bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of the Carrier Protein on Idiotypic Specificities of Antihapten Antibodies Produced in an Inbred Strain of Mice
Authors: Wang Ai-Lan , Nisonoff Alfred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antihapten antibodies formed in A/J mice in response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-p-azophenylarsonate (KLH-Ar) show strong intrastrain idiotypic cross-reactions. These antibodies also share idiotypic specificities with antihapten antibodies produced in response to the same hapten coupled to a different carrier, bovine γ-globulin (BGG). Nearly all specificities present in the antihapten antibody population elicited by KLH-Ar were also found in the anti-BGG-Ar antibodies of most mice, as shown by the capacity of the latter antibody populations to displace most of the labeled immunogen from its antiidiotypic antibodies. On the average, however, significantly larger amounts of anti-BGG-Ar, as compared to anti-KLH-Ar antibodies, were required for inhibition. This demonstrates that populations lacking the cross-reacting idiotype were also stimulated by BGG-Ar. The results indicate that many receptors on lymphocytes that are capable of being stimulated by KLH-Ar can also interact effectively with BGG-Ar. The fact that idiotypic specificity is relatively independent of the carrier protein suggests that it is determined at the level of the bone marrow-derived cell.
Immunologic Studies on Drug Addiction
Authors: Liu Chi-Tan , Adler Frank L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antisera which react with methadone and with urine from users of this drug have been prepared in rabbits. A simple and rapid hemagglutination-inhibition test which detects methadone in concentrations of 1 ng/ml has been applied to human urine specimens with results that demonstrate the specificity of the test and suggest that use of the drug may remain detectable for at least 1 week. Heroin used simultaneously with methadone does not interfere in the test.
Mechanisms of Passive Sensitization
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , Soto Carmen S. , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cell-bound IgE molecules on basophil granulocytes were enumerated by C1 fixation transfer technique. The average number of IgE molecules per basophil granulocyte was 10,000 to 40,000. The number did not have direct correlation with serum IgE level; however, a rough inverse relationship was observed between the number of cell-bound IgE molecules and the optimal concentration of anti-IgE for maximum histamine release from the cells. The results suggested that the number and affinity of cell-bound IgE antibody molecules probably determine the sensitivity of basophils to allergen.
When leukocytes were incubated with 100 µg to 1 mg/ml of E myeloma protein, the number of basophil-bound IgE molecules significantly increased. The number of receptor sites for IgE molecules per basophils was estimated to be between 30,000 and 100,000. IgE molecules have high affinity for the receptor but the binding of the molecules with the receptor is reversible. The association constant of the binding reaction was estimated to be on the order of 108 to 109. Basophils from all normal individuals studied combined IgE molecules upon incubation with E myeloma protein. After sensitization with a reaginic serum, however, the leukocytes from some of these donors failed to release histamine upon challenge with antigen under the usual experimental condition. These cells previously termed “non-acceptor” cells, released histamine if they were challenged in the presence of D2O, which enhanced biochemical processes after the antigen-antibody reaction. The results indicated that even such “non-acceptor” cells combined IgE antibody upon passive sensitization with reaginic serum and, therefore, that failure of antigen-induced histamine release from these cells was not due to lack of IgE antibody on their surface.
Interactions between Human C5, C6, and C7 and Their Functional Significance in Complement-Dependent Cytolysis
Authors: Arroyave Carlos M. , Müller-Eberhard Hans J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two types of complexes were observed between C5, C6 and C7. In their native form these three complement proteins enter into reversible interactions which were demonstrated by zone ultracentrifugation. Interactions between C5 and C6 occurred in absence of C7 and between C5 and C7 in absence of C6. Presence of C6, however, enhanced the association of C5 and C7.
Formation of a stable C5–C6 complex was effected by the complement enzyme . This complex () had a sedimentation coefficient of 12 to 14S and exhibited the ability to attach itself firmly to non-sensitized sheep erythrocytes (E) in presence of C7.
activity was also generated by trypsin or plasmin, suggesting the existence of a new pathway of complement activation by non-complement enzymes beginning with C5. produced with trypsin or displayed typical ultrastructural membrane lesions and was susceptible to lysis by C8 and C9.
Regardless of experimental conditions, C5, C6, and C7 were taken up by the surface of cells in equimolar quantities. The affinity between native C5, C6, and C7 displayed in free solution, and the equimolarity of the cell-bound equivalents, support the concept of a firm trimolecular assembly as the topologic base of the membrane attack mechanism of complement.
A New Serum Factor in Normal Rabbits
Authors: Hagen K. , Kulkarni S. S. , Mandy W. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The serum of b4b4 rabbits gave higher HR titers when tested with b4b4 or b9b9 fragments than when tested with fragments bearing the allelic b5 or b6 markers. Reciprocal results were obtained with serum from b5b5 or b6b6 rabbits. Thus, the heterogeneity noted in the HR titers for rabbits is dependent upon the group b L chain allotypic specificities.
The relationship between the group b allotypes and HR activity suggested that the specific Fab HR site required the proper alignment of the Fd piece with the L chain. This was confirmed by reduction-alkylation experiments which established the necessity for the L-H chain disulfide bond.
Interferon Induction in New Zealand Black Mice by Murine Leukemia Virus
Authors: Siegel Benjamin V. , Brown McKay , Morton Jane I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV)2 has been reported to induce little or no interferon in a number of murine systems, such as BALB/c (1) and NMRL (2) strains. In the case of the random-bred CD-1 strain, Glasgow and Friedman (1) observed relatively high serum levels of interferon in adult RLV-infected mice with accompanying resistance to the disease. We have extended these studies to an investigation of the interferon response to RLV in the autoimmune New Zealand Black (NZB) model and for comparative purposes have included the C57BL/6 and BALB/c strains.
The female NZB mice employed represented the seventh and eighth generations in this laboratory from breeding stock (generations 57 and 58) obtained from the Otago University Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand, and have since been maintained in a closed colony. These NZB mice are vigorous, healthy, and relatively long-lived with 50% survival at 17 months; their microbiologic status has not been assessed.
Differentiation of Lymphoid Cells: The in Vitro Emergence of Immunoglobulin M-Secreting Cells
Authors: Zimmerman Daniel H. , Kern Milton 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Freshly isolated rabbit popliteal lymph node cells synthesize and secrete principally immunoglobulin G (IgG) together with a relatively small amount of immunoglobulin M (IgM). After incubation of such cells in tissue culture for 48 hr, [3H]IgG production decreased markedly and approached zero, in most experiments. On the other hand, [3H]IgM production increased 5- to 10-fold. Thus, at 48 hr and thereafter τ;90% of the [3H]Ig was accounted for as [3H]IgM. In contrast, lymphoid cells derived from rabbit appendix do not show enhanced [3H]IgM production although such cells predominantly secrete [3H]IgM when freshly isolated and in decreasing amounts during tissue culture incubation. The enhanced [3H]IgM production observed with popliteal lymph node cells is dependent on the presence of fetal calf serum during tissue culture incubation. This requirement cannot be replaced by serum from the same rabbit that was the source of the cells and, indeed, such autologous serum in the presence of fetal calf serum inhibited enhanced [3H]IgM production. Serologic techniques, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, Bio-Gel chromatography, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used to distinguish IgM from the other classes of Ig. Fluorodeoxyuridine, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis, abolished the emergence of enhanced [3H]IgM production when added to cells during the latent period, but the inhibitor was without effect on Ig secretion when incubated with cells after enhanced [3H]IgM production had already emerged. The results indicate that the cellular source for the enhanced IgM secretion cannot be the original IgG-secreting cells but may be derived from some of the original IgM secreting cells or, alternatively, may be derived from cells that are quiescent in the freshly isolated population.
Antigen-Macrophage Interaction
Authors: Cohen Benjamin E. , Rosenthal Alan S. , Paul William E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigen-stimulated tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) incorporation by lymphocytes is an in vitro correlate of cellular immunity. The stimulation of this response by hapten-carrier conjugates may be inhibited by free hapten, a finding previously interpreted as evidence for independent hapten-specificity of thymus dependent (T) lymphocyte receptors. We confirm the specific inhibition by dinitrophenyl (DNP)-lysine of DNP-guinea pig albumin (GPA) induced stimulation of lymphoid cell cultures from guinea pigs immunized with DNP-GPA and report a similar specific inhibition caused by DNP-ovalbumin (OVA).
Nonetheless, our results indicate that this hapten-specific inhibition is not due to blockade of T cell receptors specific for hapten-carrier conjugates. Thus we show: 1) DNP-OVA must be present before and during “pulse” exposure to DNP-GPA but has no effect if added after such a pulse. 2) Preincubation of macrophage-rich peritoneal exudate cells with DNP-OVA blocks the capacity of these cells to bind low concentrations of DNP-GPA and then to stimulate immune peritoneal exudate lymphocytes to divide. 3) Preincubation of DNP-GPA immune peritoneal exudate lymphocytes in DNP-OVA has no effect on their capacity to subsequently respond to macrophage-associated DNP-GPA.
We conclude that the capacity of DNP-OVA to inhibit DNP-GPA stimulation of 3H-TdR incorporation by lymphoid cell populations from guinea pigs immune to DNP-GPA is due to competition for a hapten-specific cytophilic antibody on the surface of the macrophage and not to competition for a hapten-specific receptor on T lymphocytes.
Selective Cytotoxicity in a Hapten Substituted Cell Culture Model System
Authors: Philpott Gordon W. , Bower Richard J. , Parker Charles W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Selective complement dependent cytotoxicity was demonstrated in a hapten-substituted cell culture model system. Viable hapten substituted HeLa, Hep-2, and L cells were obtained by treatment with 10 to 300 µg/ml of 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl (TNP)-sulfonic acid. Binding studies with 14C-TNP-sulfonic acid showed that from 1 to 9 × 109 TNP groups were bound per cell, representing 1 to 4% of the added TNP. High affinity anti-TNP antibody was purified from the sera of rabbits hyperimmunized with TNP-bovine γ-globulin. The amount of anti-TNP Ab binding to TNP-cells was quantitated and found to be dose dependent in this range of TNP substitution. Even at the highest levels of antibody, only about 1% of TNP groups was bound by antibody. The selectivity of antibody binding to TNP-cells was established by inhibition with the hapten, ε-DNP-lysine. Anti-TNP antisera, and to a lesser extent, specifically purified anti-TNP antibody, caused complement dependent cytotoxicity of TNP-cells but not unsubstituted cells. This model system permits comparative cytotoxic antibody studies with a variety of tumor cells.
β2-Microglobulin in Human Blood Cells
Authors: Evrin Per-Eric , Pertoft Håkan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
β2-Microglobulin has been solubilized from human blood cells by sonication, deoxycholate treatment, or acidification. The average number of β2-microglobulin molecules per cell, measured after acidification, was 0.54 × 105 for platelets, 18 × 105 for mononuclear cells, and 6.9 × 105 for polymorphonuclear cells. No β2-microglobulin was detected in red blood cells. A relatively large proportion of the protein in platelets and mononuclear cells was located on the cell surface as compared with polymorphonuclear cells, according to experiments performed with 125I-labeled rabbit anti-β2-microglobulin IgG.
Detection of Antibodies and Soluble Antigen-Antibody Complexes by Precipitation with Polyethylene Glycol
Authors: Creighton W. D. , Lambert P. H. , Miescher P. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used in a modification of the Farr antigen binding test in order to separate free antigen from antibody-bound antigen. Most of the immunoglobulins are precipitated at 20% PEG while smaller antigens like bovine serum albumin or insulin are quite soluble at this concentration of PEG. Such antigens are therefore precipitated in 20% PEG if they are bound to antibodies.
Furthermore, PEG has been used at lower concentrations in order to precipitate soluble antigen-antibody complexes in conditions at which free antigen or free antibody would be soluble. This second method could be applied to larger antigens such as IgG or thyroglobulin.
Cellular Studies of the Genetic Control of Immune Response toward the Loop Region of Lysozyme
Authors: Mozes Edna , Shearer G. M. , Maron Elchanan , Arnon Ruth , Sela Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Specific antibody response to the “loop” peptide of hen egg-white lysozyme has been shown to be controlled by a single dominant gene which is not linked to the major H-2 histocompatibility locus (1, 2). A study of the cellular aspects of the immune response gene regulating immune potential to loop was made with syngeneic and allogeneic thymus and marrow cell transfers in irradiated recipients immunized with loop-A-L, loop-Pro-L or lysozyme. The allogeneic grafts were controlled for optimal cell interaction between the complementary cells of different H-2 origin by observing the expected responses to Pro-L and to lysozyme. No evidence for suboptimal nor superoptimal responses was detected with cell mixtures from SJL/J and DBA/1 donors. Results obtained from the cell transfer experiments were compatible with a defect reflected exclusively in the marrow cell population of low responders SJL/J mice for loop-Pro-L, and expressed in both the thymus and the marrow populations of relevant lymphoid cells from this strain for loop-A-L.
These results are in agreement with the hypothesis (3) that the genetic defect is reflected in the thymus-derived cells, when the defect is at the carrier level, whereas it is expressed exclusively in the bone marrow population when the defect is at the determinant level.
Lymphocytes in Peyer's Patches of the Mouse: Analysis of the Constituent Cells in Terms of Their Capacities to Mediate Functions of Mature T and B Lymphocytes
Authors: Katz David H. , Perey Daniel Y. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present studies were designed to assess the functional capacities of Peyer's patch lymphocytes (gut-associated lymphoid tissue [GALT]) in the mouse with a system for adoptive transfer of immunity to hapten-carrier conjugates. These functional studies of GALT have been performed in parallel with studies of spleen lymphocytes from the very same primed donor mice in order to establish a positive baseline of function for comparison of immunocompetence. The results of these experiments demonstrate the presence in GALT of lymphocytes capable of performing a carrier-specific helper cell function which is a well-documented property of mature thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes. In contrast, another function of mature T cells, namely the capacity to mediate a graft vs host (GVH) reaction as assessed by the allogeneic effect, is absent in such GALT lymphocytes. The capacity to function as hapten-specific presursors of antibody-secreting cells, a property of mature bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes, is also lacking in GALT lymphocytes. These findings indicate that marked functional differences exist between GALT and recognized peripheral lymphoid tissues and lend support to the notion that such lymphoid aggregates may perform a unique and/or perhaps, in part, a central lymphoid function.
Genetic Control of Thymus-Derived Cell Function
Authors: Willams R. Michael , Moore Michael J. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thymus and lymph node cells (LNC) from male Lewis and BN rats of exactly the same age were evaluated for 3HTdR incorporation in culture after stimulation with the mitogens concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) over a 1000-fold dose range, and after mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) with (Lewis × BN)F1 LNC. BN thymus cells stimulated by mitogens or by histocompatibility antigens of hybrid LNC in MLC can incorporate as much 3HTdR as Lewis thymocytes under identical culture conditions. Lewis and BN thymus cells respond identically to PHA or in MLC, and neither type of thymus cell responds to LPS in culture. The only difference observed between lewis and BN thymus cells was that BN cells required 4-fold higher concentrations of Con A to produce a maximal DNA synthetic response. Lewis LNC were superior to BN cells in terms of Con A or PHA stimulated DNA synthetic responses irrespective of mitogen concentration. The strain specific Con A concentration difference noted for thymus cells was also present in cultures of LNC. Lewis LNC responded better than BN LNC under identical MLC conditions with LBNF1 cells. LPS stimulation of DNA synthesis was identical for Lewis and BN LNC. These observations indicate that Lewis and BN thymus dependent (T)-cells differ in at least two parameters: 1) a Con A concentration dependent reactivity irrespective of their location, and 2) a potential for in vitro DNA synthesis by mature, peripheralized T cells from the lymph nodes.
Evidence for Several Cell Populations Active in Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity
Authors: Zighelboim Jacob , Bonavida Benjamin , Fahey John L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A sensitive assay system using syngeneic attacker and target cells was developed to characterize the cellular and serum components active in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Lysis of 51Cr-labeled EL-4 target cells requires only 4-hr incubation in vitro in the presence of normal mouse cells and heat-inactivated anti-EL-4 serum. Cytotoxicity was obtained with high serum dilutions of either xenogeneic (rabbit) or allogeneic (BALB/c) antiserum. The IgG fraction obtained from the rabbit anti-EL-4 serum was also effective in this system. Adherent cells from spleen and peritoneal exudate as well as non-adherent cells from the spleen of normal C57BL/6 mice were effectively cytotoxic in conjunction with the appropriate antibody. These observations indicate that at least two populations of cells may act as effector cells in the ADCC phenomenon.
Quantitative Phagocytosis by Neutrophils
Authors: Ward P. A. , Zvaifler N. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A new method for the quantitative measurement of phagocytosus by neutrophils, providing reproducibility within 3%, is described. The phagocytizable material consists of radiolabeled immune complexes. Cell uptake is a function of the cell concentration, the amount of immune complexes, the duration of incubation, and the amount of antigen in excess of the point of equivalence. The presence of serum does not enhance phagocytosis.
Introduction of Cellular Immunity to a Chemically Altered Tumor Antigen
Authors: Chao Hsia-Fu , Peiper Stephen C. , Aach Richard D. , Parker Charles W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was acetoacetylated with acetoacetic anhydride (Diketene). Guinea pigs immunized with acetoacetylated CEA showed delayed skin hypersensitivity and lymphocyte transformation after stimulation with unmodified CEA, but demonstrated very low levels of circulating anti-CEA antibodies. The dissociation of cellular and humoral immunity could prove useful in the further study of their relative role in immunologic resistance to tumor growth. This method of selectively stimulating cellular immunity may also be of value to the immunotherapy of cancer.
Phagocytic Cells as Effectors in a Cell-Mediated Immunity System
Authors: Dennert Gunther , Lennox Edwin S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity, using a xenogeneic system, i.e., mouse spleen cells attacking chicken erythrocytes (CRBC) is studied.
In this system target cell lysis by spleen cells from immunized animals is complement independent, hence cell-mediated. It is specific because trinitrophenyl-(TNP) sensitized spleens lyse TNP-CRBC but not CRBC. CRBC-sensitized thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes cooperate with bone marrow-derived lymphocytes in induction of CRBC plaque-forming cells but cannot lyse CRBC as target. However, anti-CRBC antibody at concentrations too low to be detected by complement dependent lysis do induce cytotoxicity to CRBC in spleen cell suspensions containing T cells as well as in spleen cell suspensions depleted of T cells. Anti-ϑ serum absorbed to remove non-anti-ϑ antibody does not abrogate the cytotoxicity of immune spleen cells. These results indicate that the effector cell in this system is not a ϑ-antigen-bearing T lymphocyte. The effector cell is abundant in spleen and in the peritoneal cavity but not in lymph nodes of normal animals: it is bone marrow-derived, radiation resistant, and sticks to siliconized glass bead columns. Since, in addition, the effector cell can be separated from other spleen cells by treatment with carbonyl iron powder and a magnet, it is, we suggest, a phagocytic cell.
Immune Response of Pathogen-Free Mice Inoculated Intranasally with Mycoplasma Pulmonis
Authors: Cassell Gail H. , Lindsey J. Russell , Baker Henry J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoglobulin and antibody levels in serum and tracheobronchial secretions of pathogen-free mice experimentally infected with Mycoplasma pulmonis were determined using radial diffusion and immunofluorescence. Anti-M. pulmonis antibodies of the IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA classes were detected in both serum and secretions. In serum IgM attained peak levels by 4 weeks, IgG1 and IgG2 by 5 weeks, and IgA by 6 weeks post-inoculation. In secretions IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies were detected first at 2 weeks, IgM at 4 weeks, and IgA at 5 weeks.
Immunofluorescent and histologic studies demonstrated that specific antibodies primarily were formed locally in lung and paratracheal lymph nodes. Varying numbers of cells infiltrating the peribronchial and perivascular spaces during infection were fluorescence-positive for IgM, IgG1, IgG2, and IgA. Cells producing IgM appeared early and were followed by cells producing IgG1 and IgG2. Cells containing IgA increased as early as 2 weeks, became the principal cell type by 3 weeks post-inoculation, and continued to predominate throughout the 8-week observation period. Results of these studies suggest that antibody produced locally may be a major component of acquired immunity to M. pulmonis.