bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Walking Among Pharaohs
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPyramids with hidden burial chambers. Colossal royal statues and minuscule gold jewelry. Decorated tomb chapels, temples, settlements, fortresses, ceramics, furniture, stone vessels—and hieroglyphic inscriptions everywhere. This is the legacy of forty-three years of breathtakingly successful excavations at twenty-three different archaeological sites in Egypt and Sudan (ancient Nubia). George Reisner (1867–1942) discovered all this and more during a remarkable career that revolutionized archaeological method in both the Old World and the New. Leading the Harvard University–Boston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition, Reisner put American—and particularly Boston—Egyptology on the world stage. His uniquely American success story unfolded despite British control of Egyptian politics, French control of Egyptian antiquities, and an Egyptian yearning for independence, all while his Egyptian teams achieved the fieldwork results and mastered the arts of recording and documentation. Reisner’s lifespan covers the birth of modern archaeology; aspects of colonialism, racism, and nationalism; the history of Harvard and of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (MFA); and the issues of repatriation and cultural patrimony long before they became the “hot topics” they are today. This new biography gathers unpublished documents from all over the world to present the untold story of one of the founding fathers of excavation methodology and restore his place in the history of world archaeology, while not overlooking some of his cultural interpretations that we can easily reject today.
Midwestern Beginnings and Endings
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter traces the ancestry of George Reisner’s family, their origins in Worms, Germany, emigration, arrival in the New World, and ultimate settlement in Indianapolis. It highlights Reisner’s formative influences during his high school education, his father’s employment in a shoe store, and the birth of his younger siblings. The major event of his youth was his mother’s insanity and violent suicide, which caused the family to move house and engage an aunt to look after the children. Reisner’s future wife, Mary Putnam Bronson, moves with her family from Sandusky, Ohio, to Indianapolis. Accepted to Harvard University as a member of the class of 1889, Reisner prepares to move east.
Back to the Classroom
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter 
Published: January 2023

AbstractReisner taught for two semesters at Harvard, developing the sequence of courses he would offer in various configurations for the rest of his semesters back in Cambridge. His most prominent student was Dows Dunham, who later joined the expedition and succeeded Reisner as curator at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. As curator of the MFA’s Egyptian Department, Reisner installed many of the objects he discovered, and announced his assignation of the Sphinx to the pharaoh Khafre. The news was misinterpreted by the press in all sorts of fantastical ways. Reisner also delivered Harvard’s prestigious Ingersoll Lecture on conceptions of immortality, and his classes touched on the thorny issue of ancient races. Sir Henry Wellcome turned to Reisner for advice in excavating the site of Gebel Moya in the Sudan, and Reisner lent him several of his workmen. There were visits to Indianapolis and Berkeley, and an encounter set up by MFA benefactor Gardiner Martin Lane with Henry Clay Frick resulted in Reisner taking the Frick family up the Nile on a tour. Back at Giza, Frick offered to pay for removing the newly discovered (by Fisher) tomb of Akh-meret-nisut to the MFA in Boston. After a performance of “Aida” at Giza, the Titanic disaster hit close to home for some in Reisner’s milieu.
(Mis)interpreting the Nubians in the Shadow of Tutankhamun
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn the fall of 1921, Reisner returned to America for the first time since 1912, while Dows Dunham managed Harvard Camp at Giza. In late November Dunham returned to Meroe. From Boston Reisner successfully helped Ludwig Borchardt regain his Cairo institute and property after confiscation by the British during the war. Reisner’s Harvard students included several talented foreigners, but African American William Leo Hansberry openly challenged his colonialist interpretations of indigenous African civilizations. Others rejected his Libyan-origins theory for ancient Nubia as well. The chapter also covers the new antiquities division law and Howard Carter’s 1922 discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun as seen through Reisner’s eyes. Dows Dunham was “loaned” to the Egyptian Antiquities Service for Saqqara excavations and parted ways with Reisner thereafter. The team completed the drawings of the Menkaure temples at Giza, and Reisner’s two-volume publication of Kerma finally appeared, a solid archaeological work but hardly free from racist historical interpretation. The Meroe excavations were finished by 1923; a short excavation season at Sheikh Farag, near Naga ed-Deir, was followed by clearance of the Middle Kingdom forts of Semna and Kumma at the Second Cataract. 1924 saw the inaugural season of James Breasted’s Epigraphic Survey at Luxor, the discovery of Djoser’s Third Dynasty Step Pyramid complex at Saqqara, the murder of British officer Sir Lee Stack, and the expedition’s discovery of the Sixth Dynasty tombs of Qar and Idu at Giza.
The Hope for Democracy
Authors: Barnhart Joslyn N. , Trager Robert F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The spread of democracy in the nineteenth century was surrounded by optimism. Early liberal thinkers like Thomas Paine and Immanuel Kant believed that democracy would bring fundamental social, economic, and political change. But above all, they believed it would bring peace. Once those who bore the brunt of wars were able to punish warmongering leaders at the polls, wars would cease. But as democracy among men began to spread, would their optimism prove warranted? This chapter explores the attitudes of early all-male electorates in Britain and the United States towards issues of war and peace. It shows that, contrary to early and modern faith in democratic pacifism, all-men voting publics often pushed reluctant leaders to promote policies of violence and conquest in the latter half of the nineteenth century.
The Hope for Suffrage and Peace in the New Century
Authors: Barnhart Joslyn N. , Trager Robert F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the years since the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, many have come to think of women’s suffrage as an endpoint, as the ultimate symbol of women’s equality. But many early suffragists were not seeking suffrage and equality solely as ends in themselves. Rather, they sought them as a means to social and political change. Like early liberal thinkers, they saw the vote as a means to achieving a better, less conflictual world—but only if women were included in the electorate. Although democratic institutions certainly mattered in some regard, the suffragists believed that who was able to participate in the process was more important. This chapter examines the attitudes and actions of these early suffragists as they fought for both suffrage and international peace.
Ravana in Modern Sri Lankan Literature
Authors: Henry Justin W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines renderings of the Ramayana in Sinhala poetry, drama, and fiction from the late nineteenth century to the present. It explores the resurrection of the Ramayana alongside Buddhist themes in the Sinhala “neoclassical” literary revolution of the late 1800s, along with Ravana’s role in the Heḷa Havula (“Pure Sinhala”) movement. The chapter reviews a number of radio, theater, television, and film productions of the Ramayana in the twentieth century offering a sympathetic treatment of Ravana which have hitherto escaped scholarly attention, concluding with an examination of the theme of ancient Sri Lanka as a prelapsarian paradise and repository of technological marvels in modern Sinhala and English fiction.
Volatile States in International Politics
Authors: Mattiacci Eleonora 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Volatile States in International Politics recasts canonical, timeless debates on how states’ behaviors change. Conventionally, scholars explore changes that make states progressively more conflictual (escalation) or less conflictual (reconciliation) toward other states. Volatile States in International Politics shows the limits of this practice. It demonstrates that states’ behaviors are instead often volatile, twisting and turning between cooperation and conflict in a way that appears inconsistent to their counterparts. Since observers cannot accurately predict what volatile states will do next, volatility often stifles trust and ignites conflict. Leveraging statistical techniques and archival data in a probing analysis of rivals and allies since the end of World War II, this book rejects attempts at dismissing volatility as reflecting mercurial leaders or intractable issues. Instead, it explains, a state acts in a volatile manner when its clashing domestic interests leverage power to achieve their goals in the international arena. In showing states’ potential for inconsistent behaviors, this novel investigation of volatility reveals how classic international politics concepts such as “stability” and “instability” fail to capture the most dynamic changes in states’ behaviors. Through its compelling analysis of multiple data sources, the book questions some of the basic assumptions held by scholars of international politics on whether consistent behavior spurs peace. Thus, its findings lead us to re-examine what we think we know about trust, escalation, reputation, audience costs, and compliance. This book shows that when properly understood, states’ inconsistent behaviors can become less confusing for observers and thus, potentially, less dangerous.
Volatility and Rivals
Authors: Mattiacci Eleonora 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter deepens the book’s inquiry into volatility in states’ behaviors by providing a systematic assessment of the book’s theory. It leverages a large-N analysis of countries involved in both a strategic and enduring rivalry over the period 1948–92. Though the theory presented in the book generalizes to all states, this chapter focuses on testing it on rivalries. Volatility in states’ behaviors is retraced using event data from news services. As rivals are often in the news, event data is more likely to be systematically more comprehensive when capturing interactions between rivals compared to when it captures interactions between other countries. The chapter finds that the interaction of power and interests is a strong predictor of increases in volatility. This result holds, the chapter finds, even when controlling for plausible alternative explanations, including mixed signals, leaders’ traits and transitions, and the presence of contentious issues.
The Matter of Wonder
Authors: Biernacki Loriliai 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The current discourse of New Materialism seeks to chart a way of addressing our contemporary predicament around environmental destruction through reassessing our relationship and attitudes to matter. This book argues that the panentheism of the 11th-century Indian Hindu thinker Abhinavagupta offers a cogent philosophical model that gives us new ways of thinking about matter, which can help contemporary New Materialist thought. What makes panentheism an attractive model for Abhinavagupta’s philosophy is its Tantric impetus toward both the materiality of the world and the transcendence of divinity, proposing a philosophy that finds consciousness—a subjectivity as and at the very core of matter. Abhinavagupta’s articulation of a foundational and encompassing subjectivity proposes a panentheist solution to a familiar conundrum, one we are still grappling with today—that is: how does consciousness, which is so unlike matter, how does it actually connect to the materiality of our world? In familiar 21st-century terms, how does mind connect to body? This book brings this question to bear in comparative fashion on contemporary issues: our current concerns around what is sentient—animals? viruses? artificial intelligence?—set in relation to Abhinavagupta’s articulation of what gives rise to sentience through his use of the term vimarśa; our current conceptions of information as data—articulated in juxtaposition to Abhinavagupta’s theology of mantra, mystic sound; examining Abhinavagupta’s use of wonder (camatkāra) as camata a philosophical concept, and how his cosmological system (tattva) underwrites his understanding of a foundational subjectivity.
Introduction
Authors: Boswell Matthew , Rowland Antony 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWe begin our study by arguing that the 2010s will prove to be a pivotal decade in the development of Holocaust memory culture, with a comprehensive process of digitalization coinciding with the passing of many of the last remaining Holocaust survivors. This unique historical juncture has invested digital Holocaust memory projects with a dual sense of creative possibility and operational urgency. Setting out key lines of argument for a study of not only the digitalization but also the virtualization of Holocaust memory culture, we argue that the virtual is a discursive as much as a technological space, shaped by distinct values and ideologies. We also outline how our book’s title supports a series of specific critical interventions. Finally, we set out our overarching methodological approach. Exploring the poetics of virtual Holocaust memory, we identify four interconnected themes that we return to throughout our study: (1) truth and truthfulness, (2) the limits of connective memory, (3) the institutionalization of Holocaust memory culture, and (4) perpetrators and impiety.
War and the Democratisation of Perception
Authors: Ford Matthew , Hoskins Andrew 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter documents the confusing and opaque problem space that emerges out of the interaction between connected technologies, human participants, and the politics of violence. We examine war and its representation in the twenty-first century and identify some of the central challenges that make up what we call a new ecology of war. We further spell out the framework for our analysis of twenty-first century war: data, attention, and control. Drawing on several empirical examples, we argue that connected devices do not represent another domain for the armed forces to control but represent the window through which society engages with war. In this respect, war and its representation are intimately linked in what Scott (2015) would call the fourth dimension where our analogue and digital lives cannot be separated. This reflects Virilio's observation (1989) that "the history of battle is primarily a history of radically changing fields of perception".
The Middle East in Russia’s Foreign Policy, 1990–2020
Authors: Morozov Viacheslav 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a genealogical account of Russia's view of the post–Cold War global order, with a particular emphasis on the factors determining its policy in the Middle East. Russia's decision in 2015 to conduct a military operation in Syria is a major outcome that my analysis seeks to explain by pointing out how Russian foreign and security policy thinking has evolved over the past few decades. The chapter argues that Moscow's outlook has always been West-centric, and that its policy in the region and elsewhere has been shaped by a number of factors, including the balance of forces on the domestic political arena. I do not directly intervene in the debate on the continuity and change in Russian foreign policy priorities, nor do I aim to provide a full overview of Moscow's policies in the Middle East. Rather, what I seek to highlight is how specific interpretations of major trends and events in global politics have resulted in policy choices, and how the relational dynamic between Russia and the West solidified the approach to global affairs that came to drive Russia's Middle East policy from around 2012–13 onwards.
Different but Similar
Authors: Katz Mark N. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter seeks to compare the strengths and weaknesses of Soviet policy towards the Middle East during the Cold War with Putin's more recent foreign policy in the region. I first examine Soviet foreign policy, with attention to what went well for Moscow and what did not. This is followed by a similar examination of what has and has not gone well for Moscow during the Putin era. The expressions "what went/has gone well" and their negatives are used here deliberately in order to avoid viewing Moscow's foreign policy successes and failures as being solely the result of its own foreign policy decision-making. While Moscow's decisions obviously have played a role in whether its Middle Eastern policies are successful or not, sometimes the successes or failures of policies pursued by the United States, by Middle Eastern and other actors, and by events--often unexpected--have strongly affected the standing of Moscow (among others) in the region.
Conflict, Amnesty and Amnesia
Authors: Willis Michael J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
An examination of the civil conflict of the 1990s is essential to understanding Algerian politics of the past two decades. The conflict grew out of the formation of armed Islamist groups in the wake of the cancellation of elections and the banning of the FIS in 1992. It expanded massively in 1993 with the emergence of an extremist jihadi trend among the armed groups known as the GIA. The Algerian regime responded by expanding its forces and counter-terrorism operations and adopting more extreme measures against the armed groups including disappearances, torture, and the infiltration of the armed groups. A series of unexplained massacres prompted a ceasefire. The armed groups (AIS) allied to the FIS, leading to the AIS laying down its arms, in return for an effective amnesty. Members of the army and security forces were legally protected from legal action for any crimes committed in the conflict. Violence from armed Islamist groups has declined to very low levels. However, the absence of any formal process publicly identifying crimes and human rights violations in the period has left victims of both the state and the armed groups unhappy despite receiving financial compensation from the state.
Covid and Custom in Rural South Africa
Authors: Bank Leslie , Sharpley Nelly 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis book explores the impact of Covid-19, and the associated state lockdown, on rural lives in a former homeland in South Africa. The 2020 Disaster Management Act saw the state sweep through rural areas, targeting funerals and other customary practices as potential "super-spreader" events. This unprecedented clampdown produced widespread disruption, fear, and anxiety. The authors build on path-breaking work concerning local responses to West Africa's Ebola epidemic, and examine the HIV/AIDS pandemic, to understand the impact of the Covid crisis on these communities, and on rural Africa more broadly. To shed light on the role of custom and ritual in rural social change during the pandemic, Covid and Custom in Rural South Africa applies long-term historical and ethnographic research; theories of people's science, local knowledge, and the human economy; and fieldwork conducted in ten rural South African communities during lockdown. The volume highlights differences between developments in Southern Africa and elsewhere on the continent, while exploring how the former apartheid homeland--commonly, yet problematically, represented as former "labour reserves"--have since been reconstituted as new home-spaces. In short, it explains why rural people have been so angered by the state's assault on their cultural practices and institutions in the time of Covid.
Disposable Citizens
Authors: Bank Leslie , Sharpley Nelly 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the declaration of a state of "war on Covid" in South Africa and the promises of protection for its citizens with the constitutional right to basic health care. The first part covers how the state developed an urban- and hospital-centric response which directed attention to metropolitan hospitals, like Livingston in Nelson Mandela Bay, rather than rural clinics and community health services. The chapter takes the reader away from the cities and into the rural hinterland of the Eastern Cape to experience what rural communities came to call ukuvala isango (closing the gate) or shutting people out. The chapter shows how the multiple and interconnected crises, of health care, the issuing of death certificates, hospital closures, failures to deep clean clinics, and strike action by nurses and civil servants all effectively left rural citizens without bio-medical protection. As the state refused a more engaged strategy, many people turned to indigenous knowledge and traditional healers to address their growing spiritual and physical distress. The chapter argues for some form of "people's science" as an alternative to the dominant, top-down bio-science model.
Introduction
Authors: Monshipouri Mahmood 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter argues that sustainable resolution to the conflicts in the region will come from US-Iranian negotiations. Historically, the détente between Iran and the United States has almost always led to the reduction of tensions between Iran and its Arab neighbours. Working toward achieving reconciliation with Washington has potentially been rewarding for Iran, rending reaching a regional détente with Iran's neighbours all the more plausible.
The Biden Administration
Authors: Monshipouri Mahmood 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, I explore several alternative scenarios and their policy implications for restarting the original Iran nuclear deal. I argue that the most likely scenario is that United States is keen on reshaping the deal, demanding more stringent reinforcement for the long term--a move that Iranian officials see counterproductive at this point, arguing that this will contribute to further diplomatic impasse. There is no evidence that a containment of Iran will work in the future either. The "maximum pressure" campaign aimed at isolating and punishing Iran by re-imposing sanctions proved ineffective and untenable. A better approach would emphasize a diplomatic track. After looking into Biden’s foreign policy experience with Iran, I critically engage and strengthen the case for diplomacy and multilateralism.
A Civilising Mission 2.0?
Authors: Vogel Christoph N. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Building upon the origins of the "conflict minerals" paradigm, this chapter illustrates how international advocacy has transformed into concrete policy debate. It introduces the landscape of parallel and partially overlapping regulation attempts that have emerged in the shape of laws and guidelines. It then analyzes how those are operationalized--in the form of "private indirect government"--by private sector, NGOs, and government agencies. In doing so, it pays particular attention to the US legislation known as "Dodd-Frank Act 1502", OECD guidance on responsible sourcing and the regional certification mechanism of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR). The chapter discusses how these policy innovations were informed by a mission civilisatrice-style ideology rooted in a reading of the Congolese conflict as violent, backwards, and driven by greed.