bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolving Methods for Design by Analysis for Glassy Polymers in Marine Applications
Authors: Kemper Bart , Stromer Jarl 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe use of glassy polymers such as acrylics and polycarbonate for marine hulls, windows, and transparent housings has been in more demand due to increasing use of ROVs, AUVs, and smaller non-military submarines. New "Design By Analysis" (DBA) methods will provide for innovative applications while maintaining safety, reliability, and traceability.The new approach will account for the type of application while enabling new materials and shapes through a combination of experimental and computational methods based on Verification, Validation, and Uncertainty Quantification (VVUQ). Previous standards for life-critical applications like diving systems and submarines were locked into 1970's empirical methods based on defined shapes without directly using material properties. Other uses of glassy polymers, like camera housings, have been more ad-hoc. The method under development will give equipment designers the option to use modern methods like Finite Element Analysis and Computational Fluid Dynamics to innovate within existing engineering code processes.American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Pressure Vessels for Human Occupancy (PVHO) codes and standards was developed in the 1960's and 1970's based on US Navy-funded experiments. It has a proven safety record, so much so it was recently incorporated into the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code for industrial equipment. Limited by its empirical basis, it does not use material properties directly to allow you to reduce the thickness by increasing the strength, as one example. Another limitation is the tables in the code are limited to a specific range of shapes and geometric parameters, all of which were set over 50 years ago without any provision to add new shapes or parameters. These limitations have constrained later equipment development, particularly where there are requirements for engineering code compliance. The proposed DBA method under development through ASME uses PVHO applications as the benchmark for the most extreme risk, given the issue of having humans in a confined space under pressure. Once established, this method can be used for other applications ranging from spaceflight to autonomous vehicles to architectural use with the design margins adjusted based on risk analysis, all with traceability provisions for design, materials, manufacturing, and testing.The techniques proposed for this DBA method are proven and can be used immediately by equipment designers regardless of being part of an ANSI-approved engineering standard.
Harnessing Leak Detection System in Offshore Pipeline Operation
Authors: Susanto Tedy , Nurmansyah Muhammad Dedy , Ladd James Thomas 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Delivery of crude oil from Single Point Mooring (SPM) through subsea pipeline to Onshore Receiving Facility (ORF) play critical role for refinery processing and operation. The pipeline laid in seabed, connecting oil tanker to storage facility on onshore side. Leak Detection System (LDS) is required to monitor any oil leakage from the pipeline. If leak happens and no LDS in place, mitigation action will be late, cause much oil or gas will be released to the environment, dangerous for ocean habitat, harmful for human and asset safety i.e. explosion and fire, then it can impact on company reputation that own or operate the pipeline.
Tankers transport crude oil via subsea pipeline to oil refinery storage tank including activities such as loading, unloading, and flushing line. Pipeline LDS project scope of works comprise hardware, software, and service. The integration amongst these parts will determine project completion success criteria. Supervisory Control and Data Acquistion (SCADA) system located in Central Control Room (CCR) is used to monitoring all pipeline operation over long distance. The connected data start from smart field devices, collected by Remote Telemetry Unit (RTU), transmit by telecommunication media, and finally reach the CCR. All operation setting can be adjustable according to different kind of oil product LDS software is an advanced high fidelity software application for the pipeline industry which meets the American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice (API RP) 1130 Computational Pipeline Monitoring (CPM) system.
When the SCADA and LDS system were installed, the project will continue into commissioning and critical tuning phase where actual values and Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) is established or revised. SPM's power availability from solar panel and telecommunication bandwidth should be monitoring all the time. Parallel with that, there is the possible threshold setting should be estimated as per API 1149 that impact on leak detection performance from several factors i.e. accuracy of pressure, flow, and temperature transmitter, slack line condition, and properties of products. The crude oil coming with different API from different oil producer. The system will continuously calculate imbalances using data gathered from field devices. Dynamic threshold adjustment to mitigate transient alarm and avoid false alarms, which these are temporary changes and are removed after time averaging period end. By have all these information via SCADA and Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) system, it will reduce boat trip to the SPM, which means reduce CO2 emission and operating cost. LDS system will monitor the pipeline leakage and provide good mitigation plan by located the leak with Global Positioning System (GPS), delivering crude oil using offshore pipeline will be safer to human safety and environment.
A Comprehensive Evaluation of Properties of Common and Regional Cement Formulations from a Well Integrity Standpoint
Authors: James Abraham Jocin , Devers Cameron , Teodoriu Catalin , Amani Mahmood 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Oilfield cements have been an integral part of any drilling operation and forms the primary barrier when it comes to ensuring wellbore integrity. The strength of the cement layer is one of the primary factors that confirms the success of the drilling job and ensures the well remains productive and without issues throughout its productive years.
The type of cements used in any oilfield operation depends on several factors including, but not limited to lithology, type of formation, pressures and temperatures, type of formation fluids and the overall purpose of the cement job. This requires customized cement jobs and recipes specific to the well and the section being drilled, and this is ensured by the use of specialized additives to the base cement mixtures to control its properties. Due to major differences in lithology, standardization, and properties of hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Middle East and the rest of the world, several customized recipes and formulations are used which are specific to the region. This paper is aimed at aggregating available information from common cement recipes in the Middle East and North America, and evaluating properties based on laboratory results available from representative experiments done as part of developing a cement database.
The differences in geology have resulted in fundamental variations in cement formulations used in Middle East and North America. Literature from the Middle East region overwhelmingly indicated that API Class G is more commonly used, while Class H cement is more commonly favored in North America and the rest of the world. The differences further extend to the type of additives used as well. Formations in the Middle East have a higher occurrence of vugs and fractures, as well as gaseous hydrocarbons and/or H2S needing the use of LCM and other additives. Cement recipes vary from well to well, as does the use of sea water versus fresh water. Additives such as accelerators, retarders, defoamers, as well as fluid-loss control agents, are also commonly used. All these impact the properties of the cement, especially when monitored over time, and when accounting for ageing effects. Several teams have conducted stand-alone evaluations of various cement formulations, and documented their properties, though the presence of a comprehensive database of literature and laboratory-based results are lacking.
Documenting such variations in the cement formulations and comparing the differences can help in better understanding the functionalities and efficiencies of cements used. Integrating these into a comprehensive database with laboratory-tested results can help in creating a knowledge base which could be utilized by the industry to better understand the performance of these cement mixtures over time and identify potential wellbore integrity issues.
Modelling of Multiphase Flow During Transient Operation of a Carbon Capture and Storage System
Authors: Stokes Stephen , Zhai Suling , Haghighi Hooman , McKay Craig James , Erickson Dale Douglas 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) holds a critical role in securing our net-zero future and significant growth is required in the industry to meet these demands. Typically, CO2 fluid transportation takes place in the dense or supercritical phase before the compressed CO2 is sequestered in a geologic reservoir. However, the CO2 mixture may move across the phase boundary during transient operating scenarios due to the narrow operating envelope. The presence of impurities significantly increases the risk of multiphase flow with implications on the cost of processing, transport, storage and moreover additional challenges to the design, safe operation, and integrity of the system.
Wellbore integrity and risks associated with phase split and multiphase flow is one of the major concerns for CCUS system operation. This paper discusses the setup of a real time Integrated Asset Model (IAM) using a specialized thermodynamic model for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) rich fluid coupled with a sophisticated thermo-hydraulic model for accurate automated forecasts of the CO2 fluid phase behavior and no touch time for liquid dropout (water and liquid CO2) in the transport system including the wellbores and a simplified multi-tank reservoir model for the injection wells. The IAM simulation results have been benchmarked against field operation data. Two specific use cases are demonstrated in this paper.
Firstly, simulation of a well depressurisation was carried out using the IAM in an offline mode to assess the impacts of phase split during a procedural transient operation (leak-off valve testing). Secondly, a sensitivity on the reservoir pressure was assessed to determine if there will be a consequent "stiff response" / significant system pressure change and a risk of multiphase flow due to the subsurface uncertainty.
The field proven real-time IAM model is shown to provide robust and reliable simulation with speed and is demonstrated to be a novel and valuable tool for CCUS operation planning and optimization.
A Novel Technology to Efficiently Detect Hydrate Formation in Subsea Flowlines
Authors: Chittenden Paul , Sporkel Rolf 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The objective of the R&D project and subsequent field testing was to develop, test and commercialize a new technology with an emphasis on scanning speed for use in subsea flowlines to detect hydrate plugs through thick subsea coatings without the need for 360-degree access of the pipe.
Acoustic Resonance Technology has proven to be an extremely reliable and accurate way to measure wall thickness of coated flowlines and risers with insulations thicknesses of 90+ mm. While advancing the use of Acoustic Resonance Technology for pipe-in-pipe applications, it was theorized that the resonant frequencies would be able to detect the unique acoustic signature of hydrate formation within a pipe. The client initiated an R&D project to test the use of Acoustic Resonance Technology on hydrate formations in a lab setting. The testing showed a clear indication of hydrate acoustic signatures while only needing access to the top half of the pipe. The client moved to a field test on a 12 km flowline off the coast of Angola.
The offshore field test was completed on an 8-inch 3-Layer polypropylene (3LPP) coated water injection line at a water depth of 1,300 m off the west coast of Angola. The tool scanned 12 km of pipe within 33 hours and identified the length of the hydrate plug. A second tool was launched to complete a 360 degree scan to define exact start and end points of the hydrate plug. Client achieved a significant cost savings compared to comparable methods due to inspection speed and a reduction in pre-inspection dredging time.
This paper will show how field proven technologies, in particular Acoustic Resonance Technology, can be adapted for new uses within the subsea industry. The testing and field work shown in this paper will provide evidence of a faster and more efficient way to detect and measure hydrate formations compared to existing technologies on the market.
Global Performance of an Asymmetric-Monohull FPSO
Authors: Xia Jinzhu , Yusof Fazli , Sukri Hilmi 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Due to significant levels of transversely imbalanced riser, topsides and structural loads, a conventional monohull FPSO with a large number of deep-water risers hung on one side is not optimal in terms of load carrying capacity, ballasting operation and cargo loading/offloading operation, among other deficiencies. An asymmetric hull form, as applied to the Mero 3 project for the Santos Basin offshore Rio de Janeiro, has proven to be advantageous. In this paper, the asymmetric hull form of the Mero 3 FPSO is presented. The stability, global strength, vessel motion, wave loads, ballast and cargo operations as well as wet tow performance of the FPSO are discussed.
The global performance of the Mero3 FPSO has been examined both numerically and through model tests. Extensive stability verification and loading analysis have been performed using the NAPA software. Comprehensive diffraction analysis and wave basin model tests have been conducted to quantify vessel motion, slamming and green water characteristics. A modified dam-break solution is proposed to determine green water height and speed profiles on the FPSO deck for structural and equipment protection design (Xia et al., 2022). A novel frequency-domain approach is developed to provide both extreme and fatigue design loads for the bilge keel (Xia et al., 2023). The wet tow performance is studied through towing tank model tests and SafeTrans simulations.
Compared to an initially proposed symmetric hull form design, the asymmetric hull form results in more even transverse cargo distribution. It is shown to reduce ballast operation, reduce structural strengthening requirement and improve cargo loading/offloading operability, in addition to improving storage and ballasting capacities. The hull form exhibits excellent motion performance in the Mero3 field that is susceptible to swells. In the 100-year return design conditions, the maximum roll angle is below 6.5 degrees. This makes normal process operation in the 100-year return storms possible. The favorable motion performance also brings benefits to the fatigue lives of the steel catenary risers (SCRs) and the mooring system. Wave slamming on the hull becomes a minor issue with the ballast draft of more than 14m. Design for green water impact is also manageable with improved green water profile quantification developed during the project. Based on the results of the towing tank model tests, no fish-tailing stability problem is expected during the wet tow. Conventional two or three tug tow from yard to field is feasible.
For the first time, the offshore industry is seeing the successful application of an asymmetric monohull for a large FPSO, to be installed in the deep-water Santos Basin offshore Rio de Janeiro. The asymmetric hull form offers optimal global performance in many respects for applications similar to the Mero3 FPSO.
Building a CCS Hub at Scale in North America
Authors: Sandhya Sundar Ram , Preston Broom , Mohammed Saratu , Uvwo Ayse 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Carbon Capture, storage (CCS) and utilization is an integrated solution that can help to abate against carbon dioxide emissions aiding to meet local and global net zero goals. A suite of technical solutions works to capture CO2 that is emitted, followed by compression into pipeline or barging systems that transport into storage sites. At these storage sites, CO2 is injected into rock formations that permanently sequester the CO2 for a long time.
This paper discusses Shell's (refered as "company") ADIP-ULTRA solvent technology, which provides pre-combustion CO2 removal and has been applied to more than 500 units around the world, including the company's operated Quest project in Canada. Quest in Canada is one of the most mature CCS operations in the world having sequestered nearly 8MT so far safely. As part of this technology our company also currently licenses a post combustion capture technology across multiple industries including power, steel, cement, and refining.
In this paper, we will share some of the successful ways of working to overcome barriers of development to create a CCS hub including aspects of successful capture, transport and storage (in underground reservoirs) at scale in North America.
Quantitative Comparison of Four-Point and Multi-Point Support Configurations for FPSO Topsides Module Structures Design
Authors: Lim SawHoon , Luquiau Eric , Van-Meenen Cecile , Tan Jaime HuiChoo , Sablok Anil 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a comparison of four-point and multi-point support configurations for the structural design of typical ship shaped FPSO topsides modules. Quantitative structural assessment is performed for modules with operating weights of between 1,100 MT and 4,800 MT to determine the optimum numbers of module supports for reduced steel weights and costs. Structural analyses of three ship shaped FPSO topsides module structures of different sizes, weights and stiffness values, supported on four-point supports and multi-point supports are performed for in-place and pre-service conditions. Between 9 to 19 supports are provided for the multi-point support configuration cases. Hull deflections based on several reference hulls with single-bottom or double-bottom construction, and suitable fabrication tolerances are considered in the module structural design. Steel weights considered include the weights of the support/interface structures and the hull deck local reinforcements besides the main module structural weight, for strength requirements. For the cases assessed, it is found that by using multi-point support configurations the module structural weights could be lowered, and the weight savings reduce almost linearly as the module overall weight and/or module vertical structural stiffness increase. Based on the module structural configurations considered, a maximum module overall weight has been determined for effective use of multi-point supports instead of four-point supports to produce significant steel weight savings of more than 10% for the main module structures and more than 50% for the interface structures. For modules with greater overall weights, four-point support configuration is found to perform better than multi-point support configurations.
While both four-point and multi-point support configurations for ship shaped FPSO topsides module structural design have their respective pros and cons and have been successfully applied in different FPSO platform designs in the past, the optimum utilization of the two types of module support configurations from the aspect of steel weight and cost, are not well established. This paper presents a direct comparison of both types of support configurations and suggests the optimum support configurations for ship shaped FPSO topsides modules based on the expected module operating weights. This information could serve as a reference in determining the potentially lighter and lower cost module support configurations for topsides module structural design at the start of a ship shaped FPSO platform design project.
Magnetic Coupling for Electric Submersible Pumps (ESPs) and Downhole Gas Compressors
Authors: Patrick McMullen 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Isolation of critical electrical systems, e.g. motors, from downhole liquids and gasses is critical to downhole tool operation and reliability. A magnetic coupling can allow for hermetic isolation between two rotating systems, such as a motor and a pump. The coupling provides non-contact torque transmittal from one shaft to another using magnetic fields, thus eliminating sealing along rotating shafts, instead relying solely on static seals in housings. The design and performance data is the result of the development of a downhole gas compressor using a magnetic coupling to torsionally link the drive motor shaft and the compressor shaft. While developed and in use for a high-speed downhole compressor, this technology is applicable to conventional ESPs, as the design and integration approach can also be adapted for liquid environments at lower speeds and higher torques.
The requirements for the magnetic coupling were first defined based on the compressor operating requirements. In addition to the torque requirement, critical to magnetic coupling design are the operating speed, fluid, temperature and any other constraints, such as size. These requirements guided the analysis, design and testing of the full-scale components. Empirical analysis tools were used for initial iterations in size and performance of the magnetic coupling, followed by detailed magnetic finite element analysis (FEA) using commercially validated tools for the final performance prediction. With analytical validation of performance, detailed designs were developed and hardware was fabricated. Hardware testing was done to validate performance predictions and alignment with system requirements, including static torque measurements and high speed operation.
The design and analysis of the magnetic coupling was conducted and will be presented along with the build and test results. Pole count in the coupling as well as pole width were optimized to provide the highest torque density for the magnetic coupling. Clearance between the male and female magnetic coupling was minimized to provide maximum torque while still allowing for adequate clearance between the male and female to have a sealing cup in place. Magnetic coupling performance results include static torque measurements and high speed operational testing. Test data was used to validate the analysis approach, thus allowing for development of further magnetic coupling sizes and configurations suited for other downhole gas compressors as well as ESP applications. To highlight the applicability, a magnetic coupling sizing for an ESP application was performed and will be summarized.
This technology offers a coupling that can greatly enhance downhole compressor and ESP performance and reliability. The magnetic coupling is a contact-less coupling system that does not require rotating seals, is easily fully sealed from the environment, and has no operating life limits. The coupling can also be built using state-of-the-art permanent magnets, allowing operation to temperatures of 300°C.