bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of tracer size distribution on magnetic particle imaging performance
Authors: Azizi Ebrahim , Rezaei Bahareh , Mostufa Shahriar , Liang Shuang , Wang Yongqiang Andrew , Chugh Vinit Kumar , Wang Jian-Ping , Li Changzhi , Gómez-Pastora Jenifer , He Rui , Wu Kai 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a tracer-based tomographic imaging technique utilized in applications such as lung perfusion imaging, cancer diagnosis, stem cell tracking, etc. The goal of translating MPI to clinical use has prompted studies on further improving the spatial-temporal resolutions of MPI through various methods, including image reconstruction algorithm, scanning trajectory design, magnetic field profile design, and tracer design. Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are favored for MPI and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over other materials due to their high biocompatibility, low cost, and ease of preparation and surface modification. For core–shell MNPs, the tracers’ magnetic core size and non-magnetic coating layer characteristics can significantly affect MPI signals through dynamic magnetization relaxations. Most works to date have assumed an ensemble of MNP tracers with identical sizes, ignoring that artificially synthesized MNPs typically follow a log-normal size distribution, which can deviate theoretical results from experimental data. In this work, we first characterize the size distributions of four commercially available iron oxide MNP products and then model the collective magnetic responses of these MNPs for MPI applications. For an ensemble of MNP tracers with size standard deviations of σ, we applied a stochastic Langevin model to study the effect of size distribution on MPI imaging performance. Under an alternating magnetic field (AMF), i.e., the excitation field in MPI, we collected the time domain dynamic magnetizations (M-t curves), magnetization-field hysteresis loops (M-H curves), point-spread functions (PSFs), and higher harmonics from these MNP tracers. The intrinsic MPI spatial resolution, which is related to the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the PSF profile, along with the higher harmonics, serve as metrics to provide insights into how the size distribution of MNP tracers affects MPI performance.
Dynamics of chirped solitary waves: bifurcation and chaos in nonlinear chains with Morse potential
Authors: Abbagari Souleymanou , Houwe Alphonse , Akinyemi Lanre , Doka Serge Yamigno , Thomas Bouetou Bouetou 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this study, we explore the bifurcation of chirped waves in a nonlinear lattice incorporating the Morse potential. By applying the reductive perturbation method, we derive the generalized Kaup-Newell equation, representing the nonlinear system in a planar framework. Through qualitative analysis, homoclinic and heteroclinic orbits are revealed, confirming the propagation of solitary waves, including envelope solitons, dark solitons, kink, double-kink solutions, and periodic waves within the nonlinear chain. Furthermore, the introduction of an external force highlights chaotic behaviors, quasi-regular patterns, and time-dependent waveforms within the system. Notably, the qualitative characteristics exhibit extreme sensitivity to variations in the external force's amplitude. Additionally, the generalized Kaup-Newell model is derived from the nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation, providing further insight into the bifurcation behavior of solitary waves.
Entropy production in continuous systems with unidirectional transitions
Authors: Oliveira Mário J de 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We derive an expression for the entropy production for stochastic dynamics defined on a continuous space of states containing unidirectional transitions. The expression is derived by taking the continuous limit of the stochastic dynamics on a discrete space of states and is based on an expression for the entropy production appropriate for unidirectional transitions. Our results show that the entropy flux is the negative result of the divergence of the vector field whose components are the rates at which a dynamic variable changes in time. For a Hamiltonian dynamical system, it follows from this result that the entropy flux vanish identically.
estiMAge: development of a DNA methylation clock to estimate the methylation age of single cells
Authors: Saßmannshausen Zoe , Blank Lisa , Solé-Boldo Llorenç , Lyko Frank , Raddatz Günter 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Motivation
Since their introduction about 10 years ago, methylation clocks have provided broad insights into the biological age of different species, tissues, and in the context of several diseases or aging. However, their application to single-cell methylation data remains a major challenge, because of the inherent sparsity of such data, as many CpG sites are not covered. A methylation clock applicable on single-cell level could help to further disentangle the processes that drive the ticking of epigenetic clocks.

Results
We have developed estiMAge (“estimation of Methylation Age”), a framework that exploits redundancy in methylation data to substitute missing CpGs of trained methylation clocks in single cells. Using Euclidean distance as a measure of similarity, we determine which CpGs covary with the required CpG sites of an epigenetic clock and can be used as surrogates for clock CpGs not covered in single-cell experiments. estiMAge is thus a tool that can be applied to standard epigenetic clocks built on elastic net regression, to achieve bulk and single-cell resolution. We show that estiMAge can accurately predict the ages of young and old hepatocytes and can be used to generate single-cell versions of publicly available epigenetic clocks.

Availability and implementation
The source code and instructions for usage of estiMAge are available at https://github.com/DivEpigenetics/estiMAge
APOE4 impact on soluble and insoluble tau pathology is mostly influenced by amyloid-beta
Authors: Cicognola Claudia , Salvadó Gemma , Smith Ruben , Palmqvist Sebastian , Stomrud Erik , Betthauser Tobey , Johnson Sterling , Janelidze Shorena , Mattsson-Carlgren Niklas , Hansson Oskar , Pichet Binette Alexa 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The APOE4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD). While APOE4 is strongly associated with amyloid-beta (Aβ), its relationship with tau accumulation is less understood. Studies evaluating the role of APOE4 on tau accumulation showed conflicting results, particularly regarding the independence of these associations from Aβ load. In this study, we examined three independent longitudinal cohorts (BioFINDER-1, BioFINDER-2 and WRAP) in which participants had cross-sectional and longitudinal measures of tau tangles (tau-PET; temporal meta-ROI and entorhinal) or soluble p-tau (p-tau217), Aβ-PET and APOE genotype.
The study included a total of 1370 cognitively unimpaired (CU) and 449 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects, followed longitudinally with tau-PET and p-tau217. APOE4 carriers accounted for 40.2-50% of the cohorts. Different linear regressions (cross-sectional) and linear mixed-effect models (longitudinal) with tau measures as outcomes were fitted to test the effect of APOE4 as independent predictor, as well as in combination with baseline Aβ load (including interaction). All models included age, sex and cognitive status as covariates.
We found no independent effects of the APOE4 carriership on insoluble tau in either cohort (BioFINDER-2 or WRAP), both on cross-sectional and longitudinal tau-PET in the temporal meta-ROI, when Aβ was present in the model (p=0.531-0.949). Aβ alone was the best predictor of insoluble tau accumulation, with no interaction between APOE4 and Aβ on tau-PET. In BioFINDER-2, there was a significant interaction between APOE4 and Aβ (b=0.166, p&lt;0.001) in the entorhinal cortex at baseline. However, the interaction was not present in WRAP PET. No independent effects of the APOE4 carriership on baseline (p=0.683-0.708) and longitudinal (p=0.188-0.570) soluble p-tau217 were observed when Aβ was included in the model in BioFINDER-1 and WRAP. Similarly, no interaction between APOE4 and Aβ on soluble p-tau217 was observed. Mediation analysis revealed that Aβ load fully mediated most associations between APOE4 and tau (46-112%, either cross-sectional or longitudinal tau-PET or soluble p-tau217). In the largest cohort (BioFINDER-2), looking at APOE4 groups by number of ε4 alleles, we found an interaction between APOE4 homozygotes and Aβ on tau-PET levels at baseline and over time in the temporal meta-ROI, while in the entorhinal cortex this effect was observed only at baseline.
In conclusion, although APOE4 is strongly associated with Aβ aggregation, it seems to be minimally associated with longitudinal changes in soluble or insoluble p-tau levels at a given level of Aβ pathology, confirming the primacy of Aβ in driving tau pathology.
Biomarkers of disease progression in progressive supranuclear palsy for use in clinical trials
Authors: Marotta Cassandra , Sinclair Benjamin , O’Brien Terence J , Vivash Lucy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Progressive supranuclear palsy is a rare neurodegenerative disease with no current disease-modifying treatments approved. Longitudinal research and clinical trials for progressive supranuclear palsy are ongoing and require reliable measures which are sensitive to disease progression. Despite susceptibility to subjective limitations clinical and cognitive assessments are the most used instruments in therapeutic trials in progressive supranuclear palsy. The objective of this review is to identify measures which have been studied longitudinally as measures of progression and which are suitable for use as clinical trial endpoints. We reviewed the measures currently used as trial endpoints, identifying the clinical, cognitive, fluid and imaging measures which have previously been studied longitudinally, and discussing current diagnostic and emerging measures which are yet to be studied longitudinally but which may be sensitive to disease progression. We found that many fluid and imaging measures require further research to validate their use as longitudinal measures of change, including emerging measures which have not yet been studied specifically in progressive supranuclear palsy. We also summarise the sample size estimates required to detect changes in a 2-arm, 52-week therapeutic trial and found that specific MRI volumes require the smallest sample sizes to detect change.
Paying for home care out-of-pocket is common and costly across the income spectrum among older adults
Authors: Shen Karen , Yang Yang , Ornstein Katherine A , Shih Regina A , Reckrey Jennifer M 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Many older adults with personal care needs rely on paid caregivers to remain in the community (“home care”). Those without Medicaid or private long-term-care insurance must pay out-of-pocket for care. We used the Health and Retirement Study to identify the prevalence and financial burden of paying for home care out-of-pocket in 2002–2018, by income and dementia status. Over 600 000 people with personal care needs paid out-of-pocket for home care in a given year, 45% of whom have dementia. The quantity and cost of this care were substantial for people with dementia in particular: 51% of those with dementia paying out-of-pocket for home care spent ≥$1000/month. While the probability of paying out-of-pocket for home care increased sharply with income, 52% of people paying out-of-pocket for home care had incomes below 200% of the federal poverty line; this group faced high financial burdens of care. Policies aimed at easing the financial burden of home care are essential, particularly for low-income individuals with dementia who experience the greatest financial burden.
Increasing competition, improving access, and lowering the cost of naloxone in California
Authors: Estus Emily , Figueroa Robin , Lee Helen , Pegany Vishaal , Tefera Lemeneh , Socal Mariana 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that can reverse opioid overdoses and save lives. In 2023, the California Department of Health Care Access and Information mobilized its affordable drug manufacturing program, CalRx, to develop a more affordable naloxone nasal product that could help increase access for all Californians. Partnering with a new market entrant, CalRx offered a stable demand forecast for an initial 3-year agreement. In exchange, the selected manufacturer launched a new generic over-the-counter naloxone nasal product at a transparent price 40% lower than the state's previously contracted rate. In its first 6 months, internal calculations suggest that the CalRx generic naloxone has saved the state over $2.6 million, which could be used to provide more than 108 000 additional units of naloxone free of charge to communities across California. Overall generic naloxone prices declined by 22% in a single quarter immediately following CalRx entry. The CalRx experience has helped disrupt the naloxone market by increasing competition and reducing prices. The experience also demonstrates that leveraging states’ substantial purchasing power to negotiate lower prescription drug prices can have immediate market impact.
The post-gas expulsion coalescence of embedded clusters as an origin of open clusters
Authors: Zhou Jian-wen , Dib Sami , Kroupa Pavel 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT
The mismatch between the mass function of the Milky Way’s embedded clusters (ECs) and that of open clusters (OCs) raises the question of whether each OC originates from a single EC. In this work, we explore a scenario in which OCs form as a result of post-gas expulsion coalescence of ECs within the same parental molecular cloud. We model this process using N-body simulations of ECs undergoing expansion due to gas expulsion. Our initial conditions are based on the observed spatial, kinematic, and mass distributions of ECs in three representative massive star-forming regions. Initially, ECs are isolated. After further expansion, interactions between ECs begin, mutually influencing their evolution. We examine this process as a function of gas expulsion time-scales, spatial separations between ECs, and their relative velocities. Our results demonstrate that, within a reasonable range of these parameters, the coalescence of ECs is robust and largely insensitive to initial conditions. The mass of ECs plays a critical role in the coalescence process. More massive ECs form stable gravitational cores, which greatly facilitate coalescence and help the resulting cluster resist expansion and Galactic tidal forces. Additionally, the number of ECs also enhances coalescence. The current mass distribution of clumps in the Milky Way suggests that directly forming massive ECs is challenging. However, the coalescence of multiple low-mass ECs can account for the observed parameter space of OCs in the Milky Way.
Ratio of Infections to COVID-19 Cases and Hospitalizations in the United States based on SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence Data, September 2021–February 2022
Authors: Deng Yangyang , Kim Yun , Bratcher Anna , Jones Jefferson M , Simuzingili Muloongo , Gundlapalli Adi V , Hagen Melissa Briggs , Iachan Ronaldo , Clarke Kristie E N 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Understanding the risk of hospitalization from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections can guide effective public health interventions and severity assessments. This study calculated infection–hospitalization ratios (IHRs) and infection–case ratios (ICRs) to understand the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infections, cases, and hospitalizations among different age groups during periods of Delta and Omicron variant predominance.

Methods
After calculating antinucleocapsid SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence using residual commercial laboratory serum specimens, 2 ratios were computed: (1) IHRs using coronavirus disease 2019 hospitalization data and (2) ICRs using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention surveillance data. Ratios were calculated across age groups (0–17, 18–49, 50–69, and ≥70 years) for 2 time periods (September–December 2021 [Delta] and December 2021–February 2022 [Omicron]).

Results
Pediatric IHRs increased from 76.7 during Delta to 258.4 during Omicron. Adult IHRs ranged from 3.0 (≥70 years) to 21.6 (18–49 years) during Delta and from 10.0 (≥70 years) to 119.1 (18–49 years) during Omicron. The pediatric ICR was lower during the Delta period (2.7) compared with the Omicron period (3.7). Adult ICRs (Delta: 1.1 [18–49 years] to 2.1 [70+ years]; Omicron: 2.2 [&gt;70+ years] to 2.9 [50–69 years]) were lower than pediatric ICRs during both time periods.

Conclusions
All age groups exhibited a lower proportion of infections associated with hospitalization in the Omicron period than the Delta period; the proportion of infections associated with hospitalization increased with each older age group. A lower proportion of SARS-CoV-2 infections were associated with reported cases in the Omicron period than in the Delta period among all age groups.
The Game and Play of Utopia
Authors: Knight Mishael 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Utopians of Thomas More’s Utopia (1516) play two games, variants on chess. The first is a number game, but the second, where ‘the vices fight with the virtues in battle’ allows for a new way to interpret Utopia itself. By comparing it to popular moralizations of chess at the time, especially the Liber De Moribus Hominum et Officiis Nobilium Super Ludo Scacchorum of Jacobus de Cessolis, it becomes apparent that this game is used not only to replicate the distinctions between Utopian society and European, but also reflects the work Utopia. Utopia also constructs itself as a battle between virtues and vices, and this ludic structure indicates the work’s iterative nature and demonstrates how the work asks its readers to respond to it. What is more, recognizing Utopia itself as a game suggests that it is possible to further define the utopian genre as participation within this same tradition of game playing, exchanging the pieces on the board depending on the particular concerns of the author and context, but playing the same game. Thus, an understanding of utopian writing as a game emerges, alongside a demonstration of why Utopia remains such a pre-eminent example of the genre.
Valuing the Time of the Self-Employed
Authors: Agness Daniel , Baseler Travis , Chassang Sylvain , Dupas Pascaline , Snowberg Erik 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
People’s value of their own time is a key input in public policy evaluations—these evaluations should account for time taken away from work or leisure as a result of policy. Measuring this value for the self-employed is challenging, as, by definition, it is not priced by the market. Using rich choice data collected from farming households in western Kenya, we show that households exhibit non-transitive preferences. As a result, neither market wages nor standard valuation techniques correctly measure participants’ value of time. Using a structural model, we identify the behavioural wedges in participants’ choices and find that distortions appear when households exchange cash either for time or for goods. Our model estimates suggest that valuing the time of the self-employed at 60% of the market wage is a reasonable rule of thumb.
Evaluating the Adequacy of Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection As a Quality Measure: A Cross-Sectional Analysis at a Single Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Mathur Piyush , Naylor Amanda J. , Auron Moises , Beresian Jean , Tallman Alexandra , Griffith Allison , Seasholtz Kathleen , Manlapaz Mariel , Zacharyasz Katherine , Khatib Reem , Mishra Shreya , Haller Kathryn , Fraser Thomas , Holman Katherine 
Published: January 2025

IMPORTANCE:
The current definition of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) may overestimate the true incidence of CLABSI as it is often unclear whether the bloodstream infection (BSI) is secondary to the central line or due to another infectious source.

OBJECTIVES:
We aimed to assess the prevalence and outcomes of central CLABSI at our institution, to identify opportunities for improvement, appropriately direct efforts for infection reduction, and identify gaps in the CLABSI definition and its application as a quality measure.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:
Retrospective cross-sectional study of patients identified to have a CLABSI in the period 2018–2022 cared for at the value-based purchasing (VBP) units of a 1200-bed tertiary care hospital located in Cleveland, OH. Each CLABSI episode was assessed for relationship with central venous catheter (CVC), suspected secondary source of BSI, mortality associated with the CLABSI hospital encounter, and availability of infectious disease physician or primary physician documentation of infectious source.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:
CLABSI episodes were classified as CVC related, CVC unrelated, and CVC relationship unclear. Mortality during the same encounter as the CLABSI event was assessed as an outcome measure. Descriptive statistics were performed.

RESULTS:
A total of 340 CLABSI episodes occurred in adult patients in VBP units. Majority of the CLABSI, 77.5% (266), occurred in the ICU. Of the CLABSI analyzed, 31.5% (107) were classified as unrelated to the CVC; 25.0% (85) had an unclear source; 43% (148) were classified as CVC related. For CVC-related cases, Staphylococcus and Candida were the predominant organisms. For the CVC unrelated and unclear groups Enterococcus was most prevalent. The mortality rate was lowest among patients classified with a CVC-related BSI. The positive predictive value (PPV) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CLABSI definition to predict a true CVC-related infection was found to be 58.0%.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:
The definition of CLABSI as a surrogate for catheter-related BSI is inadequate, with a PPV of 58.0% (43.1–67.6%). Efforts should be redirected toward revising the CLABSI definition and possibly reevaluating its criteria. Resources should be assigned to further investigate and systematically prevent BSIs from secondary sources while adhering to existing CLABSI prevention bundles.
Artificial Intelligence Scribe and Large Language Model Technology in Healthcare Documentation: Advantages, Limitations, and Recommendations
Authors: Mess Sarah A. , Mackey Alison J. , Yarowsky David E. 
Published: January 2025

Summary:
Artificial intelligence (AI) scribe applications in the healthcare community are in the early adoption phase and offer unprecedented efficiency for medical documentation. They typically use an application programming interface with a large language model (LLM), for example, generative pretrained transformer 4. They use automatic speech recognition on the physician–patient interaction, generating a full medical note for the encounter, together with a draft follow-up e-mail for the patient and, often, recommendations, all within seconds or minutes. This provides physicians with increased cognitive freedom during medical encounters due to less time needed interfacing with electronic medical records. However, careful proofreading of the AI-generated language by the physician signing the note is essential. Insidious and potentially significant errors of omission, fabrication, or substitution may occur. The neural network algorithms of LLMs have unpredictable sensitivity to user input and inherent variability in their output. LLMs are unconstrained by established medical knowledge or rules. As they gain increasing levels of access to large corpora of medical records, the explosion of discovered knowledge comes with large potential risks, including to patient privacy, and potential bias in algorithms. Medical AI developers should use robust regulatory oversights, adhere to ethical guidelines, correct bias in algorithms, and improve detection and correction of deviations from the intended output.