bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Cate Sarah D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The introduction gives an overview of the purpose of the book, mainly to address the continued abusive and harmful treatment of youth in the justice system in light of widespread reform efforts. The introduction also outlines the approach of the book, which provides a qualitative assessment of changes within the justice system and situates them within a broader policy and historical context. This perspective explores how youth are being treated, what is happening to those no longer sent to state-run prisons, and the complex political story behind how this reform model developed and garnered widespread support. These reforms contribute to a larger pattern of American social policy development toward devolution, privatization, and an emphasis on individual responsibility rather than on eliminating economic and political inequalities.
In Search of Ancient Tsunamis
Authors: Goff James 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This entertaining book offers a journey through the science of tsunamis, a “how to” guide in many ways of what to look for in the geology, geomorphology, anthropology, and archaeology. It draws on examples from around the world and includes numerous personal accounts of field and laboratory experiences. This journey through tsunami science is framed within the search for ancient tsunamis in the northern part of Chile, a desert environment that requires the use of all the skillsets available to the tsunami researcher. This is a region where numerous attempts to find evidence have failed largely due to the hostile environment that refuses to play by the rules. The story is told through the very personal lens of the author with firsthand accounts of the trials and tribulations of fieldwork and local eccentricities, of serendipitous events, and a growing awareness and understanding of the value of a wide variety of techniques that can be applied to the science. The journey is populated with side stories engaging the reader with deeper insights into the countries, study areas, joys, and disappointments of carrying out scientific research across the globe. It is both a very personal story as well as an in-depth look at the science involved in an increasingly sophisticated and interdisciplinary search to better understand the true nature of tsunamis. It contains the wisdom of elders, “eureka” moments of discovery, and a look at the very latest developments in understanding the effects of ancient tsunamis on prehistoric human populations.
Strand 4
Authors: Goff James 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Armed with a now significant array of techniques this chapter considers the Chatham Islands, New Zealand, where large, historically documented events have been reported. It starts with a discussion of the details of the ad 1868 earthquake and tsunami in Chile and then moves westward across the Pacific Ocean to the Chatham Islands, where there is the geology, geomorphology, and written accounts of the event. The chapter also relates how, during the first fieldwork there a much larger event was missed in the absence of the skillsets needed to recognize it. After many years, knowledge from Tonga and Japan facilitated identification of the largest ever tsunami deposit reported in New Zealand. A combination of all the knowledge gained from studying numerous types of locations dated this event to between 3500 and 4000 years ago and numerical modeling identified the most likely source as northern Chile. The fieldwork, thinking and logic are explained throughout the chapter.
Strand 7
Authors: Goff James 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews mass burials and their role in identifying paleotsunami sites. Archaeologists are shy at coming forward with a tsunami interpretation for an ancient mass burial. Only one mass burial in prehistory has been given a possible tsunami origin and that is in Greece, but there are many other candidates. This chapter first highlights an ancient, yet historical, tsunami mass burial in Japan and the evidence it gives us for our search into prehistory. Armed with this information we journey through the Pacific, to Easter Island and its interaction with ancient and historical tsunamis, then to the most convincing case found so far in the Solomon Islands with a detailed review of all of the evidence. A more controversial example of a mass burial from Vanuatu leads to a discussion of fieldwork and the case of the lost historical tsunami on the island of Tanna. The final mass burial to be discussed comes from Scotland, which is controversial, yet interesting nonetheless.
Strand 10
Authors: Goff James 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter sums up where we have got to and the importance of each strand for the work ahead. Researchers from many disciplines, not just geology, can start from their own first strand. In this way, there will be a far greater chance that new ideas will be forthcoming from areas of research not considered before. The excitement lies in the one common thread throughout all of this—humans. Needed now is a reinvestigation of mass burials in the light of what has been discovered about ancient tsunamis. This chapter considers forensic archaeology, a research area more likely to provide significant progress on understanding ancient tsunamis than any other.
The Politics of Holocaust Memory in Central and Eastern Europe: Contemporary Poland as a Comparative Case Study
Authors: Zisook Jonathan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the contentious politics of Holocaust memory in contemporary Poland as a comparative case study. It presents an overview of three controversies since the electoral victory of the Law and Justice Party in 2015, followed by an analysis of the Jedwabne debate in the early 2000s—the most profound discussion of Polish-Jewish relations since the Second World War. It then contextualizes the politics of Holocaust memory in Poland within a comparative-historical framework, drawing parallels to forms of Holocaust distortion in present day Hungary as a means of elucidating the Polish case. The chapter concludes by discussing Polish collective memory and the Holocaust in relation to Hungary and urges scholars to interrogate the instrumentalization of the Holocaust as a sociological phenomenon permeating national and transnational politics in post-Communist Europe.
Jewish Revival in Post-Communist Hungary: Expectations and Reality
Authors: Kovács András 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
After the fall of Communism, a general expectation prevailed that a Jewish revival was imminent in Hungary where the numerical estimates tended toward 100,000 people with Jewish parentage and ranging upwards of 150,000 for those of partial Jewish descent. Based on a comparison of data collected during the 1999 and 2016–2017 large scale Jewish population surveys, the article aims to reconsider whether Jewish group identification increased in the decades after the fall of Communism, and how developments in this respect may be related to the functioning of the Jewish institutions in Hungary. The results of the analysis demonstrate that nowadays Jews of the country perceive themselves much more frequently as members of a bounded group and are increasingly open to being identified as Jewish in interactions with their environment than earlier. Yet these changes are less the consequence of a return to traditional religious observance in the framework of the Jewish religious institutions, and more the products of enhanced ethnic consciousness and identification.
Jewish Cultural Heritage in the USSR and after Its Collapse
Authors: Levin Vladimir 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The article discusses the fate of tangible Jewish heritage (synagogues, ritual objects, museums, cemeteries) in the USSR and after its collapse. It demonstrates that during the interwar period, the Soviet state addressed Jewish heritage in a manner similar to that of other ethnic and religious groups. After WWII, the approach also was ambiguous: along with enormous destruction, there were cases of state protection and even restauration. After the collapse of the USSR, those post-Soviet countries that chose the “European way” (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) began to see Jewish monuments as part of their history and culture and to invest in their restoration. The rest of post-Soviet countries perceive Jewish monuments as “theirs,” belonging to Jews, who are entitled to deal with them, and not as an integral part of local history and culture that should be preserved for the benefit of the entire population.
Becoming Jews: The Petersburg Jewish University in the 1990s
Authors: Goldin Semion 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The renaissance of Jewish activity in the last years of the Soviet Union manifested itself in the energetic creation of new structures and new ideologies. The history of the Petersburg Jewish University (PJU), an independent Jewish academic body that existed from 1989 to 1998, sheds light on the emergence of a renewed Jewish identity in the epoch of the late1980s-early 1990s. Late Soviet and post-Soviet Jewish activity inevitably was a continuation under new conditions of Soviet experiences and Soviet forms of life, side by side with the utopia of creating a new Jewish civilization and the vision of renewing of Jewish scholarly activities of the pre-1917 period. The successful professional careers in Judaic studies of some two dozen scholars, and the experience of hundreds of people connected to the university who acquired content for their nominal Jewishness, indicates the importance of the PJU project.
Antisemitism in Context: Three Recent Volumes
Authors: Volkov Shulamit 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews three collections of essays on the history of antisemitism. The 19 essays in Antisemitism: Historical Concept, Public Discourse (2020) were written as responses to David Engel’s article of 2009, “Away from a Definition of Antisemitism: An Essay in the Semantics of Historical Description.” In it, Engel recapitulates his lingering frustration with the unclear nature of the term “antisemitism.” Meanwhile, the 17 essays in Jews, Liberalism, Antisemitism: A Global History (2021) deal with the complex links among Jews, antisemites, and liberals, not only in Italy, Spain, and Vienna, but also in the United States, Turkey, the Middle East, and even the Caribbean. In Key Concepts in the Study of Antisemitism (2021)—an alphabetical compendium beginning with anti-Judaism and ending with Zionism—the essays discuss emancipation, the Catholic church, nationalism, gender, orientalism, and postcolonialism.
Trueing
Authors: Andersen H. K. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Even in areas of philosophy of science that don’t involve formal treatments of truth, one’s background view of truth still centrally shapes views on other issues. I offer an informal way to think about truth as trueing, like trueing a bicycle wheel. This holist approach to truth provides a way to discuss knowledge products like models in terms of how well-trued they are to their target. Trueing emphasizes: the process by which models are brought into true; how the idealizations in models are not false but rather like spokes in appropriate tension to achieve a better-trued fit to target; and that this process is not accomplished once and done forever, but instead requires upkeep and ongoing fine-tuning. I conclude by emphasizing the social importance of being a pragmatist about truth in order to accurately answer questions about science such as, “but do we really know that…”
Pragmatism and the Challenge of Scientific (Dis)unification
Authors: Danks David 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Pragmatist accounts of science are often thought to necessarily imply pluralism about science. This chapter examines the common belief that a pragmatist approach must lead to the conclusion that scientific theories cannot be unified in substantive ways. I first examine the grounds for this belief, and argue that the prima facie connection between pragmatism and (dis)unification holds only if we adopt a narrow view of the conditions under which scientific theories are actually unifiable. In particular, I contend that this apparent connection presupposes that unification requires intertheoretic reduction, but there are many other intertheoretic relations. If we broaden our understanding to allow for unifications based on mutual satisfaction of intertheoretic constraints, then the connection between pragmatism and disunification no longer holds. As a result, the pragmatist about science can have all of the scientific unification that they need, even if that unification falls short of the realist’s demands.
‘Not one of us…is able to speak more than a few words of the language’
Authors: Bensimon Fabrice 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter concerns the cultural and religious history of the migrants in this study. When they left Britain, British workers usually spoke only English; interpreters, however, were only available for a few engineers. The rest of the workers had to manage for themselves. By examining language, this chapter gauges British workers’ level of integration into their new local communities. Regardless of whether they learned to communicate in a new language, British workers came to continental Europe with their own culture and built new institutions to bolster their British identities. English-language newspapers were set up and British games and sports were practised on the Continent, including the establishment of long-lasting clubs from the 1870s onwards. Although ‘irreligion’ and the decline in churchgoing in the new industrial towns were widely denounced in Britain, most migrant workers who settled in Europe shared a Protestant culture. English schools were opened with clergymen as well as Anglican churches and Methodist chapels. This chapter also examines national representations of workers. Many stereotypes prevailed, for instance that the British were stronger and more hard-working than local workers (partly because they ate meat), or that they drank too much.
Analysing the Consequences of Institutional Reforms Using Country Pairs
Authors: Büthe Tim , Cheng Cindy 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter lays out the methodological rationale for the matched-country-pairs research design used to select the case studies that constitute the core of the empirical analysis of participation and influence in the governance of global finance and health. At the outset, we selected Brazil, India, and China (the BICs) because, collectively, they account for almost half of the world’s population. Their size (and their closely related ascendant power), however, also makes their experiences potentially highly atypical. To examine to what extent their experiences might apply to developing countries more generally, we used coarsened exact matching (CEM) to match each BIC country with a much smaller country in the same region that is otherwise maximally comparable. After discussing the promise and limits of CEM for case selection research more broadly, we detail how we used CEM to select Argentina–Brazil and Vietnam–China as matched pairs, as well as alternatively Bangladesh and the Philippines as counterparts for India.
India and the Philippines in Global Health Governance
Authors: Büthe Tim , Chaturvedi Sachin , Payoyo Peter B , Srinivas Krishna Ravi 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the consequences of institutional reforms in global health governance. Specifically, it investigates and compares changes in the voice and influence of Indian and Philippine stakeholders—and assesses whether and to what extent these changes are attributable to recent institutional reforms undertaken by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH), and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria. For both India and the Philippines, the reforms have resulted in increased voice opportunities in global health governance; both also have increased their actual engagement and experienced real gains in influence. Increases in voice opportunities, engagement, and influence have been remarkably similar for the two countries (and almost entirely governmental), though often for different reasons. The chapter also highlights numerous differences in the consequences of institutional reforms across the four health governance institutions. It shows that understanding improvements in—and remaining impediments to—stakeholder participation for previously marginalized stakeholders in global health governance requires the analysis of domestic institutions and the domestic politics of health governance in interaction with institutional change and persistence at the global level.
Assessing Stakeholder Participation Reforms in Global Health Governance
Authors: Berman Ayelet , Pauwelyn Joost 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Based on the comparative country case studies in this volume (Brazil and Argentina, China and Vietnam, India and the Philippines), this chapter assess whether and how the institutional reforms in global health institutions have improved the participation of marginalized developing countries and non-state actors in global health governance. We find that despite an overall trend of openness across all forms of global health governance, IOs are most inclusive of developing countries, followed by multi-stakeholder partnerships, and then by standard-setting bodies. We also find that notwithstanding the institutional opportunity to participate, stakeholder characteristics or preferences such as capacity, resources, or saliency play a critical role in determining whether and the extent to which stakeholders actually take advantage of their participation rights. They also explain variations in participation between large emerging economies and smaller developing countries.
What is ankylosing spondylitis?
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic, slowly progressive, painful inflammatory arthritis, primarily affecting the sacroiliac joints and the spine, resulting in a gradually progressive stiffness of the back. Its prevalence varies world-wide and affects approximately 0.5% of the adult population of European descent. It typically starts during adolescence and early adulthood, affecting both males and females, and it is very uncommon for the symptoms to begin after age 45. The course of AS is highly variable and can be characterized by spontaneous remissions and exacerbations, particularly in early disease. The disease activity, however, generally persists for many decades, rarely entering a long-term remission. The disease in some patients may be relatively mild or stay limited to the sacroiliac (SI) joints and the lumbar spine. Many patients may not seek medical help, which combined with the insidious nature of AS, may preclude an early diagnosis. There is no cure yet for AS but most patients can be very well managed with current more effective medications, especially when the disease is diagnosed and treated early. One or more episodes of acute eye inflammation (acute anterior uveitis) can occur in approximately 30% of patients, and 6 to 10% have psoriasis, ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease. Much more effective treatments are also now available for all of these associated diseases.
What is the underlying cause? HLA-B27 and other disease-predisposing genes
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a non-infectious (non-contagious) arthritis with a strong genetic predisposition, best exemplified by its association with HLA-B27, a perfectly normal gene carried by a small percentage of the general population. But only a tiny minority (&lt;5%) of the HLA-B27-positive people get AS or related forms of SpA. Moreover, possession of the HLA-B27 gene is not a prerequisite because people lacking this gene can also suffer from these diseases. Testing for HLA-B27 can be diagnostically useful but only if used in context with clinical, laboratory, and imaging (X-rays and MRI) findings. HLA-B27 provides approximately 20% of the total genetic risk and there are ~140 additional such genes or genetic variants; they all interact with each other and possibly with non-genetic (environmental) factors that include disruption of the gut microbiome, to result in disease. Increasingly better understanding of the causes of AS and related forms of SpA has already led to an increasing number of potential new and very effective therapies.
Radiology, MRI, and CT
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Evidence of involvement of sacroiliac joints (sacroiliitis) is one of the hallmarks of AS, usually detected on obtaining the conventional anterior–posterior (AP) or angled (Ferguson’s) view of the pelvis, especially in patients with long-standing disease. However, such pelvic X-ray examinations can sometimes be normal or are difficult to interpret due to various reasons. This is particularly the case in patients being seen in very early stages of their disease. In this situation, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan appears to be the method of choice for the early detection of sacroiliitis, and is radiation-free, although much more costly and unavailable in some parts of the world. Low dose computed tomography (CT) with minimal radiation has now been increasingly available that can better detect structural bone damage. Ultrasound examination with high-frequency color and power Doppler can be helpful for evaluating peripheral arthritis, tendinitis, and enthesitis. Ultrasonography can also be helpful in placing the needle to aspirate joint fluid or for joint injection.
Other causes of chronic back pain
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
AS/axSpA is an important but relatively an uncommon cause of highly prevalent chronic back pain and therefore is often overlooked by the primary healthcare providers. Fibromyalgia is a common undefined condition characterized by chronic widespread pain and is a challenge to diagnose and manage, especially when present along with AS/axSpA. These patients have emotional and sensory experience of chronic pain resembling that associated with tissue damage, and their symptoms persists even when there is objective evidence of resolution or control of AS/axSpA-related inflammation. Degenerative disc disease and osteoporosis are other common causes of back pain, especially in older populations. Osteomalacia and its childhood equivalent, called rickets, can be mistaken for AS/axSpA and fibromyalgia because it causes widespread pains, including back pain, fatigue, weakness, tenderness over bones, and it even show some resemblances with the X-ray imaging findings of AS/axSpA. It is easily treatable with vitamin D therapy. The spread of cancer to the pelvis and the spine, as well as some chronic spinal infections, can also present as back pain.
Management
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
There is currently no preventive measure or a curative treatment for AS, but in most people the disease can be very well managed. Early diagnosis and effective therapeutic interventions markedly improve the outcome. All patients should be provided with disease-specific written information, instructions, and illustrations in the form of handouts, books, or pamphlets, or as videos, audiotapes, and information about useful websites. There are many AS self-help and support groups that enlist enthusiastic patient cooperation, provide information about the disease and advice about life and health insurance, jobs, working environment, and other useful items. Patients should be advised to carry a “medical alert” card that contains a concise information about them, including their blood type, medication, and a list of allergies.