bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti-cariogenic property of Carica papaya, Trachyspermum ammi, Caesalpinia crista linn extracts and their effect on human oral keratinocytes
Authors: Govindaram Divyalakshmi , Kumar A Ramesh , Krishnan Rajkumar , Savithri N 
Published: April 2023

Objectives:
Dental caries is a dynamic and composite process. The multifactorial etio-pathogenesis thus influences the initiation and the progression of the disease. The prime pathogenic bacterium includes Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus sp and Actinomyces viscosus. The purpose of this in vitro study was to analyze the antimicrobial property of the test herbal extracts and also their effects on the human oral keratinocytes.

Materials and Methods:
The bacterial strains S. mutans (American Type Culture Collection [ATCC]-25175); Lactobacillus species (ATCC 4356) and A. viscosus (ATCC 15987) were cultured in the specific culture media-Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin, Man Rogosa Sharpe and Enrichment media, respectively. The test extracts were exposed to the cultured plates and the mean zone of inhibition was measured. The test herbal extracts were also tested for deleterious effects on oral keratinocytes via the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Independent Student's t-test and analysis of variances were performed.-25175); Lactobacillus species (ATCC 4356) and A. viscosus (ATCC 15987) were cultured in the specific culture media-Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin, Man Rogosa Sharpe and Enrichment media, respectively. The test extracts were exposed to the cultured plates and the mean zone of inhibition was measured. The test herbal extracts were also tested for deleterious effects on oral keratinocytes via the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Independent Student's t-test and analysis of variances were performed.

Results:
The extracts of Carica papaya, Trachyspermum ammi and Caesalpinia crista linn inhibited the growth of bacteria and the antimicrobial effect was found to be statistically significant at the neat/standard concentration (100 μg/ml). The three extracts showed a cell viability range 96%–99% indicating that the test extracts did not produce or display any deleterious effects on the oral keratinocytes.

Conclusions:
The three test herbal extracts possess effective anti-cariogenic properties with near par with the efficacy of chlorhexidine and T. ammi proved to be the most potent. The extracts at different concentrations also proved to be safe, noncytotoxic producing a range of 96%−99% of cell viability of the oral keratinocytes.
Analysis of the positions of anterior teeth in orthodontically treated and untreated population
Authors: Anthwal Nishita , Joshi Ankur , Grover Neeraj , Gupta Vineeta , Tyagi Nutan , Gupta Himanshu 
Published: April 2023

Aim:
To compare the uniqueness of human dentition in both orthodontically treated and untreated populations and evaluate the reliability of bitemark analysis.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 1464 maxillary and mandibular casts were fabricated from orthodontically treated and nontreated population. After careful examination of the study teeth, 326 nontreated maxillary cast (Group 1), 333 nontreated mandibular cast (Group 2), 336 orthodontically treated maxillary cast (Group 3), and 320 orthodontically treated mandibular casts (Group 4) were selected for the analysis. For uniformity, the sample size of 320 was selected from each group for comparison.

Results:
The arch width was a major cause of variance. In Group 1, only 6.87% of similarity rate was seen, whereas in Group 3, the match rate increased to 55% showing similarity. In Group 2, only 1.87% similarity and Group 4 showed 42.7% match rate.

Conclusion:
The human dentition may be unique, but it loses its uniqueness once any dental treatment is carried out.
Evaluation and comparison of linear and diagonal odontometry of first molars as a tool for gender discrimination; assessed in a population from Maharashtra
Authors: Murgod Vinita V. , Vinodkumar MP , Vaswani Vina R. 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Linear odontometry is customarily used in gender determination which can pose difficulties in cases of tooth decay, attrition since they mainly involve the proximal surfaces.

Objectives:
The present cross-sectional observation study, estimated the efficacy of alternative measurements, that is, diagonal measurements and cervical measurements in gender determination in comparison to routine odontometry.

Material and Methods:
A total of 200 dental cast models (upper and lower) of 100 individuals (50 male and 50 female) from Maharashtra state were included.

Results:
Univariate discriminant function analysis showed that, in maxillary molars, MD width gave the highest gender dimorphism of 64%, followed by BL with 62%. In the mandibular teeth, MD gave an accuracy of 75% followed by MB-DL with 73%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that overall diagonal and linear measurements gave the highest dimorphism of 81% with 80% correctly identified as females and 82% as males. The mandibular MD, BL and MB-DL gave an accuracy of 79% with 78% corrected identified as females and 80% correctly identified as males. Mandibular ML-DB and Cervical DB-CML together gave an accuracy of 77% and mandibular MD with75%.

Conclusion:
Thus, the study proves that diagonal measurements give almost equivalent or better results than linear measurements in gender determination.
Significance and expression of p-Akt in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Hindy Suha Abdulhussein 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Oral cancer is considered as the sixth-most common malignant neoplasm in the world and the most common type is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Akt is a serine/threonine-protein kinase, that acts in the regulation of different signaling downstream pathways, including; proliferation, growth, cell metabolism, angiogenesis and survival. The objective of the present study was to show the expression of p-Akt and its prognostic effect in oral SCC (OSCC).

Materials and Methods:
A total of 72 cases of OSCC were included in this study; the expression of the Akt gene was done on 4 μm tumor sections using immunohistochemical staining of Akt antibody.

Results:
Histopathological examination showed that: (43) were GIII, (13) cases were GII, and (16) cases were GI. The positivity of immunohistochemical staining were appear as brown stain. Results showed increase expression of p-Akt in most cases of oral SCC and mean expression about (54.86 ± 31.58), and the expression of p-Akt was increased with the progression of the histological grade of the tumor.

Conclusion:
High expression of p-Akt and its relation with the progression of tumor grade and invasion of tumor may indicate the relationship between p-Akt expression and aggressiveness and progression of the tumor.
Utility of serum and salivary lactate dehydrogenase and uric acid levels as a diagnostic profile in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Anitha G , Kumar K. Vinod , Deshpande Gururaj , Nagaraj M , Kalyani Veerbhadra 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), an intra-cellular enzyme present in all cells of the body, catalyses the final step of anaerobic glycolysis. This intra-cellular enzyme is released into the extra-cellular space after tissue disintegration, which is evident in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, investigations comparing Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in OSCC and healthy controls have shown conflicting findings in both serum and saliva samples. Further, Uric acid's anti-oxidant activity has been demonstrated in several diseases. Several cancers have been linked to increased uric acid levels. However, uric acid levels in oral squamous cell cancer have varied. There exists limitted research comparing serum and salivary uric acid with OSCC. Thus, the present investigation was conducted to evaluate the combined diagnostic abilities of serum and salivary LDH and uric acid in OSCC.

Aim and Objective:
To compare and correlate LDH and uric acid levels in serum and salivary samples of OSCC patients and healthy individuals.

Material and Methods:
LDH levels and uric acid levels were measured using an enzymatic method in serum and salivary samples of OSCC cases (n = 18) and healthy individuals (n = 18).

Results:
This study indicated statistically significant elevated levels of LDH in serum and saliva samples of OSCC patients when compared to healthy individuals. Furthermore, serum and salivary uric acid were higher in OSCC patients than in controls. This increased levels of uric acid was significant only in serum but not in saliva samples. However, salivary uric acid was found to be co-relating with serum uric acid. In addition to this, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve when plotted to assess combined diagnostic abilities of all the investigations to predict oscc, indicating the diagnostic ability to be 77%.

Conclusion:
This study found an increase in uric acid levels in OSCC patients, which contradicts previous existing litratures. Salivary uric acid and LDH levels may be effective indicators for OSCC screening. However, because of the limited sample size, these findings should be viewed with caution.
Anti-microbial efficacy of Vanilla planifolia leaf extract against common oral micro-biomes
Authors: Kamath Ajith K. , Nasim Iffat , Muralidharan NP , Kothuri Ravalika N. 
Published: April 2023

Introduction:Over the past century, several antibiotics have been discovered and used to treat various microbial diseases. However, over the past few decades, with the emergence of anti-microbial resistant strains of microbiomes, it has become increasingly necessary to discover and develop alternative anti-microbial agents. Herbal formulations have shown promising results in the past decade. However, many herbal formulations remain unexplored. The present study aims to explore the anti-microbial properties of a newly preparedVanilla planifoliaextract.Methodology:Vanilla planifolialeaves were collected, shade-dried, and then powdered. The powdered leaves ofVanilla planifolia(100 gm) were extracted by the cold percolation method with 300 ml ethanol at room temperature for 72 hours. The extracts were then tested for its constituent anti-microbial activity by the agar well method and disk diffusion method against different commonly found oral micro-biomes. The zones of inhibition were noted and measured, and the results were derived. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student t-test (P <_ 0.001). Based on the statistical analysis, conclusions were drawn.Results:The ethanolic extracts ofVanilla planifoliaon the agar plates showed considerable anti-microbial activity in both the test methods againstStaphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus. However, no effect was found againstCandida albicans. There was no significant difference in the results obtained by the two test methods (P >_ 0.001).Conclusions:This experimental study presents a medicinal plant, an orchid Vanilla planifolia, which demonstrates the presence of essential anti-microbial agents in it, making it a potent, potential dental biomaterial with a positive and benefitting effect on the oral micro-environment.
Myofibroblasts as important diagnostic and prognostic indicators of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Gandhi Piyush , Kaur Manmeet , Punia Ramandeep Singh , Halappa Thippeswamy Shamenahalli , Singh Harkanwal Preet 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy of the oral cavity, with multifactorial etiopathogenesis. Data from the past literature suggest that myofibroblasts (MFs) can also contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of the disease. Hence, the present study was undertaken for assessing the expression of MF in well-differentiated OSCC (WDOSCC), moderately differentiated OSCC (MDOSCC), poorly differentiated OSCC (PDOSCC) and healthy controls by immunohistochemistry using alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) antibody.

Methodology:
Forty cases each of WDOSCC, MDOSCC, PDOSCC and healthy controls were included. 4-μm thick sections from each tissue sample were stained with routine hematoxylin and eosin as well as immunohistochemically using α-SMA. Among different grades of OSCC, expression of MFs was compared. All the results were subjected to statistical analysis.

Results:
While comparing the expression of MFs in between different grades of OSCC, nonsignificant results were obtained. While comparing the expression of MF in between OSCC cases and normal controls, significant results were obtained.

Conclusion:
MFs are one of the vital pathogenetic components in OSCC cases in predicting their invasive behaviors. We advocate the use of MFs as a stromal marker for visualizing invasion and progression in OSCC patients.
Efficacy of Csaba stain to demonstrate mature and immature mast cells in oral inflammatory lesions
Authors: Lakshminarayana Surendra , Sowmya SV , Rao Roopa S. 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Mast cells (MCs) are immune cells of the myeloid lineage and are present in connective tissues throughout the body. Mastocytosis regulates many physiologic processes and affects the pathogenesis of allergic conditions, anaphylactic reactions, autoimmune disorders and leukemias. Toluidine blue is commonly employed as a special stain for MCs that uniformly imparts blue color to both immature and mature cells. Csaba stain that distinguishes mature from immature MCs has not been widely explored. However, its use in differentiating mature and immature cells has not been reported in the literature. The identification of mature and immature MCs may provide a major clue for the diagnosis of any unrecognized systemic pathologies.

Objectives:

Materials and Methods:
Fifty sections of inflammatory lesions were subjected to Csaba stain, toluidine blue and Leishman's stains each for studying MCs. The staining efficacy of the three stains was compared for parameters such as homogeneity, specificity, staining intensity, granular staining property and differentiation between mature and immature cells.

Results:
The Csaba, toluidine blue and Leishman's stains showed statistically insignificant P = 0.50, 0.95, 0.29, 0.48 for homogeneity, specificity, staining intensity and granular staining property respectively, but Csaba stain showed statistically significant P = 0.0001* in differentiating mature from immature cells.

Conclusion:
Csaba stain is more effective in differentiating mature from immature MCs compared to the other special stains.
Apoptotic and mitotic indices in oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Suhasini PD , Mulki Shaila , Supriya H 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Assessment of apoptotic cells and mitotic figures using light microscopy is an easy and viable alternative to assess tumour behaviour.

Aims:
To evaluate apoptotic index (AI), mitotic index (MI) and apoptotic to mitotic index ratio (AI: MI) in different grades of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in haematoxylin and eosin-stained (H&E) sections.

Settings and Design:
The study included 45 cases each of OED and OSCC cases which were further subgrouped into groups of 15 each based on their grades. AI, MI and AI/MI were assessed and compared with 15 cases of normal mucosa.

Methods and Material:
Apoptotic cells and mitotic figures were counted using a binocular light microscope equipped with an oculometer grid (20 × 20 squares) on the eyepiece. Cells were counted in 15 grid fields under oil immersion lenses (×100) in a stepladder fashion. AI/MI ratio was calculated.

Statistical Analysis:
The results obtained were statistically analysed using Analysis of variance and Tukey Honestly Significant Difference tests with SPSS 20 software at a 0.05 significance level.

Results:
AI increased with increasing grades of dysplasia and decreased with increasing grades of OSCC. MI increased with increasing grades of OED and OSCC. AI/MI increased with increasing grades of OED but decreased with increasing grades of OSCC.

Conclusion:
In the light of the current observations, AI, MI and AI: MI can be considered as valuable parameters to assess the biological behaviour of OED and OSCC.
Preoperative platelet-lymphocyte ratio and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as predictors of occult lymph node metastasis detected using Desmoglein 3 and Cytokeratin in Indian population
Authors: Urs Aadithya B , Augustine Jeyaseelan , Khurana Nita , Uniyal Akanksha , Passey J C , Meher Ravi 
Published: April 2023

Aim:
This study aims to assess whether preoperative platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) can predict occult metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Materials and Methods:
Thirty-five OSCC cases were analyzed for clinicopathological and hematological data. Cases without metastasis (pN0) were checked for micrometastasis immunohistochemically using Desmoglein 3 (DSG3) and Cytokeratin (CK). Mean PLR and NLR were compared and analyzed between the study groups.

Results:
Metastatic deposits were detected in 9 out of 26 pN0 cases (34.6%) accounting for 11 out of 62 (17%) lymph nodes subjected to immunohistochemistry. The mean PLR was higher in OSCC cases with or without occult metastasis in comparison to controls (P < 0.001). No significant difference was found in the mean PLR and NLR between OSCC cases with and without occult metastasis. Furthermore, we found DSG3+ sinus histiocytes within the lymph nodes in majority of cases which is least reported in literature.

Conclusion:
A significant percentage of cases showed occult metastasis in this study which led to upstaging of tumor. Although PLR was elevated in OSCC cases, it did not have a positive correlation with the presence of occult metastasis but was able to successfully distinguish OSCC patients from healthy individuals.
Prevalence of oral lichen planus in patients with hypothyroidism versus non-hypothyroidism – A case control study of 1000 cases
Authors: Maddheshiya Nisha , Shivakumar GC , Misra Neeta , Rastogi Varun , Kumar Shailesh 
Published: April 2023

Background:
The oral cavity is a unique environment where systemic maladies may be amplified by the oral mucosa. Oral diseases are usually local, but may also be the sign of systemic disease. Oral lesions are mostly one of the first indications of a systemic problem. Lichen planus (LP) is an inflammatory disease that involves the skin and mucous membrane. It is one of the most common oral diseases that manifest itself in the oral cavity. The exact cause of oral lichen planus (OLP) is unknown, but the immunologic system plays a leading role in the pathogenesis. It is well documented that OLP represents a cell-mediated immune response.

Materials and Methods:
The study population was drawn from the patients attending the outpatient Department of General Medicine and Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology with a total of 1000 subjects, out of which 500 subjects were clinically diagnosed with hypothyroidism and 500 subjects were without the history of hypothyroidism. The data collected was compiled and analysed to obtain the result. A Chi-square test was used to compare the categorical variables and the analysis was carried out on SPSS 16.0 version.

Results:
The study revealed an increased prevalence of OLP in hypothyroidism. Cases clearly had a predilection of 2.37 times more tendency to develop OLP as compared to the control.

Conclusion:
To conclude, it seems that OLP was more prevalent in hypothyroid individuals, especially in females in the third and fourth decades of life.
Identification of genetic instability in peripheral blood lymphocyte of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients assess by comet assay
Authors: Dekate Kamlesh , Barpande Suresh , Tupkari Jagdish , Thakur Mansee , Swain Niharika 
Published: April 2023

Context:
Studies established that human cancer is principally a genetic disease; it arises as accumulation of a set of genetic changes. In the pathogenesis of cancer, genetic instability is the sequential event to a carcinogenic stimulus resulting in various genomic changes including DNA damage.

Aims:
To assess genetic instability, as susceptibility to DNA damage, we used single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) to study double strand breaks in associated with the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Materials and Methods:
We used comet assay to measure double strand break in individual peripheral blood lymphocytes from 50 individuals with OSCC and 30 healthy control subjects. All personal information was gathered from subjects including tobacco history. DNA damage was visualized as comet assay and quantified by movement of damaged strands as length of tail.

Results:
Study results of OSCC patients were observed in relation to clinical staging and histological grading of carcinoma. On the basis of clinical observation, cases were grouped in to Stage I, Stage II, Stage III and Stage IV. No stage I cases were in study sample. The mean DNA damage migration length was observed 4.600 ± 0.4613 μm in stage II, whereas in Stage III and Stage IV, it was observed to be 4.961 ± 0.5620 μm and 4.883 ± 0.410 μm, respectively. The DNA damage length in histological grades of squamous cell carcinoma patients in Grade I was 4.6437 ± 0.3061 μm and Grade II was 5.3533 ± 0.3831 μm. In comparison with control group and squamous cell carcinoma group, it was observed in the range of 0.02–0.36 μm and varied from 4.04 to 5.84 μm range, respectively. Thus, the results were statistically significant with the histological grading of OSCC.

Statistical Analysis:
Unpaired' test and “ANOVA” test are used for statistics.

Statistical Analysis:
Unpaired' test and “ANOVA” test are used for statistics.

Conclusion:
The amount of DNA strand breaks in peripheral lymphocytes are measured by comet assay which is associated with relative risk of OSCC.
Glucose transporter 1 expression in ameloblastoma and odontogenic keratocyst – A comparative immunohistochemical study
Authors: Pragallapati Sindhuri , Manyam Ravikanth 
Published: April 2023

Introduction:
Facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs), which mediate glucose transport across the cell membrane, differ in their tissue distribution and affinity for glucose. GLUT1 is ubiquitously present and help in the basal uptake of glucose into the cells. Its expression is known to be elevated in conditions that induce hypoxia and by growth factors. GLUT1 is known to be increased in many malignant tumors to meet the metabolic requirements, but its role in odontogenic tumors is not known.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the immunohistochemical expression of GLUT1 in ameloblastoma (AM) and odontogenic keratocyst (OKC).

Materials and Methodology:
Thirty cases each of AM and OKCs were immunohistochemically stained using anti-GLUT1 antibody according to the standard protocol. Qualitative assessment of GLUT1 expression was done under the categories of distribution, intensity and localization of staining. Quantitative assessment was done using Image J software. The results were tabulated and statistically analyzed.

Results:
GLUT1 positivity was observed in 25 (83.3%) cases of OKC and 26 (86.7%) of AM cases. The majority of cells in the suprabasal layer of OKC showed positivity, whereas the equal distribution of staining was observed in the central and peripheral cells of AM.

Conclusion:
GLUT1 expression in these tumors is suggestive of an increased glucose uptake and probably increased utilization of energy, which may be correlated with their aggressive behavior.