bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Studies of a Heavy Chain Disease Protein
Authors: Ein Daniel , Waldmann Thomas A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The metabolic behavior of a heavy chain disease protein (γ HCD-JM) has been investigated in four patients with normal IgG levels, in the heavy chain disease patient himself, in a patient with a G-myeloma protein and in a patient with myotonic dystrophy. The protein was isolated from urine, labeled with 131I and administered once to each of the patients.
The γ HCD-JM belongs to the G3 subclass of IgG and its catabolic behavior is like that of intact proteins of the same G3 subclass. The survival half time of 6.6 days and the fractional catabolic rate of 39.5% per day is similar to that of intact G3 immunoglobulins. The γ HCD-JM resembles pooled normal IgG (predominantly composed of IgG1 molecules) in several other catabolic properties. Thirty-nine per cent is distributed in the intravascular pool, as compared with 44% for normal IgG. The survival half time and fractional catabolic rate of this protein is altered by the serum IgG level. Subjects with hypercatabolism of IgG associated with myotonic dystrophy or with high serum levels of IgG (multiple myeloma) also have shortened γ HCD survival and high fractional catabolic rate (FCR). The proteinuric rate is low, like that of IgG. Two per cent of the intravascular pool is lost as proteinuria daily. These findings support the concept that the Fc portion of the IgG molecule determines the catabolic rate of IgG.
Studies of the metabolism of the γ HCD-JM in the heavy chain disease patient himself show that the FCR is slightly elevated and the synthetic rate is high (0.42 g/kg/day compared to mean IgG synthesis of 0.034 g/kg/day in normal individuals). This indicates that the accumulation of H-chain in patients with heavy chain disease does not arise from defective catabolism of the protein but is due to excessive synthesis.
A Study of the Kinetics of the Anti-Dinitrophenyl Antibody Response at the Cellular Level
Authors: Havas H. Francis , Hraba Tomáš 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An improved method for the detection of DNP-specific PFC was used for studying the kinetics of the immune response to the DNP-group in mice.
DNP-specific PFC were already detected in the spleens of immunized mice after the first challenge. Direct PFC predominated on days 4 and 6, but by the 8th day a conversion to predominantly indirect PFC had occurred.
A much stronger immune response was reached after the second challenge when the number of indirect PFC was consistently higher than that of the direct PFC. The immune response after the third challenge did not differ significantly from the response after the second challenge.
The number of background plaques against SRBC remained low following both the first and second challenge.
An attempt was made to induce tolerance to the DNP determinant by the injection of soluble DNP-MGG. However, the immune response in the pretreated group paralleled that of the controls, and the differences in the number of PFC or HA titers were not sufficient to warrant the conclusion that tolerance had been achieved.
Distribution Analysis of Brain-Localized Radioantibodies after Zonal Ultracentrifugation in a Sucrose Density-Gradient
Authors: Day Eugene D. , Rigsbee Lewis C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Through the process of brain-localization in vivo after intravenous injection, of homogenization and zonal centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient and of multi-compartment distribution analysis, an antibrain radioantibody, paired with normal radioiodoglobulin, was shown to have localization properties in rat brain. Of the brain-localized immunoglobulin, 85% was shown to be antibody that had a distribution profile with four main density peaks and several lesser ones. In contrast, the 15% that was shown to be normal globulin had a profile with only one major density peak, that of the soluble protein compartment.
Insoluble Immunoadsorbents Containing Anti-IgE: Removal of Reaginic Activity and Subsequent Elution
Authors: Ito K. , Wicher K. , Arbesman C. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Reaginic antibody plays a significant role in immediate hypersensitivity of man. Ishizaka et al. (1) have reported that the human atopic reagin is primarily IgE protein, and these investigators have prepared rabbit (1) and guinea pig antisera (2) to human IgE by immunization with a purified reagin-rich fraction from ragweed sensitive patients. Johansson et al. (3) produced antiserum to human IgND (IgE), employing for immunization the protein from a patient with IgND (IgE) myeloma. Stanworth et al. (4) were able to block a Prausnitz-Küstner (PK) reaction with the Fc fragment of the IgND (IgE) myeloma protein, indicating that the reaginic antibody is related to the IgND (IgE). The antisera produced by Ishizaka and Johansson were shown to have identical serologic properties (5).
Through the courtesy of Dr. M. Ogawa, we obtained a small amount of plasma from a patient with IgE myeloma (for case description see (6)). With this material we were able to prepare rabbit antiserum to human IgE.
Studies on Heterologous Antilymphocyte and Antithymocyte Sera
Authors: Barth Rolf F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Data on the effects of heterologous antilymphocyte sera (ALS) on the cellular kinetics of the immune response of mice to sheep erythrocytes were obtained using the hemolytic plaque technique as an assay system.
Mice given progressively increasing amounts of ALS had exponential decreases in the number of splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC) 4 days following primary immunization. There was a linear relationship between the logarithms of the numbers of PFC and the dilutions of ALS used.
Combined treatment with ALS and anti-sheep cell serum produced complete suppression of splenic PFC against sheep erythrocytes, whereas treatment with either serum alone did not. Since the mechanism of action of anti-sheep cell antibody is believed to involve the inactivation of immunogenic antigen at stages later than induction, it acts synergistically with ALS. The inability of ALS to suppress “background” PFC further supports the view that its primary effects are on inductive events of the immune response.
Increasing the antigenic stimulus only slightly enhanced the immune response of ALS-treated mice.
Infusion of ALS-treated mice with 5 × 107 syngeneic spleen or thymus cells resulted in an 8- to 10-fold increase in the number of splenic PFC. Removal of an adherent cell population markedly reduced the ability of these infused cells to restore immunocompetence.
These data support the view that ALS has a preferential effect on antigen-sensitive, thymus-derived cells.
Studies on the Immunochemical Properties of Aggregates and Subunits of Fe of Rabbit γG Globulins
Authors: Amiraian Kenneth , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fc, obtained by digestion of rabbit γG globulin with papain and by cation-exchange chromatography, yields at least six fractions upon lyophilization at low ionic strength and gel filtration. These fractions are comprised of Fc, its aggregates and subunits. A study of the antigenic, anticomplementary and skin-sensitizing properties of these fractions indicates that the structures necessary for these immunochemical properties are at variance with each other.
Experimental Murine Amyloid
Authors: Willerson James T. , Asofsky Richard , Barth Werner F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immunoglobulin response and the development of amyloidosis were studied in six strains of mice after repeated administration of casein. Strain differences were noted in the ease of induction and amount of amyloid deposited. Increases in immunoglobulins following administration of casein were predominantly in the 7Sγ1 class. There was no consistent relationship between serum levels of immunoglobulins and development of amyloid. Bence Jones proteinuria was not detected. Infusion of a 7Sγ1 myeloma protein to produce and maintain hyperglobulinemia did not induce amyloidosis. These studies do not support a direct relationship between elevation in serum immunoglobulin levels and experimental murine amyloidosis.
Effects of Antithymus Serum on Thymic Lymphopoiesis: A Radioautographic Study
Authors: Nagaya Hiroshi , Sieker Herbert O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In an attempt to investigate immunosuppressive mechanisms of antithymus serum, especially its superiority to antilymphocyte serum as immunosuppressive agents, the effects of these antisera on thymic lymphopoiesis were studied by radioautography.
In rats treated with antithymus serum, thymidine incorporation by the thymic cortical lymphocytes was markedly suppressed although the number of thymidinelabeled lymphocytes appeared to be increased in the medulla and in the perivascular sheaths. In rats treated with antilymphocyte serum, on the other hand, there was increased thymidine incorporation by the cortical lymphocytes as indicated by the higher percentage of thymidine-labeled cells, the greater mean thymus weight and the histologic evidence. Despite lowered thymidine uptake, uridine uptake by the thymus cells of rats treated with antithymus serum was increased, suggesting an increased RNA metabolism in these cells. Histologically the majority of uridinelabeled cells were reticulo-epithelial cells and were mostly located in the medulla and in the perivascular sheaths, but some of them were seen in the subcapsular regions of the cortex showing positive periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stain.
These findings suggest that the greater immunosuppressive potency of antithymus serum than that of antilymphocyte serum is related to the former's ability to suppress proliferation of the thymic cortical lymphocytes, possibly by inactivating a thymic humoral factor, whereas the latter serum has no such suppressive effect. Increased uridine uptake by the thymus of the animals treated with antithymus serum may indicate a compensatory increase in the production of a thymic humoral factor by the reticulo-epithelial cells.
Studies of Cyclophosphamide Suppression of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Wistar Rats
Authors: Paterson Philip Y. , Hanson Margaret A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is completely inhibited in Wistar rats sensitized to spinal cord-adjuvant and treated with cyclophosphamide (CY) in doses of 5, 10 or 12 mg/kg from the day of sensitization through the 17th post-sensitization day. Such animals develop neither clinical neurologic signs nor histologic evidence of the disease. Furthermore, production of complement-fixing antibrain antibody is suppressed. Comparable inhibitory effects can be obtained by a single dose of CY of 100 mg/kg given 2 days after sensitization. Inhibition of EAE extends for at least 112 days after stopping CY. Limited “break-through” occurs in some rats re-sensitized to spinal cord by a different route after prior CY treatment. Evidence favoring the thesis that CY exerts its striking inhibitory action on this auto-immune disease through immunologic mechanism(s) is presented.
Coproantibodies to Milk: Identification by Radioimmunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Kletter B. , Freier S. , Davies A. M. , Gery I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Precipitating antibodies against cow's milk, as well as high titers of hemagglutinins, have been found in the feces of subjects suffering from milk sensitivity or celiac disease (1, 2). Low titers of hemagglutinating, but not precipitating, coproantibodies were found in the majority of normal infants or patients with other diseases (2).
There is some direct and indirect evidence that coproantibodies to viruses consist mainly of immunoglobulin A (3–5). The data of Katz et al. (1, 6) suggest that this is also the case with coproantibodies to soluble proteins. The use of the radioimmunoelectrophoresis (RIEP) technique proved in the present study to be useful for direct identification of the immunoglobulin types which make up the coproantibodies to milk.
The sera and fecal supernatants examined in the present study were obtained from infants (aged 3 to 12 months) with gastrointestinal milk sensitivity. These infants suffered from diarrhea and vomiting that ceased after elimination of cow's milk from the diet and the diagnosis was confirmed by three challenges with milk.
Purification of the First Component of Complement by Zonal Ultracentrifugation
Authors: Colten Harvey R. , Bond Howard E. , Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The zonal centrifuge has been used to purify viruses, sub-cellular organelles and macromolecules of biologic interest (1, 2). In this report we describe a two-cycle preparative ultracentrifugation method for the separation from serum of chemically and functionally highly purified first component (C1) of guinea pig and human complement. The observation that the sedimentation rate of C1 varies as a function of ionic strength (3) made the development of this purification procedure possible.
Materials and Methods. The source and preparation of sheep erythrocytes (E), rabbit antibody to boiled stromata of sheep erythrocytes (A) and sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EA) have been described (4). Fresh frozen guinea pig and human sera were purchased from Suburban Serum Laboratories, Silver Spring, Md. EAC4 were prepared with guinea pig serum as described (5). C1 activity was determined by the method described in (6).
Comparison of the Effects of Divalent Ion Chelating Agents on Complement-Mediated Hemolysis in Rabbit and Human Serum
Authors: Marney Samuel R. , Des Prez Roger M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chelating agent, magnesium ethylene-glycol-diamino-ethyl-tetraacetic acid (MgEGTA), inhibits EAC′ hemolysis when human serum is used as a complement source, but does not inhibit rabbit platelet injury which occurs in the presence of antigen-antibody reactions unrelated to platelet antigens. This difference has been assumed to indicate that the mechanism of complement action in producing this type of immunologically-induced platelet injury differs from that subserving EAC′ hemolysis.
The present studies indicate that when rabbit serum rather than human serum is used as a source of complement, EAC′ hemolysis is not inhibited by MgEGTA. It is concluded that rabbit complement and human complement differ with respect to divalent ion requirement. The explanation for this difference may be that the concentration of calcium ion required for maintaining the rabbit C′1 molecule in an assembled state is lower than the concentration required for normal human C′1 activity.
Aerosol Immunization of Humans with Tetanus Toxoid
Authors: Wigley F. M. , Wood S. H. , Waldman R. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Soluble tetanus toxoid given as an aerosol to human volunteers led to an increase in serum antibody titers comparable to that resulting from conventional subcutaneous administration, thus suggesting that tetanus toxoid booster immunization can be administered by aerosol in man. The results also show that an antigen given by fine particle aerosol can stimulate the production of high levels of serum antibody. No increase in the titer of nasal antibody was demonstrated. Sputum antibody titers, however, were found to increase significantly in the persons who received aerosolized vaccine, which demonstrates that secretory antibody was produced in response to an antigen that normally does not enter the respiratory tract.
Inhibitor of Human C3 Associated with Preparations of C3 Dissociated from C3-Zymosan Complex
Authors: Blum Livia 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Incubation of human serum with zymosan at 37°C, followed by removal of the zymosan residue by centrifugation, resulted in C3-zymosan complex. The C3-zymosan complex could be dissociated and C3 recovered in the eluate. Preparations of dissociated C3 did not contain the hemolytically active component of complement, C1 esterase, or fibrinolytic or caseinolytic activity.
Addition of dissociated C3 to EAC142 blocked the formation of EAC1423 or EAC14235 by partially purified C3,C5. The effect of the inhibitor was not limited to intermediate complexes, it also blocked the hemolytic activity of serum was restored by adding C2, but not C3. A positive immune adherence test was obtained by treating EAC142 with dissociated C3.
The data are discussed in relation to an hypothesis that the inhibitor in preparations of dissociated C3 is C3, which is hemolytically inactive, but participates in immune adherence and has greater affinity for SAC2 than the C3 molecule possessing functional integrity.
Heterogeneity of Mouse Myeloma γG Globulins as Revealed by Enzymatic Proteolysis
Authors: Gorini G. , Medgyesi G. A. , Doria G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The sensitivity of mouse myeloma γG globulins to enzymatic proteolysis has been investigated under several experimental conditions. γG1 was found to be more resistant to papain or tryptic cleavage than γG2d and γG2b. Minor differences were found between the reactivities of the latter two proteins. γG2b showed extremely high sensitivity to the action of pepsin. The addition of cysteine to the incubation mixtures of globulins with papain or trypsin enhanced the degree of fragmentation, but some physical and immunochemical properties of these fragments were found to be different from those of fragments obtained in the absence of cysteine. The possible role of this reducing agent has been discussed.
On Mouse Complement: Genetic Variants
Authors: Rosenberg L. T. , Tachibana D. K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
There are a number of polymorphic genes in mice which control the expression of hemolytic complement levels. The levels of hemolytic complement vary greatly within a non-inbred strain, CF-1, and there is a characteristic level of hemolytic complement activity for each inbred strain. Studies of progeny of crosses between selected inbred strains suggest that the levels of hemolytic complement are controlled by relatively simple genetic mechanisms. The significance of recognizing these genetic variants in understanding the functions of the complement system is discussed.
Immunosuppression by Antibody: Localization of Site of Action
Authors: Ryder R. J. W. , Schwartz Robert S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunosuppression by antibody was studied in mice passively immunized at birth and challenged with antigen 6 weeks later. At the time of antigen (sheep red blood cells (SRBC)) administration none of the antibody (anti-SRBC) given at birth was detectable by conventional serologic techniques. However, evidence for persistence of antibody was obtained by the demonstration that spleen cells from normal mice, when transferred to irradiated, passively immunized mice, were unable to mount a primary immune response. By contrast, spleen cells from mice primed with SRBC elaborated a normal anamnestic response when transferred to irradiated, passively immunized mice.
The locus of action of immunosuppressive antibody was studied in several ways. No evidence was obtained that the effect was due to binding of antibody to unproccessed antigen. SRBC retrieved from passively immunized mice were immunogenic in normal mice. Spleen cells from passively immunized mice responded normally when transferred to irradiated mice, thus excluding lymphoid cells as the site of action of immunosuppressive antibody. However, when macrophages from passively immunized mice were “fed” SRBC, they failed to induce an immune response in normal recipients. It was concluded that, in the system studied, antibody exerts its immunosuppressive effects at the level of the macrophage.
Human Lymphocyte Response to Phytomitogens in Vitro: Normal, Agammaglobulinemic and Paraproteinemic Individuals
Authors: Douglas Steven D. , Kamin Roberta M. , Fudenberg H. Hugh 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies of the time course of thymidine incorporation during stimulation of lymphocytes from normal individuals with four plant mitogens over a 10-day period demonstrate several differences in response profiles. Whereas the peak responses for cultures stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), wax bean glycoprotein and concanavalin A (Con A) occurred at 3 or 5 days, the lower peak response to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was observed at 5 or 7 days. Cultures stimulated with PHA, wax bean glycoprotein and PWM continued to show significant thymidine incorporation at 7 and 10 days, although the response to Con A had returned to baseline after 7 days.
Lymphocytes from eight adult “acquired” agammaglobulinemic patients and their four available parents had a diminished thymidine incorporation in 3-day cultures using each of the four mitogens (p &lt; 0.001). A late response was observed with PHA or wax bean stimulation at 5 to 7 days, comparable to controls at 3 days. With Con A, lymphocytes from both the “acquired” agammaglobulinemic patients and their parents had a diminished incorporation throughout the 10-day period (p &lt; 0.001). Stimulation with PWM distinguished the lymphocytes of the patients from their heterozygous parents; at 5 to 7 days the parents had a peak comparable to controls, whereas the “acquired” agammaglobulinemics had a diminished peak (p &lt; 0.001) at 10 days.
Lymphocytes from patients with multiple myeloma and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia had diminished thymidine incorporation in response to Con A during a 10-day incubation period. These patients had normal or late responses comparable in magnitude to controls with PHA, wax bean glycoprotein and PWM.
These observations suggest that plant mitogens have selective and specific actions on lymphocyte subpopulations. Differences in the time course and magnitude of lymphocyte response to plant mitogens may reflect different circulating subpopulations of cells or alterations in the total number of cells responsive to mitogen. Detailed time studies using several mitogenic agents represent a possible approach to the assessment of lymphocyte function in immunologic diseases.
Mechanisms of Endotoxin Tolerance
Authors: Greisman Sheldon E. , Young Edward J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sieved spleen cells (3 × 109) from rabbits immunized with a Biovin preparation of Escherichia coli endotoxin were capable of transferring significant “anamnestic” endotoxin-tolerant responses to non-inbred normal recipient animals. Thus, whereas the initial febrile responses of the primed spleen cell recipients to a standard dose of E. coli endotoxin remained unaltered, upon retesting 48 hr later significant reductions in febrile responses occurred in comparison with recipients given comparable numbers of spleen cells from non-immunized donors. Simple carry-over of free endotoxin by the primed spleen cells could not explain such transfer of “anamnesis” since frozen and thawed primed spleen cells were ineffective. The transferred “anamnestic” tolerance was partially specific for the endotoxin employed in immunizing the spleen cell donors, i.e., spleen cells from donors immunized with a Boivin preparation of Salmonella typhimurium transferred significantly less “anamnestic” tolerance to the standard E. coli endotoxin test preparation. These latter observations support the concept that antibodies directed against the specific “O” terminal polysaccharide side chains contribute significantly to pyrogenic tolerance to bacterial endotoxins. Despite the specificity of the transferred “anamnestic” tolerance to endotoxin, increments in circulating anti-“O” antibodies were not generally observed at 48 hr, suggesting that “O” protective antibodies at this time may be primarily cell-fixed. The smaller but nevertheless significant transfer of “anamnestic” tolerance to E. coli endotoxin conveyed by spleen cells from donors immunized with S. typhimurium endotoxin provides evidence that antibodies with broader specificity also participate in pyrogenic tolerance to bacterial endotoxin.