bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune Response to Alloantigens of Thymus Studied in Mice with Plaque Assay
Authors: Fuji Hiroshi , Zaleski Marek , Milgrom Felix 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A plaque assay in which allogeneic thymus cells were used as target antigen has been developed. Inbred mice of various strains were stimulated with an intravenous injection of 4 × 107 allogeneic thymus cells. Whenever host and donor differed in ϑ antigens, plaque-forming cells (PFC) were detected in the spleen of the host. When host and donor carried identical ϑ antigen, PFC were detected only in certain strain combinations and only at the higher immunizing dose of 4 × 108 donor thymus cells.
Kinetics of the appearance of PFC was studied in the strain combinations differing in θ. In normal animals, the numbers of PFC were less than 10 per spleen. In the primary response, the peak numbers of PFC were observed in 4 to 7 days after the stimulations. In one strain combination, the mean number of PFC as high as 40,000 per spleen, was observed at the peak of the response. Marked differences in the magnitude of the PFC response to ϑ-AKR antigen were observed in various strains of mice which lack this antigen. In two strain combinations, the peak numbers of PFC were lower in the secondary than in the primary response. In one strain combination the reverse was true. Evidence was presented that PFC detected in this assay produce antibodies of IgM variety.
Rabbit Platelet Injury by Soluble Antigen and Antibody
Authors: Marney Samuel R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Platelet aggregation induced by soluble antigen and antibody unrelated to the platelet membrane in heparinized plasma has been shown to be diphasic. The first wave of aggregation, which is complement- and divalent-cation-dependent, precedes the release of both vasoactive amines and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), is unaffected by the presence of 10 mM adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and coincides in onset with changes in the surface characteristics of the platelets detectable by retention of the platelets on glass bead columns. The second wave of aggregation is accompanied by release of platelet ADP and is totally inhibited by the presence of 10 mM AMP. Release of platelet serotonin occurs well after the second wave of aggregation. Citrate inhibits the second wave of aggregation and the release of both ADP and serotonin. It is postulated that the first wave is due to complement coating of the platelet membrane, which induces membrane injury and release of endogenous platelet materials in heparinized but not in citrated plasma. The second wave of aggregation is mediated by ADP released from the platelet. The first wave of platelet aggregation, which requires only the first four components of complement, clearly precedes and is separable from release of endogenous platelet materials, which requires at least six complement components.
C1q: Rapid Purification Method for Preparation of Monospecific Antisera and for Biochemical Studies
Authors: Yonemasu Kunio , Stroud Robert M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
C1q has been purified using precipitation in the presence of chelating agents at low ionic strength. The three times precipitated C1q was highly purified as shown by immunoelectrophoresis and analytic acrylamide disc electrophoresis. On immunoelectrophoresis, the purified C1q showed a single line in the slow γ-region against a potent anti-whole human antiserum, and the hemolytic activity and latex agglutination activity of C1q coincided with this region.
The final product showed hemolytic activity and latex agglutination activity but did not show any detectable C1r or C1s activity. The yield of C1q using these methods is about 40 to 60% and thus about 5 mg can be obtained from 100 ml of serum. The highly purified C1q obtained from 3.75% preparative acrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate yields potent monospecific antisera when injected into rabbits. These antisera agglutinate EAC1q cells but not EA. The molecular weight of C1q as estimated by its relative mobility on acrylamide gels was 387,600 ± 10,790, and breakdown to smaller subunits has been demonstrated in gels containing urea.
Protein Biosynthesis in the Spleen
Authors: Selawry Helena S. , Starr Jason L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The efficiency of spleen microsomes and ribosomes for the incorporation of phenylalanine after primary immunization was studied in an in vitro incorporation system developed for this purpose. Both microsomes and ribosomes were shown to become more efficient for the support of protein synthesis after antigenic stimulation. This change in amino acid-incorporating capacity appeared to be related to an intrinsic change which the ribosomes had undergone and was independent of the concentration of endogenous mRNA present in the system.
Development and Distribution of Immunoglobulin-Containing Cells in the Chicken
Authors: Kincade Paul W. , Cooper Max D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The development and distribution of immunoglobulin-containing cells were studied in chickens using purified antibodies to µ, γ and light chains labeled with fluorochromes. Cells containing µ and light chains were found in lymphoid follicles of the bursa of Fabricius of 14-day embryos. IgG-containing cells were initially observed in bursal follicles at 21 days of incubation. Embryonic infusions of plasma from newly hatched and adult chickens had no effect on the appearance of immunoglobulin-containing cells within the bursa. The developmental sequence of immunoglobulin-containing cells within the bursa was later recapitulated in the spleen, tonsilla caecalis and thymus. Rapid expansion of IgM- and IgG-containing cells began in the spleen on the 3rd and 8th days, respectively, after hatching. The ratio of IgG- to IgM-containing cells was greatest in the intestinal wall of immunologically mature birds. Development of immunoglobulin-containing cells in extra-bursal sites was retarded in chickens hatched under germ-free conditions. In contrast, neither exclusion of exogenous antigens nor antigenic stimulation in ovo affected the time of appearance or proliferation of immunoglobulin-containing cells within the bursa. The medullary regions of individual bursal follicles frequently stained for both IgM and IgG. This pattern was not observed in lymphoid follicles of other tissues. Analysis of single cell suspensions revealed a high proportion of single bursal cells containing heavy chains of both IgM and IgG, wheras spleen cells rarely contained both classes of immunoglobulins. The results suggest that a developmental switch from IgM to IgG synthesis may occur within the bursa.
Studies on the Cellular Basis for Partial Tolerance: Antigen-Specific Suppression of Antigen-Induced Thymidine-2-14C Incorporation In Vitro
Authors: Borel Yves , Schlossman Stuart 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The suppression of delayed hypersensitivity by induction of partial immunologic tolerance is antigen-specific both in vivo and in vitro. Lymph node cells from partially tolerant animals incorporate thymidine-2-14C either poorly or not at all in response to antigenic challenge in vitro. The latter response more closely parallels the diminution of delayed skin reactivity than the decrease in antibody production in partially tolerant animals.
Pyrimidine-Specific Antibodies: Reaction with DNA's of Differing Base Compositions
Authors: Garro Anthony J. , Erlanger Bernard F. , Beiser Sam M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The reactivity of antinucleoside antibodies with DNA was found to depend on the base composition of the DNA. Anti-thymine antibodies reacted with denatured T2 phage DNA whereas anti-cytosive antibodies did not. This was attributed to the absence of cytosine in T2 phage DNA, and to the failure of anti-cytosine to react with glucosylated hydroxymethylcytosine. DNA preparations with different base ratios were tested for their reactivity with anti-cytosine and anti-thymine antibodies. Using DNA denatured in the presence of formaldehyde, which prevented reformation of base-paired structures, the reaction of Clostridium perfringens and Micrococcus lysodeikticus DNA's with anti-cytosine and anti-thymine antibodies could be correlated with the DNA base ratios. Calf thymus DNA reacted as expected from its base ratio with anti-thymine, but not as expected with anti-cytosine. The deviation observed in the anti-cytosine reaction pattern was related to an alteration in the antigenic identity of cytosine caused by formaldehyde during denaturation.
Cyclophosphamide Inhibition of Experimental Allergic Thyroiditis and Thyroid Antibody Production in Rats
Authors: Paterson Philip Y. , Drobish Diane G. , Biddick Audrey S. 
Published: December 2022

Discussion and Summary
The data (Tables I and II) are remarkably similar to our previous findings in EAE (5, 6) in that injections of CY for 2 weeks after sensitization to thyroid in adjuvant inhibited development of EAT and the production of thyroid antibody. These findings also confirm those of Salvin and Liauw (4) concerning EAT in the guinea pig. The therapeutic effects of CY when the drug was given after the EAT lesions had developed also Table IIInhibition of production of hemagglutinating (HA) anti-thyroid antibody in rats sensitized and injected with cyclophosphamide (CY)Rat StrainCY TreatmentaProportion of Rats with HA Antibody at:b15 days21 daysLewis5 mg/k0/5c0/5None5/54/5CFN (Wistar)5 mg/k0/50/5None5/54/4aDaily intraperitoneal injections of CY in doses of 5 mg/kg beginning on day of sensitization and continued through the 15th day after sensitization.bNumerator, number of rats with HA antibody titers of 1:20 or greater; denominator, number of rats sensitized and tsted for HA antibody.cDays after sensitization. agree with the results we obtained with EAE in Lewis rats (7). It is noteworthy that the lesions of EAT did not recur after CY was stopped, in contrast to the relatively prompt recrudescence of EAE under similar therapeutic conditions (manuscript in preparation).
The inhibitory effect of CY on the production of anti-thyroid antibody (Table II) provides evidence that this alkylating drug has an immunosuppressive effect on the immune response to thyroid antigens and that CY-induced inhibition of the disease has an immunologic rather than an anti-inflammatory basis. We do not consider that the inhibitory effect of CY on HA antibodies is related causally to its inhibitory effect on EAT. There is no evidence that circulating antibodies against thyroid antigens play a role in EAT in rats. Actually, the available data favor a cell-mediated pathogenesis in this species and in guinea pigs (10–12). Reported serum transfers of EAT in guinea pigs (13) and rabbits (14, 15), however, suggest that thyroid antibodies may well be important in other animal species.
Whatever the nature of the primary immune factor responsible for EAT may be in rats, CY has a profound capacity to suppress or inhibit the immunologic response to thyroid antigen. As discussed in our previous work (5–7) and by Many and Schwartz (16), the inhibitory effect of CY probably is due to elimination of rapidly proliferating antigen-reactive cells. The basis for the therapeutic effect of CY is less clear, but is likely to be due to action of the drug on inflammatory cells entering the thyroid glands, which have been shown by Kosunen and Flax (17) to be of hematogenous origin.
Antigenic Analysis of Human Heart Tissue
Authors: Espinosa Enrique , Kaplan Melvin H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A heart-specific protein antigen previously demonstrated in both acid and saline extracts of human myocardium by double immunodiffusion was further characterized. The antigen in both saline and acid extracts exhibited closely similar or identical immuno- and physicochemical properties. In immunoelectrophoresis it had an electrophoretic mobility between that of serum α-1 and β-2 globulins, was relatively thermostable to boiling temperature, and was precipitated at 30% to 70% saturated ammonium sulfate and 20% to 70% ethanol concentration. The sedimentation coefficient by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation was 1.8S to 2.0S. The diffusion coefficient as measured by Sephadex gel filtration ranged between 7.3 and 7.7 × 10-7 cm2/sec and the molecular radius was 27.3 to 28.8 Å. Calculations based on these values permitted estimation of an approximate molecular weight of between 20,050 and 23,500 and a frictional ratio of about 1.5. Immunofluorescent staining of heart tissue with antisera specific for heart-specific antigen showed a staining reaction related to structures in sarcolemma-subsarcolemmal sites, and to a lesser degree the cross-striations of cardiac myofibers.
Murine Thyroiditis: Importance of Adjuvant and Mouse Strain for the Induction of Thyroid Lesions
Authors: Rose Noel R. , Twarog Frank J. , Crowle A. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
For the production of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in the mouse comparison of two preparations of complete Freund's adjuvant showed that one, using n-hexadecane and glycerol mono-oleate with freshly harvested tubercle bacilli, was more effective in eliciting both dermal hypersensitivity and thyroid lesions than a mixture of paraffin oil and mannide mono-oleate with dried tubercle bacilli. Both preparations were of comparable efficiency in eliciting thyroid-specific antibodies detected by passive hemagglutination. With either adjuvant, randomly bred CF-1 mice were consistently more susceptible to the induction of thyroid lesions than were inbred C3H mice. When the paraffin oil adjuvant was used, C3H mice developed no lesions despite high titers of circulating antibody.
Degranulation of Human Basophil Leukocytes by Anti-γE Antibody
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , Tomioka Hisao , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Leukocytes from normal individuals were incubated with 125I-labeled anti-γE for histamine release and the cells remaining after the reaction were examined by auto-radiography. The results showed that anti-γE degranulated basophil leukocytes. No serum component was essential for the degranulation of basophils. It was also found that ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA), cyclic-AMP, theophylline and diethylcarbamazine, which suppressed anti-γE-induced histamine release from leukocytes, inhibited degranulation of basophils as well. The results indicated that the reaction between anti-γE and basophil-bound γE is responsible for both histamine release from the cells and their degranulation, and that mechanisms of these two reactions share common enzymatic pathways.
The Effect of Immunoregulatory α Globulin (IRA) on Antigen-Mediated Macrophage Immobilization in vitro
Authors: Davis Robert C. , Cooperband Sidney R. , Mannick John A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Both human and guinea pig immunoregulatory α globulin (IRA) interfered with the in vitro immobilization of peritoneal macrophages from sensitized guinea pigs by specific antigen. When migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was induced in vitro by exposure of sensitized guinea pig lymphocytes to specific antigen and was then added to cultures of peritoneal macrophages from non-sensitized animals, IRA was unable to block the inhibition of macrophage migration caused by MIF. These results indicate that IRA interfered with antigen-specific immobilization of peritoneal macrophages by interaction with sensitized lymphocytes in the peritoneal cell population and did not block the response of macrophages to MIF.
Antibody Plaque-Forming Cells in Mice Immunized with Human γ Globulin (HGG)
Authors: Hege John S. , Epstein Wallace V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse spleen cells releasing antibody directed against human γ globulin (HGG) were enumerated using the carbodiimide modification of the Jerne antibody plaque technique. Intraperitoneal administration of mouse secondary response anti-HGG serum 1 day after primary HGG immunization resulted in an 86% decrease in numbers of anti-HGG plaque-forming cells (PFC) determined 6 days after immunization. Human anti-globulin preparations (rheumatoid factors) given intraperitoneally caused a 37% HGG-PFC decrease. In vitro plaque inhibition and serologic studies indicated that the mouse anti-HGG serum and the antibodies released by the plaque-forming cells were directed against antigenic determinants present on native HGG, whereas the rheumatoid factor preparations were directed against antigens characteristic of aggregated HGG. Thus HGG-PFC suppression by intraperitoneal rheumatoid factor may not be immunologically specific at the level of antigenic determinants.
Strain-Dependent Differences in the Specificity of Antibody Responses toward Lysozyme
Authors: Mozes Edna , Maron Elchanan , Arnon Ruth , Sela Michael 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Most mouse strains responded well to immunization with lysozyme, but only certain strains produced antibodies against a conjugate consisting of the “loop” region (residues 60–83) of lysozyme attached to a synthetic polymer. The latter strains, which did not respond to the above synthetic conjugate, were also unable to produce antibodies specific for the “loop” region when injected with intact lysozyme. The F1 hybrid between low and high responders showed an intermediate response. It appears that the immune response to the natural determinants of proteins is genetically controlled.
Effect of Thymus-Derived Lymphocytes on Amount and Affinity of Anti-Hapten Antibody
Authors: Gershon Richard K. , Paul William E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In recent years two classes of lymphocytes have been shown to participate in specific antibody responses in mice. One class of these cells, which has migrated through the thymus and is consequently referred to as “thymus-derived,” does not secrete detectable quantities of antibody but nevertheless interacts with antigen in a specific way. As a consequence of this interaction, the second class of specific cells, the bone marrow-derived lymphocytes, are more easily stimulated. The latter cells are the direct precursors of antibody-secreting cells (1–3).
Antibody affinity is a term used to describe the energy of interaction of antigen, usually hapten, and antibody. It is, of course, a character determined by the structure of the antibody (and that of the ligand); affinity should therefore be a marker of the bone marrow-derived cell population, which is directly responsible for the production of the antibody.
Regulation of Homocytotropic Antibody Formation in the Rat
Authors: Tada Tomio , Okumura Ko 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Homocytotropic antibody formation against dinitrophenylated Ascaris extracts (DNP-As) was selectively suppressed by the passive administration of homologous antibody against the same antigen. Unrelated antiserum or cross-reacting antibodies against haptenic group or carrier determinants had no suppressing effect. The suppression was preferentially directed to the homocytotropic antibody response, while the hemagglutinating γM antibody formation was unaffected. The effect was most significant when the antibody was administered simultaneously with, or a few days after, the initial antigen injection, whereas previous administration was less effective. The synthesis of homocytotropic antibody was terminated by the passive administration of antibody at the time when the PCA titer was at the maximum. The suppressive activity was detected in the 7S γG fraction of hyperimmune antiserum, while the early 19S or intermediate fractions had little activity. Heterologous antibody to the same antigen showed a similar inhibitory effect, but about twice as much antibody was required for the same degree of suppression. The results indicate the presence of so-called “feed-back” regulation in the homocytotropic antibody response. The possible mechanisms and biologic significances of this regulation are discussed.
The Effect of Actinomycin D on the Lethality of Poly I:C
Authors: Pieroni Robert E. , Bundeally Amina E. , Levine Leo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Poly I:C, a synthetic double-stranded RNA composed of polyinosinic and polycytidylic acids, has become the subject of intense investigation because of its capacity to induce interferon formation and exert antineoplastic activity in experimental animals (1–4). It is currently being evaluated for possible antitumor activity in humans (4). A number of recent reports have shown that poly I:C simulates bacterial endotoxin in many of its activities (2–5), and shares several of the toxic properties of endotoxin (2, 6–9). For example, in addition to their capacity to stimulate interferon production (2), both poly I:C and endotoxin are pyrogenic (6) and embryotoxic (7), and provoke the Shwartzman phenomenon (8). It has been suggested that an inherent relationship exists between interferon induction and toxicity (2, 9).
A further similarity in the action of poly I:C and endotoxin is the observation that several agents, such as bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, lead acetate, and zymosan, which augment the lethality of endotoxin, exert a similar effect on poly I:C (2).
Immunochemical Analysis of a Galactosamine-Rich Teichoic Acid of Staphylococcus Aureus, Phage Type 187
Authors: Karakawa W. W. , Kane J. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A cell-wall carbohydrate consisting of ribitol, phosphorus, N-acetylgalactosamine and d-alanine was isolated from seven strains of Staphylococcus aureus, phage type 187. Immunochemical analysis indicated that N-acetylgalactosamine is the immunodominant determinant of this carbohydrate. Approximately 55% of the quantitative precipitin reaction between the carbohydrate and homologous antiserum was inhibited by 10 mg/ml of N-acetylgalactosamine, whereas N-acetylglucosamine was ineffective as an inhibitor at the same concentration. Evidence was presented that ester-linked d-alanine is also an antigenic determinant of the 187 carbohydrate.
Variable Effects of Anti-Lymphocyte Serum on Humoral Antibody Formation: Role of Thymus Dependency of Antigen
Authors: Kerbel R. S. , Eidinger D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immunosuppressive effects of anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) administered alone, or in conjunction with adult thymectomy, were examined in mice subsequently immunized to one of six different antigens: sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), goose erythrocytes (GRBC), rat erythrocytes (RRBC), keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), horse spleen ferritin (HSF), and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The thymus-dependency of the immune responses to most of these antigens was known to vary considerably and the antigens were chosen for this reason. A striking range of differences manifested by ALS alone, or in conjunction with thymectomy, was observed, ranging from almost total suppression of immune responsiveness to some antigens (GRBC and SRBC), to moderate suppression of others (HSF and RRBC), to enhancement (PVP) or both initial 19S antibody enhancement and subsequent 7S antibody suppression (KLH). The results support the view that the immunosuppressive effects of ALS on humoral antibody formation are highly variable and inconsistent, that a major factor causing this variability is the thymus-dependency of antigen, and further, that the concept of thymus-dependency of antigens is entirely a relative one.