bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specificity of in Vitro Murine B Cell Activation by Protein and Polysaccharide Polymers
Authors: Strong Douglas M. , Ahmed Aftab A. , Scher Irwin , Knudsen Richard C. , Sell Kenneth W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of various polynucleotide and carbohydrate polymers to induce B cell mitogenesis as measured by the uptake of 3H-thymidine was studied. Cell suspensions depleted of T cells were obtained from spleens of Nu/Nu, TxBm mice, or by treatment of normal spleens with anti-θ serum and complement. Specific B cell activation was demonstrated by the use of the following single and double stranded ribopolynucleotides, poly A, U, A·U, G, and X. In addition, carbohydrate polymers, such as dextran sulfate and methylcellulose, as well as the thymic-independent antigens, pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSSIII) and polymerized flagellin (POL), produced B cell activation. Two other B cell antigens, polyvinylpyrrolidone and Ficoll, did not appear to act as mitogens. A highly charged polymer, CM-Ficoll, also failed to stimulate. Although dextran sulfate (m.w. 500,000) produced activation, the lower molecular weight dextran sulfate (m.w. 75,000) did not. LPS contamination of all mitogenic materials was ruled out by the use of an antisera directed against the active portions of LPS, lipid-A. Confirmation of specific B cell activation was obtained by the eliminations of responses by anti-MBLA treatment of cell suspensions and the failure of activated suspensions to produce lymphotoxin, a T cell lymphokine which can be induced with PHA or Con A. These studies indicate that B cell activation requires a unique molecular structure not limited singly by polymeric repeating determinants or a polyanionic nature but also a minimum molecular weight as well as secondary and tertiary characteristics of the mitogenic compound. The characteristics associated with the ability of a molecule to activate specifically B cells is discussed.
Role of T Lymphocytes in the Humoral Immune Response
Authors: Davie Joseph M. , Paul William E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The humoral response to dinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) was measured in thymectomized, irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted, and rabbit antimouse thymocyte antiserum-(ALS)treated (Tx-BM) mice. The total anti-DNP antibody response, as measured by plaque-forming cells, was not severely decreased, but was changed in character from the normal predominantly IgG secondary response to a persistently IgM response. The IgG secondary response was partially restored to Tx-BM mice by injecting syngeneic thymocytes i.v. as late as 1 week before or activated thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes on the day of secondary antigen administration, implying that significant changes occur in the precursor population in the absence of T cells. This was supported by the finding that antigen-binding cells (ABC), the presumed precursors of antibody-secreting cells, proliferated normally in Tx-BM mice. However, instead of the replacement of µ-bearing ABC by significant numbers of ABC bearing other classes of immunoglobulin, as seen in the normal response to antigen, the ABC in Tx-BM animals possessed µ-receptors throughout the immune response. It is suggested that the generation or activation of non-µ-bearing ABC is strikingly impaired in the absence of a normal complement of T cells and may be responsible for the decreased IgG antibody production.
Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity
Authors: Scornik Juan Carlos 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The early interactions between effector and target cells in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity were analyzed in a system with hapten-coated target cells and anti-hapten antibodies. Direct contact between effector and target cells through the antibody molecule is required for lysis of target cells. Establishment of contact can be prevented by free hapten, but once contact has occurred, free hapten is ineffective in preventing lysis of target cells. After effector cell-target cell interactions, target cell damage is first manifested by increased osmotic fragility and later by a progressive, temperature dependent, increased permeability for intracellular components. Effector cells and target cells remain in contact during the lytic process, which is completed in several hours.
Generation of C5-Derived Lysosomal Enzyme-Releasing Activity (C5a) by Lysates of Leukocyte Lysosomes
Authors: Goldstein Ira M. , Weissmann Gerald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Leukocyte lysosomes contain materials which interact with the complement system in at least two ways to generate C5-derived lysosomal enzyme-releasing activity (C5a). Firstly, a lysosomal protease is capable of cleaving purified C5 at neutral pH to yield a low molecular weight product which selectively releases lysosomal, but not cytoplasmic, enzymes from isologous, cytochalasin B-treated, human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The activity of this enzyme is inhibited by EACA and by normal human serum. Secondly, in fresh serum, lysosomal lysates generate the active form of the C3 proactivator and produce nonimmune hemolysis of dithiothreitol-treated erythrocytes, presumably by activation of the alternate pathway. Therefore, C5a activity is generated in human serum treated with lysates of leukocyte lysosomes as a consequence of complement activation: lysosomal constituents further their own release in a positive feed-back loop.
Immune Responses Against Native and Chemically Modified Albumins in Mice
Authors: Schirrmacher Volker , Wigzell Hans 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Albumin antigens were chemically modified at their charged residues by various means (i.e., methylation, acetylation, succinylation) and the effect of the modification reactions on humoral and cellular immune responses was compared. The modifications resulted in profound changes of the molecules' physicochemical properties (charge, conformation, state of aggregation) and in a destruction of the majority of serologically detectable native albumin determinants. On the level of the humoral antibody response the effects of the modifications were i) pronounced reduction of the response against native determinants and ii) induction of an antibody response against new antigenic determinants (NAD) on the modified proteins.
Helper (T) lymphocyte responses as a test for cellular immunity were investigated in cell transfer experiments. When using limiting doses of immunogen for primary immunization, it could be shown that none of the modification reactions had any negative impact on the capacity of the albumin to induce helper cells reacting with the native albumin. In the same experiments, however, a marked reduction on the level of albumin-specific antibody-forming cell precursors (B cells) was observed. These results suggest that there are different structural requirements for the induction of B and T cell responses against native protein antigens.
Compared to antibodies, helper cells induced by differently modified albumins seemed to have a higher degree of cross-reactivity. However, they also revealed a notable discriminating capacity, suggesting that both antibodies and helper cells were able to distinguish on the modified proteins NAD from native determinants. Possible interpretations of the results are discussed.
Identification by Peroxidase Staining of Monocytes in Surface Immunofluorescence Tests
Authors: Preud'Homme Jean-Louis , Flandrin Georges 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Surface immunoglobulins (S.Ig)2 on human lymphocytes have been widely studied in the last few years, mainly with surface immunofluorescence (IF) tests. These studies have led to somewhat contradictory results (reviewed in 1) and most discrepancies are likely explained by methodological reasons since S.Ig detection is exposed to a number of pitfalls (2). Monocytes represent an important source of potential errors. They bind serum IgG by their Fc receptor and therefore stain with conjugated antisera to γ-, κ- and λ-immunoglobulin chains. In addition some monocytes are able to bind rabbit IgG used as reagents and show positivity in IF tests whatever the specificity of the conjugate is. Two approaches may be used in order to avoid erroneous interpretation due to monocytes, either the use of cell suspensions free of monocytes or the identification of monocytic cells.
Involvement of T Lymphocytes in the Pathogenesis of Coxsackie Virus B3 Heart Disease
Authors: Woodruff Jack F. , Woodruff Judith J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Coxsackie virus B3, inoculated i.p., replicated to high titer in the hearts of adult CD-1 and BALB/c mice but virus growth was completely suppressed 6 to 8 days after infection. On day 6 histologic examination showed that the hearts were infiltrated with mononuclear inflammatory cells which surrounded foci of necrotic myofibers. CD-1 animals survived the infection but most BALB/c mice died 8 to 14 days after virus challenge. CD-1 mice pretreated with rabbit anti-thymocyte serum (ATS) and T lymphocyte-deprived BALB/c mice (thymectomized, lethally irradiated, and bone marrow reconstituted) exhibited no reduction in their capacity to terminate viral replication suggesting that the development of effective anti-Coxsackie viral resistance occurred independently of T cell function. In addition, evidence was obtained implying that antiviral antibody synthesis during the 1st week of infection was not T cell dependent. However, observations in ATS-treated mice suggested that at later intervals T cells were required for optimal serum antibody production.
T cell dependent reactions were also found to play an important role in the pathogenesis of the heart disease induced by the virus. Thus administration of ATS greatly suppressed the production of inflammation and tissue injury in infected hearts of CD-1 mice. Similarly, T cell deprivation protected BALB/c mice against lethal infection. Moreover, the degree of cardiac inflammation and necrosis in virus-infected T cell-deprived BALB/c mice was significantly less than that found after infection of both intact mice and thymectomized irradiated mice which had been reconstituted with both bone marrow and thymus cells.
Influence of Cyclophosphamide on the Delayed Hypersensitivity in the Mouse After Immunization with Histocompatibility Antigen
Authors: Kerckhaert Joseph A. , van den Berg Gert J. , Hofhuis Frans M. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The use of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reactions as a measure of the immunity against histocompatibility antigens in mice has been described. The DH was only provoked to a measurable level if the sensitization was preceded by cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment. CY treatment before i.p. immunization caused an initial suppression of the DH. This was followed by an enhancement when the interval between immunization and challenge was 10 days. Immunization i.p. with allogeneic or F1 spleen cells only resulted in a sensitization for DH if preceded by CY treatment. Differences in dose response curves between i.p. administered allogeneic and semi-allogeneic cells after CY treatment suggested that the graft-vs-host reaction (GvH) interfered with the DH. Comparison of 1) DH reaction after i.p. immunization and CY treatment and 2) GvH activity of cells from different lymphoid organs gave further indications of this interference.
The Presence of Arginyl Residues and Carboxylate Groups in the Phosphorylcholine-Binding Site of Mouse Myeloma Protein, HOPC 8
Authors: Grossberg Allan L. , Krausz Leon M. , Rendina Leonard , Pressman David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The participation of certain amino acid residues in the phosphorylcholine-binding sites of the mouse myeloma protein, HOPC 8, has been investigated by chemical modification procedures. Glyoxalation of two-thirds of the arginyl residues of HOPC 8, in the absence of protecting ligand, resulted in the complete loss of binding activity; glyoxalation in the presence of phosphorylcholine resulted in retention of about 50% of the sites. Maleylation of all free amino groups of HOPC 8 caused a minor loss (∼20%) of binding activity whether or not ligand was present during the modification. Esterification of approximately one-quarter of the carboxylate groups of HOPC 8 resulted in a significant loss of binding sites and this loss could be partially prevented by the presence of ligand.
These results are interpreted as indicating the presence of arginyl and glutamyl or aspartyl residues as contact amino acids in the binding site of HOPC 8, providing complementary positive and negative charges for binding, respectively, the negatively charged phosphoryl moiety and the positively charged choline moiety of the ligand. Lysyl residues are probably not involved directly in the specific site-ligand interaction.
Effect of Preinfection and Preimmunization on the Serum Antibody Response to Subsequent Immunization with Heterotypic Influenza Vaccines
Authors: Jennings Roy , Potter Christopher W. , McLaren Colin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The serum hemagglutination-inhibiting and neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody response of hamsters, ferrets, and mice to inactivated influenza virus vaccination was enhanced by the prior infection of these animals with live, heterotypic influenza viruses. This priming effect was also elicited by prior immunization with inactivated, heterotypic influenza virus vaccines in adjuvant. Enhancement of the serum antibody response to inactivated influenza vaccines was not observed if the priming infection was given 20 weeks before immunization. No priming effect was demonstrated for type B influenza viruses.
Comparison of T Lymphocyte-Dependent and B Lymphocyte-Dependent Mitogen-Stimulated DNA Synthesis in Serum-Free Medium with Spleen Cells from Animals Chosen for Broad Variation in Genetically Determined Differences in T Lymphocyte Mitogen Responsiveness
Authors: Williams R. Michael , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To determine whether or not the T lymphocyte-dependent mitogens Concanavalin A (Con A) and Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and the B lymphocyte-dependent mitogens pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elicit fundamentally different patterns of responsiveness by mixed cell populations, we studied unmanipulated murine spleen cell populations in cultures free of exogenous serum. Advantage was taken of genetically determined differences in Con A- and PHA-stimulated responses of spleen cells from mice in F2 populations with (BALB/c × B10.D2)F2 animals (all H-2d homozygotes) being used in order to control for possible ongoing H-linked Ir gene-dependent immune responses. That is, broad genetically determined variability in T-dependent mitogen response was utilized in order to evaluate the correlations among spontaneous DNA synthesis and that stimulated by the four mitogens, Con A, PHA, PWM, and LPS. Spontaneous DNA synthesis when no mitogen was added to the cultures was significantly correlated with the LPS-stimulated response (r = 0.659, p &lt; 0.005). The PWM response also showed a slight positive correlation with the no mitogen response (r = 0.444, p &lt; 0.05), but Con A and PHA responses were not correlated with the level of spontaneous DNA synthesis. Con A and PHA responses were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.812, p &lt; 0.001) as were LPS and PWM responses (r = 0.806, p &lt; 0.001). There was some positive correlation between Con A and LPS responses (r = 0.603, p &lt; 0.005), whereas the PHA response was not correlated with any response other than that to Con A. These data support the concept that there is an exogenous serum independent, fundamental difference in the response to the T lymphocyte-dependent mitogens Con A and PHA compared to the response to the B lymphocyte-dependent mitogens PWM and LPS.
The PHA Dose-Response Curve: Validation of the Use of Logarithmic Graph Paper by Computer Analysis Results
Authors: Ziegler John B. , Hansen Prudence J. , Davies Wayne A. , Penny Ronald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Phytohemagglutinin in concentrations of 0 to 800 µg/ml was used to stimulate peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal donors and responses were determined using tritiated thymidine incorporation into DNA after 68 hr incubation. A computer program was used to rank responses at each dose of phytohemagglutinin and to test for a normal distribution by the technique of probit transformation of cumulative frequencies. The procedure was repeated using logarithms, square roots, and cube roots of ranked values. Results indicated that the logarithmic function provided the closest approximation to a normal distribution over the range of the dose-response curve. These results validate the practice of plotting lymphocyte culture data on logarithmic graph paper and indicate that geometric statistics should be used to compare sets of data by methods which assume a normal distribution.
Subepidermal Deposition of Immunoglobulin in NZB/NZW F1 Hybrid Mice
Authors: Gilliam James N. , Hurd Eric R. , Ziff Morris 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The dermal-epidermal junction of NZB/NZW F1 hybrid mice is a site of immunoglobulin (Ig) deposition. This produces a fluorescent band which is very similar to that seen in the skin of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The deposition of Ig in the mouse skin is first observed at six months of age and increases in frequency thereafter. After an initial lag of 1 to 2 months, it parallels the age-related deposition of Ig in the kidney. The observed temporal relationship between glomerular and cutaneous Ig deposition supports the concept that the presence of immunoglobulin in the skin is highly indicative of the presence of immune complexes in the kidney.
Intracellular Events Involved in the Induction of Immune Competence in Lymphoid Cells by a Thymus Humoral Factor
Authors: Kook Abraham I. , Trainin Nathan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A humoral factor extracted from calf thymus (THF) restores the immunocompetence of spleen cells from neonatally thymectomized (NTx) mice to induce an in vitro graft-vs-host (GVH) response. This acquisition of immunocompetence consists of a series of biochemical events, the first of which involves an obligatory rapid increase in adenyl cyclase activity and in intracellular levels of cyclic AMP. Protein synthesis occurs as a further step in the events leading to induction of immunocompetence by THF and could be blocked by cycloheximide with the consequent abolishment of the immunocompetence of the lymphoid cells tested. The induction of competence by THF is accompanied by a simultaneous reduction in DNA synthesis resulting from the increase in intracellular cyclic AMP levels. These steps have been studied in the absence of antigenic stimulation which is not required for the induction of competence by THF. Spleen extracts prepared by a similar procedure as THF were found to be devoid of the properties described above.
Antigenic Relationship between the Fourth Component of Human and Guinea Pig Complement
Authors: Ohanian Sarkis H. , Borsos Tibor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigenic similarity between cell-bound human and guinea pig C4 was detected with antisera specific for each of these molecules. No cross-reaction could be detected between C4 of normal guinea pig or human sera or after treatment of the sera with antigen-antibody C1 complexes. The cross-reactivity between cell-bound human and guinea pig C4 may reflect conformational changes in the C4 molecule as a result of binding to the cell surface.
Restriction of Heterogeneity of Goat Antibodies Specific for Human Hemoglobin S
Authors: Schreiber Robert D. , Noble Robert W. , Reichlin Morris 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previously, we had reported the isolation of an antibody population (termed antiVal antibody) specific for the site of difference between human hemoglobin S (HbS) (β6Val) and hemoglobin A1 (HbA) (β6 glu). This population has a stoichiometry of reaction of unity in combining with HbS (αβ dimer) and shows no reaction with HbA. The combination of antiVal Fab fragments with HbS was found to be kinetically homogeneous and had a second order rate constant of 0.58 × 106M-1 sec-1 at 20°C. In this report we have studied other properties of the antiVal population. These antibodies are restricted to only one of the two heavy chain subclasses of goat IgG. Electrophoresis experiments indicated that the antiVal population is much less polydisperse than the total antiHbS response. A method was developed to measure the dissociation kinetics of antiVal-HbS complexes. This dissociation was also found to be kinetically homogeneous and could be described by a single first order rate constant of 2.67 × 10 5sec 1at 20°C. With homogeneous association and dissociation rate constants, an affinity constant of 2.1 × 1010M-1 at 20°C was calculated. It appears, then, that this population of antibodies, which are directed toward a single antigenic determinant on a globular protein, exhibit limited structural heterogeneity associated with great functional homogeneity.
The Characterization of Human Anti-IgG Autoantibodies by Liquid Isoelectric Focussing
Authors: Trieshmann Helmuth W. , Abraham George N. , Santucci Edward A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A series of human anti-IgG autoantibodies (AGA) have been analyzed by liquid isoelectric focusing in order to a) determine their isoelectric points (pI) and b) assess their heterogeneity. The 13 AGA examined include five IgM, five IgA, and three IgG AGA. All demonstrate a single major peak indicative of restricted heterogeneity and each is characterized by an acidic pI. This anodal pI is distinct from other immunoglobulins isolated from the same serum that do not exhibit anti-IgG activity. It is speculated that the acidic pI is the result of acidic amino acid substitutions in the variable regions of immunoglobulin chains. The restricted heterogeneity and distinctive pI of the AGA suggest the selection of structurally similar antibody molecules from the large repertoire available in the human genome.
Antigen-Induced Inhibition of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Swanborg Robert H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Defined peptide fragments were isolated from the N-terminal half of the myelin basic protein (BP) molecule and employed for antigen-induced inhibition of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Guinea pigs pretreated with peptide 44–89, obtained by limited pepsin digestion and purified by column chromatography, were significantly protected against EAE subsequently induced by sensitization with BP in complete Freund's adjuvant. Peptide 1–20, derived by cyanogen bromide cleavage, did not inhibit EAE, nor did the synthetic EAE peptide (residues 114–122), although this peptide was only weakly encephalitogenic for guinea pigs. These findings directly support our previous conclusion that different sites on the BP molecule are responsible for induction and inhibition of EAE, and suggest that disease inhibition can be attributed, at least in part, to a site within peptide 44–89.
Macrophage Cytotoxicity in the Mouse Immune Response Against a Skin Allograft
Authors: Dimitriu Alexandra , Dy Michel , Thomson Napier , Hamburger Jean 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Macrophage-rich peritoneal cell populations from C57BL/6 mice grafted with DBA/2 skin were found to be cytotoxic against 51Cr-labeled target cells from the donor strain. Normal peritoneal macrophages were also rendered cytotoxic by incubation with acellular supernatants of mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) between an allograft recipient and a donor mouse. Supernatants alone were not cytotoxic. The macrophage arming factor(s) was found in supernatants when the MLC was performed after more than 6 to 9 days following grafting. In order to produce MAF, sensitized lymphocytes must usually be stimulated in a specific way by donor type cells. The armed macrophage cytotoxicity was, however, not found to be specific in these experiments.