bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunochemistry of Synthetic Polypeptides and Polypeptidyl Proteins
Authors: Buchanan-Davidson Dorothy J. , Stahmann Mark A. , Lapresle Claude , Grabar Pierre 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The following synthetic linear polypeptides have been tested for their antigenicity in rabbits: a series of polyglutamic acids of differing molecular weights, representing acidic polymers; two different polylysines, representing basic polymers; polyleucine and polyphenylalanine, which are neutral polymers that are insoluble in water; polyproline which is neutral and water soluble; and several examples of copolymers of two different amino acids. A multichain polypeptide of four different amino acids which had a branched structure rather than linear was also studied. Only one of the polyglutamic acids and the multichain polypeptide caused the formation of measurable amounts of precipitating antibodies. The antisera against a few other polypeptides gave questionable precipitin tests and many of the preparations appeared not to be antigenic by the precipitin tests employed. The antibodies formed, in general, did not precipitate with the homologous antigen, but cross-reacted with some proteins, as shown by precipitation reactions.
The antigenicity of several of the polypeptides was also studied in chickens, guinea pigs, and mice, but no evidence was found of formation of precipitating antibodies. Possible explanations for the presence or absence of antigenicity of synthetic polypeptides are discussed.
Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis Reactions with a Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Serum Factor and Isolated DNA
Authors: Deicher Helmuth R. G. , Holman Halsted R. , Kunkel Henry G. , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When certain SLE sera and DNA were used as the antigen, positive PCA reactions have been encountered. With purified DNA precipitating factor obtained from washed equivalence point precipitates of certain SLE sera, the reactions were invariably positive and resembled antigen-antibody reactions both quantitatively and qualitatively. The specificity of the reaction was further demonstrated by treatment of the DNA with a number of different enzymes.
The data presented provide additional evidence for the concept that the DNA-precipitating γ-globulin, present in a number of SLE sera, may be an antibody to DNA.
Antistreptolysin O Titer in Cord Blood
Authors: Rozansky R. , Batat A. , Bercovici B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fifty maternal and corresponding cord sera were examined for their ASLO content. A considerably higher titer was found in 86% of the cord sera. The SLO inhibiting effect was totally neutralized in maternal as well as in cord sera by SLO. A nonspecific SLO inhibitor was not found in cord serum. Sera contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and sera undergoing alkaline hydrolysis developed very strong SLO inhibitory power. The factor concerned could not be absorbed by SLO. Total and free cholesterol levels were much higher in maternal than in cord sera.
The Effect of Irradiation on Natural Bactericidins of Mice
Authors: Kornfeld Lottie , Hammond Carolyn W. , Miller C. Phillip 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Normal mouse sera in the presence of complement were found to be bactericidal for Escherichia coli. Following whole-body exposure of CF-1 mice to 600 r, their serum bactericidal activity was slightly elevated for 1–3 hr, then fell rapidly and was no longer detectable 9–12 hr after irradiation. It returned to normal levels 11–14 days after irradiation. Nevertheless, the data presented do not indicate that loss of serum bactericidal activity is an important factor in the development of postirradiation bacteremias in mice.
An Immunologic Comparison of Cell Components of Shigella Dysenteriae Type 2
Authors: Cooper G. N. , Pillow Jill A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In a comparison of whole cells, cell walls, protoplasts, protoplast membranes, cytoplasm and the isolated somatic antigen of Shigella dysenteriae 2, marked serologic cross-reactions were obtained. Following mild alkaline hydrolysis of whole cells or various cell components, material which was related to the somatic antigen of the organism was obtained by acetone precipitation. Certain differences in biologic activity of the materials derived from cell walls and cytoplasm suggested that the immunologically-specific polysaccharide is present in the cytoplasm but is bound in a relatively inactive form. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Immunochemical Analysis of Human Serum and Its Fractions
Authors: Oudin Jacques 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The fraction of human serum precipitated by 45% saturated ammonium sulphate has been submitted to immunochemical analysis. “Fraction 45” was separated by ammonium sulfate in the presence of phosphate buffer into seven main subfractions. A number of immune serums were prepared against a part of these subfractions and against other fractions of human serum. The reactions in gelled media (simple diffusion in tubes) of these immune serums with Fraction 45, its subfractions (brought to the same nitrogen concentration), and other fractions, were carried out and analyzed. The identification of the precipitation zones of sufficient density and penetration given by the same antigen in these multiple reactions was mainly carried out by a procedure previously described which involves only the comparison of the tubes. Fifteen distinct antigens and a family of at least three antigens with similar properties of solubility and immunogenic power, making a total of 18 antigens could be distinguished. It was demonstrated that the 18 antigens found in Fraction 45 were different from the seven antigens already described in the fraction soluble in 65% saturated ammonium sulfate. Consequently, the number of antigenic components of human serum that we have described to date is not less than 25—the components of certain fractions remaining to be described. Unispecific immune serums against six major components of Fraction 45 and two major components of other fractions were prepared.
The Behavior of Different Strains of Poliomyelitis Virus in the Complement Fixation Reaction
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H. , Hagens Shirley J. , Dennis Juanita 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Several different strains of each of the three immunologic types of poliomyelitis virus were compared for antigenic sensitivity and specificity in the complement fixation reaction. The antigens were prepared in HeLa cell cultures and were not heated to destroy infectivity.
Although the actual differences in the homologous antibody titers to the different strain antigens were not marked, certain strains of each type were found to give a greater proportion of low titers, and thus would not appear to be as satisfactory for preparation of diagnostic antigens as other strains giving a greater proportion of high titers.
None of the strain antigens displayed significant heterotypic reactivity with human or monkey sera.
Antigens derived from attenuated strains were comparable in sensitivity and specificity to those produced from nonattenuated strains.
Studies on Measles Virus in Tissue Culture
Authors: Dewitt Charles W. , Nook Mary Ann 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Live measles virus obtained from tissue culture autolysates is shown to evoke the production of neutralizing antibody when given intradermally or intraperitoneally to rabbits and guinea pigs and intravenously to chickens. Virus injected intraperitoneally in chickens failed to stimulate antibody production, however, even when given in multiple doses.
The kinetics of neutralizing antibody production in the guinea pig in response to primary and secondary injections of live virus resembles that seen with low levels of nonviable antigens.
Heat or electron inactivated virus retains full antigenicity at exposure levels and times greatly in excess of those required for loss of viability.
Inactivation of viral infectivity with formalin is more detrimental to antigenicity than the other methods studied.
The Bactericidal Action of Normal Serum and the Properdin System
Authors: Osawa Etsuko , Muschel Louis H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The bactericidal action of normal serum was found to require the presence of a substance which may be regarded as antibody. In the absence of antibody, normal serum was lacking in bactericidal action despite the presence of the properdin system. In the presence of antibody, properdin may augment the bactericidal titer of normal serum to a slight degree. Moreover, the bactericidal action of properdin is extremely slight compared to antibody and is difficult to demonstrate. Finally, the experimental findings leading to the concept that homologous antibody may interfere with bactericidal action of normal serum attributed to properdin were not confirmed.
The VI Antigens of the Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Whiteside Roberta E. , Baker Edgar E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Using the Ouchterlony technique, a serologic study was made of native and deacetylated Vi antigen prepared from Paracolobactrum ballerup and mixtures of the two. The data presented indicated that the two zones observed in the reaction of native Vi antigen and antibody were due to the presence of both fully acetylated and partially deacetylated antigens in the preparations studied.
Toxic and Allergic Properties of Pollen Extracts in the Mouse
Authors: Kind Leon S. , Roesner Luise 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Water soluble extracts of rye grass, Bermuda grass, timothy grass and regweed have endotoxinlike effects in pertussis-inoculated mice. Mice can also be sensitized to local and systemic anaphylaxis with pollens. A laboratory animals is thus available for studying possible in vivo interactions between toxic and allergenic components of pollens.
Immunologic Unresponsiveness to Shigella Antigens in Chickens
Authors: Friedman Herman , Gaby William L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Partial acquired immunologic unresponsiveness to Shigella paradysenteriae organisms and a soluble antigen derivative has been demonstrated in chickens by injection of antigen into embryos and young chicks within the period of 15-day-old eggs to 2-day-old chicks. The concentration of antigen is influential in that the greatest unresponsiveness could be obtained with the largest amount of antigen tolerated. Intravenous inoculations resulted in the greatest degree of suppression of agglutinins in comparison to intramuscular or yolk-sac injection. Unresponsiveness was finite in that under optimal conditions it lasted approximately 100 days. Antigen could not be detected during the maximal unresponsive state. Immunologic response to heterologous antigen was not measurably impaired in unresponsive birds.
A Second Example of a Rabbit Red Blood Cell Antigen Resulting from the Interaction of Two Genes
Authors: Cohen Carl 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two new isoantibodies for rabbit blood group antigens were isolated. The antigens detected, called J and K, are controlled by the genes in the Hg system. Antigen J occurs as the direct product of the gene HgDJK and also occurs as an “interaction antigen” in the heterozygote HgA/HgFK. Antigen K occurs as the result of the action of the gene HgDJK or of the gene HgFK. A revised nomenclature is proposed to include these new antigens.
Production in Mice of Ascitic Fluid Containing Antibodies Induced by Staphylococcus- or Salmonella- Adjuvant Mixtures
Authors: Lieberman Rose , Douglas John O. A. , Mantel Nathan 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Substantial quantities of ascitic fluid containing antibodies were obtained from virtually 100% of mice injected with antigenic materials derived from either Staphylococcus aureus 18, Staphylococcus aureus 2 or Salmonella enteriditis mixed with incomplete Freund's adjuvant.
High yields of ascitic fluid were elicited with 2–3 intraperitoneal inoculations of 0.4–0.5 ml of antigen-adjuvant mixtures administered at 3–7 day intervals. “Booster” doses caused a further increase in yield. Production of ascitic fluid, however, was not continuous for all the injected mice and for a 4-month period actual yield was 12–15 ml/mouse for persistent producers and 4–6 ml/mouse for the total number inoculated.
Increased ascitic fluid yield was also obtained by concomitant employment of antigen-adjuvant mixtures and enzymes, hyaluronidase or trypsin.
Ascites was elicited in four different strains of mice with production of substantial amounts of ascitic fluid comparable for all strains except A/HeN where yield was low. Heavier mice, weighing in excess of 20 g were found to be less susceptible to the lethal effects of inoculations with antigen-adjuvant mixtures.
Studies of gross and microscopic pathology of ascitic mice revealed the presence of large numbers of plasma cells in peritoneal granulomas and in peripheral lymph nodes.
Employing S. aureus 18-paraffin oil adjuvant mixtures, agglutinin titers showed an early rise (1:500–1:1000) which persisted at constant high levels for a period of 4–5 months. Comparable titers were found for the limited number of serums tested. Changes made in treatment of antigenic materials or in immunization schedules did not appreciably affect agglutinin titer. S. enteriditis protective antibodies were demonstrated in both immune mouse serum and immune mouse ascitic fluid. “Immune” ascitic fluid (0.005 ml) or immune serum (0.01 ml) afforded 50% protection to mice against S. enteriditis challenge. Injections of immunizing mixtures of S. enteriditis and paraffin oil by different routes produced comparable titers of agglutinating antibodies in the ascitic fluid.
Total and differential counts of leukocytes in ascitic fluid typically revealed early in ascites 54,000 leukocytes/cu mm of which only 40% were mononuclears, whereas fluid obtained in late ascites contained 16,500 cells of which more than 90% were mononuclears.
Eighty-eight per cent of the ascitic fluids measured for specific gravity fell in the range of 1.010 to 1.040.
The γ-globulin average level for ascitic fluid was 0.86 g/100 ml and constituted on the average about 22% of the total protein. Protein levels for ascitic fluid were about 70% that for serum.
Ascitic fluid was demonstrated to be a potential source of protective and agglutinating antibodies, viable leukocytes and γ-globulin. Induction of ascites in mice was accompanied by plasma cell proliferation in abdominal lymph nodes and granulomas.
Passive Anaphylaxis in Mice with Homologous Antiserum
Authors: Treadwell Perry E. , Wistar Richard , Rasmussen A. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Anaphylactic signs leading to death as well as pathologic and physiologic changes in anaphylaxis have been described using antigen-antibody complexes as the shocking material. The importance of the antigen-antibody ratio as well as the amount of antibody in these soluble complexes has been indicated.
The Detection of Leptospiral Antigen in Bovine Urine by Means of a Hemolytic Reaction (UHL)
Authors: Ringen Leif M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A urine hemolytic test (UHL) for the detection of leptospiral antigen in bovine urine has been described. This procedure uses a soluble erythrocyte sensitizing substance (ESS) which was precipitated out of bovine urine during the leptospiruria period. The results obtained from calves experimentally infected with Leptospira pomona indicated that the UHL test became positive within 3 weeks postexposure. In the latter stages of the disease the presence of leptospiral antigen was demonstrated by the UHL for at least several weeks after it could no longer be detected by laboratory animal inoculation.
Cellular Distribution of Forssman (Membrane) Antigen in the Guinea Pig Determined by the Mixed Agglutination Reaction
Authors: Hawes Mary D. , Coombs R. R. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The mixed agglutination reaction has been employed to study the distribution of the Forssman antigen in the tissues of the guinea pig.
Most of the tissues examined were found to possess the antigen, exceptions being smooth muscle fibers and epithelium of the jejunum.
The findings have been compared with those of other workers using the fluorescent antibody technique.
The Effect of Inhibitors on the Hemagglutinating Activity of Polyoma Virus
Authors: Deinhardt Friedrich , Henle Gertrude , Marks Myrna 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In efforts to obtain reproducible results in hemagglutination tests with polyoma virus it was found that the presence of inhibitors accounted for the extreme variations in titers observed from test to test with individual virus preparations. The inhibitors combine with the virus at 4°C but readily dissociate at 37°C. They were found in all animal sera and cultured cells tested as well as in guinea pig red cell suspensions. Attempts to remove the inhibitors from virus preparations by differential centrifugation or treatment with fluorocarbon, trypsin or RDE did not meet with full success. Slight degrees of inhibitory activity always remained in the treated materials, indicating that at least two inhibitory substances are involved. Because of the rapid dissociation of inhibitor from the virus particles at 37°C reproducible hemagglutinin titers were obtained merely by incubation of the test at 37°C for a few minutes prior to settling of the red cells at 4°C. In the competition for the virus on cooling of the mixtures the red cells apparently outrace the inhibitors.
Studies on the Development of Natural Immunity to Poliomyelitis in Louisiana
Authors: Gelfand Henry M. , Fox John P. , LeBlanc Dorothy R. , Elveback Lila 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Maternal, umbilical cord, and serially-collected infant blood samples, were available incidental to the “Louisiana Study” of natural infection with polioviruses. By means of the simultaneous titration of series of these specimens, the passive transfer of circulating maternal antibody to the infant and the decline in the infant of the maternally-derived antibody were investigated by the neutralization test. Sixty-six maternal cord blood pairs permitted observation on 188 typespecific comparisons, and showed that the titer of humoral antibody varies, in general, very little within each pair, but that there is a greater tendency for type 3 transfer to be inefficient as compared with types 1 and 2. However, specific transfer inefficiency of any antibody type may be associated with individual women. Since the antibody comparison possessed by children at birth is a function of maternal titer and since the passively acquired antibody gradually disappears, the percentage of seropositive infants in a population gradually diminishes with postpartum age. In this highly endemic area, over 50% of infants were seronegative, at a serum dilution of 1:10, against any one antibody type, by 3 months of age. The implications of this finding to early vaccination were discussed. The half-life for passive polioantibody was calculated by a study of the mean titer of antibody at successive monthly intervals of infants born of mothers with various antibody levels. The decline was found to be exponential in nature and not to vary appreciably or consistently with maternal titer. The half-life of the passive antibody was found to be approximately 25 days.
Studies on the Transfer of Antibody Formation by ISO- and Heterotransplants
Authors: Chin Paul H. , Silverman Myron S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The ability of iso- and heterotransplants to produce circulating antibody in lethally irradiated recipient mice was investigated.
Antibody production was demonstrated following transfer of spleen cells from immunized rats into lethally irradiated mice. Similarly, continued and prolonged antibody synthesis was observed upon transfer of spleen cells from immunized mice into normal and irradiated isologous recipients. In both heterologous and isologous spleen transfers, the antibodies formed were shown to be synthesized by the transferred cells and not by the recipients.
In contrast, although bone marrow and spleen cells were obtained from the same donors, circulating agglutinins could not be demonstrated following transfer of isologous or heterologous bone marrow. Restimulation of the transplanted marrow failed to elicit a demonstrable antibody response. These failures were attributed to the unsuccessful transplantion of immunologically competent cells following marrow injection.
The actual demonstration of antibody production by transplanted rat spleen cells suggests that a graft vs host immunologic reaction may be possible if lymphoid tissues are transplanted. However, support for a similar reaction following bone marrow transplantation was not indicated.
Apparent Antigenic Change in a Laboratory Line of Influenza A Virus During Continued Propagation in Chick Embryos
Authors: Paucker Kurt 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The Copenhagen line of the PR8 strain of influenza A was shown to differ considerably from lines maintained in other laboratories. Furthermore, its antigenic composition was found to have changed after numerous passages in eggs. Although the strain had remained unaltered for at least 107 egg passages, the 130th passage revealed the coexistence of two components one of which resembled the virus of earlier egg passages and the other that present subsequently. The latter virus did not resemble any of the influenza A strains which had been carried simultaneously in the laboratory. Thus, substitution or contamination and subsequent replacement by a related virus could be excluded with reasonable certainty. Although a genetic recombination may have resulted between a contaminating and the original strains, it is held more probable that at some time between the 107th and 130th egg passages a mutant developed which presumably outgrew and replaced the parent virus in succeeding passages.
Antibody Response to Influenza Vaccines Containing the Asian Strain
Authors: Culver James O. , Lennette Edwin H. , Stevens Thirza E. , Nitz Robert E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The S antibody response to vaccination with influenza vaccines containing an Asian strain was evaluated in young adult males over a period of 56 days. Two of the vaccines were aqueous monotypic preparations, and the third was of the polyvalent adjuvant type. With the aqueous vaccines the highest levels of S antibody were attained in about 10 days. A somewhat different response was seen with the adjuvant vaccine. Four-fold titer increases occurred in the first 10 days after vaccination but there was also evidence of further, although slight, titer increases thereafter. Differences were noted between the two aqueous vaccines, one engendering about half of the soluble antibody elicited by the other. These patterns of S antibody response suggest that useful distinctions may be made in the serodiagnosis of influenza in vaccinated populations.
Studies of the hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody response to the adjuvant vaccine disclosed that 9 of 25 men had a minimal and equivocal response as measured by an A2/Japan/305/57 antigen. In 16 of the 25 men, the response occurred more promptly and was of much greater magnitude. Such a distinction was not apparent when the A1/Albany/1/55 virus was utilized to make an otherwise comparable antigen. These differences suggest that prior experience may affect the antibody response to adjuvant vaccines.