bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Security Culture
Authors: Holmes James R. , Khripunov Igor 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
People are the main players in the design, testing, maintenance, and operation of any security system, and their performance depends on each person’s capabilities, limitations, motives, and attitudes, as well as the quality of instruction and training provided them. This is explored in the chapter through the concept of ‘culture’, as a tool to support, enhance, and sustain nuclear security. The chapter reviews the genesis and application of nuclear security culture as developed and practised by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The IAEA’s programme is designed to enable trained individuals to identify security risks, stay motivated, empirically evaluate the ambient culture, and adjust it to current and emerging needs. Because security culture constitutes a subset of organizational culture, it strives to improve the performance of the human component and make its interface with security technology and regulations more effective and user-friendly.
Nuclear Material Accounting and Control
Authors: Aghara Sukesh K. , Marzo Marco 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
International safeguards, implemented by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), represent the major mechanism for reducing the risk of state-level nuclear weapons proliferation. Nuclear material accounting and control (NMAC) is one of the primary components of international safeguards. NMAC encompasses all activities undertaken by states and the IAEA to ensure accurate accounting and control of nuclear materials at civilian nuclear facilities and to reduce the risk of weapons-usable fissile material being diverted by states from civil nuclear facilities to weapons programmes. However, NMAC systems can also be used to enhance nuclear security, helping prevent the theft of nuclear material by non-state actors. The chapter describes the key elements of an NMAC system, with a focus on the application of NMAC to nuclear facilities. The chapter also explores the synergies of NMAC when applied to both nuclear security and safeguards, highlighting the benefits of an integrated system.
From “Made of” to “Made from”
Authors: Matsumoto Naoko , Hirakawa Hiromi , Nakazono Satoru 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the emergence and development of lacquer production in Japan as the first evidence of an artificial organic compound. It discusses how the invention of pottery can be considered as a technological and cognitive precondition for it. Lacquer technology was invented as human-plant interaction increased in the warming climate of the early Holocene (ca. 7,500–8,000 cal bp). The invention of lacquer technology was a significant step forward in human history as it required a process of artificial and irreversible chemical change. In East Asia, pottery appeared in the final stage of the Pleistocene. It was also a new material created by mixing clay, water, various tempers, and firing over a flame. The invention of pottery reinforced the image schema of container and led to a new type of cooking: Stew with different kinds of food. These activities of making and using pottery may have prompted the invention of lacquer technology. Based on the archaeological evidence of pottery and lacquer in East Asia, the invention process of new material is discussed with reference to the environment, climate, material, sedentariness, and image schemas to gain a new understanding of the integrative relationship between mind, body, and material.
Fine-Grained Assessment of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Authors: Legg Nicole K. , Switzer Andrew C. , Turner Brianna J. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the use of fine-grained assessment approaches in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) research. Fine-grained assessment has enabled researchers to collect near real-time information about the proximal precipitants, consequences, and correlates of NSSI; test theoretical models in ecologically valid contexts; and further our understanding of the temporal sequencing of NSSI-related events. The chapter begins by discussing the need to balance benefits against the potential costs in the context of choosing the frequency, timing, and duration of study assessments, as well as measurement strategies for NSSI and other variables. It then considers some of the unique ethical and technical challenges that are inherent within fine-grained assessment studies. The chapter also offers recommendations for maximizing participant compliance and retention, navigating technological challenges, limiting recruitment or selection biases, and implementing effective risk assessments. Finally, this chapter explores frontiers in the area of fine-grained NSSI assessment, providing recommendations for future work and summarizing potential clinical applications of these methods.
Online Approaches to NSSI Treatment
Authors: Hooley Jill M. , Fox Kathryn R. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the online treatment of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Online interventions or mobile apps for the treatment of NSSI are still very much in their infancy. Some are based on existing treatment approaches such as dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) and are designed to improve emotion regulation skills, interpersonal effectiveness, mindfulness, and/or distress tolerance. Others seek to modify more novel treatment targets that have been implicated in the development and maintenance of NSSI. Online treatments also vary in how they are designed and used; whereas some are designed to be adjunctive to traditional forms of treatment, others are designed as stand-alone treatments. The chapter looks at the DBT Coach mobile application, the online emotion regulation individual therapy for adolescents (ERITA), therapeutic evaluative conditioning (TEC), and autobiographic self-enhancement training (ASET). It then highlights the ethical issues and challenges raised by online approaches to NSSI.
Opioid Craving
Authors: Bergeria Cecilia L. , Park Brandon 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Craving is a clinically relevant but understudied and undertreated, component of opioid use disorder. This chapter reviews the concept of craving—a subjective, multidimensional construct—and discusses how the word “craving” has marked inter- and intra-individual variability in what it is meant to convey. The authors review the conceptualization of craving as anticipation of positive and/or negative reinforcement, as a loss of control, and as a preoccupation with opioids. The authors introduce important neurobiology, specifically the dopamine system, which has been strongly implicated with the experience of craving and aligns nicely with the aforementioned conceptualizations. The authors also discuss how different forms of craving may respond differently to pharmacotherapies, and introduce 2 potential types of medications (cannabinoids, adrenergic agonists) as promising targets for craving. Evidence of associations between cravings and occurrences or recurrences of opioid use is discussed. Essential to all of this is the measurement of craving, which is categorized as representing tonic (general) and acute (at the moment) forms of assessments. This tonic vs. acute conceptualization is rarely discussed but has important implications for the assessment of craving and the expectation of the measures being administered. Finally, the authors present excerpts from their own qualitative case study wherein persons with opioid use disorder were asked to explain craving in their own words. Ultimately, this chapter introduces the heterogeneity of this seemingly simple but actually highly complex construct and applies concrete categories that can be used to advance the understanding of craving and associated efforts to develop effective mitigation interventions.
Opioid Effects on Sleep
Authors: Ellis Jennifer D. , Mun Chung Jung , Finan Patrick H. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Sleep difficulties are pervasive among individuals chronically exposed to opioids, such as those with opioid use disorder (OUD) and/or individuals with chronic pain receiving long-term opioid therapy. This chapter reviews the comorbidity between chronic opioid exposure and sleep disturbance, including emphasis on the effects of opioids on sleep in persons with opioid physical dependence and/or chronic pain, and the neurotransmitter systems that are associated with those effects. We then synthesize a large literature suggesting that alteration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis following chronic exposure to opioids may be a mechanism by which sleep difficulties persist among patients receiving long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain and/or patients with OUD. This section focuses on HPA function in the context of opioid use, opioids and circadian functioning, opioids and stress response, the role of the HPA axis in sleep, and the combined effects of opioids, HPA function, stress, and sleep. Finally, we outline the clinical impact of chronic opioid exposure on sleep and stress reactivity and recommend that providers treating individuals chronically exposed to opioids (1) routinely assess sleep disturbance and stress, and (2) consider adjunctive interventions that address sleep disturbance and stress, when appropriate.
Injectable Opioid Treatment
Authors: Oviedo-Joekes Eugenia 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Worldwide, opioid use disorder (OUD) presents a major public health challenge, currently exacerbated by the opioid crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. There is an urgent need to improve, innovate, and diversify the offer of opioid treatments to engage those currently still dependent on the illicit drug stream and who remain at greater risk of lethal and non-lethal harms. The provision of injectable opioid agonist therapy (iOAT) is feasible, safe, and effective for the treatment of OUD, and diversifies the available offer of opioid treatments to support service users in their recovery paths. Expanding the uptake of iOAT, within a person centered framework, provides an opportunity to engage clients with the health care system and to offer individualized care. This chapter reviews and synthesizes the available evidence to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of iOAT, and to place iOAT delivery, historically and presently, within a broader continuum of care available for those with OUD.
Psychosocial Treatment Methods
Authors: Peirce Jessica M. , Antoine Denis G. , Hammond Alexis S. , Kidorf Michael S. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Psychosocial treatments for opioid use disorder represent an important component of the opioid treatment infrastructure. This chapter briefly reviews the early history of psychosocial treatment of OUD in the United States to place the more recent history of empirical research into an appropriate context. It reviews the most common psychosocial interventions, categorized into atheoretical (e.g., peer support or mutual help groups) and theoretically driven strategies (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy, relapse prevention, motivational interviewing, behavior therapy, and mindfulness-based therapy) before describing the current state of OUD treatment from both a research and clinical perspective. Finally, several gaps in the field will be discussed, as well as recommendations to address them.
Access to Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: Saloner Brendan , Gibbons Jason 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines issues related to access to opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment in the United States. There are multiple points on the continuum of care where individuals with OUD experience poor access to care. About two-thirds of all people with OUD do not receive treatment, and among those receiving treatment, care is often insufficiently short and does not include highly effective medications. While the number of people in treatment and using medications has increased substantially, access remains a major challenge amidst an unprecedented overdose crisis. Current challenges reflect the historic underfunding and marginalization of treatment and the criminalization of people with OUD. Recent policy changes to improve the financing of treatment, decrease burdensome regulations, and make treatment with medication more widely available across different touchpoints, such as jails and hospital emergency departments, provide the greatest opportunity to improve access to care and promote recovery.
PS and Identity Among LGBTQ Media Users
Authors: Bond Bradley J. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses how lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals relate to media personae, focusing on the critical value of parasocial relationships (PSRs) with LGBTQ media personae for identity development, sense of belongingness, and validation. LGBTQ media users may be particularly prone to PSRs with LGBTQ media personae as compensation for offline, face-to-face social support from LGBTQ others. The chapter reviews what is known about the representation of LGBTQ fictional characters and celebrities in media, investigates the application of theory to LGBTQ PSRs, and details the function of social media influencers as specific media personae likely to attract LGBTQ audiences. Unanswered questions about the development and effects of PSRs among LGBTQ media users conclude this chapter.
Effects of Parasocial Experiences on Health Outcomes
Authors: Hoffner Cynthia A. , Cohen Elizabeth L. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter synthesizes research on the influence of parasocial experiences in audience health-related perceptions and behavior. Exposure to health messages may be part of routine media use or result from active seeking of health-related information and guidance. Drawing on research in the domains of entertainment–education, media figure health events, and strategic health messaging, this review discusses theoretical mechanisms of parasocial influence on health outcomes, including message salience and issue involvement, diffusion, modeling, overcoming resistance, social norms, and source credibility. After reviewing research on specific health outcomes (including physical disease awareness, prevention, and treatment; mental health/mental illness; everyday health behaviors; social connection and well-being; and public health outcomes), the chapter concludes with recommendations for future research.
Three Conceptual Challenges to Parasocial Interaction
Authors: Hartmann Tilo 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes a close look at the conceptualization of parasocial interaction (PSI), that is, users’ illusionary experience, during media exposure, of being in a reciprocal social interaction with a media performer (while objectively this is not the case). The chapter discusses existing conceptual challenges and boundary conditions and proposes future research avenues. A review of PSI theory reveals that a performer’s anticipated user response and implicit forms of address have been neglected in empirical research to date. The biggest conceptual challenge to the PSI concept, however, poses the “interactivity problem.” Do user interactions with online performers (influencers, streamers, etc.) and other characters in (at least partially) interactive settings still qualify as PSI? The chapter proposes that the concept can still be applied under certain conditions. PSI can be germane to interactive modalities if an individual user (a) feels like being in a reciprocal interaction with the performer; (b) feels like being directly personally addressed by the performer; and (c) feels as if the interaction is reciprocally intimate—while it can be demonstrated that these three qualities are objectively not true.
Methods and Measures in Investigating PSEs
Authors: Dibble Jayson L. , Tukachinsky Forster Rebecca , Guzaitis Madeline , Downey Sarah E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
To assist scholars in designing studies that have increased validity, this chapter provides an extensive review of measurement options and experimental manipulation of parasocial experiences (PSEs). First, the chapter offers a comprehensive discussion of 21 self-report scales for measuring general parasocial relationships (PSRs); various specific subtypes of PSRs (e.g., PSRs in children, political PSRs); parasocial interactions (PSIs); and parasocial breakups (PSBs). The strengths of each measure and questions pertaining to the measure’s validity, reliability, and appropriateness for utilization in different contexts are highlighted. Next, experimental paradigms and manipulations of PSI and PSR are reviewed, giving especial attention to validity considerations.
Gawwada
Authors: Tosco Mauro 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the dialect spoken in the town of Gawwada and the neighbouring villages—Gawwada. It stresses that it is a member of the so-called Dullay variety spoken in the town of Gawwada and the neighbouring villages in southwest Ethiopia. Dullay is a direct offspring of East Cushitic, although an alternative classification grouping Dullay and Yaaku together has been proposed and further substantiated. I propose to call the groups made up of Dullay and Yaaku Peripheral East Cushitic. Dullay speakers have no overall term for themselves and the Dullay dialects are not endangered. This chapter then shifts to discuss the phonology of Gawwada, starting with the inventory of phonemes. It studies the process of affixation and reduplication in Gawwada, and notes that suffixation is the most common morphological mechanism. The chapter concludes by discussing adjectives, numerals, ideophones, and negation.
Somali
Authors: Nilsson Morgan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a brief description of Somali, a Lowland East Cushitic language with a rich tradition of oral literature, spoken by some 26 million people in several countries in the Horn of Africa. The chapter starts with brief information about the emergence of the written language and the standardization process, before outlining the phonology, morphology, and syntax. Characteristic traits of Somali phonology are its tonal accent and vowel harmony system. In the syntax, Somali’s focus marking system, reflecting information packaging structures, is especially noteworthy.
Classification of Ethiopian languages
Authors: Hudson Grover 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the genetic classification of Ethiopian languages. It emphasizes that northeast Africa is a region of great genetic and linguistic diversity, which is a principal difficulty in the classification of Ethiopian languages. This chapter shows that Ethiopian linguistics has seen great progress in recent decades which resulted in a growing number of languages identified, recorded, and described. Nevertheless, two languages in southwest Ethiopia that remain unclassified, so-called isolates: Ongota (Birale), on the verge of extinction, and Shabo (Mikeyir), with at most a few hundred speakers. The chapter concludes with a concise discussion of the general method of language classification.
Koegu (Muguji)
Authors: Hieda Osamu 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the linguistic features of Koegu, which is also known as Muguji. Koegu is one of the lesser-known and lesser-used languages in Ethiopia, especially since most of them have an Omotic language as their mother tongue and Koegu as a second language only. In the Kwegu–Muguji cluster, Koegu and Yidi shares the endangered language status, and they also contain enough similarity to be considered in a single language cluster. Koegu also has a few similar lexical items from Surma languages, which suggests genetic relations. Since Koegu is not a written language, it does not have an official orthography.
Majang
Authors: Joswig Andreas 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the Majang language, which is found along the eastern border of the Gambella Region in Ethiopia. Majang is classified as part of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family, and it is the only member of Northern Surmic. Due to its inventory of only 18 consonant phonemes, Majang is considered to be unique in comparison to the other Surmic languages. These consonants have four places of articulation: labial, alveolar, palatal, and velar. Morphosyntactically, Majang comes with a split system between ergative-absolutive on one hand and nominative-absolutive on the other hand, based on the topicality of the actor constituent.
Uduk
Authors: Killian Don 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the grammar of Uduk, a Koman language spoken on the borders of Ethiopia and Sudan by approximately 20,000-25,000 speakers. Uduk is compromised of three main dialects: Chali, Bellila, and Yabus, and this chapter is based almost exclusively on the Chali dialect. The description is based on thirteen months of fieldwork by the author between 2011 and 2014, and examines the phonology, morphology, and syntax. Uduk has a rich phonology; the main dialect of Uduk has 55 contrastive consonant phonemes, three contrastive tone levels, and seven possible tonal melodies on a single TBU. A complex interaction between consonants and tone has also given rise to a depressor consonant effect. In terms of argument structure and morphosyntax, Uduk displays morphologically marked cases for both Accusative as well as Ergative, depending on the constituent order. Uduk nouns exhibit grammatical gender, the assignment of which has extremely limited semantic correlations, including animacy and biological sex. Uduk verbs show multifunctional grammatical suffixes which mark either the location of an action or its internal aspect, and spatial deixis and aspect are heavily intertwined. Spatial orientation and location thus form a fundamental part of basic verbal inflectional categories.
Ethiopian English
Authors: Gensler Orin D. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a detailed structural account of the salient points of “Ethiopian English” (EE): English as it is actually spoken and written in Ethiopia. As far as I know, it is the first description of this sort. Although highly distinctive, EE is undiscussed in studies of African Englishes. There have been articles on “English in Ethiopia”, but these are almost entirely sociolinguistic in nature (variations on the theme “the role of English vs. Amharic in Ethiopia”). This study, by contrast, is heavily descriptive, structural and grammatical, and only minimally sociolinguistic. Methodologically, a major point is the phonological insight into EE to be gained by studying the nature of spelling mistakes. Typologically, in every sphere (phonology, morphosyntax, lexicon and phraseology), EE reveals itself over and over as a near-clone of Amharic --- a textbook case of substratal influence.
Language policy and planning in Ethiopia
Authors: Ado Derib 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of language policy and planning (LPP) in Ethiopia. The Language policy of Ethiopia can be divided into three main periods, namely (i) the era of Geez until the 19th century, (ii) the era of Amharic from the 19th century to 1991, and (iii) the post-1991 era which promotes all Ethiopian languages. Of these three eras, the post-1991 era has seen a lot of language planning and policy activities. More than 50 languages have been reduced to writing, and about 34 languages have become media of instruction or school subjects in primary education. However, these language planning activities have not been supported by strong language planning agencies both at regional and federal level. Recently, there is a move towards implementing a new language policy that introduces four additional languages as the working languages of the federal government and proposes the establishment of central language planning as well as regulating agencies. The implementation of such a policy, however, will depend on constitutional amendments, which is a very contentious issue in Ethiopia today.