bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Approaching ballistic motion in 3D simulations of gamma-ray burst jets in realistic binary neutron star merger environments
Authors: Dreas E. , Pavan A. , Ciolfi R. , Celotti A. 
Published: January 2025

Context. The concomitant observation of gravitational wave and electromagnetic signals from a binary neutron star (BNS) merger in 2017 confirmed that these events can produce relativistic jets responsible for short gamma-ray bursts (sGRBs). The complex interaction between the jet and the surrounding post-merger environment shapes the angular structure of the outflow, which is then imprinted in the prompt and afterglow sGRB emission.
Aims. The outcome of relativistic (magneto)hydrodynamic simulations of jets piercing through post-merger environments is often used as input to compute afterglow signals that can be compared with observations. However, for reliable comparisons, the jet propagation should be followed until nearly ballistic regimes, in which the jet acceleration is essentially over and the angular structure is no longer evolving. This condition is typically reached in 2D simulations, but not in 3D ones. Our goal is to extend a (specific) jet simulation in 3D up to a nearly ballistic phase and analyse the overall dynamical evolution from the jet breakout.
Methods. Our work is based on a previous 3D magnetohydrodynamic jet simulation employing a realistic environment imported from a BNS merger simulation, extended here far beyond the evolution time originally covered. After approximately 3 seconds of the jet evolution on the original spherical grid, we remapped the system into a uniform Cartesian grid and reached about 10 seconds without loss of resolution.
Results. The specific jet considered here struggled to pierce the dense surroundings, resulting in a rather asymmetrical emerging outflow with a relatively low Lorentz factor. Analysis of the energy conversion processes and corresponding acceleration showed that at the end of our simulation, 98% of the energy is in kinetic form. Moreover, at that time the angular structure is frozen. We thus obtained suitable inputs for computing the afterglow emission. Our procedure is general and applicable to any jet simulation of the same kind.
The diversity of strongly interacting Type IIn supernovae
Authors: Salmaso I. , Cappellaro E. , Tartaglia L. , Anderson J. P. , Benetti S. , Bronikowski M. , Cai Y.-Z. , Charalampopoulos P. , Chen T.-W. , Concepcion E. , Elias-Rosa N. , Galbany L. , Gromadzki M. , Gutiérrez C. P. , Kankare E. , Lundqvist P. , Matilainen K. , Mazzali P. A. , Moran S. , Müller-Bravo T. E. , Nicholl M. , Pastorello A. , Pessi P. J. , Pessi T. , Petrushevska T. , Pignata G. , Reguitti A. , Sollerman J. , Srivastav S. , Stritzinger M. , Tomasella L. , Valerin G. 
Published: January 2025

Context. At late stages, massive stars experience strong mass-loss rates, losing their external layers and thus producing a dense H-rich circumstellar medium (CSM). After the explosion of a massive star, the collision and continued interaction of the supernova (SN) ejecta with the CSM power the SN light curve through the conversion of kinetic energy into radiation. When the interaction is strong, the light curve shows a broad peak and high luminosity that lasts for several months. For these SNe, the spectral evolution is also slower compared to non-interacting SNe. Notably, energetic shocks between the ejecta and the CSM create the ideal conditions for particle acceleration and the production of high-energy (HE) neutrinos above 1 TeV.
Aims. We study four strongly interacting Type IIn SNe, 2021acya, 2021adxl, 2022qml, and 2022wed, in order to highlight their peculiar characteristics, derive the kinetic energy of their explosion and the characteristics of the CSM, infer clues on the possible progenitors and their environment, and relate them to the production of HE neutrinos.
Methods. We analysed spectro-photometric data of a sample of interacting SNe to determine their common characteristics and derive the physical properties (radii and masses) of the CSM and the ejecta kinetic energies and compare them to HE neutrino production models.
Results. The SNe analysed in this sample exploded in dwarf star-forming galaxies, and they are consistent with energetic explosions and strong interaction with the surrounding CSM. For SNe 2021acya and 2022wed, we find high CSM masses and mass-loss rates, linking them to very massive progenitors. For SN 2021adxl, the spectral analysis and less extreme CSM mass suggest a stripped-envelope massive star as a possible progenitor. SN 2022qml is marginally consistent with being a Type Ia thermonuclear explosion embedded in a dense CSM. The mass-loss rates for all the SNe are consistent with the expulsion of several solar masses of material during eruptive episodes in the last few decades before the explosion. Finally, we find that the SNe in our sample are marginally consistent with HE neutrino production.
A numerical study of unusual flux decreases for cosmic ray protons and electrons observed by Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer in 2017
Authors: Yang Yadi , Luo Xi , Song Xiaojian , Xu Weiwei , Potgieter Marius S. 
Published: January 2025

Aims. Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), installed on the International Space Station, delivers precision measurements of cosmic proton fluxes and electron fluxes, providing unique inputs to further improve our understanding of the solar modulation of cosmic protons and electrons. The latest measurements published by AMS show significant decreases in daily cosmic proton fluxes and electron fluxes in the second half of 2017 (approximately from June 11, 2017 to December 23, 2017). A special structure, known as a loop, appears in the electron-proton hysteresis during this period. These declining fluxes, as well as their recovery toward solar minimum modulation, could be attributed to solar wind structures such as global merged interaction regions (GMIRs), which can affect cosmic ray flux for several months, as well as coronal mass ejections (CMEs). We aim to find the reason for the decrease and clarify the solar modulation mechanism underlying the loop structure.
Methods. We developed a 3D numerical model based on Parker transport equation, which is solved as a set of stochastic differential equations, combined with diffusion barriers propagating away from the Sun. Correspondingly, the relevant parameters can be tuned up.
Results. The unusual changes in cosmic proton fluxes and electron fluxes in the second half of 2017 could be caused by CMEs and GMIRs. The decreases in these fluxes in 2017, with rigidities below 11 GV, have been successfully reproduced. Daily variations at Earth in terms of the diffusion coefficients (and their mean-free paths) were subsequently obtained. Furthermore, our simulation reveals that the electron-proton hysteresis loop structure in 2017 results from the different responses of protons and electrons to solar modulation, especially with respect to drift and diffusion processes in the heliosphere.
Constraints on the properties of macroscopic transport in the Sun from combined lithium and beryllium depletion
Authors: Buldgen G. , Noels A. , Amarsi A. M. , Nandal D. , Pezzotti C. , Scuflaire R. , Deal M. , Grevesse N. 
Published: January 2025

Context. The Sun is a privileged laboratory of stellar evolution, thanks to the quality and complementary nature of available constraints. Using these observations, we are able to draw a detailed picture of its internal structure and dynamics, which forms the basis of the successes of solar modelling. Amongst such observations, constraints on the depletion of lithium and beryllium are key tracers of the required efficiency and extent of macroscopic mixing just below the solar convective envelope. Thanks to revised determinations of these abundances, we may use them in conjunction with other existing spectroscopic and helioseismic constraints to study in detail the properties of macroscopic transport.
Aims. We aim to constrain the efficiency of macroscopic transport at the base of the solar convective zone (BCZ) and determining the compatibility of the observations with a suggested candidate linked with the transport of angular momentum in the solar radiative interior.
Methods. We use recent spectroscopic observations of lithium and beryllium abundance and include them in solar evolutionary model calibrations. We test the agreement of such models in terms of position of the convective envelope, helium mass fraction in the convective zone, sound speed profile inversions, and neutrino fluxes.
Results.We constrain the required efficiency and extent of the macroscopic mixing at the base of the BCZ, finding that a power-law density with an index, n, between 3 and 6 would reproduce the data, with efficiencies at the BCZ of about 6000 cm2/s, depending on the value of n. We also confirm that macroscopic mixing worsens the agreement with neutrino fluxes and that the current implementations of the magnetic Tayler instability are unable to explain the observations.
Signs of ‘Everything Everywhere All at Once’ formation in low-surface-brightness globular-cluster-rich dwarf galaxies
Authors: Ferré-Mateu A. , Gannon J. , Forbes D. A. , Romanowsky A. J. , Buzzo M. L. , Brodie J. P. 
Published: January 2025

Context. Only two ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs) have spatially resolved stellar population properties, showing flat to rising metallicity profiles, indicative of a different formation pathway than most dwarf galaxies. The scarcity of other low-surface-brightness (LSB) dwarfs with a similar analysis prevents a deeper understanding of this behaviour.
Aims. We investigated the radial profiles of the ages, metallicities, and star formation histories of four globular cluster (GC)-rich LSB dwarfs, newly observed as part of the ‘Analysis of Galaxies At The Extremes’ (AGATE) collaboration. DFX1 and DF07 are bona fide UDGs, while PUDG-R27 and VCC 1448 are ‘nearly UDGs’. Comparing their and DF44’s properties to simulations, we aim to reveal their formation pathways.
Methods. We used the full-spectral-fitting code pPXF to fit different spectra extracted in annular apertures in a bid to recover the stellar population properties and compute their gradients. We compared these results with a sample of literature classical dwarfs and simulations, in particular simulated UDGs.
Results. Our five LSB dwarfs have flat age and flat to rising metallicity profiles. Such age gradients are compatible with those of classical dwarfs (observed and from cosmological simulations), but the metallicity gradient diverges. All of our LSB dwarfs (except for PUDG-R27, which shows a pronounced increasing metallicity) are compatible with being on the extreme tail of the age–metallicity gradient relation, suggesting a coeval formation, forming the galaxy all at once.
Conclusions. This sample of GC-rich LSB dwarfs with spatially resolved properties provides further evidence that they follow a different formation path than classical dwarfs. However, larger samples with higher-S/N spectra and varying amounts of GC richness are required to set robust constraints on the formation pathways of LSB dwarf galaxies.
Unveiling an Untold Legacy: The History of the North American Skull Base Society from the Recollections of Early Presidents
Authors: Groff Karenna J. , Patel Aneek , Suryadevara Carter M. , Kurland David B. , Save Akshay , Pacione Donato , Golfinos John G. , Snyderman Carl H. , Sen Chandranath 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Introduction Skull base surgery is a highly innovative, multidisciplinary field that brings together teams of neurosurgeons, otolaryngology-head and neck surgeons (OHNS), plastic surgeons, ophthalmologists, radiation oncologists, and others. However, not long ago, the nascent field was instead characterized by isolated individual brilliance.
Methods This paper explores the contributions of several key players toward breaking silos and transforming the field into what it is today. Our analysis centers on the formation of the North American Skull Base Society (NASBS), and the instrumental role that it played in the development of skull base surgery. We interviewed 12 past presidents of the NASBS and 2 prominent figures in skull base surgery. The contents of those 20 hours and 38 minutes of interviews and documents from initial NASBS meetings were analyzed. Key moments were segmented into short video clips, which complement this manuscript and are available on the NASBS website.
Results A compelling narrative of collaboration, mentorship, and tenacity emerged from our analysis. In the 20th century, the field of skull base surgery was characterized mainly by courageous but isolated efforts by neurosurgeons and OHNS surgeons. Through mentorship, collaboration, and incredible innovation, it has since grown into a multidisciplinary, cutting-edge specialty that utilizes the strengths of several medical specialties. This transformation was largely facilitated by the formation of the NASBS in 1989, which enabled worldwide communication and collaboration among those dedicated to advancing the field.
Conclusion The growth of skull base surgery in North America and the instrumental role of the NASBS highlight the power of collaboration and innovation. It is important to recognize and celebrate the key players who facilitated the creation and success of the NASBS, which continues to unite young members across countless disciplines under one banner.
Geschlechterunterschiede bei wissenschaftlichen Publikationen
Authors: Esser Julia , Sharma Shachi Jenny , Jansen Stefanie , Mayer Marcel , Jansen Louis , Klußmann Jens Peter , Lüers Jan Christoffer , Abing Helen 
Published: January 2025

ZusammenfassungZiel dieser Untersuchung war es, die Repräsentation von Frauen in der deutschsprachigen wissenschaftlichen Publikationslandschaft der HNO-Heilkunde zu untersuchen.Die Autor*innenschaft wurde anhand von Artikeln überprüft, die zwischen 2013 und 2023 in den 2 größten HNO-Fachzeitschriften (Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie, HNO) veröffentlicht wurden, um die Häufigkeit und den prozentualen Anteil des Geschlechts bei der Erst- und Letztautor*innenschaft zu ermitteln.Insgesamt wurden 2631 Artikel untersucht. Bei 699 (26,6%) der veröffentlichten Artikel waren Frauen Erstautorinnen und bei 384 (14,6%) der veröffentlichten Artikel waren Frauen Letztautorinnen. Es konnten deutliche Trends für den Anstieg des Frauenanteils beobachtet werden: Erstautorinnenpublikationen stiegen innerhalb des analysierten 10-Jahres-Zeitraums von 19,9% auf 34,5%, Letztautorinnenpublikationen stiegen von 9,4% auf 19,0%.Der Anteil der Frauen, die Artikel als Erst- oder Letztautorin in der Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde veröffentlichen, ist zwar steigend, aber immer noch dürftig. Bemühungen zur Förderung der Geschlechtervielfalt können den Anteil von Frauen unter den Autor*innen von HNO-Literatur weiter erhöhen.
Surgical Technical Nuance of Exoscopic Cerebral Bypass Surgery Using the Mitaka 4K3D Exoscope
Authors: Aseged Mikael , Tanabe Jun , Opara Oluwamayowa , Kihara Kotaro , Sasaki Kento , Tanaka Riki , Hasebe Akiko , Haraguchi Kenichi , Yamada Yasuhiro , Fikru Ermiyas , Teshome Henok , Komatsu Fuminari , Nakahara Ichiro , Kato Yoko 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Background and Objective Bypass surgery remains a crucial skill for neurosurgeons specializing in open or hybrid procedures. For years, these surgeries have been performed using an operating microscope. There have been limited publications on bypass surgeries using an exoscope. Here, we share our first-hand experience using the Mitaka HawkSight 4K3D HD exoscope in performing two bypass surgeries for moyamoya disease and intracranial atherosclerosis disease. The objective of the study is to show our experience and effectiveness of cerebral bypass with a Mitaka exoscope.
Methods We observed two patients operated with an Mitaka exoscope in our center in 2024.
Result The first case was a 35-year-old woman with moyamoya disease who presented with weakness for 1 month for which a combined bypass was done. The second case involved an 80-year-old male patient with cognitive impairment and right middle cerebral artery occlusion due to intracranial atherosclerosis disease, for which a direct bypass was done. In both instances, we utilized the exoscope with a 4K3D screen and 3D eyeglasses for enhanced visualization.
Conclusion Bypass surgery can be conducted using an exoscope, which provides 4K3D HD images displayed on a 55-inch screen, offering an optimal view for the entire operating room, including both scrubbed and unscrubbed personnel. Unlike an operating microscope, everyone sees the same image as the surgeon, enhancing coordination and understanding among the team. Mastering the exoscope requires a learning curve that depends on experience, repetition, and unwavering dedication.
The Prevalence of Septo-Optic Dysplasia in Neonates with Absent Cavum Septi Pellucidi Identified during Routine Prenatal Imaging
Authors: Phillipi Michael A. , Khaki Sheevaun , Kim Amanda J.H. , Regner Michael F. , Gievers Ladawna 
Published: January 2025

Objective This study aimed to determine the prevalence of septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) in patients with prenatally identified absent cavum septi pellucidi (CSP), agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC), or dysgenesis of the corpus callosum (DCC).
Study Design This retrospective chart review investigated neonates prenatally diagnosed with an absent CSP, ACC, or DCC who were admitted to a single quaternary academic medical center in the Pacific Northwest between 2016 and 2023. This prenatal diagnosis prompted a routine and protocolized postnatal workup for SOD including laboratory evaluation, imaging, and specialty consultation. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected for eligible neonates and their birthing persons. The prevalence of SOD in patients with midline callososeptal anomalies was calculated.
Results Of the 86 patients prenatally diagnosed with absent CSP, ACC, and/or DCC, 36.0% (n = 31) were diagnosed postnatally with SOD. Of those diagnosed with SOD, 71.0% (n = 22) had isolated optic nerve hypoplasia, 9.7% (n = 3) had pituitary hormone abnormalities, and 19.4% (n = 6) had both. Seven patients required maintenance hydrocortisone, one required thyroid hormone replacement, and one required thyroid and growth hormones. Of the 26 patients with SOD who underwent genetic testing, 9 (34.6%) had one or more genetic differences detected.
Conclusion SOD was diagnosed in 36.0% of cases of prenatally diagnosed midline callososeptal anomalies. For patients with prenatally diagnosed midline callososeptal anomalies, a standardized, postnatal SOD evaluation allows timely diagnosis and prompts early intervention and hormone replacement, thus avoiding the consequences of a delayed diagnosis.
Key Points
Deciphering Abbreviations in Malaysian Clinical Notes Using Machine Learning
Authors: Sulaiman Ismat Mohd , Bulgiba Awang , Kareem Sameem Abdul , Latip Abdul Aziz 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Objective This is the first Malaysian machine learning model to detect and disambiguate abbreviations in clinical notes. The model has been designed to be incorporated into MyHarmony, a natural language processing system, that extracts clinical information for health care management. The model utilizes word embedding to ensure feasibility of use, not in real-time but for secondary analysis, within the constraints of low-resource settings.
Methods A Malaysian clinical embedding, based on Word2Vec model, was developed using 29,895 electronic discharge summaries. The embedding was compared against conventional rule-based and FastText embedding on two tasks: abbreviation detection and abbreviation disambiguation. Machine learning classifiers were applied to assess performance.
Results The Malaysian clinical word embedding contained 7 million word tokens, 24,352 unique vocabularies, and 100 dimensions. For abbreviation detection, the Decision Tree classifier augmented with the Malaysian clinical embedding showed the best performance (F-score of 0.9519). For abbreviation disambiguation, the classifier with the Malaysian clinical embedding had the best performance for most of the abbreviations (F-score of 0.9903).
Conclusion Despite having a smaller vocabulary and dimension, our local clinical word embedding performed better than the larger nonclinical FastText embedding. Word embedding with simple machine learning algorithms can decipher abbreviations well. It also requires lower computational resources and is suitable for implementation in low-resource settings such as Malaysia. The integration of this model into MyHarmony will improve recognition of clinical terms, thus improving the information generated for monitoring Malaysian health care services and policymaking.
Quantum dots array: an approach to multipixel devices
Authors: Martyniuk Oleh , Chaudhary Vivek , Rhanbouri Mohamed Amine , Laguta Oleksii , Tahsin Muhammad , Gaskill D Kurt , Fatimy Abdelouahad El , Neugebauer Petr 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Graphene has been proven to be an excellent material for high-frequency electromagnetic radiation detection. Here, we are reporting the graphene quantum dots (GQDs) devices designed as multi-parallel arrays of the dots (200 nm in diameter) between the source and drain electrodes. These state-of-the-art devices provide a novel concept of tuning the total device area and impedance while maintaining superior performance. The GQDs devices have been fabricated on silicon oxide substrate and analyzed for their transport properties. The multi-parallel array of GQDs on SiO2/Si substrates has depicted the possibility of tuning the activation energy depending on the back gate bias and the number of parallelly arranged GQDs while keeping the temperature dependence of resistance higher than 75 MΩ K−1 and 5 GΩ K−1 (for 2-dots and 8-dots devices). The results presented here pave the way for further optimization and realization of chip-scale arrays of GQDs-based multipixel devices, enhancing the applications in imaging and magneto-optical spectroscopy.