bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local Affairs or Imperial Scandals?
Authors: Vasquez-Parra Adeline 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
What is the historical part of minorities and foreigners in the modern process of citizenship-building outside the French Kingdom? The study of legal claims and disputes shows that from the end of the Nine Years’ War (1688–1697) to the French Revolution (1789), many foreign inhabitants of the French Atlantic colonies shared a common understanding of their individual rights. The study of foreign subjects’ legal culture, defined as a set of attitudes and perceptions towards the law, also reveals governance tactics such as the gathering of certain foreign groups into trustworthy “colonial communities”. This opened a particular framework of relationships between the French administration and members of three of these communities: Acadians, Converso Jews, and Irishmen. Settled in the French Caribbean islands, they all progressively understood their legal status through a new category of “citizen” prior to the age of Atlantic Revolution (1776–1791).
Capitalism and its American Incarnation
Authors: Cutterham Tom , Hartigan-O’Connor Ellen , Hart Emma , Shammas Carole 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This forum includes three assessments of Emma Hart’s Trading Spaces: The Colonial Marketplace and the Foundations of American Capitalism and a response by the author. These analyses consider the book’s tracking of the formation of an American commercial system that, it argues, occurred in conjunction with the creation of the independent United States.
Grammatical resumption and dependency processing in Southern Jordanian Arabic
Authors: Al-Aqarbeh Rania , Al-Malahmeh Mohammed 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study investigates the sensitivity of grammatical resumption to islands in wh-interrogative and relative clause dependencies in Southern Jordanian Arabic (JA). An offline acceptability judgment task and an eye-tracking reading experiment were conducted. The results reveal that resumption in southern JA exhibits sensitivity to strong islands, such as adjunct islands, in both dependencies. The findings also suggest that the southern JA parser posits a resumptive pronoun (RP) inside islands that allow resumption. However, the parser does not predict an RP inside islands that disallow resumption. Furthermore, quantitative data show that wh-interrogative and relative clause dependencies pattern similarly in their sensitivity to islands.
Asymmetric inflection in Berber
Authors: Faust Noam , Lahrouchi Mohamed 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In Tashlhiyt Berber nouns, grammatical gender is usually expressed on both edges of the noun by the segment /t/. However, at the right edge, there is another, more minor pattern: many grammatically feminine nouns end in a vowel. The regular realization involves a final /t/ associated to a suffixal CV unit. Vowel-final feminine nouns are derived when a final stem vowel is associated to the V position of the suffix, blocking the association of the /t/. This right-edge effect is a mirror-image of Bendjaballah’s (2011) analysis of the left-edge inflection of vowel-initial stems. The distribution of gender marking in loans provides further supports to this analysis.
The secret morphology of Tashlhiyt Berber
Authors: Riad Tomas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two secret languages used in Tashlhiyt Berber are reported in work by Douchaïna (1996, 1998) and Lahrouchi & Ségéral (2009, 2010ab): Tagnawt and Taqjmit. I propose that they should both be analyzed as instances of prosodic morphology, employing the same prosodic morpheme [L.LL.L]. Prosodic morphemes are common in the regular morphology of Tashlhiyt: the prosodic foot [LL] for the imperfective and Tifrdi, the prosodic word [H.H] for Ukris, and [L.H.L] for Tirrugza, Abnakli and Azddayru (Jebbour 1999, Dell & Elmedlaoui 1992). The prosodic shape [L.LL.L] of the secret languages fills out the paradigm as a variant of [L.H.L], which appears marginally in the secret languages. The shapes [L.LL.L] and [L.H.L] are found also in Tashlhiyt verse metrics, where they form a natural class of verse feet, alternating with the anapest [LL.H] (Dell & Elmedlaoui 2008, Riad 2017). Based in part on the striking shape parallels in Tashlhiyt, I argue that there is an organic connection between prosodic morphemes and the prosodic categories employed in verse. Furthermore, the simultaneous prosodic structures that we find in verse metrics—regular prosody and meter—are applicable also to prosodic morphology, particularly clearly so in root-and-pattern formations.
Multiple Streams, Open Windows, and yet No Solution
Authors: Schumacher Helge 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Article VII of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) requires states to provide emergency assistance in the case of a deliberate bioweapons attack on any state party to the convention. Since no operational mechanism defining how to request or provide such assistance has yet been established, the painful lessons of the 2014–2016 West African Ebola crisis returned this topic to the agenda of the BWC. This study uses multiple streams analysis to investigate the impact of the Ebola crisis on the considerations of Article VII. While it revived the three streams of the debate—problem, policy, and politics—and opened a policy window, nevertheless, no political entrepreneur was able to couple the streams to produce policy output. As this window of opportunity begins to close, the Covid-19 pandemic seems to be the next focusing event shaping the BWC discourse on emergency assistance.
Beyond Generations
Authors: Hellmüller Sara , Lobjoy Marie , Tan Xiang-Yun Rosalind 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Authors commonly categorize peace missions according to different generations: first-generation missions serving as interposition forces to monitor a cease-fire, second-generation missions with multidimensional mandates, and third-generation missions with enforcement mandates. While the generation typology is useful to show the development of peace missions over time, this article points to four main limitations: ambiguity, reductionism, linear connotations, and restricted applicability. It proposes an alternative categorization distinguishing between a minimalist approach aiming at ending violence, a moderate approach aiming at ending violence and installing some form of good governance, and a maximalist approach aiming at addressing the root causes of conflict. Based on an analysis of all UN peace missions between 1991 and 2020, the article demonstrates how this new classification overcomes the flaws of the generation typology and presents further advantages related to its focus on objectives, its versatility, and its potential for statistical analysis. It thereby allows for a more accurate analysis of UN peace missions and their effectiveness.
Challenges Facing the Implementation of the New Secondary School Curriculum in Malawi
Authors: Chirwa Grames Wellington , Banda Enelesi , Mwakapenda Willy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In its recent attempt to improve the quality of education in Malawi, the Malawian Ministry of Education, Science and Technology changed its secondary school curriculum; the new curriculum began to be implemented in 2017. So far, little is known about the challenges facing the implementation of this new secondary school curriculum. It is against this background of a knowledge gap that this study was undertaken: to investigate in depth the challenges facing the implementation of the new curriculum from the perspectives of school management, and ways of overcoming those challenges to improve the implementation. The study adopted the concerns-based adoption model. This model describes the process of change experienced by those at school level attempting to implement the new curriculum. The theory is concerned with the effect of the nature of the investment in people, time and resources as they pertain to the implementation of educational innovations. The study was conducted in four secondary schools in Lilongwe district in Malawi. A qualitative research method was used, employing a case study design. The participants were four head teachers, four deputy head teachers and 12 heads of department from the sample schools. Data were collected through interviews, document review and classroom observation of heads of departments’ lessons in order to provide methodological triangulation.
Data were analysed using the inductive thematic content analysis method. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of the new secondary school curriculum faces multiple challenges, the main ones being ineffective orientation training for curriculum implementers; inadequate numbers of qualified teachers, especially in science subjects; insufficient teaching and learning materials; too few and inadequately equipped science laboratories; and discrepancy in the administration of continuous assessment. Based on the findings, recommendations are made for better implementation of the curriculum.
Transcending a Western Bias
Authors: Mende Janne , Heller Regina , Reichwein Alexander 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this introduction to the Special Issue, we suggest a decolonised and entangled perspective in norms research that transcends the Western legacies of global norms by taking into account the complex constellations and interactions within and between norms. We seek to move beyond the dichotomy of ‘good’ Western versus ‘bad’ non-Western norms without simply reversing it. We instead propose to integrate three dimensions into norms research: 1) revealing the ambivalences and ambiguities inherent to norms; 2) investigating plural actors as vectors of normative change; and 3) broadening the disciplinary realm of norms research. Our aim is to further develop the empirical and conceptual discussion of norms that moves beyond a Western bias without simply giving up on normative assessments of norms.
Shaping Subjectivity
Authors: Benedix Nadine 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Working children are commonly not considered as active political subjects. Yet, many of them have organised themselves as local groups that cooperate across borders. As a transnational network, they advocate for a right to work and political participation. In ir, these actors were accurately analysed as ‘governed’ actors proactively engaging in (inter-)national norm dynamics. Yet, their situatedness in local and global power relations (shaped by colonialism) remains understudied. Analysing how working children in Bolivia discursively shape their subjectivity in such hierarchical processes, it is argued that their norm engagement is intertwined with how they are situated in this context. Looking beyond proactive norm engagement, the paper argues for a broader conceptual understanding of the ‘agency of the governed’ in norm dynamics emerging in narrative practices. Special emphasis is placed on how working children in Bolivia (re)create their subjectivity through everyday practices interacting with institutional, material, and social structures which in turn are embedded within broader narrative frameworks.
The 2022 Amendments of the Regulations and Rules of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes: Change and Continuity
Authors: Parra Antonio R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This article examines the amendments of the Regulations and Rules of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) recently approved by the Administrative Council of ICSID. The amendments are of all regulations and rules for proceedings that ICSID has long been authorized to administer – ICSID Convention and Additional Facility conciliation and arbitration and fact-finding proceedings. As part of the amendments, ICSID has also issued a new set of mediation rules. For context, the article briefly recalls previous amendments of the Regulations and Rules before discussing highlights of the newly amended Regulations and Rules. A concluding section points out that the amendments, which respond to many criticisms of investor-State arbitration under investment treaties (ISDS), will generally apply to all ICSID ISDS arbitrations initiated on or after the effective date of the amendments (1 July 2022).
Temporal Order Judgments in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorders – Explicit and Implicit Measures
Authors: Arrouet Alana , Polgári Patrik , Giersch Anne , Joos Ellen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ordering events in time is essential for the understanding of causal relationships between successive events. Incorrect causal links can lead to false beliefs and an altered perception of reality. These symptoms belong to psychosis, which is present in schizophrenia (SZ) spectrum and bipolar (BP) disorder. Experimental results show that patients with SZ have an altered perception of temporal order, while there are no data in patients with BP. We investigated the ability of patients with SZ, BP, and controls to judge the order of stimuli with a 100-ms Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA), and how such large asynchronies facilitate temporal order judgments for small asynchronies. Explicit temporal order effects suggest that patients with SZ perform worse at a long SOA (100 ms) as compared to controls, whereas patients with BP show no difference compared to controls or to patients with SZ. Implicit order effects reveal improved performances in case of identical as compared to different relative order between two successive trials for all groups, with no differences between the groups. We replicated explicit order impairments in patients with SZ compared to controls, while implicit effects appear to be preserved. This difficulty for patients to consciously order stimuli in time might be understood under the light of the loosening-of-associations phenomenon well described in SZ. Further, we showed that patients with BP do not reveal such an explicit order impairment which is consistent with phenomenological descriptions, suggesting a difference in time experience in patients with SZ and BP.
A Matter of Competence?
Authors: Preßlein David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the aftermath of the BVerfG’s controversial ruling on the ecb’s Public Sector Purchase Programme and the launch of an infringement procedure against Germany, politicians and legal scholars have called once more for the establishment of an “EU Competence Court”. Such a court would be the sole arbiter of competence disputes between the EU and its Member States. This article first recapitulates the current assessment of EU competences and its problems. Subsequently, it illustrates what the proposals to establish an EU Competence Court would entail and examines the different models they draw inspiration from by using a comparative approach. Ultimately, it is argued that none of these concepts stands up to closer scrutiny. Instead, the article uses further legal comparison to develop a two-tier solution: the first tier includes modifications to the cjeu’s decision-making process, while the second tier implements a new “constitutional advisory mechanism” to strengthen judicial multilogue.
Body Pitch Together With Translational Body Motion Biases the Subjective Haptic Vertical
Authors: Tseng Chia-Huei , Chow Hiu Mei , Spillmann Lothar , Oxner Matt , Sakurai Kenzo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Accurate perception of verticality is critical for postural maintenance and successful physical interaction with the world. Although previous research has examined the independent influences of body orientation and self-motion under well-controlled laboratory conditions, these factors are constantly changing and interacting in the real world. In this study, we examine the subjective haptic vertical in a real-world scenario. Here, we report a bias of verticality perception in a field experiment on the Hong Kong Peak Tram as participants traveled on a slope ranging from 6° to 26°. Mean subjective haptic vertical (SHV) increased with slope by as much as 15°, regardless of whether the eyes were open (Experiment 1) or closed (Experiment 2). Shifting the body pitch by a fixed degree in an effort to compensate for the mountain slope failed to reduce the verticality bias (Experiment 3). These manipulations separately rule out visual and vestibular inputs about absolute body pitch as contributors to our observed bias. Observations collected on a tram traveling on level ground (Experiment 4A) or in a static dental chair with a range of inclinations similar to those encountered on the mountain tram (Experiment 4B) showed no significant deviation of the subjective vertical from gravity. We conclude that the SHV error is due to a combination of large, dynamic body pitch and translational motion. These observations made in a real-world scenario represent an incentive to neuroscientists and aviation experts alike for studying perceived verticality under field conditions and raising awareness of dangerous misperceptions of verticality when body pitch and translational self-motion come together.
‘For Everyone Born, a Place at the Table’
Authors: Meijers Erica 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper elucidates the understanding of the bond between Liturgy and Diaconia. Liturgy and Diaconia are often considered two distinct practices in the daily life of the Church; one a set of rituals confined to the inner circle of Christians, the other a service to people in need, both in- and outside the Church. This contribution explores an encounter between the two by investigating experiences of Eucharist Celebrations during the Sanctuary in the Bethel Chapel, The Hague (Netherlands) in 2018/2019. The article briefly introduces the case of the Sanctuary, then describes and analyzes the results of interviews with pastors and finally formulate conclusions on the relation between Diaconia and Liturgy.
Researching ‘Faith’ Beyond the Congregation: Testing Terminology in a Pilot Project
Authors: Porter Fran , Jones Ian 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Based upon the experience of an empirical pilot project, this article considers methodological challenges and opportunities involved in researching the faith of people not attached to church congregations, but participating in a church-based initiative. Is it possible to find out what ‘faith’ is for these people, without imposing overtly religious – or non-religious – understandings of ‘faith’? Having situated our work within the research landscape concerning faith, belief and non-belief, we introduce our definition of ‘faith’, drawing upon (but also in places critiquing) Abby Day’s work on investigating ‘belief’ and David Gortner’s research on worldview and ‘personal theology’. Supported by the project’s process and findings, we argue that our approach offers a framework which takes seriously Day’s concern to understand interviewees’ ‘belief’ on its own terms whilst also offering a way of inviting them to evaluate the Christianity they encountered through contact with a local church.
Tensile properties of six desert shrub species in Hobq Desert, China
Authors: Liu Xu-Yang , Ning Wen-Xiao , Wang Zhen-Ting 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Desert shrubs are often planted to control wind erosion, land desertification, and desert expansion. Their motions of bending and vibration can absorb and disperse kinetic energy of wind, so as to protect the erodible surfaces close-by. According to continuum mechanics, the quantification of mechanical properties of shrubs is critical to understand their dynamic behaviors. In this study, the conventional tensile tests of six dominant desert shrub species’ stems mainly sampled in the Hobq Desert of China are performed. It is found that the tensile strength of Tamarix ramosissima and Hedysarum scoparium are larger than others, whereas Caragana korshinskii and Hippophae rhamnoides are more flexible. And then, it is theoretically and experimentally proved that the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of these desert shrubs both decrease with the increase of diameter.
Effect of Origanum dubium, Origanum vulgare subsp hirtum, and Lavandula angustifolia essential oils on immune cells in athletes
Authors: Ulupınar Süleyman , Maral Hasan , Özbay Serhat , Gençoğlu Cebrail , Türk Baydır Ayşegül , Şebin Engin , Altınkaynak Konca , Fazıl Kishalı Necip , Siktar Erdinç , İnce zzet , Buzdağlı Yusuf 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Natural herbal products are widely used by athletes to reduce the immune suppression caused by intensive exercise. This study aimed to determine the effects of the essential oils Origanum dubium, Origanum vulgare subsp hirtum, and Lavandula angustifolia, which belong to the Lamiaceae family, on immune cells in athletes. Thirty-four trained men (age: , height: , body mass: ) were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups or the control group. Leukocytes and their subgroups were measured before and after a 14-day essential oil intervention and following an intensive exercise session. The main findings indicated that essential oils isolated from O. dubium (; ; ; increase), O. vulgare subsp hirtum (; ; ; increase), and L. angustifolia (; ; ; increase) increased lymphocyte counts, thus maintaining baseline levels despite decreased post-exercise lymphocyte counts. Additionally, the post-exercise lymphocyte count was lower than that after the intervention (; ) but higher than at baseline (; ) in the O. vulgare subsp hirtum group. The lower post-exercise lymphocyte counts of the control group compared with those after the 14-day period (; ) and baseline (; ) supported the experimental group results. However, our findings revealed that essential oil interventions had no significant effect on neutrophil counts, but the intensive exercise intervention increased the neutrophil counts in all groups. No significant change was identified in the other subgroup counts following the essential oil intervention or post exercise. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that these plants, especially O. vulgare subsp hirtum, can be used to alleviate the immune suppressive effects of intense exercise in athletes.
Deriving the Key Competencies Required as an Extreme Citizen Scientist
Authors: Kwon Ji Hye , Cha Hyun-Jung , Na Seo-Ha , Um Hyejin , Lim Sung-Eun , Park Changmi , Ga Seok-Hyun , Kim Chan-Jong 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Citizen science is expected to play an important role in relation to scientific literacy Vision III for students living in the future society. This study aims to identify the characteristics of extreme citizen science (ECS) and extreme citizen scientists (ECS s) and to derive key competencies of ECS s using literature analysis from Korean and international educational contexts. The characteristics of ECS are identified were as follows: Citizens recognize problems, set research topics, establish data collection plans to solve them, analyze and interpret collected data, and conduct social action. Three categories of key competencies for ECS s were derived: Thinking scientifically with appropriate knowledge, exploring as knowledge producers, and acting while considering both individuals and communities. The results of this study can be used for developing citizen science competency measurement tools, development of ECS programs, and training of ECS s. Implications for future research are considered.