bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies of Thymic Factors
Authors: Gershwin M. Eric , Steinberg Alfred D. , Woody James N. , Ahmed Aftab 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The restoration of sensitivity to azathioprine of athymic (nu/nu) mouse splenic rosette-forming cells (RFC) has been used by others to assay thymic hormone. These previous studies have led to the conclusion that a major factor in the development of autoimmunity in New Zealand (NZ) mice and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the premature loss of thymic hormone. We have studied the mouse rosette assay and find that poly A Poly U and single stranded DNA, in addition to thymosin, restored azathioprine sensitivity to nu/nu RFC. Thus, other substances may mimic thymic hormone, perhaps via the cyclic AMP system. Furthermore, antibodies to T cells were found to interfere with the assay. Sera from old NZ mice which contain naturally occurring thymocytotoxic antibodies (NTA) failed to restore azathioprine sensitivity. Small quantities of NTA prevented normal sera from functioning in the assay. We conclude that the role of thymic hormone(s) in the development of autoimmunity in NZ mice and patients with SLE must be completely reevaluated.
Cationic Proteins of Human Granulocytes
Authors: Venge Per , Olsson Inge 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chymotrypsin-like cationic proteins of human granulocytes are shown to possess the ability to produce conversion of the complement components C1s, C4, C3, and C5 as detected by crossed immuno-electrophoresis. This ability seems to be a direct proteolytic effect. Incubation of cationic proteins with serum or functionally pure preparations of C3 and C5 is shown to generate the formation of chemotactic activity which is abolished by prolonged incubation. Also, the chemotactic activity of porcine C5a or spontaneously activated C5 is abolished by incubation with cationic proteins. It is suggested that the chymotrypsin-like cationic proteins of human granulocytes after extrusion from the phagocytic cell play an important role for generation of inflammatory mediators.
Genetic Control of the Murine Cell-Mediated Immune Response in Vivo
Authors: Davis Stephen , Shearer Gene M. , Mozes Edna , Sela Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity in response to (T,G)-A--L was studied with a radioisotopic footpad assay. It appears that in vivo cell-mediated immune responsiveness to (T,G)-A--L is linked to the H-2 complex, as was demonstrated previously for specific antibody synthesis. Evidence is presented in this report which indicates that the cell-mediated immunity measured is a function of a population of T cells.
The apparent controversy between results obtained by analyzing antibody formation and cell-mediated immunity can be explained by assuming the need for cell cooperation between helper T cell and effector T cell, because efficient purely cellular immunity is analogous to T-B cell cooperation needed for antibody production.
Cyanate as an Inactivator of Complement Proteins
Authors: Schultz Duane R. , Arnold Patricia I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sodium cyanate added to normal human serum or serum from patients with sickle-cell disease resulted in the functional inactivation of C3, C5, C6, C7, and the C3b inactivator, but not C8 and C9. Final concentrations as low as 0.5 mM in serum caused inactivation of 12 to 64% of the C3 after 8 hr at 37°C. The activity of the inactivated C3, C5, and C3b inactivator was not restored by dialysis. Most of the functional activity of C3 in cyanate-treated sera was destroyed by very small quantities of 14C-labeled cyanate that was bound to the protein. C3 inactivation by cyanate occurred in heated sera (50°C, 30 min) and sera treated with EDTA, probably indicating that one mechanism for inactivation was by a direct carbamylation reaction. Both C3 and C5 showed two anodal-migrating forms in two dimensional antigen-antibody crossed electrophoresis in some sera treated with low concentrations of cyanate.
Measurements of circular dichroism of highly purified carbamylated C3 showed no detectable changes in structure even though most of the functional activity was destroyed. Purified, inactive C3 that was carbamylated with 14C-labeled cyanate was capable of binding to EAC142, but the resulting EAC1423 was weakly positive for immune adherence and negative for agglutination with anti-C3 antiserum. Unlabeled, cell-bound C3b on EAC142 was not susceptible to cyanate action as shown by no loss in immune adherence and positive agglutination with anti-C3 antiserum. The C3b inactivator was more susceptible to cyanate than C3 in a short time period, whereas both were inactivated after 8 hr.
Since cyanate is currently being evaluated as a treatment for sickle-cell disease, the inactivation of C3 by the drug is an important consideration for such patients who are already deficient in C3 dependent heat-labile opsonins that aid in host defense.
EAC4 and EAC14 Production Without Purified C1
Authors: Linscott William D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
EAC4 and EAC14 of high activity were prepared by treating sensitized red cells with human or guinea pig serum in the presence of TTHA, a chelating agent which binds Mg++ more firmly than Ca++. The reaction was carried out at 0°C and at low pH to maximize C1 and C4 activity and to minimize C3 contamination. Cells prepared with guinea pig complement were contaminated with C2, which could be decayed away at 37°C. Cells sensitized with IgG antibody were more reactive than those sensitized with whole serum or with IgM, and preparations made with TTHA-complement were more reactive than those prepared with purified C1 plus EDTA-complement. EAC14 stored at 0°C for 3 weeks lost very little activity.
Preparation and Properties of an Antiplasma Cell Serum Directed Against A Defined Plasmacytoma Cell Population
Authors: Lutz Proctor Mary , Herscowitz Herbert B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Heterologous antisera were prepared against a subpopulation of MOPC-104E tumor cells obtained by centrifugation on discontinuous BSA gradients as well as against cells from the whole tumor mass. The gradient-separated cells were more effective than the cells from the whole tumor mass in eliciting antisera not only of higher titer, but also with greater specificity for plasmacytoma antigens. The unabsorbed antiserum prepared against the gradient-separated plasmacytoma population was cytotoxic for murine lymphoid cells, but not for murine kidney, liver, or brain cells. After in vitro absorption with murine thymocytes and removal of anti-immunoglobulin activity by affinity chromatography, the antiserum was found to be reactive against plasmacytoma cells, but was no longer cytotoxic for murine thymus or unstimulated spleen cells. This absorbed antiserum was also cytotoxic for LPS-, but not PHA- or Con A-stimulated normal murine spleen cells.
Desensitization: Effects on Cutaneous and Peritoneal Manifestations of Delayed Hypersensitivity in Relation to Lymphokine Production
Authors: Sonozaki Hidekichi , Papermaster Vera , Yoshida Takeshi , Cohen Stanley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pigs exhibiting delayed hypersensitivity may be desensitized by a single large dose of antigen administered intramuscularly. In the present experiments, desensitization with a soluble protein such as egg albumin (EA) or bovine γ-globulin (BGG) was nonspecific in that they suppressed both cutaneous reactivity and the macrophage disappearance reaction (MDR) to unrelated antigen in doubly immunized animals. In contrast, mycobacterial antigen, at the dose studied, showed limited specificity in that it could suppress the MDR but not a skin test to an unrelated antigen.
Induction of an MDR was shown to be associated with the appearance of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and chemotactic activity in the peritoneal exudate fluid. Pretreatment with desensitizing doses of mycobacteria prevented the EA-induced appearance of MIF in the peritoneal fluids. In contrast, chemotactic activity could still be recovered, even though the MDR was suppressed. Mycobacteria functioned as a specific desensitizer not only with respect to cutaneous reactivity, as stated above, but also with respect to the production of chemotactic factor by peritoneal exudate cells. In contrast, mycobacteria functioned as a nonspecific desensitizer with respect to both the MDR and MIF production.
These results suggest that the MDR may be an in vivo manifestation of MIF activity, whereas the cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reaction may be more dependent upon chemotactic activity.
These observations reported here, taken in conjunction with previously described in vitro studies, suggest that desensitization is a complex phenomenon which may be the result of several different mechanisms acting separately or in concert. The apparent discrepancies in the literature as to whether or not desensitization is a specific process would appear to arise from differences in the experimental model and the particular antigen used.
Interrelationships of Surface Immunoglobulin and Fc Receptors on Mouse B Lymphocytes
Authors: Abbas Abul K. , Unanue Emil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules have been detected on mouse B lymphocytes by an immunofluorescence technique, employing immune complexes of fluorescein-conjugated KLH and rabbit anti-KLH antibody. At 37°C, membrane-bound complexes rapidly undergo capping and clearing from the surface. Modulation of Fc receptors does not alter the amount of distribution of surface Ig, indicating that these two molecules are independent moieties. However, capping of surface Ig by intact or pepsin-digested anti-Ig antibody leads to co-capping of Fc receptors. These results suggest that ligand binding to surface Ig induces some alteration which allows the Ig to enter into an association with Fc receptors.
An Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor Present in Blister Fluids of Bullous Pemphigoid Patients
Authors: Baba Toru , Sonozaki Hidehicki , Seki Kenjiro , Uchiyama Mitsuaki , Ikesawa Yoshiro , Torisu Motomichi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tissue eosinophilia is often found in the inflammatory lesions of bullous pemphigoid. A study made on naturally occurring eosinophil chemotactic activity in the blister fluids of four bullous pemphigoid patients revealed the existence of this activity in all of them. Sephadex G-25 column chromatography showed that the greater part of this eosinophil chemotactic activity was composed of low molecular substance of which the molecular weight was close to that of vitamin B12 (m.w. 1357).
The blister fluids and the sera of these patients contained elevated levels of IgE. An IgE anti-skin basement membrane antibody was found in two of the four sera, and deposits of IgE were detected along the basement membrane zone of the involved skin in one of the patients.
On the basis of these findings, we have reason to believe that an eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A) participates in the accumulation of eosinophils in the lesions of bullous pemphigoid.
Heavy Chain Variable Region Allotypic Sub-Specificities of Rabbit Immunoglobulins
Authors: Horng Wayne J. , Knight Katherine L. , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Four anti-a1 Ab subpopulations were isolated from an anti-a1 antiserum by sequential immunoadsorption chromatography. These four anti-a1 Ab subpopulations were differentially bound by two “limited heterogeneity” Abs having different components of the a1 allotypic specificity. Each of the four anti-a1 Ab subpopulations reacted with a1 IgG molecules obtained from several different a1 rabbits, but not with IgG obtained from a2 and a3 rabbits. A subpopulation designated anti-a1-A Ab reacted with 100% of a1 IgG molecules. Thus, the anti-a1-A Ab recognizes a1 determinants common to all a1 IgG molecules. Each of the other three subpopulations, designated anti-a1-B Ab, anti-a1-C Ab, and anti-a1-D Ab, and anti-a1-D Ab, reacted with only a fraction of the a1 IgG molecules but the sum of the percentages of a1 IgG molecules which reacted with each of these three anti-a1 Ab subpopulations approximated 100% of the a1 IgG molecules. Thus, each of the anti-a1-B Ab, anti-a1-C Ab, and anti-a1-D Ab recognizes non-common determinants distinct for each of three subpopulations of a1 IgG molecules.
Although 65 to 90% of IgG molecules in a1 homozygous rabbits have the a1 allotypic specificity, these IgG molecules are heterogeneous with respect to their antigenic determinants comprising the a1 allotype; at least three kinds of a1 IgG molecules are identified. This heterogeneity probably reflects variation in the amino acid sequence of the VH region of a1 IgG molecules and, therefore, poses a similar argument which had led to the hypothesis of two genes for one polypeptide chain and to the theory of episomal insertions for the genetic control of immunoglobulin synthesis.
Cell-Mediated Immune Response to Mumps Virus Infection in Man
Authors: Chiba Yasuo , Dzierba Judith L. , Morag Abraham , Ogra Pearay L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antibody and cell-mediated immune response to mumps virus infection was studied in groups of subjects after naturally acquired mumps virus infection, after parenteral immunization with liver attenuated mumps vaccine, and in a population of mumps seronegative subjects. The technique of neutralization of tissue culture infectivity was utilized to study mumps specific antibody. The cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was detected by specific immune release (SIR) of radioactivity by purified lymphocytes after they were reacted with radioactive chromium (51Cr) labeled human conjunctival cell cultures chronically infected with mumps virus. No SIR activity was observed in lymphocytes obtained from cored blood and young individuals seronegative for antibody to mumps virus. Detectable SIR activity was observed in a few older seronegative subjects; however, immunization with mumps vaccine in such antibody negative subjects failed to result in the development of any antibody response in the serum. High SIR activity was observed in the lymphocytes of naturally infected and vaccinated subjects. Although all naturally infected or immunized subjects had varying levels of mumps specific antibody activity in the serum, no correlation existed between the levels of antibody and SIR activity. These observations suggest the development of mumps specific in vitro correlates of CMI after naturally acquired or vaccine-induced mumps virus infection.
Suppression and Reversal of Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Guinea Pigs with a Non-Encephalitogenic Analogue of the Tryptophan Region of the Myelin Basic Protein
Authors: Hashim George A. , Sharpe Richard D. , Carvalho Evelyn F. , Stevens Lawrence E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The administration of synthetic peptide S42 leads to suppression and reversal of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced in guinea pigs by myelin basic protein. Peptide S42 contains a linear sequence of 21 amino acid residues, H-Phe-Ser-Trp-Gln-Lys-Phe-Ser-Trp-Gln-Lys-Phe-Ser-Trp-Gln-Lys-Phe-Ser-Trp-Gln-Lys-Gly-OH, made up of four repeating unit sequences of H-Phe-Ser-Trp-Gln-Lys-OH in addition to a C-terminal glycine. Injected at relatively high doses, peptide S42 is non-encephalitogenic. It induces delayed-type hypersensitivity which is not followed by EAE, and elicits delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in peptide S42, encephalitogenic tryptophan peptide, or BP-challenged animals for either of the three antigens.
The repeating unit sequence of peptide S42 is analogous to the encephalitogenic tryptophan region of the BP molecule. The sequence homology is responsible for cellular recognition of this antigen by the skin test assay and suggests similar in vivo interaction between peptide S42 and EAE-inducing cells leading to suppression and reversal of disease.
Studies on the Mechanism of Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytolysis
Authors: Plaut Marshall , Bubbers J. Eric , Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The lysis of allogeneic cells by cytolytically active T lymphocytes has been shown to involve two stages, each with distinct cation requirements. Cytolysis required the presence of Ca++ ions, but addition of Mg++ to Ca++-containing medium synergistically enhanced target cell destruction. This synergistic effect resulted from kinetically separable events mediated by these cations. Thus, optimal adhesions between killer and target cells necessitated the presence of Mg++; interactions also occurred, but less efficiently, in the presence of Ca++. Lymphocyte-target cell interactions resulting from the present of Mg++ did not lead to the lysis of the target cell, until Ca++ were added. A “late” stage of the establishment of a target cell lesion is thus uniquely served by Ca++.
Thymosin Restores T Cell Function and Reduces the Incidence of Amyloid Disease in Casein-Treated Mice
Authors: Scheinberg Morton A. , Goldstein Allan L. , Cathcart Edgar S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Evidence is presented that T cell impairment appears to be specifically related to the pathogenesis of experimental amyloidosis. This conclusion is based on the finding that thymosin administration improves T cell function as measured by mitogen stimulation of spleen cell suspension and at the same time reduces the incidence and severity of amyloid disease in casein-treated mice.
Effect of VHa Locus Allotype-Suppression on the Expression of Closely Linked VHx, VHy, and Cµn Genes in Heterozygous Rabbits
Authors: Kim Byung S. , Gilman-Sachs Alice , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Injection of a1x-y-n81/a2x32y33n82 heterozygous rabbits at birth with anti-a2 allotype antiserum suppresses the production of the VHa2 gene product a2 Ig as well as the expression of the closely linked Cµn gene product n82 but not of the closely linked VHx and VHy gene products x32 and y33. This effect is related to the appearance of a2 and n82 on the same IgM molecules whereas a2, x32, and y33 appear on different Ig molecules.
Number of Macrophages and Distribution of Mitotic Activity in Regressing and Progressing Moloney Sarcomas
Authors: Russell Stephen W. , Doe William F. , Cochrane Charles G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The concentration of macrophages per gram tumor was as much as five times greater in regressing compared to progressing Moloney sarcomas. Infiltrating mononuclear cells, including macrophages, were closely associated with a cessation of mitotic activity in tumors.
Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity to Target Cells Infected with Type 1 and Type 2 Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Shore Steven L. , Black Charlotte M. , Melewicz Frank M. , Wood Phyllis A. , Nahmias Andre J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The phenomenon of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) has been extended to include target cells acutely infected with herpes simplex type 1 virus (HSV-1) or herpes simplex type 2 virus (HSV-2) in an in vitro system that employs immune human serum and human blood mononuclear cells. The cytotoxic reaction was detectable after 1 hr of incubation and was complete between 4 and 8 hr. The amount of ADCC noted was directly proportional to the logarithm10 of the effector: target cell ratio (E:T), and ADCC was noted at E:T as low as 1:1. The mononuclear effector cell was present in the blood of both HSV immune and non-immune individuals. The immune serum factor was demonstrated to be an antibody with specificity for HSV membrane antigen(s) and was reactive with target cells infected with either of the two HSV types. The antibody rendered the mononuclear cell cytotoxic by sensitization of the target cell rather than by direct attachment to or “arming” of the mononuclear cell. The physiochemical properties of the antibody as well as its presence in cord blood demonstrated that it is an immunoglobulin of the IgG class.
Stimulation of Lymphoid Cells from Normal and Immune Mice by Syngeneic BALB/c Plasma Cell Tumors
Authors: Boyer P. J. J. , Fahey J. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphoid cells from normal and immunized BALB/c mice could be stimulated in vitro by syngeneic plasma cell tumors (PCT) using a one-way mixed lymphcoyte tumor interaction (MLTI) assay. The reactivity of normal spleen cells to syngeneic PCT contrasted with an absence of response to a number of other tumors. Maximal responses of normal cells to PCT were found to occur 5 days after the initiation of the cultures at an optimal responding:stimulating cell ratio of 1:2. MLTI activity of normal cells could not be blocked or enhanced by PCT myeloma protein products indicating that MLTI reactivity was directed against non-idiotypic cell surface determinants. Lymphoid cells from immunized mice demonstrated increased MLTI responses to cells of the immunizing tumor but not to other PCT, indicating that the post-immunization MLTI responses were primarily to individual rather than shared tumor cell surface antigens. Activity of both normal and immunized spleen cells was found to involve thymusderived lymphocytes. The persistence of residual MLTI activity after treatment with anti-θ serum and complement, however, implicated participation of non-θ antigenbearing cells in MLTI reactivity. From these data, we conclude that lymphoid cells from un-immunized mice are capable of T cell-dependent reactivity to syngeneic PCT-associated antigens and that elevations in these reactivities after immunization may reflect specific cellular immune responses.
Loss of Carrier-Determined Tolerance in Vitro with Loss of Receptor Blockade
Authors: Aldo-Benson Marlene , Borel Yves 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experiments were done to determine whether carrierdetermined tolerance is reversible and whether the loss of tolerance is accompanied by the loss of receptor blockade. Spleen cells from mice made tolerant with DNP-isologous IgG remained tolerant when transferred to irradiated syngeneic mice. If these same tolerant spleen cells were incubated for 24 hr or more before transfer the tolerance was lost. Autoradiography was done on the tolerant cells with either 125I anti-DNP or 125I DNP-KLH, before and after incubation in vitro. When the cells were tolerant the number of DNP ABC was decreased whereas cells having DNP on their surface were increased. When the cells lost tolerance after in vitro incubation, the hapten-bearing cells were no longer present although the number of cells with free DNP receptors increased to normal. These data suggest that in carrier determined tolerance the reactivation of tolerant lymphocytes may involve reversible receptor blockade.
Further Characterization of the Anti-Encephalitogenic Protein (SCP): Isolation from Bovine Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
Authors: MacPherson Catherine F. C. , Armstrong Holly , Tan Ophelia 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The three molecular forms of the anti-encephalitogenic protein, β-SCP, γ-SCP, and SCP-peptide were isolated in higher yield by a shortened procedure, which involved 1) extraction of bovine spinal cord (BSC) or bovine spinal roots (BSR) with 0.05 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.5, 2) batch absorption on CM-52 cellulose, 3) stepwise elution with sodium acetate buffers, pH 5.8, containing increasing concentrations of sodium chloride and finally, 4) removal of trace contaminants by gel-exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-50 superfine. The m.w. of the purified proteins determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 13,200 daltons. The same value for the molecular sizes was obtained by gel-exclusion chromatography by using 0.1% SDS in 0.05M sodium chloride as eluant. In the absence of SDS, the molecular sizes estimated by gel exclusion chromatography ranged from 14,000 to 18,500. The amino acid compositions of the β-SCP and γ-SCP from BSC and BSR were similar except that β-SCP from BSR lacked half-cystine whereas γ-SCP from BSR contained three times as much half-cystine as the SCP forms prepared from BSC. All forms of SCP showed reactions of identity when compared by immunodiffusion analyses with a rabbit anti-bovine SCP serum; none formed precipitin lines with a rabbit anti-bovine myelin basic protein (MyBP) serum.