bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel by laser ultrasonic nondestructive testing technology
Authors: Lu Yujie , Zhu Zhenge , Yin Anmin , Xu Xiaodong , Zhang Zewen , Shu Xuedao 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
At present, the corrosion resistance of materials such as 316L stainless steel is mainly tested by electrochemical testing, which is time-consuming, laborious and environmentally unfriendly. In this paper, the laser ultrasonic detection technology, which is a rapid, non-destructive, pollution-free microstructure and corrosion resistance evaluation method is used for the detection of 316L stainless steel, and the ultrasonic signals are filtered by the wavelet threshold denoising method. The results show that the laser ultrasonic attenuation coefficient obtained by the wavelet threshold denoising signal processing method has a good correlation with the corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel. A laser ultrasonic potential evaluation model was established based on the passivation film rupture potential and ultrasonic attenuation coefficient. The average relative error of the evaluation model for corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel is less than 5.00%. The relative error of corrosion resistance evaluated by the laser-receiving method is lower than that by the probe-receiving method. It is feasible to nondestructive evaluation of the corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel by laser ultrasonic technology.
Impact of copper on corrosion behavior, biocompatibility and antibaterial activity of biodegradable Zn-3Mg-xCu alloys for orthopedic applications
Authors: Wei Zhangli , Zhang Xingyan , Li Jingyi , Shi Wenling , Xie Fengbao , Wang Gang , Li Hongxia , Chao Pan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Biodegradable zinc (Zn) based materials have been regarded as promising candidates for orthopedic applications owing to their suitable biodegradability. However, pure Zn exhibited poor mechanical performance and inadequate biofunctionality, which restricted its biomedical applications. Herein, biodegradable Zn-Mg-Cu alloys were developed to enhance the mechanical strength of the Zn matrix and endow the alloys with antibacterial activity. The effect of Cu addition on corrosion behavior, biocompatibility and antibacterial activity of biodegradable Zn-3Mg-xCu alloys was systematically investigated. In vitro immersion test revealed that Zn-3Mg-1Cu exhibited an increasing corrosion rate of 0.0504 mm y−1. The relative cell availability of MC3T3-E1 cells was over 70% after co-culture with 2-fold diluted extracts of the Zn-3Mg-xCu alloy for 3 d, indicating acceptable cytotoxicity. The Cu addition could enhance the antibacterial activity of the Zn-3Mg matrix, and Zn-3Mg-1Cu alloy exhibited the highest inhibition zone diameter (IZD) values of 10.4 mm and 6.0 mm against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. Overall, the Zn-3Mg-1Cu could be recognized as a promising biodegradable orthopedic material owing to favorable degradation behavior, satisfying biocompatibility, and substantial antibacterial ability.
The dynamic Universe
Authors: Cottrell Geoff 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores transient astronomical objects, astronomical bodies that suddenly change in brightness or position. These are the objects of time-domain astronomy which include supernovae (the powerful detonations of exploding stars), as well as observations of near-earth objects, and active galactic nuclei (AGN) which vary on short timescales. Examples of transients also include tidal disruption events, involving the shredding and consumption of whole stars by black holes, and magnetars, which are the most highly magnetized objects known and can generate immensely powerful outbursts of X- and gamma rays, and mysterious fast radio bursts. Special arrays of telescopes, such as NASA’s Catalina Real Time Transient Survey, are dedicated to observing transients and if one is seen, send alerts via global networks so that other types of telescopes can observe them before the transient fades from view.
What is globalization?
Authors: Steger Manfred B. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the notion of globalization. In line with the new Global Studies academic framework, the definition of globalization revolves around planetary interconnectivities, mobilities, and imaginations. The four major forms of globalization are embodied globalization, disembodied globalization, objectified globalization, and institutional globalization. They contain four distinct qualities or characteristics that involve the creation of new social networks, expansion of social relations, intensification of worldwide social interactions, and the subjective plane of human consciousness and imagination. The chapter then considers the correlation between globality, global imaginary, globalism, and globalization. It notes how the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the alleged indestructible global networks.
Globalization in history
Authors: Steger Manfred B. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses how globalization evolved historically across multiple dimensions and all geographical scales. Historical debates on globalization range from whether globalization started in the post-1989 era or whether globalization represented the emergence of modernity and the capitalist world system in the 1500s. The chapter elaborates on evolving globalization dynamics in the prehistoric period, premodern period, early modern period, modern period, and contemporary period. All of these epochs experienced significant shifts in the pace of social exchanges and geographical scope. The chapter clarifies that the presented chronology rejects a Eurocentric perspective of world history.
The cultural dimension of globalization
Authors: Steger Manfred B. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the cultural dimension of globalization. Cultural globalization typically refers to the intensification and expansion of cultural flows across the world. However, culture is a very broad concept that addresses the patterns of meaning and ways of life. The chapter explores various forms of cultural globalization, including homogenization, diversification, and hybridization. In this context, special consideration is paid to so-called ‘McDonaldization’—the wide-ranging sociocultural processes by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society and the rest of the world. The chapter highlights the role of media in influencing global cultural flows as well as the spread of American popular culture. Additionally, studying the shifting global patterns of language use is a direct method of assessing cultural changes brought by globalization.
Ideological confrontations over globalization
Authors: Steger Manfred B. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the ideological confrontations revolving around globalization. Ideologies are powerful systems of widely shared ideas, patterned beliefs, and strong emotions that are also accepted as truth by significant groups in society. The ideological confrontations between various globalisms in the early 21st century primarily revolve around market globalism, justice globalism, and religious globalism. The chapter discusses the global phenomenon of national populism which essentializes identities linked to ethnicity, race, and culture. It also shows how Trumpism employs national populist language in an attempt to separate the ‘national’ from the ‘global’ in all aspects of social life.
Expert poets
Authors: Taub Liba 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
‘Expert Poets’ discusses the poets Homer and Hesiod. These epic poets helped shape intellectual agendas and were revered for their ideas on many topics, including astronomy and meteorology. The chapter describes the poems ascribed to Homer and Hesiod, which were the focus of commentaries by various later ancient authors. The Homeric Iliad is concerned with the Trojan War, while the Odyssey recounts the travels of Odysseus, one of the heroes of the Iliad. Even though the natural world was not the focus, the poet does provide a sense of how some phenomena, as well as health and disease, were understood. Hesiod’s Theogony describes the world and its coming-to-be. The large number of references to these poems by later ancient Greek and Roman authors—even in prose works on specialized, technical subjects—indicates that the epic poets had great intellectual impact, even on topics for which we would not normally expect poets to be experts.
Those clever Greeks
Authors: Taub Liba 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
‘Those Clever Greeks’ discusses various 5th-century bce Greek authors whose own works were not primarily focused on explaining nature but who nevertheless referred to ideas about nature first expressed by early Greek philosophers. These writers, including Aristophanes and Herodotus, comment upon philosophers and their attempts at explanation of natural phenomena. This chapter highlights how various Greek authors’ works give a sense of the wider circulation of ideas about nature and provides evidence of how attempts at explaining nature were regarded within wider society. The chapter also considers how various people were acquainted with the ideas of those who were known for philosophizing about nature. The audiences for Aristophanes’ plays included citizens of Athens, for whom theatre was central to civic and cultural life; for this reason, Aristophanes’ views would have been encountered by many.
A theory of everything
Authors: Taub Liba 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
‘A Theory of Everything’ describes Aristotle and his followers’ first-hand observations of a range of natural objects, including his work on animals and Theophrastus’ work on plants. It reviews different ways in which the term physis (usually translated as ‘nature’) may be understood according to Aristotle, who recounts the ideas of his predecessors. The Aristotelian Corpus, the collection of writings associated with Aristotle, was preserved through transmission and translation during the ancient and medieval periods. This chapter also considers the data-collecting activities undertaken by Aristotle and members of his school, the Lyceum; this included the collection and preservation of the ideas and opinions of others on a range of scientific and medical topics.
Nature abhors a definition
Authors: Lockwood Julie L. , Welbourne Dustin J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers how defining invasive species is problematic, but a definition provides practical utility for steering research, evaluating new findings, and developing management responses. The definition of what is invasive centres on species being non-native and either causing an impact or spreading through a region. The chapter also explains what is and is not a native species, again demonstrating the difficulty of categorizing such entities, and how values underpin whether impacts are considered undesirable.
The History of Emotions: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Dixon Thomas 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The History of Emotions: A Very Short Introduction outlines the historical ancestries of our emotions. Emotions are visceral reactions and beliefs regarding the world that could be intimate and private. The history of emotions is plural rather than singular since emotions are complex mental states that resist reduction. Emotions can be felt as spontaneous outbursts and are also culturally learned performances. This VSI explores how emotions gain substance and significance from interpersonal and social frameworks as well as from biology and culture. It explains how emotions are the products of long and varied historical changes in language, culture, beliefs, and ways of life.
From passions to emojis
Authors: Dixon Thomas 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the history of verbal and visual languages of emotion. It highlights how words are powerful witnesses and tools for social and emotional change. The concepts such as ‘emotives’ and ‘emotional communities’ help historians identify the social work that emotion language is doing. Additionally, emotional states can be conveyed through non-verbal language, including both facial expression and bodily gestures. Emoticons and emojis are the most recent additions to the array of emotional languages. Evolving originally from playful uses of typographical features to represent facial expressions of feeling, these symbols are now ubiquitous on smartphones and social media.
All the rages
Authors: Dixon Thomas 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the many historical varieties of ire, rage, and anger. It traces the ancestry of modern anger to half-remembered sentiments about sin, violent crime, and the passions of the soul, relating them to more recent phenomena such as psychoanalysis and political protest in the 20th century. Ancient Greek narratives’ descriptions of rage often suggest passions and feelings that are simultaneously more painful, more pleasurable, more violent, and more revenge-obsessed than modern psychological anger. The chapter also explores the notion that violent rage can be natural when triggered by certain events such as the infidelity of a partner. In contemporary culture, philosophers have debated the nature and value of anger as a political response to injustice.
Looking for love
Authors: Dixon Thomas 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the history of love. Historians of emotions looking for love have found it in ethical, spiritual, romantic, and sexual forms. Historically, different cultures and religions have taken a variety of attitudes to emotions of sexual desire and erotic pleasure, as well as those of friendship and charity. During the 19th century, romantic love became a more widely practised form of courtship as a result of demographic and cultural shifts, such as urbanization, state education, the waning influence of family on romantic partner choices, and the expansion of the middle classes. Historians of love also discussed the notion of modern love as a consumerist marketplace. Finally, the philosophical debate about whether love is an emotion or not is used to introduce some concluding thoughts on the complex, social nature of those messy mental states we call ‘emotions’.
What is condensed matter physics?
Authors: McKenzie Ross H. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
What is condensed matter physics? It is the science concerned with characterizing and understanding all the possible states of matter that can exist. Solid, liquid, and gas are not the only states of matter. There is also liquid crystal, superconductor, superfluid, crystal, glass, ferromagnet, and antiferromagnet. The central question of condensed matter physics is ‘how do the physical properties of a state of matter emerge from the interactions between the atoms of which the material is composed?’ This is illustrated with the distinct properties of graphite and diamond, two distinct solid states of carbon. Superconductivity, discovered by Kamerlingh Onnes, reflects the richness and excitement of condensed matter physics. The discovery of graphene, a material composed of a single layer of carbon atoms, and its unique electrical properties is an example of how the field continues to produce exciting surprises. Condensed matter physics is one of the largest and most vibrant subfields of physics, being recognized by many Nobel Prizes, in Physics and in Chemistry. As it is concerned with materials and with emergent phenomena there is significant cross-fertilization of concepts and techniques with other sub-fields of physics, science, and engineering.
Emergence: more is different
Authors: McKenzie Ross H. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
‘Emergence: more is different’ discusses how the concept of emergence is central to condensed matter physics. An emergent property of a system composed of many interacting parts is a property that the individual parts do not have. The whole is greater than the sum of the parts. Other characteristics of emergent properties such as irreducibility, universality, and unpredictability are discussed. Emergent properties are illustrated with an example involving language, grammar, and literature. States of matter are emergent, as are the quasiparticles present in many systems. Phil Anderson argued that a hierarchy of scales illuminates the relationship between different scientific disciplines and shows the limitations of reductionism. Emergence explains why condensed matter physics works as a unified discipline. Due to universality, there are concepts and theories that describe phenomena in a wide range of materials. An emergence perspective highlights how discerning the relevant scale is central to effective scientific strategies to understand complex systems, whether in physics, biology, or sociology.
Taming infinity
Authors: Earl Richard 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
For millennia, the topics of infinity—the infinitely large—and infinitesimals—the infinitely small—have generated paradoxes. ‘Taming infinity’ introduces some of the main questions of analysis and the need for infinite processes or ‘potential infinities’ within mathematics. Having a historical flavour, it highlights some of these paradoxes which led to a need for increased rigour. It concludes with a brief discussion of the work of Bolzano, Cauchy, and Weierstrass, who first provided a clear definition of a limit in the 19th century, and stresses the role of clarity as a basis for proving mathematical results.
Putting the i in analysis
Authors: Earl Richard 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Analysis with complex numbers has a wonderfully different, and quite topological, flavour compared with real analysis. In ‘Putting the i in analysis’, we see complex analysis—almost single-handedly developed by Cauchy in the 19th century—is substantially richer than real analysis with complex differentiable functions having much nicer properties. Despite the focus on complex functions, the theory can be variously applied to real problems, from calculating real infinite sums and integrals, to applications solving differential equations and modelling fluid flow.
Invasive species
Authors: Macdonald David W. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the issue of invasive species in biodiversity conservation. Non-native species are those moved around the globe beyond their native range, either intentionally or as an unintended consequence of movement of people or products. This is further encouraged by man-made climate change. The chapter then studies the role of ‘ecological citizenship’ in assessing when non-natives can be considered part of the natural community. It identifies five broad mechanisms of ecological impact of invasive species: predation, competition, disease, hybridization, and ecosystem. The chapter also looks at the ecological phenomenon of meso-predator release, competitive release, and hyper-predation. Finally, the chapter considers the prevention and prediction of biological invasions.
Japanese Literature: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Tansman Alan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
With a history stretching back nearly 1,500 years, Japan literature encompasses a vast range of forms and genres. Since the eighth century, poetry and the non-philosophical lyric voice have occupied a central position in Japanese literary expression. The art of narrative blossomed in the eleventh century with one of the world’s great literary masterpieces, Murasaki Shikibu’s The Tale of Genji and later in the work of the great modern novelists Natsume Sôseki, Tanizaki Jun’ichirô, Kawabata Yasunari, Kôbo Abe, and Ôe Kenzaburô. Beginning with Murasaki and through the present day, Japanese women have occupied a central place in the tradition: Higuchi Ichiyô, Kôda Aya, Takahashi Takako, among others. Japanese literature birthed other genres no less important than poetry and narrative, among them the literary diary, the free-flowing essay, drama, the picture book, and the literary treatise. As steeped as it is in the beautiful literary rendering of the world, Japanese literature has also been deeply responsive to history and violence, including the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. While intensely attentive to its own tradition, Japanese literature has also imbibed influences from around the globe—early on from China, later from Europe, the United States, and Latin America. It has been embraced by the outside world in turn, exporting literary genres such as the haiku and manga (whose pre-history the book explores), and bestselling authors such as Yukio Mishima and Haruki Murakami. A succinct introduction to one of the most dynamic and diverse world literatures, this Very Short Introduction traces the rich history of Japanese literature from its beginnings over a millennium ago to the present day.
A world of words
Authors: Tansman Alan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The momentous historical contingency of having been born from within the ancient and immense body of Chinese literary creation made the business of literature seem to its practitioners to be less about the world than about another literature, or even literature itself. Over the sixth and seventh centuries, Japanese officialdom absorbed a rich corpus of Chinese literature; by the ninth century, Japanese anthologies of Chinese poetry would be produced and widely circulated. Although the centuries to come would see a shift in emphasis toward the development of native forms, and a sharpened consciousness of a specific Japanese literary history, Chinese literature would remain Japanese literature’s inspiration until the late nineteenth century. Born self-consciously in relationship to another literature, Japanese literary writing manifested in its very bones the sense that any experienced, inspiring world out there was itself created out of words.
A new mechanism of flowering regulation by the competition of isoforms in Osmanthus fragrans
Authors: Li Yong , Xia He-Xiao , Cushman Samuel A , Zhao Heng , Guo Peng , Liu Yan-Pei , Lin Nan , Shang Fu-De 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The regulation of flowering time is typically governed by transcription factors or epigenetic modifications. Transcript isoforms can play important roles in flowering regulation. Recently, transcript isoforms were discovered in the key genes, OfAP1 and OfTFL1, of the flowering regulatory network in Osmanthus fragrans. OfAP1-b generates a full-length isoform of OfAP1-b1 as well as an isoform of OfAP1-b2 that lacks the C-terminal domain. Although OfAP1-b2 does not possess an activation domain, it has a complete K domain that allows it to form heterodimers. OfAP1-b2 competes with OfAP1-b1 by binding with OfAGL24 to create non-functional and functional heterodimers. As a result, OfAP1-b1 promotes flowering while OfAP1-b2 delays flowering. OfTFL1 produces two isoforms located in different areas: OfTFL1-1 in the cytoplasm and OfTFL1-2 in the nucleus. When combined with OfFD, OfTFL1-1 does not enter the nucleus to repress AP1 expression, leading to early flowering. Conversely, when combined with OfFD, OfTFL1-2 enters the nucleus to repress AP1 expression, resulting in later flowering. Tissue-specific expression and functional conservation testing of OfAP1 and OfTFL1 support the new model’s effectiveness in regulating flowering. Overall, this study provides new insights into regulating flowering time by the competition of isoforms.