bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interplay of Competition Law and Free Trade Agreements in Regulating State-Owned Enterprises
Authors: Matsushita Mitsuo 
Published: March 2023

AbstractState-Owned Enterprise (SOEs) are business entities owned by governments. Unlike private enterprises which operate on profit-motivation, SOEs often act on motives different from profit-making such as fulfilment of governmental or political purposes. Due to this peculiar feature, activities of SOEs sometime are disruptive of competitive market. In order to regulate activities of SOEs so that international market would not be unduly disturbed, GATT: Article XVII states that SOEs shall operate on a profit-motive in international trade. More recently, CPTPP (Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement on Trans-Pacific Partnership) and other FTAs include chapters devoted to the regulation of SOEs which provide that Contracting Parties ensure that their SOEs act on profit-motive so as not to cause disruption to the international market. On the other hand, competition laws of trading nations provide rules for prohibiting abusive conducts of dominant enterprises and this includes the prohibition of abuses by SOEs. However, applications of those two sets of regulations (GATT and CPTPP on one hand and competition laws on the other) are made independently from each other without being coordinated. This article surveys details of regulation of SOEs under CPTPP as a representative example of FTAs regulation and of competition laws of nations and suggests ways in which those two sets of rules can be coordinated in order to increase the effectiveness of legal disciplines imposed on SOEs’ activities.
Blind Spot: Trade and Competition Law—the Space Between the Silos
Authors: Fox Eleanor M. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractTrade law and competition law have grown up in their separate silos. This means that restraints by the states and restraints by private parties are treated in separate boxes, and with few exceptions, they have been treated so through the years. Yet, some of the worst restraints that do some of the greatest damage are best characterized by the synergy between the two. These trade-and-competition, or hybrid public/private, restraints fall under the radar screen, and defendants in litigation play one set of laws off against the other, hiding behind limits and immunities. This is the Blind Spot of the Article’s title – the space between the silos. This Article unearths the Blind Spot, gives examples of what we know and what we need to know, and proposes a methodology to illuminate and eliminate the Blind Spot.
Italy's return to Africa: between external and domestic drivers
Authors: Carbone Giovanni 
Published: March 2023

AbstractA steadily increasing number of European countries recently adopted their own ‘Africa policies’. The temporal and geographical clustering of such plans suggests that a policy diffusion process might have been at play, with the introduction and the shape of a policy in a given country being influenced by those of other countries. This paper tests the policy diffusion hypothesis through an in-depth analysis of the case of Italy, a country that in recent times stepped up substantially its engagement with sub-Saharan Africa. Tracing the origins and features of Rome's policy towards the region, however, shows that external influences were much more limited than expected. It was primarily two country-specific drivers – namely, the enduring effects of the European debt crisis on the Italian economy and a sudden and massive, if temporary, increase in irregular migration – which pushed Italy towards Africa and shaped its approach. The paper thus sheds light on how the marked resemblance of policies almost contemporaneously adopted by distinct EU member states – that is, a tight succession and a highly interconnected environment strongly pointing at cross-country influences – can hide motives and processes that are actually highly specific to each of them and essentially by-pass policy diffusion dynamics.
Italian Sinology: Honoring the Tradition, Facing the Present and Securing a Future
Authors: Paternicò Luisa M. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractFor centuries, Italy was in the forefront of studying and spreading knowledge on China in the West. Some of the leaders of the exceptional cultural exchanges of the seventeenth century were Italian. After a period of decline, from the second half of the twentieth century, there has been a revival of China studies. Following the growth of China's international impact, the traditional research fields have been supplemented by new specializations. Studies on modern China, its language, politics, institutions, society, economy, media etc., have enriched the Sinological panorama and multiplied university courses.After an overview of Italian Sinology of the past, this study will focus on the recent developments: the universities, the research fields, the scholars, the associations and journals involved. The challenges the Sinologists are facing, due to the current Chinese political situation, will be highlighted, together with some consideration of the future of Italian Sinology.
Propulsive performance of oscillating plates with time-periodic flexibility
Authors: Yudin David , Floryan Daniel , Van Buren Tyler 
Published: March 2023

We use small-amplitude inviscid theory to study the swimming performance of a flexible flapping plate with time-varying flexibility. The stiffness of the plate oscillates at twice the frequency of the kinematics in order to maintain a symmetric motion. Plates with constant and time-periodic stiffness are compared over a range of mean plate stiffnesses, oscillating stiffness amplitudes and oscillating stiffness phases for isolated heaving, isolated pitching and combined leading-edge kinematics. We find that there is a profound impact of oscillating stiffness on the thrust, with a lesser impact on propulsive efficiency. Thrust improvements of up to 35 % relative to a constant-stiffness plate are observed. For large enough frequencies and amplitudes of the stiffness oscillation, instabilities emerge. The unstable regions may confer enhanced propulsive performance; this hypothesis must be verified via experiments or nonlinear simulations.
Dignity Disputed
Authors: Ewing Connor M. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractObergefell v. Hodges, the 2015 Supreme Court decision establishing a constitutional right for same-sex couples to marry, marked the first time in the Court’s history that justices explicitly disagreed over the meaning and requirements of human dignity. In his dissenting opinion Clarence Thomas sought to reclaim rather than simply reject the language of dignity, advancing a conception of dignity that differed sharply from the conception embraced by the majority. Using this disagreement as a point of departure, this article demonstrates how dignity has served as an extra-textual value that underpins divergent visions of American constitutionalism that, in turn, inform interpretations of the Constitution’s text and history.
Introducing an Interpretable Deep Learning Approach to Domain-Specific Dictionary Creation: A Use Case for Conflict Prediction
Authors: Häffner Sonja , Hofer Martin , Nagl Maximilian , Walterskirchen Julian 
Published: March 2023

AbstractRecent advancements in natural language processing (NLP) methods have significantly improved their performance. However, more complex NLP models are more difficult to interpret and computationally expensive. Therefore, we propose an approach to dictionary creation that carefully balances the trade-off between complexity and interpretability. This approach combines a deep neural network architecture with techniques to improve model explainability to automatically build a domain-specific dictionary. As an illustrative use case of our approach, we create an objective dictionary that can infer conflict intensity from text data. We train the neural networks on a corpus of conflict reports and match them with conflict event data. This corpus consists of over 14,000 expert-written International Crisis Group (ICG) CrisisWatch reports between 2003 and 2021. Sensitivity analysis is used to extract the weighted words from the neural network to build the dictionary. In order to evaluate our approach, we compare our results to state-of-the-art deep learning language models, text-scaling methods, as well as standard, nonspecialized, and conflict event dictionary approaches. We are able to show that our approach outperforms other approaches while retaining interpretability.
The use of aerial photography in resolving problems in agriculture
Authors: Keech M. A. 
Published: March 2023

The title of this presentation is, perhaps, wider than the title of the section of the symposium within which it is placed. It is intended to move from the general aspects of aerial photography and other airborne remote sensing devices to the particular aspects of pest forecasting and control using this technology.The quality of aerial photography has doubled every 10 years since the technique was first introduced, and it is believed that this improvement may well continue for the remainder of this century. It is probable that multispectral photography and improved photographic representation of near and far infra-red imagery will greatly improve during the coming decades. As more research is done on more freely available material, so shall we find more applications for it, including, without doubt, those in the field of pest control.
Engineering aspects of composite structures for civil aircraft
Authors: Kitchenside A. W. 
Published: March 2023

The high values of specific strength and stiffness of carbon fibre composite materials have already been discussed by Mr. T. Sharpies in his paper and require no further comment. Therefore, I would like to consider the benefits to direct operating costs (DOC) which can be obtained by the application of Carbon Fibre Composites (CFC) to a civil transport aircraft.Figure 1 is taken from a paper presented by Stewart and Campion at the Atlantic Aeronautical Conference last year. In this figure are shown the benefits in DOC which arise due to the application of the following advanced technologies:Advanced aerodynamic wing designStability augmentation and load alleviationAdvanced composite structures.
Airbus Industrie—past, present and future
Authors: Brown D. G. 
Published: March 2023

I feel very privileged to be asked to give the 26th R. J. Mitchell Memorial Lecture in honour of a great man whose work and designs inspired many of us in our youth. My lecture tonight covers a period of time similar to that which elapsed between R. J. Mitchell’s death and the first Memorial Lecture by Joe Smith in 1954. In this period, which covered the Second World War and the immediate post-war era, the activities of the British industry were manifest with a proliferation of designs and immense technological and radical advances such as the introduction of the jet engine, the swept wing, early supersonic flight, etc.It was a period when the evolution of new designs—while led by men of inspiration, vision, genius and persistency like Mitchell—became more and more the work of teams ever increasing in number.
Monarch Airlines Ltd
Authors: Hodgson W. H. 
Published: March 2023

The views I am putting forward today are my own I and may not represent the views of other independent airlines.Low fares are not a new feature of the Civil Aviation industry. After all, charter airlines have been providing low cost air transportation for the past three decades, and what a painful process the development of those services has been. For years scheduled airlines, backed by Government regulatory agencies, subscribed to the theory that charter services, if liberalised, could lead to the destruction of scheduled services and therefore scheduled services should be protected. In the UK, the growth of Inclusive Tour Charters to points in Europe was slowed down by capacity restrictions and by pricing policies designed to minimise diversion of traffic from scheduled services.
Views of Civil Aircraft Manufacturers
Authors: Lawson I. D. N. 
Published: March 2023

The growth potential of air transport has been realised since the late 1960s /early 1970s when, in the UK, imaginative marketing by tour operators caused a boom in bookings for inclusive tour holidays and scheduled airlines operating across the Atlantic in this period introduced the first of an eventual flood of discount fares. However, far from the expected revenue boom, the eventual reductions in average yield caused by the inflow of ‘new’ passengers and the unexpected cross-over of full fare paying passengers started these airlines on the road to an eventual $2.5 billion loss over a seven year period. An unfortunately timed fuel crisis also added to the difficulties.Now is the time of reckoning: airlines seem to be moving to a three class service (on the North Atlantic at least), similar to that operated in old steamship lines, in an attempt to maintain revenues from full fare passengers and at the same time encourage ‘discount’ travel.
Partial loss of contact in interference fit pin joints
Authors: Eshwar V. A. , Dattaguru B. , Rao A. K. 
Published: March 2023

Interference fits are an effective method for improving the fatigue performance of bolted joints. The use of Taperlok bolts in aircraft joints is one such example. One of the most important but difficult problems to analyse in these joints is their behaviour after the onset of separation between pin and plate.Extensive work has been done in the past for the analysis of interference fit joints prior to separation. A comprehensive survey of this area (up to 1965) was brought out by Venkataraman. He also presented many new analytical solutions by a direct method of continuum analysis for interference joints in finite domains. Analysis of these problems in the pre-separation zone continues to draw attention and recently, John Crews used a complex variable technique to analyse the stresses around a flexible pin in an infinite plate under uniaxial tension.
Free vibration of ring-sector plates of variable rigidity
Authors: Bhattacharya A. P. 
Published: March 2023

The present note is concerned with the flexural vibrations of a thin elastic plate with variable rigidity and having the form of a sector of a circular ring. Plates of this shape have been rather sparsely treated in the literature.The problem of free vibration of sectorial plates with radial edges simply supported has been investigated by Ramiah and Vijaykumar and by Ramakrishnan and Kunnukkasseril. For the case of a plate having clamped radial edges and the circumferential edges having any combination of boundary conditions, an approximate solution has been obtained by Bhattacharya. The free vibration of annular plates for various boundary conditions are summarised by Leissa. All these are for plates of constant thickness only.
A research study into the reliability of various fuel, hydraulic and air conditioning components of military aircraft
Authors: Bleasdale G. W. 
Published: March 2023

What do we mean by reliability? Mathematically, it is the probability that a piece of equipment will be capable of working when called upon to do so for the time required and under the environment specified, and, if we know the mean time between failures and make certain assumptions about the randomness of the failures, we can derive expressions that will give numerical values of inherent reliability.In layman's terms, we can say that it is the ability of a piece of equipment, whether it be a small component or a complete aircraft, to be ready to work and to continue to work in the environment for which it has been designed, for as long as the specification requires it to do so and to do this with the minimum amount of maintenance.
Near field problems in three-dimensional panel methods
Authors: Petrie J. A. H. 
Published: March 2023

A serious disadvantage of using a lattice of vortex rings to model a surface of vorticity, is that points close to the lattice surface may see large ‘holes’ in what from a larger distance appears as a smooth vorticity distribution. This failing is particularly important when two surfaces approach each other, such as occurs at the trailing edge of a wing, or when a free vortex passes near to a solid boundary. In these cases the error in induced velocity can adversely affect the overall flow computation. A relaxation process to find the force-free position of a free vortex close to a surface would obviously fail, for example. The obvious way of overcoming this problem is to improve the accuracy of the vorticity model whenever a point draws critically near to the vortex lattice.Maskew suggested a way of overcoming this problem in two dimensions and his ideas have been extended in this note to three dimensions.
A pursuit of the aerial carriage
Authors: Fitzwilliams O. L. L. 
Published: March 2023

By inviting me to give the 25th Henson and Stringfellow Memorial Lecture the Committee of the Yeovil Branch and the Lectures Committee of the Main Society have done me an honour which I deeply appreciate and I hope that what I have to say may be sufficiently novel and interesting to do justice to this important occasion.My subject is the story of the mild obsession which first aroused my interest in rotating wings and which has guided my steps at critical times over the past 50 years— a benign obsession in that for most of that time there was nothing that could be done about it so that it has not hampered the engineering work needed to implement the policies of my various employers. It was a matter of great good fortune for me that at just the right time some of the concepts underlying this lecture had hardened sufficiently for Westland to agree to my concentrating on this study during the last few years of my career.
Dietary fish intake increased the concentration of soluble ACE2 in rats: can fish consumption reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection through interception of SARS-CoV-2 by soluble ACE2?
Authors: O’Keeffe Maria , Oterhals Åge , Vikøren Linn Anja Slåke , Drotningsvik Aslaug , Mellgren Gunnar , Halstensen Alfred , Gudbrandsen Oddrun Anita 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters the cells after binding to the membrane-bound receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), but this may be prevented through interception by soluble ACE2 (sACE2) or by inhibition of the ACE2 receptor, thus obstructing cell entry and replication. The main objective of this study was to investigate if fish intake affected the concentration of sACE2 in rats. The secondary aim was to evaluate the in vitro ACE2-inhibiting activity of fish proteins. Rats were fed cod muscle as 25 % of dietary protein, and blood was collected after 4 weeks of intervention. Muscle, backbone, skin, head, stomach, stomach content, intestine and swim bladder from haddock, saithe, cod and redfish were hydrolysed with trypsin before ACE2-inhibiting activity was measured in vitro. In vivo data were compared using unpaired Student’s t test, and in vitro data were compared using one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey HSD post hoc test. The mean sACE2 concentration was 47 % higher in rats fed cod when compared with control rats (P 0·034), whereas serum concentrations of angiotensin II and TNF-α were similar between the two experimental groups. Muscle, backbone, skin and head from all four fish species inhibited ACE2 activity in vitro, whereas the remaining fractions had no effect. To conclude, our novel data demonstrate that fish intake increased the sACE2 concentration in rats and that the hydrolysed fish proteins inhibited ACE2 activity in vitro.
The Effects of Foreign Acquisitions on the Value of Industry Peers
Authors: Yilmaz Umit 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis article studies how industry peers’ stock prices respond when another firm in the industry is acquired by a foreign firm. The average stock price reactions of industry peers in horizontal foreign acquisitions around deal announcements are significantly negative. Peers’ returns are more negative in growing, less specialized, and competitive industries. Moreover, the negative stock price reactions of industry peers are related to future decreases in their operating performance. Overall, these results suggest that foreign acquisitions have strong competitive effects for the industry peers of U.S. target companies.
Salvador Allende and Argentine Military Rule: Domestic Politics, Geopolitical Factors and Transnational Dimensions, 1970–3
Authors: Henríquez María José , Figallo Beatriz 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe 1970 election of Salvador Allende as president of Chile gained international attention, as a declared Marxist came to power through elections, offering an alternative to Castro's Cuba. In Argentina, governed by a right-wing dictatorship, the initial fear was transformed into a policy of rapprochement. In the midst of the Cold War, the historical Argentine–Brazilian rivalry was stronger than both military regimes' anti-communism. General Alejandro Lanusse decided to support Allende's Chile to balance Brazil's influence, but also as a way to control the domestic repercussions of Allende's victory, especially the rise of revolutionary slogans and the circulation of guerrillas. This article traces the network of national, international and transnational factors that influenced a surprising bilateral relationship.
Opportunism for Survival: Steamship Teaboys and China's Wartime Shipping Industry, 1937–1941
Authors: Law Peter Kwok-Fai 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis article examines the correlation between union activism, crime, and violence in the shipping industry in wartime China. Drawing on diplomatic and police records, shipping manifests, periodicals, and newspapers, the article deals with self-employed unskilled steamship attendants called “teaboys.” With insight into Chinese civilians’ underground struggle, the article contends that, steamship teaboys sustained their livelihoods during World War II by operating as everyday low-level spies for rival regimes. As workers, steamship teaboys pragmatically, without evidence of politico-ideological considerations, accommodated the needs of different belligerents in exchange for their own survival. Moreover, this article argues that the drastic socio-political upheaval in wartime China made these marginally employed shipboard attendants increasingly inclined towards a utilitarian patron-client relationship, originally forged in the mid-1920s when unionization began, and continued at the expense of their native-place ties and fictive family bonds. Impacted by the patron-client relationship in a climate where workers’ interests were protected by the armed forces of various regimes, the teaboys viewed unions as competitive sellers of muscle power in a market for crime and violence in industrial unrest.