bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epithelial expression of epithelia-cadherin in different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Kar Debkamal , Banerjee Sohini 
Published: April 2023

Background:
The incidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been increasing day by day in the Southeast Asian countries. There is variation in the incidence rates in various parts of the world, with the highest recorded in Southeast Asian countries such as Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. The survival rate for OSCC has remained generally unchanged in the past three decades, underlining the need for more biomarkers to be developed to aid prognostication and effective treatment planning and management. The prognostic potential of epithelia-cadherin (E-cadherin) expression in OSCCs has been variable in previous studies has been correlated with improved prognosis in other cancers. The aim of the present study was to investigate and analyze the expression of E-cadherin in different histopathological grades OSCC, to understand its potential as prognostic biomarker of most common oral cancer.

Materials and Methods:
E-cadherin expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in 35 cases of OSCC of the buccal mucosa and 5 of normal buccal mucosa.

Results:
In our study, E-cadherin expression appeared in widely differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (130.75 ± 30.64) moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (123.66 ± 13.17), and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (88.52 ± 30.11).

Conclusions:
E-cadherin expression is reduced with higher grades of OSCC. However, the present results suggest that E-cadherin expression may be useful as prognostic markers for OSCC.
Coculture method for in vitro cultivation of uncultured oral bacteria
Authors: Kusugal Preethi , Bhat Kishore G , Ingalagi Preeti , Patil Sanjivani , Pattar Geeta 
Published: April 2023

Purpose:
The purpose of the study is to culture uncultured oral bacteria with helper strains using the coculture method from the subgingival plaque samples of chronic periodontitis patients.

Materials and Methods:
The samples were processed and inoculated on a blood agar medium enriched with hemin and Vitamin K. A helper strain Propionibacterium acnes (ATCC 6919) was cross-streaked across the inoculums to facilitate coculture. The plates were then incubated for 7 days with subsequent subculturing and further incubation.

Results:
Satellite colonies around helper strain showed one colony type of Porphyromonas gingivalis, one was of nonpigmented Prevotella, three were of Fusobacterium nucleatum and five isolates remained unidentified.

Conclusions:
Coculture could be used effectively as one of the methods in the isolation and in vitro cultivation of oral bacteria. Incubation using the anaerobic jar technique was found to be economical and efficient for the growth of anaerobic oral bacteria.
What preventive strategies do dentists prescribe for dental caries prevention? – A KAP survey
Authors: Bramhecha Astha , Datta Jogikalmatkrithika , Balasubramaniam Arthi 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Dentists play an important role in caries prevention by delivering preventive care, educating patients, and buying related products; it is critical to recognize what they know and believe about caries prevention, as well as how they use caries prevention interventions.

Materials and Methods:
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in South India between January 2021 and February 2021 to determine the dentists' knowledge, attitude, and practice of prescribing preventive strategies and remineralizing agents for caries prevention. A questionnaire including 11 self-administered, prestructured questions was made and distributed through electronic media. Chi-square test was done. The test significance value was taken as 0.05.

Results:
A total of 252 dental practitioners participated in the study. The majority of general dentists and specialists followed all the measures such as pit and fissure sealants, fluoride application, counseling patients about oral hygiene maintenance, and regular recall after 6 months to 1 year (P > 0.05). Fluoridated remineralization strategy was found to be the most prescribed (69%) strategy for caries prevention. A significant number of dentists think fluoridated mineralization strategies will remain prevalent (P < 0.05). Younger dentists find practicing preventive dentistry more feasible compared to dentists with greater years of experience (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Dentists across the country are well aware, have sufficient knowledge, and prescribe preventive strategies such as fluoride application, pit and fissure sealants, regular oral health checkups, and counsel the patients about the importance of oral health but there is a lack of implementation of these preventive strategies in everyday practice.
Microscopic appearances of commonly implanted food particles
Authors: Krishnan Reshma Poothakulath , Ramani Pratibha , Gheena S. , Ramasubramanian Abilasha , Karunagaran Monika , Hannah R. 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Pathologists come across various structures in the microscopic sections that are unrelated to the tissues. Artifacts can occur in the tissue from the time the area is prepared for biopsy, during fixation, grossing, processing, sectioning and staining of the specimen. Food substances may get entrapped into the oral tissues and can lead to misdiagnosis. The aim of this study was to observe the microscopic appearances of commonly implanted food particles.

Methods:
Fourteen food samples were procured from a local market in Chennai, India. This included guava, chilli, chickpeas, channa dal (split chickpeas), cucumber, brinjal, carrot, capsicum, cabbage and urad dal and brown chickpea. The food samples were fixed in 10% formalin for 24 h and were subsequently processed. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed, and the sections were observed under the microscope.

Results:
Each specimen revealed unique, distinct histology of each food type. Channa dal microscopically in hematoxylin- and eosin-stained sections revealed round-to-oval structures with central pale eosinophilic lobulation. Capsicum showed round-to-polygonal structures of different shapes and sizes with clear central areas. Urad dal microscopically showed cluster of 5–6 eosinophilic structures separated by regular partitions.

Conclusion:
It is important to study the microscopic appearances of commonly implanted food particles to prevent any diagnostic dilemmas. Further studies are required involving various other food particles and their microscopic appearances.
Sinonasal mass lesions
Authors: Mandal Ankita P. , Saha Rama , Das Chhanda , Sengupta Arunabha 
Published: April 2023

Introduction:
The worldwide annual incidence of carcinomas of the sinonasal tract is 0.5 to 1.0 patients per 100,000 per year. P63 plays a role in epithelial development and is used as a marker for basal and myoepithelial cells. Expression of p16 occurs as a result of functional inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) by the human papilloma virus (HPV) E7 protein.

Aims:
This study aims to study the histological spectrum of benign and malignant sinonasal mass lesions and to study the immunohistochemical expression of p63 in different type of sinonasal mass lesions. It also aims to ascertain the incidence of high-risk HPV in primary sinonasal mass lesions with p16 immunohistochemistry and delineate the histological spectrum of HPV-related sinonasal lesions.

Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 80 cases from June 2018 to June 2020 at a tertiary care hospital. Clinical history including demographic parameters were collected in the study proforma. The gross findings of the specimens noted and histopathological examination by H&E staining done. Immunohistochemistry staining for p63 and p16 expression was performed on all cases.

Results:
Most common age group affected was 41–60 years with male:female ratio of 1.67:1. Nonneoplastic lesions (38.7%) comprised majority of the cases followed by benign neoplastic lesions (31.3%) and malignant neoplastic lesions (30%). Among the malignant neoplastic lesions, p63 showed positive expression in 75% (p = 0.005) and p16 showed positive expression in 41.7% (p = 0.023). Among benign and nonneoplastic lesions, p63 showed positivity in 21.4% (p = 0.000) and p16 showed positivity in 44.6% (p = 0.040).

Conclusion:
We analyzed p63 and p16 expression in varied lineages like carcinomas, papillomas, and neuroectodermal differentiation arising from the sinonasal tract and also in relation to other clinicopathological parameters. This study revealed p63 expression was associated more with the squamous cell carcinomas and nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Sinonasal tract malignancies are also associated with HPV infections that are identifiable by p16 immunostaining and, thus, could provide new prospects in identifying any definite biological and clinical characteristics associated with HPV as well as advancement in the targeted therapies for this patient population.
Estimation of salivary and serum CYFRA 21-1 levels in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Adusumilli Praveena , Babburi Suresh , Venigalla Aparna , Benarji Kotti Ajay , Sai Surapaneni Keerthi , Soujanya Pinisetti 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Cytokeratins are the largest sub-group of intermediate filaments and represent the most abundant proteins in epithelial cells. CYFRA 21-1 (human cytokeratin fragment antigen 21-1) is a soluble fragment of cytokeratin 19 known to increase in various malignancies.

Aim:
The present study is aimed to estimate salivary and serum levels of CYFRA 21-1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients and to compare them with healthy controls.

Settings and Design:
A prospective, case-control study.

Material and Methods:
This study included a total of 80 subjects, comprising 40 OSCC patients and 40 healthy controls. Saliva and blood samples were collected from the study population, and serum and salivary CYFRA 21-1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Statistical Analysis Used:
The statistical tests applied were independent t-test, ANOVA test for comparison, and Post hoc test for correlation. A P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
A statistically significant increase in salivary and serum CYFRA 21-1 levels was observed between OSCC and control groups and with an increase in the pathological tumour node metastasis stage and histopathological grade of OSCC. On correlating salivary and serum CYFRA 21-1 values, there were 3-fold higher salivary levels than serum.

Conclusion:
CYFRA 21-1 can be suggested as a tumour marker that can be used for the early diagnosis of the OSCC. Further prospective studies with a larger sample size and advanced techniques recommended before CYFRA 21-1 can be recommended for routine clinical use.
Detection and comparison of prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis through culture and Real Time-polymerase chain reaction in subgingival plaque samples of chronic periodontitis and healthy individuals
Authors: Ingalagi Preeti , Bhat Kishore G , Kulkarni R. D. , Kotrashetti Vijayalakshmi S. , Kumbar Vijay , Kugaji Manohar 
Published: April 2023

Introduction:
The micro-flora of oral cavity is a myriad of micro-organism. Any infection of oral cavity leads to diseased condition which is a transitional transformation of the micro-organism in a specific paradigm depending upon the diseased condition. Periodontitis is one of the predominant chronic diseases which is a multifactorial infection. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a key etiological agent in causing periodontitis. To study the predominance of these bacteria in the diseased condition is important to detect, quantify and to find its efficacy by comparing different methods for identification.

Aim and Objectives:
The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of P. gingivalis by anerobic culture and by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from subgingival plaque samples of chronic periodontitis and healthy individual and to compare efficacy of two methods.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 400 subjects were considered, and subgingival plaque was collected using paper points. Individual were equally divided into two groups: chronic periodontitis (200) and healthy individuals (200). Each plaque sample collected was divided into two aliquots of which the first aliquot was subjected for anerobic culture to isolate P. gingivalis. Phenotypical identification was done morphologically and biochemically further quantification of P. gingivalis was done by colony-forming unit. The second aliquot was subjected for DNA extraction and real-time PCR was conducted to detect and quantify P. gingivalis using specific primer.

Results:
Out of 400 samples, 73% showed detection of P. gingivalis by culture method and through reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), the detection was 75%. Individual detection of P. gingivalis by culture in chronic periodontitis was 89.5% and 54.4% in healthy individuals, while detection by RT-PCR was found to be 91.5% in chronic periodontitis and 58% in healthy individuals. However, comparison between two techniques in detection of P. gingivalis was statistically insignificant.

Conclusion:
When we compared RT-PCR with culture RT-PCR showed higher positivity. RT-PCR is more sensitive and requires less time to detect. However, in the present study, culture also showed good positivity, suggesting proper dilution and with extended incubation, the specificity of culture can be improved to a great extent.
Immunohistochemical expression of putative cancer stem cell markers aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, SOX2, CD44 and OCT4 in different grades of oral epithelial dysplasia
Authors: Thankappan Prasanth , Augustine Percy Ida , Shaga I Bevin , Nirmal R Madhavan , Joseph T Isaac , Girish KL 
Published: April 2023

Objectives:The hypothesized existence of cancer stem cells (CSC) and its markers aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), CD44, SOX2 and OCT4 in oral dysplastic tissues provides the potential for a more reliable assessment of malignant transformation of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED). Thus, the present study is intended to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of four different CSC markers ALDH1, CD44, SOX2 and OCT4 in different grades of OED and to investigate the co-expression of these putative stem cell markers in OED.Subjects and Methods:A total of 35 samples of varying grades of OED which included 7 mild, 11 moderate and 17 severe dysplasia samples and 10 samples of normal oral mucosa without dysplasia were used. Four sections each from all 45 samples were stained with ALDH1, CD44, SOX2 and OCT4, respectively, by immunohistochemistry. The acquired data were analyzed and evaluated using the Chi-square test and unpairedt-test and theP< 0.05 was taken significant.Results:ALDH1 and SOX2 expression percentages showed statistically significant differences among study groups (P< 0.05). Statistical comparison of percentage expression of CD44 and OCT4 between OED and normal was nonsignificant (P> 0.05). Co-expression of all four markers was found in 15 cases of OED with none of the normal cases showing co-expression.Conclusion:The expression of CSC markers in OED and normal mucosa differs significantly with co-expression of all four markers located only in dysplastic tissues. Until now, no single protein marker has been able to unequivocally identify the CSCs. Thus, a panel of putative CSC markers will help in identifying the patients with high risk for malignant transformation in OED.
Immunohistochemical expression of paxillin in potentially malignant disorders and squamous cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Alam Shakir , Astekar Madhusudan S , Sapra Gaurav , Agarwal Ashutosh , Agarwal Aditi Murari , Vishnu Rao Sowmya Gujjar 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Cell adhesion molecules are essential to maintain the integrity of stratified squamous epithelium but their expression has to be dynamic to aid the mobility and turnover of cells. Paxillin is one such multi-domain protein which integrates numerous signals from cell surface receptors, integrins and growth factors. It thus functions as a regulator of various physiological and pathological processes including tissue remodeling, cell motility, gene expression, matrix organization, cell proliferation, metastasis and survival. Hence, the assessment of paxillin expression in normal control, potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma patients was carried out.

Material and Methods:
The present retrospective study comprised of 20 each clinically and histologically confirmed case of normal control, potentially malignant disorders, and oral squamous cell carcinomas. All the slides were stained immunohistochemically using Paxillin antibody.

Results:
The localization, staining intensity and percentage of positivity for paxillin expression was statistically significant among normal control and potentially malignant disorders, whereas oral squamous cell carcinoma showed a non-significant difference. Upon comparison of histopathological grading of potentially malignant disorders, mild versus severe and moderate versus severe epithelial dysplasia showed a statistical significant difference among all the parameters of paxillin expression. However, WDSCC & MDSCC a statistically significant difference among localization and staining intensity of paxillin.

Conclusion:
Paxillin may play an important role in pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma by altering the adhesive properties of the tumor cells interacting with the extracellular matrix which in turn affects their invasive behavior and histologic differentiation.
Comparative evaluation of prevalence and phenotypic variations of Candida species in patients of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions with healthy individuals - A prospective microbiological study
Authors: Sarkate Priyadarshani R , Pathak Jigna Rakesh , Patel Shilpa , Swain Niharika , Sahu Nikita K 
Published: April 2023

Context:

Candida isolates might exaggerate the development and advancement of oral lichen planus (OLP) alone or together with other factors. There is a differing pathogenic potential of various Candida species. Since Candida species isolated from OLP and oral lichenoid lesions (OLL) have shown to be resistant to commonly used antifungal agents, identification of Candida species may play a pivotal role in its successful clinical management.

Aim:
The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the prevalence and phenotypic variations of Candida species in patients of OLP and OLL with healthy controls.

Subjects and Methods:
This prospective microbiological study was conducted in the institution using indirect microscopic examination. The sample comprised of 40 clinicohistopathologically diagnosed cases of the study group (OLP and OLL) and 40 cases of control group (healthy individuals).

Statistical Analysis Used:
The data collected was statistically analyzed using the Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test with the SPSS 20.00 software.

Results:
The prevalence of Candida albicans was higher in the control group (28.10%) as compared to the study group (24.60%) and this difference was statistically significant. An increased frequency of non C. albicans species was seen in the study group, in decreasing order of Candida glabrata (40.70%), Candida tropicalis (22.20%), Candida krusei (22.20%) and Candida guilliermondii (3.70%), as compared to the control group.

Conclusion:
Non C. albicans species were the predominant pathogens associated with the study (OLP + OLL) group. It is important to identify the infecting strains of Candida because isolates of Candida species differ widely, both in their ability to cause infection and also in their susceptibility of resistance to antifungal agents. Thus, phenotypic speciation of Candida is emerging as a necessary trend to highlight the need of administering appropriate antifungal therapy.
Comparative evaluation of fluconazole and clotrimazole in treatment of oral candidiasis
Authors: Madane Pragati C , Choudary A Sailaja , Deepak T A , Abhinethra M S , Upasana L , Balaji Ruthvik 
Published: April 2023

Context:
Oral candidiasis is the most common opportunistic infection affecting the oral mucosa. Most commonly, the lesions are caused by Candida albicans and other organisms isolated are Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis and Candida dubliniensis. As an opportunistic infection, it is seen affecting the young, old and debilitating people. This infection is seen to be enervative, exhausting and crippling; a few routinely employed antifungal agents are used in our study.

Aims:
We aimed to compare the clinical and mycological effectiveness of topical fluconazole and clotrimazole in the treatment of oral candidiasis.

Settings and Design:
A total of 40 subjects were taken and randomly divided into two groups of 20 each. Group 1 included patients treated with topical clotrimazole and Group 2 included patients treated with topical fluconazole.

Subjects and Methods:
Patients were graded according to severity, and swab was taken for species identification and colony count. Patients were treated with clotrimazole and fluconazole according to their group they were also assessed post treatment for clinical signs and colony count changes.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Data were analyzed using the statistical package SPSS 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and the level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Descriptive statistics was performed to assess the mean and standard deviation of the respective groups.

Results:
The clinical resolution rate of 80% and 100% was noted in the clotrimazole and fluconazole groups, respectively. The mycological cure rate of 82.52% and 86.38% was noted in the clotrimazole and fluconazole groups, respectively. Statistically significant results were obtained in clinical resolution rates and no significant results were obtained when mycological cure rates were compared.

Conclusions:
We conclude that the clinical cure rate of fluconazole is slightly better than clotrimazole while mycological cure rate was approximately similar.
Evaluation of effects of essential oil vapors on the bacterial count in bioaerosols
Authors: Shetty Vishwaprakash , Varalakshmi K Sri , Prakash A Jacob , Lakshmi M Vijaya , Harsha M 
Published: April 2023

Background:
The aerosols generated during dental treatments contain bacteria and other microorganisms that penetrate the body through the respiratory system of dental surgeons and cause infectious diseases. Several studies have been done to reduce these hazards. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of the plant extract essential oil (EO) vapors of Neem, Clove, Cinnamon bark, Thyme, Lemon Grass, and Eucalyptus on the bacterial count in bioaerosols near dental units.

Materials and Methods:
Sampling was taken on nutrient blood agar plates by placing them open near dental units using passive air sampling method, before commencement of treatment for 1 h, during treatments for 2 h, and after introducing EO vapors for 2 h. The collected samples were taken for incubation at 37°C for 48 h. The colonies formed were counted in colony-forming units per cubic meter and taken for statistical analysis.

Results:
After comparing the obtained results, it was found that there was a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the bacterial count for about 43% near the dental units after the introduction of the EO vapours.

Conclusion:
It is concluded that natural extracts like EOs can reduce bacterial contamination near dental units in the vapourized state, thereby reducing the health hazards in Dental Health Professionals.