bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Perineal Body Between Chinese Women With Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Women With Normal Support by Magnetic Resonance Imaging With 3-Dimensional Reconstruction
Authors: Wang Wei , Chen Chunlin , Liu Yunlu , Xu Liqun , Wen Ting , Liu Ping 
Published: January 2023

Objective
This study aimed to determine whether the perineal body (PB) is different between women with and without prolapse and to analyze its association with prolapse.

Methods
This cross-sectional observational study was performed in a tertiary-level urology department and included patients with stage II–IV pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and normal controls with all points 1 cm or more above the hymen. The patients underwent supine midsagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at rest and during the maximum Valsalva maneuver. Perineal mobility and PB length, height, perimeter, and area were measured; in addition, the genital hiatus and PB were measured according to the definition of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification system. Univariate associations of POP with characteristics were assessed using the chi-square test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables and the t test for continuous variables. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Results
Seventy-two controls and 130 patients were analyzed. The PB length, height, and area measurements were significantly lower in the POP group. The perineal mobility in different directions was significantly higher in the POP group. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the PB area and perineal mobility in the ventral-dorsal and cranio-caudal directions were associated with POP.

Conclusions
Our data suggest that a smaller PB area and greater dorsal or caudal mobility are associated with prolapse.
Contemporary Clinical Research in the Management of Pelvic Organ Prolapse in the United States: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sandozi Arshia , Kaplan-Marans Elie , Polland Allison 
Published: January 2023

Importance
Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) can cause bothersome symptoms that negatively affect quality of life. Management strategies include observation, conservative management, and surgery.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current focus of research in POP.

Study Design
We queried clinicaltrials.gov, a registry of clinical research studies maintained by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, for active, recruiting, and enrolling studies involving POP.

Results
A total of 104 unique clinical trials were included for analysis. Investigators most commonly specialized in obstetrics and gynecology (obstetrician-gynecologists [ob-gyns]; n = 66, 57.9%); urologists numbered 5 (4.4%). The most common subspecialty was urogynecology (n = 46, 40.4%). Seventy-six percent of clinical research involved surgical intervention. The second most common field of research was diagnostic evaluation of POP (8.4%). Only 12.1% of clinical research focused on conservative measures, and 2.8% investigated medications. Objective outcome measures were used more often than subjective or mixed measures (42.3%, 22.3%, and 32.7%, respectively). The most common outcome measure was Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (14.5%), followed by the mixed measure, “composite success” (8.7%).

Conclusions
Urologists are less involved in POP research than ob-gyns. Urogynecologists from either background are most involved. Most clinical research involves surgical management of POP, despite the fact that less than 20% of women pursue surgical correction. Despite dubious concordance with quality of life, objective outcome measures are used more often than subjective or mixed measures to assess severity of POP. Clinical research in POP should be directed to better align with the needs and preferences of patients.
Comparative evaluation of serum lithium estimation in serum samples using plain glass vial and serum clot activator vacutainer by reflectance photometry principle
Authors: Sahu Prabesh kumar , Sahoo Sibasish , Chatterjee Namrata , Majhi Jitendra , Dutta Atanu Kumar , Goswami Kalyan , Pal Amit 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe collection of blood samples in different vacutainers can affect the result of serum lithium estimation due to the presence of distinct additives added in the blood collection vacutainer for enhancing the clot formation process. The presence of these additives has proven to interfere with laboratory results of biochemical analytes. In this case, both the pre-analytical and the analytical phases have a significant impact on the accuracy and precision of the test result. Thus, it has become a challenge for the lab physician to estimate lithium in any clinical laboratory setup.Materials and MethodsIn total, 100 patient samples were collected and paired into clot activator vacutainers and plain glass vials. Both the paired collecting tubes after centrifugation were processed immediately via Vitros 4600 analyzer working on the principle of reflectance photometry. Both the paired tubes were stored at 2-8 degrees centigrade and were further analyzed, at 24 and 48 hours respectively, from the time of their collection. The statistical analysis was done in IBM® SPSS® software version 23.ResultsThere was a significant difference in the lithium values obtained from clot activator vacutainers in comparison to glass vial. The difference between the measurements of the lithium levels was statistically tested by ‘t’ test where it was observed that the lithium measurements by the two different collecting tubes differed significantly with a Confidence Interval of 0.03 to 0.06 implying the level of agreement of both the methods are not similar. But there was no statistical difference in the lithium values estimated at 24 hours and 48 hours of collection.ConclusionIn this study, lithium levels measured by clot-activated vacutainers are found to be low as compared to lithium levels measured through glass vials. There is no apparent change in lithium values obtained at 1hr, 24hrs & 48hrs from their collection, when measured from the glass vials and the clot-activated vacutainers respectively, by the Vitros 4600 dry chemistry analyzer.Summary StatementSerum Lithium estimation in clincal laboratory may be done different methodologies, but the result may vary due to change in principle of investigation and the pre analytical and analytical interferences.
Ketolysis is Required for the Proper Development and Function of the Somatosensory Nervous System
Authors: Enders Jonathan , Jack Jarrid , Thomas Sarah , Lynch Paige , Lasnier Sarah , Cao Xin , Taylor Swanson M , Ryals Janelle M , Thyfault John P. , Puchalska Patrycja , Crawford Peter A. , Wright Douglas E 
Published: January 2023

AbstractKetogenic diets are emerging as protective interventions in preclinical and clinical models of somatosensory nervous system disorders. Additionally, dysregulation of succinyl-CoA 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase 1 (SCOT, encoded byOxct1), the fate-committing enzyme in mitochondrial ketolysis, has recently been described in Friedreich’s ataxia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, the contribution of ketone metabolism in the normal development and function of the somatosensory nervous system remains poorly characterized. We generated sensory neuron-specific, Advillin-Cre knockout of SCOT (Adv-KO-SCOT) mice and characterized the structure and function of their somatosensory system. We used histological techniques to assess sensory neuronal populations, myelination, and skin and spinal dorsal horn innervation. We also examined cutaneous and proprioceptive sensory behaviors with the von Frey test, radiant heat assay, rotarod, and grid-walk tests. Adv-KO-SCOT mice exhibited myelination deficits, altered morphology of putative Aδ soma from the dorsal root ganglion, reduced cutaneous innervation, and abnormal innervation of the spinal dorsal horn compared to wildtype mice. Synapsin 1-Cre-driven knockout ofOxct1confirmed deficits in epidermal innervation following a loss of ketone oxidation. Loss of peripheral axonal ketolysis was further associated with proprioceptive deficits, yet Adv-KO-SCOT mice did not exhibit drastically altered cutaneous mechanical and thermal thresholds. Knockout ofOxct1in peripheral sensory neurons resulted in histological abnormalities and severe proprioceptive deficits in mice. We conclude that ketone metabolism is essential for the development of the somatosensory nervous system. These findings also suggest that decreased ketone oxidation in the somatosensory nervous system may explain the neurological symptoms of Friedreich’s ataxia.
Corrective feedback guides human perceptual decision-making by informing about the world state rather than rewarding its choice
Authors: Lee Hyang-Jung , Lee Heeseung , Lim Chae Young , Rhim Issac , Lee Sang-Hun 
Published: January 2023

AbstractCorrective feedback received on perceptual decisions is crucial for adjusting decision-making strategies to improve future choices. However, its complex interaction with other decision components, such as previous stimuli and choices, challenges a principled account of how it shapes subsequent decisions. One popular approach, based on animal behavior and extended to human perceptual decision-making, employs ‘reinforcement learning,’ a principle proven successful in reward-based decision-making. The core idea behind this approach is that decision-makers, although engaged in a perceptual task, treat corrective feedback as rewards from which they learn choice values. Here, we explore an alternative idea, which is that humans consider corrective feedback on perceptual decisions as evidence of the actual state of the world rather than as rewards for their choices. By implementing these ‘feedback-as-reward’ and ‘feedback-as-evidence’ hypotheses on a shared learning platform, we show that the latter outperforms the former in explaining how corrective feedback adjusts the decision-making strategy along with past stimuli and choices. Our work suggests that humans learn about what has happened in their environment rather than the values of their own choices through corrective feedback during perceptual decision-making.
Different rules for binocular combination of luminance flicker in cortical and subcortical pathways
Authors: Segala Federico G. , Bruno Aurelio , Martin Joel T. , Aung Myat T. , Wade Alex R. , Baker Daniel H. 
Published: January 2023

1AbstractHow does the human brain combine information across the eyes? It has been known for many years that cortical normalisation mechanisms implement ‘ocularity invariance’: equalising neural responses to spatial patterns presented either monocularly or binocularly. Here we used a novel combination of electrophysiology, psychophysics, pupillometry and computational modelling to ask whether this invariance also holds for flickering luminance stimuli with no spatial contrast. We find dramatic violations of ocularity invariance for these stimuli, both in cortex and also in the subcortical pathways that govern pupil diameter. Specifically, we find substantial binocular facilitation in both pathways with the effect being strongest in cortex. Near-linear binocular additivity (instead of ocularity invariance) was also found using a perceptual luminance matching task. Ocularity invariance is therefore not a ubiquitous feature of visual processing, and the brain appears to repurpose a generic normalisation algorithm for different visual functions by adjusting the amount of interocular suppression.
Distinguishing response from stimulus driven history biases
Authors: Sheehan Timothy C. , Serences John T. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPerception is shaped by past experience, both cumulative and contextual. Serial dependence reflects a contextual attractive bias to perceive or report the world as more stable than it truly is. As serial dependence has often been examined in continuous report or change detection tasks, it unclear whether attraction is towards the identity of the previous stimulus feature, or rather to theresponsemade to indicate theperceivedstimulus value on the previous trial. The physical and reported identities can be highly correlated depending on properties of the stimulus and task design. However, they are distinct values and dissociating them is important because it can reveal information about the role of sensory and non-sensory contributions to attractive biases. These alternative possibilities can be challenging to disentangle because 1) stimulus values and responses are typically strongly correlated and 2) measuring response biases using standard techniques can be confounded bycontext-independentbiases such ascardinal biasfor orientation (i.e., higher precision, but repelled, responses from vertical and horizontal orientations). Here we explore the issues and confounds related to measuring response biases using simulations. Under a range of conditions, we find that response-induced biases can be reliably distinguished from stimulus-induced biases and from confounds introduced bycontext-independentbiases. We then applied these approaches to a delayed report dataset (N=18) and found evidence for response over a stimulus driven history bias. This work demonstrates that stimulus and response driven history biases can be reliably dissociated and provides code to implement these analysis procedures.
Task history dictates how the dorsolateral striatum controls action strategy and vigor
Authors: Crego Adam C. G. , Amaya Kenneth A. , Palmer Jensen A. , Smith Kyle S. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe dorsolateral striatum (DLS) is linked to the learning and honing of action routines. However, the DLS is also important for performing behaviors that have been successful in the past. The learning function can be thought of as prospective, helping to plan ongoing actions to be efficient and often optimal. The performance function is more retrospective, helping the animal continue to behave in a way that had worked previously. How the DLS manages this all is curious. What happens when a learned behavior becomes sub-optimal due to environment changes. In this case, the prospective function of the DLS would cause animals to (adaptively) learn and plan more optimal actions. In contrast, the retrospective function would cause animals to (maladaptively) favor the old behavior. Here we find that, during a change in learned task rules, DLS inhibition causes animals to adjust less rapidly to the new task (and to behave less vigorously) in a ‘maladaptive’ way. Yet, when the task is changed back to the initially learned rules, DLS inhibition instead causes a rapid and vigorous adjustment of behavior in an ‘adaptive’ way. These results show that inhibiting the DLS biases behavior towards initially acquired strategies, implying a more retrospective outlook in action selection when the DLS is offline. Thus, an active DLS could encourage planning and learning action routines more prospectively. Moreover, the DLS control over behavior can appear to be either advantageous/flexible or disadvantageous/inflexible depending on task context, and its control over vigor can change depending on task context.Significant StatementBasal ganglia networks aid behavioral learning (a prospective planning function) but also favor the use of old behaviors (a retrospective performance function), making it unclear what happens when learned behaviors become suboptimal. Here we inhibit the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) as animals encounter a change in task rules, and again when they shift back to those learned task rules. DLS inhibition reduces adjustment to new task rules (and reduces behavioral vigor), but it increases adjustment back to the initially learned task rules later (and increases vigor). Thus, in both cases, DLS inhibition favored the use of the initially learned behavioral strategy, which could appear either maladaptive or adaptive. We suggest that the DLS might promote a prospective orientation of action control.
Sampling strategies and integrated reconstruction for reducing distortion and boundary slice aliasing in high-resolution 3D diffusion MRI
Authors: Li Ziyu , Miller Karla L. , Andersson Jesper L.R. , Zhang Jieying , Liu Simin , Guo Hua , Wu Wenchuan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPurposeTo develop a new method for high-fidelity, high-resolution 3D multi-slab diffusion MRI with minimal distortion and boundary slice aliasing.MethodsOur method modifies 3D multi-slab imaging to integrate blip-reversed acquisitions for distortion correction and oversampling in the slice direction (kz) for reducing boundary slice aliasing. Our aim is to achieve robust acceleration to keep the scan time the same as conventional 3D multi-slab acquisitions, in which data are acquired with a single direction of blip traversal and without kz-oversampling. We employ a two-stage reconstruction. In the first stage, the blip-up/down images are respectively reconstructed and analyzed to produce a field map for each diffusion direction. In the second stage, the blip-reversed data and the field map are incorporated into a joint reconstruction to produce images that are corrected for distortion and boundary slice aliasing.ResultsWe conducted experiments at 7T in six healthy subjects. Stage 1 reconstruction produces images from highly under-sampled data (R=7.2) with sufficient quality to provide accurate field map estimation. Stage 2 joint reconstruction substantially reduces distortion artifacts with comparable quality to fully-sampled blip-reversed results (2.4× scan time). Whole-brain in-vivo results acquired at 1.05mm isotropic resolution demonstrate improved anatomical fidelity compared to conventional 3D multi-slab imaging. Data demonstrate good reliability and reproducibility of the proposed method over multiple subjects.ConclusionThe proposed acquisition and reconstruction framework provide major reductions in distortion and boundary slice aliasing for 3D multi-slab diffusion MRI without increasing the scan time. This method has the potential to provide high-quality, high-resolution diffusion MRI.
Distinct Mechanisms Underlie Electrical Coupling Resonance and Its Interaction with Membrane Potential Resonance
Authors: Li Xinping , Itani Omar , Bucher Dirk M. , Rotstein Horacio G. , Nadim Farzan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractNeurons in oscillatory networks often exhibit membrane potential resonance, a peak impedance at a non-zero input frequency. In electrically coupled oscillatory networks, the coupling coefficient (the ratio of post- and prejunctional voltage responses) could also show resonance. Such coupling resonance may emerge from the interaction between the coupling current and resonance properties of the coupled neurons, but this relationship has not been clearly described. Additionally, it is unknown if the gap-junction mediated electrical coupling conductance may have frequency dependence. We examined these questions by recording a pair of electrically coupled neurons in the oscillatory pyloric network of the crabCancer borealis. We performed dual current- and voltage-clamp recordings and quantified the frequency preference of the coupled neurons, the coupling coefficient, the electrical conductance, and the postjunctional neuronal response. We found that all components exhibit frequency selectivity, but with distinct preferred frequencies. Mathematical and computational analysis showed that membrane potential resonance of the postjunctional neuron was sufficient to give rise to resonance properties of the coupling coefficient, but not the coupling conductance. A distinct coupling conductance resonance frequency therefore emerges either from other circuit components or from the gating properties of the gap junctions. Finally, to explore the functional effect of the resonance of the coupling conductance, we examined its role in synchronizing neuronal the activities of electrically coupled bursting model neurons. Together, our findings elucidate factors that produce electrical coupling resonance and the function of this resonance in oscillatory networks.
Evidence for adaptive myelination of subcortical shortcuts for visual motion perception in healthy adults
Authors: Rowe Elise G. , Zhang Yubing , Garrido Marta I. 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACTConscious visual motion information follows a cortical pathway from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and on to the primary visual cortex (V1) before arriving at the middle temporal visual area (MT/V5). Alternative subcortical pathways that bypass V1 are thought to convey unconscious visual information. One flows from the retina to the pulvinar (PUL) and on to MT; while the other directly connects the LGN to MT. Evidence for these pathways comes from non-human primates and modest-sized studies in humans with brain lesions. Thus, the aim of the current study was to reconstruct these pathways in a large sample of neurotypical individuals and to determine the degree to which these pathways are myelinated, suggesting information flow is rapid. We used the publicly available 7T (N = 98; ‘discovery’) and 3T (N = 381; ‘validation’) diffusion MRI datasets from the Human Connectome Project to reconstruct the PUL-MT and LGN-MT pathways. We found more fibre tracts with greater density in the left hemisphere. Although the left PUL-MT path was denser, the bilateral LGN-MT tracts were more heavily myelinated, suggesting faster signal transduction. We suggest that this apparent discrepancy may be due to ‘adaptive myelination’ caused by more frequent use of the LGN-MT pathway that leads to greater myelination and faster overall signal transmission.
Phenotypic and genotypic adaptation ofE. colito thermal stress is contingent on genetic background
Authors: Batarseh Tiffany N. , Batarseh Sarah N. , Rodríguez-Verdugo Alejandra , Gaut Brandon S. 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACTEvolution can be contingent on history, but we do not yet have a clear understanding of the processes and dynamics that govern contingency. Here we performed the second phase of a two-phase evolution experiment to investigate features of contingency. The first phase of the experiment was based onEscherichia coliclones that had evolved population at the stressful temperature of 42.2°C. The Phase 1 lines generally evolved through two adaptive pathways: mutations ofrpoB, which encodes the beta subunit of RNA polymerase, or throughrho, a transcriptional terminator. We hypothesized that epistatic interactions within the two pathways constrained their future adaptative potential, thus affecting patterns of historical contingency. Using 10 differentE. coliFounders representing both adaptive pathways, we performed a second phase of evolution at 19.0°C to investigate how prior genetic divergence or adaptive history (rpoBvs.rho) may affect the likelihood of parallel responses and evolutionary outcomes. We found that phenotype, as measured by relative fitness, was contingent on founder genotypes and pathways. This finding extended to genotypes, becauseE. colifrom different Phase 1 histories evolved by adaptive mutations in distinct sets of genes. Our results suggest that evolution depends critically on genetic history, likely due to idiosyncratic epistatic interactions within and between evolutionary modules.