bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Fluids on the Mode I Fracture Toughness of Two Granites and One Sandstone
Authors: Muñoz‐Ibáñez A. , Herbón‐Penabad M. , Li Y. , Delgado‐Martín J. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractFluids affect the mechanical behavior of geomaterials, including properties such as unconfined compressive strength and brittleness. However, their impact on mode I fracture toughness (KIc) has been less explored. This study investigates the impact of saturating fluids on the KIc of three rock types: a porous siliceous sandstone (Corvio) and two high‐strength, low‐porosity granites (Blanco Mera and Blanco Alba). Pseudo‐compact tension (pCT) specimens (diameter ∼50–54 mm, thickness ∼25 mm, notch depth ∼16 mm) were saturated with seven different fluids (deionized water, methanol, NaCl‐saturated water, mineral oil, diesel fuel, an acidic HCl solution and a caustic NaOH solution) and tested under identical conditions. Results show that all fluids reduce KIc, but the extent varies with rock type and fluid properties. Aqueous fluids caused the most significant reductions, with deionized water having the greatest impact on granites (∼18%–30%) and the acid solution on sandstone (∼70%). Non‐polar hydrocarbon fluids, despite their lack of reactivity, caused moderate effects attributed to poro‐mechanical effects. Additionally, pH‐shift experiments, involving sequential exposure to alkaline and acidic solutions, mitigated fluid‐induced weakening. This behavior is hypothesized to stem from silica dissolution in the alkaline phase, followed by rapid nucleation and precipitation during the acidic phase, forming silica‐rich coatings on mineral surfaces. Fracture energy was not equally distributed, with higher post‐peak energy absorption due to crack bifurcation, grain rotation or friction. These findings underscore the interplay of lithological factors, fluid properties and chemical processes in fracture behavior, with implications for subsurface engineering and modeling of fluid‐rock interactions.
Optimized Gross Primary Productivity Over the Croplands Within the BEPS Particle Filtering Data Assimilation System (BEPS_PF v1.0)
Authors: Xing Xiuli , Wu Mousong , Zhu Huajie , Duan Wenzhuo , Ju Weimin , Wang Xiaorong , Ran Youhua , Zhang Yongguang , Jiang Fei 
Published: January 2025

AbstractAgricultural ecosystems play an important role in modulating the global carbon balance by taking up atmospheric carbon dioxide, while large differences and uncertainties exist in the estimated crop gross primary productivity (GPP) by terrestrial ecosystem models (TEMs). With the aim of reducing the parameter uncertainty in TEMs for crop GPP simulation, we developed a particle filtering data assimilation (DA) system based on the ecosystem model BEPS (Biosphere Exchange Process Simulator), that is, the BEPS_PF (v1.0). We investigated the feasibility of BEPS_PF on the multiple parameters optimization across typical crops (wheat, rice, soybean and corn) and on reducing the uncertainty of GPP over 32 cropland eddy covariance sites globally. With BEPS_PF DA, the average R2 between GPP and observed data at the hourly scale has been efficiently improved by 0.36 and root mean square error reduced by 0.18 gC m−2 hr−1. The DA system has successfully corrected the GPP from the irrigated croplands which was severely underestimated by the model's prior parameters. We found that the maximum carboxylation rate at 25°C (Vcmax25) as well as the leaf nitrogen content (Nleaf) were co‐varied with strong seasonal variations. The optimized Vcmax25 showed large differences among different crop types with ranges 27.07–62.95, 42.17–93.32, 31.89–105.81, and 38.34–89.29 μmol m−2 s−1 for corn, soybean, wheat, and rice respectively. We demonstrated that the BEPS_PF is an efficient tool for optimizing different processes in the ecosystems, and with the satellite data it can be extended to regional and global scales for more accurate estimation of carbon fluxes.
Lithosphere Architecture Along the Axis of the Subducting Aseismic Nazca Ridge (Peruvian Active Margin)
Authors: Ciattoni S. , Cella F. , Mazzoli S. , Zambrano M. , Megna A. , Santini S. , Butler R. , Pierantoni P. P. , Di Celma C. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe relatively short‐term effects of ridge subduction may be evaluated in the Peruvian region of the recent (4 and 5 Ma) arrival of the Nazca Ridge at the subduction interface. Such effects are superposed onto—and are mostly discernible from—those of a long‐term, Cretaceous to Miocene tectonic evolution. A comprehensive two‐dimensional model was built to analyze the interaction between “young” ridge subduction and the preexisting structural framework of the overriding plate. This involved the construction of an approximately 1,000 km long and 180 km deep section integrating surface geology and available geophysical information. To constrain at depth and validate the section, we conducted forward modeling of the Bouguer anomaly using two distinct data sets and formulated a two‐dimensional density model considering the petrological properties and P‐T conditions of crustal and mantle rocks. While the deep portion of the subduction system is dominated by the Nazca Ridge flat subduction, upper plate rheology, inherited structures and stratigraphy mostly control fold and thrust belt architecture. This latter is characterized by basement‐involved thrusting and inversion tectonics. Crustal budget calculations provide shortening values ranging from 137 km (25%, considering an original crustal thickness like that of the present‐day Andean foreland) to 275 km (40%, for a rifted pre‐orogenic crust thinned by 20%). Despite the relatively large uncertainty, the obtained range of values is relevant and overall consistent with the northward decrease of shortening away from the Central Andes Orocline estimated by the restoration of vertical axis rotations obtained from paleomagnetic data.
Myosin-based nucleation of actin filaments contributes to stereocilia development critical for hearing
Authors: Moreland Zane G. , Jiang Fangfang , Aguilar Carlos , Barzik Melanie , Gong Rui , Behnammanesh Ghazaleh , Park Jinho , Shams Arik , Faaborg-Andersen Christian , Werth Jesse C. , Harley Randall , Sutton Daniel C. , Heidings James B. , Cole Stacey M. , Parker Andrew , Morse Susan , Wilson Elizabeth , Takagi Yasuharu , Sellers James R. , Brown Steve D. M. , Friedman Thomas B. , Alushin Gregory M. , Bowl Michael R. , Bird Jonathan E. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Assembly of actin-based stereocilia is critical for cochlear hair cells to detect sound. To tune their mechanosensivity, stereocilia form bundles composed of graded rows of ascending height, necessitating the precise control of actin polymerization. Myosin 15 (MYO15A) drives hair bundle development by delivering critical proteins to growing stereocilia that regulate actin polymerization via an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that MYO15A is itself an actin nucleation-promoting factor. Moreover, a deafness-causing mutation in the MYO15A actin-binding interface inhibits nucleation activity but still preserves some movement on filaments in vitro and partial trafficking on stereocilia in vivo. Stereocilia fail to elongate correctly in this mutant mouse, providing evidence that MYO15A-driven actin nucleation contributes to hair bundle biogenesis. Our work shows that in addition to generating force and motility, the ATPase domain of MYO15A can directly regulate actin polymerization and that disrupting this activity can promote cytoskeletal disease, such as hearing loss.
Regional and institutional trends in assessment for academic promotion
Authors: Lim B. H. , D’Ippoliti C. , Dominik M. , Hernández-Mondragón A. C. , Vermeir K. , Chong K. K. , Hussein H. , Morales-Salgado V. S. , Cloete K. J. , Kimengsi J. N. , Balboa L. , Mondello S. , dela Cruz T. E. , Lopez-Verges S. , Sidi Zakari I. , Simonyan A. , Palomo I. , Režek Jambrak A. , Germo Nzweundji J. , Molnar A. , Saktiawati A. M. I. , Elagroudy S. , Kumar P. , Enany S. , Narita V. , Backes M. , Siciliano V. , Egamberdieva D. , Flores Bueso Y. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The assessment of research performance is widely seen as a vital tool in upholding the highest standards of quality, with selection and competition believed to drive progress. Academic institutions need to take critical decisions on hiring and promotion, while facing external pressure by also being subject to research assessment1–4. Here we present an outlook on research assessment for career progression with specific focus on promotion to full professorship, based on 314 policies from 190 academic institutions and 218 policies from 58 government agencies, covering 32 countries in the Global North and 89 countries in the Global South. We investigated how frequently various promotion criteria are mentioned and carried out a statistical analysis to infer commonalities and differences across policies. Although quantitative methods of assessment remain popular, in agreement with what is found in more geographically restricted studies5–9, they are not omnipresent. We find differences between the Global North and the Global South as well as between institutional and national policies, but less so between disciplines. A preference for bibliometric indicators is more marked in upper-middle-income countries. Although we see some variation, many promotion policies are based on the assumption of specific career paths that become normative rather than embracing diversity. In turn, this restricts opportunities for researchers. These results challenge current practice and have strategic implications for researchers, research managers and national governments.
Mapping cells through time and space with moscot
Authors: Klein Dominik , Palla Giovanni , Lange Marius , Klein Michal , Piran Zoe , Gander Manuel , Meng-Papaxanthos Laetitia , Sterr Michael , Saber Lama , Jing Changying , Bastidas-Ponce Aimée , Cota Perla , Tarquis-Medina Marta , Parikh Shrey , Gold Ilan , Lickert Heiko , Bakhti Mostafa , Nitzan Mor , Cuturi Marco , Theis Fabian J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Single-cell genomic technologies enable the multimodal profiling of millions of cells across temporal and spatial dimensions. However, experimental limitations hinder the comprehensive measurement of cells under native temporal dynamics and in their native spatial tissue niche. Optimal transport has emerged as a powerful tool to address these constraints and has facilitated the recovery of the original cellular context1–4. Yet, most optimal transport applications are unable to incorporate multimodal information or scale to single-cell atlases. Here we introduce multi-omics single-cell optimal transport (moscot), a scalable framework for optimal transport in single-cell genomics that supports multimodality across all applications. We demonstrate the capability of moscot to efficiently reconstruct developmental trajectories of 1.7 million cells from mouse embryos across 20 time points. To illustrate the capability of moscot in space, we enrich spatial transcriptomic datasets by mapping multimodal information from single-cell profiles in a mouse liver sample and align multiple coronal sections of the mouse brain. We present moscot.spatiotemporal, an approach that leverages gene-expression data across both spatial and temporal dimensions to uncover the spatiotemporal dynamics of mouse embryogenesis. We also resolve endocrine-lineage relationships of delta and epsilon cells in a previously unpublished mouse, time-resolved pancreas development dataset using paired measurements of gene expression and chromatin accessibility. Our findings are confirmed through experimental validation of NEUROD2 as a regulator of epsilon progenitor cells in a model of human induced pluripotent stem cell islet cell differentiation. Moscot is available as open-source software, accompanied by extensive documentation.
A map of the rubisco biochemical landscape
Authors: Prywes Noam , Phillips Naiya R. , Oltrogge Luke M. , Lindner Sebastian , Taylor-Kearney Leah J. , Tsai Yi-Chin Candace , de Pins Benoit , Cowan Aidan E. , Chang Hana A. , Wang Renée Z. , Hall Laina N. , Bellieny-Rabelo Daniel , Nisonoff Hunter M. , Weissman Rachel F. , Flamholz Avi I. , Ding David , Bhatt Abhishek Y. , Mueller-Cajar Oliver , Shih Patrick M. , Milo Ron , Savage David F. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Rubisco is the primary CO2-fixing enzyme of the biosphere1, yet it has slow kinetics2. The roles of evolution and chemical mechanism in constraining its biochemical function remain debated3,4. Engineering efforts aimed at adjusting the biochemical parameters of rubisco have largely failed5, although recent results indicate that the functional potential of rubisco has a wider scope than previously known6. Here we developed a massively parallel assay, using an engineered Escherichia coli
7 in which enzyme activity is coupled to growth, to systematically map the sequence–function landscape of rubisco. Composite assay of more than 99% of single-amino acid mutants versus CO2 concentration enabled inference of enzyme velocity and apparent CO2 affinity parameters for thousands of substitutions. This approach identified many highly conserved positions that tolerate mutation and rare mutations that improve CO2 affinity. These data indicate that non-trivial biochemical changes are readily accessible and that the functional distance between rubiscos from diverse organisms can be traversed, laying the groundwork for further enzyme engineering efforts.
The maternal X chromosome affects cognition and brain ageing in female mice
Authors: Abdulai-Saiku Samira , Gupta Shweta , Wang Dan , Marino Francesca , Moreno Arturo J. , Huang Yu , Srivastava Deepak , Panning Barbara , Dubal Dena B. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Female mammalian cells have two X chromosomes, one of maternal origin and one of paternal origin. During development, one X chromosome randomly becomes inactivated1–4. This renders either the maternal X (Xm) chromosome or the paternal X (Xp) chromosome inactive, causing X mosaicism that varies between female individuals, with some showing considerable or complete skew of the X chromosome that remains active5–7. Parent-of-X origin can modify epigenetics through DNA methylation8,9 and possibly gene expression; thus, mosaicism could buffer dysregulated processes in ageing and disease. However, whether X skew or its mosaicism alters functions in female individuals is largely unknown. Here we tested whether skew towards an active Xm chromosome influences the brain and body—and then delineated unique features of Xm neurons and Xp neurons. An active Xm chromosome impaired cognition in female mice throughout the lifespan and led to worsened cognition with age. Cognitive deficits were accompanied by Xm-mediated acceleration of biological or epigenetic ageing of the hippocampus, a key centre for learning and memory, in female mice. Several genes were imprinted on the Xm chromosome of hippocampal neurons, suggesting silenced cognitive loci. CRISPR-mediated activation of Xm-imprinted genes improved cognition in ageing female mice. Thus, the Xm chromosome impaired cognition, accelerated brain ageing and silenced genes that contribute to cognition in ageing. Understanding how Xm impairs brain function could lead to an improved understanding of heterogeneity in cognitive health in female individuals and to X-chromosome-derived pathways that protect against cognitive deficits and brain ageing.
A dataset of Antarctic ecosystems in ice-free lands: classification, descriptions, and maps
Authors: Tóth Anikó B. , Terauds Aleks , Chown Steven L. , Hughes Kevin A. , Convey Peter , Hodgson Dominic A. , Cowan Don A. , Gibson John , Leihy Rachel I. , Murray Nicholas J. , Robinson Sharon A. , Shaw Justine D. , Stark Jonathan S. , Stevens Mark I. , van den Hoff John , Wasley Jane , Keith David A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Antarctica, Earth’s least understood and most remote continent, is threatened by human disturbances and climate-related changes, underscoring the imperative for biodiversity inventories to inform conservation. Antarctic ecosystems support unique species and genetic diversity, deliver essential ecosystem services and contribute to planetary stability. We present Antarctica’s first comprehensive ecosystem classification and map of ice-free lands, which host most of the continent’s biodiversity. We used latent variables in factor analyses to partition continental-scale abiotic variation, then biotic variation represented in spatial models, and finally recognised regional-scale variation among biogeographic units. This produced a spatially explicit hierarchical classification with nine Major Environment Units (Tier 1), 33 Habitat Complexes (Tier 2) and 269 Bioregional Ecosystem Types (Tier 3) mapped at 100 m resolution and aligned with ‘level 4’ of the IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology. This comprehensive ecosystem inventory provides foundational data to inform protected area designation under the Antarctic Treaty’s Environmental Protocol and track risks to Antarctic ecosystems. Its tiered structure and workflow accommodate data scarcity and facilitate updates, promoting robustness as knowledge builds.
Gaming time and impulsivity as independent yet complementary predictors of gaming disorder risk
Authors: Szyszka Paulina Daria , Zajas Aleksandra , Starosta Jolanta , Kiszka Patrycja , Starzec Sylwia , Strojny Paweł 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Prolonged gaming time, along with increased impulsivity—a key element of poor self-regulation—has been identified as linked to gaming disorder. Despite existing studies in this field, the relationship between impulsivity and gaming time remains poorly understood. The present study explored the connections between impulsivity, measured both by self-report and behavioral assessments, gaming time and gaming disorder within a cohort of 82 participants. While gaming time exhibited a significant correlation with gaming disorder, only self-reported measures of impulsivity and one behavioral metric showed a correlation with gaming disorder. Self-report measures of impulsivity exclusively predicted gaming disorder when included in a regression model with gaming time. The interaction between gaming time and impulsivity, aside from one behavioral metric was deemed insignificant. These findings suggest that impulsivity and gaming time, although associated with gaming disorder risk, are independent variables. Further research should aim to clarify these relationships and explore potential interventions targeting both DGI and impulsivity to mitigate gaming disorder risk.
Optimal allocation of energy storage coordinated with thermal power units for ramp events considering the correlation among offshore wind farms
Authors: Yu Xinyi , Bian Xiaoyan , Yin Zhiang , Lin Yi , Tang Yuchen , Sun Fengzhou 
Published: January 2025

AbstractDuring extreme meteorological events, the output of wind farms may undergo noticeable fluctuations within short timeframes, leading to wind power ramp events (WPREs), which can result in severe disruptions to the power system, potentially causing widespread outages. However, limited studies have dedicated to addressing the adverse impacts of WPREs on the power system. Moreover, few articles consider the influence of power correlations among multiple wind farms on WPREs. This paper proposes an improved multi‐parameter segmentation algorithm for detecting WPREs based on the generation of wind farm output scenarios with different correlation coefficients. And a bi‐level optimization model is developed for the allocation of electrochemical energy storage and thermal power units to address offshore WPREs, considering the correlations among wind farms. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated through case study based on the modified IEEE RTS‐24 node system. Results demonstrate that stronger correlation among wind farms lead to fewer WPREs and lower requirements for thermal power units and electrochemical energy storage capacity, thereby reducing both investment and operational costs.
Efficient high step‐down converter with soft switching and minimal components
Authors: Sehen Mohammed Ismaeel Sehen , Delshad Majid , Shalash Nadheer A. , Fani Bahador 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis paper presents a novel two‐switch high step‐down converter based on the conventional Ćuk converter. The proposed converter features lower gain and higher efficiency due to reduced switching and conduction losses. Notably, it enables zero current switching turn‐on for switches without requiring additional components, enhancing its efficiency. The low voltage stress on the switches significantly impacts efficiency. Additionally, its simple topology reduces the component count, further improving efficiency. Zero current switching turn‐off condition for the diode effectively addresses reverse recovery problem. To validate its performance, a prototype operating at 200 W output power, 300 V input voltage, 24 V output voltage, and 40 kHz switching frequency is implanted.
Distribution-free uncertainty quantification for inverse problems: Application to weak lensing mass mapping
Authors: Leterme H. , Fadili J. , Starck J.-L. 
Published: January 2025

Aims. In inverse problems, the aim of distribution-free uncertainty quantification (UQ) is to obtain error bars in the reconstruction with coverage guarantees that are independent of any prior assumptions about the data distribution. This allows for a better understanding of how intermediate errors introduced during the process affect subsequent stages and ultimately influence the final reconstruction. In the context of mass mapping, uncertainties could lead to errors that affect how the underlying mass distribution is understood or that propagate to cosmological parameter estimation, thereby impacting the precision and reliability of cosmological models. Current surveys, such as Euclid or Rubin, will provide new weak lensing datasets of very high quality. Accurately quantifying uncertainties in mass maps is therefore critical to fully exploit their scientific potential and to perform reliable cosmological parameter inference.
Methods. In this paper, we extend the conformalized quantile regression (CQR) algorithm, initially proposed for scalar regression, to inverse problems. We compared our approach with another distribution-free approach based on risk-controlling prediction sets (RCPS). Both methods are based on a calibration dataset, and they offer finite-sample coverage guarantees that are independent of the data distribution. Furthermore, they are applicable to any mass mapping method, including black box predictors. In our experiments, we applied UQ to three mass-mapping methods: the Kaiser-Squires inversion, iterative Wiener filtering, and the MCALens algorithm.
Results. Our experiments reveal that RCPS tends to produce overconservative confidence bounds with small calibration sets, whereas CQR is designed to avoid this issue. Although the expected miscoverage rate is guaranteed to stay below a user-prescribed threshold regardless of the mass mapping method, selecting an appropriate reconstruction algorithm remains crucial for obtaining accurate estimates, especially around peak-like structures, which are particularly important for inferring cosmological parameters. Additionally, the choice of mass mapping method influences the size of the error bars.