bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Springboks and the Swastika
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
South Africa fought the Second World War as an Allied Power, but a powerful anti-war movement emerged domestically. The resistance included the Ossewabrandwag and Robey Liebrandt, but their efforts at armed rebellion were crushed. South Africa's military involvement in East Africa, North Africa, and Italy is discussed, with El Wak, Tobruk, Sidi Rezegh, and Monte Pastore among the battles considered. The chapter also discusses the ANC's growth into a mass movement during the war, as new branches were established, notably the Women's and Youth Leagues. In the process, young leaders like Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, and Walter Sisulu emerged onto the South African political stage for the first time.
Tar Baby
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The wind of change following Portugal's imperial retreat from Africa informs the subject matter of this paper. The changes led South Africa to recalibrate its regional policy and pursue "détente". This diplomatic effort failed after the outbreak of civil war in Angola induced South Africa to invade in support of the FNLA and UNITA, to prevent SWAPO from operating in the country. Cuba successfully countered South Africa's intervention by sending combat troops to bolster the MPLA. South Africa's defeat overlapped with growing ferment over the application of the Bantu Education Act, passed in 1953, which decreed that half of high school subjects in black schools had to be taught in English and the other in Afrikaans. The clause had not been enforced until the mid-1970s. Mass student protests against the language clauses resulted in the Soweto massacre on 16 June 1976.
Adapt or Die
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter discusses the protests coordinated by the Soweto Students' Representative Council in the immediate aftermath of the June 1976 uprisings, and the ANC's attempts to capitalize on the ferment by establishing itself in Soweto. Both initiatives were crushed, but the ANC was able to regroup in exile, benefiting from the recent independence of Angola and Mozambique, which respectively granted the South African movement military camps and transit routes. Steve Biko's murder in 1977 saw South Africa targeted for fresh international outrage, while Britain, France, West Germany, the United States, and Canada launched an initiative to pave a non-revolutionary path toward Namibian independence. Their intervention resulted in the passage of UN Resolution 435. The chapter ends by considering the collapse of the industrial color bar amid the growing strength of black workers, as was manifested by the flourishing of African trade unions.
The World Turned Upside Down
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter considers the behind-the-scenes talks between Nelson Mandela and government representatives over his possible release. Mandela insisted on an unconditional release. South Africa became embroiled in a succession crisis early in 1989 when P.W. Botha suffered a stroke, after which he resigned as National Party leader to focus on his responsibilities as state president. The resulting power struggle between Botha and the new party leader, F.W. de Klerk, was won by the latter, who pursued negotiations with the ANC. De Klerk was bolstered by the fall of the Berlin Wall. The ANC meanwhile laid out its negotiating position in the Harare Declaration. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the successful completion of Namibia's peace process, as SWAPO acceded to power.
Born Free
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Nelson Mandela was released in February 1990, and representatives of the ANC and the National Party initiated "talks about talks". The chapter also considers the spread of the Natal Midlands conflict to the Transvaal's townships as 1990 progressed. The impact of the end of the Cold War on the thinking of the ANC and its alliance partner, the SACP, is also considered. This process saw the ANC opt to abandon its longstanding commitment to a planned economy, and instead embrace a market-based economy. The chapter covers the whites-only referendum of February 1992 in which De Klerk received an explicit mandate from the white population to pursue a negotiated settlement. The chapter concludes with the crisis into which the negotiations were thrown by the Boipatong massacre, which was an extension of the township war between the ANC and Inkatha.
The Reckoning
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter deals with the impact of the global COVID-19 crisis on South Africa. The country imposed a hard lockdown to control the virus's spread, but this occasioned a huge economic fallout. Also discussed are various corruption scandals associated with the management of the pandemic, including malfeasance in expenditure on personal protective equipment, and in the government's communications strategy. The chapter concludes with the riots that erupted in July 2021 in the provinces of Gauteng and Kwa-Zulu Natal, after the Constitutional Court ordered that president Jacob Zuma be arrested for not cooperating with the Zondo Commission. The book discusses the scale of the damage inflicted by the riots, as ordinary communities were compelled to defend themselves as the state retreated.
“Partnership” and Multiracialism in the New Africa
Authors: Rotberg Robert I. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Apartheid had tightened its pernicious tentacles around the heart of South Africa. Farther north, in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland, Britain had imposed a federation on what was to become Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. African opposition was fierce. It exploded into militancy in 1959 and led to the banning of nationalist organizations in all three territories and the imprisonment of indigenous leaders. The resilience of those nascent liberation movements is what this chapter is about, setting the stage for the anti-colonial actions, independence, and successes discussed in later chapters. The assertion of leadership by Kenneth Kaunda in Northern Rhodesia and Kamuzu Banda in Nyasaland is featured. This chapter also discusses the so-called Murder Incorporated plot, and the response of colonial and Federal authorities.
Consummating Zambian Nationhood
Authors: Rotberg Robert I. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Zambia slowly emerged from the chrysalis of Northern Rhodesia, after a series of elections and demonstrations, becoming independent in 1964 under President Kenneth Kaunda. For the next twenty-seven years Kaunda, a determined humanist, ruled with a heavy hand. Well-meaning, but erring, he restricted civil liberties and incarcerated political prisoners. He created a single-party state and nationalized copper mines. In consequence, Zambian GDP slid downward. Copper production and export revenues slipped dramatically, inflation soared, and social services ebbed. His long years in power achieved too little for the people of Zambia.
The Hijacking of Malawi
Authors: Rotberg Robert I. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Masauko Chipembere brought a much older Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda back to Malawi to become its popular liberation leader and to take Malawi to independence, which he did in 1964. Very soon, however, Banda behaved autocratically, dismissing cabinet ministers who were more democratically inclined, jailing political prisoners, enforcing dress codes, and persecuting opponents. The twenty-nine years that Banda ruled did little to advance Malawi out of extreme poverty. Even medically and educationally, Malawi remained stunted under Banda’s uncompromisingly restrictive presidency for life. By rejecting the efforts of younger advocates like Chipembere, Banda retarded Malawi’s growth and progress for its many millions of citizens.
The United States and Nuclear Deterrence after the Cold War
Authors: Lebovic James H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 discusses the beliefs and assumptions behind the language used by scholars (and others) in discussing nuclear war and deterrence. What authors mean by “superiority,” or other related terms, is frequently unclear. But longstanding biases—centered in nuclear capabilities and bargaining tactics—undergird contemporary beliefs that the United States can overcome traditional challenges in the use, or threatened use, of nuclear weapons, to either impose its will or coerce adversaries to achieve favorable outcomes. Consequently, authors highlight capability asymmetries or improvements that only promise to override undesirable deterrence constraints; and they accept too readily that coercive bargaining tactics can compensate, rather than worsen, conditions when capability alone appears insufficient. They thereby neglect assumptions about adversary intent which will determine how the parties act in a conflict, and whether they seek to avoid one. The reasons are found in social scientific works in various disciplines, including psychology and organizational theory.
Nuclear “Superiority” after the Cold War
Authors: Lebovic James H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Nuclear superiority suggests, at the very least, that a nuclear edge yields coercive payoffs. The superior party can supposedly achieve success, when throwing its weight around, because it can better handle the consequences of war—nuclear or otherwise. Chapter 3 evaluates the underlying logic by seeking answers to basic questions. What constitutes nuclear superiority? Does superiority matter, given the shared costs of a nuclear conflict? Does nuclear superiority offer meaningful damage-limitation capability? Does ostensible nuclear superiority offer actual deterrence advantages given that China “settled” for nuclear “inferiority,” the actual requirements for “extended deterrence,” and the challenges presented by so-called rogue states?
Introduction
Authors: García-Carpintero Manuel , Guillot Marie 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWhen a subject has a phenomenally conscious experience (as of a bouncing red ball, for example), she is aware of the world as being presented in a certain way (a bouncy, reddish, roundish way in this case). Many philosophers, from Aristotle and Kant to Husserl and Sartre, have argued that in such conscious experiences, whatever the specific qualities the subject is aware of, she is also phenomenally aware of the fact that the experience is presented to her. This view is attracting a new surge of attention at the crossroads of phenomenology, analytic philosophy of mind and the philosophy of cognitive science, but also intense controversy. The book explores some of the questions running through the debate on this putative self-experience: Does it exist?, the existence question; What is it?, the essence question; What is it for?, the function question; and What else does it explain?, the explanation question. In this Introduction, we elaborate on the first two questions, and then move on to providing a brief presentation of the chapters to follow.
Mineness and Introspective Data
Authors: Wu Wayne 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter raises questions about the evidence and inference to the existence of a phenomenal property that we can call “mineness.” I raise concerns about the power of introspection in providing the needed evidence. Further, I raise specific challenges to discussion of mineness (ownership) in the rubber hand illusion. Despite widespread acceptance that the illusion establishes a phenomenal sense of ownership/mineness toward the rubber hand, I argue that the evidence fails to establish that claim. The negative case is further pursued in the role of loss of mineness in delusion of control in schizophrenia where I argue that the standard mechanism for this symptom does not explain loss of mineness.
Fertility and Collective Responsibility
Authors: Williams Andrew 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the appropriate site for decision-making relating to the design of institutions and rates of saving and fertility. David Miller’s view allocates responsibility for such decisions to self-governing states rather than a single global planner, and holds state members collectively liable for their distributive consequences. Such approaches are normally thought to conflict with the pursuit of global equality. However, Williams argues that Miller’s model of national self-determination, resting on the idea of collective liability, can in fact be accurately described as a form of global egalitarianism. The chapter extends T. M. Scanlon’s contractualist ‘Value of Choice’ account from individual cases to collective choices made through cooperative practices. Williams argues that his ‘Value of Membership’ account can show how some of the reasons to value membership in self-determining political communities can be used to argue for collective liability for relative disadvantage, without appealing to ideas of shared national cultures.
An Interview with David Miller
Authors: Fine Sarah 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Sarah Fine interviews David Miller about his life and work. They discuss his childhood, family, school days, university education, and academic career. Miller talks about his research interests and practices, as well as his teaching experience. He charts the course of the development of his own political theory, from his work on anarchism and market socialism, to his most recent books on migration and refuge. Miller discusses significant intellectual influences and events, and speaks of the paths he expects to explore in the future, reflecting on both the state of the discipline and of the profession as a whole.
Doing Political Philosophy
Authors: Miller David 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter draws together the author’s methodological writings to develop a model of theorizing that sees political philosophy as a normative enterprise that provides its audience with reasons for actions. Such reasons must make sense to their audience. They are subject to a feasibility constraint. Finally, there is no reason to believe they are timeless. This approach takes the political beliefs of lay people seriously, but is still open to radical proposals, grounded in the best reading of real people’s values and principles. This can be defended on epistemic grounds, if one is sceptical that political philosophers have some special insight such that they can set aside popular beliefs as mere opinion. It can also be defended in terms of the legitimacy of coercive social institutions, so that those subject to the coercive power of state institutions are given reasons to accept this coercion that make sense to them.
The Universality of Physical Law
Authors: Ostlie Dale A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Universality of Physical Law begins to explore the breadth of nature’s laws that, like gravitation, extend beyond the confines of Earth; they are truly universal. An aspect of our Solar System that Copernicus, Kepler, and even Newton could not resolve was its absolute size; the first section moves past relative sizes to determining actual distances. The second and third sections consider the first measurements of two of nature’s fundamental constants, the speed of light and the strength of gravity as described by the universal gravitational constant while the fourth section considers the powerful conservation laws of linear momentum, angular momentum, and energy. The principal way by which information from the cosmos reaches Earth is via light; the fifth, sixth, and seventh sections begin to explore the properties of light. Finally, the eight section introduces the reader to the idea of heat as a form of energy.
Revealing Secrets Hidden in Light and Matter
Authors: Ostlie Dale A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Revealing Secrets Hidden in Light and Matter presents the growing body of evidence, theory, and tools that ultimately allow scientists to study objects that are otherwise beyond human reach. The wave-like nature of light means that diffraction gratings can be used to separate light into its constituent colors, revealing hidden complexity and unique signatures of each element. General characteristics of objects, their temperatures, and their environments can produce continuous blackbody radiation, emission lines, or absorption lines. The chemical properties of the elements reveal patterns that can be represented by the periodic table. Atomic spectra even led to the discovery of helium in the Sun’s spectrum. The production of cathode rays in vacuum tubes led to the discovery of electrons and the fact that they have an elementary charge. The discovery of radioactivity also led to further insights into matter and provided a means for estimating ages through radiometric dating.
The Giant Planet Systems
Authors: Ostlie Dale A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Giant Planet Systems explores the gas giants, the ice giants, their vast collections of moons, and their ring systems. By far the most massive of the Sun’s children is Jupiter, with Saturn coming in a distant second. Both planets have very deep atmospheres and small rocky cores. The gas giants also have compositions that are very similar to the composition of the Sun. The ice giants on the other hand, while huge by the standards of the rocky planets, are very small relative to the gas giants. The giant planets have large collections of typically ice-covered moons and ring systems. There must be differences between how these planets formed relative to the rocky planets, but what are those differences? And why are most of the moons in synchronous rotation with their host planets, just like our Moon is? The many questions that are raised demand answers from science.
Equality
Authors: Fredman FBA KC Sandra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Equality as an ideal shines brightly in the galaxy of liberal aspirations. It is also a central pillar of international and domestic human rights instruments. Yet the more closely we examine it, the more its meaning shifts. This chapter examines these basic controversies. It begins with a critical assessment of different bases of the right to equality, including the principles of treating likes alike, equality of results, equality of opportunity, dignity, and autonomy. It then constructs a four-dimensional conception of substantive equality, which captures the strengths of each of these conceptions and aims to overcome their weaknesses. The first dimension reflects the insight that the problem is not simply the classification of a person according to their race, gender, or other protected characteristic. Instead, it is the disadvantage attached to that classification that matters. The right to equality should therefore redress disadvantage. But discrimination is also about stigma and prejudice. The second dimension therefore requires redress of stigma, stereotyping, prejudice, and violence. The third dimension addresses political and social exclusion, recognizing that it is those who have little voice who paradigmatically need the protection of the right to equality. The fourth dimension requires structural change and accommodation of difference, recognizing that inequality extends well beyond individual acts of prejudice and is built into the structures of society, and that equality embraces difference rather than requiring conformity.
The Mental Disorder Defence in Scots law
Authors: Maher Gerry 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the defence in Scots law which was formerly known as insanity but has been replaced by a statutory-based defence which deals with the criminal responsibility of a person who has certain forms of mental disorder. The chapter traces the historical development of the insanity defence, examines a reform project by the Scottish Law Commission which led to significant changes to the law, and offers detailed comments on the new provisions. It also examines the sentencing (or 'disposal') consequences of a person being acquitted of a crime because of the mental disorder defence.
The Insanity Defence in Irish Law
Authors: McCutcheon Paul 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The defence of insanity in Irish law was originally based on the M’Naghten Rules. However, by the 1970s the Supreme Court confirmed that insanity extends beyond the Rules when it recognized a defence of volitional insanity. While the courts engineered a broadening of the defence, legislative intervention was slow in coming. Reform was recommended by an Interdepartmental Committee in 1978 but was not implemented at the time. The Trial of Lunatics Act 1883 continued to govern the form of verdict and disposition of defendants found insane. The release of a detainee remained an executive matter, but the courts established basic procedural requirements in respect of the question of release. The law was eventually overhauled by the Criminal Law (Insanity) Act 2006. The Act codified the judicial development of the plea and confirmed its extension beyond the M’Naghten Rules. The 2006 Act also overhauled other aspects of the law: the form of verdict was altered to ‘not guilty by reason of insanity’ (NGRI); dispositional arrangements were liberalised; appeals are allowed against verdicts of NGRI; independent and regular review of those detained in consequence of an insanity verdict is required; and the Mental Health (Criminal Law) Review Board was established. The operation of the Review Board has featured in recent cases and further legislation, in the form of the Criminal Law (Insanity) Act 2010, was required to clarify doubts concerning the conditional release of detainees.
Insanity in German Criminal Law
Authors: Rauxloh Regina E 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the conditions for the insanity plea in Germany and the consequences of a successful defence. While German criminal law does not recognize a defence of insanity as such, the question of mental illness of the defendant is linked to the concept of culpability (Schuld) which is an essential requirement for a criminal conviction. Surprisingly, this central term Schuld is not defined in the Criminal Code, but analysis of when it is excluded under section 20 provides insights into the German understanding of what it means to commit a crime. The culpability requirement consists of a two-step test, namely diagnosis of a mental disorder and its effects on the defendant’s cognitive ability at the time of the crime. Both steps pose difficulties and require legal and medical considerations. The first difficulty lies in the question of voluntary causation of a pathological mental disorder in the form of voluntary intoxication, as many crimes, especially violent crimes are committed under the influence of drugs or alcohol or a combination of both. The chapter discusses the difficult question of how to balance the principle of individual criminal responsibility with the voluntary act of disabling one’s own faculties. The second problem is the situation of patients placed in forensic psychiatric hospitals, both in terms of diagnosis and their living conditions in hospital. This leads to the problematic comparison between treatment of defendants who are convicted of a crime and then sanctioned through the prison system and those who are acquitted and interned in a forensic psychiatric hospital.
The Great Mystery
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets out the central challenge posed by the incarnation: to show that the idea of a single person being both human and divine is not an incoherent one. The constraints imposed by the early Ecumenical Councils of the Christian Church are presented, and the question discussed how far philosophical explorations of the incarnation should be conducted within the limits set by orthodoxy. Different strategies for dealing with the apparent paradoxical nature of this idea are outlined, and the four main models with which this book is concerned are introduced. Part I of the book (Chapters 2–4) explores those models in turn.