bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Civil Recovery and Property
Authors: King Colin , Hendry Jennifer 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Focusing on civil recovery’s classification as an action in rem, this chapter explores the property-specific approach of this civil/criminal hybrid procedure. It first explains the historical development of actions in rem, highlighting the extent to which such actions constitute legal fictions. Relying on data drawn from the practitioner interviews, the chapter further queries the property-specific character of civil recovery, engaging with issues of good title and restitution. This chapter concludes by considering civil recovery in the context of liberal theories of property, highlighting the manner in which the in rem classification downplays the punitive dimension of property deprivation under civil recovery.
Trade Unions and the Real Living Wage
Authors: Heery Edmund , Hann Deborah , Nash David 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the variable response of trade unions to the Living Wage campaign. Unions have supported the campaign to a degree, and the chapter presents the case of UNISON North-West, which has affiliated to Citizens UK and which formed a union-community coalition to promote the Living Wage. The focus of this effort has been social care, with the union using the campaign to organize care workers. Elsewhere, unions have been suspicious of the campaign and both have remained aloof and developed their own, alternative living wage standard. The most common union response is labelled ‘appropriation’, in which unions have kept their distance from the campaign but have included the Living Wage in collective bargaining activity. In some cases, this has led to strikes over the Living Wage. The effect of appropriation has been to spread the standard further, generating a ‘shadow’ Living Wage beyond the ranks of accredited employers.
The Impact of the Real Living Wage
Authors: Heery Edmund , Hann Deborah , Nash David 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents evidence of the effects of the Living Wage campaign. First, it examines the redistributive effect of the campaign, presenting evidence on the number and characteristics of workers that have gained from the Living Wage. Second, it looks at the impact of the campaign on employers and presents evidence showing a widespread but modest positive business effect. The chapter concludes by looking at some of the wider effects of the campaign. One element looks at the impact on individuals and shows that the Living Wage has often served to enhance the ‘capability’ of those on low incomes, allowing them to lead less constrained lives. Another element looks at institutional effects and it is shown that the spread of the Living Wage has neither eroded nor reduced the need for other forms of regulation through collective bargaining and employment law. Civil regulation, it is argued, can coexist with and reinforce these other methods.
The Significance of the Real Living Wage
Authors: Heery Edmund , Hann Deborah , Nash David 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The final chapter opens with another vignette, the announcement of new Living Wage rates by Mark Drakeford, First Minister of Wales, at a virtual event in November 2021. This event is used to highlight themes that have emerged over the course of the study. Following the vignette, the chapter presents a summary of key findings, which are related back to the literature on civil regulation introduced in Chapter 1. The chapter then draws core conclusions about the significance of the study for the field of employment relations. It is stated that the case illustrates: (1) the increasing role of new civil society actors in shaping the world of work; (2) the emergence of a ‘neo-paternalism’ in employer strategy; (3) the continued resilience of trade unions; and (4) a shift towards a more active pattern of state intervention in the employment relationship, which breaks with neo-liberal orthodoxy and flows from a broader attempt to promote ‘inclusive growth’.
Can the Constitution of a Fruit Fly Be Written?
Authors: Webber Grégoire 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter is in conversation with John Gardner’s essay ‘Can There Be a Written Constitution?’ It explores Gardner’s strategy of answering his title question by reference to HLA Hart’s secondary rules and suggests that, by doing so, his title question may best be reformulated as ‘Can the constitution of a legal system be written?’. If one instead seeks to inquire into the constitution of a state or government, Hart’s secondary rules may supply only a part of one’s materials for study. The chapter aims to highlight how Gardner makes an all-important contribution to the debate whether there is a case for the UK to move towards a written constitution. He helps us see how that very idea presupposes that there is something that can be written. To assume that everything about the UK constitution can be written is akin to thinking that the constitution of a fruit fly can be written simply because it is a constitution.
Hume’s Law (in Gardner and Otherwise)
Authors: Duarte d’Almeida Luís 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Hume’s Law, and on John Gardner’s views about it. It begins by reconstructing and criticizing Gardner’s understanding of Hume’s Law (as presented in one of his last published essays). Gardner takes a formal approach to the distinction between ‘is’ and ‘ought’ sentences; this approach, the chapter argues, fails. The chapter then considers a different approach, and shows that Gardner’s reasons for resisting it are unpersuasive. Moving away from Gardner’s views, the chapter suggests that under the common ‘Hume’s Law’ banner we can identify two different, independent theses rather than just one: an ‘implication’ thesis and a ‘relevance’ thesis. The chapter concludes by looking briefly at some issues raised by legal statements in connection with such theses.
Looming perception: Seeing in a dynamic world
Authors: Vignemont Frédérique de 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Typically, just a few seconds before being hit, one experiences a relatively primitive sense of impending collision, something like ‘This is going to crash into me!’. This chapter proposes to explain the sense of impending collision in terms of amodal completion. Thanks to it, one can be visually aware of more than what one can actually see and this can be true not only for objects, but also for dynamic events. But what mechanisms are involved in amodal completion? Do they qualify as perceptual or should they rather be conceived as being imaginative? This chapter argues that there is a sense in which one can be said to have a perceptual sense of the future.
Mechanisms underlying auditory-object perception
Authors: DiTullio Ronald W. , Cohen Yale E. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
A fundamental goal of sensory neuroscience is identifying the mechanisms that support perception. In auditory neuroscience, a central challenge is understanding how the brain transforms an incoming mixture of auditory stimuli into distinct perceptual representations, i.e., ‘auditory objects’. Significant effort has been devoted to understanding the mechanisms and computations underlying auditory objects, but we still do not understand: (1) how exactly auditory objects are encoded in the neural activity of the auditory system; or (2) the causal link between neural activity and auditory perception. This chapter reviews studies of human and non-human primates that suggest mechanisms underlying the formation and generation of auditory objects, and emphasize the contributions of the ventral auditory pathway. Due to its broad usage as an experimental lever to study the generation of auditory objects, the chapter also discusses auditory perceptual decision-making. Finally, the chapter puts forth challenges to further our understanding of the relationship between neural activity and perception.
A world of odours
Authors: Batty Clare , Smith Barry C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Contemporary philosophical discussions of olfaction are dominated by two issues: (1) whether olfactory experience is spatial; and (2) whether it represents objects. Although it might seem that these two questions are related, discussion has centred on whether the representation of space is necessary for object representation in olfaction. This chapter introduces an olfactory analogue of P. F. Strawson’s discussion of a world consisting entirely of sounds. It draws on the analogue of Strawson’s discussion and the results of recent olfactory experiments to consider the role that olfactory experience could play in supporting a conception of an objective world consisting entirely of odours. The chapter concludes that, in order to form a conception of persisting, reidentifiable odours, we would need, as Strawson concludes, to draw on the ways other senses relate us to a three-dimensional space in which material objects (i.e., odour sources) are basic.
Crossmodal identification
Authors: O’Callaghan Casey 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In crossmodal identification, a subject token identifies an item perceived in one sensory modality with an item perceived in another sensory modality. Does crossmodal identification always occur in cognition, or does crossmodal identification sometimes take place in perception? This paper argues that crossmodal identification occurs in cognition, and not in perception. Nevertheless, multisensory perception is not unalive to crossmodal identity. Experimental evidence demonstrates that perception is differentially sensitive to the identity of individuals presented to distinct senses. Such sensitivity enhances recognition and improves action. This approach relies on distinguishing crossmodal identification from perceiving crossmodal identity. Perception registers crossmodal identity, but crossmodal identification as such belongs to thought.
Introduction and Book Summary
Authors: Pinillos N. Ángel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the book and introduce its main themes. It begins by discussing the notion of philosophical skeptical doubt and shows how it is in rational tension with many of our ordinary commitments. This tension, the chapter argues, needs to be resolved. The resolution will require giving a cognitive explanation of the phenomenon. Following David Marr, this approach will require discovering the hidden mental rule which is behind our skeptical inclinations. This rule will be a type of sensitivity principle understood as a cognitive heuristic. We will then go further and seek to find the reason why we adhere to that skeptical rule in the first place—we need to find its function or purpose. The introduction ends with a chapter-by-chapter description of the book.
The Need for an Explanation
Authors: Pinillos N. Ángel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter makes explicit the skeptical phenomenon to be explained, why it needs to be explained, and how it should be explained. With respect to the first question, it argues that we need an explanation of skeptical doubts, inclinations of the form “I don’t know p” where these inclinations are responses to certain error possibilities as discussed in the philosophical literature. The chapter argues that these inclinations are widespread typical human responses as opposed to philosophical concoctions. With respect to the second question, it is argued that there’s a need to explain these doubts because they are in rational tension with many of our other commitments. They are of great practical importance. Finally, the chapter proposes that we should account for skeptical doubt by deploying the standard three-pronged model from the cognitive sciences.
Solving the Skeptical Paradox
Authors: Pinillos N. Ángel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that once we see the mechanics of how many global skeptical beliefs are formed, these beliefs lose any doxastic justification they might have enjoyed. Ultimately, this means that the skeptic’s argument loses its force and we are left with no good reason to accept its conclusion. In particular, we are no longer justified in thinking we don’t know we are not BIVs. Thus, we can leverage our cognitive explanation of our skeptical leanings into a full-blown epistemic claim about the justificatory status of skeptical premises. The argument presented is delicate. The basic idea is that since (i) application of Principal Base Sensitivity is what causes our global skeptical inclinations, (ii) Principal Base Sensitivity is supposed to approximate Norm, but (iii) Norm does not predict skeptical judgments, then belief in (i–iii) defeats doxastic justification for our skeptical beliefs (if they are produced in the way I have indicated).
Mind the assumptions
Authors: Borgonovo Emanuele 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers how to treat spoken and unspoken assumptions and how to use uncertainty quantification and global sensitivity analysis to make them transparent. As part of this, the broad role of assumptions (or hypotheses) in scientific modelling are analysed, and investigations are made into how they affect alternative elements of a model. We address models of data (machine learning) and models of phenomena (simulators). We then discuss the impact of varying assumptions on the output of a mathematical model, highlighting the role of uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analysis. We single out four main sensitivity analysis goals emerging from the literature.
Mind the unknowns
Authors: Stirling Andy 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter surveys many ways in which routine practice of policy modelling is pressured—and often aims—to hide its unavoidably political dimensions. This can have a seriously regressive effect on encompassing politics, reinforcing powerful incumbents and further marginalizing less privileged interests and their favoured policy alternatives. Driven by routinely obscured forces of political justification, much modelling conceals many forms of inconvenient uncertainty, ambiguity, and ignorance. Albeit often inadvertently, this globalizing trend towards technocratic authoritarianism erodes space for reasoned deliberation by dogmatically invoking science—provoking a ‘post-truth’ backlash that further undermines democracy. By instead opening up more plural and conditional practices, policy modelling can help defuse these regressive dynamics. A wide range of methods are identified, to help prefigure, catalyse, and enact greater humility, transparency, and reflexivity about unavoidable politics and irreducible incertitudes—thus enabling policy-making to become both more scientifically rigorous and more democratically legitimate.
Models as metaphors
Authors: Ravetz Jerry R. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the problematic character of Integrated Assessment (IA) computer models of global change. Reflecting on ‘models as metaphors’, the chapter applies the concept of extended peer community, originating from the school of post-normal science, to a process of model-based deliberation. In this process, the environmental models can be seen as the carriers of metaphors of how nature and its afflictions are being framed and understood, and can thus illuminate the different purposes and worldviews of the involved stakeholders. This process brings to the surface dimensions of uncertainty and ignorance. Here, instead of a constraint on the analysis, uncertainty provides the space for negotiation to take place.
Introduction
Authors: Zimmermann Lisbeth , Deitelhoff Nicole , Lesch Max , Arcudi Antonio , Peez Anton 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
How does contestation affect the robustness of international norms? When and why are they weakened? We begin by illustrating the relevance of these questions to the much-heralded “crisis” of the liberal international order. Existing scholarship on international norms in international relations does not satisfactorily explain the link between contestation and norm robustness. We present a typology, differentiate validity from applicatory contestation, and explain how the two relate to norm robustness. We also show that the legal character and the power of norm challengers are less significant than assumed. The contestation trends observed in contemporary cases—the torture prohibition, the responsibility to protect, the commercial whaling moratorium, and the duty to prosecute—are explained by the embeddedness of norms in norm clusters and by perceptions of the procedural fairness of international institutions. In contrast, in the historical case studies on privateering and the transatlantic slave trade, direct power was also decisive.
Bad pirates, good privateers?
Authors: Zimmermann Lisbeth , Deitelhoff Nicole , Lesch Max , Arcudi Antonio , Peez Anton 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Today, privateering—the practice of states commissioning private ships to seize foreign vessels—is often equated with piracy. But from the Middle Ages until the nineteenth century, under different names and with different objectives, privateering was seen as legitimate and was widely practiced. Rules for privateering, as well as the line between it and piracy, were highly contested. But the practice itself was barely questioned. Only in the first half of the nineteenth century was the validity of privateering seriously contested—and in 1856, it was replaced by a formal ban. This chapter explores why the permissive norm of privateering long remained robust and then eroded completely in the nineteenth century. We show that European states’ shift to more validity contestation was brought about by more general normative shifts: from mercantilism to capitalism and liberalism. The United Kingdom, the main country that challenged the norm, ensured its replacement internationally.
Florence and the Florentine Countryside
Authors: Tabarrini Lorenzo 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores the changeover in the forms of land management that took place in the Florentine countryside between the eleventh and the thirteenth centuries. It starts off by describing the geography and the historical ecology of the Fiorentino; subsequently, it provides an overview of the economic transformations that occurred between the twelfth and the thirteenth centuries, by focusing in particular on the surge of land prices from c. 1180 on. It then presents the case studies on which the analysis of estate management is based: namely, the Badia a Settimo, the monastery of S. Michele di Passignano, the other abbeys of the Chianti region and the few notarial deeds by Palmerio da Uglione. The chapter argues that in the final decades of the twelfth century labour-services started to be abolished, and that sharecropping contracts including some of the features of later mezzadria agreements began to appear.
English Renaissance Manuscript Culture
Authors: May Steven W. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractEnglish Renaissance Manuscript Culture reveals how paper transformed the production and circulation of documents in England beginning in the fourteenth century. Medieval writing was restricted by the lack of any extensive writing surface other than parchment. Manuscript production was thus an expensive process carried out by professional scribes. Paper spawned an amateur scribal tradition that evolved in tandem with the ongoing professional medieval tradition. Paper allowed increasingly ordinary people to compose, copy, and collect texts of all kinds. Amateur scribes developed scribal communities that transmitted texts from hand to hand. Over time, these communities coalesced into an informal national network that circulated manuscript works quickly and efficiently throughout the kingdom. Our understanding of the resultant scribal culture has been somewhat obscured, however, by a belief that most of these works, especially creative writing, were circulated in exclusive coteries. A further consideration of document loss rates also brings into focus the actual nature of what has survived while allowing us to more accurately assess what we have lost. The hybrid scribal culture of the English Renaissance, composed of both professional and amateur practitioners, is in itself a cultural phenomenon about which there is much more to learn.
The Network in Action
Authors: May Steven W. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractChapter 6 summarizes the pervasive role of poetry (that is, anything that rhymed) in Renaissance society. Poetry so defined showed up in contexts where it is seldom if ever found today, including on the walls of private homes, on tableware and utensils, on the borders of paintings (including personal portraits), and embedded in legal, scientific, theological, and diverse other practical printed books. Lyric verse in particular was recited and sung in public and passed readily from hand to hand in manuscript. Case studies of textual transmission show how the network operated but also how difficult it is to establish a detailed understanding of how related texts found their way into different manuscript collections. Textual criticism, biographical research, handwriting analysis, and bibliographic analysis all come into play in our efforts to determine how texts were disseminated, where, when, and by whom.
Conclusion
Authors: May Steven W. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe Conclusion stresses how the introduction of paper in England beginning in the fourteenth century opened up literacy to the middle and lower classes previously excluded from it by their lack of access to an affordable writing surface. Relatively cheap, plentiful paper thereby unleased a heretofore stifled intellectual potential now that complex ideas and understanding could be developed in writing, then passed along to others and preserved for the future. Paper also nurtured a free and open circulation network that disseminated texts of all kinds rapidly to every part of the kingdom. The remains of this culture, however, are for the most part documents generated and preserved by the upper classes. It includes formal records of the ongoing professional scribal tradition, the only permanent one during the “age of parchment,” and upper-class writing from the paper-based amateur tradition that began in the fourteenth century. Nearly everything written by middle- and lower-class authors has vanished. This is the culture we must reconstruct in order to understand Renaissance scribal culture in its totality.
BOOM Live
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
BOOM Live or BOOM is an independent digital media platform with an initiative of providing authentic facts instead of opinions. The author takes the readers through the journey of a unique enterprise where the aim of the organization is not to build content but providing facts and hence promoting data journalism. They have a team of skilled data analysts and their accreditation from International Fact-Checking Network have helped them in securing business ties with Facebook and Google. The first sub-section on their website is ‘Fake news’, which proves their emphasis on debunking fake news. FactChecker.in and Boomlive.in together debunk two to three fake stories in a day. The author also explores various aspects of the organization which suggests that it will grow in the coming future due to the vulnerability of people to fake news.