bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nickel and Its Compounds
Authors: Buxton Samuel , Verpaele Steven , Oller Adriana 
Published: September 2023

AbstractNickel (Ni) is a naturally occurring element in the transition metals of the periodic table. Nickel is naturally present in the Earth's crust, rocks, soil, plants, and water; nickel is essential to some microorganisms and plants. Thus, nickel is naturally found in a variety of crops, foodstuffs, and animals. Nickel and its compounds are used extensively in applications like batteries, stainless steel, and medical devices. Thus, natural and anthropogenic exposures to nickel and its compounds are ubiquitous. The human toxicities associated with excess exposure to nickel include nickel allergic contact dermatitis, respiratory cancer, noncancer respiratory toxicity, and reproductive effects. The bioavailable nickel +2 ion is reported to drive the toxicities associated with nickel. In this book chapter on nickel and its compounds, we explore the physical and chemical properties, production and use, occupational and nonoccupational exposures, toxicokinetics, toxicities, workplace exposure assessment and surveillance, and last but not least, environmental exposure assessment and surveillance of nickel and nickel compounds.
Rock/Stone Wool (Mineral Wool)
Authors: Houghton Carol , Koch Christoph , Solvang Mette 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Rock wool, also known as stone wool, is a mineral wool traditionally used as a thermal insulation material and it falls within the generic group identified as man‐made vitreous fibers (MMVF). Other fiber types belong to this generic group. The terminology used to define mineral wools and other Man‐made vitreous fibers (MMVFs) is reviewed and defined in this revision, taking due account of the different nomenclature adopted in Europe and the USA. This chapter reviews the fiber types and properties, production, and the routes of exposure. Levels of human exposure are shown to be generally low and well controlled. The lungs and surrounding tissues are the target organs of most interest for potential adverse health effects. Potential impacts of exposure and the mechanisms for fiber clearance are discussed, with both animal studies and human epidemiological data being updated. Current regulatory guidance and the health classifications for rock wool (mineral wool) used in the United States and Europe show no concerns for human carcinogenicity. In October 2001 the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) re‐classified rock (stone) wool and other commercially available insulation wools as Group 3 (not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity in humans) that is not suspected of causing cancer in humans.
Silicones
Authors: Greene Tracy , House‐Knight Tamara , Gentry Robinan , Clewell Harvey 
Published: September 2023

AbstractLinear polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS), often commonly referred to as “silicones,” “siloxanes,” “organosilicones,” or “organosiloxanes,” are polymeric organosilicon substances composed of dimethylsiloxy units with trimethylsilyl end groups. This class of PDMS may best be represented by the main CAS number [63148‐62‐9], although other CAS numbers [(9016‐00‐6) and (63394‐02‐5)] may be considered representative of this class of compounds. PDMS are manmade organosilicon compounds that range from low molecular weight volatile materials to high molecular weight polymeric materials. Silicones have a wide range of applications found in all areas of everyday life. The chemical, rubber, plastics, and construction industries make up the majority of the total market volume. Results from studies conducted in animals following oral, dermal, and inhalation exposure indicated minimal adverse effects, with no significant increase reported in mortality or malignant or benign tumors. Due to the wide use of PDMS fluids in foods, drugs, cosmetics, and implants studies in humans have been conducted. The overall weight of medical and scientific evidence supports the conclusion that PDMS fluids used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, as well as in implants, at the concentrations currently in the marketplace, are not associated with an increased risk of adverse health effects.
Supporting adult working learners
Authors: Roumell Elizabeth A. , Jabarkhail Sami 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper explores the impact of technological advances and digital transformations, with a particular focus on the “future of work” and its implications for lifelong learning and adult working learners. We emphasize the pressing need for human‐centric solutions to address complex human challenges that technology alone cannot resolve, such as access to education, socioeconomic disparities, and cultural barriers. Drawing on articles in this issue, we advocate for cultivating improved human capabilities among systems, organizations, leaders, educators, and learners to navigate the accelerating technological and social transformations in work and education. Additionally, this paper underscores the significance of educators, policymakers, and advocates in serving the lifelong learning needs of adult working learners, while also highlighting the need for more agile and pragmatic strategies. While addressing the necessity of integrating technological advancements with human development, we stress the importance of ongoing education and training to adapt to the changes brought on by Industry 4.0 era. Ultimately, the paper calls for responsive and intelligent education policies and systems that promote the education, well‐being, and economic participation of citizens in the face of a rapidly evolving technological landscape.
Learning and education for older adult job seekers
Authors: Jin Bora , Baumgartner Lisa M. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAgeism in today's workplace can have a range of detrimental emotional, psychological, and economic effects on older job seekers. This article highlights types of ageism in the workplace and the most common age‐related stereotypes in the hiring process and on the job.We explore how ageism negatively affects the emotional and psychological, physical, and financial health of older job seekers, older workers, and organizations. Finally, we conclude with the implications for supporting older job seekers in navigating reeducation and learning for obtaining employment.
Attention‐gated U‐Net networks for simultaneous axial/sagittal planes segmentation of injured spinal cords
Authors: Masse‐Gignac Nicolas , Flórez‐Jiménez Salomón , Mac‐Thiong Jean‐Marc , Duong Luc 
Published: September 2023

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging is currently the gold standard for the evaluation of spinal cord injuries. Automatic analysis of these injuries is however challenging, as MRI resolutions vary for different planes of analysis and physiological features are often distorted around these injuries. This study proposes a new CNN‐based segmentation method in which information is exchanged between two networks analyzing the scans from different planes. Our aim was to develop a robust method for automatic segmentation of the spinal cord in patients having suffered traumatic injuries. The database consisted of 106 sagittal MRI scans from 94 patients with traumatic spinal cord injuries. Our method used an innovative approach where the scans were analyzed in series under the axial and sagittal plane by two different convolutional networks. The results were compared with those of Deepseg 2D from the Spinal Cord Toolbox (SCT), which was taken as state‐of‐the‐art. Comparisons were evaluated using K‐Fold cross‐validation combined with statistical t‐test results on separate test data. Our method achieved significantly better results than Deepseg 2D, with an average Dice coefficient of 0.95 against 0.88 for Deepseg 2D (p <0.001). Other metrics were also used to compare the segmentations, all of which showed significantly better results for our approach. In this study, we introduce a robust method for spinal cord segmentation which is capable of adequately segmenting spinal cords affected by traumatic injuries, improving upon the methods contained in SCT.
The role of quantitative markers in surgical prognostication after stereoelectroencephalography
Authors: Makhalova Julia , Madec Tanguy , Medina Villalon Samuel , Jegou Aude , Lagarde Stanislas , Carron Romain , Scavarda Didier , Garnier Elodie , Bénar Christian G. , Bartolomei Fabrice 
Published: September 2023

AbstractObjectiveStereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) is the reference method in the presurgical exploration of drug‐resistant focal epilepsy. However, prognosticating surgery on an individual level is difficult. A quantified estimation of the most epileptogenic regions by searching for relevant biomarkers can be proposed for this purpose. We investigated the performances of ictal (Epileptogenicity Index, EI; Connectivity EI, cEI), interictal (spikes, high‐frequency oscillations, HFO [80–300 Hz]; Spikes × HFO), and combined (Spikes × EI; Spikes × cEI) biomarkers in predicting surgical outcome and searched for prognostic factors based on SEEG‐signal quantification.MethodsFifty‐three patients operated on following SEEG were included. We compared, using precision‐recall, the epileptogenic zone quantified using different biomarkers (EZq) against the visual analysis (EZC). Correlations between the EZ resection rates or the EZ extent and surgical prognosis were analyzed.ResultsEI and Spikes × EI showed the best precision against EZc (0.74; 0.70), followed by Spikes × cEI and cEI, whereas interictal markers showed lower precision. The EZ resection rates were greater in seizure‐free than in non‐seizure‐free patients for the EZ defined by ictal biomarkers and were correlated with the outcome for EI and Spikes × EI. No such correlation was found for interictal markers. The extent of the quantified EZ did not correlate with the prognosis.InterpretationIctal or combined ictal–interictal markers overperformed the interictal markers both for detecting the EZ and predicting seizure freedom. Combining ictal and interictal epileptogenicity markers improves detection accuracy. Resection rates of the quantified EZ using ictal markers were the only statistically significant determinants for surgical prognosis.
Flexible and Printable Composite Ink for Thermal Management of Soft Electronics
Authors: Bark Hyunwoo , Lee Pooi See 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSince heat generation in electronic devices causes thermal failure, heat dissipation is of critical importance. Furthermore, deformable devices are subjected to mechanical stress, therefore, mechanically stable thermal management material should be considered. Herein, a strategy for printable, thermally conductive, and mechanically stable composite ink for thermal management is introduced. Based on the galvanic replacement between eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn) nanoparticles and silver (Ag) flakes, decoration of the EGaIn nanoparticles on Ag flakes is resulted from the difference in standard reduction potential between Ag, Ga, and In. The resultant alloy formation(Ag–Ga or Ag–In) serves as the thermal transport junction between Ag flakes, leading to high thermal and electrical conductivity (≈140 W mK−1 and ≈106 S m−1, respectively). In addition, owing to the polymer binder, the printed ink is mechanically stable on a substrate exhibiting stable thermal conductivity and sheet resistance under the cyclic bending test. Notably, the heat dissipation of the light‐emitting diode (LED) showed better performance when applied with the developed composite ink compared to commercial Ag paste and thermal paste. The junction temperature of the LED is reduced effectively, resulting in a longer lifetime of the LED. The thermal management solution can be utilized in next‐generation soft electronics.
Halide‐Driven Synthetic Control of InSb Colloidal Quantum Dots Enables Short‐Wave Infrared Photodetectors
Authors: Muhammad  , Choi Dongsun , Parmar Darshan H. , Rehl Benjamin , Zhang Yangning , Atan Ozan , Kim Gahyeon , Xia Pan , Pina Joao M. , Li Mengsha , Liu Yanjiang , Voznyy Oleksandr , Hoogland Sjoerd , Sargent Edward H. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn the III–V family of colloidal quantum dot (CQD) semiconductors, InSb promises access to a wider range of infrared wavelengths compared to many light‐sensing material candidates. However, achieving the necessary size, size‐dispersity, and optical properties has been challenging. Here the synthetic challenges associated with InSb CQDs are investigated and it is found that uncontrolled reduction of the antimony precursor hampers the controlled growth of CQDs. To overcome this, a synthetic strategy that combines nonpyrophoric precursors with zinc halide additives is developed. The experimental and computational studies show that zinc halide additives decelerate the reduction of the antimony precursor, facilitating the growth of more uniformly sized CQDs. It is also found that the halide choice provides additional control over the strength of this effect. The resultant CQDs exhibit well‐defined excitonic transitions in spectral range of 1.26–0.98 eV, along with strong photoluminescence. By implementing a postsynthesis ligand exchange, colloidally stable inks enabling the fabrication of high‐quality CQD films are achieved. The first demonstration of InSb CQD photodetectors is presented reaching 75% external quantum efficiency (QE) at 1200 nm, to the knowledge the highest short‐wave infrared (SWIR) QE reported among heavy‐metal‐free infrared CQD‐based devices.
A Bi‐Co Corridor Construction Effectively Improving the Selectivity of Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction toward Ammonia by Nearly 100%
Authors: Zhao Rundong , Yan Qiuyu , Yu Lihong , Yan Tian , Zhu Xuya , Zhao Zongyan , Liu Le , Xi Jingyu 
Published: September 2023

AbstractImproving the selective ammonia production capacity of electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) at ambient conditions is critical to the future development and industrial application of electrosynthesis of ammonia. However, the reaction involves multi‐proton and electron transfer as well as the desorption and underutilization of intermediates, posing a challenge to the selectivity of NO3RR. Here the electrodeposition site of Co is modulated by depositing Bi at the bottom of the catalyst, thus obtaining the Co+Bi@Cu NW catalyst with a Bi‐Co corridor structure. In 50 mm NO3−, Co+Bi@Cu NW exhibits a highest Faraday efficiency of ≈100% (99.51%), an ammonia yield rate of 1858.2 µg h−1 cm−2 and high repeatability at −0.6 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode. Moreover, the change of NO2− concentration on the catalyst surface observed by in situ reflection absorption imaging and the intermediates of the NO3RR process detected by electrochemical in situ Raman spectroscopy together verify the NO2− trapping effect of the Bi‐Co corridor structure. It is believed that the measure of modulating the deposition site of Co by loading Bi element is an easy‐to‐implement general method for improving the selectivity of NH3 production as well as the corresponding scientific research and applications.
Multimaterial 3D and 4D Bioprinting of Heterogenous Constructs for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Chen Annan , Wang Wanying , Mao Zhengyi , He Yunhu , Chen Shiting , Liu Guo , Su Jin , Feng Pei , Shi Yusheng , Yan Chunze , Lu Jian 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAdditive manufacturing (AM), which is based on the principle of layer‐by‐layer shaping and stacking of discrete materials, has shown significant benefits in the fabrication of complicated implants for tissue engineering (TE). However, many native tissues exhibit anisotropic heterogenous constructs with diverse components and functions. Consequently, the replication of complicated biomimetic constructs using conventional AM processes based on a single material is challenging. Multimaterial 3D and 4D bioprinting (with time as the fourth dimension) has emerged as a promising solution for constructing multifunctional implants with heterogenous constructs that can mimic the host microenvironment better than single‐material alternatives. Notably, 4D‐printed multimaterial implants with biomimetic heterogenous architectures can provide a time‐dependent programmable dynamic microenvironment that can promote cell activity and tissue regeneration in response to external stimuli. This paper first presents the typical design strategies of biomimetic heterogenous constructs in TE applications. Subsequently, the latest processes in the multimaterial 3D and 4D bioprinting of heterogenous tissue constructs are discussed, along with their advantages and challenges. In particular, the potential of multimaterial 4D bioprinting of smart multifunctional tissue constructs is highlighted. Furthermore, this review provides insights into how multimaterial 3D and 4D bioprinting can facilitate the realization of next‐generation TE applications.
Suppressing Deformation of Silicon Anodes via Interfacial Synthesis for Fast‐Charging Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Lee Taeyong , Kim Namhyung , Lee Jiyun , Lee Yoonkwang , Sung Jaekyung , Kim Hyeongjun , Chae Sujong , Cha Hyungyeon , Son Yeonguk , Kwak Sang Kyu , Cho Jaephil 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSilicon anodes with high energy density are prone to mechanical deformation during cycling, including fracture, pulverization, and delamination from conductive materials, due to their large volume expansion and contraction. Although significant attention is paid to outer interface engineering such as surface coating and electrolyte design in order to maintain a steady solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), there are currently few strategies in place for stabilizing the inner interface between Si and conductive carbon host materials. In this work, it is reported that an interfacial SiC chemical bonding enhances the interaction between Si and carbon, which in turn suppresses nano‐sized void evolution and ensues Si delamination. Through the open‐edge structure of carbon nanotube (OCNT), it is demonstrated that graphitic edge planes enable to evoke of interfacial SiC specifically at the junction without overgrowth toward the bulk. As a result, an Si‐graphite composite consisting of interfacial SiC exhibits a sF cycling life (79.5% for 300 cycles at 3C charging), as well as lower overpotential under high current density up to 5C compared to paired LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM) cathode in pouch full‐cell tests. This study highlights the significance of inner interface engineering for developing high‐energy density Si‐based anodes toward fast charging and long‐term stability.
Early life drought predicts components of adult body size in wild female baboons
Authors: Levy Emily J. , Lee Anna , Long'ida Siodi I. , Helmich Emma C. , McLean Emily M. , Malone Elise J. , Pickard Maggie J. , Ranjithkumar Riddhi , Tung Jenny , Archie Elizabeth A. , Alberts Susan C. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractObjectivesIn many taxa, adverse early‐life environments are associated with reduced growth and smaller body size in adulthood. However, in wild primates, we know very little about whether, where, and to what degree trajectories are influenced by early adversity, or which types of early adversity matter most. Here, we use parallel‐laser photogrammetry to assess inter‐individual predictors of three measures of body size (leg length, forearm length, and shoulder‐rump length) in a population of wild female baboons studied since birth.Materials and MethodsUsing >2000 photogrammetric measurements of 127 females, we present a cross‐sectional growth curve of wild female baboons (Papio cynocephalus) from juvenescence through adulthood. We then test whether females exposed to several important sources of early‐life adversity—drought, maternal loss, low maternal rank, or a cumulative measure of adversity—were smaller for their age than females who experienced less adversity. Using the “animal model,” we also test whether body size is heritable in this study population.ResultsProlonged early‐life drought predicted shorter limbs but not shorter torsos (i.e., shoulder‐rump lengths). Our other measures of early‐life adversity did not predict variation in body size. Heritability estimates for body size measures were 36%–67%. Maternal effects accounted for 13%–17% of the variance in leg and forearm length, but no variance in torso length.DiscussionOur results suggest that baboon limbs, but not torsos, grow plastically in response to maternal effects and energetic early‐life stress. Our results also reveal considerable heritability for all three body size measures in this study population.
Carbon‐Based Electron Buffer Layer on ZnOx−Fe5C2−Fe3O4 Boosts Ethanol Synthesis from CO2 Hydrogenation
Authors: Wang Yang , Wang Wenhang , He Ruosong , Li Meng , Zhang Jinqiang , Cao Fengliang , Liu Jianxin , Lin Shiyuan , Gao Xinhua , Yang Guohui , Wang Mingqing , Xing Tao , Liu Tao , Liu Qiang , Hu Han , Tsubaki Noritatsu , Wu Mingbo 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe conversion of CO2 into ethanol with renewable H2 has attracted tremendous attention due to its integrated functions of carbon elimination and chemical synthesis, but remains challenging. The electronic properties of a catalyst are essential to determine the adsorption strength and configuration of the key intermediates, therefore altering the reaction network for targeted synthesis. Herein, we describe a catalytic system in which a carbon buffer layer is employed to tailor the electronic properties of the ternary ZnOx−Fe5C2−Fe3O4, in which the electron‐transfer pathway (ZnOx→Fe species or carbon layer) ensures the appropriate adsorption strength of −CO* on the catalytic interface, facilitating C−C coupling between −CHx* and −CO* for ethanol synthesis. Benefiting from this unique electron‐transfer buffering effect, an extremely high ethanol yield of 366.6 gEtOH kgcat−1 h−1 (with CO of 10 vol % co‐feeding) is achieved from CO2 hydrogenation. This work provides a powerful electronic modulation strategy for catalyst design in terms of highly oriented synthesis.
A Coformer Approach for Supramolecular Polymerization at High Concentrations
Authors: Isobe Atsushi , Kajitani Takashi , Yagai Shiki 
Published: September 2023

AbstractInsolubility of functional molecules caused by polymorphism sometimes poses limitations for their solution‐based processing. Such a situation can also occur in the preparation processes of supramolecular polymers formed in a solution. An effective strategy to address this issue is to prepare amorphous solid states by introducing a “coformer” molecule capable of inhibiting the formation of an insoluble polymorph through co‐aggregation. Herein, inspired by the coformer approach, we demonstrated a solubility enhancement of a barbiturate π‐conjugated compound that can supramolecularly polymerize through six‐membered hydrogen‐bonded rosettes. Our newly synthesized supramolecular coformer molecule features a sterically demanding methyl group in the π‐conjugated unit of the parent molecule. Although the parent molecule exhibits low solubility in nonpolar solvents due to the formation of a crystalline polymorph comprising a tape‐like hydrogen‐bonded array prior to the supramolecular polymerization, mixing with the coformer compound enhanced the solubility by inhibiting mesoscopic organization of the tapes. The two monomers were then co‐polymerized into desired helicoidal supramolecular polymers through the formation of heteromeric rosettes.