bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Murine immune responses to Salmonella lipopolysaccharide: oral administration of whole bacteria to C3H/HeJ mice induces secondary anti-LPS responses, especially of the IgA isotype.
Authors: Jirillo E , Kiyono H , Michalek S M , McGhee J R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Because our past studies have shown that oral administration of thymic-dependent antigens induces higher IgA responses in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) nonresponsive C3H/HeJ mice than in syngeneic, LPS-responsive C3H/HeN animals, it was of interest to compare anti-LPS responses in these mouse strains after oral administration of particulate antigens containing LPS. C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN mice were given smooth Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 or rough S. minnesota Rb (R345) or Re (R595) organisms by gastric intubation for 3 consecutive days/wk for 2 wk and were boosted by the i.v. route with either the same bacterial immunogen or with purified homologous LPS. Four days later, splenic anti-LPS plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses were assessed with a panel of indicator sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) coated with LPS derived from either smooth (S-LPS-SRBC) or rough (Rb-LPS-SRBC or Re-LPS-SRBC) Salmonella. In separate studies, both serum and salivary antibodies of the IgM, IgG, and IgA isotypes were determined by ELISA, with whole Salmonella cells used as the coating antigen. Oral immunization with LT-2 resulted in good IgM, IgG1 and IgA splenic anti-LPS PFC responses in C3H/HeJ mice, with the major isotype being IgA. Mice boosted i.v. with purified LPS gave five- to sixfold higher anti-S-LPS PFC responses than did mice given whole bacteria by the i.v. route. Low anti-Rb-LPS and anti-Re-LPS PFC responses were seen in both mouse strains. Enhanced immune responses in orally primed C3H/HeJ mice was not due to LPS-induced polyclonal responses, because splenic cultures from these mice gave poor mitogenic responses to LPS. A similar pattern of response was obtained when C3H/HeJ or C3H/HeN mice were given RB (R345) or Re (R595) bacteria orally and boosted i.v. with purified homologous LPS or whole cells. C3H/HeJ mice again showed higher immune responses in all isotypes than did C3H/HeN animals. Mice given Rb (R345) immunogen gave maximum responses to Rb-LPS, lower responses to Re-LPS, and no responses to S-LPS, whereas C3H/HeJ mice immunized with Re (R595) immunogen gave maximum PFC responses to Re-LPS and lower responses to Rb-LPS. Serum and salivary antibody titers closely paralleled the splenic PFC responses, and IgA antibodies were the predominant isotype observed, with higher IgA responses occurring in orally immunized C3H/HeJ mice than in C3H/HeN animals. These results clearly indicate that C3H/HeJ mice given whole Salmonella by gastric intubation elicit higher PFC and antibody responses to the three major LPS regions than do identically treated LPS-responsive C3H/HeN mice.
T cell regulation of polyclonally induced immunoglobulin secretion in humans.
Authors: Rosenkoetter M , Reder A T , Oger J J , Antel J P 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We measured the pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced secretion of IgG by the unfractionated mononuclear cells (MNC) of young adult donors, and correlated the results with the functional activity of cell suspensions enriched for T helper (T4+) and T suppressor/cytotoxic (T8+) cells. The distribution of IgG levels secreted by MNC differs from a Gaussian curve, implying that the group is composed of distinct heterogeneous populations. When donors were compared who were judged to be very low responders or very high responders on the basis of IgG secretion levels by MNC (less than 700 ng/ml or greater than 2500 ng/ml), no differences were found in the capacity of T4+-enriched cells to support PWM-driven IgG secretion by a common B cell pool. In contrast, the addition of 0.2 X 10(5) T8+ cells from these low responders to PWM-stimulated cultures of 0.5 X 10(5) T4+ cells plus 0.5 X 10(5) B cells resulted in significantly less IgG secretion (389 +/- 121 ng/ml) than did the addition of the same number of T8+ cells from the high responders (2241 +/- 548 ng/ml, p less than 0.01). Normalized percent suppression by T8+ cells was higher in low responders than in high responders (77.0 +/- 9.9% vs 33.0 +/- 8.5%, p less than 0.01). Both high and low responders markedly suppressed IgG secretion when 0.5 X 10(5) T8+ cells were added. No correlation was found either between proportion of T3+, T8+, T4+, or M1+ cells within the MNC population and levels of IgG secretion by MNC or between T8+ numbers and levels of suppression induced by a constant number of T8+-enriched cells. Our data indicate that differences in the functional activity of T8+ cells, rather than quantitative differences, account for the wide range of PWM-induced IgG secretion by MNC.
Further evidence against random polyclonal antibody formation in mice with lupus-like graft-vs-host disease.
Authors: van Rappard-Van der Veen F M , Kiesel U , Poels L , Schuler W , Melief C J , Landegent J , Gleichmann E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The pathologic symptoms in F1 mice with chronic graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) (GVH F1) strongly resemble those of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Mice with SLE-like GVHD do not produce antibodies to a number of non-self and self antigens. This finding is inconsistent with the widely accepted view that the (auto)-antibody formation in SLE is polyclonal in the sense that B cells are triggered at random, i.e., irrespective of their specificity. In the present study, therefore, we performed a systematic study of the kinetics of total IgM- and IgG-secreting splenic B cells and tested their specificities. The total IgM-secreting B cell population was increased only in the first week after the initiation of SLE-like GVHD; it seemed to reflect a random, but self-limited, polyclonal B cell stimulation. In contrast, the total number of IgG-secreting cells in the GVH F1 mice was increased to a much higher extent than that of the IgM-secreting cells and remained increased. At no time during GVHD was there an increase in the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) spontaneously secreting IgG antibodies to non-self antigens. The GVH reaction (GVHR) did, however, lead to the appearance of PFC that secreted IgG antibodies to DNA. Similarly, the GVH F1 mice showed high serum titers of antibodies to self antigens characteristic of SLE and to endogenous viruses, but during the entire observation period they failed to develop serum antibodies to non-self antigens and insulin. Hence, the enhanced production of Ig, especially that of IgG, that occurs in SLE-like GVHD is not a random process, because it requires the presence of antigen, or signal 1. The data support our hypothesis that only certain kinds of self antigen, such as DNA and cell membrane epitopes, can cross-link the Ig receptors on the corresponding B cells and thus provide an adequate signal 1. Given the increase in help, or signal 2, in chronic GVHD, only the B cell clones that simultaneously receive an adequate signal 1 seem to be driven into clonal proliferation and IgG secretion.
Changes in Ia expression in mouse kidney during acute graft-vs-host disease.
Authors: Wadgymar A , Urmson J , Baumal R , Halloran P F 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We induced graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) in mice to determine whether immunologic stimuli could alter renal Ia expression. Two strain combinations were used: B6.C-H-2bm12 into C57BL/6, an I-A mutation difference, and A.SW into A.TL, differing in the I and D regions of H-2. By day 10 after allogeneic reconstitution of lethally irradiated recipients with bone marrow and spleen cells, the recipients had developed acute GVHD, as measured by their spleen to body weight ratio. Histologic examination revealed focal interstitial infiltrates of mononuclear cells in the kidneys. The expression of host Ia in these kidneys was increased up to 10-fold, as measured by absorption, and indirect immunofluorescence indicated that certain renal tubule cells had become strongly positive, suggesting that these were the principal sites of the increase in Ia expression. Similar increases were not observed in donor Ia. Tubule cells may have become Ia positive by passive uptake, or more probably, by the increase of Ia biosynthesis in cells that usually synthesize little or no Ia. Lethal irradiation without reconstitution tended to decrease renal Ia expression, as assessed by absorption and immunofluorescence. The results indicate that renal Ia expression, particularly in renal tubules, can be altered by changes in the immune system, raising the possibility of a role for such altered Ia expression in autoimmune or alloimmune responses involving the kidney.
Human B cell-inducing factor(s) for production of IgM, IgG and IgA: independence from IL 2.
Authors: Ralph P , Welte K , Levi E , Nakoinz I , Litcofsky P B , Mertelsmann R H , Moore M A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human peripheral blood B cells are stimulated into proliferation by killed Staphylococcus aureus bacteria strain Cowan I (Sac). T lymphocytes in the presence of a T cell mitogen induce high numbers of immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISC) in these Sac-stimulated B cells. The T cells can be largely replaced by a lymphokine factor. We describe here the 11000-fold purification of this B cell-inducing factor (BIF). BIF preparations that are free of IL 2 do not require IL 2 for optimal induction of ISC. This was shown by the lack of effect of IL 2 alone or with suboptimal or optimal concentrations of BIF on the induction of ISC and by the absence of IL 2 production in the purified B cell population which, with other controls, excludes significant T cell contamination. BIF, purified through four fractionation steps and free of IL 2, induces IgM, IgG, and IgA-ISC in approximately the same ratio as unfractionated lymphokine. Because we have not yet attained a pure BIF preparation, the possibility of separate factors for the production of each immunoglobulin isotype cannot be ruled out.
Evidence for specific receptors for interleukin 3 on lymphokine-dependent cell lines established from long-term bone marrow cultures.
Authors: Palaszynski E W , Ihle J N 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Utilizing 125I-labelled IL 3, an assay for specific IL 3 receptors on continuous cell lines was developed. The 32D-cl 23 and FDC-P1 cell lines examined were originally derived from long-term cultures of murine bone marrow supplemented with WEHI-3-conditioned media. Both of these cell lines have been shown to be absolutely dependent on IL 3, a component of WEHI-3-conditioned media, for growth in vitro. The binding of radiolabeled IL 3 to these cells was found to be specific, saturable, reversible, and time and temperature dependent. The specificity of IL 3 binding was demonstrated by the failure of a number of different lymphokines, hormones, and proteins to compete for the binding of radiolabeled IL 3. The IL 3-dependent cell lines uniquely express detectable receptors, whereas other cell lines of various types and origin known to be IL 3 independent had no detectable specific binding of IL 3. A Kd of 5.4 X 10(-11) M and a maximum binding capacity of 6.25 fmol per 1 X 10(6) cells was calculated for 32D-cl 23 from equilibrium binding studies. A similar analysis for FDC-P1 yielded a Kd of 1.7 X 10(-11) and a maximum binding capacity of 1.2 fmol per 1 X 10(6) cells. The data are consistent with the presence of 4000 to 5000 specific high-affinity binding sites/cell on 32D-cl 23, whereas FDC-P1 has 1500 to 2500 specific sites/cell. The Kd calculated for the FDC-P1 cell line from kinetic binding data was 2.5 X 10(-11) M, which agreed well with the Kd of 1.7 X 10(-11) M calculated from equilibrium data.
Chromatographic separation from known cytokines of a helper factor necessary for the generation of murine cytolytic T lymphocytes.
Authors: Garman R D , Taku A , Fan D P 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A helper factor (CHF) necessary for the generation of primary allospecific CTL using BALB/c (H-2d) responder spleen cell and x-irradiated RDM4 (H-2k) stimulator tumor cells was obtained from cultures of mouse spleen cells stimulated for the production of secondary anti-Sendai virus CTL and fractionated by gel filtration chromatography to obtain a 30,000 m.w. species (CHF30). DEAE-cellulose chromatography separated CHF activity from the majority of interleukin 1 (IL 1), interleukin 2 (IL 2), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF), and interferon (IFN). Interleukin 3 (IL 3) and CHF co-eluted when this procedure was used. Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of CHF30 with a variety of elution conditions allowed the separation of CHF activity from IL 1, IL 2, IL 3, CSF, and IFN. IL 3 and CSF in the CHF30 preparation were stable at 80 degrees C for more than an hour, whereas CHF activity decreased rapidly during the first 10 min of incubation. Trypsin treatment of the same material showed that CHF activity was resistant to digestion for 40 min, whereas IL 3 and CSF lost most of their activities during the first 5 min of incubation. These results indicate that CHF activity is mediated by molecules biologically and biochemically distinct from the well characterized cytokines.
Triggering of affinity-enriched B cells. II. Composition and B cell triggering properties of affinity-purified, antigen-specific, T cell-derived helper factor.
Authors: Shiozawa C , Sawada S , Inazawa M , Diener E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigen-specific, T cell-derived helper factor (ASHF), recognizing alloantigens on chicken red blood cells (CRBC), had previously been shown to trigger an IgM anti-CRBC response in vitro by 2 X 10(3) affinity-enriched B cells. Triggering signals for B cell proliferation were shown to be substituted by ASHF or lipopolysaccharide, and signals for differentiation to IgM production by Thy-1+ cells. In an effort to demonstrate unequivocally antigen specificity of helper factor, secretory products and cell extracts from helper T cells that had been primed by either the B2 or the B13 chicken alloantigens, were purified by antigen affinity and ion exchange chromatography. With each step of purification, antigen-specific biologic activity of ASHF-containing material increased such that ASHF from B2, but not B13, primed helper T cells would help trigger a B2, but not a B13, -specific response and vice versa. Gel filtration of ASHF suggests it to have a m.w. of at least 50,000. Absorption studies showed that ASHF binds to B cells in the absence of antigen. Delivery of the triggering signal requires ASHF to bind simultaneously to both, the cell surface and the antigen. ASHF consists of at least two subunits that may be separated from each other by chelating agents. This yields two biologically inactive fractions, only one of which binds to the nominal antigen. Upon recombining them in the presence of Ca++, full biologic activity is restored.
A human Ia cytoplasmic determinant located on multiple forms of invariant chain (gamma, gamma 2, gamma 3).
Authors: Quaranta V , Majdic O , Stingl G , Liszka K , Honigsmann H , Knapp W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An antigenic determinant present in the cytoplasm, but not on the surface membrane of human Ia+ cells, is defined by a monoclonal antibody (VIC-Y1) and is shown by immunoprecipitation and by NEPHGE to be expressed by Ia oligomers. Immunoprecipitations of cellfree translates and of purified Ia subunits indicate that the VIC-Y1 determinant is located on the Ia gamma-(invariant) chain, as well as on two other related molecules, provisionally termed gamma 2 and gamma 3. Within our experimental conditions, the three forms of gamma-chains co-precipitate exclusively with Ia oligomers. As detected by VIC-Y1 and in the limits of our assays, gamma-chains could not be found at the cell surface; their tissue distribution, determined by cytoplasmic indirect immunofluorescence with VIC-Y1, closely resembles that of Ia antigens, with the possible exception of acute lymphatic leukemia cells (Ia+, gamma-chain-).
Induction of "latent a2" allotype in a1a1 homozygous rabbits as the major part of a bidirectional immune response to immunization with anti-a2 antibody.
Authors: Kazdin D S , Gilman-Sachs A , Dray S , Horng W J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previously, we induced Ab to a common idiotypic specificity (IdC) of rabbit anti-a2 VH Ab. We observed then that some of the putative anti-IdC Ab molecules induced by immunizing a1a1 rabbits with anti-a2 Ab did not have the expected nominal allotypic markers (a1, x32, or y33) characteristic of the genotype of the immunized rabbits. Thus, immunization of a1 a1 rabbits with a1 anti-a2 Ab induced population of molecules that reacted with anti-a2 Ab but bore an unidentified (unknown) VH region marker. The following observations indicate that these molecules bear a "latent a2" allotypic marker: (a) when the unknown VH molecules were used to immunize a1 a1 and a3 a3 rabbits, anti-a2 Ab was produced; (b) when an a2 a2 rabbit was immunized with the same preparation of unknown VH molecules, an anti-idiotypic Ab was produced; and (c) when the unknown VH molecules were used to inhibit the binding of labeled a2 IgG to anti-a2 Ab, the inhibition curve obtained was essentially the same as that obtained by using normal a2 IgG. Thus, immunization of a1 a1 rabbits with a1 anti-a2 Ab provided a bidirectional stimulus to produce both nominal "a1" anti-IdC Ab and a "latent a2" allotype. The distribution of nominal to latent allotypes induced ranged from 3% nominal/92% latent to 57% nominal/23% latent. In absolute terms, the maximum amount of "latent a2" molecules was 1.18 mg/ml of serum, which far exceeds the amount of latent allotype described by others (0.3 mg/ml of serum). The effective induction of large amounts of "latent a2" allotype may have resulted from a simultaneous stimulation of an idiotope and a paratope on the surface of the "latent a2"-producing cells.
Immunoglobulin light chain classes in a teleost fish.
Authors: Lobb C J , Olson M O , Clem L W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Analysis of predominant, approximately 700,000 dalton serum antibody (Ab) of the channel catfish by SDS-PAGE revealed only one molecular mass species of heavy (H) chain (approximately 70,000 daltons), whereas a marked heterogeneity in the relative mobilities of the light (L) chains was evident. Three molecular mass L chain variants of approximately 26,000, approximately 24,000, and approximately 22,000 daltons were observed. The relationships between the L chain variants were not clear until mouse monoclonal Ab (mAb) reactive with catfish immunoglobulin (Ig) were developed. Two of these mAb, designated 3F12 and 1G7, were found to independently recognize different populations of catfish Ig. In addition, when these two mAb were used in combination they immunoprecipitated greater than 95% of specifically purified catfish anti-DNP or anti-fluorescein Ab. The L chains of catfish Ig recovered from immunoabsorbent affinity matrices conjugated with either mAb 3F12 or 1G7 were found to be clearly distinct. Monoclonal Ab 3F12 reacted with a subpopulation of catfish Ig that contained the approximately 24,000 and approximately 22,000 dalton L chain variants, whereas mAb 1G7 reacted with another subpopulation of catfish Ig that contained only the approximately 26,000 dalton L chain variant. Solid phase plate binding assays with the use of mildly reduced catfish Ig H and L chains showed that both of these mAb preferentially reacted with catfish L chains. Subsequent analysis of the two antigenically distinct L chain populations by peptide mapping procedures demonstrated that these L chains were structurally different. Furthermore, analysis of the serum from individual catfish showed the presence of both L chain types in each of 25 catfish examined. These studies strongly suggest that distinct L chain classes have evolved in fish.
The mechanism of intercellular aggregation. I. The kinetics of the Fc gamma receptor-mediated aggregation of P388D1 cells with antibody-coated lymphocytes at 4 degrees C.
Authors: Segal D M , Stephany D A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The formation of specific, heterophilic conjugates between cells from the P388D1 mouse macrophage line and antibody-coated mouse spleen cells was followed in cell suspensions at 4 degrees C by dual parameter flow cytometry. Intercellular aggregation in this system is mediated by the binding of the Fc portions of IgG antibodies on the spleen cells with Fc receptors (Fc gamma R) on P388D1. We show that the rate of aggregation reaches a plateau with increasing cell concentrations, suggesting that the initial collision between cells is not the rate limiting step of conjugate formation. The rates of aggregation are strongly dependent upon the cell surface densities of both Fc gamma R and antibody. In conjugates, however, only small fractions of available receptors or antibodies are utilized in bond formation. The rate-limiting step of aggregation, therefore, involves the formation of ligand-receptor bonds, and may be the diffusion of antibodies and receptors toward one another in small areas of intercellular contact. Inhibitor studies implicate microfilaments, but not microtubules, divalent cations, or energy-dependent processes as being important in aggregation. Finally, conjugates are stable when diluted into medium alone, but dissociate in media containing protein A, soluble immune complexes, or anti-Fc gamma R antibodies. This suggests that conjugates are stabilized by multiple intercellular ligand-receptor bonds, which constantly break and reform at the cell:cell interface, and that protein A, immune complexes, and anti-Fc gamma R disaggregate the conjugates by preventing the reformation of broken bonds.