bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relation of DNA Synthesis and Suppression to Development of Memory by T Cells
Authors: Mills Vern A. , Orbach-Arbouys Simone , Gershon Richard K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Parental thymocytes, inoculated into lethally irradiated F1 mice, synthesize DNA in response to the histocompatibility antigens of the reciprocal parent in the F1 cross. The DNA synthetic response is characterized by a 1 to 3 day latent period and a 1- to 2-day period of peak activity which is followed by a sharp decline. Cells transferred to secondary recipients at the time of peak activity in the primary hosts respond only minimally in the spleens of the secondary hosts. Cells transferred 1 day later, when DNA synthetic activity in the primary hosts is sharply curtailed, exhibit striking secondary responsiveness. Thus, the decline in activity in the primary host is not due to the loss of potentially reactive cells from the spleens. It seems more likely that the preceding response creates a suppressive milieu in the primary host. The inability to transfer significant secondary responsiveness with cells harvested at the time of peak activity in primary hosts suggests that the acquisition of memory by these cells requires more than their clonal expansion. The occurrence of an additional differentiational event is suggested by the correlation of a marked increase in memory with the sharp cessation of the primary DNA synthetic response.
Immunopathology of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Type 3 Infection
Authors: Prevost C. Le , Levy-Leblond E. , Virelizier J. L. , Dupuy J. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were studied in resistant and susceptible strains of mice infected with mouse hepatitis virus type III (MHV3). Virus was maintained by regular passages in susceptible DBA/2 mice and assayed in DBA/2 mice by LD50 determination. Normal resistant A strain mice were able to clear the virus from liver, brain, and serum within 7 days after infection. No neutralizing antibody was found. Transfer of serum from immunized A strain mice was not effective in protecting susceptible DBA/2 mice against challenge with virus. In A strain animals resistance to MHV3 developed rapidly during the 3rd week of life. During the period of susceptibility, newborns were protected neither by transplacental passages of anti-MHV3 antibodies nor by injection of “educated” thymus cells.
These results suggest that the development of resistance to MHV3 infection in mice cannot be explained solely on the basis of humoral or cell-mediated immunity.
In Vitro Studies on the Cellular Immune Response of Tumor-Bearing Mice to SV40-Transformed Cells
Authors: Blasecki John W. , Tevethia Satvir S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Specific cell-mediated immunity to SV40 tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) in mice undergoing tumorigenesis by syngeneic SV40-transformed BALB/c cells was investigated by the macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) and transplantation rejection tests. Specific cellular reactivity to SV40 TSTA could be demonstrated in BALB/c mice early after tumor cell inoculation. This activity was no longer detectable during the later stages of tumor growth but was again demonstrable 2 weeks after tumor excision. Addition of an equal number of non-reactive peritoneal exudate (PE) cells from tumor-bearing mice to PE cells from mice immune to SV40 TSTA specifically abrogated the reactivity of the latter cells to soluble SV40 TSTA. When lymphoid cells with blocking activity were cultured in vitro they not only lost their blocking capacity but also regained their reactivity to SV40 TSTA in the MMI test. These findings indicate that tumor-bearing hosts possess lymphocytes specifically sensitized to the TSTA of the tumor and that the specific reactivity of these cells can be regained after culture in vitro.
Capacity of Sensitized Thymus-Derived Lymphocytes to Induce Fatal Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Is Restricted by the H-2 Gene Complex
Authors: Doherty Peter C. , Zinkernagel Rolf M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adoptive immunization of syngeneic, immunosuppressed recipients infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus causes fatal neurologic disease within 2 to 4 days of cell transfer, providing that donors are sampled when the in vitro 51Cr release assay shows maximal specific activity of sensitized thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells). Prior treatment of immune spleen cells with AKR anti-θ ascitic fluid and complement causes total abrogation of this in vivo activity. Fatal neurologic disease is induced only when donor and recipient share at least one set of H-2 antigenic specificities. Parent → F1 and F1 → parent combinations are as effective as syngeneic systems, but mice given allogeneic immune cells survive as long as controls. Differences at the M-locus in H-2 compatible mice do not inhibit effector activity. Homing of transferred lymphocytes to spleen is similar in syngeneic or allogeneic recipients, but only syngeneic immune cells cross the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier and cause choriomeningitis. Fatal LCM, is, therefore, apparently induced by a specifically sensitized θ-bearing cell population, activity of which is restricted by the H-2 gene complex.
The Selective Action of Poly A:U on the Electrophoretic Mobility and Surface Charge of a Subpopulation of B Cells
Authors: Hanjan S. N. S. , Talwar G. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Electrophoretic mobility (E.P.M.) of lymphoid cells has been determined in three species. In chicks, the E.P.M. of bursa cells was 0.47 ± 0.07 and of thymocytes 0.64 ± 0.10 µm/sec/volt/cm. On the basis of the E.P.M. profile of the Ficoll gradient purified lymphocytes from the rat spleen, two populations of cells present in the proportion of 65 and 35% were identifiable. The former had a mobility of 1.06 ± 0.08 and the latter 1.24 ± 0.09. The E.P.M. of lymphocytes prepared from athymic nude mice was 0.86 ± 0.06 with a Gaussian distribution profile.
On incubation of these cells with poly adenylate-poly uridylate (poly A:U) for 30 min at 37°C followed by extensive washings, the E.P.M. of thymocytes from the chick and rat as well as the thymus-derived cells in rat spleen remained essentially unchanged. On the other hand, poly A:U increased the E.P.M. of avian bursa cells and of a subpopulation of B cells in rat spleen and of splenocytes from nude mice. The proportion of cells markedly affected by poly A:U was 70 to 83% of the total B cells in these species.
Relationship of Cloning Inhibition Factor, “Lymphotoxin” Factor, and Proliferation Inhibition Factor Release in Vitro by Mitogen-Activated Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Jeffes Edward W. B. , Granger G. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro with mitogens, phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A to secrete proliferation inhibitory factor (PIF), cloning inhibitory factor (CIF), and lymphotoxin (LT). These three activities were demonstrable in the same supernatant, moreover, the particular effect observed was shown to depend on the concentration of the medium and the type of target cell employed. In general, the medium effects on target cells were: a) cytotoxic at high concentrations, b) growth inhibitory at intermediate concentrations, and c) only temporarily growth inhibitory at low concentrations. The absolute concentration producing a certain effect varied, depending on the target cell type employed. In addition, the sensitivity of the target cells to LT parallels the sensitivity of the cell to each of the other activities, PIF and CIF, and no species specificity was observed.
Studies on the Composition of Adjuvants Which Selectively Enhance Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity to Lipid Conjugated Protein Antigens
Authors: Champlin Richard , Hunter Robert L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hen egg albumin (HEA), heavily conjugated with dodecanoic acid (D-HEA), stimulated sustained delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) specific for HEA without detectable antibody formation in guinea pigs. An oil-in-water emulsion containing purified BCG cell walls attached to the oil drops was found to be a very effective adjuvant for enhancing DTH to D-HEA, but not to HEA. Animals immunized with D-HEA in the BCG cell wall emulsion produced skin test reactions 2.4 cm in diameter when challenged with HEA 21 days after a single immunization. Control animals immunized with D-HEA in saline produced skin reactions 1 cm in diameter to similar challenge. Neither group of animals produced detectable antibody to HEA or D-HEA. The emulsion had no adjuvant effect if the BCG cell walls were suspended in the aqueous phase and not attached to the oil droplets. Dodecanoic acid conjugated Salmonella typhi organisms could be used in place of the BCG cell walls to produce effective adjuvant preparations. Freund's complete adjuvant and other water-in-oil emulsions, however, were found to be ineffective adjuvants for enhancing the degree of DTH produced by D-HEA. Experiments with autoradiography demonstrated that effective adjuvant preparations promote the localization and retention of both 125I-labeled D-HEA and 125I-labeled BCG cell walls in the paracortical area of lymph nodes where they are in close proximity to many T-type lymphocytes which proliferate in the induction of DTH.
Differential Susceptibility of Strain 2 and Strain 13 Guinea Pigs to Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis
Authors: Braley-Mullen Helen , Sharp Gordon C. , Kyriakos Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Twenty-seven of 30 Strain 2 guinea pigs immunized with 100 µg guinea pig thyroglobulin (GPTG) prepared either from Hartley (H) or Strain 13 (13) thyroids developed experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) whereas only 1 of 39 similarly immunized Strain 13 guinea pigs developed EAT. F1 hybrids behaved like the Strain 2 parent in that 16 of 20 developed EAT. The susceptible Strain 2 and F1 guinea pigs had higher hemagglutinating antibody titers to GPTG than the Strain 13 guinea pigs whereas all three strains had similar delayed skin reactivity to GPTG. The results suggest that susceptibility of guinea pigs to thyroiditis is genetically controlled and that production of anti-thyroglobulin antibody may be important in determining disease susceptibility.
Effects of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide on the Induction and Expression of Cell-Mediated Immunity
Authors: Lagrange Philippe H. , Mackaness George B. , Miller Thomas E. , Pardon Pierre 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), being a B cell mitogen, enhances antibody production. When given prior to an injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) it caused a premature but not significantly increased production of antibody forming cells in regionally stimulated lymph nodes. There was a corresponding depression of T cell activity, as measured by the relative levels of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in normal and LPS-treated mice. Although LPS also induced hyperplasia of the reticuloendothelial system, and a consequent reduction in the effective antigenic dose of SRBC, this was not the reason for the reduced level of T cell activity. The opposing effects of LPS on T and B cell responses was due to premature inhibition of the T cell response by an accelerated production of antibody. This caused an earlier onset of the inhibitory mechanism which regulates the T cell response and is specific for the inducing antigen.
Effects of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide on the Induction and Expression of Cell-Mediated Immunity
Authors: Lagrange Philippe H. , Mackaness George B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) produced by subcutaneous or intravenous immunization of mice with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) is mediated by T cells in cooperation with accessory cells (monocytes). Different effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on this T cell activity were found at different stages of the immune response. a) T cell activity was enhanced by LPS given 1 to 3 days after sensitization. Enhancement, which was most marked when treatment was given on the 2nd day of the immune response, did not occur unless LPS was introduced into a site that drains to the responding lymph node. This stimulatory effect was dose dependent. b) A similar effect on the response to intravenous immunization caused DTH to appear transiently in mice given a T cell-blocking dose (109) of SRBC. c) DTH was suppressed by LPS given at the height of the T cell response (day 4). This effect, which was short lived and reversible, was due to the action of LPS on the accessor cells needed for the expression of DTH.
Treatment of recipients with LPS completely blocked the adoptive transfer of DTH to both normal and spenectomized mice. The ability to react was regained slowly, but it returned promptly to splenectomized recipients. LPS has clearly more than one effect on the expression of cell-mediated immunity because it affects specific and non-specific mediator cells in different ways.
Thymic Regeneration after Lethal Irradiation: Evidence for an Intra-Thymic Radioresistant T Cell Precursor
Authors: Kadish Julian L. , Basch Ross S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The data presented indicate the existence of a significant pool of radioresistant stem cells which are capable of partially restoring the thymus of heavily irradiated mice. 3H-TdR incorporation by the thymus of lethally irradiated mice begins 48 to 72 hr after irradiation and increases throughout the next 8 days. By the 9th day after 760 rads, typical corticomedullary architecture has been restored. 890 rads markedly suppressed, but did not totally eliminate this regeneration. Injection of large numbers of syngeneic bone marrow cells immediately after irradiation was without effect on the rate or extent of regeneration. Mice whose bone marrow and spleen were shielded from irradiation showed an identical amount of thymic regeneration as those receiving total body irradiation indicating that the precursor cell pool responsible for the early post irradiation phase of thymic regeneration is most likely an intrathymic population.
The cells repopulating the thymus were morphologically indistinguishable from normal thymocytes and were susceptible to cytotoxic antisera against the thymic differentiation antigens Thy-1, TL, LyA2 and LyC2.
Inhibition of Mitogen Stimulation of Human Peripheral Blood Leukocytes by Vibrio Cholerae Enterotoxin
Authors: Hart David A. , Finkelstein Richard A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It has been found that the enterotoxin (choleragen) of Vibrio cholerae, strain 569B, can interfere with Phytohemagglutinin-P, pokeweed mitogen and concanavalin A stimulation of human peripheral blood leukocytes. The viability of cultured cells was not affected by the toxin. The toxin does not interfere with stimulation by direct competition for mitogen receptor sites. The ability of choleragen to inhibit stimulation by mitogens declines with time after initiation of stimulation. The biologically inactive, spontaneously formed, derivative of choleragen, choleragenoid, did not inhibit mitogen stimulation. However, choleragenoid did block the inhibition of stimulation caused by choleragen. Choleragenoid did not block inhibition of mitogen stimulation by a lymphocyte chalone preparation indicating that a different mechanism may be involved with the chalone. Since the diverse biological effects of choleragen are all believed to result from its interaction with cell membrane receptors followed by activation of adenyl cyclase, the results add to evidence which suggests that increases in the intracellular concentrations of 3′,5′-adenosine cyclic monophosphate diminishes the mitotic activitity of cells.
β-Adrenergic Inhibition of Human T Lymphocyte Rosettes
Authors: Galant Stanley P. , Remo Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cyclic nucleotides adenosine and guanosine monophosphate (CAMP and CGMP)1 have been reported to affect significantly the magnitude of cellular and humoral in vitro immune responses. Mitogenic lymphocyte stimulation (1, 2), lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (LMC) (3, 4) and the effect of migration inhibitory factor on target cells (5) are inhibited by β adrenergic stimulants of intracellular CAMP, and dibutyryl CAMP. CGMP has been shown to enhance LMC (4). In vitro antibody synthesis has recently been shown to be inhibited by CAMP and enhanced by CGMP (6). Furthermore, CAMP has been reported to alter significantly mammalian cell morphology in vitro (7). Since the cyclic nucleotides have profound effects on the morphology and function of cells, we chose to study the effects of dibutyryl CAMP and the β adrenergic stimulant isoproterenol on the human T lymphocyte's binding affinity to sheep red cells (E rosettes).
Enhancement of Nitroblue Tetrazolium Dye Reduction by Leukocytes Exposed to a Component of Complement in the Absence of Phagocytosis
Authors: Goldstein Ira M. , Feit Fred , Weissmann Gerald 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Enhancement of in vitro nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes may be mediated by a low molecular weight fluid phase component of the complement system. This occurs in the absence of phagocytosis and is associated with an increase in leukocyte hexose monophosphate shunt activity. The stimulatory component may be generated by activating the alternate complement pathway in serum, and shares many of the properties of human C5a. Thus, the enhanced spontaneous reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium by leukocytes from patients with bacterial sepsis may not necessarily be due to the phagocytic activity of these cells, but rather may occur as a consequence of in vivo complement activation by either intact microorganisms or their products.
Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Resistant and Susceptible Guinea Pigs: In Vivo and in Vitro Correlates
Authors: Lisak Robert P. , Zweiman Burton , Kies Marian W. , Driscoll Bernard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Strain 2 guinea pigs develop less severe experimental allergic encephalomyelitis than do strain 13 and Hartley guinea pigs when sensitized with equivalent amounts of homologous myelin basic protein (BP) in complete Freund's adjuvant. In vivo and in vitro correlates of delayed hypersensitivity to myelin basic protein are depressed in the strain 2 guinea pigs relative to the two susceptible strains. The incidence of circulating anti-BP antibodies is also lower in sera from strain 2 guinea pigs than in sera from strain 13 or Hartley guinea pigs. There was no difference among the three strains in their ability to mount delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin, nor in the response of their cells to PHA in vitro.
Induction of Acquired Cellular Resistance Following Transfer of Thymus-Dependent Lymphocytes from Syphilitic Rabbits
Authors: Schell R. , Musher D. , Jacobson K. , Schwethelm P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Syphilitic rabbits have previously been shown to resist challenge with Listeria monocytogenes. Thirty days after rabbits were infected with Treponema pallidum, transfer of 4 to 6 × 108 viable spleen cells along with T. pallidum conferred resistance to Listeria on normal recipients. Treatment of the spleen cells with anti-thymus serum and complement inhibited or abolished their ability to transfer resistance to Listeria. These results support the hypothesis that the ability of syphilitic rabbits to suppress the growth of Listeria reflects stimulation of cell-mediated immunity during active infection with T. pallidum.
Allotypic Suppression in Rabbits: Competition for Target Cell Receptors between Isologous and Heterologous Antibody and between Native Antibody and Antibody Fragments
Authors: Shek Pang-Nin , Dubiski Stanislaw 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Neonatal injection with various foreign proteins (normal goat serum, human Cohn fraction II, human albumin) caused a stimulation of immunoglobulin synthesis. This effect was not antigen-specific and did not constitute a conventional antibody response directed against the injected substance. When this stimulatory effect of foreign protein was minimized, the heterologous (goat) anti-rabbit allotype antibody and rabbit antibody F(ab′)2 fragments not only failed to induce suppression but also competed with the suppression-inducing native rabbit antibody. Allotypic suppression in a rabbit can thus only be induced by an antibody molecule possessing an intact Fc portion of isologous, rabbit origin.
Antibody to Ae14, an allotypic specificity located on the Fc portion, failed to induce suppression or stimulation of immunoglobulin synthesis. This was attributed to the position of Ae14 in the cell membrane which reduced its accessibility to antibody.
Lymphocyte Depletion Induced by Cholera Toxin; Relationship to Adrenal Cortical Function
Authors: Morse Stephen I. , Stearns Carol D. , Goldsmith Susan R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Intravenous injection of cholera toxin (choleragen) into mice caused a profound lymphocytopenia associated with marked cellular depletion of the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus. After administration of 1 µg of choleragen, lymphocytopenia was most marked at 24 hr; recovery occurred 6 to 10 days later. Similarly, depletion of lymph nodes and spleen was maximal at 24 hr with recovery by 14 days. Choleragen also caused a marked elevation of serum corticosterone and lymphocyte depletion was not observed in adrenalectomized mice. These results suggested that the lymphocytopenic effect of choleragen was mediated by increased production and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones secondary to a rise in intracellular cAMP induced by cholera toxin. The site of action of choleragen may be the adrenal cortex itself and/or the hypothalamic-pituitary system.
Anti-Ig-Triggered Movements of Lymphocytes—Specificity and Lack of Evidence for Directional Migration
Authors: Schreiner George F. , Unanue Emil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Interaction of anti-immunoglobulin antibodies with the surface Ig of B lymphocytes leads to capping and endocytosis of the immune complexes and to a brief stimulation of translational motility. Lymphocytes are not stimulated to move by interaction with other ligands, such as antibodies to the theta isoantigen, to H2 determinants, or to determinants recognized by heterologous anti-lymphocyte antibodies. Furthermore, anti-lymphocyte antibodies block the motility produced by anti-Ig. This effect was not seen in cells treated with colchicine, suggesting that the antilymphocyte effect may be associated with hyperstabilization of microtubules. Finally, we report on preliminary experiments using chemotactic chambers which show that anti-Ig stimulates random but not directional movement.
The Antigenicity of Myelin Encephalitogenic Protein: Production of Antibodies to Encephalitogenic Protein with Deoxyribonucleic Acid—Encephalitogenic Protein Complexes
Authors: Whitaker John N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits immunized with monkey encephalitogenic protein (EP) complexed to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) formed complement-fixing antibodies that reacted well with EP from monkey, bovine, and human brain and the large EP of rat brain. Reactivity with the small EP of rat brain was much less. The antibodies, analyzed by the quantitative micro-complement fixation test, were of the 7S class, were produced in high titer, and failed to react with histone, lysozyme, or acidic liver extracts. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that the antibodies bound to central nervous system white matter from human, rat, guinea pig, and mouse as well as human peripheral nerve myelin. These findings demonstrate that the immunogenicity of EP is greatly enhanced by attachment to DNA and perhaps other negatively charged molecules. This method makes available anti-EP with which to investigate immunochemically the antigenic and conformational features of EP.