Effects of home confinement on physical activity, nutrition, and sleep quality during the COVID-19 outbreak in amateur and elite athletes
Authors: Taheri Morteza , Irandoust Kadijeh , Reynoso-Sánchez Luis Felipe , Muñoz-Helú Hussein , Cruz-Morales Karla Noelia , Torres-Ramírez Raymundo , Mirmoezzi Masoud , Youzbashi Leila , Mirakhori Fatemeh , Dergaa Ismail , Vancini Rodrigo Luiz , Mataruna-Dos-Santos Leonardo Jose , Korinna Zazueta-Beltrán Diana , Zouhal Hassane , Morales-Beltrán Roxana Abril , Soylu Yusuf , Molgado-Sifuentes Amairani , González-Hernández Juan , Hernández-Cruz Germán , Bojorquez Castro Luis Bernardo , Kurt Cem , Trabelsi Khaled , Chtourou Hamdi , Seghatoleslami Ali , López-Camacho Manuel Octavio , Mendoza-Baldenebro Ramón Ernesto , Torabi Farnaz , Ben Saad Helmi , Washif Jad Adrian , Strahler Jana , Guimarães-Mataruna Andressa Fontes , Lebaron Tyler W. , Shaabani Ezdini Ebrahim , Rezaei Marjan Sadat , Moshtagh Mozhgan , Yagin Fatma Hilal , Gülü Mehmet , Esmaeili Atefeh , Müller Patrick , Ammar Achraf , Scoditti Egeria , Garbarino Sergio , Puce Luca , Bragazzi Nicola Luigi , Nobari Hadi 
Published: April 2023

IntroductionDespite the progress in the management of the pandemic caused by COVID-19, it is necessary to continue exploring and explaining how this situation affected the athlete population around the world to improve their circumstances and reduce the negative impact of changes in their lifestyle conditions that were necessitated due to the pandemic. The aim of this study was to analyze the moderating influence of physical activity (PA) and dietary habits on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic experience on sleep quality in elite and amateur athletes.Materials and methodsA total of 1,420 elite (40.1%) and amateur (59.9%) athletes (41% women; 59% men) from 14 different countries participated in a cross-sectional design study. Data were collected using a battery of questionnaires that identified sociodemographic data, sleep quality index, PA levels, dietary habits, and the athletes' perception of their experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Means and standard deviations were calculated for each variable. The analysis of variances and the correlation between variables were carried out with non-parametric statistics. A simple moderation effect was calculated to analyze the interaction between PA or dietary habits on the perception of the COVID-19 experience effect on sleep quality in elite and amateur athletes.ResultsThe PA level of elite athletes was higher than amateur athletes during COVID-19 (p &lt; 0.001). However, the PA level of both categories of athletes was lower during COVID-19 than pre-COVID-19 (p &lt; 0.01). In addition, amateurs had a higher diet quality than elite athletes during the pandemic (p = 0.014). The perception of the COVID-19 experience as controllable was significantly higher (p = 0.020) among elite athletes. In addition, two moderating effects had significant interactions. For amateur athletes, the PA level moderated the effect of controllable COVID-19 experience on sleep quality [F(3,777) = 3.05; p = 0.028], while for elite athletes, the same effect was moderated by dietary habits [F(3,506) = 4.47, p = 0.004].ConclusionElite athletes had different lifestyle behaviors compared to amateurs during the COVID-19 lockdown. Furthermore, the relevance of maintaining high levels of PA for amateurs and good quality dietary habits by elite athletes was noted by the moderating effect that both variables had on the influence of the controllable experience during the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep quality.