bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling the rarest of the rare: a comparison between multi‐species distribution models, ensembles of small models, and single‐species models at extremely low sample sizes
Authors: Erickson Kelley D. , Smith Adam B. 
Published: April 2023

Species distribution models are useful for estimating the distribution and environmental preferences of rare species, but these same species are challenging to model on account of sparse data. We contrast a traditional single‐species approach (generalized linear models, GLMs) with two promising frameworks for modeling rare species: ensembles of small models (ESMs), which average across simple models; and multi‐species distribution models (MSDMs), which allow rarer species to benefit from statistical ‘borrowing of strength' from more common species. Using a virtual species within a community of real species, we evaluated how model accuracy was influenced by the number of occurrences of the rare species (N = 2–64), niche breadth, and similarity to more numerous species' niches. For discriminating between presence and absence, ESMs with just linear terms (ESM‐L) performed best for N ≤ 4, whereas for GLMs and ESMs with polynomial terms (ESM‐P) were best for N ≥ 8. For calibrating the species' response to influential variables, the MSDM hierarchical modeling of species communities (HMSC) and ESM‐P were best for species with niches similar to those of other species. For species with dissimilar niches, ESM‐P did best for N ≥ 8, but no model was well calibrated for smaller sample sizes. For identifying uninfluential variables, ESM‐L and species archetype models (SAMs), a type of MSDM, did well for ≤ 4, and ESM‐L for N ≥ 8. Models of species with narrow niches dissimilar to others had the highest discrimination capacity compared to models for generalist species and/or species with niches similar to other species' niches. ‘Borrowing of strength' in MSDMs can assist with some inference tasks, but does not necessarily improve predictions for rare species; simpler, single‐species models may be better at a given task. The best algorithm depends on modeling goal (discrimination versus calibration), sample size, and niche breadth and similarity.Keywords: borrowing of strength, calibration, data‐deficient species, discrimination, presence–absence, rare species
Ontogenetic trajectories and early shape differentiation of treehopper pronota (Hemiptera: Membracidae)
Authors: Kudla Anna M. , Miranda Ximena , Frederik Nijhout H. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractMembracids (family: Membracidae), commonly known as treehoppers, are recognizable by their enlarged and often elaborated pronota. Much of the research investigating the development and evolution of this structure has focused on the fifth instar to adult transition, in which the pronotum undergoes the largest transformation as it takes on adult identity. However, little is known about the earlier nymphal stages, the degree to which the pronotum develops at these timepoints, and how development has changed relative to the ancestral state. Here, we studied the nymphal stages and adults of five morphologically distinct membracid species and of Aetalion reticulatum (family: Aetalionidae), the outgroup which was used as an ancestral state proxy. We found that shape differentiation in the pronotum of membracids can start as early as the second instar stage. Most shape differentiation occurs within the nymphal stages and not in the embryo since the shape of the first‐instar pronotum did not differ from the outgroup species in all but one species we investigated. We found the anterior–posterior axis of the pronotum elongated at a faster relative rate in membracid species than in A. reticulatum, which contributed to the development of exaggerated pronotal size. Finally, we found differences in the morphogenesis of shape across species. We suggest this is due to the developmental and evolutionary divergence of differential growth patterning of the dorsal surface of the pronotum, not only across species, but also between stages within the same species. This lability may contribute to the evolvability and diversification of the membracid pronotum.
Population and movement ecology of two life‐history contrasting dung beetle species in a tropical human‐modified landscape
Authors: Barretto Julliana W. , Cultid‐Medina Carlos , Luna Pedro , Dáttilo Wesley , Escobar Federico 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The study of population movements and abundance are useful to evaluate the reduction of biodiversity due to changes in landscape composition and configuration. These parameters are modulated by the effects of landscape on individuals' behaviours and species' life histories (e.g., specialists and generalists in forest use).
We used hierarchical models and tools derived from network theory to evaluate how landscape characteristics affect the abundance and movement patterns of the neotropical dung beetle species Deltochilum mexicanum and Dichotomius satanas with contrasting life histories in a human‐modified landscape of a Mexican cloud forest.
Movement and abundance patterns observed for both species and sexes showed opposite responses to the percentage of forest cover and edge density. The specialist species showed a higher abundance, lower movement and spatial distribution limited to the forest, whereas the generalist species showed a lower abundance, higher movement and unrestricted distribution. For both species, males tended to travel longer distances than females, but we observed no difference in the movement metrics between sexes.
Our findings highlight the effects of landscape covariables on population structure and dynamics, predict spatial dynamics of species habitat use and could be evidence of functional connectivity at the landscape scale.
Evaluation of eastern gamagrass as dual‐purpose complementary bioenergy and forage feedstock to switchgrass
Authors: Kieffer Christina , Hui Dafeng , Matamala Roser , Li Jianwei , Tyler Donald , Dzantor E. Kudjo 
Published: April 2023

AbstractSwitchgrass (SG) is considered a model bioenergy crop and a warm‐season perennial grass (WSPG) that traditionally served as forage feedstock in the United States. To avoid the sole dependence on SG for bioenergy production, evaluation of other crops to diversify the pool of feedstock is needed. We conducted a 3‐year field experiment evaluating eastern gamagrass (GG), another WSPG, as complementary feedstock to SG in one‐ and two‐cut systems, with or without intercropping with crimson clover or hairy vetch, and under different nitrogen (N) application rates. Our results showed that GG generally produced lower biomass (by 29.5%), theoretical ethanol potential (TEP, by 2.8%), and theoretical ethanol yield (TEY, by 32.9%) than corresponding SG under the same conditions. However, forage quality measures, namely acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP), and elements P, K, Ca, and Mg were significantly higher in GG than those in SG. Nitrogen fertilizer significantly enhanced biomass (by 1.54 Mg ha−1), lignin content (by 2.10 g kg−1), and TEY (787.12 L ha−1) in the WSPGs compared to unfertilized treatments. Intercropping with crimson clover or hairy vetch did not significantly increase biomass of the WSPGs, or TEP and TEY in unfertilized plots. This study demonstrated that GG can serve as a complementary crop to SG and could be used as a dual‐purpose crop for bioenergy and forage feedstock in farmers' rotations.
Evolutionary history and global angiosperm species richness–climate relationships
Authors: Jiang Ke , Wang Qinggang , Dimitrov Dimitar , Luo Ao , Xu Xiaoting , Su Xiangyan , Liu Yunpeng , Li Yaoqi , Li Yichao , Wang Zhiheng 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAimClimate has been regarded as an important explanation for large‐scale species richness patterns. However, the mechanisms underlying the significant variations in species richness–climate relationships across different clades remain to be tested. We explored how niche conservatism, diversification rates and time for speciation influenced species richness–climate relationships between clades.LocationThe globe.Time PeriodPresent day.Major Taxa StudiedAngiosperms.MethodsBased on a newly complied database of the global distributions of 288,735 angiosperm species, we used generalized linear models to assess the relationships between species richness of different angiosperm families and climatic factors. We also conducted phylogenetic comparative analysis to test whether niche conservatism, diversification rates and time for speciation affect the variations in species richness–climate relationships.ResultsWe found that temperature seasonality dominated the global angiosperm diversity patterns. Closely related families had more similar species richness–climate relationships than distantly related ones. The discrepancy between the current and ancestral niches of different clades had much stronger effects on variations in species richness–climate relationships than diversification rates and time for speciation. With the increase in the discrepancy between current and ancestral niches, the explanatory power (i.e.,R2) of contemporary temperature and precipitation in explaining species richness patterns increased.Main ConclusionsOverall, our findings strongly support that niche conservatism dominates the variations in species richness–climate relationships across taxonomic groups. These findings allow better understanding on how large‐scale species diversity patterns are formed.
Mass elevation effect and continentality have a stronger impact on global treelines than spatial isolation
Authors: Kienle David R. , Irl Severin D. H. , Beierkuhnlein Carl 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAimThe global relationship between treeline elevation and temperature (or latitude as a proxy) is well established. However, additional large‐scale and regional abiotic influences such as mass elevation effect (MEE), continentality and isolation are superimposed onto the latitude‐treeline relationship. To quantify these effects, we apply globally applicable measures and test the effects of MEE, an aspect of continental climate and isolation on treeline elevation.LocationGlobal treeline elevations (n = 629).MethodsWe sampled treeline sites using earth observation. We calculated MEE as the distance to the nearest mountain chain limits. Continentality was assessed by the distance to the nearest coastline. Isolation was calculated by the nearest distance of a mountain chain to another mountain chain within a comparable elevational band.ResultsThe global latitudinal pattern showed a distinct bimodal latitude‐treeline elevation relationship. Treeline elevations increased substantially with increased MEE and distance to coastlines while isolation even decreased treeline elevations.Main ConclusionsOur study shows a globally consistent effect of MEE and distance to the coastline on treeline elevation, contributing to our basic understanding of large‐scale biogeographic processes governing treeline formation. MEE and continentality reduce cloudiness and increase solar radiation, resulting in higher treeline elevations. Isolation effects are not consistent and may be influenced by immigration and speciation. Understanding global treeline formation using comprehensive measures contributes to a better understanding of how environmental conditions determine vegetation boundaries at large spatial scales.
Lower socio‐economic status in adolescence is associated with poor oral health at an older age: Mediation by social and behavioural factors
Authors: Yamamoto‐Kuramoto Kinumi , Kusama Taro , Kiuchi Sakura , Kondo Katsunori , Osaka Ken , Takeuchi Kenji , Aida Jun 
Published: April 2023

AimTo examine the mediators between lower socio‐economic status (SES) in adolescence and oral health at an older age to uncover the underlying mechanisms of the association.MethodsParticipants (n = 21 536) aged ≥65 years from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study were evaluated. The dependent variables were self‐rated chewing difficulty and having ≤19 remaining teeth. The main independent variable was self‐perceived SES in adolescence. The Karlson–Holm–Breen method was used for mediation analysis.ResultsMean age of the participants was 74.8 years (standard deviation = 6.4), and 51.5% were female. Overall, 5598 (26.0%) participants reported chewing difficulty and 9404 (43.7%) had ≤19 remaining teeth. Lower SES in adolescence was associated with a higher prevalence of chewing difficulty (odds ratio [OR] = 1.38, 95%confidence interval [CI] = 1.29–1.48; total effect). After controlling for mediators, OR for lower SES in adolescence was 1.22 (95%CI = 1.13–1.30; direct effect) and 1.13 (95%CI = 1.11–1.16; indirect effect). Mediators, prominently the number of teeth and income, explained 39.3% of the associations. Lower SES in adolescence increased the odds of ≤19 remaining teeth by OR = 1.23 (95% CI = 1.16–1.31; total effect). After controlling for mediators, the OR for lower SES in adolescence was 1.03 (95%CI = 0.97–1.10; direct effect) and 1.19 (95%CI = 1.16–1.23; indirect effect). Mediators, prominently educational attainment, explained 85.0% of the associations.ConclusionsLower SES in adolescence was associated with poor oral health at an older age through mediators. Approaches that consider social determinants from the beginning of the life course are required.
Oral lacosamide for the treatment of refractory trigeminal neuralgia: A retrospective analysis of 86 cases
Authors: Muñoz‐Vendrell Albert , Tena‐Cucala Raquel , Campoy Sergio , García‐Parra Belia , Prat Joan , Martínez‐Yélamos Sergio , Huerta‐Villanueva Mariano 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesFirst‐line treatment for trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is limited to carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine, and in refractory cases, alternatives are scarce. Lacosamide has been suggested as a valid option. In this study, we describe a series of patients who received oral lacosamide as treatment for TN after first‐line drug failure.MethodsIn this retrospective descriptive cohort study, we included patients with refractory TN who attended a tertiary center between 2015 and 2021 and were prescribed oral lacosamide after first‐line treatment failure. The primary endpoints were pain relief and adverse effects. We secondarily analyzed clinical outcomes and compared responders versus nonresponders in the search for potential predictors of response.ResultsEighty‐six patients were included (mean age: 62 [SD 15.6] years; 54/86 [63%] female). The TN etiology was secondary in 16/86 (19%) patients. Concomitant continuous pain was present in 29/86 (34%) patients. The mean number of previous treatments was 2.7 [SD 1.5]. Pain relief was achieved in 57/86 (66%) cases, with 28/86 (33%) patients presenting adverse effects, all of which were mild. No statistically significant differences were observed between responders and nonresponders, but subtle clinical differences suggested potential predictors of response.ConclusionLacosamide may be an effective and relatively safe treatment for refractory pain in TN patients after first‐line treatment failure.
Multi‐region local field potential signatures and brain coherence alternations in response to nitroglycerin‐induced migraine attacks
Authors: Wang Zhen , Lin Qing , Peng Yuan B. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo decipher the underlying mechanisms of nitroglycerin (NTG)‐induced migraine electrophysiologically.BackgroundMigraine is a recurrent primary headache disorder with moderate to severe disability; however, the pathophysiology is not fully understood. Consequently, safe and effective therapies to alleviate migraine headaches are limited. Local field potential (LFP) recording, as a neurophysiological tool, has been widely utilized to investigate combined neuronal activity.MethodsWe recorded LFP changes simultaneously from the anterior cingulate cortex, posterior nucleus of the thalamus, trigeminal ganglion, and primary visual cortex after NTG injection in both anesthetized and freely moving rats. Additionally, brain coherence was processed, and light‐aversive behavior measurements were implemented.ResultsSignificant elevations of LFP powers with various response patterns for the delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma bands following NTG injection were detected in both anesthetized and freely moving rats; however, a surge of coherence alternations was exclusively observed in freely moving rats after NTG injection.ConclusionThe multi‐region LFP signatures and brain coherence alternations in response to NTG‐induced migraine attacks were determined. Furthermore, the results of behavior measurements in the freely moving group indicated that NTG induced the phenomenon of photophobia in our study. All these findings offer novel insights into the interpretation of migraine mechanisms and related treatments.
Efficacy, durability, and tolerability of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide for the treatment of HIV in a real‐world setting in Belgium
Authors: Nasreddine Rakan , Florence Eric , Yombi Jean Cyr , Henrard Sophie , Darcis Gilles , Van Praet Jens , Vandekerckhove Linos , Allard Sabine D. , Demeester Rémy , Messiaen Peter , Ausselet Nathalie , Delforge Marc , De Wit Stéphane ,   the Belgian Research on AIDS and HIV Consortium (BREACH)
Published: April 2023

AbstractObjectivesOur objective was to evaluate the efficacy, durability, and tolerability of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) in a real‐world setting in Belgium.MethodsThis was a retrospective, multicentre cohort study involving adult treatment‐naïve (TN) and treatment‐experienced (TE) people living with HIV receiving BIC/FTC/TAF between 1 January 2019 and 30 September 2020. The primary outcome was rate of virological suppression (plasma HIV‐1 viral load <50 copies/mL; on‐treatment analysis) at weeks 24 and 48. The main secondary outcomes included loss of virological suppression (LVS; two consecutive viral loads of >200 copies/mL after being virologically suppressed) by week 48 and analysis of resistance‐associated mutations at time of LVS; tolerability of BIC/FTC/TAF over the 48‐week study period; and change in weight and proportion of participants reporting a >10% weight gain at week 48.ResultsOverall, 2001 participants were included. Through 48 weeks, overall rate of virological suppression was 93.5%, with similar results observed in the following subgroups: age ≥50 years (92.7%), women (92.8%), Black sub‐Saharan African (91%), TN (94%), TE (93.2%), and non‐suppressed at baseline (86.6%). LVS was observed in 0.7% (n = 14) of participants, with one participant developing resistance‐associated mutations to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (184 V) and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (263KR). Of the 131 (6.5%) treatment discontinuations, the most common reason was an adverse event (2.4%), with the most frequent being central nervous system/psychiatric (0.4%) and gastrointestinal (0.4%) toxicity. Median weight gain at week 48 was 2 kg (interquartile range −1 to 5), and a >10% weight increase was observed in 11.6% of participants.ConclusionIn this large real‐world cohort, BIC/FTC/TAF showed excellent virological efficacy in a diverse population of patients with HIV. Rare occurrence of emergent drug resistance was observed, and treatment was well tolerated.
Impact of Nax genes for Na+ exclusion from leaves on bread wheat yield on saline soils
Authors: James Richard A. , Khan Md. Mustafa , Neogi Mrinmoy G. , Zwart Alexander B. , Munns Rana , Kabir Md. Rezwan , Akhond Md. Abdullah Yousuf 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWheat production in many countries is threatened by climate change and rising sea levels causing increases in salt‐water intrusion in low‐lying coastal areas. Large areas of the coastal zone of Bangladesh remain fallow during the dry season primarily due to salinity. It is estimated that 0.86 million hectares of land currently under fallow in the dry season would be suitable for wheat production using varieties with enhanced salt tolerance. This study investigated the impact of salt tolerance Nax genes (Na+ exclusion) on the grain yield of bread wheat grown on saline soils in southern Bangladesh. Nax1 and Nax2 genes were separately crossed into two Bangladeshi bread wheat varieties, BARI Gom 25 and BARI Gom 26, through conventional crossing with marker‐assisted selection. The key outcome was strong evidence that both Nax genes have the capacity to lower leaf Na+ concentration in locally adapted bread wheat and consequently deliver improved yields in challenging field environments in southern Bangladesh with moderate to high salinity. The genetic backgrounds of the adapted varieties played a significant role in the expression of these genes. There was a differential response in the phenotypic expression of Nax genes to reduce leaf Na+ levels between the two local varieties selected as recurrent parents and the resultant variation in yield. The average reduction in leaf Na+ concentrations from the third backcrossed lines in the BARI Gom 25 background was about twice that of lines in the BARI Gom 26 background. These same lines typically yielded between 10% and 20% higher than BARI Gom 25 on moderate to high salinity sites, whereas the backcrossed lines in the BARI Gom 26 background yielded similarly to their recurrent parent at these same sites. The contrast in the differential phenotypic expression of the Nax genes evident in the two recurrent parents represented in this study highlights the importance of crossing salt tolerance Nax genes into a range of locally adapted high‐yielding genetic backgrounds to identify the greatest potential for improvement in salt tolerance.
Species distribution modelling supports the study of past, present and future biogeographies
Authors: Franklin Janet 
Published: April 2023

AbstractSpecies distribution modelling (SDM), also called environmental or ecological niche modelling, has developed over the last 30 years as a widely used tool used in core areas of biogeography including historical biogeography, studies of diversity patterns, studies of species ranges, ecoregional classification, conservation assessment and projecting future global change impacts. In the 50th anniversary year of Journal of Biogeography, I reflect on developments in species distribution modelling, illustrate how embedded the methodology has become in all areas of biogeography and speculate on future directions in the field. Challenges to species distribution modelling raised in this journal in 2006 have been addressed to a significant degree. Those challenges are clarification of the niche concept; improved sample design for species occurrence data; model parameterization; predictor selection; assessing model performance and transferability; and integrating correlative and process models of species distributions. SDM is used, often in conjunction with other evidence, to understand past species range dynamics, identify patterns and drivers of biological diversity, identify drivers of species range limits, define and delineate ecoregions, estimate the distributions of biodiversity elements in relation to protected status and to prioritize conservation action, and to forecast species range shifts in response to climate change and other global change scenarios. Areas of progress in SDM that may become more widely accessible and useful tools in biogeography include genetically informed models and community distribution models.