bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monoclonal antibodies recognizing normal human T lymphocytes and malignant human B lymphocytes: a comparative study.
Authors: Martin P J , Hansen J A , Siadak A W , Nowinski R C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have undertaken a direct comparison of 8 different murine monoclonal antibodies that recognize antigens shared by human T cells and certain malignant B cells. Immune precipitation, lysostripping, and competitive binding experiments indicate that the antigenic determinants detected by antibodies Leu 1, T101, 17F12, SC1, A50, OKT1, and 10.2 are closely associated on the same molecular species and may in fact be identical. The antigenic determinant recognized by antibody 12.1, which has properties similar to the 1 detected by other antibodies, is present on a distinct cell-surface molecule. Our results emphasize the importance of a quantitative direct comparison of different monoclonal antibodies in distinguishing newly reported antibodies from those already described. Such a comparison can resolve apparent discrepancies that arise either from methodologic variations or from differences in antibody avidity.
Stimulation of mouse lymphocytes by a mitogen derived from Mycoplasma arthritidis. I. Transformation is associated with an H-2-linked gene that maps to the I-E/I-C subregion.
Authors: Cole B C , Daynes R A , Ward J R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cell-free supernatant derived from broth cultures of Mycoplasma arthritidis functions as an effective T cell mitogen for lymphocytes from H2k and H2d strain mice. Lymphocytes from animals of the H2b, H2q, and H2s haplotypes failed to respond to this mitogen. By employing lymphocytes derived from congenic and recombinant strains we established the H2 linkage and mapped the controlling gene to the I-E/I-C subregion. In addition, these studies suggested that a correlation existed between responsiveness to this microbial product and the presence of the Ia7 specificity, a product of the I-E subregion.
Hydrogen peroxide and cytolytic factor can interact synergistically in effecting cytolysis of neoplastic targets.
Authors: Adams D O , Johnson W J , Fiorito E , Nathan C F 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two secretory products from activated macrophages, which are thought to be involved in the lysis of tumor cells, are H2O2 and cytolytic factor (CF). To examine the potential of interaction between these 2 mediators of cytolysis, we first exposed MCA-I sarcoma targets to the 2 lytic agents. MCA-I targets, which have been previously shown to be lysed by CF, could also be lysed by H2O2 (the concentration of H2O2 causing 50% lysis of targets was approximately 1.4 x 10(-3) M). Exposure of the MCA-I targets to a nonlytic concentration of H2O2 for 1 hr potentiated the subsequent lytic effects of CF and did so synergistically. Exposure of targets to CF, however, did not potentiate the subsequent lytic effects of H2O2, even when the targets were treated with a lytic concentration of CF for 4 hr. Similar results were seen with P-388 lymphoma targets. The P388 cells were quite sensitive to the lytic effects of H2O2 (the concentration of H2O2 causing 50% lysis of these targets was approximately 2.0 x 10(-5) M) but proved relatively resistant to CF in comparison to the MCA-I targets. The data suggest that H2O2 and CF can interact synergistically to produce cytolysis of neoplastic targets if the targets are exposed to the 2 substances in a defined sequence.
Defective suppressor cell generation in juvenile onset diabetes.
Authors: Lederman M M , Ellner J J , Rodman H M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocytes of juvenile onset, insulin-dependent diabetics failed to generate suppressor cell activity after preincubation with concanavalin A (Con A). The mean suppression of the autologous proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was 6.1 +/- 7.8% (mean +/- SEM) in the diabetics and 34.0 +/- 4.9% in 9 age-matched healthy controls (p less than 0.01). Cell mixing experiments identified the defect to be in the generation of suppressor cells rather than in the responses to their action. Plasma of insulin-dependent diabetics had no effect on the generation of suppressor activity. In contrast to our findings in insulin-dependent diabetics, Con A preincubation of lymphocytes from 4 maturity onset diabetics induced normal suppression of PHA responses. Defective immunoregulation is present in insulin-dependent diabetes and may underlie autoimmunity.
T cell growth factor-enhanced PHA response of human thymus cells: requirement for T3+ cells.
Authors: Hayward A R , Kurnick J T , Clarke D R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human thymocytes normally proliferate poorly in PHA-stimulated cultures, as measured by thymidine uptake. Their response increases when supernatant factors from mitogen-stimulated human lymphocyte cultures (SUP) are added. The cells that proliferate in PHA + SUP-stimulated cultures continue to divide if they are resuspended with fresh SUP every 3 to 4 days. PHA-stimulated thymocytes are deficient in the production of the T cell growth factor interleukin 2 (IL 2). The phenotype of thymocytes prior to stimulation was 90% T6+, 80% T4+, 83% T8+, and 12% T3+, whereas that of the cells after 3 days in culture with PHA + SUP was 1% T6+, 18% T4+, 66% T8+, and 80% T3+. Lysis of T3+ cells from the thymocyte preparation before culture greatly reduced the proliferative response to PHA + SUP. This suggests that the PHA-induced proliferation of more mature thymus cells is restricted by a lack of essential growth factors (either IL 1 or IL 2) and that the co-stimulating activity of SUP on human cells is predominantly on thymus cells that already are T3+.
Cyclophosphamide pretreatment induces eosinophilia to nonparasite antigens.
Authors: Vadas M A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Eosinophilia is usually regarded as a T cell-dependent hemopoietic response, although in most instances of immune responses by T cells there is no accompanying eosinophilia. BALB/c mice immunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) were found not to develop eosinophilia, whereas pretreatment of such mice with 150 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (CY) induced marked eosinophilia in the blood (1000 to 3000/mm3) and bone marrow. CY as well as CY and KLH in CFA cause a leukocytosis and neutrophilia, but significant eosinophilia was seen only in mice receiving both CY and KLH-CFA. The eosinophilic response depended on the dose of CY and peaked 13 days after immunization, and was preceded by a bone marrow eosinophilia that peaked 8 days after immunization. No eosinophilia occurred in BALB/c nu/nu mice after CY and KLH-CFA but did occur in the nu/+ littermates. This model in mice of eosinophilia in response to CY followed by a nonparasite antigen should be useful in the analysis of T cell signals that might regulate eosinophilia.
Alloreactive T cells from individual soft agar colonies specific for guinea pig Ia antigens. II. Cellular and molecular requirements for optimal proliferative responses.
Authors: Malek T R , Shevach E M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have investigated the cellular and molecular requirement for optimal proliferative responses of several alloreactive T cell lines that were derived from individual soft agar colonies and were specific for guinea pig Ia antigens. Optimal proliferation of several colonies was observed in cultures containing purified allogeneic macrophages and growth factor(s) present in supernatant fluids of Con A-activated T cells (Con A-S). Significant proliferative responses of these alloreactive T cell colonies were also routinely detected in cultures only supplemented with unfractionated irradiated allogeneic peritoneal exudate cell (PEC). The T cell component of the stimulator cell population was crucial for these responses by producing necessary growth factor(s) endogenously in the culture. Thus, 2 signals, allogeneic Ia antigens and growth factor(s), were required for optimal proliferative responses of these alloreactive T cell colonies. Furthermore, macrophage-associated Ia antigen was more efficient than B cell-associated Ia for these responses. The requirement for allogeneic Ia antigen was not absolute, since the colonies could easily be expanded when the cultures were supplemented with irradiated syngeneic PEC and the T cell mitogens, Con A or PHA. The effect of the mitogen was mediated via the T cells in the irradiated PEC, since removal of the T cells from these PEC markedly reduced the responses. Thus, it is likely that a nonspecific signal(s) presumably from T cells can promote proliferation of alloreactive T cell colonies in the absence of allogeneic Ia antigen. These results suggest 2 mechanisms of activation of these alloreactive T cells.
Induction of indigenous immunoglobulin-containing cells by gamma-irradiation and lymphoid cell transfer in mice.
Authors: Tseng J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice irradiated with gamma-ray develop large numbers of Ig-containing cells of various isotypes in all the lymphoid tissues examined except the thymus. The maximal dose of irradiation is approximately 500 R/mouse. These indigenous Ig-containing cells start to appear at day 3 post-irradiation, peak at day 6, and subside thereafter. The expression of the indigenous Ig-containing cells can be enhanced in the spleen of recipient mice by passive transfer of various lymphoid cells, except thymocytes. Lymphoid cells from histocompatible donors are more effective enhancers than those from nonhistocompatible donors. Cells involved in the enhancement are primarily T cells. In contrast, when T cells are eliminated from the lymphoid cell inocula, the indigenous Ig-containing cells are reduced to a level lower than that in the irradiated controls. This suppression appears to be mediated by macrophages, since recovery was found when macrophages were removed from these T cell-depleted inocula.
Interferon acts directly on human B lymphocytes to modulate immunoglobulin synthesis.
Authors: Härfast B , Huddlestone J R , Casali P , Merigan T C , Oldstone M B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
At different times of exposure, interferon (IFN) enhanced and suppressed pokeweed mitogen- (PWM) induced IgG synthesis by human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Pretreatment of PBL and IFN frequently increased antibody production by more than 100% when compared with that by untreated PBL. Results of experiments in which PBL were separated into T and B subpopulations indicated that IFN preparations acted directly on B cells. Thus, mixtures of IFN-treated B cells and untreated T cells from 5 of 7 persons tested produced 81% to 500% more IgG than untreated, matched control cells. However, IFN-treated monocytes mixed with untreated B and T cells or IFN-treated T cells mixed with untreated B cells failed to enhance IgG production significantly in similar assays. In contrast to the pretreatment protocol, when IFN was present in the incubation mixture throughout the PWM assay, IgG production decreased. Sephadex chromatography of the IFN and tests of the resulting fractions indicated that the IgG production-enhancing activity was located in the fraction carrying the antiviral activity.
Cellular and antigenic requirements for production of mixed leukocyte reaction suppressor factor.
Authors: Dennison D K , Rich S S , Rich R R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When murine spleen cells, alloantigen-sensitized previously in vivo, are incubated with spleen cells bearing the sensitizing alloantigens, a supernatant factor is produced that inhibits 3H-thymidine incorporation by responding lymphocytes in the mixed leukocyte reaction. This study evaluates the cellular and antigenic requirements during restimulation for elaboration of this suppressor factor, MLR-TsF. BALB/c spleen cells, sensitized to C57BL/6 (B6) alloantigens in vivo, produced MLR-TsF when cultured with B6 spleen cells in vitro, despite depletion of Sephadex G-10-adherent cells from factor-producing cells, stimulator cells, or from both populations. T cells were not required within the stimulating population, but a requirement for viable stimulator cells was demonstrated when heat-killed or glutaraldehyde-fixed stimulator cells failed to induce MLR-TsF production. The alloantigenic requirements for MLR-TsF production were addressed by 2 approaches. Treatment of stimulator cells with appropriate anti-I region antisera and complement did not affect MLR-TsF production, demonstrating that an absolute requirement for cells expressing I region determinants did not exist. However, spleen cells primed against entire H-2 haplotype differences produced significant quantities of MLR-TsF when they were restimulated with spleen cells homologous to the priming cells in only the I region, in the K and D regions, or in the D region alone. The additive nature of subregion-specific restimulation suggests that distinct subpopulations of K, I, and D region-specific MLR-Ts comprise the MLR-Ts population primed to entire H-2 haplotype differences.
Influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T cells are restricted by multiple HLA-A3-related self antigens: evidence for recognition of distinct self structures in conjunction with different foreign antigens.
Authors: Biddison W E , Shearer G M , Shaw S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the experiments described in this report we examined the similarities and differences in target cell recognition by influenza-immune CTL that share HLA-A3 but no other defined HLA-A, -B, or -C specificity with each of a panel of virus-infected target cells. Virus-immune CTL populations obtained from selected HLA-A3-positive donors can distinguish between the virus-infected target cells of unrelated donors, as assessed by direct cytotoxicity and cold target inhibition. The CTL restriction antigens that are associated with HLA-A3 in the population are encoded by gene(s) that segregate with HLA-A3 in an HLA-A/C recombinant family. These results suggest that HLA-A3-positive cells from unrelated individuals may differ with respect to 1 or more individual CTL restriction antigens associated with their HLA-A3 molecules, and that each of these distinct restriction antigens is recognized by a different subpopulation of virus-immune CTL. Analysis of the self specificity of T cells from individual donors sensitized against 2 noncross-reacting viruses, type A and type B influenza, indicated that CTL can recognize different foreign antigens in conjunction with different HLA-A3-related self antigens. These results are consistent with a model that proposes that each HLA-A and -B molecule possesses multiple CTL restriction antigens, each of which may function as self recognition structures for CTL that respond to different foreign antigens.
Regulation of influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T cell responses by monoclonal antibody to a human T cell differentiation antigen.
Authors: Biddison W E , Shearer G M , Chang T W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The results in this report indicate that the OKT3 monoclonal antibody, which is specific for a human T cell differentiation antigen present on 90 to 95% of peripheral T cells, can exert several effects that regulate the generation and expression of human influenza virus-immune cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). The OKT3 antibody, but not OKT1 or OKT11 (which bind to all peripheral T cells), is able to inhibit anti-influenza CTL effector cell activity. An F(ab')2 preparation of OKT3 IgG were as effective as whole IgG for the inhibition of CTL effectors, indicating that the inhibitory activity of the antibody was not a function of the Fc portion of the molecule. OKT3 IgG and OKT3 F(ab')2 fragments (but not OKT4, OKT8, or OKI were able to inhibit the generation of anti-influenza CTL. The culture of human lymphoid cells with OKT3 in the presence or absence of influenza virus induced radioresistant cells that could suppress the CTL response of fresh autologous lymphocytes to influenza. These results suggest that T cell functions can be regulated by signals that are initiated by the binding of antibody to cell surface molecules that may not be related to the T cell antigen-specific receptor(s).
Nonspecific immunosuppressive factors in malignant ascites: further characterization and possible relationship to erythrocyte receptors of human peripheral T cells.
Authors: Oh S K , Moolten F L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Nonspecific suppressor factor has been purified from malignant human ascites through partial delipidation, ammonium sulfate precipitation, ACA-22 gel filtration followed by goat anti-human IgG immunoadsorbent chromatography. Molecular weight estimated by SDS-PAGE under mild reducing conditions is 50,000 and 25,000 under vigorous reducing conditions. It inhibits PHA, Con A, and PWM responses of peripheral lymphocytes by 50% at microgram concentrations per milliliter in vitro and inhibits plaque-forming cell response to SRBC at 100 microgram/mouse in vivo. It also inhibits 2-way mixed lymphocyte reactions and natural killer cell activities. It inhibits SRBC rosette formation of peripheral T cells and appears to be an erythrocyte receptor of peripheral T cells.
Human C5a des Arg increases vascular permeability.
Authors: José P J , Forrest M J , Williams T J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
C5a were generated in human plasma by incubation with zymosan in the presence of a carboxypeptidase B inhibitor. The carboxypeptidase inhibitor was added to prevent cleavage of the carboxyl terminal arginine from C5a and enabled it to be purified on the basis of spasmogenic activity on the guinea-pig isolated ileum. When injected into rabbit skin, purified C5a induced marked plasma leakage over a 30-min period, but only if the substance was first mixed with a vasodilator substance such as prostaglandin (PG)E2. The responses to C5a + PGE2 did not appear to be related to anaphylatoxic, histamine-releasing activity because an antihistamine, mepyramine, had only a small effect on plasma leakage. Further, removal of the carboxyl terminal arginine by carboxypeptidase B abolished activity on the ileum but not in the skin. The observation that both human C5a and C5a des Arg were able to increase vascular permeability in vivo suggested a parallel with leukotactic activity in vitro. In support of this, no responses to C5a + PGE2 were obtained in rabbits depleted or circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Thus, inflammatory edema resulting from extravascular complement activation may be dependent on 2 components: a leukocyte/endothelial cell interaction triggered by C5a, and the concomitant generation of a vasodilator, prostaglandin.
The transition from specific to nonspecific desensitization in human basophils.
Authors: MacGlashan D W , Lichtenstein L M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human basophils can be desensitized to IgE-mediated stimuli either specifically (to the desensitizing antigen only) or nonspecifically (to all antigens). It has been suggested that the specificity of desensitization depends on the number of membrane-bound, antigen-specific IgE antibody molecules per basophil. We have varied the number of IgE antibody molecules/basophil by passive sensitization of mixed leukocyte preparations with increasing concentrations of purified IgE anti-penicillin (BPO) antibody. The cells were then desensitized with penicillin-human serum albumin (BPO-HSA). Desensitization was specific (lack of response to BPO-HSA only) with 1000 specific antibody molecules/basophil, and increasingly nonspecific (greater than 70% desensitization to rechallenge with anti-IgE and ragweed antigen E as well as lack of response to BPO-HSA) as the number of antibody molecules was increased to 14,000. This formally established that the number of specific IgE antibody molecules/basophil determines the mode of desensitization.
Translation of lymphocyte mRNA into biologically-active Interleukin 2 in oocytes.
Authors: Bleackley R C , Caplan B , Havele C , Ritzel R G , Mosmann T R , Farrar J J , Paetkau V 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A variant line of murine T lymphoma EL4 produces high levels of the lymphokine Interleukin 2 (IL 2) when it is stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate. We have extracted poly A+ RNA from the stimulated cells and injected it into Xenopus laevis oocytes. The injected oocytes synthesize a material with biologic and biochemical properties of murine IL 2. Namely, it stimulates the continued growth of a cloned, cytotoxic T cell line (the T cell growth factor assay) and it chromatographs on a gel filtration column (G-100) with IL 2 produced by the stimulated EL4 line. The RNA responsible for the biologic activity sediments with markers of 11 to 12S in a sucrose gradient. The IL 2 produced by injected oocytes from a given preparation of mRNA is about 1% of the amount produced by the EL4 cells stimulated originally with phorbol myristate acetate. When RNA is extracted and purified from unstimulated EL4 cells it does not induce IL 2 production in oocytes. We conclude that IL 2 is essentially protein in nature, that the protein is coded for by poly A+ mRNA, and that the amount of this mRNA increases significantly after stimulation of the variant EL4 cells with the inducer phorbol myristate acetate.
Diseases caused by reactions of T lymphocytes to incompatible structures of the major histocompatibility complex. V. High titers of IgG autoantibodies to double-stranded DNA.
Authors: van Elven E H , van der Veen F M , Rolink A G , Issa P , Duin T M , Gleichmann E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
IgG autoantibodies to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), reaching a maximal serum titer of 1 in 2560, were spontaneously produced by (C57BL/10 x DBA/2)F1 mice injected with T lymphocytes from strain DBA/2. Anti-dsDNA antibodies were detected by the indirect immunofluorescence technique applying the kinetoplast dsDNA of Crithidea luciliae as antigenic substrate. The anti-dsDNA antibodies belonged to the IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA (sub)classes. That of least some of them were produced by B cells of the F1 recipients was shown by the presence of F1-derived Ig-1b allotypic markers on such antibodies. In the F1 recipients, an incompatibility at H-2 was required for the formation of anti-dsDNA. These findings are consistent with the concept that the mechanism underlying the formation of SLE-like autoantibodies in this model is an abnormal cooperation between alloreactive donor T cells, presumably helper T (TH) cells, and H-2-incompatible F1 B cells. It is known from the literature that abnormal T-B cell cooperation is a unique tool for inducing vigorous primary antibody responses to antigens that carry repeating antigenic determinants on a rigid backbone and are poor immunogens or tolerogens in the absence of abnormal T-B cell cooperation. We suggest that the self-antigen dsDNA falls into the same category of structurally and immunologically peculiar antigens.
The syngeneic mixed leukocyte reaction represents polyclonal activation of antigen-specific T lymphocytes with receptors for self-Ia antigens.
Authors: Dos Reis G A , Shevach E M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We used a combination of positive and negative selection techniques to evaluate the relationship between the T cell that responds to self-Ia antigens in the SMLR and the T cells that respond to foreign antigen in association with self-Ia. BudR and light treatment of T cells proliferating in the SMLR abolished their subsequent primary and secondary proliferative response to antigen but had little effect on their response to allogeneic Ia. F1 cells that had been positively selected in the SMLR with stimulator cells from 1 parental strain demonstrated a markedly enhanced proliferative response to antigen in association with the parental strain used in the SMLR selection culture. The observed genetic restriction on the antigen responses of SMLR primed F1 T cells was not the result of haplotype-specific help or suppression and most likely represents direct activation of antigen-specific T cell clones by unmodified Ia antigens.