bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibody Formation by Rabbit Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Attardi Giuseppe , Cohn Melvin , Horibata Kengo , Lennox Edwin S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A microdrop experiment was done following a suggestion of Dr. Frank Lanni (1) that T5, having at least two antigens involved in its neutralization, might by itself serve to determine whether a single cell can make antibody against more than one antigenic determinant and to see whether the heterogeneity of anti-T5 antibodies has its origin in a corresponding cellular heterogeneity. Lanni had shown (2, 3) that the survival of T5 plaque-forming ability after exposure to antiserum differs depending on whether it is assayed on Escherichia coli B or F and that this difference is due to reactions of antibodies with two antigens on the bacteriophage. Thus by examining single cells of an animal immunized with T5 for antibody neutralizing T5 plated on B or on F one can see whether a single cell synthesizes both antibodies.
The materials and methods are as described in previous articles in this series (4–7).
Immunochemical Studies on Cross-Reactions of Antipneumococcal Sera
Authors: Goodman Joel W. , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study of the cross-reactions of type XXII horse antipneumococcal serum with various dextrans has shown the presence of two populations of cross-reacting antibody molecules. The reaction of one of these with B512 dextran (N236) is inhibited by the isomaltose series of oligosaccharides, isomaltohexaose and isomaltoheptaose being equal on a molar basis and the best inhibitors. On absorption of these antibodies, a second population remains which cross-reacts best with dextrans with high proportions of 1,2-and 1,3-like linkages, and for which the best inhibitors are the disaccharides kojibiose, trehalose and isomaltose; the higher oligosaccharides of the isomaltose series were equal in potency to isomaltose on a molar basis.
Antigenicity of the M Proteins of Group A Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Fox Eugene N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
M proteins from four group A streptococcus serotypes have been extracted from cells with hot acid, further purified by column chromatography and analyzed serologically and chemically. The purified M proteins elicited typespecific antibodies when administered in various protocols to 95 rabbits in two or three dosages of 100 to 400 µg per intramuscular injection. These antibodies were assayed by the hemagglutination of tanned human erythrocytes sensitized with purified M proteins. Bordetella pertussis vaccine, sodium alginate, polyethylene glycol and dextran were used as adjuvants. Only the B. pertussis enhanced the M antibody response. Eighty per cent of the rabbits responded with positive titers ranging from 1:100 to over 1:25,000. An antiserum with a titer of 1:3200 passively protected mice against 800 LD50 doses of homologous live streptococci. Bactericidal tests with antisera also corroborated the effectiveness of the M protein immunization. None of the immunized rabbits exhibited any signs of anaphylactic reaction or delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity as a result of multiple inoculations of M proteins.
Studies on the Properties of Fragments of Guinea Pig γ1 and γ2 Antibodies Obtained by Papain Digestion and Mild Reduction
Authors: Nussenzweig Victor , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Specifically purified guinea pig anti-hapten antibodies were digested with papain according to the method described by Porter. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the digested γ1 and γ2 antibodies reveals three antigenically distinct fragments. The slowest migrating component at pH 8.2 (S fragment) is yielded by both antibody types and can be shown to combine specifically with the antigen. The other two components (F1 and F2) are obtained respectively from γ1 and γ2 antibodies and are responsible for the differences in mobility of the antibody type.
Upon dialysis of the papain digested antibodies, a crystalline fraction is obtained which can be identified as originating from the F1 component of the γ1-globulins. These crystals have the appearance of quadrangular plates and are barely soluble in neutral pH.
Attempts to inhibit passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pig skin with the whole papain digest or with a solution of F1 crystals failed, indicating that the structure present in γ1-globulin molecules and necessary for skin fixation is lost after proteolytic action.
Reduction and alkylation of guinea pig γ2-globulin in aqueous solution followed by acidification and filtration in Sephadex G-100 leads to the formation of two fractions. The first component A (75%) is heterogeneous and cannot be immunologically distinguished from the native γ2-globulin. The second, B, is contained in the papain S fragment, and contains only part of the antigenic determinants of the native γ2-globulin.
Isoantibodies to Human Cancer Cells in Cancer Patients Following Cancer Homotransplants
Authors: Itoh Tetsuo , Southam Chester M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Homotransplants of human cancer cells were made in patients with cancer of various types and in various stages of progression. Tissue-cultured cancer cell lines (HEp 2, HEp 3 or RPMI 41) were used for 28 recipients, and cell suspensions prepared from surgical specimens were used for another 12. Homologous leukocytes or other non-neoplastic cells were admixed with some of the inocula. Sera collected at frequent but irregular intervals were tested for reaction with antigens prepared from HEp 2 cells, using the tanned erythrocyte agglutination technique.
All pretransplantation sera gave negative tests.
Twenty-three of the 28 recipients of tissue-cultured cells developed antibody at serum dilution titers of 1:10 to 1:40, usually by 14 days after transplantation. Five of the 12 direct homotransplant recipients developed antibody, but titers were only 1:5 or 1:10.
As previously reported, rejection of these cancer cell homografts in cancer patients was significantly delayed in about half of the recipients—as compared with rate of rejection in healthy recipients. There was no consistent relationship between homotransplant behavior and antibody response.
The role of serum antibody in homograft rejection, and the ability of cancer patients to produce serum antibody, are discussed briefly.
Adoptive Tolerance to Shigella Antigen in Irradiated Mice Receiving Spleen Cell Transplants from Unresponsive Donors
Authors: Friedman Herman 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Spleen cell suspensions from young mice immunologically tolerant to Shigella paradysenteriae antigens, induced by neonatal injection of a large inoculum of the antigen, were not competent to form agglutinins when transferred to lethally x-irradiated recipient mice. Challenge injection of irradiated recipients with Shigella antigen at various time intervals following spleen cell transfer from Shigellatolerant donor mice did not result in normal levels of agglutinins, as occurred following transfer of spleen cells from normal or Shigella-immune donors. Irradiated mice receiving unresponsive spleen cells were capable of forming normal levels of antibody to sheep erythrocytes or bovine serum albumin. Adoptive tolerance could not be demonstrated with any degree of confidence in non-irradiated recipients capable of actively forming antibody to Shigella antigens, either with or without spleen cell transfer from normal, Shigella tolerant or Shigella immune donors.
An Accelerated Storage Test for Predicting the Stability of Suspensions of Measles Virus Dried by Sublimation In Vacuo
Authors: Greiff Donald , Rightsel Wilton A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Several recent publications have described how the expiration dates of vitamin preparations stored at room temperatures may be predicted quantitatively on the results of short-term degradation studies at elevated temperatures (1–5). The fundamental studies of Garrett have been responsible for the greatest advances in this field (2). Briefly, the method is based on the observation that a suitable metameter of the potency (the potency itself or its logarithm) declines, at a selected temperature, linearly with time; further, that different rates of decline in potency (or its metameter) obtained at different temperatures are related to these temperatures and act in accordance with fundamental physical chemical principles (6).
Based on the foregoing, thermal degradation should follow the logarithmic form of the Arrhenius relation with respect to absolute temperature (T): log k = -(ΔHa/2.303R)(1/T) (1) where k is the specific rate of degradation of the biologic material, R is the gas constant and ΔHa is defined as the heat of activation.
Induction of Tolerance to Bovine Serum Albumin by Means of Whole-Body X-Radiation
Authors: Linscott William D. , Weigle William O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Adult New Zealand rabbits given 500 or 550 r of x-radiation, followed 2 and 7 days later by intravenous injections totaling 300 mg of bovine serum albumin (BSA), were unable to make antibodies against this antigen when appropriately challenged 2 months later. The degree of immunologic unresponsiveness observed was related to the amount of BSA injected during the first week after irradiation: 1 mg reduced the subsequent antibody response after challenge by 70%, 12 mg reduced it by 95%, and 300 mg reduced it by more than 99%. The resulting unresponsive state was specific, in that tolerance to BSA did not occur following irradiation and injection of 300 mg of human γ-globulin. The unresponsive state was much less complete 4 months after irradiation and treatment with BSA than it was at 2 months. The amount of BSA per kg of body weight required to induce tolerance appears to be approximately the same for irradiated adult rabbits and for neonates.
II. Reverse Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis in the Guinea Pig with Ovalbumin
Authors: Liacopoulos P. , Liacopoulos-Briot M. , Halpern B. N. , Herlem G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Reverse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis with ovalbumin and rabbit anti-ovalbumin antibody has been regularly produced in guinea pigs.
The quantity of antibody necessary to elicit such reactions was found to be the same as that required to sensitize guinea pig skin for direct anaphylaxis in a few minutes after the intravenous injection of antibody.
It may be concluded that in explanation of anaphylactic reactions in guinea pigs in the direct as well as the reverse procedure, since antibody “fixation” appears to be unnecessary in sensitizing guinea pig tissues, one can invoke an antigen-antibody system giving rise to complexes toxic for the guinea pig, providing some quantitative conditions have been respected.
Immune Degradation in Passively Sensitized Mice
Authors: Morrison Sherie Leaver , Terres Geronimo 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The rate of antigen degradation in passively sensitized mice is dependent on the species of animal in which the antiserum was made. Using guinea pig antiserum, it was found that some of the antigen was degraded at an accelerated rate while some was retained and degraded at a slower rate than antigen alone. The retained antigen was complexed in circulation with guinea pig γ-globulin. Two different rabbit antisera were tested. Mice injected with one antiserum retained antigen; mice injected with the other antiserum degraded antigen at the control rate after an initial phase of accelerated degradation. With mouse antiserum antigen was always degraded at an accelerated rate. Various explanations of these results are discussed. The data suggest that retention and accelerated degradation are a consequence of the existence of two different types of antibody.
Studies in Borreliae
Authors: Felsenfeld Oscar , Decker Walter J. , Wohlhieter John A. , Rafyi A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
One strain of Borrelia turicatae and one of B. parkeri were studied. The organisms had chemical compositions similar to those of leptospirae and of Trypanosoma brucei. Three antigenic factors were isolated, of which two were proteins and one a protein or polypeptide complex. One antigen, designated B, was shared by B. turicatae and B. parkeri. It did not differ in strains isolated from the first attack and from relapse. Antigens A and C were strain and relapse specific. These two antigens also played a role in the immobilization and lysis of borreliae. They reacted with antibodies present in the β- and γ-globulin fractions of the immune sera. Relapse sera protected young rats against borreliae from both the relapse and the first attack, while sera collected after the first attack did not protect against borreliae isolated from the relapse. The immune sera had a strong immobilizing and lytic activity, the latter dependent on complement. The strains used in this experiment did not show adhesion. Lysis was, therefore, considered independent of the adhesion phenomenon.
Eaton Pleuropneumonia-Like Organism (Mycoplasma Pneumoniae) Complement-Fixing Antigen
Authors: Kenny George E. , Grayston J. Thomas 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Some properties of a complement-fixing (CF) antigen for Eaton pleuropneumonia-like organism (PPLO) (Mycoplasma pneumoniae) are described. CF antigen was found to be heat stable and extractable with organic solvents. The properties of the antigen indicated that it either was lipid or was associated with lipid. Raw antigen was extremely anticomplementary (AC). AC activity of whole antigen could be reduced by boiling, while AC activity of solvent-soluble antigens was low. Antigen extracted by either chloroform or ether behaved as a complete antigen by eliciting antibody production in rabbits, while antigen produced by chloroformethanol-aqueous KCl partition (L antigen) was at best poorly immunogenic.
For diagnostic purposes L antigen was more specific and demonstrated larger antibody responses than either boiled antigen or ether-extracted antigen. Testing of 40 paired sera from Eaton PPLO isolation-positive patients revealed 36 with 4-fold antibody titer rises, while the 4 others had high antibody in the first sera obtained 7 or more days after onset of illness. Geometric mean titer of first sera was 1:2.3 and of second sera 1:48, indicating an average 20-fold antibody response. Only 12 of 364 (3%) other patients with similar acute respiratory disease who were negative for Eaton PPLO isolation showed 4-fold antibody titer rises with L antigen.
Inhibition of Antibody Production and Acquired Immunologic Tolerance by Actinomycin
Authors: Claman Henry N. , Bronsky Edwin A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Actinomycin D delays the appearance of circulating antibody to Bentonite-bovine γ-globulin (BGG). Actinomycin D converts the tolerogenic property of soluble BGG to an immunogenic stimulus. This adjuvant effect of actinomycin is not seen with 6-mercaptopurine, 5-fluorouracil, nitrogen mustard or cyclophosphamide. The ability of actinomycin to inhibit the tolerance produced by soluble BGG is considered a) as a possible result of inhibition of a repressor of antibody production, b) as a possible result of an alteration in antigen processing.
Relationship between Affinity of Anti-Dinitrophenyl Antibodies and Their Biologic Activities
Authors: Hurlimann Jean , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Affinity of rabbit and guinea pig anti-dinitrophenyl antibodies was measured by equilibrium dialysis and the use of DNPNS dye. Both methods gave concordant results.
Both antibodies were capable of sensitizing guinea pig skin for PCA reactions. Only antibodies of high affinity could give PCA reaction with the bivalent hapten, bis-DNP-lysine.
Both antibodies gave the same PCA reactions with DNP-BγG and DNP-RγG when these were highly derivated and in excess. With smaller amounts of these highly derivated antigens only the antibodies of higher affinities gave PCA reactions to the same extent, whereas the antibodies with lower affinities reacted only when four times more antibody was used.
With the weakly coupled DNP proteins, PCA reactions were provoked only with four times more antibody of lower affinity, and excess of antigen did not increase the threshold of PCA reaction.
No difference was observed in RPCA between antibodies of higher and lower affinities.
The significance of these results is discussed.
Rejection of Allogeneic Skin Grafts and Production of Isohemagglutinins by Sensitized Mice after Sublethal Irradiation
Authors: Tyan Marvin L. , Cole Leonard J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Data are presented on hemagglutinin production and skin graft rejection by nonirradiated and irradiated mice sensitized by various means. Certain of these data suggest that hemagglutinin production and homograft sensitivity are mediated by separate products of cell differentiation, perhaps distinct cell populations.
Enterovirus Hemagglutination: Inhibition by Several Enzymes and Sugars
Authors: Lerner A. Martin , Bailey Elizabeth Jane , Tillotson James R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Hemagglutination (HA) with the enteroviruses, echovirus types 3, 7, 11, 12 and 19 and coxsackievirus, group B, types 1 and 5, and with reovirus type 2 was studied. Pretreatment of suitable erythrocytes with β-glucosidase, maltase or hyaluronidase did not effect the later HA of these viruses. Trypsin treatments inhibited the red blood cells' later agglutination.
Pretreatment of all these viruses with β-glucosidase removed their HA property. Coxsackie-viruses group B, types 1 and 5, were similarly altered by incubations with hyaluronidase. Trypsin and maltase did not alter the HA of any of the viruses.
Inhibition of HA with these viruses was readily demonstrated with a number of sugars. The patterns and quantities of sugars necessary for these inhibition reactions were distinct for each virus. The mechanism of action of these sugars has not as yet been elucidated.
These experiments make it necessary to determine chemically if the capsids of enteroviruses and reoviruses are glycoproteins.
Immunizing and Toxic Properties of Particulate Antigens from Two Immunogenic Types of Pasteurella Multocida of Avian Origin
Authors: Heddleston Kenneth L. , Rebers Paul A. , Ritchie Alfred E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sac-like particulate antigens were isolated from avirulent cells of two immunogenically distinct strains of Pasteurella multocida by extraction with cold saline and centrifugation at 105,000 × G. They possessed many of the properties ascribed to endotoxins, i.e., they were toxic, high-molecular-weight, nitrogen-containing, phosphorylated lipopolysaccharides which were readily inactivated under mild acid conditions.
Almost 100% of the chickens given either intravenous injections of saline suspensions of the particulate antigens or subcutaneous injections of mineral oil emulsions of them were protected to challenges of live organisms which killed 100% of the controls. The same degree of protection was obtained in mice.
Rabbits injected i.d. with mineral oil emulsions of the particulate antigens gave strong specific antibody responses, but the degree of passive protection of mice by their antisera did not correlate with the amount of antibody. Good protection was obtained with antisera to one of the strains of P. multocida, but not to the other.
Injection of 0.1- to 0.5-mg amounts of the particulate antigens into mice, rabbits or chickens produced moderate to severe toxic effects such as depression and diarrhea; death frequently followed. Chickens showed many of the same signs after injection of fractional milligram amounts of the particulate antigen as have been observed with cases of acute fowl cholera.
Mice were actively and passively protected to the lethal effects of the X-73 antigen, but the degree of active protection was superior to the passive protection obtained with rabbit antiserum.
Heterogeneity of Antibody Producing Cells and Antibodies as a Result of Environmental Alterations in Tissue Culture
Authors: Patterson Roy , Suszko Irena M. , Orr Mary F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The same spleen from chickens immunized in vivo and cultured in two types of media produced cells with different morphology. Those cultured in normal chicken serum had cells with the appearance of macrophages, large and small lymphocytes, plasma cells and monocytes. Cultures of the same spleen in egg white contained small cells with the appearance of either small lymphocytes or small plasma cells. The major immunoglobulin containing antibody in the chicken serum cultures and egg white cultures appeared to differ when studied by autoradiographic immunoelectrophoresis.
The in Vitro and in Vivo Effects of Cortisol on Interferon Production and Action
Authors: Mendelson Jack , Glasgow Lowell A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Using the plaque reduction assay for interferon, it was found that cortisol inhibited inter feron production in infections with either an RNA (Chikungunya) or a DNA (vaccinia) virus in vitro. The depression of interferon production was not associated with an increased rate of virus replication. There was no effect of cortisol on the anti-viral activity of interferon in vitro. In vivo, the injection of cortisol 1 hr before an experimental viremia significantly reduced the amount of interferon in the sera of mice 4.5 to 6 hr after infection.
The Isolation and Characterization of a Ninth Component of Hemolytic Complement, C′3f
Authors: Inoue Kozo , Nelson Robert A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments are described which strongly indicate that nine fractions of guinea pig serum are required for the hemolytic action of C′. The new component, termed C′3f, reacts seventh in the hemolytic sequence, i.e., after C′3e but before C′3a, and produces an intermediate complex on the surface of sheep erythrocytes which is relatively stable. C′3f is difficult to separate completely from C′2 by column chromatography. Along with C′3d, potent C′3f reactivity is found in certain fractions of bovine plasma. A method is described for the measurement of C′3f in guinea pig, canine and human sera. It is depleted from the fluid phase by treatment with EAb C′1,4,2, 3c,3b,3e. About 70% of C′3f reactivity is lost during the absorption of serum with zymosan.
Initial studies indicate that C′3f is a macromolecule with a sedimentation constant of about 5.0. It has a half-life at 56°C of about 23 min. There is no major loss of C′3f reactivity when whole serum is treated with NH4OH, cobra venom, phlorizin or salicylaldoxime. Purified C′3f is rapidly inactivated by trypsin. The major portion of C′3f is precipitated from serum when (NH4)2-SO4 is added to yield a final concentration of about 2.2 M. As yet, there are no known co-factors or inhibitors of the hemolytic reactivity of C′3f.
Complement-Mediated Hemolysis in Agar Gel
Authors: Milgrom Felix , Loza Ulana 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Complement and rabbit anti-sheep hemolysin diffusing against each other in sheep erythrocyte-containing agar gel form two zones of hemolysis which can be related to γG and γM hemolytic antibodies. Similarly, two hemolytic zones were observed in immunoelectrophoresis experiments in which the hemolysin was electrophoretically separated in an agar medium containing sheep erythrocytes and in which lysis was induced by diffusion of complement. In many experiments, the γG hemolytic zone was separated into two areas which indicated the presence of two molecular species of γG hemolytic antibodies. This finding was confirmed by the demonstration of two antigenic types of γG antibodies separated from sheep erythrocytes.
Anti-sheep hemolysins of rabbit and human origin formed circular zones of hemolysis when they were diffusing into agar containing sheep erythrocytes and complement. These zones could be reduced in size by allowing antisera with hetero- or isoantibodies for γG-globulins to diffuse against the hemolysins. The practical application of hemolysis in agar gel was explored in studying lysis of bovine erythrocytes by infectious mononucleosis sera and lysis of human erythrocytes by the hemolytic variety of human anti-A and anti-B antibodies.