bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunologic Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Virus-Induced Murine Leukemia
Authors: Proffitt Max R. , Hirsch Martin S. , Ellis David A. , Gheridian Beatriz , Black Paul H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thymocytes from preleukemic mice persistently infected with Moloney murine leukemia virus (MuLV-M-carriers) were vigorously autoaggressive toward normal syngeneic target cells; they exhibited a graded response to allogeneic cells, but they spared xenogeneic cells or syngeneic cells infected with MuLV-M or MuLV-G (Gross). Syngeneic target cells infected with nononcogenic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), or transformed by the chemical carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene were not similarly spared. This phenomenon, apparently induced by MuLV-M, is not associated with all persistent virus carrier states. Thymocytes from mice persistently infected with LCMV or with the lactic dehydrogenase virus (LDHV) failed to demonstrate an autoaggressive behavior. That transplantable lymphoma cells (derived from MuLV-M-carriers) were autoreactive in a pattern similar to thymocytes from preleukemic mice suggests a unique role for MuLV in the events leading from altered recognition of “self” to lymphoma.
Identification of T and B Cell Subpopulations in Human Peripheral Blood: Electrophoretic Mobility Distributions Associated with Surface Marker Characteristics
Authors: Kaplan Joel H. , Uzgiris E. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The electrophoretic mobility distributions of human peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated on Ficoll-Hypaque gradients were characterized by laser Doppler spectroscopy. Three major subpopulations were spectrally resolved, due to differences in their mobility, when an electric field was applied to the scattering cuvette. The fastest component (centered at 2.35 µm/sec/V/cm for 25°C, 0.28 M sucrose medium of 0.005 ionic strength) passed through nylon fiber columns and was identified as a T cell subpopulation. The slowest component (1.85 µm/sec/V/cm) which was further enriched by a one-step rosette procedure with sheep erythrocytes, reacted with activated-complement (C3) and antiserum to human immunoglobulins and was therefore identified as a B cell subpopulation. The intermediate component (centered at 2.15 µm/sec/V/cm) appears to be another T cell subpopulation. Although cells of this component did not pass through nylon fiber columns, they did rosette with sheep erythrocytes. Furthermore, these cells did not appear to have surface immunoglobulins or complement receptors.
Synchronous Regulation of VH and CH Allotypes among Ig Molecules in Multi-Heterozygous Rabbits Suppressed with Anti-VH Allotype Antibody: Emergence of IgA from Suppression Prior to IgG and IgM
Authors: Eskinazi Daniel P. , Gilman-Sachs Alice , Knight Katherine L. , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Heterozygous rabbits of genotype a1n81f73g74/a2n82f71g75 were suppressed at birth for the VH region al allotype. At 8 weeks of age, quantitative analysis of serum IgG, IgM, and IgA molecules showed that the VHal specificity was effectively suppressed in the three classes of Ig and that the suppression was extended to the CH region n81 specificity on µ-chains as well as to the CH region f73 and g74 specificities on αf and αg chains. At 26 weeks of age, analysis of serum IgG and IgM molecules showed that a1 was still suppressed to approximately the same extent in both Ig classes and the suppression was still extended to the CH region n81 specificity. However, at 26 weeks, the percentage of molecules with a1 specificity had doubled among serum and colostral IgA molecules and this increase was extended to the CH region f73 and g74 specificities. Thus, the suppressed allotypes reappeared first among IgA molecules. Our data are consistent with a regulatory mechanism which controls and synchronizes the expression of the VHa and the CH allotypes expressed on the same heavy chain. The order of the re-expression of the suppressed allotypes with respect to Ig class may allow further definition of selective regulatory mechanisms for the synthesis of Ig classes.
An Improved Method for Isolation of H-2 and Ia Alloantigens with Immunoprecipitation Induced by Protein A-Bearing Staphylococci
Authors: Cullen Susan E. , Schwartz Benjamin D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse alloantigens, including the histocompatibility (H-2) and immune response linked (Ia) antigen molecules, can be readily isolated by a new precipitation technique utilizing protein A-bearing, fixed Staphylococci. The antigens are prepared by radiolabeling mouse spleen cells with 3H-leucine, solubilizing with the non-ionic detergent Non-Idet P-40, and purifying by affinity chromatography with lentil lectin coupled to Sapharose. The antigen preparations are mixed with appropriate alloantisera, and immune complexes formed in the mixture are then bound by the protein A sites on the Staphylococci. The organisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Cowan I strain (ATCC 12598), are heat inactivated and fixed, and are a stable, uniform IgG-binding reagent, especially when stored frozen. The antigen-antibody complexes are easily eluted from the organisms for electrophoretic analysis. The precipitation mediated by the organisms is more efficient, rapid, and artifact-free than the traditional “sandwich” precipitation technique involving anti-globulin reagents.
Studies on the Immune Response to Fixed Antigens. Preferential Induction of Helper Function with Heavily Trinitrophenylated Sheep Erythrocytes, and Glutaraldehyde-Treated Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: Kahan Melvyn , Berman-Goldman Ruth , Saltoun Rita , Naor David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice primed with heavily trinitrophenylated sheep red cells (TNP128SRC) or glutaraldehyde-treated sheep red cells (G-SRC) developed an early helper function mediated by thymus-derived cells. Such mice were able to produce high secondary responses to both hapten and carrier after challenge 2 days after priming, with lightly trinitrophenylated SRC (TNP 0.14SRC). However, the primary response of the TNP 128SRC or G-SRC-primed mice were very low to undetectable, and their secondary responses were also low when the challenge antigen was administered 4 days after priming or later. Inhibitory humoral factor(s) which were induced in the primed animals appeared responsible for the decreased capacity of primed mice to mount a secondary response when challenged later than 2 days after priming. Transfer of spleen cells from TNP 128SRC-primed mice to sublethally irradiated recipients circumvents their exposure to inhibitory humoral factor(s) present in intact animals allowing them to react with challenge antigen. Enriched populations of T cells, but not B cells, were able to transfer this early immunologic memory to irradiated recipients. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
Antigenic Analysis of the Major Structural Protein of the Mason-Pfizer Monkey Virus
Authors: Schochetman G. , Boehm-Truitt M. , Schlom J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The major internal protein, p27 (m.w. 27,000 daltons) of the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) was purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography and then used to develop a radioimmunoassay (RIA). This RIA was specific for MPMV because no immunologic cross-reactivity was observed between p27 of MPMV and 13 different RNA tumor viruses of mammalian and avian origin. However, the p27 of MPMV grown in three different primate cells exhibited identical antigenic cross-reactivity. In addition, significant levels of p27 were found only in MPMV-infected cells. These results indicate that synthesis of p27 is induced after virus infection and that p27 represents a viral-coded protein.
Fine Structure of Three Different Anti-Fluorescein Combining Sites: Induced Circular Dichroism of Hapten Bound to Autologous and Heterologous Recombinants
Authors: Gollogly John R. , Cathou Renata E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have previously reported the sequential appearance in hyperimmunized rabbits of three distinct types of antifluorescein-combining sites that can be distinguished by the characteristic induced circular dichroism (CD) of the bound hapten, fluorescein. Such induced CD depends on the configuration of the surrounding residues, and, in the case of anti-fluorescein, can be localized to the configuration of the sub-site which binds the hydroxyxanthenone moiety of fluorescein. In the present investigation, we have studied the fine structure of both autologous and heterologous recombinant sites and of the free chains by measuring the induced CD of bound hapten. Heavy chain dimers at pH 5.4 bound fluorescein that displayed a weak negative CD band which is different from that observed in any of the native antibodies. No induced CD was observed with light chains. Thus, the hydroxyxanthenone subsite does not exist intact in any of the isolated chains. Fluorescein bound to purified autologous recombinants, when studied at pH 7.5, exhibited CD spectra very similar to those observed for the original antibodies. Most significantly, fluorescein bound to purified heterologous recombinants, prepared in all possible combinations, showed CD spectra most similar to those exhibited by sites from which the heavy chain was derived. Thus, the microenvironment of the subsite appears to be due primarily to the heavy chain.
Humoral Immunity in Experimental Syphilis
Authors: Bishop Nancy H. , Miller James N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Evidence of a role for humoral factor(s) in immunity to experimental syphilis has been provided by the demonstration that passive immunization of rabbits by daily i.v. injections of immune serum significantly delays the appearance and markedly diminishes the severity and duration of lesions which develop after challenge with Treponema pallidum. Five rabbits were injected daily over 37 days with 3 ml/kg body weight of pooled immune rabbit serum injection with 1.1 × 103T. pallidum, Nichols strain, at each of four sites. The animals developed atypical lesions of short duration after an average delay in onset of 28 days short duration after an average delay in onset of 28 days beyond the development of typical lesions in control animals similarly injected with nonimmune serum or saline. The failure of passive immunization to provide complete protection was evident not only in the development of the atypical lesions, but also in the demonstration of disseminated infection in the tissues of three of the four surviving animals 7 months after challenge. The possibility that incomplete protection may have been due to 1) insufficient immune serum levels, 2) intracellular location of T. pallidum, and/or 3) cell-mediated mechanisms is discussed.
Analysis of Complement-Dependent Antibody-Mediated Lysis of Target Cells Acutely Infected with Measles
Authors: Hicks John T. , Klutch Michael J. , Albrecht Paul , Frank Michael M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A sensitive assay for the detection of complement-dependent cytolytic measles-antibodies in monkey and human sera is described. The high sensitivity of the technique is dependent upon the use of Vero or MA-104 cells acutely infected with a high-titered, non-syncitiogenic strain of attenuated measles virus. Cytolytic antibody titers of serum can be determined either by endpoint dilution in the presence of a standard dilution of heterologous (guinea pig) complement or by percentage of lysis of a specific number of target cells at a standard dilution of immune serum (1:32). The latter technique proved expedient in the comparison of cytolytic activities of large numbers of serum samples. Clearly, the alternative complement pathway is effective in lysis of these cells, but neither the classical nor the alternative pathway alone appears to be as effective as both pathways combined. No prozone effect occurred with homologous complement, and inhibition of lysis was eliminated by washing sensitized cells before addition of heterologous complement. Lysis of measles-infected cells untreated with measles antibody occurred in the presence of both normal and C4-deficient guinea pig serum at high concentrations, but no such activity occurred with non-immune human or rhesus serum. Antibody-mediated complement-dependent lysis of measles-infected cells may be an important immune defense against acute measles infection.
Antibody-Mediated Basophil Accumulations in Cutaneous Hypersensitivity Reactions of Guinea Pigs
Authors: Askenase Philip W. , Haynes J. David , Hayden Betty J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) was studied in guinea pigs by using simplified histologic techniques. Animals immunized with oxazolone or picryl conjugates of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) emulsified with complete (CFA) or incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) were found to have hapten-specific cutaneous basophil reactions when skin tested at 1 week with oxazolone or picryl chloride contact painting or intradermal injection of oxazolone or picryl-conjugated human serum albumin, respectively. Thus, hapten-specific cutaneous basophil reactions were present in guinea pigs immunized with CFA for classical delayed hypersensitivity, and in animals immunized with IFA for Jones-Mote reactions.
Hapten-specific 24-hr cutaneous basophil reactions were passively transferred with immune serum from donors sensitized with conjugates of oxazolone or picryl-KLH in CFA or IFA, and with serum from oxazolone contact-sensitized animals as well. As little as 0.5 ml sera obtained from donors 1 week after immunization could systemically transfer cutaneous basophil reactions. It is likely that hapten-specific cutaneous basophil reactions are mediated by small quantities of serum antibodies.
We conclude that antibody-mediated cutaneous basophil reactions may be distinctive hypersensitivity responses that can be distinguished from classical anaphylactic, Arthus, and delayed hypersensitivities. It is suggested that CBH reactions are heterogeneous and that antibody products of B lymphocytes, and factors probably derived from T lymphocytes, play a role in basophil accumulations at cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions.
Chemotactic Responses of Normal Human Basophils to C5a and to Lymphocyte-Derived Chemotactic Factor
Authors: Lett-Brown Michael A. , Boetcher David A. , Leonard Edward J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peripheral blood basophils from normal human subjects responded chemotactically to the complement component C5a and also to the supernatant fluid from cultured human lymphocytes stimulated by mitogens or specific antigen. Basophil chemotactic factor (BCF) was detected in stimulated lymphocyte cultures within 24 hr and increased for the first 3 days. BCF was found after stimulation of lymphocytes by B or T cell mitogens as well as by specific antigen. The amount of BCF in culture fluids was independent of cell proliferation. Monocyte chemotactic factor (MCF) and BCF could not be separated from one another by Sephadex or DEAE chromatography. Both activities were eluted from Sephadex G-100 columns in a m. w. region of about 15,000 daltons and were found after ion exchange chromatography on DEAE in a peak eluted by 0.1 M NaCl. These findings suggest that mitogen or antigen-stimulated lymphocytes secrete a molecule that is chemotactic for both monocytes and basophils. Thus, in the absence of a basophil-specific chemotactic molecule, the preferential accumulation of basophils in certain types of delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions must be due to additional factors such as basophil chemotaxis augmentation factor.
The Xenogeneic Effect
Authors: Farrar John J. , Fuller-Bonar Janet 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies were conducted on the mechanism of action of a soluble mediator which was generated in human mixed lymphocyte cultures and assayed for helper activity in T cell-deficient murine spleen cell cultures. The mediator, termed xenogeneic reconstitution factor or XRF, restored the anti-sheep erythrocyte plaque-forming cell response of spleen cells from thymectomized, lethally irradiated, and syngeneic bone marrow transplanted (TxB) mice. It was found that in order to obtain a maximal antibody response, the XRF had to be present sometime during the first 24 to 40 hr of the induction process. XRF was also required during the last 24 hr of the incubation period. A striking synergistic effect was obtained by combined exposure of the T cell-deficient spleen cell cultures to XRF during the first and last days of culture. These data suggested a bi-modal mechanism of action of XRF, and raised the possibility that in addition to providing a signal to the B cells, XRF-mediated activation of the residual TxB splenic T cells was crucial to the successful restoration of the antibody response. Treatment of the nonadherent splenocytes from the TxB mice with anti-T cell serum and guinea pig complement completely abrogated the antibody response of these cells in the presence of adherent spleen cells, sheep erythrocytes, and the helper factor XRF. The antibody response of this combination of cells, antigen, and XRF was reconstituted by a population of unimmunized murine T cells which, in the absence of XRF, were totally unable to restore responsiveness. These results suggest that B cell activation to the formation of antibody involves the mandatory co-participation of two functionally distinct helper activities.
Enhancement of Early Human E Rosette Formation by Cholinergic Stimuli
Authors: Galant Stanley P. , Lundak Robert L. , Eaton Linda 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of the cholinergic stimuli carbamylcholine (carbachol) and dibutyrl cyclic guanosine monophosphate (DBCGMP) were determined on both ‘early’ and ‘total’ E rosette formation. Ficoll-Hypaque-separated lymphocytes were preincubated with either carbachol or DBCGMP over a 10-3 M to 10-13 M dose range. Both agents significantly enhanced ‘early’, but not ‘total’ E rosette formation. Peak enhancement above control values occurred at 10-7 M (72%) and 10-9 M (69%) for carbachol and 10-5 M (70%) and 10-7 M (70%) for DBCGMP. Kinetic studies showed a rapid onset of enhancement (2.5 min) for carbachol, whereas DBCGMP required 15 min for significant enhancement to occur. The muscurinic nature of carbachol enhancement of E rosettes was demonstrated. Atropine at 10-7 M completely abolished the carbachol effect while showing little inhibition of the DBCGMP effect on rosette formation.
These studies indicate that the cholinergic stimuli carbachl and DBCGMP significantly enhance the ‘early’ E rosette former in man. Human T lymphocytes appear to have functional cholinergic receptors that can be blocked by the muscurinic antagonist atropine. The role of the cyclic nucleotides and their stimulants on the immune system is incompletely understood, but it would appear that they are extremely important in the differentiation and function of the T lymphocyte. E rosette formation may be a useful model in man for studying the effects of the cyclic nucleotides on the human T lymphocyte.
Basophil-Sensitizing Antibody Response to Herpes Simplex Viruses in Rabbits
Authors: Day Richard P. , Bienenstock John , Rawls William E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 were detected in the sera of rabbits by release of histamine from basophils sensitized in vitro with the sera. The time course of the appearance of the antibodies, the dose-response curve of the release of histamine in relation to antigen concentration, the sedimentation characteristics of the antibodies in sucrose gradients, and the ability to destroy the sensitizing capacity of the sera with heat suggest that the antibodies being assessed were of the IgE class. These antibodies were induced in animals injected intradermally, intramuscularly, and i.p. with live virus. The antibodies were detected 1 week after primary injection and a similar time course of antibody appearance was observed after a second or third injection. The same cross-reactivity between type 1 and type 2 virus observed with IgG antibody was also observed with IgE antibody.
In Vitro Production of IgE by Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes: Effect of Cholera Toxin and β Adrenergic Stimulation
Authors: Patterson Roy , Suszko Irena M. , Metzger W. James , Roberts Mary 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peripheral blood lymphocytes from two human donors with elevated serum IgE concentrations were maintained in short term tissue culture preparations. Repeated culture preparations demonstrated that IgE was produced in vitro in amounts that could be measured by the double antibody radioimmunoassay technique. The amount of IgE produced by replicate cultures of cells from a single bleeding of the donor was similar when the cultures were simultaneously prepared. In contrast, IgE production by the same donor's lymphocytes varied when the culture preparations were initiated from separate bleedings. The results of simultaneous cultures of a single bleeding were sufficiently consistent to provide a means of testing the effect of pharmacologic agents on the in vitro production of IgE. Cholera toxin effected a marked reduction in production of IgE by lymphocytes of both cell donors. Isoproterenol showed marked inhibition of IgE production at 10-3 M but cell viability studies suggested that this may have been due to decreased cell viability. At lower, nontoxic concentrations of isoproterenol (10-4 M-10-6 M) slight but definite inhibition of in vitro IgE production was evident. This inhibition was more pronounced subsequent to the first 24 hr of exposure of the cells to isoproterenol.
Induction of Resistance to Toxoplasma Gondii in Human Macrophages by Soluble Lymphocyte Products
Authors: Anderson Seth E. , Bautista Simeon , Remington Jack S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Autoradiography and light microscopy were used to study the effects of lymphocyte culture supernatants, prepared under a variety of conditions, on the course of intracellular Toxoplasma gondii infection in human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro. Supernatants prepared by incubating lymphocytes of dye test- (DT) positive subjects with T. gondii lysate antigen (TLA), lymphocytes of DT/negative subjects with streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD), or both populations of lymphocytes with concanavalin A (Con A) were capable of activating macrophages to inhibit or kill intracellular T. gondii. Supernatants prepared with the homologous antigen (TLA) to the target organism appeared more active in conferring resistance to infection with T. gondii on macrophages than those prepared with a heterologous antigen (SK-SD) or mitogen (Con A). The number of lymphocytes was critical in preparing active supernatants. These results suggest that soluble lymphocyte mediators can activate human macrophages in vitro to inhibit or kill T. gondii.
Regulation of Antibody Response in Different Immunoglobulin Classes
Authors: Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Hirai Yoshikatsu , Suemura Masaki , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Selective suppression of IgE antibody response was demonstrated. Preadministration of DNP-coupled mycobacterium (DNP-Tbc) inhibited the formation of anti-DNP IgE antibody induced by DNP-OA without any suppressive effect on anti-DNP IgG antibody response. Secondary anti-DNP IgE antibody response by DNP-OA was also significantly depressed by the preadministration of DNP-Tbc. Anti-OA IgE antibody response induced by DNP-OA was also depressed by DNP-Tbc, whereas anti-OA IgE antibody response induced by PAB-OA was not affected by the preadministration of DNP-Tbc. Preimmunization with DNP-MGG induced much higher anti-DNP IgG antibody response than DNP-Tbc, but DNP-MGG did not suppress the induction of anti-DNP IgE antibody. The transfer of DNP-Tbc-primed spleen cells into normal mice depressed anti-DNP IgE antibody response. B cell-depleted cell populations also showed a comparable inhibitory effect to that of unfractionated DNP-Tbc primed cells. In the adoptive cell transfer experiment, DNP-Tbc-primed cells depressed anti-DNP IgE antibody response of DNP-OA-primed cells when these cells were stimulated with DNP-OA. These results suggested that DNP-specific T cells induced with DNP-Tbc selectively inhibited IgE antibody response.