bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Alcohol-Ether Extract of Horse Serum
Authors: Hyman L. W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the course of our investigations (1, 2) and following the studies of others (3) of the lipids in the blood of nonimmunized and immunized horses, an investigation was made of the composition of the alcohol-ether extract of serum prepared according to the method of Bloor (4).
Four-cubic-centimeter samples of sera were made up to 100 cc. with redistilled 95-per-cent alcohol and ether, 3:1. Total and free cholesterol were determined by precipitation with digitonin, according to the methods of Osato and Heki (5). Forty cubic centimeters of the alcohol-ether extract of the serum were used for the determination of total cholesterol and 125 cc. for the free cholesterol.
The estimation of phospholipids was based on the determination of phosphorus and calculated as lecithin, molecular weight 778. Fifty cubic centimeters of the alcohol-ether extract of the serum and 1.25 cc. of saturated magnesium nitrate solution were evaporated to dryness in a 50-cc.
Passive Sensitization of Human Skin by Serum of Experimentally Sensitized Animals
Authors: Sherman William B. , Stull Arthur , Hampton Stanley F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In studying the relationship between the spontaneous sensitivity or allergy of man and experimental anaphylaxis in animals, the possibility of passive transfer of sensitivity between the various species is of considerable interest. In their study of the Prausnitz-Küstner (1) passive-transfer reaction, Coca and Grove (2) injected serum of experimentally sensitized animals into human skin, attempting to produce a passive local sensitization comparable to that produced by serum of allergic humans. They used anti-egg and anti-ragweed rabbit serums, both of which contained specific precipitins. Neither passively sensitized human skin. Coca (3) considered this a distinction between anaphylaxis and allergy.
Cooke and Spain (4) injected six anti-egg rabbit serums, all of which contained precipitins and readily passively sensitized guinea pigs, into the skin of several human subjects. Three of the serums produced specific passive local sensitivity on test with egg-white, three did not.
Effects of Aleuronat Injection on Complementing Activity of Guinea Pig Serum
Authors: Williams O. O. , Dougherty Tom 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Many different substances have been found to alter the hemolytic activity of blood serum. Among these are dyes (1), anticoagulant (2) and different chemicals (3). Few of these, however, result in its enhancement. As most of the experimental work regarding the effects of substances on complement has been done in vitro, the following experiments were devised to study its activity following intra-abdominal injections of different colloidal substances.
Guinea pigs approximately six months of age were used. In these experiments the titer of the serum was determined by a slight modification of that recommended by Kolmer and Boerner (4). The serums were diluted one to thirty. Only one unit of hemolysin was used and the same batch and dilution of this were continued throughout the experiments. The estimation of hemolytic activity was based on initial hemolysis. All measurements were made accurately. The animals were kept in a constant temperature room on an adequate diet.
A Note on the Calculation of Antibody-Antigen Ratio
Authors: How Alfred E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the past decade a moderately large number of antibody-antigen systems have been examined quantitatively. The published results show that the relative proportion of antibody to antigen in specific precipitates at optimal ratio has varied from 0.68 to 11. The additional information that the proportion is relatively constant for a given system and that ratio of antibody to antigen is apparently related to the molecular weight of the antigen indicates a possibility of the theoretical calculation of these ratios. The solution to this problem offered by Boyd and Hooker (1) fits the experimental findings quite well. The present communication supplements and extends their work through the derivation of a simpler equation and through the incorporation of a correction-factor obtained from the comparison of actual systems of spheres with the theoretical calculations. In general the agreement between sphere-system and immunological experiment is found to be even better than indicated by previous calculations (1, 2).
The Specific Protein in Rabbit Antipneumococcal Serum and its Relation to the Increase of Serum Protein During Immunization
Authors: Bjørneboe M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Simultaneous measurements of agglutinin according to Heidelberger and Kabat, and of the increase in serum protein during immunization of rabbits with pneumococci show that these two figures are identical. The production of antibody-protein is thus an extra production of protein.
Studies on Measles
Authors: Rake Geoffrey , Shaffer Morris F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The agent of measles, obtained from the blood or pharyngeal washings of human cases, has been propagated by serial passage on the chorio-allantois of the fertile hen's egg in the absence of regularly occurring, transmissible, macroscopic lesions. The presence of the agent has been demonstrated by the inoculation of pooled chorio-allantois and viscera of the chick embryos into monkeys (Macacus mulatta) with the production of a disease indistinguishable from that brought about by the injection of material obtained from cases of human measles. From monkeys infected with material from either source, measles virus can be isolated from the blood and nasal washings during the period of acute disease and again propagated in the fertile hen's egg. Certain properties of the virus have been elucidated during the course of the work.
An Electrophoretic Study of Antipneumococcal Horse Sera
Authors: Moore Dan H. , van der Scheer J. , Wyckoff Ralph W. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Electrophoretic analyses in a Tiselius apparatus have been made of several antipneumococcal horse sera and of concentrates produced from them. In every instance the antibody lay in the γ-component. Thus though pneumococcal horse antibodies are for the most part larger than the molecules of normal γ-globulin they display essentially the same electrical behavior.
Unsuccessful attempts were made to resolve antibody and γ-components by the prolonged electrophoresis of a serum both diluted and undiluted and by electrophoresis at different pH values.
Measurements of areas on Longsworth's electrophoretic diagrams of sera before and after absorption with specific polysaccharides demonstrate that antibody-content estimated in this way agrees well with that determined chemically.
The Effect of Age on the Spread of Dye in the Skin of Normal, Antigenically Stimulated, and Tuberculous Guinea Pigs
Authors: Gottschall R. Y. , Bunney W. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The rate of spread of trypan blue in the skin of old normal guinea pigs is less than in young normal guinea pigs. The rate of spread of dye in old animals is not influenced by tuberculosis, but in young guinea pigs tuberculosis retards the rate of spread of intradermally injected dye. Immunization with alum precipitated toxoid does not influence the rate of spread of dye in young guinea pigs. Subcutaneous or intraabdominal injection of dead tubercle bacilli into young guinea pigs retards the rate of spread of dye as compared with the rate in young normal animals.
Sulfanilamide in Experimental Infections with Streptococci from Scarlet Fever and Erysipelas
Authors: Newman Helen Cook 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A technic of sulfanilamide-therapy which was partially effective in protecting white mice against a strain of hemolytic streptococcus specific for erysipelas was ineffective in protecting them against a strain of hemolytic streptococcus specific for scarlet fever. No evidence of increased toxicity was found when sterile scarlet fever toxin in 1,000,000 skin-test-dose amounts was administered to mice treated with sulfanilamide. The addition of scarlet fever toxin to a culture of erysipelas organisms destroyed the effectiveness of sulfanilamide as a therapeutic agent in protecting white mice against a strain of hemolytic streptococcus specific for erysipelas. The effectiveness of sulfanilamide in protecting white mice against the two strains of hemolytic streptococci employed in these experiments was inversely proportional to the amount of toxin which was present in the culture or which was produced by the strain of hemolytic streptococcus used as the infective agent.
The Potency of Anti-Rabic Vaccines
Authors: Wyckoff Ralph W. G. , Beck C. E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In recent studies Webster (1) has shown that only a limited number of the anti-rabic vaccines made in this country are capable of immunizing mice against rabies. Since it is comparatively easy to protect these animals with a sufficiently potent vaccine we must infer from Webster's work that much of the available vaccine is of a doubtful usefulness. The problem of providing more satisfactory vaccines is a complicated one involving both scientific and manufacturing questions; as such, a satisfactory solution will be reached slowly. Nevertheless it is feasible now to introduce practical tests that would eliminate the demontrably weak and worthless vaccines. The complete assay of existing products that this implies falls under two heads: (1) a study of the ability of vaccines to immunize against the virus from which they are made and (2) an investigation of the protective values of vaccines which are potent against such homologous virus when tested against other strains of rabies virus.
Delicacy of Differentiation by the Schultz-Dale Test as Revealed by End-Point Determinations on Rodent Sera
Authors: Moody Paul A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A procedure is described whereby the Schultz-Dale test will yield end-point determinations after the manner of the serial dilution method employed with the precipitin test. As judged by investigations on sera of rodents of varying degrees of inter-relationship, the Schultz-Dale test is somewhat more sensitive than is the precipitin test (ring test). Sera differentiable by the latter are more sharply differentiated by the Schultz-Dale test. When passive sensitization is produced with very specific antisera, the Schultz-Dale test will differentiate between sera which are not differentiable by the precipitin test (ring test) employing antisera of the same order of specificity.
Immunological Reactions in Poliomyelitis
Authors: Raffel Sidney , Schultz Edwin W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In this report descriptions are given of experiments in which a series of immunological methods, most of which have not been previously employed, were turned to the problem of eliciting a specific reaction based on an antibody or antigen derived from poliomyelitis-infected or convalescent animals. There has been no evidence of a direct reaction between concentrated viral preparations and neutralizing antibody obtained from human beings, monkeys or the horse. The technics employed to demonstrate such a reaction have included anaphylaxis in the guinea pig, the use of guinea pig and monkey uterine strips, cutaneous tests in monkeys and precipitative and complement-fixation reactions.
There has been no indication that the spinal cord of infected monkeys shows any chemical alteration as the result of infection which might lead to auto-antibody formation, nor is there a change in antigenicity of such cords which may be demonstrated by cross reaction with sera produced in rabbits against infected and normal cord-elements.
The cords, cerebrospinal fluid and blood of paralyzed monkeys possess no element capable of inducing a Shwartzman reaction in the skin or brain of rabbits, distinguishable from those produced by similar normal preparations.
The neutralizing sera from human beings, monkeys or a horse possess no heterogenetic antibodies capable of reacting with any of the erythrocytes of fourteen different animal species tested.
When these results are added to the previous unsuccessful efforts to demonstrate specific precipitin, complement-fixation and cutaneous reactions, and to those experiments which have eliminated the possibility of the occurrence of a specific soluble antigen during the acute phase of the disease (discussed in the introduction), it appears that aside from the neutralization test, the hope for a specific immunologic reaction for poliomyelitis is somewhat remote.
The Proteins and Antibodies of Serum after Prolonged Dialysis
Authors: Raffel Sidney , Pait Charles F. , Terry M. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The fractionation by prolonged dialysis of the proteins and antibodies of normal and immune rabbit sera has been investigated.
A characteristic serial precipitation occurs when precipitates are removed from the dialyzing bag at intervals. The precipitates change in character, quantity and composition as dialysis progresses. Half or more of the total precipitate is composed of an albumin-like protein.
The content of antibody in the serial precipitates roughly parallels their total-nitrogen values. The largest precipitates are also richest in antibody per unit of mass.
The antibody-activities displayed by the dialyzed fractions of two of three immune sera indicated that the better-quality antibody of a serum is associated with the water-soluble globulin. Since the “multivalence” of antibody generally increases with progressive immunization, the specific globulin-association of immune body in any particular serum may depend on the immunizing treatment.
The Antigenic Structure of Hemolytic Streptococci of Lancefield Group A
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Lackman David B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The neutral sonic extract of group A hemolytic streptococci contains at least two serologically active components; one a nucleoprotein of broad reactivity and the other type-specific material probably related to Lancefield's “M” or “T”, or both. The qualitative reactivity of the broadly reactive protein is not affected by the presence or absence of nucleic acid.
The Organ-Specificity of Brain-Broth as Shown by Passive Anaphylaxis in Guinea-Pigs
Authors: Howard Bailey G. , Gardner Raymond E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Prolonged immunization of rabbits with a sedimented, heat-killed vaccine of Past. boviseptica grown in an infusion broth made from rabbit-brain, caused the formation of antibodies not only to the bacteria but also to the broth. Guinea-pigs prepared by intraäbdominal injection of such an antibrain serum were passively sensitized so that fatal anaphylaxis was obtained 24 hours later by intravenous injection of an autoclaved aqueous extract of rabbit-brain, a definite reaction with extract of testicle, while very slight or negative reactions resulted from injections of such extracts made from other organs of the rabbit. Guinea-pigs prepared and tested in the same manner, reacted with severe or fatal anaphylaxis when injected with autoclaved aqueous extracts of the brains of the frog, duck, opossum, mouse, rat, guinea-pig, rabbit, ferret, cat, dog, hog, sheep, goat, ox, monkey, and man, but showed little or no reaction to the extracts of fish and chicken brains. The thermostable, water-soluble antigen of autoclaved brain is organ-specific but not species-specific. There are some indications that it may be a derivative of a brain-protein.
On Red Cell Globulin
Authors: Bennett C. B. , Schmidt Carl L. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It was found that the sera of animals immunized with CO2-globulin from washed red cells contained immune bodies specific for this globulin and not for the CO2-globulin from the homologous serum and substances which in the presence of alexin will cause lysis of the homologous red cells and in the absence of alexin, agglutination of these cells. It cannot be definitely stated whether the CO2-globulin from red cells is the antigen concerned in the production of a lysin for the homologous red cell or a substance intimately associated with it. The possibilities are discussed.
A Method for the Production of a Homogeneous Suspension of Bacillus Anthracis to Be Used in Agglutination Reactions
Authors: Noble Arlyle 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A satisfactory suspension of B. anthracis, for agglutination reactions, has been prepared by the described method. In order to be assured of a homogeneous suspension certain points must be observed. The cultures must be sporeless and must contain vigorous growths free from old organisms. The growths for the suspensions must be young, not more than eighteen hours old. The suspension must be thoroughly shaken; the larger clumps allowed to settle; and then carefully strained.
Agglutinins have been demonstrated in the serum from horses hyper-immunized with B. anthracis. The antianthrax sera from thirteen horses have given agglutination titers of from 1 in 6400 to 1 in 20,000, as against titers of from 1 in 80 to 1 in 200 in normal horses.
The agglutination tests show that certain antibodies have been produced in horses treated with B. anthracis and, in the absence of a satisfactory animal protection test or method of complement fixation the agglutination test may be used as a method for standardizing antianthrax serum.
Immunologic Disparities of Spore and Vegetative Stages of B. Subtilis
Authors: Mellon Ralph R. , Anderson Lillian M. 
Published: January 2023

Résumé
A rabbit immunized by a culture of killed B. subtilis spores develops almost an equal amount of agglutinins for both spores and bacilli, unless the disorganized remnants of the latter are removed from the antigen. A rabbit immunized with a culture of spore free killed bacilli will produce a potent homologous serum which shows little or no tendency to cross agglutinate in the dilutions employed; the spores do not remove the bacillary agglutinins to any extent after being treated with antiformin, but when untreated they remove them almost in toto. Conversely, an antispore serum contains no agglutinins for the bacillary stage of the organism, and the latter does not absorb homologous antibodies from the serum. Inasmuch as the bacillary agglutinins do not attack the non-acid-fast spores, their resistance to the immunological forces of the body may have an additional explanation to the one usually advanced, viz., the impenetrability of the spore wall. It would seem that the agglutinin reaction is not always applicable as a means of identification of various phases of bacterial life when such exist. For, in this instance, their differences are too great to be measured by it, and it would not be surprising to find the same thing to be true of the more delicate complement fixation reaction.
The Perfusion Experiment in the Study of Anaphylaxis
Authors: Coca Arthur F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The question as to the site of the specific protein-antiprotein reaction that is the original cause of the symptoms of anaphylaxis may be considered settled beyond reasonable doubt. The final acceptance of the “cellular theory” of anaphylaxis has been forced by unequivocal evidence in the case of the guinea-pig as well as of the dog. A detailed analysis of this evidence is in press elsewhere (1).
One of the arguments supporting the cellular theory was gained with the use of the process of perfusion, the purpose of which was to show that a once established hypersensitiveness persists after the blood contained in the vessels has been displaced with normal blood or saline solution.
The Mechanism of the Anaphylaxis Reaction in the Rabbit
Authors: Coca Arthur F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In acute anaphylactic shock in the rabbit, whether induced with cells (corpuscles) or with dissolved protein, and after both passive and active sensitization, an occlusion of the pulmonary vessels is constantly observed.
Experiments with dissolved corpuscles and with primarily toxic serum indicate that this occlusion is not embolic but is due to a contraction of the muscular coat of the arteries comparable with that of the bronchial musculature in anaphylactic shock in the guinea-pig.
The local phenomenon of Arthus and the cachexia of the rabbit that was observed by the same author appear, also, to be the result of a similar interference with the circulation.
Experiments on the Removal of Hemagglutinin from Rabbit Antihuman Serum
Authors: Sands Joseph E. , West Lyle B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In conducting the complement fixation test for syphilis with an antihuman hemolytic system, agglutination of the erythrocytes not infrequently interferes with hemolysis and the frequency and intensity of agglutination constitutes a drawback in the usefulness of the antihuman system.
One of the sources of this agglutinin is the immune rabbit hemolytic serum and at the suggestion of Professor Kolmer, we have conducted a series of experiments with rabbit immune sera with the object of determining whether or not agglutinin for human cells may be removed without disturbing the hemolysin content. Professor Kolmer has been of the opinion that drying antihuman rabbit serum on paper after the method of Noguchi, resulted not only in facilitating the preservation and manipulation of the hemolysin but also in the deterioration of agglutinin without commensurate destruction of hemolysin and that this constituted an important reason for the use of paper amboceptor in complement fixation tests when an antihuman hemolytic system is employed.
Experimental Purpura
Authors: Gottlieb Mark J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Although purpura has been known for a long time as a disease in which hemorrhages occur spontaneously or from slight provocations, it has only been of late that we have recognized the fact that a condition may exist in the individual wherein after the tissues have been cut or bruised, they will bleed for an abnormally long time. Neither the person so afflicted nor his medical attendant is cognizant of his condition because these patients do not show outward signs of the disease except after sustaining an accidental or surgical wound. Associated with this prolonged bleeding is a diminution in the number of blood platelets and the red blood cells are easily laked by hypotonic or hypertonic salt solutions.
Hess (1), who has studied this condition carefully, suggests that in the blood stream of these individuals there exists a toxic substance which has the power of dissolving the blood platelets and of rendering the erythrocytes easily laked by heterotonic salt solution and that this substance causes a disturbance in the nutrition of the lining of the blood vessels.
On the Existence of a Multiplicity of Races of B. Influenzae As Determined by Agglutination and Agglutinin Absorption
Authors: Valentine Eugenia , Cooper Georgia M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the general investigation of the bacteriology of the recent epidemic of influenza, carried out under the supervision of Dr. Wm. H. Park and Dr. Anna W. Williams, it was early seen that one of the most important questions was the identity or non-identity of the strains of B. influenzae from epidemic cases. Although the practically uniform presence of B. influenzae in actual cases suggested its etiological importance, the further demonstration was needed that the strains encountered were identical before a conclusion was possible. It would be difficult to conceive of a pandemic spreading from country to country, due to different races of a microörganism.
Preliminary observations indicated that the relationship of the strains isolated could be determined most easily by agglutination and agglutinin absorption. It was found that agglutinating sera, active in dilutions of 1-800 to 1-1000, could be produced without great difficulty by intravenous injection of rabbits, starting with live or killed bacilli.