bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In-vitro Antioxidant and In-vitro Anti-inflammatory activities of Ethanolic leaves extract of Ormocarpum Cochinchinense
Authors: Somashekar Gayathri , Sudhakar Uma , Prakash Sameul Gnana , Suresh Snophia , Srividya Seshadri , Rao Sumathi Hanumantha 
Published: July 2023

Introduction:
Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease with microbial etiology, is mediated by multiple inflammatory processes and oxidative stress is now well recognized as a part of periodontal pathogenesis. A balance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidants is required to maintain periodontal health. Medicinal herbs with bioactive phytocompounds have rich source of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds. Ormocarpum cochinchinense is a medicinal herb with antioxidants and anti-inflammatory phytocompounds. The phytocompounds activities of the herb are not much explored. This study is focused on the In-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanolic extract of leaves of O. cochinchinense. To assess the In-vitro antioxidant and In-vitro anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extracts of O. cochinchinense.

Materials and Methods:
The leaves of O. cochinchinense were collected, air dried in the shade, and then powdered in an electric blender. The preparation of ethanolic extract was carried out. In-vitro antioxidant studies using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Nitric Oxide (NO) assays along with anti-inflammatory activity by protein denaturation inhibition and membrane stabilization method were studied. Descriptive statistics were used for continuous variables and expressed in mean and standard deviation. One way ANOVA with post-hoc tukey test or Kruskal–Wallis test, Post-hoc Mann–Whitney U test was used according to the normal distribution of the sample. To compare the individual study group against their standard group, independent t test, and Mann–Whitney U test have been used. P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results:

O. cochinchinense had significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The ethanolic extract showed dose-dependant activity in all analyses performed (P < 0.05). NO inhibition assay showed 95% of antioxidant activity and 80% of anti-inflammatory activity in the Human Red Blood Cell (HRBC) Membrane Stabilization assay.

Conclusions:

O. cochinchinense could be used as an adjuvant supplement to conventional therapy in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
Assessment of Inflammatory Domain on the Proliferative Activity of Odontogenic Keratocyst in Comparison with Dentigerous Cyst and Perapical Cyst
Authors: Amin Reshma , Shenoy Ramya 
Published: July 2023

Introduction:
Ki67 is a proven marker in assessing the aggressiveness of various neoplasms expressed in proliferating cells. The recognized role of p53 in a stress-induced cell represents gene mutation or disturbance of growth regulation. Therefore, a comparative analysis of p53 can give a better picture of proliferation in odontogenic keratocyst (OKC). In recent years, minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins are frequently in use for the application and evaluating cell proliferation. Our study plan was to compare the inter-relationship of p53, Ki67, minimicrosome (MCM2) markers in OKC, and other odontogenic cysts in inflammation, further checking the markers as a valuable tool in the prognosis and treatment of OKC.

Materials and methods:
Selected cases of 40 OKCs, 10 cases each of dentigerous cyst (DC) and periapical (PA) cyst showing mild to moderate inflammation were chosen from the department archives. Immunohistochemical procedure was carried out on all cases; interexaminer reliability was checked with Cronbach Alfa; and Chi-square was applied to check the association between the data.

Results:
Immunoexpression was significantly higher in OKC among p53, Ki67, and MCM2. The positivity of cells observed in OKC in the three markers did not show much difference (P = 0.666), though the intensity was statistically significant (P = 0.010). Comparative analysis among OKC, DC, and PA in all the three markers indicated statistical significance in the percentage of the positive cells and intensity.

Conclusion:
Considering the proportion of cycling cells relative to the expression of three markers, OKC imparts valuable information on proliferation. We speculate that the biological potential of OKC’s histopathogenesis lies within the lining epithelium, inflammatory cytokines contributing to the changes.
Study of HPV16 L1 Capsid Seropositivity in Patients with Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancers
Authors: Kanaparti Shalini , Kolli Prasanthi , Jyothi Pendyala , Rao Alapati Yedukondala , Lokeshu Talapagala , Induluri Jahnavi 
Published: July 2023

Introduction:
Epidemiologic studies show that incidence of oral and oropharyngeal cancers (OPCs) is increasing worldwide over the last decades and the increase is more marked in men than in women. Several meta-analyses have suggested a rising prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the setting of OPC over time and have now reached epidemic proportions in many areas of the world. The aim of the study is to study the seroprevalence of HPV16-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM antibodies and to determine whether the presence of these antibodies could be used as a potential biomarker in HPV16-related oral and OPCs.

Materials and methods:
Blood samples were collected from 70 patients with oral and OPCs. Samples were analyzed by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) to detect HPV16-specific IgG and IgM antibodies. Furthermore, the association of various other causal factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and betel nut chewing were also evaluated.

Results:
ELISA revealed that the HPV16-specific IgG antibodies were detected in 7 (10%) out of 70 patients analyzed and HPV16-specific IgM antibodies were not detected in all the cases (0%). High prevalence n = 4 (57.1%) of HPV16-related oral and OPCs was observed among males and in the 51 to 60 years age group who were smokers and alcohol abusers.

Conclusion:
Determining the HPV status in patients with OPC by serology might be an affordable option in the clinical settings to reduce the morbidity and mortality of patients with oral and OPCs by early intervention.
Comparison of Retention Characteristics of Clear bow Hawley’s and Vacuum Formed Retainers—A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Devi Sowmithra , Jain Ravindra Kumar 
Published: July 2023

Introduction:
Retention is an important stage of orthodontic treatment which involves maintaining the teeth in the corrected position. The aim of this trial was to compare the retentive capacity of Clear bow Hawley (CBR) and Vacuum formed retainer (VFR) 1 year after completion of orthodontic treatment.

Materials and Methods:
This prospective randomized controlled trial included 46 subjects who were treated with fixed orthodontic appliances and were advised to use removable orthodontic retainers. The subjects were randomly allocated to two groups, group 1–23 subjects who received CBRs and group 2–23 subjects who received VFRs. Retainers were advised immediately after debonding and patients were recalled after 1 year. Lateral cephalograms and intraoral scans were taken and certain parameters (inter canine, intermolar width, little’s irregularity index, arch length) were evaluated. Descriptive statistics and paired t-test were done to determine and compare the retentive capacity of the retainers.

Results:
No statistically significant relapse was noted and no differences between retainers for inter canine, intermolar width, arch length, little’s irregularity index, and cephalometric changes were noted (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:
Both the CBRs and VFRs are equally effective in retaining the corrected malocclusion, CBRs can be considered as a very good alternative to VFRs.
Assessment of Position of Posterior Superior Alveolar Artery in Relation to Maxillary Sinus using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Waingade Manjushri , Salunkhe Someshwari , Medikeri Raghavendra S. 
Published: July 2023

Introduction:
Posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) is branch of the maxillary artery which usually supplies the lateral wall of the sinus and overlying membrane. Evaluation and awareness of the anatomy of maxillary sinus before surgery is crucial to avoid surgical complications. The aim of this study was to examine the position and diameter of PSAA using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Materials and methods:
CBCT images of 201 healthy individuals were examined to evaluate the presence, position, and diameter of PSAA. The distances of lower border of the artery to the alveolar crest, bone height below the sinus floor to the ridge crest, distance of the artery to the medial sinus wall were measured; also presence of sinus septa were recorded.

Results:
The PSAA was detected in 90.04%, and it was located intraosseously and extraosseously in 65.74% and 32.25% of the sample population, respectively. The mean diameter of the PSAA was 0.94 ± 0.46 mm. The mean PSAA to the medial wall distance was 14.56 ± 3.05 mm, PSAA to alveolar crest distance (dentate patients) was 15.92 ± 3.84 mm, respectively. In the maxillary sinuses examined only 7.7% showed the presence of septa. There was no statistically significant difference when position of PSAA was compared with gender and diameter of PSAA was compared with age and gender.

Conclusion:
The likelihood of detecting the PSAA on CBCT is high; its location is intraosseous or beneath the sinus membrane in most patients. A thorough understanding of the PSAA regarding its location, diameter, and related structures can avoid complications during surgery.
Estimation of Matrix Metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) Levels in Children with Early Childhood Caries
Authors: Reenayai Ngangbam , Nair Manju Raman 
Published: July 2023

Introduction:
The primal incidence of dental caries is from the childhood. To assess the levels of salivary MMP-9 in children with Early Childhood Caries following caries control.

Materials and Methods:
45 children between the age group of 3-5 years were selected for the study and divided into three groups of 15 each. Group A was the control group. The salivary samples were collected before any treatments in ECC (Group B) and S-ECC (Group C), following which caries control measures were done. Following 2 weeks of post-treatment, the saliva samples were collected from experimental Groups and tested for salivary MMP-9, pH, and viscosity levels.

Results:
The mean value of the salivary MMP-9, pH, and viscosity levels estimated in the control group of children was 7.13 ng/ml (±0.809 mg/ml), 7.06 (±0.338), and 0.41 (±0.072) respectively. The pre-treatment salivary MMPs, pH, and viscosity levels estimated in Group B were 10.95 ng/ml (±1.469 ng/ml), 7.07 (±0.403), and 1.74 (±0.412) respectively, and in Group C these values were 18.55 ng/ml (±9.218ng/ml), 6.92 (±0.542) and 1.28 (±0.123) respectively. The post-treatment salivary MMP-9, pH and viscosity levels estimated in Group B were 7.34 ng/ml (±0.673 ng/ml), 7.24 (±0.394), and 0.42 (±0.208) respectively and in Group C these values were 7.84 ng/ml (±0.647 ng/ml), 7.14 (±0.377) and 0.49 (±0.338), respectively after 2 weeks.

Conclusion:
The salivary MMP-9 and viscosity levels in groups B and C decreased significantly 2 weeks following caries control. The Salivary MMP-9 level is a good diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for comparing the efficacy of various caries control treatment protocols. comparing the efficacy of various caries control treatment protocols.
Assessment of Dental Age Estimation Using Aspartic Acid Racemization in Human Dentin in Single-Rooted Teeth
Authors: Dasarathi Neelima , Kattappagari Kiran Kumar , Ponnuru Venkata Suresh , Suryaprakash Ravi Teja Chitturi , Santhosh Arvind Babu , Reddy Baddam Venkat Ramana 
Published: July 2023

Introduction:
Dental age estimation has always been a very important and very susceptible subject in forensic science, as it is an essential requirement in living, dead human individual’s remains. Aspartic acid racemization is considered to be one of the advanced, reliable, accurate, and complex biochemical methods. There will be an amendment of Levo aspartic acid to dexto aspartic acid when the age advances. To estimate the dental age of single-rooted teeth using aspartic acid racemization.

Material and Methods:
Thirty anterior teeth were collected from maxillary and mandibular arches distributed into four groups. All teeth were analyzed for Levo (l) and Dextro (d) form of aspartic acid using a high-performance liquid chromatography technique and the ratio of amino acid racemization for each sample was determined. The obtained data were subjected to step-wise linear regression analysis for the ratio of d and l aspartic acid against actual age with estimated age.

Results:
Distribution of teeth about age maximum samples was collected at 51 to 60 years. l-aspartic acid ratio was more in the younger age group but when the age increases d-aspartic acid ratio was increased. Linear regression analysis showed maximum samples showed very close to the actual age (30%).

Conclusion:
By analyzing the levels of aspartic acid using amino acid racemization, we can estimate an individual with maximum accuracy. Accretion of d-aspartic acid in dentin is synchronous with the aging of an individual and this method can be used as one of the precise methods for dental age estimation.
Metastasis in Carcinoma Esophagus: Clinical Profile and Survival
Authors: Nasreen Shahida , Akhter Mansoora , Andleeb Asifa , Najumi Arshad Manzoor , Dar Showket Ahmad , Banday Saquib Zaffar , Qamar Shaqul , Fatima Kaneez , Hussain Shaiba , Akhter Rukhsana , Sofi Mushtaq , Tali Tavseef Ahmad , Dar Nazir Ahmad , Ara Ulfat 
Published: July 2023

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Carcinoma esophagus is the seventh-most common malignancy worldwide and more than 80% of these cases are from developing countries. Half of the patients have distant metastasis at presentation. Carcinoma esophagus commonly metastasizes to the liver, lung, and distant lymph nodes. The main purpose of our study was to see patterns of distant metastasis in carcinoma esophagus and the effect of different site metastasis on overall survival.

Materials and Methods:
From January 2017 to January 2019, 763 cases of carcinoma esophagus were registered in the Regional Cancer Centre of our hospital; out of 763 patients, 59 patients had metastasis at presentation and were included in this study. We retrospectively evaluated these 59 patients. This included details about clinicopathological characteristics and treatment received. Follow-up period was a minimum of 24 months.

Results:
Out of 59 patients, 36 were male and 23 females (male/female ratio of 1.56). The median age was 65 years (range 45–75 years). The most common complaint was dysphagia Grades I to II (94.91%). Squamous cell carcinoma was seen in 52 (88.13) patients, while 7 (11.86) had adenocarcinoma. Distant lymph nodes were the most common site of metastasis, followed by the liver and lung. Two years overall survival rate was 6.8%, with the worst for patients with bone metastasis (0%) and best for patients with distant lymph node metastasis (11.1%).

Conclusion:
Metastatic carcinoma esophagus has a poor survival rate, but bone metastases seem to have the poorest overall survival, while patients with distant lymph node metastases have the best overall survival. The mechanism for this difference is not known, so further studies need to be conducted for the mechanisms and prognostic value of site-specific metastases. More studies are also required to identify the subset of patients with metastatic carcinoma esophagus who may benefit from primary local treatment.
Correlation between Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Metabolic Syndrome: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Alsulami Salhah Saleh , Baig Mukhtiar , Albeladi Atheer Hameed , Alyoubi Shahad Bandar , Alsubaie Shahad Alhumaidi , Albeladi Samah Abdulsalam , Ghamri Kholoud Alawi , Alraiqi Abeer Mohammed Saeed , Alyoubi Safa Mobarak , Almutairi Wesam Aied 
Published: July 2023

Background:
Several studies worldwide have studied the correlation between subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), and metabolic syndrome (MetS), but have reported inconsistent findings.

Objectives:
To assess the correlation between SCH and MetS in a population from Saudi Arabia.

Methods:
This retrospective study was conducted at King Abdulaziz University Hospital and analyzed all thyroid function tests conducted between January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2021. A predesigned checklist was used to collect data about patients’ characteristics such as age, gender, nationality, TSH, FT4 level, and MetS components.

Results:
A total of 41,519 thyroid function tests were conducted during the study period. From this, 1303 (3.1%) patients were found to have SCH, with the majority being females (74.4%). The prevalence did not differ according to gender but increased to 3.5% among those aged >60 years. MetS components between mildly and markedly elevated TSH were significant for total cholesterol (P < 0.001) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.05). Male patients with SCH were at a higher risk of developing diabetes (P < 0.001) and hypertension (P < 0.02), than female patients with SCH. After adjusting for age, in the multiple stepwise linear regression analysis, a significant association was found between TSH levels and ALT (odds ratio: 0.77) and SBP (odds ratio: 0.35).

Conclusion:
The study demonstrated that the prevalence of SCH is similar between both genders but increases with age. MetS components were abnormal in patients aged >50 years and in males with SCH. SCH and MetS components were found to be correlated, and thus monitoring these variables in patients with SCH is advisable.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease among Adults in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Helayel Halah Bin , Al Abdulhadi Halla A. , Aloqab Aysha , Althubaity Arwa M. , Aljumah Mujtaba A. , Mazhar Muhammad Haris , Habash Ahmed Al , Aljindan Mohanna , Alarfaj Khalid 
Published: July 2023

Background:
Environmental and epidemiological factors increase the risk of dry eye in Saudi Arabia, but most studies have limited generalizability.

Objective:
To determine the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) among adults across Saudi Arabia and the associated risk factors. The secondary objective was to estimate the economic burden of DED by calculating lubricant usage and its annual costs.

Methods:
This cross-sectional study invited adults from across Saudi Arabia to complete a questionnaire that collected data regarding demographics, symptoms related to DED, previous diagnosis of DED, use of contact lenses, and use of eye lubricants.

Results:
A total of 2042 responses were received, of which 784 (38.4%) respondents had previously been diagnosed with DED and 752 (36.8%) were symptomatic but undiagnosed. Between the DED diagnosed and symptomatic-undiagnosed groups, a significant difference was found in terms of age (P < 0.001), gender (P = 0.002), presence of diabetes mellitus (P = 0.004), smoking status (P = 0.007), duration of electronic screen use (P = 0.05), number of ocular complaints (P < 0.001), and frequency of lubricants use (P < 0.001). Between the DED-diagnosed and non-DED groups, significant differences were found in terms of age (P < 0.001), gender (P < 0.001), presence of diabetes mellitus (P = 0.001), allergy (P = 0.001), autoimmune disease (P = 0.005), smoking status (P < 0.001), and history of refractive surgery (P < 0.001). The mean estimated annual cost of using lubricating agents was SAR 328.2 ± 210.3 (USD 87.5 ± 56.1), and this was significantly higher in the diagnosed group (P = 0.01) than the symptomatic-undiagnosed group.

Conclusions:
The prevalence of DED is high among adults in Saudi Arabia. High-risk population include elderly, female, and using electronic screens for >2 hours/day.
Prevalence, Microbiological Profile, and Risk Factors of Surgical Site Infections in Saudi Patients with Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Aldriwesh Marwh Gassim , Alnodley Abrar , Almutairi Norah , Algarni Mohammed , Alqarni Ayyob , Albdah Bayan , Mashraqi Mutaib 
Published: July 2023

Background:
Resection surgery in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) patients is associated with potential complications, including surgical site infection (SSI).

Objectives:
To estimate the prevalence rate of SSI, identify the common pathogens responsible for SSI, and determine potential risk factors for SSI development in a cohort from Saudi Arabia.

Materials and Methods:
Patients with CRC who underwent bowel resection surgery at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, between January 01, 2016, and December 31, 2019, were retrospectively included. Demographics, comorbidities, surgical procedure data, and the results of preoperative laboratory tests were retrospectively collected from medical records through the health information system. The study population was divided into two groups: those who developed SSI and those who did not.

Results:
A total of 92 patients with CRC who underwent resection surgery were included, of which 54 (58.7%) were males. The median age was 65 (IQR 55.5–75.0) years. SSI was observed in 25 (27.2%) patients. The most frequently isolated organisms were Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, vancomycin-sensitive Enterococcus faecium, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Three E. coli isolates were producers of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, and two K. pneumoniae isolates exhibited a multidrug resistance profile. Low preoperative serum albumin level was identified as a significant independent risk factor for developing SSI (AOR = 0.853, 95% CI = 0.748–0.973, P = 0.0181).

Conclusion:
The study found a notable prevalence of SSI among the included patients. Gram-negative bacteria were more involved in SSI events and were also associated with drug-resistance patterns. Gut microbiota bacteria were most commonly involved in SSIs. Low preoperative serum albumin levels predicted the development of postoperative SSI, and thus its close monitoring and management before surgery could reduce the SSIs.
Isolation and Detection of Drug-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens in Postoperative Wound Infections at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Said Hamdi M. , Alghamdi Ahmed , Ashgar Sami S. , Jalal Naif A. , Faidah Hani S. , Johargy Ayman K. , Momenah Aiman M. , Barhameen Abeer A. , Hariri Sumyya H. , Bantun Farkad , Althobiany Essa , Khidir Elshiekh B. 
Published: July 2023

Background:
Surgical site infections (SSIs), especially when caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, are a major healthcare concern worldwide. For optimal treatment and prevention of antimicrobial resistance, it is important for clinicians to be aware of local drug-resistant bacterial pathogens that cause SSIs.

Objective:
To determine the frequency patterns of drug-resistant bacterial strains causing SSIs at a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia.

Methods:
This retrospective study was conducted at the Microbiology laboratory of Al-Noor Specialist Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, and included wound swab samples from all cases of SSI between January 01, 2017, and December 31, 2021. The swabs were processed for the identification of bacterial strains and their resistance pattern to antibiotics according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.

Results:
A total of 5409 wound swabs were analyzed, of which 3604 samples (66.6%) were from male. Most samples were from the Department of Surgery (43.3%). A total of 14 bacterial strains were isolated, of which 9 were Gram-negative bacteria. The most common isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA). In terms of MDR in 2021, the highest rate of carbapenem-resistance was in A. baumannii (97%). MDR was as follows: A. baumannii, 97%; K. pneumoniae, 81%; E. coli, 71%; MRSA, 60%; P. aeruginosa, 33%; VRE, 22%; and VRSA, 2%.

Conclusion:
This study showed that in the city of Makkah, Saudi Arabia, the rates of MDR bacteria are high, with the majority being Gram-negative.