bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Biologic Half-Life of Brain-Localized Antisynapse Radioantibodies
Authors: Day Eugene D. , Appel Stanley H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Synaptic membranes of rat brain cortex were isolated and used as immunogen with complete Freund's adjuvant to produce antisera in four rabbits. Pseudoglobulin fractions of IgG that were free of C1 were isolated, radioiodinated, and shown to fix complement after reaction with antigens.
All four antisynapse radioglobulins contained antibodies that would localize in liver, kidney and spleen. One contained antibodies that would also localize in significantly large amounts in brain. None of the four contained antibodies that would localize in lung, heart, testes or thymus.
The biologic half-lives of tissue-localized antibodies were calculated from data collected between the 3rd and the 27th day after intravenous administration of radioglobulins. The biologic half-life of brain-localized antibody was 7.4 days and that of spleen-localized antibody, 5.8 days. The biologic half-lives of antibody in kidney and liver were 9.2 and 12.0 days, respectively, while the biologic half-lives of localized portions of normal globulin in brain, spleen, kidney, liver, thymus, heart, testes, lung and blood were all very uniformly 13.3 to 14.2 days.
The heightened disappearance rate of brain-localized antibody indicated that an active mechanism was operative in brain for the removal of antibody once it was localized.
Deficiency of the Fourth Component of Complement in Man
Authors: Torisu Motomichi , Sonozaki Hidekichi , Inai Shinya , Arata Makoto 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A new type of complement deficiency was found in the course of mass medical examinations. The following findings were obtained in three persons with this deficiency. a) The sera showed a selective decrease in C4 hemolytic activity. b) Serum complement activity was largely restored by the addition of highly purified C4. c) On immunoelectrophoresis, a β1E precipitin line developed with the sera of all three cases and was not noticeably weaker than that observed with control serum. d) C1 inactivator activity in these sera was not reduced as compared with that in normal serum. e) The sera were shown to have potent C4 inactivating activity.
Communications
Authors: Oroszlan Stephen , Stanley Thomas B. , Gilden Raymond V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
On the basis of their tumorigenic properties in hamsters, human adenoviruses have been divided into subgroup A, highly oncogenic, and subgroup B, weakly oncogenic, adenoviruses (1). Recent studies (2–5) have established a third subgroup, C, which consists of types 1, 2, 5 and 6. These types under appropriate conditions transform rat embryo cells, and like the viruses of subgroups A and B they produce a subgroup specific mRNA and a common T antigen.
The nonvirion nature of the T antigen of subgroups A and B has been amply documented by immunologic and biophysical methods employing purified antigens (1, 6–9). This report presents similar results on the relationship between T and structural antigens of adenovirus 2, a member of subgroup C.
Soluble viral antigens were produced in KB cell monolayers, which were harvested 48 hr after infection with adenovirus 2 (prototype strain).
Reduced Complement Activity in Sera of Patients with Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia
Authors: Glovsky M. , Fudenberg H. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Whole serum complement activity and complement activity of C1, C2 and C3 were determined in the sera of 11 patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. C1 and C3 levels were low in approximately 50% of the sera studied. Whole complement and C2 levels were low in three of the patients.
Microzone electrophoresis revealed that in four of the 11 patients the paraprotein had relatively rapid γ or β mobility. Three of these patients had low whole serum C activity and low C2.
No correlation between whole serum complement activity, immunoglobulin quantitative levels, cold agglutinins, cryoglobulins, anti-nuclear or anti-γ globulin antibodies could be made.
Complement Dependent Killing of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae by Antibody: Kinetics of the Reaction
Authors: Gale James L. , Kenny George E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The neutralization or killing of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by either rabbit or human antiserum required a heat-labile factor from non-immune serum. Killing was rapid, but could be stopped by dilution, thus permitting study of the reaction. The absolute number of organisms killed in a constant time interval was independent of the initial number of organisms present, making this reaction analogous to complement-mediated lysis of sensitized red blood cells. Although the rate of killing was influenced by antibody content, the level of normal serum factor appeared to have a much larger influence on the rate of the reaction. This heat-labile factor is apparently complement or some components of complement: it can be blocked by a chelating agent, is sensitive to salt concentration, and can be removed by prior absorption with a non-related complement-fixing antigen-antibody complex. Killing did not take place at 4°C, suggesting that the reaction is enzymatically controlled. The relative rates of killing appear to parallel lipid CF titers, but the measurement of antibody is 10 times as sensitive.
Immunoglobulins of the Hamster
Authors: Bienenstock John , Bloch Kurt J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hamster γ1, γ2, γA and γM globulins have been identified by immunoelectrophoresis developed with antisera from rabbits injected with antigen-hamster antibody complexes. Binding of labeled antigen to hamster γ1 and γ2 antibodies was observed in sera obtained 1 to 8 weeks following injection of hapten-protein conjugates emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. Binding to γM antibodies was limited to weeks 1 and 2 and binding to γA antibodies was demonstrable only at week 3. Indirect evidence for the existence of a reagin-like homocytotropic antibody was presented.
Species Comparison of Antigenic Determinants of the Variable Region of Light Chains of Immunoglobulins
Authors: Ruffilli A. , Baglioni C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The distribution of five antigenic determinants of human Bence Jones proteins in the light chains of several other species is described. It is shown that three of these antigenic determinants identify in several species a small group of cross-reacting light chains. These observations are discussed in view of the possible theories concerning the genetic control of these proteins.
Immunogenicity of Human γ Globulin Bound to Macrophages after Inhibition of Rna Synthesis
Authors: Cruchaud A. , Despont J. P. , Girard J. P. , Mach B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Macrophages obtained from the peritoneal cavity of mice were incubated in vitro with human γ globulin (HGG), and then transferred to allogeneic recipients that were boosted 30 days later with soluble antigen. Recipients made better primary and secondary responses to HGG bound to macrophages than did animals immunized with soluble HGG.
The immunogenicity of HGG in macrophages was moderately decreased by treatment of the cells with concentrations of actinomycin-D that inhibited RNA synthesis.
These results are discussed in the light of the possible importance of informational RNA and of increased immunogenicity of macrophage-bound antigen in the immunologic response.
The Effect of Fumaropimaric Acid on Delayed Hypersensitivity and Cutaneous Forssman Reactions in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Feinman Lawrence , Cohen Stanley , Becker Elmer L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fumaropimaric acid, when injected into guinea pigs by the intraperitoneal route, is effective in suppressing the cutaneous reaction to intradermally administered hemolysin (Forssman reaction) and the cutaneous contact reaction to a skin-sensitizing compound, o-chlorobenzoylchloride (delayed hypersensitivity). Guinea pigs did not respond to fumaropimaric acid in a parallel manner with respect to these two kinds of reactions, suggesting that the mechanism of inhibition was different for each. Although a suggestive relationship between degree of anticoagulation and delayed hypersensitivity response was observed in these experiments, there was no correlation between anticoagulation and reactivity to the hemolysin. Similarly, a conventional anticoagulant, heparin, had no demonstrable effect on the Forssman reaction. These results support previous studies which relate the anti-Forssman activity of fumaropimaric acid entirely to its ability to interfere with the complement system. It is suggested that the effect of fumaropimaric acid on delayed hypersensitivity reactions may be due to its ability to inhibit an underlying chemical reaction which is related to some stage of the clotting sequence.
Dissociation of Antibody Production from Disease Suppression in the Inhibition of Allergic Encephalomyelitis by Myelin Basic Protein
Authors: Lisak Robert P. , Falk George A. , Heinze Robert G. , Kies Marian W. , Alvord Ellsworth C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal guinea pigs challenged with a single injection of homologous myelin basic protein (BP) in Freund's complete adjuvant develop experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and delayed hypersensitivity to BP but only rarely develop detectable circulating anti-BP antibodies. Treatment of guinea pigs with methotrexate before and during disease induction completely blocks EAE and suppresses delayed hypersensitivity to the homologous encephalitogenic BP. In contrast, animals treated with methotrexate for 19 days and sensitized after a 2-day time lapse develop the same intensity of EAE and delayed hypersensitivity to BP as those sensitized without prior methotrexate treatment.
Treatment of guinea pigs with BP in incomplete adjuvant prior to encephalitogenic challenge suppresses development of both EAE and delayed hypersensitivity and simultaneously evokes anti-BP antibodies. Combined treatment of guinea pigs with methotrexate and BP prior to challenge almost completely suppresses the induction of anti-BP antibodies but does not interfere with the protective effect of the BP injections. Thus, the EAE-resistant state induced in guinea pigs by repeated injections of BP in incomplete adjuvant is apparently not dependent on induction of anti-BP antibodies. A more reasonable explanation for the resistance to EAE is that antigen accumulation prevents development or survival of a clone of BP-sensitized cells. These observations suggest that production or prevention of disease is correlated with induction or suppression of delayed hypersensitivity to BP and not with the presence or absence of circulating antibodies to BP. Antibodies to BP appear to be a coincidental phenomenon not involved in the pathogenesis of EAE.
Homocytotropic Antibody in Primary Responder and Hyperimmune Rabbits
Authors: Kindt Thomas J. , Todd Charles W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Homocytotropic antibody against ovalbumin was found in both the primary and secondary responses in the rabbit. A comparison was made between HCA from the primary response and that from the hyperimmune response. No significant difference was found between the two using these criteria of comparison: percentage of animals responding, molecular size, electrophoretic mobility, heat and mercaptoethanol sensitivity, latent period required and maternal transfer of the activity. It appears that the same IgE-like antibody which elicits homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions can be present in rabbits after one injection of ovalbumin or after a series of injections.
The Effect of X-Irradiation on Delayed Hypersensitivity and Circulating Antibody in the Rat
Authors: Bowser Robert T. , Spence Denise B. , Exum Eurmal D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rats exposed to x-radiation 24 hr before antigen administration exhibited detectable skin reactions to tuberculin 2 days later than nonirradiated sensitized controls. Reaction sizes illustrate that the irradiated rat experienced a decreased sensitivity to tuberculin which persisted through day 14.
The radiation dose (475 rads) responsible for the observed depression of the delayed skin reactions produced a greater depression of the circulating antibody response.
The results obtained suggest that the cellular and humoral immune responses in the rat are radiosensitive.
Studies on the Immunogenicity of Antigen-Antibody Precipitates
Authors: Henney Christopher S. , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pigs immunized with dinitrophenylated human γG globulin (DNP-HGG) formed precipitating antibody which reacted with the immunizing protein, with DNP coupled to heterologous carriers, and, in many cases, with the carrier (HGG) molecule itself. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions were directed almost exclusively against the DNP-HGG complex. When animals were immunized with the same quantities of DNP-HGG bound in antibody excess immune precipitates to either anti-DNP or anti-carrier (anti-Fc) the humoral responses to both the DNP and the carrier determinants were markedly reduced. On the other hand such precipitates were effective in initiating cell-mediated responses; delayed hypersensitivity skin testing revealed that these animals were indistinguishable in this respect from animals sensitized with “free” DNP-HGG.
Animals rendered unresponsive to either the carrier (HGG) or the hapten molecules, by intravenous administration of either HGG or dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin, produced minimal responses to simultaneous administration of DNP-HGG in complete Freund's adjuvant. In these animals both delayed hypersensitivity reactions and circulating antibody formation were markedly reduced.
The results suggest that the “processing” of antigen to initiate cell mediated and humoral responses proceeds, at a very early stage, along different pathways.
Ontogeny of Cell Populations Required for Immunocompetence
Authors: Brody Thomas , Papermaster Ben W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Differentiation from cellular progenitors of two cell populations required for the immune response to sheep erythrocyte antigens was studied. The receptor-bearing population differentiates from bone marrow progenitors much more rapidly than the peripheral thymic population. The differentiation from bone marrow progenitors of the cells with receptors for antigen is completely independent of thymus, while the differentiation of the peripheral thymic population is dependent upon thymus function. Peyer's patches may not be considered solely as primary lymphoid organs. Peyer's patches in adults have all the cell populations required for immunocompetence. In addition, Peyer's patches cannot be considered the initial source in the neonatal period of the cells with receptors for antigen, because these cells are present in the prenatal period in fetal liver.
Genetic Control of the Specificity of Anti-DNP Antibodies
Authors: Paul William E. , Yoshida Takeshi , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Differences in the fine specificity of anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibodies produced by different inbred mouse strains were demonstrated. These differences are expressed in terms of the relative capacity of a given nitrophenyl ligand to inhibit the binding of 3H-DNP-∈-aminocaproic acid (3H-DNP-EACA) by anti-DNP antibodies. The most prominent differences concerned the relative affinity of AKR and of BALB/c anti-DNP antibodies for 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4-dinitroaniline and the relative affinity of AL/N and C57BL/6 anti-DNP antibodies for picryl-ε-aminocaproic acid. These strain-specific fine specificity patterns could not be explained by systematic differences in average association constant for 3H-DNP-EACA. The specificity patterns of anti-DNP keyhole limpet hemocycanin and anti-DNP bovine γ globulin antibodies produced by a given strain were generally similar. The differences in fine specificity pattern between AKR and BALB/c anti-DNP antibodies were noted in antisera collected at various times in the course of the immune response. Strain-determined variation in the fine specificity of anti-DNP antibodies may present a model system for studying the genetic control of antibody specificity.
Presence of Allotypic Specificities of Three Loci, a, b and f, on Individual Molecules of Rabbit Colostral γA Immunoglobulin
Authors: Lichter Edward A. , Conway Thomas P. , Gilman-Sachs Alice , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Colostral γA isolated from 12 rabbits of different genotypes were analyzed individually by quantitative radioprecipitation for the number of molecules bearing allotypic specificities of the a, b and f loci. In these experiments, the minimum percentage of molecules bearing allotypic specificities of all three loci ranged from 38% to 78% with the median sample at 69% as calculated from the percentage of molecules precipitable by each antiserum.
A Specific Method for Purification of the Second Component of Guinea Pig Complement and a Chemical Evaluation of the One-Hit Theory
Authors: Mayer Manfred M. , Miller Jimmie A. , Shin Hyun S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The second component of guinea pig complement (C2) may be isolated in good yield and in highly purified form by a specific method involving adsorption on EAC4 (sheep erythrocytes carrying rabbit anti-Forssman and guinea pig C4) at ionic strength 0.0686, pH 8.5 and 25° to 30°C, in the presence of 0.002 M MgCl2, 0.0003 M CaCl2 and 0.1% gelatin, followed by elution at ionic strength 0.147, pH 6.5 and 0°C, in the presence of 0.05% gelatin. The product is stable and does not contain guinea pig serum proteins other than C2, but there is heavy contamination with sheep erythrocyte proteins, mostly hemoglobin, which may be removed by two successive electrophoretic fractionations on polyacrylamide gel. The number of C2 molecules required for lysis of one cell was 1.1.
The Effects of a Blockading Agent on the Primary Immune Response
Authors: Michael J. Gabriel , Murray Caroline 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of the blockading agent Thorotrast on the uptake of Escherichia coli O127:B8 by the cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) in the mouse and on the immune response to the bacterial antigen were investigated. It was found that Thorotrast given both intraperitoneally and intravenously suppressed the immune response to the bacterial antigen. Reduction in the immune response was not directly related to blockade of the RES. Thorotrast in addition to blocking selectively phagocytic cells of certain organs of RES was found to affect lymphoid cells involved in the process of antibody formation.
Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Phair John P. , Kantor Fred S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Delayed hypersensitivity reactions to hapten-protein antigens are largely conjugate specific. Concurrent elicitation of related or unrelated immediate reactions at challenge sites, however, resulted in hapten-specific 24-hr reactions in passively and actively immunized guinea pigs. Challenge with a 10-fold increase in the concentration of antigen also resulted in hapten-specific 24-hr transfer reactions. Hapten-specific reactions were elicited at sites prepared by injection of normal guinea pig serum. Increased antigen concentration and nonspecific infiltration of mononuclear cells at prepared skin sites are possible mechanisms underlying these hapten-specific delayed reactions.
Changes in IgA and IgG Concentrations in Nasal Secretions Prior to the Appearance of Antibody during Viral Respiratory Infection in Man
Authors: Butler William T. , Waldmann Thomas A. , Rossen Roger D. , Douglas R. Gordon , Couch Robert B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To investigate the mechanisms of appearance of locally synthesized and plasmaderived proteins at the nasal membrane surface during upper respiratory viral infection, nasal secretions and sera from six volunteers experimentally infected with coxsackievirus A type 21 or rhinovirus type 15 were analyzed for their content of viral neutralizing antibodies, immunoglobulin and albumin. Nasal IgA increased significantly 24 hr after viral inoculation and before transudation started. In coxsackievirus infection, nasal secretion IgA concentrations continued to rise for 2 weeks to nearly twice baseline levels, whereas in rhinovirus infection a sustained rise in IgA began only after illness had subsided. Significant amounts of specific antibody did not appear in the nasal secretions during the same period. Marked transudation of albumin and IgG from plasma occurred during respiratory illness. Before illness half of the IgG in nasal secretions was synthesized locally; the remainder came from plasma as indicated by the quantity of isotopically labeled IgG which entered nasal secretions from the circulation. Viral infection inhibited local IgG synthesis; therefore, after illness subsided, nearly all IgG in nasal secretions came from the plasma. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that immunoglobulins are delivered to the nasal membrane surfaces by three different mechanisms: release of pre-formed secretory IgA during the incubation period of viral infection, transudation from the plasma before and after illness but particularly during the rhinorrhea phase of illness, and local synthesis of IgA and IgG. After illness subsides, local IgG synthesis is inhibited, but there is a marked stimulation of IgA synthesis, which, after a further period, develops specificity for the infecting virus.
Patterns of Serologic Specificity of Human γG Erythrocyte Autoantibodies
Authors: Leddy John P. , Peterson Phyllis , Yeaw Marilyn A. , Bakemeier Richard F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The serologic specificity of warm-reacting γG autoantibodies eluted from the red blood cells (RBC) of 46 patients with acquired immune hemolytic anemia was systematically studied with a panel of rare human RBC including Rhnull, -D-/-D-, LW-negative, and K°K° cells as well as with several monkey RBC. Based on the patterns obtained, a tentative classification of autoantibody specificities into four major groups is proposed as a framework for further research. Autoantibody populations with anti-LW specificity or with specificity in the Kell blood group system could not be demonstrated in this series. These observations also provided evidence that autoantibody specificity is an important factor governing the presence or absence of complement fixation to RBC in vivo, as determined by direct antiglobulin (Coombs') tests with specific anti-complement (anti-C3) serum. Sixteen of 20 autoantibody eluates derived from patients whose RBC were coated with both γG globulin and complement exhibited strong reactions with Rhnull RBC. Conversely, 12 eluates displaying essentially no reactivity with Rhnull RBC, and strongly suspected to have specificities related to the Rh system, were from patients with only γG globulin detectable on their RBC.
Studies on the Mechanism of Heat Aggregation of Human γG
Authors: Augener Wiprecht , Grey Howard M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The intact proteins and Fab and Fc fragments of normal γG and myeloma proteins of the four γG subclasses were studied for their susceptibility to heat aggregation. It was found that in the case of normal γG and myeloma proteins of the two major subclasses, γG1 and γG2, aggregation of the intact protein correlated with aggregation of the Fab fragment, whereas the Fc fragments of these proteins did not aggregate appreciably. In the case of the two minor subclasses, γG3 and γG4, the Fc fragment was also a contributing factor in the formation of heat aggregates. Aggregation could be partially reversed (54% to 73%) by treatment with 8 M urea, indicating that both disulfide bonds and non-covalent interactions were responsible for the formation of the aggregates. It was also found that heat aggregation of γG1 protein leads to a conformational change in the Fab which renders it extremely susceptible to proteolysis. The significance of these findings with respect to the mechanism by which aggregation results in the enhanced biologic activity of the Fc fragment is discussed.