bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiological Disorders of Horticultural Crops: Causes and Management
Authors: Ray Pankaj Kumar , Solankey Shashank Shekhar 
Published: April 2023

The present book entitled “Physiological Disorders of Horticultural Crops: Causes and Management" provides a comprehensive knowledge of cause, symptoms and management of different physiological disorders in fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices, condiments and plantation crops. The book contains adequate symptoms along with appropriate photographs about the physiological disorders of important horticultural crops and their adequate management practices. This book addresses the current issues that are divided in six sections: Section 1: Introduction to physiological disorders and its impact on horticultural crops; Section 2: Major physiological disorders of vegetable crops; Section 3: Major physiological disorders of fruit crops; Section 4: Major physiological disorders of flowers; Section 5: Major physiological disorders of plantation crops; Section 6: Major physiological disorders of spices and condiments. The above sections covered the comprehensive information on causes, symptoms and recent remedial measures of major physiological disorders of horticultural crops along with multiple choice questions answers and relevant appendices for better understanding. The book will serve as a useful guide for students, scientists, extension workers, farmers and others associated with the discipline of Horticulture.
Factors associated with Irritable Bowel Syndrome in medical students
Authors: Barreiro Rocio Belen , Grzona Esteban 
Published: April 2023

El presente trabajo buscó evaluar los factores mas influyentes para el desarrollo del Síndrome de Intestino Irritable, por lo que se realizo un estudio transversal a 152 alumnos de la carrera de medicina de la Universidad Abierta Interamericana, durante junio-julio 2020, aplicando diversas variables de las cuales el tabaquismo y los episodios de gastroenteritis aisladas fueron los factores con mayor relevancia
Exploring the Arctic deep-sea by color filters
Authors: Os Vibeke , Zimmermann Heike Jane , Panieri Giuliana 
Published: April 2023

Focus:
To get to know some of the creatures in the deep-sea that use color and the lack of light to camouflage themselves.
Learning objectives:
With these TWO activities, we use vision to explore life forms in the deep sea which have adapted to extreme conditions. Through the activities, the pupils will also become familiar with some organisms well-hidden at the bottom of the ocean.
Key words:
Camouflage strategies, Deep sea ocean, Physical effects of light, Characteristics of sea lifeforms
A journey to a cold seep
Authors: Mohadjer Solmaz , Aune Vibeke , Panieri Giuliana , Oddone Davide 
Published: April 2023

Focus:
Where are and what happens at cold seeps and how scientists study them.
Learning objectives:
After this lesson, students should be able to:

Relate different datasets by observing and describing scientific maps

Differentiate between carbon dioxide and methane gas

Clarify misconceptions about greenhouse gas

Explain what cold seeps are and why most gas/methane hydrates
occur at continental margins

Describe some of the methods scientists use to locate and study
methane/gas hydrates

Prerequisites:
Prior to this lesson, students should be familiar with understanding maps, molecular structure and bonding, and the greenhouse effect and gases.
Key words:
Arctic Ocean, Methane, Carbon Dioxide, Gas Hydrate, Cold Seep, Greenhouse Gases.
Human impact: Plastic pollution
Authors: Maric Filip , Poto Margherita , Panieri Giuliana 
Published: April 2023

Focus:
To comprehend that plastic pollution is a major problem and is having an impact on oceans everywhere. These impacts are seen on beaches and shorelines and all the way to the deepest places in the ocean.
Learning objectives:
In this activity, pupils will gain an appreciation for the extent of plastic pollution in and around oceans. They will start to understand how plastic pollution can have a negative impact on life below the surface of the sea.
Key words:
Ocean pollution, plastics, microplastics.
Value of preoperative 18F-FDG PET/CT and HRCT in predicting the differentiation degree of lung adenocarcinoma dominated by solid density
Authors: Chen Xiaolin , Li Ping , Zhang Minghui , Wang Xuewei , Wang Dalong 
Published: April 2023

Purpose
To evaluate the value of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) combined with high-resolution CT (HRCT) in determining the degree of differentiation of lung adenocarcinoma.

Methods
From January 2018 to January 2022, 88 patients with solid density nodules that are lung adenocarcinoma were surgically treated. All patients were examined using HRCT and PET/CT before surgery. During HRCT, two independent observers assessed the presence of lobulation, spiculation, pleural indentation, vascular convergence, and air bronchial signs (bronchial distortion and bronchial disruption). The diameter and CT value of the nodules were measured simultaneously. During PET/CT, the maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax), mean standard uptake value (SUVmean), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) of the nodules were measured. The risk factors of pathological classification were predicted by logistic regression analysis.

Results
All 88 patients (mean age 60 ± 8 years; 44 males and 44 females) were evaluated. The average nodule size was 2.6 ± 1.1 cm. The univariate analysis showed that carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), pleural indentation, vascular convergence, bronchial distortion, and higher SUVmax were more common in poor differentiated lung adenocarcinoma, and in the multivariate analysis, pleural indentation, vascular convergence, and SUVmax were predictive factors. The combined diagnosis using these three factors showed that the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.735.

Conclusion
SUVmax >6.99 combined with HRCT (pleural indentation sign and vascular convergence sign) is helpful to predict the differentiation degree of lung adenocarcinoma dominated by solid density.
Comparison of Research Spending on New Drug Approvals by the National Institutes of Health vs the Pharmaceutical Industry, 2010-2019
Authors: Galkina Cleary Ekaterina , Jackson Matthew J. , Zhou Edward W. , Ledley Fred D. 
Published: April 2023

ImportanceGovernment and the pharmaceutical industry make substantive contributions to pharmaceutical innovation. This study compared the investments by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and industry and estimated the cost basis for assessing the balance of social and private returns.ObjectivesTo compare NIH and industry investments in recent drug approvals.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study of NIH funding associated with drugs approved by the FDA from 2010 to 2019 was conducted from May 2020 to July 2022 and accounted for basic and applied research, failed clinical candidates, and discount rates for government spending compared with analogous estimates of industry investment.Main Outcomes and MeasuresCosts from the NIH for research associated with drug approvals.ResultsFunding from the NIH was contributed to 354 of 356 drugs (99.4%) approved from 2010 to 2019 totaling $187 billion, with a mean (SD) $1344.6 ($1433.1) million per target for basic research on drug targets and $51.8 ($96.8) million per drug for applied research on products. Including costs for failed clinical candidates, mean (SD) NIH costs were $1441.5 ($1372.0) million per approval or $1730.3 ($1657.6) million per approval, estimated with a 3% discount rate. The mean (SD) NIH spending was $2956.0 ($3106.3) million per approval with a 10.5% cost of capital, which estimates the cost savings to industry from NIH spending. Spending and approval by NIH for 81 first-to-target drugs was greater than reported industry spending on 63 drugs approved from 2010 to 2019 (difference, −$1998.4 million; 95% CI, −$3302.1 million to −$694.6 million; P = .003). Spending from the NIH was not less than industry spending considering clinical failures, a 3% discount rate for NIH spending, and a 10.5% cost of capital for the industry (difference, −$1435.3 million; 95% CI, −$3114.6 million to $244.0 million; P = .09) or when industry spending included prehuman research (difference, −$1394.8 million; 95% CI, −$3774.8 million to $985.2 million; P = .25). Accounting for spillovers of NIH-funded basic research on drug targets to multiple products, NIH costs were $711.3 million with a 3% discount rate, which was less than the range of reported industry costs with 10.5% cost of capital.Conclusions and RelevanceThe results of this cross-sectional study found that NIH investment in drugs approved from 2010 to 2019 was not less than investment by the pharmaceutical industry, with comparable accounting for basic and applied research, failed clinical trials, and cost of capital or discount rates. The relative scale of NIH and industry investment may provide a cost basis for calibrating the balance of social and private returns from investments in pharmaceutical innovation.
Characterization of Hip Fractures Among Adults With Schizophrenia in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Ansari Hina , Jaglal Susan , Cheung Angela M. , Kurdyak Paul 
Published: April 2023

ImportanceEvidence suggests that individuals with schizophrenia are at an increased risk of hip fractures; however, the sex-specific burden of hip fractures among adults with schizophrenia has not been quantified and compared with the general population.ObjectiveTo describe sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients with hip fracture and schizophrenia and to quantify their sex-specific annual hip fracture rates relative to those without schizophrenia.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis repeated population-based, cross-sectional study leveraged multiple individually linked health administrative databases for patients in Ontario, Canada. We included patients aged 40 to 105 years with hip fracture–related hospitalization between April 1, 2009, and March 31, 2019. Statistical analysis was performed between November 2021 and February 2023.ExposureSchizophrenia diagnosis, ascertained using a validated algorithm.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was sex-specific age-standardized annual hip fracture rate per 10 000 individuals and annual percent change in age-standardized rates. Rates were direct adjusted to the 2011 Ontario population, and joinpoint regression analysis was performed to evaluate annual percent change.ResultsWe identified 117 431 hip fracture records; of these, there were 109 908 index events. Among the 109 908 patients with hip fracture, 4251 had schizophrenia and 105 657 did not. Their median age was 83 years (IQR, 75-89 years), and 34 500 (31.4%) were men. Patients with hip fracture and schizophrenia were younger at the index event compared with those without schizophrenia. Men had a median age of 73 vs 81 years (IQR, 62-83 vs 71-87 years; standardized difference, 0.46), and women had a median age of 80 vs 84 years (IQR, 71-87 vs 77-89 years; standardized difference, 0.32). A higher proportion of patients with vs without schizophrenia had frailty (53.7% vs 34.2%; standardized difference, 0.40) and previous fragility fractures (23.5% vs 19.1%; standardized difference, 0.11). The overall age-standardized rate per 10 000 individuals with vs without schizophrenia was 37.5 (95% CI, 36.4 to 38.6) vs 16.0 (95% CI, 15.9 to 16.1). Age-standardized rates were 3-fold higher in men with vs without schizophrenia (31.0 [95% CI, 29.5 to 32.6] vs 10.1 [95% CI, 10.0 to 10.2]) and more than 2-fold higher in women with vs without schizophrenia (43.4 [95% CI, 41.9 to 44.9] vs 21.4 [95% CI, 21.3 to 21.6]). Overall, joinpoint regression analysis identified a steady annual decrease of 0.7% (95% CI, −1.1% to −0.3%) in age-standardized rates for both study groups.Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this cross-sectional study suggest that individuals with schizophrenia experience an earlier age of onset and considerably higher rate of hip fractures compared with the general population, with implications for targeted fracture prevention and optimization of clinical bone health management over the course of their psychiatric illness.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Outcomes Among Newborns with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Authors: Sferra Shelby R. , Salvi Pooja S. , Penikis Annalise B. , Weller Jennine H. , Canner Joseph K. , Guo Matthew , Engwall-Gill Abigail J. , Rhee Daniel S. , Collaco Joseph M. , Keiser Amaris M. , Solomon Daniel G. , Kunisaki Shaun M. 
Published: April 2023

ImportanceThere is some data to suggest that racial and ethnic minority infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) have poorer clinical outcomes.ObjectiveTo determine what patient- and institutional-level factors are associated with racial and ethnic differences in CDH mortality.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsMulticenter cohort study of 49 US children’s hospitals using the Pediatric Health Information System database from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2020. Participants were patients with CDH admitted on day of life 0 who underwent surgical repair. Patient race and ethnicity were guardian-reported vs hospital assigned as Black, Hispanic (White or Black), or White. Data were analyzed from August 2021 to March 2022.ExposuresPatient race and ethnicity: (1) White vs Black and (2) White vs Hispanic; and institutional-level diversity (as defined by the percentage of Black and Hispanic patients with CDH at each hospital): (1) 30% or less, (2) 31% to 40%, and (3) more than 40%.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcomes were in-hospital and 60-day mortality. The study hypothesized that hospitals managing a more racially and ethnically diverse population of patients with CDH would be associated with lower mortality among Black and Hispanic infants.ResultsAmong 1565 infants, 188 (12%), 306 (20%), and 1071 (68%) were Black, Hispanic, and White, respectively. Compared with White infants, Black infants had significantly lower gestational ages (mean [SD], White: 37.6 [2] weeks vs Black: 36.6 [3] weeks; difference, 1 week; 95% CI for difference, 0.6-1.4; P &amp;lt; .001), lower birthweights (White: 3.0 [1.0] kg vs Black: 2.7 [1.0] kg; difference, 0.3 kg; 95% CI for difference, 0.2-0.4; P &amp;lt; .001), and higher extracorporeal life support use (White: 316 patients [30%] vs Black: 69 patients [37%]; χ21 = 3.9; P = .05). Black infants had higher 60-day (White: 99 patients [9%] vs Black: 29 patients [15%]; χ21 = 6.7; P = .01) and in-hospital (White: 133 patients [12%] vs Black: 40 patients [21%]; χ21 = 10.6; P = .001) mortality . There were no mortality differences in Hispanic patients compared with White patients. On regression analyses, institutional diversity of 31% to 40% in Black patients (hazard ratio [HR], 0.17; 95% CI, 0.04-0.78; P = .02) and diversity greater than 40% in Hispanic patients (HR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.15-0.89; P = .03) were associated with lower mortality without altering outcomes in White patients.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study of 1565 who underwent surgical repair patients with CDH, Black infants had higher 60-day and in-hospital mortality after adjusting for disease severity. Hospitals treating a more racially and ethnically diverse patient population were associated with lower mortality in Black and Hispanic patients.
Hydrometallation of Conjugated 1,3‐Diynes
Authors: Walkowiak Jędrzej , Franczyk Adrian , Szyling Jakub , Stefanowska Kinga 
Published: April 2023

AbstractHydrometallation reactions are a powerful tool in the synthesis of saturated and unsaturated organometallic compounds, which are commonly used as synthons in organic chemistry and components of new materials. The addition of the HE bond to different unsaturated compounds possessing the CC triple and double bonds, as well as CO, CN, has been broadly described in many reviews in recent decades. More challenging compounds like, for instance, conjugated 1,3‐diynes, which furnish enynes, dienes, allenes, polymers, or cyclic products in the hydrometallation reactions have recently started to attract attention as important building blocks in the synthesis offine chemicals. The possibility of obtaining a specific molecule with strictly defined regio‐ and stereoselectivity is highly attractive for various branches of chemistry, but on the other hand, it is a demanding synthetic task. Within this article, we would like to introduce readers to the subject of hydrometallation of conjugated 1,3‐diynes, which generates various products depending on the reaction conditions, the type of catalyst, and the electronic and steric properties of reagents. This article is divided according to the type of hydrometallation reaction (hydromagnesation, hydroboration, hydroalumination, hydrosilylation, hydrogermylation, hydrostannation, and hydrotelluration) as well as the type of product formed (enynes, dienes, cyclic compounds, and polymers) and process regio‐ and stereoselectivity. The idea is to provide a guidebook, which will be helpful in the preparation of a specific product depending on the hydrometallation reaction and process conditions.
Escherichia coli
Class II Hybrid Cluster Protein, HCP
Authors: Fujishiro Takashi 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Escherichia coli
hybrid cluster protein (
Ec
HCP) belongs to class II of the HCP family that harbors an iron–sulfur–oxygen (Fe–S–O) cluster as its active site for the reduction of hydroxylamine to ammonia. Like the other class II HCPs,
Ec
HCP uniquely exhibits a long N‐terminal Cys‐rich motif compared with the other classes (class I and III) of HCPs and exclusively utilizes HCP reductase (HCR) as an electron‐transfer partner protein. Structural and functional analyses of
Ec
HCP revealed the characteristic features of class II HCPs, especially the uniqueness of the N‐terminal Cys‐rich motif and its surroundings. Notably, the
Ec
HCP has an N‐terminal [4Fe–4S] cluster rather than a [2Fe–2S] cluster, which had long been believed to be present. The binding mode of the N‐terminal [4Fe–4S] cluster to class II
Ec
HCP is similar to that of class I HCPs: the N‐terminal [4Fe–4S] cluster is coordinated by four conserved Cys ligands. In contrast, the N‐terminal loop structure of class II
Ec
HCP was different from that of class I HCPs.
Ec
HCP has a protruded loop structure in the N‐terminal region and a hydrophobic environment, whereas class I HCPs do not. This uniqueness of the N‐terminal region of
Ec
HCP was critical for the electron transfer reaction involving the formation of
Ec
HCP‐
Ec
HCR complex with its suitable orientation for electron transfer.
Integrated vehicle control using adaptive control allocation
Authors: Temiz Ozan , Cakmakci Melih , Yildiz Yildiray 
Published: April 2023

SummaryThe focus of this paper is an integrated, fault‐tolerant vehicle control algorithm for the overall stability of ground vehicles. The proposed scheme comprises a high‐level controller that creates a virtual control input and a low‐level adaptive control allocator that distributes the virtual control effort among redundant actuators. The proposed control framework distinguishes itself from earlier results in the literature by its ability to blend active suspension, steering and traction control channels, in the presence of uncertainties and time‐varying dynamics, without the need for fault identification. The control structure is validated in the simulation environment using a fourteen‐degree‐of‐freedom non‐linear vehicle model. The integrated controller is compared to the case of a conventional control approach where each control problem is solved separately. Our results show that, compared to the conventional approach, the proposed method ensures that the vehicle follows driver inputs with up to % higher longitudinal maneuver velocity, despite the presence of actuator failures and slippery road conditions. Furthermore, to demonstrate the benefit of integrating active suspension control to the overall control scheme, we replaced the suspension control of the proposed approach with an independent suspension control system for comparison purposes. We then showed that the integrated case provided % lower roll angle deviation, and % lower pitch angle deviation, in the presence of actuator effectiveness loss and adverse road conditions.
Critical Review of Fluorinated Electrolytes for High‐Performance Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Li Zhongzhe , Chen Yufang , Yun Xiaoru , Gao Peng , Zheng Chunman , Xiao Peitao 
Published: April 2023

AbstractLithium metal batteries (LMBs), due to their ultra‐high energy density, are attracting tremendous attentions. However, their commercial application is severely impeded by poor safety and unsatisfactory cycling stability, which are induced by lithium dendrites, side reactions, and inferior anodic stability. Electrolytes, as the indispensable and necessary components in lithium metal batteries, play a crucial role in regulating the electrochemical performance of LMBs. Recently, the fluorinated electrolytes are widely investigated in high‐performance LMBs. Thus, the design strategies of fluorinated electrolytes are thoroughly summarized, including fluorinated salts, fluorinated solvents, and fluorinated additives in LMBs, and insights of the fluorinated components in suppressing lithium dendrites, improving anodic stability and cycling stability. Finally, an outlook with several design strategies and challenges will be proposed for novel fluorinated electrolytes.
Cascade‐Responsive “Oxidative Stress Amplifiers” Simultaneously Destroy Lysosomes and Co‐Deliver CRISPR/Cas9 to Enhance Oxidative Damage in Tumor
Authors: Liang Yan , Han Wenshuai , Xu Chenlu , Wang Jinjin , Zhang Jingge , An Jingyi , Liu Wei , Liu Junjie , Zhang Zhenzhong , Shi Jinjin , Zhang Kaixiang 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAmplifying intracellular oxidative stress by organelle‐targeted reactive oxygen species (ROS) production combined with tumor cell‐specific gene disruption is a promising strategy for tumor treatment. However, due to the vulnerability of CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) to ROS, co‐delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 RNPs and ROS generators to enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells to oxidative stress remains challenging. Herein, a cascade‐responsive “oxidative stress amplifier” (named DR‐TAF‐pHT/FA) is proposed, which can successively respond to cathepsin B, localized laser irradiation and ATP to generate ROS on the lysosomal membrane of tumor cells and release Cas9/sgNrf2 RNPs for efficient gene disruption. It is demonstrated that, under near infrared (NIR) irradiation, DR‐TAF‐pHT/FA achieves targeted rupture of lysosomal membranes, inducing significant intracellular oxidative stress. Meanwhile, due to the protective function of TAF coating (TA‐Fe3+ coordination self‐assembled networks), Cas9/sgNrf2 RNPs can safely escape into the cytoplasm and be released in response to ATP, further amplifying oxidative stress and promoting tumor cell apoptosis through efficient Nrf2 gene disruption. Treatment with DR‐TAF‐pHT/FA + NIR significantly improves tumor ablation efficiency and extends median survival time (over 70 days) in Hela xenograft models. This “oxidative stress amplifier” provides a new paradigm for multimodal and synergistic tumor therapy through precise lysosomal membrane bursting together with efficient Nrf2 gene disruption.