bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the “Toxins” of Streptococcus Hemolyticus
Authors: Ando K. , Kurauchi K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the previous communications we have pointed out that there are two substances in the so-called Dick toxin with which skin reactions can be elicited in human beings. The first seems to be bacterial protein, which may be considered as the so-called nucleoprotein and the second the essential scarlatinal toxin which is heat-labile and exotoxic in nature. In more recent experiments we have found a toxic component which can not be distinguished from the heat-labile scarlatinal toxin in any way tested except in its heat stability.
Skin reactions were carried out on 61 (60°C.), 45 (70°C.) and 50 (80°C.) individuals (7 to 11 years of age) with 1 S.T.D. of an ordinary Dick toxin both unheated and heated for 30 minutes at various temperatures described above respectively. In this way it was found that the toxin was gradually destroyed by the increasing temperature up to 80°C., at which the destruction was practically complete.
A Determination of Amounts of Antitoxic Globulin Solution Effective in Sensitizing a Guinea Pig; the Amount of Cross Sensitization between Antitoxic Globulin or Serum Obtained from the Horse, the Goat and the Calf
Authors: Behner Dorothy M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Introduction. In December, 1923, Dr. Sanford Hooker made a report showing that skin sensitiveness to horse proteins was apparently increased after completion of the series of toxin-antitoxin injections then used in immunization against diphtheria. The toxin-antitoxin was a mixture of 3 L + preparation and contained about 0.01 ml. of serum. The test dose demonstrating skin sensitiveness given six months later contained 0.005 ml. of serum (4). Dr. William H. Park partially corroborated this, but found much less difference, stating that in his observations while increased skin sensitiveness was demonstrable, it was only of moderate extent and then not a serious contraindication to serum therapy, since in his experience a larger number of severe results after therapeutic doses of serum had not ensued in children after immunization with the small amount of antitoxin at present used with the 0.1 L + dose in active immunization than in control groups of children who had never received toxin-antitoxin (5).
Immunologic Studies in Blastomycosis
Authors: Dulaney Anna Dean 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The data to be reported in this paper are results of studies on the immunologic reactions elicited by Blastomyces dermatitis: (a) in response to vaccine treatment in a case of systemic blastomycosis, and (b) in laboratory animals upon injection of the culture isolated from the human case.
In his early observations regarding human infection with blastomyces, Hektoen (1) found that the undiluted serum of a dog which had received successive inoculations of organisms, isolated from a case of cutaneous oidiomycosis, caused gradual clumping of the yeast in bouillon cultures. Christensen and Hektoen (2) were the first to suggest vaccine treatment for blastomycosis. They administered vaccine to several patients, but not for long enough periods to enable them to form conclusions regarding its value.
A few years later, Davis (3) reported an extensive study of the immunologic reactions of oidiomycosis in the guinea pig.
Improvement of the Prophylactic Immunization Against Scarlet Fever by Means of Anatoxin After Ramon's Method
Authors: Futagi Yasuo 
Published: December 2022

Summary
From the above experiments, I have ascertained that, in order to obtain a scarlet fever anatoxin that will produce a comparatively slight reaction and still retain sufficient antigenic power, the best material to be used is anatoxin II (0.4 per cent formalin, 40°C. for sixty days) or anatoxin III (0.4 per cent formalin, 45°C. for thirty days).
Experiments on the Concentration of Antipneumococcic and Antimeningococcic Horse Sera
Authors: Goodner Kenneth 
Published: December 2022

Summary
In the course of immunization of horses against the meningococcus and the pneumococcus there is generally an increase in the serum of euglobulin of low solubility. The antibody of the immune serum is associated with this protein. Certain of the solubility characters of this antibody euglobulin are reported and it is shown that in most instances it is unnecessary to concentrate this protein as a whole, for the greater part of the antibody is associated with the least soluble fraction of this protein. A method, based on these studies, is given for the routine concentration of antipneumococcic and antimeningococcic horse sera.
A Study of the Neutralizing Substance of the Pneumococcus
Authors: Felton Lloyd D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the foregoing paper different strains of highly virulent pneumococci were shown to vary in their ability to render inactive, or to neutralize, the protective power of antipneumococcus serum. In reality, this neutralizing characteristic becomes the significant variable in the pneumococcus culture used in any form of protection test. Although the control of this variable is possible, it is difficult. Consequently this study was made to determine some of the conditions which influence the actual neutralization of protective antibody by pneumococcus antigen, as well as conditions which have to do with the production of neutralizing substance by living pneumococci.
The general procedure in estimating the neutralizing substance (1) in any pneumococcus culture consists in bringing a constant amount of antigen into contact with varying dilutions of serum for a given length of time and then injecting a unit amount of this mixture into mice along with live virulent pneumococci.
Comparative Study between Conventional EBRT Alone and EBRT Followed by Intraluminal Brachytherapy in Local Advanced Cancer Esophagus
Authors: Soni Kapil Kumar , Arora Vansh , Chaudhary Amita , Kumar H. S. , Tanwar Rajendra Kumar , Sharma Neeti , Jakhar Shankar Lal , Purohit Bhuvanesh Narayan 
Published: December 2022

Aim:
The purpose of this study is to compare local tumor control, dysphagia-free survival, and complication in patients with locally advanced carcinoma esophagus using external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) alone (Arm A) and EBRT followed by intraluminal brachytherapy (ILBT) (Arm B).

Materials and Methods:
A total of 50 histopathologically proven patients of locally advanced unresectable cancer esophagus were taken for the study from March 2019 to February 2020 and were divided into two arms, 25 patients each. Arm A was treated by standard concurrent chemotherapy–radiotherapy (CTRT) alone (a total dose of 50 Gray (Gy) in 25 fractions (fr), 2 Gy/fr administered daily 5 days per week with weekly injection cisplatin 40 mg/m2) and Arm B received 44 Gy through two definitive radiation therapies along with computed tomography followed by ILBT (5 Gy/fr; 2 fr 1 week apart). Assessment was done weekly during RT and 3 and 6 months post treatment for local control of disease and dysphagia-free survival and complication.

Results:
The local tumor control was observed 80% and 84% at 6 months in Arm A and Arm B, respectively (P = 0.82). Six-month dysphagia-free survival was 52% versus 68% (P = 0.248) and stricture formation was found 16% and 24% (P = 0.479) in Arm A and Arm B, respectively.

Conclusion:
This study shows comparable results of CTRT-ILBT over CTRT alone in locally advanced esophageal cancer patients.
“Vamos traduzir?” Uma proposta de atividade investigativa sobre síntese proteica
Authors: Pignaton Agostini Jeane , Barreto Teresa Gradella Débora , Borges Corte Viviana , Castro Monteiro Pirovani Juliana 
Published: December 2022

O ensino e aprendizagem sobre síntese proteica não é trivial. Considerado assunto abstrato e de difícil compreensão pelos alunos e para os professores é necessário ter um domínio do assunto e recursos didáticos diferenciados. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho é descrever uma sequência de ensino investigativa (SEI) sobre síntese proteica para o ensino médio, e como percurso metodológico a abordagem de pesquisa qualitativa e do tipo intervenção pedagógica. A SEI é composta de quatro etapas, baseadas no ensino por investigação: motivação, problematização e levantamento de hipóteses com uso de kit didático com os componentes da síntese proteica; resolução do problema/investigação; conclusões e sistematização do conhecimento e por fim, o aprofundamento do assunto com uso de um jogo digital sobre os aminoácidos. Dessa forma, a SEI pode ser uma alternativa ao modelo tradicional de ensino da síntese proteica no ensino médio e apresenta como potencialidade o trabalho em equipe, a leitura, resolução de problemas, argumentação, comunicação oral, pensamento científico e crítico.
Palavras-chaves: pesquisa de intervenção pedagógica; ensino por investigação; jogo digital.
Analisis Kaidah Urf pada Fatwa DSN-MUI No. 54 tentang Syariah Card
Authors: Rizaludin Rizaludin , Susanto Hari , Mubarak Jaih 
Published: December 2022

Humans as social beings cannot be separated from interaction with others, especially in fulfilling their daily needs, in economic activities, buying and selling transactions have a large enough portion to be discussed and studied, at the beginning of its development, buying and selling that occurs is still traditional, along with the times, found a medium of exchange called money, either in the form of metal or fiat money, the existence of money makes it easier for humans to make transactions. Innovation in the economic world, especially the banking world, is always dynamic, one of the emerging products is the sharia card or sharia credit card. The Indonesian Ulema Council through the National Sharia Council then provides direction through its fatwa No. 54 regarding sharia cards, in its fatwa sheet one of the arguments used is fiqh rules that discuss urf, so this study aims to discuss the relationship between the emergence of sharia card products and the urf argument that be included. Have the needs of the Islamic economic community in Indonesia reached the urf level and explain the mechanism of the sharia card contract listed on the DSN-MUI fatwa sheet No. 54. This research is a qualitative research based on library research with the main reference being turast books based on ushul fiqh and qawaid fiqhiah. After reviewing and paying attention to the concepts of urf in the two branches of science above, it was found that the needs of the community which were the main reason for the birth of this sharia card product had not yet reached the level of urf or habit, it only reached the level of مَا تَعُمُّ بِهِ الْبَلْوَى which is a condition where the use of credit cards in transactions has become common, but the results of this study do not necessarily result in this fatwa being automatically invalidated, because in its reference, DSN-MUI includes arguments and other rules that aim to strengthen sharia principles that apply to sharia cards. or Islamic credit card. This research is expected to be an example of studying fatwa sheets issued by DSN-MUI, so that it can become additional knowledge for those who want to study a fatwa.
Keywords: Urf, Fatwa, Syariah Card
Geochemistry of the Transitional beds between Disang and Barail Successions of the Imphal Valley, Indo-Myanmar Ranges
Authors: Devi Salam Ranjeeta 
Published: December 2022

Major and trace element concentrations were studied from the tansitional beds between Disang and Barail Successions of the Imphal valley, Indo-Myanmar Ranges. Various major and trace element ratios and discrinant diagrams were used to descipher paleoclimate, paleo-redox condition and sedimentary depositional environment of the Disang-Barail Transitional beds. SiO2 vs Al2O3+K2O+ Na2O diagram and Rb/Sr ratios indicates that paleoclimate during the deposition of the sediments changed from arid to semi-arid and humid climate. Ni/Co, V/Cr, V/(Ni+V), V/Sc ratios suggest that these sediments were deposited in oxic, suboxic to anoxic conditions. V/(Ni+V) vs V/Cr diagram suggests paleo-redox environment dominated by sub-reduction to oxidization during Disang –Barail Transitional deposition. The sediments were deposited in transitional to marine depositional environment.
Fossil Future: Why Global Human Flourishing Requires More Oil, Coal and Natural Gas --Not Less” by Alex Epstein
Authors: G Shanmugam 
Published: December 2022

Alex Epstein’s “Fossil Future: Why Global Human Flourishing Requires More Oil, Coal, and Natural Gas--Not Less”, rich in empirical data and common sense, is a timely masterpiece. It makes a compelling case for more Fossil Fuels (Oil, Coal, and Natural Gas) for the survival of the human race amid the Net?Zero ultimatum on CO2 emission by 2050. In practice, Fossil Fuels are cheap, reliable, and necessary, whereas Renewable Energy (Wind and Solar) is expensive, unreliable, and a luxury. Petrochemicals are the building blocks of wind turbines and solar panels. At present, humans cannot collect renewable energy without petrochemical?based wind turbines and solar panels (i.e. without emitting CO2). It is worth noting that there are 772 Pounds of petrochemical Plastics in each electric car. Therefore, the whole renewable-energy (Wind and Solar) movement is the height hypocrisy!
Planificando comunidades rurales hacia el desarrollo sostenible, como enfoque analítico y procedimental para estudiantes de Arquitectura
Authors: Barja Amusquivar Mirian Gabriela , Vega Reyes Ortiz Livia , Casso Arias Marcela Geovana , Mezza Zararte Juan Sebastian , Villa Pacheco Carmiña 
Published: December 2022

El presente artículo aborda la temática “planificando comunidades rurales hacia el desarrollo sostenible”, como enfoque analítico y procedimental para estudiantes de Arquitectura y Urbanismo dentro de los diferentes talleres de diseño arquitectónico, para el distrito rural 7 del municipio de Sucre, específicamente en la comunidad de El Chaco, identificada como un centro poblado de primer nivel en el Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial. Se trata de un centro de desarrollo de esta región, donde se han considerado nuevas propuestas de vivienda y equipamientos, cuya cobertura será a escala distrital, es decir, que comprenderá las de comunidades del cantón Mojotoro. Así, parte fundamental de la investigación es la de analizar, diagnosticar y proponer nuevas estrategias de intervención que influyan en el crecimiento planificado y de diseño de la comunidad, con la finalidad de mejorar la imagen del paisaje urbano y sostenible del espacio territorial, el cual se encuentra alojado sobre una vía interdepartamental entre Chuquisaca y Cochabamba; favoreciendo la estimación y proyección de los alcances de las propuestas arquitectónicas realizadas de manera colaborativa y transversal por los estudiantes de la carrera de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la sede Univalle Sucre. Este proceso metodológico de trabajo fortalece la capacidad resolutiva del estudiante ante la complejidad de las necesidades humanas y ambientales que van paralelo a los lineamientos fundamentales de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) trazados por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) para la Nueva Agenda Urbana. La obtención de datos para el desarrollo de los distintos proyectos se realizó mediante un enfoque cualitativo, partiendo de la observación de los sitios de emplazamiento, las condiciones actuales de los mismos y su relevancia con relación al entorno inmediato, de manera que los estudiantes puedan interpretar los resultados y complementarlos con indicadores cuantitativos que nutrieron el resultado final.
Maraknya Hedonisme Berkedok Self Reward
Authors: Wahyuningsari Desy , Hamzah Mohamad Rifqi , Arofah Nabilatul , Hilmiyah Lailatul , Laili Innayatul 
Published: December 2022

Selfreward merupakan kegiatan memuaskan diri sendiri setelah melalui beberapa proses pekerjaan, menyelesaikan tugas dengan baik serta melakukan beberapa hal yang menurutnya sesuai dengan apa yang diharapkan. Kegiatan yang dimaksudkan ini berupa pembelian suatu barang yang sudah lama diinginkan ataupun dengan berkunjung ke suatu tempat gunauntuk Refreshing diri setelah penatnya pikiran yang datang bertubi-tubi. Sehingga terkadang apabila kita telusuri, banyak dari mereka yang rela mengeluarkan biaya sangat banyak guna amewujudkan keinginan tersebut, misalnya dengan membeli suatu barang yang sedang Trend masa kini, namun di sisi lain barang tersebut jauh dari apa yang mereka butuhkan. Sehingga apabila hal ini sering dilakukan dan terjadi secara berulang, pasti akan menjadi kebiasaan yang buruk. buruk dalam hal ini adalah mereka akan cenderung menjadi manusia yang kurang bersyukur dan memungkinkan tumbuh dengan jiwa yang konsumtif. Jenis penelitian ini yaitu penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Penelitian ini menggunakan uji keabsahan dengan melalui triangulasi sumber. Triangulasi sumber Hasil dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Self reward tersebut memiliki tujuan untuk menyenangkan diri setelah seseorang tersebut telah melalui progress kerja ataupun menyelesaikan sebuah tugasnya
Pengaruh Harga dan Promosi Terhadap Minat Beli Album K-Pop Pada Online Shop Fullsun KStuff
Authors: Ahmadun Ahmadun , Indahsari Cahwati Ismi 
Published: December 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh harga dan promosi terhadap minat beli album kpop pada Online Shop Fullsun Kstuff. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah teknik random sampling dengan jumlah sampel 75 responden, populasi yang digunakan ialah konsumen yang membeli album kpop dari Online Shop Fullsun Kstuff. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dengan cara menyebarkan kuisioner dalam bentuk google form. Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah dengan analisis Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) dan diolah menggunakan aplikasi SmartPLS 3.0 dan untuk data responden menggunakan aplikasi SPSS. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dan pembahasan dalam penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa harga memiliki pengaruh positif namun tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap minat beli, promosi memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap minat beli, harga memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap promosi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh harga dan promosi terhadap minat beli album kpop pada Online Shop Fullsun Kstuff. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah teknik random sampling dengan jumlah sampel 75 responden, populasi yang digunakan ialah konsumen yang membeli album kpop dari Online Shop Fullsun Kstuff. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dengan cara menyebarkan kuisioner dalam bentuk google form. Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah dengan analisis Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) dan diolah menggunakan aplikasi SmartPLS 3.0 dan untuk data responden menggunakan aplikasi SPSS. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dan pembahasan dalam penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa harga memiliki pengaruh positif namun tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap minat beli, promosi memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap minat beli, harga memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap promosi.Kata Kunci: Harga, Promosi, Minat Beli
Mâlikî Mezhebinde Haber-i Vâhid ve Kıyâs Teâruzu
Authors: NERGİS Murat , MEMDUHOĞLU Adnan 
Published: December 2022

Zan ifade eden haber-i vâhidin, zannî olan kıyastan daha evlâ olduğu cumhur tarafından kabul edilmiştir. Ancak İmâm Mâlik’in (öl. 179/795) konuyla ilgili görüşü hakkında ondan nakilde bulunan Mâlikî âlimleri arasında bir ittifakın olmadığı görülmektedir. Ayrıca İmâm Mâlik’ten haber-i vâhidin ilmî ve amelî değeriyle alakalı bizzat kendisinden bir rivâyet günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Yine “haber-i vâhid” kavramına Muvatta’da doğrudan atıfta da bulunulmamıştır. Bununla birlikte haber-i vâhid kapsamında değerlendirilebilecek rivâyetlerin tahriclerinden hareketle onun haber-i vâhidle ilgili düşüncesine varılabilmiştir. Bahsi geçen sebepten dolayı onun haber-i vâhidle kıyasın çelişmesi durumunda hangisini takdim ettiğiyle ilgili görüşünün doğru olarak tespiti önemlidir. O, haber-i vâhidi fıkhî açıdan değerlendirip kendi ilkelerine uyanları tercih etmiş, uymayanları tercih etmemiştir. İmâm Mâlik’in kendisiyle amel etmediği haber-i vâhidi reddetmemesi, hatta onu rivâyet etmesi haber-i vâhid konusundaki hassasiyetini göstermektedir. Nitekim, İmâm Mâlik’in alışverişte meclis muhayyerliği ile ilgili hadisle amel etmemesine rağmen onu İbni Ömer’den rivayet etmiştir. İmam Mâlik merfû’ hadise öncelik tanımakla birlikte bazı durumlarda, merfû’ hadisle amel etmemiştir. Böylesi durumlarda merfû’ hadise rağmen onun hükmü dışında bir hüküm vermesi, onun Hz. Peygamber’in (s.a.s.) fiilî sünnetini önemsemediği anlamına gelmemektedir. İmam Mâlik bunu, kendisinde bu hadisin muktezasını gerektirecek bir kuralın olmaması ve onunla amel edilmiş bir durumun olmamasıyla açıklamıştır. İmâm Mâlik’in kıyas ve haber teâruzunda ifade edilen kıyastan maksadın ıstılâhî kıyas olmadığı, bu kıyas ile kastedilenin her yerde genel geçer olan kaide ve ilkeler olduğu görüşü ağır basmaktadır. Mâlikî mezhebinde haber-i vâhidin kıyasa teâruz ettiği ve ikisini cem‘ etmenin mümkün olmadığı durumlarda, haber-i vâhid ile kıyastan hangisinin tercih edilmesi gerektiği konusunda üç farklı görüş ortaya çıkmıştır:
1.	Mezhebin ‘Irakıyyûn ulemâsına göre haber-i vâhidin kıyasa teâruzunda kıyas, haber-i vahide takdim edilir.
2.	Medeniyyûn ulemasına göre haber-i vâhidin kıyasa teâruzunda haber-i vahid, kıyasa takdim edilir.
3- Ulemâdan Ebu Bekr Muhammed b. Abdillah b. Muhammed el-Ebherî’ye (öl. 375/986) göre İmam Mâlik, kat‘î olan kıyası haber-i vâhide tercih etmiştir. İmâm Mâlik haber-i vâhidin kat‘î olan bir asl ile teâruz etmesiyle birlikte başka bir asl ile desteklenmediği durum ile Kur’ân’dan veya sahih hadislerden istinbât edilmiş olan kaidelere dayanan kat‘î bir asl’a teâruz ettiği durum dışında haber-i vâhidi terk etmemiştir. Bu araştırmada haber-i vâhid ve kıyasın teâruzu durumunda İmam Mâlik’in görüşünün ne olduğu gerek Mâlikî kaynaklardan gerekse de diğer eserlerden belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu yapılırken de belge analizi yönteminden faydalanılmıştır. Yine bu çalışmada haber-i vâhidin tanımı, dereceleri ve kıyasın tanımı yapılmış haber-i vâhidi kıyasa tercih edenlerin delilleri ile kıyası haber-i vâhide tercih edenlerin delilleri incelenmiştir.