bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sleep spindles in primates: Modeling the effects of distinct laminar thalamocortical connectivity in core, matrix, and reticular thalamic circuits
Authors: Yazdanbakhsh Arash , Barbas Helen , Zikopoulos Basilis 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Sleep spindles are associated with the beginning of deep sleep and memory consolidation and are disrupted in schizophrenia and autism. In primates, distinct core and matrix thalamocortical (TC) circuits regulate sleep spindle activity through communications that are filtered by the inhibitory thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN); however, little is known about typical TC network interactions and the mechanisms that are disrupted in brain disorders. We developed a primate-specific, circuit-based TC computational model with distinct core and matrix loops that can simulate sleep spindles. We implemented novel multilevel cortical and thalamic mixing, and included local thalamic inhibitory interneurons, and direct layer 5 projections of variable density to TRN and thalamus to investigate the functional consequences of different ratios of core and matrix node connectivity contribution to spindle dynamics. Our simulations showed that spindle power in primates can be modulated based on the level of cortical feedback, thalamic inhibition, and engagement of model core versus matrix, with the latter having a greater role in spindle dynamics. The study of the distinct spatial and temporal dynamics of core-, matrix-, and mix-generated sleep spindles establishes a framework to study disruption of TC circuit balance underlying deficits in sleep and attentional gating seen in autism and schizophrenia.
Letters to the Editor and Other Comment
Authors: Fisher Morgan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
“Letters to the Editor and Other Comments” is a selection of comments the artist Morgan Fisher made on Facebook during Trump's presidency. Most were copies of letters he had sent to various departments at the New York Times criticizing its coverage of the president. They are “a record,” writes George Baker, “of an artist's engagement with a moment, one through which we have evidently still not passed. The practice … was almost daily, more or less constant, an insistent and repeated holding of the public sphere to account, perhaps even a willing of it into existence.”
Siberia: Dissolving Earths
Authors: Williamson Sophie J. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The processes of colonization often feature campaigns to decouple indigenous inhabitants from their relationship with the land. This practice has a particularly violent history in the Russian republic of Yakutia and across wider Siberia; indeed, systemic oppression and exploitation continues there to this day. While the international art world has turned its attention towards indigenous futures and forms of knowledge, it has focused primarily on the Americas as well as the Nordic and Oceania regions. “Siberia: Dissolving Earths” discusses the need for developing an international platform for Siberia and its indigenous cultural, ecological, and scientific communities, especially in a time when ties with the region are being severed given its “Russian” identity, a categorization so few of the region's inhabitants want.
Feasibility of Ditylenchus gallaeformans as a biological control agent for invasive Miconia crenata
Authors: Oliveira Samara A. , DeWalt Saara J. , Agudelo Paula 
Published: March 2023

Summary
Ditylenchus gallaeformans causes severe galls on above-ground parts of Miconia spp. (Melastomataceae) and has therefore been considered as a biocontrol agent against several invasive Melastome species, including Miconia crenata. To assess the feasibility of using this nematode as a biocontrol agent, we conducted glasshouse and field experiments with D. gallaeformans collected from different locations and host species and inoculated on M. crenata from different native and introduced populations. In a glasshouse experiment, nematodes collected from galls from Costa Rica induced small galls on plants from Hawaii (introduced range) but not from Costa Rica (native range). In another experiment, nematodes from Trinidad inoculated on plants from four locations in the native range and two from the introduced range induced symptoms on plants from Trinidad and Hawaii (native and introduced, respectively), but galls typically found in nature failed to occur. In addition, inoculations performed in a glasshouse and in the field in Trinidad failed to yield any galls. Considering that galls were produced inconsistently and never developed to the severity found naturally in the field, we conclude that D. gallaeformans would be an intractable biological control agent for M. crenata.
Pseudaphelenchus chunanensis n. sp. (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) found in Pinus massoniana from China
Authors: Gu Jianfeng , Fang Yiwu , Ma Xinxin , Guo Kai 
Published: March 2023

Summary
Pseudaphelenchus chunanensis n. sp. was isolated in branches of Pinus massoniana from eastern China. The new species is characterised by very short males (402 (360-452) μm) and females (470 (397-540) μm), three incisures in the lateral field, slender stylet with small but conspicuous basal knobs, excretory pore located at the level of anterior margin of the metacorpus or more anterior. Male spicules paired, thorn-like, separate, condylus truncate, sometimes broadly rounded, rostrum conical or triangular with bluntly pointed tip, calomus smoothly tapering together with lamina, thin and strongly arcuate in middle then tapering towards bluntly pointed distal tip, cucullus absent. A long and narrow bursa surrounds the entire tail but inconspicuous in most males. Conical tail bluntly rounded but sometimes has a short mucron. Female tail conical, smoothly tapering and slightly ventrally bent in distal part of tail, terminus fine or bluntly pointed. It is typologically different from six known Pseudaphelenchus species, and detailed phylogenetic analysis based on partial 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the D2-D3 region of 28S rDNA sequences further confirm this nematode as a new species.
Development of a simple test method for inhibitory effect of gall formation on Meloidogyne incognita and its application to nematicide screening
Authors: Gunjima Koshi , Toyota Koki , Fujikawa Aoto 
Published: March 2023

Summary
For a screening test to discover nematicide candidates to control Meloidogyne incognita, a potted plant-based assay to observe gall formation on the root is realistic because it can cover the nematode life-cycle period and a broad range of mode of actions of tested compounds. However, both time and labour are needed for its operation. The objective of this study was to develop a plant-based screening method enabling easy periodical observation of the progress of root gall formation under almost no soil adsorption conditions of tested compounds. As an alternative material for soil, rockwool substrate for growing vegetable seedlings was used with a nutrient solution. Observation of gall formation on the same substrates was possible for 3-4 weeks. With this method, standard nematicides, e.g., fosthiazate and fluopyram, provided clear inhibitory effect on gall formation. Their ED50 values at 21 days after inoculation of 300 second-stage juveniles (substrate)−1 were 0.0034 mg (substrate)−1 and 0.0035 mg (substrate)−1, respectively. Furthermore, conventional fungicides and insecticides were screened with the method. Activities were observed in some products like polyoxins, which showed 100% control at 25 mg (substrate)−1, a considerably higher dose than that in standard nematicides. This study developed a simple test method for evaluating inhibitory effect on gall formation by M. incognita and proved its usefulness by applying it to nematicide screening.
Identity Entrepreneurs and Cultural Framers in Contemporary Ethnic Identity Mobilisation in Malawi
Authors: Chasukwa Michael , Kayuni Happy , Dulani Boniface , Chiweza Asiyati L. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
After the re-introduction of multiparty system of governance in Malawi in 1993, ethnic associations have become popular for mobilising and re-asserting identity. Some of the most notable ethnic associations are Chewa Heritage Foundation, Mulhakho wa Alhomwe, and Mzimba Heritage Association. These associations mainly claim that their establishment is mainly to promote and preserve their culture while some go further to add that they also aim at facilitating socio-economic development of its membership or community. At the center of this mobilisation process are highly publicised annual cultural festivals which bring together members of the ethnic community led by their traditional leaders and political figures. This paper discusses the ethnic mobilisation through cultural associations in Malawi. The paper examines key actors, their roles and interests. The paper also discusses implications of ethnic groups on mobilisation for national building.
2. Our Star Student
Authors: Graham Philip 
Published: March 2023

As well as helping with the housework, for the eight years after she left school, Susan did a variety of jobs, none of them very fulfilling. However, she went for walks with her sisters in the surrounding countryside, read widely and developed socialist ideas. At this point, in 1908, one of her older sisters persuaded her father to allow her to enter a two-year course leading to a Certificate in the Teaching of Young Children at the University of Manchester. She so impressed the woman in charge of this course with her academic abilities that, in 1908, Grace Owen persuaded the Professor of Education, John Findlay, to allow Susan to enter a Full Honours degree course in Philosophy. When her father died a year later, a small inheritance allowed her to pursue her studies.
As an undergraduate, she played an active part in student societies, becoming Chairman of the Sociological Society and President of the Women’s Student Union. She had a number of outstanding teachers, both in education and in philosophy. She took her Final Examinations in June 2012 and passed with First Class Honours. Prior to her final examinations, her teachers had persuaded Charles Myers, a lecturer in psychology at the University of Cambridge, to take her on as a research student there.
4. Finding A Place on the Couch
Authors: Graham Philip 
Published: March 2023

At the end of the First World War, Susan began to take a serious interest in psychoanalysis, then a relatively new science. The revelations of Sigmund Freud of the importance of the unconscious in determining human behaviour were receiving more and more publicity, promoted as they were by his English disciple, Ernest Jones. Susan travelled to Vienna for a brief psychoanalysis by Otto Rank, one of Freud’s closest disciples. In December 1921, she was elected an Associate Member of the British Psychoanalytical Society and began to attend its meetings.
Meanwhile, her marriage had gradually come apart. Her husband’s work in Hertfordshire meant that, from the end of the war, she spent more time apart from him. The other reasons for the breakup of the marriage are not clear but, by the end of 1920 she had begun a relationship with a student, Nathan Isaacs, on one of her Workers Educational Association courses. Nathan, born in 1895, had come to England from Central Europe at the age of twelve years. Although working in the metal industry, he had strong intellectual interests in philosophy and psychology. By the end of 1922, Susan was divorced and remarried to Nathan.
She had also established herself both as an academic psychologist and a practising psychoanalyst. In 1921, she published An Introduction to Psychology, an excellent overview of the subject. By the end of 1923, she was a full member of the British Psychoanalytical Society and had started to take on patients in private practice.
5. The Malting House School
Authors: Graham Philip 
Published: March 2023

In March 1924, Susan was attracted to the post of Director of a new school for young children. The advertisement had been placed by a young man, Geoffrey Pyke, then in his late twenties, Geoffrey had been looking around for a suitable school for his own three-year-old son, David but had failed to find one. A man of considerable means, he decided to found his own school, run along the lines he wanted. Geoffrey’s view was that contemporary methods of instruction hampered rather than facilitated children’s natural curiosity. Influenced by psychoanalytic theories of child development, he wanted to see children learning by asking questions rather than by being pumped full of facts. He was put in touch with Susan by his psychoanalyst. Her background in both education and psychoanalysis made her an ideal candidate to run the school Geoffrey had in mind.
After long and intense discussions between Geoffrey, Susan and Nathan, the Malting House School, was established in Cambridge. It opened in October 1924 with ten young children, gradually expanding to twenty. The layout (no classrooms) and timetable (no curriculum) is described.
7. Resurfacing
Authors: Graham Philip 
Published: March 2023

Left without employment at the beginning of 1928, Susan was in a difficult financial situation. Further, Nathan had recently embarked on an affair with a psychologist, Evelyn Lawrence, who had been employed by the school. Although the affair continued until Susan’s death over twenty years later, Nathan and Susan remained firmly married, providing warm companionship to each other.
Throughout her time at the Malting House School, Susan had kept meticulous notes recording the questions the children had asked, the ways they had been answered, the fashion in which they had acquired knowledge and the manner in which they had demonstrated what they had learnt. She was keen to show how the views of the leading developmental psychologist of the day, the Swiss, Jean Piaget, was mistaken in his theories. Piaget, on the basis of a series of ingenious experiments, had concluded that children’s intellectual development invariably passed through particular stages depending on their chronological age. Susan, in contrast, placed more emphasis on the role of experience, especially experience gained through play, rather than age, in children’s capacity for learning.
In her two books, Intellectual Growth in Young Children and Social Development in Young Children, Susan provided the evidence for her views. For the next three decades, these two books became the key texts, both in Britain and North America for those training to be the teachers of young children.
8. Settled on the Couch
Authors: Graham Philip 
Published: March 2023

While writing these books, Susan had re-entered the world of psychoanalysis. The possibility of treating children with psychoanalytic methods was now much discussed at the meetings, given strong impetus by a new figure on the scene, Melanie Klein. She had established herself in Berlin but found little sympathy for her ideas there and so, in 1926, was pleased to accept an invitation from Ernest Jones to settle in London. During a previous visit to England, she had visited the Malting House School and got on well with Susan Isaacs.
Susan now became an enthusiastic advocate for Kleinian ideas which put great emphasis on the role of infantile fantasies in the development of personality and psychopathology. In 1927, she engaged in a further personal psychoanalysis with Joan Riviere, an analyst herself much influenced by Melanie Klein. By the end of the 1920s Susan had become a fully trained analyst for children as well as for adults.
13. Legacies
Authors: Graham Philip 
Published: March 2023

Her entry in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography describes Susan Isaacs as ‘the greatest influence on British education in the twentieth century.’ Whether or not this claim is justified, there is no doubt that so-called child-centred education became a much more powerful element in educational practice during the twentieth century and that, as far as infant and primary education were concerned, Susan Isaacs was highly influential in producing this change. The 1967 Plowden Report on primary education was largely built on her views. The reaction to extreme progressive views in the fourth quarter of the twentieth century with increasingly prescriptive curricular changes would not have been to her liking.
In contrast, the last quarter of the twentieth century saw a strong confirmation in psychoanalytic circles of the Kleinian theory Susan Isaacs had supported. The Tavistock Clinic, with its emphasis on early infancy and the importance of fantasy and play in personality development became the pre-eminent centre for psychoanalytic research and teaching in the UK.
However, the major changes in the field of child development that occurred in the later part of the twentieth century, namely the explosion in the application of the neurosciences and genetics owed little or nothing to Susan Isaacs. Further, it cannot be said that she contributed to the growth of interest in studies evaluating the effectiveness of different forms of therapy.
The Role of Density Currents and Gravity Waves in the Offshore Propagation of Convection over Sumatra
Authors: Peatman Simon C. , Birch Cathryn E. , Schwendike Juliane , Marsham John H. , Dearden Chris , Webster Stuart , Neely Ryan R. , Matthews Adrian J. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Maritime Continent experiences some of the world’s most severe convective rainfall, with an intense diurnal cycle. A key feature is offshore propagation of convection overnight, having peaked over land during the evening. Existing hypotheses suggest this propagation is due to the nocturnal land breeze and environmental wind causing low-level convergence; and/or gravity waves triggering convection as they propagate. We use a convection-permitting configuration of the Met Office Unified Model over Sumatra to test these hypotheses, verifying against observations from the Japanese Years of the Maritime Continent field campaign. In selected case studies there is an organized squall line propagating with the land-breeze density current, possibly reinforced by convective cold pools, at ∼3 m s−1 to around 150–300 km offshore. Propagation at these speeds is also seen in a composite mean diurnal cycle. The density current is verified by observations, with offshore low-level wind and virtual potential temperature showing a rapid decrease consistent with a density current front, accompanied by rainfall. Gravity waves are identified in the model with a typical phase speed of 16 m s−1. They trigger isolated cells of convection, usually farther offshore and with much weaker precipitation than the squall line. Occasionally, the isolated convection may deepen and the rainfall intensify, if the gravity wave interacts with a substantial preexisting perturbation such as shallow cloud. The localized convection triggered by gravity waves does not generally propagate at the wave’s own speed, but this phenomenon may appear as propagation along a wave trajectory in a composite that averages over many days of the diurnal cycle.

Significance Statement
The intense convection experienced by the Maritime Continent causes high-impact weather in the form of heavy precipitation, which can trigger floods and landslides, endangering human life and infrastructure. The geography of the region, with many islands with complex coastlines and orography, means that the spatial and temporal distributions of convection are difficult to predict. This presents challenges for operational forecasters in the region and introduces biases in weather and climate models, which may propagate globally. A key feature of the convection is its diurnal cycle and associated propagation offshore overnight from the islands. Although this phenomenon has been often investigated, there is no strong consensus in the literature on the mechanism or combination of mechanisms responsible. Improving our knowledge of these mechanisms and how they are represented in a convection-permitting model will assist forecasters in understanding how and when the propagation of intense convective storms occurs, and allow model developers to improve biases in numerical weather prediction and climate models.
Financial Incentives and Fertility Choices: Evidence from India
Authors: Chatterjee Tirtha , Jain Ritika 
Published: March 2023

This article estimates the impact of a maternity cash transfer programme, Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana, implemented in India since 2011, on fertility choices. Since the scheme restricts the benefits to the first two births, we ask whether there is an impact on the likelihood of birth post implementation and if this behaviour is driven by son preference. We also test whether the scheme has affected the likelihood of female births. Our results give evidence in support of ‘stopping rule’ and we find that treated households reduce births only when their first two births are sons. However, we do not find any statistically significant impact of the likelihood of a female birth. We further find that post the implementation of the scheme, mothers and children are less likely to get better care for higher order births. JEL Codes: J13, J18
Aberrant regeneration in an international registry of patients with 3rd-nerve palsy
Authors: Oke Isdin , Lorenz Birgit , Basiakos Sotirios , Gokyigit Birsen , Laurent Erick , Tsai Chong-Bin , Orge Faruk , Heidary Gena , Tjeerd de Faber Jan , Jeddawi Laila , Sadiq Mohammad Ali , Strominger Mitchell , Dodd Mary-Magdalene Ugo , Shah Ankoor S. , Dagi Linda R. ,   for the NTSLR3NP Study Group
Published: March 2023

Background/Aims To describe the patterns of pre-operative aberrant regeneration and motility outcomes reported in an international registry of patients with 3rd-nerve palsy treated with nasal transposition of the split lateral rectus muscle (NTSLR). Methods This cross-sectional study used data from an international, multicentre registry of patients with 3rd-nerve palsy treated with NTSLR. Patients with aberrant regeneration were identified, and patterns of innervation described. Demographics and postoperative success defined as horizontal alignment ≤15 PD were compared based on the presence, and type, of aberrant regeneration using Wilcoxon rank sum and Fisher's exact tests. Results Aberrant regeneration was reported in 16% (21/129) of patients. Age at diagnosis, sex, and aetiology of palsy were not significantly associated with aberrant regeneration. Abnormal movements were triggered by adduction in 52% (11/21), infraduction in 23% (5/21), and supraduction in 23% (5/21) of cases. Presentation patterns involved rectus muscle innervation in 29% (6/21) and levator muscle innervation in 71% (15/21) of cases. Although patients with aberrant regeneration had similar probability of success in comparison to those without following NTLSR (76% vs. 69%, p = 0.5), those with abnormal innervation of a rectus muscle had a lower success rate than those with abnormal innervation of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle (17% vs. 93%; p = 0.002). Conclusion Successful treatment of a 3rd nerve palsy with NTSLR was not influenced by aberrant regeneration involving the levator muscle. Alternative surgical interventions should be considered when aberrant regeneration alters rectus muscle function given its adverse impact on motor outcomes with NTSLR.