bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rabbit Lymphocyte Populations Responding to Haptenic and Carrier Determinants for DNA Synthesis
Authors: Delespesse Guy , Ishizaka Kimishige , Kishimoto Tadamitsu 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mesenteric lymph node cells from rabbits primed with dinitrophenyl derivative of either Ascaris extract (DNP-Asc) or ragweed fraction D (DNP-Rag) were stimulated by the priming antigen, free homologous carrier, or with the hapten conjugated with rabbit serum albumin (DNP-RSA), and increase in DNA synthesis was observed by 3H-thymidine incorporation. The results showed that both free carrier and DNP-RSA stimulated DNA synthesis. The response of the primed lymph node cells to DNP-homologous conjugate was slightly higher than that to free carrier, but the optimal concentration of both antigens for maximal thymidine incorporation was 10 to 100 µg/ml. This concentration was about 100 times higher than the optimal concentration of the same antigens for maximal antibody response in vitro. The DNA synthetic response to DNP-RSA was much less than that obtained by free carrier, and the optimal concentration of DNP-RSA for the response was comparable to the concentration of DNP-homologous carrier conjugate to induce maximal anti-DNP antibody response. The relative importance of immunoglobulin bearing (B) cells and T cells in the DNA synthetic responses was assessed by fractionating lymph node cells with antigen-coated or antiimmunoglobulin coated cellular immunosorbent. The results indicated that hapten-specific, immunoglobulin-bearing cells (B cells) are responsible for the DNA-synthetic response to DNP-RSA, whereas B cells play a minimal role in the response to free carrier.
Induction of Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity by Modification of the Effector or Target Cells with Periodate or with Neuraminidase and Galactose Oxidase
Authors: Novogrodsky Abraham 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Treatment of mouse spleen cells with periodate (NaIO4) or with neuraminidase and galactose oxidase (NAGO) induces blastogenesis and renders the cells cytotoxic to mastocytoma (P815) target cells. Treatment of target cells (P815 cells and turkey erythrocytes) with NaIO4 or with NAGO renders them susceptible to cytolysis by untreated mouse spleen cells. The cytotoxicity induced by NaIO4 is reduced upon reacting the NaIO4-treated, effector or target cells with borohydride or hydroxylamine. Thus the formation of free surface aldehydes on either the effector or target cell induced a cytotoxic effect. It is postulated that cross-linkage via a Schiff base between effector and target cell initiates the cytotoxic effect. Cytotoxicity induced by NaIO4 or NAGO is immunologically nonspecific and is independent of major antigenic differences between effector and target cells. Phagocytic cells are not involved in NaIO4-or NAGO-induced cytotoxicity toward P815 target cells.
Biological Expressions of Lymphocyte Activation
Authors: Rich Robert R. , Rich Susan Solliday 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) from mouse spleen, activated in vitro or in vivo with concanavalin A (Con A), suppress proliferative responses of syngenic lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). Replication in vitro was not required for expression of suppressor activity by Con A-activated cells and was blocked in MLR by treating suppressor cells with mitomycin C or irradiation. Kinetics of MLR responses and viability of cultures were not altered by addition of activated suppressor cells. The data are consistent with a direct inhibitory effect of suppressor T cells on antigen-induced DNA replication. These observations extend a model previously described for regulation of antibody synthesis by Con A-activated T cells to control of cell-mediated immune responses. This model should be particularly useful in further definition of regulatory T cell subpopulations, and in investigation of interactions and relationships between such populations.
The Diisopropylfluorophosphate Inhibitable Step in Antigen-Induced Histamine Release from Human Leukocytes
Authors: Pruzansky Jacob J. , Patterson Roy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
DFP inhibits early events in antigen-induced histamine release from human leukocytes. If added to cells 5 min or more after antigen it is ineffective. If added with antigen it can be removed at 5 min but release will still be inhibited. In contrast, ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) and 2 deoxyglucose (2DG) still inhibit the reactions when added 5 min after antigen.
During incubation of leukocytes for 90 to 120 min at 0°C they react with specific antigen since they subsequently release significant quantities of histamine after washing and reincubation at 37°C without addition of antigen. Such priming at 0°C is at least equivalent to priming for 2 to 4 min at 37°C. During antigen priming at 0°C the cells are not activated beyond the step in the release sequence which is inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). This is apparent from the undiminished inhibitory activity of DFP on these cells. Furthermore, cells primed with antigen at 0°C in the presence of DFP release as much histamine after washing and incubation at 37°C as control cells primed in the absence of DFP.
Incubation of leukocytes with specific antigen at 37°C for 3 min resulted in significant but not quite complete priming for subsequent histamine release in the absence of antigen. Most of these primed cells were not activated beyond the step inhibitable by DFP. However, some had completed the entire sequence including the release of histamine while others had not released their histamine but were not inhibited by DFP from subsequent release.
After 5 min incubation with antigen at 37°C almost all leukocytes had progressed beyond the stage which is inhibited by DFP.
Incubation of leukocytes at 37°C with DFP but without antigen for up to 15 min followed by washing did not impair subsequent antigen-induced histamine release by these cells. Thus, DFP was inhibitory under these conditions only after antigen activation of leukocytes.
The Initiation of Mast Cell Degranulation: Activation at the Cell Membrane
Authors: Morrison D. C. , Roser J. F. , Cochrane C. G. , Henson P. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The low molecular weight mast cell activator, polymyxin B, has been covalently bound to an insoluble matrix of Sepharose 4B. It has been demonstrated that mast cells in preparations of rat peritoneal cells bind to Sepharose 4B-polymyxin B beads but not to control beads. The bound cells are stimulated to degranulate by this interaction at the cell membrane with the resultant release of biogenic amines.
The Transfer of Tolerance to Dncb-Contact Sensitivity in Guinea Pigs by Parabiosis
Authors: Polak Ladislav 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal guinea pigs parabiosed for 10 days with guinea pigs tolerant to DNCB-contact sensitivity became completely and permanently unresponsive when sensitized after parabiosis lasting 10 days and partially tolerant when sensitized after parabiosis lasting 2 days. On the other hand, tolerant parabionts became hypersensitive when parabiosed with normal partners which had been sensitized on the day of the operation or before the parabiosis was effected. From these results it is concluded that tolerance to DNCB-contact sensitivity in guinea pigs is a positive phenomenon affecting the afferent branch of the immune response.
Demonstration of Organ Differences in Peripheral B Cell Populations through the Use of Deficient Fetal Bovine Serum
Authors: Campbell Stephen M. , Kagnoff Martin F. , Watson James 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Deficient fetal bovine serum (FBS) was used in culture to distinguish differences in the B cell populations of peripheral lymphoid organs. Culture medium supplemented with deficient FBS supported the induction of primary humoral immune responses to heterologous erythrocyte antigens in murine Peyer's patch and lymph node cultures, but not in spleen cultures obtained from the same unimmunized mice. This difference was not due to a difference in thymusderived (T) cell or adherent cell activity, or to the production of stimulating factors by Peyer's patch or lymph node cells. In view of the finding that spleen cells from mice immunized with erythrocyte antigens support immune responses in deficient FBS, we suggest that murine Peyer's patches and lymph nodes contain antigen-experienced B cells, whereas spleens contain predominately antigen-inexperienced B cells. In contrast, spleen and Peyer's patch cells cultured with deficient FBS can be induced to mediate specific cytotoxic allograft responses which are similar in magnitude to responses observed in normal FBS. Deficient FBS may provide a useful tool for distinguishing between B cells on the basis of prior antigenic encounter, and for examining the induction of T cell responses in the absence of B cell responses.
Antibody-Dependent Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity in the Murine Sarcoma Virus System: Activity of IgM and IgG with Specificity for MLV Determined Antigen (S)
Authors: Lamon Eddie W. , Skurzak Henryk M. , Andersson Birger , Whitten Hal D. , Klein Eva 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antisera with specificity for Moloney leukemia virus-(MLV) determined antigen(s) were studied for their ability to induce MLV antigen bearing target cell reduction by lymphocytes in microcytotoxicity assays.
Sera from animals which had regressed Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV) tumors as well as sera from animals with progressively growing MSV tumors were found to induce normal lymphocytes to be active against the targets. Regressor serum was found also to induce cytotoxicity by immune lymphocytes from a tumor-bearing animal 15 days after MSV and from a regressor 50 days after MSV infection.
Both the 19S and 7S Sephadex G-200 fractions of the antisera were found to induce cytotoxicity by normal lymphocytes and to potentiate the cytotoxicity of MSV immune lymphocytes. These activities were shown to be IgM and IgG, respectively, by the use of Sepharose-coupled anti-mouse IgM and anti-mouse IgG columns. All activity was removed by passing sera over both columns.
Non-T Cell-Mediated Cytolysis of Antibody-Coated Sheep Red Blood Cells Requires Mg++ but Not Ca++: An Argument against a Conventional “Stimulus-Secretion” Mechanism for Cytolysis
Authors: Golstein Pierre , Gomperts Bastien D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
“Stimulus-secretion” processes, and notably those in which the stimulus is provided by the formation of an antigen-antibody complex at the cell surface, require the presence of external Ca++. To test the possibility that effector cells, in non-T cell mediated cytolysis, might be triggered to release a cytolytic product by a similar mechanism, we investigated the requirements of this phenomenon for divalent cations. We found that Ca++ is not sufficient, not necessary, and not inhibitory, whereas Mg++ is necessary and sufficient. Other cations were tested, and we found that Mn++ behaved like Mg++. The Ca++ data suggest that no conventional “stimulus-secretion” process is operative in non-T cell-mediated cytolysis of antibody-coated sheep red blood cells.
The Role of Macrophages in the Production of Lymphokines by T and B Lymphocytes
Authors: Wahl Sharon M. , Wilton J. Mark , Rosenstreich David L. , Oppenheim Joost J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of macrophages in the production of two lymphokines, monocyte chemotactic factor and macrophage activating factor, was investigated. Lymphokine production by guinea pig lymph node and spleen cells required macrophages for thymus-dependent antigens and mitogens. In contrast, B cell stimulants which also induce the synthesis of lymphokines were macrophage independent. When populations of relatively pure B or T lymphocytes were isolated, it was found that T cells required viable macrophage cooperation to produce these two lymphokines and to undergo proliferation in response to specific antigens, whereas B cells could be directly activated in the absence of macrophages. These findings suggest that T and B cells have different requirements for activation and for macrophage cooperation. Furthermore, since lymphokine synthesis is evident within the first 4 hr of stimulant presentation, these observations demonstrate that macrophages play an essential role in the earliest events of lymphocyte activation.
Regulation by Antibody of Phytolectin Induced Lymphocyte Proliferation
Authors: Banks Keith L. , McGuire Travis C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies were conducted to determine the mechanisms of antibody suppression of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)- and concanavalin A (Con A)-induced lymphocyte proliferation. Initial experiments incubated lymphocytes with either PHA or Con A, and at various times the respective anti-phytolectin was added to the cultures. DNA synthesis was less than 20% of the total response if anti-PHA was added within 2 hr and if anti-Con A was added within 10 hr of addition of mitogens to the culture. At the concentrations used, anti-PHA reduced PHA binding to the lymphocytes, while anti-Con A did not reduce Con A binding to the cells. Antibody was non-toxic and specific for its respective mitogen. Additional experiments incubated lymphocytes with either PHA or Con A and then the cells were washed and placed in mitogen-free media. The addition of antibody to cultures which had been washed markedly suppressed proliferation. Using radiolabeled PHA and Con A in one group of experiments and fluorescent labeled anti-mitogen antibodies in others, it was determined that antibody did not remove Con A or PHA from the cell, but instead antibody slowed the release of mitogen from the lymphocyte. Anti-mitogen antibody remained attached to mitogen on the surface of lymphocytes for at least 24 hr. The experiments suggest that antibody can suppress the lymphocyte reaction by blocking the necessary phytolectin-lymphocyte interaction and interrupting stimulation by cell-bound mitogen.
Role of the Eosinophil in the Allergic Reactions
Authors: Hubscher Thomas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human eosinophilic leukocytes respond to a variety of stimuli by liberating an inhibitor of histamine release. The active principle(s) in this eosinophil-derived inhibitor (EDI) was found to be a mixture of acidic lipids of similar physicochemical behavior and biologic activity to prostaglandins E1 and E2. Indomethacin, an inhibitor or prostaglandin synthesis, specifically blocked the immune release of EDI.
The results indicate that stimulation of human eosinophilic leukocytes results in synthesis and release of prostaglandins E1 and E2 from these cells. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that the eosinophil assumes a modulatory role in the allergic inflammatory reaction. the ways by which, under specific antigenic (allergenic) stimulation, human eosinophils could modulate the events associated with the allergic response, through the released prostaglandins, are discussed.
The Isolation and Characterization of the VH Domain from Rabbit Heavy Chains of Different a Locus Allotype
Authors: Mole Lawrence E. , Geier Michael D. , Koshland Marian Elliott 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Fd fragment of rabbit γ-chains was split by papain to yield a smaller fragment with a molecular weight of approximately 14,000 and dialyzable small peptides and amino acids. The domain size fragment was identified as intact variable region from its amino acid content, its blocked amino-terminus, and two characteristic cysteine-containing peptides, while the small peptides and amino acids were accounted for by the degradation of the CH1 region. The variable regions isolated from Aa1 and Aa3 Fd fragments not only reacted quantitatively with immunoadsorbents conjugated with the homologous anti-a allotype antibody, but also completely inhibited the binding of the parent Fd fragment to the homologous antibody as measured by radioimmune assay. These data provide direct evidence that the group a allotypic determinants are contained entirely in the variable portion and are independent of the constant portion of rabbit heavy chains.
Partial Characterization of a Soluble Antigen Preparation from Cells Infected with Human Cytomegalovirus: Properties of Antisera Prepared to the Antigen
Authors: Waner Joseph L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Soluble antigen (SA) preparations were obtained from cell cultures infected with either the Davis or AD169 strains of cytomegalovirus (CMV). Fractionation of SA preparations through Sephadex G-200 resulted in a molecular weight value ranging from 67,000 to 85,000. Rate-zonal centrifugation produced an approximate value of 5.5S for the CMV antigenic material.
Antisera to SA prepared from either AD169- or Davis-infected cells lacked neutralizing activity but produced specific fluorescence confined to CMV intranuclear inclusion material when used in the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA). The specific fluorescing inclusion reaction was seen when either AD169 or Davis antisera were used with cells infected with the Davis, AD169, Kerr, or C-87 strains of CMV. Fluorescence was not observed in cells infected with a strain of Herpes simplex type 1, varicella-zoster virus, an EBV transformed lymphocyte line, the Cx-90-3B human CMV transformed hamster embryo cell line, or CMV-infected cell cultures treated with cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) and showing only antigens expressed in the absence of viral DNA synthesis. Antisera prepared to SA preparations obtained from CMV-infected cells apparently react with specific CMV antigens that are dependent on viral DNA synthesis and are common to several strains.
Modulation of Cyclic AMP in Purified Rat Mast Cells
Authors: Sullivan Timothy J. , Parker Keith L. , Stenson William , Parker Charles W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) content of isolated unstimulated mast cells and the changes induced by a variety of pharmacologic, metabolic, and physical stimuli were studied. A modified bovine serum albumin density gradient purification method consistently provided mast cell preparations which were 95% or more pure, without apparent damage, and a 73% recovery of the mast cells applied to the gradients. The measured cAMP in unstimulated mast cells was high, a mean of 16 picomoles per million cells. Moderate agitation or contact with glass increased cAMP content about 2-fold. When calcium was omitted from the medium mast cell cAMP was markedly elevated; incremental increases in added calcium ion concentration from 1 µM to 1 mM caused a linear decrease in cAMP content. Theophylline (3 to 20 mM) caused a dose-related increase in mast cell cAMP content, approximately 2-fold at 20 mM theophylline. Epinephrine (0.01 to 1 mM) caused a modest, dose-related increase in cAMP. In the presence of theophylline, epinephrine increased cAMP levels equal to or greater than the sum of the effects of the agents used individually. The increase in cAMP induced by epinephrine was completely inhibited by 100 µM propranolol and partially inhibited by 10 µM propranolol, thus suggesting that a β adrenergic receptor is involved. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and histamine (in the presence of theophylline) also raised cAMP. Carbamylcholine (1 nM) lowered cAMP 38%. Atropine (0.1 mM) inhibited the decrease in cAMP induced by 1 nM carbamylcholine by 83% indicating that a muscarinic receptor is involved. In these homogeneous single cell suspensions, therefore, cholinergic and β adrenergic agents have opposing effects on cAMP levels. Diazoxide (10 µM) and adenine (1 µM) caused 37 and 32% decreases in cAMP, respectively. The availability of highly purified mast cells and the identification of agents which either decrease or increase cAMP content allows a direct examination of the role of cAMP in histamine release.
Splenic Regulation of the Clinical Appearance of Small Tumors
Authors: Nordlund James J. , Gershon Richard K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Cloudman (S91) melanoma elicits an immune response in syngeneic DBA/2 mice which prolongs the time before the tumor becomes detectable but does not significantly alter the growth rate subsequent to its appearance. The spleen can either enhance the immune response and prolong the lag phase when stimulated with high doses of tumor cells or suppress it and shorten the duration at lower doses. This bidirectional effect of the spleen is similar to previously reported activity of regulatory T cells which reside in the spleen. This observation is discussed in contrast to the role of the spleen in animals bearing tumors which elicit concomitant immunity.
Macrophage Activation of Allogeneic Lymphocyte Proliferation in the Guinea Pig Mixed Leukocyte Culture
Authors: Greineder Dirk K. , Rosenthal Alan S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of the macrophage in the guinea pig mixed leukocyte culture was investigated. Macrophages obtained from oil-induced peritoneal exudates, peritoneal wash-out cells, spleen, and alveolar washings were found to be effective stimulators of allogeneic lymph node and splenic lymphocyte DNA synthesis. The stimulatory properties of macrophages proved radioresistant but viability dependent. Unfractionated lymph node cells or adherence column purified lymph node lymphocytes and thymocytes were only minimally active as stimulators, even in the presence of macrophages syngeneic to the responder lymphocytes. Allogeneic fibroblasts, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, L2C leukemia cells, and xenogeneic (murine) macrophages failed to stimulate. These data provide evidence that the macrophage is the predominant stimulator of the mixed leukocyte culture in the guinea pig.
Effects of an Acidic Polysaccharide Produced by Serratia Piscatorum on Immune Responses in Mice
Authors: Matsumoto Takao , Shimonishi Chiemi , Ootsu Koichiro 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An acidic polysaccharide of Serratia piscatorum, consisting of l-rhamnose, d-galactose and d-galacturonic acid, stimulated the primary IgM PFC response of spleen cell cultures against sheep erythrocytes. The polysaccharide (PS) caused dose-dependent stimulation of 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA of spleen cell cultures and the maximum response was seen after about 48 hr. Nonadherent B (ATXBM) cells were strongly reactive to PS, whereas adherent spleen cells were less reactive.
Higher doses of PS suppressed the peak PFC response, but enhanced the earlier PFC responses. Lower doses of PS stimulated the PFC responses significantly throughout the period of PFC production. The optimal dose (0.1 µg/ml) of PS increased the PFC responses in mixed cell cultures containing spleen cells and either B cells, T cells activated with a different antigen, or hydrocortisone-resistant thymus cells of syngeneic origin. However, this dose of PS interfered with the enhanced PFC response of spleen cells due to addition of antigen-primed T cells. Since these characteristic activities of PS were like those of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), this acidic polysaccharide may be useful for further elucidating the modes of LPS action.