bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prison Criminal Law Enforcement
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The job of the criminal leadership in prison is to maintain law and order. On one side, they have to ensure peace among the prison population. And on the other side, it is also their job to make sure that agreements with prison authorities (in exchange for inmate privileges) are honored on the side of inmates. So they have to manage control of inmates who could decrease their bargaining power vis-à-vis prison authorities. In this chapter, I will talk about how prison leadership tries to minimize conflicts inside the inmate population and deal with agreement violations. I will also talk about what punishment tools vory leadership has at its disposal to deter future violations.
Prison Criminal Economy
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In addition to three main components of any legitimate government—executive, legislative, and judicial—there are several other provisional functions a government has to perform. A government is in charge of the economy, goods import and export, social security, and the provision of public goods, all of which ensure the comfort of its citizens. Prison criminal leadership is no different in that they also perform these tasks on a smaller scale. But smaller does not necessarily mean easier. Prison leadership operates from behind bars, which makes a difficult job even harder. So in this chapter, I will talk about the prison criminal budget and its main income sources and expenses.
Conflict with Prison Authorities
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Since it is possible to change a prison regime from dictatorial prison authority controlled to more liberal and democratic vory criminal organization run, it is also possible to move in the opposite direction. Prison administration could tighten the screws and bring a criminal controlled prison under their total control. So in this chapter, I will talk about this process and, in particular, how prison authorities could decrease the power of criminal leadership and what tools criminal leadership has at their disposal to resist such a negative development. While strict vory criminal ideology was a group’s strength when they were taking power from prison authorities, in this chapter, I show how it becomes a weakness when an ideological organization must defend itself from an outside force.
Vory Criminal Organization Resurgence
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Can vory save their prisons and decrease the role of jamaats, especially if a prison is already under control of Islamists? The answer is yes; theoretically, it is possible. But practically, recovering lost power is both difficult and dangerous. So in this chapter, I will talk about what problems criminal leadership faces trying to decrease jamaat power by using the example of one particular prison, not only because such cases of success are very rare, but also because of its geographic location. The prison is located in Kalmykia, on the border between majority Muslim and majority non-Muslim regions of Russia, and, as a result, the inmate population is mixed. This makes it a clear example of the life and death dynamics of a jamaat in a religiously mixed prison.
Neo-Nazis behind Bars
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In 2009, a new twist on an old ideology sprung up on Russian soil, an opposition movement known as neo-Nazism. The main motivation of members of neo-Nazi groups is like that of radical Islamist forces—opposing the Russian government. As expected, it was not long after inception that many of those group members were arrested and entered the prison system. But their prison experience is very different from that of Islamists. Not only are they not able to do what Islamists did in terms of taking power, but they actually lost members to the vory criminal organization, the jamaats, and even prison administration if they become collaborators. So in this chapter, I will talk about why neo-Nazis, when compared to Islamists, are not able to increase their ranks in prison and actually end up losing members during incarceration.
Elizabeth Stuart Phelps (1844–1911)
Authors: Hederman Robyn 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The scope of the nineteenth-century writer and activist Elizabeth Stuart Phelps’s social commentary is vast. In her later years, she sought to expose the plight of animals used in medical labs. She described the cruelties of vivisection and addressed the Massachusetts State Legislature to obtain laws restricting the practice. Phelps’s spiritual and religious beliefs motivated her to unmask what she described as “the infliction of avoidable torture by the powerful upon the weak.” Phelps believed that animal experimentation was “the ‘next’ great moral question.” She pondered the question of animal immortality in Gates Ajar, her 1868 book depicting heaven. In her novel Trixy, she recounts the story of a beloved dog kidnapped for vivisection. Phelps’s writings demonstrate that her social activism developed from a deeply religious point of view, which extended to the treatment of animals.
Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869–1948)
Authors: Valpey Kenneth R. , Swami Krishna Kshetra 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Mohandas K. (Mahatma) Gandhi placed high priority on the application of ahiṁsā (nonviolence) in relation to animals. This chapter maps Gandhi’s thought and practice with respect to animals onto his overall vision for human well-being. A fourfold foundation of Gandhi’s thought—the principles of truth, nonviolence, austerity, and self-governance—points to the breadth and depth of his concern for animal care, with implications for the whole range of his vision for human and world flourishing. Such flourishing may come especially through the specific practical process of caring for and protecting bovines. Through this practice, humans put themselves in the most favorable position to act rightly in relation to all living beings, with the environment as a whole, and in service to God. This understanding and vision is sustained in a conception of ahiṁsā as an affirmative practice that all human beings are called upon to undertake.
Isaac Bashevis Singer (1904–1991)
Authors: Wiegand Beruriah 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The acclaimed Yiddish writer Isaac Bashevis Singer was well known for his vegetarianism, which also finds its expression in some of his works. This study examines two extreme examples of Bashevis’s treatment of animals. The short story “Der shoykhet” (“The Slaughterer”) presents a negative image of a small Jewish community in an Eastern European shtetl, where animal slaughter is very much part of daily life and where there is little sensitivity to the suffering of animals. Bashevis’s novel Der knekht (The Slave), on the other hand, entails a positive vision of a Jewish life in harmony with the world of nature, in which all the boundaries between Jew and Gentile and between human and animal can be overcome. The main character’s relationship with the world of nature in this novel parallels Bashevis’s own personal vegetarianism and criticism of animal abuse, which is evident throughout his works.
Justice Is Not a Peak
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Suppose philosophers define a perfectly just world as one that could not be more just. What else would it be? Utopian idealism, imagining a world so perfect that nothing remains for justice to demand, is one alternative. Another aspect can be added to previous characterizations by saying realistic idealism is theorizing about an ongoing process, whereas utopian idealism is theorizing about an outcome: a “peak” where the process stops and from which further progress is inconceivable. That may sound fine. But what if (as utopians would admit) utopian peaks are imaginary theoretical constructs while pits of injustice are historically situated observable realities? The biggest problem with current utopian thought is not that it ignores how hard it is to achieve ideals but that it ignores how hard it is to identify them.
High Standards
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Imagine a person saying in traffic court, “Your Honor, ideally we would not need to drive defensively. Admittedly, my driving looks incompetent in this world, but that’s because my standards are too high. The world isn’t ready for them.” A judge might respond, “Sir, the existence of drivers like you is precisely the reason why this world’s ideal is to drive defensively.” The point is that utopians worry that realists make concessions to the reality of the human condition that are premature when the task is to articulate ideals. This worry is misguided. People need higher standards for what to call a high standard.
Mirror Models of Consciousness in Early Sources and Indian Philosophical Systems
Authors: Shevchenko Dimitry 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a historical background of mirror models of consciousness in Indian philosophy. The point of departure is the early Vedic theory of resemblances between human and divine realms. I argue that later theories of reflection preserve the general structure of the Vedic model of formal causation. After that, I turn to the early theory of reflection in the Chāndogya Upaniṣad in the famous story of Prajāpati’s instruction to Indra and Virocana. The following sections of this chapter survey reductionist mirror models in Buddhism, as well as mirror models in Nyāya, Mīmāṃsā, and Kaśmiri Śaivism. These sections are dedicated to mapping various positions, differing on the interpretation of the optical process involved in reflection in a mirror, and its implications for the phenomenon of consciousness and its relations with mental processes and the objects of cognition.
The Constraints and Enablements Framework
Authors: Jenkins Katharine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops a pluralist framework for theorising human social kinds, the ‘constraints and enablements framework’, which holds that a given human social kind is an explanatory kind that is unified by a particular bundle of social constraints and enablements. The chapter begins by giving some general background to the idea of a social kind. Then the constraints and enablements framework is presented in detail. Each of the three main components of the framework—‘scope’, ‘breadth’, and ‘granularity’—is introduced and defended, and these components are shown to jointly enable a range of different sorts of social kinds to be theorised. Finally, the chapter illustrates some of the benefits of the constraints and enablements framework.
The Constraints and Enablements Framework Revisited
Authors: Jenkins Katharine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines some benefits of integrating the three different varieties of race and gender kinds discussed in the preceding chapter into a unifying framework. Then it summarises and responds to four potential objections to the account. The first objection concerns the proliferation of social kinds. The second objection concerns the question of which constraints and enablements are taken to unify race and gender kinds. The third objection concerns the direction of explanation between constraints and enablements, on the one hand, and kinds, on the other. The fourth objection concerns whether the account sanctions the misgendering of trans individuals. In each case, the chapter argues that the account can be successfully defended from the objection.
Defensive Nationalism
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Why have atavistic political ideologies taken hold in the most technologically advanced societies? Defensive Nationalism argues that the irrationalism and hatred that marked the early 20th is recurring in the 21st centuries, and for the same reasons. Combining Karl Polanyi’s concept of the “double movement” with Joseph Schumpeter’s theory of innovation, the book traces how the explosive politics of both eras stem from the very technological changes that brought humankind to its highest levels of sophistication. In the mid-19th century, it was railroads, steam ships, automated printing presses, and telegraphy; in the mid-20th century, turbo jets, container ships, satellites, and computers. These magical modern innovations seemed to hold the promise of global peace and prosperity. But the mid-century liberal trust in international cooperation was quickly eclipsed by something much darker. The new economies of speed and scale created by the Industrial and Digital Revolutions dislodged the moorings of societies. Countries were made vulnerable to global economic crises, existing systems of production were uprooted, mass migrations accelerated, and uniquely modern forms of mass media threatened the social and political order. These same changes also produced never-before-seen modes of international terrorism—anarchist bombings and assassinations in the late-eighteen hundreds, and Islamist suicide bombings and beheadings in the late-nineteen hundreds. Political actors were able to capitalize on the growing disorientation and fear. Nations began to turn inward as left-wing populist and right-wing proto-fascist movements took hold across the United States and Europe. An era of “defensive nationalism” had commenced.
Introduction
Authors: Martin Lucy E. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the book. While African economies are developing rapidly, government fiscal capacity, particularly taxation, has not kept pace. To continue to develop, governments need more revenue to fund infrastructure and public goods. Existing theories do not explain why governments fail to tax more. This chapter introduces the argument of the book. Taxation makes citizens more politically engaged, and increases the demands they make of government. Governments’ willingness to tax will depend on the extent to which they can satisfy citizens’ demands while maintaining rent extraction. When taxation increases the demands leaders face from citizens, rent-seeking leaders of low-capacity states will strategically underinvest in fiscal capacity in order to minimize citizens’ demands. The chapter then outlines the structure of the book and discusses implications.
Understanding Fiscal Capacity
Authors: Martin Lucy E. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 provides an overview of previous research on taxation, state capacity, and accountability and argues the need for a new theory. Existing literature is primarily based on the experience of European state development, in which the threat of war drove state development. African countries had a similar trajectory before colonization, but at the time of independence in the twentieth century faced very different dynamics. First, the threat of international war was much lower. Second, governments had access to more revenue sources, including foreign aid and natural resources. Third, democracy in many African countries preceded both economic development and building state capacity. Combined, these differences highlight the need to revise our understanding of the relationship between taxation, state-building, and democracy.
The Need for Restatement of the Common Law
Authors: Seipp David J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Restatements of the common law, the chief achievements of the American Law Institute (ALI), fulfilled a need that had long been expressed by lawyers and judges in England and America. Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story, responding in 1837 to the Massachusetts state legislature’s inquiry whether common law should and could be codified, reported that there could be tremendous saving of effort and time by lawyers and judges if a group of experts set out in written form the agreed principles and doctrines of common law. Story did not advise that the legislature should enact this written text of common law, but rather that it be adopted by judges as a source of common law decision-making. Many centuries before Story’s report, lawyers in England had described their common law as “unwritten,” viewing this sometimes as a defect, sometimes as an advantage compared to Roman and canon law’s fixed texts. Complexity, uncertainty, inconsistency, and the ever-increasing volume of judicial case reports presented problems that were addressed in many ways over the centuries. One proposal, codification, provoked defenses of the common law as something that should not and could not be reduced to written form because that would eliminate the essence of the common law process. In the early twentieth century, American bar leaders and legal academics, weary of fighting about codification, coalesced around the ALI as a solution to the need for restatement of the common law.
The Restatement of Property
Authors: Merrill Thomas W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The central feature of the American Law Institute’s Restatement of Property is that it remains incomplete after nearly seventeen volumes produced over nearly ninety years. The principal explanation for this is the proclivities of the Reporters who have been responsible for the first three iterations of this effort. Some of these proclivities, such as a commitment to meticulous research, have been commendable. But the incompleteness of the effort has reduced the influence of the property Restatement, relative to other Restatements like contracts and torts. The chapter concludes with a description of the Fourth Restatement of Property, now underway, and the organizational structure it has adopted in an effort to produce, at long last, a complete Restatement of Property.
The Restatements as Law
Authors: Schauer Frederick 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A widespread view understands the Restatements as summaries of existing legal principles coupled with largely interstitial recommendations as to how the existing law could be improved. That view, however, understates both the jurisprudential and empirical significance of the Restatements. As H.L.A. Hart and scores of his jurisprudential followers have established, what counts as a legal authority—and thus what counts as law—is based on the empirical determination of what sources judges and other legal officials take as authoritative in reaching their decisions. For Hart and those properly influenced by his analysis, there is no substantive constraint on what can count as law. All that matters for some source being law is that legal officials internalize it as authoritative and thus take it as a not necessarily conclusive reason for a decision. From this perspective, there is no reason that the Restatements, or at least parts of some of the Restatements, cannot be law. And empirically, American courts do treat some parts of some of the Restatements as authoritative. When this is so, those parts of those Restatements are more than summaries of the law and more than prescriptions of what the law should be. They are the law.
Origins
Authors: Rowe M. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Austin’s ancestry and social background, tracing the origins of Austin’s parents: Geoffrey Langshaw Austin and Mary Bowes-Wilson. A contrast is drawn between the Austins (who tended to be unsocial, intellectual, and belong to the professions), and the Bowes-Wilsons (who tended to be extravert, aspirational, and entrepreneurial). Particular attention is paid to the Austins’ links with Jane Austen and the musical Langshaw family; and to Geoffrey’s father, Hubert Austin, who was a founder member of the famous firm, Sharpe, Paley and Austin, and one of the outstanding architects of the Victorian age.
California, Semantics, and Sound Symbolism
Authors: Rowe M. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter starts by considering why Austin was invited to spend a semester in Berkeley, the lavish terms he was offered, and why he decided to take three members of his family with him. The impact of his seminars is described, as are his relations with members of the faculty and three Norwegian semanticists in the Department of Speech. Particular attention is paid to the different approaches to semantics taken by Austin and Arne Naess. The second half of the chapter investigates and reconstructs Austin’s work on sound symbolism. The reasons for Austin’s fascination with this topic are examined, and also its connections with his pre-war interest in Leibniz and Plato’s Cratylus.
Routes to Reform
Authors: Kuehn David , Croissant Aurel 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This book examines the conditions under which new democracies succeed or fail in establishing firm and lasting civilian control of the military. It introduces a multidimensional conceptual framework to evaluate the degree of civilian control in new democracies and to trace developments over time. The theory of civilian control in new democracies proposed in this book integrates rationalist, structuralist, and institutionalist arguments into a coherent model to explain when, how, and through which causal mechanism new democracies succeed or fail in establishing and sustaining civilian control over the military. This theory is tested on an original dataset on civilian control over the military in 66 countries that have undergone a democratization from authoritarianism at least once in the period from 1974 to 2010. The study traces the effects of different degrees of civilian control on the survival and democratic quality of third wave democracies. In a multi-method design, we combine large-N statistical analyses with detailed case study narratives of several countries. The study establishes a comprehensive understanding of the conditions and processes under which third wave democracies succeeded or failed in establishing firm and lasting civilian control of the military—and its consequences for the survival and quality of the new democratic structures, processes, and practices.
Further steps to quantum mechanics: Louis de Broglie and the world’s most important PhD thesis
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Working on his Ph.D. thesis, Louis de Broglie asked himself this question: If light, thought to be a wave motion because of observed interference and diffraction effects, could behave like a particle, might particles exhibit some wave-like properties? He justified this idea with several arguments which are highly relevant to an understanding of quantum theory. Among these was the fact that the Bohr-Sommerfeld condition can be derived from the association of a wave with particle motion. This was a critically significant step in the development of quantum mechanics. This work was presented in a relatively short Ph.D. dissertation.
Genealogical implications and Germanic phylogeny
Authors: Hartmann Frederik 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the findings of both preceding modelling parts as well as previous literature on Germanic. This part aims to detail the history of the dissolution of Germanic unity as completely and methodologically accurately as possible. The main line of argumentation is that the breakup of Proto-Germanic was a gradual diversification process in which tree-like split events were rare. East Germanic as a group cannot be seen as a proper subgroup on its own, at least in the genetic context, since the languages there dissociate from the core area independently, but maintaining contact thereafter. Further, West Germanic is a homogeneous group of varieties that remain in close contact throughout the centuries following the beginning of the disintegration of Proto-Germanic. Lower-level discretizations of West Germanic such as Anglo-Frisian or Ingvaeonic are found to be unjustified due to the nature of the diversification process to which they are subject.