bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hapten-specific T cell responses to 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetyl.
Authors: Sunday M E , Weinberger J Z , Benacerraf B , Dorf M E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The primary anti-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP) antibody response is known to have a heteroclitic fine specificity, i.e., anti-NP antibodies bind (4-hydroxy-5-iodo-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NIP) with greater affinity than NP itself. Past studies of NP-specific DTH responses and NP-specific T cell-mediated suppression have demonstrated sharing of fine specificity patterns and idiotypic structure between receptors on NP-specific T cells and anti-NP antibodies. We now analyze the fine specificity of NP-specific cutaneous sensitivity (CS) reactions to NP-O-succinimide (NP-O-Su) and NIP-O-succinimide (NIP-O-Su). The specificity of these responses is shown to be controlled by genes in the Igh gene complex. Cross-reactive CS responses induced by NP-O-Su elicited by NIP-O-Su were observed in strains of mice possessing the Igh-1b allotype but not in strains bearing the Igh-1c or Igh-1j allotypes. The CS reactivity could be adoptively transferred to naive recipients, and the ability of transfer CS reactivity was T cell dependent. In contrast to the genetic requirement for I-A region homology to adoptively transfer DTH reactions, compatibility at either the H-2K, H-21, or H-2D regions was sufficient to transfer NP-specific CS reactivity to naive recipients. Furthermore, in contrast to DTH responses, cyclophosphamide pretreatment was not required to induce CS responsiveness. Thus, the specificity of NP-O-Su-induced CS responses is controlled by both H-2- and Igh-linked genes.
Polyclonal activation of murine B lymphocytes by Fe fragments. II. Replacement of T cells by a soluble helper T cell-replacing factor (TRF).
Authors: Thoman M L , Morgan E L , Weigle W O 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fc fragments of human gamma-globulin stimulate T cell-dependent polyclonal antibody responses in murine splenic B cells. The T cell signal can be delivered by a soluble T cell-replacing factor, derived by concanavalin A stimulation of spleen cells. TRF interacts directly with responding B cells and appears to provide the second, differentiative, trigger that initiates the polyclonal response. TRF is maximally active even if added at 24 hr after Fc and does not alter the response kinetics. Although macrophages are requird for the polyclonal activation of B cells in intact spleen cell cultures, they are not necessary for the delivery of the TRF signal to B cells.
The autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction in strains of mice with autoimmune disease.
Authors: Glimcher L H , Steinberg A D , House S B , Green I 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have studied the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR) in 3 strains of mice with autoimmune disease. T cell proliferation to autologous non-T cells occurs in young mice of these 3 strains (as it does in normal mice) but is absent or greatly reduced in older mice of strains with autoimmune disease. Reciprocal mixing experiments revealed that the defect in the AMLR of the older mice resides in the responder T cell population. Further analysis of the cells participating in the AMLR of young mice of the B/W F1 strain revealed that: 1) a Thy 1- and Ly1-positive responder cell was necessary at the start of the culture to initiate the AMLR; 2) the cells present after 5 days of culture contained very few, if any, Ly123 cells in the B/W F1 strain compared with the normal C57BL/6 strain; and 3) the stimulating cell appear to be a macrophage, and an Ia-bearing cell must be present for the reaction to occur.
An analysis of the lymphocyte content of rat lacteals.
Authors: Steer H W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A technique for the collection of lymph from the lacteals of the small intestine of the rat is described. The output of lymphocytes from an area possessing a Peyer's patch is 10 times greater than in lymph from an area lacking one, but the proportion of lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulin (sIg), surface immunoglobulin A (sIgA), and internal immunoglobulin A (iIgA) are similar in the 2 areas. A lower percentage of lymphocytes bear sIg in lymph afferent to the mesenteric lymph gland compared with that found in the thoracic duct. However, a higher proportion of these lymphocytes bearing sIg have IgA on their surface in lacteal lymph compared with thoracic duct lymph. The reasons for these differences between the lacteal lymph and thoracic duct lymph are discussed.
Conformation of Immunoglobulin M. III. Structural requirements of antigen for complement fixation by equine IgM.
Authors: Siegel R C , Cathou R E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Complexes of IgM equine anti-dansyl antibodies and different dansyl substituted carriers were tested for their ability to fix complement (C). Only dansyl92-Ficoll and dansyl12-poly-L-lysine were found to be effective. Dansyl13-bovine serum albumin, dansyl127-keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and reduced and alkylated dansyl10-ribonuclease were all ineffective. Lack of C fixation by the dansyl-ribonuclease was not due to lack of antibody-antigen complex formation, since binding at the concentrations employed for C fixation was established. However, in contrast, polymerized dansyl-ribonuclease (polydisperse, with m.w. = 74,000 to 230,000) was very effective in inducing C fixation. These results suggest that large antigen size is necessary for IgM to bind in a multivalent fashion to provide the correct conformation for C fixation. A similar conclusion had been made in earlier studies on rabbit IgM by Cunniff and Stollar. Since optimal C fixation occurred at lower antigen concentrations than maximal precipitation, it would appear that complexes in which several combining sites within a given IgM molecule may be bound to the same antigenic surface may be the most effective. The observation that the amount of C1q bound to antibody was the same in the presence and absence of antigen suggests that enhanced C fixation by antibody-antigen complexes is due to additional C component interactions such as C1r or C1s.
Natural cytotoxicity in the mouse embryo. I. Evidence for the presence of natural cytotoxic function in the yolk sac of the 10-day mouse embryo.
Authors: Dahl C A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Yolk sac cells from 10-day mouse embryos have natural cytotoxic activity directed against YAC-1 tumor targets but not against P815 tumor targets. Other embryonic tissues tested, including TG-16 embryonal carcinoma, fetal thymus, and fetal liver, do not display natural cytotoxic activity comparable to the yolk sac activity. The correlations between yolk sac natural cytotoxic function, and adult NK and promonocyte cytotoxic functions are briefly discussed.
In vivo and in vitro effects of colchicine and vinblastine on the secretory process of antibody-producing cells.
Authors: Antoine J C , Maurice M , Feldmann G , Avrameas S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The sensitivity of the secretory process of antibody-synthesizing cells to microtubule-binding drugs, colchicine and vinblastine sulfate, was studied. Rats were immunized by footpad injections of horseradish peroxidase, and the popliteal lymph nodes were removed at various times after injection. Both in vivo effects of colchicine and in vitro effects of colchicine and vinblastine were studied. Quantitative data were obtained with in vitro drug-treated cells by labeling with L-3H-leucine and by measuring the secreted and the cytoplasmic immunoglobulins. It was found that inhibition of immunoglobulin secretion was about 78% and 93% by colchicine and vinblastine, respectively. the results obtained with the latter drug were more difficult to interpret because it also inhibited the biosynthesis of total proteins, and particularly that of immunoglobulins. Immunocytochemical studies of the in vivo and in vitro drug-treated cells performed by light and electron microscopy showed that in antibody-containing cells the Golgi area was often occupied by dilated antibody-containing vesicles, probably derived from the Golgi apparatus. In a few of these cells it was observed that antibody-containing rough endoplasmic reticulum was markedly dilated. the above results demonstrate that both microtubule-binding agents, colchicine and vinblastine, are potent inhibitors of the secretory process of plasma cells and seem to indicate that a correlation may exist between ultrastructural changes and inhibition of secretion.
Isolation and characterization of lymphocyte mitogenic factor released in vivo during a cell-mediated immune reaction in the guinea pig.
Authors: Postlethwaite A E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By use of a guinea pig model of delayed hypersensitivity to horseradish peroxidase (HRPO), it has been possible to characterize the rate of release of lymphocyte mitogenic factor (MF) in vivo after i.p. challenge immune animals with antigen. MF is present in peritoneal fluid of immune guinea pigs 4 to 12 hr after i.p. challenge with HRPO, before 2 other lymphokines, lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor for monocytes and macrophage migration-inhibitory factor, are released. The m.w. of MF generated in vivo and in vitro, as estimated by gel filtration, are similar, approximately 25,000. In vivo and in vitro MF are stable upon heating to 56 degrees C for 30 min. This observation that a mitogenic factor for lymphocytes is released early in vivo in a delayed hypersensitivity reaction gives support to the notion that its primary function in vivo may be to amplify cell-mediated immune reactions.
Anti-carbohydrate activity of T cell-reactive chicken anti-mouse immunoglobulin antibodies.
Authors: Layton J E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The specificity of chicken anti-mouse immunoglobulin F(ab')2 antibodies, which bind readily to T cells and have been claimed to detect immunoglobulin on T cells, was analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence. It ws found that only a minor proportion of the total antibody bound to T cells whereas the major fraction bound only to B cells. The T cell-reactive antibody cross-reacted with bovine IgG and therefore could be purified on this basis by affinity chromatography. T cell staining was inhibitable with nonimmunoglobulin glycoproteins as well as immunoglobulin, in contrast to staining with the B cell-specific antibody fraction, which was only inhibited by immunoglobulin. This suggested that the T cell staining was caused by anti-carbohydrate antibody. Inhibition of T cell staining was abolished by periodate oxidation of the inhibitors but not by proteolytic digestion. In addition, the antigenic determinant on the cell surface was not destroyed by autoclaving. Finally, antibody was absorbed on a mucin-Sepharose column and anti-T cell activity was found in the bound but not the unbound fraction. These results strongly suggest that the only anti-T cell activity in the chicken antibody is anti-carbohydrate antibody.
Derivation of a monoclonal antibody that detects an Ia antigen encoded by 2 complementing I-subregions.
Authors: Harris J F , Delovitch T L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A monoclonal antibody designated A303, which reacts with Ia antigens controlled by the complementation of 2 distinct I-subregion genes, is described. Complementation of both I-A and I-EC subregion gene products is necessary for the cytotoxic, direct and 125I-protein A-amplified indirect cell binding, and immunoprecipitation activities of A303. Positive prototype strains of independent origin include H-2k,p, whereas A303-negative haplotypes include H-2b,d,f,r,s,u. Seven recombinant strains, H-2ap5,as1,h4,i3,i5,t3,t4 representing intra I-region cross-over events between positive and negative haplotypes are A303 negative. Trans complementation occurs between the I-Ak allele and the I-EdCd, I-EkCk and I-EkCd alleles, respectively. Analysis of F1 heterozygotes suggests that A303-binding activity is also controlled by gene-dose effects. Thus, the activity of A303 is formally equivalent to a system of coupled complementation previously described for Ir and Is genes.
Cellular immune responses of mice to influenza virus vaccines.
Authors: Reiss C S , Schulman J L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Parenteral sensitization of mice with equivalent amounts of untreated, gradient-purified or UV-inactivated influenza A/PR/8/34 virus (PR8 virus) results in the stimulation of maximal serum antibody titers, greatest numbers of antibody-forming cells (AFC), and strong virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity. In contrast, inoculation of formalin-inactivated virus, which induced antibody titers of equivalent magnitude, did not elicit a measurable primary CTL response nor prime for a secondary response. However, in mice previously exposed to untreated virus, challenge with formalin-inactivated virus evoked a secondary CTL response. Immunization of unprimed mice with aggregated viral glycoproteins or detergent-disrupted virus vaccine was much less immunogenic for antibody and AFC responses and did not evoke measurable primary, secondary, or memory cytotoxic effector cells in vivo.
The glycolipid asialo GM1 as a new differentiation antigen of fetal thymocytes.
Authors: Habu S , Kasai M , Nagai Y , Tamaoki N , TAda T , Herzenberg L A , Okumura K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody directed to the neutral glycolipid "asialo GM1" was found to react with the majority of thymus lymphoid cells lacking characteristic T cell markers in mice at an early embryonic stage (13 days of gestation). The proportion of these asialo GM1-positive cells (asialo GM1+ cells) decreased strikingly thereafter, contrasting with an increased fraction of lymphocytes possessing T cell surface markers such as Thy-1, Lyt-1, and Lyt-2. After about 18 gestational days, only a few asialo GM1+ cells were detected in the thymus as well as in other lymphoid organs. Double-staining analysis of the embryonic thymocytes (13 days of gestation) with anti-asialo GM1 and anti-Thy-1 demonstrated that thymocytes stained with anti-asialo GM1 did not react with anti-Thy-1, and vice versa. Morphologic examination by immunoelectronmicroscopy demonstrated that these asialo GM1+ cells were mainly composed of immature, large lymphoid cells having large nucleoli and relatively abundant cytoplasm with many polysomes. These results suggest that asialo GM1 is present on very early thymocytes and is lost as the mature murine T cell protein antigens Thy-1, Lyt-1, and Lyt-2 develop on these cells. The antibody to this glycolipid is a useful tool for studying embryonic thymic differentiation.
Receptors for IgA on rabbit lymphocytes. I. Distribution, specificity, and modulation.
Authors: Stafford H A , Fanger M W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The distribution of IgA binding lymphoid cells in the rabbit was determined by using ox erythrocytes coated with specific secretory IgA. After overnight incubation at 37 degrees C, the average percentage of IgA binding lymphocytes detected in major IgA-producing organs (Peyer's patches, 14.4%; appendix, 8.4%; and mesenteric lymph nodes, 11.3%), was generally higher than that detected in systemic lymphoid tissue. Lymphocytes bearing receptors for IgA (RFc alpha) were detected immediately after isolation only in the spleen and failed to appear after overnight incubation only in the thymus. That these receptors were distinct from receptors for IgM or IgG was demonstrated by cross-blocking studies with purified IgG, IgM, and IgA immunoglobulins. RFc alpha were sensitive to pronase digestion at 1 mg/ml and were regenerated with overnight incubation. In preliminary studies designed to evaluate modulation of this receptor, it was found that a significant increase in the percentage of cells expressing RFc alpha could be induced by antibodies specific for rabbit immunoglobulin. This information as a whole is consistent with the premise that RFc alpha-expressing lymphocytes may be involved in the regulation or expression of IgA-mediated immunity.
Thymoma production of T cell growth factor (Interleukin 2).
Authors: Farrar J J , Fuller-Farrar J , Simon P L , Hilfiker M L , Stadler B M , Farrar W L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate stimulates a subline of mouse EL-4 thymoma cells to produce, in vitro, in very high titer, T cell growth factor (Interleukin 2, IL 2). The EL-4-derived IL 2 has the same m.w. (30,000) and isoelectric point heterogeneity (pI 3.8-4.4) as the IL 2 produced by Con A-stimulated spleen cells. In addition, the thymoma-derived IL 2 exhibits the same spectrum of biologic activities as has been reported for spleen cell-derived IL 2.
Characterization of the Fc receptor for IgG on a human macrophage cell line, U937.
Authors: Anderson C L , Abraham G N 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Since the U937 cell line expresses many characteristics of normal human monocytes and macrophages, we studied in detail its receptors for IgG by measuring direct binding and inhibition of binding of 16 radioiodinated human myeloma proteins representative of the 4 subclasses. As with normal monocytes, IgG1 and IgG3 bound most efficiently (17.3 and 15.7% bound), IgG4 less readily (7.1% bound), and IgG2 least readily (0.6% bound). Scatchard plots of IgG1 binding showed approximately 18,000 binding sites/cell with Ka approximately 10(8) liter/mol. IgG1 binding was inhibited equally well by IgG1 and IgG3 (50% inhibition with 0.26 +/- 0.03 and 0.26 +/- 0.09 microgram, respectively). IgG4 inhibited less readily (0.68 +/- 0.12 microgram). Three IgG2 proteins were not inhibitory (115 +/- 59) but one IgG2 myeloma inhibited well (0.89 +/- 0.47). IgG Fc fragments inhibited IgG1 binding 1000-fold more efficiently than Fab fragments, IgM, and IgA. Reciprocal inhibition experiments gave no indication of multiple receptor sites of differing specificities. In situ, the IgG1 receptor was resistant to proteases. The data suggest that the U937 Fc receptor may be a useful model of human macrophage structure and function.
Production and release of platelet-activating factor (PAF); dissociation from degranulation and superoxide production in the human neutrophil.
Authors: Betz S J , Henson P M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The generation of human PAF was examined using purified neutrophils from normal and CGD donors. PAF release occurred in response to all of the neutrophil stimuli examined, including PMA and the calcium ionophore A23187, which initiate the relatively selective release of specific granule constituents. PAF release was dissociable from neutrophil degranulation by 1) the lack of correlation between PAF titers and extent of enzyme release for different stimuli, 2) the strict dependence of PAF release on the presence of extracellular Ca++, 3) the different kinetics for release of PAF and granule enzymes, and 4) the ability of neutrophils significantly depleted of azurophil and specific granule constituents to release normal levels of PAF when stimulated with opsonized zymosan. PAF release was also normal, if not elevated, in neutrophils from patients with chronic granulomatous disease, demonstrating that the formation and release of PAF does not depend upon an intact superoxide generating pathway.
The role of antigen-presenting cells in the IgE antibody response. I. The induction of high titer IgE antibody responses in IgE high-responder and low-responder mice by the administration of antigen-pulsed macrophages in the absence of adjuvants.
Authors: Kudo K , Sehon A H , Schwenk R J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The administration of 2 i.p. injections of 2 x 10(7) ovalbumin- (OA) pulsed, syngeneic, adherent, peritoneal exudate cells (OA-pulsed macrophages [M phi]) to (C57BL/6 x DBA/2)F1 (B6D2F1) mice promoted a persistent and high-titer anti-OA IgE response in these mice. Similarly, 2 i.p. injections of OA-pulsed DBA/2 parental M phi also induced the generation of an anti-OA IgE response in B6D2F1 mice; an identical procedure using OA-pulsed C57BL/6 parental M phi, on the other hand, elicited in most cases a very weak to negligible anti-OA IgE response. The administration of 3 i.p. injections of OA-pulsed syngeneic M phi to SJL mice also induced these "IgE nonresponder" mice to develop an anti-OA IgE response that was both boosterable and of moderate to high titer. The significance of these results with regard to the induction and regulation of the IgE antibody response is discussed.
Evolutionary relationship of thymopoietin to immunoglobulins and cellular recognition molecules.
Authors: Hahn G S , Hamburger R N 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The sequence of thymopoietin, a thymic hormone composed of 49 amino acids, was compared to sequences of immunoglobulins and related cellular recognition molecules. Maximum homology was found between an active site of thymopoietin and homologous regions of IgG, IgE, beta 2-microglobulin, HLA-B7 and the Thy-1 antigen predicted to mediate immunologic activities, including Fc receptor binding. These results suggest that thymopoietin may be derived from approximately one half of the ancestral domain common to immunoglobulins and related immune system molecules and provide further support for a general theory that predicts the location of active sites in molecules of the immune system.
Murine C4-binding protein: a rapid purification method by affinity chromatography.
Authors: Kaidoh T , Natsuume-Sakai S , Takahashi M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A simple, 3-step method was described for purification of murine C4 binding protein (C4-bp), a recently recognized serum protein that functions as one of the regulatory proteins of the complement system. The method consists of 1) affinity chromatography using TNBS-BGG-conjugated Sepharose beads, 2) gel filtration on a Sepharose 6B column, and 3) heparin-Sepharose chromatography. By this method, milligram quantities of C4-bp can be easily purified by more than 500-fold from EDTA-serum of various mouse strains, and the whole purification process can be completed within 1 wk. The overall yield of C4-bp is about 15%. The C4-bp thus prepared is homogeneous as judged by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunelectrophoresis. The purified mouse C4-bp showed physicochemical properties very similar to those described for human C4-bp. Like human C4-bp, mouse C4-bp is composed of several apparently identical subunits of the m.w. of 80,000. However unlike the human counterpart, the subunits of mouse C4-bp are not linked by disulfide bonds but are connected by non-covalent forces that can be disrupted by SDS. The purified mouse C4-bp retained binding affinity for C4 and showed unaltered antigenicity. Immunization of rabbits with the purified mouse C4-bp resulted in the production of potent and monospecific antisera.
Peroxidase-mediated toxicity to schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni.
Authors: Jong E C , Mahmoud A A , Klebanoff S J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pig eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) was capable of killing schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro when combined with hydrogen peroxide and a halide. Killing was measured by 51Cr release, by microscopic evaluation of viability, and by reinfection experiments in mice. Parasite killing was dependent on each component of the EPO-H2O2-halide system, was completely inhibited by catalase and azide, and was partially inhibited by cyanide. The EPO-mediated system required 10(-4) M H2O2 and 10(-4) M iodide at pH 7.0, and the schistosomula were killed with exposure to this system of less than 30 min at 37 degrees C. At pH 6.0, the EPO-mediated system showed significant cidal activity with 10(-6) M iodide. Canine neutrophil peroxidase (myeloperoxidase [MPO]) was also able to kill schistosomula in vitro in the presence of 10(-4) M H2O2 and 10(-4) iodide at pH 7.0 and pH 6.0. Physiologic concentrations of chloride (0.1 M) could substitute for iodide at pH 7.0 and pH 6.0 as the halide cofactor; however, at pH 7.0, a higher concentration of enzyme was required. These findings with isolated enzyme systems are compatible with a role for peroxidase in the host defense against schistosomula.