bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Factors Associated With Vaping Cannabidiol Among US Adolescents
Authors: Dai Hongying Daisy , Subramanian Roma , Mahroke Avina , Wang Ming 
Published: August 2023

Importancee-Cigarette use and vaping marijuana (cannabis) are popular among US adolescents. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a compound found in the cannabis plant that has recently increased in use.ObjectivesTo examine the prevalence of and factors associated with youths vaping CBD.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study included a nationally representative sample of students from middle and high schools (typical age, 11-18 years) in the US from the 2022 National Youth Tobacco Survey, conducted from January to May 2022.ExposureDemographic characteristics, harm perception of tobacco use, and vaping behaviors.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcomes were weighted prevalence and population estimates of ever and current (past 30-day) vaping of CBD overall and by e-cigarette use status. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the association of currently vaping CBD with demographic factors and e-cigarette and tobacco use behaviors stratified by current e-cigarette use status.ResultsThe study included 28 291 participants (51.1% male; mean [SD] age, 14.5 [2.0] years). Among 2448 current e-cigarette users, 21.3% (95% CI, 18.4%-24.1%) reported any past-month vaping of CBD and 6.3% (95% CI, 4.7%-7.8%) reported that they did not know whether they had vaped CBD. Hispanic e-cigarette users were more likely than their non-Hispanic White peers to report currently vaping CBD (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3-2.8). Current e-cigarette users with higher frequency (≥20 days vs ≤5 days) and longer duration (2-3 years or &amp;gt;3 years vs &amp;lt;1 year) of use were more likely to report currently vaping CBD (frequency: AOR, 1.5 [95% CI, 1.1-1.9]; 2-3 years: AOR, 2.2 [95% CI, 1.2-3.9]; 3 years: AOR, 3.2 [95% CI, 1.7-6.1]). Among 25 091 noncurrent e-cigarette users, 1.2% (95% CI, 1.0%-1.5%) reported currently vaping CBD and 2.3% (95% CI, 2.1%-2.6%) reported that they did not know. High school students (vs middle school students; AOR, 4.2; 95% CI, 2.8-6.1) and gay or lesbian (AOR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.6-5.4) or bisexual (AOR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.8-4.0) (vs heterosexual) youths were more likely to report vaping CBD, while those who perceived tobacco as dangerous (vs not dangerous; AOR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.3-0.6) had lower odds of reporting vaping CBD.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study of US middle and high school students, the prevalence of youths vaping CBD was high, particularly among e-cigarette users and Hispanic and sexual minority populations. The findings suggest that evidence-based educational campaigns, interventions, and public policy changes are needed to reduce the harmful health outcomes possible with vaping CBD among developing youths.
Phagophore closure, autophagosome maturation and autophagosome fusion during macroautophagy in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Kraft Claudine , Reggiori Fulvio 
Published: August 2023

Macroautophagy, hereafter referred to as autophagy, is a complex process in which multiple membrane‐remodeling events lead to the formation of a cisterna known as the phagophore, which then expands and closes into a double‐membrane vesicle termed the autophagosome. During the past decade, enormous progress has been made in understanding the molecular function of the autophagy‐related proteins and their role in generating these phagophores. In this Review, we discuss the current understanding of three membrane remodeling steps in autophagy that remain to be largely characterized; namely, the closure of phagophores, the maturation of the resulting autophagosomes into fusion‐competent vesicles, and their fusion with vacuoles/lysosomes. Our review will mainly focus on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has been the leading model system for the study of molecular events in autophagy and has led to the discovery of the major mechanistic concepts, which have been found to be mostly conserved in higher eukaryotes.
Remote Administration of Physical and Cognitive Performance Assessments in a Predominantly Black Cohort of Persons With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Hoge Courtney , Bowling C. Barrett , Dunlop‐Thomas Charmayne , Pearce Brad D. , Drenkard Cristina , Lim S. Sam , Plantinga Laura C. 
Published: August 2023

ObjectiveIn a study of physical and cognitive functioning among predominantly Black individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we compared remotely administered physical and cognitive performance assessments to those collected in person.MethodsA subset of participants who completed an in‐person visit in our parent study from 2021 to 2022 (n = 30) were recruited to complete a second, remote visit within 28 days. Physical performance (measured by a modified Short Physical Performance Battery [SPPB]; range 0‐12; subscale ranges 0‐4; higher = better performance) and cognitive performance (episodic and working memory adjusted t‐scores, measured using NIH Toolbox) were measured at both visits. Mean scores were compared using paired t‐tests; intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were obtained from two‐way mixed effects models. Linear and logistic models were used to estimate stratified associations between performance measures and related outcomes.ResultsParticipants were primarily female (93.3%) and Black (93.3%). In‐person versus remote overall SPPB (8.76 vs. 9.43) and chair stand (1.43 vs. 1.90) scores were statistically significantly lower. t‐Scores for episodic memory (47.27 vs. 49.53) and working memory (45.37 vs. 47.90) were lower for in‐person versus remote visits. The ICC for overall SPPB indicated good agreement (0.76), whereas the ICCs for episodic (0.49) and working memory (0.57) indicated poor‐moderate agreement. Associations between assessments of performance with related outcomes were similar and did not statistically significantly differ by modality of visit.ConclusionTo possibly expand and diversify pools of participants in studies of physical and cognitive performance in SLE, remote administration of assessments should be considered for future research.
A Novel PTH‐Related Peptide Combined With 3D Printed Macroporous Titanium Alloy Scaffold Enhances Osteoporotic Osseointegration
Authors: Wang Junwu , Chen Renxin , Ren Bin , Feng Qinyu , Li Beihai , Hao Zhuowen , Chen Tianhong , Hu Yingkun , Huang Yilong , Zhang Qi , Wang Yi , Huang Jinghuan , Li Jingfeng 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPrevious parathyroid hormone (PTH)‐related peptides (PTHrPs) cannot be used to prevent implant loosening in osteoporosis patients due to the catabolic effect of local sustained release. A novel PTHrP (PTHrP‐2) that can be used locally to promote osseointegration of macroporous titanium alloy scaffold (mTAS) and counteract implant slippage in osteoporosis patients is designed. In vitro, PTHrP‐2 enhances the proliferation, adhesion, and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) within the mTAS. Further, it promotes proliferation, migration, angiogenesis‐related protein expression, and angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Compared to PTH(1–34), PTHrP‐2 can partially weaken the osteoclast differentiation of RAW 264.7 cells. Even in an oxidative stress microenvironment, PTHrP‐2 safeguards the proliferation and migration of BMSCs and HUVECs, reduces reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial damage, and partially preserves the angiogenesis of HUVECs. In the Sprague–Dawley (SD) rat osteoporosis model, the therapeutic benefits of PTHrP‐2‐releasing mTAS (mTASP2) and ordinary mTAS implanted for 12 weeks via micro‐CT, sequential fluorescent labeling, and histology are compared. The results demonstrate that mTASP2 exhibits high bone growth rate, without osteophyte formation. Consequently, PTHrP‐2 exhibits unique local synthesis properties and holds the potential for assisting the osseointegration of alloy implants in osteoporosis patients.
Substrate Reshaping for Optically Tuned Liquid‐Printed Microlenses Beyond Their Wetting Properties
Authors: Martí Jerez Ernest , Fernández Pradas J. Marcos , Serra Pere , Duocastella Martí 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSeveral strategies exist capable of fabricating microlenses for applications such as cameras and solar cells. Among them, techniques based on printing curable liquid prepolymers including inkjet and electrohydrodynamic‐jet printing, or laser‐induced forward‐transfer (LIFT) offer unique advantages in terms of ease of integration, cost, and compatibility with flexible substrates. However, the optical properties of the so‐fabricated microlenses depend on the wettability of the liquid prepolymer, preventing the broad implementation of printing technologies for micro‐optics. Herein, how printing microdroplets on top of reconfigurable substrates allows overcoming this issue is reported. The strategy, called print‐n‐release, is based on depositing prepolymer microdroplets on top of mechanically stretched elastomeric substrates. Once the stress applied to the substrate is released, and provided pinning of the contact line, the microdroplet's base diameter decreases producing an increase in contact angle and reduction in radius of curvature. Following a curing step, the microdroplets are converted into microlenses whose shape no longer depends exclusively on their wetting properties, but also on the substrate elongation. It is demonstrated that, by combining LIFT with substrates elongated up to 80%, microlenses can be fabricated with a 400% increase in contact angle and a 90% reduction in focal length, in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Copper‐Mediated C−H Chalcogenation of Heterocycles: Application to the Synthesis of Chalcogenoxanthones
Authors: Zhou Yunhao , Xu Yue , Zheng Tao , Huang Dongliang , Chen Jianyang , Wu Yongchang , Mei Ruhuai , Ma Wenbo 
Published: August 2023

AbstractA copper‐mediated C(sp2)−H chalcogenation of heterocycles with readily available dichalcogenide, benzeneselenol and thiol is described. This protocol demonstrates scalability, good chemo‐ and regio‐selectivity, as well as broad functional group tolerance, which overall provides an accessible method to valuable aryl chalcogenides. The chalcogenated picolinamide products could be further transformed into selenoxanthones and thioxanthone scaffolds through intramolecular cyclization via a semi‐one pot process.
Mechanochemical Assisted Chemoselective and Stereoselective Hydrogen‐Bonding Catalyzed Addition of Dithiomalonates to Enones
Authors: Mała Żaneta A. , Janicki Mikołaj J. , Góra Robert W. , Konieczny Krzysztof A. , Kowalczyk Rafał 
Published: August 2023

AbstractDithiomalonates proved to be active nucleophiles in the stereoselective additions to chalcones, dienones, and en‐ynones affording the desired Michael adducts with moderate to good yield and enantioselectivities up to 98%. In contrast, the analogous dibenzyl malonate remained inactive. Bifunctional Cinchona squaramides secured the effective chirality transfer and the selectivity towards Michael adducts of various bisthiomalonates following the soft enolization approach. The thioester's nature impacted the reactivity and stability of the reactants or products. The reactions performed in solution led to the product, but it required prolonged time along with byproducts formation such as sulfa‐Michael adducts, thus limiting the applicability of more reactive dithioesters. On the contrary, the reactions performed under solvent‐free, ball milling conditions furnished adducts in substantially less time, with negligible or no byproduct generation. Therefore, the mechanochemical approach revealed to be an effective tool for supporting the hardly effective reactions under standard solution conditions. The conducted comprehensive KS‐DFT studies are in line with the experimental observations shedding more light on the intricate active nucleophile formation at a molecular level and different chemical reaction pathways, as well as indicating the crucial transitions state governing the observed stereoselectivities.
Dual Photosensitizer Cycles Working Synergistically in a C(sp)‐C(sp3) Cross‐Coupling Reaction**
Authors: Bryden Megan Amy , Villa Marco , Fermi Andrea , Ceroni Paola , Zysman‐Colman Eli 
Published: August 2023

AbstractTo assess the value and reactivity of new photocatalysts (PCs), their performance should be evaluated in one or more established reactions and benchmarked against the performance using known PCs. Here, we evaluated our recently developed PC, pDTCz‐DPmS, in a C(sp)‐C(sp3) cross‐coupling reaction that had been documented in the literature. Previous findings indicated this reaction could not proceed in the absence of PC; however, under our conditions this was not the case. Without PC, a moderate product yield was obtained, while this yield increased significantly upon addition of pDTCz‐DPmS. UV‐Vis absorption studies indicated that the Hantzsch ester (HE) additive was acting as a competitive absorber of the light from the excitation source, and quenching studies confirmed that the HE was quenched by the radical precursor, N‐(acyloxy)phthalimide. Mechanistic investigations established that two parallel photosensitization pathways were in operation; a reductive quenching photocatalytic pathway (using pDTCz‐DPmS) and a sacrificial photoreductant pathway (employing HE). These pathways work synergistically to enhance the yield of target product.
Electron‐Poor Acridones and Acridiniums as Super Photooxidants in Molecular Photoelectrochemistry by Unusual Mechanisms
Authors: Žurauskas Jonas , Boháčová Soňa , Wu Shangze , Butera Valeria , Schmid Simon , Domański Michał , Slanina Tomáš , Barham Joshua P. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractElectron‐deficient acridones and in situ generated acridinium salts are reported as potent, closed‐shell photooxidants that undergo surprising mechanisms. When bridging acyclic triarylamine catalysts with a carbonyl group (acridones), this completely diverts their behavior away from open‐shell, radical cationic, ‘beyond diffusion’ photocatalysis to closed‐shell, neutral, diffusion‐controlled photocatalysis. Brønsted acid activation of acridones dramatically increases excited state oxidation power (by +0.8 V). Upon reduction of protonated acridones, they transform to electron‐deficient acridinium salts as even more potent photooxidants (*E1/2=+2.56–3.05 V vs SCE). These oxidize even electron‐deficient arenes where conventional acridinium salt photooxidants have thusfar been limited to electron‐rich arenes. Surprisingly, upon photoexcitation these electron‐deficient acridinium salts appear to undergo two electron reductive quenching to form acridinide anions, spectroscopically‐detected as their protonated forms. This new behaviour is partly enabled by a catalyst preassembly with the arene, and contrasts to conventional SET reductive quenching of acridinium salts. Critically, this study illustrates how redox active chromophoric molecules initially considered photocatalysts can transform during the reaction to catalytically active species with completely different redox and spectroscopic properties.
Biomimetic Approach to Diverse Coral Diterpenes from a Biosynthetic Scaffold
Authors: Scesa Paul D. , Schmidt Eric W. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThousands of coral terpenes originate from simple scaffolds that undergo oxidative tailoring. While corals are excellent sources of drug leads, the challenge of supplying structurally complex drug leads from marine organisms has sometimes slowed their development. Making this even more challenging, in comparison to other organisms, such as plants and microbes, for which the terpene literature is substantial, very little is known about how the unique coral terpenes are biosynthesized and elaborated in nature. In this study, we used a semisynthetic strategy to produce at gram scale in yeast the eunicellane scaffold that underlies >200 coral compounds. Synthetic oxidation reactions were explored, generating key scaffolds that reflect three of the four structural classes derived from eunicellane and enabling the first asymmetric syntheses of the natural products solenopodin C and klysimplexin Q. Biomimetic methods and detailed mechanistic studies of synthetic reactions shed light on potential enzymological reactivity, including the role of epoxide rearrangement in eunicellane biosynthesis.
Intermolecular Formal Cycloaddition of Indoles with Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes by Lewis Acid Catalysis
Authors: Ni Dongshun , Hu Sai , Tan Xiangyu , Yu Yang , Li Zhenghua , Deng Li 
Published: August 2023

AbstractHerein, we develop a new approach to directly access architecturally complex polycyclic indolines from readily available indoles and bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) through formal cycloaddition promoted by commercially available Lewis acids. The reaction proceeded through a stepwise pathway involving a nucleophilic addition of indoles to BCBs followed by an intramolecular Mannich reaction to form rigid indoline‐fused polycyclic structures, which resemble polycyclic indole alkaloids. This new reaction tolerated a wide range of indoles and BCBs, thereby allowing the one‐step construction of various rigid indoline polycycles containing up to four contiguous quaternary carbon centers.
Relationship between the deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI) value and hydrogenation performance for the hydrogenation of split‐crude palm oil (s‐CPO) in the oleochemical industry
Authors: Wong Farng Hui , Lim Mitchell S. W. , Tiong Timm Joyce , Chan Yi Jing , Asli Umi Aisah , Yap Yeow Hong 
Published: August 2023

AbstractA major cause of premature catalyst deactivation in the catalytic hydrogenation of fatty acids is the presence of impurities in the feedstock. With more oleochemical plants shifting to opportunistic crude palm oil (CPO) as their feedstock, the feedstock quality becomes an important factor in their procurement process. For CPO, the impurities level can be coarsely estimated by the deterioration of bleaching index (DOBI). A high DOBI value (e.g. DOBI > 2.99) indicates good quality CPO and ease in processing, while low DOBI value implies low level of carotene and/or high level of oxidised sludge oil, both of which could be detrimental to the processing of CPO. In our work, unsplit CPO feedstocks with varying DOBI value were directly hydrogenated in a laboratory‐scale pressure reactor with the presence of commercial nickel catalysts. Experimental results showed that catalyst deactivation was linked to DOBI value, where decreasing DOBI led to faster catalyst deactivation. For example, iodine value (IV) < 1.0 can be achieved for CPO with high DOBI value (2.97) after 150 min, and IV of 5–7 and IV > 20 were achieved for medium DOBI value (2.57–2.68) and low DOBI value (2.24), respectively. For CPO with low DOBI value (2.24), doubling the catalyst dosage ensured that the hydrogenated product met the low IV specification. This work showed that identifying the CPO with DOBI value presents an indicator to the manufacturer to find the right CPO tailored to the existing processes to maximise profitability.
A collaborative approach to promote use of 3D printing in a biology research laboratory
Authors: Wong‐Welch Jenny , Cripps Richard M. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThree dimensional (3D) design and printing are customizable and cost‐effective approaches to developing small equipment and other items for use in various interdisciplinary applications. However, many pedagogical approaches to 3D printing focus more on the generation of artifacts than on the involvement of students as creators. Moreover, library makerspaces offer 3D printing services but cannot always engage the students with practical applications of their designs. We sought to determine if promoted use of 3D printing could be developed in biology laboratory trainees, ranging from undergraduate students to postdoctoral fellows. We combined two instructional workshops in the San Diego State University Library build IT makerspace, with two individual assignments to build items for the research laboratory. Evaluation of the course revealed that participants had expected the design and print processes to be of high complexity, but learned that the necessary skills could be acquired and applied in a relatively short period of time. Also, we found that trainees became proficient in 3D design and printing, and that a majority of individuals used 3D printing for subsequent applications. This effective translation of 3D printing to the research laboratory can be a paradigm for how 3D fabrication is taught. Moreover, this approach required the collaboration of library makerspace and research faculty, underlining the value of embedded librarianship in enhancing training and knowledge.
Exploring Photoswitchable Binding Interactions with Small‐Molecule‐ and Peptide‐Based Inhibitors of Trypsin
Authors: Palasis Kathryn A. , Peddie Victoria , Turner Dion J. L. , Zhang Xiaozhou , Yu Jingxian , Abell Andrew D. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe ability to photochemically activate a drug, both when and where needed, requires optimisation of the difference in biological activity between each isomeric state. As a step to this goal, we report small‐molecule‐ and peptide‐based inhibitors of the same protease—trypsin—to better understand how photoswitchable drugs interact with their biological target. The best peptidic inhibitor displayed a more than fivefold difference in inhibitory activity between isomeric states, whereas the best small‐molecule inhibitor only showed a 3.4‐fold difference. Docking and molecular modelling suggest this result is due to a large change in 3D structure in the key binding residues of the peptidic inhibitor upon isomerisation; this is not observed for the small‐molecule inhibitor. Hence, we demonstrate that significant structural changes in critical binding motifs upon irradiation are essential for maximising the difference in biological activity between isomeric states. This is an important consideration in the design of future photoswitchable drugs for clinical applications.
The Role of Trp79 in β‐Actin on Histidine Methyltransferase SETD3 Catalysis
Authors: Al‐Fakhar Mays S. Q. , Bilgin Nurgül , Moesgaard Laust , Witecka Apolonia , Drozak Jakub , Kongsted Jacob , Mecinović Jasmin 
Published: August 2023

AbstractNτ‐methylation of His73 in actin by histidine methyltransferase SETD3 plays an important role in stabilising actin filaments in eukaryotes. Mutations in actin and overexpression of SETD3 have been related to human diseases, including cancer. Here, we investigated the importance of Trp79 in β‐actin on productive human SETD3 catalysis. Substitution of Trp79 in β‐actin peptides by its chemically diverse analogues reveals that the hydrophobic Trp79 binding pocket modulates the catalytic activity of SETD3, and that retaining a bulky and hydrophobic amino acid at position 79 is important for efficient His73 methylation by SETD3. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the Trp79 binding pocket of SETD3 is ideally shaped to accommodate large and hydrophobic Trp79, contributing to the favourable release of water molecules upon binding. Our results demonstrate that the distant Trp79 binding site plays an important role in efficient SETD3 catalysis, contributing to the identification of new SETD3 substrates and the development of chemical probes targeting the biomedically important SETD3.