bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction of K Lymphocytes with Myeloma Proteins of Different IgG Subclasses
Authors: Spiegelberg Hans L. , Perlmann Hedvig , Perlmann Peter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human myeloma proteins of the four IgG subclasses and their Fc, F(ab)2, and Fab fragments were tested for their ability to inhibit antibody-dependent human K lymphocytemediated cytotoxicity to chicken erythrocytes (CRBC) sensitized with specific rabbit antibodies. In addition, the adsorption of K cells onto glass bead columns coated with myeloma proteins was investigated. Myeloma proteins and their Fc fragments of all four subclasses inhibited K cell activity. However, there were wide variations within a given subclass and IgG2 and IgG4 proteins usually inhibited less than IgG1 and IgG3 proteins. Aggregation of the weakly inhibitory proteins with bis-diazotized benzidine increased their inhibitory effect. An IgG1 half-molecule with a deletion in the Cγ3 domain was weakly inhibitory. Passage of lymphocytes through glass bead columns coated with IgG1 and IgG3 proteins removed K cell activity. In contrast, columns coated with IgG2 and IgG4 proteins, even when aggregated with BDB, failed to absorb K cells but removed significant numbers of SIg positive B lymphocytes. An enhancement of the antibody-dependent cytotoxicity was observed in 34% of the inhibition experiments in the presence of low concentrations of the weakly inhibitory proteins, usually IgG2 and IgG4. This enhancement occurred more frequently (53% of the experiments) with Fc fragments independent of the subclass. Moreover, addition of IgG2 and IgG4 but not IgG1 and IgG3 fragments induced a dose-dependent cytotoxicity to CRBC in the absence of anti-CRBC antibodies. These data indicate that IgG2 and IgG4 proteins have a lower affinity to K cells than IgG1 and IgG3 proteins and are compatible with an earlier hypothesis that proposes that more than one site on the Fc fragment can react with Fc receptors. The present results suggest in addition that there may be functionally different sites, one having a triggering function in K lymphocyte lysis that may be localized on the second constant domain and one being responsible for high affinity binding of IgG to cell receptors that is probably localized on the third constant domain.
Identification of Multiple Cytolytic Components Associated with the β-LT Class of Lymphotoxins Released by Mitogen-Activated Human Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Hiserodt John C. , Fair Daryl S. , Granger G. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cytotoxic activity(lymphotoxin (LT) associated with the 50,000 dalton β-LT class of human lymphotoxins has been resolved into multiple components by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose or electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. The two components, termed β-LT1 and β-LT2, are separable from the 90,000 m.w. α-LT, since neither component is neutralized by incubation with heterologous rabbit anti-α-LT antisera. However, the two components differ in their overall charge and relative heat stability with the βLT1 component being more positively charged than the β-LT2 molecule and extremely heat labile.
Anti-Immunoglobulin Stimulation of Murine Lymphocytes
Authors: Weiner Howard L. , Moorhead John W. , Yamaga Karen , Kubo Ralph T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Splenic B cells from normal mice, 7 months of age or older, can be stimulated to proliferate in vitro with soluble anti-immunoglobulin (Ig) reagents. To investigate whether the integrity of the anti-Ig molecule is necessary for stimulation and to determine whether cross-linkage of cell surface Ig is required, experiments were done by using F (ab′)2 fragments and Fab monomers prepared from anti-MIgM serum. To determine whether antibodies directed against heavy chains would induce cell proliferation, class-specific antisera were prepared and tested. The results showed that cell proliferation was induced by F (ab′)2 fragments but not by Fab monomers. In addition, cell proliferation was obtained with monospecific antiserum directed against µ heavy chains but not with antisera directed against α- or γ- chains. Thus cross-linkage of µ heavy chains on the B cell surface is required for soluble anti-Ig-induced proliferation. Further experiments were done to investigate the nature of the age-associated response by comparing membrane immunoglobulin density and class on spleen cells from old and young (2 to 3 months) mice; no differences in surface immunoglobulins were found which would explain the age-associated response to anti-Ig reagents.
The T Cell Dependence of B Cell Differentiation Induced by Pokeweed Mitogen
Authors: Keightley Richard G. , Cooper Max D. , Lawton Alexander R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The in vitro plasma cell response of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes to PWM was found to be dependent on the presence of T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes cultured alone with PWM did not respond with proliferation or differentiation into plasma cells. When T lymphocytes were added back to B lymphocytes before culture, the number of plasma cells of the IgM, IgG, and IgA classes formed increased in proportion to the number of T lymphocytes returned. Allogeneic T lymphocytes from either peripheral blood or adult thymus could effectively substitute for autologous T lymphocytes. By comparing responses of B lymphocytes cultured with equal numbers of autologous or allogeneic T cells, it was found that the considerable variation in the magnitude of the plasma cell response from different normal donors was related to a quality of their T cells; T cells from high responders substantially enhanced plasma cell differentiation of B cells from low responders and vice versa. This T cell “helper function” was irradiation-resistant and was a property of thymocytes as well as peripheral T cells.
B Cell Differentiation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Kearney John F. , Cooper Max D. , Lawton Alexander R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Direct immunofluorescence was used to determine the classes of immunoglobulins expressed on the surface membrane and in the cytoplasm of newborn and adult B lymphocytes differentiating in response to LPS in vitro.
In both newborn and adult spleen, a small proportion of IgM-bearing B lymphocytes also stained for IgG2; adult spleen contained an additional population of lymphocytes bearing IgG2 alone. Combined surface and cytoplasmic staining at intervals after culture initiation demonstrated both IgM and IgG2 on the membranes of the earliest cells synthesizing cytoplasmic IgG2. At later stages the proportion of IgM-IgG2 surface doubles and of cells synthesizing cytoplasmic IgG2 which had surface IgM fell significantly. Detection of surface IgM on IgG2 precursors correlated with susceptibility of the IgG2 precursors to anti-µ suppression over the first 3 days in cultures of newborn spleen cells. After 3 days when these cells no longer expressed surface IgM, IgG2 responses were not suppressed although the IgM response was still inhibited. These results suggest that virgin IgG2 precursors may be B lymphocytes expressing both IgM and IgG2, and that “switching” involves the loss of IgM receptors as these cells proliferate and mature.
Relationship of Functional Levels of Early Components of Complement to the H-2 Complex of Mice
Authors: Goldman Margaret B. , Goldman John N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The relationship between the H-2 complex and the complement system was studied by performing functional assays for whole complement and individual complement components on sera from congenic mice of B10 and C3H backgrounds. Levels of whole complement activity were seen to be influenced by S region genes, confirming the work of others. Levels of C3 through C9, however, were independent of the H-2 genotypes suggesting that the differences in whole complement activities were due to variation in levels of C1, C4 or C2. Titrations of these three earliest acting classical complement components were performed on sera from mice of nine strains of the B10 background and four strains of the C3H background. It was shown that functional levels of C1, C4, and C2 were all under control of genes within or very closely linked to the S region.
Relationship between the C5 Peptides Chemotactic for Leukocytes and Tumor Cells
Authors: Romualdez Alberto G. , Ward Peter A. , Torikata Takaatsu 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A reciprocal relationship has been demonstrated between the generation of the leukotactic and the tumor cell chemotactic peptides from C5. Trypsin-produced C5 leukotactic peptides can be converted into tumor cell chemotactic factors by treatment with tumor cell extracts or by incubation with the α-globulin chemotactic factor inactivator (CFI) isolated from human serum. A similar CFI isolated from rat serum can, like the α-globulin CFI from human serum, generate the tumor cell chemotactic factor from the whole human serum. These results suggest that the tumor cell chemotactic factor derives from the same portion of the C5 molecule as the leukotactic peptide. Furthermore, it appears that the critical change may be cleavage of the amino-terminal portion of the leukotactic peptide. In addition, it has been shown that most normal tissues contain an enzyme-like material that is able to generate in normal human serum a factor chemotactic for tumor cells. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Stimulation of Immune Mechanisms against Mammary Tumors by Incomplete T Cell Depletion
Authors: Roubinian Jirayr R. , Lane Mary-Ann , Slomich Maxell , Blair Phyllis B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When BALB/cfC3H females are subjected to continuous suction thymectomy, a procedure that results in retention of thymic remnants, the latent period before tumor development is significantly prolonged. However, when BALB/cfC3H females are thymectomized by controlled suction, a procedure which removes thymic lobes completely, there is no effect on mammary tumorigenesis. Our results show that incomplete T cell depletion causes premature onset of non-T cell cytotoxicity, an augmentation of T cell cytotoxicity, and an alteration in a serum-blocking activity to mammary tumor target cells as tested in microcytotoxicity assay. On the other hand, complete neonatal thymectomy effectively and completely abrogates immune response to mammary tumor target cells. The inability of completely thymectomized mice to generate an immune response to MTV suggests (but does not prove) that MTV-induced mammary tumor target cell surface antigens are thymus-dependent.
Antibodies to Guinea Pig Lymphokines
Authors: Geczy Carolyn L. , Geczy Andrew F. , de Weck Alain L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An antiserum, (anti-lymphokine globulin, ALyG) directed against highly purified products of activated lymphocytes, inhibits the proliferation of responding cells in guinea pig mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC). This serum recognizes three newly synthesized lymphocyte products (one of them being migration inhibition factor (MIF) which are involved in the mediation of delayed hypersensitivity reactions in vivo. Since ALyG does not appear to contain cytotoxic antibodies against guinea pig lymphocyte antigens and its inhibitory activity cannot be removed by absorption with lymphoid cells it seems likely that the inhibition of MLC reactivity is not mediated by the lysis of stimulator or responder cells and its target is not the lymphocyte per se but possibly some factor elaborated during MLC response. By contrast, antisera with specificity for histocompatibility (H) antigens can inhibit the MLC when the appropriate H antigens are present on the responding and/or stimulating cell population. However, this inhibitory activity of the antisera can be effectively absorbed with lymphoid cells bearing the appropriate H antigens.
The addition of ALyG even 48 hr after the initiation of culture results in a marked inhibition of MLC reactivity. This finding is consistent with the elaboration of a mitogenic factor or signal during the first 48 hr of culture and the delivery of this signal to the responding cell population. Thus, ALyG does not appear to interfere with the synthesis of this factor but must be present after its release in order to block responder cell proliferation. Furthermore, the stimulatory effect of this MLC mitogenic factor, but not of PPD-induced mitogenic factor on “third party” cells can be completely inhibited when the cells are cultured in the presence of ALyG.
These findings suggest that the MLC-mitogenic factor in this system is identical to or cross-reactive with one or both of the newly synthesized molecules recognized by the ALyG.
Analysis of Murine Oncofetal Antigens as Tumor-Associated Transplantation Antigens
Authors: Chism Stanley E. , Wallis Sally , Burton Robert C. , Warner Noel L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In previous studies with in vitro activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes, we have demonstrated the presence of oncofetal antigens (OFA) on a range of murine tumor cells. The present studies with the same tumor lines attempt to determine whether these antigens are also capable of activating lymphocyte responses in vivo. Several experimental designs were followed, each being performed many times (1). Preimmunization of mice with irradiated fetal liver cells and followed by challenge with viable tumor cells did not consistently produce a state of tumor resistance. However, injection of live fetal cells frequently led to enhanced tumor growth (2). The growth of tumors in multiparous mice can be inhibited, in contrast to controls, but this effect was relatively short lived after parturition (3). Preimmunization with fetal cells in vivo did not result in augmented secondary cytotoxic T cell responses in vitro (4). Immunization of mice with irradiated tumor cells frequently led to a state of resistance to the clonal growth of hemopoietic fetal cells, although again the level of resistance was usually relatively weak. From the overall results, we conclude that OFA are relatively poor immunogens on tumor cells or fetal cells in vivo, and in contrast to in vitro responses, do not act as potent tumor transplantation antigens.
Association of Histocompatibility Haplotype HLA-A3-B7 with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Bertrams Hans J. , Kuwert Ernst K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tissue typing was performed on 1000 unrelated multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 1000 unrelated healthy controls. In addition, segregation analysis of HLA antigens and haplotypes in 36 MS families was done. The following results were observed: HLA-A3 and HLA-B7 were found significantly more often in MS individuals; haplotype HLA-A3-B7 was observed significantly more often in MS patients than in healthy individuals of the same population; the association between HLA-A3 and HLA-B7 was significantly stronger in MS patients than in controls; the haplotype HLA-A3-B7 shows a common segregation with the disease multiple sclerosis (p = 0.02); and the hypothetical “MS-disease-susceptibility-gene” may be located between the second locus of the HLA region and the MLC (mixed lymphocyte culture)-histocompatibility-determinant-region on chromosome No. 6.
Anti-Lymphokine Antibody
Authors: Kuratsuji Tadatoshi , Yoshida Takeshi , Cohen Stanley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present study was designed to explore the range of biologic activity of an anti-lymphokine antiserum (ALKS). This preparation, which was produced by a two-stage immunization procedure, was used to prepare Sepharose bead immunoadsorbent columns. Columns made with ALKS, but not with anti-control antiserum, could specifically remove MIF activity, but not LT, MF, or NCF activity from activated lymphocyte culture supernatants. MIF, but not LT, MF, or NCF could be recovered from the beads by acid extraction. These findings, taken in conjunction with the previously described capacity of ALKS to remove MCF and SRF activity from supernatants, demonstrate that ALKS, although prepared against a lymphokine preparation with multiple activities, has restricted specificity. Thus far, its targets appear to be those mediators that affect macrophages either in vitro or in vivo. The capacity of ALKS to suppress delayed hypersensitivity reactions in the guinea pig is consistent with these observations, since the macrophage is the predominant infiltrating cell in those reactions.
Possible Evidence for Antibody-Dependent Macrophage-Mediated Cytotoxicity Directed against Murine Adenocarcinoma Cells in Vivo
Authors: Haskill J. Stephen , Fett James W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A macrophage-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic reaction has been described in a syngeneic murine mammary adenocarcinoma model. The antibody appears to be present in two forms, one apparently complexed with antigen and the other identified as 7S immunoglobulin on Sephadex G-200 and as the IgG2a subclass by blocking of Fc receptors on the macrophages. This antibody is first detected in mice with regressing tumors. Tumor cells from immune mice appear to be coated with this antibody, as they are sensitive to the effects of normal macrophages in vitro, whereas tumor cells from immunologically compromised mice are not. Thus, a macrophage-dependent reaction probably is relevant in the in situ immune defenses against this tumor.
T and B Lymphocytes in the Regulation of Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Neta Ruth , Salvin S. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A correlation was demonstrated between the transient nature of a) delayed intradermal responses of guinea pigs sensitized to hen egg albumin in incomplete Freund's adjuvant, and b) the proliferative response of sensitized lymphocytes to the specific antigen. Spleen cells from sensitized animals suppressed the proliferative response of lymph node cells to specific antigen. This suppression was dependent on the dose of spleen cells and the time of their removal after sensitization. Thymus cells were suppressive to a lesser extent, and their activity was not correlated with the time of removal after sensitization. Separation of spleen and thymus cells into T and B populations indicated that the B cell was the major suppressor cell in the spleen, while the T cell in the thymus had a similar but less pronounced action.
Relationship Between Homogeneous IgG Fractions and Measles Virus Antibody Activities in Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis Brain
Authors: Mehta P. D. , Kane A. , Thormar H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cellulose acetate and agarose gel electrophoresis of pH 7.4 brain extracts from three patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) revealed two to three homogeneous bands in the γ-globulin region. The IgG concentration in the brain extracts ranged from 6 to 8.5% of the total protein. The IgG was isolated by passing each brain extract twice through gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 column. The Sephadex-isolated IgG preparations, at a concentration of 1 mg/ml, had hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers ranging from 512 to 800, complement fixation (CF) titers of 64 to 100, and neutralizing titers of 400 to 1024 when tested against envelope, nucleocapsids, and whole measles virus, respectively. These IgG preparations were further separated into several fractions by isoelectric focusing (IEF) technique and the reactivities of these eluted fractions were examined against different specific measles virus components and against whole virus. The results showed that both slow and fast moving homogeneous IgG had high HI and neutralizing titers. However, CF antibodies were present only in specific IEF-eluted fractions and their profiles differed somewhat from one brain to another. The IgG fractions reacted with both κ-and λ-chain antisera, but the reactivity varied from one brain to another. When the polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic (PAGE) patterns of heavy (H) and light (L) chains of SSPE IgG were compared to those of IgG from controls, the H chain patterns of both groups were identical whereas the SSPE brain IgG demonstrated two distinct bands in L chain as compared to a single diffuse band observed in controls. These latter results, in addition to homogeneous bands and selective CF antibody activity in IEF eluted IgG fractions from SSPE brain, fulfill some of the criteria of monoclonality.
Activation of Human B Lymphocytes
Authors: Fauci Anthony S. , Pratt Karen R. K. , Whalen Gail 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A recently described system for the induction and assay of plaque-forming cells (PFC) following polyclonal stimulation of human B lymphocytes was employed to delineate the cellular requirements for pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced activation of human tonsillar and peripheral blood B lymphocytes. It was found that the process was not dependent on the presence of monocytes, but was dependent on the presence of T cells. T cell depleted suspensions of tonsillar as well as peripheral blood lymphocytes had markedly diminished if not absent PFC responses following PWM stimulation. The PFC responses of T cell depleted cultures of tonsil and blood could be reconstituted by adding back T cells. T cell supernatants could also reconstitute the PFC response of T cell depleted tonsillar lymphocytes but not of T cell depleted blood lymphocytes, thus suggesting a more stringent T cell requirement of the PWM-induced PFC response of blood lymphocytes. Enrichment for T cells on the other hand enhanced PFC responses in both organs, particularly in those cultures which had low responses in unfractionated suspensions demonstrating the requirement of optimal T cell help for maximal PFC responses. This study demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of this PFC system in elucidating some of the complex regulatory processes associated with the activation of human B lymphocytes.
Idiotypes of Inulin-Binding Antibodies and Myeloma Proteins Controlled by Genes Linked to the Allotype Locus of the Mouse
Authors: Lieberman R. , Potter M. , Humphrey W. , Chien C. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The serum from non-immunized mice of strains BALB/c, C58, A/He, and RIII contained hemagglutinins for stearoyl inulin-coated SRBC. Immunization with bacterial levan slightly elevated these titers. These same sera also carried cross-specific idiotypic determinants (IdX) that are associated only with inulin-binding myeloma proteins (INBMP) of BALB/c mice. Three InuIdX specificities, A, B, and G, were identified. The InuIdX phenotypes of strains BALB/c, C58, and A/He were InuIdXA+B+G+; strain RIII was InuIdX A+B-G+; strain C57BL/6, C57BL/10, DBA/2, AKR and NH were A-B-G-. Strains CBA, C3H, PL, and C57L could not be typed because of low and inconsistent levels of InuIdX and anti-inulin hemagglutinins.
The InuIdXA+B+G+ phenotype was used as a genetic marker in immunoglobulin congenic strains CB-20, BAB-14, and BC-8 and in Bailey RI strains which are derived from crosses of BALB/c (InuIdXA+B+G+) and C57BL/ka or C57BL/6, respectively (InuldXA-B-G-). Linkage of the IdXA+B+G+ to the BALB/c a1 allotype locus was demonstrated. In addition, the InuldXA+B+G+ marker was used as a phenotype in an analysis of 168 first generation backcross progeny (C57BL × (C57BL × BALB/c) F1). Linkage of the marker to the BALB/c allotype was found again. Two proven recombinant mice having the C57BL a2 allotype and the InuIdxA+B+G+ markers were identified and progeny tested. Four other potential crossover types are still being progeny-tested.