bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Permeability of the Gastro-Intestinal Mucosa of Guinea Pigs to Crystalline Egg-Albumin
Authors: Hartley George 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
All of the young-adult sensitive guinea pigs used in this experiment developed circulating antibodies following the oral administration of crystalline egg-albumin. About 40 per cent of the sensitive guinea pigs that had been maintained on an adequate vitamin-C diet developed signs of anaphylaxis following a subsequent feeding of the same protein. However, about 70 per cent of the scorbutic sensitive guinea pigs developed anaphylaxis following a subsequent feeding of the antigen. There seems to be a direct correlation during the first few weeks after sensitization between the circulating-antibody titer and the degree of anaphylactic shock produced by the oral administration of antigen in scorbutic and non-scorbutic sensitive guinea pigs. After several weeks at a maximal level the circulating antibodies gradually decreased and finally disappeared entirely within two to three months despite the continued weekly feedings of the antigen. However, the antibodies reappeared following a subsequent parenteral injection of antigen in these animals, proving that this phenomenon is not due to a depression of the antibody-forming mechanism. The possibility that this disappearance of circulating antibodies despite the continued feeding of antigen might be due to the localization of the ingested antigen by the antibodies in the gastro-intestinal mucosa, which would prevent the antigen from reaching the general antibody-forming organs, is discussed.
The Agglutination of Intact Azo-Erythrocytes by Antisera Homologous to the Attached Groups
Authors: Pressman David , Campbell Dan H. , Pauling Linus 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been shown that sheep erythrocytes to which azophenylarsonate groups have been attached are agglutinated by anti-azophenylarsonate rabbit serum; the fact that this agglutination occurs when as few as about sixty arsonate groups per cell are present provides evidence that the cells need not be covered by antibody in order for agglutination to take place.
It was also observed that erythrocytes to which ovalbumin has been attached through reaction with bisdiazotized benzidine are agglutinated by anti-ovalbumin serum. Bisdiazotized benzidine itself slowly agglutinates erythrocytes, presumably through the formation of azobiphenylazo linkages between cells.
Azo-erythrocytes with attached azophenylarsonate groups or ovalbumin-molecules can be agglutinated by anti-erythrocyte serum as well as by anti-azophenylarsonate or antiovalbumin serum.
Taxonomy of Salmonella-Like Coliform Organisms
Authors: Saphra Ivan , Silberberg Murray 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Salmonella definition propounded by P. Bruce White in 1929 and accepted and published 1934 (1) by the Salmonella Sub-Committee of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Association of Microbiologists, stated that Salmonella organisms form a large genus of serologically related, gram-negative and non-sporing bacilli, which are usually motile; which fail to ferment lactose and sucrose, to clot milk, to liquefy gelatin or to produce indole, which regularly attack glucose either with or without gas production, and all the known species of which are pathogenic for man, animals, or both.
Since that time, serologically typical Salmonella strains have been observed which do not possess all the aforementioned cultural characteristics. On the other hand, cultures belonging to different bacterial species, e.g., E. coli and various Shigella have displayed distinct serological relationship to the Salmonella group (2–4).
On Additional Antigens in the Erythrocytes of Cattle
Authors: Ferguson L. C. , Stormont Clyde , Irwin M. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Thirty antigens have been detected in the erythrocytes of cattle, by means of iso-immune sera produced by transfusing blood from one individual into another, or by immunizations of rabbits with bovine cells, or by both methods. Each cellular character appears to be produced by a single gene, although some may be products of linked genes. Since these antigens are passed only directly from parent to offspring, these characters may be used for exclusion in cases of disputed parentage in cattle.
The Effect of Body-Temperature Upon Hemolysin-Production in the Rat
Authors: Kopeloff Lenore M. , Stanton Alfred H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The hemolysin-response in rats following a single injection of sheep's red blood corpuscles was found to be influenced by body-temperature. After high section of the spinal cord, rats maintained at an average body-temperature of 5 C below normal showed a markedly diminished hemolysin-response. When the body-temperature was subsequently raised to normal, a sharp rise in titer occurred within 36 hours.
Ascorbic Acid and Immunity
Authors: Spink Wesley W. , Agnew Suzanne , Mickelsen Olaf , Dahl La Meta 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Synthetic ascorbic acid injected intravenously into human subjects having a deficiency of ascorbic acid in the serum did not result in an in vitro increase in the bactericidal action of whole blood for coagulase-negative staphylococci. Under similar circumstances, the intravenous administration of ascorbic acid was not followed by a rise in the bactericidal titer of serum for E. coli and E. typhosa. The bactericidal action of normal, human serum is not decreased for E. coli, E. typhosa and Shigella paradysenteriae Flexner when the ascorbic acid is completely oxidized in the presence of small amounts of copper.
Tetanus Immunization: Effectiveness of the Stimulating Dose of Toxoid Under Conditions of Infection
Authors: Zuger Bernard , Greenwald Charles K. , Gerber Herman 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two groups of 75 guinea pigs each were immunized with two doses of alum precipitated tetanus toxoid one month apart and subsequently infected with tetanue spores. An additional dose of toxoid was given to one of the groups at the time of infection and withheld from the other. In the group which received the extra toxoid there occurred 8 cases of local tetanus and no cases of generalized tetanus as against 13 cases of local tetanus and 4 cases of generalized tetanus in the group which did not receive the extra toxoid. There is also an indication that a larger number of animals with low antitoxic titers at the time of infection will escape without symptoms or slight symptoms if given a smultaneous dose of additional toxoid than if not so treated. A small number of animals were observed for changes in the titers of the circulating blood following infection. Those given additional toxoid showed increases in antitoxic titers by the 5th day after infection as compared to the 8th–10th day in those not given additional toxoid. The results confirm similar observations previously made by us on partially immunized guinea pigs.
The Use of Radioactive Phosphorus As a Tracer in Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Ross O. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Radioactive phosphorus has been shown to be assimilated, during growth, from an inorganic source by Lancefield Group A hemolytic streptococci. The radioactivity is detectable in an acid precipitate from the supernate and the “M” fraction of the sediment of sound-treated streptococci. The ratio, radioactive to total phosphorus in the media as compared with that in the supernate fraction, was found to be 2.04. The concentrations of radioactive phosphorus tested have no apparent effect on the quantity or type of growth obtained. Likewise, no change in the colonial type of growth was noted.
The Demonstration of Pneumococcal Antigen in Tissues by the Use of Fluorescent Antibody
Authors: Coons Albert H. , Creech Hugh J. , Jones R. Norman , Berliner Ernst 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The object of this investigation has been to determine the feasibility of using chemically labelled antibodies as reagents for the detection and orientation of antigenic material in mammalian tissue. Such a method requires the retention of specificity by the antibody-molecule during and after the necessary chemical manipulation, a stable chemical linkage between the antibody and its label, and a label that can be detected when present in minute quantities. A further important requirement demands the separation of the labelled-antibody solution from unconjugated tracer-material. In addition a method of this sort would obviously be more useful for many studies if it were possible to determine not only those organs, but those cells which contain the antigen in question. Accordingly we investigated the possibility of employing materials for labelling that could be detected by optical rather than by analytic or radiographic methods.
Cutaneous Reactions to Animal Plasma-Proteins in Man
Authors: Savage George M. , Taylor Henry Longstreet , Keys Ancel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Methods of collecting sterile bovine plasma have been developed. These are applicable both to small-scale and to large-scale use. Methods of preparing bovine albumin have been studied. It is shown that methyl-alcohol fractionation maintains sterility better than fractionation by ammonium sulfate. Fractionation by electrophoresis could not be carried out in complete sterility. A survey has been made, involving 8000 skin-tests in 350 men, of the incidence of cutaneous reactions to 8 animal plasmas, to the separated albumin and globulin of bovine plasma, to products of bacterial metabolism in such materials, and to various preservatives. Individuals who react to the plasma-proteins of one animal species do not necessarily react to those of other animal species. Cross-reactions are few. The incidence of positive reactors to bovine albumin is markedly less (2.6 per cent) than to the whole bovine plasma (12 per cent). The severity of the reactions is also less. Pseudoreactions are readily produced by the products of bacterial metabolism in these materials, even when the contamination has been relatively small, the period of incubation short, and the temperature low (5 C). A number of common serum-preservatives produce a high incidence of pseudoreactions. Phenol and methyl-para-sept produce the smallest number of pseudoreactions.
Preparation and Use of Rh Testing Sera
Authors: Gallagher Fred W. , Jones Lloyd R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The existence of an antigen in the erythrocytes of rhesus monkeys, and accordingly designated as Rh, which is found also in the red blood cells of most human beings, was reported in 1940 by Landsteiner and Wiener (1). Methods for preparing anti-Rh sera in experimental animals and of testing for the antigen in erythrocytes are described by these same workers (2). It has been shown, also, that Rh agglutinins may appear in the blood serum of certain individuals who are devoid of the antigen, and that this appearance may be associated with disorders of clinical importance, e.g., transfusion reactions and erythroblastosis fetalis (3, 4). In connection with our study (5) of these problems we have employed antisera from animal and human sources in testing for the Rh antigen. In the present communication are reported our experiences in the production of animal sera and in the absorption of these sera for the purpose of enhancing their usefulness.
Studies on the Toxins of Shigella Dysenteriae (Shiga)
Authors: Olitzki L. , Bendersky J. , Koch P. K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The S-variant of Shigella dysenteriae (Bukarest strain) contains at least 2 toxic substances: a neurotoxin and an enterotoxin. It also contains a non-specific toxic substance found in other gram-negative bacteria. The R-variant contains only the neurotoxin and the non-specific toxic substance. The same toxins are found in washed bacteria as in the filtrates of liquid cultures. The neurotoxin is completely destroyed by heating at 100 C for 30 minutes; the enterotoxin, by heating at 100 C for 2 hours; the non-specific toxins are heat-resistant. From the egg medium of Olitsky and Kligler a fraction, “K”, was separated which, when added to a peptone solution or to synthetic media, favors growth and the appearance of S-variants in R-cultures. All toxins present in the bacterial bodies are demonstrable at approximately the same time in the filtrates of the culture. When the R-S variation takes place, the neurotoxin is demonstrable a week or more before the enterotoxin. On synthetic media the R-variant of both strains tested shows stricter nutritive requirements than the S-variant; it is unable to use glucose in the absence of nicotinic acid or ammonium as source of nitrogen. S-variants are derived from R-strains when large masses are seeded on simple media. R-variants are obtained from S-strains when the latter are grown in the presence of S-antiserum.
Demonstration of the Efficacy of Vaccination Against Influenza Type A by Experimental Infection of Human Beings
Authors: Henle Werner , Henle Gertrude , Stokes Joseph 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The efficacy of allantoic fluid vaccines in the prevention of experimental human infection with the virus of influenza A has been studied. Of 28 control individuals, 10 came down with clinical influenza following inhalation of a recently isolated active virus. Only 1 case, which had not responded to vaccination, occurred among the 44 vaccinated persons, 27 of which had been immunized 4 months prior to the exposure.
There was good correlation between the pre-inhalation antibody level and the degree of protection in that most of the clinical cases occurred in the group with the lowest antibody titer as measured both by mouse protection and inhibition of red cell agglutination technic. Increase in the antibody level decreased the morbidity.
The clinical picture of the experimental disease confirmed the observation of earlier investigators. Since a number of individuals harbored pathogenic organisms in the upper respiratory tract, all clinical cases were treated with sulfonamides. No complications were encountered.
Subclinical infections were numerous, as shown by slight elevations of temperature, mostly on the second or fourth day after inhalation, leucopenia below 5000, or rises in antibodies 2 weeks following the exposure. These symptoms were independent of each other in that either one alone or any combination of the three could be found. Virus was re-isolated only from clinical cases.
Various questions concerning the subclinical infections are discussed.
Studies on Tetanal Toxin
Authors: Friedemann Ulrich , Hollander Alvin 
Published: January 2023

Summary
7 tetanal toxins have been bioassayed by 5 methods, namely: 1) Intracerebral injection in rabbits, 2) intracerebral injection in guinea-pigs, 3) intramuscular injection in rabbits, 4) intramuscular injection in guinea-pigs and 5) intramuscular injection in mice. The relative potencies of the 7 toxins were found to be different for each individual method. Conversely, the relative potencies as determined by the five methods were found to be different for each individual toxin. These findings show that toxins from various sources are qualitatively not identical. The lethal dose is determined not only by the number of toxin molecules per ml but also by the toxicity of each individual toxin molecule. Some theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
The Specificity of Antibodies to Antigens Containing Two Different Determinant Groups
Authors: Haurowitz F. , Schwerin P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunization of rabbits with complex antigens containing simultaneously p-azo-phenyl-arsonic and m-azo-phenyl-sulfonic groups furnishes immune sera whose antibodies are precipitated quantitatively by subsequent addition of arsanil-azo-globulin and metanil-azo-globulin. No precipitate was produced by further addition of the homologous arsanil-metanil-azo-globulin. Immunization of rabbits with complex antigens containing simultaneously azo-phenyl-arsonic groups and di-iodo-tyrosin groups gives rise to the production of immune sera whose antibodies are precipitated quantitatively by the subsequent addition of arsanil-azo-protein and iodo-protein. No further precipitate is produced by the addition of the complex arsanil-azo-iodo-protein. An immune serum with the same properties is produced by the injection of a mixture of arsanil-azo-globulin and iodo-globulin into rabbits. Our experiments demonstrate that immunization with a complex antigen AB containing two kinds of determinant groups A and B leads to the formation of antibodies of the type anti-A and anti-B. No indication for the presence of anti-A-B was found. This supports the assumption that antibodies are of a single specificity.
The Relationship of the Protein-Reserves to Antibody-Production
Authors: Cannon Paul R. , Chase William E. , Wissler Robert W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Rabbits were subjected to diets predominantly deficient in protein in order to ascertain the extent to which depletion of the protein-reserves may influence ability to produce antibacterial agglutinins. No attempt was made to provide a completely adequate intake of vitamins although considerable quantities of several types of vitamins were available in the diet. The purpose, rather, was to determine the effects of severe starvation upon the antibody-forming mechanism. Both young and adult animals were compared with animals of similar age but fed a well-balanced diet. Protein-depletion was determined at intervals before and at the time of antigenic stimulation by the estimation of the total-serum-protein values of the blood. The following conclusions are drawn: Young rabbits made hypoproteinemic by a low-protein diet exhibited a definitely lessened capacity to produce agglutinins when compared with rabbits of similar age but fed a well-balanced diet.Adult rabbits made hypoproteinemic by a low-protein diet or by a lowprotein diet supplemented by plasmapheresis also exhibited a lessened capacity to produce agglutinins as compared with animals of similar age but supplied with an adequate diet.The possible relationship of these findings to conditions of malnutrition associated with severe protein-deficiency and an increased susceptibility to infectious disease is discussed.
Histamine-Protein Complexes: Synthesis and Immunologic Investigation
Authors: Rodney Gertrude , Fell Norbert 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A synthetic antigen was prepared by coupling the isocyanate derivative of histamine with despeciated horse serum globulin. The immunologic properties of the antigen were studied. The antiserum gave cross-reactions with histamine-azo-proteins, and the precipitative reaction was inhibited by histamine and by β-(5-Imidazolyl) ethyl isocyanate. Protection against symptoms of anaphylaxis in guinea-pigs after immunization with the complex was demonstrated by both in vivo and in vitro experiments.
Studies with H. Pertussis
Authors: Bondi Amedeo , Flosdorf Earl W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method of separation of the agglutinogen of B. parapterussis from other cellular components is described. This purified agglutinogen has been shown to be free of toxins; it is a protein-like material capable of stimulating the production of antibodies in rabbits. As shown by cross-absorptive tests, this purified fraction has retained the minor antigen common to phase I, H. pertussis. It is probably present as a prosthetic group on the molecule of the major antigen. The comparative chemical properties of the agglutinogen of B. parapertussis and phase I, H. pertussis are discussed. The possible clinical use of the material in skin testing for susceptibility to and immunization against parapertussis is suggested.
Combined Active-Passive Immunization Against Tetanus
Authors: Gold Herman , Bachers Herman 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The widespread use of active immunization against tetanus has aroused considerable interest in the problem of active-passive immunization against this disease. Physicians wish to know whether it is safe or wise to inject tetanal toxoid when the patient presents himself at the office or dispensary with a wound that requires the injection of 1500 units of antitoxin for prophylaxis against the immediate danger of infection with tetanus bacilli.
The advantages of such a procedure are clear: 1. It cuts down the number of visits required for completion of active immunization. 2. It starts active immunization at the time the patient is very much aware of the need of protection, thus helping to overcome his reluctance. 3. Even if the patient fails to complete the primary course of immunization within the specified 3 months, the injection of the first dose of toxoid will have established the sensitizing mechanism, and the ability to respond to subsequent injections of toxoid that results therefrom, will last a long time (at least 5 years in our experience) and perhaps for life.
Chemotherapy of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis in Mice and Guineapigs
Authors: Toomey John A. , Takacs William S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Rosenthal et al (1) concluded that the original prontosil of Domagk might prevent or modify the production of lymphocytic choriomeningitis in mice. Because of their experiments and some suggestive clinical evidence, neoprontosil has been used in the treatment of poliomyelitis (2) despite the fact that 1) the original prontosil of Domagk and the neoprontosil sold in this country are not the same drug; 2) the results of experiments with one drug are not necessarily the same as those following the use of another; 3) the results in one species of animals may not be the same as those obtained in another even when the same drug is used; 4) the effects of treatment in one virus disease may have no bearing on the effects that may be produced in another.
Our experiments were performed to determine whether neoprontosil, the American product, or the original prontosil of Domagk would prevent the infection of small animals with virus from lymphocytic choriomeningitis.
Protection against Spotted Fever by Specific Immune Serum Inoculated Intradermally at the Site of Infection
Authors: Anigstein Ludwik , Bader Madero N. , Young Gerald , Neubauer Dorothea 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The superiority of intracutaneous vaccination against certain infections over the ordinarily used subcutaneous administration of vaccines has been proved repeatedly. This method based on the protective role of the skin although largely neglected in human medicine is known to be successfully used by veterinarians particularly in their fight against anthrax (reviewed by Besredka, 1928) and equine encephalomyelitis (Shoening, Shahan, Osteen and Giltner, 1940). The principle of separate inoculation of virus and immune serum is also advocated in veterinary medicine. Swine are successfully vaccinated against hog-cholera by the virus and immune serum being injected at the same time at different sites and so are cattle against rinderpest. As a whole this method has proven successful although on rare occasions the subcutaneously inoculated immune serum failed to protect the animal. The application of this principle was used in the early immunization of man against yellow fever infection (Sawyer, Kitchen and Lloyd, 1932).