Quantum information phases in space-time: measurement-induced
entanglement and teleportation on a noisy quantum processor
Authors: Hoke Jesse , Ippoliti Matteo , Abanin Dmitry , Acharya Rajeev , Ansmann Markus , Arute Frank , Arya Kunal , Asfaw Abraham , Atalaya Juan , Babbush Ryan , Bardin Joseph , Bengtsson Andreas , Bortoli Gina , Bourassa Alexandre , Bovaird Jenna , Brill Leon , Broughton Michael , Buckley Bob , Buell David , Burger Tim , Burkett Brian , Bushnell Nicholas , Chen Zijun , Chiaro Ben , Chik Desmond , Chou Charina , Cogan Josh , Collins Roberto , Conner Paul , Courtney William , Crook Alexander , Curtin Ben , Dau Alejandro Grajales , Debroy Dripto , Barba Alexander Del Toro , Demura Sean , Paolo Augustin Di , Drozdov Ilya , Dunsworth Andrew , Eppens Daniel , Erickson Catherine , Faoro Lara , Farhi Edward , Fatemi Reza , Ferreira Vinicius , Burgos Leslie Flores , Forati Ebrahim , Fowler Austin , Foxen Brooks , Giang William , Gidney Craig , Gilboa Dar , Giustina Marissa , Gosula Raja , Gross Jonathan , Habegger Steve , Hamilton Michael , Hansen Monica , Harrigan Matthew , Harrington Sean , Heu Paula , Hoffmann Markus , Hong Sabrina , Huang Trent , Huff Ashley , Huggins William , Isakov Sergei , Iveland Justin , Jeffrey E. , Jones Cody , Juhas Pavol , Kafri Dvir , Kechedzhi Kostyantyn , Khattar Tanuj , Khezri Mostafa , Kieferova Marika , Kim Seon , Kitaev Alexei , Klimov Paul , Klots Andrey , Korotkov Alexander , Kostritsa Fedor , Kreikebaum John Mark , Landhuis David , Laptev Pavel , Lau Kim-Ming , Laws Lily , Lee Joonho , Lee Kenny , Lensky Yuri , Lester Brian , Lill Alexander , Liu Wayne , Locharla Aditya , Malone Fionn , Martin Orion , McClean Jarrod , McEwen Matt , Miao Kevin , Mieszala Amanda , Montazeri Shirin , Morvan Alexis , Movassagh Ramis , Mruczkiewicz Wojciech , Neeley Matthew , Neill Charles , Nersisyan Ani , Newman Michael , Ng Jiun How , Nguyen Anthony , Nguyen Murray , Niu Murphy , O'Brien Thomas , Omonije Seun , Opremcak Alex , Petukhov Andre , Potter Rebecca , Pryadko Leonid , Quintana Chris , Rocque Charles , Rubin Nicholas , Saei Negar , Sank Daniel , Sankaragomathi Kannan , Satzinger Kevin , Schurkus Henry , Schuster Christopher , Shearn Michael , Shorter Aaron , Shutty Noah , Vladimir Shvarts , Skruzny Jindra , Smith W. , Somma Rolando , Sterling George , Strain Doug , Szalay Marco , Torres Alfredo , Vidal Guifre , Villalonga Benjamin , Heidweiller Catherine Vollgraff , White Theodore , Woo Bryan , Xing Cheng , Yao Z. Jamie , Yeh Ping , Yoo Juhwan , Young Grayson , Zalcman Adam , Zhang Yaxing , Zhu Ningfeng , Zobrist Nicholas , Neven Hartmut , Bacon Dave , Boixo Sergio , Hilton Jeremy , Lucero Erik , Megrant Anthony , Kelly Julian , Chen Yu , Smelyanskiy Vadim , Mi Xiao , Khemani Vedika , Roushan Pedram 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Measurement has a special role in quantum theory1: by collapsing the wavefunction it can enable phenomena such as teleportation2 and thereby alter the "arrow of time" that constrains unitary evolution. When integrated in many-body dynamics, measurements can lead to emergent patterns of quantum information in space-time3-10 that go beyond established paradigms for characterizing phases, either in or out of equilibrium11-13. On present-day NISQ processors14, the experimental realization of this physics is challenging due to noise, hardware limitations, and the stochastic nature of quantum measurement. Here we address each of these experimental challenges and investigate measurement-induced quantum information phases on up to 70 superconducting qubits. By leveraging the interchangeability of space and time, we use a duality mapping9,15-17 to avoid mid-circuit measurement and access different manifestations of the underlying phases—from entanglement scaling3,4 to measurement-induced teleportation18—in a unified way. We obtain finite-size signatures of a phase transition with a decoding protocol that correlates the experimental measurement record with classical simulation data. The phases display sharply different sensitivity to noise, which we exploit to turn an inherent hardware limitation into a useful diagnostic. Our work demonstrates an approach to realize measurement-induced physics at scales that are at the limits of current NISQ processors.