bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Specific Antigen Recovered from Tissue Infected with M. Paratuberculosis (Johne's Bacillus)
Authors: Sigurdsson Björn 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A specific antigen has been found in the mucous membrane of the intestine of sheep infected with paratuberculosis (Johne's disease). This antigen fixes complement in the presence of sera from natural cases of the disease.
The antigen in the mucosa is masked so that saline extracts of the fresh mucous membrane are not active in the complement fixation test. However, after drying and extraction with ether infected intestines yielded active specific antigens in 14 out of 17 experiments.
Complement-fixing antibodies were found to be present in the blood of a high percentage of natural cases of the disease and appear early in the infection. Nonspecific reactions seem to be rare.
Serologic Studies in Typhus-Vaccinated Individuals
Authors: Zarafonetis C. J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The accurate diagnosis of typhus fever in vaccinated individuals may be extremely difficult, clinically, since the course may be very mild and without the manifestation of a rash (1, 2). Isolation and identification of the causative agent from the blood of such patients is a difficult and time-consuming procedure. Furthermore, it has been the experience of some workers that the virus is recovered with less frequency from patients who contract typhus following an ordinary course of vaccination (3 cc.) than in non-vaccinated cases. Especially does this seem to be true when the usual ground blood-clot to guinea-pig method of isolation is used (3). Thus, the complexity of the procedure, and the diminished chance of recovering the causative agent render the isolation method of diagnosis impracticable for general use.
Fortunately, other diagnostic aids are available in serologic tests such as complement-fixation with rickettsial antigens, and the classic Weil-Felix agglutination test with B. proteus OX-19 suspensions.
The Action of Synthetic Detergents Upon Certain Strains of Bacteriophage and Virus
Authors: Klein Morton , Kalter Seymour S. , Mudd Stuart 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A comparison of the inactivation pattern obtained with a group of 20 detergents and germicides against influenza A and vaccinia viruses and three bacteriophage strains revealed marked differences in the susceptibility of the several viruses. Gamma phage active against Escherichia coli B was found to be resistant to all the test agents, differing in this respect from the other viruses tested. A group of eight glycolytic inhibitors failed to prevent the growth of vaccinia virus on the chorio-allantoic membrane. The addition of the compounds to the mouse lung appeared to stimulate the growth of influenza A virus. Igepon AP, a non-toxic anionic detergent inert against bacteria and viruses, was found, in high dilution, to inhibit the growth of vaccinia virus.
Protection Between Strains of Heterologous Agglutinogenic Types of Beta Hemolytic Streptococci of Group A
Authors: Evans Alice C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results are reported of the continued study of immunologic relationships between strains of heterologous agglutinative types of streptococci of group A, as determined by passive protection tests in mice. The study now includes 56 strains of 20 types and eleven protective antiserums, each representing a different type.
A close relationship has been established by reciprocal protective reactions between strains of the following types ; 14–19; 6–18; 1–15. Many other relationships between types, not fully established by reciprocal protective reactions, were indicated by the similarity of response of the strains to the eleven protective antiserums.
Generally, the strains of a given type conform to an immunogenic pattern characteristic of the type. A number of exceptions were found, however, in which the pattern of a strain was unlike that of others of the homologous type, but resembled that of a heterologous type.
The Use of Papaverine Hydrochloride in the Prevention of Anaphylactic Shock in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Frank D. Edward 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
It has been shown that papaverine hydrochloride in varying dosages used as pretreatment failed to prevent fatal histamine shock, whereas it did prevent fatal anaphylactic shock in 53 per cent of the guinea pigs used. This seemingly different activity on the part of papaverine in histamine shock and anaphylactic shock, it is suggested, is not due to a selective success against the unknown of anaphylaxis and failure against histamine, but rather to the probable difference of concentrations of histamine at the site of the shock organs in the two different types of shock, under the circumstances of the experiment. A review of several of the means of obtaining an anti-histamine effect is discussed, and the failure of papaverine to prevent all the effects generally attributable to histamine in shock, leads us to class it as not a very effective bronchial dilator.
Studies on the Effects of X-Rays on Phagocytic Indices of Healthy Rabbits
Authors: Glenn John C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The phagocytic indices of healthy rabbits as tested with Staphylococcus aureus are increased significantly 48 to 96 hours following radiation by a 100 r dose (air) delivered at 140 KV over a small area of normal skin.
The Enhancement of Circulating Antibody Concentration by Adrenal Cortical Hormones
Authors: Chase Jeanne H. , White Abraham , Dougherty Thomas F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The rate of antibody production to sheep erythrocytes has been increased in mice, rats, and rabbits by the subcutaneous injection of aqueous adrenal cortical extract at the times of antigen administration. Adrenal cortical extract injection also enhanced antibody production in mice and rabbits receiving as antigen either staphylococcal toxin, horse serum or egg albumin. The final antibody titer reached when hormone was given together with antigen was approximately twice as great as in animals receiving antigen alone.
In rabbits hyperimmunized to sheep erythrocytes, a single subcutaneous injection of adrenal cortical extract produced within 6 to 12 hours after hormone injection a marked increase in antibody titer. The increase was approximately twice that present in the animals at the time of hyperimmunization. Twenty-five hours after the single injection of hormone, the titers had returned to approximately their initial values. Continued daily injection of adrenal cortical steroids in oil for 16 days, without further antigen, maintained the titer at a value higher than that seen in the animals before hormone was administered. A single injection of aqueous adrenal cortical extract into rabbits having circulating antibody to staphylococcal toxin, horse serum, egg albumin or pregnantmare serum gonadotrophin likewise produced a marked increase in titer within 6 to 12 hours after injection of hormone.
It is suggested that the enhancement of antibody titer is due to the increased rate of release of antibody from lymphocytes effected by augmented amounts of pituitary-adrenal cortical hormones.
Studies on Bacterial Viruses
Authors: Fitzgerald Robert J. , Babbitt Dorothea 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method has been described by which compounds may conveniently be tested for inhibition of lysis of bacteriophage infected organisms. Of the compounds tested by this method the acridines as a group were most effective. Tests run with one such acridine compound, Phosphine GRN, suggest that its activity may be due to interference with some process necessary to virus multiplication in the infected cell.
The Specific Polysaccharides of Types A, B, C, D, and F Hemophilus Influenzae
Authors: MacPherson Catherine F. C. , Heidelberger Michael , Alexander Hattie E. , Leidy Grace 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Procedures for the isolation in an undergraded state have been described for the specific carbohydrates of types a and b H. influenzae. Similar procedures were described for the isolation of the type c, d and f specific substances. Evidence that these preparations removed the maximum amount of anticarbohydrate nitrogen from homologous antisera has not yet been obtained. Some of the chemical, physical and immunological properties of the preparations have been given.
Comparative Sensitivity of the Extraneural and Intracerebral Neutralization Tests in Following the Antibody Response in Man to Vaccination with Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Koprowski Hilary 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibody response induced in man by vaccination with formolized Western equine encephalomyelitis virus was studied by means of extraneural and intracerebral neutralization tests.
The usual intracerebral test was found to be highly unsatisfactory for this purpose due to its inability to detect small amounts of antibody, a factor which precludes accurate measurement of the humoral immune response. As a consequence of this lack of sensitivity, the results by this test were such that the only interpretation possible was that vaccination elicited either no neutralizing antibody response or a minimal one.
By means of the extraneural test, however, it was possible to show that antibodies appeared as early as 2 weeks after vaccination, attained their maximal titer by 1 to 2 months, and then declined, to reach a low level by 9 or 10 months.
Shigella Sp. Wakefield and its Relations to Shigella Sp. Sachs Q454
Authors: Weil A. J. , Binder M. , Slafkovsky H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The mannitol fermenting Shigellae from the outbreak in Wakefield described by Berger are culturally and serologically different from previously known members of that genus. Two strains are serologically identical. They possess a heat labile and a heat stabile antigen. The third has the same heat labile antigen but differs in its heat stabile antigen. It is therefore suggested to designate these bacteria as Sh. sp. Wakefield A and Sh. sp. Wakefield B respectively. Type Q454 of Sachs possesses a characteristic heat-stabile somatic antigen a heat-labile antigen which is entirely or in a major part similar to that of the Wakefield bacillus. It can only be indirectly demonstrated, namely, by the cross reaction of anti-Q454 serum with Wakefield bacilli, because Q454 has a factor that inhibits agglutination of live bacteria, and for which evidence of antigenicity has not been obtained in the course of the present investigation. The heat labile antigens of Shigella sp. Wakefield and Sachs Q454 are representative for similar antigens in other Enterobacteriaceae. The problems raised by the disclosure of these heat-labile antigens are briefly discussed.
The Antigenic Properties of Fibrin Films and Foams Prepared from Human and from Bovine Blood Plasma
Authors: Glynn John H. , Richardson J. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fibrin film and foam, both human and bovine, prepared by low temperature plasma fractionation methods are strongly antigenic for rabbits before heat sterilization. Such films and foams are non-antigenic after heat sterilization when implanted in rabbits as membranes or hemostatics for surgical purposes. Under special conditions designed to favor antibody production weak antibody response may be obtained from heated films and foams, but such antibodies do not react with heated antigens; the reaction is shown only by unheated antigens or by native proteins from which the antigens were derived. The demonstration that heated films and foams may be weakly antigenic under conditions far removed from surgical use is not regarded as a valid argument against the use, in human surgery, of fibrin film and foam made from a foreign species of plasma.
Studies on the Chemotherapy of Viruses in the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Venereum Group
Authors: Early Robert L. , Morgan Herbert R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Penicillin inhibited the growth of psittacosis virus (strain 6BC) in roller tube tissue cultures and eggs. Sodium sulfadiazine had a marked inhibitory action on the growth of psittacosis virus in eggs. It was effective in delaying or preventing the death of infected chick embryos within the period of observation. Streptomycin had no effect on the growth of psittacosis virus in tissue cultures or embryonated eggs. Para-amino benzoic acid had no effect on the mortality of chick embryos infected with the virus.
The Action of Antimony and Some Other Bacteriostatic Substances on Donovania Granulomatis Isolated in the Chick Embryo
Authors: Beveridge W. I. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two strains of Donovania granulomatis isolated in the yolk-sac were inhibited by 1:20,000,000 to 1:50,000,000 trivalent antimony (tartar emetic, Anthiomaline, or Fouadin). Ten times as much pentavalent antimony (Neostam or Sodium Stibogluconate) was required to produce the same effect.
The following information was obtained about the mode of action of antimony on this organism: (a) it is independent of the presence of living cells, (b) it is bacteriostatic, not bactericidal, (c) it is interfered with by thioglycollic acid or ascorbic acid.
The Immunochemistry of Toxins and Toxoids
Authors: Pillemer Louis 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Methods are given for the accurate and reproducible assay of the biological properties of tetanal toxin and tetanal toxoid.
The solubilities of toxin and toxoid, and the optimal points for their precipitation in methanol-water mixtures under controlled conditions of pH, ionic strength and temperature have been determined.
Tetanal toxin is quantitatively precipitated at a pH 5.1 ± 0.1 in 40 per cent methanol at ionic strength of 0.09 and at a temperature of −5 C. MLD and Lf concentrations of over 300 times greater than the original crude toxin on a nitrogen basis and of over 5000 times on a volume basis have been obtained. A purified toxin prepared from a special toxin (Mueller) contained 16,000,000 MLD and 2400 Lf units per mg of nitrogen, and further purification of this material has resulted in a crystalline product containing 75,000,000 MLD per mg of nitrogen.
Tetanal toxoid is quantitatively precipitated at a pH between 4.8 and 4.9 in 40 per cent methanol at ionic strength 0.09 and at a temperature of −5 C. Lf concentrations of 400 times on a nitrogen basis over the crude toxoid have been obtained. On a volume basis concentrations of over 5,000-fold over the original crude toxoid are possible. The purified toxoid is relatively free of sensitizing material as indicated by anaphylactic studies.
I am indebted to Miss Ruth G. Wittler and Mr. Donald B. Grossberg for their help in carrying out assay and analytical procedures.
Wyeth Incorporated generously supported this work.
Studies on the Chemotherapy of Viruses in the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Group
Authors: Meiklejohn Gordon , Wagner John C. , Beveridge Gerald W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effectiveness of penicillin and sodium sulfadiazine against viruses in the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group has been tested in chick embryos. Penicillin delayed the death of embryos infected with each of the ten viruses tested. Sodium sulfadiazine had a similar effect only against two classical strains of psittacosis virus, the mouse pneumonitis virus (Greb strain), 12 XN strain, and lymphogranuloma venereum virus, and failed to delay death of embryos infected with Borg strain, SF strain, pigeon or ithosis virus (P 207 strain), meningopneumonitis virus (Cal 10 strain), and feline pneumonitis virus.
Use of Yolk Sac Antigens for Skin Tests in Rabbits Infected with the Virus of Meningopneumonitis
Authors: Morgan Herbert R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antigens prepared from yolk-sacs infected with the viruses of meningopneumonitis and psittacosis produced skin-reactions consisting of erythema and induration when injected intradermally in rabbits convalescent from a respiratory infection with the virus of meningopneumonitis. The reaction could not be used as a test for infection with a specific virus since there was no observed difference in the reaction obtained with the homologous meningopneumonitis or heterologous psittacosis antigens.
Intradermal Spread of Vital Dye in Anaphylaxis and Bacterial Allergy
Authors: Birkhaug Konrad , Böe Johs. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The ability of sensitized tissue to retain or fix a specific antigen locally, is a well known phenomenon. Thus Opie (1) has shown that rabbits sensitized with crystalline egg albumin or horse serum, localize these antigens at the point of injection in the skin, without the antigen entering the circulation. Kahn (2) has likewise shown that rabbits sensitized with diphtheria (horse) antitoxin, retain the antigen locally long before any manifestation of anaphylaxis can be demonstrated.
Animals rendered allergic with bacteria possess the same ability to retain the antigen locally. The best example of this fact is offered in experimental tuberculosis. Thus Krause and Willis (3) have shown that if excised lymph-nodes draining the site of inoculation with tubercle bacilli in the normal animal are injected into other normal guinea pigs, it can be demonstrated that the tubercle bacilli reach these lymph-nodes within twenty-four hours.
Studies on Antireticular Cytotoxic Serum
Authors: Straus Reuben 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Interest in the Antireticular Cytotoxic Serum of the Soviet investigators was awakened in this country by the report which appeared in the American Review of Soviet Medicine of December, 1943 (1). Because of the claims for its usefulness in the treatment of many disease processes and its inherent promise for longevity, it was deemed advisable to investigate the subject. Articles on the production and experimental and clinical use of Antireticular Cytotoxic Serum abound in the Soviet medical literature and extend back as far as 1924 (2, 3, 4) but they were shrouded by inattention and the language barriers, though one report was made at the Third International Cancer Congress held at Atlantic City in September, 1939 (5).
In 1900 Metchnikoff (6), applying the pharmacological principle that small doses of toxic drugs may stimulate rather than damage, expressed the idea that stimulation of a tissue could be similarly accomplished by the employment of small doses of anti-serum specific for the tissue.
Studies on Antireticular Cytotoxic Serum
Authors: Straus Reuben , Horwitz Moris , Levinthal Daniel H. , Cohen Arthur L. , Runjavac Mildred 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Following the technic described by the Soviet investigators, with but slight modifications, the effect of ACS on the healing of experimentally produced fractures in rabbits was studied.
The animals were separated into four groups, one being given “stimulating” doses of ACS, another “depressing” doses of ACS, a third give normal goat serum equivalent in volume to the “stimulating” dose of ACS and a fourth given normal goat serum in a volume equivalent to the “depressing” dose of ACS.
The extent of healing of the fractures was evaluated roentgenographically, by gross and microscopic examination of the tissue and by measuring the breaking strength of the line of union.
The results revealed striking differences between the “stimulated” and “depressed” groups of animals and their respective controls. The differences between the average values in each group were subjected to statistical analysis. Probability values for the roentgenographic evaluation failed to reveal significant differences except between the “stimulated” and “depressed” groups of animals on the tenth and fourteenth days of healing and between the “depressed” group of animals and their controls. Statistical evaluation of the breaking strength of the healed fractures, however, indicated highly significant differences between each of the groups and its control.
The experiment was repeated on two additional occasions with similar results.
Stimulation of the healing of experimentally produced fractures in rabbits was induced with small (“stimulating”) doses of antireticular cytotoxic serum and depression of healing was produced with large (“depressing”) doses as claimed by the Soviet investigators.
Studies of Antipneumococcal Serum
Authors: Rice Christine E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
These studies of type-1 antipneumococcal rabbit sera collected during periods of immunization and rest showed that there was a roughly corresponding quantitative change in complement-fixing capacity and combining activity with type-1 carbohydrate antigen.
In general, during the period of immunization, the complement-fixation titer rose progressively to a maximum as judged both by the amount of complement fixed and by the quantity of antigen needed for maximum fixation by given amounts of serum; it fell rapidly after injections were discontinued but rose again abruptly to a maximum on resumption of immunization, in some instances beyond the earlier maximum.
Irrespective of whether the titer was very low or very high, linear relationships were observed between serum and complement and between serum and antigen. Throughout, the ratio of antigen to serum giving maximum fixation closely approximated “equivalence” proportions.
Attenuation of Virulence with Retention of Antigenicity of Mumps Virus after Passage in the Embryonated Egg
Authors: Enders John F. , Levens Jeanette H. , Stokes Joseph , Maris Elizabeth P. , Berenberg William 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Following the discovery that the virus of mumps can be propagated in the developing hen's egg (1, 2), studies have been carried out at the Harvard Medical School on various properties of the egg-virus. Most of the results will be described subsequently in detail. But in this communication, because of their potential application to the problem of vaccination against mumps, certain experiments will be separately outlined which indicate that the pathogenicity of the virus for the monkey, and possibly for man, decreases on continued passage in the egg. Its antigenicity, however, under such conditions appears to be maintained.
Experiments in Monkeys. In two experiments carried out at different times, preparations of infected amniotic membranes of the 15th and 25th egg passages respectively were inoculated via Stensen's duct into rhesus monkeys (3). Four per cent suspensions in physiologic salt solution were prepared by grinding with powdered alundum in a mortar the amnitoic membranes removed from infected embryos after 5 to 6 days' incubation at 35 C.
Preparation and Evaluation of an Irradiated Toxoid from the Toxin of Shigella Dysenteriae
Authors: Branham Sara E. , Habel Karl 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
By means of ultraviolet irradiation of a filtered autolysate of a culture of Shigella dysenteriae (Shiga) the neurotoxin (exotoxin) can be rendered completely non-toxic for mice and rabbits.
This detoxified material is still antigenic. Mice vaccinated with it are resistant to injections of the toxin and also to infection with living Shiga bacteria.
Rabbits immunized with these toxoids develop measurable amounts of antitoxin. Serum from them protects mice against the toxin and also to a less constant degree, against infection with living culture.
There is still a factor, or factors, in these toxoids which can cause a moderately severe reaction when injected into man.
The filtered autolysates which were the basis of these studies have been made from whole cells and have contained both exotoxin (neurotoxin) and endotoxin. The endotoxin, which we have found difficult to demonstrate in animals except as an antigen, is probably responsible for the toxic reaction in man. Complete detoxification for man of these antigens by ultraviolet irradiation has not yet been accomplished.