bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Isolation and Characterization of a New Component of Hemolytic Complement, C′3e
Authors: Inoue Kozo , Nelson Robert A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence is presented which describes the existence of an eighth fraction of normal guinea pig serum which is essential for the hemolytic action of complement (C′). This component, C′3e, reacts sequentially after C′3b and before C′3f. The intermediate complex, EAb C′1, 4, 2, 3c, 3b, 3e, has a half-life at 30°C of about 75 min. A method for the isolation from whole serum and for the measurement of C′3e reactivity is described. C′3e is depleted from fresh whole serum by antigen-Ab complexes. Purified C′3e appears to be depleted specifically by treatment with EAb C′1, 4, 2, 3c, 3b.
Initial studies indicate that C′3e is a macromolecule with a half-life at 56°C of about 41 min. As yet, there are no known co-factors or inhibitors of the hemolytic reactivity of C′3e.
Specific Suppression of Tumor Growth by Isolated Peritoneal Macrophages from Immunized Mice
Authors: Bennett Boyce 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Methods were presented by which macrophages may be isolated from the peritoneal cell population of mice. These cells, and for comparison peritoneal lymphocytes and lymph node cells, were tested for immunologic activity by injecting a mixture of the test cells and tumor cells subcutaneously into irradiated mice. Each cell type, when obtained from immunized mice, was capable of suppressing the growth of the specific tumor cells. The results are discussed with respect to a possible specific immunologic function for macrophages in graft rejection.
Adsorption of Attenuated and Neurovirulent Poliovirus Strains to Central Nervous System Tissues of Primates
Authors: Harter Donald H. , Choppin Purnell W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Attenuated and neurovirulent strains of all three types of poliovirus adsorbed to human and rhesus monkey brain and spinal cord gray matter at similar rates.
Combination with human brain homogenate inactivated the infectivity of attenuated and neurovirulent strains of the three poliovirus types; infectivity was restored by treatment with 6 M lithium chloride.
Results obtained suggest that the attenuated type 1 LSc, 2ab strain adsorbs to glass to a much greater extent than the neurovirulent Mahoney strain; this adsorption is markedly reduced by the presence of bovine albumin. The previously reported apparent failure of the attenuated LSc, 2ab strain to adsorb to primate neural tissues can be explained on the basis of extensive adsorption of this strain to glass in control tubes.
The results obtained do not support the hypothesis that attenuation of poliovirus reflects failure to adsorb to the cells of the primate nervous system.
The Separation and Physicochemical Properties of the C and D Antigens of Coxsackievirus
Authors: Frommhagen Laurence H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The two antigens of coxsackievirus, Type B-5, separated by centrifugation in sucrose and cesium chloride density gradients, were shown to be very similar to the C and D antigens of poliomyelitis virus in their infectivity, complement-fixing properties, particle size and shape, and nucleic acid content. Certain practical aspects of the efficiency of separation of the C and D antigens in sucrose and cesium chloride density gradients were also discussed.
The Nature of Antibodies Synthesized during the Immune Response to Leptospira Biflexa
Authors: Hocker N. D. , Bauer D. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Agglutinating and hemolytic antibodies to Leptospira biflexa were examined after injection of rabbits with increasing concentrations of the spirochete. The magnitude of the agglutinating antibody response was dependent upon the antigen concentration. The response to the hemolytic antigen was not increased with increasing antigen but a persistent synthesis or renewed synthesis was observed which appeared to be quantitatively related to the level of antigen injected.
Secondary responses were initiated with a low dose of antigen. The agglutinating antibody response was similar to the primary response with that same dose of antigen. Hemolytic antibody synthesis, however, was increased more than twelvefold over the primary response.
This quantitative difference in the secondary response of the agglutinating and hemolytic antibodies might be explained on the basis of previous findings that anamnestic type responses are usually associated with the synthesis of low molecular weight antibody (7 S) but not heavy antibodies (19 S). However, examination of primary and secondary response antisera by density gradient ultracentrifugation and sensitivity to reduction indicate that both the agglutinating and hemolytic antibodies are rapidly sedimenting and sensitive to reduction throughout the immune response. Apparently anamnesis can be associated with macroglobulin antibody synthesis to certain antigens.
A Micromanipulator-Based System for Immunologic Analyses with Microliter and Submicroliter Reactant Volumes
Authors: Ringle David A. , Herndon Betty L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An efficient, micromanipulator-based test system is described for the immunologic analysis of microliter and submicroliter volumes by complement fixation, hemagglutination and immunodiffusion in both agar and cellulose acetate. With this system it is possible to carry out all of these tests on a total antiserum volume of about 1.5 µl. Antigen volume requirements for these tests are correspondingly low. In regard to reactant concentrations the sensitivity of the micromethods compares favorably with the sensitivity of the corresponding macromethods.
Alteration of the Specificity of Lectin by Chemical Modification. II
Authors: Matsubara Shoji , Boyd William C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effects on the blood group specificity of lima bean anti-A of coupling to it diazotized amino derivatives of D-glucose and D-galactose were investigated. The galactose derivatives all enhanced the anti-B activity, p-aminophenyl-α-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminide (Ga III) being the most effective. Some of the glucose derivatives also enhanced the anti-B activity, but tended more to confer also an anti-O activity. The anti-B activity of these modified lectins was inhibited by 1 M d-galactose, and all activity inhibited by N - acetyl - d - galactosamine. Possible chemical mechanisms of the observed changes are discussed.
Studies on the Mechanism of the Cytolytic Effect of Sensitized Lymphocytes
Authors: Rosenau Werner , Moon Henry D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Lymphocytes of mice sensitized by injection of homologous cells are capable of lysing, in tissue culture, cells of the same type used for sensitization. The serum of such animals also may contain cytotoxic humoral antibodies. The purpose of the present study was to ascertain if the cytolytic effect of the lymphocytes was due to their functional modification or to adsorbed humoral cytotoxic antibodies. The experiments were conducted to determine differences in the effects of ionizing radiation and hydrocortisone on the cytolytic effects of antiserum and lymphocytes from sensitized mice. The lytic effect of the sensitized lymphocytes was completely abolished by x-irradiation (15,000 r) whereas the cytolytic effect of antiserum was not demonstrably affected by the same level of irradiation. Furthermore, addition of hydrocortisone to homologous cytotoxic serum did not alter the lytic effect; previous experiments with hydrocortisone carried out under the same conditions had demonstrated a marked reduction in cytolysis mediated by sensitized homologous lymphoid cells. Since the cytolytic effect of sensitized lymphocytes was abolished by irradiation and was partially suppressed by hydrocortisone but the cytolytic effect of antiserum remained unchanged, it was concluded that lysis was related to functional modification of the lymphocytes and not to adsorbed cytotoxic antibodies.
The Preparation of Nucleotide-Protein Conjugates: Carbodiimides as Coupling Agents
Authors: Halloran Mark J. , Parker Charles W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
For some time it has been apparent that antibodies might be useful in the study of the fine structure of RNA and DNA. A major stumbling block has been the unavailability of a method which would render polynucleotides antigenic yet largely preserve their structural integrity. In approaching the problem of covalently conjugating polynucleotides to proteins as a means of stimulating antibody formation, we sought a procedure which would employ terminal nucleotide PO4 or OH groups for coupling. Two ways in which the terminal PO4 groups might be coupled covalently to protein would involve formation of a phosphodiester bond with protein seryl and threonyl residues or an N-P bond with protein ε-amino groups (Fig. 1, reactions 1 and 2 respectively). On the other hand, the OH group of a terminal sugar residue could react with protein carboxyl groups forming an ester (Fig. 1, reaction 3).
The Antigenic Structure of Treponema Pallidum, Nichols Strain
Authors: Miller James N. , De Bruijn J. H. , Bekker J. H. , Onvlee P. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Relatively tissue-free suspensions of Treponema pallidum, Nichols strain, were prepared by extracting the organism in rabbit serum-saline medium in equal parts. They were exposed to ultrasonic disintegration and the presence of antigens within the lysate and residue determined. Heat-labile and heat-stable (non-cardiolipin) antigens specific for T. pallidum, as well as antigens related to the lipopolysaccharide and protein (RP) components of the nonpathogenic Treponema reiteri, could be demonstrated. Further, the above antigens were shown to be unrelated to TPI antigen(s). The specific T. pallidum antigens within the lysate were found to be distinct from those within the residue.
Catabolism of γG-Globulin with Reduced Interchain Disulfide Bonds in Rabbits
Authors: Cohen George L. , Mannik Mart 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The interchain disulfide bonds of rabbit γG-globulin were reduced and alkylated, but the H and L polypeptide chains remained assembled due to noncovalent interactions. The in vivo degradation of these altered molecules was compared to the degradation of unaltered molecules. The plasma half-lives were found to be identical in unaltered molecules, molecules with reduced interchain disulfide bonds and molecules with reoxidized bonds. Furthermore, molecules reassembled from separated H chains labeled with I125 and L chains labeled with I131 had plasma half-life comparable to the half-life of unaltered molecules. Therefore, the integrity of interchain disulfide bonds plays no role in the biological degradation of γG-globulin molecules.
Agar Gel Diffusion Method for the Study of Antigenic Components of Mumps Virus
Authors: Cuadrado Raul R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A modified agar gel diffusion system for detecting mumps precipitating antibodies was investigated.
Mumps immune sera, when tested by a modified agar gel diffusion technique against concentrated soluble and viral antigens, showed a reaction only against the soluble antigen. When purified viral antigen was treated with peroxide-free ether for 15 to 30 min, a precipitating band, similar to that of the soluble antigen, was observed.
Agar gel diffusion methods may be used as a rapid tool for determination of precipitating antibodies to mumps virus, and possibly may be applied to the study of antigenically related parainfluenza viruses.
The Specificity of the Immune Response Following Injection of Bovine Serum Albumin into Neonatal Mice
Authors: Habicht Gail Sorem , Terres Geronimo 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Neonatal mice were injected with 15 mg BSA and the temporal development of the immune response was followed. A biphasic response was observed. The possibility that the nodes in the immune response represented the production of antibodies of different specificity was investigated by using serologically cross reacting antigens (BSA and HSA). Mice injected at birth with 12.5 mg BSA showed no anaphylaxis or ADAR at the challenge or rechallenge with HSA. Mice injected at birth with BSA, challenged with BSA and rechallenged with HSA did show anaphylaxis and an elevated ADAR at the rechallenge. When mice injected with BSA at birth and challenged with HSA were rechallenged with BSA, the response to BSA was less than the response to BSA at the challenge. The specificity of the secondary response was discussed. When mice injected at birth with 12.5 mg BSA were challenged and rechallenged with HSA and SSA simultaneously it was found that the response to determinants on the SSA molecule developed before the response to determinants on the HSA molecule. Thus, the response to individual antigenic determinants on a single molecule does develop separately with time following neonatal exposure to the antigen.
The Antibody Responses of Rabbits and Rats to Hemocyanin
Authors: Dixon Frank J. , Jacot-Guillarmod Hubert , McConahey Patricia J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The response of rabbits and rats to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) differed in a number of respects from responses to many other protein antigens. KLH is rapidly eliminated from the circulation and promptly degraded at least to the point of liberation of an I131 label in non-protein bound form. Maximum primary responses were elicited in rabbits by 2 mg of KLH and increases above this dose made little change in the response. Perhaps the most striking aspect of the antibody responses was that they consisted of considerable amounts of mercaptoethanol sensitive (MES) antibody. Primary responses of rabbits to KLH administered systemically were well sustained for several months and had approximately 50% MES antibody throughout the entire response. Six sequential responses of rats to systemically administered KLH were composed entirely of MES-19S antibody, and the secondary response was &gt;30 times larger than the primary, indicating the operation of immunologic memory in this pure MES-19S antibody response. Even in responses to KLH in Freund's adjuvant or secondary systemic challenges, rabbits made significant amounts of MES antibody, and in few, if any, situations did the production of sizeable amounts of mercaptoethanol resistant antibody appear to interfere with the continued synthesis of MES antibody. Incorporation of KLH in incomplete Freund's adjuvant enhanced its immunogenicity approximately a thousandfold.
Hyperacute Allergic Encephalomyelitis: Adjuvant Effect of Pertussis Vaccines and Extracts
Authors: Levine Seymour , Wenk Eugene J. , Devlin Henry B. , Pieroni Robert E. , Levine Leo 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Pertussis vaccine acts as an adjuvant for development of allergic encephalomyelitis in rats, accelerating and intensifying it, and converting it to a hyperacute form. The active principle in pertussis vaccine was resistant at 56°C but labile at 80°C. It was absent from endotoxin preparations but was present in partially purified histamine sensitizing factor (HSF). It was present in vaccines and extracts in proportion to their HSF content. The active principle may be identical with HSF or closely associated with it.
Delayed-Type Contactant Hypersensitivity Elicited in Epithelia of Vagina, Uterus and Colon of the Guinea Pig
Authors: Macher Egon , Dörner Volkmar 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Guinea pigs sensitized epicutaneously to 2,4-dinitro-1-chlorobenzene and shown to exhibit typical delayed-type hypersensitivity on the skin were found to exhibit equivalent reactions, upon proper challenge, also on the epithelium of the vagina, the uterus and the colon. The reactions are defined histologically by emigrated and accumulated small lymphocytes which tend to move toward, and to affect, the epithelial cells directly below the site of the applied chemical.
Conversely, sensitizing applications made to the mucosa of the colon resulted in contact sensitivity of the skin.
The fact that contact sensitivity was found not to be limited to the skin appears to exclude a role for keratin or prekeratin as required carrier of the hapten.
The Sedimentation Behavior of Rhinovirus Neutralizing Activity in Nasal Secretion and Serum Following the Rhinovirus Common Cold
Authors: Rossen Roger D. , Douglas R. Gordon , Cate Thomas R. , Couch Robert B. , Butler William T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Nasal washings and serum from nine volunteers inoculated with rhinovirus NIH-1734 were fractionated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and the fractions were analyzed quantitatively for γA-globulin, γG-globulin and rhinovirus neutralizing activity.
Neutralizing activity in the nasal secretions was predominantly associated with 9S to 14S γA-globulin whether the nasal secretion sample came from individuals developing antibody for the first time after experimental infection or from volunteers with naturally acquired antibody of long duration. In a few nasal secretion samples, 5S to 7S neutralizing activity was also found to be associated with both γA-globulins and γG-globulins and, in a single instance, nasal secretion contained 18S virus neutralizing activity which may have been associated with γM-globulin.
Rhinovirus neutralizing activity in serum from all but one volunteer sedimented in the 5S to 7S region and was associated with fractions containing both γA- and γG-globulins. Sera from five subjects also contained virus neutralizing activity, which sedimented between 7S and 19S. Serum from one additional volunteer contained only 14S and 20S virus neutralizing activity. 19S antibody developed in only one of four volunteers infected for the first time with this strain of rhinovirus.
An Immunochemical Analysis of Bacterial Mucopeptides
Authors: Karakawa Walter W. , Lackland Henry , Krause Richard M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mucopeptides extracted from gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria which were solubilized by ultrasonic treatment gave precipitin reactions with rabbit antistreptococcal serum. A haptenic inhibitor isolated from S. albus enzymes digest of Group D streptococcal cell walls inhibited this precipitin reaction between the mucopeptides of heterologous bacteria and streptococcal antiserum. Greater than 87% inhibition of the M. lysodeikticus and 65% inhibition of the E. coli quantitative mucopeptide precipitin reactions was achieved with 4 mg/ml of this inhibitor. In double diffusion studies, the mucopeptides from different species of bacteria and streptococcal mucopeptide antiserum formed merging precipitin lines. These results suggest that the mucopeptides of many different species of bacteria possess antigenic determinants which are immunochemically similar to those of streptococci.
Rubella Complement-Fixing Antigens Derived from the Fluid and Cellular Phases of Infected BHK-21 Cells: Extraction of Cell-Associated Antigen with Alkaline Buffers
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rubella complement-fixing (CF) antigens with titers considerably higher than those previously prepared from infected RK-13 culture fluids were obtained by concentration of the fluid phase of infected BHK-21 cultures. Greater amounts of CF antigen could be obtained from the cellular phase of infected BHK-21 cultures by sonic oscillation than by freezing and thawing, and extraction of infected cells with glycine or borate buffers at pH 9 or 10 released even more antigen. In addition to being more potent antigens, alkaline buffer extracts were less anticomplementary than antigens produced by physical disruption of the cells. Factors influencing the effectiveness of extraction of CF antigen with alkaline buffers were studied. Antigens produced from both the fluid and cellular phases of infected BHK-21 cultures could be treated with ether to render them noninfectious with only a slight loss in titer; ether-treated antigens retained their sensitivity and specificity in tests with human sera. The preparation of both fluid concentrates and alkaline buffer extracts of infected cells greatly increased the amount of rubella CF antigen obtainable from infected BHK-21 cultures.
Antigenic Analysis of Tumors and Sera from Animals Inoculated with Para-Adenovirus Populations
Authors: Rapp Fred , Butel Janet S. , Tevethia Satvir S. , Katz Myron , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The oncogenicity for hamsters of a PARA-adenovirus 7 population carrying SV40 determinants was confirmed and the immunologic events studied. Tumors induced by PARA-adenovirus 7 were virus-free but synthesized SV40 tumor antigen. Almost all the animals bearing tumors induced by this virus produced antibodies against SV40 tumor antigen and 50 percent also produced antibodies against adenovirus tumor antigen.
Transcapsidation of PARA from adenovirus type 7 to adenovirus type 2 conferred oncogenic properties to the previously nontumorigenic adenovirus 2. Again, the resulting tumors were virus-free. Cells established in culture from the tumors synthesized SV40 tumor antigen. In addition, most of the animals produced antibodies against both SV40 and adenovirus tumor antigens.
Immunochemical Studies on Dextrans
Authors: Arakatsu Yutaka , Ashwell Gilbert , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Isomaltose and isomaltotriose were oxidized to their respective aldonic acids with bromine and coupled to bovine serum albumin by the mixed anhydride reaction. All of six rabbit antisera to the isomaltonic acid antigen showed specificity for terminal α-glucosyl residues but did not cross-react with dextran while all of six rabbit antisera to the isomaltotrionic acid antigen cross-reacted extensively with dextran. These findings suggest a lower limit for the size of an antibody-combining site required for cross-reactivity with dextran as greater than a terminal α-glucopyranosyl unit and perhaps as large as a terminal α-linked isomaltosyl unit. With three of the antisera to the isomaltotrionic acid, antigens IM3, IM4, IM5 and IM6 were equally potent as inhibitors on a molar basis. In two of the other sera IM4, IM5 and IM6 were equally potent but slightly better than IM3 and in the sixth antiserum IM5 and IM6 were equal and slightly better than IM4, which in turn was better than IM3. The basis for these results is discussed.
A New Serum Factor in Normal Rabbits
Authors: Mandy William J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Homoreactant, present in the purified normal rabbit γG-globulin, reacted specifically with homologous Fab fragments. The reaction was demonstrated by the agglutination of human red cells sensitized with the Fab of rabbit anti-HEA. Pepsin digestion of HR did not affect this agglutinating activity; it was destroyed, however, by papain digestion. The activity of HR was inhibited by the Fab fragments of normal rabbit γG-globulin. The concept that HR is a 7S naturally occurring antibody is supported by the data.
Homoreactant was unable to agglutinate erythrocytes sensitized with 1) the artificially prepared univalent 7S hybrid anti-HEA, 2) subagglutinating doses of intact anti-HEA or 3) the rabbit incomplete antierythrocyte antibody. Furthermore, HR was not inhibited by intact γG-globulin. The data suggest that HR is directed to antigenic determinants which are ordinarily buried in the intact γG-globulin molecule and are exposed after papain digestion.
Gel-diffusion experiments provided another way of demonstrating HR activity. The data suggest that this technique may prove to be useful for further quantitative studies.
Differences between HR and certain other serum factors are discussed.