bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetic Assessment of Alternative Complement Pathway Activity in A Hemolytic System
Authors: Polhill Rutherford B. , Newman Simon L. , Pruitt Kenneth M. , Johnston Richard B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By using a kinetic assay, we have examined the role of antibody in the lysis of rabbit erythrocytes (RaRBC) through the alternative complement (C) pathway. Sera from some hypogammaglobulinemic (Hγ) humans and all agammaglobulinemic chickens tested had subnormal activity in the assay. Heated normal human or chicken sera, but not heated Hγ sera, restored activity to deficient Hγ serum and initiated hemolysis in the presence of rabbit serum as C source. Absorption of heated normal human serum with RaRBC, but not with sheep erythrocytes or zymosan, removed its ability to reconstitute deficient Hγ serum. Normal hemolytic activity could be restored to Hγ serum with human IgM, IgG, or colostral IgA, with goat anti-RaRBC IgG, or with an eluate from serum-sensitized RaRBC, but not with myeloma IgA. Restoration of hemolytic activity to Hγ serum could be achieved in a dose-dependent fashion with the F(ab′)2 fragment of IgG. These results suggest that antibody exerts a significant rate-limiting effect on alternative pathway activity in the RaRBC lytic system. This raises the possibility that antibody may be required for efficient alternative pathway activity in vivo and that the pyogenic infections that occur in Hγ individuals are due to inefficient activation and fixation of C3 through either the classical or alternative pathway.
Cytotoxicity of Human Peripheral Lymphocytes in Cell-Mediated Lympholysis; Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Lympholysis and Natural Cytotoxicity Assays after Mixed Lymphocyte Culture
Authors: Callewaert Denis M. , Lightbody James J. , Kaplan Joseph , Jaroszewski Jan , Peterson Ward D. , Rosenberg Jerry C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocytes that have been purified by Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation lose antibody-dependent and natural cytotoxic activities upon culture in tissue culture medium supplemented with human plasma. However, stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes in the mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) appears to enhance killer (K) and natural killer (NK) activities in addition to generating cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Enhancement of NK and antibody dependent activities appears to correlate with cell division as measured by 3H-thymidine uptake. However, elimination of dividing cells in the MLC by addition of 5-bromodeoxyuridine has no effect on NK and K cell activities. Since this treatment abolishes cell-mediated lympholysis mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, it is a useful probe for determining the relative activities of NK, K, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte effector cells after lymphocyte stimulation.
Ontogeny of Lymphocyte Functions during Embryonic Life of the Rabbit
Authors: Cazenave Pierre-André , Juy Dominique , Bona Constantin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Various immunologic functions of rabbit lymphocytes were studied during ontogeny. Liver cells of 17-day-old fetuses responded to concanavalin A and only after 22 days responded to phytohemagglutinin. The thymus cells of 22-day-old fetuses and the spleen cells of 29-day-old fetuses were stimulated by concanavalin A but not by phytohemagglutinin. The response to phytohemagglutinin in thymus and spleen cells was obtianed only after the birth. These results suggest that, in the rabbit, there are different subsets of T lymphocytes that respond either to concanavalin A or phytohemagglutinin. An alternative hypothesis is that the receptor for concanavalin A and the receptor for phytohemagglutinin appear on the same cells at different stages of the development.
No stimulation of fetal liver was obtained with B mitogens, i.e., Nocardia water soluble mitogen (NWSM) and antisera against allotypes of the b series whereas neonatal spleen cells were stimulated. These results indicate that the ability of lymphocytes to respond to a nonspecific rabbit B cell mitogen, namely NWSM, and to a specific rabbit B cell mitogen, namely anti-allotypic antibody, matured only in peripheral lymphoid organs, such as spleen, in spite of the fact that these two mitogens stimulate different subsets of B lymphocytes.
Significant synthesis of immunoglobulins by liver cells was obtained in 22-day-old fetuses. The liver cells possessed Fc receptors after 17 days of gestation and a significant antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity after 22 days. Both functions decreased after birth in these cells. These results showed a sequential acquisition of immunologic functions of rabbit lymphocytes.
Definition and Synthesis of the Essential Amino Acid Sequence for Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Lewis Rats
Authors: Hashim George A. , Carvalho Evelyn F. , Sharpe Richard D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The amino acid sequence of peptide S8, defined by residues 69 to 84 of the bovine myelin basic protein, was synthesized and shown to induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats. Comparison of the sequence of peptide S8, H-Gly-Ser-Leu-Pro-Gln-Lys-Ala-Gln-Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Gln-Asp-Glu-Asn-OH, to the corresponding region of the guinea pig myelin basic protein revealed the absence of Gly-His, residues 77 and 78, from the latter. Deletion of Gly-His from peptide S8 rendered the resulting peptide S49, a potent encephalitogen in Lewis rats.
Studies done with sequences shorter than synthetic peptide S49 revealed that the sequence of peptide S50, H-Ala-Gln-Arg-Pro-Gln-Asp-Glu-Asn-OH, made up of the C-terminal eight residues of peptide S49, was as encephalitogenic as the parent peptide. The sequence of peptide S50, not found naturally in any of the reported basic protein sequences, was generated by modification of the native bovine sequence of peptide S8. Unlike peptide S50, the sequence of peptide S53, H-Ser-Gln-Arg-Ser-Gln-Asp-Glu-Asn-OH, has a natural Gly-His deletion and is native to the sequence of guinea pig myelin basic protein. Despite Ser substitutions for Ala and Pro, peptide S53 is as encephalitogenic as peptide S50. The results of this study define an amino acid sequence from the guinea pig basic protein essential for inducing EAE in Lewis rats. Unlike previous studies, modification of a specific natural sequence generated a potent encephalitogenic determinant.
Macrophage-Lymphocyte Interaction in Migration Inhibition Factor (MIF) Production Against Soluble or Cellular Tumor-Associated Antigens
Authors: Landolfo Snato , Herberman Ronald B. , Holden Howard T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
For MIF production in response to 3 M KCl extracts of tumor, viable and metabolically active macrophages have been shown to be required to interact with the soluble tumor antigens and then come in contact with immune lymphocytes. The Mø-lymphocyte interaction for MIF production was found to be under the control of genes mapping in the IA subregion of the H-2 complex. However, when intact tumor cells were used as antigen, Mø were not required for immune lymphocytes to produce MIF. In addition, the interaction of immune lymphocytes with tumor cells for MIF production did not require H-2 compatibility. These and other observations strongly suggest that there are two different mechanisms for MIF production and that these may be mediated by two separate subpopulations of immune lymphocytes.
Spontaneous Cytotoxicity of Cultured Human Cell Lines Mediated by Normal Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
Authors: Callewaert Denis M. , Johnson David F. , Kearney Joanne 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The mechanism of spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) of cultured cell lines has been investigated and compared with antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCMC) by detailed kinetic analysis. the mechanism of SCMC resembles that of an enzyme, as does ADCMC where effector cells are analogous to an enzyme and the 51Cr-labeled target cells are analogous to the substrate. Temporal kinetic studies revealed an induction period of about 1 hr before significant 51Cr release for SCMC, but not for ADCMC. This induction period is not due to differences in effector-target affinity between SCMC and ADCMC.
On the basis of kinetic analysis it was shown that SCMC approaches simple Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics, allowing determination of a Michaelis constant, Km, and maximal velocity, Vmax, for the interaction between a given effector and target cell. The Km values thus determined were found to be identical for the lysis of several target cell lines of varying SCMC susceptibility to effector cells from a given donor, whereas Vmax values for lysis of different target cells varied considerably. However, effector cells isolated from the peripheral blood of different donors exhibited different Km values for the target cells tested. Moreover, the Km value obtained for ADCMC effected by a given donor's lymphocytes was found equal to the Km value obtained for SCMC by that donor.
Fc Receptors Induced by Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: McTaggart Susan P. , Burns William H. , White David O. , Jackson David C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Radioiodinated normal rabbit IgG was used to detect Fc receptors on the surface of HeLa S3-2 cells infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV). Unlike the Fc receptors present on most leukocytes, these virus-induced Fc receptors were found to be sensitive to trypsin at concentrations of enzyme as low as 0.1 mg/ml. Treatment of infected cells with neuraminidase enhanced the binding of IgG. Yet the HSV-induced Fc receptor(s) is probably a glycoprotein because its synthesis was inhibited by 2-deoxy-D-glucose at concentrations inhibiting glycoproteins but not total proteins. Binding of radioiodinated IgG to Fc receptors on infected HeLa S3-2 cells was unaffected by F(ab′)2 fragments prepared from antisera against uninfected HeLa S3-2 cells or against human β2-microglobulin. By contrast, anti-HSV F(ab′)2 or Fab′ fragments decreased binding of radioiodinated IgG to HSV-infected cells by 85%, and binding of radioiodinated Fc was also inhibited by anti-HSV Fab′.
“Silent” Alleles at the Hla-C Locus
Authors: Ferrara Giovanbattista , Tosi Roberto , Castellani Alberto , Longo Anna , Castellani Alberto , Viviani Claudio , Carminati Guido 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Defined specificities of the HLA-C locus possess a significantly lower immunogenicity as compared with the HLA-A and HLA-B specificities. HLA-C “blanks” are not immunogenic at all. Among the possible explanations, the most likely one appears to be a low phenotypic expression of these alleles. C locus antigens as a whole are thus likely to be of minor relevance in donor/recipient matching for transplantation.
Studies on the Transfer of Protective Immunity with Lymphoid Cells from Mice Immune to Malaria Sporozoites
Authors: Verhave Jan Peter , Strickland G. Thomas , Jaffe H. Ari , Ahmed Aftab 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In an effort to understand the mechanisms involved in the protective immunity to malarial sporozoites, an A/J mouse/Plasmodium berghei model was studied. Protective immunity could consistently be adoptively transferred only by using sublethal irradiation of recipients (500 R); a spleen equivalent (100 × 106) of donor cells from immune syngeneic mice; and a small booster immunization (1 × 104) of recipients with irradiation-attenuated sporozoites. Recipient animals treated in this manner were protected from lethal challenge with 1 × 104 nonattenuated sporozoites. Immune and nonimmune serum and spleen cells from nonimmune animals did not protect recipient mice. Fewer immune spleen cells (50 × 106) protected some recipients. In vitro treatment of immune spleen cells with anti-ϑ sera and complement abolished their ability to transfer protection. This preliminary study suggests that protective sporozoite immunity can be transferred with cells, and that it is T cell dependent.
The Primary Structure of a Human Immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) pFc′ Fragment
Authors: Pardo Angeles Garcia , Rosenwasser Ellen S. , Frangione Blas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Amino acid sequence analysis of the pFc′ fragment obtained by pepsin digestion of a human IgG2 myeloma protein PIG Gm (n or 23) negative shows it to consist of 112 residues. It starts at position 334 (γ1 numbering) and contains eight residues from the Cγ2 region, and the whole Cγ3 domain. Comparison with the sequence of γ1 shows two differences at positions 339 and 397. Each of them can be explained by a single base substitution. This high degree of homology among γ-chain subclasses suggests a recent diversification.
Suppression of Cytotoxic Lymphocyte Responses in Vitro by Soluble Products of Alloantigen-Activated Spleen Cells
Authors: Truitt Gary A. , Rich Robert R. , Rich Susan Solliday 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Suppression of in vitro cytotoxic lymphocyte (CL) responses was mediated by soluble factor(s) produced when in vivo alloantigen-activated suppressor cells were re-exposed to alloantigen in vitro. Elaboration of suppressor factor (SF) was T cell dependent and was optimal 7 days after alloantigen injection. Suppressor factor failed to inhibit CL generation when alloantigen-primed cells rather than normal spleen cells were used as responders. Moreover, SF added at day 3 of incubation rather than at culture initiation was also ineffective, suggesting that suppression probably occurs during antigen induction or early differentiation. Additionally, suppression was abrogated by the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. Studies combining SF and CL responder cells from a variety of H-2 disparate mouse strains revealed that suppression of CL responses: 1) was not alloantigen specific; 2) did not require H-2 homology between responder and suppressor strains; and 3) could not be demonstrated with CBA/J mice. Although CBA/J CL responses were not suppressed by any SF preparation, allo-sensitized CBA/J spleen cells did elaborate SF that inhibited BALB/c CL responses.
Rabbit Latent Group a Allotypes: Characterization and Relationship to Nominal Group a Allotypic Specificities
Authors: Mudgett-Hunter Meredith , Yarmush Martin L. , Fraser Blair A. , Kindt Thomas J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Latent group a allotypes were detected with a sensitive radioimmune inhibition assay. Sera, IgG preparations, and antibody fractions containing these allotypes inhibited the binding of insolubilized allotypic antisera to various radiolabeled antigens including IgG pools, homogeneous antibodies, and, in the case of a3, a VH fragment from a3/b4 IgG. Several different group a antiallotypic sera were used in the assays and all gave similar results. Comparison of inhibition curves for nominal and latent allotypes indicated that the full spectrum of allotypic subspecificities may be expressed in latent allotypes. Hemagglutination studies carried out with five sera containing high levels of latent allotypes confirmed the results obtained with the radioimmunoassay and indicated that inhibition values did not, at least in four of the five samples studied, reflect the presence of antiallotype antibodies.
Preparation of a Rabbit Anti-Guinea Pig Basophil Serum: in Vitro and in Vivo Characterization
Authors: Galli Stephen J. , Colvin Robert B. , Verderber Evie , Galli Anne S. , Monahan Rita , Dvorak Ann M. , Dvorak Harold F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A high titer anti-basophil serum was prepared by immunizing rabbits with partially purified guinea pig peripheral blood basophils. Successive absorptions with normal guinea pig serum, red blood cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and peritoneal-exudate macrophages and lymphocytes rendered the anti-basophil serum (ABS) reactive with basophils but no other leukocytes as determined by immunofluorescence, immunoferritin electron microscopy, and cytotoxicity assay. The basophil antigen(s) was expressed on the cell surface in close proximity to the plasma membrane and could be capped. ABS induced complement (C)-independent basophil degranulation and histamine release, but C was required for substantial basophil cytotoxicity and maximal degranulation and histamine release. ABS may recognize a basophil antigen(s) shared with tissue mast cells, because intradermal administration of small amounts of ABS produced local mast cell degranulation, reduction in skin histamine content, and an increase in vascular permeability that could be partially blocked by promethazine.
ABS was tested in vivo in guinea pigs sensitized both with ovalbumin for cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) and with mycobacteria for classic delayed hypersensitivity (DH). Administration of 0.25 to 1.0 ml of ABS i.v. reduced circulating basophils to 30% control values (p &lt; 0.05) at 2 hr and reduced the number of bone marrow basophils to 7% control values (p &lt; 0.001) at 24 hr. Other marrow and circulating leukocytes were not significantly affected. ABS also markedly reduced the number of basophils infiltrating 24-hr CBH reactions as determined by histology and histamine content. Other leukocytes were not altered nor was the cellular composition of DH or Con A-induced reactions affected. Systemic administration of ABS had no appreciable effect on subepidermal mast cells: the number and morphology of subepidermal mast cells, and the histamine content of normal skin were the same in animals that had received either i.v. ABS or NRS 24 hr before sacrifice. The CBH reactions in ABS-treated animals were more intensely erythematous than those in NRS-treated controls (p = 0.015). ABS may prove useful in analyzing the basophil's role in inflammatory reactions.
Opposing Reactivities of Subpopulations of T Lymphocytes Toward Syngeneic Tumor Cells: Separation of Early Thymocytes
Authors: Small Myra 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present communication is a continuation of earlier studies which indicated that interaction between syngeneic tumors and those lymphocytes in the early stages of thymic processing can result in enhanced tumor growth in vivo. The thymocytes involved in this tumor enhancement were found previously in the rapidly dividing subpopulation of subcapsular cortical thymocytes, both in the untreated thymus and in the thymus undergoing repopulation after cortisone depletion. In the present experiments we have isolated this small subpopulation of early thymocytes. After cortisone injection such cells could be separated from the medullary cortisone-resistant thymocytes since the latter cells exhibit a high level of surface H-2 antigens and were thus lysed preferentially by anti-H-2 serum and complement. The repopulating subcapsular early thymocytes, which were resistant to this treatment, were incapable of responding to PHA while their basal proliferation rate was undiminished, and the majority of the cells were found to be dividing. When such low H-2 early thymocytes were injected together with three different tumors into syngeneic mice their tumor-enhancing activity was evident. It is clear that such early thymocytes are not devoid of biologic reactivity and their release from the thymus could have decisive results.
Separate Pathways of C Activation by Measles Virus Cytotoxic Antibodies: Subclass Analysis and Capacity of F(ab) Molecules to Activate C via the Alternative Pathway
Authors: Ehrnst Anneka 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Commercially available IgG was fractionated into different subclasses a) by partial papain-digestion and exclusion chromatography, separating intact IgG2 and IgG4 from F(ab) and Fc of IgG1 and IgG3 and b) by passage through a staphylococcus protein A-coated Sepharose column to yield IgG3 separate from IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4. Measles antibody titers were analyzed by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI), hemolysis-inhibition (HLI), and by cytotoxicity assays. Diluted ordinary rabbit complement (C) was employed to exclude activation via the alternative pathway in studies of the classical pathway. C-4 deficient guinea pig C and rabbit C in ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid (EGTA), and as a control, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), were employed for studies of the alternative pathway. The discrepancy in that HI but not hemolysin antibodies activate C by the alternative pathway but both may activate C by the classical way was then further investigated.
Measles virus HI and HLI antibody activity per milligram protein was highest in fractions containing IgG1. The titers in the IgG3 and IgG2 ± 4 materials were low and might result from contamination by IgG1. This demonstrated a segregation of measles virus HI and HLI antibodies into IgG1 in normal individuals. Cytotoxicity by both pathways of complement activation was most pronounced in the presence of IgG1. Since both HI and hemolysin antibodies were mainly of the IgG1 subclass, their separate pathways of C activation could not depend on subclass differences. F(ab) fragments of human and rabbit IgG and human F(ab′) molecules, carrying measles virus HI activity, were as efficient in cytotoxicity tests via the alternative pathway as intact IgG with a corresponding HI titer. It is suggested that characteristics of the surface antigens might determine the pathway of C activation.
The Activation of Mononuclear Phagocytes: Fact, Fancy, and Future
Authors: Cohn Zanvil A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Activation revisited. Since the time of Metchinkoff (1) and his contemporaries it has been clear that tissue macrophages exist in various states of activity. One reads about the resting-wandering cells of the connective tissue, arising from the mesenchyme and stimulated by the products of local injury. Such observations performed with the light microscope, vital dyes, and keen insight have in the past two decades been expanded with our increasing knowledge of the mononuclear phagocyte system (2).
In the recent past the term “activated macrophage” has largely been relegated to the bactericidal process and to the role of these cells in cell-mediated immunity. Unraveled largely through the imaginative in vivo studies of Mackaness and North and their colleagues (3, 4), the two cell nature of the process, the effector role of the macrophage, and the unique sensitizing qualities of viable organisms were elucidated. Yet, it is apparent when one scans the varied roles of tissue macrophages in the physiology and pathology of mammals that this is a much restricted definition.
Sodium Polyanethole Sulfonate: A New Macrophage-Dependent Polymyxin-Inhibitable, Polyclonal B Cell Activator
Authors: Smith C. I. Edvard , Hammarström Lennart 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The anionic detergent sodium polyanethole sulfonate was found to activate mouse B lymphocytes to increased cell division and formation of plaque-forming cells, possibly by an indirect mechanism. An increased cell division was also obtained in guinea pig and in rabbit lymphoid cell cultures. A strong similarity was found when comparing the dextran sulfate- and the sodium polyanethole sulfonate-sensitive cell population. Thus, the responding mouse cells resided in spleen and lymph node and also in fetal liver and bone marrow. The sensitive lymphocytes were dependent on the presence of macrophages or macrophage-replacing factors, since depletion of phagocytic cells resulted in loss of response. Addition of polymyxin B inhibited the stimulation, possibly through a direct interaction with the polyanion. In potency sodium polyanethole sulfonate was found to surpass dextran sulfate, making this benzene sulfonate a useful tool when studying lymphocyte responses.