bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coinage and Coin Use
Authors: Haselgrove Colin 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter reviews the use of coinage by Iron Age peoples in non-Mediterranean Europe, drawing on data from excavations, metal detecting, and scientific studies. Introduced around 300 BC, precious metal coinages soon spread across Celtic Europe, ultimately reaching Britain. Bronze was used increasingly widely from the second century BC. Following consideration of current explanations for the adoption of Iron Age coinage, its evolving functions are explored though contextual studies of coin finds from archaeological sites. Analysis suggests that many coin deposits had a ritual significance and that Iron Age coins were used primarily to fulfil elite social and political obligations; wider monetization did not occur until the Roman conquest. During the early centuries AD, Roman coins found their way to groups beyond the frontiers who had hitherto resisted the concept; but here too coin use was confined to the elite and military spheres.
Contextualizing Problem-Based Learning
Authors: Rehmat Abeera P. , Glazewski Krista , Hmelo-Silver Cindy E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses problem-based learning as a powerful pedagogy that is able to facilitate students’ higher order thinking, knowledge development, and transferable knowledge and skills. Grounded in the constructivist approaches, problem-based learning is a robust methodology for teaching and learning. Problem-based learning supports learners’ active engagement and collaboration in real-world scenarios. The ill structured problem-based learning scenarios/problems allow for seamless content integration that cultivate real-world connections and assist learners to achieve a new level of conceptual understanding. Problem-based learning embodies many critical characteristics, some of which are unique to this instructional methodology. These key features comprise learning that is driven by problems, an inquiry cycle, collaboration, self-directed learning, facilitation, and scaffolding. These features coupled with a facilitator enhance students’ motivation and their construction of usable knowledge. Most importantly, the unique aspects allow problem-based learning to be interdisciplinary.
Motivational Interventions in Education
Authors: Rosenzweig Emily Q. , Wigfield Allan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In recent decades there has been a large increase in the number of researchers working to design motivational interventions, which are experimental programs that aim to improve students’ motivation in real-world learning contexts. This work has shown promising results, but in order to produce positive effects of interventions it is essential that researchers conduct, implement, and evaluate these programs carefully. This chapter synthesizes empirical intervention research across five major theories of motivation in the field of educational psychology, along with reviews of different facets of the motivational intervention literature, with a goal to discuss five key questions that researchers who wish to conduct a novel motivational intervention should consider prior to conducting a study. They are the following: (1) What is the theory of change guiding the intervention? (2) Should the intervention target a single motivational construct or multiple motivational constructs? (3) What methodological issues should I consider when designing the intervention? (4) Does the intervention have subgroup effects? (5) Is it ethical to implement the intervention in my chosen context? We discuss each topic and offer conclusions to help guide researchers in the design of future motivational interventions.
Enhanced genome-wide association reveals the role ofYABBY11-NGATHA-LIKE1in leaf serration development ofPopulus
Authors: Liu Peng , Bu Chenhao , Chen Panfei , El-Kassaby Yousry A , Zhang Deqiang , Song Yuepeng 
Published: December 2022

AbstractLeaf margins are complex plant morphological features that contribute to leaf shape diversity, which affects plant structure, yield, and adaptation. Although several leaf margin regulators have been identified to date, the genetic basis of their natural variation has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we profiled two distinct leaf morphology types (serrated and smooth) using the persistent homology mathematical framework (PHMF) in two poplar species (Populus tomentosa and Populus simonii, respectively). A combined genome-wide association study (GWAS) and expression quantitative trait nucleotide (eQTN) mapping were applied to create a leaf morphology control module using data from P. tomentosa and P. simonii populations. Natural variation in leaf margins was associated with YABBY11 (YAB11) transcript abundance in poplar. In P. tomentosa, PtoYAB11 carries a premature stop codon (PtoYAB11PSC), resulting in the loss of its positive regulation of NGATHA-LIKE1 (PtoNGAL-1) and RIBULOSE BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE LARGE SUBUNIT (PtoRBCL). Overexpression of PtoYAB11PSC promoted serrated leaf margins, enlarged leaves, enhanced photosynthesis, and increased biomass. Overexpression of PsiYAB11 in P. tomentosa promoted smooth leaf margins, higher stomatal density, and greater light damage repair ability. In poplar, YAB11-NGAL1 is sensitive to environmental conditions, acts as a positive regulator of leaf margin serration, and may also link environmental signaling to leaf morphological plasticity.
Evidence for scale-dependent root-augmentation feedback and its role in halting the spread of a pantropical shrub into an endemic sedge
Authors: Bennett Jamie J R , Gomes Anabele S , Ferré Michel A , Bera Bidesh K , Borghetti Fabian , Callaway Ragan M , Meron Ehud 
Published: December 2022

AbstractVegetation pattern formation is a widespread phenomenon in resource-limited environments, but the driving mechanisms are largely unconfirmed empirically. Combining results of field studies and mathematical modeling, empirical evidence for a generic pattern-formation mechanism is demonstrated with the clonal shrub Guilandina bonduc L. (hereafter Guilandina) on the Brazilian island of Trindade. The mechanism is associated with water conduction by laterally spread roots and root augmentation as the shoot grows—a crucial element in the positive feedback loop that drives spatial patterning. Assuming precipitation-dependent root–shoot relations, the model accounts for the major vegetation landscapes on Trindade Island, substantiating lateral root augmentation as the driving mechanism of Guilandina patterning. Guilandina expands into surrounding communities dominated by the Trindade endemic, Cyperus atlanticus Hemsl. (hereafter Cyperus). It appears to do so by decreasing the water potential in soils below Cyperus through its dense lateral roots, leaving behind a patchy Guilandina-only landscape. We use this system to highlight a novel form of invasion, likely to apply to many other systems where the invasive species is pattern-forming. Depending on the level of water stress, the invasion can take two distinct forms: (i) a complete invasion at low stress that culminates in a patchy Guilandina-only landscape through a spot-replication process, and (ii) an incomplete invasion at high stress that begins but does not spread, forming isolated Guilandina spots of fixed size, surrounded by bare-soil halos, in an otherwise uniform Cyperus grassland. Thus, drier climates may act selectively on pattern-forming invasive species, imposing incomplete invasion and reducing the negative effects on native species.
Unemployment Insurance in Macroeconomic Stabilization
Authors: Kekre Rohan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
I study unemployment insurance (UI) in general equilibrium with incomplete markets, search frictions, and nominal rigidities. An increase in generosity raises the aggregate demand for consumption if the unemployed have a higher marginal propensity to consume than the employed or if agents precautionary save in light of future income risk. This raises output and employment unless monetary policy raises the nominal interest rate. In an analysis of the U.S. economy over 2008–2014, UI benefit extensions had a contemporaneous output multiplier around 1. The unemployment rate would have been as much as 0.4 pp higher absent these extensions.
Postoperative Delirium after Dexmedetomidine versus Propofol Sedation in Healthy Older Adults Undergoing Orthopedic Lower Limb Surgery with Spinal Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Shin Hyun-Jung , Woo Nam Sun , Kim Heeyeon , Yim Subin , Han Sung-Hee , Hwang Jung-Won , Do Sang-Hwan , Na Hyo-Seok 
Published: December 2022

Background
Delirium is a critical postoperative complication in older patients. Based on the hypothesis that intraoperative dexmedetomidine sedation would lower postoperative delirium than propofol sedation would, the authors compared the incidence of postoperative delirium in older adults, using the mentioned sedatives.

Methods
This double-blinded, randomized controlled study included 748 patients, aged 65 yr or older, who were scheduled for elective lower extremity orthopedic surgery, between June 2017 and October 2021. Patients were randomized equally into two groups in a 1:1 ratio according to the intraoperative sedative used (dexmedetomidine vs. propofol). The postoperative delirium incidence was considered the primary outcome measure; it was determined using the confusion assessment method, on the first three postoperative days. The mean arterial pressure and heart rate were evaluated as secondary outcomes.

Results
The authors enrolled 732 patients in the intention-to-treat analyses. The delirium incidence was lower in the dexmedetomidine group than in the propofol group (11 [3.0%] vs. 24 [6.6%]; odds ratio, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.201 to 0.86; P = 0.036). During sedation, the mean arterial pressure (median [interquartile range] mmHg) was higher in the dexmedetomidine group (77 [71 to 84]) than in the propofol group (74 [69 to 79]; P < 0.001); however, it significantly fell lower (74 [68 to 80]) than that of the propofol group (80 [74 to 87]) in the postanesthesia care unit (P < 0.001). Lower heart rates (beats/min) were recorded with the use of dexmedetomidine than with propofol, both during sedation (60 [55 to 66] vs. 63 [58 to 70]) and in the postanesthesia care unit (64 [58 to 72] vs. 68 [62–77]; P < 0.001).

Conclusions
Dexmedetomidine showed a lower incidence of postoperative delirium than propofol in healthy older adults undergoing lower extremity orthopedic surgery.

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Applications of human amniotic fluid stem cells in wound healing
Authors: Luo Han , Wang Zhen , Qi Fang , Wang Dali 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Complete wound regeneration preserves skin structure and physiological functions, including sensation and perception of stimuli, whereas incomplete wound regeneration results in fibrosis and scarring. Amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) would be a kind of cell population with self-renewing and non-immunogenic ability that have a considerable role in wound generation. They are easy to harvest, culture, and store; moreover, they are non-tumorigenic and not subject to ethical restrictions. They can differentiate into different kinds of cells that replenish the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and accessory organs. Additionally, AFSCs independently produce paracrine effectors and secrete them in exosomes, thereby modulating local immune cell activity. They demonstrate anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, regulate the physicochemical microenvironment of the wound, and promote full wound regeneration. Thus, AFSCs are potential resources in stem cell therapy, especially in scar-free wound healing. This review describes the biological characteristics and clinical applications of AFSCs in treating wounds and provide new ideas for the treatment of wound healing.
Exosomal miR-485-3p derived from pancreatic ductal epithelial cells inhibits pancreatic cancer metastasis through targeting PAK1
Authors: Li Mingzhe , Zhou Jiaxin , Zhang Zhengkui , Li Jisong , Wang Feng , Ma Ling , Tian Xiaodong , Mao Zebin , Yang Yinmo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background:
Cell competition is an important feature in pancreatic cancer (PC) progression, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. This study aims to explore the role of exosomes derived from normal pancreatic ductal epithelial cells involved in PC progression.

Methods:
PC cells and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) were treated with exosomes isolated from pancreatic ductal epithelial cells. Cell proliferation was assessed by CCK8 assays. Cell migration and invasion were assessed by Transwell assays. PC and matched adjacent non-tumor tissue specimens were obtained from 46 patients pathologically diagnosed with PC at Peking University First Hospital from 2013 to 2017. Tissue miR-485-3p and p21-activated kinase-1 (PAK1) expression was examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the relationship of the two was analyzed using Pearman's product-moment correlation. The clinical significance of miR-485-3p was analyzed using the Chi-square test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and Fisher exact probability, respectively. The binding of miR-485-3p to PAK1 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) was examined by luciferase assay. PC cells were xenografted into nude mice as a PC metastasis model.

Results:
Exosomes from pancreatic ductal epithelial cells suppressed PC cell migration and invasion as well as the secretion and migration of PSCs. MiR-485-3p was enriched in the exosomes of pancreatic ductal epithelial cells but deficient in those of PC cells and PSCs, in accordance with the lower level in PSCs and PC cells than that in pancreatic ductal cells. And the mature miR-485-3p could be delivered into these cells by the exosomes secreted by normal pancreatic duct cells, to inhibit PC cell migration and invasion. Clinical data analysis showed that miR-485-3p was significantly decreased in PC tissues (P < 0.05) and was negatively associated with lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.044). As a direct target of miR-485-3p, PAK1 was found to exert an inhibitory effect on PC cells, and there was a significantly negative correlation between the expression levels of miR-485-3p and PAK1 (r = −0.6525, P < 0.0001) in PC tissues. Moreover, miR-485-3p could suppress PC metastasis in vivo by targeting p21-activated kinase-1.

Conclusions:
Exosomal miR-485-3p delivered by normal pancreatic ductal epithelial cells into PC cells inhibits PC metastasis by directly targeting PAK1. The restoration of miR-485-3p by exosomes or some other vehicle might be a novel approach for PC treatment.
Clinical Characteristics of Basal Cell Carcinomas of the Vulva: An Institutional Retrospective Review
Authors: Muñoz Genevieve , Singla Parteek , Hurst Eva , Council M. Laurin 
Published: December 2022

BACKGROUND
There are limited data on the etiology, clinical characteristics, and optimal treatment of vulvar basal cell carcinoma (BCC).

OBJECTIVE
This retrospective review may aid in treatment decisions for vulvar BCC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A retrospective review of our institutional CoPath database was performed, using search terms to identify cases of vulvar BCCs from 2000 to 2018.

RESULTS
A total of 35 cases of vulvar BCC were included. Patient age ranged from 33 to 97 years with a mean age of 70 years. Of the 35 cases, 28 (80%) involved the cutaneous vulva, 6 (17%) involved the suprapubic area, and 1 (3%) involved the clitoris. Most vulvar BCCs were treated by wide local excision (46%) and vulvectomies (37%), with 3 cases treated with Mohs (11%) and 2 with electrodesiccation and curettage (6%). Preoperative tumor sizes were 0.86 cm2 for Mohs, 0.94 cm2 for excision, and 1.54 cm2 for vulvectomy. The mean margins were 3 mm for Mohs, 4.4 mm for wide local excision, and 6 mm for vulvectomy. Most cases (77%) were identified and treated by gynecology.

CONCLUSION
Mohs micrographic surgery should be considered for the advantages of being tissue sparing, evaluating the complete peripheral and deep margin, and avoiding the costs and risks of general anesthesia.
Noninvasive Hands-free Bipolar Radiofrequency Facial Remodeling Device for the Improvement of Skin Appearance
Authors: Labadie Jessica G. , Chilukuri Suneel , Cohen Joel , Kilmer Suzanne , Lupo Mary , Rohrich Rod , Dover Jeffrey S. 
Published: December 2022

BACKGROUND
Aging is a multifactorial response to genetic preprogramming nuances, sun exposure, and ultraviolet radiation. Recently, there has been a paradigm shift toward minimally invasive rejuvenation.

OBJECTIVE
This prospective multicenter study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a novel hands-free bipolar bulk radiofrequency (RF) device in terms of improvement in skin appearance.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
This multicenter prospective study enrolled subjects aged 35 to 75 years with visible signs of aging. The primary objective was to evaluate skin appearance pretreatment and at 1, 3, and 6 months after the final treatment. Each patient received 3 total treatments to the chin and cheeks using the hands-free RF device spaced 2 weeks apart.

RESULTS
In total, data from 87 patients were assessed from 6 treatment sites. The average age was 54 years (range 35–75 years). Most patients were female (97%), and Fitzpatrick skin types I to V were represented. Overall, patients found the procedures to be relatively pain-free, and both patients and investigators felt they noted some improvement in their skin appearance. Histological sections demonstrated an increase in collagen or elastic fibers within the papillary dermis.

CONCLUSION
This study supports the use of this novel noninvasive hands-free bipolar facial remodeling device for the improvement of skin appearance.
Application of Resuspension Data of Respirable Particles for Early Phase Inhalation Following Deposition Contamination in Radiological Emergencies
Authors: Lange Florentin , Koch Wolfgang 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In model experiments, wind resuspension rates, Rr, of respirable particles (<10 μm, aerodynamic diameter) and their time dependence after deposition on representatively contaminated urban surfaces were measured under real-life conditions, taking into account different weather conditions (wind velocities, precipitation) as well as countermeasures (fixation). For contamination by dry deposition of particles, short-term resuspension rates averaged over the first half hour,

after exposure to wind with a friction velocity, u*, of 0.8 m s−1 ranged between 0.1% h−1 and 2% h−1 depending on the surface material, whereas after wet deposition, resuspension rates were two orders of magnitude lower. The time pattern of the resuspension rates followed a power law decrease, Rr
∝ t
−μ
, with values of μ close to 1. The measurements revealed a strong dependence on friction velocity,

. For a larger area of 200 × 800 m2 contaminated with 106 Bq m−2 of particles in the respirable size range, applying a simple Gaussian dispersion model airborne activity concentration (Bq m−3) was calculated. On this basis, for an initial time of high windspeed, a cautious resuspension factor of Rf = 5 10−6 m−1 is derived for the first day, which diminishes inversely with time. The exposure of persons to external radiation and to inhaled airborne radioactivity is compared with examples for three radionuclides representing strong beta-, gamma- and alpha-radiation.
Post-traumatic growth in family members of childhood cancer survivors—an updated systematic review
Authors: Halldorsdottir Berglind , Michel Gisela , Baenziger Julia 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background:
Childhood cancer affects not only the patients, but their entire family. We systematically reviewed recent evidence of post-traumatic growth (PTG) among family members of childhood cancer survivors (CCS).

Methods:
We updated a systematic review of PTG among family members of CCS (including new evidence from March 2010 to December 2021). We screened 4 databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and SCOPUS). Key study information and results were extracted for the quality appraisal. We narratively synthesized the evidence for reported levels and domains of PTG in caregivers (aim 1) and siblings (aim 2) and associated sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics (aim 3) in families of CCS.

Results:
Of the 646 identified articles, 16 met eligibility criteria. Eleven studies used quantitative (all cross-sectional), 3 qualitative, and 2 mixed methods. Participants included parents and other primary caregivers (11 studies), grandparents (1 study), and siblings (5 studies). Most caregivers reported high levels of PTG, most often involving personal growth and stronger/closer family relationships. Siblings reported low-to-moderate PTG, with an emphasis on appreciating life and becoming more independent and mature. While sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were not associated with PTG, psychosocial factors such as personal resources, including social support and coping strategies, were associated with PTG outcomes.

Conclusion:
In the past decade, few studies have assessed PTG among families of CCS despite the call to focus on families in a previous review. We found that social support and proactive coping strategies may be the most helpful in promoting PTG.
The Impact of Exogenous Testosterone on Breast Cancer Risk in Transmasculine Individuals
Authors: Gurrala Rakesh R. , Kumar Taruni , Yoo Aran , Mundinger Gerhard S. , Womac Daniel J. , Lau Frank H. 
Published: December 2022

Background
Exogenous testosterone is vital to gender-affirming therapy for transmasculine individuals. Testosterone may be implicated in breast cancer (BCa) because it can activate androgen and estrogen receptors. To further explore this risk, we performed a systematic review to investigate the impact of exogenous testosterone on BCa risk in transmasculine individuals.

Methods
We searched PubMed/MEDLINE and Ovid/Embase for clinical and preclinical studies assessing BCa and testosterone therapy and screened 6125 articles independently. We ascertained level of evidence using a modified tool from Cook et al (Chest. 1992;102:305S–311S) and risk of bias using a modified Joanna Briggs Institute's Critical Appraisal Tool.

Results
Seventy-six studies were included. Epidemiological data suggested that BCa incidence was higher in transmasculine individuals compared with cisgender men but lower compared with cisgender women. Histological studies of transmasculine breast tissue samples also demonstrated a low incidence of precancerous lesions. Interestingly, cases demonstrated that BCa occurred at a younger average age in transmasculine individuals and was predominantly hormone receptor positive. The mechanism for BCa in transmasculine individuals may be related to androgen receptor stimulation or conversion to estradiol. Serum studies reported varied estradiol levels associated with exogenous testosterone. Animal and in vitro studies demonstrated that testosterone was growth inhibitory but may induce proliferation at higher doses or with low estradiol levels.

Conclusions
Plastic surgeons play a critical role in providing gender-affirming care for transmasculine patients. The limited studies available suggest that this patient population has decreased risk for BCa when compared with cisgender women; however, any BCa that does occur may have different clinical presentations and underlying mechanisms compared with cisgender women and men. Overall, the limitations for clinical studies and discrepancies among preclinical studies warrant further investigation.