bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anaphoric Islands
Authors: Ward Gregory , Sproat Richard 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Following Postal, alternative grammar‐based explanations of so‐called inbound and outbound anaphora were offered including more general notions of Lexical Integrity, all of which assumed that both inbound and outbound anaphora were categorically disallowed. However, it was soon observed that judgements of ‘outbound anaphora’ were gradient and context‐sensitive. Such counter‐examples were relegated to some (undefined) mechanism of ‘pragmatic amnestying’, inexplicably unavailable for ‘inbound anaphora’, which remains ill‐formed in any context. A general prohibition on pronouns occurring within words does seem to be operative in English (though, crucially, not in other languages) but outbound anaphora, as was first argued in Ward et al., is in fact grammatically unrestricted. As with anaphora in general, its felicity is shown to be a function of the accessibility of the referent, that is, the discourse entity to which an anaphor is used to refer. Subsequent work identified a number of formal and functional factors that increase the accessibility of discourse entities and therefore the felicity of anaphors being used to reference those entities. This analysis is supported by a corpus of naturally occurring tokens of outbound anaphora as well as a series of psycholinguistic studies that reveal that topicality and contrast facilitate comprehension of anaphors with word‐internal antecedents. One direct consequence of this work is that references to grammatical constraints on outbound anaphora have all but disappeared from the literature.
Back‐Formations and Subtractive Morphology
Authors: Köhnlein Björn 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAfter a brief introduction to the concepts of back‐formation and subtractive morphology, this entry discusses subtractive morphology in German dialects, focusing on relevant descriptive generalizations and their impact on theories of morphology. The entry first describes the most widely discussed German subtraction pattern, where certain word‐final consonants that are present in monosyllabic singulars are absent in corresponding plural forms; some dialects also show subtraction in datives. One largely overlooked aspect of consonant subtraction is the fact that it predictably interacts with overt phonological processes in relevant dialects. It then considers another, less often treated type of subtractive morphology in German dialects, namely vowel shortening in plural forms, which is sometimes even attested in combination with consonant deletion. Lastly, it discusses the theoretical relevance of the patterns and evaluate existing approaches to the relevant facts in the light of the full dataset introduced in this entry.
Blocking Effects
Authors: Embick David , Benz Johanna , Paparounas Lefteris 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis entry provides an overview and synthesis of grammatical approaches toblocking effects: informally, cases in which the ungrammaticality of one word (or phrase) is attributed to the existence of another. The primary focus concerns the scope of competition for grammaticality. While discussions of blocking are often directed at particular parts of the grammar (e.g. derivational morphology) the larger set of questions raised by (putative) blocking effects has the potential to distinguish predictions made by major theoretical movements like the Minimalist Program and Optimality Theory, precisely because of the different roles they attribute to competition. This review of theories of blocking is oriented towards larger questions of this type. It also examines the apparent absence of blocking: cases in which it looks as if one form should (all else being equal) block another, yet both exist. Observations to this effect appear in early and influential accounts of blocking, where they have underappreciated theoretical consequences concerning how the ‘paradigm space' associated with words and phrases is structured. A key theme throughout the entry is whether the phenomena that have been described as blocking effects are derivative of one grammatical (or extragrammatical) mechanism, or several. While the authors conclude that the latter view is correct, part of their argument is that the focus on unity is less important than the question of what evidence for (or against) competition in a given domain would look like in the first place.
Circumfixation
Authors: Marušič Franc Lanko 
Published: September 2023

AbstractCircumfixation is a morphological operation as a result of which an affix appears to surround or circumscribe the stem. There are three possible arrangements of the affixal element and the stem in which the stem is circumscribed by the affix: a single affix can appear simultaneously on both sides of the stem, which is what I call amonomorphic circumfix, two independent affixes can be placed each on a different side of the stem, or else an affix could be alternating between a suffix and a prefix, by which it would in a sense also circumscribe the stem, it just would not do so simultaneously. The last‐mentioned option results inmobile affixes, which are covered in more detail in ‘Metathesis’ in this volume. This entry goes over various possible attestations of these three patterns and argues the only possible type of circumfixes are bimorphic circumfixes. It further claims that even the bimorphic circumfixes are (most likely) bimorphemic. Theoretical and processing reasons are presented that favour this restriction.
Category Change without Overt Marking
Authors: Don Jan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractCategory change without overt marking is often called conversion or zero‐derivation. In discussing a few landmarks in the research on conversion, this article presents the arguments for and against the idea that conversion is a separate grammatical process, or that it is performed through zero affixes. The empirical evidence supports the idea that, within certain limits, conversion does not exist as a separate process or means to derive words, but rather that it is an epiphenomenon resulting from uncategorized elements in the lexicon that can be freely inserted into syntactic environments that define the category of the inserted element.
Defectiveness
Authors: Sims Andrea D. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractMorphological defectiveness is a situation in which an inflected or derived word is expected in a language but no word with that meaning exists. It is thus a kind of absolute ungrammaticality or ineffability. In the context of the productive nature of morphology, gaps in inflectional and derivational paradigms seem anomalous – situations in which the grammar fails. Investigating the absence of a morphological form raises definitional and methodological issues, but the diverse causes of gaps allow insight into various aspects of morphological structure. Structural causes include phonotactic ill‐formedness, indeterminate allomorphy, anti‐allomorphy effects (lexical conservatism), and homophony avoidance, among others. Gaps also can arise in the context of lexicalization, inflectional loss and borrowing. At the same time, structural properties that the defective words in a language have in common often are also shared with non‐defective words. This raises the question of why defectiveness occurs instead of a structural repair or some other gap‐filling form. The frequent inadequacy of structural factors for predicting which words are defective suggests the need for a closer examination of the causes of defectiveness, in particular attention to mechanistic explanation. This includes processes involved in learning and change.
Deponency
Authors: Grestenberger Laura 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe terms ‘deponency’ and ‘deponents’ originally referred to a particular class of Latin verbs, which take passive (‘non‐active’) morphology but are syntactically active. The term has been extended to verbs in other languages with seemingly aberrant voice morphology, and eventually to other kinds of perceived mismatches between morphology and syntax. Deponency has therefore become a useful tool for testing assumptions regarding the lexicon–(morpho)syntax interface. This entry uses deponency in Latin as a case study for various issues and discusses the behaviour of Latin deponents in finite and non‐finite contexts, in primary and secondary verbs, and from various theoretical perspectives.
Endoclisis and Mesoclisis
Authors: Crysmann Berthold , Luís Ana R. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractMost clitics tend to be placed at the edge of a host, either as proclitics, to the left, or as enclitics, to the right. More rarely, however, clitics may also appear within the host word and these cases are referred to in the literature, rather interchangeably, as either mesoclitics (from Lat. meso ‘middle’) or endoclitics (from Greek endo ‘inside’). The idea that clitics may interrupt existing words has attracted much suspicion over the years and is almost uncontroversially regarded as a threat to lexical integrity. However, as is the case for clitics in general, endoclitics/mesoclitics also do not represent a uniform category. It is therefore essential not to draw conclusions before understanding what the properties of each case are, how they impact on the host word and whether they attach syntactically or morphologically. In this entry we try to shed light on the phenomenon of endoclisis/mesoclisis by examining two sets of word‐internal clitics, namely mesoclitics in European Portuguese and endoclitics in Udi. These two case studies provide us with extremely challenging and at times conflicting evidence as to the syntactic versus morphological nature of the phenomenon. But we hope to show that a careful evaluation of available diagnostic criteria is of utmost importance when drawing conclusions about the nature of the morphology‐syntax interface. Section 1 offers a general discussion of clitics. Section 2 deals with mesoclitics in European Portuguese and Section 3 with endoclitics in Udi. For each case study, we start with a description of the grammatical properties by applying well‐established criteria developed for the clitic‐affix distinction; having established the mixed nature of both the European Portuguese and Udi clitic systems, we then offer a brief discussion of existing analyses. The conclusion in Section 4 presents a summary of our findings.
Exocentric Compounds
Authors: Olsen Susan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWe begin with the patterns of exocentric compounds in the Indo‐European daughter languages and trace their development to the present. In Germanic, their strength diminished as a result of diachronic changes leading to the integration of many forms into endocentric suffixation patterns. Consequently, the term exocentric compound has undergone a modification as it has come to identify the forms that resisted the trend to endocentricity. A different type of diachronic change resulted in the demise of one of the original patterns in Latin, setting the stage for the emergence in Romance of an innovative exocentric pattern to fill the gap.
Expletive Insertion
Authors: Bye Patrik 
Published: September 2023

AbstractExpletive insertion entails the insertion of an expletive, such asfuckin, inside another word, for exampleabso‐fuckin‐lutely. The only unassailable phonological generalization is that the expletive is inserted before a foot. However, there is also a gradient aspect since the relative acceptability of the resulting form depends on the rhythmic quality of the entire expression. This includes whether the expletive is preceded by a foot, the number of syllables in each foot and whether the initial foot bears an accent. This entry argues that this reflects the expressive function of expletive insertion, which is to create an extended domain for an emphatic rhythmic performance. While expletive insertion has a rule‐governed aspect, its expressiveness derives in part from a deviance from linguistic givens, with attendant processing costs. Expletive insertion thus provides an argument for the importance of norms in expressive language use in addition to rules.
Honorificity
Authors: Yamada Akitaka 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis is a survey entry on grammatical devices encoding Honorificity. Rather than presenting a particular theory or an analysis, this entry synthesizes the research that has been done on Honorificity, and explores specific empirical data sets worthy of attention from researchers working on morphology and morphosyntax in general. With this goal in mind, this entry is organized according to the positions of such grammatical devices. Section 2 examines Honorificity in and around the nominal domain, such as pronouns, common nouns and other nominal derivational morphologies. Section 3 explores the Honorificity expressed in and around the verbal domain, such as subject and object honorifics. Finally, Section 4 investigates Honorificity found in the clause periphery, such as addressee honorifics, and other discourse‐oriented expressions.
Morphology in Sign Languages
Authors: Pfau Roland , Steinbach Markus 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSign languages show the same range of morphological processes as spoken languages. Linguistic research on many different sign languages has identified various kinds of inflectional and derivational processes. At the same time, morphological processes in sign languages are subject to modality‐specific properties not found in spoken languages. The impact of the visual–spatial modality makes sign languages typologically more uniform than spoken languages. Three modality‐specific properties are especially relevant for the discussion of sign language morphology: (i) the simultaneous realization of morphosyntactic features; (ii) the interaction of morphology with phonology in the overt realization of these features; and (iii) the impact of gestures on morphological processes. This entry does not provide a comprehensive survey of all morphological phenomena attested in sign languages. It discusses instead three prominent and well‐investigated inflectional processes – agreement, classifiers and nominal plural – and shows how different generative theories (minimalist program, Distributed Morphology, and Optimality Theory) can account for the modality‐independent as well as for the modality‐specific properties of inflection in sign languages. Still, we also point out that classical generative theories developed for spoken languages probably need to be supplemented by a gestural component to account for the impact of gestures on sign language morphology. The main goal of this entry is to exemplify how far morphological processes in sign languages can contribute to a broader understanding of morphological typology and theory.
Multiple and Cumulative Exponence
Authors: Fenger Paula 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis entry discusses various issues related to how features (meaning) can be expressed in morphemes (form). In particular, it focuses on multiple exponence, a one‐to‐many mapping between form and meaning, and the reverse pattern of cumulative exponence, a many‐to‐one mapping. The entry starts with describing what multiple and cumulative exponence is, and provides an overview of the types of patterns that are found cross‐linguistically. The remainder of the entry discusses two issues related to both types of exponence. The first issue relates to cumulative exponence, and where the formation of a single morpheme expressing multiple features should be modelled: in the syntax or the morphology. The main empirical focus is on cumulative patterns of subject and object agreement from a cross‐linguistic perspective, which provide a rich testing ground for where to form a cumulative marker. The last section focuses on several issues related to multiple exponence. In particular, the section focuses on what empirically should be regarded as multiple exponence, and what should be excluded, if we take into account several diagnostics regarding wordhood. Most theories of multiple exponence exclude cases where a single feature is expressed multiple times on different words (for example with negative concord), and only include cases where a single feature is expressed many times word‐internally. However, determining what counts as word‐internal multiple exponence becomes more difficult in languages where wordhood diagnostics are divergent, which then raises questions on what the empirical landscape of multiple exponence might look like.
Multiscale spatial relationship‐based model for predicting bladder wall dose in pelvic radiotherapy
Authors: Gao Xiang , Ge Lei , Gao Junfeng , Cao Zheng 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPurposeThis research aimed to develop a prediction model to assess bladder wall dosimetry during radiotherapy for patients with pelvic tumors, thereby facilitating the refinement and evaluation of radiotherapy treatment plans to mitigate bladder toxicity.MethodsRadiotherapy treatment plans of 49 rectal cancer patients and 45 gynecologic cancer patients were collected, and multiple linear regression analyses were used to generate prediction models for bladder wall dose parameters (, ). These models were based on the multiscale spatial relationship between the planning target volume (PTV) and the bladder or bladder wall. The proportion of bladder or bladder wall volume overlapped by the different distance expansions of the PTV was used as an indicator of the multiscale spatial relationship. The accuracy of these models was verified in a cohort of 12 new patients, with further refinement of radiotherapy treatment plans using the predicted values as optimization parameters. Model accuracy was assessed using root mean square error (RMSE) and mean percentage error (MPE).ResultsModels derived from individual disease data outperformed those derived from combined datasets. Predicted bladder wall dose parameters were accurate, with the majority of initial calculated values for new patients falling within the 95% confidence interval of the model predictions. There was a robust correlation between the predicted and actual dose metrics, with a correlation coefficient of 0.943. Using the predicted values to optimize treatment plans significantly reduced bladder wall dose (p0.001), with bladder wall and decreasing by 2.27±0.80 Gy (5.8%±1.8%) and 2.96±2.05 cm3 (7.9%±5.4%), respectively.ConclusionThe formulated prediction model provides a valuable tool for predicting and minimizing bladder wall dose and for optimizing and evaluating radiotherapy treatment plans for pelvic tumor patients. This approach holds promise for reducing bladder toxicity and potentially improving patient outcomes.
Wisdom of the inner crowd benefits both face and voice matching
Authors: Kramer Robin S. S. , Flanagan Emily , Jones Alex L. , Gous Georgina 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIdentification often involves determining whether two face photographs or voice samples originated from the same person. Here, we investigated the wisdom of the (outer) crowd (averaging two individuals' responses to the same trial) and inner crowd (averaging the same individual's responses to the same trial after completing the test twice) as routes to increased performance. Participants completed the same face (Experiment 1) or voice matching test (Experiment 2) twice with no delay. In addition, we reanalysed previously collected data where these tests were completed with a one‐week interval between sessions. For both tests, whether with or without a delay, inner crowds outperformed participants' individual test responses and were equivalent to outer crowds of two participants. Taken together, we demonstrate the use of inner crowds as a robust method of improvement during identification. In contexts where outer crowds are not feasible, agencies should consider inner crowds as a promising alternative.
Lightweight Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Hollow Stellate Cellulose Films Derived from Juncus effusus L. Aerenchyma
Authors: Chen Qi , Li Wenjian , Yan Feng , Maniar Dina , van Dijken Jur , Rudolf Petra , Pei Yutao , Loos Katja 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis study reports a facile delignification and natural drying process for synthesizing cellulose films using the unique surface roughness, porosity, and lightness of the hollow stellate cellulose (HSC) united aerenchyma of the wetland weed Juncus effusus L. By controlling the grafted amino/fluorine‐bearing group content of various silane coupling agents, this work successfully manipulates the triboelectric polarities of HSC films after silanization. Subsequently, a layer of Ag nanowire electrodes is coated on one side of the silanized HSC friction layers, resulting in flexible, lightweight, semi‐transparent HSC‐based triboelectric nanogenerators (HSC‐TENGs) featuring both macro‐scale surface roughness and micro‐nano inner pores. These all‐in‐one HSC‐TENGs achieve the highest output voltage of 4.86 V, which is 28 times that of TENGs employing two pristine HSC films as triboelectric layers (PHSC‐TENG). Finally, the HSC‐TENG with the optimum output power is applied as a wearable self‐powered sensor for gait analysis, demonstrating stable and sustainable performances in distinguishing different body motions such as walking, running, jumping, and calf raising. This study not only proposes a new cellulose‐based TENG for future in‐depth body locomotion analysis but also paves the way for converting differently structured aerenchyma from abundant problematic aquatic or wetland weeds into promising structural templates in multifunctional cellulose‐based applications.
Fast Nitrogen Dioxide Sensing with Ultralow‐Power Nanotube Gas Sensors
Authors: Jung Seoho , Roman Cosmin , Hierold Christofer 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe study reports fast, ultralow‐power operation of carbon nanotube‐based nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sensors enabled by nanotube self‐heating and transient sensing. The self‐heating effect in the nanotube channel significantly accelerates the desorption of gas molecules, reducing the sensor recovery time to a minute. As gas molecules re‐adsorb on the nanotube after cooling, the initial rate of the sensor transient is used to determine NO2concentration within a few minutes. To accelerate and optimize the operation of the sensor, the study considered temperature profiles along the self‐heated carbon nanotube, their effect on different sensing regions, and a physical model‐based fit. As a result, the nanotube‐based NO2sensor demonstrates recovery and readout times below 5 min and an extrapolated limit of detection below 10 ppb. The peak power consumption of this operation mode is below 6 µW. The combination of fast readout, fast recovery, low limit of detection, and ultralow power consumption demonstrated in this work shows strong promise of carbon nanotube‐based NO2sensors in mobile or Internet‐of‐Things (IoT) applications.