bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the Presence of Papillomavirus in Bovine Testicles and Determination of γH2AX and Cytochrome C in Testicular Tissues Determined to be Infected
Authors: Karatas Ozhan , Ozkaraca Mustafa , Atasoy Mustafa O. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to detect the presence of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) in the testicular tissue of bulls over 1‐year old by immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence and molecular assay targeting methods. In addition, γH2AX and cytochrome c expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent methods in samples positive for BPV agent. In this study, 100 testicular specimens that did not show any macroscopic papilloma findings were collected. Testicular tissues were collected and examined using histologically and molecularly methods. In the present study, immunopositivity was detected in 6 (6%) samples with the IHC method and in 11 (11%) samples with the IF method. In addition, BPV positivity was detected in four (4%) samples by the PCR method and four (4%) samples determined to be BPV positive by PCR also showed immunopositivity in IHC and IF methods. γH2AX immunopositivity was seen in two of the BPV‐positive samples by the IHC method, and γH2AX immunopositivity was observed in four of the samples determined to be positive for the BPV agent by the IF method. Cytochrome c immunopositivity was found in all the samples determined positive for the BPV agent. When the findings were evaluated, the presence of the BPV agent in the testicular tissues of cattle that did not have macroscopic papillomas was revealed for the first time. It was thought that the BPV agent caused double‐stranded DNA breaks and increased cytochrome c expression.
Effects of Formula Product Injection on Hatching Parameters, Small Intestinal Development and Ileum Histology in Breeder Chicken Eggs
Authors: Eray Oğuzhan , Filik Gökhan 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTBackground and ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the effects of in ovo formula product injection on hatching parameters, chick quality, small intestinal development and ileum histology of breeder hen eggs.MethodsA total of 400 fertilised eggs were obtained from the Atak‐S parent flock at 42 weeks of age for the experiment. The experiment was designed in two groups: a control group (C), in which no injection was performed, and the other group in which a solution containing formula products at concentrations of 1.25% (F1), 2.5% (F2) and 5% (F3) was injected into 0.5 mL/egg air sac. The hatching rate, embryonic mortality and discard chick rate were examined at the end of the trial.ResultsThe best result of the hatching rate was found in the Group F2, while there was no difference between the control and Group F1 regarding these parameters. The weight and length of the quality chicks were promoted in the Group F1. In Group F3, the injection of the formula product at a rate of 5% had a negative effect on parameters such as hatchability, embryonic mortality, chick length, Pasgar score and yolk sac weight compared to the other groups. Otherwise, in Group F2, there was a significant increase in villus height, crypt depth and lamina muscularis mucosa thickness compared to the other groups (p < 0.01).ConclusionsAs a result, it has been concluded that the appropriate rates for the formula product application on chicks are 1.25% and 2.5%, considering the positive effects of the 1.25% and 2.5% rates and the negative effects of the 5% rate.
Comparison of Freestyle Optium Neo H and Centrivet GK Device in the Diagnosis of Hypoglycaemia and Hyperketonaemia in Dairy Goats: A Field Study
Authors: Uztimür Murat , Ünal Cennet Nur , Deniz Abdülkerim , Pekmezci Aytaç 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTBackgroundThere is a lack of data on the validation and diagnostic performance of the Freestyle Optium Neo‐H (Freestyle) and Centrivet GK (Centrivet) devices for the diagnosis of hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemia and hyperketonaemia in goats.ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to validate the Freestyle and Centrivet for the analysis of whole blood beta‐hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and to validate the Freestyle for the analysis of whole blood glucose concentrations using the reference method (RM) in goat blood collected from the jugular and ear veins.MethodsVenous blood samples were utilised to assess glucose and BHBA concentrations using the Freestyle, Centrivet and RM. The cut‐off point of BHBA was ≥ 0.8 mmol/L for hyperketonaemia. A total of 198 paired blood samples (vena jugularis and ear vein) were collected from 99 hair goats. The cut‐off point for hypoglycaemia diagnosis was < 49 mg/dL.ResultsThere were proportional but no constant errors between RM and Freestyle and Centrivet for BHBA, and both proportional and constant errors were observed for glucose analysis. The mean bias for BHBA analysis was 0.14 and 0.06 mmol/L (Freestyle‐RM) 0.51 and 0.16 mmol/L (Centrivet‐RM) for jugular and ear veins, respectively. The mean bias for blood glucose analysis was 0.0 and 5.6 mg/L between Freestyle and RM in the jugular and ear veins, respectively. The sensitivity (Centrivet: 50%–61.3%; Freestyle: 93.6%–75.8%) and specificity (Centrivet GK: 75.7%–73%; Freestyle: 37.8%–70.3%) were determined in jugular and ear vein blood for hyperketonaemia diagnostics, respectively. The AUC of Freestyle was 0.89 and 0.95 in the jugular and ear vein for hypoglycaemia, respectively. The sensitivity of Freestyle was 60.3% and 96.8% in the jugular and ear vein for hypoglycaemia. The specificity of Freestyle was 100.0% and 76.7% for hypoglycaemia in jugular and ear veins, respectively.ConclusionsFreestyle demonstrated acceptable diagnostic performance for hypoglycaemia in ear veins, but neither Freestyle nor Centrivet showed sufficient diagnostic performance for hyperketonaemia. Both analysers were not interchangeable with RM in BHBA and glucose analysis.
The Effect of Cholesterol‐Loaded Cyclodextrin and Resveratrol Compounds on Post‐Thawing Quality of Ram Semen
Authors: Ahmet Eser , Ramazan Arıcı , Selin Yağcıoğlu , İzem Sandal Asiye , Nur Ersoy , Kamber Demir , Mithat Evecen , Kemal Ak 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTRam sperm are more vulnerable to freezing than those of most other farm animals. During sperm freezing, the cell membrane loses some of its cholesterol, which regulates signalling mechanisms and prevents premature capacitation. Resveratrol (RES) increases the fluidity of the cell membrane, which becomes peroxidized during freezing and reduces free radicals. In this study, the effectiveness of RES, cholesterol‐loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) and their combinations in ram sperm cryopreservation were investigated. The collected semen was divided into two equal volumes: One was diluted with tris‐citric acid‐glucose medium (TCG) containing CLC, whereas the other was diluted with a CLC‐free TCG solution. After examining motility, both groups were further divided into two equal volumes, forming the following working groups: control (no RES, no CLC); RES (20 µg/mL); CLC (2 mg CLC/120 × 106 sperm); and RES + CLC (RES 20 µg/mL + 2 mg CLC/120 × 106 sperm). These groups were diluted with media containing their respective additives. Post‐thawing, the samples were analysed for motility, acrosome and membrane integrity, membrane functionality, mitochondrial activity, capacitation status, oxidative stress and DNA integrity. CLC preserved sperm total motility, acrosome and plasma membrane integrity and decreased the rate of early capacitation (p < 0.05). RES had no significant effect on sperm quality before freezing and post‐thawing (p > 0.05). However, RES + CLC increased mitochondrial activity post‐thawing (p < 0.05). In conclusion, CLC minimized sperm membrane damage caused by cryopreservation in ram sperm. RES alone was ineffective, and the combination of RES and CLC did not yield a positive synergistic effect on ram spermatological parameters.
Unraveling Antimicrobial Resistance Dynamics in Mycoplasma gallisepticum: Insights Into Antibiotic and Disinfectant Interactions
Authors: Kamal Mohamed A. , Salem Heba M. , Alhotan Rashed A. , Hussein Elsayed O. , Galik Branislav , Saleh Ahmed A. , Kaoud Hussein A. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTA major risk to the poultry industry is antimicrobial resistance (AMR), specifically with regard to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infections. The sensitivity patterns of 100 MG isolates to biocides and antibiotics were examined in this study to clarify the interactions between antimicrobial agents and resistance mechanisms. The antimicrobial activity against MG was assessed using broth microdilution, and the results are shown as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each strain, the MIC distribution (range), the MIC50, and/or the MIC90. The statistical associations between the MICs of the antibiotics and biocides were investigated using regression model analysis and correlation coefficients. The absence of a cell wall in MG inherently confers resistance to beta‐lactams, thereby necessitating the utilization of enrofloxacin, difloxacin, flumequine, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, tylosin, tilmicosin, tylvalosin, erythromycin, spiramycin, tiamulin, lincomycin, spectinomycin and dihydrostreptomycin. These antibiotics exhibited MIC50 values of 0.5, 0.5, 0.12, 0.062, 0.12, 0.031, 0.016, 0.016, 0.062, 16, 1, 0.008, 2, 0.5 and 32, respectively. In addition to antibiotics, disinfectants have garnered attention for their contribution to the development of AMR in MG. Notably, formalin, phenol, NADES, Halamid, Virkon‐S, MicroSet and SteriSet exhibited MIC50 values of 125, 500, 31.25, 15.63, 15.63, 7.81 and 62.5, respectively. Significant positive correlations and direct associations were identified between various biocides and the development of antibiotic resistance, with coefficients ranging from 0.098 to 1.176. This research highlights the intricate nature of resistance profiles in MG and underscores the necessity for a thorough understanding of antimicrobial interactions. This finding emphasizes the importance of managing emerging AMR stemming from disinfectant misuse in the poultry farms to prevent additional constraints on antibiotic treatment options.
The M1/M2 Macrophage Polarization and Hepatoprotective Activity of Quercetin in Cyclophosphamide‐Induced Experimental Liver Toxicity
Authors: Seker Ugur , Uyar Emre , Gokdemir Gul Sahika , Kavak Deniz Evrim , Irtegun‐Kandemir Sevgi 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTBackgroundChemotherapy drugs may lead to hepatic injury, which is considered one of the limitations of these drugs.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of quercetin (QUE) on M1/M2 macrophage polarization and hepatoprotective effect in cyclophosphamide (CTX)‐induced liver toxicity.MethodsTwenty‐four mice were divided into four groups (Control, QUE, CTX, CTX + QUE). The CTX and CTX + QUE groups received 200 mg/kg CTX. The animals in the QUE and CTX + QUE groups received 50 mg/kg QUE. All animals were sacrificed, and serum and liver samples were used for laboratory analyses.ResultsExaminations indicated that CTX exposure led to disruption of liver functions and morphological degenerations. Tissue pro‐apoptotic Bax and caspase 3, pro‐inflammatory TNF‐α and IL‐1β, transcription factor NF‐κB, and M1 macrophage polarization marker CD86 were upregulated significant (p < 0.05) in this group. In addition, CTX exposure led to significantly (p < 0.05) upregulation of the Bax/Bcl‐2 mRNA ratio and DNA fragmentations. The PCNA‐positive hepatic cell ratio and anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 expression are remarkably suppressed (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical analyses are also indicated that M2 macrophage polarization marker CD163 is slightly but remarkably (p < 0.05) downregulated in the CTX group compared to the Control and QUE groups. The morphological and biochemical disruptions were alleviated in QUE‐treated animals in the CTX + QUE group. Liver function test results, apoptosis, inflammatory, transcription factor NF‐κB, regeneration/proliferation, and apoptotic index results in this group were similar (p > 0.05) to the control and QUE groups. The M1 cell surface marker expression of CD86 is significantly (p < 0.05) downregulated, and M2 macrophage polarization marker expression of CD163 is upregulated significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the CTX group.ConclusionsThis study indicates that QUE has the potential to downregulate CTX‐induced hepatic injury and regulate M1/M2 macrophage polarization to the M2 side, which indirectly demonstrates activation of anti‐inflammatory signalling and tissue repair.
Comparison of the Inhibitory Effects of Flunixin Meglumine and Meloxicam on the Smooth Muscles Motility of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Cattle
Authors: Mushtaq Saima , Das Yavuz Kursad , Aksoy Abdurrahman 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to compare the inhibitory effect of flunixin meglumine and meloxicam on the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract in male cattle. Tissue samples, including the abomasum, ileum, proximal loop and centripetal gyri of the ascending colon, were collected from routinely slaughtered male cattle. These samples were sectioned into strips and mounted in an isolated tissue bath system. Smooth muscle contractions were evoked using carbachol, and cumulative doses of atropine, flunixin meglumine and meloxicam were administered to assess smooth muscle activity. Atropine, used as a positive control, did not abolish contractions in the abomasum and centripetal gyri tissues, even at a high concentration of 10 µM. Based on area‐under‐curve values, flunixin meglumine demonstrated a greater inhibitory effect than meloxicam by factors of 8.57, 4.28, 12.44 and 3.93 in the abomasum, ileum, proximal loop and centripetal gyri tissues, respectively. For beats‐per‐minute values, flunixin meglumine exhibited a stronger inhibitory effect than meloxicam by factors of 7.22, 3.88, 7.03 and 3.35 in the abomasum, ileum, proximal loop and centripetal gyri tissues, respectively. Finally, based on peak maximum values, flunixin meglumine's inhibitory effect was 6.13, 4.43, 7.07 and 7.02 times greater than that of meloxicam in the abomasum, ileum, proximal loop and centripetal gyri tissues, respectively. In conclusion, flunixin meglumine was more potent than meloxicam in inhibiting smooth muscle activity. Conversely, meloxicam is associated with fewer adverse effects due to its selective action on the cyclooxygenase‐2 enzyme. However, flunixin meglumine may be more advantageous than meloxicam for applications in beef and milk production due to its shorter residue elimination time.
Beyond Serology: A Meta‐Analysis of Advancements in Molecular Detection of Brucella spp. in Seronegative Animals and Biological Samples
Authors: Islam Md. Sadequl , Habib Md. Ahsan , Tonu Nasrin Sultana , Haque Md. Samiul , Rahman Md. Mostafizer 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTBackgroundBrucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella spp., affecting various animals and humans, leading to significant economic and public health impacts. Traditional diagnostic methods, mainly serological, often fail to detect seronegative carriers, which continue to spread the infection.ObjectiveThis review aims to highlight advancements in molecular diagnostics that address these limitations.MethodsA systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus was conducted, focusing on studies using seronegative, PCR, qPCR and biosensor‐based techniques. Data extraction and meta‐analyses were performed, evaluating pooled detection rates and heterogeneity.ResultsThrough analysis of existing studies, we review key molecular techniques, including PCR, LAMP and biosensor‐based assays, which offer high sensitivity and specificity by detecting bacterial DNA directly, thus overcoming the challenges of antibody‐based tests. Meta‐analysis of detection rates across different studies showed significant variability, with rates ranging from 0.96% to 100%, highlighting differences in sample types, animal species and regions. The pooled detection proportion from random‐effects models was 35.08%, indicating that many seronegative animals still carry Brucella spp. A forest plot analysis further confirmed heterogeneity in detection, underlining the importance of using molecular diagnostics alongside serological tests to identify hidden carriers.ConclusionInnovations like nanoparticle‐enhanced biosensors and CRISPR‐Cas systems show promise for rapid, on‐site diagnostics. The findings suggest that integrating molecular methods with traditional serology can improve surveillance and disease management. Future research should focus on developing portable, field‐ready diagnostic devices and standardised protocols, along with exploring novel biomarkers to detect latent infections. A collaborative One Health approach, involving veterinary, public health and environmental sectors, is essential for comprehensive disease control and eradication efforts.
Cold War and Earth Sciences
Authors: Doel Ronald E. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractIn this chapter, I review scholarly literature on the history of the earth sciences in the Cold War, focusing particularly on developments in North America and Europe. I explore the impact of military patronage and national security concerns on this research community, the influence of the International Geophysical Year on scientific programs and scientific internationalism, and the ways that funding for the physical environmental sciences shaped the production and dissemination of knowledge. I conclude with ideas about potentially fruitful new research questions.
Utility Tokens and Their Regulation Under MiCA
Authors: Martínez-Echevarría y García de Due Alfonso , del Castillo Ionov Rafael 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe MiCA Regulation regulates crypto assets which are not financial instruments, providing them with a legal regimen through a specific regulation. The MiCA regulation covers the majority of crypto asset classes currently being traded. Developing a single digital market requires a solid legal base that offers its participants security in developing distribution ledger technology projects for issuing and trading crypto assets. Utility tokens may be issued without obtaining preliminary authorisation if the projects comply with the requirements regarding the preparation, notification and publication of the crypto-asset white paper.
Crypto-Asset Service Providers: Harmonised Framework Vs. Risk of an Unlevel Playing Field
Authors: Paracampo Maria-Teresa 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis paper highlights issues surrounding the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) that could hinder the effective and convergent application of the new harmonised framework at the European level.The transition process to MiCA is a complex journey, largely due to the implementation of transitional measures. A significant aspect of this complexity is the inclusion of a grandfathering clause. This clause, which permits national law providers to continue offering crypto-asset services under their existing national regulations for 18 months post-MiCA implementation, adds a layer of intricacy to the transition process and its implications for the crypto-asset services sector. The diverse options available under the transitional measures introduce a significant risk. On the one hand, they could lead to a forced coexistence between national and European regulatory regimes. On the other hand, they could create an unlevel playing field among service providers. This potential risk could result in some providers operating under different regulatory disciplines gaining an unfair advantage and consolidating their market position at the expense of others. In this complex and uncertain scenario, the importance of the European Securities and Markets Authority’s (ESMA) intervention in establishing best practices or guidelines becomes a crucial step towards encouraging greater convergence of national authorities in the transition process, thereby ensuring a more harmonised and effective application of MiCA.
A Regulatory Framework for Legal Ecosystems in the Context of Emerging Web-Based Systems and the European AI Value Chain Regulations
Authors: Casanovas Pompeu 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe European Commission is making significant efforts to regulate and harmonise the digital single market, covering areas such as data processing, data flows, interoperability, exchanges, and the roles, responsibilities, and potential liabilities of owners, designers, and service providers. This Chapter takes an internal perspective of legal governance, exploring the regulatory models and instruments crucial to constructing legal ecosystems. Initially, there were nine European common data spaces to be regulated in real-time, with an additional tenth space related to the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC). Four more spaces (including human heritage and tourism) have been recently added. This Chapter delves into the proposed instruments for regulation. The central argument is that the regulation and development of platforms within the platform-driven economy, particularly in the banking and financial sectors, go beyond traditional frameworks of hetero, co-, and self-regulation. Instead, these processes involve intra-technological and computational regulation. Therefore, regulatory approaches must incorporate a formal inside-outside and a middle-out/inside-out approach derived from intelligent information systems. A comprehensive framework will be outlined to encompass hard and soft law, policies, and ethics within the context of emerging scenarios fostered by Web 3.0, Industries 4.0 and 5.0. This Chapter will delve into the common and specific regulatory instruments and mechanisms proposed for these data spaces, thoroughly examining the technical and legal frameworks required to incept and flesh out these digital ecosystems.
The Implementation of U-space: Open Challenges from the Legal-Private Perspective
Authors: Bustos Moreno Yolanda 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis paper addresses the main aspects of implementing U-Space in Europe according to its regulatory framework. We analyse the reasons for the delay in its roadmap and the challenges to resolve. In turn, we discuss the importance of addressing data interconnectivity and information exchange and aspects related to cybersecurity and resilience in the field of U-Space, which are not analysed by the doctrine. We also discuss the applicability of the AI Act to U-Space as a critical digital infrastructure and whether some of its services could somehow fit within the “high-risk AI systems” intended to be used as security components in their management and operation, with the important consequences that such qualification entails.
Towards Proprietary Digital Assets Under European Soft Law
Authors: Argelich-Comelles Cristina 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis research provides for the legal treatment of digital assets regarding proprietary rights, possession, transfer of ownership, succession, extinction, enforcement, and applicable law, as provided for in the ELI Principles on the Use of Digital Assets as Security, the UK Law Commission Digital Assets: Final report, and the UNIDROIT Principles on Digital Assets and Private Law.