bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of ChatGPT, GPT-4, and Google Bard on a Neurosurgery Oral Boards Preparation Question Bank
Authors: Ali Rohaid , Tang Oliver Y. , Connolly Ian D. , Fridley Jared S. , Shin John H. , Zadnik Sullivan Patricia L. , Cielo Deus , Oyelese Adetokunbo A. , Doberstein Curtis E. , Telfeian Albert E. , Gokaslan Ziya L. , Asaad Wael F. 
Published: June 2023

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:General large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT (GPT-3.5), have demonstrated the capability to pass multiple-choice medical board examinations. However, comparative accuracy of different LLMs and LLM performance on assessments of predominantly higher-order management questions is poorly understood. We aimed to assess the performance of 3 LLMs (GPT-3.5, GPT-4, and Google Bard) on a question bank designed specifically for neurosurgery oral boards examination preparation.METHODS:The 149-question Self-Assessment Neurosurgery Examination Indications Examination was used to query LLM accuracy. Questions were inputted in a single best answer, multiple-choice format. χ2, Fisher exact, and univariable logistic regression tests assessed differences in performance by question characteristics.RESULTS:On a question bank with predominantly higher-order questions (85.2%), ChatGPT (GPT-3.5) and GPT-4 answered 62.4% (95% CI: 54.1%-70.1%) and 82.6% (95% CI: 75.2%-88.1%) of questions correctly, respectively. By contrast, Bard scored 44.2% (66/149, 95% CI: 36.2%-52.6%). GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 demonstrated significantly higher scores than Bard (bothP< .01), and GPT-4 outperformed GPT-3.5 (P= .023). Among 6 subspecialties, GPT-4 had significantly higher accuracy in the Spine category relative to GPT-3.5 and in 4 categories relative to Bard (allP< .01). Incorporation of higher-order problem solving was associated with lower question accuracy for GPT-3.5 (odds ratio [OR] = 0.80,P= .042) and Bard (OR = 0.76,P= .014), but not GPT-4 (OR = 0.86,P= .085). GPT-4's performance on imaging-related questions surpassed GPT-3.5's (68.6% vs 47.1%,P= .044) and was comparable with Bard's (68.6% vs 66.7%,P= 1.000). However, GPT-4 demonstrated significantly lower rates of “hallucination” on imaging-related questions than both GPT-3.5 (2.3% vs 57.1%,P< .001) and Bard (2.3% vs 27.3%,P= .002). Lack of question text description for questions predicted significantly higher odds of hallucination for GPT-3.5 (OR = 1.45,P= .012) and Bard (OR = 2.09,P< .001).CONCLUSION:On a question bank of predominantly higher-order management case scenarios for neurosurgery oral boards preparation, GPT-4 achieved a score of 82.6%, outperforming ChatGPT and Google Bard.
Surgery Decreases Nonunion, Myelopathy, and Mortality for Patients With Traumatic Odontoid Fractures: A Propensity Score Matched Analysis
Authors: Cloney Michael , Thirunavu Vineeth , Roumeliotis Anastasios , Azad Hooman , Shlobin Nathan A. , Swong Kevin , El Tecle Najib , Dahdaleh Nader S. 
Published: June 2023

BACKGROUND:
Existing literature suggests that surgical intervention for odontoid fractures is beneficial but often does not control for known confounding factors.

OBJECTIVE:
To examine the effect of surgical fixation on myelopathy, fracture nonunion, and mortality after traumatic odontoid fractures.

METHODS:
We analyzed all traumatic odontoid fractures managed at our institution between 2010 and 2020. Ordinal multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with myelopathy severity at follow-up. Propensity score analysis was used to test the treatment effect of surgery on nonunion and mortality.

RESULTS:
Three hundred and three patients with traumatic odontoid fracture were identified, of whom 21.6% underwent surgical stabilization. After propensity score matching, populations were well balanced across all analyses (Rubin's B < 25.0, 0.5 < Rubin's R < 2.0). Controlling for age and fracture angulation, type, comminution, and displacement, the overall rate of nonunion was lower in the surgical group (39.7% vs 57.3%, average treatment effect [ATE] = −0.153 [−0.279, −0.028], P = .017). Controlling for age, sex, Nurick score, Charlson Comorbidity Index, Injury Severity Score, and selection for intensive care unit admission, the mortality rate was lower for the surgical group at 30 days (1.7% vs 13.8%, ATE = −0.101 [−0.172, −0.030], P = .005) and at 1 year was 7.0% vs 23.7%, ATE = −0.099 [−0.181, −0.017], P = .018. Cox proportional hazards analysis also demonstrated a mortality benefit for surgery (hazard ratio = 0.587 [0.426, 0.799], P = .0009). Patients who underwent surgery were less likely to have worse myelopathy scores at follow-up (odds ratio = 0.48 [0.25, 0.93], P = .029).

CONCLUSION:
Surgical stabilization is associated with better myelopathy scores at follow-up and causes lower rates of fracture nonunion, 30-day mortality, and 1-year mortality.
Human Resources Management Analytics in Private Healthcare Unit
Authors: Kavvadas Yiannis , Kirkos Efstathios 
Published: June 2023

Private Greek healthcare sector consists mainly of medium and small size entities. These entities, especially small ones, rely completely on their Human Resources. However, it seems that they do not avail themselves of new technological methods and tools for assessing their human resources.
The aim of the present study was to create a methodology that will help these entities to evaluate their employees properly and to prove that the empirical knowledge of managers and heads can be enhanced by employing Data Mining methods, in order to create a successful evaluation model.
In the present study, a healthcare unit consisted of 287 employees was selected. Twelve interviews were conducted with 12 managers and heads. A Graphic Rating Scale Τable, built by eight qualitative attributes, was given to the interviewees. Those 8 qualitative attributes were combined with 18 quantitative attributes in order for a new model to be created. Data were collected from the Human Resources department. To perform the analysis, Machine Learning methods were used.
This model proved to be functional and capable of giving valid information to management for employees’ evaluation. Data Mining methods are quite useful for the HR department and the Administration of the unit.
The above methodology provides low-costs and usable tools, for appropriate employees’ evaluation.

EL Classifications: J24, M12, M54, C38.
Key words: Human Resources, Management, Healthcare Unit, Data Mining
The role of car rental business in travel and tourism industry: A Case study of rent a car companies in Lefkada Island
Authors: Kalli Sofia , Avramopoulos Avraam 
Published: June 2023

The present research refers to the role of car rental in the travel industry with a case study on the island of Lefkada. The agencies in the car rental industry have received a great deal of attention in recent years, due to the fact that they have shown immense growth in and out of Greece. In Greece, the car rental industry is most often associated with tourism as it presents the largest turnover of tourists-customers.
In the present paper, rent-a-car agencies in the island of Lefkada are canvassed in the literature and research field with the aim of drawing conclusions in relation to their basic features and the quantitative and quality depiction of their workforce. Regarding the research process, a quantitative and qualitative research was carried out. The main tool used in the quantitative research was the questionnaire which was distributed to agencies operating in the field of the car rental industry in the island of Lefkada. The tool of the qualitative research was the interview, which took place in three agencies through face-to-face meetings with their executives. The results indicated that the course of the Greek car rental market, in recent years, is on the rise, which creates a positive climate for the development and progress of the industry. Finally, certain suggestions for future research based on the conclusions are the study on European Funds and NSRF programs for the purchase of electric cars and the simplification of procedures, i.e. the automatization of most actions such as online check.
JEL Classifications: L83, L91, M21
Key words: short-term vehicle leases, vehicle rental, types of vehicle leases, management of car rental agencies.
A comprehensive review of energy efficient routing protocols for query driven wireless sensor networks
Authors: Bekal Punith , Kumar Pramod , Mane Pallavi R , Prabhu Ghanshyam 
Published: June 2023

In this current era of communications and networking, The Internet of things plays the main role in the making of smart communication and networking. In this article, we have focused on the literature survey on wireless sensor networks which are energy efficient. Various standard protocols are reviewed along with some enhanced protocols which makes the network energy efficient. The comparison of the standard and enhanced protocols with respect to various applications in wireless sensor networks is thoroughly done in this article. The outcomes of the enhanced protocols are also briefly discussed. For easier analysis to future researchers, a comparative table which lists the enhanced protocols which are compared with standard counterparts along with the factors for energy efficiency of the protocols. This article also comments on the issues and challenges of the protocols which can be further analyzed for making the wireless sensor network more energy efficient.
Gastronot: a pilot project for promoting healthy eating habits using mixed-method study design
Authors: Respati Titik , Fitriyana Susan , Romadhona Nurul , Ibnusantosa Ganang , Frederrico Rio , Yulianto Fajar Awalia , Shandriasti Aughya , Nugroho Eko 
Published: June 2023

Background: Eating habits are formed from childhood and develop into adulthood. Unhealthy eating habits will persist into adulthood and can lead to various diseases. Healthy eating and behaviour should be taught using engaging tools. The study aims to pilot nutrition education using the game-based learning approach, implementing a specially designed learning board game entitled "Gastronot". Methods: A mixed-method study was used in two stages. The first stage was an FGD with 14 informants and in-depth interviews with six informants to develop the game. The second stage was the game's development, and a pre and post-test were conducted on 88 children to evaluate the game—the study was conducted from August 2019 to July 2020. Results: Results showed almost half the children (49%) never heard about Balanced Nutrition Diet Pyramid. There was a significant difference between respondents' knowledge before and after playing the game with a p-value of 0.021. The game was able to engage participants in the active learning process. Conclusions: We concluded that the game-based learning utilizing the Gastronot board game demonstrated good results as a method for teaching primary school students about food and healthy eating habits.
Hesitancy towards the COVID-19 vaccine among health care practitioners in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Almojaibel Abdullah A. , Ansari Khalid , Alzahrani Yahya A. , Alessy Saleh A. , Farooqi Faraz A. , Alqurashi Yousef D. 
Published: June 2023

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a major public health crisis worldwide. In less than 12 months since the World Health Organization declared the outbreak, several different COVID-19 vaccines have been approved and deployed mostly in developed countries since January 2021. However, hesitancy to accept the newly developed vaccines is a well-known public health challenge that needs to be addressed. The aim of this study was to measure willingness and hesitancy toward COVID-19 vaccines among health care practitioners' (HCPs) in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study using an online self-reported survey was conducted among HCPs in Saudi Arabia between April 4th to April 25th 2021 using snowball sampling. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to identify the possible factors affecting HCPs’ willingness and hesitancy to receive COVID-19 vaccines. Results: Out of 776 participants who started the survey, 505 (65%) completed it and were included in the results. Among all HCPs, 47 (9.3%) either said “no” to receive the vaccine [20 (4%)] or were hesitant to receive it [27 (5.3%)]. Of the total number of the HCPs, 376 (74.5%) already received the COVID-19 vaccine, and 48 (9.50%) were registered to receive it. The main reason of agreement to receive the COVID-19 vaccine was “wanting to protect self and others from getting the infection” (24%). Conclusion: Our findings have shown that hesitancy toward receiving COVID-19 vaccines among HCPs in Saudi Arabia is limited and therefore may not be a serious issue. The outcomes of this study may help to understand factors that lead to vaccine hesitancy in Saudi Arabia and help public health authorities to design targeted health education interventions aiming to increase uptake of these vaccines.
Interspecific competition affects spore germination and gametophore development of mosses
Authors: Cheng Jingmin , Lončarević Isidora , Cronberg Nils 
Published: June 2023

Background: Interactions between moss species in their earliest growth stages have received little attention. To what extent interspecific competition or priority effects influence spore germination, protonemal development and gametophore emergence is unknown. We evaluated such effects in pairwise interaction between six common bryophyte species: Atrichum undulatum, Bryum argenteum, Ceratodon purpureus, Funaria hygrometrica, Hypnum cupressiforme, Leptobryum pyriforme Methods: Interspecific interactions were assessed in vitro. Spores were sterilized and sown on agar plates in three treatments: 1) as single species cultures (controls), 2) as pairwise species cultures inoculated simultaneously, and 3) with a time lag of 20 days between species. Data on the time needed for spore germination, germination rate, the time needed for gametophore differentiation, number of gametophores per germinated spore and average diameter of colonies were collected. We also performed spore germination tests in single-species cultures at the start and end of the study, as well as tests for density-dependency at spore germination and gametophore formation. Results: We observed strong pairwise interactive effects when sowing spores of different species simultaneously or with a delay of 20 days. The results indicate that spore germination is often inhibited by interspecific competition. The first species has an advantage as compared to the later colonizing species, i.e., an apparent priority effect. Interspecific interactions were also evident during gametophore development and included both inhibition and facilitation. Conclusion: We found pronounced differences in the relative performance of species in interaction with other species during spore germination and gametophore formation. Allelopathic effects are the most probable explanation for these observations. Our results under sterile lab conditions are likely to reflect processes that occur in the wild, governing biotic filtering and bryophyte community assembly during primary and secondary colonization.
A systematic review protocol for identifying the effectiveness of greenhouse gas mitigation interventions for health care systems in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Blom Iris Martine , Asfura Javier Shafick , Eissa Mohamed , Mattijsen Juliette Claudine , Sana Hamaiyal , Haines Andrew , Whitmee Sarah 
Published: June 2023

Background: Climate change is predicted to be our century's most significant health threat. In 2021, 46 countries committed to environmentally sustainable low carbon health care systems. Of those, 34 were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Currently, health systems are responsible for 4.4% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with health systems in high-income countries (HICs) contributing the largest proportion to the sector's GHG emissions. However, future increases are predicted in LMICs in the absence of robust GHG mitigation. This systematic review aims to identify evidence-based GHG mitigation interventions to guide the transformation of health care systems towards net zero, specifically in LMICs. Additionally, potential synergies between interventions that aid adaption to climate change and mitigate GHG emissions will be investigated. Methods: This protocol will follow the 'Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) checklist of recommended items to address in a systematic review protocol'. A comprehensive search will be conducted on electronic databases identified as relevant. Search terms were identified to capture all relevant peer-reviewed, primary research published between 1990 and 2022. The risk of bias will be assessed, and the quality of evidence graded. The eventual narrative synthesis will feed into a theory of change framework on GHG mitigation of health care systems in LMICs. Discussion: This systematic review will synthesise the existing evidence around GHG mitigation interventions across all scopes of emissions, including scope 1 (health care operations), scope 2 (energy), and scope 3 (supply chains). It can be used to inform recommendations on how health care systems in LMICs can reduce emissions while prioritising which actions to take to gain the most significant reductions in GHG emissions, considering ease of implementation, scope and cost. Finally, this can catalyse further research in this area which is urgently needed.
Little’s Law and Educational Inequality: A Comparative Case Study of Teacher Workaround Productivity
Authors: Keppler Samantha M. 
Published: June 2023

In this paper, we explore an employee workaround widespread in K–12 schools: compensating for insufficient funding with partnerships to nonprofit organizations (NPOs). We take an equity perspective and ask the following questions. (i) How do partnering workarounds differ across schools with different levels of socioeconomic advantage? (ii) What can education and NPO leaders do to ensure these workarounds do not exacerbate educational inequities? To answer these questions, we use Little’s Law: a school’s long-run average number of resource-supplementing partnerships (L) is a function of its average annual partnership formation rate (λ) and partnership cycle time (W). We collect and analyze interview (n = 62) and survey (n = 140) data from six strategically sampled schools with different levels of socioeconomic advantage to compare differences in λ and W and understand the implications for educational equity. We find wealthier schools have higher λ, making them more productive. We also find schools have equal W independent of wealth, but this problematically amplifies differences in λ. The difference in partnering productivity translates to educational inequities. We find that poorer schools report about 35% greater utility per partnership, but that is not enough to offset the disadvantage of fewer partnerships. Moreover, we find that differences in partnering productivity are particularly large for curricular partnerships, which are harder for poorer schools to form because of the high demand for wrap-around partnerships. Our findings contribute new knowledge on workarounds which supplement organizational resources and on the relationship between workarounds and equity. This paper was accepted by Jay Swaminathan, operations management. Funding: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation [Grant 1344266]. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4829 .
Shipment Consolidation with Multiple Shipping Methods Under Nonlinear Cost Structures
Authors: Xu Zhou , Li Feng , Chen Zhi-Long 
Published: June 2023

We study a shipment consolidation problem commonly faced by companies that outsource logistics operations and operate in a commit-to-delivery mode. It involves delivering a given set of orders to their destinations by their committed due times using multiple shipping methods at the minimum total shipping and inventory cost. The shipping cost is generally nonlinear in shipping quantity and can be represented by a subadditive piecewise linear function. We investigate two shipping scenarios, one involving long-haul shipping only and the other involving joint long-haul and short-haul shipping. We develop analytical results and solution algorithms for the shipment consolidation problem under each shipping scenario. The problem under the first shipping scenario is shown to be strongly [Formula: see text]-hard. We find that a simple policy, called the First-Due-First-Delivered (FDFD) policy, which assigns orders with earlier delivery due times to shipping methods with earlier destination arrival times, is very effective. This policy enables us to develop a polynomial time algorithm, which not only solves the problem under the concave shipping cost structure optimally but also achieves a performance guarantee of 2 for the problem under the general subadditive shipping cost structure. For the problem under the second shipping scenario, we extend the FDFD policy for long-haul shipping and derive another policy, called the No-Wait policy, for short-haul shipping. We use these policies to develop a polynomial time algorithm and analyze its performance guarantee. Our computational experiments show that the algorithm significantly outperforms a commercial optimization solver, and its performance is robust across different parameter settings that reflect various practical situations. This paper was accepted by Jeannette Song, operations management. Supplemental Material: The data and e-companion are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4835 .
Flexural Properties of Three-Ply Bolt-Laminated Pine Mats
Authors: Khademibami Laya , Ward Keith B. , Seale R. Daniel , Shmulsky Rubin , Ratcliff J. Tedrick 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In the current study, three-ply bolt-laminated southern pine (Pinus sp.) 244 by 427 cm (8 by 14 ft) mats were evaluated. Mats were destructively tested in ⅓-point bending on a universal testing machine according to ASTM International standards. Twenty-eight unique specimens were destructively tested, and mean modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were calculated. According to the results both MOR and MOE values for the specimens were highly uniform. The mean MOR was 11.74 MPa (1,704 psi) and the mean MOE was 1,144 MPa (0.166 × 106 psi). Additionally, the values of parametric and nonparametric Fb (design fiber stress in bending values ) were reported as 4.05 MPa and 4.54 MPa (588 psi and 659 psi), respectively. The mechanical properties of these three-ply pine mats were also compared with other studies of mats from other species groups and design architectures.