bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
पूर्वी उत्तर प्रदेश में वित्तीय संस्थाओं में विद्यमान क्षेत्रीय विषमताएँ
Authors: शुक्ल जैशराज 
Published: September 2023

भारतीय ग्रामीण अर्थव्यवस्था में कृषि कार्य, वाणिज्य, उद्योग तथा अन्य उत्पादकता गतिविधियों विशेषरूप से लघु व्यवसायों तथा सीमान्त कृषकांे, कृषि श्रमिकों, दस्तकारों और उनसे सम्बन्धित अन्य गतिविधियों को व्यावहारिक रूप में विकसित करने तथा सामाजिक आर्थिक विषमता को दूर करने में बैंकांे एवं वित्तीय संस्थाओं की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका होती है।1 वित एवं अर्थव्यवस्था के संदर्भ में वित्तीय संस्थाओं से अभिप्राय उन संस्थाओं से है, जो अपने ग्राहकों एवं सदस्यों को वित्तीय सेवाएं जैसे-ग्राहकों का धन जमा रखना, ग्राहकों को ऋण देना, बैंक ड्राफ्ट देना, निधि अन्तरण आदि प्रदान करते हैं। किसी भी देश की प्रगति में वित्तीय संस्थाओं का महत्वपूर्ण योगदान होता है। वित्तीय संस्थानों का मुख्य कार्य देश में मुद्रा के प्रवाह को नियन्त्रित करना होता है, साथ ही साथ लोगों की आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करने के लिए विभिन्न प्रकार के ऋण प्रदान करते हैं।2 पूर्वी उत्तर प्रदेश में वित्तीय संस्थाओं के अन्तर्गत बैंकों तथा साधन सहकारी समितियों को सम्मिलित किया गया है।
The impact of COVID-19 on Occupational Therapy services in Gauteng Province, South Africa: a qualitative study
Authors: Uys Kitty , Casteleijn Daleen , van Niekerk Karin , Balbadhur Raashmi , d’Oliveira Jenna , Msimango Henry 
Published: September 2023

The impact of COVID-19 on healthcare services has been widely reported, but limited information is available on its impact on rehabilitation services in South Africa. This article reports on the impact of COVID-19 on Occupational Therapy services and programmes in public and private health care as delivered by occupational therapists. A qualitative case study design was selected to explore the perceptions of occupational therapists in private and public healthcare settings regarding the impact of COVID-19 on rehabilitation services. Asynchronous on-line focus group interviews were conducted by a team of researchers. The data were thematically analysed. Three themes emerged from the data. Theme 1, the ‘impact on the practice context’, revealed that infection prevention and control protocols were a barrier to achieving rehabilitation goals. An enabler was the therapists’ creativity and new ways of practice. Theme 2 described the ‘impact on the service-users’ where isolation and physical distancing curbed access to rehabilitation services. The struggle of vulnerable populations and socio-economic disparities in healthcare was evident in these data. Theme 3 referred to changes in the ‘professional and personal self’ of the occupational therapists. Challenges to ethical practices − for example, the uncertainty of the benefit of adapted services − resulted in stress and anxiety among therapists. Constantly adapting to changes in Regulations caused compassion fatigue, but therapists also reported healthy coping strategies and resilience. Occupational Therapy rehabilitation services should be listed as essential in times of a pandemic. Better health and social support to vulnerable populations should be established, as their challenges escalated during COVID-19. Research is required to determine practice guidelines and effectiveness of novel rehabilitation practices that were identified during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Intersectoral collaboration before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Western Cape: implications for future whole-of-society approaches to health and wellbeing
Authors: Schneider Helen , Okeyo Ida , du Toit Alheit , Engelbrecht Beth , London Leslie , Pegram Elizabeth , Reagon Gavin , Cloete Keith 
Published: September 2023

The profound health, social and economic impacts generated by the COVID-19 pandemic have necessitated collaboration among societal actors in an unprecedented fashion, elevating the status of the health sector and positioning it to advance intersectoral action on health. This chapter reflects on intersectoral collaboration in the Western Cape prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We describe forms of intersectoral collaboration that emerged in response to COVID-19; how these drew from a prior formative initiative in the province, referred to as WoSA (whole-of-society approach); and the lessons and opportunities these experiences offer for future intersectoral collaboration for health and wellbeing. Three key mechanisms of intersectoral collaboration implemented during the period are considered: technical and logistical support from the health sector to other sectors to mainstream and optimise COVID-19 responses; inter-governmental Joint Operation Centres mandated by the Disaster Management Act; and collaborative district processes drawing on the whole-of-society approach and forming the basis of a COVID-19 Provincial Recovery Plan. The evidence from these experiences is that the trust relationships, governance structures and common data systems established in the COVID-19 period can be leveraged for future intersectoral collaboration. However, this will require a shift from disaster management to developmental mind-sets and from reactive to proactive approaches. Current governmental planning and accountability frameworks characterised by silos remains a challenge. As the ‘universal recipient’ of failing societies, the health sector has a particular responsibility to overcome governance challenges to intersectoral collaboration and to advance whole-of-society approaches to health and wellbeing.
Intellectual property barriers to access to COVID-19 health products in South Africa
Authors: Vawda Yousuf , Tomlinson Catherine , Gray Andy , London Leslie , Paremoer Lauren 
Published: September 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the fragility of local, regional and global health systems and their inability to meet their populations’ health needs. South Africa also experienced severe shortages of health technologies, attributable to a lack of institutional capacity, corruption in supply chain management and procurement, inadequacy of local manufacturing capacity, and intellectual property barriers. This chapter analyses the extent to which intellectual property barriers have impeded the availability, affordability and accessibility of health products, especially vaccines, needed to avert COVID-19 infection. Global initiatives to improve access, such as the COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access facility, the COVID-19 Technology Access Pool, and the waiver of intellectual property rights proposed at the World Trade Organization by South Africa and India, are appraised. A situational analysis of the relevant health product landscape, is also provided. The two-year delay in tabling a Bill to amend the Patents Act, and the limited use of legal flexibilities to circumvent patent and other barriers, are examined. South Africa experienced significant shortages of diagnostics, personal protective equipment and other products; the country’s vaccine acquisition programme lacked urgency; intellectual property rights holders were unable to meet demand for vaccines and their failure to implement technology transfer prevented any prospect of scale-up or local production; and government has stalled on its commitment to patent law reform. It is recommended that the government urgently give attention to, among others: accelerating its vaccine acquisition and administration; addressing the severely strained health infrastructure; eliminating corruption in procurement contracts and the distribution of supplies; and tabling of a Bill to reform patent legislation.
Perceptions of persons with disabilities on the COVID-19 vaccine roll-out in South Africa
Authors: Hart Tim G B , Davids Yul D , Wickenden Mary , Majikijela Yamkela , Ngungu Mercy , Thompson Stephen 
Published: September 2023

Persons with disabilities constitute one of the largest minorities in society and yet are often highly marginalised. In South Africa, between 12% and 20% of the population older than five years are estimated to have activity-limiting impairments. People may have difficulties with mobility, vision, hearing, communication, cognitive and psychosocial functioning, or combinations of these at varying levels of severity. Such limitations become disabling when society fails to adapt the environment to accommodate people with impairments. South Africa began the COVID-19 vaccination roll-out in February 2021, focusing on frontline health workers, people older than 60 and, more recently, those older than 18. Despite some having increased health risks, persons with disabilities were not prioritised to receive the vaccine. An online survey of people self-identifying as having disabilities was distributed in July and August 2021 to explore various aspects of their experiences during the pandemic. Here we analyse the data from the 402 responses to understand respondents’ attitudes to vaccination, their perceived vulnerability to the virus, their desire to be vaccinated, and perceptions about the availability of COVID-19 vaccinations for them. Quantitative data and some qualitative commentary from the survey are presented and discussed. Of the 402 respondents, 70% perceived persons with disabilities as more likely to become seriously ill if infected with COVID-19 due to underlying conditions, yet only 10% of the participants had been vaccinated. As many as 75% of participants wanted the vaccine but have not yet had access to it. The remainder (15%) either did not want it or were uncertain. To date, the government has not been disability-inclusive in its vaccination roll-out, despite high demand for the vaccine as a lifesaving and preventative measure for this significant minority group. Based on the findings, we recommend that this be addressed with urgency to ensure that the rights of persons with disabilities to protection are realised, and that future pandemics can be planned for in a more disability-inclusive way.
Health and related indicators 2021
Authors: Ndlovu Noluthando , Day Candy , Gray Andy , Busang Jacob , Mureithi Linda 
Published: September 2023

This chapter aims to provide a repository of data, focusing on the national and provincial levels, that describes the broad status of the South African health system (socio-demographic indicators and determinants and health status indicators, as well as health service indicators). Data were sourced primarily from national routine data sources, but also captured major surveys and global reports. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was viewed through multiple lenses. COVID-19 hastened the development of new or improved health information systems or modules to track both the disease and health system inputs and responses. Real-time reporting of incident cases, hospitalisations and mortality was enabled, including weekly estimates of the number of excess deaths associated with the pandemic. Ensuring that these innovations are retained after the pandemic will be important. COVID-19 has also emphasised the need to ensure that all data systems use a common unique identifier. COVID-19 has resulted in many collateral impacts on other aspects of health service delivery and outcomes, and selected examples were reported on, using routine data to illustrate the difference between expected and observed measures. Marked impacts were shown on the Primary Health Care utilisation rate and antenatal care, and on specific disease programmes, such as tuberculosis screening, testing and treatment initiation, HIV testing, antiretroviral therapy initiation and continuity of care. Less dramatic impacts on childhood immunisation coverage were evident from routine data. Community Health Workers have been a vital cadre in the response to COVID-19 and in mitigating disruptions to health service delivery as a result of the pandemic, yet their role in the health system is poorly documented and managed, since they are not included in the mainstream information systems. As South Africa transitions from a pandemic response to the means of managing COVID-19 as an endemic disease, a key task will be to retain what is most useful in health information systems and other innovations, and to ensure that these continue to contribute to the unfinished agenda of universal health coverage.
Décentralisation en Afrique subsaharienne francophone : difficultés des gouvernements, engagement innovant de la société civile
Authors: Dansou Dossa Hyppolite , Carrier Mario 
Published: September 2023

Après plusieurs décennies de mise en oeuvre de de décentralisation, vu les ambitions initiales de gouvernance, de développement et le caractère toujours actuel de cette réforme en Afrique de l’Ouest, quel bilan peut aujourd’hui en être fait ? Comment les populations locales vivent-elles cette réforme ? Tout en tenant compte du cadre législatif régissant les relations États/collectivités territoriales (CT), cet article analyse la façon dont s’emboîtent les échelles de gouvernance pour fournir – ou non – des capacités de développement aux CT avant de mettre en exergue l’accroissement du nombre des OSC (organisations de la société civile) à la faveur de la réforme, leurs interactions et actions en faveur du développement territorial.
L’analyse repose sur les hypothèses suivantes : d’une part, les pratiques (mise en oeuvre des lois et objectifs de la décentralisation) des gouvernements centraux ne permettent pas encore d’atteindre la gouvernance et le développement escomptés. D’autre part, la décentralisation favorise l’émergence de plus en plus d’OSC innovant dans le développement des territoires. Et nos conclusions confirment ces hypothèses.
Exclusivement basé sur une collecte documentaire, l’article part du cadre théorique sur la gouvernance multiniveaux proposé par Goldsmith et Page (1987 ; 2010), repris par Poupeau (2019), et des indices de développement humain (IDH) des huit pays francophones de l’Union économique et monétaire Ouest-Africaine (UEMOA), pour produire une analyse comparée de cette réforme dans ces pays à travers ses objectifs de départ.
Cessation of exclusive breastfeeding and predictors among infants aged 0–6 months in Ararso district of the Somali region, Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Ibrahim Kalid Hassen , Ali Abdulkarim Mohammed , Wondimagegne Zelalem Tafese 
Published: September 2023

Background
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is the gold standard of child feeding practice in which the infant only receives breast milk without any additional food or drink, not even water and it lasts up to 6 months after delivery. In the study area, there is a lack of data on the prevalence of cessation of EBF.

Methods
Community-based cross-sectional study design was used among 292 mothers of infants aged 0–6 months. The data was collected using a pretested structured questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out. An odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was used to measure the strength of the association. Statistical significance was declared at P-value <0.05.

Results
The prevalence of cessation of EBF was 57.3% with 95% CI [50.9–62.6]. This study showed being employed (working outside the home) (AOR = 2.44; 95% CI [1.32–4.53]), being rural residence (AOR = 1.87; 95% CI [1.05–3.32]), and inadequate knowledge of EBF (AOR = 2:02; 95% CI [1.19–3.43]) were independent predictors of cessation of EBF.

Conclusion and Recommendation
Our data identified a higher prevalence of cessation of EBF in the study area compared to most studies in Ethiopia and elsewhere. Efforts on improving knowledge of the importance of EBF particularly in rural areas and support for breastfeeding-employed women are recommended.
Claw shape variation in oribatid mites of the genera Carabodes and Caleremaeus: exploring the interplay of habitat, ecology and phylogenetics
Authors: Kerschbaumer Michaela , Schäffer Sylvia , Pfingstl Tobias 
Published: September 2023

Background
Claws are a commonly observed biological adaptation across a wide range of animal groups. They serve different functions and their link to evolution is challenging to analyze. While there are many studies on the comparative anatomy and morphology of claws in reptiles, birds and several arthropods, knowledge about claws of soil-living oribatid mites, is still limited. Recent research on intertidal oribatid mites has shown that claw shape is strongly correlated with microhabitat and is subject to ecological selective pressures. However, the selective constraints shaping claws in terrestrial oribatid mites are still unknown.

Methods
In this study, 300 specimens from 12 different species and two genera were examined. Geometric morphometrics were used to quantify claw length and curvature, and to analyze two-dimensional claw shape. In combination with molecular phylogenetic analyses of investigated populations phylogenetic signal was quantified within genera using Blomberg’s K and random replicates. Additionally, ecological information on the investigated species was gathered from previous studies and compiled into tables.

Results
The claw shapes of Carabodes species vary moderately, with the three species C. reticulatus, C. rugosior and C. tenuis deviating the most from the others. These three species are only found in a small number of habitats, which may require a more specialized claw shape. Our results show that there is a phylogenetic influence on claw shape in Carabodes but not in Caleremaeus. Additionally, habitat specificity and lifestyle were found to have ecological impact on claw shape in both genera. The present results demonstrate that characteristics of the claws of terrestrial oribatid mites are correlated with ecology, but this correlation is apparently weaker than in intertidal oribatid mites that are prone to strong external forces.
“It's the most important work we will ever do”: Chiropractic students, servicelearning experiences at a day laborer center in California
Authors: Odierna Donna H. , Savai Farida , Pino Lori L. , Currie J. David , Smith Monica 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT

Objective
From 2009 to 2019, staff, students, and faculty volunteers from a chiropractic college started Mission Trip America, later re-named Service Trip America (STA), providing monthly free chiropractic services at a hiring hall for day laborers in San Francisco until the 2020 COVID-19 hiatus. We report on volunteers' service-learning experiences.

Methods
Mixed-methods analysis comprising document review, descriptive report of site visit records, and thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 12 student and faculty volunteers.

Results
STA conducted 104 visits (8–11 per year) including 2272 patient encounters. Document review revealed an average of 22 patients per visit, with 60% to 85% return patients. On average, 3 student interns and 2 student assistants attended each visit, supervised by a doctor of chiropractic faculty member and the program director. Most commonly, interns treated 8 patients during the 4- to 5-hour visits. Patient concerns included musculoskeletal problems and other health conditions commonly seen at chiropractic offices and teaching clinics. Interns also regularly saw chronic health problems exacerbated by poor living conditions, violence, limited access to health care, low educational attainment, chronic stress, and the extreme biomechanical loading resulting from heavy labor. Interview results yielded 4 themes: learning, attitudes, challenges, and program strengths. Interviewees described opportunities to learn while working with a marginalized population and discussed long-term effects on their postgraduation practice as chiropractors.

Conclusion
Patients' physical, mental health, and psychosocial issues illustrated unique circumstances and profound needs of the underserved population being cared for by STA volunteers. Our findings may provide guidance for other community-based chiropractic service-learning programs in marginalized and underserved communities.
Neighborhood Characteristics and Elevated Blood Pressure in Older Adults
Authors: Sims Kendra D. , Willis Mary D. , Hystad Perry W. , Batty G. David , Bibbins-Domingo Kirsten , Smit Ellen , Odden Michelle C. 
Published: September 2023

ImportanceThe local environment remains an understudied contributor to elevated blood pressure among older adults. Untargeted approaches can identify neighborhood conditions interrelated with racial segregation that drive hypertension disparities.ObjectiveTo evaluate independent associations of sociodemographic, economic, and housing neighborhood factors with elevated blood pressure.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this cohort study, the sample included Health and Retirement Study participants who had between 1 and 3 sets of biennial sphygmomanometer readings from 2006 to 2014 or 2008 to 2016. Statistical analyses were conducted from February 5 to November 30, 2021.ExposuresFifty-one standardized American Community Survey census tract variables (2005-2009).Main Outcomes and MeasuresElevated sphygmomanometer readings over the study period (6-year period prevalence): a value of at least 140 mm Hg for systolic blood pressure and/or at least 90 mm Hg for diastolic blood pressure. Participants were divided 50:50 into training and test data sets. Generalized estimating equations were used to summarize multivariable associations between each neighborhood variable and the period prevalence of elevated blood pressure, adjusting for individual-level covariates. Any neighborhood factor associated (Simes-adjusted for multiple comparisons P ≤ .05) with elevated blood pressure in the training data set was rerun in the test data set to gauge model performance. Lastly, in the full cohort, race- and ethnicity-stratified associations were evaluated for each identified neighborhood factor on the likelihood of elevated blood pressure.ResultsOf 12 946 participants, 4565 (35%) had elevated sphygmomanometer readings (median [IQR] age, 68 [63-73] years; 2283 [50%] male; 228 [5%] Hispanic or Latino, 502 [11%] non-Hispanic Black, and 3761 [82%] non-Hispanic White). Between 2006 and 2016, a lower likelihood of elevated blood pressure was observed (relative risk for highest vs lowest tertile, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86-0.96) among participants residing in a neighborhood with recent (post-1999) in-migration of homeowners. This association was precise among participants with non-Hispanic White and other race and ethnicity (relative risk, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.85-0.97) but not non-Hispanic Black participants (relative risk, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.85-1.11; P = .48 for interaction) or Hispanic or Latino participants (relative risk, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.65-1.09; P = .78 for interaction).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study of older adults, recent relocation of homeowners to a neighborhood was robustly associated with reduced likelihood of elevated blood pressure among White participants but not their racially and ethnically marginalized counterparts. Our findings indicate that gentrification may influence later-life blood pressure control.