bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
111 Portable Measurement of Preservatives in Air Using New Spe-Discs
Authors: Farbrot Anne , Klang Therese , Akdeve Hatice Koca , Pfeifer Annette , Möller Rickie , Dahlman-Höglund Anna 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Background
Water based paint has improved the work environment during occupational as well as domestic painting. Development of water-based paint formulations demanded an addition of anti-fungal/anti-microbial preservatives, and isothiazolinones (ITZ) have been frequently utilized over the last two decades. Isothiazolinones are known to cause skin sensitization and is furthermore suspected to cause problems from the respiratory tract. To assess professional painters’ exposure to air-borne ITZ, there is a need to develop an easy-to-use light-weight portable sampling technique of the three most abundant ITZ.

Method
Three different designs of SPE-samplers and three different chemistries were evaluated regarding resistance to flow, handling during sampling, analyte break-through and sample elution. The quantification was performed using RP-HPLC-UV.

Results
SPE-samplers are easy-to-use in a field setting. However, only the novel disc-type designs of SPE worked with the portable pumps because of the relatively low pressure drop over the disc. SPE disks can be obtained either as a syringe-type or as a filter-type. While the syringe-type can be used straight away the filter-type has to be mounted in a sampler. However, the latter design outperformed the former regarding sampling as well as elution procedure.

Conclusion
The novel design of SPE-discs works well for sampling of ITZ down to 1 nmol/m3 (0.15 µg/m3) when sampling for 8 hours. It is thereby possible to assess workers’ exposure to air concentrations of ITZ previously reported using impinger flasks.
124 Laboratory Evaluation of Low-Cost Optical Particle Counters for Occupational Respirable Exposure Measurements
Authors: Bard Delphine , Hunwin Graeme , Kuijpers Eelco , Ruiter Sander , Cauda Emanuele , Gorce Jean-Philippe , Snawder John , Pronk Anjoeka , Saunders John , Warren Nick 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Direct-reading, time-resolved devices, such as optical particle counters (OPCs) and photometers, offer a unique insight into the temporal and spatial distribution of airborne particles. They can provide a comprehensive picture of changes in concentration of airborne particles in occupational settings and therefore can be used to investigate failures in engineering control systems as well as identify exposures driven by working procedures and methods. In recent years, new developments have led to the commercialisation of low- cost optical-based sensors, which provide particle matter (PM) mass concentrations including PM2.5 and PM10 for environmental monitoring. TNO, NIOSH, and HSE are investigating their application to occupational settings with the aim to produce guidelines for calibration and use. This study evaluated the performance and accuracy of six commercially available low-cost sensors (Airbeam 2, Airveda, Omni Awair, OPC-N3, OPC-R1 and PATS+), in calm air test chambers, against reference devices including an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS 3320), GK2.69 respirable cyclones, and pDR-1500 photometers. Several factors were considered: type of dust (particles having different size distribution, shape and refractive index), within- and between-device variations and exposure pattern (peak and constant concentrations). The devices were subjected to relatively high respirable concentrations (greater than 1 mg/m3) in addition to low concentrations. This presentation will present the results of the laboratory testing with particular focus on their accuracy, response, and calibration for quantitative exposure measurements. The low-cost sensor devices are also being deployed in the workplace for further evaluation and practicality of use.
131 An Alternative Method for Measuring Sample Pump Pulsation
Authors: Langlois Eddy , Trompette Nicolas 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Sampling pumps are an essential part of the chemical exposure assessment process, as the flowrate is used for the calculation of the atmospheric concentration of pollutants. Flowrate stability is important for its contribution to uncertainty, but also because some of sample trains require a specific flow rate value to properly operate, especially for particle sampling. Pump principles are based on rotary or alternative movements which involves a very short variation in flowrate, called “pulsation”, which lasts few milliseconds and is not perceptible with a conventional flowmeter. This pulsation is a critical parameter to be measured for the characterization of the pump. The international standard ISO 13137 specifies the method for evaluating the pulsation which is based on the use of a rapidly responding hotwire anemometer. This method is particularly precise and sensitive but complex to set up and calibrate. We have developed an alternative method for measuring pump pulsation based on the determination of acoustic pressure. Assuming that the sample pumps connected to a solid tube are plane wave generators with infinite impedance, the acoustic pressure measurement is the sum of the incident and reflected waves. Using five microphones in the the acoustic pressure can be measured in the tube to calculate the acoustic velocity and therefore the dynamic flow with a very high frequency. 13 different individual pumps were tested with both hotwire anemometry and acoustic pressure methods. Pulsation result comparison with both methods exhibits a great agreement. Acoustic pressure measurement is therefore a very convenient alternative method for the personal pump pulsation determination.
158 Keynote: Useful Measurements of Air Pollutants for Evaluating their Impacts on Health
Authors: McFiggans Gordon 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
UK air pollution is an acknowledged current problem and will change significantly over coming decades, driven by national and local policies to reduce PM2.5 and NO2 emissions and by transition to a low carbon economy, including energy-efficient affordable urban housebuilding programmes. This should reduce outdoor pollution and infiltration indoors, whilst increasing exposure to poorly defined indoor polluted atmospheres. Whilst several common pollutants are routinely measured for regulatory compliance, characterisation of the complex mixture of airborne pollutants to provide comprehensive chemical fingerprinting is only available to a few specialised research groups, particularly for PM. Moreover, there is extremely low spatial coverage and resolution provided by routine measurements and little or no coverage of the indoor environment. Deployment of low-cost sensors promises to plug some of these gaps, and may provide some information about pollution levels. However, there remain substantial questions around the accuracy, specificity, and general utility of these sensors, particularly in relation to the differential toxicity of pollutants and hence their effects on human health. Nonetheless, widespread deployment of low-cost sensor data might provide highly useful information on the spatial exposure to hazard if supplemented by suitable source attributed toxicological information, chemical fingerprinting of PM and relationships between activity and chemically speciated pollutants. This presentation will outline some of the tools and approaches at our disposal to evaluate current and possible future health effects of air pollutants.
160 Keynote: Linking Air Pollution to Mortality: The Role of the Hallmarks of Environmental Insults
Authors: Peters Annette 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Population-based cohort studies have shown robustly the link between ambient fine particulate matter and mortality. The evidence was essential for the formulation of the ambient air quality guidelines 2021 issued by the World Health Organization. The presentation will summarize the findings that underpin the updated guidelines and highlight the need to alignment of standards to these guidelines. In addition, the presentation will discuss the biological mechanisms underlying the associations of the ambient air pollution with mortality. Specifically, the presentation will build on the review proposing eight hallmarks of environmental insults published in 2021 (Peters, Nawrot et al. 2021). Examples linking fine particle exposure to molecular phenotypes in cohort studies will be given. Thereby, novel insights based on molecular epidemiology will be discussed. In an outlook, future research needs will be highlighted.
Reference
Peters, A., T. S. Nawrot and A. A. Baccarelli (2021). "Hallmarks of environmental insults." Cell 184(6): 1455-1468.
12 Exposure to Metals and Particles in Welding and Episodes of Asthma/Wheeze and Rhinitis: a Canadian Cohort Study.
Authors: Galarneau Jean-Michel , Beach Jeremy , Cherry Nicola 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Welders are exposed through welding fume to particles and metals, including nickel and chromium, that may act as respiratory sensitizers. In a Canadian study of male and female welders we investigated the relation of modelled welding exposures to episodes of asthma/wheeze and rhinitis.

Methods
Welders who had been registered in an apprenticeship were recruited and followed up at 6-month intervals for up to five years. Women were recruited from across Canada, men just from Alberta. At each contact participants were asked about their health and specifically about symptoms of asthma and rhinitis and age these had first occurred. A complete job history was taken and at each contact after recruitment the participant completed a detailed welding task questionnaire. A job exposure matrix was developed, reflecting type of welding, base metal and consumables. This was validated against urinary metal concentration.

Results
1001 welders, including 447 women, were recruited. In bivariate analyses, hours of welding/week, hours grinding/day and estimated exposures to total particles, manganese, nickel and aluminum were related to episodes of asthma/wheeze. Hours welding, grinding and nickel exposure were related to rhinitis. In multivariable models, including all exposures and confounders, the number of hours welding/week and hours grinding/day were related to asthma/wheeze episodes and hours grinding and nickel exposure to rhinitis.

Conclusions
Duration of welding tasks was related to episodes of asthma/wheeze and rhinitis. There was less evidence that estimated metal concentrations were associated with respiratory ill-health, having adjusted for hours welding.
24 Safe-by-Design Guidance for Multicomponent Nanostructured Materials (MCNM): Heavy Metals Containing Perovskites
Authors: Di Battista Veronica , Gajewicz-Skrętna Agnieszka , Werle Kai , Skjolding Lars Michael , Jeliazkova Nina , Baun Anders , Wohlleben Wendel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Industry develops increasingly complex and advanced materials while incorporating the Safe-by-Design (SbD) concept into the R&D goals. Within HARMLESS (EU H2020), we use concepts of similarity for the risk screening during the SbD iterations. We rely predominantly on Novel Approach Methodologies (NAMs) due to ethical reasons, speed and parallel testing of several SbD versions. In general, aerosolization of nanostructured materials leading to inhalation of respirable fraction is considered one of the most important routes of exposure. Depending on the physicochemical properties of the materials, MCNM may either dissolve or persist within the lung. We selected in chimico NAMs (i.e., biodissolution in lung simulant fluids and surface reactivity assay) to understand how the properties of six different perovskites, intended to be used in the automotive catalysis sector, are connected to inhalation hazard endpoints. They all share a common concern: Co and Ni (heavy metals) in the structure. We found that the composition and surface properties play an important role in determining the particles fate upon inhalation, influencing metals bioavailability and the induced oxidative damage. At pH 7.5 and 4.5 simulant fluids, both relevant for pulmonary clearance, dissolution depended minimally on the noble metal doping but rather on the %weight of heavy metal in the structure. Furthermore, high surface reactivity was observed for all perovskites. Interestingly, the induced oxidative damage was correlating with the Ni %weight, surface thickness and Ni oxidation state. The results allowed us to rank different SbD versions against benchmarks, providing Safe-by-Design guidance on multicomponent, heavy metals-containing perovskites.
28 Assessment of Gene Expression Modulation Using Graph Analysis on Pairwise Expression Ratios. Impact of PM2.5-0.3 on 3-D Bronchial Epithelium Model.
Authors: Despréaux Philomène , Jeanton Capucine , Dorota Desaulle , Margueritta Al Zallouha , Verdin Anthony , Cazier Fabrice , Courcot Dominique , Momas Isabelle , Achard Sophie 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chronic exposure to fine particles (PM2.5-0.3) can have dramatic consequences for health, especially for the most vulnerable people, such as asthmatics. In order to better understand the impact of PM2.5-0.3 from different emission sources on the modulation of gene expression, a 3-D in vitro model of human bronchial epithelium (MucilAir-HF™) reconstructed from primary cells from healthy (EpiH) or asthmatic (EpiA) donors was used. Repeated exposures to PM2.5-0.3 (collected at industrial or road traffic sites) were performed during three weeks, and epithelia were sacrificed to extract RNAs and assess gene expression. Data were analysed according to emission sources, physiological status and exposure doses using an innovative method consisting of a graph analysis on pairwise expression ratios. Results obtained were related to those obtained with the common ΔΔCt method. Graph analysis on pairwise expression ratios proved to have better statistical properties than the common ΔΔCt method and demonstrated that repeated PM2.5-0.3 exposures induced a dose-dependent up-regulation of metabolic genes (CYPs) and a down-regulation of inflammation gene (CXCL10). These modulations were greater for "industrial" than for "urban traffic" PM2.5-0.3, and the effects were found to be greater after exposure of EpiA compared to EpiH, emphasing the importance of the epithelium physiological status in the sensitivity to particles. In conclusion, our study, original in terms of experimental conditions and statistical analysis method, highlights the importance of particle chemistry on the modulation of cellular and molecular responses, which may vary according to the vulnerability of the individuals.
30 Engineered Nanoparticle Resuspension Contributing to Inhalation Exposure from Contaminated Protective Clothing
Authors: Tsai Candace 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In this study, we investigated engineered nanoparticle (ENP) release associated with the contamination of personal protective clothing during the simulated motion of the human wearing the ENP-contaminated protective clothing and evaluated the relative ENP retention on the fabric. The release of airborne ENPs can contribute to inhalation exposure, which is the route of exposure of most concern to cause adverse health effects in the pulmonary system. The evaluation focuses on four popular fabric materials making the laboratory coats (cotton, polypropylene, polyester cotton blend, and Tyvek®) and three types of ENPs (Al2O3, carbon black and CNT). The magnitudes of particle contamination and resuspension were investigated by measuring the number concentration increase of airborne particles in sizes of 10 nm to 10 μm and the weight changes on fabric pieces. Collected aerosol particles and contaminated fabric surfaces were further characterized for understanding particle morphology, elements, agglomeration and surface contamination status. The particle resuspension from contaminated lab coat fabric was found to vary by the type of fabric material. Cotton fabric showed the highest level of particle resuspension for all three tested ENPs. Data were evaluated to determine the dominant forces responsible for ENP adhesion on the surface of the fabric. Tyvek® fabric was determined as the best fabric for trapping Al2O3 and carbon black ENPs indicating less resuspension of particles meaning lower subsequent release, but not durable enough to wear for the long term compared with other fabrics.
38 Physicochemical Characterisation and Potential Health Effects of Tyre Wear Particles
Authors: O'Loughlin David , Selley Liza , Haugen Molly , Willis Anne , Boies Adam , MacFarlane Marion 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Tyre wear is an increasing source of ambient particulate matter pollution in the UK and around the world. Currently, tyre wear accounts for 11% of total particulate matter (PM2.5) in the UK, and over the next 10 years that figure is projected to steadily increase, with UK brake and tyre emissions projected to reach 6 kilotonnes by 2030. Being able to reliably identify and monitor tyre wear PM in ambient sources is of increasing importance due to its potential human health effects. Here we present a series of characterisation experiments on tyre particles, size-fractionated using a dynamometer. Chemical and elemental composition has been determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and two dimensional gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOF-MS), with particle morphology studied using a scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and an electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI). The potential health effects of these particles have then been assessed in vitro using human bronchial epithelial cells following the IARC characteristics of carcinogenicity, specifically looking at (pro)inflammatory cytokines, cytotoxicity and mitochondrial function. Tyre wear particles have the ability to reduce mitochondrial function significantly from doses as low as 5μg/ml after 24 hours, with the induction of cytokines and chemokines currently being profiled. Additionally, a representative elemental and chemical fingerprint of tyre rubber has now been established. By understanding the composition and morphology of these particles, we can begin to detect them in atmospheric samples, and using in vitro models, understand their potential health effects.
48 Understanding the Effects of Quartz Aerosols on Human Airway 3D Models Combined with Primary Macrophages
Authors: Keshavan Sandeep , He Ruiwen , de Almeida Mauro Sousa , Petri-Fink Alke , Rothen-Rutishauser Barbara 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Toxicology assessment using human lung tissue models is critical and complementary for determining the hazards for aerosolized materials. In the present study, we investigated the functional, morphological and reactivity features of reconstituted human airway epithelium (MucilAir™) derived with cells from healthy and asthmatic donors. Tissues were combined with primary human monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs), and response to single Dörentrup Quartz (DQ12) dosage (10 μg/cm2) exposure over 10 days was investigated. Our study showed that DQ12 in healthy and asthmatic tissues with or without MDMs did not affect cell viability and tight junctions’ formations for up to 10 days. Pre-stained macrophages seeded on top of the healthy tissues moved towards the insert's edges, whereas a more constrained movement was observed for macrophages seeded on top of the asthmatic tissues. The reduced macrophage motility in asthmatic tissues can be attributed to stronger mucus production under pathophysiological, i.e., asthmatic, conditions and related restriction of the cilia beating effect. In addition, we found that in healthy tissues, the overexpression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and interleukin (IL)-8 was more pronounced following exposure to DQ12, but the addition of MDMs mitigated the inflammatory reaction of DQ12. Our findings emphasize the potential key role of macrophages added to the 3D human airway epithelia model in orchestrating the significant inflammatory responses generated by DQ12 exposure.
59 First-in-Human Controlled Exposure to Inhaled Graphene Oxide
Authors: Andrews Jack , Joshi Shruti , Tzolos Evangelos , Syed Maaz , Cuthbert Hayley , Crica Livia , Lozano Neus , Raftis Jennifer , Bruce Lorraine , Poland Craig , Duffin Rodger , Fokkens Paul , Leseman Daan , Boere John , Megson Ian , Whitfield Phillip , Okwelogu Emmanuel , Hadjidemetriou Marilena , Bussy Cyrill , Cassee Flemming , Newby David , Kostarelos Kostas , Miller Mark 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Graphene oxide nanomaterials have been developed for wide-ranging applications, but has potential safety concerns for human health. Controlled inhalation exposures in human volunteers have been a vital means to determine the effects and mechanisms of ultrafine particles in air pollution, however, few studies have used this approach to explore the effects of nanomaterials. We conducted a double-blind randomised controlled study to determine whether inhalation of graphene oxide affects pulmonary or cardiovascular function. A high purity graphene oxide was synthesised with a thickness of 1-2 layers in two sizes: ‘small’ (lateral dimensions: 100-1700 nm) and ‘ultrasmall’ (30-500 nm). Graphene oxide particles at 200 µg/m3, or filtered air, were inhaled for 2 hours by 14 young healthy volunteers on repeated visits, with measurement of cardiorespiratory parameters before and across 4 hours after exposure. Graphene oxide exposure was well-tolerated with no adverse effects. Heart rate, blood pressure, lung function and inflammatory markers were unaffected by graphene oxide irrespective of particle size. GO did not change blood biomarkers of coagulation, however, there was a mild increase in thrombus formation in an ex vivo model of arterial injury. Proteomics revealed very few differential plasma proteins. Overall, acute inhalation of graphene oxide was not associated with overt detrimental effects in healthy humans. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of carefully controlled human exposures for risk assessment of graphene nanomaterials.
61 Evaluation of the Toxicity, Alveolar Cell Accumulation and Clearance of PET and PS Nanoplastics in Mouse Lungs
Authors: Loret Thomas , Holme Sonja , Kuttykattil Aswin , Villacorta Aliro , Rodríguez-Garraus Adriana , Venus Tom , Estrela-Lopis Irina Irina , Catalán Julia , Marcos Ricard , Hernández Alba , Bussy Cyrill 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Airborne micro and nano-plastics (MNPs) have been detected in both indoor and outdoor settings, raising concerns about potential adverse effects upon inhalation. Yet, their potential pulmonary toxicity has not been studied extensively.
Herein, we evaluated the pulmonary toxicity and clearance of nanometric Poly-Ethylene Terephthalate (PET; ~50-200 nm) fragments from plastic bottles and two nanometric polystyrene (PS; 50 and 200 nm) beads. Adult mice were exposed to a unique dose of 50 ug in 30uL/mouse of PET, PS-50, PS-200, or vehicle by pharyngeal aspiration. The lungs, broncho-alveolar lavage fluids (BALF) and lymph nodes were collected at 1, 7 and 28 days after exposure. MNPs presence in lung tissue, accumulation in alveolar cells, and clearance from the alveolar cavity and lungs were assessed using confocal Raman microscopy (CRM). Inflammation and tissue damages were evaluated by histology, immunostaining and ELISA. PET and PS nanoplastics were detected by CRM in lungs and alveolar phagocytes. Evaluation of MNPs elimination and translocation to lymph nodes is underway. Pulmonary exposure to MNPs induced immune cell infiltration respective of MNP type or size. Recruitment of neutrophils at day 1 and eosinophils at day 7 was more pronounced for the PS-50 than for the other two MNPs. Recruitment of lymphocytes was noted at day 7, yet only for PS-50 nm. Potential long-term impact (genotoxicity, fibrosis) is under investigation. These results will inform the design of future chronic low-dose exposure studies, and path the way to new policies about the impact of MNPs on human health.