bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protest as a Source of Demands
Authors: Medina José 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7, Protest as a Source of Demands: Polyphony and the Radical Imagination of Liberation Movements, elucidates what counts as giving proper uptake to the demands of a protest and the kinds of communicative obstacles and injustices that prescriptive protest acts issuing those demands can encounter. The general thesis of this chapter is that, as part of our general obligation to listen and give proper uptake to legitimate protests, publics and institutions have a prima facie obligation to maintain a live dialogue with the plural voices of grassroots protest movements so as to avoid the silencing or communicative downgrading of their heterogeneous (and not always consistent) demands and the communicative neglect of the voices (or factions of the group) that do not raise to the top or do not become centered. Through an analysis of some of the demands of Black Lives Matter in its policy platform “A Vision for Black Lives: Policy Demands for Black Power, Freedom, and Justice,” the chapter elucidates the difficult communicative engagements that the radical demands of a protest movement require and often fail to secure, arguing for obligations that audiences and institutions have to make special communicative efforts to listen to and communicatively engage with the radical political imagination of protest movements.
Introduction
Authors: Brick David 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The introduction begins by explaining the scholarly value of an exhaustive history of widows under Hindu law. For scholars of colonial and modern India, such a history provides crucial context for understanding important colonial debates on Hindu widows. For scholars of premodern India, however, it allows one to see how dominant male attitudes toward women changed over time in premodern South Asia. The introduction then proceeds to explain why widows in particular were the subjects of so much controversy within the Hindu legal tradition and why Hindu legal texts, despite their acknowledged limitations, provide a uniquely powerful lens for studying widows and, by implication, women in general in early India. Thereafter, the introduction gives a brief overview of the Hindu legal tradition (i.e., Dharmaśāstra); discusses the fraught issue of its value for understanding historical social practice; and explains the structure of the book.
Widows’ Rights of Inheritance
Authors: Brick David 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on one particular legal issue involving widows over which there was much disagreement in Dharmaśāstra works of the ancient and medieval periods. This issue is a widow’s right to inherit her husband’s property. In particular, the chapter outlines how views on this issue within the Hindu legal tradition evolved over time, from the earliest Dharmaśāstra writings, which effectively deny widows any right to inherit their husbands’ estates, until around the twelfth century CE, when there was a decisive turn in favor of a widow’s right to inherit. The chapter concludes by citing evidence from inscriptions and non-Brahmanical literature to show that, on the issue of widows’ increasing rights of inheritance, developments within Dharmaśāstra likely reflect historical developments in the actual practice of inheritance law in medieval South Asia.
A History of Securities Law in the Supreme Court
Authors: Pritchard A.C. , Thompson Robert 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This book explores how the Supreme Court has made (and remade) securities law. It covers the history of the federal securities laws from their inception during the Great Depression, relying on the justices’ conference notes, internal memoranda, and correspondence to shed light on how they came to their decisions and drafted their opinions. That history can be divided into five periods that parallel and illustrate key trends of the Court’s jurisprudence more generally. The first saw the administration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt—aided by his filling of eight seats on the Court—triumph in its efforts to enact the securities laws and establish their constitutional legitimacy. The arrival of Roosevelt’s justices brought an end to the Court’s long-standing hostility to the regulation of business. These new justices, all committed to social control of finance, ushered in an era of deference to the SEC’s expertise that lasted through the 1940s and 1950s. The 1960s brought an era of judicial activism—and further expansion—by the Warren Court, with purpose taking precedence over text in statutory interpretation. The arrival of Lewis F. Powell, Jr., in 1972, brought a sharp reversal. Powell’s leadership of the Court in securities law produced a counterrevolution in the field and an end to the SEC’s long-winning streak at the Court. Powell’s retirement in 1987 marked the beginning of the final period of this study. In the absence of ideological consensus or strong leadership, the Court’s securities jurisprudence meandered, taking a random walk between expansive and restrictive decisions.
Boundaries
Authors: Pritchard A.C. , Thompson Robert B. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The growth of the administrative state could be expected to trigger recurring boundary issues. How does the law reconcile overlapping regulatory schemes? Regulated entities will inevitably engage in regulatory arbitrage to avoid more restrictive approaches. What happens when the regulatory conflict involves more than one level of government? The definition of what is a security, raising the first issue, has been the most litigated issue in securities law at the Supreme Court. Across nine decades of litigation, we see a familiar pattern with expansive interpretations dominating the early decades and a more restrictive countermovement growing in the 1970s. In a parallel way, early results supported latitude for SEC action that might overlap with other regulators. That deference later receded, giving way to a more critical view restricting the SEC’s reach.
The Essential Skill of Advocacy
Authors: Schenck David , Neely Scott 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The five dialogues presented in Part II invite readers to join in the continuous exploration of what healing is and how they can sustain one another as healers. These conversations were held between the author, David Schenck, and his collaborator, Scott Neely. They explore more fully skills involved in finding the other side of burnout, as well as the spiritual dimensions of the healing vocation. Dialogue allows one to practice the skills of attentive listening and apposite sharing. In dialogue, partners accompany one another into ever-evolving, ever-deepening understanding. The dialogues in Part II remind readers that the conversation continues, that learning never ends, and that they are not alone.
Bach’s Handwritten Entries in His Bible
Authors: Marissen Michael 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that on account of their lack of proper familiarity with the Lutheran historical background and foreground of Johann Sebastian Bach’s life and works, leading scholarly and popular writers have seriously misread both Bach’s music and Bach’s handwritten annotations in his Calov Study Bible as “modern.” They have interpreted his annotations as supporting their images of the composer as a quasi-Freudian, identity-crisis-ridden genius; or as a quasi-scientific, learned empiricist scholar; or as a quasi-pantheistic, broadly ecumenical aesthete; or as a Great Artist finding special creative stimuli to compose individual works. With wider and deeper knowledge of relevant historical materials, however, these views rather look like contextually improbable anachronisms—impositions of a modern mindset on an early-eighteenth-century figure.
Bach’s Christmas Oratorio and a Blessed End
Authors: Marissen Michael 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that Johann Sebastian Bach, in his fiftieth year and pondering his death, set the end of his Christmas Oratorio in a particular way in light of his individual (and communal) hope for what his Lutheranism called “a blessed end” (namely, to depart from this life into the glory of a blessed afterlife in heaven). For these and other reasons, the oratorio focuses less on the birth of Jesus per se than on what God’s human-divine Messiah will do for believers at the end time. That is to say, Bach’s approach in composing the Christmas Oratorio suggests that he did not long for posthumous fame and glory as a modern, autonomous Great Artist.
Bach’s Sacred Brandenburg Concertos
Authors: Marissen Michael 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Arguing against the persistent myth that Johann Sebastian Bach’s music is marked by a fundamental conflict between the sacred and the secular, this chapter suggests that the listeners and scholars who speak in this way about Bach understand the terms “sacred” and “secular” in a modern, anachronistic way, namely, to mean “having to do with God” versus “not having to do with God.” The chapter argues, further, that Bach’s Brandenburg Concertos, which are typically now regarded as quintessentially “pure” instrumental music, can with greater historical awareness be thought of as a wordless “sacred” repertory that does project theological and social meanings.
Is It Feasible to Reduce Inequality?
Authors: Malleson Tom 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the major tools available for reducing income inequality, particularly income tax and market regulations. It begins by analyzing the possibility of high income taxes, demonstrating that high taxes have successfully been used in many countries throughout the 20th century. The two most prominent obstacles to successfully imposing income taxes on the rich are avoidance and emigration. Yet the evidence shows that both of these obstacles can be overcome through careful policy design. The chapter then considers the major labor market reforms that could reduce income inequality, such as fostering unions, enacting full employment, increasing access to quality educational opportunities, establishing minimum wages, and reducing CEO pay. Finally, the chapter points to a number of complementary strategies for reducing inequality: the reduction of monopolies, housing support, universal child care, basic income, and the democratization of the firm.
Is It Feasible to Reduce Inequality?
Authors: Malleson Tom 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Although most of the focus on inequality is on unequal income, the bigger and more fundamental problem is inequality of wealth. This chapter examines the major tools for reducing wealth inequality: inheritance tax and wealth tax. A wealth tax is an annual tax applied to a person’s net global wealth above an exemption threshold. However, to date, the practical experience of wealth taxes has been disappointing. This is because wealth taxes commonly face a number of significant obstacles, including liquidity, widespread undervaluation, large-scale avoidance through loopholes and deductions, and high levels of evasion to tax havens. Nevertheless, the wealth tax has the potential to become a major policy tool with much promise for an egalitarian future. Inheritance tax can work effectively too, but only when loopholes are closed, rates are raised, and thresholds are lowered. Ideally, inheritance taxes should take the form of an income tax on the lifetime receipt of bequests and gifts.
Do the Skilled and Hardworking Deserve More Than Others?
Authors: Malleson Tom 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that even if there were a level playing field in terms of class and economic opportunity, individuals would still not deserve their income because of the luck of possessing uneven mental resources and bodily capacities. Since real, empirically variable human beings differ all the way down, the playing field can never be level and the competition never truly fair. Disadvantaging people on the basis of arbitrary facts about their bodies and minds, as meritocracy does, is inherently ableist. The chapter suggests that we should be highly skeptical of the twin notions of desert and meritocracy. It argues that society should not aim for absolute equality of income but rather a highly compressed income scale with robust guarantees for everyone to access the social and material conditions necessary for good and flourishing lives (called Good Life Egalitarianism).
Fueling State Capitalism
Authors: Cheon Andrew 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Short version (150): Foreign investments by state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the oil and gas sector began a dramatic climb in the late 1990s amid rising oil prices. These investments are widely perceived to be politically driven, raising concerns about resource mercantilism and asymmetric interdependence. The book begins with the premise that the investments are commercial ventures by ambitious SOEs seeking to become global players. Applying the principal agent model, the book argues that the realization of their global ambitions depends on two domestic structural factors. First, democracies can limit investments with questionable viability, as it can be politically costly for elected leaders to endorse SOE decisions that prove unprofitable for the state. Second, bureaucratic structures overseeing the SOEs can help prevent counterproductive behavior, conditional upon a clear line of authority among bureaucratic principals on matters pertaining to SOE operations. The argument differs from previous approaches by exploring a range of institutional alternatives to privatization for solutions to problems of oil sector governance. Long version (240): In a resurgence of state capitalism, foreign investments by state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the oil and gas sector called national oil companies (NOCs) began a dramatic climb in the late 1990s amid rising oil prices. These investments are widely perceived to be politically driven, raising concerns about resource mercantilism and asymmetric interdependence. The book begins with the premise that the investments are also commercial ventures by ambitious NOCs seeking to become global players. Applying the principal agent model, the book argues that the realization of NOCs’ global ambitions depends on two domestic structural factors. First, democracies can limit investments with questionable viability, as it can be politically costly for elected leaders to endorse NOC decisions that prove unprofitable for the state. Second, bureaucratic structures overseeing the NOCs can help prevent counterproductive behavior, conditional upon a clear line of authority among bureaucratic principals on matters pertaining to NOC operations. By considering a wider set of institutional alternatives to privatization in managing NOCs, this book contributes to the resource curse literature. It demonstrates its argument through a statistical analysis of NOC outward investments over the years 2000–2013 and case studies of China, India, Brazil, Norway, and Russia. Based on the experience of NOC global expansion, the book concludes that to achieve decarbonization that not only helps governments meet their political objectives, but also helps NOCs ensure their longer-term commercial viability via a managed transition to renewables, the role of bureaucratic institutions will be even more crucial.
Introduction
Authors: Cheon Andrew 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In a resurgence of state capitalism, governments have encouraged their national oil companies (NOCs) to invest vast sums in foreign oil and gas assets. Existing explanations, including energy security and asymmetric interdependence, fail to consider commercial interests of NOCs. Applying the principal agent model, the chapter introduces the central argument of the book: NOC investments depend on two domestic structural factors. First, democracies limit political and economic capital available for investments, as opposition parties can politicize them. Second, though multiple bureaucratic principals can produce counterproductive NOC behavior, a clear line of authority among them can reduce the danger. The chapter then underscores the book’s theoretical contributions: By calling for a clear line of authority among principals, the book contributes to the bureaucratic performance literature. By considering a wider set of institutional alternatives to privatization in managing NOCs, the book contributes to the resource curse literature. Finally, the chapter previews the book’s empirical contributions, a statistical analysis of NOC investments 2000–2013 and case studies of China, India, Brazil, Norway, and Russia.
Designated Principals in Brazil and Norway
Authors: Cheon Andrew 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
A comparison of Brazil and Norway reveals that democracy can be compatible with state capitalism, as well as successful NOCs. Resource scarcity and government encouragement had played a vital role in pushing Petrobras (during the oil crises of the 1970s) and Statoil (beginning in 1988) to invest in assets abroad. However, Brazil and Norway had an early start, as many NOCs would not begin investing abroad until the late 1990s. By this period, Brazil and Norway had already established a set of governance institutions to rein in potentially counterproductive NOC behavior. Most important among them were powerful ministries that had a prerogative in energy, as well as competent regulatory agencies whose specialization allowed them to cooperate with the ministries and NOCs. These institutions were not created in a vacuum, but emerged from major legislative acts that followed often contentious democratic deliberations surrounding how to best manage their resource endowment.
Professionalization as an Alternative Explanation
Authors: Cheon Andrew 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
To weigh the evidence for professionalization as an alternative explanation, the chapter revisits the five countries of the case study chapters—China, India, Brazil, Norway, and Russia—taking note of events conducive to NOC capacity-building and assessing their impact. While the chapter finds capacity-building to be an essential piece of the puzzle, it argues that it is no substitute for a domestic structural explanation because capacity-building itself is contingent on well-functioning governance mechanisms. Early efforts at professionalization, to varying degrees, helped governments equip their NOCs with the managerial and financial capacity to respond when the outward investment push came during the late 1990s. However, the success of NOC capacity build-up was in part contingent on bureaucratic capacity—the presence of governance institutions that could help ensure that NOCs are given the autonomy to achieve efficiency gains and the oversight to avoid pursuing political or economic interests that contradict the national interest.
Multiple head-movement in Innu-aimûn
Authors: Branigan Phil 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The model of multiple head-movement presented here is employed to produce a comprehensive account of the complex morphology of nouns and verbs in Innu-aimun and other Algonquian languages. This new approach explains the Bloomfieldian tripartite word structures, and reconciles the grammatical analysis of such languages with the premises of minimalist generative morpho-syntax. Specific technical questions in the analysis of conjunct versus independent orders are resolved, as well as the semantics of initial, medial, and final components in complex verbal and nominal complexes.
Introduction
Authors: Lewis Jordan P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This edited volume includes a collection of stories and studies shedding light on older adults’ wisdom and knowledge; commitment to Indigenous ways of knowing and being; and the application of Indigenous knowledge to improve programs, services, policies, and future development to ensure today’s older adults age in a good way and have opportunities to be generative. This book immerses the reader in stories of resiliency, innovation, and solutions that can apply to a variety of settings, even in the face of poverty, marginalization, and exclusion. There is an international population of aging Indigenous people with specific cultural-, age- and gender-related concerns, disparities, and social needs as well as complex health issues and end-of-life considerations that reflect their unique values, traditions, customs, and needs. Increasing the awareness and understanding of their aging and end-of-life needs among policymakers and health professionals in palliative care and social care fields is critical to planning, preparing, and executing good care for those who are in the final cycle of life and during end-of-life care. This book addresses the theoretical, philosophical, traditional, and customary aspects of aging using a strength-based lens that places Indigenous people at the forefront.
Locating Aging in India
Authors: Lyngdoh Juster , Adusumalli Malathi 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Aging and its conceptual dimensions manifestly emanated from particular cultural axioms within a Euro-American temporal context. With the expansion of such axioms obscured within the imported modernism, understanding of institutions such as family and its role have been inundated by so-called expert knowledges framed within and only from a colonial system of cultural archive. This suggested framework seems convincing, but in practice, the reality in Indigenous communities is different. Without acknowledging the historical nuances and cultural archive from an Indigenous worldview, aging as a concept can be a poor fit or be seen as an instrument of power knowledge for a captive mind. This chapter discusses the conceptual construction of aging from activity, disengagement, and other critical theoretical frameworks; it argues that these lenses deny Indigenous structure and its ways of organizing. The chapter seeks to place aging in a cross-cultural context using the framework of “indigenization from within” to bring to the fore concepts and knowledge that are located within specific cultural contexts. Furthermore, it examines the subtle power relations in the transitions with modern bureaucratic-politico structure and socialization that relegate older persons as “service receivers,” threatening the relevance of Indigenous elders. The chapter also explores understanding in two Indigenous communities, the Khasis of Meghalaya and Jad Bhotiyas in Uttarakhand, India, about older persons and their roles and status in the community. A model, the cultural paragon, is applied to this subject in relation to Indigenous communities, particularly in the context of India.
Development of the Indigenous Long-Term Care System Between 2007 and 2016 in Taiwan
Authors: Itei Umin , Ru Hung-Yu 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the developmental trajectory of an Indigenous long-term care system that was implemented by the government between 2007 and 2016 in Taiwan. To address the needs and demands of long-term care in Taiwan, the government announced the 10-year long-term care project (LTCP) in 2007. The aim of the LTCP was to construct a multiple, universal quality, and community-based elderly long-term care system with consideration of the differences in sex, urbanization, ethnicity, culture, occupation, economy, and health. The services of the LTCP included daily care services (e.g., home services), home nursing, home and community-based rehabilitation, respite care, meal services, reimbursement and rental of medical auxiliary equipment (e.g., wheelchairs, walkers, and medical beds), transportation services, and long-term care institution services. To explore how the LTCP contributed to Indigenous long-term care, quantitative and qualitative data that included 16 Indigenous peoples in 55 Indigenous townships were collected in 2016. The results of this study revealed that all services of the LTCP were not easily accessed in most Indigenous townships due to an insufficient number of caregivers and professional health providers and limited long-term care institutions.