bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robustness of Sandwich Panels Subjected to Blast Wave
Authors: Studziński Robert , Malendowski Michał , Sumelka Wojciech , Gajewski Tomasz , Peksa Piotr , Sielicki Piotr W. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe paper presents results of a research on robustness of sandwich panels subjected to the accidental load – impact blast wave. The accidental design situation is understood as an unexpected explosion of gas cylinders located in the neighbourhood of the building. Full‐size sandwich panels with lightly profiled, thin‐walled, steel facings and thick softcore were used in the experiments. The conducted field tests allowed for FE model validation in Abaqus/CEA environment. During the experiments, the two high‐speed cameras have been used to record the behavior of the sandwich panel. Furthermore, the failure mechanisms of the sandwich panels and fasteners were also revealed. The research outcomes are based on both field experiments and numerical simulations.
Linear elastic buckling of composite beams – An analytical engineering approach
Authors: Derks Johannes 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis article outlines a concise and complete versatile novel analytical framework to quickly and effectively assess lateral shear and lateral torsional buckling of composite beams build of segments with different lengths. The adjective “composite” includes dissimilar beam profiles with symmetrical homogeneous and or inhomogeneous cross‐sections and distinct beam materials. The major aim is to provide engineers with an accurate, simple but elegant analytical beam buckling tool based on advanced solid theoretical propositions. The justification of the analytical theory is supplied by demonstration of executed numerical tests, which affirm the validity of the proposed analytical buckling models adapted to the considered beam buckling cases.
Investigations on the system reliability of composite beams by transferring brittle and ductile Daniels systems to the shear connection
Authors: Wolters Kevin , Rittich Nils , Nonn Jonas , Feldmann Markus 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn the design of a composite beam, the load‐bearing capacity of a shear connector is assumed to have its design value PRd. But a shear connection consists of dozens to hundreds of connectors whose individual capacities are scattered and randomly distributed. Thus, the load‐bearing capacity of the shear connection is usually higher than the capacity assumed in design n · PRd.In 1945, H. G. Daniels described the system reliability of ideal elastic‐brittle fibre bundles with force redistributions after failure of individual fibres. In many cases the system reliability increases for few elements. And it increases continuously for ductile elements.This article shows a reliability analysis of ideal Daniels systems with brittle and ductile elements. For the shear connection, the ideal Daniels system is extended to unequal load distributions in the shear connection of a composite beam. In parameter studies, the influence of the number of connectors on the system reliability of the composite beam is investigated for different boundary conditions. Again, an increase in reliability can usually be observed with only a few shear connectors. Conversely, if the reliability should remain the same, the design level of the shear connection could be raised by adjusting the partial safety factor γV.
Ductility classes in prEN 1998‐1. Comparative analysis on concentrically braced frames
Authors: Ştefănescu Bogdan Cătălin 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn case of severe earthquakes, a ductile behaviour of the structure is desirable. The post‐elastic behaviour ability of a structure is generally managed in seismic design codes by means of the ductility class of the structure. The future version of the European standard prEN 1998‐1‐1 [1] defines three such classes, DC1, DC2 and DC3, with different meanings than the existing DCL, DCM and DCH in the current version of EN 1998‐1 [2]. A question that arises is whether a less elaborated structural analysis and design, involved by DC1 or even DC2 structures could finally lead to a more cost‐effective solution than a DC3 structure, which requires more sophisticated analyses and more careful design. Several answers can be obtained for each type of structural system. This paper focuses on the differences that can be highlighted in the design of concentrically braced frames according to the three new approaches. A concentrically braced structure was analysed to test the results for the three possible approaches. Three solutions were obtained using the requirements defined for DC1, DC2 and DC3. All three structures were designed based on resistance requirements. The material consumption and the post‐elastic behaviour were observed for each one of the three structural solutions.
Local buckling response and design of stainless steel hollow sections at elevated temperatures
Authors: Quan Chunyan , Kucukler Merih 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe structural behaviour and design of stainless steel hollow sections in fire, including stainless steel (i) circular hollow sections (CHS), (ii) elliptical hollow sections (EHS), (iii) square hollow sections (SHS) and (iv) rectangular hollow sections (RHS), are explored in this paper. Shell finite element models of stainless steel CHS, EHS, SHS and RHS able to replicate their structural response at elevated temperatures are created. Numerical parametric studies are performed on cold‐formed and hot‐rolled austenitic, duplex and ferritic stainless steel CHS, EHS, SHS and RHS subjected to (i) pure compression, (ii) pure bending, (iii) combined axial compression and bending and (iv) combined bending and shear in fire, covering different cross‐section slendernesses and elevated temperature levels. Calibrated against the benchmark structural performance data obtained from the numerical parametric studies, the new design proposals for predicting the ultimate resistances of stainless steel CHS, EHS, SHS and RHS in fire put forward in Quan and Kucukler [1,2] are set out. It is demonstrated that relative to the design recommendations provided in the European structural steel fire design standard EN 1993‐1‐2, the proposed cross‐section design methods provide more accurate and safe‐sided ultimate resistance predictions for stainless steel CHS, EHS, SHS and RHS at elevated temperatures.
GMNIA‐based design of stainless steel structural systems
Authors: Walport Fiona , Chan Hou Un , Gardner Leroy , Nethercot David A. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDesign by GMNIA (Geometrically and Materially Nonlinear Analysis with Imperfections) allows the key behavioural features of structures to be directly captured in the analysis, dramatically reducing the need for subsequent design checks. Since the analysis of frames typically employs beam finite elements, which do not explicitly account for local buckling, cross‐section classification and capacity checks remain necessary. To resolve the step‐wise and overly conservative nature of traditional checks, the alternative use of strain limits, defined using the Continuous Strength Method, has been proposed. The framework allows cross‐sections of all classes to be treated in a consistent manner, and results in an accurate and consistent representation of the true behaviour of structures. To date, the accuracy of the design approach for stainless steel has been comprehensively demonstrated for isolated stainless steel members; the design method is extended to indeterminate stainless steel structural systems herein. The method is included in AISC 370 and prEN 1993‐1‐14; inclusion of this design framework in international codes of practice presents a step change for the future direction of efficient structural stainless steel design.
Metal additively versus conventionally manufactured structures – An environmental life cycle assessment
Authors: Hadjipantelis Nicolas , Shah Izhar H. , Walter Lulu , Myers Rupert J. , Gardner Leroy 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe use of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) in conjunction with topology optimisation enables the production of structural components with significantly higher strength‐to‐weight ratios than conventional structural components. However, owing to the additional production stages involved in WAAM (e.g. arc welding), a common question arises regarding the environmental impacts of using WAAM to produce structural components relative to conventional fabrication techniques (e.g. hot‐rolling.) A cradle‐to‐gate life cycle assessment is conducted herein to compare the environmental performance of a conventional hot‐rolled I‐section steel beam with that of a topologically optimised WAAM beam, the latter having 53% lower mass than the former. With regards to climate change, it is demonstrated that, for a typical deposition rate of 2 kg/h, WAAM can lead to lower CO2‐eq. emissions than conventional hot‐rolling if topology optimisation can offer mass reductions of at least ∼50%. The contribution of the individual processes in WAAM production is analysed, demonstrating that the use of shielding gas is the greatest contributor to the climate change impact of WAAM production.
The Influence of Rib Distortion on the fatigue resistance of orthotropic plated bridge decks
Authors: Van Bogaert Philippe , Van Staen Gilles , De Backer Hans 
Published: September 2023

AbstractOrthotropic bridge decks contain many places that are prone to fatigue damage due to the crossing of wheel loads of vehicles. Most research has focused on the rib to deck plate detail that has limited fatigue strength, especially due to the joint weld between these two parts. Less attention has been given to the effect of the alternating distortion stresses in the web plate of closed ribs. This distortion occurs as the rib passes through the web plate of the cross beams and is particularly pronounced if there is a high cope hole in that web plate. Experiments have been carried out in on this distortion effect at Ghent University. During 2 series of tests, similar results for the vertical rib web stress were found. However, these stresses due to distortion combine with longitudinal bending stress of the rib web and with shear. The corresponding strains were found from rosette measurements. These stress variations must be combined for fatigue assessment. This requires to use hot spot stress. In theory, the variation of the principal stress should be compared with the hot spot stress limit. This limit value is of course different for the 2 principal directions of the stress variations. This type of multi‐directional stress variations is addressed in codes, yet not exactly applicable in the present problem. Therefore, the modified critical plane offers a solution and gives more favourable results with longer fatigue endurance. In particular the Findley criterion that uses normal stress instead of shear, proves to be efficient in this type of problem. In order to link the results to simpler calculations, an attempt has been made to constitute a graph, which should allow a quick approximation for a first design.
Opening gates in flood protection barriers along the North Sea Coast
Authors: Van Bogaert Philippe 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDue to the effect of climate change, a rise in sea level has become unavoidable. Only 2 solutions are left: either to return large parts of the land to the sea, or to build obstacles and dikes to prevent the flooding. The latter is the most obvious. In Belgium, the 65 km long coastline, including the ports of Ostend, Zeebruges and Blankenberge, as well as the port and the City of Antwerp are risk areas for flooding. That is why an extensive plan of low walls has been drawn up, which will be built in the high‐risk areas. Evidently, openings are needed in these walls, so that emergency vehicles, or other necessary objects, can be brought to the beach. Movable sliding gates have been provided for this, which can be permanently closed in the event of spring tides or later on for more permanent situations. The most difficult point appears to be the load due to the seawater that must be assumed. However, it seems the load due to debris can be more detrimental than the wave action itself. Since one becomes fairly certain of future floods, these loads should no longer be regarded as accidental, but should be assigned a higher partial safety.
An experimental investigation into span length effect in composite CFS and timber‐based flooring systems
Authors: Raffoul Samar , Sun Yao , McCrum Daniel 
Published: September 2023

AbstractCold‐formed steel (CFS) panelised built‐offsite modern methods of construction offer economy of scale, high precision, reduction in construction waste and a more streamlined manufacturing and construction process, compared to traditional construction. Floors made with CFS joists and timber‐based flooring systems, often jointed using screws and structural adhesives, have become increasingly popular. Nevertheless, the beneficial effect of the timber flooring on overall floor structural behaviour is often ignored in design due to limited understanding of CFS joist‐timber board interaction and the effect of various influencing parameters. This article investigates, experimentally, the structural performance of such composite floors. This paper presents eighteen large scale bending tests of CFS composite floors and five pushout tests to investigate the effect of span length on composite action. The results demonstrate that a high degree of composite action can be achieved when both screws and adhesives are utilised, resulting in around 40% increase in flexural stiffness when compared to joist performance without boards. This can lead to a more efficient and sustainable design of CFS joisted floors. The results also show that further research is needed to extend existing design equations to cover short span lengths.
Fatigue behavior at flange thickness transitions with cope holes – design model for engineering practice
Authors: Derler Christoph , Unterweger Harald , Knobloch Markus , Röscher Stefanie 
Published: September 2023

AbstractFlange thickness transitions are common constructional details in welded girders, such as crane runway girders or main girders of highway and railway bridges, to adapt the bending moment capacity of the girder to variable bending moment distributions. At these details the transverse butt weld is often decisive for the fatigue verification of the member. Based on comprehensive studies at Graz University of Technology, including also two fatigue tests, stress concentration factors for the fatigue verification of the butt welds at the girder flange were developed. However, due to the complex local stress fields at the flange thickness transition, cope holes were not included in these studies.Within a research cooperation of Graz University of Technology and Ruhr University Bochum, flange thickness transitions with cope holes are studied recently. Based on comprehensive numerical FE‐ calculations within the practically relevant geometric parameter range, the complex local stress fields near the cope hole are analyzed both, within the web and the flange plate. For validation of the FE‐model also strain measurements were carried out at large‐scale test girders. Applying the hot spot stress method, the decisive hot spots are determined, and a simplified design model is developed for an accurate prediction of these hot spot stresses.The paper presents this design model in detail and shows its accuracy ‐ compared to the FE‐results ‐ for a wide range of different geometrical conditions, as used in practice (e.g. variation of girder dimensions, flange thickness ratio, tapering to the outside and to the inside).Finally, also the results of full‐scale fatigue tests on two different welded girders with flange thickness transitions and cope holes are presented. This provides an accurate fatigue resistance for the proposed design model, based on the hot spot stress method.
Development of Novel Inter‐module Connection for Composite Modular Tall Buildings
Authors: Kandel Arjun , Thai Huu‐Tai , Ngo Tuan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe emerging modular building construction technique is gaining attention by researchers and investors because of its benefits such as short construction time, better quality control, minimal environmental effect and more economical. Composite modules have many advantages, including size reduction and improved fire resistance, over the steel modules, which encourage the application of modular construction on tall buildings. Current state‐of‐art lacks the proper connection technique for composite modular tall buildings. This paper presents novel inter‐module connection for composite modular tall buildings. Purposed inter‐module connection is very simple in geometric design, adequately strong to bear loads for tall buildings, easy to connect and disconnect, and applicable with internal joints and composite modules. Bolts through bolt holes connect modules vertically whereas gusset plate connects horizontally. Firstly, prototype is developed, and workability is confirmed. Performance and failure mechanism of proposed connector under tensile load are evaluated considering the effect of different parameters such as thickness of base plate, size and material of bolt. Results can be used to develop the design guideline for proposed inter‐module connection.
Analytical investigations of seismic performance of different joint details for composite RCS frames
Authors: Murari Krishna , Kumar P. C. Ashwin , Shiradhonkar Saurabh 
Published: September 2023

AbstractComposite RCS frames, comprising of Reinforced Concrete (RC) column and Steel (S) beam are gaining popularity as an attractive alternative to traditional steel moment frames for mid to high‐rise buildings as well as conventional RC construction for low‐rise buildings. The prime concerns with RCS frames are constructability and load transfer at beam‐column connections. Over the last 30 years, several joint details, viz. face bearing plates, erection steel columns, vertical joint reinforcement, and steel band plates have been proposed for RCS frames. The moment‐rotation behavior of these joints was established through quasi‐cyclic experimental programme. The moment‐rotation characteristics of RC column‐S steel beam joint significantly affect seismic performance of the overall frame. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the seismic performance of low and mid‐rise RCS moment resisting frames with different connection details, available in published literature. The nonlinear analyses of differently jointed RCS moment resisting frames is carried out and performance assessed in terms of collapse capacity and the available response reduction factor, Ravl. Seismic collapse risk of RCS frames is estimated to understand performance under uncertain ground motion.
Algorithm for the plastic analysis of arbitrary steel cross sections based on finite element formulations
Authors: Ibáñez Stalin , Kraus Matthias 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn structural engineering verifications, the plastic capacity of steel members may be utilized for cross sections of class 1 and 2. In literature, algorithms for the primary torsional capacity considering different types of numerical procedures, such as finite element methods, have mainly been addressed. However, there is a lack of explicit illustration of algorithms for cross sections considering combined loading, i.e. procedures for bending and torsional analysis. This paper therefore presents an algorithm for the plastic analysis connected to a cross‐sectional finite element approach. The algorithm considers the description of bilinear material laws, accounting for ideal‐plastic behavior as well as effects of isotropic hardening. Cross sections are discretized by isoparametric two‐dimensional nine‐node elements with curvilinear boundaries, which allow describing any geometry with high accuracy. The study proves that the plastic algorithm combined with the isoparametric elements accurately represents the behavior of cross sections. In addition, precise cross‐sectional capacities of hot‐rolled U‐sections gained by the methodology, i.e. plastic torsional moments and plastic bending moments, are presented. In future research, this methodology will be combined with finite element formulations for beams.
Experimental Study on Fire Performance of Polymer Foam Cavity Insulated Light Steel Framed Walls
Authors: Ščapec Tomislav , Skejić Davor , Rukavina Marija Jelčić 
Published: September 2023

AbstractLight steel frame (LSF) building systems are a fast, reliable and economical construction system for residential and non‐residential buildings. Since the thermal conductivity of steel significantly limits the effectiveness of such wall systems for use in modern energy‐efficient buildings, adequate thermal insulation is essential. For this reason, numerous research studies have been conducted on LSF structures with different types and positions of thermal insulation. Due to the combustible nature of polymer foam, LSF systems insulated with this type of insulation have not been the focus of this research. On the other hand, polymer foam is ideal for automated industrial production of prefabricated load‐bearing LSF walls, and research on such walls is mandatory. In this paper, the fire test results of two innovative LSF walls with polymer foam insulation and different gypsum fibreboards are presented. In the proposed configuration, spacers are also used to prevent direct contact between the wall panels and the steel studs. The study conducted shows that a suitable configuration of gypsum fibreboards can lead to satisfactory fire resistance of energy‐efficient LSF wall systems with polymer foam.
Deep Neural Network Direct Stiffness Method: Fundamental Steps into Beam Design
Authors: Mueller Andreas , Taras Andreas 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper presents a novel approach for performing beam element analysis that considers the nonlinear deformation behavior of various RHS and SHS sections made of mild to high‐strength steel: the Deep Neural Network Direct Stiffness method (DNN‐DSM), which uses Deep Neural Networks (DNN), a subset of machine learning algorithms and more general artificial intelligence approaches, to predict the nonlinear stiffness matrix terms in a beam element formulation for implementation in the direct stiffness matrix (DSM). These predictions are made using trained DNN models drawn from an extensive pool of geometric‐material nonlinear simulations with additional imperfections (GMNIA) using shell‐based models. Initial implementations of this method are able to predict the nonlinear load‐displacement and moment‐rotation behavior of various cross sections with high accuracy. This combines the precision of shell analysis with the computational efficiency of beam element analysis. Previous publications have already demonstrated the suitability and advantages of this method, albeit on a small scale for local buckling prediction. This work goes beyond previous studies and focuses on finite beam element design. This includes a review of the modeling approaches of DNN‐DSM using experimental and numerical results from literature.