bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defending Partly Intrinsic Taxon Essentialism
Authors: Devitt Michael 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 went against the consensus in the philosophy of biology by arguing that Linnaean taxa, including species, have essences that are partly intrinsic underlying, probably largely genetic, properties: biological generalizations about the phenotypic properties of taxa require explanations that must advert to these essences. The present chapter responds to criticisms of that argument. My responses emphasize three distinctions: between structural and historical explanations, which is central to my argument for intrinsic essentialism; between the category and the taxon problems, which is central to my rejection of the main argument against intrinsic essentialism; between the conspecificity and taxon problems, which is central to my diagnosis of where the consensus has gone wrong. I deny that my essentialism is at odds with certain biological variations and that its talk of intrinsic essences is an uncalled for metaphysical addition to biology.
Historical Biological Essentialism
Authors: Devitt Michael 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The consensus in the philosophy of biology is that a taxon’s essence or nature is not intrinsic but wholly relational, particularly historical. (A) Why believe this? (B) What precisely is this essence? In answer to (A), the chapter argues that historical/evolutionary explanations demand that there be an historical component to the essence, at least. A good answer to (B) must be complete in that it distinguishes one taxon from another and plausible in that posits an essence that can bear the explanatory burden. Answers found in the literature do not pass this test. The chapter argues that the relevant history of a taxon is of organisms of a certain intrinsic kind evolving into organisms of a certain other intrinsic kind, until we reach the taxon in question. The historical component to the essence requires an intrinsic component.
Individual Essentialism in Biology
Authors: Devitt Michael 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
A few philosophers of biology have recently explicitly rejected Essential Membership, the doctrine that if an individual organism belongs to a taxon, particularly a species, it does so essentially. But philosophers of biology have not addressed the broader issue, much discussed by metaphysicians on the basis of modal intuitions, of what is essential to the organism. In this chapter, I address that issue from a biological basis, arguing for the Kripkean view that an organism has a partly intrinsic, partly historical, essence. The arguments appeal to the demands of biological explanation and are analogous to arguments that I have given earlier that a taxon has a partly intrinsic, partly historical, essence. These conclusions about the essences of individuals and taxa yield an argument for Essential Membership. Finally, I reject four objections that LaPorte has made to Essential Membership.
Epistemic-Modal Bridge Principles
Authors: Alter Torin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter defends the modified new fact thesis and related epistemic-modal bridge principles from objections due to Howell and Goff. It is argued that Howell’s objections and some of Goff’s fall prey to arguments presented above, in Chapter 7. Then the chapter turns to Goff’s reflections on the doctrine of Revelation, on which introspection reveals the essential nature of our conscious experiences, According to Goff, the relevant epistemic-modal bridge principles depend on that doctrine, He also argues that one can use Revelation to refute physicalism more directly, that is, without relying on epistemic-modal bridge principles. The chapter argues that Goff is mistaken on both counts. His more direct anti-physicalist argument requires an implausibly strong version of Revelation, and the bridge principles do not.
The Racial Xenos
Authors: Desautels-Stein Justin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 introduces the book’s working theory of racial xenophobia. It develops an understanding of the racialized outsider through an analysis of Giorgio Agamben’s Homo Sacer, read in the light of Denise Ferreira da Silva’s Toward a Global Understanding of Race, and Saidya Hartman’s Scenes of Subjection. After conceptualizing the “racial xenos,” the chapter then moves on to the intellectual history of racial xenophobia in the emergence of race science.
Nations of Daylight, Children of the Night
Authors: Desautels-Stein Justin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 introduces the structure of “classical” racial ideology in international law. It consists in the confluence of formalist legal reasoning and the import of racial identity as a natural feature of human identity, explored in Chapter 2. The survey of international law’s classic racial ideology includes thinkers such as Elihu Root, Alejandro Alvarez, Johann Kaspar Bluntschli, Caleb Cushing, and James Lorimer.
Decolonization and the Ambivalence of Self-Determination
Authors: Desautels-Stein Justin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 discusses the third element of modern racial ideology, the deracialization of the sovereign’s right of imperium. At the same time, the chapter also explores the development of a right of self-determination that pushes against the racist manifestation of dominium introduced in Chapter 5. It does so through a discussion of the Universal Races Congress (URC), the Pan-African Congresses, the Bandung Conference, and the postcolonial turn in the United Nations General Assembly.
Administrative Procedure and Judicial Control
Authors: Jabloner Clemens 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter embarks from the principles of the division of powers original significance as a guaranty for the administration, referring to a famous observation by Tocqueville. The chapter then follows the development of principles in the course of the nineteenth century, during which the judiciary was defined as an organ to be protected. The Austrian system of a single court controlling the administration, set up in 1876, was a successful attempt to balance the powers. Since there were no procedural guidelines concerning administrative procedure, it was for the Administrative Court to develop a set of rules, which in 1925 formed the basis for general legislation. This concept is still valid today, but challenged by developments in European law, which attach greater importance to intensified judicial control concerning the legal refinement of administrative procedure itself.
The History of the Administrative Procedure in Austria until 1925
Authors: Olechowski Thomas 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe chapter gives an overview of the development of administrative procedural law in Austria from the eighteenth century until its codification by the Administrative Procedural Acts in 1925. Initially, there were scarcely any comprehensive regulations, but rather special provisions for individual administrative matters; often the behaviour of the authorities was also completely unregulated and therefore ‘free’. Of central importance was the introduction of administrative jurisdiction in 1875. In its case law, the Administrative Court developed a number of principles that were later incorporated into the 1925 laws. These laws were drafted by Egbert Mannlicher and Emmerich Coreth. They were a model for some other States and are still in force in Austria today.
The Hungarian Legislation on Administrative Procedure
Authors: Varga András Zs. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBefore the dissolution of the Habsburg Empire, Hungary was involved in the development of standards of administrative conduct by the Royal Administrative Court. Hungarian courts have, ever since 1919, exercised control to prevent the abuse of discretionary power. However, in the first part of this chapter’s time frame, Hungary did not adopt any general legislation on administrative procedure, while it did so in 1957. The chapter focuses on two main issues. First, it summarises the theoretical debates after adoption of the Austrian Administrative Procedure Act (APA) regarding the feasibility of codification of a similar Hungarian APA. Nevertheless, it mentions the most important impact factors of constitutional history—and coexistence within the Austrian-Hungarian monarchy. Second, the chapter recalls the development of codification from 1957 (first APA) up to now (fourth APA). It points out that the actual law in force somehow reflects the doubts of the 1920s, even if a formally comprehensive law is adopted.
Austria and Germany
Authors: Schefold Dian 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe Austrian Administrative Procedure Act was influenced by the constitutional concept of Hans Kelsen with its accent on the rule of law (Rechtsstaat) on the one hand and the jurisprudence of the Austrian Administrative Court on the other. It was seen in Germany rather as a restriction of discretionary power of the administration. In the German Federal State, a central State’s regulation of administrative procedure would have been difficult. The Prussian model of self-government under rule of law, developed in the 1870s–1880s by Rudolf Gneist, provided for a mixture of self-government, formalised administrative procedures, and administrative jurisdiction on the local (second-tier) level. After the Second World War, administrative jurisdiction had priority over administrative procedure.
The Austrian Legacy
Authors: Cananea Giacinto Della , Zumbini Angela Ferrari , Pfersmann Otto 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe concluding chapter discusses both the originality and significance of the research findings. First, the enquiry focuses on three aspects which have not been valued highly enough by previous studies concerning the spread of administrative procedure legislation after the Austrian codification of 1925, namely the variety of factors that determined the Austrian turning point, the rapid diffusion of the new ideas and institutions, and their durability, despite regime change after 1945. Second, and more importantly from the perspective of the ‘common core’, the chapter discusses the role of administrative procedure within legal systems which adopted administrative procedure legislation. It shows that between them, the area of agreement was even broader and more significant than was commonly believed. It also discusses the relevance of negative findings concerning the legal systems that did not opt for one type of administrative procedure legislation or another. Lastly, it argues that if the development of administrative law in Europe owes much to France for its shaping of judicial review through special courts, its consolidation owes much to Austria due to its inclination towards the codification of administrative procedure.
Prologue: A Grave in Yokohama
Authors: Parsell Diana P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
American travel writer Eliza Ruhamah Scidmore (1856–1928) is buried in Yokohama, Japan, where she lived on and off for several decades while reporting on Meiji Japan and other places across the Far East. Though a scarcity of personal papers contributed to Scidmore’s long obscurity, the author has reconstructed her life and work through her six books of travel; hundreds of letters and other records, many newly uncovered; and a considerable body of journalism that places Scidmore among America’s pioneering woman reporters. The book illuminates Scidmore’s role in giving Washington, D.C., its Japanese cherry trees and her other achievements in Alaska exploration, the U.S. conservation movement, the formative years of National Geographic, and the “opening” of China to tourism in the late-nineteenth century. Written for both general-interest readers and scholars, this foundational biography will pave the way to deeper research and analysis of Scidmore’s life and work.
A Fresh Start
Authors: Parsell Diana P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Eliza Scidmore’s upbringing in Washington, D.C., beginning during the Civil War lays the foundation of her deep knowledge of the U.S. capital that informs her later reporting as a society writer and her persistent efforts to bring Japanese cherry trees to the city. In an unconventional family arrangement for the era, Scidmore and her brother George are raised by a white, middle-class mother who supports the family through boardinghouse work and a federal job. Eliza’s early education at a convent school fosters a fascination with geography and curiosity about the world. During her adolescence in the 1870s, she witnesses physical improvements under alderman “Boss” Shepherd that mark the beginning of Washington’s vibrant social and political life during the Gilded Age. While her brother George completes law school and joins the U.S. Consular Service, Eliza attends Oberlin College—though in an act of growing independence she leaves before completing her degree.
Jinrikishas in Japan
Authors: Parsell Diana P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1885, Eliza Scidmore sails to Japan for the first time with her mother to visit Eliza’s brother, George Scidmore, an official with the U.S. Consular Service. The trip, at a time of strong globetrotter activity, marks the start of her many years of reporting on Japan during its Meiji period, which brought a rapid transition from feudal society to Western-style modernization. Eliza and Mrs. Scidmore will live there off and on for forty years while George serves most of his government career in Japan. In two trips totaling more than two years, mother and daughter make forays to destinations in Japan, Korea, and China. Still writing travel journalism for the St. Louis Globe–Democrat, Scidmore reports on adventures such as climbing Mount Fuji.
New Highway to the East
Authors: Parsell Diana P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In 1894–5 Eliza Scidmore makes an around-the-world trip on behalf of the Canadian Pacific Railway, now marketing itself as a “new highway” to the Far East. Her compact travel guide for the company, Westward to the Far East (1891), reflects her expanding travels across the region. She also reports on Banff and other places in the Canadian Rockies where the company is building chateau-stye hotels to promote tourism. On her world tour she visits Japan’s Inland Sea, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), India, and Java, the subject of her 1897 book Java, the Garden of the East. During her trip, the Sino–Japanese War breaks out, a conflict that will change the region’s balance of power. Scidmore returns home by way of London to join a National Geographic Society delegation at the Sixth International Geographic Conference, where the U.S. press lauds her success as an exemplary “American girl.”
Trouble in China
Authors: Parsell Diana P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Through frequent writings on her travels to China in the late-nineteenth century, Eliza Scidmore helps “open” the country to Western tourism. She steps up her reporting there after China’s military defeat by Japan in 1895 and a palace coup in which the empress dowager Cixi wrests control from Emperor Guangxu. Scidmore’s contacts in Peking include Der Ling, a lady-in-waiting to the dowager. Helen Taft, the future first lady, is visiting Japan for the first time in the summer of 1900 when the Boxer Rebellion puts Peking under siege. Scidmore’s publisher rushes her book China: The Long-Lived Empire into print. Later that year, on a reporting trip for her book on India (1903), Scidmore socializes with British Viceroy George Curzon and his American-born wife, the former Washington debutante Mary Leiter. Scidmore strikes up a friendship with Chicago socialite Emily MacVeagh, a fellow enthusiast of Asian treasures.
Eyes on Japan
Authors: Parsell Diana P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Eliza Scidmore is reporting from the Far East for the Chicago Daily Tribune when war breaks out in 1904 between Japan and Russia. The assignment becomes a professional embarrassment when she discovers the editors have been misrepresenting her and her work. After the assignment, she arranges to visit Matsuyama and other prisoner-of-war camps to find out how Japan is observing POW accords adopted at the 1899 International Peace Conference in the Hague. She finds Japan’s conduct exemplary and turns her findings into her only published work of fiction, As the Hague Ordains (1907). On a trip to Peking, Scidmore acquires a former throne chair of the empress dowager of China, looted from the Summer Palace after the Boxer Rebellion. She returns to Washington while President Theodore Roosevelt is mediating the Portsmouth Peace Treaty that ends the war between Japan and Russia in 1905.
“The World and All That Is in It”
Authors: Parsell Diana P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
As Eliza Scidmore resettles in Washington in 1905, she finds the National Geographic Society enjoying a new lease on life thanks to an innovation in the magazine’s use of photography. In an impulsive move, its new editor, Gilbert H. Grosvenor, ran eleven full-page images of black-and-white photographs in one issue, ushering in a picture-centric format that will define the magazine for the next century. After the death of Scidmore’s long-time mentor and the society’s chief patron, Gardiner Greene Hubbard, his son-in-law Alexander Graham Bell takes over and presses to make the magazine more enticing to general readers. Eliza begins working closely with Grosvenor (Bell’s son-in-law) to plan stories and acquire images from Asia. Some photos she takes herself; others she acquires from a variety of sources. During this period, Scidmore urges Grosvenor to make the leap to color printing to do justice to hand-colored images now becoming available.
Field of Cherries
Authors: Parsell Diana P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In her efforts to bring Japanese cherry trees to Washington, Eliza Scidmore finds collaborators in U.S. Department of Agriculture botanist David Fairchild and his wife, Marian (a daughter of Alexander Graham Bell). At a 1908 Arbor Day lecture at Franklin School, which Scidmore attends, Fairchild calls for planting a “field of cherries” on an avenue known as “the Speedway,” running past Potomac Park. It’s the first public airing of an idea Scidmore has championed, in slightly different form, for two decades. Despite the common goal she and the Fairchilds now share, resistance by the city’s park officials remains an obstacle. Meanwhile, the press reveals Scidmore as the author of the anonymously published novel As the Hague Ordains (1907), based on her reporting of Russian POWs in Japan during the Russo–Japanese War. The emperor of Japan awards Scidmore a medal for her writing about his country.
Up in Smoke
Authors: Parsell Diana P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Eliza Scidmore publishes an article in the March 1910 edition of The Century magazine on the 2,000 cherry trees due to arrive as a gift from Japan, but the article becomes obsolete when all the trees are destroyed soon after their arrival. The action occurs at the recommendation of U.S. Department of Agriculture inspectors who find the trees badly infested and deem them a threat to U.S. agriculture. The tree burning takes place in the shadow of the Washington Monument, near the agriculture department’s storehouses. First Lady Helen Taft, whose initiative for the beautification of Potomac Park launched the planting project, has awaited the trees’ arrival with anticipation during a year of recovering from a stroke. Now her project goes up in smoke. Japanese officials respond to the debacle with graciousness and offer to send a replacement batch, though tensions in U.S.–Japan relations create uncertainty about whether it will be carried out.
Epilogue: At Home in the World
Authors: Parsell Diana P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Though Eliza Scidmore stated in her will that she desired no special disposition of her ashes, a petition to the family from American and Japanese friends led to her burial in 1929 alongside her mother and brother in Yokohama’s Foreign General Cemetery. The Japanese have memorialized her over the years as an early “friend of Japan.” In her native America, meanwhile, interest in Scidmore has increased steadily for a decade, since she was “rediscovered” during Washington’s centennial celebration of its first Japanese cherry trees in 2012. The destruction of most of her personal papers by a relative soon after her death contributed to a dearth of information that helps explain Scidmore’s near obscurity for much of a century despite her historical importance. The resurrection of her story through her prolific journalism and many previously unrevealed letters paves the way to further studies of her life and work. This foundational biography is a significant contribution to women’s studies because Eliza Scidmore serves as a representational figure at a time of great transition in American history, when women’s roles were being shaped by influences beyond their position in the family. Her writings show that among the principles that guided her reporting in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was a deep faith in human progress, whether of individuals or of nations.
Ancient and Modern State Systems
Authors: Lok Matthijs 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The seventh chapter (‘Ancient and Modern State Systems’) turns again to anti-Napoleonic history writing as the case of Arnold Ludwig Heeren, introduced in Chapter 1, is examined. Heeren’s self-positioning as an ‘impartial’ historian of Europe and his ambivalent attitude towards contemporary political affairs is described. Then a sketch is provided of Heeren’s development from a scholar of the classical world into a historian of modern Europe, to be followed by sections on Heeren’s academic precursors, in particular the Göttingen school of Staatenhistorie and international law. Subsequently, Heeren’s account of the rise of the modern state system is described, as is his analysis of the decline and fall of this state system in his own era. The following section deals with the ambivalent and multifaceted role of empire and extra-European colonialism in his account of the international system.
Challenging Democratic Commitments
Authors: Viehoff Daniel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Many citizens of liberal democracies are both wedded to fundamental tenets of liberal political morality and robustly committed to democracy. (They are robustly committed to democracy just insofar as they would, within certain limits, prefer living under instrumentally suboptimal democratic institutions to living under instrumentally superior non-democratic ones.) Recent liberal arguments for instrumentalism about democracy, advanced most prominently by Richard Arneson and Jason Brennan, have sought to cast doubt on the compatibility of these allegiances. They charge that core elements of liberal political morality disallow the procedural justifications of democracy on which robust democratic commitments rest. The choice between democratic and non-democratic procedures should, they argue, be based on instrumental considerations only. This chapter shows that these liberal arguments for pure instrumentalism about political procedures fail: we can accept the liberal principles and values to which these arguments appeal, and yet invoke democratic procedural goods in the justification of democratic arrangements. By delineating the space that remains for procedural considerations within a broadly liberal political morality, this chapter provides an outline for justifications of democracy that take equally seriously the democratic and the liberal commitments many citizens of liberal democracies endorse.