bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic morphology and spatial distribution of non‐structural carbohydrates contribute to drought resistance of two mulberry cultivars
Authors: Zhai Z. , Fang Y. , Cheng J. , Tian Y. , Liu L. , Cao X. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Drought is one of the most adverse environmental stresses limiting plant growth and productivity. However, the underlying mechanisms regarding metabolism of non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) in source and sink organs are still not fully elucidated in woody trees.

Saplings of mulberry cv Zhongshen1 and Wubu were subjected to a 15‐day progressive drought stress. NSC levels and gene expression involved in NSC metabolism were investigated in roots and leaves. Growth performance and photosynthesis, leaf stomatal morphology, and other physiological parameters were also analysed.

Under well‐watered conditions, Wubu had a higher R/S, with higher NSC in leaves than in roots; Zhongshen1 had a lower R/S with higher NSC in roots than leaves. Under drought stress, Zhongshen1 showed decreased productivity and increased proline, abscisic acid, ROS content and activity of antioxidant enzymes, while Wubu sustained comparable productivity and photosynthesis. Interestingly, drought resulted in decreased starch and slightly increased soluble sugars in leaves of Wubu, accompanied by notable downregulation of starch‐synthesizing genes and upregulation of starch‐degrading genes. Similar patterns in NSC levels and relevant gene expression were also observed in roots of Zhongshen1. Concurrently, soluble sugars decreased and starch was unchanged in roots of Wubu and leaves of Zhongshen1. However, gene expression of starch metabolism in roots of Wubu was unaltered, but in leaves of Zhongshen1 starch metabolism was more activated.

These findings revealed that intrinsic R/S and spatial distribution of NSC in roots and leaves concomitantly contribute to drought resistance in mulberry.
Nutrient dynamics of 12 Sphagnum species during establishment on a rewetted bog
Authors: Käärmelahti S. A. , Temmink R. J. M. , van Dijk G. , Prager A. , Kohl M. , Gaudig G. , Koks A. H. W. , Liu W. , Vroom R. J. E. , Gerwing K. , Peters C. J. H. , Krebs M. , Fritz C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Peatland degradation through drainage and peat extraction have detrimental environmental and societal consequences. Rewetting is an option to restore lost ecosystem functions, such as carbon storage, biodiversity and nutrient sequestration. Peat mosses (Sphagnum) are the most important peat‐forming species in bogs. Most Sphagnum species occur in nutrient‐poor habitats; however, high growth rates have been reported in artificial nutrient‐rich conditions with optimal water supply.

Here, we demonstrate the differences in nutrient dynamics of 12 Sphagnum species during their establishment in a 1‐year field experiment at a Sphagnum paludiculture area in Germany. The 12 species are categorized into three groups (slower‐, medium‐ and fast‐growing). Establishment of peat mosses is facilitated by constant supply of nutrient‐rich, low pH, and low alkalinity surface water.

Our study shows that slower‐growing species (S. papillosum, S. magellancium, S. fuscum, S. rubellum, S. austinii; often forming hummocks) displayed signs of nutrient imbalance. These species accumulated higher amounts of N, P, K and Ca in their capitula, and had an elevated stem N:K quotient (>3). Additionally, this group sequestered less C and K per m2 than the fast and medium‐growing species (S. denticulatum, S. fallax, S. riparium, S. fimbriatum, S. squarrosum, S. palustre, S. centrale). Lower lawn thickness may have amplified negative effects of flooding in the slower‐growing species.

We conclude that nutrient dynamics and carbon/nutrient sequestration rates are species‐specific. For bog restoration, generating ecosystem services or choosing suitable donor material for Sphagnum paludiculture, it is crucial to consider their compatibility with prevailing environmental conditions.
Chip Level Thermal Performance Measurements in Two-Phase Immersion Cooling
Authors: Shah Jimil M. , Crandall Thomas , Tuma Phillip E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Two-phase immersion cooling (2PIC) has been proposed as a means of economically increasing overall energy efficiency while accommodating increased chip powers and system-level power density. Designers unfamiliar with Two-phase immersion technology may be unaware of the chip-level thermal performance capabilities of the technology. This performance, in the case of a lidded processor, is quantified as a case-to-fluid thermal resistance, Rcf. This work made use of boiler assemblies comprised of copper plates to which two porous metallic boiling enhancement coatings (BECs) had been applied. These boiler assemblies were applied with conventional thermal grease to a thermal test vehicle (TTV) emulating the Skylake series of 8th Gen Intel® Xeon® CPUs and a thermal test slug (TTS) emulating the Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) EPYCTM processors. Both were tested in saturated 3MTM FluorinertTM FC-3284 fluid. The lowest Rcf = 0.020 °C/W was achieved on the TTS at 350 W. The paper also includes additional TTS data gathered with different boiler assemblies and Thermal Interface Materials as well as field data in the form of Rcf or junction-to-fluid thermal resistances, Rjf, for different live silicon chips.
Study of Injector Geometry and Parcel Injection Location on Spray Simulation of the Engine Combustion Network Spray G Injector
Authors: Kumar Aman , Van Dam Noah 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Parcel-based simulations are the most common method to simulate fuel sprays, especially for reacting conditions, due to their lower computational cost compared to more highly resolved simulations. It is important, however, to understand how spray boundary conditions are used to initialize the parcels that represent the atomizing fluid affect downstream conditions and overall simulation performance. Traditionally, when parcel simulations are used, the injector tip geometry is either significantly simplified or removed altogether due to resolution limits. Recent advances in computational power and numerical methods, however, have made it possible to resolve flow through these features. Previous work has shown some potential effects of even simple injector tip geometries, and this study investigates the effect of very detailed nozzle geometries on parcel-based simulations that have typically ignored these details. Four different parameters were investigated: whether a simulation includes a detailed injector tip geometry or a flat surface; whether parcels are initialized at the counterbore exit, which is more common, or at the nozzle exit; the use of an experimentally derived rate of injection or one-way coupling with a separate internal nozzle volume of fluid (VOF) simulation; the use of nominal or measured injector geometry. Simulations were compared using both global penetrations as well as local data near the injector. Spray penetration and other global measures showed limited sensitivity to boundary conditions/initialization procedure, but local data such as the local liquid volume fraction showed greater variation between the conditions, which may have an impact on mixing and combustion predictions in engine applications.
Numerical Investigation of a Heavy-Duty Compression Ignition Engine Converted to Ammonia Spark-Ignition Operation
Authors: Liu Jinlong , Ulishney Christopher J. , Dumitrescu Cosmin Emil 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Global decarbonization requires the increased use of zero-carbon fuels. Compared to hydrogen, ammonia is easier to store, transport, and produce. In addition, products of complete combustion of ammonia are water and nitrogen. Therefore, ammonia is an ideal green fuel for internal combustion engines. Drawbacks relate to the high ignition energy and low laminar flame speed of ammonia. This three-dimensional numerical study investigated the potential of converting existing diesel engines to ammonia spark ignition operation. Results indicated a slower kernel inception process, but the speed of the fully developed turbulent flame was enough to complete the bulk combustion process despite the lower laminar flame speed. The problem with pure ammonia operation was the reduced combustion efficiency and the high level of unburned ammonia emissions since the slow spark inception process can be compensated by a larger compression ratio. The results also suggested that emissions formation and subsequent oxidation were a more complex phenomenon. For example, lean ammonia combustion produced higher nitrogen oxides (NOX) concentrations due to the nitrogen in the fuel, despite the lower combustion temperature. Moreover, advancing spark timing reduced the NOX emissions, which was opposite to the traditional spark ignition engines. Additionally, the ammonia in engine crevices that escaped the late oxidation process was the main source of nitrous oxide (N2O) species in the exhaust gas that usually do not appear in traditional engines. Overall, all these results suggested that more fundamental research on ammonia combustion is needed to understand its use in efficient, decarbonized engines.
Quality of life of children and young people with anterior chest wall deformity: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Johnstone Ashley D , Davis Carl , Roberts Nicola J , Sharp Kath 
Published: April 2023

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the current evidence regarding the quality of life (QoL) of children and young people with anterior chest wall deformity (ACWD).MethodsUsing a defined search strategy, a systematic review of the literature was performed using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.ResultsThe search identified 305 articles, after refinement, the full text of 51 studies were reviewed and 10 included in the review. A total of eight studies described QoL associated with the correction of ACWD and two studies reported on QoL without correction. The surgical correction of ACWD was reported in six studies and non-surgical correction in two studies. A total of three disease-specific and 24 generic QoL measures were used. The variation in QoL outcome measures, together with a lack of consistency in the time scales of data collection, did not allow for direct comparison between studies. However, the improvement in psychosocial QoL following correction of ACWD is clear. The impact of ACWD on physical QoL is less defined and the influence of age, gender, severity and type of deformity is uncertain. The literature identified primarily surrounds QoL outcomes in relation to surgical correction and is therefore not representative of all children and young people with ACWD.ConclusionsCorrection of ACWD is associated with significant improvement in the psychosocial QoL of children and young people. Further work is required to standardise QoL data collection for all children with ACWD to achieve a greater understanding of the impact and guide future management.
Neonatal outcomes following early fetal growth restriction: a subgroup analysis of the EVERREST study
Authors: Lingam Ingran , Okell Jade , Maksym Katarzyna , Spencer Rebecca , Peebles Donald , Buquis Gina , Ambler Gareth , Morsing Eva , Ley David , Singer Dominique , Tenorio Violeta , Dyer Jade , Ginsberg Yuval , Weissbach Tal , Huertas-Ceballos Angela , Marlow Neil , David Anna 
Published: April 2023

ObjectiveTo quantify the risks of mortality, morbidity and postnatal characteristics associated with extreme preterm fetal growth restriction (EP-FGR).DesignThe EVERREST (Doesvascular endothelial growth factor gene therapy safely improve outcome in severeearly-onset fetal growth restriction?) prospective multicentre study of women diagnosed with EP-FGR (singleton, estimated fetal weight (EFW) <3rd percentile, <600 g, 20+0–26+6weeks of gestation). The UK subgroup of EP-FGR infants (<36 weeks) were sex-matched and gestation-matched to appropriate for age (AGA) infants born in University College London Hospital (1:2 design, EFW 25th−75th percentile).SettingFour tertiary perinatal units (UK, Germany, Spain, Sweden).Main outcomesAntenatal and postnatal mortality, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), sepsis, surgically treated necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), treated retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).ResultsOf 135 mothers recruited with EP-FGR, 42 had a stillbirth or termination of pregnancy (31%) and 93 had live births (69%). Postnatal genetic abnormalities were identified in 7/93 (8%) live births. Mean gestational age at birth was 31.4 weeks (SD 4.6). 54 UK-born preterm EP-FGR infants (<36 weeks) were matched to AGA controls. EP-FGR was associated with increased BPD (43% vs 26%, OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.4 to 9.4, p=0.01), surgical NEC (6% vs 0%, p=0.036) and ROP treatment (11% vs 0%, p=0.001). Mortality was probably higher among FGR infants (9% vs 2%, OR 5.0, 95% CI 1.0 to 25.8, p=0.054). FGR infants more frequently received invasive ventilation (65% vs 50%, OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 6.1, p=0.03), took longer to achieve full feeds and had longer neonatal stays (median difference 6.1 days, 95% CI 3.8 to 8.9 and 19 days, 95% CI 9 to 30 days, respectively, p<0.0001).ConclusionsMortality following diagnosis of EP-FGR is high. Survivors experience increased neonatal morbidity compared with AGA preterm infants.Trial registration numberNCT02097667.
‘Body on the line’: experiences of tackle injury in women’s rugby union – a grounded theory study
Authors: Dane Kathryn , Foley Geraldine , Wilson Fiona 
Published: April 2023

ObjectivesTackle-related injuries account for up to 67% of all match injuries in women’s rugby union. The perspective of women players on tackle injury can help key stakeholders understand psychosocial determinants of tackle injury risk and prevention. We aimed to capture psychosocial processes that explain tackle injury experiences and behaviours in women’s rugby union.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative study using a grounded theory approach. Adult women players, with at least 1-year senior level experience, were recruited from Europe, South Africa and Canada between December 2021 and March 2022. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and analysed in line with grounded theory coding procedures.ResultsTwenty-one players, aged 20–48 years with a mean 10.6 years of rugby playing experience, participated. In our analysis, we identified three categories central to participants’ experiences of tackle injury: (1) embodied understandings of tackle injury, (2) gender and tackle injury risk and (3) influences on tackle injury behaviours. Participants reported a sense of fear in their experience of tackling but felt that tackle injuries were an inevitable part of the game. Tackle injury was described based on performance limitations. Tackle injury risks and behaviours were influenced by gendered factors perpetuated by relations, practices and structures within the playing context of women’s rugby union.ConclusionWomen’s tackle injury experiences were intertwined with the day-to-day realities of marginalisation and under preparedness. Grounded in the voices of women, we have provided recommendations for key stakeholders to support tackle injury prevention in women’s rugby.
Experience of loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study of 50 968 adult Danes
Authors: Christoffersen Lea AN , Helenius Dorte , Schwinn Michael , Erikstrup Christian , Hjalgrim Henrik , Nissen Janna , Banasik Karina , Nielsen Kaspar , Kaspersen Kathrine A , Dinh Khoa M , Bruun Mie T , Ostrowski Sisse R , Sækmose Susanne , Hansen Thomas F , Werge Thomas , Didriksen Maria , Pedersen Ole Birger 
Published: April 2023

ObjectivesTo examine the level of loneliness experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark and to identify associated behavioural patterns and demographic factors.DesignCross-sectional cohort study.SettingIncludes Danish active and former blood donors.ParticipantsA questionnaire was sent to 124 307 active and former blood donors, of these a total of 50 968 participants completed the study questionnaire (response rate=41%).Primary and secondary outcome measuresSubjective experience of loneliness was measured using the 3-item University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale (UCLA-3). Besides the UCLA-3, the respondents answered items on sociodemographic and economic characteristics, items on precautionary measures taken to avoid COVID-19 infection as well as on COVID-19 anxiety.ResultsThe participants indicated their experienced level of loneliness both before and during the pandemic. Comparing the two reports yielded a mean increase in loneliness scores of 14.1% (p<0.001). Exploratory factor analysis identified the factorwell-being, which comprised three questionnaire items related to emotional heath, physical health and happiness. A high score on the factorwell-beingwas associated with reduced levels of loneliness (coefficient=−0.47, 95% CI −0.49 to −0.46)). Furthermore, women were more likely than men to have experienced increased levels of loneliness during the pandemic (coefficient=0.27, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.29). Furthermore, a negative correlation between higher age and change in loneliness score was observed.ConclusionsThe findings document an increase in the level of experienced loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly affecting individuals with low well-being, women and younger individuals.
Pattern and prevalence of vaping nicotine and non-nicotine drugs in the United Kingdom: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Roberts Emmert , Taylor Eve , Cox Sharon , Brose Leonie , McNeill Ann , Robson Deborah 
Published: April 2023

ObjectivesElectronic vaping devices are being used to consume nicotine and non-nicotine psychoactive drugs. We aimed to determine the pattern and prevalence of using vaping devices for nicotine and/or non-nicotine drug administration in the United Kingdom and how these differ by drug type and individual sociodemographic characteristics. We explored reasons for vaping onset and continuation.DesignAn online cross-sectional surveyParticipantsA convenience sample of adults (aged ≥18 years) in the UK.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was prevalence of current use (within the last 30 days) of a vaping device to administer either nicotine or 18 types of non-nicotine drugs. We additionally evaluated reasons for onset and continuation of vaping. Sociodemographic characteristics were compared between the UK general population using census data and those vaping non-nicotine drugs.ResultsWe recruited 4027 participants of whom 1637 (40.7%) had ever used an electronic vaping device; 1495 (37.1%) had ever vaped nicotine and 593 (14.7%) had ever vaped a non-nicotine drug. Overall, 574 (14.3%) currently vaped nicotine and 74 (1.8%) currently vaped a non-nicotine drug. The most common currently vaped non-nicotine drug was cannabis (n=58, 1.4%). For nicotine, people’s modal reasons to start and continue vaping was to quit smoking tobacco. For almost all other drugs, people’s modal reason to start vaping was curiosity and to continue was enjoyment. Compared with the general population, the population who had ever vaped a non-nicotine drug were significantly younger, had more disabilities and fewer identified as white, female, heterosexual or religious.ConclusionsA non-trivial number of people report current use and ever use of an electronic vaping device for non-nicotine drug administration. As vaping technology advances and drug consumption changes, understanding patterns of use and associated behaviours are likely to be increasingly important to both users and healthcare professionals.
Lived experience of patients with Long COVID: a qualitative study in the UK
Authors: Thomas Callum , Faghy Mark A , Owen Rebecca , Yates James , Ferraro Francesco , Bewick Tom , Haggan Kate , Ashton Ruth E M 
Published: April 2023

BackgroundLong COVID is a rapidly evolving global health crisis requiring interdisciplinary support strategies that incorporate the lived experience of patients. Currently, there is a paucity of research documenting the day-to-day experiences of patients living with Long COVID.ObjectiveTo explore the lived experience of Long COVID patients.Study designLongitudinal, observation study.SettingAn inductive, data-driven, qualitative approach was used to evaluate hand-written diaries obtained from individuals who had been referred to a Derbyshire Long COVID clinic.Participants12 participants (11 females, age 49±10 years, 11 Caucasians) were recruited. Participants were included if they had a previous confirmed or suspected COVID-19 infection with ongoing recovery, >18 years old, understood the study requirements and provided informed consent.MethodParticipants were directed to complete self-report diaries over 16 weeks. Responses were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsThree key themes were highlighted: (1) understanding who helps patients manage symptoms, (2) daily activities and the impact on quality of life and health status and (3) the effect of turbulent and episodic symptom profiles on personal identity and recovery.ConclusionsThe novel challenges presented by Long COVID are complex with varying inter-related factors that are broadly impacting functional status and quality of life. Support mechanisms must incorporate the lived experiences and foster true collaborations between health professionals, patients and researchers to improve patient outcomes.Trial registration numberNCT04649957.
Barriers to birth preparedness and complication readiness among pregnant women in rural Ethiopia: using a mixed study design, 2020
Authors: Gedefa Abdi Geda , Bekele Alazar Ayalew , Kitila Keno Melkamu , Eba Lemi Bacha 
Published: April 2023

ObjectiveTo assess birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPCR) and associated factors among pregnant women in Bachoo District, Oromia, Ethiopia.DesignA mixed cross-sectional study design was employed to conduct this study.SettingA community-based cross-sectional study was done in the rural community of Bachoo District of Iluu Abbaa Boor Zone, Oromia Region, Southwest Ethiopia.ParticipantsA total of 307 pregnant women participated in the quantitative study, 51 respondents were involved in the qualitative part. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the final respondents. Data were entered into EpiData V.3.1 and analysed using SPSS V.22. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analysis was done. The level of statistical significance was declared at a p<0.05. Three focus group discussions and 21 in-depth interviews were conducted, and the data were analysed using thematic analysis and triangulated to support the findings of the quantitative study.ResultThe prevalence of BPCR was 30.6%. Being governmental employee ((adjusted OR, AOR=3.22 95% CI (1.49 to 11.79)), educational status of secondary and above ((AOR=1.9 95% CI (1.15 to 3.84)), multigravidity ((AOR=5.96, 95% CI (1.18 to 3.68)), having four or above ANC visits ((AOR=4.25 CI (1.38 to 7.84)), participating in pregnant women conference ((AOR=2.11 95% CI (1.07 to 3.78)), having good knowledgeable of obstetrics danger signs ((AOR=10.4 95% CI (5.57 to 19.60)), hearing the term BPCR ((AOR=4.36, 95% CI (1.93 to 9.82)) were among factors significantly associated with BPCR. The qualitative study also showed that poor maternal knowledge on birth preparedness and obstetric danger signs, negligence and weak support systems in the community were among the main barriers.Conclusion and recommendationThis study demonstrated that the practice of BPCR in the study area was very low. Therefore, healthcare providers in the study area should strengthen BPCR knowledge through educating women the community at large.