bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ESTABLISHING PRINCIPLES FOR MIGRAINE MANAGEMENT IN PRIMARY CARE
Authors: Dowson AJ , Sender J , Lipscombe S , Cady RK , Tepper SJ , Smith R , Smith TR , Taylor FR , Boudreau GP , Van Duijn NP , Poole AC , Baos V , Wöber C 
Published: April 2023

SUMMARYPublished guidelines for the management of migraine in primary care were evaluated by an international advisory board of headache specialists, to establish evidence‐based principles of migraine management that could be recommended for international use. Twelve principles of migraine management were identified, covering screening, diagnosis, management and treatments:

Almost all headaches are benign/primary and can be managed by all practising clinicians.
Use questions/a questionnaire to assess the impact on daily living and everyday activities, for diagnostic screening and to aid management decisions.
Share migraine management between the clinician and the patient.
Provide individualised care for migraine and encourage patients to manage their migraine.
Follow up patients, preferably with migraine calendars or diaries.
Regularly re‐evaluate the success of therapy using specific outcome measures and monitor the use of acute and prophylactic medications regularly.
Adapt migraine management to changes that occur in the illness and its presentation over the years.
Provide acute medication to all migraine patients and recommend it is taken at the appropriate time, during the attack.
Provide rescue medication/symptomatic treatment for when the initial therapy fails.
Offer to prescribe prophylactic medications, as well as lifestyle changes, to patients who have four or more migraine attacks per month or who are resistant to acute medications.
Consider concurrent co‐morbidities in the choice of appropriate prophylactic medication.
Work with the patient to achieve comfort with mutually agreed upon treatment and ensure that it is practical for their lifestyle and headache presentation.
NATEGLINIDE (STARLIX®): UPDATE ON A NEW ANTIDIABETIC AGENT
Authors: Phillips LS , Dunning BE 
Published: April 2023

SUMMARYNateglinide is a new oral antidiabetic agent that stimulates insulin release promptly after its pre‐meal administration in a strongly glucose‐dependent fashion. Because its insulinotropic effects are short in duration, nateglinide specifically targets postprandial hyperglycaemia with a low potential to elicit hypoglycaemia or sustained hyperinsulinaemia. Nateglinide has an excellent safety and tolerability profile, and its efficacy in reducing HbA1c in monotherapy (120 mg before meals) is comparable to that of metformin, sulphonylureas, thiazolidinediones or acarbose (−0.5 to −1.5%). When combined with metformin, which primarily reduces fasting glucose levels, nateglinide's effects are additive. In our clinical experience, nateglinide is a particularly good therapeutic option in newly diagnosed, treatment‐naive patients; elderly patients in whom hypoglycaemia is a concern; patients with kidney failure or mild hepatic impairment; patients taking low‐dose sulphonylureas who encounter problems with hypoglycaemia; and patients failing to achieve adequate glycaemic control on metformin or thiazolidinedione monotherapy.
SPONTANEOUS REMISSION OF LARGE GRANULAR LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA
Authors: Sosin MD , Handa SI 
Published: April 2023

SUMMARYThe phenomenon of spontaneous remission is one of the less well known aspects of the leukaemias. Spontaneous remission has been reported in both acute and chronic leukaemia. The mechanism is unclear but may involve immune modulation related to an intercurrent infection or transfusion of blood products. We present a rare case of spontaneous complete remission of T‐cell large granular lymphocytic (T‐LGL) leukaemia occurring in an 82‐year‐old man. The patient died two years later of an unrelated condition, with no evidence of recurrence of T‐LGL leukaemia. Elucidation of the mechanism of the phenomenon of spontaneous remission may lead to advances in the treatment of this diverse group of disorders.
SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERIAL EMBOLISM: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF LOCAL THROMBOLYTIC TREATMENT WITH UROKINASE IN WEST CHINA
Authors: Wang G , Lu W , Xia Q , Mao B , Wang L , Li T , Jiang L 
Published: April 2023

SUMMARYEmbolism of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) is a rare disorder. To explore the selective criteria of local thrombolysis, evaluate its efficacy and discuss the therapeutic protocol of SMA embolism, a retrospective case control study was undertaken. Sixteen cases were divided into two groups: nine cases (group A) from May 1995 to April 1999 were given traditional treatment, while seven cases (group B) from November 1999 to June 2002 received comprehensive therapy including local thrombolysis. The local thrombolytic treatment was performed without procedure‐related complications and the embolus was successfully lysed in four patients. The time between admission and diagnosis (or treatment) was shorter in group B than in group A (2.3 ± 1.2 vs 12.3 ± 9.2 hr, p=0.013). Gangrenous bowel segments in group A were much longer than in group B (159.4 ± 87.7 vs 45.7 ± 61.6 cm, p=0.009). However, mortality between the two groups was the same (p=0.282, OR=0.32, 95% Cl=0.039, 2.618) perhaps because of the small sample size. Angiography could shorten the duration from the onset of SMA embolism to therapy and certainly lowers the risk of mortality. Local fibrinolytic infusion may be an effective alternative to embolectomy in patients with SMA embolism but without intestinal infarction.
STATE OF THE ART IN β2‐AGONIST THERAPY: A SAFETY REVIEW OF LONG‐ACTING AGENTS
Authors: Rabe KF 
Published: April 2023

SUMMARYDespite concerns in the 1970s and 1980s about the safety of short‐acting β2‐agonists, it is now generally accepted that these agents, used at appropriate doses, provide safe and effective treatment for asthma symptoms. After their introduction, β2‐agonists with a long duration of action — formoterol and salmeterol — became widely used as maintenance therapy with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Both β2‐agonists are well tolerated in long‐term studies, with no reduction in lung function observed over time, indicating a lack of clinically relevant tolerance development in patients with asthma and COPD. High‐dose studies have indicated that formoterol produces systemic effects of similar duration to, but less pronounced than, salbutamol and terbutaline. Formoterol produces long‐lasting bronchoprotection against exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction, even in patients receiving regular maintenance therapy; its fast onset of effect (similar to salbutamol) allows formoterol to be used as a reliever. Clinically the safety of formoterol and salmeterol has been demonstrated in several studies, both with ICS and alone. (Int J Clin Pract 2003; 57(8): 689–697)
THE TINKLE TALE
Authors: Maharaj D , Naraynsingh V 
Published: April 2023

SUMMARYThe clinical features of urinary calculi are well documented. Several textbooks state the features of passage of a stone per urethra including severe dysuria, straining and strangury. We report on three patients in whom attention was drawn to the passage of a stone by the sound made as the stone hit the bedpan during urination. (Int J Clin Pract 2003; 57(8): 719)
PARTIAL SEIZURE: AN UNUSUAL CAUSE OF RECURRENT VOMITING
Authors: Yukselen V , Yasa MH , Karaoglu AO , Bolukbasi O 
Published: April 2023

SUMMARYPartial seizure is a rare cause of nausea and vomiting. We report an adult patient with abdominal discomfort lasting 15 years accompanied by nausea and vomiting at least twice a week. On admission, physical examination and detailed laboratory tests were normal. Abdominal ultrasound examination, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and CT scanning of the brain did not reveal any evidence of disease. Electroencephalography revealed bilateral synchronous sharp wave discharges and spike wave activities. The diagnosis of partial seizure was considered and the patient was administered sodium valproate. The patient's symptoms subsided and he has been asymptomatic for the past 20 months. We conclude that partial seizure should be considered in patients suffering from abdominal complaints who do not have any underlying gastrointestinal disorder.
THE EFFECTS OF MELATONIN AND PROSTAGLANDIN E1 ANALOGUE ON EXPERIMENTAL HEPATIC ISCHAEMIA REPERFUSION DAMAGE
Authors: Bülbüller N , Çcetinkaya Z , Akkus MA , Çifter Ç , Ilhan YS , Dogru O , Aygen E , Özercan I , Genç K 
Published: April 2023

SUMMARYThe effects of antioxidant melatonin and a prostaglandin E1 analogue (PGE1) on hepatic ischaemia reperfusion damage were investigated. Fifty rats were divided into five equal groups: sham, control, melatonin, PGE1 and combined treatment. No procedures were applied to the sham group. In the control and treatment groups, the hepatic hilus was clamped at the level of the hepatic artery and portal vein for 60 min and reperfusion was provided for two hours. In the treatment and combined treatment groups, melatonin was administered intramuscularly at a dose of 20 mg/kg 15 mins before reperfusion, and PGE1 was administered intravenously at a dose of 25 mg/kg 1 min before reperfusion. Blood samples for SGOT, SGPT, GSH‐Px, SOD and MDA measurements and hepatic tissue samples were taken. The decrease in the plasma MDA levels was statistically significant in the melatonin and combined treatment groups, but not in the PGE1 group (p>0.025). A significant decrease was found in the tissue MDA levels of the treatment groups (p<0.025). The decrease in SGOT and SGPT levels in the PGE1 group was significant (p<0.025), but the decreases in the melatonin and combined treatment groups were not significant (p>0.025). Melatonin and PGE1 were found to be effective in reducing the hepatic ischaemia reperfusion damage in rats. However, the damage could not be reversed. Combined treatment was found not to be superior to melatonin or PGE1 alone.
Prevalence and risk factors of pre‐frailty and frailty in maintenance haemodialysis patients in China: A cross‐sectional Study
Authors: Ye Liqin , Tang Xianping , Zhang Hailin , Ge Song , Yin Lixia , Zhou Ying , Chang Jian 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAimsTo examine the prevalence and risk factors of pre‐frailty and frailty in maintenance haemodialysis patients in China.DesignA cross‐sectional study.MethodFrom January to July 2017, using the convenience sampling method, a total of 503 maintenance haemodialysis patients from six hospitals in Lianyungang, China, were recruited for this study. The participants' socio‐demographic, lifestyle factors and health information were assessed using a general information questionnaire. Frailty was evaluated based on the Fried frailty phenotype. Multi‐categorical logistic regression was performed to examine factors associated with pre‐frailty and frailty in this population, including age, sex, living alone, employment, educational level, body mass index, per capita monthly household income, smoking status, exercise status, primary diagnosis, dialysis age, frequency of dialysis, vascular access, congestive heart failure, other cardiac diseases, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral blood diseases, pain, albumin level and haemoglobin level.ResultsAmong the 503 participants with an average age of 53.02 years (standard deviation 14.99), 178 had pre‐frailty (35.3%) and were mostly young and middle‐aged. The prevalence of pre‐frailty among participants <60 years old was more than 40%. Regression analysis showed that lack of exercise, dialysis age ≤12 months, congestive heart failure and other cardiac diseases were positively associated with pre‐frailty. Two hundred and eighteen participants were frail (43.3%), most of whom were aged ≥60. The prevalence of frailty in participants ≥60 was 71.4%. Regression analysis showed that advanced age, being female, obesity, low per capita monthly household income, lack of exercise, diabetes as the primary disease, dialysis age ≤12 months, congestive heart failure, other cardiac diseases, pain and low albumin level, were positively associated with frailty. In addition, more than half of the participants hardly exercised (64.6%), while lack of exercise was a risk factor for pre‐frailty and frailty. A third of the participants had pain (33.4%), while pain was an independent risk factor for pre‐frailty and frailty in these participants.ConclusionPre‐frailty and frailty are common in patients with maintenance haemodialysis. Most of the elderly maintenance haemodialysis patients are frail, and most of the young and middle‐aged patients are pre‐frail. Clinicians should actively screen the pre‐frailty and frailty among patients with maintenance haemodialysis, especially those with dialysis age ≤12 months. Many factors affect pre‐frailty and frailty in this population. Tailored intervention measures should be designed and implemented based on these factors, giving priority to exercise guidance and pain management for patients to help them prevent or reverse pre‐frailty and frailty.
Exploring the psychometric properties of self‐report instruments used to measure health‐related quality of life and subjective wellbeing of adolescents with intellectual disabilities: A Consensus‐based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) systematic review
Authors: Maguire Stephanie , Davison Jenny , McLaughlin Marian , Simms Victoria , Bunting Brendan 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundStudies that have systematically reviewed the psychometric properties of health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and subjective wellbeing instruments for adolescents with intellectual disabilities narrowly focus on disease or health‐specific conditions. This review aimed to critically appraise the psychometric properties of self‐report instruments used to measure HRQoL and subjective wellbeing of adolescents with intellectual disabilities.MethodA systematic search was undertaken in four databases. The quality of the included studies and their psychometric properties was assessed according to the COnsensus‐based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments Risk of Bias checklist.ResultsSeven studies reported psychometric properties of five different instruments. Only one instrument identified as having potential to be recommended for use but requires further validation research to assess its quality for this population.ConclusionsThere is insufficient evidence to support the recommendation of a self‐report instrument to assess HRQoL and subjective wellbeing of adolescents with intellectual disabilities.
Small solitary atrial fractionated electrogram zone as a novel ablation target for persistent atrial fibrillation
Authors: Yamaji Hirosuke , Kawafuji Souhei , Sano Masaya , Higashiya Shunichi , Murakami Takashi , Kawamura Hiroshi , Murakami Masaaki , Kamikawa Shigeshi , Kusachi Shozo 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIntroductionVarious adjunctive approaches to pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) have been attempted for persistent atrial fibrillation (perAF) and longstanding persistent AF (ls‐perAF). We aimed to identify the novel zones responsible for perpetuation of AF.MethodsTo identify novel zones acting as a source of perAF and ls‐perAF after PVI/re‐PVI, we performed fractionation mapping in 258 consecutive patients with perAF (n = 207) and ls‐perAF (n = 51) in whom PVI/re‐PVI failed to restore sinus rhythm.ResultsIn 15 patients with perAF (5.8%: 15/258), fractionation mapping identified a small solitary zone (<1 cm2) with high‐frequency and irregular waves, showing fractionated electrograms (EGM). We defined this zone as the small solitary atrial fractionated EGM (SAFE) zone. The small SAFE zone was surrounded characteristically by a homogeneous area showing relatively organized activation with nonrapid and nonfractionated waves. Only one small SAFE zone was detected in each patient. This characteristic electrical phenomenon was observed stably during the procedure until ablation. AF duration, (defined as the duration between initial detection of AF and the current ablation) was longer in patients with the small SAFE zone than in those without (median, [25 and 75 percentiles]; 5.0 [3.5, 7.0] vs. 1.1 [1.0, 4.0] years, p = .0008). Longer AF cycle length was observed in patients with the small SAFE zone than in those without. The ablation of the small SAFE zone terminated AF in all 15 patients without any need for other ablations. AF/atrial tachycardia‐free rate at follow‐up was 93% (14/15) at 6 months, 87% (13/15) at 1 year, and 60% (9/15) at 2 years.ConclusionsUsing fractionation mapping, this study identified a small SAFE zone surrounded characteristically by a homogeneous, relatively organized, low‐excitability EGM lesion. The ablation of the small SAFE zone terminated AF in all patients, demonstrating it as a substrate for perpetuated AF. Our findings provide novel ablation targets in perAF patients with prolonged AF duration. Further studies to confirm the present results are warranted.
Controlling the Speededness of Assembled Test Forms: A Generalization to the Three‐Parameter Lognormal Response Time Model
Authors: Becker Benjamin , Weirich Sebastian , Goldhammer Frank , Debeer Dries 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWhen designing or modifying a test, an important challenge is controlling its speededness. To achieve this, van der Linden (2011a, 2011b) proposed using a lognormal response time model, more specifically the two‐parameter lognormal model, and automated test assembly (ATA) via mixed integer linear programming. However, this approach has a severe limitation, in that the two‐parameter lognormal model lacks a slope parameter. This means that the model assumes that all items are equally speed sensitive. From a conceptual perspective, this assumption seems very restrictive. Furthermore, various other empirical studies and new data analyses performed by us show that this assumption almost never holds in practice. To overcome this shortcoming, we bring together the already frequently used three‐parameter lognormal model for response times, which contains a slope parameter, and the ATA approach for controlling speededness by van der Linden. Using multiple empirically based illustrations, the proposed extension is illustrated, including complete and documented R code. Both the original van der Linden approach and our newly proposed approach are available to practitioners in the freely available R package eatATA.
What innovation paths for AI to become a GPT?
Authors: Bresnahan Timothy 
Published: April 2023

AbstractEarly commercial applications of artificial intelligence technologies (AITs) were narrow but extremely profitable. Comparable uses of those technologies throughout the economy would lead to a growth boom. Firms which emulated the early applications successfully would make tremendous strategic gains. This is a situation familiar from earlier rounds of information and communication technology. However, for AITs to become a general‐purpose technology across many commercial applications sectors will require some new innovations. This paper examines the innovation paths that could lead to that desirable outcome, the ones that have stalled, the ones in the process now, and the ones that might occur in the future. Strikingly, early AIT use, both commercial and with technical customers, occurred where Digital Transformation was not required for it to succeed. The innovation paths all require Digital Transformation as key steps.
Metabolic constraints and individual variation shape the trade‐off between physiological recovery and anti‐predator responses in adult sockeye salmon
Authors: Lawrence Michael J. , Prystay Tanya S. , Dick Melissa , Eliason Erika J. , Elvidge Chris K. , Hinch Scott G. , Patterson David A. , Lotto Andrew G. , Cooke Steven J. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractMetabolic scope represents the aerobic energy budget available to an organism to perform non‐maintenance activities (e.g., escape a predator, recover from a fisheries interaction, compete for a mate). Conflicting energetic requirements can give rise to ecologically relevant metabolic trade‐offs when energy budgeting is constrained. The objective of this study was to investigate how aerobic energy is utilized when individual sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) are exposed to multiple acute stressors. To indirectly assess metabolic changes in free‐swimming individuals, salmon were implanted with heart rate biologgers. The animals were then exercised to exhaustion or briefly handled as a control, and allowed to recover from this stressor for 48 h. During the first 2 h of the recovery period, individual salmon were exposed to 90 ml of conspecific alarm cues or water as a control. Heart rate was recorded throughout the recovery period. Recovery effort and time was higher in exercised fish, relative to control fish, whereas exposure to an alarm cue had no effect on either of these metrics. Individual routine heart rate was negatively correlated with recovery time and effort. Together, these findings suggest that metabolic energy allocation towards exercise recovery (i.e., an acute stressor; handling, chase,etc.) trumps anti‐predator responses in salmon, although individual variation may mediate this effect at the population level.
Risk of second primary malignancies in survivors of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms from 2000 to 2018
Authors: Yang Zhen , Liu Lianshuang , Leng Kaiming , Shi Guangjun 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackground and AimAs a result of improved survival, cancer survivors continue to remain at risk of developing second primary malignancies (SPMs). However, the association between first primary pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs) and SPMs has not been thoroughly investigated.MethodsUsing the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results‐18 database, patients histologically diagnosed with PanNENs as their first malignancy between 2000 and 2018 were identified. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and excess absolute risks per 10 000 person‐years of SPMs were calculated to estimate the risk of being diagnosed with subsequent cancers compared with the general population.ResultsA total of 489 (5.7%) PanNENs survivors developed an SPM during the follow up, with a median latency between first and second cancer diagnoses of 32.0 months. The overall SIR of SPMs was 1.30 (95% CI: 1.19, 1.42) and the excess absolute risk was 35.67 cases per 10 000 person‐years in comparison with the general population. Age 25–64 years at PanNENs diagnosis was associated with statistically higher risks for SPMs of all cancers combined. Latency stratification was significant for elevated SPMs risk between 2–23 and 84+ months after diagnosis. White patients were found to have a significantly increased incidence of SPMs (SIR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.35), mainly owing to the higher risk of stomach, small intestine, pancreas, kidney and renal pelvis, and thyroid cancers.ConclusionPancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms survivors experience a significant increase in the burden of SPMs compared with the reference population. The heightened relative risk calls for careful long‐term scrutiny as part of survivorship care plans.
Recent advances in the role of exosomes in liver fibrosis
Authors: Shen Jiliang , Cao Jiasheng , Chen Mingyu , Zhang Yaping 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackground and AimWe aim to summarize the current status of research on the role of exosomes in liver fibrosis.MethodsA review of the relevant literature was performed and the key findings were presented.ResultsMost studies focused on the role of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells, other types of stem cells, and liver resident cells including hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and hepatic stellate cells in liver fibrosis. Exosomes have been reported to play an essential role in the inactivation or activation of hepatic stellate cells through the delivery of non‐coding RNAs and proteins. In recent years, this exosome cargo has become a research hotspot.ConclusionsRecent studies have indicated the potential therapeutic benefit of exosomes in liver fibrosis.