bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mastocytoma Cell Migration in Vitro: Inhibition by MIF-Containing Supernatants
Authors: Cohen Marion C. , Zeschke Richard , Bigazzi Pierluigi E. , Yoshida Takeshi , Cohen Stanley 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Supernatants with macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) activity were obtained from cultures of antigen-stimulated guinea pig and human lymphocytes, and from SV40-infected monkey kidney cells. The monkey and human but not guinea pig preparations were effective in inhibiting migration of mastocytoma cells as well as macrophages. This inhibition of migration was not associated with cytotoxicity and was reversible.
Induction and Properties of Cytotoxic T Cells Specific for Hapten-Coupled Tumor Cells
Authors: Dennert Gunther , Hatlen Loren E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Techniques are reported for the induction and assay of cytotoxic effector cells capable of specifically lysing hapten-coupled EL4 leukemia targets. It is shown that EL4 cells survive coupling with TNP-sulfonic acid and retain the hapten on their cell surface for a prolonged period of time. Although TNP-EL4 cells are readily lysed by anti-TNP serum in a complement-mediated reaction, they are inefficiently killed in an antibody-dependent cell-mediated reaction. Cytotoxic effector cells, able to lyse TNP-EL4 targets, are induced when C57BL/6 spleen H-2b cells are cultured with the following cell types which have been coupled with TNP: 1) allogeneic P815 tumor cells (H-2d), 2) syngeneic EL4 tumor cells, 3) allogeneic BALB/c spleen cells (H-2d), 4) syngeneic C57BL/6 spleen cells. Further experiments show that TNP-coupled xenogeneic chicken erythrocytes, which by themselves are unable to induce cytotoxic effectors, are capable of doing so if uncoupled P815 cells are present simultaneously. On the basis of these findings, it can be hypothesized that two stimuli are required for induction of these cytotoxic effector cells—one provided by the hapten, and the other by the P815 cell.
Treatment of cytotoxic spleen cells induced by hapten-coupled allogeneic tumor cells with anti-Thy-l serum and complement abrogates their cytotoxicity, indicating that T cells play a central role in the cytotoxic reaction. TNP-coupled erythrocytes do not serve as targets for these cytotoxic T cells, but do cause competitive inhibition of TNP-EL4 when added to the reaction mixture at high ratios. However, because the inhibition is relatively low, and because no such inhibition can be demonstrated with TNP-lysine, it is concluded that the receptor on the cytotoxic effector cell has a low affinity for hapten. This low affinity could be due to the receptor recognizing an antigen comprising mouse cell surface antigen in addition to the TNP moiety. Supporting this interpretation is the finding that TNP-EL4 cells competitively inhibit cytotoxicity much more efficiently than TNP-CRBC and that even uncoupled EL4 cells inhibit to some extent.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Shifrine Moshe , Buhles William C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sir: Two recent publications by Fidler, Brodey, and Bech-Nielsen (1, 2) (one of them published in the J. of Immunology) address themselves to the study of the in vitro interaction of tumor cells and lymphocytes from dogs with spontaneous neoplasms. There are two important points that we would like to make concerning these papers.
Firstly, the method used to establish a tumor cell population does not, in fact, preclude contamination with large numbers of non-tumor cells. In our experience with over 100 canine tumors in culture, virtually all primary isolations consist of a mixed cell population of tumor cells, fibroblasts, and other cell types as determined by morphology and karyotyping (3). The ratio of these cells varies from tumor to tumor. We have been able to obtain pure populations of canine osteosarcoma cells after cloning procedures with confirmation by karyotypic analysis. The assumption made by Fidler et al. that the target cells they used are all (or even mostly) tumor cells is probably incorrect.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Fidler I. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sir: Ideally, all assays for cellular-mediated reactivity (CMR), in vitro, should be carried out with target tumor cells whose homogeneity was confirmed by karyotypic analysis. However, such analysis is most tedious and not practical for routine CMR dealing with autochthonous spontaneous neoplasms. Indeed, most published studies of CMR, in vitro, of human and animal tumors did not utilize tumor target cells analyzed karyotypically. In addition, the cloning procedure of tumor cells selects for one or few cells and their progeny, and these may be even less representative of the clinical tumor. Karyotypic analysis of target cells confirms their homogeneity, not their tumorigenicity.
In the section of Material and Methods we described an improved technique for reducing contamination of tumor cells with normal host cells. We did not use fresh tumor cells as targets, rather: 1) trypsinized tumor cells were allowed to attach to plastic for only 4 hr and then all nonadherent cells were washed off and cultures were refed.
Biophysical Characterization of the adr Subtype of Hepatitis B Antigen and Preparation of Anti-γ Sera in Rabbits
Authors: Gerin John L. , Faust Ralph M. , Holland Paul V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The biophysical properties of the adr subtype of HBsAg were determined and found to be identical to those of the adw and ayw phenotypes. These properties were used to purify the 22 nm spherical form of HBsAg/adr from the serum of a chronic antigen carrier by using zonal centrifuge techniques. The purified antigen was injected into 15 rabbits which were bled weekly to follow the development of antibodies to HBsAg by hemagglutination, and to the subtype determinants of HBsAg by counterelectrophoresis and agar gel diffusion (AGD) assays. From these data and two pilot studies to produce anti-w using an adw and an ayw antigen the relative immunogenicities of the various HBsAg determinants could be ranked as a &gt; r &gt; d &gt; y &gt;&gt; w. A selected pool of the sera from the rabbits immunized with HBsAg/adr was prepared as an interim reference reagent; when diluted 1:4 in saline and tested by AGD, it contains anti-a and anti-r without demonstrable anti-d or anti-normal human serum activity.
Specific Mitogenic Activity of 8-Br-Guanosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate (Br-Cyclic GMP) on B Lymphocytes
Authors: Weinstein Yacob , Segal Shraga , Melmon Kenneth L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
8-Br-cyclic GMP has been found to be a specific B cell mitogen; it triggers athymic nude mice spleen cells and “B mice” spleen cells, nylon adherent, anti-ϑ and complement-treated cells to proliferate. It does not stimulate thymocytes or purified T cells. The kinetics of the response to Br-cyclic GMP and LPS are almost identical. The mitogenic effect of LPS and Br-cyclic GMP is additive when the two mitogens are given together to cells. Spleen cells (C3H/HeJ strain) that did not respond to LPS were triggered by Br-cyclic GMP to make DNA. In order to achieve maximal stimulation by Br-cyclic GMP, the drug had to be in contact with the cells for more than 24 hr. Br-cyclic GMP was found to be mitogenic for spleen cells from five different mouse strains, but not for human leukocytes.
DB-cyclic AMP was found to inhibit the DNA synthesis of T lymphocytes after they interacted with Con A; DB-cyclic AMP had no effect on the ability of the B lymphocytes to be transformed by LPS. The differential effects of cyclic nucleotides on B vs. T lymphocytes are discussed.
Radioimmunoassay of Human Serum Antibody Specific for Adenovirus Type 5-Purified Fiber
Authors: Scott Jane V. , Dreesman Gordon R. , Spira Gad , Kasel Julius A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A radioimmunoassay (RIA), utilizing a second antibody to separate immune complexes, was developed to provide a sensitive and specific measure of serum antibody to adenovirus type 5 (Ad 5) fiber. Purity of fiber antigen was ascertained by sodium dodecyl sulfate urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing in ampholyte pH gradients. After labeling with 125I to high specific activity, the iodinated fiber did not exhibit loss of antigenic reactivity and remained stable for 3 weeks when stored at -20°C with supplemental protein. Rabbit anti-Ad 5 serum with a neutralization titer of 1:320 precipitated 50% of the labeled fiber at a serum dilution of 1:50,000 when tested by the RIA. In competition assays as little as 0.5 ng of unlabeled fiber per milliliter was sufficient to inhibit the 125I fiber-antibody reaction. Serum specimens from 20 volunteers, obtained before and after vaccination with purified Ad 5 fiber or hexon subunit vaccine, were tested by RIA, hemagglutination-inhibition (HI), and neutralization tests. A comparison of mean antibody titers of post-inoculation sera showed that the RIA was 300 and 1000 times more sensitive than the HI and neutralization tests, respectively. Moreover, 19 of the men who were negative by the standard serologic tests before vaccination were shown to have anti-fiber antibody, with a mean RIA titer of 1:1028. Specificity of the RIA was demonstrated by the lack of an increase in antibody to Ad 5 fiber among those individuals vaccinated with the hexon subunit. Thus, the development of a highly sensitive and reproducible RIA allows for the detection of antibody specific for the Ad 5 fiber in serum which contains antibodies to the different virion antigenic determinants associated with Ad 5.
Different Roles of IgG and Complement Receptors in Phagocytosis by Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Mantovani Bernardo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The functions of IgG and complement receptors in phagocytosis of immune complexes by mouse polymorphonuclear leukocytes were examined by in vitro experiments. The immune complexes were sheep red cells (E) sensitized with IgG antibody (EA) or with antibody and complement (EAC). Inhibition experiments with Fab fragments of rabbit IgG antibody anti-mouse IgG have shown that the complement receptor is primarily involved in the attachment phase, whereas participation of the IgG receptor is necessary for inducing the mechanism of phagocytosis. The possible relevance of these findings for the in vivo mechanism of defense infection, and for the control of antibody synthesis is discussed.
Characteristics of Immune Interferon Produced by Human Lymphocyte Cultures Compared to Other Human Interferons
Authors: Valle Martti J. , Jordan George W. , Haahr Sven , Merigan Thomas C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A factor with antiviral activity has been produced in vitro by combined macrophage-lymphocyte cultures from patients with recent herpes labialis in response to HSV antigen stimulation. It has been designated “immune interferon” and characterized in comparison to several other human interferons. It was shown to be relatively unstable at pH 2 and at 56° C. Rabbit anti-human leukocyte interferon serum was shown to be less active against immune interferon than against diploid cell interferon or against vesicle fluid interferon. The possibility of immune interferon being a totally different anti-viral protein or a protein with certain shared antigen determinants or structures with classical viral interferon is discussed. A simplified method for the assay of anti-interferon sera with microtiter plates is also described.
Normal Tissue Alloantigens and Genetic Control of Susceptibility to Tumors: Microcytotoxicity Studies on Resistant C3Hf and Susceptible (A × C3Hf)F1 Mice Inoculated with Transplacentally Induced C3Hf Lung Tumor
Authors: Martin W. John , Esber Elaine , Cotton W. Graeme , Rice Jerry M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immune response of mice to a transplacentally induced lung tumor was investigated with the microcytotoxicity (MC) assay. The tumor, originally induced in C3Hf mice, does not grow readily when transplanted to normal syngeneic C3Hf recipients. It grows readily, however, in (A C3Hf)F1 hybrids and in strain C3H mice, which express in their normal lung tissue a component which constitutes a strong lung tumor-associated transplantation antigen (TATA) in C3Hf mice. Both lung tumor-immunized C3Hf and tumor-bearing (A × C3Hf)F1 and C3H mice possessed lymphoid cells reactive against cultured lung tumor cells in the MC assay. Reactivity was also observed against cells cultured from normal lungs of (A × C3Hf)F1 and C3H mice, but not against cells similarly cultured from C3Hf or C57BL/6 mice. Anti-tumor MC was inhibited by serum-blocking factors present in some but not all tumor-bearing and tumor-immunized mice. The MC assay and detection by it of serum-blocking factors does not distinguish the effective anti-C3Hf lung tumor immune response of immunized C3Hf mice from the ineffective immune response of tumor-bearing (A × C3Hf)F1 and C3H mice. Furthermore, in lung tumor-bearing mice cells reactive in the MC assay may be directed against a normal tissue antigen rather than a tumor-associated antigen.
An Improved Procedure for Isolation of Ragweed Pollen Allergen Ra5
Authors: Roebber Marianne , Marsh David G. , Goodfriend Lawrence 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Soon after the initial isolation of allergen Ra5 (1) from the pollen of short ragweed (Ambrosia elatior), human IgE-mediated sensitivity to this 5000 m.w. protein was shown to be significantly associated with the HL-A7 creg (cross-reacting group) of histocompatibility antigens (2, 3, 5). With determination of its amino acid sequence (6), Ra5 emerged as a potentially useful model for structure-function correlations in atopic hypersensitivity (4, 6, 7). However, extensive studies on the allergen have been hampered by the relatively low yields (approx. 10 mg/kg) obtained with existing isolation procedures (8) which have among other things utilized ether-extracted pollen as starting material. Following the finding by Marsh (3) that the aqueous extract formed from non-defatted pollen contained 330 to 350 mg antigen/kg, as determined by double antibody radioimmunoassay with anti-Ra5 serum, we restructured our method of isolation based on omission of the ether extraction step. As a result, we can report appreciable increase in yield of Ra5 in homogeneous form.
Regulation of MIF by a Factor in Human Serum
Authors: Ward Peter A. , Rocklin Ross E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Virtually all inflammatory mediators are subject to regulatory control. In the case of kinins and vasopressor peptides it is well known there are both plasma and tissue-associated enzymes that inactivate these mediators (reviewed in 1). Recently it has also been shown that levels of chemotactic (leukotactic) mediators are controlled by the chemotactic factor inactivator (CFI)2 (2). CFI is present in normal-human serum in low concentration; elevations or deficiencies result in abnormally low or high amounts of chemotactic activity generated in serum after incubation with zymosan (3, 4). CFI has been shown to inhibit complement-derived and bacterial chemotactic factors and, also, the monocyte chemotactic activity present in lymphokine-rich supernatants from stimulated human lymphoid cells (3). The data presented in this report indicate that CFI-rich preparations also contain a factor that inactivates macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF).
Materials and Methods. Normal human blood lymphocytes were isolated by centrifugation in Ficoll-Hypaque gradients (5).
Antigenic Competition Between Heterologous Erythrocytes in Mice: Interference with Competition-Inducing Effect of Sheep Erythrocytes by Inclusion of Non-Competing Antigen
Authors: Ishikawa Hiromichi , Saito Kazuhisa 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigenic competition was studied on reciprocal combinations of non-cross-reacting erythrocyte (RBC) antigens, i.e., sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), horse erythrocytes (HRBC), and chicken erythrocytes (CRBC), as competing antigen or as test antigen. Unlike SRBC and HRBC, CRBC did not induce antigenic competition, and mice previously injected with CRBC showed normal direct and indirect hemolysin plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to the other RBC subsequently injected. Formaldehyde-treated (F) SRBC that retained the capacity to prime mouse for secondary anti-SRBC antibody response but lost the capacity to elicit primary antibody response also could not induce antigenic competition.
CRBC or F-SRBC, i.e., non-competing antigen, included with SRBC interfered with the competition-inducing effect of the latter RBC. When mice that had been injected with SRBC together with either one of the non-competing antigens were subsequently immunized with HRBC their anti-HRBC PFC responses were significantly restored, whereas mice pre-injected with SRBC alone showed markedly suppressed PFC responses to HRBC. Although the non-competing antigen was found not to affect both the direct and indirect PFC responses to the simultaneously injected SRBC, the response of the immune system to the non-competing antigen should alter the concurrent response to SRBC, and probably should prevent the generation of the suppressor thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes, allowing the generation of the helper T lymphocytes for IgM and IgG anti-SRBC antibody formation.
Splenic Regulation of Lymphocyte Trapping in Lymph Nodes Draining Tumor Grafts
Authors: Fightlin Richard S. , Lytton Bernard , Gershon Richard K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We measured the trapping of 51chromium-labeled splenic lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and spleens of tumor-inoculated mice at various intervals after inoculation. Both histocompatible and incompatible tumors were studied. Significant trapping occurred in the draining lymph nodes over the entire course of the experiments. The splenic trapping response commenced very early after transplantation and abated after a few days. The magnitude of the lymph node trapping response correlated with the magnitude of antigenic difference between tumor and host. Splenectomy before tumor inoculation had bidirectional effects; it caused a marked augmentation of the trapping response in the early period after tumor inoculation, which declined with time so that late after tumor inoculation, splenectomized animals trapped less well than intact controls. Tumor resection always led to a rapid fall in the trapping response in normal mice. However, tumor resection at the time of the peak trapping response of splenectomized mice produced no change. These results support the notion that lymphocyte trapping is a valid and useful monitor of the immune response to tumors. They also serve to reemphasize the important regulatory role of the spleen plays in the immune response to tumor-associated antigens by demonstrating a new parameter of splenic control; regulation of lymphocyte traffic in response to antigenic stimuli.
Synthesis of Surface H-2 Alloantigens in Murine Splenocytes
Authors: Vitetta Ellen S. , Uhr Jonathan W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The synthesis and turnover of cell surface H-2 alloantigens were studied in murine splenocytes by the anti-H-2-binding method to separate precursor-labeled surface from intracellular molecules. Results indicate that newly synthesized H-2 antigen, labeled in either its peptide or carbohydrate portion enters a relatively small pool of intracellular H-2 antigen and then is rapidly transported to the plasma membrane which represents a larger compartment. The simplest interpretation of these findings is that H-2 antigen is synthesized and transported along a conventional secretory pathway. Pulse-chase experiments indicate that H-2 antigens are not readily chased from the plasma membrane and are not shed or internalized during short-term culture. The aforementioned observations are discussed in terms of a cellular heterogeneity.
Restoration of in Vitro Immune Responsiveness of Mastocytoma-Suppressed Splenocytes by Activated T Cells
Authors: Kamo Isao , Patel Chandu , Patel Navin , Friedman Herman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from normal DBA/2 mice pretreated with a soluble factor from mastocytoma cells or from ascitic fluid of mastocytoma-bearing mice were markedly impaired in terms of antibody formation to SRBC in vitro. Such immunosuppression by mastocytoma homogenates or ascitic fluid was reversed when syngeneic T cells activated to SRBC were added to the cultures, but not when peritoneal exudate cells or anti-ϑ-treated normal splenocytes were used. Activated T cells, as well as normal B lymphocytes prepared from spleens of lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with bone marrow cells, were less sensitive to the immunosuppressive factor than non-activated T cells. The ability of educated T cells to restore immunocompetence of suppressed spleen cells in vitro suggests that the target of the immunosuppressive factor from mastocytoma cells may be non-activated T cells, especially those involved in T cell helper function.
Specific Suppression of the Antibody Response in Vitro by Serum from Paralyzed Mice
Authors: Brown Paul B. , Köhler Heinz , Rowley Donald A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
BALB/c mice immunized with either the whole vaccine or the C-polysaccharide obtained from the R36A strain of pneumococcus produce antibody to phosphorylcholine. Mice injected i.v. with a single high dose of the C-polysaccharide are specifically unresponsive to immunization to phosphorylcholine for many months and are considered paralyzed. The induction of paralysis does not eliminate cells reactive to phosphorylcholine; however, serum from paralyzed mice specifically suppresses the response of cultures of normal spleen cells to phosphorylcholine. Paralyzed mice have an early low antibody response to phosphorylcholine and to the receptor for phosphorylcholine as indicated by plaque-forming cell assays. The factor or factors present in serum which may suppress cultures, and, by presumption, be responsible for paralysis are complexes of antigen, antibody, and antibody to the receptor for phosphorylcholine.
Host Defenses Against Influenza Virus: The Role of Anti-Hemagglutinin Antibody
Authors: Virelizier Jean-Louis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In CBA mice the protection provided by transferred immune spleen cells or by antibody has been investigated in immunologically intact, cyclophosphamide-treated and thymus-deprived animals infected with A/PR8 virus. The degree of protection was more closely related to serum antibody levels than to the presence of immune lymphocytes in recipients. Comparison of the protective efficiency of various anti-influenza antisera with different specificities within an influenza A subtype indicated that antibodies recognizing the strain-specific determinants of the influenza hemagglutinin have an important role in protection. Physiologic amounts of transferred antibodies were shown to protect immunodepressed mice, suggesting that, provided a sufficient amount of specific antibodies is secreted, the participation of effectors of cell-mediated immunity is not essential. However, our results suggest that thymusderived lymphocytes have an indirect role in protection by enhancing, through their helper effect, the secretion of anti-influenza antibodies.