bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on Growth, Yield and Quality of Pea under the Influence of Different Combinations of Biofertilizers and Organic Manures
Authors: Rawat Himani , Singh K.C. , Pant S.C. 
Published: January 2025

The Pea (Pisum sativum) belongs to group of the legume family (Fabaceae). The immature green seeds are eaten raw, cooked, dehydrated, or as the main ingredient in frozen vegetable dishes. The present investigation was carried out at Vegetable Research & Demonstration Block, College of Horticulture, VCSG Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Bharsar Pauri Garhwal during Rabi season (2023-2024) to access the performance of pea to different organic cultivation practices. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete block Design (RCBD) with 13 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were a combination of different doses of biofertilizers i.e. (Rhizobium leguminosarum) and PSB along with application of organic manures (FYM, Vermicompost and Compost). Parameters like germination (93.333 %), plant height (67.813 cm), leaf count (60.333), RLWC % (80.963 %), number of cluster/plant (13.633), number of root nodules (27.433), root active nodules (14.217), pod length (10.267 cm), pod yield/plant (77.230), seed yield/plant (60.760 g), shelling percentage (48.920 %) and 100 seed weight (46.470 g), TSS (14.0 °Brix) and Ascorbic acid (25 mg/100g) also found highest in T9. The data depicted best results in T9 for all the treatments which was found statistically at par with T5. But considering economic point of view Cost benefit ratio (1:1.73) was found to be maximum under treatment T5 [Rhizobium leguminosarum (20ml) + PSB (20ml) +FYM (10 t/ha)] and should be recommended to the farmers as for deriving maximum profit for organic cultivation of pea. Therefore, the current study concludes that organic sources of nutrients are more environment friendly and sustainable than chemical fertilizers. They also have an advantage over inorganic synthetic fertilizers, which pollute the environment and may accumulate in the soil and lead to health risk of living surrounding beings.
Die Haftung für Software und KI-Systeme nach der neuen Produkthaftungsrichtlinie
Authors: Borges Georg 
Published: January 2025

Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag stellt die neue Produkthaftungsrichtlinie vor und untersucht ihre Bedeutung in den relevanten Aspekten der Haftung für Software und KI. Nach einem Überblick über die Richtlinie (II.) werden folgende Kernpunkte der Reform untersucht: ihr Anwendungsbereich und die Haftungsadressaten (III.), der Fehlerbegriff als zentraler Haftungsmaßstab (IV.), die Haftung für nachträgliche Änderungen, insb. Updates, (V.) sowie die neuen Regeln zur Sachverhaltsermittlung (VI.1.) und zur Beweislast (VI.2.). Überlegungen zur Umsetzung der Richtlinie (VII.) und ein Fazit (VIII.) schließen den Beitrag ab.
Pflichten zur Vertragsgestaltung unter DORA für IT-Dienstleister
Authors: Ernst Stefan 
Published: January 2025

Zusammenfassung
Die EU-Verordnung Nr. 2022/2554 über die digitale operationale Resilienz im Finanzsektor führt zwar einen wenig einprägsamen Namen, dafür aber dank der englischsprachigen Fassung eine griffige Abkürzung: DORA (Digital Operational Resilience Act). Erlassen am 14.12.2022 (ABl. v. 27.12.2022 Nr. L 333, S. 1) tritt sie am 17.1.2025 in Kraft (Art. 64 DORA), was angesichts direkt oder auch nur mittelbar zuliefern. Dass diese EU-Verordnung auch unmittelbare Pflichten für diese bereithält, wird manchem zuweilen erst jetzt klar.
Relativierung des Durchgriffverbots bei Kapitalgesellschaften im Rahmen einer Betriebsaufspaltung
Authors: Prinz Ulrich 
Published: January 2025

Zusammenfassung
Die Betriebsaufspaltung mit dem Erfordernis personeller und sachlicher Verflechtung zwischen Besitz- und Betriebsunternehmen mit einem einheitlichen geschäftlichen Betätigungswillen der Gesellschafter ist ein von der Rechtsprechung in Jahrzehnten entwickeltes Rechtsinstitut. Konkrete Tatbestandsvorgaben zur Gewerblichkeit des Besitzunternehmens wegen enger Verflechtung in einer Doppelstruktur mit dem Betriebsunternehmen sind in § 15 EStG allerdings nicht zu finden. Die Erscheinungsformen der Betriebsaufspaltung sind vielfältig. Üblich ist ein Rechtsformmix von Besitzpersonen- und Betriebskapitalgesellschaft; aber es gibt auch mitunternehmerschaftliche und rein kapitalistische Betriebsaufspaltungen. Zur Vermeidung personeller Verflechtung finden sich in der Praxis in unterschiedlicher Form nicht selten dem eigentlichen Gesellschafterkreis ganz oder in Teilen vorgeschaltete, meist funktionslose Kapitalgesellschaften. Bei derartigen Gestaltungen soll die vermögensmäßige Abschirmwirkung einer Körperschaft gegenüber ihren Gesellschaftern (= Trennungsprinzip) zur Verhinderung einer Betriebsaufspaltung genutzt werden; ggf. können auch optierte Vorschalt-Personengesellschaften (§ 1a KStG) in Betracht kommen. Der BFH hat dazu in jüngerer Zeit - teils in Änderung der Rechtsprechung - wichtige neue Entscheidungen getroffen, die das gesellschafterbezogene Durchgriffsverbot bei einer Kapitalgesellschaft mittels einer Art Konzernbetrachtung relativieren und die Beherrschungsfunktion für Betriebsaufspaltungszwecke ungeachtet der Kapitalgesellschaft dem letztendlichen Gesellschafter ohne Heranziehung von § 42 AO (Gestaltungsmissbrauch) zurechnen. Die neue Judikatur wird im Folgenden aufbereitet. Insgesamt nimmt die steuerliche Unsicherheit in Tatbestand und Rechtsfolgen der Betriebsaufspaltung deutlich zu.
Die Relevanz der Unternehmensidentität für die Verrechnung gewerbesteuerlicher Verlustvorträge bei Kapitalgesellschaften (mit Anmerkung zu BFH v. 25.4.2024 – III R 30/21, FR 2025, 84)
Authors: Bischoff Janik 
Published: January 2025

Zusammenfassung
Dem Verrechnungspotential gewerbesteuerlicher Verlustvorträge kommt angesichts einer bundesdurchschnittlichen Gewerbesteuerbelastung im Jahr 2023 von 14,25 % (der Berechnung liegt ein Hebesatz von 407 % im Jahr 2023 zugrunde, Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis), Realsteuervergleich 2023) eine nicht zu vernachlässigende wirtschaftliche Bedeutung zu, wobei diese Belastung aufgrund des § 35 EStG insbesondere bei Kapitalgesellschaften Wirkung entfaltet. Damit es zu einer Verrechnung mit positiven Gewerbeerträgen späterer Erhebungszeiträume kommt, stellen Gesetz und Rechtsprechung indes (hohe) Voraussetzungen auf. Namentlich werden Unternehmer- und Unternehmensidentität gefordert. Eben jene Unternehmensidentität stand im Mittelpunkt des hier mit zu besprechenden BFH-Urteils v. 25.4.2024 (III R 30/21), in dem es um die Frage ging, unter welchen Voraussetzungen ein bei einer Personengesellschaft entstandener gewerbesteuerlicher Verlustvortrag nach einer Anwachsung auf eine Kapitalgesellschaft dort genutzt werden konnte. Eben dieses Urteil verdeutlicht aber auch einmal mehr die bestehenden Friktionen bei der Behandlung von Personenund Kapitalgesellschaften im Hinblick auf die Unternehmensidentität. Dies rückt die Frage in das Licht, ob es nicht sachgerechter ist, auch bei Kapitalgesellschaften die allgemeinen (strengeren) Kriterien für die Unternehmensidentität anzulegen. Diese Überlegungen bilden den Ausgangspunkt für diesen Aufsatz, der sich schwerpunktmäßig mit der Relevanz der Unternehmensidentität für die Verrechnung gewerbesteuerlicher Verlustvorträge nach § 10a GewStG befassen soll.
Der Amtsermittlungsgrundsatz als Ausfluss des Rechtsstaatsgebots (?)
Authors: Grafe Jennifer 
Published: January 2025

Zusammenfassung
Der Amtsermittlungsgrundsatz ist allen öffentlich-rechtlichen und strafrechtlichen Verfahren (Verwaltungs- und Gerichtsverfahren) bekannt. Dennoch gibt es nicht nur eine, sondern eine Vielzahl von Ausprägungen, die ihre Wurzeln jedoch in den gleichen verfassungsrechtlichen Prinzipien - insbesondere dem Rechtsstaatsgebot - finden, so dass dennoch von dem einen verfassungsrechtlichen Amtsermittlungsgrundsatz gesprochen werden kann, der einfachgesetzlich unterschiedlich ausgestaltet ist. Die Amtsermittlung lässt sich zwar als einer der Gründe längerer Verfahrensdauer identifizieren, abstrakt prozessökonomischer gestalten kann man ihn in verfassungsrechtlich zulässiger Weise jedoch nicht.
Identification of the molecular subtypes and construction of risk models in neuroblastoma
Authors: He Enyang , Shi Bowen , Liu Ziyu , Chang Kaili , Zhao Hailan , Zhao Wei , Cui Hualei 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe heterogeneity of neuroblastoma directly affects the prognosis of patients. Individualization of patient treatment to improve prognosis is a clinical challenge at this stage and the aim of this study is to characterize different patient populations. To achieve this, immune-related cell cycle genes, identified in the GSE45547 dataset using WGCNA, were used to classify cases from multiple datasets (GSE45547, GSE49710, GSE73517, GES120559, E-MTAB-8248, and TARGET) into subgroups by consensus clustering. ESTIMATES, CIBERSORT and ssGSEA were used to assess the immune status of the patients. And a 7-gene risk model was constructed based on differentially expressed genes between subtypes using randomForestSRC and LASSO. Enrichment analysis was used to demonstrate the biological characteristics between different groups. Key genes were screened using randomForest to construct neural network and validated. Finally, drug sensitivity was assessed in the GSCA and CellMiner databases. We classified the 1811 patients into two subtypes based on immune-related cell cycle genes. The two subtypes (Cluster1 and Cluster2) exhibited distinct clinical features, immune levels, chromosomal instability and prognosis. The same significant differences were demonstrated between the high-risk and low-risk groups. Through our analysis, we identified neuroblastoma subtypes with unique characteristics and established risk models which will improve our understanding of neuroblastoma heterogeneity.
Comprehensive analysis of cuproptosis-related lncRNAs signature to predict prognosis in bladder urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Zhu Shusheng , Li Houying , Fan Yanpeng , Tang Chao 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background
Cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) have been recently discovered to regulate the occurrence and development of various tumors by controlling cuproptosis, a novel type of copper ion-dependent cell death. Although cuproptosis is mediated by lipoylated tricarboxylic acid cycle proteins, the relationship between cuproptosis-related long noncoding RNAs (crlncRNAs) in bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA) and clinical outcomes, tumor microenvironment (TME) modification, and immunotherapy remains unknown. In this paper, we tried to discover the importance of lncRNAs for BLCA.

Methods
The BLCA-related lncRNAs and clinical data were first obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). CRGs were obtained through Coexpression, Cox regression and Lasso regression. Besides, a prognosis model was established for verification. Meanwhile, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, gene ontology (GO) analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), half-maximal inhibitory concentration prediction (IC50), immune status and drug susceptibility analysis were carried out.

Results
We identified 277 crlncRNAs and 16 survival-related lncRNAs. According to the 8-crlncRNA risk model, patients could be divided into high-risk group and low-risk group. Progression-Free-Survival (PFS), independent prognostic analysis, concordance index (C-index), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and nomogram all confirmed the excellent predictive capability of the 8-lncRNA risk model for BLCA. During gene mutation burden survival analysis, noticeable differences were observed in high- and low-risk patients. We also found that the two groups of patients might respond differently to immune targets and anti-tumor drugs.

Conclusion
The nomogram with 8-lncRNA may help guide treatment of BLCA. More clinical studies are necessary to verify the nomogram.
Beyond the surface: Exploring the mycobiome of Norway spruce under abiotic stress and with Heterobasidion parviporum
Authors: Durodola Blessing , Blumenstein Kathrin , Akinbobola Adedolapo , Kolehmainen Anna , Chano Victor , Gailing Oliver , Terhonen Eeva 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The mycobiome, comprising fungi inhabiting plants, potentially plays a crucial role in tree health and survival amidst environmental stressors like climate change and pathogenic fungi. Understanding the intricate relationships between trees and their microbial communities is essential for developing effective strategies to bolster the resilience and well-being of forest ecosystems as we adopt more sustainable forest management practices. The mycobiome can be considered an integral aspect of a tree's biology, closely linked to its genotype. To explore the influence of host genetics and environmental factors on fungal composition, we examined the mycobiome associated with phloem and roots of Norway spruce cuttings under varying watering conditions. To test the "mycobiome-associated-fitness" hypothesis, we compared saplings artificially inoculated with Heterobasidion parviporum and control plants to evaluate mycobiome interaction on necrosis development. We aimed to 1) identify specific mycobiome species for the Norway spruce genotypes/families within the phloem and root tissues and their interactions with H. parviporum and 2) assess stability in the mycobiome species composition under abiotic disturbances (reduced water availability). The mycobiome was analyzed by sequencing the ribosomal ITS2 region. Our results revealed significant variations in the diversity and abundance of the phloem mycobiome among different Norway spruce genotypes, highlighting the considerable impact of genetic variation on the composition and diversity of the phloem mycobiome. Additionally, specific mycobiome genera in the phloem showed variations in response to water availability, indicating the influence of environmental conditions on the abundance of certain fungal genera in Norway spruce trees. In the root mycobiome, key fungi such as Phialocephala fortinii and Paraphaeosphaeria neglecta were identified as conferring inhibitory effects against H. parviporum growth in Norway spruce genotypes. Furthermore, certain endophytes demonstrated greater stability in root ecosystems under low water conditions than ectomycorrhizal fungi. This knowledge can contribute to developing sustainable forest management practices that enhance the well-being of trees and their ecosystems, ultimately bolstering forest resilience.
Formation Evaluation for Nasiriyah Oil Field Based on The Non-Conventional Techniques
Authors: Alhaleem Ayad A. , Avedisian Antwan M. , Flayeh Haider Alwan 
Published: July 2023

The unconventional techniques called “the quick look techniques”, have been developed to present well log data calculations, so that they may be scanned easily to identify the zones that warrant a more detailed analysis, these techniques have been generated by service companies at the well site which are among the useful, they provide the elements of information needed for making decisions quickly when time is of essence. The techniques used in this paper are:

Apparent resistivity Rwa
Rxo /Rt

The above two methods had been used to evaluate Nasiriyah oil field formations (well-NS-3) to discover the hydrocarbon bearing formations. A computer program had used to represent CPI results for the two mentioned methods, the results of interpretation indicate to hydrocarbon zones in.
Improving Treatment Performance of Dissolved Air Flotation System by Using Ionic Liquids as Surfactants
Authors: Mohammed Sawsan A.M. , Fadhil Aws Abbas 
Published: July 2023

The effect of three ionic liquids viz., 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (ILE), 1-hexyl-3-metylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (ILF) and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (ILG) when used as surfactants on the performance of dissolved air floatation (DAF) was investigated.
Experiments were conducted at a temperature of 30-35 ºC, 10ppm ferric chloride as coagulant, 50% recycle ratio, pH 8, and 10 minutes treatment time to find oil and grease (OG) and turbidity removal efficiencies at saturation pressure (2-6) bar.
ILs were used at concentration of 50 µl/liter of treated water in two positions in DAF system; the saturation vessel and the treatment tank. The performance using ILs in the saturation vessel were better than that in treatment tank because ILs reduced the surface tension of water, which lead to an increase in the solubility of air in water and eventually increase the microbubble formation. The OG removal efficiency using ILG as an efficient surfactant in saturation vessel was higher than that in the treatment tank and higher than other ILs (ILG>ILF>ILE). The removal efficiency reached about 90% at a saturation pressure of 5 bar, and 85% at 3 bar, which reduces the operation costs. The treated water oil concentration at 3bar was 9.5 ppm, which meets the Iraqi pre-disposal regulatory limit.
Philosophy of Engineering and Design Technological Actions: Rationality, Argumentation, Modelling
Authors: Laktionova Anna 
Published: July 2023

Philosophy of Engineering and Design (Technological) Actions is seen within the context of philosophical reflections about rationalizing, argumentation, modelling as specific particularities of scientific research actions (in fundamental natural sciences and engineering ones). Engineering is inseparable from design and technology (and vice versa: design relates to engineering and technology; technology – to engineering and design). For engineering both, is and ought relations; knowing that, knowing how, and knowing as mere direct experienced effective functioning, producing; world-to-mind and mind-to-world directions, – appear valid and relevant (in different degrees, in diverse contexts).
Engineering and Design Technological Sciences open new interesting methodological perspective for nowadays investigations. From the other side, Engineering and Design Technological Sciences challenge higher and special technical education; and might play the key role for its renovating, integrating into inter-, cross- and trans- disciplinary studies. Infrastructure of Philosophy of Engineering and Design Technological Actions could include Epistemology of Engineering; Ontology of Engineering; elaborations on methodology of measurement; Ethical, Socio-Political, Environmental Studies etc. Infrastructure of Philosophy of Engineering and Design Technological Actions could correspond to Engineering and Design Technological Sciences. Mentioned philosophical and specific scientific fields remain to be open for diverse elaborations and development.
Modelling as an appropriate within both science and engineering method is analyzed by involving into consideration topics of rationality and argumentation. Rationality is epistemically relevant for argumentation and modelling. Concepts of “frames” and “orientations” in argumentation are actual for interpreting rationality of actions; and in scientific modelling. Modelling itself could be seen as a special argumentative tool constructed on the rational background and opening rational understanding for scientific discovery and engineering design technological inventing.
Impact of nanocarrier aggregation on EPR-mediated tumor targeting
Authors: Surya Teja S. P. , Damodharan N. , Tamilanban T. , Subramaniyan Vetriselvan , Chitra V. , Chinni Suresh V. , Wong Ling Shing , Fuloria Neeraj Kumar , Sekar Mahendran , Fuloria Shivkanya , Ramachawolran Gobinath , Selvaraj Siddharthan 
Published: July 2023

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of excipients on retaining the particle size of methotrexate (MTX) loaded chitosan nanocarriers (CsNP) during lyophilization, which relates to the ability to enlarge the particle size and target specific areas. The nanocarriers were prepared using the ionic gelation technique with tripolyphosphate as a crosslinker. Three lyophilized formulations were used: nanosuspension without Lyoprotectant (NF), with mannitol (NFM), and with sucrose (NFS). The lyophilized powder intended for injection (PI) was examined to assess changes in particle size, product integrity, and comparative biodistribution studies to evaluate targeting ability. After lyophilization, NFS was excluded from in-vivo studies due to the product melt-back phenomenon. The particle size of the NF lyophile significantly increased from 176 nm to 261 nm. In contrast, NFM restricted the nanocarrier size to 194 nm and exhibited excellent cake properties. FTIR, XRD, and SEM analysis revealed the transformation of mannitol into a stable β, δ polymorphic form. Biodistribution studies showed that the nanocarriers significantly increased MTX accumulation in tumor tissue (NF = 2.04 ± 0.27; NFM = 2.73 ± 0.19) compared to the marketed PI (1.45 ± 0.25 μg), but this effect was highly dependent on the particle size. Incorporating mannitol yielded positive results in restricting particle size and favoring successful tumor targeting. This study demonstrates the potential of chitosan nanocarriers as promising candidates for targeted tumor drug delivery and cancer treatment.
Exploring the cost-effectiveness of case-finding for antenatal depression: an economic modelling study
Authors: Camacho Elizabeth , Shields Gemma , Eisner Emily , Chew-Graham Carolyn , Gilbody Simon , Littlewood Elizabeth , McMillan Dean , Watson Kylie 
Published: July 2023

BackgroundThe NHS has limited human and financial resources, with particular pressures in primary care. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) makes decisions on which services can be commissioned within the NHS. Many women experiencing antenatal depression are not identified as such in routine care and so may not access support. Current NICE guidance does not recommend universal case-finding for antenatal depression; however, a programme targeted towards pregnant women with risk factors (for example, previous mental illness, traumatic life events) has not been considered.AimTo explore the cost-effectiveness of case-finding for antenatal depression: targeted vs. universal vs. no case-finding.MethodThe following case-finding tools were evaluated: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Whooley questions, PHQ-9. One- and two-stage strategies were considered (second tool administered following positive response to Whooley questions). A decision tree model of costs and health outcomes from 20–40 weeks’ gestation was developed. Health was measured as quality-adjusted-life-years (QALYs). Costs included case-finding and treatment for depression.ResultsThe two-stage Whooley/PHQ-9 option was the most cost-effective case-finding strategy. Implementing a universal case-finding strategy was associated with lower costs than no case-finding (£52 vs £61) and more QALYs (0.3458 vs 0.3455). Targeted case-finding has similar costs to no case-finding and more QALYs (0.3459), requiring a spend of £1775 to improve health by 1 QALY.ConclusionUniversal case-finding for antenatal depression is cost-saving and improves health compared with no case-finding. It should be considered by policymakers to improve the identification and support of women experiencing antenatal depression in primary and maternity care.