bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protective Effect of Sera from Animals Treated with Different Brucella Antigens upon Brucella Infection in Mice
Authors: Live I. , Giuliani L. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sera from adult cattle injected with ether-killed Brucella abortus combined with Falba and mineral oil showed a much higher protective action against lethal Brucella infection in mice than sera from cattle injected with live strain 19 vaccine of Br. abortus. The agglutinin titers of the 2 groups of animals were very similar at the time of the in-vivo test in mice.
A small percentage of sera from heifers injected with live strain 19 vaccine within 2 years of the time of the test protected mice against lethal Brucella infection, while none of the sera from animals immunized at longer intervals before the time of testing protected all treated mice.
Sera from guinea pigs injected with ether-killed Br. abortus combined with Falba and mineral oil conferred considerable protection on mice in all 4 tests carried out in the course of the 6½ months. Sera from guinea pigs injected with the same dose of ether-killed Br. abortus suspended in saline, on the other hand, showed only slight protection in the first test, and in the subsequent tests none of the sera protected all mice.
Sera from guinea pigs infected with virulent Br. abortus showed protective activity which fluctuated in the various tests. Variation in clinical symptoms of brucellosis may possibly be related to such changes in the concentration of humoral protective substance.
The various sera protected mice against the lethal effect of a large infecting dose, but did not suppress chronic infection.
The Effect of X-Irradiation on the Immunity of Mosquitoes to Malarial Infection
Authors: Terzian Levon A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been shown that the mosquito Aedes aegypti, in common with other insects, is extremely resistant to high doses of X-irradiation. Thus, the mortality did not reach 100% in the groups exposed to 40,000 r and 30,000 r until the twelfth and twenty-first post-irradiation days respectively, while in the groups exposed to 20,000 r the mortality was 95% on the thirtieth day. In the groups exposed to 10,000 r and 5,000 r the mortality was 28% and 18% respectively at the end of thirty days. It is to be noted that in non-irradiated, control colonies the mortality is 10% at the end of thirty days, and that the average life span of these laboratory mosquitoes is approximately forty-five days. It has been demonstrated that X-irradiation in doses ranging from 5,000 r to 30,000 r produces a significant increase in the innate resistance of A. aegypti to infection with the malarial parasite Plasmodium gallinaceum, and that this effect is quantitatively increased with increasing doses of X-irradiation. Finally, it has been shown that penicillin, and sulfadiazine, when administered to X-irradiated mosquitoes prior to infection, are capable of reversing the effects on host immunity produced by exposure to X-irradiation and reestablishing what would appear to be a normal host-parasite equilibrium.
Influenza Virus Multiplication in Homologously Transplanted Mouse Fetal Tissues
Authors: Wagner Robert R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The susceptibility of embryonic mouse tissues to infection with various strains of human influenza virus has been tested by transplantation of virus-treated tissues to the subcutaneous space of homologous adult hosts. The technique is relatively simple and gives readily reproducible results. When infection with the virus occurred it was localized to the transplanted donor tissue and the draining axillary and inguinal lymph nodes of the recipient host. No characteristic cytologic changes due to virus proliferation were noted.
The capacity of different strains of influenza virus to multiply in transplanted fetal mouse lung varied with the degree of infectivity of the individual strain for adult mouse lung. The purely egg-adapted A′ strain, A/England/1/51, showed no increase in virus titer in the 1st fetal lung generation but acquired proliferative capacity after a single fetal or adult lung passage.
Non-neurotropic strains of influenza virus did not multiply in fetal tissues other than lung. An encephalitogenic variant of the WS strain of influenza A (NWS) was infective for mouse fetal lung, intestine, kidney, heart, bladder and spleen but not for skin.
Anaphylactic Shock in the Mouse Vaccinated with Hemophilus Pertussis
Authors: Malkiel Saul , Hargis Betty J. , Feinberg Samuel M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Bovine serum and crystalline egg albumin (Ea) when mixed with Hemophilus pertussis phase I organisms and inoculated intraperitoneally proved to be strong antigens in that a high percentage of female albino mice thus injected were fatally shocked by challenge with the homologous antigen. Bovine plasma albumin and diphtheria toxoid were also effective in enhancing sensitization, although the manifestations thereof were to a lesser degree. Neither precipitating nor non-precipitating or univalent antibodies were detected in mouse anti-Ea serum. It is suggested that tissue or sessile antibodies may be responsible for the heightened sensitivity. Passive transfer could not be effected with homologous “antisera” in either control or pertussis inoculated mice. Some degree of transfer was found possible with rabbit antiserum in pertussis inoculated mice. The enhancement of antigenicity is probably not mediated by virtue of the adjuvant or “schlepper” effect of the pertussis cells. Pertussis admixture was found to be much more effective than Freund's adjuvant. Admixture is not necessarily a requirement but both the antigen and the pertussis organisms seem to be administered necessarily on the same day. Various fractions of the pertussis organisms were found to possess this capacity, i.e. sonically disintegrated supernatant, alcohol precipitate, saline extract, etc. The acetic acid-insoluble (nucleoprotein?) fraction of the latter is also markedly effective. No explanation is offered at the moment to explain this phenomenon.
Deposition of Beef Serum Gamma-Globulin in Rabbit Organs and Subcellular Fractions
Authors: Crampton Charles F. , Reller Herbert H. , Haurowitz Felix 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits injected with beef serum γ-globulin, which had been coupled with very small amounts of diazotized S35-sulfanilic acid, were sacrificed at intervals of time from 15 minutes to 93 days, and their organs assayed for residual trichloroacetic acid precipitable radioactivity. The distribution of radioactivity among the subcellular fractions isolated by differential centrifugation from spleen and liver homogenates was also determined.
A high concentration of the labeled globulin persisted in the blood until 4–5 days after injection, when there was an abrupt decline due to the onset of antibody formation.
After 7.5 days, the levels of globulin in all the organs investigated, except heart, were much higher than the blood level. By the 93rd day, most of the organ levels had fallen only to about a third of the high levels at 7.5 days. Evidently, antibody formation is initiated and continues in the presence of deposited antigen.
The beef globulin undergoes a brief initial deposition in the microsomal fraction of the liver, but soon becomes nearly evenly distributed among all fractions of the perfused liver. With the abrupt fall in the blood level of antigen accompanying antibody formation, there is a decrease in the relative activity of the supernatant fraction, and an increase in the relative concentration of antigen in the mitochondrial fraction of both liver and spleen, suggesting that the components of this subcellular fraction may be involved in the process of antibody formation.
Studies on the Role of Ca++ and Mg++ in Complement Fixation and Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Levine Lawrence , Cowan Keith M. , Osler Abraham G. , Mayer Manfred M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The role of Ca++ in C′ fixation has been studied by two methods: 1) With a system depleted of divalent cations by passage through a resin, Ca++, but not Mg++, caused a marked enhancement in C′ fixation; 2) With a system containing EDTA as an inhibitory chelating agent, Ca++, but not Mg++, Sr++, or Ba++, restores C′ fixation. Therefore Ca++ is specifically required in C′ fixation.
Quantitative Studies on Anaphylaxis, Deallergization, and Desensitization
Authors: Baserga Renato , Bergamini Fernanda 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Quantitative changes in the antibody content of the serum of actively sensitized and desensitized guinea pigs have been studied. Detectable amounts of antibodies were produced by means of the “adjuvants” technique. The results are not in favor of the quantitative theory of desensitization.
The Quantitative Precipitin Reaction of Equine Diphtheria Antitoxin
Authors: Bowen Harry E. , Polley Barbara A. , Huang Jane 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Pappenheimer and Robinson (1) studied the quantitative reaction between diphtheria antitoxin (equine) and toxin. Their curves showed inhibition of precipitation in excess antibody and excess antigen and a wide zone of equivalence as determined by the rabbit intracutaneous test. The points in the equivalence zone defined a straight line whose slope they interpreted as a measure of specifically precipitable antigen nitrogen (N) and whose intercept measured specifically precipitable antitoxin N. They concluded that co-precipitation of non-toxin material did not occur in appreciable amounts.
This interpretation has been seriously criticized by Pope and his co-workers (2), who have been unable, in general, to reproduce the curve as originally described by Pappenheimer and Robinson. Pope concludes, after extensive experimentation, that co-precipitation of other antigen-antibody complexes definitely contributes to the total N. Indeed, he suggests that co-precipitates may actually represent a major part of the total precipitate with the true toxin-antitoxin complex precipitating, quite incidentally, simultaneously with other immunologic complexes present in the mixture.
Production of Pulmonary Lesions by Influenza Viruses in Immunized Mice
Authors: Ginsberg Harold 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Influenza viruses produced severe pulmonary lesions in mice immunized by intraperitoneal injections of the homologous agent. With inocula of 108.3 E.I.D. of CAM virus, pneumonia resulted which was as severe as in control mice. Immunized mice challenged with only 107.5 E.I.D. of influenza A or B virus initially developed lesions to the same extent as control animals, but maximum consolidation did not result. Although some viral multiplication probably occurred, it was postulated that it was the original quantity of virus inoculated which caused the lesions in immunized mice.
Purification Studies on Lansing Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Bachrach H. L. , Schwerdt C. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified concentrates of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus have been prepared from cotton rat CNS with specific infectivities increased 20,000 times, on the average, above that of the original infected tissue. The fraction of total virus infectivity recovered in the purified concentrates averaged 40 to 50%.
The virus in the concentrates of high specific infectivity has been identified by analytical electron microscopy to be a spherical particle 28 mμ in diameter. This identification was made through correlative experiments relating particle counts to infectivity and is discussed in detail. The concentration of the virus in CNS tissue of paralytic cotton rats is calculated to be about 0.2 μg per gram of tissue. It is shown that about 21,000 virus particles or 3.0 × 10-13 g of virus are consistently present in one LD50 inoculum for cotton rats, but it is not known whether all or a constant fraction of these particles are infectious. The electron microscopic evidence shows that the virus is highly uniform in size and shape.
Studies on Chick-Embryo-Adapted Rabies Virus
Authors: Koprowski Hilary , Black Jack 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Guinea-pigs injected with living egg-adapted Flury strain of rabies virus become resistant to challenge inoculation with street virus within 12 days after vaccination. This resistance is accompanied by the development of homologous neutralizing antibodies.
Results of comparative immunization of dogs and guinea pigs indicate that the latter species may be used successfully to control potency of canine vaccines. The proposed potency control test is described in detail.
Serum Neutralization Tests in Mice and in Tissue Culture Against Three Types of Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Li C. P. , Schaeffer Morris 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method of effective utilization of the three types of mouse adapted poliomyelitis viruses in serum neutralization tests is described. With this technic, 110 human sera were tested and age-antibody distribution curves generally following previously established patterns were demonstrated for all three types of the virus. The results with individual sera were obtained with rapidity and regularity.
The results of mouse neutralization tests were compared with those obtained by a tissue culture neutralization method and they were found to be in close correlation.
When individual sera were compared by both methods, about 90% were in complete agreement and 10% at variance. However, these discrepancies occurred principally among the sera which gave orderline neutralization results by the mouse test. Such sera were shown to have a low titer, while sera which were definitely positive by both methods had a relatively high titer.
Further studies with view toward standardization of technics and establishment of criteria for the choice of neutralization test systems are desirable.
The Relation of Circulating Antibody Concentration to Localization of Labeled (S35) Antigen
Authors: Garvey Justine S. , Campbell Dan H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The foregoing experiments show that significant differences in tissue localization of antigen occurred in rabbits when the titer of circulating antibody was greater than 0.1 mg N. The increased uptake of antigen by the lungs of immune animals may be largely attributed to hypersensitive reaction of this tissue whereas the greater localization in the liver represents complexing of antigen with circulating antibody. A method of acid-salt dissociation was found useful in isolating the antigen and antibody from the immune complexes obtained as insoluble material in a perfusate from liver tissue. There was no apparent redistribution of antigen when the usual 6 hour test period for localization was extended to 72 hours.
Studies on the Transfer of Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna , Farber Miriam B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cells were teased from various lymph nodes and the spleens of rabbits which had been given injections of Shigella paradysenteriae into the hind foot pads. These cells were transferred to fresh rabbits, and thereafter agglutinins to the Shigella were measured in the sera of the latter. It was found that such agglutinins appeared regularly in the sera of the rabbits receiving cells of the popliteal lymph nodes, and only occasionally, to much lower titer, in recipients of splenic cells. If the same dose of antigen was injected intravenously into the donors it was found after cell-transfer that agglutinins to dysentery bacilli appeared regularly in the sera of recipients of splenic cells and occasionally, in much lower titer, in the recipients of cells of the popliteal lymph nodes. In neither case did agglutinins appear in the recipients of cells of the mesenteric lymph nodes of the donor animals.
Repeated injections of Shigella paradysenteriae into the foot pads of donors resulted in regional lymph nodes which were larger and yielded more cells than that found after a single injection. Following the transfer of such cells the agglutinin titers of the recipients' sera were usually similar to, and occasionally lower than, those observed in the case of a single injection of antigen.
When dysentery bacilli were injected into the hind foot pads of rabbits together with 3 other antigens, antibodies to all 4 antigens were found in sera of the recipients of cells of the regional lymph nodes, and the titers of anti-Shigella agglutinins in these animals were similar to those found in the recipients of cells from lymph nodes draining the site of injection of dysentery bacilli alone.
The effects of administration of cortisone were also studied in this system. Such treatment of donor rabbits resulted in lymph nodes which were smaller and yielded approximately one-sixth the number of cells of control donors, but the cells so derived were usually as effective, or, in some cases, slightly less so, than in the case of non-hormone treated controls. Popliteal lymph node cells derived from normal donors 4 days after their injection with dysentery organisms were as effective in cortisone-treated recipients as in control animals. However, when the cells were obtained 2 days after the injection of the donors with antigen, and transferred to cortisone treated recipients and to controls, the agglutinin titers of the former were in some instances lower than those of the non-hormone treated animals.
Immunology and Serology of Some Parasitic Protozoan Flagellates
Authors: Menolasino Nicholas J. , Hartman Ernest 
Published: January 2023

Summary
For Trichomonas vaginalis and Trichomonas foetus the following findings are reported: a specific, high titer somatic agglutinina specific posterior flagellar agglutinin of moderate titeran antibody, or possibly a complex of antibodies, capable of causing the rounding, granulation, and ultimate fragmentation of these organisms, after inactivation of the antiserum at 56°C for 30 minutes.an antibody, or possibly a complex of antibodies, of high titer, capable of causing the immobilization and subsequent lysis of the anterior flagella, after inactivation of the antiserumthe antigenic similarity of Trichomonas vaginalis and Trichomonas foetus.the immunologic and serologic techniques applied to bacteria are not applicable to the study of this type of organism.
Primary and Specific Anamnestic Antibody Responses of Rabbits to Heterologous Serum Protein Antigens
Authors: Dixon Frank J. , Maurer Paul H. , Deichmiller Maria P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In the primary and anamnestic antibody responses to heterologous serum protein antigens rapid antibody synthesis ceases with or shortly after the disappearance of detectable antigen. In the primary response there was no conclusive evidence of continued antibody production after the disappearance of antigen. In the anamnestic responses, however, antibody continued to be produced at a low level for more than 6 months after antigen could no longer be detected.
Heterohemoantibodies in Inbred Strains of Mice
Authors: Davidsohn Israel , Stern Kurt 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Titers of immune hemoantibodies in mice of 10 inbred strains revealed characteristic patterns for each strain, with considerable variations between strains. The possible role of genetic, metabolic, and hormonal factors in relation to this difference in response of mice to immunization with hemoantigens was discussed. Among 11 strains tested, all five low-tumor strains showed a high immune response, whereas of six high-tumor or high-leukemia strains, five exhibited a low immune response. A possible interpretation of these findings was presented.
Studies on the Removal of the Encephalitogenic Factor from Rabies Vaccine
Authors: Hottle G. A. , Peers J. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By means of centrifugation at approximately 1000 G of a suspension of 5% brain tissue in distilled water, it was possible to remove a large part of the encephalitogenic factor from rabies vaccine and retain most of the mouse protective antigen in the supernatant fluid.
Studies on Immunity in Anthrax
Authors: Wright George G. , Hedberg Mary A. , Slein Janet B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Elaboration of the protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis was obtained in a chemically-defined, non-protein medium composed of 17 amino acids, inorganic salts, adenine, guanine, uracil, thiamine, glutamine, glucose, and sodium bicarbonate. Sterile filtrates of static 20-hour cultures of a non-proteolytic mutant strain of B. anthracis, when injected in divided doses totaling 1 ml., were capable of immunizing rabbits so that they survived intracutaneous challenge with 10,000 spores of virulent B. anthracis, representing at least 100 lethal doses. The preparations immunized guinea pigs against a challenge of 1000 spores and, when precipitated with alum, produced detectable immunity in mice. A preliminary experiment suggested that the antigen also produced effective immunity in monkeys. Tentative indications as to some of the critical constituents and cultural conditions for production of antigen were obtained. Protective antigen activity of the crude culture filtrate was relatively unstable; the protective antigen could, however, be concentrated and stabilized by lyophilization or by alum precipitation. The meaning of the results is discussed.
Infectivity Titrations of the Viruses of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis and Newcastle Disease by Tissue Culture Methods
Authors: Fastier Lyle B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The cytopathogenic changes which occur in tissue cultures infected with the viruses of Western equine encephalomyelitis or of Newcastle disease have been utilized for infectivity titrations of these agents.
The reproducibility and degree of accuracy exhibited by suspended tissue culture titrations compare favourably with those obtained by conventional animal inoculation methods.
Kinetic Studies on Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Mayer Manfred M. , Levine Lawrence 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The hemolytic action of complement is arrested much more promptly by ethylene diamine tetra acetate as well as by an unrelated specific precipitate when hemolytic antibody rather than complement is the limiting factor. This suggests that the rate of reaction in the limited antibody system is controlled by the Ca++ step while in the limited complement system the Mg++ step is the pace-making reaction. The Mg++ step may be blocked promptly and effectively by dilution and chilling. On this basis a sampling procedure for kinetic analysis has been devised by which the rate of the Mg++ step may be measured. Kinetic reaction curves are presented which show that the velocity of the Mg++ step and of the terminal transformation reaction are identical. The average time required for a cell to go through the terminal reaction is about 2 minutes. Sensitized erythrocytes may be taken through the Ca++ step in the cold. Upon addition of Mg++ and an appropriate fraction of complement at 37°C the Mg++ step proceeds with little or no lag.
The Number of Elementary Bodies Per 50% Lethal Dose of Meningo-Pneumonitis Virus as Determined by Electron Microscopic Counting
Authors: Crocker T. Timothy 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Counting of elementary bodies of meningo-pneumonitis virus in dialysed allantoic fluid by electron microscopy is described. Dialysis against distilled water for 18 to 24 hours at 5°C did not alter the lethal potency of the fluid for chick embryos inoculated via the yolk sac. Morphologic features of the elementary bodies in allantoic fluid, although altered slightly by dialysis, remained distinctive. The number of elementary bodies per LD50 in 4 experiments was found to be 200 to 1000, and the number per ID50 in a single experiment was 43. Factors influencing the numbers of elementary bodies per 50% lethal or infectious unit are discussed.