bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Montevideo Convention and Its Predecessors
Authors: Pablo Scarfi Juan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter revises standard interpretations of the Montevideo Convention. Although the adoption of the Montevideo Convention was a transformative moment, it was shaped by a wide range of precedents and predecessors, previous international and Pan-American conferences, and different regional legal and political traditions and experiences. These include the Pan-American movement and its legal implications, the Mexican Constitution of 1917, and the rise of anti-interventionist and anti-imperialist aspirations. In other words, Montevideo was the culmination of a long process of disciplinary consolidation and codification of international law across the continent, as well as progressive politicization of international law around a debate over the question of interventions. In closing, the chapter considers whether the Montevideo Convention inadvertently made the international legal order less liberal through an absolutist defense of sovereign equality and nonintervention.
Interdisciplinarity and LAIL
Authors: Puig Sergio 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores legal scholarship’s slow but essential transformation by referencing the interdisciplinary encounters of international economic law in Latin America. The chapter discusses different methodologies and substantive areas of international law in general. It then provides examples of questions of interest (and the implications of the analysis) in the regional engagement with this area of law and its institutions from a multidisciplinary perspective. The chapter highlights quantitative and qualitative approaches—a contrast with a scholarly tradition in the region that was always assumed to be doctrinal and positivistic (partly as a shield from European claims rooted in natural law). Ultimately, the chapter argues, these interdisciplinary encounters of international economic law cast light on how the method has influenced Latin American international law, the changing role of international law in the region, and the expansion of scholarship as a way to contest the sociopolitical aspects and cultural assumption of international law more generally.
Technoscientific Thought and International Law in Latin America
Authors: Urueña René 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter maps this rich tradition of Latin American technoscientific thought, exploring the role that international law can play in creating, accumulating, and distributing economic resources. To that effect, the chapter introduces three distinctively Latin American ways of thinking about science and technology, in roughly chronological order: (1) the idea that the region is a technological desert, (2 Raul Prebisch’s structuralism of the 1950s, and (3) the Latin American Thought on Science, Technology and Society movement (“Pensamiento Latinoamericano en Ciencia Tecnología y Sociedad,” PLACTS) of the 1970s. In each section, the chapter explores the implicit theory of law that the respective approach entails and discusses the distributive impact that such an approach might have in its own terms. The final section concludes with a call to reconnect law and Latin American technological thought in Latin America.
Education in International Law in Latin America
Authors: Pinto Mónica 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Latin America has long taken pride in its regional exceptionalism in international law. Monica Pinto queries the changing concept of Latin American international law by tracing the evolution of legal education in the region. In a compact but sweeping history, she shows how doctrinal developments and education reflected the political challenges of five historical periods, starting with the colonization of the Americas. The relationship with international law developed under colonial rule, helped build the new states, empowered them to participate in the international society, and assisted in the reestablishment of democracy after periods of authoritarianism. Pinto ends with the critical observation that significant barriers are still in place for the region’s international law practitioners.
Local Politics and Regional Rights
Authors: Landau David 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter shows the growing role of comparative international law in Latin America. Focusing on three areas—same-sex marriage, social rights, and Indigenous consultation—this chapter showsthat a set of leading domestic courts are the main protagonists in the construction of human rights norms. These norms then spread throughout the region and are adopted and further disseminated by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. However, the chapter also notes the limits of norm diffusion: consensus over norms occurs only where domestic political factors allow. In some rights matters, including economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR), the region’s judiciaries “wildly” diverge.
The Human Rights Institutions of Latin America
Authors: Contesse Jorge 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Jorge Contesse provides a historical review of the work of Latin America’s two most prominent human rights institutions, the Inter-American Commission and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The chapter discusses formal and informal institutional rules. It explains two distinctive doctrines of Latin American international law—the incompatibility of self-amnesties with international law and the doctrine of conventionality control. Contesse celebrates the vitality of these bodies, particularly in the struggle against military dictatorships. But, he also cautions that the Court’s overzealous interpretations of its mandate in recent years could eventually weaken the human rights system by undermining its legitimacy. The chapter briefly examines developments in the Court’s jurisprudence concerning the justiciability of social rights and the Court’s emphasis on a common law of human rights that promotes an active and even intrusive role for the Court. The chapter argues for a renewed commitment to take both legality and legitimacy seriously.
The Racial Dimension of Latin American International Law
Authors: Barragan Gonzalez Maryluz 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explains how racism has been inscribed into the legal systems of Latin America and then points to two recent developments in the struggle toward greater equality. First, Maryluz Barragán Gonzalez highlights the jurisprudence of the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 169 adjudication on the rights of Indigenous and Tribal Peoples. Latin American courts have been decisive in understanding the content of the right to prior consultation of Indigenous peoples and Afro-descendant communities. Second, Barragán points to the historical reparations movement carried out by the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) (officially formed in 1973 by the Chaguaramas Treaty). This platform has led the conversation regarding reparations to compensate for the legacy of colonization and the enslavement of people. It proposes the return of public debts that Caribbean countries paid to their colonizers so they could be independent nations, problematizing current international law and the relationship between European countries and their former colonies.
Corruption and International Law in Latin America
Authors: Gonzalez-Ocantos Ezequiel , Sandholtz Wayne 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this chapter, Ezequiel González-Ocantos and Wayne Sandholtz analyze how Latin American countries have grappled with the “eruption” of transnational corruption norms, laws, and regimes, both translating and creating internationally sanctioned anticorruption standards. They trace an important shift in the framing of the issue of corruption since the late 1980s. Initially, corruption gained salience during the region’s transition to more open market economies. The response to corruption was to create a series of international treaties and concomitant changes to domestic legal frameworks and key law enforcement institutions to bolster horizontal accountability. Today, corruption is increasingly framed as a regional human rights issue to curb corruption and the excesses of anticorruption crusades.
Strategic Uses of International Law in Peace Negotiations in Colombia
Authors: Alviar García Helena , Betancur-Restrepo Laura 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores the clashes and contradictions between the aims of achieving peace and the demands imposed by international institutions and treaties. Helena Alviar García and Laura Betancur-Restrepo explore that tension by discussing the negotiations and peace agreement between the Colombian government and the FARC guerrillas. The case offers an interesting example of the tense, complex, and far-reaching interaction between international law and domestic goals of ending civil conflict. Both national and external actors presented international law as univocal, universal, and neutral in relation to local political discussions. Building upon this insight, the text analyzes how different actors use international law strategically according to their political preferences or economic goals. The Colombian example is relevant to other jurisdictions as previous experiences in different parts of the world nourished the negotiations. It is the first peace agreement achieved since the International Criminal Court entered into force.
The Promise of Environmental Cooperation in Latin America
Authors: Garcia Beatriz 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this chapter, Beatriz Garcia explores the current forms of environmental cooperation in Latin America. The chapter examines whether new pathways could be open, especially regarding forest conservation, given new regulatory trends focused on global supply chains targeting commodities associated with forest destruction. Agricultural and forestry products represent a large share of Latin American domestic markets, while commodity exports, particularly to China and the United States, are likely to grow. This leads to whether international norms targeting global supply chains could be instrumental in reshaping Latin American forest conservation efforts. The argument is that these regulations open an opportunity to refocus Latin American cooperation into more tangible actions toward forest and biodiversity conservation.
Can the Inter-American Court Tip Us toward Climate Justice?
Authors: Huneeus Alexandra 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this chapter, Alexandra Huneeus argues that the Inter-American Court is poised to play a distinct role in the complex new realm of global climate emergency litigation. Increasingly, international courts are being called on to issue judgments on questions of state responsibilities in the face of climate change, including the International Court of Justice, the European Court of Human Rights, and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. But the Inter-American Court is uniquely suited to the task given its rich jurisprudence on socioeconomic rights and differential harm doctrines, which can inform questions about climate justice for frontline communities and other vulnerable groups. Huneeus uses the emerging international climate docket as a site to reflect on the Court’s contributions to the development of structural approaches to human rights protection. Drawing on its legacy, the Court will have a unique voice in the new climactic regime.
Health Law and Pandemics in Latin America
Authors: Villarreal Pedro A 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this chapter, Pedro Villarreal discusses regional challenges in the field of international health law, with an emphasis on communicable disease pandemics. While COVID-19 represents the most acute disease-related problem in an entire century, the chapter shows how the regional dimension not only plays a role but may actually be a determining factor in the pandemic’s short- and longer-term impact. The chapter looks at the legal landscape, including the role of the Inter-American Human Rights System, and identifies the structural ailments that distinguish the region. It concludes by underscoring how the legal challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic in the region can be understood as a manifestation of economic inequality and the resulting social exclusion of marginalized groups.
Latin America and the Regulation of Internet and Digital Trade
Authors: Polanco Rodrigo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this chapter, Rodrigo Polanco argues that Latin American contributions to the internet have not been sufficiently acknowledged. He describes how the countries of the region have played an active role in regulating the web, with particular emphasis on one of its more essential uses—digital trade. Latin American countries have made a distinct contribution to internet regulations, advancing principles like open access and net neutrality. In addition, they have pioneered the inclusion of e-commerce and data flow provisions in preferential trade agreements (PTAs). The chapter closes by highlighting potential conflicts between these countries’ domestic regulations and international commitments concerning the internet and digital trade.
Introduction
Authors: Savigliano Marta E , Schwadron Hannah 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Bodies and movement are intrinsic to dance, but bodies in their diversity and plethora of moves are ready-made for funniness. Bodies become funny by refusing to look, act, or move as they “should,” though intentionality is often not knowable. Dancing only heightens the risk of being laughed at. Signature moves of the most renowned dance forms may seem funny to viewers not taught to appreciate them as serious art. Meanwhile, the constant risk of being found funny helps explain why many professional or aspiring dancers tend to look so humorless, egging on masterful mockeries of formality. Dance disciplines “out” the funny, working hard to keep it at bay. As the introduction insists through “politicking” theories of humor as they relate to dance, funny is the Other to Dance: intrinsic to it and yet too often overlooked. Dance humor is always already there, a potency always waiting in the wings.
The Argument against Conscientious Objection
Authors: Giubilini Alberto , Schuklenk Udo , Minerva Francesca , Savulescu Julian 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter defines and defends ‘professionalism’ as the main principle against a right to conscientious objection in health care. It outlines the principle’s history and its modern conceptualization on the basis of a contractualist view of professional duties. The chapter provides three plausible criteria for professional obligations: the Legal model, the Professional Codes model, and the Medical Ethics model. While each of these has its own problems and they can be in tension with one another, none of these is compatible with a right to conscientious objection in health care. The chapter endorses a version of the so-called incompatibilist thesis, whereby a commitment to professionalism is incompatible with a right to conscientious objection accommodation in health care. It illustrates through cases how conscientious objection can fall short of professional standards.
Conclusions
Authors: Giubilini Alberto , Schuklenk Udo , Minerva Francesca , Savulescu Julian 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The last chapter summarizes and synthetizes the main points of the book into an overarching point against a right to conscientious objection in health care. It suggests that there should be vigorous ethical debate within the profession and in society at large about what medicine and health care should provide to patients as technology and social values evolve. Individual doctors should be able to contribute to that debate by making their personal values matter in public discussion. However, medicine and health care as professions must be fundamentally guided by standards of professionalism and not by the personal values of professionals. There is a pressing need to avoid turning the authority that health care professionals have over medical and scientific matters into a moral authority and, indeed, into medical and moral authoritarianism.
Minding the Metaphors of Weight and Weighing
Authors: Tucker Chris 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Ethical theory is steeped in two related metaphors: reasons have weight and reasons are weighed on a balance scale to determine an act’s deontic status (e.g., whether the act is permissible or required). Are these metaphors good ones? Or are they distorting ethicists’ understanding of how considerations systematically interact to determine what is permissible and required? This chapter argues that these metaphors are instructive: they allow one to better understand the functional structure of morality and practical rationality. In particular, they tell us that reasons have at least two weight values (justifying weight and requiring weight) and that it takes two scales to model how considerations interact to determine whether an action is required, at least in cases with only two options.
The Representational Limits of Single Scale
Authors: Tucker Chris 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The fundamental model of weighing reasons determines what it is to weigh reasons correctly. It can represent every normative theory—even every false theory—that weighs reasons correctly. This chapter argues that the most natural model, Single Scale, is not the fundamental model. Roughly, Single Scale holds that φ is permissible when the reasons for φ are at least as weighty as the reasons for ~φ, and φ is required when the reasons in its favor are weightier. While Single Scale can represent justifying and requiring weight, it cannot represent the possibility that these weight values vary independently of one another. Alas, many normative theories hold that they do vary independently of one another. If one of these theories is true, then Single Scale is false. But even if all these theories are false, they still weigh reasons correctly. Hence, Single Scale is not the fundamental model of weighing reasons.
Against Weight Monism
Authors: Tucker Chris 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Weight Monism is the view that there is only a single weight of reasons, which makes it even more restrictive than Single Scale. The simplest versions hold that there are exactly three weight comparatives (weightier than, less weighty than, and equally weighty as). These simple versions cannot resolve the normative significance of small improvements or the justification intransitivity paradox. Building on work from Ruth Chang, the chapter develops a version of Weight Monism that adds parity, or on a par, as a fourth weight comparative. This view can explain the normative significance of small improvements but not permissible partiality, supererogation, or the justification intransitivity paradox. This chapter treats Parity Weight Monism as the most promising version of Monism, and it briefly explains why other accounts of monism (e.g., those that appeal to vagueness) are unlikely to do better.
The All or Nothing Ranking Reversal and the Unity of Morality
Authors: Tucker Chris 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Supererogatory acts are (morally) better than their non-supererogatory alternatives. But what is it for one option A to be better than an alternative B? This chapter argues for three main conclusions. First, relative rankings are a type of all-in action guidance. If A is better than B, then morality recommends that you A rather than B. Such all-in guidance is useful when acts have the same deontic status. Second, Right &gt; Wrong: permissible acts are always better than their impermissible alternatives. If Right &gt; Wrong were false, then morality’s deontic verdicts would sometimes conflict with its relative rankings. Such conflict would undermine the thought that morality is a coherent, authoritative guide to action. Third, the All or Nothing Problem is not a counterexample to Right &gt; Wrong. Instead, it involves a ranking reversal: whether A &gt; B can depend on whether a certain alternative is added as a third option.
Modeling Requirement for Any Number of Options
Authors: Tucker Chris 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This is the last and least chapter, but it completes the narrative of the book by identifying the fundamental model (Dynamic Scale), explaining why Dual Scale is not the fundamental model (it has difficulty detecting exotic kinds of dilemmas), and why it should be used anyway (it has the best balance of reliability and ease of use). At the heart of this chapter is the attempt to minimize the computational complexity of calculating which, if any, option is required when there are more than just a few options. Along the way, it also further defends contrastivism and explains how it is different from holism.
The Cold War and Our Own Times
Authors: Westad Odd Arne 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter looks at differences and similarities between the Cold War international system and the pattern of international affairs that seems to come together in the 2020s. In conclusion, it discusses whether there are significant lessons from the Cold War that leaders ought to draw on today. Before it moves to comparisons and lessons, the chapter considers the debate about historical recurrences and its near relative, path dependency, in history and the social sciences. The chapter is first and foremost an argument for taking comparisons more seriously, by considering differences and similarities between the past and the present. The thinking about comparing the Cold War era and today’s world should be understood within these frameworks of thought. Even though it stresses skepticism of the idea of repetitions, the chapter argues that they play a significant role in how people reflect on the past and the present.
Technological Competition and the US-China Rivalry
Authors: Fravel M Taylor 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of competition over technology in the US-China rivalry, whose onset coincides with the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The United States and China are competing not only for relative power position but also to remain at the frontier of new technological developments that are likely to serve as new sources of national wealth and new instruments of military power that can further bolster a state’s relative power position. This chapter shows that technology has become an increasingly central object of competition between the United States and China, shaping mutual perceptions of intentions and threats. The technological competition has also elevated the role of US allies and other closely aligned states, many of whom, as technological powers, are key actors in efforts to limit China’s access to specific technologies, such as by enforcing export controls.
Technological Change and the Intensifying US-China Security Dilemma
Authors: Hiim Henrik Stålhane 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Security dilemma dynamics is a crucial driver of the intensifying superpower rivalry between the United States and China. This chapter demonstrates that technological shifts are exacerbating the new superpower security dilemma. It outlines two main pathways. First, the advent of advanced precision-strike capabilities—coupled with the maturation of missile defense technology—is undermining nuclear stability and contributing to China’s nuclear expansion. Second, both states are developing capabilities that generate significant first-strike incentives, such as counterspace weapons. Because of its complexity, the new superpower security dilemma will be very hard to mitigate, and the military competition between China and the United States is likely to remain severe.