bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serological Group II of the Proteolytic Clostridia
Authors: Mandia James W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study was made of the heat-labile antigens of 26 cultures representing toxic and nontoxic strains of Clostridium parabotulinum, nontoxic organisms related to C. parabotulinum and strains designated as C. sporogenes. All cultures formed a serological group which is referred to as serological group II of the proteolytic clostridia.
Antigenic formulas were assigned to members of the group.
Factors Influencing the Agglutination Titration in Human Brucellosis
Authors: Feinberg Richard J. , Wright George G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antigens prepared from 22 genetically different smooth strains of Brucella were compared and gave similar agglutination titers with serums from established brucellosis and cross-reacting serums from cases of tularemia and from persons immunized against cholera. The temperature of incubation of the titrations and the method used for killing the antigen suspensions influenced the titers, especially in titrations of cross-reacting serums. Titers of cross-reacting serums with phenol-killed antigen suspension were much lower when titrations were incubated at 56 C than when they were incubated at 45 C or below; titers of brucellosis serums were essentially independent of incubation temperatures from 24 C to 60 C. The lower titers of cross-reacting serums at 56 C appeared to be due to a reversible inhibition of the non-specific agglutination. Titers with formalin-killed antigen suspension were influenced much less by incubation temperature; these antigens, however, favored the appearance of prozones, particularly with serums from recovered rather than from active brucellosis.
The authors are indebted to Dr. Werner Braun for helpful discussion and comment during the course of the work, and for providing the Brucella strains.
Experimental Streptococcal Pneumonia
Authors: Weinstein Louis , Colburn Charles G. , Seltser Raymond , Mallory G. Kenneth , Waring Geo. W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Reports of the successful production of pneumonia in animals using beta-hemolytic streptococci of human origin are few. In those which have been published and which are reviewed below, studies of the cellular changes which take place in the very early periods following initiation of infection have not been carried out and only the pathologic features present 24 hours or longer after inoculation have been described. Although indirect evidence indicating the importance of the histiocyte in the defense against invasion by Streptococcus pyogenes has been obtained by Gay and his associates, direct proof that this cell is of prime importance in the cellular reaction in fatal or non-fatal streptococcal pneumonia and that the polymorphonuclear leucocyte plays a very minor role is still lacking.
Experimental Streptococcal Pneumonia
Authors: Weinstein Louis , Colburn Charles G. , Seltser Raymond , Mallory G. Kenneth 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the preceding paper in this series, evidence was presented indicating that the treatment of experimentally-produced streptococcal pneumonia with penicillin exerted little or no alterative effect on the natural history of the pattern of cellular reaction in the lung. In spite of the administration of antibiotic immediately after the inoculation of Streptococcus pyogenes into the bronchial tree and the continuation of intensive therapy in mild or severe infections, with rapid elimination of organisms from the lungs, the development of anatomic changes was not at all different qualitatively from that observed in untreated animals. Minor differences of a quantitative nature were present but these were not striking.
The failure of penicillin therapy to alter appreciably the characteristic features of the cellular response in streptococcal pneumonitis was unexpected since the speed with which the organisms were killed in many instances should have halted abruptly the development of anatomic changes.
The Effect of the Calcium Hydroxide-Calcium Aluminate Antibody Purification Procedure on the Physical Properties of Rabbit Gamma Globulin
Authors: Sternberger L. A. , Petermann M. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The calcium hydroxide-calcium aluminate treatment used for the purification of antiprotein antibody has been applied to rabbit gamma globulin, and its effect on molecular structure followed by electrophoretic, sedimentation and viscosity measurements. No appreciable alteration occurred when the treatment was carried out at pH 11.4; at pH 12.6 some unfolding of the molecule occurred.
Immunity Following Oral Administration of Poliomyelitis Virus to Monkeys
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. , Ledinko Nada 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study has been carried out on the development of antibodies and of immunity in cynomolgus monkeys following the ingestion of poliomyelitis virus (Y-SK strain). Thirty-one per cent of the animals developed paralysis after the feeding, and these animals were found to have developed antibodies by the first day of disease. In contrast no antibodies were detected on the first day of paralysis in 20 monkeys receiving virus by the intranasal route.
Further investigation was made of the immune status of animals which failed to develop disease following virus ingestion: 63 % (29 of 46) developed antibodies and of those challenged by the intranasal or intracerebral routes 18% (4 of 22 were susceptible). 37% (17 of 46) failed to produce antibodies and of those challenged, 73% (8 of 11) proved susceptible. 96% (30 of 32) of the control groups developed paralytic poliomyelitis.
There was a correlation between the level of antibodies in serum and the resistance to the challenge dose of virus.
Relationships Among Complement-Fixing Values, Infectious Endpoints, and Death Curves in Experimental Coxiella Burnetii Infection
Authors: Ormsbee Richard A. , Lackman David B. , Pickens Edgar G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Under certain conditions, the time necessary for 50% of the chick embryos infected with Coxiella burnetii to die varies inversely and in a regular manner with the log of the complement-fixing value of the inoculum. The number of infectious doses of C. burnetii in a suspension, as titrated in chick embryos and confirmed in guinea pigs, varies directly with the complement-fixing value of the inoculum. Under certain conditions a predictable relationship exists with C. burnetii between complement-fixing power, number of infectious doses, and the 50% death point in chick embryos.
Precipitin Reactions with Soluble Antigens from Suspensions of Pasteurella Pestis or from Tissues of Animals Dead of Plague
Authors: Larson Carl L. , Philip Cornelius B. , Wicht W. C. , Hughes L. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The presence of water-soluble, heat-labile antigens in suspensions of Pasteurella pestis and in tissues of animals dead of plague has been confirmed. Antiserums from rabbits immunized against P. pestis or its products reacted in the precipitin test with soluble antigens from P. pseudotuberculosis and P. multocida. Absorption of these antiserums with heterologous antigens eliminates cross reactions. Specific reactions between soluble antigens from P. pestis and absorbed antiplague serums were obtained. Cross reactions occurring between antigens extracted from Bacterium tularense antiplague serums were noted. Precipitin tests performed with antigens obtained from tissues of animals dead of plague demonstrated the presence of soluble antigens in sufficient quantity to be of diagnostic value in tissues stored at 37 C for periods of at least 14 weeks.
The Hybridization of Coliphage T5 and Salmonella Phage PB
Authors: Adams Mark H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It had long been supposed that new strains of viruses could be obtained only by the selection of spontaneously occurring variants. However a phenomenon discovered by Delbruck and Bailey (1) in 1946 furnished a powerful method of obtaining novel virus strains. When single bacterial cells are mixedly infected with two of the serologically related strains of phage, T2, T4 and T6, the virus progeny includes new hybrid types differing from both parental types. The new genotypes resulting from a recombination of parental characters persist through repeated subcultures. Genetic recombination in bacteriophages has been studied in mutants of T2 by Hershey and Rotman (2), in mutants of T1 by Hershey (3), and in hybrids of T2, T4 and T6 by Luria (4). What is undoubtedly the same phenomenon has been described by Burnet and Lind (5) with an animal virus.
Interference Between Mumps Virus and Pneumonia Virus of Mice (PVM). Fate of Mumps Virus in the Mouse Lung
Authors: Ginsberg Harold S. , Horsfall Frank L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Multiplication of pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) is markedly restricted if preceded by the intranasal inoculation of mumps virus in the mouse. Multiplication of influenza A virus (PR8) in the mouse lung is unaffected by prior inoculation with mumps virus. Mumps virus disappears from the mouse lung at a rapid rate but reappears in low titer after 6 days and remains demonstrable until the 10th day. Relatively large amounts of mumps virus are needed to cause interference with the multiplication of PVM but the agent is effective for an interval of at least 4 days and against large inocula of PVM. These findings are discussed in relation to hypotheses of the mechanism of interference between viruses and of interruption of multiplication of PVM and mumps virus by capsular polysaccharides of Friedländer bacilli.
The in Vivo Stability of the I131 Protein Label of Rabbit Antibody in Guinea Pigs as Determined by the Quantitative Precipitin Reaction
Authors: Melcher L. R. , Masouredis S. P. , Reed Roswell , Miller Patricia 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The fate and rate of degradation of I131 labelled rabbit antibody (antihuman albumin) was studied in the guinea pig. The labelled rabbit antibody recovered from guinea pig sera by specific precipitation was found to retain the same I131 activity per microgram of antibody nitrogen as was found in the iodinated antibody before injection into the guinea pigs. These findings indicate that the I131 label of trace-iodinated rabbit antibody did not have a metabolic fate independent of the protein molecule in the guinea pig serum. The appearance between the fifth and seventh day of circulating guinea pig antibody against the administered rabbit globulin was detected by a change in the I131/AbN ratio of the antibody recovered from the guinea pig sera at this time. The rate of disappearance of the labelled heterologous protein (rabbit antibody) from the circulation of the guinea pig was found to be an exponential function with a half-life of 107 to 113 hours. This was corroborated by the rate of disappearance of total radioactivity in the serum as well as by the rate of excretion of radioactivity. The results of the comparative precipitin reactions indicate that the I131 label and the labelled antibody are stable when heated at 56 C for 50 minutes to inactivate complement.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Makinodan Takashi , Wolfe Harold R. , Goodman Morris , Ruth Royal 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The chicken was shown to be an excellent subject for studies of active anaphylaxis. Anaphylactic shock was best obtained by reinjection on the 6th, 7th, or 8th day following sensitization, and was best avoided by reinjection before the 4th day or after the 15th day. The optimal amounts of sensitizing antigen were 40 to 120 mg protein in animals of about 1500 g; optimal amounts of challenging antigen were 10 to 40 mg protein. A challenging injection of 5 mg was not satisfactory. The frequency of shock increased as the antibody content per ml increased and as the ratio of the antibody content per ml to the amount of challenging antigen increased. No variations in anaphylactic response clearly due to sex or breed were observed.
The Effect of Total Body X Irradiation on the Susceptibility of Mice to Influenza A Virus Infection
Authors: Beutler Ernest , Gezon Horace M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
This study was undertaken to determine whether or not x-ray irradiation will lower the resistance of mice to infection with a respiratory virus. Mice were irradiated with x-ray doses ranging from 200 to 700 r and a probit analysis of mortality rates was carried out. Inoculation of mice with a virus aerosol was found to be more reliable than inoculation by intranasal instillation. The incidence of spontaneous pneumonitis in mice inoculated with an aerosol of sterile medium was sufficiently small to be ignored. Groups of mice were given x-ray doses ranging from 50 to 600 r. Three days later they were inoculated with an aerosol of mouse- or egg-adapted PR8 influenza A virus. When mouse-adapted virus was used there was no difference between morbidity rates of irradiated animals and non-irradiated controls but the extent of lesions was significantly greater in the irradiated mice. When egg-adapted virus was used both the morbidity rate and extent of lesions was greater in the irradiated mice than in non-irradiated controls. Grossly inapparent infection, as judged by development of antibody titres, never developed in mice infected with mouse-adapted virus but did occur when egg-adapted virus was used. Aerobic and anaerobic cultures of the lungs of mice revealed that secondary infection was not an important factor in the increased susceptibility of irradiated mice. Irradiation depressed development of antibodies. There appeared to be no difference between the histopathological course of infection in irradiated and non-irradiated mice. The possibility of using irradiation as a means of increasing susceptibility of animals to viruses to which they are ordinarily immune is discussed.
Complement Fixation Tests with Homologous and Heterologous Types of Coxsackie Virus in Man
Authors: Kraft Lisbeth M. , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of complement fixation tests in human sera using nine antigenically distinct Coxsackie, or C, viruses are presented. In five proven cases of C virus infection among laboratory personnel, homologous complement fixing (c.f.) antibodies were produced as a result of infection. At the same time, however, a variable number of heterologous c.f. antibodies also showed significant rises in titer together with the homologous type. In 42 patients with paralytic and nonparalytic poliomyelitis in Easton, Pennsylvania, in 1949, and in 32 such individuals in Cincinnati and Akron, Ohio, in 1947, it was found that the C virus antibody patterns could not be related to: Paralytic or nonparalytic type of illness. Success or failure to isolate Coxsackie viruses. Success or failure to isolate poliomyelitis virus. The relationship between complement fixing and neutralizing antibodies in man is not clear from this study. It is true that when a particular C virus is isolated from a patient, he shows immunologic evidence of the specific infection by both the c.f. and neutralization tests, even though heterologous c.f. antibodies may also appear. But when infection cannot be proved by virus isolation, then there appears to be no consistent correlation between the presence or absence of the two kinds of antibodies. Possible mechanisms of the rises in heterologous complement fixing antibodies are discussed.
The Response to the Intracutaneous Inoculation of BCG as an Index of Native Resistance to Tuberculosis
Authors: Lurie Max B. , Zappasodi Peter , Cardona-Lynch Eugenia , Dannenberg Arthur M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The response of rabbits to the intracutaneous inoculation of BCG may serve as an index of native resistance and is useful as a method of selecting breeders of the desired resistance or susceptibility to tuberculosis. There is as yet no clear evidence that the response of human beings to the intracutaneous inoculation of BCG can serve as an index of their native resistance. The nodule at the site of intracutaneous injection in resistant rabbits grows rapidly, reaches its peak quickly, tends to ulcerate and heals soon. In the susceptible rabbit, this nodule grows slowly, reaches its peak tardily, does not usually ulcerate and heals much later. The BCG multiplies in the skin of the resistant rabbit for a shorter time and is subsequently more rapidly destroyed than in the susceptible rabbit. The associated histological host responses are accelerated in the resistant animal. Consequently, the development of allergic sensitivity to tuberculin and antibodies are enhanced in the resistant animal. As a result of the increased rate of development of allergic sensitivity in the resistant animal, its BCG nodule is at first larger than in the susceptible rabbit. Variations in native resistance are essentially variations in the rate of development of an increased capacity by the phagocytes to destroy tubercle bacilli. The degree of heightened resistance conferred by a given BCG inoculation is superimposed on, and determined by, the innate resistance of the individual vaccinated, so that the resistance to the genesis of primary pulmonary tubercles in the natively resistant rabbit may be increased several fold while that of the highly susceptible rabbit is hardly affected.
Studies on Certain Viruses Isolated in the Tropics of Africa and South America. Immunological Reactions As Determined by Cross Complement-Fixation Tests
Authors: Kerr J. Austin 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Noninfectious, lipid-extracted, complement-fixing antigens, which were satisfactory for use with specific antisera prepared in guinea pigs and mice, have been made from the brains of mice infected with 27 different viruses or strains of virus. Lipids were extracted either by means of the acetone-ether extraction technique of Casals, or, in the case of 5 viruses, with benzene. There were no failures to secure an antigen when an attempt was made to do so. The sera used in this study were all obtained from guinea pigs and mice, no attempt having been made to examine human sera for the presence of complement-fixing antibody to any of the viruses under investigation.
The following viruses gave no cross reactions and are considered to be distinct entities: Bwamba, Bunyamwera, Zika, Wyeomyia, Anopheles A and Anopheles B.
Kumba virus is considered to be merely a strain of Semliki virus. Neither of these 2 viruses gave any other cross reactions.
West Nile virus in our hands gave no cross reactions, but we have no reason to doubt the validity of cross reactions previously observed by others.
Mengo virus gave no cross reactions with any of the other viruses studied, except for a one-way cross with several strains of the GDVII type of mouse encephalomyelitis—that is, by use of Mengo antiserum and GDVII type antigens.
Uganda S and yellow fever gave irregular, one-way cross reactions, as did Ntaya and Ilhéus.
Four viruses, namely Haemagogus A, Haemagogus B, Leucocelaenus and Sabethes, are shown to be strains of the GDVII type of mouse encephalomyelitis.
Principles Governing the Practical Application of Complement-Fixation Tests
Authors: De Almeida Jose O. , Silverstein Arthur M. , Maltaner Frank 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Data on experiments with syphilitic serum and cardiolipin antigen are presented supporting a treatment of complement fixation based on the mass law under the assumption that the interaction between complement and immune complex is chemical in nature. Data are given showing good agreement with equations derived from the proposed assumptions. It is pointed out (19, 21) that such a model should serve as only an approximation on the road to a more adequate definition of this complex phenomenon.
The fixation of complement is a direct linear function of the amount of immune complex when the amount of antigen is adjusted to yield maximum fixation and an amount of complement is used just sufficient to leave a constant quantity of complement free in each test.
The correlation between the experimental data and the theoretical relationships presented lends support to the use of the linear relationship between complement and serum employed in the technic of Wadsworth, Maltaner and Maltaner for the determination of antibody titer.
The use of an endpoint based on the adjustment to leave approximately one unit of complement free in solution has been shown to have the advantage of allowing a simple estimation of complement free in solution.
The authors wish to express their appreciation to Dr. W. R. Thompson for valuable discussions and useful suggestions.
Studies on Hemagglutination by Columbia-SK Virus
Authors: Horvath Beni , Jungeblut Claus W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An improved method for studying hemagglutination by Col-SK virus is described. A stoichiometric relationship is shown to exist between the amount of red cells and of hemagglutinin reacting at the endpoint. Human, rat and guinea pig erythrocytes agglutinate specifically with Col-SK virus in K-veronal buffer at 0 C. At 0 C 100% of the initial virus amount is adsorbed, at 20 C 88%, at 35 C 50%—at infinite time. There is no spontaneous elution. However, approximately 17% of the virus adsorbed at 0 C will elute at 35 C in veronal buffer. Hypertonic salt concentrations inhibit hemagglutination. Hemagglutination was inhibited by a comparatively slight increase in the Na concentration whereas a much more drastic increase in the K concentration is needed to produce the same effect. Both CaCl2 and MgCl2 inhibit hemagglutination above 0.01 M concentration. Adsorption proceeds at the same rate in CaCl2 as in NaCl. Evidence of identity of infectious agent and hemagglutinin includes data on: a) the amount of hemagglutinin and the infectivity titer of nervous tissue from different animal species, b) a definite correlation between hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization titer of specific immune sera, c) the similarity of physical and chemical properties of infectious and hemagglutinating principles.
The Hemagglutination Test for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Heller George , Jacobson Abraham S. , Kolodny Maxwell H. , Schuman Roslyn L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The agglutinin titer of a mixture of sheep erythrocytes and the homologous agglutinin is significantly potentiated by the addition of certain animal sera including human. The magnitude of potentiation varies with different sera within species and is a function of dilution. The majority of the sera from patients with active peripheral rheumatoid arthritis potentiate the agglutinin titers to a higher degree than do the majority of sera from individuals with no evidence of this disease. The sera (85%) from patients with active peripheral rheumatoid arthritis are further and more specifically distinguished from the sera of other individuals. Combination of the sera of such rheumatoid patients with certain animal sera diluents, notably sheep, produce agglutinin titers significantly greater than those produced by the components of the mixture when tested alone in the same concentrations. The sera of a few individuals with other diseases (1.6%) also exhibit the phenomenon of potentiation in combination with sheep serum diluent. Procedures are described, based on potentiation of serum titers, which were found to have a high degree of sensitivity and specificity with sera from cases of active peripheral rheumatoid arthritis.