bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implications
Authors: Herce Borja 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter contains a reappraisal of the importance of morphemic structures. It is meant at a cautionary note that the book’s focus on unnatural structures should not detract or distract from the importance of syntactic and semantic features and values in morphological evolution. It therefore presents clear instances of meaning acting as a template for the distribution of morphs and morphological alternations, as well as clear examples that morphological categories like morphomes acting in the same way. Morphological theories should therefore come to terms with the fact that wordform-to-wordform predictive relations and feature value structure both decisively shape morphological and paradigmatic architecture.
Conclusions
Authors: Herce Borja 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter wraps up the book. It briefly summarizes the contents of all previous sections, and recapitulates their main findings, both diachronic and synchronic, and its most important contributions to the field. It finishes by discussing how these findings might link to morphological theory and linguistic cognition. The existence and importance of highly unnatural structures in many languages, it is argued, should not obscure the fact that a general preference exists for less unnatural ones. Facts hence suggest that both language-specific purely morphological templates and more general syntactic and semantic feature values are fundamental to the nature of paradigms across languages.
Imagining Women's Property in Victorian Fiction
Authors: Rappoport Jill 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Imagining Women’s Property in Victorian Fiction reframes Victorian women’s changing economic rights and their representation in nineteenth-century novels to show how a substantial redistribution of wealth was complicated by competing cultural traditions. The reform of married women’s property law between 1856 and 1882 constituted one of England’s largest economic transformations as well as one of its most significant challenges to family customs. By the end of this period, wives who had once lost their common-law property rights to husbands regained economic agency, forever altering the legal and theoretical nature of wedlock. Yet legal rights frequently clashed with other family claims, and the reallocation of wealth affected far more than marriage. In nineteenth-century fiction, women’s claims to ownership provide insight into the larger social networks forged through property transactions and also offer a lens to examine other social matters, including wills and copyright; evolution; the twin dangers of greed and generosity; inheritance and custody rights; the economic ramifications of family obligation; and the legacy of nineteenth-century economic practices for women today. This book explores the widespread ways in which women’s financial agency was imagined by fiction that engages with but also diverges from the law. Repeatedly, narratives by Austen, Dickens, Gaskell, Trollope, Eliot, and Oliphant suggest both that the law is inadequate to account for the way that property enables and disrupts relationships, and that the form of the Victorian novel—in its ability to track intimate and intricate exchanges across generations—is better suited to such tasks.
“Giv[ing] All She Had”
Authors: Rappoport Jill 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Margaret Oliphant’s Hester uses the intense feelings provoked by a pearl necklace to explore two different models for thinking about women’s relationship to property: changing legal rights and family traditions. Awareness of these two models allows us to see how the novel takes what initially appears to be a contest between a naïve, helpless wife and a successful, single businesswoman and transforms it into opposing visions of daughters, one who manages to protect a maternal legacy for herself and the next generation against another who cannot. This shift in perspective forces us to see how these roles coexist, in tension, and also changes how we understand characters’ choices and relationships. Suggesting that their newfound rights to private property will not make women abandon other family traditions, Hester remains ambivalent about the costs and benefits of these rights and reminds us of the other extralegal forces and relational obligations that continued to shape women’s financial lives.
Introduction
Authors: Milburn Josh 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWhat would the food system of an animal-rights-respecting state, or zoopolis, look like? That is this book’s question. Both ‘old’ (moral) and ‘new’ (political) approaches to animal rights endorse plant-based food systems. But this introduction establishes that this book argues for a non-vegan food system. It also lays out some preliminary considerations. This is a work of political philosophy, holding that animal rights are a matter of justice—not of ‘mere’ morality—and that animals have rights because they have interests. But animal rights are not the only concerns motivating the book’s arguments. Humans, too, matter, and can be victims of food injustice. This book is a work of ideal theory, focused on what a just food system would look like, and thus not primarily on how to alleviate injustice in the real world. The introduction concludes with a chapter-by-chapter breakdown.
The trouble with veganism
Authors: Milburn Josh 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAlthough a plant-based food system would have lots of positives, there are problems with veganism. Some are pragmatic, but this chapter canvasses four sets of principled concerns. First, people disagree about what it means to live a good life. Many people’s conceptions of the good involve access to animal-based foods (or things associated with animal-based foods). Second, veganism may create or exacerbate food justice concerns. Third, arable agriculture is not always animal-friendly, raising the question of whether some animal products may be more animal-friendly than some plant-based products. Fourth, a vegan food system apparently lends itself to surprising pro-animal-extinction conclusions. Based on these considerations, the chapter argues that animal advocates should explore the possibility of non-vegan food systems in the zoopolis, and that the zoopolis should (probably) permit and even actively endorse non-vegan food production, providing that we can identify non-vegan, but animal-rights-respecting, food production methods.
Conclusion
Authors: Milburn Josh 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis short conclusion summarizes the book’s arguments, including clarifying what the book has not argued. It also reflects on the possibility of audiences misunderstanding, or misusing, the book’s arguments. It then asks how scholars might take the book’s arguments further. They could consider foods that the book has not considered. Or they could consider goods beyond food. The book finishes with brief reflections on what it means to answer the questions the book has explored correctly, and the impact of getting them wrong.
The Black Social Economy
Authors: Benjamin Tatiana , Austin Sharon D. Wright 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Using the concept of the Black social economy, racial capitalism theory, and the concept of Black social capital, we provide an analysis of the financial empowerment efforts of Black women in Brooklyn and Washington, D.C. In doing so, we emphasize their leadership in Susus, ROSCAs, and cooperatives as a way to assist female entrepreneurs, support the needs of immigrant women, empower women with poor or limited credit records, and generally provide them with financial independence. When examining this topic, we want to demonstrate how Black women pursue group-based initiatives and cooperatives to financially empower their communities. We primarily inquire about two questions. First, how have Black women in America used Susus to their benefit? Second, what successes/challenges have they encountered when trying to do so?
From Perception to Communication
Authors: Cooper Robin 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe aim of this book is to characterize a notion of type which will cover both linguistic and non-linguistic action and to lay the foundations for a theory of action based on a theory of types called TTR (a Theory of Types with Records). The book argues that a theory of language based on action allows us to take a perspective on linguistic content which is centred on interaction in dialogue and that this is importantly different to the traditional view of natural languages as being essentially similar to formal languages such as logics developed by philosophers or mathematicians. At the same time it will argue that the tremendous technical advances made by the formal language view of semantics can be incorporated into the action-based view and that this can lead to important improvements both of intuitive understanding and empirical coverage. In this enterprise we use types rather than possible worlds as commonly employed in studies of the semantics of natural language. Types are more tractable than possible worlds and give us more hope of understanding the implementation of semantics both on machines and in biological brains.
From perception to intensionality
Authors: Cooper Robin 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter introduces a notion of perception of an object or situation as making a judgement that it is of a type. It presents basic notions of TTR, which builds to a great extent on ideas taken from the type theory of Per Martin-Löf. The overall approach owes much to the theory of situations and situation semantics presented by Barwise and Perry in the 1980’s. A central notion in TTR is that of record. The term “record” is used in computer science for what is often called an attribute-value matrix (AVM) or feature structure in linguistics. We use records and record types to model situations and situation types in a sense related to that of situation semantics as developed by Barwise and Perry. The records and record types are also related to discourse representation structures as introduced by Kamp
Modality and intensionality without possible worlds
Authors: Cooper Robin 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter argues that types of situations are better placed to deal with modality and intensionality than possible worlds. In standard formal semantics propositions are regarded as sets of possible worlds. Propositions are modelled as types rather than sets of possible worlds. One important difference is that sets of possible worlds are extensional sets whereas our types are intensional. Thus it is possible to have two distinct types which have exactly the same witnesses. Notions of conversational background and ideals in modality can be seen as resources based on types and topoi as introduced in the TTR literature. Attitudes like ‘believe’ can be seen as a relation between individuals and types. For an individual to believe a type it has to be the case that the type matches the type which models the beliefs (or long-term memory) of the individual.
Type-based underspecification
Authors: Cooper Robin 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter gives an account of how TTR types can be used to talk of content which is underspecified. The idea is to exploit the notion of types which can have several witnesses as “underspecifications” of those witnesses. Rather than associating contents with utterances as we have done in the earlier chapters, we associate types of contents with utterances. Thus a dialogue participant when observing a speech event associates it with a type of content rather than a particular content. We show how earlier ideas about the treatment of underspecification of quantifier scope and anaphora can be accommodated in this view
Patriarch Dioscorus of Alexandria
Authors: Menze Volker L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Patriarch Dioscorus of Alexandria: The Last Pharaoh of Alexandria and Ecclesiastical Politics in the Later Roman Empire offers a thorough revision of the historical role of Dioscorus as patriarch of Alexandria between 444 and 451 ce. The monograph works on the premise that the Christological controversy of the fifth century can only be fully understood against the background of imperial politics in the Later Roman Empire. Christian theology did not develop without its historical context, and how ‘Orthodoxy’ was implemented depended on the mechanisms of late imperial (ecclesiastical) politics. The focus is on Dioscorus, one of the major protagonists of the Christological controversy, whose image is extremely distorted: he became a saint in those eastern church traditions which oppose the Council of Chalcedon, while western church traditions remember him as heretic and violent villain. Western scholarship maintains the image of Dioscorus as ‘ruthless and ambitious’, a ‘tyrant-bishop’ feared by his opponents—the ‘Attila of the Eastern Church’. The book breaks with these negative stereotypes and offers the first serious historical analysis of Dioscorus as ecclesiastical politician and reformer. It discusses the discrepancy that theologically Dioscorus was a loyal follower of his famous predecessor Cyril of Alexandria (412–444) while politically he was the protagonist of the anti-Cyrillian party in Alexandria. Analysing Dioscorus’ role as president of the Second Council of Ephesus in 449 and his downfall and deposition at the Council of Chalcedon in 451, the book also offers a much-needed new reading of the acts of these two general councils.
Conclusion
Authors: Menze Volker L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The conclusion briefly discusses the succession of Dioscorus as patriarch of Alexandria. At the same time, Dioscorus was sent into exile in Paphlagonia/Turkey where he died in 454. Although only deposed and not condemned as heretic at the Council of Chalcedon in 451, Dioscorus was immediately regarded as heretic in the Latin West. Eastern Chalcedonians also regarded him a heretic while the opponents of Chalcedon presented him as confessor for the faith. In the Coptic and Syriac traditions his sanctification began already in the fifth century. Neither the image of Dioscorus as condemned heretic nor as saint does justice to the historical Dioscorus as the book intends to prove.
Bringing Nuance to Autonomy-Based Considerations in Vaccine Mandate Debates
Authors: Blumenthal-Barby Jennifer 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Several policy proposals have been made for how to address the problem of the unvaccinated during a pandemic, including public health education, persuasion, nudging, incentives, and mandates. Often, a Mill-based harm principle (the thought that individual liberty can be overridden when individual choice causes harm to others) is invoked to justify mandates. Application of the harm principle to justify mandates, however, requires a philosophical account of risk as harm, clarification regarding a threshold for when risk and harm to others are significant enough to trigger the harm principle, and consideration of whether there are alternative forms of mandates that would protect others the same amount as mandates while imposing less of a strain on individual autonomy (e.g. mandated daily testing or mandated proof of previous infection in the case of COVID-19). Using COVID-19 as a case example, I argue that the harm principle can likely be applied to justify vaccine mandates, but mostly because of harm posed to hospital workers and systems rather than transmission of harm to individual others. I also argue that even if vaccine mandates can be justified under the harm principle, they ought not to be dismissed as a minor autonomy infringement, as some are keen to do. This is a lesson not just for COVID-19 but for future pandemics.
Handling Future Pandemics
Authors: Kamm F. M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers how moral duties not to harm and those to aid differ, the idea of morally innocent threats, and the role of self-defense in making one safe when not all are safe. These ideas are used to help justify twelve proposals for dealing with future pandemics, including some moral requirements, that aim to be consistent with the views of even those most concerned about personal liberty. The chapter also examines the limits some moral philosophers recommend on interpersonally aggregating losses and benefits and how this affects the morality of hospitals postponing elective medical procedures and the morality of requiring lockdowns. It concludes that imposing relatively small harms on each of many people in order to prevent loss of others’ lives could sometimes be justified to those with libertarian-like views.
Tragic Choices during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Orfali Kristina 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter gives first an overview of the different approaches and ethical frameworks regarding the allocation of scarce resources in the USA versus in Europe, particularly during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic when uncertainty prevailed at all levels. Through observational data, media reporting, reviews, and interviews, the chapter gives a critical account of the harsh reality of triage during the early context of the pandemic in different countries with different healthcare systems. More or less explicit triage took place almost everywhere, often disguised into suboptimal care; excess mortality in nursing homes was a global phenomenon; countries who did well at the beginning were overwhelmed later. Finally, the chapter attempts to draw some lessons for future pandemics by learning from these cross-cultural experiences how to build trust and accountability to increase public support in situations of scarcity and uncertainty.
Ethical Hotspots in Infectious Disease Surveillance for Global Health Security
Authors: Parker Michael 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
At the time of writing, the world remains in the grip of the COVID-19 pandemic. This, along with recent experiences of Ebola and Zika outbreaks, has led to calls for the development of better and more coordinated global strategies for effective pandemic preparedness, response, and prevention. Particular emphasis has been placed on the need for improved infectious disease surveillance and intelligence. Questions of social justice have been a prominent feature of public and academic debate during the pandemic. These have understandably tended to focus on interventions in pandemic response. This chapter argues that important questions of social justice also arise with respect to the impacts of pandemic preparedness and prevention and that infectious disease surveillance is a particularly important example. Although the development and implementation of an effective system of infectious disease surveillance constitutes a vitally important global public good, many of the costs of making this a reality will be borne by those living in marginalized communities in Africa, Latin America, and South-East Asia. Many of the interventions required are likely to have significant negative impact upon the well-being of those who live in such hotspots. New forms of surveillance will mean that these populations will become highly observed, monitored, and intervened upon. Against this backdrop, the chapter identifies a number of new ethical challenges arising in infectious disease surveillance and argues that significant obligations are owed to those who live in these regions. The chapter argues that infectious disease hotspots are also ethical hotspots.
Pandemic and Structural Comorbidity
Authors: Dias Maria Clara , Oliveira Fabio A. G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how the COVID-19 epidemic acted as an accelerator of social inequalities and structural vulnerability experienced by specific segments of the Brazilian population, particularly, and by countries in the Global South, in general. It presents the effects of the pandemic on “groups at risk”. It evaluates these effects against the moral and justice perspective developed by Dias, namely, the Functionings Approach (FA). This is a perspective that (1) aims to abandon current paradigms that violate basic functionings of individuals who remain at the margins of hegemonic epistemologies, and (2) claims a decolonial paradigm as a way to understand the colonial legacies that are still present in the structuring of social inequalities at global and local levels.
Ancestral Voices in Irish Politics
Authors: Bew Paul 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The grand theme of modern Irish history is the political outworking—in a liberal democratic era—of the Catholic majority resentment of historic forcible dispossession. This resentment existed alongside an acute present sense of alienation derived from being a Catholic minority marooned in a majority Protestant state. This book is an attempt to examine the unfolding of this grand theme through the lives of two great Irish political leaders: Charles Stewart Parnell, a Protestant of Ascendancy stock, who built the Irish party in the 1880s into a major force in British politics, and John Dillon, an upper-middle-class Catholic, who was to be the last leader of the Irish party in Westminster. This text deliberately sweeps from broad social issues—in particular the Irish land question—to fine detail of personal behaviour and insider gossip. Ancestral Voices in Irish Politics: Judging Dillon and Parnell is an attempt to re-create the intense drama of these two political careers in a way which illuminates the personal idiosyncrasy of high-wire leadership as it attempts to cope with wider tides of popular emotion. This book also details the emergence of the doctrine of consent as it affected north-east Ulster.
Hereditary Patriotism
Authors: Bew Paul 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Charles Stewart Parnell and John Dillon entered Irish politics in the mid 1870s. They rapidly assumed positions of exceptional influence: apparently united in their pursuit of nationalist objectives. They greatly strengthened Irish nationalism and helped restructure British party politics. Nevertheless, they were, in reality, rarely as one. To put it bluntly, self-government apart, they did not share a common political outlook. This was the case long before Dillon played a key role in destroying Parnell’s political career. The tensions between them reflect, in part, different family contexts. Both came from privileged Irish backgrounds but they were rather different; Parnell hailed from Protestant landed stock while Dillon’s inheritance was Catholic and professional. This study goes to the heart of Irish nationalist belief, but it also lays intense emphasis on presence—physical and moral—in politics. After Parnell’s death in 1891, Dillon moved formally into the leadership of the Irish parliamentary party, which Parnell had played such a key role in building, but he was always troubled by the interpretation of Parnell’s legacy. In the last fifty years, there has been a tendency, perhaps at times a little glib, to see him as unimaginative at best. The Irish government sponsored historic decade of centenaries (1912–22), now passed, has inevitably tended to focus to a significant degree on acts of violence. In the era covered by this book, violence was also important, but the relatively greater weight granted to politics and parliamentary process permits an analysis of a world which is just as intensely Irish because of, not despite, its intimate engagement with English politics and parties.