bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Modernized Safety Concept for Ship Force Evaluations During Lock Filling Processes
Authors: Belzner Fabian , Thorenz Carsten , Oertel Mario 
Published: February 2023

AbstractA ship in a lock chamber is exposed to forces acting on the hull during the filling and emptying processes. These forces accelerate the ship and lead to a displacement. To avoid a collision of the ship with the lock structure, it is moored with mooring lines, which can be strained up to a certain breaking load. The force acting in the mooring lines is called the mooring line force and must be distinguished from the ship force. If the mooring line force exceeds the breaking load, the mooring line will fail and the tension energy will abruptly be transformed into kinetic energy. A snap-back of the mooring line ends can produce great forces and the mooring staff is at risk for major injuries. Furthermore, the ship will start to move and could damage the structure and itself. Thus, the mooring line force must be limited during the locking process. The mooring line force depends on the ship force and, furthermore, on the properties of ship and mooring lines. Due to the number of possible parameter combinations the given ship force alone might not be sufficient to judge on the mooring line safety. In this paper a statistical approach to determine the relations between mooring line configuration, mooring line forces and ship force based on Monte Carlo simulations is shown.
Analysis of Piano Key Weir Drainage Characteristics
Authors: Li Zixiang , Xu Jiayi , Li Yanfu , Han Changhai 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe piano key weir is a new type of labyrinth weir structure form, its advantages such as stable structure, upstream and downstream inverted overhang and small base area greatly improve the scope of application, and it has high discharge capacity and overflow efficiency, which is considered as a very effective method to solve the shortage of reservoir and dam discharge flow, and has more applications abroad. In this paper, the experimental observation of the hydraulic characteristics of the discharge from the hydraulic physics model of the piano key weir confirms its good overflow capacity, but also limits the study of its complex flow. Combined with the numerical simulation software, the three-dimensional flow field of the piano key weir is numerically simulated based on the RNG k-ɛ turbulence model and the free-surface VOF technique to analyze the changes of hydraulic characteristics such as flow patterns, flow lines and flow velocities, and to clarify the hydraulic characteristics of the spillway and the mechanism of the improved spillway capacity by combining the experimental results of the physical model. In addition, a comparative analysis of the overflow capacity and flood discharge efficiency between the piano key weir and the traditional thin-walled weir is carried out to better reflect the advantages of the piano key weir in flood discharge by using the over-discharge ratio, and to discuss the application of the piano key weir in actual diseased reservoir and dam projects.
Development of a Verification Procedure of Partial Loading on Existing Solid Hydraulic Structures - Probabilistic Assessment for 3D Material Variations
Authors: Rüd Sophie , Müller Hilmar , Fleischer Helmut , Stephan Christoph 
Published: February 2023

AbstractOne of the challenges in assessing the load-bearing capacity of existing solid hydraulic structures is the formal verification of concentrated loads for plain concrete. Due to the age bandwidth of such structures in Germany, this applies to hundreds of cases and especially to older structures of rammed concrete. Typical examples of components subjected to partial loads are found at weir pillars: e.g. support niches of inspection closures. Although they cannot be formally verified using the current regulations, the BAW Code of Practice “Evaluation of the load bearing capacity of existing solid hydraulic structures” (TbW) allows more detailed investigation methods to be applied, e.g. the use of non-linear probabilistic calculations. The principle research motivations are a higher loading capacity by numerical simulations with a more realistic material model compared to the usual linear calculations and a higher loading capacity by reproducing a “natural” bandwidth of material characteristics in these simulations. The aim of the current research project is the development and standardisation of the numerical simulations for such a verification procedure and its underlying safety concept by a classification of structural markers. As a result, the necessity of complex reinforcements for such structures could be assessed. The paper introduces the research concept and addresses the investigation steps regarding measured and generic 3D material distributions and FEM representation specifics as the material model. Furthermore, the preparation of the stochastic analysis is introduced by a demonstration model: The resulting hundreds to thousands of simulations of individual cases enable the stochastic analysis of metamodels to deduce general probabilistic results. Prospectively, the demonstration model will be transferred to further component measures and compressive strength classes.
Grounding Risk Estimation in Inland Navigation with Monte Carlo Simulations and Squat Estimation
Authors: Carmona Juan Carlos , Atienza Raúl , Redondo Raúl , Iribarren José R. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIn inland ports, where access is done navigating along an estuary, river or artificial canal, the operation may be strongly conditioned by the tide (in case it has enough wide run) or the water level in the river. The variations in water level imply restrictions on the draft of the vessels that can access such ports.Siport21 has been working for several years in ports of these characteristics, where there is no possibility to dredge the inland waterway. The alternative is to develop synchronization analysis tools, which allow identifying the “operational windows” and maximizing the draft of the vessels in transit operations. The result takes advantage of the tidal run by means of adequate planning, so that there is always enough underkeel clearance safety margin.Grounding risk estimation is elaborated applying Monte Carlo method. A failure (grounding) function is defined, considering the propagation of the tidal wave (water level and current), ship speed along the waterway, wind conditions, squat, and other variables. Probability distributions of all variables involved are considered, so that thousands of random navigation conditions can be simulated. This allows to estimate the failure probability.This methodology is applied to a practical case of a port that is carrying out actions to improve and optimize its operations. To do this, AIS data and tide data along the entire waterway, obtained from measurement sensors and a calibrated numerical prediction model, have been used.
Handling Accidents and Calamities in Hydraulic Structures – Objectives of Pianc Working Group WG-241
Authors: Daniel Ryszard A. , Paulus Timothy M. , Petrick Linda , Masson Yves 
Published: February 2023

AbstractWhile the prior objective of hydraulic structures (such as lock gates, navigation river weirs and storm surge barriers) is to remain in service, engineers must also be capable to adequately handle their failures. Despite the ongoing development of expertise, design tools, norms, and construction methods, there are still a considerable number of accidents and calamities that happen to such structures. In addition, the losses and costs of damages as result of these so-called “upset events” are growing due to the growing complexity of waterborne infrastructure, intensity of navigation or other utilization of inland waters.Accidents to hydraulic structures happen not only when their loads exceed the design strength. Other possible causes are, for example, unforeseen conditions, lack of inspection and maintenance, improper operation, and navigation errors. These other causes of accidents are often less controlled by technical norms than the relations between loads and resistances of structures. In addition, there are often combinations and complex sequences of events that may lead to disastrous results.So far, various PIANC Working Groups have provided guidance for preventing accidents from happening, e.g. PIANC (2019) and PIANC (2020), including the accidents resulting from ship collision, e.g. PIANC (2014) and PIANC (2018). While this should remain the engineer’s main concern, there is also a demand for more guidance how to effectively handle the accidents and calamities that actually happen. This is a matter of combined effort of not only engineers. Nevertheless, engineers can and should contribute to the solutions in such cases. Therefore, a new PIANC InCom Working Group has been established to investigate the existing practices in handling accidents and calamities; and to provide guidance in this field for professionals involved. This paper presents the objectives of the Working Group, selected investigation approach, some preliminary investigation results, and the envisioned contents of the final report.
Innovative Mooring in Locks Using Shoretension: Density and Mooring Force Measurements in the North Lock Ijmuiden
Authors: Van Der Hout Arne , Schotman Allert , Hoff Thijs , Van Der Veen Jan Wim , Quax Arnout 
Published: February 2023

AbstractA field measurement campaign was conducted in the North Lock of IJmuiden, in which the density distribution in the lock chamber and the resulting mooring forces were measured. The innovative mooring system ShoreTension was applied in a navigation lock for the first time to investigate possible ways to increase safety of the mooring process. Density measurements provided valuable insight in the governing hydraulic processes during levelling and lock-exchange and most influential external drivers for density differences over the lock complex could be identified. Potential benefits and limitations of the ShoreTension system were identified, and valuable practical experience was gained during the test period.
Innovative Salt-Freshwater Separation System at the Krammer Locks, The Netherlands. Hydraulic Modelling to Balance Functional Requirements
Authors: O’Mahoney Tom , De Jonge Martin , Boeters René , Vreeken Tjerk 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis paper presents research on the impact of a plan to change the salt-fresh water separation system at the Krammer locks in the Netherlands. This lock complex forms the connection for inland navigation between the Eastern Scheldt estuary and the hinterland. The new salt-fresh system will include bubble screens at both lockheads and an additional flushing discharge through the lock chambers and a neighbouring flushing sluice. The interaction between water management, salt management, ecology requirements and navigational requirements has been accounted for with the aid of WANDA-Locks and Delft 3D simulations. The effect of expected sea level rise on the performance of the new proposed new system is also modelled. The modelling efforts show that the new system should be able to keep the salt concentration of the fresh water lake Volkerak-Zoom within the required limits for the duration of the system’s technical lifespan. The modelling approach is able to tune the operation of the lock to the hydraulic conditions of each lockage and within the seasonal restrictions on the water management of the region, giving for each situation the required air discharge for the bubble screens and the flushing discharge. This operation has also been designed to remain safe for the vessels passing through the lock complex.
Mechanism and Variation Characteristics of Longitudinal Tilt of Ship Chamber of Hydro-Floating Ship Lift (HFSL)
Authors: Xue Shu , Hu Yaan , Li Zhonghua , Jin Ying 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe mounting clearance and deformation of the mechanical synchronization system of the HFSL directly affects the attitude of ship chamber, especially the longitudinal tilt of the ship chamber. In this paper, a generalized model is established to derive the analytical solution of the longitudinal tilt of the ship chamber according to the kinetic equations and differential equation theory of the rigid body with fixed axis rotation, and to reveal the mechanism of the longitudinal tilt of the ship chamber. According to the moment balance equation, the design conditions of the synchronous shaft rigidity of the HFSL are obtained. In addition, a mathematical model is established to simulate the change process of the longitudinal tilt of the ship chamber and analyze its variation characteristics.
On the Numerical Modelling of Ship Forces During Lockage
Authors: Thorenz Carsten , Belzner Fabian 
Published: February 2023

AbstractWhen designing navigation locks, several parameters must be considered: Apart from the construction and operation costs also the operation speed and lockage safety must be considered. The safety of the lockage is often expressed in terms of the acceptable ship forces. Traditionally, apart from physical models different kinds of numerical models are used to determine the speed and safety of operation: During the predesign phase often simple analytical approaches are used, while in later design phases more sophisticated one- or three-dimensional numerical models or physical models are used independently or in a hybrid modelling approach. With these models the flow rates, the development of the water levels and the resulting forces on the ship can be computed or measured. While the application of three-dimensional numerical models for the lock filling process was in the past limited to very few and extraordinary projects, nowadays their application becomes more and more engineering practice. Here we are giving an overview of the numerical modelling methodologies and are presenting the state-of-the-art for three-dimensional numerical models.
Prototype Monitoring of Cavitation in Valve Culvert of Qianwei Shiplock
Authors: Yan Xiujun , Li Zhonghua , Chen Lin 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe working condition of water valve is an important sign of the success for navigation lock design, and the valve cavitation characteristics and suppression technology is the key technical challenge in the design of high head navigation lock, in the view of the “flat bottom & top spreading” with the condition of “less project quantities, convenient construction” simple type corridor with the head of 19 m in Qianwei ship lock, the method of combining the physical model test and prototype observation are both adopt to this research. Through the physical model test, the cavitation position, cavitation characteristics and the effect of natural ventilation on cavitation suppression are comprehensively determined by analyzing the change law of cavitation noise intensity from several cavitation noise sensors under different opening conditions during the opening process, also the visual observation of flow state and auditory observation. Prototype observation focuses on the effect of self-aerated technology of valve lintel. When the air pipe outside the value lintel position is closed, there are evident in the cavitation pulse signal, and the maximum strength can reach to 182Pa, the “crackling” of cavitation collapse could be clearly felt at the top of the value, occasionally with 2–3 times slight “muffled thunder”, The results show that the valve section has stronger cavitation during the opening process of value. On the contrary, when self-aerated of valve lintel was realized, the maximum ventilatory capacity was 0.169 m3/s, which was close to the 0.170 m3/s calculated by the physical model in the design stage, and no cavitation pulse signal was detected among the valve wells on both sides, and the process line was “stable” with the maximum noise intensity only about 10 Pa, no sound of cavitation collapse was heard at the top of the valve section during the whole valve opening process. The comparison of value steeve vibration also verifies the effect of self-aerated technology of valve lintel at the same times. The results show that self-aerated technology of valve lintel can significantly inhibit the cavitation of valve segment of this form.
Propagation and Development of Nonlinear Long Waves in a Water Saving Basin
Authors: Li Xueyi , Zheng Feidong , Wang Duoyin , Chen Ming 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe water saving lock layout plays a key role in addressing the navigation hydraulic problems with high dams. However, the study of the propagation and development of nonlinear long waves induced by ship-lock operation in a water saving basin has received less attention so far. Specially, the mechanisms governing the formation of secondary waves and the impact of these waves on the impoundments of the basin are still not fully understood. In the present study the entire evolution of a nonlinear long wave in a water saving basin was numerically simulated. The wave shape, wave celerity and wave force were analyzed. It was found that the leading edge of a long wave propagated along the water saving basin with a celerity which varied with time and space. Two distinct stages could be recognized and defined: a rapid acceleration phase characterized by a sharp increase in the celerity with propagation distance and a gentle acceleration phase where the long wave propagated in a more gradual manner. Moreover, the water surface slop of a long wave front equal to 0.045 could be used as an estimate of the occurrence of secondary waves. Furthermore, the present results highlighted the wave force on the impoundments of a water saving basin was controlled by wave nonlinearity. These results may provide theoretical guidance and technical support for the hydraulic design and operation of water saving locks.
Reliability Based Rehabilitation of Existing Hydraulic Structures
Authors: Tahir Arslan , Kunz Claus 
Published: February 2023

AbstractExisting hydraulic structures may show damage with increasing age and operation, so structural verification is crucial. In case of structural deficits, repair measures must be planned, and their effectiveness demonstrated. The advent of improved structural analysis methods and subsequent standardization processes facilitate the verification of existing structures to ensure sufficient reliability of infrastructure. Among the existing inland navigation hydraulic structures, older ship locks had been constructed with primitive construction materials such as damped plain concrete. At times, the structure exhibited neither any severe damages nor an indication of failure but failed to satisfy the limit states prescribed by the latest standards. This contribution considers a similar ship lock built in 1922 as a case study. The ship lock has a half-frame structural system with plain concrete gravity walls and a lightly transverse reinforced base slab. Cross-section based static verification revealed that the structure does not provide sufficient resistance in case of sliding and overturning limit states which could be attributed to crack and pore-water pressures in the cross-section. Consequently, rehabilitation of the lock walls with a vertical anchoring system was proposed to conform to required standards. Similar problems are expected for other existing locks in the German waterway system. Therefore, a methodology was developed to verify and to optimize the structural reliability of similar structures using full probabilistic methods while considering standard-based limit state functions. This involved uncertainty quantification of parameters for relevant loads (self-weight, water pressure, earth/ groundwater pressure, temperature, etc.) and materials (concrete, steel). To calculate the probability of failure and reliability indexes First Order Reliability Methods (FORM) was applied, considering its computational efficiency and more suitable for the presented Reliability-Based Design Optimization (RBDO) scheme. The contribution provides a probabilistic framework to study the influence of three aspects on the reliability of existing hydraulic structures, crack and pore-water pressures, operational conditions and lastly, the effect and optimization of rehabilitation in the form of anchoring.
Research Developments in Hydrodynamics of Ships Entering and Leaving the Tank of a Ship Lift
Authors: Fu Luzhidan , Hu Yaan , Li Zhonghua 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIn the design process of a ship lift, the size of the tank and the depth of water inside the tank are always minimized under the premise of satisfying the standard of ship size and freight volume, in order to reduce the power of electrical driving system, the construction cost of the project and the difficulty of equipment manufacturing, as a result, the cross-section coefficient of the tank is small. Therefore, the up-and downstream docking between the tank and the reaches of canal involves many related hydraulic problems, for instance, opening and closing of the vertical lift gates, entering and leaving of the tank, are very complicated. The docking process is an important link in the whole operations of the ship lift. At the same time, the change of unsteady flow of the hub will also affect the safety and efficiency of the docking process. This paper first briefly introduces the docking process of different types of ship lift, and systematically summarizes the scientific problems involved in the docking process when the ship enters and leaves the tank. Secondly, combined with the research results obtained from a variety of methods such as theoretical analysis, physical model test, mathematical simulation calculation and real ship test of previous researchers, the hydrodynamic research progress of ships entering and leaving the tank is introduced. In summary, the design criteria for the water depth of the ship lift’s tank obtained on the basis of the progress of the hydrodynamic research of the ship entering and leaving the tank are introduced above.
Resistance of Plane Lock Gates Subjected to Ship Impact
Authors: Echeverry Jaramillo Sara , Geers Marine , Buldgen Loïc , Pecquet Jean-Philippe , Rigo Philippe 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis paper presents the analysis of lock gates submitted to ship impacts. This problem is generally approached in two different ways: firstly, by the use of an equivalent static method, in which the impact is modeled by a quasi-static force, or by the use of dynamic numerical simulations, during which the progress of the ship and the temporal evolution of the impact force is taken into account. The second approach requires extensive calculation and modeling efforts, which are generally prohibitive in the early design stage.A simplified analytical method is presented to evaluate the resistance of such structures when impacted by a ship. The principle is based in the super-element method, firstly evaluating the resistance of the lock gate in local deformation mode, assuming crushing only of certain structural elements in a limited zone, located in the close vicinity of the impact. Secondly, the entire resistance of the lock gate is calculated, considering the global deformation mode, assuming a bending of the entire structure.The scientific objective is to extend this approach to lock gates which cannot currently be treated with this method, in particular those where the layout of the stiffening elements can be highly irregular. This implies to study thoroughly the global deformation modes of the structure and the plastic mechanisms involved in the energy dissipation, in order to predict a correct displacement field and resistance force.