bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Rights and Communist Internationalism
Authors: Taha Mai 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In an attempt to open a fresh archive of international law beyond that of the League of Nations, the United Nations (UN), and national state archives, this portrait looks into the barracks of activism, specifically the radical activism of Inji Aflatoun (1924–1989). Neither an international lawyer, nor a new name, nor a forgotten face, Aflatoun is remembered as a famous Egyptian communist painter, a feminist, a human rights activist, and a former political prisoner. Through Aflatoun and the surrealists, this portrait shows how radical movements have used human rights when they were rooted in socialist internationalism, anti-imperialism, and feminist solidarity. Her human rights work was informed by both the eclectic leftist politics of the surrealists, as well as the traditional Marxist analysis of the communist movement in Egypt. Key to understanding her activism on international human rights is to recognize that it was one tactic among many—a fragment within a constellation of struggles, that also included armed resistance, political art activism, as well as her commitment to the illegal and underground communist movement.
Fearless Speech
Authors: Otto Dianne 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This portrait of Shirley Hazzard, Australian expatriate, was taken in 2003, many years after she had left her clerical position at the United Nations (UN). When she took up the position of typist, in 1952, she was filled with hopefulness about the UN’s role in shaping a new world order committed to promoting peace and human rights, but her expectations were soon dashed. While most well-known for her novels, notably The Transit of Venus (1980), Hazzard also wrote to expose the lack of impartiality of the UN in the hope that the public, once informed, would pressure the organization to fulfil its responsibilities under the UN Charter. Her writings, critical of the UN, were published by iconic New York mastheads, including the New Republic, New Yorker, and New York Times, and include two monographs: Defeat of an Ideal: A Study of the Self-Destruction of the United Nations (1973) and Countenance of Truth: The United Nations and the Waldheim Case (1990). Hazzard’s fearless idealism has bequeathed rare insights into the institutional failings of the UN during the Cold War years and counsel readers to be attentive to the everyday operations of power—both private and public—and their interconnectedness.
Political Deference
Authors: Peter Fabienne 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Political deference, as I understand it, is deference to others on what the right political decision is in a given situation. If they defer politically, citizens set aside their own reasoning about what the right decision is in this situation and defer to others. Can political deference ever be required? Many would answer no. A requirement to politically defer is often seen as in conflict with core democratic commitments. The claim that political deference may be required thus needs a careful defence. The account of well-ordered political deliberation that I developed in the previous two chapters has given us a better understanding of the norms of political deliberation. In this chapter, I use this account to explain why political deference to cognitive political authority may be required.
Brahman as the Cosmic Translator and the Gītā’s Potentiality in American Transcendentalism
Authors: Figueira Dorothy M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the function of the Gītā among the American Transcendentalists (Emerson, Thoreau, Whitman), not because the material has not been covered by other scholars, but rather because their classist, elitist, and mystical exoticism will inform all subsequent American readings of this text. The Gītā found a hospitable home in New England esotericism and spiritualism. Emerson, although initially dismissive of Indian ‘superstition’, became fascinated with the Gītā, composing his poem ‘Brahma’ in homage to it. In A Week on the Concord and Merrimac Rivers, Thoreau channelled the Gītā and in Walden’s parable of Kouroo, Thoreau aestheticized the Gītā’s divine revelation: just as the translator perfects the text through translation, the artist perfects his creation. Thoreau was also the first writer in the West to criticize the institution of caste. Whitman’s prolific references to Indian terms can be seen as superficial. Among these writers, his interest seems to be an expression of exoticism rather than any substantial inquiry. However, the Transcendentalists can be credited with showing how translation truly functions as a potentiality. Once cut from its roots and transplanted in the New World, the Gītā became a different text. It was co-opted, owned, and open to improvement.
Gandhi’s Convenient Text
Authors: Figueira Dorothy M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Gandhi set up an elaborate theory of translation tied to his personal experience and dissociated from the text. He offered an allegorical reading, similar to the practices of the Theosophists who had first introduced him to the Gītā in a flowery English translation. Gandhi dismissed earlier interpretations in order to more easily construct his own. His Gītā, like Aurobindo’s, was also re-enculturated. They both brought a Gītā, translated abroad and transformed into another text, back to India and based their interpretations on it. Gandhi grafted his interpretation upon this altered text that he claimed would define the new cultural identity of modern India. Although Gandhi grossly overvalued his skills as a translator, he was able to create a reading of the Gītā that transcended the text because he insisted that interpretation was totally grounded in his perspective of moral sensibility. Gandhi’s translation strategy—meaning is what he said it was because of his experience of the text—was challenged by Ambedkar who in his work on the Gītā called out Gandhi’s deceptive manipulation of the text and what he called his bringing about the death of criticism. The role of translation is crucial, especially in Gandhi’s persona as a translator and the instability that he imposed on the text. With Gandhi, a distorted reading is legitimate because the meaning of a text is determined by what he experiences and says it is. Ambedkar saw the danger that such a definition of textuality and translation could have in independent India.
Controverting Kierkegaard
Authors: Løgstrup K. E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In this book, Danish theologian K. E. Løgstrup (1905–81) engages in a critique of Kierkegaard’s understanding of human existence and Christianity, especially Kierkegaard’s understanding of life in finitude and of human existence as a state of despair, where the individual needs to become themselves through reflection and decision. Løgstrup criticizes Kierkegaard’s Christology and his view on suffering, and he also argues that Kierkegaard’s understanding of Christianity and human existence is rooted in Platonism. Furthermore, Løgstrup here introduces the idea of ‘the sovereign expressions of life’ (such as trust, compassion, and the openness of speech), which came to take up a central position in his ethics and ontology. He understands these sovereign expressions of life as part of life’s own structure, where human inadequacies and self-obsession can be overcome, effectively releasing the individual from their existence in untruth so that they can become themselves without Kierkegaardian reflection and the so-called ‘double movement of faith’. The book was the culmination of a long-standing debate between Løgstrup and contemporary existentialist Kierkegaardians (especially the Danish Tidehverv movement, which was based in Kierkegaardian theological existentialism), and which had begun twenty years prior and had also been a theme in the ‘Polemical Epilogue’ in Løgstrup’s main work The Ethical Demand (1956).
The Movement of Infinity
Authors: Løgstrup K. E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Here Løgstrup focuses on Kierkegaard’s double movement of faith, where the task is to resign from the untruth of immediacy and to return to life in the second immediacy of faith. Løgstrup objects that in setting this task for humans, Kierkegaard devalues life and misconstrues what it is to become a self. Through a discussion involving Sartre’s play The Devil and The Good Lord, Løgstrup draws attention to sovereign expressions of life (such as trust, compassion, and the openness of speech): namely, created structures in human existence which are given to us, where we exist in an immediate and true relation to others and the world, and where we become ourselves in an immediate way. He contrasts these sovereign expressions of life with our self-made circling and obsessive thoughts and emotions (envy, jealousy, and feeling insulted). He also discusses their significance in relation to the will and morality.
Don’t do it for my Sake
Authors: Begon Jessica 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
It seems obvious the state should fulfil the obligation to ameliorate the disabling effects of impairments. However, the state is distrusted by much of the disabled community, and for good reason. Even when making a genuine attempt to advance disabled people’s interests, it often assumes it knows what these are, ignoring the views of intended beneficiaries. Disabled individuals should not be treated as passive beneficiaries, whose voices are side-lined, but respected as autonomous agents. This demands a commitment to anti-paternalism. Often paternalism is objectionable because it fails by its own terms: not actually conferring benefits. Yet even if successful, paternalism should be avoided. Paternalist redistribution is not merely objectionable because it misuses individuals’ good, but because it mistakes the aim of redistribution. Our goal should not be ensuring individuals lead the best possible life, but that they can control the shape of their life, exercising broadly specified opportunities however they choose.
Syllogistic Logic and Mathematical Proof
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Mugnai Massimo 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Syllogistic Logic and Mathematical Proof chronicles and analyzes a debate centered on the following question: does syllogistic logic have the resources to capture mathematical proofs? The history of the attempts to answer this question, the rationales for the different positions, their far-reaching implications, and the description of the cast of major and minor mathematicians and philosophers who made contributions to it, has hitherto never been the subject of a unified account. Aristotle had claimed that scientific knowledge, which includes mathematics, is given by syllogisms of a special sort, “scientific” (“demonstrative”) syllogisms. Thus, it is puzzling that in ancient Greece and in the Middle Ages the claim that Euclid’s theorems could be recast syllogistically was accepted without further scrutiny. And yet Galen had early on already noticed the importance of relational reasoning for mathematics. More critical voices will emerge in the Renaissance and the topic will attract more sustained attention in the next three centuries when, supported by detailed analyses of Euclidean theorems, one finally encounters attempts at extending logical theory to include relational reasonings, arguments purporting to reduce relational reasoning to syllogisms, and philosophical proposals to the effect that mathematical reasoning is heterogeneous with respect to logical proofs. The latter position was famously defended by Kant and the philosophical implications of the debate discussed in the book are at the very core of Kant’s account of synthetic a priori judgments. We know today that syllogistic logic is not sufficient to account for the logic of mathematical proof. Yet, the history and the analysis of this debate, spanning from Aristotle to de Morgan and beyond, is a fascinating and crucial aspect of the relationship between philosophy and mathematics.
Syllogistic and Mathematics
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Mugnai Massimo 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The first serious attempt in the West at analyzing a mathematical proof according to syllogistic theory was carried out by Alessandro Piccolomini in 1547. Aristotelian scholars had claimed that mathematics was to be considered most certain because it used “scientific” (“demonstrative”) syllogisms which, among other features, were supposed to connect the major and the minor term of the premises by means of a middle term that provided the “cause” of the conclusion. Piccolomini argued that mathematics did not make use of causal syllogisms and thus that it did not satisfy the criteria set by Aristotle for “scientific” syllogisms. In order to prove his claim, Piccolomini reconstructed the first proposition of Euclid’s Elements according to syllogistic logic but then objected that the syllogisms used in the proof were not “causal,” and hence not “scientific.” The chapter presents Piccolomini’s syllogistic reconstruction of the first proposition of Euclid’s Elements and points out its shortcomings.
Obliquities and Mathematics in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Mugnai Massimo 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Euclid’s work became the model of argumentative rigor and was at times seen as an alternative to Aristotelian syllogistics. In the seventeenth century, Joachim Jungius, a Hamburg philosopher, and his student Vagetius proposed extending syllogistics with new inferences not reducible to traditional syllogisms. These new inferences include the inversion of relation and the inference from the straight case to the oblique case. Leibniz, for his part, believes that these are inferences amenable to demonstration by resorting to a logic ‘superior’ to syllogistic logic and that they can be proved by means of grammatical transformations. The philosopher Juan Caramuel Lobkowitz was aware that oblique terms, insofar as they imply relations, are of fundamental importance for mathematical reasoning, and in his Oblique Logic he developed a systematic treatment of inferences containing relational propositions.
The Extent of Syllogistic Reasoning
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Mugnai Massimo 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In the eighteenth century, after Jungius and Vagetius, a decidedly critical position toward traditional syllogistics was taken by the philosopher Andreas Rüdiger, who denied that mathematical reasoning could be reduced to syllogistic form. A position analogous to that of Rüdiger was held by Friedrich Müller, Adolf Friedrich Hoffmann, and Christian August Crusius, all of whom were hostile to the identification of the philosophical method with the mathematical method and therefore stood in open contrast to Christian Wolff, who sought to reduce ‘oblique’ inferences to syllogistic reasoning. Although the positions of Müller, Hoffmann, and Crusius are not identical regarding the relations between syllogism, philosophy, and mathematics, they can be traced, however, to an obvious influence of Rüdiger. The latter’s positions, although subject to some significant change over time, have considerable affinity with those taken later by Kant.
Lambert and Kant
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Mugnai Massimo 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Lambert made some contribution to a theory of relations. But the philosophically most pregnant contribution to the question of the possibility of recasting mathematics according to logic takes place with Kant. Kant claims that mathematics is synthetic a priori and that it cannot be reduced to conceptual analysis. Under the widespread assumption that logic and analysis go hand in hand, this also implies that logic is not sufficient to carry the burden of mathematical inference. Indeed, Michael Friedman’s interpretation of Kant sees Kant’s postulation of a priori intuition as a recognition on the part of Kant that the logic of his time (identified with syllogistic logic) was insufficient to account for mathematical reasoning. The chapter highlights how the debate on the possibility of recasting mathematical proofs in syllogistic terms is at the core of some of the major issues concerning Kant’s philosophy of mathematics and argues for a decoupling of analyticity and logicality.
Cerebral Neocortex
Authors: Phillips William A. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
For those who know, anatomy quite often reveals function. This chapter outlines the cellular and regional neuroanatomy of mammalian neocortex and also discusses the specific thalamic nuclei that connect primary sensory regions to the sensors and the higher-order thalamic nuclei that mediate some of the interactions between neocortical regions. It shows that the neocortex is composed of a vast number of neurons, has roughly six layers (not three), and is organized into regions that form hierarchies of increasing abstraction. Finally, it summarizes the neurobiological and psychological grounds for supposing that some basic information processing operations are common to those regions.
An Information-theoretic View of Context-sensitive Computation
Authors: Phillips William A. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Information theory is used to define and quantify context-sensitive cooperativity in the theory of coherent infomax, which implements conditional statistical inference in neural systems by distinguishing between the receptive fields (RFs) and the contextual fields (CFs) of the local processors of which neural systems are composed. The distinction between the functions of RFs and CFs is made precise by using recently developed techniques of partial information decomposition (PID). Their application to information from multisite patch-clamping studies of pyramidal cells shows that inputs to their apical dendrites can indeed amplify information transmitted about more direct activation of the cell body. Context-sensitive cooperative computing is shown to pass the acid test of computational adequacy by describing its use to inspire effective and efficient neural network algorithms for learning and processing as applied to big real-world data. The chapter closes by emphasizing the potential dangers of releasing context-sensitive cooperative computing from its biological constraints.
The score: how do ratings correlate with politics and policy?
Authors: Barta Zsófia , Johnston Alison 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a quantitative analysis of the relationship between rating scores and politics and policy, mapping out the pattern of rating penalties and rewards on particular political and policy choices. This pattern is more consistent with the logic of insurance than with neoliberal orthodoxy. Ratings are significantly lower in the presence of generous entitlement systems, heavy personal income and consumption taxes, checks and balances and left and center governments. Spending on social services, public employment, and corporate taxation have either neutral or positive effects on ratings. The examination of the reaction of bond yields to the same variables demonstrates significant differences in how investors and rating agencies treat politics and policy, but rewards and penalties on certain political and policy choices enter into bond yields via ratings.
Renaissance Rome
Authors: Story Joanna 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the evidence for the placement of Pope Hadrian’s epitaph within St Peter’s, its survival throughout the Middle Ages, its removal from the old basilica, and its preservation in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. It uses all of the antiquarian sources, both textual and visual, which observed and commented on the inscription in situ in the south transept, alongside those that traced the destruction of the old church and its monuments. It argues that the decision to preserve the epitaph for Hadrian I was taken during the pontificate of Pope Hadrian VI, who was closely allied to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, precisely because it recalled the earlier partnership between Hadrian I and Charlemagne. It also shows how the mood towards the old basilica and its monuments changed after the Council of Trent, and how antiquarians in Rome started to record the ancient monuments and to install some of them, including Hadrian’s epitaph, in the new structure, because they served a contemporary political and religious purpose.
The ‘Life’ and Death of Pope Hadrian I
Authors: Story Joanna 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The chapter reviews the evidence and the historiography for the life and career of Pope Hadrian I over the course of his exceptionally long pontificate (772–95). Especially important are the letters contained in the Codex Carolinus, collated at the Carolingian court in 791, and in the biography of his career contained in the Liber Pontificalis, compiled in Rome, during and soon after his period of rule. It argues that the epithet ‘magnus’ (the Great) was first applied to Charlemagne in a papal source, and that Frankish sources recorded the king’s reactions to the news of Hadrian’s death. It discusses the embassy that was sent to Rome in early 796, and the gifts that had been prepared in advance, including Dagulf’s Psalter, and compares the diction of the poem that opened that manuscript with the verses composed for Hadrian by Theodulf of Orléans. The annalistic evidence from Francia and England is analysed, including the entry in the Northumbrian annals, probably from York that are embedded in the Historia Regum, and the Lorsch Annals, that survive in a contemporary manuscript, which describe the making of the epitaph in Francia and the mourning for the pope. Letters from Alcuin enrich the evidence base for understanding reactions within and beyond Rome to the death of Pope Hadrian.
Music Theory in Ethnomusicology
Authors: Blum Stephen 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Music theory’s presence in ethnomusicology comes from the socialization and theorizing of participants in the world’s musical practices and of ethnomusicologists themselves. Results of processes of theorizing focused on musical activity differ greatly in scope, make-up, and uses. During the 1960s and 1970s, ethnomusicologists who formed relationships with music-makers and ritual specialists attempted to interpret their understandings of musical actions. Subsequently ethnomusicologists have studied roles of explicit and implicit theory in communication of musical knowledge, with attention to aural learning and relevant techniques of the body. They have observed the production of music theory in institutions of modern nation-states and have sought out groups and individuals whose theorizing is not constrained by projects of existing institutions. They are assessing the ways in which musical terminologies in diverse languages can be related to general concepts without imposing assumptions of one approach to music theory on all others. That exercise is increasingly recognized as a necessary effort of decolonization: the heritage of ethnomusicology encompasses all the world’s music-theoretical practices, and no formulation of Western music theory should be used as a standard against which to judge other ways of theorizing and making use of the results. The best future for ethnomusicological engagement with music theory would expand the situations and media of communication along with the topics and viewpoints in play. This book reviews existing work on music theory by ethnomusicologists and others, highlighting potentially productive insights that could inspire and guide future work.