bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Monetary and Financial Sector in Cameroon
Authors: Landry Bikai Jacques , Kenkouo Guy Albert , Daniel Essiane Patrick-Nelson , Mbohou Mama Moustapha 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Cameroon is a member of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC), a monetary union made up of six countries. Its monetary policy, conducted by the Bank of Central African States (BEAC), is therefore decided at a sub-regional level, and only fiscal policy is the responsibility of each State, but subject to multilateral surveillance criteria. This chapter aims at assessing the performance of Cameroon's financial system and outlining its main vulnerabilities and the challenges facing the conduct of monetary policy. It provides an overview of Cameroon's financial system through a detailed description of the evolution of its main components, as well as the monetary policy environment, over the past three decades. It then focuses on the performance of Cameroon's financial sector compared to other countries. Considering the unsatisfactory performance of the banking sector, especially in relation to the financing of economies, the chapter addresses the main impediments to the development of credit in Cameroon. Finally, the chapter deals with the macroeconomic vulnerabilities of the banking sector that could limit the transfer of monetary policy to the real sector. It also provides recommendations for enhancing the performance of this sector.
The Political Economy of Ethnicity
Authors: Monga Célestin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Under the political single-party regimes that prevailed in Africa in the course of the first three decades of independence (1960-1990), the failure of the postcolonial State complicated the difficult process of transforming and modernizing political institutions. The official centripetal discourse, tirelessly repeating the need for national unity (while laws, regulations and public policies were going in the opposite direction), was progressively replaced by a proliferation of intellectual and political discourse promoting centrifugal forces, denouncing the failure of the nation-State project, at times questioning the ambition to be a nation, celebrating ethnic and regional particularisms and encouraging wishes to fragment the country. This chapter examines the question of ethnicity in Cameroon, its uses and manipulations. It deconstructs the ethnic categorizations in Cameroon and emphasizes their contradictions and their arbitrary character. It also examines the empirical challenges for measuring ethnic inequities.
Monetary and Multidimensional Poverty in Cameroon: Measurements, Determinants, and Policy Implications
Authors: Andrianarison Francis , Housseini Bouba , Oldiges Christian 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Cameroon has witnessed substantial economic growth in the new millennium, while poverty reduction has been limited and inequality has worsened. In this context, this chapter investigates the different facets of poverty in Cameroon, factors affecting them and policy options to tackle poverty and achieve inclusive and sustainable development. We apply two prominent poverty measurement methods (Alkire-Foster and Foster-Greer-Thorbecke) to a series of household consumption and living standards (ECAM) surveys and Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) collected between 2001 and 2018, and perform various empirical analyses to elucidate poverty dynamics and features. Our results indicate that both monetary and multidimensional poverty have decreased in Cameroon between 2001 and 2018, albeit slowly and to varying degrees across the different demographic, socioeconomic and spatial groups of the population. We find that the proportion of multidimensional poor people is always higher than the proportion of the monetary poor. At the same time, multidimensional poverty has reduced much faster than monetary poverty at the national level. Lastly, we find that higher levels of poverty in Cameroon are strongly associated with rural livelihoods, large family size, less education, employment in agriculture and the Northern regions of the country. Our micro-economic analysis is complemented with a review of structural factors affecting poverty at the macro level. We point out the need to accelerate the structural transformation of the Cameroonian economy, to reduce inequalities across the different regions and sub-groups of the population and expand economic opportunities for the youth to achieve the demographic dividend.
Bachelard’s Backdoor to Happy Business School Phenomenology
Authors: de Monthoux Pierre Guillet , Dahl Matilda , Helin Jenny 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Bachelard, a philosopher, helps introduce a phenomenological sensitivity to organizational investigations. The poetic and the scientific are two different but compatible aspects of organizing. By abandoning a science of organizing dominated by analytical philosophy that dominates US organization theory, we can reconnect to the continental traditions of Bachelard, as well as Husserl and Schütz. Phenomenology returns to questions of reason in lived experiences, forgotten when social science only focuses on instrumental rationality and artificial intelligence.
Queering Organizational Appearances through Reclaiming the Erotic
Authors: Pérezts Mar , Mandalaki Emmanouela 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The ways in which organizational phenomena manifest or appear to us, unavoidably echo the inter-corporeal experiences of the involved parties, including those of the researcher, who later writes about them. However, despite dealing with issues of sensorial perception and an embodied presence in the world, phenomenological reflections often remain paradoxically ‘disembodied’. This paradox, seldom voiced or addressed explicitly, carries numerous power implications in terms of what is rendered visible and what is, on the contrary, invisibilized in everyday organizational life but also in Management and Organization Studies (MOS) research. Drawing inspiration from feminist phenomenology, and in particular Sara Ahmed’s work on queering phenomenology and Audre Lorde’s perspectives on the erotic, we make a case for an erotic approach to phenomenology. This erotic angle leads us to avoid considering bodies as abstract existences, considering them instead as agentic and relational (i.e. desiring) subjectivities in their nakedness, diversity, and gendered character. We problematize the sexual gaze that traditionally associates nakedness with inferior representations of the erotic associated to shame and objectified vulnerability and identify perspectives for writing phenomenally (about) organizational phenomena through an embodied knowledge stripped of the traits of the dominant masculine academic order. By queering organizational appearances, the erotic then becomes a source of power, and unveils a myriad unseen and therefore unproblematized questions for phenomenological approaches in MOS.
Tracing Phenomenological Sensibilities in Continental and Post-Continental Philosophies
Authors: Fournier Jean-Baptiste 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
‘Phenomenology’ is quite an ambiguous word. First, it refers to the radical method invented by Edmund Husserl in 1900−1, but in a much wider sense, it is the name given to any attempt to describe one’s inner experience as opposed to the outer world—that is to say: the phenomena as opposed to the ‘things in themselves’. In order to perceive the specificity of phenomenology as a philosophical movement and method, one has to begin by clarifying the latter meaning of the word and ask what it means to describe phenomena. This chapter aims at tracing the phenomenological sensibilities at stake in Continental and post-continental phenomenologies.
Phenomenology and the Multidimensionality of the Body
Authors: Čopelj Erol , Reynolds Jack 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The modern era has witnessed an extraordinary and unprecedented growth in our empirical knowledge regarding the human body. This raises the question: what, if anything, can phenomenology teach us about the body that the empirical sciences cannot? Whereas common sense and empirical sciences begin from the body as straightforwardly and obviously given and go on from there to think about what this thing is, what it is made up of, and how it originated, phenomenology steps back from the straightforward fact in order to ask: what is the structure of the body as an appearance? This chapter considers how some of the main figures in phenomenology have tried to answer this question. The body is not explicitly discussed in what might be thought of as the two foundational works of phenomenology: Husserl’s Logical Investigations and Heidegger’s Being and Time. Nevertheless, these works set the stage for the subsequent phenomenology of the body by describing the phenomena of multidimensionality and horizontality. Our first task will be to sketch out how these phenomena were described in the foundational works. This sets up our exposition of the body as a multidimensional phenomenon. We consider Husserl’s treatment of the body in Ideas II. We also examine how the Husserlian insights were taken up and developed by Jean-Paul Sartre and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. In conclusion we raise some critical questions regarding a phenomenological focus on the body and its multidimensionality.
Starting Where We Were
Authors: Fidelibus Joseph F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes my personal and professional experiences working as a music therapist at Gay Men’s Health Crisis (GMHC) in New York City (1996–98) during the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Five vignettes illuminate discrete qualities of the therapeutic process including: (i) the first moments of music-making, (ii) the therapeutic gateway of songs, (iii) the visceral manifestation of percussion playing, (iv) the interplay between physical and emotional aspects of music-making, and (v) the significance of melodic solo improvising. Through these evaluations written in the present tense the reader is given the opportunity to experience the realities of music therapy with clients who were facing the life-threatening challenges living with HIV/AIDS. In conclusion, I offer reflections of working at GMHC and the impact these sessions had on my life professionally and personally.
Mate Guarding
Authors: Starratt Valerie G. , Shackelford Todd K. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Mate guarding includes behaviors that function to reduce the likelihood of a partner’s defection from an ongoing long-term relationship. Some mate-guarding behaviors function by enticing a current partner’s continued investment in the relationship through the provision of gifts or other benefits. Other mate-guarding behaviors function by removing a partner’s alternatives to the ongoing relationship through subjugation or violence and the infliction of costs sufficient to remove a partner’s ability to defect from the relationship. Mate-guarding behaviors represent evolved responses to the costs of losing a long-term partner. However, as the potential benefits of relationship defection persist despite a partner’s guarding, there is an arms race between attempts to maintain the opportunities afforded by extra-pair relationships and a partner’s attempts to thwart those opportunities and avoid the costs of that defection.
Introduction to Human Mating Strategies
Authors: Buss David M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In sexually reproducing species, mating success is a non-negotiable requirement for evolutionary fitness. Consequently, selection has created a rich array of adaptations that are products of a long and unbroken line of human ancestors, each of whom succeeded in the complex game of mating. This Handbook showcases the current state of knowledge about those adaptations. These include mate preferences, tactics of attraction, forms of mate competition, tactics for dealing with sexual conflict, modes of mate retention, mate switching strategies, and many more. Chapters on the endocrinology of mating adaptations provide state-of-the-art knowledge about some of the key biological drivers. Chapters on mating in the modern world highlight key ways in which mating adaptations, forged over millions of years in environments long gone, get expressed in modern environments, sometimes creating evolutionary mismatches. This Handbook is not the final word on human mating strategies. Rather, it gives readers and researchers an impressive foundation of what is known and unknown, and importantly, a roadmap for future discoveries about what may be the most complex evolved psychology humans possess.
Sexual Selection and the Animal’s Mating Mind
Authors: Ryan Michael J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Moving from Darwin’s theory of natural selection, I briefly review his theory of sexual selection and focus on his idea of female mate choice and the sexual aesthetics that motivate it. I review some early hypotheses on the adaptive significance of mate choice. Going forward, I then introduce studies that attempt to uncover the underlying mechanisms that define a female’s sexual aesthetics. Much of evolutionary psychology has been derived from basic notions in evolutionary biology, especially in mate choice. Here, I turn the tables and review studies of animal mate preferences that have been inspired by studies of humans in the fields of psychophysics, behavioral economics, and neuroaesthetics.
The Early Stages of Mate Selection
Authors: Li Norman P. , Choy Bryan K. C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Given the centrality of mating and reproduction in the long course of human evolution, the selection of mates is a critical adaptive challenge that humans have needed to successfully confront throughout evolutionary history. This chapter provides an overview of major evolutionary theories of human mating, describes key hypotheses of mate preference psychology, and reviews relevant empirical research for the early stages of mate selection. We discuss mate preference adaptations for selecting both long-term and short-term mates, as well as methodological issues, controversies, and other developments that have, in recent years, surfaced in the mate-selection literature.
Archaeology of Love
Authors: Jankowiak William , Nelson Alex J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The archaeology of love unearths each culture’s tangible behaviors and discourse practices and probes them to explore love’s origins, its universality. In this chapter we apply a biocultural lens to the ethnographic and ethnological literature on romantic love to summarize the major findings of anthropological inquiries into love’s cross-cultural variability and commonalities. By connecting critical ethnographic insights with attention to their implications for evolutionary theorists, we aim to increase dialogue between scholars studying human mating practices who might otherwise presume their theoretical lenses render the other’s observations irrelevant. Specifically, we try to reconcile differences between anthropology’s major ethnological studies of love and summarize the ethnographic record of love according to themes that highlight the gaps between cultural ideals and behavioral practice: the entwinement of love and pragmatic interests, the continuum of practices between love and arranged marriages, and love in the absence of sexual monogamy. We also summarize ethnographic accounts of how technology is transforming love across diverse cultural contexts. Throughout the chapter we note the universality of specific themes and adaptive patterns that highlight love as both a psychological essence and cultural experience.
Mating Strategies in Sexually Egalitarian Cultures
Authors: Kennair Leif Edward Ottesen , Grøntvedt Trond Viggo , Kessler Andrea Melanie , Gangestad Steven W. , Bendixen Mons 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Cross-cultural empirical research testing evolutionary perspectives and human universals are important. There is considerable variation in women’s rights, traditional gender roles, and political influence across different societies. Competing theories provide different explanations and predictions for sex differences observed in humans. Social role theory explicitly predicts a reduction in sex differences in more gender egalitarian societies due to societal influence on gender roles, whereas sexual strategies theory, although not being dismissive of cultural influence or effects of local ecological factors, predicts more stable sex differences based on parental investment theory and women and men have faced different adaptive problems throughout evolutionary history. Here we present more than a decade of empirical research from Norway, one of the most egalitarian societies in the world. We find no support for consistently smaller sex differences in samples from Norway in interest in sexual variation, sociosexuality, partner preferences, reasons for sex, sexual initiative and response, sexual over- and underperception, sexual regret and postcoital emotions, jealousy responses, or derogation and self-promotion. We conclude from these many studies that empirical predictions from social role theory are not supported. In contrast, the strong pervasiveness of sex differences across sexually egalitarian cultures supports predictions from sexual strategies theory.
Church, State, and Historical Political Economy
Authors: Becker Sascha O. , Pfaff Steven 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Over many centuries, church and state have grown together, and apart. Sometimes the two are linked like Siamese twins; sometimes they are in conflict with each other. This chapter discusses the major themes in the literature on church and state, enumerates some of the findings in the political economy of religion, and evaluates emerging directions in research on church-state relations.
Project Management for Cultural Events
Authors: Argano Lucio 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This article is concerned with cultural events and the way they are arranged. It discusses how the implementation of the stringent rules and organizational principles of project management might prove counterproductive in cultural events. The underlying assumption is that cultural events are complex and ever-evolving systems based on creative and artistic processes, so they escape traditional planning and control practices. The complexity of cultural events can be explored through four dimensions. The first concerns the social, cultural, economic, and technological context and the relevance of the influence held by the various stakeholders. The second dimension is related to the multiplicity of objectives underlying each cultural event. The third dimension refers to the concept, the content, and the artistic and cultural creation processes behind the uniqueness of an event. Finally, the last element concerns event management and its iterative dynamic as a project where the four dimensions of complexity are intertwined. Traditional project management usually proposes tools and techniques that tend to dominate and control the project, following a deterministic approach. This attitude may be inadequate to control the environmental, strategic, creative, and managerial complexity of any cultural event, which, rather, must be explored and absorbed. Accordingly, it is suggested that a more systemic perspective be adopted through which routine project management tools are reviewed to pave the way for a new approach when organizing and managing cultural events.
Open Systems Theory in Arts Management
Authors: Jung Yuha , Newton Travis 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Open systems theory has the potential to be a foundational theory in arts and cultural management research, especially in the areas of community engagement and diversity, equity, and inclusion practices, because it deeply considers environments and communities as essential parts of an organization (Scott and Davis 2007). Open systems theory is a worldview or paradigm that sees an organization as part of its larger environment (von Bertalanffy 1972), with the organization and environment affecting each other in a mutual, permeating way (Jung 2022). This theory, which is pertinent to organization theories developed over decades, has already been widely used in other fields, such as public administration and nonprofit management (Shafritz, Ott, and Jang 2016), and has slowly made its way into arts and cultural management research. By discussing systems theory in the context of arts and cultural research and sharing examples of its application, the chapter demonstrates the extent and limits of the use of open systems theory in the arts and cultural field. Despite more use of the theory in recent years in arts and cultural research, it is still largely untapped.
From Trent and Vatican I to Vatican II
Authors: O’Malley John W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets Vatican II in the context of the 400 years that preceded it. It analyses the Council of Trent and shows how Luther influenced it. It then analyses the council’s aftermath and shows how Gallicanism, Jansenism, nationalism, and the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century led to the emergence of Ultramontanism in the next century. It describes the debates at Vatican I that led to the decree on papal primacy and infallibility. It concludes with a description of the theological and political developments in the decades leading up to Vatican II. The purpose of the chapter is to show how all these factors influenced the issues that Vatican II addressed and to make clear that the council cannot be fully understood without taking them into account.
The Reception of Vatican II in Systematic Theology
Authors: Murray Paul D. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter does three things. First, it treats the divergent theological receptions of Vatican II with a view to the challenges this presents for contemporary Catholic theology and life. Second, it indicates something of the range of ways in which Catholic theologians have sought to resolve some of the ecclesiological matters opened up by the council’s documents. Third, it offers judgement on how these same issues might best be taken forward in Catholic systematic theology and Catholic life in a manner capable of serving whole-church Catholic flourishing. The aim is both to comment on what has been and to indicate what might be, and so contribute to the continuing story of Catholicism’s reception of Vatican II and the role of systematic theology in that process.
Reception of Vatican II in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Schickendantz Carlos 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Despite the modest involvement of Latin American and Caribbean bishops in the council, the impact of Vatican II in the continent proved decisive for the so-called new post-conciliar identity of the Latin American Church. Based on the theological/pastoral methodology of Catholic Action (See, Judge, Act), which fostered the interpretation of the signs of the times, popular ecclesial practices produced innovative results such as the adoption of the option for the poor, the establishment of ecclesial base communities, the practice of popular readings of the Bible, the development of a social pastoral care, and liberation theology itself. The ‘emergence of the poor’ is regarded as the major event of these decades. Key aspects in the reception of conciliar ecclesiology are expressed in the continental experience of episcopal collegiality (CELAM), the creation of ecclesial base communities, and the Church’s self-understanding as the people of God.