bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune Mechanisms in Leukemia: Evaluation of Immunocompetent Cell Populations
Authors: Lukasewycz Omelan A. , Martinez Douglas , Murphy William H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Dose-response curves of the cellular immune response of C58/wm mice to syngeneic line Ib malignant lymphoid cells (Ib cells) were computer analyzed by the PROBT subroutine in the IBM Scientific Subroutine Package. An analysis of the relative immunogenicity of various admixtures of x-irradiated (XIb) and viable Ib cells (VIb) after i.p. injection showed that the ratio had to be approximately 100:1 to be immunogenic. Viable Ib cells contained in immunogenic mixtures multiplied in vivo at a logarithmic rate up to 5 or 6 days but were eliminated immunologically by 8 or 9 days.
Adoptive cell transfer techniques were used to quantify the protective effect of immune spleen cells (ISC). Essentially a constant dose of ISC (106.4) protected mice against a challenge dose of 102 to 105 VIb cells; more than 105 VIb cells were lethal. Two techniques were used to quantify immunity even though mice ultimately died of transplanted leukemia, viz., mean survival time (MST) with a fixed challenge dose of VIb cells, or MST with a fixed time for death. The sensitivity and statistical limitations of these assays are presented.
To amplify the sensitivity of assays for adoptive cellular immunity a technique of antigenic stimulation was used, viz., 1 day after x-irradiated mice (600 R) received an i.p. injection of normal or immune spleen, bone marrow or thymic cells they received an i.p. injection of XIb cells containing an admixture of VIb cells. The technique amplified the sensitivity of ISC transfer tests approximately 100-fold and made it possible to detect protective effects of bone marrow and thymic cell populations.
Regulation of the Release of Colony-Stimulating Activity from Mitogen-Stimulated Lymphocytes
Authors: Ruscetti Francis W. , Chervenick Paul A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocytes stimulated by Concanavalin A (Con A) as well as other mitogens release colony stimulating activity (CSA) which stimulated granulocyte and mononuclear cell formation from hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro. Removal of Con A from lymphocyte cultures by the competitive inhibitor, α methyl mannoside, resulted in the cessation of CSA release regardless of the time the inhibitor was added to the cultures. However, removal of Con A after 6 hr of incubation had no effect on cellular DNA synthesis and lymphocyte transformation. In addition, vinblastine and cytosine arabinoside completely inhibited DNA synthesis but had no effect on CSA release. CSA release is dependent on an active energy process since it was completely and reversibly inhibited by the inhibitors of protein synthesis puromycin and cycloheximide. These results suggest that CSA release from stimulated lymphocytes requires continuous binding of mitogen and active protein synthesis but is not dependent on DNA synthesis and cell proliferation.
Interaction of Plant Lectins with Purified Human Lymphocyte Populations: Binding Characteristics and Kinetics of Proliferation
Authors: Boldt David H. , MacDermott Richard P. , Jorolan Esther P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
With six purified plant lectins as probes of cell surface structure, human T, B, and Null lymphocytes have been examined for cell surface differences. The results of binding experiments with radioiodinated lectins indicate that these three lymphocyte populations, although functionally different, bind equivalent amounts of E- and L-PHA, lentil PHA, Con A, RCA-I, and WGA. Since these lectins are capable of binding to at least four different cell surface oligosaccharides, these data indicate that human T, B, and Null lymphocytes do not differ with respect to surface content of these carbohydrate structures. In addition, all six lectins were investigated for their ability to stimulate DNA synthesis in these human lymphocyte populations. Four of these lectins (E- and L-PHA, lentil PHA, and Con A) were mitogenic for human lymphocytes, whereas RCA-I and WGA failed to stimulate significant DNA synthesis in any lymphocyte population. When incubated with the mitogenic lectins, both B and Null cells displayed a delayed peak of DNA synthesis in comparison to T cells. Thus, despite virtually identical binding characteristics, the lectin-induced mitogenic response exhibited by B and Null cells was markedly different kinetically from that of T cells.
Structural Studies on Induced Antibodies with Defined Idiotypic Specificities
Authors: Capra J. Donald , Tung Amar S. , Nisonoff Alfred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Amino acid sequence analysis has been performed on three groups of heavy (H) chains of A/J mice. H chains derived from unimmunized animals were compared to anti-p-azophenylarsonate (anti-Ar) antibodies which were further subdivided into those possessing and those depleted of a cross-reacting idiotype (CRI).
It was found that anti-Ar antibodies bearing the CRI are homogeneous through the first hypervariable region of the H chain. The same sequence was obtained for pooled antibody isolated from the ascites fluid of 18 A/J mice or from a single mouse. The H chains appear to belong to a minor VH subgroup. In the first 30 positions Anti-Ar antibodies depleted of the CRI had the same sequence as those containing the CRI (with small amounts of heterogeneity at some positions), but contained a mixture of sequences in the first hypervariable region of the H chain.
These studies indicate that antibodies with similar specificity and with identical framework sequences, but which differ in their hypervariable regions, contain different idiotypic determinants, and support the concept that the idiotypic determinants reside primarily within hypervariable regions.
Suppressor Cells in Tumor-Bearing Mice Capable of Nonspecific Blocking of in Vitro Immunization Against Transplant Antigens
Authors: Eggers Arnold E. , Wunderlich John R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from mice with progressively-growing methyl-cholanthrene-induced tumors, when immunized in vitro against transplant alloantigens, developed less cytotoxic activity against these antigens as measured by a short-term chromium-release assay than did spleen cells from normal mice. The hyporesponsiveness of spleen cells from the tumor-bearing mice seemed to be due to the presence of suppressor cells which could be removed by nylon-column passage but not by anti-θ treatment and which, in mixture experiments, could inhibit the response of normal spleen cells. The suppression appeared to occur at the sensitization stage and not at the effector stage of the in vitro tests. No evidence was found for mediation of the suppression by soluble factors. These observations emphasize the growing importance of suppressive mechanisms in tumor immune systems.
Induction of Histamine Release and Desensitization in Human Leukocytes
Authors: Petersson Bengt-Åke , Nilsson Ann , Stålenheim Gunnemar 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hog anaphylatoxin (AT) in concentrations from 0.5 to 5 µg/ml gives a dose-dependent histamine release from human leukocytes. Concentrations of 100 µg/ml AT give the same high histamine release as 5 µg/ml. This is in contrast to the histamine release obtained with anti-IgE or allergen, which give low histamine release with high doses. The histamine release obtained with AT is completed in 20 sec and the reaction is temperature- and calcium-dependent. Treatment of cells with AT in the presence or absence of calcium makes them insensitive to another challenge with AT. Such treated cells are fully responsive, however, to challenge with anti-IgE if the pretreatment has been performed in the absence of calcium. This, together with the calcium- and temperature-dependence indicates that the AT-induced histamine release is nontoxic. Treatment of cells with AT in the presence of calcium induces, besides histamine release, decrease in sensitivity to anti-IgE, indicating that both AT and anti-IgE release histamine from the same cells. We discuss to what extent AT and cell-bound Ig share intracellular mechanisms for induction of histamine release.
Regulation of the Immune Response: Production of a Soluble Suppressor by Immune Spleen Cells in Vitro
Authors: Thomas David W. , Roberts Walden K. , Talmage David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The addition of ovalbumin-immune spleen cells (Ova ISC) to sheep erythrocyte-immune spleen cells (SRBC ISC) in Mishell-Dutton-type cultures resulted in a dramatic reduction of PFC to SRBC and was dependent upon the addition of soluble Ova at low concentrations of Ova ISC. The suppressing cells in the Ova ISC were shown to be irradiation sensitive, depleted by anti-θ antiserum and complement treatment, and did not absorb to glass bead columns. Ova ISC-induced inhibition also occurred in culture chambers across a cell-impermeable membrane and a soluble inhibitor was recovered in chambers opposite the Ova ISC. This suppressor factor was sensitive to trypsin treatment and to heating at 80°C, but not to 70°C, for 30 min. The molecular weight, as determined by sucrose gradient analysis, was between 55,000 and 60,000 daltons. This suppressor factor appears to be distinct from a T-cell “helper” factor which was found to be sensitive to heating at 70°C for 30 min. We propose that this suppressor factor participates in the termination of most immunologic responses and is responsible for the antigenic competition phenomenon.
C3 Receptors on Lymphoid Cells: Isolation of Active Membrane Fragments and Solubilization of Receptor Complexes
Authors: Dierich Manfred P. , Reisfeld Ralph A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Complement receptor activity for cell bound C3b and C3b was detected on plasma membrane fragments prepared by nitrogen cavitation from cultured human lymphoid cells. The activity of the membrane fragments reflected the activity of the whole cells in that cells which did not form rosettes (P3J and RPMI 4098) resulted in inactive membranes and cells with high rosette formation (NC37 and Raji) yielded highly active membrane fragments. Two test systems were devised to detect these receptor activities, namely a rosette inhibition and a hemagglutination assay. Solubilization of C3 receptors was accomplished by extraction of active plasma membrane fragments with 2 M KBr. dissociation and reassociation experiments suggest C3b and C3d receptors to be highly complex molecular structures. It appears that these complement receptors on plasma membranes rely on both protein and lipid moieties for the expression of their activity.
Migratory Patterns of B Lymphocytes
Authors: de Kruyff R. H. , Gilmour D. G. , Thorbecke G. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Homing of 3H-adenosine-labeled bursa cells to follicles in the chicken spleen was greatly reduced by prior incubation of the transferred cells with rabbit anti-chicken-immunoglobulin sera. This effect was transient, being present 6 hr after cell transfer but gone by 18 hr, when incubation was at 0°C without complement. The inhibition persisted until at least 18 hr after incubation at 37°C with complement.
Cell Interactions Between Histoincompatible T and B Lymphocytes
Authors: Dorf Martin E. , Katz David H. , Graves Mary , DiMuzio Henry , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The genetic restrictions for successful carrier-primed T cell and hapten-primed B cell cooperative interactions were established in a totally in vivo double adoptive transfer system. In complementation experiments, we have demonstrated that genes localized in the K-end of the H-2 complex control successful T-B cell cooperative interactions. Thus, DBA/2 KLH-primed T cells cooperated with (C3H × C3H.OH)F1 and (C3H × C3H.OL)F1 DNP-primed B cells to make a secondary response to DNP-KLH, but not with C3H or (C3H × C3H.A)F1 DNP-primed cells. The presence of foreign histocompatibility determinants on the F1 B cells did not prevent successful physiologic cell cooperation provided the T and B cells shared common cell interaction genes coded for in the K-end of the H-2 complex.
Conformation-Dependent Antigenic Determinants in the Toxic Lectin Ricin
Authors: Olsnes Sjur , Saltvedt Erling 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The major part of the ricin-precipitable antibodies in sera produced by immunizing rabbits with formaldehyde-treated ricin is precipitated also by the isolated ricin A and B chains. In contrast, in antisera produced by immunizing with formaldehyde-treated ricinus agglutinin only a small part of the antibodies cross-reacting with ricin can be precipitated by the isolated A and B chains, or bound to immunoabsorbents containing the isolated ricin chains. In immunodiffusion studies with anti-ricinus agglutinin sera, a star-shaped precipitate was formed when isolated A and B chains recombined to form intact ricin.
Both anti-ricin and anti-ricinus agglutinin sera neutralized effectively the ability of ricin to inhibit protein synthesis in HeLa cells. Anti-ricin serum also neutralized the inhibitory effect of the isolated A chain on protein synthesis in a cell-free system and the ability of the isolated B chain to induce indirect hemagglutination. In contrast, anti-ricinus agglutinin serum did not neutralize the biologic activities of the isolated ricin A and B chains.
Anti-ricinus agglutinin serum formed a precipitate with the hybrid ricin A chain/abrin B chain, and protected against the toxic effect on HeLa cells of this hybrid, indicating conformational changes of ricin A chain upon binding to the B chain.
It is concluded that the anti-ricinus agglutinin serum contains antibodies directed against conformational determinants present on intact ricin, but not present or exposed in the isolated A and B chains. At least part of these conformational determinants appears to be carried by the A chain.
Immunoglobulin Biosynthesis in Myeloma-Associated and Casein- and Endotoxin-Induced Murine Amyloidosis
Authors: Baumal Reuben , Ackermann Alex , Wilson Bill 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Amyloidosis was induced in C57BL mice by daily injections of casein and in BALB/c mice by daily injections of endotoxin. There was no obvious disorder of immunoglobulin biosynthesis by spleen lymphocytes in these mice either before, during the development of, or in the amyloidotic stage. The pattern of immunoglobulin synthesis, assembly, and secretion was unaltered, the relative amount of heavy and light chains produced was normal, and there was an absence of immunoglobulin polypeptide chain fragments. Small amounts of amyloid were present in only 1 of 19 BALB/c and C3H mice (the IgG2a producing MOPC 173 tumor) bearing immunoglobulin-producing myeloma tumors and variants of these tumors. There was no relationship between excess light chain production by tumor plasma cells or spleen lymphocytes and the development of amyloidosis and there were no light chain fragments demonstrable. Antiserum prepared against casein-induced amyloid cross-reacted by immunofluorescence with the amyloid present in the MOPC 173 tumor-bearing mice, indicating the presence of common antigenic determinants in these two forms of amyloid. Attempts to study the biosynthesis of amyloid with incorporation of radioactively labeled amino acids were unsuccessful.
The Immune Response of Mice Treated with Anti-µ Antibodies: The Effect on Antibody-Forming Cells, Their Precursors and Helper Cells Assayed in Vitro
Authors: Gordon Julius , Murgita Robert A. , Tomasi Thomas B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies have shown that mice treated from birth with heterologous anti-µ antiserum are severely immuno-suppressed with respect to numbers of splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in all immunoglobulin classes. In this study we have investigated, using in vitro techniques, the cellular site of the deficit created by anti-µ. The primary PFC response of spleen cells originating from anti-µ-treated mice was completely suppressed in vitro. The response was restored by the addition to the cultures of B cells but not T cells. T cells were derived from normal spleens which had been depleted of B lymphocytes and adherent cells by filtration through cotton wool columns, or by educated thymus cells obtained from the spleens of lethally irradiated mice injected with syngeneic thymocytes and SRBC.
Restoration of the PFC response of spleen cells from anti-µ-treated mice by normal B cells suggested that a cellular deficiency rather than an activity process by inhibitory cells was the cause of the imunosuppression. Also, co-culturing spleen cells from normal and suppressed mice did not reveal the presence of inhibitory cells. Spleen cells from x-irradiated mice, injected with bone marrow from anti-µ-suppressed mice, gave rise to PFC cells when cultured with SRBC and normal T cells, suggesting that stem cells giving rise to B cells were not affected by anti-µ treatment. Similarly, educated thymus cells derived from suppressed mice could provide helper function when reconstituted in vitro with normal B cells. Exposure of normal bone marrow and spleen cells to anti-µ serum prior to passage through syngeneic x-irradiated recipients demonstrated that spleen cells were much more sensitive than were bone marrow cells to suppression by anti-µ antibodies. It is concluded that the target of anti-µ antibody is a µ-chain bearing B cell precursor to the IgM-, IgG-, and IgA-producing cell.
The Isolation and Partial Characterization of Neutrophil Chemotactic Factors from Escherichia Coli
Authors: Schiffmann Elliott , Showell Henry V. , Corcoran Barbara A. , Ward Peter A. , Smith Eric , Becker Elmer L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Heat-stable, chemotactically active peptides have been obtained from Escherichia coli culture filtrates. They range in size between 150 and 1500 daltons and are anionic at neutral pH. Free carboxyl groups but not free amino groups appear to be required for activity. The N-terminal group may be blocked. There do not appear to be internal aromatic or basic residues in the chemotactically active fractions. A highly purified, not completely characterized, fraction was found to contain aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, alanine, and glycine.
A BALB/c Mouse IgA Myeloma Protein That Binds Salmonella Flagellar Protein
Authors: Mason Smith A. , Potter Michael 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A BALB/c IgA mouse myeloma protein in ascites (MOPC-467) had been found to bind an antigen in heat extracts from Salmonella, Pasteurella, and Herellea cultures. MOPC-467 ascites was shown to immobilize motile S. adelaide, agglutinate formalin fixed S. milwaukee, and purified IgA (M467) was capable of precipitating column-purified flagella and flagellin from S. milwaukee.
Long-Lasting in Vitro Immune Response to a Distinct Antigenic Determinant of a Bacterial Protein
Authors: Macario Alberto J. L. , de Macario Everly Conway 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Long-lasting (60 days or more) antibody responses in vitro by rabbit lymph node fragments to a distinct determinant of Escherichia coli β-D-galactosidase were obtained by supplementing culture medium with fetal calf and horse serum. Antibodies released in the supernatant were removed every 3rd to 5th day together with the spent medium, without pooling to minimize intermixing of molecules synthesized far apart in time. Antibody titer, association constant, and heterogeneity index were measured in medium samples collected throughout the response in order to draw profiles of their changes under conditions whereby a limited number of clones synthesize antibodies in a closed system without connection to antigen depots, central lymphoid organs, and circulating cell and antibody pools. It was found that antibody affinity changes cyclically and that such cycles may be repeated. Cycles are composed of an ascendant limb with a gradual increase in affinity and a parallel diminution of heterogeneity. A descendant limb follows with the opposite modifications. High affinity antibodies predominate at the peak of the cycles, whereas low affinity molecules take over at the end of the cycles until the next ascendant limb begins; these persist after the last cycle has waned.
Lymphokine Production by C3b-Stimulated B Cells
Authors: Sandberg Ann L. , Wahl Sharon M. , Mergenhagen Stephan E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Trypsin cleavage of guinea pig C3 (60 sec, 20°C) yields a fragment which stimulates guinea pig lymphocytes to produce a chemotactic lymphokine. These digested C3 preparations possess only minimal inherent chemotactic properties. The response is completely inhibited by prior adsorption of the trypsin-derived C3 fragments with insolubilized anti-C3. The active C3 fragment is C3b as demonstrated by the elution of activity in the exclusion volume of Sephadex G-75 (m.w. &gt; 50,000 daltons). The C3b-dependent cellular-derived chemotactic factor is present in the supernatants of B cell cultures and totally absent in those of T cell cultures. Generation of this lymphokine occurs in the absence of cellular proliferation.
Thymus-Repopulating Capacity of Cells that Can be Induced to Differentiate to T Cells in Vitro
Authors: Komuro Katsutoshi , Goldstein Gideon , Boyse Edward A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It was established previously that committed precursors of T cells, which reside in bone marrow and spleen and lack T cell surface differentiation antigens, can be induced by thymopoietin and certain other agents to differentiate rapidly in vitro into T cells bearing typical surface antigens, including Thy-1 and TL (Komuro-Boyse assay). To relate this differentiative step observed in vitro to physiologic events in vivo, a system was devised to trace the migration of precursor cells to the thymus, and their maturation to T cells.
Lethally irradiated mice of a TL- strain received spleen cells from TL+ hybrids i.v., and the TL+ population of the thymus was enumerated 13 to 20 days later. Donor TL+ cells first became detectable at 13 days and increased thereafter. Preliminary tests showed that cells capable of migrating to the thymus have a similar density to the cells that are inducible in the Komuro-Boyse assay, this being lower than that of mature of T cells.
The thymus-repopulating properties of the donor spleen population were not affected by: 1) pre-treatment in vitro with thymus extract or thymopoietin, which initiates differentiation of T cells precursors, nor b) pre-treatment with anti Thy-1 serum plus complement, which eliminates differentiated T cells. But pre-treatment a) and b) applied in sequence markedly reduced the capacity of spleen cells to repopulate the thymus.
These results can be interpreted as follows: induction of Thy-1-TL- precursor cells (pro-thymocyte) in vitro yields Thy-1+TL+ cells (early thymocytes) which have not yet lost their property of repopulating the thymus; therefore, thymus-repopulation was not depleted by treatment a) alone, which induced Thy-1+TL+ cells, nor by treatment b) alone, which did not affect thymus-repopulation by Thy-1-TL- cells, although treatments a) plus b) did eliminate the newly induced Thy-1+TL+ cells and thus impaired repopulation of the thymus.
We conclude that the cell which responds to thymopoietin in the Komuro-Boyse assay by expressing the T cell surface phenotype is the same cell (pro-thymocyte) that normally migrates in vivo from hemopoietic tissues to the thymus and is there induced by thymopoietin to express the phenotype of an early T cell.