bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complete design of maximally-automated self-driven control mechanism for a large scale electronics system and its application to the ATLAS Phase-II TGC system
Authors: Aoki T. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Establishing a reliable and efficient method to control electronics system consisting of many circuit boards is critical in the system design. Among unique requirements for the control in high energy physics experiments, we propose a maximally-automated and self-driven scheme for a system that exploits FPGAs, flash memory devices, and high-speed optical links. We have demonstrated our ideas in the ATLAS Phase-II Thin Gap Chamber system as the prototype for this new automated scheme. The method is widely applicable and knowledge and experience can be shared with other experiments using an FPGA-based large-scale electronics system.
A bar-joint model based on the corrected resistive force theory for artificial flagellated micro-swimmers propelled by acoustic waves
Authors: Liu Jinan , Fu Yiqiang , Liu Xiongjun , Ruan Haihui 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this work, we proposed a bar-joint model based on the corrected resistive force theory (CRFT) for studying artificial flagellated micro-swimmers (AFMSs) propelled by acoustic waves in a two-dimensional (2D) flow field or with a rectangular cross-section. Note that the classical resistive-force theory for 3D cylindrical flagellum leads to over 90% deviation in terminal velocity from those of 2D fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulations, while the proposed CRFT bar-joint model can reduce the deviation to below 5%; hence, it enables a reliable prediction of the 2D locomotion of an acoustically actuated AFMS with a rectangular cross-section, which is the case in some experiments. Introduced in the CRFT is a single correction factor K determined by comparing the linear terminal velocities under acoustic actuation obtained from the CRFT with those from simulations. After the determination of K, detailed comparisons of trajectories between the CRFT-based bar-joint AFMS model and the FSI simulation were presented, exhibiting an excellent consistency. Finally, a numerical demonstration of the purely acoustic or magneto-acoustic steering of an AFMS based on the CRFT was presented, which can be one of the choices for future AFMS-based precision therapy.
Identifying determinants of pesticide use behaviors for effective agri-environmental policies: a systematic review
Authors: Wiedemann Ruth , Inauen Jennifer 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Environmental problems demand for innovative interdisciplinary research to tackle problem complexity and provide insights for problem-solving. Along these lines, behavioral insights have the potential to improve the effectiveness of policies by identifying which behaviors are best tackled and how. In this paper, we present a systematic review of the literature on small-scale farmers’ pesticide use in the Global South to identify (a) pesticide use behaviors and (b) their behavioral determinants. We defined our body of literature by establishing inclusion criteria and screened studies in a two-step process involving multiple coders. From the selected studies (k = 70), we extracted data about farmers’ pesticide use behaviors. We also extracted the determinants of these behaviors with an established framework of behavioral change, the behavior change wheel. Finally, we show how the behavioral insights thus obtained can provide hypotheses on the suitability and ultimate effectiveness of policy instruments for agriculture and environmental protection. Overall, this systematic approach showcases how behavioral insights can be used to systematically gather new knowledge on what works and why in pesticide policy. Additionally, this paper illustrates that the current literature on pesticide use behavior in the Global South lacks standardized and consistent measures of behavior and determinants to provide valid and robust results. Overall, this hampers evidence synthesis and thus scientific progress in the field.
Oil and natural gas wells across the NASA ABoVE domain: fugitive methane emissions and broader environmental impacts
Authors: Klotz Louise A , Sonnentag Oliver , Wang Ziming , Wang Jonathan A , Kang Mary 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Arctic-boreal regions are experiencing major anthropogenic disturbances in addition to intensifying natural disturbance regimes as a consequence of climate change. Oil and natural gas (OG) activities are extensive in the Arctic-boreal region of western North America, a large portion of which is underlain by permafrost. The total number and distribution of OG wells and their potential fate remain unclear. Consequently, the collective impacts of OG wells on natural and cultural resources, human health and emissions of methane (CH4), are poorly understood. Using public OG well databases, we analysed the distribution of OG wells drilled between 1984 and 2018 across the Core Domain of the NASA Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (‘ABoVE domain’). We identified 242 007 OG wells drilled as of 2018 in the ABoVE domain, of which almost two thirds are now inactive or abandoned OG wells. We found that annual drilling has increased from 269 to 8599 OG wells from 1984 to 2014 with around 1000, 700 and 1800 OG wells drilled annually in evergreen forest, deciduous forest and herbaceous land cover types, respectively. 65 588 OG well sites were underlain by permafrost in 2012. Fugitive CH4 emissions from active and abandoned OG wells drilled in the Canadian portion of the ABoVE domain accounted for approximately 13% of the total anthropogenic CH4 emissions in Canada in 2018. Our analysis identified OG wells as an anthropogenic disturbance in the ABoVE domain with potentially non-negligible consequences to local populations, ecosystems, and the climate system.
Calculable lower bounds on the efficiency of universal sets of quantum gates
Authors: Słowik Oskar , Sawicki Adam 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Currently available quantum computers, so called Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum devices, are characterized by relatively low number of qubits and moderate gate fidelities. In such scenario, the implementation of quantum error correction is impossible and the performance of those devices is quite modest. In particular, the depth of circuits implementable with reasonably high fidelity is limited, and the minimization of circuit depth is required. Such depths depend on the efficiency of the universal set of gates

used in computation, and can be bounded using the Solovay–Kitaev theorem. However, it is known that much better, asymptotically tight bounds of the form

, can be obtained for specific

. Those bounds are controlled by so called spectral gap, denoted

. Yet, the computation of

is not possible for general

and in practice one considers spectral gap at a certain scale

r
(
ϵ
)

, denoted

. This turns out to be sufficient to bound the efficiency of

provided that one is interested in a physically feasible case, in which an error ϵ is bounded from below. In this paper we derive lower bounds on

and, as a consequence, on the efficiency of universal sets of d-dimensional quantum gates

satisfying an additional condition. The condition is naturally met for generic quantum gates, such as e.g. Haar random gates. Our bounds are explicit in the sense that all parameters can be determined by numerical calculations on existing computers, at least for small d. This is in contrast with known lower bounds on

which involve parameters with ambiguous values.
Lévy models for collapse of the wave function
Authors: Brody Dorje C , Hughston Lane P 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Recently there has been much progress in the development of stochastic models for state reduction in quantum mechanics. In such models, the collapse of the wave function is a physical process, governed by a nonlinear stochastic differential equation that generalizes the Schrödinger equation. The present paper considers energy-based stochastic extensions of the Schrödinger equation. Most of the work carried out hitherto in this area has been concerned with models where the process driving the stochastic dynamics of the quantum state is Brownian motion. Here, the Brownian framework is broadened to a wider class of models where the noise process is of the Lévy type, admitting stationary and independent increments. The properties of such models are different from those of Brownian reduction models. In particular, for Lévy models the decoherence rate depends on the overall scale of the energy. Thus, in Lévy reduction models, a macroscopic quantum system will spontaneously collapse to an eigenstate even if the energy level gaps are small.
Model of rough surfaces with Gaussian processes
Authors: Jawaid A , Seewig J 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Surface roughness plays a critical role and has effects in, e.g. fluid dynamics or contact mechanics. For example, to evaluate fluid behavior at different roughness properties, real-world or numerical experiments are performed. Numerical simulations of rough surfaces can speed up these studies because they can help collect more relevant information. However, it is hard to simulate rough surfaces with deterministic or structured components in current methods. In this work, we present a novel approach to simulate rough surfaces with a Gaussian process (GP) and a noise model because GPs can model structured and periodic elements. GPs generalize traditional methods and are not restricted to stationarity so they can simulate a wider range of rough surfaces. In this paper, we summarize the theoretical similarities of GPs with auto-regressive moving-average processes and introduce a linear process view of GPs. We also show examples of ground and honed surfaces simulated by a predefined model. The proposed method can also be used to fit a model to measurement data of a rough surface. In particular, we demonstrate this to model turned profiles and surfaces that are inherently periodic.
The Civil Rights Movement: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Holt Thomas C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The civil rights movement was among the most important historical developments of the twentieth century and one of the most remarkable mass movements in American history. Not only did it decisively change the legal and political status of African Americans, but it prefigured as well the moral premises and methods of struggle for other historically oppressed groups seeking equal standing in American society. And, yet, despite a vague, sometimes begrudging recognition of its immense import, more often than not the Movement has been misrepresented and misunderstood. For the general public, a singular moment, frozen in time at the Lincoln Memorial, sums up much of what Americans know about that remarkable decade of struggle. The Movement provides an informed and nuanced understanding of the origins, character, and objectives of the mid-twentieth-century freedom struggle, privileging the aspirations and initiatives of the ordinary, grassroots people who made it. Emphasizing the conditions of possibility that enabled the heroic initiatives of the common folk over those of their more celebrated leaders, its narrative conveys a sense of what a social movement looks and feels like. Most of all, it shows how an intense historical moment can shape its participants even as they shape it. This groundbreaking book reinserts the critical concept of “movement” back into our image and understanding of the civil rights movement.
Communities organizing for change: New South cities
Authors: Holt Thomas C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The mid-20 century civil rights movement erupted in urban areas where social and economic changes had made successful black resistance to the Jim Crow regime possible. These “New South” cities had witnessed dramatic population growth during and after the two world wars, which promoted greater public transportation services and accommodations, like lunch-counters, restaurant, and hotels. Meanwhile, enjoying greater personal autonomy than they had known in rural areas, black southerners were able to organize and challenge racially discrimination in these ostensibly public facilities. Black churches and colleges provided physical and social spaces for organizing and supporting militant and sustained protests. Moreover, the impetus for these protests generally emerged around specific points of interracial contact that underscored black people’s sense of experiencing a direct, personal insult. Thus the civil rights movement began in these cities, often initiated by individuals followed later by with broader organizational support.
Legacies: “Freedom is a constant struggle”
Authors: Holt Thomas C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In many ways, the civil rights movement provided a prototype for other social movements that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s. The tactics, strategies, and oftentimes many of the principal organizers and leaders of these movements were modelled on or drawn from the African American struggle for civil rights during that period. Such linkages were most evident in the student movements and the more radical women’s movement that emerged or were transformed in the 1960s and 1970s. Their leaders often had had direct, formative social movement experiences from participation in civil rights mobilizations. Although the leaders of the American Indian Movement and the Chicano movement were more likely to have had contentious relations with African American activists, they, too, drew on a well-developed repertoire of movement tactics and strategies in their respective struggles. What all of these had in common, however, was that such struggles are constant and enduring.
Civilization, race, and the politics of uplift
Authors: Holloway Jonathan Scott 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter moves from the end of Reconstruction in 1877 through the New Negro Renaissance to the cusp of the modern civil rights movement. During this era, black leaders continued to pursue different pathways to full citizenship. The leaders of the National Association of Colored Women believed that a middle-class racial uplift model was the key to success. Booker T. Washington pushed for racial accommodation, while W. E. B. Du Bois believed that an increasingly assertive insistence upon assimilation and full rights was the proper way to proceed. Meanwhile, the artists of the New Negro Renaissance reminded everyone that the line between culture and politics was permeable.
The making of the modern Civil Rights Movement(s)
Authors: Holloway Jonathan Scott 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter charts the rise of the modern civil rights movement—a term that expands beyond the idea that the movement began in 1955 when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama, city bus. The chapter follows the emergence of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and its legal strategies to eliminate racial segregation. Other political movements are examined as counterweights to the NAACP’s efforts to convince the Supreme Court to take on evermore civil rights cases. The chapter details the emergence of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X, respectively, taking care to add important nuances to their evolving activism.
Reasons for lay jurors in early modern and modern societies
Authors: Lerner Renée Lettow 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses why early modern and modern societies use juries. One of the strongest reasons is to alleviate the problem of bias among judges. In the eighteenth century, the prominent English writer William Blackstone gave this as a key reason for juries, and so did the Anti-Federalists at the founding of the United States. In South Korea and Japan in the 2000s, concern about judicial bias prompted introduction of jurors. In the United States, judicial elections make the problem especially acute. The nineteenth-century French political writer Alexis de Tocqueville best described another major rationale: the jury is representative of the people, a form of democracy. This theory proved persuasive in Europe, Latin America, and Southeast Asia. Tocqueville also articulated the novel concept of the jury as a school for democracy. A rationale that is often overlooked is that the jury serves the interest of legal professionals—judges and lawyers.
Jury power to nullify the law
Authors: Lerner Renée Lettow 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter concerns jury power to nullify the law. In common-law countries, the jury has the power to nullify the law through acquittal. Under the double jeopardy rule, the jury’s decision to acquit is final; the prosecution cannot appeal, no matter how strong the evidence of guilt. Most civil-law countries allow the prosecution to appeal, and also use mixed panels of professional judges and lay jurors, so jurors’ ability to nullify is reduced or eliminated. In England and the American colonies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, juries tended to nullify laws in cases concerning freedom of the press and religion. The most famous example is the Zenger case in America in 1735. American juries today continue to nullify the law. In the South before the civil rights movement, this could take the form of convicting black defendants on flimsy evidence or acquitting white defendants who had murdered black victims.
The scope and form of the jury
Authors: Lerner Renée Lettow 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the questions of when juries are used, the size of the jury, whether the jury must be unanimous, and whether jurors form an all-lay jury or sit on a panel with professional judges. Most countries around the world reserve use of lay jurors for serious criminal cases. The United States is an outlier in using juries for civil cases and for minor criminal cases. The traditional number of jurors in common-law countries is twelve, but many countries allow fewer jurors. The chapter reviews the literature about jury size. Traditionally, the English jury had to be unanimous, a result encouraged by keeping jurors from food, drink, light, or heat until they reached their verdict. The United States now requires unanimity as a constitutional rule, but most other countries permit a majority verdict. One of the most successful innovations is the mixed panel of professional judges and lay jurors.
Limitations of lay jurors
Authors: Lerner Renée Lettow 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the limitations and drawbacks of lay jurors. Juries sometimes have difficulty understanding judicial instructions and complicated evidence, are susceptible to emotional appeals, may be biased, deliberate in secret without accountability, and require concentrated trial of all issues at once. Jurors endure hardships, including long trials, financial costs, disruption of work and family life, the mental pressure of responsibility, and sometimes danger. The chapter gives examples, including an Australian jury that organized a Sudoku tournament to get through the tedium of trial testimony, and an Indian jury that acquitted Kawas Nanavati of murdering his wife’s lover in the face of overwhelming evidence. The chapter also draws on the work of writers and artists. Using lay jurors effectively requires consideration of both their advantages and disadvantages.
Jury control and avoidance
Authors: Lerner Renée Lettow 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses ways that legal systems deal with the limitations of juries, either by controlling them or avoiding them. England had a separate legal system, called equity in the Court of Chancery, that used a juryless procedure to decide complicated cases. In the United States in civil cases, pretrial discovery of evidence encourages parties to settle before jury trial, and sometimes judges can award summary judgment without a jury. Almost all countries have virtually abolished civil juries, except the United States. English and American methods of jury control include the law of evidence, judicial instructions on law, and judicial comment on evidence. Appeal of decisions can be a powerful control. In criminal cases, many countries have developed ways around jurors, including abbreviated procedures such as plea bargaining. In the United States, both civil and criminal jury trials are now rare. Some countries have abolished jury trials in all cases.
The future of the jury
Authors: Lerner Renée Lettow 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The epilogue explores possible jury reforms and the future of the jury. Potential reforms include abolishing peremptory challenges, adopting mixed panels of professional judges and lay jurors, and setting strict time limits on trials. Some of the most innovative possibilities involve online trials. With remote trials, much larger, more representative juries might be possible, as well as prerecorded evidence. Jurors could go on with much of their regular lives while still participating in decision of cases. With online trials, panels of expert jurors would be easier to assemble. Such reforms would require flexibility and willingness to experiment. Those qualities may be key to preserving lay participation in deciding cases.
The multiple dimensions of peace
Authors: Richmond Oliver P. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces and explores the varying dimensions of peace in practice and theory. It recognizes how international relations have long been subjected to geopolitical tensions leading to the growing scale of wars, as well as more recently contributing to the failure of peacebuilding, peacekeeping, and mediation tools in Libya, Yemen, and Syria. While peace practices and theories have made huge advances in recent history, violence remains a political and economic tool for authoritarian governments and powerful states. As such this reflects controversies over whether peace or war is the natural condition of humanity. According to a wide range of scientific and historical sources, the emergence of peace is closely correlated to a variety of political, social, economic, and cultural struggles against war and oppression.
Peace in modernity: the constitutional peace
Authors: Richmond Oliver P. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the concept of constitutional peace in more detail, drawing on the thinking of Kant in particular as well as other liberals like Locke and Bentham. It emerged during and after the Enlightenment from the idea that peace could be constructed through law, institutions, rights, and prosperity, rather than solely by military power. The chapter also discusses famous European peace treaties such as the Treaty of Westphalia. The constant religious wars in Europe were eventually concluded by an agreement that involved territorial states and a constitutional understanding of peace. Free trade also emerged as a significant component of constitutional peace. The chapter outlines the journey into the modern era of such thinking about peace.
A radical phase: a civil peace and social advocacy
Authors: Richmond Oliver P. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter highlights the significance of social advocacy in establishing the notion of peace. It references the importance of the American Revolution by citing that social mobilization for peace stimulated liberal political declarations. Non-violent resistance of large social interest groups historically has aimed to overcome slavery, imperialism, racism, militarization, inequality, and injustice. New technologies of communication, trade, and transport supported the further development of social and advocacy movements, which also spurred the evolution of civil peace, drawing on such movements and capacities. The chapter then outlines the growing role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), which operate within the legal context of humanitarian law, and which have become increasingly interested in conflict resolution, reconciliation, justice, human rights, democratization, and other liberal agendas.