bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interrelationships of Tolerance and Immunity
Authors: Kong Yi-Chi M. , Wiger Donna L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Passage of Armour bovine γ globulin (A-BGG) through the circulation of donor mice for 24 hr resulted in a preparation, P-BGG, which was essentially nonimmunogenic in recipient mice at a dose of 0.3 mg except when given in adjuvant. Immunoelectrophoresis of P-BGG against hyperimmune antiserum to A-BGG showed the presence of the major γ component but a lack of the minor fast γ component. P-BGG induced tolerance readily to the major component in adult mice; all mice challenged with P-BGG in Freund's adjuvant showed nonimmune elimination of labeled BGG and most showed either no hemagglutinins or 2-mercaptoethanol (ME)-sensitive antibodies with titers of 1:40 or below. When A-BGG was used for challenge, the hemagglutinins formed were primarily against the contaminant and were mainly ME-sensitive. In contrast, control mice given A-BGG in adjuvant and challenged with either antigen form showed immune elimination and ME-resistant antibodies with titers up to 1:2560. Attempts to prevent the removal of the phagocytizable components in A-BGG by blockade of the reticuloendothelial system with a suppressive dose of Thorotrast were unsuccessful. Pretreatment of donor mice with Thorotrast also did not affect the capacity of P-BGG to induce tolerance in the recipients.
Synthesis of the Ninth Component of Complement by a Clonal Strain of Rat Hepatoma Cells
Authors: Rommel Fred A. , Goldlust Marvin B. , Bancroft Frank C. , Mayer Manfred M. , Tashjian Armen H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The MH1C1 strain of rat hepatoma cells was found to produce the ninth component of complement (C9). Most of the C9 produced by the cells was secreted into the culture medium. The production of C9 by MH1C1 cells was temperature sensitive with a Q10 of 2.2. Cycloheximide completely inhibited the production of C9 within 6 hr. Removal of cycloheximide at 24 hr resulted in a rapid return of C9 production. The production of C9 was also inhibited by treatment of the cells with actinomycin D. Hydrocortisone (3 × 10-6 M), which stimulates the production of serum albumin by MH1C1 cells 4- to 5-fold, did not increase C9 production. C9 produced by MH1C1 cells in culture was similar to guinea pig and rat serum C9 when comparisons were made by density gradient ultracentrifugation, by inhibition of hemolytic activity by antrypol, and by kinetic analysis of the reaction between C9 and EAC14235678. The results of these studies show that MH1C1 hepatoma cells synthesize C9 and secrete this complement component into the culture medium by processes that require both protein and RNA synthesis.
Heterogeneity of Immune Response to the Somatic (O) Antigens of Proteus Mirabilis
Authors: Smith James W. , Barnett Jack A. , Sanford Jay P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A variation in the antibody response to antigenically differing somatic antigens (O) Proteus mirabilis was noted in rats. Certain strains induced the synthesis of 2-mercaptoethanol sensitive (2-MES), or IgM, antibody, whereas other strains led to the rapid appearance of 2-mercaptoethanol resistant (2-MER), or IgG, antibody. The varying response was not due to the differences in the quantity of lipopolysaccharide administered and was demonstrated when animals were challenged either separately or simultaneously with two strains. These differences in antibody response were not solely dependent upon antigenic mass administered as demonstrated by the failure of a 100-fold increase in antigenic mass to convert a 2-MES response to that of 2-MER, although a 100-fold diminution in antigenic mass converted the 2-MER response to 2-MES. No difference in the carbohydrate composition of the lipopolysaccharides obtained from these strains was apparent from gas chromatographic analysis. Thus, these studies demonstrate that the immune response of a given host can be determined not only by the quantity of antigen but also by differing characteristics of lipopolysaccharides from a single bacterial species.
Antigenic Analysis of Human Heart Tissue. Antigens with Restricted Organ Distribution in Acid Extracts of Human Myocardium
Authors: Espinosa Enrique , Kaplan Melvin H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigens of human myocardium solbuilized by acid extraction at pH 2.5 were submitted to further analysis by double diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis using rabbit antisera to fractions of human heart acid extract obtained by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Combined immunodiffusion and specific absorption tests demonstrated at least six antigens common to cardiac and skeletal muscle in acid extracts of myocardium. An additional heart-specific antigen was demonstrated in such acid extracts as well as in saline washes of myocardium. Of the antigens common to cardiac and skeletal muscle, four were found present in the different mammalian species tested, and two showed specificity for primates. The heart-specific antigen exhibited both species-specific and species-cross-reactive antigenic properties. Rabbit antisera to human heart fractions were reactive also with rabbit antigen common to heart and skeletal muscle and with rabbit heart-specific antigen. The antigens common to cardiac and skeletal muscle varied in susceptibility to proteolytic digestion by Pronase, trypsin and pepsin. The heart-specific antigen was susceptible to all three enzymes.
Immumochemical Studies of Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Authors: Cowan K. M. , Wagner G. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pig antiserum containing known quantities of antibody to foot-and-mouth disease virus (140S antigen) and virus protein subunit (12S antigen) was used as a standard in radial immunodiffusion (RID) analyses for determining the antibody content of other antisera. The antibody contents estimated by RID for the unknown sera were in close agreement with those subsequently established by quantitative precipitin analyses. Relatively small amounts of reagents are required and the procedure is simple to perform. Consequently, it provides a feasible procedure for the quantitative estimation of the antibody content of many antisera to the different antigenic components occurring in foot-and-mouth disease. The RID techniques used were approximately 10 times more sensitive for detecting either antibody or virus (140S antigen) than the Ouchterlony double diffusion method. The sensitivity of the procedure used was such that it approached that of complement fixation for the detection of 7S antibody. The greatest sensitivity for detecting either 140S antigen or antibody was obtained when the reactant sought was incorporated into the agar layer. Antibody was detected at a concentration of 1 µg/ml in agar, and 140S antigen was detected at a concentration of 1.25 µg/ml in agar by 19S antibody, and at 2.5 µg/ml by 7S antibody.
Complement Fixation and Immunodiffusion Tests for Assay of Hepatitis-Associated “Australia” Antigen and Antibodies
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A serologic comparison was made of “Australia” (Au) antigens and antisera from different individuals using complement fixation (CF) and immunodiffusion tests. Titers of Au antigens varied widely in block CF titrations and in immunodiffusion tests against different antisera. CF titers of the antisera varied to a lesser extent in tests against different antigens. The importance of using optimal proportions of reagents for assay of Au antigen or antibody was demonstrated in both CF and immunodiffusion tests. In CF tests an excess of antigen produced an extensive “prozone” of inhibitory activity, and it was essential to examine a wide range of serum dilutions for antigen in order to avoid “false negative” results. An excess of either antigen or antibody was also shown to be inhibitory in immunodiffusion tests. The sensitivity of immunodiffusion assays for Au antigen or antibody could be enhanced by testing sera adjacent to wells containing positive reagents. Thus, of 204 sera from hepatitis patients which were positive for Au antigen by CF, 197 (approximately 98%) were positive by immunodiffusion; of 280 sera negative by CF, only 1 gave a positive immunodiffusion reaction. In contrast to findings reported by others, only a low proportion of sera from hepatitis patients in this study showed anti-complementary activity, and the activity was not reversed by an excess of Au antigen, although in some instances it was reduced by treatment with either antigen-containing or negative human sera. Sera from a few hepatitis patients in whom Au antigen had disappeared showed low titers of CF activity against their homologous antigens, which suggested that the convalescent-phase sera might contain very low levels of free Au antibody.
Staircase Rise in the Antibody-Forming Cell Population in Secondary Response
Authors: Sado Toshihiko , Perkins E. H. , Makinodan T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Secondary anti-sheep RBC response by dispersed mouse spleen cells cultured in cell-impermeable diffusion chambers was assessed by the hemolytic plaque assay in combination with autoradiography and treatment with vinblastine. The results showed that, as in the spleen of mice undergoing a primary response, growth of the antibody-forming cell population occurred non-randomly in a staircase manner and recruitment of precursor cells into the antibody-forming cell population occurred repeatedly in a non-random manner. However, the size of the recruitment was significantly larger than that in the spleen of mice undergoing a primary response (i.e., a maximum of 40-fold vs 4-fold). Further studies on these precursor cells indicated that they transform into antibody-forming cells after a short but distinct lag following completion of mitosis. Another important observation was that the antigen-triggered proliferation of immunocompetent precursor cells could have occurred as early as 30 min after exposure of dispersed spleen cells to the test antigen, in contrast to a lag of more than 10 hr in the spleen of mice undergoing a primary response.
Detection of Immune Response Against Synthetic Polymers of Amino Acids Employing the Plaque-Forming Cell System
Authors: Egan Marianne , Maurer Paul H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Incorporation of homologous polypeptide (10-5 M) into plaque assay plates containing anti-GLA30 (LLL) immune lymph node cells specifically inhibited these PFC. However, at lower levels of antigen incorporation an enhancement of PFC was noted. The enhancement was complement-dependent, did not occur with non-immune lymph node cells and was inhibited by specific anti-allotype serum. Cross-reaction studies suggested that the polypeptide did not enhance by merely optimally coating the erythrocytes. Serum titers were measured on modified localized hemolysis-in-gel plates. Titers were increased when certain concentrations of antigen were incorporated into these plates, thereby implicating the increased hemolytic efficiency of complement or antibody in the presence of excess antigen. Puromycin (5 to 25 µg/ml) did not inhibit the production of unenhanced plaques, but prevented the optimal enhancement of plaques by antigen. These same concentrations of puromycin inhibited (40% to 96%, respectively) the incorporation of 14 C-L-leucine into trichloroacetic acid precipitable protein. The inclusion of polypeptide in the incubation medium increased the above incorporation by 20% to 170%; puromycin in addition to polypeptide prevented this increase, although the radioactivity was above that obtained when puromycin alone was present. A similar effect was noted with chloramphenicol. The results suggest that enhancement of anti-polypeptide plaques by incorporation of polymer in the medium is a complex phenomenon and is probably due to at least two factors: the increased hemolytic efficiency of immunoglobulin or complement in the presence of excess antigen, and the stimulation of protein synthesis in immune lymph node cells in the presence of excess antigen.
Initiation of Antibody Responses by Different Classes of Lymphocytes
Authors: Strober Samuel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thoracic duct cells and spleen cells from normal and immunized Lewis rats were injected into syngeneic recipients which had received 500 R x-irradiation 2 hr earlier. Tetanus and diphtheria toxoids were injected 24 hr after irradiation and the antibody response was measured for 2 to 3 weeks thereafter. Immunologically competent units were detected in normal spleen cells but not in normal thoracic duct cells. Immunization of the cell donors produced at least a 103- to 104-fold increase in units in the thoracic duct lymph and a much smaller increase in units in the spleen resulting in a change in the distribution (relative concentrations) of units in these lymphoid tissues.
The Evolution of the Immune Response
Authors: Pollara Bernard , Litman Gary W. , Finstad Joanne , Howell John , Good Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lamprey produced agglutinins in high titer against Brucella organisms and the H antigens of human “O” cells. The antibody was shown to be labile at room temperature. The lamprey immunoglobulin was purified using Bio-Gel A 1.5 column and DE 52-cellulose column fractionation. Both purified immunoglobulin and antibody activity of serum were shown to have the electrophoretic mobility of an alpha globulin, a sedimentation velocity of 9S and a molecular weight of approximately 300,000. These characteristics indicate that the lamprey immunoglobulin is unique.
Studies on the Cytotoxic Immune Reaction
Authors: Manski W. , Ehrlich G. , Polack F. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Duck anti-rabbit cornea serum, which is cytotoxic to corneal epithelial or endothelial cells cultured in vitro, was found not to react with normal rabbit corneal tissue in vivo. No pathologic effects were observed after injecting such antiserum into the anterior chamber or intrastromally, or after repeated topical application to the corneal epithelium. Rabbit corneal tissues regenerating after injury were susceptible to damage by the anti-cornea serum. Corneal clouding developed after the antiserum was injected into the anterior chambers of eyes whose corneas had previously been injured by trauma or cold. In addition to pathologic changes in the endothelium, similar changes occurred in the epithelium after topical application of the antiserum. With the passage of time, the inflammatory response in the cornea gradually decreased in intensity, and the cornea became refractory to damage by antibody about 15 days after injury. The difference in the susceptibility to antibodies of regenerating as compared to normal tissue appears to be related to a difference in their cell membranes, which results in the accessibility of some antigens to cytotoxic antibodies during the active period of proliferation.
The Induction of Bacteriophage-Neutralizing Antibody by Mouse Spleen Immunogenic RNA
Authors: Herscowitz Herbert B. , Stelos Peter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
RNA extracted from the spleens of Swiss Webster mice immunized with bacteriophage 81a, which infects Streptococcus faecalis var. zymogenes, induced the formation of specific phage-neutralizing antibody when added to nonimmune mouse spleen fragments in culture. Antibody formation could be elicited by the addition of immunogenic RNA derived from one inbred mouse strain to nonimmune spleen fragments from other inbred mouse strains. The activity of immunogenic RNA was inhibited by treatment with RNase, but not by DNase, trypsin, amylase or moderate amounts of pronase. The active RNA sedimented in the lightest fraction of a 5% to 20% linear sucrose gradient, and was estimated to have an average sedimentation coefficient of 8.2 S by analytical ultracentrifugation.
The Induction of Bacteriophage-Neutralizing Antibody by Mouse Spleen Immunogenic RNA
Authors: Herscowitz Herbert B. , Stelos Peter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigenic components derived from phage were detected in immunogenic RNA preparations extracted from immune mouse spleens. Injection of immunogenic RNA into previously immunized mice resulted in an anamnestic response, whereas challenge with non-immune RNA did not. Treatment of immunogenic RNA with mouse antiphage antibody reduced its ability to induce neutralizing antibody in cultures of normal spleen fragments. The extracted RNA was found to contain 14C-labeled material derived from phage. These findings indicate the presence of antigen in RNA extracted from the spleens of immunized mice.
Immunologic Tolerance to Escherichia Coli Somatic Antigen Assessed by Bacteriolytic and Hemolytic Plaque Assays
Authors: Allen Jerry L. , Friedman Herman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunologic tolerance to the somatic antigen of E. coli 0127:B8 was induced in neonatal mice by multiple injections with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen during the first weeks of life. The immune response of neonatally treated animals, as well as that of non-treated control mice, was assessed by two different kinds of immunoplaque assays: 1) direct bacteriolysis of viable E. coli in agar gel, and 2) hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes coated with specific antigen. Mice treated with differing amounts of LPS, and a variety of injection schedules, developed a marked tolerance as assessed by the indirect hemolytic plaque assay, as well as by serum hemolysin and hemagglutination tests. In contrast, significant numbers of plaque-forming cells were detected in spleens of neonatally treated mice when the direct bacteriolytic assay was used. Similarly, there were higher bacterial agglutinin titers in the sera of these animals. Larger numbers of antibody-forming cells were detected by the hemolytic assay in the spleens of control mice after challenge immunization than in neonatally treated animals. Significant numbers of bacteriolytic plaque-forming cells were present in the spleens of “tolerant” animals, in contrast to the marked suppression of hemolytic cells. These findings suggest that tolerance to bacterial antigens as complex as the somatic extracts of E. coli results in tolerance to “major” antigenic determinants and a concomitant immunity to some but not all of the “minor” antigens which fail to coat onto carrier erythrocytes.
Antigenicity of Polypeptides (Poly α Amino Acids): Immunogenicity of a Homopolymer Derivative
Authors: Maurer Paul H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The γ-2-N ethyl morpholinyl derivative of the homopolymer polyglutamic acid (PAMEG) was immunogenic in rabbits but not in mice or humans. The specificity of the PAMEG-anti PAMEG reaction has been shown. The immunogenic behavior of PAMEG is analogous to polymers of D amino acids.
Herpes-Like Virus (EB Virus) in Continuous Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines from Patients with Viral Hepatitis
Authors: Stevens David P. , Barker Lewellys F. , Hopps Hope E. , Meyer Harry M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In 1968, 21 continuous lymphoblastoid tissue culture cell lines were established in this laboratory from the peripheral blood of individuals with diagnosed acute infectious hepatitis (IH) (1). Concurrent attempts to establish similar cultures from normal subjects yielded a significantly lower number of continuous lines. These lines have been maintained in rapidly dividing suspension culture for 9 to 12 months.
Similar cell lines have been derived from individuals with lymphoma, leukemia (2, 3) infections mononucleosis (4), serum hepatitis (5) and other infectious diseases (6) as well as from presumably normal “healthy” donors (7, 8). Most have been shown to contain the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a herpes-like virus.
The present report summarizes studies employing immunofluorescence (IF) and electronmicroscopic techniques to determine whether EBV or any other viral agents were present in our cell lines which could be associated either with IH or with the lymphoproliferative phenomenon observed in vitro by leukocytes from patients with IH.
A Method for Typing Rabbit Sera for the A14 and A15 Allotypes with Cross-Linked Antisera
Authors: Tosi S. Landucci , Mage R. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The allotypes A14 and A15 are allelie speeificities on immunoglobulin-G (IgG) of rabbits (1, 2). They are located on the Fc portion of IgG and are genetically linked to specificities associated with the a locus which are localized on the Fd portion. Their assignment to a separate locus (e locus) awaits a definite solution of one of the crucial questions of immunogenetics, that is, whether the heavy polypeptide chain of a given immunoglobulin is the product of one or two genes. The A14 and A15 allotypes provide very useful markers. For example, by quantitating the distribution of al, a2, A14 and A15 among IgG molecules from heterozygous rabbits of known pedigree, we are able to evaluate whether genetic information from maternal and paternal chromosomes contributes to individual IgG molecules (3). In contrast to the a locus markers, the A14 and A15 markers are exclusively localized on IgG.
Biologic Properties of a Mouse IgG2a Myeloma Protein with Anti-Dinitrophenyl Activity
Authors: Warner Noel L. , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An NZB-derived IgG2a myeloma protein with anti-dinitrophenol (DNP) activity was assayed for its ability to elicit complement fixation (CF) and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in guinea pigs after it had been combined with DNP antigens. The myeloma protein agglutinates difluorodinitrobenzene-coupled red cells and this agglutination can be inhibited by monovalent DNP amino acids, albeit with approximately 1000-fold more inhibitor than that needed to inhibit agglutination by a mouse anti-DNP serum. Despite the ability to agglutinate DNP red cells, no passive hemolysis occurred. The myeloma protein gave reverse PCA reactions in guinea pig skin with as little as 0.12 μg and challenge by anti-mouse globulin. However, even with 40 μg per skin site, no PCA reactions could be elicited on challenge with DNP conjugates. It is concluded that the complete biologically active sites on IgG2a molecules for CF and PCA reactions are created by the energy of binding of the molecule to its antigen. The myeloma anti-DNP protein does not create these sites after antigen binding because of its extremely low affinity.
Immunologic Detection of Single-Stranded DNA in Adeno-Associated Satellite Virions
Authors: Barnett E.V. , Torikai K. , Mayor H.D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Double diffusion experiments with antibodies to single-stranded (s-s) DNA confirmed physicochemical data that adeno-associated satellite virions contain s-s DNA but the DNA extracted from such virions is double-stranded. Positive immunologic reactions of intact virions with sera from man and mouse with “autoimmune”disease and specifically immunized rabbits are consistent with the hypothetical role if viruses as immunogens or as the antigenic participants of immunecomplex vasculitis.