bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity in entrepreneurship in developing countries: Risk, credit, and migration and the entrepreneurial propensity of youth and women
Authors: Gunewardena Dileni , Seck Abdoulaye 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPromoting youth and female entrepreneurship is crucial to inclusive growth and the future economic and social prospects of developing countries. Evidence tends to suggest that young and female entrepreneurs are in a minority, and the extent and generating mechanisms of this outcome tend to be country‐specific. This collection of papers brings together recent empirical contributions exploring key drivers of this heterogeneity entrepreneurial propensity of youth and female in the context of a group of countries in Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East, paying special attention to the role of and issues relating to access to credit, attitudes to risk, and migratory status. A common thread in all the papers is the effective role of risk, uncertainty, and asymmetric information in the determination of entrepreneurship and in the demand for and allocation of credit when potential entrepreneurs are from specific groups, that is, women, indigenous women, women and youth in conflict and post‐conflict situations, and migrant youth. Based on these results, the papers explore various challenges in the implementation of public policies designed to promote entrepreneurship within these specific segments of the population.
Effects of adding high‐intensity training during an 8‐week period on maximal oxygen uptake in 12‐year‐old youth athletes
Authors: Grendstad Halvard , Hallén Jostein 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPurposeMaximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) increases during adolescence parallel to the increase in fat‐free mass (FFM). How much endurance training adds to this effect is still controversial. Our aim was to investigate if inclusion of high‐intensity training (HIT) during an 8‐week training period was superior to low‐intensity strength and coordination training in 12‐year‐old youth athletes concerning the effect on V̇O2max.MethodsThirty‐five cross‐country skiers were randomized into a HIT group (ET) and a strength and coordination group (SC), while 29 less active peers served as controls for growth and maturation (C). Anthropometrics and V̇O2max were assessed before and after the training period, and level of physical activity and training were monitored with accelerometers, training logs and a questionnaire.ResultsThe number of weekly training sessions were higher for ET (4.6 ± 1.2) and SC (4.1 ± 1.0) compared with C (1.8 ± 2.0) (p < 0.01), with only ET conducting HIT sessions (1.9 ± 0.2 per week). C spent more time sedentary and less time in moderate and vigorous activity compared with ET (p < 0.05). All groups had a similar %‐change pre‐post in absolute V̇O2max (mL min−1) of 6% ± 6% for ET (p < 0.01), 5% ± 7 for SC (p = 0.14), and 5% ± 13% for C (p = 0.03), with no significant differences between groups. V̇O2max relative to FFM did not change significantly for any groups.ConclusionThe change in V̇O2max paralleled the change in FFM for all groups, questioning the effect of HIT on V̇O2max over an 8‐week period in youth athletes.
Virological safety of the UK blood supply in the era of individual risk assessments and HIV PrEP
Authors: Maddox Victoria , Vallely Pamela , Brailsford Susan R. , Harvala Heli 
Published: September 2023

AbstractA more individualised donor selection policy was implemented in the UK in 2021, which replaced the previous 3‐month deferral for men who have sex with men (MSM). Other blood services have a variety of policies in place to ensure the virological safety of blood components, ranging from an indefinite ban on MSM, to a defined period of exclusion, or to an individualised risk assessment that is not based on gender or sexual orientation. Justification of these policies should be based on scientific evidence including assessment of lengths of virological window periods, infectious disease epidemiology within donor populations and donation screening assay sensitivities. Developments in molecular technology and assays which can detect both antibodies and antigens in the very early stages of infection have significantly reduced the risk in most developed countries. However, the increasing usage of pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent acquisition of HIV infection after possible high‐risk sexual contact within the UK blood donor population has been recently noted. It has brought with it new diagnostic challenges within blood screening, notably possible non‐detection of HIV RNA and serological markers following PrEP use despite potential infectivity. The use of other testing strategies such as detection of HIV DNA and screening for non‐declared PrEP usage should be investigated further.
Low‐titer group O whole blood in military ground ambulances: Lessons from the Israel Defense Forces initial experience
Authors: Talmy Tomer , Malkin Michael , Esterson Akiva , Yazer Mark H. , Sebbag Anat , Shina Avi , Shinar Eilat , Glassberg Elon , Gendler Sami , Almog Ofer 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBackgroundCold‐stored low‐titer group O whole blood (LTOWB) has become increasingly utilised in both prehospital and in‐hospital settings for resuscitation of traumatic haemorrhage. However, implementing the use of LTOWB to ground medical teams has been limited due to logistic challenges.MethodsIn 2022, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) started using LTOWB in ambulances for the first time in Israel. This report details the initial experience of this rollout and presents a case‐series of the first patients treated with LTOWB.ResultsBetween January–December 2022, seven trauma patients received LTOWB administered by ground IDF intensive care ambulances after presenting with profound shock. Median time from injury to administration of LTOWB was 35 min. All patients had evidence of severe bleeding upon hospital arrival with six undergoing damage control laparotomy and all but one surviving to discharge.ConclusionsThe implementation of LTOWB in ground medical units is in its early stages, but continued experience may demonstrate its feasibility, safety, and effectiveness in the prehospital setting. Further research is necessary to fully understand the indications, methodology, and benefits of LTOWB in resuscitating severely injured trauma patients in this setting.
Ultrasonographic appearance and histopathological findings of the genital tract in healthy nulliparous female rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Lazard Maureen , Muller Valentine , Manon Steve , Jeandel Aurélien , Bemelmans Ingrid , Bedu Anne‐Sophie 
Published: September 2023

AbstractFemale rabbits often exhibit reproductive tract disorders and accurate sonographic descriptions of the normal genital tract are lacking. The aims of our prospective, analytical, and reference interval study were to describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the genital tract of healthy female rabbits, provide reference values, and compare ultrasonographic findings with histopathological samples. Twenty‐eight intact female rabbits presented for elective ovariohysterectomy were included. Ovaries, oviducts, uterine horns, cervixes, and vagina were imaged by ultrasound to assess their size, shape, location, margination, echogenicity, and echotexture. The genital tract of 12 rabbits was sent for histopathology. Genitals were visible in all rabbits using the linear probe. The ovaries were oval‐shaped and hypoechoic with a variable pattern. The oviducts, uterine horns, and vagina appeared as tubular structures with a consistent distinct layering, and the cervix as two contiguous hypoechoic tubular structures with a variable layering. Incidental findings, including paraovarian cysts, mineralization foci, and luminal fluid were observed. The median values of the height of the left and right ovaries, oviducts, uterine horns, cervixes, and vagina were, respectively, equal to 3.52 3.37, 1.39, 1.39, 4.34, 4.36, 5.57, 5.15, and 2.40 mm. Significant correlations were observed among age, body condition score, and some of the measurements. Abnormalities of the reproductive tract were reported in 4 of 28 rabbits. This study supports the use of ultrasonography in the evaluation of the reproductive tract of healthy female rabbits and provides reference values for use in rabbits with genital disorders.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Social Science Studies, Vol. 11, No. 3
Authors: Young James 
Published: September 2023

International Journal of Social Science Studies (IJSSS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether IJSSS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 3Aurora Pestaño, University of San Jose Recoletos (USJR), PhilippinesEncarnación ABAD ARENAS, National University of Distance Education (UNED), SpainJulia M. Mack, Gannon University, USAMd. Nasir Uddin, Prime Minister’s Office, BangladeshMei-Ling Lin, National Open University, TaiwanRonaldo R. Larioque, NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, PhilippinesSana Ali, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, PakistanYusramizza Md Isa, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia James YoungEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of International Journal of Social Science StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://ijsss.redfame.com
Duals of Tirilman spaces have unique subsymmetric basic sequences
Authors: Dilworth Steven J. , Kutzarova Denka , Sarı Bünyamin , Stankov Svetozar 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe Tirilman spaces , , were introduced by Casazza and Shura as variations of the spaces constructed by Tzafriri. We prove that all subsymmetric basic sequences in the dual space are equivalent to its canonical subsymmetic but not symmetric basis.
Development of heat-shock resistance in
Legionella pneumophila
modeled by experimental evolution
Authors: Liang Jeffrey , Cameron Gillian , Faucher Sébastien P. 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT

Because it can grow in buildings with complex hot water distribution systems (HWDS), healthcare facilities recognize the waterborne bacterium
Legionella pneumophila
as a major nosocomial infection threat and often try to clear the systems with a pasteurization process known as superheat-and-flush. After this treatment, many facilities find that the contaminating populations slowly recover, suggesting the possibility of
in situ
evolution favoring increased survival in high-temperature conditions. To mimic this process in a controlled environment, an adaptive laboratory evolution model was used to select a wild-type strain of
L. pneumophila
for survival to transient exposures to temperatures characteristic of routine hot water use or failed pasteurization processes in HWDS. Over their evolution, these populations became insensitive to exposure to 55°C and developed the ability to survive short exposures to 59°C heat shock. Heat-adapted lineages maintained a higher expression of heat-shock genes during low-temperature incubation in freshwater, suggesting a pre-adaptation to heat stress. Although there were distinct mutation profiles in each of the heat-adapted lineages, each acquired multiple mutations in the DnaJ/DnaK/ClpB disaggregase complex, as well as mutations in chaperone
htpG
and protease
clpX
. These mutations were specific to heat-shock survival and were not seen in control lineages included in the experimental model without exposure to heat shock. This study supports
in situ
observations of adaptation to heat stress and demonstrates the potential of
L. pneumophila
to develop resistance to control measures.

IMPORTANCE

As a bacterium that thrives in warm water ecosystems,
Legionella pneumophila
is a key factor motivating regulations on hot water systems. Two major measures to control
Legionella
are high circulating temperatures intended to curtail growth and the use of superheat-and-flush pasteurization processes to eliminate established populations. Facilities often suffer recolonization of their hot water systems; hospitals are particularly at risk due to the severe nosocomial pneumoniae caused by
Legionella
. To understand these long-term survivors, we have used an adaptive laboratory evolution model to replicate this process. We find major differences between the mutational profiles of heat-adapted and heat-naïve
L. pneumophila
populations including mutations in major heat-shock genes like chaperones and proteases. This model demonstrates that well-validated treatment protocols are needed to clear contaminated systems and—in an analog to antibiotic resistance—the importance of complete eradication of the resident population to prevent selection for more persistent bacteria.
Metabolic network construction reveals probiotic-specific alterations in the metabolic activity of a synthetic small intestinal community
Authors: Jansma Jack , Chatziioannou Anastasia Chrysovalantou , Castricum Kitty , van Hemert Saskia , El Aidy Sahar 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and probiotics have emerged as a promising microbiota-targeted therapy for improving human health. However, the molecular mechanisms of probiotics action in general and the targeting of small intestinal microbiota by probiotics are not well understood. To address this, we constructed a synthetic community of three species, which resembles the upper small intestinal microbiota. Our results indicate that probiotic supplementation can directly affect the metabolism of the community, resulting in colonization resistance in a probiotic-specific manner. Supplementation with
Streptococcus thermophilus
led to increased lactate production and a decrease in pH, while
Lactobacillus casei
supplementation increased the resistance to perturbations and nutrient utilization without affecting lactate production or pH. Additionally, when combined with kynurenine,
Lactobacillus casei
enhanced the kynurenine pathway metabolism resulting in elevated kynurenic acid levels and possibly indirect colonization resistance. Overall, our study reveals how selecting probiotics with distinct functional capacities can unlock the full potential of microbiota-targeted therapies.

IMPORTANCE
The development of probiotic therapies targeted at the small intestinal microbiota represents a significant advancement in the field of probiotic interventions. This region poses unique opportunities due to its low number of gut microbiota, along with the presence of heightened immune and metabolic host responses. However, progress in this area has been hindered by a lack of detailed understanding regarding the molecular mechanisms through which probiotics exert their effects in the small intestine. Our study, utilizing a synthetic community of three small intestinal bacterial strains and the addition of two different probiotic species, and kynurenine as a representative dietary or endogenously produced compound, highlights the importance of selecting probiotic species with diverse genetic capabilities that complement the functional capacity of the resident microbiota, or alternatively, constructing a multispecies formula. This approach holds great promise for the development of effective probiotic therapies and underscores the need to consider the functional capacity of probiotic species when designing interventions.
Murepavadin induces envelope stress response and enhances the killing efficacies of β-lactam antibiotics by impairing the outer membrane integrity of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Wei Xiaoya , Gao Jiacong , Xu Congjuan , Pan Xiaolei , Jin Yongxin , Bai Fang , Cheng Zhihui , Lamont Iain L. , Pletzer Daniel , Wu Weihui 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen that can cause a variety of acute and chronic infections. The bacterium is highly resistant to numerous antibiotics. Murepavadin is a peptidomimetic antibiotic that blocks the function of
P. aeruginosa
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) transport protein D (LptD), thus inhibiting the insertion of LPS into the outer membrane. In this study, we demonstrated that sublethal concentrations of murepavadin enhance the bacterial outer membrane permeability. Proteomic analyses revealed the alteration of protein composition in bacterial inner and outer membranes following murepavadin treatment. The antisigma factor MucA was upregulated by murepavadin. In addition, the expression of the sigma E factor gene
algU
and the alginate synthesis gene
algD
was induced by murepavadin. Deletion of the
algU
gene reduces bacterial survival following murepavadin treatment, indicating a role of the envelope stress response in bacterial tolerance. We further demonstrated that murepavadin enhances the bactericidal activities of β-lactam antibiotics by promoting drug influx across the outer membrane. In a mouse model of acute pneumonia, the murepavadin–ceftazidime/avibactam combination showed synergistic therapeutic effect against
P. aeruginosa
infection. In addition, the combination of murepavadin with ceftazidime/avibactam slowed down the resistance development. In conclusion, our results reveal the response mechanism of
P. aeruginosa
to murepavadin and provide a promising antibiotic combination for the treatment of
P. aeruginosa
infections.

Importance

The ever increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics poses a serious threat to global public health. Novel antibiotics and treatment strategies are urgently needed. Murepavadin is a novel antibiotic that blocks the assembly of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
outer membrane by inhibiting LPS transport protein D (LptD). Here, we demonstrated that murepavadin impairs bacterial outer membrane integrity, which induces the envelope stress response. We further found that the impaired outer membrane integrity increases the influx of β-lactam antibiotics, resulting in enhanced bactericidal effects. In addition, the combination of murepavadin and a β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor mixture (ceftazidime/avibactam) slowed down the resistance development of
P. aeruginosa
. Overall, this study demonstrates the bacterial response to murepavadin and provides a new combination strategy for effective treatment.
Intra-host
Trypanosoma cruzi
strain dynamics shape disease progression: the missing link in Chagas disease pathogenesis
Authors: Dumonteil Eric , Desale Hans , Tu Weihong , Hernandez-Cuevas Nora , Shroyer Monica , Goff Kelly , Marx Preston A. , Herrera Claudia 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT

Chronic Chagasic cardiomyopathy develops years after infection in 20–40% of patients, but disease progression is poorly understood. Here, we assessed
Trypanosoma cruzi
parasite dynamics and pathogenesis over a 2.5-year period in naturally infected rhesus macaques. Individuals with better control of parasitemia were infected with a greater diversity of parasite strains compared to those with increasing parasitemia over time. Also, the
in vivo
parasite multiplication rate decreased with increasing parasite diversity, suggesting competition among strains or a stronger immune response in multiple infections. Significant differences in electrocardiographic (ECG) profiles were observed in Chagasic macaques compared to uninfected controls, suggesting early conduction defects, and changes in ECG patterns over time were observed only in macaques with increasing parasitemia and lower parasite diversity. Disease progression was also associated with plasma fibronectin degradation, which may serve as a biomarker. These data provide a novel framework for the understanding of Chagas disease pathogenesis, with parasite diversity shaping disease progression.

IMPORTANCE

Chagas disease progression remains poorly understood, and patients at increased risk of developing severe cardiac disease cannot be distinguished from those who may remain asymptomatic. Monitoring of
Trypanosoma cruzi
strain dynamics and pathogenesis over 2–3 years in naturally infected macaques shows that increasing parasite diversity in hosts is detrimental to parasite multiplication and Chagasic cardiomyopathy disease progression. This provides a novel framework for the understanding of Chagas disease pathogenesis.
Temperature Sensitivity of Soil Respiration in Grasslands in Temperate Continental Climate Zone: Analysis of 25-Year-Long Monitoring Data
Authors: Kurganova I. N. , Lopes de Gerenyu V. O. , Myakshina T. N. , Sapronov D. V. , Khoroshaev D. A. , Ableeva V. A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Field observations of soil respiration (SR) in different types of terrestrial ecosystems are very relevant because of high temporal and spatial variations of SR rate. The intra-annual dynamics of SR is mainly determined by the changes in hydrothermal conditions during the year and is often described with temperature sensitivity coefficient (Q10), which usually has a fixed value in many of the used models. This study is focused on the assessment of seasonal and interannual dynamics of SR temperature sensitivity in two grasslands in the southern Moscow oblast (temperate continental climate) based on continuous 25-year-long all-year-round measurements of CO2 emission from soils. The grasslands have been formed on two different soil types: sandy soddy-podbur (Entic Podzol (Arenic)) and gray loamy soil (Haplic Luvisol (Loamic)). The SR rate has been continuously measured from December 1997 to November 2022 with an interval of 7–10 days using the technique of closed static chambers. The temperature sensitivity of SR, estimated from the entire set of data, is higher in Haplic Luvisol as compared with Entic Podzol (3.47 vs. 2.59). The Q10 values for SR in both soils are 1.2–1.4-fold lower in dry years as compared with wet years. The interannual variation of Q10 values in grassland ecosystems amounts to 21–36% depending on the considered temperature range. A statistically significant positive correlation between the Q10 values in the temperature range ≥1°С and wetness indices is observable in both grasslands. A differentiated approach integrating different values of temperature coefficients for SR into the used models is necessary to improve the predictions of C budget in ecosystems.
Reduced Kiselev black hole
Authors: Qu Zhi-Shuo , Wang Towe , Feng Chao-Jun 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe Kiselev model describes a black hole surrounded by a fluid with equations of state $$p_r/\rho =-1$$

p
r

/
ρ
=
-
1

and $$p_t/\rho =(3w+1)/2$$

p
t

/
ρ
=

(
3
w
+
1
)

/
2

respectively in radial and tangential directions. It has been extensively studied in the parameter region $$-1<w<-1/3$$

-
1
<
w
<
-
1
/
3

. If one rids off the black hole and turns to the region $$-1/3<w<0$$

-
1
/
3
<
w
<
0

, i.e. $$p_t>0$$

p
t

>
0

, then a new horizon of black hole type will emerge. This case has been mentioned in Kiselev’s pioneer work but seldom investigated in the literature. Referring to it as reduced Kiselev black hole, we revisit this case with attention to its causal structure, thermodynamics, shadow cast and weak-field limit. An alternative interpretation and extensions of the black hole are also discussed.