bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IL-22 and IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP) regulate fibrosis and cirrhosis in hepatitis C virus and schistosome infections (CCR4P.202)
Authors: Dessein Alain , Sertorio Mathieu , Hou Xunya , Carmo Rodrigo , Dessein Hélia , Cabantous Sandrine , Abdelwahed Mohammed , Vasconcelos Luydson , Carmo Theomira , Oliveira Pablo , He Hongbin , Mergani Adil , Bourlière Marc , Parana Raymundo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
IL-22 acts on epithelia, hepatocytes and pancreatic cells and stimulates innate immunity, tissue protection and repair. IL-22 may also cause inflammation and abnormal cell proliferation. The binding of IL-22 to its receptor is competed by IL-22BP. We addressed the question of the role of IL-22 and IL-22BP in hepatic fibrosis caused by schistosomes or by HCV. We found that schistosome eggs stimulate the production of IL-22 transcripts and inhibit the accumulation of IL22-BP transcripts in schistosome-infected mice and that schistosome eggs selectively stimulate the production of IL-22 by blood leukocytes from individuals chronically infected with S.japonicum. High IL-22 levels in cultures correlated with protection against hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension. To test further the implication of IL-22/IL-22BP in hepatic disease, we analyzed common genetic variants of IL22RA2, which encodes IL-22BP, and found that the genotypes AA, GG of rs6570136 (p=0.003; OR=2), and CC, TT of rs2064501 (p=0.01; OR=2), were associated with severe fibrosis in Chinese infected with S.japonicum. We confirmed this result in Sudanese and Brazilians infected with S.mansoni. The aggravating genotypes were associated with high IL22RA2 transcripts levels. These same variants were also associated with HCV-induced fibrosis and cirrhosis. These results provide strong evidence that IL-22 protects against and IL-22BP aggravates liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in humans with chronic liver infections.
CD14++CD16+ intermediate monocyte is induced by IL-10 and positively correlate with disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis. (CCR4P.206)
Authors: Tsukamoto Masako , Yamaoka Kunihiro , Yoshimoto Keiko , Seta Noriyuki , Suzuki Katsuya , Takeuchi Tsutomu 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Introduction:Two different subsets of monocytes, classical(CD14+CD16-) and inflammatory(CD14+CD16+) monocytes have been identified. Recently, increased intermediate(CD14++CD16+) monocyte(Int-mo) and its decrease after treatment with anti-M-CSF antibody was reported in rheumatoid arthritis(RA), although the mechanism and involvement in RA remains unknown. The aim of this study is to elucidate the role of classical/inflammatory/intermediate monocytes in RA pathogenesis. Methods:Serum cytokines were measured by ELISA, CD14/CD16 expression was measured by flow cytometer and classical monocyte was sorted for in vitro culture. Results:Proportion of Int-mo, serum IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 but not M-CSF was increased in RA patients compared to healthy control subjects. Disease activity of RA positively correlated with serum IL-6, IL-10 and proportion of Int-mo but not with IL-8 and M-CSF. When sorted classical monocytes were stimulated with each cytokine, IL-10 and M-CSF but not other cytokines induced CD16 expression. Interestingly, CD16 expression was strongly induced by IL-10 at 14 hours whereas 72 hours was necessary for M-CSF. Discussion:Int-mo positively correlated with RA disease activity and was induced by IL-10 and M-CSF but not with other cytokines. Since, M-CSF is reported to induce IL-10 production and both cytokines are up-regulated in RA patients, our results suggest that IL-10 is the key cytokine that regulate Int-mo and presumably contribute to the anti-inflammatory process.
Evaluation of immunomodulatory effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 fermented milk on production of pro-atherogenic cytokines: a comparison between THP-1 and U937 human monocyte cells (CCR4P.208)
Authors: Jeffrey Michael , Jones Taggart Holly , Strap Janice , Green-Johnson Julia 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Atherosclerosis has been identified as an inflammatory disease involving both innate and adaptive immune activity. Fermented dairy product consumption has been associated with decreased cardiovascular disease incidence. The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether milk fermented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 influences production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by different human monocyte models (THP-1 and U937 human monocytes). THP-1 or U937 cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to incite an inflammatory response similar to that seen in atherosclerotic plaques. Monocytes were either co- or pre-incubated with milk fermented with L. rhamnosus R0011 or with milk controls and an LPS challenge and effects on the production of IL-8, sCD54, IL-1Ra were measured. sCD54 production by U937 monocytes was significantly reduced by co-incubation with the L. rhamnosus R0011 milk ferment or with acidified milk controls, which was not seen with THP-1 monocytes. IL-8 production was significantly increased in both U937 and THP-1 monocytes pre-incubated with unfermented milk controls followed by LPS stimulation. This increase in IL-8 production was not observed when U937 cells were pre-incubated with milk fermented with L. rhamnosus R0011 or with acidified controls. These results suggest that fermentation modifies milk components to influence production of IL-8 and sCD54 and that the effects of milk ferments on monocytes vary with the cell type used.
Supplementation of first-year pharmacy immunology course with a YouTube channel to enhance student learning and comprehension (EDU1P.219)
Authors: Fazal Nadeem , Haraleli Aila , Arabian Elnaz 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Teaching Immunology course at Pharmacy schools remains an uphill task. Faculty members in colleges and schools of pharmacy engage in numerous techniques to help students develop into knowledgeable practitioners that are critical thinkers, able to problem solve and communicate efficiently. Increased attention is being paid to curricular integration in pharmacy education. The objective of this study was to determine if watching pertinent educational videos, organized on a virtual environment as a channel, supplement the traditional classroom-setting lectures. YouTube videos less than 20 minutes in length were searched for accuracy, relevance, and thoroughness for specified topics discussed in Immunology course. They were than uploaded to a virtual file-sharing site called “Box”. All students enrolled in the course near the end of the semester were given a 10-question Likert-type survey with responses ranging from strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree. Likert-type ordinal scale analysis was completed to determine the amount of support for the primary, secondary, and tertiary endpoints respectively as follows: a) to determine the effectiveness of the channel in students learning Immunology, to determine if students would like the channel continued and created for other courses as well, and if YouTube channel was efficient to host the site. In conclusion, our data shows strong support that videos can successfully supplement a first-year Immunology course.
Tissue-specific impairment of stress hematopoiesis and megakaryocytopoiesis in mice deficient for Nkx2-3 homeodomain transcription factor (HEM5P.230)
Authors: Balogh Peter , Vojkovics Dóra , Kolláth Dóra , Kellermayer Zoltán 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Beside its several immunological roles, the spleen functions as an accessory hemopoetic tissue. This activity is restricted to the red pulp, which is influenced by transcription factor Nkx2-3. It is not yet known how the absence of Nkx2-3 affects the inducible splenic hemopoesis. In this work we studied how Nkx2-3 affects splenic stress hemopoiesis after inducing acute anemia and forced megakaryocyte differentiation using TPO-receptor agonist N-plate treatment. In untreated Nkx2-3 deficient mice the Ter119 erythroid cell frequency was higher in the bone marrow than in BALB/c controls, but it was lower in the spleen. Following anemization the number of erythroid cells increased in the bone marrow and spleen of BALB/c mice, whereas in Nkx2-3 KO mice erythroid expansion was only observed in the bone marrow, the splenic Ter119-positive erythroid compartment further decreased. The serum erythropoietin level increased in both groups and the highest level was in the anemic Nkx2-3 knockout group. Treatment with N-plate increased megakaryocyte number in wild-type BALB/c mice in both the bone marrow and spleen whereas in Nkx2-3 KO mice the spleen was resistant. These results show that Nkx2-3 plays a crucial role in the development of splenic stromal microenvironment necessary for supporting the extramedullary hematopoiesis in a tissue-specific manner.
NK cell reconstitution is improved during allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation by infusion of NK cell-committed progenitor cells (HEM5P.233)
Authors: Alvarez Maite , Pierini Antonio , Baker Jeanette , Negrin Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Failure of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been associated with the immunodeficiency that follows shortly after therapy, which renders patients susceptible to opportunistic infections and cancer relapse. Thus, strategies that induce more robust immune recovery are needed which may improve outcomes. Natural killer (NK) cells have been utilized to improve HSCT given their importance in eliminating infected and transformed cells. We explored whether the infusion of recently described NK cell-committed progenitor (NKP:CD3-CD19-Ly6D-NK1.1-CD27+CD244+cKit+CD127+CD135-CD122+/-) subsets along with unfractioned bone marrow cells (uBMC) accelerated NK cell reconstitution following allogeneic HSCT (alloHSCT). Administration of donor-type NKP (H2b) along with uBMC in alloHSCT settings resulted in increased number and percentages of donor-type precursor NK cells (CD3-CD122+NKG2D+NK1.1-DX5-) compared to recipients that received uBMC alone or in combination with common lymphoid progenitors (CLP:CD135+CD122-) at day 14 post-HSCT. By day 21, NK cell numbers were significantly higher and displayed a more mature phenotype (CD3-CD122+NKG2D+NK1.1+DX5+) with co-expression of CD27 and CD11b. These data demonstrate faster NK cell development when NKP are given after alloHSCT. More importantly, infusion of NKP during alloHSCT to accelerate NK cell reconstitution could result in stronger anti-tumor responses while reducing graft vs. host disease making alloHSCT more effective.
Chronic alcohol consumption induces peripheral skewed dentritic cell sets without affecting dendritic cell progenitors. (HEM5P.238)
Authors: Fey Holger , Aloman Costica 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Alcoholism impairs innate and adaptive immune responses and increases susceptibility to infectious diseases, caused among others by alcohol induced defects in dendritic cell (DC) function and frequency. This study aims at understanding how DC turnover is affected by chronic alcohol exposure, characterizing its influence on DC development at the progenitor stages and the underlying mechanisms. Alcohol (EtOH) is delivered in the drinking water to C57BL/6 mice at 20% v/v (Meadows-Cook diet). Lymphoid tissue (LT) DCs from thymus and spleen, non-lymphoid tissue (NLT) DCs from liver and lung and bone marrow (BM) progenitors are analyzed by flow cytometry. After 12 weeks of EtOH exposure BM populations at the Macrophage-DC Progenitor (MDP) stage decrease by 60% (P&lt;0,05) but there is no difference in the numbers of Common DC Progenitors (CDP). In the liver we observe a 70% increase (P&lt;0,05) of plasmacytoid DCs (pDC) while CD103+ classic DCs (cDC) decrease by 50% (P&lt;0,01). Concordantly hepatic T cell numbers decrease: CD8+ CTL by 40% (P&lt;0,01), CD4+ TH by 30% (P&lt;0,005) and CD4+ TREG by 45% (P&lt;0,05). In summary, alcohol in a chronic model does not change CDP numbers, the main progenitor of pDC and cDC, suggesting little effect on DC development. There is however a major imbalance between pDC and cDC, reflected by the impact on steady-state T cell subsets. Going forward we will elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for this peripheral effect of alcohol on DC populations.
Measurement and Preservation of Antibodies in Human Sera
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Dilapi Marie M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Volunteers were injected with the specific polysaccharides of pneumococcus I, II, V, and VII. Pre- and post-immunization sera were analyzed for anti-C and antibodies to the type-specific polysaccharides (a) when fresh; (b) after storage in liquid form; (c) after storage for one year frozen at low temperatures; and (d) after lyophilization and storage for 1.5 years. Of the various methods of storage, lyophilization seemed the least compatible with accurate microanalytical work. Irregularities due to the presence of active complement were again observed, as was also loss of antibody when complement was removed by heat instead of by egg albumin anti-egg albumin.
The Antihyaluronidase Content of Human Blood Serum
Authors: Quinn Robert W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions
The antihyaluronidase content of sera from 335 normal subjects and individuals with non-infectious and non-streptococcal infectious diseases has been determined by means of the mucin-clot prevention test, using hyaluronidase produced by a strain of group A, type 4 hemolytic streptococcus as a source of enzyme. The antihyaluronidase titre at birth corresponded with that of the mother. The mean titre soon began to decrease and in the age group, 6 months, reached a level too low to be measured by the M.C.P. test. In the 5 year age group the mean antihyaluronidase titre began to increase and in the 20 year age group attained a level which was maintained throughout adult life until the age 60 when a slight, yet significant, decrease in titre was noted. The mean antihyaluronidase titre did not decrease further. Comparison of the antihyaluronidase titres of sera from so-called normal individuals and subjects with non-streptococcal infectious diseases revealed similar titres at comparable ages.
Addenum: Since this study was completed, Pike (26) has described a test by means of which 55% of the 110 strains of non-capsulated group A streptococci were shown to be hyaluronidase producers. The use of this test may make it possible to demonstrate hyaluronidase in strains which were formerly thought to be non-hyaluronidase producers. It may be that a rise in antihyaluronidase titer against streptococcal hyaluronidase is always preceded by an infection with a hyaluronidase-producing strain of group A hemolytic streptococcus. If this proves to be the case, it will be further evidence in favor of the specificity of streptococcal hyaluronidase.
The VI Antigens of the Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Whiteside Roberta E. , Baker Edgar E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Purified Vi antigens isolated from P. ballerup, E. coli and S. typhosa, strains Ty2 and 61 were studied by means of the agar diffusion precipitin technique and found to be serologically identical. When high relative concentrations of Vi antigen were allowed to react with either homologous or heterologous antibody the zone of precipitate often splits into two lines. It was suggested that this phenomenon might be due to the presence of partially degraded antigen in the preparation tested. In contrast to acetone-killed bacilli, Vi antigens isolated from them were very poor immunizing agents. Mouse protection tests were used to indicate effectiveness of Vi antigens as immunizing agents. Tests on two strains of mice were compared. The Vi antigens studied were nontoxic for rabbits and ineffective in preparing the rabbits for the local Shwartzman reaction.
Influence of the Ionic Strength of the Medium on the Velocity of Passive Anaphylactic Sensitization in Vitro
Authors: Binaghi R. , Liacopoulos P. , Halpern B. N. , Liacopoulos-Briot M. , Bloch C. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The influence of the electrolyte composition of the incubation medium on the velocity of passive anaphylactic sensitization of isolated guinea pig ileum in vitro has been studied.
It has been found that the rate of sensitization, as calculated from the time of incubation necessary to obtain the same anaphylactic response, is much greater in media with low electrolytic concentration than in standard Tyrode's solution.
This effect is a function of the ionic strength of the medium and is not related to the chemical nature of the ions.
In low electrolytic media, the rate of sensitization is influenced by the pH, the velocity being maximal at pH about 7.
The hypothetical implications of these findings in the mechanism of anaphylactic sensitization are discussed.
Serologic Studies on the Egg Yolk Factor Isolated from Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci
Authors: Blobel H. , Shah D. B. , Wilson J. B. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Separation of egg yolk factor from staphylocoagulase was achieved by high voltage electrophoresis in a vertical cellulose column. Both electrophoretically purified preparations were antigenic in rabbits. Results obtained in cross-inhibition experiments and double diffusion precipitin analyses suggested the serologic specificity of egg yolk factor.
Studies on the Second Component of Complement
Authors: Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J. , Mayer Manfred M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The conversion of EAC'1,4 to EAC'1,4,2 by purified C'2 has been investigated with respect to its kinetics and the principal factors influencing this reaction. A mathematical theory has been developed and its applicability evaluated. From kinetic evidence and on the basis of titration data, the transformation of EAC'1,4 to EAC'1,4,2 has been shown to involve a single reaction step, which means that interaction of one SA2C'1,4 site with C'2 converts a cell to the state EAC'1,4,2. It follows that hemolysis by antibody and complement is a one-hit or noncumulative process. On the basis of these results a method has been developed for measurement of C'2 in molecular terms. The limiting-component principle of Hegedus and Greiner has been shown to be invalid. The over-all “titer” of complement depends primarily on the supply of C'2, but the availability of C'1, C'4 and the C'3 factors also plays a role because their concentrations influence the efficiency with which C'2 is utilized.
The Immunochemistry and Genetics of Blood Group O
Authors: Baer Harold , Kloepfer H. Warner , Rasmussen Ursula 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A precipitating antiserum, obtained by the immunization of chickens with purified blood group substance derived from the pseudomucinous ovarian cyst fluid of a woman of group O, was employed to examine the nature of the antigen present in the saliva of individuals of the various ABO groups.
Although data in the present study are sufficient only to suggest a genetic hypothesis, it would seem that a three-allele scheme for genes representing O-antigens explains (with one exception) the segregation observed within families. In addition, the three-allele hypothesis is compatible with the observation that the amount of precipitate in an offspring did not exceed that of one of the parents.
Immunologic Unresponsiveness Appearing after Topical Application of Contact Sensitizers to the Guinea Pig
Authors: Lowney Edmund D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Following the topical application of a sensitizer, a state of haptene-specific unresponsiveness to the compound regularly appears. This was demonstrated with three sensitizers: p-nitrosodimethylaniline (NDMA), dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and chlorprothixene (CPT). Unresponsiveness may appear following application of minute quantities of a sensitizer (e.g., 25 γ NDMA) to the skin without further exposure to the compound prior to challenge. In the case of NDMA, unresponsiveness develops to maximum expression within 40 days of the initial topical exposure; unresponsiveness to a weaker sensitizer such as CPT appears more rapidly. A quantity of NDMA which is sufficient to induce unresponsiveness when put on the skin usually elicits a mild degree of sensitivity also. In the case of CPT, however, unresponsiveness is readily produced by topical applications which produce no detectable degree of sensitivity.
The Transfer of Antibodies from Ewes to Their Lambs
Authors: Halliday R. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Newborn lambs, unlike rats and mice, absorbed homologous agglutinins to Salmonella pullorum or Brucella abortus equally readily from colostrum. Agglutinins produced shortly after a first injection of B. abortus vaccine into ewes passed in relatively greater quantities into the colostrum than agglutinins of later immunization but lambs did not preferentially absorb agglutinins of either period. Treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol and anti-globulin tests reduced or increased the antibody titers of ewe and lamb sera by similar amounts. The results support the view that antibody absorption by the lamb is nonselective.
Persistent Altered Phenotypic Expression of Allelic γG-Immunoglobulin Allotypes in Heterozygous Rabbits Exposed to Isoantibodies in Fetal and Neonatal Life
Authors: Mage Rose , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Sera of b4b5 heterozygous offspring exposed to anti-b5 or anti-b4 in fetal or neonatal life were analyzed for b4, b5 and total γG-immunoglobulin concentrations by a micro-quantitative precipitin method and by the quantitative gel diffusion method of Oudin. Sera of unexposed rabbits were similarly analyzed. Rabbits of genotype b4b5 which received maternal anti-b5 during fetal life from b4b4 mothers immunized with b5, had a substantially lower per cent of total γG-immunoglobulin with the b5 allotype throughout life (up to 3 years) compared with control animals from nonimmunized mothers. In the affected animals, the total γG levels appeared normal and a compensatory increased production of the alternative allelic allotype accounted for most of the γG-immunoglobulin in their sera. The same phenomenon occurred when b4b5 offspring of nonimmunized b4b4 mothers were injected soon after birth with anti-b5 antiserum; 1 ml of serum containing 0.9 mg of precipitable antibody protein was sufficient to induce the phenomenon. In the reverse situation, when the b4b5 offspring of a b5b5 mother was injected after birth with anti-b4, a persistent reduction in the b4 level of the treated animal resulted compared with the control littermates. A compensatory increased production of b5 γG was observed.
Studies on Synthetic Polypeptide Antigens
Authors: Gill Thomas J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Eight strains of rabbits of varying degrees of inbreeding obtained from the Jackson Laboratories and a group of genetically heterogeneous New Zealand white rabbits were immunized in exactly the same way with poly Glu56Lys38Tyr6 to test the effect of genetic variation on the antibody response to a typical synthetic polypeptide. There are significant differences (P &lt; 0.01) among the amounts of antibody produced in the different strains and this is taken as evidence for a genetic effect on the ability of the various strains to respond to the antigen. Some of the strains which show a high level of antibody formation are not very highly inbred, so that further selective inbreeding may enhance their ability to produce antibodies against synthetic polypeptides of the type used in this study.