bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leukocyte-Derived Complement Inhibitor
Authors: Bernard Alain , Walter William , Teshima Hideki , Boumsell Laurence , Good Robert A. , Day Noorbibi K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
E, pretreated with leukocyte cultures supernatant (ES), binds C1̄ through C1q; ES and EIgM that bind the same amount of C1̄ as measured in a hemolytic assay have the same uptake of 125I-C1q; ESC1q and EIgMC1q, carrying the same number of molecules of C1q per cell, have the same uptake of C1r and C1s; soluble immune complexes prevent the binding of C1̄ and C1q to ES. The activity of C1̄ bound to ES is impaired; ESC1̄ can react with C4 but not with C2. The C4 turnover and the C1̄ INH turnover by ESC1̄ are reduced so that ES-bound C1̄ is protected from destruction by C1̄ INH. These modifications are fully reversed when C1̄ is transferred from ES to EA: C1̄ recovers its ability to react with C2, and to react fully with C4 and C1̄ INH. Thus the C1s activity can be modulated inside the C1̄ molecular complex upon binding of C1q to a lymphocyte product. In addition, the 125I-C1q uptake is proportional to the amount of IgM hemolysin used to sensitize E; it has, however, an exponential relationship to the amount of IgG or S used to sensitize E. The ratio of 125I-C1q uptake to whole C1̄ uptake measured in a hemolytic assay is lower than 2. This indicates that one molecule of IgM is sufficient to bind one molecule of C1q on E, that several molecules of IgG or S are required to bind one molecule of C1q, and that one molecule of C1q is sufficient to create a lytic site on E.
Cross-Reactions between 2,4-Dinitrophenyl and Menadione (Vitamin K3) and the General Problem of Antibody Specificity
Authors: Johnston Marilyn F. M. , Eisen Herman N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Early and late antisera to 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) and to menadione (K3)4 were compared for reactivity with diverse DNP and K3 ligands. Late antisera were generally more reactive (higher affinity) than early antibodies. Nevertheless, the early antibodies had higher affinity for homologous ligands than late antibodies had for heterologous ligands. In all but one of eight antibody subsets, homologous ligands were bound with higher affinity than heterologous ligands; the exception, a small (ca. 5%) and possibly heteroclitic subset from late anti-DNP sera, had higher affinity for K3-butyrate than for DNP-lysine. Early antisera appeared to be more specific than late antisera by one criterion (the precipitin reaction), but less specific by a more fundamental criterion (K0/Kx, the ratio of intrinsic affinities for homologous and cross-reacting ligands). By several methods (precipitation, binding to heterologous immunoadsorbants) 25 to 75% of the antibodies in both anti-DNP and anti-K3 sera were cross-reactive; even more cross-reactivity was evident by equilibrium dialysis, where it appeared that virtually all anti-DNP antibodies can bind K3 and that virtually all anti-K3 can bind DNP. This extreme level of cross-reactivity is in accord with molecular models, which, as shown previously, demonstrated some structural similarity between DNP and K3. Because their cross-reaction is not as “strange” as was once thought, it seems unwarranted to regard this cross-reaction as support for the view that antibodies in general are multispecific.
Demonstration of Human Nephritogenic Tubular Antigen in the Serum and Organs by Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Miyakawa Yuzo , Kitamura Kiyoshi , Shibata Seiichi , Naruse Takuji 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Nephritogenic tubular epithelial antigen (Tub-Ag), which had been found in immune complexes deposited along the glomerular capillary walls of some patients with idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis, was solubilized from renal tubuli of humans by Pronase digestion. Soluble Tub-Ag was then purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. Three DEAE fractions, designated as 0.07 M, 0.13 M, and 0.23 M fractions, raised antibodies in rabbits, and fluoresceinated antibodies against any of these fractions reacted exclusively with luminal layer of proximal tubular epithelia. Among three fluoresceinated antibodies, however, only the one directed to 0.07 M fraction bound with immune complexes which were deposited along the glomerular capillary walls of the patients with Tub-Ag-mediated membranous glomerulonephritis. Purified Tub-Ag (DEAE 0.07 M fraction) was physicochemically homogenous with a S20 value of 8.2. Utilizing 125I-labeled Tub-Ag, a sensitive and quantitative radioimmunoassay of Tub-Ag was developed. Tub-Ag was demonstrated to occur naturally in serum and urine, as well as in all the organs tested including kidney, intestine, liver, spleen, stomach, heart, and lung. Tub-Ag was detected even in the sera of anephric patients on maintenance hemodialysis (60.8 ± 7.8 radioimmunoassay units/ml), although at slightly lower levels than in those of normal individuals (69.9 ± 10.6 units/ml). The size of serum Tub-Ag was identical to that of molecules bearing Tub-Ag activity solubilized by Pronase from all the organs tested, indicating that circulating Tub-Ag was maintained mainly by organs other than kidneys.
Differences in the Age-Dependent Release of a Low Molecular Weight Suppressor (LMWS) and Stimulators by Normal and NZB/W Lymphoid Organs
Authors: Ranney David F. , Steinberg Alfred D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The age-dependent release of soluble suppressors and stimulators of DNA synthesis by cultured thymocytes and spleen cells from C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice was compared with their release by NZB/W lymphoid organs. Spleen cells from the normal strains released high levels of suppressor early in life and gradually decreasing quantities with age. NZB/W spleen cells exhibited an early deficiency followed by a later excess in the production of suppressor. These differences were quantitated by dose-response studies. Thymocytes from the normal strains released stimulatory factors throughout life. In contrast, NZB/W thymocytes stopped releasing stimulatory activity and began to produce suppressor after 2½ to 4 months of life. This abnormal elaboration of suppressor by thymocytes occurred 2 months before its reappearance in the autologous spleen cell supernatant. Both the early and late-appearing NZB/W suppressors were of low molecular weight (&lt;1000). This activity was designed as low molecular weight suppressor (LMWS). Its aberrant production by the lymphoid organs of NZB/W mice correlated well with their reported functional immunologic abnormalities. The following items were discussed: the production of LMWS by adherent spleen cells, its relationship to previously described regulators, its partial purification and initial chemical characterization, and exclusion of the naturally occurring inhibitors of lymphocyte activation, cortisol, corticosterone, cold thymidine, and cyclic AMP as the active molecule.
Macrophage-Lymphocyte Interaction
Authors: Greineder Dirk K. , Shevach Ethan M. , Rosenthal Alan S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Inhibition by anti-Ia sera of guinea pig T lymphocyte proliferation induced by allogeneic macrophages (MLR) and NaIO4 or neuraminidase-galactose oxidase-treated macrophages has been investigated in order to identify the target cell upon which the antisera act. Anti-2 and anti-13 alloantisera were found to inhibit both MLR and aldehyde-induced T cell reactivity when directed against the specificity of the stimulatory macrophage. Little or no inhibition was observed when these antisera were directed against the T lymphocyte specificity when cultures were harvested at the time of peak proliferation. In addition, anti-2 serum was found to inhibit macrophage-lymphocyte rosette formation at 20 hr between neuraminidase-galactose oxidasetreated strain 2 macrophages and strain 13 lymphocytes. These findings demonstrate that inhibition of T cell proliferation can be produced by anti-Ia sera directed against the macrophage and raise the possibility that Ir gene products may function in part at the level of the macrophage.
Mechanism of the Growth-Promoting Effect of Serum Albumin on Concanavalin A-Activated Lymphocytes: Protective Effect of the Plasma Proteins
Authors: Polet Herman , Spieker-Polet Helga 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The concentration of concanavalin A (Con A) required for optimal growth of lymphocytes is 10 to 20 times greater in the presence of plasma than in the presence of serum albumin (BSA). This shift in Con A requirement is mainly caused by Cohn fractions III and IV, which bind and probably remove free Con A. Lymphocytes, once they are activated by Con A, lose all proliferative activity unless protected by certain proteins. Cohn fraction VI and β-lactoglobulin were found to be most effective in protecting the cells. The protective proteins do not promote growth; only BSA promotes growth of Con A-activated lymphocytes. The mechanism of the growth-promoting effect of BSA of Con A-activated lymphocytes was investigated. The continuous presence of BSA in the culture medium during and after Con A activation is required for optimal lymphocyte growth. Temporary replacement of BSA by any of the protective proteins markedly reduces, whereas protein-free medium abolishes, growth. The mechanism of the growth-promoting effect of BSA is not concerned with regulating the uptake of Con A by lymphocytes. Red blood cells, crenated by washing in protein-free medium, revert immediately to their normal globular shape by the addition of BSA or FAF BSA, whereas the protective proteins fail to do so, indicating a direct effect of BSA on the external surface of the erythrocyte membrane and presumably also of the lymphocyte. The hypothesis is proposed that BSA promotes growth by conveying total structural integrity to the cell surface membrane of Con A-treated lymphocytes.
Mixed Lymphocyte Reactions: Augmentation by Drugs That Inhibit Stimulator Cell Protein Synthesis
Authors: Metzler Charles M. , Kostyk Thomas G. , Gershon Richard K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Inhibiting the protein synthesis of F1 stimulator cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) can enhance the DNA synthetic response and cytotoxic activity of the responder parental lymphocytes, independent of the number of stimulator cells used. Thus stimulator lymphocytes act not only as a source of antigen but play an additional regulatory role in the MLR.
B Lymphocyte Alloantigen Specificities Present on Cultured Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines
Authors: Honig R. , Billing R. , Matsuyama M. , Terasaki P. I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thirty-three of 34 cultured human lymphoblastoid B cell lines have been shown to express four out of five polymorphic non-HLA specificities expressed by normal B lymphocytes. The specificities were detected by 32 alloantisera produced by absorption with pooled platelets to remove HLA activity and selected from over 400 pregnancy sera. One B group (B2) which was expressed by 23% of a panel of normal B lymphocytes was not found on any of the cultured lines tested. Four T cell lines tested and myeloid line (K562) did not react with any of the B cell alloantisera.
Quantitative Analysis of the Proliferative Activity Induced in Murine Thymocytes by Concanavalin A
Authors: Gerhart Stanley , Mills Gordon , Monticone Vicky , Paetkau Verner 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A quantitative analysis of the proliferative response induced in murine thymocytes by concanavalin A (Con A) is described. Exogenous 3H-thymidine labels 35 to 40% of the newly incorporated TMP residues under optimal conditions. The density label 5-bromo-2′-deoxuridine (BrUdR) does not affect DNA metabolism in this system. With this nucleoside, it is shown that newly synthesized DNA is the result of semi-conservative replication, not repair. Double labeling of DNA provides a monitor for cells traversing the cell cycle (S phase to subsequent S phase). The average cycle time is 12.5 hr, and the shortest cell cycle time is 10 hr. The growing fraction of active cells is about two-thirds. The data show that different subpopulations of thymocytes begin proliferating after various times in culture. Once effectively stimulated by Con A, some of the cells can traverse the cell cycle at least twice more after the mitogen is removed.
Reversal of Cell Surface Abnormalities of T Lymphocytes in Hodgkin's Disease after in Vitro Incubation in Fetal Sera
Authors: Fuks Zvi , Strober Samuel , King Donna P. , Kaplan Henry S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The capacity of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with untreated Hodgkin's disease to form E rosettes with sheep erythrocytes and to respond in vitro to PHA stimulation were found to be profoundly impaired. In 49% of the patients, the percentage of E rosette-forming cells (E-RFC) was more than two standard deviations below the mean for normal donors. Overnight incubation of the peripheral blood lymphocytes from these patients in culture media containing 20% fetal calf serum was followed by restoration of the percentage of E-RFC up to normal levels. Similar results have been observed after incubation in fetal human serum, but not in adult human AB serum or adult bovine serum. Incubation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from untreated patients in 20% fetal calf serum also resulted in a remarkable restoration of their capacity to respond normally to PHA. Possible mechanisms involved in these reversible cell surface and in vitro lymphocyte function abnormalities in Hodgkin's disease are discussed.
Nonspecific Inhibition of Tumor Growth in Vivo by Admixed Allogeneic Tumor-Sensitized Lymphoid Cells and Identical Inactivated Allogeneic Tumor Cells
Authors: Sendo F. , Nakayama M. , Gotohda E. , Kobayashi H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
With the in vivo tumor neutralization test (Winn test), growth of a transplanted tumor (KMT-17) from Wistar-King-Aptekman rats was inhibited by allogeneic tumor (AH-66 from Donryu rats)-sensitized syngeneic lymphoid cells admixed with mitomycin C (MMC)-treated AH-66 cells. The observed tumor inhibition may be immunologically nonspecific, since no cross-antigens were detected by membrane immunofluorescence on the surfaces of KMT-17 and AH-66 cells. Close contact among KMT-17, AH-66-sensitized lymphoid cells and MMC-treated AH-66 cells was required for the inhibition of KMT-17 growth. AH-66 cells pretreated with formalin or ultrasonication lost tumor inhibitory activity when they were admixed with AH-66-sensitized lymphoid cells, and only MMC-treatment effectively preserved the tumor inhibitory activity of AH-66 cells. The sensitized spleen cells, draining lymph node, or peripheral blood cells inhibited tumor growth when they were admixed with MMC-treated AH-66 cells, whereas nucleated cells from bone marrow, thymus, or distal lymph node did not. Growths of KMT-17 were inhibited by admixed sensitized spleen cells and MMC-treated AH-66 even when pre-irradiated rats were used as recipients.
Generation of a Neutrophil Chemotactic Agent by Spermatozoa: Role of Complement and Regulation by Seminal Plasma Factors
Authors: Clark Robert A. , Klebanoff Seymour J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The interactions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, spermatozoa, seminal plasma, and serum have been examined in an in vitro leukocyte chemotaxis system. Bovine or human spermatozoa have no neutrophil chemotactic activity alone, but generate potent activity when incubated with serum. Generation of this activity requires magnesium, but not calcium ions and is blocked by pre-heating the serum. Chemotactic activity is generated normally in serum deficient in immunoglobulins or C4, but is not produced in serum deficient in C3. Thus, spermatozoa activate complement via the alternative pathway. The chemotactically active agent has been identified as the low m.w. C5 cleavage product (C5a) on the basis of heat stability, gel filtration characteristics, and specific inhibition by antiserum to C5. The spermatozoal constituents responsible for complement activation are largely heat stable, resistant to diisopropylfluorophosphate and on gel filtration compise a heterogeneous group of large m.w. materials.
Bovine seminal plasma has no neutrophil chemotactic activity alone; considerable activity, however, is generated by incubating low, but not high concentrations of seminal plasma with serum. The chemotactic agent produced in serum is C5a. Bovine seminal plasma also contains potent heat labile inhibitors of chemotaxis. Two distinct inhibitors differing in m.w. (50 to 100,000 and 15,000) and heat stability have been isolated. The inhibitors appear to act directly on the neutrophil rather than on the chemotactic factor. Human seminal plasma exhibits slight chemotactic activity alone but does not generate significant additional activity on incubation with serum. In contrast to the inhibitory activity of bovine seminal plasma, the human material contains heat-stable, nondialyzable factors which enhance the neutrophil chemotactic response.
These studies document a specific mechanism for the directed migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes toward spermatozoa. The findings may provide an explanation for the observed in vivo leukocyte accumulation in the female genital tract in association with spermatozoa and seminal plasma. The biologic significance of this phenomenon relates to potential leukocyte-spermatozoa interaction which may influence the likelihood of fertilization.
Autologous Human Cellular Cytotoxicity Induced by Mitogenic and Nonmitogenic Lectins
Authors: MacDermott Richard P. , Nash Geoffrey S. , Saint John G. , Clark Eloise A. , Zaras Alexander G. , Boldt David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Autologous systems are of great interest in the study of cellular cytotoxicity. By eliminating considerations of previous allogeneic sensitization, an autologous system allows straight forward study of effector mechanisms. The induction of lymphocytotoxicity by a variety of plant lectins toward xenogeneic, allogeneic, or syngeneic target cells has been described by Holm and Perlmann (1–4) and other investigators (5–7). Although early studies of lectin-induced lymphocytotoxicity demonstrated a close correlation between the degree of mitogenic stimulation of the lymphocytes and subsequent cytotoxicity (2), recent work has suggested that the phenomena of mitogenesis and of cytotoxicity may be independent of one another (5, 7). The ability to fractionate phytohemagglutinin into its major components (8), and the existence of other plant lectins that are nonmitogenic, provide an opportunity to study human autologous cellular cytotoxicity induced by lectins, with particular attention directed to the relationship between cytotoxicity and mitogenicity.
Thyroid Antibodies in Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis in the Buffalo Rat
Authors: Noble Bernice , Yoshida Takeshi , Rose Noel R. , Bigazzi Pierluigi E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thyroid antibodies in the sera of BUF rats are closely correlated with spontaneous thyroiditis; their detection may facilitate the study of this animal model of organspecific autoimmunity. In a group of 115 retired BUF breeders (females older than 1 year), 26% had mononuclear cell infiltration of the thyroid and high titers of thyroid antibodies detectable by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) and chromic chloride passive hemagglutination (CCH). In contrast, low-titered thyroid antibodies were present in 9% of the rats that had normal thyroids.
Sequential studies performed on a group of 76 neonatally thymectomized BUF rats showed that at 2 months 24% had high titers of thyroid antibodies detectable by IF and 8% by CCH and at 3 months these percentages increased to 27% by IF and 25% by CCH. When the rats were sacrificed at 4 months, at a time when spontaneous disease is not seen in untreated animals, 26% were found to have mononuclear cell infiltration of their thyroids. Approximately 75% of these rats with thyroiditis had been positive for thyroid antibodies at 2 months and 90% at 3 months. At sacrifice all of these animals had high-titered antibodies to thyroid antigens. In contrast, low-titered thyroid antibodies were present in 36% of the animals without thyroiditis.
Intravenous injection of BUF thymus cells into neonatally thymectomized rats failed to reduce the incidence of thyroiditis and thyroid antibodies. Approximately 33% of these animals had both thyroid infiltration and serum antibodies, whereas 19% of those with normal thyroids had low-titered thyroid antibodies.
Titers of circulating thyroid antibodies were closely correlated with the initial and intermediate stages of thyroiditis, i.e., animals with less infiltration had the lowest titers, whereas animals with intermediate levels of infiltration had high antibody titers. On the other hand, rats with a high degree of thyroid infiltration had relatively lower titers of thyroid antibodies. Direct IF of infiltrated thyroids revealed the presence of rat immunoglobulins in these organs, suggesting a possible direct or indirect role of autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of the disease.
We attempted to detect delayed hypersensitivity by skin testing with thyroid antigens and observing reactions at 4, 24, and 48 hr. All of 123 rats were negative, 20% of which had thyroiditis and thyroid antibodies. No serum MIF activity was detected in rats with thyroiditis and those with normal thyroids. The absence of delayed hypersensitivity reactions in these experiments provides further support for the contention that spontaneous thyroiditis in the BUF rat may be antibody mediated.
Disparity of IgE Binding Between Normal and Tumor Mouse Mast Cells
Authors: Mendoza Guillermo R. , Metzger Henry 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The binding constants of rat and mouse IgE to normal and neoplastic rat and mouse mast cells have been measured. None of the cells distinguishes between rat and mouse IgE. Rat normal and neoplastic mast cells and mouse mastocytoma cells show very similar binding properties: k1 ∼ 105, k-1 ∼ 10-5 and, therefore, KA ∼ 1010. Normal mouse mast cells also show a forward rate constant, k1, of 105 but the dissociation rate constant, k-1, is 50 times higher (5 × 10-4). The detergent-solubilized receptors reflect the properties of the cell-bound receptors. The discrepancy in binding by normal and neoplastic mouse mast cells remains unexplained but appears to be a reproducible finding for the cells from three strains of normal mice and three different mastocytomas studied.
Cell Surface Immunoglobulin
Authors: Vitetta Ellen S. , Uhr Jonathan W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present studies were designed to determine the effect of papain upon IgM and IgD on the surface of murine splenocytes. By using radioiodinated cells, it was shown that IgD is more susceptible to cleavage by papain than IgM. The difference in susceptibility to papain of the two isotypes was not observed when cell lysates were employed, suggesting that attachment to the plasma membrane affects the accessibility of IgM to papain. The major site of attack of the enzyme on IgD appears to be in the hinge region. The possible biologic implications of such a cleavage are discussed.
Regulation of the Primary Immune Response in Vivo by Parathyroid Hormone
Authors: Swierenga S. H. H. , MacManus J. P. , Braceland B. M. , Youdale T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Injection of sheep red blood cells into rats stimulates splenic DNA synthesis, then increases the proportion of plaque-forming cells, and finally raises the circulating antibody level. Removal of the parathyroid glands, which causes hypocalcemia, 24 hr before antigen injection impairs all of these responses, but is without effect after antigen injection. It is suggested that parathyroid hormone and calcium control the immune response, probably by affecting the proliferative phase of this response.