bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remote Universities? Impacts of COVID-19 as Experienced by Academic Leaders in Finland
Authors: Pekkola Elias , Siekkinen Taru , Peltola Motolani , Laihonen Harri , Kujala Emmi-Niina 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact across the globe, affecting the nature of work across various sectors of society, including higher education. As national governments swung to action in response to the crisis by declaring states of emergency and implementing social distancing and lockdown measures, universities across the world reacted by shifting to remote working and teaching. Although global higher education has been impervious to change, it has witnessed some changes over the years, including the adaptation of some principles of new public management such as performance and accountability measures and managerial human resource management practices. These changes affect academic work and the role of academic leaders. The COVID-19 pandemic presented new sets of challenges that placed unique demands on academic managers. In this chapter we set out to examine the role and perceptions of academic managers in Finland in their changing role as managers during the COVID-19 crisis. Empirically, the article is based on a follow-up study of deans and rectors employed by public Finnish universities. Overall, Finnish universities have survived well, and their managers have found ways to cope during crises. For universities, the crises have been a time to reconsider their mission and to observe what is essential for continuity of academic work as well as what is the role of academic managers in navigating the crisis.
Evidence, Stakeholders and Decision Making: Managing COVID-19 in Irish Higher Education
Authors: Clarke Marie 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores the ways in which evidence was used in the decision-making process in the Irish higher education sector during COVID-19, employing historical institutionalism and complex systems theory as a lens to consider stakeholder responses. A qualitative approach was adopted in this study covering the period March 2020–August 2021 using publicly available documentary sources, parliamentary debates, government announcements with reference to COVID-19 speeches and other communications, in conjunction with eight elite semi-structured interviews with representatives from the key stakeholders in the HE sector. The findings illustrate several important issues with reference to the use of evidence and decision making during COVID-19 and consider the broader implications for policy direction in higher education.
Highlighting Systemic Inequalities: The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on French Higher Education
Authors: Dakowska Dorota 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter tackles the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on French higher education (HE), focusing on the growing differentiation between higher education institutions (HEIs). The first part reflects on the current system and investigates how the central political level (Ministry of HE), alongside the president, framed policy during the crisis. France has a highly centralised yet dynamic decision-making process: no fewer than five consecutive adaptations to the teaching system took place during 2020–2021. In the second part, responses at the meso level are analysed, considering variables such as size and funding levels to ascertain the level of (pro)reactivity and room for manoeuvre of different HEIs, including public, private, and ‘elite’ sub-systems. The chapter applies the lens of public policy analysis centred on process tracing combined with classic organisational analysis. Data is drawn from both survey and qualitative datasets as well as a desktop analysis of official documents related to the frameworks in which HEI have had to operate. Finally, the chapter reflects on how contextual parameters (historical trajectories, systemic funding inequalities, the division between selective and less selective undergraduate programmes) have made some HEIs more vulnerable in the face of the crisis. It concludes by suggesting potentially lasting effects of the pandemic on the future HE landscape, critically reflecting on equity-related dimensions such as accessibility in the context of growing inequality.
Higher Education Response to COVID-19 in Uganda: Regulatory Tools and Adaptive Institutions
Authors: Bisaso Ronald , Achanga Pius Coxwell 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter investigates responses to the COVID-19 pandemic by analysing academic practices from the perspectives of both the system (regulatory body) and the institutions (adaptations of different institutional categories), hence focusing on the interplay between the macro- and meso-level elements in the context of higher education (HE) in Uganda. Given the complexity of COVID-19 as an external shock, and its related effects, different higher education institutions (HEIs) are rethinking existing academic practices. A set of new, regulatory nation-wide requirements, such as the Open/Online, Distance and e-Learning (ODeL) guidelines, were enacted by the National Council for Higher Education (NCHE), the HE regulator in Uganda. HEIs have responded to these policy measures, inter alia, by adopting new policies and devising new structural arrangements, yet major tensions and challenges remain.
Mental Health
Authors: Schleim Stephan 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter introduces the notion of mental health as it is presently understood in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), which is published by the American Psychiatric Association. This is then discussed from the perspective of three philosophical stances, namely essentialism, social constructionism, and pragmatism. Historical examples—such as drapetomania, homosexuality, and schizophrenia—illustrate how culture, in particular thoughts about race, sexuality, and civil rights, can shape views on what is mentally normal and what not. Anticipating the later chapter on substance use, addiction receives special attention. Practical ways to assess dependence and also its definition in the DSM are introduced. Finally, the epidemiology of mental disorders is discussed. The question of whether the prevalence of these disorders is increasing is of special relevance. The chapter’s interim conclusion is that mental disorders should be better understood as dynamic biopsychosocial processes which can continually change; they are thus not concrete things (e.g., brain disorders).
Mental Enhancement
Authors: Schleim Stephan 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter explains how people’s nonmedical substance use, particularly that of prescription stimulants, was understood as “enhancement” or “brain doping” since the early 2000s. In both the academic debate and popular media, it was frequently claimed that ever more people, in particular students, were using such drugs to increase their cognitive performance. This chapter illustrates that this was not a new phenomenon and that even “moral enhancement”, the idea to use substances, and neuroscientific technology to improve people’s moral behavior already existed in the 1960s and 1970s. The actual present prevalence of brain doping is then discussed in detail, with an emphasis on other motives to use drugs besides cognitive enhancement. Indeed, much of the use turns out to be rather emotionally motivated and to cope with stress, particularly in competitive environments, or to be even self-medication of psychological problems. This shows how difficultly the distinction between medical and nonmedical use can be drawn. Finally, nonpharmacological alternatives to improve one’s mental health are presented. The chapter concludes that the academic debate on cognitive enhancement was not very informative and that a general theoretical framework for people’s instrumental substance use should be preferred, which is introduced in Chap. 4.
Subcellular localization of Na+/K+-ATPase isoforms resolved by in situ hybridization chain reaction in the gill of chum salmon at freshwater and seawater
Authors: Wong Marty Kwok Shing , Tsuneoka Yousuke , Tsukada Takehiro 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) α1-isoforms were examined by in situ hybridization chain reaction (ISHCR) using short hairpin DNAs, and we showed triple staining of NKA α1a, α1b, and α1c transcripts in the gill of chum salmon acclimated to freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW). The NKA α1-isoforms have closely resembled nucleotide sequences, which could not be differentiated by conventional in situ hybridization. The ISHCR uses a split probe strategy to allow specific hybridization using regular oligo DNA, resulting in high specificity at low cost. The results showed that NKA α1c was expressed ubiquitously in gill tissue and no salinity effects were observed. FW lamellar ionocytes (type-I ionocytes) expressed cytoplasmic NKA α1a and nuclear NKA α1b transcripts. However, both transcripts of NKA α1a and α1b were present in the cytoplasm of immature type-I ionocytes. The developing type-I ionocytes increased the cytoplasmic volume and migrated to the distal region of the lamellae. SW filament ionocytes (type-II ionocytes) expressed cytoplasmic NKA α1b transcripts as the major isoform. Results from morphometric analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling indicated that a large portion of FW ionocytes was NKA α1b-rich, suggesting that isoform identity alone cannot mark the ionocyte types. Both immature or residual type-II ionocytes and type-I ionocytes were found on the FW and SW gills, suggesting that the chum salmon retains the potential to switch the ionocyte population to fit the ion-transporting demands, which contributes to their salinity tolerance and osmoregulatory plasticity.
Synchaeta’s community in the urban coastal area of the Thessaloniki Bay
Authors: Kourkoutmani Polyxeni , Iliadou Evdoxia , Vlachodimou Theodora , Stefanidou Natassa , Kozari Argyri , Voutsa Dimitra , Moustaka-Gouni Maria , Michaloudi Evangelia 
Published: July 2023

AbstractRotifers’ presence and significance are being underestimated among marine zooplankton because rotifers are lost when using larger mesh size nets. Furthermore, samples’ preservation often makes species identification difficult, creating a knowledge gap regarding their diversity and abundance in coastal ecosystems. Our study aimed to address this gap by documenting the biodiversity and distribution patterns of the rotifer species, exploring their relationships with the components of the zooplankton community and determining the environmental variables driving their seasonal dynamics. Samplings were carried out in an urban coastal area in the North Aegean Sea in Greece, within two sampling periods. Four coexistingSynchaetaspecies were encountered, whose temporal distribution patterns were mainly driven by temperature;S. neapolitanaexhibited a preference for colder temperatures, contrary to the thermophilic distribution patterns ofS. balticaandS. vorax. Network analysis unveiled several negative links amongSynchaetaspecies and other zooplankton taxa, suggesting potential competitive trophic interactions. The present study is one of the very few dealing with marine rotifers across the Mediterranean Sea and thus provides a significant contribution to our understanding of the dynamics of this group of micrometazoans.
Long-term Effects of the pituitary-adenylate cyclase-activating Polypeptide (PACAP38) in the Adult Mouse Retina: Microglial Activation and Induction of Neural Proliferation
Authors: Denes Viktoria , Lukats Akos , Szarka Gergely , Subicz Rovena , Mester Adrienn , Kovacs-Valasek Andrea , Geck Peter , Berta Gergely , Herczeg Robert , Postyeni Etelka , Gyenesei Attila , Gabriel Robert 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe degenerative retinal disorders characterized by progressive cell death and exacerbating inflammation lead ultimately to blindness. The ubiquitous neuropeptide, PACAP38 is a promising therapeutic agent as its proliferative potential and suppressive effect on microglia might enable cell replacement and attenuate inflammation, respectively. Our previous finding that PACAP38 caused a marked increase of the amacrine cells in the adult (1-year-old) mouse retina, served as a rationale of the current study. We aimed to determine the proliferating elements and the inflammatory status of the PACAP38-treated retina. Three months old mice were intravitreally injected with 100 pmol PACAP38 at 3 months intervals (3X). Retinas of 1-year-old animals were dissected and effects on cell proliferation, and expression of inflammatory regulators were analyzed. Interestingly, both mitogenic and anti-mitogenic actions were detected after PACAP38-treatment. Further analysis of the mitogenic effect revealed that proliferating cells include microglia, endothelial cells, and neurons of the ganglion cell layer but not amacrine cells. Furthermore, PACAP38 stimulated retinal microglia to polarize dominantly into M2-phenotype but also might cause subsequent angiogenesis. According to our results, PACAP38 might dampen pro-inflammatory responses and help tissue repair by reprogramming microglia into an M2 phenotype, nonetheless, with angiogenesis as a warning side effect.
Evidence of a large current of transcranial alternating current stimulation directly to deep brain regions
Authors: Shan Yongzhi , Wang Hongxing , Yang Yanfeng , Wang Jiahao , Zhao Wenfeng , Huang Yuda , Wang Huang , Han Bing , Pan Na , Jin Xiukun , Fan Xiaotong , Liu Yunyun , Wang Jun , Wang Changming , Zhang Huaqiang , Chen Sichang , Liu Ting , Yan Tianyi , Si Tianmei , Yin Lu , Li Xinmin , Cosci Fiammetta , Zhang Xiangyang , Zhang Guanghao , Gao Keming , Zhao Guoguang 
Published: July 2023

AbstractDeep brain regions such as hippocampus, insula, and amygdala are involved in neuropsychiatric disorders, including chronic insomnia and depression. Our recent reports showed that transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) with a current of 15 mA and a frequency of 77.5 Hz, delivered through a montage of the forehead and both mastoids was safe and effective in intervening chronic insomnia and depression over 8 weeks. However, there is no physical evidence to support whether a large alternating current of 15 mA in tACS can send electrical currents to deep brain tissue in awake humans. Here, we directly recorded local field potentials (LFPs) in the hippocampus, insula and amygdala at different current strengths (1 to 15 mA) in 11 adult patients with drug-resistant epilepsy implanted with stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) electrodes who received tACS at 77.5 Hz from 1 mA to 15 mA at 77.5 Hz for five minutes at each current for a total of 40 min. For the current of 15 mA at 77.5 Hz, additional 55 min were applied to add up a total of 60 min. Linear regression analysis revealed that the average LFPs for the remaining contacts on both sides of the hippocampus, insula, and amygdala of each patient were statistically associated with the given currents in each patient (p < 0.05–0.01), except for the left insula of one subject (p = 0.053). Alternating currents greater than 7 mA were required to produce significant differences in LFPs in the three brain regions compared to LFPs at 0 mA (p < 0.05). The differences remained significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons (p < 0.05). Our study provides direct evidence that the specific tACS procedures are capable of delivering electrical currents to deep brain tissues, opening a realistic avenue for modulating or treating neuropsychiatric disorders associated with hippocampus, insula, and amygdala.
A real-world study of the first use of palbociclib for the treatment of advanced breast cancer within the UK National Health Service as part of the novel Ibrance® Patient Program
Authors: Palmieri Carlo , Musson Alison , Harper-Wynne Catherine , Wheatley Duncan , Bertelli Gianfilippo , Macpherson Iain R. , Nathan Mark , McDowall Ellie , Bhojwani Ajay , Verrill Mark , Eva Joe , Doody Colm , Chowdhury Ruhe 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background
The Ibrance® Patient Program was established to provide access to palbociclib for UK National Health Service (NHS) patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC), pending a funding decision.

Methods
Non-interventional cohort study involving a retrospective medical record review of patients commenced on palbociclib between April and December 2017 at eight UK centres. Primary outcomes included clinicopathological characteristics, treatment patterns, clinical outcomes and selected adverse events.

Results
Overall, 191 patients were identified, median age of 57.0 years (range 24.3–90.9); 30% were diagnosed with de novo MBC; 72% received first-line and 10% as ≥ second-line treatment. Median progression-free survival (95% CI) was 22.8 months (16.5–not reached [NR]) in first-line; NR in patients with de novo MBC; 7.8 months (6.8–NR) in ≥ second-line (median follow-up: 24 months). Median overall survival (OS) was NR in the overall cohort; OS rate (95% CI) at 24 months was 74.2% (67.1–81.9%) in first-line; 82.1% (72.6–92.8%) in patients with de novo MBC; 55.0% (37.0–81.8%) in ≥ second-line. Forty-seven per cent of patients developed grade 3–4 neutropenia; 3% febrile neutropenia.

Conclusion
This study supports the effectiveness of palbociclib and demonstrates the benefit to patients of early access schemes that bridge the gap between regulatory approval and NHS funding for new medicines.

Clinical trial registration
Clinical trial: ClinicalTrial.gov:NCT03921866.
The global wildland–urban interface
Authors: Schug Franz , Bar-Massada Avi , Carlson Amanda R. , Cox Heather , Hawbaker Todd J. , Helmers David , Hostert Patrick , Kaim Dominik , Kasraee Neda K. , Martinuzzi Sebastián , Mockrin Miranda H. , Pfoch Kira A. , Radeloff Volker C. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe wildland–urban interface (WUI) is where buildings and wildland vegetation meet or intermingle1,2. It is where human–environmental conflicts and risks can be concentrated, including the loss of houses and lives to wildfire, habitat loss and fragmentation and the spread of zoonotic diseases3. However, a global analysis of the WUI has been lacking. Here, we present a global map of the 2020 WUI at 10 m resolution using a globally consistent and validated approach based on remote sensing-derived datasets of building area4 and wildland vegetation5. We show that the WUI is a global phenomenon, identify many previously undocumented WUI hotspots and highlight the wide range of population density, land cover types and biomass levels in different parts of the global WUI. The WUI covers only 4.7% of the land surface but is home to nearly half its population (3.5 billion). The WUI is especially widespread in Europe (15% of the land area) and the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome (18%). Of all people living near 2003–2020 wildfires (0.4 billion), two thirds have their home in the WUI, most of them in Africa (150 million). Given that wildfire activity is predicted to increase because of climate change in many regions6, there is a need to understand housing growth and vegetation patterns as drivers of WUI change.
Transition From Childhood to Adult Care in Patients with Type 1
Diabetes: 20 Years of Experience From the Tübinger Transition
Study
Authors: Schweizer Roland , Lösch-Binder Martina , Hayn Clara , Friz Silas , Uber Julia , Ziegler Julian , Liebrich Franziska , Neu Andreas 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Aims Transition from pediatric to adult care is difficult for patients
with chronic diseases. In this study, factors associated with metabolic control
in childhood-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) after transfer to adult care were
analyzed.
Methods Overall, 224 persons with T1D were contacted yearly from 1998 to
2019. They voluntarily answered a questionnaire about their current hemoglobin
A1c (HbA1c) levels, diabetes-associated complications, kind of care, living
conditions, and family situation. Then, mixed longitudinal-cross-sectional
analyses were carried out.
Results Overall, 190 patients answered at least once (mean age: 26.6
years). Diabetes complications were mentioned by 10 patients (5
microalbuminuria, 5 retinopathy). Most patients (92.6%) were in
diabetes-specific care during the first year after transfer, with a trend to
leave diabetes-specific care during the observation period. Patients in
diabetes-specific care displayed lower HbA1c levels
(%/mmol/mol) (7.1/54 vs. 7.5/58).
An important predictor for HbA1c after transfer was HbA1c during the year before
transfer (r=0.67, p <0.001). Patients living alone showed no
difference in HbA1c levels from those living with their parents. Married
patients had lower HbA1c levels (7.0/53 vs. 7.3/56,
p<0.05) than unmarried ones. Patients with children (15.8%)
presented lower HbA1c levels (6.9/52 vs. 7.3/56, p
<0.01) than those without.
Conclusions Good metabolic results are favored in patients followed-up in
specialized care, are married, and are parents. We recommend transfer to a
diabetologist with experience in T1D at an individual age.
Tourniquet Use in Extremity-Based Microsurgery
Authors: Corbett John , Rocks Madeline , Wu Meagan , Nemir Stephanie , Castro Jose , Gonzalez Gilberto , Azad Ali , Hacquebord Jacques , Diamond Shawn 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background The use of tourniquets and their role in extremity-based microsurgery has not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate tourniquet use and its associated outcomes and complications. The authors hypothesize that tourniquets enhance visualization, bloodless approaches to vessel harvest, flap elevation, and anastomosis without added complications.
Methods A retrospective chart review was completed for patients who had undergone extremity-based microsurgery with the use of a tourniquet between January 2018 and February 2022 at two large academic institutions. Demographic characteristics, initial reasons for surgery, complications, and outcomes were recorded. Patients were separated into groups based on tourniquet use during three operative segments: (1) flap elevation, (2) vessel harvest, and (3) microvascular anastomosis. An internal comparison of complication rate was performed between cases for which a tourniquet was used for one operative segment to all cases in which it was not used for the same operative segment. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed to identify statistically significant results.
Results A total of 99 patients (106 surgeries) were included in this study across sites. The mean age was 41.2 years and 67.7% of the patients were male. The most common reason for microsurgical reconstruction was trauma (50.5%). The need for an additional unplanned surgery was the most common surgical complication (16%). A total of 70, 61, and 32% of procedures used a tourniquet for flap elevation, vessel harvest, and for anastomosis, respectively. Statistical analyses identified no difference in complication rates for procedures for which a tourniquet was or was not used for interventions.
Conclusion Based on these results, the authors state that tourniquets can be utilized for extremity-based microsurgery to enable bloodless dissection without the concern of increased complication rates.