bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relativistic X-ray reflection and photoionized absorption in the neutron star low-mass X-ray binary GX 13+1
Authors: Saavedra Enzo A , García Federico , Fogantini Federico A , Méndez Mariano , Combi Jorge A , Luque-Escamilla Pedro L , Martí Josep 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT
We analysed a dedicated NuSTAR observation of the neutron star low-mass X-ray binary Z-source GX 13+1 to study the timing and spectral properties of the source. From the colour–colour diagram, we conclude that during that observation the source transitioned from the normal branch to the flaring branch. We fitted the spectra of the source in each branch with a model consisting of an accretion disc, a Comptonized blackbody, relativistic reflection (relxillNS), and photoionized absorption (warmabs). Thanks to the combination of the large effective area and good energy resolution of NuSTAR at high energies, we found evidence of relativistic reflection in both the Fe K line profile and the Compton hump present in the 10–25 keV energy range. The inner disc radius is Rin ≲ 9.6 rg , which allowed us to further constrain the magnetic field strength to B ≲ 1.8 × 108 G. We also found evidence for the presence of a hot wind leading to photoionized absorption of Fe and Ni, with a Ni overabundance of ∼6 times solar. From the spectral fits, we find that the distance between the ionizing source and the slab of ionized absorbing material is ∼4–40 × 105 km. We also found that the width of the boundary layer extends ∼3 km above the surface of a neutron star, which yielded a neutron star radius RNS ≲ 16 km. The scenario inferred from the spectral modelling becomes self-consistent only for high electron densities in the accretion disc, ne ∼ 1022 − 1023 cm−3, as expected for a Shakura–Sunyaev disc, and significantly above the densities provided by relxillNS models. These results have implications for our understanding of the physical conditions in GX 13+1.
Novel molecular requirements for CRISPR RNA-guided transposition
Authors: Walker Matt W G , Klompe Sanne E , Zhang Dennis J , Sternberg Samuel H 
Published: April 2023

AbstractCRISPR-associated transposases (CASTs) direct DNA integration downstream of target sites using the RNA-guided DNA binding activity of nuclease-deficient CRISPR-Cas systems. Transposition relies on several key protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions, but little is known about the explicit sequence requirements governing efficient transposon DNA integration activity. Here, we exploit pooled library screening and high-throughput sequencing to reveal novel sequence determinants during transposition by the Type I-F Vibrio cholerae CAST system (VchCAST). On the donor DNA, large transposon end libraries revealed binding site nucleotide preferences for the TnsB transposase, as well as an additional conserved region that encoded a consensus binding site for integration host factor (IHF). Remarkably, we found that VchCAST requires IHF for efficient transposition, thus revealing a novel cellular factor involved in CRISPR-associated transpososome assembly. On the target DNA, we uncovered preferred sequence motifs at the integration site that explained previously observed heterogeneity with single-base pair resolution. Finally, we exploited our library data to design modified transposon variants that enable in-frame protein tagging. Collectively, our results provide new clues about the assembly and architecture of the paired-end complex formed between TnsB and the transposon DNA, and inform the design of custom payload sequences for genome engineering applications with CAST systems.
The Evolving American State Constitutions
Authors: Williams Robert F. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the evolution of state constitutions following ratification of the United States Constitution. The chapter addresses the extent to which the federal experience influenced state constitution making. It includes discussion of issues like statehood and state constitutions, as well as the general and recurring concerns of state constitutional evolution over time. The chapter addresses the extent to which states relied upon other state constitutions as models for their own charters, as well as the development of state constitution-making processes. Finally, the chapter considers post-Reconstruction state constitutions and concludes with an examination of continuing state constitutional issues and the phenomenon of state constitutional epics.
Federal Limits on State Constitutions
Authors: Williams Robert F. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which federal law may impose constraints on state constitutions and state constitutional development. Specifically, this chapter explores some of the limits imposed by the U.S. Constitution; these limits include both the possibility of preemption and the constraints on state constitutional law that might be imposed by federal statutes and regulations pursuant to the Supremacy Clause. The chapter also examines the limits and constraints that may be imposed by state enabling acts when new states joined the union. Finally, the chapter concludes by addressing the effects and consequences of federal law invalidation of state constitutional provisions.
Epilogue
Authors: Williams Robert F. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The epilogue addresses two potential developments for state constitutional law in the near future. First, the chapter considers a possible next stage of the new judicial federalism in light of the U.S. Supreme Court’s current turn toward originalism and rights-maximalism in areas like free expression and free exercise under the First Amendment. The epilogue also looks at the future of substantive state constitutional amendments, with particular attention to the ways in which advocates are relying upon state constitutional amendment processes rather than litigation as a fulcrum for the development of state constitutional law.
Blood Supply of the Brain
Authors: Uysal Suzan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The central nervous system is one of the most metabolically active tissues in the body, but because neurons are neither able to store glucose as glycogen or to perform anaerobic metabolism, they are vulnerable to even brief periods of ischemia. This chapter provides a general overview of circulation to the brain, arterial cerebrovascular anatomy, and the blood-brain barrier, as well as cerebral angiography, which permits visualization of the cerebral blood vessels and identification of cerebrovascular abnormalities such as stenosis, aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation, and moyamoya disease. A basic knowledge of cerebrovascular anatomy, cerebrovascular imaging, and cerebrovascular pathologies is essential to understanding mechanisms of stroke and neurovascular interventions.
The Diencephalon
Authors: Uysal Suzan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The diencephalon (“in-between brain”/interbrain) lies at the central core of the cerebrum, surrounding the third ventricle and surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres (telencephalon). The major structures of the diencephalon are the thalamus, which accounts for about 80% of the diencephalon, and the hypothalamus, which lies inferior to the thalamus. No component of the thalamus is visible from the external surface of the brain, and only a small portion of the hypothalamus is visible from the ventral surface. Both the thalamus and the hypothalamus are composed of multiple nuclei that perform many different functions. This chapter describes basic thalamic anatomy, thalamic nuclei and their functions, thalamic stroke syndromes, basic hypothalamic anatomy, hypothalamic control of lower autonomic and endocrine centers, hypothalamic control of motivated behaviors required for survival and reproduction, and hypothalamic syndromes.
Limbic Structures
Authors: Uysal Suzan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The term limbic system refers to a group of forebrain structures that lie beneath the neocortical surface, bordering the neocortex and hypothalamus. Based on this positioning, it was believed that these structures formed the anatomic basis linking subjective emotional experience, mediated by the neocortex, to emotional behaviors, mediated by the hypothalamus and its connections. Modern neuroscience, however, has shown that limbic structures do not serve a unified function and that some limbic structures do not play a predominant role in emotional function. This chapter presents the history of the concept of the limbic system and discusses the function of limbic structures in emotional behaviors and motivational drives, namely the cingulate gyrus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and septal nuclei. It also discusses the clinical relevance of these structures, including anterior cingulotomy, Klüver-Bucy syndrome, aggression, fear and anxiety, reward and pleasure, limbic encephalitis, and deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders.
The Occipital Lobes and Visual Processing
Authors: Uysal Suzan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The occipital lobes process only visual information, but visual cortex (i.e., cortical areas that process visual information) extends beyond the occipital lobes and into the inferior temporal and posterior parietal lobes. Cerebral lesions that affect vision do so in one of two general ways: (1) by affecting all aspects of vision within a localized region of the visual field; or (2) by affecting a specific modality of visual processing without regard to location within the visual field. Lesions of the visual pathways and/or primary visual cortex result in local areas of blindness within specific regions of the visual field. Lesions to visual areas beyond primary visual cortex result in disorders of higher-order visual processing, often without regard to location within the visual field. This chapter discusses basic anatomy of the occipital lobes and visual pathways, visual field defects, disorders of higher-order visual processing, and visual disconnection syndromes.
Brain Infections
Authors: Uysal Suzan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Brain infection is a relatively rare but important cause of mortality and chronic neurological morbidity. Due to the potential for adverse consequences, it is important for clinicians who work with patients with neurological disorders to be familiar with common brain infections. The hallmark of CNS infection is inflammation; the suffix -itis means inflammation. Central nervous system infections are classified by the location of infection and the offending pathogen. The three most common types of CNS infection based on location are meningitis, encephalitis, and brain abscess. Infectious diseases are caused by a variety of pathogenic agents: viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and prions. This chapter describes the basics of brain infection and specific examples that are of particular interest.
The problem of face identification
Authors: Bruce Vicki , Burton A. Mike 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the development of research in face recognition. In particular, it describes the close association between theoretical and practical advances in the field. Early work on eyewitness testimony brought the study of memory and perception to important real-world problems, and led to some changes in forensic practice—mostly changes designed to avoid unjust judicial outcomes. More recently, a focus on face matching (e.g. checking photo identification or examining CCTV) has highlighted some important unsolved problems in our understanding of face perception. In particular, the role of familiarity is critical—people are remarkably good at recognizing other people they know, even in difficult circumstances, but are (perhaps surprisingly) bad at recognizing or matching previously unfamiliar faces. The chapter describes the findings leading to these conclusions and outlines the challenges remaining. It concludes that, while psychological research has led to some improved practices, theoretical progress has benefited enormously from a consideration of practical problems of face perception that we encounter every day.
Signal detection theory and eyewitness identification
Authors: Wixted John T. , Roediger Henry L 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the critical issue of how confidence of a memory is related to its accuracy, an issue that has vexed psychology and the legal profession for decades. It first describes research and analysis from the 1980s that led to the conclusion that confidence was unrelated, or at best weakly related, to accuracy. Yet the early analyses of eyewitness evidence in the laboratory used a type of correlation coefficient to analyse the confidence–accuracy relation that later researchers argued was inappropriate. When more appropriate analyses were used, ones that directly plotted confidence against accuracy, these same laboratory studies showed a strong relation between confidence and accuracy. This outcome agrees with a century of research examining memory for words, pictures, and objects, which also showed a strong relationship between confidence and accuracy. After briefly reviewing this history, the chapter turns to a signal detection analysis of the situation and shows concretely how such an analysis leads to the prediction of a strong confidence–accuracy relation. The chapter also discusses reasons why police, detectives, and others in the legal system should only consider the first line-up or memory test the witness is given, because successive testing of the same suspect leads to errors in memory. A low confidence identification (or even rejection of the line-up) on a first test can be converted to a highly certain identification with repeated tests, leading to a misidentification in the courtroom. The central message of this chapter is that those in the legal system should test eyewitness memory only once with a fair line-up, with a confidence rating, as soon as practicable after the crime.
Precarious Workers
Authors: Mantouvalou Virginia 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines some non-standard work arrangements in more detail so as to get a better understanding of the role of the law in exacerbating the vulnerability of workers that is systematically exploited by employers. Standard work arrangements are typically full-time and permanent. Any kind of non-standard work could be described as precarious but here my focus is on agency work and zero-hours contracts, which can be viewed as reflecting some of the most precarious conditions. Legal rules treat these workers in a manner that sometimes excludes them from crucial labour law protections, such as the right to a minimum wage and working time. This occurs, first, through legislation that limits worker-protective rights to certain categories of workers, rather than covering anyone in a personal work relation. The effect of this legislation is that those who do not fall within the relevant categories are excluded from protection. Secondly, courts contribute to this exclusion when interpreting legislation to determine employment status and decide whether some claimants fall under the protective scope of the law. In this process, they often apply rules of contract law that do not reflect the special nature of the employment relation. This is because the contract of employment is not like other contracts as it is grounded on the submission and subordination of the worker to the employer. For this reason, rules of contract law are ill-suited when addressing questions of worker exploitation.
Introduction
Authors: Psarras Haris , Steel Sandy 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This introduction provides an overview of the contributions to the volume. It sets each chapter in the context of John Gardner’s work on the philosophy of law and private law theory. The first section considers general philosophical issues in law, with an emphasis on their bearing on private law: the nature of duties and practical reasons generally, the role of justice, and instrumentalism. The second section turns to justificatory questions surrounding responses to wrongdoing: victims’ duties to wrongdoers, wrongdoers’ duties to victims, and victims’ powers arising from wrongs. The final section concerns Gardner’s philosophical work on specific areas of private law, in particular, contract, tort, and fiduciary law.
The Next Best Thing to a Promise
Authors: Kimel Dori 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
What does the promisor owe the promisee when a promise is broken? Some writers have argued that the same reparative obligation—“next best performance”—arises, at least by default, in all such cases, no matter what kind of promise has been broken, what background relationship there is between promisor and promisee, and what the circumstances of the breach have been. Chapter 11 argues against this position, in part by offering a critique of Neil MacCormick’s and John Gardner’s particular theses to that effect. The chapter argues, to the contrary, that the one thing that the promisor owes the promisee in all cases of breach of promise is an account, whereas the emergence of other reparative obligations in a given case depends on the combined effect of a number of variables, including the independent desirability of the promised action, reciprocal dimensions of the promise, the fault attending the breach, and the norms of the background relationship between the parties. The conclusions are shown to have a bearing on the relationship between reparative obligations in promise and in contract, on the question of the extent to which promisors (or promisors and promisees jointly) can control the normative implications of promises, and on the relationship between promissory obligations and other moral obligations.
Corrective Justice and the Right to Hold on to What One Has
Authors: Goldberg John CP , Zipursky Benjamin C 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Gardner’s From Personal Life to Private Law is an extended meditation on personal responsibility, both moral and legal. Its focus is on agents more so than patients—on those who act more than those upon whom others have acted. Thus it aims to emphasize deep connections between interpersonal moral duties and duties recognized in the private law of contracts and torts, to explain why both kinds of duties require not only actions meeting a standard of conduct but the avoidance or achievement of certain results, and to capture how breaches of these duties generate secondary duties of repair. By contrast, it mentions only begrudgingly the rights of those who are acted upon—patients or, in more familiar terms, victims. The primary exception to this pattern is Chapter 5, titled “The Way Things Used to Be” in which readers are told explicitly that their attention is being turned to “the one whose life was disrupted or interrupted, the patient as opposed to the agent.” This chapter credits Gardner’s arguments with bolstering the power and plausibility of corrective justice theory as applied to tort law. It ultimately concludes, however, that, even with these improvements, corrective justice theory provides a less compelling account of tort law than a wrongs-and-recourse theory of the sort we have elsewhere provided.
Introduction
Authors: Herce Borja 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the notion, history, and current research questions around the morphome for the non-specialist reader. It starts by explaining what a morphome is, what the overall approach and goals are of the book, and its place within the field of morphology. Subsequent subsections summarize the history of the discipline that most closely relates to the object of study, clarify terminology as used in previous literature and throughout the rest of the book, and deal with other preliminary issues connected to the definition of the morphome and its identification as a coherent object of analysis on a cross-linguistic and typological perspective.
Morphomes in diachrony
Authors: Herce Borja 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the diachrony of morphomes, i.e. the different attested ways in which morphomes can emerge in a language or disappear. Sound change has been found to be the most frequent source of morphomes. However, all processes that may effect changes in paradigms’ morphological or semantic structure can be involved in morphome emergence (most notably meaning and morphology-driven analogical changes, semantic drift of the categories in a paradigm, grammaticalization, borrowing, etc.). In morphome demise, loss of productivity, loss of morphosyntactic categories, sound changes, and analogy are identified as the main forces.
Previous approaches
Authors: Driemel Imke 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview over previous accounts of pseudo-incorporation and differential object marking, including head movement accounts (Baker 2014; Kornfilt 2003; Chung and Ladusaw 2004), DP/NP accounts (Massam 2001; Dayal 2011; López 2012; Kalin 2014, 2018; Frey 2015), and raising accounts (Bhatt and Anagnostopoulou 1996; Kelepir 2001; Öztúrk 2005, 2009; Bhatt 2007; Baker 2015). The discussion will re-evaluate each camp conceptually as well as with respect to the empirical findings of the current study. Since the theories cover only a subset of the diagnostics, they will not capture the entire data spectrum of the study. According to the current account, languages do not have to show semantic effects correlating with case marking across all noun types. Additionally, the movement properties of pseudo-incorporated noun types are predicted to vary across languages, depending on the respective VP-movement. These predictions are the most difficult to capture by all the established PNI accounts.
Summary
Authors: Driemel Imke 
Published: April 2023

AbstractChapter 10 summarizes the proposal and points out additional empirical observations beyond the scope of this study. Pseudo-incorporated arguments constitute sequentially hybrid categories, they start off as a noun and become a verb in the course of the derivation. They denote existential quantifiers with an integrated event variable that forces interpretation inside the event domain. Since other quantifiers and negation is interpreted outside the event domain, they can only scope below such operators. Binding, control, movement properties follow from the verbal status of the pseudo-incorporated nouns. Several other empirical insights are gained throughout the results of the cross-linguistic study, which are listed in this chapter. They cover the weak/strong distinction found for quantifiers, the weak/strong distinction found for definite determiners, the nature of differential object marking as opposed to pseudo-incorporation, and the requirement of post-syntactic case licensing via adjacency.