bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Victims of criminal offenses: Their needs, rights and respect in practice
Authors: Kerka Ela 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
While the situation of crime victims is analyzed by law enforcement officers, victims of human rights violations deserve special attention due to the very fact that these violations were ‘performed’ by the state, through its official employee or a person who acts in the capacity of an official. This fact does not in any way change the right of the victims to be treated with kindness and respect, nor does it affect their right to benefit from justice mechanisms and to have immediate solutions.
It should be understood that such a violation of individual rights committed by or with the consent of a state official, can seriously damage the relationship between citizens and the State. The outcome of law enforcement, in terms of the current condition of law and order, depends on the existence of good relations with the public. When law enforcement officers carry out practices that contradict the rights and freedoms of the individual, the very link between the organism as a whole and the community is endangered.
Trust and security are two conditions for fruitful communication and cooperation between the community and the law enforcement body. When trust and security are weakened due to the illegal and arbitrary behavior of law enforcement officers, the quality of cooperation and communication is also weakened. Special care should be taken for the victims of such violations so that the occasional incidents do not have devastating consequences on the image and work of the entire law enforcement organization.
A comparison between syntactical functions of Participle II in the German language and participle in standard Albanian language
Authors: Vërçani Brunilda 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In verb system of different languages there is a distinction of finite and nonfinite form of verbs. Finite verbs have morphological categories of tense, mood, person and number. These categories cannot be found in nonfinite form of the verbs (Bech, 1955). Nonfinite form of verbs do not give evidence for mood, person and number (Hentchel & Weydt, 1994).
Comparing nonfinite form of verbs has been the object of different studies. The purpose of these studies is identifying the differences and similarities of nonfinite form of verbs in different languages.
In one language a nonfinite form might be missing, whereas in another language a nonfinite verb is present. These changes make a big difference in morphology and syntax. Every language has its own feature based on grammatical rules.
The purpose of this study is an analysis of syntactical functions of Participle II in German language and participle in standard Albanian language by finding the difference and similarities between them. Participle II of German language or as it is different named past participle coincide with nonfinite form participle of Albanian language. The participle of Albanian language and Participle II of German language have many similar uses in terms of verbs and adjective features. Participles have similar syntactical functions but there are also a lot of differences.
Does the Type of Nominal Personal Income Tax Rate Affect Its Progressivity? A Case Study from the Czech Republic
Authors: Krajňák Michal 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
The article evaluates the influence of the type of nominal personal income tax rate on its progressivity. This is examined in the Czech Republic in the period 1993–2020. Between 1993 and 2007, the nominal tax rate was progressive, while from 2008 until the end of 2020, the nominal rate was linear.

Objectives
The paper aims to analyse if the type of nominal tax rate affects personal income tax progressivity.

Methods/Approach
The article uses analysis, synthesis, comparison and regression analysis methods. The progressiveness of the tax obligation indicator is used to evaluate the degree of tax progressivity.

Results
In the context of the analysis of the degree of tax progressivity, personal income tax is more progressive in the period of validity of the nominal linear rate for taxpayers with incomes below the average wage level.

Conclusions
Since the linear rate has been in force, the government in the Czech Republic has often mistakenly presented that tax rate innovations will ensure that everyone pays the same tax.
Lifelong Education in Economics, Business and Management Research: Literature Review
Authors: Vrdoljak Ivana 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
Lifelong education includes formal and nonformal forms of learning during an individual's life cycle for the conscious and continuous development of one's quality and the quality of life in society.

Objectives
The goal of the research is to identify the most frequent research topics related to lifelong education in economics, business, and management research using a systematic literature review.

Methods/Approach
The study analysed 272 lifelong education papers in Business, Management, and Economics journals using bibliometric analysis, text mining, and Provalis Wordstat content analysis, identifying frequent journals, authors, nations, and funding entities.

Results
Research on lifelong education, focusing on older adults, critical thinking, quality of life, poverty reduction, professional training, and human capital, is primarily published in the International Journal of Lifelong Education. Four clusters have been identified.

Conclusions
The number of lifelong education papers is increasing, primarily published in educational journals. The most common keywords highlight its focus on human capital, supporting economic and social development.
On Bag of 1. Part I
Authors: Watase Yasushige 
Published: September 2023

Summary
The article concerns about formalizing multivariable formal power series and polynomials [3] in one variable in terms of “bag” (as described in detail in [9]), the same notion as multiset over a finite set, in the Mizar system [1], [2]. Polynomial rings and ring of formal power series, both in one variable, have been formalized in [6], [5] respectively, and elements of these rings are represented by infinite sequences of scalars. On the other hand, formalization of a multivariate polynomial requires extra techniques of using “bag” to represent monomials of variables, and polynomials are formalized as a function from bags of variables to the scalar ring. This means the way of construction of the rings are different between single variable and multi variables case (which implies some tedious constructions, e.g. in the case of ten variables in [8], or generally in the problem of prime representing polynomial [7]). Introducing bag-based construction to one variable polynomial ring provides straight way to apply mathematical induction to polynomial rings with respect to the number of variables. Another consequence from the article, a polynomial ring is a subring of an algebra [4] over the same scalar ring, namely a corresponding formal power series. A sketch of actual formalization of the article is consists of the following four steps:
1. translation between Bags 1 (the set of all bags of a singleton) and N;
2. formalization of a bag-based formal power series in multivariable case over a commutative ring denoted by Formal-Series(n, R);
3. formalization of a polynomial ring in one variable by restricting one variable case denoted by Polynom-Ring(1, R). A formal proof of the fact that polynomial rings are a subring of Formal-Series(n, R), that is R-Algebra, is included as well;
4. formalization of a ring isomorphism to the existing polynomial ring in one variable given by sequence: Polynom-Ring(1, R) →˜ Polynom-Ring
.
Isosceles Triangular and Isosceles Trapezoidal Membership Functions Using Centroid Method
Authors: Mitsuishi Takashi 
Published: September 2023

Summary
Since isosceles triangular and trapezoidal membership functions [4] are easy to manage, they were applied to various fuzzy approximate reasoning [10], [13], [14]. The centroids of isosceles triangular and trapezoidal membership functions are mentioned in this article [16], [9] and formalized in [11] and [12]. Some propositions of the composition mapping (f + · g, or f +* g using Mizar formalism, where f, g are a ne mappings), are proved following [3], [15]. Then different notations for the same isosceles triangular and trapezoidal membership function are formalized.
We proved the agreement of the same function expressed with different parameters and formalized those centroids with parameters. In addition, various properties of membership functions on intervals where the endpoints of the domain are fixed and on general intervals are formalized in Mizar [1], [2]. Our formal development contains also some numerical results which can be potentially useful to encode either fuzzy numbers [7], or even fuzzy implications [5], [6] and extends the possibility of building hybrid rough-fuzzy approach in the future [8].
Paradigm Shift for Endometriosis and the Potential Role of Genetic Testing – Going Beyond the 2022 ESHRE Guidelines for Endometriosis
Authors: Irimia Traian , Crișan Andrada , Cotruș Teodora , Tudorache Vlad , Dalaty Mariam , Melinte Marian , Melinte Ioana 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory gynecological disease affecting 190 million women or 10% of women of reproductive age worldwide. The disease is marked by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus, being associated in many cases with chronic pain and infertility. The current recommendations of international professional societies underline the need for laparoscopy, eventually followed by histological verification, as the gold standard for diagnosis. However, many societies recommend the initiation of specific treatment before obtaining a definitive surgical diagnosis. Various national and international societies have released guidelines for endometriosis assessment based on biomarkers; however, none of these recommendations proved to be clinically useful or able to replace diagnostic laparoscopy. In recent years it was demonstrated that oxidative stress, defined as an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidants that is directly linked with an increased inflammatory response in the peritoneal cavity, may be involved in the pathophysiology of endometriosis. The identification of a genetic predisposition for endometriosis can identify the patients at risk and may help clinicians promptly initiate therapeutic management of their patients in order to ameliorate their prognosis.
A Cadaveric Study of Two Uncommon Cases of Sural Nerve Complex Variation
Authors: Șușu Ovidiu-Ioan , Vodă Rareș , Brînzaniuc Klara , Sipos Tamás Csaba , Pap Zsuzsanna 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Introduction
The sural nerve is a sensitive nerve whose function is to provide sensory supply for the posterolateral aspect of the distal third of the leg and the lateral side of the dorsum of the foot. This nerve is formed in the upper third of the calf from the terminal branches of the tibial and common peroneal nerves and the communicating branch of the sural nerve.

Objectives
The aim of our study is to showcase two anatomical variants of the sural nerve.

Materials and methods
Two formalin-preserved cadavers, one male and one female, embalmed using formalin 4% were dissected with the intent of being used as teaching materials for the students attending anatomy classes at the “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Romania.

Results
In both cases, less common anatomical variations of the formation of sural nerve were discovered. On the male cadaver, we identified the sural nerve as a continuation of the medial sural cutaneous nerve. The lateral sural cutaneous nerve and the communicating branch of the sural nerve were both absent. On the female cadaver, we identified both the medial sural cutaneous nerve and the lateral sural cutaneous nerve. The sural nerve was, however, a continuation of only the lateral sural cutaneous nerve, with the medial sural cutaneous nerve as an independent branch.

Conclusions
We described two anatomical variants of the sural nerve, which are less common than those documented in the literature.
Biomechanical Uniaxial Analysis of Porcine Tendon in the CellScale BioTester® 5000
Authors: Fofiu Alexandru , Arbănaşi Emil M. , Tripon Robert G. , Suzuki Shuko , Chirilă Traian V. , Băţagă Tiberiu 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
The study was aimed to evaluate whether a mechanical biaxial tester can be used in a uniaxial mode to evaluate the mechanical properties of tendons.

Materials and methods
The study was carried out on specimens of porcine superficial digital flexor tendon (n = 9). The mechanical properties (elastic modulus, and stress at 15% strain) were measured two times consecutively in the uniaxial mode with the BioTester® 5000 (CellScale) equipment.

Results
Values of 0.313 ± 0.096 MPa for the elastic (Young’s) modulus and of 0.702 ± 0.174 MPa for the stress (at 15% strain) were measured, indicating that the porcine superficial digital flexor tendon is not a strong tendon.

Conclusions
When suitable specimens cannot be obtained for a biaxial evaluation, tendons can be evaluated mechanically in the BioTester® 5000 employing the uniaxial mode.
Experience in the Morphological Study of Dorsolumbar Spine Deformities in Women over 50 Years
Authors: Șușu Ovidiu-Ioan , Vodă Rareș , Sipos Tamás Csaba , Pap Zsuzsanna 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Osteoporosis is characterized by a reduction in bone mineral density. Among the factors that can contribute to the onset of osteoporosis we can enumerate alcohol consumption, smoking, glucocorticoid therapy, or the presence of diabetes mellitus. The incidence of osteoporosis increases with age.

Materials and Methods
A total of 183 women over the age of 50, with a mean age of 67.9 ± 7.74 years, were studied to visualize spinal column alterations. From this cohort, 103 patients underwent bone mineral density testing using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and dorsolumbar radiography, while 80 patients did not undergo DXA testing. Assessment of the degree of vertebral involvement was performed using the Genant semiquantitative method.

Results
The highest percentage of vertebral fractures was observed in patients aged >70 years (100%). Within the studied cohort, 28% of patients displayed multiple vertebral fractures associated with age (p = 0.01). The most common site for vertebral involvement was the dorsolumbar region (D11–L2) across all age groups (p = 0.35). No statistically significant correlation (p = 0.22) was identified between DXA values and the presence of vertebral fractures, despite a trend of increased incidence of fractures as the T-score decreased.

Conclusion
Within the cohort, vertebral fractures were identified both in women with normal values of bone mineral density and in those with osteoporosis. Furthermore, the severity of these vertebral fractures did not correlate with bone mineral density values, highlighting the necessity of using both osteodensitometry and spinal radio-graphs for diagnosis.
Myocardial Infarction in the Context of COVID-19
Authors: Nemeth Adrienn , Benedek Theodora 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic that started in 2019 was a modern-world challenge for medical professionals. The SARS-Cov-2 virus targeted the respiratory and, later, the cardiovascular system. We aimed to identify the risk factors and particularities of acute myocardial infarction associated with SARS-Cov-2 infection.

Material and Methods
This cross-sectional study included 92 patients admitted to the Cardiology Department of Mureș County Emergency Hospital with myocardial infarction, divided into two groups: 46 patients with COVID-19 and 46 patients without COVID-19. Demographic data, risk factors, non-communicable diseases, and laboratory findings were studied and compared.

Results
The mean age of the patients was 65 years, and the majority were male. The identified risk factors were hypertension, body mass index >25 kg/m2, and dyslipidemia. The risk factors for poor prognosis were leukocyte count, higher neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, higher monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, and higher high sensitivity troponin I levels. Left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly lower in patients with COVID-19.

Conclusions
COVID-19 is an aggravating factor of acute myocardial infarction. This research highlights the importance of prevention against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Evaluating the impact of anatomical changes on dose distributions in head and neck cancer
Authors: Sobajtis Aleksandra , Kukołowicz Paweł , Iwanowska-Chomiak Beata 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Introduction: Thanks to modern IGRT procedures, it is possible to track changes in the patient's anatomy and thus calculate the dose distribution for the current anatomical conditions of the patient. This allows the scheduled dose to be compared with the delivered dose. In the case of large discrepancies, it is possible to improve the treatment plan. Radiotherapy, during which the treatment plan is modified, resulting from changes in anatomy, is referred to as adaptive radiotherapy.

Material and methods: This study was performed for 30 patients with H&N cancer at the University Hospital in Zielona Góra. All patients were treated with VMAT. The Simultaneous Integrated Technique was used. In each treatment session, set-up verification was performed. Alternating every other day, the CBCT and two orthogonal portal images were made, and position correction prior to each session was performed. For all patients, new planning CT was made after the 11th and 22nd treatment sessions. Dose distributions with the initial plan on CT11 and CT22 were calculated. The initial dose-volume histograms DVH0 were compared with dose-volume histograms DVH11 and DVH22 calculated on CT11 and CT22.

Results: We compared the dose distribution in the CTVs and in the most important organs at risk obtained for initial anatomy and dose distributions calculated with the initial plan on the CTs performed after the second and the fourth week of irradiation. The differences between mean doses and V95% to GTV obtained for the initial CT and two other CTs were small. For a few CTs, the values of V95% were smaller by more than 5% points. In most patients, the mean dose in salivary glands increased during treatment.

Conclusions: Anatomical changes occurring during radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancers have little influence on the dose deposited in the Clinical Target Volume. Adaptive therapy may be of particular importance if relapse occurs and re-irradiation.
Eine gelingende Familienpolitik ist wichtiger denn je
Authors: Geis-Thöne Wido 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The lives of families in Germany have changed fundamentally in recent decades. In particular, young women are increasingly share an equal division of tasks between men and women. This makes it necessary to have fitting institutional childcare facilities. However, at present there is still a lack of childcare for children under the age of three. In addition, day-care centres must become educational institutions, as an increasing number of families do not speak German at home. A successful family policy is also necessary to make it easier for young people to decide for children, which is important given recent demographic shifts.
Woher kam der deutsche Arbeitsmarktaufschwung? – Und wie kann es weitergehen?
Authors: Hutter Christian , Weber Enzo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
While the labour markets in Europe and around the world suffered from the great recession of 2008/2009 and the European debt crisis of 2012/2013, there was a robust labour market upswing in Germany. We consider the reasons behind this development by examining a broad set of candidate factors in an empirical analysis. Matching efficiency, the intensity of job creation, the growing labour force, and the declining propensity to separate explain most of the German labour market upswing. Not all of these factors are still applicable. Additionally, further efforts to improve job opportunities for the unemployed and to secure skilled workers are necessary.
Kosten der Umsetzung von EU-Recht für Bund und Länder
Authors: Wimmel Andreas 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The transposition of EU law into the domestic legal order can place a considerable burden on the budgets of the German federal and state governments. To identify such financial implications, the public expenditures on EU legal acts estimated in draft laws are statistically evaluated over a period of 30 years. The results show that the number of implementing laws generating costs for public resources has increased significantly since 1990. In addition, the amount of money that has to be spent on transposing and adopting EU laws has recently increased sharply. Both developments make it more difficult to exercise parliamentary budget rights, because delegates cannot effectively control these “EU incidental costs“.
لایه‌نێ كشتوكالى ل رومایێ د سه‌رده‌مێ كوماریدا ل سالا (509-27 پ.ز )
Authors: مصطفى هاريوان , محمد عيماد 
Published: September 2023

قه‌كولین ل ژێر ناڤونیشانێ (لایه‌نێ كشتوكالى ل رومایێ د سه‌رده‌مێ كوماریدا ل سالا (509-27 پ.ز ) , ئه‌ڤ ڤه‌كولینه‌ پێكهاتییه‌ ز دوو ته‌وه‌ران ، ته‌وه‌رێ ئێكێ دامه‌زراندنا سیسته‌مێ كوماری و ته‌وه‌رێ دووێ باسێ لایه‌نێ كشتوكالی د سه‌رده‌مێ كوماریدا دكه‌ت , دته‌وه‌رێ ئێكێ دا دڤێ ڤه‌كولینێدا شروڤه‌كرنه‌ك دایه‌ چه‌وانییا دامه‌زراندنا سیسته‌مێ كومارى ل رومایێ , پاشى هاتییه‌ دیاركرن روما دڤى سه‌رده‌میدا ژ لایێ چه‌ند به‌رپرس و ئیداران دهاته‌ رێڤه‌برن , دیسان به‌حسێ قوناغێن بهێز و لاوازیێ هاتییه‌ كرن ل سه‌رده‌مێ كوماریدا , هه‌روه‌سان ئه‌ڤ ڤه‌كولینه‌ دته‌وه‌رێ دووێ دا ئاماژێ دده‌ته‌ چه‌وانییا كشتوكالكرنێ دسه‌رده‌مێ كوماریدا , دهێنه‌ دیاركرن كانێ جوتیارێن روما ب چ شێوه‌ كارێ كشتوكالكرنێ ئه‌نجامدایه‌, چونكى كشتوكالكردن ل رومایێ كاریگه‌رییه‌كا راسته‌وخو ل سه‌ر بهێزبوونا رومایێ هه‌بوویه‌ ب شێوه‌یه‌كێ گشتى و ب تایبه‌تى ژ لایێ ئابووریڤه‌ , جهێ جوگرافی یێ رومایێ تا راده‌یه‌كى هاریكار بوویه‌ هاولاتیێن رومانى به‌رێ خۆ بده‌نه‌ كارێ كشتوكالی , ژ هه‌ژى دیاركرنێیه‌ دڤێ ڤه‌كولینێدا به‌حسێ لقێن كشتوكالی هاتییه‌ كرن , وه‌كی چاندن و خودانكرنا ئاژه‌لان و سامانێ ماسى د سه‌رده‌مێ كوماریدا , كشتوكالكرن دهه‌می قوناغاندا گرنگ بوویه‌ به‌لێ دسه‌رده‌مێ كه‌ڤنیدا ئه‌ڤ گرنگییه‌ زورتر بوویه‌ , چونكى د سه‌رده‌مێن به‌رى هاتنا سالێن زایینى بده‌ستڤه‌ئینانا خوارنێ پرسه‌كا گرنگ بوویه‌ , ئه‌ڤجا ئه‌ڤ چه‌نده‌ بوویه‌ ئه‌گه‌ر زوربه‌یا ده‌ڤه‌رێن جیهانێ ب ئه‌ركێ كشتوكالكرنێ راببى بو بده‌ستخستنا خوارنێ .
El poder de Tik Tok en campañas políticas. Revisión a las elecciones presidenciales ecuatorianas del 2021 durante la pandemia del Covid-19
Authors: Hidalgo Bustillos Xavier , Delgado Rocha Jorge , Méndez Robalino Alejandro 
Published: September 2023

El presente trabajo analiza el uso de las redes sociales, en el contexto del COVID-19, en campañas electorales, como una herramienta en las estrategias de comunicación política para relacionarse con los nuevos votantes. El estudio se asienta en una base teórica sobre comunicación política y estrategias de comunicación en el entorno virtual y hace una distinción de las generaciones a quienes van dirigidas las campañas electorales en redes sociales.
Posteriormente, observa las características de las plataformas como Tik Tok que los candidatos políticos usaron para difundir su proyecto en los comicios de Ecuador en 2021. A través de estos datos, logra dilucidar la eficacia de la presencia de mensajes políticos en nuevas plataformas y busca, finalmente, entender el nivel de relación entre los mensajes difundidos en redes sociales y las acciones políticas de los sujetos que se traducen en votos.