bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination Is Associated With Reduced Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing in Older Adults With Confirmed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A Population-Wide Cohort Study
Authors: MacFadden Derek R , Maxwell Colleen , Bowdish Dawn , Bronskill Susan , Brooks James , Brown Kevin , Burrows Lori L , Clarke Anna , Langford Bradley , Leung Elizabeth , Leung Valerie , Manuel Doug , McGeer Allison , Mishra Sharmistha , Morris Andrew M , Nott Caroline , Raybardhan Sumit , Sapin Mia , Schwartz Kevin L , So Miranda , Soucy Jean-Paul R , Daneman Nick 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Background
Antibiotics are frequently prescribed unnecessarily in outpatients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We sought to evaluate factors associated with antibiotic prescribing in outpatients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.

Methods
We performed a population-wide cohort study of outpatients aged ≥66 years with polymerase chain reaction–confirmed SARS-CoV-2 from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2021 in Ontario, Canada. We determined rates of antibiotic prescribing within 1 week before (prediagnosis) and 1 week after (postdiagnosis) reporting of the positive SARS-CoV-2 result, compared to a self-controlled period (baseline). We evaluated predictors of prescribing, including a primary-series COVID-19 vaccination, in univariate and multivariable analyses.

Results
We identified 13 529 eligible nursing home residents and 50 885 eligible community-dwelling adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of the nursing home and community residents, 3020 (22%) and 6372 (13%), respectively, received at least 1 antibiotic prescription within 1 week of a SARS-CoV-2 positive result. Antibiotic prescribing in nursing home and community residents occurred, respectively, at 15.0 and 10.5 prescriptions per 1000 person-days prediagnosis and 20.9 and 9.8 per 1000 person-days postdiagnosis, higher than the baseline rates of 4.3 and 2.5 prescriptions per 1000 person-days. COVID-19 vaccination was associated with reduced prescribing in nursing home and community residents, with adjusted postdiagnosis incidence rate ratios (95% confidence interval) of 0.7 (0.4–1) and 0.3 (0.3–0.4), respectively.

Conclusions
Antibiotic prescribing was high and with little or no decline following SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis but was reduced in COVID-19–vaccinated individuals, highlighting the importance of vaccination and antibiotic stewardship in older adults with COVID-19.
The Power of Beliefs in US Cyber Strategy: The Evolving Role of Deterrence, Norms, and Escalation
Authors: Lonergan Erica D , Schneider Jacquelyn 
Published: March 2023

AbstractCyberspace's role in military power is vociferously debated. But how do these ideas manifest in cyber strategy? In this article, we trace the development of ideas about military cyber power, with a focus on the USA. In particular, we use a decade of US defense cyber strategies as a lens to explore how ideas about the role of the military in promoting cyber norms, the feasibility of cyber deterrence, and the risks of escalation have morphed over time. In doing so, we identify sources of continuity and discontinuity. We then turn to the academic literature to evaluate those ideas and appraise US defense cyber strategies, identifying gaps and tensions. Finally, we leverage these insights to provide recommendations for future US defense cyber strategies.
A rare case of partial cor triatriatum diagnosed at an adult age: a case report
Authors: von Bartheld Bob , Rijnierse Mischa , van Loon Ramon , Meijboom Lilian 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackgroundCor triatriatum sinistra (CTS) is a rare condition where the left atrium (LA) is divided by a thin membrane into an upper and lower chamber. Incidentally, the diagnosis is made in late adulthood, usually because of a favourable variant such as in our patient who presented with partial CTS.Case summaryWe present the case of a 62-year-old female who presented with COVID-19. She was known for longstanding symptoms of dyspnoea on exertion as well as a minor stroke several years ago. Computed tomography on admission suggested there was a mass in the LA but transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed the diagnosis of partial CTS in which the superior compartment received pulmonary venous drainage from the right lung and the left-sided pulmonary veins drained into the inferior chamber. Since there were signs of chronic pulmonary oedema she successfully underwent balloon dilatation of the membrane resulting in remission of symptoms and normalization of the pressure in the accessory chamber.DiscussionPartial CTS is a rare variant of CTS. Since part of the pulmonary veins drains in the lower chamber of the LA (and thereby unload the right ventricle), it is a favourable variant and patients may present later in life when membrane orifices calcify or it may be discovered as an incidental finding. In some patients requiring intervention, balloon dilatation of the membrane may be considered as an alternative to surgical removal of the membrane by thoracotomy.
The New Microbiology: an international lecture course on the island of Spetses
Authors: Cossart Pascale , Kolter Roberto , Lemaitre Bruno , Typas Athanasios 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn September 2022, an international summer course entitled ‘The new microbiology’ took place in Greece, on the island of Spetses. The organizers aimed to highlight the spectacular advances and the renaissance occurring in Microbiology, driven by developments in genomics, proteomics, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics. Combinations of these advances allow for single cell analyses, rapid and relatively inexpensive metagenomic and transcriptomic data analyses and comparisons, visualization of previously unsuspected mechanisms, and large-scale studies. A ‘New Microbiology’ is emerging which allows studies that address the critical roles of microbes in health and disease, in humans, animals, and the environment. The concept of one health is now transforming microbiology. The goal of the course was to discuss all these topics with members of the new generation of microbiologists all of whom were highly motivated and fully receptive.
Monstrous Moonshine for Integral Group Rings
Authors: Carnahan Scott , Urano Satoru 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
We propose a conjecture that is a substantial generalization of the genus zero assertions in both Monstrous Moonshine and Modular Moonshine. Our conjecture essentially asserts that if we are given any homomorphism to the complex numbers from a representation ring of a group ring for a subgroup of the Monster, we obtain a Hauptmodul by applying this homomorphism to a self-dual integral form of the Moonshine module. We reduce this conjecture to the genus-zero problem for “quasi-replicable” functions, by applying Borcherds’ integral form of the Goddard–Thorn no-ghost theorem together with some analysis of the Laplacian on an integral form of the Monster Lie algebra. We prove our conjecture for cyclic subgroups of the Monster generated by elements in class 4A, and we explicitly determine the multiplicities for a decomposition of the integral Moonshine Module into indecomposable modules of the integral group rings for these groups.
Genomic comparison of mecC-carrying methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from hedgehogs and humans in the Netherlands
Authors: Dierikx Cindy , Hengeveld Paul , Witteveen Sandra , van Hoek Angela , van Santen-Verheuvel Marga , Montizaan Margriet , Kik Marja , Maas Miriam , Schouls Leo , Hendrickx Antoni ,   the Dutch MRSA surveillance study group, Leversteijn-van Hall M A , van den Bijllaardt W , Van Mansfeld R , van Dijk K , Zwart B , Diederen B M W , Dorigo-Zetsma J W , Notermans D W , Ott A , Waar K , Ang W , Da Silvia J , Vlek A L M , Buiting A G M , Bode L G M , Paltansing S , van Griethuysen A J , den Reijer M , van Trijp M J C A , Wong M , Muller A E , van der Linden M P M , van Rijn M , Debast S B , Kolwijck E , al Naiemi N , Schulin T , Dinant S , van Mens S P , Melles D C , Cohen Stuart J W T , Gruteke P , Overdevest I T M A , van Dam A P , Maat I , Maraha B , Sinnige J C , Mattsson E E , van Meer M P A , Stam A , van Maarsenveen N , de Jong E , Vainio S , Heikens E , Steingrover R , Troelstra A , Bathoorn E , Trienekens T A M , van Dam D W , de Brauwer E I G B , van Duijkeren Engeline 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Objectives
MRSA carrying the mecC gene (mecC-MRSA) have been found in humans and animals worldwide. A high carriage rate of mecC-MRSA has been described among hedgehogs in different countries. We performed genomic comparison of mecC-MRSA from hedgehogs and humans using next-generation sequencing (NGS) to investigate possible zoonotic transmission in the Netherlands.

Methods
Nasal swabs from hedgehogs (n = 105) were cultured using pre-enrichment and selective plates. Isolates were sequenced using Illumina NGS platforms. These data were compared with sequence data of mecC-MRSA (n = 62) from the Dutch national MRSA surveillance in humans.

Results
Fifty hedgehogs were found to be MRSA positive, of which 48 carried mecC. A total of 60 mecC-MRSA isolates derived from 50 hedgehogs were compared with the human isolates. Fifty-nine mecC-MRSA from hedgehogs and all but one isolate from humans belonged to clonal complexes CC130 and CC1943. The mecC gene was located within the SCCmec XI element. Most mecC-MRSA did not carry other resistance genes besides mecC and blaZ. Two human isolates carried erm(C). Isolates differed in the presence of various virulence genes, which were linked to distinct STs and clonal complexes. Some isolates had up to 17 virulence genes, which underlines their pathogenic potential. No genetic clusters of hedgehog and human isolates were found.

Conclusions
mecC-MRSA from hedgehogs and humans mainly belonged to the same two clonal complexes, indicating a common source. No firm evidence for recent zoonotic transmission was found. Further studies are needed to investigate the role of hedgehogs in the occurrence of mecC-MRSA in humans.
No change in avilamycin (Surmax® Premix) minimum inhibitory concentration for Clostridium perfringens isolates recovered from poultry up to 7 years post-approval in Canada
Authors: Simjee Shabbir , Gould George , Maduro Lila , Boulianne Martine , Pridmore Andrew , Parent Eric 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Background
Clostridium perfringens, the causative agent of necrotic enteritis (NE) in chickens, has an enormous economic impact on global broiler production. The non-medically important antibiotic avilamycin was approved in Canada in 2014 to prevent and control NE in broiler chickens.

Objectives
To compare avilamycin susceptibility in C. perfringens isolates collected pre- and 7 years post-avilamycin approval in Canada and determine the avilamycin resistance mutation frequency rate in C. perfringens.

Methods
The MICs of avilamycin were determined for 89 strains of C. perfringens recovered from clinically relevant NE field cases pre-avilamycin approval between 2003 and 2013 (n = 50) and post-avilamycin approval between 2014 and 2021 (n = 39) across Canada. For determining the mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of avilamycin for C. perfringens strains, a strain with avilamycin MIC of 1 mg/L was randomly selected.

Results
MIC studies showed no difference in avilamycin susceptibility in pre-avilamycin and post-avilamycin isolates (MIC50/90: pre-avilamycin approval 2/2 mg/L and post-avilamycin approval 1/2 mg/L). The MPC was 8 × MIC (8 mg/L) for the selected strain.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that the susceptibility of C. perfringens strains to avilamycin was not impacted by its continued use in the 7 years following its approval in Canada. Avilamycin, a non-medically important antibiotic, poses no threat to human health regarding cross-resistance or co-selection of other medically important antibiotics. These factors make avilamycin an appropriate choice for continued use in broiler chickens to prevent and control NE without increased antimicrobial resistance concerns.
Inverse Associations between Measures of Adiposity and Glycated Albumin in US Adults, NHANES 1999–2004
Authors: Sullivan Valerie K , Wallace Amelia S , Rooney Mary R , Zhang Sui , Fang Michael , Christenson Robert H , Selvin Elizabeth 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Background
Glycated albumin (GA) is a short-term measure of glycemic control. Several studies have demonstrated an inverse association between body mass index (BMI) and GA, which may affect its performance as a biomarker of hyperglycemia. We investigated cross-sectional associations between GA and multiple measures of adiposity, and compared its performance as a glycemic biomarker by obesity status, in a nationally representative sample of US adults.

Methods
We measured GA in adults from the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Separately in adults with and without diabetes, we assessed associations of GA with adiposity measures (BMI, waist circumference, trunk fat, total body fat, and fat mass index) in sex-stratified multivariable regression models. We compared sensitivity and specificity of GA to identify elevated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), by obesity status.

Results
In covariate-adjusted regression models, all adiposity measures were inversely associated with GA in adults without diabetes (β=−0.48 to −0.22%-point GA per 1 SD adiposity measure; n = 9750) and with diabetes (β=−1.73 to −0.92%-point GA per SD). Comparing adults with vs without obesity, GA exhibited lower sensitivity (43% vs 54%) with equivalent specificity (99%) to detect undiagnosed diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 6.5%). Among adults with diagnosed diabetes (n = 1085), GA performed well to identify above-target glycemia (HbA1c ≥ 7.0%), with high specificity (&gt;80%) overall but lower sensitivity in those with vs without obesity (81% vs 93%).

Conclusions
Inverse associations between GA and adiposity were present in people with and without diabetes. GA is highly specific but may not be sufficiently sensitive for diabetes screening in adults with obesity.
Artificial Intelligence as Supporting Reader in Breast Screening: A Novel Workflow to Preserve Quality and Reduce Workload
Authors: Ng Annie Y , Glocker Ben , Oberije Cary , Fox Georgia , Sharma Nisha , James Jonathan J , Ambrózay Éva , Nash Jonathan , Karpati Edith , Kerruish Sarah , Kecskemethy Peter D 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the effectiveness of a new strategy for using artificial intelligence (AI) as supporting reader for the detection of breast cancer in mammography-based double reading screening practice.

Methods
Large-scale multi-site, multi-vendor data were used to retrospectively evaluate a new paradigm of AI-supported reading. Here, the AI served as the second reader only if it agrees with the recall/no-recall decision of the first human reader. Otherwise, a second human reader made an assessment followed by the standard clinical workflow. The data included 280 594 cases from 180 542 female participants screened for breast cancer at seven screening sites in two countries and using equipment from four hardware vendors. The statistical analysis included non-inferiority and superiority testing of cancer screening performance and evaluation of the reduction in workload, measured as arbitration rate and number of cases requiring second human reading.

Results
Artificial intelligence as a supporting reader was found to be superior or noninferior on all screening metrics compared with human double reading while reducing the number of cases requiring second human reading by up to 87% (245 395/280 594). Compared with AI as an independent reader, the number of cases referred to arbitration was reduced from 13% (35 199/280 594) to 2% (5056/280 594).

Conclusion
The simulation indicates that the proposed workflow retains screening performance of human double reading while substantially reducing the workload. Further research should study the impact on the second human reader because they would only assess cases in which the AI prediction and first human reader disagree.
A comparison of exposure uncertainty propagation models used in epidemiological studies
Authors: Huang Guowen , Liu Feng 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In the field of ecological epidemiological studies, accurate estimation of the long-term health effects of air pollution is crucial. Two-step models that involve exposure assessment and health effects estimation are often used for this purpose. However, the accuracy of exposure assessment is uncertain and may not accurately reflect true exposure. Despite several proposed methods to manage this uncertainty, the impact of different approaches on air pollution inferences remains uncertain. In this study, we conduct a simulation study to compare the inferences of air pollution impact from various exposure uncertainty propagation models while investigating their health effects. The results suggest that the Without-uncertainty model and the Multi-set method are preferable to the prior method and pollution-health jointly model (without cut-off). Moreover, a case study further reinforces the evidence of a link between mortality and PM2.5 concentrations, showing that an increase of 1 μg⋅m−3 in PM2.5 concentration is likely to increase all-cause deaths in Scotland by 4.51% [95% credible interval (CI), 3.42%, 5.49%] to 7.51% (95% CI, 6.28%, 8.80%). These findings have important implications for policymakers and public health officials seeking to mitigate the harmful effects of air pollution.
Proximal causal inference for complex longitudinal studies
Authors: Ying Andrew , Miao Wang , Shi Xu , Tchetgen Tchetgen Eric J 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
A standard assumption for causal inference about the joint effects of time-varying treatment is that one has measured sufficient covariates to ensure that within covariate strata, subjects are exchangeable across observed treatment values, also known as ‘sequential randomization assumption (SRA)’. SRA is often criticized as it requires one to accurately measure all confounders. Realistically, measured covariates can rarely capture all confounders with certainty. Often covariate measurements are at best proxies of confounders, thus invalidating inferences under SRA. In this paper, we extend the proximal causal inference (PCI) framework of Miao, Geng, et al. (2018. Identifying causal effects with proxy variables of an unmeasured confounder. Biometrika, 105(4), 987–993. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/asy038) to the longitudinal setting under a semiparametric marginal structural mean model (MSMM). PCI offers an opportunity to learn about joint causal effects in settings where SRA based on measured time-varying covariates fails, by formally accounting for the covariate measurements as imperfect proxies of underlying confounding mechanisms. We establish nonparametric identification with a pair of time-varying proxies and provide a corresponding characterization of regular and asymptotically linear estimators of the parameter indexing the MSMM, including a rich class of doubly robust estimators, and establish the corresponding semiparametric efficiency bound for the MSMM. Extensive simulation studies and a data application illustrate the finite sample behaviour of proposed methods.
The Suicidal Crisis
Authors: Galynker Igor 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
An enduring suicide epidemic in the United States calls for urgent action aimed at suicide prevention. However, conventional suicide assessment and prediction methods continue to fall short in identifying individuals at high risk for imminent suicide. Decades of suicide research provide an understanding of who is at lifetime risk for suicide, yet determining when an individual will attempt suicide remains a challenge. The second edition of the Suicidal Crisis aims to tackle the dire need for improved identification of whether any given individual is at risk for near-term suicide. The empirically validated suicide-specific diagnosis, suicide crisis syndrome (SCS), which is under consideration by the APA for addition to the DSM-5-TR, describes an acute pre-suicidal state with specific diagnostic criteria that clinicians can identify during the clinical interview, Objectively diagnosed SCS, which does not include suicidal ideation, warrants immediate clinical intervention to save the life. The narrative-crisis model of suicide (NCM) integrates SCS and long-term suicide risk factors into a multistage framework explaining how stressful life events can contribute to a distorted view of self, others, and the future and trigger a suicidal crisis among individuals with a heightened vulnerability for suicide. The book contains over 50 clinical cases of acutely suicidal individuals, comprehensive instructions for how to conduct clinical assessment of suicide risk, and a chapter dedicated to how clinicians’ emotional responses to suicidal patients can be used to assess suicide risk. Using the NCM as a guiding framework, clinical interventions are discussed, emphasizing targeted symptom relief for acutely suicidal individuals.
Characterization of Anomalous Grains in FeCo Magnetic Alloys
Authors: Deitz Julia I , Ruggles Timothy J , Noell Philip J , Susan Donald F , Kustas Andrew B , Kotula Paul G , Michael Joseph R 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Heat-treated FeCo-based magnetic alloys were characterized using a suite of electron microscopy techniques to gain insight into their structural properties. Electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) found unique grains towards the outer edge of a FeCo sample with nonuniform background contrast. High-magnification ECCI imaging of these nonuniform grains revealed a weblike network of defects that were not observed in standard uniform background contrast grains. High-resolution electron backscattered diffraction (HR-EBSD) confirmed these defect structures to be dislocation networks and additionally found subgrain boundaries within the nonuniform contrast grains. The defect content within these grains suggests that they are unrecrystallized grains, and ECCI can be used as a rapid method to quantify unrecrystallized grains. To demonstrate the insight that can be garnered via ECCI on these unique grains, the sample was imaged before and after micro indentation. This experiment showed that slip bands propagate throughout the material until interacting with the dislocation networks, suggesting that these specific defects provide a barrier to plastic deformation. Taken together, these results show how ECCI can be used to better understand failure mechanisms in alloys and provides further evidence that dislocation networks play a critical role in the brittle failure of FeCo alloys.