bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of human neutrophil chemotaxis by the protein kinase inhibitor, 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl) piperazine.
Authors: Harvath L , McCall C E , Bass D A , McPhail L C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The protein kinase inhibitor, 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl) piperazine (C-I), inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol, without inhibiting superoxide release from PMN stimulated with the chemoattractants C5a or N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (f-Met-Leu-Phe). In this study, we investigated the effect of C-I on human PMN chemotaxis to C5a, f-Met-Leu-Phe, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and fluoresceinated N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-lysine (f-Met-Leu-Phe-Lys-FITC). PMN, preincubated for 5 min at 37 degrees C with 0 to 200 microM C-I, were tested for their migratory responses to the chemoattractants. C-I (greater than or equal to 1 microM) significantly inhibited PMN chemotaxis to f-Met-Leu-Phe, f-Met-Leu-Phe-Lys-FITC, and C5a without affecting random migration. Maximal inhibition of chemotaxis to these attractants occurred with greater than or equal to 50 microM C-I, at which chemotaxis was inhibited by 80 to 95%. The C-I inhibition was reversible. In contrast, 200 microM C-I did not inhibit the number of PMN migrating to LTB4, although, the leading front of PMN migration to LTB4 was inhibited by C-I. C-I inhibited PMN orientation to C5a and f-Met-Leu-Phe without affecting orientation to LTB4. C-I did not inhibit the binding of radiolabeled f-Met-Leu-Phe or f-Met-Leu-Phe-Lys-FITC to PMN. These findings suggest that the chemotactic responses of PMN to f-Met-Leu-Phe and C5a involve a protein kinase-dependent reaction which is inhibited by C-I.
Sequence and type-specific immunogenicity of the amino-terminal region of type 1 streptococcal M protein.
Authors: Kraus W , Haanes-Fritz E , Cleary P P , Seyer J M , Dale J B , Beachey E H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The NH2-terminal sequence of type 1 M protein was determined by automated Edman degradation of purified polypeptide fragments extracted from whole streptococci by limited digestion with pepsin. Three polypeptide fragments were purified by slab gel electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide followed by electroelution. The purified fragments migrated as 28-, 25-, and 23.5-kDa fragments, respectively. Each of the fragments inhibited opsonization of a diluted antiserum prepared in rabbits by immunization with whole type 1 streptococci. The amino-terminal sequences of the peptide fragments were confirmed by comparison with the primary structure predicted from the nucleotide sequence of the type 1 M protein structural gene. The 28-kDa fragment contained the NH2-terminal asparagine residue of the processed type 1 M protein, whereas the NH2-terminal sequences of the 25- and 23.5-kDa peptides began at residues 27 and 36, respectively. A seven-residue periodicity with respect to polar and nonpolar residues was observed beginning at residue 22 and, therefore, the secondary structural potential of type 1 M protein is similar to that reported for other M proteins. In contrast to the other M proteins, however, identical repeats were rare, the longest sequence identity consisting of a three-amino acid acid sequence Lys-Asp-Leu at positions 30-32 repeated once at positions 65-67. A 23-residue synthetic peptide of the amino-terminus of the type 1 M protein evoked opsonic antibodies against type 1 streptococci. These results indicate that the NH2-terminal region of type 1 M protein retains the secondary structural characteristics of other M serotypes. Moreover, it contains epitopes that evoke protective immune responses. Our studies may have bearing in the development of safe and effective vaccines against group A streptococcal infections.
Phenylhydrazine stimulates lymphopoiesis and accelerates Abelson murine leukemia virus-induced pre-B cell lymphomas.
Authors: Klinken S P , Holmes K L , Fredrickson T N , Erner S M , Morse H C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Infection of bone marrow or fetal liver cells with Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV) results in the transformation of pre-B cells and the development of erythroid colonies, indicating that the abl oncogene can affect the growth characteristics of immature cells in both the B cell and erythroid lineages. By comparison, infection of mice with A-MuLV results primarily in the development of pre-B cell lymphomas. To determine whether A-MuLV could induce erythroid disease in vivo, NFS/N mice were pretreated with phenylhydrazine (PHZ) to stimulate erythropoiesis and increase the frequency of potential target cells for A-MuLV. No erythroleukemias developed in mice treated with PHZ. Instead, the latency for pre-B cell lymphomas was reduced by half. This acceleration of disease could be attributed to a marked increase in pre-B cells as targets for transformation by A-MuLV in the bone marrows but not the spleens of treated mice. Increases in the frequencies of T cells in bone marrow and spleen also followed treatment with PHZ. These results show that although PHZ-induced anemia stimulates the production of T and B cells as well as erythroid progenitors, PHZ-treated mice do not develop erythroleukemia or T cell lymphomas. It was also found that the genetically determined resistance of adult C57BL/6 mice to lymphoma induction by A-MuLV could not be overcome by pretreatment with PHZ even though the frequency of pre-B cells in bone marrow was greatly increased by this treatment.
Vaccination against cutaneous leishmaniasis in a murine model. II. Immunologic properties of protective and nonprotective subfractions of soluble promastigote extract.
Authors: Scott P , Pearce E , Natovitz P , Sher A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that BALB/c mice can be protected against a fatal infection with Leishmania major by i.p. immunization with a soluble leishmanial antigen (SLA) preparation in conjunction with the adjuvant, Corynebacterium parvum (CP). In this study, SLA was separated into nine distinct fractions by anion exchange liquid chromatography, and the fractions were analyzed for their ability to stimulate T cells obtained from immunized mice, to be recognized by vaccine-induced antibodies, and to induce protective immunity. While all but one of the fractions were recognized by antibodies from SLA + CP immunized mice, only two fractions (fractions 1 and 9) stimulated lymphocytes to produce macrophage-activating factor and elicited significant delayed-type hypersensitivity in vivo. When mice were immunized with the fractions, only fraction 9 stimulated significant immunity (76% protection in seven experiments). Proteins (accounting for 1.3% of the total in SLA) appear to be responsible for the protection elicited with fraction 9, since protease treatment of this fraction destroyed its immunogenicity. Thus, a partially purified protective protein antigen fraction has been obtained and protection with this fraction correlated with cell-mediated immune responses. However, these results also demonstrate that the ability of leishmanial antigens to be recognized by T cells and produce macrophage-activating factor does not in itself predict whether such molecules will induce immunity, suggesting that protective leishmanial antigens may have additional unique properties.
A Colorimetric Reaction Between Gold Chloride and Toxins Apparently Indicative of Toxic Strength
Authors: Mishulow Lucy , Krumwiede Charles 
Published: December 2022

Summary
By means of a colorimetric reaction obtained by adding gold chloride to toxic-broth filtrates we have been able to obtain toxin values which in most instances closely approximate the toxin values obtained by animal tests. Thus far we have not observed a colorimetric end-point which parallels the combining value (toxin-toxoid) of toxins.
We have no data as to the mechanism of the reaction. Whether the reaction is due to a specific toxin-gold chloride combination, or whether some other factor or factors are involved remains to be proven.
Whatever the mechanism of the reaction may be, the results strongly suggest that a practical, gold chloride colorimetric method of standardizing toxic-values of broth filtrates may be developed.
On the Heterogenetic Haptene
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Levene P. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In attempting to purify the specific part of the heterogenetic haptene, present in alcoholic extracts of horse kidneys, fractions were obtained which are distinguished from the common lipoids by their solubility in water. The material of one fraction described recently3 is practically insoluble in alcohol, chloroform and ether and gives a viscous solution in hot water. With orcinol and copper it gives no purple color reaction in contrast to other water-soluble fractions; it contains neither phosphorous nor sulfur.
It was possible to obtain from this serologically active product two fractions differing in their composition. The method of preparation was the following. The crude material separating from alcoholic extracts of horse kidneys and freed from ether soluble substances1 was dissolved in 20 parts of hot pyridine and allowed to stand in the ice box for forty-eight hours. After removing the sediment the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to nearly dryness.
Distribution of Immune Agglutinins in the Serum and Organs of Rabbits
Authors: Freund Jules 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to ascertain by a direct method the eventual accumulation of antibodies in the organs of rabbits which had received injections of rabbit blood containing agglutinins. The presence of antibodies in the tissues of animals injected with homologous serum containing anaphylactic antibodies or precipitins seemed probable, (1) as an explanation of the incubation period of anaphylaxis, (2) on the ground of the observation that anaphylaxis once developed is independent of the circulating antibodies. Furthermore, it was assumed that during the time of contact of antibodies with the tissue, the relation of the two changes; after the antibodies have been in contact with the tissue for a period, they become fixed to the tissue.1 We have attempted to obtain direct evidence for this assumption by means of perfusion experiments.
In their investigation concerning the site of antibody formation, Pfeiffer and Marx (1), as early as 1898, demonstrated by recovery the presence of antibodies in the spleen.
Cell Penetration by Venom Hemotoxin
Authors: Kyes Preston , Bailey John Hays 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Flexner and Noguchi in 1902 (1) pointed out that washed erythrocytes which are not hemolyzed by venom alone, do hemolyze upon the addition of a complementing serum. They stated at that time, that no erythrocytes, regardless of species, are dissolved by venom alone. Kyes (2) later in the same year, however, showed that the erythrocytes of many species are dissolved by venom alone and that the necessity of an activating serum obtains only in a restricted number of species (sheep, goat and beef) and the same author has more recently found that even the corpuscles of the latter species are dissolved by Cobra venom alone when the corpuscles are washed and suspended in an isotonic sugar solution instead of physiological salt solution.
At present, therefore, the venom hemotoxins instead of being considered incompetent in producing hemolysis unaided by complements, must be recognized as highly efficient producers of hemolysis even in the absence of added activating substances.
Observations on Irregularities in Human Isohemagglutinins
Authors: Lacy G. R. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Four patients, acutely sick, are reported whose blood sera contained abnormal agglutinating substances for all four groups of human red corpuscles. One patient's blood contained autoisoagglutinins, while the other three did not. Three of the patients had bacteremias due to encapsulated organisms. The disturbance of the isoagglutinins was not constant, but in one case ran practically parallel with the temperature curve.
Experimental evidence is offered to show that the disturbance of the isoagglutinins was probably not due to a change in pH of the blood nor to the hyperpyrexia per se. Other evidence is presented showing that there are members of the encapsulated, gram-negative group of bacteria, namely, certain strains of B. acidi lactici and B. lactis aerogenes, together with their products, which are capable of causing agglutination of human red corpuscles.
Emphasis is here laid upon the importance of invariably crosstesting serum and corpuscles of donor and recipient, before transfusion, even though they are members of the same isoagglutinin group.
A Note on Anaphylactic Behavior in the Paramoecium
Authors: Ramsdell Susan Griffith 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Paramoecia were sensitized by treatment with an anti-egg-white serum, and the response on treatment with egg-white was shown to be analogous to that in the sensitized smooth muscle. Likewise, the reaction to dilute barium chloride solution was strikingly similar to the anaphylactic response, suggesting the contractile substance as the mechanism of the reaction.
Investigation of the Cataphoresis of Toxin and Antitoxin in the “Field and Teague” and in Other Apparatus
Authors: Maver Mary E. , Falk I. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Numerous investigations of the nature of toxin and antitoxin have supported the view that they are amphoteric colloids, and either are proteins, or are closely adherent to proteins (1). Field and Teague (2) in 1907, however, published, the results of an experiment which indicated that both toxin and antitoxin were positive colloids which migrated to the cathode whether the solution containing them was acid or alkaline. This work, if confirmed, would afford a means for the separation of toxin and antitoxin from protein, since protein in alkaline solution is known to migrate to the anode. Because the exact hydrogen ion concentrations of the solutions used were not determined by these authors, we decided to electrolyze toxin and antitoxin solutions at a series of definite hydrogen ion concentrations, using the apparatus which they described.
A Study of Diphtheria Antitoxic Serum of Exceptionally High Potency with a Comparative Analysis of its Various Constituents
Authors: Kirkbride Mary B. , Murdick Philip P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Horses vary markedly in their response to immunization. The reasons for this divergence even under identical conditions of treatment are still obscure despite attempts made by various investigators to correlate the phenomenon with measurable factors. An unusually favorable opportunity was afforded to ascertain by comparative tests whether changes in organic or inorganic constituents of the blood accompanied the development of antitoxin, when the serum of a horse undergoing active immunization against diphtheria toxin reached a titer of 2200 units per cubic centimeter. Since such a high titer appears to be almost unprecedented and the long period during which the horse continued to produce serum of high antitoxic potency is unusual, it has seemed of interest to include a short history of the animal with the results of the analysis of its serum in comparison with other sera.
Horse 122, a gelding, twelve years old and weighing about 900 pounds, was received from the New York State Department of Police.
Further Observations on the Effect of Type-I Pneumococcus Culture Broth on the Phagocytic Action of Type-I Pneumococcus Serum
Authors: Sickles G. M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The inhibitory action of pneumococcus broth on phagocytosis in the previous experiments, as in these, appeared to be the result of reactions between the culture broth and the immune serum. In the experiments recorded in this paper, these reactions between the immune serum and culture broth paralleled and appeared to be associated with the reaction by which the precipitative activities of the serum were absorbed when treated with the homologous culture broth.
Effect of Dehepatization on Erythrocyte Anaphylaxis in Dogs
Authors: Boone T. H. , Chase E. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In a previous paper (1) it was shown that the latent period between the intravenous injection of antigen into hypersensitive dogs and the resulting precipitous fall in arterial blood pressure is much shorter in erythrocyte anaphylaxis than in serum anaphylaxis. In serum anaphylaxis this latent period is usually about forty-five seconds, the time necessary for the transmission of the foreign protein to the hypersensitive liver, the formation or liberation of histamine-like1 substances by this organ, and their subsequent transmission to the secondary reacting tissues of the body. In erythrocyte anaphylaxis the latent period is usually about fifteen seconds. It seems evident, therefore, that the characteristic precipitous fall in arterial blood pressure in erythrocyte anaphylaxis does not depend upon preliminary hepatic reactions, but is due to immediate reactions in certain extra-hepatic tissues. We have endeavored to test this conclusion by evisceration and dehepatization.
Monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies to an I-J interacting molecule inhibit suppression in an H-2 restricted way.
Authors: Jaureguiberry B , Liao L , Kuchroo V , Dorf M E , Diamond B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have obtained 10 mAb from two independent fusions that are anti-idiotypic to the combining site of an anti-I-Jk antibody. These mAb block Ts cell function isn a genetically restricted manner in vitro and in vivo and recognize a determinant on macrophage membranes. In addition, they do not affect the I-Ek-restricted activation of a Th cell line specific for pigeon heart cytochrome c. We conclude that these mAb may recognize a molecule other than conventional I-Ek on cells interacting with Ts cells that is involved in mediating Ts activity. The molecule recognized may be a modified I-Ek molecule or a molecule not encoded by the genes encoding I-Ek.
Role of dendritic cells in the regulation of class I restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses.
Authors: Boog C J , Boes J , Melief C J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two class I MHC mutant mouse strains, bm14 and bm13, differ from the strain of origin B6 in one and three amino acids in the alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains of the H-2Db molecule, respectively. These alterations result in specific failure to generate a CTL (Tc) response to the male-specific Ag H-Y. Immunization and/or restimulation in vitro with syngeneic male dendritic cells (DC), expressing very high levels of class I MHC molecules, restored the H-Y-specific Tc response of bm14 but not of bm13 mice. Serologically Db determinants were lost in normal spleen cells of both mutants, because FACS analysis showed a decreased binding of Db domain-specific mAb. Although bm13 DC show a higher fluorescence than bm13 normal spleen cells it is still strongly reduced (30 to 50%) in comparison with B6 DC. Surprisingly, bm14 DC show an equally very strong binding compared with B6 DC with these mAb. The quantitative expression of class I molecules on APC thus appears to be a major determinant in the regulation of Tc responses. In addition, immunization with DC markedly influenced the target cell specificity of the ensuing Tc response. The combined data clearly demonstrate that besides the highly efficient class II-restricted presentation of Ag to Th, shown previously, DC are also superior in the presentation of Ag in the context of class I molecules to Tc. bm14 DC are capable of directly activating H-Y-specific Lyt-2+ Tc memory cells without the need for L3T4+ Th. These biologic effects of DC can at least in part be explained by their very high class I MHC expression. Moreover, these results reiterate that class I MHC Db mutants and different APC can be used to study the contribution of specific class I domains to Tc recognition and restriction specificity.
Interaction of CD2 with its ligand, LFA-3, in human T cell proliferation.
Authors: Bierer B E , Barbosa J , Herrmann S , Burakoff S J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recently, it has been demonstrated that lymphocyte function-associated Ag (LFA-3) is a natural ligand for CD2 and that this receptor-ligand interaction functions in cell-cell adhesion. In this report, we demonstrate that LFA-3 plays a role in T cell activation. L cells were transfected with human genomic DNA and sorted for expression of LFA-3. We demonstrate that LFA-3+ L cells, together with anti-CD3 mAb or with suboptimal doses of PHA, stimulate proliferation of human peripheral blood T cells. Furthermore, thymocyte proliferation was induced by LFA-3+ L cells and suboptimal doses of PHA. Proliferation was inhibited by mAb directed against either CD2 or LFA-3. Stimulation of thymocytes by the combination of PHA and LFA-3+ L cells resulted in the increased expression of the IL-2R, as well as of the surface Ag 4F2, transferrin receptor, and HLA-DR. These data support the conclusion that LFA-3 plays a role in CD2-dependent T cell activation. LFA-3 is widely distributed and is expressed on all APC and target cells. Thus, the ability of the CD2/LFA-3 interaction to costimulate with an anti-CD3 mAb suggests that the CD2/LFA-3 interaction may be involved not only in an Ag-independent alternate pathway of T cell activation but also in Ag-specific T cell activation.
Keyhole limpet hemocyanin-propagated Peyer's patch T cell clones that help IgA responses.
Authors: Maghazachi A A , Phillips-Quagliata J M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Four T cell clones, isolated from Peyer's patches of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-primed BALB/c mice, were selected on the basis of their ability to help IgA responses by TNP-KLH-primed BALB/c mouse B cells. Two were KLH-dependent both in terms of their own proliferative response and in terms of their help for that of B cells. The other two were autoreactive and helped B cells proliferate independently of the presence of Ag. Both primed and unprimed B cells proliferated to some extent when helped by the KLH-reactive clones in the presence of high concentrations of either KLH or TNP-KLH. Much higher proliferation was, however, induced when primed, but not unprimed, B cells were exposed to the T cells in the presence of low concentrations of TNP-KLH but not KLH, i.e., under conditions favoring direct, cognate interaction between the T and B cells. Only modest IgM, and no IgG or IgA plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses were generated by TNP-primed B cells upon interaction with either autoreactive T cells in the absence of Ag or KLH-reactive T cells in the presence of high concentrations of KLH. For high IgM responses as well as for the appearance of IgG and IgA PFC responses, TNP-KLH was required whatever the source of the T cell help. The isotype ratios depended on the TNP-KLH concentration; IgA responses were highest and IgM responses lowest at the lowest TNP-KLH concentrations suggesting that the precursors of the IgA PFC have higher average affinity for TNP than the precursors of IgM PFC. Overall, the results are compatible with the idea that the precursors of IgA and IgG PFC and many of the precursors of IgM PFC in the long term primed B cell populations used in these experiments require engagement of their Ag-receptors before they express sufficient class II Ag and/or receptors for "switch" and differentiation factors for cognate interaction with T cells leading to PFC responses.