Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Raison Charles L. , Sanacora Gerard , Woolley Joshua , Heinzerling Keith , Dunlop Boadie W. , Brown Randall T. , Kakar Rishi , Hassman Michael , Trivedi Rupal P. , Robison Reid , Gukasyan Natalie , Nayak Sandeep M. , Hu Xiaojue , O’Donnell Kelley C. , Kelmendi Benjamin , Sloshower Jordan , Penn Andrew D. , Bradley Ellen , Kelly Daniel F. , Mletzko Tanja , Nicholas Christopher R. , Hutson Paul R. , Tarpley Gary , Utzinger Malynn , Lenoch Kelsey , Warchol Kasia , Gapasin Theraysa , Davis Mike C. , Nelson-Douthit Courtney , Wilson Steffanie , Brown Carrie , Linton William , Johnson Matthew W. , Ross Stephen , Griffiths Roland R. 
Published: August 2023

ImportancePsilocybin shows promise as a treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD).ObjectiveTo evaluate the magnitude, timing, and durability of antidepressant effects and safety of a single dose of psilocybin in patients with MDD.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this phase 2 trial conducted between December 2019 and June 2022 at 11 research sites in the US, participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive a single dose of psilocybin vs niacin placebo administered with psychological support. Participants were adults aged 21 to 65 years with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition diagnosis of MDD of at least 60 days’ duration and moderate or greater symptom severity. Exclusion criteria included history of psychosis or mania, active substance use disorder, and active suicidal ideation with intent. Participants taking psychotropic agents who otherwise met inclusion/exclusion criteria were eligible following medication taper. Primary and secondary outcomes and adverse events (AEs) were assessed at baseline (conducted within 7 days before dosing) and at 2, 8, 15, 29, and 43 days after dosing.InterventionsInterventions were a 25-mg dose of synthetic psilocybin or a 100-mg dose of niacin in identical-appearing capsules, each administered with psychological support.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was change in central rater–assessed Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score (range, 0-60; higher scores indicate more severe depression) from baseline to day 43. The key secondary outcome measure was change in MADRS score from baseline to day 8. Other secondary outcomes were change in Sheehan Disability Scale score from baseline to day 43 and MADRS-defined sustained response and remission. Participants, study site personnel, study sponsor, outcome assessors (raters), and statisticians were blinded to treatment assignment.ResultsA total of 104 participants (mean [SD] age, 41.1 [11.3] years; 52 [50%] women) were randomized (51 to the psilocybin group and 53 to the niacin group). Psilocybin treatment was associated with significantly reduced MADRS scores compared with niacin from baseline to day 43 (mean difference,−12.3 [95% CI, −17.5 to −7.2]; P &amp;lt;.001) and from baseline to day 8 (mean difference, −12.0 [95% CI, −16.6 to −7.4]; P &amp;lt; .001). Psilocybin treatment was also associated with significantly reduced Sheehan Disability Scale scores compared with niacin (mean difference, −2.31 [95% CI, −3.50 to −1.11]; P &amp;lt; .001) from baseline to day 43. More participants receiving psilocybin had sustained response (but not remission) than those receiving niacin. There were no serious treatment-emergent AEs; however, psilocybin treatment was associated with a higher rate of overall AEs and a higher rate of severe AEs.Conclusions and RelevancePsilocybin treatment was associated with a clinically significant sustained reduction in depressive symptoms and functional disability, without serious adverse events. These findings add to increasing evidence that psilocybin—when administered with psychological support—may hold promise as a novel intervention for MDD.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03866174