bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Go Julian 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces Policing Empires by raising the puzzle of police militarization. The police in Britain and the United States adopted the model of the “civil police” in the nineteenth century, but militarization betrays that ideal. The chapter discusses some theoretical frameworks for making sense of this puzzle and introduces its own framework that accounts for how racialization and imperialism relate to police militarization. The chapter introduces the concept of the “boomerang effect” and explicates the logic of racialization that undergirds it. The chapter also discusses the method of “postcolonial historical sociology” that the book adopts, showing that postcolonial historical sociology reveals the entanglements of colonialism and modernity and explains their impact.
Police “Reform” and the Colonial Boomerang in the United States, 1890s–1930s
Authors: Go Julian 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the so-called reform or professionalization movement in policing in the Progressive-era United States. This movement, led by August Vollmer, was a form of militarization that drew upon America’s colonial operations in overseas territories like the Philippines. Veterans of the colonial theater, like Vollmer, returned home to become police chiefs and instituted new policies and policing tactics, like pin mapping and mounted patrols, that drew upon their overseas experience. This new round of militarization, like previous ones, was triggered by the racialization of crime and disorder, itself a response to the arrival of new urban migrants, from the Chinese in California to European immigrants and African Americans in the East and South.
Tactical Imperialism in the United States, 1950s–1970s
Authors: Go Julian 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines developments in American policing as the US empire transmuted from the strategy of colonial control overseas to the more informal modality of “tactical” imperialism. The chapter shows how the migration of racialized minorities to cities in the late 1950s generated a new series of racialized panics about urban crime and violence. If “white flight” to the suburbs was one product of those panics, another was police militarization, resulting in new policing units like New York’s Tactical Police Force, whose bellicosity in turn had lasting effects. One effect was to trigger urban revolts that summoned the imperial boomerang yet again, with new tactics and tools from Vietnam and the British Empire domesticated for use on America’s streets.
Cycles of Policing and Insurgency in Britain, 1960s–1980s
Authors: Go Julian 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows that in Britain, a new round of militarization began in the early 1970s in London, when the London Special Patrol Group was repurposed from a seemingly benign crime-fighting unit into a heavily militarized force devoted to countering subversion and insurgency. The transformation, which can be named counterinsurgenization, occurred through the importation of recent counterinsurgency theories, tools, and techniques that had been developing in Britain’s imperial peripheries, from Malaya and Kenya to Hong Kong and Northern Ireland. The original impetus was racialized threat, and in the 1980s the counterinsurgenization of British policing did not stop insurgency but provoked it. This perpetuated a larger cycle of militarized policing, insurgency, and militarization that continued into the early 2000s.
Introduction
Authors: Drummond Hugh 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
After stimulating exposure to the megadiverse ecosystems and fauna of Mexico, the author studied psychology and evolutionary biology in the United States and then spent 40 years studying the family conflict of a marine bird whose exceptionally observable behavior provides a model for understanding the evolution of human family conflict. By camping for 5 months of every year on a tropical island and banding 23,000 boobies, he and his students analyzed the conflict and conditional tolerance of infant siblings, and the passionate attachments, infidelities, and countermeasures of adults. Like humans, boobies are long-lived and reproduce in monogamous pairs that share the duties of caring for highly dependent and often contemporaneous offspring, so it is instructive to compare our evolved behavioral tendencies with the more automatic evolved behavior of a species that faces similar challenges but lacks intentionality, comprehension, or morality. That comparison is the subject of the last chapter.
Bullying and Lifelong Scars
Authors: Drummond Hugh 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Junior blue-foot and human siblings contradict the conventional expectation that stressful early environments do lasting developmental damage. Although junior blue-foots suffer violent subordination, partial starvation, slow growth, and high levels of stress hormone due to abuse by elder siblings, important developmental impacts never materialize. During adulthood, juniors show no deficits in defense of territory, annual survival, cellular immunity, age and date of first breeding, or the number of fledglings produced through age 16 years. Similarly, although one-third of junior human siblings suffer physical, psychological, or relational aggression from siblings on a weekly basis, affecting self-esteem, loneliness, anxiety, interpersonal stress, and depression, rigorous studies found no effects on the major personality traits in adulthood: emotional stability, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and imagination. Both species may have evolved developmental resilience to the stresses of sibling conflict, a predictable challenge of infancy, and similar resilience has been observed in other wild birds.
Happy Marriages with Blue Feet
Authors: Drummond Hugh 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
To create and raise a brood of one to three chicks, monogamous pairs of blue-footed boobies bond and cooperate for 6 months. Both sexes actively choose quality partners based on courtship displays and foot color, which reveal age, nutritional and immunological condition, recent reproductive experience, and chick-raising ability. Before laying, a female or male sometimes switches from one partner to another. Half of all breeders bond with the same partner in the next season, allowing them to nest earlier and hatch more eggs. Female and male choose their nest sites collaboratively, signaling their preferences and resolving differences by satisfying their partner’s concerns, similar to humans. Both sexes participate similarly in incubation and brood care, but females, being larger, provide more and better-quality food to chicks, and males, oddly, defend more aggressively against intruders. Although both sexes could benefit by inducing their partner to carry more parental workload, their collaboration is impressive.
Cheating, Infanticide, and Egg-Dumping
Authors: Drummond Hugh 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Infidelity is rife in monogamous pairs of blue-footed boobies. Before egg-laying, paired female and male blue-footed boobies court extra partners, and half of them copulate with extra partners, both sexes preferring to do so when their own partners are absent, especially females. Eleven percent of broods include a chick not sired by the resident male, and such chicks are more common in nests where the habitat structure and social environment of the colony facilitate liaisons. Male infidelity is rewarded by additional low-cost offspring and facilitates males’ partner-switching. The mixed evidence suggests that female infidelity may have evolved to enable partner-switching, facilitate parasitic egg-dumping in the extra male’s nest, secure better genes for the female’s offspring, assure fertilization when her partner is infertile, or earn concessions to offspring from extra males. Males defend against infidelity by guarding their partners, disrupting copulations, and destroying eggs they may not have sired.
Are Humans Similar?
Authors: Drummond Hugh 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Similarities between humans and boobies suggest independent evolution in their respective lineages of functionally equivalent family conflict. Babies and toddlers show anxiety and aggression when newborns arrive and when mothers pay attention to them. Reluctance to share with siblings is normal, as is aggression over property and space, which peaks at 3–4 years and fades during adolescence. Sibling power imbalance exists in all cultures examined, and some sibships in the West exhibit pathological dominance-subordination. Humans pair-bond through courtship, involving displays of age, beauty, wealth, intelligence, and personality. A minority of both sexes court and copulate secretly with extra partners, and 2–17 percent of births are sired by extra males. Male infidelity wins additional offspring; female infidelity may facilitate partner-switching, assure fertilization, secure better genes, and earn concessions to offspring from extra males. Males’ defenses include displaying wealth, guarding or confining partners, aggression to partners and rivals, and reducing investment in dubious offspring.
Founders
Authors: Bernard Seth 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter complements the last by moving from the practices of history-making in early cities to the agents. Did early Italian urban societies identify and venerate particular figures as “founders” of their respective cities? The practice is well known from the Greek world, including some examples from Magna Grecia in Italy. This chapter argues that parallel, if distinct, practices also existed in Italy before its contact with Greek colonists, although we can usually only reconstruct such practices from the archaeological record. Focus is on a series of cases in which the location of pre-urban burials of individuals singled out in some way was respected within the fabric of early cities. Notable examples considered include Paestum, Tarquinia, Rome, and Veii, where the extraordinary recent discoveries of Piazza d’Armi are discussed at length. The chapter identifies a bundle of practices that resembled Greek founder cult in some ways, but not in others, suggesting a stratum of very early and natively Italian historical practices surrounding the “founding figures” of their cities.
Introduction
Authors: Dowe Pearl K. Ford 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the genesis of the book’s foundational questions. Why do Black women run for office? How do they win? These decisions are shaped by Black women’s political socialization, their gendered and racial identity, and their community networks. The socialization process shapes their opinions of themselves, their identity, and sense of agency, and it provides mechanisms to navigate the world first as a Black girl and later as a Black woman. Battling both racism and sexism, they experience the world differently from those who are not Black and female. Black women use their enormous community social capital and access to resources via social, civic, and community organizations to fundraise, mobilize voters, and gain access to potential voters.
The Radical Imagination of Black Women’s Ambition
Authors: Dowe Pearl K. Ford 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Historically, Black women have viewed political participation as a means to achieve full equality and improve the status of the group and of themselves and to this end have long engaged in politics through activism, voting, mobilization, and seeking office. Introducing the theoretical framework ambition on the margins, this chapter explores how Black women develop a radical imagination that propels them in the face of adversity and marginalization to move their vision of justice, equality, access, and freedom into social action. The framework also incorporates analysis of the socialization process of Black women that contributes to them creating and joining networks and organizations that provide resources for future political success. Also included in the framework is the dynamic of marginalization which is grounded in centuries old stereotypes and political and public resistance to support Black women.
What Do Black Women Need from Black Women Elected Officials?
Authors: Dowe Pearl K. Ford 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers an exploration of how Black women voters view policies and Black women as political leaders. Central to the theoretical argument of the book is that Black women elected officials are invested in their communities. Therefore, it is important to understand the expectations community members have for Black women politicians. Knowing what those possible expectations are can help one understand how Black women present themselves as candidates and elected officials. Analyzing focus groups that represent different generations of Black women, the chapter explores how Black women understand and expect substantive representation from Black women politicians.
Radegund
Authors: Dailey E. T. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Radegund: The Trials and Triumphs of a Merovingian Queen is a biography of a sixth-century princess, war captive, queen, deaconess, nun, and saint. This book examines her life, times, and legacy, illuminating the society in which she lived and narrating her personal history in an accessible way, written to appeal to a general audience, yet without compromising its merit as a work of scholarship that offers important new insights for experts in the field. Radegund succeeded in establishing a place for herself within this difficult and dangerous world, despite the trials she faced, and thus distinguished herself as a figure worthy of detailed biographical study. Unique among her peers, Radegund achieved a position of prominence as a woman in a foreign land, without resorting to the violence, intrigue, and murder that characterized the lives of other prominent women during this period, like Brunhild or Fredegund. Departing from the portrait of an idealized saint offered by her early medieval hagiographers, and from the traditional narrative established in more recent academic works, this book presents a new interpretation of this remarkable woman with many insights about the history of a crucial period in the transition from Roman to medieval epochs.
Introduction
Authors: Dailey E. T. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
After some remarks about the legend of the Grand’goule in Poitiers and after providing an overview of Radegund’s life, this introductory section of the book discusses the three principal sources of material for her life—the works of Baudonivia, Fortunatus, and Gregory of Tours—together with the one letter that Radegund is known to have written herself. The context of sixth-century Gaul is described alongside a discussion about the problems and possibilities that each author presents to the historian. The Introduction concludes with a few notes about the book itself, and authorial choices that were made in regard to the translation of technical terms and the difficulties posed by Merovingian naming conventions.
What Can Man Do unto Me?
Authors: Dailey E. T. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter opens with Radegund’s flight from her marriage, explaining how she convinced Bishop Médard to consecrate her as a deaconess and to confirm her adoption of religious vows. The chapter details the different forms of female monastic practice that existed at this early stage, including less formal forms practised within domestic contexts. This serves as the framework for understanding Radegund’s early efforts in a small village, prior to her better-known exploits in Poitiers. The chapter then discusses Baudonivia’s report that Chlothar attempted, on two occasions, to retrieve Radegund and restore her to his side as his wife, which provides an opportunity to understand her psychological state during these difficult moments, the fear that menaced her even when she faced no immediate threat, and the connection that such anxiety may have had to her more extreme ascetic practices. The chapter turns to Radegund’s foundation of her convent in Poitiers, the examples she followed (highlighting various influences beyond just the better-known example of St John’s convent in Arles), and her use of the Rule of Caesarius. The chapter finishes with the death of Chlothar.
Like Eve Driven from Paradise
Authors: Dailey E. T. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter narrates the scandalous uprising of nuns that occurred not long after Radegund’s death. The precise sequence of events that led the rebellious nuns and their leaders, Chlothild and Basina, to leave Holy Cross is reconstructed in detail. The motivations of the two nuns are carefully examined. They were not necessarily intending to abandon the monastic life, but to acquire control over Holy Cross and to run the institution in a manner not unlike Radegund herself (with themselves as her heirs). They may have even seen themselves as monastic reformers, even though the unintended result of their uprising was the near destruction of the convent itself. The chapter carefully works through the information presented by Gregory of Tours and the judgement of bishops issued shortly after the uprising was suppressed. Although Chlothild and Basina failed in their objectives, they escaped serious punishment because of their status as relatives of the reigning kings.
Amen
Authors: Dailey E. T. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book by discussing Radegund’s legacy and the later history of her convent in Poitiers. The hagiography of Fortunatus is dated to the immediate aftermath of the uprising of Chlothild and Basina and interpreted as an attempt to rescue Radegund’s reputation by distinguishing her from her famous foundation. The chapter recounts the cycle of destruction and reconstruction that occurred in the convent and, in particular, in Radegund’s funerary church, as well as the later history of objects associated with her: the reliquary of the True Cross, her tomb, and other objects. The chapter describes the extensive efforts to revive Radegund’s cult in the eleventh century. The chapter then evaluates Radegund’s life and reflects upon the choices that she made.
“No Neutral Men”
Authors: Porter Louis Howard 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the nonworking lives of Soviet international civil servants in the “colony” revolving around the Soviet embassy in Paris, illustrating how the USSR struggled to maintain the ideological discipline of these employees, who worked in the heart of the West as white-collar bureaucrats during the Cold War. Because these Soviet UNESCO employees resided in apartments scattered across Paris and worked alone in the organization’s secretariat, the maintenance of their discipline was of central importance to Soviet embassy officials. These officials therefore sought to monopolize their private, leisure time by including them in the colony’s mix of political-educational, cultural, social, athletic, and tourism activities. While these activities were intended to insulate Soviet citizens from the foreign world around them by reproducing a microcosmic version of Soviet society in the French capital, in reality Soviet international civil servants enjoyed an unprecedented freedom to live and work autonomously in the West.
Phonograph
Authors: Singer Howie , Rosenblatt Bill 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the inventors who helped to create the first “talking machines” and the innovations that made them easier to use and inexpensive to manufacture, including the mass production of copies of recordings. It explains how the devices worked and why discs became the recording format of choice over cylinders. It lays out the creation of distribution channels and marketing approaches that could persuade millions of consumers to purchase these new products. It covers how the instruments and repertoire to record were influenced by limitations of the technology and the emergence of the first worldwide recording stars and the genres that proved most successful. Finally, it explains how copyright law had to evolve to protect performers and rightsholders.
Tapes
Authors: Singer Howie , Rosenblatt Bill 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers magnetic tape as a format for distributing recorded music. It discusses the development of magnetic tape recording in Nazi Germany and its export to the United States after World War II; the invention of tape cartridge formats as a more consumer-friendly tape products; the introduction of 8-tracks for music on demand in cars; the technological breakthroughs that enabled high-quality audio reproduction on cassettes; and the innovative consumer devices that made cassettes into sources for personal portable on-demand music. The chapter describes the music industry’s various attempts to curtail home taping of commercial recordings through legal means when the industry slumped in the late 1970s, and the electronics industry’s legal victory in the landmark Supreme Court Betamax case. It also discusses the cassette’s crucial role in the development of hip-hop in the 1980s.
Television
Authors: Singer Howie , Rosenblatt Bill 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the history of distributing music tied to images that began with talking pictures and “Soundies,” which ultimately led to cable technology enabling a channel devoted solely to music videos. It explains how the founders persuaded the music labels to hand over their content and the cable providers to carry the channel, and the role that fans played by loudly proclaiming “I want my MTV.” In addition, it explains how these videos evolved from recordings of live performances to creative works that have stood the test of time and allowed artists such as Michael Jackson and Madonna to achieve even greater popularity. Finally, it covers the role that synchronization rights play for music videos.
Compact Discs
Authors: Singer Howie , Rosenblatt Bill 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains how the Compact Disc (CD) became the centerpiece of the most profitable era in the history of the music. It details how Phillips and Sony learned the lessons from the failure of the video LaserDisc (LD) and integrated a variety of technologies to craft a far more successful music format. The chapter recounts the various explanations for the decision on the play time of the CD and how record labels and retailers were persuaded to adopt the new format. It describes why the product’s appeal was so great that fans bought their music collections all over again, driving revenues and profits to unprecedented levels while at the same time encouraging the labels to adopt policies to keep prices high, which became the subject of legal actions. Finally, the chapter covers how the digitization of music and the decisions to downplay singles to drive more CD sales set the stage for the calamitous Napster era.
Downloads
Authors: Singer Howie , Rosenblatt Bill 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the invention of the technologies that enabled music to be sent efficiently over networks. This innovation, combined with faster connectivity, improvements in computer processing, less expensive storage, and peer-to-peer (p2p) technology, set the stage for the launch of Napster and rapid declines in music-industry revenues. It describes how the industry pursued a variety of legal remedies while attempting to offer authorized alternatives, and how the profitability of the CD held them back from offering a solution that could compete with free. The chapter recounts the creation of the seamless Apple experience, which combined the iTunes store and the iPod that sold billions of files, although it could not replace the financial losses as CDs continued to decline.