bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post-separation Parenting Policies
Authors: Scheiwe Kirsten 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In addition to the economic adversity that accompanies divorce, divided families often must come to grips with sensitive issues around how to allocate parental responsibilities for their children. Kirsten Scheiwe delves into the major legal and social consequences that arise amid the efforts to resolve critical issues, such as where the children will reside, the extent to which children have a voice in these decisions, and the role of the courts and mediation processes in dealing with parental conflicts. This chapter also examines how different countries address the general question of parental responsibilities for the financial support, care, and education of children. Scheiwe notes that the adverse consequences of divorce and separation are magnified in the break-up of cohabiting couples for whom there are few rights and provisions in family law. She identifies the need for a more comprehensive approach to post-separation family policies placing greater emphasis on care-related and child-oriented provisions.
Family Change in the Context of Social Changes in the United States
Authors: Wolfinger Nicholas H. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Nicholas Wolfinger surveys the cultural and structural forces that have roiled the traditional nuclear family in the United States since the 1960s. These forces include the sexual revolution facilitated by advances in reproductive technology, heightened individualism, an unfavorable marriage market for women in the 1960s, mothers entering the labor force in unprecedented numbers, declining marriage rates, and the rise of out-of-wedlock childbearing. Wolfinger notes that the conservative view that generous welfare benefits reduced the need for marriage fails to comport with the data, which shows nonmarital fertility increased during the years that welfare transfers were declining. He also points out that while the United States is far behind many European countries in adopting policies in response to the changing functions of family proposals for extended paid parental leave, federally subsidized childcare and generous child tax credits have risen to the top of the political agenda.
Theorizing the Relationship between the Welfare State and the Life Course
Authors: Kohli Martin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I argue that the causal relationship between the welfare state and the life course works in both directions: The life course as a social institution challenges the welfare state by creating age-specific needs and risks, and through them, potential or actual client groups of various sizes and compositions. The welfare state is thus shaped by the institutionalized life course with its tripartition of life into periods of preparation, active work, and retirement. On the other hand, the welfare state shapes the life course by differentially addressing the periods of life and by patterning the transitions between them. The chapter first shows how the welfare state and the life course may be conceptualized as social institutions. It then discusses the mediating step between the two, the problems of constructing welfare and life course regimes, and their differentiations in terms of gender and social class.
Intersectionality and Family Policy
Authors: Williams Fiona 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The main focus of the chapter is on the multiple dimensions of social inequality related to the migration of women from poorer regions to perform care and domestic work in households and organizations in wealthier regions. The chapter argues that this development demands an analysis that can make connections across the forms, scales, and sites of social inequality and the policies that influence them. To this end, the author employs an intersectional and multi-scalar perspective, arguing that it offers a useful way of understanding the multiple social relations of inequality at play in care work. Williams provides selected cross-national examples of the intersections in migrant care work and concludes by examining the macro scale and the transnational personal and political agency of migrant care workers, their successes, and what they have yet to achieve.
External Validity in Philosophy and Political Science
Authors: Jiménez-Buedo María 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The chapter starts with a section in which the origins and diffusion of the term “external validity” are analyzed. It then describes how the use of the notion of external validity evolved from a rather pragmatically oriented concept (inserted in a four-fold typology) to a polysemic notion that means very different things for different people, and that is associated with a dyadic distinction between the “inside” of an experiment and the “outside” of it. The second section lays out the problem of external validity. This is a properly philosophical-scientific problem related to the difficulties of extrapolation in the social sciences, and in particular, the difficulties of extrapolating the results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We see recent approaches to this problem both in philosophy and in political science. The final, third section then deals with the conceptual problems associated to the notion of “external validity,” i.e., the problems with external validity. We contend that conceptual unclarities and ambiguities surrounding the term lead to contradictory views in the several literatures that use the notion of external validity. I identify these contradictions and refer to them as the three paradoxes of external validity. In view of these difficulties, this chapter advises to be cautious regarding its use.
Context, Contextualization, and Case-Study Research
Authors: Ruzzene Attilia 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Whenever contextual conditions influence the occurrence of social phenomena, case studies come to the rescue by improving the accuracy of explanations that are exceedingly general and abstract. Being highly permeable to particulars of the setting in which the phenomenon unfolds, case-study research expresses a sensitivity to context that can be leveraged for understanding how context matters, to what extent, and in what respects. How this capacity of case-study research is effectively leveraged, however, remains in large part a mystery. In this chapter, I address this issue by investigating the way case studies pursue contextualization, that is the conversion of case-specific information into knowledge of context. I distinguish between process tracing and process embedding, suggest that their interplay is at the core of contextualization, and identify the evidentiary principles that govern their joint employment. I further illustrate the specific role process embedding plays vis-à-vis process tracing by drawing on a sample of few case studies on civil war.
The Sexual Selection of Human Mating Strategies
Authors: Buss David M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Darwin’s theory of sexual selection provided a cogent theoretical framework for understanding the major causal processes of the mating strategies of sexually reproducing species—intrasexual competition and preferential mate choice. This framework, along with important theoretical elaborations, has proven extraordinarily useful in scientific theories and empirical discoveries about human mating strategies. Darwin described intrasexual competition as the primary province of males and preferential mate choice as the primary province of females. Unlike many species, however, humans display mutual mate choice and both sexes compete intensely for desirable mates. Moreover, humans are at least somewhat unique in using complex language to deploy courtship tactics to attract mates and to impugn the qualities of mating rivals. This chapter reviews the impact of sexual selection theory on scientific discoveries about human mating strategies, focusing on mate selection criteria and tactics of intrasexual competition.
Mate Guarding and Partner Defection Avoidance
Authors: Starratt Valerie G. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Successful mating requires the investment of resources, from genetic material and metabolic resources to time, money, and social support. This investment can be distributed across numerous low-investment short-term partnerships, concentrated on one high-investment long-term partnership, or some combination of partnerships of varying lengths and levels of investment. When the risks are low and the benefits are high, both men and women can be motivated to pursue a long-term strategy supplemented with short-term partnerships. While this can be beneficial for the person using this supplemented strategy, it can be costly for the long-term partner who is consequently at risk of losing their own investments in the event of their partner’s defection. Therefore, both men and women have evolved motivations to protect against the loss of investment in a relationship via mate-guarding behaviors. These behaviors can function by enticing a partner’s continued investment in the ongoing relationship, by reducing a partner’s available alternatives to the ongoing relationship, or by punishing or threatening to punish a partner’s defection from the ongoing relationship. Use of these mate-guarding strategies is moderated by individual difference and contextual factors that affect the costs and benefits of engaging in mate-guarding behaviors. In short, both men and women are most likely to engage in mate-guarding behaviors when the risk and cost of losing a partner—and so the risk of losing one’s investment in the ongoing relationship—is comparatively high.
Relationship Maintenance in Older Adults
Authors: Imami Ledina , Agnew Christopher R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Relationship maintenance processes refer to a wide range of cognitive and behavioral strategies that serve to protect and enhance the quality and stability of romantic relationships. As romantic partners share more aspects of their lives together, their goals become increasingly coordinated and they become especially motivated to care for each other’s welfare. However, even established romantic relationships face times of difficulty, including problems with action coordination. As interdependence between partners grows, partners face challenges distinct from those that surround relationships in which interdependence is low. In this chapter, we review the current social psychological literature on relationship maintenance processes and discuss how these strategies may change as evolutionary priorities (e.g., striving for success in the workplace or caring for children and parents) become more prominent over the course of long-term involvements. In this regard, we focus on strategies that are more prevalent among older adults and discuss how these strategies may reflect adaptations to the constraints that romantic partners face at later stages in life. We conclude our discussion with recommendations for future research and a call for integrative work that combines evolutionary and social psychological perspectives to refine our understanding of maintenance processes among older adults.
In-Pair Divestment
Authors: Sciara Simona , Pantaleo Giuseppe 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
How do in-pair obstacles and difficulties affect the intensity of love? Why do people at some point in their romantic relationships emotionally disinvest? Does a reduction in the intensity of romantic feelings always result in relationship breakup? Core assumptions of emotional intensity theory suggest that feelings of love vary in strength according to an adaptive “energy conservation” principle. To save energy, romantic partners automatically adapt the intensity of their feelings to the minimum level needed to overcome the obstacles and difficulties the couple encounters daily (e.g., reciprocal partners’ flaws, relational stress, and perceived risk of breakup), because small relationship obstacles and difficulties only demand the investment of correspondingly small quantities of motivational/emotional resources to be surmounted. Thus, romantic feelings appear to diminish when obstacles are almost absent and, by contrast, to augment when obstacles grow stronger—with emotional strength reflecting the magnitude of what challenges the stability of the relationship. This specific fine-tuning of emotion intensity holds up, however, only to the point where maintaining the relationship is still worth the effort. Beyond this point, actual in-pair divestment occurs, because any further investment of energy would represent a useless (i.e., nonfunctional) waste of energy. In adopting the perspective of emotional intensity theory, this chapter reviews the most relevant empirical evidence on romantic relationships in light of a unitary, single-process explanation that reconciles past conflicting findings while also addressing new theoretical and practical implications for contemporary romantic partnerships.
Menstrual Cycle Variation in Women’s Mating Psychology
Authors: Havlíček Jan , Roberts S. Craig 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Humans engage in sex year-round, but women can conceive only during a brief fertile window each month. The ovulatory shift hypothesis predicts that women will show stronger preferences and sexual desire for men with markers of genetic quality during this window. This hypothesis has stimulated an enormous body of research which has generated conflicting findings. Here we review recent evidence on cyclic fluctuations in (a) mate preferences, (b) courtship behavior, (c) sexual desire, (d) sociosexuality, and (e) sexual behavior. Studies on mate preferences provide limited evidence for robust changes across the cycle. In contrast, there appears to be subtle but systematic increase in sexual desire and behavior during the high-fertility phase. Nevertheless, these changes are similar for in-pair and extra-pair sexual desire, thus contradicting the ovulatory shift hypothesis. Hormonal mechanisms underpinning these fluctuations are not fully understood. Progesterone appears to be negatively associated with sexual desire, but the role of estradiol might be more complex than previously expected. We discuss methodological issues and emphasize the need for direct hormonal assays to determine ovulation timing. Finally, we suggest that future research should broaden its scope, from focusing solely on the fertile phase to more fully studying the entire menstrual cycle, taking into account variables such as fluctuations in mood, well-being, and body image. Factors contributing to variation in cyclic changes, both within and between women, should be a focus of future studies.
The Three Cs of Psychological Mate Preferences
Authors: Jonason Peter K. , March Evita 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss the psychological traits desired in modern romantic and sexual relationships. We begin by distinguishing and providing a brief overview of modern relationships, including long-term, committed, monogamous relationships, casual, primarily sexual relationships, and hybrid relationships such as booty-call and friends-with-benefits relationships. Following this, we explore the psychological traits desired in these relationships. These psychological traits are thematically organized into three higher-order psychological preferences: competence, compassion, and compatibility. For each of these higher-order preferences, we outline the traits captured by the theme (e.g., compassion includes kindness and agreeableness), and explore the research on preferences for these traits across the different types of modern relationships. We then explore the “why” of these trait preferences by appealing to sociocultural and evolutionary psychological models. Lastly, we consider limitations of previous research and provide suggestions for future research exploring psychological mate preferences in modern relationships.
Dynamic Manifestations of Eternal Divinity
Authors: Lawrence David Peter 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines precursors and basic features of late Kashmiri, nondual Śaiva theories, practices, and experiences regarding the emanation and contemplative reabsorption of time. The Śaiva approach exemplifies a distinctive grouping within the broader range of efforts to conquer time. Supported by arguments that may be described as henological and potentialist, the Śaivas endeavor to subsume, explanatorily and contemplatively, mundane, sequential time into a unifying, eternal Time Potency (kālaśakti) of the panentheistic Supreme Śiva. This philosophy reducing time to unity-potency is interpreted in its analogies with the Western traditions of Platonism, as well as ideas of Charles S. Peirce and his followers on synechism, tychism, and abduction. The chapter finally observes how the Śaiva subsumption of sequential time within Śiva’s Time Potency culminates in the subitist and apophatic realization of the present moment as a sort of “Eternal Now.” This understanding of the present is further elucidated by the interpretation of a moment, such as the present, as what Peirce called an “infinitesimal.”
Neuropsychological Research in Self-Determination Theory
Authors: Lee Woogul 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Recently, interest in neuroscientific approaches to self-determination theory (SDT) research has increased dramatically. In this chapter, SDT-related neuroscience studies are reviewed, and how these studies contributed to resolving the questions and controversies associated with SDT is discussed. A growing body of neuroscience research has provided converging evidence for well-established theories such on as the undermining effects of extrinsic rewards and choice effects. In addition, SDT-related neuroscience research has examined the neural similarities and differences between experiences of intrinsic (autonomous) and extrinsic (controlled) motivation. The neural consequences of autonomy-supportive versus controlling environments and of individual differences in self-determination have been investigated. Though methodological limitations still exit, neuroscientific approaches are promising for both the development of motivation theories and the refinement of neuroscience theories.
The Role of Passion in Optimal Functioning in Society and Resilience
Authors: Vallerand Robert J. , Paquette Virginie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the construct of passion and shows that it can lead to adaptive or maladaptive outcomes. A brief introduction to the concept of passion is followed by a presentation of the dominant theory on passion, namely the dualistic model of passion. In line with self-determination theory’s internalization process, the dualistic model of passion posits, and research reveals, that when the activity that one loves has been internalized in an autonomous fashion, harmonious passion results, and it typically leads to adaptive outcomes. Conversely, when the beloved activity has been internalized in a more controlled way, obsessive passion results, leading to less adaptive and, at times, maladaptive outcomes. Research supporting these assumptions is presented especially as it pertains to optimal functioning in society and resilience. Finally, directions for future research are proposed.
Philosophical Perspectives on Autonomy in Self-Determination Theory
Authors: Arvanitis Alexios , Kalliris Konstantinos 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A holistic view of autonomy in self-determination theory (SDT) requires both psychological and philosophical scrutiny. This chapter discusses how SDT approaches autonomy and self-determination by explicating the nature of its psychological conception of the self. The chapter describes how this conception is congruent with phenomenological and analytical philosophical perspectives of autonomy. Although this congruence concerns mostly comprehensive views of personal autonomy that take into account both negative and positive freedom, SDT can equally be applied in the study of moral autonomy, through a holistic understanding of the self. It may thus offer a compatibilist psychological interpretation of the relationship between personal and moral autonomy, and even pave the way for a novel discussion of moral responsibility.
Motivational Processes in Physical Education
Authors: Taylor Ian M. , Lonsdale Chris 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Physical education (PE) classes present an opportunity to counteract insufficient levels of physical activity in children and potentially stimulate active lifestyles outside of school and across the lifespan. Facilitating adaptive motivation within PE classes is commonly viewed as an essential step in achieving these aims. Therefore, it is unsurprising that self-determination theory (SDT) has been widely employed to study motivational dynamics, behavior, and student outcomes in PE. This chapter will first provide an overview of measurement and operationalization issues within SDT-based PE research. It will subsequently describe and evaluate intervention work that has aimed to satisfy PE students’ psychological needs, facilitate autonomous motivation, and promote a range of adaptive outcomes. Research that has investigated teacher motivation and their motivational styles from an SDT perspective will also be examined. Finally, the chapter will outline some potential future research directions, including an alternative approach to employing SDT in PE classes to develop psychologically need-satisfying experiences and inspire physical activity across the lifespan.
The Ethics and Practice of Autonomy-Supportive Medicine
Authors: Besel Jamie M. , Williams Geoffrey 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Changes in biomedical ethics have elevated the aim of enhancing patient autonomy to be equivalent to that of enhancing patient well-being. Self-determination theory (SDT) is at the forefront of theories addressing the delivery of effective, autonomy-supportive, healthcare. Meta-analyses of correlational and randomized controlled studies demonstrate that SDT-based health interventions increase basic need satisfaction, which enhances patient well-being and health behavior change. Basic need satisfaction has been found to have its effects on well-being through multiple pathways predicted by at least four different SDT mini-theories, each of which is described in this chapter. Research studies also have associated the basic need satisfaction of healthcare practitioners with greater well-being and less burnout. SDT research demonstrates the importance of these core principles of motivation and medical ethics, as operationalized through shared decision-making and autonomy-supportive professionalism in care delivery.
Shaping Tomorrow’s Workplace by Integrating Self-Determination Theory
Authors: Forest Jacques , Gradito Dubord Marc-Antoine , Olafsen Anja H. , Carpentier Joëlle 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Self-determination theory (SDT) has proven to be a versatile and useful theory when applied to the work setting. This chapter addresses the various consequences of the different types of work motivation and psychological need satisfaction and frustration by reviewing recent meta-analyses and research on these subjects. It then presents the research efforts that have been done on three different streams of basic psychological needs’ antecedents: compensation, interpersonal relationship/leadership, and job design. Discussing total pay, inequities, and transparency as well as wealth and taxes as a duty for redistribution, the chapter opens up the debate about how SDT can be used not only for organizational research but also for studying macro topics related to the job market and the economy in general. It concludes by arguing that SDT has established itself as one of the leading theories of work motivation.