bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Impacts of Sentence Length on Speech Rate in Two Groups of Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Authors: Darling-White Meghan , Jaeger Alexandra 
Published: February 2023

Purpose:
The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effect of sentence length on speech rate and its characteristics, articulation rate, and pauses in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.

Method:
Nine children diagnosed with cerebral palsy (CP) and seven children diagnosed with Down syndrome (DS) repeated sentences varying in length from two to seven words. Children were between the ages of 8 and 17 years. Dependent variables included speech rate, articulation rate, and proportion of time spent pausing.

Results:
For children with CP, there was a significant effect of sentence length for speech rate and articulation rate but not for the proportion of time spent pausing. In general, the longest sentences were produced with a faster speech and articulation rate than the shortest sentences. For children with DS, there was a significant effect of sentence length for the proportion of time spent pausing but not for speech rate or articulation rate. In general, children with DS spent significantly more time pausing in the longest sentences, particularly seven-word sentences, than in any other sentence length.

Conclusions:
Primary findings include the following: (a) Articulation rate and pause time are differentially impacted by sentence length, and (b) children with CP and children with DS respond differently to increases in cognitive-linguistic load.
Führungsstile in der Wirbelsäulenchirurgie: Kollegiale Führung – flache Struktur
Authors: Kothe Ralph 
Published: February 2023

ZusammenfassungDie kollegiale Teamführung hat in der deutschprachigen „Kliniktradition“ nicht den
Stellenwert wie in dem angelsächsischen Sprachraum. Transformationale Führung ist hingegen in
der Wirtschaft ein Begriff: der Konsens über vereinbarte Werte und gemeinsame übergeordnete
Ziele bilden die Grundlage der Teamleistung. Vorteile der kollegialen Teamführung sind:
intensiver Wissenstransfer auf Augenhöhe, der zu kreativen Lösungen von medizinischen
Problemen führen kann, Aufteilung der administrativen Aufgaben unter den Teammitgliedern,
Abwesenheiten im Führungsteam können leichter kompensiert werden und eine stärkere Position
des Führungsteams gegenüber der Geschäftsführung. Als Alternative zu der traditionellen
hierarchischen Führungsstruktur ist die kollegiale Variante „risikoreicher“, weil sie
Kontrolle, zumindest teilweise, durch Vertrauen ersetzt und „anstrengender“, weil sie
hierarchische Anweisung durch Überzeugungsarbeit ausgleicht. Auch sind die Voraussetzungen für
kollegiale Führung nicht trivial: Integration unterschiedlicher fachlicher Schwerpunkte
(Orthopädie, Neurochirurgie, Traumatologie), überdurchschnittliche Kommunikations- und
Delegationsfähigkeit sowie Konfliktfairness und Festlegung einer klaren Arbeitsteilung. Was
kollegiale Führung sicher nicht ist: jeder kann machen was er will!
Ethische Herausforderungen einer palliativen PEG-Anlage in der
Endoskopie
Authors: Maltsev Elina 
Published: February 2023

ZusammenfassungDie perkutane endoskopische Gastrostomie (PEG) zählt
als endoskopischer Routineeingriff, zu den lebenserhaltenden Methoden. Die PEG
wird bei Patienten mit Schluckstörungen unterschiedlicher Genese
eingesetzt, um eine physiologische Nahrungsaufnahme zu ermöglichen. Die
PEG wird auch bei palliativen Patienten durchgeführt, um eine
ausreichende Versorgung mit Nahrung und Flüssigkeit zu
gewährleisten. Im Wohlwollen zu helfen, wird nicht oft hinterfragt, ob
eine solche Maßnahme in Palliation wirklich profitabel oder gar ethisch
vertretbar ist. Ein Fallbeispiel soll für moralische Grenzsituationen
sensibilisieren, sowie Grundlagen und Entscheidungsfindung ermitteln.
Seltene Ursache von Wadenschmerzen bei einer 56-jährigen Patientin: die zystische Adventitiadegeneration
Authors: Stammler Frank , Wenzler Marion 
Published: February 2023

Zusammenfassung
Einführung Die zystische Adventitiadegeneration (CAD) ist eine seltene Gefäßerkrankung; sie betrifft meist Männer im mittleren Alter und stellt als nicht atherosklerotische Erkrankung eine ungewöhnliche Differenzialdiagnose der Claudicatio intermittens dar.
Anamnese Eine 56-jährige Patientin stellte sich wegen unklarer, nicht konstant belastungabhängiger, rechtsseitiger Wadenschmerzen in unserer Praxis vor. Die Beschwerden fluktuierten erheblich mit längeren beschwerdefreien Intervallen.
Untersuchung und Befunde Klinisch präsentierte die Patientin regelrechte Pulse, welche auch bei Provokationsmanövern wie Plantarflexion und Kniebeugung erhalten blieben. Duplexsonografisch waren zystische Raumforderungen um die A. poplitea nachweisbar. Bei der MRT-Untersuchung schien zusätzlich eine tubuläre geschlängelte Verbindung zu der Kniegelenkkapsel darstellbar. Die Diagnose einer zystischen Adventitiadegeneration wurde gestellt.
Therapie und Verlauf Bei nicht konstanter Beeinträchtigung der Gehleistung mit beschwerdefreien Intervallen sowie fehlenden Zeichen einer Stenosierung wurde eine interventionelle oder chirurgische Therapie seitens der Patientin nicht gewünscht. Bei kurzfristigen Verlaufskontrollen konnte über eine Beobachtungsdauer von bislang 6 Monaten klinisch und sonomorphologisch ein stabiler Befund erhoben werden.
Diskussion Auch bei weiblichen Patienten mit atypischen Beinbeschwerden sollte eine CAD erwogen werden. Einheitliche Therapieempfehlungen für die CAD liegen nicht vor, weshalb es eine Herausforderung darstellt, das optimale, in der Regel interventionelle Prozedere auszuwählen. Bei beschwerdearmer Klinik ohne kritische Ischämie kann jedoch auch ein konservatives Vorgehen mit engmaschigen Verlaufskontrollen gerechtfertigt sein.
Doped rare gas clusters up to completion of first solvation shell, CO2–(Rg)n, n = 3–17, Rg = Ar, Kr, Xe
Authors: Barclay A. J. , McKellar A. R. W. , Moazzen-Ahmadi N. 
Published: February 2023

Spectra of rare gas atom clusters containing a single carbon dioxide molecule are observed using a tunable mid-infrared (4.3 µm) source to probe a pulsed slit jet supersonic expansion. There are relatively few previous detailed experimental results on such clusters. The assigned clusters include CO2–Arn with n = 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, and 17, and CO2–Krn and CO2–Xen with n = 3, 4, and 5. Each spectrum has (at least) a partially resolved rotational structure, and each yields precise values for the shift of the CO2 vibrational frequency (ν3) induced by the nearby rare gas atoms, together with one or more rotational constants. These results are compared with theoretical predictions. The more readily assigned CO2–Arn species tend to be those with symmetric structures, and CO2–Ar17 represents completion of a highly symmetric (D5h) solvation shell. Those not assigned (e.g., n = 7 and 13) are probably also present in the observed spectra but with band structures that are not well-resolved and, thus, are not recognizable. The spectra of CO2–Ar9, CO2–Ar15, and CO2–Ar17 suggest the presence of sequences involving very low frequency (≈2 cm−1) cluster vibrational modes, an interpretation which should be amenable to theoretical confirmation (or rejection).
Microglia phagocytosis mediates the volume and function of the rat sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area
Authors: Pickett Lindsay A. , VanRyzin Jonathan W. , Marquardt Ashley E. , McCarthy Margaret M. 
Published: February 2023

The sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) is the oldest and most robust sex difference reported in mammalian brain and is singular for its presence across a wide range of species from rodents to ungulates to man. This small collection of Nissl-dense neurons is reliably larger in volume in males. Despite its notoriety and intense interrogation, both the mechanism establishing the sex difference and the functional role of the SDN have remained elusive. Convergent evidence from rodent studies led to the conclusion that testicular androgens aromatized to estrogens are neuroprotective in males and that higher apoptosis (naturally occurring cell death) in females determines their smaller SDN. In several species, including humans, a smaller SDN correlates with a preference for mating with males. We report here that this volume difference is dependent upon a participatory role of phagocytic microglia which engulf more neurons in the female SDN and assure their destruction. Selectively blocking microglia phagocytosis temporarily spared neurons from apoptotic death and increased SDN volume in females without hormone treatment. Increasing the number of neurons in the SDN in neonatal females resulted in loss of preference for male odors in adulthood, an effect paralleled by dampened excitation of SDN neurons as evidenced by reduced immediate early gene (IEG) expression when exposed to male urine. Thus, the mechanism establishing a sex difference in SDN volume includes an essential role for microglia, and SDN function as a regulator of sexual partner preference is confirmed.
Study on magnetically blown arc characteristics and the resulting contact erosion mechanisms of high-power DC relays
Authors: Hou Guobin , Zhang Dandan , Li Zhenbiao , Pan Wenwu , Wan Zhiyu , Ye Xuebin , Huang Ziheng , You Yuwei 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
High-power DC relays are widely used in new energy power systems and DC distribution networks, and commonly use transverse magnetic fields to accelerate arc extinguishing. In this paper, the magnetically blown arc characteristics and the resulting contact erosion mechanisms of high-power DC relays are studied by experiments and simulations. The experiments are carried out to analyze the arc motion, contact erosion mass, and contact morphologies, and to verify the simulation model. Considering the energy transfer source term, the establishment of a more perfect magnetohydrodynamic arc model is accomplished, and an erosion model is further established. The results indicate that the magnetically blown arcing process has three stages while the arc shapes and motion characteristics are different, and the heat flux acting on the contact can be accurately obtained by the arc model. The greater external transverse magnetic field is more conducive to extinguishing the arc and reducing the arc erosion time. In contrast, the Archimedes force plays a very small positive role and the self-induced magnetic field of the arc has a negative effect. For contact erosion, the temperature distribution of the molten pool appears trailing effect. Moreover, the advanced mathematical model proposed for erosion mass has good accuracy. The calculation results of erosion rates show that Cr reduces erosion while the current increases erosion nonlinearly. Besides, the flow and deformation characteristics of the molten pool will lead to convex strip-shaped erosion traces and arcing position transfer, and the moving erosion will cause the lateral accretion effect. Furthermore, the analysis shows that the reason for edge droplet sputtering is the pressure difference caused by Plateau–Rayleigh instability, and optimization suggestions for reducing contact erosion are given.
Tetramethylammonium hexafluorophosphate interface modification for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells
Authors: Yuan Min , Han Liang , Hu Haihua , Wang Peng , Lin Ping , Xu Lingbo , Cui Can 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Interface modification has been proved to be an effective method to improve the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this paper, tetramethylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TMAPF6) is employed to modify the interface of SnO2/perovskite. Fluorine (F) in PF6
− will fill the oxygen vacancy by interacting with Sn in SnO2. Meanwhile, TMA+ and PF6
− in TMAPF6 will effectively fill the MA+ and I− vacancy in the interface. TMAPF6 modification enhances the hydrophobicity of the SnO2 surface, promotes the growth of high-quality perovskite film with large grain size, and then significantly suppresses the non-radiative recombination of PSCs. Furthermore, the TMAPF6 modification introduces a better energy level alignment between SnO2 and perovskite layer, enabling a more efficient electron extraction. As a result, the TMAPF6-modified MAPbI3 PSC achieves a significantly increasing power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 18.62% to 20.92% and an improved stability with only 15% PCE drop after 600 h of storage in air. This work develops an efficient interface modification molecule to increase the efficiency of PSCs, which would be a promising strategy for the large-scale commercialization of the photovoltaic devices.
Evidence of linear and cubic Rashba effect in non-magnetic heterostructure
Authors: Bhattacharya Sanchari , Datta Sanjoy 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
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system serves as a prototype to study the electronic properties that emerge as a result of spin–orbit coupling (SOC). In this article, we have used first-principles calculations to systematically study two types of defect-free (0 0 1) interfaces, which are termed as Type-I and Type-II. While the Type-I heterostructure produces a two dimensional (2D) electron gas, the Type-II heterostructure hosts an oxygen-rich 2D hole gas at the interface. Furthermore, in the presence of intrinsic SOC, we have found evidence of both cubic and linear Rashba interactions in the conduction bands of the Type-I heterostructure. On the contrary, there is spin-splitting of both the valence and the conduction bands in the Type-II interface, which are found to be only linear Rashba type. Interestingly, the Type-II interface also harbors a potential photocurrent transition path, making it an excellent platform to study the circularly polarized photogalvanic effect.
The recent advance of precisely designed membranes for sieving
Authors: Xu Miaomiao , Zhu Xianhu , Zhu Jihong , Wei Siyuan , Cong Xuelong , Wang Zhangyu , Yan Qiang , Weng Lixing , Wang Lianhui 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Developing new membranes with both high selectivity and permeability is critical in membrane science since conventional membranes are often limited by the trade-off between selectivity and permeability. In recent years, the emergence of advanced materials with accurate structures at atomic or molecular scale, such as metal organic framework, covalent organic framework, graphene, has accelerated the development of membranes, which benefits the precision of membrane structures. In this review, current state-of-the-art membranes are first reviewed and classified into three different types according to the structures of their building blocks, including laminar structured membranes, framework structured membranes and channel structured membranes, followed by the performance and applications for representative separations (liquid separation and gas separation) of these precisely designed membranes. Last, the challenges and opportunities of these advanced membranes are also discussed.
On the space-charge effects in the beam extraction process of ion thrusters: the roles of compensating electrons and changing beam radius
Authors: Li Haolin , Zhang Liwei , Zhang Siyuan , Yang Jinyuan , Sun Anbang 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Space-charge effects limit the beam-extraction capability of the ion optics and thus hinder the miniaturization and other performance improvements of ion thrusters. This paper presents numerical studies of the space-charge effects in ion optics using hybrid and full particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, and proposes a modified Child–Langmuir (CL) law. As the injected current increases, the parallel-plane electrode system which corresponds to the classical CL law will reach an unstable and oscillatory state, while the ion optics system remains stable because the electrons from the bulk plasma compensate for the space-charge effects. Furthermore, the radial expansion of the ion beam and the loss of ions on the grids can counteract the space-charge effects when the injected current increases. In general, the space-charge effects in ion optics are self-consistently adjusted by the compensating electrons and the variation of the beam radius. Accordingly, we identify a region in ion optics where, generally, no electrons exist to exclude the influence of electron compensation, and then we modify the CL law of this region by taking into account the effect of the change in the beam radius. We validate the modified CL law and demonstrate its effectiveness in predicting the operating points of the ion optics, such as the perveance-limit point.
Thermally stable multi-directional magnetoelectric based embedded magnetic sensor
Authors: Kumar Amritesh , Chelvane J Arout , Arockiarajan A 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Owing to the multifunctional behavior possessed by magnetoelectric (ME) composites, they are sought-after materials for various magnetic field sensing applications. This article proposes a three-directional ME-based embedded magnetic sensor that has been fabricated using the press-fit technique. The employed fabrication method negates the use of epoxy in the ME sensor, thus enabling its use at elevated temperatures in excess of 100 ∘C. The fabricated sensor is tested using an experimental setup capable of producing ac and dc bias magnetic fields in three coordinate directions. Experiments are performed for various dc magnetic field conditions, including x, y, z directions, their simultaneous combinations, and magnetic field aligned at an angle with the sensor. Under all testing conditions, the embedded sensor shows a significantly high output voltage response. Additionally, the effect of the magnetic field generated by the double magnet system and single magnet system on the sensor performance has also been demonstrated, wherein the embedded sensor is observed to be marginally affected by magnetic field due to the presence of only one magnet. Finally, quasi-static ME measurements are performed at elevated temperatures up to 100 ∘C, and it is observed that the novel embedded sensor has reliable sensing capabilities in aggravated thermal environments even in excess of 100 ∘C. Thus, the proposed three-directional embedded magnetic sensor offers reliable response under all conditions of magnetic field and temperature and can thus be a reliable alternative for the traditionally used layered-based counterparts.
Alterations in BNST Intrinsic Functional Connectivity in Early Abstinence from Alcohol Use Disorder
Authors: Flook Elizabeth A , Feola Brandee , Benningfield Margaret M , Silveri Marisa M , Winder Danny G , Blackford Jennifer Urbano 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Aims
Maintaining abstinence from alcohol use disorder (AUD) is extremely challenging, partially due to increased symptoms of anxiety and stress that trigger relapse. Rodent models of AUD have identified that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) contributes to symptoms of anxiety-like behavior and drug-seeking during abstinence. In humans, however, the BNST’s role in abstinence remains poorly understood. The aims of this study were to assess BNST network intrinsic functional connectivity in individuals during abstinence from AUD compared to healthy controls and examine associations between BNST intrinsic functional connectivity, anxiety and alcohol use severity during abstinence.

Methods
The study included resting state fMRI scans from participants aged 21–40 years: 20 participants with AUD in abstinence and 20 healthy controls. Analyses were restricted to five pre-selected brain regions with known BNST structural connections. Linear mixed models were used to test for group differences, with sex as a fixed factor given previously shown sex differences.

Results
BNST-hypothalamus intrinsic connectivity was lower in the abstinent group relative to the control group. There were also pronounced sex differences in both the group and individual analyses; many of the findings were specific to men. Within the abstinent group, anxiety was positively associated with BNST-amygdala and BNST-hypothalamus connectivity, and men, not women, showed a negative relationship between alcohol use severity and BNST-hypothalamus connectivity.

Conclusions
Understanding differences in connectivity during abstinence may help explain the clinically observed anxiety and depression symptoms during abstinence and may inform the development of individualized treatments.
Uncovering genetic control of primary root length variation inBrassica napususing QTL-seq. A commentary on: ‘Rapid identification of a major locusqPRL-C06affecting primary root length inBrassica napusby QTL-seq’
Authors: Lale Aneesh , Swarup Ranjan , Bhosale Rahul 
Published: February 2023

This article comments on:Wei Wang, Haijiang Liu, Yiwen Xie, Graham John King, Philip John White, Jun Zou, Fangsen Xu, and Lei Shi. Rapid identification of a major locus qPRL-C06 affecting primary root length in Brassica napus by QTL-seq, Annals of Botany, Volume 131, Issue 4, 14 March 2023, Pages 569–583, https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcac123
Finding shortcuts through collective tunnel excavations in a subterranean termite
Authors: Michael Zion , Chouvenc Thomas , Su Nan-Yao , Lee Sang-Bin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Facilitating efficient resource transfer requires building an optimized transportation network which balances cost minimization with benefit maximization. For animals which forage for food located remotely, optimizing their transportation networks is critically related to survival. This process often involves finding and using the shortest route to save time and energy. Subterranean termites forage for wood resources by excavating underground foraging networks for search and transport. Because termites have no prior knowledge of food location during the food searching phase, establishment of a short tunnel between the nest and feeding site is difficult at the beginning of foraging. Thus, finding a short route should logically follow initial food discovery. However, it remains elusive as to how subterranean termites find the shortest route for food transportation. We simulated different scenarios using Coptotermes formosanus by providing different shapes and distances of pre-formed tunnels (straight, detour, and detour + twisting arenas) to food, where food items were located at a fixed distance from the arena entrance. Termites in the straight arena continuously used the pre-formed tunnel, showing negligible branching efforts. However, termites in the detour and detour + twisting arenas followed the pre-formed tunnel only for the initial few hours before excavating many branching tunnels. This branching activity ultimately resulted in termites finding shorter commuting routes than the pre-formed tunnels. In addition, the shortest established routes were widened over time. This study demonstrated that C. formosanus could actively alter tunnel networks to minimize the cost in food transportation by using short and wide tunnels.