bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combination effects of herbal and western medicines on osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kwon Do Young , Gu Ji Hyang , Oh Minseok , Lee Eun-Jung 
Published: August 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to comprehensively review the effect of combining herbal medicine (HM) with Western Medicine (WM) compared to WM alone on bone mineral density (BMD) improvement for osteoporosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were searched using 10 databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Nation Information by NII. We selected studies that used BMD as an evaluation index and administered HM treatment for osteoporosis in patients with RA. Subsequently, a meta-analysis was conducted using BMD as a continuous variable using RevMan version 5.4.Results: Eighteen RCTs that met the eligibility criteria of this study were selected. The total number of study participants was 1,491 (481 men and 1,010 women). The mean age of participants was 52.4 ± 7.4 years, and the mean morbidity period of RA was 6.8 ± 1.3 years. In all studies, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs; 16 RCTs) or bisphosphonates (two RCTs) were used as WM co-intervention with HMs (17 types of HM, 18 RCTs). Overall, the combination of HM and WM improved the BMD score, producing better results than WM alone. In particular, when HM was used in combination with DMARDs, which were used in most studies, BMD improved by 0.04 g/cm2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.03–0.05, p &lt; 0.001, I2 = 19%) in the lumbar spine and 0.03 g/cm2 (95% CI: 0.02–0.03, p &lt; 0.001, I2 = 0%) in the femoral neck compared to the DMARDs alone group after treatment. In addition to BMD, bone markers and inflammatory indicators evaluated by each RCT showed significant improvement after HM plus WM treatment. In the analysis of frequently prescribed HMs, the BMD after treatment was higher by 0.04 g/cm2 (95% CI: 0.03–0.04, p &lt; 0.001, I2 = 45%) in the Xianlinggubao-capsule plus methotrexate (MTX) group and by 0.02 g/cm2 (95% CI: 0.00–0.03, p = 0.04, I2 = 0) in the Hanbikang-tang plus MTX group compared to the MTX alone group.Conclusion: This systematic review cautiously provides evidence for the combined therapeutic effect of HM and WM for osteoporosis in patients with RA. However, well-designed, large-scale clinical trials are necessary before recommending this combination therapy for osteoporosis in patients with RA.Systematic Review Registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=331854], identifier [CRD42022331854].
Weight change across adulthood in relation to the risk of depression
Authors: Wang Tao , Dai Bingqin , Shi Huanchen , Li Huawei , Fan Kexin , Zhang Dongfeng , Zhou Yunping 
Published: August 2023

BackgroundStudies examining weight change patterns and depression are scarce and report inconsistent findings. This study—aimed to elucidate the association between weight change patterns and the risk of depression in a large, representative sample of US adults.MethodsData from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2018 was analyzed. Five weight change groups were categorized: stable normal, weight loss, weight gain, maximum overweight, and stable obesity. Depression was ascertained using the validated Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and depression was defined as PHQ score ≥ 10.ResultsA total of 17,556 participants were included. Compared with participants who maintained normal weight, stable obesity participants had increased risks of depression across adulthood from age 25 years to 10 years before the survey (OR = 1.61, 95% CI =1.23 to 2.11), in the 10 years period before the survey (OR = 2.15, 95% CI =1.71 to 2.70), and from age 25 years to survey (OR = 1.88, 95% CI =1.44 to 2.44). Weight gain was associated with an increased risk of depression from age 25 years to 10 years before the survey (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.41 to 2.04), in the 10 years period before the survey (OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.35 to 2.21), and for the period from age 25 years to survey (OR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.49 to 2.24). In the stratified analyses, we found statistically significant interactions with sex.ConclusionOur study suggested that stable obesity and weight gain across adulthood were associated with increased risks of depression.
Effects of carbohydrate drinks ingestion on executive function in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Yang Jingye , Han Qi , Liu Qi , Li Tieying , Shao Yongcong , Sui Xuemei , Wang Qirong 
Published: August 2023

BackgroundCarbohydrates are often used as boosters for endurance and high-intensity exercise. However, it is unclear whether carbohydrate drinks intake before or during exercise can affect specific domains of cognitive function, such as Executive Function (EF).MethodsFollowing the guidance of PRISMA 2020, we searched six major databases including PubMed, WOS, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane, Embase, and Scopus. Outcomes were presented in the form of Reaction Time (RT), Accuracy (ACC), and Scores (Score) for performing EF tests. Effect sizes were calculated from the test results of EF and expressed as standardized mean differences (SMDs). After analyzing the overall results, we performed subgroup analyses based on the athletes’ program characteristics.ResultsAfter retrieving a total of 5,355 articles, ten randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified and included in this review. The overall results showed that the intake of carbohydrate drinks before or during exercise did not have a significant effect on the reduction of EF after exercise (ACC (−0.05 [−0.27, 0.18]); RT (−0.18 [−0.45, 0.09]); Score (0.24 [−0.20, 0.68])). The subgroup analyses based on open skill sports and close skill sports also showed invalid results, but the results of RT ended up with different preference (ACC of open skill sports athletes (−0.10 [−0.34, 0.14]); RT of open skill athletes (−0.27 [−0.60, 0.07]); RT of close skill athletes (0.29 [−0.24, 0.82])).ConclusionThe intake of 6–12% of single or mixed carbohydrates before or during exercise was not significantly effective in reducing the decline in EF after exercise. Our findings may have been influenced by the type of intervention, dose, mode of administration, or individual variability of the included subjects.
Impact of United States refugee ban and discrimination on the mental health of hypertensive Arabic-speaking refugees
Authors: Albahsahli Behnan , Bridi Lana , Aljenabi Raghad , Abu-Baker Dania , Kaki Dahlia A. , Godino Job G. , Al-Rousan Tala 
Published: August 2023

BackgroundHypertension is a global leading cause of death which disproportionately affects refugees. This chronic disease increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, brain, and other end-organ disease, if left uncontrolled. The 2017 United States travel or “Muslim” ban prevented immigrants and refugees from seven Muslim-majority countries from entering the United States, including Syria and Iraq; two major contributors to the global refugee population. As of 2020, the United States has admitted more than 133,000 and 22,000 Iraqi and Syrian refugees, respectively. Studies on the health effects of this policy on refugees are lacking. This study qualitatively explores the impact of the refugee ban on United States resettled Syrian and Iraqi refugees with hypertension.MethodsParticipants were recruited through a federally qualified health center system that is the largest healthcare provider for refugees in San Diego, CA. All participants were Arabic-speaking refugees diagnosed with hypertension from Syria and Iraq. In-depth interviews took place between April 2021 and April 2022. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyze data from semi-structured interviews.ResultsParticipants (N = 109) include 53 women and 56 men (23 Syrian, 86 Iraqi). The average age was 61.3 years (SD: 9.7) and stay in the United States was 9.5 years (SD 5.92). Four themes emerged linking the travel ban’s impact on health, in line with the society to cells framework: (1) family factors: the refugee ban resulted in family separation; (2) physiological factors: the refugee ban worsened participants’ mental health, exacerbating hypertension and perceived health outcomes; (3) community factors: perpetuation of Islamophobia, xenophobia, and perceived discrimination were structural barriers with links to poorer health; and (4) individual factors: trickle down consequences led to worsened participant self-image and self-perception within their host community.DiscussionThe refugee ban negatively impacted the mental and physical health of United States resettled Arabic-speaking refugees through perceived discrimination, stress, and poor social integration. It continues to have long-lasting effects years after the ban was instated. Centering family reunification within the United States Refugee Admissions Program and tailoring interventions through the healthcare and public health systems are warranted to reduce hypertension disparities in this growing and overlooked population.
Differences in resting-state brain networks and gray matter between APOE ε2 and APOE ε4 carriers in non-dementia elderly
Authors: Wang Zhiyuan , Pang Jing , Zhou Ruizhi , Qi Jianjiao , Shi Xianglong , Han Bin , Man Xu , Wang Qingqing , Sun Jinping 
Published: August 2023

BackgroundApolipoprotein E (APOE) ε2 and APOE ε4 are the most distinct alleles among the three APOE alleles, both structurally and functionally. However, differences in cognition, brain function, and brain structure between the two alleles have not been comprehensively reported in the literature, especially in non-demented elderly individuals.MethodsA neuropsychological test battery was used to evaluate the differences in cognitive performance in five cognitive domains. Independent component analysis (ICA) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) were used separately to analyze resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data and the structure MRI data between the two groups. Finally, correlations between differential brain regions and neuropsychological tests were calculated.ResultsAPOE ε2 carriers had better cognitive performance in general cognitive, memory, attention, and executive function than APOE ε4 carriers (all p &lt; 0.05). In ICA analyses of rs-fMRI data, the difference in the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) between two groups is shown in 7 brain networks. In addition, VBM analyses of the T1-weighted image revealed that APOE ε2 carriers had a larger thalamus and right postcentral gyrus volume and a smaller bilateral putamen volume than APOE ε4 carriers. Finally, differences in brain function and structure may be the reason that APOE ε2 carriers are better than APOE ε4 carriers in cognitive performance.ConclusionThese findings suggest that there are significant differences in brain function and structure between APOE ε2 carriers and APOE ε4 carriers, and these significant differences are closely related to their cognitive performance.
Development and reliability testing of an audit toolbox for the assessment of the physical activity friendliness of urban and rural environments in Germany
Authors: Müller Christina , Domokos Bruno , Amersbach Tanja , Hausmayer Eva-Maria , Roßmann Christin , Wallmann-Sperlich Birgit , Bucksch Jens 
Published: August 2023

BackgroundAccording to socio-ecological theories, physical activity behaviors are linked to the physical and social neighborhood environment. Reliable and contextually adapted instruments are needed to assess environmental characteristics related to physical activity. This work aims to develop an audit toolbox adapted to the German context, to urban and rural settings, for different population groups, and different types of physical activity; and to evaluate its inter-rater reliability.MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature search to collect existing audit tools and to identify the latest evidence of environmental factors influencing physical activity in general, as well as in German populations. The results guided the construction of a category system for the toolbox. Items were assigned to the categories based on their relevance to physical activity and to the German context as well as their comprehensibility. We piloted the toolbox in different urban and rural areas (100 street segments, 15 parks, and 21 playgrounds) and calculated inter-rater reliability by Cohen's Kappa.ResultsThe audit toolbox comprises a basic streetscape audit with seven categories (land use and destinations, traffic safety, pedestrian infrastructure, cycling infrastructure, attractiveness, social environment, and subjective assessment), as well as supplementary tools for children and adolescents, seniors and people with impaired mobility, parks and public open spaces, playgrounds, and rural areas. 76 % of all included items had moderate, substantial, or almost perfect inter-rater reliability (κ &gt; 0.4).ConclusionsThe audit toolbox is an innovative and reliable instrument for the assessment of the physical activity friendliness of urban and rural environments in Germany.
Adaptive restraint design for a diverse population through machine learning
Authors: Sun Wenbo , Liu Jiacheng , Hu Jingwen , Jin Judy , Siasoco Kevin , Zhou Rongrong , Mccoy Robert 
Published: August 2023

ObjectiveUsing population-based simulations and machine-learning algorithms to develop an adaptive restraint system that accounts for occupant anthropometry variations to further enhance safety balance throughout the whole population.MethodsTwo thousand MADYMO full frontal impact crash simulations at 35 mph using two validated vehicle/restraint models representing a sedan and an SUV along with a parametric occupant model were conducted based on the maximal projection design of experiments, which considers varying occupant covariates (sex, stature, and body mass index) and vehicle restraint design variables (three for airbag, three for safety belt, and one for knee bolster). A Gaussian-process-based surrogate model was trained to rapidly predict occupant injury risks and the associated uncertainties. An optimization framework was formulated to seek the optimal adaptive restraint design policy that minimizes the population injury risk across a wide range of occupant sizes and shapes while maintaining a low difference in injury risks among different occupant subgroups. The effectiveness of the proposed method was tested by comparing the population-wise injury risks under the adaptive design policy and the traditional state-of-the-art design.ResultsCompared to the traditional state-of-the-art design for midsize males, the optimal design policy shows the potential to further reduce the joint injury risk (combining head, chest, and lower extremity injury risks) among the whole population in the sedan and SUV models. Specifically, the two subgroups of vulnerable occupants including tall obese males and short obese females had higher reductions in injury risks.ConclusionsThis study lays out a method to adaptively adjust vehicle restraint systems to improve safety balance. This is the first study where population-based crash simulations and machine-learning methods are used to optimize adaptive restraint designs for a diverse population. Nevertheless, this study shows the high injury risks associated with obese and female occupants, which can be mitigated via restraint adaptability.
EVALUASI PENERAPAN TOTAL QUALITY MANAJEMEN (TQM) PADA PT. PLN (PERSERO) UP2B SISTEM MINAHASA
Authors: Undap Miracle , Karamoy Herman , Tirayoh Victorina Z. 
Published: August 2023

Total Quality Management (TQM) merupakan alat strategis yang dipakai pelaku bisnis dalam melibatkan semua orang agar fokus pada kualitas. Organisasi yang berhasil menerapkan Total Quality Management (TQM) mampu meningkatkan persepsi kualitas dimata pelanggan dan sekaligus menurunkan biaya yang terjadi dalam organisasi. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengevaluasi penerapan Total Quality Management (TQM) pada PT. PLN (Persero) UP2B Sistem Minahasa. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa Total Quality Management pada PT. PLN (Persero) UP2B Sistem Minahasa sudah diterapkan dengan baik. Evaluasi yang dilakukan berdasarkan 10 (sepuluh) unsur utama Total Quality Management menunjukkan bahwa unsur yaitu obsesi terhadap kualitas, pendekatan ilmiah, komitmen jangka panjang, kerjasama tim, pendidikan dan pelatihan, kebebasan yang terkendali, kesatuan tujuan, keterlibatan dan pemberdayaan karyawan telah diterapkan dengan baik oleh perusahaan. Sementara unsur fokus pada pelanggan dan perbaikan sistem secara berkesinambungan belum maksimal penerapanya oleh perusahaan.

Kata kunci: evaluasi, Total Quality Management
PENGARUH LOCUS OF CONTROL, KEBAHAGIAAN DAN MOTIVASI KERJA TERHADAP PRESTASI KERJA KARYAWAN AIRNAV INDONESIA CABANG MANADO
Authors: Pangarungan Karyn Charisma Langi , Nelwan Olivia , Lumintang Genita 
Published: August 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh locus of control, kebahagiaan dan motivasi terhadap prestasi kerja karyawan AirNav Indonesia cabang Manado baik secara simultan maupun secara parsial. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 30 orang karyawan tetap AirNav Indonesia Cabang Manado yang di dapatkan dengan teknik sampling jenuh. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil dari penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa locus of control, kebahagiaan dan moivasi secara simultan atau secara bersama-sama berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap prestasi kerja karyawan AirNav Indonesia Cabang Manado. Locus of control secara parsial berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap prestasi kerja karyawan, Kebahagiaan tidak berpengaruh terhadap prestasi kerja, Motivasi secara parsial berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap prestasi kerja karyawan AirNav Indonesia Cabang Manado. AirNav Indonesia Cabang Manado harus memperhatikan kebahagiaan dari karyawan agar bias mencapai prestasi yang lebih maksimal.

Kata Kunci: locus of control, kebahagiaan, motivasi, prestasi kerja
EVALUASI PELAKSANAAN SISTEM DAN PROSEDUR PENATAUSAHAAN PENGELUARAN KAS DI KANTOR KECAMATAN TOMBARIRI KABUPATEN MINAHASA
Authors: Montolalu Cherryl , Runtu Treesje , Mawikere Lidia M. 
Published: August 2023

Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan sistem dan prosedur penatausahaan pengeluaran kas di kantor Kecamatan Tombariri Kabupaten Minahasa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian skripsi ini deskriptif kualitatif karena bertujuan untuk menganalisis data dengan cara mendeskripsikan atau menggambarkan pelaksanaan sistem dan prosedur penatausahaan pengeluaran kas di kantor Kecamatan Tombariri Kabupaten Minahasa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Kantor Kecamatan Tombariri telah menerapkan sistem dan prosedur pengeluaran uang tunai secara efektif dan efisien sesuai dengan Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri No. 77 Tahun 2020.

Kata Kunci: sistem dan prosedur, pengeluaran kas
Tinjauan Etika Bisnis Islam Terhadap Perilaku Distributor Udang di Desa Jampue, Kab. Pinrang
Authors: Akbar Ali , Zubair Muhammad Kamal , Rusdi Ali 
Published: August 2023

Penelitian ini membahas tentang tinjaun etika bisnis islam terhadap perilaku distributor udang: studi Desa jampue, Kab. Pinrang. Kemudian Yang menjadi masalah dalam proses jual beli udang adalah mekanisme penetapan harga yang dilakukan distributor. Dimana distributor tidak memberi informasi terlebih dahulu kepada petambak bahwasanya harga pada saat itu naik kemudian distributor masih menetapkan harga sebelumnya, sehingga menimbulkan unsur ketidakjelasan yang mengandung gharar pada bagian penetapan harga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sistem Penetapan timbangan pada praktik jual beli udang vaname atau udang windu, dan mekanisme penetapan harga udang vaname atau udang windu di Desa jampue, Kab. Pinrang.
Jenis penelitian yang penulis angkat adalah jenis penelitian kualitatif lapangnan (field research) yang menggunakan pendekatan studi kasus dengan tekhnik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara (interview) dan dokumentasi. Setelah data diperoleh, kemudian dianalisa dengan menggunakan metode deduktif dengan pendekatan hukum Islam.
Hasil penelitian ini dapat dikemukakan bahwa:(1) Mekanisme penimbangan dalam jual beli udang vaname dan windu di Desa Jampue, Kab. Pinrang. sesuai dengan Hukum Islam, karena dilakukan secara bersama-sama, jadi kedua belah pihak melakukan dan menyaksikan. Pada saat penimbangan kedua belah pihak sepakat menggunakan cara yang dipakai dalam penimbangan ini dan kedua belah pihak juga mengetahui berat timbangan dari udang tersebut, Sehingga tidak ada yang dirugikan. (2) Perilaku Distributor terhadap Mekanisme Penetapan harga dalam jual beli udang vaname atau udang windu di Desa Jampue, Kab. Pinrang. Berdasarkan etika bisnis Islam jual beli udang yang ada di Desa Jampue menggunakan indikator keesaan (tauhid), keseimbangan (equilibrium), kehendak bebas (free will), tanggung jawab (responsibility), dan kebajikan (ihsan). Dimana dalam memberikan informasi dalam penetapan harga yang memiliki ketidakjelasan namun unsur ketidakjelasan tersebut masih bisa di toleransi petambak dimana Distributor tersebut Menetapkan harga diawal transaksi, dan dibayarkan secara langsung ditempat setelah transaksi selesai. Dalam jual beli udang ini sesuai dengan Hukum Islam. Karena kedua belah pihak mengetahui satuan harga, diserahterimakan sesuai kesepakatan dan sama-sama rela, Sehingga tidak ada yang dirugikan.
ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺷﺭﺍﻕ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻣﻪ ­ ﻧﺷﺄﺗﻪ­ ﺗﻁﻭﺭﻩ­ ﺩﻭﺍﻓﻌﻪ­ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻭﻧﻘﺩ ﺁﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺷﺭﻗﻳﻥ
Authors: ﺃ.ﻡ.ﺩ.ﻗﺻﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻳﺏ  
Published: August 2023

ﻴﻌد اﻻﺴﺘﺸ ارق ﻤن اﺨطر اﻟظواﻫر اﻟﻤﻀﺎدة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌرض ﻟﻬﺎ اﻻﺴﻼم واﻟﻌـرب ﻋﺒـر اﻟﺘـﺎرﻴﺦ
اﻹﻨﺴـﺎﻨﻲ وﻤ ارﺤﻠـﻪ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨـﺔ وان اﻟﻘﻠﻴـﻝ ﻤـن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸـرﻗﻴن اﻟـذﻴن اﻨﺼـﻔوا اﻻﺴـﻼم واﻟﻌـرب ﻓـﻲ
ﻛﺘﺎﺒـﺎﺘﻬم ٬ وان اﻟطواﺌـف ﻤـن اﻤـم ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﺘﻨوﻋـت ﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺘﻬـﺎ وﻟﻐﺎﺘﻬـﺎ وﻗﻴﻤﻬـﺎ واﻋ ارﻓﻬـﺎ اﻟﺘﻘـت
ﻛﻠﻤﺘﻬـﺎ واﺘﺤـدت اﻫـداﻓﻬﺎ ﺤـوﻝ اﻟﻌﻛـوف ﻋﻠـﻰ د ارﺴـﺔ دﻴـن ﻻ ﺘـؤﻤن ﺒـﻪ وﺸـﻌب ﺘﺠﻬـﻝ اﻟﻛﺜﻴـر
ﻋﻨــﻪ وﻻ ﺘرﻴــد ﻤــن ذﻟــك ﻤﻌرﻓــﺔ اﻟﺤــق ﻤــن اﻟﺒﺎطــﻝ واﻨﻤــﺎ ﺘرﻴــد ﺘﺸــوﻴﻪ اﻻﺴــﻼم واﻟﻌروﺒــﺔ
وﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻬﺎ اﻻﻨﺴـﺎﻨﻴﺔ اﻟ ارﺌﻌـﺔ ٬ وان اﻟﺤﻤـﻼت اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﻌـرض ﻟﻬـﺎ اﻻﺴـﻼم ﻤـن ﻗﺒـﻝ اﻟﻛﺜﻴـر ﻤـن
اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸرﻗﻴن ﻛﺎﻨت ﺘﻬدف ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺎس اﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺸوﻴﻪ واﻟﺘﺸﻛﻴك ﺒﻌﻘﻴدة اﻻﺴﻼم اﻟﺴﻤﺤﺎء وﻤﺤﺎوﻟـﺔ
ﺘﻨﻔﻴر اﻟﻨﺎس ﻤن اﻋﺘﻨﺎق ﺘﻠك اﻟﻌﻘﻴدة وﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ وﻗف اﻨﺘﺸﺎرﻫﺎ ٬ وﻤن ﻫﻨﺎ ﺘﺒدو ﺨطورة ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺒﻨﺎﻩ
اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸـرﻗون ﻤـن اﺒﺤـﺎﺜﻬم ﻋﻨـد د ارﺴـﺘﻬم ﻟﻺﺴـﻼم ﻓﻛـ اًر وﺜﻘﺎﻓـﺔ وﺤﻀـﺎرة ﻴﺘطﻠـب ﻤﻨـﺎ اﻟﻤﺜﻘﻔـون
ﻀـرورة اﻟﻴﻘظـﺔ واﻟﺤــذر واﻻﻨﺘﺒـﺎﻩ ﻟﻛـﻝ ﻤــﺎ ﻴﻛﺘﺒـﻪ ﻫــؤﻻء ٬ وﻓـرز ﻤـﺎ ﻫــو ﺼـﺤﻴﺤﺎً ﻓﻨﺸــﺠﻌﻪ
وﻨرﻓض ﻤﺎ ﻫو ﺒﺎطﻼ ﻓﻨﻌرﻴﻪ وﻨرد ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ٬ وﻓـﻲ د ارﺴـﺘﻨﺎ ﻫـذﻩ ﺴـﻨﺘﻨﺎوﻝ اﻻﺴﺘﺸـ ارق وﻤﻔﻬوﻤـﻪ
٬ وﻨﺸﺄﺘﻪ وﺘطورﻩ ٬ اﻫداﻓﻪ ودواﻓﻌﻪ ﻤﻊ ﻋرض وﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ ا ارء ﺒﻌض اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸرﻗﻴن ﻨﺴـﺄﻝ اﷲ أن
ﻴوﻓﻘﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻬدﻨﺎ اﻟﻤﺘواﻀﻊ ﻛﺎﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺠﺎدة وﻤﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ اﻟﺒـﺎﺤﺜﻴن اﻟـذﻴن اﺴـﻬﻤوا ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻛﺘﺎﺒـﺔ

ﻋن اﻻﺴﺘﺸ ارق .