bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Spore-Forming Intestinal Parasites with Pentaplex Real-Time PCR
Authors: EROGLU Fadime 
Published: June 2023

Objective: Spore-forming intestinal parasites; Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora spp., Cytoisospora spp., Encephalitozoon spp., and Sarcoystis spp. are very common in immunocompromised patients, but these parasites are overlooked by healthcare proffesionals. It was aimed to develop a new pentaplex real-time PCR panel for the identification of spore-forming intestinal parasites in this study.
Methods: Primer-probes for pentaplex real-time PCR were designed using the “PrimerQuest Tool (Integrated DNA technologies, Coralville, USA) software program” and “Multiple sequence alignment use a computer software Primer Express™Software v3.0.1 Lience (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, USA)”. The primer-probes designed in the study were spore-forming Cryptosporidium spp. (ATCC®87715™), Cyclospora spp. (ATCC®PRA-3000SD™), Cystoispora spp. (KF648871), Encephalitozoon spp. (FJ026010) and Sarcocystis spp. (ATCC®CCL-70) parasites were amplified with DNA isolates from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and then these primer-probes were validated with 232 DNA samples obtained from the stools of the patient samples.
Results: It was found that Cycle Threshold (Ct) ±25.7, Standard curve (R2 ): ±0,993, and Efficiency (E): %96,1 according to the results of multiplex real-time PCR analysis. Similar results were found in pentaplex real-time PCR analysis of DNA isolates of stool samples. When the pentaplex real-time PCR results of DNA samples isolates from stool samples were compared with the positivie predictive value results of traditional methods, it was found that the pentaplex results were higher.
Conclusion: The new designed pentaplex real-time PCR panel can be used in the diagnosis of spore-forming intestinal parasites, which are very common in immunocompromised patients. Thus, the diagnosis of five different parasites can be made faster, more economically and faster with a single reaction.
A review of the genus Enicospilus Stephens (Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae) from Vietnam, with descriptions of ten new species
Authors: Pham Nhi Thi , Pham Phu Van , Matsumoto Rikio , Shimizu So , Broad Gavin R. 
Published: June 2023

Enicospilus Stephens, 1835 is the largest genus of subfamily Ophioninae (Ichneumonidae) with more than 700 extant species worldwide that are mostly nocturnal and parasitoids of larvae of Lepidoptera. In this paper, the Vietnamese species of Enicospilus are reviewed for the first time. Of the total 82 recorded species, 10 species are described as new: E. aequiscleritalis sp. nov., E. bulbipennis sp. nov., E. centraliscleritiger sp. nov., E. circuliscleritalis sp. nov., E. gialaiensis sp. nov., E. hiepi sp. nov., E. melanothoracicus sp. nov., E. nigristernalis sp. nov., E. trui sp. nov., and E. tuani sp. nov. Fifty-two species are recorded for the first time from the country: E. abdominalis (Szépligeti, 1906), E. acutus Shimizu, 2020, E. argus Gauld & Mitchell, 1981, E. atoponeus Cushman, 1947, E. bacillaris Wang, 1997, E. bakerielli Gauld & Mitchell, 1981, E. bifasciatus (Uchida, 1928), E. biharensis Townes, Townes & Gupta, 1961, E. concentralis Cushman, 1937, E. corculus (Tosquinet, 1903), E. dasychirae Cameron, 1905, E. eastopi Gauld & Mitchell, 1981, E. enicospilus Nikam, 1972, E. exaggeratus Chiu, 1954, E. fittoni Nikam, 1980, E. flavocephalus (Kirby, 1900), E. formosensis (Uchida, 1928), E. fusiformis Chiu, 1954, E. gasteralis Nikam, 1980, E. grandis (Cameron, 1905), E. hamatus Gauld & Mitchell, 1981, E. hedilis Gauld & Mitchell, 1981, E. iapetus Gauld & Mitchell, 1981, E. insinuator (Smith, 1860), E. ixion Gauld & Mitchell, 1981, E. javanus (Szépligeti, 1910), E. laqueatus (Enderlein, 1921), E. longitarsis Tang, 1990, E. mythrus Gauld & Mitchell, 1981, E. nathani Gauld & Mitchell, 1981, E. nigribasalis (Uchida, 1928), E. nigristigma Cushman, 1937, E. nigriventris Nikam, 1975, E. nigronotatus Cameron, 1903, E. nigropectus Cameron, 1905, E. pallidistigma Cushman, 1937, E. pantanae Tang, 1990, E. pinguivena (Enderlein, 1921), E. pseudoconspersae (Sonan, 1927), E. purifenestratus (Enderlein, 1921), E. rhetus Gauld & Mitchell, 1981, E. riukiuensis (Matsumura & Uchida, 1926), E. sauteri (Enderlein, 1921), E. selmatos Chiu, 1954, E. strigilatus Tang, 1990, E. teleus Gauld & Mitchell, 1981, E. transversus Chiu, 1954, E. tripartitus Chiu, 1954, E. urus Gauld & Mitchell, 1981, E. verticinus (Roman, 1913), E. yonezawanus (Uchida, 1928), and E. zebrus Gauld & Mitchell, 1981. A key to all Vietnamese species of Enicospilus is provided. A correction has been published: Pham N.T., Pham P.V., Matsumoto R., Shimizu S. & Broad G.R. 2023. A review of the genus Enicospilus Stephens (Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae) from Vietnam, with descriptions of ten new species – Corrigendum. European Journal of Taxonomy 879: 188–189. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2023.879.2171
DİŞ HEKİMLİĞİ PRATİĞİNDE SIK KARŞILAŞILAN MAKSİLLER SİNÜSLERİN ENFLAMATUAR HASTALIKLARI: DERLEME
Authors: ŞENDİŞÇİ Rümeysa , YILMAZ Selmi 
Published: June 2023

Maksiller sinüsler, dişlere ve dişlerle ilişkili anatomik
yapılara yakınlığı nedeniyle diş hekimlerinin dikkate alması
gereken önemli anatomik oluşumlardır. Maksiller sinüsler,
diş hekimliği pratiğinde kullanılan birçok tanı görüntüsünde
izlenebilir. Bu nedenle diş hekimi, maksiller sinüslerin
normal görünümünü, varyasyonları ve maksiller sinüsleri
etkileyebilecek hastalıkları iyi bilmelidir. Bu derlemede diş
hekimliği pratiğinde karşımıza daha sık çıkabilen maksiller
sinüslerin enflamatuar hastalıklarının radyolojik ve klinik
bulguların özetlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır.
Tek Diş İmplantların Klinik, Radyografik, Estetik ve Hasta Memnuniyeti Açısından Kontralateral Dişler ile Karşılaştırılması
Authors: KÜÇÜKOGLU ÇOLAK Merve , CENGİZ Murat İnanç 
Published: June 2023

Amaç: Çalışmamızın amacı; maksilla anterior bölge tek
diş eksikliklerinde uygulanan dental implantları kontralateral
dişlerle klinik, radyografik ve estetik olarak karşılaştırmak ve
hasta memnuniyetini değerlendirmektedir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamıza fakültemizde 2010-2020
yılları arasında tek diş eksikliğinde dental implant uygulaması
yapılmış ve kontralateral dişi mevcut olan 40 hasta dahil
edilmiştir. Hastaların rutin kontrolleri sırasında peri-implant
ve periodontal sondlama derinliği (PD), plak indeksi (PI)
ve gingival indeks (GI) değerleri, sondlamada kanama (SK)
varlığı, dişeti çekilmesi (DÇ) miktarı kaydedilmiştir. Her
hastaya görsel analog skala (VAS, Visual Analog Scale)
soruları yönelterek hasta memnuniyeti ve estetik değerlendirme
gerçekleştirilmiştir. İmplant destekli restorasyonun estetiğini
değerlendirmek içinde de Komplex estetik indeks (KEİ)
kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Diş ve implant bölgelerinde klinik parametreler
açısından anlamlı fark görülmemiştir. İmplant bölgesinde
istatiksel olarak anlamlı olarak fazla sondalama derinliği
tespit edilmiştir. Keratinize diş eti miktarı ise diş bölgesinde
istatiksel olarak anlamlı derecede daha fazla olduğu
gözlemlenmiştir. İmplant üstü restorasyonların KEİ ile
değerlendirilmesinde ise çoğunlukla riskli ama klinik olarak
kabul edilebilir olarak gözlenmiştir. Hastaların ortalama
memnuniyet skoru 8,44±1.11’dir. Hastaların büyük çoğunluğu
tedaviden memnuniyet skorunun anlamlı olarak yüksek olduğu
görülmüştür.
Sonuç: İmplant ve diş bölgesi arasında periodonal
indekslerde anlamlı farklılık bulunamıştır. Keratinize diş eti
miktarı ve cep derinliği açısından iki bölgede farklılıklar
mevcuttur. Estetik olarak implant üstü protezler kabul edilebilir
düzeydedir. Hastalar uygulanan tedaviden memnun ve tedaviyi
tavsiye etmektedirler.
Effectiveness of Self-Regulation Fluid Program on Patients with Hemodialysis Self-Efficacy for Fluid Adherence in Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital
Authors: Alaa Hamza Hermis  , Rajaa Ibrahim Abed  
Published: June 2023

Objectives: to evaluate patient knowledge with hemodialysis and to determine the effectiveness of Self-regulation Fluid Program on Patients with hemodialysis self-efficacy for fluid adherence in Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital.
Methodology: A quasi-experimental design (two group design: pre-test and post-test) was used. This study was conducted in Al-Diwaniya Teaching Hospital for the period from (15th of October 2018 to 20th of May 2019) on a non-probability (purposive) sample consisting of (60 patients) treatment in hemodialysis units. A questionnaire was built as a data collection tool and consisted of four parts:
First part: Demographic characteristics of the patient that consisted of (7) items, second part: Clinical information of the patient that consisted of (8) items, third part: the self-efficacy scale of fluid control in hemodialysis patients that consisted of (22) items and fourth part: patients’ knowledge in two axis that consisted of (20) items.
The validity of the questionnaire and the educational program were verified by presenting it to (18) experts. The sample has received a pre-test, educational program, and post-test. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the results of the study using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 and Microsoft Excel (2010).
Results: The study finding shows, that all the study sample responses at the pre-test were fair knowledge with a statistical mean of scores (1.35). Other than the post-test, shows (100%) of the study sample have high knowledge at the mean of scores (2.66). Also, the maturity of the patients in both groups (control and study) is female and age group (more than 48) years, most of them not read and write, the maturity of the sample of study marred, regarding to the monthly income is not sufficient and urban residency. The study also confirms that the effectiveness of an instructional program on patients with hemodialysis to enhance self-efficacy fluid control is positive.
Conclusion: Program helps patients in increasing self-confidence, knowledge of Chronic Kidney Disease patient care including controlling fluid overload.
Recommendations: The study recommended the necessity of activating the role of instructional program correctly in order to give about end stage renal disease, and conduct future research programs to improve the patient's knowledge about end stage renal disease, fluid adherence and provide small booklist for caring.
Assessment of Nurse-Midwife's Knowledge and Performance Regarding Immediate Newborn Care in Delivery Rooms at Maternity Hospitals in Baghdad City
Authors: Wafaa Adnan Hussein  , Iqbal Majeed Abbas  
Published: June 2023

Objectives: To assess nurses-midwives knowledge and performance regarding immediate newborn care in delivery rooms, and to identify the relationship between nurses-midwives knowledge and performance and their socio-demographic and professional variables regarding immediate newborn care.

Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted from 1st of October, 2019 to 20TH of October, 2020 at three maternity teaching hospitals in Baghdad city/Al-Russafa Health Directorate: Al-Elwiya Maternity Teaching Hospital, Fatema Al- Zahra Maternity and Pediatric Hospital, Al- Za'faraniyah General Hospital. Non-probability (purposive sample) included to collect the data from (40) participant (nurses-midwives) that considered as study sample.
Results: The results of study indicated that the assessment of nurses– midwives' knowledge and performance as follows: moderate level of knowledge at mean of scores (1.63), and unacceptable level of performance at mean of scores (1.59) regarding immediate newborn care in delivery room. Socio- demographic and professional variable were no significant effect on nurses-midwives knowledge and performance.
Conclusions: The study concluded that should be improving nurses- midwives knowledge and their performance, and this will help to reduce the unacceptable performance of newborn care which enabling nurse-midwife to provide perfect newborn care immediately after delivery.
Recommendation: The study recommended that all nurses- midwives' in labor rooms should increase their knowledge, and can train how to provide immediate newborn care through courses provided by The Ministry of Health, and can make policies that immediate newborn care within their strategies.
Surveillance of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis (2015-2017): Epidemiology and Circulating Rotavirus Genotypes in Pre-rotavirus Vaccine Introduction Period in Myanmar
Authors: Myat Theingi Win , Thu Hlaing Myat , Lin Htin , Hom Nang Sarm , Khine Win Kay , Kham Myat Mo Zar , Shwe Thin Thin , Mar Win , Kyaw Thida , Aye Khin Sandar , Thu Hla Myo , Oo Khin Khin , Aung Khaing Moe , Htun Moh Moh , Kyaw Ye Myint , Thant Kyaw Zin 
Published: June 2023

A hospital-based prospective active surveillance for rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) was conducted among hospitalised acute gastroenteritis (AGE) patients to identify the infecting rotavirus strains and to provide epidemiological information on RVGE in Myanmar. Stool samples were collected from children less than 5 years old admitted to Yangon Children’s Hospital (YCH) for AGE during January 2015 to September 2017. Collected stool samples were screened for rotavirus antigen by ELISA and genotyped by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Overall, 48.8% (1,167/2,393) of samples were ELISA positive for rotavirus and the most affected were children aged 6-23 months, 81.9% (956/1,167). RVGE occurred in a seasonal cycle with peak detection in the cold and dry months (November to February). As compared with non-RVGE, RVGE cases had significant higher percentage of vomiting (84.5% versus 73.0%; P<0.05), fever (80.1% versus 71.8%; P<0.05) and severe clinical scoring (79.4% versus 67.5%; P<0.05). Genotyping revealed that G9P[8] was predominant in the year 2015 (53.3%) and 2016 (30.9%), but it was replaced in 2017 by G3P[8] (58.2%). Information from this surveillance not only highlights facts for consideration of rotavirus vaccine introduction plan in pre-vaccination era, but also provides vital baseline data for post-vaccination monitoring of vaccine impact and effectiveness.
Malaria Pre-elimination Assessment in Eastern Indonesia
Authors: Hutagalung Jontari , Kusnanto H , Supargiyono  , Hamim SA , Satyagraha AW , Novijanti R , Triwibowo AG , Prihatin MT , Purwono  , Ida D , Bai A , Bansai I , Kikhao S , Hananta L 
Published: June 2023

About 4.8 million Indonesians were infected with malaria in 2013 while the infections were mostly in Eastern Indonesia. Indonesia Ministry of Health announced that malaria pre-elimination stage should be reached by 2015-2020 and free of malaria transmission by 2030 in Eastern Indonesia. Although detailed maps of epidemiological distribution, prevalence and risk factors for malaria were needed, there was limited access to routine surveillance data such as annual parasitic incidence and surveillance report. Hence, this study aimed to assess the epidemiological situation of this area. Total 555 people who aged 14 years and above, and lived in one of five districts in Eastern Indonesia were enrolled in this study. About 32.6% (181/555) were tested positive for malaria by nested polymerase chain reaction, with Plasmodium vivax as the dominant species. Not using bed nets was the most significant risk factors. Spatial analysis indicated three distinguished clusters (180, 229 and 88 cases). Hence, malaria pre-elimination program in Eastern Indonesia should be postponed as the situation did not meet the criteria yet. Routine treatment to stop silent transmission, scaling up control measures and improving laboratory surveillance were needed before pre-elimination.
Epidemiological Investigation of Visceral Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania martiniquensis in a Non-endemic Area of Thailand
Authors: Thanakitjaroenku Jessada , Sitthi Wathee , Chiewchanvit Siri , Te-chaniyom Thanidtha , Taweewigyakarn Pantila , Tiwananthagorn Saruda , Jariyapan Narissara , Leelayoova Saovanee , Kob-asa Teerayot , Pittayawonganon Chakrarat 
Published: June 2023

On 5 Sep 2013, a patient suspected to have leishmaniasis from Lamphun, a northern province of Thailand, was reported to the Bureau of Epidemiology. An investigation was carried out to identify reservoirs and vectors. Active case finding was carried out among those who lived within 200-meter radius from the patient’s residence. Blood samples were collected from humans, domestic mammals and rodents, and adult sandfly trapping was conducted by light traps. The patient was a 38-year-old man infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who had worked as a lumberjack and a woodcraftsman. In addition to many kinetoplasts in the bone marrow and amastigote form of Leishmania, Leishmania martiniquensis was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 12 suspected cases out of 123 surveyed villagers were identified. However, all human specimens were tested negative by direct agglutination test and PCR. Female Sergentomyia sandflies were found. Deltamethrin fogging was done to control the vectors. Visceral leishmaniasis was confirmed in an HIV positive male from northern Thailand. Awareness of leishmaniasis among immunocompromised people should be raised for timely appropriate medical attention and specific vector control for sandflies in the area should be implemented.
TÜRK KAYNAKLARINDA FARKLI DÖNEMLERDEKI VERGI TERIMLERI: TARIHI DÖNÜM NOKTALARI VE GELIŞIM YOLLARI
Authors: ASİLOVA Gulshan 
Published: June 2023

Özbek terminografisinin oluşumu genellikle yirminci yüzyılın başlarına denk gelir. Özbek dilinin sözlüğünde Farsça, Arapça, Rusça ve bir dizi Avrupa dilinden borçlanmalar önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Özellikle Özbek dilinin ekonomik terminolojisi tarihinde, Orta Asya’da devletin gelişim dönemleri belli bir dereceye kadar izlenmektedir. Özbek dilinin vergi terminolojisinin diğer ülkelerle ticari ve ekonomik ilişkilerin etkisi altında güncellenmesi süreci özellikle ilgi çekicidir. Makale, bölgedeki vergi alanının ve kelime dağarcığının ana gelişim dönemlerini yansıtan çeşitli edebi kaynaklara bakmaktadır.
Çalışmanın amacı, siyasi olayların etkisi altında Özbek dilinin vergi terminolojisini zenginleştirme sürecini ve diğer ülkelerle ticari ve ekonomik ilişkilerin gelişimini incelemektir. Çalışmanın konusu, farklı dönemlerdeki Türk edebiyatlarında yansıtılan vergi terimleridir. Bu endüstrinin terimlerinin yapısal ve sözcüksel bileşiminde, tarihsel gelişimin ilgili dönemlerinde aktif ticari ve ekonomik ilişkilerin yapıldığı halkların ve ülkelerin dillerinin etkisi izlenmektedir. Vergi kelime dağarcığının geliştirilmesi ve zenginleştirilmesi süreci şartlı olarak birkaç ana tarihi aşamaya ayrılmıştır: antik dönem, ortaçağ dönemi, Hanlık dönemi, Çarlık döneminun bir parçası olan dönem, Sovyet dönemi, Özbekistan’ın bağımsızlık dönemi. Özbek dilinin vergi terminolojisinin içsel dil potansiyeline, yani bağlanma, kompozisyon, kısaltma, anlamsal ve diğerlerinin yöntemlerine dayanan gelişim sürecine özel önem verilmektedir. Özümlemenin bir bütün olarak dilin geliştirilmesinde ve özellikle vergi terminolojisinin zenginleştirilmesinde rolü haklı çıkarılmıştır.
دراسة تحسين الأداء الحراري لوحدة توربين غازي: محطة الخمس الغازية
Authors: العلوص معمر أحمد , عبدالصمد خالد أبوبكر , أحمد عبدالله الهادي 
Published: June 2023

درجة حرارة الهواء الجوى المحيط احدى العوامل التشغيلية المهمة التي لها تأثير على الشغل النوعي لوحدة التوربين الغازي. تم اختيار وحدة التوربين الغازي بمحطة الخمس الغازية المستحدثة بمحطة الخمس (265 ميجا) كموضوع للدراسة بهذا البحث، حيث تم دراسة تأتير درجة الهواء الجوى على الأداء الحرارى للوحدة الغازية عن طريق حساب المتغيرات الثيرموديناميكية والتى تشمل: القدرة المنتجة من الوحدة و الكفاءة الحرارية لها. تتضمن الدراسة ايضاً إمكانية تحسين الأداء الحرارى للوحدة الغازية بدمجها مع دورة بخارية بما يعرف بمحطة توليد القدرة المشتركة، وتقييم الأداء الحرارى لها بحساب المتغيرات الثيرموديناميكية عند الحالة التصميمية وكذلك عن طريق اخذ قيم تشغيلية متعددة لوحدة التوربين الغازي. من النتائج التي أظهرتها الدراسة، عند خفض درجة الهواء المحيط من 50 oC الى 15 oC فإن نسبة الزيادة في القدرة المنتجة تساوى تقريباً 21.63%. بالإضافة إلى ذلك عند دمج وحدة التوربين الغازي بمحطة الخمس الغازية مع دورة بخارية بما يعرف بمحطة توليد القدرة المشتركة، فإن الأداء الحرارى لوحدة التوربين الغازى يتحسن بشكل كبير، وذلك بزيادة في القدرة المنتجة بمعدل زيادة 132.5 MW للوحدة الواحدة ، وايضاً الكفاءة الحرارية بمعدل زيادة قدرها 18.9%.
Reduction of Fuel Consumption Using HHO Cell on Gasoline Engine
Authors: Almassri G. S. , Jaballa Khalid M H , Almusbahi Salah M , Maatug Benur Maatug 
Published: June 2023

Hydrogen as clean energy will certainly allow a significant reduction in the problems associated with pollution. Hydrogen is a source of future energy because it represents one of the forms of energy that is less polluting to the environment. In this paper, the main objectives of this research are to increase the efficiency of the gasoline engine using an HHO generator by decreasing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. It was designed hydrogen fuel cell and attached to a motor Hyundai Sonata 2009 with 2000cc. According to the results, integrating a HHO cell into the engine, it was reduced fuel consumption for a motor vehicle in the city by up to 31.4 %, and 32.9 % for the combined drive between the city and highways. The use of cut-outs showed no increase in ampere consumption and no increase in temperature on the HHO cell.
Penggunaan Dompet Digital dan Wallet Terhadap Budaya Konsumtif pada Masyarakat di Kota Tangerang Serta Pandangan Syariah Tentang Etika Konsumsi
Authors: Lubis Rusdi Hamka 
Published: June 2023

Banyak penyedia jasa wallet (dompet digital) seperti Dana, Ovo, T-Cash, Gopay, Linkaja, Isaku, Sakuku, Jenius, dll yang diminati oleh masyarakat saat ini menjadi fenomena yang menarik untuk dikaji terutama dari sisi pengaruhnya terhadap budaya konsumtif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan dompet digital terhadap budaya konsumtif masyarakat Kota Tangerang. Pendekatan kuantitatif digunakan dengan dua variabel yaitu variabel persepsi terhadap dompet digital dan variabel budaya konsumtif. Dari hasil uji analisis penelitian ini menemukan bahwa perkembangan teknologi yang diiringi dengan hadirnya dompet digital memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap budaya konsumtif masyarakat Kota Tangerang.
Aplikasi Pemesanan Jasa Rank Game Online Berbasis Android
Authors: Glenegles  , Fauzi Muhammad 
Published: June 2023

Dengan semakin banyaknya muncul game online yang semakin kompetitif, semakin banyak orang yang ingin mendapatkan peringkat tinggi dalam game mereka. Jasa Rank game online adalah salah satu tempat pemesanan jasa game dimana kita bersama orang terpercaya untuk bermain game online. Biasanya saat berlangganan layanan Rank game online karena banyak teman kita yang sibuk maka dari itu kita tidak memiliki teman untuk bermain game online yang kita sukai, Karena hampir semua game online membutuhkan kerja sama antar teman, yang sangat penting, pemain harus memilih apakah akan bermain sendiri atau tidak sama sekali. Selain itu, pemain sering frustasi karena sangat sulit untuk bermain game online sendirian, dimana papan permainan tidak naik bahkan turun. Maka Dari itu, Sangatkanya diperlukan suatu sistem yang memungkinkan pemain untuk memesan dan menerima semua informasi tentang pemesanan layanan game Rank secara online, serta membantu pemasok untuk menerima pesanan dari pelanggan. Penulis membuat aplikasi ini menggunakan Android Studio dan database MySQL.