bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Availability of Specific Pneumococcus Antibody after Intravenous, Intramuscular, and Subcutaneous Injection
Authors: Carmichael R. Tilghman , Finland Maxwell 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The intravenous route is the method of choice for the administration of concentrated antipneumococcic antibody, since by this route a greater concentration of antibody is attained more constantly, appears more rapidly, and persists longer than when given by the intramuscular or subcutaneous routes. While an occasional individual may, after an intramuscular injection, attain a concentration of circulating antibody similar to that usually observed following the intravenous administration of the same amount of antibody, most subjects injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously acquire only one per cent or less of the concentration of circulating antibody observed after the same amount is injected intravenously. Individual subjects vary considerably in the titer of circulating antibody attained and in the maintenance of this titer after administration of antibody under apparently similar conditions. There may be some variation in absorption dependent on the lot of serum used, apart from its content in units of antibody. Positive immediate cutaneous reactions to type-specific pneumococcic polysaccharides may be elicited after the administration of the homologous type antipneumococcic horse-serum by any parenteral route. There is considerable individual variation with respect to the occurrence of these reactions and the interval after injection when they can be first elicited. In patients with pneumonia, untoward reactions to initial injections of concentrated antibody are considerably less frequent after intramuscular injection than after intravenous injections of the same or even smaller doses. An initial intramuscular injection may reduce the incidence of chills after subsequent intravenous injections.
Refractometric and Chemical Study of Diphtheria Toxin
Authors: Siebenmann C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The growth of a Park-Williams No. 8 strain on broth is accompanied by a marked drop of the refractive index of the medium.
The interdependence of growth and toxin production finds expression in a close relationship between Lf-formation and the refractometric changes. For a given strain (P.W. 8) and a definite type of medium, the refractometric difference between control broth and toxin may serve as an approximate measure of the number of Lf-units formed.
Between the sixth and tenth days of incubation (32°C.) the protein, built up by the microörganism and given off into the originally protein-free medium, increases faster than the Lf-units. This fact suggests that only part of this protein should be identified as toxin.
The toxicity (max. 6000 M.L.D.) begins to fall off before the maximum Lf-value (78) is reached. No accurate and constant ratio MLD/Lf can therefore be established.
The Localization and Concentration of Blood-Borne Antibodies and Colloidal Dye in Areas of Inflammation of Various Ages
Authors: Fox John P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The above experiments were undertaken to determine (a) whether antibodies may be localized from the blood-stream in areas of inflammation, and (b) the relationship existing between the stage of the inflammatory process and its ability to localize any blood-borne materials.
Inflammatory lesions of various ages were created in rabbit-skin with three types of irritants, and large doses of test-materials (trypan blue, hemolytic and agglutinating sera) were injected intravenously. It was found that the youngest lesions localized the dye more rapidly, and in greater amounts than the older lesions. Further, the power to localize blood-borne materials was found to persist for a longer time in lesions produced with the stronger irritants. This was correlated with the persistence of a granulation-type of reaction about areas of local breakdown of tissue. Where such breakdown did not occur, the property of localization was lost after 24 hours, apparently because of vascular interference.
The localization of antibody was less conclusively demonstarted, but in view of certain considerations indicated, it was presumed to occur. A correlation, similar to that noted with the dye, was observed to exist between the localization of antibody and the age and severity of the inflammatory lesions. No evidence was found suggesting that antibody might be more easily localized in inflammatory sites induced by the specific antigen.
A Study of the Blood-Grouping Factors in Horses
Authors: Herman V. A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the U. S. S. R. the therapeutic use of blood-transfusion in horses has proved to be economically important, and this led us to a study of the isoagglutinative properties of horse-blood.
A preliminary study of the blood of 18 horses indicated the presence of 4 groups, corresponding to those in man. We designated them by numbers, as in Jansky's system, but of course the choice of designations for groups II and III was arbitrary. Examination of sera sent us by Prof. N. I. Sniguirov, of the Zoötechnical-Veterinary Institute of Saratov, who among others has studied equine blood-groups, showed that he had made just the opposite choice, and his group II corresponded to our group III and vice versa. This, together with the possible identity of our groups II and III with the groups “A” and “B” of Hirszfeld and Prezemysci, Thomoff, and others, led us to seek a more definite basis for our nomenclature.
Active Immunization Against Tetanus Infection with Refined Tetanus Toxoid
Authors: Bergey D. H. , Etris S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In earlier papers (1, 2, 3, 4) the authors have reported on the immunity developed by unprocessed tetanus toxoid in guinea pigs following the subcutaneous injection of the toxoid. When the unprocessed tetanus toxoid was tested on human beings by intracutaneous and subcutaneous injections it was found to produce annoying local reactions. This experience led to the development of the refined alum precipitated toxoid.
The refined tetanus toxoid was prepared by precipitating the unprocessed toxoid with aluminum-potassium sulphate and washing the precipitate several times with sterile normal saline solution. The purified toxoid was then brought to its original volume with sterile saline solution following the method of precipitation and refinement of diphtheria toxoid devised by Wells, Graham and Havens (5).
Antitoxin Development in Guinea Pigs. A study of the comparative antigenic value of the unprocessed toxoid and the refined toxoid was carried out in guinea pigs weighing 350 grams.
Immunological Specificity of Bacterium Aerogenes and Its Antigenic Relation to Pneumococcus, Type II, and Friedländer's Bacillus, Type B
Authors: Julianelle L. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three strains of Bacterium aerogenes have been found to comprise three type-specific immunological entities. One strain, A #1, is highly individualistic, reacting only in its own antiserum; a second, A #8, exhibits serological reactions in common with pneumococcus, type II; and a third, A #11, participates in reciprocal reactions with Friedländer's bacillus, type B, as well as pneumococcus, type II. These cross serological relationships are confirmed by protection tests in white mice, as well as by precipitation reactions with crude carbohydrates extracted from the capsular substance of the reactive strains. The immunological relationships of certain strains of Friedländer's bacillus, pneumococcus and Bacterium aerogenes apparently depend upon similarities in the chemical constitution of their capsular carbohydrates. Agglutinin adsorption, however, detects definite antigenic variations in the interreactive cultures, indicating differences as well as similarities in the capsular antigens. Decapsulation of these strains deprives them of the immunological relationships and type-specificity and renders the organisms species-reactive, indicating a difference in constitution of the somatic antigens. Strains of Bacterium aerogenes, although different serologically when encapsulated, become antigenically the same when decapsulated.
A Study of the Relation of Temperature to Antibody Formation in Cold-Blooded Animals
Authors: Allen Fred W. , McDaniel Earl C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fifty-six frogs kept at room temperature, ranging between 22° and 27°C. and inoculated with 0.5 cc. of 20 per cent suspension of red blood corpuscles every third day until 2 cc. had been administered developed antibodies (hemolysins), in some cases to a titer of 1:3. Sixty frogs kept at room temperature, ranging between 22° and 27°C., under exactly the same conditions as the room experimentals, but not inoculated with the antigen, developed no antibodies (hemolysins). Seventy-nine frogs were kept at refrigerator temperature ranging between 8°C. and 10°C., and inoculated with 0.5 cc. of 20 per cent suspension of human red blood cells every third day until 2 cc. had been administered. This group did not develop antibodies (hemolysins). Twenty-eight frogs kept at refrigerator temperature, ranging between 8° and 10°C., but not inoculated with antigen, did not show the presence of antibodies. Finally it seems to be obvious from the results obtained: (1) that a cold-blooded animal, when kept at warm temperatures (22° to 27°C.), forms antibodies in a way comparable to those formed in a warm-blooded animal; (2) if kept at cold temperatures (8° to 10°C.) the cold-blooded animal does not form antibodies. It would seem, therefore, since all other things are equal, the temperature being the only known variable factor, that in this experiment it alone was the controlling factor in antibody formation.
Studies on Serum Fractions
Authors: Ando K. , Kee R. , Manako K. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the previous report we have shown that by immunizing rabbits with injections of the washed flocculi of diphtheriatoxoid-antitoxin or the specific precipitate of pneumococcic S.S.S. an antiserum reacting with horse serum can be obtained. Using these antisera, great differences in the antigenic structure were found among antitoxic, antibacterial and normal horse-sera. In this report we have added further results of the test with many samples of different normal as well as immune horse-sera and also with sera taken from horses during the course of immunization.
The designation of “precipitin-versus-antitoxin” (abbreviation: P.V.At.) for the antiserum prepared with flocculi of diphtheriatoxoid-antitoxin and of “precipitin-versus-antibacterial antibody” (abbreviation: P.V.Ab.) for that prepared with a specific precipitate of pneumococcic S.S.S. was used throughout the text and in the tables. For convenience and also for some other reasons, we designated the fraction giving rise to the precipitation against “precipitin-versus-antitoxin” as “A-fraction” and that causing the primary zone against “precipitin-versus-antibacterial antibody” as “B-fraction” or “Felton-fraction.”
Analyses of Composite Antigens by the Schultz-Dale Technic; Further Experimental Analyses of Trichophytins
Authors: Jadassohn W. , Schaaf F. , Wohler G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The trichophytins represent mixtures of antigens derived from the fungi used in their preparation. The trichophytins prepared from four different pathogenic hyphomycetes contained one or more antigens in common.
It is not yet possible to determine whether this antigen, or one of the antigens, was a hyphomycete-antigen common to and exclusively present in fungi of this order. Occasionally, oidiomycin also elicited a reaction in an animal prepared with trichophytin. Only doubtful reactions to trichophytin were seen in guinea pigs prepared with oidiomycin. Hyphomycetes and oidiomycetes thus contain common antigens; these antigens, however, were only rarely demonstrable under the conditions of our experiments.
Furthermore, antigens were demonstrated which are characteristic of the individual fungus; and finally, antigens which certain groups of different hyphomycetes have in common. We have thus come to the understanding that it is necessary to establish antigenic formulae for the various fungi and for the various trichophytins; and we have set up provisional formulae for the four different trichophytins studied.
On the basis of such formulae, it should be possible (even if very tedious) to establish an immunologic classification of the fungi by means of antigen analyses. This might be of greater clinical value than a botanical classification, for the presence or absence of certain antigens should be of greater immuno-biologic and therefore clinical importance than certain botanical and morphologic characteristics. The beginning of such a classification has here been made, and represents, simply, the following:
It would be of theoretical and especially of practical interest if it were possible to prepare solutions which contain only a single antigen characteristic of the given fungus. We had hoped that, based on analogy, this isolation of the characteristic antigen might be possible if we employed, respectively, either only the fungal bodies or the culture medium from which the bodies had been removed by filtration. This did not prove to be the case. For desiccated trichophytins from filtered media, as well as those from washed fungal bodies, were also shown to be complex mixtures and to contain several different antigens.
On the Group-Specific Differentiation of the Human Feces with Special Regard to the AB Group
Authors: Moharram Ibrahim 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of previous investigations of Hodyo and Moharram that normal stools of adults contain group-specific agglutinogens, were confirmed by serologic examinations of the “alcohol-soluble” and “water-soluble fractions” from feces of persons of group: A, B, and O. Extracts from AB-feces were also examined. The alcoholic extracts showed a distinct inhibitory effect on the “A-specific sheep hemolysis,” the watery extracts were less effective. The iso-agglutinins (α and β) were inhibited by the water-soluble fraction only. No remarkable difference was found between feces from “eliminators” and “non-eliminators.” Both types contain group-specific agglutinogens in their feces. This is true for the AB-group also. Concerning the subgroups (A1 and A2, A1B and A2B), the fractions in question from A2- and A2B-feces respectively, reacted generally somewhat more weakly upon the α-agglutinins and heterogenetic sheep hemolysins than the corresponding fractions, containing A1-substance. One gram of fresh feces of A-group contains on an average 50 alcohol-soluble group-specific units and 5 water-soluble units. One gram of dried feces (Hodyo-Moharram's method) contains on an average 1000 alcohol-soluble group-specific units and 100 water-soluble units. One group-specific unit represents the smallest amount which still completely inhibits one hemolytic units of an A-specific sheep hemolytic immune serum; 0.02 gram of fresh stool is the smallest amount, necessary for a sure detection of group-specific agglutinogens.
The Preparation of the Type-Specific Carbohydrates of Gonococci
Authors: Casper Wolfgang A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The observations, published in a preceding article, concerning skin reactions, with the polysaccharide fractions of type I and type II gonococci are supplemented, on the basis of new investigations, by a detailed account of the technic of the production of these substances and the difficulties encountered.
With type I gonococcus the protein and carbohydrate are apparently precipitated at approximately the same level of acidity. By repeated alcohol precipitations the water-insoluble protein, accountable for non-specific skin reactions, was generally eliminated and a satisfactorily purified type-specific polysaccharide fraction obtained. Purification of type II was easier.
A method based on tryptic digestion proved unsatisfactory.
The Bactericidal Power of Blood and Protection Against Meningococcal Infection
Authors: Silverthorne Nelles , Cameron Colin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a series of reports (1, 2, 3) Silverthorne and Fraser have presented indirect evidence that the bactericidal power of blood is related to immunity to meningococcal infection. In this communication, further studies on the bactericidal power of blood are presented. A technic for the more accurate measurement of bactericidal power of samples of blood is described and compared to a rotary method. The development of the bactericidal power in the blood of guinea-pigs against the meningococcus has been studied as related to protection against experimental meningococcal infection. Finally, observations on the vaccination of four infants are reported.
Technic. The bactericidal test has been modified in the following way. A freshly isolated cerebrospinal fluid strain of the meningococcus, shown to be virulent on the basis of the mouse-mucin-test (3), is used. A fourth or fifth subculture of such a strain of the meningococcus, which has been preserved in a dried state under vacuum, is employed.
The Rôle of the Body Temperature in Experimental Typhus Infection
Authors: Castaneda M. Ruiz 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
X-rayed and typhus infected rats presenting a generalized peritoneal infection by rickettsiae show temperature curves which are usually under 38°C.
Guinea pigs and rabbits inoculated with Mexican typhus develop temperature curves which are usually over 39.5°C. Rickettsia bodies may be found in the tunica vaginalis but not in the peritoneal fluid. Treating these animals by X-ray radiation does not favor the growth of rickettsiae in the peritoneal cavity as observed in rats.
When guinea pigs, rabbits and sheep are submitted to reduction of the leucocytes mainly by the X-ray method, then inoculated with Mexican typhus by the peritoneal route and maintenance of the body temperature under 38°C., a generalized rickettsial infection of the peritoneum has been observed.
Rectal temperatures above 38°C. (101.3°F.) are not suitable for the massive growth of Mexican typhus rickettsiae within the serosal cells of the peritoneal cavity.
The possibility of a practical application of these studies to the production of typhus vaccine is now being considered.
Antilymphocytic Serum
Authors: Chew W. B. , Lawrence John S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method for preparing an antiserum against guinea pig lymphocytes has been described. The injection of this antiserum into guinea pigs was found to cause a considerable lymphopenia which persisted for 40 hours or longer after a single injection, and which could be prolonged for at least 10 days by repeated injections. In all other ways the leucocytes in the peripheral blood of guinea pigs reacted similarly to injections of a control serum lacking specific antibodies against guinea pig tissues, except that there was a slightly greater neutrophil leucocytosis after antilymphocytic serum than after control serum.
Type-Specific Antipneumococcic Rabbit Serum for Therapeutic Purposes
Authors: Goodner Kenneth , Horsfall Frank L. , Dubos René J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Methods have been described for the routine production of type-specific antipneumococcic rabbit serum for therapeutic purposes. The methods for the immunization of rabbits, processing of the serum, determination of toxicity, standardization, etc. have been given in detail. Certain experiments have also been reported which form the bases for the development of the methods described.
It is suggested that antipneumococcic rabbit serum be standardized on the basis of specific antibody content in milligrams as determined by in vitro methods in order that precise amounts may be administered and so that the specific antibody content of antiserum of one type may be related to that of another.
The Inhibition of Complementary Activity by Anticoagulants
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Maltaner Frank , Maltaner Elizabeth 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The inhibition of complement and coagulation are closely related phenomena. Organic acids which inhibit the ionization of calcium also inhibit complement and prevent coagulation. The effect of these acids is directly proportional to their titratable acidity, and is neutralized by equivalent amounts of sodium hydroxide. The organic base, diethylamine, also inhibits complement as well as coagulation and, when neutralized with hydrochloric acid, it is ineffective. Complement rendered inactive by liquoid or heparin was reactivated by serum heated at 56°C. for one-half hour. Both of the serum fractions after inactivation by heat restored the activity of liquoid-inactivated complement but only the euglobulin fraction (which contains the cephalin but not the ionized calcium of serum) reactivated the complement inactivated by heparin. The anticomplementary action of liquoid, like the anticoagulative action of liquoid and heparin, was neutralized by hydrochloric acid. All three of these anticoagulants—diethylamine, liquoid, and heparin—reacted with cephalin and prevented its reaction with ionized calcium with the consequent inhibition of complement.
Thus, the substances that are anticoagulative and anticomplementary react with either cephalin or calcium to prevent the interaction of cephalin with calcium and protein which underlies the coagulative and complementary activities of the blood.
Chemical Modification of Purified Diphtheria Toxin
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified diphtheria toxin may be completely modified to toxoid, without altering the combining properties, by treatment with an excess of formaldehyde in an acid solution or with very low concentrations of formaldehyde in an alkaline solution. Higher concentrations of formaldehyde in alkaline solution cause impairment of the flocculating, combining, and immunizing properties of the resulting toxoid.
Hexamethylenetetramine produces unaltered toxoid from purified toxin at any pH between 6.0 and 9.0.
The relation of these findings to the rôle of amino compounds such as peptone in toxoid formation, as postulated by previous investigators, is discussed.
Purified diphtheria toxin has a specific optical rotation (α25°D) of approximately −45°. This is not appreciably changed by modification to toxoid.
In diphtheria toxin the amino nitrogen constitutes about 14 per cent of the total nitrogen. This is unusually high for a protein. After modification to toxoid with formaldehyde about 30 per cent of the amino nitrogen is selectively and irreversibly bound and the protein acquires an increased stability to denaturation. The possible mechanism of these chemical changes and their relation to the specific modification of the toxic property is discussed.
The Effect of Ascorbic Acid on the Constitution of Complement
Authors: Ecker E. E. , Pillemer L. , Wertheimer D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Ascorbic acid has no reactivating effect on end- or mid-piece of complement. On the reconstructed complement (mid- + end-piece) ascorbic acid produces an increased action.
Complement denatured by yeast is improved by the addition of ascorbic acid.
Ascorbic acid has no effect on complement treated by ammonia.
After inactivation of complement of 5 minutes at 55°C. the serum is not improved by the addition of ascorbic acid.
The inactivation of complement by shaking in air or in vacuo is in all probability a physical process and such inactivation is, so far as ascorbic acid is concerned, irreversible. Aeration of complement by air reduces its activity. This reduced activity can be markedly restored by the addition of ascorbic acid.
The Photronreflectometer—An Instrument for the Measurement of Turbid Systems
Authors: Libby Raymond L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
This paper deals briefly with the essential features of a new instrument, the photronreflectometer, for the quantitative measurement of turbid or opalescent systems. Data are given to indicate the sensitivity and accuracy of the measurement obtained using known quantities of BaSO4 suspended in water.