bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evangelicalism and Gender
Authors: McKinney Jennifer 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The popularity of Seattle’s Mars Hill Church and its theology under the leadership of pastor Mark Driscoll emerged in a specific social context. This chapter addresses how historical shifts in American culture resulted in shifting Protestant gender theologies. Beginning with the Baptist and Methodist “upstart sects” in Colonial America, the chapter traces changing Protestant gender theologies through the twentieth century. By the beginning of the twenty-first century some evangelicals had begun to despair that the country and Christianity was experiencing a “crisis in masculinity.” The birth of Mars Hill Church coincided with the evangelical reaction to the perceived crisis in masculinity. Driscoll’s focus on men at Mars Hill served to buttress a masculine-centered Christianity Driscoll believed had been compromised by more egalitarian ideals in American culture that was also infiltrating evangelicalism.
Real Family
Authors: McKinney Jennifer 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how complementarianism functions—in dating and marriage—within the context of a hypermasculine theology. In this theology, marriage is the ultimate expression of a complementarian Christian relationship. Men are expected to be responsible husbands and fathers by financially providing for their families and taking authority in the home to model biblical manhood to their children. Women are expected to be respectful to their husbands and to let their husbands lead (take authority) in the home. Men and women were told that adherence to these role expectations would result in stable families and good sex—the distinctive marker of Christian marriages. How complementarian roles were negotiated led to their being embraced, rejected, or something in between by members of Mars Hill Church.
Vulnerability, Sami Identity, and the Law
Authors: Fitzmaurice Malgosia , Attard Felicity G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets out a comprehensive analysis of the legal frameworks of Norway, Sweden, and Finland in respect of the rights of the Sami people. The study includes a comparative analysis of the three Nordic States, taking into account their distinct juridical characteristics, as well as shared environmental threats due to their Arctic geography. The focus of the study is on identity through Martha Fineman’s theory, which enables an innovative and extensive study shedding new light into the ways in which Sami resilience can be protected and enhanced. This is an original perspective in the context of the rights of Indigenous people. By rooting their analysis in an Indigenous perspective, the chapter is able to extend a constructive critique to Fineman’s theory, adding substance to some of the more abstract elements of Fineman’s work. The analysis highlights in particular the need to ensure the preservation of collective identities of Indigenous peoples.
Power, Immortality, and International Law
Authors: Beres Louis René 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
International law scholarship routinely identifies power as the preeminent goal of states and empires. What has regularly been ignored, however, is that lucid definitions of power can be problematic and that the most starkly compelling form of global power is never calculated. This form is power over death. In order to acquire this ultimate form of power, various leaders have felt obligated to seek the “death” of other states or empires. Now, by examining this zero-sum calculus more deliberately, international law scholars may discover that any such seemingly interminable struggle is marked by an ironic reciprocity: In essence, each state’s struggle for the elimination of certain designated others may actually represent a considered defense against its own annihilation. Such perplexing simultaneity suggests that the truest rationale of realpolitik, or power politics, is never “just” acquisition of territory, wealth, or “victory.” Though unacknowledged and inconspicuous, this truest rationale is nothing less than personal immortality. Expressed more tangibly, and recalling Heinrich von Treitschke’s Lectures on Politics: “Individual man sees in his country the realization of his earthly immortality.”
L’Epuisement des Recours Internes Est-il une Condition de Fond, de Procédure ou les Deux à la Fois?
Authors: Kolb Robert 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this short contribution, the question as to whether the exhaustion of local remedies rule in the context of diplomatic protection pertains to the admissibility of the claim or the substance of the wrongful act. In the first case the exhaustion goes to the requirements of claims and litigation; in the second case, it goes to the existence of the substantive legal position. The various arguments made in legal writings are discussed and practice as far as is available is examined. The position taken by this author is that overall the admissibility explanation better fits the configuration of the law of international responsibility in this subject matter, but that also both explanations are legally possible and have arguments to their advantage.
Covid-19, the Belt and Road Initiative, Tianxia/The Chinese Universe, and Universal Human Rights
Authors: Diana Lin Xiaoqing 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses how the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) developed from an internally driven geopolitical undertaking to tackle the bottleneck in China’s domestic economic development and regional security into a more ideological and global phenomenon. During the 2018 trade war with the United States, the Chinese started to redefine democracy, human rights, and a global political system with terms such as Tianxia/All-Under-Heaven and a Community with a Shared Future for Humankind. The chapter focuses on the impact that COVID-19 has had on the BRI and how the latter has adjusted to the pandemic since early 2020. The BRI, so one suggestion is, should be viewed as a dynamically emerging series of projects that can be shaped and directed to outcomes that benefit global security and prosperity.
International Human Rights Law in International and Hybrid Criminal Courts and Tribunals
Authors: Pérez-León-Acevedo Juan-Pablo 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Several international and hybrid criminal courts and tribunals (ICTs) have been established in the last decades. Generally speaking, international crimes constitute serious violations of international human rights law (IHRL). In the establishment of ICTs, diverse actors have sought that the procedural and institutional frameworks of ICTs include and respect the rights of the accused in the light of IHRL standards. Against such background, the present paper addresses this main research question: How is IHRL present in the law and especially the practice of ICTs? It is argued and shown herein that IHRL is, to a larger or lesser extent, embedded in the law and, particularly, the jurisprudence of ICTs, but subject and adapted to the nature and mandate of ICTs. Importantly, it is also sustained herein that IHRL has been useful for ICTs to interpret and/or apply norms on crimes against humanity (substantive international criminal law) and defence rights (international criminal procedure).
Introductory Note
Authors: Milanov Momchil L. , Kolb Robert 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this very difficult first year of the pandemic, the functioning of the Court was affected by COVID-19 without, however, significantly disrupting it. The year 2020 was interesting because the Court had to deal with three diverse cases (appeals jurisdiction, diplomatic law, validity of arbitral award), two of which concerned its so-called “supervisory jurisdiction,” which has not happened before. Only the judgment in Equatorial Guinea v. France concerned the merits. The judgment in Guyana v. Venezuela is of particular interest for any person interested in international procedural law. Never in its history has the Court been presented with this particular type of compromissory clause, which does not resemble any other jurisdictional basis relied on by a state before the International Court of Justice. The orders in Gambia v. Myanmar and the appointment of experts in Congo v. Uganda complete the picture.
Introductory Note
Authors: Tanaka Yoshifumi 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This introductory note examines the development at the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea for the year 2020. While there was no judgment in 2020, proceedings of two cases, the M/T “San Padre Pio” (No. 2) Case (Switzerland/Nigeria) and the Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Mauritius and Maldives in the Indian Ocean (Mauritius/Maldives), continue. Accordingly, this note discusses the issues of the two pending cases. Furthermore, there were some important events regarding the Tribunal in 2020. Among other things, this note focuses on an adoption of a Model Agreement between ITLOS and Singapore, the election of the seven members of the Tribunal, and amendments of the Rules of the Tribunal.
Introductory Note
Authors: Knoops Geert-Jan Alexander , Pedroso Sara 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It has been a challenging yet productive year for the International Criminal Court (ICC). Similar to other judicial institutions worldwide, the ICC was faced with new challenges brought about by the global COVID-19 pandemic, which has affected almost all aspects of the Court’s activities. For instance, ongoing investigations were significantly affected, due to travel restrictions, remote work, and states parties’ grappling with internal health crises. Despite those challenges, the Court has seen an expansion of its docket of cases, as well as new developments in its situation cases, including investigations, ongoing trial proceedings, and preliminary examinations, including a new contempt case initiated by the surrender of Mr. Paul Gicheru. At the request of the Assembly of States Parties, the Court also underwent a critical review aiming to strengthen the ICC and the Rome Statute system, resulting in a comprehensive expert report which presents concrete recommendations for enhancing the performance, efficiency, and effectiveness of the Court.
Introductory Note
Authors: Lenaerts Koen 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this introductory note, President Lenaerts looks back at the main highlights of events occurring at the Court of Justice of the European Union. Two major events stood out during 2020: the COVID-19 pandemic and the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. The Court withstood the impact of both events and continued to set the pace rendering judgments in the fields of fundamental rights, asylum policy, data protection, consumer protection, air transport, state aid and competition, workers and social security, banking and taxation, copyright and intellectual property, as well as EU institutional law. President Lenaerts provides an overview of the most important judgments in each of these fields.
Introductory Note
Authors: Spano Robert 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The European Convention on Human Rights celebrated its seventieth anniversary in 2020. The year was also marked by a global pandemic and the Court had to surmount significant obstacles posed by the crisis and sanitary responses in order to continue its vital functions. Despite the challenges, the Court has handled a wide variety of human rights issues. It also made significant advancements in the clarification and development of concepts under the Convention and within the Court’s case-law. Four Grand Chamber cases are discussed in greater depth, covering: the notion of a “tribunal established by law”; the applicability of the prohibition of slavery and forced labour to a victim of trafficking and exploitation for the purposes of prostitution, and of the prohibition of collective expulsion of aliens to those immediately and forcibly removed from a land border; and whether a state’s ruling on a visa application can create a jurisdictional link.
Introductory Note
Authors: Benito Elizabeth Odio 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In 2020, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued twenty-one judgments on merits, and one on interpretation, as well as the record forty-nine orders on monitoring compliance with judgment and twenty-five orders on provisional measures. In addition to adapting its functions to the global context of the COVID-19 pandemic, last year the Court saw the greatest jurisdictional production in its history. The contentious cases in this edition of the Yearbook shed light on some of these advances in the Court’s jurisprudence.
Introductory Note
Authors: Reinisch August , Tropper Johannes 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The 2020 jurisprudence of ICSID tribunals and ad hoc committees addressed among others the jurisdictional issues of the notions of “investment” and “investor” under Article 25 ICSID Convention, the establishment of jurisdiction by means of a most-favoured nation provision, the so-called intra-EU objection to jurisdiction as well as jurisdiction over national treatment claims in relation to national security review and mass claims proceedings. Prominent procedural issues concerned the challenges of arbitrators, provisional measures, and stay of enforcement requests. The 2020 cases also dealt with expropriation, fair and equitable treatment, full protection and security, and umbrella clauses. Annulment proceedings most prominently concerned the question of the impartiality and independence.
Introductory Note
Authors: Seatzu Francesco 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The year 2020 was characterized for the international administrative tribunals by (at least) the following three elements: the EBRDAT’s delivery of the judgment in the case Appellant v. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, examining the issue of whether lack of procedures leads to an annulment of the administrative decision; the decision in the case A., G., L. and S. A. v. CERN, where the ILOAT acknowledged the principle according to which the staff members of international organizations are not entitled to have the conditions of their employment laid down in the provisions of the staff rules in force at the time of their recruitment applied to them throughout their career; and the decision on July 2020 in the case L. L. v. ILO, where the ILOAT reiterated that it is an inherent power of any international organization to chose the measure to be imposed on its officials for misconduct.
How to Constitute a Global Community Through International Law and Jurisprudence?
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
United Nations law and the World Trade Organization have failed to prevent today’s unprecedented global governance problems undermining human rights and the UN sustainable development goals (SDGs). Limiting the related abuses of public and private power requires democratic struggles for constitutional and democratic rights and judicial remedies limiting multilevel governance powers. The more China, Russia, the United States, and other veto-powers in the UN Security Council prioritize nationalism and hegemonic rivalries, the more difficult becomes the task of institutionalizing public reason and human and constitutional rights for holding multilevel governance more accountable. European integration law illustrates the institutions necessary for transforming the constitutional ideals underlying UN law into more effective restraints on power-oriented UN legal practices. Constitutional construction of transnational community law can succeed only if driven by democratic and judicial institutions supporting public-private partnerships in multilevel protection of the SDGs.
Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade’s Vision for the Humanization of International Law and the Realization of Justice—A Note of Gratitude
Authors: Ziccardi Capaldo Giuliana 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this In Memoriam, the General Editor Professor Giuliana Ziccardi Capaldo marks the death of H.E. Judge Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade, an active and esteemed editorial Board Member and colleague. By accentuating Cançado Trindade’s global and humanist vision, she captures the essential features of his influential scholarship. The loss of Cançado Trindade is equivalent to that of a heavyweight; and Ziccardi Capaldo notes that we all must honor his legacy.
Shrimp to Whale
Authors: Pacheco Pardo Ramon 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
South Korea has a remarkable history. Born from the ashes of imperial domination, partition, and a devastating war, back in the 1950s there were real doubts about its survival as an independent state. Yet South Korea endures: today it is a boisterous democracy, a vibrant market economy, a tech powerhouse, and home to the coolest of cultures. In just seventy years, this society has grown from a shrimp into a whale. What explains this extraordinary transformation? For some, it was individual South Koreans who fought to change their country, and still strive to shape it. For others, it was forward-looking political and business leaders with a vision. Either way, it's clear that this is the story of a people who dreamt big, and whose dreams came true. Shrimp to Whale is a lively history of South Korea, from its millennia-old roots, through the division of the Peninsula, dictatorship and economic growth, to today's global powerhouse.
Spontaneity and Form in Modern Prose
Authors: Ravinthiran Vidyan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This study analyses post-Romantic prose whose authors—in terms of race, gender, class, nationality, and more—occupy a range of subject positions, for, in that prose, the dialectical interplay of spontaneity with form. Modern literary prose has no rhetorical repertoire, unlike poetry no structures (beyond those of grammar) one could tabulate. As a result, it becomes a zone of experimentation as to what spontaneous creativity might be like, as well as a means to investigate the concept of spontaneity, understood as post-secular. Heeding separate histories and peculiar particularities, the author’s readings nevertheless conjointly foreground a literary shaping that reveals writers discovering their ideas as they go, in a prose whose sound, rhythm, syntax, and imagery escapes the preordained and makes intensely available to the reader—and therefore both contagious, and vulnerably susceptible to demurral—the experiential morphing of impulse into structure. There are chapters on William Hazlitt, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Walt Whitman (and Hindu philosophy), Gerard Manley Hopkins, Herman Melville, D. H. Lawrence, and Saul Bellow, Virginia Woolf and Marion Milner, Gwendolyn Brooks, Adil Jussawalla, and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. These writers are intelligently vexed by two transitions: first, the movement from impulse into form; and second, the overlap between literary forms and social forms. They explore the yearning for renovated societies which, expressive of our deepest selves, would also enable those selves (in times of panicked fragmentation, moral relativism, and communication imperilled) to interact as citizens.
Live tracking metabolic networks and physiological responses within microbial assemblages at single-cell level
Authors: Cui Li , Xin Yuhan , Yang Kai , Li Hongzhe , Tan Fengjiao , Zhang Yulong , Li Xingrui , Zhu Zhi , Yang Jun , Kao Shuh-Ji , Ren Bin , Zhu Yong-Guan , Musat Florin , Musat Niculina 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Microbial interactions impact the functioning of both natural and engineered systems, yet our ability to directly monitor these highly dynamic and spatially resolved interactions in living cells is very limited. Here, we developed a synergistic approach coupling single-cell Raman microspectroscopy with 15N2 and 13CO2 stable isotope probing in a microfluidic culture system (RMCS-SIP) for live tracking of the occurrence, rate, and physiological shift of metabolic interactions in active microbial assemblages. Quantitative and robust Raman biomarkers specific for N2 and CO2 fixation in both model and bloom-forming diazotrophic cyanobacteria were established and cross-validated. By designing a prototype microfluidic chip allowing simultaneous microbial cultivation and single-cell Raman acquisition, we achieved temporal tracking of both intercellular (between heterocyst and vegetative cells of cyanobacteria) and interspecies N and C metabolite exchange (from diazotroph to heterotroph). Moreover, single-cell N and C fixation and bidirectional transfer rate in living cells were quantified via SIP-induced characteristic Raman shifts. Remarkably, RMCS captured physiological responses of metabolically active cells to nutrient stimuli through comprehensive metabolic profiling, providing multimodal information on the evolution of microbial interactions and functions under fluctuating conditions. This noninvasive RMCS-SIP is an advantageous approach for live-cell imaging and represents an important advancement in the single-cell microbiology field. This platform can be extended for real-time tracking of a wide range of microbial interactions with single-cell resolution and advances the understanding and manipulation of microbial interactions for societal benefit.
Human monocarboxylate transporters accept and relay protons via the bound substrate for selectivity and activity at physiological pH
Authors: Geistlinger Katharina , Schmidt Jana D R , Beitz Eric 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Human monocarboxylate/H+ transporters, MCT, facilitate the transmembrane translocation of vital weak acid metabolites, mainly l-lactate. Tumors exhibiting a Warburg effect rely on MCT activity for l-lactate release. Recently, high-resolution MCT structures revealed binding sites for anticancer drug candidates and the substrate. Three charged residues, Lys 38, Asp 309, and Arg 313 (MCT1 numbering) are essential for substrate binding and initiation of the alternating access conformational change. However, the mechanism by which the proton cosubstrate binds and traverses MCTs remained elusive. Here, we report that substitution of Lys 38 by neutral residues maintained MCT functionality in principle, yet required strongly acidic pH conditions for wildtype-like transport velocity. We determined pH-dependent biophysical transport properties, Michaelis–Menten kinetics, and heavy water effects for MCT1 wildtype and Lys 38 mutants. Our experimental data provide evidence for the bound substrate itself to accept and shuttle a proton from Lys 38 to Asp 309 initiating transport. We have shown before that substrate protonation is a pivotal step in the mechanisms of other MCT-unrelated weak acid translocating proteins. In connection with this study, we conclude that utilization of the proton binding and transfer capabilities of the transporter-bound substrate is probably a universal theme for weak acid anion/H+ cotransport.
Meeting a Pandemic Challenge for Interprofessional Education for Nurse Graduate Students: Development of a Remote Session Using Case Studies
Authors: Nicoteri Jo Ann L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Interprofessional education has become a mainstay of undergraduate and graduate nursing curricula. However, with limitations to physical contact brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, the ability to provide such an experience was challenged. A remote session involving graduate family nurse practitioner, physical therapy, and occupational therapy students was devised using case studies in small groups with a faculty facilitator. Students evaluated the event using the Student Perceptions of Interprofessional Clinical Education-Revised instrument, version 2. This article focuses on the development of the program and use of the instrument with graduate students.