bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Political Psychology of Terrorism
Authors: Snider Keren L. G. , Shandler Ryan , Matzkin Sharon , Canetti Daphna 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
How does exposure to terrorist attacks influence political attitudes and behaviors? At their core, terrorist attacks are intended to terrorize civilian targets and precipitate shifts in policy preferences. Yet terrorism affects people in vastly different ways. This chapter explores the factors that account for differences in people’s reactions toward terrorism, with a specific focus on understanding the underlying psychological processes. This chapter reviews the dominant theoretical approaches and the latest empirical research that shed light on the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral consequences stemming from terrorist attacks. It also includes a discussion of the substantive domains of politics that are most affected, ranging from public opinion on foreign affairs, to intergroup relations, to support for curtailing civil liberties. The chapter concludes by looking ahead to an impending age of cyberterrorism, and positions a role for political psychology in understanding this nascent phenomenon.
Information Processing
Authors: Jerit Jennifer , Kam Cindy D. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Individuals confront a sea of information in their daily lives. The political psychology of information processing focuses on the ways in which that information is encoded, stored, retrieved, and applied in decision-making. This chapter utilizes a dual-process framework to identify two modes of political information processing: one that is effortful and deliberate, and another that is easy and automatic. The chapter reviews existing research that traces how motivations influence who engages in which mode of information processing, under which conditions. The framework deepens our understanding of a wide range of political phenomena, such as when people update their attitudes in response to new information, when they counterargue against new information, how partisanship influences decision-making, and how to understand the problem of misinformation. The chapter concludes with observations for how the dual-process framework provides guidance for understanding political reasoning in a dynamically evolving information context.
Authoritarianism and Political Conflict
Authors: Feldman Stanley , Weber Christopher 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we review recent research on authoritarianism with the goal of addressing major issues of conceptualization, measurement, and political consequences. We highlight a conceptualization of authoritarianism that identifies the desire for social cohesion and defense of ingroup norms as central to the dynamics of authoritarianism. The consequences of authoritarianism—intolerance of dissent, out-group animosity, and support for anti-democratic leaders and parties—are a result of the experience of threat to social cohesion among those with authoritarian predispositions. Threats may be associated with processes of social change (changing gender norms) or changes to the status of the majority group from immigration. There is also some evidence that those low in authoritarianism may respond to existential threats (terrorism) with support for increased security. The role of threat in the dynamics of authoritarianism helps to provide a basis for understanding the conditions under which authoritarianism becomes a politically potent force.
Group-Based Hierarchies of Power and Status
Authors: Craig Maureen A. , Phillips L. Taylor 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Group-based identities (e.g., gender, ethnicity, religion) shape people’s life experiences and outcomes, often forming the basis for group-based inequality and social hierarchy. This chapter provides an overview of social scientific (primarily psychological) research investigating people’s experiences of and responses to group-based hierarchy and how individuals’ identities impact these outcomes. We outline when and why people seek to influence group-based hierarchy: seeking to maintain or enhance an existing hierarchy, by protecting or improving the relative position of dominant groups, respectively. Or, people may seek to mitigate or rearrange group-based hierarchy, changing groups’ relative positions to improve the position of marginalized groups and either flattening the distance between groups or maintaining the amount of hierarchy, respectively. We discuss research on how people react if a hierarchy is perceived to be under these different states (e.g., maintained, enhanced, mitigated, rearranged) and end with open questions and opportunities for future work.
Prejudice Reduction and Social Change
Authors: Tropp Linda R. , Dehrone Trisha A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Recent theorizing suggests that intergroup relations may be construed in terms of either efforts to achieve prejudice reduction and intergroup harmony, or to achieve social change to promote intergroup equality. Coverage of these topics are often framed as if these goals are inherently in opposition to each other. Instead, we contend that promoting prejudice reduction at the relational level, and social change toward equality at the societal level, may be regarded as dual goals to be pursued in tandem, rather than necessarily being regarded as goals in conflict. With this lens, we review a number of theoretical perspectives on prejudice reduction and social change, including literature on intergroup contact, common group identities, and social norms. We conclude with suggestions for integrative research that can fill gaps in the existing literature, and we discuss implications of such work for interventions that seek to reduce prejudice and promote greater social equality.
Probabilistic projections of granular energy technology diffusion at subnational level
Authors: Zielonka Nik , Wen Xin , Trutnevyte Evelina 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Projections of granular energy technology diffusion can support decision-making on climate mitigation policies and infrastructure investments. However, such projections often do not account for uncertainties and have low spatial resolution. S-curve models of technology diffusion are widely used to project future installations, but the results of the different models can vary significantly. We propose a method to create probabilistic projections of granular energy technology diffusion at subnational level based on historical time series data and testing how various projection models perform in terms of accuracy and uncertainty to inform the choice of models. As a case study, we investigate the growth of solar photovoltaics, heat pumps, and battery electric vehicles at municipality level throughout Switzerland in 2000–2021 (testing) and until 2050 (projections). Consistently for all S-curve models and technologies, we find that the medians of the probabilistic projections anticipate the diffusion of the technologies more accurately than the respective deterministic projections. While accuracy and probabilistic density intervals of the models vary across technologies, municipalities, and years, Bertalanffy and two versions of the generalized Richards model estimate the future diffusion with higher accuracy and sharpness than logistic, Gompertz, and Bass models. The results also highlight that all models come with trade-offs and eventually a combination of models with weights is needed. Based on these weighted probabilistic projections, we show that, given the current dynamics of diffusion in solar photovoltaics, heat pumps, and battery electric vehicles in Switzerland, the net-zero emissions target would be missed by 2050 with high certainty.
A glimpse into the fungal metabolomic abyss: Novel network analysis reveals relationships between exogenous compounds and their outputs
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Meena Muralikrishnan , Lane Matthew J , Tannous Joanna , Carrell Alyssa A , Abraham Paul E , Giannone Richard J , Ané Jean-Michel , Keller Nancy P , Labbé Jesse L , Geiger Armin G , Kainer David , Jacobson Daniel A , Rush Tomás A 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Fungal specialized metabolites are a major source of beneficial compounds that are routinely isolated, characterized, and manufactured as pharmaceuticals, agrochemical agents, and industrial chemicals. The production of these metabolites is encoded by biosynthetic gene clusters that are often silent under standard growth conditions. There are limited resources for characterizing the direct link between abiotic stimuli and metabolite production. Herein, we introduce a network analysis-based, data-driven algorithm comprising two routes to characterize the production of specialized fungal metabolites triggered by different exogenous compounds: the direct route and the auxiliary route. Both routes elucidate the influence of treatments on the production of specialized metabolites from experimental data. The direct route determines known and putative metabolites induced by treatments and provides additional insight over traditional comparison methods. The auxiliary route is specific for discovering unknown analytes, and further identification can be curated through online bioinformatic resources. We validated our algorithm by applying chitooligosaccharides and lipids at two different temperatures to the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. After liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry quantification of significantly produced analytes, we used network centrality measures to rank the treatments’ ability to elucidate these analytes and confirmed their identity through fragmentation patterns or in silico spiking with commercially available standards. Later, we examined the transcriptional regulation of these metabolites through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Our data-driven techniques can complement existing metabolomic network analysis by providing an approach to track the influence of any exogenous stimuli on metabolite production. Our experimental-based algorithm can overcome the bottlenecks in elucidating novel fungal compounds used in drug discovery.
Monitoring for Waste: Evidence from Medicare Audits
Authors: Shi Maggie 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis article examines the trade-offs of monitoring for wasteful public spending. By penalizing unnecessary spending, monitoring improves the quality of public expenditure and incentivizes firms to invest in compliance technology. I study a large Medicare program that monitored for unnecessary health care spending and consider its effect on government savings, provider behavior, and patient health. Every dollar Medicare spent on monitoring generated $24–$29 in government savings. The majority of savings stem from the deterrence of future care, rather than reclaimed payments from prior care. I do not find evidence that the health of the marginal patient is harmed, indicating that monitoring primarily deters low-value care. Monitoring does increase provider administrative costs, but these costs are mostly incurred up-front and include investments in technology to assess the medical necessity of care.
Antiphospholipid antibody carriers and patients with quiescent antiphospholipid syndrome show persistent subclinical complement activation
Authors: Zen Margherita , Tonello Marta , Favaro Maria , Del Ross Teresa , Calligaro Antonia , Giollo Alessandro , Vesentini Filippo , Gennaio Ilenia Anna , Arru Federico , Ruffatti Amelia , Doria Andrea 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Complement activation has been advocated as one mechanism by which aPLs can induce thrombosis. In patients with catastrophic APS or re-thrombosis, enhanced complement activation has been shown, even in the quiescent phase of the disease. We aimed to assess complement activation and to investigate its association with clinical variables in aPL-positive patients with a favourable disease course.

Methods
Subjects with at least two consecutive positive aPL results obtained ≥12 weeks apart were enrolled. They were subjects without a history of thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity (aPL carriers), patients with pregnancy morbidity alone, i.e. obstetric APS patients (OAPS patients), and/or patients with arterial, venous, or small-vessel thrombotic APS (TAPS patients); for enrolment, all patients were required to have been free of symptoms for ≥2 years. Patients affected with systemic autoimmune diseases were excluded. Healthy age- and sex-matched subjects were included as controls. Plasma C5a and C5b-9 levels were assessed by commercially available ELISA assays. The non-parametric Mann–Whitney test and Spearman’s correlation were applied.

Results
Thirty-seven OAPS patients, 38 TAPS patients, 42 aPL carriers and 30 healthy subjects were enrolled. The median C5a and C5b-9 levels were significantly higher in quiescent aPL-positive patients (OAPS, TAPS, aPL carriers) compared with controls: C5a ng/ml 10.61 [interquartile range (IQR) 6.87–15.46] vs 4.06 (2.66–7.35), P &lt; 0.001; C5b-9 ng/ml 283.95 (175.8–439.40) vs 165.90 (124.23–236.8), P &lt; 0.001. Similar C5a and C5b-9 levels were observed in OAPS and TAPS patients and aPL carriers. A positive correlation between the median C5b-9 levels and the number of aPL-positive tests was found (P = 0.002).

Conclusion
The persistence of aPL antibodies is associated with a persistent subclinical activation of the complement cascade.
Early Postnatal Expression of Tgfβ-1 and Fgf-2 Correlates With Regenerative Functions of Unrestricted Somatic Stem Cell Infusion After Rabbit GMH-IVH
Authors: Finkel Dina A , Malfa Ana , Liao Yanling , Purohit Deepti , Hu Furong , Sulaymankhil Davud , Abhishek Narra Sai , Hussein Karen , Subbian Selvakumar , Cairo Mitchell S , Vinukonda Govindaiah , La Gamma Edmund F 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a severe complication of preterm birth associated with white matter injury (WMI) and reduced neurogenesis. IVH commonly arises from the germinal matrix, a highly cellular, transient structure, where all precursor cells are born, proliferate, and migrate during brain development. IVH leads to reduced progenitor cell proliferation and maturation and contributes to WMI. Interruption of oligodendrocyte lineage (OL) proliferation and maturation after IVH will prevent myelination. We evaluated whether unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) could recover OL lineage, as USSC release multiple relevant growth factors and cytokines. The effects of USSC infusion at 24 hours after IVH were assessed in the periventricular zone by analysis of OL lineage-specific progression (PDGFR+, OLIG2+, NKX2.2+ with Ki67), and this was correlated with growth factors TGFβ1, FGF2 expression. The early OL cell lineage by immunofluorescence and cell density quantitation showed significant reduction after IVH (P &lt; .05 both PDGFR+, OLIG2+ at day 3); with significant recovery after injection of USSCs (P &lt; .05 both PDGFR+, OLIG2+ at day 3). CSF protein and tissue mRNA levels of TGFβ1 were reduced by IVH and recovered after USSC (P &lt; .05 for all changes). FGF2 showed an increased mRNA after USSC on day3 (P &lt; .05). Cell cyclin genes were unaffected except for the cycle inhibitor P27Kip1 which increased after IVH but returned to normal after USSC on day 3. Our findings demonstrated a plausible mechanism through which USSCs can aid in developmental myelination by recovery of OL proliferation and maturation along with correlative changes in growth factors during brain development.
Environmental pro-oxidants induce altered envelope protein profiles in human keratinocytes
Authors: Lin Lo-Wei , Durbin-Johnson Blythe P , Rocke David M , Salemi Michelle , Phinney Brett S , Rice Robert H 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Cornified envelopes (CEs) of human epidermis ordinarily consist of transglutaminase-mediated cross-linked proteins and are essential for skin barrier function. However, in addition to enzyme-mediated isopeptide bonding, protein cross-linking could also arise from oxidative damage. Our group recently demonstrated abnormal incorporation of cellular proteins into CEs by pro-oxidants in woodsmoke. In this study, we focused on 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (DMNQ), mesquite liquid smoke (MLS), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), to further understand the mechanisms through which environmental pro-oxidants induce CE formation and alter the CE proteome. CEs induced by the ionophore X537A were used for comparison. Similar to X537A, DMNQ- and MLS-induced CE formation was associated with membrane permeabilization. However, since DMNQ is non-adduct forming, its CEs were similar in protein profile to those from X537A. By contrast, MLS, rich in reactive carbonyls that can form protein adducts, caused a dramatic change in the CE proteome. TCDD-CEs were found to contain many CE precursors, such as small proline-rich proteins and late cornified envelope proteins, encoded by the epidermal differentiation complex. Since expression of these proteins is mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and its well-known downstream protein, CYP1A1, was exclusively present in the TCDD group, we suggest that TCDD alters the CE proteome through persistent AhR activation. This study demonstrates the potential of environmental pro-oxidants to alter the epidermal CE proteome and indicates that the cellular redox state has an important role in CE formation.
Role of Infrared Thermography in Planning and Monitoring of Head and Neck Microvascular Flap Reconstruction
Authors: Chava Sravan Kumar , Agrawal Mansi , Vidya Konduru , Janakiraman Rajinikanth , Palaniyandi Kuppan , Ramachandran Oyyaravelu , Tirkey Amit Jiwan 
Published: September 2023

Background:
Reconstruction using microvascular free flaps has become the standard of care in head and neck cancer surgery, and their success lies in appropriate planning, adequate revascularization, and early detection of flap compromise so that prompt salvage is possible. This study evaluates the role of infrared thermography in the planning, execution, and postoperative monitoring of microvascular flaps in head and neck reconstructions.

Methods:
This is a single institutional, prospective observational study conducted at a tertiary care hospital in South India for 13 months. Twenty patients were included, and their thermographic images were captured in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative settings using the infrared camera FLIR T400. These images were analyzed along with the Doppler, and clinical monitoring findings in all the settings and the temperature difference were calculated postoperatively.

Results:
Hotspot perforator marking was made using infrared camera, and perforator marking was made using hand-held Doppler preoperatively, which correlated in 93% of cases. Intraoperatively, flap rewarming was successfully demonstrated in 19 of 20 cases. Postoperatively, flap compromise was observed on infrared thermography during the first 24 hours but not on clinical monitoring in three cases. The temperature difference values recorded were 5.4°C, 2.4°C, and 4.9°C. The mean of temperature difference of the healthy flaps was 1.0°C (range 0.1°C–1.8°C).

Conclusion:
Infrared thermography provides simple and reliable imaging, which can be used in perforator marking and flap designing preoperatively and checking the flap perfusion and vascular anastomosis patency intra- and postoperatively.
Amelanotic Melanoma Presents as Nonhealing Wound Near Port Site
Authors: Ivan Owen B. , Mockbee Chelsea , Brodell Robert T. , Nahar Vinayak K. 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Dermatological medical services were provided via a telehealth platform for a patient with a history of skin cancer and complaints of a new lesion growing over 3 months that bled intermittently.
The efficacy of different nimodipine administration route for treating subarachnoid hemorrhage: A network meta-analysis
Authors: Lei Gang , Rao Zhongxian , Hu Yuping 
Published: September 2023

Background:
A systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) were conducted to explore the optimal administration route of nimodipine for treatment subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Methods:
Electronic databases (Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane databases) were systematically searched to identify randomized controlled trials evaluating different administration route of nimodipine (intravenous and enteral) versus placebo for treatment subarachnoid hemorrhage. Outcomes included case fatality at 3 months, poor outcome measured at 3 months (defined as death, vegetative state, or severe disability), incidence of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), delayed ischemic neurological deficit. A random-effect Bayesian NMA was conducted for outcomes of interest, and results were presented as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% credible intervals. The NMA was performed using R Software with a GeMTC package. A Bayesian NMA was performed and relative ranking of agents was assessed using surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) probabilities.

Results:
Nine randomized controlled trials met criteria for inclusion and finally included in this NMA. There was no statistically significant between intravenous and enteral in terms of case fatality, the occurrence of DCI, delayed ischemic neurologic deficit and poor outcomes (P > .05). Both intravenous and enteral could reduce case fatality, the occurrence of DCI, delayed ischemic neurologic deficit and poor outcomes (P < .05). The SUCRA shows that enteral ranked first, intravenous ranked second and placebo ranked the last for case fatality, the occurrence of DCI and poor outcomes. The SUCRA shows that intravenous ranked first, enteral ranked second and placebo ranked the last for delayed ischemic neurologic deficit.

Conclusions:
It is possible that both enteral and intravenous nimodipine have comparable effectiveness in preventing poor outcomes, DCI, and delayed ischemic neurological deficits. However, further investigation may be necessary to determine the exact role of intravenous nimodipine in current clinical practice.
Comparative motor effectiveness of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A network meta-analysis
Authors: Liu Xuan , Li Lei , Liu Ye 
Published: September 2023

Background:
Although noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques are an effective alternative treatment option, their relative effects in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) remain undefined. Here, we aimed to compare motor efficacy of the NIBS techniques in PD.

Methods:
We carried out an electronic search in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PEDro and PsycINFO (accessed via Ovid) for articles published until August 2022. The treatment efficacy of motor function was quantified by the Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale part III.

Results:
28 randomized controlled trials with parallel group were included in the analysis, enrolling 1057 patients. In the “on” state, high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HFrTMS) conferred better short-term and long-term efficacy compared to transcranial direct current stimulation. Surface under the cumulative ranking curve rank showed that HFrTMS combined with transcranial direct current stimulation and low-frequency TMS ranked first among PD in improving motor function. In the “off” state, there were no significant differences in most of the treatments, but surface under the cumulative ranking curve rank showed that continuous theta burst stimulation and low-frequency TMS had the highest short- and long-term effect in improving motor function.

Conclusion:
HFrTMS is an effective intervention in improving motor function. Besides, its combination with another NIBS technique produces better therapeutic effects in the “on” state.