bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equipment and Problems in Handling Oil as a Locomotive Fuel
Authors: Bean Guy M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author discusses the principles of designing equipment for burning oil in locomotive fireboxes. He reviews methods used in handling and storing oil in service stations as well as methods used in handling and firing the oil on the locomotive. In connection with the latter the author discusses the use of equipment for, and the problems involved in, (a) fuel-oil heating, (b) atomization, (c) firepan and furnace arrangements, and (d) oil piping and regulation of oil flow to the burners.
Welding Heavy Machinery
Authors: Wills C. A. , Lindemuth F. L. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper is a presentation of the problems met with in the designing, fabrication, and stress relieving of welded machine parts and other types of welded equipment. In discussing the solutions of these problems, the authors refer to the welding of fabricated machine parts and equipment as accomplished by the company with which they are associated.
Supervising Instruments for the 165,000-Kw Turbine at the Richmond Station
Authors: Steen-Johnsen H. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper describes the supervisory-control instruments installed on the 165,000-kw turbine at the Richmond Station of the Philadelphia Electric Company. The installation consists of electrical instruments to measure such turbine characteristics as vibration, spindle eccentricity, cylinder expansion, and noise.
The equipment has been in operation for one year, and during this time, the vibrometers and expansion meters have proved to be useful during the starting as well as normal operating periods. The eccentricity meter, although of no great value on a machine equipped with a spindle-turning device, has revealed interesting facts about the movement of the journals in the bearings. The noise-meter transmits the noise-characteristics as heard with a listening rod to a central location on the gage-board. The instrument has not been found very satisfactory because of the great number of noises heard in a machine of this size, making it very difficult to detect a rub whether a listening rod or other means are used for the purpose.
Tests of a 50,000-Sq Ft Surface Condenser at Widely Varying Temperatures, Velocities of Inlet Water, and Loads
Authors: Van Hengel G. H. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to enhance the understanding of the undercooling of condensate and of the heat-transfer coefficient. The author replaces the heat-transfer coefficient with a simplified form of the reciprocal of the heat-transfer coefficient; viz., the local resistivity taken at the cooling-water-inlet end of the condenser. Exhaustive tests on a modern condenser show first, that superheating of the condensate, as generally defined, is possible if provision is made for the recovery of the velocity energy of the steam flowing into the condenser; and second, that a practicable correlation exists between the resistivity at the cooling-water-entrance end of the condenser and the Reynolds number of the cooling water at the tube entrance.
Physical-Property Uniformity in Valve-Body Steel Castings
Authors: White A. E. , Clark C. L. , Crocker Sabin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper describes an extensive investigation of the physical properties of specimens cut from various sections of large welding-end valve bodies made of carbon-molybdenum cast steel. Macrosections, impact values, and density determinations are presented in addition to the usual tensile properties.
The results indicate that the welding ends are the soundest part of the valve body and that sections cut from the valve body as close as possible to the welding ends have physical properties commensurate with those obtained from conventional separately and integrally cast test bars.
Evidence of rather general porosity was disclosed by the macrosections from the thicker-walled portions of the bodies and in the bonnet flange, with consequent low ductility values for some of the tensile specimens from these locations. While this condition was considered fairly acceptable when allowance was made for the greater metal thickness in these sections, the investigation showed these to be the regions where improvements could be effected through further development of casting procedure.
The Thermal Conductivity of Liquids
Authors: Downie Smith J. F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
New data on the thermal conductivities of several liquids are presented in this paper. A compilation of these values together with those of previous experimenters yields a large list of liquids the thermal conductivities of which have been determined. This list should be of interest to many engineers and physicists. An analysis of theoretical and empirical equations for predicting thermal conductivities of liquids is included in the paper.
The Contact-Mixture Analogy Applied to Heat Transfer With Mixtures of Air and Water Vapor
Authors: Carrier W. H. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author derives and discusses the general contact-mixture formula for representing physical processes of heat transmission and fluid friction, and points out that the contact-mixture analogy serves directly and logically to correlate heat transfer with fluid friction. He compares the analogy with the conduction-viscosity theory and relates why the contact-mixture analogy explains all the phenomena connected with gas flow and heat transmission.
Hydroelectric Practice in the United States
Authors: Clogher A. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author discusses hydroelectric development in the United States from the earliest installation up to the present time. He points out that hydroelectric plants added to large power systems in this country during the past 15 years have been constructed because they have appeared to be more economical than thermal-electric plants for adding the same number of kilowatts to the same power system, excepting the construction of hydroelectric plants in those sections of the country where hydroelectric plants can compete with thermal electric plants in producing power and energy at the load factor of the utility loads. The author also discusses the design of equipment used in the older and in the more recent hydroelectric installations. The paper includes a list of the major hydroelectric installations in the United States together with their present rating and ultimate capacity.
Supercharging of Internal-Combustion Engines With Blowers Driven by Exhaust-Gas Turbines
Authors: Büchi Alfred J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author discusses the operation of the Büchi exhaust-gas turboblowers for supercharging internal-combustion engines and scavenging the cylinders, and also explains the principles on which the blowers are designed. He presents indicator, temperature, and entropy diagrams for Diesel engines equipped with the blowers, and gives results of tests conducted on the blowers. A number of internal-combustion engines with exhaust-gas turboblowers as used in different types of service are described in the paper. The author also presents a number of curves showing the scavenging effect of the blowers, and the brake mean effective pressure, brake horsepower, and fuel consumption obtained on engines using the Büchi system of turbo-charging.
The Economic Characteristics of Typical Business Enterprises
Authors: Rautenstrauch Walter 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper presents the results of analyses of the relationship between incomes and expenses of a wide range of types of business, over a period of years during which incomes and expenses expanded and contracted greatly. The data upon which these analyses were based were taken principally from the published financial statements found in Moody’s Financial Manual, Poor’s Financial Manual, Crandall’s Corporate Analyst, and various government publications.
The results of these analyses indicate that business enterprises may be compared with each other in ways heretofore impossible and as a result of such comparisons their relative economic worths may be judged.
Modern Locomotive and Axle-Testing Equipment
Authors: Buckwalter T. V. , Horger O. J. , Sanders W. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper shows how improvements have been made in the running and driving gear of existing and new steam locomotives to permit their operation at much higher speeds than is the usual practice today in both freight and passenger service. Means of obtaining these improvements are described whereby (a) the reciprocating parts are reduced in weight up to 1072 lb or 52 per cent, (b) the rotating parts on the main driving wheel are also reduced in weight up to 300 lb or 19 per cent, and (c) roller bearings are used on all axles and crankpins. As a result of such improvements, the dynamic augment on the rail and shaking forces on the locomotive and track structure at a given speed are reduced. The extent of this reduction is such that a speed increase of at least 35 mph above the diameter speed may be permitted without increasing the dynamic augment on the rails above its original value.
A program and facilities are described for the fatigue testing of full-size driver-axle assemblies with wheel-seat diameters of 11½ in. Preliminary results indicate that valuable contributions will be forthcoming as to the influence of various designs, steels, and heat-treatments upon the axle fatigue strength.
The factors of unsprung weight and axle rigidity are not now considered in calculations of axle stresses. These factors influence the impact stresses in axles at prevailing high speeds and, to minimize the detrimental effect of such stresses, it is recommended that greater flexibility be designed in the axle by decreasing the present ratio of the axle diameter in the portion between the wheels to the diameter of the wheel seat.
Operating-Cost Analysis of Electrified Oil Lines
Authors: Stueve W. H. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author submits data on the capacity and power requirements when pumping oil through two 10-in. pipe lines, 191.4 and 126 miles long, respectively. The first of these lines has three stations, located at approximate distances of 60 miles, each of which is equipped with plunger pumps handling 35,000 bbl of crude oil per day at a pressure of 800 lb per sq in. The second line has four stations, located at approximate distances of 32 miles, each of which is equipped with centrifugal pumps handling 40,000 bbl of crude oil at a pressure of 800 lb per sq in. The author gives the relative efficiencies of the centrifugal and plunger pumps and determines the overall pumping charges for each line. He calculates the operating costs if oil engines were installed as prime movers instead of electric motors. Calculations are also made to show the effect on operating charges if larger diameter pipe were installed, and if the pumping stations were spaced farther apart than in the existing lines.
Selection of Wood for Industrial Uses
Authors: Johnson R. P. A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author discusses the selection of woods for various industrial uses as based upon the physical properties of the woods and requirements which the wood product must meet. He classifies a number of woods according to their warping, end-splitting, turning, planing, and bending qualities, and also rates them in the order of their tendency to transmit odor and taste. Charts are presented which show the distribution of the quantity of wood used in the manufacture of such products as furniture, agricultural implements, automobiles, railroad cars, refrigerators, cabinets, handles, and ladders. The adoption of a wood for the manufacture of a given product and the substitution of one wood for another, based on controlling the physical properties of the wood by treating it, are also discussed.
The Separation and Emission of Cinders and Fly Ash
Authors: Stern Arthur C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author discusses the size-frequency analysis of cinders and fly ash, and the variation of the efficiency of dust separation with varying dust-particle size. He shows how these two factors may be combined to determine the overall efficiency of separation. He outlines a rational method for the calculation of dust separation and emission in complex fuel-burning units, in which the dust originates in the furnace, and must pass, prior to its emission into the atmosphere, through numerous heat-absorbing units, including some in which a measure of dust removal may occur. He points out what experimental data must be made available to designers before they may fully utilize any method of predetermining the operating characteristics of equipment with respect to cinder and fly-ash emission. He attempts a theoretical analysis of the efficiency of dust separation in settling chambers, centrifugal concentrators, and cyclone separators.
Application of Tension-Impact Tests
Authors: Jenks G. F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Impact testing as normally performed with notch bars is objectionable because of large errors inherent in the method of test, and especially those due to errors in machining the notch. Notch tensile specimens are more satisfactory being less sensitive to errors of machining or to accidental variations in structure of the material.
In studying tension-impact specimens it was found that materials required a constant energy to rupture independent of the velocity of loading provided certain critical velocities were not exceeded. This critical or “transition” velocity appears to be a fundamental property of a material. Its value varies with chemical compositions and with both preliminary and final heat-treatment, and it also varies with the temperature of test.
The study of “transition” velocity is a sensitive tool in research work, both in the development of processing methods and in physical metallurgy. The tension-impact test is a simple test to determine completeness of processing, and affords the design engineer information both as to the safety of the material and its ability to withstand impact loading.
Sanforizing Methods Up to Date
Authors: Ramsey C. H. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
After commenting briefly on the increase in the production of sanforized shrunk goods of over 824 per cent in five years, which he states is one of the most startling extensions of a new process in the history of the textile industry, the author describes the types of machine that were used in 1930 when the process was more or less of an experiment. The process is next outlined, and the different types of machine that are now commercially available are described. One of these finishes fabric on one side only, while the other turns out cloth that is accurately shrunk in both warp and weft to its potential wash shrink and has an acceptable finish on both sides. The mechanical means provided to secure the proper relation of the different units of the machine and the prevention of scorching of either the cloth or the fabric are described.
Rubber Cushioning Devices
Authors: Hirshfeld C. F. , Piron E. H. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper describes briefly the production of compounded rubber which is the material commonly used by engineers and others under the name of rubber. The wide range of physical properties obtainable by different compounding and different curing is indicated.
Springs of steel and springs of rubber are compared with respect to certain important characteristics and the conclusion drawn that neither can completely replace the other for springing purposes. There are applications in which one or the other gives the better or the only solution and there are other cases in which either may be used.
Various types and forms of rubber springs are described and illustrated and methods available for calculation and design are given.
Finally certain applications of rubber to the springing of rail vehicles are described and their results are illustrated.
Determining the Tool-Life Cutting-Speed Relationship by Facing Cuts
Authors: Kraus C. E. , Weddell R. R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a series of tests made to obtain the tool-life cutting-speed relationship for a variety of high-speed steels when cutting a dense nickel cast iron. The cuts were taken on the face of a segmented disk, and the conditions of the cut were selected to approximate the conditions of a face-mill cut. A mathematical analysis is included and the data are put in the form of the equation VTN = C. This method of testing has several advantages: The tests take less time, the point of failure is more definite when cutting cast iron, and material variations have practically no effect on the comparative accuracy of the data. Twenty-three steels were tested, ranging from 18-4-1 to supercobalt, including several molybdenum steels. A number of conclusions are given comparing tool life as affected by analysis. Also, the data are shown plotted on log-log coordinates. All tests were run dry under identical conditions.
Analyzing Variable Loads in Steam- and Diesel-Power Plants
Authors: Boyer Glenn C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a rapid and accurate method for determining the total input to a machine supplying a predetermined variable output. While the method is adaptable to any variable load condition, it is concerned primarily with the adaptation of the method to Diesel and steam electric-generating stations.
Essentially the method consists in using a load-duration curve of the load studied together with an input-output curve for the Diesel engine or steam equipment considered for supplying the load. By the use of these two curves and mechanical projection, a duration curve of input is developed. The area under the load-duration curve is proportional to the total output of the plant for the period considered, and similarly the area under duration curve of the input is proportional to the total input.
Where plant load-duration curves can be prepared covering an entire year’s operation, this method provides a means for predetermining the total amount of fuel necessary to generate this quantity of energy. The accuracy of the method is influenced by the accuracy of the load-duration curves available, and the errors involved in the input-output curve used.
A brief discussion is included which indicates the adaptability of the method to other uses than those to which the paper is primarily devoted.
Experimental Investigation of Effects of Equipment Size on Convection Heat Transfer and Flow Resistance in Cross Flow of Gases Over Tube Banks
Authors: Huge E. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
To establish the effect of tube size as a factor in heat transfer and pressure drop for gases flowing transversely over tube banks of a given tube arrangement, new experimental determinations have been made for several tube sizes, and results compared with those of Pierson who used very small tubes of 0.31 in. diameter. The arrangements used included some of those studied by Pierson and these tests on a larger scale have served as a check on the accuracy of his small-scale results with a different method and different imposed conditions, and the applicability of model results to full-scale equipment, the two series forming parts of a research program of the Babcock & Wilcox Company.
Nine tube arrangements as shown in Fig. 1, defined by center spacings in the direction of flow and transversely, were used with tubes of both ½ in. diameter and 11/12 in. diameter, the spacing ranging from a minimum of 1¼ × 1¼ diameters, to a maximum of 2 × 3 diameters with ten rows in the direction of flow both in-line and staggered, and ten tubes wide except for one case of eight tubes wide. In addition, three arrangements of tubes of 2-in. diameter were used in banks of ten rows deep and from nine to fifteen tubes wide.
For the banks of smaller tubes, ½ in. and 11/12 in. diameter, heat was transferred from hot gases outside to cold water inside, while for the banks of 2 in. tubes, heat was transferred from condensing steam inside to air outside.
Values of gas-boundary conductance and pressure drop were found for several identical tube arrangements and spacing and three tube sizes of ½ in., 11/12 in., and 2 in., with heat flow inward and outward; these are found to be consistent with those for the Pierson model tubes of 0.31 in. diameter.
Heat-transfer rates are reported in terms of the Nusselt number, and pressure drop in terms of the Fanning equation for friction factor, both of them in relation to the Reynolds number. For values of the Reynolds number in the range of commercial practice, the Nusselt number varies as the 0.61 power of the Reynolds number, and the friction factor is not so regularly related to the Reynolds number but varies with the tube arrangement. Values of both gas-boundary conductance and friction factor for a given tube arrangement are consistent for all tube sizes from the full-scale 2-in. tubes down to the Pierson model tubes of 0.31 in., including the intermediate sizes of ½-in. and 11/12-in. tubes, thus confirming the validity of the principle of similarity applied to tube banks in spite of some departure from true geometric similarity in the ratio of length to diameter or to intertube space for the range of Reynolds’ numbers tested, 2000 to 70,000.
Further Studies of Three-Dimensional Pipe Bends
Authors: Hovgaard William 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper discusses in some detail the secondary terms which, as explained in a previous paper by the author, occur in the expressions for the rotations in pipe bends under the action of couples normal to their plane. Revised formulas for the reaction couples and forces at the anchorages are given, comprising all the secondary terms throughout. The numerical results, when these formulas are applied, are recorded. The effect of omitting all secondary terms throughout the calculation is considered at length.
Burning of Waste Liquors in the Kraft and Soda-Paper Industries
Authors: Wilcoxson L. S. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The qualities and grades of papers produced from pulp made by alkaline (sulphate or soda) processes or the acid (sulphite) process are in themselves different and serve different purposes, but the processes have a common basis of operation in that wood chips are cooked in a digester with a chemical for the separation of the lignins from the cellulose of the wood; the cellulose, upon separation, providing the pulp for the manufacture of paper. The author discusses the recovery of chemicals and heat from the waste liquors, resulting from the cooking of the wood, for the most economical operation of the alkaline processes. He gives an explanation of the factors involved in the combustion of these waste liquors after discussing briefly the alkaline processes and the method in which the waste liquors are produced. He discusses recent progress made in the heat-recovery and chemical-recovery units, describing in detail a modern unit for these purposes. The author deals with the important phases of combustion, operation of modern recovery units, maintenance costs, heat balances of the units, and efficiencies of the units operating under various conditions.
The Problem of Flywheel Effect and Speed Regulation for Diesel-Engine-Driven Machinery
Authors: Andriola A. D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author points out that the analysis of the flywheel problem most commonly used is based upon the assumption that the shafting connecting the various masses is infinitely rigid, and that there is no agreement on whether or not the engine, flywheel, and generator mass are to be accounted for, the usual opinion being that the flywheel and engine only enter into the result. Attention is called to the fact that the inherent errors of the ordinary solution have been exposed by several authors, but that no specific attempt has been made to compare quantitatively the results obtained by the correct solution with those as ordinarily calculated. The author discusses both solutions of the problem, and compares results obtained with torsiographic data taken on actual installations.