bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frankfurt Cases
Authors: Capes Justin A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
A number of structurally different Frankfurt cases have been developed over the years. There are “prior sign” cases, “blockage” cases, “modified blockage” cases, “self-imposed blockage” cases, “limited blockage” cases, “buffer” cases, and “modified buffer” cases, among others. This chapter explains how the fine-grained analysis can be applied to all these different kinds of Frankfurt cases. Also discussed is Frankfurt’s well-known case of the Willing and Unwilling Addict, and his argument that the Frankfurt cases cast doubt on the principle of alternative possibilities even if, strictly speaking, they aren’t counterexamples to the principle.
Tracing the Painkiller Revolution
Authors: Sherman Melina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 traces the history of pain and the development of the field of pain management. Within these domains, it also looks at the emergence of the “pain revolution,” a sudden shift in prescribing practices in which opioids rapidly emerged as the hallmark treatment for managing different types of pain. It focuses on key shifts in the medical knowledge and practices related to pain in order to understand how pain and opioids came to be linked together. In doing so, it also examines how forces outside medicine acted upon and in conjunction with medical expertise in ways that helped spark the opioid revolution. This chapter seeks to identify the key uncertainties, questions, proposed solutions, and collaborations that emerged within and between medicine and politics that will explain how opioids became the go-to treatment for pain, how this connection strengthened over time, and how it helped set the stage for the unprecedented growth of an opioid market.
Pain’s New Faces
Authors: Sherman Melina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 shows how the opioid epidemic has been made to look the way it does and how people who use opioids are constructed in medicine, politics, and popular culture. In particular, the fifth chapter focuses on attempts to restore order to what now appears to be a system of meaning in crisis. It does so by developing a critical discourse analysis of opioid use in health institutions and popular culture, sites where meaning-making practices have historically named, classified, and characterized people who use opioids as different kinds of persons. Each of the figures in this typology, along with the ways in which they are imagined, performs a specific function within the opioid epidemic. This typology conditions whose pain is seen as legitimate, and it sets the stage for a compassionate approach to opioid use that is selectively applied to only some people in pain.
Closing
Authors: Sherman Melina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The book concludes by considering the implications of its findings for the development of drug policies and future research related to public health, medicine, and their relationship to culture. In addition to several practical suggestions related to the regulatory process, this chapter contends that developing a richer understanding of the opioid epidemic—of something that has often been understood and articulated as a purely medical phenomenon—would be better achieved by taking a more comprehensive approach that considers its relation to other social problems, to politics, and to American culture. Moreover, rethinking pain and addiction not as individual problems but as problems that can only be understood in complex, social, and cultural terms is a crucial agenda for future research. Examining how pain is defined, realized, and assessed; how people relate their own pain and the pain of others; and how pain becomes represented and intervened upon in a variety of domains might help American society make sense of what has happened over the past two decades. In sum, closer attention paid to the analysis and implications suggested in the chapters, along with the crucial recognition that every person’s pain matters, are key steps worth taking to end the current crisis.
Bipartisanship and US Foreign Policy
Authors: Tama Jordan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Bipartisanship and US Foreign Policy shows that, even as polarization in American politics reaches new heights, Democrats and Republicans in Washington continue to cooperate on many international issues. A close look at congressional voting patterns and major foreign policy debates of recent years—including over military intervention, the use of economic sanctions, international trade, and foreign policy spending—reveals that bipartisanship remains surprisingly common when elected officials turn their attention overseas. Yet bipartisanship today rarely involves unity in Washington. Instead, bipartisan coalitions often coexist with intra-party divisions or disagreement between Congress and the president, making it difficult for the United States to speak with one voice on the global stage. In short, the politics of contemporary US foreign policy are more nuanced than either headlines highlighting extreme polarization or truisms suggesting that politics stops at the water’s edge would suggest. Drawing on new data and interviews of more than 100 US foreign policy practitioners, the book highlights key factors that influence political alignments among elected officials and provides takeaways for efforts to foster more bipartisanship on important foreign policy challenges.
Spiritual Marriage with Christ in De Virginitate
Authors: Abecina Alexander L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter lays the groundwork for the investigation with an analysis of Gregory’s earliest work, De virginitate. This chapter argues that his pneumatology plays the primary role in achieving the work’s skopos. Gregory demonstrates that it is impossible for weak, fallen humanity to see God unless the power of death is overcome by the life-giving power of the Holy Spirit. With reference to baptismal illumination and regeneration, and the use of what is called ‘baptismal exegesis’ of scripture, Gregory shows that it is only by the Spirit that the virgin ascetic may become spiritually married to Christ. We find that from the earliest moments of his writing career, Gregory conceives of marriage with Christ as a work initiated and perfected by the Spirit, who shares the essential attributes of the Father and the Son, a basic insight that he will carry into the writing of In Canticum Canticorum.
Theory and Application of Quantum-Based Interatomic Potentials in Metals and Alloys
Authors: Moriarty John A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Historically, the interatomic potentials used in atomistic computer simulations of materials properties, such as molecular dynamics, have been simple empirical constructions, typically chosen in fixed analytic form with arbitrary parameters that are fitted to experimental or theoretical data. We know, however, that predictive power at atomic length scales comes from quantum mechanics, as demonstrated by the enormous success of density functional theory (DFT) over the past fifty years. At the same time, quantum simulations based on DFT are confined to small systems that are often no more than a few hundred atoms with time scales of a few picoseconds. In metals and alloys especially, a viable path forward to the vastly larger length and time scales offered by empirical potentials, while retaining the predictive power of DFT quantum mechanics, is to coarse-grain the underlying electronic structure and systematically derive quantum-based interatomic potentials (QBIPs) from first-principles considerations. This is possible because the valence energy bands in metals and alloys are amenable to simplified quantum treatments, leading to robust expansion of the total energy in terms of weak interatomic matrix elements that define the potentials. This book elaborates the development and application of QBIPs for simple, transition and actinide metals and their alloys based on DFT methods, especially first-principles generalized pseudopotential theory. The book spans the entire QBIP process from foundation in fundamental theory, to the development and machine-learning optimization of accurate potentials for real materials, to the widespread application of the potentials to materials modeling and simulation of structural and thermodynamic properties, point and line defects, and mechanical properties of metals and alloys across the Periodic Table.
Conclusion
Authors: King Colin , Hendry Jennifer 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book with a consideration of three broader aspects. First, it explores self-legitimation strategies expressed by proponent interviewees. It contends that such views reinforce due process concerns, evidencing a cognitively dissonant position on the part of proponents. Second, while this book concentrates on Ireland and England & Wales, it highlights how civil recovery powers are increasingly prevalent internationally. The chapter considers this spread of non-conviction-based confiscation powers, with particular focus on proposals by the European Commission for an EU-wide non-conviction-based confiscation model. Third, and finally, it situates discussion of civil recovery in the broader context of civil/criminal procedural hybrids across different applications and jurisdictions.
The Real Living Wage
Authors: Heery Edmund , Hann Deborah , Nash David 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Real Living Wage presents a detailed case study of the campaign for the Living Wage, a voluntary standard promoted by the community organizing network Citizens UK, and a striking example of the civil regulation of the employment relationship. The book first examines the nature of the Living Wage as a body of regulation and the methods that Citizens UK and its partner organization, the Living Wage Foundation, have used to encourage employers to adopt the standard. It then considers the responses to the campaign of employers, trade unions, and public authorities. The book identifies those employers that have backed the campaign and their motives for doing so, the variable responses of trade unions, which have encompassed forming coalitions with campaigners alongside considerable suspicion and conflict, and the methods that national, regional, and local governments have used to promote the standard. The book ends by presenting evidence of the impact of the campaign. It shows that the scheme has been redistributive, with more than 12,500 employers adopting the Living Wage, benefitting about 340,000 low-wage employees. It also shows that there is a business case for the Living Wage and identifies a series of positive effects for employers that have implemented the standard within their organizations.
What makes something a perceptual object?
Authors: Mroczko-Wąsowicz Aleksandra , Stoch Nastazja , Zguda Paulina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter overviews approaches to object perception focusing on perceptual objects (POs) as units of perception. An account of POs should acknowledge the ambiguity of the term ‘object’ and determine the relations between its senses. It should settle whether non-prototypical visual objects, sounds, odours, and entities from other sense modalities can be POs. Additionally, it requires criteria for singling out a PO from a stimulus array. Gestalt laws provide general principles of perceptual organization but cannot serve as criteria for object individuation. These are offered within the body theory, which, in turn, exhibits visuocentric limitations. In the chapter, the authors review two plausible theories individuating POs in a modality-independent way. It is recommended that a comprehensive approach to POs may not rely on object perception alone but should be complemented with object conception. By differentiating three levels of description of POs, the authors also propose to adhere to a proper level when investigating POs.
Sensory binding without sensory individuals
Authors: Quilty-Dunn Jake 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The capacity for feature binding is typically explained in terms of the attribution model: a perceptual state selects an individual and attributes properties to it. Thus, features are bound together in virtue of being attributed to the same individual. While the attribution model successfully explains some cases of binding in perception, not all binding needs to be understood as property attribution. This chapter argues that some forms of binding—those involving holistic iconic representations, which bind features outside the limits of attention and object files—do not fit the attribution model. The chapter then sketches an alternative coordination model of binding.
Material objects as the singular subjects of multimodal perception
Authors: Matthen Mohan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Higher animals need to identify and track material objects because they depend on interactions with them for nutrition, reproduction, and social interaction. This paper investigates the perception of material objects. It argues, firstly, that material objects are tagged, in all five external senses, as bearers of the features detected by them. This happens through a perceptual process, here entitled generalized completion, which creates the appearance of objects that have properties that transcend the activation of sensory receptors. The paper shows, secondly, that material objects are privileged subjects for perceived motion and interaction. That is, they are perceived as subjects for these properties, while their parts seem to be subjects only derivatively. Material objects are the only perceptual subjects that are both multisensory and privileged.
Multimodal structure of painful experiences
Authors: Skrzypulec Błażej 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
It is common to characterize pain with touch-related terms, like ‘cutting’, ‘pressing’, ‘sharp’, and ‘pulsing’, or temperature-related terms, like ‘hot’ or ‘burning’. This suggests that many pains are phenomenally multimodal because they are experienced as having some tactile-like or thermal-like character. The goal of this chapter is to investigate the structure of phenomenally multimodal pain experiences. It is argued that the usual accounts of multimodal structure proposed in investigations regarding exteroceptive experiences cannot be plausibly applied to multimodal experiences of pain. Instead, an alternative framework is proposed, which characterizes the structure of tactile-like and thermal-like pains by referring to the notion of crossmodal correspondences.
Estate Management around Florence and Lucca 1000-1250
Authors: Tabarrini Lorenzo 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This book describes the forms of estate management, and the way they changed, around Florence and Lucca during the central Middle Ages. It is based mainly on the notarial charters preserved in the ecclesiastical archives of both cities dating to the period 1000–1250, with a focus on the years between c. 1180 and c. 1230—which were characterized by a process of overall economic growth. The Florentine and Lucchese countryside are worth comparing, as they are believed to have had very different historical trajectories. The so-called manorial system (sistema curtense in Italian) is believed to have ceased to exist in the Lucchesia around the beginning of the tenth century, whereas in the Fiorentino its disappearance can be dated to the early thirteenth century. Similarly, the Florentine countryside is generally regarded as the birthplace of a particular type of sharecropping tenure, the mezzadria poderale, which spread over much of central Italy during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and would later become an essential component of Italian agrarian identity. On the contrary, the mezzadria poderale is thought to have never developed at any point in the history of medieval and early modern Lucchesia. Thus, the book sets out to examine the transformations of estate management around both cities over the central Middle Ages in their own right; that is to say, by detaching those transformations from any teleological view, and by placing them within the economic and socio-political context of the period 1000–1250.
Disagreeing About Forgiveness
Authors: Russell Luke 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines disagreements over whether victims of wrongdoing ought to overcome their resentment and forgive the perpetrators. Many people encourage victims of wrongdoing to forgive, saying that forgiveness ends conflict and allows victims to heal. However, there are some cases in which victims are criticized for forgiving unrepentant wrongdoers. Holocaust survivor Eva Kor forgave the Nazis and was subsequently told by fellow survivors that her act of forgiveness was impermissible. The fact that people disagree over the moral permissibility of forgiveness prompts us to ask what forgiveness amounts to. Dictionary definitions and common metaphors provide limited assistance in relation to answering this question. Nor is it easy to identify the nature of forgiveness by looking to the Bible or other religious texts. Psychologists do not operate with a shared definition of forgiveness, and they appear to be investigating a range of different things under this heading. None of these authorities give a clear answer to the question of what forgiveness really is.
ThePrint
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
ThePrint’s tagline reads ‘Substance of print, Reach of digital’ which clearly defines that the organization enshrines the sanctity of print in the realm of digital. This chapter focuses on ThePrint’s performance in the digital space. With the expansion of digital media, Shekhar Gupta’s initiative ThePrint is rising fairly well with an easy reach to its audience. It is an independent platform providing the readers with fair and qualitative journalism with both online and offline media presence without any extrinsic bent. An in-depth case study of the organization will enable the readers to understand how ThePrint packages itself for its users and what kind of initiatives it undertakes to engage with people both on-screen and off-screen. Its quality content in the digital space has earned the platform a good reputation in the field of qualitative and fair journalism. The changing trends turned Shekhar Gupta into a digital entrepreneur who believes that ‘you can be a veteran and beginner at the same time’. The chapter focuses on the genesis, growth and development of the organization, organizational structure, editorial policies, target audience, business model, and the overall working of the platform. The author also unveils the strategic intent of the group to engage a vast readership and how their content is different from other media platforms. With its unique product and content management policies, ThePrint has managed to foster a one-on-one interaction with its audience and also focus on their offline presence. The parent company of ThePrint is PrintlineMedia, but it works entirely as an independent firm in working on consideration of the various social, political, economic, and legal factors to have an uptight competition with its rivals.
Inshorts
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Inshorts is one of the most-read digital news apps in India. Their target audience is the youth of the country, and thus they try to make their best attempt in relating the content to them. In this chapter, we discover how an idea of three engineering students turned into a successful business venture called Inshorts. It is registered under the aegis of Inshorts Medialabs, a private limited company launched on 27 July 2015. It broadly operates in the domain of news, information, updates, and noteworthy happenings around the world. Its turnover for FY 2021 was ₹105 crores. This chapter explores how an organization took shape from a Facebook page and grew on to become a legitimate digital media organization to become the symbol of news to fight the race against time. It reviews the Inshorts’s business and revenue model and examines the journey of the organization and familiarizes the readers with its founders among various other aspects of the digital media entrepreneurial venture.
The Wire
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Based out of New Delhi, the foundation stones of the organization were laid in 2015 by Siddharth Varadarajan, Sidharth Bhatia, and M.K. Venu. Their aim was to keep the democratic spirit of the country alive which is explored via their strategic intent, business model, and content and product management. The media organization has also received angel donations from some established firms. They reach out to people via their website and through social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter in order to receive donations and keep the authentic sources alive.
The Better India
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The chapter talks about the genesis of The Better India, a unique platform that presents its stories with a motive of positive social and cultural change. It was founded by two former engineers who started with a blog that was later converted into a website with the stimulus of their family and friends. They said that they wanted to become ‘India’s morning good news platform’. With the revenue source of advertisements and sponsorships, the company is expected to have a great boom in the coming future. With the language constraint of serving only in English, now they have even started publishing their content in Hindi to bridge the rural–urban gap. For now, their major audience comprises of people from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Singapore. The team defines itself as ‘India’s only and Asia’s largest positive journalism platform that uses storytelling to drive large-scale change and impact!’
Scroll
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Founded by Samir Patil and Naresh Fernandes in 2014, Scroll is a Hindi- and English-language digital news publication owned by the Scroll Media Incorporation. In the year 2014, Samir Patil decided to give a new meaning to the most used digital word, ‘scroll’. In India, he founded an English news website named Scroll (scroll.in) to give a brand-new perspective to journalism in the country. When Samir Patil and Naresh Fernandes decided to tread the path of journalism, there was something that they were sure of: news that is expansive and research based. Scroll intended to pursue data-driven and grassroot reporting. The organization, which firmly believes in media being the fourth pillar of democracy, aims at keeping the basic principles of journalism intact with their editorial policies. The organization initially started in English and has also expanded into the field of Hindi journalism. This chapter documents the journey of the Scroll and also unravels its funding model including its biggest angel investor. The chapter also explores the organization’s network of widespread audiences that has been the reason behind the company’s success. It also focuses on the content management and editorial policies of the group that has secured them with a huge following on social media platforms.
Introduction
Authors: Waters Rob 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Introduction outlines the scope of integration projects in London in the two decades between the arrival of the Empire Windrush and the passage of the first Race Relations Act, and it establishes why London held a particularly prominent place in the development of the politics of integration in this era. It considers the ways in which this integrationism worked through racial logics, perpetuating race even as it aimed at overcoming its discriminations. The latter part of the Introduction discusses the meaning and structure of integration politics in more detail before outlining the book’s chapters.