bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cooking Facilities of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Kreiger Jenny R. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
While much of the domestic cooking in Pompeii probably took place on portable equipment like braziers, permanent fixtures represent a commitment to cooking in a given space, and so they are important for understanding the (sometimes socio-economic) functions of the spaces in which we find them. A “cooking facility” is a permanent fixture that could have been used for cooking (among other functions, like heating). Across Insulae VIII.7 and I.1, cooking facilities for domestic and commercial food production included five hearths or stoves, three small ovens, and six others of ambiguous or mixed types. These cooking facilities form a representative sample of the types of permanent cooking-related features used by the residents of these insulae, especially from the era of transition toward the more commercialized neighborhood in the Early Imperial period (Phase 5) through to the last years of occupation.
The Drains of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Motz Christopher F. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes and analyzes the forty-one drains excavated across Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 at Pompeii. First, it is shown that the functions of the drains fall into two broad categories: those that were part of waste management systems and those that were dedicated to water management and retention. Next, the drains are divided into five groups based on their construction techniques and materials; functional features built along their lengths are also highlighted. The dimensions of the drains are then examined, and it is shown that their widths, heights, and slopes fall into narrow ranges that likely aided their performance. It is also demonstrated that the neighborhood’s water and waste-management systems changed dramatically in the Augustan period, when all of the previously existing drains were deactivated. Half of these early drains had emptied into waste features inside the properties, but beginning in the Augustan period nearly all subsequent drains emptied into the street.
The Fish-Salting Vats of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Motz Christopher F. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines nine possible fish-salting vats that shared similar forms, construction, placement, and life histories. It is argued that they formed part of a small industry active in Pompeii from the first century bce until the early Imperial period, placing them in the earliest years of the Roman fish-salting industry. The cluster of vats is also compared to a group of possible perfume vats along the via degli Augustali; although the equipment was intended for different industries, their similar patterns of construction and deactivation may hint at broader trends in the organization of Pompeii’s industrial economy.
The Floors of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Kreiger Jenny R. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Our excavated trenches covered approximately one-third of the surface area of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1, yielding data that can speak not only to how floors developed in particular rooms over time, but also to broader patterns in the construction of different types of flooring among the various buildings of both insulae. After a systematic examination of sequences of floor construction and replacement over time, previous assumptions about the desirability of replacing some floor types with others were overturned. The chronological patterning of floor construction in these insulae reflects the ancient residents’ responses to both major events (rapid economic development, earthquake) and mundane factors like room function, renovation budgets, and aesthetic preferences.
The Quarry Areas of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Poehler Eric E. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Quarrying at the Porta Stabia neighborhood consisted of two primary activities: the extraction of lava stone bedrock and the excavation, usually in pits, of the yellow ash associated with the Mercato eruption of Vesuvius. This latter material was used in the production of mortar, and it was quarried extensively in and around the buildings of the neighborhood. In fact, most phases of construction or reconstruction included the quarrying of yellow ash, even within enclosed rooms. This chapter provides an overview of the quarries encountered during the excavation at Insulae VIII.7 and I.1, tracing the relationship between the recovered quarrying areas and the construction of the standing buildings, many of which were built from locally procured materials.
The Soak-Aways of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Baker Catherine K. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This appendix discusses the construction, use, and contents of the Porta Stabia neighborhood’s fourteen soak-away systems. Soak-aways, underground drainage systems for the removal of waste and wastewater, were constructed by installing one or more modified amphorae beneath a floor to facilitate waste dispersal. The chronology and contents of these soak-aways indicate a close connection between this form of waste management and the fish-salting industry in this neighborhood; soak-aways were primarily in use when fish-salting was at its peak and they contained largely fish-related waste. This appendix also documents the decline of this form of waste management in the Early Imperial period and its replacement with drains running out to the street, a decline which corresponded with the end of the fish-salting industry in this neighborhood and the shift to commercial activity.
The Thresholds of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Ellis Steven J.R. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the various types of surviving stone thresholds in Insulae VIII.7 and I.1. Most of the thresholds survive only for the retail doorways along the streetfront; very few thresholds were recovered from any of the doorways within the properties. These retail thresholds are known throughout Pompeii and many other Roman cities, identifiable through their generally wider openings that employed narrow horizontal grooves to accommodate a sliding screen door; at one end, a squared opening in the threshold stone allowed for a night-door to provide access when the screen was closed and locked. These retail thresholds are distinct from the narrower entrances that serve domestic spaces. In addition to a catalog that describes their forms, this chapter demonstrates that the retail thresholds are of a type that begins only in the earliest years of the first century ce at the Porta Stabia neighborhood but were also appearing across Pompeii and beyond.
The Votive Objects of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Dicus Kevin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The excavations uncovered portable ritual objects within the buildings across Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 and inside the gate court of the Porta Stabia. There was a diversity of votive types, from miniature vessels to anatomical terracotta objects and mundane objects that took on ad hoc ritual meaning. An understanding of the contextual and spatial distribution of the votives demonstrates that there must be precautions against inferring a correlation between the presence of votives and ritual activities. The majority of the votive finds appear in secondary contexts, having been imported from elsewhere, and cannot speak to primary ritual behaviors. Those in primary contexts speak to small-scale domestic rituals events, offerings during construction activities, and ritual observance at the city gate.
The Graffiti and Dipinti of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: DiBiasie-Sammons Jacqueline 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Archival records preserve evidence for eight painted inscriptions (dipinti) and five inscribed graffiti from Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 at Pompeii. Of the painted inscriptions, only four were certainly programmata—political posters—despite the busy nature of the Porta Stabia neighborhood. This distribution reflects a larger pattern in the city, by which programmata cluster in the central districts, with fewer on the periphery. Decorrelation Stretch (DStretch) software allows one of these notices to be read today; it advertised the candidacy of Cuspius Pansa and likely dates to the Republican period. The few graffiti known from the area were found on the walls surrounding gardens, attesting to the traffic through, and visibility of, these spaces. Given the long history of exploration at the Porta Stabia, however, other examples likely were recovered but survive neither in the archival record nor on site today.
Perspectives on Plant Strategies
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Widespread observations of convergent evolution—the selection for similar traits in similar environments among unrelated taxa—continue to motivate interest in plant strategies. Some ecologists prefer simple models with as few strategies as possible, whereas others propose dozens of strategies to explain the diversity of plant form and function. Some models describe strategies as distinct categories but continuous variation in plant traits suggests that strategies align along continuous dimensions. Psychological models of human behavior provide an analogous framework for understanding plant strategies. Psychologists have also debated over the merits of simple versus complex and categorical versus continuous models of personalities. The five-factor model proposes that humans exhibit continuous variation along five distinct traits. Plant strategies may also be best described by continuous variation in independent traits. Plant strategies are phenotypes resulting from natural selection that enable a population to persist in a given environment. To make progress, plant strategy theory must (1) unpack the multiple dimensions of productivity and disturbance gradients into their component parts; (2) articulate the causal relationships between functional traits and life history traits; (3) be able to distinguish between the fundamental and realized niches of a phenotype; and (4) differentiate between trait adaptations to large-scale spatial gradients in climate and soil from trait adaptations to temporal gradients in disturbance and small-scale heterogeneity within local habitats.
Plant Functional Traits and the Multidimensional Phenotype
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Modules are the basic architectural building blocks of a plant. Roots anchor plants in place, provide support for growing stems, acquire water and mineral nutrients from the soil, and transport water and minerals to aboveground tissues. Clonality and bud banks are a neglected aspect of plant form and function. Stems support canopies of leaves and branches, and transport and store water, minerals, and carbohydrates. Leaves face a fundamental constraint: they must lose water to gain carbon. The leaf economics spectrum describes a fundamental trade-off between rate of carbon fixation and cost of leaf tissue construction. Defining globally comparable phenological traits is an important unsolved problem. The innovation of seeds revolutionized plant reproduction because fertilization was no longer limited to wet environments, and it enabled the young plant to travel in a dormant state to find more favorable opportunities for colonization. Our understanding of the dimensionality of functional traits is rapidly growing, but at least five dimensions are important: an economics spectrum, height, rooting depth, belowground collaboration with fungi, and a seed-or-resprout spectrum. Evolution is a branching process and species that are close together on the evolutionary tree are more likely to share similar phenotypic traits because they are more closely related, especially when traits are strongly conserved. However, phylogenetic conservatism is not the only explanation of trait similarity among related species because natural selection can also explain it.
Theoretical Reason’s Supreme Principle and the Principle of Sufficient Reason
Authors: Schafer Karl 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter turns to the characterizations that Kant provides of reason’s governing principle, focusing first on his discussion of this in the theoretical domain. In doing so, it argues that reason’s most fundamental principle can be thought of as a version of the Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR), albeit one that is reinterpreted to make it acceptable within the confines of Kant’s critical philosophy. The discussion focuses on Kant’s two main characterizations of the fundamental principle of theoretical reason—what Kant calls theoretical reason’s “logical maxim” and “supreme principle”. The chapter argues that, while Kant of course rejects the characteristic rationalist claim that the PSR can serve as a potential source of cognition of the unconditioned, he nonetheless believes that we are rationally committed to a form of “doctrinal belief” in the bare existence of something unconditioned, and that this commitment holds even from a theoretical point of view. That is, even with respect to the theoretical use of reason, Kant takes theoretical reason’s interest in systematic comprehension to commit us, albeit only on “subjectively sufficient” grounds, to the proposition that every finite, conditioned thing is ultimately grounded in something unconditioned. I go to explain why this commitment is compatible with Kant’s critique of more traditional forms of rationalist metaphysics.
Making (Rational) Decisions
Authors: Sussman Oren 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Most of the analysis in subsequent chapters assumes that players make decisions in a rational manner. This chapter explains what this assumption implies—within the narrow context of economic analysis. Like any other, the rationality assumption is an abstraction though, the chapter argues, one that is an acceptable approximation to the behaviour of actual individuals who make decisions within markets and institutions. To simplify the argument, this chapter focuses on decisions that players take in isolation from decisions made by others. It also introduces some technical concepts to be used in later chapters.
Competitive Markets
Authors: Sussman Oren 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The theory of competitive markets is one of the most powerful tools offered by economic theory. It provides the conceptual basis for a decentralized (spontaneous) economic order, identifying conditions under which it can deliver economically efficient outcomes (a more rigorous analysis of these conditions is offered in Chapter 6, below). The chapter describes the behaviour of players, both firms and consumers, who take the competitive market price as given, derive individual and industry supply and demand curves, argue that a market-clearing equilibrium exists, is stable, is economic efficient, and is accommodating fairness-driven transfers (First and Second Welfare Theorems). We also derive elements of taxation theory and international trade, including David Ricardo's famous theory of comparative advantage.
Learning from Trading
Authors: Sussman Oren 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
When players suspect that other players' beliefs are based on private information, or signals, and are willing to infer such signals from market prices as well as from their own private signals, the rational-expectation equilibrium concept arises. One surprising implication is that all private information is aggregated into an information efficient price, preventing players from profiting on private information. The possibility of herding is investigated using a non-market setting of sequential, privately informed, rational decision makers, where each player can observe the action of their predecessors but not their. However, once that setting is modified to a market, managed by a specialist market maker, an information-efficient equilibrium is restored.
The Changing World of A Bombay Muslim Community, 1870-1945
Authors: Tyabji Salima 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Muslims formed a disparate and unwieldy ‘community’ in Bombay in the nineteenth century. The Islam that was professedly held in common by various groups could barely provide a sense of unity or cohesion to people so widely diverse in terms of language, customs, and also of forms and practices of belief. By the middle of the nineteenth century, a class of wealthy ship owners, ship-builders, and merchants, belonging to the varied communities that constituted the city, of which Muslims formed an important part, had emerged. This class was outward-looking, ‘modern’, and generally reformist in outlook: Gujarati or Maharashtrian, its goals of social reform, education, as well as political awareness, were gradually beginning to be perceived as goals held across communities, and increasingly across different regions. The questions that were being raised in the social turmoil of the period amongst Hindus were over issues of female education, the age of marriage, widow remarriage, and female seclusion. These issues were not foreign to the Muslim community; and the part played by Muslim leaders in Bombay in discussing and negotiating them was not an insignificant one, taking into account the size and relative backwardness of the community. Within this context, this book traces the evolving identity of a Bombay family and its changing social and political views in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, using three main sources: their family journals, an individual memoir/journal, and letters written home from Europe.
A Modern Woman: The Journal of Safia Jabir Ali, 1926–45
Authors: Tyabji Salima 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Safia was Badruddin Tyabji’s youngest daughter; and an avid reader and writer in the family akhbar by the time she was eight. So, her journal could be viewed as the result of the literary tastes instilled in her from her childhood, when reading and writing was a normal and pleasant part of the daily routine. Safia’s akhbar starts off as another ‘set-piece’-a joyous celebration of the happiness of youth, of achievement, of adventure, and of toughness-another important characteristic of this family. As time passed, for the writer it became important to remember the past, to record memories, both for herself, perhaps to reinforce her sense of herself, and also, as she states, for her son to read and cherish. The poignant memories of her idyllic childhood, of the adored father; give way to her statements about her no less idolized husband. The account of their early courtship, playful, intimate, astonishingly candid, the ecstasy of union, is extraordinary in its charming openness, in its desire to share the rapture of love with her child. This develops into a celebration of conjugality, equally unusual in our society. Safia was, like most women of those times, a female living through her men, in many ways impotent except within the house, or within well-defined parameters, such as certain forms of political protest. Life beyond the home meant for her ‘her country’.
A Problem for Intuitionism
Authors: Moore A. W. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Intuitionism in the philosophy of mathematics, which is the position adopted by Brouwer, is founded on the conviction that the subject matter of mathematics is something that each of us can construct. One conclusion that intuitionists draw from this conviction is that, because construction takes time, there cannot be any mathematical structure whose construction would be infinite. Other positions in the philosophy of mathematics are considered whose advocates likewise repudiate any such structure, albeit for loosely related reasons rather than for exactly the same reasons. But there is a problem for intuitionists, which is that their reasons for repudiating any such structure seem to be undermined by the apparent possibility of completing an infinite construction in a finite time. This essay explores various ways of addressing this problem, drawing on the work of Aristotle and above all Wittgenstein. It is argued that a Wittgensteinian critique of the grammar of ‘infinity’ gives us a way of dismissing any story that appears to involve the possibility of completing an infinite construction in a finite time as strictly nonsensical.
More on ‘The Philosophical Significance of Gödel’s Theorem’
Authors: Moore A. W. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The starting point for this essay, which originally appeared in a volume of essays in honour of Michael Dummett, is provided by Dummett’s discussion of Gödel’s theorem. In his discussion Dummett considers the threat posed by Gödel’s theorem to the idea that meaning is use and argues that this threat can be annulled. In this essay an attempt is made to show that the threat is even less serious than Dummett makes it out to be. Where Dummett’s argument is in effect that Gödel’s theorem does not prevent us from capturing the truths of arithmetic, the argument of this essay is that the idea that meaning is use does not require that we be able to capture these truths anyway. Towards the end of the essay this argument is related first to Dummett’s concept of indefinite extensibility and then to some of Wittgenstein’s (notorious) remarks on Gödel’s theorem.
The Proliferation of Scribes, I
Authors: Johnston Michael 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 argues that a comprehensive examination of dialectal and provenance evidence shows that most Middle English manuscripts were made in relative proximity to their first owners. The chapter begins by considering dialectal evidence of multi-scribe manuscripts of The Canterbury Tales, the English works of Richard Rolle, Speculum vitae, The Prick of Conscience, and Piers Plowman. When scribes collaborate, dialectal evidence shows that they tend to come from the same region as one another. The chapter then considers provenance evidence from the same group of manuscripts, arguing that, when such evidence survives, it most often points to the same region as the manuscript’s dialect.
Conclusion
Authors: Johnston Michael 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Conclusion puts the foregoing discussion in dialogue with debates about the transition from manuscript to print. Most recent analyses of this transition argue that manuscript evolved into print, thus moving away from older models of a revolutionary break. But this conclusion suggests that, if manuscripts are viewed from the perspective of the relationship between users and producers, then print truly does represent a break from manuscript culture. In short, manuscripts exist at the nexus of producers and users, a point of intersection that shifts with each manuscript. Print, on the other hand, is produced under a centralized set of economic decisions that do not take the specific owner of each copy into mind.
Hamiltonian systems and applications
Authors: Yang Yisong 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This initial chapter starts with an investigation and discussion of Hamiltonian systems and applications. The chapter then continues with a canonical formulation of classical mechanics. The chapter then examines and elaborates on the classical many-body problems. Next, the chapter focuses on Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion, which is followed by a discussion of Newton’s law of gravitation. The chapter also studies the Kirchhoff point vortices as well as the thermodynamics of a DNA double-helix chain. It also covers the topics of the motion of a massive particle, the Helmholtz-Kirchhoff vortex model, partition function, and the dynamic modeling of DNA denaturation