bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Circularly polarized global navigation satellite systems metasurface antennas in sub-wavelength metallic cavities
Authors: García-Gámez Laura , Bernard Loïc , Sauleau Ronan , Collardey Sylvain , Mahdjoubi Kouroch , Pouliguen Philippe , Potier Patrick 
Published: July 2023

AbstractTwo metasurface-inspired antennas embedded in a metallic cavity are introduced here. They are expected to be integrated on fast moving platforms enduring harsh accelerations and shocks. The metasurface allows enlarging the antenna bandwidth that is intrinsically reduced for small antennas embedded in sub-wavelength metallic cavities. The first one is only 60 × 60 × 20 mm3 (0.23λ1 × 0.23λ1 × 0.08λ1 at the frequency of 1164 MHz) and presents a dual-band behavior, covering both the lower and upper global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) bands (all GNSS bands are covered). It is fed by four probes and a dedicated circuit, ensuring the phase quadrature between adjacent feeds to achieve circular polarization over these two bands. For the second proposed antenna, circular polarization is achieved using two feed points connected to the radiating aperture of size 50 × 50 × 20 mm3 (0.26λ0 × 0.26λ0 × 0.10λ0 at the frequency of 1559 MHz). It covers the E1, L1, B1, and G1 GNSS bands. The numerical results are successfully validated by measurements.
A possible legal framework for the exploitation of natural resources by non-State armed groups
Authors: Askary Pouria , Hosseinnejad Katayoun 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe law of belligerent occupation permits the Occupying Power to administer and use the natural resources in the occupied territory under the rules of usufruct. This provision has no counterpart in the provisions of humanitarian law applicable to non-international armed conflicts, which may suggest that any exploitation of natural resources by non-State armed groups is illegal. The International Committee of the Red Cross's updated 2020 Guidelines on the Protection of the Environment in Armed Conflict did not touch on this issue, and nor did the International Law Commission in its 2022 Draft Principles on the Protection of the Environment in Relation to Armed Conflicts, where it applied the notion of sustainable use of natural resources instead of usufruct. The present paper aims to fill this gap. It first reviews the development of the concept of usufruct and then studies whether the current international law entitles non-State armed groups with de facto control over a territory to exploit natural resources. By delving into the proposals raised by some commentators to justify such exploitation for the purpose of administering the daily life of civilian populations, the paper advocates for a limited version of this formula as the appropriate lex ferenda. In the final section, the paper discusses how situations of disaster, as circumstances which may preclude the wrongfulness of the act, may justify the exploitation of natural resources by non-State armed groups in the current international legal order.
Unsaturated Fatty Acids Enhance Aqueous Atmospheric Oxidation Ability by Producing Oxygen‐Containing Radicals in Fog Droplets
Authors: Yang Ning , Xie Qiaorong , Zhang Xinxing , Zhong Shujun , Hu Wei , Deng Junjun , Wu Libin , Sheng Ming , Niu Mutong , Liu Dandan , Zhu Jialei , Chen Yong , Duan Jing , Pan Xiaole , Sun Yele , Wang Zifa , Fu Pingqing 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe surface of atmospheric aqueous aerosol is covered with an organic film. However, there have been limited studies about the photochemical process between the organic coating and aqueous samples such as fogwater, which contains light absorbing brown carbon (BrC). Here, the interactional aging process between unsaturated fatty acids and aqueous samples was performed by laboratory studies and field observations. On the one hand, glycine and alanine were selected as organic nitrogen‐containing compounds to form BrC with carbonyl compounds like glyoxal or methylglyoxal. Oleic acid was induced to form organic peroxy radicals through H‐abstraction by the excited triplet BrC or hydroxyl radical (OH). On the other hand, one type of aqueous formation pathway of Criegee intermediates (CIs) was proposed through the oxidation of oleic acid. CIs may be formed by OH addition to C=C bonds and scavenged by interfacial reactions. Results from ultra‐high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry show that the synergistic effect of oleic acid and OH may have a higher oxidative capacity than OH. Furthermore, our study demonstrates that oleic acid can improve the aqueous oxidation ability by producing oxygen‐containing radicals. These findings highlight that the formation of free radicals is greatly influenced by photochemical reactions, which further reveal the complexities of fog organic chemistry.
Mineralogy, Morphology, and Emplacement History of the Maaz Formation on the Jezero Crater Floor From Orbital and Rover Observations
Authors: Horgan Briony , Udry Arya , Rice Melissa , Alwmark Sanna , Amundsen Hans E. F. , Bell James F. , Crumpler Larry , Garczynski Brad , Johnson Jeff , Kinch Kjartan , Mandon Lucia , Merusi Marco , Million Chase , Núñez Jorge I. , Russell Patrick , Simon Justin I. , St. Clair Michael , Stack Kathryn M. , Vaughan Alicia , Wogsland Brittan , Annex Andrew , Bechtold Andreas , Berger Tor , Beyssac Olivier , Brown Adrian , Cloutis Ed , Cohen Barbara A. , Fagents Sarah , Kah Linda , Farley Ken , Flannery David , Gupta Sanjeev , Hamran Svein‐Erik , Liu Yang , Paar Gerhard , Quantin‐Nataf Cathy , Randazzo Nicolas , Ravanis Eleni , Sholes Steven , Shuster David , Sun Vivian , Tate Christian , Tosca Nick , Wadhwa Meenakshi , Wiens Roger C. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe first samples collected by the Perseverance rover on the Mars 2020 mission were from the Maaz formation, a lava plain that covers most of the floor of Jezero crater. Laboratory analysis of these samples back on Earth would provide important constraints on the petrologic history, aqueous processes, and timing of key events in Jezero crater. However, interpreting these samples requires a detailed understanding of the emplacement and modification history of the Maaz formation. Here we synthesize rover and orbital remote sensing data to link outcrop‐scale interpretations to the broader history of the crater, including Mastcam‐Z mosaics and multispectral images, SuperCam chemistry and reflectance point spectra, Radar Imager for Mars' subsurface eXperiment ground penetrating radar, and orbital hyperspectral reflectance and high‐resolution images. We show that the Maaz formation is composed of a series of distinct members corresponding to basaltic to basaltic‐andesite lava flows. The members exhibit variable spectral signatures dominated by high‐Ca pyroxene, Fe‐bearing feldspar, and hematite, which can be tied directly to igneous grains and altered matrix in abrasion patches. Spectral variations correlate with morphological variations, from recessive layers that produce a regolith lag in lower Maaz, to weathered polygonally fractured paleosurfaces and crater‐retaining massive blocky hummocks in upper Maaz. The Maaz members were likely separated by one or more extended periods of time, and were subjected to variable erosion, burial, exhumation, weathering, and tectonic modification. The two unique samples from the Maaz formation are representative of this diversity, and together will provide an important geochronological framework for the history of Jezero crater.
Dominant Forcing Regions of Decadal Variations in the Kuroshio Extension Revealed by a Linear Rossby Wave Model
Authors: Tamura Yukito , Tozuka Tomoki 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe Kuroshio Extension (KE) is known to undergo large decadal variations, especially after the 1976/77 climate regime shift. Due to strong ocean‐atmosphere interactions over the KE, the region may be a key region for basin‐scale Pacific decadal climate variability. Although baroclinic Rossby waves are suggested to influence the KE decadal variability, it remains unclear where and how decadal atmospheric forcing anomalies that induce the Rossby waves are generated. Using a linear Rossby wave model forced by reanalysis surface wind stress, the relative contribution of wind stress at each longitude is quantified for the first time. It is shown that the contribution is largest at 160°W, and 40% of the total variance in the decadal KE variability is explained by the wind forcing around 170°–150°W. Further analyses suggest that the atmospheric forcing anomalies are generated by the El Niño/Southern Oscillation Modoki through an atmospheric teleconnection after the regime shift.
Experimental realization of chiral Landau levels in two-dimensional Dirac cone systems with inhomogeneous effective mass
Authors: Jia Hongwei , Wang Mudi , Ma Shaojie , Zhang Ruo-Yang , Hu Jing , Wang Dongyang , Chan Che Ting 
Published: July 2023

AbstractChiral zeroth Landau levels are topologically protected bulk states. In particle physics and condensed matter physics, the chiral zeroth Landau level plays a significant role in breaking chiral symmetry and gives rise to the chiral anomaly. Previous experimental works on such chiral Landau levels are mainly based on three-dimensional Weyl degeneracies coupled with axial magnetic fields. Their realizations using two-dimensional Dirac point systems, being more promising for future applications, were never experimentally realized before. Here we propose an experimental scheme for realizing chiral Landau levels in a two-dimensional photonic system. By introducing an inhomogeneous effective mass through breaking local parity-inversion symmetries, a synthetic in-plane magnetic field is generated and coupled with the Dirac quasi-particles. Consequently, the zeroth-order chiral Landau levels can be induced, and the one-way propagation characteristics are experimentally observed. In addition, the robust transport of the chiral zeroth mode against defects in the system is also experimentally tested. Our system provides a new pathway for the realization of chiral Landau levels in two-dimensional Dirac cone systems, and may potentially be applied in device designs utilizing the chiral response and transport robustness.
Detrimental effects of COVID-19 in the brain and therapeutic options for long COVID: The role of Epstein–Barr virus and the gut–brain axis
Authors: Hashimoto Kenji 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has resulted in a serious public health burden worldwide. In addition to respiratory, heart, and gastrointestinal symptoms, patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 experience a number of persistent neurological and psychiatric symptoms, known as long COVID or “brain fog”. Studies of autopsy samples from patients who died from COVID-19 detected SARS-CoV-2 in the brain. Furthermore, increasing evidence shows that Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) reactivation after SARS-CoV-2 infection might play a role in long COVID symptoms. Moreover, alterations in the microbiome after SARS-CoV-2 infection might contribute to acute and long COVID symptoms. In this article, the author reviews the detrimental effects of COVID-19 on the brain, and the biological mechanisms (e.g., EBV reactivation, and changes in the gut, nasal, oral, or lung microbiomes) underlying long COVID. In addition, the author discusses potential therapeutic approaches based on the gut–brain axis, including plant-based diet, probiotics and prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and vagus nerve stimulation, and sigma-1 receptor agonist fluvoxamine.
The heterogeneous associations between gestational weight gain and adverse pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus according to abnormal glucose metabolism
Authors: Wu Qi , Chen Yunyan , Ma Hao , Zhou Tao , Hu Ying , Liang Zhaoxia , Chen Danqing 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Objectives
The gestational weight gain (GWG) and hyperglycemia are two key factors affecting adverse pregnancy outcomes among women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We aimed to investigate the combinatorial effect of abnormal glucose metabolism and GWG on adverse outcomes in GDM.

Methods
This retrospective cohort study included 2611 pregnant women with GDM in Women’s Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University. Bases on the OGTT glucose levels, we categorized the GDM cohort into three subgroups: impaired fasting glucose (IFG) group, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) group, and combined impaired glucose (IFG&IGT) group.

Results
Among pregnant women with IGT, insufficient GWG (IGWG) was an independent protective factor for pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome (PIH) (aOR 0.55, 95% CI 0.32-0.95), macrosomia (0.38, 0.19-0.74) and large for gestational age (0.45, 0.32-0.62), as well as an independent risk factor for low birth weight infants (2.29, 1.24-4.22) and small for gestational age (1.94, 1.17-3.19); and excessive GWG (EGWG) was related to increased risks of PIH (1.68, 1.12-2.52), preterm delivery (1.82, 1.28-2.58), postpartum hemorrhage (1.85, 1.05–3.28), cesarean delivery (1.84, 1.38-2.46) and low body weight infants (2.36, 1.33-4.20). Moreover, EGWG was positively associated with PIH (3.27, 1.09–9.80) in the IFG group. But there were no significant associations between either IGWG or EGWG and any pregnancy outcomes in women with combined IFG&IGT.

Conclusions
The relationships between GWG and adverse outcomes were modified by abnormal glucose metabolism in women with GDM. Our results suggest that more specific GWG recommendations according to their metabolic state are needed for GDM.
Rational design of PD-1-CD28 immunostimulatory fusion proteins for CAR T cell therapy
Authors: Lorenzini Theo , Cadilha Bruno L. , Obeck Hannah , Benmebarek Mohamed-Reda , Märkl Florian , Michaelides Stefanos , Strzalkowski Thaddäus , Briukhovetska Daria , Müller Philipp Jie , Nandi Sayantan , Winter Pia , Majed Lina , Grünmeier Ruth , Seifert Matthias , Rausch Svenja , Feuchtinger Tobias , Endres Stefan , Kobold Sebastian 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background
In many situations, the therapeutic efficacy of CAR T cells is limited due to immune suppression and poor persistence. Immunostimulatory fusion protein (IFP) constructs have been advanced as a tool to convert suppressive signals into stimulation and thus promote the persistence of T cells, but no universal IFP design has been established so far. We now took advantage of a PD-1-CD28 IFP as a clinically relevant structure to define key determinants of IFP activity.

Methods
We compared different PD-1-CD28 IFP variants in a human leukemia model to assess the impact of distinctive design choices on CAR T cell performance in vitro and a xenograft mouse model.

Results
We observed that IFP constructs that putatively exceed the extracellular length of PD-1 induce T-cell response without CAR target recognition, rendering them unsuitable for tumour-specific therapy. IFP variants with physiological PD-1 length ameliorated CAR T cell effector function and proliferation in response to PD-L1+ tumour cells in vitro and prolonged survival in vivo. Transmembrane or extracellular CD28 domains were found to be replaceable by corresponding PD-1 domains for in vivo efficacy.

Conclusion
PD-1-CD28 IFP constructs must mimic the physiological interaction of PD-1 with PD-L1 to retain selectivity and mediate CAR-conditional therapeutic activity.
Altered muscle niche contributes to myogenic deficit in the D2-mdx model of severe DMD
Authors: Mázala Davi A. G. , Hindupur Ravi , Moon Young Jae , Shaikh Fatima , Gamu Iteoluwakishi H. , Alladi Dhruv , Panci Georgiana , Weiss-Gayet Michèle , Chazaud Bénédicte , Partridge Terence A. , Novak James S. , Jaiswal Jyoti K. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractLack of dystrophin expression is the underlying genetic basis for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). However, disease severity varies between patients, based on specific genetic modifiers. D2-mdx is a model for severe DMD that exhibits exacerbated muscle degeneration and failure to regenerate even in the juvenile stage of the disease. We show that poor regeneration of juvenile D2-mdx muscles is associated with an enhanced inflammatory response to muscle damage that fails to resolve efficiently and supports the excessive accumulation of fibroadipogenic progenitors (FAPs), leading to increased fibrosis. Unexpectedly, the extent of damage and degeneration in juvenile D2-mdx muscle is significantly reduced in adults, and is associated with the restoration of the inflammatory and FAP responses to muscle injury. These improvements enhance regenerative myogenesis in the adult D2-mdx muscle, reaching levels comparable to the milder B10-mdx model of DMD. Ex vivo co-culture of healthy satellite cells (SCs) with juvenile D2-mdx FAPs reduces their fusion efficacy. Wild-type juvenile D2 mice also manifest regenerative myogenic deficit and glucocorticoid treatment improves their muscle regeneration. Our findings indicate that aberrant stromal cell responses contribute to poor regenerative myogenesis and greater muscle degeneration in juvenile D2-mdx muscles and reversal of this reduces pathology in adult D2-mdx muscle, identifying these responses as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of DMD.
Impaired vision in children prenatally exposed to methadone: an observational cohort study
Authors: Hamilton R. , Mulvihill A. , Butler L. , Chow A. , Irving E. , McCulloch D. L. , McNeil A. , Michael K. , Spowart K. M. , Waterson-Wilson J. , Mactier H. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background/objectives
To examine prevalence of failed visual assessment at 8–10 years in children born to methadone-maintained opioid dependent (MMOD) mothers and relate this to known in utero substance exposure.

Subjects/methods
Follow up of observational cohort study of methadone-exposed and comparison children matched for birthweight, gestation and postcode of residence at birth. Participants were 144 children (98 exposed, 46 comparison). Prenatal drug exposure was previously established via comprehensive maternal and neonatal toxicology. Children were invited to attend for visual assessment and casenotes were reviewed. Presence of acuity poorer than 0.2 logMAR, strabismus, nystagmus and/or impaired stereovision constituted a ‘fail’. Fail rates were compared between methadone-exposed and comparison children after adjusting for known confounding variables.

Results
33 children attended in person: data were also derived from casenote review for all children. After controlling for maternal reported tobacco use, methadone-exposed children were more likely to have a visual ‘fail’ outcome, adjusted odds ratio 2.6, 95% CI 1.1–6.2; adjusted relative risk 1.8 (95% CI 1.1–3.4). Visual ‘fail’ outcome rates did not differ between methadone-exposed children who had (n = 47) or had not (n = 51) received pharmacological treatment for neonatal abstinence/opioid withdrawal syndrome (NAS/NOWS); fail rate 62% vs 53% (95% CI of difference—11–27%).

Conclusions
Children born to MMOD mothers are almost twice as likely as unexposed peers to have significant visual abnormalities at primary school age. Prenatal methadone exposure should be considered in the differential diagnosis of nystagmus. Findings support visual assessment prior to school entry for children with any history of prenatal opioid exposure.

Trial registration
The study was prospectively registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03603301), https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03603301.
Fully co-factor-free ClearTau platform produces seeding-competent Tau fibrils for reconstructing pathological Tau aggregates
Authors: Limorenko Galina , Tatli Meltem , Kolla Rajasekhar , Nazarov Sergey , Weil Marie-Theres , Schöndorf David C. , Geist Daniela , Reinhardt Peter , Ehrnhoefer Dagmar E. , Stahlberg Henning , Gasparini Laura , Lashuel Hilal A. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractTau protein fibrillization is implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases collectively known as Tauopathies. For decades, investigating Tau fibrillization in vitro has required the addition of polyanions or other co-factors to induce its misfolding and aggregation, with heparin being the most commonly used. However, heparin-induced Tau fibrils exhibit high morphological heterogeneity and a striking structural divergence from Tau fibrils isolated from Tauopathies patients’ brains at ultra- and macro-structural levels. To address these limitations, we developed a quick, cheap, and effective method for producing completely co-factor-free fibrils from all full-length Tau isoforms and mixtures thereof. We show that Tau fibrils generated using this ClearTau method – ClearTau fibrils - exhibit amyloid-like features, possess seeding activity in biosensor cells and hiPSC-derived neurons, retain RNA-binding capacity, and have morphological properties and structures more reminiscent of the properties of the brain-derived Tau fibrils. We present the proof-of-concept implementation of the ClearTau platform for screening Tau aggregation-modifying compounds. We demonstrate that these advances open opportunities to investigate the pathophysiology of disease-relevant Tau aggregates and will facilitate the development of Tau pathology-targeting and modifying therapies and PET tracers that can distinguish between different Tauopathies.
Joint analysis of phenotype-effect-generation identifies loci associated with grain quality traits in rice hybrids
Authors: Li Lanzhi , Zheng Xingfei , Wang Jiabo , Zhang Xueli , He Xiaogang , Xiong Liwen , Song Shufeng , Su Jing , Diao Ying , Yuan Zheming , Zhang Zhiwu , Hu Zhongli 
Published: July 2023

AbstractGenetic improvement of grain quality is more challenging in hybrid rice than in inbred rice due to additional nonadditive effects such as dominance. Here, we describe a pipeline developed for joint analysis of phenotypes, effects, and generations (JPEG). As a demonstration, we analyze 12 grain quality traits of 113 inbred lines (male parents), five tester lines (female parents), and 565 (113×5) of their hybrids. We sequence the parents for single nucleotide polymorphisms calling and infer the genotypes of the hybrids. Genome-wide association studies with JPEG identify 128 loci associated with at least one of the 12 traits, including 44, 97, and 13 loci with additive effects, dominant effects, and both additive and dominant effects, respectively. These loci together explain more than 30% of the genetic variation in hybrid performance for each of the traits. The JEPG statistical pipeline can help to identify superior crosses for breeding rice hybrids with improved grain quality.
Extensive diversity in RNA termination and regulation revealed by transcriptome mapping for the Lyme pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Petroni Emily , Esnault Caroline , Tetreault Daniel , Dale Ryan K. , Storz Gisela , Adams Philip P. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractTranscription termination is an essential and dynamic process that can tune gene expression in response to diverse molecular signals. Yet, the genomic positions, molecular mechanisms, and regulatory consequences of termination have only been studied thoroughly in model bacteria. Here, we use several RNA-seq approaches to map RNA ends for the transcriptome of the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi – the etiological agent of Lyme disease. We identify complex gene arrangements and operons, untranslated regions and small RNAs. We predict intrinsic terminators and experimentally test examples of Rho-dependent transcription termination. Remarkably, 63% of RNA 3′ ends map upstream of or internal to open reading frames (ORFs), including genes involved in the unique infectious cycle of B. burgdorferi. We suggest these RNAs result from premature termination, processing and regulatory events such as cis-acting regulation. Furthermore, the polyamine spermidine globally influences the generation of truncated mRNAs. Collectively, our findings provide insights into transcription termination and uncover an abundance of potential RNA regulators in B. burgdorferi.