bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rise and Fall of the Lemon Test
Authors: Chapman Nathan S. , McConnell Michael W. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter details the rise and fall of the Lemon test. In Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), a school-funding case, the U.S. Supreme Court laid down three rules: A law must have a secular purpose, must have a “primary effect” that “neither advances nor inhibits religion,” and may not foster an “excessive entanglement” between government and religion. Failure to meet any of these three rules rendered a law unconstitutional. For three decades, the Court treated the Lemon test as a one-size-fits-all doctrine for evaluating establishment claims, applying it to a wide array of factual scenarios. However, the Lemon test was plagued by conceptual ambiguity, overemphasized separationism at the expense of religious freedom, and departed from the historical understanding of disestablishment. As such, instead of a single Establishment Clause test, the Court has developed context-sensitive doctrines that reflect a more accurate understanding of the history of religious disestablishment.
Conflicts Over Symbols
Authors: Chapman Nathan S. , McConnell Michael W. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the issue of public religious symbols under the Establishment Clause. From its first foray into the field in 1983, the U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions on the constitutionality of government-sponsored religious symbols have been highly fractured. Secularists believe any public religious symbol demeans the citizenship of nonbelievers. Meanwhile, believers think the cases trivialize genuine religion. The chapter begins by assessing whether these cases belong in court at all. It then looks at how the Court has struggled to identify a coherent principle for deciding religious symbol cases. The endorsement test is the Court’s most thoughtful attempt to find a neutral solution. However, it presents logical and practical problems: The test confuses endorsement with preference; there is a difference between not erecting a symbol and demolishing one that is already in place; and the test lacks a baseline for judging approval or disapproval. The Court’s most recent symbol decision clarifies that old religious symbols are generally constitutional, which will have the salutary effect of ending most litigation over religious symbols and reducing the Court’s role in what are essentially political battles over the place of religion in culture.
The Spirit of the Times
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
After returning to Fort Harmony from Salt Lake City, John D. Lee and other massacre leaders finalize arrangements for the slain emigrants’ property and young children. The children are separated from each other, given new names, adopted into Mormon families, and encouraged to forget. Lee and other massacre ringleaders take charge of the most valuable property of the murdered emigrants, including their livestock. Other items, including household tools and utensils, are auctioned off at Cedar City’s tithing house, where the impoverished local people bid in grain futures for the items. About the same time, a non-Mormon traveler passes through the Mountain Meadows, where he is horrified to see wolves feasting on the remains of the massacre victims, either left on the ground to rot or torn from shallow mass graves by the scavengers. In California, newspaper accounts of the massacre—and the Mormons’ suspected involvement in the crime—are proliferating.
A Lion in the Path
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Merchant William Bell resolves to leave Salt Lake City and Utah as war with the approaching troops appears to be inevitable. Bell has married into the Benbow family, which had supported Brigham Young and others in their missionary efforts in England but now wants to leave Mormonism and Utah. Young sends a letter with Bell’s company to Isaac Haight and John D. Lee to ensure this company passes through southern Utah safely. Jacob Hamblin prevents yet another assault on an emigrant train when he protects them from a contemplated attack near the Muddy River. Meanwhile, Thomas L. Kane visits President Buchanan about Young’s warning. Buchanan brushes Kane’s concerns off until he receives word of Mormon militiamen burning the army’s supply trains. Buchanan and Secretary of War John Floyd then lobby Congress for funding for more troops to send to Utah, while Kane departs for Utah as an emissary of peace.
The Course Adopted Will Not Prove Successful
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Army doctor Charles Brewer brings evidence of the massacre, including two skulls, to Camp Floyd. Washington chastises the federal judges, especially John Cradlebaugh, for exceeding their authority as arbiters of justice and usurping the authority of prosecutors. Judge Delana Eckels decides to advocate for General Johnston to be president of the United States using the Mormon problem as a platform. The judges are critical of federal appointees who are moderate in their views of the Mormons, including Alfred Cumming, Jacob Forney, and District Attorney Alexander Wilson. The judges reject the offer from Brigham Young to bring the massacre suspects to justice. The Eckels court grand jury fails to indict the massacre suspects. Two boys who survived the massacre but were kept in Utah as witnesses are returned to Arkansas.
The Time Has Come
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The federal government builds Fort Cameron in Beaver, Utah. John D. Lee establishes Lee’s Ferry on the Colorado River. Brigham Young sends missionaries to settle along the Little Colorado River. Rumor reaches Lee that soldiers are coming to hang him and his posterity, and Lee flees well armed across the Colorado River to join the missionaries. He settles at Moenave. John Wesley Powell sends artist Thomas Moran and New York Times correspondent Justin E. Colburn to southern Utah with massacre participant and Powell expedition employee George W. Adair. Lee and Hamblin begin a feud. Isaac Haight is rebaptized, and Lee seeks rebaptism from Brigham Young, who does not grant it. Congress passes the Poland Act. A federal grand jury of Mormons and non-Mormons indicts Lee, Isaac Haight, and seven others. Deputy U.S. Marshal William Stokes and a posse arrest Lee in Panguitch, Utah, and transport him to the Beaver town jail.
Open the Ball
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Lee languishes at Camp Cameron. Marshal George Maxwell orders Lee back to the Beaver jail. Dame’s attorneys pressure the prosecution and judge for a speedy trial. Star witness Philip Klingensmith can’t be found. James Mangum files a disingenuous affidavit. The Salt Lake Tribune calls for trying the massacre case in the press. Lawyers converge on Beaver: U.S. Attorney William Carey and his deputy, David Whedon, as prosecutors, and William W. Bishop, Wells Spicer, and Enos Hoge as the defense team for Lee, and George Bates and Jabez Sutherland representing William Dame. Bill Hickman and Amasa Lyman come to town as allies of the prosecutors. Court convenes July 12, 1875. Prosecution, hoping to try Dame with Lee as a witness, works on a plea deal with the defense. Deputy U.S. Marshal Jerome Cross tracks down Philip Klingensmith.
Mental Health Treatment in Jails
Authors: Barber-Rioja Virginia , Roth Loren , Subedi Bipin , Chen Marilyn 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The prevalence of mental illness in jails is significantly higher than in the community or in prisons. As with prisons, jails are constitutionally required to provide mental health care to incarcerated individuals. However, several factors make providing adequate mental health treatment in jails versus prisons significantly more complicated. Individuals incarcerated in jails are admitted directly from the community; tend to present as more clinically unstable, often with intoxication and withdrawal symptoms; and are three times more likely to commit suicide than are individuals in prison. This is likely due to uncertainty about their legal situation, lack of recent mental health treatment or support, and often limited jail resources. Treatment of behavioral health needs in jails constitutes a public health intervention, since most detained individuals return to their communities. In addition, mental health interventions are essential to prevent suicide, mitigate acute psychopathology and stress, and reduce recidivism. This chapter provides a review of the research on jail mental health treatment, as well as current practice standards and recommendations.
Assessment and Treatment of Substance Use Disorders in Jails
Authors: Manchak Sarah M. , Strange C. Clare , Farringer Alison , Lancaster Madeline 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The high rates of substance use in the incarcerated population are well established. However, the effective management and treatment of substance use disorders in jails can be complicated by a number of factors. This chapter first reviews best practices for jail settings and examines existing evidence on the implementation and utilization of these programs and strategies. Specific attention is given to screening and assessment, management of acute intoxication, detoxification services, medication-assisted treatment, and psychosocial interventions. The chapter then summarizes several challenges to delivering jail-based substance use disorder services and highlights some important considerations for practitioners. Recommendations for policy and practice are also presented.
Interventions for Competency Restoration and Treatment in Jails
Authors: Gugliano Amanda L. , Howard Stephanie M. , Berthold Amanda L. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Both the deinstitutionalization movement and reductions in public mental health services have shifted an increasing number of mentally ill individuals from state hospitals to jails and prisons. People with severe and persistent mental illness that are involved within the criminal justice system and found incompetent to stand trial (IST) have typically been sent to state hospitals for competency restoration treatment. However, due to the high costs associated with treating IST defendants in state hospitals and the long wait time for beds to become available, many states have started to develop jail-based competency restoration programs to meet the needs of IST pretrial incarcerated persons. This chapter will discuss the benefits and limitations of competency restoration treatment in state hospitals and jail settings as well as provide an overview of the relatively new jail-based competency restoration programs that have been developed in many states across the United States.
Research and Advocacy in Jails
Authors: Batastini Ashley B. , Dvoskin Joel , Horton Jade , Cook Kaylee 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The majority of published studies on correctional populations are in the context of prisons. As noted elsewhere in this book, while jails and prisons are often used as synonymous terms, their environments and populations can be quite distinct. Jails are inherently more difficult to study in a “clean” way, but more research on their unique needs and how best to address those needs is imperative. This chapter acknowledges these challenges and offers jail administrators and would-be jail researchers recommendations for improving the focus on empirical outcomes. Research can help jails and counties develop more sound polices for assessment, intervention, and reentry, as well as establish a foundation to advocate for additional resources (e.g., via state and county funding, external grant support). In addition to the importance of continued research and program evaluation, other recommendations for advocacy for jailed individuals and correctional and health care staff are provided.
The Jim Crow Car
Authors: Freedman Samuel G. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Jim Crow regime. It elaborates on the segregation of privileges that separated white people and Black people. After moving to the edge of downtown Baton Rouge, Hubert Humphrey encountered Black people with more frequency compared with his parochial past. Humphrey entered the Louisiana State University, a domain in which Black people were meant to be ever present and yet magically invisible. The chapter explains that Humphrey’s attendance resulted in his realization of how segregation forced emotional contortions on white people. It elaborates on how Humphrey learned racism in The Bottoms, of Maggie, of Jamie Caffery, and about other forms of bigotry.
The Coming Confrontation
Authors: Freedman Samuel G. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the speeches conducted by Hubert Humphrey and Harry Truman. The Supreme Court’s decision in 1944 to declare Texas’s all-white primary elections unconstitutional challenged the unequal equilibrium of the Jim Crow South and radicalized Fielding Wright. Wright objected to the laws that Truman’s Committee of Civil Rights had proposed in late 1947 since he deemed the proposal to be deliberately aimed to wreck the South and its institutions. The chapter also considers Philip Randolph taking his attempt to remove segregation in the military straight to the White House. It notes how Humphrey, Wright, Randolph, James Loeb, and Andrew Biemiller prepared to go to Philadelphia for a confrontation.
Subjective Wellbeing and Resilience at the Individual Level
Authors: Cummins Robert A. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter brings together ideas on resilience, from biology and psychology, to describe a single integrated system of homeostatic control for subjective wellbeing (SWB). SWB is a composite variable containing both emotion and mood. The emotion serves to inform the brain about relevant changes in the internal (interoceptive) and external environments. The mood component is characterised as a composite of the three affects: happy, content, and alert. These combine to form homeostatically protected mood (HPMood), which is the phenotype of a genetically determined process. HPMood exists as a weak, background effect that is present in all thoughts about the self, including SWB. Its purpose is to maintain a positive outlook in consciousness, and its level is unchanging within a narrow range around a setpoint for each person. It is proposed that understanding subjective wellbeing homeostasis is central to understanding sustainable wellbeing for humankind.
Life Satisfaction, Marital Status, and Partnership Quality
Authors: Chapman Bruce , Zakariyya Nabeeh 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter reports an empirical examination of the associations between relationship status, partner satisfaction, and life satisfaction. The authors analyse data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey from 2001 to 2019, a large longitudinal dataset that includes questions assessing subjective wellbeing, including overall life satisfaction and satisfaction with one’s partner. It also includes a significant sample in which both partners in a household are surveyed to provide information on reciprocal evaluation of each partner’s satisfaction, something which has not been previously reported. Based on both of these evaluations, the authors construct a composite index of overall partner satisfaction to measure relationship quality and examine its association with overall life satisfaction while controlling for other covariates. Results indicate that this composite measure of partnership satisfaction has large consequences for life satisfaction. In terms of the size of the effect, it seems that being in an unhappy relationship compared to a happy one has about a three times larger impact on life satisfaction than being unemployed compared with being employed.
Wellbeing in Higher Education
Authors: Christensen Bruce K. , Kennedy Rebecca E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
On average, the wellbeing of higher education (HE) students is low. Given the importance of HE to national economies and cultures, institutes of HE (IHE) are increasingly implementing strategies to improve wellbeing. Additionally, international organisations are repositioning the scope of HE initiatives beyond subjective wellbeing to considerations of community, society, and the natural environment. For example, the Okanagan Charter implores IHE to transform the wellbeing of people, places, and the planet. This chapter reviews evidence- and practice-based HE wellbeing strategies under this organisational structure of person-, place-, and planet-level approaches. Presently, the strongest evidence is for person-level interventions and is tied to student services, psychoeducation, and health promotion. Place-level strategies are commonly practiced and robustly supported by IHE but lack mature empirical support. Planet-level approaches are only emerging and require greater policy support to gain traction. Overall, additional research is required to build understanding across all levels of knowledge and practice.
Systems of Care and Experience for Dying Well
Authors: Chapman Michael , Philip Jennifer , Komesaroff Paul 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Death and dying are events that all beings will share. Everyone is either anticipating or experiencing them. While often associated with notions of loss, fear, pain, and suffering, the reality of death and dying is more complex. Growth, hope, connection, and even wellbeing itself can co-exist with death and dying and may even be fostered. Within this chapter, various potentially positive aspects of death and dying arising within philosophy, literature, and cultural, religious, and care traditions will be explored, challenging the notion of a uniform negativity within responses to death and dying. The experience of mortality and wellbeing arise from the interplay of myriad dynamic, living systems, suggesting how wellbeing and death and dying can relate and coexist. These ideas have implications for understanding and enhancing care provision to support wellbeing within dying and normalise the possibility of this experience.
An Economy Centred on Human and Ecological Wellbeing
Authors: Fioramonti Lorenzo , Coscieme Luca 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The concept of the ‘wellbeing economy’ (WE), which prioritises human and ecological wellbeing instead of economic growth at all costs, is gaining consensus amongst policy-makers, business, and civil society. Since 2018, several national governments have adopted its framework as a new approach to designing policies and assessing progress. The WE replaces the pursuit of increasing a country’s gross domestic product (GDP) with a more nuanced recognition of what the society wants to grow and what it wants to decline. It embodies a positive and forward-looking set of proposals for reducing environmental impacts and improving natural capital while increasing societal wellbeing more broadly conceived. In this chapter, after describing the main tenets of the WE, the authors discuss how its action-oriented approach moves beyond the argument on economic growth. The chapter describes some of the main changes that a shift from economic growth to wellbeing would bring about, including how it will affect physical and mental health and social capital and how it would help rethink concepts such as progress, productivity, work, technology, and the role of producers and consumers. The authors explore practical policy actions that are proving effective in aligning economic, social, and environmental objectives.
Verstehen and Narrative
Authors: Brockmeier Jens 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Human understanding or verstehen is the central matter of hermeneutics. This chapter fuses the horizons of hermeneutic and narrative studies in exploring forms and practices of verstehen that are closely intermingled with a specific type of language, narrative language. The author is concerned with the narrative “deep structure” of verstehen, with the forms and practices of narrative that allow people to understand complex human realities. At the same time, the author investigates the hermeneutic dynamic of narrative processes, a dynamic that is involved whenever people try to understand these realities. This corroborates the assumption that stories and storytelling imply an array of interpretive operations and strategies. Drawing on earlier work on “narrative hermeneutics,” it is suggested that one of the main projects of this approach deals with this nexus of narrative and verstehen. An important element of this view is to conceive of verstehen not primarily as an intellectual operation to acquire knowledge but as an existential practice inherent to the human existence.
The Hermeneutics of Darkness
Authors: Schiff Brian , Altimore Kaylee , Bougher Genevieve 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter’s authors seek to contribute to the method and approach for understanding extreme forms of otherness—the perpetrators of atrocity crimes. The actions of perpetrators are so severe and devastating that they are often viewed as abhorrent—morally scarred or biologically susceptible to extreme violence. Is it possible to understand those who engage in mass violence, and, if so, by what means? As a starting point, the authors examine Gitta Sereny’s (1974/1983) Into that Darkness: An Examination of Conscience, which encompassed more than 70 hours of interviews with Franz Stangl, former Commandant of the Treblinka extermination camp, and interviews with many others. The authors analyze Sereny’s stance in the double hermeneutic and the complications of the position of interpreter in relation to the other who is interpreted in an effort to understand Stangl’s participation in the Shoah and his reflections on his actions. Sereny practices a hermeneutics of suspicion, seeking to get past the superficial to “penetrate the personality” and discover his authentic conscience. The authors ask if it is really possible to get to the truth of Stangl’s motivations that lay behind his words without contorting his testimony. Ultimately, they suggest an alternative reading to the text, one based on a hermeneutics of faithfulness that does not distort Stangl’s words but rather contextualizes them in the cultural models for moral agency and action of his time.
Perpetrator Histories, Silencing and Untold Stories
Authors: Frie Roger 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter uses a contemporary psychoanalytic perspective to explore how individuals are constituted by society, politics and history in ways that are often outside their awareness. With the rise of right-wing populism and the election of demagogues, the ethics of storytelling have become pressing. As a historian and relational psychoanalyst, the author describes how our understanding of history and the psychoanalytic setting always exist within and are shaped by social and political surroundings. Psychoanalysis plays an important role in helping people understand how the narratives of perpetration can be silenced and denied even as the effects of these histories continue to be seen and felt in the world. The analysis begins by examining how recent attempts to legislate history in Republican-controlled US state governments are extensions of and reinforce the memory dynamics in families and communities that have long sought to maintain a system of white supremacy. The author uses an example from a family dynamic in the American South and then focuses on the issue of German family memory, drawing on his German family history to illustrate how the Nazi past may be kept at bay through silencing, dissociation, and specific forms of storytelling. This chapter examines the emotional forces that shape what is said or not said in former and present perpetrator nations and sheds light on the social processes by which narrative possibilities are opened up or shut down in ways that are both conscious and unconscious.