bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
John Mitchel and his Legacy
Authors: Bew Paul 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
John Mitchel was the most influential late nineteenth-century Irish nationalist. He popularized the concept that the Irish famine was deliberate English genocide. In very poor health, he fought and won a parliamentary seat in Tipperary in 1885; all ambitious young nationalists like Parnell and notably Dillon, rallied around him despite Mitchel’s strong support for slavery. Mitchel’s last campaign encouraged young politicians to believe that there was—despite some appearances—a latent popular support for militant nationalist objectives if only it could be mobilized. John Mitchel delivered a slashing blow to the forces of conservatism in Irish politics. But it also weakened old-style Fenian militarism with a linked belief in physical force as the only means of liberating Ireland. Mitchel believed, above all, that advanced nationalists should go into electoral politics.
Curative Forgivingness
Authors: Mihut Cristian F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 is the centerpiece of the project. It articulates and illustrates a two-level account of the human virtue of forgiveness rooted in the image of sin-bearing—curative forgivingness. Following Robert C. Roberts some of the way, the chapter articulates forgivingness as involving a sensibility attuned to various blame-reducing and beneficence-maintaining conditions. But it goes beyond his account to show that curative forgivingness also involves a conception of one’s life as a trusting participation in the story of a transcendently good God that cauterizes and contains our individual suffering. The chapter concludes with explanations and illustrations of three modes of such participation: the appropriation of a teleological meta-narrative, participation in grace as an aesthetic phenomenon, and developing a lifelong friendship with Christ.
Good Literature [bonae litterae] and the Good
Authors: Little Katherine C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The humanist project was inherently contradictory, yoking together two traditions, the classical and Christian, that did not always match easily or smoothly. Doubts about that project, the usefulness of classical texts for Christian readers, emerged in the mid-sixteenth century, after the initial bloom of confidence in humanism began to fade. John Phillip’s play, The Play of Patient Grissell, explores these inevitable contradictions through a medieval exemplum, famously adapted by Geoffrey Chaucer: the story of Patient Griselda. For Philip, the exemplum as a form, a short story with a moral, provides an older model of engaging with classical texts that had been superseded by humanism, with its emphasis on imitation, its embrace of classical texts on their own terms. Reimagining this exemplum allows Phillip to confront the ways in which humanism has altered Christian morality even as it has insisted upon it.
A New Basis for Contract Law
Authors: Bogle Stephen 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains Stair’s new philosophical basis for the law of contract in Scotland. Four ideas are central to Stair’s novel approach. Bare promises and agreements are, in theory, enforceable. Commerce is a central pillar of society; on that basis, its needs should inform how we assess, along with equity, the existing law but also the development of law in novel situations. Freedom is fundamental to mankind and the laws and customs of Scotland are shaped by this principle, vitally, this includes a freedom to contract, which is a right. Yet this freedom should be guided by our conscience and our calling to bring glory to God. Yet how to marry this new philosophical framework to the cases, legislation, and sources of Scots law was fundamental to the success of the Institutions of the Law of Scotland account of the law of contract. This chapter explores how Stair did this and whether he was successful.
Benefit of Clergy
Authors: McGlynn Margaret 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Using statutes, year books, and readings, Chapter 1 analyses the doctrinal development of benefit of clergy from 1215 to the late fifteenth century. It argues that while the common lawyers accepted that benefit of clergy was a legitimate right of the Church, they were willing to assert their role in the implementation and management of that right. The specific elements of concern changed over the centuries, but there was always a focus on determining who was eligible for benefit of clergy and how it might be claimed. Though the reading test emerged early as one possible means of identification, by the fifteenth century it was the standard means and it allowed for the elaboration of a version of benefit of clergy which allowed secular men to avoid execution.
Internal Constraints
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractA second driver of many of the mechanisms perpetuating advantage and disadvantage is more internal: the scarcity of time and attention that people can devote to processing information and utilizing other such resources as are available to them. In an information-rich society such as is given to us by the internet, problems of time and attention scarcity become acute. The ways we find for coping with those problems on the internet, and the biases built into them, are emblematic of our strategies for coping with scarcities of time and attention more generally. Search engines and decision algorithms are undeniably useful for processing the flood of internet information. But they are notoriously biased in their operations, sometimes in ways that are obvious and easily remedied but often in ways that are either opaque or hard to remedy even if detected. Even if people switch from one coping strategy to another, the new one might (indeed, we have every reason to suppose that it will) also be biased in some way or another. Since we need to devote time and attention to switching, and those are scarce, the coping mechanisms we employ will tend to be ‘sticky’, perpetually instantiating the same biases time and again.
Liberatory Virtue and Vice Epistemology
Authors: McKenna Robin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops a non-ideal picture of our obligations and responsibilities as inquirers. This picture is developed within the theoretical framework of liberatory virtue and vice epistemology. On the liberatory virtue epistemologist’s picture, inquirers are deeply socially situated, and their character traits are shaped by social forces and influences largely outwith their control. The challenge for the liberatory virtue epistemologist is how to make sense of the idea that we are responsible for our intellectual virtues and vices, and the consequences thereof, even though they are shaped by factors outwith our control. The chapter argues that the version of liberatory virtue epistemology developed by José Medina has the resources to deal with this challenge. On Medina’s view, our social identities and roles do not constrain our agency and responsibility but are rather the grounds on which agency and responsibility are based.
Fragments of European Law
Authors: Linden-Retek Paul 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 develops an analytic typology of constitutional ‘imaginaries’, or interpretive paradigms, that characterize prominent strands of European constitutional discourse: history, system, principle. Each imaginary orients citizens to constitutional politics with reference to a particular temporal heading of law and its corresponding set of political psychologies, conceptions of equal citizenship, and its privileged social actors. In history, we find the particularistic enclosure of historically rooted identities drawn from a national democratic community of will; in system, the commercial functionalism of an impersonal market administering evolving constellations of present interests; and in principle, the abstract norms of communicative reason that unite a future community of bearers of universal rights. These imaginaries differ in how they construct the sources of legal meaning and the place they assign to the past, present, and future. But each exhibits the common flaw of reification insofar as it privileges one temporal register while repressing others. Examining recent conflicts over European economic governance and the protection of fundamental rights, the chapter shows how this flaw has steered European jurisprudence towards fragmentation and ideological consolidation. It then formalizes this critique as a contrast between the ‘coherence’ of legal order and law’s ‘intelligibility’. ‘Coherence’ empties law of its reflexive resources for bridging competing values, motives, and aims and disparate conditions of social life. ‘Intelligibility’, by contrast, characterizes law as an object whose normative commitments are more modestly conceived as open-ended; as exceeding sovereign control; and in need of re-interpretation over time by divergent and marginal voices.
Conclusion
Authors: Linden-Retek Paul 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 brings together the book’s various critiques and themes within a framework of cosmopolitan right. It takes stock of the main arguments of the work and highlights their implications in the present moment of uncertainty in EU constitutional politics and for Europe’s place in the world. The chapter closes by putting the spirit of these internal democratic reforms in relief against questions of global justice and returns once more to the field of migration. For perhaps nowhere are the questions of estrangement and remembrance more poignant today with respect to European politics than on the Mediterranean Sea and the southern shores of the European Union. The chapter reads Jean-Claude Juncker’s September 2015 ‘State of the Union’ address—in which he spoke, in part, of the crisis on the Mediterranean—in light of the policies the European Commission advanced to ‘manage’ migration. The contradictions therein suggest precisely the closure of the iterated, narrative space of law and judgement. Such flaw imperils not only refugee’s lives but also Europe’s own foundational authority to judge the merit of their claims. It reveals poignantly how, if the future of Europe and of postnational constitutionalism depends on a temporal view of identity and self-authorship, the fates of Europeans and refugees are drawn together.
Religious Legacy
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of religion in the lives of Nietzsche, Dilthey, and Simmel. Nietzsche was the most outspoken atheist of the three. His religious life is characterized by his early struggle with his Protestantism. Dilthey was more an agnostic than an outspoken atheist and he planned to be a clergyman of the reformed faith. He was firm in the need to build a worldview on a secular basis; if we could not know God, he reasoned, God could not be a basis for ethics. Simmel grew up in a secularized Jewish family. The parents converted to Christianity and baptized their son in Protestantism. Simmel never openly declared atheism; in his later life he renounced Christianity, though this was no affirmation of his Jewish roots. However, he was sympathetic to religion, not as a source of faith but as a factor in the life of the individual.
Early Sugar and Ethanol Policy, 1933–1959
Authors: Eaglin Jennifer 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the origins of the state’s intervention in ethanol production under the Institute of Sugar and Alcohol (Instituto do Açúcar e do Álcool [IAA]). State officials first supported ethanol production as a means of using up chronic excess sugar production in the country. In the state of São Paulo, the presence of coffee infrastructure provided sugar and alcohol production with a great deal of technical support, shaping the future ethanol industry in the region of Ribeirão Preto. The first boom in ethanol arrived during World War II, establishing the industry as a part of national security and validating government support since the 1930s. São Paulo producers gained market control of sugar at the same time, shifting political influence out of the sector toward the south and away from the northeast. By 1959, São Paulo was the leading producer of sugar and ethanol in the country.
Sugar, Ethanol, and Development, 1959–1975
Authors: Eaglin Jennifer 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the changing reality of the sugar and ethanol sector in the 1960s and early 1970s as sugar exports increased and petroleum came to dominate the fuel market. The collapse of US-Cuban relations opened the door for Brazil to capitalize on a larger international sugar market in the 1960s. Sugar exports became a major part of the new military dictatorship’s development policy plan by the late 1960s. By the early 1970s, booming sugar prices drove massive investment in the sector through modernization programs such as Funproçúcar, which sugar producers redirected toward expanding their ethanol production capacity, anticipating and shaping a future ethanol program in the aftermath of the oil shock of 1973.
Building a Giant—or a Giant Failure?
Authors: Kurlantzick Joshua 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the key questions of the book. What has led Beijing to attempt to both build a global media superpower and wield rising political influence—its sharp power along with its soft power—within other countries in Asia and many parts of the world? How is China building its media apparatus, and how is it wielding influence in other ways within other societies? What are the potential implications of China gaining greater control over global media and the information “pipes” through which information flows? How might Beijing use its media and its control of these “pipes,” along with its diplomatic relationships, to advocate for its model of development and its model of a closed, heavily constrained internet? How might other countries respond?
The First Charm Offensive Sets the Stage for Today
Authors: Kurlantzick Joshua 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how China’s soft power campaigns (and some sharp power efforts) in the 1990s and 2000s delivered successes for China, in terms of trade deals, diplomatic relations, and other measures. It shows how this era provided a blueprint for Chinese soft power that Beijing would build on in the next decade and combine with sharp power, increasingly using the two in concert. It further shows how Beijing followed a soft power strategy that had been used in the past by other powers, including the United States, Southeast Asia, and other parts of the world. It also shows how Southeast Asian leaders made decisions, in part, because of Chinese influence but also, in part, because China’s growing power helped them as well.
Motivations for China’s Modern Influence Campaign
Authors: Kurlantzick Joshua 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The chapter analyzes how China’s 1990s- softand 2000s-era soft power charm offensive came to an end and why public opinion in Asia and other parts of the globe began to turn against Beijing by the mid-2010s, as Beijing became more powerful and began to throw its power around in its near neighborhood and in other parts of the world. It also discusses how China’s state media remained propagandistic and wooden, which did not help Beijing’s global diplomacy. Within Chinese domestic politics, Xi Jinping became the top leader, turned China much more authoritarian, established a situation in which he could potentially be leader for life, created a cult of personality around himself, reinstituted many state controls on the private sector, and made clear he wanted China to play a much bigger role in the world and also potentially serve as a model to other states.
Xinhua and Content-Sharing Deals
Authors: Kurlantzick Joshua 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows how Xinhua, alone among Chinese state media, has made major inroads into the global media ecosphere and has become a real competitor to other newswires like the Associated Press and Reuters. Xinhua indeed has far more potential to serve as a vector for Beijing shaping information narratives than other state media like China Daily, CRI, or CGTN. Xinhua is often cheaper than its competitors for local news outlets to use; this allows Xinhua to increasingly dictate the news agenda, particularly in developing countries that use its service. The chapter also shows how Beijing has signed many content-sharing deals with media in other countries, including rich countries, which allows China to spread its message, often successfully, through a wide range of global media outlets, with readers sometimes not realizing that content is being pulled from Xinhua and other Chinese outlets.
Negotiating Local Needs
Authors: Jensen Helle Strandgaard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the Children’s Television Workshop’s sales of Sesame Street to West Germany. It explains the German approach to preschool education in the 1970s and why it made the German production, Sesamstraße, different from Sesame Street. The different educational approach resulted in, among other things, a pushback against the Workshop’s teaching methods and its learning goals. From the beginning, the German producer Norddeutsche Rundfunk (NDR) insisted on the dominance of social learning goals in the German version, an unacceptable demand for the Workshop. The chapter tells the history of how this local insistence on specific learning goals was incompatible with the Workshop’s efforts to streamline its global approach to co-production. In doing so, it shows how tensions between localization ideals and global marketing realities affected the Workshop’s business model and the initial production of the German version.
Palatine
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Palatine Hill in Rome is the birthplace of Western bureaucracy, a warren of banqueting and bedrooms, a treacherous household where it takes special talents to survive. This is a Roman history of the time of the Caesars – Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero - with a cast of new men and newly dominant women, those reviled too often in the past as flatterers and gluttons, uppity slaves and former slaves, lawyers-for-hire, chancer arrivistes and unhinged party animals. Palatine uncovers the lives of the Vitellii, perhaps Rome's least admired imperial clan, of Publius, an old-fashioned soldier snared in the politics of the new age, of Lucius, an exceptionally skilled and sycophantic courtier, and of Aulus a genial sluggard whose prowess at the table carries him all the way to the throne before collapsing his family's reputation for ever. Few now remember them. Yet in their creeping ascent to the very summit of the imperial hierarchy lie neglected truths about a lasting legacy of Rome.
The Intellectual Environment
Authors: Waterfield Robin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the work of the Presocratic philosophers, especially Heraclitus and Parmenides, and how they influenced Plato’s thought—his agreements and disagreements with them. Then it does the same for the work of the sophistic movement of fifth-century Greece—people such as Protagoras of Abdera and Gorgias of Leontini. The chapter lingers over what Plato gained from his primary teacher, Socrates, especially in the field of political theory, and shows how Plato developed Socrates’s work in all respects. For instance, he developed the Socratic search for universals into a full-blown metaphysical theory, the famous theory of Forms. The chapter concludes with a discussion of what we know of the work of other followers of Socrates and whether they were in any sense rivals.
Writing and Research in the 390s and 380s
Authors: Waterfield Robin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains what Plato thought about the value of written work: at best, it can do no more than act as a reminder of truth. The chapter summarizes the content and nature of the early dialogues and lingers over the important distinction between knowledge and belief. What Plato was up to in these early dialogues was the demarcation of philosophy (as he understood it, i.e., Socratic philosophy) as the only true educational system; he accomplished this demarcation by disproving the claims of others to be true educators. The chapter next explores his travels in southern Italy and Sicily, which were undertaken above all to meet Pythagoreans, so a brief description of Pythagoreanism is provided. In this context the chapter discusses Plato’s first visit to Syracuse and his possible interaction with Dionysius I, the tyrant of Syracuse, and his fateful meeting with young Dion. The chapter ends with the famous story of Plato’s temporary enslavement after he left Syracuse.
Elemental Intermedia
Authors: Solomon Stefan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
For the most part, intermedial approaches to the study of cinema concern themselves with a vast array of anthropogenic media and art forms, such as television, dance, painting, and literature. However, given recent scholarly explorations of media that exceed human origins and intentions, there is greater scope for considering now how nontechnical environmental phenomena such as eclipses and naturally occurring camera obscuras might also be considered as types of “cinema” in their own right. Taking its lead from John Durham Peters’s concept of “elemental media,” this chapter reckons with cinema as it manifests far beyond the theatrical dispositif and analyses how recent experimental films provide the basis for an intermedial reading of the noncinematic world.
Catching Fire
Authors: Sundstrom Beth , Delay Cara 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Catching Fire: Women’s Health Activism in Ireland and the Global Movement for Reproductive Justice investigates women’s reproductive health activism in Ireland. It focuses on attempts by Irish healthcare reformers and activists to implement reproductive justice and improve Irish women’s access to essential healthcare services. Irish activists, it demonstrates, employed a strategy of making women’s narratives and stories the central focus of their movement and engaged with a variety of media outlets, particularly social media, to spread their messages. Feminist digital activism challenged high-tech myth systems to redefine women’s health and reproduction, making them central concerns in Irish society and government. The approach of empowering ordinary women to tell their own stories has resulted in widespread compassion and solidarity. This strategy has personalized reproductive justice and established the Republic of Ireland as a model for future intersectional activist movements. Catching Fire also links Irish developments to American advocacy and global movements and places recent activist campaigns in an essential, yet often overlooked, historical context. By valuing women’s embodied experience, activists reimagined the use of technology, disrupted the nature/culture dualism, and empowered women to tell their stories.