bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Antigenic Relationships of Certain Viruses Capable of Producing Encephalitis in Mice
Authors: Hughes T. P. , Perlowagora Alina 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mouse brain antigens and hyperimmune mouse antiserum were prepared for each of 15 strains of encephalitogenic viruses. Each serum was tested against each antigen by means of the complement fixation reaction. It was shown that four virus strains recently isolated in Brazil have a common antigenic component and are antigenically related to the Anopheles B virus previously isolated in Colombia. The virus of Ilhéus encephalitis was found to be antigenically related to the West Nile-St. Louis-Japanese B group, and the antigenic interrelationship of the other viruses of this group has been confirmed. The virus of yellow fever appears to have a minor antigenic relationship to the Wyeomyia and Bwamba viruses. One newly isolated Brazilian strain is, on the basis of the tests employed, antigenically unrelated to any of the other viruses studied; likewise the Anopheles A virus is antigenically separate from all of the other strains examined, as is the Semliki forest virus.
A Comparison of Influenza Complement Fixation Antigens Derived from Allantoic Fluids and Membranes
Authors: Kirber Maria Wiener , Henle Werner 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A comparison was made of virus (V) and soluble (S) antigens derived from allantoic fluid and membrane of chick embryos infected with influenza A or B viruses.
The antigens derived from membranes proved indistinguishable from the corresponding fractions prepared from allantoic fluid, as measured by serum cross-absorption and by complement fixing activity in the presence of convalescent and post-vaccination sera.
Depending on the concentration of the inoculum, optimal titers of V and S antigens in the membranes were obtained in 24 to 48 hours, whereas they reached their highest titer in the fluid in 48 to 72 hours. The optimal sources for V were allantoic fluids harvested after 48 hours, whereas S was best prepared from membranes collected after incubation periods of 48 hours or less. The data presented indicate that complement-fixation tests with V from allantoic fluid and S from allantoic membrane represent reliable diagnostic tools.
A Comparison of Physicochemical Measurements of Hyaluronidase and of Neutralizing Antibodies Thereto
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The depolymerization of hyaluronic acid by bacterial and testicular hyaluronidase has been studied in relation to the question of whether the same or different enzymes are involved in the three physicochemical reactions by which this depolymerization can be measured: mucin-clot-prevention, turbidimetry and viscosimetry.
Twenty-seven preparations of hyaluronidase of a wide variety of sources and wide range of potency were examined by the three methods, and the respective measurements of enzyme activity for each preparation were found to be in fairly close proportion. Preparations of bacterial and testicular hyaluronidase were tested at intervals during exposure to heating and ultraviolet irradiation, and the progressive loss of potency of the enzyme was found to proceed at similar rates by all three methods of measurement. Similar results were obtained during partial specific absorption of the enzyme by increasing amounts of antiserum.
The antihyaluronidase titers of rabbits subjected to a short course of injections of streptococcal and of testicular hyaluronidase were measured by the three reactions, and were found to rise and fall concomitantly in all three tests.
The evidence presented here is consistent with the concept that the three physicochemical methods by which hyaluronidase can be detected measure the same depolymerase of hyaluronic acid.
Specificity of Radioiodinated (I131) Immune Globulin As Determined by Quantitative Precipitin Reaction
Authors: Masouredis S. P. , Melcher L. R. , Koblick D. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The reaction between human serum albumin and I131 trace iodinated rabbit antibody was studied by the quantitative precipitin reaction. The amount of radioactivity found in each immune precipitate was proportional to the antibody nitrogen precipitated. Under the iodinating conditions described (1.3 iodine atoms per antibody molecule) no loss of immunologic specificity of rabbit antibody labelled with I131 was demonstrated.
The Production of Potent Anti-Human Globulin (Coombs Reagent) in Rabbits Immunized with Serum Adjuvant Mixtures
Authors: Emerson Charles P. , Franklin William , Lowell Francis C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Certain hemolytic disorders are characterized by the attachment of a globulin to the erythrocyte membrane, this globulin possessing the characteristics of an antibody for antigenic determinants associated with the surface of the red cells (1). Cells with attached globulin, i.e., sensitized cells, may agglutinate spontaneously when placed in serum, albumin solutions, or other protein-containing mediums, but usually do not agglutinate when suspended in saline. Erythrocytes, so sensitized, are encountered in the blood of some patients with idiopathic acquired hemolytic anemia and erythroblastosis fetalis (2–4). Similar sensitization may follow exposure of normal red cells in vitro to nonagglutinating antibody, occasionally present in the serum of those “iso-immunized” by pregnancy or transfusion (5–7). The adherent globulin may be demonstrated most readily by the so-called “Coombs test,” the basis of which is the agglutination of these cells by an antiserum prepared in rabbits injected with human serum.
Mouse Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Dean Donald J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The establishment and maintenance of a colony of mice free from mouse encephalomyelitis virus are described. Non-infected mice at all ages and by whatever route tested are more susceptible than latently infected animals to infection with the homologous strain. They are also more susceptible to heterologous strains of mouse encephalomyelitis virus. The infectivity of mouse encephalomyelitis is influenced by maternal passive immunity, by acquired humoral immunity, and by the resistance that develops with age. Inhibition of mouse encephalomyelitis virus by the feces of infected mice is confirmed.
Factors Involved in Haemagglutination by the GDVII Strain of Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus
Authors: Fastier Lyle B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
During the purification of GDVII virus from infected mouse brains by red cell adsorption and elution it was found that haemagglutination with human red cells occurred at both 4 C and at room temperature. This reaction had previously been reported to take place only at the former temperature and the present work demonstrated that different rates of adsorption of virus on erythrocytes existed for the purified virus and the crude saline suspensions of infected mouse brain. These observations are discussed as a possible explanation of the mechanism of non-specific inhibition of GDVII virus haemagglutination by normal mouse brain extracts described elsewhere.
An investigation of the mechanism of haemagglutination by the GDVII virus disclosed that in a salt-free medium adsorption of haemagglutinins was complete at 4 C and partial at 18 C. Once virus-red cell combination had taken place elution occurred only into an electrolyte-containing solution. While the haemagglutinin titre was not materially influenced by the presence of different electrolytes at a static molarity, a study of the adsorption and elution rates revealed considerable variation among the salts tested. Of particular interest was the observation that elution of adsorbed virus was considerably retarded by calcium ions. These findings have been compared and contrasted with corresponding reactions exhibited by members of the influenza group of viruses.
The Influence of Acth and Cortisone on Histamine and Anaphylactic Shock in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Malkiel Saul 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone and cortisone are without any apparent effect on the end results of histamine shock, or of passive or active anaphylaxis in guinea pigs.
Since this paper was presented for publication a report appeared by Dworetsky, Code and Higgins [Effect of cortisone and ACTH on eosinophils and anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 75: 201–206, (1950)] which substantiates these findings.
The Adsorptive Behavior of Bacteriophage T2 with Certain Inorganic Materials
Authors: Shepard Charles C. , Woodend William G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The adsorptive behavior of T2 bacteriophage to several inorganic adsorbents has been investigated. Displacement was found to be a prominent feature and the bacteriophage could be displaced from columns of aluminum oxide in a predictable manner with meat infusion broth, or with a preparation of bovine serum albumin. The salt concentration was also important; when the sodium chloride was less than 10−2 to 10−3 M, adsorption was markedly decreased, whereas at 10−1 M or above adsorption was marked. Decreased adsorption was also seen at pH values above 8 with some adsorbents.
Agglutinating Antibodies in Serum and Feces
Authors: Barksdale W. L. , Ghoda Akira 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fecal extracts and sera from a number of cases of Flexner and Sonne types of dysentery have been tested with so-called phase antigens from wild type Shigella paradysenteriae W, Shigella sonnei and certain of their serologically “non-specific” mutants. Serum and fecal extracts were found to differ in the titer and in the specificity of their agglutinins. This, coupled with the fact that they appear at different times during the course of disease, suggests that they are synthesized in different parts of the body.
We are indebted to Dr. Koibong Li and S/Sgt. D. J. Yackanich for technical assistance throughout these studies.
Attempts at a Quantitative Estimation of the Second Component of Complement
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Jonsen Jon , Waksman Byron H. , Manski Wladyslaw 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Reagents without detectable second component have been prepared from human, guinea pig and pig complements. The hemolytic power of mixtures of these reagents with human, guinea pig and pig complements has been studied quantitatively. Hemolysis with a given reagent is indicated to be an undetermined function of its content of third component.
Values found for second component in several human complements lie within limits previously established by qualitative titrations and, in general, do not differ more than by ±15 per cent from the mean. Variations in the case of guinea pig complement were greater.
Discrepancies between values obtained with different reagents may be due to a partially masked anticomplementary property of a given complement-reagent combination or to incomplete mutual equivalence of components of complement from different species.
The Interaction of Influenza Virus and Intact Human Erythrocytes Observed by Replica Technique in the Electron Microscope
Authors: Rhian Morris , Evans Alfred S. , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Influenza virus particles on the surface of intact human erythrocytes were observed in the electron microscope by means of replica technique. It was found that a solution containing 0.10 M phosphate buffer with added dextrose or serum albumin to make the solution isotonic was more satisfactory for suspending the cells and virus, than was sodium chloride (0.03 to 0.17 M). Following treatment of cells with virus three changes in the surface of the cells were observed: (1), presence of individual virus particles on the surface; (2), localized eroded or pitted areas which may contain single or clumped virus particles; and (3), a general roughening of the cellular surface. Single cells may show all three types of change.
The Electron Microscopy of Chick Embryo Membranes Infected with Newcastle Disease
Authors: Kilham Lawrence , Morgan Councilman , Wyckoff Ralph W. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sections of chorioallantoic and amniotic membranes infected with Newcastle-disease virus show spheres and rods on the surface of the epithelial cells when examined by the electron microscope. These particles are morphologically similar to the elementary bodies seen in ultracentrifuged preparations of virus from infected egg fluids. Changes in infected cells include thickening of the superficial membrane followed by vacuolation and increased density of the cytoplasm.
Concurrent Infection with Influenza A and B Viruses in a Single Epidemic of Influenza
Authors: Kilbourne Edwin D. , Anderson Harold C. , Horsfall Frank L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Investigation of an influenza epidemic in a children's institution disclosed concurrent infection of the population with both influenza A virus and influenza B virus. Individuals of the population were found to have been infected with influenza A virus, with influenza B virus, or with both viruses. The availability of pre-epidemic sera from the entire population made it possible to determine the actual incidence of inapparent infection during an influenza outbreak; clinically inapparent infections occurred in 8% of the population. Collateral studies with hamsters established that a mammalian host may be simultaneously infected with influenza A and B viruses and develop antibodies against both viruses, although the degree of antibody response may be less than that resulting from infection with either virus alone.
Protease Activation in Immune Reactions
Authors: Geiger Walton B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The biochemical events that immediately follow reinjection of antigen into sensitized animals and lead to anaphylactic symptoms or tissue reactions have not been fully elucidated. Among the intermediate steps that have been suggested are the liberation of toxic substances such as “anaphylotoxin” (1), histamine (2, 3, 4), or acetylcholine (5, 6), and activation of enzymes such as proteases (7–15).
Theories that antigen-antibody reactions are followed by the activation of proteases have received some experimental support. In 1915 Bronfenbrenner (7) added egg albumin to sera of rabbits that had been sensitized to this protein nine days earlier, and observed that dialyzable nitrogenous material was liberated. He attributed this result to auto-digestion of the serum by “digesting ferments” liberated under these conditions. Analogous results were obtained with other antigens. Jobling, Eggstein and Petersen (8) reported similar experiments and conclusions at about the same time.
Studies on Conglutinin
Authors: Flick John A. , Villafañe Aida L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results obtained in this study show that when two separate immunological systems are combined, mixed agglutination is obtained in relatively high concentrations of the sera but homologous aggregation alone results with sufficient dilution. Where mixed agglutination occurs, it is due largely or entirely to nonspecific serum factors acting on the sensitized red cells. These non-specific factors are of the nature of conglutinin, or are identical with conglutinin. The possibility that antibody per se under certain conditions in the system studied may also produce the mixed agglutination effect has not been eliminated.
Whole normal human serum, its various fractions, or gum acacia, all of which showed conglutinating activity, increased the percentage of mixed agglutination when added in adequate concentrations to the system.
These findings suggest that, in essence, both the Bordet and the lattice theories are substantially applicable to the mechanism of agglutination, the lattice theory best explaining the specific union of antibody with antigen to bring about aggregation, and the Bordet theory offering a reasonable basis for many side effects involving non-specific constituents of serum.
Paradoxical Effect of Congo Red on the Toxicity of Streptolysin S for Mice
Authors: Rosendal Kirsten , Bernheimer Alan W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of congo red on the lethal action of streptolysin S has been investigated. The toxicity of mixtures containing congo red and a lethal dose of streptolysin S was found to be a function of the amount of dye used. When the amount was small (of the order of 1 μg), the mixtures possessed little or no toxicity; when large (100 μg), but far below the toxic dose of congo red alone, the mixtures invariably proved toxic. An hypothesis attempting to resolve the paradoxical observations is suggested.
No protection was afforded mice by pre-treatment with congo red regardless of whether a small or a large dose was used. Binding of the dye by serum accounts for the failure of streptolysin S to be inhibited in vivo. A simple method of estimating the capacity of serum components to bind congo red is described.
The Susceptibility of Irradiated Mice to Infection as a Function of Post-Irradiation Time
Authors: Shechmeister I. L. , Bond V. P. , Swift M. N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The susceptibility of mice to airborne Streptococcus zooepidemicus was determined over a 50-day period following 350 r whole body X-irradiation. Bacterial LD50 values were determined for normal and irradiated mice on 12 different post-irradiation days during this period, and the changes in susceptibility in each case expressed as the ratio of the two. The resulting curve relating susceptibility to post-irradiation time indicated a linear increase in susceptibility over the first 15 days, reaching a peak five times that of controls, followed by an exponential drop approaching the control level shortly after 30 days.
The possible relationship of this phenomenon to other radiation effects is discussed. Mice subjected to sublethal doses of radiation exhibit a time pattern of change in susceptibility to infection which is different from the time pattern reported for various post-irradiation changes.
Previous immunological studies following irradiation have not been sufficiently quantitative to permit interpretations or correlations with the results herein reported.
Studies in Specific Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Cooke Robert A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The quantitative relations in partial desensitization are contrasted with those that obtain in the state of lessened sensitiveness in allergy, the differences being such as to indicate a difference in the mechanism of these two phenomena. The phenomenon of “local exhaustion” of the allergic cutaneous reaction described by Mackenzie and Baldwin is studied and found, in disagreement with these authors, to be non-specific. It is proposed to distinguish the lessened sensitiveness induced in allergy from the state of desensitization in anaphylaxis by designating the former condition as a state of hyposensitization.
Bronchial Asthma and Allied Conditions
Authors: Larsen Nils P. , Paddock Royce , Alexander H. L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
An asthma clinic was established in the out-patient department of Bellevue Hospital, New York City, in October, 1919. For the year 1919–1920, the scope of the work included a detailed study of the clinical aspects of asthma, which was published (1). During the year 1920–1921 the following investigations were attempted, the results of which are embraced in this paper: (a) A continued study of the clinical considerations of asthma, (b) observations on skin reactions, (c) effects of vaccine therapy.
During the year, 105 cases of bronchial asthma were studied in detail; 25 of pollen sensitization; 2 of urticaria, and 2 of angioneurotic edema.
Clinical Observations From a practical standpoint, it is important that cases of bronchial asthma be recognized clinically as speedily as possible, since special methods for diagnosis and relief of the condition are attempted. The urgency of the presenting symptom, however, leads to quick transfer to the asthma clinic, when the dyspnea is supposedly asthmatic.
Studies with Influenza Virus B of Recent Human Origin
Authors: Ledinko Nada 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Genetic interaction was demonstrated between a mouse-unadapted influenza B virus, Rob, of recent human origin, which produces extensive pulmonary consolidation and multiplication of virus only upon initial inoculation into the mouse lung, and the Mil strain of influenza B virus. Interaction was also found to occur between Mil and mouse-adapted Rob viruses. An analysis of the distribution of mouse lung virulence among the progeny has indicated that multiple genetic factors are involved in both “crosses.” Back-recombination to give the original strains was obtained with “recombinants” isolated from the experiment involving Mil and unadapted Rob viruses.
The results indicate that the initial effects of pulmonary consolidation and multiplication in the mouse lung by an unadapted influenza B virus may be controlled by genetic mechanisms.
The Antigenic Composition of the Various Anatomic Structures of the Canine Kidney
Authors: Goodman Morris , Greenspon Seymour A. , Krakower Cecil A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Previous studies from this laboratory (1) have shown that within the frame of reference of the isolated glomerulus, the “nephrotoxic” antigen(s), the heterologous serum to which can produce glomerulonephritis in the donor species, is localized within the basement membrane of the glomerular capillaries. The parietal capsule and the cellular elements of the glomerulus could be excluded as sites of this antigen(s). In the course of these investigations additional methods were evolved whereby tubular epithelial cells from the cortex of the kidney and tubular basement membrane could be obtained in relatively pure form. Heterologous serums developed against these two additional renal components failed to produce glomerulonephritis in the donor species. The present investigation was, therefore, designed to determine and contrast the antigenic composition of all the isolated principal renal structures on an in vitro basis.
Poliomyelitis Antibodies in Human Gamma Globulin
Authors: Opton Edward M. , Nagaki Daizo , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sixty-five samples of human gamma globulin representative of the materials used for poliomyelitis prophylaxis in the United States during the summer and fall of 1953 and 1954, and two samples of Japanese origin, were assayed for poliomyelitis neutralizing antibodies by means of tissue culture neutralization tests. Using a fixed challenge of 100 tissue culture doses of virus and varying dilutions of gamma globulin the average titers for antibodies against virus types 1, 2, and 3 were 1:1130, 1:1060, and 1:770, using data provided by both cytopathogenic and colorimetric tests.
Gamma globulin preparations derived from human placentas had as much poliomyelitis neutralizing antibody as the best preparations made from pooled plasma.
Comparison of untreated human plasma pools and the gamma globulins derived from them demonstrated that poliomyelitis antibodies were concentrated in this fraction. However a sample of beta globulin and a sample of gamma globulin, both manufactured from the same pool of human plasma, showed neutralizing antibody levels of the same order of magnitude.
A Study of an Unusual Hemagglutinin in a Pooled Human Serum
Authors: Makinodan Takashi , Macris Nicholas T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
“Routine” antibody screening test of the D-1 serum showed the presence of only the “incomplete” Rho antibody.
Trypsin-treated O rh cells agglutinated very strongly in this serum.
The “T-agglutinin” was not present in this serum.
The agglutination tests before and after absorption of the serum with untreated and enzyme-treated Rh-positive and Rh-negative cells show that the agglutination of the trypsinized red blood cells in this serum is due to an agglutinating factor independent of the Rho antibody.
This factor was found to be equally reactive at 0°C, 22°C, and at 37°C for 30 minutes, and absorbable, nondialyzable and thermolabile at 65°C for one hour, unlike the reversible agglutinin factor.