bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Meaning and Significance of Lay Expertise
Authors: Epstein Steven 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter revisits and defends the concept of “lay expertise,” analyses its defining characteristics, and specifies a research agenda. It argues that lay experts play a critical role in contemporary struggles around knowledge production, technological development, civic engagement, and democratization. It begins by providing context for understanding lay expertise by tracing the term’s entry into discourse and subsequent spread. Taking into account critiques of the concept, the chapter offers a characterization of key dimensions of lay expertise, emphasizing not only the kinds of participants and the knowledge and values they bring to their work, but also the fundamentally collective character of lay expertise in its prototypical form. Finally, the chapter points to gaps in our understanding of two important topics: Through what pathways does lay expertise develop? And what are the political dilemmas and complications to which its deployment gives rise?
New Objectivity and the Middlebrow
Authors: Gabriel John 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
There is much about the New Objectivity in music that might suggest understanding it as middlebrow. Emerging in the mid- to late 1920s, it combined elements of modern art music composition with jazz and popular culture in the name of accessibility, thus seeming to bring together Andreas Huyssen’s categories of modernism and mass culture. This chapter argues, however, that the New Objectivity’s emphasis on function and its rejection of the ideology of artistic autonomy disqualify it from the category of the middlebrow. It analyzes the New Objectivity as a middlebrow-like relational category between another “Great Divide” described by Huyssen: avant-garde and culture industry. This approach refocuses our attention on the relationship between Dada and the New Objectivity and also provides new insight into how the New Objectivity navigated the shifting cultural landscape of Weimar Republic Germany until its basic premises became untenable in the early 1930s.
Symphonies Serious or for Fun
Authors: Rupprecht Philip 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Malcolm Arnold’s concert music of the 1940s and 1950s pleased audiences but rankled press critics. The archived verdicts by the Score Reading Panel at the BBC Music Department document mixed opinions of Arnold’s music. Arnold’s characteristic tone—often called humorous and frivolous—confounded critics seeking serious or complex statements. The symphony as a genre takes a relatively high position within a midcentury British field of cultural production. Beyond Bourdieu’s hierarchical model, British cultural theorists from Eliot and Leavis to Hoggart, Williams, and Hall surveyed an interplay of elite and “ordinary” tastes, both susceptible to bureaucratic planning. Adopting a policy of cultural “uplift,” the BBC’s pyramid of radio broadcasting channels—Light, Home, and Third—constructed clearly separate categories of listener. Arnold’s stylistically eclectic Symphony No. 1 was initially rejected for BBC broadcast as a score too vulgar for highbrow or even middlebrow taste.
Imagery Practice in Tantric Buddhism
Authors: Gardiner David L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Both implicitly and explicitly, tantric Buddhist (Vajrayāna) imagery and its practice critique dichotomies such as subject/object, self/world, body/mind, and female/male. Moreover, it functions to proactively replace bifurcated, traumatized experiential frameworks with alternative, more integrated structures for living. The holistic worldview expressed in writings on Vajrayāna meditation intentionally assaults the fundamental patterns of ignorant self-absorption that Buddhist teachings assert to be the source of sentient suffering. Central to this meditation practice is the sustained, creative engagement with religious imagery through visualization. These methods aim to transform the practitioner’s sense of self, both cognitively and somatically, through a therapeutic regime of embodied cognition. A central tool in the Vajrayāna Buddhist path to liberation, imagery manifests not only in rich iconic diversity but also in sophisticated and sublime contemplative exercises that utilize creative visual elements. While the traditions of imagery use in tantric Buddhism are worthy of study from a variety of perspectives, their central role within a clearly articulated soteriological context warrants particular attention. The Vajrayāna employment of imagery in both material and cognitive domains constitutes an ingenious technology that harnesses intention, imagination, and embodiment in remarkable ways.
Memory, Repetition, and Anticipation
Authors: Ó Murchadha Felix 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This article takes its point of orientation from Edmund Husserl’s discussion of internal time consciousness and shows that the melody is not simply a useful example for Husserl, but rather as a temporal object is highly significant for his discussions of time. Drawing on musical examples, it is shown how melodies make manifest the affective experience of being in the world, independent of any representation of things. This capacity of melody is rooted in its temporal constitution. Hearing a melody is listening to what is to come, as much as it is a retention of what has been. But the future to come is a future experienced as future perfect (what will have been). The temporality of the melody is one of gathering and wholeness, rather than dissipation and loss. In this the melody is indicative of an orientation toward the eternal.
Preparing for the (Non-Existent?) Future of Work
Authors: Korinek Anton , Juelfs Megan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes how to set up institutions that future-proof our society for a scenario of ever-more-intelligent autonomous machines that substitute for human labor and drive down wages. It lays out three concerns arising from such a scenario and evaluates recent predictions and objections to these concerns. Then it analyzes how to allocate work and income if these concerns start to materialize. As the income produced by autonomous machines rises and the value of labor declines, it is optimal to phase out work, beginning with workers who have low labor productivity and job satisfaction, as they have a comparative advantage in enjoying leisure. This is in stark contrast to welfare systems that force individuals with low labor productivity to work. If there are significant wage declines, avoiding mass misery will require other ways of distributing income than labor markets, whether via sufficiently well-distributed capital ownership or via benefits. Recipients could still engage in work for its own sake if they enjoy work amenities, such as structure, purpose, and meaning. If work gives rise to positive externalities, such as social connections or political stability, or if individuals undervalue the benefits of work because of internalities, then there is a role for public policy to encourage work. However, in the long run, it may be more desirable for society to develop alternative ways of providing these benefits.
Opioids and Cognition
Authors: Kleykamp Bethea A. , Clarke Shannon B. , Acquavita Shauna P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Opioid use influences brain activity in ways that can be detrimental to cognitive functioning. This literature review provides an overview of the published literature that has evaluated the effects of opioid use in individuals diagnosed with OUD or in their offspring (e.g., prenatal exposure). The review prioritized existing systematic reviews that have evaluated the effects of opioid use among individuals with OUD across a range of cognitive domains, including attention, memory, and complex psychomotor function (e.g., driving) in adults, and the cognitive consequences of prenatal opioid exposure were also included as evidence. Eight peer-reviewed literature reviews were identified that evaluated the cognitive effects of opioids among individuals diagnosed with OUD. Six reviews were systematic, 1 was a “structured evidence-based review,” and 1 was an expert-guided review. Five of the reviews evaluated a range of different cognitive domains, 2 of the reviews focused on driving performance, and 1 review focused on general cognitive function rather than specific cognitive domains. The individual studies evaluated in the reviews were published between 1944 and 2017, and the number of individual studies included in each review ranged from 16 to 61. Key variables that influence outcomes, clinical implications, health policy implications, and future research direction are discussed. An exemplary case study is also provided.
Genetic Influences in Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: Maher Brion , Rabinowitz Jill A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Genes play a role in both the individual differences in opioid metabolism and in the risk for developing an opioid use disorder (OUD). Like all substance use disorders (SUDs), OUD is a complex trait contributed to by multiple genetic and environmental factors. This chapter reviews the evidence supporting the role of genetic factors influencing OUD risk, from classical (twin, adoption, and family) genetic studies through the molecular era, including linkage and candidate gene association and genome-wide association studies (including polygenic approaches). The pharmacogenomics of OUD treatment, including how medications for OUD (MOUD) may be influenced by genotype, as well as the association between genetic variants and MOUD dose response, are also reviewed. Finally, to aid in understanding, descriptions of the approaches used and technological advances that drove the field are provided.
US Imperialism and International Law
Authors: Coates Benjamin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
For much of its history, the US empire grew not in spite of international law, but in conjunction with it. At fora like the Hague Peace Conferences, the United States embraced international law when its officials believed that doing so was compatible with their interests. Invoking concepts like the Monroe Doctrine, diplomatic protection, and the standard of civilization provided justifications for war and intervention. Professional groups like the American Society of International Law provided experts who generally supported government contentions. Through innovations like the Drago Doctrine, Latin Americans sought to write non-intervention into international law. After these efforts succeeded in the 1930s and 1940s, Washington turned to covert violence. In the case of US empire in Latin America, international law could serve as both a weapon of the weak and of the strong.
CAT in a cancer setting
Authors: Black Susie , Davies Jason 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines the potential psychological impacts of cancer on patients, carers, and healthcare staff working in a cancer setting. It explores the benefits of using cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) to understand the impact of cancer and to work therapeutically with individuals and groups to facilitate relational thinking and more adaptive coping. This chapter introduces the generic mapping approach—a generic sequential diagrammatic reformulation (SDR) which provides a conceptualization of common experiences helpful in early containment of distress, which can be personalized over time. The use of this model within cancer services will be described to understand the relational impact of cancer and the rollercoaster of emotions that this can generate. Brief fictitious case studies are used to illustrate the common reciprocal roles (RRs) and reciprocal role procedures (RRPs) that can become problematic as a result of a cancer diagnosis.
CAT and technology
Authors: Nield Cal 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the application of cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) as we are working increasingly via technologically mediated means. The chapter asks where do we meet in this context? It reviews our own relational stance to technology and the shift toward a more curious and healthier integration of technology into practice. There is a brief overview of some of the opportunities and challenges within online work, acknowledging typical concerns of some practitioners. The chapter will then address specific considerations of ‘digital CAT’, including what CAT might uniquely bring to the online domain and how, going forward, therapists might grasp this opportunity to evolve CAT practice and theory within this ‘disembodied’ context. The chapter introduces the CAT-app (Kellett et al., 2020), Steve Jefferis presents ideas for practice in how to map collaboratively and Tim Sheard shares some thoughts on how to incorporate embodied practice in online CAT. The chapter will reflect on how CAT might thrive, where future opportunities lie, not only to the therapeutic context but also to the potential for CAT to engage more generally in a wider, socially mediated dialogue.
The structure of therapy
Authors: Tee Deborah 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) is a time-limited, trans-diagnostic relational therapy which seeks to elicit learning and change through a collaborative process of shared meaning-making and discovery. This chapter provides an overview of CAT, introducing key concepts of the approach and structure of therapy. The chapter describes the CAT understanding of developmental psychological structures and how psychological problems arise and are maintained. It examines the suitability and assessment considerations for CAT, with an emphasis on how diagnoses and symptoms are understood as elements embedded within an individual’s relational structures. It summarizes the phases of reformulation, recognition, revision, and endings within a standard sixteen-session model of CAT, with reference to specific CAT tools including the sequential diagrammatic reformulation, reformulation letter, and goodbye letter. Some final remarks on treatment fidelity and therapist competencies, the competence in CAT (CCAT) measure and CAT competency framework, conclude this chapter.
Philosophy of Cultural Evolution
Authors: Lewens Tim 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Philosophers of science have succeeded in shedding light on basic questions of interest to cultural evolutionists, just as cultural evolutionists have shed light on questions of interest to philosophers. This chapter surveys some of these contributions, before tracing a zigzag pathway of conceptual influence from early work in nonformalized evolutionary epistemology, through to much more mathematically precise and empirically rich research in cultural evolutionary theory. It moves on to expose conceptual diversity in how the notion of cultural selection—central to both programmes of research—is understood. The chapter closes by suggesting ways in which (i) cultural selection and cultural attraction can complement each other in the explanation of adaptation, and (ii) cultural adaptation can sometimes proceed in ways that fail to match the usual pattern of selection explanations.
Venous Ulcer in a 5-Year-Old Girl
Authors: Du Xiaojiong , Wu Zhoupeng 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND
Agenesis of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is an extremely rare congenital malformation. Although IVC dysplasia can present with symptoms, because of the low prevalence of this disease, it is often omitted from routine examination. Most reports on this topic have described the absence of the IVC; the absence of both a deep venous system and the IVC is even rarer. Chronic venous hypertension and varicosities leading to venous ulcers have been reported in patients with absent IVC that could be surgically bypassed; however, the absence of iliofemoral veins precluded any bypass procedure in the present patient.

CASE PRESENTATION
The authors report a case of IVC below renal vein hypoplasia in a 5-year-old girl who presented bilaterally with venous stasis dermatitis and ulcers in the lower extremity limb area. Ultrasonography revealed no clear IVC and iliofemoral venous system under the renal venous plane. Magnetic resonance venography subsequently confirmed the same findings. The patient’s ulcers were healed by compression therapy and routine wound care.

CONCLUSIONS
This is a rare case of venous ulcer in a pediatric patient stemming from congenital IVC malformation. With this case, the authors demonstrate the etiology of the appearance of venous ulcers in children.
Determination of Nurses’ Knowledge Levels on Skin Tears: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Kaçmaz Hatice Yüceler , Karadağ Ayişe , Çakar Vildan , Ödek Ömer 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
To determine nurses’ knowledge level about skin tears (STs).

METHODS
This cross-sectional study included 346 nurses working in acute care hospitals in Turkey who completed web- or paper-based surveys in September and October 2021. Researchers used the Skin Tear Knowledge Assessment Instrument, which consists of 20 questions across six domains, to assess nurses’ level of ST knowledge.

RESULTS
The mean age of the nurses was 33.67 (SD, 8.88) years, 80.6% were women, and 73.7% had an undergraduate degree. Nurses’ mean number of correct answers on the Skin Tear Knowledge Assessment Instrument was 9.33 (SD, 2.83) of 20 (46.66% [SD, 14.14%]). The mean numbers of correct answers by domain were as follows: etiology, 1.34 (SD, 0.84) of 3; classification and observation, 2.21 (SD, 1.00) of 4; risk assessment, 1.01 (SD, 0.68) of 2; prevention, 2.68 (SD, 1.23) of 6; treatment, 1.66 (SD, 1.05) of 4; and specific patient groups, 0.74 (SD, 0.44) of 1. Significant associations were found among the nurses’ ST knowledge scores and whether they had graduated from a nursing program (P = .005), their working years (P = .002), their working unit (P < .001), and whether they provided care to patients with STs (P = .027).

CONCLUSIONS
Nurses’ level of knowledge of the etiology, classification, risk assessment, prevention, and treatment of STs was low. The authors recommend including more information about STs in basic nursing education, in-service training, and certificate programs to increase nurses’ ST knowledge.
New Combination Asthma Drug
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S. 
Published: April 2023

A new asthma drug, Airsupra, combines the short-acting β2-adrenergic agonist albuterol with the corticosteroid budesonide to treat acute asthma attacks.Patients should not stop their asthma maintenance therapy when albuterol–budesonide is prescribed.
Autograft Cellular Contribution to Spinal Fusion and Effects of Intraoperative Storage Conditions
Authors: Lombardo Jeremy A. , Russell Nick , He Jiawei , Larson Michael J. , Walsh William R. , Mundis Gregory M. , Vizesi Frank 
Published: April 2023

Study Design.
Controlled animal study.

Objective.
To assess the cellular contribution of autograft to spinal fusion and determine the effects of intraoperative storage conditions on fusion.

Summary of Background Data.
Autograft is considered the gold standard graft material in spinal fusion, purportedly due to its osteogenic properties. Autograft consists of adherent and non-adherent cellular components within a cancellous bone scaffold. However, neither the contribution of each component to bone healing is well understood nor are the effects of intraoperative storage of autograft.

Materials and Methods.
Posterolateral spinal fusion was performed in 48 rabbits. Autograft groups evaluated included: (1) Viable, (2) partially devitalized, (3) devitalized, (4) dried, and (5) hydrated iliac crest. Partially devitalized and devitalized grafts were rinsed with saline, removing nonadherent cells. Devitalized graft was, in addition, freeze/thawed, lysing adherent cells. For 90 minutes before implantation, air dried iliac crest was left on the back table whereas the hydrated iliac crest was immersed in saline. At 8 weeks, fusion was assessed through manual palpation, radiography, and microcomputed tomography. In addition, the cellular viability of cancellous bone was assayed over 4 hours.

Results.
Spinal fusion rates by manual palpation were not statistically different between viable (58%) and partially devitalized (86%) autografts (P = 0.19). Both rates were significantly higher than devitalized and dried autograft (both 0%, P < 0.001). In vitro bone cell viability was reduced by 37% after 1 hour and by 63% after 4 hours when the bone was left dry (P < 0.001). Bone cell viability and fusion performance (88%, P < 0.001 vs. dried autograft) were maintained when the graft was stored in saline.

Conclusions.
The cellular component of autograft is important for spinal fusion. Adherent graft cells seem to be the more important cellular component in the rabbit model. Autograft left dry on the back table showed a rapid decline in cell viability and fusion but was maintained with storage in saline.
Preparing the Ocular Surface for a Boston Keratoprosthesis Type 1 Through En Bloc Minor Salivary Gland Transplantation and Mucous Membrane Grafting in End-Stage Stevens–Johnson Syndrome
Authors: Arboleda Alejandro , Phansalkar Ragini , Amescua Guillermo , Lee Wen-Shin , Brandt James D. , Mannis Mark J. , Kossler Andrea L. , Lin Charles C. 
Published: April 2023

Purpose:
This case describes the successful visual restoration of a patient with end-stage Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) with a severely keratinized ocular surface.

Methods:
This study is a case report.

Results:
A 67-year-old man with SJS secondary to allopurinol sought visual rehabilitation options. His ocular surface was severely compromised from sequelae of chronic SJS, leaving him with light perception vision bilaterally. The left eye was completely keratinized with severe ankyloblepharon. The right eye had failed penetrating keratoplasty, limbal stem cell deficiency, and a keratinized ocular surface. The patient declined both a Boston type 2 keratoprosthesis and a modified osteo-odonto keratoprosthesis. Therefore, a staged approach was pursued with (1) systemic methotrexate to control ocular surface inflammation, (2) minor salivary gland transplant to increase ocular surface lubrication, (3) lid margin mucous membrane graft to reduce keratinization, and finally, (4) Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis for visual restoration. After minor salivary gland transplant and mucous membrane graft, the Schirmer score improved from 0 mm to 3 mm with improvement in ocular surface keratinization. This approach successfully restored the vision to 20/60, and the patient has retained the keratoprosthesis for over 2 years.

Conclusions:
Sight restoration options are limited in patients with end-stage SJS with a keratinized ocular surface, aqueous and mucin deficiency, corneal opacification, and limbal stem cell deficiency. This case demonstrates successful ocular surface rehabilitation and vision restoration in such a patient through a multifaceted approach that resulted in successful implantation and retention of a Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis.