bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethical challenges faced by nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Morley Georgina , Dierckx de Casterlé Bernadette , Kynoch Kathryn , Ramis Mary-Anne , Suhonen Riitta , Ventura Carla , Arries-Kleyenstuber Ebin 
Published: January 2023

Objective:
The aim of this scoping review is to describe the literature reporting on ethical challenges faced by nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic, including the contextual characteristics of ethical challenges, and the strategies to address these challenges.

Introduction:
The COVID-19 pandemic presented many ethical challenges to nurses, ranging from allocating scarce resources, to balancing a duty of care with self-preservation, and implementing visitation restrictions. Internationally, there has been a range of reported issues, but few studies have described strategies to overcome these challenges.

Inclusion criteria:
Studies that report on ethical challenges faced by nurses while caring for patients during the COVID-19 pandemic will be included. Studies that report on strategies to address these challenges will also be considered for inclusion.

Methods:
This scoping review will be conducted in accordance with the methods outlined by JBI and reported using PRISMA-ScR guidance. The following databases will be searched for eligible studies from November 2019 to present day: PubMed, CINAHL, Ovid, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library, and Scopus. No language restrictions will be applied. Studies will be reviewed for inclusion by 2 independent reviewers and a data extraction form developed specifically for this review will be used to extract data relevant to the review questions. Results will be analyzed and presented according to the concepts of interest, using tables, figures, images, and supporting narrative synthesis.
A Review of Constitutive Models and Thermal Properties for Nickel-Based Superalloys Across Machining-Specific Regimes
Authors: Thornton E-Lexus , Zannoun Hamzah , Vomero Connor , Caudill Daniel , Schoop Julius 
Published: January 2023

AbstractNickel-based superalloys (Ni-alloys) are widely used in flight critical aeroengine components because of their excellent material properties at high temperatures such as yield strength, ductility, and creep resistance. However, these desirable high-temperature properties also make Ni-alloys very difficult to machine. This paper provides an overview and benchmarking of various constitutive models to provide the process modeling community with an objective comparison between various calibrated material models to increase the accuracy of process model predictions for machining of Ni-alloys. Various studies involving the Johnson–Cook model and the calibration of its constants in finite element simulations are discussed. It was found that significant discrepancies exist between researchers’ approaches to calibrating constitutive models. To this end, various “physics-based” models are discussed as an alternative to widely used “phenomenological” models like the Johnson–Cook model, supplemented by a discussion on the more precise inverse method for constitutive model calibration. This paper also provides a comprehensive overview of pedigreed physical material properties for a range of Ni-alloys—the variation of thermal properties and thermally induced stresses over machining temperature regimes are modeled for a variety of Ni-alloys. The chemical compositions and applications for a range of relevant Ni-alloys are also explored. Overall, this paper identifies the need for more comprehensive analysis and process-specific (e.g., in-situ) characterization of thermomechanical properties for difficult-to-machine Ni-alloys to improve machining performance and aeroengine component quality.
Frictional Damage Mechanism for Matrix Failure in Cutting Unidirectional CFRP
Authors: Song Chunlei , Jin Xiaoliang 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In machining carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials of different fiber orientations, the uncut material fracture occurs at different chip formation angles owing to either the fiber-dominated failure or matrix failure. For the matrix failure mode, it is found that the cracks in the damaged material can still affect the chip formation by providing additional Coulomb friction on the closed crack surfaces. To investigate the effect of the damage state of the matrix on the chip formation mechanism, this paper proposes a new cutting mechanics model for CFRP, by attributing the increase of the matrix shear strength to the Coulomb friction on the closed fracture surface. The frictional damage of matrix material, including damage initiation, propagation, and complete failure, is considered to provide a physical explanation for the increase of matrix shear strength and prove that the damaged matrix still influences the chip formation after complete failure. The proposed model determines the transition of chip formation mode, the variation of chip formation angle, and the cutting forces with the fiber orientation, considering the friction in the damaged area and the elastic stress in the undamaged area. According to the comparison with the models which do not consider the material damage state and attribute the increase of shear strength to the “internal friction” without a physical explanation, it is found that the proposed frictional damage model is able to capture the matrix failure in chip formation in the fiber orientation of [0deg,66deg] and [90deg,180deg] and explains the change of chip formation mechanism from matrix compression failure to fiber tension failure in the fiber orientation range of [67deg,89deg]. The necessity of considering the friction on the fractured surfaces in the machining process of CFRP is experimentally validated by cutting experiments at various fiber orientations.
Static and Dynamic Compliance Analyses of Curved-Axis Flexure Hinges: A Discrete Beam Transfer Matrix
Authors: Ling Mingxiang , Yuan Lei , Zhang Xianmin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A discrete beam transfer matrix method is introduced to enhance the existing approaches for the static and dynamic compliance solutions of curved-axis flexure hinges with variable curvatures and nonuniform profiles. An idea of discretizing curved-axis flexure hinges as a series of constant beam segments parallel to the centroidal axis is developed. As a result, only a concise beam transfer matrix with decoupled longitudinal and transverse components is needed to establish the compliance model. A step-by-step modeling procedure with simple formulas is provided as well qualifying for curved-axis and folded hinges. With this modeling idea, the small-deflection compliance matrix in the common sense of statics and particularly in a viewpoint of frequency-dependent dynamics can be simultaneously obtained. A typical curved-axis flexure hinge available in the literature is analyzed and compared as a study case. In addition, the static and dynamic design for a compliant guiding mechanism composed of folded flexure hinges is efficiently implemented with the presented method.
Multi-Point Path Planning Algorithm for a Mobile Robot With Composite Moving Costs
Authors: Ji Junjie , Zhao Jing-Shan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Multi-point path planning problem is a classic problem of the mobile robot. The present research is concerned with solving the shortest path. In some realistic applications, the shortest path length is not always the significant concerned value of path planning. This article proposes an extended generalized cost concept to constitute the updated path planning strategy. The generalized costs are the combination of straightly moving and turning costs. A genetic algorithm is used to solve optimal path-planning problems. The different weight between the two kinds of costs and how the different parameters affect the optimal path solution is discussed. The generalized cost concept extends the application of path planning to diversified physical quantities. When estimating the composite optimal costs of the path planning problem, we only need to solve the path planning problem with simplex straightly moving costs or simplex turning costs.
Identification of Crack Shapes by Digital Image Correlation Using Joint Estimation Maximum a Posteriori Method
Authors: Hana Norihiko , Umeda Masaki , Akiyoshi Masao , Amaya Kenji 
Published: January 2023

AbstractA method that estimates invisible cracks from the surface based on the surface deformation measured by digital image correlation (DIC) is being developed. An inverse problem is setup to estimate such invisible cracks from the surface deformation. Surface deformation, measured by the DIC method, contains noise. Inverse problems have ill-conditions. The regularization method applied in this study is an extension of the joint estimation maximum a posteriori (JE-MAP) method. The JE-MAP algorithm alternates between MAP method estimation and the grab-cut (GC) method to avoid ill-conditions. The physical constraints on displacement and the forces at the cracks and the crack perimeters (ligaments) are added to the MAP method. The displacement and load at the cracks and the ligaments have a cross-sparse relationship. The MAP method estimates the displacement or the load at the cracks and the ligaments. The estimated result varies greatly at the boundary between the cracks and the ligaments. This boundary is determined by the GC method based on the estimated result. This study amplified the changes at the boundary between the cracks and the ligaments in the estimated results. The amplified results were input into the GC method to improve the boundary-determination accuracy. The regularization method developed from the JE-MAP method was combined with DIC method to estimate the cracks in invisible locations. The method proposed in this study estimated cracks more accurately than L1-norm regularization in inverse problems where the observed data were strain distributions measured by the DIC method.
Year-round longitudinal health surveillance in UK Olympic Summer Sport Athletes 2016–2019
Authors: Ranson Craig , Wootten Moses , Biswas Anita , Herrington Lee , Gallimore David , Jackson Paul D , Taylor Abbie , Spencer Simon , Hull James , McCaig Steve 
Published: January 2023

ObjectivesTo identify the priority injury and illness types across UK summer Olympic World Class Programme sports to inform development, implementation and evaluation of associated injury risk mitigation and management initiatives.MethodsFour years (2016–2019) of electronic medical records of 1247 athletes from 22 sports were analysed and reported using methods based on the 2020 International Olympic Committee consensus statement for epidemiological recording and reporting.Results3562 injuries and 1218 illness were recorded, accounting for 146 156 and 27 442 time-loss days. Overall, 814 (65%) athletes reported at least one injury, while 517 (41%) reported at least one illness. There were 1.3 injuries per athlete year resulting in a mean burden of 54.1 days per athlete year. The lumbar/pelvis, knee, ankle and shoulder body regions had the highest incidence and burden. Athletes reported 0.5 illnesses per athlete year, resulting in a mean burden of 10.4 days per athlete year, with most composed of respiratory illness and gastroenteritis. Injuries within sport groups were representative of the injury risk profile for those sports (eg, knee, hand and head injuries had the highest incidence in combat sports), but respiratory illnesses were consistently the greatest problem for each sport group.ConclusionsTo optimise availability for training and performance, systematic risk mitigation and management initiatives should target priority injury problems occurring in the lumbar/pelvis, knee, ankle and shoulder, and respiratory illness. Follow-up analysis should include identification of sport-specific priority health problems and associated risk factors.
Systematic mapping of gender equality and social inclusion in WASH interventions: knowledge clusters and gaps
Authors: Macura Biljana , Foggitt Ella , Liera Carla , Soto Adriana , Orlando Arianna , Del Duca Laura , Carrard Naomi , Hannes Karin , Sommer Marni , Dickin Sarah 
Published: January 2023

IntroductionPoor access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services threatens population health and contributes to gender and social inequalities, especially in low-resource settings. Despite awareness in the WASH sector of the importance of promoting gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) to address these inequalities, evaluations of interventions focus largely on health outcomes, while gender equality and other social outcomes are rarely included. This review aimed to collate and describe available research evidence of GESI outcomes evaluated in WASH intervention studies.MethodsWe applied a systematic mapping methodology and searched for both academic and grey literature published between 2010 and 2020 in 16 bibliographic databases and 53 specialist websites. Eligibility screening (with consistency checking) was conducted according to predetermined criteria, followed by metadata coding and narrative synthesis.ResultsOur evidence base comprises 463 intervention studies. Only 42% of studies measured transformative GESI outcomes of WASH interventions, referring to those that seek to transform gender relations and power imbalances to promote equality. A majority of studies disaggregated outcome data by sex, but other forms of data disaggregation were limited. Most included studies (78%) lacked a specific GESI mainstreaming component in their intervention design. Of the interventions with GESI mainstreaming, the majority targeted women and girls, with very few focused on other social groups or intersectional considerations.ConclusionThe review points to various areas for future primary and secondary research. Given the potential contribution of WASH to GESI, GESI considerations should be incorporated into the evaluation of WASH interventions. Regular collection of data and monitoring of GESI outcomes is needed as well as developing new and testing existing methods for monitoring and evaluation of such data.
Prevalence and associated risk factors of overweight and obesity among adult population in Dubai: a population-based cross-sectional survey in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Mamdouh Heba , Hussain Hamid Y , Ibrahim Gamal M , Alawadi Fatheya , Hassanein Mohamed , Zarooni Amer Al , Suwaidi Hanan Al , Hassan Amar , Alsheikh-Ali Alawi , Alnakhi Wafa Khamis 
Published: January 2023

ObjectiveTo study the prevalence of overweight and obesity and determine the associated risk factors among adults in Dubai.Design and settingA cross-sectional survey with a multistage, stratified random sampling design was conducted in the Emirate of Dubai in 2019.ParticipantsThe study included 2142 adults aged 18+ years in the Emirate of Dubai.ResultsThe overall prevalence of obesity, which was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2, was 17.8%. The highest obesity rates were reported among women (21.6%) and the United Arab Emirates (UAE)-nationals (39.6%). Moreover, 39.8% of the population was overweight (BMI ≥25–29.9 kg/m2). Multivariate logistic regression showed associations between obesity and age, sex, nationality, hypertension and occupation. Obesity increases with age, with the highest risk at age group 50–59 years (OR 4.30; 95% CI 1.57 to 11.78) compared with the reference group (18–24 years). Females had a higher risk of obesity than males (OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.10 to 2.38). Compared with those in the reference group (Western and others), UAE nationals, other Arabs and Asians were more likely to be obese ((OR 2.08; 95% CI 1.18 to 3.67), (OR 3.61; 95% CI 2.41 to 5.44) and (OR 1.98; 95% CI 1.12 to 3.50), respectively). Clerical and service workers (OR 4.50; 95% CI 2.54 to 8.00) and elementary and unskilled occupation categories (OR 2.57; 95% CI 1.56 to 4.25) had higher risks of obesity than the reference group (professionals), p<0.01). Hypertensive individuals had a higher risk of obesity than normotensive individuals (OR=3.96; p<0.01).ConclusionsObesity and overweight are highly prevalent among adults in Dubai and are remarkably associated with sociodemographic and behavioural risk factors. Comprehensive strategic initiatives are urgently needed to control obesity in the high-risk populations in the Emirate of Dubai.
Protocol for validation of the Global Scales for Early Development (GSED) for children under 3 years of age in seven countries
Authors: Cavallera Vanessa , Lancaster Gillian , Gladstone Melissa , Black Maureen M , McCray Gareth , Nizar Ambreen , Ahmed Salahuddin , Dutta Arup , Anago Romuald Kouadio E , Brentani Alexandra , Jiang Fan , Schönbeck Yvonne , McCoy Dana C , Kariger Patricia , Weber Ann M , Raikes Abbie , Waldman Marcus , van Buuren Stef , Kaur Raghbir , Pérez Maillard Michelle , Nisar Muhammad Imran , Khanam Rasheda , Sazawal Sunil , Zongo Arsène , Pacifico Mercadante Mariana , Zhang Yunting , Roy Arunangshu D , Hepworth Katelyn , Fink Günther , Rubio-Codina Marta , Tofail Fahmida , Eekhout Iris , Seiden Jonathan , Norton Rebecca , Baqui Abdullah H , Khalfan Ali Jamila , Zhao Jin , Holzinger Andreas , Detmar Symone , Kembou Samuel Nzale , Begum Farzana , Mohammed Ali Said , Jehan Fyezah , Dua Tarun , Janus Magdalena 
Published: January 2023

IntroductionChildren’s early development is affected by caregiving experiences, with lifelong health and well-being implications. Governments and civil societies need population-based measures to monitor children’s early development and ensure that children receive the care needed to thrive. To this end, the WHO developed the Global Scales for Early Development (GSED) to measure children’s early development up to 3 years of age. The GSED includes three measures for population and programmatic level measurement: (1) short form (SF) (caregiver report), (2) long form (LF) (direct administration) and (3) psychosocial form (PF) (caregiver report). The primary aim of this protocol is to validate the GSED SF and LF. Secondary aims are to create preliminary reference scores for the GSED SF and LF, validate an adaptive testing algorithm and assess the feasibility and preliminary validity of the GSED PF.Methods and analysisWe will conduct the validation in seven countries (Bangladesh, Brazil, Côte d’Ivoire, Pakistan, The Netherlands, People's Republic of China, United Republic of Tanzania), varying in geography, language, culture and income through a 1-year prospective design, combining cross-sectional and longitudinal methods with 1248 children per site, stratified by age and sex. The GSED generates an innovative common metric (Developmental Score: D-score) using the Rasch model and a Development for Age Z-score (DAZ). We will evaluate six psychometric properties of the GSED SF and LF: concurrent validity, predictive validity at 6 months, convergent and discriminant validity, and test–retest and inter-rater reliability. We will evaluate measurement invariance by comparing differential item functioning and differential test functioning across sites.Ethics and disseminationThis study has received ethical approval from the WHO (protocol GSED validation 004583 20.04.2020) and approval in each site. Study results will be disseminated through webinars and publications from WHO, international organisations, academic journals and conference proceedings.Registration detailsOpen Science Frameworkhttps://osf.io/on 19 November 2021 (DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/KX5T7; identifier: osf-registrations-kx5t7-v1).
Undernutrition and associated factors among older adults in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Yisak Hiwot , Zemene Melkamu Aderajew , Arage Getachew , Demelash Agmasie Tigabu , Anley Denekew Tenaw , Ewunetei Amien , Azanaw Melkalem Mamuye 
Published: January 2023

ObjectiveUndernutrition contributes to decreased physical and cognitive functional status, higher healthcare consumption, premature institutionalisation and increased mortality. So, the objective of this study was to determine the pooled prevalence and factors associated with undernutrition among older adults in Ethiopia.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis was used. Articles that presented original data on undernutrition using body mass index (BMI) were included. We made an inclusive literature search from PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar. The I2test was used to examine the heterogeneity of the studies considered in this meta-analysis. Stata software V.14 and METANDI command were used.SettingStudies conducted in Ethiopia were included.ParticipantsEight independent studies were eligible and enrolled for final analysis.OutcomePrevalence and determinants of undernutrition. A selection of publications, data extraction and reported results for the review was designed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.ResultsA total of eight unique studies were enrolled for final analysis. The pooled prevalence of undernutrition was 20.53% (95% CI 17.39% to 23.67%). The study revealed that males had lesser odds of being undernutrition with AOR 0.17 (95% CI 0.15 to 0.20). Older adults in the age range of 65–74 years were less likely to be undernourished as compared with those whose age was above 85 years with Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 022 (95% CI 0.22 to 0.25). Older adults who were depressed had higher odds of undernutrition as compared with their counterparts with AOR 1.27 (95% CI 1.19 to 1.37). However, older adults from households with poor wealth indexes were two times more likely to be undernourished as compared with those who were from rich households.ConclusionThe burden of undernutrition in Ethiopia is significant. The limitation of the current study was that all included studies were observational, mainly cross-sectional.
Rates and predictors of mental health care utilisation in patients following a prolonged stay on intensive care unit: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Wintermann Gloria-Beatrice , Weidner Kerstin , Strauss Bernhard , Rosendahl Jenny 
Published: January 2023

ObjectivesAn acute critical illness and secondary complications may necessitate a prolonged treatment on an intensive care unit (ICU). As long-term consequences, ICU survivors may suffer from both physical and psychological sequelae. To improve the aftercare of these patients, the present study aimed to assess the use of mental healthcare and associated factors following prolonged ICU stay.MethodsN=197 patients with a primary diagnosis of critical illness polyneuropathy/myopathy were enrolled within 4 weeks (T1) and interviewed three (T2) and six (T3) months following the transfer from acute-care to postacute ICU. Symptoms and a current diagnosis of major depression/post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The potential need for mental healthcare, its current and past use and reasons for non-use were raised.ResultsFull syndromal and subsyndromal major depression/PTSD were diagnosed in 8.3%/15.6% at T2, 12.2%/23.5% at T3. About 29% of the patients reported mental healthcare utilisation. Considering somatic complaints, more important was a common reason for the non-use of mental healthcare. Female gender, previous mental healthcare, number of sepsis episodes and pension receipt increased the chance for mental healthcare utilisation, a pre-existing mental disorder decreased it.ConclusionEvery fourth patient surviving prolonged ICU treatement makes use of mental healthcare . Particularly male patients with pre-existing mental disorders should be targeted preventively, receiving specific psychoeducation about psychological long-term sequelae and mental healthcare options post-ICU.Trial registration numberDRKS00003386.