to a market economy. We consider resettlement in terms of the decision-making structure, property rights and incentives to move, and how the project exacerbates problems created by market reforms, especially rising unemployment and deteriorating public health. We conclude the project is boosting economic expectations while adversely affecting large sections of the population, and this could provoke widespread social unrest and eventual changes in political institutions.
Diagnostic tests, treatment and follow‐up in heart failure patients — is there a gender bias in the coherence to guidelines?
Authors: Mejhert Märit , Holmgren Jan , Wändell Per , Persson Hans , Edner Magnus 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAims:To relate clinical data in a consecutive cohort of patients admitted with heart failure in Sweden to demographic data and the use of diagnostic tests, medical treatment, care process and mortality.Methods and results:Retrospective investigation of all charts concerning patients discharged with primary diagnosis of heart failure in two Swedish hospitals during the second half of 1995 was undertaken. Records from 187 men and 192 women were analyzed, median age was 78 years. During hospital stay 75% of the patients, regardless of gender, were examined with chest radiography. Echocardiography was performed in 59% of all patients, more often in men than in women (68% vs. 55%, P < 0.011). The proportion of patients receiving ACE‐inhibitors was higher if echocardiography had been performed, in both men (38% vs. 72%, P < 0.001) and women (38% vs. 55%, P < 0.033). Mean hospital stay was 6.4 days. After discharge 57% of the patients were referred to the general practitioners (GP), 21% to the hospital outpatient clinic. Young age (P < 0.001), male gender (P < 0.01) and treatment with β‐blocking agents (P < 0.035) were independently related to referral to hospital outpatient clinic. Within the group referred to the GPs, 62% of the patients had a follow‐up visit within 3 months after discharge while 49% had visited the hospital outpatient clinic. The 1‐year mortality rate was high, 30%.Conclusion:Patients admitted with heart failure in Sweden are old and carry a poor prognosis. In spite of the poor prognosis, only approximately half of the patients are followed‐up within 3 months after discharge. There is, in contrast to practice guidelines, an underuse of diagnostic tests of left ventricular function and medical treatment is often suboptimal. These unsatisfactory findings were more pronounced in women.
Carbon Dioxide Induced Soybean Protein Precipitation: Protein Fractionation, Particle Aggregation, and Continuous Operation
Authors: Thiering Russell , Hofland Gerard , Foster Neil , Witkamp Geert‐Jan , van de Wielen Luuk 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA novel protein fractionation technique using a volatile electrolyte has been developed. Carbon dioxide was used to isoelectrically precipitate 80% and 95% pure glycinin and β‐conglycinin fractions from soybean isolate. The protein fractions precipitated as primary particles 0.2−0.3 μm in diameter, which under optimum conditions may be recovered as aggregates up to 500 μm in diameter. The dependency of protein fractionation efficiency on aggregate settling rates has been demonstrated. The isoelectric points of the two main soybean fractions, glycinin and β‐conglycinin, were calculated to be pH 5.2 and 4.95, respectively. Solution pH was accurately controlled by pressure in the isoelectric pH range of the different soybean protein fractions, and a pH “overshoot” was eliminated. Volatile electrolyte technology was also applied to a continuous process in order to eliminate the particle recovery concerns associated with batch precipitation and to demonstrate the potential for scale‐up. Glycinin was effectively recovered on‐line (94% glycinin recovery) with a purity approaching that of the batch process (95%).
Comparison of structure and biodiversity in the Rajhenav virgin forest remnant and managed forest in the Dinaric region of Slovenia
Authors: Boncina Andrej 
Published: July 2002

AbstractComparisons are made between a virgin forest remnant (primeval forest) and a lightly managed (near‐to‐nature) forest with regard to horizontal forest structures, the structure of forest stands, and the diversity of plant and bird species. In the virgin forest remnant the proportion of canopy gaps is smaller, there are no stands in the developmental phase of a pole stand (10 < cm d.b.h. < 30 cm), and both the growing stock and the proportion of less vigorous trees are considerably greater. In addition, there is a higher percentage of dead trees, a smaller proportion of minor tree species and a considerably lower diversity of plants. The diversity of bird species is similar for each forest type, but rare bird species are confined to the virgin forest remnant. The biological differences between the two types of forest have led to changes in the physical site conditions. The results of the research are valuable in assessing the consequences of near‐to‐nature forest management.
Growth and nutrition of Hong Kong children aged 0–7 years
Authors: Leung SSF , Chan SM , Lui S , Lee WTK , Davies DP 
Published: July 2002

Objective: To study the early dietary practices in relation to growth of Hong Kong children from birth to 7 years. Methodology: One hundred and seventy‐three full‐term Hong Kong Chinese babies were recruited at birth and were followed up for anthropometric measurements using standardized methods and dietary assessment using a combination of dietary history, 24 h recall and food frequency. At 7 years, 125 children remained in the study. Results: Mean (SD) birthweight was 3.3 (0.38) kg for boys and 3.1 (0.38) kg for girls. Mean (SD) weight at 7 years was 22.4 (4.2) kg for boys and 21.1 (3.7) kg for girls, and mean (SD) height was 120.3 (4.8) cm for boys and 119.8 (5.1) cm for girls. Hong Kong children were lighter and shorter than Australian children and the National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS) references, but the magnitude is less than one standard deviation score. Mean weight and height of Hong Kong children were lower compared to Caucasian and Beijing children, with more obvious differences between 1 and 5 years. At 1 year, mean (SD) daily energy intake was 98 (24) kcal/kg/day for boys and 100 (26) kcal/kg/day for girls. By 7 years, it decreased to 82 (18) kcal/kg/day for boys and 73 (22) kcal/kg/day for girls. Between 2 to 4 years of age the energy intake of studied children were slightly lower than the Australian and Finnish children, but the protein intake was higher. Percentage of fat contributing to total daily energy intake was lower throughout at a level of 30%. Such differences in diet reflect a lower consumption of milk fat, higher consumption of meat and lower level of physical activity in Hong Kong children. Intakes of calcium, iron and vitamin C all reached 60% or above of US recommended daily allowance. Conclusions: The smaller body build of Chinese compared to Caucasians cannot be explained by dietary differences. The diet of Hong Kong children is changing to one which is more Westernized with a higher consumption of animal products.
Nesting biology of the stem‐nesting waspPsenulus interstitialisCameron (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae: Pemphredoninae) on Magnetic Island, Queensland
Authors: Matthews Robert W 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPsenulus interstitialisconstructed nests of up to 10 cells in bamboo internodes on Magnetic Island, Queensland. Prey represented five families of Auchenorryncha, primarily late‐instar nymphs. Fully provisioned cells held 9–13 prey. Development required about 30 days, and the reared sex ratio was male biased at 2:1. There are probably several generations a year at this latitude. The three species of chalcidoid parasitoids reared,Leucospis giraultiBouček,Eupelmophotismus pulcher(Girault) andCalosotasp., all attacked late‐larval or early pupal stages. Additional mortality was caused by a species ofPyemotesmite and an unidentified fungus. This is the first biological information for any Australian species ofPsenulus.
Modifiable risk factors for Type 2 diabetes mellitus in a peri‐urban community in South Africa
Authors: Levitt N. S. , Steyn K. , Lambert E. V. , Reagon G , Lombard C. J. , Fourie J. M. , Rossouw K. , Hoffman M. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryAimsTo investigate the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and its risk factors in a working class peri‐urban community in South Africa.MethodsA cross‐sectional descriptive study was conducted in 1996, where all persons aged 15 years and older, who were resident in randomly selected houses in Mamre, 55 km from the centre of Cape Town, were sampled. Subjects underwent a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test. Socio‐demographic and anthropometric data were obtained and physical activity was assessed using a 7‐day activity recall questionnaire. The 1985 WHO criteria were used to define diabetes.ResultsThe response rate was 64.5% (n = 974). The participants comprised 56% women, 44% men, mean age 37.6 (range 15–86) years. The crude prevalence of Type 2 DM was 7.1% and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) 8.0%. The age‐adjusted prevalence of Type 2 DM was 10.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 8.2–13.5%) and IGT 10.2% (95% CI 7.7–12.8%). Regression analysis indicated that age (risk ratio (RR) 7.40, 95% CI 3.45–15.86), waist circumference (RR 4.53, 95% CI 2.04–10.05), low total energy expenditure (RR 1.75, 95% CI 1.07–2.56) and family history of diabetes (RR 2.31, 95% CI 1.42–3.77) were independent risk factors for Type 2 DM, while sex, obesity and regular alcohol consumption were not.ConclusionsThis previously unstudied community has an intermediate prevalence on the international scale of Type 2 DM, which is linked to potentially modifiable risk factors.
The North‐West Diabetes Foot Care Study: incidence of, and risk factors for, new diabetic foot ulceration in a community‐based patient cohort
Authors: Abbott C. A. , Carrington A. L. , Ashe H. , Bath S. , Every L. C. , Griffiths J. , Hann A. W. , Hussein A. , Jackson N. , Johnson K. E. , Ryder C. H. , Torkington R. , Van Ross E. R. E. , Whalley A. M. , Widdows P. , Williamson S. , Boulton A. J. M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAims To determine the incidence of, and clinically relevant risk factors for, new foot ulceration in a large cohort of diabetic patients in the community healthcare setting.Methods Diabetic patients (n = 9710) underwent foot screening in six districts of North‐west England in various healthcare settings. All were assessed at baseline for demographic information, medical and social history, neuropathy symptom score, neuropathy disability score, cutaneous pressure perception (insensitivity to the 10 g monofilament), foot deformities, and peripheral pulses. Two years later, patients were followed up via postal questionnaire to determine the incidence of new foot ulcers. Cox’s proportional hazards regression analysis was used to determine the independent, relative risk of baseline variables for new foot ulceration.Results New foot ulcers occurred in 291/6613 patients who completed and returned their 2‐year follow‐up questionnaire (2.2% average annual incidence). The following factors were independently related to new foot ulcer risk: ulcer present at baseline (relative risk (95% confidence interval)) 5.32 (3.71–7.64), past history of ulcer 3.05 (2.16–4.31), abnormal neuropathy disability score (≥ 6/10) 2.32 (1.61–3.35), any previous podiatry attendance 2.19 (1.50–3.20), insensitivity to the 10 g monofilament 1.80 (1.36–2.39), reduced pulses 1.80 (1.40–2.32), foot deformities 1.57 (1.22–2.02), abnormal ankle reflexes 1.55 (1.01–2.36) and age 0.99 (0.98–1.00).Conclusions More than 2% of community‐based diabetic patients develop new foot ulcers each year. The neuropathy disability score, 10 g monofilament and palpation of foot pulses are recommended as screening tools in general practice.