bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Principle of Internal Independence of the Judge: Degree of Implementation in Ukraine
Authors: Savytska N. 
Published: June 2023

This article is devoted to the characteristics of the legal content and the actual state of implementation of the principle of internal independence of judges in Ukraine.
It is emphasized that the importance of forming an independent judicial system is one of the most important indicators of building a truly legal system of Ukraine. After all, in a democratic legal state, only the judiciary can finally resolve a legal dispute or conflict. But it will be able to fulfill its purpose only under conditions when it is truly independent, impartial, and accessible to everyone, and the enshrining of rights and freedoms in legislative acts is unambiguous, clear, precise, systematic and accessible to everyone. Besides, no matter how perfect the legislation is, its norms become declarative if they do not have a mechanism for observing the rights and obligations provided for in them.
In Ukraine, the issue of judicial reform is extremely urgent, since the percentage of the country's population that believes in the possibility of protecting their rights and interests in court is small, and the number of unjust decisions is too significant.
It has been established that one of the most negative social phenomena that affects the administration of justice in Ukraine is systemic corruption. The next determinant is an excessive load on the courts, which leads to a deterioration in the quality of judicial proceedings, as well as lengthens the duration of cases and judgments. Other "dangerous" and risky determinants include the instability of judicial practice, the ambiguity of regulations that establish the legal basis for the administration of justice, and long delays in court hearings due to the failure of judges to provide a schedule for consideration of court cases.
The author's definition of the principle of internal independence of a judge is given, which is the ability of judges to perform their duties properly, in particular to independently and impartially decide each case on its merits, without influence or undue control by the head of the court, other judges, employees of the court apparatus and participants in the court proceedings. Process.
Advocate in the system of free legal aid: organizational and legal basis of interaction
Authors: Tsymbalyuk V. 
Published: June 2023

The article is devoted to the study of the organizational and legal foundations of the interaction of advocates and the system of free legal aid. It has been established that the provision of free secondary legal aid to a certain category of persons is a constitutional guarantee and a positive obligation of the state, which is implemented thanks to the system of free legal aid and to a large extent the involvement of lawyers in it, who are one of the subjects authorized to provide various types legal services. The views of scientists and practitioners on the issue of the monopoly of providing professional legal assistance by lawyers are analyzed. The author supported the arguments in her favor.
Particular attention is paid to the statistical indicators of the provision of free secondary legal assistance by advocates, which demonstrate the importance of the latter's work in the system of free legal assistance and their demand. It was determined that the organizational aspects of the cooperation of advocates with the system of free legal aid are, firstly, the selection of lawyers, secondly, the distribution of cases, thirdly, the payment of fees, and fourthly, the control over the quality of their work.
The features of the competitive selection of lawyers for the system of free legal aid are analyzed. The thesis that they are formalized can be refuted by clear criteria according to which advocates can provide free legal aid, because without them it is impossible to hold a competition. At the same time, the selection of advocates for the system of free legal aid should be as transparent as possible. Another problem is the distribution of cases between advocates, which can be solved by improving the information and analytical system of free legal aid, which will provide for an automated procedure for the distribution of cases. The following two organizational aspects of the interaction of advocates and the system of free legal aid are called remuneration of lawyers and control over the quality of their work. Attention is focused on the debt problem that arose before advocates during the martial law period and the importance of its solution.
International principles of combating the illegal use for profit of humanitarian aid, charitable donations, or free aid
Authors: Shapovalova N. 
Published: June 2023

The article is devoted to an extremely relevant topic - the characteristics of the international principles of combating the illegal use for profit of humanitarian aid, charitable donations, or free aid. It has been proven that much of international humanitarian assistance is based on the premise that armed conflict will inevitably resume, but that all parties involved can take steps to minimize the hardships faced by civilians caught in the chaos. Nevertheless, the parties involved in the conflicts constantly do not fulfill their demands. The International Court of Justice has repeatedly noted that the right to humanitarian assistance is the core of ergo omnes obligations.
The article establishes that the legal mechanisms, the current jurisdictional mechanisms for the international protection of the right to humanitarian aid, require significant time costs and the consent of the state to provide it with humanitarian aid. Political mechanisms are particularly effective in resolving disputes of this type because they are more flexible and can be used to combat the behavior of non-state parties. After all, a significant negative factor during an active armed conflict is that a person's right to humanitarian aid mainly depends on the political will of states to use the means available at their disposal to ensure implementation and execution. It turns out that the procedure for considering interstate complaints regarding the violation of the right to humanitarian assistance involves a long process, as well as the complete exhaustion of national remedies. Transferring a case to the European Court of Human Rights is also a long-term process that does not provide for temporary procedures for settling the situation. In such a case, the role of the courts is not preventive and cannot contribute to the prevention of violations of the right to humanitarian assistance. In addition, if judicial protection is always evaluated as a traditional way of protecting violated rights, then there are also alternative ones, for example, a monitoring procedure that focuses on the analysis of "situations" in which human rights are violated, considering the frequency of violations over time, and not the number of victims. This makes it possible to identify even individual violations of human rights.
Features of search tactics during the investigation of obstruction of the legitimate professional activities of journalists
Authors: Matsola A. , Chernychenko І. 
Published: June 2023

The scientific article, based on the analysis of the opinions of forensic scientists, the provisions of the current criminal procedural legislation and the practice of its application. It substantiates the practical significance of highlighting the peculiarities of the search tactics during the investigation of interference the legitimate professional activity of journalists. The main task of the search is the extraction of individual traces and other objects that have significance in criminal proceedings. Depending on the object of the search, the following variants are distinguished:house search; search of other possessions; search of the person.
The authors of the article set the goal of highlighting the peculiarities of the search tactics during the investigation of interference the legitimate professional activity of a journalist.
Еmphasized on the importance of conducting a personal search at the initial stage of the investigation, the object of which is a person's body and clothes.
Peculiarities of extraction during the search of computer objects were studied. It is noted that before starting the search, it is necessary to take measures to prevent possible damage or destruction of information. To do this, it is necessary to ensure the continuous power supply of computer equipment before and during the search, remove unauthorized persons from the premises in which the search is being carried out. It is also important to take measures so that unauthorized persons cannot send any commands to the computer system in which information is searched. Emphasized that in view of the technical features of starting, stopping and functioning of computer equipment, the suspect's access to it should be limited during the search.
It was concluded that the main tasks of conducting a search during the investigation of criminal offenses provided for by Art. 171 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, are: establishing the location of wanted persons; finding tools of a criminal offense, other things and documents relevant to criminal proceedings, in particular computer devices, computer media, individual files stored in them and other computer objects.
The place and role of the judiciary in the system of state authorities: implementation of the principle of people’s power
Authors: Byelov D. , Придачук O. 
Published: June 2023

The place and role of the judiciary in the system of state authorities: implementation of the principle of people’s power.
The article is devoted to highlighting certain features of the organization and activities of state authorities in Ukraine. The author focuses his attention on the role and place of the judiciary in the mechanism of checks and balances. Separate principles of the construction of the system of judicial power in Ukraine are considered.
It is indicated that a just law is the embodiment of the idea of equal freedom for all - to do everything that does not limit the freedom of others and does not cause harm, as well as what is not prohibited by law. The idea of justice is implemented primarily through the normative consolidation of the right to a fair trial. This right is established both at the national and international levels. Given the closeness of the concepts of «law» and «justice», in the process of consideration of a court case there is a search for the right, and the result of this consideration is embodied in a concrete decision of the court.
The authors note: 1) guaranteed rights (opportunities to perform certain actions) of a person who is a citizen of a specific state should be established by laws. Laws establishing rights, establishing specific obligations and sanctions for non-fulfilment apply equally to all citizens. 2) in order to implement the principle of «the best order» it is necessary to create a logical relationship between coercion and protection in the person of the citizen. This means the following: a citizen must have a real possibility of forcing state and other bodies, third parties to properly comply with the law, just as the state has the possibility of forcing citizens to obey the law. The social nature of the judiciary consists precisely in the resolution by judges (from the standpoint of justice) of conflicts of conflicting interests in society. The solution to the legal nature of judicial power lies in the fact that judges in a specific case demarcate the free spheres of the disputing parties and formulate the corresponding universally binding consequences. The constitutional and legal parameters of ensuring the human rights function of the judiciary are due to the fact that the judiciary itself is a sub-function of a more general concept - the law enforcement function of the judiciary. The current legislation of Ukraine establishes the unity of the judicial system of our country, but in fact this issue is not so obvious due to the existence of organizationally independent and procedurally independent systems of courts of general jurisdiction, economic and administrative courts, as well as the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. However, the general duty of courts to protect the rights and freedoms of a person and а citizen acts as the main constitutional goal of justice - it unites all branches of the judicial power according to their social purpose in the system of state authorities.
Noninstitutionalized international security alliances: safeguarding world peace and regional stability
Authors: Horovenko S. 
Published: June 2023

The article summarizes the Ukrainian diplomatic’ success stories in launching non-conventional modalities, instruments, methods of cooperation with global actors aimed to protect fundamental human rights and maintains the grounds for the present international order and stability.
The constructions, instruments and methods in question are peculiar security alliances that encourage intergovernmental cooperation, first of all, in the case of international human rights protection and deepening political, economic, cultural and education diplomacy.
The author produces a personal description of the noninstitutionalized security alliances and provides evidence-based examples of the permanent efficiency of such partnerships. The author pays attention to examining noninstitutionalized intergovernmental cooperation to clearly understand the security status quo in Europe and the world.
Although most classic international organizations informally support Ukraine in its military defense against russia, there are no factual perspectives to formalize this cooperation, such as NATO or EU integration, in the nearest future. The author illustrates the dualistic nature of noninstitutionalized international security alliances. On the one hand, they support fundamental regional actors such as NATO and the EU to execute their policy without formal promises or official bunding upon Ukraine. From another hand, it assists Ukraine in integrating state policy into the NATO and EU agenda and structure. Thus it brings Ukraine closer to Euro-Atlantic and European integration implicitly with both separate EU and NATO member states and such organizations as a whole.
Eventually, the democratic states practice establishing and maintaining international cooperation in extraordinary security alliances as alternatives to classic international relations to ensure regional security and global peace. Ukrainian experience based on the full-scale international armed conflict is an excellent case to examine and further research.
Thrombosed orbital varix of the inferior ophthalmic vein: A rare cause of acute unilateral proptosis
Authors: Abdelsalam Ahmed , Ramsay Ian A. , Ehiemua Uche , Thompson John W. , Fountain Hayes B. , Eatz Tiffany , Wu Eva M. , Bhatia Rita G. , Lam Byron L. , Tse David T. , Starke Robert M. 
Published: June 2023

Background:
Orbital varices are rare, accounting for only 0–1.3% of orbital masses. They can be found incidentally or cause mild to serious sequelae, including hemorrhage and optic nerve compression.

Case Description:
We report a case of a 74-year-old male with progressively painful unilateral proptosis. Imaging revealed the presence of an orbital mass compatible with a thrombosed orbital varix of the inferior ophthalmic vein in the left inferior intraconal space. The patient was medically managed. On a follow-up outpatient clinic visit, he demonstrated remarkable clinical recovery and denied experiencing any symptoms. Follow-up computed tomography scan showed a stable mass with decreased proptosis in the left orbit consistent with the previously diagnosed orbital varix. One-year follow-up orbital magnetic resonance imaging without contrast showed slight increase in the intraconal mass.

Conclusion:
An orbital varix may present with mild to severe symptoms and management, depending on case severity, ranges from medical treatment to escalated surgical innervation. Our case is one of few progressive unilateral proptosis caused by a thrombosed varix of the inferior ophthalmic vein described in the literature. We encourage further investigation into the causes and epidemiology of orbital varices.
Dynamic asymmetry in cerebrospinal fluid pressure: An indicator of regional differences in compliance
Authors: English Connor J. , Taylor Zachary , Cramberg Michael , Young Bruce A. 
Published: June 2023

Background:
Dural compliance influences the shape and magnitude of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pulsations. In humans, cranial compliance is approximately 2× greater than spinal compliance; the differential has been attributed to the associated vasculature. In alligators, the spinal cord is surrounded by a large venous sinus, which suggests that the spinal compartment may have higher compliance than is found in mammals.

Methods:
Pressure catheters were surgically implanted into the cranial and spinal subdural spaces of eight subadult American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). The CSF was propelled through the subdural space by orthostatic gradients and rapid changes in linear acceleration.

Results:
CSF pressure recordings taken from the cranial compartment were consistently, and significantly, larger than those taken from the spinal compartment. After the myodural bridge of Alligator was surgically released, the asymmetry in CSF pressure was decreased.

Conclusion:
Unlike the situation in humans, the spinal compartment of Alligator has greater compliance than the cranial compartment, presumably due to the presence of the large spinal venous sinus surrounding the dura. The change in CSF pressures after myodural surgical release supports the hypothesis that the myodural bridge functions, at least in part, to modulate dural compliance and the exchange of CSF between the cranial and spinal compartments.
OPTIMIZATION OF HYPERBARIC ANESTHETIC DOSAGE FOR UNILATERAL SPINAL ANESTHESIA IN ORTHOPEDIC AND TRAUMA OPERATIONS
Authors: KOZLOVSKA IRYNA , DATSYUK OLEKSANDR 
Published: June 2023

Topicality. Using generally accepted methods of calculating doses of local anesthetic during spinal anesthesia, the efficiency and safety of anesthesia are not always sufficient.
The aim of our study was to determine the optimal dose of local anesthetic according to the height of the patient gradation method for unilateral and bilateral spinal anesthesia during orthopedic and traumatological operations on the lower extremities. Determine the advantages and disadvantages of both methods of analgesia.
Materials and methods: Our study is based on an examination of 52 patients of I-II degrees of surgical risk according to ASA, divided into two groups. The first group (control) included 25 patients who underwent bilateral spinal anesthesia, the second group included 27 patients who underwent unilateral spinal anesthesia during orthopedic and traumatological operations on the lower extremities. Spinal anesthesia was performed with a hyperbaric solution of 0.5% bupivacaine, with the anesthetic dosing algorithm developed by us.
Results: When evaluating the effectiveness of the performed spinal anesthesia, the duration of sensory and motor blocks and the level of development of sensory blockade by dermatomes in both study groups were determined. In the 1st group, the sensory block was 252.2±74.32 min., the motor block was 198.2±59 min. In the II group, the sensory block was 189.25±34.27 min., the motor block was 154.07±28.59 min. When determining the frequency of cardiovascular complications, dynamics of indicators in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were determined before surgery, after 5 min., 30 min., 1 h., 2 h., 3 h., 5 h., 7 h., 9 h. It was found that the decrease in MAP and heart rate prevailed in the first group during the study. The volume of crystalloid infusion in the first research group was 2042±663.9 ml, and in the second group – 1666.66±635.49 ml. Laboratory diagnostic methods were used in order to determine dynamics of indicators in the basic metabolism and hormonal background during the occurrence of pain syndrome in patients and the effect of the dose of local anesthetic on the speed and level of changes in these parameters. For this purpose, changes in blood glucose, lactate and blood cortisol were determined before surgery, 3 hours, 6 hours and 9 hours of anesthesia course.
Conclusions: 1. Gradational dosing of local anesthetic for unilateral and bilateral spinal anesthesia according to height ensures the necessary effectiveness of analgesia. 2. Reducing the dose of anesthetic during unilateral spinal anesthesia increases the safety of anesthesia and causes less side effects. 3. The duration and level of sensory blockade of unilateral spinal anesthesia is significantly reduced when using a reduced dose of local anesthetic in comparison with bilateral.
Analisis Bentuk dan Fungsi Tindak Tutur dalam Slogan Iklan Kopi di Televisi serta Relevansinya Sebagai Bahan Ajar Bahasa Indonesia di SMP
Authors: Febriana Enyka , Assidik Gallant Karunia 
Published: June 2023

Slogan iklan merupakan wujud tuturan yang di dalamnya mengandung maksud tertentu. Dari tuturan tersebut diharapkan adanya reaksi dari mitra tutur. Slogan merupakan salah satu wujud penggunaan bahasa dalam berkomunikasi yang banyak menimbulkan reaksi. Penelitian ini deskriptif kualitatif. Tujuan penelitian yaitu mendeskripsikan bentuk, fungsi dan relevansi tindak tutur slogan iklan kopi di televisi sebagai bahan ajar bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan 4 teknik pengumpulan data yaitu teknik bebas libat cakap (SBLC), rekam, transkrip data, dan catat. Hasil penelitian berupa 1) bentuk tindak tutur deklaratif lebih banyak ditemukan sekitar 20 data, sedangkan data tindak tutur yang paling sedikit yaitu tindak tutur interogatif dengan 1 data. Bentuk tindak tutur imperatif ada 2 data bentuk tindak tutur imperatif berupa perintah dan bentuk tindak tutur interogatif berupa pertanyaan. 2) Fungsi tindak tutur representatif paling banyak ditemukan sebanyak 18 data, sedangkan fungsi tindak tutur direktif hanya ditemukan 7 data. 3) Relevansi tindak tutur slogan iklan kopi bisa diimplikasikan pada KD 3.3 dan 4.3 pada muatan ajar bahasa Indonesia di SMP kelas VIII. Implementasi tindak tutur bisa dilakukan dengan menambahkan kajian tindak tutur slogan iklan sebagai materi penguat atau sumber belajar tambahan bagi siswa sebagai pembanding model tindak tutur di ranah digital visual.Kata Kunci: Tindak Tutur, Iklan Slogan, Bentuk dan Fungsi, Bahan Ajar Bahasa Indonesia