bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marginalized People
Authors: Kastrup Marianne 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The chapter describes an overview of the concept of marginalized people, and the delineation of the population. The WHO Alma Ata and the UN Sustainable Developmental Goals are discussed in light of marginalization. The rights to health and the access to mental healthcare and the factors preventing such groups from enjoying this right are outlined. Among marginalized populations dealt with in the chapter are ethnic and racial groups, women, LGBTQ, indigenous populations, children and adolescents, and homeless and prison populations. Barriers to achieving full access to healthcare comprise, for example, lack of economic resources, discrimination, restrictive policies, or cultural unacceptability. Many approaches may be taken to overcome the current situation and reduce the marginalization.
Poverty, Hunger, Homelessness
Authors: Pumariega Andres J. , Gogineni Rama Rao 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Poverty, hunger, and homelessness have been shown to be perhaps the greatest adverse biological and social risk factors for mental health problems and disorders worldwide. This chapter is a summary of the effects of poverty, homelessness, and hunger, including sections on their scope and impact on children and adults worldwide, and their impact on psychology and mental health. It also includes recommendations to governmental entities, advocates, and care providers on mitigating their adverse effects.
Social Psychiatry
Authors: Venkatraman Lakshmi , Mohan Greeshma , Raghavan Vijaya , Padmavati R. , Thara R. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Psychotic disorders are caused by a complex interplay of biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors. With increasing awareness and emphasis on the social determinants of mental health disorders, the authors of this chapter examine the social and environmental risk factors associated with psychotic disorders and summarize them broadly under perinatal and postnatal risk factors. They also elucidate the impact of the psychotic disorders on important social dimensions such as employment, marriage, quality of life, and stigma. Also, social interventions in the management of psychotic disorders are described briefly. Though studies have identified a wide range of variables, the relative influence of these domains has yet to be unequivocally established. Many of these will have to be tested with rigor in many low- and middle-income countries.
Mental Health Aspects of Information Technology
Authors: Nallapula Kishan , Pumariega Andres J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Information technology has permeated every single aspect of social life in the current age. Access to information through different forms of media is an indispensable part of daily life. Sharing information instantly and in real time with many people has changed human communication patterns since the advent of social media and smartphones in the first decade of the twenty-first century. This chapter presents an overview of how these new patterns have impacted mental health in terms of pathology, access to care, and treatment. Advances in videoconferencing technology have certainly improved provision of high-quality mental health treatment to rural areas. Smartphone applications have tremendous value in the process of obtaining real-time data about symptoms and also processing them for easy review during the appointments. They can also be utilized to assist treatment, especially for psychotherapy. Research is underway to screen individuals’ mental status by how they interact with their smartphones.
Imaging of Central Nervous System Tumors
Authors: Garg Shobhit Kumar , Jain Rajan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The updated 2016 WHO classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors and the increasing use of molecular markers to define biological behavior, prognosis, and therapy of CNS tumors has led to rapid changes in neuro-oncologic imaging. These molecular markers have become more important than histology in predicting prognosis and treatment response of certain tumors like gliomas, ependymomas, and medulloblastomas. Imaging is therefore constantly evolving to help predict these tumors and molecular markers preoperatively. This chapter reviews conventional and advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) phenotypes of gliomas and other CNS tumors with a focus on radiogenomics. The authors also discuss imaging in assessment of treatment response in brain tumors.
Meningioma
Authors: Kaley Thomas J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumors and many are found incidentally on imaging performed for alternative reasons. However, meningiomas span a spectrum of illness that also includes symptomatic meningiomas and more aggressive treatment-refractory meningiomas. Despite advances in oncologic treatments, surgery remains the mainstay of therapy, with radiation considered in specific circumstances. Despite best surgical and radiation management, some patients will require further treatment for recurrence, but chemotherapy options are limited. Improved treatments for aggressive meningiomas are needed, which will require a worldwide collaborative effort as these patients are rare. A comprehensive understanding of the presentation, imaging characteristics, natural history, and treatment options is essential to the optimal management of these patients.
Neurologic Complications in Cancer Patients
Authors: Peters Katherine B. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Cancer patients are likely to experience neurological complications. These complications can develop due to the underlying illness or treatments, whether from direct extension of cancer into the nervous system, through a paraneoplastic disorder, or through complications of cancer therapeutics. Cancer patients are susceptible to neurological complications at the time of diagnosis, during the treatment course, and in the survivorship period. It is critical to identify neurological complications quickly in order to mitigate further morbidity and ultimately mortality. Even as therapeutics evolve from radiation therapy to cutting edge immunotherapies, toxicities continue to challenge the central and peripheral nervous system. Being aware of neurological complications that can develop in cancer patients allows providers to offer the best care. This chapter highlights the direct complications caused by cancer. The author discusses paraneoplastic disorders in cancer patients and neurological complications of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy.
The Neurofibromatoses
Authors: Song Kun-Wei , Plotkin Scott R. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The neurofibromatoses include neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), and schwannomatosis. These are genetically distinct tumor suppressor syndromes with increased incidence of central and peripheral nervous system tumors and an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. It is important to recognize these syndromes in order to provide optimal clinical care and guide genetic counseling for patients and their families. NF1 is caused by pathogenic variants in the NF1 gene, NF2 by pathogenic variants in the NF2 gene, and schwannomatosis by pathogenic variants in SMARCB1 and LZTR1 genes. These disorders have both tumor and non-tumor manifestations but this chapter’s discussion focuses on the oncologic manifestations. NF1 patients are predisposed to neurofibromas, gliomas, pigmented lesions, and bony abnormalities. NF2 patients are predisposed to schwannomas, meningiomas, and ependymomas. SWN predisposes to multiple schwannomas and, less commonly, meningiomas. The neuro-oncologist should understand the genetics, diagnosis, common tumor manifestations, and management of these complex patients.
Procedures and Well-Care Clinics in Neuro-Oncology
Authors: Leese Erika N. , Callela Alyssa , Gatson Na Tosha N. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Advanced practice provider (APP)-led procedural and well-care clinics in neuro-oncology are underutilized even though these clinics provide increased APP autonomy and leadership opportunities along with improved standardization of patient care. Common procedures in neuro-oncology include lumbar puncture and Ommaya reservoir access (for cerebral spinal fluid collection or intrathecal chemotherapy administration), ventriculoperitoneal shunt and vagal nerve stimulator interrogation and reprogramming. Well-care clinics typically involve non-acute patient assessments for those on chemotherapy or active surveillance, or they serve those with general complaints and cancer-related neurologic symptoms. These APP-led clinics also allow for increased physician patient-facing time in the non-procedural setting and potentially more time for physician’s administrative duties. Providers in these clinics must be trained to readily identify common therapeutic or procedural side effects, absolute and relative contraindications to therapies, and other common non-neurologic conditions in cancer patients that could result in poorer outcomes. They provide opportunities to escalate or de-escalate care, implement further diagnostic testing, refer to subspecialties, and facilitate communication between all providers involved in patient care. Assessments in these clinics offer opportunities for APPs to build patient and caregiver rapport as they gather important information related to symptom management, medication tolerance, and social work and respite needs. The overarching objective of these clinics is to promote quality survival. This chapter discusses specific clinical procedures and the role and value of APPs in neuro-oncology clinics.
Palliative Care, Rehabilitation, and Supportive Care in Neuro-Oncology
Authors: Mohamud Jamal , Nevel Kathryn S. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Palliative care is defined as a multidisciplinary approach oriented toward improvements in quality of life, reduction of symptom burden, and prevention of suffering in patients facing life-limiting conditions. This is of considerable importance in individuals with neuro-oncological diseases given the high symptom burden and disease-related mortality these patients often face. This chapter examines the role of palliative care in neuro-oncology throughout the course of treatment and at the end-of-life (EOL) phase. Palliative care discussions should occur early in the disease course and involve multiple parties, including the patient and caregivers, primary healthcare provider, and dedicated palliative care specialist. Headache, nausea, seizures, and fatigue are among the most prevailing symptoms experienced that can be best addressed with aggressive supportive care measures. Severe debilitation is a common consequence of neuro-oncologic malignancies and the treatments used to combat them, causing drastic physical, cognitive, and psycho-social distress to patients and caregivers. Rehabilitation constitutes a significant portion of the palliative care approach; the goals of rehab should be congruent with expectations of patients’ overall care. This chapter also discusses palliative care strategies in managing patients in the EOL phase.
Neurologic Complications of Critical Illness
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F.M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Consults in the intensive care unit to evaluate and manage acute neurologic clinical problems are usually of considerable complexity. This comprehensive book will assist the neurologist to recognize and treat complex neurological complications in critically ill patients admitted to medical, surgical, trauma, and transplant intensive care units. Every chapter provides a representative selection of the state-of-the-art management in the intensive care unit, necessary for an understanding of critical care medicine. It offers practical advice on how to best deal with coma after cardiopulmonary resuscitation, failure to awaken after surgery, delirium, new-onset seizures, generalized weakness, acute paraplegia, movement disorders, and many other manifestations of a neurologic emergency. Other topics include neurologic complications after organ transplantation; spinal cord injury after thoracoabdominal surgery; neurologic complications of invasive procedures and devices; complications from cardiac surgery; traumatic brain, spine, and peripheral nerve injury; and less common environmental injuries such as hypothermia and near-drowning. This book also addresses end-of-life care and the responsibilities of the consulting neurologist.
Indications for a Neurologic Consult in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F.M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Critical illness increases the probability of a neurologic complication. There are many reasons to consult a neurologist in a critically ill patient, and most often it is altered content or alertness. Other common clinical neurologic problems facing the intensive care specialist and consulting neurologist in everyday decisions are failure to awaken, newly perceived asymmetry, or an abnormal movement. Generally speaking, consultations may have a varying catalogue of complexity and involve close management of major acute brain injury. This chapter introduces the main principles and scope of this field. An argument can be made to involve neurointensivists or neuro hospitalists in these complicated consults.
Neurologic Complications of Cancer in the ICU
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F.M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The prognosis of neurologic complications in cancer likely differs from any other medical complication. However, similarities exist during the first days of admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), and these patients are not easily distinguishable from any others. The current ICU management approach to the cancer patient is daily assessment of the severity of organ failure. This paradigm shift over the past decade has resulted in more neurologic consultations in patients with hematological and systemic oncological malignancies. This chapter describes the complications of cancer immunotherapy and paraneoplastic encephalitis; many of these patients present with uncontrolled seizures, agitation, or a decline in consciousness.
Neurologic Complications of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F.M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is triaged either to a neurosciences intensive care unit (ICU) or a surgical ICU. Triage is determined by the additional presence of rapidly evolving systemic trauma. Polytrauma relates to two or more injuries, among which at least one injury or the sum of all injuries is life-threatening. Neurologist are often called in to prognosticate after weeks of uncertainty and surgical interventions. In an ideal collaborative environment, patients with polytrauma should be seen not only by trauma surgeons, but also by neurosurgeons and consulting neurointensivists and neurohospitalists. Many patients with severe TBI will develop a clinically relevant neurological worsening during their ICU stay. This chapter provides the latest insights in TBI management including indications for monitoring of intracranial pressure
Outcome of Acute Injury to the Central Nervous System
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F.M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Prognostication in acute neurologic is very difficult and rarely precise. Precision in determining outcome would be preferred, and the finite resources of the intensive care unit should not be used for patients with neurologic disorders that are inevitably disastrous. Neurologists should identify what degree of disability can be expected in any neurologic catastrophe, although in some situations outcome studies are either conflicting or simply not available, and categorical statements about outcome may be unfounded. This chapter may serve as a reference guide for management decisions in the most important categories of major injury to the CNS.
Forensic Psychiatry
Authors: Eastman Nigel , Adshead Gwen , Fox Simone , Latham Richard , Whyte Seán , Williams Hannah Kate 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This second edition of Forensic Psychiatry covers the clinical, legal, and ethical issues for the treatment of mentally disordered offenders for all of the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland jurisdictions. Written by an expert interdisciplinary team from the fields of both law and psychiatry, this is a comprehensive and up-to-date guide which includes clinical observations, guidance, and ethical advice across the psychiatric discipline. The title has been updated with expanded topics on developmental disorders, neuroscience and its use in legal settings, human rights law, dementia, and traumatic brain injury. New legal cases have also been incorporated to reflect changes in legislation, including but not limited diminished responsibility, deprivation of liberty, and automatism. There are also new parts on forensic psychotherapy, cross-cultural diagnostic validity, and radicalisation. Alongside practical advice on managing clinical and legal situations, the Handbook provides concise examples, summaries of relevant legislation, and introductions to different ethical approaches and clinical observations. Uniquely focusing on the interface between psychiatry and law, this title is essential reading for the forensic psychiatrist.
Risk management
Authors: Eastman Nigel , Adshead Gwen , Fox Simone , Latham Richard , Whyte Seán , Williams Hannah Kate 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with the general principles of risk management in the secure setting, then goes on to detail the practical management of violence and acute behavioural disturbance. It also covers specific situations that require tailored risk management, such as hostage situations, the risk of suicide and self-harm, problematic sexual behaviour, and absconding and escape. It closes with how to work with the police and other non-health agencies.
Criminal law
Authors: Eastman Nigel , Adshead Gwen , Fox Simone , Latham Richard , Whyte Seán , Williams Hannah Kate 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with an overview of the criminal justice process and the elements of a crime, then goes on to the mental elements of a crime, capacity and criminal responsibility, and who is party to an offence. It covers justifications and partial defences, before going on to outline individual offences. These include homicide, assault, sexual offences, arson and criminal damage, public order offences, acquisitive offences, juvenile offences, terrorism, treason, stalking, and also other defences relevant to psychiatry. It then briefly covers some crimes under international law. The second part of the chapter covers sentencing, including its principles, cautions and warnings, differences for children and young people, the differences between life, indeterminate, and death sentences, determinate prison sentences, community sentences, fines, ancillary orders, and final quasi-punishments.
Mental health and mental capacity law
Authors: Eastman Nigel , Adshead Gwen , Fox Simone , Latham Richard , Whyte Seán , Williams Hannah Kate 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with the historical developments that put mental health and capacity law into context, then moves on to the relationship to other areas of law. It describes the principles, and the roles of professionals and relatives. It goes on to explain the procedures for using civil powers, and civil admission for treatment. Consent to treatment, leave from hospital, civil community treatment, and after-care. The chapter then details police powers under mental health law, court-ordered pre-sentence assessment and sentence of treatment, alongside other court orders. Transfer from prison to treatment is included, with restriction orders, then appeals against treatment and detention is outlined. The subsequent section outlines human rights law, the European Convention of Human Rights, misuse of mental health law, and finishes with mental capacity laws.
Giving evidence
Authors: Eastman Nigel , Adshead Gwen , Fox Simone , Latham Richard , Whyte Seán , Williams Hannah Kate 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a clear, practical overview to giving evidence. It covers preparation that should be undertaken, modes of addressing the court, and specific pitfalls to be aware of. Presenting evidence is different areas, including oral evidence, to a criminal court, for a mental health tribunal, to the Parole Board, civil courts and tribunals, and inquests, are all covered.
Civil law cases
Authors: Eastman Nigel , Adshead Gwen , Fox Simone , Latham Richard , Whyte Seán 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides eight cases that cover civil law cases as they pertain to the forensic psychiatrist, along with guiding questions on how to consider the case at hand. The cases include clinical negligence in prison suicide, the right to disclose clinical information to third parties, personal injury by nervous shock and PTSD, battery and negligence in the prison setting, the capacity to make a will with a depressive illness, the fitness to parent and assessing the risk to a child, the rules of evidence in family proceedings, and presenting evidence at the Medical Practitioners Tribunal Service. Clinical, legal, clinico-legal, ethical issues are discussed for each of the eight cases.
An Introduction to Clinical Trials
Authors: Cook Jonathan A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Clinical trials are medical experiments on humans and are used to improve healthcare. This book provides a short and accessible introduction to the history, principles, and practices of clinical trials. It presents the why, what, when, and how of clinical trials. Furthermore, it makes clinical trials and the thinking behind them accessible to a wide audience. The book begins with an introduction to the history and development of modern clinical trials. Subsequent chapters address trial design, randomisation, how to choose the sample size, setting the study up, running the study including recruitment and data collection and monitoring, conducting the statistical analysis, and finally the reporting and dissemination of the study findings.
Conducting a clinical trial
Authors: Cook Jonathan A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the practical considerations of conducting a clinical trial. How to oversee the running of a clinical trial including possible management structures, how to find potential participants, the recruitment process, and how to respond to practical and unexpected problems are covered. The importance of maintaining study documentation and getting study centres ready to recruit is considered. Protocol deviations and serious breaches of good clinical practice or the trial protocol are discussed along with potential implications. Strategies to improve recruitment of participants and retention of them within the study to the end of follow-up and optimising data collection processes are considered.
Analysing a clinical trial
Authors: Cook Jonathan A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The basic principles behind the statistical analysis of a clinical trial, and randomised trials in particular, are considered in this chapter. The statistical approach is considered along with the choice of statistical method, and how data should be used. Three example trials are used for the common outcome types of binary, continuous and time to event outcomes to illustrate how to analyse trial data. Key related aspects which need to be considered (such as dealing with missing data, non-compliance and multiplicity of analyses) are also covered. How to come to an overall interpretation is addressed and considered using the example trials.