bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'adaptation de l'offre à la demande de travail
Authors: Sellier François 
Published: August 2023

The adaptation of the supply of labour to the demand.
For the classics the market for jobs was not a relevant subject for study. For them the problem was that of the supply of and demand for labour i. e. the problem of population changes. In the long run the supply of work adapts itself to the demand. For Keynes the problem was that of the determination of the level of the supply of jobs, particularly when it was lower than the supply of labour.
Modern analysis considers that the supply of jobs depends on a series of factors of which the wage rate is not the most important. But the classics were right in linking the supply of labour to the state of the population. Consequently, the solution of the problem of the equalization of the supply of and demand for labour depends upon two stes of relatively independent factors. The adaptation of the two elements depends upon the state of technical progress and the lenght of the working week, the two factors being related. But this conclusion renders the concept of a labour market extremely imprecise.
Structural unemployment is an example of a fundamental lack of adaptation of the supply of jobs to the population. The examples of the United Kingdom between the two wars, modern Italy and the United States in the 19th century illustrate the relationship between this type of unemployment and the level of investment.
A study of the adaptation of the supply of labour in the short period brings out the high level of elasticity which affects certain marginal groups (adolescents, older workers and women).
Finally, the importance of non-salaried employment cannot be divorced from a study of the state of employment as a whole.
Profit, croissance et stagnation en France au XIXe siècle
Authors: Cameron R. E. 
Published: August 2023

Profit, growth and stagnation in france in the nineteenth century.
The slower rate of growth of total and per capita income in France, despite the country’s money advantages between 1815 and 1914 than in any other industrial country calls for some explanation.
The author uses a theoretical framework built on the concepts of supply and demand analysis, or the theory of relative prices, supplemented by income and employment theory, in order to examine this problem in economic growth.
As regards profit and the uses of investible funds it would seem that the failure to invest in french industry, despite abundant funds, was the determining factor. This may be explained to some extent by the growth of demand for final products which the author analyses in detail considering demographic factors and spending habits. The supply and cost of production must also be considered to see whether, capital being abundant, the supply of other factors was deficient whilst labour supply does not seem to have been a broke on production, France did suffer from many natural handicaps such as the supply of coal.
Finally, the author is led to envisage the handicap for the growth of french industry of a number of political and social factors.
L'épargne et les profits des entreprises dans l'hypothèse du " revenu permanent "
Authors: Fisher Malcolm R. 
Published: August 2023

Business savings and profits in the light of the «permanent income» hypothesis.
The problem analysed its the way in which entrepreneurs arrive at decisions relating to dividend policy , using the Friedman hypothesis regarding the consumption-saving decisions of individuals the author adapts it to the dividend decisions of entrepreneurs. The hypotheses thus framed are submitted to empirical verification in the light of the experience of United States corporations.
It appears that there is a two-way relationship between investment and profit retention. Profit prospects coupled with plans to invest will for established companies , promote greater relative profits retention. This effect could usefully be incorporated in macro-economic models. However , it would be an error to forget that permanent profits in different industries do not grow at the same rate and there is, therefore, no necessary correlation between the rale of growth of national income and that of retained profits.
Stabilité et progrès : les problèmes de la pauvreté
Authors: Viner Jacob ,   Association internationale des sciences économiques
Published: August 2023

<i>Stability and progress :
the poorer countries’ problem </i>
Although the conditions prevailing in underdeveloped countries differ widely it is possible to formulate a certain number of general propositions concerning them. The causes of poverty in these countries may be related to internal handicaps or be the result of external factors.
The most evident cause of regional poverty is a regional scarcity of productive resources relative to population. In the poorer countries, labour is always abundant relative to natural resources and, for most of them, labour is abundant relative to national resources. Another obstacle to development may be found in the impact of inflation and the inability of poorer countries to control it. The low level of incomes rather than a low propensity to save by prohibiting saving on a large scale, also puts a brake on development. Other obstacles which have been described in the literature, such as unequal income distribution, disguised unemployment and high interest rates merit however, critical examination before they are accepted.
As regards external handicaps to development, it is clear that the commercial policies of developed countries can impose hardships on poorer countries. The contention that the terms of trade move against primary producers cannot, however, be accepted without qualification. The same holds for the monopoly effects of industrial countries, the so-called demonstration effect, and the influence of external economies in demands for tariff protection.
A factor which causes instability in the poorer countries is their dependence on the export of a few basic commodities and the fluctuations in the prices of these products. Stabilization in the developed countries rather than commodity schemes is the most promising solution for this problem.
Among the positive factors favouring economic progress in the poorer countries are the availability of the cumulative stock of knowledge of the richer countries and the latter’s contribution to the development of poorer countries. Provided the population problem can be solved, economic progress is a realisable goal for the underdeveloped countries.
L'offre de crédit
Authors: Gambino Amedeo 
Published: August 2023

The supply of loanable funds
What are the factors which determine the supply of loanable funds ? In what respects does the latter differ from the supply of savings ? The supply of funds depends not only on the volume of saving but also upon the extent to which savings are mobilized and the successive links between credits granted and received. These two factors are decisive for a divergence between the supply of saving and the supply of loanable funds.
This conclusion does not imply abandoning the real factors of saving and investment in the classical concept of the supply of loanable funds. But it is necessary to consider the ways in which savings are transformed in order to become négociable.
It follows that the rate of interest can be conceived of as the price of credit although changes in the volume of credit need not be accompanied by interest changes.
Taux relatifs de profit
Authors: Downie J. 
Published: August 2023

On relative rates of profit
Two main approaches to profit theory may be distinguished. The first uses static equilibrium analysis and appeals largely to ethical considerations. The second emphasises economic growth and deals with investment, full employment and growth rates. But neither is concerned specifically with the distribution of profits between industries. The author seeks to apply macro-economic concepts ot this problem in micro-economics.
It would seem that there exists a constant relation between total profits and total investments. But this does not mean that the rate of investment is determined by the rale of profit. What happens in practice is that differences in profit rates are due to differences in the rale of growth of demand. Prices would then be fixed to take account of investment needs.
Fluctuations et croissance économique en France (1820-1952)
Authors: Hart Albert Gailord 
Published: August 2023

<i>Economic growth and fluctuations in France
1820-1952 </i>
This study sets out to analyse the growth of the french economy over a period of 130 years by presenting, as far as available statistical material allows, continuous, or comparable time series. The major task has been to construct satisfactory indices for the pre-1914 period. The material already published by the I.S.E.A. has been used, but the author has endeavoured to give deflated total production figures.
Various cross-checks have also been provided by the addition of the available statistical material for certain sectors of economic activity. In particular, time series on coal production and imports, iron and steel output and transports, both inland and maritime, have been constructed.
The author considers two types of trend-production capacity and output. The concept of productive capacity is applied here for the first time to long-term trends derived from french pre-1914 data.
Finally, the author considers the political implications of the fact that, down to 1913, and, to some extent until 1930, despite marked instability in output, increases in production were sufficient to give all social groups, in each generation, an increased real volume of consumption. On the contrary, from 1930 to 1952, an increase in total output was not available and, as a result, one social group could only increase its consumption at the expense of others.
De la décision unique a la décision séquentielle
Authors: Malinvaud Edmond 
Published: August 2023

The economist first approaching decision-theory might expect to gel from it rules of action directly applicable to such questions as investment programming or economic policy. But he would find the theory much too simple to handle actual situations and might well consider that the simplifications used involved abstraction from fundamental aspects of the problem.
The author argues that this situation can be explained in part by the fact that time is not explicitly introduced into models concerned with the rationality of choice criteria. But most decisions concern the future : an economic policy, e.g., can only be fully realised over a period of months or years. The article therefore explicitly introduces a temporal factor into the study of the principle of decision-taking. Models are first developed to demonstrate the nature of choice when the future is certain and when it is uncertain. The author then introduces the possibility of sequential decisions (i.e. decisions taken over a period rather than at a point in time), and considers the significance of this (and of such corollaries as the fact that statistical estimation is a decision problem) for his model.
Commerce entre grandes firmes ou commerce entre nations ?
Authors: Perroux François 
Published: August 2023

Our problem is related to the inability of standard equilibrium theory to explain present time economic relations both in a closed and open economy. Therefore, another general interpretation of economic life is wanted.
After recalling some very well known phenomena incompatible with perfect competition, we emphasize two features of international life : 1) the relative weight of large firms in international trade, 2) the “nationality effect” underlined by P. J. Buckley, J. H. Dunning and R. D. Pearce in a recent article where, in a statistical analysis of the 642 largest firms in the world, they find that nationality is correlated with profit rate. Is this because of the excellency of investors’ choice or because of economic and social externalities in a given national space ?
The incompatibility of monopolistic and oligopolistic competi¬ tion with a theory of general equilibrium is currently admitted. We believe the new theory of the active units (Les Unités actives, unités actives et mathématiques nouvelles, François Perroux, Dunod, 1975) should be taken into account. Active units are capable to modify their environment at their own advantage. They engender their economic spaces (trade, investment, information). Such economic spaces are eventually to be applied to territorial spaces. The method allows a new analysis of economic asymétries related to : a) the irreversibility of time and b) the unequalities of economic agents and units. The growing interest for structural models (J. N. Bhagwati) is connected to the importance, of fixed capital and to the complexity of organizations in industrialized economies. Numerous applications are drawn from the analysis :
-in the short-run the propulsion effect of large and strong economic structures, — in the middle-run, the structural ascen¬ dencies, — and finally, the complex set of dominances by the super-powers. The standard theory seems to improve if one puts it into the frame of an integrative theory of general equilibrium.
Réflexions sur la compatibilité des approches ricardiennes et keynésiennes du fonctionnement de l’activité économique
Authors: Arena Richard 
Published: August 2023

L’objet de cet article consiste dans la formulation d’une représentation du fonctionnement de l’activité économique qui tente de combiner une partie des héritages ricardien et keynésien. Celle-ci suppose d’abord l’existence d’une période d’analyse comprenant trois phases dont la succession décrit la hiérarchie temporelle et logique des principales opérations d’une économie de production pure : l’anticipation, la production et l’échange. L’approche des deux premières de ces phases propose une interprétation et un mode d’articulation particuliers du principe keynésien de la demande effective et de la théorie classique de la production. L’approche de la phase de l’échange suppose possible l’occurrence de demandes contraintes et de déficits d’écoulement, impliquent la nécessité macroéconomique de transferts de monnaie circulatoire. Le recensement des limites inhérentes à la représentation décrite met en évidence l’intérêt de l’intégration de la circulation financière et du concept de monnaie-fonds au sein d’une économie de production et d’échange pure.
Les résultats obtenus permettent de mieux situer les différences qui existent entre la théorie néo-marginaliste de l’équilibre et le fonds commun des approches ricardienne et keynésienne ; ils modifient également la perception traditionnelle des relations entre ces deux dernières approches, en montrant que le problème posé par cette perception doit être redéfini dans des termes nouveaux.
Endogenous vs. Exogenous Coalition Formation
Authors: Bennett Elaine 
Published: August 2023

L’article montre que lorsqu ’on veut prédire la formation des coalitions et la distribution des paiements, il faut tenir compte, dans chaque situation, de deux éléments essentiels. Ces éléments sont :
1. Les coalitions se forment-elles à partir des intérêts personnels de leurs acteurs ou sont-elles préspécifiées par la situation ? Ceci déterminera le choix de l’ensemble des états réalisable.
2. Quelle est la nature de la négociation qui peut être envisagée dans la situation donnée ? Ceci détermine le concept de solution approprié à l’ensemble des états donné.
Ce texte compare du point de vue des paiements et des coalitions formés, les prévisions basées sur les concepts traditionnels ou sur le concept d’aspiration des agents. Il montre que différentes solutions peuvent être proposées dans différentes situations.
La transformation des valeurs en prix non concurrentiels
Authors: Reati Angelo 
Published: August 2023

L’article se propose de rendre plus réaliste l’explication des prix par les valeurs, en situant la «transformation» dans le cadre des structures de marché non concurrentielles. Le modèle utilisé est de type «Leontieff-Sraffa» avec taux de profit et salaires différenciés, d’après le degré de monopole des branches. L’opérateur linéaire qui «transforme» les valeurs en prix non concurrentiels est d’abord calculé pour un système avec capital circulant uniquement, ensuite en y incorporant le capital fixe.
On constate que les éléments liés aux structures de marché exercent une influence déterminante, modifiant les coefficients techniques de façon différenciée. Ce résultat est confirmé en procédant de façon alternative, par le calcul de l’écart en pourcentage entre les prix et les valeurs : on voit que les taux de profit et de salaire différenciés ont un rôle qui fait passer au deuxième plan celui de l’intensité capitalistique de la production.
Austerity policies and the new right : recent UK experience
Authors: Arestis Philip , Skuse Frank 
Published: August 2023

In this paper we examine the record of the Conservative administration over the period 1979-88. Having set out the general theoretical case advanced by “new classical” thought, with its emphasis on competition and Walrasian market clearing, we examine the specific content of the arguments of the UK “New Right” ; in particular, its concern with financial and price level stability, the reform of trade unions and the programme of privatization and deregulation. We consider the policies implemented by the governement, discerning a shift towards more overtly supply-side thinking after 1985 after the earlier emphasis on monetary control aimed at controlling inflation.
We conclude that the UK “New Right” cannot be considered as simply promoting the interests of capital in general or of finance capital in particular. It is seen more as a reaction against the Keynes-inspired interventionist policies of the post-1945 period and an attempt to restore a pre-Keynesian world, based upon an unquestioning belief in the efficiency and equity of market-based solutions.
Y a-t-il une théorie keynésienne implicite de la valeur-travail ?
Authors: Segura André 
Published: August 2023

Des propos sont prêtés à Keynes qui tendent à accréditer l'idée qu'il aurait considéré la théorie de la valeur-travail comme la seule valable. Se prononcer sur cette question est important eu égard aux tentatives qui ont existé depuis la parution de la Théorie Générale d'intégrer la construction keynésienne dans l’édifice néo-classique.
Si les propos qui lui sont prêtés sont exacts, la question se pose de savoir pourquoi il n’a pas rendu explicite son adhésion à la théorie de la valeur-travail.
Trois raisons peuvent être avancées pour l’expliquer : les impératifs stratégiques, l’indifférence du fond et la généralité de l’analyse.
Politiques publiques – la répression du trafic de drogue est-elle efficace ?
Authors: Kopp Pierre 
Published: August 2023

L’article analyse l’efficacité de la répression du trafic de drogue.
L’originalité consiste à diviser les trafiquants de drogue en deux groupes : «trafiquants marginaux» et «trafiquants organisés» selon qu’ils ont (ou non) la possibilité de corrompre les autorités. L’auteur attire l’attention sur le fait que le degré d’élasticité de la demande de drogue au prix affecte sensiblement l’efficacité de la politique répressive.
The risk premium and volatility in the Spanish stock market. A forecasting approach
Authors: Olave Pilar , Miguel Jésús 
Published: August 2023

Cet article analyse la variabilité de la prime de risque dans le marché de capitaux espagnol et cela dans la dernière décennie. Nous proposons une méthode bootstrap afin d’améliorer la capacité prévisionnelle et faisons la comparaison des méthodes de prédiction classique et bootstrap pour séries financières.
Quand la volatilité a un effet déterminant sur l’estimation de la rentabilité du marché, les erreurs de prédiction présentent des problèmes d’asymétries et de haute kurtosis. La méthode bootstrap que nous proposons s’adapte mieux à ces genres de séries.
ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯ ТА ВЕДЕННЯ КОНТРБАТАРЕЙНОЇ БОРОТЬБИ В ОПЕРАЦІЇ НА ПІДСТАВІ АНАЛІЗУ ТЕОРІЇ ВІЙСЬКОВОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ АРМІЙ КРАЇН – ЧЛЕНІВ НАТО
Authors: Пшaвa Дмитро , Вдовенко Олександр , Головченко Олег 
Published: August 2023

Практика ведення воєнних дій показує, що артилерійські підрозділи залишаються єдиним військовим формуванням, здатним забезпечити результативний контрвогонь. Аналіз результатів досліджень та здобутих уроків ведення бойових дій артилерією під час відсічі збройної агресії російської федерації проти України показують, що у практиці організації та ведення контрбатарейної боротьби існує суперечність за ознакою результативності. Для вирішення цієї суперечності в теорії військового управління потрібно вирішити триєдине завдання: аналізу умов і чинників, розроблення науково-методичного апарату та обґрунтування рекомендацій. За результатами проведеного дослідження методом аналізу у статті визначено способи організації та ведення контрбатарейної боротьби й доцільні об’єкти ураження під час ведення проактивного та реактивного контрвогню в теорії військового управління армій країн – членів НАТО. Для розуміння змісту зазначених способів організації та ведення контрбатарейної боротьби проаналізовано та розтлумачено зміст понять “проактивність” та “реактивність” у практиці наукових досліджень в цілому і теорії управління зокрема.
SAP: A Secure Low-latency Protocol for Mitigating High Computation Overhead in WI-FI Networks
Authors: Jain Vineeta , Wetzker Ulf , Laxmi Vijay , Gaur Manoj Singh , Mosbah Mohamed , Mery Dominique 
Published: August 2023

<p> The increase in popularity of wireless networks in industrial, embedded, medical and public sectors has made them an appealing attack surface for attackers who exploit the vulnerabilities in network protocols to launch attacks such as Evil Twin, Man-in-the-middle, sniffing, <u>etc</u>., which may result in economic and non-economic losses. To protect wireless networks against such attacks, IEEE 802.11 keep updating the protocol standards with new and more secure versions. There has always been a direct correlation between attacks and the improvement of protocol standards. As the sophistication of attacks increases, protocol standards tend to move towards higher security, resulting in a significant rise in both latency and computational overhead, and severe degradation in the performance of low-latency applications such as Industrial Internet of Things (<u>IIoT</u>), automotive, robotics, <u>etc</u>. In this paper, we make the first attempt to highlight the importance of both latency and security in wireless networks from implementation and performance perspective. We make a review of existing IEEE 802.11 protocols in terms of security offered and overhead incurred to substantiate the fact that there is a need of a protocol which in addition to providing optimum security against attacks also maintains the latency and overhead. We also propose a secure and low-latency protocol known as Secure Authentication Protocol (SAP) which operates in two phases - registration and authentication, where the first phase is a one time process implemented using asymmetric cryptography and the second phase is implemented using symmetric cryptography. The protocol is structured in a way that it maintains the original structure of IEEE 802.11 protocols and performs both phases using fewer messages than existing protocols. By simulating the protocol using well-established <u>OMNeT</u>++ simulator, we proved that the proposed protocol incurs a low computation overhead, making it ideal for low-latency applications. We extensively verified the security properties of the proposed protocol using formal verification through widely-accepted <u>Scyther</u> tool. Finally, we perform a comparative analysis of SAP with existing IEEE 802.11 wireless network protocols to highlight the improvement.</p>