bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Civics in Context
Authors: Nelsen Matthew D. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 provides a more complete portrait of transformational educational spaces, highlighting the ways in which schools and neighborhoods serve as important local institutions regarding civic learning; they have the ability to foster empowerment in teachers who go on to create and implement engaging civic learning experiences for their students. Drawing from numerous data sources, it highlights the institutional characteristics that help to forge a strong civic ethos within some of the city’s most underresourced schools. It argues that school administrators can play a significant role in deepening teachers’ sense of commitment to the neighborhood where they teach, which, in turn, increases the likelihood of utilizing empowering civic learning techniques in their classrooms. Indeed, the most effective (and well-respected) school leadership teams are constantly encouraging teachers to explore ways to teach course content considering their students’ lived experiences, even when it may be uncomfortable to do so.
Classifying Inferences
Authors: Atkins Richard Kenneth 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Peirce’s classification of inferences develops over the course of his life. In his works from the 1860s, he recognizes two genera of inference, necessary and probable. In the 1870s, Peirce holds that the two genera of inference are explicative and ampliative inference. Peirce’s identification of three genera of inference—deduction, induction, and abduction—emerges after 1900. In Peirce’s pre-1900 writings, there is no correspondent to abduction. Rather, new ideas are suggested by sensation or observation and not by abductive inference. Peirce identifies several species of deductive and inductive inference, but his account of abduction is underdeveloped. Moreover, Peirce provides both a formal, a priori classification of argument forms and an a posteriori classification of inferences. Once we distinguish between these, we find that the same argument form can be used in different genera of inference.
The First Canonical Histories
Authors: Latsis Dimitrios 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The chapter is centered on the two earliest canonical histories by Terry Ramsaye and Paul Rotha published at the apex of silent cinema. As the first comprehensive history of cinema published in the English language, it is hard to underestimate the breadth and depth of the influence that Terry Ramsaye’s A Million and One Nights had on subsequent generations of writers, cinephiles, and the industry itself. After tracing the book’s genesis, this chapter closely examines its methodology, errors of substance, and impact for the burgeoning field of historical writing on film. The work of two of Ramsaye’s contemporaries and competitors, Merritt Crawford and Charles Edward Hastings, are also examined in detail, not just because they offered a better researched alternative to Ramsaye’s universal history, but also due to the transnational nature of their research methodologies and publication venues that for the first time, placed American cinema in a larger context. Finally, Paul Rotha’s The Film Till Now represents the last major history written before widespread adoption of sound and favors an unabashedly auteurist understanding of film history along national lines that prefigures some of the central tenets of film theory and history as they would emerge in the 1960s.
Religious Minorities at Risk
Authors: Basedau Matthias , Fox Jonathan , Zellman Ariel 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Religious Minorities at Risk examines the conflict behavior of 771 religious minorities in 183 countries between 2000 and 2014. Using detailed data for each minority, we demonstrate that discrimination, deprivation, and inequality (DDI) cause minorities to form grievances which, in turn, influence their conflict behavior including protest, rioting, violence against civilians, and rebellion. However, the devil is in the details; there is considerable nuance in this conflict process. For example, each type of DDI influences only some types of grievances. Similarly, each type of grievance influences only some types of conflict behavior. In addition, other factors, such as group capacity and group political power, also influence this process. This complex conflict process demonstrates that while religion, in the form of religious discrimination and religious grievances, brings unique elements to conflicts involving religious minorities, it also shows that religious minorities behave like minorities. That is, their conflict pattern of DDI–grievances–conflict follows the same overall pattern as other types of minorities even as the religious elements of DDI and grievances provide unique nuances.
American Capitalism and Its Multifaceted Links to Dignity
Authors: Hitlin Steven , Andersson Matthew A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Indignity across the American class structure, whether in terms of ritualistic overwork among the professional classes or in terms of precarity or being shut out of institutions among the working classes, can be observed. This chapter traces these pervasive indignities to how capitalism uneasily juxtaposes—and thrives on the distressing tension between—quantification and efficiency on the one hand and individualism and equity on the other hand. More specifically, the chapter locates the indignity of capitalism in the systemic, predictable way that capitalism entwines and operates on the status characteristics discussed earlier. That is, classism, racism, sexism, ableism, and ageism all are implicit or plainly visible in how capitalism assigns and quantifies worth according to time, money, or energy. The chapter draws concrete illustrations from literatures on college inequality, pandemic inequality, ideal worker inequality, and privatization of risk to illustrate how this works.
The International Bill of Rights
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The International Bill of Rights is comprised of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the two human rights Covenants. When it was being drafted, racial discrimination did not receive the appropriate attention because the United Nations organs responsible for the work, especially in the early years, were not very representative. Nevertheless, several issues emerged in the drafting including specific reference to discrimination based on ‘colour’ as well as ‘race’. There were major debates about protection against incitement to hatred. In the early 1960s, when many African States had finally joined the United Nations, a requirement to suppress hatred even if it did not incite violence was confirmed. Other sources of tension during the drafting of the texts concerned equal pay for equal work and the right of everyone to participate in democratic governance. The right to education includes a requirement that it be directed to promoting tolerance and friendship among racial groups. The right to marry is ensured regardless of race.
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination is the principal treaty of the United Nations system concerning racial discrimination. Its origins can be traced to initiatives within the Sub-Commission on Human Rights prompted by the ‘swastika epidemic’ in developed countries of late 1959 and early 1960. It led to adoption of a General Assembly Declaration in 1963. The new African members of the United Nations pushed for adoption of a treaty. It was quickly drafted and adopted in 1965. The Convention defines racial discrimination and imposes various obligations, including the suppression of incitement to racist hatred. The Convention is monitored by the Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, an expert body that receives periodic reports as well as petitions from individuals and States.
Religious change and church attendance in Western Europe
Authors: Biolcati Ferruccio , Vezzoni Cristiano 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter focuses on religious change by looking at the development of religious practice in seventeen Western European countries, from the beginning of the seventies to the present. Church attendance is the variable examined, aiming at introducing the national religious maps that are discussed more thoroughly in each chapter throughout the book. The chapter draws on a number of well-known longitudinal cross-sectional studies (Eurobarometer, ESS, EVS, WVS, ISSP). The results show that, over the past fifty years, patterns of church attendance clearly differ across three clusters of countries. In Ireland, Northern Ireland, and most of Southern European countries, church attendance exhibits a slow decline. In Central European countries together with Great Britain and Spain, the decline is much steeper. Finally, the Scandinavian countries and Eastern Germany have been characterized by very low levels of church attendance since the 1970s.
The Netherlands
Authors: De Graaf Nan Dirk , Jansen Giedo 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAgainst the background of the secularization process, this chapter examines how changes in cultural conservatism among voters and changes in political party programmes affects the religion–vote relationship. Employing the SOCON-surveys 1979–2010, it reveals that cultural conservatism is declining till 2000 among all denominations and also among frequent church attenders. Although cultural conservatism has a strong independent effect, it only marginally adds to the explanation of the association between denomination and religious voting. The relative decline of the religious population is the important driver for the declining support of religious parties. Due to the decline of both the Christian population and the religious orthodoxy of the Catholic population, Christian parties adjusted their party programmes accordingly. As the top-down approach predicts, a declining party focus on morality issues reduces religious based voting. The declining support of especially the CDA reduces the chances of remaining a major player in government coalitions.
Britain
Authors: Tilley James 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter shows that religious denomination was a strong predictor of party choice in Britain between 1964 and 2010. This link between denomination and vote is not due to the social and economic make-up of different religious groups, nor is it caused by ideological differences, whether in terms of social conservatism, economic leftism, or national identity, among religious groups. Rather, denominations are associated with parties that historically represented those groups in the early twentieth century when social cleavages were ‘frozen’ within the system: Catholics with Labour, non-conformists with the Liberals, and Anglicans/Presbyterians with the Conservatives. There is also evidence that the continuation of these divisions is largely due to parental transmission of party identity within religious denominations.
The United States and Europe
Authors: Wald Kenneth D. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractPolitical differences rooted in religion are a defining feature of contemporary political life. How do religious differences become the basis for stable political cleavages? This chapter argues that nations exhibit a regime of religion and State, a set of laws, norms, and practices that govern the public role of religion. These influence how religion is politicized. In the United States, with a fragmented religious population, religiously neutral State, and unregulated religious market, political elites often mobilize religious voters by means of social movements. These movements exploit cultural differences, aiming to attract particular segments of the electorate to the party banner. By contrast, the European religion–State regime developed from a long history of established religion and confessional parties. Where State power has been allocated to the religious sector, religious elites drive the process by which religious impulses assume political relevance in much of Western Europe.
Word classes
Authors: Shoulson Oliver 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter is an overview of word classes within Australian Aboriginal languages, covering the major classes of nominals and verbs (including the variation pertaining to which other classes may be considered beneath those umbrellas) as well as pro-words, determiners, conjunctions, adverbs, and negators. The chapter also addresses words that straddle multiple classes and derivation between classes. Insofar as there are conclusions to be drawn about word classes across all Australian Aboriginal languages, we ultimately find enormous diversity regarding which classes may be considered truly distinct (nouns and adjectives, light verbs, and auxiliaries, etc.), by what means such classes may be distinguished (morphology, syntactic position, semantic denotation, etc.), and even how a particular word class behaves cross-linguistically (whether verbs are an open or closed class). These questions are often ambiguous within languages as well, giving rise to plenty of disagreement in the literature, which is also addressed in this overview.
The noun phrase
Authors: Louagie Dana 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAustralian languages are regularly described as not having NPs in the classic sense, but rather loosely ordered expressions that are merely associated in terms of joint reference. This chapter shows that these languages exhibit more diversity in the nominal domain than is sometimes assumed in the literature, and focusses on two points which can be regarded as defining for NPs: syntactic unithood and the presence of determiners. Moreover, the chapter also argues for a different perspective in dealing with the nominal domain, viz. to typologize languages in terms of the full range of structural possibilities they have available instead of on the basis of a simple yes/no question about the presence of NPs. The same goes for determiners, where the focus should not just be on specialized determiners, but also on elements that can switch between different functions.
Adjectives and adverbs
Authors: Kim Juhyae 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of adjectives and adverbs in Australian languages. Although the distinction between adjectives and nouns is often claimed not to exist in languages of Australia, the chapter summarizes semantic, distributional, syntactic, and morphological criteria that have been put forth as a means of distinguishing them. In languages where adjectives are said to be identifiable, they are categorized as nouns that semantically refer to qualities and attributes, or as a subtype of the ‘nominal’ category on more robust grammatical grounds. A survey of adverbs and their forms, relative word orders, and semantic categories is also given in this chapter. The chapter discusses how adverbs may occur as non-inflecting particles or as derivations with ‘adverbial’ functions, typically adjacent to verbs or at clause boundaries. Finally, the semantic subtypes of adverbs found across languages are primarily locative/spatial, temporal, and manner/degree, but may also include demonstrative, interrogative, imperative, and negation.
Questions
Authors: Kim Juhyae , Bowern Claire 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter describes the various questioning strategies found in Australian languages. We begin with an overview of question-forming intonation, lexical items, and clitics and particles. Though the syntax of questions is not well documented, we survey the structures of polar, content, tag, and embedded questions. It is clear that intonation patterns and particles are commonly attested in polar questions. Questions formed with rising intonation are said to have the same syntactic structure as declarative sentences, though detailed descriptions of intonation are lacking. In many languages, interrogative words used in content questions also have indefinite readings. These uses are often distinguished based on the word order: interrogatives occur clause-initially, while indefinites occur elsewhere. Finally, we briefly discuss the semantics of questions in this chapter. This includes polarity, pragmatics of question particles, and rhetorical questions, all of which warrant further investigation in the future.
Insults and compliments
Authors: Walsh Michael 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBecause of the relative paucity of literature on these topics a range of scholars with a substantial background in the study of Australian Languages was approached. Among the questions put to them were: Apart from mock insults, e.g. joking relationship, are there ‘genuine’ insults in classic Indigenous Australia?; What is the situation in post-classical Indigenous Australia?; Do insults directed towards non-Indigenous people differ from those directed towards Indigenous people?; Are there regional differences among Indigenous people re insults and compliments?; To what extent can an insult also be a compliment; Are insults and compliments encapsulated in nicknames?; To what extent do compliments invite demand sharing? Not surprisingly, the scope of the terms, insults and compliments, in Australian Languages differs from English.
Restricted respect registers and auxiliary languages
Authors: Walsh Michael 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIn the past it is likely that many Australian Languages used restricted respect registers and auxiliary languages. By now the best documented examples are to be found in northern Australia as these would have been early casualties as everyday forms of speech declined. This chapter deals not only with avoidance styles (including so called mother-in-law languages and brother-in-law languages) but also with initiate styles, bereavement styles, joking styles, teenagers’ language and baby talk. Because of the limited documentation across the continent, it is difficult to make generalizations about the nature and distribution of these ‘languages on the side’.
Language policy, planning, and standardization
Authors: Amery Rob 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses policies and deliberate measures that shape Australian Indigenous languages and their use. Past policies have resulted in loss of most Australian languages and marginalization of those remaining. However, over the past half-century policy has shifted. Whilst there have been major advances (funding for Aboriginal language centres and language projects; 2017 NSW Aboriginal Languages Act; 2015 national curriculum for Australian languages in schools; 2009 National Indigenous Languages Policy) there are still major gaps. There remains no national recognition of Indigenous languages, and few training opportunities and career paths for language workers and teachers of Indigenous languages. Australian languages remain under-funded and marginalized. Language planning measures are viewed in this chapter from three inter-related perspectives: status planning, corpus planning, and education planning. It is grounded in a Kaurna case study of the Adelaide Plains language, where extensive standardization measures have been applied to re-awakening language over three decades.
Indigenous children’s language practices in Australia
Authors: Wigglesworth Gillian , Disbray Samantha 
Published: July 2023

AbstractResearch on linguistic ecologies and languages of Indigenous children has examined patterns of language development, shift, innovation, and change, which reveal that all Australian traditional Indigenous languages are endangered. In this paper we reflect on the importance of understanding how children acquire these languages which are often typologically very different from those languages generally reported in the acquisition studies and how these studies may contribute to the theories of language acquisition. Our focus is on the range of methodological approaches adopted by studies which have been undertaken to date, many of which highlight the importance of social practice in maintaining traditional language practices. We also detail new approaches, importantly the development of two multigenerational studies which are being conducted among speakers of languages, which continue to be acquired by children, Pitjantjatjara and Murrinhpatha, and which provide an important window into language shift and change in these languages.
Contact language case studies
Authors: Angelo Denise 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter takes a fresh look at contemporary contact languages spoken by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Contact languages are treated here in groupings which are based on broad typological criteria, historical and sociolinguistic data, as well distinctive core language features. There is a north-eastern grouping of English-lexified creole languages spoken in the Torres Strait and on northern Cape York, including Yumplatok, Cape York Creole, and Lockhart River Creole. The Queensland Settlement contact languages are included in a grouping which acknowledges the historical superdiversity of Indigenous residents’ language backgrounds. Mixed languages (Gurindji Kriol, Light Warlpiri, and the less researched Modern Tiwi), are distinguished on the grounds of considerable traditional Aboriginal language material. The periphery of the Kriol speaking area is a dynamic and extensive zone of language contact and diffusion. Each grouping of contact languages is illustrated via case studies.
Introduction
Authors: Stone Dan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The introduction gives examples of the kinds of information that can be found in the International Tracing Service archive. It explains the emergence and growth of the archive and the hugely varied material that it contains. It gives a brief explanation of the ITS’s history and provides an overview of the sub-units that make up the vast archive, explaining what is original to the archive and what copied from elsewhere, and how the ITS came by some of the material that it holds. Finally, it gives examples of the work being done today to trace missing persons and to return objects to survivors or their descendants.
Tracing the Tracers
Authors: Stone Dan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 covers the history of the International Tracing Service, from the founding of its predecessor organizations during World War II to the present day. It looks in detail at the creation of a tracing unit under the auspices of the Allied military and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, and the passing of control from that body to others, especially to the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1955. It examines the ITS in the context of the Cold War, shows why the Red Cross was initially excluded from but then invited to run the body, and why the ICRC finally surrendered its mandate in the early twenty-first century. The chapter examines the roles played by the military, displaced persons, and humanitarian organizations in running the ITS, and shows how ITS was bound up with Cold War politics and debates about the reassertion of West German sovereignty.