bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the corrosion layer of Q235 steel in simulated fire‐scene smoke
Authors: Zhang Shengyuan , Cao Yiyue , Wang Peibin , Jin Jing , Deng Liang 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe ability to accurately identify fire patterns is the fundamental requirement for fire investigations. The corrosion layers of steel in fire scenes exhibit three distinct characteristics. First, due to steel's nonflammable nature, steel patterns can be preserved better at the fire site than patterns formed on other combustible materials; second, both the high temperature and the smoke during the fire affect the high‐temperature oxidation process; and third, the corrosion layer of steels inevitably undergoes further evolution after the fire because of the subsequent room‐temperature corrosion. This study focuses on investigating Q235 steel because of its extensive use in construction and vehicles. The pattern evolution processes of high‐temperature oxidation at elevated temperatures in air, polyethylene (PE), and polyvinyl‐chloride (PVC) combustion smoke and the corresponding subsequent corrosion at room temperature were systematically investigated from the perspective of macroscopic and microscopic morphology. The results showed that the smoke atmosphere played an important role in the formation of the corrosion layer of Q235 steel. Compared with samples oxidized in air, samples oxidized in PE combustion smoke exhibited a uniform and dense oxide layer on the surface, which inhibited the corrosion at room temperature further. The PVC combustion smoke accelerated the high‐temperature oxidation of the sample, and its influence on the subsequent room‐temperature oxidation process was closely correlated with the temperature of the high‐temperature oxidation. The results of this study provide important references for understanding the formation of the corrosion layer of Q235 steel for fire investigations.
A Global Challenge: Sustainability of Submicrometer PEO and PVP Fiber Production
Authors: Amarakoon Manul , Homer‐Vanniasinkam Shervanthi , Edirisinghe Mohan 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe field of submicrometer polymeric production currently has a predominant research focus on morphology and application. In comparison, the sustainability of the manufacture of submicrometer polymeric fibers, specifically the energy efficiency, is less explored. The principles of Green Chemistry and Green Engineering outline frameworks for the manufacture of “greener” products, where the most significant principles in the two frameworks are shown to be centered on energy efficiency, material wastage, and the use of non‐hazardous materials. This study examines the power consumption during the production of Polyethylene oxide (PEO) and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) submicrometer fibers under magnitudes of the key forming parameters to generate fibers via pressure spinning. The energy consumption, along with the fiber diameter, and production rate during the manufacture of fibers is predominantly attributed to the characteristics of polymeric solutions utilized.
Elite skiers' experiences of heat‐ and moisture‐exchanging devices and training and competition in the cold: A qualitative survey
Authors: Jong Mats , Hanstock Helen G. , Stenfors Nikolai , Ainegren Mats 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackground and AimsWinter endurance athletes have a high prevalence of exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) and asthma, probably due to repeated and prolonged inhalation of cold and dry air. Heat‐ and moisture‐exchanging devices (HME) warm and humidify inhaled air and prevent EIB. The aim of this study was to share cross‐country skiers and biathletes' experiences of training and competition in low temperatures, views on temperature limits, usage of HME, and consequences of cold exposure on their health.MethodsEleven Swedish World Championship or Olympic medalists in cross‐country skiing and biathlon were interviewed and transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.ResultsParticipants described how cold temperatures predominantly affected the airways, face, and extremities. During training, extreme cold was managed by choosing warmer clothing, modification of planned sessions, use of HME, delaying training, or changing location. In competition, participants described limited possibility for such choices and would prefer adjustment of existing rules (i.e., more conservative temperature limits), especially since they understood elite skiing in low temperatures to present an occupational hazard to their health. Participants had at times used HMEs during training in cold environments but described mixed motives for their use—that HMEs warm and humidify cold inhaled air but introduce additional resistance to breathing and can cause problems due to mucus and ice build‐up. Skiers also perceived that they had become more sensitive to cold during the latter part of their careers.ConclusionsThe present study gives a unique insight into the “cold” reality of being an elite athlete in skiing and biathlon. Cold exposure results in negative health consequences that are preventable, which means that rules must be followed, and organizers should acknowledge responsibility in protecting athletes from occupational hazards. Development of evidence‐based guidelines for protection of athletes' respiratory health should be a focus for future translational research.
The psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Multiple Sclerosis Self‐Management Scale‐Revised: A cross‐sectional methodological study
Authors: Atapour Mahnaz , Maghaminejad Farzaneh , Ghiyasvandian Shahrzad , Rahimzadeh Mitra , Hosseini Samaneh 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackgrounds and AimsPatients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) need self‐management (SM) skills to manage their symptoms and problems. An essential step to SM improvement is accurate SM assessment using valid and reliable instruments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Multiple Sclerosis Self‐Management Scale‐Revised (MSSMS‐R).MethodsThis cross‐sectional methodological study was conducted from December 2021 to June 2022. The face, content, and construct‎ validity of MSSMS‐R were evaluated. Construct validity was evaluated through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and evaluating convergent and discriminant‎ validity using the data obtained from 210 randomly selected MS patients. The reliability of the scale was also evaluated through the test–retest stability and the internal consistency evaluation methods.ResultsThe face validity was confirmed and the content validity ratio and index values of all items were more than 0.62 and 0.79, respectively. CFA revealed the acceptable construct validity of the scale after omitting items 21 and 22. In convergent and discriminant validity evaluation, the total score of MSSMS‐R had significant positive correlation with the total mean scores of the Multiple Sclerosis Self‐Efficacy Scale (r = 0.36; p < 0.001) and the physical health composite‎ (r = 0.31; p < 0.001) and the mental health composite‎ (r = 0.39; p < 0.001) dimensions of the 54‐item Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life scale ‎and significant inverse correlation with the total mean score of the Beck Depression Inventory (r = –0.28; p < 0.001). The Cronbach's alpha values of the scale and its subscales were 0.86 and 0.65–0.90 and their test–retest intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.97 and 0.95–0.99, respectively.ConclusionThe Persian MSSMS‐R is a valid and reliable scale and can be used in future studies for SM assessment among pwMS.
The mediating role of quality of life on depression and medication adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Yorke Ernest , Boima Vincent , Ganu Vincent , Tetteh John , Twumasi Louisa , Ekem‐Ferguson George , Kretchy Irene , Mate‐Kole Christopher C. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackground and AimPatients living with diabetes mellitus have a high burden of psychological distress such as depression and anxiety as well as impaired quality of life, which may negatively impact their adherence to medications, glucose control, and health‐related costs.This study assessed the impact of quality of life and depression on medication adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes (type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]) in a tertiary care setting in GhanaMethodsThe study was a cross‐sectional study involving 238 patients with diabetes aged 18 years and above. Validated tools were used to assess medication adherence, depressive symptoms, and quality of life. Structural Equation Modeling was adopted to examine the mediation effect of quality of life on the relationship between depression and medication adherence among participants.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 58.82 ± 13.49, and 169 (71.0%) out of a total of 238 respondents were females. Depression had a significant direct relationship with the quality of life of respondents [aβ (95% confidence interval, CI) = −0.20 (−0.03, −0.00), p < 0.05; −0.21 (−0.41, −0.01) p < 0.05, respectively] and indirect relationship with quality of life [aβ (95% CI) = −0.01 (−0.02, −0.004) p < 0.001]. Educational status and religion both showed a significant indirect relationship with quality of life [aβ (95% CI) = 0.06 (0.07, 0.12), p < 0.05; 0.18 (0.01, 0.35) p < 0.05, respectively]. The mediating effect of quality of life on the relationship between depression and medication adherence was significant (Sobel = −3.19, p < 0.001).ConclusionDepression, medication adherence, and quality of life were higher among older adults with T2DM. Depression was also found to have a strong negative association with both medication adherence and quality of life. Interventions to screen for depression and to improve the quality of life in patients living with diabetes are also recommended and this should go beyond the provision of standard treatments to explore further the mechanisms of this relationships.
Outbreak of severe myocarditis in England: Havoc by a harmless virus
Authors: Anis Heeba , Basha Shaik Akbar , Tiwari Angad , Alemayehu Abel , Nazir Abubakar , Atulinda Linda , Wojtara Magda , Uwishema Olivier 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) has been alerted to a concerning upsurge of severe myocarditis, an inflammatory heart condition, in neonates within Wales and South West England. The myocarditis cases are being intricately associated with enterovirus infection, belonging to the Picornaviridae family. The concerned pathogen poses a significant global disease burden, with an estimated 10 to 15 million symptomatic cases occurring annually in the United States alone. Neonates are particularly vulnerable with children under the age of one accounting for approximately 40% of enterovirus infections.Material and MethodsA comprehensive literature search was conducted using various databases including ClinicalTrials, Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, and Ovid Resources. The search strategy included utilizing keywords such as “myocarditis,” “Randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Only articles written in English were considered, and selection criteria included relevance to the research objectives, reasonable sample sizes, and robust methodology. In addition to the identified articles, meta‐analyses, animal models and studies, and references from the selected articles were also examined to ensure a comprehensive review of the literature.ResultsTen hospitalized neonates, reported in the United Kingdom (UK), with positive PCR tests were reported to have myocarditis, predominantly caused by coxsackieviruses. The current situation in the region has brought global attention. With this study, we hope to draw attention to the critical aspects of the illness and, more crucially, the present strategies required to control the disease outbreak in England.DiscussionCurrent European Society of Cardiology (ESC) recommendations for the treatment of acute heart failure apply. Emerging research supports the use of immunosuppressive medication in some circumstances. Patients are advised to avoid aerobic activities for several months after healing. Neonatal enterovirus infections can vary in how they respond to IVIG therapy. The majority of enterovirus infections are self‐limited, require no special therapy, and only little supportive care is required.ConclusionThe recent elevation in numbers for reported severe myocarditis in neonates within Wales and South West England, linked to enterovirus infection, poses a significant public health concern. Myocarditis caused by enteroviruses, particularly Group B coxsackieviruses, is associated with significant mortality rates. Diagnosis is supported by non‐invasive techniques and cardiac enzyme blood tests. Treatment modalities primarily involve a palliative approach.
COVID‐19 and tobacco products use among US adults, 2021 National Health Interview Survey
Authors: Ebrahimi Kalan Mohammad , Jebai Rime , Li Wei , Gautam Prem , Alemohammad Seyedeh Yasaman , Mortazavizadeh Zeinab , Kenneth D. Ward , Chakraborty Aditya , Dargahi Abbasabad Ghader , Behaleh Raed , Bursac Zoran , Ben Taleb Ziyad 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackgroundSmoking and vaping are linked to lung inflammation and lowered immune response.ObjectiveExamine the prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) cases, testing, symptoms, and vaccine uptake, and associations with tobacco product use.MethodsData came from the 2021 National Health Interview Survey. The 2021 Sample Adult component included 29,482 participants with a response rate of 50.9%. We investigated COVID‐19‐related outcomes by tobacco product use status and reported national estimates. Multivariable regression models were performed accounting for demographics (e.g., age, sex, poverty level), serious psychological distress, disability, and chronic health conditions.ResultsIn our regression analyses, odds of self‐reported COVID‐19 infection were significantly lower for combustible tobacco product users (vs. nonusers; adjusted odds ratio [AOR = 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.62–0.85]). Combustible tobacco users also were less likely to report ever testing for COVID‐19 (AOR = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.79–0.98), ever testing positive for COVID‐19 (AOR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.56–0.77), and ever receiving COVID‐19 vaccine (AOR = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.51–0.66) compared with their nonuser peers. Compared to nonusers, users of any type of tobacco who contracted COVID‐19 had higher odds of losing smell (AOR = 1.36; 95%CI = 1.04–1.77), which was more pronounced among exclusive e‐cigarette users. The odds of receiving vaccine were lower for all current exclusive tobacco product users compared to nonusers (AORs = 0.40 to 0.70).ConclusionsContinued monitoring of tobacco product use and its association with respiratory diseases such as COVID‐19 is crucial to inform public health policies and programs. In addition, efforts to promote vaccination, especially among tobacco product users, are warranted.
Integrated Systems Architectural Modeling with Architectural Trade Study of a UAV Surface‐less Flight Control Systems for Wildfire Detection and Communication utilizing MBSAP
Authors: Bokhtier Golam M. , Crawford Setrige W. , Shahroudi Kamran Eftekhari 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIn this paper, we report our progress on integrating a model‐based system engineering methodology with a system architectural trade study applied to flight control systems of a locally owned and operated, cost effective Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) design utilizing the concepts of Model‐Based Systems Architecture Processes (MBSAP). The primary objective of the UAV is to monitor wildfires and to gather information and to provide surveillance data for predicting and preventing wildfires [1]. We describe our experience with a holistic approach to architect flight controls (the System‐of‐Interest), in a way that is tightly coupled with high‐level stakeholder needs and concerns, operational scenarios, (normal, inadvertent, and mis‐) use cases, Context System, and Enabling Systems.Several architectural variants of the Surface‐less Flight Controls (SFC) were traded. Our systemic approach showed that classical flight controls are feasible for the baseline UAV. It also helped us identify a novel architecture with a potential to drastically improve UAV performance (range, survey time), UAV weight, and specific cost. Our approach has resulted in an architecture that has the potential to significantly reduce the costs of manufacturing as well as operating UAVs, at the same time it drastically improves their performance. This development could mean widely increased availability and improved effectiveness of UAVs in fire detection and prevention.
I‐SHARE – INCOSE Systems Heuristics Application Repository: Sharing Systems Engineering Knowhow and Experience
Authors: Dori Dov , McKinney Dorothy , Wang Gan , Jackson Scott 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSystems engineering (SE) is a transdisciplinary discipline that links all the engineering disciplines involved in defining a system throughout its lifecycle. As such, SE involves heuristics to a significant extent. A heuristic relates to a formulation based on experts' experience serving as a guide in the investigation or solution of a problem. To be usable, heuristics should be memorable and pithy. A team of INCOSE Fellows created the INCOSE Systems Heuristics Application Repository, or I‐SHARE in short, in which over 600 SE‐related heuristics are curated and shared, covering subjects that include SE competencies, lifecycle stages, expertise, operational domains, and system attributes. In this paper, we describe the I‐SHARE, the motivation and stages of its creation and compilation, and ways through which this knowledge base can be an invaluable service to the SE community.
Common Language for Systems by the ISO/IEC 81346 Reference Model
Authors: Balslev Henrik , Barré Thomas 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis paper focuses on the practical application of system architecture modeling and reference enabling in systems engineering, introducing the fundamental principles and proof of concept. The fundamental principles are defined by ISO/IEC 81346 standard series, which provides a common language for systems across all engineering disciplines through the Reference Designation System (RDS). RDS is used to create a reference model with unambiguous identifiers representing system breakdowns in different views called aspects, allowing for clear reference designations of system elements and their relationships, complying with the basic rules of ISO 704 – Terminology work. The practical use of this system reference model is demonstrated through a selected use case: the Digital Design, Manufacturing & Services (DDMS) transformation program at AIRBUS S.A.S. (Toulouse, France). This case includes practical experience and a brief introduction to tools that assist with the usage of ontologies and terminology work in daily life.
Explainable AI and Counterfactuals for Test and Evaluation of Intelligent Engineered Systems
Authors: Raz Ali K. , Miller William , Chang Kuo‐Chu , Lin Yan , Blasch Erik 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSystems Engineering (SE) based test and evaluation (T&E) approaches have proven crucial for successful realization of most modern‐day complex systems and system‐of‐systems solutions. The design, test, and evaluation of engineered systems with many technologically advanced and complex components hinges on well‐structured integration and life cycle evolution process models, clearly defined requirements, along with controllability, observability, and stability (COS) of components that transcend to the system‐level. However, integration of machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL) and artificially intelligent (AI) components invalidates some SE foundations as the DL algorithms are primarily data‐driven with opaque decision‐making constructs. As a result, the current SE T&E approaches, although necessary, have become insufficient to evaluate the adoption of ML/DL/AI methods in engineered systems. This paper proposes two new approaches—explainable AI (xAI) and counterfactual testing and evaluation (cT&E)—as addition to the SE tool set for T&E of intelligent engineered systems. An example of SE T&E considerations is provided based on a conceptual aircraft control system implementation comparing as a classical controller and a DL‐based reinforcement learning controller.
Deep learning‐based ultra‐fast identification of Raman spectra with low signal‐to‐noise ratio
Authors: Liu Kunxiang , Chen Fuyuan , Shang Lindong , Wang Yuntong , Peng Hao , Liu Bo , Li Bei 
Published: August 2023

AbstractEnsuring the correct use of cell lines is crucial to obtaining reliable experimental results and avoiding unnecessary waste of resources. Raman spectroscopy has been confirmed to be able to identify cell lines, but the collection time is usually 10–30 s. In this study, we acquired Raman spectra of five cell lines with integration times of 0.1 and 8 s, respectively, and the average accuracy of using long–short memory neural network to identify the spectra of 0.1 s was 95%, and the average accuracy of identifying the spectra of 8 s was 99.8%. At the same time, we performed data enhancement of 0.1 s spectral data by real‐valued non‐volume preserving method, and the recognition average accuracy of long–short memory neural networks recognition of the enhanced spectral data was improved to 96.2%. With this method, we shorten the acquisition time of Raman spectra to 1/80 of the original one, which greatly improves the efficiency of cell identification.
Umweltanalytik: Neue Spurenstoffe in Städten – neue Schadstoffe?
Authors: Irrgeher Johanna , Trimmel Simone 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBisher ist kaum untersucht, welche ökologischen Auswirkungen es hat, wenn Elemente für elektronische Geräte oder Energiegewinnung, darunter Cer, Niob oder Tantal, in die Umwelt gelangen, etwa aus der industriellen Verarbeitung oder Elektroschrott. Inzwischen gibt es analytische Methoden, um Spuren in Umweltproben nachzuweisen.
Karriere in der Stahlindustrie: "Große Industrieanlagen haben mich immer schon fasziniert"
Authors: Zbikowski Frauke 
Published: August 2023

AbstractDer Physikochemiker Matthias Krüger hat sich den Berufseinstieg in die Verfahrenstechnik zugetraut. Heute trägt er dazu bei, den CO2‐Fußabdruck von Stahlwerken zu verringern.
High‐resolution P‐ and S‐wavefield seismic investigations of a quick‐clay site in southwest of Sweden
Authors: Myrto Papadopoulou , Alireza Malehmir , Magdalena Markovic , Johan Berglund 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSeismic investigations were performed at a site in the southwest of Sweden where major quick‐clay landslides have occurred in the past. Given the potential high risk of the area and the presence of medium infrastructures, the site posed a need for detailed investigations in a wide depth range and in high resolution. A high‐fold seismic survey was designed and conducted along two profiles using a 1–2 m receiver and shot spacing in order to retrieve both P‐ and S‐wavefield seismic images from vertical component data. The data were analysed by combining first‐break traveltime tomography and surface‐wave analysis as well as P‐ and S‐wavefield reflection seismic imaging. Using the first breaks, P‐wave velocity (VP) models were estimated, indicating the bedrock topography along the profiles and the sediment characteristics. The S‐wave velocity (Vs) models were estimated from the surface waves and indicated areas of low shear strength. Combined with VP and Vs models, this permits the estimation of VP/VS, a parameter that can indicate areas with high water content, significant for the detection of quick clays and possible liquefaction issues. The results are integrated with the P‐ and S‐wave reflection seismic images and compared with other geophysical investigations, such as magnetic and gravity data that were collected along the profiles.