bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EM-Gaze: eye context correlation and metric learning for gaze estimation
Authors: Zhou Jinchao , Li Guoan , Shi Feng , Guo Xiaoyan , Wan Pengfei , Wang Miao 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn recent years, deep learning techniques have been used to estimate gaze—a significant task in computer vision and human-computer interaction. Previous studies have made significant achievements in predicting 2D or 3D gazes from monocular face images. This study presents a deep neural network for 2D gaze estimation on mobile devices. It achieves state-of-the-art 2D gaze point regression error, while significantly improving gaze classification error on quadrant divisions of the display. To this end, an efficient attention-based module that correlates and fuses the left and right eye contextual features is first proposed to improve gaze point regression performance. Subsequently, through a unified perspective for gaze estimation, metric learning for gaze classification on quadrant divisions is incorporated as additional supervision. Consequently, both gaze point regression and quadrant classification performances are improved. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms existing gaze-estimation methods on the GazeCapture and MPIIFaceGaze datasets.
Recent progress and future perspectives on non-thermal apple juice processing techniques
Authors: Arya Shalini S. , Nachiappan Nachal , Waghmare Roji , Bhat Mohmad Sayeed 
Published: May 2023

AbstractFresh apple juice is one of the most popular and consumed juice, owing to its pleasant taste, natural flavour and nutritional richness. Regular consumption of apple juice is associated with reducing the risk of cancer, cardiovascular related diseases, asthma and diabetes. However, the shelf life of apple juice is limited by detrimental effect of enzymes. Due to the demand of wholesome nutritious product, there arises a need for adoption of novel non-thermal techniques as they help to retain the nutritional content and at the same time aid in improving the shelf life as compared to the thermal treatment.High pressure processing (HPP), pulsed electric field (PEF), ultrasound, pulsed light, UV, high-pressure homogenization (HPH) and hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) are all examples of novel procedures tested and tried for the better retention of nutritional and phytochemical composition in apple juice. This study aimed to find the influence of these mechanisms on the quality and composition of apple juice.Apple juice processing has been successfully examined using non-thermal techniques. These exhibited promising results in terms of minimising physical, chemical, enzymatic and microbial deterioration of the apple juice while still retaining a high percentage of nutritious components. Though all the non-thermal process require a hurdle approach for inactivation of enzymes, HC can be a better alternative in terms of operating costs and ease in handling the bulk volumes of juice.
Graphical Abstract
The cilium–centrosome axis in coupling cell cycle exit and cell fate
Authors: Atmakuru Priti S. , Dhawan Jyotsna 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
The centrosome is an evolutionarily conserved, ancient organelle whose role in cell division was first described over a century ago. The structure and function of the centrosome as a microtubule-organizing center, and of its extracellular extension – the primary cilium – as a sensory antenna, have since been extensively studied, but the role of the cilium–centrosome axis in cell fate is still emerging. In this Opinion piece, we view cellular quiescence and tissue homeostasis from the vantage point of the cilium–centrosome axis. We focus on a less explored role in the choice between distinct forms of mitotic arrest – reversible quiescence and terminal differentiation, which play distinct roles in tissue homeostasis. We outline evidence implicating the centrosome–basal body switch in stem cell function, including how the cilium–centrosome complex regulates reversible versus irreversible arrest in adult skeletal muscle progenitors. We then highlight exciting new findings in other quiescent cell types that suggest signal-dependent coupling of nuclear and cytoplasmic events to the centrosome–basal body switch. Finally, we propose a framework for involvement of this axis in mitotically inactive cells and identify future avenues for understanding how the cilium–centrosome axis impacts central decisions in tissue homeostasis.
The economic costs of malaria in pregnancy: evidence from four sub-Saharan countries
Authors: Cirera Laia , Sacoor Charfudin , Meremikwu Martin , Ranaivo Louise , F. Manun’Ebo Manu , Arikpo Dachi , Matavele Osvaldo , Rafaralahy Victor , Ndombe Didier , Pons Duran Clara , Ramirez Maximo , Ramponi Francesco , González Raquel , Maly Christina , Roman Elaine , Sicuri Elisa , Pagnoni Franco , Menéndez Clara 
Published: May 2023

Background Malaria in pregnancy is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), which imposes a significant economic burden. We provide evidence on the costs of malaria care in pregnancy to households and the health system in four high-burden countries in SSA. Methods Household and health system economic costs associated with malaria control in pregnancy were estimated in selected areas of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Madagascar (MDG), Mozambique (MOZ) and Nigeria (NGA). An exit survey was administered to 2,031 pregnant women when leaving the antenatal care (ANC) clinic from October 2020 to June 2021. Women reported the direct and indirect costs associated to malaria prevention and treatment in pregnancy. To estimate health system costs, we interviewed health workers from 133 randomly selected health facilities. Costs were estimated using an ingredients-based approach. Results Average household costs of malaria prevention per pregnancy were USD6.33 in DRC, USD10.06 in MDG, USD15.03 in MOZ and USD13.33 in NGA. Household costs of treating an episode of uncomplicated/complicated malaria were USD22.78/USD46 in DRC, USD16.65/USD35.65 in MDG, USD30.54/USD61.25 in MOZ and USD18.92/USD44.71 in NGA, respectively. Average health system costs of malaria prevention per pregnancy were USD10.74 in DRC, USD16.95 in MDG, USD11.17 in MOZ and USD15.64 in NGA. Health system costs associated with treating an episode of uncomplicated/complicated malaria were USD4.69/USD101.41 in DRC, USD3.61/USD63.33 in MDG, USD4.68/USD83.70 in MOZ and USD4.09/USD92.64 in NGA. These estimates resulted in societal costs of malaria prevention and treatment per pregnancy of USD31.72 in DRC, USD29.77 in MDG, USD31.98 in MOZ and USD46.16 in NGA. Conclusions Malaria in pregnancy imposes a high economic burden on households and the health system. Findings emphasize the importance of investing in effective strategies that improve access to malaria control and reduce the burden of the infection in pregnancy.
Breaking it Down: Economic Consequences of Disaggregated Cost Disclosures
Authors: Berger Philip G. , Choi Jung Ho , Tomar Sorabh 
Published: May 2023

Motivated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s project on the disaggregation of income statement expenses, we study a Korean rule change that allowed firms to withhold a previously mandated disaggregation of cost of sales (CoS). We find that after withholding, firms’ profitability increases by 1.6 percentage points. Our industry-focused results suggest that withholding affects profitability by reducing the transfer of competitive information to peer firms. We then document a range of evidence consistent with the idea that firms withhold disaggregated CoS to protect cost innovations from rivals. First, we construct a novel measure of firms’ cost-innovative potential and show that it predicts withholding and subsequent profitability gains under the voluntary disclosure regime. Second, we document efficiency gains following the withholding of disaggregated CoS. Third, our survey experiment of 1,257 U.S. public firm managers shows that they would reduce investments in process/cost innovations if they were required to disaggregate CoS. Our study highlights to standard setters and academics that CoS disaggregation entails operational consequences for firms. This paper was accepted by Brian Bushee, accounting. Funding: The authors acknowledge financial support from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, the Stanford Graduate School of Business, and the Southern Methodist University Cox School of Business. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4780 .
The Influence of Short Selling on Negative Press Coverage of Firms
Authors: Bushman Robert , Pinto Jedson 
Published: May 2023

We hypothesize that after a relaxation of short selling constraints, an escalation in short selling activity will heighten incentives for short sellers to accelerate price discovery by revealing their negative information. Consistent with this conjecture, we find that the overall sentiment of media coverage tilts significantly more negative for pilot relative to control firms following exogenous relief of short sale constraints. We find a more pronounced effect for media-initiated articles relative to firm-initiated press releases. Further, following abnormal increases in short interest, there is a significantly greater increase in negative news flow for pilot relative to nonpilot firms. Finally, we find that stock returns of firms with lower short selling constraints become significantly more sensitive to negative news reports. This paper was accepted by Suraj Srinivasan, accounting. Funding: The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Kenan-Flagler Business School and the Naveen Jindal School of Management. Supplemental Material: The data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4783 .
Prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and impact on child health in Cap-Haitien, Haiti
Authors: Diaz Jenna N. , Iannotti Lora L. , Louis Dulience Sherlie Jean , Vie Sydney , Jiang Xuntian , Grigura Vadim , Boncy Jacques , Pierre Francesca J. Marhône , Kuhlmann F. Matthew 
Published: May 2023

Background
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are common pathogens infecting children during their growth and development. Determining the epidemiology and the impact of DEC on child anthropometric measures informs prioritization of prevention efforts. These relationships were evaluated in a novel setting, Cap-Haitien, Haiti.

Methods
We performed pre-specified secondary analysis of a case-control study of community-dwelling children, 6–36 months of age, enrolled 96 cases with diarrhea and 99 asymptomatic controls. Assessments were performed at enrollment and one month later at follow-up. Established endpoint PCR methodologies targeted DEC gDNA isolated from fecal swabs. The association between DEC and anthropometric z-scores at enrollment was determined using multivariate linear regression. Lastly, we assessed the association between specific biomarkers, choline and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and diarrheal burden.

Results
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) was identified in 21.9% of cases vs. 16.1% of controls with heat-stable producing ETEC significantly associated with symptomatic disease. Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) was found in 30.2% of cases vs. 27.3% of controls, and typical enteropathogenic E. coli in 6.3% vs. 4.0% of cases and controls, respectively. Multivariate linear regression, controlled for case or control status, demonstrated ETEC and EAEC were significantly associated with reduced weight-age z-score (WAZ) and height-age z-score (HAZ) after adjusting for confounders. An interaction between ETEC and EAEC was observed. Choline and DHA were not associated with diarrheal burden.

Conclusions
DEC are prevalent in north Haitian children. ETEC, EAEC, household environment, and diet are associated with unfavorable anthropometric measures, with possible synergistic interactions between ETEC and EAEC. Further studies with longer follow up may quantify the contribution of individual pathogens to adverse health outcomes.
Barriers in accessing family planning services in Nepal during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study
Authors: Sigdel Anil , Bista Anu , Sapkota Hardik , Teijlingen Edwin van 
Published: May 2023

Background
The COVID-19 virus is still with us, and in resource-limited countries, like Nepal, resurgence of a new variant is still a threat. In this pandemic, low-income countries struggle to provide essential public health services, including family planning. This study was conducted to explore what sorts of barriers are faced by women needing family planning services in Nepal during the pandemic.

Methods
This qualitative study was conducted in five districts of Nepal. Telephonic in-depth interviews were conducted with 18 women of reproductive age (18–49 years) who were the regular clients of family planning services. Data were coded deductively using the preexisting themes based on a socio-ecological model (e.g., individual, family, community, and health-facility levels).

Results
Individual level barriers included low self-confidence, inadequate knowledge on COVID-19, myths and misconception related to COVID-19, limited access to FP services low priority to SRH services, low autonomy in family and limited financial ability. Family level barriers comprised of partner’s support, social stigma, increased time at home with husbands or parents, un-acceptance of family planning services as essential health services, financial hardship due to loss of jobs, and communication with in-laws. Movement restrictions and transportation hindering access, unsecured feeling, violation of privacy, and obstacles from security personnel were the community level barriers and unavailability of preferred choice of contraception, increased waiting time, limited outreach services by community health workers, limited physical infrastructures, the behavior of health workers, stock out of commodities, and absence of health workers were health facility level barriers.

Conclusion
This study highlighted key barriers faced by women in seeking family planning services during the COVID-19 lockdown in Nepal. Policymakers and program managers should consider strategies to ensure continued availability of the full method mix during emergency, particularly since disruptions may go unnoticed and strengthen the provision of services through alternative service delivery channels to ensure sustained uptake of such services in this sort of pandemic.
Analyzing the sensitivity of quantitative 3D MRI of longitudinal relaxation at very low field in Gd-doped phantoms
Authors: de Iure Danilo , Conti Allegra , Galante Angelo , Spadone Sara , Hilschenz Ingo , Caulo Massimo , Sensi Stefano , Del Gratta Cosimo , Della Penna Stefania 
Published: May 2023

Purpose
Recently, new MRI systems working at magnetic field below 10 mT (Very and Ultra Low Field regime) have been developed, showing improved T1-contrast in projected 2D maps (i.e. images without slice selection). Moving from projected 2D to 3D maps is not trivial due to the low SNR of such devices. This work aimed to demonstrate the ability and the sensitivity of a VLF-MRI scanner operating at 8.9 mT in quantitatively obtaining 3D longitudinal relaxation rate (R1) maps and distinguishing between voxels intensities. We used phantoms consisting of vessels doped with different Gadolinium (Gd)-based Contrast Agent (CA) concentrations, providing a set of various R1 values. As CA, we used a commercial compound (MultiHance®, gadobenate dimeglumine) routinely used in clinical MRI.

Methods
3D R1 maps and T1-weighted MR images were analysed to identify each vessel. R1 maps were further processed by an automatic clustering analysis to evaluate the sensitivity at the single-voxel level. Results obtained at 8.9 mT were compared with commercial scanners operating at 0.2 T, 1.5 T, and 3 T.

Results
VLF R1 maps offered a higher sensitivity in distinguishing the different CA concentrations and an improved contrast compared to higher fields. Moreover, the high sensitivity of 3D quantitative VLF-MRI allowed an effective clustering of the 3D map values, assessing their reliability at the single voxel level. Conversely, in all fields, T1-weighted images were less reliable, even at higher CA concentrations.

Conclusion
In summary, with few excitations and an isotropic voxel size of 3 mm, VLF-MRI 3D quantitative mapping showed a sensitivity better than 2.7 s-1 corresponding to a concentration difference of 0.17 mM of MultiHance in copper sulfate doped water, and improved contrast compared to higher fields. Based on these results, future studies should characterize R1 contrast at VLF, also with other CA, in the living tissues.
Is online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic associated with increased burnout in medical learners?: A medical school’s experience
Authors: Hunt Sarah , Simpson Jenna , Letwin Lyndon , MacLeod Bryan 
Published: May 2023

Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated a shift to virtual curriculum delivery at Canadian medical schools. At the NOSM University, some learners transitioned to entirely online learning, while others continued in-person, in-clinic learning. This study aimed to show that medical learners who transitioned to exclusively online learning exhibited higher levels of burnout compared to their peers who continued in-person, clinical learning. Analysis of factors that protect against burnout including resilience, mindfulness, and self-compassion exhibited by online and in-person learners at NOSM University during this curriculum shift were also explored.

Methods
As part of a pilot wellness initiative, a cross-sectional online survey-based study of learner wellness was conducted at NOSM University during the 2020–2021 academic year. Seventy-four learners responded. The survey utilized the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Brief Resilience Scale, Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale–Revised, and the Self-Compassion Scale–Short Form. T-tests were utilized to compare these parameters in those who studied exclusively online and those who continued learning in-person in a clinical setting.

Results
Medical learners who engaged in online learning exhibited significantly higher levels of burnout when compared with learners who continued in-person learning in a clinical setting, despite scoring equally on protective factors such as resilience, mindfulness, and self-compassion.

Conclusion
The results discussed in this paper suggest that the increased time spent in a virtual learning environment during the COVID-19 pandemic might be associated with burnout among exclusively online learners, as compared to learners who were educated in clinical, in-person settings. Further inquiry should investigate causality and any protective factors that could mitigate negative effects of the virtual learning environment.
Parametric optimisation of friction stir welding on aluminium alloy (EN AW-1100) plates
Authors: Awan Muhammad Umer Farooq , Khan Mahmood , Waheed Khalid , Iqbal Zafar , Rehman Abdul , Ali Fahad , Shahzad Muhammad , Saim Muhammad Abdul Basit , Akhtar Shahid , Aune Ragnhild Elizabeth 
Published: May 2023

Friction stir welding is a solid-state welding process used extensively for aluminium alloys. EN AW-1100 alloy is mostly used for its exceptional corrosion resistance, high ductility, high thermal and electrical conductivities, and cost-effectiveness. This study is focused on the optimisation of friction stir welding parameters to achieve enhanced mechanical properties of 5mm thick EN AW-1100 alloy plates welded with a single pass, using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array and ANOVA analysis. Experimental results revealed that maximum tensile strength of 79 MPa and percentage elongation of 38.87 % were achieved. The maximum Vickers hardness achieved in the stir zone was 34.15. These results were used for optimisation using Minitab and it was determined that 2000 RPM, 30 mm·min−1 traverse speed and square probe profile came out to be the best parameters for maximum tensile strength. 4000 RPM, 30 mm·min−1 traverse speed and square probe geometry were the best parameters for maximum hardness in the stir zone. ANOVA analysis showed that the most significant parameter for tensile strength was traverse speed. None of the considered parameters were influencing the hardness value in the stir zone at a 95 % confidence level.
PENGARUH PERBEDAAN JENIS PELARUT DAN SUHU PEMANASAN SELAMA EKSTRAKSI TERHADAP STABILITAS MIKROKAPSUL FIKOSIANIN DARI Spirulina platensis
Authors: Astuti Wahyu Mega , Dewi Eko Nurcahya , Kurniasih Retno Ayu 
Published: May 2023

Pigmen fikosianin merupakan pewarna alami yang diperoleh dari ekstrak mikroalga S. Platensis, bersifat mudah larut dalam pelarut polar dan tidak stabil terhadap suhu. Penurunan stabilitas pigmen dapat menyebabkan kerusakan warna, sehingga untuk mempertahankan stabilitas dapat dilakukan proses microenkapsulasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pelarut polar (aquades dan buffer fosfat) dan suhu pemanasan terhadap stabilitas mikrokapsul fikosianin. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode experimental laboratories dengan menggunakan rancangan percobaan faktorial dengan faktor jenis pelarut dan suhu. Data dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA dan dilakukan uji lanjut Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ) untuk mengetahui perbedaan antara sampel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa stabilitas mikrokapsul fikosianin yang diamati berdasarkan nilai CR pada penggunaan pelarut aquades suhu 30°C; 47°C; dan 65°C mengalami penurunan dengan nilai CR 92,83%; 73,95%, dan 45,36%, sedangkan nilai CR pada penggunaan pelarut buffer fosfat pH 7,0 secara berturut-turut adalah 97,73%; 88,63%; dan 55,91%. Penurunan stabilitas menggunakan pelarut aquades lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan buffer fosfat pH 7,0, hal tersebut dikarenakan pelarut buffer fosfat memiliki sifat kepolaran lebih tinggi dan bersifat inhibisi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut interaksi antara jenis pelarut ekstraksi dengan suhu memberikan pengaruh nyata (P<0,05) terhadap stabilitas mikrokapsul fikosianin.
KARAKTERISTIK PERMEN JELLY DENGAN PENAMBAHAN GELATIN SISIK IKAN YANG BERBEDA
Authors: Mufida Rahma Tika , Darmanto Yudhomenggolo Sastro , Suharto Slamet 
Published: May 2023

Permen jelly adalah produk makanan yang memiliki tekstur kenyal. Tekstur ini terbentuk karena adanya pembentuk gel yaitu gelatin. Limbah sisik ikan dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi gelatin dan diaplikasikan pada produk pangan sebagai pembentuk tekstur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan gelatin sisik ikan terhadap karakteristik permen jelly. Jenis metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode experimental laboratories menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Perlakuan pada penelitian adalah penambahan gelatin sisik ikan yang berbeda (ikan tawes, bandeng, dan ikan kurisi) sebanyak 14 % dengan tiga kali pengulangan. Data parametrik dianalisis dengan uji Analysis of Varians (ANOVA) dan data non-parametrik dianalisis dengan Uji Beda Nyata Jujur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan gelatin sisik ikan yang berbeda memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan (P <0,05) dengan nilai kekuatan gel tertinggi adalah 350 ± 5,50 g.cm2, kadar air terendah 15,81 ± 0,17%, kadar abu tertinggi adalah 2,12 ± 0,10 %,, nilai Aw terendah adalah 0,72 ± 0,11, nilai pH terendah adalah 4,40 ± 0,08, dan nilai hedonik dengan interval 8,0 <μ <8,2.