bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Future regional increases in simultaneous large Western USA wildfires
Authors: McGinnis Seth , Kessenich Lee , Mearns Linda , Cullen Alison , Podschwit Harry , Bukovsky Melissa 
Published: August 2023

Background Wildfire simultaneity affects the availability and distribution of resources for fire management: multiple small fires require more resources to fight than one large fire does. Aims The aim of this study was to project the effects of climate change on simultaneous large wildfires in the Western USA, regionalised by administrative divisions used for wildfire management. Methods We modelled historical wildfire simultaneity as a function of selected fire indexes using generalised linear models trained on observed climate and fire data from 1984 to 2016. We then applied these models to regional climate model simulations of the 21st century from the NA-CORDEX data archive. Key results The results project increases in the number of simultaneous 1000+ acre (4+ km2) fires in every part of the Western USA at multiple return periods. These increases are more pronounced at higher levels of simultaneity, especially in the Northern Rockies region, which shows dramatic increases in the recurrence of high return levels. Conclusions In all regions, the models project a longer season of high simultaneity, with a slightly earlier start and notably later end. These changes would negatively impact the effectiveness of fire response. Implications Because firefighting decisions about resource distribution, pre-positioning, and suppression strategies consider simultaneity as a factor, these results underscore the importance of potential changes in simultaneity for fire management decision-making.
Exploring the CaseScaling Up Sustainability: The Case of Big Wheel Burger
Authors: L.M. Coughlan , R. Dodds 
Published: August 2023

Introduction
The fast-food industry is notorious for negatively impacting the environment with single-use packaging, high energy use, food waste, water contamination, and emissions. This case illustrates how one company is scaling up sustainability by turning profit upside down to ensure its community is benefiting from its growth. Students will get insights into the challenges, solutions, and benefits of operating and scaling a fast-food chain with sustainability at its core.
Big Wheel Burger is trailblazing scaling sustainable fast-food restaurants. This case will outline how a business model can be shifted to positively impact the community while maintaining profiles, keeping staff on a decent wage, and engaging customers on the journey.
CIPM key comparison CCPR-K1.a.2017 for spectral irradiance 250 nm to 2500 nm. Final report
Authors: Khlevnoy B B , Solodilov M V , Kolesnikova S S , Otryaskin D A , Pons A , Campos J , Shin D J , Park S , Obein G , Valin M H , Vissière A , Dai C , Wu Z , Wang Y , Li L , Lin Y , Yoon H , Gibson C , Liu Y , Manson P , Atkinson E , Zama T , Shitomi H , Goodman T , Servantes W , Gamouras A , Woods D J , Sperfeld P , Pape S 
Published: August 2023

Main text
This report describes the Key Comparison of the Consultative Committee for Photometry and Radiometry CCPR-K1.a.2017 for Spectral Irradiance in the wavelength range of 250 nm to 2500 nm. Tungsten quartz halogen lamps of the FEL type (1000 W) were used as artefacts. Each participant used its own set of lamps. The star scheme of measurements was applied with the sequence participant - pilot - participant. Twelve National Metrology Institutes participated in the comparison. Each participant's measurement data were based on a totally independent spectral irradiance scale realisation. VNIIOFI (the Russian Federation) served as a pilot. The measurements were carried out from 2017 - 2020.
The analysis of the comparison was performed following the step-by-step approach described in Appendix B of the Guidelines for CCPR Key Comparison Report Preparation (CCPR-G2 Rev.4). The key comparison reference values (KCRV) were calculated independently at each wavelength as the weighted means with cut-off. The measurement data of all participants were used for the KCRV excluding just a few outliers in the wavelength range of 1700 nm to 2500 nm. The relative uncertainties of the KCRV were minimal, 0.08 %, at the wavelengths of 900 nm to 1500 nm and increasing towards the limits of the spectral range up to 0.28 % at 250 nm and 0.20 % at 2500 nm. Consistency checks were satisfied at 17 of the 28 measured wavelengths, but failed at 11 wavelengths, mostly in the infrared range. For the latter wavelengths the Mandel-Paule method was applied resulting in an additional uncertainty that varied depending on wavelength from 0.11 % to 0.89 %.
In general, the measurement uncertainties submitted by the participants in this comparison were less than those submitted in the previous CCPR-K1.a comparison. This is evidenced by the values of the cut-off, which had decreased at all wavelengths by a factor of 1.2 to 3.0 depending on wavelength. However, only for seven participants the degrees of equivalence do not exceed the expanded uncertainties at almost all wavelengths. About 80 % of all results (all participants at all wavelengths) agree with the KCRV within 1 % over the whole spectral range and within 0.7 % in the visible, which is comparable with the results of the previous CCPR-K1.a comparison.
To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCPR, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Comparison report between NIM and CMS of the ITS-90 realization at the triple point of argon
Authors: Sun Jianping , Tsai Shu-Fei , Li Ting 
Published: August 2023

Main text
The APMP key comparison APMP.T-K3.6 was initiated on the request of the Center for Measurement Standards, Taiwan (CMS) to link their standards to the Consultative Committee for Thermometry (CCT) Key Comparison (KC) and facilitate the CMS CMC submission. National Institute of Metrology, China (NIM) provided the linkage to the CCT-K3 at the temperature of the triple point of argon. In the APMP.T-K3.6, one standard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRT) was chosen as the transfer instruments, calibrated at the triple point of argon. The comparison was carried out in a participant-pilot-participant sequence where NIM served as the pilot. The linkage was based on the temperature of CMS reference Ar fixed point relative to the average (ARV) of CCT-K3 at the Ar fixed point via the difference in temperature between the NIM reference Ar fixed point and NIM reference Ar fixed point (links to the ARVs of the CCT-K3). The temperature differences between the standards of CMS and the ARVs of the CCT-K3 were within the evaluated comparison uncertainties of the ATPM.T-K3.6. This report provides detailed information on the comparison results, linkage mechanism, and the Degree of Equivalence of the CMS relative to the institutes having participated in the CCT-K3.
To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCT, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Novel polysilicon in resisting thermal-evaporation Al-electrode damage and its application in back-junction passivated contact p-type solar cells
Authors: Zeng Yuheng , Liu Zunke , Liao Mingdun , Liu Wei , Yang Zhenhai , Ye Jichun 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In preparing tunnel oxygen passivation contact (TOPCon) solar cells, the metallization process often causes damage to passivation performance. Aiming to solve the issue, we investigated the advantages of the novel polysilicon, i.e. the carbon (C) or nitrogen (N) doped polysilicon, in resisting metallization damage. Our study reveals that C- or N-doped polysilicon does mitigate the passivation damage caused by the physical-vapor deposition metallization processes, i.e. the decrease in implied open-circuit voltage (iV
oc) and the increase in recombination current (J
0) are both suppressed. For the novel polysilicon samples suffered metallization, the decrease of iV
oc was only ∼−1 mV, and the increase of J
0 < 1 fA cm−2; in contrast, the decrease of iV
oc of the standard polysilicon samples was −7 mV, and the increase of J
0 was ∼6 fA cm−2. In addition, we also explored the difference between the finger-metal and the full-metal metallization, showing that the finger-metal has less passivation damage due to the smaller contact area. However, the free energy loss analysis indicates that the advantage of the novel polysilicon in resisting metallization damage is overshadowed by the disadvantage of the higher contact resistivity when finger-metal electrodes are used. Numerical simulations prove that the efficiency of the solar cell with novel polysilicon still shows >0.2% absolute efficiency higher than that with the standard polysilicon, reaching 26% when full-metal electrodes by thermal evaporation.
Investigating the Multiband Nonthermal Radiative Properties of HESS J1420−607
Authors: Tian Shiting , Zhou Liancheng , Gong Yunlu , Wu Keyao , Fang Jun , Yu Huan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
HESS J1420−607 is a γ-ray emitting source associated with the pulsar wind nebula (PWN) powered by the energetic pulsar PSR J1420−6048. Based on 14 yr of data obtained with the Fermi Large Area Telescope, we re-analyzed its GeV γ-ray radiative properties, resulting in detailed spectra obtained within the band 10–200 GeV. Moreover, we use a one-zone time-dependent model for the multiband nonthermal emission from pulsar wind nebulae to investigate the radiative properties of the nebula associated with HESS J1420−607. Assuming that the electrons/positrons are injected into the PWN with a broken power law spectrum with indexes of ∼1.6 and ∼2.7, as well as a break Lorentz factor of ∼5 × 106, the results indicate that the multi-wavelength spectral energy distribution is consistent with the detected fluxes in both X-rays and γ-rays. The results support that the γ-rays detected can be produced via inverse Compton scattering of the energetic electrons/positrons within the PWN.
Analysing the temporal amplitude and average output power distribution in the mode-locked regions of an erbium-doped figure-eight fibre laser (theoretical and experimental results)
Authors: González-Galicia M A , Lozano-Crisóstomo N , Meneses F C De , Reyes-Ramírez B 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The noise like pulses (NLPs) are ultrashort light pulses that present very complex dynamics, they are a particular case of the multiple light pulses generated by the partial mode-locked regime. These ultrashort light pulses exhibit very complex behaviour in amplitude and width, in the temporal domain and subsequently in the frequency domain. In this paper we present a theoretical and experimental analysis of temporal amplitude distribution of NLPs within the mode-locked regions of an erbium-doped figure-eight Fibber laser. The mode-locked regions were studied at different settings of the four polarization controllers (HWR1, QWR1) in the ring section and in the nonlinear optical loop mirror (HWR2, QWR2, NOLM) of the fibre laser cavity. We found a wide variety of values of the temporal amplitude of NLPs. The experimental results of the temporal amplitude are compared with simulations generated with the theoretical model based on the theory of polarization of light and the theoretical model of the NOLM. Also, we discovered experimentally that the theoretical model performs well in predicting the complex dynamics of the temporal distribution of amplitude. Finally, we experimentally discovered that the average power output distribution of the cavity has a behaviour which is close to proportional to the temporal amplitude distribution. We analyse NLPs with a carrier wavelength of 1562 nm with typical duration of

τ
⩽
10

ns and a repetition rate of 0.9 MHz.
A hybrid mechanism of 3D optical trapping of particles immersed in a cold buffer gas
Authors: Krasnov I V 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
A novel mechanism of the formation of a deep optical superlattice (OSL) for three-dimensional (3D) trapping of resonant impurity atoms immersed in a transparent cold buffer gas is proposed and investigated theoretically. This mechanism is associated with the joint action of two factors of different physical nature: rectification effect of the gradient force of light pressure and effect of the light induced drift (LID) of atoms (a consequence of the difference in gas-kinetic cross sections of excited and unexcited atoms). Such a situation can be realised when a gas mixture is irradiated by a bichromatic combined light beam which is a special coaxial superposition of cosine-Gaussian optical beams. Here, the RcGF creates a periodic 1D array of deep potential wells (OSL) along the beam axes, and an effective force, causing LID, pulls resonant particles into the combined light beam and provides their transverse (with respect to the beam axes) confinement in OSL. As a result, there can occur a giant accumulation of impurity particles in the OSL cells, accompanied by a strong spatial particle localization far away from the walls of the reservoir, in which the gas mixture is located.
Direct preemptive stabilization of

m
,
n
=
2
,
1

neoclassical tearing modes by electron cyclotron current drive in the DIII-D low-torque ITER baseline scenario
Authors: Bardóczi L. , La Haye R.J. , Strait E.J. , Logan N.C. , Smith S.P. , Richner N.J. , Callen J.D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
We report the first preemptive direct stabilization of

m
,
n
=
2
,
1

neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs) in DIII-D low-torque ITER baseline scenario plasmas by electron cyclotron waves. These experiments strongly support that the observed stabilization is achieved by replacing the missing bootstrap current in the island by electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD). These plasmas (with and without ECCD) are stable to 2,1 NTMs when the differential rotation between the q = 1 and q = 2 surfaces (

Δ

f

1
,
2

) is sustained above a critical value (

Δ

f

CRIT

≈
1

kHz), but those evolving to low differential rotation (

Δ

f

1
,
2

<
Δ

f

CRIT

) routinely develop a disruptive 2,1 island at the time and frequency of a sawtooth precursor. Preemptive, local and direct stabilization by ECCD is tested by scanning the current drive amplitude and location inside and outside of the q = 2 rational surface shot by shot. Analysis of only low differential rotation time windows, i.e. when stabilization from

Δ

f

1
,
2

is absent, shows focused ECCD at q = 2 prevents the onset of 2,1 NTMs. These results are important, as they give the first demonstration of disruptive NTM control by ECCD in the plasma scenario planned for ITER.
Poles of hydrodynamic spectral functions and Einstein–Helfand formulas for transport coefficients
Authors: Mabillard Joël , Gaspard Pierre 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The local-equilibrium approach to transport processes is related to an approach based on time-dependent correlation functions and their associated spectral functions characterizing the equilibrium fluctuations of particles, momentum and other densities. On the one hand, transport coefficients are calculated with the Einstein–Helfand formulas derived in the local-equilibrium approach. On the other hand, the poles of the spectral functions at complex frequencies give the damping rates of the hydrodynamic modes. Since these rates also depend on the transport coefficients, their values can be compared to the predictions of the local-equilibrium approach. This comparison is systematically carried out for a hard-sphere fluid by numerically computing the transport coefficients, the spectral functions and their poles as a function of the wave number in the hydrodynamic limit. The study shows the consistency between the two approaches for the determination of transport properties.
H- beam formation simulation in negative ion source for CERN's Linac4 accelerator
Authors: Vnuchenko A. , Lettry J. , Mochalskyy S. , Wünderlich D. , Fantz U. , Lindqvist M. , Revel A. , Minea T. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The caesiated surface negative ion (H-) source is the first element of CERN's LINAC4 a linear injector designed to accelerate negative hydrogen ions to 160 MeV. The IS03 ion source is operated at 35 mA beam intensity and reliably feeds CERN's accelerator chain, H- ions are generated via plasma volume and caesiated molybdenum (Cs-Mo) plasma electrode surface mechanisms. Studying the beam extraction region of this H- ion source is essential for optimizing the H- production. The 3D Particle-in-cell (PIC) Monte Carlo (MC) code ONIX (Orsay Negative Ion eXtraction [1]), written to study H- beam formation processes in neutral-beam injectors for fusion, has been adapted to single aperture accelerator H- sources. The code was modified to match the conditions of the beam formation and extraction regions of the Linac4 H- source [2]. A set of parameters was chosen to characterize the plasma and to match the specific volume and surface production modes. Simulated results of the extraction regions are presented and benchmarked with experimental results obtained at the Linac4 test stand [3].
Pushed to finance? Assessing technology export as a motivator for coal finance abroad
Authors: Manych Niccolò , Egli Florian , Ohlendorf Nils , Schmidt Tobias S , Steffen Bjarne , Stünzi Anna , Steckel Jan Christoph 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The construction of new coal-fired power plants is frequently financed by banks from abroad. Recent studies suggest that the opportunity to export technology is a relevant ‘push factor’ for such financing activities. In this paper, we provide first quantitative evidence for this hypothesis on a global scale. We construct a novel dataset that tracks both public and private financial involvement on a coal unit level, including information on equipment manufacturers and service providers. The findings indicate that financial institutions from various countries, including China, Japan, South Korea, and Western nations provide loans to coal units overseas. These finance flows, particularly from publicly owned banks, are accompanied by technology exports from the same country. Complementing our quantitative analysis with semi-structured interviews, we find indications that political economy factors, such as public banks’ requirement for participation of domestic firms in financing deals and the unlocking of export business opportunities for domestic industries in financing countries, contribute to this correlation. Our findings highlight the importance of financing countries and their domestic industries for low-carbon transitions globally.
A maladaptive parental effect: offspring survival decreases with maternal over-condition in an amphibian
Authors: Harmon Emily A , Li Tianxiu , Kelly Patrick W , Chen Catherine , Pfennig David W , Pfennig Karin S 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Parental effects are often considered an evolved response, in which parents transmit information about the environment to enhance offspring fitness. However, these effects need not be adaptive. Here, we provide a striking example by presenting evidence that overfeeding of adult Mexican spadefoot toads, Spea multiplicata, is associated with decreased offspring survival. After a temporary change to their standard feeding regimen, S. multiplicata in our captive colony developed a much higher body condition (i.e. body mass for a given body length) than those in the wild. We analysed data from three subsequent experiments and found that although the body condition of a father was positively correlated with tadpole survival, mothers with a higher condition had lower tadpole survival. Our study highlights how obesity can negatively impact future generations via maladaptive maternal effects. Such effects could be especially likely for animals living in variable environments (such as spadefoots) that have evolved ‘thrifty phenotypes’ that make them prone to obesity. Our study also illustrates how husbandry conditions typically regarded as beneficial might be harmful. Given that captive breeding programmes are increasingly used to combat worldwide amphibian declines, these programmes must consider the ecology and evolutionary history of the focal species to minimize any maladaptive parental effects.
The prognostic impact of pre-treatment cachexia in resectional surgery for oesophagogastric cancer: a meta-analysis and meta-regression
Authors: Brown Leo R , Sayers Judith , Yule Michael S , Drake Thomas M , Dolan Ross D , McMillan Donald C , Laird Barry J A , Wigmore Stephen J , Skipworth Richard J E 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background
Cancer cachexia is not purely an end-stage phenomenon and can influence the outcomes of patients with potentially curable disease. This review examines the effect of pre-treatment cachexia on overall survival, in patients undergoing surgical resection of oesophagogastric cancer.

Methods
A systematic literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases was conducted, from January 2000 to May 2022, to identify studies reporting the influence of cachexia on patients undergoing an oesophagogastric resection for cancer with curative intent. Meta-analyses of the primary (overall survival) and secondary (disease-free survival and postoperative mortality) outcomes were performed using random-effects modelling. Meta-regression was used to examine disease stage as a potential confounder.

Results
Ten non-randomized studies, comprising 7186 patients, were eligible for inclusion. The prevalence of pre-treatment cachexia was 35 per cent (95 per cent c.i.: 24–47 per cent). Pooled adjusted hazard ratios showed that cachexia was adversely associated with overall survival (HR 1.46, 95 per cent c.i.: 1.31–1.60, P &lt; 0.001). Meta-analysis of proportions identified decreased overall survival at 1-, 3- and 5-years in cachectic cohorts. Pre-treatment cachexia was not a predictor of disease-free survival and further data are required to establish its influence on postoperative mortality. The proportion of patients with stage III/IV disease was a significant moderator of between-study heterogeneity. Cachexia may have a greater influence on overall survival in studies where more patients have a locally advanced malignancy.

Conclusion
Pre-treatment cachexia adversely influences overall survival following resection of an oesophagogastric malignancy.