bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Bacterial Endotoxin and Human B Cell-Activating Factor
Authors: Wood David D. , Cameron Patricia M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The monokine, B cell-activating factor (BAF), has the property of stimulating murine B lymphocytes in the absence of T lymphocytes to make a humoral response in vitro to erythrocyte antigens. The factor is secreted by fresh human monocytes after stimulation with as little as 10-11 g/ml of bacterial endotoxin. It had previously been shown that commercial preparations of phytohemagglutinin stimulated BAF release, but subsequent analysis of this phenomenon showed that the BAF-inducing activity of the phytohemagglutinin preparations is resistant to heating (which reduces T cell mitogenicity) and is sensitive to the LPS inhibitor polymyxin B. Therefore, the BAF-releasing activity of the PHA preparations is probably due to contaminating LPS. Once it was realized that BAF release had only been observed in the presence of LPS, the question was raised whether BAF was a derivative of the added LPS. This seems unlikely since 1) BAF and LPS can be separated by ion exchange chromatography, 2) relative to its activity in the Limulus lysate test, BAF is at least 105 times more active than LPS as a B cell stimulator, 3) BAF is a poor mitogen compared to LPS, 4) BAF, but not LPS, loses activity in nonsupportive media, 5) the C3H/HeJ mouse responds to BAF but not LPS, and 6) polymyxin B inhibits LPS but not BAF. Finally, BAF is not a derivative of lipid A protein since lipid A protein (which resembles BAF by criteria 5 and 6) is not necessary to stimulate BAF secretion by monocytes.
Bacteria Induce Lymphokine Synthesis Polyclonally in Human B Lymphocytes
Authors: Räsänen Liisa , Karhumäki Eliisa , Arvilommi Heikki 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have studied the ability of various bacteria to stimulate human lymphocytes to produce leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF). Mononuclear cells from adult and cord blood as well as purified T and B lymphocytes were stimulated with killed bacteria. The culture supernatants were tested for the presence of LIF by the agarose migration method. All nine bacterial strains tested activated unseparated mononuclear cells and B lymphocytes but not T cells to produce LIF. LIF was also present in cord blood cell cultures suggesting that the stimulation of lymphocytes was polyclonal rather than antigenic. Therefore, we propose that one of the physiologic functions of B lymphocyte lymphokines might be to form part of the nonspecific defense mechanisms against microbial invasion.
Allogeneic Restriction of Acquired Antimicrobial Resistance in the Rat
Authors: Jungi Thomas W. , McGregor D. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Allogeneic restriction of acquired antimicrobial resistance was demonstrated by infusing Listeria-immune thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) into syngeneic, semisyngeneic, or allogeneic recipients that had been infected i.v. with Listeria monocytogenes (LM). Syngeneic and semisyngeneic recipients enjoyed a high level of protection (3 to 5 log10 reduction in viable organisms within 64 hr, whereas allogeneic recipients were poorly protected (0.5 to 2.5 log10 reduction). Sharing one haplotype between TDL-donors and challenged recipients resulted in a 4- to 8-fold increase in the level of resistance transferred. Histoincompatibility reactions could be excluded as a cause of the observed allogeneic restriction. Therefore, it is likely that LM-immune TDL are unable to respond efficiently to the antigens of this organism in an allogeneic environment. But allogeneic immune TDL do confer a low level of protection that cannot be ascribed to B cell activity nor to GvH and/or HvG reactions. Evidence is provided that the modest protection afforded by allogeneic lymphocytes is conveyed by the same T cell subset that operates with much higher efficiency in genetically related rats.
Correlation of the Suppression of Mitogen Responsiveness and the Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction with the Proliferative Response to Viral Antigen of Splenic Lymphocytes from Cytomegalovirus-Infected Mice
Authors: Kelsey Douglas K. , Overall James C. , Glasgow Lowell A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocyte function has been shown to be suppressed during cytomegalovirus infections of humans and mice. We compared nonspecific and specific lymphocyte reactions of splenic lymphocytes from murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-infected C3H adult mice during the acute and recovery phases of infection. The response to phytohemagglutinin or lipopolysaccharide was suppressed maximally 4 to 5 days after infection and returned to normal levels by 15 days. The mixed lymphocyte response was suppressed 2 to 10 days after infection and returned to normal by 15 days. In contrast, lymphocytes responded to MCMV-infected syngeneic mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) by day 2 of infection incorporating 52,183 ± 9866 counts per minute (cpm) of 3H-thymidine compared with 23,587 ± 3909 cpm with uninfected MEF. The response to infected MEF increased to 132,560 ± 27,739 cpm by day 10. The ability of splenic lymphocytes from infected mice to respond to MCMV-infected MEF was retained for at least 75 days after infection. Preliminary characterization of the cells responding in the MCMV-induced proliferation assay showed that they were sensitive to treatment with anti-θ serum and complement, but not to treatment with anti-mouse γ-globulin and complement. The development of a specific lymphocyte response to viral infected cells during MCMV infection at a time when the MLR and response to mitogens are suppressed suggests that viral induced immuno-suppression may result from the regulation of the immune response of the host rather than a direct effect of the virus.
Antibody-Dependent Lymphocytotoxicity: An Analysis of Effector Cell-Target Cell Interactions
Authors: Van Oers M. H. J. , De Goede R. E. Y. , Zeijlemaker W. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody-dependent lymphocytotoxicity (ADL) was studied with human peripheral blood lymphocytes as effector cells and P815 mouse mastocytoma cells, sensitized with rabbit IgG antibodies, as target cells. Enzymesubstrate-like kinetics were used to describe ADL inhibition induced by two types of inhibitors. Human IgG, both native and heat-aggregated, proved to be a competitive inhibitor of ADL at the target cell level. Human peripheral blood monocytes inhibited ADL in an apparently irreversible fashion, without appreciable evidence for competition. The data obtained provide strong support for the validity of an enzyme-substrate-like mechanism of ADL. Moreover, our results indicate that in order to measure the lytic capacity properly, cell populations, well defined as to their composition, should be used.
In the second part of the study, it was investigated whether the two types of cells capable of lysing sensitized target cells, i.e., null cells and T cells, differed with respect to their affinity for the target cells. Application of enzyme-like kinetics revealed considerable differences in maximal killing rate between the two subsets of K cells. However, the parameter related to the affinity toward the target cells was found to be of the same magnitude for the two types of effector cells.
Activation of Human B Lymphocytes
Authors: Haynes Barton F. , Fauci Anthony S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Heterogeneous subpopulations of peripheral blood (PB) mononuclear cells that are capable of being activated by concanavalin A (Con A) to suppress the pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) direct plaque-forming cell (PFC) response of human B cells have been described. Removal of adherent cells by passage over a Sephadex G-10 column or by plating of PB mononuclear cells on plastic surfaces did not affect the generation of Con A-activated suppressor cells (SC) (p &lt; 0.01). Separation of PB cells into T cell-enriched (TCE) and T cell-depleted (TCD) suspensions by SRBC rosetting procedures demonstrated maximal Con A-activated suppression in each of these subpopulations (p &lt; 0.001). Separation of the TCE fraction into T cells that bear Fc receptors for IgG (T.G) and those that do not (T.G-depleted) demonstrated submaximal suppression in each group alone. The T.G-depleted subpopulation suppressed to 50 ± 22% of control whereas the T.G fraction obtained by 7S EA rosetting did not suppress (128 ± 66% of control). However, T.G-enriched cells obtained, without activating the 7S Fc receptor, by depleting TCE fractions of T cells bearing an Fc receptor for IgM (T.M-depleted) did suppress maximally. Finally, separation of unfractionated PB mononuclear cells into those cells that possess complement (C) receptors (CR positive) and those that do not (CR negative), demonstrated that there was significant Con A-activated suppression in the CR-negative fraction of cells (p &lt; 0.01) whereas the Con A-activated CR-positive cell did not suppress (p &gt; 0.2). Thus, these studies demonstrate that cells that are capable of being activated by Con A to suppress the PWM-induced PFC response of normal human PB mononuclear cells are found in both the TCE and TCD fractions. In the TEC suspensions, Con A SC are found in both IgG Fc receptor positive and negative fractions, although IgG Fc receptor negative cells were less potent suppressors than IgG Fc receptor positive cells. In the TCD suspension, Con A SC are nonadherent, E-rosette-negative, Cr-negative cells.
Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans of Guinea Pig Basophilic Leukocytes
Authors: Orenstein Neil S. , Galli Stephen J. , Dvorak Ann M. , Silbert Jeremiah E. , Dvorak Harold F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cytoplasmic granules of basophilic leukocytes stain metachromatically and have been thought to contain sulfated glycosaminoglycans, presumably heparin. To test this hypothesis, we identified the [35S]glycosaminoglycans synthesized by guinea pig blood basophils in culture and in vivo. Basophils isolated from guinea pig blood were cultured for 20 hr in F12 medium—10% guinea pig serum containing sodium [35S]sulfate. Alternatively, basophils were purified from animals receiving repeated i.v. injections of sodium [35S]sulfate. Glycosaminoglycans were isolated from these basophils after pronase digestion and identified by the use of selective glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzymes. Approximately 55% of the [35S]glycosaminoglycans was degraded by chondroitinase AC, indicating the presence of chondroitin sulfate; an additional 30 to 35% could be degraded by chondroitinase ABC, indicating that dermatan sulfate was also present. The 15% glycosaminoglycan remaining after chondroitinase ABC digestion was degraded by purified heparitinase (heparanase), which has no effect on authentic heparin but degrades heparan sulfate. Thus, the glycosaminoglycan content of guinea pig basophils is a mixture of chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and smaller amounts of heparan sulfate. No heparin was detected.
Low Molecular Weight C1q-Precipitins in Hypocomplementemic Vasculitis-Urticaria Syndrome: Partial Purification and Characterization as Immunoglobulin
Authors: Marder Robert J. , Burch Frank X. , Schmid Frank R. , Zeiss Chester R. , Gewurz Henry 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A lupus-like syndrome involving chronic urticaria with cutaneous vasculitis, systemic symptoms, hypocomplementemia with preferential depletion of C1q, and low m.w. (7S) C1q-precipitins has recently been defined. The C1q-precipitin activity (C1q-p) seems to represent a diagnostic marker of the disease, but its chemical nature is not yet clear. We have partially purified and characterized C1q-p from the serum of two patients with this syndrome and compared its activity with the C1q-precipitating activity of aggregated human γ-globulin (AHGG), anti-C1q antibodies, and several polynucleotides including DNA and polyinosinic acid. C1q-p was found to partition with IgG during precipitation by ammonium sulfate and low ionic strength buffer as well as during column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and G-200 Sephadex. Like AHGG, but in complete contrast to the polynucleotides, the C1q-precipitating activity of C1q-p was sensitive to pepsin, trypsin, and acidic conditions, but unaffected by DNAse or RNAse; the C1q-precipitating activity of anti-C1q antibody was not diminished by any of these procedures. Thus, C1q-p consists of γ-migrating protein of low m.w., and its C1q-precipitating activity is indistinguishable from that of AHGG. These results are consistent with the concept that C1q-p is comprised, at least in part, of IgG that binds C1q via the Fc portion of the molecule.
Surface Markers and Electron Microscopy of Human Blood L Cells: A Comparison with T and B Lymphocytes
Authors: Horwitz David A. , Niaudet Patrick , Greaves Melvyn F. , Dorling Jack , Deteix Patrice 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human blood L cells are a major subset of non-T, non-B (null) cells that lack easily detectable C3 receptors, but have high affinity Fc receptors for IgG. L cells have been purified by rosetting and immunoadherence procedures and characterized by immunofluorescence, histochemical and electron microscopic techniques. Purified L cells do not react with anti-monkey thymus serum (HuTLA) and most of them do not form rosettes with sheep or mouse erythrocytes even after the lymphocytes are treated with neuraminidase. Two major subsets of L cells are described. One has low density Ia-like surface antigens and this subset can be distinguished from B cells that have high density Ia-like surface markers. The other subset reacts with anti-myeloid serum, a reagent that characteristically stains an antigen whose density progressively increases with myeloid lineage maturation. L cells do not react with peroxidase or α-naphthyl esterase. They have ultrastructural features of lymphocytes although a deep cleft in the nucleus gives some a ‘monocytoid” appearance. These findings raise the possibility that some or most L cells are neither typical lymphocytes nor monocytes but are members of a separate hematopoietic lineage that occurpy an intermediate position in phylogeny and ontogeny.
Phagocytic Properties of Isolated Human Eosinophils
Authors: Grover William H. , Winkler Herbert H. , Normansell David E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Viable eosinophils from normal human peripheral blood were separated by sedimentation through a nutrient-enriched linear gradient of sodium hypaque. Ingestion experiments with these cells showed that eosinophils would phagocytose latex beads coated with a mixture of allergen and corresponding allergic human serum. The stimulatory activity of the allergic serum correlated with the IgG fraction and not with those properties associated with IgE. Eosinophils isolated from allergic donors were found to be inferior in their phagocytic ability when compared with eosinophils from normal cell donors.
Immunity to Experimental Salmonella Infection: Studies on the Protective Capacity and Immunogenicity of Lipopolysaccharide, Acetone-Killed Cells, and Ribosome-Rich Extracts of Salmonella Typhimurium in C3H/HeJ and CD-1 Mice
Authors: Eisenstein Toby K. , Angerman Carl R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Phenol-water-extracted lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella typhimurium, strain W118-2, was tested for protective capacity and immunogenicity in C3H/HeJ and CD-1 mice 21 days post vaccination. It was found that in C3H/HeJ mice the LPS was not protective and gave no anti-O titer, as measured by passive hemagglutination, whereas in CD-1 mice it was protective and immunogenic. In contrast, acetone-killed cells and a ribosomal vaccine prepared from the same strain of Salmonella were protective and resulted in an anti-O titer in both the C3H/HeJ and the CD-1 mice. It was shown, therefore, that LPS co-extracted with ribosomes, or present in whole cells, is more immunogenic for C3H/HeJ mice than phenol-water purified LPS. These observations imply that ribosome-rich extracts and acetone-killed cells contain substances, in addition to LPS, that modulate the immune response in C3H/HeJ mice. It was also observed that ribosomal vaccine prepared from a rough strain of S. typhimurium, strain TA1659, that lacks O antigens and makes LPS of the Rc type, did not protect C3H/HeJ or CD-1 mice against Salmonella infection. Mixtures of LPS with ribosomal vaccine derived from this mutant were also tested for their protective capacity. The results are discussed with regard to the antigens involved in immunity to Salmonella infection.
Immunochemical Characterization of Native Polysaccharides from Group B Streptococcus: The Relationship of the Type III and Group B Determinants
Authors: Kasper Dennis L. , Goroff Diana K. , Baker Carol J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three polysaccharides were purified from a type III strain of Group B Streptococcus grown under conditions varying in exposure to acid by washing the cells with an EDTA buffer or extracting with cold 10% TCA. Extraction of cells grown in a medium buffered with a pH titrator resulted in a polysaccharide antigen of 1.2 × 106 daltons having only type III serologic specificity. The antigen extracted with EDTA from cells grown in a medium where acid accumulated had a molecular size of approximately 600,000, and demonstrated both type III and group B serologic activity. The antigen extracted with TCA had a molecular size of approximately 500,000 and also reacted with type III and group B sera. Chemical studies revealed that all three polysaccharides contained varying concentrations of galactose, glucose, glucosamine, and sialic acid. Only the TCA antigen contained rhamnose. Alcohol fractionation of the TCA antigen allowed separation of type III from group B serologic reactivity. However, this method failed to separate the two determinants of the EDTA-non-pH titrated antigen. Other physical, chemical, and immunologic methods similarly failed to separate these two determinants. Mild hydrolysis of the EDTA-pH-titrated antigen exposed a determinant immunologically identical to the formamide-extracted group B antigen. These studies as well as electron microscopy and affinity chromatography demonstrated that two determinants exist on the native polysaccharide antigen of type III, Group B Streptococcus. One is the superficial capsular type specific determinant, which in the most native state masks the second determinant, a common group B determinant.
Quantitative precipitation inhibition studies confirmed that l-rhamnose was the immunodominant sugar for the formamide-extracted B antigen. No monosaccharide inhibited the cross-reactive determinant on the EDTA-non pH titrated antigen. Despite this observation, both the formamide-extracted B antigen and the EDTA-non pH titrated antigen were demonstrated to be precipitating antibodies of identical specificity.
Nature of the Antigenic Complex Recognized by T Lymphocytes
Authors: Thomas David W. , Shevach Ethan M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this paper we examined the effect of anti-TNP antibody on guinea pig T cell proliferation in response to TNP-modified macrophages in vitro. The addition of anti-TNP to TNP-modified macrophages immediately after conjugation inhibited their ability to stimulate TNP-specific T cell proliferation. This inhibition appeared to be specific for the TNP response since anti-TNP had no effect on the ability of TNP-modified macrophages pulsed with either PPD or TNP-Ova to stimulate efficient PPD or Ova T cell responses. On the other hand, anti-TNP had no effect on the TNP-specific response to TNP-modified macrophages that had been cultured overnight before addition to primed T cells or to macrophages which had been pulsed with TNP-Ova. We also demonstrated that the same TNP-specific T cell subpopulation responds to both freshly TNP-modified macrophages and overnight cultured TNP-modified macrophages. These results suggest that the relevant TNP-determinants recognized by T cells are not exposed on the macrophage surface and raise the possibility that macrophages must process membrane-conjugated TNP to create the immunogen recognized by T cells.
Opinions
Authors: North Robert J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The term “activated macrophage” was introduced into the literature and employed extensively by Mackaness in the 1960s to describe the enhanced microbicidal activity of macrophages from animals with acquired immunity to infection with facultative, intracellular bacterial parasites. The notion that macrophages need to undergo functional modification in order to express resistance to infection with certain bacteria can be traced back to the writings of Metchnikoff at the turn of the century (1). It was subsequent studies of tuberculosis more than of any other infectious disease, however, that provided the evidence for the concept of a mechanism of cellular immunity based on the capacity of macrophages to acquire and to intrinsically express increased microbicidal mechanisms. The knowledge a) that a major visible aspect of the host response to tuberculosis consisted of the accumulation of macrophages at infective foci to form tubercles, b) that the tubercle bacillus is invariably engaged by and harbored inside macrophages, c) that secondary infection results in an accelerated rate of tubercle formation and in the destruction of the tubercle bacilli therein, and d) that all of these events proceed apparently without the participation of humoral antibody were sound reasons for postulating a mechanism of cellular immunity based on the intrinsic microbicidal powers of the macrophage.
Specificity of Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytotoxicity in Patients with Primary Intracranial Tumors
Authors: Levy Nelson L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The specificity of a lymphocyte-mediated in vitro cytotoxic reaction was examined in a series of patients with primary intracranial tumors. Specific tumor-directed LMC was observed in 85% (35/41) of patients with gliomas and in 96% (24/25) of patients with nonglial tumors (meningiomas and acoustic neurilomas). The tumor specificity of these reactions was affirmed by testing the lymphocytes of each patient and the controls against nine to 12 different target cells. These target cells, each from an early passage culture, included both neoplastic and normal cells from the patient himself, as well as allogeneic tumor cells of types both related and unrelated to the patient's tumor. The specificity was further affirmed by showing that the LMC could be abolished by prior absorption of the lymphocytes on appropriate cell monolayers.
The direct assays, in concert with the absorption studies, showed that, in glioma patients, the LMC was directed against two different determinants. One was found on cells from all glial tumors, regardless of their degree of anaplasia, and was called the common glioma antigen (CGA). The other was expressed on anaplastic gliomas, melanomas, and fetal glial cells, but not on well-differentiated gliomas, normal adult glial cells, fetal fibroblasts, or other tumors. This distribution of the second antigen was believed due to the common origin of melanocytes and glial cells from the ectodermal cells of the embryonic neural tube, and it was thus called the glioembryonic antigen (GEA).