bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Calorimetric Determination of Thermal Properties of Saturated Water and Steam From 0 Deg. Cent., to 270 Deg. Cent.
Authors: Osborne N. S. , Stimson H. F. , Fiock E. F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper a description is given of the method, apparatus, measurements, results, and formulations involved in the work on steam which has been completed to date at the Bureau of Standards.
The method has been developed in accordance with the principles set forth in a rigorous analysis of the thermodynamic processes involved in a change in state of a saturated fluid.
The apparatus has been designed and built to provide a means for accurately controlling, observing, and accounting for the amount, the change in state, and the change in energy of a sample of water.
The observations have been carried out as a systematic series of experiments in the range from 0 deg. cent., to 270 deg. cent., (to 55 atmospheres pressure) yielding as a result the values of three characteristic thermal properties of the saturated fluid.
The formulation of the results establishes the values of heat content, latent heat, and entropy, and constitutes an exhibit of the thermal behavior of saturated steam in the region covered by the experiments.
The results are assembled in a coherent, consistent table of the properties of steam, available as a foundation for a more complete steam table.
It is found that, when reduced to a uniform basis, after critical study and analysis, most of the source data on saturated steam are in satisfactory accord.
Working Stresses for Steel at High Temperatures
Authors: Jacobus D. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Certain of the published results for the stress to produce creep at higher temperatures have led to apprehension in the employment of stresses that have been used, and it is the object of the paper to dispel such apprehension for the particular stresses which are discussed.
The results secured in practical experience are used for setting the maximum working stresses for drums and superheater headers up to temperatures of 800 deg. fahr., and for temperatures above 800 deg. fahr., the working stresses are scaled down in proportion to the falling off of the stresses that produce creep. The first curve of creep stresses published by Mr. H. J. French of the Bureau of Standards was used, and the working stresses for a given temperature are taken at 2/3 the creep stress. The effect on the stress of piercing a boiler shell with holes and of transmitting heat through the shell is discussed, as well as the tendency toward equalization of stress through extension of the most-strained fiber. The tendency of the creep to equalize the stresses is also brought out.
The method of extrapolation used by different authorities is discussed, and the conclusion is reached that more exact results are obtained by using the method employed by Prof. F. H. Norton in his book on the “Creep of Steel at High Temperatures” than by some other methods.
Economics of Heat Transfer
Authors: Wohlenberg W. J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
There is a set of proportions ideal for the operation of every manufacturing structure, the discovery of which is predicated upon ascertaining what may be called the economic units into which any structure may be divided. A statement of the cost of operation of an economic unit is here called the economic factor. Such factors assume, depending on their form, either maximum or minimum values for the ideal set of proportions. It is shown how an attack from this point of view may be employed in an attempt to evaluate ideal proportions for the heat-absorbing surface of a steam generator.
Mechanics of Hydraulic-Turbine Pressure Regulation
Authors: Pfau Arnold 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Problems of pressure control or the pressure variations resulting from the action of the governor complicate calculations of hydraulic turbines. This paper describes mechanical means whereby desired field results can be obtained under existing conditions of operation and of pipe-line characteristics. Calculations, formulas, and examples of speed and pressure control take up such points as closing gates, passing through position of static balance of turbine gates, formulas for speed regulation, effect of pressure variations on speed, and calculations of pressure rises in pipe lines.
Power—Steam or Hydro, or Both
Authors: Tefft Wm. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Emphasis is placed on the necessity of including all pertinent factors in a comparison of steam with hydro power, drawing attention to the fact that any conclusions based upon a part of these factors will be erroneous, misleading, and valueless. In considering the various factors that go to make up the final conclusion attention is called to the superiority of steam power where need for power is immediate, where the more profitable hydro sites have already been developed, and where the actual load factor is very high. It is also made clear that hydro power is superior in reliability and as reserve capacity, and can operate to advantage at a much lower load factor than can steam. It might be said that the paper deals largely with load factor. Curves based upon a large number of developments in each case indicate that usually for 60 per cent load factor or less the hydro plants are superior, the statement being made that no steam plant can now be built for 25 per cent load factor that will produce current for 1 cent per kw-hr., but there are many water-power plants, most of them in fact, that can do this.
It is concluded that there is ample proof that a power system combining both steam and hydro plants can generate power cheaper than either kind of prime mover.
The Flow of Fluids Through Orifices in Six-Inch Pipes
Authors: Beitler S. R. , Bucher Paul 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the authors tell of work done in the calibration of orifices and a nozzle in a six-inch pipe line using water and steam as the fluids to be metered. Two series of orifices were tested. One series included concentric orifices with from 15 per cent to 84 per cent diameter ratio. The second series included concentric orifices with from 64 per cent to 87 per cent diameter ratio. The nozzle tested was a one-flow type with 58 per cent diameter ratio.
Protection of Movable Material-Handling Bridges Against Windstorm Hazards
Authors: Burton C. O. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Present-day speeds and efficiency in handling enormous tonnages of bulk materials, such as coal, coke, ore, crushed stone, etc., have been made possible only by the development of modern types of material-handling bridges. Such bridge structures now seem to be absolutely essential in the operation of coal docks, blast furnaces, and steel plants for unloading, stocking, and reloading the bulky raw materials of industry. Since they are so indispensable, it follows that their protection against all possible causes of loss or damage becomes of vital importance. By reason of their great length and height, such bridges present large wind-resistive areas, making them particularly susceptible to windstorm damage. This paper discusses some of the factors of design and construction that affect the safety of these structures, and describes and discusses the special equipment designed to increase the operating safety of bridges. The author tells of the development of material-handling bridges, and their constructional elements, so that the more specific features of bridge protection against storm damage may be better understood.
Continuous Reheating Furnaces for Rolling Mills
Authors: Culbertson A. L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The subject of this paper is one which is indeed much broader than could be expected from a casual glance, due to the many types of furnaces used for the various rolling-mill operations. The subject matter is confined to those furnaces used for reheating purposes, necessary for serving, rolling, and piercing mills. Even this reduced field leaves it an extremely broad one when considering the types of furnaces required for the different operations.
The author discusses the various classes, using only broad subdivisions of each, and with this in mind a chart is given to show this classification, in order to permit of some common points of comparison, both as to design and operation.
The Application of Metallic Recuperators to Industrial Furnaces
Authors: Mantle G. D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Increasing cost of fuels and the growing pressure of competition make apparent the necessity of heat salvage in metallurgical furnaces. The paper asserts that there are few industrial furnaces that cannot be made 20 per cent more efficient by the installation of heat recuperators. A properly applied recuperator may result in an increased efficiency of 50 per cent. The actual value of heat salvaged from the waste gases by recuperation or regeneration is little appreciated by the average engineer.
Twelve Years’ Experience With Economic Production Quantities
Authors: Best C. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
For twelve years economic production quantities have governed the sizes of production orders in the plant of Eli Lilly and Company, manufacturers of pharmaceutical and biological products, at Indianapolis, Ind. This paper outlines briefly some of the major results of this practice, both direct and indirect, and discusses some of the cost-accounting problems that were encountered in the derivation of the formulas. The discussion of cost-accounting problems is limited to such problems as might be generally encountered in other plants.
Fundamentals Which Should Be Observed in Design and Application of Tramrail Systems
Authors: Bennington E. T. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The design of overhead conveyors and tramrail systems has gone through its period of expansion, change, and improvement with the results that this type of machinery is playing a very important part in a great many intensified and concentrated production schedules, and it is the expectation of those that are following the development of this business that it is destined to play a far more important part in the very near future.
There are many fundamental principles of design for overhead-conveying machinery that cannot be safely overlooked if a system is to be subjected to severe service. Even if it is not to be subjected to severe service, from the standpoint of safety and ease of handling, these principles should all be understood and observed. This paper contains only a few of the more important principles of design and application.
Placing Wet Concrete With Belt Conveyors
Authors: Benson E. L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the author tells of various construction jobs where belt conveyors have been used successfully for placing the wet concrete. Figures are given to show the economies of belt-conveyor use for such purposes, and the particular types that best meet specific conditions. There are a number of things that must be given consideration in the design of conveyors for handling wet concrete. The author tells how special conditions are met.
Hidden Costs in Materials Handling
Authors: McCormick J. I. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A large variety of material-handling equipment and methods are used at the East Pittsburgh plant of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company. The author tells how material is handled in different departments and the type of handling equipment found best suited to the requirements. He discusses various material-handling problems in a general way and tells of methods that are essential to reduce handling to a minimum.
Service Characteristics of Diesel-Engine Lubricating Oil
Authors: Flowers A. E. , Dietrich M. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Diesel-engine lubrication has presented difficulties owing to the high compression pressures and the high temperatures and to the great weight of engine parts. Results are given of a study of the progressive record of the characteristics of the lubricating oil used in a Diesel engine in regular service for about a year installed in a freight-switching locomotive running 23 hours of the day.
The Gas Engine and Its Application in Oil-Field Engineering
Authors: Reid George L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper presents specific information in regard to engineering problems and progress relative to the processes of oil lift. Drilling is accomplished by two methods in the United States. The older one is by the cable tool, standard, or percussion system, and the later one is by the rotary system. Engineering in respect to drilling is on a firm basis. The geologist has predetermined the structures. The tools and power requirements are known within a close factor of accuracy. In order to reduce the tremendous losses sustained through dry holes or wells which fail to pay for themselves, it was necessary that scientific methods be developed.
Joint Use of Diesel and Steam Engines to Balance Heat and Power
Authors: Kates Edgar J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper deals with the use of Diesel engines in steam-power plants supplying both heat and power, the purpose being to increase the efficiency of steam utilization. This is accomplished by reducing the amount of unused exhaust steam and results in lower over-all costs for power and heat. The meaning of “exhaust-use factor” is illustrated by simplified examples. Similar examples are used to show the effect of Diesel power on over-all thermal economy and upon over-all costs.
Diesel Power-Plant Records
Authors: Reed M. J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The advice to keep records of Diesel-engine power-plant operation has been given often, but the author here states the kinds of records that should be kept and the inferences and conclusions that may be drawn from them. No attempt is made to draw up a general or standard power-plant log, but informative data are listed so that individual operators may decide how far they may wish to go in the recording of the performances of their plants.
Power Plant and Diesel Generating Installation of R. H. Macy & Co., Inc.
Authors: Pogue George D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
To meet the demand for electricity for lighting, elevators, escalators, ventilating fans, etc., in Macy’s store, New York City, two Diesel-driven units each of 1000 b.hp. are used. The rates for purchased power were such that it could not be considered in comparison with a company-owned plant. The author in this paper describes the load demands and shows the advantages of Diesel-driven units in addition to steam-driven units.
Pressure Fluctuations in a Common-Rail Fuel-Injection System
Authors: Rothrock A. M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The instantaneous pressures at the discharge orifice of a common-rail fuel-injection system were determined by analyzing the stem-lift records of an automatic injection valve. The fuel injection was obtained by releasing fuel under high pressure from a reservoir by means of a cam-operated timing valve. The period of injection was controlled by the opening of a second cam-operated valve which reduced the fuel pressure between the timing valve and the injection valve to atmospheric pressure. The results show that pressure-wave phenomena occur between the high-pressure reservoir and the injection valve, but that these pressure waves can be controlled in a manner advantageous to the injection of the fuel. The results also give data as to the design of such an injection system for a high-speed fuel-injection engine. An injection system of this type insures the same rate of fuel discharge regardless of engine speed.
Effect of Hydrogen Sulphide on Wire Rope
Authors: Vollmer Leslie W. , Wescott Blaine B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Drilling operations in West Texas called attention to the brittleness induced in steel by contact with hydrogen sulphide. This paper is concerned with the investigation of this action on cable tool drilling lines. A sensitive test and the apparatus developed for determining embrittlement in wire are described. The effect of hydrogen sulphide on cold-drawn and annealed plain carbon steels of varying carbon content was determined, and the influence of carbon content and amount of cold work was evaluated. The probable mechanism of the action is explained. The values of several protective metallic coatings were also found.
Production Engineering in the Printing Plant, a Factor That Can Be Merchandised
Authors: Lewis H. R. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
As a result of an analysis of plant, equipment, personnel, costs, and merchandising methods the company with which the author is connected specializes on the manufacture of hard-bound books. A straight line system of production was worked out which made it necessary to enlarge various departments. The author tells of the changes that were made and the result accomplished.
Paper and Printing
Authors: Reed E. O. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Paper must have certain physical properties to be suitable for use with the different printing processes. Technical specifications for paper and paper testing have been developed to secure proper quality for a specific purpose, but it is not possible to standardize paper made by all mills on a few physical and chemical tests. Such factors as appearance, color, feel, finish, formation, or printability are distinctive mill characteristics. The qualities discussed by the author are paper finish, moisture content, and relationship to printing inks.
Permanence Standards for Printing and Writing Papers
Authors: Scribner B. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Experience with printed and written records has shown the necessity of having adequate standards of permanency for selection of record papers. Sufficient technical knowledge is available for the formulation of such standards, and there is sufficient interest in their establishment to make such a project feasible. This paper outlines the available information on the permanence of papers and indicates how it may be applied to formulate definite technical specifications for permanence qualities. The history of paper making is traced to show its relation to the deterioration of papers, and the causes of deterioration as shown by the history of papers and by research are outlined. From this information is shown the necessity of dependence on performance and purity tests for selection of papers. The strength of paper and its purity, both cellulosic and non-cellulosic, are the important factors in its aging quality. A classification based on strength and purity is suggested, which places papers in the following four groups: (1) Papers of absolute permanence, (2) papers having a minimum life of 100 years, (3) papers having a minimum life of 50 years, (4) papers for temporary use.
The Printing Engineer and Printing Profits
Authors: Churchill W. L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
While the average earnings of printing and publishing plants is above the average of manufacturing industries, fully one-third of the businesses reporting showed a deficit averaging 9.26 per cent of their sales. Here is a highly technical industry manned by those who have had to devote years to specialized training and that operates with a high average of loss and with earnings insufficient to perpetuate the business. The engineer should be trained to think in terms of profits. Profits do not necessarily follow savings. Proper management requires that the engineering mind discover and eliminate the factors that prevent or destroy profits.
Forces in Connection With the Reciprocating Beds of Flat-Bed Cylinder Printing Presses
Authors: Stevens B. D. , Golber H. E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This article deals with printing-press beds, their mechanisms, and forces. The mechanisms of some well-known presses are described sufficiently to show that the dynamic problems are identical for all. The forces are examined as to their effect upon the motor, the machine, and the building. Reference is made to certain methods which have been tried for reducing or counterbalancing them, and some criticisms and suggestions are made.
Alloy Steels in the Railroad Field
Authors: McKnight Charles 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
There is increased interest in the use of alloy steels by railroads. They are used purely as a matter of economics. Better work must be done at the same cost or the same work at less cost. The use of alloy miscellaneous castings materially cuts down weight with the same strength and same cost as carbon-steel castings. There are three ranges of steels: carbon steels are used for the vast majority of railroad purposes, with alloy steels for special applications, and semi-alloy steels, which are slightly more expensive than carbon steels and with slightly better properties, as a compromise. Some of their uses include boiler materials, forgings, and castings. Corrosion-resisting materials, nitriding, and miscellaneous metals are discussed and the economics of operation are given.
Research Relating to the Action of 4-Wheel Freight-Car Trucks
Authors: Symington T. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper includes a study of operating and maintenance problems of car trucks that have resulted from increased weights, greater rigidity, and high speeds. The author discusses the 4-wheel truck as a whole, and includes such features of design as cross-equalization, swiveling resistance, self-squaring, car roll and nosing, guard-rail shocks, lateral motion, and four-point suspension.
Harmonic truck-spring action is discussed at considerable length. It is felt that excessive harmonic spring oscillation at critical train speeds may be caused by eccentricity of wheels. Tests will be made to determine this, and the author outlines various tests for determining unknown factors.
Design and Operation of Range or In-Train Drives for Finishing Plants
Authors: Brown Wendell S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Marked progress is being made toward grouping finishing-plant machinery in series or in ranges. This, among other important advantages, eliminates intermediate handling. Range drives may be divided into three classes:
1 Adjustable-speed motors, which include direct-current constant-voltage equipment, direct-current multi-voltage equipment, and alternating-current equipment.
2 Constant-speed motors or mechanically driven shafts, speed adjustment being obtained through such a device as the mechanical variator.
3 Adjustable-speed steam-engine drives.
Range drives prove advantageous in many combinations, from cloth in the rope form to cloth in the open form. Examples are given.
The successful operation of finishing machinery in ranges is dependent upon the attainment of certain advantages, such as elimination of in-between losses, improved uniformity and quality of product, saving in power and maintenance expense, and saving in executive work.
There are also certain possible disadvantages, such as the present market tendency toward a multiplicity of small lots and varied styles, and the demand for samples. Range speeds are limited to that of the slowest member, breakdowns tie up production, additional building construction is necessary to accommodate extra length, operating losses due to cloth damage in earlier processes continue unnecessarily through subsequent processes, and there is somewhat greater initial expense.
Advances in Control of Plain, Chase, and Schreiner Calenders
Authors: Campbell James A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A better product from the textile finishing plants has resulted in the past few years, together with greater economies in the processing of goods, as the result of scientific study to obtain the facts. To operate at a profit the modern plant must meet present economic conditions by taking advantage of every opportunity to improve on quality and process. Calendering has become a most important process, as a larger proportion of cotton materials are now so treated; and the paper compares the principles, the designs of machines used, the methods of operation, and amount of production at the present time compared with 1910.