bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical gas imaging and deep learning for quantifying enteric methane emissions from rumen fermentation in vitro
Authors: Embaby Mohamed G. , Sarker Toqi Tahamid , AbuGhazaleh Amer , Ahmed Khaled R. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis study investigated the possibility of using a laser methane detector (LMD) and optical gas imaging (OGI) to detect and quantify enteric methane () produced by ruminants in vitro. Four single‐flow continuous fermenters were used for rumen culture incubation with four different treatment diets: Control (50:50 forage to concentrate [F:C] ratio), Control + Bromoform (CBR), Low Forage (LF; 20:80), and High Forage (HF; 80:20). After 10 days of incubation, all fermenter contents were transferred and used in a 24 h ANKOM batch culture to measure gas production with LMD and OGI. The authors introduce the Controlled Diet (CD) dataset, a large‐scale collection of 4,885 plume images captured using an FLIR GF77 OGI camera under varying dietary conditions. The performance of six semantic segmentation models (FCN, U‐Net, Vision Transformer, Swin Transformer, DeepLabv3+, and Gasformer) on the CD dataset is compared. Results showed that LMD data for followed a similar pattern to the gas chromatography (GC) instrument results. The in vitro results showed that different diets and F:C ratios had an impact on gas production and rumen fermentation characteristics. Adding bromoform to the control diet fully inhibited emission. The HF diet produced more compared to all treatments () when measured with GC and LMD. CBR produced the lowest values when measured with GC and LMD. The Gasformer architecture achieved the highest performance with mean IoU of 85.1% and mean F‐score of 91.72%. These findings demonstrate that OGI technology combined with advanced semantic segmentation models offers a promising solution for predicting and quantifying emissions in the livestock sector, potentially aiding in the development of mitigation strategies to combat climate change.
Response surface optimization of cleaning vehicle sweeping suction flow field characteristics and parameter matching
Authors: Yaozong Xu , Chao Gong , Yajuan Chen , You Wan , Jiabao Pan 
Published: January 2025

AbstractAiming at the problem of low cleaning efficiency caused by improper matching of working parameters of the current sweeper, this paper uses the computational fluid dynamics method to study the sweeping suction flow field of a certain sweeper model. The single‐factor effects of key operating parameters (e.g., disc brush inclination β, disc brush rotation speed ω, sweeper travelling speed VC, and suction nozzle negative pressure P) on the cleaning performance were analysed, specifically, the speed of the rear of the disc brushes, the speed of the front of the suction nozzle, and the cleaning efficiency. The Box–Behnken design and regression analysis were used to optimize the matching of the operating parameters. The study shows that under certain conditions the optimum operating parameters of the sweeper are, β = β2, ω = 160 rev/min, and P = −3.6 kPa. Finally, by analysing the flow field characteristics of the sweeping suction system, it is verified that the vortex phenomenon inside the optimized flow field is reduced, and the suction nozzle can suck in the airflow and particles more smoothly to improve the cleaning efficiency.
Single-shot impulsive stimulated Brillouin microscopy by tailored ultrashort pulses
Authors: Krause David , Liebig Leon , Boehm John , Koukourakis Nektarios , Czarske Juergen W. 
Published: January 2025

Brillouin microscopy has become an important tool for investigating the mechanical properties of tissue. The recently developed Impulsive Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (ISBS) promises a label-free, non-invasive measurements of viscoelastic properties of transparent samples and offers the potential for a high temporal resolution. However, the spatial resolution of ISBS is currently limited. Increasing the spatial resolution of ISBS leads to an increase in the energy density of the pump beams, which requires a balancing of the excitation parameters to stay below the phototoxic threshold. This paper focuses on the influences of different excitation parameters on the spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution and their optimal values. Combined with the adoption of a noise suppressing window function, a measurement rate of 20 μs/pixel in hydrogel is achieved, which is promising for fast 3D imaging. The presented advanced impulsive stimulated Brillouin microscopy can be applied for fast tissue elastography toward disease studies.
The rectus abdominis tendon insertion to the pubic bone and its clinical implications: A cadaveric study
Authors: Tourvas Evangelos A. , Zibis Aristidis H. , Klontzas Michail E. , Karantanas Apostolos H. , Bastian Johannes D. , Tosounidis Theodoros H. 
Published: January 2025

Purpose: The primary aim of this study is to determine the rectus abdominis tendon (RAT) insertional anatomy and consequently clarify the extension of secure mobilization of the tendon from the pubic bone in the setting of anterior approaches in pelvic and acetabular reconstruction surgery. Materials and methods: Eleven fresh frozen cadaveric pelvises were dissected by two fellowship-trained orthopaedic trauma surgeons utilizing the anterior intrapelvic approach (AIP). The RAT at the pubic body was dissected, and its footprint on the pubic bone was defined, marked, and measured. Results: Nineteen (19) RAT insertions were analyzed. The average total medial vertical length was 33 mm (range 26–42 mm), and the average total lateral vertical length was 36.5 mm (range 26–46 mm). The total width of the proximal insertion on both sides was measured at an average of 20.42 mm (range 14–24 mm). The average width of the tendon at the transition area between the cranial and caudal areas of the pubic bone was 16.45 mm (range 12–22 mm). The average distal insertion width of the RAT was less than the proximal and middle widths, measuring 10.45 mm (range 8–13 mm). Conclusion: The tendon can be safely mobilized up to an average total medial vertical length of 33 mm (and in no case more than 42 mm) and to an average total lateral vertical length of 36.5 mm (and in no case more than 46 mm). This piece of anatomical information will equip orthopaedic surgeons with a better understanding of the insertional anatomy of the RAT and subsequent safer surgical release when performing anterior approaches to the pelvic ring.
A comparison of Project Servator and routine stop and search outcomes in the city of London
Authors: Marchment Zoe , Gill Paul 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Project Servator is a strategic method of policing designed to deter, detect and disrupt a wide range of criminal activity including terrorism. This paper is the first empirical study to evaluate the stop and search aspect of Servator deployments. We compare the outcomes of 3488 routine stop and searches and 510 Servator stop and searches to determine whether the stop and search tactics used in this initiative produce more positive outcomes than routine stop and searches. We also compare outcomes of stop and searches that occurred on the basis of suspicious behaviour alone, by ethnicity, and through using a geographically matched sample. Collectively, the results indicate that stop and searches that occur during Servator deployments are more efficient than routine stop and search.
Theoretical Calculations of HfSe3 Band Characteristics and Its Applications in Pulse Fiber Lasers
Authors: Feng Weiwei , Chen Ligang 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Transition metal trichalcogenides (TMTs) are known for their two-dimensional (2D) characteristics and the presence of quasi one-dimensional chains. These materials are less vulnerable to edge defects, which makes them suitable for optical and electronic devices with low-dimensional structures. This study demonstrates the application of HfSe3 nanomaterial as an emerging ultrafast photonic device capable of producing mode-locked and Q-switched pulses in fiber lasers. The nonlinear optical absorption properties of a HfSe3-based saturable absorber (SA) were analyzed, revealing a modulation depth of 7% and nonsaturable loss of 35%, respectively. In addition, first principles-based theoretical calculations were performed to explore the optoelectronic properties of bulk HfSe3. The integration of the HfSe3-based SA into an Er-doped fiber laser cavity enabled both Q-switched and mode-locked pulse operations. For the mode-locked operation, the pulse duration was 560 fs, accompanied by a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 71.43 dB. In the Q-switched regime, the narrowest pulse width recorded was 757.1 ns with an SNR of 75.45 dB. This study indicates that nanodevices based on 2D TMTs hold promise for efficient ultrafast photonic applications and can be extensively employed in nonlinear optical technologies.
Mechanical sensors based on surface plasmon polaritions of strained graphene
Authors: Liu Liang , Zhou Shuai , Liu Kaipeng , Dai Shiwei , Ge Lixin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Graphene sheets support surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in the terahertz and infrared regimes, resulting from the collective oscillation of Dirac electrons with excited photons. The SPPs in graphene under external strains exhibit anisotropic properties, varying with the magnitude and direction of mechanical deformation. In this study, we propose an mechanical sensor based on the strain-dependent absorption spectrum of infrared light. The setup consists of a monolayer strained graphene sheet suspended over a grating silver substrate. Under a normal incidence, a strong absorption for transverse magnetic polarization is observed, attributed to the excitation of graphene SPPs. Additionally, the resonances of the absorption spectra can be significantly modulated by the magnitude and direction of the applied strains. Finally, the sensitivity and quality of proposed sensors are evaluated under different configurations. For a moderate condition, the figure of merit with respect to the strain deformation can be larger than 20, and such high values are attributed to the intrinsic low loss of graphene sheet. This work paves the way for sensing applications based on the SPPs of strained graphene.
In-situ disinfection by flexible surface dielectric barrier discharge plasma film: discharge modes and mechanisms
Authors: Zhang Liyang , Zhang Xu , Tie Jinfeng , Luo Haiyun , Guo Yuntao , Zhou Qun 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this work, a surface-dielectric-barrier-discharge (SDBD) based flexible plasma film (FPF) was established and tested for in-situ surface disinfection. The discharge product mode (i.e. O3 mode and NO
x
mode) was controlled by the applied voltage and verified by in situ gas product quantification. For in situ disinfection, the NO
x
mode shows significantly higher bactericidal efficiency than the O3 mode, and the FPF achieves ∼3.5 logs and >6 logs of bacterial reduction with 3 and 5 min of plasma exposure in the NO
x
mode, respectively. The underlying mechanism is investigated. In the O3 mode, the heating effect of the plasma plays either a negligible or moderate role in bacterial inactivation, depending on the applied voltage. In the NO
x
mode, both high temperature and long-lived species can play a role, while it is speculated that short-lived species are primarily responsible for the high-order bactericidal rate (>3 logs), with atomic oxygen likely playing an important role. As revealed by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, the NO
x
mode can lead to more pronounced bacterial etching and nitrification compared to the O3 mode, accounting for its superior disinfection performance. By examining the time-dependent FT-IR infrared spectra of treated bacteria, it is found that nitrification is the dominant spectral variation, and the ratio of infrared bands at 1354 and 1654 cm−1 can serve as a positive indicator of disinfection efficiency. This study can provide deeper insights into the discharge mode, disinfection performance, and bactericidal mechanisms of the SDBD-based FPF, offering guidance for the control, evaluation, and future applications of this technology.
Diffusion transformer model with compact prior for low-dose PET reconstruction
Authors: Huang Bin , Liu Xubiao , Fang Lei , Liu Qiegen , Li Bingxuan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Objective. Positron emission tomography (PET) is an advanced medical imaging technique that plays a crucial role in non-invasive clinical diagnosis. However, while reducing radiation exposure through low-dose PET scans is beneficial for patient safety, it often results in insufficient statistical data. This scarcity of data poses significant challenges for accurately reconstructing high-quality images, which are essential for reliable diagnostic outcomes. Approach. In this research, we propose a diffusion transformer model (DTM) guided by joint compact prior to enhance the reconstruction quality of low-dose PET imaging. In light of current research findings, we present a pioneering PET reconstruction model that integrates diffusion and transformer models for joint optimization. This model combines the powerful distribution mapping abilities of diffusion model with the capacity of transformers to capture long-range dependencies, offering significant advantages for low-dose PET reconstruction. Additionally, the incorporation of the lesion refining block and alternating direction method of multipliers enhance the recovery capability of lesion regions and preserves detail information, solving blurring problems in lesion areas and texture details of most deep learning frameworks. Main results. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of DTM in reconstructing low-dose PET image quality. DTM achieves state-of-the-art performance across various metrics, including PSNR, SSIM, NRMSE, CR, and COV, demonstrating its ability to reduce noise while preserving critical clinical details such as lesion structure and texture. Compared with baseline methods, DTM delivers best results in denoising and lesion preservation across various low-dose levels, including 10%, 25%, 50%, and even ultra-low-dose level such as 1%. DTM shows robust generalization performance on phantom and patient datasets, highlighting its adaptability to varying imaging conditions. Significance. This approach reduces radiation exposure while ensuring reliable imaging for early disease detection and clinical decision-making, offering a promising tool for both clinical and research applications.
Probing the impact of oxygen negative ions on the self-organized pattern in 1 atm DC glow with liquid anode
Authors: Yang Zimu , Yatom Shurik , Foster John E 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In an atmospheric DC glow discharge with liquid anode, the plasma attachment under certain conditions self-organize into coherent patterns at the anode. Optical emission spectroscopy revealed that attachment emission consists primarily of the second positive system of nitrogen N2(C-B) whose excitation energy is low and sensitive to the change of electron energy distribution. Besides the electrons, negative ions can also accumulate in the anode sheath and affect the local space charge. It has been conjectured that these negative ions play a role in pattern formation at the anode surface. In this work, the role of oxygen negative ions was explored. It was found that the establishment of anode patterns requires at least a 7 % volume fraction of oxygen in the ambient gas. Results showed that at least in this work, O2- is the dominant negative ion species and has a density ~10^13 cm^-3. While the presence of oxygen appears crucial to pattern formation, this study indicated that the mere presence of the negative ions itself was not sufficient for pattern formation, suggesting a more complex mechanism involving electronegative species must be present. In fact, it was found that even when as many as 67 % of negative ions in the plasma were detached, no obvious geometry changes were observed in the self-organized pattern.
Sculpturing sound fields with the real-space structural topology of acoustic cavities
Authors: Tong Qing , Wang Shubo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Artificial structures have been widely employed to manipulate sound fields to realize intriguing acoustic phenomena and functionalities. The development of this field requires a thorough understanding of how sound fields depend on the various properties of artificial structures. Although the effects of the material and geometry of artificial structures are known well, the effects of the real-space structural topology on sound field properties remain unclear. To tackle this problem, we present a detailed study of the sound fields inside acoustic cavities with different Euler characteristics and demonstrate that the real-space topology can give rise to topological configurations of the velocity and pressure fields. Specifically, we find that the acoustic cavities can induce topological singularities in the velocity polarization and isopressure line fields. The total topological index of the surface singularities is always equal to the cavities’ Euler characteristic. The mechanism is rooted in the Poincaré–Hopf theorem and is irrelevant to the specific material, geometric details, or excitations. The isopressure line singularities lead to acoustic hotspots and quiet zones. The velocity polarization singularities give rise to nontrivial polarization Möbius strips and skyrmion textures. These topological configurations can be directly manipulated by controlling the cavities’ Euler characteristics. Our work uncovers the fundamental relationship between the topological properties of sound fields and the topological properties of structures. The results enable sound sculpturing with structural topology, and the acoustic cavities can serve as a platform for characterizing the topological properties of sound fields in three-dimensional space.
Tunable graphene based terahertz sensor for biochemical sensing with ML-driven refractive index prediction
Authors: Challa Ram Grandhi , Venkata Subbarao M , Maurya Naveen Kumar , Yuvaraj S 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper presents the design and analysis of a tunable terahertz sensor at 2.65 THz for biochemical sensing. The Bandpass characteristics in the frequency response of the sensor are achieved by coupling a rectangular split ring resonator to the transmission line. Graphene layer is deployed in the design to facilitate the propagation of surface plasmons and to incorporate the tunability in the&#xD;frequency response. The simulation results reveal that the designed sensor is capable of achieving the desired frequency response. By varying the applied voltage across the graphene the designed sensor can be tuned over a range of 80 GHz. The proposed design can be employed as a highly sensitive biosensor for detection of samples like ethanol, water, sodium chloride, glycerine and others.&#xD;The designed sensor offers a maximal sensitivity of 200 GHz per refractive index unit change. Further, machine learning based regression models are considered for predicting the refractive index of the sample from the sensor response. The prediction is based on the frequency response of a sensor, which serves as a reliable indicator of changes in the analyte’s refractive index. Results indicate&#xD;that the Gaussian process regression model outperforms the other models with 0.0099 root mean square error.
Investigation of triple vertically stacked nanosheet FET with geometric variability at advanced technology node: DC, analog and RF performance benchmarking
Authors: Dewangan Ram Krishna , Singh Vinay Kumar , Khan Mohammad Rafique 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the digital, analog, and radio frequency (RF) performance metrics of three-dimensional gate-all-around (GAA) triple nanosheet field-effect transistor (NSFET) designed for the 5 nm technology node. By optimizing the key physical dimensions of the NSFET specifically, a nanosheet width of 20 nm, thickness of 5 nm, and gate length of 12 nm, significant improvements in device performance were achieved. The optimized NSFET demonstrated a remarkable Ion/Ioff ratio of 2.99 × 106, a low subthreshold swing of 65.63 mV /dec, and minimal drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) of 21.94 mV/V. Additionally, the device exhibited enhanced transconductance (gm = 3.2 × 10−4 S), contributing to a high intrinsic gain (Avo = 47 dB). In terms of RF performance, the NSFET achieved a cut-off frequency (fT) of 394 GHz and a maximum oscillation frequency (fmax) of 491 GHz, showcasing its potential for high-frequency applications. These results highlight the superior performance of NSFETs over FinFETs, making them a promising candidate for digital, analog, and RF circuit designs in advanced sub-5 nm technology nodes. The combination of excellent electrical characteristics and high-frequency performance positions NSFETs as a leading solution for next-generation integrated circuits.
Design of a metasurface loaded with RF varactor and PIN diode integration dual-band reconfigurable antenna for bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WLAN and wireless 5G applications
Authors: Pande Suyog , Patil Dipak , Kumar Akhilesh , Tyavlovsky Andrey , Muthanna Ammar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This article presents a compact dual-band reconfigurable antenna design utilizing a metasurface integrated with an RF varactor and PIN diode for Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WLAN, and 5G wireless applications. The results of the study show that using the metasurface reflector (MSR) structure gives a much higher gain than using a decagon antenna without a metasurface reflector. This antenna is designed and fabricated on FR4 epoxy substrate materials with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and the thickness of the substrate is 1.6 mm. The metasurface reflector (MSR) loaded antenna has a total electrical dimension of 0.51λ0 × 0.49λ0 × 0.013λ0, where λ0 represents the resonating wavelength at a 2.6 GHz center frequency. In the proposed work, the slotted decagon patch antenna consists of a complementary split-ring resonator constructed on its ground plane. Moreover, for the frequency reconfiguration, a PIN diode switch and an additional varactor diode switch are used for tuning the frequency band. Furthermore, without affecting the radiator structure, the varactor diode is placed on the upper side of the patch and the PIN diode switch is integrated into the ground plane. The proposed antenna has reconfigurable and tunable operating frequencies of 2.6 GHz and 3.4 GHz. The operational frequency of the band is switched between 2.6 GHz to 3.4 GHz. The switching operation of the dual configuration of 2.6 GHz with the PIN diode ON and 3.4 GHz with the PIN diode OFF. However, simultaneously applying a reverse bias voltage to the varactor diode from 0–10 V shifts its resonance frequency from 2640–2510 MHz and frequency tuning is done in respective bands. The proposed antenna achieved a peak gain of 7.5 dBi, and a radiation efficiency range of 72%–82% in the overall operating bands of interest. The proposed work is used for Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WLAN, and wireless 5G applications. Performance verification is done by fabricating prototypes and verifying their performance using simulation and testing results.