bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Hydroxylation of Proline in the Antigenicity of Basement Membrane Collagen
Authors: Arbogast Bradley W. , Gunson Diane E. , Kefalides Nicholas A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit antibodies to bovine basement membrane collagen were used to compare the antigenic determinants of rat parietal yolk sac basement membrane [14C]procollagen with [14C]protocollagen. Basement membrane [14C]protocollagen was found to be less antigenic than basement membrane [14C]procollagen. Hydroxylation of basement membrane [14C]protocollagen, either intracellularly or in vitro with protocollagen prolyl hydroxylase, resulted in restoration of antigenicity. The difference in antigenicity observed between basement membrane [14C]procollagen and basement membrane [14C]protocollagen appeared to depend primarily upon the presence of hydroxyproline in the collagen molecule. Glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine was found to be unimportant for antigenicity.
Minor H Antigens Introduced on H-2 Different Stimulating Cells Cross-React at the Cytotoxic T Cell Level during in Vivo Priming
Authors: Bevan Michael J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cellular basis of the cross-priming observed with minor histocompatibility antigens on H-2 different cells was investigated. Cytotoxic T cells induced against minor alloantigens show absolute H-2 restriction at the effector level ([51Cr]-release). That is, F1(BALB/c × BALB.B) (H-2d/b) cytotoxic cells induced by immunization with B10(H-2b) cells are not able to lyse B10.D2(H-2d) targets. But an injection of B10 cells does prime F1 mice for a secondary cytotoxic response to B10.D2. The technique of inducing cytotoxic effector function polyclonally with Con A in the absence of alloantigen was used here to establish that such cross-priming reflects what happens at the cytotoxic cell level. It is shown that an F1 animal previously injected with B10 cells has expanded pools of memory cytotoxic cells reactive with B10 and B10.D2. From this it is concluded that: a) minor H structures on B10.D2 and B10 do cross-react at the cytotoxic T cell level during in vivo priming, and b) because normal cells cross-prime whereas tumor cells do not, then the F1 cytotoxic precursors are probably committed to respond to antigen on cells bearing either the maternal or paternal H-2 haplotype before they encounter antigen.
Cross-priming may be explained by foreign minor H antigens being presented to F1 host T cells on the surface of host macrophages. Therefore priming is not restricted to the H-2 type of the injected cells but to both H-2 types of the F1 host.
Immunity to Virus-Free Syngeneic Tumor Cell Transplantation in the BALB/c Mouse after Immunization with Homologous Tumor Cells Infected with Type C Virus
Authors: Al-Ghazzouli Ismail K. , Donahoe Robert M. , Huang Kun-Yen , Sass Bernard , Peters Robert L. , Kelloff Gary J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Syngeneic tumor cell lines free of endogenous type C virus or viral antigen expression were derived from spontaneously occurring tumors of the BALB/cCr mouse. Two cell lines free of endogenous type C virus were examined and found to be highly tumorigenic in tumor growth kinetic studies. In vitro inoculation of these cell lines with Rauscher-murine leukemia virus (R-MuLV) resulted in their chronic infection in which 95 to 100% of the cells were scored as virus positive. These infected lines showed a highly significant increase in their immunogenicity as compared to their uninfected controls. Animals in which these virus-positive tumors regressed were then shown to be highly resistant to challenge with the uninfected tumor cell lines as well as to live R-MuLV. This observed resistance to uninfected tumor cell lines could not be induced by immunization of the mouse with uninfected tumor cells and R-MuLV simultaneously at the same injection site, nor could it be induced with lethally irradiated virus-infected tumor cells, subtumorigenic doses of uninfected cells, or inactivated R-MuLV or Gross leukemia virus (G-MuLV). Cell-mediated cytotoxicity studies revealed that spleen cells obtained from animals whose virus-infected tumors regressed were cytotoxic to homologous infected and uninfected tumor cells as well as to other uninfected tumor cell lines syngeneic to the BALB/c mouse. Correlation of in vitro cytotoxicity with in vivo immunity was provided by the Winn assay, by inoculation into susceptible mice of immune and nonimmune spleen cells premixed with uninfected tumor cells. The immune cells were highly effective in preventing this tumor cell transplantation. It was concluded that type-C virus infection of these syngeneic tumor cells resulted in their acquiring strong transplantation antigens that were in part due to the virion, but were at least in part due to alterations of antigens or haptens that are present in a less immunogenic form on the uninfected tumor cell.
The Effect of Locally Injected Vasoactive Amines on the Elicitation of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity
Authors: Schwartz Anthony , Askenase Philip W. , Gershon Richard K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In previous work monoamine depletion due to treatment with reserpine was shown to decrease the elicitability of DTH responses in mice. In addition, treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors prevented the reserpine-induced decrease. These findings led to the suggestion that serotonin-induced increased vascular permeability is necessary to the development of DTH reactions, perhaps by allowing bone marrow-derived macrophage precursor cells, which are obligate components of DTH responses, to migrate through specialized venules into the site of the reaction. We have compared classical drug tachyphlaxis (temporary inhibition of the effects of a drug by prior treatment with agonists) to serotonin in vessels of mouse feet with local inhibition of DTH after serotonin pretreatment of mice. During the tachyphylactic period, DTH responses are depressed. This suggests that serotonin-induced tachyphylaxis of local endothelial receptors can be responsible for DTH inhibition. In contrast, local injection of histamine has no effect on DTH and this drug is a much less potent inducer of tachyphylaxis to serotonin-mediated vasoactive reactions. On the other hand, histamine can inhibit in vitro T cell reactions, which are not affected by serotonin. These data help to further the concept that serotonin plays an important role in the regulation of DTH in mice and that it probably does so by acting on vascular endothelium.
Cytophilic Antibodies in Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Martinez Ruben D. , Tarrab-Hazdai Rebeca , Aharonov Aharon , Fuchs Sara 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Macrophage-cytophilic antibodies, with acetylcholine receptor specificity, are present in rabbits with experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). Such antibodies may have a significant role in the immunologic mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis.
The induction of EAMG in rabbits was performed by injection of purified AChR from the electric organ of Torpedo californica. Both the binding of AChR specific cytophilic antibodies to normal macrophages and the presence of such antibodies bound in vivo to macrophages of sick animals were demonstrated in vitro. The amount of cytophilic antibodies was determined by measuring cell-associated radioactivity after the addition of 125I-AChR. Cytophilic antibodies capable of binding to normal alveolar macrophages were detected in all animals 14 days after immunization, and were maintained through the severe stages of the disease. In addition, cytophilic anti-AChR antibodies were shown to be bound in vivo to alveolar macrophages drawn from severely sick rabbits, as was measured by a direct 125I-AChR binding to such macrophages.
The role of cytophilic antibodies and in particular of macrophage-associated cytophilic antibodies in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases is not clear yet. The availability of AChR specific cytophilic antibodies can now be utilized for studying their role in the immunopathogenesis of EAMG.
Monocyte Function in Man
Authors: Territo Mary C. , Cline Martin J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The monocyte-macrophage cell line is an important member of the host defense system. This report describes a series of assays that can be applied routinely in the evaluation of human monocyte function and gives information as to the activity of normal monocytes in these systems. Tests were chosen to assess various aspects of monocyte function that give some insight into the host defense status and the degree of “activation” of the monocyte. The assays outlined in this report are relatively simple to perform and include measurements of human monocyte chemotaxis, phagocytosis, fungal and bacterial killing, adhesion, and spreading.
C5̄6̄7̄-Initiated Cytolysis of Lymphoid Cells: Description of the Phenomenon and Studies on Its Control by C5̄6̄7̄ Inhibitors
Authors: Baker Patricia J. , Lint Thomas F. , Mortensen Richard F. , Gewurz Henry 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cells of the Raji human lymphoblastoid line, when pretreated with the metabolic inhibitor puromycin, were found to be susceptible to killing by the isolated proteins of the complement attack mechanism (C5–9). Incubation of 51Cr-labeled lymphoblastoid cells with purified C and C7 resulted in the formation of a lymphoblast- (LC) intermediate, and the addition of purified human C8 and C9 resulted in release of 51Cr from these cells. Serum C inhibitors (-INH), purified human lipoproteins, and dextran sulfate, each previously shown to inhibit the attachment of the trimolecular complex to erythrocytes, also inhibited the formation of LC and as a consequence, C-initiated cytotoxicity; the polycation protamine sulfate counteracted the inhibitory effect of dextran sulfate. Thus, the potential for damage of bystander nucleated cells exists when C is generated in solution, and is influenced by agents known to modulate the hemolytic activity of . It is suggested that these mechanisms may be involved in the control of the function as well as the viability of various nucleated cells.
Tolerizing Effect of DNP-Ficoll on IgE Antibody Production
Authors: Watanabe Naohiro , Kojima Somei , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A/J and DBA/1 mice were infected with 750 third-stage larvae of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and immunized with 1 µg dinitrophenylated N. brasiliensis extract (DNP-Nb) with 1 mg Al(OH)3 to produce high titers of anti-hapten IgG1 and IgE antibody. Partial tolerance to the production of anti-hapten IgG1 and IgE antibody could be induced by DNP-Ficoll from 5 weeks before to 1 week after the DNP-Nb immunization. The tolerized state persisted through the duration of the experiments. However, no tolerizing effect could be demonstrated on secondary anti-hapten IgE antibody production induced by DNP-Nb. Moreover, DNP-Ficoll failed to evoke anti-hapten IgG1 or IgE antibody production.
Defense Mechanisms Against Primary Influenza Virus Infection in Mice
Authors: Iwasaki Tatsuo , Nozima Tokukiti 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To investigate the defensive roles and production of interferon and antibodies, C3H/He mice were subjected to various immunosuppressive treatments and infected with influenza virus. In infected normal control mice the pattern of pulmonary viral growth can be divided into three phases. The first phase is characterized by an exponential increase of virus titer, the second by a rapid decrease, and the third by a moderate decrease. At the time of transition from the first phase to the second in pulmonary virus growth, interferon could be detected in the tracheobronchial washings of infected mice, but neutralizing antibodies could not.
In infected B cell-deprived mice and infected anti-µ-treated mice, the transition from the first phase to the second occurred without any detectable antibody production, and interferon could be induced in the early stage of infection. However, the pulmonary virus in these mice increased again exponentially until the death of the mice. In infected T cell-deprived mice which could not induce interferon, but produced IgM-neutralizing antibodies, the second phase was not observed after the first phase, but a transient plateau phase could be demonstrated, and then the pulmonary virus increased again exponentially until the death of the mice. In anti-γ-treated infected mice, pulmonary virus growth and production of interferon and neutralizing antibody were almost similar to those of infected normal control mice except for the absence of IgG neutralizing antibody production. Although anti-α-treated infected mice produced interferon and no IgA antibody, the transition from the first exponential increase of pulmonary virus to the second rapid decrease was seen, but then the virus increased exponentially again until the death of the mice.
These results suggest that interferon plays an important role in the transition from the first phase to the second, and that T cells are required for interferon induction in mice infected with influenza virus. These data also suggest that IgA antibodies play an important role in the inhibition of virus propagation in the lungs after the disappearance of interferon. Moreover, infected T cell-deprived mice could produce only IgM neutralizing antibodies, but not IgG and IgA antibodies. Therefore, T cells are required for the production of IgG and IgA antibodies and eventually for defense functions in mice infected primarily with influenza virus.
The Immunologic and Molecular Profiles of HLA Antigens Isolated from Urine
Authors: Reisfeld R. A. , Pellegrino M. A. , Ferrone S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human urine was shown to be a good source for the isolation of immunologically functional HLA-A9 antigens. The use of complex solubilization procedures can be avoided since the antigens are present in soluble form and are not complexes with membrane fragments. Purification in excess of 400-fold could be achieved by the application of cellulose ion exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing, and acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified HLA-A9 antigen is composed of a glycoprotein of m.w. 38,000 and β2-microglobulin, a peptide of m.w. 12,000. HLA-A9 antigens isolated from urine proved to be immunologically functional since they not only reacted specifically with anti-HLA-A9 alloantibody but also elicited anti-HLA-A9 xenoantibodies. These antibodies when covalently attached to Sepharose 4B specifically bound HLA-A9 antigens isolated from both serum and urine.
Quantitative Immunoassay of Adenosine Deaminase in Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
Authors: Carson Dennis A. , Goldblum Randall , Seegmiller J. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have developed a quantitative immunoassay for the measurement of human adenosine deaminase that requires neither purified enzyme nor monospecific antibody. With this technique, cultured fibroblasts from three immunodeficient patients were shown to contain adenosine deaminase as detected both catalytically and immunochemically. In one patient the level of immunoreactive enzyme exceeded the amount of catalytically active adenosine deaminase, suggesting a structural alteration in the enzyme molecule.
The Formation and Fate of Virus Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Perrin Luc H. , Oldstone Michael B. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We report the fate of 125I human IgG measles virus antibodies complexed to virus antigens expressed on the surfaces of HeLa cells persistently infected with measles virus. Each HeLa cell expressing viral antigens on its surface bound about 7.5 × 106 IgG molecules under saturation conditions. Three hours after 125I antiviral IgG bound to and saturated all antigenic sites on infected cells, 30% of the counts were released (85% TCA ppt), after 12 hr 60%, and after 24 hr 75% (30% TCA ppt). By linear sucrose density centrifugation about 30% of the counts released from infected cells at 3 hr sedimented faster than 7S IgG, 60% sedimented at the 7S position whereas 10% (non-TCA ppt) were found at the top of the gradient. Using specific rabbit antibody to measles virus hemagglutinin or nucleocapsid, we found that hemagglutinin, but not nucleocapsid antigen, was present in the heavy complexes. These experiments show that after anti-measles virus antibody binds to cell surface measles viral antigens (i.e., hemagglutinin), immune complexes form and are shed into culture fluids. In addition part of the immune complex is endocytosed and broken into small m.w. components. Shedding of virus antigen-antibody complexes from the cell's surface may be an important source of the circulating complexes found in virus-infected humans and animals.
Isolation and Characterization of Canine Secretory Immunglobulin M
Authors: Thompson Russell E. , Reynolds Herbert Y. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Canine secretory immunoglobulin M, isolated from both colostrum and bronchial secretions, contained the unique glycoprotein bound secretory component. The presence of this extra subunit accounted for the differences in size, quaternary structure, and antigenicity observed upon comparison of secretory immunoglobulin M with its serum counterpart. Approximately 90% of the isolated secretory immunoglobulin M contained covalently bound secretory component while, in the remainder of the population, secretory component was loosely attached and easily dissociated from the immunoglobulin. Following peptide bond cleavage with cyanogen bromide, the release of bound secretory component and J chain from secretory immunoglobulin M was not detected. Because cyanogen bromide cleavage of secretory immunoglobulin A results in the release of these subunits, differences in the primary structure of secretory immunoglobulin M and secretory immunoglobulin A must exist around the binding sites for secretory component and J chain.
F1 Resistance to AKR Lymphoma Cells in Vivo and in Vitro
Authors: Schmitt-Verhulst Anne-Marie , Zatz Marion M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
AKR × DBA/2 (AKD2F1) mice resist growth of injected spontaneous AKR lymphoma cells. In vitro, normal F1 responder cells generate Thy-1 positive effector cells specifically cytotoxic for the sensitizing antigens of parental AKR normal or lymphoma cells. The possibility is considered that the homozygous normal and neoplastic AKR cells express antigenic determinants, analogous to hemopoietic histocompatibility (Hh) antigens, which are recognized by the F1 hybrid, resulting in in vivo tumor resistance and in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
Cholesterol-Dependent Human Complement Activation Resulting in Damage to Liposomal Model Membranes
Authors: Alving Carl R. , Richards Roberta L. , Guirguis Adel A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human (but not guinea pig) complement was activated spontaneously by liposomes containing a high concentration (71 mol %) of cholesterol. This occurred in the absence of any recognizable antigen or antibody, and did not occur at a low concentration (43 mol %) of cholesterol. Activation of complement resulted in membrane damage and release of trapped liposomal glucose. The complement activity was inhibited by preheating (56°C, 30 min), 10 mM Mg2EDTA3 or EGTA, and by prior adsorption with insoluble immune complexes. Almost all human sera had some reactivity, but it ranged from very low levels (&lt;7% liposomal glucose release) to very high levels (τ;50% glucose release). Complement activation appeared to be mediated by a serum factor which could be removed by adsorption and which was partially heat labile. The factor was transferred by adding heated high reacting human serum to unheated low reacting human serum, or to guinea pig serum. The serum factor, although quantitatively diminished in potency due to heat lability, caused equal activation of each of these two latter complement sources in the presence of high cholesterol liposomes. It did not cause activation of C4-deficient guinea pig complement. These data suggested that the classical complement pathway was activated. The liposomal membrane composition had an influence on this phenomenon. Activities of about half of the human sera were enhanced when galactosyl ceramide, or ceramide alone, was present in the liposomes. Activity was enhanced by longer fatty acyl chain lengths of lecithin when dimyristoyl-, dipalmitoyl-, or distearoyllecithin was employed in the liposomes. Liposomes containing sphingomyelin as the only phospholipid were not sensitive to cholesterol-dependent complement-mediated damage. It was concluded that human complement was activated in the presence of high concentrations of membrane cholesterol and that this was caused by an uncharacterized serum factor and was influenced by the lipid composition of the membrane.
Immunologically Specific Cytolytic Activity Induced in Long-Term Mixed Leukocyte Culture Cells by Concanavalin A
Authors: Tartof David , Fitch Frank W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Stimulation of cells from long-term primary MLC with Con A resulted in the generation of CTL activity comparable in magnitude to that induced by reexposure of the cells to the original stimulating cellular antigen. CTL generated by stimulation of long-term MLC cells with ConA had lytic activity specific for the original stimulating alloantigen used in primary MLC. The pattern of stimulation of long-term MLC cells with Con A differed from that of restimulation with alloantigen in that there was no detectable CTL activity the first 24 hr after Con A stimulation and the peak lytic activity occurred later. Unlike restimulation with alloantigen early lytic activity after Con A stimulation was dependent on DNA synthesis. PHA also proved to be an effective agent for stimulating cytolytic activity in long-term MLC cells. The response to PHA was comparable in magnitude to that generated by Con A. Stimulation of long-term MLC cells with T cell mitogens gave decreased cell recoveries relative to restimulation with alloantigen, however, the lytic activity per cells recovered was generally greater in the mitogen-stimulated cultures.
Natural Cytotoxic Reactivity of Human Lymphocytes Against a Myeloid Cell Line: Characterization of Effector Cells
Authors: West William H. , Cannon Grace B. , Kay H. David , Bonnard Guy D. , Herberman Ronald B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Using a series of techniques to identify and deplete various peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations, we studied the cytotoxic reactivity of normal individuals against the myeloid cell line K-562 in a 4-hr 51chromium-release assay. Depletion of lymphocytes bearing complement receptors had a variable, usually negligible effect on cytotoxicity. In contrast, depletion of lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors abrogated target cell lysis. Separation of lymphocytes with high-affinity binding of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) evidenced by rosette formation at 29°C yielded a population of rosette-forming cells containing few cytotoxic cells, whereas separation of total E-RFC under optimal rosetting conditions produced a rosette fraction containing a major proportion of the effector cells. These data indicate that the cytotoxic lymphocyte in this system is Fc receptor positive, largely complement receptor negative, and may possess low density or low affinity receptors for SRBC.