bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emotions, Power, and BDSM
Authors: Carlström Charlotta 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The chapter examines ethnographic fieldwork within the realm of BDSM, with a focus on the ethnographer´s emotions, participation, and etic reflections. Based on years of researching Swedish BDSM communities, with diary and field notes, the author reflects upon different situations and events which, in various ways, have had personal effects and given rise to ethical reflections and dilemmas as well as strong emotions. The complex relationships between the field, its actors, and the ethnographer are important and salient for all of those who engage in such fieldwork. Ethnographic work requires a high level of personal commitment but also enables a voice to be given to stigmatized populations, prejudices to be revealed, and informants’ feelings, lives, situations, dilemmas, and ambitions to be nuanced, though it can sometimes be very exhausting emotionally for the ethnographer.
The End of Assignats
Authors: Pravilova Ekaterina 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In post-Napoleonic Russia, several currencies—paper and metallic—were circulating in parallel and creating perplexing systems of measuring and counting. In an attempt to fix this confusing situation, the government in 1839 initiated a monetary reform that ended the era of assignats and introduced a new kind of paper currency: silver-based credit rubles. The author of the monetary reform, Egor Kankrin, translated the political principles of Nicholas I’s ideology of Official Nationality into the language of money. The tsar briefly considered an alternative model based on the system used by the Bank of Poland with its convertible złoty banknotes. However, the Polish alternative had no chance of being adopted in Russia. Moreover, the monetary reform in Russia opened the way for the financial russification of Poland through a gradual introduction of rubles. Although the reform based the ruble on silver, it conspicuously rejected the principles of state accountability for issuing paper money.
Paper Money in the Era of the “Great Reforms”
Authors: Pravilova Ekaterina 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Although the Great Reforms of the 1860s rebooted the Russian credit system, leaving more space for private initiative, the political principles of the monetary economy remained untouched, and the de-governmentalization of money and the transformation of the State Bank into an autonomous institution were left out of the reform plan. Still, the ideological and cultural effect of the Great Reforms could not be undone. Russia entered the age of capitalism, and attitudes toward money and wealth changed dramatically. Russian society came to see the ruble through different political and social lenses, and the depreciation of Russian currency contrasted starkly with their elevated expectations of economic prosperity. In 1862–63, the government unsuccessfully tried to restore the ruble’s convertibility. After the failure of this attempt, the Ministry of Finance embarked on a program of gradual financial restoration, amassing gold in the State Bank. This process ended abruptly in 1877 when Russia entered another war with the Ottoman Empire.
War and the End of the Gold Ruble
Authors: Pravilova Ekaterina 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the political constituents of Russia’s financial crisis during the First World War, such as the government’s conflicts with the State Duma over the gold reserve and the problems of mobilizing the population under the banner of financial patriotism. From an economic viewpoint, the Russian imperial government followed the standard script for managing war finance. To explain why the Russian ruble suffered from the war more than the currency of any other belligerent countries requires factoring in politics alongside purely economic reasons. The political crisis of the First World War revealed deep mutual distrust between the government and society. The issue of the ruble became even more politicized after the February Revolution of 1917, which brought down the tsarist government. The ruble became a trophy of a class war in which various actors—liberals and socialists, industrialists and bankers, workers and peasants—blamed each other for the ruble’s demise.
The Dangerous Life and Ideas of Diogenes the Cynic
Authors: Roubineau Jean-Manuel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Ancient philosophers are often contrasted with contemporary philosophers because they view philosophy not as a profession but as a way of life. None did so more uncompromisingly than Diogenes the Cynic, who chided even Socrates for occasionally wearing sandals and maintaining a small household. Diogenes’s espousal of extreme poverty, talent for exhibitionism, and propensity for offense were taken by some to be merely childish and grounded in a desire for fame, but by others as an ideal form of pure philosophical commitment. Beginning with his life as a banker’s son in Sinope, this book traces his exile and status as a foreigner in Athens and Corinth, his subsequent embrace of a life of poverty, and his development of a style of life that both he and others found comparable to a dog’s in its disregard for social norms and conventions. Much of Diogenes’s practical philosophy took the form of his own distinctive bodily practices, which were meant to reinforce Cynic freedom and self-sufficiency. By calling into question cultural conventions governing the body with respect to sexuality, athletics, clothing, hygiene, punishment, et cetera, his own doggish life championed unrestrained free speech (parrhēsia), equality between the sexes, and a cosmopolitan view of the possibilities of a world rid of the evils caused by the pursuit of wealth, fame, and power. Throughout various historical periods, Diogenes has offered a fascinating alternative to conventional lives and served as a brave exemplar of absolute devotion to human freedom and equality.
Introduction
Authors: Roubineau Jean-Manuel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Of all the ancient Greek philosophers, none lived in accordance with his beliefs in such an all-consuming fashion as Diogenes the Cynic. His every word, gesture, and action seem to have been calculated to call into question even the most mundane aspects of our daily lives. Diogenes’s own life, as the rich son of a banker who became a slave and then regained his freedom, raises a whole range of philosophical questions that have remained a source of inspiration down through the centuries for a great many remarkably inventive defamers and defenders.
Diogenes, Foreigner
Authors: Roubineau Jean-Manuel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
After setting out the ancient sources for Diogenes’s life and thought, both textual and figural, this chapter traces his transformation from a banker’s son in the Black Sea town of Sinope to an itinerant philosopher living a life of permanent exile, detachment, and renunciation. Citizens in the two urban centers that he most frequented, Athens and Corinth, were well familiar with his uncompromising honesty and contempt for social convention, his espousal of extreme poverty, and his unrestrained freedom in speech and action. No doubt they were dumbfounded by a foreigner’s claim to be a citizen of the world and not a member of any particular community, since this made him vulnerable to random violence, enslavement, and contempt—all of which he experienced, but endured with indifference and mordant wit.
Diogenes on the Proper Use of the Body
Authors: Roubineau Jean-Manuel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
For Diogenes, training the body was a crucial means for achieving the twin goals of self-sufficiency and freedom. In addition to insisting on the virtue of frugality, Diogenes led a life in accord with “nature.” Traditionally in Greek thought, men were placed between animals and the gods, and philosophers had held that human beings should aspire to divinity. Diogenes thought men ranked below both animals and gods and should aspire instead to the self-sufficiency, freedom, and lack of social cant and hypocrisy displayed by animals. Indeed, he and the Cynics became identified with the dog (kyōn) and with many of the complex roles played by dogs in human society. Diogenes called into question all aspects of the body governed by strong cultural conventions—sexuality, athletics, clothing, hygiene, punishment, et cetera—by his famously unfettered speech (parrhēsia) and dog-like way of life, using his own shameless bodily practices to illustrate Cynic ideals of freedom and self-sufficiency.
Diogenes, Mentor
Authors: Roubineau Jean-Manuel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Diogenes chided philosophers for the discrepancy between their teachings and their lives, and surely no one lived his beliefs in a more uncompromising manner than he did. Diogenes’s exhibitionism and his propensity for taking and giving offense are regarded by some as childish and motivated by a desire for fame, but by others as an ideal form of pure commitment. As a teacher, he eschewed the usual methods of instruction, though he is credited with many works of poetry and philosophy, perhaps none of greater consequence than his Republic. Its doctrines were deeply influential among early Stoics and still resonate in contemporary discussions of cosmopolitanism, feminist politics, free speech, et cetera. In antiquity, philosophers’ deaths were taken to be emblematic of their lives, and the various versions of Diogenes’s end reflect the continuing disputes about his conception of a good life.
Erasure
Authors: Sitz Anna M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 rounds off the archaeological case studies with a detailed look at inscriptions that underwent erasure. While we often associate erased inscriptions with the Roman political habit of damnatio memoriae, the erasures presented here, which show the late antique removal of pagan material, functioned differently. Particular attention is paid to the methods of erasure and which parts, exactly, were removed. The chapter contextualizes these rasurae by examining the widespread trend among both pagans and Christians in this period to “unname” the gods, that is, make them anonymous. The erasures are also compared with the well-documented violence that was sometimes enacted on pagan statues. Ultimately, this chapter concludes that the selective, careful, and rare erasure of pagan inscriptions aimed not so much to disgrace the past, but to put some distance between it and the late antique present.
Introducing Henri Bergson
Authors: Allen Barry 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Henri Bergson (1859–1941) was for a time the most famous philosopher in the world and one of the few to receive a Nobel Prize for his work. Among Anglophone philosophers, however, he is mostly forgotten, which is a loss, since Bergson was a great philosopher and understanding his ideas would enhance our philosophy with new problems and concepts. Living in Time explains, analyzes, defends, and enlarges upon a selection of philosophical arguments in Bergson’s work and does so in a way that I hope catches the interest of Anglophone readers. These include his theories of time as duration and panpsychic consciousness, as well as original ideas on perception, memory, and virtual existence. This Introduction presents a thematic description of the chapters and their argument.
Geopolitics and Interreligious Dialogue
Authors: Driessen Michael D. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter maps out the rise of state-sponsored interreligious dialogue initiatives in the Middle East and reviews state-centric theories of interreligious dialogue. It articulates the security needs, power dynamics, foreign policy, and domestic concerns which have driven state interest in dialogue activities. It also analyzes the geopolitical competition underwriting the growth of dialogue initiatives in the Middle East, especially in relation to the use of Islam as an element of foreign and regional policy positioning. The chapter argues that the promotion of interreligious initiatives can be understood as part of the search by states for a national narrative which responds to the aspirations of the Arab Spring, and in such a way that allows the state to manage those aspirations. At the same time, this ideological investment raises important questions about why the ideas reflected in these interreligious dialogue initiatives appear to be so attractive in the first place.
Political Theory and Interreligious Dialogue
Authors: Driessen Michael D. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews theories of postsecularism and post-Islamism and builds a theoretical framework for interpreting the religious and social dynamics structuring the global growth of interreligious dialogue. Drawing on theories of postsecularism and post-Islamism, the chapter links the growth of interreligious dialogue initiatives in the Middle East to longer-running processes of religious and political transformation both in the region and across the globe. It also raises questions about the capacity of these transformed religious and political forces to mobilize social solidarity in favor of citizenship in the Middle East and elsewhere. In doing so, the chapter articulates how interreligious dialogue offers insight into broader debates in the contemporary study of religion and politics, including the relationship of religious forces to liberalism and democracy, the impact of immanent frameworks on religion’s social mobilizational capacity, and the challenges that religious pluralism poses to both religious and political authority.
Islam and Interreligious Dialogue
Authors: Driessen Michael D. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter charts the development of theological positions within Islam in favor of interreligious dialogue and religious pluralism through a series of major interreligious declarations in the Middle East, including the Amman Message, A Common Word between Us and You, the Marrakesh Declaration, and the Human Fraternity document. The chapter also analyzes the network of religious authorities and scholars who have authored these declarations. As a religious project, the emerging ideas about pluralism and citizenship embedded in these documents model a distinct, religiously expressed approach to modernity. Thus, these declarations make the case that international cooperation on human rights, religious pluralism, and citizenship are strengthened through activities of dialogue. They also advocate for a strong role of religion in the public sphere and propose that religious renewal is necessary to rebuild social cohesion and political stability in the region.
The Focolare Community (Algeria)
Authors: Driessen Michael D. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the case study of the Focolare community in Algeria. Drawing on surveys and fieldwork conducted in Tlemcen, Oran, and Algiers, the chapter focuses on the history of the community in the country and the lived experience of youth participants in the organization’s dialogue activities. The case study considers the attractiveness of dialogue activity in contemporary Algerian society, focusing especially on the development of an interreligious spirituality within the Focolare community and the various meanings attached to it by community members. The chapter also explores how participation in dialogue activities has impacted individuals’ religious and social lives and shaped their political worldviews and actions.
The Frayed Social Fabric of Democracy
Authors: Issacharoff Samuel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the narratives on which democracy justified itself and argues that populism has grown more attractive to voters as those narratives unraveled in recent years. The first section of this chapter discusses the weakening claim of democratic supremacy in the economic domain, beginning with the rising economic expectations created by post-reconstruction Western Europe and the United States and their demise after the financial crisis, remarking on the concentration of populist anger in sites of acute economic dislocation in democracies and the decline in real income among the working and middle classes. The chapter then shifts to discussing social conditions, commenting on the relationship between the cultural estrangement caused by migration and demographic shifts and its effect on the sense of cohesion on which many democracies rest. The chapter concludes by noting the failure of established political channels to address these senses of isolation and insecurity, which are primary concerns of populist voters.
The Political Institutions of Democracy
Authors: Issacharoff Samuel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The decline of institutions in democracies, particularly parties, is part of why democracies are growing less able to deliver results and prevail on their narratives. First, this chapter accounts for the current weakness of parties, pointing both to internal factors, like legal reforms leaving governance outside of the control of party leaders and efforts to reform patronage; and external factors, like social media and growing access to external campaign funding. Next, this chapter argues that parties in democracies resemble firms delivering valued goods to the political market—including candidate selection, campaign financing, elucidating platforms, resolving collective action problems, and patronage. In Coasean terms, the incentives of politicians to “make or buy” have shifted as parties are less able to direct production from within, driving politicians to find alternate sources for the goods parties produce, bypassing parties’ moderating forces, and yielding more personalist campaigns.
Judicial Intercession
Authors: Issacharoff Samuel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The corruption by populism of core legal pillars of democracy, including electoral accountability, government processes, and self-enrichment, invites legal responses. This chapter argues that constitutional law and its enforcement through the judiciary, while no long-term solution to the erosion of limitations on power and electoral accountability, serves an important role of intercession. In the case of electoral accountability, this might mean the judiciary defending electoral accountability by voiding laws or constitutional amendments conflicting with basic structures of democratic government (as in India, Italy, or Colombia). For processes of governance, this might mean judicial interventions to prevent legislative power grabs or declarations of emergency powers, as in Taiwan and India; but legislative inaction may also occasion intervention. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the British Miller cases during Brexit, arguing that the British Supreme Court’s decisions were able to shift politics back from the executive into the more democratic Parliament.
Institutional Wreckage
Authors: Issacharoff Samuel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Democracy’s greatest threat comes not from obstacles to voting but from party control of election mechanisms, turning tabulating election results into opportunities for partisan mischief. In the United States in 2020, the system held up well. But the stability of these structures depends on long-haul bipartisan commitments to repeat engagements, anathema to the demands of populist immediacy. President Trump targeted obscure local agencies as vulnerabilities in the election certification process that could be manipulated through partisan appeals. This chapter examines the fragility of election structures dependent on bipartisan agreement to certain ground rules. Democracies depend on two features: (1) commitments to repeat play; and (2) institutional guardrails such that the majority will win according to pre-set rules, but not too much. Recent populist fervor threatens both. This chapter explores how close to the abyss the election system came in 2020, and how delicate the balance remains going forward.
Peaceful Settlement of Disputes in International Law
Authors: Powell Emilia Justyna , Wiegand Krista E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter comprehensively reviews rules, institutional features, efficiency, and relevance of various peaceful resolution methods: bilateral negotiations, nonbinding third-party methods (inquiry, good offices, mediation, and conciliation), and binding third-party methods (arbitration and adjudication). The chapter is largely descriptive and provides a foundation for the rest of the book. It devotes considerable attention to real-world, mostly contemporary territorial and maritime disputes. Mapping the specific features of each peaceful resolution method provides a detailed picture of the normative environment in which states pursue their strategies. In explaining the fundamental dynamics associated with the functioning of each method, the chapter draws on insights from international law and international relations scholarship.
A Theory of Strategic Selection
Authors: Powell Emilia Justyna , Wiegand Krista E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 is devoted to the second stage of strategic selection, within-venue. In this stage of peaceful resolution, patterns of states’ behavior are quite distinct in that regardless of external factors, all disputing states strategize to optimize their experience within a particular peaceful resolution method and a specific venue. Consequently, disputants involved in active resolution attempts maximize their efforts to shape the procedures and frame their claims in an optimal way in the pursuit of victory. The discussion is deeply entrenched in qualitative examples of states’ strategic behavior in contemporary and past territorial and maritime contentions. Insights from in-depth interviews with interlocutors personally involved in peaceful resolution shed light on the specifics of the theory’s causal mechanism.
Research Design and Trends in Territorial and Maritime Disputes
Authors: Powell Emilia Justyna , Wiegand Krista E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 presents the research design—a multimethod approach, which combines quantitative analysis of an original dataset of attempts at peaceful resolution in territorial disputes (1945–2015), primary documents, and a series of qualitative interviews, with a particular focus on the 2013–2016 Philippines v. China arbitration. The quantitative data, the Peaceful Resolution of Territorial Disputes (PRTD) dataset, provides observations of proposer state-level behavior in a cross-sectional time series format and gauges preferences of challenger and target states. It also devotes considerable attention to patterns of territorial dispute resolution since 1945, and discusses trends and frequencies of resolution attempts via specific peaceful resolution methods across the geographic regions of the world: Europe, the Americas, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia/Oceania. territorial dispute, peaceful settlement, Europe, Americas, Africa, Middle East, Asia, Oceania
Testing Choice-of-Venue Strategic Selection
Authors: Powell Emilia Justyna , Wiegand Krista E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 focuses on the empirical analysis of the choice-of-venue strategic selection stage, which involves proposer states’ choices of the various peaceful resolution methods during territorial disputes. This chapter provides solid evidence, qualitative and quantitative, for the supposition that proposer states engage in strategic behavior when selecting the various methods. While attempting to settle their territorial or maritime contentions, proposer states make carefully preplanned, rational choices to seek optimal resolution outcomes. A variety of factors—mechanisms of strategic selection—influence the choice-of-venue stage of the resolution process. Controlling for a multitude of confounding factors, the analyses suggest that proposer states’ past experience with resolution methods (win-loss record) and international law’s position in the domestic legal system matter as these states strategically choose between available peaceful resolution methods. Expert interviews and real-world cases of territorial contentions shed light on patterns uncovered by quantitative analysis.