bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Loss of Antibody Titer Following Labeling by Tritium Gas Exposure
Authors: Schlegel David E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The sites of virus accumulation and synthesis in plant cells have been studied by immunofluorescence techniques (1, 2). The usefulness of this approach is limited by the relatively large amounts of fluorescent antibody required for visible fluorescence. It seemed possible that a much greater sensitivity could be obtained with tritium-labeled antiserum and autoradiographic techniques. Lysozyme and ribonuclease have both been labeled by exposure to tritium gas and found to be enzymatically active (3, 4). Thus it appeared reasonable that tritium-labeled antibodies could be prepared in this way.
Anti-rabbit goat globulin (Microbiological Associates, Bethesda, Md.) was used since high titer preparations are readily available. The globulin was frozen-dried and the labeling was carried out by New England Nuclear Corporation according to the method of Wilzbach (5). For a preliminary experiment, a sample of goat globulin was exposed to tritium gas at 0°C for 10 days.
Rate Studies in Immune Hemagglutination
Authors: Ming Tau Kuang , Severson Charles , Goodman Harold S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immune agglutination of red cells was examined on the basis of rates. It was shown that the rate of red cell aggregation can be determined from the free cell concentration with a model B Coulter Counter. The rate of this reaction was shown to be dependent on antibody concentration, cell concentration, temperature and speed of mechanical mixing. Sensitization and aggregation were shown to occur as consecutive reactions.
The relationship of the rate of red cell aggregation to temperature was examined in terms of the Arrhenius equation. This relationship (slope of Arrhenius plot) was independent of speed of mechanical mixing and antiserum concentration. It was also shown that the rate-temperature relationship varied between antisera with the same blood group specificity.
Studies of Rubella
Authors: Parkman P. D. , Mundon F. K. , McCown J. M. , Buescher E. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Neutralizing antibody to rubella virus was measured in tissue culture by a constant virusvarying serum test. Careful control of virus dose was the most important factor for obtaining reproducible results. Antibody titers were increased by diluting sera with unheated antibody-free rabbit serum; this enhancing effect was abolished by heating. With the standard test, rubella virus strains were shown to be antigenically similar, and different from several other human viruses. The test reliably differentiated between antibody positive and negative sera, and with comparable virus doses showed reproducibility of antibody titer similar to other neutralization tests. The immune status of military recruits was correctly predicted by presence or absence of antibody. Antibody appearance after clinical or subclinical infection was prompt and persisted for years.
Immunogenicity and Specificity of Collagen
Authors: Steffen Carl , Timpl Rupert , Wolff Ivar 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Acid-soluble collagen (procollagen), collagen treated with hydroxylamine (“hydroxam-collagen”) and parent gelatine of calf origin, both from skin and joint capsule-periarticular connective tissue, were used to immunize rabbits. These preparations and similar ones prepared from rabbits were used to test the resultant antisera in passive hemagglutination, along with ovalbumin and bovine γ-globulin as specificity controls. The various preparations were examined for their content of hydroxyproline, tyrosine, hexoses, uronic acid and nitrogen.
Procollagen induced mainly the formation of species-specific collagen antibodies, reacting also with hydroxam-collagen and parent gelatine of the same species.
Hydroxam-collagen induced the formation of antibodies with a new specificity, that against a collagen preparation after hydroxylamine treatment. Hyperimmune sera reacted only with “hydroxam”-collagens. Early immune sera, however, showed cross-reactions with parent gelatine.
Parent gelatine induced formation of antibodies against collagen preparations and their derivatives, having no species specificity and showing a broad spectrum of reactivity with gelatine and collagens. Used in serologic testing, however, parent gelatine also displayed properties of species specificity.
No differences in specificity were found between preparations made from skin and from joint capsule-periarticular connective tissue.
Hemagglutination-inhibition experiments were performed in addition. The results confirmed the observations made in direct hemagglutination: Hemagglutinating systems of anti-procollagen sera and calf-collagen preparations were inhibited only by species-specific (calf) parent gelatine and hydroxam-collagen. Hemagglutinating systems of early anti-hydroxam-collagen sera and hydroxamcollagen were inhibited significantly by hydroxam-collagen, less distinctly by parent gelatine. Identical systems prepared with hyperimmune sera, however, were inhibited only by hydroxam-collagen. Hemagglutinating systems of anti-parent gelatine sera and parent gelatine or hydroxam collagen of different origin were inhibited by all collagen preparations or collagen derivatives independently of their species or tissue origin.
The results obtained are discussed in view of our present knowledge about the structure of collagen or its derivatives.
Influence of Ionic Strength on the Reaction between Anti-D and D Positive Red Cells
Authors: Atchley William A. , Bhagavan N. V. , Masouredis S. P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Both the rate and quantity of iodine labeled anti-D bound to D positive red cells were enhanced significantly when the ionic strength at the time of reaction was reduced by substituting iso-osmotic aqueous solutions of glycine, EACA, sucrose, lactose and glucose for 0.15 M, pH 6.5 phosphate buffer. An almost 4-fold increase in uptake of anti-D to untreated red cells and an approximately 2-fold increase in antibody uptake to papain-modified cells occurred when the ionic strength was reduced from 0.26 to 0.07. The antibody nature of the additional protein bound to the red cell at low ionic strength was supported by the recovery of the additional cell bound radioactivity in the stroma, by quantitative absorption studies, by the reactivity of the additional cell bound radioactivity in the antiglobulin reaction and by the failure to obtain a significant increase in binding of radioactivity to D negative cells under comparable conditions of ionic strength. The enhancement of anti-D uptake to D positive red cells observed following enzyme modification was not additive to that observed when the ionic strength was reduced, indicating that both effects probably act via a common mechanism.
Cytopathic Effect of Simian Virus 40 on Primary Cell Cultures of Rhesus Monkey Kidney
Authors: Easton John M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It was found that SV-40 grows progressively to high titers in cultures of rhesus monkey kidney, and destroys the cell monolayers. This process takes several weeks. Incubation at reduced temperature (26 to 28°C) slows viral multiplication and consequent cell destruction. Electron microscopic observations indicate that the intranuclear development of SV-40 does not differ significantly from its development in cells in which it exerts a more rapid and distinctive cytopathic effect.
Immunochemical Studies on Polysaccharides of Yeasts
Authors: Hasenclever H. F. , Mitchell William O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Quantitative precipitin reactions have shown that: Antiserum to C. albicans Group B reacted strongly (80 to 120% of the homologous reaction) with polysaccharides from C. albicans group A, C. stellatoidea, C. tropicalis, H. capsulata and T. pinus; mannans from S. cerevisiae and S. pini precipitated approximately 55% of the antibody; and polysaccharides from H. minuta, H. holstii and C. laurentii var. flavescens less than 10%.Antiserum to C. stellatoidea reacted strongly with C. albicans group B and C. tropicalis mannans (80 to 100%); polysaccharides from C. albicans group A, S. cerevisiae, and H. minuta precipitated 36 to 44% of the antibody; S. pini and H. capsulata, 18% of the antibody; and those from C. laurentii var. flavescens, H. holstii and T. pinus, less than 10%.C. tropicalis antiserum reacted strongly with C. albicans group A and B (91 to 103%); phosphomannan from H. capsulata removed 74% of the antibody; mannan from S. pini, 45%, and all other polysaccharides, less than 10%.
Double diffusion reactions in agar showed that all Candida mannans and C. albicans group B or C. stellatoidea antisera produced precipitin lines that fused. Using C. tropicalis antiserum, spur formation was observed between the homologous and group B and C. stellatoidea mannans. Of the other polysaccharides that formed precipitates in agar, all showed spur formation with the homologous mannan.
Effect of 5-Iodo-2′-Deoxyuridine on the Pathogenesis of Columbia-SK Virus in Mice
Authors: Force Elizabeth E. , Stewart Richard C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
5-Iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IUDR) at 150 and 75 mg/kg, administered subcutaneously 1 hr before and 1, 24 and 28 hr after infection, significantly (P = &lt; 0.01) protected mice infected intraperitoneally with 5 LD50 but not greater doses of Columbia-SK virus. IUDR did not appear to inhibit virus multiplication in the brain. The 48-hr delay in virus infiltration of the brain of mice treated with IUDR (150 mg/kg) is believed to play a role in protection. The absence of detectable virus in the leukocytes during the first 48 hr of infection might account for the delay.
Experimental attempts to define the relationship of the circulating leukocyte to protection are discussed.
Guinea Pig β1C-Globulin: Its Relationship to the Third Component of Complement and Its Alteration Following Interaction with Immune Complexes
Authors: Linscott William D. , Cochrane Charles G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibody was readily produced in rabbits against the β1C-globulin of fresh guinea pig serum. This β1C-globulin was founded by absorption studies to be antigenically and functionally related to the C′3c component of complement. Upon aging or treatment with immune complexes or zymosan, the β1C-globulin in whole serum was converted to β1A-globulin, a more slowly migrating protein in electrophoresis. The β1C-β1A-globulins of the mouse, rat and guinea pig were found to behave similarly in this regard. Fluorescent antibody to guinea pig β1C demonstrated the presence of this component in Arthus reactions (including reactions in B10-D2 old line mice that are deficient in one of the C′3 group of components), and with antigen-antibody complexes that had been deposited in vessel walls from the circulation.
Guinea pig β1C-globulin was converted to an electrophoretically slower β1A form, by sheep erythrocytes sensitized by antibody and the first, fourth and second components of guinea pig complement (EAC′1a,4,2a). The inactivation of C′3c in the fluid phase and conversion to β1A appeared to be separable events. The conversion process was completely inhibited by 0.02 M benzoyl-L-arginine methyl ester (BAMe) or 0.002 M p-toluene sulfonyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAMe), and partially inhibited at 0°C or by 0.02 M diisopropylfluorophosphate. Conversion appeared not to require activated first component of complement, or the C′3b component, but occurred only in the presence of activated second component. The data do not allow a clear determination of what substance directly mediates conversion. Of note, immune-adherence activity was found in the absence of detectable conversion.
Conversion of β1C-globulin to the β1A form during the aging of whole serum did not occur in the absence of divalent cations. The data suggest that the aging process may be mediated by a substance which accumulates slowly in the serum, and which interacts with complement in a manner similar to that observed with antigen-antibody complexes.
Organ-Specific Antigens of Liver, Testicle and Pituitary
Authors: Milgrom Felix , Tuggac Z. Maide , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fractions of bovine liver, testicle and anterior pituitary obtained by extraction at 100°C followed by ethanol precipitation were used as immunizing and in vitro antigens. By the use of rabbit immune sera, organ-specific antigens were demonstrated in these three organs.
Liver- and testicle-specific antigens each gave one precipitation line, whereas two precipitation lines were formed with the preparation of anterior pituitary.
Liver and testicle antigens were serologically unrelated, and neither of them was related to previously described organ-specific antigens of adrenal and brain which were encountered in similarly prepared organ fractions.
Antisera to anterior pituitary combined with antigenic preparations of posterior pituitary, although this reaction was considerably weaker than the homologous reaction with the anterior pituitary antigen.
Antisera to anterior pituitary cross-reacted with an adrenal preparation; the reaction pattern indicated that one of the two thermostable antigens characteristic for pituitary is shared by adrenal.
Antigens of Bacteriophage øX174
Authors: Rolfe Ursula , Sinsheimer Robert L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Anti-øX serum contains precipitating antibodies specific for three antigenic sites in the virus. One of these sites is not accessible in whole virus, but is exposed in heated virus and in the related 70 S particle.
Inactivating antibody, which blocks viral adsorption, is produced by immunization with intact virus, heated virus and the 70 S component. Inactivation by antibody is a first order process. The combination of antigen with antibody is partially reversible.
Rejection of Allogeneic Skin Grafts and Production of Specific Hemagglutinins by Nonirradiated and Irradiated Mice Sensitized by Various Means
Authors: Tyan Marvin L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies are presented which demonstrate in irradiated and nonirradiated mice that, of the methods used, sensitization with a skin graft or with dissociated cells incorporated in complete adjuvant induces the most vigorous, persistent and radioresistant homograft sensitivity and secondary hemagglutinin response.
Evaluation of Electronic Measurements of Hemagglutination for Quantitative Studies
Authors: Gibbs Mary B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of an extensive study of the use of total particle measurements obtained by an electronic cell counter for quantitative hemagglutination purposes are presented. Total particle data were shown to yield nonlinear log probit and logit log assay curves. The free cell to total particle relationship was shown to differ with the avidity of the serum and the strength of the antigen on the red cell within a system, and with the pattern of aggregation among blood group systems. It is therefore doubtful that total particle measurements have any useful application in quantitative hemagglutination assay systems.
Studies of Parainfluenza Viruses
Authors: Hsiung G. D. , Chang P. W. , Cuadrado R. R. , Isacson P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Homotypic and heterotypic antibody responses were demonstrated in rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, chickens and monkeys following immunization with DA or other parainfluenza viruses. The extent of heterotypic antibody responses was found to be dependent on the degree of susceptibility of a specific host to the virus used, and the presence or absence of preexisting parainfluenzal antibodies. Heterotypic rises were interpreted as recall reactions or anamnestic responses based upon previous experience with a specific virus in a susceptible host. Cross-protection among DA and other parainfluenza viruses could not be demonstrated in vivo. The distinct antigenic properties of DA virus illustrated the probable existence of a fifth parainfluenza virus type.
Antiglobulins in Normal Serum
Authors: Watson R. Glenn , Mims Grover R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sera obtained from dogs, guinea pigs, swine, squirrel monkeys, sheep and turkeys were examined for the presence and amount of three “antiglobulins”: a) a heat-labile latex-fixation factor, b) a heat-labile latex-fixation-inhibitor and c) a heat-stable Waaler-Rose factor.
Heat-labile latex-fixation factors and heat-stable Waaler-Rose factors were found in all of the sera tested. The rapidity of inactivation of the heat-labile latex-fixation factor at 56°C was found to be characteristic of the species. Heat-labile latex-fixation-inhibitors were found in the sera of dogs, swine, monkeys and guinea pigs, but not in the sera of sheep or turkeys. A fourth “antiglobulin,” “a heat-stable latex-fixation factor,” was found in the sera of 5 out of 12 dogs and 10 out of 12 swine.
At present the origin and significance of these apparently normal serum factors are unknown.
Electrophoretic and Immunoelectrophoretic Characterization of Soluble Cellular Proteins in Rat Liver Cell Sap
Authors: Hase Tatsuo , Mahin Dorsey T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Soluble protein composition of the cytoplasmic sap of the hepatic cells in rats was analyzed by electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic techniques. The electrophoretic pattern of hepatic cytoplasmic sap at a particular time of day was relatively constant if daily activity of rats was regulated. The majority of cytoplasmic sap proteins in rat liver differed from serum proteins in electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic properties. Cytoplasmic sap proteins proper could be grouped into at least six components having discrete electrophoretic and antigenic properties. From the findings, it is suggested that intracellular colloidal osmotic pressure is maintained primarily by proteins that differ from those found in body fluid. Almost complete absence of serum proteins in the hepatic cells also indicates that serum proteins leave cells rapidly after synthesis.
In Vitro Damage of Rabbit Platelets by an Unrelated Antigen-Antibody Reaction
Authors: Gocke D. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The characteristics of the plasma factors required for passive platelet damage induced by an antigen-antibody system in which the antigen is not an integral part of the platelet have been studied in an in vitro system consisting of a standardized suspension of washed rabbit platelets, autologous plasma, rabbit anti-protein antibody and the corresponding antigen. The release of histamine served as an indication of platelet damage. Pseudo- and euglobulin fractions of rabbit plasma prepared by dialysis against distilled water at acid pH are unable to support the platelet-damaging reaction alone, but the activity is restored when the fractions are combined. Treatment of the plasma with zymosan and NH4OH abolishes activity, as does the presence of salicylaldoxime in the reaction mixture. When incubated with whole rabbit plasma at 0°C for 10 min, a preformed immune precipitate acquires an enhanced ability to release histamine from platelets in the presence of additional plasma, in comparison with the same amount of an untreated precipitate. The uptake of this enhancing activity is blocked by the presence of EDTA, and a guinea pig antibody prepared against such a treated precipitate inhibits both histamine release from platelets and immune hemolysis by rabbit complement. It is suggested that these findings are entirely consistent with the known behavior of hemolytic complement and would be compatible with the participation of the complement system in passive damage of platelets by an unrelated antigen-antibody reaction.
Quantitative Hemagglutination Studies of the D (Rho) Antigen in Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Authors: Greenwalt Tibor J. , Myhre Byron A. , Steane Edwin A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It is known that immunologic response can be specifically altered in birds and mammals during the fetal and newborn periods by exposure to foreign antigens or by transplantation of living cells. The effect of isoantibodies passively transferred to the fetus on the development of the fetus' own antigens does not appear to have been investigated. The D antigen of the erythrocytes of infants who had recovered from erythroblastosis fetalis due to anti-D was used as the experimental model to explore this possibility. The quantitative hemagglutination techniques used by Wurmser and Filitti-Wurmser (1), Wilkie and Becker (2) and Goodman (3) were modified to make the observations. This article describes the methods that were adapted for the quantitative hemagglutination assay of the D antigen by papainized erythrocytes with incomplete anti-D antibodies. The results of studying the D antigens of the erythrocytes of 49 members of 12 families selected because they contained children who had recovered from mild or severe erythroblastosis fetalis are presented.
Studies on the Terminal Steps of Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Frank Michael M. , Rapp Herbert J. , Borsos Tibor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Lysis of E* requires at least three separate reactions. Evidence is presented that the first step in the sequence of reactions is a temperature-dependent activation that takes place in the presence of 0.09 M ethylenediaminetetracetate (EDTA). The activation is followed by two steps that are relatively temperature-independent. The first of these can be blocked by 0.09 M EDTA, and the second can be blocked by 25% bovine plasma albumin.
Hemagglutination Reactions of Human Erythrocytes Conjugated Covalently with Dinitrophenyl Groups
Authors: Bullock Ward E. , Kantor Fred S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A hemagglutination system has been described which employs direct coupling of 1,3-difluoro 2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNFB) to the red cell surface, obviating the need for a protein carrier of the hapten, which is required in passive hemagglutination systems now commonly being used. The system is suitable for detection of anti-dinitrophenyl antibodies and cross-reacting antipicryl antibodies; it is equal in sensitivity to the method of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and is simple in execution. Under certain conditions of time and hapten-coupling concentration, FDNFB-coupled erythrocytes were found to be most sensitive for detection of homologous and cross-reacting anti-picryl antibody of both rabbit and guinea pig origins. The stability of the hapten-erythrocyte bond was not disturbed by extensive dialysis of the cells. Picryl chloride and DNCB could not be coupled to red cells successfully, presumably because of a lower order of reactivity of these compounds.
The Immunologic Status of the Host and Pyelonephritis: A Study of Retrograde Escherichia Coli Urinary Infection in Rats
Authors: Arana Jose A. , Kozij Vera M. , Jackson George Gee 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusion
Retrograde infection of the urinary tract with a strain of Escherichia coli O22 K-negative was given to prevaccinated and to nonvaccinated rats. Rats with healed prior infection were rechallenged. Repeated retrograde infusions were given some animals to provide antigen in the renal pelvis in order to test the hypothesis that “sterile” inflammation observed in pyelonephritis might be caused by an antigen-antibody reaction; also, repeated infection stressed the protection afforded by serum antibody against the development of pyelonephritis. Renal lesions were caused by bacterial growth in the kidney pelvis and medulla. Serum antibody always tended to be protective as shown by the presence of fewer positive cultures from the kidney and less frequent and less severe gross and microscopic lesions. A decrease in the serum antibody titer was regularly observed 4 to 8 months after vaccination. Infection and bacterial lesions in the kidney increased during this time. Rats with healed prior infection but no circulating antibody were just as susceptible as control animals to an initial rechallenge, but were protected relative to controls if repeated challenges were given. Serum antibody did not prevent retrograde infection of the medulla, especially with repeated challenges, and did not cure established medullary infection. Late lesions were poorly correlated with the serum antibody titer. No adverse effect from anti-bacterial antibody was shown.