bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basic Psychological Needs Theory
Authors: Vansteenkiste Maarten , Soenens Bart , Ryan Richard M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Although the existence of a set of physical needs is well accepted within biology, the question whether humans have a parallel set of psychological needs has been more controversial within the psychological landscape. The identification, characterization, and study of basic needs has been central to the research agenda of Basic Psychological Needs Theory, one of SDT’s six mini-theories. In this chapter, we provide an in-depth characterization of the nine criteria that characterize the basic needs for autonomy, relatedness, and competence: essential, psychological, pervasive, universal, inherent, distinct, content-specific, directional, and explanatory. We elaborate on the theoretical and research implications of these criteria and provide a selective review of this rapidly growing body of empirical work. We conclude that basic needs provide a universal and parsimonious framework to account for people’s growth and flourishing as well as their stagnation and problem behavior, while also accounting for the growth-conducive versus toxic effects of different environments.
Causality Orientations Theory
Authors: Koestner Richard , Levine Shelby L. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews causality orientations theory (COT) and highlights its contributions toward understanding integrated human functioning. The chapter explores why COT has been neglected relative to the other mini-theories in SDT. Three main reasons are proposed: (1) a paradigm shift in personality psychology away from general, noncontextualized scales; (2) the emergence of new SDT mini-theories that caught researchers’ imagination; and (3) problems in how efficiently the General Causality Orientation Scales might be used in research. We suggest that interest in causality orientations could be renewed by exploring the place of COT in current models of personality. SDT researchers might use COT to explore important questions regarding development and change in personality and asking whether causality orientation will impact major life outcomes such as marriage, work, and health.
Criminal Responsibility Evaluations
Authors: Packer Ira K. , Kois Lauren E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Criminal responsibility (sanity) is a complex concept at the intersection of mental health and the law, which is then contextualized by societal standards. Although sanity is not a clinical concept per se, the legal system frequently calls on mental health professionals’ expertise to inform triers of fact in their decision-making: on account of severe mental illness, should a particular defendant be found not culpable for criminal behavior? This review is broad in scope and covers a range of issues that are pertinent for mental health and legal practitioners and scholars. We begin with commentary on the historical antecedents that have led to the contemporary conceptualization of the insanity defense in the United States. We discuss issues of quality of criminal responsibility evaluation and report writing, and call for standardized evaluator training and certification standards. Following an appraisal of the empirical literature, we cite its systematic limitations and conclude with specific recommendations for future research in this area.
Evaluating Workplace Disability
Authors: Piechowski Lisa Drago 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Forensic disability evaluations occur in different contexts, each with its own legal standards. The common basis is establishing the presence of a valid psychological condition, assessing the functional impairments that derive from that condition, and comparing those impairments with the examinee’s work demands. This requires drawing a connection between the manifestations of the individual’s mental health condition and specific impairments in their functioning, then extrapolating these functional impairments to the requirements of their job. Research has begun to identify factors relevant to understanding these connections. However, the methodology for applying these factors to predict outcomes in individual cases has not yet been developed. Additional research is needed to identify specific methods and practices associated with more accurate outcomes in disability evaluations. The development of an actuarial model of prediction for return to work could improve the accuracy of disability assessments beyond reliance on clinical judgment.
Response Styles within the Forensic Context
Authors: Rogers Richard , Pan Minqi , Drogin Eric Y. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter emphasizes the critical importance of clarity and specificity when identifying and defining response styles in forensic contexts. When differentiating “malingering” from “feigning,” and “defensiveness” from “impression management,” forensic practitioners must convey their findings with scientific rigor and unambiguous concision. Empirically validated detection strategies constitute the foundation of response-style research. They are systematically applied genuine responding as well as feigned and other intentionally distorted presentations. The clinical usefulness of strategy-based scales is illustrated with multiscale inventories and such specialized measures as the SIRS-2. In forensic practice, it is particularly important to minimize shortcuts, such as initial screens, that may jeopardize the validity and accuracy of response-style conclusions. Instead, forensic practitioners are asked to adopt more comprehensive multimethod and multistrategy approaches. This chapter concludes with specific recommendations for improved investigation of response styles in forensic contexts.
Trial Consultation
Authors: Drogin Eric Y. , Hagan Leigh D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Trial consultation is a form of applied forensic psychology that is most easily distinguished from the work of the testifying expert when one focuses on the identities of target audiences. Whereas expert witnesses conduct, report on, and testify about the results of evaluations for the benefit of judges and juries, trial consultants educate lawyers about how to win cases. In support of—but never usurping—counsel’s advocacy role, trial consultants investigate and explain the testifying expert’s credentials, publications, reports, prior testimony, and more. The trial consultant’s activities remain subject to mandatory ethical codes and advisory professional guidelines. Such sources help to ensure that that the trial consultant’s contributions remain far more than a mere extension of counsel’s adversarial approach. The trial consultant’s acknowledged and assiduously promoted ambition is to investigate diligently, report accurately, and advise appropriately, with an eye toward eliminating surprises and supporting the efficacy of ethically grounded advocacy.
Using Reflector Variables to Determine Whether the Culprit Is Present in or Absent from a Police Lineup
Authors: Smith Andrew M. , Wells Gary L. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Psychological scientists have long taken two approaches to combatting mistaken identifications: the system-variable approach and the estimator-variable approach. The system-variable approach involves developing lineups that prevent mistaken identifications. The estimator-variable approach involves estimating the reliability of an identification given all factors that may have affected memory in that case. The system-variable approach has had a tremendous impact on reducing mistaken identifications, but the estimator-variable approach has not. This chapter explains why, despite their import, estimator variables have failed to distinguish reliable from unreliable identifications in real cases, and then introduces a new class of variables that fill the void—reflector variables. Reflectors reveal how strongly the suspect matches the witness’s memory for the culprit. Because guilty suspects tend to provide a stronger match-to-memory than do innocent suspects, reflector variables reflect whether the suspect in a lineup is guilty. This chapter argues that the reflector-variable approach requires videorecording lineups in their entirety.
Legal Decision-Making among Youth Defendants, Victims, and Witnesses
Authors: Malloy Lindsay C. , Wyman Joshua , Mukhopadhyay Shreya , Quas Jodi A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Adolescence is characterized by multifaceted growth, change, and vulnerability. Several developmental characteristics of adolescence, such as youths’ tendencies to engage in exploratory and risk-taking behaviors, susceptibility to peer influence, and desire for autonomy, increase the likelihood that they will come into contact with the legal system not only as perpetrators but also as victims and witnesses. Those same characteristics then influence their experiences. In the present chapter, we describe these influences, focusing on how they likely influence legally relevant decisions adolescents make in interviews and in court as suspects and defendants and as victims and witnesses. We close by highlighting important new directions for research on how developmental characteristics shape legal decisions in unique subsets of adolescents (e.g., those who are both delinquent and victims) and by offering practical recommendations regarding the need for more in-depth training of legal professionals on how adolescent development affects youth involvement in the legal system.
Psychological Barriers to the Detection of Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Scurich Nicholas , Dietz Park 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Adults sexually abusing children where they work or volunteer has become painfully familiar not only to survivors of sexual abuse but also to their families, law enforcement, and the schools, churches, youth-serving organizations, and other institutions within which so many cases occur. In the aftermath of discovering that sexual abuse occurred, questions invariably arise as to why the abuse was not detected earlier. This chapter describes two different psychological phenomena that help to explain why child sexual abuse is difficult to recognize ex ante, and, paradoxically, why it is so easy to recognize ex post. These phenomena are “halo effects” and the “hindsight bias,” respectively. This chapter reviews basic and applied research bearing on each as well as research on potential debiasing strategies. Halo effects and hindsight bias have significant implications for civil lawsuits that are occasioned by sexual abuse that occurs within organizations.
First Steps on the Path to Wrongful Conviction
Authors: Guyll Max , Scherr Kyle C. , Madon Stephanie , Munoz Jessica 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Wrongful convictions represent a grave injustice. The innocent are punished, the guilty go free, and the postmortems that attend their occasional discovery typically reveal some shocking combination of incompetence, indifference, and malfeasance. Escaping notice, however, are myriad mundane influences that usually have negligible effects but which, like a feather falling on a balance, can sometimes tip the scale. In this chapter we highlight effects that could nudge the innocent onto paths that might ultimately lead to wrongful conviction. We begin by considering how the innocent are disadvantaged by an unwarranted sense of invulnerability. Next, we explore how police encounters and investigative stops can initially entangle the innocent in a criminal investigation. We then discuss how police may come to target an innocent suspect through the effects of expectancies, both justified and unjustified, and which may or may not operate outside awareness. We conclude by discussing future research directions.
Injustice in the Courtroom
Authors: Hunt Jennifer S. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Race and ethnicity affect judgments and outcomes at many stages of the criminal justice and legal process, accumulating into significant disparities in incarceration rates for Black and Latinx defendants. This chapter provides an overview of recent research about the influence of race and ethnicity on trial outcomes and processes. Prosecutors often strike potential jurors of color, lowering diversity in juries. Juries with larger numbers of White jurors, in turn, may be more likely to convict defendants of color. Judges are more likely to give sentences involving incarceration to defendants of color, and both prosecutorial and jury biases contribute to racial disparities in the death penalty. Understanding biases in legal outcomes requires intersectional analyses that examine race in conjunction with other identities and consideration of multiple forms of bias (explicit, implicit, and structural). The chapter also discusses recent legal developments related to racial and ethnic disparities and directions for future research.
Law, Psychology, and Wrongful Convictions
Authors: Garrett Brandon L. , Crozier William 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The study of psychology in law is integrally linked to wrongful convictions. Archival research and case studies of cases in which the wrong person was convicted of a crime provide real-life examples of errors that psychologists seek to understand. In turn, psychological research, particularly laboratory studies, provide explanations for how these errors can occur, making it easier to detect and address wrongful convictions in the future. This chapter discusses how eyewitness evidence, forensic evidence, false confessions, informant testimony, alibi evidence, police technology, plea bargaining, and features of the adversarial legal system can result in wrongful convictions—and how research has led to recommendations to avoid them. However, the work is not complete, and we make recommendations for how new research can address gaps in our current understanding, especially in areas where legal protections in the United States are currently inadequate.
Police Responses to Domestic Abuse during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Positive Action and Police Legitimacy
Authors: Johnson Kelly , Hohl Katrin 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis article presents evidence from a mixed-methods study examining the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on frontline police responses to domestic abuse, with a particular focus on ‘positive action’, across seven police forces in England. Statistical analysis of police-recorded domestic abuse administrative data is combined with 73 semi-structured officer interviews conducted over the first year of the pandemic (June 2020 to June 2021). Findings identify officers felt their general approach to domestic abuse remained unchanged. However, officers used their discretion to adapt positive action practices to the pandemic context, for example, by temporarily making greater use of arrests, Domestic Violence Protection Notices/Orders, and informal measures. Mirroring broader tensions relating to police legitimacy arising during the pandemic, officers saw victim safeguarding as a priority but simultaneously expressed concern about proportionality. The article concludes by addressing the implications of the findings for the understanding and evaluation of domestic abuse policing practices both within and beyond the pandemic context—in terms of informing theoretical understandings of positive action, as well as police institutional knowledge, policy, and practice going forwards.
How gender disparities affect otolaryngology specialty selection: an international cross-sectional survey
Authors: Nuss Sarah , Denton Alexa , Aragão João , Sprow Holly N. , Daudu Davina , Kondamuri Neil , Hampton Thomas , O’Byrne Thomas J. , Wiedermann Joshua P. 
Published: February 2023

Introduction:
Most studies evaluating gender disparities in surgical specialties as a career choice are limited to high-income countries and have largely evaluated surgical subspecialties in aggregate.

Objective:
This study aimed to describe gender-based differences in otolaryngology specialty selection amongst medical students, trainees, and attendings/consultants across both low- and middle-income (LMICs) and high-income countries.

Materials and methods:
An online cross-sectional survey with 2 arms was administered. The first arm asked medical students about gender-related factors that impact interest in otolaryngology. The second arm asked otolaryngology residents and attendings about gender-related factors that impacted otolaryngology specialty selection and career satisfaction. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize patient demographics and survey responses. Responses were compared by gender using χ2 and Fisher Exact tests. Subgroup analyses between gender and country income status were also conducted.

Results:
There were 67 medical student respondents (45% male, 54% female, 1.5% nonbinary) and 38 attending/consultant or resident respondents (47% male, 53% female, 0% nonbinary). Thirty-six (36%) of medical students were from LMICs, while 45% of attending/residents were from LMICs. Overall, the results demonstrated gender discrimination and gender-based barriers against female medical students considering otolaryngology and otolaryngologists worldwide that may not be recognized by their male colleagues.

Conclusion:
The results of these surveys highlight the need for continued education and anti-discrimination policy and advocacy in otolaryngology globally. This information can be leveraged to inform regionally specific research on gender disparities in the otolaryngology workforce and provide a foundation for initiatives to address gender disparities in otolaryngology programs.
Topical Pharyngeal Anesthesia in Sedated Pediatric Patients Undergoing Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Authors: Aljabari Salim , Ohler Adrienne , Waheed Shahzad , El-Halabi Issam , Tryon Christina , Friedman Samantha 
Published: February 2023

Objectives:
Pediatric patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) commonly receive procedural sedation for comfort and to facilitate the procedure. EGD with procedural sedation carries the risk of several airway incidents and/or adverse events (AIAE). Topical pharyngeal anesthetics (TPAs) can blunt the airway reflexes and decrease the incidence of laryngospasm but has not been well studied with EGD under procedural sedation. We aimed to study the effect of adding a TPA to propofol-based sedation on the rate of AIAE.

Methods:
This is a single-center, retrospective, observational cohort study. We compare AIAE rates (coughing, gagging, apnea, airway obstruction, and laryngospasm) in children who received TPA as part of their propofol-based procedural sedation for EGD with those who did not receive TPA.

Results:
In 2021, 73 patients received TPA as part of the procedural sedation for EGD and 123 did not. The overall rate of AIAE was high with 75 (38%) patients experiencing 1 or more AIAE. Patients who received benzocaine spray experienced more AIAE than the control group [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.16; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–1.34; P = 0.037]. Coughing, gagging, apnea with desaturation rates, and laryngospasm were similar in both groups (coughing aOR = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.91–1.13; P = 0.814; gagging aOR = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.91–1.13; P = 0.814; apnea aOR = 0.99; 95% CI: 0.95–1.04; P = 0.688; laryngospasm OR = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.95–1.07; P = 0.71). The rate of airway obstruction requiring jaw thrust was higher in the benzocaine group but did not reach statistical significance (aOR = 1.11; 95% CI: 0.97–1.26; P = 0.133).

Conclusion:
The use of topical pharyngeal benzocaine in children undergoing EGD with propofol-based sedation is associated with a higher overall AIAE rate. Most of the AIAE were mild incidents and only 7 patients experienced true adverse events.
COMPARISON OF THE PREDICTIVE PERFORMANCE OF CARDIOGENIC SHOCK SCORES IN A REAL-WORLD LATIN AMERICA COUNTRY
Authors: Ortega-Hernández Jorge , González-Pacheco Héctor , Gopar-Nieto Rodrigo , Araiza-Garaygordobil Diego , Sierra Lara-Martínez Daniel , Briseño De La Cruz José Luis , Mendoza-García Salvador , Altamirano-Castillo Alfredo , Montañez-Orozco Álvaro , Baeza-Herrera Luis Augusto , Hernández-Montfort Jaime , Aguilar-Montaño Klayder Melissa , Soliz Uriona Luis Alejandro , Meza López Jesús Ángel Freddy , Lizano Loría Carlos Alonso , Arias-Mendoza Alexandra 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Background: Mortality in cardiogenic shock (CS) is up to 40%, and although risk scores have been proposed to stratify and assess mortality in CS, they have been shown to have inconsistent performance. The purpose was to compare CS prognostic scores and describe their performance in a real-world Latin American country. Methods: We included 872 patients with CS. The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI), CARDSHOCK, IABP-Shock II, Cardiogenic Shock Score, age-lactate-creatinine score, Get-With-The-Guidelines Heart Failure score, and Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry scores were calculated. Decision curve analyses were performed to evaluate the net benefit of the different scoring systems. Logistic and Cox regression analyses were applied to construct area under the curve (AUC) statistics, this last one against time using the Inverse Probability of Censoring Weighting method, for in-hospital mortality prediction. Results: When logistic regression was applied, the scores had a moderate-good performance in the overall cohort that was higher AUC in the CARDSHOCK (c = 0.666). In acute myocardial infarction-related CS (AMI-CS), CARDSHOCK still is the highest AUC (0.68). In non–AMI-CS only SCAI (0.668), CARDSHOCK (0.533), and IABP-SHOCK II (0.636) had statistically significant values. When analyzed over time, significant differences arose in the AUC, suggesting that a time-sensitive component influenced the prediction of mortality. The highest AUC was for the CARDSHOCK score (0.658), followed by SCAI (0.622). In AMI-CS-related, the highest AUC was for the CARDSHOCK score (0.671). In non–AMI-CS, SCAI was the best (0.642). Conclusions: Clinical scores show a time-sensitive AUC, suggesting that performance could be influenced by time and the type of CS. Understanding the temporal influence on the scores could provide a better prediction and be a valuable tool in CS.
Smell, taste and chemesthesis disorders in patients with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in China
Authors: Chen Ying , Chen Yuying , Liu Xiang , Yan Chao , Zou Laiquan 
Published: February 2023

SUMMARYBackgroundChemosensory disorders (including smell, taste and chemesthesis) are among the established symptoms of COVID-19 infection; however, new data indicate that the changes in chemosensory sensation caused by COVID-19 may differ among populations and COVID-19 variants. To date, few studies have focused on the influence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant on qualitative changes and quantitative reductions in chemosensory function in China.MethodologyWe conducted a cross sectional study of patients with COVID-19 caused by the Omicron variant, to investigate the prevalence of chemosensory disorders and chemosensory function before and during infection, using an online questionnaire.ResultsA total of 1245 patients with COVID-19 completed the survey. The prevalence rates of smell, taste, and chemesthesis disorders were 69.2%, 67.7%, and 31.4%, respectively. Our data indicate that sex, age, smoking, and COVID-19-related symptoms, such as lack of appetite, dyspnea, and fatigue, may be associated with chemosensory disorders during COVID-19.ConclusionsSelf-rating of chemosensory function revealed that patients experienced a general decline in smell, taste, and chemesthesis function. Further longitudinal research studies are needed to generate additional data based on objective assessment and investigate the factors influencing chemosensory function in COVID-19.