bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Points to consider in the development of national human genome editing policy
Authors: Nicol Dianne , Niemeyer Simon , Paxton Rebecca , Rudge Christopher 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and other genome editing technologies have the potential to transform the lives of people affected by genetic disorders for the better. However, it is widely recognised that they also raise large ethical and policy questions. The focus of this article is on how national genome editing policy might be developed in ways that give proper recognition to these big questions. The article first considers some of the regulatory challenges involved in dealing these big ethical and social questions, and also economic issues. It then reviews the outcomes of a series of major reports on genome editing from international expert bodies, with a particular focus on the work of the World Health Organization’s expert committee on genome editing. The article then summarises five policy themes that have emerged from this review of the international reports together with a review of other literature, and the authors’ engagement with members of the Australian public and with a wide range of experts across multiple disciplines. Each theme is accompanied by one to three pointers for policymakers to consider in developing genome editing policy.
A Pricean Formalization of Gaia
Authors: Bourrat Pierrick 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe compatibility of the Gaia hypothesis with Darwinism is often challenged on the grounds that (1) to be potent, natural selection requires the existence of a population (whereas Gaia is a single entity), and (2) natural selection requires the entities forming a population to reproduce (whereas Gaia merely persists). However, using the Price equation, I argue, following others, that the Gaia hypothesis can fit squarely within a Darwinian framework because Gaia can exhibit adaptations if a process at a lower level (e.g., an ecosystem) can occur, and the notion of natural selection can be extended to accommodate evolution without reproduction.
Is Lottery a Better Way of Resource Distribution Than Baseline Funding?
Authors: Sakamoto Takahiro 
Published: March 2023

AbstractRecently, several funding agencies have introduced the distribution of funds by a lottery system; however, the effects of this system on the productivity of the research community are unclear. Simulation studies in philosophy of science have argued that a combination of peer review and lottery is an optimal method. However, these models overlook several important aspects of research activities, such as baseline funding through block grants. In this article, I present a general theoretical model that incorporates these aspects and argue that the conventional combination of peer review and baseline funding outperforms the combination of peer review and lottery in many situations.
Robustness and Dark-Matter Observation
Authors: Antoniou Antonis 
Published: March 2023

AbstractCurrent cosmological observations place little constraints on the nature of dark matter, allowing the development of a large number of models and various methods for probing their properties, which seem to provide ideal grounds for the employment of robustness arguments. In this article, the extent to which such arguments can be used to overcome various methodological and theoretical challenges is examined. The conclusion is that although robustness arguments have a limited scope in the context of dark-matter research, they can still be used to increase the scientists’ confidence about the properties of specific models.
The Evolutionary Roots of Moral Responsibility
Authors: Fischborn Marcelo 
Published: March 2023

AbstractJudging a person as morally responsible involves believing that certain responses (such as punishment, reward, or expressions of blame or praise) can be justifiably directed at the person. This paper develops an account of the evolution of moral responsibility judgment that adopts Michael Tomasello’s two-step theory of the evolution of morality and borrows also from Christopher Boehm’s work. The main hypothesis defended is that moral responsibility judgment originally evolved as an adaptation that enabled groups of cooperative individuals to hold free riders responsible more safely by acting in a coordinated way.
Cooperative Epistemic Trustworthiness
Authors: DiMarco Marina 
Published: March 2023

AbstractExtant accounts of trust in science focus on reconciling scientific and public value judgments, but neglect the challenge of learning audience values. I argue that for scientific experts to be epistemically trustworthy, they should adopt a cooperative approach to learning about the values of their audience. A cooperative approach, in which expert and nonexpert inquirers iteratively refine value judgments, better achieves important second-order epistemic dimensions of trustworthiness. I suggest that strong objectivity in the feminist standpoint theoretic sense is sometimes a prerequisite for trustworthiness.
Problems and challenges a path to the future
Authors: Steiner J. E. 
Published: March 2023

This is a story of trouble and action—of an industry's trouble—of a company's, and in particular a division's actions, to ensure that there would be, in fact, a path to the future. The future, it turns out, probably will never be quite the same as the past—and I will cover some of that too. I have titled the three parts of the story Reduction in Cost, Increase in Sales, and Results and Comments.Part of the material contained in this paper was originally written in early 1972 when I was Vice-President and General Manager of Boeing's largest commercial division, the one with which the paper is primarily concerned. The material was written for presentation to the management of another company in serious trouble. The story is that of a traumatic series of years in the life of one of the world's major companies. It is viewed of necessity from my position at that time as head of the company's largest division and does not constitute an official history of that period of life of The Boeing Company, even though some of the charts apply to the company as a whole rather than to just the division involved.
QSTOL Aircraft
Authors: Haley J. D. 
Published: March 2023

As an introduction to this paper, it would be worth defining a QSTOL aircraft, although it is not important that this be a rigid definition. The letters QSTOL stand for “Quiet Short Take-Off and Landing”, and may sometimes be abbreviated to STOL. A true STOL aircraft is capable of taking off and landing on a 2000 ft runway, this distance including the safety requirement to clear a 35 ft obstacle.From the point of view of quietness, which is a subjective matter, dependent upon many factors, a quiet aircraft (according to one method of measurement) would produce a noise intensity no higher than 90 perceived noise decibels over an area of about 0·9 sq miles, of length 4 m, compared with an area of 16 sq m, length 14 m for such relatively quiet aircraft as TriStar and the DC-10, already in service (Fig. 1).For the purposes of this paper, I shall call aircraft STOL if they can get in and out of runways up to 4000 ft long with a full payload, and any aircraft needing a longer distance will be conventional or CTOL aircraft.
Vortex shedding characteristics of eccentrically mounted prisms
Authors: Ramamurthy A. S. , Subramanya K. , Souriyal N. 
Published: March 2023

Vortex shedding is an important factor in the design of structural elements subject to flow induced vibrations. Several reviews have appeared on this topic. However, in model testing, the vortex shedding frequency of a bluff body may change when the model mounting is eccentric (Fig. 1). This has not been studied in detail. Available information in this regard is restricted to the data of Shaw whose tests were conducted in a towing tank.This technical note presents experimental data on the vortex shedding characteristics of equiangular prisms (Fig. 2) mounted eccentrically in a wind tunnel. Explanations for the possible flow behaviour are also presented.
Paying for Design
Authors: Leech D. J. , Smart P. M. 
Published: March 2023

The objective of design is the production of manufacturing drawings which are right. This objective will rarely be achieved without first making mistakes which require experiment to rectify so that design is the work of a team which includes designers who draw, development engineers and experimental manufacturing operatives.Design must have an output which can be valued and the value of the output must exceed its costs. In the aircraft industry, the cost of design is a considerable part of the cost of the product and must be recovered directly from the customer. Because underestimating the cost of design is endemic and because some work done to obtain orders will not be successful, not all cost of design can be recovered from the customer and so some costs must be written off.
Engine testing using advanced techniques
Authors: Stewart P. A. E. 
Published: March 2023

For years, the development and testing of aero gas turbines has been hampered by the inability of development and test engineers to perceive and readily measure the positional changes of static and moving components within the engines due to the opaque nature of the engine casing walls. ‘Touch’ or abradable probes have been used but require special engine builds to employ them.With the introduction of high strength materials and the thinning of engine structures and as the performance requirements have become more demanding, small component movements during engine handling have become more important. This is particularly true in areas where the airflow has the greatest work potential such as the tip and root seals of the high pressure turbine and the root seals of the final compressor stages.
The Design of the WG-13
Authors: Rogers V. A. B. 
Published: March 2023

As described in Mr. Austin's paper “The Concept of the WG-13”, the Lynx stems from a series of project studies for a small tactical twin-engined helicopter, begun as long ago as 1963.In 1967, an agreement was reached between the French and British Governments to produce, jointly, three helicopter types as a package for service with the Armed Forces of both nations. The package consisted of the Puma (SA.330-14000 lb auw) the Gazelle (SA.341-3500 lb auw) and the Lynx (WG-13 basic aircraft-8000 lb auw).
Anglo-French collaboration — Concorde and supersonic transport
Authors: Chevalier R. 
Published: March 2023

When Louis Bleriot crossed the Channel for the first time on the 25th July 1909, he certainly did not realise that he was sowing the seeds of a very fruitful co-operation between our two countries in the aeronautical field.The heaviest inter-city air traffic in Europe is between London and Paris, Bleriot took 37 minutes to cross the Channel but today it takes about three hours to travel from the middle of Paris to the middle of London.
The plane jet growth rate as influenced by a wall in the plane of the nozzle
Authors: Arnot Smith P. 
Published: March 2023

The plane free jet is a difficult flow in which to make accurate measurements because of the high intensity of the turbulence. Nevertheless, a reasonable agreement might be expected between comparable measurements of a quantity such as growth rate.As can be seen in Table I, however, a variation of 10% exists in measurements made by various experimenters in fully-developed jets (x/b>100). If the results are grouped according to the value of (x/c)max,where c is the width of the wall in the x = 0 plane (see Fig. 1), a consistent variation can be seen, with the rate of growth for x/c<1, being 10% higher than for x/c>l.
The heat pipe: its development, and its aerospace applications
Authors: Reay D. A. 
Published: March 2023

The transport of thermal energy from one location to another, for example from a heat source to a remote heat sink, has been a major topic of study over the past decade.Most of the work has been directed at improving the efficiency of heat transport, while retaining the simplicity and reliability of what is, in general, considered as a secondary part of any system.One device which has fulfilled most of the requirements of such a heat transport system is the heat pipe. The heat pipe was first proposed by Gaugler of the General Motors Corporation (US) in 1942, and was the subject of a patent published in 1944. Because the heat transfer problems of that time could be solved by more conventional methods, Gaugler's ideas remained unexploited for approximately 20 years. It was not until the early 1960s that Grover, without knowledge of Gaugler's proposals, in effect re-invented the heat pipe while working at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Grover and his colleagues were working on spacecraft power generation systems at the time.
The future world demand for civil aircraft
Authors: Ellison A. P. , Stafford E. M. 
Published: March 2023

In 1972 civil sales formed some 30% of the US aerospace industry. Although in 1973 there was a swing back to defence products, civil sales retain an important position. Not surprisingly, aerospace industries without sizeable civil projects on hand, such as Britain's and Canada's, are looking with concern at their future prospects.Such increasing dependence brings its own problems, for civil sales have been characterised by large fluctuations in the past. Predictions have often been wrong and costly, yet accuracy is a prerequisite of the industry's steady development. The heavy research and development and expenditure involved in a major civil programme necessitates a forecasting horizon of up to a decade.
Left and right in cockpit evolution
Authors: Coombs L. F. E. 
Published: March 2023

I will put forward what I hope are reasonable explanations of why some of the more important features of the aircraft cockpit and the way in which an aircraft is controlled have been related to a particular side or direction of turning and circling; including the much debated origin of the left-hand circuit.The ergonomists and the human factors researchers talk of the man/machine relationship and before getting down to detail cases we need to look closely at the human component of the man/machine interface in aviation. Relevant to the subject are the hand and side preferences of the human component, the pilot.
The effect of deflecting flaps on strike/fighter aircraft wing design
Authors: Stanniland D. R. 
Published: March 2023

The designer of a strike/fighter wing must bear in mind the many manoeuvres which the aircraft must perform. It is not sufficient to consider a single altitude cruise design point. Instead one must aim for:(a) An economic altitude cruise, i.e. a moderately high Mach number and lift coefficient without drag rise.(b) A sea level dash capability, i.e. a high subsonic Mach number and a low lift coefficient without drag rise.(c) Good manoeuvrability at intermediate and high subsonic Mach numbers, requiring high maximum usable lift coefficients.(d) Good field performance with very high lift coefficients in both take-off and landing configurations.(e) Some supersonic capability.Such a wide range of performance inevitably leads to some incompatability in the design. The high speed requirements are necessarily in conflict with those at low speed and similarly there is an inconsistency between the needs for altitude cruise and sea level dash. Reference 1 develops a design procedure based on fixed geometry sections, which attempts to satisfy all the design requirements in a reasonable manner. This paper is restricted to consideration of a method in which flap deflections may be incorporated into the design conditions so that the general performance can be improved without seriously degrading any of the individual requirements.
A new look at parachute opening dynamics
Authors: Payne Peter R. 
Published: March 2023

There is some evidence to indicate that injuries associated with parachute opening shock are much less frequent than injuries associated with the acceleration loads imposed by ejection seats, even though the stresses presumed to be induced in the human body may often be of the same order. Since all such data is based on operational experience, the details are necessarily vague, and it is hard to draw firm conclusions.The Aeromedical Research Laboratory, USAF, as part of its studies of aircrew injury, decided to see whether there was any difference between the dynamics of parachute opening when used with a rigid anthropometric dummy of the type normally used to obtain opening shock data, and a human parachutist whose body is naturally more resilient.
Subharmonic resonance of order ½ with an asymmetrical restoring force
Authors: Reif Z. F. 
Published: March 2023

Excitation of subharmonic resonances is one of the serious vibration problems which often have to be overcome in the development of high speed machinery. Such resonances have been observed, for example, in gas turbines(3), in rotor systems(4) and in the geared drive of a rotating kiln(5).The subharmonic resonance of order 1/2, of a single degree of freedom system with viscous damping, is investigated for the case of a centrifugal disturbing force. The restoring force characteristic is of the non-odd form and its asymmetry is expressed in terms of the static deflection parameter. The Ritz averaging method, with a five term approximation, is used for the theoretical analysis. Numerical results are presented for the undamped case and are compared with analogue computer solutions.The choice of the Ritz averaging method is determined mainly by its adequate accuracy at larger magnitudes of non-linearity. It is also more versatile than other methods and in a previous application(6) to a system with an asymmetrical restoring force it produced satisfactory results.
Social acceptability of heliports particularly from the standpoint of noise
Authors: Stephenson R. J. 
Published: March 2023

Helicopters have several advantages over conventional fixed-wing aircraft, but so far as future operation on a wide scale is concerned, one of the most important may well be that they can be operated successfully in or near to city centres. Their acceptability to the general population depends principally on the effects of noise produced by them but no national or international standards exist at present which specify the maximum noise levels and /or the number of movements permissible for city-centre operation. There are many regulations pertaining to aircraft noise near to airports and to various noise sources in cities but none of these can be directly applied to helicopters.The problem has been considered by the Committee on the Planning of Helicopter Stations in the London Area, which was set up by the Minister of Aviation in 1959, and whose report was published in 1961, the Wilson Committee on the Problem of Noise who reported in 1963 (Cmnd 2056), in the United States, particularly by Messrs Bolt, Beranek and Newman and also many others. It is not possible to review the literature in this short paper which gives some account of the practical work and considerations concerning the use of helicopters in London with which the author has been associated.
The Civil Aviation Act 1971—a general review
Authors: Colegate Ray 
Published: March 2023

The guidance given by the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry to the Civil Aviation Authority begins with a very important sentence—though some might regard it as a truism. It says that civil air transport exists by serving the public. As it happens, it was I who wrote those words and perhaps you will permit me to paraphrase them in everyday language, rather than the language of White Papers.Civil air transport is about people. It is about the people who fly in aeroplanes as passengers, or who would like to do so if they could afford it. It is about the people who work for airlines, whether they be on the flight deck or in the cabin or on the ground. It is about the people who run airlines, whether they are the chairman of public corporations like Henry Marking or the founders of independent airlines like Adam Thomson or Freddy Laker. And finally it is about the people who regulate airlines; those who lay down the grant strategy like the members of the Edwards Committee and those who say you may or you may not.
The Civil Aviation Authority and the second force
Authors: Thomson Adam 
Published: March 2023

MY views on the Civil Aviation Authority and the “second force” airline cannot ignore the political controversy which has taken place concerning the base from which the airline should be able to operate successfully. This controversy began very shortly after publication of the Report of the Edwards Committee in May 1969, and the recent debate in the House of Commons provided another unedifying example of a misguided preoccupation with political dogma at a time when the new regulatory body should be given every encouragement to get to grips with the many problems which face it.The debate is over. Now begins the task of strengthening British civil aviation and providing for the legitimate needs of the growing number of people to whom in one way or another air transport is an essential element of everyday life.
Research and development for future air transports
Authors: Seddon J. 
Published: March 2023

The task attempted in this paper is to exhibit a contemporary perspective of aeronautical research trends, needs and opportunities and to draw from it such pointers to the future as may contribute in a manner both interesting and helpful to the overall theme of the meeting.The contribution at which I am aiming is a broad presentation, not going deeply into technical detail but standing sufficiently back from the research scene that, while major details are still discernible to give the picture definition, at the same time the scene as a whole can be viewed in some relationship to its environment of project development, market opportunities, social considerations and other factors.
Airliner flight deck design for crew co-ordination
Authors: Zeffert H. 
Published: March 2023

This paper outlines the aircraft designer's role and problems in airliner flight deck design. The impact of this has a significant effect on the final result, notwithstanding the desires and academic assumptions which are constantly being applied as being the “right” way to carry out this immensely difficult task of trying to please everybody, yet with the restraints of a defined operational role and an economic timescale.It must be remembered that the “ideal” aircraft would never get off the ground and the over complex aircraft would have a good attempt at staying there.
Navigation Systems for Agricultural Flying
Authors: Thomson J. M. 
Published: March 2023

Agricultural flying is a highly competitive business in which the rate for the job appears to be continually dropping as more and more operators enter the field. In this environment, every piece of extra equipment must earn its keep either in terms of improved efficiency or improved safety and, as a result, the adoption of such things as modern navigational systems has lagged behind that in general aviation practice.What then can a suitable electronic navigation system offer the agricultural flyer? First and foremost, immediate knowledge of his present position and secondly a clear indication of track made good. These two characteristics translate very quickly into a reduction in non-effective flying time both en route and while spraying, together with a marked improvement in application quality and control, to say nothing of reduced pilot fatigue and improvement in safety; features with appeal to operator, pilot and farmer alike.