bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Serologic Diagnosis of Murine Typhus and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Authors: Hersey David F. , Colvin Mayme C. , Shepard Charles C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study was made of the serological diagnosis of human infections with murine typhus and RMSF by means of the CF, ESS, and Weil-Felix tests.
The differences in the titers of CF antigens as determined with sera taken early and late in the course of guinea pig infections were observed more distinctly in human infection.
The sera of 35 patients thought to have murine typhus or RMSF were studied by various tests and found positive by at least one of the procedures. All 35 were positive by the CF test using method 1 antigen in increased amounts, 31 were positive by the ESS test, 16 in the CF test with increased amounts of commercial antigen, 16 with method 1 antigen in the conventional amount (2 units), and 9 with the commercial antigen in the conventional amount. Thirteen cases were positive by the Weil-Felix test.
Phagocytosis of Influenza Virus
Authors: Hanson Robert J. , Kempf J. E. , Boand Arthur V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Phagocytosis of PR8 influenza virus was investigated by injecting large quantities of purified virus intraperitoneally into normal and immune mice. Utilizing the fluorescent-antibody technique to demonstrate intracellular virus, the hemagglutination and infectivity measurements to demonstrate free virus, the following observations were made in normal mice: 1) The virus adsorbed onto the lymphocytes normally present in the mouse peritoneal cavity and agglutinated these cells within a few minutes. 2) Within 1 hr a leukocytic infiltration of neutrophils occurred. Free virus adsorbed onto these cells, agglutinated them in 4 hr while phagocytosis occurred after 16 hr. 3) Virus persisted in the peritoneal cavity for 28 hr.
A similar sequence of events occurred in mice with low antibody titers.
In mice with high antibody titers phagocytosis of virus could be demonstrated as early as 8 hr after virus injection, while infective virus remained for 12 hr. Leukocytes from these mice contained no infective virus 12 hr after virus injection.
The individual contribution of antibody and the leukocytes to the inactivation of the virus remains undetermined.
Human Plasmapheresis and Its Effect on Antibodies
Authors: Smolens Joseph , Stokes Joseph , Vogt Agnes B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Results on the biweekly plasmapheresis for 1 yr on each of 23 donors have demonstrated the safety and feasibility of the method utilizing the ADL-Cohn Fractionator. Bacterial and viral antibodies have persisted at peak levels for almost 2 yr following the administration of antigen, despite the fact that the donors were not subjected to plasmapheresis the 2nd year. A rationale for antibody production by plasmapheresis is presented. Theoretic and practical considerations are discussed.
Persistence of Circulating Antibodies in Human Subjects Immunized with Dextran, Levan and Blood Group Substances
Authors: Allen Peter Z. , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Persistence of circulating precipitins to blood group A substance, dextran and levan, were followed in a small number of individuals over a period of years. Despite the presence of amino acids in blood group A substance, anti-A showed a persistence pattern comparable to pneumococcal anticarbohydrate, antidextran and antilevan. Three anti-A sera and 2 antidextran sera showed a decline in antibody level from ⅓ to ⅔ peak values over a period of about 3 years, with the subsequent maintenance of these levels of circulating antibody N for a period of 1 to 9 years.
Combination of Antigenic Traits of Type 1 and Type 2 Poliovirus
Authors: Sprunt Katherine , Redman Winifred M. , Alexander Hattie E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Growth of types 1 and 2 polioviruses in a 1:1 ratio in the same monkey kidney cell culture resulted in a virus population which apparently combined some antigenic traits of both types of virus in a single infectious unit. The current work using the plaque count technique as the tool confirms our earlier report that the progeny of the experimental populations is neutralizable by either type 1 or type 2 specific antiserum. The new doubly neutralizable particles are comparatively stable on passage surviving seven serial plaque-to-plaque passages in addition to the previously reported passages at limiting dilutions. Passage characteristics and the nature of the change responsible for double neutralization are discussed briefly and are consistent with intracellular, possibly genetic, alteration.
Small Reversible Clumps of Bacteriophage and Their Anomalous Serologic Behavior
Authors: Lanni Frank 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Clumping occurs over a period of several weeks when phage T5 is stored at suitable concentrations in nutrient broth at 4°C. The process requires both salt and an unidentified broth factor, which appears to be nondialyzable and heat stable. The final clumps are moderately uniform, averaging probably not more than 10 virus particles. They are stable at low temperature for many months, even after high dilution in broth. They disperse rapidly and completely in broth at 44°C and more slowly in cold low-salt medium. They do not adsorb to host cells. The constituent particles of the clumps are more sensitive than free virus particles to intense mechanical agitation. Of special interest is the hypersensitivity of clumped virus to specific antiserum. A tail-centered model of clump structure appears capable of coordinating all the available information. Clumping has been demonstrated also with several mutants of T5 and with T2, but tests of T1, T3, and T4 were negative. The significance and application of the findings are discussed. In particular, it is concluded on theoretic grounds that conformity to the percentage law of Andrewes and Elford is not a sufficient criterion for authentic virus neutralization.
Nonbreed Specificity of Tolerance to Skin Homografts in Chickens
Authors: Kulangara Abraham C. , Cannon Jack A. , Longmire William P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence is presented which indicates that some tolerance of skin homografts may be obtained in noninbred chickens by an embryonic injection of blood from a breed other than that of the skin donor.
Sixteen AW chicks given blood (0.3–0.35 ml) from AW embryos on the 14th day of incubation and grafted 2 days after hatching with skin from 2-day-old GL and BR chicks showed a better survival of grafts than untreated AW and AL chicks whose skin was exchanged at 2 days. Thirteen WL embryos injected with NH embryo blood and 15 NH embryos injected with WL embryo blood and grafted 2 days after hatching with 2-day-old BR skin showed much greater tolerance than controls (BR skin on untreated NH and WL chicks). Possible explanations for such nonbreed-specific induction of tolerance are discussed.
The Nature of Blocking Antibodies in Human Brucellosis
Authors: Zinneman H. H. , Glenchur H. , Hall W. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Agglutinating antibodies were found in γ-and β-globulins of the sera of patients with brucellosis. “Blocking” antibodies were found to appear later than the agglutinating antibodies. They were seen first in the γ-globulins but soon shifted to the β-globulins. They persisted after the agglutinating antibodies subsided. The “blocking” and prozone phenomena seem to be related. The prozone phenomenon does not represent the effect of antibody excess. A combination of equal volumes of “blocking” fractions resulted in a “blocking” titer corresponding approximately to the algebraic sum of the titers of the constituent fractions. Extraction with ether or incubation with Salmonella typhi failed to eliminate the “blocking” effect, but absorption with Brucella abortus did so. This suggests that the “blocking” substance in the β-globulins is a specific antibody.
The Opsonization of Bentonite Particles by γ-Globulin
Authors: Potter Elizabeth V. , Stollerman Gene H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Direct adsorption of human γ-globulin to bentonite resulted in marked enhancement of phagocytosis of the particles by human leukocytes in vitro.
The opsonic activity of γ-globulin was affected by several factors: physical alteration due to purification procedures, heterogeneity, degree of aggregation and capacity to fix complement.
Attempts to minimize these factors did not prevent opsonization. Phagocytosis was still enhanced when the γ-globulin was separated from individual sera by electroconvection, promptly adsorbed to bentonite and suspended in the bloods of the autologous donors.
Antibody Response to Homografts
Authors: Terasaki Paul I. , McClelland John D. , Cannon Jack A. , Longmire William P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The serum of rabbits which have been homografted with skin was shown to be toxic to the lymph node cells of the skin donor. Fresh serum was toxic, and the activity of the serum declined rapidly upon standing overnight, freezing or heating at 56°C for 30 min. The loss of activity could be restored to a large extent by addition of fresh normal rabbit serum or fresh serum from the lymphocyte donor rabbit. Guinea pig complement exerted some inherent toxicity. The possibility that the detection of such cytotoxins may suggest a re-evaluation of the cellular basis of homograft immunity is discussed.
Appearance of Persistently Cytopathic Eastern and Western Encephalitis Viruses after “Blind” Passage in Cultures of L Mouse Fibroblasts
Authors: Eiring Armand G. , Scherer William F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Eastern and Western encephalitis viruses (EE and WE) were successfully passed serially in cultures of L mouse fibroblasts in 11 of 16 and 7 of 8 attempts, respectively. “Blind” passage of virus was often required for development of a persistently cytopathic effect since although mouse brain suspensions usually destroyed cells initially, cytonecrosis was commonly not evident during second to fourth serial passages even though mouse infectious virus was produced. Thereafter, each virus became persistently cytopathic and readily propagated through 7–20 (EE) and 7–37 (WE) serial passages. These findings emphasize the potential value of blind passage of specimens in cell cultures during attempts to isolate viruses from natural sources.
Selection of cytopathic virus from the original mouse brain suspension is considered the most probable explanation of these observations, although other possibilities are discussed. The occasional failure of EE virus to propagate and the common disappearance of cytopathic virus effect during second to fourth serial passages of either virus remain unexplained; they seemed unrelated to the serum (rabbit, human, chicken or sheep) used to maintain cells, to duration of the interval between virus inoculation and harvest, and to autointerference. The latter phenomenon did not explain adequately the absence of definitive cytonecrosis during blind passages of virus, since interference could not be regularly produced upon simultaneous inoculation of L cell cultures with infectious and heat- or ultra-violet-inactivated WE virus.
The Role of the Bursa Fabricius, Spleen and Thymus in the Control of a Plasmodium Lophurae Infection in the Chicken
Authors: Longenecker B. M. , Breitenbach R. P. , Farmer J. N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Splenectomized chicks were severely deficient in their ability to combat an infection or reinfection with Plasmodium lophurae. Infection of splenectomized chicks usually caused death while sham-operated controls recovered. Birds splenectomized on the 5th day of an infection, when parasitemias had dropped to a low level, showed an immediate and usually fatal recrudescence. Chicks which were hormonally or surgically bursectomized on the 1st day after hatching demonstrated higher parasitemias then their sham-operated controls. However, parasitemias of birds bursectomized at 18 days of age did not differ from their control group. Thymectomy had no significant effect on the resultant parasitemias. It is thus concluded that the spleen is of primary importance in the development of immunity to this strain of Plasmodium lophurae. The bursa is of secondary importance and contributes something to the development of the immune mechanism before 18 days of age.
The Antigens of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
Authors: Brown F. , Cartwright B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two small antigens have been isolated from suspensions of vesicular stomatitis virus grown in baby hamster kidney cells. The suspensions were first centrifuged at 15,000 × G for 100 min to remove the virion and other large antigens and the supernatant was then centrifuged at 80,000 × G for 180 min. This second supernatant was further fractionated by prolonged centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient and by filtration through Sephadex G-200. The antigens separated by these procedures stimulate the production of neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs.
The approximate size of the antigens has been estimated by measuring their rates of sedimentation in sucrose gradients and observing their elution pattern in Sephadex G-200. The larger of the two antigens has an S value intermediate between those of 7S γ-globulin and bovine plasma albumin. The smaller antigen sediments more slowly than albumin. Similarly, the larger of the two antigens was eluted from Sephadex G-200 after 7S γ-globulin but before albumin and the smaller antigen was eluted after the albumin.
Immunoglobulin Production in Human Leukemia Cell Lines
Authors: Tanigaki Nobuyuki , Yagi Yasuo , Moore George E. , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Production of immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin-like substances in cell culture lines of human leukemia and lymphoma has been demonstrated by radioiodine labeled antibody, fluorescent antibody and immunodiffusion techniques.
A direct reaction of a cell smear with radioiodine labeled antibody reagents specific for particular chains of immunoglobulin indicated that all the leukemia and lymphoma cell lines tested produce one or more classes of immunoglobulins.
Immunoglobulin-producing activity was shown to vary during culture with respect to the proportion of cells producing immunoglobulin. There is some evidence that synthesis of heavy and light chains proceeds at different rates in these cell lines.
Immunodiffusion studies of cell extracts revealed that the proteins produced by these cells were not distinguished antigenically with immunoglobulins of normal serum when tested with anti-sera specific to heavy and light chains.
Cytodynamics of the Distinctive Immune Response Produced in Regional Lymph Nodes by Salmonella Somatic Polysaccharide
Authors: Landy Maurice , Baker Phillip J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study was made of the immune response of the rabbit to a single local injection of Salmonella enteritidis somatic polysaccharide. The cytodynamics of the antibody-forming cells in the draining popliteal node differed markedly from those produced in the spleen when this antigen was given systemically. The effectiveness of local stimulation was almost three orders of magnitude greater than that of systemic stimulation as determined by the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) developed per millimicrogram of antigen. Maximal numbers of PFC in the draining lymph node were evoked by 0.01 µg of antigen, while the range in which numbers of specific PFC correlated with antigen dose was 10-4 to 10-6 µg; significant numbers of specific PFC were produced by as little as 10-7 to 10-9 µg of antigen. Antigen in amounts of 5 to 0.001 µg resulted in the appearance of considerable numbers of PFC in the contralateral popliteal node and in the spleen; numbers of spleen PFC were greater than could be produced in this organ by intravenous injection of equivalent doses of antigen. In contrast, the distribution and numbers of PFC developed after immunization with sheep erythrocytes was in accord with the expected pattern: dose response data for systemic and local administration did not differ greatly and PFC were found principally in spleen or draining lymph nodes after systemic or local injection respectively.
γM and γG Antibodies in Mice: Dissociation of the Normal Immunoglobulin Sequence
Authors: Blinkoff Richard C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Methotrexate and colchicine administered during a primary response to S. adelaide in mice both preferentially inhibit γG antibody formation. In these experiments, the γM and γG antibody responses seem to be independent of one another. The γM antibody response is not prolonged by the immediate absence of a following γG response. Also, the γG antibody response is able to recover from the effects of both drugs and reach near-normal serum titers whether or not there is a preceding γM response.
During a methotrexate inhibited response, normal levels of γM can occur in the serum at a time when no pyroninophilic blast cells or secondary nodules are evident in the spleen. The recovery of γG production is well correlated with the appearance of many hemocytoblasts in the splenic red pulp, although no secondary nodules or mature plasma cells can be found at this time.
A study has also been made of γM and γG antibody production in x-irradiated recipients after transfer of spleen cells from primed animals. When spleen cells are taken from immunized donors on day 2 or day 6 after injection of antigen, only γM antibody can be demonstrated in the recipients. Spleen cells taken on day 8 or day 10 after antigen produce mostly γG antibody in the recipients.
Suppression of the Tuberculin Reaction by High Concentrations of Tuberculin and the Relationship of This Phenomenon to the Potency Assay of Tuberculin
Authors: Baer Harold , Kolb Robert W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The degree of reactivity of old tuberculin in sensitive guinea pigs is quantitatively and markedly reduced if a large quantity is injected simultaneously into another site. Suppression is temporary in that most animals recover normal reactivity within 2 months.
Antibody Responses of Rhesus (Macaca Mulatta) Monkeys Experimentally Infected with Coxsackieviruses of Group B and Group A, Type 9
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Dennis Juanita , Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Heterotypic antibody responses to the echoviruses, polioviruses and reovirus type 1 were studied in rhesus monkeys which had been infected via the oral route with group B or group A, type 9 coxsackieviruses. Second or third infections with a coxsackievirus were shown to elicit heterotypic antibody responses to certain of the echoviruses but not to the polioviruses or reovirus type 1. The greatest amount of heterotypic reactivity was seen in complement fixation tests, and a number of heterotypic echovirus antibody responses were demonstrated in gel diffusion tests. Significant increases in hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody were also seen to some of the echoviruses, and in a few instances these were associated with low and transient rises in neutralizing antibody. The coxsackievirus infections produced a diversity of echovirus antibody responses, and no patterns of immunologic relationships between the various coxsackievirus and echovirus types could be established.
Antibody and Gland Studies in Cortisone and ACTH-Injected Birds
Authors: Glick Bruce 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Chicks were injected intramuscularly with 2.5 or 7.5 mg cortisone acetate (CA) two times a day for the first 5 days after hatching or i.m. injected once a day for the same period with 4 or 8 USP units of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Body and bursa weights were significantly reduced 12 hr after the last injection of CA or ACTH. The mean weight of the spleen was significantly reduced in the CA-treated birds. The number of splenic germinal centers was reduced in the 7.5-mg CA birds. Adrenal weight and adrenal cholesterol were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, 12 hr after the last injection of ACTH. The bursa and thymus of approximately 3- and 6-week-old chicks from the CA and ACTH groups appeared, on histologic examination, to have recovered from the regressive influence of these hormones. The antibody response to BSA was significantly reduced in 4 ½ to 5-week-old birds from the 7.5 mg CA group while the mean antibody titer of the birds from the 2.5-mg CA and ACTH groups were similar to their respective controls. On the other hand, a primary injection of BSA into 8-week-old birds from the 7.5-mg CA group produced precipitin levels comparable to the antibody titer of control birds. The delay in normal antibody response of birds in the 7.5 mg CA group may, in part, be explained by an interference with normal bursa development.
Canine Immunoglobulins
Authors: Johnson John S. , Vaughan John H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Structural and electrophoretic heterogeneity of immunoglobulins has been well documented in several species including man (1–3), guinea pig (4), horse (5, 6) and mouse (7, 8). In all these species antibodies of low molecular weight, 6.6S γG, and high molecular weight, 18S γM, have been identified. In addition, a third major class of immunoglobulin, γA, has been described in human, equine and murine sera characterized by a fast electrophoretic mobility, and a sedimentation coefficient of 6.5S to 7S with higher molecular weight polymeric forms frequently detectable. These three major classes of immunoglobulins exhibit not only differences in physicochemical properties but striking differences in biologic activity as well. Furthermore, subclasses of γG have also been described in human beings, horses, guinea pigs and mice exhibiting differences in biologic behavior. Additional immunoglobulin classes have been documented in human sera (γD) (9, 10) and equine sera (10Sγ1) (5) which as yet appear unique for these species.
Precipitation and Neutralization of Bacteriophage f2 by Rabbit Antibodies
Authors: Rowlands David T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusion
Neutralization and precipitation of bacteriophage f2 by γG-immunoglobulin, 5S pepsin fragments and Fab′ fragments were used to test the hypothesis that sterie hindrance is important in virus neutralization. There was no demonstrable difference in the capacity of intact γG-immunoglobulin and 5S pepsin fragments to precipitate bacteriophage.The zones of equivalence with γG-immunoglobulin and 5S pepsin fragments were broad. These results suggested that there was no differenee in the combining capacities of f2 for bivalent antibodies or for bivalent antibody fragments. As expected, the Fab′ fragments did not precipitate with bacteriophage f2. The antibody to antigen ratios necessary to produce neutralization of bacteriophage correspond to points on the antibody excess end of the equivalence zone of the preeipitin curve. In all eases the kinetics of neutralization were first order. The γG-immunoglobulin was most active and the Fab′ fragment was least active. The 5S pepsin fragments were intermediate in activity. However, the neutralization constants were not strictly proportional to molecular weights. This suggests that virus neutralization may not be entirely explicable on the basis of steric hindrance.