bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Colorimetric Method for the Typing of Coxsackie Viruses of Group B and Certain Members of Group A
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Midulla Mario , Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
Preliminary inquiries indicate that the colorimetric method described here is useful for the identification of Coxsackie viruses belonging to group B and may also prove useful for identification of types 11, 13, 15 and 18 of group A. Tissue culture isolates of group A viruses were not available for evaluation of the procedure, but experimental typing of laboratory passage strains gave clear-cut results and no evidence of cross-neutralization.
The colorimetric identification test was applied to a total of 112 Coxsackie viruses isolated in monkey kidney cell cultures over a 2-year period. All 16 strains of type B-3, and all 66 strains of type B-5 were identified colorimetrically from the monkey kidney material. Nine of the 16 type B-2 strains, and 3 of the 8 type B-4 strains were presumptively identified from kidney material; however, after a single passage in FL cells, all of the type B-2 and type B-4 strains gave sharp colorimetric end points and were typed with facility.
The method was also applied to the identification of 24 completely unknown viruses recovered from throat washings in HeLa cell cultures. Seven of these agents were promptly identified as Coxsackie viruses of the B group, and 17 others were not neutralized by any of the Coxsackie virus immune sera used. Of this Coxsackie-negative group, 10 viruses were later identified as herpes simplex, and 7 still remain unidentified.
Passage into FL cells of isolates which cannot be identified from monkey kidney cultures may actually constitute a useful step in the identification of these agents, since those which fail to cause cytopathogenic changes in the FL cells may then be examined in monkey kidney cell cultures against Coxsackie type A-9 immune sera, ECHO virus immune sera, or immune sera against other agents known to cause degeneration in monkey kidney cells but not in HeLa or FL cells (the latter 2 cell types appear to have a similar range of viral susceptibilities). Isolates which cause degeneration in FL cells may then be retested in the colorimetric scheme. The simplicity of testing an isolate by the colorimetric method and relatively high dilutions, at which immune sera may be employed, make repetition of the test a simple and inexpensive procedure.
Although a colorimetric identification scheme employing monkey kidney cells might serve to identify Coxsackie group B viruses without the need for passage into FL cells, the colorimetric system employing FL cells has the advantage of conserving available monkey kidney cells for virus isolation work and, in addition, the system may be utilized for identification of four of the group A Coxsackie viruses (types 11, 13, 15 and 18) which do not multiply in monkey kidney cells.
Identification of the Nuclear Component of the Interaction of Lupus Erythematosus Globulin and Nuclei
Authors: Friou George J. , Santarsiero Carmela 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Using the fluorescent antibody technique, it has been shown that the factor in lupus serum which reacts with nuclei also reacts with deoxyribonucleoprotein (nucleohistone) from calf or rabbit thymus and with artificial complexes of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with histone. A technique for titration of the affinity of serums for nucleohistone has been devised. Use of this method has demonstrated the presence of the factor in all lupus serums tested, regardless of results of the lupus erythematosus (LE) test. By absorption of lupus serum with nucleohistone it was possible to remove the affinity for nucleohistone and the capacity to induce the LE phenomenon, suggesting that the 2 effects may be due to 1 factor. The broad species range of the reaction has been confirmed by this improved technique.
The Effects of Thiamine Deficiency on Some Physiologic Factors, Phagocytosis and Susceptibility to Infection
Authors: Wertman Kenneth , Groh Margaret 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Male white rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were maintained on a well-defined diet deficient in thiamine, and a) various physiologic factors of importance to infection, b) phagocytosis and c) susceptibility to infection were studied. Adequate numbers of inanition and ad libitum control animals were included. The following physiologic factors were studied: a) the cellular composition of the peripheral blood, b) complement activity, c) cellular migration in inflammation, d) the cellular composition of the exudate in inflammation and e) “leukotaxine” activity.
The following observations were made from these studies: No change was noted in the total leucocyte count in the peripheral blood. An increase in erythrocytes and hemoglobin concentration was evident in the thiamine deficient and inanition controls. Differential cell counts of the blood leucocytes of the vitamin deficient and inanition controls showed an absolute and relative increase in polymorphonuclear cells and a reduction in the percentage of lymphocytes.Complement activity of the sera of the thiamine deficient rats was less than either the inanition or ad libitum control rats.There was a marked decrease (50%) in the total number of leucocytes in the peritoneal exudates of the thiamine deficient animals when inflammation was established.A relative granulocytosis with an absolute decrease was observed in the exudates removed from the inflamed areas of the deficient animals as compared with the controls.No alteration in capillary permeability, as measured by the Menkin dye accumulation technique, was noted in any group.Thiamine deficiency had no apparent effect on the capacity of the leucocyte to phagocytize Diplococcus pneumoniae. Phagocytosis was approximately the same in all groups of animals.Thiamine deficient animals were highly susceptible to D. pneumoniae. However, after receiving 40 μg of thiamine daily for seven days, they were able to resist the invasion and infection.The reduced complement activity and cellular migration to the site of inflammation suggest that these significant factors play a role in the inability of a thiamine deficient animal to resist bacterial infection.
The Alteration of Bacterial Endotoxins by Human and Rabbit Serum
Authors: Stauch John E. , Johnson Arthur G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Incubation of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin in normal human and rabbit serum was found to alter the precipitating activity of the endotoxin. By quantitative techniques, it was demonstrated that the extent of alteration is a function of time and temperature of incubation, pH and concentration of serum and endotoxin. The serum factor appeared to be relatively stable at 56°C. Evidence was presented that eliminated the properdin system as responsible for the alteration. The characteristics of this reaction are discussed.
Biologic Activity of Soluble Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Campbell Dan H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The skin activity of soluble antigen-antibody complexes depends on the properties of the antibody rather than the antigen. The complexes composed of rabbit antibody and homologous antigen are skin reactive, irrespective of whether the antigen is protein, polysaccharide or synthetic dye hapten, whereas the complexes composed of either horse antibody or chicken antibody and homologous antigen are not toxic. The simple hapten-antibody complex and the SII-anti-SII complex do not have skin activity even though rabbit antibody is used. Complement fixability of the soluble complexes depends on the properties of the antibodies and on their composition. The complexes of rabbit antibodies fix complement, whereas the complexes of either horse antibody or chicken antibody do not. Also, it became obvious that the complex composed of two BSA molecules and one rabbit antibody molecule (Ag2Ab) does not fix complement and that the Ag3Ab2 complex fixes much less complement, if any, than do the higher complexes. The complement fixability of the soluble complexes in vitro does not necessarily parallel their skin activity.
Biologic Activity of Soluble Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Campbell Dan H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Both the skin reaction with BSA-anti-BSA complexes and sensitization with rabbit antibody in the PCA reaction are inhibited by normal rabbit γ-globulin and human γ-globulin. Neither horse γ-globulin nor chicken γ-globulin has any inhibitory effect in either type of reaction. Heterologous skin reactive antigen-antibody complex blocks the sensitization of guinea pig skin with antibody in the PCA reaction. Some inactive complexes of antigen-antibody systems; e.g., the Ag2Ab complex of the BSA system, the R-anti-R complex and the diphtheria toxoid-horse antitoxin complex, inhibit the skin reaction with active complexes and block the sensitization with heterologous antibody in the PCA reaction. Other inactive complexes such as the SII-rabbit anti-SII complex and human γ-globulin-chicken anti-HGG complex do not. The data suggest that the combination of the soluble complexes with the tissue constituent(s), to which the antibody combines upon sensitization, is one of the necessary processes of the skin reaction induced by antigen-antibody complexes. A tentative hypothesis concerning the mechanism of the skin reaction is presented.
Analysis of Serum from Lethally Irradiated Mice Treated with Rat Bone Marrow
Authors: Gengozian Nazareth 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Interfacial tests for rat and mouse serum proteins with specific antiserum reagents on serum samples obtained from lethally irradiated mice 12–55 days after RBM treatment showed negative reactions for rat-type protein and positive reactions for mouse-type proteins.
Double serum-agar diffusion tests on these same serum samples showed the presence of mouse serum globulins (lipo- and glycoprotein) and the absence of rat serum globulins.
Serum A/G ratios of these mice seemed to be correlated with the physical condition of the animal at the time of sacrifice; those in poor condition had a low serum A/G value, but those classified as in good condition had A/G values considerably higher, yet below the normal age controls.
The presence of rat-type proteins in the serum of long-term heterologous survivors was induced by exposure to a supralethal x-ray dose.
Immunization of long-term heterologous chimeras with sheep RBC antigen resulted in an increase of globulin proteins in the serum of three chimeras, as revealed by paper electrophoresis and biuret tests. Interfacial tests for rat-type protein on these serum samples before and after this immunization were negative, whereas tests for mouse proteins were positive.
The data were discussed in terms of the host versus graft destruction hypothesis.
Antigenicity of Polypeptides (Poly Alpha Amino Acids)
Authors: Maurer Paul H. , Subrahmanyam D. , Katchalski E. , Blout E. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antigenicity in rabbits of various synthetic polypeptides has been studied. Employing both in vitro and in vivo tests for detecting antibody, it was shown that, of all the materials studied only the copolymer of glutamic acid and lysine (450–200B) was antigenic, and this was weakly so. The specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction and the future use of anticopolymer sera has been discussed.
Inhibition of the Effect of Cortisone on Antibody Formation by Heterologous Spleen Cells
Authors: Fagraeus Astrid , Berglund Kaare 
Published: January 2023

Summary
This investigation is a study of the effect of heterologous spleen cells on antibody formation in cortisone-treated rats. The test object has been the hemolysin response in rats immunized by one intraperitoneal injection of sheep erythrocytes and given cortisone by a schedule leading to depression of antibody formation.
A single intraperitoneal injection of mouse spleen cells on the day of antigen injection significantly increased antibody formation in cortisone-treated rats. Washing of cells before injection did not influence the outcome. This restoring effect on antibody production could not be demonstrated when the cells were given in disintegrated form.
Absorption studies gave no evidence for a production of hemolysin by the transferred mouse cells. Neither did the profiles of the antibody curves indicate production of heterologous antibody globulin. Mechanisms by which the mouse cells may restore the host's own antibody forming capacity are discussed.
Chemical and Serological Characteristics of Blood Group Antibodies in the Abo and Rh Systems
Authors: Yokoyama M. , Finlayson J. S. , Suchinsky R. T. , Roberts N. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By means of chromatography on DEAE-cellulose utilizing elution with single, continuous gradients, blood group antibodies of the ABO system were separated into at least three regions, having extremely low, low, and high anionic binding capacities, respectively. This was true whether whole serum or Cohn Fraction II + III was chromatographed. Activity in the first region was associated with 6.6 S γ2-globulins; that in the second, with 6.6 S γ1-globulins; that in the third, with γ1-globulins of high sedimentation coefficient (probably 17.5 S, uncorrected) and a molecular weight of the order of 700,000. In all sera studied, most of the activity lay in the third region. This was particularly noticeable in group A and group B sera, in which activity in the first two regions was usually not detectable without prior concentration. This technique failed to separate the anti-A and anti-B activities of group O serum. Chromatography of whole sera showed that incomplete Rh antibodies were associated with 6.6 S γ-globulins of low anionic binding capacity, whereas complete Rh antibodies were associated with γ-globulins of high anionic binding capacity and (presumably) high molecular weight. Serum containing both types of antibodies exhibited activity in both chromatographic regions. In all cases, the active regions were wider when tested with homozygous R̄h0(-D-) cells than when tested with homozygous Rh0(D) cells.
A Comparison of Cytopathology Caused by Myxoviruses
Authors: Bader John P. , Morgan Herbert R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The inhibition by metabolic analogues of the cytopathic effects of myxoviruses on HeLa and L cells indicates that the processes which lead to viral replication are responsible for cytopathology in these systems. Oxythiamine and desoxypyridoxine protected HeLa and L cells from the cytopathic action of PR8 influenza and mumps viruses. These vitamin analogues also inhibited the cytopathology caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in L cells, but destruction of HeLa cells by NDV was unaffected. In the systems in which protection was demonstrated, there was concomitant decrease in hemagglutinins and infectivity.
Although cortisone also protected the cells from the cytopathic action of the myxoviruses, the production of hemagglutinins and infectious units was unaffected, and release of virus from the infected cells was not inhibited.
Prior exposure of HeLa and L cells for 2 hr to heat-inactivated viruses protected the cells from the cytopathic action of active homologous or heterologous viruses. It appeared that receptor destruction was partly responsible for this protective action, but other factors were apparently involved, since interference was most pronounced in systems employing homologous inactive and active virus.
L cells surviving the original exposure to NDV or PR8 virus were subsequently resistant to the cytopathic action of the homologous or heterologous virus, but surviving HeLa cells were not. The resistance of the L cells appeared to be related to the presence of an interferon-like substance, but this resistance was lost on serial passage.
A Contribution to the Cellular and Humoral Theories of Anaphylaxis and Similar Processes
Authors: Kritchevsky I. L. , Birger O. G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The present research is based upon the aspect of anaphylactic shock, as a physico-chemical phenomenon, elaborated in detail by one of us elsewhere. (1, 2, 3, 4, 13).
From this point of view, all the morbid symptoms characteristic of anaphylactic shock, and death itself, must be looked upon as the result of a change of the degree of dispersion of the colloids of the organism, and not as the result of a purely chemical affection, that is, poisoning in the usual meaning of the word.
Simultaneously, it has been shown that the clinical picture of the symptoms and the anatomical changes, pathognomonic of anaphylaxis, are brought about in the organism generally in the same circumstances in which in vitro the precipitation of a serum or the agglutination of erythrocytes occur; and it is immaterial whether this multiform effect is dependent upon previous immunization of the animals undergoing the experiment or whose serum is taken; or whether a substance is used in the production of which the animal experimented upon had taken no part.
Antibody Formation
Authors: Finkelstein Martin S. , Uhr Jonathan W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Avidity of guinea pig antibodies to bacteriophage φX 174 was studied by means of the decision-tube and reactivation methods of Jerne and Avegno. The avidity of both γM and γG antibodies increased with time after immunization. γM antibody obtained 1 week after immunization usually had a higher avidity than γG antibody obtained 2 weeks after immunization. The possibility that the relatively high avidity of γM antibody is caused by multiple binding between a single phage particle and one γM antibody molecule is discussed.
Dilution Dependent Autoinhibition of Agglutination in Rheumatoid Arthritis Sera and Rabbit Anti-Human γG Antisera
Authors: Oreskes Irwin , Shore Bella 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis were titrated with human γG-immunoglobulin coated tanned sheep cells at six cell concentrations ranging from 0.125% to 2.0%. Double logarithmic plots of titer vs. cell concentration were linear. Fifteen of 21 cases (71%) yielded slopes greater than -1.0 reflecting an abnormally large decrease in titer with increasing cell concentration. Previous work (3) has shown that the abnormal titer decreases were due to an autoinhibitory component in the patient's own γG. In the present study it was found that increased slopes were independent of RF titer, duration of disease, or age of patient. Increased slopes were associated with a greater frequency of diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis as compared to nonrheumatoid disease.
Comparison of sera and synovial fluids derived from the same individual revealed identical slope values even when RF titers of both fluids differed appreciably.
Certain sera when studied with human and rabbit γG coated cells revealed elevated slopes in both test systems; others, only in the human system.
Block titration of rabbit antisera against purified human γG yielded normal -1.0 slopes in the initial bleedings. However, antisera obtained 3 to 4 weeks after initial immunization showed elevated slopes. This was true when agglutination titers were increasing, as well as when such titers were decreasing.
It is suggested that in RF sera at least, elevated slopes are due to a dilution dependent autoinhibition of agglutination which arises from the interaction between at least part of the patient's rheumatoid factor with his autologous γG.
Histological Manifestations of Cellular (Delayed) Hypersensitivity
Authors: Kolín Arnošt , Johanovský Jiří , Pekárek Jan 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The histologic picture of tuberculin skin tests in guinea pigs sensitized passively by the transfer of spleen and lymph node cells from BCG-immunized guinea pigs was investigated. As early as 90 min following intradermal injection of PPD numerous necrotic foci of muscle fibers and frequently also lipophagic foci were observed in subcutaneous tissue. Similar changes were not found in reactions to corresponding doses of ovalbumin given to the same animals and in tuberculin tests made in recipients of nonsensitized cells. Muscle fiber necroses occurred without demonstrable participation of inflammatory infiltration, which developed later together with the paresis of subcutaneous venules. These histologic findings are viewed as supporting the hypothesis that the reaction of hypersensitive cells with antigen leads to tissue damage, which in turn constitutes the principal cause of the development of inflammatory changes which form the second (nonspecific) part of the reaction.
Effect of Merthiolate on Agar Gel Diffusion Precipitin Reactions with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Authors: Cowan K. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Merthiolate incorporated as a preservative into the agar used for the immunodiffusion analysis of FMDV and an infection-associated antigen caused the degradation of these components. The 140S virus particles were partially degraded to 12S protein subunits of the virus, and the precipitating activity of the infection-associated antigen was markedly reduced. Sodium azide had no deleterious effect on these antigenic components.
Fractions obtained from the ultracentrifugation of FMDV on CsCl density gradients were analyzed on both Merthiolate and sodium azide agar. Evidence was obtained that particles occurred which were antigenically identical to the virus, but differed with respect to their density and their sensitivity to Merthiolate.
Inhibition of Spleen Cell DNA Synthesis by Autologous Macrophages
Authors: Parkhouse R. M. E. , Dutton Richard W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Addition of autologous alveolar or peritoneal macrophages to spleen cell suspensions in vitro led to an inhibition of DNA synthesis of control and antigen-stimulated cells. The inhibition was studied using alveolar macrophages and did not appear to depend on the release of a soluble factor, was serum independent, only occurred when both cell types were in intimate contact, and was not the result of consumption or degradation of essential medium ingredients. Neither sensitized macrophages nor polymorphs responded to secondary challenge by antigen, or treatment with phytohemagglutinin, in vitro. No inhibition of DNA synthesis resulted when autologous polymorphs were added to spleen cell cultures. Although homogenized alveolar macrophages were not inhibitory, attempts to obtain immunogenic material from macrophages preincubated with antigen were unsuccessful. Destruction of macrophages already present in the spleen cell suspensions by the addition of silica resulted in a small stimulation of DNA synthesis.
Normal Mouse Agglutinins for Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Kirshbom Isaac 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mouse agglutinins for human A, B and O erythrocytes and human agglutinins for mouse erythrocytes were described and their relationship to intestinal bacterial flora was discussed.
The mouse agglutinins for A erythrocytes are of two types. One appears only in female mice of some strains. The other agglutinin is not sex-linked and differs in specificity from that in the female. Both are 19S proteins present in the γ1-globulin fraction.
A sex-linked antigen, serologically related to human A substance, is present in the tissues of male C57BL/10 mice and to a lesser extent in tissues of male C3H mice. A possible relationship between this antigen and histocompatibility antigens is discussed.