bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat transfer phenomenon in a retarded boundary layer over a moving continuous cylinder
Authors: Mehmood Ahmer , Shah Babar Hussain 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The phenomena of flow separation on a surface of finite length is analogous to boundary layer flows caused by retarded motion of continuous surfaces, which ultimately seize at some downstream position and increase drag on aerodynamic vehicles. According to the literature, a stationary surface of finite length will generate a boundary layer that is less energetic than one that is developed over a moving continuous surface. This means that a moving continuous surface is preferred to a stationary surface of finite length for the sustainability of the transport phenomena in such a retarded flow, which must eventually meet the flow separation. Therefore, the goal of this study is to conduct a heat transfer analysis in a delayed laminar boundary layer generated by a moving continuous cylinder with a constant radius. Wall temperature of uniform nature is considered in this investigation. In most of the boundary layer flows the self-similarity of the flow does not persist because of choosing the reference velocity of the desired character. Thus, the problem becomes non-similar. In general, the non-similarity of a flow may appear due to various aspects of the problem such as the retarded nature of the reference velocity, the surface temperature, the curvature of the body, etc. Surface transverse curvature imparts favorable consequences on the separating boundary layer and hence on the seizing flow character. The purpose of this investigation is to determine how TVC

k

and the wall velocity power index

m

affect temperature profiles, the local Nusselt number

N

u
x

, the thickness of the thermal layer, and the thermal diffusivity of heat in a retarded boundary layer. In addition to this, the influence of Prandtl number

P
r

and Stanton number

S
t

has also been investigated. The numerical solution is computed using an implicit finite difference scheme, commonly known as the Keller-Box scheme in MATLAB scientific computing software Investigations reveal that the TVC assists the thermal transport by enhancing the rate of heat transfer and the length of the convectively heat transferring region (starting from the leading edge to the location where the flow gets seized) by increasing the longitudinal region of flow (starting from the leading edge to the location where the flow gets seized) on the surface. The surface wall velocity power index

m
>
1

acts to decrease the temperature distribution and reduces the heat transfer rate at the surface. Further, the Prandtl number

P
r

reduces the thermal boundary layer thickness and the Stanton number

S
t

but enhances the local Nusselt number.
Investigation of high-enthalpy organic phase-change materials for heat storage and thermal management
Authors: Shockner T , Zada O , Goldenshluger S , Ziskind G 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The growing interest in phase-change materials (PCM) is related to their possible role in thermal energy storage and thermal management. The choice of materials depends strongly on the required temperature range, whereas the latent heat of solid–liquid phase transition has to be as high as possible. Among other organic PCM, sugar alcohols have gained some attention due to their availability and certain advantageous properties. However, the thermal processes in these materials still require investigation. In the present work, we focused on the materials with solid–liquid phase change within 80 °C–100 °C. A comprehensive literature survey was conducted to elucidate the available sugar alcohols relevant to this range. It was found that the use of pure materials of this type is not very practical, because of their scarcity in the required range and their specific features, like difficulties with crystallization and solidification. On the other hand, based on the literature, we have discerned three eutectic mixtures of erythritol with other organic materials, namely, erythritol–xylitol, erythritol–urea and erythritol– trimethylolethane (TME). In all those cases, it is remarkable that while the components commonly have rather high melting temperatures, the eutectic mixtures had the phase transitions in the required range. Still, each of these mixtures has its own peculiar features, especially at cooling and solidification. An extensive experimental study was performed to provide detailed visualization of these major processes. The results revealed the melting temperature and latent heat of the mixtures to be: 84 °C and 190 J g−1 for erythritol–xylitol, 82 °C and 227 J g−1 for erythritol–urea. Erythritol–TME has two phase transitions at 82 °C and 97 °C, with total latent heat of 198 J g−1. Based on the present findings, the erythritol–urea mixture is the best PCM candidate for the melting range within 80 °C–100 °C.
A review of chemical looping reforming technologies for hydrogen production: recent advances and future challenges
Authors: Ramezani Rouzbeh , Felice Luca Di , Gallucci Fausto 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Faced with increasingly serious energy and global warming, it is critical to put forward an alternative non-carbonaceous fuel. In this regard, hydrogen appears as the ultimate clean fuel for power and heat generation, and as an important feedstock for various chemical and petrochemical industries. The chemical looping reforming (CLR) concept, is an emerging technique for the conversion of hydrocarbon fuels into high-quality hydrogen via the circulation of oxygen carriers which allows a decrease in CO2 emissions. In this review, a comprehensive evaluation and recent progress in glycerol, ethanol and methane reforming for hydrogen production are presented. The key elements for a successful CLR process are studied and the technical challenges to achieve high-purity hydrogen along with the possible solutions are also assessed. As product quality, cost and the overall efficiency of the process can be influenced by the oxygen carrier materials used, noteworthy attention is given to the most recent development in this field. The use of Ni, Fe, Cu, Ce, Mn and Co-based material as potential oxygen carriers under different experimental conditions for hydrogen generation from different feedstock by CLR is discussed. Furthermore, the recent research conducted on the sorption-enhanced reforming process is reviewed and the performance of the various type of CO2 sorbents such as CaO, Li2ZrO3 and MgO is highlighted.
Freedom and loneliness: dementia caregiver experiences of the nursing home transition
Authors: Holton Eimile , Boyle Neasa Bernadette , Simons Rachel , Warters Austin , O’Philbin Laura , Lawlor Brian , Gibb Matthew , O’Sullivan Roger , Pertl Maria , Quaid Kevin , Forrest Ruth , McHugh Power Joanna 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackgroundthe transition to nursing home care has previously been linked to negative outcomes for spousal caregivers of persons with dementia (PwD). However, little is known about the experience or trajectory of loneliness in spousal caregivers during this time.Objectivesto explore experiences of loneliness in caregivers during the nursing home admission of their spouse or partner with dementia.Methodssemi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 individuals living in Ireland between Oct 2020 and June 2021, who were married to/partnered with a PwD who had, in the past 7 years, moved to full-time nursing home care. Data were collected and analysed using a deductive qualitative analytic strategy in the grounded theory tradition.Resultsdata were interpreted in the context of Weiss’ typology of social and emotional loneliness and indicated that social loneliness increased for many at the point of diagnosis, decreasing somewhat after the transition, while emotional loneliness increased across the transition. Data were used to refine an existing synthesised model of loneliness, providing an updated model of the causes and contexts of loneliness.Conclusionsthe transition to nursing home care differentially affects loneliness subtypes. Results have implications for other transitions, which should be assessed in terms of various subtypes of loneliness. Our refined theoretical synthesis model of loneliness also warrants further evaluation.
Alcoholic Beverage Preference in Germany: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of Trends 1995–2018
Authors: Wilms Nicolas , Seitz Nicki-Nils , Schwarzkopf Larissa , Olderbak Sally , Kraus Ludwig 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAimsGermany is experiencing a decline in alcohol consumption but not for every alcoholic beverage type. Given the differential health impacts of alcoholic beverage type, it is important to understand the drivers of these trends. We investigated: (a) temporal trends in beverage preference and (b) the effects of age, period and cohort on these trends.MethodsData came from nine waves (1995–2018; ntotal = 75,550) of the German Epidemiological Survey of Substance Abuse, a nationally representative household survey of individuals aged 18–59 years. The quantity of beer, wine, spirits and mixed drinks drank in the last 30 days was transformed into grammes of ethanol, and the beverage type preference was estimated as the proportion of total ethanol consumption. Fractional multinomial logit regression was applied to analyse the age, period and cohort effects on temporal trends of beverage preference by sex.ResultsThe preference for spirits and mixed drinks decreased with increasing age, while the preference for wine increased with no age effect on beer. There was a general decrease in the preference for beer and an increase in the preference for wine among both sexes, with an additional increase in the preference for spirits in males.ConclusionTrends in beverage preference were more related to individual ageing and changes in the whole population than to cohorts. With the continued reduction in alcohol consumption, the decreasing preference for beer and the growing preference for wine suggest a positive development. Trends of an increasing preference for spirits in males are of concern.
Enforcing international arbitral subpoenas in the United States
Authors: Meshel Tamar 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The jurisprudence of the United States Supreme Court coupled with restrictive domestic arbitration legislation has created gaps in the enforcement of international arbitral subpoenas in the United States. These enforcement gaps restrict access to evidence by international arbitral tribunals seated in the United States and block such access entirely for foreign-seated international arbitral tribunals. These gaps also make the United States an outlier among other major international arbitration jurisdictions and conflicts with international arbitral practice. However, the recent decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in Day v Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe is a first step toward filling these enforcement gaps. This article sets out the legislative framework governing the enforcement of international arbitral subpoenas in the United States, introduces the existing gaps in such enforcement, demonstrates how these gaps fly in the face of international arbitral practice and explains how the Ninth Circuit has now filled at least some of them. If followed by other federal courts, Day v Orrick may pave the way for the enforcement of subpoenas issued by international arbitral tribunals seated both within and outside the United States, and bring the United States back in line with international arbitral practice.
Efficacy of Filgotinib in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis by Line of Therapy in the Phase 2b/3 SELECTION Trial
Authors: Dotan Iris , Feagan Brian G , Taliadouros Virginia , Oortwijn Alessandra , Rudolph Christine , de Haas Angela , Santermans Eva , Hsieh Jeremy , Peyrin-Biroulet Laurent , Hibi Toshifumi 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Background and Aims
The efficacy of new therapies for ulcerative colitis [UC] is usually influenced by previous biologic use. These post hoc analyses of SELECTION, a placebo-controlled phase 2b/3 trial in patients with moderately to severely active UC, evaluated the efficacy of filgotinib, an oral Janus 1 kinase preferential inhibitor, with respect to prior biologic failure.

Methods
The effect of filgotinib 200 mg (FIL200) relative to placebo was compared in biologic-naïve and biologic-failed patient groups, and in further subgroups by number of failed biologics [1 or &gt;1], biologic mechanism of action [MoA] classes [1 or 2] and tumour necrosis factor [TNF] antagonists [1 or &gt;1]. Odds ratios [ORs] for clinical remission at week 10 [induction] and hazard ratios [HRs] for protocol-specific disease worsening [PSDW] from week 11 to week 58 [maintenance] were calculated.

Results
At week 10, FIL200-treated patients were more likely to achieve clinical remission than placebo-treated patients in the biologic-naïve (OR [95% confidence interval, CI]: 1.98 [1.14–3.44]) and biologic-failed (3.91 [1.33–11.48]) groups. During maintenance, FIL200-treated patients had a reduced risk of PSDW in the biologic-naïve (HR [95% CI]: 0.22 [0.11–0.44]) and biologic-failed (0.22 [0.12–0.40]) groups, and in all biologic-failed subgroups (except &gt;1 TNF antagonist failure). The data suggest that the likelihood of PSDW at week 58 increased with increasing numbers of failed biologics.

Conclusions
FIL200 induced and maintained benefits relative to placebo regardless of previous biologic use; however, the estimated therapeutic benefit was greatest in biologic-naïve patients and patients previously treated with one biologic or biologic MoA class. [ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02914522].
Sleep duration, daytime napping, and risk of peripheral artery disease: multinational cohort and Mendelian randomization studies
Authors: Yuan Shuai , Levin Michael G , Titova Olga E , Chen Jie , Sun Yuhao , Million Veteran Program Veterans Affairs , Åkesson Agneta , Li Xue , Damrauer Scott M , Larsson Susanna C 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAimsSleep duration has been associated with cardiovascular disease, however the effect of sleep on peripheral artery disease (PAD) specifically remains unestablished. We conducted observational and Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to assess the associations of sleep duration and daytime napping with PAD risk.Methods and resultsSleep traits were assessed for associations with incident PAD using cohort analysis among 53 416 Swedish adults. Replicated was sought in a case-control study of 28 123 PAD cases and 128 459 controls from the veterans affairs Million Veteran Program (MVP) and a cohort study of 452 028 individuals from the UK Biobank study (UKB). Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was used for casual inference-based analyses of sleep-related traits and PAD (31 307 PAD cases 211 753 controls). Observational analyses demonstrated a U-shaped association between sleep duration and PAD risk. In Swedish adults, incident PAD risk was higher in those with short sleep [&lt;5 h; hazard ratio (HR) 1.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.31–2.31] or long sleep (≥8 h; HR 1.24; 95% CI 1.08–1.43), compared to individuals with a sleep duration of 7 to &lt;8 h/night. This finding was supported by the analyses in MVP and UKB. Observational analysis also revealed positive associations between daytime napping (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.18–1.49) with PAD. MR analysis supported an inverse association between sleep duration [odds ratio (OR) per hour increase: 0.79, 95% CI, 0.55, 0.89] and PAD and an association between short sleep and increased PAD (OR 1.20, 95% CI, 1.04–1.38).ConclusionShort sleep duration was associated with an increased risk of PAD.
From individual behaviors to collective outcomes: fruiting body formation inDictyosteliumas a group-level phenotype
Authors: Kuzdzal-Fick Jennie J , Moreno Armando , Broersma Cathleen M E , Cooper Tim F , Ostrowski Elizabeth A 
Published: March 2023

AbstractCollective phenotypes, which arise from the interactions among individuals, can be important for the evolution of higher levels of biological organization. However, how a group’s composition determines its collective phenotype remains poorly understood. When starved, cells of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum cooperate to build a multicellular fruiting body, and the morphology of the fruiting body is likely advantageous to the surviving spores. We assessed how the number of strains, as well as their genetic and geographic relationships to one another, impact the group’s morphology and productivity. We find that some strains consistently enhance or detract from the productivity of their groups, regardless of the identity of the other group members. We also detect extensive pairwise and higher-order genotype interactions, which collectively have a large influence on the group phenotype. Whereas previous work in Dictyostelium has focused almost exclusively on whether spore production is equitable when strains cooperate to form multicellular fruiting bodies, our results suggest a previously unrecognized impact of chimeric co-development on the group phenotype. Our results demonstrate how interactions among members of a group influence collective phenotypes and how group phenotypes might in turn impact selection on the individual.
Sexual conflict over phenological traits: selection for protandry can lock populations into temporally mismatched reproduction
Authors: Ekrem Runa K , Kokko Hanna 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn seasonal environments, competition among males can drive males to emerge before females. Females, simultaneously, should avoid emerging at times after sufficient male availability. We show that the consequent sexual conflict over timing traits can produce arms races toward ever earlier emergence, if low mate-search efficiency or sperm limitation elevate the latter risk for females. In reality, however, arms races over timing cannot proceed indefinitely as this ignores the relevant ecological context for phenology: the temporal niche of resource availability for offspring development. We model the interaction of natural and sexual selection to predict the sexual conflict load, i.e., the loss of population fitness caused by sexual conflict. We show that selection to avoid matelessness can exacerbate another problem of maladaptation: a temporal mismatch between the organism (e.g., insect) and its resource (e.g., host plant). Load frequently associates with protandry if males can mate multiply, yet lack of multiple mating does not imply zero load. A temporal mismatch can still evolve, where both sexes emerge and mate suboptimally early with respect to the seasonal resource peak, because monogamy does not guarantee that every individual finds one mate, and selection favors early individuals in mate-finding contexts.
Using genome scans to identify genes used repeatedly for adaptation
Authors: Booker Tom R , Yeaman Sam , Whitlock Michael C 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAdaptation occurring in similar genes or genomic regions in distinct lineages provides evolutionary biologists with a glimpse at the fundamental opportunities for and constraints to diversification. With the widespread availability of high-throughput sequencing technologies and the development of population genetic methods to identify the genetic basis of adaptation, studies have begun to compare the evidence for adaptation at the molecular level among distinct lineages. However, methods to study repeated adaptation are often oriented toward genome-wide testing to identify a set of genes with signatures of repeated use, rather than evaluating the significance at the level of an individual gene. In this study, we propose PicMin, a novel statistical method derived from the theory of order statistics that can test for repeated molecular evolution to estimate significance at the level of an individual gene, using the results of genome scans. This method is generalizable to any number of lineages and, indeed, statistical power to detect repeated adaptation increases with the number of lineages that have signals of repeated adaptation of a given gene in multiple lineages. An implementation of the method written for R can be downloaded from https://github.com/TBooker/PicMin.
Hybrid zone or hybrid lineage: a genomic reevaluation of Sibley’s classic species conundrum inPipilotowhees
Authors: DeRaad Devon A , Applewhite Emily E , Tsai Whitney L E , Terrill Ryan S , Kingston Sarah E , Braun Michael J , McCormack John E 
Published: March 2023

AbstractHybrid zones can be studied by modeling clines of trait variation (e.g., morphology, genetics) over a linear transect. Yet, hybrid zones can also be spatially complex, can shift over time, and can even lead to the formation of hybrid lineages with the right combination of dispersal and vicariance. We reassessed Sibley’s (1950) gradient between Collared Towhee (Pipilo ocai) and Spotted Towhee (Pipilo maculatus) in Central Mexico to test whether it conformed to a typical tension-zone cline model. By comparing historical and modern data, we found that cline centers for genetic and phenotypic traits have not shifted over the course of 70 years. This equilibrium suggests that secondary contact between these species, which originally diverged over 2 million years ago, likely dates to the Pleistocene. Given the amount of mtDNA divergence, parental ends of the cline have very low autosomal nuclear differentiation (FST = 0.12). Dramatic and coincident cline shifts in mtDNA and throat color suggest the possibility of sexual selection as a factor in differential introgression, while a contrasting cline shift in green back color hints at a role for natural selection. Supporting the idea of a continuum between clinal variation and hybrid lineage formation, the towhee gradient can be analyzed as one population under isolation-by-distance, as a two-population cline, and as three lineages experiencing divergence with gene flow. In the middle of the gradient, a hybrid lineage has become partly isolated, likely due to forested habitat shrinking and fragmenting as it moved upslope after the last glacial maximum and a stark environmental transition. This towhee system offers a window into the potential outcomes of hybridization across a dynamic landscape including the creation of novel genomic and phenotypic combinations and incipient hybrid lineages.
Allometric plasticity and the evolution of environment-by-environment (E×E) interactions during a rapid range expansion of a dung beetle
Authors: Rohner Patrick T , Moczek Armin P 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPlastic responses to environmental conditions may themselves depend on other environmental conditions, but how such environment-by-environment (E×E) interactions may impact evolution remains unclear. We investigate how temperature shapes the nutritional polyphenism in horn length in a beetle and test whether “allometric plasticity” (a form of E×E) predicts latitudinal differentiation during a rapid range expansion. Rearing populations under common garden conditions demonstrates that increased temperatures reduce the body size threshold separating two male morphs in all populations but also that the magnitude of temperature-dependent changes in allometry diverged across recently established populations. Furthermore, we found a latitudinal increase in the threshold in the species’ exotic range at one of the temperatures, suggesting that allometric plasticity in response to temperature may predict evolved clinal differences. Our findings demonstrate that E×E interactions can be similar in magnitude to G×E interactions and that allometric plasticity and its evolution may impact population’s responses to environmental changes.