bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of itraconazole capsules for the prevention of deep fungal infections in immunodeficient patients with HIV infection
Authors: Smith DE , Bell J , Johnson M , Youle M , Gazzard B , Tchamouroff S , Frechette G , Schlech W , Miller S , Spencer D , Seifert W , Peeters M , De Beule K ,   for the Itraconazole Prophylaxis Study Group
Published: July 2002

Objectives  To determine whether systemic or deep fungal infections can be prevented, a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, phase III trial of itraconazole prophylaxis was undertaken in HIV‐infected patients.Methods  HIV‐1 infected patients with CD4 counts < 300 cells/μL were treated with itraconazole (200 mg per day) or matching placebo and followed for 2 years. Development of deep fungal infections, episodes of mucocutaneous candidiasis, change in CD4 count, survival and safety data were collected at each study visit.Results  Three hundred and seventy‐four patients received study medication, 187 were given itraconazole and 187 matching placebo. Time to development of deep fungal infection did not differ between groups, in an intention to treat analysis. Low CD4 cell count and prior use of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis were significantly associated with a more rapid development of deep fungal infection (P = 0.044 and 0.017, respectively). Itraconazole treatment significantly reduced the incidence of oral candidosis (25% vs. 48% P < 0.001) and time to development of oral candidosis (508 vs. 413 days, P < 0.001) but not the number of deep fungal infections (11 vs. 13). Survival did not differ significantly between groups (nine vs. 14 deaths). CD4 counts decreased significantly over time in both study arms. Adverse events did not differ between groups; 20% vs. 23% stopped study medication due to an adverse experience.Conclusions  Although itraconazole prophylaxis significantly reduced the number and time to development of oral candidosis, too few episodes of deep fungal infection were noted to determine whether itraconazole prophylaxis was effective for this condition. Chronic itraconazole treatment is well tolerated in HIV‐infected patients with marked immunodeficiency.
150-MeV racetrack microtron—injector of AURORA (abstract)
Authors: Sugitani M. ,   SHI Accelerator Research Group
Published: July 2002

A 150-MeV pulsed-racetrack microtron (RTM)1 is being developed as an injector for a 650-MeV SR ring by Sumitomo Heavy Industries, (SHI). The ring has a superconducting weak-focusing single-body magnet with an orbital diameter of 1.0 m. This light-source system, named AURORA,2 is designed for industrial use, especially for x-ray lithography with a critical wavelength of 1.02 nm. A unit of AURORA consists of the RTM injector, the compact storage ring, and sixteen SR light beamlines at the maximum. The RTM, which is 1.5 m in width, 3.7 m in length, and 1.5 m in height, is mainly composed of an injection system, a 6-MeV accelerating column, two main magnets with reverse field magnets, beam focusing, and correction elements. The injection system boosts a 20-keV electron beam from a gun up to an energy of 120 keV, using a single-gap cavity. This system, about 1.7 m in length, also bunches the beam with two re-entrant type bunchers in order to increase the acceleration efficiency of the RTM. The accelerating column, the resonant frequency of which is 2856 MHz, is of the conventional side-coupled standing-wave type. The rf power supplied by a pulsed 5.5-MW klystron is delivered not only to the accelerating column but also to the single-gap cavity and the two bunchers. The main magnets are characterized by slightly inclined poles in order to obtain a vertical focusing strength. The mean value of the magnetic field in the main magnets is 1.2 T. The reverse field magnets act as horizontal steerers as well as for turning back the first accelerated 6-MeV beam to the accelerating column. The focusing and correction elements include many permanent quadrupole magnets and some vertical steerers.
The specifications of the extracted beam are as follows. The pulse width is variable from 0.5 to 2 μs, and the repetition rate is up to 180 Hz. Emittances are to be 1π mm mrad in both the horizontal and vertical directions, and the energy spread is to be less than 0.1%. More than 5-mA peak current is expected after 25 turns with 6-MeV energy gain per each. All of the components have been manufactured and successfully tested.3 The assembly of the microtron has been completed and installed at SHI Tanashi Works, Tokyo. The test operation has started and the first 6-MeV electrons have been already observed. Further acceleration is being developed.
Contractile protein synthesis rates in vivo in the rat jejunum: modulating role of adrenalectomy and thyroidectomy on ethanol‐induced changes
Authors: MARWAY JASPAUL S. , MIELL JOHN P. , JONES JENNY , BONNER ADRIAN B. , PREECE MICHAEL A. , HASHIM IBRAHIM , PREEDY VICTOR R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAbstract Acute ethanol toxicity has many deleterious effects on the gastrointestinal tract and, in particular, inhibits small intestinal protein synthesis. The mechanism(s) of the ethanol‐induced inhibition of protein synthesis are unknown. This study was designed to investigate the role of adrenal and thyroid hormones on the ethanol‐induced inhibition of whole jejunal protein synthesis in adrenalectomised and thyroidectomised male Wistar rats. Acute ethanol dosage significantly reduced protein synthesis in all subcellular protein fractions of the whole jejunum, in sham‐thyroidectomized, thyroidectomized, sham‐ardrenalectomized and adrenalectomized rats. Synthesis rates relative to RNA and DNA were also highly significantly reduced in all treatment groups in ethanol‐dosed rats. However in most protein fractions the inhibition of protein synthesis was greater in thyroidectomized compared to sham‐thyroidectomized rats, whereas the reverse was true in adrenalectomized rats. Neither adrenalectomy or thyroidectomy completely abolished ethanol‐induced inhibition in protein synthesis, suggesting that ethanol or its metabolites, e.g. acetaldehyde, acts directly on the tissue. However, the ethanol‐induced inhibition of protein synthesis was greater in thyroidectomized rats demonstrating that contractile and non‐contractile proteins synthesis in the jejunum is under control of complex regulatory processes.
Two Systems for Phosphate Uptake in Yarrowia lipolytica Cells Grown at Acidic Conditions
Authors: Zvyagilskaya Renata , Allard Peter , Persson Bengt L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractInorganic phosphate (Pi) is accumulated by Yarrowia lipolytica cells grown at acidic pH conditions by two kinetically discrete H+/Pi‐ cotransport systems with apparent Km values for Pi of 12‐18 muM and 2‐3 mM Pi at pH 5.5, respectively. One of these is derepressible and operates at low external Pi concentrations; the other is most likely constitutively expressed and comes into play at high Pi concentrations. The derepression of the high‐affinity Pi transport system is under the control of available extracellular Pi as well as the amount of intracellular polyphosphates stores. Characteristics of the Pi transport behavior in Yarrowia lipolytica are discussed.
Virtual realities in Brobdingnag and Lilliput: gulfs and bridges between large and small publishers
Authors: Edmondson John 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThis article argues that the trend towards larger and larger publishing conglomerates is happening in parallel with apparently paradoxical changes in attitudes and approaches towards work and the organization of work. These changes, include for example remote working and the increasingly powerful potential of ‘outsourcing’. Looking at a publishing environment now populated mainly by very large and very small companies, the article suggests a symbiotic relationship between these giants and pygmies. It then looks at major characteristics of small publishers and how such companies can exploit the advantages of smallness to survive and succeed. The specific case of IP Publishing Ltd is used to illustrate some options for small publishers, including their opportunity to operate as ‘virtual’ companies. Finally, the article suggests that small companies can be useful to large corporations as indicators of change.
Electronic publishing: non‐commercial alternatives
Authors: Rowland Fytton 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTA considerable variety of new non‐commercial models for the electronic publication of quality‐controlled scholarly articles have been suggested and in some cases implemented over the last ten years. These models are connected, but vary in various parameters. This paper briefly describes them, and speculates that the most promising model is one where the modest initial costs are paid by the author's institution, quality control is imposed by editorial boards responsible to learned societies, and the journal is published in print at a subscription but published electronically free of charge.
In-vitro susceptibility of 1982 respiratory tract pathogens and 1921 urinary tract pathogens against 19 antimicrobial agents: a Canadian multicentre study
Authors:   The Canadian Antimicrobial Study Group, Blondeau Joseph M. , Yaschuk Y. , Suter M. , Vaughan David 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A total of 3903 pathogens from 48 Canadian medical centres were tested against 19 antimicrobial agents. Five agents showed activity against ≥90%; cefoperazone, 91%; ticarcillin/clavulanate, 92%; ceftazidime and imipenem, 93% each). Nine agents had ≥90% activity against Enterobacteriaceae from respiratory tract infection (cefotaxime and ticarcillin/clavulanate, 90% each; aztreonam, ceftizoxime and ceftriaxone, 91% each; ceftazidime, 93%; ciprofloxacin, 97%; imipenem and netilmicin, 98% each). Similarly, five agents had activity against ≥90% of all 1921 urinary tract pathogens tested (ciprofloxacin and ticarcillin/clavulanate, 90% each; cefoperazone and netilmicin, 91% each; imipenem, 99%). Nine agents had ≥95% activity against Enterobacteriaceae from urinary tract infection (ciprofloxacin, 95%; cefotetan, 97%; aztreonam, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone and netilmicin, 98% each; imipenem, 99%). Seventeen agents had activity against ≥ 95% of Staphylococcus aureus strains. Susceptibility of Pseudomonasaeruginosa isolates ranged from 2% to 91%.
Comparative susceptibility to penicillin and quinolones of 1385 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates
Authors:   and the Austrian Bacterial Surveillance Network, Buxbaum A. , Straschil U. , Moser C. , Graninger W. , Georgopoulos A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Antibiotic resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates has spread rapidly throughout the world since the first description of a strain with diminished susceptibility to penicillin in Australia in 1967. A total of 1385 strains of S. pneumoniae, collected in several centres throughout Austria, were assessed for their sensitivity to moxifloxacin, trovafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin and lomefloxacin. The MICs were determined using the agar dilution method, according to NCCLS guidelines. Both moxifloxacin and trovafloxacin showed good anti-pneumococcal activity in terms of MIC 50 (both 0.125 mg/L) and MIC 90 (both 0.25 mg/L). Less active, but with similar activity to each other, were ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, each with an MIC 50 of 1 mg/L and an MIC 90 of 2 mg/L. Ofloxacin showed only moderate activity (MIC 50, 1 mg/L; MIC 90, 2 mg/L) and lomefloxacin was the least active compound (MIC 50, 4 mg/L; MIC 90, 8 mg/L). Both moxifloxacin and trovafloxacin at a concentration of ≤ 0.5 mg/L inhibited all of the S. pneumoniae strains tested.
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) regulates the expression of inducible NOS in rat small intestine via modulation of nuclear factor kappa B
Authors: QU XIAO‐WU , WANG HAO , DE PLAEN ISABELLE G. , ROZENFELD RANNA A. , HSUEH WEI 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTWe previously reported that neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is the predominant NOS in the intestine. Inducible NOS (iNOS), an enzyme involved in the inflammatory response, is regulated by cytokines via the transcriptional factor NF‐κB. We examined a new mechanism of intestinal iNOS regulation with respect to the role of nNOS and its effect on NF‐κB. Young Sprague‐Dawley rats were treated for 4 days with 1) saline, 2) 7‐nitroindazole (7‐NI, specific nNOS inhibitor), 3) 7‐NI + pyrrolidine dithiocarbam‐ate (PDTC, NF‐κB inhibitor), or 4) PDTC. Intestinal iNOS mRNA, NF‐κB activity, and the tissue content of the regulatory IκBα were examined. We found that 7‐NI‐treated animals had higher intestinal NF‐κB (p50‐p65) activity, lower IκBα content, and increased intestinal iNOS mRNA, iNOS protein, and iNOS activity compared with controls. All of these changes were abolished when PDTC was given together with 7‐NI. PDTC alone had no effect. 7‐NI induces a delayed increase in intestinal myeloperoxidase activity (after elevation in NF‐κB and iNOS), which could be abrogated by PDTC. We conclude that in normal rat small intestine, nNOS suppresses the gene expression of iNOS through NF‐κB down‐regulation and that nNOS suppression leads to IκBα degradation, NF‐κB activation, and iNOS expression.—Qu, X.‐w., Wang, H., De Plaen, I. G., Rozenfeld, R. A., Hsueh, W. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) regulates the expression of inducible NOS in rat small intestine via modulation of nuclear factor kappa B. FASEB J. 15, 439‐446 (2001)
Structural properties of trimers and tetramers of ribonuclease A
Authors: Nenci Arianna , Gotte Giovanni , Bertoldi Mariarita , Libonati Massimo 
Published: July 2002

AbstractRibonuclease A aggregates (dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers) can be obtained by lyophilization from 40% acetic acid solutions. Each aggregate forms two conformational isomers distinguishable by different basic net charge. The crystal structure of the two dimers has recently been determined; the structure of the higher oligomers is unknown. The results of the study of the two trimeric and tetrameric conformers can be summarized as follows: (1) RNase A trimers and tetramers form by a 3D domain‐swapping mechanism. N‐terminal and C‐terminal types of domain swapping could coexist; (2) the secondary structures of the trimeric and tetrameric conformers do not show significant differences if compared with the secondary structure of monomeric RNase A or its two dimers; (3) a different exposure of tyrosine residues indicates that in the aggregates they have different microenvironments; (4) the two trimeric and tetrameric conformers show different susceptibility to digestion by subtilisin; (5) dimers, trimers, and tetramers of RNase A show unwinding activity on double‐helical poly(dA‐dT) • poly(dA‐dT), that increases as a function of the size of the oligomers; (6) the less basic conformers are more stable than the more basic ones, and a low concentration in solution of trimers and tetramers favors their stability, which is definitely increased by the interaction of the aggregates with poly(dA‐dT) • poly(dA‐dT); (7) the products of thermal dissociation of the two trimers indicate that their structures could be remarkably different. The dissociation products of the two tetramers allow the proposal of two models for their putative structures.
Propionibacterium acnes Cloaked with ZnAl Layered Double Hydroxides Synergistically Inhibits Tumor Growth and Metastasis
Authors: Zhu Peipei , Zhou Cheng , Chen Jiafei , Chu Qiang , Li Feiyu , Fu Yike , Li Xiang 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe combination of precise tumor depletion and immunotherapy presents great potential to exterminate cancer disease. Anaerobic bacteria can trigger innate and adaptive immune responses in tumors to facilitate the antitumor effects. However, bacteria injected intravenously induce systemic inflammation and are likely to be eliminated in the blood. Herein, live bacteria, Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), are integrated with ZnAl layered double hydroxides (LDHs) to construct an effective system enabling synergistic inhibition in both tumor growth and metastasis. In this system, P. acnes carries LDHs to reach and penetrate the hypoxic tumor tissue. The metabolism of colonized P. acnes and the pH‐responsive degradation of LDHs produce reactive nitrogen species and reactive oxygen species to trigger inevitable cell death. Furthermore, the decomposition of LDHs exposes P. acnes, and thus the immune response is activated to prohibit the reoccurrence of distant tumors. The biohybrid P. acnes@LDHs, developed in this study, possesses remarkable anticancer outcomes both in vitro and in vivo.
Phosphorus Optimized Metastable Hexagonal‐Close‐Packed Phase Nickel for Efficient Hydrogen Peroxide Production in Neutral Media
Authors: Geng Shize , Ji Yujin , Yang Shize , Su Jiaqi , Hu Zhiwei , Chan Ting‐Shan , Yu Hao , Li Youyong , Chin Yi‐Ying , Huang Xiaoqing , Shao Qi 
Published: March 2023

AbstractDirect synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through electrochemical oxygen reduction has gained close attention yet remains a great challenge due to the slow kinetics. Herein, combining with the virtues of the native high energy state and fascinating surface environment of metastable materials and doping strategy, an efficient phosphorus‐optimized metastable hexagonal‐close‐packed phase nickel catalyst (P‐hcp Ni), belonging to the space group (P63/mmc, 194), with P doping is demonstrated. Significantly, it achieves high selectivity of 97% and a high intrinsic turnover frequency of 2.34 s−1, much better than those of the stable face‐centered‐cubic Ni catalyst. It also displays high stability with remaining in the metastable phase after the stability test. More importantly, P‐hcp Ni also achieves a productivity of 4917.2 mmol gNi−1 h−1 and an accumulated concentration of (H2O2) of 2.38 mol L−1 after 130 h stability test in pure water with a solid electrolyte. Further investigation reveals that the P doping not only greatly enhances the stability of metastable phase, but also weakens the *OOH adsorption on the active site, promoting the high production of H2O2 in the neutral media.
Defect‐Engineering Bismuth‐Based Homologous Schottky Heterojunction for Metabolic Regulation‐Augmented Sonodynamic Tumor Therapy
Authors: Cao Xinyue , Wang Ying , Song Xinran , Lou Wanqing , Li Xiaoyan , Lu Weiping , Chen Kai , Chen Liang , Chen Yu , Huang Bingcang 
Published: March 2023

AbstractSonodynamic therapy demonstrates tremendous potential in biomedicine due to its non‐invasiveness, deep tissue penetration, and spatiotemporal controllability. However, the lack of favorable nanosonosensitizers with prominent reactive oxygen species generation capability and green chemical constituents remains a significant challenge for its broad biomedical applications. Herein, a homologous bismuth‐based nanosonosensitizer (Bi‐HJ) is designed and fabricated by direct defect engineering for combinational tumor therapy. Specifically, self‐derived Schottky heterojunction and oxygen vacancies are concurrently constructed in Bi‐HJ, which prominently promotes the separation of ultrasound‐triggered electron–hole pairs and improves the charge utilization efficiency. With the porous structure, Bi‐HJ is loaded with a metabolic regulation drug atovaquone to block the mitochondrial respiration for oxygen‐economized sonodynamic tumor suppression. The strong near‐infrared absorption of Bi‐HJ imparted by oxygen vacancies allows the implementation of photothermal therapy. Accordingly, Bi‐HJ rationally combines two therapeutic modalities and metabolic regulation function, as well as computed tomography imaging ability, thus achieving effective tumor theranostics in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, this study provides new insight into the fabrication of homologous nanosonosensitizers without the introduction of other constituents for synergistically enhanced tumor therapy.
Single Phase Trimetallic Spinel CoCrxRh2‐xO4 Nanofibers for Highly Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction under Freshwater Mimicking Seawater Conditions
Authors: Jin Dasol , Woo Hyerim , Prabhakaran Sampath , Lee Youngmi , Kim Myung Hwa , Kim Do Hwan , Lee Chongmok 
Published: March 2023

AbstractElectrochemical water splitting is a promising pathway for sustainable oxygen production in terms of energy conversion. Seawater electrolysis, especially, is a sustainable approach to carbon‐neutral energy conversion without reliance on freshwater; however, extreme corrosion of anodic electrode caused by highly corrosive Cl− is a main challenge of seawater oxidation. To address this issue, herein, nanofibers of trimetallic spinel CoCrxRh2‐xO4 with various composition ratios are prepared for highly sustained water oxidation electrocatalysis. Among a series of CoCrxRh2‐xO4, CoCr0.7Rh1.3O4 nanofibers exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activity for oxygen evolution reaction (OER): the highest mass activity, the lowest overpotential at 10 mA cm−2 and the smallest Tafel slope with robust long‐term stability under alkaline electrolyte. In addition, CoCr0.7Rh1.3O4 nanofibers deliver better OER performances in simulated seawater than a commercial benchmark catalyst (IrO2 nanoparticles), demonstrating that feasibility of alkaline seawater electrolysis with CoCr0.7Rh1.3O4 nanofibers as an OER electrocatalyst.
Deconstructive Cyanomethylation Enabled by Radical Cross‐Coupling through Multiple C−C Bond and C−H Bond Cleavage
Authors: Yin Changzhen , Liu Wei , Wu Qiang , Wang Miao , Hu Peng 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBeing in its infancy, radical cross‐coupling is highly efficient for C−C bond construction, though suffers from selectivity problems and limited reaction types. New methodologies to realize radical cross‐coupling selectively are highly desired. Herein, an iron catalyzed deconstructive cyanomethylation of unstrained cyclic and linear alcohols with acetonitrile has been developed through radical cross‐coupling. The unprecedented method enables a ring‐opening functionalization of cyclohexanols to produce α‐cyanomethyl ketones. Notably, the highly challenging reaction involves twice C−C single bond cleavage through β‐scission of alkoxyl radical intermediates, and twice C(sp3)−H bond transformation via hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) procedures, resulting in two carbon radical species that realize a radical cross‐coupling process to form a new C(sp3)−C(sp3) bond selectively. α‐arylketo and α‐aryl substituted tertiary alcohols can also be applied as substrates, leading to terminal cyano‐functionalized linear products, with ketone as the leaving fragment. Mechanistically, a new procedure to generate alkoxyl radical with chlorine radical through the in‐situ formed intermediate cycloalkyl hypochlorite was suggested.magnified image