bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of age and central field loss on maintaining balance control when stepping up to a new level under time-pressure
Authors: Zult Tjerk , Timmis Matthew A. , Pardhan Shahina 
Published: February 2023

Objective
To investigate the effects of age and central field loss on the landing mechanics and balance control when stepping up to a new level under time-pressure.

Methods
Eight older individuals with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), eight visually normal older and eight visually normal younger individuals negotiated a floor-based obstacle followed by a ‘step-up to a new level’ task. The task was performed under (1) no-pressure; (2) time-pressure: an intermittent tone was played that increased in frequency and participants had to complete the task before the tone ceased. Landing mechanics and balance control for the step-up task was assessed with a floor-mounted force plate on the step.

Results
Increased ground reaction forces and loading rates were observed under time-pressure for young and older visual normals but not for AMD participants. Across conditions, loading rates and ground reaction forces were higher in young normals compared to older normals and AMD participants. Young visual normals also demonstrated 35–39% shorter double support times prior to and during the step-up compared to older normals and AMD participants. All groups shortened their double support times (31–40%) and single support times (7–9%) in the time-pressure compared to no-pressure condition. Regarding balance control, the centre-of-pressure displacement and velocity in the anterior-poster direction were increased under time-pressure for young and older visual normals but not for AMD participants. The centre-of-pressure displacement and velocity in the medial-lateral direction were decreased for the AMD participants under time-pressure but not for young and older visual normals.

Conclusions
Despite walking faster, AMD participants did not adapt their landing mechanics under time-pressure (i.e., they remained more cautious), whilst older and young adults with normal vision demonstrated more forceful landing mechanics with the young being most forceful. A more controlled landing might be a safety strategy to maintain balance control during the step-up, especially in time-pressure conditions when balance control in the anterior-posterior direction is more challenged.
Disinfection efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and glutaraldehyde and their effects on the dimensional stability and surface properties of dental impressions: a systematic review
Authors: Qiu Yuan , Xu Jiawei , Xu Yuedan , Shi Zhiwei , Wang Yinlin , Zhang Ling , Fu Baiping 
Published: February 2023

Objective
To systematically evaluate the disinfection efficacy of the two most frequently used disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite and glutaraldehyde, and their effects on the surface properties of four different dental impression materials.

Methods
A systematic literature search was performed in four databases until May 1st, 2022 to select the studies which evaluated disinfection efficacy of disinfectants or surface properties of dental impressions after chemical disinfection.

Main results
A total of 50 studies were included through electronic database searches. Of these studies, 13 studies evaluated disinfection efficacy of two disinfectants, and 39 studies evaluated their effects on the surface properties of dental impressions. A 10-minute disinfection with 0.5–1% sodium hypochlorite or 2% glutaraldehyde was effective to inactivate oral flora and common oral pathogenic bacteria. With regard to surface properties, chemical disinfection within 30 min could not alter the dimensional stability, detail reproduction and wettability of alginate and polyether impressions. However, the wettability of addition silicone impressions and the dimensional stability of condensation silicone impressions were adversely affected after chemical disinfection, while other surface properties of these two dental impressions were out of significant influence.

Conclusions
Alginate impressions are strongly recommended to be disinfected with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite using spray disinfection method for 10 min. Meanwhile, elastomeric impressions are strongly recommended to be disinfected with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite or 2% glutaraldehyde using immersion disinfection method for 10 min, however, polyether impression should be disinfected with 2% glutaraldehyde.
Diversity and distribution of orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Euglossini) in Belize
Authors: O’Neill Kevin M. , O’Neill Ruth P. , Delphia Casey M. , Burkle Laura A. , Runyon Justin B. 
Published: February 2023

Background
Orchid bees are abundant and widespread in the Neotropics, where males are important pollinators of orchids they visit to collect fragrant chemicals later used to court females. Assemblages of orchid bees have been intensively surveyed in parts of Central America, but less so in Belize, where we studied them during the late-wet and early-dry seasons of 2015–2020.

Methods
Using bottle-traps baited with chemicals known to attract a variety of orchid bee species, we conducted surveys at sites varying in latitude, historical annual precipitation, elevation, and the presence of nearby agricultural activities. Each sample during each survey period consisted of the same number of traps and the same set of chemical baits, their positions randomized along transects.

Results
In 86 samples, we collected 24 species in four genera: Euglossa (16 species), Eulaema (3), Eufriesea (3), and Exaerete (2). During our most extensive sampling (December 2016–February 2017), species diversity was not correlated with latitude, precipitation, or elevation; species richness was correlated only with precipitation (positively). However, a canonical correspondence analysis indicated that species composition of assemblages varied across all three environmental gradients, with species like Eufriesea concava, Euglossa imperialis, and Euglossa viridissima most common in the drier north, and Euglossa ignita, Euglossa purpurea, and Eulaema meriana more so in the wetter southeast. Other species, such as Euglossa tridentata and Eulaema cingulata, were common throughout the area sampled. Mean species diversity was higher at sites with agricultural activities than at sites separated from agricultural areas. A Chao1 analysis suggests that other species should yet be found at our sites, a conclusion supported by records from adjacent countries, as well as the fact that we often added new species with repeated surveys of the same sites up through early 2020, and with the use of alternative baits. Additional species may be especially likely if sampling occurs outside of the months/seasons that we have sampled so far.
Factors Associated With Primary Care Physician Decision-making When Making Medication Recommendations vs Surgical Referrals
Authors: Naik Anusha , Syvyk Solomiya , Tong Jason , Wirtalla Chris , Barg Frances K. , Guerra Carmen E. , Mehta Shivan J. , Wender Richard , Merchant Raina M. , Kelz Rachel R. 
Published: February 2023

ImportanceAlthough objective data are used routinely in prescription drug recommendations, it is unclear how referring physicians apply evidence when making surgeon or hospital recommendations for surgery.ObjectiveTo compare the factors associated with the hospital or surgeon referral decision-making process with that used for prescription medication recommendations.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis qualitative study comprised interviews conducted between April 26 and May 18, 2021, of a purposive sample of 21 primary care physicians from a large primary care network in the Northeast US.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMain outcomes were the factors considered when making prescription medication recommendations vs referral recommendations to specific surgeons or hospitals for surgery.ResultsAll 21 participant primary care physicians (14 women [66.7%]) reported use of evidence-based decision support tools and patient attributes for prescription medication recommendations. In contrast, for surgeon and hospital referral recommendations, primary care physicians relied on professional experience and training, personal beliefs about surgical quality, and perceived convenience. Primary care physicians cited perceived limitations of existing data on surgical quality as a barrier to the use of such data in the process of making surgical referrals.Conclusions and RelevanceAs opposed to the widespread use of objective decision support tools for guidance on medication recommendations, primary care physicians relied on subjective factors when making referrals to specific surgeons and hospitals. The findings of this study highlight the potential to improve surgical outcomes by introducing accessible, reliable data as an imperative step in the surgical referral process.
All‐Printed Roll‐to‐Roll Perovskite Photovoltaics Enabled by Solution‐Processed Carbon Electrode
Authors: Beynon David , Parvazian Ershad , Hooper Katherine , McGettrick James , Patidar Rahul , Dunlop Tom , Wei Zhengfei , Davies Peter , Garcia‐Rodriguez Rodrigo , Carnie Matt , Davies Matthew , Watson Trystan 
Published: February 2023

AbstractPerovskite photovoltaics have shown great promise in device efficiency but also the promise of scalability through solution‐processed manufacture. Efforts to scale perovskites have been taken through printable mesoporous scaffolds and slot die coating of flexible substrates roll‐to‐roll (R2R). However, to date there has been no demonstration of entirely R2R‐coated devices due to the lack of a compatible solution‐processable back electrode; instead, high‐value evaporated metal contacts are employed as a post process. Here, in this study, the combination of a low‐temperature device structure and R2R‐compatible solution formulations is employed to make a fully R2R printable device architecture overcoming interlayer incompatibilities and recombination losses. Therefore, the n–i–p device structure of SnO2/perovskite/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/carbon is employed to form an ohmic contact between a p‐type semiconductor and printable carbon electrode. In particular, the results show that the small‐scale device efficiencies of 13–14% are achieved, matching the device performance of evaporated gold electrodes. Also, this entirely R2R‐coated perovskite prototype represents a game changer, reaching over 10% (10.8) stabilized power conversion efficiency with unencapsulated long‐term stability retaining 84% of its original efficiency over 1000 h under 70% RH and 25 °C.
Spin‐Resolved Imaging of Antiferromagnetic Order in Fe4Se5 Ultrathin Films on SrTiO3
Authors: Zhang Wenhao , Zhang Zhi‐Mo , Nie Jin‐Hua , Gong Ben‐Chao , Cai Min , Liu Kai , Lu Zhong‐Yi , Fu Ying‐Shuang 
Published: February 2023

AbstractUnraveling the magnetic order in iron chalcogenides and pnictides at atomic scale is pivotal for understanding their unconventional superconducting pairing mechanism, but is experimentally challenging. Here, by utilizing spin‐polarized scanning tunneling microscopy, real‐space spin contrasts are successfully resolved to exhibit atomically unidirectional stripes in Fe4Se5 ultrathin films, the plausible closely related compound of bulk FeSe with ordered Fe‐vacancies, which are grown by molecular beam epitaxy. As is substantiated by the first‐principles electronic structure calculations, the spin contrast originates from a pair‐checkerboard antiferromagnetic ground state with in‐plane magnetization, which is modulated by a spin–lattice coupling. These measurements further identify three types of nanoscale antiferromagnetic domains with distinguishable spin contrasts, which are subject to thermal fluctuations into short‐ranged patches at elevated temperatures. This work provides promising opportunities in understanding the emergent magnetic order and the electronic phase diagram for FeSe‐derived superconductors.
Fibro‐Gel: An All‐Aqueous Hydrogel Consisting of Microfibers with Tunable Release Profile and its Application in Wound Healing
Authors: Shen Yanting , Liu Yuan , Nunes Janine K. , Wang Chenmin , Xu Miao , To Michael K.T. , Stone Howard A. , Shum Ho Cheung 
Published: February 2023

AbstractInjectable hydrogels are valuable tools in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to their unique advantages of injectability with minimal invasiveness and usability for irregularly shaped sites. However, it remains challenging to achieve scalable manufacturing together with matching physicochemical properties and on‐demand drug release for a high level of control over biophysical and biomedical cues to direct endogenous cells. Here, the use of an injectable fibro‐gel is demonstrated, a water‐filled network of entangled hydrogel microfibers, whose physicochemical properties and drug release profiles can be tailored to overcome these shortcomings. This fibro‐gel exhibits favorable in vitro biocompatibility and the capability to aid vascularization. The potential use of the fibro‐gel for advancing tissue regeneration is explored with a mice excision skin model. Preliminary in vivo tests indicate that the fibro‐gel promotes wound healing and new healthy tissue regeneration at a faster rate than a commercial gel. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the release of distinct drugs at different rates can further accelerate wound healing with higher efficiency, by using a two‐layer fibro‐gel model. The combination of injectability and tailorable properties of this fibro‐gel offers a promising approach in biomedical fields such as therapeutic delivery, medical dressings, and 3D tissue scaffolds for tissue engineering.
Toward Understanding Catalyst Layer Deposition Processes and Distribution in Anodic Porous Transport Electrodes in Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers
Authors: Bierling Markus , McLaughlin David , Mayerhöfer Britta , Thiele Simon 
Published: February 2023

AbstractFinding the optimum structure in porous transport electrodes (PTEs) for proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer anodes is one of the central current technological challenges. Both the structure of the porous transport layer (PTL) and its interaction with the catalyst layer are crucial in finding this optimum structure. In this regard, manufacturing the catalyst layer on top of a PTL as a structure‐building process must be understood to find improved transport electrode structures. This work presents a PTE tomography where the catalyst ink is directly processed on a PTL. The catalyst distribution of anodic PTEs is analyzed and compared via X‐ray microtomography and cross‐sectional imaging of embedded PTE samples. The majority of the catalyst lies within the first 100 µm of the PTE. Considering the penetration depth of the membrane, a maximum of 60% of the catalyst is effectively used. For the first time, a voxel‐based catalyst layer deposition model is created and analyzed that is based on simple assumptions in the deposition process. This deposition model fits very well with the previous tomographic analysis. In the future, this model will allow more profound insight into the manufacturing process and is an important prerequisite for a future optimum design of PTEs.
Tillage and cover crop mixtures interseeded in maize–soybean in the upper Midwest
Authors: KC Rabin , Johnson Gregg A. , Strock Jeffrey S. , Jordan Nicholas R. , Garcia y Garcia Axel 
Published: February 2023

AbstractEcosystem benefits of winter‐killed annual cover crops are less studied than winter hardy annuals. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) the effects of tillage practices and cover crop mixtures on biomass and soil cover of cover crops seeded into nearly mature maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and (2) if cover crop biomass can be estimated from soil surface coverage measurements. The study was conducted within two long‐term tillage trials from 2016 to 2018. Tillage included conventional—(CT), strip—(ST), and no‐till—(NT). Cover crops included annual ryegrass (AR; Lolium multiflorum L.); AR and crimson clover (CC; Trifolium incarnatum L.) mixture (ARCC); AR, CC, and forage radish (FR; Raphanus sativus L.) mixture (ARCCFR); and no‐cover (NC). Seeding rates for AR, ARCC, and ARCCFR were 28, 36, and 40.5 kg ha−1, respectively. The ARCCFR mix produced the most biomass (256 kg ha−1), followed by AR (174 kg ha−1) and ARCC (165 kg ha−1). Cover crop biomass was 260 and 136 kg ha−1 in maize and soybean; and 218, 201, and 177 kg ha−1 in CT, ST, and NT, respectively. Cover crop soil coverage between rows was 25% in maize and 14% in soybean. Cover crop biomass was associated with soil surface coverage (R2 = 0.841). Given that cover crop biomass drives ecosystem services associated with cover crops, limited biomass and ground coverage of winter killed cover crops seeded into nearly mature maize and soybean may not add ecosystem services in the upper Midwest.
Sagittal suture strain in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus and Cebus) during feeding
Authors: Byron Craig , Reed David , Iriarte‐Diaz Jose , Wang Qian , Strait David , Laird Myra F. , Ross Callum F. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractObjectivesMorphological variation in cranial sutures is used to infer aspects of primate feeding behavior, including diet, but strain regimes across sutures are not well documented. Our aim is to test hypotheses about sagittal suture morphology, strain regime, feeding behavior, and muscle activity relationships in robust Sapajus and gracile Cebus capuchin primates.Materials and MethodsMorphometrics of sinuosity in three regions of the sagittal suture were compared among museum specimens of Sapajus and Cebus, as well as in robust and gracile lab specimens. In vivo strains and bilateral electromyographic (EMG) activity were recorded from these regions in the temporalis muscles of capuchin primates while they fed on mechanically‐varying foods.ResultsSapajus and the anterior suture region exhibited greater sinuosity than Cebus and posterior regions. In vivo data reveal minor differences in strain regime between robust and gracile phenotypes but show higher strain magnitudes in the middle suture region and higher tensile strains anteriorly. After gage location, feeding behavior has the most consistent and strongest impact on strain regime in the sagittal suture. Strain in the anterior suture has a high tension to compression ratio compared to the posterior region, especially during forceful biting in the robust Sapajus‐like individual.DiscussionSagittal suture complexity in robust capuchins likely reflects feeding behaviors associated with mechanically challenging foods. Sutural strain regimes in other anthropoid primates may also be affected by activity in feeding muscles.
B‐mode ultrasound and contrast‐enhanced ultrasound for evaluation of pneumonia: A pictorial essay
Authors: Safai Zadeh Ehsan , Alhyari Amjad , Kroenig Johannes , Görg Christian , Trenker Corinna , Dietrich Christoph F. , Findeisen Hajo 
Published: February 2023

AbstractDue to their often peripheral pleural‐based location, pneumonias can be visualised by B‐mode ultrasound. Therefore, sonography can be used as an alternative imaging modality to chest X‐ray in suspected cases of pneumonia. Depending on the clinical background of the patient, and various underlying pathological mechanisms, a heterogeneous pattern of pneumonia is seen in both B‐mode lung ultrasound and contrast‐enhanced ultrasound. Here, we describe the spectrum of sonographic manifestations of pneumonic/inflammatory consolidation on B‐mode lung ultrasound and contrast‐enhanced ultrasound.
Directional Transformation of Heterometallic Oxo Clusters: A New Approach to Prepare Wide‐Bandgap Cathode Interlayers for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Xiao Guo‐Bin , Mu Xijiao , Zhou Shuyu , Zhu Liu , Peng Yong , Liang Qing , Zou Xiaoxin , Zhang Jian , Zhang Lei , Cao Jing 
Published: February 2023

AbstractTypical wide‐band gap cathode interlayer materials are difficulty in reducing interface recombination without limiting charge transport in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, a lead‐doped titanium‐oxo cluster protected by S‐containing ligands is introduced at the interface of perovskite and SnO2. By in situ heating, the cluster is transformed into PbSO4‐PbTi3O7 heterostructure. The oxygen atoms from sulfate ion in heterostructure connect with iodine from perovskite to boost interfacial electron extraction and reduce charge recombination. While the yielded metallic interface between PbSO4 and PbTi3O7 promotes the electron transport across the interface. Finally, an efficiency as high as 24.2 % for the modified PSC is obtained. The heterostructure well‐stabilize the interface of perovskite and SnO2, to greatly improve the device stability. This work provides a novel strategy to prepare wide‐band gap cathode interlayer by directional transformation of heterometallic oxo clusters.
Tuning Hole Transport Properties via Pyrrole Derivation for High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhou Junjie , Li Hang , Tan Liguo , Liu Yue , Yang Junliang , Hua Ruimao , Yi Chenyi 
Published: February 2023

AbstractHole transport materials (HTMs) with high hole mobility, good band alignment and ease of fabrication are highly desirable for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, we designed and synthesized novel organic HTMs, named T3, which can be synthesized in high yields with commercially available materials, featuring a substituted pyrrole core and triphenylamine peripheral arms. The capability of functionalization in the final synthetic step provides an efficient way to obtain a variety of T3‐based HTMs with tunable energy levels and other properties. Among them, fluorine‐substituted T3 (T3‐F) exhibits the best band alignment and hole extraction properties, leading to PSCs with outstanding PCEs of 24.85 % and 24.03 % (certified 23.46 %) for aperture areas of 0.1 and 1 cm2, respectively. The simple structure and tunable performance of T3 can inspire further optimization for efficient PSCs.
Regioisomeric Benzidine‐Fullerenes: Tuning of the Diverse Hole‐Distribution to Influence Charge Separation Patterns
Authors: Wang Chong , Wu Bo , Li Yang , Dong Tianyang , Chai Yongqiang , Zhang Yuhe , Wang Chunru 
Published: February 2023

AbstractUnderstanding the influence of molecular structure on charge distribution and charge separation (CS) provides essential guidance for optoelectronic materials design. Here we propose a regioisomeric strategy to tune the diverse hole‐distribution, and probe the influence on CS patterns.Para‐,meta‐andortho‐substituted benzidine‐fullerene, named1 p,1 mand1 oare designed. Following CS, hole‐delocalization occurs in1 p, while hole‐localization exists in1 mand1 o. The rates of charge separation (4.02×1011 s−1) and recombination (9.8×109 s−1) of1 pis about 20 and 12 times faster than1 mand1 o, indicating thatpara‐determined delocalization promotes ultrafast CS, whilemeta‐andortho‐generated localization contributes to long‐lived CS states. Computational analysis further implies that localization results from the destruction of electronic conjugation for1 m, and limitation of conformational relaxation for1 o. Given that the universality and simplicity of regional isomerism, this work opens up new thoughts for molecular design with tunable charge separation patterns.