bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A grid‐based classification and box‐based detection fusion model for asphalt pavement crack
Authors: Li Bao‐Luo , Qi Yu , Fan Jian‐Sheng , Liu Yu‐Fei , Liu Cheng 
Published: December 2022

AbstractCrack identification is essential for the preventive maintenance of asphalt pavement. Through periodic inspection, the characteristics of existing and emerging cracks can be obtained, and the pavement condition index can be calculated to assess pavement health. The most common method to estimate the area of cracks in an image is to count the number of grid cells or boxes that cover the cracks in an image. Accurate and efficient crack identification is the premise of crack assessment. However, the current patch‐based classification method is limited by the receptive field and cannot be used to directly classify cracks. Furthermore, the postprocessing algorithm in anchor‐based detection is not explicitly optimized for crack topology. In this paper, a new model, which is the fusion of grid‐based classification and box‐based detection based on You Only Look Once version 5 (YOLO v5) is developed and described for the first time. The accuracy and efficiency of the model are high partly due to the implementation of a shared backbone network, multi‐task learning, and joint training. The non‐maximum suppression (NMS)–area‐reduction suppression (ARS) algorithm is presented to filter redundant, overlapping prediction boxes in the postprocessing stage for the crack topology, and the mapping and matching algorithm is proposed to combine the advantages of both the grid‐based and box‐based models. A double‐labeled dataset containing tens of thousands of asphalt pavement images is assembled, and the proposed method is verified on the test set. The fusion model has superior performance over the individual classification and detection models, and the proposed NMS‐ARS algorithm further improves the detection accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that the presented method effectively realizes automatic crack identification for asphalt pavement.
CaMYB12‐likeunderlies a majorQTLfor flavonoid content in pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruit
Authors: Wu Yi , Popovsky‐Sarid Sigal , Tikunov Yury , Borovsky Yelena , Baruch Kobi , Visser Richard G. F. , Paran Ilan , Bovy Arnaud 
Published: December 2022

SummaryThe regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis is only partially explored in pepper (Capsicum annuumL.). The genetic basis underlying flavonoid variation in pepper fruit was studied.Variation of flavonoids in fruit of a segregating F2 population was studied using LC–MS followed by quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Near‐isogenic lines (NILs), BC1S1populations, virus‐induced gene silenced (VIGS) and transgenic overexpression were used to confirm the QTL and the underlying candidate gene.A major QTL for flavonoid content was found in chromosome 5, and aCaMYB12‐liketranscription factor gene was identified as candidate gene. Near‐isogenic lines (NILs) contrasting forCaMYB12‐likeconfirmed its association with the flavonoid content variation. Virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) ofCaMYB12‐likeled to a significant decrease in the expression of several flavonoid pathway genes and a drastic decrease in flavonoid levels in silenced fruits. Expression ofCaMYB12‐likein the tomatoslmyb12mutant led to enhanced levels of several flavonoids in the fruit skin. Introgression of theCaMYB12‐likeallele into two cultivated varieties also increased flavonoid content in their fruits.A combination of metabolomic, genetic and gene functional analyses led to discovery ofCaMYB12‐likeas a major regulator of flavonoid variation in pepper fruit and demonstrated its potential to breed for high‐flavonoid content in cultivated pepper.
A holy peace: Religious values, collective identity, and the future of the Palestinian–Israeli conflict
Authors: Schumacher Michael J. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis article envisions a new conceptual framework for collective identity among Palestinians and Israelis that can be modeled after congruent religious values. By identifying discreet values through the content analysis of religious scripture, this article argues that a new collective identity can be made, and a collective movement for peace initiated, by reframing and amplifying key religious values that are shared widely in Palestine/Israel. The analysis reveals that the religious centrality of Abraham to Palestinians and Israelis can act as a starting point for situating a transcendent connection between ideologically conflicted group identities. Furthermore, the cultural heritages of alms giving, forgiveness, and repentance can help overcome secular and religious barriers by acting as a key conceptual tool for interfaith dialog and negotiation. And finally, the inviolability of Jerusalem to both groups can be reframed to emphasize sacred space as a constructive mechanism for political and social equality rather than division. The article concludes with a discussion of the practical implications of this framework for grassroots peacemaking as well as the future viability of national partition plans.
Long‐term exposure to low levels of ambient UVB are associated with a decreased risk of moderate‐to‐severe acne: A retrospective cohort study in college students
Authors: Chen Peng , Li Shenxin , Xiao Yi , Zou Bin , Li Ji , Chen Xiang , Tang Yan , Shen Minxue 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundAs a crucial component of solar radiation, the association between exposure to ambient ultraviolet (UV) radiation and acne remains unclear.MethodsThis was a multicenter retrospective cohort study of incoming college students in five universities of China. Previous exposure (6 years prior to enrollment) to different wavelengths of ambient UVs were obtained from public repositories by linking to individual hometown addresses. Logistic models were applied to assess the relationship between ambient UV exposure and acne. Subgroup analysis was conducted by sun protection behaviors and time of daily sun exposure. Overall effect and single effect of exposure to four different wavelengths of UVs (305, 310, 324, and 380 nm) were estimated by Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR).ResultsA total of 19,939 participants was included for analysis. Analysis in all participants showed a significant association between log‐transformation levels of exposure to UV at 305 nm (log (UV 305 nm)) and acne (OR = 0.77, p = .021). The effect size was stronger in participants reporting no sun protection habit. Both UVs at 305 nm (OR = 0.51, p = .001) and 310 nm (OR = 0.50, p = .012) were associated a decreased risk of acne in participants reporting no sun protection habit. This inverse association was also observed in those exposed to low levels of UV (<1 h/day). The BKMR indicated consistent results that low levels of exposure to UVs combination and UVs at 305 and 310 nm were associated with a lower risk of acne.ConclusionLong‐term exposure to relatively low levels of ambient UVB are associated with a decreased risk of moderate‐to‐severe acne in college students.
The Trend of Air Transportation
Authors: Allen Edmund T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The year 1925 marked the beginning of air transportation as an industry. Since then it has advanced through successive stages of growth and development until today as the author believes air transport is in the state of transition between the pioneering period and that of mature growth. Airway mileage by scheduled air transports in the United States has increased from a total of 2,000,000 miles flown in 1926 to 90,000,000 in 1939. Air passenger-miles in 1938 aggregated 600,000,000. In this paper the author reviews the technical developments in aircraft and improvements in airway operation which have made possible this phenomenal growth. Every phase of this development which has played a part in the successful and safe operation of the airway systems of the present day is treated comprehensively in order that an understanding may be gained of the future possibilities of air transport and the lines along which it will advance.
An Improved Technique for Centrifugal-Pump-Efficiency Measurements
Authors: Angus Robert W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A duplicate water-supply system has been recently constructed by the City of Toronto, Canada and, in connection therewith, an extensive pumping station was built at Victoria Park. This station contains eleven centrifugal pumps, driven by induction and synchronous motors, the capacities of the pumps ranging from 6,000,000 gal per day to 60,000,000 gal per day, and the heads ranging from 54 ft to 270 ft. All of the pumps are guaranteed for very high over-all efficiencies, some of them to over 86 per cent, and the penalties for failure to meet the guarantees are very high. The tests on them, therefore, had to be made with unusual accuracy. The paper describes the methods adopted and the photographic recording of the observations, together with results of some of the tests.
Notes on the Measurement of Cylinder Power of High-Speed Steam Passenger Locomotives—Apparatus and Methods
Authors: Botteron L. K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The common practice of determining the indicated horsepower of steam locomotives by the use of mechanical indicators driven by a reducing motion attached to the crosshead has limitations for high-speed locomotives. A survey of engineering literature shows that mechanical, optical, and electrical indicators have been developed and are in use primarily for high-speed internal-combustion-engine testing, but it is doubtful if any of these types would be adaptable to locomotive road testing with the exception of the electrical. Due to the limitations of mechanical indicators, the research and mechanical-standards department of the Union Pacific Railroad Company for the last 2 years has used the heat-drop method for the measurement of indicated horsepower.
Train Acceleration and Braking
Authors: Jones R. Clark 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a direct analytical method for determining the equations of the motion of a steam train, either when it is being accelerated or when it is being braked. The following important relations are found: The relation between (a) speed and acceleration or deceleration; (b) speed and time; and (c) distance traveled and speed or time. The results obtained are compared with actual performance records. The author feels that, in some cases, an analytical method of the type presented in the paper compares favorably with numerical or graphical integration.
Penstocks for the Grand Coulee Dam
Authors: Bier P. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ultimate power development for the Grand Coulee Dam includes eighteen main units of 150,000 hp each and three station-service units of 14,000 hp. Individual penstocks of 18 ft diam were provided for the main units and of 6 ft diam for the station-service units. The penstocks are of welded-plate steel construction, fabricated and X-rayed in accordance with the API-ASME Code. The 18-ft penstocks were fabricated in a plant erected near the dam, and the 6-ft penstocks were produced in the subcontractor’s shop. All penstocks were installed in octagonal tunnels provided for that purpose through the dam, and were embedded in reinforced concrete after installation.
Economic Draft-Tube Proportions
Authors: Dawson A. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate a new method whereby the most efficient and also the most economical proportions of a draft tube for a water-turbine installation may be found. A study is made of the excavation and concrete costs, as the ratios of draft-tube width to runner diameter and draft-tube depth to runner diameter increase. These costs are compared to the actual capitalized value of the horsepower saved due to the increased efficiency, as either ratio is increased. The comparison is made by means of computed curves and includes the ordinary range of power costs, as well as a range of load factors from 50 to 100 per cent, at which the unit might be expected to operate. The paper develops a method to overcome the seemingly prevalent practice of many turbine manufacturers of installing a certain definite size and shape of draft tube with a certain size runner without regard to the various factors which should enter into the selection.
Centrifugal-Pump Performance as Affected by Design Features
Authors: Knapp R. T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper presents some of the results of a study of Grand Coulee pumping-plant characteristics. The research program was conducted for the Bureau of Reclamation by the California Institute of Technology in its hydraulic machinery laboratory (1) and has been in progress since January, 1938. While the principal object was to determine the operating features for pumping units to be installed at the Grand Coulee project, the results obtained are somewhat more generally applicable than might be expected. It is believed by the author that investigations of a somewhat similar nature offer the most reliable means for securing the characteristics desired in hydraulic units, both pump and turbine, for practically any given set of conditions.
Effect of Temperature on Coiled Steel Springs Under Various Loadings
Authors: Zimmerli F. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper consists of a presentation of the results of tests conducted in the laboratories of the author’s company on the effect of various stress-temperature combinations on steel springs. These results are in the form of charts which, because of the immense number of tests involved, are believed to be accurate. For the carbon steels tested, it is shown that there is a temperature-stress equilibrium point about 400 F. Below this point there is a definite temperature-stress equilibrium. Above this point it is simply a time-temperature curve since, eventually, the springs will fail. The paper draws particular attention to the value of various strain-relief heatings after coiling.
Tests on springs hardened and tempered after coiling, as compared with those made of pretempered wire, give no evidence that the former method is to be preferred. This is contrary to the general understanding in the industry.
The paper shows that for each type of material there is an optimum Rockwell hardness for best heat resistance. Both S.A.E. 6150 and 9260 steels have greater resistance to load losses due to heating than carbon steels. They in turn are exceeded by 18-8 stainless and high-speed steels. A difference in time between 10 days and 3 days to reach true temperature-stress equilibrium exists between the various steels.
Turbine Discharge Metering at the Safe Harbor Hydroelectric Development
Authors: Mousson J. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper discusses the suitability, calibration, and reliability of certain piezometer systems installed in low-head units of high capacity. An account is also given of a research to determine and develop a suitable type of flowmeter to be operated by the differential pressure from these piezometer systems for continuous integration, indication, and graphic recording of unit and plant discharges. The type of equipment installed is presented in detail, as well as its adaptation as an automatic guide to operation, resulting in appreciable benefits through higher operating efficiencies.
Production of Seamless Tubes by Combined Effects of Cross-Rolling and Guide Disks
Authors: Trinks W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
From the various methods of producing seamless tubes the author has selected the Diescher elongator mill as the basis for discussion in this paper. For a better understanding of this method of tube production, the most recent Diescher mill installation at Allenport, Pa., is described in some detail. Following this the theory of cross-rolling and guide disks in the process of tube manufacture is explained.
Remarks on the Analogy Between Heat Transfer and Momentum Transfer
Authors: Boelter L. M. K. , Martinelli R. C. , Jonassen Finn 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper presents an extension of Von Kármán’s analysis of heat transfer to fluids in closed conduits, based on the analogy between heat transfer and momentum transfer. For a particular ideal system, an expression for the temperature distribution in a fluid in turbulent motion being heated or cooled inside of a circular pipe is derived and a relation is obtained between Nusselt’s modulus and the pipe-friction factor for “isothermal” heat transfer. This equation is extended to apply in cases in which the physical properties of the fluid vary across the section of the pipe. The apparent variation of the dimensionless distance parameter y+ with ratio of wall viscosity to laminar sublayer viscosity and Reynolds’ number is obtained. A comparison between the equation developed in the paper and the Nusselt empirical equation, including the constants evaluated by Dittus and Boelter, is made.
Power Losses in High-Speed Journal Bearings
Authors: Linn F. C. , Irons D. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect and interrelationship of the various factors which influence bearing losses have been the subject of many experiments and a vast amount of theoretical work since the basic physical principles of lubrication were outlined by Osborne Reynolds. In the half century following Reynolds’ work, the hydrodynamic theory of lubrication has undergone considerable development. Like all theory, it needs to be examined and re-examined in the light of experimental data. In this paper, several novel contributions in the form of experiment and theory are presented. The paper deals with the results of tests made to determine the power losses of bearings of the type used on turbines manufactured by the company with which the authors are associated.
An Analysis of the Milling Process
Authors: Martellotti M. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This analysis of the milling process shows that the path of a milling-cutter tooth is an arc of a trochoid, the parametric equation for which can be derived from known variables of the cut. As a result, the milling process is susceptible to mathematical treatment. Practically, the advantage of such analytical methods is that such elements as the radius of curvature of the tooth path, the clearance and rake angles of the length of the tooth path, the radial thickness of the chip, and their effects upon the quality of milled surface may be evaluated. The paper demonstrates the advantages of the up-milling process in achieving machined surfaces of high quality. This form of analysis will also be found useful in comparing different milling methods.
Adsorption Process for Removal of Soluble Silica From Water
Authors: Betz L. D. , Noll C. A. , Maguire J. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Magnesium oxide has been shown to be particularly valuable in the removal of soluble silica from water. This paper deals with an adsorption process for silica removal which has been recently developed. This process is particularly well adapted for use in conjunction with hot-process lime-soda softening, causing no increase in the quantities of either lime or soda ash. Removal of silica from solution is effected, not by a chemical reaction but by adsorption from solution. Adsorption data correspond to Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. An outstanding advantage of this process is the fact that the solids content of the treated water is decreased, rather than increased. No increase in the total solids content of the treated water results as would be the case with the use of reagents such as ferric sulphate and magnesium sulphate. In common with other adsorption processes, the last traces of silica are the most difficult to remove. To illustrate what can be accomplished in this respect data are presented from an actual full-scale plant test in which a silica content of 6.3 ppm in the raw water was reduced to an average of 0.6 ppm in the treated water. Experience has also been gained in the treatment of a natural water in which the silica content was reduced from 56 ppm to 1 ppm in the treated water.
Progress Report on Tubular Creep Tests
Authors: Norton F. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper is a progress report describing the results which have been obtained on the creep of tubular specimens. The first part of this work was described in a previous paper. In this investigation similar apparatus and similar specimens are employed, but an attempt is made to correlate the stress between the tensile specimens and the tubular specimens more accurately. Also, tubes with thinner walls have been used. The results obtained to date indicate that the longitudinal creep of the tubes is substantially zero, and that the circumferential creep is approximately the same as the creep in the tensile specimen with a stress equivalent to the circumferential stress in the tube. In a companion paper, Professor Soderberg derives the relations in two-dimensional creep, and applies them to the experimental values.
Quantifying the benefits of inefficient walking: Monty Python inspired laboratory based experimental study
Authors: Gaesser Glenn A , Poole David C , Angadi Siddhartha S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Objective
To compare the rate of energy expenditure of low efficiency walking with high efficiency walking.

Design
Laboratory based experimental study.

Setting
United States.

Participants
13 healthy adults (six women, seven men) with no known gait disorder, mean (±standard deviation) age 34.2±16.1 years, height 174.2±12.6 cm, weight 78.2±22.5 kg, and body mass index 25.6±6.0.

Intervention

Participants performed three, five minute walking trials around an indoor 30 m course. The first trial consisted of walking at a freely chosen walking speed in the participant’s usual style. The next two trials consisted of low efficiency walks in which participants were asked to duplicate the walks of Mr Teabag and Mr Putey (acted by John Cleese and Michael Palin, respectively) in the legendary Monty Python Ministry of Silly Walks (MoSW) skit that first aired in 1970. Distance covered during the five minute walks was used to calculate average speed. Ventilation and gas exchange were collected throughout to determine oxygen uptake (V̇O
2
; mL O
2
/kg/min) and energy expenditure (EE; kcal/kg/min; 1 kcal=4.18 kJ), reported as mean±standard deviation.

Main outcome measures

V̇O
2
and EE.

Results

V̇O
2
and EE were about 2.5 times higher (P<0.001) during the Teabag walk compared with participants’ usual walk (27.9±4.8
v
11.3±1.9 mL O
2
/kg/min; 0.14±0.03
v
0.06±0.01 kcal/kg/min), but were not different during the Putey walk (12.3±1.8 mL/kg/min; 0.06±0.01 kcal/kg/min). Each minute of Teabag walking increased EE over participants’ usual walking by an average of 8.0 kcal (range 5.5-12.0) in men and by 5.2 kcal (range 3.9-6.2) in women, and qualified as vigorous intensity physical activity (>6 resting metabolic equivalents).

Conclusions
For adults with no known gait disorder who average approximately 5000 steps/day, exchanging about 22%-34% of their daily steps with higher energy, low efficiency walking in Teabag style—requiring around 12-19 min—could increase daily EE by 100 kcal. Adults could achieve 75 minutes of vigorous intensity physical activity per week by walking inefficiently for about 11 min/day. Had an initiative to promote inefficient movement been adopted in the early 1970s, we might now be living among a healthier society. Efforts to promote higher energy—and perhaps more joyful—walking should ensure inclusivity and inefficiency for all.