bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the impact of very large volcanic eruptions on the risk of extreme climate events
Authors: Freychet Nicolas , Schurer Andrew P , Ballinger Andrew P , Suarez-Gutierrez Laura , Timmreck Claudia 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Very large volcanic eruptions have substantial impacts on the climate, causing global cooling and major changes to the hydrological cycle. While most studies have focused on changes to mean climate, here we use a large ensemble to assess the impact on extreme climate for three years following tropical and extratropical eruptions of different sulfur emission strength. We focus on the impact of an extremely large eruption, injecting 40 Tg sulfur into the stratosphere, which could be expected to occur approximately twice a millennium. Our findings show that the eruption would have a profound effect on large areas of the globe, resulting in extremely rare drought events that under normal circumstances would occur once every century becoming very likely. Several regions such as West Africa, South and East Asia and the Maritime continent are particularly affected with the expected climate shifting well outside the usual range, by up to five standard deviations. These results have important consequences as they indicate that a severe drought in multiple breadbasket regions should be expected following a large eruption. The risk of heavy rainfall tends to decrease over the same regions but by a reduced amount, heatwaves become extremely rare, however the chance of extreme Winter cold surges do not increase by a corresponding amount, since widespread parts of the Northern Hemisphere display a winter warming. Our results show that the location of the eruption is crucial for the change in extremes, with overall changes larger for a Northern Hemisphere eruption than a tropical and Southern Hemisphere eruption, although there is a regional dependency. Simulations of different eruptions with similar forcing distributions but with different sizes are consistent with a linear relationship, however for smaller eruptions the internal variability tends to become dominant and the effect on extreme climate less detectable.
Stronger Arctic amplification produced by decreasing, not increasing, CO2 concentrations
Authors: Zhou Shih-Ni , Liang Yu-Chiao , Mitevski Ivan , Polvani Lorenzo M 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Arctic amplification (AA), referring to the phenomenon of amplified warming in the Arctic compared to the warming in the rest of the globe, is generally attributed to the increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. However, little attention has been paid to the mechanisms and quantitative variations of AA under decreasing levels of CO2, when cooling where the Arctic region is considerably larger than over the rest of the planet. Analyzing climate model experiments forced with a wide range of CO2 concentrations (from 1/8× to 8×CO2, with respect to preindustrial levels), we show that AA indeed occurs under decreasing CO2 concentrations, and it is stronger than AA under increasing CO2 concentrations. Feedback analysis reveals that the Planck, lapse-rate, and albedo feedbacks are the main contributors to producing AAs forced by CO2 increase and decrease, but the stronger lapse-rate feedback associated with decreasing CO2 level gives rise to stronger AA. We further find that the increasing CO2 concentrations delay the peak month of AA from November to December or January, depending on the forcing strength. In contrast, decreasing CO2 levels cannot shift the peak of AA earlier than October, as a consequence of the maximum sea-ice increase in September which is independent of forcing strength. Such seasonality changes are also presented in the lapse-rate feedback, but do not appear in other feedbacks nor in the atmospheric and oceanic heat transport processeses. Our results highlight the strongly asymmetric responses of AA, as evidenced by the different changes in its intensity and seasonality, to the increasing and decreasing CO2 concentrations. These findings have significant implications for understanding how carbon removal could impact the Arctic climate, ecosystems, and socio-economic activities.
Modeling Risk Factors for Intraindividual Variability: A Mixed-Effects Beta-Binomial Model Applied to Cognitive Function in Older People in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Authors: Parker Richard M A , Tilling Kate , Terrera Graciela Muniz , Barrett Jessica K 
Published: August 2023

AbstractCognitive functioning in older age profoundly impacts quality of life and health. While most research on cognition in older age has focused on mean levels, intraindividual variability (IIV) around this may have risk factors and outcomes independent of the mean value. Investigating risk factors associated with IIV has typically involved deriving a summary statistic for each person from residual error around a fitted mean. However, this ignores uncertainty in the estimates, prohibits exploring associations with time-varying factors, and is biased by floor/ceiling effects. To address this, we propose a mixed-effects location scale beta-binomial model for estimating average probability and IIV in a word recall test in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. After adjusting for mean performance, an analysis of 9,873 individuals across 7 (mean = 3.4) waves (2002–2015) found IIV to be greater at older ages, with lower education, in females, with more difficulties in activities of daily living, in later birth cohorts, and when interviewers recorded issues potentially affecting test performance. Our study introduces a novel method for identifying groups with greater IIV in bounded discrete outcomes. Our findings have implications for daily functioning and care, and further work is needed to identify the impact for future health outcomes.
Implementing and evaluating a diversity, equity, and inclusion resident recruitment strategy
Authors: Quiroga Lauren C , Starosta Kate , Kelley Lindsey R 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Purpose
A recruitment strategy was designed to increase the racial diversity of applicants to the postgraduate year 1 pharmacy program at University of Michigan Health, Michigan Medicine (MM). This article describes MM’s diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) residency recruitment approach, from conceptualization through implementation, and includes an evaluation of its effectiveness.

Summary
The report of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) Task Force on Racial Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, published in January 2021, provided a foundation for our recruitment approach. The approach consisted of establishing a residency DEI subcommittee, conducting outreach to under-represented students, and reducing bias in the process by amending the application screening rubric. The combination of these efforts resulted in a 5% increase in applicants from pharmacy schools with a high proportion of under-represented minority students.

Conclusion
A diverse residency program benefits patients, trainees, and the larger healthcare organization. In addition, incorporating DEI into resident recruitment is required by the new ASHP Accreditation Standard for postgraduate pharmacy residency programs effective July 1, 2023. Evaluation of our recruitment efforts demonstrated targeted recruitment as an effective strategy to increase the diversity of a residency program’s applicants. There may be additional barriers not addressed by our interventions to be further explored.
Effectiveness and Safety of Resilient Hyaluronic Acid (RHA) Dermal Fillers for the Correction of Moderate-to-Severe Nasolabial Folds in People of Color: Post Hoc Subgroup Analyses of US Pivotal Clinical Data
Authors: Taylor Susan , Weinkle Susan , Kaufman-Janette Joely , Gallagher Conor J , Kooken Kristie , Brown Jessica 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background
People of color (POC) are often underrepresented in clinical studies evaluating the safety and effectiveness of aesthetic products, including hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers, for which there is to date limited clinical data in POC.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to assess the safety and effectiveness of a new line of dynamic resilient HA fillers (RHA; Revance, Nashville, TN) for treating moderate-to-severe nasolabial folds (NLFs) in POC vs non-POC.

Methods
Post hoc subgroup analyses compared the efficacy and safety of POC vs non-POC subjects treated with RHA2, RHA3, or RHA4 for correction of moderate-to-severe NLFs in the pooled per-protocol population (N = 217) in 2 clinical trials. Evaluated population cohorts were classified by Fitzpatrick skin type (FST) (high FST [IV-VI] vs low FST [I-III]) and by subject-reported race (non-White vs White) relative to baseline at 6, 9, 12, and 15 months.

Results
POC consistently showed greater improvement in wrinkle severity and higher responder rates compared with non-POC, which reached statistical significance at several measured time points. Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale scores and subject satisfaction ratings were similar for POC and non-POC and remained high throughout the course of the study. Treatment-related adverse event rates were generally lower for high FSTs vs low FSTs, with no reported cases of keloidal scarring.

Conclusion
The RHA line of dynamic fillers is well tolerated and effective for the correction of moderate-to-severe NLFs in POC and can be confidently used in this important and growing patient population.
See the abstract translated into Hindi, Portuguese, Korean, German, Italian, Arabic, Chinese, and Taiwanese online here: https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjad251.

Level of Evidence: 2
Risk factors for subsequent primary melanoma in patients with previous melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Smith Juliet , Cust Anne E , Lo Serigne N 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background
Compared with the general population, people with a previous melanoma are at increased risk of developing another primary melanoma. Understanding the risk factors associated with multiple primary melanomas can inform patient education and tailored surveillance.

Objectives
To examine the risk factors for subsequent primary melanoma in people with a previous melanoma, by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available data.

Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted in CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Embase and MEDLINE. Studies that reported a risk estimate or raw frequencies and conducted between 1982 and August 2022 were included. Adjusted risk estimates were prioritized over univariable risk estimates. PRISMA reporting guidelines were followed. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted to derive pooled estimates. Quality assessment was conducted by two researchers using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. GRADE was used to rate the certainty and quality of the evidence.

Results
Data from 27 studies involving 413 181 participants were pooled and analysed. Risk factors assessed included age and sex, environmental, lifestyle, phenotypic, genetic and histopathological factors, and there was wide variation in how they were categorized and analysed. Independent risk factors identified from pooled analyses included male sex [hazard ratio (HR) 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.40–1.53], increasing age per 10 years (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.14–1.24), light skin colour (HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.23–1.70), family history [odds ratio (OR) 1.79, 95% CI 1.25–2.56], CDKN2A mutation (OR 5.29, 95% CI 2.70–10.37), a high or moderate naevus count [OR 2.63 (95% CI 1.61–4.30) and OR 1.64 (95% CI 1.07–2.51), respectively], one or more atypical naevi (OR 3.01, 95% CI 1.52–5.97), first lesions occurring on the head or neck, lentigo maligna subtype (HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.15–1.17), other subtype (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.03–1.27) and inadequate sun protection (HR 1.85, 95% CI 0.98–3.50). Based on the GRADE criteria, there was high to very low confidence in the pooled effect estimates.

Conclusions
This meta-analysis identified several consistent, independent risk factors for the development of subsequent primary melanoma. These findings will help stratify the risk of subsequent melanoma, tailor skin-check schedules and inform patient education.
Compartment-driven imprinting of intestinal CD4 T cells in inflammatory bowel disease and homeostasis
Authors: Lutter Lisanne , ter Linde José J M , Brand Eelco C , Hoytema van Konijnenburg David P , Roosenboom Britt , Horjus Talabur-Horje Carmen , Oldenburg Bas , van Wijk Femke 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The mucosal immune system is implicated in the etiology and progression of inflammatory bowel diseases. The lamina propria and epithelium of the gut mucosa constitute two separate compartments, containing distinct T-cell populations. Human CD4 T-cell programming and regulation of lamina propria and epithelium CD4 T cells, especially during inflammation, remain incompletely understood. We performed flow cytometry, bulk, and single-cell RNA-sequencing to profile ileal lamina propria and intraepithelial CD4 T cells (CD4CD8αα, regulatory T cells (Tregs), CD69− and CD69high Trm T cells) in controls and Crohn’s disease (CD) patients (paired non-inflamed and inflamed). Inflammation results in alterations of the CD4 T-cell population with a pronounced increase in Tregs and migrating/infiltrating cells. On a transcriptional level, inflammation within the epithelium induced T-cell activation, increased IFNγ responses, and an effector Treg profile. Conversely, few transcriptional changes within the lamina propria were observed. Key regulators including the chromatin remodelers ARID4B and SATB1 were found to drive compartment-specific transcriptional programming of CD4 T(reg) cells. In summary, inflammation in CD patients primarily induces changes within the epithelium and not the lamina propria. Additionally, there is compartment-specific CD4 T-cell imprinting, driven by shared regulators, between the lamina propria and the epithelium. The main consequence of intraepithelial adaptation, irrespective of inflammation, seems to be an overall dampening of broad (pro-inflammatory) responses and tight regulation of lifespan. These data suggest differential regulation of the lamina propria and epithelium, with a specific regulatory role in the inflamed epithelium.
A Short History of Judicial Diversity
Authors: Rackley Erika 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Judicial diversity is a priority without priority. While few would argue, openly at least, against a more diverse judiciary in principle, there is still some way to go to make it a reality. And yet, despite the slow rate of progress, reigniting conversations about diversity may seem unwise in the current political moment, raising the question of whether those seeking to achieve a truly diverse judiciary have anywhere (new) to go. We seem to have reached an impasse. This article brings the insights of feminist legal history to bear on arguments for judicial diversity. Drawing on original archival research, it focuses on the establishment of the Industrial Court in 1919 and tells, for the first time, how there came to be statutory requirement for women’s presence on the court. It argues that the quality argument for diversity—that a court is stronger and its decision-making better for the inclusion of women among its members—was central to this success. It goes on to argue that in unsettling deep-seat assumptions particularly around arguments for the imposition of quotas, the history of the Industrial Court, and feminist legal history more generally, offers a way out of the impasse and a reason to keep talking about judicial diversity. This is important. For it is only by doing so that we have any chance of securing a judiciary that is truly diverse.
A novel method for measuring acute thermal tolerance in fish embryos
Authors: Cowan Zara-Louise , Andreassen Anna H , De Bonville Jeremy , Green Leon , Binning Sandra A , Silva-Garay Lorena , Jutfelt Fredrik , Sundin Josefin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Aquatic ectotherms are vulnerable to thermal stress, with embryos predicted to be more sensitive than juveniles and adults. When examining the vulnerability of species and life stages to warming, comparable methodology must be used to obtain robust conclusions. Critical thermal methodology is commonly used to characterize acute thermal tolerances in fishes, with critical thermal maximum (CTmax) referring to the acute upper thermal tolerance limit. At this temperature, fish exhibit loss of controlled locomotion due to a temperature-induced collapse of vital physiological functions. While it is relatively easy to monitor behavioural responses and measure CTmax in larval and adult fish, this is more challenging in embryos, leading to a lack of data on this life stage, or that studies rely on potentially incomparable metrics. Here, we present a novel method for measuring CTmax in fish embryos, defined by the temperature at which embryos stop moving. Additionally, we compare this measurement with the temperature of the embryos’ last heartbeat, which has previously been proposed as a method for measuring embryonic CTmax. We found that, like other life stages, late-stage embryos exhibited a period of increased activity, peaking approximately 2–3°C before CTmax. Measurements of CTmax based on last movement are more conservative and easier to record in later developmental stages than measurements based on last heartbeat, and they also work well with large and small embryos. Importantly, CTmax measurements based on last movement in embryos are similar to measurements from larvae and adults based on loss of locomotory control. Using last heartbeat as CTmax in embryos likely overestimates acute thermal tolerance, as the heart is still beating when loss of response/equilibrium is reached in larvae/adults. The last movement technique described here allows for comparisons of acute thermal tolerance of embryos between species and across life stages, and as a response variable to treatments.
Mitochondrial pannexin1 controls cardiac sensitivity to ischaemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Rusiecka Olga M , Molica Filippo , Nielsen Morten S , Tollance Axel , Morel Sandrine , Frieden Maud , Chanson Marc , Boengler Kerstin , Kwak Brenda R 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Aims
No effective therapy is available in clinics to protect the heart from ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Endothelial cells are activated after I/R, which may drive the inflammatory response by releasing ATP through pannexin1 (Panx1) channels. Here, we investigated the role of Panx1 in cardiac I/R.

Methods and results
Panx1 was found in cardiac endothelial cells, neutrophils, and cardiomyocytes. After in vivo I/R, serum Troponin-I, and infarct size were less pronounced in Panx1−/− mice, but leukocyte infiltration in the infarct area was similar between Panx1−/− and wild-type mice. Serum Troponin-I and infarct size were not different between mice with neutrophil-specific deletion of Panx1 and Panx1fl/fl mice, suggesting that cardioprotection by Panx1 deletion rather involved cardiomyocytes than the inflammatory response. Physiological cardiac function in wild-type and Panx1−/− hearts was similar. The time to onset of contracture and time to maximal contracture were delayed in Panx1−/− hearts, suggesting reduced sensitivity of these hearts to ischaemic injury. Moreover, Panx1−/− hearts showed better recovery of left ventricle developed pressure, cardiac contractility, and relaxation after I/R. Ischaemic preconditioning failed to confer further protection in Panx1−/− hearts. Panx1 was found in subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM). SSM in WT or Panx1−/− hearts showed no differences in morphology. The function of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and production of reactive oxygen species in SSM was not affected, but mitochondrial respiration was reduced in Panx1−/− SSM. Finally, Panx1−/− cardiomyocytes had a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and an increased mitochondrial ATP content.

Conclusion
Panx1−/− mice display decreased sensitivity to cardiac I/R injury, resulting in smaller infarcts and improved recovery of left ventricular function. This cardioprotective effect of Panx1 deletion seems to involve cardiac mitochondria rather than a reduced inflammatory response. Thus, Panx1 may represent a new target for controlling cardiac reperfusion damage.
Effectiveness of aortic valve replacement in Heyde syndrome: a meta-analysis
Authors: Goltstein Lia C M J , Rooijakkers Maxim J P , Hoeks Marlijn , Li Wilson W L , van Wely Marleen H , Rodwell Laura , van Royen Niels , Drenth Joost P H , van Geenen Erwin-Jan M 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Aims
Heyde syndrome is the co-occurrence of aortic stenosis, acquired von Willebrand syndrome, and gastrointestinal bleeding. Aortic valve replacement has been demonstrated to resolve all three associated disorders. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to obtain best estimates of the effect of aortic valve replacement on acquired von Willebrand syndrome and gastrointestinal bleeding.

Methods and results
A literature search was performed to identify articles on Heyde syndrome and aortic valve replacement up to 25 October 2022. Primary outcomes were the proportion of patients with recovery of acquired von Willebrand syndrome within 24 h (T1), 24–72 h (T2), 3–21 days (T3), and 4 weeks to 2 years (T4) after aortic valve replacement and the proportion of patients with cessation of gastrointestinal bleeding. Pooled proportions and risk ratios were calculated using random-effects models. Thirty-three studies (32 observational studies and one randomized controlled trial) on acquired von Willebrand syndrome (n = 1054), and 11 observational studies on gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 300) were identified. One study reported on both associated disorders (n = 6). The pooled proportion of Heyde patients with acquired von Willebrand syndrome recovery was 86% (95% CI, 79%–91%) at T1, 90% (74%–96%) at T2, 92% (84%–96%) at T3, and 87% (67%–96%) at T4. The pooled proportion of Heyde patients with gastrointestinal bleeding cessation was 73% (62%–81%). Residual aortic valve disease was associated with lower recovery rates of acquired von Willebrand syndrome (RR 0.20; 0.05–0.72; P = 0.014) and gastrointestinal bleeding (RR 0.57; 0.40–0.81; P = 0.002).

Conclusion
Aortic valve replacement is associated with rapid recovery of the bleeding diathesis in Heyde syndrome and gastrointestinal bleeding cessation. Residual valve disease compromises clinical benefits.