bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Job Polarization and the Declining Wages of Young Female Workers in the United Kingdom*
Authors: Dabla‐Norris Era , Pizzinelli Carlo , Rappaport Jay 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWe examine whether the decline of routine occupations contributed to rising wage inequality between young and prime‐age non‐college educated women in the UK over 2001‐2019. We estimate age, period, and cohort effects for the likelihood of employment in different occupations and the wages earned therein. For recent generations, cohort effects indicate a higher likelihood of employment in low‐paying manual jobs relative to high‐paying abstract ones. Cohort effects also underpin falling wages for post‐1980 cohorts across all occupations. We find that the latter channel, rather than job polarization, has been the main driver of rising inter‐age inequality among non‐college females.
Prolonged low temperature exposure de‐sensitises ABA‐induced stomatal closure in soybean, involving an ethylene‐dependent process
Authors: Antonietta Mariana , de Felipe Matias , Rothwell Shane A. , Williams Tom B. , Skilleter Patrick , Albacete Alfonso , Borras Lucas , Rufino Mariana C. , Dodd Ian C. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractChilling can decrease stomatal sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) in some legumes, although hormonal mechanisms involved are unclear. After evaluating leaf gas exchange of 16 European soybean genotypes at 14°C, 6 genotypes representing the range of response were selected. Further experiments combined low (L, 14°C) and high (H, 24°C) temperature exposure from sowing until the unifoliate leaf was visible and L or H temperature until full leaf expansion, to impose four temperature treatments: LL, LH, HL, and HH. Prolonged chilling (LL) substantially decreased leaf water content but increased leaf ethylene evolution and foliar concentrations of the ethylene precursor 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid, indole‐3‐acetic acid, ABA and jasmonic acid. Across genotypes, photosynthesis linearly increased with stomatal conductance (Gs), with photosynthesis of HH plants threefold higher than LL plants at the same Gs. In all treatments except LL, Gs declined with foliar ABA accumulation. Foliar ABA sprays substantially decreased Gs of HH plants, but did not significantly affect LL plants. Thus low temperature compromised stomatal sensitivity to endogenous and exogenous ABA. Applying the ethylene antagonist 1 methyl‐cyclopropene partially reverted excessive stomatal opening of LL plants. Thus, chilling‐induced ethylene accumulation may mediate stomatal insensitivity to ABA, offering chemical opportunities for improving seedling survival in cold environments.
Microbiological water quality and derived health risks from exposure to ornamental water fountains in the city of Hannover
Authors: Carpio Vallejo Estefania , Düker Urda , Meyer Franziska , Berding Ulrich , Nogueira Regina 
Published: April 2023

AbstractOrnamental fountains are attractive urban infrastructures helping cities to cope with global warming, as water sprays have great cooling effects due to evaporative properties; however, exposure to microbiologically impaired water from ornamental fountains during recreational activities may result in adverse health outcomes for the exposed population. This study assesses the microbial water quality of four ornamental water fountains (Blätterbrunnen, Körtingbrunnen, Klaus–Bahlsen–Brunnen, and Marstallbrunnen) and performs a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for children using Escherichia coli, Enterococci, and Salmonella to quantify the probability of gastrointestinal illnesses and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to quantify the risk of dermal infections. Samples were collected fortnightly in two campaigns in 2020 and 2021 and processed to determine bacterial concentrations. Data on exposure time were obtained during field observations on the selected fountains; a total of 499 people were observed of which 30% were children. Mean bacterial concentrations ranged from 1.6 × 101 to 6.1 × 102 most probable number (MPN)/100 mL for E. coli, 1.2 × 101–1.2 × 103 MPN/100 mL for Enterococci, 8.6 × 103–3.1 × 105 CFU/100 mL for Salmonella, and 2.5 × 103–3.2 × 104 MPN/100 mL for P. aeruginosa. The results of the QMRA study showed that the USEPA illness rate of 36 NEEAR‐gastrointestinal illnesses/1000 was exceeded for Enterococci at the Körtingbrunnen, Klaus–Bahlsen–Brunnen, and Marstallbrunnen fountains and for Salmonella and P. aeruginosa at the Körtingbrunnen fountain, suggesting that exposure to microbiologically contaminated water from ornamental fountains may pose a health risk to children. The scenario analysis shows the importance of keeping low bacterial concentrations in ornamental fountains so that the risk of illness/infection to children does not exceed the USEPA illness rate benchmark.
Land Allocation Policy and Income Inequality: Evidence From Vietnam
Authors: Li Jinjing , Tran Thi Bich , La Hai Anh , Nguyen Mai Xuan Thi 
Published: April 2023

AbstractVietnam has experienced a major land policy reform in recent decades, relaxing the previously imposed restrictions on land transfer and accumulation. This paper investigates the relationship between this agricultural land reform and changes in income inequality using a microdata‐based decomposition framework. Results show that agricultural land reform is one of the most important drivers of income growth among middle‐income households in Vietnam, and has contributed to a reduction in income inequality. However, the effect is highly heterogeneous, as it favors households with particular land types; it thus leads to an increase in income inequality in rural areas despite reducing such inequality in urban regions. The findings suggest that the policy effect of land restriction relaxation can be complex due to inequalities in new opportunities as well as the initial landholding distribution.
Comparative analysis of original face and skin‐warped average face images for the scoring of skin attributes
Authors: Marin Quentin , Honda Tatsuya , Okano Yuri , Cherel Marie , Prestat‐Marquis Elodie 
Published: April 2023

AbstractObjectivesRepresentative of a panel, an average face image could be used to analyse/display skin changes while alleviating image rights constraints. Therefore, we used landmark‐based deformation (warping) of individual skin images onto their panel's average face, evaluating this approach's relevance and possible limits.MethodsAn average front face image was constructed from images of 71 Japanese women (50–60 years old). After warping individual skin images onto this average face, the resulting skin‐warped average faces were presented to three experts who graded: forehead wrinkles, nasolabial fold, wrinkle of the corner of the lips, pore visibility and skin pigmentation homogeneity. Two experts estimated subjects’ age. Results were compared to gradings performed on original images.ResultsInter‐expert grading shows excellent to good correlation whatever image type: from 0.918 (forehead wrinkles) to 0.693 (visibility of pores). Correlations between scoring of both image types are almost always higher than inter‐expert correlations (maximum: 0.939 for forehead wrinkles—minimum: 0.677 for pore visibility). Frequencies of grades/ages are similar when scoring original and skin‐warped average face images. Experts scores are similar in 90.6%–99.3% of the cases. Average deviations upon scoring both image types are smaller than average inter‐expert deviations on original images.ConclusionsScoring facial characteristics in original images and skin‐warped average face images show an excellent agreement, even for perceived age, a complex feature. This opens the possibility of using this approach to grade facial skin features, monitor changes over time, and to valorise results on a face deprived of image rights.
How do you know if this is for you? Exploration and awareness of technical STEM careers
Authors: Ferguson Sarah L. , Ieva Kara P. , Winkler Christopher J. , Ash Kimelle , Cann Theresa 
Published: April 2023

AbstractSTEM technician and technologist careers can be accessible options for students; however, the historical devaluing of technical careers combined with a lack of awareness and familiarity with the specific options within this career cluster have resulted in a shortage of trained and prepared professionals. Grounded in social cognitive career theory, this survey study explores college students' knowledge of technical STEM careers, their high school career exploration experiences, and the relationship between science interest, career decision‐making, and technical career knowledge. Results from this survey indicate there is little to no familiarity with the majority of the STEM technician and technologist careers presented. However, results also show students are engaging in career exploration, and many are using more than one resource for exploration in their high school years. Implications for school counselors, teachers, family members, and community members are presented to specifically address the noted concerns.
Exogenous ketosis elevates circulating erythropoietin and stimulates muscular angiogenesis during endurance training overload
Authors: Poffé Chiel , Robberechts Ruben , Van Thienen Ruud , Hespel Peter 
Published: April 2023

AbstractDe novo capillarization is a primary muscular adaptation to endurance exercise training and is crucial to improving performance. Excess training load, however, impedes such beneficial adaptations, yet we recently demonstrated that such downregulation may be counteracted by ketone ester ingestion (KE) post‐exercise. Therefore, we investigated whether KE could increase pro‐angiogenic factors and thereby stimulate muscular angiogenesis during a 3‐week endurance training‐overload period involving 10 training sessions/week in healthy, male volunteers. Subjects received either 25 g of a ketone ester (KE, n = 9) or a control drink (CON, n = 9) immediately after each training session and before sleep. In KE, but not in CON, the training intervention increased the number of capillary contacts and the capillary‐to‐fibre perimeter exchange index by 44% and 42%, respectively. Furthermore, KE also substantially increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression both at the protein and at the mRNA level. Serum erythropoietin concentration was concomitantly increased by 26%. Conversely, in CON the training intervention increased only the protein content of eNOS. These data indicate that intermittent exogenous ketosis during endurance overload training stimulates muscular angiogenesis. This likely resulted from a direct stimulation of muscle angiogenesis, which may be at least partly due to stimulation of erythropoietin secretion and elevated VEGF activity, and/or an inhibition of the suppressive effect of overload training on the normal angiogenic response to training. This study provides novel evidence to support the potential of exogenous ketosis to benefit endurance training‐induced muscular adaptation.
imageKey points
Increased capillarization is a primary muscular adaptation to endurance exercise training. However, excess training load may impede such response.
We previously observed that intermittent exogenous ketosis by post‐exercise and pre‐sleep ketone ester ingestion (KE) counteracted physiological dysregulations induced by endurance overload training. Therefore, we investigated whether KE could increase pro‐angiogenic factors thereby stimulating muscular angiogenesis during a 3‐week endurance training overload period.
We show that the overload training period in the presence, but not in the absence, of KE markedly increased muscle capillarization (+40%).
This increase was accompanied by higher circulating erythropoietin concentration and stimulation of the pro‐angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in skeletal muscle.
Collectively, our data indicate that intermittent exogenous ketosis may evolve as a potent nutritional strategy to facilitate recovery from strenuous endurance exercise, thereby stimulating beneficial muscular adaptations.
The Ice Hazard on Airplanes
Authors: Geer William C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The problem of the formation of ice on airplane wings and propeller blades and of its prevention or quick removal is discussed in the paper. The most practical device for the removal of ice on the leading edges of airplane parts is asserted to be a rubber overshoe capable of being inflated and deflated with an air pump at the rate of three times a minute. A special oil mixture gives the rubber properties of low adhesion toward ice. The removal of ice from propeller blades has not been successfully demonstrated.
The Tail Spinning of Aircraft
Authors: Budwig Gilbert G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Tail spinning of aircraft is a subject of interest to manufacturers and operators alike. There is much to be learned in the application of corrective measures. The problem was investigated by the Department of Commerce, and it was determined that there were four factors which in most cases will determine if an airplane will have satisfactory spinning characteristics: It should be stable about all three axes; the center of gravity should be well forward with respect to the center of pressure; the wing loading should be kept below a certain maximum figure depending mostly upon the characteristic of the particular airfoil; the weights of airplane and cargo should be grouped as closely as possible around the center of gravity. One or more of these characteristics were involved in every airplane that spun unsatisfactorily, and the correction of this factor brought about the desired result.
Some Effects of Corrosion Fatigue on Streamline Wire for Aircraft
Authors: Haven Hugh E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Several years ago aircraft designers began using what is commonly known now as “streamline wire” in the construction of tension members of aircraft. Wires of approximately elliptical section were adopted for the purpose of reducing parasite resistance. These wires are subjected to vibrations of varying frequencies, believed to be mainly of the torsional type. They are also under a pure tension stress when the plane is in dead air or on the ground. In addition to the aforementioned stresses, the wires are always subject to the very deleterious effects of corrosion. Corrosion, obviously, is a serious factor where naval or sea planes are concerned. Some of the effects of the combination of these conditions are discussed in this paper, in which the author presents data thus far obtained in an investigation at the Engineering Experiment Station, Annapolis, Md.
The Boundary Layer and Skin Friction for a Figure of Revolution
Authors: Millikan Clark B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The boundary-layer equations for a figure of revolution are first derived in the Prandtl form. These are then integrated to give the so-called “integral relation” for the case in question. Power-series expressions for the boundary-layer profiles in laminar and turbulent flow are assumed and substituted into the integral relation. In this way expressions are obtained for the boundary-layer thickness and for the contribution to the skin friction of the laminar and turbulent portions of the boundary layer. In particular a simple expression is given for the boundary-layer thickness at the stagnation point, which is a singular point of the equation. Conditions at the point where the boundary-layer flow changes from laminar to turbulent are discussed in some detail, and the simple Prandtl assumption for the transition-point behavior is adopted as the basis of the further calculations. Numerical values for the N.P.L. International Airship Model are introduced, and theoretical curves are given for the resistance coefficient as a function of the Reynolds number. These are compared with previous theoretical results and with experimental values.
The agreement of the theory with experiment is considered satisfactory in view of the assumptions which had to be introduced into the analysis in order to supplement the present state of knowledge concerning boundary-layer phenomena. The general integral relation developed in the paper can be used to obtain more accurate results in the future, when more is known regarding boundary-layer profiles in curved and diverging (or converging) flows.
On the Subcritical Speeds of the Rotating Shaft
Authors: Soderberg C. Richard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Disturbances sometimes encountered at speeds above the fundamental whirling speed, having the fundamental frequency, are usually, and correctly, attributed to internal friction. Other disturbances frequently met with at speeds below the fundamental whirling speed, and when the motions also have the fundamental natural frequency, have been thought to be due to minute variations of the angular velocity of rotation caused by the eccentric application of gravity. The present paper discusses the latter group of phenomena, and aims to show that the cause assigned is incorrect.
The Strength of Thin Plates in Compression
Authors: von Kármán Theodor , Sechler Ernest E. , Donnell L. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The stability of thin plates has been investigated by many authors. However, in aeronautical structures, thin metal sheets are often used beyond the stability limits, and the load which can be carried by the structure is determined by the ultimate strength in compression. A recent series of experiments by the Bureau of Standards showed the ultimate load to be independent of width and length of the plate and approximately proportional to the square of the thickness. In the present paper an approximate theoretical analysis of this problem is developed, by which the “effective width” and the ultimate strength can be found. The result of this analysis shows the ultimate strength of a plate to be proportional to the square roots of the modulus of elasticity and the yield point of the material, and to the square of the thickness. This result gives a good check with the experiments mentioned.
Flow of Steels at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Coffin F. P. , Swisher T. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Flow tests of steels at elevated temperatures, as carried on in the Research Laboratory of the General Electric Company, are described. The object of these tests is to predict the ability of materials to maintain dimensions under stress at operating temperatures for long periods of time. Various methods of testing are used. Some are for the purpose of obtaining a mass of information in the shortest possible time; here the rate of flow is measured for a series of successively reduced stresses at each of several successively increased temperatures. Others are designed to furnish more fundamental information regarding the nature of flow; here new specimens are subjected to constant stress at a constant temperature. A third is the constant-extension test where the stress is varied with time to maintain a constant total elongation (elastic plus plastic).
A New Type of Dynamic-Balancing Machine
Authors: Thearle Ernest L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper is described a novel type of dynamic-balancing machine developed for production balancing. The machine employs an automatic compensating device, making it possible for an unskilled operator to obtain accurate readings of amount and position of unbalance correction with great rapidity. The theory underlying the action of the machine is given and the characteristics of the automatic balancing head are investigated. The method of operating the machine is explained and data on the accuracy of balance obtainable are included.
Distribution of Pressure Concentrated on a Small Surface
Authors: Sadowsky Michael A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the author discusses mathematically problems concerning the pressures and deformations that arise when a very rigid die or punch is pressed against a comparatively elastic material, and also in the case where column footings rest on an elastic soil foundation. The author considers (1) the case where the axial section of the die is given and the resulting distribution of pressure along the curved contact surface is required; and (2) where the distribution of pressure over the contact surface is prescribed and the proper curvature of the surface to give such a distribution of pressure is required. Solutions of each of these cases are given for two types of die; namely, when the die is a body of revolution, and when it has a rectangular cross-section the dimension of which perpendicular to the plane of the figure is either very large or very small.
Stresses in Railroad Track
Authors: Timoshenko S. , Langer B. F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
With the constant tendency in railroad practice to increase the axle loading and the speed of locomotives, the problem of stresses produced in rails by moving loads becomes more and more important. In a study recently made by engineers of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, principally in connection with the study of the tracking characteristics of electric locomotives, there has been developed a method for experimental determination, not only of vertical but also of lateral forces produced on the rails by a moving locomotive, and it is shown that these lateral forces produce in rails very high stresses. In this paper the authors briefly discuss the theory which has been used as a guide in this experimental research work, and describe some recent experiments in the laboratory and in the field.
Comparative Performance of a Large Boiler Using Oil and Natural-Gas Fuels
Authors: Philo F. G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Tests were made with utmost care by well-trained and experienced observers, and the data presented are comparable in accuracy with carefully conducted tests burning coal. The boiler tested was a Babcock & Wilcox cross-drum, straight-tube type with interdeck superheater. The furnace was completely inclosed by Bailey-type water-cooled walls. The Babcock & Wilcox air heater was of tubular construction. Peabody combination oil and gas burners were used. The highest rate of output at which the boiler was tested was 450,751 lb. of steam per hour, which represented operation of the 3416-hp. boiler at 413.2 per cent of rating. Efficiency-capacity characteristics are straight lines between 100 per cent and 400 per cent rating. Efficiency with oil fuel is approximately 4 per cent higher than with gas due to higher “hydrogen losses” with gas fuel. Superheated-steam temperatures are considerably higher when burning gas than when burning oil fuel, due jointly to lower water-wall heat absorption and larger flue-gas volume while burning gas fuel. Maximum heat liberation was 27,300 B.t.u. per cu. ft. of furnace volume, although it is felt heat-liberation rates as high as 60,000 B.t.u. per cu. ft. might be satisfactorily maintained in this furnace.