bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Butt Daniel , Fine Sarah , Stemplowska Zofia 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the volume and provides a summary of each of the fourteen subsequent chapters, by Anna Stilz, Avia Pasternak, Andrew Williams, Jonathan Quong, Christopher Heath Wellman, Jeremy Waldron, Daniel Butt and Zofia Stemplowska, Cécile Laborde, Patti Tamara Lenard, Alan Patten, Leslie Green, Sarah Fine, and David Miller. The chapters address a range of themes arising from the work of David Miller. The first three contributions, by Stilz, Pasternak, and Williams, are concerned with Miller’s work on national responsibility and global justice. Quong’s chapter engages with Miller’s writing on the conditionality of human rights. The chapters by Wellman, Waldron, and Butt and Stemplowska address Miller’s recent work on immigration. The contributions by Laborde and Lenard discuss Miller’s influential writing on citizenship and multiculturalism. Patten’s chapter addresses Miller’s treatment of the provision of public goods, and Green his discussion of the political thought of David Hume. Sarah Fine’s chapter employs an interview conducted with Miller to reflect on the role of autobiographical writing in political philosophy. The interview itself appears as Chapter 14 in the volume. The final chapter, by David Miller himself, aims to provide a ‘synoptic view’ of political philosophy: what it is and how it should be done.
Mobs, Firms, and Nations
Authors: Pasternak Avia 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes the form of a sympathetic critique of David Miller’s work on national collective responsibility. Pasternak’s argument seeks to provide a more secure foundation for the claim that members of a community share responsibility for what they do as a political collective. Miller’s position is framed in terms of two general accounts of collective responsibility, relating to ‘like-minded groups’ and ‘cooperative practices’. Pasternak argues that both accounts can be best understood within a single model, turning on the idea of ‘participatory intentions’. This revision is significant for Miller’s account of national responsibility for two reasons. First, it suggests that it is the intentional participation of people in their political community, rather than their like-mindedness, benefit, or democratic control, that grounds their political collective responsibility, and second, that collective responsibility typically arises not through membership of a nation but through participation in the project of a state.
Community, Democracy, and Immigration
Authors: Wellman Christopher Heath 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter seeks to defend David Miller’s approach to immigration in relation to that of Joseph Carens. Miller has critiqued arguments in favour of open borders and argued in favour of a state’s right to limit immigration. Carens’s work opposes Miller’s arguments, contesting the degree of discretion that states have over migration and giving a positive case in favour of open borders. Wellman argues that Miller’s account has the resources to resist Carens’s conclusions, depending on whether we are in the business of articulating principles to govern the existing world or an alternative, reformed reality. The chapter argues that Miller’s account is more plausible in both contexts: if we assume the status quo, then Miller’s concerns as to the costs of unrestricted free movement seem well grounded; but if we presume a significantly revised economic order, then Carens’s appeal to freedom of movement loses a good deal of its force.
Political Philosophy and Autobiography
Authors: Fine Sarah 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the virtues and vices of ‘going autobiographical’ in political philosophy. Fine discusses three ways in which political philosophy can be autobiographical. First, there is work that explicitly looks back at the author’s life and career. Second, there is political philosophy that draws on the author’s experiences. Third, there are positions that seem to reveal something distinctive about the author’s own life. Fine argues that the mistake lies not in ‘going autobiographical’ but in failing to notice just how much of our enterprise is autobiographical. The result is a vision of political philosophy as an ongoing communal conversation, with different participants bringing something of themselves to the discussion.
The Nature of Science
Authors: Ostlie Dale A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Nature of Science is a short introduction to how the process of scientific inquiry operates, both as a process and as a human enterprise. Focus is placed on what a scientific theory is and is not, including its basis on a set of testable assumptions that must be falsifiable. A theory must also incorporate all known factual data rather than simply choosing those data that fit the narrative. When experimental or observational data cannot be reconciled in a self-consistent way with theory, that view of nature must ultimately be replaced by a more all-encompassing theory. The role that peer review plays in the self-correcting nature of science is also emphasized. The last portion of the chapter discusses pseudoscience, including astrology, and how it fails to be truly scientific.
The Heavens: Realm of Mystery
Authors: Ostlie Dale A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Heavens: A Realm of Mystery is comprised of two major sections. The first section gives an overview of what can be seen with the naked eye and by direct human experience, such as observations of the celestial motions of the stars over the course of a day, throughout the year, and at different latitudes, the changing of the Sun’s path across the sky according to the seasons; the phases of the Moon; the strange movements of the “wandering stars,” the arrival of comets and meteors, the sudden appearance of “new stars,” and the Milky Way. Section 2 presents a brief discussion of archaeoastronomy, including the native American Skidi Pawnee and their sky mythology. The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec of Mesoamerica, with their advanced observational and mathematical skills are also discussed. The astronomical alignments of Stonehenge and the Egyptian pyramids are presented, as are the astronomical accomplishments of the Chinese.
On the Path toward Modern Science
Authors: Ostlie Dale A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
On the Path Toward Modern Science traces the birth of science from Mesopotamia, through ancient Greece, India, and the Middle East. Mesopotamia developed writing for the first time, allowing for long-term study of the sky and the ability to study patterns. Mesopotamia also developed a base-60 number system reflected today in minutes, degrees, and circles. The philosopher-scientists of ancient Greece introduced ways of thinking that eventually led to the modern scientific process. Mathematics was cultivated, as was the need for empirical evidence. Elaborate geocentric models were developed that went largely unchallenged for nearly 1500 years. The first catalogs of stars were created that included positions and brightnesses, and precession was discovered. With the conquests of Alexander the Great and his expansive empire, India and the Middle East made significant contributions to mathematics. The chapter finishes with the celestial sphere, a model of the heavens based on a geocentric world view.
The Copernican Revolution
Authors: Ostlie Dale A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Copernican Revolution is a transitional chapter in the pivot from a geocentric worldview to a heliocentric one. This otherwise minor change in perspective by Copernicus led immediately to a profound simplification of our understanding of celestial motions, including the retrograde motions of the naked-eye planets and the phases of the Moon and Venus. Although the mechanical nature of the geocentric-to-heliocentric change was simple, its impact on society was not. Consequences of that altered worldview are explored. With the meticulous naked-eye observations of Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler came to realize that orbits must be elliptical rather than perfectly circular, resulting Kepler’s development of his three laws of planetary motion. Galileo’s use of a telescope to observe the heavens at nearly the same time resulted in major new discoveries and further challenged the geocentric world view and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church, ultimately leading to his home imprisonment.
Dwarf Planets and Small Bodies
Authors: Ostlie Dale A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Dwarf Planets and Small Bodies explores Solar System objects much less massive than the planets. The dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, and meteorites are simultaneously intriguing and provide valuable information about the Solar System’s formation and evolution. Dwarf planets are considered first, focusing on Ceres in the asteroid belt, and the trans-Neptunian, ice-covered Pluto. Kuiper belt objects are also discussed, including the many plutinos that, like their namesake, are in 3:2 orbital resonances with Neptune. Characteristics of the members of the asteroid belt are also investigated. The Kirkwood gaps and the trojan asteroids at Lagrange points in Jupiter’s orbit further illustrate the importance of orbital resonances. Comets from the scattered disk and the distant Oort cloud, along with primitive meteorites, provide valuable information about the original solar nebula. Cratering throughout the Solar System attests to the frequency of impacts during its violent history.
Conclusion
Authors: Walsham Alexandra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Conclusion draws together the thematic threads and central arguments of the preceding chapters. It contends that the English Reformations shaped and transformed the generations in significant ways and that in turn the generations were critical agents in the creation of England’s successive Reformations. In this context, families of blood and families of faith intersected and converged, and generations were both born and made. The generation as an imagined community was not solely a by-product of more recent revolutionary ruptures associated with modernity; it was a mode of subjectivity deeply rooted in the social universe of the early modern era. Intertwining ideas about age, ancestry, history, memory, and time, the concept of generation offers important insights into the religious upheavals of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Challenges and Contestations
Authors: Fredman FBA KC Sandra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines four challenging issues in which the foundational principles have had to evolve towards a substantive understanding of equality. Section II—Pregnancy and Parenting—begins with the difficulty faced in applying the comparator principle to pregnancy, with jurisdictions first excluding protection, then seeking an ‘ill male comparator’ (still used in the US), then avoiding a comparator requirement, and eventually, in some jurisdictions, specifying pregnancy as a ground. The chapter argues that the best way forward is to distinguish between pregnancy and parenting. Section III, Equal Pay, examines the radical possibilities of equal value but demonstrates how these have been limited by the male comparator requirement; levelling down; absence of proportionate pay; and reliance on individual complaints. It investigates alternatives such as the Canadian pay equity schemes. Section IV, Sexual Harassment, examines steps taken to fashion discrimination to address sexual harassment, including hostile environment harassment. However, there remain several challenges, such as the risk that courts will regard workplace procedures as sufficient to discharge employers’ liability. More fundamentally, sexual harassment laws have failed to address its true foundations in patriarchal power, as reflected in the move away from law to social media in the form of #MeToo. Section V, Duty of Accommodation, examines the main challenges of the duty, including the extent to which it can address disabling effects of society; the ways in which the cost is and should be spread away from the disabled person; whether the duty is proactive or reactive; and whether it is individualized.
The Mental Disorder Defence
Authors: Ferguson Gerry 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a critique of the nature and state of the Canadian mental disorder (insanity) defence and provides suggestions for its reform. The Canadian insanity defence remains a M’Naghten-style, two-branch cognitive test. It has no volitional impairment branch. The courts’ oscillation between wide and narrow interpretations of the test is described and critiqued, as well as the reverse onus on the accused and the unnecessary and unfair creation in 2014 of a special designation for some not criminally responsible due to mental disorder (NCRMD) persons as ‘high-risk accused’. The absence of annually collected data on the test’s application, the characteristics of NCRMD persons, and the length of their state confinement leads to an ill-informed public, and legislators who act on fear and misconceptions in regard to NCRMD verdicts and appropriate dispositions for NCRMD patients.
The Insanity Defence under Australian Law
Authors: Freckelton Ian 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
While Australia inherited its law on the defence of insanity from England, it has evolved extensively through serial legislative reforms. The law is now significantly disuniform among Australia’s federal, state, and territory jurisdictions in terms of the nomenclature of the defence, criteria for its invocation, and the bases upon which persons found not guilty are dealt with upon a finding of insanity, mental impairment, mental incompetence, or unsoundness of mind. While in most jurisdictions detention is no longer at the Governor’s pleasure, there is diversity in respect of which bodies have an ongoing decision-making role for permitting reintegration of the person who has been forensically detained after a finding of mental illness, and the criteria on the basis of which the release discretion should be exercised. However, considerable jurisprudence has evolved which is distinctive to Australia, especially as to the key predictive criteria. There has also been a succession of law reform inquiries, and controversies remain lively in relation to matters such as whether there should be a volitional component to the defence, how the criteria should be formulated, and whether courts or specialist tribunals should have responsibility for the difficult predictive exercise of determining when it is safe to release from detention a person who has been found not guilty of a serious crime by reason of the defence.
The Insanity Defence under International Criminal Law
Authors: Freckelton Ian , Karagiannakis Magda 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The insanity defence was not provided for explicitly by the charter that set up the International Military Tribunal, which formed the basis for the Nuremberg trials, or by legislation underpinning the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) or Rwanda (ICTR). It was not formally recognized until the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court which came into force in 2002. However, even under the Rome Statute the threshold criteria are extremely demanding, requiring destruction of the accused person’s capacity to appreciate the unlawfulness or nature of their conduct, or the person’s capacity to control their conduct to conform to the requirements of law. A consequence is that the defence is seldom invoked and is almost impossible to invoke successfully. The chapter reviews the role of the diminished responsibility partial defence in the Čelebići Trial Chamber of the ICTY in the Landžo case, and considers the precedent that this potentially creates for the use of the insanity defence. It reviews key decided cases, in particular the decision of the International Criminal Court Trial Chamber in the Ongwen case in 2021. It distinguishes between potentially relevant psychotic illnesses—especially those characterized by delusional ideation—personality disorders, and other mental health states that have been raised on behalf of defendants in international criminal law trials. It argues for modernization of both the criteria for mental state defences and of the custodial and treatment procedures that apply to persons found not guilty by reason of insanity by international criminal courts.
A Composite Christ?
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It seems contradictory to say that Christ is, by view of being both God and man, both omniscient (for example) and not omniscient. But at least the surface contradiction is avoided by the reduplicative formula, ‘Christ is omniscient qua God, and not omniscient qua man’. But the formula needs interpretation, and this chapter looks as a number of interpretations before focusing on one which takes the formula to ascribe different properties to different parts of Christ. We may, that is, see Christ as a composite being. Two compositional models are considered: one in which the Son is the divine part of Christ, and the other in which an initially partless Son becomes composite, having divine and human parts. The first fails to deliver the requirement that two natures be had by one person, and the second faces a version of a well-known paradox of identity.
Christ and the Ground of Goodness
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Divine Command Ethics, and related meta-ethical views, have it that God is the ground of moral value. What are the implications of this divine meta-ethics for the incarnation? Is God the Son a ground of goodness, by virtue of being divine? And is this property given up when the Son becomes a man subject to temptation? Can the ground of goodness shift? This chapter argues that we can make sense of such changes, and that God’s relation to moral value is not threatened by the Euthyphro dilemma. However, if the incarnation involves a change in meta-ethical status, what consequences does this have for Christ’s role in normative ethics? The answer is that Christ is a unique moral exemplar.
Rethinking Coal
Authors: Schobert Harold 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This book addresses four aspects of present and future coal use. The first sets the stage by discussing how coals are formed, what they are made of, and how they are classified. The second addresses ways that we use coal now. The dominant one is for generation of electricity. Metallurgical applications are a distant second. Small amounts are used for synthetic gaseous and liquid fuels. The third aspects discusses factors that are putting pressure on the coal industry: the increasing availability and dropping price of natural gas, steadily decreasing costs of renewable energy forms such as solar and wind energy, and increasing public concerns about global climate change and the impact of human activity on atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Then, an alternative future for the coal industry is envisioned, one based on the premise that the worst thing we can do with coal is to burn it. Rather, coal has great potential as a source of chemical products, especially helped by advances in molecular modeling and in the development of green chemistry. Coal also has possibly even greater potential as a source of carbon materials. These include activated carbons for environmental protection, graphite for battery electrodes, supercapacitors for energy storage, and carbon fiber composites for making such things as wind turbine blades. The infrastructure needed for the growing renewable energy industry could be made using carbon materials derived from coal.
Structure
Authors: Schobert Harold 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The structures of coals depend on the scale at which we study them: macroscopic studies relate to coal geology; microscopic studies give highly useful information on the plant components that formed the coal; and molecular-scale studies lead to models for understanding chemical reactivity and physical properties. Coals are extremely difficult to study because they are heterogeneous, are not completely soluble, have no defined true melting point, cannot be distilled, and have no regular molecular structure. Molecular structural models of coals do not show the actual structure but instead provide insights and information for studying chemical reactions and estimating physical properties. As rank increases, more and more of the carbon atoms are incorporated in aromatic structures and the aromatic structures become increasingly large. This is consistent with the approach to the “ultimate coal,” graphite.
Gasification
Authors: Schobert Harold 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
When coals react with a mixture of steam and oxygen (or air), they are converted almost completely to a gaseous mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The process is known as gasification. The product is a useful fuel gas and can also be converted into a substitute natural gas or into liquid hydrocarbon products. These gaseous fuels are ash-free. Sulfur-containing products can be captured before the gas is used. Gases are easier to handle than solids. Products of coal gasification thus offer some advantages as fuels relative to using coals themselves. Several gasifier designs exist, usually relying on passing steam and oxygen through a bed of coal or entraining fine coal particles in a stream of oxygen and steam. Often the gas will be treated in one or more clean-up steps before being ready to use.
Liquefaction
Authors: Schobert Harold 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
To eliminate much of the hardware and many of the processing steps involved in indirect liquefaction, an alternative is to add hydrogen directly to coal, intending to make liquids in one step. Direct liquefaction is simpler in concept, but still involves high temperatures and pressures and the need to convert the primary liquid products to clean, usable fuels. When petroleum is in short supply or prices are high, there is great interest in direct liquefaction. Direct liquefaction has been demonstrated to be commercially feasible, beginning with the Bergius-Bosch plants in Germany during 1939–1945. Research and development were rekindled after the oil price shocks and embargo of the 1970s. When oil is widely available at low price, there is scant interest. A direct liquefaction plant in China seems currently to be the world’s only commercial direct liquefaction plant.
Climate
Authors: Schobert Harold 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Coal yields more carbon dioxide (CO2) per unit of energy than any other fuel. The steadily rising concentration of atmospheric CO2 and increasing manifestations of global warming bring great pressure on the use of coal. Evidence for the contribution of fossil fuels to atmospheric CO2 comes from the Suess effect, which correctly predicts that atmospheric CO2 should have increasing amounts of 12C relative to 13C and, at the same time, reduced amounts of 14C. Dealing with CO2 emissions while continuing to use coal requires deploying strategies of carbon capture and storage. So far, we make CO2 at a far greater scale than our ability to capture and store it. CO2 does have potential applications in making chemicals used in large tonnages, such as urea, methanol, and sodium carbonate. Negative emissions technologies offer the prospect of removing more CO2 than we add to the atmosphere.