bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Cells of Heterologous Origin in Tissue Culture and Their Segregation by the use of Differential Media
Authors: Kunin Calvin M. , Emmons Lyman R. , Jordan William S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A line of presumed pure human liver cells (Chang) received from a commercial source was found to be mixed with cells of nonprimate origin. Chromosomal and immunologic analysis support the view that the contaminating cells were probably of mouse origin. The mixed line was segregated into its two components by virtue of the nonspecific lytic effect of unheated human serum against the nonprimate line. Serial culture of artificially remixed cells of each line in a nonselective medium containing 10% horse serum, did not appear to influence favorably one cell type over the other during eight serial passages together. The human cells could be resegregated from the artificially mixed cultures by subculture into unheated human serum medium; the nonprimate cells could be resegregated by the selective destruction of the human cells by Coe or poliovirus. Mixtures of this type may occur more frequently than is presently recognized and may provide an explanation for some examples of apparent “transformation” of cell lines.
The Specificity of the Nonspecific
Authors: Boyd William C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Although plant hemagglutinins, which have been known nearly as long as specific immune agglutinins, were long thought to be nonspecific, some have been found to have a blood-group specificity which is quite sharp. Some of these agglutinins, such as the lectins of Dolichos biflorus and Ulex europeus, have found important practical applications in blood group techniques. Other group specificities have been found, and even some of the plant extracts which agglutinate all human erythrocytes probably have a measure of specificity, since they are specificially inhibited by certain carbohydrates. The information that may be gained in this way concerning reactive structures in the red cell is discussed. A study of such reactions led Mäkelä to classify all aldopyranoses into four groups, depending on their configuration at carbon atoms 3 and 4. The inhibition reactions of human anti-Rh sera suggest that this classification may be of significance in this connection also.
Studies on Immunologic Depression in Chickens
Authors: Hirata A. A. , Schechtman A. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Embryonic and early posthatching chicks were injected with equivalent amounts of bovine serum albumin and human γ-globulin on the basis of body weight and their subsequent humoral antibody response estimated by quantitative methods. Embryos injected at 11 days of incubation showed, in comparison with saline controls, a slightly lower but statistically nonsignificant antibody response, at 45 days after hatching, and no effect at 100 days. Embryos given a depressive injection on the 16th incubation day showed a statistically significant depression of antibody response at 45 days after hatching, but none at 100 days. Chicks injected at 1 day after hatching showed depression quantitatively similar to that of the 16-day embryos. Chicks at 5 and 9 days of incubation, injected into the yolk sac with large amounts of BSA, showed no effect on their antibody response at 100 days. Intraperitoneal injections into young posthatching chicks were more effective than equal intravenous injections, both as concerns the degree of antibody depression and duration of the depression. Human γ-globulin injected into 16-day embryos, produced a significant depression of the antibody response to bovine serum albumin (cross-depression) at 45 days of age. No cross-depression was discernible at 100 days. Antibody responses of male and female birds, on the basis of mg antibody/ml serum, were not significantly different, nor were body weights of protein-injected birds in comparison with saline controls.
The Effect of Added Calcium on Treponemal Immobilization
Authors: Chorpenning Frank W. , Beers Donald B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
On the theory that the enhancing effect of Ca++ on hemolytic activity in complement-antiserum-erythrocyte systems should also be present in immune treponemal immobilization, a series of experiments using known complement concentrations were performed. When complement concentrations and other factors were the same, immobilization titers were consistently increased by the addition of ionic calcium. This effect was accompanied by the presence of increased hemolytic activity in the residual test mixtures after incubation.
The addition of calcium had no adverse effects on the TPI test results or on treponemal survival.
Serologic Studies of Purified Staphylococcal Coagulase with Special Reference to Fluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Blobel Hans , Berman David T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rhodamine isothiocyanate-labeled antibody prepared against electrophoretically purified coagulase was employed after absorption with a coagulase-negative strain of Staphylococcus, to differentiate between coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative staphylococci. By application of this reagent, a close association between coagulase production and the staining reaction was observed, but absolute specificity could not be established. Some relationship between the bacteriophage group of staphylococcal strains and the antigenic specificity of free coagulase produced by the corresponding strains was observed in cross-inhibition experiments. Double diffusion precipitin analysis revealed heterogeneity of the antiserum prepared against highly purified coagulase.
Tissue Culture Studies on Bacterial Allergy in Experimental Brucellosis
Authors: Heilman Dorothy H. , Rice Elmer , Howard Dexter H. , Weimer Henry E. , Carpenter Charles M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The specific cytotoxicity of nucleoprotein fractions from Brucella species was investigated using spleen explants from normal, Brucella-infected and tuberculous guinea pigs. The nucleoprotein preparations studied included Brucellergen and similar fractions isolated from smooth cultures of Brucella suis, Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus. Cytotoxicity was determined by the inhibition of migration and growth of macrophages, leukocytes and fibroblasts and by the morphologic appearance of stained sections of cultures fixed following different periods of incubation. Brucellergen at a dilution of 1:10 was nontoxic for normal cells but had a significant effect on cells from Brucella-sensitive animals. Brucella antibodies did not influence the specific cytotoxic activity of Brucellergen. Splenic cell cultures from Brucella-infected guinea pigs were sensitive to Brucellergen but not to PPD-S, whereas similar cultures from tuberculous guinea pigs were sensitive to PPD-S but not to Brucellergen. The nucleoprotein fractions prepared from each of the three Brucella species elicited a delayed response on intracutaneous injection into a rabbit infected with Br. melitensis. In splenic cell culture, the toxicity of the fractions was very low for normal cells, but growth and migration was significantly inhibited in cultures from guinea pigs infected with each of the three species of bacteria. In all experiments, macrophages were more sensitive than leukocytes. The three nucleoprotein preparations varied in potency in the cytotoxic tests but they did not display species specificity when tested in a heterologous system. Splenic explants from guinea pigs infected with Br. suis displayed a higher degree of cellular sensitivity than tissues from guinea pigs infected with Br. melitensis or Br. abortus.
Effects of γ-Rays on the Serologic Properties of Ovalbumin
Authors: Leone Charles A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two per cent solutions of ovalbumin were irradiated to absorb doses of γ-rays ranging between 30 and 1000 electron volts per molecule of solution. The serologic activity of the irradiated solutions tested with antibodies to native ovalbumin declined exponentially as the dosage increased. The formation of isoelectrically coagulable protein followed a sigmoidal curve. Purified fractions of isoelectrically coagulable ovalbumin induced by radiation retained between 16 and 25% correspondence with native protein. An isoelectrically coagulable, thermolabile fraction from the irradiated systems retained between 14 and 19% correspondence with native protein. It is suggested that the loss of serologic activity, in irradiated solutions of ovalbumin, is the consequence of the cumulative effect of indirect ionizations on the molecules of protein.
The Antibody Response to Smallpox Vaccination as Measured by a Tissue Culture Plaque Method
Authors: Cutchins Ernest , Warren Joel , Jones William P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The measurement of neutralizing antibody response to smallpox vaccination by various test systems has been unsatisfactory because small amounts of residual, uncombined virus can multiply and obscure the result. This can be avoided by use of a tissue culture plaque technique which immobilizes the spread of residual active virus. It has been found that a successful primary vaccination elicits a uniformly good response as measured by both neutralization and hemagglutination-inhibition. In contrast, revaccination provokes a greater elevation in the neutralizing titer and this rise appears to be related to the circulating antibody level at the time of revaccination.
Phagocytosis of Microorganisms by Hela Cells
Authors: Shepard Charles C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The activity of different species of animal sera in controlling the species of microorganism taken up by HeLa cells may be divided into two types on the basis of stability to heat, absorbability by Zymosan at 17°C, comparative activity of bovine fetal serum, and the species of microorganism acted upon. Activity that is promoted by bovine fetal serum is also promoted by some lots of horse serum and concerns mycobacteria, staphylococci and group A streptococci. The activity is duplicated by a combination of purified preparations of bovine fetuin and human albumin. Activities that are not promoted by bovine fetal serum are in most cases absorbable by Zymosan or heat labile. Included in this type is the action of dog serum toward Pasteurella tularensis, and guinea pig serum toward Brucella and Histoplasma capsulatum. A mixture of fresh and inactivated chicken serum promoted uptake of all the microorganisms. Following absorption with Zymosan, the activity was limited to the species in the first group, namely, mycobacteria, staphylococci, and group A streptococci. The absorption to Zymosan of the activity of dog serum for P. tularensis had requirements for temperature, ionic strength, and Mg++ that resemble closely those described for the reaction between properdin and Zymosan. Treatment of dog serum by methods designed to destroy C′1, C′2, and C′4 caused loss of its phagocytosis-promoting activity. The chicken serum activity for P. tularensis and the guinea pig serum activity for Br. suis had similar but somewhat different properties. Absorption of the guinea pig serum with Zymosan did not remove its activity for H. capsulatum, although it did remove that for Br. suis. Rendering the HeLa cell line free of PPLO did not change its behavior in phagocytosing bacteria.
Studies of Arthritis and Other Lesions Induced in Rats by Injection of Mycobacterial Adjuvant
Authors: Waksman Byron H. , Pearson Carl M. , Sharp John T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A disseminated inflammatory disease affecting the joints, skin, eye and mucous membranes was produced in rats following injection with killed tubercle bacilli in oil. Intradermal inoculation and footpad inoculation in particular were more effective than other routes in producing this process. Litters of rats differed markedly in susceptibility. Animals less than 5 weeks of age appeared completely insusceptible. Rats with disease showed strong skin reactivity of the delayed type to tuberculin. Injection of tuberculin parenterally produced a transient flare-up of the disease process in the joints. Injection of tubercle bacilli in oil into diseased animals produced a very intense local reaction and, if given during the subsiding phase of the disease process, an accelerated reappearance of disease (anamnestic response). Disease production was largely suppressed by whole body irradiation (600 r). Single or repeated subcutaneous injections of tubercle bacilli or tubercle bacillus fractions, begun early in life, or a single footpad injection of bacilli in oil in the first 3 weeks of life, markedly inhibited later ability to develop the disease but did not prevent later susceptibility to allergic encephalomyelitis. Passive transfer of sensitized lymph node cells to normal, irradiated, or tolerant recipients permitted the induction of inflammatory responses to tuberculin in the ankle joints and ears. Local trauma or other nonspecific inflammation (turpentine injection) induced localization of the disease process in the affected areas.
The conclusion is drawn that the disease process is a delayed hypersensitive response to a disseminated antigen probably derived from the injected tubercle bacilli.
The Influence of Antimicrobial Agents on Total Populations of Staphylococci in Animal Tissues
Authors: McCune Robert , Dineen Peter , Batten John C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The course of experimental infection with two strains of Staphylococcus aureus during antimicrobial therapy was studied in the mouse by the microbial enumeration technique. In agreement with previous observers, it was noted that both strains of staphylococci had the capacity to induce progressive disease in the kidneys whereas they were rather rapidly reduced in census in the spleen. With one of the strains, the lungs occupied an intermediate position, and a population increase occurred in this organ whereas with the other strain, the census drop in the lungs was comparable to that in the spleen of the same animal. This distinctive pattern of behavior in the three organs was not accompanied by impressive differences in the drug susceptibilities of the population situated in the three different organs when therapy was started at the time of infection. An apparent drug antagonism was observed when penicillin was administered with other antistaphylococcal drugs in the treatment of infections induced with the penicillin-resistant Giorgio strain. When treatment was delayed until renal lesions were established, there was a decrease in the effectiveness of streptomycin and novobiocin in reducing the renal staphylocococcal populations, whereas this delay did not curb the effectiveness of penicillin, oxytetracycline or erythromycin. With all five drugs employed and with both strains of S. aureus, microbial persistence was observed throughout the 28-day period. In no instance was the infection rendered truly latent with uniformity, i.e., among all the animals in a particular experimental group. There were indications that the distinctive pattern which staphylococci displayed with respect to drug-susceptibility in vivo obtained only during the first 2 weeks of the observation period. From this point on, with the exception of the observations made in the kidneys of the delayed streptomycin- and novobiocin-treated animals, in a total 4-week experimental period, all of the microbial populations tended to fall in a similar fashion. This suggests the operation of host factors in the latter period of the experimental situation. Attempts to evoke the dormant infection, to trace the course of the persisting organisms, and to evaluate the immunogenic characteristics of the persisting organisms are in progress.
Behavior of Intravenously Administered I131 Diphtheria Toxoid in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Masouredis S. P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The distribution of I131 was studied in nonimmune guinea pigs following intravenous administration of trace labeled I131 diphtheria toxoid. The loss of I131 from the plasma could be attributed to three exponential components. The major fraction (85–90%) was removed at a rate of 69% per hr (T-½ = 1.0 hr) and the remaining 10–15% at two rates, one with a half-time of 5.5 hr and the other with a 37-hr half-time. The excretory loss of I131 from the guinea pigs occurred with two exponential rates, about 70% was excreted with a half-time of 9 hr and the remaining 30% with a half-time of about 100 hr. There was marked localization of I131 in the liver, spleen and kidney between 2 and 14 hr after administration of the toxoid, as determined by tissue to plasma ratios and I131 recovery calculations. Both toxin and toxoid are indistinguishable from each other when the concentration time course of I131 in the plasma and excreta are studied. The tissue distribution, however, differs significantly. I131 diphtheria toxin appears to be widely and diffusely distributed throughout all the tissues whereas I131 diphtheria toxoid appears to localize in the reticuloendothelial system (liver and spleen).
Studies on Actively Acquired Resistance to Experimental Cryptococcosis in Mice
Authors: Abrahams Irving , Gilleran Thomas G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Effective resistance to lethal challenge (25 to 100 LD50) with Cryptococcus neoformans has been induced in mice by vaccination with suspensions of formalin-killed cells. A systematic study was made of factors influencing immunization and challenge such as the amount and route of antigen used, the degree of encapsulation of the killed cells, time of challenge and the number of organisms contained in the infecting dose. The importance of the amount of vaccine used was emphasized by the finding of a relatively narrow range between a quantity that evoked effective resistance and a larger quantity that caused a marked reduction in protection. Comparison of vaccines consisting either of small or of large encapsulated cells indicated that large capsule size was associated with decreased protective activity. This finding was observed in tests challenged either with homologous or heterologous cultures.
Confirmatory evidence of the effectiveness of immunization was obtained from cultural and histologic examinations of tissues from animals killed at intervals after challenge. Multiplication of cryptococci was largely inhibited in the livers and spleens of vaccinated mice whereas logarithmic rates of growth were observed in the corresponding organs of the controls. The brain examinations showed consistently lower counts of fungus cells in the treated group but the magnitude of the difference, in comparison with the controls, was considerably less than in the other organs that were studied.
The implications of some of these findings in relation to the altered course of the infection in vaccinated mice have been discussed.
Competition of Antigens
Authors: Abramoff Peter 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibody responses of chickens simultaneously injected with 40 mg/kg body weight of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human γ-globulin (HGG) in animals presensitized with either BSA or HGG are described.
Following simultaneous inoculation of BSA and HGG in animals previously sensitized with BSA, the responses to both of these antigens were significantly reduced, when statistically compared with their respective controls. Animals simultaneously injected with BSA and HGG following presensitization with HGG showed no significant reductions in antibody response to either antigen when compared with their respective controls. The significance of these results is discussed and a possible mechanism for the competition of antigens postulated.
Antibody Synthesis in Relation to Levels of Humoral and Cell-Fixed Antibodies in Rabbits
Authors: Sorkin Ernst , Rhodes Joan M. , Boyden Stephen V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The rate of antibody synthesis was measured in vitro in fragments of spleens taken from rabbits killed at different times following an intravenous injection of human serum albumin (HSA), using the method based on the incorporation of C14-amino acids.
The values for synthesis were compared with the levels of “cell-fixed” antibodies, as expressed by uptake in vitro of I131-HSA, and also with the levels of precipitating antibodies in the sera, and with the capacity of the sera to confer on normal cells the ability to adsorb antigen (“cytophilic” antibody).
The investigation was carried out using rabbits which had received a single dose of antigen, rabbits which had received two injections, and hyperimmunized rabbits which had received a booster injection of antigen.
Antibody synthesis occurred in spleens taken 7–10 days after the first injection of antigen, or 3–5 days after a second or booster injection. The quantitative determination of “cell-fixed” antibody gave significant values only in the case of hyperimmune animals which had received a booster injection of antigen. Maximum adsorption of I131-HSA occurred in cells of spleens taken 3–6 days after the booster injection. Low precipitin titers were found in sera taken from animals 10 days or later, after a single injection of antigen, whereas sera of animals killed 3 days or later after a booster injection showed high precipitin titers. Significant levels of “cytophilic” antibody were found only in sera of rabbits killed 3 days or later after a booster injection.
Lysozyme Content of Alveolar and Peritoneal Macrophages from the Rabbit
Authors: Myrvik Quentin N. , Leake Eva Soto , Fariss Bruce 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Normal rabbit alveolar macrophages have been analyzed for lysozyme content and they have been found to contain between 2000 and 4000 μg/ml of packed cells. A comparative study of the lysozyme content of oil induced peritoneal macrophages has revealed that peritoneal macrophages possess low levels of lysozyme. The possible role of alveolar macrophages as scavenger cells in the lung is discussed. It is postulated that macrophages may differ in their physiological and functional ability depending on their origin.