bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Three Feline Paraproteins
Authors: Kehoe J. Michael , Hurvitz Arthur I. , Capra J. Donald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Serum protein electrophoretic studies on three cats, two with lymphosarcoma and one with multiple myeloma, revealed M components in the γ region. These proteins were isolated by zone electrophoresis and were characterized immunologically, physically and chemically. Antisera to two feline isolates demonstrated individual antigenic specificity. All three proteins were classified as γG lambda immunoglobulins on the basis of cross-reactivities with human antisera. Cross-reactions were also documented between each of the feline proteins and previously studied canine light chains and intact human γG proteins. By analytical ultracentrifugation these feline immunoglobulins had Svedberg constants of approximately 6.8S. Molecular weight determinations of the intact γG proteins by SDS acrylamide gel analysis indicated an average m.w. of 154,000. The amino terminal amino acid residue of one of the feline heavy chains was glutamic acid and that of another aspartic acid. Thus these chains could be partially sequenced by an automatic protein sequencer. Comparison of the results with sequences of human VHIII heavy chains showed a striking sequence homology between the two species.
Antigen-Induced Inhibition of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Swanborg Robert H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Encephalitogenic basic protein (BP) was isolated from bovine brain. Portions of BP preparations were rendered non-encephalitogenic for guinea pigs by modification of the single tryptophan residue with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide. This modified BP (benzyl-BP) was employed for antigen-induced inhibition of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). In some experiments, non-encephalitogenic diazonium derivatives of BP were also employed for inhibition. The results show that non-encephalitogenic modified BP preparations are capable of suppressing EAE when administered to previously sensitized guinea pigs. On the other hand, if the animals were treated before sensitization, EAE was almost completely prevented. Moreover, the modified preparations inhibited the disease as effectively as unmodified BP.
Radioimmunoassay of Mammalian Type C Viral Proteins
Authors: Scolnick Edward M. , Parks Wade P. , Livingston David M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A radioimmune precipitation assay (RIPA) for the major internal polypeptide of mammalian type C viruses is described. Gel chromatography and isoelectric focusing resulted in a polypeptide of approximately 30,000 daltons which migrated as a single band in three different dissociating systems as analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This VP3(gs) protein from murine and feline type C viruses has species specific antigenic reactivities which were not altered by chemical iodination. 125I-labeled VP3(gs) was a sensitive probe for antibodies. By employing limiting concentrations of antibody in RIPA, unlabeled murine or feline VP3(gs) antigen could be quantitated by competition with labeled polypeptide. This double antibody VP3(gs) antigen assay was at least 500 times more sensitive than complement-fixation or immunodiffusion and was specific for type C viruses of the homologous species.
Characterization of Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) from Guinea Pig Lymphocytes Stimulated with Concanavalin A
Authors: Remold Heinz G. , David Roberta A. , David John R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A migration inhibitory factor (MIF) obtained from cultures of guinea pig lymphocytes stimulated with the mitogen concanavalin A (MIFCon A) was characterized and compared to MIF produced by stimulation with the o-chlorobenzoylbovine γ globulin antigen (MIFOCB-BGG). MIFCon A behaves like MIFOCB-BGG on acrylamide gel electrophoresis, in its buoyant density on isopycnic centrifugation, and in its susceptibility to neuraminidase and chymotrypsin. On the other hand, MIFCon A showed greater heterogeneity than MIFOCB-BGG when chromatographed on Sephadex G-100, and Con A stimulated the production of more MIF than antigen. The increase in heterogeneity and activity of MIFCon A over MIFOCB-BGG would be expected if Con A affects more cells than antigen. These experiments suggest that the triggering of different kinds of receptors results in the production of similar mediators, probably through a common pathway.
The Alternate Complement Pathway in Cell Damage: Antibody-Mediated Cytolysis of Erythrocytes and Nucleated Cells
Authors: May Joseph E. , Green Ira , Frank Michael M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Components of the alternate complement pathway present in C4 deficient guinea pig serum have been studied for their ability to lyse cells sensitized with cytotoxic antibody. Five different cell types, including erythrocytes, nucleated cells and tumor cells, were examined. Cytotoxic antibodies utilized were obtained from guinea pig, mouse, burro and rabbit sources. The specific assay systems included sheep erythrocytes-rabbit anti-Forssman antibody; TNP-coated sheep erythrocytes-rabbit anti-DNP antibody; guinea pig thymocytes-burro anti-thymus cell antibody; mouse thymocytes-mouse anti-ϑ antibody; guinea pig leukemia cells (L2C)-guinea pig anti-histocompatibility antibody. In all cases the alternate complement pathway mediated lysis inefficiently or not at all. The data indicate that in most situations the sequential participation of C1, C4 and C2 is requisite for the efficient lysis of cells sensitized with anti-membrane antibodies.
Regulation of Antibody Response in Vitro
Authors: Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits were immunized by intraperitoneal injections of DNP-coupled ascaris antigen (DNP-Asc) precipitated with aluminum hydroxide gel, and the anamnestic antibody response of the mesenteric lymph node cells was studied in vitro. The cells were stimulated with homologous antigen, cultured in the absence of antigen for 6 days, and the IgM, IgG and IgE anti-DNP antibodies in the culture fluids were measured. In this system, formation of the anti-hapten antibodies was suppressed when the primed cells were stimulated with antigen in the presence of either ε-DNP lysine or ascaris antigen. At a given concentration of either the hapten or carrier, a similar extent of suppression was observed for the formation of the three immunoglobulins. The results suggest that both hapten-specific memory cells and carrier-specific helper cells are involved in the formation of anti-hapten antibodies of the three immunoglobulin classes.
The primed lymph node cells gave maximal antibody response when they were stimulated with a certain concentration of DNP-Asc. The optimal concentration of the antigen for maximal response was found to depend upon the interval between the priming of donors and stimulation of primed cells. When the same cell suspension was employed, however, the optimal concentration of antigen was the same for the formation of IgG, IgM and IgE antibodies.
The DNP-Asc-primed lymph node cells formed both IgM and IgG anti-hapten antibodies upon stimulation with DNP-bovine γG globulin (DNP-BGG), the amounts of the antibodies formed in the culture were only 10 to 20% of that formed by stimulation with DNP-Asc. The optimal concentration of the antigens for maximal antibody formation, and the ratio of IgM/IgG antibodies in the culture fluids was comparable whether DNP-Asc or DNP-BGG was used for stimulation. The results indicated that the optimal concentration of antigen and the distribution of anti-hapten antibodies between IgG and IgM classes is decided by the population of hapten-specific memory cells rather than carrier-specific helper cells. This idea was supported by the experiments in which rabbits primed with hapten primary-carrier conjugates received a supplemental immunization with a secondary carrier. The supplemental immunization enhanced the in vitro antibody response of their lymphocytes to the secondary carrier conjugates but did not influence the distribution of anti-hapten antibody between IgM and IgG.
IgE antibody, however, was not formed in vitro when DNP-Asc-primed lymph node cells were stimulated by DNP-BGG, even when the donors had received supplemental immunization with BGG. The results indicated theat BGG-specific helper cells, which enhance both IgG and IgM antibody responses, did not collaborate with hapten-specific memory cells for IgE antibody formation.
The Correlation Between the Proliferative and the Cytotoxic Responses of Mouse Lymphocytes to Allogeneic Cells in Vitro
Authors: Wagner Hermann 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The relationship between the antigen recognition phase (mixed lymphocyte culture) and the cytotoxic effector phase of a mouse allograft reaction in vitro has been studied. In addition, the responsiveness of thymus-derived (T) cell depleted and bone-marrow derived (B) cell enriched lymphocyte populations to alloantigens was investigated. Using CBA mouse spleen cells, there was a separation in time (48 hr) between the maximal proliferative response (3H-thymidine uptake) and the peak generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes as measured by a 51Cr release assay. Quantitation of the cytotoxic response obtained by using spleen cells of neonatal thymectomized (NnTx) mice or adult thymectomized lethally irradiated and bone marrow-protected (ATxBM) mice demonstrated that the cytotoxic allograft response may be useful as a functional test for residual mature T cells within a lymphocyte population.
Spleen cells of congenitally athymic (“nude”) mice did not contain precursor cells of cytotoxic lymphocytes. However, they proliferated in the “one way” mixed lymphocyte culture as did spleen cells of NnTx or ATxBM mice. Evidence is given that the proliferation of nude spleen cells was due to dividing lymphocytes and not to contaminating erythroid or myeloid elements. It is concluded that in the mouse both B and T cells are capable of proliferation in vitro due to alloantigens. Whereas T cells differentiate into cytotoxic effector cells, B lymphocytes respond independently of helper cells (T lymphocytes) and the mitotic response may be part of a humoral response to alloantigens in vitro.
Serologic Identity of the b4 Allotypic Determinants Present on Homogeneous Rabbit Light Chains with Different N-Terminal Amino Acid Sequences
Authors: Kindt T. J. , Seide R. K. , Lackland H. , Thunberg A. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Homogeneous rabbit light chains with marked differences in their N-terminal sequences possess identical b4 allotypic markers. Homogeneous antibodies isolated from b4 rabbits absorbed anti-b4 antisera with the same efficiency as a pool containing multiple b4 light chains. These results indicate that the molecular determinant(s) of the b4 allotype is not related to the sequence variations at the N-terminus of the light chains. The same b4 allotypic marker is present on homogeneous light chains even though they have marked differences in electrophoretic mobility and amino acid composition. These data suggest that the b4 determinant is in the constant region or in a constant part of the variable region of the rabbit κ light chain.
Antigenic Competition and Nonspecific Immunity after a Rickettsial Infection in Mice: Restoration of Antibacterial Immunity by Phenyl-Imidothiazole Treatment
Authors: Renoux Gérard , Renoux Micheline 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A prior Coxiella burneti infection renders mice nonspecifically resistant to a Brucella abortus challenge but depresses the specific activities of either dead vaccine (in incomplete adjuvant) or of live Brucella vaccine and inhibits Brucella antibody formation that usually follows the use of live vaccine. Thus, a first antigenic stimulus interferes with responses to a second unrelated antigen to cover both nonspecific immunity and antigenic competition. Phenylimidothiazole treatment 2 days after anti-Brucella vaccinations restores most of the specific activities of these vaccines which were reduced by C. burneti priming, but leaves as impaired as they were Brucella antibodies titrated through three serologic tests. This finding suggests that phenylimidothiazole stimulates above all cell-mediated immunity.
Purification of Human Lymphotoxin
Authors: Russell Stephen W. , Rosenau Werner , Goldberg Melvin L. , Kunitomi Gene 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper describes the first preparation of highly purified lymphotoxin, a soluble cytotoxin produced by lymphocytes. Lymphotoxin was produced in vitro by phytohemagglutinin-stimulation of human lymphocytes and was then purified greater than 2000-fold by a sequence of column chromatography (Sephadex G-150 followed by DEAE-cellulose) and preparatory acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Ten per cent of the cytotoxic activity was recovered in the final product. The results of the purification steps were evaluated by a new quantitative assay for cytotoxic activity.
Immunoglobulin Class of Influenza Antibodies Investigated by Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
Authors: Daugharty Harry , Davis Marianne L. , Kaye Harold S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Influenza antibodies were quantitated by radioimmunoassay (RIA) binding of immunoglobulin (Ig) class-specific antibodies labeled with 125-iodine as indicators. Indicator binding values by RIA were tested by chi-square for association with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and complement fixation (CF) titers. IgG-specific indicators for RIA had binding values which appeared to be more closely associated with HI titers than with CF titers. IgM-specific indicators appeared to be more closely related to CF titers than with HI titers. RIA indicators with combined Ig heavy chain specificity proved to be more sensitive and had a higher chi-square value when tested against both HI and CF test results than did either IgG- or IgM-specific indicators. RIA with Ig class-specific indicators has made HI and CF tests more useful in ascertaining the phase of the immune response to viral antigens. Class-specific indicators exhibited a high degree of accuracy for detecting 7S and 19S viral antibodies fractionated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. Variations in the strain of viral antigen in the RIA test revealed a predominant 7S (IgG) class of antibodies against an influenza virus which was prevalent 7 to 8 years previously. However, a predominant 19S (IgM) class of antibodies was evident when a more recent influenza strain was used for the assay. Precisely distinguishing the major Ig class of viral antibody by RIA should be helpful in determining how recently a viral infection occurred or how antigenically variable viral strains are.
Proliferation by Bone Marrow-Derived Lymphocytes in Response to Antigenic Stimulation in Vitro
Authors: Elfenbein Gerald J. , Shevach Ethan M. , Green Ira 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The extent of tritiated thymidine (3H-THY) incorporation into bone marrow derived cells (B cells) in cultures of sensitized guinea pig lymph node cells was determined by the simultaneous identification by radioautography of grained cells and cells bearing the receptor for antigen antibody complement complexes found on B cells. By this criterion 14.2 to 27.3% of the cells incorporating 3H-THY in these cultures are B cells whether or not antigen was present. Furthermore, in the cultures to which antigen was added there is an increase in the per cent of proliferating B cells.
Hyperimmune Response to a Protein and a Polypeptide Antigen Coated on Pneumococcus R36A
Authors: McDonald H. C. , Odstrchel G. , Maurer P. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Bacterial stimulation of the immune response is a well known but incompletely understood phenomenon (1). The most successful method used to enhance the immunogenicity of protein and polypeptide antigens has been the use of complete Freund's adjuvant. However, the levels of antibody generally produced in rabbits are far below those reported for carbohydrate antigens when they are part of a formalinized suspension of whole bacteria (vaccine). Intensive intravenous (i.v.) immunization of rabbits with either streptococcal or pneumococcal vaccines often results in levels of 5 to 20 mg of antibody/ml serum which is directed mainly against the surface polysaccharides (2–4). An explanation for this vaccine effect is that the bacterial cell serves as the “carrier” for bacterial polysaccharide which can be considered a hapten attached to the bacterial surface.
We have examined the possibility that a bacterial cell might serve as a nonspecific carrier for antigens adsorbed onto the cell surface.
Macrophage Proteinase and Inflammation: The Production of Chemotactic Activity from the Fifth Component of Complement by Macrophage Proteinase
Authors: Snyderman Ralph , Shin Hyun S. , Dannenberg Arthur M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When the activation of complement proceeds through its fifth component (C5), a chemotactic fragment (C5a) is released (1–3) which attracts both macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN).4 Proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin and PMN neutral proteinase also release C5a from C5 (2–4). This report shows that an acid-acting proteinase from both macrophages and lung (a tissue rich in macrophages) (5–7) could do likewise. It therefore describes what is possibly an important mechanism by which leukocytes accumulate in chronic inflammatory areas, namely, that macrophage proteinase could, from C5, produce C5a which attracts more macrophages and PMN to the site.
Two sources of macrophage proteinase were used in these experiments. The acid-acting proteinase was partially purified from beef lung by the method of Dannenberg and Smith (5, 6), and further purified on CM-Sephadex columns. Homogenates of either peritoneal or pulmonary macrophages from rabbits also served as a source of this proteinase (7).
Structural Studies of Human J Chain
Authors: Meinke Geraldine C. , Spiegelberg Hans L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Primary structural studies on J chain from human IgA and IgM indicated that the NH2-terminus was blocked. The isolated NH2-terminal peptide differed from known NH2-terminal peptides of heavy and light chains. Its amino acid composition was Glx, Asx and S-carboxymethylcysteine in a molar ratio of 2:1:1. Four additional half-cysteine containing peptides also differed from analogous heavy and light chain peptides. A glycopeptide with an amino acid composition, Asx-(Arg, Asx, CHO) (Asx, Glx, Ser2, Thr, Ile, Leu, Pro) was isolated from subtilisin digests of both IgA and IgM J chain. The glycopeptide differed from known IgA and IgM heavy chain glycopeptides. These data support the hypothesis that J chain represents a unique polypeptide chain which is present in IgA polymers and IgM macroglobulins and which differs in its primary structure from heavy and light chains.
Studies on Brain Antigens
Authors: Yo Sui-Lan , MacPherson Catherine F. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A highly immunogenic spinal cord protein (SCP) has been extracted from bovine spinal cord (BSC) with 0.1 M sodium chloride. Immunodiffusion analyses of the subcellular fractions of BSC homogenates separated by differential centrifugation revealed that the antigen was located in the soluble fraction. SCP occurs in bovine peripheral nerve but has not been detected in extracts of other bovine organs and has a regional distribution in the bovine central nervous system (CNS); it composes about 5% of the total protein of extracts of BSC but accounts for only 0.2% of the total protein of extracts of cerebral white matter. SCP is distributed in similar fashion in the CNS of the human, rat and rabbit.
Immunoelectrophoretic analyses revealed that SCP occurred in two molecular forms having the electrophoretic mobilities of a β1 globulin (β1-SCP) and a γ globulin (γ-SCP) respectively. The more basic form of the antigen also existed as a peptide which was separated from the other proteins by filtering BSC extracts through dialysis tubing. Similar amounts of the peptide were obtained when BSC was homogenized and extracted in the presence of cupric ions to inhibit protease activity. About 6% of the total SCP activity was found in the peptide form. The molecular forms of the antigen retained by dialysis tubing, β1-SCP and γ-SCP, were estimated by gel filtration chromatography to have molecular weights of 18,000 and 12,000 respectively. The SCP peptide had a molecular size approaching 5000.
β1-SCP that was purified by batch absorption of bovine cord extracts with DEAE Sephadex A-50 and CM-cellulose chromatography formed one band when analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.9. Although β1-SCP is not an acidic protein, the dicarboxylic amino acids, glutamic and aspartic, comprise 20% of the total amino acid content.
The Infectiousness of Antigenic Competition: Conferrability of Nonreactivity upon Allogeneic T-Cells
Authors: Menkes Jeffrey S. , Hencin Ronald S. , Gershon Richard K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of antigenic stimulation upon graft-vs-host (GVHR) activity were studied in mice lethally irradiated between the time of immunization and subsequent inoculation of allogeneic thymocytes. The GVHR (measured as DNA synthesis in lymphoid tissue) was depressed in preimmunized animals, more so in secondarily immunized mice than in those that responded primarily. The suppression after secondary immunization was as pronounced in femoral lymph nodes as it was in the spleen, although all inoculations of antigen were intraperitoneal.
The findings illustrate that nonreactivity may be conferred upon normal allogeneic thymus-derived (T)-cells introduced into a milieu of antigenic competition. The concept of a body-wide, radiation resistant negative feedback factor appearing after antigenic stimulation is supported.
Anamnestic Secretory Antibody Response in Respiratory Secretions of Intranasally Immunized Mice
Authors: Gerbrandy J. L. F. , van Dura E. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Respiratory antigen administration by inhalation, or by intranasal (i.n.)1 or intratracheal (i.t.) instillation, is known to induce a marked antibody response in a variety of animals including man (1–3). Respiratory immunization has further gained special interest by its induction of secretory IgA antibodies, which play a role as a local barrier against various human respiratory virus infections (4, 5).
Evidence is accumulating that this secretory 11S IgA is produced by plasma cells, located in the nasal and bronchial submucosae (6, 7), in a similar way as the well-known IgA production by plasma cells in the intestinal submucosa after oral antigen administration (8). Less known aspects of the secretory immunologic response of the respiratory tract are, however, its relation to the systemic immune response, and the existence of a distinct anamnestic secretory IgA response (9–11).
Humoral and Cellular Responses to Trypanosoma cruzi Infection
Authors: Yanovsky Jorge F. , Albado Emilia 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity is a subject of intense interest in parasitology. Experiments with animals and observations on humans suggest that cell-mediated immunity is involved in protozoal infections (1). The inhibition of leukocyte migration has proved a suitable method for the in vitro study of cellular immunology.
Søborg and Bendixen (2, 3) have successfully used this test with human peripheral leukocytes; Rosenberg and David (4) have shown it applicable to soluble antigens. In the present work we have attempted to obtain an in vitro test of the immune mechanisms in American trypanosomiasis. We observed the in vitro migration of peripheral leukocytes from patients with positive serology for Trypanosoma cruzi infection against soluble antigen.
Materials and Methods. Blood. Two samples from each of 30 human adults were drawn: one, with heparin (Abbott 5000 U/ml with benzyl alcohol preservative) for the migration test, the other for the serologic tests.