bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suppression of Mitogen-Induced Proliferation of Normal Spleen Cells by Macrophages from Chickens Inoculated with Marek's Disease Virus
Authors: Lee Lucy F. , Sharma Jagdev M. , Nazerian Keyvan , Witter Richard L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Spleen cells from chickens 7 days after inoculation with Marek's disease virus (MDV) responded poorly to stimulation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Addition of these cells to syngeneic normal spleen cells caused a marked suppression of the PHA response of the normal cells. The MDV spleen cells also inhibited the DNA synthesis of MSB-1 lymphoblastoid cells in vitro. The suppressive activity is attributed to the presence in MDV spleen cells of a population of suppressor cells with characteristics typical of macrophages. The suppressor cell activity was not removable by treatment with anti-T or anti-B serum with C, but it was reversible by treatment with carrageenan or carbonyl iron/magnet, by passage through glass wool column, and by adherence to plastic Petri dishes. The adherent MDV spleen cells also showed strong suppressor cell activity against syngeneic normal spleen cells.
Tumor Cell Cytostasis by Macrophages and Antibody in Vitro
Authors: Pasternack Gary R. , Johnson Robert J. , Shin Hyun S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a murine system, macrophages, in concert with antibody, were shown to suppress iododeoxyuridine incorporation by tumor cells. The mechanism of suppression did not involve phagocytosis or lysis. The generation of suppressed tumor cells was resolved into a contact-dependent step and a contact-independent step. The first step was one-hit with respect to macrophages and multi-hit with respect to antibody.
Idiotype-Specific Transplantation Resistance to MOPC-315: Abrogation by Post-Immunization Thymectomy
Authors: Daley Michael J. , Gebel Howard M. , Lynch Richard G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The idiotype-specific myeloma transplantation resistance induced in BALB/c mice by immunization with the DNP-binding IgAλ2 protein produced by plasmacytoma MOPC-315 is ablated by post-immunization thymectomy. Sham-thymectomy has no effect. The ablative effect of thymectomy is observed in mice challenged subcutaneously with MOPC-315 cells either 3 days after thymectomy, or after a rest period of 44 days after thymectomy. These observations suggest that short-lived, thymic-dependent suppressive factors may play a role in the idiotype-specific myeloma graft resistance.
Release of Thy-1.2 and Thy-1.1 from Lymphoblastoid Cells: Partial Characterization and Antigenicity of Shed Material
Authors: Freimuth William W. , Esselman Walter J. , Miller Harold C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The ability of shed Thy-1 antigenic moiety from S.49.1 (Thy-1.2, H-2d) and BW5147 (Thy-1.1, H-2k) lymphoblastoid cells to induce primary antibody responses to Thy-1.1 and Thy-1.2 was investigated by using thymocytes as target cells for a plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay. Addition of S.49.1 culture medium to AKR/J (Thy-1.1, H-2k) spleen cells induced a significant anti-Thy-1.2 PFC response against target CBA/J (Thy-1.2, H-2k) thymocytes. In the reciprocal protocol anti-Thy-1.1 PFC responses against target AKR/J thymocytes were elicited by CBA/J spleen cells cultured with BW5147 cell culture medium. Congenic anti-Thy-1.1 sera added to immunizing culture medium provided still another test of specificity because anti-Thy-1.1 PFC responses were abrogated whereas anti-Thy-1.2 PFC responses remained unaffected. In the reverse experiment, addition of congenic anti-Thy-1.2 sera blocked the induction of anti-Thy-1.2 PFC responses.
Kinetics of Thy-1.2 release from S.49.1 cells was studied by radiolabeling the lymphoblastoid cells with 14C-galactose or 14C-glucosamine followed by specific immunoprecipitation of solubilized cell-associated Thy-1.2 and of shed Thy-1.2 with anti-Thy-1.2 sera. Rapid disappearance of radiolabeled Thy-1.2 from S.49.1 cells occurred during the first 2 hr of incubation followed by a gradual synthesis of Thy-1.2 over the next 10 hr. A second phase of release took place between 11.5 and 27.5 hr of incubation. Shed radiolabeled Thy-1.2 appeared rapidly in the culture medium during the first 11.5 hr phase of incubation when more than 60% of the labeled Thy-1.2 material was found to be released. Accumulation of Thy-1.2 in culture medium continued during the prolonged periods of incubation and provided increased anti-Thy-1.2 PFC responses.
The molecular properties of shed Thy-1.2 were studied by chromatography of supernatants from a 45 hr culture of 14C-glucosamine labeled S.49.1 cells on a Sepharose-6B column. Thy-1.2 antigenic activity was primarily detected in fractions from a 14C-radioactive peak of greater than 2 × 106 daltons. In addition, Thy-1 antigenic activity was found in fractions with a m.w. estimated at 3 × 105 daltons. These results indicate that Thy-1 is synthesized and released as a large complex from lymphoblastoid cells.
Complement Depletion in Cryptococcal Sepsis
Authors: Macher Abe M. , Bennett John E. , Gadek James E. , Frank Michael M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Marked depletion of serum opsonins and complement (C) components was documented during cryptococcal septicemia in three patients. Phagocytic indices (PI) obtained with normal (nl) neutrophils and sera from these patients were &lt;0.2 (nl 1.8 to 2.3). Serum total hemolytic C (CH50) was &lt;10% of normal; C3 levels by immunoassay were depressed in all three patients (values were 23, 37, and 24 mg%; nl 80 to 140). Serum C4 levels by bioassay were normal in two patients and depressed in a single patient whose serum contained IgG antibody to Cryptococcus neoformans (CN) (C4 level 2956; nl 70,000 to 193,000). Cleavage products of factor B in serum were demonstrated in the three patients by immunoelectrophoresis. Ability of these sera to mediate C3 binding to CN was severely impaired. Direct immunofluorescence assay detected no C3 fixation to CN. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) of two patients' sera diluted 1/20 detected 36 and 26% normal binding of C3 to CN. Fluorescent and RIA assays with CN-absorbed sera and MgEGTA sera suggest an important role for the alternative C pathway in fixation of opsonic C3 fragments to the CN surface. No depletion of serum opsonins or C components was found in six other patients with cryptococcosis who were not fungemic at time of study.
Guinea pigs given 6 × 108 CN developed fungemia and died within 2 weeks. Their sera revealed depletion of serum opsonins and hypocomplementemia. Mean serum PI was 1.0 (nl 2.2 to 3.3) and mean CH50 was 99 (nl 150 to 300 units/ml). Heat-killed CN in intracardiac doses of 2 × 109 and 5 × 109 cells produced the same phenomenon acutely. Sera obtained at 60 min had PI of 0.7 and 1.1 and CH50 of 119 and 103.
Depletion of serum C components accompanied CN fungemia in both man and experimentally infected guinea pigs. Yeast within the bloodstream may be the direct cause of hypocomplementemia. The resulting loss of serum opsonins may further impair the host's ability to contain the infection.
Metabolic Study of Human IgE: Evidence for an Extravascular Catabolic Pathway
Authors: Iio Atsushi , Waldmann Thomas A. , Strober Warren 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is catabolized at a greater rate than any of the other immunoglobulins. To determine if this is due to an additional pathway of catabolism operating partly in the extravascular compartment, metabolic studies of radioiodinated IgE along with the other four major immunoglobulins were performed in 26 patients with nonallergic diseases and in two normal volunteers. The data of IgE and IgG metabolism were analyzed first by using computer fitting to compartmental models with and without an extravascular catabolic pathway. It was found that the IgE data could be best fit to the former model, whereas the data of IgG metabolism could be best fit to the latter model. The data of IgE and other immunoglobulins were then analyzed with the method of Nosslin. This method provides an intercept value from plots of calculated values derived from the amount of radioiodinated immunoglobulin in the serum and radioiodide in the urine at different time points after injection of labeled immunoglobulin. If the intercept value is equal to 1, there is no extravascular catabolism. The mean intercept value of IgE was 0.68 ± 0.15, which was significantly less than 1 (p &lt; 0.001); similarly, the mean intercept value of IgD was 0.80 ± 0.11, which was also significantly less than 1 (p &lt; 0.01). In contrast, the mean intercept values of IgG, IgA, and IgM were 0.92 ± 0.05, 1.14 ± 0.12, and 1.20 ± 0.31, respectively, which were not significantly different from 1 (p &gt; 0.01). The results indicate that there is definite extravascular catabolism of IgE and possible extravascular catabolism of IgD, whereas there was no significant extravascular catabolism of the other three major immunoglobulin classes (IgG, IgA, and IgM). It is reasonable to propose that this extravascular catabolism is part of a unique catabolic mechanism specific for IgE which is related to unique interactions of IgE with basophils and mast cells.
Misuse of the C3H/HeJ Mouse in the Determination of Endotoxin Contamination of Various Biologic Preparations
Authors: Walker Sharyn M. , Weigle William O. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Much interest was generated when the C3H/HeJ mouse was considered to be refractory to endotoxin, a biologically active product released from Gram-negative bacteria (1, 2). This interest was partly because such a mouse would permit a simple, indirect assay for possible endotoxin contamination in biologic preparations exhibiting the endotoxin-like activity of B cell mitogenesis. For example, if C3H/HeJ splenic B cells with a presumed inability to respond to endotoxin proliferated upon exposure to a certain substance, the mitogenic effect would presumably be due to that substance, not to endotoxin contamination. A precedent for use of the C3H/HeJ mouse in this manner was set with purified protein derivitive (PPD) (1). It was shown that PPD caused proliferation of splenic mouse B cells, including those of the C3H/HeJ to levels equaling that of other mice. Since the C3H/HeJ was considered a low responder to endotoxin, endotoxin contaminants in PPD were excluded as the source of B cell mitogenicity.
Enhancement of Human Eosinophil Complement Receptors by Pharmacologic Mediators
Authors: Anwar A. R. E. , Kay A. B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Human eosinophils and neutrophils were shown to have receptors for rabbit and human IgG, and for the human complement components C4, C3b, and C3d (A. R. E. Anwar and A. B. Kay (1977), J. Immunol. 119: 976, 1977. We now report that agents which have a selective effect on human eosinophil motility in vitro, such as the ECF-A peptides and histamine, also enhance the number of receptors for C3b and C4, but not for IgG and C3d. The ECF-A tetrapeptides (Val-Gly-Ser-Glu and Ala-Gly-Ser-Glu) and histamine increased the percentage of eosinophils forming rosettes with EAC3b by approximately 90%, an effect that was observed in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Neutrophil and monocyte C3b receptors were unaltered by this treatment and other pharmacologic agents such as bradykinin and the prostaglandins E1, E2, and F2α were without effect on any of the cell types when tested in the dose range 10-4 to 10- mole/1.
Evidence for a Linkage Group of the Polymorphic Complement Proteins C4, C2 and Factor B Related to the MHC of the Guinea Pig(GPLA)
Authors: Bitter-Suermann D. , Krönke M. , Hoffmann T. , Geczy A. F. , Hadding U. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Plasma probes of outbred and inbred strains of guinea pigs were investigated by agarose high voltage electrophoresis and isoelectrofocusing in PAGE for polymorphism of the complement proteins C4, C2 and factor B of the alternative pathway. In breeding experiments mode of inheritance and linkage to the GPLA system was studied. The polymorphic complement proteins C4 (with the allelic structural genes C4F(fast), C4S(alow), C4S1 and C4o(deficient)) factor B (with the common alleles BfF and BfS) and C2 (with the frequent alleles C2B(basic), C2A(acidic), and C2A1) are closely linked together. In inbred strains haplotypes of the composition: C4F-BfS-C2A1 or alternatively C4S or S1-BfF-C2B were found. The mode of inheritance of C2A and its linkage to C4 and Bf is a matter of further breeding studies. All three complement proteins are linked to the GPLA system as shown by family studies with well characterized and GPLA-typed inbred strains and outbred animals.
The Activation of the Complement System by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in Vitro. Its Opsonic Effect and Possible Significance for an in Vivo Model of Infection
Authors: Calich Vera L. G. , Kipnis Thereza L. , Mariano M. , Dias Da Silva W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The yeast phase of P. brasiliensis is poorly phagocytosed by “stimulated” mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture. However, either heterologous (sera from patients with South American Blastomycosis) or homologous antibodies (sera from mice chronically infected with P. brasiliensis) greatly enhanced the phagocytosis of P. brasiliensis organisms by macrophages. The same effect was observed when guinea-pig, mouse, or human sera were added to the fungus-macrophage cultures. Heating of the sera at 56°C or the addition of EDTA to the system completely abolished this effect. Conversely, EGTA had no effect. These data indicate that the alternative pathway of complement activation is involved in the expression of this phenomenon. This conclusion is further supported by the fact that Cobra venom Factor (CoF) treated serum, properdin, or factor B depleted serum had no opsonic properties. When yeast cells of P. brasiliensis were incubated with fresh normal serum, the third component of the complement system changed its electophoretic mobility of β1C to β1A.
Brazilian Snake Serum and Venom: Studies of the Alternative Pathway and C3 in Man and Serpent
Authors: Calich Vera L. G. , Kipnis Thereza L. , Dias da Silva W. , Alper Chester A. , Rosen Fred S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It was previously found that antiserum to the anti-complementary protein (CoF) in Naja naja venom cross-reacted with a cobra serum protein with many of the characteristics of C3. Cobra serum but not human C3b inactivator destroyed the activity of CoF.
In the present study, the serum and venom of several types of Brazilian snakes were investigated with respect to 1) reactivity with anti-CoF, 2) ability of the venoms to convert human serum C3, 3) ability of the serum to inactivate CoF, and 4) serum alternative pathway activity.
The serum, but not the venoms, of Bothrops jararaca, B. jararacussu, B. moogeni, and Crothalus terrificus contained a protein reactive with anti-CoF but failed to destroy the alternative pathway activity of CoF for human serum. The anti-CoF-reactive serum protein in each of the Brazilian snake serums converted to a more cathodal form on incubation of the serum with Escherichia coli 055:B5 endotoxin (ET), CoF, zymosan (Z), and BSA-rabbit anti-BSA-specific precipitates (AgAb) but not on heating at 52°C for 30 min nor incubation with hydrazine.
Initial Characterization of the Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte (PMN) C5a Receptor
Authors: Chenoweth D. E. , Hugli T. E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It has been postulated that the potent chemotactic properties of the complement-derived anaphylatoxin C5a are due, at least in part, to the interaction of the peptide with a specific PMN receptor. We have examined the nature of this receptor by two techniques. In the first case, the receptor has been directly demonstrated by examining the cellular binding of 125I-labeled human C5a. Kinetic studies showed that uptake of the labeled peptide was essentially complete within 1–3 min. The C5a binding data obtained under equilibrium conditions, over the concentration range of of 10-11 to 10-7 M, indicated the ED50 for specific binding was 2–6 × 10-9 M. This value is in close agreement with an ED50 of 2–8 × 10-9 M determined for PMN chemotaxis. A total of 1–3 × 105 binding sites per cell was estimated from the uptake results. Because C5a-induced release of lysosomal enzymes from cytochalasin B-treated PMNs closely parallels the binding of C5a, enzymatic release provides direct measure of the C5a-cellular interaction.
Absence of non-DFP-Inhibitable Activities of Factor D̄
Authors: Dieminger L. , Vogt W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Factor D is an active serine esterase capable of specifically cleaving factor B in the presence of C3b and thereby generating the active C3- and C5-convertase C3bBb. In the absence of C3b when nephritic factor (NF) or activated properdin (P̄) is available, D̄ appears to have a different function. Native C3, B, and NF or P̄ form a complex which, dependent on traces of D̄ has C3 cleaving, C3b generating activity. B seems to remain in this complex in its uncleaved form [Schreiber et al., J. Exp. Med. 142, 760 (1975)]. This suggested to us that D̄ might have other than hydrolytic activities, the more so as we found it difficult to completely block its functional activity in the generation of B-dependent enzymes by the esterase inhibitor, DFP.
Single-Chain C4 from Human Plasma
Authors: Gorski J. P. , Müller-Eberhard H. J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Serum C4 has been shown to be composed of three disulfide-linked nonidentical subunits. Recently, Hall and Colten (PNAS 74, 1707, 1977) achieved cell-free synthesis of guinea pig C4 and thereby demonstrated the existence of a single-chain form of C4 (Pro-C4). We now wish to report the isolation of Pro-C4 from human plasma.
Plasma was obtained from fresh, unclotted blood and plasminogen removed by affinity chromatography. Crude total serum C4 was obtained by adsorption to and elution from anti-C4 Sepharose 4B. Gel filtration on Sepharose 6B in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) and 0.6 M ε-aminocaproic acid removed contaminants. Subsequent filtration on Sepharose 6B in 6 M GuHCl and 15 mM Dithiothreitol (DTT) separated single-chain C4 from the three C4 subunits.
Identification of Pro-C4 rests upon its similarity to three-chain C4 with respect to molecular size, amino acid composition and antigenicity. Specifically, comparison of the amino acid composition of both forms revealed them to be indistinguishable.
Biological Activities of the Purified Ba Fragment Derived from Guinea Pig Factor B of the Alternative Pathway
Authors: Hadding U. , Hamuro J. , Bitter-Suermann D. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
While the central function of the Bb fragment as C3 activating enzyme is well recognized, there are up to now no reports concerning the smaller fragment Ba. To ascertain whether Ba exhibits biological functions the following studies were performed.
Factor B was purified from EDTA-plasma using a seven-step-procedure. The last step was an affinity chromatography at low ionic strength (1 mM MgCl2) on a sepharose 4B column, to which cobra venom factor was coupled. The final product was homogeneous on SDS-PAGE and showed only one precipitation line after immunoelectrophoresis using two sera: goat anti-whole guinea pig serum and goat anti-guinea pig factor B.
Factor B was cleaved by immobilized cobra venom factor and D̄. Fragment Ba was recovered from the filtrate of the reaction mixture while fragment Bb was eluted by 2M NaSCN. The m.w. for B, Bb and Ba as determined by the SDS-PAGE method was 106,000, 65,000 and 53,000, respectively. Reduction did not change the picture, indicating a single chain structure.
The Physiological Breakdown of C3b
Authors: Harrison R. A. , Lachmann P. J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The requirements for and products of C3b inactivator (KAF) action on C3b have been studied. C3 was purified from human serum. Final traces of contaminating proteins were removed by passage through a Sepharose “anti-impurity antiserum” column. C3b was generated by using insolubilized cobra venom factor convertase, and separated from C3a by chromatography on hydroxyl-apatite.
The KAF-dependent cleavage of fluid phase C3b was found to have an absolute requirement for β1H (or possibly a contaminant of β1H preparations); neither KAF nor β1H alone had any discernable proteolytic action on C3b. The initial pattern of cleavage was found to be the same with purified KAF and β1H or with serum (as a source of these factors). The α-chain of C3b was cleaved into two polypeptide chains, an α1a chain of about 68K and an α1b chain of about 46K. The α1b chain was rapidly ‘trimmed’ to about 43K (α1b1). All of these three α-chain fragments were still covalently bonded to the β-chain.
Deviated Lysis: Generation of the Activity by Physicochemical Means
Authors: Hänsch Gertrud , Rother Ursula , Rother K. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The term deviated lysis (d.l.) describes a particle bound or fluid phase C function, which lyzes unsensitized cells (E) in the presence of EDTA. Its generation via the classical or the alternative pathway has been described. The activity was stable in the fluid phase. It was found in the region of 180,000–220,000 daltons or 9.7S, respectively, and consisted of C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9. Once generated, the activity could be blocked by the respective antibodies, but not by anti-C3 or anti-B.
We now report on a similar activity generated by exposing human serum either to acid pH or low ionic strength. As in C activation by inulin, the factors C5–C9 are involved. Although factor B is converted when normal human serum is brought to pH 6.4, C3 is not. C3, factor B, or properdin, respectively, are not needed. The activation takes place at 0°C within seconds.
The Inhibition of B Lymphocyte Stimulation by C3b Inactivator
Authors: Hartmann Klaus-Ulrich 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Purified human C3b added to mouse lymphocyte suspensions triggers stimulation of up to 50% of the B lymphocytes; the stimulation was detected by increased incorporation of thymidine, blast cell formation, and antibody secretion (K.-U. Hartmann and V. A. Bokisch, J. Exp. Med. 142, 600, 1975). Purified human C3 does not stimulate these lymphocytes. Addition of purified C3b inactivator (C3bINA) (M. K. Pangburn, R. D. Schreiber and H. J. Müller-Eberhard, J. Exp. Med. 146, 257, 1977) — 1 to 2 µg C3bINA to 100 µl lymphocyte cultures — strongly inhibited the stimulation of B lymphocytes induced in the presence of C3b or LPS. This inhibition was not dependent or enhanced by the addition of purified human β1H-globulin. The inhibition caused by the addition of C3b INA was reduced or prevented by the presence of FCS. Preincubation of C3b with C3bINA did not inactivate the activity, leading to stimulation in the presence of FCS. These experiments suggest an activity of C3bINA directed toward the cells involved.
Influence of Antibody on the Rate of Alternative Pathway Activation
Authors: Johnston Richard B. , Polhill Rutherford B. , Newman Simon L. , Pruitt Kenneth M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Using a kinetic assay, we have examined the role of antibody in the lysis of rabbit erythrocytes (RaRBC) through the alternative complement pathway. Sera from 7 of 11 hypogammaglobulinemic (Hγ) humans and all agammaglobulinemic chickens tested had subnormal activity in the assay. γ-Globulin injections restored normal activity to the two Hγ patients studied. Heated normal human or chicken sera, but not heated Hγ sera, normalized activity in deficient Hγ serum and initiated hemolysis in the presence of rabbit serum as complement source. Absorption of heated normal human serum with RaRBC, but not with sheep erythrocytes or zymosan, removed its ability to reconstitute deficient Hγ serum. Normal hemolytic activity could be restored to Hγ serum with human IgM, IgG, or colostral IgA, with small amounts of goat anti-RaRBC IgG, or with an eluate from serum-sensitized RaRBC, but not with myeloma IgA. Restoration of hemolytic activity to Hγ serum could be achieved in a dose-dependent fashion with the F(ab′)2 fragment of IgG.