bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-intensity interval training
Authors: Williams Craig A 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been for the last decade one of the most popular modes of training. While it has its origins in athletic training, it is also now appearing in public health and clinical exercise sciences for patients with chronic diseases. More recently, youth athlete studies have been conducted to evaluate the benefit for this population group. High-intensity interval training is not without some controversy: firstly, the range of exercise intensities that comprise HIIT is still not agreed; and secondly, most measurements focus on performance with little attention on the casual mechanisms of change. Other aspects related to whether HIIT saves the athlete training time are fiercely debated. This chapter starts with an examination of definitions and the concept of HIIT before presenting the case for HIIT interventions in youth athletes, and finishes by highlighting gaps in the knowledge base. Critical to the understanding of this topic is the lack of inferential experimental designs to determine performance change.
Neuromuscular training effects on performance
Authors: Granacher Urs , Behm David G , Faigenbaum Avery D 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Physical fitness is a powerful marker of health in youth. However, negative secular trends have been reported for cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength/power, and fundamental movement skills in children and adolescents. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated these declines in physical fitness due to sedentarism related to school closures and social distancing. Neuromuscular training is a multimodal exercise regimen that has the potential to stimulate a wide array of health- and skill-related physical fitness qualities. The aim of this chapter is to report the relevance and effectiveness of neuromuscular training on physical fitness and sport-specific performance in healthy male and/or female youth (athletes) aged 5–20 years and to describe the effects of potential moderator variables such as age, maturity status, sex, training frequency, and sequencing. Twenty-five neuromuscular training studies are included which contrast the effects of neuromuscular training versus active/passive controls in youth (athletes). Neuromuscular training lasted between 4 and 40 weeks with a weekly exercise frequency of one to three sessions. Findings show that neuromuscular training effectively improves muscle strength, power, linear sprint, change-of-direction speed, agility, balance, cardiorespiratory fitness, and sport-specific performance. Neuromuscular training can be included in the warm-up or conducted before sport-specific training. Neuromuscular training seems to be more effective in children (&lt;11 years) and girls. The integration of neuromuscular training into youth fitness and sport programmes early in life appears to stimulate motor skill development by complementing growth-related gains in strength and power. Neuromuscular training can be considered a developmentally appropriate conditioning mode that recognises the co-equal importance of aerobic, strength, and skill activities.
Circadian rhythms, sleep, and the youth athlete
Authors: Rowland Thomas W 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
While the nature of sleep remains poorly understood, current opinion holds that timing of sleep is controlled by i) a physiological circadian fluctuation in wake status and ii) an intrinsic sleep drive provided by a network of brain centres. Research indicates that specifically during adolescence, both of these factors are temporally delayed, resulting in a later biological drive for onset of sleep during the teenage years. Due to the fixed time of morning school start, the total duration of sleep in the adolescent is thereby shortened. Consequently, sleep deprivation is common among teenagers. Such loss of sleep reduces academic performance and contributes to adverse health and behaviour outcomes. For the adolescent athlete, this limitation of sleep can be expected to diminish performance and predispose to sports injuries. Efforts to prevent sleep deprivation in adolescents is therefore warranted, particularly in respect to modifying school start times.
Epidemiology and prevention of sports injuries
Authors: Nauta Joske , Bittencourt Natalia FN , Bolling Caroline 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Sports injuries sustained by children are usually not life-threatening, but they do result in pain, short-term disability, school absence, and, in the long term, possibly osteoarthritis. Although sports injuries in children are a fact of life, this does call for preventive actions. In order to set out effective prevention programmes, epidemiological studies need to be conducted on the incidence, severity, and aetiology of sports injuries. Furthermore, the effectiveness of a preventive measure needs to be assessed, and eventual implementation of a programme closely evaluated. The current concepts that are used to develop and evaluate sport injury prevention programmes as a means of introduction into sports injury research in youth are summarised in this chapter.
Role of stretching on range of motion, performance, and injury incidence
Authors: Behm David G 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The objective of improving flexibility to enhance performance and reduce injury risk was a hallmark of exercise science in the late twentieth century. However, into the twenty-first century, there was considerable evidence in the adult literature highlighting the possibility of performance impairments following prolonged static stretching. Unfortunately, there is a sparsity of youth stretch-related research on the effectiveness of stretching for improving range of motion (ROM), impacting performance and injury incidence. The belief that children are intrinsically flexible is contradicted by reports of decreased ROM from young childhood (~5 years) to pubertal onset (~12 years). From both the youth and adult literature, there is no conclusive proof that one type of stretching is more effective than another and thus all forms of stretching are recommended from a young age to maintain or improve youth ROM. Similar to the adult stretching literature, there is contradictory evidence regarding the effects of pre-exercise static stretching on subsequent performance. However, similar to adult recommendations, the youth evidence tends to show either improved or trivial performance changes when appropriate durations of static stretching are incorporated into a full warm up (initial 5–15 min aerobic component, static and dynamic stretching, followed by sport-specific dynamic activities). With only a single youth study reporting on the lack of change in injury incidence following stretch training, the adult recommendations of 5 min or more of multiple muscle groups stretching should provide greater musculotendinous injury prevention. However, these assumptions need to be confirmed with a more extensive youth stretching body of literature.
Upper extremity and trunk injuries
Authors: Cil Akin , Shaw Christopher M , Locker Joshua 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
As the rate and level of youth athletic participation continues to rise, so too does the frequency of injury to the trunk and upper extremities in these young athletes. Injuries are varied in severity and frequency and injury patterns are unique to the growing musculoskeletal system and specific to the demands of the sport. The treatment of these injuries vary from preventive, to non-operative, to operative. This chapter reviews the diagnosis and clinical management of common upper extremity and trunk injuries in the paediatric athlete, including shoulder injuries, elbow injuries, wrist and hand injuries, and trunk injuries.
Nutrition and eating disorders in youth sport
Authors: Mathisen Therese Fostervold , Sundgot-Borgen Christine , Sundgot-Borgen Jorunn 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Optimal energy and nutrient intake is important for health and performance in youth athletes who also have additional energy needs due to growth and development. Specific recommendations for energy and nutrient intake for youth athletes are lacking, and as such adolescents are mainly advised to follow recommendations for adult athletes. Findings indicate suboptimal intake of energy and of nutrients in youth athletes, and specifically among those who restrict energy intake. Energy and nutrients should be consumed through (whole) foods, and there is no evidence to suggest increased needs for, or effects from, micronutrients above the recommended basic needs. Youth athletes who maintain growth and development and thereby naturally gain weight, are suggested to be in a positive energy balance. Energy balance is, however, not the most precise estimate of adequate energy intake, as low energy availability may occur in a scenario of energy balance. Energy availability is the amount of energy remaining to support all other body functions after the energy expended in exercise and physical activity, and, if insufficient, it will impair metabolism and several physiological and psychological aspects. Eating behaviour exists on a continuum from normal to abnormal eating, finally resulting in behaviour and cognitions qualifying for an eating disorder (ED) diagnosis. Disordered eating (DE) is common in athletes and findings suggest a higher frequency of eating disorders compared to the general population. Prevention of DE and EDs should integrate education and screening for early identification. Education should target not only athletes, but also parents, coaches, officials, and healthcare providers.
How To Draw Anatomy
Authors: Molloy Phillip 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Learning anatomy can be difficult at first, and often feels overwhelming at the beginning. While there are a lot of medical textbooks and resources available, most are complex and present convoluted layers of detail. Furthermore, there are fewer resources for visual learners on the market. While colouring books exist, they do not teach anatomy and some users can invest a lot of effort with minimal learning achieved. How to Draw Anatomy offers a step-by-step, easy-to-replicate series of simple line drawings that anyone can follow. The visual diagrams can help the user understand a complex three-dimensional structure in a two-dimensional format. Once the steps are followed, the diagram can be labelled. Through repetition, basic anatomy can be learnt quicker and retained for longer. This information can then be applied to the three-dimensional world seen clinically or can be used as a tool when explaining pathology to patients in a basic manner. While the book’s main objective is to teach the user basic anatomy, it is also a useful teaching aid for use within universities and schools across the world. The book also contains a comprehensive variety of anatomy that medical students may be examined on in OSCE or exam formats, making it an excellent revision source. The author hopes users enjoy this resource and is open to any constructive comments to improve it.
MEG - EEG Primer
Authors: Hari Riitta , Puce Aina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
MEG–EEG Primer is the first ever volume to introduce and discuss MEG and EEG in a balanced manner side by side, starting from the methods’ physical and physiological bases and then advancing to data acquisition, analysis, visualization, and interpretation. The authors pay special attention to careful experimentation, guiding readers to differentiate brain signals from various artifacts and to ensure that the collected data are reliable. The book weighs the strengths and weaknesses of MEG and EEG relative to one another and to other methods used in systems, cognitive, and social neuroscience. The authors discuss the role of MEG and EEG in studying perception, action, cognition, and emotion, as well as examine the assessment of brain function in various clinical disorders. New developments in MEG and EEG hardware and software are also featured. The book aims to bring members of multidisciplinary research teams onto equal footing so that they can contribute to different aspects of MEG and EEG results and to be able to participate in future developments in the field. The book ends with a wider look at the role of time-sensitive MEG/EEG recordings in the current attempts to understand how the human brain works.
Introduction
Authors: Hari Riitta , Puce Aina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This beginning chapter first briefly introduces MEG and EEG and compares them with each other. Neuronal communication in the brain is associated with minute electrical currents that give rise to both electrical potentials on the scalp (measured by EEG) and magnetic fields outside the head (measurable by MEG). The chapter then describes the common features of MEG and EEG laboratory setups, followed by introduction of a current dipole, a volume conductor, electric potential, and magnetic field. The chapter ends by explaining the main structure of the primer so that the reader can navigate the material more easily.
Insights into the Human Brain
Authors: Hari Riitta , Puce Aina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of basic human brain organization and function and their assessment. The chapter starts by emphasizing the importance of timing in human brain function and behavior, and it briefly touches the methods for obtaining this information. The text continues with a description of the functional structure of the brain, including both cerebral cortex and cerebellum as well as the connections between cortical regions and between thalamus and cortex. The chapter ends with description of the major building blocks of electric signaling in neurons, including the movement of charged ions in and out of the cell, membrane potentials, action potentials, and postsynaptic potentials.
Data Acquisition, Preprocessing, and Sharing
Authors: Hari Riitta , Puce Aina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how to acquire data and, once that is completed, how to perform basic preprocessing and ultimately put the data into a standard format that can be understood and shared with other scientists. The behavior of analog filters is described, and the interactions between filtering and data acquisition parameters, such as data sampling rate, and associated pitfalls in data acquisition are examined in detail. The use of simulated EEG and MEG signals for testing preprocessing routines are discussed. The issue of standardization of data formats is addressed and details of the BIDS (Brain Imaging Data Standard) standards for MEG and EEG data are explained.
Brain Rhythms
Authors: Hari Riitta , Puce Aina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter moves into neurodynamics, describing different types of canonical brain rhythms observed in the ongoing MEG/EEG. Three rhythms with similar frequency content in the 10-Hz range—the posterior vision-related alpha, the centrally distributed sensorimotor mu, and temporal-lobe originated hearing-related tau—can be separated from each other on the basis of topographic distributions and reactivity to different stimuli and tasks. Beta, theta, gamma, and delta-band activity, as well as ultra-slow oscillations, are described as well. The chapter continues with examples of coupling between various brain rhythms, and with a description of characteristic changes of MEG/EEG rhythms during different stages of sleep. Finally, effects of anesthetics and other drugs and substances of MEG/EEG are examined.
Other Sensory Responses, Multisensory Interaction, and Interoception
Authors: Hari Riitta , Puce Aina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by discussing the neurophysiology of the human olfactory and gustatory systems. Potential confounds in these studies include inadvertent tactile stimulation of the nasal mucosa and tongue. Issues also arise related to potential changes in subject state during experiments that for recording reliable cortical responses use long ISIs of around 30 s. The chapter next deals with multisensory interactions, presenting examples of audiovisual and audiotactile integration. The findings are discussed in the context of existing models that catalogue multisensory interactions (e.g., superadditivity, underadditivity) based on animal and human data. The last part of the chapter introduces the now rapidly expanding research area of interoception. Responses have been recoded to distension of the esophagus, urethra, and rectum; spontaneous contractions of the stomach and upper gut; and contractions of the uterus in pregnant women. The chapter ends by examining evoked responses to one’s own heartbeats and respiration.
Motor Function
Authors: Hari Riitta , Puce Aina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter highlights neurophysiological recordings from the human motor system from skeletal muscles to the cerebral cortex, as well as interactions between these two systems. A brief history of the field introduces the movement-related readiness potentials and fields for upper- and lower-limb acts. Studies of the coherence between muscular and brain activity are especially illuminating and technically robust, as exemplified by cortex–muscle coherence, corticokinematic coherence, and corticovocal coherence. The discussion extends beyond simple motor acts, such as button presses and repetitive finger movements, examining more complex motor actions and the role of predictive coding and proprioceptive feedback in motor control. The reader is also reminded about the importance of motor equivalence and inhibition in selecting the best motor pattern in each situation.
Brain Disorders
Authors: Hari Riitta , Puce Aina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter commences with the rich history of clinical EEG and charts the growing clinical MEG literature. The need for clinical neurophysiological tests with both high specificity and sensitivity is stressed. MEG and EEG have already provided useful clinical input on epileptic foci and mapping of sensory, language, cognitive, and memory function prior to surgery for seizure foci or brain tumors. A simple method is provided for localizing the central sulcus based on anatomical and functional criteria. Studies of hemispheric dominance for speech and language are discussed. A few applications are noted where EEG in particular, with its ease of use at the bedside, could play a greater role in patient assessment (e.g., in stroke, coma, and other critical illness). The chapter ends with speculation about why clinical applications for MEG have taken a long time to become established.
Stepping Back and Looking Forward: Toward Understanding the Human Brain
Authors: Hari Riitta , Puce Aina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This final chapter deals with a “big picture” of the human brain. It first reiterates the importance of recording other physiological signals as a context for MEG/EEG findings. The methods include smart clothing, neurofeedback, and brain–computer interfaces—important components of the twenty-first-century brain-and-body functional toolbox. Working with “big data” has both strengths and weaknesses, and reliable biomarkers for diseases are yet to emerge. New targets in MEG/EEG research include deep sources, inhibition, developmental and life-span studies, and the development high-temporal resolution measures of behavior. To understand brain function, one must traverse the brain’s temporal and spatial scales in both directions. Living matter with its special features—which differ from nonliving material—forms the brain’s complex nonlinear “wet timing machine.” The chapter concludes by advocating “convergence research,” where researchers from different disciplines but with common goals join forces to solve “wicked problems”—one of them being human brain function.
Evolutionary conservation of embryonic DNA methylome remodelling in distantly related teleost species
Authors: Ross Samuel E , Vázquez-Marín Javier , Gert Krista R B , González-Rajal Álvaro , Dinger Marcel E , Pauli Andrea , Martínez-Morales Juan Ramon , Bogdanovic Ozren 
Published: August 2023

AbstractMethylation of cytosines in the CG context (mCG) is the most abundant DNA modification in vertebrates that plays crucial roles in cellular differentiation and identity. After fertilization, DNA methylation patterns inherited from parental gametes are remodelled into a state compatible with embryogenesis. In mammals, this is achieved through the global erasure and re-establishment of DNA methylation patterns. However, in non-mammalian vertebrates like zebrafish, no global erasure has been observed. To investigate the evolutionary conservation and divergence of DNA methylation remodelling in teleosts, we generated base resolution DNA methylome datasets of developing medaka and medaka-zebrafish hybrid embryos. In contrast to previous reports, we show that medaka display comparable DNA methylome dynamics to zebrafish with high gametic mCG levels (sperm: ∼90%; egg: ∼75%), and adoption of a paternal-like methylome during early embryogenesis, with no signs of prior DNA methylation erasure. We also demonstrate that non-canonical DNA methylation (mCH) reprogramming at TGCT tandem repeats is a conserved feature of teleost embryogenesis. Lastly, we find remarkable evolutionary conservation of DNA methylation remodelling patterns in medaka-zebrafish hybrids, indicative of compatible DNA methylation maintenance machinery in far-related teleost species. Overall, these results suggest strong evolutionary conservation of DNA methylation remodelling pathways in teleosts, which is distinct from the global DNA methylome erasure and reestablishment observed in mammals.
Co-evolution of AR gene copy number and structural complexity in endocrine therapy resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Zivanovic Andrej , Miller Jeffrey T , Munro Sarah A , Knutson Todd P , Li Yingming , Passow Courtney N , Simonaitis Pijus , Lynch Molly , Oseth LeAnn , Zhao Shuang G , Feng Felix Y , Wikström Pernilla , Corey Eva , Morrissey Colm , Henzler Christine , Raphael Benjamin J , Dehm Scott M 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) inhibition is standard of care for advanced prostate cancer (PC). However, efficacy is limited by progression to castration-resistant PC (CRPC), usually due to AR re-activation via mechanisms that include AR amplification and structural rearrangement. These two classes of AR alterations often co-occur in CRPC tumors, but it is unclear whether this reflects intercellular or intracellular heterogeneity of AR. Resolving this is important for developing new therapies and predictive biomarkers. Here, we analyzed 41 CRPC tumors and 6 patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) using linked-read DNA-sequencing, and identified 7 tumors that developed complex, multiply-rearranged AR gene structures in conjunction with very high AR copy number. Analysis of PDX models by optical genome mapping and fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that AR residing on extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) was an underlying mechanism, and was associated with elevated levels and diversity of AR expression. This study identifies co-evolution of AR gene copy number and structural complexity via ecDNA as a mechanism associated with endocrine therapy resistance.