bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxidation of HF-treated Si wafer surfaces in air
Authors: Gräf D. , Grundner M. , Schulz R. , Mühlhoff L. 
Published: July 2002

The change in the chemical surface state of polished Si wafers [p-type, (100) oriented] during storage in air at room temperature was investigated for storage times up to half a year. Measurements were performed by x-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and High Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS). Immediately after the HF treatment (1 min 5% HF, 2 min water rinse) vibrational spectroscopy (HREELS) shows a predominant coverage of the surface with hydride groups (80%–90% of a ML), which can be inferred from the presence of the stretching (2100 cm−1), scissor (900 cm−1) and bending (640 cm−1) vibrations in the spectra. A slight additional coverage with oxygen is proved by XPS and originates from Si-OH groups (3670 cm−1) and oxygen-related hydrocarbon groups (XPS). These Si-OH groups result from an exchange reaction of Si-F with water during the two-minute water rinse. The development of an oxygen coverage during subsequent storage in air occurs extremely slowly and shows a logarithmic behavior. A monolayer coverage of oxygen (7×1014/cm2) is reached after approximately 7 days of storage in air. HREELS spectra exhibit the concurrent development of the asymmetric Si-O-Si vibration, which indicates that oxygen penetrates the lattice and breaks Si—Si bonds. During this period the Si-O-Si frequency shifts from about 1060 to 1100 cm−1.The penetration of backbonds of Si—H gets evident by broadening of the Si-H stretching vibration and finally by a shift to higher wavenumbers. Chemically shifted components of the Si 2p line (partially oxidized Si) are present with the SiO2−x component (chemical shift ≳3.4 eV) becoming dominant after roughly a week. Further oxidation proceeds essentially by an increase of the SiO2 peak in combination with a steeper slope of the logarithmic growth curve. The SiO2 thickness after half a year is about 8 Å. The frequency of the Si-O-Si vibration shifts up to 1120 cm−1, which can be related to a growing angle of the Si-O-Si bridge. Si—H groups are still present, the final peak position is about 2220 cm−1. The measurements show an extended induction period until the monolayer range of oxide coverage is attained. We ascribe this to the passivation of the surface by hydrogen and to a HF treatment according to Very-Large-Scale-Integration standards.
Dissociation dynamics of CH3SH at 222, 248, and 193 nm: An analog for probing nonadiabaticity in the transition state region of bimolecular reactions
Authors: Jensen E. , Keller J. S. , Waschewsky G. C. G. , Stevens J. E. , Graham R. L. , Freed K. F. , Butler L. J. 
Published: July 2002

These experiments use molecular photodissociation of CH3SH to probe the dynamics and the influence of nonadiabatic coupling in the transition state region of the CH3+SH→CH3S+H reaction. Photoexcitation at 222 and 248 nm in the first of two absorption bands accesses the lower of the two coupled potential energy surfaces near the saddle point of the excited state reaction coordinate. Measurement of the resulting photofragments’ velocities and angular distributions determine the branching between the CH3+SH and the CH3S+H exit channels. At all wavelengths within the first absorption band, we observe preferential fission of the stronger S–H bond over the weaker C–S bond. Fission of the C–S bond occurs only to a small degree at 222 nm and is not observable at 248 nm. Comparison with our earlier data at 193 nm, corresponding to excitation to the upper bound adiabat which is nonadiabatically coupled to the lower dissociative surface reached at 222 nm, shows that the branching ratio between C–S bond fission and S–H bond fission is a factor of eight larger at 193 nm.To probe the forces in the Franck–Condon region, we also measure the photoemission spectrum from dissociating CH3SH excited at 222 nm and compare it to the previous measurement at 193 nm. The 222 nm spectrum evidences emission into the S–H stretch and methyl stretch vibrations but not into C–S stretching modes, consistent with the dominance of S–H fission on the lower adiabat, while the 193 nm emission spectrum, reassigned here, has only a progression in the C–S stretch. The comparison of the spectra suggests a model in which stretching along the C–S coordinate on the bound upper state occurs as the amplitude couples nonadiabatically to the lower dissociative surface, allowing the molecule to access the region near the saddle point on the lower surface at extended C–S bond lengths. This results in better overlap with the C–S fission exit channel and thus an increased branching to C–S bond fission over that observed upon direct excitation to the lower dissociative surface at 222 nm. To further advance the experimental conclusions, we present collaborative calculations of the potential energy surfaces using the effective valence-shell Hamiltonian method developed by Freed and co-workers.
Socio‐political control in urban China: changes and crisis*
Authors: Lau Raymond W. K. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThis paper examines urban China's socio‐political control crisis under the impact of economic reforms as an epitome of a more general social crisis. The traditional urban institutional form of socio‐political control in the People's Republic of China (PRC), the work unit form of control, is a variant of age‐old forms. The latter's reproduction in variant form in the former was premised upon the fact that the PRC's industrialization was carried out by a peasant‐based party creating a new working class of rural migrants engaged in non‐market production and exchange. The persistence of non‐market economic relations ensured this form of control's continued reproduction. Post‐1978 market‐oriented reforms have undermined this form. As the emergence of new forms has been slow, a socio‐political control crisis has arisen, at a time when millions of urban employees are being thrown out of work. In dealing with the crisis, the official trade union, an organic constituent institution of the work unit form of control, plays a prominent part, in being given the tasks of sustaining this decaying form, and preventing and defusing potential social explosion. Yet, the very economic reform programme that has undermined the work unit form of control, is also gravely weakening the union.
Cultural differences in mothers' developmental goals and ethnotheories
Authors: Rosenthal Miriam K. , Roer‐Strier Dorit 
Published: July 2002

The influence of ecocultural context on parents' image of the adaptive adult is explored via a comparison between the child‐rearing goals and ethnotheories of 20 immigrant mothers from the former Soviet Union and 20 Israeli‐born mothers. It is assumed that parents' socializing practices are premised on developmental ethnotheories reflecting societal child rearing models and expectations for children's development. The image of the “adaptive adult” in parents' country of origin is so fundamentally ingrained in their beliefs about child rearing that it is retained after immigration, and is integrated with aspects of the image of adaptive adulthood which prevails in the host culture.The current study explored (through semistructured interviews) mothers' developmental ethnotheories concerning the nature of development, how it can be influenced, and why it should be influenced, with regard to cognitive competence, autonomy, emotional regulation, and social understanding and behaviour of their 3–4‐year‐old children. It also explored their goals and expectations for their children as adults.Analysis of the interviews with Israeli‐born and immigrant mothers lends support to the main thesis of this study. Mothers of both groups would like their children to grow into intelligent, joyful, and independent adults, to be well educated and to hold prestigious occupations. All of the mothers assume, moreover, that much of child development should be promoted through the active involvement of parents. Israeli‐born mothers, however, place a greater emphasis on social competence, autonomy, and leadership, whereas the emphasis of the Soviet‐born mothers is on achievement, emotional control, efficiency, and organization. The differences and similarities between the two groups of mothers are discussed in the context of their respective ecocultural backgrounds. It is proposed that each group's ethnotheories, developmental goals, and aspirations for their children reflect their respective values, perceptions, and understanding of the reality in which they raise their children. These values and perceptions seem, in turn, related to the respective ecocultures in which they were raised, as well as the one in which they rear their own children.
Use of non‐prescribed methadone and other illicit drugs during methadone maintenance treatment
Authors: BEST DAVID , HARRIS JENNY , GOSSOP MICHAEL , FARRELL MICHAEL , FINCH EMILY , NOBLE ALISON , STRANG JOHN 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPatterns of illicit and non‐prescribed drug use among a cohort of 100 patients in methadone maintenance treatment were tracked over a 6‐month period. While there were no statistically significant changes in alcohol or heroin use, there were significant increases in the frequency of crack cocaine and cannabis use. Use of non‐prescribed methadone had also increased. Twenty‐one percent reported non‐prescribed methadone use at follow‐up who had not done so at the first interview, with increases also in the mean quantities used. Non‐prescribed methadone use at the second interview was strongly associated with the amounts of both methadone and diazepam prescribed at each of the data collecting points.
Which drugs cause overdose among opiate misusers? Study of personal and witnessed overdoses
Authors: Strang John , Griffiths Paul , Powis Beverly , Fountain Jane , Williamson Sara , Gossop Michael 
Published: July 2002

AbstractConcern has been expressed at the widespread prescribing of methadone in view of its inherent toxicity. Commentators have opined that methadone is more toxic than heroin and causes more overdose deaths. However, data deficiencies and flawed analyses leave continuing uncertainty about this crucial policy issue. The relative contributions of heroin, other opiates (e.g. methadone) and non‐opiate drugs to overdose and overdose deaths among drug misusers were examined in a community‐recruited sample of 312 injecting drug misusers in London. Data were collected on last personal overdose (n=117), last witnessed overdose (n=167) and last witnessed fatal overdose (n=55), and on the different drugs that had been involved with these overdoses. Heroin was involved in 83% of last personal overdoses, 90% of last witnessed overdoses and 80% of last witnessed fatal overdoses, while other opiates were involved in only 18%, 8% and 26%, respectively. Methadone accounted for about half of these “other opiate” overdoses. Overdoses involving a combination of heroin and a non‐opiate were common − 29%, 21% and 39%, respectively. Heroin was the drug most frequently involved in overdose across all three areas of study. However, combinations of heroin and a non‐opiate were surprisingly frequent, especially in witnessed fatal overdoses (as reported recently by other investigators using different methodologies). Considering the wide extent of methadone prescribing to this group, methadone was remarkably infrequently reported as responsible (solely or in combination) for either personal overdoses, witnessed overdoses or witnessed fatal overdoses.
Raves, drugs, dealing and driving: qualitative data from a West Australian sample
Authors: LENTON SIMON , DAVIDSON PETER 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis qualitative paper from a study of 83 people who attended raves or dance parties in Perth, Western Australia describes what respondents saw as the attractions and less good things about the rave/dance party scene, their views of the place of drug use within the scene, experiences obtaining and providing drugs and addresses the issue of driving while intoxicated. Non‐drug factors such as lighting, music, dancing, the non‐violent atmosphere, sense of social cohesion and relative lack of predatory male sexual behaviour were the major attractions of the scene, yet it was noted that these were enhanced by the effects of dance drugs, especially ecstasy. There were dual concerns that younger participants were at increased risk of drug‐related harm and brought unwanted drug‐related media attention and disrepute on the scene. The study supports the view that raves are not ‘drug supermarkets’, with most respondents obtaining their drugs many days before the event. A substantial minority of respondents described travelling to or from raves with drivers who were drug‐affected. Less than half those who discussed the issue said they considered whether the driver was under the influence. This is of concern and has implications for policing practices, peer education and rave‐related materials.
Microbial metabolism of ethanol and acetaldehyde and clinical consequences
Authors: SALASPURO MIKKO 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAbstract Many bacteria possess marked alcohol dehydrogenase activity and in the presence of ethanol they produce reactive and toxic acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde production mediated by microbial alcohol dehydrogenases has been demonstrated in the oropharynx and bronchopulmonary washings. Also the most important gastric pathogen, Helicobacter pylori, and many skin bacteria associating with pathological dermatological conditions, possess alcohol dehydrogenase activity and produce acetaldehyde from ethanol. The most richly colonized site of the human body, however, is the large intestine, and therefore bacterial acetaldehyde production is most important in this organ. Alcohol ingested orally is transported to the colon by blood circulation and, after the distribution phase, intracolonic ethanol levels are equal to those in the blood. In the large bowel ethanol is oxidized by a bacteriocolonic pathway. In this pathway intracolonic ethanol is at first oxidized by bacterial alcohol dehydrogenase to acetaldehyde. Then acetaldehyde is oxidized either by colonic mucosal or bacterial aldehyde dehydrogenase to acetate. Part of intracolonic acetaldehyde may also be absorbed via the portal vein and metabolized in the liver. Bacteriocolonic pathway offers a new explanation for the disappearance of a part of ethanol calories. Due to the low aldehyde dehydrogenase activity of colonic mucosa acetaldehyde accumulates in the colon. Accordingly, during ethanol oxidation highest acetaldehyde levels of the body are found in the colon and not in the liver. High intracolonic acetaldehyde may contribute to the pathogenesis of alcohol‐induced diarrhoea. Acetaldehyde has been proven to be a carcinogen in experimental animals. It may therefore contribute to the increased risk of colon polyps and colon cancer found to be associated with heavy alcohol consumption in man. Intracolonic acetaldehyde may also be an important determinant of blood acetaldehyde level and a possible hepatotoxin. In addition to acetaldehyde, gut‐derived endotoxin is another potential candidate in the pathogenesis of alcohol‐related liver injury.
Phonological disruption and subsequent self‐correcting behaviour in Cantonese aphasic speakers
Authors: K‐S. Lee Raymond , Yiu Edwin M‐L. , Stonham John 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis study investigated the phonological disruption and subsequent selfcorrecting behaviour in Cantonese aphasic speakers. The self‐correcting behaviour was investigated by examining the sequence of successive spontaneous attempts in producing a target sound. Five anomic, five non‐fluent aphasic and five normal control subjects were assessed by using a confrontation naming task which included monosyllabic, disyllabic and trisyllabic targets. All the aphasic subjects demonstrated successive phonological self‐corrections towards the target. Initial consonants were more vulnerable to phonological disruption and more resistant to self‐correction than vowels, lexical tones and final consonants.
A longitudinal perspective on the study of specific language impairment: the long term follow‐up of an Italian child
Authors: Cipriani Paola , Bottari Piero , Chilosi Anna Maria , Pfanner Lucia 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMost of the literature on children with specific language impairment (SLI) is centred on the study of cross‐sectional samples and little is known on how language develops in these children‐that is, whether it occurs along steps and modes analogous to those observed in normal acquisition, the only difference being significant slowness, or following rather idiosyncratic courses leading to atypical results. This paper presents findings from a longitudinal study of the acquisition of formal aspects of Italian grammar in a child with severe SLI of the so‐called phonologic‐syntactic subtype or grammatical SLI. The analysis concerns a set of morphosyntactic phenomena sufficiently differentiated in terms of both grammatical properties and modes of acquisition in normal development, so as to offer a panorama that approximates to what can be thought of as an overall morphosyntactic competence: (1) free morphology (prepositions, clitics and articles); (2) bound morphology (verb inflection); (3) WH movement (questions and relative clauses) and (4) the evolution of complex sentences. These phenomena will be dealt with in four independent studies. This paper argues that each domain or even each sub‐domain presents its own set of properties, some of which are common to other domains but some of which are not. The results reveal the existence of important dissociations among the various domains and even within specific sub‐domains. These dissociations may be ascribed to deficits affecting specific properties of functors or constructions. The picture that emerges is one in which the deficit involves, rather than morphology in the strict sense of a bare set of paradigmatic forms, some properties or components of syntax which are involved in the use, not only of certain morphemes, but of certain extended syntactic constructions as well. This result will be checked against the most widely held current theoretical approaches to SLI.
𝐴_{𝑝} weights for nondoubling measures in 𝑅ⁿ and applications
Authors: Orobitg Joan , Pérez Carlos 
Published: July 2002

We study an analogue of the classical theory of

A
p

(
μ
)

A_p(\mu )

weights in

R

n

\mathbb {R}^n

without assuming that the underlying measure

μ
\mu

is doubling. Then, we obtain weighted norm inequalities for the (centered) Hardy-Littlewood maximal function and corresponding weighted estimates for nonclassical Calderón-Zygmund operators. We also consider commutators of those Calderón- Zygmund operators with bounded mean oscillation functions (

B
M
O

BMO

), extending the main result from R. Coifman, R. Rochberg, and G. Weiss, Factorization theorems for Hardy spaces in several variables, Ann. of Math. 103 (1976), 611–635. Finally, we study self–improving properties of Poincaré–B.M.O. type inequalities within this context; more precisely, we show that if

f
f

is a locally integrable function satisfying

1

μ
(
Q
)

∫

Q

|

f
−

f

Q

|

d
μ
≤
a
(
Q
)

\frac {1}{\mu (Q)}\int _{Q} |f-f_{Q}| d\mu \le a(Q)

for all cubes

Q
Q

, then it is possible to deduce a higher

L
p

L^p

integrability result for

f
f

, assuming a certain simple geometric condition on the functional

a
a

.
The Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data Center (fMRIDC): the challenges and rewards of large–scale databasing of neuroimaging studies
Authors: Van Horn John D. , Grethe Jeffrey S. , Kostelec Peter , Woodward Jeffrey B. , Aslam Javed A. , Rus Daniela , Rockmore Daniel , Gazzaniga Michael S. 
Published: July 2002

The Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data Center (fMRIDC) (http://www.fmridc.org) was established in the Autumn of 1999 with the objective of creating a mechanism by which members of the neuroscientific community may more easily share functional neuroimaging data. Examples in other sciences offer proof of the usefulness and benefit that sharing data provides through encouraging growth and development in those fields. By building a publicly accessible repository of raw data from peer–reviewed studies, the Data Center hopes to create a similarly successful environment for the neurosciences.In this article, we discuss the continuum of data–sharing efforts and provide an overview of the scientific and practical difficulties inherent in managing various fMRI data–sharing approaches. Next, we detail the organization, design and foundation of the fMRIDC, ranging from its current capabilities to the issues involved in the submitting and requesting of data. We discuss how a publicly accessible database enables other fields to develop relevant tools that can aid in the growth of understanding of cognitive processes. Information retrieval and meta–analytic techniques can be used to search, sort and categorize study information with a view towards subjecting study data to secondary ‘meta–’ and ‘mega–analyses’. In addition, we detail the technical and policy challenges that have had to be addressed in the formation of the Data Center. Among others, these include: human subject confidentiality issues; ensuring investigator's rights; heterogeneous data description and organization; development of search tools; and data transfer issues. We conclude with comments concerning the future of the fMRIDC effort, its role in promoting the sharing of neuroscientific data, and how this may alter the manner in which studies are published.
Spot delivery error predictions for intensity modulated proton therapy using robustness analysis with machine learning
Authors: Newpower Mark A. , Chiang Bing‐Hao , Ahmad Salahuddin , Chen Yong 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe purpose of this work is to assess the robustness of treatment plans when spot delivery errors were predicted with a machine learning (ML) model for intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT). Over 6000 machine log files from delivered IMPT treatment plans were included in this study. From these log files, over 4.1 106 delivered proton spots were used to train the ML model. The presented model was tested and used to predict the spot position as well as the monitor units (MU) per spot, based on the original planning parameters. Two patient plans (one accelerated partial breast irradiation [APBI] and one ependymoma) were recalculated with the predicted spot position/MUs by the ML model and then were re‐analyzed for robustness. Plans with ML predicted spots were less robust than the original clinical plans. In the APBI plan, dosimetric changes to the left lung and heart were not clinically relevant. In the ependymoma plan, the hot spot in the brainstem decreased and the hot spot in the cervical cord increased. Despite these differences, after robustness analysis, both ML spot delivery error plans resulted in >95% of the CTV receiving >95% of the prescription dose. The presented workflow has the potential benefit of including realistic spots information for plan quality checks in IMPT. This work demonstrates that in the two example plans, the plans were still robust when accounting for spot delivery errors as predicted by the ML model.