bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Scrub Typhus (Tsutsugamushi Disease)
Authors: Bennett Byron L. , Smadel Joseph E. , Gauld Ross L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Data indicating that certain strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi show definite differences from one another when examined by means of cross-vaccination tests were presented in a previous paper of this series (1). This article also summarized the results of serological studies by other workers which support the idea of heterogeneity within this species. The present investigation, which was undertaken concurrently with the cross-vaccination studies mentioned above, was designed to extend earlier observations made in this laboratory (2) on the relation between strains of R. tsutsugamushi as revealed by cross-neutralization tests.
Material and Methods. Strains of R. tsutsugamushi.—Ten different strains of R. tsutsugamushi were employed in the present study. These had been recovered from man, mites, or rodents in widely scattered areas of the South Pacific and Orient. The species of host, the geographic area from which each of the strains was obtained, and the date of isolation are shown in table I.
Multiplication of Pneumonia Virus of Mice (PVM) in the Rabbit Lung and the Demonstration of a Hemagglutinating Component in Lung Suspensions from Normal Animals
Authors: Davenport Fred M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Multiplication of PVM in the rabbit lung after intratracheal inoculation has been demonstrated. The virus was maintained through eleven serial passages in rabbit lungs. The development of a hemagglutinating component (RHC) in heated suspensions of rabbit lungs upon prolonged storage at 4 C is described and various properties of the component are enumerated. There is a close similarity between the hemagglutination reactions of RHC and PVM. The differences between RHC and hemagglutinating components previously found in other animal tissues are discussed. The available evidence suggests that RHC is a complex substance of large size which contains phospholipid and indicates that the lipid is essential for hemagglutinating activity.
A Comparison of the Removal of Mucoid and Non-Mucoid Variants of Klebsiella Pneumoniae Type B from the Splanchnic Circulating Blood of the Intact Animal
Authors: Kerby Grace P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By a method previously described, which permits a quantitation of the rate of removal of bacteria from the splanchnic circulating blood of the intact animal, data have been obtained concerning the effect of variation in the phase of the Klebsiella pneumoniae type B on the efficiency of splanchnic removal. The average splanchnic removal in normal male rabbits of a mucoid encapsulated K. pneumoniae type B was 20 ± 10% (S.D.). This was increased, following varying degrees of prior experimental contact of the animal with the organism, to from 43 to 85 per cent. The average splanchnic removal in normal rabbits of a non-mucoid variant of K. pneumoniae type B was 56 ± 15% (S.D.). Prior experimental contact of the animal with the non-mucoid bacterium did not alter the removal rate.
The Effect of Splenectomy on the Formation of Circulating Antibody in the Adult Male Albino Rat
Authors: Rowley Donald A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In the splenectomized rat, the production of circulating antibody is a function of the dosage of antigen and the route of administration of antigen. If the dosage is small and given intravenously, the splenectomized rat responds with a low circulating antibody titer. If the same small dose of antigen is given intraportally or intraperitoneally, the splenectomized animal responds as well as does the control animal. The immunological response of the splenectomized rat is the same whether immunization takes place one hour, fourteen days, two months, or six months after splenectomy. Specific immunization prior to splenectomy does not alter the response of the rats to the same specific immunization following splenectomy. The results were similar for two antigens tested, sheep erythrocytes and a bacterial vaccine, both particulate antigens.
Heparin and Ocular Hypersensitivity
Authors: Bick Malcolm W. , Wood Ronald M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An anterior uveitis was produced in sensitized rabbits by the injection of antigen into the anterior chamber of the eye.
In heparinized animals the intensity of the ocular reaction was not as great as it was in the control group.
No effect was observed on the precipitin titer following the addition of heparin to either antigen or antibody.
Immunization of Hamsters and Dogs against Experimental Leptospirosis
Authors: Brunner K. T. , Meyer K. F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It has been repeatedly pointed out that active immunization against leptospirosis in man and animals is one of the most desirable means of protection against serious illness or loss of life through the infection. Because diagnosis is usually delayed, chemotherapy, although valuable and effective in the early stages of the disease, often comes too late to prevent serious kidney damage.
Although chemotherapy offers excellent means of eliminating the carrier state in canicola infections (1), dog-owners have little enthusiasm for this form of preventive veterinary medicine, primarily because repeated treatment is costly and inconvenient. Unfortunately, the incidence of canicola carriers among the dog population is underestimated despite the fact that over 195 human infections have been recognized (2–6a) and that Broom (7) recently found that 10 of 13 dogs in the vicinity of 2 patients with canicola fever were active shedders of leptospirae.
The Etiology of Epidemic Pleurodynia: A Study of two Viruses Isolated from a Typical Outbreak
Authors: Weller T. H. , Enders J. F. , Buckingham M. , Finn J. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In the late summer of 1947, an outbreak of epidemic pleurodynia occurred in the Boston area. The intracerebral inoculation of one day old mice with throat washings collected during the outbreak resulted in the isolation of four strains of virus. Two of the strains have been studied in detail, and have been shown to be similar in their pathogenic and immunologic properties. Mice are completely susceptible during the first two days of life. Following intracerebral inoculation of 100 LD50 such animals die in three to six days with characteristic lesions of the liver and frequently of the pancreas. Specific neutralizing antibodies against the two viruses developed during the course of the illness in each of the two patients from whom they were isolated. Likewise, a rise in neutralizing antibodies for both agents was demonstrated in paired specimens of serum from 5 additional patients with epidemic pleurodynia. These findings indicate that these viruses are of human origin and played an etiologic role in the epidemic. An antigenic relationship between these agents and one of the strains of the Coxsackie group of viruses isolated by Curnen, Shaw and Melnick has been established.
Immunology and Preservation of the Norm
Authors: Francis Thomas 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Although the Society of American Immunologists retains the custom of having its president, at the Annual Meeting, address the more tolerant and durable members of the organization, it imposes no restrictions upon the nature of that discourse. At mid-century the obvious invitation is to review the accomplishments of the period but it seems impossible and undesirable to attempt even a listing of the discoveries and advances in the field of immunology during the past 50 years. Immunology is a broad concept concerning itself extensively with the study of phenomena related to the modes of behavior of host and parasite; with the mechanisms involved in maintenance of the norm, and their modifications upon exposure to a variety of potentially harmful agencies of infectious or non-infectious nature. This field of study has no sharply limiting boundaries, nor a specific discipline by which it must be restricted.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Goodman Morris , Wolfe Harold R. , Norton Stata 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of varied NaCl concentrations on the reaction of chicken antisera with serum protein antigens was studied by turbidimetric and quantitative nitrogen techniques. The results of the two methods paralleled each other closely. Increasing the NaCl concentration up to that range in which there was some salting out of chicken serum proteins (14–18%) resulted in marked increases of precipitation with the maximum occurring at progressively higher antigen concentrations. The reaction was solely between specific antigen and antibody, and the effect of increasing the salt content was to cause a more complete precipitation of this antigen and antibody. Thus determinations of maximum antibody content could not be made at salt concentrations of less than about 8%. The precipitation also became more rapid with increases of salt concentration and reacting antibody. The significance of the above results was discussed.
A Method for Estimating the Capacity of Influenza Virus to Effect Antigenic Modification of Red Blood Cells
Authors: Stewart F. S. , Quilligan J. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Following treatment with a vibrio filtrate or the PR8 or Lee strains of influenza virus human Group O red cells develop closely similar if not identical antigenic changes.
A method for estimating the cell modifying activity (CMA) of virus fluids is described and it is shown that the titers obtained by this method are considerably higher than hemagglutination titers as determined by the pattern test.
The capacity of PR8 allantoic fluid to effect antigenic modification of human Group O red cell is less susceptible to the action of heat or ultra-violet irradiation than is infectivity in eggs.
Alternate Passage of Influenza Virus. A Comparison of the Effects of Serial Passage and Alternate Passage of Type B Influenza Virus in Hamsters
Authors: Davenport Fred M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effects of alternate passage in eggs and hamsters on the adaptation of a strain of type B influenza virus to hamsters have been described. The pathogenicity for hamsters of virus passaged in this manner was maintained and appeared to be somewhat enhanced, but the line of virus did not become adapted to hamsters. On the contrary, the process of adaptation appeared to be retarded following a number of alternate passages in eggs and hamsters. The implication of these findings with respect to the phenomenon of adaptation has been discussed.
Effect of BCG Vaccination and Chemotherapy on Experimental Tuberculosis in Mice
Authors: Siebenmann Charles O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
In recording microscopic counts of acid-fast bacilli for lung, liver and spleen of mice, intravenously infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it was found that in the case of untreated control mice there is a close correlation between the counts and the progress of the infection, as judged by the time of survival and the change in body weight. The counts were made in stained contact films prepared with the freshly cut organs.
In mice, which were given BCG vaccine prior to infection or received chemotherapy, the counts were found markedly reduced, as compared to the counts in the infected controls, the degree of reduction depending upon the form of treatment and the organ examined. When, in analogy to the untreated control mice, the counts of acid-fast bacilli, determined for treated mice, are taken as a measure of the degree of infection, the analysis of the counts leads to the following conclusions: Chemotherapy (streptomycin + PAS) is more effective in the lung than in the two other organs.Subcutaneous vaccination with a BCG culture, grown in tween-albumin fluid medium, has a suppressive action upon the tuberculous infection, leading to markedly reduced microscopic counts of acid-fast bacilli in lung, liver and spleen.In the lung, which, according to gross examination and microscopic counts, is the organ most affected by the infection, chemotherapy is more effective than BCG vaccination.The lung is the only organ, of those studied, in which there is, according to the counts, a favourable additive effect when BCG vaccination is combined with subsequent chemotherapy.BCG vaccination is as effective against a streptomycin-resistant strain of M. tuberculosis as it is against a streptomycin-sensitive culture.
The rates of survival, recorded for the 33rd day after infection and the histopathological changes observed in sections of lung, liver and spleen, support the conclusions as set forth under points (2) and (5). The microscopic estimations, in lung sections, of the percentage destruction of alveolar spaces are in agreement with conclusion (3).
The described close correlation between the degree of tuberculous involvement and the counts of acid-fast bacilli, recorded for the three organs, appears to be characteristic for mice and does not necessarily apply to the tuberculous infection of other species. The described counting technique is applicable in the case of mice only.
Extensive perivascular accumulations of lymphocytes are described for liver and lung of the mice which had undergone BCG vaccination or chemotherapy.
The Tuberculin Reaction. V. The Antigenicity of Chloroform Soluble Tuberculoprotein Wax
Authors: Myrvik Quentin , Weiser Russell S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Chloroform soluble tuberculoprotein wax in mineral oil is capable of inducing strong and typical tuberculin sensitivity in guinea pigs as judged by cutaneous, systemic and corneal reactions to Old Tuberculin.
The “defatting” of tubercle bacilli markedly reduces their capacity to produce tuberculin sensitivity but enhances their capacity to produce anaphylactic sensitivity to tuberculoprotein.
Studies on the Purification of Diphtherial Toxin
Authors: Lepow Irwin H. , Pillemer Louis 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified fractions of diphtherial toxin prepared under a variety of conditions have been examined electrophoretically and the Lf/mg N value of each fraction correlated with the area of the toxin peak. A minimum value of 2400–2600 Lf/mg N for electrophoretically homogeneous diphtherial toxin has been calculated.
The quantitative flocculation reaction has been performed on a purified fraction of diphtherial toxin. An immunochemical value in the neighborhood of 2500 Lf/mg N for diphtherial toxin has been calculated.
The precipitinogen titers against anti-Corynebacterium diphtheriae rabbit serum of purified diphtherial toxin fractions prepared under a variety of conditions have been compared. Fractions of Lf/mg N values approaching electrophoretic homogeneity were found to differ widely in their precipitinogen titers depending on the conditions of fractionation.
The Influence of Adrenal Cortical Extract on Immunological Phenomena In Vivo
Authors: Stavitsky A. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The data presented indicate a lack of effect of aqueous adrenal cortical extract on the union of antigen and antibody in the circulating blood of the rabbit. Despite the previous injection of this extract the injection of antigen into immunized animals resulted in a marked drop of complement, granulocytes, and circulating antibody. From these results and those of other studies it appears that the effects of these hormones on allergic reactions are due not to interference with the in vivo union of antigen and antibody, but probably are connected with their effects on the reactivity of mesenchymal tissues.
Occasionally the mere handling and bleeding, or injection of saline, “aqueous alcohol,” or adrenal cortical extract into normal rabbits produced a lymphopenia and sharp decrease in serum complement. The mechanism of this effect is unknown.
The Antigen-Antibody Reaction
Authors: Lieberman Miriam , Aladjem Frederick 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sodium uptake by the specific antigen-antibody precipitate was studied. In precipitin tubes containing an initial mole ratio of total sodium present to antibody in the precipitate of about 7:1, the mole ratio decreased after centrifugation and decanting the precipitate to about 0.2:1. After washing the precipitate three times the mole ratio had decreased further, to 0.03:1. It is concluded that the residual activity was due to sodium adsorption by the glass of the tubes and that under the particular experimental conditions no sodium-ions were taken up by the antigen-antibody precipitate.
Amboceptor Titration as a Statistically Controlled Assay
Authors: Bier Otto G. , Siqueira Maria , Furlanetto Reynaldo S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The relative potencies of amboceptors may be determined with data from experiments planned in factorial design and evaluated through the analysis of variance. Dose-response lines are calculated from the percentages of lysis obtained in the presence of a constant amount of complement (1.2 C'H50 units) at three different levels of the unknown and of a standard amboceptor preparation in the range of the supplementary zone.
The method is illustrated with data from a typical assay and the results obtained with two more amboceptors are briefly reported.
A Cysteine-Activated Proteinase of Clostridium Histolyticum
Authors: Lepow Irwin H. , Katz Sidney , Pensky Jack , Pillemer Louis 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
A cysteine-activated proteolytic enzyme present in culture filtrates of Cl. histolyticum has been purified by fractionation in methanol-water mixtures under controlled conditions of pH, ionic strength, protein concentration and temperature and further purified by differential centrifugation, lyophilization and ammonium sulfate fractionation. The purified enzyme exhibits almost none of the lethal, necrotizing, and muscle digesting properties of the parent filtrates and only a small fraction of the collagenase activity originally present. These results clearly demonstrate that the lethal and necrotizing toxin are distinct from the cysteine-activated proteinase and provide independent confirmation of the work of Oakley and Warrack (12) whose conclusions were based entirely on immunological methods. The cysteine-activated proteinase would appear, therefore, to be only of secondary importance in Cl. histolyticum infections. The lethal and necrotizing toxin remains biochemically unidentified and requires further investigation.
California Encephalitis Virus, a Newly Described Agent
Authors: Hammon William McD. , Reeves William C. , Sather Gladys 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three closely related and probably identical viruses were isolated from mosquitoes (Aedes dorsalis and Culex tarsalis) from Kern County, California. These are believed to be 3 strains of a single virus not previously described or identified. Various characteristics of this agent, named California encephalitis virus, were studied and the following was learned:
In certain laboratory animals all three strains produced encephalitis that differs neither clinically nor pathologically from that caused by the other arthropodborne encephalitis viruses in the same area (St. Louis and western equine). Encephalitis, sometimes fatal, developed in mice, cotton rats and hamsters, particularly after intracerebral inoculation. Virus titers of an LD50 level of 10-5 to 10-6 were attained in the brains of infected mice. Guinea pigs, ground squirrels, rabbits, a calf and a monkey, all made a serologic response, but there was no clinical evidence of infection. The squirrel and rabbit are of particular epidemiologic interest, as viremia, necessary for vector infection, was demonstrated. Chickens were completely refractory to infection. Growth of the virus was supported well in the embryo and other tissues of the hen's egg and virus titers were as high as 10-4.
In the neutralization and/or vaccination-challenge tests, this virus was not related to western equine, St. Louis, Japanese B, West Nile, yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, Colorado tick fever, Anopheles A or B, Wyeomyia, Bwamba fever, Ilhéus, Theiler's TO or GDVII, herpes simplex or vesicular stomatitis (New Jersey and Indiana strain) viruses. There was a definite crossing shown by cross neutralization and vaccination challenge tests with a virus isolated from Aedes trivitattus from North Dakota, indicating a very close relationship but probable lack of complete identity. With complement-fixing antigen prepared from infected mouse brains, there was no discernible cross reaction with eastern equine or western equine viruses. Undiluted California virus antigen did react in low titer against St. Louis and Japanese B immune sera, but there was no cross reaction when undiluted antigens of these two viruses were tested against California virus antiserum.
This virus is roughly 60 to 125 mμ in diameter.
Present information indicates this agent probably gives rise to inapparent infections in the wild mammals of the vicinity and certain mosquitoes in the area pick it up from them and pass it along to other hosts, including man and horse. Evidence presented in the first paper of this series indicates that clinical encephalitis may be produced occasionally in man. On the basis of all the available information, it is suggested that the California encephalitis virus be tentatively placed in the group of arthropod-borne encephalitis viruses.
Bacillus Diphtheriae
Authors: Paxson W. H. , Redowitz Edward 
Published: January 2023

Summary
At least two distinct biologic groups of B. diphtheriae exist among virulent strains, as differentiated by the agglutination reaction.
We were unable to confirm the contention, that group II toxin is not neutralized by standard antitoxin to the same extent as group I toxin.
The results of the experiments presented, lead us to the conclusion that diphtheria antitoxin as produced by the injection of toxin obtained from group I strains, neutralized equally well the toxins produced by either group I or group II organisms.
One, one and a half, and two units of standard antitoxin injected simultaneously with large doses of virulent cultures, protect guinea-pigs against both types of B. diphtheriae.
We wish to acknowledge the courtesy of Drs. R. D. Meader, G. H. Robinson, and L. C. Havens, in supplying us with group II cultures.
Studies on Acute Respiratory Infections
Authors: Goldman Agnes , Kolchin Betty S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a previous article of this series there was reported by Doctor Williams (1) and her co-workers a detailed study of the colony formation on standardized blood agar plates of Smith and Brown's (2) alpha type streptococci isolated from the upper respiratory tract. The sugar reactions of these organisms were also given. The results of these studies showed a multiplicity of varieties of streptococci.
In a continuation of this investigation, we have tested the serological relationships of a number of these strains by the agglutination and agglutinin-absorption methods. Very little detailed study on the serological relations of the green producing streptococci seems to have been made and no minute study of the power of colony strains2 to absorb agglutinins has been reported. Krumwiede and Valentine (3) have reported the results of direct agglutination tests made with members of the streptococcus viridans group obtained from both pathogenic and normal sources.
The Immunological Relationship Between Human and Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Melcher L. R. , Masouredis S. P. , Reed R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Reciprocal cross-reactions between bovine and human serum albumin have been demonstrated by the quantitative precipitin technic. The use of I131 labeled antibodies provided an independent analysis of the immune precipitates and permitted the calculation of antibody: antigen composition of precipitates in the zone of excess antigen.