bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementing social interventions in primary care in Canada: A qualitative exploration of lessons learned from leaders in the field
Authors: Bloch Gary , Rozmovits Linda 
Published: February 2023

Purpose
Primary health care providers and practices are increasingly instituting direct interventions into social determinants of health and health inequities, but experiences of the leaders in these initiatives remain largely unexamined.

Methods
Sixteen semi-structured interviews with Canadian primary care leaders in developing and implementing social interventions were conducted to assess barriers, keys to success, and lessons learned from their work.

Results
Participants focused on practical approaches to establishing and maintaining social intervention programs and our analysis pointed to six major themes. A deep understanding of community needs, through data and client stories, forms a foundation for program development. Improving access to care is essential to ensuring programs reach those most marginalized. Client care spaces must be made safe as a first step to engagement. Intervention programs are strengthened by the involvement of patients, community members, health team staff, and partner agencies in their design. The impact and sustainability of these programs is enhanced by implementation partnerships with community members, community organizations, health team members, and government. Health providers and teams are more likely to assimilate simple, practical tools into practice. Finally, institutional change is key to establishing successful programs.

Conclusion
Creativity, persistence, partnership, a deep understanding of community and individual social needs, and a willingness to overcome barriers underlie the implementation of successful social intervention programs in primary health care settings.
Short-term association between ambient air pollution and cardio-respiratory mortality in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Cortes Taísa Rodrigues , Silveira Ismael Henrique , de Oliveira Beatriz Fátima Alves , Bell Michelle L. , Junger Washington Leite 
Published: February 2023

Background
Several epidemiological studies have reported associations between ambient air pollution and mortality. However, relatively few studies have investigated this relationship in Brazil using individual-level data.

Objectives
To estimate the short-term association between exposure to particulate matter <10 μm (PM10) and ozone (O3), and cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between 2012 and 2017.

Methods
We used a time-stratified case-crossover study design with individual-level mortality data. Our sample included 76,798 deaths from cardiovascular diseases and 36,071 deaths from respiratory diseases. Individual exposure to air pollutants was estimated by the inverse distance weighting method. We used data from seven monitoring stations for PM10 (24-hour mean), eight stations for O3 (8-hour max), 13 stations for air temperature (24-hour mean), and 12 humidity stations (24-hour mean). We estimated the mortality effects of PM10 and O3 over a 3-day lag using conditional logistic regression models combined with distributed lag non-linear models. The models were adjusted for daily mean temperature and daily mean absolute humidity. Effect estimates were presented as odds ratios (OR) with their 95% confidence interval (CI) associated with a 10 μg/m3 increase in each pollutant exposure.

Results
No consistent associations were observed for both pollutant and mortality outcome. The cumulative OR of PM10 exposure was 1.01 (95% CI 0.99–1.02) for respiratory mortality and 1.00 (95% CI 0.99–1.01) for cardiovascular mortality. For O3 exposure, we also found no evidence of increased mortality for cardiovascular (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00–1.01) or respiratory diseases (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.98–1.00). Our findings were similar across age and gender subgroups, and different model specifications.

Conclusion
We found no consistent associations between the PM10 and O3 concentrations observed in our study and cardio-respiratory mortality. Future studies need to explore more refined exposure assessment methods to improve health risk estimates and the planning and evaluation of public health and environmental policies.
Doing more with less: The use of non-invasive ventilatory support in a resource-limited setting
Authors: Buys Heloise , Kerbelker Tamara , Naidoo Shirani , Mukuddem-Sablay Zakira , Nxumalo Zanele , Muloiwa Rudzani 
Published: February 2023

Objectives
Bubble CPAP (bCPAP), a non-invasive ventilation modality, has emerged as an intervention that is able to reduce pneumonia-related mortality in children in low resourced settings. Our study primarily aimed to describe a cohort of children who were started on CPAP in the Medical Emergency Unit (MEU) of Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital 2016–2018.

Methods
A retrospective review of a randomly selected sample of paper-based folders was conducted. Children started on bCPAP at MEU were eligible for inclusion. Demographic and clinical data, management, and outcomes regarding admission to PICU, need for invasive ventilation and mortality were documented. Descriptive statistical data were generated for all relevant variables. Percentages depicted frequencies of categorical data while medians with interquartile ranges (IQR) were used to summarise continuous data.

Results
Of 500 children started on bCPAP, 266 (53%) were male; their median age was 3.7 (IQR 1.7–11.3) months and 169 (34%) were moderately to severely underweight-for-age. There were 12 (2%) HIV-infected children; 403 (81%) had received appropriate immunisations for their age; and 119 (24%) were exposed to tobacco smoke at home. The five most common primary reasons for admission were acute respiratory illness, acute gastroenteritis, congestive cardiac failure, sepsis and seizures. Most children, 409 (82%), had no underlying medical condition. Most children, 411 (82%), were managed in high care areas of the general medical wards while 126 (25%) went to PICU. The median time on CPAP was 1.7 (IQR 0.9–2.8) days. The median hospitalisation time was 6 (IQR 4–9) days. Overall, 38 (8%) children required invasive ventilatory support. Overall, 12 (2%) children with a median age of 7.5 (IQR 0.7–14.5) months died, six of whom had an underlying medical condition.

Conclusions
Seventy-five percent of children initiated on bCPAP did not require PICU admission. This form of non-invasive ventilatory support should be considered more widely in the context of limited access to paediatric intensive care units in other African settings.
Respiratory syncytial virus reinfections among infants and young children in the United States, 2011–2019
Authors: Nduaguba Sabina O. , Tran Phuong T. , Choi Yoonyoung , Winterstein Almut G. 
Published: February 2023

Background
Although respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) immunoprophylaxis is recommended for high-risk infants, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends against immunoprophylaxis in the same season following a breakthrough hospitalization due to limited risk for a second hospitalization. Evidence in support of this recommendation is limited. We estimated population-based re-infection rates from 2011–2019 in children <5 years since RSV risk remains relatively high in this age group.

Materials and methods
Using claims data from private insurance enrollees, we established cohorts of children <5 years who were followed to ascertain annual (July 1-June 30) and seasonal (November 1- February 28/29) RSV recurrence estimates. Unique RSV episodes included inpatient encounters with RSV diagnosis ≥30 days apart, and outpatient encounters ≥30 days apart from each other as well as from inpatient encounters. The risk of annual and seasonal re-infection was calculated as the proportion of children with a subsequent RSV episode in the same RSV year/season.

Results
Over the 8 assessed seasons/years (N = 6,705,979) and across all age groups annual inpatient and outpatient infection rates were 0.14% and 1.29%, respectively. Among children with a first infection, annual inpatient and outpatient re-infection rates were 0.25% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.22–0.28) and 3.44% (95% CI = 3.33–3.56), respectively. Both infection and re-infection rates declined with age.

Conclusion
While medically-attended re-infections contributed numerically only a fraction of the total RSV infections, re-infections among those with previous infection in the same season were of similar magnitude as the general infection risk, suggesting that a previous infection may not attenuate the risk for a re-infection.
Glycolytic reprogramming is involved in tissue remodeling on chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Jo Min-Sik , Yang Hyun-Woo , Park Joo-Hoo , Shin Jae-Min , Park Il-Ho 
Published: February 2023

Background
Glycolytic reprogramming is a key feature of chronic inflammatory disease. Extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by myofibroblasts plays an important role in tissue remodeling of nasal mucosa in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). This study aimed to determine whether glycolytic reprogramming contributes to myofibroblast differentiation and ECM production in nasal fibroblasts.

Methods
Primary nasal fibroblasts were isolated from the nasal mucosa of patients with CRS. Glycolytic reprogramming was assessed by measuring the extracellular acidification and oxygen consumption rates in nasal fibroblast, with and without transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) treatment. Expression of glycolytic enzymes and ECM components was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunocytochemical staining. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed using whole RNA-sequencing data of nasal mucosa of healthy donors and patients with CRS.

Result
Glycolysis of nasal fibroblasts stimulated with TGF-B1 was upregulated along with glycolytic enzymes. Hypoxia-inducing factor (HIF)-1α was a high-level regulator of glycolysis, and increased HIF-1α expression promoted glycolysis of nasal fibroblasts, and inhibition of HIF-1α down-regulated myofibroblasts differentiation and ECM production.

Conclusion
This study suggests that inhibition of the glycolytic enzyme and HIF-1α in nasal fibroblasts regulates myofibroblast differentiation and ECM generation associated with nasal mucosa remodeling.
The multi-drug resistant organisms infections decrease during the antimicrobial stewardship era in cirrhotic patients: An Italian cohort study
Authors: Dalbeni Andrea , Mantovani Anna , Zoncapè Mirko , Cattazzo Filippo , Bevilacqua Michele , De Marco Leonardo , Paon Veronica , Ieluzzi Donatella , Azzini Anna Maria , Carrara Elena , Tacconelli Evelina , Sacerdoti David 
Published: February 2023

Background and purpose
Bacterial infections represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cirrhotic patients. Our aim was to assess the incidence of bacterial infections, in particular due to multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) before and after the introduction of the antimicrobial stewardship program, “Stewardship Antimicrobial in VErona” (SAVE). In addition, we also analysed the liver complications and the crude mortality during the whole follow up.

Methods
We analysed 229 cirrhotic subjects without previous hospitalization for infections enrolled at the University Verona Hospital from 2017 to 2019 and followed up until December 2021 (mean follow-up 42.7 months).

Results
101 infections were recorded and 31.7% were recurrent. The most frequent were sepsis (24.7%), pneumonia (19.8%), spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (17.8%). 14.9% of infections were sustained by MDROs. Liver complications occurred more frequently in infected patients, and in case of MDROs infections with a significantly higher MELD and Child-Pugh score. In Cox regression analysis, mortality was associated with age, diabetes and bacterial infections episodes (OR 3.30, CI 95%: (1.63–6.70). Despite an increase in total infections over the past three years, a decrease in the incidence rate in MDROs infections was documented concurrently with the introduction of SAVE (IRD 28.6; 95% CI: 4.6–52.5, p = 0.02).

Conclusions
Our study confirms the burden of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients, especially MDROs, and the strong interconnection with liver complications. The introduction of SAVE decreased MDROs infections. Cirrhotic patients require a closer clinical surveillance to identify colonized patients and avoid the horizontal spread of MDROs in this setting.
Effectiveness of formal onboarding for facilitating organizational socialization: A systematic review
Authors: Frögéli Elin , Jenner Bo , Gustavsson Petter 
Published: February 2023

Objective
To investigate the effectiveness of formal onboarding programs and practices for new professionals.

Introduction
New professionals may experience high levels of stress and uncertainty. Formal onboarding programs and practices aim to facilitate the socialization of new professionals by structuring early experiences. However, there is a lack of evidence-based recommendations of how to onboard new professionals.

Methods
This review considered studies that compares the effect of formal onboarding practices and programs for new professionals between 18–30 years of age (sample mean) to the effect of informal onboarding practices or ‘treatment as usual’ in professional organizations internationally. The outcome of interest for the review was the extent to which new professionals were socialized. The search strategy aimed to locate both published studies (dating back to year 2006) and studies accepted for publication written in English using the electronic databases Web of Science and Scopus (last search November 9 2021). Titles and abstracts were screened and selected papers were assessed by two independent reviewers against the eligibility criteria. Critical appraisal and data extraction were performed by two independent reviewers using Joanna Briggs Institutes templates. The findings were summarized in a narrative synthesis and presented in tables. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluations approach.

Results
Five studies including 1556 new professionals with a mean age of 25 years were included in the study. Most participants were new nurses. The methodological quality was assessed as low to moderate and there were high risks of bias. In three of the five included studies, a statistically significant effect of onboarding practices and programs on new professionals’ adjustment could be confirmed (Cohen’s d 0.13–1.35). Structured and supported on-the-job training was shown to be the onboarding strategy with the strongest support to date. The certainty of the evidence was rated as low.

Conclusion
The results suggests that organizations should prioritize on-the-job training as a strategy to facilitate organizational socialization. For researchers, the results suggest that attention should be given to understanding how to best implement on-the-job training to ensure strong, broad, and lasting effects. Importantly, research of higher methodological quality investigating effects of different onboarding programs and practices is needed.
Systematic review registration number: OSF Registries osf.io/awdx6/.
How long is too long: A retrospective study evaluating the impact of the duration of noninvasive oxygenation support strategies (high flow nasal cannula & BiPAP) on mortality in invasive mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19
Authors: Kasarabada Aditya , Barker Kimberly , Ganoe Theresa , Clevenger Lindsay , Visco Cristina , Gibson Jessica , Karimi Rahim , Naderi Negar , Lam Brian , Stepanova Maria , Henry Linda , King Christopher , Desai Mehul 
Published: February 2023

Background/Aim
We investigated the association of noninvasive oxygenation support [high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and BiPAP], timing of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and inpatient mortality among patients hospitalized with COVID-19.

Methods
Retrospective chart review study of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 (ICD-10 code U07.1) and received IMV from March 2020-October 2021. Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) was calculated; Obesity defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2; morbid obesity was BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2. Clinical parameters/vital signs recorded at time of admission.

Results
709 COVID-19 patients underwent IMV, predominantly admitted from March-May 2020 (45%), average age 62±15 years, 67% male, 37% Hispanic, and 9% from group living settings. 44% had obesity, 11% had morbid obesity, 55% had type II diabetes, 75% had hypertension, and average CCI was 3.65 (SD = 3.11). Crude mortality rate was 56%. Close linear association of age with inpatient-mortality risk was found [OR (95% CI) = 1.35 (1.27–1.44) per 5 years, p<0.0001)]. Patients who died after IMV received noninvasive oxygenation support significantly longer: 5.3 (8.0) vs. 2.7 (SD 4.6) days; longer use was also independently associated with a higher risk of inpatient-mortality: OR = 3.1 (1.8–5.4) for 3–7 days, 7.2 (3.8–13.7) for ≥8 days (reference: 1–2 days) (p<0.0001). The association magnitude varied between age groups: 3–7 days duration (ref: 1–2 days), OR = 4.8 (1.9–12.1) in ≥65 years old vs. 2.1 (1.0–4.6) in <65 years old. Higher mortality risk was associated with higher CCI in patients ≥65 (P = 0.0082); among younger patients, obesity (OR = 1.8 (1.0–3.2) or morbid obesity (OR = 2.8;1.4–5.9) (p<0.05) were associated. No mortality association was found for sex or race.

Conclusion
Time spent on noninvasive oxygenation support [as defined by high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and BiPAP] prior to IMV increased mortality risk. Research for the generalizability of our findings to other respiratory failure patient populations is needed.
Modelling silicon etching using inverse methods
Authors: Kincanon Eric 
Published: February 2023

This paper considers a real-world application of a recently presented alternative form of the Gelfand-Levitan equation. Here is considered the case of potential in the plasma above silicon during the etching process. It is shown that although standard methods have significant challenges, the alternative form of the Gelfand-Levitan equation gives a straightforward way to determine the reflection coefficient from an assumed potential.Â Â
Modified Kudryashov method and its applications to the (2+1)-dimensional cubic Klein-Gordon and (3+1)- dimensional Zakharov-Kuznetsov equations
Authors: M. Abdul Al Woadud K. , Jahirul Islam Md. , Rahman Khan Aminur 
Published: February 2023

The exact solutions of nonlinear evolution equations (NLEEs) play a vital role to reveal the central mechanism of complex physical phe-nomenon. More precisely, in this paper, we acquired new exact solutions to the (2+1)-dimensional cubic Kleinâ€“Gordon (cKG) and (3+1)-dimensional Zakharovâ€“Kuznetsov (ZK) equations by using the modified Kudraysov method. As results, a portion of the new accurate voyaging wave answers for the situations above is officially delivered. All arrangements are plotted in the perspective on three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) line shape through the MATLAB programming for exploring the genuine meaning of the concentrated on conditions. The periodic type of solution is created using a modified Kudryashov approach, which is distinct from the other methods investigated.Â Â
Monitoring land cover change and population growth, A study case of Obio/Akpor Local Government Area, Nigeria
Authors: M Menegbo Emmanuel 
Published: February 2023

Remote Sensing provides earth surface data use in mapping and monitoring the built environment and other land uses. This work aims to monitor land cover change and Population growth in Obio/Akpor LGA, Rivers State, Nigeria using Global Land cover 30 data and Worldpop data between2000 and 2020 for land cover and 2010 to 2020 for population. Global Land cover30 of 2000 - 2020 used to map and detect land cover change while the Worldpop of 2010 and 2020 used to map population growth. The outputs of the work show that artificial surfaces (built-up area)Â increase by 33.75 % from 2000 to 2020, similarly built-up area population will increase by 38.66 % between 2000 and 2020.Bare land recorded the highest expansion of 418.71% from 2000 to 2020. Wetlands reduce by 1.36% and forest also reduces by 37.05%, the effect of deforestation on climate change continues.Â Change detection techniques using Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing remain the most cost effective way of monitoring the environment for better planning and informed decision making.Â Â Â
Measurement of radon concentration in Iraqi construction workers and painterâ€™s blood samples using CR-39 passive detectors
Authors: A Amin Sahar , M Haleem Azhar 
Published: February 2023

Radon concentration was estimated in 44 blood samples collected from Iraqi construction workers and painters using CR-39 passive detectors. Twenty-nine of them are non-smokers and the rest are heavy smokers. The result showed that the radon concentrations in the blood samples for construction workers were ranged between 9.201 and 126.763 Bq.m-3 with an average value of 45.987 Bq.m-3. Whilst, the radon concentrations in the blood samples for painters were ranged between 2.385 and 90.983 Bq.m-3 with an average value of 43.664 Bq.m-3. The uranium concentrations in the blood samples for construction workers and painters were ranged between (0.282-3.883) ppb with average value of 1.409 ppb, and between (0.073-2.787) ppb with average value of 1.338 ppb, respectively. The results also showed that the uranium concentration increase with age. On the other side, the average concentrations of uranium in the blood samples for smoker workers is higher than that for non-smoker workers, which conclude that smoking can cause an increase of uranium in the smokerâ€™s blood. All the results revealed that the uranium concentration in the study blood samples were lower than the global permitted value reported by UNSCEAR (1993) and WHO (2001).Â Â Â
Crossmatching of high-proper motion L, T, and Y brown dwarfs with large photometric surveys
Authors: Avdeeva Aleksandra S. , Karpov Sergey V. , Malkov Oleg Yu. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
L, T, and Y brown dwarf (BD) exploration is a topical issue. First, the transition boundary between planets and BDs is not fully understood yet. Second, there is a phenomenon called the L/T-transition. The observed properties of cooler BDs differ significantly from the less cool ones, namely, colors of BDs shift much bluer and, simultaneously, dwarfs become brighter with a decrease in temperature. Models of this phenomenon are now being actively developed, for which reason BDs observed in a wide range of spectra are needed. Our goal is to refine the position of BDs in the parameter space of colors and magnitudes in order to effectively search for them in photometric surveys (without involving spectroscopic observations). For that reason, we crossmatched about 500 known L, T, and Y BDs with large photometric surveys. We paid special attention to the problem of identifying objects near the Sun because the crossmatching by default is made by searching for the closest object in a particular survey, which can be inappropriate concerning the high proper motions of our dwarfs. We have determined the color indices that can be used to search for these objects in large photometric surveys, and we have pointed out the color indices that are inappropriate for this purpose. We also made preliminary estimates of the radius matching to search for objects in the modern photometric surveys, given their proximity to the Sun and, consequently, their high proper motion.