bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergence of functionally aberrant and subsequent reduction of neuromuscular connectivity and improved motor performance after cervical spinal cord injury in Rhesus
Authors: Wai Gregory , Zdunowski Sharon , Zhong Hui , Nielson Jessica L. , Ferguson Adam R. , Strand Sarah C. , Moseanko Rod , Hawbecker Stephanie , Nout-Lomas Yvette S. , Rosenzweig Ephron S. , Beattie Michael S. , Bresnahan Jacqueline C. , Tuszynski Mark H. , Roy Roland R. , Edgerton V. Reggie 
Published: June 2023

IntroductionThe paralysis that occurs after a spinal cord injury, particularly during the early stages of post-lesion recovery (∼6 weeks), appears to be attributable to the inability to activate motor pools well beyond their motor threshold. In the later stages of recovery, however, the inability to perform a motor task effectively can be attributed to abnormal activation patterns among motor pools, resulting in poor coordination.MethodWe have tested this hypothesis on four adult male Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), ages 6-10 years, by recording the EMG activity levels and patterns of multiple proximal and distal muscles controlling the upper limb of the Rhesus when performing three tasks requiring different levels of skill before and up to 24 weeks after a lateral hemisection at C7. During the recovery period the animals were provided routine daily care, including access to a large exercise cage (5' × 7' × 10') and tested every 3-4 weeks for each of the three motor tasks.ResultsAt approximately 6-8 weeks the animals were able to begin to step on a treadmill, perform a spring-loaded task with the upper limb, and reaching, grasping, and eating a grape placed on a vertical stick. The predominant changes that occurred, beginning at ∼6-8 weeks of the recovery of these tasks was an elevated level of activation of most motor pools well beyond the pre-lesion level.DiscussionAs the chronic phase progressed there was a slight reduction in the EMG burst amplitudes of some muscles and less incidence of co-contraction of agonists and antagonists, probably contributing to an improved ability to selectively activate motor pools in a more effective temporal pattern. Relative to pre-lesion, however, the EMG patterns even at the initial stages of recovery of successfully performing the different motor tasks, the level of activity of most muscle remained higher. Perhaps the most important concept that emerges from these data is the large combinations of adaptive strategies in the relative level of recruitment and the timing of the peak levels of activation of different motor pools can progressively provide different stages to regain a motor skill.
Examining the validity, reliability and feasibility of capturing children's physical literacy through games-based assessment in physical education
Authors: Wilkie Brett , Jordan Alastair , Foulkes Jonathan , Woods Carl T. , Davids Keith , Rudd James 
Published: June 2023

BackgroundObservational tools can help refine practice design and guide the creation of effective learning environments. The intention of this study was to design and validate an observational instrument for assessing physical literacy that remains more faithful to the philosophically complex and holistic nature of the concept.MethodsFramed by concepts of ecological dynamics, the emergent games-based assessment tool enables capture of children's interactions with their environment, providing insight on the manifestation of physical literacy within physical education games. The design and validation of the instrument consisted of a multistage process: (1) design of the observational instrument and establishing face validity; (2) pilot observation study; (3) expert qualitative and quantitative review to establish content validity; (4) observation training; and (5), establishing observer reliability.ResultsFollowing expert qualitative and quantitative evaluation, Aiken's V coefficient was used to determine content validity. Results achieved demanding levels of validity (V ≥ 0.78) for all retained measurement variables. Cohen's κ values for inter- and intra-observer reliability ranged from 0.331 to 1.00 and 0.552 to 1.00, generally reporting “substantial” agreement during inter-observer analysis and “substantial” to “almost perfect” agreement during intra-observer analysis.ConclusionsThe final model of the emergent games-based assessment tool, with 9 ecological conceptualisations of behaviour, 15 measurement variables, and 44 categorical observational items was found to be valid and reliable, providing both educators and researchers with a useful mechanism to assess physical literacy during gameplay.
Comparison of anterior and posterior approaches in Treating odontoid fractures: a meta-analysis and systematic review
Authors: Bao Xianguo , Chen Yingjun , Guo Chen , Xu Shuai 
Published: June 2023

BackgroundOdontoid fractures account for 15%–20% of cervical injuries. Although the operation methods vary in different types, the superiority of overall outcomes of the anterior approach (AA) and posterior approach (PA) in treating odontoid fractures still remains controversial. Thus, a meta-analysis was performed comparing AA and PA for these fractures.MethodsThe relevant studies were searched in PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, China Biological Medicine (CBM), and Wanfang Database from the onset of conception to June 2022. Prospective or retrospective comparative studies on AA and PA for odontoid fractures were screened, referring to fusion rates (primary outcomes), complications, and postoperative mortality rates. A meta-analysis of the primary outcomes and a systematic review of other outcomes were performed; the procedure was conducted with Review Manager 5.3.ResultsTwelve articles comrising 452 patients were included, and all publications were retrospective cohort studies. The average postoperative fusion rate was 77.5 ± 17.9% and 91.4 ± 13.5% in AA and PA, respectively, with statistical significance [OR = 0.42 (0.22, 0.80), P = 0.009]. Subgroup analysis showed a difference in fusion rates between AA and PA in the elderly group [OR = 0.16 (0.05, 0.49), P = 0.001]. Five articles referred to postoperative mortality, and the mortality rates of AA (5.0%) and PA (2.3%) showed no statistical difference (P = 0.148). Nine studies referred to complications, with a rate of 9.7%. The incidence of complications in AA and PA groups was comparable (P = 0.338), and the incidence of nonfusion and complications was irrelevant. The prevalent cause of death was myocardial infarction. The time and segmental movement retention of AA were possibly superior to those of PA.ConclusionAA may be superior in regard to operation time and motion retention. There was no difference in complications and mortality rates between the two approaches. The posterior approach would be preferred in consideration of the fusion rate.
Effects of Lacticaseibacillus casei (Lactobacillus casei) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae mixture on growth performance, hematological parameters, immunological responses, and intestinal microbiome in weaned pigs
Authors: Kim Sheena , Kwak Jinok , Song Minho , Cho Jinho , Kim Eun Sol , Keum Gi Beom , Doo Hyunok , Pandey Sriniwas , Cho Jae Hyoung , Ryu Sumin , Kim San , Im Yu-Mi , Kim Hyeun Bum 
Published: June 2023

IntroductionThis study was conducted to evaluate the effects ofLacticaseibacillus casei(Lactobacillus casei) andSaccharomyces cerevisiaemixture on growth performance, hematological parameters, immunological responses, and gut microbiome in weaned pigs.MethodsA total of 300 crossbred pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc; 8.87 ± 0.34  kg of average initial body weight [BW]; 4  weeks of age) were divided into two dietary treatments (15 pigs/pen, 10 replicates/treatment) using a randomized complete block design (block = BW): control (CON) and the effective microorganism (MEM). The CON was not treated, while the MEM was treated with the mixture ofL. casei(1 × 107 CFU/mL) andS. cerevisiae(1 × 107 CFU/mL) at 3 mL/pig/day for 4  weeksviathe drinking water supply. Two feces and one blood sample from the randomly selected pigs in each pen were collected on D1 and D28 after weaning. Pigs were individually weighed, and pen feed intakes were recorded to evaluate pig growth performance. For the gut microbiome analysis, 16S rRNA gene hypervariable regions (V5 to V6) were sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform, and Quantitative Insight into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) and Microbiome Helper pipeline were used for 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis.Results and DiscussionThe daily weight gain and feed efficiency of MEM were significantly higher than those of CON (p &lt; 0.001). There were no significant differences in hematological parameters and immune responses between CON and MEM. However, MEM had significantly lowerTreponemagenus, whereas significantly higherLactobacillusandRoseburiagenera compared to CON. Overall, our data showed thatL. caseiandS. cerevisiaemixture could promote growth performance through the modulation of gut microbiota in pigs. This study will help to understand the correlation between the growth performance and the gut microbiome.
Effects of increasing levels of lasalocid supplementation on growth performance, serum biochemistry, ruminal fermentation profile, in vitro nutrient digestibility, and gas production of growing goats
Authors: Basmaeil Saeid M. , Suliman Gamaleldin M. , Al Garadi Maged A. , Al-Badwi Mohammed A. , Abdelrahman Mutassim M. , Al-Harbi Fahad S. , El-Waziry Ahmed M. , Alhidary Ibrahim A. , Swelum Ayman A. 
Published: June 2023

IntroductionLasalocid is a feed additive widely used in ruminant nutrition and plays a crucial role in improving livestock productivity, digestibility, immunity, and overall wellbeing. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of lasalocid (LAS) supplementation on growth performance, serum biochemistry, ruminal fermentation profile, in vitro nutrient digestibility, and gas production of growing goats.MethodsA total of 60 growing Aardi male goats with an average body weight of ~17.12 kg (3-month-old) were used for an 84-day trial. Animals were randomly divided into four treatment groups with 5 replicates of 3 goats each. All four groups were provided with a basal diet supplemented with lasalocid (LAS) at 0 (without supplementation; LAS0), 10 (LAS10), 20 (LAS20), or 30 (LAS30) ppm LAS/kg dry matter (DM). Feed intake was measured weekly, and goats were weighed every 2 weeks for an evaluation of the performance parameters. Blood samples were collected for the measurement of biochemical variables. In vitro nutrient digestibility and gas production were evaluated.Results and discussionThe supplementation of LAS at level 30 ppm/kg DM increased (P &lt; 0.05) the body weight gain and average daily gain without linear or quadratic effect. The serum concentrations of high-density lipoprotein were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher in the LAS20 group than in other groups with linear and quadratic effects, while low-density lipoprotein concentration was significantly lower in the LAS20 group than in LAS0 and LAS30 with a linear effect. Different levels of lasalocid supplementation had no effect on the ruminal fermentation profile, in vitro gas production, and nutrient digestibility. In conclusion, the addition of LAS (20–30 ppm/kg DM) to the goat's diet can improve the growth performance and lipoprotein profile.
Identification of Risk Areas for Gloydius Snakebites in South Korea
Authors: Moon Youngjoo , Kim Chaewan , Yoon Sungsoo , Kang Wanmo 
Published: June 2023

Snakebites can pose a significant threat to human health as the destruction of natural habitats and increased human intrusion into ecosystems result in more frequent encounters with snakes. Mitigation measures for snakebites are particularly crucial for hiking trails where transportation of snakebite victims to medical facilities is challenging due to limited emergency resources and difficult access. This study employed a random forest-based species distribution model approach to investigate the potential habitats of Gloydius spp., specifically Gloydius saxatilis, Gloydius brevicaudus, and Gloydius ussuriensis, in South Korea and to assess the snakebite risk in national parks. Potential habitats of Gloydius spp. were identified and visualized by overlaying binary maps derived from species distribution models (SDMs) of each Gloydius spp. that corresponded to high-risk snakebite areas. In addition, hiking trails with high snakebite risk in the national parks were identified after demonstrating the statistical correlation between the potential habitat distribution of Gloydius spp. and the actual snakebite incidents in major regions of South Korea. The primary environmental variables determining Gloydius spp. habitat were the topographic position index, slope, and the annual average of the maximum and minimum temperatures. The potential habitat of G. saxatilis generally appeared in high-altitude mountainous areas, mostly in the eastern part of the study area. Favorable habitats for G. brevicaudus and G. ussuriensis were predominantly located in mountainous areas throughout the study area, with the exception of some high-altitude mountainous terrain in the east. The number of snakebite incidents per 10,000 people was significantly correlated with the area ratio of Gloydius spp. potential habitat (Spearman’s rho = 0.638, p < 0.01). The proportion of snakebite risk areas among national parks in South Korea ranged from 18% to 57%. This study can support practical solutions to prevent injuries and fatalities among hikers due to snakebites by identifying areas with a high risk of snakebite accidents at the hiking-trail level.
The Effect of Lure Position and Vegetation on the Performance of YATLORf Traps in the Monitoring of Click Beetles (Agriotes spp., Coleoptera: Elateridae)
Authors: Furlan Lorenzo , Bona Stefano , Tóth Miklós 
Published: June 2023

Low-cost monitoring tools are needed to implement IPM in arable crops. YATLORf (Yf) traps baited with respective synthetic pheromone lures have proven to be a reliable tool for monitoring Agriotes spp., Europe’s most harmful soil pests. To optimize Yf use, we studied the effect of lure position in the trap and crop density on trap performance. Yf management detail was studied between 2000–2003 and 2014–2016 in various countries, with the traps being arranged in blocks. Each block contained one trap per treatment (i.e., lure position) under study. It was ascertained that lure attractant capacity can vary greatly with the lure’s position in the trap and the extent of vegetation. Information for making practical decisions is given. The ‘low’ lure position is suitable for all species in all field conditions, and is the best choice for A. brevis. Lures for A. brevis and A. lineatus need to be placed in the low position when the field has no or sparse vegetation cover. The ‘high’ lure position is unsuitable for A. brevis and A. obscurus, and should be considered for some species only. There are no restrictions on position for catching A. sordidus, i.e., any position is suitable. Dense vegetation (e.g., wheat) reduced the Yf trap’s potential for catching A. sordidus. Placing the trap just outside the field, or in a nearby field with bare/sparse vegetation, maintained the maximum catching potential. Vegetation density also influenced beetle sex ratio, with A. brevis and A. sordidus females always found in traps placed in fields with bare or low-density vegetation. Our findings have made it possible to obtain consistent monitoring outputs and to begin studies on multi-baiting the same trap, which can significantly reduce monitoring costs.
Gonococcal Genetic Island in the Global Neisseria gonorrhoeae Population: A Model of Genetic Diversity and Association with Resistance to Antimicrobials
Authors: Kravtsov Dmitry , Gryadunov Dmitry , Shaskolskiy Boris 
Published: June 2023

The aim of this work was to study the genetic diversity of the gonococcal genetic island (GGI) responsible for the type IV secretion system (T4SS) and the association of a functionally active GGI with antimicrobial resistance. An analysis of the GGI in a sample of 14,763 genomes of N. gonorrhoeae isolates from the Pathogenwatch database collected in 1996–2019 from 68 countries was performed. A model of GGI’s genetic diversity that divides the global gonococcal population into fifty-one GGI clusters and three GGI superclusters based on the allele type of the traG gene and substitutions of the atlA and ych genes for eppA and ych1 has been proposed, reflecting differences among isolates in the T4SS functionality. The NG-MAST and MLST typing schemes (with accuracies of 91% and 83%, respectively) allowed the determination of both the presence of a GGI and the GGI cluster and, correspondingly, the structure of the GGI and the ability to secrete DNA. A statistically significant difference in the proportion of N. gonorrhoeae isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin, cefixime, tetracycline, and penicillin was found when comparing populations with a functional and a non-functional GGI. The presence of a functional GGI did not affect the proportion of azithromycin-resistant isolates.
Removal of Middle Molecules and Dialytic Albumin Loss: A Cross-over Study of Medium Cutoff and High-Flux Membranes with Hemodialysis and Hemodiafiltration
Authors: Armenta-Alvarez Armando , Lopez-Gil Salvador , Osuna Iván , Grobe Nadja , Tao Xia , Ferreira Dias Gabriela , Wang Xiaoling , Chao Joshua , Raimann Jochen G. , Thijssen Stephan , Perez-Grovas Hector , Canaud Bernard , Kotanko Peter , Madero Magdalena 
Published: June 2023

Key Points

HDF and MCO have shown greater clearance of middle-size uremic solutes in comparison with HF dialyzers; MCO has never been studied in HDF.MCO in HDF does not increase the clearance of B2M and results in a higher loss of albumin.

Background
Middle molecule removal and albumin loss have been studied in medium cutoff (MCO) membranes on hemodialysis (HD). It is unknown whether hemodiafiltration (HDF) with MCO membranes provides additional benefit. We aimed to compare the removal of small solutes and β2-microglobulin (B2M), albumin, and total proteins between MCO and high-flux (HFX) membranes with both HD and HDF, respectively.

Methods
The cross-over study comprised 4 weeks, one each with postdilutional HDF using HFX (HFX-HDF), MCO (MCO-HDF), HD with HFX (HFX-HD), and MCO (MCO-HD). MCO and HFX differ with respect to several characteristics, including membrane composition, pore size distribution, and surface area (HFX, 2.5 m2; MCO, 1.7 m2). There were two study treatments per week, one after the long interdialytic interval and another midweek. Reduction ratios of vitamin B12, B2M, phosphate, uric acid, and urea corrected for hemoconcentration were computed. Dialysis albumin and total protein loss during the treatment were quantified from dialysate samples.

Results
Twelve anuric patients were studied (six female patients; 44±19 years; dialysis vintage 35.2±28 months). The blood flow was 369±23 ml/min, dialysate flow was 495±61 ml/min, and ultrafiltration volume was 2.8±0.74 L. No significant differences were found regarding the removal of B2M, vitamin B12, and water-soluble solutes between dialytic modalities and dialyzers. Albumin and total protein loss were significantly higher in MCO groups than HFX groups when compared with the same modality. HDF groups had significantly higher albumin and total protein loss than HD groups when compared with the same dialyzer. MCO-HDF showed the highest protein loss among all groups.

Conclusions
MCO-HD is not superior to HFX-HD and HFX-HDF for both middle molecule and water-soluble solute removal. Protein loss was more pronounced with MCO when compared with HFX on both HD and HDF modalities. MCO-HDF has no additional benefits regarding better removal of B2M but resulted in greater protein loss than MCO-HD.
Ka- Fiili ve Türevleri Üzerine
Authors: AKMAN Hami 
Published: June 2023

Altay dil ailesine mensup olan Türkçede bir kelimenin köküne inmenin yolu ona eklenen yapım ve çeki eklerini tanımakla mümkündür. Yapım ve çekim ekleri ayıklandıktan sonra elde kalan kelime için ise kök terimi kullanılmaktadır. Kök, bir kelimenin manası ve yapısı bozulmayan en küçük birimi olarak tanımlanmaktadır; bu yüzden de kök için çekirdek kelime tabiri kullanılmıştır.
Türkçe gibi eklemeli bir dilde bir kelimenin köküne ulaşmak zor olmasa da bunun her zaman için mümkün olmadığı unutulmamalıdır. İşte bu köklerden birisi de çalışmaya konu olan ka- fiili ve türevleridir.
Bu çalışmada DLT’de “etrafını çevirmek” ve “sandığa doldurmak” anlamlarıyla tanıklanmış olan ka- fiili ve türevleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Ka- fiiline bazı araştırmacılar tarafından özellikle DLT’deki ikinci anlam dikkate alınarak ve kar-, kat- gibi türevlerinden yola çıkılarak “eklemek, yığmak, biriktirmek” gibi anlamlar verilmiştir; ancak fiile yüklenen bu anlamlar, fiilin diğer türevlerini göz önünde bulundurunca yeterli bulunmayabilir ki burada fiile, başka türevlerinden de yola çıkılarak “yükselmek / yükseltmek, artmak / artırmak, yukarı doğru çıkmak / çıkarmak (*ka-l-k-“ayağa kalkmak, yerinden doğrulup yükselmek); kabarmak / kabartmak (*ka-b < kā-p+ar-); yerinden hızla çekip yukarı kaldırmak (*ka-p-)” gibi farazi manalar yüklenmiştir.
Çalışmanın giriş kısmında Altay dil ailesi, Türkçenin yapısı ve kök terimi hakkında ana hatlarıyla bilgi verildi. Daha sonra ana kısımda *ka- fiili ve türevleri art zamanlı ve eş zamanlı olacak şekilde ele alındı. Çalışma sonuç kısmında genel bir değerlendirme ve kısa bir önerme ile sonlandırıldı.
Gaya Kepemimpinan Raja Daud
Authors: Moru Osian Orjumi 
Published: June 2023

Abstract: This paper aims to describe the socio-historical study of King David's leadership style based on leadership theory. The method used in this article is a qualitative method with a hermeneutic and literature study approach. The various data obtained in this study were then processed using descriptive analysis techniques. The results of the study show that David's leadership in the United Kingdom of Israel can be classified into the great man theory. This is because David's leadership has a uniqueness that includes several important aspects, namely aspects of faith, tolerance, good moral values, quality obedience values, and consistent humanism. King David's leadership style can also be categorized as charismatic leadership. This leadership style can be seen in the pattern of practical control over monarchical power through the establishment of the priesthood sector, the revitalization of royal literary texts, the nationalization of customary law, and persuasive political-economic communication.
Keywords: David; Leadership Style; The United Kingdom of Israel.
Abstrak: Tulisan ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan kajian sosio-historis terhadap gaya kepemimpinan raja Daud berdasarkan teori kepemimpinan. Metode yang digunakan pada artikel ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan bentuk pendekatan hermeneutik dan studi kepustakaan. Berbagai data yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini kemudian diolah menggunakan teknik analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kepemimpinan Daud di kerajaan Israel bersatu dapat diklasifikasikan ke dalam teori kepemimpinan orang hebat. Hal ini disebabkan karena kepemimpinan Daud memiliki sejumlah keunikan yang mencakup beberapa aspek penting yakni aspek keimanan, sifat toleransi, nilai moralitas yang baik, nilai ketaatan yang berkualitas dan bersifat humanis yang konsisten. Gaya kepemimpinan raja Daud juga dapat dikategorikan sebagai gaya kepemimpinan yang bersifat kharismatik. Gaya kepemimpinan ini terlihat pada pola pengendalian praktis terhadap kekuasaan monarki melalui jalan pembentukan sektor keimaman, revitalisasi naskah-naskah sastra kerajaan, nasionalisasi hukum adat dan komunikasi politik-ekonomi yang bersifat persuasi.
Kata Kunci: Iman Kristen, kepemimpinan, pemerintahan dan tallu lalikan