bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rainbow Paradise? Sexualities and Gender Diversity in Finnish Schools
Authors: Lehtonen Jukka 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe Finnish education system, welfare state and Finland’s position in respect to lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex (LGBTI) human rights have been praised. In this chapter, the utopian image of Finnish education system as a ‘rainbow paradise’ is questioned. Legislation, curricula, teachers, school textbooks, experiences of non-heterosexual, trans and intersex youth as well as LGBTI human rights organisations’ work are discussed, as well as the influence of COVID-19. All are looked at from the viewpoint of heteronormativity. Even if there have been several advancements in acknowledging sexual and gender diversity within Finnish education, particularly in the area of legislation and educational policies, there are serious everyday problems in making schools safe for LGBTI students and teachers, as well as with treating everyone equally despite their sexual orientation and gender identity or expression. Teacher training, teaching and textbooks used in schools are often still heteronormative, and teachers lack tools and motivation in resisting heteronormative starting points in their work. Youth culture has changed in recent years, it has become more diverse and less judgemental towards LGBTI youth but non-heterosexual, trans and intersex students are still clearly experiencing more violence in schools than cisgender heterosexual students. The mainly heteronormative Finnish education system creates stress and mental health problems for LGBTI youth. Counselling and health care services are still not fully able to respond to their needs. The COVID-19 pandemic has only made the situation worse. In short, it will require a sustained effort to make the Finnish education system anything close to a ‘rainbow paradise’.
Racism in Finnish School Textbooks: Developments and Discussions
Authors: Mikander Pia 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWhile the Finnish education system has been celebrated for promoting equality, recent reports point to problems concerning racism within Finnish schools. Kristín Loftsdóttir suggests looking at racism from three angles: everyday racism, prior immobility, and structural racism. This chapter draws on this idea, showing how racism is present in Finnish school textbooks in history, social science and geography. Many textbooks seem to deviate from the curricular core values of equality by portraying the West as superior to the rest of the world. This is visible in different ways. While old racist or colonial words are removed from textbooks, the perspective may still only promote a Western worldview. Changes in textbooks might stay on a superficial level, rather than reaching the epistemological perspective. History textbook passages about colonial times might include images of racist caricatures to express the explicit racism of this era. Similar caricatures are being removed from consumer products, and we might ask whether they belong to history teaching, particularly if they do not encourage a discussion about continued racism. Using textbooks with racist content requires that teachers are aware of racism. The teacher needs to know how to lead critical reflection, while keeping the classroom safe from racist remarks. During a pandemic, when students are alone with textbooks, there is a particular concern about the democratic task of educating for anti-racism. This is especially important in a world largely influenced by a media discourse that makes certain racist opinions unremarked or seen as a matter of common sense.
Saami Language Online Education Outside the Saami Homeland—New Pathways to Social Justice
Authors: Helander Hanna , Keskitalo Pigga , Turunen Tuija 
Published: March 2023

AbstractSaami languages are spoken across wide areas, from Mid-Scandinavia to Kola Peninsula, Russia, but they are all threatened Indigenous languages. Altogether, there are 10 Saami languages, of which three are represented in Finland: Northern, Inari and Skolt Saami. After centuries of assimilation policies, through broader inclusive thinking from the 1980s and the 1990s onwards, the teaching of Saami languages has begun to receive governmental support. In Finland, until the 1970s, the Finnish language was the main medium of instruction for Saami children. This has led to a language shift and assimilation over many generations. Currently, the main education task is to avoid continuing the loss of language. This chapter showcases how Saami languages are retaking their status via maintenance and revitalisation measures and displays Saami online language education as a solution for those children and young people living outside the Saami homeland. This solution is especially important because most Saami people now live outside this area. We therefore urge a swift decision on Saami education, as stipulated in the Basic Education Act about the availability of Saami language classes and support for pedagogical development in the endangered language situation. Starting to recognise Saami language education as an opportunity and a resource rather than a problem would be a key shift in language attitudes to build a path for comprehensive education based on social justice for Saami children and young people in Finland.
Education of Pupils with Migrant Backgrounds: A Systemic Failure in the Finnish System?
Authors: Helakorpi Jenni , Holm Gunilla , Liu Xiaoxu 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses the structural issues and mechanisms behind the lower academic performance and poorer health of the pupils categorised as “pupils with migrant background” compared to other pupils in Finnish schools. In PISA 2018 migrant pupils were almost three years behind other pupils in literacy and pupils with a migrant background about two years behind. Finland has the largest gap in the OECD between migrant and migrant background students and non-migrant students in literacy. Not only do migrant students and students with migrant background perform more poorly, but they are also bullied more in school. We base our analysis on critical race and whiteness theories and also lean on theoretical constructs from intersectionality research. We have treated the findings of inequalities between pupils with and without a migrant background as symptoms of a systemic failure not of failing students, families or teachers. In order to understand the failure of educating pupils with migrant background well, an analysis of structural racism and an intersectional analysis of race, racialisation, whiteness, gender and social class in Finnish school and society are needed.
Negotiated, Given and Self-Made Paths: Immigrant Origin Girls and Post-compulsory Educational Transition in Finland
Authors: Mäkelä Marja-Liisa , Kalalahti Mira 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAlthough Finland still has a relatively low proportion of students with a migrant background, it has not been able to ensure that immigrants and their descendants have equal educational opportunities. Education could enhance integration but migrant backgrounds have a persistent impact. In this chapter, our focus is on post-comprehensive educational decision-making processes of immigrant origin adolescent girls, with the viewpoint of the multifaceted intertwinement of gender and ethnicity. We conceptualise the educational decisions as negotiations that adolescents have to have with their families, teachers, counsellors and peers. Within these negotiations, the negotiating parties try to push the adolescent to choose those educational paths they see valued and preferred, and away from the choices they see as unfitting or less valued. As the girls ‘negotiate their identities according to situational contexts’, their agency is constructed with ongoing and reflective negotiations with other people. In this chapter, we show how adolescent girls with an immigrant background in Finland face quite similar difficulties as ethnic minorities in other European and Nordic countries when continuing their education from compulsory education. We also illustrate with three ‘transitional stories’ the key challenges that girls with immigrant backgrounds encounter when making their educational decisions and integrating to education: structural boundaries, social boundaries and acculturation.
Language Education for Everyone? Busting Access Myths
Authors: Ennser-Kananen Johanna , Kilpeläinen Erja , Saarinen Taina , Vaarala Heidi 
Published: March 2023

AbstractFinland has, rather successfully, promoted an image of itself as a model of educational excellence and linguistic equity. This chapter problematises this image by analysing Finnish language education policies at the comprehensive school level. For our analysis we use a three-fold understanding of access as; (a) having the opportunity to participate in language education (getting in); (b) participating in education that is meaningful and effective for the pupil (getting it); and (c) receiving credentials that are societally legitimate and valuable assets (getting out). We elaborate on each aspect of access by debunking three myths for the Finnish context that: (a) Multilingualism is politically valued; (b) the curriculum promotes multilingual education; and (c) the education system offers equal opportunities to all, regardless of language. We conclude with a mixed picture. While initiatives have been put in place to expand participation in language learning and develop multilingual pedagogies, the societal status of national languages and constitutional bilingualism have also, somewhat paradoxically, strengthened monolingual ideologies. Such ideologies have contributed to the erasure of Indigenous and autochthonous languages from education and minimise the position of allochthonous (migrant) languages in curriculum and education. We propose several reforms in teacher education and a more systematic, long term, national supervision of (language) education policy in the service of equitable multilingual education.
Finnish Quality Evaluation Discourse: Swimming Against the Global Tide?
Authors: Pitkänen Hannele 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses Finnish quality evaluation in comprehensive education, recognising that it frequently differs from that used by the Global Education Reform Movement (GERM) in most countries. Instead of high-stakes testing of pupil achievement, monitoring or school inspection, Finnish quality evaluation (QE) rests mainly on sample-based national testing and self-evaluations conducted in schools and municipalities. The argument presented here is that, although reform of the Finnish education system has often taken a different path from other countries, at the level of discourse, the Finnish system is increasingly caught between the more usual approach to QE and the Finnish variant approach. This follows an analysis of the emergence and formation of the present quality evaluation discourse, consisting of historical layers of discursive practices of school-based development, performance and market-oriented quality. Between the rationalities of these discursive practices but also in relation to recent political concerns about the QE system, it remains to be seen to what extent the Finnish system is able to resist the power of the discourse into which global ideas and rationalities of quality evaluation have been imprinted.
Ecological Sustainability and Steering of Finnish Comprehensive Schools
Authors: Mykrä Niina 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWith the climate catastrophe and biodiversity loss, our globe is facing enormous challenges: the basis of life on Earth is in danger. Eco-anxiety and global eco-social crises are also driving education to search for solutions to build a sustainable future, for instance the United Nations Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development views education as a key instrument for change. One of the key promises of the Finnish Ministry of Education is to commit to sustainable development, and the Finnish National Forum for Skills Anticipation states that important future skills should include knowledge of sustainable development. In national reports on how to carry out Agenda 2030, Finland has highlighted education as a key strength in meeting the sustainability goals. Yet the global goals of sustainability education fail to translate into concrete actions by the time they reach everyday life in Finnish schools. The 2014 Finnish national core curriculum for basic education is also insufficiently clear in the area of sustainability even though it expects sustainability to be included in school culture and teaching. In addition to this, the enactment of the curriculum in Finnish comprehensive schools meets various hindering and promoting cultural elements, which are interconnected. Change towards sustainability across levels of activity from high-level policy to everyday life within schools in Finland is complicated.
Thread/State correspondence: from bit threads to qubit threads
Authors: Lin Yi-Yu , Jin Jie-Chen 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Starting from an interesting coincidence between the bit threads and SS (surface/state) correspondence, both of which are closely related to the holographic RT formula, we introduce a property of bit threads that has not been explicitly proposed before, which can be referred to as thread/state correspondence (see [50] for a brief pre-release version). Using this thread/state correspondence, we can construct the explicit expressions for the SS states corresponding to a set of bulk extremal surfaces in the SS correspondence, and nicely characterize their entanglement structure. Based on this understanding, we use the locking bit thread configurations to construct a holographic qubit threads model as a new toy model of the holographic principle, and show that it is closely related to the holographic tensor networks, the kinematic space, and the connectivity of spacetime.
Mass spectrum of type IIB flux compactifications — comments on AdS vacua and conformal dimensions
Authors: Plauschinn Erik 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In this note we study the mass spectrum of type IIB flux compactifications. We first give a general discussion of the mass matrix for F-term vacua in four-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 supergravity theories and then specialize to type IIB Calabi-Yau orientifold compactifications in the presence of geometric and non-geometric fluxes. F-term vacua in this setting are in general AdS4 vacua for which we compute the conformal dimensions of operators dual to the scalar fields. For the mirror-dual of the DGKT construction we find that one-loop corrections to the complex-structure moduli space lead to real-valued conformal dimensions — only when ignoring these corrections we recover the integer values previously reported in the literature. For an example of a flux configurations more general than the DGKT mirror we also obtain non-integer conformal dimensions. Furthermore, we argue that stabilizing the axio-dilaton and complex-structure moduli in asymptotic regions of moduli space by fluxes implies that at least one of the corresponding mass eigenvalues diverges.
Diagnostic accuracy of automated ACR BI-RADS breast density classification using deep convolutional neural networks
Authors: Sexauer Raphael , Hejduk Patryk , Borkowski Karol , Ruppert Carlotta , Weikert Thomas , Dellas Sophie , Schmidt Noemi 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Objectives
High breast density is a well-known risk factor for breast cancer. This study aimed to develop and adapt two (MLO, CC) deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN) for automatic breast density classification on synthetic 2D tomosynthesis reconstructions.

Methods
In total, 4605 synthetic 2D images (1665 patients, age: 57 ± 37 years) were labeled according to the ACR (American College of Radiology) density (A-D). Two DCNNs with 11 convolutional layers and 3 fully connected layers each, were trained with 70% of the data, whereas 20% was used for validation. The remaining 10% were used as a separate test dataset with 460 images (380 patients). All mammograms in the test dataset were read blinded by two radiologists (reader 1 with two and reader 2 with 11 years of dedicated mammographic experience in breast imaging), and the consensus was formed as the reference standard. The inter- and intra-reader reliabilities were assessed by calculating Cohen’s kappa coefficients, and diagnostic accuracy measures of automated classification were evaluated.

Results
The two models for MLO and CC projections had a mean sensitivity of 80.4% (95%-CI 72.2–86.9), a specificity of 89.3% (95%-CI 85.4–92.3), and an accuracy of 89.6% (95%-CI 88.1–90.9) in the differentiation between ACR A/B and ACR C/D. DCNN versus human and inter-reader agreement were both “substantial” (Cohen’s kappa: 0.61 versus 0.63).

Conclusion
The DCNN allows accurate, standardized, and observer-independent classification of breast density based on the ACR BI-RADS system.

Key Points
• A DCNN performs on par with human experts in breast density assessment for synthetic 2D tomosynthesis reconstructions.
• The proposed technique may be useful for accurate, standardized, and observer-independent breast density evaluation of tomosynthesis.
Depth stratified light trap sampling reveals variation in the depth distribution of late-stage cryptobenthic reef fish larvae
Authors: Douglas Sophia R. L. , Tebbett Sterling B. , Choukroun Severine , Goatley Christopher H. R. , Bellwood David R. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractCryptobenthic fishes are abundant on coral reefs, and their larvae dominate the ichthyoplankton in near reef waters. However, we have a limited understanding of how pelagic and on-reef processes are linked, especially how late-stage cryptobenthic fish larvae use near reef waters. We therefore used depth-stratified light trap sampling from 2 to 27 m at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. This revealed clear depth variation in late-stage larval fish assemblages. Gobiidae larvae characterised mid-depth (13 m) samples. By contrast, larval Apogonidae were only abundant in shallow samples. Deep samples were typified by (non-target) adult apogonids. Contrary to expectations that poor-swimming cryptobenthic larvae would be flow-sheltering in deeper water, our results suggest that late-stage cryptobenthic larvae use large portions of the water column, although their preferred positions may be taxon-specific.
IL-10-providing B cells govern pro-inflammatory activity of macrophages and microglia in CNS autoimmunity
Authors: Geladaris Anastasia , Häusser-Kinzel Silke , Pretzsch Roxanne , Nissimov Nitzan , Lehmann-Horn Klaus , Häusler Darius , Weber Martin S. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractB cells contribute to chronic inflammatory conditions as source of antibody-secreting plasma cells and as antigen-presenting cells activating T cells, making anti-CD20-mediated B cell depletion a widely used therapeutic option. B cells or B cell subsets may, however, exert regulatory effects, while to date, the immunological and/or clinical impact of these observations remained unclear. We found that in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, B cells contain regulatory features and that their removal enhanced activity of monocytes. Using a co-culture system, we identified B cell-provided interleukin (IL)-10 as key factor in controlling pro-inflammatory activity of peripheral myeloid cells as well as microglia. Depleting B cells via anti-CD20 in a mouse model of MS unleashed the activity of myeloid cells and microglia and accelerated disease severity; in contrast, adoptive transfer of IL-10-providing B cells restored in vivo control of central nervous system (CNS) macrophages and microglia and reversed clinical exacerbation. These findings suggest that B cells exert meaningful regulatory properties, which should be considered when designing novel B cell-directed agents.
Meteorological extremes and their impact on tinnitus-related emergency room visits: a time-series analysis
Authors: Haas Markus , Lucic Mateo , Pichler Franziska , Lein Alexander , Brkic Faris F. , Riss Dominik , Liu David T. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Purpose
Extreme weather events are rising due to the accelerating pace of climate change. These events impact human health and increase emergency room visits (EV) for many morbidities. Tinnitus is a common cause of EVs within otolaryngology in Germany and Austria. The effect of extreme weather conditions on tinnitus-related EVs is unknown.

Methods
A total of 526 tinnitus-related EVs at a tertiary care hospital in Vienna were identified. A distributed lag non-linear model with a maximum lag period of 14 days was fitted to investigate the immediate and delayed effect of single-day and prolonged (three-day) extreme atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, mean temperature, precipitation and mean wind speed on EV rates. Extreme conditions were defined as the 1st, 5th, 95th, and 99th percentile of the meteorological variables. Relative risk (RR) is defined as risk for tinnitus-related EVs at an extreme condition compared to the risk at the median weather condition. Cumulative RR (cRR) is the total cumulated EV risk for a given time period.

Results
High relative humidity increased same-day RR for tinnitus-related EVs to 1.75. Both low and high atmospheric pressure raised cRR as early as three days after an event to a maximum of 3.24. Low temperatures mitigated cRR within 4 days, while high temperatures tended to increase risk. Prolonged precipitation reduced cRR within one day.

Conclusion
Extreme meteorological conditions are associated with tinnitus-related EV rates. Further investigation into potential causative links and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms is warranted.
Anthropogenically driven spatial niche partitioning in a large herbivore assemblage
Authors: Arumoogum Nikhail , Marshal Jason P. , Parrini Francesca 
Published: March 2023

AbstractUnderstanding how human activity can influence species distributions and spatial niche partitioning between sympatric species is a key area of contemporary ecology. Extirpations of large mammalian populations, the result of a 15-year civil war, within the Gorongosa National Park in Mozambique, have been followed by an extended period of restoration. The species-specific recovery of these populations has provided an ideal system to identify how niche partitioning between coexisting species is altered as a consequence of extreme disturbance events. Here, we aimed to understand how distribution patterns of grazing herbivores, as well as spatial niche overlap between them, changed between the pre- and post-war scenarios. We focused on the following four grazer species: buffalo (Syncerus caffer); sable (Hippotragus niger); waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus); and zebra (Equus quagga). Using long-term aerial survey data, we quantified range size for each species, as well as spatial niche overlap between each species pair, for pre- and post-war periods. Range size of buffalo and zebra decreased drastically from the pre-war period; with both species inhabiting subsets of their historical distribution in the park. Sable and waterbuck have both colonised historically avoided habitat, with waterbuck doubling their pre-war range size. Spatial overlap between all four grazers pre-war was significantly high, indicating niche similarity; however, this decreased in the post-war period, with some species pairs displaying spatial niche dissimilarity. Our findings highlight how population responses to anthropogenic disturbance can result in significant alterations to species’ distributions, with consequences for patterns of niche similarity.