bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Universal Cognitive Biases as the Basis for Supernatural Beliefs
Authors: Willard Aiyana K. , Turpin Hugh , Baimel Adam 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
What explains the ubiquity of religions across time and space, and why do these supernatural belief systems seem to have so much in common? Many cognitive scientists of religion have proposed that cross-cultural patterns in religious belief are, at least in part, the indirect result of reliably developing and otherwise adaptive features of the human mind. These ‘cognitive bias’ theories propose that religion is a by-product of universal mental architecture. Similar beliefs recur in unrelated cultural and historical contexts because of biases in how we perceive and interpret the word, and how we remember concepts. This chapter reviews the evidence, merits, and limitations of such theories. In so doing, the chapter addresses the most influential of the cognitive bias theories: the proposed relationships between various religious beliefs and Theory of Mind, anthropomorphism, dualism, teleological reasoning, and minimally counterintuitive concepts. Both the strengths and shortcomings of these theories in explaining religious belief are addressed and the chapter suggests future directions.
Cultural Evolution and the Economic Wealth of Nations
Authors: Atkinson Quentin D. , Matthews Luke J. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Whilst some nations thrive and flourish, others experience profound problems. Predicting how and why national fortunes vary is a major challenge for the social sciences. This chapter reviews research on the cultural evolution of economic development around the globe, including the relationship between development outcomes and linguistic and religious ancestry, and the relative contributions of cultural differences in technology, institutions, norms and values. The chapter highlights that while the causal relationships between these domains of culture are complex and yet to be fully understood, it appears the least tangible aspects of culture, our norms and values, are among the most resistant to change and are critical to the adoption of technologies and institutions linked to development over the long term. The chapter concludes with a discussion of implications of this work for policy-makers and suggestions for future research.
Self-domestication and the Cultural Evolution of Language
Authors: Raviv Limor , Kirby Simon 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The structural design features of human language emerge in the process of cultural evolution, shaping languages over the course of communication, learning, and transmission. What role does this leave biological evolution? This chapter highlights the biological bases and preconditions that underlie the particular type of prosocial behaviours and cognitive inference abilities that are required for languages to emerge via cultural evolution to begin with. Specifically, the human self-domestication hypothesis was invoked to explain the evolution of modern humans, suggesting that many of humans’ distinctive traits—including language—are the result of an evolutionary process similar to that of animal domestication. This chapter proposes that prominent changes in human behaviour and ecology associated with self-domestication may institute the forces that shape the cultural evolution of language by enriching the opportunities for learning and teaching and by promoting communication and cooperation.
Cultural Systems
Authors: Jansson Fredrik , Buskell Andrew , Enquist Magnus 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Many cultural phenomena cannot be understood by studying traits in isolation. Instead, they are embedded in webs of relations, layered with rich social meaning, and sequentially acquired and evaluated, filtered, in light of previously acquired traits. Incorporating multiple traits and their relations is needed to understand the organization, dynamics, and emergent products of cultural evolution. This chapter argues that a systems approach offers the potential for: (i) a more thorough understanding of the source and character of emergent phenomena, crucial for understanding the origin and historical development of culture; (ii) an increased scope of cultural evolution, whereby faithful transmission, self-organization and filtering of culture can be accounted for by systems dynamics, without the need for strong assumptions about innate machinery; and (iii) a more robust theoretical connection between cultural evolution and processes of development as they are studied in developmental psychology and related fields.
Rendering Justice
Authors: Bryant Michael S. , Sedgwick James Burnham 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
German and Japanese crimes committed during World War II became objects of criminal prosecution by Allied courts after the war. The best known of these trials was an international tribunal held at Nuremberg in 1945–1946. By the late spring 1945, Anglo–American predilection for summary execution of the “major” war criminals had yielded to a commitment to prosecute them. The trial at Nuremberg was among the first of numerous proceedings against Nazi war criminals throughout Europe. The Allied powers responded to atrocities in the war’s Asian-Pacific sphere with an array of post-conflict prosecutions. The long shadow of European courts obscures their Asian counterparts. Yet, Australia, Britain, Canada, Communist and Nationalist China, France, India, The Netherlands, New Zealand, the Philippines, the Soviet Union, and the United States convened or contributed to hundreds of courts and brought thousands of war criminals to justice between 1945 and 1951. This enormous legal endeavor navigated complex logistical, geopolitical, and cultural obstacles. Despite allegations against both European and Pacific trials of victors’ justice and ex post facto prosecution, the Allies created new bodies of international law that live on today in ad hoc tribunals and the International Criminal Court.
The Collapse of the Versailles System
Authors: Creswell Michael H. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Despite the safeguards established at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, a second World War erupted within a single generation. Many observers believe that had the Allied powers avoided making a few key mistakes, the Versailles System they created could have prevented war from breaking out in 1939. However, no single isolated decision, hasty move, or simple oversight caused the Versailles System to fail and end in a second global cataclysm. The world failed to avert catastrophe mainly because the Versailles System was unenforceable. France recognized this in 1923, and future events would confirm it. In the early 1930s, Germany continued violating the terms of the Versailles Treaty, and those charged with defending the system proved either unable or unwilling to enforce it.
The Memory and Commemoration of War
Authors: Puaca Brian M. , Osa Shizue 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Memories of World War II have played a critical role in the formation of modern national identities in Europe and East Asia. This essay explores the complicated and often contested memories of World War II in several nations and traces the dramatic evolution of these selective and carefully constructed conceptions of the past in the years since 1945. In its discussion of the interplay between individual, collective, and official memories, the chapter emphasizes the negotiation that takes place among different societal actors, media, and institutions. Furthermore, it underscores the diversity of memory and refutes the notion of any single, uniform European or Asian memory of World War II.
The United Nations and the Grand Alliance
Authors: Woolner David B. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the creation of the United Nations and the Grand Alliance during World War II. Technically speaking, both terms refer to the association of nations that was brought together to defeat the Axis. But in practice the two appellations came to embody two distinct entities. The “Grand Alliance,” as coined by Winston Churchill, in essence refers to the military coalition among Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union. The “United Nations” refers to the much broader affiliation of anti-Axis powers represented in the January 1, 1942 Declaration by United Nations, as put forward Franklin Roosevelt. Hence, the two entities represented two separate wartime realities: the concentration and exercise of geo-political power among the Big Three—often guided by the precepts of national interest—versus a more expansive and inclusive interpretation of the exercise of power, based the concept of collective security and international cooperation.
Census Classifications and the Political Construction of Race
Authors: Miyawaki Michael H. , Rodriguez Clara E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
When governments attempt statistical representations of their populations, the process is “political to the core.” Political and ideological choices are made, resulting in categories that generally reflect a consensus on who is to be counted, how, and how often. In this chapter, we provide a historical overview of racial and ethnic categories in the U.S. Census, focusing on the classification of five population groups—White people, Black people, American Indians, Asians and Pacific Islanders, and Latinos—and the political factors shaping the ongoing constructions of these groups. Given the political considerations of census categories and question formats, we illustrate that any changes in the classification of populations will remain a political process. We conclude by addressing recent developments in the U.S. Census and raising important questions about future enumeration practices of different population groups, including Latinos and people of Middle Eastern and North African origins.
Cutaneous Adverse Reactions Following Influenza Vaccination in Adults
Authors: Mistry Jenna , Deo Neha , Vance Paul , Alavi Afsaneh 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
To review the literature on cutaneous reactions to the influenza vaccine in adults.

DATA SOURCES
Authors systematically searched three databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE.

STUDY SELECTION
Case reports published between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 2020 that described a cutaneous reaction to any brand of the influenza vaccine in adults were included. Exclusion criteria included having the wrong study design, pediatric cases, publication prior to 1995, and lack of cutaneous reaction to the vaccine.

DATA EXTRACTION
A total of 232 articles were identified. After duplicate removal, title and abstract screening, and full-text screening, 29 studies were included in the final review. Data extracted included patient sex, age, type of influenza vaccine received, time from vaccine administration to cutaneous reaction, duration of cutaneous reaction, description of cutaneous reactions, treatments used, and the outcome (eg, resolution, reoccurrence, complications).

DATA SYNTHESIS
The mean age of participants was 43.7 years (range, 19–82 years), and 60% were women (n = 18). The most frequent cutaneous reaction that occurred following influenza vaccination included erythematous macules/papules/plaques (n = 17 [56.7%]), vasculitic and purpuric rashes (n = 5 [16.7%]), and maculopapular (morbilliform) rashes (n = 3 [10.0%]). All patients received treatment, and 96.7% (n = 29) of the cutaneous manifestations were resolved. Most studies did not report any further complications upon follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS
Understanding and identifying the relationship between the influenza vaccine and possible cutaneous manifestations can help providers predict and anticipate these adverse effects.
Enhancing Resident Education in Autism Diagnosis: Training on the Screening Tool for Autism in Toddlers
Authors: Belzer Kira , Flake Eric , Kiger Michelle 
Published: May 2023

Abstract:

Objective:
Pediatricians feel inadequately prepared to diagnose and manage autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). We developed a curriculum that trains pediatric residents in the Screening Tool for Autism in Toddlers and Young Children (STAT), a tool used to diagnose ASD, and assessed its impact.

Methods:
Pediatric residents completed training in the STAT that included interactive video and practice-based elements. Residents completed pretraining and posttraining surveys assessing comfort with diagnosing and treating ASD, knowledge-based pretests and posttests, posttraining interviews, and follow-up assessments at 6 and 12 months after training.

Results:
Thirty-two residents completed the training. Posttest scores significantly increased [M (SD) 9.8 (2.4) vs 11.7 (2), p < 0.0001]. Knowledge gains were not maintained at 6-month follow-up. Residents reported increased comfort with several ASD management methods and an increased likelihood of using the STAT. More residents reported using the STAT at follow-up: 2 of 29 before training, 5 of 11 at 6 months, and 3 of 13 at 12 months. We identified 4 themes in interview responses: (1) increased sense of empowerment in managing patients with ASD but ongoing reluctance to make a formal diagnosis, (2) logistical barriers affected successful implementation of the STAT, (3) access to developmental pediatricians played an essential role in comfort levels, and (4) the main educational value of the STAT training came from interactive components.

Conclusion:
An ASD curriculum including training in the STAT increased resident knowledge and comfort in diagnosing and managing ASD. Although logistical barriers continue to affect the ability of general pediatricians to diagnose ASD, use of this curriculum has potential to improve long-term outcomes.
Extended Pedicled Perforator Plus Submental Flap for Large Cheek Defect Reconstruction
Authors: Abdelmofeed Ayman M. , Hassan Mohammed Elsayed , Seif Ola , Abdelhalim Mohamed H. , Younes Mohamed T. 
Published: May 2023

Background:
The submental flap is an alternative repair technique in the maxillo-facial region when microsurgical reconstruction is not required or is difficult to apply. The purpose of this study was to illustrate the benefits of restoring the cheeks with an extended pedicled submental flap.

Method:
Eight patients aged 58 to 81 years with cheek cancer presented to the surgery department at the Benha University Hospital in Egypt, from May 2019 to October 2021 for the removal of their tumors and reconstruction of the resulting defects, using the extended submental perforator plus pedicled artery flap.

Results:
The average blood loss was 250 cm3 (range: 50–400 cm3). The average operation took 3 hours to complete, including excision and rebuilding (a range of 2.5 to 3.5 hours). The length of the postoperative hospital stay was 2 to 4 days. Fortunately, there was no complete flap loss; nonetheless, distal flap necrosis in one case left a raw area, which was allowed to heal naturally, and hemorrhages in two cases were conservatively handled.

Conclusions:
For the reconstruction of cheek abnormalities, the submental flap is a viable alternative, particularly in older patients or patients whose overall health has declined and who need less severe therapies and quicker surgery. The submental flap, which conceals the donor site, provides a dependable supply of skin for facial resurfacing with excellent color, shape, and texture matching. The flap is quick, and easy to raise.
Increased Reliability in Medial Canthal Tendon Reposition in Nasoorbitoethmoidal Fractures with Computer-assisted Surgery and Surgical Navigation
Authors: Alamillos Francisco J. , Sanjuan Alba , Centella Inmaculada , Dean Alicia 
Published: May 2023

Summary:
Avulsion of the medial canthal tendon secondary to nasoorbitoethmoidal fractures leads to severe aesthetic and functional impairments. The tendon should be repositioned at the posterior lacrimal crest. Owing to the complexity of nasoorbitoethmoidal fractures, accurate location of this point during surgery can be challenging. With the aid of computer-assisted planning and surgical navigation, the point at which the medial canthal tendon should be repositioned can be easily and precisely located. We have developed an innovative navigation-assisted technique that increases the reliability and safety of internal canthus repositioning. We performed a case series of three consecutive patients who underwent medial canthal tendon repositioning using computer-assisted planning and surgical navigation. We believe that this innovation provides a new and useful application of computer-assisted planning and surgical navigation in craniomaxillofacial surgery.
A deep-learning radiomics-based lymph node metastasis predictive model for pancreatic cancer: a diagnostic study
Authors: Fu Ningzhen , Fu Wenli , Chen Haoda , Chai Weimin , Qian Xiaohua , Wang Weishen , Jiang Yu , Shen Baiyong 
Published: May 2023

Objectives:
Preoperative lymph node (LN) status is essential in formulating the treatment strategy among pancreatic cancer patients. However, it is still challenging to evaluate the preoperative LN status precisely now.

Methods:
A multivariate model was established based on the multiview-guided two-stream convolution network (MTCN) radiomics algorithms, which focused on primary tumor and peri-tumor features. Regarding discriminative ability, survival fitting, and model accuracy, different models were compared.

Results:
Three hundred and sixty-three pancreatic cancer patients were divided in to train and test cohorts by 7:3. The modified MTCN (MTCN+) model was established based on age, CA125, MTCN scores, and radiologist judgement. The MTCN+ model outperformed the MTCN model and the artificial model in discriminative ability and model accuracy. [Train cohort area under curve (AUC): 0.823 vs. 0.793 vs. 0.592; train cohort accuracy (ACC): 76.1 vs. 74.4 vs. 56.7%; test cohort AUC: 0.815 vs. 0.749 vs. 0.640; test cohort ACC: 76.1 vs. 70.6 vs. 63.3%; external validation AUC: 0.854 vs. 0.792 vs. 0.542; external validation ACC: 71.4 vs. 67.9 vs. 53.5%]. The survivorship curves fitted well between actual LN status and predicted LN status regarding disease free survival and overall survival. Nevertheless, the MTCN+ model performed poorly in assessing the LN metastatic burden among the LN positive population. Notably, among the patients with small primary tumors, the MTCN+ model performed steadily as well (AUC: 0.823, ACC: 79.5%).

Conclusions:
A novel MTCN+ preoperative LN status predictive model was established and outperformed the artificial judgement and deep-learning radiomics judgement. Around 40% misdiagnosed patients judged by radiologists could be corrected. And the model could help precisely predict the survival prognosis.
A National, County-Level Evaluation of the Association Between COVID-19 and Sexually Transmitted Infections within the United States in 2020
Authors: Pollack Catherine , Bradburne Jordan , Lee Natalie K. , Manabe Yukari C. , Widdice Lea E. , Gaydos Charlotte A. , Tuddenham Susan A. , Rompalo Anne M. , Jackman Joany , Timm Collin M. 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT

Background
Shifts in public health infrastructure to respond to one emerging health threat may have unanticipated consequences for pre-existing diseases. Also, previous research evaluating the impact of COVID-19 on sexually transmitted infections (STIs) has been conducted nationally, with little exploration of the impact on a granular geospatial level. This ecological study seeks to quantify the association between COVID-19 cases or deaths and chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis cases for all United States (US) counties in 2020.

Methods
Separate, adjusted multivariable quasi-Poisson models with robust standard errors modeled the county-level association between 2020 COVID-19 cases and deaths per 100,000 and 2020 chlamydia, gonorrhea, or syphilis cases per 100,000. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics.

Results
Every 1,000 additional COVID-19 cases per 100,000 was associated with a 1.80% increase in the average number of chlamydia cases (P < .001) and 5.00% increase in the average number of gonorrhea cases (P < .001). Every 1,000 additional COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 was associated with a 57.9% increase in the average number gonorrhea cases (P < .001) and 74.2% decrease in the average number of syphilis cases (P = .004).

Conclusions
Higher rates of COVID-19 cases and deaths were associated with increased rates of some STIs at the US county-level. The underlying reasons for these associations could not be established by this study. The emergency response to an emerging threat may have unanticipated influence on pre-existing diseases that varies by level of governance.
Qualitative Study on Safe and Effective Handover Information during a Rapid Response Team Encounter
Authors: Greenberg Justin M. , Schmidt Anita , Chang Todd P. , Rake Alyssa 
Published: May 2023

Introduction:
A rapid response team (RRT) evaluates and manages patients at risk of clinical deterioration. There is limited literature on the structure of the rapid response encounter from the floor to the intensive care unit team. We aimed to define this encounter and examine provider experiences to elucidate what information healthcare staff need to safely manage patients during an RRT evaluation.

Methods:
This phenomenological qualitative study included 6 focus groups (3 in-person and 3 virtually) organized by provider type (nurses, residents, fellows, attendings), which took place until thematic saturation was reached. Two authors inductively coded transcripts and used a quota sampling strategy to ensure that the focus groups represented key stakeholders. Transcripts were then analyzed to identify themes that providers believe influence the RRT’s quality, efficacy, and efficiency and their ability to manage and treat the acutely decompensating pediatric patient on the floor.

Results:
Transcript coding yielded 38 factors organized into 8 themes. These themes are a summary statement or recap, closed-loop communication, interpersonal communication, preparation, duration, emotional validation, contingency planning, and role definition.

Conclusions:
The principal themes of utmost importance at our institution during an RRT encounter are preparation, a brief and concise handoff from the floor team, and a summary statement from the intensive care unit team with contingency planning at the end of the encounter. Our data suggest that some standardization may be beneficial during the handoff.