bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining Democracy and Democratic Dysfunction
Authors: Dixon Rosalind 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores foundational debates about the scope of commitments to democracy in a constitutional system. It also explores “thin” notions of competitive democracy that focus on a “minimum core” notion of democracy, as well as “thicker” notions of democracy that comprise a broader set of commitments to rights and deliberation, but also norms subject to reasonable disagreement. Having defined democracy in this way, the chapter goes on to explore the three democratic risks to which a theory of responsive judicial review is directed, namely the risks of anti-democratic monopoly power, democratic blind spots, and burdens of inertia, and explains and illustrates each concept. It shows how these blockages can arise in at risk and well-functioning democracies, as well as the interconnection between the various blockages.
Introduction
Authors: Ben-Yishai Ayelet 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Introduction establishes the link between Emergencies past, present, and future by opening with a discussion of a prison diary written by Shanta Kumar, a politician from the Hindu right, who spent the Emergency under administrative detention. The prison memoir is an important Indian genre, one that is intimately tied to colonial rule and to the formation of a modern Indian national subject. Indeed, the diary repeats the same themes and motifs that populate colonial-era prison narratives, establishing Kumar—and his political party—within a long lineage of political prisoners in Indian colonial and postcolonial history, despite being their political opponent. The chapter shows that “genre” in this book extends beyond the literary to serve as an object of study, a way of thinking about periods of political crisis and their consequence, an organizing principle of analysis, and a mode of literary and political history. Complementing and problematizing prevailing theories of “states of exception,” the author’s analyses of the tension between crisis and continuity as a textual-political-cultural genre open new theoretical frameworks for thinking about emergencies.
Epic
Authors: Ben-Yishai Ayelet 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the wake of the Emergency, two of India’s most prominent and controversial writers, Salman Rushdie and Shashi Tharoor, each set out on an ambitious project, the fictional rewriting of the story of modern India. The result was two epic novels, Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children (1980) and Tharoor’s The Great Indian Novel (1989), which recounted Indian history from the struggle for independence to the Emergency through an engagement with the historical epic of the Mahabharata. Chapter 4 argues that the long form, historical depth, and mythical register of these narratives are in constant tension with the political immediacy and urgency which generated them, getting at the heart of the continuity/crisis paradox which structures this inquiry. The two novels place their narrators as their epic heroes, who wrest the national story away from the carefully crafted myth of Indira Gandhi and reinstate it in their own, explicitly male hands and voices. In doing so, they recover a national virility, and a specifically gendered and conservative political order.
Classical Problems of Antiquity
Authors: Lützen Jesper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The quadrature of a circle, the duplication of a cube, and the trisection of an angle are so-called classical problems. The ancient Greeks invented many solutions for them using various curves and instruments. Many of these constructions and their historical origins are discussed in this chapter. However, the ancients sought out solutions using only ruler and compass, but did not find any.
Cube Duplication and Angle Trisection in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Lützen Jesper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Descartes’s analytic geometry allowed him to use algebra to solve geometric construction problems. That turned out to be an important key to the proof of the impossibility of solving the classical problems by ruler and compass. Descartes himself believed that he could prove this impossibility. But his rather strange proof was not rigorous. Still, after the proof had been modified during the eighteenth century, it appeared convincing to many leading mathematicians of the Enlightenment. The French Academy therefore declared that they would no longer evaluate circle quadratures, cube duplications, and angle trisections. The original question of constructions by ruler and compass was almost lost sight of.
Circle Quadrature in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Lützen Jesper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
During the eighteenth century Newton’s and Leibniz’s arguments for the impossibility of the algebraic indefinite circle quadrature were modified and led to the enlightened opinion that this problem had been proven to be impossible. There was less agreement about the status of the definite circle quadrature, and the problem of constructions by ruler and compass was hardly mentioned. Nevertheless the French Academy declared that they would no longer evaluate circle quadratures, cube duplications, and angle trisections.
Impossible Equations Made Possible
Authors: Lützen Jesper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Wallis emphasized that impossible arithmetical problems could give rise to new types of numbers. For example, 3 minus 5 gives rise to the negative number we call −2. In the same vein Cardano tried to solve the “impossible” system of equations x + y = 10 and xy = 40 and came up with a new type of numbers later called complex numbers. This is an example of the creative power of mathematical impossibilities. Complex numbers later became extremely useful in mathematics as well as other sciences. At the end of the chapter we analyze a similar story about the invention of infinitesimals. Like complex numbers they were used successfully long before their meaning was cleared up.
The Insolvability of the Quintic by Radicals
Authors: Lützen Jesper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Can the solution of an arbitrary polynomial equation be expressed by a formula in the coefficients using only the arithmetic operations +, −, ∙, : and the extraction of roots (radicals)? After Cardano the answer was known to be yes for equations of degree 1 through 4. Lagrange made a thorough investigation of the general problem but could not solve it. On the basis of his insights, Ruffini (in 1803) and Abel (1826) could prove that for degree 5 such a formula does not exist in general. Galois developed a method for deciding which equations can be solved by radicals. Already Lagrange based his arguments on permutations of the roots and Galois introduced the important concept of a (permutation) group. The fact that Ruffini’s proof was ignored by his contemporaries whereas Abel’s proof was soon celebrated as an important insight indicates that impossibility results began to acquire more importance during the early nineteenth century.
Constructions with Ruler and Compass
Authors: Lützen Jesper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In 1801 Gauss proved that a particular class of regular polygons can be constructed by ruler and compass. He claimed that no other regular polygons were constructible by these means but left the proof to Wantzel (1837). Wantzel also proved that the duplication of a cube and the trisection of an angle were impossible by ruler and compass. Forty-five years later Lindemann finally proved that π is transcendental and thus that also the quadrature of a circle is impossible with ruler and compass. We discuss why Wantzel’s proof was overlooked for a century while Lindemann’s discovery gave him instant fame.
Impossible Integrals
Authors: Lützen Jesper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Since Leibniz it has been known that, in contrast to differentiation, integration is a difficult art. Even rather simple functions have integrals that cannot be expressed in a simple manner. Abel, and in particular Liouville (in the 1830s), developed methods for proving the impossibility of expressing some simple integrals in elementary terms. These methods were derived from the algebraic techniques developed for solving polynomial equations. Liouville was also able to prove that certain differential equations cannot be solved “by quadrature,” meaning in terms of integral signs. In 1970 Risch found an algorithm that could find the integral of a simple function if it was simple and prove that is impossible if that is the case. It is discussed why so many impossibility results came to light around 1830.
Hilbert and Impossible Problems
Authors: Lützen Jesper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In 1900 Hilbert gave a famous talk in Paris in which he formulated a number of problems, the solution to which would enrich the century to come. He emphasized the great interest that impossibility theorems had acquired over the recent years and insisted that a proof of impossibility should count as a solution to the problem. Some of Hilbert’s problems were formulated as impossibility results; other turned out unexpectedly to be answered by an impossibility proof. The problems numbered 1, 3, and 7 are discussed in this chapter. The first problem asks for a proof of the so-called continuum hypothesis and the well-ordering theorem within Cantor’s new set theory. Frege proved the latter using the so-called axiom of choice and Gödel and Cohen proved that the former is independent of the other axioms of set theory.
Impossibility in Physics
Authors: Lützen Jesper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Also physics has its impossibility statements. We compare them with the mathematical impossibility theorems and look into the history of one of them: the impossibility of building a perpetual motion machine. We also consider impossibilities in twentieth-century physics, in particular in quantum mechanics. For example, Heisenberg’s uncertainty relations imply that it is impossible to measure both the place and momentum of a particle accurately. We also discuss von Neumann’s controversial proof that it is impossible to obtain a deterministic version of quantum mechanics by introducing hidden variables.
Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem
Authors: Lützen Jesper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In 1785 Condorcet showed that if there are three or more candidates in an election it can happen that one cannot determine a candidate who will win over the other candidates in pairwise elections. This is the so-called Condorcet paradox. The question then arose whether one can avoid the problem using a different election method. Many methods were suggested, but all had some unwanted consequences. The problem was investigated by Duncan Black. Finally, in 1950 Kenneth Arrow, who had reformulated welfare economics as a theory of social choice, proved that there exists no voting procedure that satisfies five very simple and desirable conditions. This is Arrow’s impossibility theorem. Many similar impossibility theorems have been discovered since then, in particular the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem, which states that all voting methods can be manipulated. The theorem was proved in the mid-1970s independently by the two persons after whom it is named.
The Book of Enoch
Authors: VanderKam James C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe chapter tells about the arrival of the first Ethiopic copies of Enoch into Western Europe through the efforts of James Bruce, the contents of the book, the history of scholarship on it, including the editing and translating work of August Dillmann, before Charles studied it. It then describes the articles and the three books that Charles wrote about it, with an account of his theory regarding the components from which the Ethiopic Book of Enoch was compiled and the dates, teachings, and original languages of each of them. For Charles’s books there is consideration of the contemporary reviews written about them, of more recent textual discoveries, and of how his work continues to impact study of the Book of Enoch today.
The Book of Jubilees
Authors: VanderKam James C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe chapter describes the Ethiopic Book of Jubilees, the process of first making it available to Western scholars in the mid-nineteenth century, and the history of scholarship on it, including the work of August Dillmann. It then describes the serialized translation and the two books that Charles wrote about it. There is a discussion of the teachings he found in Jubilees and the time to which he dated its original Hebrew form. There is consideration of the contemporary reviews of Charles’s books, of more recent textual finds, and of how his work continues to impact study of the Book of Jubilees today.
Recognition and Syntheses 1898–1899
Authors: VanderKam James C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe chapter covers the years 1898–99 when Charles was first appointed Professor of Biblical Greek at his alma mater, Trinity College, Dublin, when he received a D.D. degree from the same school, and when he was appointed to deliver the Hibbert Lectures (on “The Doctrine of the Last Things, in Israel and Judah”). In addition, the chapter deals with his continuing program of publishing that took a somewhat different form than in the previous years. It surveys some very long articles that Charles contributed to reference works, primarily the entries “Apocalyptic Literature” and “Eschatology” in the Encyclopaedia Biblica. The final major publication to be treated is his first synthetic volume, A Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future Life in Israel, in Judaism, and in Christianity, which was based on the Jowett Lectures that he gave in 1898 and 1899.
The Book of Daniel
Authors: VanderKam James C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe chapter treats the biblical Book of Daniel by examining the traditional view that it contains authentic prophecies and the critical view that it describes contemporary events as if they were future. It places Charles’s short commentary on Daniel (1913) in this context and sketches his conclusions in the introduction to the commentary—that the book is pseudonymous and was originally written in Aramaic (ca. 165 b.c.), but to ease its entry into the canon of Scripture, the beginning and end were soon translated into Hebrew. The Greek translation survived in two recensions. The chapter next turns to his larger Daniel commentary that was published in 1929. There is treatment of his correspondence with Oxford University Press while it was being prepared, of his extended study of the development of the Aramaic language and the place of the Aramaic of Daniel within that history, and of his comments on some passages. The chapter includes a survey of reviews of the larger commentary, a brief consideration of its lasting value, and a postscript on the poor sales of the book
The Ten Commandments
Authors: VanderKam James C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe chapter is devoted to a book by Charles that began as his Warburton Lectures delivered at Lincoln’s Inn and Westminster Abbey in the years 1919–1923. It explains how his published analysis of the Decalogue aimed to study the commandments from three angles—the critical, the historical, and the practical. The chapter surveys the introduction to the volume where critical issues are treated and the earliest textual evidence for the commandments are studied, that is, the Nash Papyrus and various biblical texts. It then surveys the chapters that discuss each of the ten commandments and how Charles, while treating them historically, also attempted to apply them to contemporary issues. An example is the implication of the prohibition of making images to Catholic practice with regard to images or statues. The reviews written of the book are also surveyed.
The Reality of Organizations
Authors: Collins Stephanie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter opens with an overview of the book’s theses. It provides a summary of the two running examples that will recur throughout the book: Australia’s Banking Royal Commission and the climate change debate around the Polluter Pays Principle. It then defines ‘organization’ as ‘a collective agent that involves a large number of people who realize a structure that coordinates divided labour via rules and hierarchical command relations, guided by a collective decision-making procedure’. The chapter provides three reasons for realism (ontological holism) about organizations: organizations are multiply realizable; organizations have inward and outward causal-explanatory power; and organizations bear functionalist-interpretivist agency. The chapter closes by providing a chapter-by-chapter overview of the book.
Cosmological and Teleological Reasoning
Authors: Holden Thomas 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Hobbes’s treatment of the cosmological reasoning (i.e., the first cause argument) and teleological reasoning (i.e., the design argument). On the face of it, Hobbes’s treatment of each of these kinds of reasoning seems strangely ambidextrous, perhaps even self-contradictory. I argue that it is only when we appreciate both the restrained economy of Hobbes’s natural theology and the liberal range of his pious expressivism that we can understand his various assays on cosmological and teleological reasoning, and square them one with another
Talking and Thinking about an Inconceivable God
Authors: Holden Thomas 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers and rejects the suggestion that the doctrine of God’s inconceivability commits Hobbes to semantic atheism, i.e., to the position that there is no genuine thought about God at all, and that all human talk about God is senseless and insignificant speech. Although Hobbes holds that no human can frame an idea or conception of God’s intrinsic nature, his device of ‘indefinite names’ enables us to refer to this mysterious being in language and thought by way of a purely relational characterization. I also address Hobbes’s purposes in asserting that the deity is a kind of body or corporeal being—an assertion that, quite apart from its apparent theological eccentricity, might seem to contradict Hobbes’s doctrine that we can frame no idea at all of God’s nature.
Love and Fear of an Inconceivable God
Authors: Holden Thomas 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Hobbes advances the radical view that no human passion—no emotion, feeling, sentiment, or affective attitude, including love, fear, hate, and the rest—can genuinely be directed toward an inconceivable being such as the deity. Moreover, even if passions directed toward God were possible, other texts imply and even openly argue that the traditionally valorized religious passions of love and fear of God would be improper. In this chapter I document and examine these arguments problematizing passions that purport to take God as their object. I argue that Hobbes avoids any genuine commitment to God-directed passions, even when it comes to the honor and worship that we are rationally required to show toward the deity. He also radically redefines the sort of ‘love’ and ‘fear’ that we owe to God, and thereby presents us with an intellectualized form of religious devotion purged of sentiment and performative faux-sentiment.
Sin, Necessity, and God’s Moral Attributes
Authors: Holden Thomas 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter extends the expressivist interpretation of Hobbes’s natural theology to his treatment of God’s moral attributes. Most of the chapter is devoted to addressing two possible challenges to my approach: first, the argument that Hobbes’s deterministic metaphysics entails that the deity is responsible for all our sins, and hence is in fact morally imperfect (no matter what laudatory honor-expressing moral epithets Hobbes might like to bestow upon it); and second, the charge that Hobbes’s use of voluntarist language shows that he is committed to understanding God’s justice and goodness not in expressivist but in metaphysically realist terms.
Elastic and plastic deformations
Authors: Steigmann David J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The decomposition of deformation into elastic and plastic parts is introduced in terms of transformations of the material symmetry group, due to plastic evolution, pertaining to a local undistorted state of the material. This leads naturally to the notion of dislocation density, interpreted as the torsion of the underlying material manifold. Torsion, in turn, implies that the elastic strain is incompatible, and hence that the material is residually stressed when unloaded.
Isotropy
Authors: Steigmann David J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Isotropic materials occupy a prominent position in the classical theory of plasticity. This subject is reconsidered here from the vantage point of the modern theory. It is shown that the classical theory of rigid-perfectly plastic materials emerges naturally from the modern framework based on material symmetry considerations pertaining to isotropy. This enables the classical theory to be understood from the modern perspective, thereby promoting confidence in both the classical and modern theories.
Science in the Ancient Mediterranean World
Authors: Evans James 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys the development of new ideas about the universe in the ancient world by different cultures inhabiting the Mediterranean region. It looks at Egyptian, Babylonian, and Greek ideas about the nature of the universe and looks at the use of mathematics to explain natural phenomena such as the movements of the planets, and looks at the relationship between astrology and astronomy in different ancient cultures. It surveys the philosophical ideas of ancient thinkers such as Aristotle, Plato, and Ptolemy. It looks at the development of ideas about the human body and the relationship between these ideas and the practice of medicine in the ancient world.
Science in Ancient China
Authors: Harper Donald 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys the development of new ideas about nature, the universe, and the human body in ancient China, focusing on the period between the fifth century bce and the second century ce. It focuses in particular on cosmogony (the study of the origins of the universe) and cosmology, astrology and the calendar, and medicine, as well as developments in mathematics, music, and geography. It charts the development of correlative cosmology, focusing on the notion of qi as the fundamental stuff of the cosmos, and how it went through processes based on cycles of yin and yang. It surveys the contributions of leading figures such as Zi Wei, Shi Shen, and Chunyu Yi.
Science in the Medieval Christian and Islamic Worlds
Authors: Livesey Steven J. , Brentjes Sonja 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys the circulation of scientific knowledge around the Islamic and Christian worlds during the medieval period. It explores the vital role played by Islamic scholars in the preservation of ancient Greek ideas in medicine, astronomy, and optics amongst other sciences and how they developed earlier ideas in distinctive ways. It explores the development of universities in western Europe and the incorporation of Greek and Islamic natural philosophy into orthodox Christian tradition. It examines the relationship of scientific and religious ideas in both Christian and Islamic contexts, and shows how Aristotelian ideas, in particular, were incorporated into the Christian orthodox world-view.