bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Mechanism of Cytolysis by Complement: Further Studies on the One-Hit Characteristics of the C9 Reaction
Authors: Mayer Manfred M. , Vuozzo Eugene F. , Paznekas William A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Since C9 is the terminal complement component it is important to determine whether its reaction displays one-hit or multi-hit characteristics. This question has been studied previously by kinetic methods. We now report studies by endpoint titration of C9. We have developed a two-step procedure in order to attain the endpoint of the C9 reaction with respect to time. In the first step EAC1-8 are allowed to react with C9 for 10 to 20 hr at 0°C. During this interval all of the C9 combines with the cells. In the second step the cells are incubated for 2.5 hr at 37°C. During this interval the events leading to release of hemoglobin proceed to completion. By this technique it has been found that the dose-response curve for the reaction of C9 with EAC1-8 is entirely concave to the abscissa, as would be expected for a one-hit process. Also, titrations of C9 performed with different quantities of EAC1-8 support the one-hit interpretation.
Thin Layer Isoelectric Focusing for Final Purification of Human C3
Authors: McLean Robert H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chromatographic isoelectric focusing of human complement (C) components by other investigators has shown the isoelectric point (pI) for human C3 to be pH 5.7. C3 activity (immune adherence and hemolytic function) was separable from the protein B1C when reacted with anti-B1C/B1A antisera and B1C had a pI of pH 6.1. We have used thin layer isoelectric focusing on Sephadex gel for the final purification step in the isolation of human C3. After the final chromatographic purification step of C3, protein (without detectable C5) was predialyzed in 0.0005 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.5. Several hundred micrograms in volumes of 0.3 to 0.5 ml were applied either at the anode or to the center of the isoelectric focusing slab (Sephadex G-75 superfine). Hemolytic C3 was measured by three methods: by specific C3 assay, using purified terminal human C components and EA1̄ 4̄ 2̄ intermediate cells; by potassium bromide-treated normal serum and EA4̄ intermediate cells; and by monospecific goat anti-B2C/B1A antiserum.
Ultrastructure and Chemistry of C1t Subcomponent of C1: Similarities to Amyloid P-Component
Authors: Painter Robert H. , Pinteric L. , Hofmann T. , Kells D. I. C. , Katz A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have recently isolated a 9.5S α1 glycoprotein from human serum and shown it to be a Ca++-dependent subcomponent of the first component of complement and which we have named C1t. It is believed that C1t serves as a bridge between C1q and C1s enhancing and amplifying the ability of C1q to bind C1s and present it to C1r for activation.
The molecular weight of C1t was determined by sedimentation equilibrium analysis by using the meniscus depletion method. In neutral solvents, 0.1 mM Na3HEDTA, a molecular weight of 233,000 was found. In 5.95 M guanidinium chloride, a molecular weight of 23,000 was obtained. This value was unaffected by prior reduction and alkylation with 0.1 M mercaptoethanol and 0.22 M iodoacetamide. The molecule appears to be composed of 10 similar subunits each composed of a single polypeptide chain.
Complement in the Induction of IgA and IgE Antibody Production
Authors: Pepys M. B. , Wansbrough-Jones M. H. , Mirjah D. D. , Dash A. C. , Brighton W. D. , Hewitt B. E. , Bryant D. E. W. , Pepys J. , Feldmann M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The IgA-antibody forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes in BALB/c and CBA mice depleted of complement by cobra factor (CoF) was suppressed to 10 to 40% of the level in controls. The IgE response to alum-precipitated ovalbumin was measured in NIH mice by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rat skin. Reaginic antibody was scarcely detectable in CoF-treated animals whereas controls had titers of up to 1:2000. Fourteen days after boosting with ovalbumin, control mice had peripheral eosinophilia whereas animals which had received CoF before priming 6 weeks earlier had levels only minimally raised above normal. Studies of the generation of T cell blasts, “education” of thymus cells, and priming of splenic T cells indicated that activation of T cells by antigen proceeded normally under conditions in which thymus-dependent antibody production was suppressed by in vivo complement depletion.
Pure sheep IgG anti-mouse C3 and pure F(ab′)2 anti-mouse C3 antibody both inhibited the in vitro T-dependent antihapten response of mouse spleen cells to TNP-KLH.
A C5 Fragment with Chemotactic Activity for Tumor Cells
Authors: Romualdez A. , Ward P. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chemotactic behavior of several animal tumor cells (Novikoff hepatoma cells, Walker carcinosarcoma cells, and murine mastocytoma cells) was studied in modified Boyden chambers. Leukotactic factors derived from complement (C3 and C5 fragments) or from bacteria (Escherichia coli) had no chemotactic activity for tumor cells. Incubation of normal rat or human serum with a crude extract from Walker tumor cells resulted in the generation of a factor chemotactic for tumor cells but not for leukocytes. Experiments using complement deficient (acquired or genetic) serum, complement-specific antiserums, and preparations of purified complement components indicated that the factor chemotactic for tumor cells was a fragment of the fifth component of complement (C5) produced by a C5-cleaving enzyme extractable from tumor cells. Sucrose density gradient analysis and Sephadex gel filtration chromatography indicated that the C5 fragment chemotactic for tumor cells had physicochemical features different from the C5 fragment chemotactically active for neutrophils.
The Role of Properdin As a Modulator of the Alternative Pathway
Authors: Spitzer R. E. , Stitzel A. E. , Urmson J. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When activated properdin convertase () is added to serum, C3–C9 consumption occurs without Factors B or D. Only properdin is required. When zymosan is added to serum, PC is activated but C3–C9 consumption requires not only properdin but both Factors B and D. An apparent discrepancy, therefore, exists. The present studies illustrate that for C3–C9 consumption, a critical concentration of exists in serum relative to the amount of zymosan added. If 2.5 µg/ml of are added to serum, C3–C9 hemolytic activity is rapidly consumed. If zymosan is added to that mixture, even in small amounts (0.4 mg/ml of serum), this consumption is 90% inhibited. As the amount of zymosan is increased (greater than 3.0 mg/ml), however, the inhibition can be completely overcome. In the first instance of C3–C9 consumption (in the absence of zymosan) Factor B is utilized to only a small extent.
Species Specificity in the Isoelectric Spectra of Immunoglobulin Light Chains
Authors: Gibson David M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Light chains isolated from normal immunoglobulin give rise to a finite number of discrete bands when analyzed by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel. The positions and relative intensities of the bands were identical in light chains isolated from different individuals of a species, but clear differences were evident when light chains of several mammalian species were compared.
Purification of a Chlamydia Trachomatis-Specific Antigen by Immunoadsorption with Monospecific Antibody
Authors: Caldwell Harlan D. , Kuo Cho-Chou 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study describes the isolation and partial characterization of a Chlamydia trachomatis specific antigen. A species-specific antigen of C. trachomatis (antigen-0.65) was identified by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. Antiserum specific for antigen-0.65 was prepared in rabbits by immunizing with agarose-gel precipitates excised from two-dimensional immunoelectrophorograms. Purified γ-globulins from antigen-0.65 specific serum were coupled to the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester derivative of agarose which was then used for the immunoadsorbent purification of antigen-0.65 from Triton X-100 solubilized lymphogranuloma venereum (L2/434/Bu) organisms. The isolated antigen was immunochemically pure when tested against rabbit antiserum prepared to LGV-434 organisms by using rocket and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. Antigenicity was destroyed by protease treatment and heating at 56°C for 30 min, but the antigen was stable to ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, periodate oxidation and pH extremes of 2.2 and 10.6. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified antigen showed a major protein band with an apparent m.w. of 155,000.
The Nature of the Local Immune System of the Bovine Mammary Gland
Authors: Newby Timothy J. , Bourne John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The origin of the immunoglobulins of bovine colostrum and milk were examined by using radiolabeled protein. Colostrum was found to consist mainly of immunoglobulin derived from serum, although there was some local synthesis. In lactation the immunoglobulins of milk were almost entirely serum derived. The local immune system was very inactive but could be stimulated to activity by local immunization. The immunoglobulin profiles of the secretion from the stimulated gland were still relatively deficient in IgA compared to other species, notably the pig.
Antibody-Mediated Suppression of Tumor Growth
Authors: Johnson Robert J. , Pasternack Gary R. , Shin Hyun S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The tumor suppressive activity of murine IgG1 antibody was studied in vivo. IgG1 was isolated from hyperimmune alloantisera against a murine lymphoma, 6C3HED, by absorption with heat-killed, formalinized Staphylococcus aureus. Cowan strain I, followed by DEAE ion exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration chromatography. The isolated IgG1, which had no detectable IgM, IgA, IgG2a, IgG2b or IgG3, could suppress the growth of the tumor. In addition, DEAE and Sephadex G-200 column profiles of the in vivo tumor suppressive activity showed good correlation with the profiles of total IgG1 immunoglobulin and anti-tumor antibody assayed for IgG1 heavy chains and kappa light chains. The IgG1 tumor suppressive activity was not diminished after heating at 56°C for 30 min.
Histaminase Release from Human Eosinophils
Authors: Zeiger Robert S. , Colten Harvey R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan by human eosinophils results in a dose-dependent noncytotoxic release of histaminase as well as arylsulfatase and β-glucuronidase. The calcium ionophore A23187 also stimulates release of eosinophil histaminase at concentrations of ionophore which barely release arylsulfatase and β-glucuronidase. Zymosan-induced histaminase release from eosinophils but not from neutrophils was abolished or markedly reduced in the presence of cytochalasin B, suggesting a difference in the mechanisms of histaminase release from the two granulocyte cell types.
Partial Characterization of Nervous System-Specific Cell Surface Antigen(s) NS-2
Authors: Yuan Dorothy , Vitetta Ellen S. , Schachner Melitta 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Partial biochemical characterization of several neural tissue specific antigens isolated from a murine glioblastoma cell line was accomplished by means of radioiodination of intact cells followed by immunoprecipitation of the cell lysate with a rabbit serum specific for neural tissue antigens. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipitate in sodium dodecyl sulfate resolved the labeled antigens into several major components: two proteins (or glycoproteins) having apparent m.w.'s of 84,000 and 120,000 and lipid associated components which may be heterogeneous. The protein and lipid associated components apparently possess independent antigenicity because after chloroform-methanol extraction the protein components can be immunoprecipitated from the aqueous phase and the lipid associated component can be immunoprecipitated from the organic phase. Despite their independent antigenicity it is not known whether the components may be noncovalently associated on the cell surface.
Although some of these antigens can be isolated from brain or glioma cells (a related tumor), none can be demonstrated in lymphoid tissues or C1300 neuroblastoma cells using identical methods. Therefore, these studies confirm our previous findings concerning the specificity of the anti-NS-2 antiserum by using cytotoxicity tests.
Reduction in Basal Adenylate Cyclase Activity during the Immunologic Release of Histamine from Guinea Pig Lung
Authors: Hitchcock Margaret 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cyclic AMP has been implicated in the regulation of the immunologic release of histamine from lung and other tissues and cell types. The mechanism whereby intracellular levels of cAMP are altered during mediator release was investigated. Measurements of histamine, adenylate cyclase, and cAMP phosphodiesterase activities were made in actively and passively sensitized guinea pig lung after challenge with antigen. A transient decrease in basal adenylate cyclase activity occurred which returned to control levels after histamine release. There was no change in cAMP phosphodiesterase activity determined at substrate concentrations of 1 mM and 0.01 mM. The adenylate cyclase response did not occur under the following conditions: 1) incubation of nonsensitized lung with antigen, 2) incubation of sensitized lung with antigen in the absence of extracellular calcium, and 3) incubation of nonsensitized lung with compound 48/80. These observations indicate 1) the adenylate cyclase response and the immunologic release of histamine are intimately related, and 2) the reduction in intracellular levels of cAMP which have been reported to occur during immunologic histamine release are mediated via adenylate cyclase.
Experimental Cell-Mediated Interstitial Nephritis Induced with Exogenous Antigens
Authors: Van Zwieten Matthew J. , Leber Paul D. , Bhan Atul K. , McCluskey Robert T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The capacity of intrarenal injections of bovine γ-globulin (BGG) to elicit hypersensitivity reactions was studied in guinea pigs immunized with DNP BGG or BGG immune complexes in CFA or in rats immunized with BGG in CFA. In guinea pigs it was found that heat-aggregated BGG elicited inflammatory reactions in the renal cortex, whereas soluble BGG did not. In rats only aggregated BGG was used, and this was found to be effective. The reactions were characterized by a predominantly mononuclear cell infiltrate. Transfer experiments were performed in rats and it was found that reactivity was transferrable with lymph node cells but not with serum.
Immunologic Reactivity of Purified Human Urinary Kallikrein (Urokallikrein) with Antiserum Directed against Human Pancreas
Authors: Ole-MoiYoi Onesmo , Spragg Jocelyn , Halbert Seymour P. , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Donkey antiserum to normal human pancreas absorbed with lyophilized human plasma recognizes human urokallikrein in concentrated crude urine or after an approximately 500-fold purification. The urokallikrein antigen was associated with kinin-generating and α-N-p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAMe) cleaving activity on isoelectric focusing, with the isoelectric point being 3.8 to 4.4. Both kiningenerating and esterolytic activity were removed from the purified urokallikrein by an immunoadsorbent prepared by coupling the IgG fraction of the absorbed donkey antiserum to Sepharose 6B. The failure of anti-plasma kallikrein to react in immunodiffusion with purified urokallikrein indicates that urinary kallikrein is distinct from plasma kallikrein although antigenically related to glandular kallikreins.
Immunity to Lymphoid Tumors Induced in Syngeneic Mice by Immunization with Mitomycin C-Treated Cells
Authors: Benjamini Eli , Fong Sherman , Erickson Caroline , Leung Cherry Y. , Rennick Donna , Scibienski Robert J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunization of mice with syngeneic mitomycin C-treated lymphoid tumor cells (EL-4 and S49A) conferred a high degree of immunity to transplantation with viable tumor cells in syngeneic animals. The development of this immunity was paralleled by the development of specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity; no anti-tumor antibodies could be detected in the immunized animals. In contrast to the high immunoprophylactic capacity of mitomycin C-treated cells, attempts to utilize these cells for immunotherapy were unsuccessful. Preliminary experiments did not reveal antigenic differences between mitomycin C-treated and untreated tumor cells.
Effects of Local Immunization with Glucosyltransferase Fractions from Streptococcus Mutans on Dental Caries in Rats and Hamsters
Authors: Taubman Martin A. , Smith Daniel J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of local immunization with glucosyltransferase enzymes of Streptococcus mutans on dental caries in conventional rats, hamsters, and gnotobiotic rats was studied. Injection of these animals with crude or defined glucosyltransferase enzyme preparations incorporated into complete Freund's adjuvant consistently resulted in the presence of antibody in saliva demonstrable by functional inhibition of enzymatic activity and binding of radioactive enzyme. Serum antibody was also present. Two experiments have been completed in conventional rats and one in gnotobiotic rats in which the animals were immunized with crude enzyme antigens. The immunized group of animals always had lower mean caries scores than comparably sham-immunized or nonimmunized control groups. Hamsters immunized with a defined enzyme preparation, containing no more than three antigenic components (two of which were enzyme), also demonstrated significant reductions in mean caries scores. The numbers of lesions were also always lower in immunized animals. In some cases there were reductions in the numbers of S. mutans that could be recovered from the teeth of immunized, infected animals. The reductions in dental caries and lesions were greater on smooth dental surfaces than on occlusal surfaces, which might be explained as interference with adherence phenomena demonstrated by S. mutans. It is proposed that antibody interference affects dental caries caused by this organism.
On the Antigenic Substances of the Tubercle Bacillus
Authors: Dienes L. , Freund J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
It has been shown that beside the non-protein precipitable substance present in the tubercle bacillus extracts the protein substances of the extracts are potent antigens in the complement fixation test.
All three of the antigens demonstrated in the tubercle bacillus, the protein substances, the alcohol soluble specific substance, and the carbohydrate precipitable substance of Mueller and of Laidlow and Dudley, as they occur in our preparations, are distinct and separate antigens.
A short description is given of the properties of the known antigens of the tubercle bacillus and of the response of the animal organism to them. Some related questions are briefly discussed.
Structural Differences between the Mouse H-2D Products of the Mutant B10.D2.M504 (H-2da) and the Parental Nonmutant Strain B10.D2 (H-2d)
Authors: Brown J. Lynne , Nairn Roderick , Nathenson Stanley G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The H-2K and H-2D glycoproteins from the mutant mouse strain B10.D2.M504 (H-2Kd,Dda) were compared with the H-2K and H-2D molecules from the parent nonmutant strain B10.D2 (H-2Kd,Dd). Whereas in every respect the K molecules of the mutant and nonmutant cells were identical, the Dda molecule from the mutant showed notable differences from the Dd molecule of the nonmutant parent. First, smaller amounts (ca. 25%) of the Dda glycoprotein appeared to be present in M504 cell extracts as compared to the amount of Dd glycoprotein present in nonmutant cell extracts. Second, a proportion of the Dda glycoprotein molecules showed an abnormal interaction with the lectin from lentil beans (LcH), suggesting an altered carbohydrate chain on some of the molecules. Third, comparative tryptic peptide analysis showed a significant degree of diversity between the mutant Dda molecule and the nonmutant Dd molecule. Thus, analysis of arginine-labeled peptides showed at least two peptides unique to H-2Dd and at least three peptides unique to H-2Dda. Analysis of lysine-labeled peptides showed at least three peptides unique to H-2Hd and greater than two peptides unique to the mutant H-2Dda. These data thus document that the Dda glycoprotein has an altered primary amino acid sequence as compared to the nonmutant Dd molecule. The finding of differences in greater than one-third of the total peptides recovered correlates with the strong serologic and histogenic reactivity between the cells of the M504 mutant and the cells of the B10.D2 parent. This peptide diversity is in contrast to the small degree of variation (ca. 10%) noted for the mutants of the H-2Kb locus (e.g., H-2Kba, H-2Kbd) which have only histogenic reactivity and essentially no serologic differences between mutant and nonmutant cells. The multiple structural differences noted between H-2Dd and H-2Dda suggest that a complex mutation has taken place.
Lymphocyte Function in Experimental African Trypanosomiasis
Authors: Mansfield John M. , Bagasra Omar 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In order to obtain a better understanding of immune system dysfunction in chronic African trypanosomiasis, we have assessed primary B cell responses to helper T cell-independent and -dependent antigens in C57BL/6 mice infected with the human pathogen, Trypanosoma rhodesiense. Mean survival time of infected mice was 38 days. All animals exhibited fluctuating parasitemias until 5 to 7 days before death when parasitemias remained high. Thymus size decreased as infection progressed, but spleen size increased up to 20 X normal. The proportion of macrophages (nonspecific esterase-positive cells) and B cells or B cell progeny (Ig+) increased in spleen, whereas the proportion of T cells (θ+) decreased. However, in a terminal mouse with enlarged spleen, the absolute increase in total cell numbers reflected a 1.7 X increase in T cells, an 11.2 X increase in B cells, and a 21 X increase in macrophages compared to controls. The ability of infected mice to mount primary in vivo splenic PFC responses to helper T cell-independent antigens (SIII, PVP) was elevated throughout most of infection when compared to control animals responses; serum antibody responses to SIII or PVP paralleled the enhanced PFC responses. The terminal phase of infection was marked by a failure of B cells to respond to these antigens. The elevated primary splenic PFC responses observed during infection to T-independent antigens such as SIII may be attributed to loss of suppressor T cell control, since infected mouse spleen cells did not respond to low-dose priming with SIII. Primary in vivo B cell responses to helper T cell-dependent antigens (SRC, TNP-KLH) were initially elevated when antigen and parasites were given on the same day, but detectable primary splenic PFC responses to these antigens could not be induced after several days of infection. Suppression of PFC responses to TNP-KLH in infected mice could be completely abrogated if helper T cells were carrier-primed in animals before infection. On the basis of our studies, we suggest that intrinsic B cell function is intact and elevated throughout most of infection, but that a terminal failure of B cells precedes death. We further suggest that a loss of function of accessory and regulatory cells (helper and suppressor T cells) may be responsible for the irregularities in B cell function observed during chronic African trypanosomiasis.
Inhibition of Specific Effector T Cell-Target Cell Conjugates by Target Cell Plasma Membranes
Authors: Gilmer Penny J. , McDevitt Hugh O. , McConnell Harden M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Conjugate formation between effector T cells raised in vivo in a BALB/c host and fluorescein diacetate-labeled allogeneic EL4 tumor target cells was observed and scored by using a fluorescence microscope. This conjugate formation was found to be specifically inhibited by plasma membrane vesicles isolated from the EL4 cells.