bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuity and Change of Traditional Islamic Law in Modern Times: tarjīḥ as a Method of Adaptation and Development of Legal Doctrines
Authors: Gad Makhlouf Ahmed 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In addition to ijtihād (independent legal reasoning), tarjīḥ (weighing up and preference) serves as a fundamental instrument of traditional Islamic law's operational work and was used on different levels. In modern times, tarjīḥ is still applied not only by individual scholars but also by collective fiqh institutions. However, the conception of tarjīḥ is undergoing a transformation in its current application. In the scope of this article, the first purpose is to provide a comprehensive overview of the conception and the diverse practical forms of the tarjīḥ in traditional Islamic law. The focus then lies on setting out how to apply tarjīḥ in modern Islamic jurisprudence. This article also aims to illustrate the conceptual and operational changes of tarjīḥ, paying special attention to the relation between tarjīḥ and ijtihād. Overall, this article intends, on the one hand, to contribute to the study of present Islamic law's developments; on the other hand, it examines the continuity and change of tarjīḥ from traditional Islamic law to contemporary fiqh institutions. It is argued that tarjīḥ in the modern age is not only used as a method of weighing and choosing a legal view that among the diverse views of pre-modern law most closely adapts to the current social circumstances, but that it is also integrated in the process of development of new legal doctrines.
Data processing pipeline for multiple-exposure photo-plate digital archives
Authors: Jia Peng , Yang Zhimin , Shang Zhengjun , Yu Yong , Zhao Jianhai 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Photo-plates are an invaluable historical legacy that have been used for over a hundred years to capture images of celestial objects. By digitizing these photo-plates and processing the images with digital image processing methods, scientists can study celestial objects that exhibit temporal variations. Multiple-exposure photo-plates are a unique type of observation data that can capture images of the same sky at different observation times in a single photo-plate. Such photo-plates can be used to discover flares or moving targets with rapid variations, but they are difficult to process automatically due to their complex observation strategies. This paper proposes a pipeline based on classical data-processing algorithms and machine-learning algorithms to detect flares or moving targets in multiple-exposure photo-plate images automatically. The pipeline was used to process several digitized multiple-exposure photo-plate images from the China Astronomical Plates Data, and preliminary results indicate that the pipeline is effective. In the future, we plan to use our method to discover more celestial objects with temporal variations from photo-plate digital archives.
Is Ambiguity Good or Bad for Democratic Governance?
Authors: Fowler Luke 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Ambiguity is often a double-edged sword that provides opportunity to further a democratic agenda in the face of institutional barriers, but with that comes a more complicated and unclear causal pathway that connects citizens to decisions that impact public goods and services. Does ambiguity enhance or hinder the ability of public servants to represent the wants and needs of citizens during the course of designing, developing, and implementing public service programs? The authors examine this at the institutional, organizational, and individual levels to understand its cascading impacts across the complex pathways that connect citizens to the sources of power and decision-making in democratic societies. Conclusions indicate that there are both normative and practical trade-offs created by ambiguity at each level, and the question of whether ambiguity enhances or hinders democratic governance comes down to how representation is balanced against coherence and consistency.
A single-nucleus transcriptomic atlas of primate liver aging uncovers the pro-senescence role of SREBP2 in hepatocytes
Authors: Yang Shanshan , Liu Chengyu , Jiang Mengmeng , Liu Xiaoqian , Geng Lingling , Zhang Yiyuan , Sun Shuhui , Wang Kang , Yin Jian , Ma Shuai , Wang Si , Belmonte Juan Carlos Izpisua , Zhang Weiqi , Qu Jing , Liu Guang-Hui 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Aging increases the risk of liver diseases and systemic susceptibility to aging-related diseases. However, cell type-specific changes and the underlying mechanism of liver aging in higher vertebrates remain incompletely characterized. Here, we constructed the first single-nucleus transcriptomic landscape of primate liver aging, in which we resolved cell type-specific gene expression fluctuation in hepatocytes across three liver zonations and detected aberrant cell–cell interactions between hepatocytes and niche cells. Upon in-depth dissection of this rich dataset, we identified impaired lipid metabolism and upregulation of chronic inflammation-related genes prominently associated with declined liver functions during aging. In particular, hyperactivated sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) signaling was a hallmark of the aged liver, and consequently, forced activation of SREBP2 in human primary hepatocytes recapitulated in vivo aging phenotypes, manifesting as impaired detoxification and accelerated cellular senescence. This study expands our knowledge of primate liver aging and informs the development of diagnostics and therapeutic interventions for liver aging and associated diseases.
Review: Genes Involved in Mitochondrial Physiology Within 22q11.2 Deleted Region and Their Relevance to Schizophrenia
Authors: Kolar David , Krajcovic Branislav , Kleteckova Lenka , Kuncicka Daniela , Vales Karel , Brozka Hana 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Background and Hypothesis
Schizophrenia is associated with altered energy metabolism, but the cause and potential impact of these metabolic changes remain unknown. 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) represents a genetic risk factor for schizophrenia, which is associated with the loss of several genes involved in mitochondrial physiology. Here we examine how the haploinsufficiency of these genes could contribute to the emergence of schizophrenia in 22q11.2DS.

Study Design
We characterize changes in neuronal mitochondrial function caused by haploinsufficiency of mitochondria-associated genes within the 22q11.2 region (PRODH, MRPL40, TANGO2, ZDHHC8, SLC25A1, TXNRD2, UFD1, and DGCR8). For that purpose, we combine data from 22q11.2DS carriers and schizophrenia patients, in vivo (animal models) and in vitro (induced pluripotent stem cells, IPSCs) studies. We also review the current knowledge about seven non-coding microRNA molecules located in the 22q11.2 region that may be indirectly involved in energy metabolism by acting as regulatory factors.

Study Results
We found that the haploinsufficiency of genes of interest is mainly associated with increased oxidative stress, altered energy metabolism, and calcium homeostasis in animal models. Studies on IPSCs from 22q11.2DS carriers corroborate findings of deficits in the brain energy metabolism, implying a causal role between impaired mitochondrial function and the development of schizophrenia in 22q11.2DS.

Conclusions
The haploinsufficiency of genes within the 22q11.2 region leads to multifaceted mitochondrial dysfunction with consequences to neuronal function, viability, and wiring. Overlap between in vitro and in vivo studies implies a causal role between impaired mitochondrial function and the development of schizophrenia in 22q11.2DS.
Squaring the circle - the account of profits and the equitable allowance: Recovery Partners GP Ltd v Rukhadze [2023] EWCA Civ 305
Authors: Bond Eliza , Liu Zihang 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
How do we reconcile the all-embracing remedy of the account of profits with the willingness to grant an equitable allowance to an errant fiduciary? Once again, the Court of Appeal in Recovery Partners GP Ltd v Rukhadze was confronted with the challenge of squaring this circle, ostensibly confining the equitable allowance to exceptional circumstances. However, a close analysis of Recovery Partners suggests that the Court is simultaneously emphasising the deterrent effect of the account of profits, whilst developing principles which operate to substantively limit the amount which a principal/beneficiary can recover from a defaulting fiduciary/trustee.
Water-based medium-expansion foam depopulation of adult cattle
Authors: Capria Vittoria M , Arruda Andréia G , Cheng Ting-Yu , Campler Magnus R , Youngblood Brad L , Moeller Steven J , Bowman Andrew S , Kieffer Justin D 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Current options for depopulation of adult cattle are limited, have logistic constraints, and may not be practical on a large scale. Aspirated water-based foam (WBF) has been shown to be successful in depopulating poultry and swine but has yet to be tested in cattle. WBF is advantageous because necessary equipment can be readily available, easy to use, and presents minimal personnel risk. With the use of a modified rendering trailer in a field setting, we evaluated the efficacy of aspirated WBF for depopulation of adult cattle. Water-based medium-expansion foam was added to the trailer holding cattle to a depth of approximately 50 cm greater than head height. The study was conducted as a gated design and the initial trial was conducted using six anesthetized and six conscious animals for verification of the process and followed by four replicates each containing 18 conscious cattle. A total of 84 cattle were used, with a subset (n = 52) implanted with subcutaneous bio-loggers that recorded activity and electrocardiograms. Cattle were loaded onto the trailer and three gasoline-powered water pumps delivered foam into the trailer followed by a 15-min foam dwell period. Average (± SD) time to completely fill the trailer with foam was 84.8 ± 11.0 s. No animal vocalizations were heard during foam application or the dwell period, and all cattle were confirmed dead upon removal from the trailer after 15 min of immersion. Necropsies of a subset of cattle revealed foam extending to at least the tracheal bifurcation in all cattle and distal to this level in 67% (8/12) animals. Time to cessation of movement, which served as a proxy for loss of consciousness, was 2.5 ± 1.3 min and time to cardiac death was 8.5 ± 2.5 min as determined by data from animals carrying subcutaneous bio-loggers. The results of this study indicate that WBF is a rapid and effective method for depopulation of adult cattle with potential advantages in speed and carcass handling and disposal over current methods.
Grazing management and stocking strategy decisions for pasture-based beef systems: experimental confirmation vs. testimonials and perceptions
Authors: Rouquette Francis Monte , Sollenberger Lynn E , Vendramini João M B 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Grazing management and stocking strategy decisions involve the manipulation of grazing intensity, grazing frequency, and timing of grazing to meet specific objectives for pasture sustainability and economic livestock production. Although there are numerous stocking systems used by stakeholders, these methods may be broadly categorized as either continuous or some form of rotational stocking. In approximately 30 published experiments comparing continuous vs. rotational stocking, there was no difference in liveweight gain per animal between stocking methods in 66% of studies. There was no difference in gain per hectare between methods in 69% of studies, although for gain per hectare the choice of fixed or variable stocking rate methodology affected the proportion (92% for fixed; 50% for variable). Despite these experimental results showing limited instances of difference between rotational and continuous stocking, rotational strategies (e.g., “mob stocking” or “regenerative grazing”) have received what appears to be unmerited acclaim for use for livestock production. Many proposed “mob stocking” or “regenerative grazing” systems are based on philosophies similar to high intensity-low frequency stocking, including provision for &gt;60 d of rest period from grazing. In addition, grazing management practitioners and stakeholders have voiced and proposed major positive benefits from rotational stocking, “mob stocking”, or “regenerative grazing” for soil health attributes, carbon sequestration, and ecosystem services, without experimental evidence. The perceptions and testimonials supporting undefined stocking systems and methods have potential to mislead practitioners and result in economic disservices. Thus, we suggest that scientists, extension-industry professionals, and producers seek replicated experimental data as the basis for predicting outcomes of grazing decisions.
Translating Policy to Practice: An Association Between Medicare Access and Children’s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act Implementation and Palliative Care Consultations and Perioperative Mortality in Critical Care*
Authors: Olanipekun Titilope , Sanghavi Devang , Moreno Franco Pablo , Robinson Maisha T. , Thomas Mathew , Kiley Sean , Paghdar Smit , Sareyyupoglu Basar , Diaz Milian Ricardo 
Published: June 2023

OBJECTIVES:
To evaluate the 30-day postoperative mortality and palliative care consultations in patients that underwent surgical procedures in the United States before and after Medicare Access and Children’s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act (MACRA) implementation.

DESIGN:
Retrospective, Observational cohort study.

SETTING:
Secondary data were collected from the U.S. National Inpatient Sample, the largest hospital database in the country. The time span was from 2011 to 2019.

PATIENTS:
Adult patients that electively underwent 1 of 19 major procedures.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
The primary outcome was cumulative postoperative mortality in two study cohorts. The secondary outcome was palliative care use. We identified 4,900,451 patients and categorized them into two study cohorts: PreM: 2011–2014 (n = 2,103,836) and PostM: 2016–2019 (n = 2,796,615). Regression discontinuity estimates and multivariate analysis were used. Across all procedures, 149,372 patients (7.1%) and 156,610 patients (5%) died within 30 days of their index procedures in the PreM and PostM cohorts, respectively. There was no statistically significant increase in mortality rates around postoperative day (POD) 30 (POD 26–30 vs 31–35) for both cohorts. More patients had inpatient palliative consultations during POD 31–60 compared with POD 1–30 in PreM (8,533 of 2,081,207 patients [0.4%] vs 1,118 of 22,629 patients [4.9%]) and PostM (18,915 of 2,791,712 patients [0.7%] vs 417 of 4,903 patients [8.5%]). Patients were more likely to receive palliative care consultations during POD 31–60 compared with POD 1–30 in both the PreM (odds ratio [OR] 5.31; 95% CI, 2.22–8.68; p < 0.001) and the PostM (OR 7.84; 95% CI, 4.83–9.10; p < 0.001) cohorts.

CONCLUSIONS:
We did not observe an increase in postoperative mortality after POD 30 before or after MACRA implementation. However, palliative care use markedly increased after POD 30. These findings should be considered hypothesis-generating because of several confounders.
Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder, Monomorphic Type, in a Kidney Transplant Patient After Administration of Anti-Influenza Vaccine
Authors: Fernandez-Flores Angel , Nieto Rodriguez Daniel , Fernandez-Parrado Miriam , Alzoghby-Abi Chaker Jacques , Sendagorta Cudós Elena , Sobral Costas Tristan Gabriel , Escudero Tornero Rafael , Valladares-Narganes Luis Miguel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract:Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) are rare complications in solid organ transplant patients. Their pathogenesis is largely unknown and closely linked to low immunity, which allows uncontrolled lymphocyte proliferation. Although transplant patients receive annual influenza vaccination as a preventive protocol, we have not found any cases where the flu vaccine triggered a PTLD. We present the case of a 49-year-old female kidney transplant recipient who developed an Epstein–Barr virus-negative PTLD, CD30+anaplastic monomorphic type, ALK-, which presented the day after a single dose of anti-influenza vaccine. The initial clinical presentation was subcutaneous, but imaging studies revealed multiorgan involvement.
The effect of opioid-free anaesthesia on the quality of recovery after endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Zhou Fengzhi , Cui Yulong ,   Opioid-Free Anesthesia Working Group†, Cao Lijun 
Published: June 2023

BACKGROUND
It remains to be determined whether opioid-free anaesthesia (OFA) is consistently effective for different types of surgery.

OBJECTIVES
The current study hypothesised that OFA could effectively inhibit intraoperative nociceptive responses, reduce side effects associated with opioid use, and improve the quality of recovery (QoR) in endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).

DESIGN
A multicentre randomised controlled study.

SETTING
Seven hospitals participated in this multicentre trial from May 2021 to December 2021.

PATIENTS
Of the 978 screened patients who were scheduled for elective ESS, 800 patients underwent randomisation, and 773 patients were included in the analysis; 388 patients in the OFA group and 385 patients in the opioid anaesthesia group.

INTERVENTIONS
The OFA group received balanced anaesthesia with dexmedetomidine, lidocaine, propofol and sevoflurane; the opioid anaesthesia group received opioid-based balanced anaesthesia using sufentanil, remifentanil, propofol and sevoflurane.

OUTCOME MEASURES
The primary outcome was 24-h postoperative QoR as evaluated by the Quality of Recovery-40 questionnaire. The key secondary outcomes were episodes of postoperative pain and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV).

RESULTS
A significant difference (P = 0.0014) in the total score of 24-h postoperative Quality of Recovery-40 was found between the OFA group, median [interquartile range], 191 [185 to 196] and the opioid anaesthesia group (194 [187 to 197]). There were significant differences between the opioid anaesthesia group and the OFA group in the numerical rating scale score for pain after surgery at 30 min (P
= 0.0017), 1 h (P
= 0.0052), 2 h (P
= 0.0079) and 24 h (P = 0.0303). The difference in the area under the curve of pain scale scores between the OFA group (24.2 [3.0 to 47.5]) and the opioid anaesthesia group (11.5 [1.0 to 39.0]) was significant (P = 0.0042). PONV occurred in 58 of 385 patients (15.1%) in the opioid anaesthesia group compared with 27 of 388 patients (7.0%) in the OFA group, suggesting the incidence of PONV in the OFA group was significantly lower than in the opioid anaesthesia group (P
= 0.0021).

CONCLUSION
OFA can provide good intraoperative analgesia and postoperative recovery quality as effectively as conventional opioid anaesthesia in patients undergoing ESS. OFA can be an alternative option in the pain management of ESS.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
The study was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2100046158; registry URL: http://www.chictr.org.cn/enIndex.aspx.).
Cause-specific mortality among patients with cirrhosis in a population-based cohort study in Ontario (2000–2017)
Authors: Wang Peter L. , Djerboua Maya , Flemming Jennifer A. 
Published: June 2023

Background:
Although patients with cirrhosis are at increased risk of death, the exact causes of death have not been reported in the contemporary era. This study aimed to describe cause-specific mortality in patients with cirrhosis in the general population.

Methods:
Retrospective cohort study using administrative health care data from Ontario, Canada. Adult patients with cirrhosis from 2000–2017 were identified. Cirrhosis etiologies were defined as HCV, HBV, alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), NAFLD, or autoimmune liver disease/other with validated algorithms. Patients were followed until death, liver transplant, or end of study. Primary outcome was the cause of death as liver-related, cardiovascular disease, non-hepatic malignancy, and external causes (accident/self-harm/suicide/homicide). Nonparametric analyses were used to describe the cumulative incidence of cause-specific death by cirrhosis etiology, sex, and compensation status.

Results:
Overall, 202,022 patients with cirrhosis were identified (60% male, median age 56 y (IQR 46–67), 52% NAFLD, 26% alcohol-associated liver disease, 11% HCV). After a median follow-up of 5 years (IQR 2–12), 81,428 patients died, and 3024 (2%) received liver transplant . Patients with compensated cirrhosis mostly died from non-hepatic malignancies and cardiovascular disease (30% and 27%, respectively, in NAFLD). The 10-year cumulative incidence of liver-related deaths was the highest among those with viral hepatitis (11%–18%) and alcohol-associated liver disease (25%), those with decompensation (37%) and/or HCC (50%–53%). Liver transplant occurred at low rates (< 5%), and in men more than women.

Conclusions:
Cardiovascular disease and cancer-related mortality exceed liver-related mortality in patients with compensated cirrhosis.
Clinical and Histopathologic Analyses of Nasopharyngeal Hyalinizing Clear Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Zhai Changwen , Yuan Cuncun , Sun Ji , Song Wanjing , Wang Shuyi , Lin Lan 
Published: June 2023

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathologic features, molecular characteristics, treatment strategy, and prognosis of nasopharyngeal hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma (HCCC). Retrospective observational case series. Institutional pathology records between 2006 and 2022 were searched for all cases of nasopharyngeal HCCC. We included 10 male and 16 female patients aged 30 to 82 years (median: 60.5 y, mean: 54.6 y). The most common symptoms were blood-stained rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction. Tumors most often involved the lateral wall of the nasopharynx, followed by the superior posterior wall. Microscopically, all tumor cells were arranged in sheets, nests, cords, and single cells in a hyaline/myxoid/fibrous stroma. The tumor cells were polygonal, with or without distinct cell borders, and displayed abundant clear-to-eosinophilic cytoplasm. All 26 cases were positive for pancytokeratin, CK7, p40, and p63 but negative for myoepithelial differentiation markers. Ki-67 labeling was low and ranged from 1% to 10%. All 26 cases demonstrated EWSR1 and EWSR1-ATF1 rearrangements, and no case demonstrated MAML2 rearrangement. Complete follow-up data were available for 23 patients: 14 patients underwent endoscopic surgery alone, 5 underwent radiation therapy followed by endoscopic surgery, 3 underwent radiation therapy followed by biopsy, and 1 underwent cisplatin chemotherapy before endoscopic surgery. Clinical follow-up ranged from 6 to 195 months; 13 patients (56.5%) were alive without tumor, 5 patients (21.7%) died of disease, 5 patients (21.7%) survived with tumor. HCCCs of the nasopharynx are rare tumors. The definitive diagnosis depends on histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular studies. The optimal treatment for patients with nasopharyngeal HCCC is wide local excision. Radiation and chemotherapy might be good options for managing locally advanced cases. Nasopharyngeal HCCC is less indolent than previously thought. Tumor stage and the choice of treatment are key factors affecting the prognosis of nasopharyngeal HCCC patients.