bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fate of H3-Thymidine-Labeled Spleen Cells in in Vivo Cultures during Secondary Antibody Response
Authors: Capalbo Elmo E. , Makinodan T. , Gude W. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Labeled donor spleen cells colonized preferentially in the hematopoietic tissues of heavily irradiated, isologous recipient mice. More labeled cells were detected in the spleen and bone marrow than in the lymph node and thymus, and more were seen in the latter tissues than in the liver, lung, and small intestine. These results suggest that spleen cells have a “homing instinct” in irradiated recipients.
Studies on the proliferative capacity of donor-labeled lymphoidal cells in the recipient spleen (H3T-Index and mean grain count/cell) indicate that the maximum mean generation time of these cells can be shortened 2-fold when stimulated by an antigen from ∼24 to ∼12 hr. This accelerated rate of proliferation occurs 2 days before the appearance of antibody in the circulation. The results, furthermore, suggest that mature plasma cells, following an antigenic stimulation, are derived from three to four cellular divisions.
Heterogeneity of the Major Fractions of Papain Digests of Rabbit Antibody
Authors: Stelos Peter , Roholt Oliver , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Papain digests of specifically purified rabbit antibodies against the p-azobenzenearsonate and the p-azobenzoate groups were chromatographed using a gradient which differed from that described by Porter. A preparation of γ-globulin from nonimmunized rabbits was similarly digested and chromatographed.
The results indicate the presence of more types of antibody and γ-globulin fragments than the three originally found by Porter.
Studies with Tissue Culture-Modified Rinderpest Virus as an Immunizing Agent
Authors: De Boer Carl J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Serial passaging of the Kabete O strain of rinderpest virus in calf kidney tissue cultures resulted in modification of its virulence for cattle. Although inoculation of cattle with nonmodified virus resulted in development of the disease and death, inoculation with the modified virus was accompanied by development of antibodies. The only clinical sign was a mild rise in temperature. Inoculation of groups of cattle with the modified Kabete O virus afforded protection against challenging dosages of 105 and 106 LD100 of the Kabete O, the Pak Chong, and the Pendik strains, respectively. Such cross-immunity indicated that all three strains share a broad common antigenic factor. The modified virus was not spread from inoculated cattle to normal ones by contact.
The Mechanism of Particulate Carrier Reactions
Authors: Singer Jacques M. , Oreskes Irwin , Altmann Gideon 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Examination of 16 commercial preparations of HGG revealed great variability in their capacity to sensitize tanned sheep erythrocytes for agglutination with RAS. Sodium sulfate fractionation of one whole γ-globulin revealed that sensitizing capacity was largely in the aggregated fraction and that the 7 S fraction was a very poor sensitizer.
Tanned sheep cells were found to adsorb HGG in amounts proportional to the concentration of the added protein. Logarithmic plots of amounts adsorbed against amounts added were linear and corresponded to a Freundlich type of adsorption isotherm. Under the conditions of the FII coated tanned sheep cell procedure and with a sensitizing amount of 1000 µg N, one tanned sheep red cell adsorbed about 5 × 105 HGG molecules.
Both 7 S HGG and aggregated HGG were adsorbed to tanned sheep cells, and the corresponding isotherms were very similar even though only aggregated HGG could sensitize tanned sheep cells for agglutination with RAS. Maximum titers were observed at a sensitizing level of 5 × 104 aggregated HGG molecules adsorbed/red cell.
RAS agglutination titers increased to a limiting value, with increasing adsorption of HGG to tanned sheep cells. Beyond this limiting titer, adsorption of further HGG by the tanned sheep cells occurred without effect on the titer.
Influence of Vaccination on Respiratory Coccidioidal Disease in Cynomolgous Monkeys
Authors: Levine H. B. , Miller R. L. , Smith C. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Five of ten Cynomolgous monkeys (Macaca irus) died and two were moribund within 9 months after respiratory infection with 200 coccidioidal arthrospores. None of seven animals previously vaccinated with formalinized spheruleendospore elements of the fungus succumbed to the above dose but one vaccinated animal challenged with approximately 400 arthrospores died within a 7-week period. It was demonstrated that both early and late roentgenographic changes in the lungs were less extensive in the vaccinated group than in the control group and these observations were in accord with pathologic findings at necopsy. The etiologic agent was recovered from the lungs of all surviving animals but histopathologic studies suggested that the parasite was contained more effectively within lesions in the vaccinated monkeys.
The Inhibition of Hemagglutinin Formation in Mice by Thioguanine
Authors: Frisch Arthur W. , Davies Gordon H. , Milstein Victor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Thioguanine at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg was shown to be an effective inhibitor of the primary hemagglutinin response in both mice and rabbits. Similarly, 6-MP at a level of 15 mg/kg, prevented the formation of sheep cell hemagglutinins in rabbits. In mice, evidence of suppression was obtained with doses of 2.5 mg/kg begun on the first and second day following antigenic stimulation; a single subcutaneous injection of 75 mg/kg of TG was also effective if administered during the same intervals. Prolongation of the induction phase and depression of established hemagglutinin titers were evident in mice receiving 75 mg/kg of TG 2, 4 and 8 days after primary immunization. Pretreatment with TG for 2 and 5 days prior to antigen injection was ineffective. The secondary hemagglutinin response in mice was also suppressed by TG, provided the drug was given during the first 2 days following antigenic stimulation.
The Effects of Alloxan Diabetes on Phagocytosis and Susceptibility to Infection
Authors: Wertman Kenneth F. , Henney Mary R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Male albino rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were injected with varying amounts of alloxan and the following studies were made: a) blood sugar determinations, b) susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus, c) the phagocytic activity of the leukocytes, and d) differential cell counts of the peripheral blood. Adequate numbers of control animals were included.
The following observations were made from these studies: Rats that received 20 mg or less of alloxan/kg of body weight failed to develop significant amounts of blood sugar. Approximately 50% of the rats injected with 30 mg of alloxan/kg of body weight failed to develop significant blood sugar levels but the remainder of this group and the animals that received 40 mg of alloxan/kg of body weight developed significantly higher blood sugar levels.The rats with high concentrations of blood sugar were more susceptible to the challenge injection of Staphylococcus aureus than those with low concentrations.The percentage of neutrophils actively engaged in phagocytosis was considerably less in the diabetic rats and the average number of organisms phagocytized by these cells was considerably less than by the cells of the normal control animals.The differential cell counts of the peripheral blood of the alloxan diabetic rats and the controls were within normal range.
Q Fever Antibody Response in Experimentally Infected Wild Rodents and Laboratory Animals
Authors: Sidwell Robert W. , Gebhardt Louis P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Capillary tube agglutination antibody and Phase I and Phase II complement fixation antibody to Coxiella burnetii was studied in five species of experimentally infected wild rodents, and in guinea pigs and white mice. Phase II CF antibody was produced 1 to 2 weeks following i.p. infection of the California AD strain of C. burnetii in all species of animal tested. Peak titers were reached 3 to 5 weeks after infection. Phase I CF and CT agglutination antibody was first demonstrated at 3 to 5 weeks, increasing to peak titers at periods of time varying from 6 to 36 weeks after infection, depending upon the animal species. Phase II CF titers were higher in all animals than Phase I CF or CT agglutinating antibody titers. Persistence of titers was followed for 36 or 52 weeks, depending upon animal type. Ord kangaroo rats produced little demonstrable Phase I CF or CT agglutination antibody.
All species of wild rodents injected with formalin-inactivated AD strain of C. burnetii produced low titers of Phase II CF antibody in studies through 16 weeks after inoculation. Phase I CF antibody was barely demonstrable in desert wood rats, Ord kangaroo rats, and pinyon mice. No detectable CT agglutination antibody was formed.
No antibody could be demonstrated in five species of wild rodents 28 days after injection with normal egg yolk sac material.
Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions in the Cornea of the Guinea Pig
Authors: Parks James J. , Leibowitz Howard M. I. , Maumenee A. Edward 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Guinea pigs sensitized to a stage of Arthus skin response developed corneal opacification following careful intracorneal injection of small doses of the inciting protein antigen.
The “Wessely ring,” representing precipitated antigen-antibody complexes and inflammatory cells in the avascular cornea, is rarely seen as a primary manifestation of immediate corneal sensitivity in the guinea pig. More commonly, a diffuse interstitial clouding accompanied by a limbal inflammatory response is seen. This must not be interpreted as a manifestation of delayed sensitivity since it can be reproduced passively with humoral antibody.
An identical quantity of Evans blue dye is more rapidly removed from the cornea of the guinea pig than from the cornea of the rabbit. The anatomic make-up of the normal guinea pig's cornea is believed to account for this discrepancy.
Characteristics of Endotoxin Altering Fractions Derived from Normal Human Serum
Authors: Yoshioka Morimasa , Johnson Arthur G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Alcoholic fractionation of normal human defibrinated plasma by Cohn's method 10 resulted in two fractions capable of altering bacterial endotoxins. Incubation of endotoxin in the first, Fraction IV1, resulted in a marked reduction of the ability of specific antiserum to precipitate endotoxin. In addition, the capacity of the lipopolysaccharide to elicit a pyrogenic response in rabbits was abolished. A second fraction, III0, as isolated, was generally incapable of such effects unless it was activated by several procedures. All other fractions did not affect these properties of endotoxin. Alteration of the lethal activity of endotoxin was not evident after incubation in Fraction IV1, but was reduced after exposure to activated Fraction III0. The characteristics of these reactions are recorded.
Studies on the Chemotherapy of Viral Infections
Authors: Engle Claire G. , Liu Oscar C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three compounds containing the ketoaldehyde moiety were studied for activity against the PR8 strain of influenza A virus in vitro and in various embryonated egg systems. These compounds were p - (p - phenylphenacylideneamino)benzoic acid (8949); 4,4′-biphenyldiglyoxylaldehyde, dihydrate (8234); and p-(α-ethoxy-p-phenylphenacylamino)benzoic acid (8318). All were found to be virucidal against the virus in vitro. When these compounds were suspended in 25% heat-inactivated calf serum, the virucidal effect was diminished by approximately 30- to 100-fold. Also, the virucidal effect was reduced by mixing compound with allantoic fluids in vitro or directly in ovo. All compounds were shown to be effective against the PR8 virus in ovo when the compounds and the challenge virus were given by the allantoic route. However, suspending 8234 in 25% calf serum did not impair its activity in intact eggs. Both 8234 and 8318 were studied in de-embryonated eggs using the one-step growth curve technique. A suppression of the hemagglutinins present in the fluids as well as that contained in the allantoic membrane was observed in the treated as compared with the untreated controls when initial treatment with these compounds was begun as early as 0 to 6 hr or as late as 11 to 12 hr postinfection. Thus, these compounds were shown to have both a virucidal and virustatic effect.
A Comparative Study of the Incidence of Anergy in Patients with Carcinoma, Leukemia, Hodgkin's Disease and Other Lymphomas
Authors: Lamb Donald , Pilney Frank , Kelly William D. , Good Robert A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Delayed hypersensitivity to a battery of six microbial antigens and one control solution was tested in 400 patients, including 208 controls and 192 with Hodgkin's disease, carcinoma, leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Fifty-three per cent of the Hodgkin's disease group were anergic early in the course of the disease, in contrast to the low incidence among the other patient groups judged to be in good condition on clinical grounds. Anergy was more frequent in all groups when the disease was advanced and the general physical condition of the patients was regarded as poor. Possible mechanisms and significance of this anergy are discussed.
Studies on Japanese B Encephalitis Virus Vaccines from Tissue Culture
Authors: Rohitayodhin Skon , Hammon W. McD. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The Nakayama mouse adapted strain of JBE virus was carried 50 passages at 37°C in HKC culture in “rapid passage” of a large inoculum and 32 passages including several series of terminal dilution passages. No marked differences were noted in the ratio of the tissue culture titers to the mouse titer through either of these series, although some slight change probably occurred in the rapid passage lines. Some reduction in suckling mouse pathogenicity via the subcutaneous route occurred in this same rapid passage line. Several passages of each of these lines at lower temperatures failed to give any indication of any further substantial reduction in mouse virulence.
A virus strain, OCT-541, isolated directly in HKC cultures from wild caught mosquitoes was carried from 15 to 60 passages in nine different HKC rapid passage lines, most of which included reduction of incubation temperature. Comparisons of mouse titers and HKC titers at 37°C and sometimes at 24°C were made at intervals of five passages. These revealed a somewhat greater ratio of titer between the mouse and tissue culture than that observed for the Nakayama strain. The line (35–24) carried five passages at each reduction step in temperature, i.e., 35°, 33°, 30°, 27° and 24°, then continued at 24°, gave greatest promise. A very significant change occurred in the average survival time of mice. This line lost its ability to infect or be transmitted by Culex tritaeniorhynchus by the 20th passage, but retained its ability to produce viremia in chicks. It failed to infect or to produce disease in suckling mice by the subcutaneous route by the 60th passage but retained its ability to grow in high titer in HKC and in chick embryo cell culture. The titer of this 35–24 line was usually 1 to 1.5 logs higher in cell culture at 24° than at 37°. This line was considered encouraging in respect to qualities essential for a live virus vaccine and manipulations to attempt further attenuation are being carried out.
Delayed Sensitization to Purified Blood Group Substances in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Janković Branislav D. , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Guinea pigs sensitized by intradermal or footpad injection of purified blood group substances, in complete adjuvant or in saline, developed typical delayed hypersensitivity to both homologous and heterlogous antigens, as well as humoral antibody more or less specific for the homologous antigen in each case. Some degree of cross-reactivity was observed between the blood group substances and A(H) prepared from hog mucin and pneumococcal S XIV polysaccharide. The delayed reactions observed, on the basis of control studies, appeared to involve the blood group substances themselves rather than contaminant small molecules. Reasons are presented for concluding that specificity was determined by the backbone structure of these molecules rather than their surface configuration.
Studies on Hemolysin Production in Trypan Blue-Treated Rats
Authors: Brown David V. , Norlind Lorna M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been shown that the effectiveness of trypan blue in suppressing hemolysin response is related to the size of the dye dose and is dependent on the appropriate sequential administration of dye and antigen. In vivo or in vitro inactivation of antiserum by the dye could not be demonstrated. There was evidence that trypan blue acted primarily on splenic sources of antibody, but that other sites were also affected. Trypan blue treatment regularly produced splenomegaly and the amount of splenic antigen uptake and antibody production were found to be inversely related to the degree of splenic enlargement. The impairment of antibody production was attributed at least in part to the reduction of uptake of particulate antigen in the enlarged spleen. The histologic changes found in the enlarged spleens resembled those described after injection of macromolecular compounds such as polyvinylpyrrolidone and methylcellulose, which also suppress hemolysin response. These observations suggested that the activity of trypan blue might be attributed to its capacity to form macromolecular complexes with serum proteins.
Studies of a Complement-Fixing Antigen from Group A Streptococcal L-Forms
Authors: Crawford York E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In the complement fixation test a streptococcal L-form antigen was shown to react against patient sera in association with streptococcal infection. The per cent of men with L-form reactive sera increased concomitantly with increasing isolations of group A streptococci in the streptococcal epidemics of 2 successive years. The L-form antibody is associated with streptococcal infection, but is not group A specific. It is present in a very high proportion of patients with acute rheumatic fever, but tends to decline in titer during treatment and convalescence. A high degree of qualitative and quantitative correlation exists between the L-from CF antibody titer and the antistreptolysin O titer of naval recruits.
Effect of Antibody Concentration and Temperature upon Physical Adsorption and Histamine Release
Authors: Feigen George A. , Nielsen Christen B. , Terres Geronimo 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An investigation was made into the nature of passive in vitro sensitization of guinea pig ileum by parallel studies of the effect of temperature on the physical adsorption of antiovalbumin and the magnitude of histamine release following challenge with antigen.
The uptake of radioiodinated rabbit γ-globulin by strips of guinea pig ileum was studied for several concentrations of protein at temperatures ranging from 20° to 37°C. There was no essential difference in the rates of physical adsorption among the several categories tested, the average first order velocity constants being 0.020 and 0.024 min-1 for 20° and 37°C, respectively. Tissues immersed for 60 min in concentrations of antiovalbumin ranging from 0.046 to 0.273 mg/ml at 20°C and 27°C, and from 0.009 to 0.228 mg/ml at 37°C, took up labeled antibody according to a simple function of the bulk phase concentration. The relationship between the bulk phase concentration and the amount physically adsorbed was not affected by temperature. Antibody that had been adsorbed to tissue during the first incubation phase could be eluted by washing with Tyrode's solutions, but the amount eluted was not influenced by temperature. When these tissues were subsequently challenged in the presence of 0.1 mg/ml ovalbumin a constant proportion of label was removed but, as control experiments showed, this was no greater than that which could be achieved by washing with Tyrode's. The release of histamine from tissues of actively immunized animals was increased by elevating the temperature during the challenge step. Variations of temperature during the adsorption step that preceded challenge had no effect upon histamine release if the subsequent challenge temperature was constant. Although the amount of antibody physically adsorbed was influenced only by bulk phase concentration and not by temperature, the quantity of histamine released for a given degree of physical adsorption was greatly increased as the temperature of the adsorption step was elevated, the activation energy of this process being 18 kcal.
Since both physical adsorption and histamine release depend upon the concentration of antibody in the bulk phase, the relationship between these two processes is not a specious one. It is our view that the effect of temperature observed in these studies is to activate receptor sites in such a way as to increase the proportion of histamine-bearing cells which are in a critical state preceding challenge with antigen.
Immunoelectrophoretic Identification of Guinea Pig Anti-Insulin Antibodies
Authors: Yagi Yasuo , Maier Patricia , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two anti-insulin antibodies from guinea pig antisera were isolated by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose (2) and examined by immunoelectrophoresis and by radioautography with the aid of I131-insulin and the rabbit antiserum against guinea pig serum components. Peak I or Peak II antibody fraction showed a single radioactive are in the γ-globulin (I) or in the β2-globulin (II) region, respectively, indicating their difference in the electrophoretic mobility. When the original antisera were used, the resultant radioactive are represented a composite of the two arcs obtained with two isolated antibody fractions. The anode end of the Peak I antibody are coalesced with the middle portion of the Peak II antibody are, thus producing a single long line covering the β2- and γ-globulin regions with a distint spur between these two areas. This line and the spur corresponded exactly with the long strong are (so-called γ-globulin arc) and with the very faint spur observed on the stained slide. The relative intensity of radioactive line in γ- and β2-globulin portions roughly reflected the relative antibody activity in Peak I and Peak II antibody fractions. The method is extremely sensitive for detecting anti-insulin antibodies. Positive results were obtained with antibody concentrations as low as 0.033 to 0.16 µg/ml. In addition, it requires only a few microliters of the sample and the two different antibodies are clearly distinguishable. Two antibodies are different in their reaction with rabbit antiserum against guinea pig serum. Both antibodies have some antigenic determinants in common, but Peak II antibody has some determinants which are not present in Peak I antibody. The complexes prepared by incubating I131-insulin with the antisera migrate significantly faster than the free antibodies.
Photometric Methods for the Measurement of Hemagglutinating Viruses and Antibody
Authors: Drescher Joachim , Hennessy Albert V. , Davenport Fred M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A photometric method for titration of virus using equipment available in this country has been described. The standard deviation of mean titer values found in a series of replicate titrations carried out in one laboratory was 3.5%. The average difference in titer values found in three different laboratories using several strains of virus was 7.87%. Such reproducibility has not previously been achieved and the use of the method may permit development of an international standard for measurement of hemagglutinin.