bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges and lessons learned for REDD+ finance and its governance
Authors: Morita Kanako , Matsumoto Ken’ichi 
Published: May 2023

AbstractDiscussion on reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries began at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties in 2005, and the agenda for “reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD+)” was introduced under the UNFCCC. The REDD+ framework was developed with the expectation that it would significantly contribute to climate change mitigation at a relatively low cost and produce benefits for both developed and developing countries. Finance is a key element of REDD+ implementation, and many financial sources, approaches, and mechanisms have supported REDD+-related activities in various developing countries. However, the comprehensive challenges and lessons learned for REDD+ finance and its governance have not been fully explored. This paper reviews the relevant literature to understand the challenges for REDD+ finance and its governance in two areas—(1) REDD+ finance aligned with the UNFCCC and (2) REDD+-related finance outside the UNFCCC—which have developed differently and have different implications. This paper first identifies the six key elements of REDD+ finance and its governance across the two fields, and then reviews the related challenges and lessons learned with respect to public and private finance. The challenges for REDD+ finance and its governance aligned with the UNFCCC include enhancing the performance of REDD+ finance using mainly public finance, such as results-based finance and the jurisdictional approach. In contrast, the challenges regarding REDD+-related finance outside the UNFCCC include enhancing the engagement of the private sector in REDD+ finance, mainly targeting the project level, and the relationship between voluntary carbon markets and other investment and finance mechanisms. This paper also identifies the common challenges across REDD+ finance and its governance in the two fields. These challenges include the need to enhance linkages between REDD+ and other objectives, such as carbon neutrality/net-zero, deforestation-free supply chains, and nature-based solutions, as well as the need to develop learning systems for REDD+ finance.
Relationship between thyroid antibody levels and ovarian reserve function in infertile chinese women with normal thyroid-stimulating hormone
Authors: Sun Yue , Fang Yunyao , Xu Miaoyi , Liu Yaofang 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Background
To analyze the relationship of thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroid globulin antibody levels with ovarian reserve function in infertile women.

Methods
The data of 721 infertile patients who visited the hospital from January 2019 to September 2022 and whose thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were in the normal range, were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were divided into two sets of three groups—the negative group, the 2.6 IU/ml ~ 100 IU/ml group and the TPOAb > 100 IU/ml group according to the TPOAb (thyroid peroxidase antibody) level, or the TgAb (anti-thyroglobulin antibody) negative group, the 14.58 IU/ml ~ 100 IU/ml group and the TgAb > 100 IU/ml group according to the TgAb level. They were compared for differences in ovarian reserve function index and thyroid hormone levels and analyzed for the relationship among thyroid antibody levels, ovarian reserve function, and thyroid hormone levels.

Results
When TSH > 2.5 mIU/L, the bFSH (basal follicle stimulating hormone) level in the TPOAb > 100 IU/ml group (9.10 ± 1.16 IU/L) was significantly higher than that in the TPOAb negative group (8.12 ± 1.97 IU/L) and the 2.6 IU/ml ~ 100 IU/ml group (7.90 ± 1.48 IU/L) (P < 0.05); when TSH ≤ 2.5 mIU/L, there were no statistically significant differences in the bFSH and AFC (antral follicle count) number at different TPOAb levels. Whether TSH ≤ 2.5 mIU/L or TSH > 2.5 mIU/L, there were no statistically significant differences in the bFSH and AFC number at different TgAb levels (P > 0.05). FT3/FT4 ratio in the TPOAb 2.6 IU/ml ~ 100 IU/ml group and the > 100 IU/ml group was significantly lower than in the negative group. FT3/FT4 ratio in the TgAb 14.58 ~ 100 IU/ml group and the > 100 IU/ml group was also significantly lower than in the TgAb negative group (P < 0.05). TSH level in the TPOAb > 100 IU/ml group was significantly higher than in the 2.6 ~ 100 IU/ml group and the TPOAb negative group, but there were no statistically significant differences among different TgAb groups.

Conclusions
When TPOAb > 100 IU/ml and TSH > 2.5 mIU/L, it may affect the ovarian reserve function in infertile patients, and the mechanism may be associated with increased TSH and the imbalance of FT3/FT4 ratio caused by the increase of TPOAb.
Plasma Levels of Branched Chain Amino Acids, Incident Hip Fractures, and Bone Mineral Density of the Hip and Spine
Authors: Carbone Laura , Bůžková Petra , Fink Howard A , Robbins John A , Barzilay Joshua I , Elam Rachel E , Isales Carlos , Connelly Margery A , Mukamal Kenneth J 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Objective
Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) are building blocks for protein, an essential component of bone. However, the association of plasma levels of BCAA with fractures in populations outside of Hong Kong or with hip fractures in particular is not known. The purpose of these analyses was to determine the relationship of BCAA including valine, leucine, and isoleucine and total BCAA (SD of the sum of Z-scores for each BCAA) with incident hip fractures and bone mineral density (BMD) of the hip and lumbar spine in older African American and Caucasian men and women in the Cardiovascular Health Study.

Design
Longitudinal analyses of association of plasma levels of BCAA with incident hip fractures and cross-sectional BMD of the hip and lumbar spine from the Cardiovascular Health Study.

Setting
Community.

Participants
A total of 1850 men (38% of cohort) and women; mean age 73 years.

Main Outcome Measures
Incident hip fractures and cross-sectional BMD of the total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine.

Results
In fully adjusted models, over 12 years of follow-up, we observed no significant association between incident hip fracture and plasma values of valine, leucine, isoleucine, or total BCAA per 1 SD higher of each BCAA. Plasma values of leucine but not valine, isoleucine, or total BCAA, were positively and significantly associated with BMD of the total hip (P = .03) and femoral neck (P = .02), but not the lumbar spine (P = .07).

Conclusions
Plasma levels of the BCAA leucine may be associated with higher BMD in older men and women. However, given the lack of significant association with hip fracture risk, further information is needed to determine whether BCAAs would be novel targets for osteoporosis therapies.
Role of Primary Care Physicians in management of Schizophrenia in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMIC): A systematic review
Authors: Khan Muhammad Firaz , Ul-Haq Zia , Ul Haq Mian Mukhtar , Afridi Adil , Farooq Saeed 
Published: May 2023

Many people with Schizophrenia lack the resources and access to mental health services especially in low and middle income countries. Integration of mental health into primary care services can be a cost effective way of reducing the disability associated with Schizophrenia. Our aim was to review the studies conducted on role of Primary care physicians in management of Schizophrenia in low and middle income countries. PRISMA guidelines were followed and we registered the study protocol at PROSPERO. Four Electronic Databases (Medline, Psycinfo, CINAHL and Embase) were searched in May 2022. Relevant articles after search were 504 of which 61 full text were examined. A total of 20 studies were included in the final review comprising of observational, experimental and qualitative studies. Most studies reported on abilities of Primary care physicians including their knowledge, perceptions, skills and competencies in identifying and management of Schizophrenia and related Psychosis. Findings suggest that there is considerable amount of stigma, lack of awareness and social support about people diagnosed with Schizophrenia. Significant improvement was observed in diagnosis and management of schizophrenia by Primary care physicians who received appropriate training by experts in the field. This review suggests that appropriate training of General practitioners in diagnosing and treating schizophrenia can help in reduction of huge Treatment Gap in Schizophrenia. They can also be utilised in delivering psycho social interventions to improve overall quality of patient care.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.4.7286
How to cite this: Khan MF, Zia ul-Haq, Mukhtar-ul-Haq M, Afridi A, Farooq S. Role of Primary Care Physicians in management of Schizophrenia in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMIC): A systematic review. Pak J Med Sci. 2023;39(4):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.4.7286
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
THE FORMATION OF YOUNG ARMY CADETS’ PATRIOTIC CULTURE
Authors: Ponomarev Mikhail A. , Filipchenko Svetlana N. 
Published: May 2023

Purpose. The article touches upon the current issues related to patriotic education and formation of patriotic culture of Young Army Cadets. The authors aim to consider the relationship between culture and patriotism in the younger generation upbringing as well as criteria for assessing the level of patriotic culture formation.
Research methods. The method of theoretical analysis of research issue literature, the method of studying and generalizing the existing experience are applied.
Results. Based on literate review the authors provide their definition of patriotic culture, reveal components of patriotic culture of Young Army Cadets, and determine criteria and indicators for its development assessment in the context of the events organized with participants of public movement “Unarmiya”. The authors note that the patriotism manifestations are a person’s responsibility, honour and dignity in relation to his or her Fatherland, self-realization and awareness of culture, history and achievements of native country. The results may be used in the activity of public organizations and youth movement.
Diplomatic Etiquette in Professional Training of International Relations Students
Authors: Revkova E. 
Published: May 2023

Introduction. The relevance of the research lies in the consideration of issues of diplomatic etiquette in the process of training future specialists in international relations for professional communication. Diplomatic etiquette includes aspects of future professional activity that international relations students need to know.
The hypothesis of the study includes the assumption that the mastery of diplomatic etiquette contributes to the formation of professionalism of future specialists in international relations.
The purpose of the study is to analyze pedagogical technologies for the formation of skills of diplomatic etiquette application by future specialists in the field of international relations in the context of professional communication.
Methodology and research methods. The research applies such theoretical methods as analysis, systematization and generalization of scientific literature on the research problem. It presents an overview of the works of Russian and foreign scientists on diplomatic etiquette and professional training of international relations students. Empirical methods include pedagogical observation of students’ participation in professionally oriented events related to diplomatic etiquette. The online-survey involved 54 students of the educational program 41.03.05 “International Relations” of Ryazan State University named for S.A. Yesenin.
Results. The article presents the description of pedagogical technologies for improving the knowledge of international relations students about diplomatic etiquette. It shows the analysis of students’ opinions on the importance of knowledge of diplomatic etiquette for future professional activity. The scientific novelty includes the proposed pedagogical technologies for teaching diplomatic etiquette to international relations students about such sections of diplomatic etiquette as diplomatic correspondence, rules of conduct, politically correct vocabulary, cultural differences. The analysis of the results of the online-survey shows that students understand the importance of mastering diplomatic etiquette for their future professional activities.
Practical significance. The proposed pedagogical technologies on diplomatic etiquette can be further used to form the professional identity of international relations students.
Conclusion and directions for further research. In the future, it is advisable to develop pedagogical technologies aimed at the formation of value orientations of specialists in international relations in the conditions of cultural transformation of the world.
The Communicative Tasks of The Speech Tactic «Focusing Attention» Within the Self-Presentation Strategy in the Educational Discourse (Based on the Material of Teaching Foreign Languages at the University)
Authors: Rashchupkina K. 
Published: May 2023

The article talks about the communicative tasks of the tactics of “Focusing attention” within the framework of the strategy of self-presentation in the educational discourse on the material of teaching foreign languages at the university. Aim. As the purpose of the study, a comprehensive study of the communicative tasks of the speech tactics of “Focusing attention” is highlighted based on the analysis of the discursive practices obtained in the context of the teaching type of discourse. In the work, the author gives his interpretation of this tactic, considers it from the positions of the speech-acting and lexico-semantic levels.
Methodology. The author gives concrete examples obtained from the survey and analyzes the replicas from the point of view of the theory of speech acts and language explication based on four languages: English, Russian, German and French.
The result of the study is a comprehensive description of the speech content of tactics “Focusing attention” in the situation of educational activity in the classroom, identifying lexical and semantic means of expressing this tactic. The scientific novelty of the proposed research consists in an attempt to fully present the solution of the communicative tasks of the speech tactic “Accentuation of attention” within the framework of the study of the academic discipline “Foreign Language” at the university and taking into account the strategy of self-presentation.
The practical significance of the research lies in the possibility of applying the results obtained in the development of general and special courses on language theory, theory of speech influence, stylistics, pragmatics of speech communication, rhetoric, methods of teaching foreign languages.
Digital Technology to Improve Consultation in IBD Care: a Literature Review
Authors: Squires Seth Ian , Cund Audrey 
Published: May 2023

Introduction Digital technology designed to improve care for patients with inflammatory bowel disease has received increased attention in recent years. In the UK, technology in this area has been developed and preliminary reports of pilot programs have shown promising results. When considering the range of designs and purposes that technology can incorperate, the concept of a ‘digital consultation’ has become a crucial factor. To develop digital solutions effectively in clinical practice for inflammatory bowel disease services, it is essential to understand the existing published evidence base on what a ‘digitally enhanced’ consultation may entail. Methods A literature search was conducted by searching the Embase, CINAHL and Medline databases using the following search terms: ‘inflammatory bowel disease’, ‘gastroenterology’, ‘chronic disease’, ‘e-health’, ‘digital health’ and ‘outpatient consultations’. The search was limited to articles written in English. Initially, 313 articles were retrieved. To refine the results and focus on web portals/mobile apps that enhance a consultation, abstracts were reviewed and irrelevant articles were removed. A date range of 2016–2021 was applied, which resulted in 13 relevant research articles. Results A total of 10 technologies were described and five themes emerged; ‘disease activity’, ‘quality of life’, ‘quality of care’, ‘healthcare utilisation’ and ‘test of change’. The retrieved articles were critically evaluated. Conclusions Inflammatory bowel disease services must decide what they wish to achieve by using digital technology. Some centres may wish to improve access, while others aim to improve the quality of the care that they provide. This review illustrates variation in both aim, design and construct, which has led to a difference in results.
Importance of missingness in baseline variables: A case study of the All of Us Research Program
Authors: Cronin Robert M. , Feng Xiaoke , Sulieman Lina , Mapes Brandy , Garbett Shawn , Able Ashley , Hale Ryan , Couper Mick P. , Sansbury Heather , Ahmedani Brian K. , Chen Qingxia 
Published: May 2023

ObjectiveTheAll of UsResearch Program collects data from multiple information sources, including health surveys, to build a national longitudinal research repository that researchers can use to advance precision medicine. Missing survey responses pose challenges to study conclusions. We describe missingness inAll of Usbaseline surveys.Study design and settingWe extracted survey responses between May 31, 2017, to September 30, 2020. Missing percentages for groups historically underrepresented in biomedical research were compared to represented groups. Associations of missing percentages with age, health literacy score, and survey completion date were evaluated. We used negative binomial regression to evaluate participant characteristics on the number of missed questions out of the total eligible questions for each participant.ResultsThe dataset analyzed contained data for 334,183 participants who submitted at least one baseline survey. Almost all (97.0%) of the participants completed all baseline surveys, and only 541 (0.2%) participants skipped all questions in at least one of the baseline surveys. The median skip rate was 5.0% of the questions, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 2.5% to 7.9%. Historically underrepresented groups were associated with higher missingness (incidence rate ratio (IRR) [95% CI]: 1.26 [1.25, 1.27] for Black/African American compared to White). Missing percentages were similar by survey completion date, participant age, and health literacy score. Skipping specific questions were associated with higher missingness (IRRs [95% CI]: 1.39 [1.38, 1.40] for skipping income, 1.92 [1.89, 1.95] for skipping education, 2.19 [2.09–2.30] for skipping sexual and gender questions).ConclusionSurveys in the All of Us Research Program will form an essential component of the data researchers can use to perform their analyses. Missingness was low inAll of Usbaseline surveys, but group differences exist. Additional statistical methods and careful analysis of surveys could help mitigate challenges to the validity of conclusions.
Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine conventional surgery combined with traditional Chinese medicinal retention enema for tubal obstructive infertility: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Xu Sijia , Jin Shuo , Yang Liuqing , Wang Ling , Zhang Qin 
Published: May 2023

Background
Chinese medicinal retention enemas have gradually attracted the attention of clinicians as an alternative approach for tubal obstructive infertility. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of conventional surgery combined with traditional Chinese medicinal retention enemas for the treatment of tubal obstructive infertility.

Materials and methods
Eight electronic databases were searched from their inception to November 30, 2022. To assess the efficacy and safety of different treatments, following outcomes were measured: clinical pregnancy rate, clinical total effective rate, incidence of ectopic pregnancy, the improvement of Traditional Chinese Medicinal (TCM) symptoms, the improvement of the signs of obstructive tubal infertility and side effects.

Results
A total of 23 Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) with 1909 patients met the inclusion criteria. The pooled results showed a higher pregnancy rate in the experimental group than in the control group (RR 1.75, 95% CI [1.58, 1.94], Z = 10.55, P<0.00001). The clinical total effective rate in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group (RR 1.28, 95% CI [1.23, 1.34], Z = 11.07, P<0.00001). The incidence of ectopic pregnancy in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group (RR 0.40, 95% CI [0.20, 0.77], Z = -2.73, P = 0.01).

Conclusion
Based on current evidence, we concluded that conventional surgery combined with traditional Chinese medicinal retention enema for tubal obstructive infertility was superior to conventional surgery alone in improving the clinical pregnancy rate, improving clinical total effective rate, improving TCM symptoms, improving the signs of obstructive tubal infertility and lowering the incidence of ectopic pregnancy. However, further clinical trials with high-quality methodologies need to be conducted.
Socio-demographic and regional differences in unmet healthcare needs among migrants in Europe
Authors: Kullamaa Lembe , Reile Rainer 
Published: May 2023

Background
Different barriers that hinder migrants’ access to healthcare may have detrimental effect on health but also contribute to health inequalities. Given the lack of evidence on unmet healthcare needs among European migrant population, the study aimed to analyse the demographic, socio-economic and health-related patterning of unmet healthcare needs among migrants in Europe.

Methods
European Health Interview Survey data from 2013–2015 covering 26 countries was used to analyse associations of individual-level factors and unmet healthcare needs among migrants (n = 12,817). Prevalences and 95% confidence intervals for unmet healthcare needs were presented for geographical regions and countries. Associations between unmet healthcare needs and demographic, socio-economic, and health indicators were analysed using Poisson regression models.

Results
The overall prevalence of unmet healthcare needs among migrants was 27.8% (95% CI 27.1–28.6) but the estimate varied substantially across geographical regions in Europe. Unmet healthcare needs due to cost or access were patterned by various demographic, socio-economic, and health-related indicators but higher prevalence of UHN were universally found for women, those with the lowest income, and poor health.

Conclusions
While the high level of unmet healthcare needs illustrate migrants’ vulnerability to health risks, the regional variations in the prevalence estimates and individual-level predictors highlight the variations in national policies regarding migration and healthcare legislations and differences in welfare-systems across Europe in general.