bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Simple Efficient Procedure for the Preparation of Fragments Corresponding to the Variable-Half and Constant-Half Portions of Bence Jones Protein
Authors: Seon B.-K. , Roholt O. A. , Pressman D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A simple efficient procedure was developed for the preparation of two fragments corresponding closely to the variable-half (VL) and the constant-half (CL) portions of Bence Jones protein. The fragments resulted from controlled peptic digestion of a type K Bence Jones protein. The close correspondence of the VL and CL fragments to the variable half and the constant half of the Bence Jones protein, respectively, was shown by immunoelectrophoretic analyses and a study of the amino acid compositions of the isolated fragments and indicates that pepsin cleaves Bence Jones protein close to the switch point between the variable half and the constant half. Our results thus support the domain hypothesis. The procedure is based upon our finding that peptic digestion of Bence Jones proteins at 37°C yields only the VL fragment and some remaining intact Bence Jones protein whereas at 55°C, only the CL fragment results. Intact type K Bence Jones protein (no prior reduction-alkylation) was digested with pepsin at 37°C for the preparation of the VL fragment, and at 55°C for the CL fragment. The fragments were isolated from the respective digests by using in each case a single gel filtration. The yields were markedly high, being 70% for the VL fragment and more than 60% for the CL fragment.
Cytotoxic Activity of Lymphocytes
Authors: Walker Sharyn M. , Lucas Zoltan J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Characteristics of the cytotoxicity caused by supernatants of lymphocytes activated in culture are presented. The cytotoxic factor (lymphotoxin, LT) from human spleen cells incubated with phytohemagglutinin in serum-free medium was partially purified by gel electrophoresis. The cells left on the monolayer after incubation with LT demonstrated no detectable abnormalities. Increased permeability of the cell membrane to 86Rb did not occur. Incorporation of 3H-leucine or 3H-thymidine was unimpaired when related to the number of viable residual cells. Cells died and fell off the monolayer even as 3H-thymidine incorporation per cell was unchanged. Kinetic analysis indicates that cell death increases exponentially with time and is second order for the concentration of LT. Cell death is caused by a mechanism other than a general inhibition of protein or DNA synthesis.
The Rise and Fall of Antibody Avidity at the Level of Single Immunocytes
Authors: Doria G. , Schiaffini G. , Garavini M. , Mancini C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody avidity for trinitrophenyl (TNP) was investigated at the level of single immunocytes in spleen cell populations from mice immunized by intravenous injection of TNP horse red blood cells. Early variations of avidity were observed before any significant increase in anti-TNP plaque forming cells (PFC) number was noticed. Subsequently, avidity increased with time, reached a maximum when the number of PFC attained the peak value, and then decreased as PFC were disappearing from the spleen. A 104-fold variation in antigen dose did not affect this pattern. Avidity and PFC number decreased with lower antigen doses.
Characteristics of Complement Fixation by Aggregated IgE
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , Soto Carmen S. , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Aggregated IgE fixed late components of complement (C), i.e., C3–C9, through an alternate pathway, bypassing C1, 4, and 2 whereas monomeric IgE did not. The aggregate, however, did not fix purified C3, suggesting that C3 activator system is involved in the reaction. On a weight basis, aggregated Fc had higher C-fixing activity than aggregated IgE, and aggregated F(ab′)2 was less active. The results indicated that structures essential for C fixation are present in the Fc portion of IgE molecules. A mild reduction and alkylation of IgE, which degraded structures involved in passive sensitization of monkey skin, did not affect the C-fixing properties of the protein.
The Fractionation of Immunoglobulins with Insolubilized Concanavalin A
Authors: Weinstein Yacob , Givol David , Strausbauch Paul H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A method is described for the facile separation of IgG and IgM based on their differences in carbohydrate content. When a preparation of specific anti-hapten antibody is applied to a column of Sepharose-insolubilized concanavalin A, an unbound fraction containing IgG is washed through the column uncontaminated by other classes of immunoglobulins. The column-bound protein is then eluted with 0.2 M α-methylmannoside. This material contains all the IgM plus about 5% of the original IgG. This concanavalin A-bound IgG appears to be absorbed specifically to the column since reapplication of this material results in the majority of it being rebound, due perhaps to some structural variation in the carbohydrate moieties it contains.
On Anaphylaxis with Heated Serum
Authors: Furth J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It is usually assumed that the phenomenon of anaphylaxis depends on the presence of soluble protein and that such proteins as horse serum, when made insoluble by heat, are deprived of their anaphylactic toxicity. Nevertheless, there is little doubt that protein heated to the boiling point acts as antigen in precipitation as well as in complement fixation reactions and produces local inflammation in animals sensitized with it (1). These observations which indicate that anaphylaxis and precipitation are independent phenomena (Pick and Yamanouchi (2)) suggested a study of anaphylaxis produced by heated serum. The heated antigen has been used for sensitization, since in earlier studies due attention has not been paid to the possibility that heated serum may effectively sensitize an animal to heated antigen.
The investigations of Besredka (3), Rosenau and Anderson (4), Doerr and Russ (5), Kraus and Volk (6), Arthus (7), Uhlenhuth and Haendel (8) have shown that the sensitizing property of serum resists heat while its toxicity, it appears, is readily destroyed when it is heated to about 90°C.
On the Rôle of the Reticulo Endothelial System in the Tuberculin Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Freund J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Splenectomy and injections of iron and trypan blue hinder the development of the hypersensitiveness in tuberculous guinea pigs.
Splenectomy in itself has no effect upon the development of hypersensitiveness.
Injections of iron sugar and trypan blue in the amounts used do not lessen the already developed skin sensitiveness.
These observations and a general consideration indicate that the reticulo-endothelial system has a function in the mechanism of the development of the tuberculin hypersensitiveness, which creates an analogy between the development of the tuberculin hypersensitiveness and the production of antibodies.
Heterophil Antigen-Antibody Reactions in Relation to the Serum Diagnosis of Syphilis by Precipitation
Authors: Hooker Sanford Burton 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
While studying the reactivity of the serum of a rabbit which had been injected with hen erythrocytes, and which had responded with an abundant production of heterophil (antisheep) hemolysin (Kritchewsky, Hyde), its precipitating effect on several Wassermann and Kahn “antigens” was tested. The serum flocculated powerfully with the lipoids extracted from horse heart according to Kolmer's method, and those contained in a plain alcoholic extract of guinea pig heart but it had no such effect when mixed with Kolmer's beef heart antigen nor with beef, human, and swine heart extracts prepared by Kahn's technic. An immune guinea pig antihen-cell serum lacked this specific precipitating property—its lysin being isophil.
Observation of the specific reactions of this hemolytic serum with heterophil “lipoids” (horse and guinea pig) led to the thought that when such extracts are employed in diagnostic precipitation (or fixation) tests there would often be present conditions which might result in falsely positive reactions.
Synergism between Thymocytes and Lymph Node Cells in the Graft-Versus-Host Response. Effect of Cortisone Treatment of the Thymus Cell Donor
Authors: Blomgren Henric 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Combinations of thymic cells from 1-month-old and lymph node cells from 6-month-old C57BL mice were tested for their capacity to give a synergistic effect in the graft-versus-host reaction (G-v-H) when injected into young A/Sn × C57BL F1-hybrids. No clear synergism was observed between normal thymic cells and lymph node cells.
Two days after cortisone treatment of the thymus cell donors the cell number in the thymus had dropped to 5% of its original value and the relative G-v-H reactivity exhibited a 15-fold increase. There was no evidence, however, of an enrichment of cells capable of amplifying the G-v-H reaction. On day 12 after steroid treatment the G-v-H reactivity of the organ had decreased, but there was a marked tendency of the cell population to act synergistically with lymph node cells. After another 8 days the thymus cell population had regained its G-v-H reactivity and diminished its “amplifying” capacity. The transformation of amplifying cells into G-v-H reactive cells is a possible explanation of this phenomenon.
Rabbit Immunoglobulin Light Chains: Correlation of Variable Region Sequences with Allotypic Markers
Authors: Waterfield M. D. , Morris J. E. , Hood L. E. , Todd C. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Evidence that the group b allotype markers correlate with certain mixtures of variable region sequences in rabbit immunoglobulin light chains is presented. The amino terminal sequences of κ chains from heterogeneous rabbit immunoglobulin of differing allotypes were examined by using an automatic protein sequenator. Each of the four allotypes has a distinctive pattern of amino acid residue alternatives over the first 20 amino terminal residues. Since previous studies have shown that amino acid sequences correlating with the allotypes are present in the constant region, our observations suggest that constant and variable region genes of κ chains may be closely linked.
Granulocyte Chemotaxis: An Improved in Vitro Assay Employing 51Cr-Labeled Granulocytes
Authors: Gallin John I. , Clark Robert A. , Kimball Harry R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A radioassay of granulocyte chemotaxis employing chromium-51 labeled cells and a double micropore filter system is presented. In comparison to the conventional Boyden chamber technique, this method offers significant advantages including: a) elimination of tedious filter staining and microscope counting resulting in a considerable saving in laboratory time, b) elimination of observer subjectivity, c) excellent sensitivity over a wide range of cell responses with no increase in variability, d) ability to monitor cellular events in all compartments of the chemotaxis chamber and e) a means for standardization of neutrophil chemotaxis among different laboratories.
Differential Effects of Cyclophosphamide on the B and T Cell Compartments of Adult Mice
Authors: Stockman Gail D. , Heim Lyle R. , South Mary Ann , Trentin John J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adult mice were given a single sublethal dose of cyclophosphamide. Effects of the drug on the bone marrow-derived (B) and thymus-derived (T) cell compartments were measured by studies on lymphocyte transformation, lymphoid tissue morphology and responsiveness to a primary injection of keyhole limpet hemocyanin. These studies indicated that the effect of cyclophosphamide on the B cell compartment was more severe and longer-lasting than the effect on the T cell compartment.
Enhancement of Immunologically Induced Granule Exocytosis from Neutrophils by Cytochalasin B
Authors: Henson Peter M. , Oades Zenaida G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes (neutrophils) release granule enzymes to the extracellular medium after adherence to immune complexes or aggregates attached to surfaces too large to be phagocytosed (1–4). A number of facts have emerged in the past few years that define this phenomenon. The release has been shown to occur by direct exocytosis of granules along the neutrophil membrane in contact with the surface but not along the free, unattached membrane of the cell (2, 5). It requires stimulation by aggregated immunoglobulin G immune complexes, or complement on the surface, but not aggregated IgM, IgD, IgE or proteins unrelated to immunoglobulins (6). The release of granular enzymes requires calcium in the external medium and glycolytic metabolism on the part of the neutrophil. It is accompanied by stimulation of glucose oxidation by the hexose monophosphate pathway, but this is not required for the secretion. The release can be inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate and agents which increase intracellular cyclic AMP (7, 8).
Adjuvanticity of Mycobacterial RNA and Poly A:U for Induction of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Gumbiner Carl , Paterson Philip Y. , Youmans Guy P. , Youmans Anne S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Youmans and Youmans (1, 2) have reported that mycobacterial ribosomal or RNA preparations rival viable attenuated mycobacteria (H37Ra) in their capacity to engender cellular immunity to challenge with virulent mycobacteria (H37Rv). More recently, these workers have discovered mycobacterial RNA preparations to augment humoral as well as cellular immune responses (3). Concurrent studies by a number of investigators (4–7) have demonstrated synthetic polynucleotides to potentiate immune responses to a variety of antigenic stimuli. These and other studies have served to focus attention on the important role of microbial and synthetic double stranded RNA as immunobiologic adjuvants.
Mycobacteria are a prerequisite adjuvant component for sensitization of guinea pigs to neuroantigens and regular induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE)3 in this animal species (8). While EAE-induction has been reported with mycobacterial lipid or lipopolysaccharide fractions and WaxD, as well as other microorganisms, none has equalled the biologic potency of killed whole mycobacteria for production of this experimental autoimmune disease (9–12).
Immunobiology of the Autoantibody Response
Authors: Linder Ewert , Edgington Thomas S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antierythrocyte autoantibodies directed against HB autoantigen, a cryptic site on the murine erythrocyte membrane, have been implicated previously in both direct cellular injury and autologous immune complex injury in NZB mice. Identification, isolation and characterization of this autoantigen in soluble form are sought in order to facilitate studies of the immunobiology and cellular immunology of the autoimmune response. Anti-HB autoantibodies are qualitatively neutralized not only by soluble autoantigen present in mouse plasma but also by the purified low density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction of plasma or serum. The LDL-associated HB autoantigen fraction, which is immunochemically analogous to the membrane bound autoantigen HB, appears to represent the soluble erythrocyte autoantigen SEA-HB. This soluble erythrocyte autoantigen is apparently not identical to the LDL lipid or apoprotein per se, since anti-LDL antibody does not react with erythrocyte surface HB determinants and a generic parallel but quantitative discrepancy is observed between the concentration of LDL and SEA-HB in immunoabsorption experiments. These data suggest that SEA-HB may be carried by plasma lipoproteins due to lipophilic or other properties of this autoantigen or that it may represent a minor subpopulation of murine LDL molecules.
Studies on the Mechanism of Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytolysis
Authors: Henney Christopher S. , Bubbers J. Eric 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of divalent cations in the thymus-derived (T) lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis of DBA/2 mastocytoma cells by immune allogeneic (C57BL) splenic lymphocytes has been studied. In the presence of 0.001 M EDTA no specific cytolysis (51Cr release) was demonstrable. Cytolysis was restored upon addition of either an excess of Ca2+ or a much larger excess of Mg2+. When EDTA was added to an ongoing cytolytic event there was a considerable lag period of the order of 1 hr before inhibition was demonstrable, indicating the existence of cation dependent and independent phases of cytolysis. Although cytolysis did not occur when lymphocytes and target cells were incubated together in the initial presence of EDTA, upon readdition of cations the rate of cytolysis was increased significantly from that observed when the interacting cells were not pre-incubated with inhibitor. These findings suggest that initial steps along the cytolytic pathway proceed in the absence of cations, but fall short of cytolysis.
When specific target cell lysis was inhibited by cytochalasin B or by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the substitution of EDTA for these inhibitors further suppressed cytolysis. On the other hand, cytolysis proceeded in an unimpeded manner when EDTA-inhibited reaction mixtures were washed and confronted with the same concentrations of cytochalasin B or PGE2 which completely inhibited de novo cytolysis.
These findings demonstrate that the cytolytic event proceeds in discrete stages. The events which are inhibited by cytochalasin B or the prostaglandins are clearly distinct from, and occur before, those stages which require divalent cations and are inhibited by EDTA.
Monoclonal IgA and IgM in the Serum of a Single Patient (SC)
Authors: Silverman Andrew Y. , Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David , Ellison Rose R. , Tormey Douglas C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
“Monoclonal” IgA(κ) and IgM(κ) present in the serum of a patient (SC) were previously shown to have identical κ light chains and great similarity in the variable portions of their heavy chains. Immunofluorescence technique was used in this study on bone marrow smears of SC to identify the cells producing these proteins. IgA and IgM were found to be produced in separate cells. No cells containing both proteins were detected. These results strongly suggest that the clones of the cells producing SC IgA or SC IgM were derived from a single stem cell and support the view that the variable and constant portions of immunoglobulin chains are regulated by two different genes.
Syngeneic Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction between Thymocytes and Peripheral Lymphoid Cells in Mice: Strain Specificity and Nature of the Target Cell
Authors: von Boehmer H. , Adams P. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction between thymus cells and peripheral lymphoid cells was investigated in CBA, C57BL and BALB/c mouse strains. Four-day-old thymus cells from CBA and BALB/c mice proliferate in culture with syngeneic Mitomycin C-treated lymphoid cells. The reaction is smaller (or not significant) when the thymus cells are prepared from older mice. In contrast, 4-day-old C57 thymus cells do not respond significantly to syngeneic lymphoid cells, although they respond well to allogeneic cells. CBA and BALB/c peripheral lymphoid cells may possess an antigen “other than H2” responsible for the stimulation of syngeneic thymus cells.
The target cell for the syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction in CBA mice is a lymphocyte present in spleen, peripheral blood, lymph nodes and peritoneal exudate.
Blocking of the Hemolytic Expression of the Classical Complement Sequence by Products of Complement Activation via the Alternate Pathway
Authors: Koethe Susan M. , Austen K. Frank , Gigli Irma 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Activation of the complement sequence through the alternate pathway with zymosan or the low molecular weight cobra venom factor (CoVF) generates products which block the lysis of hemolytic cellular intermediates of the classical complement sequence. The euglobulin fraction of the eluate of zymosan and products in CoVF-treated serum bind to EAC14limoxy2 and EAC14limoxy23 to prevent effective hemolytic interaction with C3 and C5, respectively. Analyses of fractions from gel filtration of both the zymosan eluate and CoVF-treated serum revealed blocking in the IgM region of EAC14limoxy2, EAC14limoxy23, and EACl-7 while materials eluting in the trough between the IgM and IgG peaks blocked only EAC14limoxy2 and EAC14limoxy23. Radiolabeled C5 in CoVF-treated serum was shown to be present in the material eluting in both regions representing a shift from the usual position of C5. Only the highest molecular weight material destroyed C9. It is proposed that the blocking of the cellular intermediates is due to complexes ranging in composition from C5 and C6 to C5, C6, C7 and C8, which are hemolytically inactive while maintaining certain functions, such as binding to the appropriate cellular intermediate or to one or more later components in the complement reaction sequence.
Cell Surface Associated Gamma Globulin in Lymphocytes
Authors: Orr K. B. , Paraskevas F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Serum collected from mice 6 hr after immunization with soluble antigens in Freund's complete adjuvant was able to induce various changes of the bone marrow-derived (B)-cell (γ globulin-carrying) and thymus-derived (T)-cell (θ-carrying) populations when incubated with spleen cells from unimmunized mice. First there was an overall increase (by 25%) of all the γ globulin-carrying cells. This increase could be accounted for by an identical increase of the cells carrying γG (7S γ2a) globulin on their surface. At the same time the cell population normally carrying γF (7S γ1) globulin decreased. These changes were detected by the reverse immune cytoadherence technique (RICA) with highly specific hybrid antibodies which detect one class of mouse γ globulins. Second, the treated spleen cells show a decrease of the T-cell population as detected by an anti-ϑ serum. This decrease was of a similar magnitude as the increase of the γG-carrying cells and involved about 40% of the ϑ-carrying cells. Thus the serum reproduces in vitro all the phenomena previously described as taking place in the spleen 6 hr after immunization. When the 6-hr serum from mice injected with radioactively labeled bovine serum albumin was fractionated on a Sephadex G-200 column, all the activities described above were reproduced by a fraction containing 7S γ globulin and antigen. The presence in this fraction of a complex of the antigen with mouse immunoglobulin was confirmed by autoradiography. It is quite possible that the alterations in the populations of B- and T-cells described are due to the interactions of such a complex with these cells in the spleen cell suspension.
Pseudoimmune Precipitation by the Isolated Byssinosis “Antigen”
Authors: Edwards John H. , Jones Brian M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The so-called cotton antigen, a polymer of 5,7,3′,4′ tetrahydroxyflavan 3–4 diol (THF) extracted from cotton plant bracts, precipitated 58% IgG, 54% IgM and 15% IgA in a sample of human serum and concurrently antibody activity in this serum to three physicochemically distinct antigens was reduced by 50%, 52% and 62%, respectively. THF also reacted with five myeloma IgG at dilutions equal to, or higher than, comparable dilutions of human serum and gave positive gel diffusion reactions with H and L chains, Fab and Fc pieces of IgG.
On the basis of these results it is suggested that human immunoglobulins are nonspecifically precipitated by the tannin-like polymer.