bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Anything We Care about Distinguish the Non-Natural from the Natural?
Authors: van Roojen Mark 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Non-naturalists and nonreductive naturalists both believe that there are normative properties over and above the properties postulated by the non-normative sciences. One bunch thinks that these properties are natural the other doesn’t. What does this disagreement amount to? It could be about a division of properties and kinds, into higher-level kinds. The argument would then be about whether normative/moral properties and kinds share the relevant real similarity distinctive of natural properties. It is hard to see how the present literature, with its focus on grounding as the arena in which this debate is engaged, fits with that understanding of the issue. Nor is it obvious that either view is more or less compatible with a scientific world view, which seems to have been the primary motivator for old-line naturalists. This chapter will explain some of the difficulties with reconciling motivations for each position with reasonable ways of distinguishing the positions.
The Bearing of Moral Rationalism on Moral Realism
Authors: Smith Michael 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The main aim of this chapter is to bring out the connections between a number of debates in metaethics, foremost among them being the debates between realists and antirealists and that between rationalists and antirationalists. Other debates considered along the way include those between cognitivists and noncognitivists, mind-dependence theorists and mind-independence theorists, naturalists and non-naturalists, absolutists and relativists, and theorists who draw the distinction between the moral and the nonmoral in a content-free way and those who draw it in a content-committed way. The view that emerges as most plausible is a combination of moral realism, cognitivism, mind-dependence, naturalism, absolutism, a content-free way of drawing the distinction between the moral and the nonmoral, and, most importantly, moral rationalism.
Defining Moral Realism
Authors: Foster Jennifer , Schroeder Mark 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Wherever philosophers disagree, one of the things at issue is likely to be what they disagree about, itself. In addition to asking whether moral realism is true, and which forms of moral realism are more likely to be true than others, we can also ask what it would mean for some form of moral realism to be true. The usual aspiration of such inquiry is to find definitions that all can agree on, so that we can use terms in a uniform way. But we doubt that this aspiration is always possible, or even desirable. It will be our goal in this chapter to sketch out some of our reasons for such skepticism, and to lay out a picture of what philosophical inquiry can look like in metaethics and beyond, even when it is impossible to reach uniform agreement on the terms of the debate.
Epistemology for Realists
Authors: McGrath Sarah 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
According to the moral realist, moral judgments express beliefs in objective moral facts. Moreover, moral realists tend to hold that, while we can be mistaken about morality, many of our moral beliefs amount to substantial moral knowledge. What kind of story should the realist offer in order to explain how such knowledge is achieved? One might expect that the correct answer to this question depends on whether naturalism or non-naturalism is true. But in this chapter, I argue that, irrespective of whether moral facts are natural, the most plausible epistemological story is an unexceptionalist picture on which any source of nonmoral knowledge is a potential source of moral knowledge.
Ethical Naturalism
Authors: Antony Louise , Garcia Ernesto V. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses fundamental problems and prospects for ethical naturalism. Section 1 explains what is meant by “ethical naturalism” and surveys different versions of the view. Section 2 discusses the central philosophical challenge to ethical naturalism, viz., the “Normativity Objection.” Section 3 offers a battery of responses to it on behalf of the ethical naturalist. Section4 explores a promising and novel approach to ethical naturalism, viz., a moral nativist theory that that combines a Chomskian approach to moral competence with a structuralist metaphysics.
Illicit Networks and Nuclear Material Trafficking
Authors: Murauskaite Egle E. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The chapter discusses the illicit trafficking of nuclear and radiological materials and focuses on examples of independently formed and state-sponsored criminal networks during the period of 1990–2010, which is considered the peak of nuclear proliferation. While highlighting the loose and temporary nature of identifiable networks, the chapter briefly presents three of the better-known cases, involving the Vagner network in Eastern Europe, the global A. Q. Khan network, and the Dadayan network in the Black Sea region. These cases are connected to the prevailing proliferation concerns and evolving counter-measures characteristic to each of the decades. The chapter also addresses some of the common controversies and contradictions concerning research on radioactive trafficking—including definitional differences, the nature of a market, and the potential nexus between criminal and terrorist enterprises. The chapter closes with reflections on future trafficking concerns pertaining to Russia and the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, in its current stage as well as the aftermath.
Frankfurt School Aesthetics
Authors: Hartle Johan Frederik 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Frankfurt School aesthetic theories are strongly inspired by psychoanalysis and react to the political challenges of their time. Against this background, the political dangers of European fascism and its aftermath are decisive for the theoretical efforts of their critical theories. In this respect, the early Studies in Authoritarianism (by Horkheimer, Fromm, & Marcuse) lay the ground for further analyses. In the aesthetic theory of Walter Benjamin, the relation between anti-fascist aesthetics and mental health is explicitly formulated. According to Benjamin, modern (media) art is a therapeutic confrontation with technological overload in terms of fragmentation, acceleration, and spatial compression. In the aesthetic theories of Adorno and Marcuse, aesthetics appears as a critique of (deformed or reduced) ‘rationality’. Their aesthetic models suggest that pathologies of reason are (in part) to be corrected or supplemented by aesthetic theory and practice. Pre-rational moments (the ‘mimetic’, a somatic, impulsive dimension) play a decisive role in this. In the writings of Alexander Kluge and Oskar Negt, representatives of a second generation of Frankfurt School aesthetics, such aesthetic politics culminates in the aesthetic politics of obstinacy and the politics of non-conformism, which liberates the whole range of experience (much in analogy with psychoanalysis). Throughout its history, the main impulse of Frankfurt School aesthetics is the ambition to develop aesthetic models that confront the political situation of their time, or, more specifically, that outline possibilities for alternative models of subjectivity pointing beyond authoritarianism.
Everyday Aesthetics and the Good Life
Authors: Saito Yuriko 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter first situates the emerging field of everyday aesthetics within the trajectory of the Western aesthetics tradition, which became increasingly focused on the fine arts and related issues in the twentieth century. By restoring aesthetics to its original mission, a study of perception and sensibility, everyday aesthetics not only expands the scope of inquiry but also illuminates the importance of cultivating our aesthetic life to promote our well-being. The discussion focuses on five ways in which everyday aesthetics contributes to the good life: appreciation of those aspects of daily lives which normally do not garner aesthetic attention; body engagement in everyday aesthetic life; exercise of active agency in enacting aesthetic experiences both for oneself and others; cultivation of respect and humility through working with the world around; and empowerment for shaping one’s life and the world.
Bibliotherapy or the Healing Power of Reading in the Context of Cultural History
Authors: Engelhardt Dietrich V. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Since antiquity literature has been ascribed a role in medical therapy and psychotherapy. Medicine itself combines art (ars) and science (scientia); living with disease is also an art. The positivistic nineteenth century with its scientific orientation caused a decline; new initiatives can be observed in the present, supporting the contribution of literature and all arts of coping with disease, pain, and death. Six dimensions are central: reading in health and disease; influence of the different diseases; dependence on the specific form of therapy; personality of the patient; provision and communication of the literary text; and occupational image of the bibliotherapist. Literature cannot be ‘prescribed’ like medicaments; decisive is the empathic–communicative interrelationship in the triangle therapist, patient, text. The success of bibliotherapy is measured by the effects on: body-relationship, space-relationship, time-relationship, social-relationship, self-relationship, and world-relationship. Literature as cultural response to birth, disease, and death goes beyond every therapy in the biological sense, opening a medium of immanent transcendence, contributing to medicine as medical humanities—humane and for humans.
Connoisseurs of the Soul, Psycho Villains
Authors: Poltrum Martin 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Film is an inspiring medium for mental health experts. The vast majority of academic contributions to the portrayal of the psychotherapist, psychologist, and psychiatrist in feature films take the perspective that films are a truncated representation of the reality of mental disorders and their treatment, and for that reason, there is nothing to learn from films. This paper contradicts this belief and argues that historically, it was film that contributed significantly to the popularization and thus the spread of psychotherapy and that there is enormous didactic potential in film for nascent psychotherapists. Screen therapists are more than Dr Dippys, Dr Evils, Dr Wonderfuls, and Dr Hornys as typologies of the psychotherapist in feature films suggest and who this paper presents and discusses, as well as the beginnings of the psychotherapist film, Freud’s position on film, and the most important publications on the subject. In this contribution, special attention is paid to erotic infections and psychotherapists falling in love with their patients and, above all, to the romantic topic of healing through love as it appears in film.
EMDR Therapy and OCD
Authors: Marsden Zoe , Böhm Karsten 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the use of EMDR therapy for individuals with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). The chapter reviews the evidence for the use of EMDR, how obsessive–compulsive symptoms and trauma may occur more frequently than assumed, and how this can be understood within the EMDR Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model. The authors suggest an integrative approach of EMDR and some aspects of cognitive behavioral therapy, namely the in-vivo triggering of OCD symptoms, leads to effective treatment of OCD. Different ways to conceptualize and select target memories for EMDR reprocessing are discussed, as well as working with the underlying conflicts in the complexity of treating OCD.
Engendering Socioeconomic Rights
Authors: Fredman Sandra 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that, since gender shapes disadvantage and poverty, socioeconomic rights need to reflect the specificities of gender. Simply extending socioeconomic rights to women does little to address the gendered nature of social institutions and structures. Instead, socioeconomic rights should be “engendered” or infused with substantive gender equality. Engendered socioeconomic rights aim to take account of the power relations in which rights are exercised. This is necessary to enhance the set of feasible options open to women while valuing and supporting their roles within a complex network of interdependence. Section 1 sketches the ways in which gender shapes disadvantage for women. Section 2 develops the principle of infusing socioeconomic rights with substantive gender equality, based on a four-dimensional understanding of substantive equality. Section 3 considers how this principle could be developed, by examining recent jurisprudence in the European Court of Human Rights, South Africa, CEDAW, and ICESCR.
E. E. Constance Jones and the Law of Significant Assertion
Authors: Peijnenburg Jeanne , van der Schaar Maria 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Emily Elizabeth Constance Jones (1848–1922), a Cambridge logician and Mistress of Girton College, is especially known for her law of significant assertion, with which she tries to escape Hermann Lotze’s skepticism about categorical propositions. Her first formulation of it dates from 1890, and several philosophers have pointed out the similarities with Gottlob Frege’s use of Sinn and Bedeutung in 1891 and 1892. This chapter argues that there are also important differences from Frege’s approach, and that Jones’s discovery relies on the traditional distinction between extension and intension. Although Bertrand Russell did not think highly of Jones’s views, he seems to have felt the pressure to discuss them in his paper “Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description” of 1911, where his criticism resembles the way he criticized Frege in “On Denoting” of 1905. The chapter surmises that Russell’s argument against Jones may be questionable, since it is based on an assumption that Frege makes, but that Jones rejects.
Sojourner Truth
Authors: Mandela Gray Biko , Robinson Marcia C. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter highlights the religious and phenomenological foundations of Sojourner Truth’s public life. By nearly all accounts, Truth had a palpable presence. People were deeply moved by what she said and how she said it. As one eyewitness put it, words could not capture her; a “Daguerrian act” was needed. This had much to do with Truth’s experiences of the brutality of slavery and the presence of a God who redeemed and liberated her. As a result, Truth had no problem calling her largely white audiences to account for their antiblack racism and sexism, injustices contributing to the “night-time” state of America. This, however, did not preclude some from curating, even caricaturing her. The “African” had to conform to white perceptions of blackness, even to the point of speaking words she probably never said. But if we listen, we might still hear Truth saying “what time of night it is.”
Memory/Remedy
Authors: Anyaduba Chigbo Arthur , Maiangwa Benjamin 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The chapter provides a provisional critique of transitional justice practices and scholarship advancing memory as a remedy to historical injustices. The chapter contends that certain uses of traumatic memory as a remedy to past injustices often attend the serious questions of injustice in terms suggestive of trauma healing. The emphasis on trauma and on the vocabulary of healing and reconciliation that have gained increasing currency in recent years often distracts attention from the apparent political preconditions of violence which in most cases have remained unresolved in the aftermath of mass violence. The chapter cites the example of the Biafra-Nigeria War (1967–1970) to elaborate our argument that this discourse on traumatic memory is inadequate for addressing troubled pasts. In making this point, the authors agree with the scholarship emphasizing revolutionary political reforms that attend to the political preconditions of violence.
The Welcome Return of Political Economy to International Political Economy Scholarship
Authors: Underhill Geoffrey R. D. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that methodological pluralism and innovation, combined with new data sources and research technologies, have steadily eroded the divisions observed in the “Cohen debate” on the UK versus US schools of (International) Political Economy. A problem-solving approach that nonetheless addresses big questions of global and normative importance has reduced the influence of “gatekeeper” approaches such as critical theory or Open Economy Politics, integrating many of their insights on the way. Understanding the observable variation in state-market-governance relationships remains central to the contemporary field: a focus on the interface between what people do as they go about their material life, and the many collective forms of governance and organization, private or public, formal or informal, local or cross-border, that emerge as a result.
Eye-Tracking and Experimental Syntax
Authors: Kush Dave , Dillon Brian 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In order to use eye-tracking to investigate grammatical representations and the commitments made by formal syntactic theories, researchers must have clear linking hypotheses between reading behavior, parsing operations and grammatical constructs. The ability to articulate linking hypotheses presupposes a basic understanding of reading and eye-tracking measures. To this end, we provide an overview of the psychology of reading and eye-tracking-while-reading method. We review findings that grammatical processing is reflected in the eye-tracking record, offer remarks on practical aspects of constructing eye-tracking experiments, and discuss issues related to aligning grammatical model with parsing models. We offer in-depth case-studies on the processing of A’-dependencies and reflexive anaphors, and discuss how their results reflect on grammatical questions.
Formal Methods in Experimental Syntax
Authors: Hunter Tim 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of some ways to bring evidence from experimental language-processing work to bear on theories of syntax, where the relevant syntactic theories are formulated as explicit, self-contained formal grammars. The focus is on linking hypotheses that take the form of complexity metrics, at differing levels of abstraction. At one level are information-theoretic metrics such as surprisal and entropy reduction, where a grammar’s role is to define a probability distribution over generated expressions; a key point emphasized here is the way a grammar’s generative mechanisms constrain the shapes of these distributions. At a lower, explicitly algorithmic, level of abstraction are metrics based on the memory load incurred by particular parsing algorithms. The concluding section outlines applications of these ideas to modern syntactic theory.
(Quantifier) Scope Judgments
Authors: Szendrői Kriszta Eszter 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter is an overview of the state-of-the art of how adults and children interpret scopal ambiguities in sentences with a universal and an existential quantifier and in sentences with a quantifier and negation, and of the theoretical considerations raised by these findings. It has been observed that both children and adults sometimes have an overt scope preference and that inverse scope interpretations sometimes come with an extra processing cost. Experimental results are often sensitive to the nature of the task involved and also to the presence or absence of a discourse context. Although the available evidence paints a complex picture, it seems that ultimately, both adults and children have access to both overt and inverse scope readings most of the time. It is conjectured that studying the process of sentence verification, as suggested by for instance Conroy (2008), would further our understanding of how children and adults interpret sentences with scopal ambiguities.
Experimental syntax and linguistic fieldwork
Authors: Polinsky Maria 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys conceptual and practical aspects of experimental work in the field involving lesser-known languages. Although experimental syntax and fieldwork in syntax are often considered separate enterprises, they address the same fundamental issues and are similar in a number of ways. Both work with massive amounts of data, rely on hypothesis testing, and constantly refine and update their techniques. While lab-based experimental syntax may seem to have captured the spotlight these days, applying the experimental approach to lesser-known languages in a fieldwork setting is an equally rewarding pursuit. The chapter also discusses the ideal composition of an experimental fieldwork team, where different members (the fieldworker, the experimentalist) bring different skill sets and areas of expertise while sharing common goals. Engagement of native speakers in the research team is an important ingredient of successful experimental work in the field.
Behavioral Acquisition Methods With Preschool-Age Children
Authors: Syrett Kristen 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the main experimental methodologies used by researchers in language acquisition and development to assess preschoolers’ syntactic competence. The review highlights the importance of the choice of methodology given the phenomenon under investigation, as well as the connection between syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, and how this connection also feeds into the choice of methodology and conclusions based on experimental findings. Topics covered include overt and covert movement, wh-questions, quantification, pronominal reference, binding, verb frames and argument structure, adjectives, relative clauses, verb phrase ellipsis, reconstruction, and the passive construction.
An Introduction
Authors: Smyth Adam 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the different ways in which bibliographers and book historians have in the past responded to one astonishingly popular book, Eikon Basilike: The Pourtrature of His Sacred Majestie in His Solitudes and Sufferings, in order to survey the kinds of stories scholars have in the past told about the production, circulation, and consumption of books. The chapter reflects critically on these stories, and considers other possible ways of thinking about books. The chapter concludes by considerirng the ‘politics of citation’, and the way bibliography and book history have in the past rehearsed an unhelpfully narrow and excluding narrative of its origins and development.
Illustrated Books
Authors: Hunter Michael 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys the visual element in books of the period. It looks at major projects for heavily illustrated books, from Foxe’s Book of Martyrs and Holinshed’s Chronicles in the Elizabethan period, through portrait collections like Basiliωlogia (1618) and Herωologia (1620), to the mid–late seventeenth-century enterprises of John Ogilby, Sir William Dugdale, and Richard Blome (whose projects are given long overdue attention). It considers how the reliance on woodcut was replaced by a growing fashion for intaglio illustrations, whether etched or engraved, and the technical implications of this for book production. It also examines the marketing implications of the increasing preference for engravings, including the growing reliance on aristocratic and gentry patrons to pay for individual plates, for which they were rewarded by the display of their coats of arms. The chapter ends with brief reflections on what contemporaries perceived as the ‘added value’ of such highly illustrated volumes.