bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrical Stimulation and Muscle Strength Gains in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review
Authors: Mukherjee Swarup , Fok Jeryn Ruiwen , van Mechelen Willem 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Mukherjee, S, Fok, JR, and van Mechelen, W. Electrical stimulation and muscle strength gains in healthy adults: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 938–950, 2023—Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) is a popular method for strength gains among athletes and fitness enthusiasts. This review investigated the literature from 2008 to 2020 on EMS application protocols, strength adaptations, neural adaptations, and its use as an independent and combined training tool for strength gain in healthy adults. The investigation was modeled after the 2020 PRISMA guidelines. The eligibility criteria included studies that assessed the effect of EMS, either alone or in combination with voluntary resistance training (VRT) in healthy adult populations, involving a control group performing either usual or sham training, with at least 1 performance outcome measure assessed during experimental randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cluster RCT, randomized crossover trials, or nonrandomized studies. Ten studies met the eligibility criteria with a total of 174 subjects. Eight studies investigated the effect of EMS on lower limb muscles and 2 on elbow flexors. Five studies used concurrent VRT. Studies were heterogenous in methods, subject characteristics, intervention, and EMS protocols. All 10 studies reported significant strength gains as an outcome of EMS treatment, but there were no improvements in strength-related functional outcome measures. The optimal threshold for treatment duration, EMS intensity, pulse, and frequency could not be determined due to methodological differences and EMS application protocol inconsistency between studies. Protocol variations also existed between the studies that combined EMS with VRT. Standardized protocols are needed for electrode placement location, motor point identification, positioning of the body part being investigated, impulse type, intensity, and duration of stimulus.
Beneficial Performance Effects of Training Load Intensification Can Be Abolished by Functional Overreaching: Lessons From a Water Polo Study in Female Athletes
Authors: Brisola Gabriel M.P. , Dutra Yago M. , Murias Juan M. , Zagatto Alessandro M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Brisola, GMP, Dutra, YM, Murias, JM, and Zagatto, AM. Beneficial performance effects of training load intensification can be abolished by functional overreaching: Lessons from a water polo study in female athletes. J Strength Cond Res 37(6): e391–e402, 2023—The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes from 2 weeks of training load intensification strategy in female water polo players diagnosed with functional overreaching (F-OR) with no F-OR players (acute fatigue) on the performance outcomes and hormonal, immunological, and cardiac autonomic nervous system responses. Twenty-two female water polo players were allocated into control and intensification group during 7 weeks. The swimming performance, biochemical parameters, heart rate variability, profile of mood states, and upper respiratory tract infection symptoms were assessed twice before and twice after 2 weeks of intensification period. F-OR showed a worsening in total time of the repeated sprint ability (RSA) test compared with the control group and the acute fatigue group after intensification (p ≤ 0.035). Furthermore, after the tapering period, the F-OR group maintained worse total time of the RSA test than the acute fatigue group (p = 0.029). In addition, the acute fatigue group showed improvement in total time of the RSA test after intensification compared with the control group (p < 0.001). No significant interactions were found for the other parameters. Therefore, periods of intensification without the F-OR development can promote higher gains in the total time of the RSA test after intensification and tapering period.
Half-Squat and Jump Squat Exercises Performed Across a Range of Loads: Differences in Mechanical Outputs and Strength Deficits
Authors: Loturco Irineu , McGuigan Michael R. , Freitas Tomás T. , Bishop Chris , Zabaloy Santiago , Mercer Valter P. , Moura Túlio B.M.A. , Arruda Ademir F.S. , Ramos Maurício S. , Pereira Lucas A. , Pareja-Blanco Fernando 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Loturco, I, McGuigan, MR, Freitas, TT, Bishop, C, Zabaloy, S, Mercer, VP, Moura, TBMA, Arruda, AFS, Ramos, MS, Pereira, LA, and Pareja-Blanco, F. Half-squat and jump squat exercises performed across a range of loads: differences in mechanical outputs and strength deficits. J Strength Cond Res 37(5): 1052–1056, 2023—The aim of this study was to compare the peak force (PF), peak power (PP), and peak velocity (PV) outputs produced during half-squat (HS) and jump squat (JS) exercises executed at 20, 40, 60, and 80% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) in the HS (HS 1RM) and to compute and compare the strength deficit (SDef) achieved in these exercises across these loads. Twenty-four national rugby union players (age: 25.7 ± 3.6 years) performed HS 1RM and a progressive loading test in the HS and JS exercises. The PF, PP, and PV values were obtained in all loads for both exercises, and the SDef was calculated as the percentage difference between the PF at distinct relative intensities and the PF at HS 1RM. The differences in HS and JS variables were determined using an analysis of variance with repeated measures. Higher PF, PP, and PV outputs were generated in the JS in comparison with the HS exercise (p < 0.05); moreover, the SDef magnitudes were significantly lower in the JS (p < 0.01), for all loading conditions. Importantly, the differences in SDef, and as a consequence, PF, PP, and PV decreased progressively with increasing load. Overall, the loaded JS exhibited increased levels of PF, PP, and PV and reduced levels of SDef when compared to the traditional HS performed across a range of loads. The JS is indicated to reduce the SDef and improve the athletes' ability to apply force at higher velocities. Nevertheless, with heavier loads (i.e., ≥80% HS 1RM), its potential advantages and effectiveness may be seriously compromised.
CORE-CERT Items as a Minimal Requirement for Replicability of Exercise Interventions: Results From Application to Exercise Studies for Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Bünzen Claudia , Knuth Janina , Bucher Marieke , Weisser Burkhard , Schmidt Thorsten 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Hacke, C, Knuth, J, Bucher, M, Weisser, B, and Schmidt, T. CORE-CERT items as a minimal requirement for replicability of exercise interventions: results from application to exercise studies for breast cancer patients. J Strength Cond Res 37(5): e346–e360, 2023—Exercise interventions have been demonstrated to be useful in the prevention and therapy for multiple different diseases. The Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT) has been developed as the reporting guideline for exercise studies. The main goals of CERT are to ensure completeness of reporting, to enable interpretation of exercise programs, and to allow extraction of data for meta-analyses and the development of guidelines. However, for clinicians, the most important aspect of good reporting might be the replicability of protocols for their patients. This study was designed to determine the core components of exercise interventions for breast cancer, which are considered as minimal requirement for replicability in practice. The original items of CERT were specified, subdivided, or extended by additional key items to develop a “CORE-CERT checklist.” The original CERT and our CORE-CERT were then applied to 29 exercise RCTs for breast cancer obtained from the most frequently cited and most recent meta-analyses in current guidelines. The reporting quality using both templates were examined. Mean original CERT score was 11 of 19 (59%) of completed items and 13 of 19 (68%) of reporting completeness for CORE-CERT. Reporting quality using CORE-CERT items was approximately 8% higher, indicating a more precise description of items in CORE-CERT. Differences concerned exercise dosage, nonexercise components, supervision, and description of each exercise. We propose a novel CORE-CERT guideline necessary for the replicability of exercise interventions in clinical practice. The application of CORE-CERT demonstrated a slightly better but still insufficient reporting quality of exercise interventions for breast cancer.
Effect of Increased Pressure Pain Threshold on Resistance Exercise Performance With Blood Flow Restriction
Authors: Kataoka Ryo , Song Jun Seob , Bell Zachary W. , Wong Vickie , Spitz Robert W. , Yamada Yujiro , Loenneke Jeremy P. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Kataoka, R, Song, JS, Bell, ZW, Wong, V, Spitz, RW, Yamada, Y, and Loenneke, JP. Effect of increased pressure pain threshold on resistance exercise performance with blood flow restriction. J Strength Cond Res 37(6): 1204–1210, 2023—This study aimed to examine whether increasing pressure pain threshold (PPT) through isometric handgrip exercise (HG) affects the number of repetitions completed and discomfort with knee extension exercise (KE) with blood flow restriction (BFR), and examine whether performing additional exercise leads to a further increase in PPT. Forty-one participants completed 2 trials: rest followed by low-load KE with BFR at 80% of resting arterial occlusion pressure (Rest + KE BFR) and low-intensity (30% of maximal strength) HG exercise followed by KE with BFR (HG + KE BFR). Pressure pain threshold was measured before and after exercise at the forearm and tibialis anterior. Results are presented as median difference (95% credible interval). Pressure pain threshold increased at the forearm (Bayes factor [BF10]: 5.2 × 107) and tibialis anterior (BF10: 1.5 × 106) after HG exercise. However, this did not lead to greater repetitions being completed with BFR exercise (0.2 [−0.1, 0.6] repetitions, BF10: 0.07). Pressure pain threshold after BFR exercise was not augmented over that observed with HG exercise (0.02 [−0.15, 0.2] kg·cm−2, BF10: 0.175) at the forearm. More data are needed in the lower body to determine which model best fits the data (BF10: 0.84). Discomfort with BFR exercise was not different between conditions (1.0 [−2.3, 4.4] arbitrary units, BF10: 0.10). The pain-reducing effect of prior exercise did not change the repetitions completed with BFR exercise, suggesting that the change in PPT may not have been great enough to alter performance. Performing additional exercise did not elicit further increases in PPT nor was perceived discomfort to BFR exercise altered by changes in PPT.
Effect of Traditional, Rest Redistribution, and Velocity-Based Prescription on Repeated Sprint Training Performance and Responses in Semiprofessional Athletes
Authors: Weakley Jonathon , Pérez Castilla Alejandro , García Ramos Amador , Banyard Harry , Thurlow Fraser , Edwards Toby , Morrison Matthew , McMahon Eric , Owen Cameron 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Weakley, J, Castilla, AP, Ramos, AG, Banyard, H, Thurlow, F, Edwards, T, Morrison, M, McMahon, E, and Owen, C. The effect of traditional, rest redistribution, and velocity-based prescription on repeated sprint training performance and responses in semi-professional athletes. J Strength Cond Res 37(8): 1566–1572, 2023—The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of traditional, rest redistribution, and velocity-based repeated sprint training methods on repeated sprint performance, perceived effort, heart rate, and changes in force-velocity-power (FVP) profiles in male semiprofessional athletes. In a randomized crossover design, a traditional (2 sets of 6 repetitions [TRAD]), 2 different rest redistribution (4 sets of 3 repetitions [RR4] and 12 sets of 1 repetition [RR12]), and a 5% velocity loss (VL5%) (12 repetitions, with sets terminated when a 5% reduction in mean velocity had occurred) condition were completed. Mean and peak velocity, mean heart rate, and differential ratings of perceived exertion (dRPE) were measured throughout each session, while horizontal FVP profiles were assessed presession and postsession. The RR4 and RR12 conditions allowed the greatest maintenance of velocity, while the RR4, RR12, and VL5% had a moderate, significantly greater mean heart rate than the traditional condition. Trivial, nonsignificant differences between all conditions were observed in dRPE of the legs and breathlessness and FVP profiles. These findings indicate that rest redistribution can allow for greater maintenance of sprint velocity and heart rate, without altering perceived effort during repeated sprint training. In addition, velocity-loss thresholds may be a feasible method of prescription if athletes have diverse physical qualities and reductions in sprint performance during repeated sprint training are undesirable. Practitioners should consider these outcomes when designing repeated sprint training sessions because the strategic use of these methods can alter sprint performance and internal load without changing perceptions of intensity.
A 2-Year Longitudinal Study of Bone Mineral Density in Collegiate Distance Runners
Authors: Brimacomb Olivia E. , Martinez Michael P. , McCormack William P. , Almstedt Hawley C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Brimacomb, OE, Martinez, MP, McCormack, WP, and Almstedt, HC. A 2-year longitudinal study of bone mineral density in collegiate distance runners. J Strength Cond Res 37(8): 1654–1659, 2023—The purpose of this investigation was to examine changes in bone mineral density (BMD) of male and female collegiate distance runners over 2 years. Bone mineral density of 29 collegiate distance runners (16 men and 13 women) were measured 5 times over 24 months using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral (LAT) spine, femoral neck (FN), total hip (TH), whole body (WB), and ultradistal (UD) forearm. Repeated-measures multivariate analysis of covariance, with bone-free lean mass (BFLM) as covariate, was used to compare mean BMD values. Adjusted for BFLM, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in BMD at any site between sexes. There were no significant differences at the AP or LAT spine, FN, or WB between visit 1 and 5 for either sex. There was a significant increase in BMD (p = 0.044) at the UD forearm over 2 years in males. However, 56% of the men (n = 9) had a Z-score < −1.0 at the UD forearm. Seven of 11 women had Z-scores < −1.0 at the LAT spine and 4 of 13 had Z-scores < −1.0 at the AP spine. There were no significant changes in BMD at any site over the 2-year time frame, except a significant increase in BMD at the nondominant forearm in men. The spine appears to be an area of concern for women in this study when examining Z-score results. Coaches and medical staff need to continually educate collegiate endurance athletes about the importance of achieving and maintaining BMD through their college years.
New Perspectives in Resistance Training Periodization: Mixed Session vs. Block Periodized Programs in Trained Men
Authors: Bartolomei Sandro , Zaniboni Federico , Verzieri Nicolò , Hoffman Jay R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Bartolomei, S, Zaniboni, F, Verzieri, N, and Hoffman, JR. New perspectives in resistance training periodization: mixed session vs. block periodized programs in trained men. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 537–545, 2023—The purpose of this investigation was to compare the effects of 2 different periodized resistance training programs on maximal strength, power, and muscle architecture, in trained individuals. Twenty-two resistance-trained men were randomly assigned to either a mixed session training group (MSP; n = 11; age = 23.7 ± 2.6 years; body mass = 80.5 ± 9.8 kg; height = 175.5 ± 6.1 cm) or a block periodization group (BP; n = 11; age = 25.7 ± 4.6 years; body mass = 81.1 ± 10.7 kg; height = 176.8 ± 8.4 cm). Both training programs were 10 weeks in duration and were equated in volume. Each training session of the MSP focused on power, maximal strength, and hypertrophy, whereas each mesocycle within the BP focused on one of these components. Subjects were assessed for body composition, muscle architecture, maximal strength, and power. In addition, perceived training load, and training volume were calculated. Subjects in MSP experienced greater improvements in fat free mass (p = 0.021), muscle thickness of the pectoralis and vastus lateralis (p < 0.05), and a greater improvement in 1RM bench press (p < 0.001; +8.6% in MSP and +2% in BP) than in BP. By contrast, BP resulted in greater improvements in vertical jump (p = 0.022; +7.2%) compared with MSP (+1.2%). No significant differences were noted between the groups for perceived training load (p = 0.362) nor training volume (p = 0.169). Results of this study indicated that in a 10-week training study, MSP may enhance muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength to a greater extent than BP, with the same training volume and perceived training load. However, BP may be more effective for vertical jump improvement.
Long-Term Rowing Performance Development in Male Olympic and World Championship Medal Winners Compared With Nonmedalists
Authors: Mäestu Jarek , Lelle Raini , Mäestu Evelin , Pind Rasmus , Vahtra Eno , Purge Priit , Mikulic Pavle 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Mäestu, J, Lelle, R, Mäestu, E, Pind, R, Vahtra, E, Purge, P, and Mikulic, P. Long-term rowing performance development in male Olympic and World Championship medal winners compared with nonmedalists. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): e521–e526, 2023—The purpose of this study was, first, to investigate individual longitudinal 2,000 m rowing ergometer performance (2,000 erg) development of world class male rowers from the beginning of their career until reaching the elite level and to compare ELITE performance development with those who did not reach podium places and, second, to provide 2,000 erg milestones for talent prediction in rowing. Individual annual 2,000 erg performances of 54 male rowers were analyzed from age 15 and throughout their career. Olympic or World Championships medal winners (ELITE; n = 11) were compared with those who did not reach international podium places. Two thousand erg increased (p ≤ 0.05) until the age of 24 in ELITE, while plateaued earlier for less successful rowers. No differences in the rate of performance improvement were found between ELITE and lower performers (p > 0.05). At the age of 20, performance between ELITE and international level nonmedal winners reached significant difference (480.7 ± 20.9 W vs. 435.3 ± 33.9 W, respectively) and remained different onwards (p ≤ 0.05). However, the average of the 10 best seasons cross-sectional performances of less successful rowers were significantly higher until age 18, compared with ELITE. ELITE rowers were able to improve their 2,000 erg performance to higher age; therefore, it is difficult to predict elite performers in junior rowers. Cross-sectional performances of less successful rowers may indicate temporary high-level performers, who might not be able to advance the elite level.
The Misuse of “Workload” in Sports Science and Possible Solutions
Authors: Ide Bernardo N. , Silvatti Amanda P. , Marocolo Moacir , Oranchuk Dustin J. , Mota Gustavo R. 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT
Because of fundamental mechanical misconceptions, workload is a contested and nonsensical term that has been erroneously used in sports science literature. When the term workload is used, readers may interpret the term to mean: (a) load, referring to the weight force of an object, or an external or internal force, applied in a specified direction and, when using the International System of Units (SI), the outcome measure must be reported in newtons, or (b) the amount of work performed, which should be reported in joules. Solutions consistent with the SI and using proper scientific terminology are simple and would improve the advancement and use of knowledge in sports science. During an endurance training program, exercise duration, relative or absolute mean velocity, distance traveled, and power output are manipulated. Within strength and power training programs, variables to be considered are repetitions and sets, rest period durations, and the load lifted. In team sports, performance quantification includes displacement, distance traveled, velocity, and acceleration. These physical quantities should replace the vague and inaccurate term workload. The quantification of physical performance should be accomplished using the SI for clarity of communication and seamless use across all subdisciplines of sports science.
Low-to-Moderate Correlations Between Repeated Sprint Ability and Aerobic Capacity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Ulupınar Süleyman , Özbay Serhat , Gençoğlu Cebrail , Hazır Tahir 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACTThis systematic review and meta-analysis aims to provide meta-analytic estimates of the relationships between repeated sprint ability (RSA) outputs (total sprint time [TST] and fatigue scores) and aerobic capacity indicators (V̇O2max, the covered distance in the endurance shuttle run test [SRTdistance], and the velocity at the anaerobic lactate threshold [ALTvelocity]). To identify potential studies for inclusion, a search strategy was implemented on MEDLINE (through PubMed) and Web of Science. The correlation coefficients between RSA outputs and aerobic capacity indicators were extracted from the individual studies to reveal a pooled correlation. After the identification of studies providing inclusion criteria, 45 studies consisting of 1,488 accumulated participants were included. Meta-analysis showed the positive moderate relationships between TST and V̇O2max(pooledr= 0.444,p< 0.001), TST and SRTdistance(pooledr= 0.465,p< 0.001), TST and ALTvelocity(pooledr= 0.527,p< 0.001), RSA fatigue score and V̇O2max(pooledr= 0.449,p< 0.001), and RSA fatigue score and ALTvelocity(pooledr= 0.460,p< 0.001), which showed a low positive relationship between RSA fatigue score and SRTdistance(pooledr= 0.305,p= 0.029). This study showed pooled correlations between RSA outputs and practical aerobic capacity indicators. However, contrary to popular belief that there were stronger relationships, these relationships were low to moderate.
Clarifying High Performance and the Role, Responsibilities, and Requisite Attributes of the High-Performance Director in American Professional Sport
Authors: DeWeese Brad H. , Hamilton Dave K. , Huls Shaun , Peterson Ben J. , Rath Ted , Althoff Andrew 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT
North American professional sport continues to evolve by adopting robust performance development strategies that place a premium on player care and competitive readiness. These strategies can be demonstrated by the increase of clubs implementing high-performance departments to maximize service quality rendered to rostered players. Although this transition to an integrated approach to player care is appreciated, it has become evident that there is a need to clarify the role, responsibilities, and job demands of high-performance directors. This emerging executive position is charged with leading complex systems of intertwined departments through the development of an environment that fosters a transdisciplinary approach to athlete preparation and care through enhanced organizational communication and the reduction of disciplinary silos that can thwart collaboration. Therefore, the current article describes the high-performance environment, allowing for a more accurate definition and representation of a modern high-performance director. The current article relies on the authors' collective experience as current professional-sport high-performance leaders to provide meaningful recommendations and insight into the field.