bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digitally Derived Capillary Pressure Data for Reservoir Evaluation
Authors: Al Hamad Mohammed , Klemin Denis , Shouxiang Mark Ma , Abdallah Wael 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Capillary pressure (Pc) is one of the fundamental parameters in formation evaluation. Currently, three methods are routinely used for Pc measurement; i.e., mercury injection, centrifuge, and porous plate. All three methods require testing of fluid displacement at capillary equilibrium conditions, an often-challenging condition to obtain, especially in low-quality rock samples. In this study, the ability to derive Pc data was investigated using digital rock (DR) physics techniques.
Two sister carbonate outcrop samples were prepared. The samples were initially analyzed using thin-section analysis technique. The Pc measurements were then performed using methods of porous plate and mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP). After that, the samples were sub-cored, mounted in a unique computed tomography (CT) cell, scanned with a high-resolution micro-CT device at a confining stress of 800 psig, and analyzed digitally with a scanning electron microscope for data interpretation.
Comparing the physically measured to the digitally simulated data, matches of pore throat sizes in terms of trends and peaks were obtained, including entry pressure, which validated and confirmed the quality of the constructed DR models. Using the established digital models of the rock samples, the Pc behavior was simulated. The results showed trend and connate water saturation matches with the experimental measurements.
The results of this study demonstrate that the digitally generated Pc data obtained using the unique micro-CT polyetheretherketone (PEEK) high-pressure cell match the experimental data, opening new ways of generating Pc data quickly and reliably. With the developed DR technologies, performing special core analysis tests much faster becomes a reality without concerns for test equilibrium conditions, while also providing informative insights into the pore structure of the rock samples.
Nanomembranes from Polymeric Waste for Produced Water Treatment
Authors: Manakhov Anton , Rybkin Iaroslav , AlGhunaimi Fahd I. , Aljuryyed Norah W. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Objectives/Scope
In the oil&gas sector, the produced water is the most significant waste stream. Among different possible materials including ceramic, polymers, carbon nanomaterials used for water filtration, polymeric nanofibers can be considered unique solution that can be used as a membrane and/or adsorbent. In this work we prepared polymeric nanofibers from polystyrene-waste to show a win-win approach to re-use polymer waste and clean produced water from organic contaminations.

Methods, Procedures, Process
The polystyrene waste dissolved in the dimethylformamide (DMFA) was used as a feedstock for the preparation of nanofibrous membranes by using the electrospinning process. Electrospinning is one of the simplest methods for the preparation of nanofibers with diameters ranging from micrometers down to nanometers. It uses strong electrostatic forces overcoming the surface tension of a polymer solution. We studied the electrospinning of polystyrene solutions with a range of concentrations from 10 to 30 (w/v %) and tested different solvents, including chloroform, acetone, dimethylformamide (DMFA), and ethyl acetate, and their binary mixtures.

Results, Observations, Conclusions
SEM revealed that the samples prepared with ethyl acetate solutions were thin and with numerous defects. In contrast the layers obtained by electrospinning of polystyrene waste dissolved in the DMFA exhibited homogeneous nanostructure if the voltage and concentration were properly adjusted. The beads-free homogenous nanofibers were synthesized for the solution with the concentrations from 15 to 25 w/v % at the voltage 20𠄻28 kV. The artefacts were suppressed by increasing the polystyrene concentration and electrospinning voltage. The wettability of the obtained nanofibers was evaluated by water contact angle (WCA) measurements. All samples were superhydrophobic with the WCA values from 115 to 145°. The obtained nanomembranes exhibited high efficiency for separation of water/hydrocarbon mixtures.

Novel/Additive Information
The utilization of dissolved polystyrene waste for the preparation of nanomembranes for separation of hydrocarbon pollutants from the wastewater streams potentially can be green win-win approach allowing to clean water and utilize abundant expanded polystyrene waste.
Extracting Continuous Profiles of Archie Parameters from Downhole Measurements
Authors: Abdallah Wael , Ali Farhan , Valori Andrea , Ma Shouxiang 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Archie parameters, porosity exponent m and saturation exponent n, are required inputs for formation evaluation. Depending on rock types, both m and n are routinely obtained from core analyses, which require reservoir cores and fluids. Such determined m and n values are discrete data points and availability is often limited. The ultimate objective of this study is to investigate the possibility to establish a workflow to determine continuous profiles of Archie parameters m and n downhole from advanced logging measurements.
The methodology was developed through laboratory studies. Carbonate and sandstone core samples were initially screened to have proper samples. Integration of NMR Diffusion D-T2 and dielectric permittivity was used to predict the m and n parameters, while resistivity was used as reference. The workflow consists of two steps: initially, m is derived from D-T2 NMR data using a model based on restricted diffusion, then the derived m is used to separate m from n in the dielectric derived MN parameter.
Results firstly indicate that m derived from NMR correlates with the resistivity benchmarks for fully water saturated samples (Sw = 1). Secondly, the stability of the NMR derived m with the addition of oil in the pore space (Sw &lt; 1) was demonstrated. When the samples were drained in steps (decreasing Sw) and workflow at each step was applied, the integrated NMR and dielectric measurements allowed to extract a n value in each step independently from the measurement in the other steps. The resistivity measurements at all the steps allowed to extract a single combined n used for benchmarking. Based on this study, the following are summarized:
Archie m can be derived from NMR D-T2 data by using a process based on interpretation of restricted diffusion visible in the water signal of data acquired at Sw =1. The same can be applied to data acquired at partially saturated conditions by interpreting the water signal only. The m values derived from NMR measurements at partially saturated conditions can be combined with dielectric MN parameter to compute Archie n.
Improving Drilling Efficiency and BHA Reliability Using Hybrid-Mode Telemetry
Authors: Quach Anh Vu , Berdigozhin Talgat , Wassermann Ingolf 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Most MWD systems use Mud Pulse (MP) or Electro Magnetic (EM) telemetry. Each telemetry system has very specific applications and limitations due to the governing physics. The Hybrid-Mode Telemetry of MP and EM in one system widens the operational envelope and increases drilling performance covered by a single BHA. This paper discusses the applications and benefits of Hybrid-Mode Telemetry with proven field deployments for both conventional and unconventional drilling.
The Hybrid-Mode Telemetry system is designed to operate with either the EM or MP channel, or to use both channels simultaneously and independently. The latter case also supports the parallel transmission of two different data streams. With this flexibility, Hybrid-Mode Telemetry can increase drilling performance significantly through reducing survey time, reducing downlinking time, and increase reliability by having two telemetry channels serving as back up for each other. Furthermore, with a maximum system bandwidth capability of up to 20 bits per second and zero downtime on transmission, the Hybrid-Mode Telemetry technology also enhances data rate for Formation Evaluation, Geosteering, and Automation drilling.
Hybrid-Mode Telemetry allows for the EM channel to transmit up to 16 bps, and the Mud Pulser channel up to 3.6 bps. With high data rates of 20 bps, high signal strength, and advanced algorithms capable of reliably decoding signals as low as 0.01 mV (10 times more sensitive than typical industry capabilities of 0.1-0.2mV), the Hybrid-mode Telemetry provides superior data and decoding capabilities for today's land-based drilling markets.
Hybrid-Mode Telemetry has been successfully used in conventional wells for more than 10 million feet drilled, mainly in onshore North America and Canada. In comparison with legacy Mud Pulse in the same areas, Hybrid-Mode Telemetry showed on average a 37% reduction in drilling time with Motor BHAs. The drilling time reduction is mainly driven by higher data rate, reduction in stationary survey time, and higher reliability of the entire system – up to 99% operating efficiency. This allowed for optimization of drilling parameters and improved decision-making processes.
Field testing of Hybrid-Mode Telemetry with Rotary Steerable BHAs is currently ongoing for unconventional drilling applications at deeper drilling depths, involving more complex well profiles and faster drilling rates compared to Motor drilling wells. While sufficient data for evaluation and conclusion is still to be gathered, the Hybrid-Mode Telemetry is expected to contribute to a gross ROP increase by 15-30%.
This paper will present, in detail, techniques observed from field data on how to maximize drilling efficiencies through survey time reduction, flow independent downlinking, and optimized telemetry configurations that increase data rate while drilling. In addition, the paper will also describe drilling applications using Hybrid-Mode Telemetry.
CO2 Sequestration: Sensitivity Analysis of Storage Mass to Multiphase Parameters
Authors: Almajid Muhammad Majid , Zechner Markus , AlYousif Zuhair A. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Geological CO2 sequestration is one of the main enablers for reducing carbon emissions. Prediction of CO2 behavior in uncertain subterranean formations requires more robust descriptions of the most critical geological and multiphase parameters. The objective of this work is to present a sensitivity analysis of multiphase parameters on the amount of CO2 stored/leaked in a sequestration project and to identify the most critical parameters that we need to focus on to ensure successful project implementation. A vertical equilibrium model is used to simulate the sequestration process for over 1000 years in the Johansen formation, which is a candidate site for large-scale CO2 storage offshore the southwest coast of Norway. The multiphase parameters of the capillary pressure and the relative permeability curves are altered randomly (Monte Carlo experiment). A distance-based generalized sensitivity analysis (DGSA) is used to interpret the responses and quantify the most influential parameters on five different masses of CO2 (free plume, leaked, residual after water reimbibition, residual CO2, trapped residually in structural traps). Amongst the five different masses of CO2 investigated in this work, the most influencing parameters were the residual CO2 saturation and the relative permeability exponent. The residual water saturation, capillary pressure curve exponent, and the entry pressure had much lesser effect on the computed masses of CO2. The mass of CO2 in the free plume as well as the mass of residual CO2 in the plume after water reimbibition were most sensitive to the residual CO2 saturation. On the other hand, the mass of CO2 leaked from the aquifer, the mass of residual CO2, and the mass of CO2 that is trapped residually in the structural traps were most sensitive to the relative permeability exponent. The results of our work indicate that initial experimental investigation in a sequestration project should be directed towards limiting the uncertainty of the relative permeability parameters such as the residual CO2 saturation and the relative permeability exponent.
Fracture Sealing Efficiency of an Acid Soluble, Expandable and Cementitious Loss Circulation Materials
Authors: Santra Ashok , Hale Arthur , Johnson Kenneth , Osorio Nicolas 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Severe to total loss of circulation during drilling operations is a serious problem that is responsible for non-productive time (NPT) during drilling and cementing. This publication will focus on a new technology to remediate significant to severe lost circulation.
Two different Lost circulation material (LCM) fluid systems developed herein can cover downhole applications up to temperatures of 300°F. The LCM fluid starts to generate nitrogen gas in-situ above 120°F resulting in expansion and filling the void created by the fracture. After a few hours of curing the LCM fluid become hardened creating a seal. A process and procedure have been devised to evaluate the sealing nature of the LCM fluid and the structural integrity once set.
Laboratory testing has been performed to quantify the % of expansion at different temperatures and pressures where the rate of gas generation is faster at higher temperature. The higher the confining pressure the lower the expansion. It has also been shown that the hardened LCM fluid is 100% acid solubility in 15% HCl. To examine if this fluid could seal a sandstone fracture, an experiment was conducted where a 3.55 mm simulated fracture confined under 1000 psi was sealed after placement of the LCM fluid across the simulated fracture. The LCM fluid entered the fracture and after 16 hours for the fluid to harden, the fracture was sealed with enough structural integrity to withstand several hundred psi differential. Results demonstrate a sealing capability of over 900psi differential pressure was observed, this is significant
The expandable nature of this acid soluble and fast setting fluid pill systems makes it novel and unique being able to expand even under down-hole pressure conditions, to effectively cure major losses at application temperatures up to 300 °F.
Hybrid Deep Multilayer Perceptron with Clonal Selective Optimization for Wind Speed Estimation and Power Generation Prediction
Authors: THANGARAJ VINOTHKUMAR , Tamizharasi S. , Muthukumaran N. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Wind energy is fast developing energy resource as it is renewable, pollution free and abundant. The nonlinear and fluctuation of wind are large demand for enhancing the reliability and accuracy of the power system that combines the wind speed. With an exact wind speed data, power system operators predict the power output for system planning and scheduling. Wind speed prediction is an essential factor in forecasting to attain the efficient wind power utilization. But, the prediction time and accuracy performance was not improved using existing techniques. In order to address this problem, Deep Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network based Clonal Selective Optimization (DMLPNN-CSO) technique is introduced. The main objective of DMLPNN-CSO technique is to improve the performance of power generation prediction through wind speed estimation with higher accuracy based on mean air temperature, relative humidity and vapor pressure data. DMLPNN-CSO technique comprises two processes, namely deep multilayer perceptron neural network and clonal data selection algorithm. Initially in DMLPNN-CSO technique, wind turbine is considered as the input and given to the input layer in deep multilayer perceptron neural network. Wind turbine information is extracted and given to the hidden layer 1. In this layer, data preprocessing is performed through the median filter for removing unnecessary data. After that, the preprocessed data is given to the hidden layer 2 to estimate the wind speed. The estimated values are collected and get matched with the pre-stored values in the output layer by using softsign activation function. After estimation of wind speed, the optimal data gets selected by using clonal data selection algorithm for predicting the power generation. Clonal data selection algorithm performs the sorting, cloning and guassian mutation for finding the optimal value in power generation prediction. This in turn helps to improve prediction accuracy and reduce the time consumption. Experimental evaluation of proposed DMLPNN-CSO technique is carried out with respect to number of wind turbine data and data samples. The results showed that DMLPNN-CSO technique produces higher prediction accuracy and wind speed estimation rate when compared to state-of-the-art works.
Beam Control and Interference Nulling of ESPAR Antenna for WSN Communication
Authors: Rahman Md. Moklesur , Ryu Heung-Gyoon 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
It is very important to have reliable information signal at the receiver of the UHF (ultra-high frequency) RFID (radio frequency identification) communication system. For this goal, an exact location of the RFID tag must be traced, and the definite direction from the RFID reader to the RFID tag must be stated at the particular boundaries to be communicated properly. In this paper, an advanced direction finding method based on the beam scanning (BS) is studied to receive the stronger information signal from a particular direction. Unlike the traditional systems i.e. peak searching (PS) and symmetrical constant (SC), the beam scanning method (BSM) in the ESPAR (electronically steerable parasitic array radiation) antenna provides efficient advantages to find out the direction, location of tags, and to receive the signals. Likewise, a selective beam switching (SBS) system by designing ESPAR antenna is proposed to minimize the interference. To be noted, the beam scanning method (BSM) is the prerequisite process of the selective beam switching (SBS) since there is an appropriate system configuration about the tag’s location, direction finding, and the optimum SNR (signal to noise ratio) by suppressing noise and interference. The work can be applied into the wireless ECG monitoring system by providing better advantages such as higher accuracy, longer range and the longer battery life span. The antenna nulling is very good to enhance SIR (Signal to Interference Ratio) performance of the system. Thus, it can be concluded that the proposed design is a reliable, robust, relatively long distance, and low power WSN (wireless senor network) communication system and IoT communication networks.
Close-to-Atom Scale Laser Manufacturing for 30-Color Turn-key Single-Photon Emitters
Authors: Sun Hong-Bo , Wang Xiao-Jie , Fang Hong-Hua , Li Zhen-Ze , Wang Dan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Atomic and close-to-atom scale manufacturing is now considered an avenue toward single-photon emitters, single-electron transistors, single-atom memory, and quantum-bit devices for future communication, computation, and sensing applications. Laser manufacturing is outstanding to this end for ease of beam manipulation and batch production, and no requirement for photomasks. It is, however, suffering from optical diffraction limit and lacks atomic and close-to-atom scale precision. Herein, we circumvent this limitation by exploiting a threshold tracing-and-lock-in method, whereby the 2-order gap between atomic point defect complexes and optical diffraction limit is surpassed. As a result, bright (up to 10 Mcounts s− 1) single-photon color centers are deterministically created from few-layer hBN with feature size of less than 5 nm and a near-unity yield. Around 94% of them emit monochromatically at around 30 individual wavelengths from 500 nm to 800 nm. A turn-key monochromic single-photon emitter of demanded color is attained by integrating it with 5-V blue laser diodes.
Cataract surgery outcomes in Australia and New Zealand: A retrospective study of outcomes in 5018 cases and review of the literature
Authors: Khan Muhammad , Lee Brendon , Sartor Lauren , Seyed-Razavi Yashar , Samarawickrama Chameen 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Objectives
To report visual and surgical outcomes of phacoemulsification cataract surgery from 5,018 consecutive cases from Western Sydney. A review of the Australian and New Zealand literature was undertaken to provide a benchmark of outcomes from the region.
Methods
The Electronic Medical Record system was used to retrospectively review three time-points for all phacoemulsification cataract surgeries at a tertiary-referral centre between May 2017 and August 2020: preoperative, intraoperative and one-month postoperatively. Variables collected included uncorrected (UDVA) and pinhole (PHVA) visual acuities, surgeon seniority, and ocular pathology.
Results
Of the 5,018 eyes, 37.3% were operated on by consultants, 47.1% by trainees, and 15.6% by fellows. Ocular pathology was seen in 52.5% of eyes (n = 1,709). The mean preoperative and one-month postoperative UDVA was 6/48 and 6/12 respectively. There was an intraoperative complication in 7.6% of eyes (n = 379) and posterior capsular rupture (PCR) occurred in 2.7% (n = 136). Logistic regression analyses demonstrated advanced cataract and use of alpha-2 antagonists to be strongly associated with PCR.
Conclusions
We present visual and surgical outcomes from the largest study on phacoemulsification cataract surgery in Australia and New Zealand. Our findings were comparable to regional and international benchmarks despite a high rate of ocular pathology and trainee case load. The lack of a regional cataract surgery registry represents a critical need in assessing and claiming key performance indicators, capturing emerging trends, and identifying region-specific risk factors to deliver the best patient outcomes.
Evaluation of Purple sea urchins Paracentrotus lividus grazing on alien species Rugulopteryx okamurae.
Authors: Cruzado Ismael Hachero , Muñoz Miriam , Zuasti Eugenia , Jiménez Teresa 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Rugulopteryx okamurae is an invasive nonindigenous marine species (NIS) of macroalgae present in the benthic communities of the Strait of Gibraltar that have colonised quickly most of the coast of this strait triggering ecological, economic and social consequences. Sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus) are generalist herbivore with potential to provide resistance to this NIS. The objectives of this study were to assess if the generalist herbivore sea urchin consumes the invasive macroalgae R. okamurae under laboratory conditions, to known the grazing preferences when this NIS macroalgae is offered together with the native species Ulva ohnoi, as well as to find biochemical tissue markers related with R. okamurae ingestion. In this study two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment sea urchins were evaluated in groups for two months, and afterwards, in a second experiment, the same specimens were used to analyse individual preferences, feeding rates and fatty acid profiles. Daily food consumption rates showed that sea urchins accepted the NIS seaweed R. okamurae as food under laboratory conditions and even increase its intake over a long exposure period. In the same way, we observed that elective values for non-native species improve when P. lividus was exposed to R. okamurae for a long time, also showing differences among individuals. Regarding the fatty acids profiles of tissues, our results shown that arachidonic acid discriminates intestines of sea urchins fed with R. okamurae, while the gonad fatty acid composition was not directly related with diet.