GABA, glutamatergic dynamics and BOLD contrast concurrently assessed using functional MR spectroscopy during a cognitive task
Authors: Craven Alexander R. , Dwyer Gerard , Ersland Lars , Kazimierczak Katarzyna , Noeske Ralph , Sandøy Lydia Brunvoll , Johnsen Erik , Hugdahl Kenneth 
Published: May 2023

AbstractA recurring issue in functional neuroimaging is how to link task-driven hemodynamic BOLD-fMRI responses to underlying neurochemistry at the synaptic level. Glutamate and GABA, the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters respectively, are typically measured with MR spectroscopy (MRS) sequences in a resting state, in the absence of a task. We propose to resolve this disconnect by applying a novel method to concurrently acquire BOLD, Glx and GABA measurements from a single voxel, using a locally adapted MEGA-PRESS sequence implementation which incorporates unsuppressed water reference signals at a regular interval, allowing continuous assessment of BOLD-related linewidth variation for fMRS applications.Healthy subjects (N = 81) performed a cognitive task (Eriksen Flanker) which was presented visually in a task-OFF, task-ON block design, with individual event stimulus timing varied with respect to the MRS readout. BOLD data acquired with the adapted MEGA-PRESS sequence were correlated with data acquired using a standard fMRI EPI sequence as a means of validating the concurrent approach: a significant (although moderate) correlation was observed, specific to the fMRS-targeted region of interest. We additionally present a novel linear model for extracting modelled spectra associated with discrete functional stimuli, building on well-established processing and quantification tools. Behavioural outcomes from the Flanker task, and activation patterns from the BOLD-fMRI sequence, were as expected from the literature. fMRS-assessed BOLD response correlated strongly with slowing of response time in the incongruent Flanker condition. Moreover, there was a significant increase in measured Glx levels (~8.8%), between task-OFF and task-ON periods. These findings verify the efficacy of our functional task and analysis pipelines for the simultaneous assessment of BOLD and metabolite fluctuations in a single voxel. As well as providing a robust basis for further work using these techniques, we also identify a number of clear directions for further refinement in future studies.Highlights:Concurrent measurement of temporally resolved metabolite estimates and local BOLD-related signal changes is demonstratedIn-vivo, GABA-edited functional1H-MRS data were collected from 81 healthy subjects whilst they performed a cognitive taskRobust task-related increases in measured Glutamate+Glutamine were observed in the Anterior Cingulate CortexModerate correlation was observed between BOLD contrast strength as assessed by fMRS and fMRI techniques, specific to the prescribed regionA novel technique for extraction of block- or event-related sub-spectra is demonstratedGraphical Abstract:A novel sequence adaption for concurrent measurement of GABA-edited spectroscopy and functional BOLD changes is demonstrated on N=81 healthy subjects. Significant changes in measured Glutamate+Glutamine concentration are found, along with the expected behavioural and BOLD effects in response to a Flanker task.