bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Endotoxin on the Antibody Response of Transferred Spleen Cells
Authors: Cohen Edward P. , Crosby Louise K. , Talmage David W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibody response of mouse spleen cells transferred to an isologous recipient by intravenous injection was studied. It was confirmed that nonsensitized normal cells made detectable quantities of antibody when stimulated with antigen immediately after transfer. If the antigenic stimulus was delayed to day 5 or day 10 after cell transfer, no antibody was found. The addition of bacterial endotoxin to the antigenic challenge increased the antibody titer and cells otherwise unresponsive responded normally.
The Bactericidal Actions of O and VI Antibodies against Salmonella Typhosa
Authors: Osawa Etsuko , Muschel Louis H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Anti-Vi and anti-O are both bactericidal against virulent strains of S. typhosa. With currently used vaccines, however, the anti-Vi response contributed very little to the bactericidal action of immune serums. The bactericidal activity of such serums reflected primarily their anti-O content. The apparent lack of protection afforded by anti-Vi in human subjects may be related to this finding.
Patterns of “Lipovirus” Antibody in Human Populations
Authors: Chang R. Shihman , Owens Susan 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Lipovirus antibody in human and animal sera was surveyed using the newly devised sensitized erythrocyte agglutination and complement-fixation tests. The following pertinent results were obtained: Fifty-nine per cent of 332 serum samples from the general population in the Boston area were positive for lipovirus antibody. The highest incidence of positives occurred in the 5- to 9.9-year-old group (83%) and the lowest in the 1-year-old group (33%) and in those over 40 years of age (24%).The incidence of positives as well as the antibody titers in 28 infectious hepatitis patients belonging to two noninstitutional epidemics, and in five sporadic cases, were significantly higher than those of the nonhepatitis patients of comparable age.In the Ely, Nevada, hepatitis epidemic, the incidence of positives or antibody titers were not higher than in the nonhepatitis population.No lipovirus antibody was demonstrated in the sera of two serum hepatitis patients.Sera from 27 guinea pigs, 10 white Swiss mice, 6 rats, 6 hamsters and an unknown number of calves were negative for lipovirus antibody. One of 56 rabbit sera gave positive SEA test. Five of 27 chick sera were positive in the SEA test; the agglutination was, however, weak and inconsistent. Four of nine horse sera agglutinated lipovirus-sensitized erythrocytes at dilutions of 1:160 to 1:640, but their CF antibody titers were low.
It is concluded that the lipovirus is a common infectious agent of man or is antigenically related to a common human pathogen, and that the lipovirus is immunologically related to an agent capable of causing infectious hepatitis in man.
Disappearance of I131 Labeled Diphtheria Toxoid in Human Skin and its Relationship to Immediate Wheal Reactions
Authors: Kuhns William J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The disappearance of I131 and I131 toxoid from injection sites was studied in the skin of normal Schick positive and Schick negative subjects. The curve of disappearance of I131 toxoid was in three phases; (1) equilibration, which occurred both in Schick positive and Schick negative persons immediately after injection; (2) exponential phase, which was observed in Schick positive persons subsequent to the equilibration phase; (3) immune elimination, which occurred in Schick negative subjects subsequent to the equilibration phase. Immune elimination appeared to be responsible for shortened survival of I131 toxoid in local sites as suggested by its relatively rapid removal from skin in the Schick negative person and in subjects who received preformed I131 toxoid antitoxin complexes. When delayed reaction occurred following I131 toxoid, there was seen an unexpected degree of retention of the isotope in Schick negative persons.
Apart from variable results associated with delayed reactions, the half-life of I131 toxoid in skin sites injected with toxoid was estimated at a) 3 to 5 days in Schick positive persons; b) &lt;1 to 2 days in Schick negative persons. Preformed I131 toxoid-antitoxin complexes disappeared from intradermal sites with a half-life of &lt; 1 day.
Immediate wheal reactions occurred commonly when I131 toxoid was present in a Schick-negative person with a high titer of circulating antitoxin. In this circumstance wheal reactions occurred in the phase of immune elimination of I131 toxoid. Two successive doses of I131 diphtheria toxoid given to each person caused wheal reactions in all instances. Delayed reactions after toxoid appeared to assist this process by slowing the release of antigen from the injection site. The data suggest that immediate wheal reactions occur in hyperimmune persons in association with the formation in skin of antigen-antibody complexes.
Antibody Formation by Rabbit Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Attardi Giuseppe , Cohn Melvin , Horibata Kengo , Lennox Edwin S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The formation of antibody to bacteriophage by lymph node cells in micropipets has been analyzed. It has been shown that one cell can produce two antibodies and that the cellular distribution of antibody production is the same as that found for the microdrop technique (1, 2). Furthermore antibody production is associated with lymphocytes as well as plasmacytes although the frequency of found producers is about two times higher in the latter.
Antibody Formation by Rabbit Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Attardi Giuseppe , Cohn Melvin , Horibata Kengo , Lennox Edwin S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method for the assay of antibody formation by single cells has been described. The technique involves the measurement of the inactivation of the immunologically unrelated bacteriophages T2, T5 and C by antibody synthesized by single cells in microdrops.
The detailed description has been presented of: a) the purification and titration of bacteriophage strains, b) the immunization of rabbits, c) the assay of antisera, d) the preparation of antibody producing cell suspensions, e) the dispensing in microdrops of single cells, f) the assay of antibody found in microdrops.
We have reviewed our findings concerning the properties of the rabbit and of cell suspensions important for single cell studies of antibody formation. Included are the kinetics of the response of rabbits to immunization, controls on techniques for isolating cells, and conditions for antibody synthesis in tissue culture.
Humoral Factors in Cellular Resistance
Authors: Wu William G. , Marcus Stanley 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments were designed to determine the effect of complement (C′) and/or partially purified calf properdin (PPCP) on phagocytosis and digestion of P-32 labeled Histoplasma capsulatum by peritoneal macrophages from immunized and control mice. The following results were obtained: Little difference was found in the phagocytic and cytopeptic rates between immune and normal phagocytes studied in the presence of cell maintenance fluid (CMF), or media containing C′ and/or PPCP, or heated PPCP.The presence of C′, PPCP or heated PPCP caused enhanced rates of cytopepsis by both immune and normal phagocytes; the effect induced by heated and unheated PPCP was greater than that induced by C′. This effect brought about by heated and unheated properdin is apparently due to factors other than properdin.Complement and properdin in the same medium (the properdin system) gave the most rapid rates of cytopepsis. This suggests that both of these heat labile factors are necessary for maximal cellular resistance.
Enhancement of the Primary Antibody Response to Particulate Antigens by Simple Lipids
Authors: Barrie Jean U. , Cooper G. N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Intravenous injection of suspensions of triolein or ethyl stearate cause significant modification of the phagocytic activity of the RES in rats and in mice. When given in conjunction with particulate antigens these substances have been found to possess considerable adjuvant properties; however, adjuvance does not seem to be dependent upon the phagocytic activity of the RES at the time of antigen injection. The adjuvant effects of both lipids are dose-dependent and also influenced by the time of administration in relation to the antigen. Although both triolein and ethyl stearate elevate the primary antibody response if given 48 hr before the antigen, only triolein has marked adjuvant properties when given simultaneously with the antigen. Studies of the distribution of 51Cr-labeled antigen in rats and morphologic changes in spleen cell smears have suggested that two different mechanisms may operate in adjuvance due to these lipids. Of most significance has been the finding that, in animals treated simultaneously with triolein and antigen, a marked acceleration and augmentation of the early cellular events related to antibody production occurs in the spleen. The significance of these findings has been discussed in connection with their similarity to those of other workers using endotoxins and related substances as adjuvants.
Constituents and Antigens of Normal Human Gastric Mucosa as Characterized by Electrophoresis and Immunoelectrophoresis in Agar Gel
Authors: Rapp W. , Aronson S. B. , Burtin P. , Grabar P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mucosal extracts of 20 normal human stomachs obtained at surgery were characterized by chemical methods after electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis in agar gel. Nine protein fractions were observed after electrophoresis, three of which migrated faster than serum albumin. Using absorbed rabbit antigastric mucosal antisera nine specific mucosal antigens were found and classified according to their electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic mobility. The SE and IE patterns of glycoproteins, carboxylic esterases, lactic dehydrogenases, acid phosphates, peroxydases, catalase have been described. Proteolytic activities with a pH optimum in the strongly acid range were detected in the anodic region corresponding to four pepsin-like enzymes, three of which have been shown to be antigenic. Esterase activity was found at five different electrophoretic sites but only one precipitin line in the cathodic region stained for the same activity. Two lines near the center well were characterized as glycoproteins. Contamination of mucosal extracts by blood and other nonmucosal constituents was evaluated in SE by successive extraction of the mucosa and by comparison with blood, normal human serum, gastric muscularis and mucus. Catalase and peroxydase activities proved to be due to blood contaminants. Several plasma proteins were identified in the different gastric extracts by immunoelectrophoresis. The organ specificity of the nine gastric mucosal antigens was established by absorption studies with blood, erythrocytes, plasma and other human organ extracts. Two of the nine antigens disappeared after absorption of the antiserum with human small intestine. No significant differences were observed in the electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic patterns of the individual stomachs. By combining electrophoretic, immunoelectrophoretic and chemical characterization methods a typical pattern of normal gastric mucosal constituents and antigens has been established to serve as a baseline for further investigation of alterations in malignant gastric mucosae.
Ineffectiveness of Antibody on the Intracellular Development of Influenza Virus WS Strain in Ehrlich Ascites Cells in Mice
Authors: Onodera Tokio , Hinuma Yorio , Ishida Nakao 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of antiviral antibody on replication of the WS strain of influenza A virus in Ehrlich ascites cells was examined by inoculating mice immunized against the virus with cells infected with the virus.
Multiplication of this virus in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was examined in detail by fluorescent antibody staining of the virus antigens, titration of egg infectivity of the cell-associated virus, and counting of cells to measure the oncolytic effect of the virus. By immunofluorescence, intracellular development of the virus was demonstrated both in nucleus and cytoplasm and was found to proceed in a uniform manner in all cells of a suspension.
Results of experiments on the effect of antibody on virus growth were as follows: a) When virus infection was established in vitro, the oncolytic effect of the virus was not prevented when the cells were implanted in immune mice; b) immunofluorescent staining revealed that the development of virus antigens in cells inoculated into immune mice proceeded as in nonimmune mice; c) growth curves of the cell-associated virus were identical in immune mice and nonimmune mice; d) when suspensions of cells grown in immune mice were washed free of antibody, virus multiplication was equal to that of cells from nonimmune mice.
The results obtained indicate that there is no inhibitory effect of antiviral antibody on the intracellular processes producing multiplication of WS virus.
Phagocytosis and Intracellular Fate of Pasteurella Tularensis
Authors: Thorpe Bert D. , Marcus Stanley 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In vitro studies on the ingestive and digestive capacities of rabbit mononuclear phagocytes from the peritoneal cavities of normal and previously immunized rabbits were made using avirulent, moderately virulent and highly virulent strains of Pasteurella tularensis. The types of serum (autologous, homologous and heterologous) present in 30% concentration and specific antibodies were not found to have any significant effects on the ingestive and intracellular destructive capabilities of these phagocytes on the three strains of the organism. Phagocytes from immune animals were found to have significantly increased intracellular destructive capacities in all cases as compared to those from normal animals. The following hypotheses have been defended: a) The degree of severity of P. tularensis infection in normal rabbits is dependent on the abilities of the phagocytic cells of the animals to destroy the organisms intracellularly; b) host resistance in acquired immunity to tularemia is primarily dependent on the altered phagocytic cells which have greatly enhanced intracellular destructive capacities; and c) humoral factors in acquired immunity to tularemia are secondary in importance.
Immunochemical Studies of the Rh System
Authors: Kochwa Shaul , Rosenfield Richard E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method of antibody isolation based upon absorption with intact erythrocytes, lysis of washed sensitized cells with digitonin, and acid elution of antibodies from hemoglobin-free stroma, has been described. Antibody activity of eluates was correlated with the firmness of the erythrocytic antigen-antibody bond during absorption and with the amount of γ-globulin found in the eluate. The γ-globulin in eluates was characterized by column chromatography, double gel diffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation, and was measured by specific precipitin method. Ficin treatment of red cells was found to increase the capacity of Rh antigenic sites to bind some Rh antibodies. On gradient DEAE chromatographic fractionation of sera, poorly binding Rh antibodies in one serum were recovered at a slightly higher buffer concentration than the more common firmly binding antibodies.
Quantitative Studies on the Precipitation of Anti-2,4-Dinitrophenyl Antibody in Antigen Excess
Authors: Siskind Gregory W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Decrease in precipitation of purified rabbit anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibody in antigen excess was studied with various DNP-proteins under different conditions of pH and salt concentration. It was shown that the tendency to form soluble complexes in antigen excess depends upon the nature of the protein to which DNP is coupled. DNP-proteins which have a greater charge density and thus a greater tendency to enter aqueous solution, as indicated by their solubility under different conditions of pH and salt concentration, their behavior on acid-base titration, and their electrophoretic mobility, have a greater tendency to form soluble complexes in antigen excess, and their precipitation with antibody is more readily inhibited by the presence of free hapten.
The Production and Transfer of Immune Reactions to Bovine Serum Albumin in Isogenic and Allogeneic Mice
Authors: Vredevoe Donna L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Isogenic A-line mice and nonisogenic Swiss mice were sensitized to BSA incorporated into Freund's complete adjuvant. Booster injections of soluble BSA were given intracutaneously 17 and 24 days after the initial antigen injection. Spleen, lymph node and thymus cells were transferred intraperitoneally to normal recipients of the same strain 2, 7 and 14 days after the booster injections to the donor mice. In cell transfers between nonisogenic Swiss mice, antibody production was transient, whereas in cell transfers between isogenic A-line mice, antibody production by transferred cells continued for many days. This study demonstrates the essentiality for immunogenetic compatibility of donor and recipient in cell transfer experiments.
Immunoelectrophoretic Changes in Mouse γ-Globulin after Intraperitoneal Injection of Bayol F
Authors: Talal Norman , Hermann Günther , Cyr Christiane de Vaux St. , Grabar Pierre 
Published: January 2023

Summary
BALB/Gif mice were injected intraperitoneally with Bayol F (group 1), Bayol F and ovalbumin (group 2) or ovalbumin alone (group 3) and immunoelectrophoretic studies were performed weekly on sera of individual mice. Marked γ-globulin changes developed in groups 1 and 2 during the first 9 months of observation, before the appearance of plasmacytomas. The time of onset, incidence and nature of these changes were different in each group. Group 3 showed only minimal changes.
A double γ-globulin precipitin line, reflecting an increased antigenic heterogeneity, developed in 20% of group 1 and 100% of group 2 animals. It appeared early (6th week) and abruptly in group 2 and was associated with diffuse hypergammaglobulinemia and the presence of precipitating antibodies directed against ovalbumin. Doubling appeared later and more slowly (12th to 16th week) in group 1 mice who also exhibited hypogammaglobulinemia. Both groups developed peritoneal plasmacytomas and myeloma globulins after the 9th month.
The Production of Anaphylactic Antibody in the Rat
Authors: Binaghi Ruben A. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immune response of rats injected in the footpads with protein antigens mixed with Bordetella pertussis organisms or with complete Freund's adjuvant has been investigated.
All the animals produced a high concentration of precipitating antibody in a short period of time. A different type of antibody, able to transfer passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and mast cell damage in normal rats, could also be demonstrated in many of the sera of these animals. This anaphylactic antibody appeared early during immunization, was present in low titers, and disappeared from the serum in about 4 weeks. The presence and titer of the anaphylactic antibody did not show any correlation with the concentration of total precipitating antibody.
The conditions for passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats, with rat anaphylactic antibody, were investigated. The optimal sensitization required a latent period of 16 hr and persisted at the skin site for many days.
The significance of these findings is discussed.
Heterotypic Hemagglutination-Inhibition Antibody Responses in Volunteers Inoculated with Adenovirus Types 26 and 27
Authors: Kasel Julius A. , Knight Vernon , Alling David W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In a study of heterotypic HI antibody rises in two groups of volunteers inoculated with adenovirus types 26 and 27, respectively, a high frequency of reciprocal responses between the inoculating types was found and is interpreted as indicating an immunologic relationship between them. Similarly, a significantly elevated frequency of heterotypic responses to type 13 among volunteers inoculated with type 26 suggested a possible immunologic relationship between these types. There was a low percentage of heterotypic responses to 22 other adenovirus types. The presence of heterotypic HI antibody before inoculation was associated with a somewhat greater frequency of postinoculation heterotypic rises.
The Reductive Dissociation of Rabbit Immune Globulin in Sodium Dodecylsulfate
Authors: Jaquet H. , Bloom B. , Cebra John J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Reduction of rabbit immune globulin in the presence of dodecylsulfate resulted in the separation of antigenic sites present in the intact molecule. Components having an s20 of 3.8 S and 2.5 S appeared upon reduction whereas in the absence of reducing agent γ-globulin in detergent alone had an s20 of 5.5 S. Anti-lysozyme or anti-phage globulin retained full antibody activity after reduction in detergent and subsequent alkylation. Partial separation of components of reduced γ-globulin was achieved by gel filtration. Antibody activity was found to be associated mainly with the smaller components of the mixture, which included “B-chains,” chains with I-type antigenic sites related to “A-chains,” and separate chains containing III-type antigenic sites. No convincing antibody activity could be demonstrated with preparations of “A-chain” or “B-chain” obtained by reduction and propionate dissociation. This “B-chain” fraction appeared to contain components which existed in pairs in solution. Between pH 3.7 and 2.4 the “B-chains” dissociated. A similar pairing in neutral buffers and dissociation in 1 M propionic acid was indicated for components in the antibody-active fractions obtained by reduction of γ-globulin or Fragment I in the presence of detergent. In some instances, antibody-active components which remained dissociated after removal of detergent were obtained by reduction of γ-globulin. These components had MW = 20 to 27,000. Ion exchange chromatography of the smaller components obtained from γ-globulin by reduction in detergent yielded fractions containing principally “B-chains.” These fractions retained antibody activity.
The American Association of Immunologists: Past Accomplishments, Future Challenges
Authors: Cheever F. S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Man is a creature of habit, and the members of the American Association of Immunologists are no exception to this rule. This is why I have the privilege of addressing you today, even though I have been weaned away from any significant immunological research during the past six years. Let me explain this paradox.
In the past those chosen by you to serve as Secretary-Treasurer of the Society have been selected in the belief that they possessed certain elementary qualities such as industry, energy, faithfulness and rectitude, and one equally important negative characteristic—a state of relative anergy as regards simple bookkeeping and accounting procedures. An acceptable term of service as Secretary-Treasurer (accompanied by a successful prosecution of the duties incumbent upon a member of the Secretaries Committee of the Federation) has usually been rewarded by election to membership on the Council of the American Association of Immunologists.