bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heathen Aboriginals, Animistic Races
Authors: Dasgupta Sangeeta 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines representations of the Oraons in the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century missionary writings on Chhotanagpur. When they initially encountered the Oraons, the missionaries drew upon their experiences in the mission field, but framed their depictions in biblical and evangelical language. The Oraons were represented as heathen and savage, immersed in idolatry and demonology, awaiting salvation. However, by the 1850s, as missionaries engaged with emerging disciplines and a scientific temperament, sometimes consciously and often tangentially, their narratives were gradually transformed. The Oraons became part of the universal category of the tribe; their ‘primitive’ religion was termed as ‘animism’. A new set of cultural co-ordinates—language, folklore, myths, tradition and history—marked their distinct identity. And if missionary voices were powerful in understanding the Oraons in the middle of the nineteenth century, paradoxically these voices, from the second half of the nineteenth century, became epistemically marginalized, subsumed within the ethnographic observations and ethnological surveys conducted by the colonial state.
Gandhi, Charkha, Swaraj
Authors: Dasgupta Sangeeta 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 analyses the Tana Bhagats’ relationship with the Congress, their perception of ‘Gandhi Baba’, his charkha and swaraj. Drawing particularly on the missionary archive, it looks at the workings of Congress propaganda at the local level, and the myths, rumours, and lore that grew around the person of Gandhi. Congress ‘nationalists’, this chapter argues, adapted their politics to local conditions, refiguring thereby their slogans in locally cognizable terms; local elements, more aware of the Tana cultural world, adopted a different mode of propaganda to popularize their messages in Gandhi’s name; Tana leaders and their bhagat followers, as they spoke in the name of Gandhi, interpreted these open-ended messages in many ways, but often continued with their earlier modes of protest.
Originating
Authors: Dutton William H. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Originating information is the most pivotal way in which the internet supports the network power of individuals. The internet and social media enhance the ability of ordinary users to originate online content. Not everyone online originates content, such as posting blogs, videos, or photos, but a critical mass do, creating a rich body of user-generated content (UGC). This chapter discusses critical perspectives on bloggers and other users posting on social media platforms like Twitter. Critics of UGC see the amateurs of the commentariat lacking the professionalism of journalists and intellectuals. But they have become a new and complementary source of expertise and original information, not a substitute for traditional sources, such as journalists. Increasingly, networked individuals are the most credible source of original news and information, such as providing eyewitness accounts and genuine expertise on a subject. Internet users, like others, can be a source of misinformation, but they are also empowered online to fact-check themselves and other users, such as by using search. Malicious disinformation campaigns are most likely to be orchestrated by state-sponsored, criminal, or economically driven organizations—not individuals—and can be detected.
Collaborating
Authors: Dutton William H. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Collaborating presents itself once you can search, create, and network information online. Early initiatives online sought to enable collaboration in responding to national emergencies, allowing the right experts to be assembled from anywhere to address the problems. Since the early days of computer-mediated communication, collaboration has been an increasingly prominent application of online networks. There are major examples of managing online networks of collaboration to create information, films, experiments, and many jointly authored texts, such as Wikipedia. Networked individuals can be distributed locally and globally but still collaborate and combine in ways that create collective intelligence to serve many civic-minded roles of the Fifth Estate, such as in crowdsourcing, crowdsolving, and the management of collaborative networks to create collective and open-source intelligence. More routinely, remote work is changing the workplace as more individuals work collaboratively from anywhere at any time rather than go into an office on a fixed schedule.
Leaking
Authors: Dutton William H. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Leaking did not begin with the internet, but the internet has enabled the scale and significance of leaks to become far more prominent. Facilitating the flow of information across geographical and organizational boundaries is what the internet was designed to do. When information is confidential, secret, or otherwise restricted, then there is increasing reliance on the insiders within the organization to respect those boundaries. However, WikiLeaks, OpenLeaks, and many other organizations have helped insiders leak information more anonymously or safely. Leaking is one of the most controversial Fifth Estate strategies, but it clearly exploits and enhances the network power of individuals to hold their own organization more accountable. The leaking and distribution of leaked information is developed through a discussion of WikiLeaks along with other remarkable cases. It might lead one to reconsider views on leaking even if one objects to particular cases.
Threats to the Fifth Estate
Authors: Dutton William H. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Threats to the Fifth Estate pose major challenges to its future. Even if the Fifth Estate has been a gift to democracy and accountability across society, there are risks that threaten its continued role in supporting democratic political processes and the Fifth Estate. Changes in technology, internet governance, policy, regulation, and industry and governmental practices around the internet and related digital media could undermine the Fifth Estate. This chapter identifies and illustrates major threats, including perspectives formed from a technologically deterministic—media-centric—logic, the use of harms to frame discussion of internet impacts, the rise of American big-tech platforms, and the increasing geopolitical fragmentation of the online world—a splinternet. Examples, such as the Cambridge Analytica scandal, are used to critically assess these threats and their impact on trust in the internet and the institutions using and providing internet services.
Foreign Relations Federalism
Authors: Verellen Thomas 
Published: May 2023

AbstractHow are foreign relations constitutionally structured in federal unions? How does the foreign affairs constitution of the EU—itself a federal union in all but name—compare to that of other federal unions? This book addresses these questions. It offers a comparative analysis of the constitutional framework in which foreign relations are conducted in four federal unions: the US, Canada, Belgium, and the EU. The EU takes up a special position in the book. By looking at the constitutional experience of other federal unions—two long-standing (the US and Canada), one of more recent pedigree (Belgium)—this book informs and contributes to debates on how the EU’s foreign affairs constitution should be structured. Over a decade since the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force, the EU’s foreign affairs constitution continues to evolve. New institutional practices emerge and cases continue to be brought before the Court of Justice of the European Union that require the Court in Luxembourg to interpret Treaty provisions on how the EU and the Member States are to conduct foreign relations. In this sense, the EU’s foreign affairs constitution—as is the case for the EU’s constitution as a whole—remains very much a fast-moving target. The pace of constitutional change is high, and there is a sustained need for critical and constructive legal analysis of that change. This book contributes to fulfilling this need.
The Political Safeguards of Foreign Relations Federalism in the US, Canada, and Belgium
Authors: Verellen Thomas 
Published: May 2023

AbstractChapter 6 is the first chapter of Part II of the book, which deals with the shared rule component of foreign relations federalism. Chapter 6 explores the political safeguards of foreign relations federalism in the US, Canada, and Belgium; Chapter 7 explores the same topic as it plays out in the EU. Chapter 6 shows that, in the US, member units have neither formal nor informal means to influence the federal foreign policy-making process. In Canada, a lack of formal safeguards is compensated, in part, by the important constitutional responsibilities and the concomitant administrative capacity and expertise of provincial governments in areas that increasingly become the object of international negotiations, such as climate change. By contrast, in Belgium, both formal and informal political safeguards are well developed. In particular, the role of political parties is noteworthy: political parties operate as important channels of member unit voice in federal decision-making, including on foreign relations-related issues.
Intergovernmental Relations in the US, Canada, and Belgium
Authors: Verellen Thomas 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIntergovernmental relations represent the second dimension of shared rule as defined in the introduction to this book. This chapter, Chapter 8, explores intergovernmental relations in foreign relations in the US, Canada, and Belgium. The next chapter, Chapter 9, turns to the EU. For each federation, the chapters start by briefly describing patterns of intergovernmental relations. In a second step, the chapters look at the constitutional rules and principles governing those patterns. The analysis reveals that in federal unions where political safeguards are weak, as in the US and Canada, intergovernmental relations are an important technique to manage shared rule. Belgium is an interesting case in this regard: formal political safeguards are strong in Belgium. Nonetheless, these strong political safeguards are supplemented with a highly formalized system of intergovernmental relations through which decision-making by consensus is imposed on all governments.
Intergovernmental Relations in EU Foreign Policy-Making
Authors: Verellen Thomas 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis final substantive chapter explores the patterns and constitutional treatment of intergovernmental relations in the EU. This analysis concludes the second part of the book, which focuses on the shared rule component of foreign relations federalism. The chapter explains how intergovernmental relations are an important feature of foreign relations federalism in the EU, even despite the strong political safeguards discussed in Chapter 7. The chapter looks at two categories of intergovernmental relations in EU foreign relations: vertical and horizontal. Concerning the former, the chapter further examines how the EU Treaties manage the negotiation and conclusion of mixed agreements. In so doing, the chapter proposes to codify the obligations that flow from the duty of sincere cooperation in the form of an ‘EU Mixity Act’, and looks at the interplay between the principles of sincere cooperation and autonomy. Concerning the latter, the chapter looks at how the EU Treaties deal with (international) agreements between EU Member States, and puts forward a proposal for an ‘EU Compact Clause’ as a mechanism to prevent conflicts from arising between EU law and policy on the one hand, and Member State agreements on the other.
Introduction
Authors: FitzPatrick Elizabeth 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The introduction sets out the purpose and aim of this study and the methodology and theoretical framework proposed for an interpretation of the estate landscapes of literati in the lordships of Ireland. It also provides essential background knowledge about the roles and lifeways of the learned and the structure and organization of the lordships in which they lived and worked. The place of this work in the historiography of Gaelic Ireland is explained as the first to use a landscape perspective to address the archaeology and topography of the political spaces, estates, buildings, and monuments associated with the learned class between c. 1300 and 1600.
Sovereignty
Authors: Corbett Jack 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter uncovers beliefs about self-determination, democratic legitimacy, recognition, and dignity. The dilemma for secessionists from small states in the Caribbean and the Pacific is that not all meanings of sovereignty are mutually reinforcing, and priorities change over time. Becoming smaller may increase autonomy but also lead to increased vulnerability and the loss of international status. The lesson is that sovereignty is not an ‘event’ or a ‘thing’ that communities possess; it is an idea that unfolds. These contradictions do not therefore uncover the hidden hand of rationality in international affairs lurking beneath a sociological logic of appropriateness. Dilemmas necessitate choices but these choices are always embedded in webs of belief.
Territory
Authors: Corbett Jack 
Published: May 2023

AbstractStudies of secession and nationalism typically treat territory as the site upon which these movements take place rather than the object of their politics This chapter focuses on the one form of identity politics that is common in all of these cases: islandness. By examining how leaders of small states in the Caribbean and the Pacific claim a unique connection to territory I show that islandness occupies an especially prominent place in how they imagine the purpose of statehood. Narratives of islandness are expressed legally, culturally, politically, and economically. Each highlights the desire for autonomy and the vulnerabilities that threaten viability. The lesson is in the absence of other factors—ethnic, religious, or linguistic—a politics of difference that foregrounds territory seems easier to imagine.
Bureaucratic Capacity
Authors: Corbett Jack 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter interrogates the paradox that because they still have to perform all of the functions of bigger countries, small states in the Caribbean and the Pacific have disproportionately large governments that nevertheless experience acute bureaucratic capacity constraints. A limited private sector means that bureaucratic jobs are highly sought after and a key form of patronage in hyper-personalized political systems. Federalism and other forms of multi-level governance exacerbate this problem via duplication. Centralization to achieve multifunctionalism can reduce costs, but it drives secessionism. Integration facilitates rationalization and the ability to extract external resources. But integration usually involves ceding autonomy to regional institutions and disrupting local patronage systems.
Uniformity
Authors: Corbett Jack 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the problem of uneven development and the desire for uniformity in Caribbean and Pacific small states. Secession can be advanced as a solution by both main islanders who resent distributing scarce resources to peripheral regions and outer islanders who resent systematic neglect by the capital. These claims persist despite, or in some cases because of, multi-level institutions. Informal political settlements are much more successful at maintaining unity. But they are also contingent on key personalities. The upshot is that the absence of uniformity agitates everyone but the main forms of accommodation—tax and redistribute, regionalism, constitutional reform and informal political settlements—struggle to alter the status quo.
Fragments of First-Order Logic
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian 
Published: May 2023

AbstractA sentence of first-order logic is satisfiable if it is true in some structure, and finitely satisfiable if it is true in some finite structure. For which fragments of first-order logic is there an effective method for determining satisfiability or finite satisfiability? Furthermore, if these problems are decidable for a particular fragment, what is their computational complexity? This book provides an up-to-date survey of the principal axes of research into these questions. Part I focusses on fragments defined by restricting the set of available formulas. Starting with the Aristotelian syllogistic and its relatives, we proceed to consider the two-variable fragment, the guarded fragment, the quantifier-prefix fragments and the fluted fragment. Part II investigates logics with counting quantifiers. We begin with De Morgan’s numerical generalization of the Aristotelian syllogistic, before giving a detailed treatment of the two-variable fragment with counting quantifiers and its guarded subfragment, explaining the application of the latter to ontology-based query answering. Part III concerns logics characterized by semantic constraints, limiting the available interpretations of certain predicates. The origins of this idea lie in propositional modal logic, and therefore we start with a survey of modal and graded modal logics. We then investigate two-variable first-order logic in which certain distinguished binary predicates are interpreted as equivalence relations or transitive relations, extending these results to incorporate counting quantifiers. We finish, slightly breaching the bounds of first-order logic proper, with a chapter on logics interpreted over trees.
Variables
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe consider the two-variable fragment of first-order logic, showing that it has the finite model property, and that its satisfiability problem is in NExpTime. We introduce the technique of reduction to the infinite tiling problem, and use it to show that the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems for the three-variable fragment of first-order logic are both undecidable. We then introduce the technique of reduction to bounded tiling problems and use it to show that the satisfiability problem for the two-variable fragment of first-order logic is NExpTime-hard. We also consider the monadic fragment of first-order logic, and show that its satisfiability problem is also NExpTime-complete. Finally we obtain a semantic characterization of the expressive power of the k-variable fragment of first-order logic.
Prefixes
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe consider fragments of first-order logic (with and without equality) defined by means of standard quantifier prefix specifiers, over signatures containing no function symbols. We determine, in each case, the decidability and complexity of the (finite) satisfiability problem. Two of these results tower above the others. The first concerns the so-called Gödel fragment, where the quantifier prefix features two adjacent universal quantifiers and at least one trailing existential quantifier, but where equality is not allowed. We show that this fragment has the finite model property, and that its satisfiability problem is NExpTime-complete. The second concerns the so-called Goldfarb fragment, which adds equality to the Gödel fragment. We show that the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems for this fragment are undecidable. We also discuss the effect on lower complexity bounds of making individual constants unavailable.
Omitting graphs
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe introduce the concepts of conjunctive query and (finite) query answering, and show that the problems of query answering and finite query answering in the guarded two-variable fragment of first-order logic with counting quantifiers and databases are in 2-ExpTime, falling to co-NPTime for data complexity. We also consider the extension of this fragment with key constraints, and show that the complexity of the (finite) satisfiability and (finite) query-answering problems does not increase.
Equivalence
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe consider the two-variable fragment of first-order logic, but where k distinguished binary predicates are constrained to be interpreted as equivalence relations. We show that, if k=1, the resulting logic has the finite model property, and that the satisfiability problem remains NExpTime-complete. We further show that, if k=2, the resulting logic loses the finite model property, and that the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems become 2-NExpTime-complete. Finally, we show that, if k=3, the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems for the resulting logic become undecidable.
The Poetic World of Statius' Silvae
Authors: Putnam Michael 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Putnam’s essays on Statius’ Silvae explore the complex, rich intertextuality of these poems. In particular, he shows show how seriously Statius engages with Augustan poetry and how he pays special homage to his canonical predecessor, Virgil, how thoroughly he interprets the intricacies of Virgilian poetry, and how he often, by placing a Virgilian reference in a different social and cultural context, boldly turns Virgil to new and more positive purposes. These essays often a fascinating glimpse into the mindset and inner thesaurus of the imperial poet and reader. They are partly detailed commentaries on the individual Silvae, partly reflective essays that open up new perspectives on these often neglected Latin poems and invite a fresh appreciation of their boldness as well as sophistication.
Introduction
Authors: Newlands Carole E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces readers to the volume on the Silvae. It showcases Statius’ complex, rich intertextuality on display in his exploration of villa culture, of patronage and friendship, and of life on the Bay of Naples rather than at court in Rome. The importance of Virgil’s poetry, both epic and pastoral, above all stands out as a major influence upon the Silvae. The introduction also offers summaries of Putnam’s individual essays on the Silvae.
A Labour of Love (Statius’ Silvae 3.1)
Authors: Putnam Michael C. J. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
My essay is a close reading of the initial poem of the third book of Statius’ Silvae. Its primary topic is the dedication by Pollius Felix of his new temple to Hercules. As the narrative unfolds, we trace how the shrine came into being and the accompanying metamorphoses of the landscape and of the character of the god himself. Pollius and his wife, Polla, play major roles in the proceedings. Statius’s own virtuosity is on constant display not only in his skill as a wordsmith but in his suggestive bows to a series of genres and in his rich allusiveness, especially to Virgil.
Transcendental Idealism in Phenomenology of Perception
Authors: Berendzen Joseph C. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter opens with a general overview of Phenomenology’s arguments, and the transcendental idealist interpretation is situated in relation to this overview. In general, Phenomenology uses an analysis of psychological and phenomenological results, paired with a critique of intellectualism and empiricism, to reveal the pre-objective element of our experience. This chapter argues that the pre-objectivity has to be understood as related to our embodied subjective perspectives and its analysis reveals the transcendental structures of that perspective. As with the discussion of Structure in Chapter 3, certain problems that arise in Phenomenology are temporarily set to the side so that the full transcendental idealist interpretation can be first elaborated here.