bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Meniscectomy on the Tensile Properties of Articular Cartilage
Authors: Elliott Dawn M. , Setton Lori A. , Shah Maulin P. , Vail T. Parker , Guilak Farshid 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Partial or complete removal of the meniscus has been found to produce progressive degeneration in the knee characteristic of osteoarthritis (OA) (4). Experimental models of meniscectomy have been successful in reproducing many changes in articular cartilage with OA, including fibrillation, compositional and metabolic changes (2,5,9,11). In both human OA and experimental models of joint instability, loss of tensile stiffness of the articular cartilage has been reported as an early sign of degeneration (1,6,8,10). Little is currently known of the mechanical properties of cartilage following meniscectomy and their relationship to progressive degeneration (7). The objective of this study was to quantify the tensile properties of articular cartilage in an experimental model of meniscectomy and to compare these findings with those of both human OA and experimental models of joint instability.
Effect of Disc Degeneration on Streaming Potential of Human Anulus Fibrosus
Authors: Gu W. Y. , Rabin J. , Lai W. M. , Rawlins B. A. , Mow V. C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The streaming potential responses of anulus fibrosus (AF) from human intervertebral discs to steady and sinusoidal (ie, dynamic) applied pressures were measured and analyzed. It was found that the streaming potential response was linear for non-degenerate AF specimens, and there was no phase lag. For degenerate AF specimens, the response was nonlinear. The magnitudes of the streaming potential response were significantly different between non-degenerate and degenerate AF specimens: non-degenerate = 5.38 ± 0.88 mV/MPa; and degenerate = 4.41 ± 0.99 mV/MPa. This phenomenon offers a possible way for detecting AF degeneration in vivo.
Electrostatic Endothelial Cell Seeding Technique for Small Diameter (&lt; 6 mm) Vascular Prostheses: In Vitro Evaluation
Authors: Bowlin Gary L. , Rittgers Stanley E. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The occurrence of vascular disease due to atherosclerosis interrupts the normal function (delivery of blood flow) and physiology of the blood vessels. One treatment for this condition is to by-pass the occluded section using a non-essential, autologous vessel (Saphenous vein) or a synthetic graft (Dacron or e-PTFE). Synthetic graft materials as by-pass grafts prove to be problematic when using the small diameter (&lt; 6 mm) diameter grafts.
Lower Extremity Finite Element Model for Crash Simulation
Authors: Schauer Dale A. , Perfect Scott A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A lower extremity model has been developed to study occupant injury mechanisms of the major bones and ligamentous soft tissues resulting from vehicle collisions. The model is based on anatomically correct digitized bone surfaces of the pelvis, femur, patella and the tibia. Many muscles, tendons and ligaments were incrementally added to the basic bone model. We have simulated two types of occupant loading that occur in a crash environment using a non-linear large deformation finite element code.
Convective Mass Transfer of ATP and Shear Stress in a 3-D Model of the Human Carotid Bifurcation
Authors: Lutostansky Elizabeth M. , Ku David N. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Atherosclerosis is typically located near arterial bifurcations and in regions of flow separation, particularly in the sinus of the internal carotid artery. Hemodynamics has been implicated as a contributing factor to atherogenesis. Atherosclerotic lesion thickness and location has been statistically correlated with several hemodynamic factors including low and oscillatory wall shear stress.
Response of the Lumbar Spine in Large Compression Loads: Stability Demands in Neutral Postures
Authors: Shirazi-Adl A. , Parnianpour M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In neutral standing and sitting postures, the human lumbar spine is known to be subjected to both compression force and flexion/lateral moments. For the whole trunk, the centre of mass has been reported to be about 2.0 cm anterior to the L1-L2 vertebral centroid [1]. Due to the asymmetry of the upper body about the sagittal plane, lateral moments likely exist as well. The magnitude of these moments is affected by the location of the line of gravity relative to the vertebrae, and therefore, by the spinal posture (ie, pelvic rotation and lumbar lordosis). Changes in the sagittal curvature of the human lumbar spine (ie, lordosis) has been recorded under external loads and in microgravity [2–4]. Smaller lordosis has been observed in standing radiographs of low-back pain population compared with those of normal volunteers [5]. The preservation of lordosis and its biomechanical consequences during daily activities and heavy lifting tasks remain still as a controversial issue.
Predicting Damage in Human Vertebral Cancellous Bone Using Large-Scale Linear Finite Element Models
Authors: Hou Fu J. , Fyhrie David P. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Tissue damage in human vertebral cancellous bone specimens was predicted at apparent ultimate stress using large-scale linear finite element (FE) models. Three-dimensional (3D) FE models were constructed from micro computed tomography (MCT) images of mechanically tested cancellous bone cylinders. The percentage of tissue damage was calculated and damage locations were examined and compared to observation from experiment. Two distinct damage groups were identified when damage was predicted by bone volume fraction (BV/TV). FE estimated average hard tissue stiffness was found to account for most of the separation between the two groups. This strongly suggests that tissue level bone material properties are important factors in determining cancellous bone tissue apparent strength. Damage locations predicted by FE corresponded with experiment.
The Effects of Prior Damage on the Rate-Dependent Torsional Strength of Human Cortical Bone
Authors: Jepsen Karl J. , Davy Dwight T. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The effects of damage accumulation on bone mechanical properties are not well understood. Previously, we identified a significant interaction between damage and the viscoelastic properties of human cortical bone loaded in torsion. In the current study, we further investigate this interaction by testing the hypothesis that damage accumulation significantly alters the rate-dependent nature of bone strength. The results indicated that increasing the twist rate of residual strength tests by only one order of magnitude was associated with a significant, 3-fold increase in strength and modulus degradation. The results suggest that damage accumulation may make cortical bone more susceptible to fracture at high loading rates, which has important implications for understanding the increased fracture frequency associated with falls in the elderly.
The Importance of Large Strain in Blood Vessel Mechanics
Authors: Ballyk Peter D. , Ojha Matadial , Walsh Colin 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Although blood vessels undergo large strain, particularly near branches and graft artery junctions (Ballyk et al., 1995), small strain (large deformation) approximations of blood vessel mechanics are commonly used to determine intramural stress distributions. In this study, we examine the static inflation of blood vessels and demonstrate that, for physiological loads, small strain approximations lead to large errors, even if they include large deformations. To rectify these problems, we have developed a large strain finite element model of blood vessels.
Computations of the Wall Mechanical Response Under Unsteady Flows in Arterial Diseases
Authors: Yamaguchi Takami , Nakayama Tetsuya , Kobayashi Takuji 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In our previous report[1], the fluid motion and the wall motion in models of the arterial stenosis and the abdominal aneurysm with thick deformable walls was computed. In the present study, further computation using the same model of the arterial stenosis and the abdominal aneurysm was carried out with a wider variety of fluid mechanical and physiological parameters. We also computed the wall/fluid interactions in a model with a unilateral stenosis simulating the early atherosclerotic plaque.
The Influence of Loading and Aspect Ratio on Bone Remodeling at the Bone-Implant Interface
Authors: He N. , Sadegh A. M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The effect of loading and bead aspect ratio on bone remodeling at the bone-implant interface was investigated. Surface bone remodeling theory that utilizes strain rate, and boundary element method were employed. Seven cases of two dimensional models with a variety of bead aspect ratios were studied, and the final bone resorption and deposition were determined. Stresses were varied between 5 MPa and 30 MPa to determine the optimum loading for each aspect ratio.
Optimization of Material Properties of Passive Myocardium Using Epicardial Suction
Authors: Okamoto Ruth J. , Guccione Julius M. , Moulton Michael J. , Pasque Michael K. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Non-homogeneous changes in cardiac mechanical function occur in regional pathological disorders such as ischemic heart disease. Mathematical models provide a sound basis for the interpretation of these changes and their relation to local myocardial tissue properties. Existing models incorporate three-dimensional ventricular geometry, internal fibrous architecture of the ventricular walls and information about ventricular pressures. The ability of these models to predict mechanical function, however, depends on the incorporation of an accurate description of the intrinsic material properties of myocardial tissue. These material properties were estimated by Novak et al (1994) using biaxial test results from excised ventricular myocardium. Guccione et al (1991) used two-dimensional strains measured at one location with implanted beads to determine material properties in an intact heart. Taking advantage of recent developments in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for measuring cardiac deformation, we developed epicardial suction as a new test method for determining the material parameters in a three-dimensional constitutive relation describing ventricular myocardium (Okamoto et al, 1995).
In this abstract, we describe a method for optimizing material properties that compares experimental measurements of in-plane displacements caused by epicardial suction with predicted displacement results from a finite element (FE) model simulating the experiment. A diagram of the method is shown in Fig. 1. We also discuss preliminary results from two experiments.
Computer Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery (CAOS): A Generalized Concept and Early Clinical Experience
Authors: Visarius Heiko , Langlotz Frank , Nolte Lutz P. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In most orthopaedic surgeries the relation between the image provided, the patient, and the surgical tool depends solely on the experience and ability of the surgeon. No direct connection between the surgical object (i.e. the patient) and the virtual object (i.e. the image) is present. However, use of information inherent to the image is a crucial contributor to surgical success.
The Hyper Hospital: Virtual Reality Mediated Network Based Medical Care
Authors: Yamaguchi Takami , Nakanishi Yuji , Yamazaki Kiyoyuki 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The Hyper Hospital is a proposal of novel medical care system which is constructed on an electronic or computerized information network using virtual reality as the principal human interface [1]. The major purpose of the Hyper Hospital is to restore humane interactions between patients and various medical caretakers by making a much closer contact between them. This task will be accomplished by reforming the medical system rather patient-centered than provider-oriented current system by virtue of most advanced multi-media network information technology. The Hyper Hospital will be built as a distributed system on the real and the virtual world on the network, a node of which represents a variety of medical care facilities; for example, the out patient office, the nursing care center, the medical examination unit, the operating theater, etc (Fig.1). Above all, the Hyper Hospital space consists of the alternate reality space owned and exclusively controlled by the patient himself/herself. Most of the physical contact, such as the visit to the out patient office by the patient, is actualized by the electronic contact of the patient private space and the public space of the hospital system. Prescription of the drugs, special cares, even the administration to the ward will be integrated to the distributed electronic network.
Left Ventricular Flow Visualization by Magnetic Resonance Velocity Mapping
Authors: Milet Sylvain F. , Walker Peter G. , Houlind Kim , Kim W. Yong , Pedersen Erik M. , Yoganathan Ajit P. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Mitral flow measurement by Doppler ultrasound is a common diagnostic technique used in the evaluation of left ventricular function. With the more recent magnetic resonance (MR) velocity mapping technique, non-invasive three-dimensional cardiac flow velocity measurements can be performed during the entire cardiac cycle. MR requires different analysis methods than Doppler ultrasound does, New visualization and analysis tools need to be developed for the clinical use of MR velocity data.
Vein Graft Engineering
Authors: Liu Shu Q. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Vein grafts are commonly used to replace occluded arteries due to atherosclerosis. Unfortunately, vein graft occlusion occurs due to thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia [1], causing serious clinical problems such as repeated angioplasty and grafting surgeries and threatening the life of many patients. Thus vein graft occlusion has been one of the major problems in cardiovascular research.
Shear-Induced Intimal Thickening on the Bed of an End-to-Side Anastomosis Model
Authors: Ishibashi Hiroyuki , Park Hyoun , Ojha Matadial , Langdon Shari , Langille Lowell 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The long-term failure of arterial bypass grafts and arteriovenous fistulae is often related to intimal hyperplasia that preferentially develops at the outflow or distal anastomosis. In studies using animal models, hyperplasia develops specifically around the suture line and on the bed across from the junction.
Axial Strain-Induced Stress Distributions at End-to-End and End-to-Side Graft-Artery Junctions: Clinical Implications
Authors: Ballyk Peter D. , Ojha Matadial , Walsh Colin 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Suture-line intimal hyperplasia can lead to outflow stenosis of vascular bypass grafts. One prominent theory suggests that compliance mismatch between the graft and native vessel promotes suture-line hyperplasia, however, this theory has not yet been proven. Many studies have demonstrated that matching graft compliance to that of the artery leads to improved graft patency, but only a few have actually quantified the hyperplasia at compliant and non-compliant graft-artery junctions (Bassiouny et al., 1992; Trubel et al., 1994; Courtman, 1994).
Short-Timescale Thermometry and Reliability Studies of Metal Interconnects in VLSI Circuits
Authors: Ju Y. S. , Goodson K. E. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The failure of metal interconnects subjected to brief electrical-current pulses is a reliability concern in the integrated circuits industry, especially in connection with electrostatic discharge (ESD). The thermal design of interconnects and the study of their failure mechanisms require thermometry with high spatial and temporal resolution. This work uses scanning laser-reflectance thermometry to measure temperature distributions along metal interconnects subjected to electrical pulses of duration less than 1 μs and of peak current density over 1011 A/m2. The data reported here achieve temporal resolution better than 100 ns and spatial resolution near 1 μm. A calibration procedure for the temperature-dependent reflectance of interconnect structures is developed and the uncertainties associated with the prediction of this property are also discussed. Severe changes in the local interconnect surface topography are observed using atomic force microscopy when the local temperature rise exceeds 180 K for the passivated interconnects and 120 K for the unpassivated interconnects.
Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity of Single-Crystal Silicon Layers in SOI Substrates
Authors: Asheghi M. , Touzelbaev M. N. , Goodson K. E. , Leung Y. K. , Wong S. S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Self heating diminishes the reliability of SOI transistors, particularly those that must withstand electrostatic discharge (ESD) pulses. This problem is alleviated in part by lateral thermal conduction in the silicon device layer, whose thermal conductivity is not known. The present work develops a technique for measuring this property and provides data for layers in wafers fabricated using bond-and-etch-back (BESOI) technology. The room-temperature thermal conductivity data decrease with decreasing layer thickness, ds, to a value nearly 40 percent less than that of bulk silicon for ds = 0.42 μm. The agreement of the data with the predictions of phonon transport analysis between 20 and 300 K strongly indicates that phonon scattering on layer boundaries is responsible for a large part of the reduction. The reduction is also due in part to concentrations of imperfections larger than those in bulk samples, which results from the BESOI wafer fabrication process. The data show that the buried oxide in BESOI wafers has a thermal conductivity that is nearly equal to that of bulk fused quartz. The data provided here will lead to more accurate thermal simulations of SOI transistors and cantilever MEMS structures.
Application of Diffuse Mismatch Theory to the Prediction of Thermal Boundary Resistance in Thin-Film High-Tc Superconductors
Authors: Phelan Patrick E. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Thermal boundary resistance (Rb) plays an important role in the design and performance of thin-film high-temperature superconducting devices, such as infrared detectors and optical switches, which rely upon the temperature rise of the film as the basis for their operation. Although there is general agreement on the magnitude of Rb from experimental data, there is at present no generally accepted theory capable of predicting Rb for these films, particularly at the intermediate cryogenic temperatures where they are likely to be used. Here, the Diffuse Mismatch Model (DMM), which considers that all phonons reaching the interface between the film and substrate scatter diffusely, is applied to the calculation of Rb. The results indicate that although the DMM yields results slightly more in agreement with data than the Acoustic Mismatch Model (AMM), the experimental data lie far above the calculated values. Removing the assumptions involved in the derivation of the DMM in some cases improves the agreement with the experimental data, but additional features must be incorporated into the model to achieve quantitative agreement between theory and experiment.
Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in Microchannels
Authors: Mala Gh. Mohiuddin , Li Dongqing , Dale J. D. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper investigates the effects of the electrical double layer at the solid-liquid interface on liquid flow and heat transfer through a microchannel between two parallel plates at constant and equal temperatures. A linear approximate solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation is used to describe the electrical double layer field near the solid-liquid interface. The electrical body force resulting from the double layer field is considered in the equation of motion. The equation of motion is solved for the steady state flow. Effects of the electrical double layer field and the channel size on the velocity distribution, streaming potential, apparent viscosity, temperature distribution and heat transfer coefficient are discussed in this paper.
New Methods of Measuring a Key Elastic-Piezoelectric Constant of Thin Films
Authors: von Preissig Fred J. , Zeng Hong , Kim Eun Sok 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Microelectromechanical devices that contain piezoelectric thin films that serve as electrical-to-mechanical transducers (actuators) or mechanical-to-electrical transducers (sensors) are receiving increasing attention. The efficiency of transduction usually depends largely on the composite elastic-piezoelectric constant d31/(s11+s12)E of the piezoelectric film. Two new methods for measuring this constant, based on the same piezoelectric device, have been developed. The analytical theory behind these methods has been worked out in detail. One method involves the measurement of small mechanical displacements. Its application to a device containing polycrystalline ZnO yielded a value of 0.13 C/m2 for the constant. The other method requires only electrical and simple geometric measurements. Its experimental implementation has not yet been completed.
Micromechanical Structures for Fracture Testing of Brittle Thin Films
Authors: Jones Peter T. , Johnson George C. , Howe Roger T. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A new structure for determining the fracture characteristics of brittle thin films has been designed, fabricated and tested. The structure consists of a rigid central shuttle to which are attached a number of cantilever beams of varying lengths which will provide the desired fracture information. The central shuttle is tethered to the substrate by flexible beams which allow it to be moved controllably in one direction while the free ends of the cantilevers are prevented from movement by stops. By measuring the shuttle displacement at which the various beams fail, the failure strain of the beam material is determined. This structure design has been used to examine the fracture characteristics of a particular LPCVD polycrystalline silicon film, and the degradation in strength which occurs with exposure to hydrofluoric acid. The average strain at fracture measured for this heavily phosphorus doped polycrystalline silicon was 1.1% for a 10 minute exposure to hydrofluoric acid. This value drops to 0.84% after the material is exposed to hydrofluoric acid for 2 hours.
A Methodology to Study Wafer Level Response of Silicon Microstructures to Mechanical Shock
Authors: McIntyre David G. , Cunningham Shawn J. , Carper Judd S. , Jaramillo Paul D. , Tang William C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The Microelectromechanical Systems literature is dominated by discussion of device and process innovation. Reliability issues have received little attention and yet they are a critical prerequisite to successful commercialization. The explosive growth of the field in the last decade, first in the academic arena and now in the commercial sensor industry, demands a well orchestrated effort to understand and quantify the reliability of silicon microstructures. A systematic method to characterize the response of silicon microstructures to mechanical shock has been developed and applied. This method can be used to characterize other stress types and process sequences as well.