bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface Immunoglobulin and Fc Receptors on Murine B Lymphocytes: Loss of Receptor Interaction after Cell Activation
Authors: Scribner Duncan J. , Weiner Howard L. , Moorhead John W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although surface immunoglobulin (sIg) and Fc receptors (FcR) are independent receptors in the membrane of B lymphocytes and are assumed not to interact under normal conditions, it has been shown that anti-Ig-induced redistribution, i.e., patching and capping, of sIg results in the co-capping of FcR, suggesting some type of receptor interaction. We have investigated this phenomenon by comparing the interaction of these receptors on normal vs activated B cells under a variety of conditions. It was found that, in contrast to unstimulated control cells, sIg and Fc receptors on blast cells induced by either Fab′2 anti-Ig or endotoxin protein do not interact, i.e., little if any co-capping was seen. This loss of receptor interaction was not due to increased cell size since cells which were stripped of their sIg and FcR and allowed to re-express both receptors for 24 hr, but which had not increased in size during this period, also failed to show co-capping behavior. Additional experiments showed that the Fc receptors on activated B cells could be capped directly by using complexes of FITC-KLH-anti-KLH, indicating that the loss of sIg-FcR co-capping on activated cells is not due to any restriction in the mobility of the Fc receptor in the membrane. These results strongly suggest that B lymphocyte activation is accompanied by membrane alterations that result in the loss of sIg and FcR interaction and that these changes do not require receptor redistribution and re-expression.
In Vivo Responses to Inhaled Proteins
Authors: Willoughby Judith Barbaras , Willoughby William F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Quantitative studies describing the in vivo behavior of an inhaled protein antigen are presented. Aerosol mists were generated from bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions without detectable alteration in the physical or antigenic properties of the protein molecule. The fate of inhaled 125I-BSA in vivo was studied in rabbits by using a paired-isotope technique to quantitate antigen sequestration within organs, as distinct from circulating antigen label present within the plasma compartment of such organs. Total body uptake could be controlled and averaged 3.20 ± 0.26% of the protein introduced into the aerosol chamber. Accessibility of such aerosolized antigen to the alveolar sacs was confirmed by ultraviolet microscopy with fluorescein-tagged BSA. Immediately after a 90-min aerosol exposure, over 90% of the in vivo label was localized within organs (stomach, 72%; lungs, 4%; intestine, 7%). Maximal concentrations of antigen in the intestines occurred 30 min later. The subsequent decline in gastrointestinal antigen concentrations was accompanied by the appearance of degraded antigen peptides in the serum, peaking at 24 hr. By 48 hr, over 99% of the inhaled antigen had been degraded, and the radiolabel excreted into the urine (93%) or incorporated into the thyroid (6%); less than 0.1% remained in the lung. Similarly, with repeated daily administrations the antigen was rapidly degraded, and no accumulations of antigen in the lung were observed. The presence of humoral immunity induced by systemic immunization did not affect the fate of inhaled antigen. Biweekly exposures of previously unimmunized animals to BSA aerosols resulted in vigorous humoral antibody responses representing IgG and IgM immunoglobulin classes. Despite the presence of good Arthus skin reactivity in animals immunized by systemic depot injections or by inhalation routes, subsequent repeated challenges with antigen aerosol failed to induce Arthus-like injury in the lung. This study suggests that antigen inhalation may function primarily as an important physiologic means by which natural immunity to environmental antigens is established. Humoral antibody, although capable of readily mediating cutaneous Arthus reactions, appears to require an initiating event or mechanism, as yet undefined, before it can interact with inhaled antigen to form pathogenic immune complexes.
The Influence of Anaphylactic Shock on Fluid in the Peritoneal Cavity
Authors: Fleisher Moyer S. , Mayer Leo L. , Wilhelmj C. M. 
Published: December 2022

Conclusion
It appears that the difference in osmotic pressure of the recovered peritoneal fluid of shocked and normal animals is due to a higher chlorine ion concentration in the former.
Protein constituents in the two sorts of fluids are apparently not different and cannot therefore be factors in the difference in osmotic pressure.
Phosphates are also probably not responsible for the difference although they may play some part.
We cannot at the present time offer an explanation as regards this difference in the chlorine ion concentration in shocked animals as compared to normal animals.
The Hypersensitiveness Following the Administration of Placental Extract
Authors: Smith George H. , Musselman L. K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In a previous paper (Jour. Immunol., 1926, 12: 7) it has been shown that employing either the actively or passively sensitized guinea pig, the administration of an extract of human placental tissue confers upon the animal a hypersensitive state toward female human serum while hypersensitivity toward male human serum is markedly less. The following note deals with a demonstration of the same reaction in vitro, using the uterine horn.
The guinea pigs used in this experiment were sensitized by the intraperitoneal injection of the serum of a rabbit which had received repeated injections of an extract of human placental tissue. Within a period of from twenty-four to ninety-six hours after such a passively sensitizing injection the guinea pigs were sacrificed, the uterine horns were suspended in oxygenated Ringer-Locke solution and adjusted to record muscular activity upon a kymograph. The results of one such experiment are presented in the following graphs.
Studies in Complement Splitting with Special Reference to the Activation of Yeast Absorbed and Complement Deficient Guinea Pig Serum
Authors: Parsons Elizabeth I. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Guinea pig complement was split into two pieces by means of CO2. The hemolysis resulting from a mixture of the two fractions showed a loss of about two-thirds of the complement activity. The results of earlier workers as to the quantitative relationships of the two pieces and the modification of the midpiece when standing in sodium chloride were confirmed. Both midpiece and endpiece were found to be labile at 55°C. for thirty minutes. Guinea pig complement was split into three pieces by means of (NH4)2SO4 as described by Browning and Mackie. Our results, although less satisfactory quantitatively, confirmed those of the above workers. In light of the difficulties encountered this difference is probably due to the water supplies used for dialysis. Attempts were made to split complement into four pieces by means of CO2 and (NH4)2SO4 as described by Browning and Mackie, but with no success. It is highly probable that the water supply affected these results. Guinea pig complement absorbed with yeast was activated by both the midpiece and endpiece from the CO2 fractionation, but more consistently and to a greater extent by the former. Heating of the pieces at 55°C. for thirty minutes reduced their ability to reactivate. The reactivation of the yeast absorbed serum by means of the three pieces from the (NH4)2SO4 splitting shows this function to lie entirely in the pseudoglobulin fraction. It is partially destroyed by heating at 56°C. for thirty minutes, due to its isolated condition. Serum from the complement deficient guinea pig was always activated by the endpiece from the CO2 splitting in high dilutions, and by the midpiece frequently, but in lower dilutions. Heating at 55°C. for thirty minutes destroyed the activating ability entirely. The data available indicate that both the pseudoglobulin and the albumin from the (NH4)2SO4 splitting will activate the deficient serum to a small extent, but a mixture of the two is essential for the most satisfactory activation. The component removed from complement by the absorption with yeast is not identical with that removed by nature in the complement deficient guinea pig serum, since it is impossible to activate them in an identical manner with the fractions obtained by splitting guinea pig serum with CO2 and (NH4)2SO4.
A Study of the Laboratory Aids to the Diagnosis of Chronic Gonorrhea in Women
Authors: Patterson Raymond S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In acute gonococcus infections a clinical diagnosis usually may be confirmed by a microscopical examination of a stained smear, but in chronic gonorrhea no single laboratory test can be relied upon to confirm the clinical diagnosis. Torrey, Wilson, and Buckell (1) studied the available laboratory procedures and conclude that whenever possible the smear, cultural, and complement-fixation tests should all be carried out as they tend to supplement each other; and that the value of the several tests increases in the order named, the complement-fixation test being most useful.
The conclusion of these investigators confirms the premise of this paper that there is no single, satisfactory test available for the confirmation of the diagnosis of chronic gonorrhea in women. As the control of the spread of gonorrhea is dependent upon a satisfactory test to detect gonorrhea in persons presumed to be infecting others, the need prompted a reconsideration of the value of the accepted laboratory procedures and a study of an additional diagnostic method which hitherto has not been reported as applied to the diagnosis of gonococcus infections.
Heparin Inhibition of Anaphylactic Shock
Authors: Kyes Preston , Strauser E. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A decrease in blood coagulability in anaphylactic shock has been described by Biedl and Kraus (1), Friedberger (2) and others for the guinea pig, rabbit, and dog. Gahringer, however, in the current number of this Journal shows that the change of primary importance as to blood coagulability, is an increase in coagulability concurrent with the acute symptoms of shock and that the decreased coagulability is a negative phase secondary to this increase. An extension of Gahringer's work in this laboratory shows also that the same sequence of changes in coagulability obtains in a great variety of shock reactions induced by the injection of water-insoluble particles such as bacteria, colloidal carmine, lamp black, etc. It would appear then, that during the occurrence of acute anaphylactic and anaphylactoid shock symptoms, there is an increased tendency on the part of the fibrinoplastic substances to undergo those changes which lead to the formation of fibrin aggregates.
On the Cold Agglutinins in Human Serum
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Levine Philip 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The existence of two qualitatively different subtypes in Group II bloods is confirmed with the method of cold agglutination. Two cold agglutinins are shown to be present in Group II sera, one of these acting on bloods AA1, the other on bloods AA2. Group I bloods are characterized by the presence of a structure which is not common to all bloods, but which seems to be similar to that of A2. Some observations made with cold agglutinins would indicate that there exist a number of individual differences in human bloods, the phenomena being much less pronounced than typical isoagglutination. From several known facts it seems probable that the individual differences such as have been demonstrated by serological reactions are due to variations in substances other than proteins.
The Inflammatory Response and Resistance to Endotoxin in Mice
Authors: Moeller G. Radford , Terry Linda , Snyderman Ralph 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Endotoxin lipopolysaccharide is a potent inflammatory agent which produces many pathophysiologic effects in mice. One strain of mice, C3H/Hej, is unique in its responses to endotoxin in that, in contrast to other mice, it possesses a high degree of resistance to endotoxin lethality, does not support an in vitro mitogenic response to endotoxin, and produces a small immune response to endotoxin in vivo. To see if the in vivo inflammatory responses produced by endotoxin in the resistant and normally susceptible mice were consistent with the above dichotomies, we investigated the kinetics of the i.p. inflammatory response to endotoxin in C3H/Hej mice vs normally susceptible strains. Paradoxically, the C3H/Hej mice responded with a rapid i.p. influx of PMN which peaked at 12 hr. This was followed by an influx of macrophages which peaked at 48 hr. In susceptible strains, the maximum PMN and macrophage responses were at 96 hr and were at least 80% less in response to the four types of LPS tested at wide dose ranges. Other inflammatory agents, such as proteose peptone, PHA, zymosan, or inulin failed to demonstrate differences between susceptible and resistant mice. In attempting to delineate the mechanism(s) responsible for the widely different responses to LPS, we found that in all strains the serum C titers were equal; the levels of chemotactic activity produced by LPS in sera in vitro were equal; and the chemotactic capabilities in vitro of the PMN were equal. In comparing the inflammatory responses generated in the resistant and susceptible mice to native endotoxin, lipid A-KDO glycolipid, and lipid A, it was determined that the carbohydrate moieties of the native endotoxin molecule were necessary for the preservation of the large differential inflammatory responses seen in the C3H/Hej and normal mice. Finally, we demonstrated that the survival of susceptible mice challenged with endotoxin i.p. could be enhanced by augmenting the magnitude of the i.p. inflammatory response via simultaneous injection of a second inflammatory agent. Thus, the rapid influx of inflammatory cells in the C3H/Hej mouse may be integrally related to its endotoxin resistance.
Replication of Herpes Simplex Virus and Cytomegalovirus in Human Leukocytes
Authors: Rinaldo Charles R. , Richter Bonnie S. , Black Paul H. , Callery Richard , Chess Leonard , Hirsch Martin S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human peripheral blood leukocytes, lymphocyte subpopulations, and hemic cell lines were examined for their ability to support HSV and CMV replication. Mitogen-stimulated mononuclear leukocytes, B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes supported the replication of HSV to high titers over 3 to 5 days of infection. HSV replicated in unstimulated mononuclear leukocyte cultures of one of five donors, and to a limited degree in untreated B lymphocytes of three of five donors; HSV replication was not detected in unstimulated T lymphocytes (five donors). There was no evidence of enhanced uptake of 3H-thymidine in the untreated donor cells that replicated HSV. CMV replication was not detected during 9 to 10 days of infection in untreated or mitogentreated mononuclear leukocytes and lymphocyte subpopulations from the same adult donors or in neonatal cord blood leukocytes. The ability of the cells to support HSV or CMV replication did not correlate with the presence of specific antiviral antibodies in the donor serum.
HSV replicated in B, T, and myeloid cell lines to high titers over 5 days of infection, whereas CMV failed to replicate in any of the hemic cell lines. A persistent HSV infection has been established in a T cell line (CEM) with high titers of infectious virus being produced concurrently with growth of the cells over the first 11 weeks of infection.
Colonic Basophil Hypersensitivity
Authors: Askenase Philip W. , Boone Walter T. , Binder Henry J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Contact hypersensitivity reactions were elicited by intraluminal application of DNCB to the colon of guinea pigs and were found sometimes to contain large infiltrates of basophils. These colonic basophil hypersensitivity reactions were accompanied by systemic sensitization and were not seen in nonspecific colonic inflammatory responses induced by croton oil. The heterogenous immune inflammatory responses induced in the colon by DNCB contact sensitivity may serve as a model for the study of inflammatory bowel disease.
Autochthonous, Allogeneic, and Xenogeneic Cells as Targets for Vaccinia Immune Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity
Authors: Woan Melissa C. , Yip Dick-Man , Tompkins Wayne A. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cytotoxicity of vaccinia-immune rabbit spleen cells against autochthonous, allogeneic, and xenogeneic vaccinia-infected target cells was studied by using the 51Cr release assay. The results showed that whereas effector cells from rabbit spleen could not lyse the xenogeneic target cells, there was no consistent difference in lysis of autochthonous and allogeneic targets. Antibody-mediated cytotoxicity showed the resistance to cell-mediated lysis in this system not to be the result of reduced virus antigen on the cell surface. These data also showed the established cell line RK13 was markedly more sensitive to immune spleen cell lysis than short-term rabbit skin fibroblast cultures. The data suggested that it is possible to develop standardized tests to evaluate cell-mediated immunity to virus infections in a noninbred population.
Immunopathology of Experimental Allergic Orchitis in the Rabbit
Authors: Tung Kenneth S. K. , Woodroffe Andrew J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experimental allergic orchitis (EAO) was induced in the rabbit by immunization with a partially purified testicular antigen (TCA) from rabbit or guinea pig (GP) in complete Freund's adjuvant. All rabbits immunized with rabbit TCA (RTCA) developed severe testicular disease early (day 10) whereas serum antibody to rabbit sperm was detected late (day 60). Immune complexes, with one exception, were not found in the testicular lesions. In contrast, rabbits immunized once with GPTCA developed high titers of serum antisperm antibody early (day 10) in association with focal and mild testicular lesions that were inconsistent. However, when rabbits were hyperimmunized with GPTCA (three injections), severe orchitis developed in association with peritubular immune complexes. The immune complexes, composed of sperm antigen, antisperm antibody of IgG and IgM classes and C3, were confined to the testis. Antibody from rabbits immunized with RTCA reacted with rabbitspecific sperm antigens, whereas antibody from GPTCA-immunized rabbit reacted in part with sperm antigens that were shared between rabbit and GP. The results indicate that 1) EAO can be readily induced in the rabbit, 2) rabbit EAO can be induced with testicular antigens of homologous or heterologous origin, 3) GP and rabbit antigens elicit antisperm antibody with different specificities, 4) the immunopathology of EAO induced by rabbit and GP antigens differs and suggests involvement of different pathogenetic mechanisms, and 5) in GP antigen-induced EAO, the findings are indistinguishable from those of postvasectomy orchitis in the rabbit.
Antibody Response and Tumor Growth in Syngeneic Mice Immunized to Partially Purified B16 Melanoma-Associated Antigens
Authors: Bystryn Jean-Claude 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Soluble murine melanoma-associated antigens (MAA), partially purified from the media of B16 melanoma cells in culture by ammonium sulfate precipitation and Sephadex G-200 chromatography, were tested for their effect on tumor growth. MAA were immunogenic in syngeneic mice as evidenced by their ability to induce anti-melanoma antibodies and partial protective tumor immunity. The level of immunity was variable. It ranged from retardation of tumor development to almost complete suppression of tumor growth. The results were influenced by the nature of the control group, since immunization to either normal tissue antigens or complete Freund's adjuvant enhanced tumor growth. Overall, 46 of 91 MAA immunized mice, but none of 114 control mice, survived over 6 weeks (p &lt; 0.001). The protective immunity was specific since MAA immunized mice were not resistant to challenge with an unrelated syngeneic tumor (BW 10232 adenocarcinoma). Partially purified normal tissue antigens were also immunogenic in syngeneic mice. They induced low levels of antibodies to, and enhanced the growth of, melanoma.
These findings indicate that the culture media of melanoma cells contains tumor antigens that retain their biologic activity after partial purification, and that can induce specific, although only partial, protective immunity to melanoma.
Macrophage Ia Antigens
Authors: Cowing Carol , Schwartz Benjamin D. , Dickler Howard B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By indirect immunofluorescence and microcytotoxicity it was demonstrated that different populations of murine macrophages bear different amounts of Ia antigens on their membranes. At least three subpopulations could be distinguished: those that lack Ia antigens and predominate in peritoneal exudate; cells bearing I-A antigens that are the majority of splenic macrophages and a minor population in the peritoneum; and cells bearing I-C antigens that are a minor population in both spleen and peritoneum. Internal radioisotope labeling studies confirmed that the I region molecules are synthesized by the macrophages. It is suggested that these different macrophage subpopulations may play distinct roles in the immune response.
Effects of Antigen-Feeding on Intestinal and Systemic Immune Responses
Authors: Kagnoff Martin F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of antigens administered by the intestinal route to alter the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) population in intestinal and extraintestinal sites was examined by feeding mice tumor cells bearing H-2 or non-H-2 genecoded cell surface alloantigenic differences. Peyer's patches from mice fed tumor cells differing at H-2 demonstrated a 12-fold increase in specific CTL activity over controls after stimulation in culture but the precursor CTL population in Peyer's patches was not expanded by feeding mice cells bearing minor H gene coded alloantigenic differences. In contrast, the precursor CTL pool in spleen was increased both in mice fed cells bearing alloantigenic differences coded for by H-2 and non-H-2 gene loci. The precursor CTL population in mesenteric lymph nodes (MN) was not expanded significantly by tumor cell feeding. Feeding was nearly as effective as i.p. priming at expanding the Peyer's patch precursor CTL population when tumor cells bearing H-2 differences were used, whereas i.p. priming was more effective than feeding in expanding the precursor CTL population in spleen.
Dual Binding Specificities in Mopc 384 and 870 Murine Myeloma Immunoglobulins
Authors: Bhattacharjee Apurba K. , Glaudemans Cornelis P. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Homogeneous murine myeloma immunoglobulins (IgA, κ), M 384, and M 870, bind methyl α-D-galactopyranoside and phosphorylcholine at different subsites. Heterologous recombinant immunoglobulins of these two immunoglobulins with M 603 (a homogeneous IgA, κ with known phosphorylcholine specificity) also bind phosphorylcholine.
The Genetic Mapping of a Defective Lps Response Gene in C3H/HeJ Mice
Authors: Watson James , Kelly Kathleen , Largen Michael , Taylor Benjamin A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The expression of a defective LPS response gene Lps and the major urinary protein (Mup-1) are concordantly inherited in backcross (C3H/HeJ × C57BL/6J)F1 × C3H/HeJ mice, indicating genetic linkage of these loci. Mup-1 is known to be linked to the brown coat color locus on chromosome 4 in mice; thus Lps can now be assigned to chromosome 4. A value of 0.06 ± 0.02 has been estimated for the recombination frequency between Mup-1 and Lps. We have used the polysyndactyly (Ps) mutation further to localize Lps on chromosome 4. Lps is located between the Mup-1 and Ps loci.