bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From molecule to device: DFT and SCAPS-1D simulations on the effect of aromaticity of π-linkers on enhancing the performance of anthanthrene-based dyes with D-π-A configuration in dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Wazzan Nuha , Soliman Kamal A. , Jha Prafulla K. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

It is essential to interpret and analyze the performance and effectiveness of dye which acts as the photon harvester component in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) applications with a molecular level insight. D2 dye was tested experimentally and proved to perform better than other investigated dyes. D2 in the fabricated solar cell achieved 690 mV of open-circuit voltage (\({\text{V}}_{\text{o}\text{c}}\)), 0.73 fill factor (\(\text{F}\text{F})\), 10.40 mA.cm− 2 of sort-circuit current (\({\text{J}}_{\text{s}\text{c}}\)), and a 5.27% of power conversion efficiency (\({\eta }\)). D2 is E)-2-cyano-3-(5-(10-(4-(di-p-tolylamino)phenyl)-6,12-bis(octyloxy)naphtho[7,8,1,2,3-nopqr]tetraphen-4-yl)thiophen-2-yl)acrylic acid compound with anthanthrene core as a π-linker substituted at 6–12 positions with nonane alkyl groups. The chemical structure engineering of D2 photosensitizer is predicted to have a significant role in DSSC devices. This work replaced the anthanthrene core with 694 kJ/mol resonance energy with other aromatic cores with different resonance energies (ranging from 255 to 529 kJ/mol). Seven dyes were designed to examine the effects of resonance energies of π-aromatic linker on the geometrical, optical, and photovoltaic parameters in the isolated and adsorbed (on TiO2 semiconductor) dyes forms. Comparison between the experimental data of D2 allow the validation of the theoretical approach and is used as a reference to evaluate the potential of the designed dyes in this application. In addition, the DSSC device was optimized using the SCAPS-1D software and successfully simulated the main electrochemical parameters.
Design and synthesis of graphene nanoribbons from organic precursors
Authors: Debnath Ranjit , Debbarma Jhuma , Saha Mitali 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The strategies of synthesis of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with different geometries and edge structures have been investigated by various researchers but their bulk production with structural uniformity maintaining appreciable length is still a great challenge for everyone. In terms of chemistry, preparation of GNR is actually the synthesis of a conjugated polymer which may be possible via rational assembly of small organic blocks using covalent or non-covalent bonding. In this work, two organic precursors viz., p-amino benzoic acid and o-amino phenol were selected for their transformation to graphene nanoribbons. The synthesis process was designed in such a way that functional groups attached at different positions of the aromatic moieties can produce graphenic ribbon like structures. Interestingly, the FE-SEM and TEM images confirmed that intermolecular condensation might have taken place between -NH2 and -COOH groups of p-amino benzoic acid and due to simultaneous dehydration and dehydrogenation, ribbon like structures was formed. Similarly, intermolecular condensation between -NH2 and -OH groups in o-amino phenol was found to be responsible for production of ribbons like structures within the graphenic lattice. The chemistry and mechanism concluded that designing the organic precursors with functional groups at suitable positions, optimization of time and temperature can lead to the formation graphene nanoribbons even at low temperatures.
Extra-nodal Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma in a young male showing marked response to gemcitabine and docetaxel: a case study and literature review
Authors: Sarwar Kashif Ali 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS) is a rare tumor of dendritic cells located in B-follicles, which play a pivotal role in adaptive immune response. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment in localized disease but the management of unresectable or advanced disease is less well-defined. There is no established or preferred chemotherapy regimen to date, though many (primarily used in lymphomas) have been utilized with suboptimal outcomes. This case study reports a young male patient with advanced unresectable FDCS that progressed on doxorubicin/ifosfamide chemotherapy. The patient was subsequently advised gemcitabine/docetaxel combination chemotherapy, to which he showed marked objective as well as subjective response, and improvement of performance status. This observation, while having a potential therapeutic bearing, also supports the mesenchymal behavior of this rare tumor type. With few other reports of such marked response to gemcitabine/docetaxel and growing body of literature showing its mesenchymal origin and behavior, an accumulation of such case reports can help establish the preferred treatment regimen in advanced FDCS.
In-operando Lithium Evaporation Inducing Helium Retention in Long-Pulse HIDRA Helium Plasmas
Authors: Shone Andrew , Rizkallah Rabel , O'Dea Daniel , Kamiyama Brandon , Andruczyk Daniel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Lithium Evaporation EXperiment (LEEX) investigated helium retention effects induced by in-operando lithium evaporations into the Hybrid Illinois Device for Research and Applications (HIDRA) at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). Lithium droplets were applied to tungsten samples and then exposed to a 600s helium plasma at different distances from the plasma edge (D=0mm, D=25mm, D=47.5mm). Spectrometers, residual gas analyzers (RGAs), and pressure gauges were employed to characterize the plasma throughout the plasma discharge. LEEX data has confirmed previous results at UIUC of in-operando lithium evaporations producing a low-recycling regime for HIDRA helium plasmas and additionally proves the retained specie is helium. The lithium evaporation from the D=25mm case had an 85.3% ± 1% increase in helium retention in the low recycling regime when compared to the steady state plasma of the LEEX control shot. Data presented substantiates previous helium retention claims and advances research surrounding liquid metal PFCs. A retention mechanism has not been identified, but further research utilizing HIDRA and HIDRA-MAT aims to investigate this. This study's outcomes are thoroughly presented and provide an additional justification for conducting further research on lithium's behavior in fusion environments, given its substantial potential impact on the development of plasma-facing components (PFCs).
First acoustic evidence of signature whistle production by spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris)
Authors: Rio Raul 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Signature whistle (SW) is a distinctive acoustic signal, issued in a bout pattern of unique frequency modulation contour; it allows individuals belonging to a given group to recognize each other and, consequently, to maintain contact and cohesion. The current study is the first scientific evidence that spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) produce SWs. Acoustic data were recorded at a shallow rest bay called “Biboca”, in Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil. In total, 1,902 whistles were analyzed; 37.85% (720/1,902) of them were classified as stereotyped whistles (STW). Based on the SIGID method, 60.97% (439/720) of all STWs were identified as SWs; subsequently, they were categorized into one of 18 SW types. SWs accounted for 23.08% (439/1,902) of the acoustic repertoire. External observers have shown perfect agreement at the time to classify whistles into the adopted SW categorization. Most acoustic and temporal variables measured for SWs showed mean values similar to those recorded in other studies with spinner dolphins, whose authors did not differentiate SWs from non-SWs. Principal component analysis has explained 77.79% of total SW variance, and it emphasized the relevance of shape/contour and frequency variables to SW variance. This scientific discovery helps improving bioacoustics knowledge about the investigated species. Future studies should focus on continuous investigations about SW development and use by Stenella longirostris to help expanding individuals’ identification (Photo ID and SW Noronha Catalog), assessing long-term stability and emission rates, and making mother-offspring comparisons (sex-based differences).
Exceptional algebraic curves for infinite groups of PGL (n, ℂ)
Authors: Cano Angel , Davila Rodrigo , Loeza Luis 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Note: Please see pdf for full abstract with equations.
We characterize algebraic curves in PCn−1 invariant under an infinite subgroup of PGL(n,C), n ≥ 3. More precisely, it is shown that given a one-dimensional algebraic set in PCn−1 which is invariant under an infinite subgroup of projective transformations should satisfy that each irreducible non-degenerate component is projectively equivalent to a monomial curve.
2020 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 37F99, Secondary 30F40, 20H10, 57M60.
Spike preservation: A simple method to preserve pollen viability and in vitro germination in wheat
Authors: Khan Irum , Sajjad Muhammad 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Background
Wheat pollen grains have very short longevity and are non-viable after ~30 minute at room temperature and ~60 minutes at 4°C. Pollen grain viability can be preserved maximum to ~24 hrs with existing preservation methods.
Results
Herein, we developed two simple methods-anther preservation and spike preservation- to preserve the pollen grain viability in wheat. The methods were validated using viability and in vitro germination of pollen grains of 50 diverse spring wheat genotypes. Anthers and spikes were collected for anther preservation and spike preservation methods, respectively, and stored at room temperature (22°C) and fridge (4°C) for 0 and 1-week. Pollen viability were assessed using Alexander staining techniques at two storage temperatures 22°C and 4°C. In vitro germination was determined using liquid germination medium at 4°C. After 1 week, the pollen viability and in vitro germination as determined with Spike preservation method were higher as compared with those of anther preservation method at 4°C. In addition, in vitro pollen germination and pollen viability significantly reduced as storage duration increased. After 1-week, the pollen grains preserved with anther preservation method at 4°C failed to germinate.
Conclusion
The Spike preservation method is effective for preserving the pollen grain viability and in vitro germination in a large panel of wheat genotypes. This new method is instrumental to further our understanding on pollen grain viability and germination.
Barriers to contraceptive utilization and Associated Factors among Reproductive Age Women of Eritrean Refugee in North West Tigray, Ethiopia 2017: a mixed study
Authors: Gebrehiwot Solomon , Abera Gedamu , Berhe Almaz 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Background: Universal access to family planning could prevent nearly one third of the estimated 300,000 maternal deaths that occur every year. Forced sex, risk-taking behaviors and exposure to high-risk situations increased among refugees. Contraceptive services have lagged behind other sexual and reproductive health services in humanitarian settings. Currently, there is a dearth of information on the use of contraceptive among refugee women in many low-income settings.
Methodology: A community based cross sectional study triangulated with qualitative data was employed from January 1 to February 1, 2017. Systematic and purposive sampling techniques were used for the quantitative and qualitative respectively. Data were collected through face to face interview for quantitative and guiding questions for the qualitative. Data was entered to Epi Info version 3.3.2 and transported to SPSS version 20.0 for analysis. Significance was declare at p-value of <0.05. Odds ratio along with 95% confidence interval was computed to ascertain the strength of association. Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic content analysis.
Result
Among the 532 respondents who experienced sex, 192(36.1%) of them were using contraceptive method. Respondents who had Radio/TV (AOR=2.207, 95% CI=1.244, 3.917), lived in urban areas (AOR=2.593, 95% CI=1.513, 4.444), had discussion with partner on reproductive goal (AOR=2.817, 95% CI=1.681, 4.721) and longer duration in camp (AOR=.4.065, 95% CI=1.845, 8.956, AOR=2.200, 95% CI=1.084, 4.466) were significant factors. Limited availability of certain contraceptives, religion, misconception, side effects and community stigma was some of reported reasons for non-use of contraceptives by focus group discussion and in-depth interview participants.
Conclusion
Contraceptive utilization in refugees was unacceptable when compared to the global and national initiatives aspired to achieve. A lot of hindering factors to access the service were identified in this study. This situation will intensify the existed maternal and child mortality dire in developing countries particularly in refugee settings.
Incidence and Etiology of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in Rwanda: A Prospective Population-Based Study
Authors: Kanyoni Maurice , Wikmar Lena Nilsson , Philips Joliana , Joseph Conran ,   David K Tumusiime1
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Study Design: A prospective, open-ended, cohort study design.
Objectives: To determine the incidence, etiology and injury characteristics of traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) in Rwanda.
Setting: All referral hospitals within the Republic of Rwanda.
Methods: All survivors of acute TSCI who met the inclusion criteria were prospectively recruited for a one-year period. The International Spinal Cord Injury Core Data Set was used to collect the minimum set of variables to facilitate worldwide comparison of epidemiological data, while the International Standards for the Neurological Classification was used to categorise TSCI according to the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (ASIA). Data were collected by trained physiotherapists.
Results: Overall, 122 adult individuals sustained a TSCI between 10 October 2019 until 9 October 2020 and all consented to take part in the study. The male-to-female ratio was 3.9:1, and the mean age was 42.5 (SD = ± 14.8) years. The crude incidence rate of TSCI was 22.2 per million people (95% CI:18.4–26.5) with significant differences in sex-adjusted rates for all age groups while men 46 years of age and older presented with the highest incidence. The leading causes of TSCI were falls (73.8%), followed by road traffic accidents (18.9%). Moreover, SCI lesions of the cervical region (n = 69) were the most common, followed by the lumbosacral region (n = 27). Fifty-one (41.8%) participants were diagnosed as complete injury, i.e., ASIA A, while incomplete injury category C constituted 35 (28.7%).
Conclusion: The incidence and aetiology of TSCI in Rwanda are comparable to worldwide estimates and figures. Largely, the aetiology of TSCI are preventable as it is caused due to falls and road traffic accidents. Regardless of strict measures in place to prevent road traffic accidents in Rwanda, for example heavy penalties for drunk driving, speed limit governors, speed limit camera and many others, there is need to consider preventive strategies and policies on activities that predispose people to falls. Policies should focus largely on occupational health and safety in both formal and informal sectors or work.
Effects of flexor reflex stimulation on gait aspects in stroke patients. A pilot study
Authors: Sehle Aida , Salzmann Christian , Liepert Joachim 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Background
Gait deficits are very common after stroke and therefore an important aspect in poststroke rehabilitation. A currently little used method in gait rehabilitation after stroke is the activation of the flexor reflex (FR) by electrical stimulation of the sole of foot while walking. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of FR stimulation on gait performance and gait parameters in stroke patients within a single session of flexor reflex stimulation using Incedo™.
Methods
Twenty-five patients with subacute (n = 14) and chronic (n = 11) stroke participated in the study. Motor functions were tested with a 10-meter walk test (10mWT), a 2-minute walk test (2minWT), and a gait analysis. These tests were performed with and without Incedo™ within a single session in randomized order.
Results
This study showed that stroke patients walked significant faster in 10mWT and a longer distance in 2minWT with Incedo™ compared to without electrostimulation (p < 0.03). The gait parameters remained unchanged except for the step length. A subgroup analysis indicated that subacute and chronic patients responded similarly to the stimulation. There was a correlation between the degree of response to electrostimulation while walking and degree of improvement in 2minWT (r = 0.50, p = 0.01).
Conclusions
This study is the first to examine FR activation effects in chronic stroke patients und suggests that stimulation effects are independent of the time since stroke. A larger controlled clinical trial is warranted that addresses issues as the necessary number of therapeutical sessions and for how long stimulation-induced improvements outlast the treatment period.
Trial registration:
The trial was retrospectively registered in German Clinical Trials Register. Clinical trial registration number: DRKS00021457. Date of registration: 29 June 2020.
Examining Learning Enjoyment, Presence, and Achievement Using a Virtual Reality Pathology Laboratory by Applying the CAMIL Model in Health Education
Authors: Rassy Regania Pasca , Mokmin Nur Azlina Mohamed , Apandi Nur Effatul Fairuz Zainal 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
It should come as no surprise that in the current digital world, schools are beginning to offer lessons that include technology in teaching and learning. Immersive technology is now being created and applied in several industries, most notably education. The majority of such tools are used in scientific and health education. This technology feels even more distinctive because of the beauty of the virtual environment that can interact with people in real time. However, there is still minimal research on the effectiveness of technology in teaching and learning the subject of pathology. Thus, this study investigated how well students learned, were present, and performed while utilizing virtual reality (VR) technology in learning about cells. This study employed a mixed-method sequential explanatory approach. The research tools included an open-ended inquiry and a questionnaire with a demographic form, as well as pre- and post-tests. The results showed that most students enjoyed learning biology using the VR laboratory, and their experience of enjoyment was at levels 1 (activity-specific) and 2 (situation-specific). Additionally, it was discovered that when students learn using VR technology, there is a high association between presence and satisfaction. Learning attainment outcomes are also improved. This indicates that there is an interaction between learning fun and success.
Micromirror Arrays as Optical Phase Modulators for Free-Space Beam Steering
Authors: Mohammad Tarek 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Generally, a group of sub-micron or nanometer sized optical phase shifters or modulators are used in an optical phased array (OPA) based scanner so as to selectively perturb wavefronts of outgoing laser beams. Similar to the concept of light propagation through a prism, an array of phase shifters is responsible for linearly delaying or advancing the propagating light waves. Optical phased array (OPA) systems have become an emerging technology for many applications due to the compact designs that eliminate the need for robust physical moving parts, leading to their fast response, high reliability, and low power requirements. Micromirror based OPA systems are fundamentally different than the conventional micromirror arrays that were being developed for numerous applications such as spectroscopy, digital light processing projectors, laser communication, and confocal microscopy. Those micromirror arrays provide significantly different motion types, actuation strokes, and operating speeds, due to the distinct task requirements by their target applications. Most of the previously designed conventional micromirror arrays are not suitable for high-speed laser beam steering at wide field of view due to either the large mirror sizes or the large array pitch sizes. MEMS based OPA systems generally demand narrow and tightly spaced suspended microstructures with high-aspect-ratio in lateral dimensions, rendering some significant challenges in the system design, fabrication, and integration. In addition, the scanners are required to generate hundreds to thousands of scan points along a far-field scan line which results in a large number of phase shifters in the arrays and high complexity in control.
Real-time big data analysis systems resulting from the Internet of Things (IoT)
Authors: A.Makarem Mohammed , A.Razaz Muneef 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
With the development of advanced telecommunications, the widespread availability of high-speed networks, smartphones, and smart devices, the term "Internet of Things" (IoT) has emerged along with the importance of data generated by it. This importance has increased significantly with the notable increase in the quantity of data, now commonly referred to as "big data". Various studies have emerged that seek to utilize IoT data to drive development in various fields, thus necessitating frameworks that combine big data technologies and IoT services. One of the challenges of dealing with IoT data is its fast flow and the need to collect and process it in real-time. Suitable big data frameworks have been studied to address this challenge. This research compared the Hadoop and Spark systems to select the most appropriate framework for IoT data that meets the requirements for fast flow and analysis, as well as ease of use. The results showed that Spark outperforms Hadoop, particularly in its ability to enable real-time data analysis, speed of processing, and efficient memory usage.