bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Soluble Edema-Producing Substance from the Pneumococcus
Authors: Sutliff W. D. , Friedemann Theodore E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The appearance of tissue reactions of an edematous nature has been described, occurring in the skin or the lungs of puppies following the injection of (a) sterile or filtered broth in which pneumococci had grown for periods as short as 4 hours and as long as 72 hours; (b) extracts of autolyzed bacteria, obtained from broth cultures of similar ages; (c) sterile dog serum in which pneumococci had grown, and (d) fluids obtained from pulmonary pneumococcal infection in the same animal species. The edema-producing property is stable when heated at 100°C. for 2 hours and to prolonged preservation. It is not dialyzable. It is precipitable by full saturation with sodium sulfate. It is not associated with the type specific characteristic of the pneumococci. It is probably not antigenic.
Phospholipids and Cholesterol in Plasma of Immunized Horses
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Hyman L. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Variations in the concentrations of phospholipids and of free and esterified cholesterol in the plasma and serum of horses previous to and during immunization with diphtheric and tetanal toxins, and with meningococci, streptococci, and pneumococci are recorded.
The fluctuations in the different lipids during immunization were approximately proportional and their ratios fairly constant, except in certain horses with acute diphtheric toxemia.
The main trends in the process of immunization were a decrease in the lipid content during the early period followed by a return to the normal range. The depressions, however, varied in degree and were most marked with the exotoxins, practically absent in the horses injected with pneumococci.
A Study of Strains of Pneumococci Immunologically Closely Related to Both Type XI and Type XVI Pneumococci
Authors: Finland Maxwell , Brown John W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A study was made of representative strains of type XI and of type XVI pneumococci and of a number of strains which exhibited cross-reactions with serum for both these types. By tests for agglutination, passive protection in mice, capsular swelling (8) and absorption of agglutinins, the strains exhibiting cross-agglutinations were shown to be distinct from either type XI or type XVI but immunologically related to both.
Quantitative Studies of the Complement-Fixation Reaction with Syphilitic Serum and Tissue Extract: Technic of the Practical Quantitative Test
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Maltaner Frank , Maltaner Elizabeth 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The demonstration of linear relationships between serum and complement and between antigen and complement in the reaction of the complement-fixation test for syphilis (1) made possible the quantitative determination of the activity of serum. The increments of complement required to give 50 per cent hemolysis were directly proportional to the increments of serum used when the doses of antigen were adjusted to give the maximum reaction. Similarly, the increments of complement were directly proportional to the increments of antigen, provided the amount of serum used was in sufficient excess to give the maximum reaction obtainable. A considerable excess of serum appears not to diminish the reaction with a given amount of antigen; but, beyond a certain point, excess antigen yields lower reactions with a given amount of serum. Accordingly, improper adjustment of antigen content may result in prozone effects.
Studies in Scarlet-Fever Immunity
Authors: Plummer H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
For subjects of all ages, one cubic centimeter of serum contains more than 1 Washington unit of streptococcal antitoxin in 64.6 per cent of 254 Canadian and in 93.5 per cent of 107 tropical sera. The mean potency of the tropical serum is significantly greater than that of the temperate zone. (A significant difference was judged to be one which could be detected 95 times out of 100.)
For subjects under 17 years of age, 44 per cent of 50 Canadian, and 93 per cent of 45 tropical sera contain more than 1 unit of antitoxin per cubic centimeter. The mean potencies differ significantly.
For adults, 69.6 per cent of 204 Canadian, and 93.5 per cent of 62 tropical sera contain more than 1 unit of antitoxin per cubic centimeter. The mean potencies are not significantly different.
Calculated on the basis of single tests, in each of which 6 rabbits were used, 25 cord samples contain more, and one less, antitoxin than the corresponding maternal serum, the remaining 66 pairs not differing significantly.
The cord serum can be shown to contain significantly more antitoxin than maternal serum if the mean difference for the 92 pairs of sera is considered as the basis of calculation.
Quantitative Studies on the Neutralization of Pathogenic Agents in Tissues by Circulating Antibodies
Authors: Friedemann Ulrich , Zuger Bernard , Hollander Alvin 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When antitoxin is injected intravenously and toxin intracutaneously the result of the cutaneous test depends on the concentrations of toxin and antitoxin in the skin regardless of the absolute quantities injected. For a given quantity of antitoxin injected intravenously its concentration in the skin is inversely proportional to the coefficient of the distribution of antitoxins between blood and skin. The latter can be calculated from a formula containing the quantity of intravenously injected antitoxin neutralizing the test-dose of toxin in the skin, the quantity of antitoxin neutralizing the test-dose of toxin when mixed with it in vitro, the volume of the plasma of the experimental animal and the volume of fluid in which the test-dose is injected. The coefficient of distribution, calculated from that formula, has a value of approximately 22 for diphtheric and staphylococcal antitoxins. The ratio between the quantity of antitoxin which after intravenous injection neutralizes the test-dose of toxin in the skin and the quantity which neutralizes the test-dose when mixed with it in vitro has a value of 22,000 in a rabbit of 2500 grams and of 660,000 in an adult human being of 75 kgm. This ratio, which apparently has the same value for all toxins indicates how much more antitoxin is necessary to neutralize the toxin if both components are present in different systems.
A Fractionation of the Globulins of Types 1 and 2 Antipneumococcal Horse Serum
Authors: Green Arda Alden , McKhann Charles F. , Kapnick Israel , Fahey Kathleen R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Type 1 and type 2 antipneumococcal horse sera have been fractionated by the methods developed in the fractionation of normal horse serum. The antipneumococcal sera contained a water-insoluble globulin, PIV, not detectable by these methods in normal serum, and one of the normal water-insoluble globulins, PII, had almost completely disappeared. Most of the antibody as determined by quantitative tests of agglutination, phagocytosis, and precipitation was contained in this fraction found only in the immune serum. The viscosity of this fraction was different from that of any of the normal proteins. The total acid- and base-binding capacity of this fraction was the same as that of the normal globulin PII, but its titration-curve differed slightly, especially in the neutral range. It would appear that the anti-body-containing globulin may be a modified form of one of the normal globulins but can be differentiated by chemical as well as by physical means.
Group-Specific Agglutinins in Rabbit Serums for Human Cells
Authors: Wheeler K. M. , Sawin P. B. , Stuart C. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The inhibition-test for the presence of A antigen and the agglutination-test for specific α agglutinin in rabbit serums has shown in most cases a mutually exclusive relationship between presence of antigen and agglutinin. Some serums were detected, however, that had specific α agglutinin in addition to the A antigen. These “irregular” α agglutinins are usually present for only a short period of time, are qualitatively different from the normal α agglutinin and may possibly be cold agglutinins with an (exceptionally) high thermal amplitude. When immunized with human A cells, rabbits having A antigen failed to produce potent specific immune serums even though some of these possessed natural α agglutinin.
Whereas the study of the inheritance of α agglutinin is complicated by the presence of the irregular α, the inheritance of the A antigen appears to be quite regular and simple when determined by the inhibition-test. The presence or absence of the A antigen segregates as a single mendelian pair of contrasting characters, presence being dominant to absence. The possibility that irregular agglutinins may be the result of hybridization is discussed.
Laboratory Assay of Pertussis Undenatured Bacterial Antigen
Authors: Powell H. M. , Jamieson W. A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The immunology of Hemophilus pertussis has been reinvestigated during the last few years by several experimenters who have essentially verified and extended the original observations of Bordet and Gengou. Prophylaxis with whole-cell vaccine such as that specially prepared according to Sauer (1), and therapy with Pertussis Undenatured Bacterial Antigen as prepared by Krueger's technic (2, 3) have coincidentally come into considerable clinical use.
While whole-cell vaccine can be standardized by bacterial count or turbidity, such methods are obviously not applicable to the clear ultrafiltered preparations of Undenatured Bacterial Antigen, and total-nitrogen determinations have been the principal means of standardizing the latter antigen (3). We have tested occasional lots of the antigen by active immunization of mice (4–6), but these methods are quite time-consuming and the antigen is subjected to added ageing while being tested. Further experiments, therefore, have been directed toward the determination of precipitable nitrogen as well as total nitrogen, and measurement of antigenicity by means of serological tests.
Non-Specific Factors in Resistance
Authors: Locke Arthur 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Reproducible correlation is demonstrated between ability to avoid common cold, in man, and ability to maintain that degree and type of capacity for response to the demands of effort and exposure which, in the rabbit, is indicative of maximal ability to resist invasion. The suggestion is made that the causal agent of common cold may be capable of precipitating onset most readily when available for invasion at a time when the normal defense against such invasion has been made transiently vulnerable as a result of fatigue-enforced increase in susceptibility to shock.
The Antigenic Structure of Hemolytic Streptococci of Lancefield Group A
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Pettit Horace , Lackman David B. , Morgan Isabel M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
III. Correction. The first paper (1) of this series described the identification of an antigen from each of several types of streptococci following their disintegration by physical means. This antigen removes the type-specific agglutinins from homologous immune serum. Injection of the agglutinogen into rabbits produces antiserum which agglutinates (though to a low titer), the streptococci of corresponding type. The antigen is precipitated from solution by antisera prepared by the injection of the agglutinogen of homologous or heterologous type within Group A and by the injection of whole streptococci of homologous or heterologous type. Subsequent work in this laboratory has confirmed and extended these findings. The agglutinogen has been shown to be a nucleoprotein which can be separated into serologically active fractions (2).
Unfortunately, however, another paper was published from this laboratory (3) in which certain chemical properties were ascribed to the agglutinogen. Chemical homomolecularity was claimed for the antigenic preparations on insufficient grounds.
Serum Sickness in Rabbits
Authors: Fleisher Moyer S. , Jones Lloyd R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By treating antisera (horse) of various types with heat and alkali over specified periods of time, the factor causing serum-sickness in rabbits can be destroyed.
By varying the concentration of alkali, temperature, time of heating and dilution of the serum-alkali mixture, it is possible to treat serum so that a major part of the antibody potency may be preserved and the factor causing serum-sickness in rabbits destroyed.
Studies on Serum Complement of Guinea Pigs Infected with Trypanosoma Equiperdum
Authors: Horner Imre 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The complementary titer of the serum of trypanosome-infected guinea-pigs was repeatedly observed during the course of the disease. It was found that, while the trypanosomes were numerous or were accumulating in the blood, the complement remained stationary up to the peak of this period of multiplication. With the subsequent disappearance of the trypanosomes from the blood, the complement content dropped to ⅓ or ¼ of its previous normal value, returning in the next days to the normal level, where it remained throughout the next cycle of multiplication of trypanosomes. This cycle of depletion of complement and return to the normal level recurs simultaneously with each phase of disappearance of the trypanosomes from the blood.
It could be shown that only the middlepiece component was absent in the complement-poor serum, similarly to the mode of complement-fixation in the Wassermann reaction.
The loss of complement seems due to an “in vivo” antigenantibody reaction, pointing to the existence of a trypanolytic antibody.
A New Schick-Toxin
Authors: Taylor E. M. , Moloney P. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An historical review of the development of the Schick-test is presented. It is pointed out that since the introduction of the test, the original unstable and inconveniently dispensed preparations have given place to Schick-toxins ready for immediate use. In this paper there is described an improved Schick-toxin which is capable of withstanding heat up to a temperature of 46°C. for 22 hours with a resultant loss of not more than 25 per cent of its potency.
Furthermore, the question of the standardization of Schick-toxin has been reviewed and particular attention drawn to the standards recommended by the Permanent Commission on Biological Standardization of the League of Nations. Further investigation of these standards has shown that the toxicity requirement may be advantageously increased.
In this paper, results are given of tests carried out on 205 young adults—many of whom were sensitive to diphtheria protein—with two Schick-toxins, one prepared from “fresh” toxin and with twice the requirement for toxicity and somewhat less than the requirement for combining power recommended by the League of Nations Committee and the other prepared from “matured” toxin and conforming to the Requirements of the League of Nations. The Schick-toxin from “fresh” toxin gave 178 interpretable readings out of 205 tests as against 166 interpretable readings out of 205 tests with Schick-toxin from matured toxin.
Rôle of “Auto-Antigens” in the Pathogenesis of Physical Allergy
Authors: Karady S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Guinea-pig serum was exposed to cold (-5°C.) or to heat (56°C.) for 1½ minutes, and injected into a group of normal guinea pigs. Three weeks later reinjection of similarly treated serum caused an anaphylactic shock when the serum injected had been exposed to the same physical condition, but no anaphylaxis resulted when the serum injected had been exposed to the opposite physical condition. Exposure of guinea pigs' hind legs to cold (-5°C.) or heat (56°C.) followed three weeks later by injection of serum treated with cold or heat resulted in anaphylactic shock in the correspondingly treated group but not in the cross-treated group. Similar exposure of the guinea pig's hind limbs followed by re-exposure three weeks later to the same stimulus also resulted in anaphylactic shock. Cross experiments were again negative.
The present experiments seem to indicate a new mechanism in the production of physical allergies by which the organism's own protein can be changed by various physical agents, such as heat and cold, so that it acquires antigenic properties and becomes in our terminology an “auto-antigen.”
Effect of Histaminase Treatment on Histamine and Anaphylactic Shock in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Karady S. , Browne J. S. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In guinea pigs, the intravenous injection of histaminase 15 minutes before the intraäbdominal injection of 4 mgm. of histamine prevented in most instances the symptoms of histamine-shock. Of 10 control animals, all showed marked symptoms within 5 to 7 minutes and 7 animals died shortly after. Of the 20 animals pretreated with histaminase, 6 showed slight symptoms after 15 minutes, which disappeared in a few minutes in all but 2 animals that died 35 minutes after the injection of the histamine. Histaminase given intravenously 15 minutes before the administration of egg-white intraäbdominally to previously sensitized guinea pigs prevented an anaphylactic shock completely in 15 out of 20 animals. The other 5 guinea pigs showed only very slight symptoms beginning 20 minutes after the injection of egg-white and lasting for a few minutes. Of the 10 control animals all showed severe anaphylactic shock developing within 5 to 10 minutes and 4 animals died 10 to 14 minutes after the injection of the egg-white.
Studies in Active Immunization Against Undulant Fever
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Bondi Amedeo , Howard Mary , Rule Anna M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice are susceptible to virulent Br. abortus and Br. melitensis upon intraabdominal inoculation with large numbers and succumb to peritonitis with an associated septicemia. They have been found suitable for protective tests with the sera of rabbits immunized with a heat-killed vaccine of Br. abortus. The sera of rabbits immunized simultaneously by subcutaneous injections of heat-killed vaccines of B. typhosus and Br. abortus showed as much agglutinin and protective antibody for B. typhosus as did those immunized with the typhoid vaccine alone. Rabbits immunized simultaneously with subcutaneous injections of vaccines of heat-killed Br. abortus and B. typhosus produced agglutinins and bacteriotropins for brucella to the same degree as those immunized with brucella vaccine alone. The sera of normal rabbits and of those immunized with typhoid vaccine are occasionally very slightly protective for mice inoculated intraabdominally with lethal doses of Br. abortus and Br. melitensis. The sera of rabbits immunized with a heat-killed vaccine of Br. abortus contained larger amounts of protective antibody for mice inoculated intraabdominally with lethal doses of virulent Br. abortus and much larger amounts for virulent Br. melitensis. The sera of rabbits immunized simultaneously with heat-killed vaccines of Br. abortus and B. typhosus were found to contain as much protective antibody against virulent Br. abortus and Br. melitensis as those immunized with the brucella vaccine alone. The possibility of effective simultaneous immunization of human beings against typhoid and undulant fevers with a mixed heat-killed vaccine is discussed.
Studies on the Immunization of Rabbits with Formalinized Vaccine Virus
Authors: Weil A. J. , Gall L. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immune state engendered in rabbits by the injection of formalinized suspensions of the elementary bodies of vaccinia has been found to be equal that resulting from infection with the active virus, when the immune states are compared on the basis of the neutralizing qualities of the serum and the ability to neutralize virus injected into the skin. Complement-fixing antibodies, however, have been found in somewhat lower titer in the serum of animals which received inactivated virus than in those infected with active virus. Doses of formalinized suspensions of elementary bodies in the order of milligrams were found to be necessary for effecting immunization of this degree.
Spermatozoal Antibodies and Fertility
Authors: Henle Werner , Henle Gertrude 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Active immunization of female guinea pigs with guinea pig spermatozoa led to antibody response in 60 to 77 per cent of the animals. Bull spermatozoa elicited antibodies in 100 per cent, but only a few sera gave weak cross-reactions with guinea pig spermatozoa. In spite of the antibody content of the sera, there was neither a decrease in fertility nor a delay in conception in these animals. Guinea pig testicle suspension likewise did not induce sterility.
On the Construction of Graphs and Tables for Evaluation of the Quantitative Complement-Fixation Reactions and Reaction Ratios
Authors: Thompson William R. , Maltaner Frank 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
As a means of obtaining a measure of reactivity of sera with antigens the complement-fixation reactions have been used extensively. The aim of investigations in this laboratory has been to develop a quantitative basis for expressions of this relative reactivity with a specific antigen. Hemolysis of sensitized sheep cells has been used as the indicator of modification of complement activity in the presence of various amounts of antigen and a given serum. Several systems have been studied, and a quantitative measure in the form of an index has been employed in the case of the tuberculous, syphilitic, and gonococcal antisera reacting with prepared antigens (1, 2). Tables have been developed to facilitate evaluations, and the object of the present communication is to indicate the procedures used in their construction. As a preliminary, the fundamental relations are developed below.
Let x be the number of units of complement used in a reaction mixture, and y be the degree of hemolysis obtained.
Antibody Formation in a Lesion Produced by Tubercle Bacilli Suspended in Paraffin Oil: Excision of the Antigenic Depot
Authors: Westwater John O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When heat-killed tubercle bacilli in paraffin oil are used as antigen, excision of the antigenic depot within 1 hour is not followed by antibody formation, but when excision is delayed 6 hours or longer it does not prevent the appearance of complement fixing antibody in the serum.
The ultimate serum titer is lower when excision is performed before the thirtieth hour than in those animals in which excision is later, or in those from which the lesion is not excised. Complement fixing antibody appears earlier in the serum of the rabbits from which the lesions are excised than in those from which lesions are not excised.