bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“The Moon’s Corpse Rising”
Authors: Greaves Margaret 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores the cultural role of lyric poetry in the race to the moon alongside poets’ disillusioned responses to the moon landing. Poetry’s abiding associations with the moon made it rife for nationalist exploitation as the U.S. and USSR battled for control of Earth in space. Responding to the nationalist destruction of the old moon of poetry, poets from the 1960s to the present have written lunar poetry to examine their relationships with national and transnational belonging. Kashmiri American poet Agha Shahid Ali, for example, uses the moon as a figure of national yearning, postcolonial resistance, and transnational mediation. His career documents the Anglo-American imperial processes it was swept up in, as Kashmir’s fight for self-determination was influenced first by the British Empire and then by American Cold War geopolitics. Ali’s longing for the lost moon of Urdu and anglophone poetry gives way not to a fantasy of national progress but, rather, to elegy for what empire destroys.
“Out of This World”
Authors: Greaves Margaret 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines how poets have imagined utopian cosmopolitan worlds through astronomical language from the 1960s to the early 2000s. Astrophysical propositions, spacecraft, moon landings, and interstellar chill populate the poems of Cold War-era émigrés as analogues for displacement and the longing for a more equitable world. In the absence of a singular, desirable, or even extant national homeland, poets including Joseph Brodsky, Seamus Heaney, Czesław Miłosz, and Derek Walcott turn to the lyric as an alternate and preferable world of its own, employing lyric tools to create speculative otherworlds designed to capture the intractable problems of the world we inhabit.
“Vast and Unreadable”
Authors: Greaves Margaret 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 charts a tradition of African American astronomical poetry from the early twentieth century to the present, focusing on Tracy K. Smith’s Life on Mars (2011). The volume teems with collectives marked by the pronoun “we”—a species “we” held together on a vanishingly tiny planet, a dystopian American “we,” a collective black “we” that never quite emerges—but Life on Mars ultimately explores collective relations through the small-scale, irreducible lyric “I.” By creating effects of opacity through pronouns, visual idioms, and the cosmic sublime, Smith channels Hubble Space Telescope images into strategies of “lyric opacity” to develop an anti-racist planetary ethics that does not lose sight of the personal.
Introduction
Authors: Vanashree  
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This study reads short stories in Hindi as the repository of rural indigenous experiences of the Hindi belt carrying orally transmitted cultures and their crisis. This field however remained academically under-represented, since the changing ways of life distanced the urban-educated class from farming and harvesting cultures, and a much larger area of human experience remained obscure for not being written in the language of the western world. The chapter tracks the tough economic condition of rural peasantry in the era of Premchand, when the Kisan movement was merging in the freedom movement. It proceeds to analyse the post-independence rural India as a society untouched by the state-espoused programmes and highlights the subsequent contents, ending on a note on the translation of excerpts from Hindi and its variant idiolects as the experience of transmission of Indian spirit of the text into English.
Village India: Difficult Stories
Authors: Vanashree  
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The discussion of opening two stories lets us into the murky realities of post-independence rural India: water-logged muddy tracks, damaged agrarian facilities, dysfunctional medical care, ignorance, intermittent criminal disputes, and unending litigations, that debunk the romantic notions of ‘beauty, vitality and simplicity of the idyllic country life’. The subsequent analysis of ‘Hori aur 1984’ (Hori and 1984) subsumes how the reminiscences of Premchand’s Hori (Godan, 1930s) impinge on the consciousness of Shukla’s Hori reminding him of the bruised, insulted psyche of the rural poor in the colonial times, unashamedly exploited by the colonial laws, moneylenders, and the rural elite. The Hori of our times cannot forget the times of 1970s (Emergency) when he and his brethren were subjected to a new form of torture—forced vasectomy—under the state-sponsored biopower. Nor can he forget how the programmes of smarter post-independence financial schemes ensnared him in the Orwellian 1984 world of ‘double-speak’, immense mess, and chaos. Only arrack and the prolefeed (TV) give him moments of solace.
Counterfactuality as pragmatic inference in perspectival readings of Past Conditional utterances with modal verbs
Authors: de Saussure Louis 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe chapter addresses the issue of counterfactual readings of utterances containing modal verbs in the Past Conditional tense. The notion that the eventuality didn’t occur is not a straightforward consequence of these two semantic components; this chapter claims that the explanation is pragmatic, inferential, rather than semantic-compositional. French is taken as an enlightening case for the reason that Romance languages license all conjugations with modal verbs. It is suggested that the counterfactual reading emerges as an inference deemed to provide relevance to the utterance in the sense of an explanative motivation for the speech act. The inference is invited by the specific combination of an evidential (the Conditional) and the modal, bearing a sense of prediction, and the past, imposing perspective-taking on the eventuality that was expected to happen.
On modelling the future
Authors: Mozersky M. Joshua 
Published: June 2023

AbstractA model of time is complete only if it has something to say about the ontological status of the future. This raises a difficulty, because the future is outside of experience, so the project threatens to become troublingly speculative. This chapter examines three principles that are, it is argued, sufficiently compelling to act as constraints on any temporal model. These principles allow temporal modelling to move beyond speculation concerning the structure of the future because they demonstrate the internal instability or incoherence of one well-known, intuitive, and appealing ontology of time: the branching future model. The upshot is that the ontology defended by the tenseless, B-theory of time is comparatively strong.
In Our Experience
Authors: Blount-Hill Kwan-Lamar , Ajil Ahmed 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
If colonization is taking possession of land, often through dispossessing others, and coloniality is the nature and likeness of colonial systems and their residual influence, how shall we describe the hegemonic underpinnings justifying either? This chapter posits cognitive imperialism, documents its operation in the professional lives of five early career academics, bolsters their stories with support from other narrative works, and specifies an ideology that clashes with non-archetypal individuals at the level of identity, perception, experience, and connection. For these early career academics, understanding cognitive imperialism at work arises through a process of recognition, reorientation, response, and recovery through seeking reform.
The Second Generation
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter cites E.O. Wilson’s extremely influential and controversial book from the 1980s, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. It talks about the inclusive fitness theory, which explained many aspects of animal and human behavior as strategies designed by evolution to maximize an individual organism’s genes in future generations. It also points out how Jane Goodall’s findings were not inconsistent with the emerging field of sociobiology, as she found it pointless to deny that humans harbor innate aggressive and violent tendencies. The chapter highlights the spread of the perspective on the evolutionary rationale behind “demonic males,” explaining how it plumbed the roots of social structure by seeking to explain it as a result of adaptations to maximize the reproductive success of the social individual. It reviews the main theory of chimpanzee violence and methodology that focused on formulating and testing narrow hypotheses.
Later Gombe
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes the Gombe story up to the most recent reports, or from around 1984 to 2013. It begins with the many faces of impactful human disturbance, which partly map onto each other over time and then eventually accumulate and compound each other. It reviews the periodization of the increasing but less critical disruption from the mid-1980s up to the late 1990s and the cascading disruption to a chaotic peak around 2004. The chapter discusses how periodization frames the description of deadly violence among chimpanzees, which also gets much worse going into and through the 2000s. It mentions the hypothesis about status-related violence among chimpanzees, which provides insight on the timing of killings in both periods.
Mahale History
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers all of Mahale chimpanzee history, showing why M- and K-groups had territorial issues in the 1970s and examines a series of infanticidal attacks across the 1980s. Different modalities of disruption increased from the 1990s onward, with diverse consequences for M-group living and fighting. It highlights how provisioning was central to Mahale research. The chapter suggests that the infant killings of 1974 and 1976 could be aimed at rival reduction, emphasizing how intergroup infanticide might result in improving reproductive success by eliminating a future competitor. It looks at an empirical record that addresses infant killings, particularly the comprehensive lists of suspected to certain intraspecific killings at Mahale.
Budongo, Early Research and Human Impact
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses Uganda’s Budongo Forest Reserve, a medium-altitude, moist semideciduous forest that breaks the Gombe mold in many ways. It introduces the phases of research in the Budongo Forest Reserve, including the early findings on intergroup relations at Busingiro that flatly contradict the demonic view of natural lethality. It also describes how human impact worsened for chimpanzees through the research hiatus, and during the second project at Sonso. The chapter explores how the record of human impact contextualizes developments within the Sonso community. It highlights early regulated logging in Budongo that unintentionally promoted chimpanzee food sources as it succeeded in increasing a variety of species of fruiting trees.
Western Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers two populations in Senegal, Niokolo Koba and Fongoli and the long-term research site of Bossou, in the Republic of Guinea, Conakry. It talks about Mt. Assirik, Senegal’s Niokolo Koba National Park, which is considered the hottest, driest, and most open environment inhabited by chimpanzees today. Assirik offers the major territorial variation of occasional bivouacs and mass migrations from one part of the home range to another, especially in the dry season. The chapter highlights how Mt. Assirik chimpanzees had more physical marks of violence than at Toro-Semliki, noting patterns of aggression that appear to differ across habitats. Assirik chimpanzees show damaged ears and fingers attributable to fighting, while Semliki chimpanzees are largely unscarred.
The Demonic Perspective Meets Human Warfare
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how the perspective on the claimed applicability of the Gombe paradigm to human warfare proceeds when actually applied to people. It talks about engagement with human practice that leads to major definitional restrictions, analogies contradicted by evidence, and internal inconsistencies. It also considers one of the broadest claimed parallels, which is that chimpanzees and humans share a proclivity for hostile territorial exclusivity. The chapter highlights the gulf separating chimpanzees and human territoriality and intergroup relations that goes into the realm of true culture. It stresses how understanding the evolved predispositions of chimpanzees is necessary to understand the problem of war today.
Posthuman as Genre
Authors: Duncan Pansy , Henry Claire , Molloy Missy 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the posthuman on-screen as a distinct genre of screen media, tracing the shared thematic, narrative, and formal elements of films that seek to confront the posthuman as figure, event, or phenomenon. In identifying ingredients common to films within the genre, it does not aim to offer a full taxonomy of the genre. Instead, the chapter presents a series of close analyses of conventions that crystallize around three crucial zones of human/nonhuman interchange: relationships, the body, and affect. As the first section details, these films propose new ways of understanding the self and relating with others in a more-than-human world. As the second section shows, they push the physical boundaries of the human to explore how technologies reveal and overcome human limitation. And as the third and final section explains, they are characterized by an affective oscillation between threat and hope in our entwined past, present, and future with technology. While many of the films analyzed in the chapter are more routinely bundled into other genre categories (namely horror, romance, melodrama, neo-neorealism, and science fiction), this chapter demonstrates that orthodox genre divisions cannot adequately account for the overlaps between films that grapple with the posthuman.
Introduction
Authors: Saltzstein Jennifer 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The introduction articulates the book’s main theme: the way medieval individuals used song to formulate group identities that were tied to specific landscapes. It defines key terms, differentiating land from landscape (which is framed by a viewer). It examines biblical influence on medieval conceptions of land, the environment, and plant-life, and explores the ways in which relationships between nature and culture were interactive. It introduces the book’s primary song corpus (that of the trouvères), positioning this corpus as a significant body of nature poetry. It addresses issues of authorship, anonymity, autobiography, gender, and subjectivity in this song corpus and posits group identity as the book’s operative interpretive framework. It provides an overview of the book’s chapters.
Introduction
Authors: Rinke Stefan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter looks at different perspectives on the violent destruction and redefinition of social and ethnic spaces following the conquistadors’ bloody encounters with foreigners. It looks at Hernán Cortés’s letters, which included mention of Mexica and its social hierarchy while leading the Spanish conquistador. Witnesses of the Fall of Tenochtitlan created their respective worlds by translating the chaos of the event into reports and images. The chapter considers differing narrative history markups many of which claim the victory of the Spanish people and the failure of indigenous peoples. According to cultural studies scholar Tzvetan Todorov, cultural determinism is the cause of the inferiority of the indigenous peoples. The chapter also notes Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador’s attempt to get apologies from the Spanish monarch and the pope for the atrocities committed during the Conquest of Mexico five hundred years ago.
Setting Off for the New World
Authors: Rinke Stefan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter narrates the early life and journey of Hernán Cortés. It recognizes disillusionment about newly discovered territories following the death of Christopher Columbus. From the time Cortés was nineteen years old, he travelled through the Caribbean, Cuba, and the Yucatán peninsula. The chapter notes that Spaniards had been surprised by the amount of gold and economic activity of the Maya living in Yucatán. It also explores the journeys of Juan de Grijalva and Francisco Hernández de Córdoba. Moreover, the Europeans perceived foreign culture as conforming to their traditional patterns, similar to priest Juan Díaz’s description of the population as allegedly worshipping a cross.
Tlaxcala
Authors: Rinke Stefan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the central role the Tlaxcala played in the fall of Tenochtitlan. The Spaniards believed that alliances were vital since they did not have enough troops or attendants to make large inland marches, while the Totonacs thought the alliance represented an opportunity to challenge the dominance of the Mexica. The chapter explains the entrada to the town of Tlaxcala, which had been a dangerous enemy of the Mexica. It discusses the alliance between Tlaxcalans, Spaniards, and Totonacs. Following a series of clashes between the Tlaxcalans and the Spaniards, the Tlaxcalans suddenly gave in, as they were unaware of the Spaniards’ dwindling supplies and men. According to Spanish narratives, Hernán Cortés attempted to persuade Tlaxcalans to renounce their faith in human sacrifice and ritual cannibalism before turning to accept Christianity. The chapter then details the Cholula massacre that served the interests of the Tlaxcalans.
War and Destruction
Authors: Rinke Stefan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the aftermath of the Battle of Toltec Canal. It highlights the Spaniards’ loss of manpower, resources, and morale. Hernán Cortés had been forced to return to Tlaxcala and to depend upon the support of that city-state. After recovery, however, the allied troops returned to the battlefields conquering large parts of the valley of Mexico. The chapter also looks at how Cortés took advantage of a smallpox epidemic. It then details the battle and the resultant losses of the attackers and the Mexica people as a result of the Fall of Tenochtitlan in 1521.
The Legacy of the Conquest
Authors: Rinke Stefan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the legacy of the Conquest. It describes the Conquest transforming into a process of colonization. The marqués played only a minor significant role in this process. The reconstruction of Mexico proved to be an enormous challenge due to the extensive devastation the war had brought to the land. Indigenous people played a significant role in the design of the new city, and they had to adapt to European construction and agricultural techniques and equipment. The chapter also discusses the daily colonial life, which was overshadowed by the mass deaths of the indigenous population. Despite the processes of adaptation and hybridization, indigenous identities remained largely local. They had been influenced by immigrants from Europe and Africa and by progressive mestizization.
Education, Citizenship, and Contesting the Future, 1800–1860
Authors: Miller Nicola 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that debates about gaps between what new states and many of their citizens aspired to in terms of educational provision and what was achieved show values and priorities under pressure, and accordingly reveal conflicts around these values. The founders of new states in this region assigned to education a major role in fitting inhabitants for citizenship, often giving provision and results a place in constitutions; there was also real interest from below. The chapter surveys tensions around who should control provision (notably whether this should be state or church); whether education was a precondition for citizenship, and if so, what that entailed; and what forms of authority were properly exercised in educational settings—a debate to which women teachers made a distinctive contribution. It concludes that education had the potential to sustain ideals of equality, social justice and self-government even under authoritarian regimes.
Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Schulz Carsten-Andreas , Petersen Mark 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Latin America and the Caribbean (chiefly Haiti) figured among reference points in this period for debates in Europe and the United States about the virtues and vices of popular government, being seen by some to exemplify its virtues and by others, its vices. Commentary was often not very well informed, and reflected arguments commentators wanted to make for their own home audiences more than deep engagement with developments in the region. People in the region had their own motivations for trying to shape external opinion. The chapter charts varied and changing views, first from several European states, then from the United States. Although positive as well as negative judgments were made, most commonly the example of Latin America and the Caribbean was employed to show what could go wrong with popular government. The mixture of races among its inhabitants was often suggested to limit the region’s prospects.
Articulating Democracy in Hispaniola
Authors: Lachaud Emmanuel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter charts talk about “democracy” in Saint Domingue/Haiti, and Santo Domingo/the Dominican Republic. There is no evidence of talk about “democracy” in Haiti in the era of the French and Haitian revolutions. It did however feature in political discourse from the 1820s, especially under republican rule. It could be used positively of participatory systems, limiting the power of the executive, but also retained connotations of mob rule and was associated with the French, and tainted by their inconsistent opposition to slavery. In the 1830s it is visible in the new newspaper press, entering the normal lexicon of opposition politics; Tocqueville’s Democracy in America was serialized. In the 1840s, French socialist discourse encouraged its use to criticize the subjection of rural laborers. But it persisted chiefly as a name for certain kinds of political arrangements, remaining more popular in republican settings than in periods of monarchical paternalism.
An Empire among Republics
Authors: Slemian Andréa 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter charts talk about “democracy” in Brazil, where it seems to have been less current than elsewhere in the region, probably because Brazil’s monarchical and slaveholding state and society were relatively inhospitable to its use. Defenders of Brazil’s monarchical but constitutional regime did however claim that the prevailing system avoided the perils of democracy but embodied its virtues. The term was used about provincial insurgents, but also sometimes by them. It was more used from the 1860s, but chiefly by critics of the royalist regime, and even they were keen to stress that they favored only the most moderate forms of democracy.
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
Authors: Higgins Michael Denis 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe monumental tomb of King Mausolus, renowned for its size and sculptures, was the focal point of Halicarnassus (Bodrum), the newly constructed capital of Caria. The tomb had a solid core of volcanic rock that was completely concealed beneath sculptures and friezes of marble. Decorative elements of the building were painted in bright colours, as was common in antiquity. Marble was transported from quarries all around the Aegean, and shipwrecks show us how this was done. The Mausoleum was brought down by an earthquake in the Middle Ages that also damaged the nearby fort of the Crusaders, who then plundered the site for blocks to rebuild their fort. However, some of the ruins were buried fortuitously under deep soil eroded from the hill to the north and preserved until excavated in the 19th century.