bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organophosphorus Pesticides
Authors: Saghir Shakil A. , Husain Kazim , Ansari Rais A. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractOrganophosphates (OP) inhibit serine hydrolases by phosphorylating serine residue. Exposure to OPs always involves acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibition, which is responsible for the degradation of acetylcholine (ACh), controlling the levels of ACh at the nerve endings. Inactivation/inhibition of AChE causes excessive accumulation of ACh at the neuromuscular junctions and synapses activating both sympathetic and parasympathetic processes causing both muscarinic and nicotinic toxicity. The muscarinic symptoms include salivation, diaphoresis, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, vomiting, miosis, bronchorrhea, bradycardia, coma, and seizure. Nicotinic symptoms are fasciculations, flaccid paralysis, and tachycardia. The most common cause of death is respiratory failure with refractory hypotension. Recovery from OP toxicity is linked to the restoration of OP‐inhibited AChE, which can be revived by oximes or regeneration of the enzyme, certain OPs bind irreversibly with AChE render it permanently inactive. The secondary OP targets in humans are butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), a sink for OP, and neuropathy target esterase, inhibition of which causes delayed neuropathy. The OPs are not only used for the management of pests in agriculture but also used in the treatment of human diseases, such as glaucoma with echothiophate to increase drainage of intraocular fluid reducing ocular pressure, schistosomiasis, and Alzheimer's with metrifonate. Metrifonate inhibits AChE in schistosomes, which is abundant in the muscles of the parasite. Metrifonate enhances central nervous system (CNS) cholinergic neurotransmission improving cognitive function in Alzheimer's patients. This chapter describes the AChE inhibition and toxicity of each OP and regeneration of AChE by oximes along with regulations based on the available data for individual OPs.
Tuning Electrolyte Solvation Structure and CEI Film to Enable Long Lasting FSI−‐Based Dual‐Ion Battery
Authors: Zhao Yu , Xue Kaiming , Yu Denis Y. W. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractDual‐ion battery (DIB) is a promising energy storage system because it can provide high power. However, the stability and rate performance of the battery depend strongly on the type of salt and solvents in the electrolyte. Herein, the use of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) is studied, which has better high‐temperature stability, as salt in the DIB and develop a 3 m LiFSI fluoroethylene carbonate/methyl 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl carbonate (FEC/FEMC) = 3:7 electrolyte, which stabilizes graphite–lithium DIB with 94.1% capacity retention after 2000 cycles at 5C. The DIB also exhibits excellent rate performance with 100.4 mAh g−1 capacity at 30C, with a utilization of 96.3% compared to capacity at 2C. The outstanding electrochemical performance is attributed to the thin cathode electrolyte interface (CEI) layer and fast FSI− transport kinetics, confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and activation energy calculation. Superior cycle and rate performances are also obtained from a graphite–graphite full cell. Though, increasing salt concentration to 5 and 6 m leads to sluggish FSI− de‐intercalation reaction and lower capacity, which is attributed to solvent co‐intercalation. The research suggests that the electrolyte plays an important role in ion transport, surface film formation, and stability of DIB.
Ultrahigh Energy Density of Antiferroelectric PbZrO3‐Based Films at Low Electric Field
Authors: Li Dongxu , Meng Xiangyu , Zhou Enhao , Chen Xiaoxiao , Shen Zhonghui , Guo Qinghu , Yao Zhonghua , Cao Minghe , Wu Jinsong , Zhang Shujun , Liu Hanxing , Hao Hua 
Published: July 2023

AbstractDielectric capacitors play a vital role in advanced electronics and power systems as a medium of energy storage and conversion. Achieving ultrahigh energy density at low electric field/voltage, however, remains a challenge for insulating dielectric materials. Taking advantage of the phase transition in antiferroelectric (AFE) film PbZrO3(PZO), a small amount of isovalent (Sr2+) / aliovalent (La3+) dopants are introduced to form a hierarchical domain structure to increase the polarization and enhance the backward switching fieldEAsimultaneously, while maintaining a stable forward switching fieldEF. An ultrahigh energy density of 50 J cm−3is achieved for the nominal Pb0.925La0.05ZrO3(PLZ5) films at low electric fields of 1 MV cm−1, exceeding the current dielectric energy storage films at similar electric field. This study opens a new avenue to enhance energy density of AFE materials at low field/voltage based on a gradient‐relaxor AFE strategy, which has significant implications for the development of new dielectric materials that can operate at low field/voltage while still delivering high energy density.
Bioactive Bacteria/MOF Hybrids Can Achieve Targeted Synergistic Chemotherapy and Chemodynamic Therapy against Breast Tumors
Authors: Li Jianmei , Dai Jie , Zhao Ling , Lin Sheng , Wen Qinglian , Wen Qian , Lu Yun , Fan Yu , Zeng Fancai , Qian Zhiyong , Fu Shaozhi 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) significantly affects cancer treatment. Conventional chemotherapeutic agents cannot effectively target hypoxic tumor tissue, which decreases efficacy and results in severe toxic side effects. To alleviate this problem, a self‐driving biomotor is developed by functionalizing MCDP nanoparticles containing calcium peroxide and doxorubicin (DOX) loaded onto polydopamine‐coated metal–organic frameworks（MOF）, with the anaerobic Bifidobacterium infantis (Bif) for synergistic chemotherapy and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) against breast cancer. The materials of institute Lavoisier (MIL) frameworks + CaO2 + DOX + polydopamine (MCDP)@Bif biohybrid actively targets hypoxic regions of solid tumors via the inherent targeting ability of Bif. Once it has accumulated in the tumor tissue, MCDP generates hydroxyl radicals through the enhanced Fenton‐type reactions between Fe2+ and self‐generated hydrogen peroxide in the acidic TME. The disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis and resulting mitochondrial Ca2+ overload triggers apoptosis and enhances oxidative stress, promoting tumor cell death. The results found that the DOX concentration in MCDP@Bif‐treated tumors is 3.8 times higher than that in free‐DOX‐treated tumors, which significantly prolongs the median survival of the tumor‐bearing mice to 69 days and reduces the toxic side effects of DOX. Therefore, the novel bacteria‐driven drug delivery system is highly effective in achieving synergistic chemotherapy and CDT against solid tumors.
Magnesium Gradient‐Based Hierarchical Scaffold for Dual‐Lineage Regeneration of Osteochondral Defect
Authors: Gao Chenyuan , Dai Wenli , Wang Xinyu , Zhang Liwen , Wang Yue , Huang Yiqian , Yuan Zuoying , Zhang Xin , Yu Yingjie , Yang Xiaoping , Cai Qing 
Published: July 2023

AbstractOsteochondral regeneration remains a great challenge due to the limited self‐healing ability and the complexity of its hierarchical structure and composition. Mg2+ and hypoxia are two effective modulators in boosting chondrogenesis. To this end, a double‐layered scaffold (D) consisting of a hydrogel layer on a porous cryogel is fabricated to mimic the hierarchical structure of osteochondral tissue. An Mg2+ gradient is incorporated into the double‐layered scaffold with hypoxia‐mimicking deferoxamine (DFO) embedded in the hydrogel (D‐Mg‐DFO), which remarkably augments the dual‐lineage regeneration of both cartilage and subchondral bone. The higher Mg2+ supplementation from the upper hydrogel, associated with its hypoxia‐mimicking situation and small pore size, exhibits promotive effects on chondrogenic differentiation. The lower Mg2+ supplementation from the bottom cryogel, associated with its interconnected macroporous structure, achieves multiple contributions in stem cell migration from bone marrow cavity, matrix mineralization, and osteogenesis. Furthermore, rabbits’ trochlea osteochondral defects are established to evaluate the regenerative outcome. Compared to control scaffolds containing only Mg2+ or DFO, the D‐Mg‐DFO scaffold presents the best regenerative effect under the synergistic contribution of multiple factors. Overall, this work provides a new design of scaffold toward an effective repair of cartilage defect.
Mechanochromism and Strain‐Induced Crystallization in Thiol‐yne‐Derived Stereoelastomers
Authors: Ritter Virginia C. , McDonald Samantha M. , Dobrynin Andrey V. , Craig Stephen L. , Becker Matthew L. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractMost elastomers undergo strain‐induced crystallization (SIC) under tension; as individual chains are held rigidly in a fixed position by an applied strain, their alignment along the strain field results in a shift from strain‐hardening (SH) to SIC. A similar degree of stretching is associated with the tension necessary to accelerate mechanically coupled, covalent chemical responses of mechanophores in overstretched chains, raising the possibility of an interplay between the macroscopic response of SIC and the molecular response of mechanophore activation. Here, thiol‐yne‐derived stereoelastomers doped covalently with a dipropiolate‐derivatized spiropyran (SP) mechanophore (0.25–0.38 mol%) are reported. The material properties of SP‐containing films are consistent with undoped controls, indicating that the SP is a reporter of the mechanical state of the polymer. Uniaxial tensile tests reveal correlations between mechanochromism and SIC, which are strain‐rate‐dependent. When mechanochromic films are stretched slowly to the point of mechanophore activation, the covalently tethered mechanophore remains trapped in a force‐activated state, even after the applied stress is removed. Mechanophore reversion kinetics correlate with the applied strain rate, resulting in highly tunable decoloration rates. Because these polymers are not covalently crosslinked, they are recyclable by melt‐pressing into new films, increasing their potential range of strain‐sensing, morphology‐sensing, and shape‐memory applications.
Deep‐Learning‐Enabled Intelligent Design of Thermal Metamaterials
Authors: Wang Yihui , Sha Wei , Xiao Mi , Qiu Cheng‐Wei , Gao Liang 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThermal metamaterials are mixture‐based materials that are engineered to manipulate, control, and process the flow of heat, enabling numerous advanced thermal metadevices. Conventional thermal metamaterials are predominantly designed with tractable regular geometries owing to the delicate analytical solution and easy‐to‐implement effective structures. Nevertheless, it is challenging to achieve the design of thermal metamaterials with arbitrary geometry, letting alone intelligent (automatic, real‐time, and customizable) design of thermal metamaterials. Here, an intelligent design framework of thermal metamaterials is presented via a pre‐trained deep learning model, which gracefully achieves the desired functional structures of thermal metamaterials with exceptional speed and efficiency, regardless of arbitrary geometry. It possesses incomparable versatility and is of great flexibility to achieve the corresponding design of thermal metamaterials with different background materials, anisotropic geometries, and thermal functionalities. The transformation thermotics‐induced, freeform, background‐independent, and omnidirectional thermal cloaks, whose structural configurations are automatically designed in real‐time according to shape and background, are numerically and experimentally demonstrated. This study sets up a novel paradigm for an automatic and real‐time design of thermal metamaterials in a new design scenario. More generally, it may open a door to the realization of an intelligent design of metamaterials in also other physical domains.
Enhancing Efficiency of Low‐Grade Heat Harvesting by Structural Vibration Entropy in Thermally Regenerative Electrochemical Cycles
Authors: Choi Ahreum , Song You‐Yeob , Kim Juyoung , Kim Donghyeon , Kim Min‐Ho , Lee Seok Woo , Seo Dong‐Hwa , Lee Hyun‐Wook 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe majority of waste‐heat energy exists in the form of low‐grade heat (<100 °C), which is immensely difficult to convert into usable energy using conventional energy‐harvesting systems. Thermally regenerative electrochemical cycles (TREC), which integrate battery and thermal‐energy‐harvesting functionalities, are considered an attractive system for low‐grade heat harvesting. Herein, the role of structural vibration modes in enhancing the efficacy of TREC systems is investigated. How changes in bonding covalency, influenced by the number of structural water molecules, impact the vibration modes is analyzed. It is discovered that even small amounts of water molecules can induce the A1g stretching mode of cyanide ligands with strong structural vibration energy, which significantly contributes to a larger temperature coefficient (ɑ) in a TREC system. Leveraging these insights, a highly efficient TREC system using a sodium‐ion‐based aqueous electrolyte is designed and implemented. This study provides valuable insights into the potential of TREC systems, offering a deeper understanding of the intrinsic properties of Prussian Blue analogs regulated by structural vibration modes. These insights open up new possibilities for enhancing the energy‐harvesting capabilities of TREC systems.
Spectroscopic Insight into Customized Iodine Ligands Passivated Red‐Emitting CsPb(Br,I)3 Perovskite Nanocrystals via Time‐Resolved Photoluminescence
Authors: Lee Hyun Jae , Ko Semin , Na Hyejin , Jeong Hyeon Woo , Lee Sun Sook , Lee Seon Joo , Lee Jaemin , Oh Soong Ju , Lee Hyun Seok , Suh Jae Yong , Choi Sungho , Kim Chul Hoon 
Published: July 2023

AbstractMolecular engineering toward the structure of a passivation ligand is essential to improve the photoluminescence (PL) efficiency of perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs). To establish the surface recovery mechanism of red‐emitting CsPb(Br,I)3 NCs with PbI2 additives in the presence of a tightly bound passivation layer, time‐resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements and their chemometric analysis are employed. Two quaternary alkylammonium ligands, didodecyldimethylammonium iodide (DDAI) and tridodecylmethylammonium iodide (TDAI), are used to form a passivation layer, and then their role in the surface defects recovery is investigated by varying the amount of PbI2 additives. It is found that the structural difference between DDAI and TDAI can affect the accessibility of PbI2 additives to surface defects. The TRPL spectra analysis reveals that the ligand passivation with DDAI does not induce discernible lifetime enhancement with using PbI2 additives, but only a non‐radiative pathway is gradually accelerated with increasing the amount of them. The TDAI ligand, however, shows the opposite behavior to give the best PL performance with a distinct molar ratio of TDAI:PbI2, even though the passivation itself gives a lower PL performance. It is argued that the intrinsic structural properties of the TDAI ligand are responsible for the effective surface recovery with the additives.
Shear Stress Drives the Cleavage Activation of Protease‐Activated Receptor 2 by PRSS3/Mesotrypsin to Promote Invasion and Metastasis of Circulating Lung Cancer Cells
Authors: Zhou Muya , Li Koukou , Luo Kathy Qian 
Published: July 2023

AbstractWhen circulating tumor cells (CTCs) travel in circulation, they can be killed by detachment‐induced anoikis and fluidic shear stress (SS)‐mediated apoptosis. Circulatory treatment, which can make CTCs detached but also generate SS, can increase metastasis of cancer cells. To identify SS‐specific mechanosensors without detachment impacts, a microfluidic circulatory system is used to generate arteriosus SS and compare transcriptome profiles of circulating lung cancer cells with suspended cells. Half of the cancer cells can survive SS damage and show higher invasion ability. Mesotrypsin (PRSS3), protease‐activated receptor 2 (PAR2), and the subunit of activating protein 1, Fos‐related antigen 1 (FOSL1), are upregulated by SS, and their high expression is responsible for promoting invasion and metastasis. SS triggers PRSS3 to cleave the N‐terminal inhibitory domain of PAR2 within 2 h. As a G protein‐coupled receptor, PAR2 further activates the Gαi protein to turn on the Src‐ERK/p38/JNK‐FRA1/cJUN axis to promote the expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers, and also PRSS3, which facilitates metastasis. Enriched PRSS3, PAR2, and FOSL1 in human tumor samples and their correlations with worse outcomes reveal their clinical significance. PAR2 may serve as an SS‐specific mechanosensor cleavable by PRSS3 in circulation, which provides new insights for targeting metastasis‐initiating CTCs.
Effect of Extracellular Ribonucleic Acids on Neurovascularization in Osteoarthritis
Authors: Qin Wen‐pin , Wan Qian‐Qian , Yan Jian‐Fei , Han Xiao‐Xiao , Lu Wei‐Cheng , Ma Zhang‐Yu , Ye Tao , Li Yu‐Tao , Li Chang‐Jun , Wang Chen , Tay Franklin R. , Niu Li‐Na , Jiao Kai 
Published: July 2023

AbstractOsteoarthritis is a degenerative disease characterized by abnormal neurovascularization at the osteochondral junctions, the regulatory mechanisms of which remain poorly understood. In the present study, a murine osteoarthritic model with augmented neurovascularization at the osteochondral junction is used to examine this under‐evaluated facet of degenerative joint dysfunction. Increased extracellular RNA (exRNA) content is identified in neurovascularized osteoarthritic joints. It is found that the amount of exRNA is positively correlated with the extent of neurovascularization and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In vitro binding assay and molecular docking demonstrate that synthetic RNAs bind to VEGF via electrostatic interactions. The RNA‐VEGF complex promotes the migration and function of endothelial progenitor cells and trigeminal ganglion cells. The use of VEGF and VEGFR2 inhibitors significantly inhibits the amplification of the RNA‐VEGF complex. Disruption of the RNA‐VEGF complex by RNase and polyethyleneimine reduces its in vitro activities, as well as prevents excessive neurovascularization and osteochondral deterioration in vivo. The results of the present study suggest that exRNAs may be potential targets for regulating nerve and blood vessel ingrowth under physiological and pathological joint conditions.
Hyperplastic Human Macromass Cartilage for Joint Regeneration
Authors: Wen Ya , Chen Yishan , Wu Weiliang , Zhang Hong , Peng Zhi , Yao Xudong , Zhang Xianzhu , Jiang Wei , Liao Youguo , Xie Yuan , Shen Xilin , Sun Heng , Hu Jiajie , Liu Hua , Chen Xiao , Chen Jiansong , Ouyang Hongwei 
Published: July 2023

AbstractCartilage damage affects millions of people worldwide. Tissue engineering strategies hold the promise to provide off‐the‐shelf cartilage analogs for tissue transplantation in cartilage repair. However, current strategies hardly generate sufficient grafts, as tissues cannot maintain size growth and cartilaginous phenotypes simultaneously. Herein, a step‐wise strategy is developed for fabricating expandable human macromass cartilage (macro‐cartilage) in a 3D condition by employing human polydactyly chondrocytes and a screen‐defined serum‐free customized culture (CC). CC‐induced chondrocytes demonstrate improved cell plasticity, expressing chondrogenic biomarkers after a 14.59‐times expansion. Crucially, CC‐chondrocytes form large‐size cartilage tissues with average diameters of 3.25 ± 0.05 mm, exhibiting abundant homogenous matrix and intact structure without a necrotic core. Compared with typical culture, the cell yield in CC increases 2.57 times, and the expression of cartilage marker collagen type II increases 4.70 times. Transcriptomics reveal that this step‐wise culture drives a proliferation‐to‐differentiation process through an intermediate plastic stage, and CC‐chondrocytes undergo a chondral lineage‐specific differentiation with an activated metabolism. Animal studies show that CC macro‐cartilage maintains a hyaline‐like cartilage phenotype in vivo and significantly promotes the healing of large cartilage defects. Overall, an efficient expansion of human macro‐cartilage with superior regenerative plasticity is achieved, providing a promising strategy for joint regeneration.
Cable‐Car Electrocatalysis to Drive Fully Decoupled Water Splitting
Authors: Long Yuanzheng , Yang Cheng , Wu Yulong , Deng Bohan , Li Ziwei , Hussain Naveed , Wang Kuangyu , Wang Ruyue , He Xian , Du Peng , Guo Zeliang , Lang Jialiang , Huang Kai , Wu Hui 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe increasing demand for clean energy conversion and storage has increased interest in hydrogen production via electrolytic water splitting. However, the simultaneous production of hydrogen and oxygen in this process poses a challenge in extracting pure hydrogen without using ionic conducting membranes. Researchers have developed various innovative designs to overcome this issue, but continuous water splitting in separated tanks remains a desirable approach. This study presents a novel, continuous roll‐to‐roll process that enables fully decoupled hydrogen evaluation reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in two separate electrolyte tanks. The system utilizes specially designed “cable‐car” electrodes (CCE) that cycle between the HER and OER tanks, resulting in continuous hydrogen production with a purity of over 99.9% and Coulombic efficiency of 98% for prolonged periods. This membrane‐free water splitting system offers promising prospects for scaled‐up industrial‐scale green hydrogen production, as it reduces the cost and complexity of the system, and allows for the use of renewable energy sources to power the electrolysis process, thus reducing the carbon footprint of hydrogen production.
The Role of Polaronic States on the Spin Dynamics in Solution‐Processed Two‐Dimensional Layered Perovskite with Different Layer Thickness
Authors: Song Mu‐Sen , Wang Hai , Hu Zi‐Fan , Zhang Yu‐Peng , Liu Tian‐Yu , Wang Hai‐Yu 
Published: July 2023

Abstract2D lead halide perovskites (LHPs) show strong excitonic and spin‐orbit coupling effects, generating a facile spin injection. Besides, they possess a polaron character due to the soft crystal lattice, which can prolong the spin lifetime, making them favorable materials for spintronic applications. Here, the spin dynamics of 2D PEA2PbI4(MAPbI3)n−l thin films with different layers by temperature‐ and pump fluence–dependent circularly polarization‐resolved transient absorption (TA) measurements is studied. These results indicate that the spin depolarization mechanism is gradually converted from the Maialle–Silva–Sham (MSS) mechanism to the polaronic states protection mechanism with the layer number increasing from <n> = 1 to 3, which is determined by the interplay between the strength of Coulomb exchange interaction and the strength of polaronic effect. While for <n> ≥ 4, the Elliot–Yafet (EY) impurities mechanism is proposed, in which the formed polaronic states with free charge carriers no longer play the protective role.