bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
System design and prototyping for the CMS Level-1 Trigger at the High-Luminosity LHC
Authors: Herwig C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
For the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, the trigger and data acquisition system of the CMS experiment will be entirely replaced. Novel design choices have been explored, including ATCA prototyping platforms with SoC controllers and newly available interconnect technologies with serial optical links with data rates up to 28 Gb/s. Trigger analyses will be performed through sophisticated algorithms, including widespread use of Machine Learning, in large FPGAs, such as the Xilinx Ultrascale family. The system will process over 50 Tb/s of detector data with an event rate of 750 kHz. We describe system design and prototyping and review trigger algorithm exemplars.
Integration of FPGA RDMA into the ATLAS readout with FELIX in High Luminosity LHC
Authors: Vasile M. , Martoiu S. , Boukhadida N. , Stoicea G. , Micu P. , Dumitru A. , Ulmamei A. , Hobincu R. , Iordache C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The FELIX system is used to interface the front-end electronics and the commodity hardware in the server farm of the ATLAS experiment. FELIX is using RDMA through RoCE to transmit data from its host servers to the Software Readout Driver using off-the-shelf networking equipment. In the current version of FELIX, RDMA communication is implemented using software on both ends of the links. Improvements of the data throughput as part of the High Luminosity LHC upgrade, by implementing RDMA support in the front-end FELIX FPGA, have been tested. A version of FELIX that uses the FPGA implementation of RDMA is being proposed and demonstrated.
Verification of simulated ASIC functionality and radiation tolerance for the HL-LHC ATLAS ITk Strip Detector
Authors: Ashmanskas W.J. , Dandoy J.R. , Dressnandt N.C. , Keener P.T. , Kroll J. , Lipeles E. , Lu S. , Newcomer F.M. , Nikolica A. , Rosser B.J. , Thomson E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The verification of ASICs through simulation is critical to ensure their successful operation in particle physics detectors and to minimize the number of long and expensive production cycles required. Three radiation-tolerant ASICs (HCC, AMAC, and ABC) will perform the front-end readout, monitoring, and control of the ITk Strip charged-particle tracker for the ATLAS detector at the HL-LHC. The Python-based cocotb verification framework is used to design sophisticated tests with contributions from ASIC verification non-experts and students. The verification program includes interactions between multiple ASICs, realistic data flows, operational stress tests, and a focus on mitigation of disruptive Single Event Effects due to radiation.
HKROC: an integrated front-end ASIC to readout photomultiplier tubes for the Hyper-Kamiokande experiment
Authors: Conforti Di Lorenzo S. , Afiri A. , Bolognesi S. , Bombardi G. , Bouyjou F. , Callier S. , De La Taille C. , Dinaucourt P. , Drapier O. , Dulucq F. , El Berni A. , Extier S. , Firlej M. , Fiutowski T.A. , Gastaldi F. , Guilloux F. , Idzik M. , Marchioro A. , Mghazli A. , Molenda A. , Moron J. , Nanni J. , Quilain B. , Raux L. , Swientek K.P. , Thienpont D. , Vergine T. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The HKROC ASIC was originally designed to readout the photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) for the Hyper-Kamiokande (HK) experiment. HKROC is a very innovative ASIC capable of readout a large number of channels satisfying stringent requirements in terms of noise, speed and dynamic range. Each HKROC channel features a low-noise preamplifier and shapers, a 10-bit successive approximation Analog-to-Digital Converter (SAR-ADC) (designed by AGH Krakow) for the charge measurement (up to 2500 pC) and a Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) (designed by CEA IRFU group) for the Time-of-Arrival (ToA) measurement with 25 ps binning. HKROC is auto-triggered and includes all necessary ancillary services as bandgap circuit, PLL (Phase-locked loop) and threshold DACs (Digital to Analog Converters). This paper will describe the ASIC architecture and the experimental results of the first HKROC prototype received in January 2022.
Pixel detector hybridisation with anisotropic conductive films
Authors: Schmidt J.V. , Braach J. , Dannheim D. , De Oliveira R. , Svihra P. , Vicente Barreto Pinto M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Hybrid pixel detectors require a reliable and cost-effective interconnect technology adapted to the pitch and die sizes of the respective applications. During the ASIC and sensor R&D phase, and in general for small-scale applications, such interconnect technologies need to be suitable for the assembly of single-dies, typically available from Multi-Project-Wafer submissions. Within the CERN EP R&D programme and the AIDAinnova collaboration, innovative hybridisation concepts targeting vertex-detector applications at future colliders are under development. This contribution presents recent results of a newly developed in-house single-die interconnection process based on Anisotropic Conductive Film (ACF). The ACF interconnect technology replaces the solder bumps with conductive particles embedded in an adhesive film. The electro-mechanical connection between the sensor and the read-out chip is achieved via thermo-compression of the ACF using a flip-chip device bonder. A specific pad topology is required to enable the connection via conductive particles and create cavities into which excess epoxy can flow. This pixel-pad topology is achieved with an in-house Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold (ENIG) plating process that is also under development within the project. The ENIG and ACF processes are qualified with the Timepix3 ASIC and sensors, with 55 µm pixel pitch and 14 µm pad diameter. The ACF technology can also be used for ASIC-PCB/FPC integration, replacing wire bonding or large-pitch solder bumping techniques. This contribution introduces the ENIG plating and ACF processes and presents recent results on Timepix3 hybrid assemblies.
In vitro/in vivo identification of zein degraded peptides using HPLC-MS/MS and their safety evaluation
Authors: Hayat Uzma , Liu Chang , Raza Ali , Hou Jingli , Jia Caiwei , Wang Jin-Ye 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The identification of degraded products of implanted scaffolds is desirable to avoid regulatory concerns. In vivo identification of products produced by the degradation of natural protein-based scaffolds is complex and demands the establishment of a routine analytical method. In this study, we developed a method for the identification of peptides produced by the degradation of zein both in vitro and in vivo using high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). For in vitro experiments, zein was degraded enzymatically and analyzed produced peptides. In vitro study showed cytocompatibility of peptides present in the hydrolysate of zein with no induction of apoptosis and cell senescence. For in vivo experiment, zein gels were prepared and subcutaneously implanted in rats. Peptides produced by the degradation of zein were identified and few were selected as targeted (unique peptides) and two peptides were synthesized as the reference sequence of these peptides. Further, peptide analysis using HPLC-MS/MS of different organs was performed after 2 and 8 weeks of implantation of zein gel in rats. It was found that zein-originated peptides were accumulated in different organs. QQHIIGGALF or peptides with same fractions were identified as unique peptides. These peptides were also found in control rats with regular rat feed, which means the degradation of implanted zein biomaterial produced food related peptides of non-toxic nature. Furthermore, hemotoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining exhibited normal features. Overall, zein degraded products showed cytocompatibility and did not induce organ toxicity, and QQHIIGGALF can act as a standard peptide for tracing and determining zein degradation. The study also provides the feasibility of complex analysis on identification and quantification of degradation products of protein-based scaffolds.
Air pollution mitigation in North China through flexible heating policies
Authors: Li Jiandong , Hao Xin , Liao Hong , Dai Huibin , Li Nan , Gu Yixuan , Dang Ruijun , Li Baojie , Wei Ying 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Central heating in North China produces severe air pollution, although the need for heating may be reduced by rising temperatures associated with climate change. The regional trend of mean heating length (HL) for North China was −0.32 d per year during 1961–2019. Compared with the 2010–2015 mean values, the start and end dates for central heating in the North China Plain (NCP) during 2050–2055 will delayed by 9 d and advanced by 12 d, respectively, under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 5–8.5 (SSP5-85), and by 5 and 8 d under the carbon-neutral (CN) scenario, based on Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 model simulations. Here we propose a flexible heating policy (FHP), such that HL is determined strictly by temperature, and the associated air pollution benefit of shortening HL are examined by a global 3D chemical transport model GEOS-Chem. The study focused on the year 2019 with the current goal of elimination of severe PM2.5 pollution, and with the minimum HL estimated to provide up to a 24% reduction in severe PM2.5 pollution (daily mean PM2.5 > 150 μg m−3) over the NCP during periods of FHP implementation. For future CN policies, the NCP can achieve great air quality improvements by 2050, with more than 60% of days throughout the heating season with daily PM2.5 concentrations of <10 μg m−3, and 95% with <35 μg m−3. Although the SSP5-85 scenario may lead to reduced HLs, pollutant emissions are likely much higher than under CN scenarios, with pollution days of PM2.5> 100 μg m−3 still occurring frequently by 2050. Our results highlight that FHPs may effectively reduce severe PM2.5 pollution, and China’s carbon neutrality goals will play critical roles in mitigating air pollution and prolonged heating welfare during future heating season.
A comprehensive continuum theory of structured liquids
Authors: Blossey R , Podgornik R 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We develop a comprehensive continuum model capable of treating both electrostatic and structural interactions in liquid dielectrics. Starting from a two-order parameter description in terms of charge density and polarization, we derive a field-theoretic model generalizing previous theories. Our theory explicitly includes electrostatic and structural interactions in the bulk of the liquid and allows for polarization charges within a Drude model. In particular we provide a detailed description of the boundary conditions which include the charge regulation mechanism and surface polarization, which is explained both in general terms and analyzed for an exemplary model case. Future applications of our theory to predict and validate experimental results are outlined.
Analysis of the overall potential for electricity production from farm animals manure in Bulgaria
Authors: Petrov Petar , Zgureva-Filipova Denitza , Filipov Kalin , Ganev Ivaylo 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The increasing energy demand combined with the policies for environmental protection are prerequisite to combine them both into the circular economy conception. The utilization of organic waste which produce greenhouse gases during its disposing through production of electricity by obtained secondary organic compounds is a promising approach for the simultaneously meeting of energy needs and decreasing of carbon footprint from the industry. The successful integration of such technology with well-defined economical and technological benefits is optimization task at local level for each country, city or area. An initial evaluation of the potential of manure generated from farm animals in Bulgaria to be utilized as energy source as a different approach for its treatment to reduce the local generation of greenhouse gases is performed in this study. The well-known and commercialized technology for production of biogas from manure by digestion in biogas reactors where at different treatment conditions could be obtained gas mixtures with up to 65 vol. % content of methane is used. The main challenges in front of the implementation of this technology is the impossibility to collect all of the produced manure and also the high transportation costs for its utilization at a centralized site for biogas production and thereafter its combustion in a large power plant. A conservative analysis of the manure quantity available for utilization from different livestock animals and poultry in Bulgaria is performed based on the statistical data for the available farms and the share of free grazing animals. The contribution of different animals to the biogas production and the calorific value based on the gas mixture content are calculated in details. Unlike most other green energy technologies, this one is characterized by 24-hour availability and according to the calculated data a power plant of 1500 MW thermal power could be realized. The reduction of greenhouse gases emissions and potentially spared CO2 emissions quotas at country level are also calculated. As additionally noted there is a secondary commercial product of the anaerobic manure treatment in bioreactors, the solid residue which is applicable as fertilizer for plants due to its high nutritional value.
Temperature stratification in water thermal energy storage tanks at different charging modes
Authors: Kaloyanov N G , Tsekov R P , Penkova N Y 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The temperature stratification in a water thermal energy storage tank was analysed at different charging modes via modelling and numerical simulation of the transient heat transfer and fluid flows in it. The investigations were implemented varying with the levels of the inlets. The influence of the charging altitude on the turbulence, the subsequent temperature distribution and the accumulated heat is estimated. Ways for efficient use of the investigated accumulator in thermal solar installations are discussed.
Influence of the air diffusers on human thermal comfort inside vehicles – a review article
Authors: Bode Florin , Jamin Amaury , Mihai Sirbu Gabriel 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The time spent by vehicle occupants in traffic has grown significantly in the last decades. Improving the thermal comfort of the people inside vehicles has gained a lot of importance in the last years both from subjective and objective reasons. The airflow passing through the air diffusers will directly affect the thermal state of the users through its temperature, velocity, and turbulence. A solution to improve the cabin ambiance is to uniformize the airflow inside vehicle through a better mixing between fresh air and ambient air. The automotive industry through its vehicles produced in the last years does not seems to consider this innovative strategy. An idea to improve the air mixing by passive means is using innovative air diffusers which have the capacity to entrain more air than a regular air diffuser. The lobed shaped cross orifice was found to entertain more air than a regular nozzle and derived from this shape more geometries emerged. A good compromise for the air diffuser design in vehicle was found to be the lobed ailerons. The entrainment in the case of the airflow issued from the air diffuser with lobed ailerons it was found to be greater than in the case of the standard air diffuser with straight ailerons.
Investigation of the efficiency of VAWTs at different wind speeds
Authors: Iliev R , Tsalov Ts 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This paper presents results from an experimental and numerical study of different lift-based and drag-based vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs). One of the main disadvantages of vertical axis wind turbines is the low efficiency and inability to self-starting at low wind speeds. The task of the study is to determine an efficient geometry of the turbine runner, which can generate higher power at the lowest wind speeds. A comparison has been made of the cut-in speed, rated speed, efficiency, and the self-starting capabilities. This work proposes an aerodynamic scheme for wind turbine runners, which can operate relatively more efficiently at low and variable winds. The presented results favour the selection of a wind turbine for operation in conditions of weak and variable wind. The experiments were conducted in the Laboratory of Hydro Power and Hydraulic Turbomachinery (HEHT Lab) at the Technical University of Sofia.
Studying the variation of the slip factor when trimming the impeller of centrifugal pumps
Authors: Klimentov Kliment , Nikolova Desislava , Popov Gencho , Kostov Boris 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It is well-known that one of the reasons for reducing the head of a centrifugal pump, when trimming its impeller, is the reduction of the slip factor. There are various methods used to determine it, but there is lack of information on whether they are applicable in case that a pump with a trimmed impeller operates. In the present work, a comparative experimental study concerning the applicability of some of the methods used to determine the slip factor, on two centrifugal pumps with different specific speed of rotation, is performed. Based on the experimental data, CFD models of the impellers of the two pumps have been validated and a numerical simulation study concerning the change of the slip factor during trimming, has also been performed. The impact of the rate of impeller trimming on the the slip factor variation has also been established. Based on the results found, concerning the performed numerical study, equations describing the relationship between the slip factor and the rate of trimming of the studied pumps are obtained.
Particularities of flue gases from energy installations on the process of continuous flow capture for CO2 by direct methanation
Authors: Lăzăroiu G , Mihăescu L , Balcu I , Oprea I , Grigoriu R-M , Negreanu G P , Jarcu A 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The efficiency of the direct methanation of the flue gases from the energy installations is influenced both by the relatively low participation of the CO2 component and by the presence of water vapor and oxygen from the excess air. The water vapor content reduces the efficiency of the methanation process by a small percentage. The excess air has been analysed in the paper in more detail to determine whether it can lead to the process of self-ignition (explosion) of hydrogen in the phase of its admission to the methanizer. Thus, an analytical calculation was performed for the composition of the flue gases from an energy installation that uses liquid fuel, the excess air being 1.3. At the end of the paper, the objectives of the experimental tests to be performed were presented, and details regarding the complex experimental installation and the already achieved methanizer were provided.
Utilizing of sunflower seed husk through production of biochar and its application in systems for purification of water contaminated with cadmium
Authors: Zgureva-Filipova Denitza , Gosheva Liliya , Petrova Radoslava , Filipov Kalin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The pollution of water streams is one of the most spread environmental problem whole the world due to its permanently increasing from one part, and the importance of water for the human health from the other. An approach for decontamination of polluted waters based on the ideology of the circular economy is investigated in this study. The wasted sunflower seed husks obtained during the cooking oil production were subjected to gasification process in pilot plant installation. Three biochar samples were obtained and characterized regarding main properties like carbon content, moisture, ash, volatile compounds, and specific surface area at different experimental conditions. For all samples was possessed high carbon content of 69-75 wt. % and well developed surface area of 262-321 m2/g. The biochar materials were subjected to experimental procedure for evaluation of their potential for adsorption of cadmium (Cd) ions from water solution with different concentration of the pollutant. The obtained reduction coefficient for all biochar samples reached up to 99.97 % for the initial concentration of Cd-ions from 1.1 mg/l to 562 mg/l. For the higher Cd concentrations in the range of 1124-11240 mg/l, the reduction decreased to 11-24 %. The highest adsorption capacity of 289.99 mg/g is obtained for the biochar sample subjected to gasification for 2 minutes.
NOx reduction system selection and energy efficiency impact evaluation for ships sailing in restricted areas
Authors: Kostova I , Nikiforov V , Pirovsky Ch , Ilieva G 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The worldwide shipping provides 90 percent of the goods carriage and in the last 20 years their absolute volume is constantly increasing. However, carriers need to maintain service levels and reduce exploitation costs, and at the same time must ensure higher sustainability in all operations. The growth in number of ships in service inevitably leads to much more harmful emissions released by vessels in to the atmosphere. In the same time, more stringent environmental requirements and laws continue to regulate the maritime transport sector. Progress was made by International Maritime Organization (IMO) towards the ambition on reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships. That is why IMO based International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL Convention) and its regulations continuously sets higher thresholds for environment protection expressed by Nitrous Oxides (NOx), Sulphur Oxides (SOx) and Carbone Dioxides (CO2) limitations. The new higher ecological requirements put on the table new technical and economic challenges for the shipowners and ship designers.
In the current paper Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and Exhaust Gas Bypass (EGR) NOx emissions reduction systems and their affect on the fuel consumption are under consideration. The application of each system depends on the ship’s type, installed propulsion system and its main engines and operational modes.
The numerical study is carried based on 31800 DWT vessel for bulk loads, operating in restricted areas of the Great Lakes of North America. In the course of the research the fulfilment of the following objectives are being leaned: the ship must be capable for operation in Nitrogen Emission Control Areas (NECA’s), as well as its Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) must be in compliance with Required Energy Efficiency Design Index (REEDI) Phase 3 coming in force in 2025.