bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sequential Appearance of Three Different Anti-Fluorescein Combining Sites in Hyperimmunized Rabbits: Characterization by Circular Dichroism and Binding Studies
Authors: Gollogly John R. , Cathou Renata E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fluorescein (F1) bound in the combining site of anti-F1 antibodies exhibits extrinsic optical activity which is a function of the fine structure of the site. We have utilized this phenomenon to study structural changes in antibody combining sites as a function of time and repeated boosting. Four rabbits were immunized with F1-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and successively boosted whenever the antibody production declined. Antibodies were purified from bleedings taken once or twice a week and characterized by the extrinsic circular dichroism (CD) of their hapten-antibody complexes. After the third boost, three characteristically different CD spectra were observed, each corresponding to a different combining site configuration.
Usually each individual bleed contained only one of the three antibody types and the particular type observed depended on the time after boosting: type I was present for the first 3 to 6 weeks of the antibody response, type II was present for a further 2 to 3 weeks and, finally, as the antibody production declined, only type III antibodies were found. This sequential response was repeated after each succeeding boost.
Each of the antibody types was functionally homogeneous with respect to its extrinsic CD properties. In contrast, binding data showed that they were somewhat heterogeneous. The induced CD bands of bound F1 originate in the xanthenone ring whereas the binding of F1 depends on the interactions of both the xanthenone and phenylcarboxylate moieties with the site. Therefore, these results suggested that the anti-F1 combining site consists of two distinct subsites. The functional homogeneity of each antibody type may be due to a common tertiary structure of the xanthenone-binding subsite whereas the heterogeneity indicated by the binding data may be due to heterogeneity within the phenylcarboxylate-binding subsite.
Possible mechanisms for the sequential appearance of these antibody types are also discussed.
Resistance of Sheep Erythrocytes to Immune Lysis by Treatment of the Cells with a Human Erythrocyte Extract: Studies on the Site of Inhibition
Authors: Hoffmann E. M. , Cheng W. C. , Tomeu E. J. , Renk C. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sheep erythrocytes (E) were treated with an anti-complementary extract derived from human erythrocyte stromata (I-H) and then converted to the intermediate state . It was found that the treated decayed at about the same rate as control which had been generated from untreated sheep E. However, the extent of lysis of the treated intermediate was less than that of the control. Subsequent studies indicated that the same number of SAC was generated on treated E as was generated on control cells. Furthermore, the resulting EAC consumed essentially the same amount of C2 in both cases, but which had been formed from extract-treated sheep E consumed less C3 than did control (cells not treated with I-H). It was also found that I-H would inhibit lysis of but not when the intermediates were formed and then treated with the extract.
Preliminary purification was attempted with a combination of DEAE chromatography and gel filtration with Sepharose 4B. However, yields of active material were quite low. It was estimated that the factor, as isolated, had a very large molecular weight.
Cooperation and Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity as Functions of two Subsets of T Cells
Authors: Dennert Gunther , Lennox Edwin S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
After stimulation of mice with alloantigens we compared the ability of their spleen cells to effect cell-mediated cytotoxicity and to assist in the triggering of bone marrow-derived lymphocytes. We did this using the DBA/2 mastocytoma, P815, as allogeneic immunogen on the one hand and as target for cytotoxicity and carrier for hapten on the other. Spleen cells from animals immunized with either low doses of irradiated or formaldehyde-treated P815 cells exhibit cooperating activity but not cytotoxic activity. In addition, we show that spleen cells from C57BL/6 mice immunized with P815 do contain cytotoxic thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes but are unable to trigger bone marrow-derived cells for a hapten response in vitro to hapten-coupled P815 antigen. That there may be some helper cells in cytotoxic spleens is not excluded, for we show that mixing cytotoxic spleens with those showing helper function blocks the expression of that helper function. Since we show that both functions, helping and killing, are sensitive to anti-θ serum, we conclude that they are carried out by two different subsets of T cells.
Interaction of Staphylococcal Protein a with Virus-IgG Complexes
Authors: Austin R. Marshall , Daniels Charles A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Protein A, an Fc-reacting molecule from Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I, neutralized infectious vaccinia virus-IgG (Vac-IgG) and herpes simplex virus-IgG (HSV-IgG) complexes. The amount of protein A-mediated neutralization was dependent on the concentration of anti-viral IgG and protein A incubated with the virus. Upon attachment of protein A to the HSV-IgG complex a portion of the virus formed an infectious HSV-IgG-protein A complex which could be neutralized by anti-protein A serum. In addition, attachment of protein A to HSV-IgG was found to inhibit complement-mediated neutralization. Heat-extracted Jensen's protein A caused less neutralization of HSV-IgG than the enzyme-extracted protein A-1. The experiments indicate that molecular size may play a major role in the mechanism by which protein A as well as other immunoglobulin-reacting substances neutralize virus-IgG complexes.
Antigen-Induced Trapping of Immunospecific Lymphocytes in the Spleen
Authors: Emeson Eugene E. , Thursh Donald R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tritium-labeled anti-chicken red blood cells (CRBC) and 14C-labeled anti-sheep red blood cells (SRBC) lymphocytes were adoptively transferred to three groups of syngeneic mice, previously challenged i.v. with CRBC, SRBC, or Brucella abortus (BA). Subgroups of each group were sacrificed at 24, 48, and 72 hr after challenge and the relative numbers of anti-CRBC to anti-SRBC lymphocytes present in the spleen, peripheral lymph nodes, and peripheral blood for each group of mice were inferred from the mean 3H/14C ratios of these tissues. The results of these studies clearly established that challenged spleens can selectively trap recirculating immunospecific lymphocytes. Selective trapping was maximum at 48 hr after challenge, but still persisted at a high level at 72 hr. An unexpected finding was the clear demonstration of a deficiency of immunospecific lymphocytes in the peripheral lymph nodes. This deficiency was maximum at 24 hr and then declined. The functional significance and implications of the selective trapping of immunospecific lymphocytes and the concomitant depletion of these cells in other tissues is discussed.
The Termination of Immunologic Unresponsiveness to the Cyanogen Bromide Fragments of Bovine Serum Albumin in Rabbits
Authors: Benjamin D. C. , Hershey Caroline W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A specific unresponsive state to the cyanogen bromide fragments of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was terminated by injecting soluble native BSA. The quantity of antibody produced in response to primary injections of BSA was less than normal. Responses to booster injections were normal with a normal affinity for BSA. Antibody was produced to both sets of determinants on BSA (i.e., those to which the rabbits were unresponsive as well as those to which it was not). These results are discussed in relation to various proposed mechanisms of the maintenance and termination of the unresponsive state.
Clonal Nature of the Immune Response to Phosphorylcholine
Authors: Claflin J. Latham , Davie Joseph M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The fine specificity of anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies was studied in different rodent species and 17 different inbred mouse strains. Measurements of the relative affinity and specificity of the antibodies were derived from a hemolytic plaque-inhibition assay with phosphorylcholine and two of its analogues, glycerophosphorylcholine and choline, as inhibitors. Within a given species, inhibition of plaque-forming cells was accomplished within a narrow range of ligand concentration and little individual variation was seen. Moreover, no changes in either the slopes or relative position of the inhibition curves occurred at different times after immunization. These findings suggest that a restriction in heterogeneity of the anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies exists in each of the rodent species. However, striking species-specific differences were observed in the binding characteristics of antibodies from different species of rodents.
Purification of Basophilic Leukocytes from Guinea Pig Blood and Bone Marrow
Authors: Dvorak Harold F. , Selvaggio Salvatore S. , Dvorak Ann M. , Colvin Robert B. , Lean Deborah B. , Rypysc Jane 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Methods are presented for obtaining highly purified preparations of basophilic leukocytes from the blood (mean purity, 62%) and bone marrow (mean purity, 38%) of guinea pigs. The following steps are performed in sequence: harvest of blood or bone marrow cells from animals primed with antigen to develop a basophilia; phagocytosis of carbonyl iron particles by neutrophils and monocytes; sedimentation of erythrocytes with gelatin (in the case of peripheral blood); removal of phagocytic cells and residual-free iron particles by passage through a magnetic field; centrifugation on a newly developed 4.5 to 9.5% linear Ficoll density gradient; and removal of residual erythrocytes by Tris-NH4Cl (optional step for peripheral blood). The basophils isolated are viable, functional cells, and, depending on the source and degree of purity desired, may be obtained in quantities of 5 × 106 to 2 × 108 and in an overall yield of 25 to 100%.
Transplantation of a Marek's Disease Lymphoma in Syngeneic Chickens
Authors: Theis Gail A. , Schierman Louis W. , Mcbride Raymond A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A lymphoma arising in an inbred B1/B1 chicken, after intramuscular injection of leukocytes from a Marek's disease virus (MDV)-infected chicken, has been transplanted serially in chickens of the same B genotype. The Marek's disease (MD) lymphoma grows progressively to the death of all injected syngeneic and hybrid B1/B2 chickens, although it is not transplantable to allogeneic B2/B2 chickens. Detection of alloantigens by specific alloantisera has confirmed the perpetuation of the original B1 phenotype in cells of the transplantable MD lymphoma. This tumor is considered, therefore, to be a transplantable tumor associated with MD. Studies in isolator-reared chickens have suggested that MDV remains in close association with cells of the transplant, since injection of MD lymphoma cells has resulted in appearance of MDV in feather follicles, development of anti-MDV antibodies, and transmission of MD to recipient chickens.
Formation of the C3-Cleaving Properdin Enzyme on Zymosan
Authors: Brade Volker , Nicholson Anne , Bitter-Suermann Dieter , Hadding Ulrich 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During incubation of ZXd2, an insoluble intermediate of the properdin system, with properdin factors D and B a complex forms, designated ZX, which cleaves purified C3. Factor D is replaceable in this system by proteolytic enzymes, e.g., trypsin, pronase or plasmin. ZX formation with ZXd2, factor B and factor D or trypsin requires the presence of Mg++. ZX complexes formed either with factor D or with trypsin are identical with respect to their stability in the absence of divalent cations and with respect to the decay of the C3-cleaving enzymes. From the data obtained with proteolytic enzymes it is concluded that factor D acts as a protease in the formation of ZX. Sequential studies of ZX formation revealed that factor B binds reversibly to ZXd2 in the presence of Mg++. The resulting ZXd2 B complex was found to acquire enzymatic activity against C3 after treatment with factor D or trypsin. Our data suggest that in the ZXd2 system two steps are involved in ZX formation, namely binding of factor B to a receptor on ZXd2, probably C3b, which occurs only in the presence of Mg++, and subsequent proteolytic activation of this complex which is Mg++-independent.
Detection and Enumeration of Immunocytes Producing Different Classes of Vibriolysins after Primary and Secondary Immunization with Cholera Vaccine
Authors: Kateley John R. , Patel Chandu , Friedman Herman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The vibriolytic plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay was used to study the kinetics of the primary and secondary immune responses of mice and rabbits immunized with heat-killed cholera vibrios. Immunocytes releasing IgG antibody could be detected as readily as those immunocytes secreting IgM antibody in spleens of BALB/c mice and New Zealand White rabbits after a single injection of vaccine. Peak numbers of indirect (IgG) PFC were detected 3 to 4 days after the peak direct (IgM) PFC response (12 to 14 days). In contrast, only direct vibriolytic PFC were detected in spleens of NIH Albino mice during the primary response to cholera antigens. After a second injection of vaccine, IgM, IgG, and IgA PFC were detected in both mouse strains with peak responses for each immunocyte class occurring within the first week after booster injection. Heat-killed vibrios or a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extract, but not cholera exotoxin or E. coli LPS, inhibited the vibriolytic response. Furthermore, viable cholera vibrios were a more sensitive indicator cell in the immunoassay than sheep erythrocytes sensitized with a cellular extract from heated vibrios.
Further Studies on the Immunologic Relationships among Measles, Distemper, and Rinderpest Viruses
Authors: Örvell Claes , Norrby Erling 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The reaction between measles and canine distemper viruses prepared in Vero cells and acute, convalescent and hyperimmune sera against these viruses and rinderpest virus were studied in neutralization (NT), neutralization-enhancement (NE), complement-fixation (CF), immunofluorescence, and immunodiffusion tests. In addition, measles virus hemolysis-inhibition (HLI) and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests were carried out with the different sera.
The nucleocapsid components of the three viruses could not be distinguished by the immunologic techniques employed. Sera against rinderpest virus contained HLI, HI, and NT antibodies against measles virus. In some sera HLI antibodies were present in marked excess over HI antibodies. NT antibodies against distemper virus were also found in these sera. Sera against distemper virus also displayed measles HLI antibody activity, but no measles virus-specific NT antibodies were detectable. Low titers of HI and NE antibodies were found in some sera. It is concluded that measles, distemper, and rinderpest virus share envelope antigens, which are more readily demonstrated in HLI than in HI tests with measles virus antigen.
The Effect of Lectins on Lysosomal Enzyme Release from Neutrophilic Leukocytes
Authors: Hawkins David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Exposure of neutrophilic leukocytes (PMN) to concanavalin A (Con A) before their reaction with immune complexes markedly inhibited the normal release of lysosomal constitutents. A similar but less striking inhibition of release was observed when zymosan-complement (ZC) was used as the immune reactant. Con A inhibition of release and binding of a Con A-ferritin conjugate to the PMN surface were specifically blocked by certain sugars. Three other lectins induced PMN agglutination but failed to inhibit immunologically triggered lysosomal enzyme release. Con A appears to interfere with immune reactant binding to specific receptors on the PMN surface.
Receptors for Antigen on Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Greeley Elizabeth , Berke Gideon , Scott David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method was developed for examining the binding specificities of plaque-forming cells (PFC) which were immune to either goat red blood cell surface antigens or to the trinitrophenyl (TNP) haptenic group. Immune rat lymph node cells were plated on poly-l-lysine fixed red blood cell (RBC) monolayers which functioned dually as immunoadsorbents and as plaque indicators of both adherent and nonadherent PFC populations. Anti-TNP PFC demonstrated marked specific adherence to TNP-GRBC. The adherence was optimal following a 30-min adsorption phase and was essentially independent of the adsorption temperature in the 4° to 37°C range. Specific adherence of anti-GRBC PFC to GRBC monolayers at 4°C was not detectable, but did occur at adsorption temperatures of 25° or 37°C. Temperature differences in specific adsorption in the two systems were not due simply to differences in the density of antigenic determinants on the adsorbing monolayers. Specific adherence of anti-GRBC PFC at 4°C was able to occur in the presence of DEAE-dextran, indicating the importance of surface charge effects. This immunoadsorbent-indicator system provides a means of studying the recognition events occurring at the PFC surface.
Regulatory Role of T Cells in IgG Antibody Formation and Immune Memory to Type III Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Braley-Mullen Helen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice immunized with Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (S3) produce only IgM antibodies and there is no evidence for immune memory after a second challenge with the antigen. However, when mice undergoing an allogeneic effect are immunized with S3, IgG antibody is produced by some, but not all, strains of mice. Mice also produce IgG antibody specific for S3 when they are immunized twice with a thymus (T) dependent form of antigen, S3 coupled to sheep erythrocytes (S3-SRBC), and these mice develop S3-specific immune memory. Since the allogeneic effect and immunization with S3-SRBC would be expected to result in activation of alloantigen-specific or carrier-specific T cells, the results suggest that T cells play an important regulatory role in IgG antibody formation and immune memory for a presumably T-independent antigen. IgG antibody was also produced when mice were immunized with S3 and treated with anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS). Since ALS presumably removes suppressor T cells it is suggested that S3-specific “helper” T cells may exist but that suppressor cells normally prevent them from being expressed when mice are immunized with S3 alone.
Adjuvanticity of Synthetic Polynucleotides for Induction of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Paterson Philip Y. , Drobish Diane G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Complexes of polyadenylic acid and polyuridylic acid and complexes of polyinosinic acid and polycytidylic acid in incomplete Freund's adjuvant provide the prerequisite adjuvanticity for induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs sensitized to spinal cord homogenate. The experimental allergic encephalomyelitis-adjuvanticity of these polynucleotide complexes resides in the pyrimidine component of each complex, i.e., polyuridylic acid and polycytidylic acid. These findings are discussed in the light of contemporary views linking viruses and nucleic acids to autoimmune disease of animals and man.
The Effect of Measles Virus Infection on T and B Lymphocytes in the Mouse
Authors: McFarland Henry F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of measles virus infection on T and B lymphocytes in the mouse has been studied with a system of cell cooperation for production of an anti-hapten response. The effect of virus was studied by infecting helper cell or antibody-forming precursor cell donors with measles virus at various times before cell transfer into recipient mice and measuring the anti-hapten response after challenge with carrier-hapten conjugates. These studies indicate that measles virus produces a significant reduction in the anti-hapten response. This reduction in antibody formation is caused predominately by measles virus suppression of T helper cell function and possibly by a lesser effect on B cell function. The suppression of T cells is transient and corresponds to the time during which measles antigen can be demonstrated in the mouse spleens. Although infectious virus cannot be recovered from the lymphocytes, the suppression of T cells could only be demonstrated after inoculation with a virus strain capable of replicating in the mouse. These findings suggest that the virus may be present in a non-infectious or defective form. The effect of measles virus in T cells does not appear to be due to a depletion of T cells. The possible mechanisms for the suppressive effect are discussed.
The Molecular Dimensions of Mitogenic Factor from Guinea Pig Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Gately Celia L. , Gately Maurice K. , Mayer Manfred M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The molecular dimensions of a mitogenic factor from guinea pig lymph node cells were investigated by means of gel filtration, sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, and CsCl isopycnic ultracentrifugation. The mitogenic factor was produced by stimulation of immune lymph node cells from inbred guinea pigs, strain 2 or 13, with the specific antigen, ovalbumin; and mitogenic activity was assayed by measuring incorporation of tritiated thymidine by target lymph node cells from syngeneic animals not immune to ovalbumin. The D20,w of the mitogenic factor was estimated to be (9.9 ± 0.2) × 10-7 cm2/sec by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, and the apparent S20,w was estimated to be 2.4 ± 0.2 S by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. The buoyant density was determined to be 1.324 ± 0.006 g/ml by CsCl isopycnic ultracentrifugation, and from this value the partial specific volume of mitogenic factor was estimated to be 0.71. From these data the molecular weight of the mitogenic factor was calculated to be 20,000, and the frictional ratio was calculated to be 1.2.
Complement Activation by Interaction of Polyanions and Polycations
Authors: Rent Rosemarie , Ertel Nancy , Eisenstein Reuben , Gewurz Henry 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Interactions of heparin and protamine in fresh human serum, in amounts far below those required for complement depletion by either agent alone, were found to induce virtually complete depletion of total hemolytic complement activity. This depletion was dependent on time, temperature, pH, divalent cations, and serum concentration. The predominant complement component hemolytic activity depleted was C1; under appropriate reaction conditions C4 and C2 were depleted as well. Equivalent amounts of heparin along induced lesser but substantial depletion of C1, potentiation of C4 and C2, and minimal depletion of C3-9, whereas equivalent amounts of protamine had no effect upon complement component activities. We conclude that interaction of heparin with protamine, like interaction of antibody with antigen, markedly enhances its ability to interact with the first component of complement and activate the classical complement pathway. It is suggested that complement activation by interactions between certain polyanions and polycations, like interactions between antigens and antibodies, may have a role in the initiation of inflammatory reactions.
Carrier-Determined Tolerance in Vitro
Authors: Galanaud Pierre , Aldo-Benson Marlene , Borel Yves 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A primary immune response to normal BDF1 spleen cells was obtained in vitro to the T-independent antigen TNP-T4 coliphage. This anti-TNP response was suppressed by exposing the spleen cells for 6 hr to TNP bound either to isologous or heterologous γ-globulin. The suppression was hapten specific. In contrast, TNP-albumin conjugates did not induce tolerance in vitro.