bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two-point functions of composite twist fields in the Ising field theory
Authors: Castro-Alvaredo Olalla A , Mazzoni Michele 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAll standard measures of bipartite entanglement in one-dimensional quantum field theories can be expressed in terms of correlators of branch point twist fields, here denoted byand. These are symmetry fields associated to cyclic permutation symmetry in a replica theory and having the smallest conformal dimension at the critical point. Recently, other twist fields (composite twist fields), typically of higher dimension, have been shown to play a role in the study of a new measure of entanglement known as the symmetry resolved entanglement entropy. In this paper we give an exact expression for the two-point function of a composite twist field that arises in the Ising field theory. In doing so we extend the techniques originally developed for the standard branch point twist field in free theories as well as an existing computation due to Horváth and Calabrese of the same two-point function which focused on the leading large-distance contribution. We study the ground state two-point function of the composite twist fieldand its conjugate. At criticality, this field can be defined as the leading field in the operator product expansion ofand the disorder fieldµ. We find a general formula forlog〈Tμ(0)Tμ†(r)〉and for (the derivative of) its analytic continuation to positive real replica numbers greater than 1. We check our formula for consistency by showing that at short distances it exactly reproduces the expected conformal dimension.
Introduction
Authors: Lerner Renée Lettow 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The introduction begins by discussing different views of the jury in popular culture. It sets up the contrast between professional judges and lay jurors, and the tension between predictable law and popular justice. It describes the differences between two main families of legal systems: the common law and the civil law. Common law legal systems—found in England and its former colonies—traditionally use a jury to decide facts. Civil law systems developed on the continent of Europe and have spread to Latin America, Africa, and Asia. They traditionally use professional judges to decide cases. But many civil law systems now use jurors in criminal cases, often through the mixed panel of professional judges and lay jurors. Ironically, in common law countries the use of juries is in steep decline. The future of the jury depends on finding ways to use them efficiently and effectively.
Why use lay jurors? The ancient and medieval world
Authors: Lerner Renée Lettow 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores why ancient and medieval societies used juries, and reveals that many of the reasons are still relevant today. Ancient Athenian juries were a radical expression of popular democracy, meant to fully represent the views of citizens. They had the advantage of keeping elites in check, but the drawback of unpredictable decisions. Medieval English juries did not originate with the Anglo-Saxons, but rather with the Norman kings. English juries were a more effective method of resolving disputes than the ordeals—and a cheap one. Criminal defendants had to consent to jury trial, and were crushed to death if they did not. Contrary to common belief, Magna Carta as originally understood did not guarantee the right to a jury. At first, juries were self-informing, expected to come into court knowing their verdict. But after the Black Death of 1348, juries relied more on hearing evidence at trials.
Defining peace
Authors: Richmond Oliver P. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the different versions of peace, including the concepts of negative, positive, liberal, hybrid, everyday or emancipatory peace. Each of these approaches offers different levels of security and rights for society. Negative peace draws on the view that violence is intrinsic to human nature. Meanwhile, positive peace is defined as long-term stability, sustainability, and social justice. The chapter then looks at everyday and hybrid peace, before considering the role of political realism in political theory. It also discusses liberal peace theory and framework, which can be broken down into a number of intellectual and practical traditions: victor’s peace, constitutional peace, institutional peace, and civil peace.
Peace in history: towards the Enlightenment
Authors: Richmond Oliver P. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at the development of peacemaking until the Enlightenment, the early strands of which emerged in response to the limitations of the victor’s peace. Peace was also represented in early political philosophy and understandings of religious tolerance. Perhaps one of the most famous early legal instruments of peace within a state was the English Magna Carta (1215), which introduced human rights and the principle of habeas corpus. Peace treaties were also drawn together in more complex ways with the emergence of constitutionalism and institutions. International law was becoming an essential part of the international system and its approach to peace, which offered hope that a wider European peace, also drawing upon influences from further afield, could for once be achieved.
The development of an international peace architecture
Authors: Richmond Oliver P. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter details the development of an international peace architecture (IPA). Geopolitics and the diplomatic and military balance of power strategies formed the first stage of an IPA. The second stage emerged after the First World War and added democracy, self-determination, and international law and organization to the IPA framework. Meanwhile, the third stage emphasized the expansion of human rights, equality, and citizenship. After the Cold War, stage four offered a framework that came to be known as liberal peacebuilding. Stage five focused on the rebuilding of the state in the context of American hegemony and global capitalism, while stage six is currently in process.
Epilogue: new agendas for peace
Authors: Richmond Oliver P. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This epilogue explores the new agendas for peace. It begins by providing a summary of the historical evolution of peace. The modern period saw interests extend to social, gender, equality, and social justice issues. Ultimately, these developments coalesced into an international peace architecture (IPA). The chapter then clarifies how older notions of peace still play a significant role in the foundation layers of the IPA. New layers of the IPA and newer generation of peace thinking and practice may involve hybrid notions of peace resting upon pluralism; local and global redistribution; sustainability and global justice; and the recognition of a range of everyday and transnational peace agencies.
Suburbs at flood tide
Authors: Abbott Carl 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the suburban explosion after World War II, emphasizing the experience of predominantly white, English-speaking nations. Key themes are the massive construction of freestanding houses for individual households, government promotion of homeownership through mortgage assistance, and the role of freeway construction in facilitating suburbanization by automobile. A second topic is the development of New Towns or semi-independent satellite communities as an alternative to sprawl. New Towns were a major factor in development of the urban periphery in England and Northern Europe, weakly imitated in the United States, and again a major factor in countries such as China and Korea. The third topic is race and ethnicity, exploring the role of government in protecting racial separation in suburbs in the United States and South Africa, outward movement of Black and Latino households in the United States, and the increasing ethnic variety in twenty-first-century suburbs in Britain and North America.
Suburban work
Authors: Abbott Carl 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter emphasizes suburbs as places of work and commerce as well as places to live. Manufacturing began to decentralize in the nineteenth century into peripheral industrial districts and new industrial suburbs like Pullman, Illinois, and Bournville, England. The second half of the twentieth century brought the invention and explosive growth of the suburban shopping mall, supplanted by mile after mile of commercial strip development along suburban highways. Office work also decentralized, leading to edge cities, which became suburban downtowns with clusters of high-rise towers rivaling the old downtowns of middle-sized cities. Suburban industrial parks and office parks with low-rise buildings are also the incubators of knowledge suburbs such as Silicon Valley and Tsukuba Science City with economies based on research and technological innovation.
105 COVID-19 IN OLDER ADULTS: INPATIENT OUTCOMES IN A LEVEL 3 IRISH HOSPITAL
Authors: Young C , Moore M , Gyenes M , Sheehan O , Ahmed S 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
COVID-19 has proved devastating in older persons. Previous studies reveal a mortality rate of 31% for hospitalised patients over 70.1 We examine outcomes for older COVID patients in our hospital.

Methods
We conducted a Hospital In Patient Enquiry Scheme review for patients coded as COVID-19 between 19/03/2020–19/02/2021 (n = 674). Older adults were defined as those aged over 65 years at time of admission. Age, sex, length of stay and survival were collected. Data was collated by ‘wave’: (Wave 1 n = 294, 2 n = 105, 3 n = 275). We reviewed whether patients had a CT pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) on the National Integrated Medical Imaging System.

Results
42.3% of COVID patients in our hospital were older persons (n = 285). This remained stable throughout the pandemic (Wave 1 44.2%, Wave 2 44.7%, Wave 3 39.3%). Mean length of stay was 19.7 days for older adults vs 7.4 for those under 65. Older persons had a higher mortality rate at 30.9% vs 3.6%. Overall incidence of PE was low at 1.9% (1.1% in older persons). However, the likelihood of a CTPA being positive for those over 65 was much higher at 42.9% vs 17.9%. While there was improvement in mortality rates in older persons from Wave 1 (31.5%) to 2 (19.1%), our data showed a significant rise in mortality in Wave 3 (35.2%). This compares to a different pattern in younger people, with mortality rates by wave at 6.7%, 0% and 1.7%.

Conclusion
In a large Irish cohort of patients hospitalised with COVID-19, 42.3% were older adults. Length of hospital stay was 3 times longer and mortality was 10 times higher than patients under 65. Older adults were also more likely to have a positive CTPA. Further study is needed to evaluate the long term effects of COVID-19 in our older population.

Reference
Zerah et al, Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2021 Feb 25; 76 (3): e4–e12.
144 DEVELOPING AN INTEGRATED POST DIAGNOSTIC PATHWAY FOR PERSONS LIVING WITH DEMENTIA—EXPERIENCES OF A REGIONAL SPECIALIST MEMORY SERVICE
Authors: McHale C , Fallon A , Domsa M , McGuinn C , Tobin F , Sheridan L , Dookhy J , Coughlan T , O'Neill D , Kennelly S 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
The frequently heterogeneous nature of a dementia presentation confers the need for a personalised approach to post-diagnostic supports. It’s an essential right for persons living with dementia (PlwD) and their families/supporters to have access to a comprehensive diagnosis and a responsive holistic pathway of care thereafter. We report our development of an integrated specialist-clinic/community post-diagnostic pathway responsive to the evolving personal needs of PlwD and their care-supporters.

Methods
This pathway was developed in an iterative inclusive-design methodology with input from hospital/community clinical specialists, health and social care professionals, senior nursing, PlwD and their care supporters. The post-diagnostic process starts at diagnosis disclosure, followed for all six-weeks later with a designated post diagnostic clinic, where a single point of contact to address any concerns in between visits is established.

Results
Iterative review cycles have identified integral components of an effective pathway: Guidance to live well with their personal manifestation of dementia; Acknowledgment of biopsychosocial elements of care; Timely access to comprehensive geriatric assessment via ambulatory hub MDT and/or and Integrated care team for older persons offering home assessment & intervention; Prevention of ‘harmful-events’ e.g. falls/delirium/hospitalisation; Timely access to therapies e.g. SLT/OT focussed on enhanced life at home/assistive technology; facilitation and planning of palliative care.
Other aspects include signposting to community resources and forward planning e.g. Citizen’s Information Centres; Peer support and education through designated training; Promotion of brain health- Exercise Programmes; social/cognitive stimulation e.g. Men’s sheds, Walking groups & Memory Resource Rooms; Opportunities for research involvement; Enhanced relationships with national organisations e.g. embedded ASI dementia advisor.

Conclusion
This approach has developed into a fully integrated holistic care-pathway where specialist-clinic, ambulatory-hospital, community older persons, and third sector services work together to provide the right care, at the right time, in the right place for PlwD and their families.
145 EDITH (EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT IN THE HOME): FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CONVEYANCE RATES TO HOSPITAL
Authors: Davis A J , Doyle C , Dhonaill R N , Nally S M , Namara R M 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
The EDITH team has provided an alternative care pathway for older adults in need of emergency services. Patients are attended to by a doctor and Occupational Therapist in their own home as an alternative to an emergency department presentation. The conveyance rate for transfers to hospital is 7.2% of total patients treated by the EDITH service. It is imperative to identify this patient group and look for commonalities in same. This assists with service planning and also identifies high risk patients who may need transfer to hospital; thus ensuring patients are prioritised appropriately within the service.

Methods
Following an audit of a subsample (n = 230) of the entire EDITH patient population (3,137 patients), 26 patients were transferred to hospital. Analysis of the Health Care Record was completed to identify similarities in this population group and compare same with the ‘typical patient profile’.

Results
It was found that 38% of patients had a recent ED presentation (in the past month) and 31% had a prolonged hospital stay (&gt; 2 weeks in past year). 57% had a documented change in functional baseline over past 2 weeks. 46% of patients were transferred to level 4 acute hospitals for medical follow up and 54% were transferred to level 3 hospitals or rehabilitation facilities for MDT input. 77% of patients had a Clinical Frailty Scale score of 6 and above (moderately frail) compared with 62% of the non-conveyance population. Presenting complaints included: falls 35%, respiratory issues 12%, pain management 12%, gastrointestinal issues 12%.

Conclusion
Risk factors for conveyance to hospital for EDITH patients have been identified. This knowledge can potentially be used to triage patients and ensure timely review from EDITH for this high risk patient group.
159 BARRIERS AND FACILITATORS TO IMPLEMENTING NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL STRATEGIES TO MANAGE RESPONSIVE BEHAVIOURS OF NURSING HOME RESIDENTS WITH DEMENTIA
Authors: O'Donnell E , Holland C , Swarbrick C 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
Many nursing home residents with dementia exhibit responsive behaviours including agitation and aggression. Psychotropic drugs are often prescribed to manage responsive behaviours but increase the rate of falls, strokes and death in residents with dementia. Therefore, the aim of this research is to conceptualise the barriers and facilitators to implementing non-pharmacological strategies to manage responsive behaviours.

Methods
Twenty-five interviews were conducted with nursing home managers, nurses and healthcare assistants from twenty-one private and voluntary nursing homes. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to conceptualise the barriers and facilitators to implementing non-pharmacological strategies to manage responsive behaviours. Ethical approval was obtained from the University Research Ethics Committee (Ref. FHMREC20091). All participants provided written informed consent.

Results
Three themes were constructed conceptualising the barriers and facilitators to taking a non-pharmacological approach to manage responsive behaviours. Strong leadership, specialised training in gerontology or dementia care and retention of staff long term supported the development of trusting relationships with residents. Treating residents with dementia with love and respect while providing meaningful activities enhanced resident’s self-esteem, facilitating a non-pharmacological approach to managing responsive behaviours. In addition, the engagement of families in residents’ care was found to be a powerful facilitator. However, sub-optimal teamwork between nurses and healthcare assistants and a lack of multidisciplinary collaboration posed barriers to taking a non-pharmacological approach to behaviour management. Furthermore, most healthcare assistants perceived that they were not valued, this also had a detrimental impact on residents’ care.

Conclusion
Conceptualisation of the barriers and facilitators to taking a non-pharmacological approach to manage responsive behaviours enables formulation of recommendations to address these barriers. These recommendations will assist in the development of dementia policy including the national dementia strategy, to implement sustainable non-pharmacological strategies to manage responsive behaviours of nursing home residents with dementia.
160 TIME TO BIN ‘NEXT OF KIN’?—JUNIOR DOCTORS DEMONSTRATE POOR UNDERSTANDING OF THE TERM IN IRELAND
Authors: Burke B , McGurk C , Murphy D , Claffey P , O'Keeffe S , Aherne E 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
‘Next of kin’ (NOK) is a term widely used in the healthcare setting in Ireland to indicate an individual that can be contacted in the event of an emergency when a patient is in hospital. While it has its origins in Irish inheritance law, the term confers no legal or decision-making authority to any other individuals on behalf of a patient in hospital. However, anecdotally, the term is commonly misunderstood with a false belief among healthcare staff that consent should be sought from the NOK when a patient is unable to do so. In this study we sought to assess current understanding of the term among Irish non-consultant hospital doctors (NCHDs).

Methods
Data was collected via an online survey, completed by NCHDs across a number of medical and surgical disciplines to investigate their understanding of the term. Descriptive analysis of data was performed in Excel.

Results
118 NCHDs completed the survey. While 110 (93.2%) believed a NOK was an emergency contact, 53 (44.9%) believed they assisted in decision making; 58 (49.2%) thought they could provide medical information about the patient. Forty-four doctors (37.3%) believed a NOK was permitted to make medical decisions while 59 (50%) felt they could provide consent on behalf of an incapacitated patient. Sixty-three (53.4%) believed a NOK had legal entitlement to information over and above that of another family member or friend.

Conclusion
This study highlights several misconceptions surrounding the term ‘next of kin’ in the Irish healthcare setting, particularly around the area of decision-making authority and consent. The term is confusing and unhelpful and should not be used in healthcare. ‘Contact person’ or ‘emergency contact’ are appropriate alternatives. Further education to NCHDs around consent and maintenance of patient autonomy is necessary.
162 TRENDS IN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT USE BY OLDER PEOPLE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: Howley F , Lavan A , McMahon G , Mehmood M , Briggs R 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
Older people have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic with reports suggesting that many older people deferred seeking healthcare during the pandemic due to fear of contracting COVID-19.
The aim of this study was to examine trends of emergency department (ED) use by older people during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to previous years.

Methods
The study site is a 1,000-bed university teaching hospital with annual ED new-patient attendance of &gt;50,000.
All ED presentations of patients aged ≥70 years from March–August 2020, 2019 and 2018 inclusive (n = 13,989) were reviewed and compared for presenting complaint, Manchester Triage Score, and admission/discharge decision.

Results
There was a 16% reduction in presentations across the 6 months in 2020 compared to the average of 2018/2019. On average 4 fewer people aged ≥70 years presented to the ED per day in 2020.
Much of this was concentrated in March (33% fewer presentations) and April (31% fewer presentations), when the country was in ‘lockdown’, i.e. non-essential journeys were banned.
There was a 20% reduction in patients presenting with stroke and cardiac complaints.
In the three months following easing of restrictions, there was a 25% increase in falls and orthopaedic injuries when compared to 2018/2019.

Conclusion
This study demonstrates a significant decline in the number of older people presenting to the ED for unscheduled care, including for potentially time-dependent illnesses such as stroke or cardiac complaints.
Presenting to the ED remains the most frequent route by which unwell older people access acute hospital care and it is vitally important that they continue to do so in a timely manner when necessary. Given the possibility of further lockdowns and restrictions, this message needs to be communicated to older people clearly by healthcare professionals and governmental bodies to mitigate against adverse outcomes related to delayed or deferred care.