bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The (non) Europeanization of Latvia’s Far Right
Authors: Auers Daunis 
Published: June 2023

AbstractLatvia’s far right has had a great deal of political influence since the late 1980s, when nativist movements played a key role in mobilizing political opposition to Soviet power. Far-right parties have been in 16 of the 22 government coalitions in Latvia between 1993 and 2023. Since 2010, the National Alliance (NA), a merger between an established far-right party and a more youthful political party, has come to dominate Latvia’s far right and has been a part of every government coalition from 2011-2023. This article begins with a discussion of Europeanization, the Europeanization of political parties, and the qualitative methodology used in the article to examine the impact of Latvia’s membership in the European Union on NA’s international links and program. The article then outlines the development and influence of Latvia’s far-right. The following sections examine links between Latvia’s far right and Europe’s far right and the impact of Europe on NA’s ideology and program. It finds little evidence of Europeanization of Latvia’s far right. Latvia’s far right is more hawkish toward Russia than the West European right and also enjoys greater domestic influence and respectability. “New nativist” anti-immigration and cultural Marxism themes have lower salience in Latvia where Russian-speakers are perceived as a bigger and more immediate threat than Muslims or “Woke” activists.
Implications of submonthly oxygen and carbon isotope variations in late Pleistocene Melanopsis shells for regional and local hydroclimate in the upper Jordan River valley
Authors: Rice Addison , Bunin Elizabeth , Plessen Birgit , Sharon Gonen , Mischke Steffen 
Published: June 2023

AbstractMany water-stressed regions of the globe have a highly seasonal precipitation regime. However, seasonality in the past and under changing climates is little studied. Submonthly records of sclerochronological δ18O and δ13C values of Melanopsis shells from the Jordan River Dureijat archaeological site (JRD) in the upper Jordan River valley presented here document the hydrology of paleo-Lake Hula. These records were assessed for changes in seasonal hydrology in the lake and compared with modern shells collected from present-day waterbodies in northern Israel and with models of δ18Oshell. Results from shells in sediments dating from the last glacial maximum (LGM) to the Bølling-Allerød imply changes in waterbody size that qualitatively parallel changes in the late Pleistocene Lake Lisan levels; Hula Lake was well buffered when Lake Lisan stood at a high stand and poorly buffered when water levels were lower. Furthermore, data from shells dated to the LGM suggest inflowing water with lower δ18O values than local rainfall, providing evidence for a greater proportion of snow in the catchment than today. Reconstruction of water δ18O and mixing-model calculations suggest that snowmelt contribution to spring water during the LGM may have been more than twice the amount in the modern-day catchment.
Association between dietary folate intake and severe headache among adults in the USA: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Tian Sheng , Wu Lanxiang , Zheng Heqing , Zhong Xianhui , Liu Mingxu , Yu Xinping , Wu Wei 
Published: June 2023

AbstractFolate, also known as vitamin B9, is a water-soluble vitamin. Previous studies on dietary folate intake in severe headache patients were equivocal. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional study to elucidate the relationship between folate intake and severe headache. This cross-sectional study used data from participants over 20 years old who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2004. The diagnosis of severe headache was made through participants’ self-report in the NHANES questionnaire section. We performed multivariate logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression to explore the relationship between folate intake and severe headache. A total of 9859 participants took part in the study, 1965 of whom were severe headache patients and the rest were non-severe headache. We found that dietary folate intake was significantly and inversely associated with severe headache. Compared with participants with lower folate intake Q1 (≤ 229·97 ug/d), the adjusted OR values for dietary folate intake and severe headache in Q2 (229·98–337 ug/d), Q3 (337·01–485 ug/d) and Q4 (≥ 485·01 ug/d) were 0·81 (95 % CI: 0·67, 0·98, P = 0·03), 0·93 (95 % CI: 0·77, 1·12, P = 0·41) and 0·63 (95 % CI: 0·49, 0·80, P < 0·001), respectively. For women aged 20–50 years, there was a non-linear association between folate intake and severe headache in the RCS. Women aged 20–50 years should have higher awareness of dietary folate and increase their dietary intake of folate, which may aid in preventing severe headache.
Emerging healthcare interventions: Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute’s programmatic initiative
Authors: Raman Gowri , Vijaysimha Meghana , Kopleff Emma , Dunham Kelly , Martin Greg , Slutsky Jean , Lawrence William 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) is a nonprofit, nongovernmental organization established by the U.S. Congress to fund comparative clinical effectiveness research focusing on patient-centered outcomes through the engagement of stakeholders. Evaluation of emerging healthcare innovations is one of PCORI’s five National Priorities for Health. One such initiative is PCORI’s Emerging Technologies and Therapeutics Reports program, established to provide timely overviews of evidence on new drugs and other healthcare technologies. This article provides an overview of completed and ongoing Emerging Technologies and Therapeutics Reports including lessons learned to date. In addition to systematic searches, systematic selection of studies, and transparent reporting of the available evidence, informed by a select number of stakeholders (i.e., key informants), these reports focus on contextual factors shaping the diffusion of emerging technologies that are often not reported in the medical literature. This article also compares processes and methodologies of health technology assessments (HTAs) from a selected number of national and international publicly funded agencies with a goal toward potential future enhancement of PCORI’s Emerging Technologies and Therapeutics Reports program. HTAs vary considerably in terms of funding, types of assessments, the role of manufacturers, stakeholder engagement, timeline to complete from the start to the finish of a draft report publication, and communication of uncertainty for informed decision making. Future Emerging Technologies and Therapeutics Reports may focus on rapid reports to support a more expedient development of evidence. Future research could explore the role of contextual factors identified in these reports on targeted evidence generation.
Terrorism-Related Attacks in East Asia from 1970 to 2020
Authors: Shin Heejun , Hertelendy Attila , Hart Alexander , Tin Derrick , Issa Fadi , Hata Ryan , Ciottone Gregory 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:This study aims to analyze and describe terrorism-related attacks in East Asia from 1970 to 2020. This descriptive analysis of terrorist attacks in East Asia will help first responders, emergency medical services (EMS), hospital-based medical providers, and policymakers establish a more refined hazard vulnerability assessment framework and develop a counter-terrorism medicine (CTM) mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery plan.Method:This descriptive observational study draws data from the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) from January 1, 1970, to December 31, 2020. Epidemiology outcomes included primary weapon type, primary target type, the country where the incident occurred, and the number of total deaths and injuries collected. Data from 2021 was not yet available at the time of this study. Results were exported into an Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Corp.; Redmond, Washington USA) for analysis.Results:There were 779 terrorism-related events in East Asia from 1970 to 2020. In total, the attacks resulted in 1,123 deaths and 9,061 persons injured. The greatest number of attacks (371; 47.63%) occurred in Japan and the second most occurred in China (268; 34.4%). Explosives were the most used primary weapon type (308; 39.54%) in the region, followed by incendiary devices (260; 33.38%). Terrorist attacks drastically diminished from their peak of 92 in 1990, but there were additional peaks of 88 in 1996, 18 in 2000, 20 in 2008, and 36 attacks in 2014.Conclusion:A total of 779 terrorist attacks occurred from 1970 to 2020 in East Asia, resulting in 1,123 deaths and 9,061 injuries. Of those, 82.03% of attacks occurred in Japan and China. Terrorist attacks drastically diminished since their peak in 1996, but there is an overall uptrend in attacks since 1999.
Democratization of Terrorism: An Analysis of Vehicle-based Terrorist Events
Authors: Houser Ryan 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:The COVID-19 pandemic inspired social changes that promote outdoor activities including eating at restaurants, which may linger in a world hyperfocused on disease transmission prevention, increasing the vulnerabilities to vehicle-based terrorism. Vehicle ramming attacks started to transition from a relatively rare method of attack to one of the most lethal forms of terrorism prior to the emergence of COVID-19.Method:This study aims to provide a historical analysis of the terrorism-based attacks using vehicles between 1970 and 2019 by retrospectively searching the Global Terrorism Database for terror events that used a vehicle as a means of attack–a methodology suggested by Tin et al.Results:257 recorded terror attacks involved some type of vehicle between 1970 and 2019. The attacks resulted in 808 fatalities and 1715 injuries when excluding the September 11 attacks. 76 events occurred in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, 25 in the USA, 16 in Israel, and 14 in the UK. Of the 257 terror incidents, 71% (183) occurred within the last 6-year span of inquiry.Conclusion:By 2016, vehicle attacks were the most lethal form of attack comprising just over half of all terrorism-related deaths in that year. Large gatherings such as festivals, sporting events, and now outdoor seating at restaurants, leave a number of people highly vulnerable to vehicle ramming attacks depending on established countermeasures. The increased prevalence of outdoor activities and gatherings in a post-COVID-19 world will further expose large numbers of people to the potential vulnerabilities of vehicle-based terrorism. The scale of the casualties from a vehicle-based terror attack can overwhelm traditional resources and strain the abilities of the healthcare sector. Counterterrorism and disaster medicine specialists are crucial players in educating first responders and emergency medicine providers, allowing them to adequately prepare for an evolving threat in a world devastated by COVID-19.
Collaboration Between Civil and Military Means for Teaching Disaster Medicine
Authors: Trimpont Frank Van , Hansen Jan-Cedric , Aquilino Veronica , Boon Christopher , Opitz Anja , Donahue Donald , Barach Paul , Quinn John , Goebels Stefan 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:Training in disaster medicine can be partly theoretical but it must include a large practical part. If part of it can be developed through exercises in virtual reality or on a computer, the realization of life-size disaster exercises bringing together all the disciplines is of great help in this learning. Exercises of such magnitude are difficult to carry out in civilian life for reasons of resources and cost. We therefore wanted to develop this disaster medicine course with the three French-speaking civil universities but also with the Royal Military School for the practical part.Method:Collaboration agreements were established between three civilian universities (ULB, UCLouvain, ULiège) and the Royal Military School. The army thus provides the infrastructures of the Belgian military units to organize the exercises, personnel, means of make-up, vehicles, and security, all free of cost. Coordination meetings before exercises are also organized during the year by the army.Results:The exercises are organized in complete safety conditions on military fields, isolated from the civilian environment without disturbing the daily functioning of civilians. Access is authorized and organized for the various disciplines (firefighters, police, red cross and other participants). Nearly 100 people (victims, firemen, policemen,...) and 50 vehicles per exercise make the scenario completely believable. Different scenarios are repeated six times to complete the training of 80 students.Conclusion:The collaboration between civilians and military has made it possible to set up quality training integrating a large part of life-size exercises at no cost and in complete safety. This ends the course by integrating in practice all the knowledge learned during the theoretical part and the virtual exercises.
The Effect of Different Degrees of Cold Exposure on Medical Laypeople’s Tourniquet Application Time and Quality: A Within-Group Trial
Authors: Brodin Wilhelm , Friberg Marc , Jonson Carl-Oscar , Prytz Erik 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:Cold exposure generally has a negative effect on tasks that rely on finger dexterity. It is not known if cold exposure will affect medical laypeople’s ability to perform first aid for life-threatening bleedings, specifically tourniquet application. This study investigates the effect of cold exposure on medical laypeople’s tourniquet application ability.Method:Twenty-nine adult medical laypersons received brief tourniquet application training and then completed a tourniquet application test in a baseline condition and three partial cold immersion conditions where their hands were immersed in nearly 0°C water. The three cold immersion conditions were 16°C, 12°C, and 8°C hand-skin temperature. Tourniquet application quality was measured using a procedural checklist. Time until bleeding control was also measured.Results:The results show that cold exposure significantly increases the time to bleeding control, F(3, 84) = 5.42, p < .01, η2 = .05. Planned contrasts revealed a significant increase in time between baseline and 8°C hand-skin temperature (M baseline = 65.5s, SD = 17.0; M 8°C = 76.9s, SD = 19.6), t(28) = 3.77, p < .01, r = 0.38. No effect was found on the procedural application quality, F(3, 84) = 2.21, p = .09.Conclusion:Cold exposure can decrease the chance of survival for the injured person when a medical layperson provides first aid for life-threatening bleedings due to increased application time. The results can also be used when educating medical laypeople in first aid for life-threatening bleedings as it provides evidence of specific effects from a stressor that is common in regions with cold climate. Future research should be aimed at exploring possible mitigation strategies such as tourniquet design or rewarming procedures and investigating if a similar effect exists for prehospital professionals.
A Disaster Medicine Education Program for Undergraduate Medical Students in Tohoku
Authors: Kamimura Hiroki , Ogino Ryohei , Tauchi Masashi , Sugiyama Shinya , Urao Mikimasa , Fujita Motoo , Norii Tatsuya , Igarashi Yutaka , Yokobori Shoji 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:In Tohoku, the northeastern part of the main island of Japan, students entered medical school following the Great East Japan earthquake that occurred on March 11, 2011. Such students wished to volunteer at the time of disaster, however, the undergraduate medical curriculum was inadequate to enable the practice of disaster medicine. Thus, the Tohoku Disaster Medical Assistance Student (DMAS) holds workshops for undergraduate students to acquire disaster medicine knowledge.Method:Tohoku DMAS offers Peer Learning Education. In the DMAS course, students learned disaster medicine through lectures and simulations under the supervision of disaster medicine experts. The workshops vary in length between 3–8 hours. Tohoku DMAS’s goal is to support disaster management headquarters and shelters. Students are expected to provide logistical support that includes recounting the chronology of events at disaster management headquarters and helping with managing evacuation shelters.Results:According to the activity reports and roster of the course, there were only three students initially when the course was formed in 2018, however, the group continued to grow, and 165 students currently belong to the Tohoku DMAS. Those students include medical students, nursing students, and paramedics students at various universities and colleges. The DMAS has held 30 training sessions since 2018. The total number of training participants was 1,308. The DMAS has held tabletop simulation exercises and lectures on various topics such as shelter management, disaster triage, and nuclear disasters. Furthermore, some members have participated in emergency drills for each prefecture. The current challenge of the program was obtaining adequate insurance coverage for students and financial support during the activity at the disaster scene.Conclusion:The DMAS plays a role in disaster medicine education for undergraduate medical students in the Tohoku region. The program continues to grow and faces opportunities and challenges.
Utilization of a Delphi Study to Determine Core Concepts for a Pediatric Residency Disaster Medicine Curriculum
Authors: Jeong Yae Sul , Davis Nichole , Kaziny Brent , Lefort Roxanna 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:As disasters increase globally in both frequency and intensity, the vulnerability of children during disasters has become obvious. Pediatricians are often left to manage the resulting physical and mental repercussions. With minimal to no disaster medicine training offered at most U.S. pediatric residencies, the need for an easily accessible pediatric disaster medicine curriculum has been exacerbated. While this need has been highlighted in the literature, material to include or methods to sustainably incorporate disaster medicine into training programs has not been established.Method:From a thorough literature review, 19 topics were selected as potentially necessary to include in a disaster medicine curriculum for pediatric residents. Utilizing the Delphi method, subject matter experts were asked to rank these topics with an option to add others. Two independent surveys separated by time were administered with the goal of identifying ten critical core concepts for pediatric resident disaster medicine education. A virtual roundtable discussion then took place to finalize the ten core concepts, discuss objectives, and consider realistic methods of incorporating the curriculum into the residency timeline.Results:The ten core concepts identified were 1) introduction to disaster medicine, 2) patient triage, 3) surge capability, 4) mental health effects of a disaster, 5) preparedness for children with special healthcare needs, 6) communicating personal/family disaster preparedness, 7) hospital disaster mitigation, 8) reunification, 9) drills and training, and 10) disaster ethics and crisis standards of care.Experts agreed upon a longitudinal multi-modal approach with inclusion of short didactics, case scenarios, questions/answers, games, and links to further educational activities and opportunities focused on individualized needs.Conclusion:The Delphi method was a successful approach to gathering expert consensus to establish core concepts for a pediatric resident disaster medicine curriculum.
Outcomes of Learning and Forgetting for the Undergraduate in Disaster Medicine Education by Blended Learning During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Wang Zhi-yuan 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:Blended learning has been proven to support the teaching of various concepts across disciplines. This study aims to investigate the impact of the traditional blended teaching mode (self-study online and face-to-face consultation) on the undergraduate’s learning of disaster skills, and compared with face-to-face consultation, explore the influence of new mode (tutoring manipulation online) on the acquisition and forgetting of knowledge in disaster medicine based on the blended learning.Method:A prospective cohort study method was used. The two semesters in a school year adopted different blended teaching models for 8 weeks. In the first term, students conducted disaster theoretical knowledge before class through an Online Course created by our team. In class, teachers guided training about response and preparedness (face-to-face consultation). Due to the outbreak of Covid-19, a new training model was adopted (tutoring manipulation online) in the second term. Three knowledge tests were conducted before class, after class, and six months after the end of the term. An accuracy rate difference was defined between the second and first as correct improvement rate (CIR), and the difference between the second and third as forgetting rate (FR).Results:Seventy-five students were included in the traditional group, and 64 students were included in the new group. The three results in traditional group were (0.38±0.11) %, (0.65±0.11) %, (0.56±0.13) %,and (0.49±0.15) %, (0.71±0.13) %, (0.60±0.12) % in new group. The mean scores after 6 months on both groups were lower than at the end of the term (Ptraditional <0.001, Pnew =0.010). The new group had a higher accuracy rate on all tests than the traditional group (P <0.01).Conclusion:Traditional blended learning models can improve students’ performance in disaster training and deepen knowledge memory. The new blended model may replace the traditional model for disaster training during the Covid-19 pandemic.
A Blended Learning Approach to Emergency Airway Training in a Low Resource Environment
Authors: Hamza Hanin , Clarke Siobhan , O'Leary Anna , Breslin Deirdre , Eager Robert , O'Sullivan Jean 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:Global Emergency Care Skills (GECS) is a charity which delivers medical training to health care professionals in low and middle income countries. Teaching airway management both didactically and through simulation training is a key component of the GECS Emergencies and Trauma Course. In 2022, a team of doctors delivered an intensive, five-day teaching course with a strong emphasis on airway management and airway emergencies at St. Joseph’s Nyabondo Mission Hospital in rural Kenya. This course was delivered to a group of doctors, nurses and clinical officers. At the conclusion of this course we collected qualitative feedback from course participants. The aim of this study was to assess airway knowledge and skills acquisition, as well as real-world application and potential for ongoing teaching of acquired airway skills.Method:A questionnaire was distributed to course participants to ascertain their experience of didactic airway teaching, airway skills stations, and airway simulation. Each question offered a binary response. To continue to enhance course content, we invited participants to submit qualitative feedback at the end of the questionnaire.Results:Questionnaires were returned by 19 of a total 24 participants. 53% were registered nurses, 21% were clinical officers, 5% were medical officers and 21% did not respond to this question. Median post graduate clinical experience was four years (2.75-5.25). 37% indicated that they had not heard of simulation training for medical education before undertaking this course. 58% had no previous airway training although 63% had prior exposure to clinical situations which required emergency airway management. 100% reported feeling more confident in their airway skills and potential for training colleagues following this course.Conclusion:The results indicate that participants gained knowledge, skills, and confidence when approaching airway emergencies. Furthermore, results showed increased perceived competence by participants at providing airway training to colleagues.