bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anesthesia management of neonates and infants requiring intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring: A concise review
Authors: Nakahari Hirofumi , Wilton Niall C. T. , Kojima Taiki 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIntraoperative neurophysiological monitoring is currently used to prevent intraoperative spinal cord and nerve injuries during neonatal and infant surgeries. However, its use is associated with some issues in these young children. The developing nervous system of infants and neonates requires higher stimulation voltage than adults to ensure adequate signals, thereby necessitating reduced anesthesia dose to avoid suppressing motor and somatosensory‐evoked potentials. Excessive dose reduction, however, increases the risk of unexpected body movement when used without neuromuscular blocking drugs. Most recent guidelines for older children and adults recommend total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil. However, the measurement of anesthetic depth is less well understood in infants and neonates. Size factors and physiological maturation cause pharmacokinetics differences compared with adults. These issues make neurophysiological monitoring in this young population a challenge for anesthesiologists. Furthermore, monitoring errors such as false‐negative results immediately affect the prognosis of motor and bladder‐rectal functions in patients. Therefore, anesthesiologists need to be familiar with the effects of anesthetics and age‐specific neurophysiological monitoring challenges. This review provides an update regarding available anesthetic options and their target concentration in neonates and infants requiring intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring.
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve impingement post marathon: A case report
Authors: Sheplay Kirk A. , Sheplay Anthony W. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIntroductionPosterior femoral cutaneous nerve (PFCN) neuropathy is an uncommon, potentially under‐recognized cause of low back, buttock, perineal, and posterior and lateral thigh pain and numbness. Most PFCN injuries are caused by intramuscular injections; however, this is the first reported case of a PFCN injury of hamstring pathology due to tendonitis caused by long‐distance running.Case ReportA middle‐aged man presented with right lower buttock pain, which started 2 weeks after running a marathon. The pain was located medial and superior to the ischia tuberosity and extended distally to the right scrotum with no testicular pain. The pain progressed such that he was unable to sit down for over a year. An initial MRI showed right hamstring tendonitis. Consults with sports medicine and hip orthopedics provided no clear diagnosis. He failed to improve with NSAIDs, physical therapy, massage, PRP injection, two Ganglion of Impar Nerve blocks, and trial of Pregabalin. The diagnosis was confirmed with temporary relief following a PFCN block. He was then advised to have the nerve resected because of the failure of nonsurgical treatment.DiscussionAfter excluding the more common etiologies of buttock pain and sitting intolerance, practitioners should consider the rarer condition of the impingement of the PFCN in runners.
The executive lawmaking agenda: Political parties, prime ministers, and policy change in Australia
Authors: Gibbons Andrew , Evans Rhonda 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn Westminster systems, governments enjoy a privileged position in the lawmaking process that they can use to deliver on their campaign promises and achieve their policy goals. What policy areas do governments seek to affect through lawmaking? How stable is the executive lawmaking agenda? How responsive is that agenda to changes triggered by elections or by transitions in prime minister? This study uses a dataset of 3982 Australian bills introduced between 2000 and 2017 to answer these questions. While it finds considerable stability in the policy content of executive lawmaking agendas, the analysis also indicates that Australia's executive lawmaking agenda is more responsive to changes in prime minister than to changes in the party in power. As the first application of the comparative policy agendas approaches to government bills in Australia, this article offers new insights into executive lawmaking priorities during an especially turbulent period in Australian politics.
Argumentative Representation and Democracy: A Critique of Alexy's Defense of Judicial Review of Legislation
Authors: Buriticá‐Arango Esteban , Gaviria‐Mira Julián 
Published: April 2023

AbstractRobert Alexy has argued that the democratic objection to judicial review of legislation can be successfully addressed by assuming that judges exercise a special form of argumentative representation. In this article we argue that Alexy does not explain (as he should) under what circumstances judicial review tends to produce better decisions than parliamentary procedure, nor does he explain how judicial review can have a greater intrinsic value than parliamentary procedure. Subsequently, we argue that the intrinsic value of argumentative representation depends on the promotion of citizen deliberation, whereas its instrumental value depends on judges being committed to the rights of discrete and insular minorities in the face of hostile majorities.
Externalities in the wildland–urban interface: Private decisions, collective action, and results from wildfire simulation models for California
Authors: Kunreuther Howard , Demidov Artem , Pauly Mark , Turcic Matija , Wilson Michael 
Published: April 2023

AbstractProperty damage from wildfires occurs from spread into built‐up areas, the wildland–urban interface. Fire spread occurs as embers from one burning structure ignite neighboring ones—but mitigation reduces the chances that fire spreads. In this study, we use a simulation model with realistic parameters for a neighborhood in California to illustrate patterns of marginal benefit from mitigation. We extend existing models of fire spread in two novel ways. We show how to describe the no‐regulation equilibrium and social optimal levels of mitigation by incorporating data on a key factor, the distribution of house values in the community. We incorporate insurance in the model and show that it improves homeowner decision‐making and insurance premium regulation. The fire spread simulations show that under plausible parameter values, there is a pattern in which mitigation's marginal benefit is low at low levels of community mitigation, rises to a maximum, and then falls quickly to a low level. We argue that the maximum marginal benefit is a guide to achieving optimal mitigation in a community. Owner mitigation decisions will depend on the distribution of house values in the neighborhood and other factors. In an illustration, we use the distribution of house values in a California community to illustrate the mitigation owners will choose under independent (Nash) investment decisions, and the efficiency‐improving actions involving regulations or insurance premium subsidies that can lead to the social optimum.
Does economic state matter for leverage adjustments? An India–China comparison
Authors: Bajaj Yukti , Kashiramka Smita , Singh Shveta 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWe examine the impact of the economic state on capital structure dynamics of Indian and Chinese listed firms using a 10‐year sample period. The empirical analysis is based on the standard partial adjustment mechanism. The economic state (in the base model) is categorised into a good and bad state based on the gross domestic product growth rate. Using system generalised method of moments estimation, our findings suggest that the capital structure speed of adjustment is pro‐cyclical for Indian firms, i.e., they exhibit faster adjustments during a good state of the economy than the bad state. In contrast, the speed is countercyclical in the context of Chinese firms, i.e., they exhibit slower adjustments during a good state of the economy and vice versa. Furthermore, consistent with the existing literature, Indian firms do faster rebalancing than the Chinese ones. Our findings are robust across alternate measures of leverage as well as the economic state.
Efficacy and rates of diquat for reducing invasive knotweeds and potential for sequential use with imazapyr
Authors: Kuehne Lauren , Heimer David 
Published: April 2023

AbstractInvasive knotweeds (Reynoutria spp.) pose an ongoing challenge for weed management programs worldwide, requiring years of persistent treatment. In this study, we tested efficacy of diquat applied as foliar spray early in the growing season for short‐term suppression, and for potential to boost long‐term control when applied sequentially with a mid‐season treatment of imazapyr. We evaluated responses of knotweeds (R. japonica, R. × bohemica, and R. sachelinensis) treated with one of three diquat concentrations (0.25%, 0.50%, or 1.0%, v/v), using multiple metrics to capture changes in aboveground plant density and abundance. Canopy cover and biomass were significantly reduced by all diquat concentrations and resembled pre‐treatment conditions at 8WAT, reflecting the shift toward reduced stem heights in treated compared with untreated plots. Stem counts at 8WAT, however, did not differ in response to diquat treatments. Sequentially applied early‐season diquat and mid‐season imazapyr treatments reduced canopy cover (66%–82%), biomass (65%–91%), and stem density (57%–79%) when evaluated 1 year after treatment; reductions were greatest in plots treated with medium and high diquat concentrations, suggesting that diquat treatments may have an additive effect. Overall, our study establishes rates of diquat to reduce biomass of invasive knotweed, and supports additional testing to assess improvement in long‐term control when used sequentially with a systemic herbicide.
Weed control in a pesticide‐free farming system with mineral fertilisers
Authors: Saile Marcus , Spaeth Michael , Schwarz Jürgen , Bahrs Enno , Claß‐Mahler Ingrid , Gerhards Roland 
Published: April 2023

AbstractNegative impacts of pesticides on the environment and human health, the risk of pesticide residues in the food chain, and the problems with herbicide‐resistant weed biotypes support the need for alternative cropping systems. The objective of this study was to investigate weed populations, weed management and crop yield in a pesticide‐free cropping system with the use of mineral fertilisers. Conventional‐, organic‐ and mineral‐ecological cropping systems (MECS) with 6‐year crop rotations including winter wheat, maize, winter triticale or winter rye, soyabean or spring pea, and spring barley were established in a randomised complete strip plot design with four repetitions. Experiments were conducted at four locations in Germany. Preventive and sensor‐guided mechanical weed management strategies were applied in all crops in the organic system and in MECS. Herbicide were applied in the conventional farming system. Weed densities, weed species composition, weed control efficacy (WCE) and crop yield were analysed over 2 years in 2020 and 2021. Conventional farming had the highest WCE and 1–7 weeds m−2 (2.7% weed coverage) after herbicide application. In the organic cropping system and MECS, up to 27 weeds m−2 were counted after camera‐guided weed hoeing. Weed coverage in MECS (9.7%) was higher than in the organic cropping system with 7.7%. Crop yield in MECS was equal to the conventional farming system and 20% higher yield than in the organic farming system. MECS represents a promising new and productive cropping practice if an effective integrated weed management strategy is applied.
Barriers and facilitators to the adoption and use of assistive technology for adults with an intellectual disability who live in supported accommodation: a mixed methods systematic review protocol
Authors: Morris Benjamin , Warren Alison , Bradwell Hannah , Noonan Miriam 
Published: April 2023

Objective:
This review will identify the barriers and facilitators of assistive technology adoption and use in adults with intellectual disabilities living in supported accommodation. This will inform the development of an assistive technology adoption framework for these settings.

Introduction:
Assistive technology has the potential to increase the independence and well-being of people with intellectual disabilities; however, it is often not adopted. Generic models of technology adoption exist, and a recent systematic review has explored factors influencing access to assistive technology by people with intellectual disabilities. However, no review has presented a framework of adoption or use of technology specifically for people with intellectual disabilities living in supported accommodation.

Inclusion criteria:
This review will include qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method studies as well as gray literature published from 1989 to 2023 on the barriers and facilitators of technology adoption and use by adults with intellectual disabilities living in supported accommodation. Systematic reviews and theses will be excluded.

Methods:
The review will be conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology for mixed methods systematic reviews and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Databases to be searched will include PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, CINAHL, IEEE Xplore, and SocINDEX. Two independent reviewers will screen titles and abstracts for relevance and quality. Data will be extracted by 1 reviewer and validated by a second independently. Data analysis will use a convergent integrated approach, with quantitative data “qualitized” using thematic analysis to allow comparison. All data will be mapped onto an existing framework of technological adoption via framework synthesis.

Systematic review registration number:
353732
The Path to Translating Focus of Attention Research Into Canadian Physiotherapy, Part 3: Designing a Workshop Through Consultation With Physiotherapists and Focus of Attention Researchers
Authors: Hussien Julia , Gignac Lauren , Shearer Lauren , Ste-Marie Diane M. 
Published: April 2023

Although researchers have consistently demonstrated the potential benefit of an external focus of attention for rehabilitation, research has shown that this finding has yet to be translated into Canadian physiotherapy. Further, specific barriers to external focus use have been reported by Canadian physiotherapists, and as a solution toward increasing physiotherapists’ use of external focus, these same physiotherapists recommended the development of an educational workshop on focus of attention. Considering this, described herein is the process of developing such a workshop, which involved (a) gathering input from physiotherapists concerning content and format via one-on-one interviews and (b) engaging in discussion about content with focus of attention researchers. Analysis of the interview data featured key content for the workshop, the types of activities to include, and a recommended sequencing for the activities: specifically, sharing didactic information on focus of attention research, then providing instruction and demonstration of external focus use, and finally, finishing with opportunities for generating and delivering external focus statements. This input, along with that of the researchers, led to the development of a two-component focus of attention workshop, which includes an asynchronous component, featuring seven self-directed learning modules and a synchronous component, which consists of a virtual group session.
Perspectives of healthcare workers on the challenges with obstetric referrals in rural communities in Ghana: a descriptive phenomenology study
Authors: Dzomeku Veronica Millicent , Mensah Adwoa Bemah Boamah , Nakua Emmanuel Kweku , Agbadi Pascal , Okyere Joshua , Kumah Alex , Munukpa Jacob , Ofosu Anthony Adofo , Lockhart Nancy , Lori Jody R 
Published: April 2023

ObjectiveWe explored and document healthcare workers’ (HCWs’) perspectives on the challenges encountered during obstetric referrals.DesignThe study adopted a qualitative research approach and a descriptive phenomenology design. HCWs permanently working in 16 rural healthcare facilities in the Sene East and West Districts composed of the target population for this study. Using a purposive sampling technique, participants were recruited and enrolled in in-depth individual interviews (n=25) and focused group discussions (n=12). Data were analysed thematically using QSR NVivo V.12.SettingSixteen rural healthcare facilities in the Sene East and West Districts, Ghana.ParticipantsHealthcare workers.ResultsAreas related to patient as well as institutional level issues challenged the referral processes. At the patients’ level, financial constraints, fears associated with referral and patients’ non-compliance with referrals were identified as challenges that delayed the referral process. With regard to institutional challenges, the following emerged: referral transportation challenges, poor attitudes of service providers, low staff strength and healthcare bureaucracies.ConclusionWe conclude that in order for obstetric referrals in rural Ghana to be effective and timely, there is the need to raise more awareness about the need for patients to comply with referral directives, through health education messages and campaigns. Given our findings on the delays associated with long deliberations, the study recommends the training of more cadre of healthcare providers to facilitate obstetric referral processes. Such an intervention would help to improve the current low staff strength. Also, there is a need to improve ambulatory services in rural communities to counteract the challenges that poor transportation system poses on obstetric referrals.
Unmasking hidden disparities: a comparative observational study examining the impact of different rurality classifications for health research in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Whitehead Jesse , Davie Gabrielle , de Graaf Brandon , Crengle Sue , Lawrenson Ross , Miller Rory , Nixon Garry 
Published: April 2023

ObjectivesExamine the impact of two generic—urban–rural experimental profile (UREP) and urban accessibility (UA)—and one purposely built—geographic classification for health (GCH)—rurality classification systems on the identification of rural–urban health disparities in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ).DesignA comparative observational study.SettingNZ; the most recent 5 years of available data on mortality events (2013–2017), hospitalisations and non-admitted hospital patient events (both 2015–2019).ParticipantsNumerator data included deaths (n=156 521), hospitalisations (n=13 020 042) and selected non-admitted patient events (n=44 596 471) for the total NZ population during the study period. Annual denominators, by 5-year age group, sex, ethnicity (Māori, non-Māori) and rurality, were estimated from Census 2013 and Census 2018.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrimary measures were the unadjusted rural incidence rates for 17 health outcome and service utilisation indicators, using each rurality classification. Secondary measures were the age-sex-adjusted rural and urban incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for the same indicators and rurality classifications.ResultsTotal population rural rates of all indicators examined were substantially higher using the GCH compared with the UREP, and for all except paediatric hospitalisations when the UA was applied. All-cause rural mortality rates using the GCH, UA and UREP were 82, 67 and 50 per 10 000 person-years, respectively. Rural–urban all-cause mortality IRRs were higher using the GCH (1.21, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.22), compared with the UA (0.92, 95% CI 0.91 to 0.94) and UREP (0.67, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.68). Age-sex-adjusted rural and urban IRRs were also higher using the GCH than the UREP for all outcomes, and higher than the UA for 13 of the 17 outcomes. A similar pattern was observed for Māori with higher rural rates for all outcomes using the GCH compared with the UREP, and 11 of the 17 outcomes using the UA. For Māori, rural–urban all-cause mortality IRRs for Māori were higher using the GCH (1.34, 95% CI 1.29 to 1.38), compared with the UA (1.23, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.27) and UREP (1.15, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.19).ConclusionsSubstantial variation in rural health outcome and service utilisation rates were identified with different classifications. Rural rates using the GCH are substantially higher than the UREP. Generic classifications substantially underestimated rural–urban mortality IRRs for the total and Māori populations.
Leflunomide treatment for patients hospitalised with COVID-19: DEFEAT-COVID randomised controlled trial
Authors: Kralj-Hans Ines , Li Kuo , Wesek Adrian , Lamorgese Alexia , Omar Fatima , Ranasinghe Kapila , McGee Megan , Brack Kieran , Li Shiliang , Aggarwal Ritesh , Bulle Ajay , Kodre Aparna , Sharma Shashank , Fluck David , John Isaac , Sharma Pankaj , Belsey Jonathan D , Li Ling , Seshasai Sreenivasa Rao Kondapally , Li Hong Lin , Marczin Nandor , Chen Zhong 
Published: April 2023

ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of leflunomide (L) added to the standard-of-care (SOC) treatment in COVID-19 patients hospitalised with moderate/critical clinical symptoms.DesignProspective, open-label, multicentre, stratified, randomised clinical trial.SettingFive hospitals in UK and India, from September 2020 to May 2021.ParticipantsAdults with PCR confirmed COVID-19 infection with moderate/critical symptoms within 15 days of onset.InterventionLeflunomide 100 mg/day (3 days) followed by 10–20 mg/day (7 days) added to standard care.Primary outcomesThe time to clinical improvement (TTCI) defined as two-point reduction on a clinical status scale or live discharge prior to 28 days; safety profile measured by the incidence of adverse events (AEs) within 28 days.ResultsEligible patients (n=214; age 56.3±14.9 years; 33% female) were randomised to SOC+L (n=104) and SOC group (n=110), stratified according to their clinical risk profile. TTCI was 7 vs 8 days in SOC+L vs SOC group (HR 1.317; 95% CI 0.980 to 1.768; p=0.070). Incidence of serious AEs was similar between the groups and none was attributed to leflunomide. In sensitivity analyses, excluding 10 patients not fulfilling the inclusion criteria and 3 who withdrew consent before leflunomide treatment, TTCI was 7 vs 8 days (HR 1.416, 95% CI 1.041 to 1.935; p=0.028), indicating a trend in favour of the intervention group. All-cause mortality rate was similar between groups, 9/104 vs 10/110. Duration of oxygen dependence was shorter in the SOC+L group being a median 6 days (IQR 4–8) compared with 7 days (IQR 5–10) in SOC group (p=0.047).ConclusionLeflunomide, added to the SOC treatment for COVID-19, was safe and well tolerated but had no major impact on clinical outcomes. It may shorten the time of oxygen dependence by 1 day and thereby improve TTCI/hospital discharge in moderately affected COVID-19 patients.Trial registration numbersEudraCT Number: 2020-002952-18,NCT05007678.