bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deception in the Emergency Setting
Authors: Barnett Laura W. , Ryan Eileen P. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Deception in medicine involves the faking, feigning, exaggeration, or actual production of signs and symptoms of a mental or physical disorder and may take the form of either malingering or factitious disorder, both of which are reviewed in this chapter. Malingering is the falsification or extreme exaggeration of illness (physical or mental) to gain external benefits. Those benefits may include avoiding work or responsibility, obtaining drugs, avoiding legal sanctions or trial, seeking attention, avoiding military service, or obtaining leave from school or paid leave from a job. Factitious disorder is also a form of deception and is characterized by falsification of physical and/or psychological signs or symptoms or induction of injury without any obvious external reward. Deception on the part of patients presenting to a psychiatric emergency service can be challenging to identify and perhaps even more unnerving to diagnose. This chapter reviews the scant research base on malingering in the psychiatric emergency setting. The focus is on assisting the clinician in detection and management of deception in this setting, including pitfalls in diagnosis, clues to the presence of deception, discharge management, and documentation.
Eating Disorders
Authors: Drom Claire 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the general epidemiology and diagnostic features of the eating disorders most commonly encountered in the emergency department, outlines the identification and management of acute medical and psychiatric crises, and provides a practical framework for managing psychiatric and medical risk and triage to appropriate levels of care. The chapter further expands on medical and psychiatric comorbidity in eating disorders. Included in the chapter are easily administered screening instruments, suggested clinical interview elements, and recommendations for behavioral interventions. The chapter provides a solid introduction on the physiologic consequences of restricting and purging behaviors and discusses important findings on the initial physical exam of a patient with disordered eating behaviors.
Trauma-Informed Care, Psychological First Aid, and Recovery-Oriented Approaches in the Emergency Room
Authors: Merotto Benjamin , Simpson Scott A. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Trauma-informed care (TIC) is a philosophy and framework for delivering health care that respects the impacts that trauma has had on individuals’ lives. Most individuals experience and survive a trauma in their lifetimes, and many patients can find the experience of emergency department (ED) treatment too reactive. These anxieties may arise from the stress and pain of medical illness, triggering interactions with staff, or the chaotic environment of the ED. TIC also considers the impact of trauma on ED staff and providers. This chapter describes core elements of TIC in EDs and crisis services that can promote patient-centered and recovery-oriented care. The TIC approach is contrasted with historic—and still common—notions of traditional medicine that are often perceived by patients to be dehumanizing. Psychological first aid is a therapeutic approach that helps individual clinicians apply TIC to patients in the aftermath of individual or collective trauma.
Collaborations Within the Emergency Department
Authors: Owen Julie Ruth 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In the United States, the number of hospital emergency department (ED) visits has steadily increased during the past decade, and the proportion of ED visits primarily involving psychiatric concerns (including substance use) has also been on the rise. Utilization of the ED by psychiatric patients has been linked to the mental health resources within the community and impacts ED clinical operations. This chapter explores the impact of and potential solutions, including boarding and prolonged length of stay, to psychiatric patients in EDs; various models of psychiatric care implemented to address these concerns; and possible future directions to pursue, with the goal of improving ED-based psychiatric patient care delivery and systems-based practices.
Collaborations Beyond the Emergency Department
Authors: Balfour Margaret E. , Goldman Matthew L. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
A lot happens outside of the emergency department (ED) that affects the outcome of a behavioral health emergency. Many ED visits originate with a call for help from someone in the community, and there is wide variability throughout the United States in how that call for help is handled. Some people experiencing mental health or substance use related emergencies never make it to the ED, instead dying in police shootings or taken to jail instead of receiving the care they need. Fortunately, the new 988 mental health emergency number and police reform movements have created momentum for building behavioral health crisis response systems that deliver the same quality and consistency of care as expected for medical emergencies. As crisis systems grow and evolve, collaborative partnerships will be critical for solving problems that have long burdened the ED, such as psychiatric boarding and the “revolving door” of repeat ED utilization. This chapter discussed the growing number of options for crisis care outside the ED and provides practical suggestions for successful collaboration. The role of law enforcement and the various approaches to lessening the impact on individuals experiencing behavioral health emergencies are also discussed. In addition, the chapter provides an overview of the crisis continuum, including crisis hotlines, mobile teams, observation units, crisis residential programs, and peer wraparound services that can help ensure linkage to aftercare is successful. Practical suggestions for collaboration are included throughout the chapter to spark ideas for action or quality improvement projects.
Introduction
Authors: Ripp Jonathan A. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
While many feel a “calling” to the profession of medicine, which has often been seen as a career path with the potential to be rewarding and meaningful, the changing landscape of health care and increasing demands placed on physicians have increasingly shifted the day-to-day focus of medical careers towards clerical and administrative burdens that may erode physician well-being. Furthermore, there presently exists significant literature and a growing national and international recognition that supports a link between physician well-being and the optimal functioning of healthcare organizations. Much of this attention has focused on the medical student and graduate medical education (GME) trainee and has presently evolved into a moral imperative that the well-being of these populations be addressed in order to enable future physicians to thrive and flourish. This book provides a framework for leaders and organizations to methodically approach efforts that support medical student and GME trainee well-being.
Raising Awareness and Ensuring Access to Mental Health Resources
Authors: Bernstein Carol A. , Haiman Claire , Mayer Laurel E. S. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The relationship between burnout and depression is critical to understand so that appropriate solutions and treatments in both areas can be developed and implemented. This chapter considers the relationship between well-being and mental health, focusing primarily on burnout and depression and whether this relationship is best appreciated as a dichotomy or along a spectrum; the stressors unique to medical training and the range of mental health concerns that can arise; models of care and mental health resources recommended to fully support the student and graduate medical education (GME) trainee during the long process of training; and common barriers that inhibit students and GME trainees from accessing mental health support and treatment. Through these issues, the authors explore the implications for organizational efforts, programming, and interventions to promote well-being, alleviate distress, and treat mental health pathology.
Addressing and Meeting Regulatory Requirements
Authors: Cunningham Tara K. , Leitman Michael 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The process of medical training, with its emphasis on achievement, high-stakes testing, and standing out in a field of highly accomplished peers, is already fraught with many of the stressors that are known to contribute to burnout in physicians. In an effort to mitigate these stressors, formal accreditation of undergraduate and graduate medical education has shifted from simply providing experiential learning opportunities to developing an environment conducive to learning that both promotes well-being within the educational years and models the incorporation of well-being into professional attitudes. This chapter provides the context and description of how the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) provide the frameworks to support trainee well-being in medical education through their program requirements.
Walking the Elephant: Drawing as enactment of community
Authors: Vormittag Luise 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Elephant and Castle neighbourhood in London is well known as a centre for the Latin American community in the UK. The drastic demolition of the site threatens their continued presence. This article chronicles my work as an illustrator on a project that sought to represent this migrant community, their vibrancy, and vitality on the cusp of the site’s erasure. Through a series of participatory, creative workshops a range of illustrative documents were produced that, ultimately, became archival records. Working on the project enabled a reflection on the role of the illustrator in the context of cultural devastation, and retrieval and preservation of the relationship between migrants and the spaces they occupy. This gave rise to a deeper set of questions about the nature of community as such. Drawing on Jean-Luc Nancy’s philosophical work on community and Hannah Arendt’s writing on the public realm, I argue that this illustration project visualises and materialises experiences and expressions of community at a moment when this sociality was itself under threat.
Assessment of a physics-based retrieval of exoplanet atmospheric temperatures from infrared emission spectra
Authors: Schreier Franz , Grenfell J Lee , Wunderlich Fabian , Trautmann Thomas 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
Atmospheric temperatures are to be estimated from thermal emission spectra of Earth-like exoplanets orbiting M-stars as observed by current and future planned missions. To this end, a line-by-line radiative transfer code is used to generate synthetic thermal infrared (TIR) observations. The range of ‘observed’ intensities provides a rough hint of the atmospheric temperature range without any a priori knowledge. The equivalent brightness temperature (related to intensities by Planck’s function) at certain wavenumbers can be used to estimate the atmospheric temperature at corresponding altitudes. To exploit the full information provided by the measurement we generalize Chahine’s original approach and infer atmospheric temperatures from all spectral data using the wavenumber-to-altitude mapping defined by the weighting functions. Chahine relaxation allows an iterative refinement of this ‘first guess’. Analysis of the 4.3 and $15\rm \, \mu m$ carbon dioxide TIR bands enables an estimate of atmospheric temperatures for rocky exoplanets even for low signal-to-noise ratios of 10 and medium resolution. Inference of Trappist-1e temperatures is, however, more challenging especially for CO2 dominated atmospheres: the ‘standard’ 4.3 and $15\rm \, \mu m$ regions are optically thick and an extension of the spectral range towards atmospheric window regions is important. If atmospheric composition (essentially CO2 concentration) is known temperatures can be estimated remarkably well; quality measures such as the residual norm provide hints on incorrect abundances. In conclusion, temperature in the mid atmosphere of Earth-like planets orbiting cooler stars can be quickly estimated from thermal IR emission spectra with moderate resolution.
Superorbital periods of Be/X-ray binaries driven by stellar spin precession
Authors: Martin Rebecca G 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
Superorbital periods are observed in the optical light curves of many Be/X-ray binaries yet their origin has remained somewhat elusive. We suggest that precession of the spin axis of the Be star can drive superorbital periods, particularly for short orbital period binaries. We consider the short orbital period ($P_{\rm orb}=16.6\, \rm d$) and highly eccentric (eb = 0.72) Be/X-ray binary A0538−66 that has a superorbital period of $421\, \rm d$. First, we show that the spin axis precession time-scale is about twice the observed superorbital period. Then, with hydrodynamic simulations we show that the Be star decretion disc can remain locked to the equator of the precessing Be star. At each periastron passage of the neutron star, material is accreted into a disc around the neutron star. The neutron star disc nodally precesses on the same time-scale as the Be star disc and therefore both discs can contribute to the observed superorbital period. For wider and less eccentric binary systems, the Be star disc can have a larger radial extent and more complex behaviour is expected as a result of disc warping and breaking.
Law by Algorithm
Authors: Lim Ernest W K 
Published: May 2023

Abstract—
This review article offers a critical analysis of Horst Eidenmüller and Gerhard Wagner’s Law by Algorithm by focusing on four major sets of issues that are covered in this important work: (i) separate legal personality for artificial intelligence (AI) systems; (ii) the exploitation and protection of consumers; (iii) liability; and (iv) online dispute resolution. On separate legal personality, it is shown that neither unbundled products nor difficulties in proving that the systems resulted in damage or losses necessarily justify giving legal personality to AI systems. On consumer protection, it is argued that exploitation of consumers can be regulated by consumer protection legislation provided that reforms are made to remove enforcement hurdles. On liability, the issues arising from product liability legislation and problems associated with proving causation are critically examined. On online dispute resolution, smart contracts and self-driving contracts are distinguished, and a distinction is drawn between AI-assisted and AI-substitutionary adjudication.
Integration of Multi-omic Data in a Molecular Tumor Board Reveals EGFR-Associated ALK-Inhibitor Resistance in a Patient With Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Cancer
Authors: Hunt Allison L , Nutcharoen Aratara , Randall Jamie , Papazian Alyssa , Deeken John , Maxwell G Larry , Bateman Nicholas W , Petricoin Emanuel F , Benyounes Amin , Conrads Thomas P , Cannon Timothy L 
Published: May 2023

AbstractInflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) are intermediate-grade mesenchymal neoplasms commonly characterized by chromosomal rearrangements causing constitutive activation of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and/or ALK mutations causing reduced sensitivity to ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). We present a patient with an IMT who initially responded to first-line alectinib, but who later suffered disease relapse and presently survives with moderate residual disease after receiving second-line lorlatinib. Biopsy specimens were analyzed using next generation sequencing (DNA-seq and RNA-seq) and reverse phase protein microarray (RPPA) as part of an institutional Molecular Tumor Board (MTB) study. An EML4-ALK rearrangement and EGFR activation (pEGFRY1068) were present in both the primary and recurrent tumors, while a secondary ALK I1171N mutation was exclusive to the latter. EGFR signaling in the background of a secondary ALK mutation is correlated with reduced ALK TKI sensitivity in vitro, implicating an important mechanism of drug resistance development in this patient. The RPPA results also critically demonstrate that ALK signaling (ALKY1604) was not activated in the recurrent tumor, thereby indicating that standard-of-care use of third- or fourth-line ALK TKI would not likely be efficacious or durable. These results underscore the importance of real-time clinical integration of functional protein drug target activation data with NGS in the MTB setting for improving selection of patient-tailored therapy.
Melt Inclusions in Arclogitic Xenoliths Constrain the Genesis of the Lower Continental Arc Crust beneath the Northern Volcanic Zone, Colombia
Authors: Gianola Omar , Costa Benedetta , Ferri Fabio , Gilio Mattia , Petrelli Maurizio , Murri Mara , Barbaro Anna , Alvaro Matteo , Rodríguez-Vargas Andrés , Poli Stefano , Cesare Bernardo 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
Volcanic arcs above subduction zones are thought to be the principal locations where juvenile magmatic crust forms and is refined to become continental crust with an andesitic composition. During this refinement mechanism, the formation of dense garnet pyroxenites (arclogites), represented by high-pressure cumulates and restites after partial melting, leads to the delamination of the lower arc crust. The Mercaderes-Río Mayo area in southern Colombia is the only known locality in an active volcanic arc where arclogitic xenoliths have been recovered. These xenoliths are entrained in the Granatifera Tuff, a late Cenozoic volcanic vent, and they mainly consist of garnet, clinopyroxene, amphibole, plagioclase, rarely scapolite, and accessory mineral inclusions of rutile, apatite, zircons, and quartz. Moreover, the arclogites are also characterized by the presence of melt inclusions (MI), which are mainly found within garnet, but can be also observed in amphibole, plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and scapolite. The glasses measured for the MI in garnet and scapolite typically have SiO2 contents &gt;57 wt.%, ranging from andesite to rhyolite in composition. Petrographic and geochemical investigations allowed to discriminate between cumulitic and restitic arclogites, with the latter showing the concomitant presence of primary MI and quartz inclusions within the peritectic garnets. Therefore, our study provides for the first time a strong evidence, at the microscale, for the anatectic origin of some arclogitic xenoliths. Pressure and temperature conditions for the studied arclogites were estimated by intracrystalline geothermometry, elastic geothermobarometry, phase equilibria modelling and classical Fe–Mg exchange between garnet and clinopyroxene. Results fall within the range of 960°C to 1150°C and 1.6 to 1.9 GPa for most samples. We suggest that the investigated arclogites derive from the root of the active Colombian volcanic arc, where differentiation processes from mantle-derived melts and lower crust anatexis occur in close association.
Should we reconsider how to assess eutrophication?
Authors: Polimene L , Parn O , Garcia-Gorriz E , Macias D , Stips A , Duteil O , Ferreira-Cordeiro N , Miladinova S , Piroddi C , Serpetti N 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Eutrophication in marine waters is traditionally assessed by checking if nutrients, algal biomass and oxygen are below/above a given threshold. However, increased biomass, nutrient concentrations and oxygen demand do not lead to undesirable environmental effects if the flow of carbon/energy from primary producers toward high trophic levels is consistently preserved. Consequently, traditional indicators might provide a misleading assessment of the eutrophication risk. To avoid this, we propose to evaluate eutrophication by using a new index based on plankton trophic fluxes instead of biogeochemical concentrations. A preliminary, model-based, assessment suggests that this approach might give a substantially different picture of the eutrophication status of our seas, with potential consequences on marine ecosystem management. Given the difficulties to measure trophic fluxes in the field, the use of numerical simulations is recommended although the uncertainty associated with biogeochemical models inevitably affects the reliability of the index. However, given the effort currently in place to develop refined numerical tools describing the marine environment (Ocean Digital Twins), a reliable, model-based, eutrophication index could be operational in the near future.
‘It depends’: Officer insights on the potential for body-worn cameras to change police and citizen behaviour
Authors: Wood Jennifer D , Groff Elizabeth R , Talley Dijonée 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This study mined officers’ perspectives on whether body-worn cameras (BWCs) could change the behaviour of citizens and police. Officers reinforced themes from prior studies on the professionalizing effect of BWCs, the potential for passivity, and the concern with ‘second-guessing’. Officers also stressed the theme of ‘it depends’, where behaviour change is contingent on the citizen, the situation, and the officer. Findings resonated with the concept of police encounters as two-way social interactions and related insights from regulation scholarship on ‘motivational posturing’. Results underscore the need for more observational studies (including ethnographies and systematic social observations) that identify the variety of encounters and settings where BWC activation might alter behavioural norms and encounter dynamics. Relatedly, BWC footage could be mined to inform reviews of everyday police work that identify the unique ways in which BWC activation could be leveraged to change behaviour in a variety of situations with different posturing dynamics. Policymakers should emphasize the complexity of the implementation environments surrounding the uptake of BWCs and other technology, with a view to encouraging research that measures the many dimensions of officers’ perceptions. Understanding the place and role of BWCs within the contexts of officers’ holistic experiences should help policymakers understand both the limits and potential of cameras to change everyday policing.
Impact of TNF inhibitor medication on working ability in axial spondyloarthritis: an observational national registry-based cohort study
Authors: Hokkanen Anna-Mari , Aaltonen Kalle , Relas Heikki , Rutanen Jarno , Kononoff Aulikki , Taimen Kirsi , Kauppi Markku , Puolakka Kari , Trokovic Nina , Nordström Dan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Objective
The aim was to investigate the effect of TNF inhibitor (TNFi) initiation on working ability and health-care resource utilization among axial SpA patients in a real-life setting.

Methods
Patients with a clinical diagnosis of non-radiographic (nr-axSpA) or radiographic axial SpA initiating their first TNFi were identified from the National Register for Antirheumatic and Biologic Treatment in Finland. Sickness absences, including sick leave and disability pension, in- and outpatient days and rehabilitation rates, 1 year before and after initiating the medication were retrieved from national registries. Factors affecting result variables were studied using multivariate regression analysis.

Results
Overall, 787 patients were identified. Rates of work disability days per year were 55.6 the year before treatment onset and 55.2 the year after, with significant differences between patient subgroups. The rate of sick leave decreased after starting TNFi treatment. However, the rate of disability pension continued to rise. Patients with a diagnosis of nr-axSpA experienced a decrease in overall work disability and, especially, fewer sick leaves. No sex differences were detected.

Conclusion
TNFi interrupts the increase in work disabled days evident during the year before its initiation. However, the overall work disability remains high. Treating patients earlier in the nr-axSpA phase, regardless of sex, appears important in maintaining the ability to work.