bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macrophage Requirement for the in Vitro Response to TNP Ficoll: A Thymic Independent Antigen
Authors: Chused Thomas M. , Kassan Stuart S. , Mosier Donald E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The in vitro antibody-forming cell response of mouse spleen cells to the thymic independent synthetic polymer, TNP-Ficoll, was found to require the presence of either macrophages or 2-mercaptoethanol. The TNP-Ficoll response and that to the thymic dependent antigen, sheep erythrocytes, demonstrated the same degree of macrophage dependence. However, macrophage-depleted spleen cells which did not produce plaque-forming cells responded normally to T and B cell mitogens. Comparison of the antibody-forming cell response of macrophage-depleted spleen cells in the presence and absence of 2-mercaptoethanol indicated that either macrophages function 10 to 100 times more efficiently in its presence or that 2-mercaptoethanol partially replaces the function of macrophages.
The Effect of Corticosteroids on Human IgG Synthesis
Authors: McMillan R. , Longmire R. , Yelenosky R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of prolonged, high-dose corticosteroid therapy on total IgG synthesis rates by human bone marrow and splenic leukocytes was studied in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Marrow IgG production rates begin to decrease 3 weeks after beginning therapy and reach levels approximately one-fourth of pre-treatment rates after 6 weeks. No effect of corticosteroids on splenic IgG production rates could be shown. Marrow IgG synthesis rates in these patients were on the average from 3 to 10 times greater than corresponding splenic production rates and, in addition, appeared to correlate with serum IgG levels. These data suggest that the marrow is an important contributor to the total body IgG pool; and since corticosteroids appear to suppress marrow IgG production, this may be one reason for their therapeutic usefulness in antibodymediated diseases.
Antibodies to the Triplet Codons AAA, AAC, and AUG: Reactions with Nucleic Acids
Authors: D'Alisa Rose , Erlanger Bernard F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibodies specific for the trinucleotide codons AAA, AUG, and AAC were examined for their reactions with nucleic acids. Anti-AUG and anti-AAC precipitated denatured DNA. Anti-AAA did not, and moreover, the binding of a tritiated AAA derivative to anti-AAA was not inhibited by denatured DNA. Radioligand-binding studies showed that anti-AAA was highly specific for the triplet sequence, some cross-reactions occurring with di-A and tetra-A but little with A and poly(A). The anti-codons did not precipitate whole yeast RNA, but binding could be demonstrated with Escherichia coli 3H-rRNA. Anti-AAC and anti-AUG (but not anti-AAA) bound E. coli 14C-tRNA. Anti-AUG was found to inhibit protein synthesis in an in vitro system in which rabbit reticulocyte mRNA was being translated. Inhibition was abolished by absorption of the antibody with AUG-RSA. The results of these and previous experiments (reference 1) are interpreted to indicate that antibodies can recognize trinucleotide sequences but not with absolute specificity, and it is suggested that antibodies to longer nucleotide sequences might show specificity comparable to that shown by antibodies to polysaccharide and peptide sequences.
Transfer of Hypogammaglobulinemia in two Inbred Chicken Strains by Spleen Cells from Bursectomized Donors
Authors: Palladino M. A. , Lerman S. P. , Thorbecke G. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Transfer of lymphoid cells from agammaglobulinemic donor chickens into 3- to 4-week-old irradiated recipients that had been surgically bursectomized at 2 to 3 weeks of age significantly depressed the ability of the antibody-forming apparatus to recover from irradiation. Antibody production to Brucella abortus and sheep erythrocytes remained much below control levels in BX donor-cell recipients of both chicken strains studied (SC and FP). Progressive loss of serum IgM and IgG was observed primarily in the FP strain resulting in complete agammaglobulinemia within 4 to 6 weeks after transfer of BX donor spleen cells. Serial transfer of this phenomenon was demonstrated in the SC strain.
Activation of Alternate Pathway of Complement by Rabbit F(ab′)2 Fragment
Authors: Fujita T. , Nagaki K. , Inai S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immune precipitate formed with egg albumin and F(ab′)2 fragment of rabbit anti-egg albumin (F) activated the alternate pathway in normal human serum. F inactivated C3 and C5 without effecting on the early acting components in serum.
On incubation with normal human serum, F combined with several factors (X) to form an intermediate complex, designated FX. FX had an ability to inactivate C3 and C5. The time at which FX showed maximal activity to cleave C3 and C5 (Tmax) was 10 to 20 min at 37°C. Tmax depended on the amount of F added to serum, and increased amount of F shortened Tmax. FX seemed to be composed of at least three factors, factor B, properdin, and C3, judging from the facts that anti-factor B, anti-properdin, or anti-C3 inhibited C3- and C5-cleaving activity of FX. When preformed FX was incubated at 37°C, it decayed to an inactive form, FXd, at 120 min.
A Spin Probe Study of Complement Induced Changes in Membrane Lipids
Authors: Giavedoni E. B. , Mason R. P. , Dalmasso A. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We reported previously that complement lysis of antibody-sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EA) inhibits the dissociability of membrane (M) lipids by 2.4 M KSCN, in contrast to M lipids from EA lysed hypotonically (Fed. Proc., 34:965, 1975). We interpreted this finding as indicating a complement induced perturbation of M lipids. We now have applied electron spin resonance spectroscopy to investigate changes in the lipid fluidity of M from complement-lysed EA. The spectrum of 5-nitroxide methyl stearate after incorporation into sheep erythrocyte M is characterized by two outer hyperfine extrema. The following parameters, which are sensitive to the motional freedom of the spin label, were measured: The separation of the low-field from the high-field hyperfine extrema (2Az′), the half width at half height of the low-field extrema (Δ1) and of the high-field extrema (Δh). Each of these parameters were similar in M from hypotonically lysed E, EA, and EA treated with C6 deficient rabbit serum.
Complement-Induced Ultrastructural Membrane Lesions: Requirement for Late-Acting Components
Authors: Packman C. H. , Rosenfeld S. I. , Weed R. I. , Leddy J. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Complement-induced ultrastructural ring-shaped changes in EA have been known since 1963. Initially it was thought that the entire C sequence was necessary for this phenomenon. However, Polley et al., using purified human C components added stepwise to EA, found ring structures on the membrane after the EAC14235 step. Stepwise addition of C6–C9 did not produce more rings, but lysis required the full C sequence. Polley also noted rings on EA exposed to C6-deficient (C6D) rabbit serum, but not C5D mouse serum. Other workers have been unable to find rings on either sheep E or liposomes by using C6D rabbit serum as C source. We have re-examined this problem by using several human sera each genetically deficient in one of the late components.
Sheep EA (108/ml) were incubated for 1 hr at 37°C with an equal volume of a 1:2 dilution of each C-deficient serum (C5D, C6D, C7D, C8D), normal human serum (NHS) and serum heated at 56°C for 30 min (CΔ).
Structural and Genetic Studies on Chicken 7S Immunoglobulin Allotypes
Authors: Wakeland Edward K. , Benedict Albert A. , Abplanalp Hans A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have previously reported that chicken 7S immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) chain allotypes (CS-1 locus) segregate as phenogroups in F2 progeny. Specificity CS-1.1 formed a phenogroup with CS-1.4 in inbred chicken line UCD 2, and a second phenogroup with CS-1.3 in line UCD 3. To determine whether these phenogroups were formed by combinations of specificities on the same, or on separate subclasses of 7S Ig, their distribution on the 7S Ig molecules of birds homozygous for 7S Ig allotypes was analyzed by radioimmunoassay. Anti-CS-1.1 and anti-CS-1.3 alloantisera each bound more than 94% of line UCD 3 125I-7S Ig. Similar results were obtained with alloantisera to CS-1.1 and CS-1.4 with 125I-7S Ig from line UCD 2. These results indicate that both phenogroups were formed by combinations of specificities present on the same H chain. Thus, each phenogroup described, probably, is the product of a single structural gene which is responsible for more than 94% of the 7S Ig H chain constant regions.
In F1 hybrids with the genotype CS-1.1,1.3/CS-1.2, two populations of serum 7S Ig molecules were detected by direct and sequential binding analysis with specific alloantisera. One population of 7S Ig contained specificities CS-1.1 and CS-1.3, but not CS-1.2; while the second population carried only specificity CS-1.2. Therefore, each population was exclusively the product of one parental allele. Consistent with a genetic regulatory mechanism involving allelic exclusion, no 7S Ig containing allotypes produced by both alleles was detected.
α-Fetoprotein and Human Lymphocyte Subpopulations
Authors: Gupta Sudhir , Good Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peripheral blood lymphocytes were incubated with varying concentrations of α-fetoprotein and enumerated for total and “active” T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and their proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin. No significant effect was observed on total T or B lymphocyte proportions. However, there was a dose-related increase in proportions of the so called “active” T lymphocytes. the response of human lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin was markedly depressed. The alteration in the proportion of active T cells and the inhibition of T lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin by α-fetoprotein occurred at higher concentrations than are present in amniotic fluid, serum of pregnant women, or serum of adults, but well within the range reached in fetal serum. The immunoregulatory role of α-fetoprotein is discussed.
Antigen Induced Alterations in Splenic Prostaglandin and Cyclic Nucleotide Levels in NZB Mice
Authors: Webb D. R. , Nowowiejski I. , Dauphinée M. , Talal N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies were undertaken in order to determine if NZB mice injected with sheep erythrocyte antigens would respond by showing elevated splenic prostaglandin and cyclic nucleotide levels similar to that observed in normal mice. The results show that young NZB mice can respond to sheep erythrocytes by yielding increased levels of splenic PGF2α and cAMP. However, because of increased basal levels of PGF2α and cAMP, the net increase observed is lower than that observed with normal mice. In old NZB mice exhibiting signs of disease (splenomegaly) and in which defects in immune competence are known to occur, the injection of sRBC results in no increase in splenic PGF2α levels and a decrease in cAMP levels. These animals also have greatly elevated basal levels of PGF2α, cAMP, and cGMP. It is concluded that the cellular immune defect in NZB mice is reflected by their faulty metabolic responses to sRBC. Also, the altered basal levels of PG and cyclic nucleotides may be related to the altered cellular immune competence. The latter conclusion is supported by the reduced capacity of spleen cells from young NZB mice to respond to PGE by increasing cAMP levels and by the lack of an effect of inhibitors of PG synthesis on the immune response to sRBC in both young and old NZB mouse spleen cell cultures.
Suppression of IgE Antibody Production in SJL Mice
Authors: Watanabe Naohiro , Kojima Somei , Shen Fung-Win , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Under appropriate conditions of immunization combined with irradiation, SJL/J mice show a high and persistent anti-DNP IgE antibody response. Spleen cells transferred from normal untreated SJL mice suppress this response. Elimination of Ly-1+ cells, but not of Ly-2+ cells, abolished the capacity of spleen cells to suppress the IgE response.
Thus of the three T cell Ly subclasses presently identified, Ly-1, Ly-2,3, and Ly-1,2,3, the normal SJL spleen cell which suppresses the IgE response of irradiated-immunized SJL mice belongs to the Ly-1 set. It is not known whether this Ly-1 cell suppresses the IgE response directly or by helping another cell in the recipient.
The carrier-specific helper cell activity for IgE and probably IgG1 antibody response belongs to Ly-1 subclass in the SJL strain also.
Alternative Pathway of Complement: Nonenzymatic, Reversible Transition of Precursor to Active Properdin
Authors: Götze Otto , Medicus Rudolf G. , Müller-Eberhard Hans J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method for the purification of properdin in precursor state (pre-P) has been elaborated. Precursor properdin, in contrast to activated properdin (P̄), does not initiate the formation of a C3 convertase when added to properdin-depleted serum, rather it requires the presence of an activating substance such as zymosan for expression of its activity. Comparing the activities of pre-P and P̄ it was found that some P̄ preparations contained significant amounts of pre-P because they were fully active only in the presence of zymosan. This observation indicated that P̄ can partly revert to pre-P. Comparison by immunoelectrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed no charge or size differences between pre-P and P̄. Radiolabeled pre-P, when analyzed after its participation in the reactions of the pathway, displayed an unchanged subunit m.w. of 50,000. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that the transition of pre-P to P̄ is due to a partly reversible change in the conformation of the protein rather than the result of proteolytic cleavage.
Endothelial Proliferation in the Delayed Hypersensitivity Reaction: An Autoradiographic Study
Authors: Polverini Peter J. , Cotran Ramzi S. , Sholley Milton M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The time-sequence of endothelial proliferation in the delayed hypersensitivity reaction was examined in the skin of guinea pigs. Animals were sensitized to tuberculin (PPD) and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and skin lesions were examined 12 hr to 7 days after challenge. Thirty minutes before sacrifice 3H-thymidine (3H-T) was injected i.p. and endothelial labeling was assessed in autoradiographs of 1.5-µ thick methacrylate sections. Endothelial labeling became manifest at 24 hr (PPD) and 12 hr (DNCB) after challenge, reaching a peak at 48 to 72 hr in PPD-sensitized animals and 36 to 48 hr in DNCB-sensitized animals. Peak labeling indices were 7.88 and 15.08%, respectively. Labeling indices for nonsensitized control groups were always less than 1%. Endothelial labeling was associated, in time of occurrence, distribution, and magnitude with mononuclear cell infiltration of the lesions. These findings thus document the occurrence of significant endothelial cell proliferation in delayed hypersensitivity responses and suggest that the events leading to the expression of hypersensitivity also result in endothelial replication.
The Mononuclear Cell in Human Blood Which Mediates Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity to Virusinfected Target Cells
Authors: Shore Steven L. , Melewicz F. Michael , Gordon David S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mononuclear cells (MC) from human blood were fractionated by a variety of physical and immunologic techniques, and the cellular subpopulations generated were assessed for their capacity to lyse herpes simplex virus (HSV)-infected target cells in the presence of IgG antibody to HSV. Latex phagocytosis and surface marker studies were performed in parallel in order to identify the major effector cells by their phagocytic properties and their possession of surface immunoglobulin and receptors for either sheep erythrocytes, C3, or the Fc fragment of IgG.
Cytotoxic effector cell activity was unaffected or slightly enhanced after the removal of plastic-adherent or carbonyl iron-adherent MC, indicating that the major effector cell is not a classical monocyte. Similar results were obtained after removal of more than 90% of the T cells by depletion of rosette-forming cells. Likewise, effector cell activity was generally unchanged when more than 95% of the B cells were removed by filtering MC on nylon wool columns. Effector cell function was also found to be normal in three patients with B cell-deficient X-linked agammaglobulinemia. These observations strongly suggest that the effector cells are not T cells or B cells.
A 4- to 5-fold enrichment in effector cells, however, was consistently found in a subpopulation, consisting of 5% of the unfractionated MC, that was dramatically enriched both for nonphagocytic cells with only Fc receptors (K cells) and for nonphagocytic cells with no detectable surface markers (null cells). Since, as is demonstrated in the accompanying report, effector surface Fc receptors play a critical role in the mediation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity directed at HSV-infected target cells, the major mononuclear effector cell in human blood is a K cell.
The Non-Specific Activation in the Complement Fixation Test of the Alcohol Soluble Antigens of the Tubercle Bacillus
Authors: Dienes L. , Scheff L. D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
It was found that the potency of certain preparations obtained from the alcohol extract of the tubercle bacillus as antigen in the complement fixation was increased 80 to 160 times by the addition of commercial lecithin. The potency of the original alcohol, ether, and watery extract was increased considerably less (2 to 10 times). Substances separated from the alcohol extract of the tubercle bacillus or cholesterin had no effect on the potency of the preparations. One millionth of a milligram of the specific substance (the dilution 1:400,000,000) in combination with lecithin was enough to cause as antigen a complete reaction in vitro. The significance and eventual consequences of these observations for the understanding of certain serological reactions are briefly discussed.
The Antigenic Properties of Pollen Fractions
Authors: Caulfeild A. H. W. , Cohen Cecile , Eadie George S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Chemical methods have been given for the preparation from pollen of fractions which were dried and labelled as alcohol extract, albumin-proteose, proteose and glutenin. The percentage of total nitrogen was determined for these different fractions of ragweed and birch pollen. Both by means of death from anaphylactic shock and the uterine method of Dale it has been shown possible to sensitize guinea pigs with great ease and regularity to the albuminproteose, and proteose fractions of ragweed, timothy and birch pollen. The demonstration that glutenin or the alcohol extract can cause anaphylaxis is less complete owing to the less solvent character of these fractions. By means of the Dale technic marked sensitization was demonstrated with glutenin; the proof of sensitization with the alcohol extract being much less convincing. The demonstration of passive anaphylaxis from guinea pigs sensitized with albumin-proteose or proteose fractions to normal guinea pigs is regarded as complete; from human hayfever cases to normal guinea pigs, a slight sensitization resulted in two instances. Clinical tests by the scratch method demonstrated (a) that each case would show an individually selective specificity to the different fractions and (b) that positive results would occasionally be obtained when the use of whole pollen would give negative tests. Treatment by means of solutions made from ragweed fractions with a somewhat selected group of patients gave very satisfactory results. Although complete protection was not obtained in all, it was felt that the results were better than would have been obtained had but a single solution been used. It was entirely satisfactory in that all cases protected in previous years experienced as good or better results on their multiple solutions.
The Effect of D-Penicillamine on Mitogen-Induced Human Lymphocyte Proliferation: Synergistic Inhibition by D-Penicillamine and Copper Salts
Authors: Lipsky Peter E. , Ziff Morris 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of d-penicillamine on in vitro mitogen-triggered human peripheral blood lymphocyte DNA synthesis was examined. d-penicillamine caused a modest degree of inhibition of responsiveness. Since D-penicillamine avidly chelates copper, a possible additive effect of d-penicillamine and copper salts on mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation was investigated. The addition of various copper salts to D-penicillamine-containing cultures resulted in a marked augmentation in the degree of inhibition observed. Specificity for the synergy between D-penicillamine and copper was suggested by the failure of iron, zinc, or gold salts to augment the inhibition produced by D-penicillamine alone. However, a number of other thiols, but not disulfides, could substitute for D-penicillamine in inhibiting mitogen responsiveness in the presence of copper salts. Preincubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with d-penicillamine and CuSO4 resulted in diminished mitogen responsiveness on subsequent culture in the absence of the inhibitors. Data are presented to indicate that preincubation with d-penicillamine and CuSO4 directly affected the ability of the T lymphocytes to respond to mitogens but did not alter the capacity of the monocytes to act as accessory cells in this response.
Effect of Selective T Cell Priming on Anti-Sheep and Anti-Hapten Humoral Responses
Authors: Trizio Domenico , Cudkowicz Gustavo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocyte subpopulations responsible for immunologic memory developing within 4 days of priming with small numbers of sheep erythrocytes (2 × 106 SRBC, i.v.) were investigated by transfer of spleen cells into irradiated syngeneic mice, challenge with SRBC or SRBC-TNP conjugate, and enumeration of plaque-forming cells at the time of peak response. Cell suspensions were enriched with T and depleted of B lymphocytes, or vice versa, by filtration through nylon wool columns and separation of nonadherent from adherent cells. The characteristics of anti-SRBC or anti-TNP responses by primed unseparated cells (i.e., acceleration, augmentation, increased IgG:IgM ratio) were retained when T-rich spleen cells from primed mice were reconstituted with B-rich cells, irrespective of whether the latter were from primed or unprimed donors. Responses by unprimed T cells in combination with primed B cells resembled those elicited by unprimed unseparated spleen. Hence, low doses of antigen selectively activated the T lymphocyte subclass; helper cells became more effective after priming for cooperative interaction with B cells, especially with those committed to IgG production. Under conditions of limiting dilution for T cells, the helper units of primed mice (i.e., functional units of helpers and amplifiers) were restricted to interact with either IgM or IgG precursor B cells, but not with both, since direct and indirect plaque responses assorted independently of each other. The immediate precursors of primed helper cells were peripheralized T lymphocytes, in keeping with the persistence of helper activity for months after adult thymectomy. The incompetence of large numbers of transferred thymocytes to generate such helper cells was in sharp contrast with their prompt generation by small numbers of T-rich spleen cells.