bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Bactericidin for Bacillus Subtilis in Pregnancy
Authors: Gusdon John P. 
Published: January 2023

Conclusions and Summary
The relationship of pregnancy to the presence of a bactericidin for Bacillus Subtilis has been studied in 100 pregnant patients and 25 non-pregnant patients. No statistically significant difference between the pregnant and nonpregnant state is noted for the frequency of its occurrence, but the levels attained in the pregnant patients were higher. No difference in frequency or levels is noted between patients with and without complications.
A bactericidin for B. subtilis has been found in amniotic fluid and intervillous space blood. The presence of this substance in amniotic fluid tends to support the thesis that clotting is not a pre-requisite to its presence.
The distinct absence of the bactericidin in cord blood, except on two occasions, and then at the very lowest titer, indicates some type of placental inhibition of transfer of this substance from the mother to the fetus.
Antigenic Analysis of Salmonella Typhosa and Related Salmonellas
Authors: Whiteside Roberta E. , Baker Edgar E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Salmonella typhosa contains at least six distinct antigens. These have been identified as O, Vi, H, two group-specific antigens common to salmonellas, and one cross-reacting antigen be-between the salmonellas and Shigella flexneri. The group antigens are discussed and it is pointed out that these antigens, detected by agar gel precipitin tests, do not take part in the usual agglutination reaction although they are probably present on the surface of the bacterial cell and can absorb antibody from an antiserum.
Antigenic and Skin-Reactive Properties of Fractions of Coxiella Burnetii
Authors: Anacker Robert L. , Lackman David B. , Pickens Edgar G. , Ribi Edgar 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified cell wall and protoplasmic fractions of Coxiella burnetii have been prepared after rupture of the intact organisms in a Mickle disintegrator. Water-soluble Phase I antigen was released from intact cells by treatment with trichloroacetic acid. These preparations were tested for their ability to protect guinea pigs against subsequent challenge with living organisms and to evoke dermal inflammatory responses upon intradermal injection into normal and sensitized rabbits. Cell walls possessed biologic activities similar to those of whole cells, but the protoplasm retained little of these activities. Although the trichloroacetic acid extract had a much higher content of Phase I antigen as determined by the complement fixation test than an equivalent weight of whole cells, the extract was about one-tenth as potent an immunogen as whole cells; it was also one-hundredth as active in producing skin reactions in sensitized rabbits as whole cells. It has not been determined whether the protective and skin-reactive properties are due to a single component of the cell wall or whether they are due to separate and distinct cell wall components.
Transfer of Antibody Formation by Spleen Cells from Immunologically Unresponsive Mice
Authors: Friedman Herman 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Spleen cells from immunized young mice unresponsive to Shigella paradysenteriae antigens, induced by a neonatal injection of a relatively large dose of soluble Shigella extract, were not capable of transferring an agglutinin forming capacity to nonimmune recipient mice. Such spleen cells could not confer an adoptive immunity against Shigella infection following transfer to nonimmune recipients. However, spleen cells from similar mice obtained following reversal from the observed immunologic unresponsive state were capable of transferring agglutinin formation and adoptive immunity to recipient animals.
The Role of Aggregated γ-Globulins in the Anticomplementary Activity of Human and Animal Sera
Authors: Frommhagen Laurence H. , Fudenberg Hugh 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The formation of anticomplementary aggregates which occur when 7 S γ-globulin is heated is suppressed by the presence of albumin or of α- or β-globulins. However, these non-γ-globulin serum protein fractions will not prevent the further aggregation of 9.5 S to 1000 S γ-globulin materials to precipitated components devoid of anticomplementary activity. Hence anticomple-mentary activity cannot be induced in whole serum by heating, and if present in normal “convalescent” whole serum can be abolished by heating the serum at 60 to 65°C. Experiments utilizing heated and nonheated preparations of purified macro-γ-globulin (19 S) and purified nonaggregated 9.5 S γ1A-globulin indicated that molecular size per se is not responsible for the anticomplementary activity of aggregates and further suggested that such activity is restricted to the 7 S component of the three immunoglobulins.
Antibody Formation in the Rat
Authors: Winebright James , Fitch Frank W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The role of a) dose of antigen, b) the route of its injection, and c) presence or absence of the spleen in the primary and secondary agglutinin response of the rat have been studied using purified particulate flagella from Salmonella typhosa as antigen. Within the range studied, injection of larger quantities of antigen resulted in higher circulating agglutinin levels in both the primary and secondary response. However, the greatest relative secondary response was seen after injection of smaller antigen doses. This paradoxical effect was probably due to the presence of higher agglutinin levels at the time of secondary stimulation in those groups receiving the larger quantities of antigen. At higher antigen dose levels, the general pattern of agglutinin response was qualitatively similar but quantitatively different depending upon the route of antigen injection. Striking qualitative differences were noted with different routes of injection when the smallest amount of antigen was administered. Splenectomy resulted in a lower peak titer and a delay in attaining peak titer regardless of route of injection. Absence of the spleen appeared to have less effect on the secondary response than on the primary response. The effects of splenectomy, however, interacted with those due to dose of antigen and route of administration.
These findings emphasize the complexity of factors influencing the antibody response of a single species of animal to a well defined antigen.
The Influence of Anaphylactic Shock on Fluid in the Peritoneal Cavity
Authors: Fleisher Moyer S. , Mayer Leo L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The factors concerned in the production of the edema in a local anaphylactic reaction are, generally speaking, unknown. In many respects the lesion is similar to that produced by an injection of an irritant substance. It is, however, certain that the substance responsible for the development of the edema is not a toxic or highly irritant substance, when introduced, regardless of what changes it may undergo in the local area in the sensitized animal some time after the injection. It is evident that the action is dependent upon the cells in the area in contact with the antigen; that these cells have in some manner been changed so that they react abnormally—either qualitatively or quantitatively—upon the introduction of the antigen. Exactly what these changes may be is not clear but it has long been maintained that a changed permeability of the cells is one factor.
On the Differentiation of Various Breeds of Sheep by Means of Serological Methods
Authors: BiaŁbsuknia W. , Kaczkowski B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
General Description of the Experiments. At the suggestion of the Animal Breeding Department of the Institute for Agricultural Research in Pulawy there has been initiated a study of the problem of determining the descent of certain breeds of sheep by applying the methods employed in the investigations on the isoagglutination of blood among human races by Landsteiner, v. Dungern and H. and L. Hirszfeld.
The flock used for experiments, consisted of (1) Southdown, bred from animals imported from England twenty-five years ago, (2) a local breed in Poland, belonging to the primitive type of Ovis Musimon brachyura and called “Swiniarki,” (3) mountain sheep, coming from the Carpathian table-land (Podhale) and belonging to the distinct type of Ovis Ammon strepsiceres, (4) karaculs, descended from stock imported from Bokhara. A total of 150 ewes and rams (fully adult individuals), subjected to the same conditions of nutrition and of environment, were used for the isoagglutination experiments.
Disk Plate Assay for Diphtheria Antitoxin in Undiluted Horse and Human Serum and Infants' Whole Blood
Authors: Farrell Leone N. , Reid D. B. W. , Kormendy Agnes C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The disk plate assay has been adapted to the determination of diphtheria antitoxin in horse and human serum and infants' blood. Changes in the technical details previously described for polio-antibodies are given. A linear relationship was found between zone diameter and the logarithm of antitoxin concentration from about 400 to 4 u/ml when indicating doses of toxin of 0.01 Lf or less were used. At concentrations below 4 u/ml marked curvature appeared. Over the whole range of dilutions, the relationship of the square of zone diameter and logarithm of antitoxin concentration showed no significant deviation from linearity, although minor systematic deviations occurred. The estimated potencies on 85 samples of horse serum were in fair agreement with those obtained by flocculation assay. The standard deviation of an individual estimate was 12% of titer for 75 samples lying within the range of the reference serum used. With 169 sera from children before and after a recall dose of DPT Polio Vaccine, the sensitivity of the disk plate assay was found to be similar to the rabbit skin “screening” test at 0.01 u/ml. Results by disk plate assay of 92 sera were compared with those by rabbit skin assay at the 0.001 u/ml level. The estimates by the rabbit skin assay were about one half of those found by disk plate assay for sera of low potency, the ratio tending to increase somewhat with the titer of antitoxin. The standard deviation of an individual estimate was about 10% of potency. Microassay of infants' whole blood proved practical and gave more precise values than are readily obtained by rabbit skin assay. Within the limits of comparison, the values for whole blood by disk plate assay tended to be unexpectedly high. The disk plate method of assay for diphtheria antitoxin proved to be simple, less laborious and more precise than conventional methods. It appeared to measure antitoxin per se, relatively uninfluenced by avidity.
Antigenicity of Polypeptides (Poly-α-Amino Acids)
Authors: Maurer Paul H. , Gerulat Bernard F. , Pinchuck Paul 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The interrelationships among a group of linear copolymers containing the amino acids, glutamic acid, lysine, alanine, tyrosine and phenyl alanine have been shown. The introduction of 5 moles % alanine into GL did not change the specificity of the molecule but the introduction of 30 moles % alanine (GLA30) resulted in a copolymer causing the production of antibody with a reactivity for all polymers listed in this study. The introduction of tyrosine into G-L (5 moles %) or G-A (10 moles %) led to antigens with some specificity directed against tyrosyl groupings, but not with enhanced antigenicity. Specificity against polyglutamic acid groupings was shown by the PCA reaction. Some heterogeneity in antibody response against the polymers has been shown by studies of diffusion in agar.
Purification and Analysis of fluorescein-Labeled Antisera by Column Chromatography
Authors: McDevitt Hugh O. , Peters John H. , Pollard Leonard W. , Harter John G. , Coons Albert H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fluorescent rabbit anti-bovine serum albumin antibody with bright specific and negligible nonspecific staining was prepared from the conjugated antiserum by a single elution from a diethylaminoethyl cellulose column. The yield was 40 to 60% of the labeled precipitating antibody when conjugates with a molar fluorescein to protein ratio of 4 or less were used. The antibody eluted under the conditions employed had a molar fluorescein to protein ratio of approximately 1.0. Absorption and emission studies of a variety of conjugates show that after conjugation to protein a) amorphous and crystalline fluorescein isothiocyanate preparations have the same emission intensity, and b) fluorescein isocyanate has approximately twice the emission intensity of the isothiocyanate.
Serologic Studies on Subclinical Melioidosis
Authors: Nigg Clara 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Of 337 sera from apparently healthy adult Thai males, 8.3% gave positive complement fixation reactions for melioidosis. Only 1 of 78 sera from Thai females was positive. None of 138 sera from a control group in the United States was positive with this test.
Of 405 Thai sera, 29.1% gave positive hemagglutination reactions for melioidosis with a purified polysaccharide antigen. Only 7.4% of the control group in the United States gave positive reactions with this test. The protein antigen used in similar hemagglutination tests was not suitable for diagnostic purposes because positive reactions, apparently not referable to melioidosis, were encountered with this antigen in some sera.
The combined results of the serologic survey indicated that subclinical or unrecognized mild melioidosis was probably rather prevalent in Thailand and that the 95% mortality figure for melioidosis as reported in the literature was not tenable.
The significance of the serologic results in relation to the epidemiology of melioidosis is discussed.
Immunochemical Studies on Pullulan, an Extracellular Polysaccharide from Pullularia Pullulans
Authors: Schlossman Stuart F. , Zarnitz Marie Luise , Kabat Elvin A. , Keilich G. , Wallenfels Kurt 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Pullulan and restpullulan preparations were found to be antigenic in man. Pullulan and restpullulan cross-reacted strongly with types II and IX anti-pneumococcal sera. In the type II cross-reaction pullulan was more efficient than restpullulan per unit weight while in the type IX cross-reactions restpullulan, water-restpullulan and partially hydrolyzed fractions of restpullulan all reacted better than did pullulan. Pullulan precipitated all of the antibody in type II antiserum cross-reacting with Friedländer B polysaccharide and most of the antibody crossreacting with dextran. The pullulan anti-type II cross-reaction was inhibited strongly by glucuronic acid and not at all or but very slightly by various glucose oligosaccharides. The immunochemical findings are of interest in relation to the demonstration by Wallenfels of a uronic acid in pullulan. The cross-reaction of restpullulan with type IX antiserum is inhibited best by nigerose and maltotriose which are considerably better than maltose. Kojibiose, isomaltotriose and isomaltose were much less effective. The findings are consistent with the specificity of antibody in type IX antiserum cross-reacting with restpullulan being related to α 1,4 and α 1,3 linked glucoses.
Influenza Vaccine Prepared by Photodynamic Inactivation of Virus
Authors: Wallis Craig , Sakurada Norio , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Influenza virus (108 EID50/ml, PR-8 strain of type A) in the presence of 10-5.5 M toluidine blue was photodynamically inactivated by visible light. Although all detectable infectivity was destroyed, the immunizing and hemagglutinating antigens were preserved.
The photosensitive influenza-dye complex is readily dissociable, since virus-dye mixtures passed through cation resins yielded dye-free virus that regained its photoresistance.
Although the infectivity of virus in infected allantoic fluid could be photodynamically destroyed, the hemagglutinin was not affected. However, upon removal of certain constituents of allantoic fluid by dialysis or by erythrocyte purification of the virus, the viral hemagglutinin became photosensitive in the presence of toluidine blue. The results with the purified hemagglutinin are similar to those found with the mature poliovirus particle, for here also, purification was required for the infective moiety to become photosensitive (9).
Influenza virus vaccines inactivated by photodynamic action and by formalin were compared for antigenicity in mice. With the photodynamically inactivated vaccine, the immunologic response in mice was found to be equal to that produced by formalin-inactivated vaccine but somewhat less than that produced by injection of live virus. Such a photodynamically inactivated vaccine might prove advantageous for use with strains that have antigens particularly sensitive to formalin.
Observations on the Structure of Human 7 S γ-Globulin: Studies Using Antisera to Bence Jones Proteins
Authors: Franklin Edward C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antisera to 7 S γ-globulin or papain Fragment A-C readily demonstrate cross-reaction between these proteins and BJP's. However, certain antisera to BJP's precipitate only the BJP's of the same antigenic type, 7 S γ-globulin and 5 S pepsin fragments, but fail to precipitate Fragment C. The finding that Fragment C from 7 S γ-globulin inhibits precipitation of the native 7 S γ-globulin and BJP suggests that it acts as an “univalent” antigen. The explanation for this finding appears to be that BJP's and 7 S γ-globulin contain two L chains, whereas papain Fragment C contains only one.
Effects of Low Ionic Strength on Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Rapp Herbert J. , Borsos Tibor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Optimal enhancement of hemolytic guinea pig complement activity is obtained at an ionic strength of 0.055. Reduction of ionic strength permits more efficient conversion of SAC′1a, 4 to SAC′1a, 4,2a which can be traced to firmer binding of C′1a to SA. The decay rate of SAC′4, 2a is increased at low ionic strength. The activity of the C′3 complex may be enhanced, unchanged or decreased at low ionic strength, depending on the concentration of SAC′4, 2a and on the nature of the nonelectrolyte used to maintain isotonic conditions. At low ionic strength, it is possible to lyse sheep erythrocytes in the absence of added hemolytic antibody. Part of this effect has been traced to a dissociable autosensitizer on sheep cells.
An Agglutination-Resuspension Test for Q Fever Antibodies
Authors: Ormsbee Richard A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An agglutination-resuspension (AR) test for the detection of Q fever antibodies is described. The procedure involves the use of a purified suspension of Coxiella burneti in phase I and the centrifugation and resuspension of this antigen after exposure to antiserum. Results with serums from convalescent and vaccinated human and animal subjects are presented. The AR test was shown to be more sensitive than either the complement-fixation or the capillary tube agglutination tests in the detection of low levels of antibodies but less sensitive than the radioisotope precipitation test. The AR test is more rapid than other comparable serologic tests as it can be completed and read within an hour.
Straight Chain Hydrocarbons as Substitutes for the Oil in Freund's Adjuvants in the Production of Experimental “Allergic” Encephalomyelitis in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Shaw Cheng-Mei , Alvord Ellsworth C. , Kies Marian W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Straight chain hydrocarbons with 15 to 20 carbon atoms (pentadecane through eicosane) substitute quite effectively for the standard mineral oils in Freund's adjuvants as judged by the production of experimental “allergic” encephalomyelitis in the guinea pig. The longer hydrocarbon (tetracosane) is solid at body temperature and is completely ineffective. These observations suggest that the oil acts physically to promote diffusion of the encephalitogenic emulsion. Since the shorter hydrocarbons with 6 to 13 carbon atoms (hexane through tridecane) are generally much better solvents but are only slightly effective as adjuvant, and since oil from which the tubercle bacilli have been removed is completely ineffective, it is further concluded that the oil does not extract significant amounts of active materials from the bacilli.
Polysaccharide Antigens of Candida Cell Wall
Authors: Summers Donald F. , Grollman Arthur P. , Hasenclever H. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunochemical studies of Candida cell wall have established that the mannan is the major antigen. There at least two serologic groups within C. albicans; group A mannan contains all the determinants present in group B plus additional determinants. C. tropicalis mannan is antigenically very similar to C. albicans group A mannan. Cross-reactions of anti-C. albicans group A serum with several mannose-containing fungal polysaccharides were studied.
Differences in Serum Complement Activity among Inbred Strains of Mice
Authors: Terry William D. , Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Variation in complement activity among inbred strains of mice has been confirmed. In addition, evidence is presented that sera from Balb/cAnN, C57BL/10ScN, B10·D2/Sn “new,” B10·D2/Sn “old,” DBA/2JN and C57BL/6JN have C′1, C′4 and C′2 activities and that differences in C′ titer, in part, may be due to variation in C′3 complex activity. Sera from Balb/cAnN, C57BL/10ScN, and B10·D2/Sn “new” males contain significantly greater C′ and C′3 complex activity than sera from females of the same strain.
Pathogenesis of Herpes Simplex Virus in the Rabbit Eye
Authors: Engle Claire G. , Stewart Richard C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus in the rabbit eye was studied in a nonimmunized as well as immunized host by gross observations of the corneal epithelial lesions and by virus titration of corneal epithelial scrapings in rabbit kidney cultures. A marked reduction in severity of infection was noted in the immune rabbits. The multi-cycle of the virus in the nonimmune rabbit was found to possess characteristics similar to those reported in other hosts. Treatment of the infection with 5-iodo-2′-desoxyuridine was accompanied by a reduction in virus titer within the corneal epithelial cells as well as by a gradual reduction in the severity of the corneal herpetic lesions during therapy.
The Immune Response of BSA Tolerant Rabbits to Injections of BSA Following the Termination of the Tolerant State
Authors: Weigle William O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immune response to BSA was examined in rabbits after a tolerant state to BSA was terminated by injections of related antigens. The previously tolerant rabbits usually made an immune response to monthly injections of I*BSA as evidenced by the immune elimination of the I*BSA and an increase in the level of anti-BSA in the sera. However, after the first injection of I*BSA, subsequent injections resulted in synthesis of less antibody and a portion of the rabbits eventually regained the tolerant state. Similar results were obtained when the BSA was incorporated into Freund's adjuvant. Once the tolerant state returned it could again be terminated by reinjection of the related antigen. In rabbits which had their tolerant state terminated by injections of HSA, none of the antibody produced following a subsequent injection of BSA was specific either for BSA or HSA, but all was directed to the shared determinants.