bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Micromethods for the Study of Proteins and Antibodies
Authors: Stavitsky Abram B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The applicability of the hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition methods to the solution of variety of immunological problems has been described. These include the analysis of anti-protein sera of varying specificity from different species, the determination of the heterogeneity of antigens and antibodies, the analysis of proteins in mixtures of proteins, the detection of non-precipitating or poorly avid antibodies, and the analysis of supernatants of antigenantibody mixtures. It was shown that egg albumin was adsorbed about as well as conalbumin to tannic acid-treated red blood cells but that the egg albumin-anti egg albumin system was much less sensitive than the conalbuminanti conalbumin system for the detection of antibody and antigen. The advantages and disadvantages of the great sensitivity of these methods was discussed. The apparent ability of the reactions to detect non-precipitating and poorly avid antitoxins was also considered. Possible explanations of the lack of correlation between hemagglutination titer and unitage of human and guinea pig antitoxins and the good correlation between these figures for rabbit antitoxins were given.
The Inequality of Potential in Influenza Virus for Adaptation to Mice
Authors: Davenport Fred M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A number of lines of Type B influenza virus were initiated in mice with one of a series of decimal dilutions of infected allantoic fluid. The lines were passed at a constant dilution. The yield of virus in the first mouse passage, and the amount of viral multiplication during subsequent transfers of each of these lines, appeared to be approximately the same. The lines became adapted in an order which corresponds closely to that of the dilutions used to start the lines in mice. The probability that this result occurred by chance was calculated to be two in one hundred. These findings indicate that each virus particle in a suspension of an unadapted line of influenza virus does not have an equal potential for adaptation to mice. Considerations have been presented which favor the hypothesis that adaptation results from the selection of mutants which occur during mouse passage. Hence, it may be inferred that virus in unadapted lines have an unequal potential for mutation in mice.
Studies on Chick-Embryo-Adapted Rabies Virus
Authors: Koprowski Hilary , Black Jack 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The Flury strain at its high egg passage levels was found to immunize adult mice injected intracerebrally against challenge with street virus. Parenteral administration of the virus to mice failed to stimulate a uniform immunity response. No major antigenic differences were observed between the low and high egg passages of the virus. A single administration of the latter induced immunity in dogs, calves, monkeys and chimpanzees. Brief comment was made about these findings.
Heterogeneity of Antibodies to the Human Blood Groups in Normal and Immune Sera
Authors: Owen Ray D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The normal antibodies of human sera that are capable of reacting with human B, but not O, red blood cells, are heterogeneous in kind and degree of specificity. These antibody populations are fractionable by absorption with red cells of various animals. Sera from different individuals of group A, for example, contain different relative activities of a β-antibody fraction that will crossreact with opossum red cells and one that will not so cross-react. In certain group O sera, most of the “β antibody” fraction that is not cross-reactive with opossum red cells proves to be absorbable by (and therefore cross-reactive with) human A cells. Inhibition with opossum saliva has effects closely comparable to absorption with opossum red cells. Other fractionations and tests have been performed, using red cells of man, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, cotton rats, Norway rats, chickens, sheep and cattle, singly and in various combinations. In addition to a considerable diversity of normal antibody specificities within particular sera, there are marked differences among the sera of individuals of the same classical blood group, as well as among the different blood groups.
Immune sera produced by injecting rabbits with human red cells also display antibody populations with diverse patterns of specificity and cross-reactions. Antibody fractions from different sources, cross-reactive with A and B (but not O) human cells, are not all alike; they vary in other details of their specificities, and are often subfractionable by absorption with related antigens.
Experimental data upon which the hypothesis of linkage between specific α and β antibodies has been based are reinterpreted in terms of the heterogeneous antibody populations demonstrated in this study.
Fractionation of sera by absorption with animal cells offers promise as a source of reagents for details of antigenic variation in human cells otherwise difficult or impossible to detect. For example, reagents for a pattern of reactivity common to A, B, and certain rare “O” antigens may be obtainable by absorbing selected O sera with particular animal cells. The problem of removing all of the specific α antibodies, but leaving the cross-reactive antibodies, has however not been solved.
Other implications of the observations reported in this paper, relevant to the origins and behavior of the normal antibodies, have been discussed.
Antibody Formation and the Effect of X-Radiation on Circulating Antibody Levels in the Hypophysectomized Rat
Authors: Nagareda C. Susan 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Qualitative data on the effect of hypophysectomy and X-irradiation on anti-sheep erythrocyte hemolysin titers of rat sera have been presented. Hypophysectomy did not alter the antisheep erythrocyte hemolysin titers of rat sera when animals were injected with antigen 12, 24 and 72 hours, or 6, 15, 24, 42 or 60 days after hypophysectomy. Hypophysectomized rats exposed to a single dose of total body X-radiation of 500 r (41 or 59 days after hypophysectomy) showed a marked inhibition of antibody formation when injected with an intravenous injection of a 0.25% suspension of washed sheep erythrocytes 24 hours after X-ray exposure while animals exposed to the same radiation dose with the spleens shielded by lead were capable of producing antibodies as indicated by the rise in hemolysin titers. The role of the pituitary-adrenal system on antibody formation and release is discussed. It is concluded that in the rat the pituitary is not necessary for the production of anti-sheep hemolysins observed under the conditions of the experiments reported here.
Studies on the Complement Function
Authors: Silverstein Arthur M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Changes in the degree of sensitization of the erythrocytes or of the hemolysis time are shown to affect the activities of several complement solutions to different extents. These peculiarities are attributed to differences in the C component ratios of the solutions. It is suggested that two functional activities are involved in C interactions, one taking part in fixation and the other involved in a subsequent hemolytic attack on the erythrocyte. The apparent anomalies in C activity are attributed to the interactions of these two agents.
Antigenic Relations of Blood Group Antigens as Suggested by Tests with Lectins
Authors: Boyd William C. , Shapleigh Elizabeth 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An examination of some of the unusual specificities exhibited by certain plant agglutinins (lectins) suggests considerable chemical and antigenic similarities among the A1, A2, B and O (H) blood group substances. These lectins are also capable of acting as specific precipitins, and analysis of precipitates made with specific substances shows that purification by ethanol-water fractionation has produced preparations of which over 30% of the nitrogen is specifically active. Practical application of some of these preparations in the routine diagnosis of subgroups is suggested.
Experimental Studies of the Agar-Plate Precipitin Test of Ouchterlony
Authors: Wilson M. W. , Pringle B. H. , Bunday Betsy C. , Bartlett Earl G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The agar-plate precipitin test of Ouchterlony was studied experimentally in order to evaluate the effects of the following factors: Initial concentration of agar, size of Petri dish, initial NaCl concentration in agar, pH of agar, temperature of incubation, arrangement of basins, absolute and relative concentrations of antigen and antibody, discontinuous diffusion.
It was found that precipitin reactions in liquid media did not provide reliable information as to the optimum concentrations of antigen and antibody in the agar-plate test.
No spurious precipitate lines were observed as a result of repeated simultaneous refilling of all reservoirs with fractional amounts of antigen and antibody in optimum proportions.
Temperature changes did not significantly alter the appearance of the precipitate lines. The effect of temperature changes under conditions differing from those of our experiments remains to be studied.
The precipitate lines developed better in agar containing no sodium chloride than in agar containing 0.9% or higher concentrations of sodium chloride. However, omission of the sodium chloride can not be recommended for routine use until its effect on the precipitation pattern has been more fully explored.
Separation of the specific precipitate into multiple zones was noted with high relative concentrations of antigen or antibody, and non-specific precipitation of highly concentrated γ-globulin was observed in salt-free agar. The significance of these findings was briefly discussed.
The Half-Life of I131 Labeled Normal Human Gamma Globulin in Patients with Hepatic Cirrhosis
Authors: Havens W. Paul , Dickensheets James , Bierly James N. , Eberhard Theodore P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The half-life of normal human gamma globulin labeled with I131 was determined in sixteen patients with hepatic cirrhosis and in seventeen controls.
In the patients with cirrhosis the mean half-life measured 9.1 days, and in the controls it was 13.7 days. This difference was statistically highly significant.
These results are interpreted as supporting the concept that the accumulation of gamma globulins in patients with hepatic cirrhosis is due to increased production rather than delayed removal.
Further Studies Concerning a Receptor-Destroying Factor in Human Saliva from Healthy Donors and from Poliomyelitis Patients
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. , Knox Alice W. , Danforth Harriet 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Specimens of human saliva were examined for the presence of an active principle which inhibits hemagglutination by Col SK virus and renders the red cells panagglutinable. Since results obtained by inhibition of viral hemagglutination corresponded closely with those obtained by panagglutination, a simplified technique for the routine determination of the salivary principle is described which is based on the slide agglutination of saliva-treated human O cells by human AB serum. A study of the interaction between positive saliva and red cell suggests that the active principle is of enzymatic nature and is probably closely related to the receptor-destroying enzymes of bacterial origin (RDE). Comparative tests in which saliva was collected over a period of several days from 93 healthy individuals, from 173 poliomyelitis patients during the acute stage of the disease, and from 59 poliomyelitis patients during convalescence, indicated that the active principle was present more frequently and more consistently in the group of poliomyelitis patients than in the control group.
Studies of Hypersensitivity to Low Molecular Weight Substances
Authors: Eisen Herman N. , Carsten Mary E. , Belman Sidney 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The 2,4-dinitrophenyl group, combined with proteins through azo linkage or by substitution in free amino groups, has been studied as a determinant in the precipitin reaction. The precipitin curves obtained resemble those encountered with purified antigens of high molecular weight with the chief exception that in the region of antibody excess antigen is not completely precipitated.
Dinitrophenyl-azo-ovalbumin was a less effective precipitant than the conjugated ovalbumin in which dinitrophenyl groups were substituted in free amino groups. The former, however, was relatively more effective in precipitating antibody from antisera to dinitrophenyl-azo-proteins than from antisera prepared against amino-substituted dinitrophenyl-proteins.
The globulin fraction of pooled antisera to dinitrophenyl-bovine γ globulin contained at least three species of antibodies—viz: those precipitated by bovine γ globulin; those precipitated by dinitrophenyl-ovalbumin and those precipitated only by dinitrophenyl-bovine γ globulin. These were present in the ratio of 1:1:1.3, respectively. After maximal precipitation with each of these antigens the supernates' binding of ε-N-dinitrophenyllysine, a hapten in which dinitrophenyl is combined with lysine in the same way as in the immunizing conjugate, was determined by the method of equilibrium dialysis. The binding in the three cases, relative to the binding by the unabsorbed immune globulin, was in the ratio of 1:0.6:0.25, respectively. Hence, the antibodies precipitated by bovine γ globulin had no detectable specificity for the dinitrophenyl group, and the antibodies precipitated by the heterologous conjugate (dinitrophenyl-ovalbumin) had a greater affinity for the dinitrophenyl determinant than those antihapten antibodies that required for precipitation the fully homolgous conjugate (dinitrophenyl-bovine γ globulin). Antibodies with dual specificity, i.e., with one specificity for the hapten and a distinctly different one for the protein of the immunizing conjugate, were not detected.
The Effect of Histamine Upon the Local Fixation of Antibodies in the Skin of the Guinea Pig
Authors: Benacerraf B. , Biozzi G. , Halpern B. N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The latent period of sensitization of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis of the guinea-pig is inversely proportional to the amount of antibody injected intravenously to sensitize the animal.
The injection of very small doses of histamine intradermally, or the local treatment with mild irritants, can bring about preferentially the appearance of the reaction of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis at the treated site; small doses of histamine or other mild inflammatory agents are therefore able to bring about the local fixation of circulating antibody.
Quantitative Antigen Analysis by the Oudin Method
Authors: Rubinstein Herbert M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of an attempt to utilize the agar diffusion technique of Oudin as a means of quantitatively evaluating the amount of antigen in a solution were presented. The linear relation between the logarithms of the antigen and antibody concentrations, and k, as reported by others, (3, 4) was confirmed, and empirical equations for egg albumin and bovine serum albumin systems were presented. The results of Becker et al. (4) were confirmed in that it was found possible to calculate the diffusion coefficient of these antigens by a derivative of Fick's equation for diffusion, though only to a rough approximation. Further, the results obtained agreed excellently with those obtained for the same antigens by these authors. The value of the diffusion coefficient so calculated depended on the ratio of antigen to antibody, and the best results for the diffusion coefficient were found at the highest ratios. The effect of increasing saline and protein (non-cross-reacting) content on the migration of the specific precipitate ring was studied. It was found that increasing the saline or protein content of the medium in which the antigen was suspended increased the velocity of descent of the ring, and that the increase in velocity thus demonstrated reached a maximum at 2–2.5% saline, or protein, or total saline and protein, concentration.
Strain-Specificity in Tissue Antigens of Mice
Authors: Adler Frank L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By injecting rabbits with kidney suspensions from mice of different strains it is possible to obtain strain-specific immune sera. The strain-specificity may be demonstrated by agglutination of tanned erythrocytes which have been coated with soluble kidney components. The strain-specific antigens studied are water-soluble and probably proteins. They are present not only in kidney, but also in lung, liver, spleen and white cells. Testis and brain are poorer sources of these antigens and mouse erythrocytes and serum appear to be deficient in these substances. The strain-specific tissue antigens are thought to be distinct from blood group substances of mice.
Production of Isohemagglutinins in Rabbits for the Determination of Normal Erythrocyte Survival by Differential Hemagglutination
Authors: Wright Claude-Starr , Dodd Matthew C. , Bouroncle Bertha A. , Bunner Alvinza E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Nine different isoimmune sera were prepared in rabbits and their serologic properties were characterized. A technic was devised for following survival of transfused erythrocytes in rabbits by means of differential agglutination of recipient cells with these isoimmune sera. Data on the survival of normal erythrocytes in normal and sensitized rabbits are presented.
Modification of the Neurotoxic Effect of Influenza Virus in Mice by Xerosin
Authors: Group Vincent , Herrmann Ernest C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Subcutaneous injections of xerosin in mice previously inoculated intracerebrally with toxic doses of either influenza A or B virus delayed the onset of tonic convulsions induced by twirling the mice. Xerosin did not affect the toxic effect of influenza virus inoculated intravenously. Intracerebral injection of xerosin before, but not after, inoculation of virus by the same route completely prevented convulsions and mortality.
Antibody Production by Spleen in Vitro
Authors: Mountain Isabel Morgan 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Eleven rabbits of the same breed but of various weights were given each a single intravenous injection of typhoid vaccine. Four days later, the weight of the spleen and the weight of the rabbit showed a positive correlation. Furthermore, the weight of the spleen (as well as the weight of the rabbit) showed a positive correlation with an index of the antibody-forming capacity of a given mass of the spleen in vitro.
New Tissue Culture Systems for Influenza, Newcastle Disease and Vaccinia Viruses
Authors: Tyrrell David A. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Newcastle-disease virus and vaccinia virus were shown to multiply in cultures of HeLa-strain human carcinoma cells, causing cell destruction.
Several strains of influenza virus (A and B) multiplied in cultures of chick-embryo lung cells, but only NWS caused cell damage.
Both NWS and NDV multiplied in chick-embryo liver cultures and caused cell damage.
The period and conditions of culture affected the production of virus and the destruction of cells.
Interference between influenza viruses and between influenza and NDV viruses has been shown in chick-embryo cultures by preventing multiplication of, or cell destruction by, the second virus.
The mean yield of hemagglutinating WS particles in infected chick-embryo lung cultures was 650 per cell.
Studies on the Transfer of Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Harris Susanna , Harris T. N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cells of the popliteal and axillary lymph nodes of uninjected rabbits were incubated in vitro with dysentery bacilli. The lymph node cells were then washed and transferred to fresh rabbits which had undergone x-ray irradiation 24 hours earlier. Such recipients developed agglutinins to dysentery bacilli on the fourth day after transfer. Recipients of heated aliquots of the same cell suspensions did not develop antibody, generally, until after the eighth day after transfer. These results were obtained with suspensions of dysentery bacilli in the range of 1 to .001%. Similar results were obtained when lymph node cells from uninjected rabbits were injected intravenously into irradiated recipients, which were then injected with dysentery bacilli. The numbers of dysentery bacilli present after manipulation in cell suspensions which had been incubated with various dilutions of suspensions of dysentery bacilli were estimated by setting up typical cell-transfer experiments with living cultures of Shigella paradysenteriae. Aliquots of the various preparations were plated in tryptose agar, and the colonies which appeared were counted. Irradiated rabbits were injected with similar numbers of alcohol-treated bacilli. It was found that the dose of irradiation was sufficient to suppress active formation of antibodies in the range in which the cell-transfer experiments were performed. Typhoid bacilli were injected subcutaneously into all rabbits injected with lymph node cells. Nonirradiated recipients responded with the formation of typhoid agglutinins. Irradiated recipients of heated lymph node cells, or no cells at all, did not generally develop agglutinins during the first 12 days. Irradiated recipients of untreated cells, however, developed agglutinins during the first week after transfer in over 70% of the cases. Irradiated recipients of untreated splenic cells incubated in vitro with dysentery bacilli also developed agglutinins on the fourth day after transfer. Transfer of cells of the thymus similarly incubated did not lead to the appearance of dysentery agglutinins.
Role of Host Defenses in Systemic Klebsiella Pneumoniae Infection: Effect of Antibiotics in Normal and X-Irradiated Mice
Authors: Marcus Stanley , Donaldson David M. , Esplin Don W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
No bacteremia was observed in adult albino Mus musculus for 10 days following exposure to 350 r (LD0/30 days) of total body irradiation. The natural resistance of such irradiated mice to intraperitoneally induced Klebsiella pneumoniae infection was significantly depressed on the first, second, fourth and ninth post-irradiation days when the animals were challenged. The significance of host defense participation in recovery from the experimental infection was inferred from the greater mortality among irradiated and treated mice than among non-irradiated and treated control animals. The critical significance of the cellular defense mechanisms of the albino mouse has been discussed.
Studies on Hemagglutination Inhibition Phenomena
Authors: Downs Cora M. , Fevurly James , Meyer Miriam M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An antigen which interferes specifically with the agglutination of red cells sensitized with Chang's ESS has been demonstrated in the tissues of mice infected with murine typhus.
The antigen is heat stable, does not sensitize cells, and does not fix complement.
The soluble antigen used in the CF test also interferes with the agglutination of sensitized cells, but has not been demonstrated to be present in mouse or guinea pig tissues.
The injection of cortisone increases the amount of interfering antigen, probably by enhancing the multiplication of rickettsia in the infected mice.
The possible diagnostic use of this antigen is suggested.