bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunochemical Characterization of IgM in Human Intestinal Fluids
Authors: Richman Lee K. , Brown William R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have investigated the immunochemical characteristics of IgM in intestinal fluids from healthy human subjects. The concentration of IgM was measured by double-antibody radioimmunoassay. The molecular size of IgM was evaluated by rate zonal sedimentation on sucrose gradients. The presence of SC on IgM was determined by solid-phase immunosorption of intestinal fluid samples with anti-µ chain-Sepharose followed by reaction of the immunosorbent with radioiodinated anti-SC antibodies. Confirmation of this method was obtained by differential immunosorption of pooled density gradient IgM fractions with anti-SC or nonimmune rabbit gamma globulin-Sepharose. The stability of 131I-IgM-125I-SC complexes was evaluated by incubation in intestinal fluid followed by density gradient ultracentrifugation.
The mean concentration of IgM in small intestinal fluid was 1.53 mg/dl. IgM molecules sedimenting at 19S, 10S, 7S, and less than 3.5S were identified. SC was present on IgM in a minority of specimens and was found to be associated solely with 19S species of IgM. SC was rapidly cleaved from IgM-SC complexes by incubation in intestinal fluid at 37°C. The data are consistent with a model for IgM secretion in the human intestine in which IgM is secreted complexed with SC but is readily degraded within the intestinal lumen.
Further Purification and Characterization of a Circulating Antigen in Schistosomiasis
Authors: Nash Theodore E. , Nasir-Ud-Din  , Jeanloz Roger W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies showed that an antigen found in the circulation of animals heavily infected with Schistosoma mansoni was extracted in a trichloroacetic acid solublechloroform insoluble fraction (TCA-S-C) of adult worms. Antigenic activity was destroyed by periodate treatment but remained unaltered after treatment with proteolytic enzymes, DNase, RNase, and lyophilization. In the present study, chromatography of TCA-S-C on a DEAE cellulose column revealed six substances, one of which was antigenic. After electrophoresis in agarose antigenic activity corresponded to a slower moving, toluidine blue-staining material. A faster moving, toluidine blue-staining substance seems to be responsible for the large 260 nm. absorbing peak. Analysis of a fraction containing only antigen revealed a large amount of carbohydrate, primarily N-acetylglucosamine and D-glucuronic acid but also galactase, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and trace amounts of other sugars. Amino acids accounted for about 11% of the weight of the antigen. The antigen appears to be a proteoglycan.
Dextran Abrogates Stimulation of IgG Antibody Synthesis by Allogeneic Effect Factor
Authors: Yen Belinda , Battisto Jack R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The influence of dextran upon in vitro immunization of unfractionated splenic cells and of purified splenic B cells against sheep erythrocytes has been studied with particular emphasis upon the relationship of dextran to the augmentation of antibody synthesis by allogeneic effect factor (AEF). Dextran enhanced the number of SRBC-specific IgM PFC when added to unfractionated splenic cells undergoing a primary immune response in vitro. When it was added to purified splenic B cells no such effect was observed.
The established capacity of AEF to facilitate antibody synthesis by splenic B cells was found to be markedly altered by addition of dextran to the cultures. Although the capacity of AEF to increase the number of IgM PFC remained virtually unchanged, the enhancement of IgG PFC brought about by AEF was abrogated. These observations suggest that either two separate molecules may be responsible for the activities of AEF or that one molecule possesses two separable functions: one increases IgM PFC and another stimulates IgG PFC. Data are given that indicate the activity of the latter may be interfered with by dextran at the B cell surface membrane.
We hypothesize that the receptor for AEF on the IgG-producing B cell may be, in part, structurally related to dextran (i.e., a polysaccharide molecule with α-1,6 glucosidic linkages) and for this reason may interfere with reception of an AEF signal by B cells. If this is the case, then antigens that cause the appearance of IgM antibodies but not IgG antibodies may be incorrectly regarded as “T cell-independent antigens” primarily because they intercept the latter activity of AEF.
Functional Analysis of B Cell subpopulations: Responsiveness of Phenotypically Characterized Cr+ and CR- B Cell Subsets to a T-Dependent Antigen in Vitro
Authors: Simon Markus M. , Hämmerling Ulrich 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
B lymphocytes were separated by velocity sedimentation on the basis of receptors for activated complement (C3). The C receptor-positive (CR+) and C receptor-negative (CR-) subpopulations were assayed for in vitro 19S PFC responses to the trinitrophenyl group coupled to burro erythrocytes (TNP-BRBC). Both B cell subsets are equally able to respond to the antigen in the presence of either unprimed or carrier-primed T cells. The antibody responses of either CR+ or CR- B cells were not dependent on the presence of adherent spleen cells in cultures supplemented with 2-mercaptoethanol, but addition of peritoneal macrophages slightly increased the number of PFC in both populations.
CR- B cell populations obtained by two different methods [i.e., passage of spleen cells through a column of C3-coated Sephadex beads (CR-col) versus velocity sedimentation of EAC-rosetted spleen cells (CR-sed)] differed in their composition. The first method appears to select nonspecifically for relatively less Ia+ and more Ig+ cells than the second method. This enrichment for less mature B cells is reflected in the response characteristics toward TNP, since the CR-col cells needed a higher proportion of helper cells as compared with CR-sed cells for eliciting equivalent numbers of anti-TNP plaques. The results suggest that CR+ and CR- B subpopulations show quantitative rather than qualitative differences in their response characteristics to a T-dependent antigen.
Synthesis and Characterization of Membrane Immunoglobulin, Ia, and H-2 Molecules of Thy 1+ AKR/J Lymphomas
Authors: Schwartz Benjamin D. , Campbell Pamela S. , Asofsky Richard , Greenberg Robert S. , Zatz Marion M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three AKR lymphomas displaying B cell and T cell characteristics have been described. Because of the proclivity of normal AKR/J mice to develop T cell lymphomas, and the rarity of lymphomas with dual characteristics, the B cell markers of these tumors were studied more intensively. Fluorescence data with class-specific anti-immunoglobulin reagents demonstrated that the tumor cells stained only with class-specific anti-IgM reagents. Because of the possibility that the surface Ig was passively acquired and of reports that certain anti-µ-chain sera react with “IgT”, chemical characterization of the immunoglobulin molecules was performed. Using 3H-leucine internal labeling, we showed that all three tumor lines synthesized the immunoglobulin found on their surface, and that the immunoglobulin had the chemical and immunologic characteristics most typical of monomeric surface IgM, and was composed of µ-chains and light chains. The Ia antigens found on these cells were also examined. These antigens were also synthesized by the cells and were present in the same molecular form and in the same approximate quantity as Ia antigens on normal spleen cells.
Fc Receptor Heterogeneity: Immunofluorescent Studies of B, T, and “Third Population” Lymphocytes in Human Blood with Rabbit IgG b4/Anti-b4 Complexes
Authors: Winfield John B. , Lobo Peter I. , Hamilton Maurice E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
IgG Fc receptors on human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were characterized by immunofluorescence studies with defined rabbit IgG b4 allotype/anti-allotype complexes. Three discrete types of Fc receptor-bearing cells, totaling ∼33% of PBL, were identified. Fc receptors of the three types differed in their sensitivity to trypsin and in either absolute or localized density (topography) as determined by variable requirements for anti-IgG cross-linking in order to visualize bound complexes microscopically. The question of additional heterogeneity related to differences in individual Fc receptor affinity for complexed IgG was not approached in this study. Ten to 15% of PBL had pronase-sensitive, trypsin-resistant Fc receptors readily detected by direct immunofluorescence by using large fluorescein-conjugated complexes prepared near equivalence. Double-label and lymphocyte fractionation experiments established this population to be largely distinct from surface IgM + B cells and T cells, and identical to EARipley rosette-forming cells. Approximately 50% of surface IgM + B cells and ∼10% of T cells had lower density Fc receptors identified by indirect immunofluorescence with small complexes prepared in antigen excess or by cross-linking fluorescein-conjugated complexes with anti-rabbit IgG anti-serum. An additional ∼15% peripheral T and B cells had very low density Fc receptors detectable by complexing the IgG on the cell surface by sequential incubations of cells with b4 IgG and anti-b4. Fc receptors on B and T cells were sensitive to both pronase and trypsin digestion.
The heterogeneity of IgG Fc receptors on different lymphocyte subpopulations as defined by these experiments may be of relevance for further analysis of normal and abnormal immune function.
Modulation of Fc-Mediated Phagocytosis by Cyclic AMP and Insulin in a Macrophage-Like Cell Line
Authors: Muschel Ruth J. , Rosen Neal , Rosen Ora M. , Bloom Barry R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies on genetically selected mutants in phagocytosis of E[IgG] indicated that the defect in some mutants could be corrected by addition of 8 Br-cAMP, and suggested that cyclic AMP may be involved in the mechanism of phagocytosis through the Fc receptor. In order to elucidate the role of cyclic AMP in phagocytosis in the parental, nonmutant macrophage-like cell line, J774.2, it was necessary to employ restrictive conditions which rendered phagocytosis suboptimal. When J774.2 cells were cultured in nontissue culture Petri dishes phagocytosis was markedly reduced. Addition of 8 Br-cAMP or inducers of intracellular cyclic AMP such as isoproterenol restored the phagocytic ability of these cells. Similarly, treatment of the parental J774.2 cells with insulin reduced the level of phagocytosis, and once again this suppression could be corrected by addition of 8 Br-cAMP. In no case did AMP mimic the effects of 8 Br-cAMP. The effect of cyclic AMP action in this system was not instantaneous, but rather reached optimal levels at 5 to 10 hr, suggesting that cyclic AMP is not the immediate signal for phagocytosis. The genetic analysis of macrophage variants may provide a useful model for studies on the mechanisms of phagocytosis, and also the effects of insulin and cyclic AMP on an easily measurable biologic function in a specialized cell type.
B Memory Cells in the Thymus: Part of the Pool of Potentially Circulating Memory Cells
Authors: Benner Robert , van Oudenaren Adrianus , de Ruiter Hans 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunization of mice with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces the appearance of B memory cells in the thymus. In this paper the origin of these B memory cells was investigated. Therefore, mice primed with either SRBC or LPS 6 months previously and nonprimed mice were joined for parabiosis. Four weeks later the parabiotic mice were separated from each other. Another 3 weeks later thymus cells from the primed and nonprimed mice were transferred separately into lethally irradiated mice in order to determine the adoptive PFC response. It was found that the 4-week period of parabiosis could account for the appearance of a distinct population of B memory cells in the thymus of the nonprimed mice. This result suggests that the B memory cells which appear in the thymus belong to the pool of potentially circulating memory cells.
Functional Differentiation of B Lymphocytes in Congenital Agammaglobulinemia
Authors: Dosch Hans-Michael , Percy Maire E. , Gelfand Erwin W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Despite the absence of B lymphocytes, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from four of five patients with congenital agammaglobulinemia (cAγ) generated a specific hemolytic plaque-forming cell (HcPFC) response in vitro to sheep red blood cells and ovalbumin. The kinetics, antigenic, and cellular requirements were similar to normals, but significantly less HcPFC were found in patient cultures. Normal but not patient HcPFC-precursor cells were inactivated by treatment with anti-µ antisera whereas generated HcPFC in both controls and patients were sensitive to treatment with anti-µ. Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and dextran sulfate (DxS) enhanced the HcPFC-response of normal PBL; cAγ-cells were unresponsive to DxS and, in the presence of PWM, the development of HcPFC was inhibited. These findings indicate the presence of B lymphocyte precursors in the majority of patients with cAγ investigated.
Modulation of B Cell Responses by Glycolipid Released from Antigen-Stimulated T Cells
Authors: Esselman Walter J. , Miller Harold C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice immunized with either 109 or 106 SRBC were used as a source of T suppressor (Ts) cells and T helper (Th) cells, respectively. T cells were prepared by purification on glass wool and nylon wool columns and were cultivated at 37°C for 3 days. The suppressive or helper effects of the conditioned medium obtained from the T cells were determined in spleen cell cultures by a Jerne-plaque assay. Addition of suppressor medium (Ts-M) to a spleen cell assay was modulatory in that it delayed the normal response time by several days. Thy-1 and GM1 ganglioside were associated with the modulatory substance because a normal response could be obtained by treatment of the Ts-M with anti-Thy-1.2 or anti-GM1 ganglioside sera. Addition of helper T cell medium (Th-M) significantly enhanced anti-SRBC PFC response but anti-Thy-1 or anti-GM1 ganglioside sera had no effect on the helper activity of Th-M. Glycolipids were isolated from Ts-M and Th-M, formulated into liposomes, and were added to PFC assay. A ganglioside isolated from Ts-M with the thin layer mobility (Rf) of brain GM1 ganglioside was found to inhibit anti-SRBC-plaques. Other glycolipids from Ts-M were not inhibitory and none of the glycolipids isolated from Th-M were inhibitory under our assay conditions. The modulatory activity of Ts-M and the isolated glycolipid was not antigen specific and could be neutralized with anti-Thy-1 or anti-GM1 sera. These findings demonstrate that the modulatory (or static) capacity of Ts-M isolated from cultures of partially purified T cells is associated with a cell product, probably a membrane complex, containing Thy-1 antigen and modulatory glycolipid.
Ia Antigens in Inbred Rats and Their Relationship to the MLR Phenotype
Authors: Radka Susan F. , Cramer Donald V. , Gill Thomas J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three different alloantisera were raised by using Ag-B/MLR disparate rats, and the cytotoxic activity remaining after absorption with erythrocytes to remove anti-Ag-B antibodies was examined. The alloantisera detected surface antigens present only on B cells and segregation studies demonstrated that the genes that code for these antigenic specificities were linked to the major histocompatibility complex. The reactivity of the alloantisera with splenic lymphocytes from a panel of strains representative of the currently known Ag-B groups showed that multiple specificities were present in two of the three antisera and that these specificities were shared by many inbred strains. The appropriate absorption studies showed, however, that each antiserum detected an unique specificity that was found only in those inbred strains that shared the same mixed lymphocyte reactivity (MLR) phenotype as the donor strain. The alloantiserum produced against the KGH strain inhibited the MLR reactions involving this strain only when it was used as the stimulating cell population. The antigens detected by the three alloantisera described here have the characteristics of Ia antigens, and they have tentatively been designated Ia.1 (ACI anti-KGH), Ia.3 (B3 anti-BN) and Ia.4 (MNR anti-DA).
Specific, Immunologic Regulation of Differentiation of Immunoglobulin Expression in MOPC-315 Cells during in Vivo Growth in Diffusion Chambers
Authors: Rohrer James W. , Lynch Richard G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cells of MOPC-315, a TNP-specific BALB/c plasmacytoma, differentiate during in vivo growth in diffusion chambers (DC) from nonsecreting lymphocytoid cells bearing cell surface immunoglobulin to immunoglobulin-secreting plasmacytes. To determine if such maturation is sensitive to host immunoregulatory signals, DC containing MOPC-315 cells and various TNP-immunogens were implanted i.p. in normal or carrier-primed BALB/c mice and harvested at various times thereafter. Tumor cell number, anti-TNP RFC, and anti-TNP PFC were monitored. Promotion and suppression of MOPC-315 cell growth and anti-TNP immunoglobulin expression were seen when DC containing MOPC-315 cells and TNP-SRBC were grown in mice primed with 4 × 108 and 4 × 106 SRBC, respectively, but not in normal or RRBC-primed mice. Conversely, 315 cells responded to TNP-RRBC only in RRBC-primed mice. Exposure of MOPC-315 cells to both SRBC and TNP-BALB/c RBC in SRBC-primed mice elicited neither help nor suppression. Likewise, no TNP-specific response was elicited by exposure of MOPC-315 cells to the T-independent immunogen DNP30-Ficoll. These results suggest that MOPC-315 cells: a) are responsive to inducible host carrier-specific soluble helper and suppressor factors, and b) provide a monoclonal antigen-binding population that may prove useful in studies of B cell regulation.
Basophil-Derived Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) as an in Vivo Mediator of Acute Allergic Reactions: Demonstration of Specific Desensitization of Platelets to PAF during IgE-Induced Anaphylaxis in the Rabbit
Authors: Henson Peter M. , Pinckard R. Neal 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The anaphylactic response to an i.v. injection of antigen into rabbits making only IgE antibody against the antigen was shown to be preceded by a disappearance of the metachromatic staining properties of the circulating basophils and was accompanied by marked but transient thrombocytopenia. The platelets which returned to the circulation 1 hr after the anaphylaxis were shown to be unresponsive to the secretion-inducing activity of basophil-derived platelet-activating factor (PAF) when compared with platelets examined before antigen challenge. By contrast, platelet responsiveness to other stimuli such as collagen, thrombin, and C3b was unchanged. The specific desensitization to PAF provides strong evidence for the action of this mediator on platelets in vivo during IgE-mediated anaphylaxis and provides a useful tool for detecting the effects of particular cell activators in inflammatory reactions.
The Relative Frequency of the Positive Dysentery-Skin Reaction at Different Ages
Authors: Brokman H. , Popowski S. 
Published: December 2022

Conclusions
The skin-test carried out with the toxin of the Shiga-Kruse bacillus in 675 individuals of different ages, showed 51 per cent positive results in children up to the fourth years of age; 27 per cent between four and sixteen years; 59 per cent between sixteen and twenty-three years of age.
The Individuality of Semen, with Reference to its Property of Inhibiting Specifically Isohemoagglutination
Authors: Yamakami K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the course of an investigation, made for the purpose of determining whether the cells of various tissues can absorb the isohemagglutinins with the same degree of specificity as the erythrocytes, the very remarkable fact has been discovered in my laboratory by S. Shirai that human semen manifests a very marked inhibiting power upon isohemoagglutination, and, moreover, there is a fair degree of specificity in this inhibition.
Just in the like manner as the red blood cells of group I blood (Jansky) do not absorb the isohemoagglutinins, and consequently can not alter the agglutinating power of any serum, the semen produced by a man of group I blood has either no influence upon the agglutinating power of serum of any blood group, or its inhibiting influence is impartial upon all types of sera, if some inhibition occurs.
Smooth Muscle in Anaphylactic Guinea Pigs
Authors: Alexander H. L. , Holmes J. A. , Becke W. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anaphylaxis is essentially a cellular phenomenon. Of the tissues that are known to participate in anaphylactic shock, that of smooth muscle has received most attention. Both Schultz (1) and Dale (2) by their classical experiment demonstrated that when smooth muscle of a sensitized animal was suspended in a bath of oxygenated Ringer's solution, it contracted when it came in contact with homologous antigen added to the bath. Likewise, Manwaring and his co-workers (3) showed that in living sensitized dogs, when certain organs containing smooth muscle were perfused with the antigen with which these animals had been injected, contraction occurred. Smooth muscle, also, has been shown to be responsible for many of the symptoms of anaphylactic shock. Examples of this are the classical asphyxia of guinea pigs from broncho-constriction, as described by Auer and Lewis (4), and the pulmonary symptoms in rabbits which Airila (5), Coca (6), and others have demonstrated to be due to vascular spasm.
Spontaneous Regression of Friend Virus-Induced Erythroleukemia
Authors: Marcelletti John , Furmanski Philip 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The spontaneous regression of erythroleukemia induced by the RFV strain of Friend virus is a macrophage-dependent process. Functional suppression or elimination of the macrophage population in leukemic mice with silica, carrageenan, anti-macrophage serum, or trypan blue inhibited regression. Prior protection of the macrophages with PVNO allowed regression in silica or carrageenan-treated mice. Macrophage phagocytic activity was inhibited in about half the RFV-induced leukemic mice at 25 to 30 days post virus inoculation. Those animals with normal macrophages regressed, whereas those with inhibited macrophages did not. Progressor mice could be induced to regress by inoculation with normal syngeneic macrophages; other cell types were ineffective.
The inhibition of macrophage function in leukemic mice was the result of infection of the macrophages by virus. Removal of the infected cells by cytolysis with anti-virus antiserum and C restored the phagocytic activity of the population. Inhibited macrophages were less capable of responding to immobilized antigen-antibody complexes than normal macrophages, suggesting that the loss of function was due to a change in their Fc receptor.