bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rural‐urban differences in distress, quality of life, and social support among Canadian young adult cancer survivors: A Young Adults with Cancer in Their Prime (YACPRIME) study
Authors: Tulk Joshua , Wurz Amanda , Hou Sharon H. J. , Bender Jacqueline , Schulte Fiona S. M. , Eaton Geoff , Chalifour Karine , Garland Sheila N. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractPurposeGeographic location plays a significant role in the health and wellbeing of those with cancer. This project explored the impact of rurality and social support on distress and quality of life in young adults (YAs) with cancer in Canada.MethodsThe current research analyzed data from the Young Adults with Cancer in Their Prime (YACPRIME) study. Participants completed measures of emotional distress (10‐item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale), quality of life (12‐item Short‐form Health Survey), and social support (Medical Outcomes Study—Social Support Survey). Rural and urban‐dwelling survivors were compared using MANOVAs. Bivariate analyses were conducted to explore associations between distress and social support.FindingsOf the sample (N = 379), 26% identified their location as rural. Rural YA cancer survivors reported higher distress and worse physical health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) than survivors from urban areas but similar levels of mental‐health‐related quality of life. Social support appeared to have a marginally greater effect on psychosocial outcomes for urban participants. All types of social support were associated with lower levels of distress. However, different types of social support were associated more strongly with distress depending on a participant's geography.ConclusionsRural‐dwelling YA cancer survivors experience significantly more distress and poorer physical HRQOL than urban‐dwelling survivors. Different needs and preferences for social support may influence the psychological health of rural cancer survivors. Additional research is needed to determine how best to understand and address distress in rural YAs with cancer.
Incidence and factors associated with delirium in critically ill patients under 5 years old
Authors: Henao‐Castaño Ángela M. , Motta‐Robayo Claudia Lorena , Rojas‐Ruiz Ingrid Tatiana 
Published: June 2023

AbstractPurposeTo determine the incidence and factors related to the presence of Delirium in children under 5 years of age hospitalized in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).Design and MethodsProspective observational study, through a convenience sampling. Fifty‐two patients hospitalized in the PICU between 6 months and 5 years of age were included. The Preschool Confusion Assessment Method for the intensive care units (PSCAM‐ICU) instrument was applied in its Spanish version. A bivariate analysis was performed to identify possible related factors.ResultsThe incidence of delirium in the pediatric population under 5 years of age was 71.1%, with mainly hypoactive typology. Those who presented the event were characterized because they were mainly female, with an average age of 31 months, with lower weight compared with those who did not have delirium. Possible risk factors for delirium were found to be longer stays in the PICU and mechanical ventilation, higher levels of carbon dioxide pressure, lower levels of oxygen pressure, having orotracheal intubation, and medication with sedatives and analgesics.Practice ImplicationsThe high incidence of delirium in the pediatric population is notorious, mainly for younger girls and lower‐weight children. The factors that showed to be potential risk factors were like those found in the literature. These factors can be incorporated by the care staff in PICUs, to prevent or identify delirium promptly and thus mitigate its impact.
Perceptions of exercise and restless legs syndrome: Results from a nationwide survey
Authors: Cederberg Katie L. J. , Sikes E. Morghen , Mignot Emmanuel 
Published: June 2023

SummaryRestless legs syndrome is a prevalent, sensorimotor sleep disorder temporarily relieved by movement, with evidence of symptomatic improvement with regular exercise. The present study describes perceptions of the effects of exercise on symptoms of restless legs syndrome. Participants (N = 528) completed a mixed‐methods (i.e. numerical and narrative), nationwide survey including items assessing personal experiences with exercise and restless legs syndrome (both positive and negative), as well as restless legs syndrome diagnosis, restless legs syndrome severity, and demographic and clinical characteristics. Responses varied widely on specific experiences with exercise, but a higher percentage of participants indicated positive experiences with exercise than those who reported negative experiences (72%–40%, respectively) with exercise. Further, 54% of respondents reported that exercise only improves restless legs syndrome, while 24% reported exercise only worsens symptoms. Participants described that any abrupt change in exercise routine would almost always elicit restless legs syndrome symptoms (e.g. hiking for a long time, stopping an exercise routine), and that a consistent pattern of exercise improved restless legs syndrome symptoms with an overall beneficial effect on the frequency of symptomatic bouts. Participants further described time of day as impactful for their exercise experience, with > 50% indicating morning exercise improves symptoms and evening exercise worsens symptoms. Participants described several questions that they wanted answered regarding the evidence for exercise in restless legs syndrome and specific exercise prescription recommendations. The present study describes information crucial to the creation of stakeholder‐informed health promotion programs for individuals with restless legs syndrome to optimize personalized treatment plans that could prevent and manage symptoms.
Pharmacokinetics of oral tapentadol in cats
Authors: Lakritz J. , Aarnes T. K. , Alva B. , Howard J. , Magnin G. , Lerche P. , Kukanich B. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractTo evaluate pharmacokinetics of one dose of tapentadol hydrochloride orally administered to cats. Prospective experimental study. Five healthy adult mixed‐breed cats. Each cat received 18.8 ± 1.0 mg/kg tapentadol orally. Venous blood samples were collected at time 0 (immediately prior to administration of tapentadol) 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 min, and 2, 4, 8, 12 to 24 h after drug administration. Plasma tapentadol concentrations and its metabolites were determined using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Geometric mean Tmax of tapentadol, desmethyltapentadol, tapentadol‐O‐glucuronide, and tapentadol‐O‐sulfate was 2.3, 7.0, 6.0, and 4.6 h, respectively. Mean Cmax of tapentadol, desmethyltapentadol, tapentadol‐O‐glucuronide, and tapentadol‐O‐sulfate was 637, 66, 1134, and 15,757 ng/mL, respectively, after administration. Mean half‐life of tapentadol, desmethyltapentadol, tapentadol‐O‐glucuronide, and tapentadol‐O‐sulfate was 2.4, 4.7, 2.9, and 10.8 h. The relative exposure of tapentadol and its metabolites were tapentadol 2.65%, desmethyltapentadol 0.54%, tapentadol‐O‐glucuronide 6.22%, and tapentadol‐O‐sulfate 90.6%. Tapentadol‐O‐sulfate was the predominant metabolite following the administration of oral tapentadol in cats. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the association of analgesia with plasma concentrations of tapentadol.
The exchange theory of web3 governance
Authors: Allen Darcy W. E. , Berg Chris , Lane Aaron M. , MacDonald Trent , Potts Jason 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBlockchains have enabled innovation in distributed economic institutions, such as money (e.g., cryptocurrencies) and markets (e.g., decentralised exchanges), but also innovations in distributed governance, such as decentralised autonomous organisations. These innovations have generated academic interest in studying web3 governance, but as yet there is no general theory of web3 governance. In this paper, we draw on the contrast between a ‘romantic view’ of governance (characterised by consensus through community voting) and the ‘exchange view’ of governance from public choice theory (characterised by an entrepreneurial process of bargaining and exchange of voters under uncertainty). Our analysis is the first to argue that the latter ‘exchange view’ of governance is best to understand the dynamics of governance innovation in web3, providing the foundations for a new general theory of governance in this frontier field. We apply the ‘exchange view’ of governance to three case studies (Curve, Lido and Metagov), exploring how these projects enable pseudonymous, composable and permissionless governance processes to reveal value. Our approach helps illuminate how this emergent polycentric governance process can generate robustness in decentralised systems.
Investigating the crystallization history of Apollo 15 mare basalts using quantitative textural analysis
Authors: Bell S. K. , Joy K. H. , Pernet‐Fisher J. F. , Hartley M. E. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractMare basalts collected at the Apollo 15 landing site are classified as belonging to either the quartz‐normative suite or the olivine‐normative suite, based on differences in whole‐rock major element chemistry. A wide range of textures are displayed within samples from both suites, which provide insight into eruption processes on the Moon. Here we use crystal size distribution (CSD) analysis and spatial distribution pattern (SDP) analysis of pyroxene, olivine, and plagioclase crystals in eight Apollo 15 mare basalt samples to investigate the crystallization and emplacement of the quartz‐normative and olivine‐normative suites. In general, our results show similarities between the CSDs and SDPs for both mare basalt suites. However, we also report two distinct groups of pyroxene CSD trends that likely represent samples with common cooling histories, originating from comparable depths within respective olivine‐normative and quartz‐normative lava flows. We use our results to determine the relative depths of samples within the lava flows at the Apollo 15 landing site.
The prenatal care color line and Latina migrant motherhood
Authors: Cerdeña Jessica P. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDrawing from ethnographic research with Latin American migrant mothers seeking prenatal care at a safety net clinic in southern Connecticut, I describe the racial dynamics of a medical hierarchy that situates White providers and nurses above Black and Brown medical assistants and patients, terming this the prenatal care color line. I characterize three segments of the prenatal care color line: through (1) onerous enrollment in prenatal care support that strips rights from migrant mothers; (2) differences in racialized embodiment that harden essentialist and stereotyped notions surrounding Latinx reproduction, making the experience of pregnancy and birth a process of race‐making; and (3) obstetric racism manifest through both denying or delaying critical medical care to Latinx pregnant patients while also overmedicalizing their uncomplicated births. I argue that the presence of the prenatal care color line—in my study clinic as in other safety net clinics—permits the harsher racialization of Latinx birthers.
Sex differences in deleterious genetic variants in a haplodiploid social insect
Authors: Miller Sara E. , Sheehan Michael J. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDeleterious variants are selected against but can linger in populations at low frequencies for long periods of time, decreasing fitness and contributing to disease burden in humans and other species. Deleterious variants occur at low frequency but distinguishing deleterious variants from low‐frequency neutral variation is challenging based on population genomics data alone. As a result, we have little sense of the number and identity of deleterious variants in wild populations. For haplodiploid species, it has been hypothesised that deleterious alleles will be directly exposed to selection in haploid males, but selection can be masked in diploid females when deleterious variants are recessive, resulting in more efficient purging of deleterious mutations in males. Therefore, comparisons of the differences between haploid and diploid genomes from the same population may be a useful method for inferring rare deleterious variants. This study provides the first formal test of this hypothesis. Using wild populations of Northern paper wasps (Polistes fuscatus), we find that males have fewer missense and nonsense variants per generation than females from the same population. Allele frequency differences are especially pronounced for rare missense and nonsense variants and these differences lead to a lower mutational load in males than females. Based on these data we infer that many highly deleterious mutations are segregating in the paper wasp population. Stronger selection against deleterious alleles in haploid males may have implications for adaptation in other haplodiploid insects and provides evidence that wild populations harbour abundant deleterious variants.
The relevance of Thirlwall’s growth law in the Zambian economy
Authors: Chimfwembe Lewis , Nell Kevin S. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis paper uses a blended methodology—conventional tests of ‘Thirlwall's law’ combined with an in‐depth growth narrative approach and unit root tests—to identify the dominant balance‐of‐payments adjustment mechanism in the Zambian economy over the period 1956–2017. Consistent with Thirlwall's growth law, the main results identify income changes as the dominant balance‐of‐payments adjustment mechanism, rather than relative price changes. The three‐regime export demand function further reflects the vulnerability of the Zambian economy to unexpected busts in the world copper market, and highlights the need for effective industrial policies to create a more diversified economy into higher value‐added manufactures. The analysis also demonstrates that the results are robust to some of the main criticisms that have been levelled against Thirlwall's original growth law.
Effect of low‐dose atropine (0.01%) on crystalline lens power among school‐aged children with progressive myopia
Authors: Saxena Rohit , Gupta Vinay , Dhiman Rebika , Phuljhele Swati , Kumar Pawan , Sharma Namrata , Iribarren Rafael , Rozema Jos 
Published: June 2023

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the change in crystalline lens power (LP) in a cohort of Indian children with progressive myopia receiving atropine (0.01%) compared with an untreated control group.DesignNonrandomised clinical trial.MethodsThe study included 120 children (70 in the atropine group; 50 in the control group) with progressive myopia (≥0.5 D/year) with a 1‐year follow‐up. The atropine group received 0.01% atropine eye drops once daily in both eyes, whereas the control group received no treatment. Changes in cycloplegic spherical equivalent, axial length (AL), keratometry (KER), anterior chamber depth (ACD) and lens thickness (LT) were recorded. LP was calculated using the formula proposed by Bennett.ResultsMean myopia progression at year 1 was significantly less in the atropine group (−0.18 D [0.2]) than in the control group (−0.59 [0.21]; p < 0.001). The increase in AL was significantly different between the two groups (atropine: 0.21 mm [0.12]; control: 0.29 mm [0.11], p < 0.001). A significantly greater loss of LP was noted in the atropine group (−0.67 D [0.34]) than in the placebo group (−0.28 D [0.42]; p < 0.001). The change in LT was significantly different between the atropine and control groups (p = 0.02), whereas the change in ACD and KER was similar in the two groups.ConclusionThe greater loss of LP could contribute to the anti‐myopia effect of atropine and should therefore be evaluated in studies reporting the efficacy of atropine on myopia to assess its actual effect on myopic progression.
Local Food Price Volatility and School Dropout in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Brown Kathleen J. , Haer Roos , Østby Gudrun 
Published: June 2023

AbstractWorldwide, children are enrolled in primary school in greater numbers than ever before. Nonetheless, school dropout rates are significant in many countries. A crucial factor in a child's education and potential for leaving school is their family's economic insecurity. Low‐income households, in particular, are highly sensitive to food prices, and increases in the cost of food staples can force families to sacrifice education to smooth food consumption. While earlier studies have relied on aggregate measures of economic conditions or are restricted to single countries and limited time periods, we take an individual approach and examine how education is affected by local food price volatility. Empirically, we combine individual‐level data on school dropout from 40 Demographic and Health Surveys in 14 sub‐Saharan African countries between 1992 and 2020 with geo‐referenced data on consumer food prices at local markets from the World Food Programme. Our results show that children are up to 8 percent more likely to drop out when local food prices sharply increase. Notably, this effect is strongest for older children, especially for boys. This demonstrates that economic instability during childhood can have long‐run adverse effects on individuals and has important implications for understanding the human capital costs of income crises.
The microRNA‐7322‐5p/p38/Hsp19 axis modulates Chilo suppressalis cell‐defences against Cry1Ca: an effective target for a stacked transgenic rice approach
Authors: Wu Yan , Weng Zijin , Yan Haixia , Yao Zhuotian , Li Zhenzhen , Sun Yajie , Ma Kangsheng , Hull J. Joe , Zhang Delin , Ma Weihua , Hua Hongxia , Lin Yongjun 
Published: June 2023

SummaryBacillus thuringiensis (Bt)‐secreted crystal (Cry) toxins form oligomeric pores in host cell membranes and are a common element in generating insect‐resistant transgenic crops. Although Cry toxin function has been well documented, cellular defences against pore‐formation have not been as well developed. Elucidation of the processes underlying this defence, however, could contribute to the development of enhanced Bt crops. Here, we demonstrate that Cry1Ca‐mediated downregulation of microRNA‐7322‐5p (miR‐7322‐5p), which binds to the 3′ untranslated region of p38, negatively regulates the susceptibility of Chilo suppressalis to Cry1Ca. Moreover, Cry1Ca exposure enhanced phosphorylation of Hsp19, and hsp19 downregulation increased susceptibility to Cry1Ca. Further, Hsp19 phosphorylation occurs downstream of p38, and pull‐down assays confirmed the interactions between Hsp19 and Cry1Ca, suggesting that activation of Hsp19 by the miR‐7322‐5p/p38/Hsp19 pathway promotes Cry1Ca sequestration. To assess the efficacy of targeting this pathway in planta, double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting C. suppressalis p38 (dsp38) was introduced into a previously generated cry1Ca‐expressing rice line (1CH1‐2) to yield a single‐copy cry1Ca/dsp38 rice line (p38‐rice). Feeding on this rice line triggered a significant reduction in C. suppressalis p38 expression and the line was more resistant to C. suppressalis than 1CH1‐2 in both short term (7‐day) and continuous feeding bioassays as well as field trials. These findings provide new insights into invertebrate epithelium cellular defences and demonstrate a potential new pyramiding strategy for Bt crops.
A comparison of chlorhexidine and povidone‐iodine solutions in neonatal intensive care units
Authors: Kucuker Hakan , Cakir Salih Cagri , Koksal Nilgun , Ozkan Hilal , Kocael Fatma , Dorum Bayram Ali , Sivrikaya Yildirim Cansu , Celebi Solmaz , Hacimustafaoglu Mustafa 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBackgroundPovidone‐iodine (10%; PI) and 2% chlorhexidine in 70% isopropyl alcohol (CHG‐IA) solutions are among the most widely used disinfectants in the neonatal intensive care units. This study compares the use of these disinfectants and helps decide which is superior to the other for neonatal use.MethodsAll term and preterm infants born and hospitalized in Bursa Uludag University Hospital between July 2018–March 2020 were included. The infants were randomized into two disinfectant groups before birth. The application site was cleaned with the assigned disinfectant before intervention. The infants were screened for rates of neonatal sepsis, thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, free thyroxine (fT4) levels, skin reactions to the assigned solution, and acute neurological side effects.ResultsWe enrolled 208 term and preterm infants (PI:104 vs. CHG‐IA: 104) in the study. The prematurity rates were identical (PI: 74.0%; CHG‐IA: 72.1%; p = 0.755). Neonatal sepsis rates among these groups were not statistically different (PI: 8.7%; CHG‐IA: 4.8%; p = 0.406). The median TSH value of the PI group was high (4.05 mIU/L) in comparison with that of the CHG‐IA group (3.09 mIU/L; p = 0.016). No cutaneous or neurological side effects were recorded in patients treated with CHG‐IA solution.ConclusionsAlthough these two solutions were equally protective against infections, the CHG‐IA solution was a better alternative to PI for neonatal use. Considering that the PI solution may be responsible for impaired thyroid function, the CHG‐IA solution is a good alternative because it provides sufficient protection with a safer adverse effect profile.
A flexible approach to modelling stillbirths using the foetuses at risk approach
Authors: Bone Jeffrey N. , Joseph K. S. , John Sid , Lisonkova Sarka 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBackgroundSurvival analysis methods are increasingly used to model the gestational age‐specific risk of perinatal phenomena such as stillbirth.ObjectivesTo compare two types of survival analysis models, and highlight differences by estimating the relationships between pre‐pregnancy BMI and gestational age‐specific rates of stillbirth.MethodsThe study was based on singleton live births and stillbirths in the United States in 2016–2017, with data obtained from the natality and fetal death files of the National Center for Health Statistics. We compared Cox regression versus piecewise exponential additive mixed models (PAMMs) for modelling the relationship between BMI and stillbirth across gestational age. In a second analysis, we illustrated the performance of both models for assessing the relationship between the trimester‐specific number of cigarettes smoked, a time‐dependent covariate, and stillbirth.ResultsThe study population included 7,567,316 births, of which 42,739 were stillbirths (5.6 per 1000 total births). Stillbirth rates increased with increasing pre‐pregnancy BMI and increasing gestational age. In analyses with BMI as a categorical variable, the Cox model and PAMM models yielded similar results. Analyses of BMI as a continuous variable also showed similar results when BMI associations were assumed to be linear, and the changes in gestational age‐specific rates were modelled parametrically. However, results differed slightly when PAMMs, modelled with data‐driven approaches, were used to estimate changes in BMI effects across gestational age; PAMMs provided a more nuanced modelling of time‐varying effects. PAMM models showed an approximately linear increase in the effect of smoking on stillbirth with increasing gestational age.ConclusionsFor survival analyses using the foetuses‐at‐risk approach, PAMMs provide a valuable alternative to the traditional Cox model, with increased modelling flexibility when proportional hazards assumptions are violated.