bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the use of antenatal corticosteroids for late preterm and early term infants
Authors: Rugmini Shiny Sasidharan , Pournami Femitha , Prithvi Ajai Kumar , Nandakumar Anand , Prabhakar Jyothi , Jain Naveen 
Published: March 2023

Background:
Guidelines from prominent policymakers on the use of antenatal steroids (ANS) in “late preterm deliveries and early term casearian deliveries” (LET) are nonuniform. This descriptive study compared LET infants born during two-time epochs: Retrospective: ANS exposed (ANSE) (when institute practice was to administer ANS to all LET mothers), and prospective – ANS unexposed (ANSU) (after the policy was revised in May 2021).

Methodology:
All antenatal mothers of anticipated late-preterm and early-term cesarean deliveries were being administered ANS before May 2021. Following the revision of hospital policy, this practice was discontinued. Comparative analysis for respiratory morbidity (RM) and other clinically relevant outcomes were conducted in infants born during two-time epochs (ANSE vs. ANSU).

Results:
Among 379 included infants, those with RMs were comparable between groups: 33 (17.5%) in ANSE; 31 (16.4%) in ANSU – Odds ratio (OR) 1.08; 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.61–1.92), P = 0.78. No difference was noted in hypoglycemia events: 23 (12.2%) in ANSE; 22 (11.6%) in ANSU, OR = 1.05 95% CI (0.56–1.96), P = 0.87.

Conclusion:
ANS in LET did not seem to reduce the risk of RM. It may be appropriate to audit individual unit practices and relevant outcomes before blanket recommendations are made.
Effects of Age and Comorbidities on Prognosis and Mortality in Geriatric Patient Groups in İntensive Care
Authors: Ersoy A , Ertürk T , Güven BB , Güner T , Yıldız İ , Köksal Ö 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT

Backround:
Treatment of geriatric intensive care patients is tiring and difficult for intensive care physicians due to comorbidities, accompanying acute illnesses and vulnerabilities.

Aim:
The aim of our study was to determine other factors affecting mortality and morbidity with age in geriatric intensive care patients.

Patients and Methods:
A total of 937 geriatric intensive care patients were divided into three groups as young-old (65-74 years), middle-old (75-84 years), and oldest-old (85 years and more). Demographic characteristics such as age, gender, and comorbid diseases (oncological malignancy, chronic renal failure, sepsis, chronic anemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary embolism) were recorded. The number of patients who needed a mechanical ventilator, developed decubit ulcers, underwent percutaneous tracheostomy, and renal replacement therapy were recorded. In addition, the number of central venous catheter insertions for patients, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores (APACHE II), hospitalization days, and mortality rates were recorded and compared.

Results:
In the comparison between the groups in terms of gender, in the 65-74 years’ age group, male gender was higher, while in the age group of 85 years and more, the female gender was found to be statistically higher. Among comorbid diseases, the rate of oncological malignancy was found to be statistically significantly lower in patients aged 85 years and more. Comparing the APACHE II scores of the patients as per the groups, scores were found to be statistically significantly higher in the oldest-old group. APACHE II Score, central venous catheter application, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic renal failure, sepsis, oncological malignancy, and renal replacement therapy were shown to be statistically significant as factors affecting death. The factors affecting the survival or hospitalization time of the patients of decubit ulcer, mechanical ventilator, percutaneous tracheostomy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Sepsis, APACHE II Score, and age were shown to be statistically significant.

Conclusion:
Our study showed that not only age has an effect on mortality and morbidity in geriatric intensive care patients but also comorbidities and intensive care treatments of the patients are also effective in this process.
Retrospective Validation of the Postnatal Growth and Retinopathy of Prematurity (G-ROP) Criteria in a Developing Country
Authors: Raffa LH. , Bugshan N , Aljuhani R , Alghoribi R , Alharbi A , Aljohani W 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:
The characteristics of premature infants vary from country to country rendering it challenging to apply retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening algorithm globally. The screening criteria for postnatal growth and ROP (G-ROP) for preterm infants are known to be beneficial, but it is not clear whether these criteria can be used universally.

Aim:
The aim of this study is to validate the accuracy of the G-ROP criteria in screening preterm infants in Saudi Arabia.

Subjects and Methods:
This single-center retrospective study included 300 premature infants (mean gestational age [GA], 28.72 ± 2.2 weeks; range, 21–36 weeks) at a referral center who were screened for ROP between 2015 and 2021. The inclusion criteria were the availability of data on ROP outcome and body weight up until day 40 after birth. The G-ROP 1 and G-ROP 2 models were examined for their ability and accuracy in identifying infants with any stage ROP and treatable ROP.

Results:
The G-ROP 1 and G-ROP 2 models identified 233 and 255 infants for screening, respectively. The sensitivity of G-ROP 1 and G-ROP 2 for detecting treated ROP was 96.7% and 100%, respectively, and the specificity for detecting treatable ROP was 24.4% and 16.7%, respectively. Incorporation of the G-ROP 2 model, which did not miss any infant with type 1 ROP, would have reduced the number of screened infants by 15%.

Conclusion:
G-ROP 2 was more sensitive than G-ROP 1 for identifying infants who required treatment and could potentially reduce the burden of ROP screening.
Comparison of Post-Mortem Vitreous Fluid and Blood Glucose Levels in Diabetes-Induced Rabbit Models
Authors: Celik EB , Kaya K , Erdem Z , Hilal A 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:
Diabetes is a common systemic disease in the world. Acute complications of diabetes may cause sudden unexpected deaths. Analysis done in vitreous fluid which is more protected and less contaminated by bacteria comparing to blood will produce more accurate results.

Aim:
Thus, we aimed to diagnose diabetes by comparing glucose levels of post mortem blood and vitreous fluid in death cases.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 17 New Zealand-type rabbits were divided into hyperglycemia (8), hypoglycemia (8), and control group (1). Rabbits were monitored for 5 days after experimental diabetes induction, and samples were taken at the point of death. Later rabbits were left in their environment, and samples were taken again at the post mortem first day. Mean blood glucose levels of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia group were in diabetic range.

Results:
Blood glucose levels of hyperglycemic rabbits were measured as 512 ± 52,1 mg/dl, while vitreous glucose levels were 518,3 ± 76,8 mg/dl at the point of death. After one day, levels were measured as 433,9 ± 59,3 mg/dl and 329,8 ± 86,6 mg/dl. Blood glucose levels of hypoglycemic rabbits were measured as 39 ± 3,8 mg/dl, while vitreous glucose levels were 53,4 ± 13,9 mg/dl at the point of death. After one day, levels were measured as 36 ± 4,2 mg/dl and 1,6 ± 0,6 mg/dl. After analysis, there was a statistically significant difference between day 0 and 1 vitreous levels of hypoglycemia group.

Conclusion:
It can be clearly seen that vitreous fluid samples should be taken in judicial cases with sudden unexpected deaths like diabetes. This will contribute to identification cause of death.
The Effect of Different Staining Solutions on the Color Stability of Temporary Crown Materials
Authors: Yesil Duymus Z , Fındık Aydıner S , Yanikoglu N 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:
The esthetic expectations of patients are increasing by the day. That is why it is important to minimize the color changes in the oral cavity in both the temporary and permanent restorations.

Aim:
This study was carried out to compare the time-dependent color changes of polished and unpolished temporary crown materials prepared by different methods in various solutions.

Materials and Methods:
Half of the two different temporary restoration materials prepared with a diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 2 mm were polished, and half were not polished. The DE* values of the samples kept in various solutions were recorded. Data were statistically evaluated by using variance analysis (ANOVA) and a Tukey HSD multiple comparison test.

Results:
It was determined that the material type, the solution, the interaction between the material types and the surface treatment, and the interaction between the surface treatment and the solution were statistically significant for color change (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:
The most significant color change in the inter-material evaluation was observed in chemically polymerized polymethyl methacrylate. In the evaluation between beverages, the highest color change was found in sugared coffee, and the lesser color change was observed in polished samples.
Brentano, Franz Clemens (1838–1917)
Authors: Textor Mark 
Published: March 2023

Franz Brentano (1838–1917) is one of the most influential nineteenth-century German philosophers. Brentano’s best-known work, Psychologie vom Empirischen Standpunkt (1874), offered a new way to think about psychology: psychology is the study of mental phenomena whether there is a soul or not. Brentano provided an independent characterisation of mental phenomena by employing a concept that he found in the Aristotelian tradition: mental phenomena are those and only those that are directed on something – they have intentionality. The ‘directedness’ of the mental is conveyed by the locutions we use to speak of the mental: one wishes for something, one is afraid of something …
Brentano’s idea, often sloganised as ‘Intentionality is the mark of the mental’, specified the subject matter of psychology in a metaphysically neutral way and shaped a research programme. If directedness is distinctive of mental phenomena, then one will gain important insights into different kinds of mental phenomena by distinguishing them in terms of (1) the objects they are directed on and (2) the way in which they are directed on these objects.
A particular important application of Brentano’s research programme is consciousness. If I am conscious of hearing a note, are there two distinct mental acts: hearing and awareness of hearing? Brentano, inspired by Aristotle, answers NO. There is one mental act that is both directed on the note and itself. This thought has received renewed attention in contemporary philosophy of mind.
Brentano’s research programme has important consequences for value theory. He argues that presentations are not, while acts of love and hate as well as judgements are correct. Correctness is not truth: Brentano’s love of knowledge is neither true nor false. According to Brentano, correctness allows us to define both truth and goodness.
Cousin, Victor (1792–1867)
Authors: Whistler Daniel 
Published: March 2023

Victor Cousin’s intention was to institute a ‘twofold reform in philosophy’ ([1828] 1991: 349) – namely, a spiritualist reform in psychology and an eclectic reform in the history of philosophy. The warrant for these reforms, he avers, is their timeliness: on the one hand, spiritualist method ‘constitutes the unity of the [nineteenth] century’ (1826: 9) and, on the other, ‘the spirit of the nineteenth century has come to recognize itself in eclecticism’ (1833: lvii). And what is more, his philosophy followed the trajectory of all timely philosophies: feted during his lifetime, it quickly fell out of favour in the 1860s as intellectual fashions moved on. And yet, Cousin has nevertheless remained influential; his institutional legacy has come to overshadow his conceptual one – as Macherey (1999: 197) has written on behalf of French philosophers, ‘We must be brave enough to say: Cousin haunts our philosophical spirit as… something unthought which precedes all our thoughts and guides them.’ As Chair of Modern History of Philosophy at the Sorbonne, President of the Agrégation Jury, Director of the Ecole Normale, Minister of Public Instruction, Counsellor of State and Pair de France, Cousin determined what it meant to do philosophy in post-revolutionary France.
The decline of Cousinianism after Cousin’s death was the result of a fundamental tendency within his philosophy too. According to Cousin, truth has already come into existence, and so the philosopher’s task is neither to invent nor to facilitate new truths, but solely to record old ones. This view is evident in his refusal to contribute a substantial treatise or system of his own, limiting himself instead to fragmentary interventions, to introductory lectures and to editions of historical texts. Indeed, Cousin’s publication legacy is felt most strongly in his editions of Proclus, Plato, Descartes, Aristotle’s Metaphysics, Abelard, de Biran and Pascal.
Hölderlin, Johann Christian Friedrich (1770–1843)
Authors: Walker Nicholas 
Published: March 2023

Article Summary
An outstanding German poet, Hölderlin is now widely recognized as one of the most important writers and thinkers of his time. After an initial period of critical neglect and relative public indifference, he eventually came to enjoy a privileged status in German cultural life at the beginning of the twentieth century, and has continued to exercise a profound influence on modern literature and critical thought. Hölderlin’s work emerged within the context of Kant’s Critical Revolution and developed in constant interaction with the German Idealist speculation this subsequently provoked, against the background of the French Revolution and the fundamental issues raised in its wake for an entire generation. Hölderlin was personally acquainted with many of the leading figures of the period, including Schiller, Goethe, Herder, Novalis, Fichte, Schelling and Hegel. His writings reflect and respond to many of the central philosophical concerns and themes of his time, in a highly original and prescient fashion. However, it is only since Wilhelm Dilthey that the importance of his specific influence on the intellectual development of Schelling and Hegel in particular has been fully recognized, so that he has even been described as the ‘Doctor Seraphicus’ of German Idealism. His work subsequently provided a frequent point of reference for the Frankfurt School’s engagement with the heritage of German Idealism and the problem of the relationship between aesthetics, ethics and politics. More recently, Hölderlin has become a major presence in much contemporary critical and deconstructive theory, largely through the pervasive influence of Martin Heidegger.
Kierkegaard, Søren Aabye (1813–55)
Authors: Watts Daniel 
Published: March 2023

Kierkegaard’s work was shaped by his perception of modern culture as tending toward a kind of forgetfulness of what it means to be human. He discerned this tendency in modern philosophy, especially in the post-Kantian German tradition. He sought to expose as illusory any idea that we can come to understand the whole of reality from no particular point of view: in Hegel’s terms, from the standpoint of ‘pure thought’ (see also Hegel). For Kierkegaard, forgetfulness of what it means to be human also manifests itself in modern forms of putatively ethical and religious life. He perceived that Christianity, in particular, had lost its grip on people as a way of life, while persisting in a shallow form: institutionalized, notional, conformist.
Offered in a spirit of opposition to system-building, Kierkegaard’s texts are often fragmentary, funny and lyrical, rich in examples, intimate in tone. They draw widely from Ancient Philosophy and the Classics, as well as from Biblical and Christian sources. They are in general more concerned to articulate difficulties than to proffer easy solutions. They nonetheless brim with ideas and insights.
In philosophy, Kierkegaard’s influence is most clearly marked in the later traditions of phenomenology and existentialism and in the philosophy of religion (see also Existentialism). In theology and religious studies, his work has been taken up from a wide range of perspectives: Protestant, Catholic, Orthodox, liberal, conservative, Buddhist, Taoist. Secular authors have also found much in his work to appreciate. The breadth of his influence – in philosophy and theology but also in literature and film, in sociology, psychology and psychotherapy – attests to the power of his work to cut across traditional boundaries.
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729–81)
Authors: Townsend Dabney 
Published: March 2023

Article Summary
Philosophically, G. E. Lessing belongs to the tradition of G. W. von Leibniz (1646–1716) and Christian Wolff (1679–1754). He was familiar with the post-Wolffian aesthetics being developed by Alexander Baumgarten (1714–62) and his follower, Georg Friedrich Meier (1718–77). And most importantly, perhaps, Lessing was acquainted with Moses Mendelssohn (1729–86) to whose work his own philosophical writings bear many similarities and who read and commented on Lessing’s aesthetic writings. But Lessing cannot be identified with any of these philosophical sources and influences. Lessing’s work retains many rationalist presuppositions, but Lessing also consciously sought a more inductive approach. He adhered to neo-classical standards with respect to beauty and the application of rules of art, but he severely qualified those standards by appealing to emotional effects rather than ideal forms or rationalist clarity. Lessing’s aesthetics must be inferred from his work,
Art, performing
Authors: Davies Stephen 
Published: March 2023

Some works, such as plays and pieces of classical music, are created as instructions (either notated or implicit in an exemplar) for performers; performances of such pieces arise from the appropriate execution of those instructions. Because the instructions do not specify all features possessed by an accurate performance, performers inevitably contribute something to the performance; even ideally accurate performances differ in the interpretations they offer. Some such works serve primarily to highlight the performer’s talents. Even where this is not so, some awareness of what is involved in rendering a piece is necessary to appreciate a work written for performance, since the skills and techniques of performance are the artistic media through which the work’s contents are presented. Performances are evaluated for the life, integrity and interest of their interpretations, as well as for their accuracy. The desirability of one performance over another relates partly to the knowledge and experience of the intended audience.
Other works, such as films, involve performance in their creation rather than in their transmission. If these works are multiple, they are so because copies are cloned from a master. When completed, such pieces are not performed or interpreted; they are shown or displayed.
Free improvisation might stand as performance in its own right, being neither the creation of a work nor an instance of one. The criteria in terms of which improvisations are evaluated differ from those involved in the creation or transmission of works, taking into account the fact that the improviser’s efforts involve the risks, as well as the delights, of spontaneity.
Performance art is a movement that reacted against many traditional assumptions about art and favoured multimedia, ephemeral, unscripted events or conceptual artworks.
Creativity
Authors: Young James O. 
Published: March 2023

Article Summary
Creativity and, specifically, creativity in the fine arts, has been investigated since the time of Plato (c. 429–347 bc). Investigation has focused on two sorts of question. The first questions concern the concept of creativity. Not all acts of making count as creative acts and the concept of creativity is in need of analysis and clarification. Creativity has been analysed in terms of concepts such as originality, imagination, and excellence (or value). Philosophers have asked whether individuals can know, in advance of a creative act, what they are creating. Some have held that creative individuals cannot know in advance what they will produce and that this distinguishes them from ordinary makers, who follow an established plan or practice. Others have disagreed. The second sort of question is concerned with the characteristics of the creative individual. Historically, discussions of creativity have been linked to discussions of genius: a genius is held to be an individual capable of significant creativity. The Platonic view that creative individuals, or geniuses, are supernaturally inspired has gradually given way to naturalistic explanations of the fact that some individuals are more creative than others. More and more, the question of what makes individuals creative has become a matter for empirical psychological investigation.
Improvisation in the arts
Authors: Ravasio Matteo 
Published: March 2023

Broadly defined as extemporaneous decision-making, improvisation has until recently been given scant attention by philosophers of art. The reasons for this are hard to pin down, but it is natural to connect such neglect to a view of the arts that focuses on the finished artistic product, as opposed to the process that generates it. Even more relevantly, while artistic improvisation is especially notable in the case of music, Western classical music assumes as central the composed work, identified through its score (some useful examples of Western disdain for musical improvisation are discussed in Hamilton 2020: 292). It was then natural for philosophers who reflected on this musical tradition to ignore or belittle improvisation. Once philosophers began to take an interest in jazz, a tradition that centrally involves improvisation, it became evident that some conceptual and normative questions are specific to improvised performance. In other art forms, twentieth-century innovations have also centrally involved a shift from an approach to artistic creation that values careful planning, to one that is open to spontaneous decision-making and chance (Sansom 2001).
Improvisation raises a variety of aesthetic and philosophical problems (see Bresnahan 2015). First, there are definitional concerns, as appeal to spontaneity is not always considered a satisfactory solution (see § 1.3). The aesthetic appreciation of improvised activity is another central concern, as our evaluation of it relies on criteria that only partly overlap with those we employ in the case of carefully planned works. Other questions include those about the collective nature of improvisation and its ethical dimension.
Philosophers working on artistic improvisation have devoted most of their attention to music. Claims about musical improvisation may be easily transposed to other performance arts, whereas improvisation in the non-performance arts, if it exists at all, is likely to differ significantly from the improvisation found in music, dance, or theatrical performance.
Conservation, aesthetics of
Authors: Lamarque Peter 
Published: March 2023

The term ‘conservation’ is used, in roughly the same sense, across a wide range of applications, including nature, the environment, wildlife, ancient buildings, ruins, monuments, paintings, sculptures, and more or less any artefacts of value, subject to deterioration. To conserve, in this sense, is to protect, as far as possible, from further deterioration or damage.
‘Conservation’ is closely associated with ‘restoration’ but the terms have different meanings and different connotations in professional circles. To conserve something is to protect it; to restore it is to return it to an earlier state. Yet these can often seem to merge. To clean a painting, removing dirt and stains, could be described as restoring it to an earlier state but would usually be considered as conservation not restoration, while to clean the painting and remove later re-painting not by the original artist would count as restoration.