bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Symbols and grounding in large language models
Authors: Pavlick Ellie 
Published: June 2023

Large language models (LLMs) are one of the most impressive achievements of artificial intelligence in recent years. However, their relevance to the study of language more broadly remains unclear. This article considers the potential of LLMs to serve as models of language understanding in humans. While debate on this question typically centres around models’ performance on challenging language understanding tasks, this article argues that the answer depends on models’ underlying competence, and thus that the focus of the debate should be on empirical work which seeks to characterize the representations and processing algorithms that underlie model behaviour. From this perspective, the article offers counterarguments to two commonly cited reasons why LLMs cannot serve as plausible models of language in humans: their lack of symbolic structure and their lack of grounding. For each, a case is made that recent empirical trends undermine the common assumptions about LLMs, and thus that it is premature to draw conclusions about LLMs’ ability (or lack thereof) to offer insights on human language representation and understanding.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Cognitive artificial intelligence’.
Shared and unique deficits of social functioning in multiple affected families with major psychiatric illness
Authors: Muthukumaran Moorthy , Selvaraj Sowmya , Balachander Srinivas , Nadella Ravi Kumar , Sreeraj Vanteemar S. , Mullappagari Sreenivasulu , Narayan Shruthi , Kumar Pramod , Kannampuzha Anand Jose , Alexander Alen Chandy , Dayalamurthy Pavithra , Bhattacharya Mahashweta , Susan Joseph Mino , Sheth Sweta , Puzhakkal Joan C , Thatikonda Navya Spurthi , Ithal Dhruva , Viswanath Biju , Moirangthem Sydney , Venkatasubramanian Ganesan , John John P , Thirthalli Jagadisha , Janardhan Reddy YC , Benegal Vivek , Varghese Mathew , Jain Sanjeev ,   ADBS Consortium
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACTBackgroundMental illnesses often cluster in families, and their impact on affected and unaffected members within families need to be understood from a social perspective.MethodsData was derived from 202 families with multiple affected individuals, identified under Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS) study. Affected individuals (N=259) had a diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder or substance use disorder. For comparison, we used the unaffected siblings from the same families (N=229), and a matched random subset of healthy control (HC) data (N=229) from the National Mental Health Survey (NMHS). We compared educational attainment, functional marital status and occupational status between the groups.ResultsThe groups were matched across age, gender and place of residence. The highest educational attainment was significantly different between the groups. The affected (9.9 years) and unaffected siblings (10.4 years) had poor educational attainment compared to HC (11.6 years), (F=8.97, p<0.001). Similarly, the affected (43%) and unaffected siblings (33%) remained more often single, in contrast to HC (23%), (χ2=40.98.17, p<0.001). However, employment rates were significantly higher in the unaffected siblings, especially female siblings. Females had overall lesser educational attainment, were largely married, and were majority homemakers across the three groups when compared to males.DiscussionOur study findings reveal the socio-demographic characteristics of affected and unaffected siblings from multiple affected families with major psychiatric illness in India. Affected and unaffected siblings had lower educational attainment and rates of marriage when compared to HC. The unaffected siblings were more likely to be in employment compared to HC. Whether the poor educational attainment and lower marriage rates in unaffected siblings is a biological marker of shared endophenotype or the effect of social burden of having an affected family member requires further systematic evaluation.
Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 bivalent (Original and Omicron BA.4/BA.5) COVID-19 vaccine in preventing hospitalizations for COVID-19, medically attended SARS-CoV-2 infections, and hospital death in the United States
Authors: Tseng Hung Fu , Ackerson Bradley K. , Sy Lina S. , Tubert Julia E. , Luo Yi , Qiu Sijia , Lee Gina S. , Bruxvoort Katia J. , Ku Jennifer H. , Florea Ana , Takhar Harpreet S. , Bathala Radha , Zhou Cindy Ke , Esposito Daina , Marks Morgan A. , Anderson Evan J. , Talarico Carla A. , Qian Lei 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe bivalent (original and Omicron BA.4/BA.5) mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine was authorized to offer broader protection against COVID-19. We conducted a matched cohort study to evaluate the effectiveness of the bivalent vaccine in preventing hospitalization for COVID-19 (primary outcome) and medically attended SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospital death (secondary outcomes). Compared to individuals who did not receive bivalent mRNA vaccination but received ≥2 doses of any monovalent mRNA vaccine, the relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) against hospitalization for COVID-19 was 70.3% (95% confidence interval, 64.0%-75.4%). rVE was consistent across subgroups and not modified by time since last monovalent dose or number of monovalent doses received. Protection was durable ≥3 months after the bivalent booster. rVE against SARS-CoV-2 infection requiring emergency department/urgent care and against COVID-19 hospital death was 55.0% (50.8%-58.8%) and 82.7% (63.7%-91.7%), respectively. The mRNA-1273 bivalent booster provides additional protection against hospitalization for COVID-19, medically attended SARS-CoV-2 infection, and COVID-19 hospital death.
Partnership-focussed Principles-driven Online co-Design (P-POD): a mixed-methods evaluation of a novel online co-design process
Authors: Coulston Ms Free , Spittle Prof Alicia , McDonald Dr Cassie , Toovey Dr Rachel , Cameron Dr Kate L , Attard Kimberley , Binstock Loni , Fletcher Isaac , Delaney Adie , Murphy Tayla , Keating Caroline , Sellick Dr Kath 
Published: June 2023

AbstractPurposeCo-design involves stakeholders in designing rehabilitation interventions that impact their health (end-users) or professional lives (clinicians and researchers). Partnership-focussed Principles-driven Online co-Design (P-POD) is proposed and evaluated as an authentic approach to adapting research co-design into an online environment.Materials and methodsA community-based participatory research approach scaffolded the co-design process and convergent mixed-methods evaluation. P-POD involved 10 stakeholders (parents, clinicians, coaches, and researchers) in eight 90-minute workshops to co-design a circus-based rehabilitation intervention to improve participation for preschool-aged children born preterm (premmies). P-POD was evaluated via anonymous surveys during workshops and semi-structured interviews upon completion of the process. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and reflexive thematic analysis.ResultsThe resulting co-designed intervention is “CirqAll: preschool circus for premmies”. Evaluation of P-POD indicated adherence to guiding principles of stakeholder involvement and co-design. Themes describe participants’ experiences of the supportive online culture, room for healthy debate, power-sharing, and multiple definitions of success.ConclusionsP-POD appears to provide an authentic transition of research co-design into an online environment. P-POD was successfully used with stakeholders to produce a paediatric rehabilitation intervention, and benefits from the online approach align with, and extend on, those reported in the literature on in-person co-design approaches.
Carotid body dysregulation contributes to the enigma of long COVID
Authors: El-Medany Ahmed , Adams Zoe H , Blythe Hazel C , Hope Katrina A , Kendrick Adrian H , Abdala Sheikh Ana Paula , Paton Julian FR , Nightingale Angus K , Hart Emma C 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe symptoms of long COVID, which include fatigue, breathlessness, dysregulated breathing, and exercise intolerance, have unknown mechanisms. These symptoms are also observed in heart failure and are partially driven by increased sensitivity of the carotid chemoreflex. As the carotid body has an abundance of ACE2 (the cell entry mechanism for SARS-CoV-2), we investigated whether carotid chemoreflex sensitivity was elevated in participants with long COVID. During cardiopulmonary exercise testing, the VE/VCO2slope (a measure of breathing efficiency) was higher in the long COVID group than in the controls, indicating excessive hyperventilation. The hypoxic ventilatory response, which measures carotid chemoreflex sensitivity, was increased in long COVID participants and correlated with the VE/VCO2slope, suggesting that excessive hyperventilation may be related to carotid body hypersensitivity. Therefore, the carotid chemoreflex is sensitized in long COVID and may explain dysregulated breathing and exercise intolerance in these participants. Tempering carotid body excitability may be a viable treatment option for long COVID patients.
Preconception Genetic Carrier Screening for Miscarriage Risk Assessment: A Bioinformatic Approach to Identifying Candidate Lethal Genes and Variants
Authors: Aminbeidokhti Mona , Qu Jia-Hua , Belur Shweta , Cakmak Hakan , Jaswa Eleni , Lathi Ruth B. , Sirota Marina , Snyder Michael P. , Yatsenko Svetlana A. , Rajkovic Aleksandar 
Published: June 2023

AbstractPurposeMiscarriage, due to genetically heterogeneous etiology, is a common outcome of pregnancy. Preconception genetic carrier screening (PGCS) identifies at-risk partners for newborn genetic disorders; however, PGCS panels currently lack miscarriage-related genes. Here we assessed the theoretical impact of known and candidate genes on prenatal lethality and the PGCS among diverse populations.MethodsHuman exome sequencing and mouse gene function databases were analyzed to define genes essential for human fetal survival (lethal genes), identify variants that are absent in a homozygous state in healthy human population, and to estimate carrier rates for known and candidate lethal genes.ResultsAmong 138 genes, potential lethal variants are present in the general population with a frequency of 0.5% or greater. Preconception screening for these 138 genes would identify from 4.6% (Finnish population) to 39.8% (East Asian population) of couples that are at-risk for miscarriage, explaining a cause for pregnancy loss for ∼1.1-10% of conceptions affected by biallelic lethal variants.ConclusionThis study identified a set of genes and variants potentially associated with lethality across different ethnic backgrounds. The diversity of these genes amongst the various ethnic groups highlights the importance of designing a pan-ethnic PGCS panel comprising miscarriage-related genes.
Dose response of running on blood biomarkers of wellness in the generally healthy
Authors: Nogal Bartek , Vinogradova Svetlana , Jorge Milena , Torkamani Ali , Fabian Paul , Blander Gil 
Published: June 2023

AbstractExercise is effective toward delaying or preventing chronic disease, with a large body of evidence supporting its effectiveness. However, less is known about the specific healthspan-promoting effects of exercise on blood biomarkers in the disease-free population. In this work, we examine 23,237 generally healthy individuals who self-report varying weekly running volumes and compare them to 4,428 generally healthy sedentary individuals, as well as 82 professional endurance athletes. We estimate the significance of differences among blood biomarkers for groups of increasing running levels using analysis of variance (ANOVA), adjusting for age, gender, and BMI. We attempt and add insight to our observational dataset analysis via two-sample Mendelian randomization (2S-MR) using large independent datasets. We find that self-reported running volume associates with biomarker signatures of improved wellness, with some serum markers apparently being principally modified by BMI, whereas others show a dose-effect with respect to running volume. We further detect hints of sexually dimorphic serum responses in oxygen transport and hormonal traits, and we also observe a tendency toward pronounced modifications in magnesium status in professional endurance athletes. Thus, our results further characterize blood biomarkers of exercise and metabolic health, particularly regarding dose-effect relationships, and better inform personalized advice for training and performance.
Comparison of raw accelerometry data from ActiGraph, Apple Watch, Garmin, and Fitbit using a mechanical shaker table
Authors: White James W. , Finnegan Olivia , Tindall Nick , Nelakuditi Srihari , Brown David E. , Pate Russ , Welk Gregory J. , de Zambotti Massimiliano , Ghosal Rahul , Wang Yuan , Burkart Sarah , Adams Elizabeth L. , Chandrashekhar Mvs , Armstrong Bridget , Beets Michael W. , Weaver R. Glenn 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the raw accelerometry output from research-grade and consumer wearable devices compared to accelerations produced by a mechanical shaker table. Raw accelerometry data from a total of 40 devices (i.e., n=10 ActiGraph wGT3X-BT, n=10 Apple Watch Series 7, n=10 Garmin Vivoactive 4S, and n=10 Fitbit Sense) were compared to the criterion accelerations produced by an orbital shaker table at speeds ranging from 0.6 Hz (4.4 milligravity-mg) to 3.2 Hz (124.7mg). For reliability testing, identical devices were oscillated at 0.6 and 3.2 Hz for 5 trials that lasted 2 minutes each. For validity testing, devices were oscillated for 1 trial across 7 speeds that lasted 2 minutes each. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to test inter-device reliability. Pearson product moment, Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), absolute error, and mean bias were calculated to assess the validity between the raw estimates from the devices and the criterion metric. Estimates produced by the raw accelerometry data from Apple and ActiGraph were more reliable ICCs=0.99 and 0.97 than Garmin and Fitbit ICCs=0.88 and 0.88, respectively. Estimates from ActiGraph, Apple, and Fitbit devices exhibited excellent concordance with the criterion CCCs=0.88, 0.83, and 0.85, respectively, while estimates from Garmin exhibited moderate concordance CCC=0.59 based on the mean aggregation method. ActiGraph, Apple, and Fitbit produced similar absolute errors=16.9mg, 21.6mg, and 22.0mg, respectively, while Garmin produced higher absolute error=32.5mg compared to the criterion based on the mean aggregation method. ActiGraph produced the lowest mean bias 0.0mg (95%CI=-40.0, 41.0) based on the mean aggregation method. Raw accelerometry data collected from Apple and Fitbit are comparable to ActiGraph. However, raw accelerometry data from Garmin appears to be different. Future studies may be able to develop algorithms using device-agnostic methods for estimating physical activity from consumer wearables.
Racial differences in atrial fibrillation-related stroke: A patient-level comparative analysis of UK Biobank and Korean nationwide data
Authors: Kang Dong-Seon , Yang Pil-Sung , Kim Daehoon , Jang Eunsun , Yu Hee Tae , Kim Tae-Hoon , Sung Jung-Hoon , Pak Hui-Nam , Lee Moon-Hyoung , Lip Gregory Y.H. , Joung Boyoung 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the differences in stroke risk and the impact of atrial fibrillation (AF) among racial groups by conducting a patient-level comparative analysis using two nationwide datasets.Methods and ResultsThis study utilized data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening and UK Biobank, which included participants who underwent health examinations between 2005 and 2012. The primary outcome was a composite of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. A total of 446,986 East Asians in Korea, 3904 East Asians in the UK, and 403,240 Caucasians in the UK were analyzed. East Asians in Korea had a higher comorbidity burden compared to both UK groups (p<0.001). During the follow-up period, the incidence of AF showed no significant difference between East Asians in Korea and the UK (Log-rankp=0.21), while Caucasians had a higher rate (Log-rankp<0.001). Incidence rates of the primary outcome per 1000 person-years were 3.78 (95% CI 3.72–3.85) for East Asians in Korea, 0.92 (95% CI 0.64–1.20) for East Asians in the UK, and 1.13 (95% CI 1.10–1.16) Caucasians in the UK. Although there was no difference between the two UK groups (p=0.13), the rate was significantly higher among East Asians in Korea (p<0.001). This trend consistently observed regardless of AF status or oral anticoagulant use.ConclusionsBased on this patient-level analysis, East Asians in Korea, unlike East Asians in the UK, were more susceptible to stroke compared to Caucasians. This increased vulnerability was partly attributed to their higher comorbidity burden.Key messagesWhat is new?This large-scale study utilizes patient-level data from approximately one million individuals to evaluate stroke risk differences and the impact of atrial fibrillation (AF).While East Asians in the UK demonstrated a similar stroke incidence to Caucasians in the UK, East Asians in Korea, who had the greatest burden of underlying cardiovascular disease such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and heart failure, showed a stroke incidence rate more than three times that of the two UK race groups.The impact of AF on stroke was not significantly difference between the East Asians in Korea and Caucasians in the UK.What are the clinical implications?In contrast to East Asians in Korea, East Asians in the UK demonstrated a stroke risk similar to that of Caucasians, underscoring the imperative need for rigorous management of cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle modification in order to prevent stroke.Future studies should investigate how other risk factors, such as extreme weather, dietary habits, and genetic factors, contribute to the differences in long-term prognosis between East Asians and other racial groups.
Myocarditis in a pediatric emergency department: a 10-year, single-center retrospective study
Authors: Jung Doyoung 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBackgroundPediatric myocarditis is caused by myocardial inflammation that can manifest a wide range of clinical courses, from mild symptoms to death, in the pediatric emergency department. This study aimed to identify risk factors or parameters to predict the clinical course of pediatric myocarditis.MethodsThis retrospective study included 46 patients who visited the pediatric emergency room at Severance Hospital. The patients were classified into spontaneous recovery (n=42) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO, n=4) groups, and their baseline characteristics, laboratory studies, and echocardiography findings were compared.ResultsFactors showing significant differences between the two groups included increased levels of inflammatory markers (delta neutrophil index, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and cardiac enzymes (creatine kinase-MB, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, and troponin-T) (p<0.001).ConclusionsThis study identified risk factors for fulminant myocarditis in pediatric patients with myocarditis who visited the emergency room, including increased levels of inflammatory markers, AST, and cardiac enzymes. Close monitoring and preparation for ECMO may be necessary if these risk factors are observed. These findings will be helpful for the early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of pediatric myocarditis.
Risk Factors for Intracranial Hemorrhage Transformation and Poor Prognosis after Endovascular Treatment for Acute Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke
Authors: Ma Lei , Wang Dongfeng , Li Zhenqiang , Ye Gengfan , Chen Pandi , Chen Maosong 
Published: June 2023

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to explore the risk factors for hemorrhagic transformation after endovascular treatment for acute large-vessel occlusion stroke and the risk factors for poor prognosis after endovascular treatment.MethodsA total of 132 cases of patients with acute large vessel occlusion stroke who underwent endovascular treatment in the Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital 1, 2021 to December 31, 2022 were included. According to whether there was intracranial hemorrhage within 72 hours after surgery, the patients were divided into hemorrhage transformation(HT) group and non-hemorrhage(no HT) group. The two groups were compared in terms of gender, age, history of hypertension, history of atrial fibrillation, and other factors to determine whether there were statistical differences.ResultsAmong the 132 included patients, 30 cases had hemorrhage transformation and 102 cases were in the non-hemorrhage group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the ASPECTS score on admission and the NLR within 24 hours after surgery were independent risk factors for hemorrhage transformation. The rate of good prognosis (MRS score 0-2) at discharge was 31.2%, and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that advanced age, history of hypertension, and NIHSS score were independent risk factors for poor prognosis.ConclusionThe NLR within 24 hours after endovascular treatment is an independent risk factor for hemorrhage transformation in acute large vessel occlusion stroke and can be used as one of the predictive indicators. Advanced age, history of hypertension, and NIHSS score are independent risk factors for poor prognosis after endovascular treatment for acute large vessel occlusion stroke.
Device-Measured Physical Activity in 3,511 Individuals with Knee or Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Small Scott R. , Khalid Sara , Price Andrew J. , Doherty Aiden 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBackgroundPhysical activity is a key contributor to overall health, with low activity levels associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality. Hip and knee arthroplasty aims to reduce joint pain, increasing functional mobility and the ability to be more physically active. However, the degree to which arthroplasty is associated with higher physical activity is unclear. The current study sought to assess the association of hip and knee arthroplasty with objectively measured physical activity.MethodsThis cross-sectional study analysed seven days of wrist-worn accelerometer data collected in 2013-2016 from UK Biobank participants (aged 43-78), with a median 6.8 years of follow-up. From a cohort of 94,794 participants with valid accelerometer wear time and complete self-reported data, electronic health records were used to identify 3,511 participants having undergone primary or revision hip or knee arthroplasty and 68,450 non-arthritic controls. Multivariable linear regression was performed to assess activity in terms of steps, cadence, acceleration, and behavioural classification between end-stage arthritic and >12 month postoperative cohorts, controlling for demographic and behavioural confounders.FindingsAny combination of one or more hip or knee arthroplasties was associated with participants taking 694 more daily steps [95% CI: 346, 1,041] (p<0.001) than participants with end-stage osteoarthritis, though these participants took 542 fewer daily steps [95% CI: 403, 680] (p<0.001) than non-arthritic controls. Unilateral primary hip and knee arthroplasty were associated with 858 [95% CI: 255, 1,461] (p=0.005) and 879 [95% CI: 209, 1,549] (p=0.010) more steps than end-stage osteoarthritic participants, respectively. Postoperative hip arthroplasty participants demonstrated levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and cadence equivalent to non-arthritic controls.InterpretationHip and knee arthroplasty are associated with higher levels of physical activity compared to participants with end-stage arthritis. Hip arthroplasty patients, in particular, approach equivalence with non-arthritic peers in peak cadence and time spent in moderate-to-vigorous activity. Accelerometer-based activity monitoring of arthroplasty patients may provide an objective means for the assessment of postoperative recovery and interventional effectiveness.