bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Antigen-Antibody Reaction with Type A Botulinal Toxin
Authors: Lamanna Carl , Doak Beatrice W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Crystalline botulinal type A toxin has been found to behave as a complete antigen. It is capable of inducing antibody-formation and a state of supersensitivity. Combination with antibody in the flocculative reaction is in harmony with its large molecular size.
Toxin and toxoid appear capable of forming insoluble complexes with normal sera. Some of the characteristics of the complexes are outlined. The particular importance of the temperature-variable made it necessary to study the precipitin-reaction with a given antiserum at several different temperatures. In the quantitative precipitin-studies the phenomenon was notable in the zone of antigen-excess and at lower temperatures.
In the quantitative precipitin-reaction there exists, in the zones of equivalence and antitoxin-excess, a curvilinear relation between the ratio of antibody to antigen in the precipitates and the quantity of antigen added. (The relation is expressed by the exponential equation x = aby where x = antigen added, y = the ratio, and a and b are constants.) If the ratio is plotted against the log of the quantity of antigen added, a linear relation results. Results with the quantitative precipitin-reaction vary for sera from different animals. With horseserum, inhibition in the antibody-excess zone may be complete, and may even extend to the equivalence-zone.
With both horse- and rabbit-sera inhibition of precipitation was not noticed in the zone of antigen-excess. This finding is discussed.
Flocculation of toxoid (prepared by treatment with formaldehyde at pH 7) with antitoxin was studied. Though quantitative differences existed, in general the qualitative findings were like those with toxin.
In titrations by optimal-proportions, a Lederle ‘modified-globulin’ horse-serum gave an “H” type reaction with toxin and an “R” type reaction with toxoid, an individual rabbit-serum gave “H” type reaction with toxin and a pool of rabbit-sera gave an “R” type reaction with both toxin and toxoid.
Neutralization Tests with Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus in the Chick Embryo: A Statistical Treatment of the Results by the Probit Method
Authors: Crawley John F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The chick embryo has been successfully employed for the quantitative assay of residual equine encephalomyelitis virus in tests with immune serum. Under the conditions of these experiments maximum neutralization of equine encephalomyelitis virus by antiserum was attained within a few seconds of mixing the virus and the serum. Less neutralization was apparent if the virus-serum mixtures were kept at 4 C prior to inoculation. The amount of neutralization which was apparent was related directly to the susceptibility of the embryo or inversely to the number of virus particles necessary to initiate a lethal infection. The greatest neutralization was shown when 15 day eggs were inoculated by the yolk sac route and the least neutralization when 15 day eggs were inoculated by the chorio-allantoic route. Eleven day eggs inoculated by either route showed intermediate degrees of neutralization.
Studies on Lymphogranuloma Venereum Complement-Fixing Antigens
Authors: Hilleman Maurice R. , Nigg Clara 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An active complement-fixing fraction was extracted with anesthetic ether from suspensions of yolk-sacs infected with the viruses of lymphogranuloma venereum, meningopneumonitis and mouse pneumonitis. The acetone and alcohol insolubility of the active substance was utilized in the preparation of a highly purified fraction. The purified fraction, inactive in itself, was activated by the addition of optimal amounts of lecithin of either yolk-sac or vegetable origin. The ether soluble antigen in the form of a saline suspension showed no loss of activity when stored at refrigerator temperature for more than 18 months. Chloroform extracts of infected yolk-sac suspensions were similar to the ether extracts in that most of the activity was in the extract. Benzene extracts showed slight activity and petroleum ether extracts were inactive, whereas the suspensions after such extractions showed markedly enhanced activity. Purified antigens and ether-extracted suspensions were group-reactive in complement-fixation with serums of patients infected with viruses of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group. The purified ether-extract antigen to which lecithin was added was a highly satisfactory antigen for use in complement-fixation tests for infection with the viruses of this group.
Antibody Studies
Authors: Huntoon F. M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. Since it was first recognized that certain substances, such as bacteria or their products or certain other poisonous substances of animal and vegetable origin, on their introduction into the animal body, stimulated the formation of neutralizing bodies, which were termed antibodies, there has been constant investigation of the laws governing such neutralizations. Nevertheless, in spite of the enormous amount of work that has been accomplished in this field, the true nature of neither antigen nor antibody has been definitely established.
The present series of papers is concerned with attempts to secure purified solutions of antibody, which would allow direct methods of examination as to their nature and which could be used therapeutically without the introduction of extraneous material, having a dangerous or disagreeable effect.
The purification of antibody, as it has been attempted, may be accomplished by the direct and indirect methods.
A Note on the Claim That Agglutinins Are Lipoidal in Nature
Authors: Krumwiede Charles , Noble W. Carey 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The claim that agglutinins could be extracted from sera by the use of lipoidal solvents, was called to our attention by the address of Jobling (1) on the relation of lipoids to immunity. This claim was made by Stuber (2), (3) who believed he had demonstrated that he could extract the agglutinins from an immune serum with petroleum ether and that the addition of the extracted substances to normal serum would result in an agglutinating value practically equal to that of the unextracted immune serum. He claimed, also, that the serum of normal animals became strongly agglutinative after the animals had received intravenous injections of such extracted substances.
We have attempted to duplicate the results of Stuber without success. However, we hesitated about presenting our findings, first, because of their negative character and secondly, because of a later article by Stuber (3) on the same subject.
The Relation Between the Absorption of Antibodies and the Isolated Protein Bodies
Authors: Umemura Rokuro 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The absorption of antibodies obtained together with the isolated proteins, in harmony with the results of investigations by Th. Madsen, J. Henderson-Smith, and Walbum, depends upon the quantity of proteins associated with them. Thus Kraus, in his experiments on absorption of antibodies in normal serum, showed that the maximum degree was attained in fifty-three hours after subcutaneous injection, while it was reached after intraperitoneal injection in thirty hours. But Walbum differs from Kraus in claiming that it took forty hours after intraperitoneal injection to attain the maximum of absorption. This diversity of results is largely due to the difference in the quantity of proteins contained in the serums which they used; but, when the quantity of proteins contained in the material is the same, the absorption of the normal whole serum is faster than that of the isolated proteins. Thus in the practical application of antibodies, it is useless to try to increase the antibody values by means of sheer concentration, without taking into account the quantity of proteins contained in the preparation, if one is to work for the maximum speed of absorption. Hence, we insist on the use of antibodies completely isolated by means of ammonium sulphate, which are associated with comparatively small quantities of proteins. We may draw the following conclusions: The rate of absorption of antibody depends upon the quantity of proteins associated with it.The quantity of proteins contained being the same, the rate of absorption of antibody associated with isolated protein bodies is slower than that of the whole normal serum.There is no difference in the rate of absorption of the antibodies of each isolated protein.Hence there is an advantage in preferring isolated protein bodies, containing a minimum of protein, in the use of antibodies.
Studies on Acute Respiratory Infections
Authors: Mishulow Lucy 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Differences in the hemolytic activity of streptococci when grown on blood agar were noted by Schottmuller (1) in 1903. The blood-agar plate was generally employed to determine the hemolytic ability of streptococci until Lyall (2) (1914) advised the use of the tube method as a means of differentiation. Later Smith and Brown (3), using the blood agar plate method, introduced a new nomenclature to indicate the reactions obtained. Brown (4) elaborated these findings and gave detailed descriptions of the characteristics to be observed and advocated a classification based upon such observations. He gave a very complete review of the whole subject.
The superiority of either the plate method or the tube method depends upon the answers to the following questions: (a) Does the plate method bring out all the differential characteristics not shown by the latter method, or is the reverse true? (b) Does each method bring out certain characteristics?
Hereditary Blood Qualities
Authors: Ottenberg Reuben 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Although the inheritance, according to certain perfectly definite mendelian principles, of group-specific substances in human blood has been known for ten years, the application of this information to medico-legal questions has not yet been made. It is the object of the present paper to present the possibilities of this practical application and to define the instances in which it can be used.
In 1908 while working on the relation of the isoagglutination to blood transfusion, I noticed that the groupings were hereditary and followed Mendel's law and made a brief statement to that effect in an article on the technic of the transfusion tests, read with Epstein before the New York Pathological Society (1). At that time I had examined only five families and was uncertain as to a part of the mechanism of the inheritance. For this reason and because of extraneous interruptions to my work, I postponed further publication.
Hemophilus Pertussis Soluble Antigen and Complement Fixing Antibodies
Authors: Parfentjev I. A. , Virion M. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
We succeeded in performing complement-fixation tests, using sterile filtrate of H. pertussis culture as the antigen. We demonstrated that mild peptic digestion easily destroyed the complement-fixing antibodies in immune rabbit and horse sera without impairing the titer of the antitoxic antibodies. The antigen present in filtrates of H. pertussis culture and responsible for the complement-fixation test was highly resistant to digestion with pepsin in acid medium.
Studies in Cellular Growth
Authors: Maltz Maxwell , Spain David M. , Molomut Norman 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Acceleration of wound healing by multiple graduated doses (“stimulating”) of antisplenic-tissue-serum (ASTS) is reported for large wounds in guinea pigs. These findings confirm our previous observations of the effect of ASTS in accelerating the healing of wounds of traumatically induced non-infected wounds.
Quantitative Studies in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Coulson E. J. , Stevens Henry , Shimp James H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The anaphylactic sensitivity of guinea pigs sensitized with different doses of ovalbumin was determined by gross anaphylaxis.
The dose required to elicit fatal anaphylactic shock increased with increase of the sensitizing dose when the incubational period was held constant at 21 days.
Under certain conditions the minimal fatal shock-doses may be smaller than the lowest dose that is sufficient to sensitize.
Precipitin-Tests in Plasmodium Lophurae Malaria
Authors: Torrey John C. , Kahn Morton C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Specific precipitin- and collodion-particle-agglutination tests are described with antigens and sera from ducks infected with Plasmodium lophurae. A method for production of a relatively stable antigen from the plasma of ducks heavily infected with P. lophurae is outlined. Antigen is present in two fractions of the plasma from ducks heavily infected with P. lophurae, but the fraction obtained from the second acid-precipitation (pH 3.2) is more potent and stable than that obtained from the first (pH 5.6 ±). In general, precipitin-formation follows the appearance of parasites in the peripheral blood and thereafter may follow, coincide with, or vary inversely as the parasitemia. In ducks that recover, it appears that precipitins persist in the blood for 1 to 2 weeks and then are no longer measurable. Recovery from infection was always associated with precipitin-formation, but precipitin-formation was not always followed by recovery.
Influence of Mode of Immunization on the Relationship between the Development of Tissue Titers and the Release of Hemolysins in Vitro
Authors: Roberts Sidney , Adams Elijah , White Abraham 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The capacity of surviving tissues to release hemolysins in vitro has been investigated, using tissues from rats immunized by intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of sheep erythrocytes. In addition, an attempt has been made to correlate the results obtained with the development of hemolysin titers in serum and tissue.
In rats immunized by the administration of a single intravenous dose of antigen, the peak in antibody titer of serum and saline extracts of most tissues occurred within 5 days. At this time, minced splenic tissue from these rats showed a rapid release of hemolysins in vitro. This in vitro phenomenon was inhibited by substitution of a nitrogen atmosphere for the oxygen-carbon dioxide mixture otherwise used. The results obtained by extension of the usual 3-hour incubation period to 12 hours suggested an actual production of antibody in vitro. Lymphoid tissue (mesenteric lymph nodes or thymus) obtained from similar animals appeared inactive under these conditions.
Tissue extracts prepared from rats immunized by periodic intraperitoneal injection of antigen attained maximal hemolysin levels which were in general similar to those observed in tissues from the intravenous group. These titers were apparently maintained throughout the period of antigen injection. Surviving splenic tissue from these animals showed no evidence of antibody production in vitro, whereas lymphoid tissue exhibited a high capacity for the selective release of hemolysins.
The data suggest that lymphoid tissue and spleen may vary in relative importance in the production and release of antibody in vivo, depending on the mode of immunization employed.
The Immunochemistry of Allergens
Authors: Coulson E. J. , Spies Joseph R. , Stevens Henry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence is presented to show that the carbohydrate, which is associated with protein in the allergenic fractions, separated from cottonseed, enhances the anaphylactogenic sensitizing capacity of the allergenic protein but does not determine antigenic specificity and does not influence the shocking capacity of the protein.
The Reversal in Vivo by Bal of HgCl2-Inactivated Influenza A Virus in the Chick Embryo
Authors: Pérez J. Enrique , Baralt-Pérez Josefina , Klein Morton 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study was made of conditions under which reactivation of HgCl2-inactivated influenza A virus (PR8 strain) would ocur in the chick embryo by the use of aqueous BAL. The following results were obtained: A 10−4 dilution of allantoic fluid virus in broth was completely inactivated by 1:20,000 aqueous HgCl2 after contact for 30 minutes at room temperature (28 C).The virus-Hg complex did not dissociate upon dilution in the allantoic fluid as shown by lack of infectiousness of the fluid for mice and chick embryos after injection of inactivated virus.Aqueous BAL injected via the allantoic route in 1:400 dilution could reactivate the virus when given from 3 to 5 hours before and from 0.25 to 2 hours after the injection of inactivated virus.Following the inoculation of inactivated virus into the allantoic cavity some free unadsorbed virus was demonstrated in the fluid in some experiments. It was therefore not possible to determine whether reactivation resulted from the action of BAL on the adsorbed virus.
The Immunologic Reactivity of Bovine Serum Albumin Labelled with Trace-Amounts of Radioactive Iodine(I131)
Authors: Eisen Herman N. , Keston Albert S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In vitro studies have been carried out with bovine serum albumin which was tagged with radioactive iodine (I131) by direct iodination or by coupling with radioactive p-iodophenyldiazonium chloride. The tagged proteins proved capable of determining relative antibody concentrations in antisera for the native protein. Antisera directed against native bovine serum albumin did not here distinguish a tagged bovine serum albumin preparation from native bovine serum albumin in quantitative precipitin studies.
Studies on Pathogenesis and Immunity in Tularemia
Authors: Downs Cora M. , Woodward John M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Living organisms of certain strains of Bacterium tularense were found to elicit a high degree of immunity in white mice when inoculated in sublethal concentrations. Killed vaccines gave markedly less protection in proportion to the amount of antigen injected than was obtained with living vaccines. Strains of low virulence multiplied following their inoculation into white mice, but decreased progressively after the fourth or fifth day until none could be demonstrated in spleen, liver and heart blood on or about the 15th day. Mice immunized with a number of strains of lowered virulence were highly resistant to infection with virulent strains and disposed of the organisms very rapidly. As few as 20 living cells of the Jap strain produced a good immunity when inoculated into white mice. Vaccination of white mice with living Jap cells produced a high degree of immunity within three days following inoculation. The Jap strain of Bact. tularense provided white mice with an immunity against more than one virulent strain.
Production of Specific Antisera for Enzymes that Decompose the Carbohydrates of Pneumococcus Types III and VIII
Authors: Sickles Grace M. , Shaw Myrtle 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antisera were produced in rabbits for the enzymes that decompose pneumococcus Type-III carbohydrate and also those that split pneumococcus Type-VIII polysaccharide. The antisera are as sharply specific as the enzymes; each neutralizes enzymes of homologous type only.
The neutralizing action of the antisera was demonstrated by in vivo as well as in vitro methods.
Production of Specific Pneumococcus Carbohydratesplitting Enzymes in Media to Which the Specific Substrate was not Added
Authors: Shaw Myrtle , Sickles Grace M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Strains of the soil microörganism, Bacillus palustris that produce enzymes active against pneumococcus Type-VIII polysaccharide when grown in a medium containing Type-VIII carbohydrate, produced similar enzymes when grown on beef-extract broth to which no pneumococcus carbohydrate had been added. The enzymes prepared in both media decompose pneumococcus Type-VIII polysaccharide in vitro and protect mice against infection by pneumococcus Type VIII.
Three serologically different enzymes were distinguished.
Strains of Bacillus palustris that in mineral media containing Type-III carbohydrate produce enzymes which decompose pneumococcus Type-III polysaccharide also produce in broth enzymes active on Type-III carbohydrate, but they are of low titer.
Relationships of Proshigella to Other Members of the Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Carpenter Philip L. , Stuart C. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Five strains of Proshigella dispar, one Proshigella sonnei, two Shigella paradysenteriae, and four anaerogenic coliform strains, moderately heterogeneous in their biochemical reactions, could be arranged in an antigenic sequence showing numerous interrelationships. The anaerogenic coliform strains appeared to be intermediate links in the series. It is suggested that these organisms be considered members of the genus Proshigella. Cultures of Paracolobactrum coliforme are described which bear a close serological relationship to Prosh. dispar I. Variation induced in one strain of Para. coliforme and in two strains of Prosh. dispar I yielded forms which had acquired motility and varying ability to produce acid and gas from carbohydrates. Accompanying these changes, the antigenic structure of the organisms was altered by acquisition of common flagellar antigens and by loss and gain of somatic antigens. These changes in one case converted a Prosh. dispar I into a Para. coliforme. The types and subtypes of Prosh. dispar and the anaerogenic coliforms studied do not at present seem sufficiently distinct to warrant species designation. They appear to be steps in an evolutionary series.
The Zone of Localization of Antibodies VIII.
Authors: Eisen Herman N. , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Absorption of the kidney-localizing antibody from an anti-rat-kidney serum with several fractions of kidney homogenate demonstrated that the kidney-tissue antigen which combines with this antibody in vitro is contained only in the readily sedimentable fraction of the kidney homogenate. This antigen, furthermore, is not extractable from such sediment by saline solutions of even high concentration, or by acetone and ether, and it is remarkably heat stable.
Liver homogenate, likewise, can absorb the kidney-localizing antibody, although to a lesser extent than can kidney homogenate.
Elution of I131 from homogenates of kidney containing in vivo localized radio-iodinated anti-kidney antibody is accomplished with weakly alkaline solutions (about pH 11), but is not achieved with saline solutions or with weakly acidic solutions. The inability of iodide ion, (non-radioactive) to elute I131 shows that the iodine label does not exchange with iodide ion.
The parallel behavior of the kidney-localizing antibody and the nephrotoxic principle of anti-kidney sera indicates the probable identity of these substances. The results obtained, therefore, support the hypothesis that the nephritis produced by anti-kidney sera is associated with the specific interaction of an anti-kidney antibody with an antigen in kidney tissue.
The Effect of Terramycin on the PR8 Strain of Influenza a Virus in Chick Embryos and Mice
Authors: Vinson J. W. , Walsh F. Tracey 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Terramycin, inoculated in high concentrations into either the yolk sac or the allantoic cavity, was found to inhibit the PR8 infection of the chick embryo when administered 1–3 hours before, or up to 1 hour after, the inoculation of 10 to 100 ID50 of the virus. Partial protection could be obtained against 500, but not against 1000, ID50 of the virus or by delaying therapy for 3, but not for 24, hours. When tested in concentrations comparable to those found in ovo, the antibiotic did not inactivate the virus in vitro. Concentrations of terramycin comparable to those found in ovo neither prevented the living virus from agglutinating RBC nor prevented the RBC from being agglutinated by the virus. Its presence in the hemagglutination system did not alter the titre of the virus. Oral, intravenous, or intranasal administration of terramycin did not influence the course of infection in mice induced by 25–50 LD50 of the PR8 strain.