bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural Recover y and Restoration Potential of Severely Disturbed Talus Vegetation at Niagara Falls: Assessment Using a Reference System
Authors: De Gruchy Margaret A. , Matthes Uta , Gerrath John A. , Larson Douglas W. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe talus slope adjacent to the Niagara River at Niagara Falls (Ontario, Canada) has been severely disturbed over the course of the past century as the area has been increasingly developed for tourism. In addition the lower talus slope is disturbed by periodic ice scour, most recently one year prior to this study. Historical evidence suggests that the original vegetation was similar to that currently found on talus slopes of the Niagara Escarpment, which could, therefore, be used as a reference system and restoration target. The current community structure and physical environment were sampled in 75 randomly placed 1‐×‐1–m quadrats. A total of 137 species were found, of which 62%were aliens. ANOVA showed that species richness, woody debris cover, litter cover, soil depth, and photosynthetically active radiation changed along a gradient perpendicular to the river. Three different sections of the study area whose last severe disturbance dated back 100, 30, and 4 years, respectively, were similar in their physical environment but were significantly different in species richness. Ordinations of species frequencies showed that light levels and distance from the river were the principal gradients controlling the vegetation structure. The species composition of the section last disturbed 100 years ago was different from that of the more recently disturbed sections. Ordination and cluster analysis of the pooled data showed large differences between the Niagara Falls site and reference escarpment talus slopes. Natural escarpment vegetation was much more homogeneous and had more species and fewer aliens. By comparing reference talus with sections of the study area at Niagara Falls that were last disturbed at different times, we conclude that the trajectory of natural succession at Niagara Falls is leading to an alternative state, an urban forest dominated by aliens, and that active restoration will be required to return the talus to its original state.
Male Cones in Taxaceae s. l. ‐ an Example of Wettstein's Pseudanthium Concept
Authors: Mundry I. , Mundry M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract: Male cones of Taxus baccata L. and Torreya californica Torr. are mostly regarded as simple strobili (“flowers”). In the past some authors assumed that every single “sporangiophore” of Taxus baccata represents a whole “flower”. The male cone of Taxus would then represent a compound strobilus (“inflorescence”). A cone of Cephalotaxus harringtonia (Knight ex J. Forbes) K. Koch and Cephalotaxus fortunei Hook. can easily be recognized as a compound strobilus composed of several simple strobili.Our developmental studies by SEM give clues to the assumption that a simple male strobilus in Cephalotaxus is not homologous to the male strobili in Taxus and Torreya. Developmental, morphological and anatomical studies suggest that the simple strobili of Taxus and Torreya are derived from the compound strobili in Cephalotaxus by a transformation of the simple strobili into single sporangiophores. With respect to morphology, the male cones in Taxus and Torreya are simple strobili, but comparative developmental studies show that they are derived from compound strobili in a process similar to Wettstein's pseudanthium hypothesis. In the light of our studies, it is not unlikely that the male cones in Pinaceae also represent transformed compound strobili.
Children with word‐finding difficulties‐prevalence, presentation and naming problems
Authors: Dockrell Julie E. , Messer David , George Rachel 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThere is increasing interest from therapists and researchers in children's wordfinding difficulties (WFDs). Word finding difficulties are usually considered to be present when children are able to identify a referent from a set of exemplars, but have difficulty producing the target word when shown a picture or in conversation. Word finding difficulties are associated with a number of conversational forms such as delays in the production of a word, the use of long pauses within phrases, frequent use of place holders (‘uh’, ‘um’, etc.) and the use of circumlocutions. Although interest is being shown in WFDs, most of the data come from relatively small samples with the result that one knows little about the prevalence of the condition, what circumstances exacerbate the condition, the occurrence of associated difficulties and the types of therapy that are employed. To obtain this information a survey was carried out in the SouthEast of England of practitioners working with children who have language difficulties. Twenty‐three per cent of children in language support services were identified as having WFDs. Most respondents used a mixture of formal and informal assessments. It was reported that WFDs were associated with difficulties in grammatical production, word meaning and grammatical comprehension. WFDs in addition were more likely to occur in situations with high processing demands. A variety of intervention strategies were identified. These findings are discussed in relation to current practice and the authors understanding of the condition.
Enhancement of Oxidative Damage to Cultured Cells and Caenorhabditis elegans by Mitochondrial Electron Transport Inhibitors
Authors: Ishiguro Hiroyuki , Yasuda Kayo , Ishii Naoaki , Ihara Kenichi , Ohkubo Tomoichi , Hiyoshi Mineyoshi , Ono Kazuhiro , Senoo‐Matsuda Nanami , Shinohara Osamu , Yosshii Fumihiro , Murakami Masaru , Hartman Philip S. , Tsuda Michio 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe mechanisms that lead to mitochondrial damage under oxidative stress conditions were examined in primary and cultured cells as well as in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans ( C. elegans ) treated simultaneously with electron transport inhibitors and oxygen gas. Oxygen loading enhanced the damage of PC 12 cells by thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA, a complex II inhibitor), but did not by rotenone (a complex I inhibitor), antimycin (a complex III inhibitor), and sodium azide (a complex IV inhibitor). In primary hepatocytes, the enhancement was observed with the addition of sodium azide and rotenone, but not by TTFA or antimycin. In the nematode, only rotenone and TTFA enhanced the sensitivity under hyperoxia. These results demonstrate that highly specific inhibitors of electron transport can induce oxygen hypersensitivity in cell levels such as PC 12 cells and primary hepatocytes, and animal level of C. elegans . In addition the cell damage is different dependent on cell type and organism.
Changes in the performances of filter media during clogging and cleaning cycles
Authors: Callé S. , Bémer D. , Thomas D. , Contal P. , Leclerc D. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The performance of two filter media used in industrial air cleaning were studied both in the initial state (new filter) and after a number of collection and pulse pressure cleaning cycles. The main difference between them is that one has anti-clogging properties and the other does not. The test aerosol is composed of alumina particles with a median volumetric diameter of 2.6 μm (MMAD=4.8 μm) generated at a concentration of 700 mg m−3. Filtration took place at a velocity of 2 cm s−1. Two parameters, namely pressure drop and efficiency, were monitored according to the collection and cleaning cycles. The comparison of the filtration efficiency of the two media and that of the corresponding industrial dust separator at the end of the cycles showed a close agreement. The separation efficiency calculated with a new medium (corresponding to initial switch-on of the installation) was low and increased very quickly during the cycles. Finally, a phenomenological model was developed to represent the increase in pressure drop of a filter medium after cleaning and was found to be in close agreement with the experimental values.
Rose: generating sequence families.
Authors: Stoye J , Evers D , Meyer F 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
MOTIVATION: We present a new probabilistic model of the evolution of RNA-, DNA-, or protein-like sequences and a software tool, Rose, that implements this model. Guided by an evolutionary tree, a family of related sequences is created from a common ancestor sequence by insertion, deletion and substitution of characters. During this artificial evolutionary process, the 'true' history is logged and the 'correct' multiple sequence alignment is created simultaneously. The model also allows for varying rates of mutation within the sequences, making it possible to establish so-called sequence motifs. RESULTS: The data created by Rose are suitable for the evaluation of methods in multiple sequence alignment computation and the prediction of phylogenetic relationships. It can also be useful when teaching courses in or developing models of sequence evolution and in the study of evolutionary processes. AVAILABILITY: Rose is available on the Bielefeld Bioinformatics WebServer under the following URL: http://bibiserv.TechFak.Uni-Bielefeld.DE/rose/ The source code is available upon request. Contact: folker@TechFak.Uni-Bielefeld.DE
JOY: protein sequence-structure representation and analysis.
Authors: Mizuguchi K , Deane C M , Blundell T L , Johnson M S , Overington J P 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
MOTIVATION: JOY is a program to annotate protein sequence alignments with three-dimensional (3D) structural features. It was developed to display 3D structural information in a sequence alignment and to help understand the conservation of amino acids in their specific local environments. RESULTS:: The JOY representation now constitutes an essential part of the two databases of protein structure alignments: HOMSTRAD (http://www-cryst.bioc.cam.ac.uk/homstrad ) and CAMPASS (http://www-cryst.bioc.cam.ac. uk/campass). It has also been successfully used for identifying distant evolutionary relationships. AVAILABILITY: The program can be obtained via anonymous ftp from torsa.bioc.cam.ac.uk from the directory /pub/joy/. The address for the JOY server is http://www-cryst.bioc.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/joy.cgi. CONTACT: kenji@cryst.bioc.cam.ac.uk
Blocks+: a non-redundant database of protein alignment blocks derived from multiple compilations.
Authors: Henikoff S , Henikoff J G , Pietrokovski S 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
MOTIVATION: As databanks grow, sequence classification and prediction of function by searching protein family databases becomes increasingly valuable. The original Blocks Database, which contains ungapped multiple alignments for families documented in Prosite, can be searched to classify new sequences. However, Prosite is incomplete, and families from other databases are now available to expand coverage of the Blocks Database. RESULTS: To take advantage of protein family information present in several existing compilations, we have used five databases to construct Blocks+, a unified database that is built on the PROTOMAT/BLOSUM scoring model and that can be searched using a single algorithm for consistent sequence classification. The LAMA blocks-versus-blocks searching program identifies overlapping protein families, making possible a non-redundant hierarchical compilation. Blocks+ consists of all blocks derived from PROSITE, blocks from Prints not present in PROSITE, blocks from Pfam-A not present in PROSITE or Prints, and so on for ProDom and Domo, for a total of 1995 protein families represented by 8909 blocks, doubling the coverage of the original Blocks Database. A challenge for any procedure aimed at non-redundancy is to retain related but distinct families while discarding those that are duplicates. We illustrate how using multiple compilations can minimize this potential problem by examining the SNF2 family of ATPases, which is detectably similar to distinct families of helicases and ATPases. AVAILABILITY: http://blocks.fhcrc.org/
Progenetix.net: an online repository for molecular cytogenetic
aberration data
Authors: Baudis Michael , Cleary Michael L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: Through sequencing projects and, more recently, array-based expression analysis experiments, a wealth of genetic data has become accessible via online resources. In contrast, few of the (molecular-) cytogenetic aberration data collected in the last decades are available in a format suitable for data mining procedures. www.progenetix.net is a new online repository for previously published chromosomal aberration data, allowing the addition of band-specific information about chromosomal imbalances to oncologic data analysis efforts.
Availability: http://www.progenetix.net
Contact: mbaudis@stanford.edu
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
TMCompare: transmembrane region sequence and structure
Authors: Togawa R. C. , Antoniw J. F. , Mullins J. G. L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: TMCompare is an alignment and visualization tool for comparison of sequence information for membrane proteins contained in SWISS-PROT entries, with structural information contained in PDB files. The program can be used for:
detection of breaks in α helical structure of transmembrane regions;  examination of differences in coverage between PDB and SWISS-PROT files;  examination of annotation differences between PDB files and associated SWISS-PROT files;  examination and comparison of assigned PDB α helix regions and assigned SWISS-PROT transmembrane regions in linear sequence (one letter code) format;  examination of these differences in 3D using the CHIME plugin, allowing;  analysis of the α and non-α content of transmembrane regions.
Short-course therapy of acute cystitis: a brief review of therapeutic strategies
Authors: Tice Alan D. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Acute cystitis is one of the commonest medical problems encountered by primary care physicians. It affects more women than men (8:1), but the incidence among men is increasing. Uncomplicated cystitis by definition occurs in healthy patients with a normal urinary tract, whereas complicated cystitis implies a predisposing or underlying condition. A narrow range of aetiological agents is responsible for most uncomplicated cystitis in women (Escherichia coli in 80% of cases). Recently, however, pathogens usually associated with sexually transmitted disease have been implicated. In women with typical symptoms of acute uncomplicated cystitis, an abbreviated laboratory work-up followed by empirical therapy is recommended. Single-dose and 3 day regimens of co-trimoxazole and the quinolones are as effective as longer regimens and have a higher eradication rate than other commonly used antimicrobials. Relapse rates are slightly higher with single-dose therapy. With this success rate plus the reduced cost and improved patient compliance, these regimens have replaced traditional 5 to 14 day courses of treatment. With increasing resistance of the common urinary pathogens to amoxycillin and, now, co-trimoxazole, the quinolones are a logical choice for empirical therapy of uncomplicated urinary tract infections.
The importance of diagnosing genital herpes
Authors: Cusini Marco , Ghislanzoni Massimo 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Genital herpes is the result of infection by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and, to a lesser extent, HSV-1. Recent years have seen a rise in the prevalence of genital HSV infection in both industrialized and developing countries. The main factors attributed to the spread of HSV infection include asymptomatic virus shedding, and under-recognition and under-diagnosis of the disease. At the level of the individual patient, genital herpes is associated with significant psychosocial morbidity and complications such as neonatal herpes, the result of transmission of HSV from mother to baby. HSV-2 infection is also implicated in the transmission and acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As genital HSV infection has substantial public health implications, increased awareness of the disease and its prevalence, together with better use of diagnostic tests, may be one step towards more effective management and infection control.
High probability of disrupting a disulphide bridge mediated by an endogenous excited tryptophan residue
Authors: Neves‐Petersen Maria Teresa , Gryczynski Zygmunt , Lakowicz Joseph , Fojan Peter , Pedersen Shona , Petersen Evamaria , Bjørn Petersen Steffen 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIt is well known that ultraviolet (UV) radiation may reduce or even abolish the biological activity of proteins and enzymes. UV light, as a component of sunlight, is illuminating all light‐exposed parts of living organisms, partly composed of proteins and enzymes. Although a considerable amount of empirical evidence for UV damage has been compiled, no deeper understanding of this important phenomenon has yet emerged. The present paper presents a detailed analysis of a classical example of UV‐induced changes in three‐dimensional structure and activity of a model enzyme, cutinase from Fusarium solani pisi. The effect of illumination duration and power has been investigated. A photon‐induced mechanism responsible for structural and functional changes is proposed. Tryptophan excitation energy disrupts a neighboring disulphide bridge, which in turn leads to altered biological activity and stability. The loss of the disulphide bridge has a pronounced effect on the fluorescence quantum yield, which has been monitored as a function of illumination power. A general theoretical model for slow two‐state chemical exchange is formulated, which allows for calculation of both the mean number of photons involved in the process and the ratio between the quantum yields of the two states. It is clear from the present data that the likelihood for UV damage of proteins is directly proportional to the intensity of the UV radiation. Consistent with the loss of the disulphide bridge, a complex pH‐dependent change in the fluorescence lifetimes is observed. Earlier studies in this laboratory indicate that proteins are prone to such UV‐induced radiation damage because tryptophan residues typically are located as next spatial neighbors to disulphide bridges. We believe that these observations may have far‐reaching implications for protein stability and for assessing the true risks involved in increasing UV radiation loads on living organisms.
Rapid screening for improved solubility of small human proteins produced as fusion proteins in Escherichia coli
Authors: Hammarström Martin , Hellgren Niklas , van den Berg Susanne , Berglund Helena , Härd Torleif 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA prerequisite for structural genomics and related projects is to standardize the process of gene overexpression and protein solubility screening to enable automation for higher throughput. We have tested a methodology to rapidly subclone a large number of human genes and screen these for expression and protein solubility in Escherichia coli. The methodology, which can be partly automated, was used to compare the effect of six different N‐terminal fusion proteins and an N‐terminal 6*His tag. As a realistic test set we selected 32 potentially interesting human proteins with unknown structures and sizes suitable for NMR studies. The genes were transferred from cDNA to expression vectors using subcloning by recombination. The subcloning yield was 100% for 27 (of 32) genes for which a PCR fragment of correct size could be obtained. Of these, 26 genes (96%) could be overexpressed at detectable levels and 23 (85%) are detected in the soluble fraction with at least one fusion tag. We find large differences in the effects of fusion protein or tag on expression and solubility. In short, four of seven fusions perform very well, and much better than the 6*His tag, but individual differences motivate the inclusion of several fusions in expression and solubility screening. We also conclude that our methodology and expression vectors can be used for screening of genes for structural studies, and that it should be possible to obtain a large fraction of all NMR‐sized and nonmembrane human proteins as soluble fusion proteins in E. coli.
Adeia
Authors: Poddighe Elisabetta , Esu Alberto 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe Greek termadeiameans literally “absence of fear” and in Athenian Law indicates a special authorization or immunity from prosecution. The Athenian Assembly grantedadeiato authorize deliberation on an entrenched piece of legislation, and aboutatimoiand public debtors or to confer immunity from legal prosecution in criminal investigation.
Beggars
Authors: Marsilio Maria S. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAncient Greek and Roman authors distinguished conditions of poverty and beggary. The poor embraced honest hard labor in accordance with divine justice, carefully protecting their resources to make sure they always had enough. Conversely, beggars lived in idleness and did not earn their own wealth, making frequent appeals to others for the livelihood they lacked. Beggars typically were treated with revulsion, scorn, and mockery because of their inability to participate in fundamental values of community and society, such as work, justice, sacrifice, and reciprocity. Displays of sympathy and giving to beggars perhaps came more from non‐elites than from the upper‐classes.
Oasis Magna (Dakhleh Oasis)
Authors: Moss Jennifer Sheridan 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe Dakhleh Oasis lies in the southwestern desert of Egypt, near the border with Libya. Human habitation dates back as far as the Middle Pleistocene Era, approximately 400,000 years ago. During the Old Kingdom it acted as an administrative center. Its heyday came in the Roman period, when the area supported a population of as many as 40,000 people, dozens of temples, and three major cities, Mothis, Trimithis, and Kellis.
Hecataeus of Miletus (Hekataios of Miletos)
Authors: Hunt Peter 
Published: December 2022

AbstractHecataeus of Miletos (ca. 560–480bce), a prominent intellectual and logographer of the Ionian Enlightenment, made a famous map and wrote two books: thePeriegesis, a pioneering work on geography, and theGenealogies, a rationalizing account of the age of heroes. His work survives only in fragments, but it represents an important step in the intellectual history of Greece and a crucial prose antecedent to Herodotus’History.
C‐Group
Authors: Gatto Maria Carmela 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

The C‐Group was a Nubian culture (ca. 2550–1550
bce
). Its social system was tribal with an economy based on agro‐pastoralism and trade with Egypt. The current chronological framework consists of three phases: Early; Middle; and Late. Archaeological evidence concerning the C‐Group comes from both funerary and domestic contexts. These are respectively characterized by stone tumuli with associated offering places or chapels, and by enclosed villages with stone architecture. Cattle symbolism plays an important role in the ideological and religious spheres. The C‐Group disappeared when it was assimilated by the Egyptian culture during its invasion of Nubia in the New Kingdom.
Buthrotum/Bouthrotos (Butrint, Albania)
Authors: Hernandez David R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Buthrotum (Bouthrotos) was an ancient seaport on the coast of Epirus (Epeiros) in northwestern Greece. Situated on the maritime trade route between Greece and Italy on the Strait of Otranto, the city held a longstanding geostrategic and commercial significance in the western Balkans. In Vergil's
Aeneid
(3.289–505), Buthrotum is described as a “little Troy” (
parva Troia
), founded by Helenus, son of king Priam. Owing to its purported Trojan ancestry, Augustus favored the city and refounded it under his own name as
colonia Augusta Buthrotum
.
Martianus Capella
Authors: Ramelli Ilaria L. E. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractMartianus Capella was a poet, influenced by Neoplatonism, who probably came from Roman Africa (Carthage) and wrote his masterpiece,De Nuptiis Philologiae et Mercuriiin the early fifth centuryce, likely to have been before 439, although the dating of Martianus is difficult.