bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sonography of pregnancies with first‐trimester bleeding and a viable embryo: a study of prognostic indicators by logistic regression analysis
Authors: Falco P. , Milano V. , Pilu G. , David C. , Grisolia G. , Rizzo N. , Bovicelli L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe objective of our study was to investigate the relationship between sonographic findings and the occurrence of abortion in pregnancies complicated by first‐trimester bleeding in which fetal cardiac activity was documented upon admission.A prospective study of transvaginal sonography was performed in 270 pregnant patients with bleeding between 5 and 12 weeks' gestation. The study group included 149 cases in which a singleton fetus with cardiac activity was initially documented. The outcome variable was pregnancy loss prior to 20 weeks. The influence of sonographic findings on admission was studied by univariate analysis and logistic regression.The prevalence of abortion was 23/149 (15%). A significant relationship (p < 0.05) was found between the occurrence of abortion and the following: fetal bradycardia (heart rate less than −1.2 SD from the mean), a discrepancy between the diameter of the gestational sac and crown‐rump length less than −0.5 SD from the mean, and a discrepancy between menstrual and sonographic age of more than 1 week. According to the logistic regression equation that was obtained, the probability of abortion in first‐trimester bleeding with documented fetal cardiac activity upon admission varied between a minimum of 6% when none of the above risk factors were present and a maximum of 84% when all were present. The presence of any of the above factors identified 84% of all subsequent abortions. Copyright © 1996 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Patterns in cataract referral: room for improvement?
Authors: Latham Keziah , Misson Gary 
Published: July 2002

Purpose: Optometrists are expected to refer patients with any abnormality of the eye excluding normal changes due to age to their general practitioner. It can be difficult to decide when a cataract ceases to be a normal age‐related change and becomes an ocular abnormality. This study examines the criteria adopted by optometrists and GPs for referring patients with cataract and compares this to the referral criteria suggested by ophthalmologists.Method: Questionnaires were sent to all optometrists and GPs registered with Birmingham Health Authority and ophthalmologists in the West Midlands area. Questions covered methods of subjective and objective assessment of lens opacities, subjective referral criteria, and views on communications between the three professions.Results: For all professions, the main factors influencing referral are visual acuity, subjective visual impairment and the need to drive. Optometrists and GPs generally refer patients with cataract at a VA level of 6/18–6/24, whilst ophthalmologists would be willing to see patients with cataract at a VA of 6/9–6/12. However, most ophthalmologists report that sometimes patients are referred too soon, regardless of their acuity level, because the patient is not yet impaired by their level of vision or does not want surgery.Conclusion: Suggestions for improvements in the referral of cataract will be discussed. It is important for optometrists to make clear whether a letter to a GP is for information only or referral. If referral is warranted the following information, in addition to acuity, will assist an ophthalmologist in prioritizing appointments: age, occupation, brief description of disability and the need to drive legally.
GaAs, AlAs, and AlxGa1−xAs: Material parameters for use in research and device applications
Authors: Adachi Sadao 
Published: July 2002

The AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs heterostructure system is potentially useful material for high-speed digital, high-frequency microwave, and electro-optic device applications. Even though the basic AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs heterostructure concepts are understood at this time, some practical device parameters in this system have been hampered by a lack of definite knowledge of many material parameters. Recently, Blakemore has presented numerical and graphical information about many of the physical and electronic properties of GaAs [J. S. Blakemore, J. Appl. Phys. 53, R123 (1982)]. The purpose of this review is (i) to obtain and clarify all the various material parameters of AlxGa1−xAs alloy from a systematic point of view, and (ii) to present key properties of the material parameters for a variety of research works and device applications. A complete set of material parameters are considered in this review for GaAs, AlAs, and AlxGa1−xAs alloys. The model used is based on an interpolation scheme and, therefore, necessitates known values of the parameters for the related binaries (GaAs and AlAs). The material parameters and properties considered in the present review can be classified into sixteen groups: (1) lattice constant and crystal density, (2) melting point, (3) thermal expansion coefficient, (4) lattice dynamic properties, (5) lattice thermal properties, (6) electronic-band structure, (7) external perturbation effects on the band-gap energy, (8) effective mass, (9) deformation potential, (10) static and high-frequency dielectric constants, (11) magnetic susceptibility, (12) piezoelectric constant, (13) Fröhlich coupling parameter, (14) electron transport properties, (15) optical properties, and (16) photoelastic properties.
Of particular interest is the deviation of material parameters from linearity with respect to the AlAs mole fraction x. Some material parameters, such as lattice constant, crystal density, thermal expansion coefficient, dielectric constant, and elastic constant, obey Vegard’s rule well. Other parameters, e.g., electronic-band energy, lattice vibration (phonon) energy, Debye temperature, and impurity ionization energy, exhibit quadratic dependence upon the AlAs mole fraction. However, some kinds of the material parameters, e.g., lattice thermal conductivity, exhibit very strong nonlinearity with respect to x, which arises from the effects of alloy disorder. It is found that the present model provides generally acceptable parameters in good agreement with the existing experimental data. A detailed discussion is also given of the acceptability of such interpolated parameters from an aspect of solid-state physics. Key properties of the material parameters for use in research work and a variety of AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs device applications are also discussed in detail.
Simple calculation of Löwdin’s alpha function. III. Procedure for calculating h
n,2n−i(L
M‖ℓ )/(2n−i )! successively
Authors: Suzuki Noboru 
Published: July 2002

When r/a≊0, Löwdin’s α function (1/r)αℓ(fLM‖a,r) is expressed as (1/r)αℓ ( fLM‖a,r) =2γ(LM‖ℓ )aL−1∑∞n=ℓ [∑imaxi=ℓ+M[hn,2n−i (LM‖ℓ )/(2n−i)!]a2n−ig(2n−i) (a)](r/a)2n−ℓ, where a is a separation between a new center placed on the origin and the old center located at a given point on the z axis that is the origin of the coordinate system defining a function f (R)YML(Θ,Φ) to be expanded around the new center [ f(R) is an arbitrary radial function, and YML(Θ,Φ), a complex spherical harmonics], and r is a distance from the new center. Here, imax=min{2n,2(L+ℓ )}, and the function g(j)(a) is expressed as g(j)(a)=[(d/dR)j ( f(iR)/RL−1)]R=a.
The closed form of the coefficients hn,2n−i(LM‖ℓ ) is given by Eq. (27) in J. Math. Phys. 26, 3193 (1985) (referred to as Part II). Since they are expressed in terms of the different coefficients bKk(LM‖ℓ ) independent of the form of f(R), hn,2n−i(LM‖ℓ ) constitute a set of universal constants as do bKk(LM‖ℓ ). The explicit expression for the factor γ(LM‖ℓ ) in front of the summation symbol is given by Eq. (2.9) in J. Math. Phys. 25, 1133 (1984). Hereafter the coefficients expressed by hn,2n−i(LM‖ℓ )/(2n−i)! are symbolized by In,2n−i(LM‖ℓ ). Although they are expressed in a complex form with a triple sum, that expression can be reduced to two considerably simple forms by changing the summation indices to others by using the addition theorem for binomial coefficients and the condition for the sum in this theorem to vanish. Moreover, in the two special cases that i=ℓ+M and i=2(L+ℓ ) or 2(L+ℓ )−1, those two expressions are reduced to two single-term forms, respectively.
Introducing into the expression for In,2n−i(LM‖ℓ ) in terms of bKk(LM‖ℓ ) the recursion formula for bKk(LM‖ℓ ) in only M given by Eq. (24) in Part II, leads to the recursion formula for In,2n−i(LM‖ℓ ) with respect to M. On the other side, the recursion formulas for In,2n−i(LM‖ℓ ) with M=L and ℓ as to i are obtained through a skillful manipulation. By connecting those recursion formulas for In,2n−i(LM‖ℓ ) to each other, we can obtain a procedure for calculating In,2n−i(LM‖ℓ ) successively. As the result of actual performance of the procedure, all the formulas expressing In,2n−i(LM‖ℓ ) with restriction 0≤M≤min{L,ℓ }≤max{L,ℓ }≤2 are presented as functions of the parameter n in a table.
Diffuse Intramuscular Lipomatosis of a Lower Limb
Authors: Morris Alfred D. , Jane Mike J. , Ritchie David , Helliwell Tim 
Published: July 2002

Patient. A 40‐year‐old man presented with a swelling of the left thigh which had been increasing in size over 10 months. Surgery confirmed a diagnosis of lipoma. After 6 months, another swelling appeared, this time in the left calf. Ultrasound‐guided biopsies revealed that the tissue showed appearances consistent with intramuscular lipoma. No further surgery was performed and the man is to be reviewed regularly, with possible debulking if necessary.Discussion. This case presents an atypical case of lipomatosis. Magnetic resonance imaging is useful for assessing the extent of the lesion.
Summary of the Guidelines for Preventing Opportunistic Infections among Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients
Authors: Dykewicz Clare A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
This article contains highlights of “Guidelines for Preventing Opportunistic Infections among Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients: Recommendations of the CDC, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation,” which was published in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. There are sections on the prevention of bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal, and helminth infections and on hospital infection control, strategies for safe living following transplantation, immunizations, and hematopoietic stem cell safety. The guidelines are evidence-based, and prevention strategies are rated by both the strength of the recommendation and the quality of evidence that supports it. Recommendations are given for preventing cytomegalovirus disease with prophylactic or preemptive gancyclovir, herpes simplex virus disease with prophylactic acyclovir, candidiasis with fluconazole, and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Hopefully, following the recommendations made in the guidelines will reduce morbidity and mortality from opportunistic infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.
Building the hybrid library: a review of UK activities
Authors: Breaks Michael 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTFive major projects developed under eLib's Hybrid Library programme have resulted in a significant shift in thinking, imagination, and above all confidence within higher education libraries. I examine the origins of the programme and the achievements of each project and conclude that libraries want to, and can, deliver deep and seamless integrated access to their print and electronic collections – which can have the shorthand name ‘hybrid library’ – and they are looking to publishers and intermediaries to assist in this.
Dementia and Disability Outcomes in Large Hypertension Trials: Lessons Learned from the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) Trial
Authors: Di Bari Mauro , Pahor Marco , Franse Lonneke V. , Shorr Ronald I. , Wan Jim Y. , Ferrucci Luigi , Somes Grant W. , Applegate William B. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) trial (1985–1990), active treatment reduced the incidence of cardiovascular events, but not that of dementia and disability, as compared with placebo. This study aims to evaluate if assessment of cognitive and functional outcomes was biased by differential dropout. Characteristics of subjects who did or did not participate in follow-up cognitive and functional evaluations were compared. The relative risks of incident cognitive impairment and disability were assessed in the two treatment groups, with the use of the reported findings and under the assumption that the proportions of cognitive and functional impairment among dropouts increased. Assignment to the placebo group and the occurrence of cardiovascular events independently predicted missed assessments. From the reported findings, the risk of cognitive and functional impairment was similar between the two treatment groups. However, when 20–30% and 40–80% of the subjects who missed the assessment were assumed to be cognitively and, respectively, functionally impaired, assignment to active treatment reduced the risk of these outcomes. In the SHEP, the cognitive and functional evaluations were biased toward the null effect by differential dropout. This might have obscured the appraisal of a protective effect of treatment on the cognitive and functional decline of older hypertensive adults.
SOSUI: classification and secondary structure prediction system for membrane proteins.
Authors: Hirokawa T , Boon-Chieng S , Mitaku S 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
SUMMARY: The system SOSUI for the discrimination of membrane proteins and soluble ones together with the prediction of transmembrane helices was developed, in which the accuracy of the classification of proteins was 99% and the corresponding value for the transmembrane helix prediction was 97%. AVAILABILITY: The system SOSUI is available through internet access: http://www.tuat.ac.jp/mitaku/sosui/. CONTACT: sosui@biophys.bio.tuat. ac.jp.
PASS: prediction of activity spectra for biologically active
substances
Authors: Lagunin Alexey , Stepanchikova Alla , Filimonov Dmitrii , Poroikov Vladimir 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: The concept of the biological activity spectrum was introduced to describe the properties of biologically active substances. The PASS (prediction of activity spectra for substances) software product, which predicts more than 300 pharmacological effects and biochemical mechanisms on the basis of the structural formula of a substance, may be efficiently used to find new targets (mechanisms) for some ligands and, conversely, to reveal new ligands for some biological targets. We have developed a WWW interface for the PASS software. A WWW server for the on-line prediction of the biological activity spectra of substances has been constructed.
Availability: http://www.ibmh.msk.su/PASS/
Contact: pass@ibmh.msk.su
Diseases of liporegulation: new perspective on obesity and related disorders
Authors: UNGER ROGER H. , ORCI LELIO 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTObesity‐related diseases now threaten to reach epidemic proportions in the United States. Here we review in a rodent model of genetic obesity, the fa/fa Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat, the mechanisms involved in the most common complications of diet‐induced human obesity, i.e., noninsulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus, and myocardial dysfunction. In ZDF rats, hyperphagia leads to hyperinsulinemia, which up‐regulates transcription factors that stimulate lipogene‐sis. This causes ectopic deposition of triacylglycerol in nonadipocytes, providing fatty acid (FA) substrate for damaging pathways of nonoxidative metabolism, such as ceramide synthesis. In β cells and myocardium, the resulting functional impairment and apoptosis cause diabetes and cardiomyopathy. Interventions that lower ectopic lipid accumulation or block nonoxidative metabolism of FA and ceramide formation completely prevent these complications. Given the evidence for a similar etiology for the complications of human obesity, it would be appropriate to develop strategies to avert the predicted epidemic of lipotoxic disorders.—Unger, R. H., Orci, L. Diseases of lipid overflow: new perspective on obesity and related disorders. FASEB J. 15, 312‐321 (2001)
Trends in Supply of Nursing Home Beds, 2011-2019
Authors: Miller Katherine E. M. , Chatterjee Paula , Werner Rachel M. 
Published: March 2023

ImportanceNursing homes play a vital role in providing postacute and long-term care for individuals whose needs cannot be met in the home or community. Whether the supply of nursing home beds and, specifically, the supply of high-quality beds has kept pace with the growth of the older adult population is unknown.ObjectiveTo describe changes in the supply of population-adjusted nursing home beds from 2011 to 2019.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study examines changes in the population-adjusted supply of nursing home beds across all US counties from 2011 to 2019 and describes county and nursing home characteristics where the supply of nursing home beds has increased vs decreased.Main Outcomes and MeasuresNumber of nursing home beds adjusted per 10 000 adults aged 65 years and older.ResultsThe population-adjusted supply of nursing home beds declined from 2011 to 2019 for 86.4% of US counties, by a mean (SD) of 129.9 (123.8) beds per 10 000 adults aged 65 years or older per county from a baseline mean (SD) of 552.5 (274.4) beds per 10 000 adults aged 65 years or older per county in 2011. The share of beds that were high quality (4- or 5-star ratings) also declined, which was driven by a small number of counties where nursing home bed supply increased due to a proliferation of lower-quality beds. Simultaneously, metropolitan counties with declining numbers of nursing home beds also experienced declining number of senior housing residential beds (−11.3 [54.6] beds per 10 000 adults aged 65 years or older per county from a baseline mean [SD] of 354.8 [222.3]).Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this cross-sectional study suggest that the supply of nursing home beds, specifically high-quality nursing home beds, and senior residential housing beds have not kept pace with the demographics of an aging population. Understanding the supply of high-quality nursing home beds and associated geographic variation can inform targeted policies to best support older adults requiring nursing home care.
Impact of electronic portal image quality on Elekta AQUA® collimator isocenter
Authors: Norvill Craig A. J. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPurposeThe collimator radiation isocenter position determined in AQUA® v3.0 [Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden] software test “MLC Leaf and Jaw Position” was independently validated using an in‐house MATLAB [Natick, MA: The MathWorks Inc.] script.MethodsThe AQUA test determines radiation isocenter using the mean field center of nine 4 cm × 4 cm electronic portal imager (EPID) exposures at equidistant collimator angles. Impact of EPID image quality on AQUA reported isocenter for thirteen Elekta linear accelerators with Agility MLC heads were evaluated.ResultsOf the thirteen, three had visually and quantitatively identifiable artifacts. For the ten good EPID's there was a systematic 0.25 mm offset of the MATLAB calculated mean field center relative to AQUA in the X‐axis and Y‐axis. This corresponds to one image pixel and was found to be due to differences in software co‐ordinate convention. After subtracting this offset there was no significant difference in AQUA and MATLAB calculated isocenter.ConclusionsFor the three machines with poor image quality there was a demonstrated variation in AQUA calculated field center and therefore radiation isocenter relative to MATLAB. Restricting the region of interest (ROI) in AQUA software to only the irradiated section of the EPID brought AQUA and MATLAB result for these three machines into agreement.
Factory quality assurance of passive radiotherapy intensity modulators for electrons using kilovoltage x‐ray imaging
Authors: McGuffey Andrew S. , Pitcher Garrett M. , Guidry Rebecca L. , Erhart Kevin J. , Hogstrom Kenneth R. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPurposeThis work developed an x‐ray‐based method for performing factory quality assurance (QA) of Passive Radiotherapy Intensity Modulators for Electrons (PRIME) device fabrication. This method measures errors in position, diameter, and orientation of cylindrical island blocks on a hexagonal grid that comprises PRIME devices and the impact of such errors on the underlying intensity distribution.MethodsX‐ray images were acquired of six PRIME devices, which modeled three error cases (small random, large random, and systematic errors) for two island block diameters (0.158 and 0.352 cm). Island blocks in each device, 0.6 cm long tungsten cylinders of constant diameter, were spaced 0.6 cm on a hexagonal grid over approximately 8 cm square. Using a 50 kVp x‐ray image, each island block projected a racetrack, whose perimeter was fit to a function that allowed determination of its position, diameter, and angular orientation (θ, ϕ). These measured parameters were input into a pencil beam algorithm (PBA) dose calculation performed in water (16 MeV, SSD = 103 cm) for each device. PBA calculated intensity distributions using measured and planned (exact) island block parameters were compared.ResultsΘ distributions for the 0.158 and 0.352 cm devices were nearly identical for each error case, with θ values for most island blocks being within 3.2°, 8.5°, and 7.5° for the small random, large random, and systematic error PRIME devices, respectively. Corresponding intensity differences between using measured and planned island block parameters were within 1.0% and 2.8% (small random), 2.2% and 4.8% (large random), and 3.2% and 6.7% (systematic) for the 0.158 and 0.352 cm devices, respectively.ConclusionThis approach provides a viable and economical method for factory QA of fabricated PRIME devices by determining errors in their planned intensity distribution from which their quality can be assessed prior to releasing to the customer.
Woven Fibrous Photodetectors for Scalable UV Optical Communication Device
Authors: Deng Xiaolei , Li Ziqing , Cao Fa , Hong Enliu , Fang Xiaosheng 
Published: March 2023

AbstractFibrous photodetectors (FPDs) have attracted great interest in wearable and consumer electronics, which is a lightweight and flexible tools to achieve efficient light information transmission. However, there is a necessary compromise between high optoelectronic performance and high‐level integration. Herein, a woven optoelectronic keyboard consisting of 40 PD button units is extended and integrated from four individual FPDs, with the integration level expanding by 1000%. Each FPD is based on uniform type‐II TiO2/Cs3Cu2I5 heterojunction, which exhibits greatly reduced dark current by eight orders of magnitudes, large rectification ratio up to 33306@± 5V, high on–off ratio of 2.8 × 104@−1 V and self‐powered responsivity of 26.9 mA W−1. The vacuum‐deposited Cs3Cu2I5 nanoparticles finely passivate the massive defects and serve as a p‐type hole transport layer to improve hole transfer efficiency, which greatly promotes the radial transport and collection of photogenerated electrons. Moreover, the photocurrent remains highly stable after bending and twisting states. Intriguingly, the woven optoelectronic keyboards successfully realize logic AND/OR, further identifying the UV light signal as a keying text signal (“A–Z” letters, “0–9” numbers, and four punctuations). This work not only provides a scalable strategy to reduce device redundancy but also shows the great potential of fibrous photodetectors for wearable optical communication.