bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suppressing the formation of N-heteroaromatics during hydrothermal liquefaction of proteinaceous model feedstock
Authors: Zimmermann Joscha , Raffelt Klaus , Dahmen Nicolaus 
Published: July 2023

AbstractHydrothermal liquefaction was applied to model mixtures containing lard oil (lipid), cellulose (carbohydrate), and bovine serum albumin (protein), representing biogenic organic waste feedstocks. The content of protein was kept constant for every experiment, while the lipid and cellulose content was changed, which is expressed by the lipid to protein (LtoP) or cellulose to protein (CtoP) ratio. The reactions were conducted at 350 °C with a residence time of 20 min in 25 ml micro autoclaves. Afterwards, the lumped recovery of carbon and nitrogen into the different product phases was investigated and representative compounds were identified to get an overview of the composition on a molecular level. A high LtoP ratio results in an increased biocrude yield and eventually higher carbon recovery, while the nitrogen recovery is slightly lowered. The formation of nitrogen containing heteroaromatic species could be suppressed by the addition of lipids from 6.10 to 0.03% for pyrazines and 2.69 to 0.43% for indoles. Consequently, the formation and nitrogen recovery by heteroaliphatic amide species increased from 0.00 to 8.77%. Different reaction pathways for the formation of the different species are proposed. It turned out that reactive amine from protein degradation can be “trapped” in stable amides, preventing the formation of nitrogen heteroaromatics with oxygenated from carbohydrates.
Graphical abstract
Relationships between wildlife value orientations and social identity
Authors: Liordos Vasilios , Kontsiotis Vasileios J. , Telidis Stylianos , Eleftheriadou Ioanna , Triantafyllidis Archimidis 
Published: July 2023

AbstractWildlife value orientations (WVOs) and social identity are important elements in the wildlife domain and can predict attitudes toward wildlife and wildlife-management-related issues. Therefore, understanding the interrelations of WVOs and social identities is critical to successful wildlife conservation and management. We carried out on-site face-to-face surveys with representatives of four public groups with particular social identities in Greece—the general public (n = 2392), farmers (n = 405), hunters (n = 124) and farmers-hunters (n = 158)—to study variations in WVO types determined based on two basic WVOs, domination and mutualism: traditionalist (high domination, low mutualism), mutualist (low domination, high mutualism), pluralist (high domination and mutualism) and distanced (low domination and mutualism). The general public and farmers were more mutualist and distanced and less traditionalist and pluralist than hunters and farmers-hunters. Female members of the general public and farmers were more mutualist and less traditionalist than males. Younger members of the general public were more mutualist and less traditionalist than older members. WVO types did not significantly vary with residence (rural or urban) in any social identity group. Females, males and all age categories of the general public and farmers were more mutualist and distanced than traditionalist and pluralist. Our findings revealed similarities and differences in WVOs among key social identity groups, suggesting underlying differences in attitudes, and as such should be valuable for reaching consensus in critical but controversial wildlife conservation and management issues.
Biochar application in remediating salt-affected soil to achieve carbon neutrality and abate climate change
Authors: Liu Qiang , Meki Kudakwashe , Zheng Hao , Yuan Yanfei , Shao Mengying , Luo Xianxiang , Li Xiaoyun , Jiang Zhixiang , Li Fengmin , Xing Baoshan 
Published: July 2023

AbstractSalt-affected soils urgently need to be remediated to achieve the goals of carbon neutrality and food security. Limited reviews are available on biochar performance in remediating salt-affected soils in the context of carbon neutrality and climate change mitigation. This work summarized the two pathways to achieve carbon neutrality during remediating salt-affected soils using biochars, i.e., biochar production from sustainable feedstock using thermal technologies, application for promoting plant productivity and mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Converting biomass wastes into biochars can reduce GHG emission and promote carbon dioxide removal (CDR), and collection of halophyte biomass as biochar feedstocks, development of biochar poly-generation production systems with carbon neutrality or negativity could be promising strategies. Biochar can effectively improve plant growth in salt-affected soils, showing that the grand mean of plant productivity response was 29.3%, via improving physicochemical characteristics, shifting microbial communities, and enhancing plant halotolerance. Moreover, biochar can mitigate GHG emission via inducing negative priming effect, improving soil properties, changing microbial communities associated with carbon and nitrogen cycle, direct adsorption of GHG. However, biochar also may pose negative effects on plant growth because of stress of toxic compounds and free radicals, and deterioration of soil properties. The promoted GHG emission is mainly ascribed to positive priming effect, and provision of labile carbon and inorganic nitrogen fractions as microbial substrates. Finally, this review pointed out the gaps in the current studies and the future perspectives. Particularly, the development of “carbon neutral” or “carbon negative” biochar production system, balancing the relationship of biochar effectiveness and functionality with its environmental risks and costs, and designing biochar-based GHG adsorbents would be important directions for remediating salt-affected soils to achieve carbon neutrality and abate climate change.
Graphical Abstract
Ionic liquids: a new generation of efficient polyvinyl chloride thermal stabilizers
Authors: Akram Evon , Rashad Alaa , Ali Muataz , Zainulabdeen Khalid , Jasim Basma , Mohammed Salam , Yusop Rahimi , Al-Amiery Ahmed , Yousif Emad 
Published: July 2023

AbstractPolyvinyl chloride (PVC), is one of the main synthetic materials used widely in many applications of our life aspects today. Though, the practical usage of it was always affected by some destructive factors like UV-light and heat. The optical and surface characteristics of pure and modified PVC thin films were compared throughout a temperature range of 25–55 °C. It was found that the intensity of the amine group in modified PVC varied with temperature. Surface morphology properties studied by AFM results; the ionic liquid was proven to comparably increases the stability of PVC surface while the roughness was less than pure PVC with increasing temperature. Optical microscope pictures, manifest PVC as drops at 55 °C, while, in modified PVC at the same temperature, the PVC surface was noticeably more stable. Finally, the energy gap of PVC pure and modified PVC thin films are studied. At 55 °C, the modified PVC's energy gap value increased from 3.64 eV at ambient temperature to 4.28 eV. This makes it more isolated when compared to pure PVC, which has an energy gap of 3.04 eV at ambient temperature and 3.1 eV at 55 °C and is a semiconductor.
Biological treatment solutions using bioreactors for environmental contaminants from industrial waste water
Authors: Chandran Preethy , Suresh Sneha , Balasubramain Balamuralikrishnan , Gangwar Jaya , Raj Asha S. , Aarathy U. L. , Meyyazhagan Arun , Pappuswamy Manikantan , Sebastian Joseph Kadanthottu 
Published: July 2023

AbstractHuman needs have led to the development of various products which are produced in the industries. These industries in turn have become a source of various environmental concerns. As industries release regulated and unregulated contaminants into the water bodies, it has become a serious concern for all living organisms. Various emerging contaminates from industries like pesticides, pharmaceuticals drugs like hormones, antibiotics, dyes, etc., along with byproducts and new complexes contaminate the water bodies. Numerous traditional approaches have been utilized for the treatment of these pollutants; however, these technologies are not efficient in most cases as the contaminants are mixed with complex structures or as new substances. Advanced technologies such as bioreactor techniques, advanced oxidation processes, and so on have been used for the treatment of industrial wastewater and have served as an alternative way for wastewater treatment. Overall, biological treatment techniques based on bioreactors provide a long-term and ecologically useful solution to industrial wastewater contamination. They play an important role in saving water resources and encouraging a greener sustainable future for mankind. The current review outlines the industrial effluents that are released into water bodies, contaminating them, as well as the numerous traditional and novel treatment procedures used for industrial wastewater treatment.
Graphical abstract
Mechanisms and Constraints Underpinning Ethically Aligned Artificial Intelligence Systems: An Exploration of Key Performance Areas
Authors: Treacy Stephen 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe unpredictability of artificial intelligence (AI) services and products pose major ethical concerns for multinational companies as evidenced by the prevalence of unfair, biased, and discriminate AI systems. Examples including Amazon’s recruiting tool, Facebook’s biased ads, and racially biased healthcare risk algorithms have raised fundamental questions about what these systems should be used for, the inherent risks they possess, and how they can be mitigated. Unfortunately, these failures not only serve to highlight the lack of regulation in AI development, but it also reveals how organisations are struggling to alleviate the dangers associated with this technology. We argue that to successfully implement ethical AI applications, developers need a deeper understanding of not only the implications of misuse, but also a grounded approach in their conception. Judgement studies were therefore conducted with experts from data science backgrounds who identified six performance areas, resulting in a theoretical framework for the development of ethically aligned AI systems. This framework also reveals that these performance areas require specific mechanisms which must be acted upon to ensure that an AI system implements and meets ethical requirements throughout its lifecycle. The findings also outline several constraints which present challenges in the manifestation of these elements. By implementing this framework, organisations can contribute to an elevated trust between technology and people resulting in significant implications for both IS research and practice. This framework will further allow organisations to take a positive and proactive approach in ensuring they are best prepared for the ethical implications associated with the development, deployment and use of AI systems.
Innovation through Litigation: Prison Reform and the Legal Opportunity Structure in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Mao-hong 
Published: July 2023

AbstractDrawing on the theory of the legal opportunity structure, this article traces the progress of prison reform in Taiwan by highlighting how a case of parole revocation in the beginning led to an overhaul of the prison system in the end. This article argues that, through four interpretations of the Constitutional Court and the legal opportunity structure shaped thereby, including the split between courts, creation and expansion of inmates’ access to court, and the support from allies, the prison reform was eventually achieved. Theoretically, this article makes two contributions to the literature: (1) the combination of inactive legislature and reactive executive branch as the political context is decisive to the openness of the legal opportunity structure for it increases the receptivity of a proactive judiciary; (2) the international human rights frame incorporated into the legal stock by the Constitutional Court made the prison reform an ongoing process rather than a done work.
Is the grass greener on the other side? Benchmarking Covid-19 vaccine procurement against the British experience
Authors: Reinl Ann-Kathrin , Katsanidou Alexia , Pötzschke Steffen 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe Covid-19 pandemic placed responsibility on the European Union (EU) to effectively mitigate this common challenge. An important aspect of the common fight against the virus was the collective procurement of vaccines. The initially slow process of vaccine delivery may have caused overall frustration within societies and may also have had a profound effect on people’s assessment of their country’s EU membership. This paper examines this assumption via unique panel data collected in Germany in three waves between November 2020 and August 2021. We show that citizens evaluated their country’s EU membership negatively especially when the EU’s progress on vaccinations was in its early stages. In addition, public assessment was particularly negative when vaccination progress was compared to the situation in the United Kingdom (UK). Overall, our findings point to volatile levels of EU support depending on respondents’ perceptions of the success of the UK outside the EU.
Tropical Pacific Influence on Summertime South African High‐Frequency Temperature Variability and Heat Waves
Authors: Martineau P. , Behera S. K. , Nonaka M. , Nakamura H. , Kosaka Y. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe dominant mode of interannual variability in summertime high‐frequency tropospheric temperature fluctuations over Southern Africa is found to be associated with tropical Pacific sea surface temperature variability, in such a manner that El Niño is typically accompanied by enhanced high‐frequency variability. This relationship is established via El Niño's teleconnection that contributes to shifting the midlatitude jetstream and associated baroclinic zone equatorward, into the vicinity of Southern Africa, which enhances the baroclinic conversion of energy from the seasonal‐mean flow to high‐frequency eddies. The enhanced temperature variance, combined with the overall warmer summertime‐mean temperatures induced by El Niño, results in more frequent warm extremes over Southern Africa.
How Bed Composition Affects Erosion by Debris Flows—An Experimental Assessment
Authors: Roelofs Lonneke , Nota Eise W. , Flipsen Tom C. W. , Colucci Pauline , de Haas Tjalling 
Published: July 2023

AbstractA solid physical understanding of debris‐flow erosion is needed for both hazard prediction and understanding landscape evolution. However, the processes and forces involved in erosion by debris flows and especially how the erodible surface itself influences erosion are poorly understood. Here, we experimentally investigate the effects of bed composition on debris‐flow erosion, by systematically varying the composition of an erodible bed in a small‐scale debris‐flow flume. The experiments show that water and clay content of an unconsolidated bed significantly control erosion magnitude by affecting the transfer of pore pressure, loading conditions, and contraction‐dilation behavior of the bed. As the water content increases and the bed comes close to saturation, erosion increases rapidly, whereas for clay content an optimum for erosion exists around a clay content of 3%–4%. Our results show that small variations in bed composition can have large effects on debris‐flow erosion, and thus volume growth and hazard potential.
Temporal Variations in QP−1 ${Q}_{P}^{-1}$ and QS−1 ${Q}_{S}^{-1}$ Above a Megathrust Following Episodic Slow‐Slip Events
Authors: Ito Yosuke , Nakajima Junichi 
Published: July 2023

AbstractRecent observations beneath central Japan have shown that periodic fluid drainage occurs during slow‐slip events (SSEs) based on temporal variations in above the megathrust boundary of the subducting Philippine Sea slab. However, no previous studies have estimated associated . A comparison of and can provide clues to the mechanism of seismic attenuation because of different propagation characteristics of the two waves. We estimate temporal variations in and via spectral analyses of waveform data from November 2009 to August 2021 period. The results indicate that both and exhibit temporal variations at about 1‐year periodicity and there are systematic differences between and that have smaller values, less insignificant variation, and weaker correlations with SSEs. Furthermore, increases concurrent with SSEs. These differences suggest that attenuation is caused by the wave‐induced fluid flow. could be an important parameter for detecting the presence of fluid.
Topographic Response to Horizontal Advection in Normal Fault‐Bound Mountain Ranges
Authors: Hoskins A. M. , Attal M. , Mudd S. M. , Castillo M. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractTectonic displacements consist of vertical uplift or subsidence, and horizontal advection. We consider the effects of tectonic advection on mountain range topography, surface drainage patterns and drainage divides. Through numerically modeling a normal fault and uplifted footwall, we find that advection promotes the elongation of catchments and reduction in outlet spacing at mountain fronts. We demonstrate an erosional disequilibrium associated with the advection‐induced transfer of mass from the proximal mountain front toward the distal mountain front. Our modeling also demonstrates the development of an erosion rate disequilibrium around fixed geomorphic features such as drainage divides, that we deem characteristic of advection. In our model, steady‐state is achieved when the divide migration occurs at the same rate as advection; advection moves topography away from the fault, meaning drainage migration becomes a mechanism for balancing advection. Topographic observations in a mountain range bound by a low angle normal fault, the Sierra la Laguna (Mexico), are consistent with our modeling results when advection is included. These observations reveal a strong influence of advection on the development of the Sierra la Laguna's topography and suggest the main drainage divide is migrating toward the fault to counterbalance advection. Tectonic advection exerts a significant control on erosion rate distribution, topographic and drainage patterns and the stability of drainage divides. This work also highlights that the Gilbert metrics and across‐divide χ disequilibrium cannot always be interpreted in terms of growing or shrinking catchments in settings with a large advection component of tectonic displacement.
High molecular weight hyaluronic acid drastically reduces chemotherapy-induced mucositis and apoptotic cell death
Authors: Mohammed Ali I. , Celentano Antonio , Paolini Rita , Low Jun T. , Silke John , O’ Reilly Lorraine A. , McCullough Michael , Cirillo Nicola 
Published: July 2023

AbstractOral and intestinal mucositis (OIM) are debilitating inflammatory diseases initiated by oxidative stress, resulting in epithelial cell death and are frequently observed in cancer patients undergoing chemo-radiotherapy. There are currently few preventative strategies for this debilitating condition. Therefore, the development of a safe and effective mucositis mitigating strategy is an unmet medical need. Hyaluronic acid (HA) preparations have been tentatively used in oral mucositis. However, the protective effects of HA in chemotherapy-induced mucositis and their underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. This study aimed to assess these mechanisms using multiple formulations of enriched HA (Mucosamin®), cross-linked (xl-), and non-crosslinked high molecular weight HA (H-MW-HA) in an oxidative stress-induced model of human oral mucosal injury in vitro and an in vivo murine model of 5-flurouracil (5-FU)-induced oral/intestinal mucositis. All tested HA formulations protected against oxidative stress-induced damage in vitro without inducing cytotoxicity, with H-MW-HA also significantly reducing ROS production. Daily supplementation with H-MW-HA in vivo drastically reduced the severity of 5-FU-induced OIM, prevented apoptotic damage and reduced COX-2 enzyme activity in both the oral and intestinal epithelium. In 5-FU-injected mice, HA supplementation also significantly reduced serum levels of IL-6 and the chemokine CXCL1/KC, while the serum antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase was elevated. Our data suggest that H-MW-HA attenuates 5-FU-induced OIM, at least partly, by impeding apoptosis, inhibiting of oxidative stress and suppressing inflammatory cytokines. This study supports the development of H-MW-HA preparations for preventing OIM in patients receiving chemotherapy.
GOLPH3 promotes endotoxemia-induced liver and kidney injury through Golgi stress-mediated apoptosis and inflammatory response
Authors: Dusabimana Theodomir , Je Jihyun , Yun Seung Pil , Kim Hye Jung , Kim Hwajin , Park Sang Won 
Published: July 2023

AbstractSepsis is a serious clinical condition characterized by a systemic inflammatory response, a leading cause of acute liver and kidney injury, and is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the acute liver and kidney injury is crucial for developing an effective therapy. Golgi apparatus plays important roles and has various substrates mediating cellular stress responses. Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3), linking Golgi membranes to the cytoskeleton, has been identified as an important oncogenic regulator; however, its role in endotoxemia-induced acute liver and kidney injury remains elusive. Here, we found that upregulation of GOLPH3 was associated with endotoxemia-induced acute liver and kidney injury. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment increased Golgi stress and fragmentation, and associated pro-inflammatory mediator (Tnfα, IL-6, and IL-1β) production in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, the downregulation of GOLPH3 significantly decreased LPS-induced Golgi stress and pro-inflammatory mediators (Tnfα, IL-6, Mcp1, and Nos2), and reversed apoptotic cell deaths in LPS-treated hepatocytes and renal tubular cells. GOLPH3 knockdown also reduced inflammatory response in LPS-treated macrophages. The AKT/NF-kB signaling pathway was suppressed in GOLPH3 knockdown, which may be associated with a reduction of inflammatory response and apoptosis and the recovery of Golgi morphology and function. Taken together, GOLPH3 plays a crucial role in the development and progression of acute liver and kidney injury by promoting Golgi stress and increasing inflammatory response and apoptosis, suggesting GOLPH3 as a potential therapeutic target for endotoxemia-induced tissue injury.