bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practicing
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores practicing, the most time-consuming part of a musician’s life. It asks the reader to consider their most effective ways to practice, while offering approaches that might not yet have considered and studies that support the most efficient and effective processes. Through personal inventory sections, readers define their own best practice techniques, as well of areas that need improvement. The reader considers how to utilize goal setting as a practice tool, why altering routines is an effective learning process, and how musicians can utilize different amounts of practice time, from a few minutes to extended hours over months. The chapter asks the reader to consider how the concepts of warming up, sensory awareness, mental practice, cognitive awareness, and distractions affect the process of practicing. Several scientific studies about practicing are cited and discussed.
Teaching Principles
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses some teaching principles that a professional musician must consider when venturing into teaching. Among them are caring about students as individuals and developing the teacher-student relationship based on trust and honesty. Teachers should consider that students are people first and musicians second, and must take time to get to know and respect them. Teachers are responsible for student progress in the lesson, but they must also nurture a student’s ability to work independently. Attention should invariably be directed back to beautiful and expressive results of practicing even though a lesson might be focused on technique. The chapter asks readers to consider which principles have made a difference in their work with their own teachers, and to be aware that information in the upcoming chapters will be based on the ones outlined in this chapter.
Fostering Student Independence
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the importance of fostering students’ independence in learning music. When teachers direct every move students make and mastermind solutions to every problem, teaching becomes problematic because students often become too dependent on their teachers to work productively. Even if students can remember how to recreate a correction, they will still be at a loss if they cannot remember the newly improved ways that are taught to them. The key to nurturing students’ independence is to use the lesson time not just to offer information, but to give students ways to verify their best playing which will include using learning modalities. Students need to learn how to critique and practice, and the only chance the teacher has to help them is during a lesson, even if it takes extra time. Teaching intonation is addressed in detail with tools for teaching and independence. The chapter presents approaches to teaching at all levels of development that fully encourage students to become independent.
Your Teaching Philosophy
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the benefits of creating a teaching philosophy statement. Putting ideas about teaching and learning into a statement can help clarify teachers’ beliefs and guide their interactions with students and other professionals, as well as be useful when applying for a position or furthering your career with tenure. The chapter describes how values and beliefs become an integral part of teaching. The goals that are put in the philosophy statement need to emerge from what teachers do in their lessons. The chapter guides readers step by step toward crafting a philosophy statement through defining their highest priorities as teachers and offers suggestions for interviewing former teachers, considering their musical lineage, and asks readers to consider what they might want to offer students—or contribute to the wider world—by way of a unique offering.
Establishing a Teaching Studio
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses how music teachers should establish their studios to conduct one-on-one lessons, whether in the teacher’s home studio, at public or private schools, and at stand-alone music schools and community centers. The chapter explains the needs of a private teacher, including materials and supplies, as well as the importance of running a studio like a business. Recruiting, scheduling, setting and collecting fees, bookkeeping, and creating a studio policy are discussed, as well as creating an environment of mutual support with parents, school directors, and other private teachers. The chapter also discusses other one-on-one teaching situations in public schools, private schools and stand-alone music schools, or preparatory divisions, and the advantages and disadvantages of each. The chapter provides an overview of how to keep track of income and business expenses, as well as how to manage taxes, and why doing so is important for the self-employed musician.
Teen friendships, networks, and substance use
Authors: Ragan Daniel T. , Osgood D. Wayne 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews research from the PROSPER (Promoting School-community-university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience) Peers project relating adolescent friendship networks to three forms of substance use: drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes, and using marijuana. The first topic is the role of substance use in the friendship selection and peer influence processes, in other words, how substance use shapes adolescent friendship networks and how social influence from friends contributes to change in behaviors. The next focus is the connection between substance use and the organization or structure of the friendship networks. Here, the examination is on whether adolescents who use different substances occupy different positions within the network and whether groups of students who use substances have different network structures. The final topic is change across adolescence in network processes related to substance use—similarity, choosing friends, and peer influence. For each topic, support is found for the premise that friendships and substance use are interconnected phenomena, highlighting the need for continuing to incorporate friendship network processes, position, and structure into the understanding of the etiology of substance use and efforts to prevent it.
Does criminal justice contact alter friendship ties?
Authors: Jacobsen Wade C. , Tinney Erin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the prevalence of criminal justice involvement among PROSPER (Promoting School-community-university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience) youth and the ways in which contact with the legal system may affect relationships with peers. The chapter relies on a theoretical framework that suggests that the stigma of police contact may lead to peer rejection (fewer friendship nominations received) and peer withdrawal (fewer nominations extended). It is estimated that about half of the youth in these rural schools who participated in the baseline questionnaire were arrested (i.e., picked up by police for a suspected law violation) by their senior year of high school. Arrest was disproportionately concentrated among boys of color. Consistent with predictions, it was associated with declines in friendship ties received and extended. Furthermore, the negative associations of arrest with friendship ties were stronger for girls than for boys. In sum, many PROSPER youth experience arrest, and the stigma of these police interactions may interfere with their normative friendships at school. Given that arrests are disproportionately concentrated among youth of color, the findings imply that legal systems in these rural communities may be perpetuating patterns of racial inequality.
Depression, self-harm, and network position
Authors: Copeland Molly , Siennick Sonja E. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Peers play a critical role in adolescent mental health. Adolescents’ connections with peers and positions in peer networks can affect subsequent mental distress, including depressive symptoms and self-harm. In turn, depressive symptoms and self-harm can affect subsequent network position among peers. Multiple facets of peer networks, including patterns of ties among close friends and overall social standing in the entire network, are associated with mental distress. This chapter summarizes prior work examining networks, depressive symptoms, and self-harm using the PROSPER (PROmoting School-community-university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience) data. Also presented are new analyses that examine how features of networks, including cohesion among close friends, popularity, and Bonacich centrality, predict depressive symptoms and self-harm. It was found that higher popularity and Bonacich centrality predicted reduced depressive symptoms, while only greater Bonacich centrality predicted lower odds of self-harm. The chapter then examines the influence of distress on networks, finding that both depressive symptoms and self-harm predicted weaker subsequent connections to peers, as reflected in lower cohesion, popularity, and Bonacich centrality scores. Overall, the results indicate that the associations between peer networks and mental well-being are both complex and bidirectional. Multiple aspects of friendship networks both predict and are predicted by teens’ mental health.
Chinese Buddhism and Soft Power
Authors: Ashiwa Yoshiko , Wank David L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
With the rise to power of Xi Jinping in 2013, Chinese Buddhism has become deeply incorporated into the aspirations of the Communist Party of China for the country to be recognized as a great power in the world. This chapter argues that the state has been promoting Buddhism as religion and culture in other countries as soft power and sharp power. The analysis explores the religious modalities and state strategies of promotion in terms of the projects in which promotion proceeds; the local effects of projects on images, discourses, and politics regarding the People’s Republic of China; and the contradictions of globally promoting a nationalistic Buddhism.
Religious Diplomacy in the Arab Gulf and the Politics of Moderate Islam
Authors: Sheline Annelle 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The 9/11 attacks significantly increased the securitization of Islam. The governments of US security partners in the Middle East blamed “radical Islam” as the impetus for extremist violence committed by Muslims and promoted themselves as offering a solution—“moderate Islam”—to benefit from US resources. By blaming violence on a misinterpretation of Islam and framing the remedy for violence as something only they could provide, these governments bolstered their utility in the eyes of their American security guarantor. This chapter investigates claims related to the use of moderate Islam as a means of preventing violence in the early twenty-first century, highlighting the impact of 9/11 on the relationship between the United States and certain Central Asian and Arab states, including Pakistan, the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia. This chapter also details how America’s use of religious discourse shifted during the presidencies of George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump.
Charles Stelzle’s Labor Temple and the Contested Boundaries of American Religion
Authors: Drake Janine Giordano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter moves from the national frame to the local frame to examine how a particular Social Gospel leader, Charles Stelzle, carried out the Federal Council of Churches’ “social service” mission within his home congregation. Stelzle named his ministry the “Labor Temple” and placed it in the midst of a diverse, working-class neighborhood in Manhattan. However, by offering free social services, education, and meeting spaces to immigrants, Stelzle rendered wage earners dependent, or at least desirous, of the resources he and the Presbytery of New York had to give away. While ministers defended their preaching as “free speech,” they derided the “radical” speech among their patrons. Ultimately, Federal Council ministers encouraged the public to entrust them as leaders in the world of social service, but they also used their ministries to sharply patrol the appropriate boundaries of working-class Christian belief and political behavior.
The Great War and the Victory of White Protestant Clergy
Authors: Drake Janine Giordano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Throughout his presidency, Woodrow Wilson took credit for the accomplishments of the Federal Council of Churches as evidence of the healing work of “Christianity” in the nation and throughout the world. In 1917, Wilson took the advice of these Protestant ministers to enter the Great War and expand this good work of evangelism and “Americanization.” However, the more Wilson entrusted white Protestant clergy with the responsibility to establish industrial democracy and social justice, the less he entrusted working people, including the labor leaders, immigrants, and Black clergy and civic associations, who had their own definitions of both democracy and Christianity. By 1919, the long partnership between the Federal Council of Churches and the American Federation of Labor was coming to an end. The Great War christened the Federal Council of Churches as the nation’s foremost leader in social service, and the white Protestant clergy who presided quickly redefined the meaning of Christian nationhood.
Afterword
Authors: Drake Janine Giordano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
By the end of the Progressive Era, most ministers of the Federal Council of Churches had done little to measurably improve the lives of working people. They obstructed the efforts of the American Federation of Labor to defend the trade union as a moral agent. They undermined the advocacy of the Socialist Party for jobs programs and public social services. Instead, these ministers designed a weak agenda for moderate reform, and then gathered corporate resources and conservative political allies to help them undermine the public, moral gravity of the labor movement. Their motives were not governed by malice; Protestant clergy aimed primarily to protect the longevity of Protestant churches and their social service ministries. Feeling threatened by the prospect of a powerful labor movement and an expanded welfare state displacing the traditional power of clergy, they capitulated to the weak promises of reform offered by “Christian” corporate giants.
Cotton Colonialism and the New Police in the United States and England, 1830s–1850s
Authors: Go Julian 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the spread of the civil police model. After the London Metropolitan Police was created in 1829, other local governments in Britain copied it, including Manchester. The civil police then spread across the Atlantic, influencing the formation of the New York City Metropolitan Police in the 1840s and the Savannah police in the 1850s, among others. The chapter shows how the racialization of crime and disorder triggered the birth of the new police in these cities and how the larger transatlantic interimperial network of cotton production and trade gifted their form, function, and targets. The chapter further shows how these new police forces were modeled after the London Metropolitan Police but also had various colonial and imperial influences, including slave patrols and settler colonial forms. This chapter finally discusses differences between the emergent policing formations in the different locations, including differences in armaments.
Economic History
Authors: Osborne Robin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of the nature of agriculture in Attica, exploring the natural constraints imposed by climate and geology and raising the question of change over time. It proceeds to investigate the exploitation of natural resources, and, in particular, the early history of exploitation of the silver mines at Laurion. Discussion of the role of craft production and its place in the economy turns particularly upon pottery production. The chapter ends with an outline of the history of Athenian coinage, beginning with the so-called Wappenmünzen, and with what we know of the history of Athenian taxation.
Social Customs and Institutions
Authors: Osborne Robin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 10 discusses the semi-formalized drinking party known as the “symposion,” tracing its history back into the eighth century where it is the earliest site of alphabetic writing in Athens, and arguing against reducing drinking parties to any single type. It explores what we know, largely from visual evidence of sixth- and early-fifth-century date, of homosexual and heterosexual courtship and their contexts, including the gymnasium, and examines the practices of gift-giving, with a particular focus upon the hunt as a source of gifts that show off the prowess of the gift-giver.
Religious Customs and Institutions
Authors: Osborne Robin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 11 traces the geographical distribution and changing nature of sanctuaries across the archaic period. The iconographic evidence from pottery and from the votive assemblage arguably reveals changing attitudes towards the gods. The history of building on the Athenian acropolis, which is particularly rich in the sixth century, is described in some detail. The pattern of Athenian festivals is explored through Solon’s calendar and sixth-century festival innovations, including the revamped Panathenaia and the City Dionysia. The relationship between central and local determination of religious activity is investigated, along with the role of religious cult in relations between town and countryside.
Conclusion
Authors: Osborne Robin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The studies throughout this text are pulled together to explore how the changing themes of Athenian art, in particular, relate to the history of Athens as a social and political unit. The strength of the evidence for seventh-century Athens as a formally organized community is stressed, as is the extent of tensions within that community. The distribution of Athenian pottery across the Mediterranean emphasizes the extent to which Athens was economically embedded within the wide Mediterranean world and the importance of Athenian craftsmen in those networks. A part, at least, of what was special about Athens was the variety of economic resources on which it could call.
Cities
Authors: Bernard Seth 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
By the sixth century BCE, developments set in motion in the Early Iron Age culminated in a network of cities in Italy, especially in the Central Tyrrhenian area and in select places outside that region. Urbanization in Italy is noteworthy for its long development, as Italian society did not see the same rupture between Bronze and Iron Age visible in other parts of the Mediterranean. Because of this long genesis, Italian urban societies arose not ex novo but in explicit negotiation with the enduring structures of pre-urban society at sites that grew to become cities. As this chapter points out, this process held important implication for historical culture. We find early urban societies negotiating their place vis-à-vis pre- or proto-urban communities in particular ways. One way is by establishing spatial continuity with pre-urban architecture, as we commonly find Early Iron Age huts underneath early urban temples. The huts-to-temples phenomenon appears variously from Magna Grecia to Etruria, but is especially prevalent in South Etruria and Latium, where it is well attested at Rome itself. Another way was by making claims of discontinuity from the pre-urban past. This could be done by carrying out foundation rituals, some of which have left material residues in the archaeology of early cities. Or claims of discontinuity could even be achieved by ritually obliterating and abandoning pre-urban structures, as attested in the case of important recent discoveries from the site of Populonia.
Time
Authors: Bernard Seth 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Among the novel practices of early urban culture in Italy were new ways of organizing time. These moves in temporality underpinned new forms of historical practice. This chapter looks at how conceptions of time shift from ancestral or genealogical schema to more collective and calendrically arranged schema within the framework of early urban culture. An anxiety with marking the passage of time is seen in early urban rituals, particularly in nail-driving rituals attested at Rome, Pyrgi, and Marzabotto, as well as elsewhere. The major part of the chapter catalogues evidence for calendrical time in Rome and in Italic inscriptions in Etruscan, Oscan, Umbrian, and in one case Phoenician. Almost all extant early inscriptions from Italy of substantial length relate to calendrical time in some way. This reveals an abundant interest in the calendar, pointing to a nexus among urbanization, historical culture, early writing, and a particular interest in time arranged according to planetary movements.
Veil of Veils, Holy of Holies
Authors: Dailey E. T. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter reconstructs the practices within the convent of Holy Cross, where Radegund lived as a bride of Christ, a description that Radegund and her community applied to her in a manner different from that of other nuns. The status acquired a metaphysical quality that united Radegund’s role as an earthly queen with her pursuit of otherworldly sanctity, resulting in a view that she was in some sense the queen of heaven. The chapter details the manner in which Radegund interpreted the Rule of Caesarius, through which she granted herself exemptions that might not be expected from a simple reading of the Rule. Indeed, Radegund ran her convent as both a monastic space and as something approaching a royal court, in reflection of her own status as an avowed woman and a queen. This chapter also discusses Radegund’s most extreme acts of asceticism and self-mortification. She modelled Holy Cross on her understanding of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and the Temple of Jerusalem. Her oratory of the Cross reproduced Golgotha and the Crucifixion; her monastic cell reproduced the Tomb of Christ. She retreated to her cell during Lent and emerged reborn at Easter.
Working for the World
Authors: Porter Louis Howard 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the anxieties, tribulations, and triumphs of Soviet international civil servants in the UNESCO Secretariat, where they struggled to serve world governance by navigating the demands of two power structures and ethical regimes—the Soviet state-party and UNESCO. Working among an international staff that included socialist allies as well as anti-Soviet enemies, Soviet UNESCO employees interpreted the UNESCO bureaucracy through the lens of the Soviet society they came from. While some excelled in the international civil service by harmonizing their dual roles as Soviet agents and servants of the UN, most found the burdens of these contradictory roles onerous and alienating, including one employee who defected. His rebellion and the small acts of disobedience of others fed the anxieties of Soviet authorities, who realized that their compatriots in the secretariat had begun to think like international civil servants out of a need to get by in their workplace.