bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explaining the War and Its Aftermath
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter talks about Gombe researchers that ignore or dismiss the possibility that banana provisioning fostered the Four Year War, although they acknowledge that surrounding habitat loss increased density and food competition within the National Park. It explores the idea that frustration leads to aggression, known as the frustration-aggression response, which has a venerable history in human psychology and anthropology. Jane Goodall generalizes that attacks within the chimpanzee community are often a result of frustration and redirected aggression, often considerably displaced in time. The chapter argues that intergroup hostility was not simply a matter of resource competition. Along with food availability, the most significant determinant of chimpanzee party size is the reproductive status of females.
Interpreting Gombe Violence
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the Gombe as the type case for chimpanzee “war” and has the greatest evidentiary record of any research site. It compares Gombe evidence to differing theoretical expectations, which gets complicated as the essence of science is evaluating theory against evidence. It also explains how Gombe provides the best evidence in all field observations that sequential killings among chimpanzees that confer adaptive benefits. The chapter scrutinizes the claim of adaptation, which brings in hunting, nutrition, and reproduction. It looks at extensive discussions that finish the Gombe narrative, which highlights the belligerent personalities of chimpanzees, how they got that way, and the destabilizing impact of the intensifying human impact.
Ngogo Territorial Conflict
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter lays out the record of intergroup conflict and killing at Ngogo. It presents what needs to be explained for Ngogo, such as intense border patrolling, lethal clashes with outsiders, and culmination of a widely noted conquest of new rangelands. In all of chimpanzee observations, Ngogo provides the best evidence for “war,” even better than that of Gombe. The chapter explores the fundamental idea of chimpanzees revealing humanity’s inborn tendency to war that stands or falls on the Ngogo expansion from 1999 to 2009. It considers chimpanzees patrolling territorial borders and making stealthy penetrations into neighbors’ territories to seek opportunities to kill as the cornerstone of the imbalance of power hypothesis.
Scale and Geopolitics at Ngogo
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates Ngogo’s extraordinary size and density and the differing relationships with its neighbors, all in connection to prime foods grown within old farm clearings, and to more recent and extensive forest loss nearby. It discusses the anthropogenic habitat loss within the Kibale National Park (KNP) that did not end in 1978 and was not reversed until 1992, not long before observations resumed in 1995. It also argues that human habitat modification led to a sharp increase in Ngogo numbers and density to exceptional levels, which enabled and led up to external killings. The chapter makes a geopolitical tour around Ngogo’s edges, demonstrating territorial pressure from southern and western neighbors which are more exposed to recent habitat loss. Ngogo has by far the largest chimpanzee group ever studied, which researchers clearly recognize is what enabled them to kill neighbors and expand.
Kanyawara
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the northwestern edge of the Kibale National Park (KNP), Kanyawara, which is less than ten kilometers away from Ngogo. It considers Kanyawara as extremely important for establishing and countering the demonic perspective, highlighting two deaths of male chimpanzees in Richard Wrangham and Marc Hauser’s Demonic Males. Kanyawara’s chimpanzees are very well studied, being observed daily by teams with highly developed protocols. The chapter emphasizes that the expectation of deadly war and rival coalition reduction fails for Kanyawara. It looks at the historical explanation of material conditions of habitat, demographics, and food through the structure of intergroup relations, which clarifies the presence or absence of intergroup killings.
Eastern Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the central question of whether chimpanzees are naturally prone to kill outsiders when they can do so with impunity. It provides a background on variation in ecology, demography, human impact, social organization, territorial orientation, intergroup relations, and violence. It also documents chimpanzees’ situationally flexible adaptability, rather than one chimpanzee pattern. The chapter describes the genus Pan’s second species, Pan paniscus—bonobos, which are located south of the great bend in the Congo River and have ancestors that possibly crossed during exceptionally dry periods. The chimpanzee last common ancestor is a little less than half the age of the chimpanzee/bonobo LCA.
Central Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes troglodytes
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the Ubangi River in the northwestern Democratic Republic of Congo, which is an impassible divide of the schweinfurthii to its east and the troglodytes to its west. It talks about the known populations of chimpanzees that are dwindling through disease, hunting, and deforestation, although its total numbers are greater than originally estimated. It also mentions troglodytes troglodytes research sites that include reports of intergroup relations that well-frame the extremes of the disturbed and the pristine. The chapter considers the importance of Loango in providing the only example of an intergroup adult killing among chimpanzees in an undisturbed context. The claim on Loango’s importance is crucial for arguing against a human impact explanation and shows that the killer probably was a leopard.
Killings and Explanations
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the killings and demonstration violence of Tai chimpanzee groups, which are consistent with the imbalance of power hypothesis, wherein multiple males encounter and kill a solo outsider. It recounts the 2002–2007 Tai killings and those suspected at Loango that recognizes intergroup killing as a typical aspect of chimpanzee sociality that is not due to increased human encroachment. It also explores the existential threat posed by leopards that fosters intense in-group loyalties among chimpanzees, causing individuals to risk injury to themselves in rescues and the development of xenophobia whereby outsiders are violently ostracized. The chapter talks about the elimination of rivals, sex, and food competition that are related to density and coincide to make chimpanzees attack their neighbors. It demonstrates how chimpanzees take into account the main driving forces for survival and reproduction in making decisions about conflicts.
The Case for Evolved Adaptations, by the Evidence
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter contests claims of killing as evolved adaptive strategies, focusing on infants and intergroup killing of adults, especially males. It uses the demonic perspective or Gombe vision to denote the overarching paradigm that came out of the Four Year War. It also mentions most behavioral ecology that concentrates on how populations adapt flexibly to environmental conditions without grand generalizations about chimpanzee or human natures. The chapter highlights several years of observations across Africa, which have shown that when three or more males from one community find a lone individual from a neighboring community, they kill this individual. Intergroup killing appears to be a widespread trait of chimpanzees, rather than the result of circumstances peculiar to one or a few study sites.
Human Impact, Critiqued and Documented
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses how adaptationism puts an end to the idea that lethal aggression in chimpanzees is a nonadaptive byproduct of anthropogenic influences. Perceptions of the behavior of nonhuman primates, particularly chimpanzees, are often distorted by ideology and anthropomorphism. It also disproves the human disturbance theory and follows historical summaries of exactly how anthropogenic disturbance contributed to killings at particular places and times. The chapter mentions the composite human impact factor that uses a measure constructed for the sexually selected infanticide debate about urbanized South Asian monkeys. It considers human hunting as a great threat to chimpanzees and bonobos but is not implicated in chimp-on-chimp violence. It predicts how there will be more male–male intergroup attacks and other sorts of violence as human impact intensifies in the future, which is in sharp contrast to field observations from 1983 to 1998.
Species-Specific Foundations of Human War
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the demonic perspective, broader adaptationist claims, and inclusive fitness theory that are repeatedly challenged by evidence about chimpanzees and bonobos. It points out how explaining war means understanding why war exists, cultural variations in war, systemic interactions of war and society, and why actual wars happen all across human experience and applicable to the contemporary world. It cites Franz Boas’s famous description of culture as that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society and stripped of its racialism and progressive social evolutionary stages. The chapter differentiates human culture from chimpanzee learned traditions. It highlights two unbridgeable gulfs between the species: human symbolic cognition and language, and cumulative development of social systems and material technology.
Applications
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at adaptationist arguments, war by nonstate people, and the archaeological record. It proceeds to where the demonic perspective does not tread, with large-scale war in the contemporary world and demonstrates a framework for understanding war, without the neo-Darwinism, an application that is perfect for paradigmatic comparison. It also talks about the Yanomami that became the type case of “primitive war” through the best-selling ethnography, The Fierce People, by Napoleon Chagnon. Chagnon portrays the Yanomami as undisturbed survivors of the Hobbesian stone age, the contemporary ancestors, with endless fighting over women and vengeance. The chapter emphasizes how the Yanomamo became the go-to case for evolutionary explanations of human war and are invoked for biologistic claims.
Interdisciplinarity from the Inside Out
Authors: Barrett Janet Revell 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
“The inside out” in the chapter’s title captures two themes related to interdisciplinarity as a way of viewing the curriculum: the educative nature of students’ experiences in schools and the way these experiences influence students’ engagement, and teachers’ beliefs about knowledge that make it more likely that students will form meaningful connections of lasting impact. Discussions of the nature of experience draw from the educational philosophy of John Dewey, contrasting school routines that stultify the imagination with portraits of lively student engagement, or educationally vital experiences, in which classrooms pulse with bright curiosity and energy. Dewey’s concept of educative and miseducative experiences offers another frame to view these distinctions. An exercise prompting reflection on teachers’ own school experience provides an opportunity for reframing practices. To encourage flexibility in curricular thinking, the concept of lateral knowledge is described—the use of broad disciplinary interests as paths of insight and curricular inspiration.
C-READY Program General Components
Authors: Murdaugh Donna L. , O’Toole Kathleen M. , King Tricia Z. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter ushers in the expansion of the foundations of C-READY that were elaborated on in Part 1. Based on a neurodevelopmental conceptualization, this chapter introduces Part 2 of the book and explains how to effect change in the youth’s skill repertoire and the youth’s family to prepare for transition of care. The program’s conceptual framework lays the foundation for the intervention, session content, and caregiver involvement. It presents a theoretical model of how executive functioning impacts adaptive, social, academic, and medical areas. Topics covered include the referral process, identification, and steps to achieve goals all within a limited timeframe.
Preparing for C-READY
Authors: Murdaugh Donna L. , O’Toole Kathleen M. , King Tricia Z. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter includes the preplanning aspects of the program, including schedules, program principles, such as reinforcement and reinforcement schedules, errorless learning, and levels of guidance. It explains how to triage referrals and ensure that a cognitive remediation program is a good fit for the youth. Caregivers may seek out a program to address a multitude of transition-of-care challenges. The chapter highlights early detection of potential liabilities and steps for interceding.
Necessary Qualifications and Training
Authors: Murdaugh Donna L. , O’Toole Kathleen M. , King Tricia Z. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines the clinical skill sets required for therapist participation in C-READY. The requirements include a background in clinical psychology, or ideally, clinical neuropsychology, to appreciate fully brain-behavior relationships involved in increasing coping strategies and skills in youth with neurological and medical challenges. Details are provided to assist with therapist training, responsibilities, and knowledge of clinical principles and intervention. The clinician needs to understand prerequisites for transition-of-care objectives; medical and/or developmental challenges, and their effects on independence; and family system characteristics.
Soviets Abroad
Authors: Scott Erik R. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Oksana Kasenkina’s dramatic “leap to freedom” showed how the Soviet Union advanced its extraterritorial claims even as increasing numbers of Soviet citizens traveled abroad. The resulting debates concerning embassy borders, diplomatic immunity, and diplomatic asylum revealed the unexpected emergence of a shared set of interests—and a level of tacit collusion—between the Soviet Union and United States. Ultimately these common grounds shored up diplomatic law against the coming wave of decolonization, the subsequent proliferation of embassies and consulates, and the mounting demands of post-colonial migrants. Just as Kasenkina’s story can be read as an effort to find a place for herself before she was finally hemmed into a Cold War narrative, decolonization involved the search for new forms of political expression but in the end saw post-colonial populations bound to a state system presided over by the superpowers.
The Eternal City
Authors: Parnell David Alan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Belisarius did not idle for long in Constantinople after his triumph for his victory over the Vandals. By summer 535, he and his wife, Antonina, embarked on a new campaign to restore Roman rule to Italy, held by the kingdom of the Ostrogoths. The Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565) provided Belisarius with a smaller army, perhaps hoping he would be able to negotiate a settlement with the Ostrogoths. The negotiations fell apart, and Belisarius captured Sicily and invaded southern Italy. By the end of 536, Belisarius and the Roman army entered the city of Rome peacefully, returning Roman rule to the city for the first time since 476. Once in the city, Belisarius and Antonina together deposed the Gothic sympathizer Pope Silverius and installed Vigilius, who would be more friendly to the Roman cause.
Trying Times
Authors: Parnell David Alan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In 540, Belisarius and Antonina were at the apex of their power and prestige. Belisarius had defeated Vandals and Ostrogoths, brought both their kings as prisoners to Constantinople, and been richly rewarded. But in 540, while Belisarius was still in Italy, the Persian King Khusro I (r. 531–579) invaded the Roman East. So in 541, Belisarius set off on a campaign of retaliation against the Persians, which saw him capture one fortress. Antonina meanwhile helped to disgrace the Praetorian Prefect John the Cappadocian. Then Belisarius and Antonina argued over their children, Theodosios and Photios. The plague emerged shortly thereafter, killing thousands and nearly killing the Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565). This sequence of events led to the recall and temporary disgrace of Belisarius.
The Pelvis and Hip Joint
Authors: Romita Nancy , Romita Allegra 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 investigates key factors that affect range of motion in the pelvis and the acetabulofemoral joint or hip joint. Unconscious mis-mapping of the skeletal structure of the pelvis and hip joint restrict a dancer’s full potential for range of motion and can lead to tension and pain. This chapter examines the key skeletal landmarks to improve the reader’s understanding of the movement function of the hip joint and prevent misalignment/mis-stacking. Movement explorations in this chapter help the reader discover tendencies for both the anterior and posterior tilt of the pelvis and provide strategies for recruiting dynamic alignment through pelvic neutral. Additionally, the chapter presents four factors that contribute to the range of motion in the hip joint. These four factors are unconscious postural habit, skeletal structure, excess muscular tension, and ligament laxity.
Myōe Shonin
Authors: Bulkeley Kelly 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the second of the dream journalists, Myōe Shonin. Born in 1173 ce in Japan, he became an ascetic monk who advocated for religious reforms in the Kegon and Shingon schools of Buddhism. Myōe kept a journal of his dreams, visions, and meditation experiences for more than forty years. The intensity of his desire to emulate as closely as possible the life and being of the Buddha led Myōe on a lifelong quest for visionary experiences in waking and dreaming. In his dreams, Myōe received guidance, teachings, warnings, and anticipations. While dreaming, he entered a more fluid and open-ended spiritual realm, where he felt entirely at home, even when the dreams became strange or nightmarish.
Lucrecia de León
Authors: Bulkeley Kelly 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the third of the dream journalists, Lucrecia de León. Born in 1568 in Madrid, the capital of great Spanish Catholic empire of King Philip II, Lucrecia became known from an early age as a vivid dreamer. A prominent Catholic priest became interested in her dreams and arranged to have someone come to her home each morning to record what she had dreamed. When her dreams turned in a critical direction against the king, Lucrecia was imprisoned and interrogated by the Inquisition, even though her dreams had accurately anticipated the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British in 1588. The collection of her dreams recorded by Catholic priests have been preserved by the archivists of the Inquisition.
Emanuel Swedenborg
Authors: Bulkeley Kelly 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the fourth dream journalist, Emanuel Swedenborg. Born in 1688 in Sweden to a prominent family with connections to the Church, Swedenborg began his life as a talented scientist and engineer with wide-ranging interests. In the middle of his life, he shifted his interests from the natural world to the spiritual world. For the pivotal years during this transition, he kept a dream journal in which he chronicled his spiritual awakening. Due to the revelatory power and inspiring energy of these dreams, along with other paranormal experiences, Swedenborg went ahead to found a new church of mystical Christianity. The dream journal represents a remarkable first-person account of the emergence of a new religious outlook on life.
Necessary Conditions for Feeling Empathic Concern
Authors: Batson C. Daniel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Necessary conditions for feeling empathic concern are proposed to be (a) perceiving the other as in need (either current need or vulnerability) and (b) intrinsically (rather than extrinsically) valuing the other’s welfare. Empathic concern is proposed to be a multiplicative function of these two conditions. Research is reviewed that supports this proposal. Other conditions sometimes thought necessary to experience empathic concern—the other’s perceived innocence, perceived similarity, and adoption of an imagine-other perspective—seem to have their effect on empathic concern through one or the other of the two proposed necessary conditions. Given these two necessary conditions, it’s unclear whether any species other than humans can experience empathic concern.
The Precarity of #MeToo in Pakistan
Authors: Zia Afiya Shehrbano 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Aurat Marches, inspired by the #MeToo movement in the United States and held across many Pakistani cities since 2018, are successively larger, more intersectional, and more politically bold. They also are a target of religio-nationalist backlash—both virtual and offline. At first, the counterattacks were in reaction to the provocative slogans mocking those masculinist norms entrenched into religio-cultural patriarchal privileges. However, this adversarial reaction has also revealed troubling contradictions that have been brewing within new activism itself. These pivot around legal, religious, sexual, and feminist intergenerational politics where some strands within the younger generation in the feminist movement are ambiguous about or avoid confronting religious politics on matters of sexual autonomy and/or seeking legal recourse as a strategy. This chapter explores how the #MeToo/Aurat March in Pakistan has brought into relief some preexisting and unresolved challenges and paradoxes within feminist politics. These require urgent attention to prevent fragmentation and the possible defeat of an emergent new politics of resistance in Pakistan.
The Elevator Effect
Authors: Hazelton Morgan L.W. , Hinkle Rachael K. , Nelson Michael J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Elevator Effect: Contact and Collegiality in the American Judiciary presents a comprehensive, first-of-its-kind examination of the importance of interpersonal relationships among judges for judicial decision-making and legal development. Regarding decision-making, the authors demonstrate that more frequent interpersonal contact among judges diminishes the role of ideology in judicial decision-making to the point where it is both substantively and statistically imperceptible. This finding stands in stark contrast to judicial decision-making accounts that present ideology as an unwavering determinant of judicial choice. With regard to legal development, the book shows that collegiality affects both the language that judges use to express their disagreement with one another and the precedents they choose to support their arguments. Thus, the overriding argument of The Elevator Effect is that collegiality affects nearly every aspect of judicial behavior. The authors draw on an impressive and unique original collection of data since the American founding to untangle the relationship between judges’ interpersonal relationships and the law they produce. The Elevator Effect presents a clear and highly readable narrative backed by analysis of judicial behavior throughout the U.S. federal judicial hierarchy to demonstrate that the institutional structure in which judges operate substantially tempers judicial behavior.