bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Burhan Wani, Zakir Musa, and Syed Salahuddin from the Hizbul Mujahideen
Authors: Aggarwal Neil Krishan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents case studies of leaders from the Hizbul Mujahideen: Burhan Wani used the internet to promote militancy in Indian-administered Kashmir, Zakir Musa seceded from the Hizbul Mujahideen to found Al Qaeda’s local affiliate, and Syed Salahuddin currently heads the organization. The chapter interprets primary sources in Arabic, English, and Urdu through theories in social and political psychology. Burhan Wani idealized violence during his adolescence after being humiliated by security forces. Zakir Musa wanted to do “something” for Kashmir after leaving home for college and experiencing police brutality as an adolescent. Salahuddin has nurtured a lifelong desire to see Indian-administered Kashmir independent. Two cross-cultural targets for intervention emerge from the psychopolitical formulations of these militants: (1) Challenging support for political violence among early childhood and adolescent figures and (2) reforming police forces through evidence-based practices that monitor use of force.
Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, Ajmal Kasab, and Saifullah Khalid from the Lashkar-e-Tayyaba
Authors: Aggarwal Neil Krishan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Lashkar-e-Tayyaba (LeT) runs several organizations. The LeT wages militancy in Kashmir. Its charity, the Jamaat-ud-Dawa (JuD), administers hundreds of educational institutions. It also started a now-defunct political party known as the Milli Muslim League (MML) to field candidates for Pakistan’s 2018 elections. This chapter presents psychological case studies of the LeT’s chief, Hafiz Muhammad Saeed; the militant leader Ajmal Kasab, who was apprehended in 2008 during an attack in Mumbai; and the JuD Director Saifullah Khalid, who previously headed the MML. The chapter analyzes mosque sermons, press statements, media interviews, and Kasab’s videotaped confession. Hafiz Muhammad Saeed’s motivation for violence occurred after his family migrated from India to Pakistan in 1947. Ajmal Kasab wanted to escape poverty. Saifullah Khalid’s motivation appears to be avenging militant relatives. Two cross-cultural targets for intervention emerge. Governments must (1) promote nonviolence in social organizations such as schools and (2) craft counter-messages with religious leaders that promote tolerance in places of worship.
Maulana Masood Azhar, Afzal Guru, and Adil Ahmed Dar from the Jaish-e-Mohammad
Authors: Aggarwal Neil Krishan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) is the only militant group to bring India and Pakistan to war. This chapter presents studies of three militant leaders from the JeM: its chief Maulana Masood Azhar; Afzal Guru, who facilitated the JeM’s attack on India’s Parliament in 2001; and Adil Ahmed Dar, whose suicide attack in 2019 triggered conflict between India and Pakistan. The chapter analyzes Azhar’s sermons, books on jihad, media interviews, Guru’s book, and Dar’s attack video. Maulana Masood Azhar has wanted to defend Islam, first in Afghanistan from the Soviet Union and then in India after the Babri Masjid’s destruction. Afzal Guru’s motivation appeared to be revenge against humiliation from Indian security forces. Adil Ahmed Dar also experienced humiliation from Indian security forces. Psychopolitical formulations show the need for deradicalization interventions after militants enter the criminal justice system to avoid recidivism.
Conclusion
Authors: Aggarwal Neil Krishan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Case studies can synthesize research across subfields in psychiatry and psychology to examine the personalities of militant leaders. This chapter compares and contrasts militant leaders according to personality traits, motivations for violence, skills and abilities, and significant life events. A developmental perspective can clarify which interventions could have maximal impact in the psychology of militant leadership. Aggregating psychopolitical formulations can also reveal targets for deradicalization and counterterrorism interventions. The chapter concludes with a developmental typology of militant leadership that can be adopted cross-culturally in other geographic regions. Political violence continues to pose a threat to civilians in North America, Europe, the Middle East, and South Asia. Cross-cultural psychological studies of militancy can produce applied research toward violence prevention while also calling attention to the very circumstances that incite militancy.
“I wanted to offer a brief explanation for the locking of this thread”
Authors: Gordon Cynthia 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines online discussion board moderator participation, focusing on how one moderator accomplishes a single action across multiple threads: how she announces that she is “locking” a thread, or terminating the discussion because one or more of the guidelines or rules of the boards—such as not attacking another poster—has been violated. The analysis shows the role of intertextuality in accomplishing the face-threatening metadiscursive action of announcing a thread’s locking. Specifically, it shows how the moderator uses the boards’ standard letter-like template, adjusts the template’s text, and uses GIFs that relate to some prior element(s) of the thread. Examination of how this moderator completes this administrative task using these strategies demonstrates how she simultaneously entertains users and constructs her own identity as creative and knowledgeable about pop culture. Thus, the face-threatening metadiscursive action, via uses of intertextuality, is framed as playful and builds solidarity among members of the group.
“I would suggest you tell this ^^^ to your doctor”
Authors: Gordon Cynthia 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines one thread wherein participants collaboratively accomplish problem-solving regarding an offline interaction reported by an original poster who describes how her doctor commented on her body weight in a way that she found inappropriate. The poster seeks encouragement and support and contributes repeatedly to the unfolding discussion. In addressing the original poster’s problem, which entails producing discourse about discourse, participants draw on specific intertextual linking strategies: they pose information-seeking questions, paraphrase and reframe others’ discourse, tell matching stories, create constructed dialogue, use the boards’ quotation function, point (such as through the “^” symbol), and give advice. The participants thereby collaboratively evaluate and make sense of offline communication, both the original poster’s described encounter and their own similar encounters with healthcare providers. In providing online support, posters also produce metadiscourse that lends insight into their expectations about successful doctor–patient communication about body weight.
“He’s got a right to be upset if your phone is in your face when he’s trying to spend time with you”
Authors: Gordon Cynthia 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates one online discussion thread started by a poster who reports arguing (offline) with her partner, who does not like her using the weight loss app that is affiliated with the board where she posts. Posters to the thread discuss how using the app (to record one’s food and exercise) and the online discussion boards may influence offline intimate partners’ communication. Drawing on theorizing on communication and culture, this chapter’s analysis demonstrates the intertextual construction of posters’ expectations regarding how to use the app and discussion boards on the one hand, and how to interact with their partners on the other. It also reveals more general expectations about communication in intimate relationships. These expectations are that quality time and communication (which are relatively free of digital technology) are important to partner relationships; partners should be somewhat open about their technology use; and partners should strike a balance between autonomy and connection.
“A Mirror and a Handlamp”
Authors: Ollett Andrew 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys the reception of Dandin’s Mirror of Literature in the Kannada-speaking world, focusing on the Way of the Poet-King, composed in the later ninth century—the earliest surviving work of Kannada literature, and the earliest adaptation of Dandin’s Mirror in any language—and the Ornament of King Udayaditya, dating to the twelfth century. Dandin was not just a source for the Way, but a model of how to engage creatively and critically with the discourses of literature and poetics. The Way goes beyond Dandin, however, in its pioneering theorization of the use of a vernacular language, Kannada, for literature, and its detailed and influential discussion of how to “calibrate” the expressive resources of the Sanskrit and Kannada languages within a single work.
“May It Always Be about Adding Beauty to Beauty”
Authors: Hallisey Charles 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the story of Dandin’s Mirror of Literature in Sri Lanka. That story begins early in the Mirror’s reception history with the ninth- or tenth-century Sinhala Poetics for This Language of Ours (Siyabaslakara), one of the earliest engagements with the Mirror in any language. Engagement with the Mirror in Sri Lanka continued, albeit in quite varied forms and modes, into the twentieth century and continues even today. Engagement with Dandin’s Mirror in Sri Lanka is notably varied by language. There were major adaptations of the Mirror in Sinhala and in Pali, as well as exegetical works on these works. Ratnashrijnana’s tenth-century Sanskrit commentary on the Mirror was also known and studied in Sri Lanka. The Mirror’s impact is centrally visible in the island’s literary history, as the model set in motion by these earlier engagements remained foundational to its literary and religious cultures for centuries.
Folding Figures
Authors: Clare Jennifer , Shulman David 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the complex, evolving role of Dandin’s Mirror in the story of Tamil literature. The chapter focuses on three key moments, beginning with a profound shift in thinking about literary language that occurred between the sixth and ninth centuries in Tamil. This transformation had no single point of origin, yet clearly resonated with the discussion of figuration found in the Mirror, itself a product of this South Indian literary milieu. By the twelfth century, the Mirror had emerged as the dominant model for Tamil scholarship on figuration, while Tamil poets continued to explore new figures that played with increasingly complex linguistic relationships. The chapter concludes with a set of sixteenth-century texts that integrated Dandin’s poetics with other Tamil poetic systems, reflecting a move toward synthesis characteristic of this later period. By revisiting the Mirror’s key role in Tamil literary culture, the chapter complicates the standard narrative of the relationship between Tamil and Sanskrit, as well as the relationship between the translocal and vernacular more generally.
Jubilee
Authors: Redmond Shana L. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
To understand the “positive” elements of human life, the question of “how?” looms large. How do people make themselves and each other happy? Distinct from the question of “why,” the question of “how” suggests that critical attention needs to be paid not simply to the context and conditions under which people live, but also the imaginaries that make their improvement possible. This chapter explores the musical techniques that make imagination real—the sometimes quotidian (yet unexpected) and sometimes spectacular musical utterances, performances, and habits grown from Black people’s investment in the joys and possibilities of play(ing). Play is not simply that which is performed unthinkingly, but also that which is studied, rehearsed, and intentional. Improvisation is but one element of this study and reveals itself often as a surprise for listeners. “Jubilee” lingers in these ephemeral moments in order to consider the life-worlds—the opportunities for its performers and witnesses to be well—that make possible a science of the impossible.
The Music Scholar as a Type of Non-Musician
Authors: Decker Todd 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter posits a predicament specific to music scholars: loss of one’s status as a musician in the shift from the applied pursuit of music (creating musical sound) to the academic study of music as a humanities discipline (researching, writing, and speaking about musical sound). The identity of most music scholars is forged in childhood as performers. But this identity is often set aside when career-defining choices concerning post-graduate education and professionalization are made. Consequently, the music scholar’s identity as a type of non-musician has become a condition of the academic discipline of music studies. This chapter seeks to describe the contours of this condition, arguing that the identities of musician and humanities scholar are incompatible. Once theorized, this incompatibility leads to a questioning of the ultimate utility of music scholarship and a remediation of the music scholar’s non-musician status.
They Say, “Music Should Be Seen but Not Heard”
Authors: Heller Wendy 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter uses the Princeton University Department of Music as a case study to explore the complex and often contradictory attitudes toward the study of music in elite liberal schools in the United States since World War II. This discussion includes the growing importance of music performance at elite liberal arts universities and the extent to which participation in performance positively impacts the physical and mental well-being of students. The chapter also suggests that musical training within a liberal arts institution—as opposed to a conservatory or a music school—might enhance the lives of those students who later pursue careers as professional musicians.
Rethinking Women’s Music-Making through the Lens of Human Flourishing
Authors: Fauser Annegret 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Feminist musicological inquiry has shown that music-making has been a uniquely empowering activity for women and girls in Western culture, even in an environment where other restrictions curtailed their flourishing along gendered, class, and racial boundaries. Although musicological research has revealed the positive aspects of women’s musicking, scholarly discourse often emphasizes the restrictions that made individual women’s achievements all the more exceptional. Using a series of case studies, his chapter proposes that rethinking women’s music-making through the lens of human flourishing might provide a different narrative that emphasizes the empowering, creative, joyful, and affirmative quality of female musical achievement without neglecting or denying the systemic oppression of gender inequality. The focus is a historical and scholarly reflection with examples drawn from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. Fauser also examines her two decades of experience teaching courses on female-presenting musicians as part of the general-education curriculum of a public university in the American South.
The Metaphysics of Margaret Cavendish and Anne Conway
Authors: Lascano Marcy P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This book is an examination of the metaphysical systems of Margaret Cavendish and Anne Conway, who share many superficial similarities. By providing a detailed analysis of their views on substance, monism, self-motion, individuation, and identity over time, as well as causation, perception, and freedom, it demonstrates the interesting ways in which their accounts differ. Seeing their systems in tandem highlights the originality of each philosopher. In addition to providing the details of their metaphysical views, the book also shows how they put these views to use: for Cavendish in grounding her natural philosophy and for Conway in developing her theodicy. The account of Cavendish is more naturalistic than current interpretations. It argues that God plays no substantive role in Cavendish’s philosophy. The book provides an account of Cavendish’s matter and her biological holism. It shows how sensitive and rational matter are expressed differently in different natural kinds. It provides the first account of Cavendish’s views on individuation and identity over time and a detailed account of her views on causation, arguing that nature is the only principal cause. The book also provides an account of Conway’s spiritual substance, arguing that it is a unique type of substance. It discusses Conway’s two types of motions and causation. In addition, a detailed account of her view of motion as a mode of body, and how it is transferred, is provided. Finally, the book concludes that Conway’s metaphysics and morality are inseparable and that she holds a type of perfectionism.
Matter and Spirit
Authors: Lascano Marcy P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains Cavendish’s and Conway’s views about the explanation for the existence of the world and the nature of substances. It argues that Conway’s conception of God as creator is central to her philosophical system, while Cavendish’s God is credited with creating the world but plays no substantive role in her views about nature. The chapter argues that while Cavendish’s matter comes in three “degrees,” these are not degrees of matter, but of motion, from the most agile and quick self-motion to the limit of inanimate matter that is merely moved. Moreover, Cavendish holds that there is only one matter, which is a homogeneous unity. With respect to the nature of Conway’s spirit, it is demonstrated that spirit is neither immaterial nor material, but a unique substance that has attributes traditionally attributed to both minds or souls and to bodies.
Life and Self-Motion
Authors: Lascano Marcy P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains self-motion in Cavendish and Conway. It examines how Cavendish’s views can be seen as a response to deficits in her contemporaries’ mechanical explanations of motion. It argues that Cavendish’s account of motion cannot be reduced to change of parthood relations, as Cavendish holds that some motions do not involve the addition or subtraction of matter. The limitations of the power of self-motion and its implications for the regularity of nature are explained. With respect to Conway, it is shown that she holds two types of self-motion—vital and local. The chapter argues that Conway holds that the power of vital motion is the result of the essence of creatures, that motion is a mode of body, that these modes are intimately present in bodies, and that vital motion is transferable to other bodies either by the emanation of spirit or through a pressure wave.
Liberty and Necessity
Authors: Lascano Marcy P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the views of Margaret Cavendish and Anne Conway on liberty and necessity. It begins with an overview of the controversies about Cavendish’s views. It then argues that there are three aspects of Cavendish’s philosophy that point to a compatibilist account of freedom: her views on causation, her account of voluntary actions, and the motions of nature. It claims that Cavendish’s views are closer to those of her contemporary, Thomas Hobbes. With respect to Conway, it explicates her libertarian account of freedom for creatures and her compatibilist account of God’s freedom. It addresses two possible problems in Conway’s account: explaining why God would create creatures capable of choosing evil and how creatures directed toward the good are able to choose evil.
Conclusion
Authors: Lascano Marcy P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This brief conclusion discusses the broad ways in which Cavendish’s and Conway’s views differ in accordance with the aims of their philosophical systems. It also discusses the importance of recovering neglected philosophers, texts, and topics to help refine and expand our understanding of seventeen-century philosophy. Finally, it suggests some new avenues of inquiry in the study of Cavendish and Conway. With respect to Cavendish, it suggests that more attention to the various genres in which she wrote and how they serve different philosophical purposes might lead to a greater understanding of her views. With respect to Conway, it notes that the recent discovery of books from her lost library may provide insight into her philosophy.
Motivations
Authors: Chernov Hwang Julie 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Considerable research has been conducted at the individual level exploring motivations for joining and committing to extremist or insurgent groups. Scholars acknowledge a diverse array of factors that motivate or create the conditions for someone to join a terrorist group. This chapter explores the theme of motivations—why one joins Islamist extremist groups. Drawing on original fieldwork, it highlights specific push and pull factors that facilitated initial entry and forays into militant groups. It underscores the important pull of having family or friends already in the group. It then unpacks the roles played by various forms of seeking: redemption, revenge, the desire to affect change for Muslims, additional income, and knowledge about Islam and jihad.
Radical Testimony
Authors: Medina José 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines protest acts as forms of group testimony in anti-racist activism from abolitionism to Black Lives Matter, in feminist activism (e.g., #MeToo), and in the queer activism of ACT UP. The chapter explains how testimonial protest acts can be used to break social silences, to disrupt complicity and insensitivity, and to work toward new forms of social sensibility and a more inclusive political imagination. The author defends a victim-centered view of protest that gives special normative weight to the testimonial protest acts of the victims of injustice. Through case studies, the chapter offers an analysis of radical group testimony, that is, the kind of group testimony that has the potential to transform the public sphere and is established through testimonial protest acts that break hardened social and institutional silences.
Widow Remarriage and Niyoga
Authors: Brick David 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with two conceptually distinct, yet related legal issues concerning widows. The first of these is widow remarriage; the second is niyoga, which is the Sanskrit term for the specific version of levirate practiced in classical India. The reason that these two issues jointly comprise the focus of a single chapter of this book is that, despite the effort of the Hindu legal tradition to dissociate them, they are closely related. The reason that these two issues comprise the focus of the first chapter is that niyoga in particular is the first widow-related issue to become the subject of debate within Dharmaśāstra and, thus, the first such issue where one can see a major shift in Brahmanical opinion over time, specifically a shift from general acceptance to universal rejection. By contrast, the Dharmaśāstra tradition widely opposed the practice of widow remarriage from its inception and support for widow remarriage always constituted a minority position.