bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Culture as Collective Construction
Authors: Gilbert Margaret 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A group’s culture includes its beliefs, preferences, rules, and conventions. What do these features of groups amount to? This chapter focuses on a group’s belief. It argues that, according to a central everyday conception, a group’s belief is not a matter of the personal beliefs of the group members. Rather, it is a matter of a joint commitment with a particular content. This is a joint commitment, roughly, to emulate a single possessor of the belief in question by virtue of their several actions and utterances. This means that each member has the standing to demand appropriate utterances and actions of the others and to rebuke them for failure so to speak and act. Clearly when group beliefs on this conception arise, they are highly consequential phenomena. The same goes for all aspects of a group’s culture that are constituted by a joint commitment including, the chapter argues, a group’s conventions. This account of social convention is contrasted with the philosopher David Lewis’s.
Collective Belief, Kuhn, and the String Theory Community
Authors: Gilbert Margaret 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter, co-authored with James Weatherall, brings Margaret Gilbert’s account of collective belief into conversation with some important observations on the practice and progress of science. Gilbert argued in earlier work that groups of scientists are likely to develop collective beliefs in her sense and that, by their nature, these beliefs will tend to act as a break on scientific progress, creating a barrier to the fair evaluation of new ideas and to salutary changes in those that prevail. This chapter connects these points to some of historian of science Thomas Kuhn’s observations on “normal science” in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions and theoretical physicist Lee Smolin’s observations on the group of physicists working within the framework of string theory in his book The Trouble with Physics. That both sets of observations can be explained by reference to Gilbert’s account of collective belief supports her proposal that collective beliefs in her sense are consequential factors in the life of scientists.
Group Lies—And Some Related Matters
Authors: Gilbert Margaret 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Can the author’s joint commitment account of collective belief allow for the possibility of group lies? Jennifer Lackey has alleged that it cannot, and that, therefore, the account must be rejected. This chapter first clarifies some aspects of the joint commitment account that Lackey’s discussion overlooks. These include the account’s subsumption of both basic and non-basic cases, and the fact that the primary audience for expressions of the collective belief is the parties to the belief as such. It then shows that the joint commitment account can account for group lies, and also for group BS, both of which Lackey claims are outside its scope. In concluding, it conjectures that Lackey’s real concerns with the joint commitment account lie elsewhere, and responds to these concerns.
How We Feel
Authors: Gilbert Margaret 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
People often talk as if groups have emotions of various sorts, as in “The team is so excited!” This chapter argues for a particular understanding of such statements. First, it disengages the question from assumptions about emotions that are derived from the individual as opposed to the collective case, including the assumption that having an emotion is in whole or in part to experience a particular feeling, such as a thrill of excitement. Then, starting with standard reactions people have in contexts where a given collective emotion is presumed to exist, it offers an account of collective emotions generally as constituted by joint commitments, and discusses their role in the life of groups and their connection with the emotions of individual group members.
Naïve ideals in cynical times
Authors: Boswell John 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter introduces the central puzzle underlying the book—the persistence of ‘magical thinking’ about better policymaking despite widespread cynicism among experts and practitioners in policy work about ideals like evidence-based policymaking, prevention, collaboration, transparency and citizen engagement. It links the book to key debates in the fields of public policy and administration on the viability and attractiveness of key aspirations to make policymaking more rational and/or more democratic. The chapter provides an overview of the argument, an outline of the chapter structure, and a brief account of the approach and orientation undertaken in the underpinning research.
The Regulators’ View
Authors: Pototschnig Alberto , Godfried Martin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Several European Member States have intervened or intend to intervene to promote resource adequacy in the electricity sector by introducing a capacity remuneration mechanism. This chapter presents how in theory energy-only markets could contribute to security of supply, but how in reality the conditions for this to happen rarely materialize. It also assesses the potential distortionary impact of these mechanisms on the functioning of the Internal Electricity Market by illustrating how they impact prices, cross-border trade, competition, welfare distribution, and investments in the short and long run, as well as how some of these effects spill across borders. It also points to the risks of improper designs of these mechanisms and it recommends how these risks can be addressed. Finally, the chapter discusses how the 2019 Clean Energy Package introduced more stringent conditions for Member States to establish capacity mechanisms.
Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms in the EU
Authors: Schittekatte Tim , Meeus Leonardo 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the implementation of capacity remuneration mechanisms (CRMs) in the European Union (EU). It first illustrates how the costs of CRMs in the EU are significantly lower than in the United States (US). Next, it discusses how the Clean Energy Package (CEP) intends to limit the future role of CRMs. Two steps are introduced to check if CRMs are really needed: a European resource adequacy assessment and a national implementation plan to improve current electricity market design. In case residual adequacy concerns persist, the CEP also includes provisions to guide the design of a CRM. Finally, the role of the consumer in securing resource adequacy in the future is discussed.
The EU Approach to Resource Adequacy
Authors: Beaude Francois 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter describes the framework and governance set up within the European Union to ensure resource adequacy. The chapter first defines the benchmark resource adequacy target, the reliability standard, as the optimal level of security of supply for society as a whole. It then describes in detail resource adequacy assessments, which forecast resource adequacy one to ten years ahead. Finally, the chapter describes the action that European countries may take when the forecast resource adequacy level does not fulfil the reliability standard, including decisions for and design of capacity mechanisms. In particular, the chapter describes how cross-border participation is set up for capacity mechanisms.
Different Approaches for Capacity Mechanisms in Europe
Authors: Roques Fabien , Verhaeghe Charles 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A patchwork of approaches has been used for the design of capacity mechanisms among EU Member States, which could potentially have a negative impact on the integration of European energy markets. To shed light on this matter, the purpose of this chapter is threefold: providing a review of (1) the local drivers for the implementation of capacity mechanisms, (2) the current regulatory framework for the coordination of designs, and (3) proposing potential ways forward towards a more integrated approach. Our analysis shows that the drivers vary significantly between countries and that there is value in ensuring a more coordinated approach across EU countries to minimize potential distortions. We review the recent EU guidance regarding the design of capacity mechanisms. However, these developments remain insufficient to foster a strong coordination and we identify potential next steps for further coordination. We also argue that developing cross-border capacity trading in capacity mechanisms might force Member States to address some of the broader key issues of energy market integration and harmonization, but it will likely raise complicated governance challenges. Such enhanced coordination could indeed pave the way for the development of a more regional approach to ensure the security of EU electricity supply.
The Generation Mix, Price Caps, and Capacity Payments
Authors: Willems Bert 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a simplified economic analysis of a capacity mechanism that is used to correct the investment incentives when wholesale prices are capped. The price cap reduces revenue for investors, which reduces their investments incentives. A capacity mechanism can restore those investment incentives. A graphical analysis of optimal generation portfolios, by means of load duration graphs and levelised cost functions shows that a price cap affects investments in peak-load technologies and leaves investments in other technologies unchanged. However, to correct for the price cap, the capacity mechanism must provide a subsidy for all technologies, from both peak to base load. Only providing a subsidy for peak load technology would distort the relative costs of the different technologies, and lead to an inefficient generation portfolio. The chapter continues with a discussion on the effects of intermittent generation and demand flexibility.
Belgium
Authors: Vandorpe Wouter 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In Belgium, there are several issues related to the country’s medium and long-term security of electricity supply. First and foremost, the installed capacity will significantly decrease during the gradual nuclear phase-out planned for between 2022 and 2025. This will lead to a need for new capacity from the winter of 2025–2026 onwards. Only a fraction of this would be realized in the event that no additional market mechanism is activated as from 2025. This motivates Belgium—like several other Member States—to develop capacity mechanisms today. The chapter indicates the current and future capacity mechanisms in Belgium, with a legal focus on the recently adopted legislation on a Belgian capacity remuneration mechanism (CRM). The main conclusion is that enormous steps have been taken by the Belgian legislator to comfort the European Commission and to comply with the state aid rules, resulting in a positive state aid decision received on 27 August 2021.
France
Authors: Dezobry Guillaume 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the French capacity mechanism. Set up in 2017, the French capacity mechanism was initially designed to respond to a problem of security of supply linked to peak consumption. Market-based and decentralized, the choice of the design, unique in Europe, makes it one of the most complex to operate. This complexity has been further increased by the measures adopted to respond to the concerns of the European Commission and, in particular, the opening up to cross-border capacities and the long-term auctions. The French capacity mechanism is currently subject to significant reflection and should be simplified in the coming months. More fundamentally, the very nature of this mechanism, in a context of decarbonization, will be questioned.
Italy
Authors: Salerno Francesco Maria , Salis Francesco 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Italian electricity sector and the Italian capacity mechanism. In 2019, following the Commission authorization of Italy’s capacity mechanism, Italy amended the scheme by introducing more stringent CO2 emissions limits, consistently with the new requirements set out by the 2019 Electricity Regulation. The first tenders under the new scheme took place in November 2019 for delivery in 2022 and 2023. Traditional sources obtained most of the contracted capacity. In 2022, , the Italian TSO Terna held the tenders for delivery in 2024. In both tenders traditional sources have been awarded most of the contracted capacity. However, the latest tenders saw storage facilities winning for the first time a significant share of the tendered capacity.. Nevertheless, the tenders have been criticized by renewable generators. This chapter illustrates information on the market and the regulatory framework in Italy, describes the main features of the capacity mechanism and highlights key issues in the Italian electricity market design.
Norway
Authors: Wenger Cathrine Ramstad , Støle Frode , Naas-Bibow Jens 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Norway chapter gives a broad overview of market characteristics of the Norwegian electricity market and the legislation and government bodies which regulate the electricity sector. The chapter also deals with Nordic and European market integration, and explains why Norway has taken a different position from most other European countries with regard to capacity mechanisms. Norway remains faithful to the idea of the energy-only market, relying primarily on the market rather than on capacity mechanisms for ensuring security of supply. This is possible because of more than 1,000 hydropower reservoirs with a total capacity of 87 TWh, which ensure a unique flexibility in renewable electricity generation. In addition, interconnectors to neighbouring countries play an important role from a security of supply perspective.
Poland
Authors: Sadowska Małgorzata 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter concerns the introduction of a capacity mechanism in Poland, which constitutes one of the major reforms of the Polish electricity market in the recent years. The mechanism has been in operation since 2018, and five capacity auctions have already taken place for delivery years 2021 to 2025. While the mechanism does address the resource adequacy concerns, it is being criticized for not providing sufficient investment incentives for new capacity and maintaining the economically inefficient and old coal-fired units in operation, thus delaying much needed decarbonization of the Polish power system. This chapter provides a brief overview of the market characteristics, the regulatory framework, and explores the adequacy concerns underlying the introduction of the capacity mechanism.
United Kingdom
Authors: Willis Peter 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the UK electricity sector and the GB capacity mechanism. The GB capacity mechanism has been in operation for some years, with the first auctions having taken place in December 2014, for delivery in 2018–2019. Although it suffered a one-year partial interruption following the annulment of the European Commission’s original state aid approval decision by the EU General Court in 2018, the mechanism is perceived as having been generally successful. Since its establishment, the mechanism has progressively been opened up for participation by interconnectors and demand response. However, some changes seem likely following a UK government consultation launched in July 2022.
Virtuous Circles of Governance in Areas of Limited Statehood
Authors: Stollenwerk Eric 
Published: January 2023

AbstractChapter 2 outlines the theoretical framework of the study. It starts by defining effective and legitimate governance as the key terms of the analysis and then introduces areas of limited statehood as the empirical subject of this book. This chapter also addresses why conditions of limited statehood challenge the likelihood of virtuous circles of governance to evolve. Five challenges are particularly important: limited state capacity, predatory state behaviour, the multitude of governance actors, the multiple sources of governance effectiveness and legitimacy, and the diversity of governance audiences. This chapter also explains why it is necessary to consider different governance actors and different governance categories when analysing virtuous circles of governance. Building on theories of political science and social psychology, Chapter 2 introduces a new theoretical model of virtuous circles of governance that shows how perceptions of governance and legitimacy interact. The key hypotheses follow from the theoretical model, which the empirical contributions of the book test systematically. These are the expectation confirmation hypothesis (H1a), the confirmation bias hypothesis (H1b), the output-based legitimacy hypothesis (H2), and the task complexity hypothesis (H3).
Lost Hopes and Broken Promises in Nigeria
Authors: Stollenwerk Eric 
Published: January 2023

AbstractChapter 4 focuses in on the (sub-)national level by considering virtuous circles of governance for the state in Nigeria. This part introduces Nigeria as an empirical case and shows how it reflects the five key challenges to virtuous circles of governance central to this book. This chapter uses Afrobarometer data from 2005–2013 for more than 5,000 Nigerians. Linking to Chapter 3, the focus is on state legitimacy and service perceptions in the security, public health, and basic subsistence sectors. For Nigeria, there is no empirical evidence of a virtuous circle of governance for the state. Regardless of the service category considered, service perceptions do not increase the state’s legitimacy, nor do higher levels of state legitimacy increase perceptions of service delivery. The findings underscore the results from Chapter 3 and stress that citizens in Nigeria do not attribute effective governance to the state. The state is not able to meet citizens’ expectations of effective service delivery, which prevents a virtuous circle of governance. However, arguments relating to procedural justice, corruption, and foreign aid find support for understanding state legitimacy and satisfaction with service delivery in Nigeria. These results emphasize the diverse sources for both legitimacy and governance effectiveness. Chapter 4 also suggests a highly relevant role for external and non-state actors and their contributions to effective and legitimate governance in Nigeria.
Archaeology of Jesus' Nazareth
Authors: Dark Ken 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This is the first book on the archaeology of first-century Nazareth—Jesus’ home town in Galilee—written for a general audience by a mainstream professional archaeologist. Requiring no previous knowledge of biblical history or archaeology, it outlines the latest archaeological evidence, placing the Gospels’ account of Jesus’ youth in the Bible, and origins of Christian pilgrimage, in a new context. After discussing the archaeology and history of early first-century Nazareth (‘Jesus’ Nazareth’) overall, the book concentrates on the fascinating Sisters of Nazareth site in the centre of the present city. There, twenty-first-century archaeological research identified a Byzantine pilgrimage church, which is likely to be the Church of the Nutrition—dedicated to the upbringing of Christ—the most important previously ‘lost’ early Christian church in the Holy Land. A seventh-century pilgrim said that a vaulted area under the Church of the Nutrition contained the actual house where Jesus was brought up by Mary and Joseph. Intriguingly, below the Byzantine church at the Sisters of Nazareth site a vaulted area preserved what are probably the ruins of a first-century house. Even before the Byzantine church was built, a—probably fourth-century—cave-church was constructed next to the first-century ruins, suggesting that they were assigned Christian religious importance. The similarities with the pilgrim’s description raise the question of whether the Sisters of Nazareth house really could have been the childhood home of Jesus. This, historical existence for Jesus, and the implications of the archaeology of Nazareth for understanding the Gospels are discussed in the last chapter of the book.
Physical basis of metal plasticity
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the polycrystalline aggregate nature of metals and emphasizes that the major mechanism responsible for plastic strain in metallic materials is the motion of line defects—called dislocations—on crystallographic slip planes in crystallographic slip directions within the individual crystals of the aggregate. Schmid’s law, which states that it is necessary for the resolved shear stress on a slip system to reach a critical value for slip to occur, is introduced. The concepts of a glide force acting on a dislocation and the line tension of a dislocation are introduced, and used to discuss the common strengthening mechanisms for a crystal, namely intrinsic lattice resistance, solid solution strengthening, precipitation or dispersion (Orowan) strengthening, and strain-hardening. Yielding of polycrystals is also influenced by the presence of grain-boundaries, and the widely used Hall–Petch relation for the grain-size dependence of the yield strength in polycrystals is discussed.
Energy-based approach to fracture
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of energy release rate for linear elastic fracture mechanics. The classical Griffith fracture criterion, which is formulated in terms of the energy release rate and a critical value of the energy release rate for crack extension, is introduced. The relationship between the energy release rate and the stress intensity factor in Mode I is presented.
Temperature dependence of linear viscoelastic response
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the effects of temperature on the linear viscoelastic response of materials. Representative results from Dynamics Mechanical Analysis (DMA) experiments for measurement of the storage modulus, loss modulus, and tan δ as a function of temperature for amorphous and semi-crystalline polymers are discussed, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) and melt temperatures (Tm, for semi-crystalline polymers) are introduced. The effects of temperature on the stress-relaxation and creep-compliance functions are considered, and the concepts of time-temperature equivalence and shift factors for thermo-rheologically simple materials are introduced.
The Mysticism of Ordinary Life
Authors: Prevot Andrew 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Mysticism of Ordinary Life: Theology, Philosophy, and Feminism presents a new vision of Christian mystical theology. It offers critical interpretations of Catholic theologians, postmodern philosophers, and intersectional feminists who draw on mystical traditions to affirm ordinary life. It raises questions about normativity, gender, and race, while arguing that the everyday experience of the grace of divine union can be an empowering source of social transformation. It develops Christian teachings about the Word made flesh, the indwelling of the Holy Spirit, and the Christian spiritual life, while exploring the mystical significance of philosophical discourses about immanence, alterity, inbetweenness, nothingness, and embodiment. Its discussion of Latino/a and Black sources in North America expands the Western mystical canon and opens new horizons for interdisciplinary dialogue. It challenges contemporary culture to recognize and draw inspiration from quotidian manifestations of the unknown God of incarnate love. It includes detailed studies of Grace Jantzen, Amy Hollywood, Catherine Keller, Karl Rahner, Adrienne von Speyr, Hans Urs von Balthasar, Michel Henry, Michel de Certeau, Luce Irigaray, Julia Kristeva, Gloria Anzaldúa, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Alice Walker, M. Shawn Copeland, and more.