bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differentiation, Transcriptomic Profiling, and Calcium Imaging of Human Hypothalamic Neurons
Authors: Chen Hsiao‐Jou Cortina , Mazzaferro Simone , Tian Tian , Mali Iman , Merkle Florian T. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractNeurons in the hypothalamus orchestrate homeostatic physiological processes and behaviors essential for life. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be differentiated into many types of hypothalamic neurons, progenitors, and glia. This updated unit includes published studies and protocols with new advances in the differentiation, maturation, and interrogation by transcriptomic profiling and calcium imaging of human hypothalamic cell populations. Specifically, new methods to freeze and thaw hypothalamic progenitors after they have been patterned and before substantial neurogenesis has occurred are provided that will facilitate experimental flexibility and planning. Also included are updated recipes and protocols for neuronal maturation, with details on the equipment and methods for examining their transcriptomic response and cell‐autonomous properties in culture in the presence of synaptic blockers. Together, these protocols facilitate the adoption and use of this model system for fundamental biological discovery and therapeutic translation to human diseases such as obesity, diabetes, sleep disorders, infertility, and chronic stress. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: hPSC maintenanceBasic Protocol 2: Hypothalamic neuron differentiationSupport Protocol 1: Cortical neuron (control) differentiationBasic Protocol 3: Neuronal maturationSupport Protocol 2: Cryopreservation and thawing of neuronal progenitorsSupport Protocol 3: Quality control: Confirmation of hypothalamic patterning and neurogenesisSupport Protocol 4: Bulk RNA sequencing of hypothalamic culturesBasic Protocol 4: Calcium imaging of hypothalamic neurons using Fura‐2 AMAlternate Protocol: Calcium imaging of green fluorescent hypothalamic neurons using Rhod‐3 AM
A bidirectional single‐phase Z‐source AC‐AC converter with reduced voltage stress on switches and safe commutation strategy
Authors: Mousavi Seyyed Mohammad Javad , Babaei Ebrahim , Alizadeh Darioush , Bahador Asghar 
Published: June 2023

SummaryIn this paper, a bidirectional single‐phase Z‐source ac‐ac converter is proposed. Common features between the proposed converter and its counterparts are the capability of boost in‐phase, buck out‐of‐phase, and common ground. The output voltage gain of the proposed converter is improved compared with previous Z‐source ac‐ac converters, while the total standing voltage (TSV) of the switches has also been significantly reduced. Owing to the reduction of voltage stress of semiconductor elements, the switching device power (SDP) of the proposed converter is reduced. As a result, the cost of the converter is also reduced. A bidirectional switch is replaced instead of the output filter inductor to reduce the volume and weight of the converter. A safe commutation strategy is applied to eliminate voltage spikes on switches. Furthermore, the proposed converter can transfer power in both directions. By evaluating the converter in different operating modes, the key relationships and parametric design of the converter are presented. A laboratory prototype is made to confirm the proposed converter performance.
Standardized naming convention and classification system for critical loads of nitrogen and sulfur deposition
Authors: Phelan Jennifer , Bell Michael D. , Lynch Jason A. , Geiser Linda H. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractCritical loads (CLs) of atmospheric deposition have been used for multiple decades to assess the impacts of air pollutants on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. However, these CLs have been developed by different researchers, at different times, using different methods, and are named in different ways with varying levels of information and levels of specificity. In this study, we identified the elements that describe CLs and used them to develop and test a standardized CL naming convention and a complementary CL classification system applicable to all CLs. The CL naming convention consists of: the form of deposition; the biological receptor, response, and threshold; and chemical criterion and threshold, thereby clearly communicating what the CL is and what it protects. The CL classification system contains all the elements that define and describe a CL, but the CL classes are not fixed and are therefore, defined by the user. The application of the CL naming convention and classification system to an existing US CL database and national forest was successful, demonstrating not only the utility of the naming convention and classification system, but how both can also be used to guide future CL science.
Spatial modeling of the relative abundance of wading birds in peninsular Florida using citizen science data
Authors: Lee Veronica , Skripnikov Andrey 
Published: June 2023

AbstractRecent literature has shown citizen science data that include reported counts, such as observations from the eBird database, can be used to model the relative abundance of selected species. The objective of our study was to extend on both the methodology and the range of species considered by previous research on relative abundance modeling; we selected the Floridian peninsula as our geographical area of interest. We confirmed that, much like for other bird species and geographical areas, modeling such data with a classic Poisson generalized linear model was not appropriate due to overdispersion. Moreover, assuming linearity for the effects of all environmental and observer effort covariates on relative abundance was shown to be overly simplistic. These concerns led us to consider a variety of potentially suitable modeling techniques; the quasi‐Poisson generalized additive model displayed the best combination of flexibility, strong predictive performance, and ease of interpretation. Expanding on previous research for eBird data, we chose to explicitly incorporate spatial dependence into the modeling task by performing hierarchical generalized additive modeling with a spatial conditional autoregressive structure for random effects. This practice allows us to account for spatial factors not represented by model covariates, such as species dispersal patterns or colonial breeding habits. After conducting appropriate testing procedures and fitting spatially explicit models, we found that our data contain moderate spatial dependence and that spatially explicit models have overall superior predictive performance to models that do not account for spatial dependence. Upon closer inspection, spatially explicit models perform especially well compared with their nonspatial counterparts in identifying situations with low abundance, with a negligible trade‐off in prediction accuracy for situations with high abundance. We conclude that quasi‐Poisson hierarchical generalized additive models with spatial random effects provide the best representation of the relative abundance of bird populations. Moreover, our spatially explicit models are more realistic based on domain knowledge when regarding the impact of environmental covariates, which is important when considering conservation implications and future projections.
Diagnostic yield and predictive value on left ventricular remodelling of genetic testing in dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Bertero Edoardo , Fracasso Giulia , Eustachi Virginia , Coviello Domenico , Cecconi Massimiliano , Giovinazzo Stefano , Toma Matteo , Merlo Marco , Sinagra Gianfranco , Porto Italo , Ameri Pietro , Canepa Marco 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAimsWe assessed the diagnostic yield of genetic testing and the relationship of left ventricular (LV) reverse remodelling (LVRR) with the presence of DNA pathogenic (P) or likely pathogenic (LP) variants in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).Methods and resultsFrom 680 outpatients followed at the Heart Failure Outpatient Clinic of our institution, we selected subjects with a diagnosis of DCM as defined by LV ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40% and LV dilatation not explained by coronary artery disease or other causes. All patients were offered genetic investigation of 42 disease‐associated DCM genes with next‐generation sequencing. Seventy patients fulfilled the definition of DCM and 66 underwent genetic investigation. We identified 18 P/LP variants in 16 patients, with a diagnostic yield of 24%. The most common variants were truncating TTN variants (n = 7), followed by LMNA (n = 3), cytoskeleton Z‐disc (n = 3), ion channel (n = 2), motor sarcomeric (n = 2), and desmosomal (n = 1) genes. After a median follow‐up of 53 months (inter‐quartile range 20–111), patients without P/LP variants exhibited higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lower plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels, and a larger extent of LVRR, as reflected by the increase in LVEF (+14% vs. +1%, P = 0.0008) and decrease in indexed LV end‐diastolic diameter (−6.5 vs. −2 mm/m2, P = 0.03) compared with patients with P/LP variants.ConclusionsOur results confirm the high diagnostic yield of genetic testing in selected DCM patients and suggest that identification of P/LP variants in DCM portends poorer LVRR in response to guideline‐directed medical therapy.
Dioxygen Reduction in Acetonitrile with Copper Pyridylalkylamine Complexes: The Influence of Acid Strength on the Catalytic Performance
Authors: Langerman Michiel , van Dorth Micha , Hetterscheid Dennis G. H. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe pyridylalkylamine copper complex [Cu(tmpa)(L)]2+ has previously been proposed to reduce dioxygen via a dinuclear resting state, based on experiments in organic aprotic solvents using chemical reductants. Conversely, a mononuclear reaction mechanism was observed under electrochemical conditions in a neutral aqueous solution. We have investigated the electrochemical oxygen and hydrogen peroxide reduction reaction catalyzed by [Cu(tmpa)(L)]2+ in acetonitrile, using several different acids over a range of pKa. We demonstrate that strong acids lead to the loss of redox reversibility and to the destabilization of the copper complex under non‐catalytic conditions. Under milder conditions, the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was shown to proceed via a mononuclear catalytic intermediate, similar to what we have previously observed in water. However, in acetonitrile the catalytic rate constants of the ORR are dramatically lower by a factor 105, which is caused by the unfavorable equilibrium of formation of [CuII(O2⋅−)(tmpa)]+ in acetonitrile. This results in higher catalytic rates for the reduction of hydrogen peroxide than for the ORR.
Collective Total Synthesis of 4‐Azafluorenone Alkaloids
Authors: Jourjine Ilya A. P. , Bracher Franz 
Published: June 2023

Abstract4‐Azafluorenones are typically obtained by acid‐mediated cyclization of 2‐arylnicotinates. However, this approach fails to give 5‐oxygenated 4‐azafluorenones due to lactonization of 2‐(2‐alkoxy)phenylnicotinate intermediates. Herein, we report two modifications of established approaches to 4‐azafluorenone synthesis that, either in combination or by themselves, enable the flexible preparation of 4‐azafluorenones with diverse oxygenation patterns in the benzenoid ring. Undesired lactonization was circumvented via tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)‐mediated radical cyclization of 2‐aryl‐3‐(hydroxymethyl)pyridines. In the absence of suitable protecting groups for phenolic intermediates, bromide substituents were regioselectively introduced as latent hydroxy groups and later converted under palladium catalysis. We present the first total syntheses of five 4‐azafluorenone alkaloids muniranine, darienine, 5,8‐dimethoxy‐7‐hydroxyonychine, 5,6,7,8‐tetramethoxyonychine, and 6,8‐dihydroxy‐7‐methoxyonychine in addition to new total syntheses of six 4‐azafluorenone alkaloids and one related pyridocoumarin alkaloid.
Analysis of casing stress during multistage fracturing of shale gas horizontal wells considering thermo‐hydro‐mechanical coupling
Authors: Su Yu , Shilong Zhang , Fu Jianhong , Shen Xinyu , Yang Zhaoliang , Guo Jianhua , Xiong Yulou , Li Bin , Peng Chi 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDuring the multistage fracturing of shale gas horizontal wells, casing damage frequently occurs, making it essential to evaluate casing stress and deformation. This paper establishes a mathematical model of thermo‐hydro‐mechanical coupling and a finite element model of casing‐cement sheath‐formation (CCF). This paper examines the effects of temperature, casing thickness, nonuniform in situ stress, mechanical properties of cement sheath, and treating pressure on the stress and deformation of CCF. Finally, the study investigates the variation of local in situ stress at the heel and casing stress from toe to heel. The results show that the low temperature of CCF, high elastic modulus of cement sheath, small casing thickness, high treating pressure, and large nonuniform in situ stress can exacerbate casing stress. After pumping off, the local in situ stress and its nonuniformity near heel gradually increased, and the effective stress of casing increases compared with the pumping on the process. As the fracturing stages increase, the effective stress of casing at heel increases, and the casing at heel preferentially damages. The results provide a theoretical basis and guidance for maintaining wellbore integrity and preventing casing damage in the multistage fracturing of shale gas horizontal wells.
Research of cooling tower filler based on radial basis function artificial neural network (RBF ANN)
Authors: Zhang Lixin , Chen Jie , Zhao Shunan , Chen Yongbao , Song Huijuan , Liu Jingnan 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe filler is the core component of the cooling tower, filler performance refers to both its thermal and flow resistance characteristics, which use empirical formulas of tower characteristic N, volumetric mass transfer coefficient βxv, and pressure drop ΔP obtained through experimentation under specific conditions. However, the performance equations for identical countercurrent fillers can vary at different heights or seawater concentrations. Linear interpolation is the conventional method for obtaining the filler performance under different conditions, but its uncertainty limits the application. This paper explores the use of the radial basis function artificial neural network (RBF ANN) to analyze filler performance based on existing performance equations. The data set is generated by the filler performance equations. The results demonstrate that RBF ANN has a preferable prediction effect with high correlation (the determination coefficient R2 > 0.99) and prediction accuracy (the proportion of relative error within 10% N10 > 90%). Furthermore, the predicted results are consistent with the experimental results of the filler performance. Therefore, RBF ANN can accurately predict filler performance at varying heights and seawater concentrations, making it universal and providing a basis for cooling tower design.
Effects of Life Stage on the Sensitivity of Folsomia candida to Four Pesticides
Authors: Fernandes Saúl , Buskermolen Kees , Ilyaskina Diana , Bakker Ruben , van Gestel Cornelis A. M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The registration of pesticides in the European Union requires the assessment of the toxicity of active substances to soil invertebrates. The most commonly tested soil microarthropod species is Folsomia candida (Collembola), for which toxicity tests usually start with juveniles and determine survival and reproduction after 28 days of exposure, following Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development test guideline 232. Test duration may be shortened to 21 days by starting exposures with adult animals. The toxicity of chemicals can, however, vary significantly between different life stages (e.g., juveniles or adults) of the same species. In the present study, we assessed the toxicity of four active substances (cyproconazole, teflubenzuron, imidacloprid, and thiacloprid) to F. candida aged approximately 10 days (juveniles) and 20 days (adults) at the beginning of the tests. Tests were performed in LUFA 2.2 standard soil at 20 ±  2 °C, and effect concentration (ECx) values compared using likelihood ratio tests. The tests lasted 21 days for older springtails and 28 days for the younger ones. Life stage did affect the sensitivity of the springtails, with the survival and reproduction of younger animals being a factor of 2–6.5 more sensitive to the insecticides but not to the fungicide. For teflubenzuron and imidacloprid, the EC50 for younger springtails were 0.025 and 0.111 mg a.s. kg–1 soildw, respectively, and for adults 0.048 and 0.264 mg a.s. kg–1 soildw, respectively. For the younger animals the median lethal concentration values for teflubenzuron, imidacloprid, and thiacloprid were 0.353, 0.224, and 1.02 mg a.s. kg–1 soildw, respectively, and 0.571, 0.446, and 6.91 mg a.s. kg–1 soildw, respectively, for older animals. We discuss the implication of these differences for the risk assessment of pesticides to soil arthropods. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1782–1790. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Effects of the Herbicide Metolachlor and Pond Drying on Growth and Development of Wood Frog Tadpoles (Lithobates sylvaticus)
Authors: Laporte Simon , Garant Dany , Bergeron Patrick 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Pesticides and climate change are both thought to contribute to the global amphibian decline, yet their combined effects are still poorly understood. Metolachlor is a widespread herbicide applied across North America, but little is known about its effects on amphibians. We used a replicated mesocosm experimental design with different levels of drying (i.e., no drying and medium and rapid drying) and metolachlor concentrations (0, 0.8, 8, and 80 µg/L) to assess their respective and combined effects on wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) larvae throughout metamorphosis. Metolachlor had no significant effect on survival and development of tadpoles. However, metolachlor significantly interacted with drying levels to reduce the growth of tadpoles, which was mainly due to a difference detected among metolachlor concentrations under the rapid drying treatment. Drying also directly reduced growth and body mass at metamorphosis. Our results suggest that environmental stressors, such as drying, should be considered in toxicological experiments to provide relevant exposure conditions to pesticides for ephemeral pond species in the context of global climate change. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1772–1781. © 2023 SETAC
Sufficient Phosphorus Enhances Resistance and Changes Accumulation of Lead in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Guan Huize , Jiang Zhongquan , Sun Danqing , Wang Zhongyang , Sun Yutong , Huo Hongxun , Li Zhaoyan , Tang Lingyi , Li Zhen , Zhang Chunhua , Ge Ying 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is critical for algal growth and resistance to environmental stress. However, little is known about the effects of P supply on the lead (Pb) toxicity and accumulation in microalgae. We set up two P concentrations, 315 (PL) and 3150 μg L−1 (PH), in algal culture, and the responses of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to various Pb treatments (0, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, and 5000 μg L−1) were investigated. Compared with the PL condition, PH promoted cell growth but reduced cellular respiration by approximately 50%. Moreover, PH alleviated damage to the photosynthetic system in algal cells after Pb stress. After exposure to 200–2000 μg L−1 Pb, higher Pb2+ concentrations and Pb removal were observed in the PL medium. However, under exposure to 5000 μg L−1 Pb, less Pb2+ was present but more Pb was removed by the algal cells in the PH medium. More P supply enhanced the secretion of extracellular fluorescent substances by C. reinhardtii. Transcriptomic analysis showed that genes associated with synthesis of phospholipids, tyrosine-like proteins, ferredoxin, and RuBisCO were up-regulated after Pb exposure. Together the findings of our study demonstrated the critical roles of P in Pb accumulation and resistance in C. reinhardtii. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1960–1970. © 2023 SETAC
Impact of Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging on the Intermediate Production of Anthracene and Anthraquinone in Fresh versus Saltwater Environments
Authors: St. Romain Scott J. , Basirico Laura M. , Kim Yong-Ha , Nolan Emily Vebrosky , Xu Wei , Armbrust Kevin L. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
While salinity can alter the photodegradation of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs), the cause of their altered kinetics in seawater is not well understood. Because HOC intermediate photoproducts are often more toxic than their parent compounds, characterizing the generation of intermediates in saline environments is needed to accurately predict their health effects. The present study investigated the influence of salinity on the generation of anthraquinone through the photolysis of anthracene and the generation of anthrone and 1-hydroxyanthraquinone from the photolysis of anthraquinone as well as their reactivities with hydroxyl radicals. This was conducted by measuring the photolysis rates of anthracene and anthraquinone and characterizing their product formation in buffered deionized water, artificial seawater, individual seawater halides (bromide, chloride, and iodide), dimethyl sulfoxide, furfuryl alcohol, and solutions of hydrogen peroxide. Salinity enhanced the persistence of anthraquinone by a factor &gt;10 and altered its product formation, including the generation of the suspected carcinogen 1-hydroxyanthraquinone. In part, this was attributed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging by the seawater constituents chloride and bromide. In addition, anthraquinone and its hydroxylated products were found to be moderately to highly reactive with hydroxyl radicals, further illustrating their tendency to react with ROS in aqueous environments. The present study emphasizes the importance of considering the effects of salinity on organic contaminant degradation; it can significantly enhance the persistence of HOCs and alter their intermediate formation, subsequently impacting chemical exposure times and potential toxic effects on estuarine/marine organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1721–1729. © 2023 SETAC.