bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Objectivity, Intersubjectivity and the Moral Point of View
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Sellars aims in this essay (a) to demonstrate that the moral “ought” expresses a specific kind of intention, and (b) to demonstrate the objectivity and intersubjectivity of the moral point of view. Sellars demonstrates that we can and do reason among intentions in means-ends reasoning, but that such individual intentions lack crucial features of the moral “ought.” Sellars introduces we-intentions as a solution to this problem. He then argues that there is an intrinsically reasonable we-intention (It shallwe be the case that our general welfare is maximized); other moral we-intentions are categorically reasonable if they are validly derivable from this former intention. The moral point of view is the point of view of rational beings generally; and the moral “ought” is fully intersubjective: Moral judgments apply to all rational beings, can contradict each other, are capable of truth and falsity, and there is a decision procedure which can establish the truth of a given moral judgment.
Fatalism and Determinism
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Incompatibilists maintain that if determinism is true, then our view of ourselves as free and responsible agents is false. In response to the incompatibilist challenge, Sellars defends a reconciliationist compatibilism, which relies upon his distinction between the scientific and the manifest images. On Sellars’s view, we understand human action through our encounters with rational agents’ behaviors in the manifest image and its framework of intentions and volitions. Determinism cannot find a home in that context; in fact, determinism is not true in the manifest image. Then, after formally defining manifest-image action concepts such as “has the ability” and “is able to,” Sellars argues that determinism is compatible with one having the ability to do otherwise in the sense that one is capable of willing otherwise and, crucially, willings are not doings. The incompatibilist’s response inevitably involves abandoning the manifest image’s framework and appealing to complex scientific explanations of human action. However, rather than explain human action, this move makes it unintelligible.
Reflections on Contrary-to-Duty Imperatives
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Sellars is responding to Roderick Chisholm’s paradox of deontic logic, as laid out in the latter’s article “Contrary-to-Duty Imperatives and Deontic Logic.” Chisholm argues that deontic logic, if interpreted along the lines of standard propositional or modal logics, produces contradictions and other paradoxical results. Sellars introduces restrictions on his deontic logic in order to avoid the derivation of contradictory or paradoxical conclusions.
Phase 4
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Phase 4 saw the continued expansion of the properties and of the discernible activities taking place within them. Through the first century bce and into the earliest years of first century ce, the construction of new properties filled out the northern parts of each insula, bringing both to the basic forms they would maintain up to the eruption of 79 ce. During this period, the buildings were dedicated to distinctly industrial functions. At the rear of one property in Insula VIII.7, for instance, a tannery comprising four sunken cylindrical tanks was installed. Other properties featured the rectangular plaster-lined tanks that were used to hold fermenting fish for the production of garum; these were most common in the street-front rooms, along the facades of the buildings. The evidence demonstrates that these properties were, from their outset, more than residential spaces for the occupants; each took on crucial economic functions as well.
Phase 6
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Between the wholesale reorganization of the Porta Stabia neighborhood during the Early Imperial period (Phase 5) and the large-scale repairs that would follow the devastating earthquake of 62/3 ce (Phase 7), few changes to the architecture or functions of the properties were as evident in Phase 6, which concluded with the earthquake of 62/3 ce. A few minor developments were represented by small-scale, piecemeal renovations to architecture. In Insula VIII.7, modifications were relatively inconsequential, for the most part limited to the addition of new floors and the (re)installation of drains in their sub-surfaces. In Insula I.1, changes were slightly more substantial, with the definition of some new rooms in the central and northern properties.
The Porta Stabia Necropolis
Authors: Emmerson Allison L. C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
A small group of tombs now stands outside the Porta Stabia, representing what was once a much larger necropolis that was among the most prestigious burial zones in Pompeii. The tombs were uncovered beginning in the nineteenth century and include monuments for some of the city’s most elite families. The necropolis established a display-oriented environment that passersby experienced along with the commercial district inside the gate. The funerary monuments, furthermore, likely were incorporated into a true suburb, standing alongside other structures—shops, apartments, workshops, and villas—that extended the neighborhood of the Porta Stabia beyond the fortification wall.
Plant Strategies
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Plants have evolved a remarkable array of adaptive solutions to the existential problem of survival and reproduction in a world where disturbances can be deadly, resources are scarce, and competition is cutthroat. Plants have inherited phenotypic traits that increased their chance of success, and these traits are indicators of strategies for establishment and survival. A plant strategy can be thought of as “how a species sustains a population” (Westoby, 1998, p. 214) because all successful strategies must have positive demographic outcomes in the habitats to which they are adapted. This book aims to articulate a coherent framework for studying plant strategies that unifies demography with functional ecology to advance prediction in plant ecology. Central to this framework are functional traits: the heritable morphological, physiological, and phenological attributes of plants that influence demography and therefore drive fitness differences among species.
Game Theoretical Approaches to Infer Fitness from Traits
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Evolutionary game theory becomes a useful (and some would argue, necessary) tool when strategy success depends on what other individuals in the community are doing. The evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) resists an invader with a different strategy that is introduced at low density. That is, the ESS is a peak on a fitness landscape, where alternative strategies have lower fitness and are therefore unsuccessful at invading from low densities. In evolutionary game theory, there are players, strategies, and payoffs. Players are individual organisms, strategies are heritable phenotypes (traits), and the payoff is fitness expressed as the per capita growth rate of a strategy in a given abiotic and biotic environment. Once the demographic parameters of a population model become functions of the focal individual’s trait, the traits in the community, the densities of those that possess those traits, and the environmental conditions, then the population model becomes a game theoretic model. Tall species are adapted to productive sites because the consequences of not keeping up with their neighbors is deep shade and eventual death. Plants produce more leaves, stems, and roots than what is optimal for the most efficient harvesting of required resources for growth because excess tissue production provides a competitive advantage by pre-empting the resources before others obtain them. A combination of empirical approaches and game theoretical approaches is the most promising pathway toward the maturation of plant strategy theory.
Applying Plant Strategies in Conservation and Restoration
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Conservation biology and ecological restoration are creative and defiant sciences that express optimism in our ability to right the wrongs that humans have inflicted on biodiversity. Plant strategies are integral to successful conservation and restoration. Conservation is the science of rarity and is applied to prevent species and ecological functions from going extinct. Demographic analyses are needed to identify the demographic rates that are most vulnerable to extinction threats. The concept of species rarity has been generalized to the new concept of functional rarity. Traits can be used to generalize across taxa to assess responses to grazing management as well as assess vulnerability of species to global change drivers to inform conservation actions. Restoration is community reassembly because it manipulates abiotic conditions, the species pool, and the density of non-native competitors. Plant strategies inform predictions of community reassembly and the trajectory of community dynamics and ecosystem functioning over time. Traits influence establishment success in response to different environmental conditions and restoration treatments, and they might be useful to inform species selection to optimize restoration outcomes. Plant strategy theory is directly relevant to invasion ecology and assisted migration. Experimental tests of assisted migration in common garden settings to compare demographic rates across environmental gradients could represent some of the strongest tests of plant strategy theory.
Plant Traits That Promote Growth and Enhance Survival
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The classical approach to measuring plant growth rate likened it to compound growth rates of bank accounts, where the rate of increase in plant biomass is proportional to the amount of biomass already present in the plant, implying that plant growth is exponential. It was determined that variation in relative growth rate (RGR) among herbaceous plants was driven by the leaf area ratio (LAR)—and more specifically—specific leaf area (SLA). The classic growth equations are confounded by plant size. While exponential growth may be true for the early stages of growth in herbaceous plants, plants tend to experience reduced RGRs as they approach their maximum size, especially when growing with neighbors. The relationship between SLA and growth rate shifts from positive in seedlings to non-significant in adult plants. Wood density exhibits consistently negative effects on growth rates across ontogeny. The positive relationship between maximum height and growth rate is most significant in adult size classes. The growth–survival trade-off is one of the most well-recognized trade-offs in ecology. Species that grow fast when resources are abundant die when resources are scarce, and species that survive when resources are scarce grow slowly when resources are abundant. Bud banks promote perennation, survival, and longevity. The plant coroner needs to declare that all meristems on an individual plant are dead before they can declare that the plant is dead—a rather tall order.
Plant Traits That Bolster Recruitment
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Modeling plant recruitment is hard. Recruitment is often the weakest link in plant population models. If we can successfully integrate traits into our understanding of plant fecundity, then we can fill a critical gap in plant strategy theory. Traits of juveniles and traits of mature plants are decoupled. Seed mass can vary by 10 orders of magnitude globally. There is empirical support that large-seeded species performed better under grazing pressure, in nutrient-poor soils, and when planted deep in the soil or under litter. Some studies also found that large-seeded species perform better when growing in established vegetation, in deep shade, or in dry environments. A trait-filter framework was proposed for identifying traits that are important at each stage of the recruitment process, including seed production, dispersal, germination, emergence, seedling establishment, and clonality. Dormancy drives variable recruitment through time and dispersal drives variable recruitment through space. If we continue to focus most of our research effort into understanding the traits that govern growth and survival at the expense of recruitment, we are missing half of the story. We need to get the fecundity function right.
Introduction
Authors: Schafer Karl 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the chapters to follow. In doing so, it focuses on the relationship between two central claims that Kant makes about the relationship between theoretical and practical reason: First, that both are expressions of “one and the same reason”—that is, that reason is essentially unified. And second, that practical reason takes “primacy” over theoretical reason. In doing so, it presents an initial argument for a “unity-first” approach to these questions pursued here, while also outlining the central elements of the account of reason to be developed below.
Practical Reason’s Supreme Principle, the Moral Law, and the Highest Good
Authors: Schafer Karl 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter turns to the implications of my reading for our understanding of the relationship between the PSR and the supreme principle of pure practical reason—that is, the moral law. The chapter focuses on the two formulations of the moral law that correspond most closely to the “logical maxim” and the “supreme principle”, namely, the Formula of Universal Law (FUL) and the Formula of Humanity (FH). In doing so, it shows how we can construct arguments for both on the basis of the ideas above, while also arguing that this perspective helps to illuminate why Kant’s ethics is not objectively individualistic in the manner it is often claimed to be. The chapter concludes by sketching how this discussion lays the groundwork for a more systematic picture of the relationship between all of the characterizations Kant provides of reason’s fundamental principle, including the “maxims of common understanding”, and briefly discusses the relationship between these ideas and Kant’s conception of highest good.
The Tyabjee Family and Its Akhbar
Authors: Tyabji Salima 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The focus of this study is the very large extended family that was formed largely by the descendants of two brothers, Tyabjee Bhoymeeah (1803-63) and Faiz Hyder (1805-52), Sulaymani Bohras from Cambay (Khambayat) in Gujarat. Starting off as a small trader, with his family based in Surat, Tyabjee Bhoymeeah had with outstanding resourcefulness and hard work established himself in Bombay by the mid-nineteenth century as a man of property, and of culture. He was a recognized leader of the Muslim community, as well as a close friend of the Governor of Bombay, and a Justice of the Peace. While a pillar of the establishment, Tyabjee was also a man of exceptionally open views. He very quickly recognized the importance of contact with Europe, of acquiring European professional skills, as well as social manners. By virtue of belonging to the small Sulaymani Bohra community which, like other Muslim kinship groups in Gujarat and elsewhere, formed a tightly-knit group that frowned on intermarriage with other Muslims, a family network evolved that encouraged continuous intermarriage between first and second cousins. It was this exclusivity that perhaps led to the tradition of the family akhbar. The special interest of the akhbar lies in the fact that this genre of family house journals seems to be unique to the branch of the Sulaymani Bohra trading community.
Letters from Europe: 1870
Authors: Tyabji Salima 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Amiruddin Tyabji (1848·1917) was the younqest of the six sons of Tyabjee Bhoymeeah. Like most of his brothers, he entered into the family business after being educated at school and university in England. He may not have been a particularly successful partner in the family business initially, but after his return to India, he became a dearly loved and extremely responsible member of the joint family. These letters were written from Le Havre, France, during 1870, where Amiruddin had been sent at the age of 23 in connexion with the family business, representing the firm of S. Tyabji and Co., which traded extensively with France and China. After a few lonely months, Amiruddin’s irrepressible good spirits and charm soon gave him a position in the society of the town: he became a sought-after young man, invited to balls and dinners, about which he writes home with great vivacity. These letters were written in English. At one level this reflects the extent of anglicization of the men in the family, a trend that was noticeable as early as the 1880s, when the men’s Urdu entries in the akhbar books were markedly more stilted than the women’s, but their English correspondingly fluent. At another level, the writer’s use of this language enables him to tum the view outward-it is the natural medium for one writing from Europe. It makes him open to the world in a way the use of Urdu would have perhaps inhibited.
Kant and the Transformation of Natural History
Authors: Cooper Andrew 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIn this book, Andrew Cooper undertakes the first systematic study of Kant’s account of natural history. He contends that Kant made a decisive contribution to one of the most explosive and understudied revolutions in the history of science: the addition of time to the frame in which explanations are required, sought, and justified in natural science. Addressing a wide range of Kant’s works, Cooper challenges the claim that Kant’s theory of science denies a developmental conception of nature and argues instead that it establishes a method by which natural historians can genuinely dispute historical claims. This method, Cooper argues, can be used to expose serious flaws in Kant’s own historical reasoning, including the formation and defence of his racist views. The book will be valuable to philosophers seeking to discern both the power and the limitations of Kant’s theory of science, and to historians of science working on the fractured landscape of eighteenth-century Newtonianism.
Nature and Art
Authors: Cooper Andrew 
Published: August 2023

AbstractHistorians of science tend to present natural history as the logical and atemporal practice of taxonomy, which persisted undisturbed from the Renaissance to the late eighteenth century. This chapter lays the foundation for an alternative account. It argues that by the end of the seventeenth century, natural history was already perceived as a malleable and contested field that raised epistemological and metaphysical questions regarding the relation between the order of names and the order of things. These questions provide the background against which natural philosophers began to separate two kinds of system: a natural system, which presents the essential divisions between things, and an artificial system, in which things are pragmatically arranged according to human interests. “Natural” and “artificial” came to denote two distinct projects, the former concerned with truth and certainty and the latter with practical intelligibility.
Physical Geography
Authors: Cooper Andrew 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents a new account of living natural products in Kant’s lectures on physical geography. It argues that Kant adopts Buffon’s twofold conception of natural history, which consists of a general theory of nature and a particular account of natural products. Yet in contrast to Buffon, who placed the two parts of natural history on equal epistemic footing, Kant’s physical geography operates as a second, pragmatic level of inquiry. On the higher, formal level, natural history provides a physical account of time and space as an expanding causal sequence. On the lower, pragmatic level, physical geography provides a causal account of particular natural products as developing within a specific place. This two-tiered account solidifies the relation between metaphysics and experience in Kant’s pre-critical philosophy and anticipates the regulative use of reason in the critical philosophy.
From Natural Products to Organized Beings
Authors: Cooper Andrew 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter considers Kant’s response to Herder and Forster as a case study of how reason’s principles, under the discipline of critique, can be used to make natural history systematic. It argues that in the course of responding to his critics, Kant recognized that the concept of a living natural product bears a tension that threatens the unity of nature as a physical-mechanical system. Qua product, a living natural being is produced within the physical-mechanical conditions of nature. Qua living, it is the producer of itself. His solution required modifications to the conception of judgement presented in the Critique. These modifications undermine the fixity built into his racialized concept of race, opening a wider scope for morphological change than his earlier conception of natural history had allowed.
What Descartes Ought to have Thought about Modality
Authors: Moore A. W. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The starting point of this essay is the first section of James Conant’s essay ‘The Search for Logically Alien Thought’, in which Conant discusses Descartes’s views about necessity and possibility. Conant is especially interested in claims that Descartes makes, with respect to propositions that on Descartes’s own conception could not be true, that it would nevertheless be wrong to say that not even God could make them true. It is argued that Descartes ought not to have made these claims. The essay concludes with consideration of one particularly important case where Descartes not only says what (according to this argument) he ought to have said, in contradistinction to these claims, but makes crucial capital out of his entitlement to do so. In an appendix to the essay some of its central claims are clarified. And in a postscript written for the reprint of the essay there is a corrective to a basic misunderstanding of the essay on Conant’s part, exhibited in his published response to it.
Not to be Taken at Face Value
Authors: Moore A. W. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This essay first appeared as a contribution to a symposium on Timothy Williamson’s book The Philosophy of Philosophy. Several concerns about the book are expressed, including a concern about what is seen as its scientism. It is argued that we can draw certain distinctions between scientific discourse on the one hand and mathematical or philosophical discourse on the other, despite Williamson’s arguments to the contrary. This in turn gives us licence not to take certain philosophical questions at face value. In particular, it gives us licence not to treat certain philosophical questions involving vague concepts as questions about what those concepts concern, but rather as questions about the concepts themselves or, equivalently, about the workings of associated words. Towards the end of the essay the following moral is drawn: that we sometimes cannot tell the import of a question, nor even whether it is a philosophical question, until after we have reflected on our answer to it.