Iron intake in relation to ovarian reserve among women seeking infertility treatment
Authors: Jiménez-Cardozo N , Mitsunami M , Mínguez-Alarcón L , Ortiz-Panozo E , Wang S , Souter I , Hauser R , Chavarro J E 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

STUDY QUESTION
Is there an association between iron intake and ovarian reserve among women seeking fertility care?

SUMMARY ANSWER
Supplemental iron intake above 45 mg/day is associated with lower ovarian reserve among women seeking fertility care.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
Although the literature regarding iron intake in relation to ovarian reserve is scant and inconsistent, some evidence suggests that iron may have gonadotoxic effects.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
This observational study included 582 female participants attending the Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center (2007–2019) enrolled in the Environment and Reproductive Health (EARTH) Study.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
Iron intake was estimated using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Markers of ovarian reserve included antral follicle count (AFC) (assessed via transvaginal ultrasound) and Day 3 FSH, both obtained during the course of an infertility evaluation.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
Participants had a median age of 35 years and median total iron intake of 29 mg/day. Total iron intake was inversely related to AFC and this association was driven by intake of supplemental iron. Compared to women with a supplemental iron intake of ≤20 mg/day, women consuming 45–64 mg/day of supplemental iron had a 17% (−35%, 0.3%) lower AFC and women consuming ≥65 mg/day of supplemental iron had a 32% (−54%, −11%) lower AFC after adjusting for potential confounders (P, linear trend = 0.003). Similarly, in a multivariable-adjusted analysis, Day 3 FSH levels were 0.9 (0.5, 1.3) IU/ml higher among women with a supplemental iron intake of ≥65 mg/day when compared to women with a supplemental iron intake of ≤20 mg/day (P, linear trend = 0.02).

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
Iron intake was estimated using a method that relies on self-report and we had no biomarkers of iron status in our participants; only 36 women consumed ≥45 mg/day of supplemental iron.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
Since all study participants were seeking fertility treatment, our findings may not apply to women in the general population. Although our findings are consistent with studies of women with iron overload, given the paucity of literature on this topic, it is essential that this question is revisited in studies designed to better understand the dose–response relation of this association across the entire distribution of ovarian reserve and the risk–benefit balance of pre-conceptional iron supplementation given its many positive effects on pregnancy outcomes.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
The project was funded by Grants R01ES022955, R01ES033651, R01ES009718, P30ES000002, and P30DK046200 from the National Institutes of Health. N.J.-C. was supported by a Fulbright Scholarship. N.J.-C., M.M., L.M.-A., E.O.-P., S.W., I.S., and J.E.C. declare no conflict of interest related to the work in the manuscript. R.H. has received grants from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
N/A.