bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Other specific critique paradigms
Authors: Eastman Nigel , Adshead Gwen , Fox Simone , Latham Richard , Whyte Seán 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Whereas the purpose of criminal negligence is to punish for criminal wrongdoing, the purpose of civil negligence is to compensate victims for the effects of negligent clinical practice and to ‘police’ practice against (i.e. discourage) such negligent practice. So, turning to the example of patient suicide, here, there can be, and often is, critiquing of clinical practice in the civil courts, in terms of negligence, and in the Coroners Court. Where counsel for a bereaved family may, for example, in the latter aim both to collect evidence and to achieve a finding that will assist in a negligence action, as wells as using critiquing within an MPTS hearing to similar intended effect (aside from also using any nonlegal internal hospital or external inquiry). And again, all these legal fora apply differing processes and critically appraise the case against differing criteria. Yet, although they are addressing apparently different questions, again there is much room for ‘cross-over’ between fora, including by data and findings originating within one forum being used within another. This chapter covers other specific critique paradigms, including civil negligence, coroner’s inquests, inquiries, root cause analysis, audit, appraisal, peer review, and self-critique.
Designing a clinical trial
Authors: Cook Jonathan A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains how to clarify the research question and turn it into researchable objectives using the PICOTS framework (population, intervention, control, outcome, timing, and setting). Common options for each of the components of the PICOTS framework are presented. Two in-depth examples are used to show how the original research question can inform the trial design. Also covered in this chapter are the key decisions in formulating the study objectives along with how to decide whether the research question is a sensible one. The need to build the study team, and also how to develop a good funding proposal are also considered.
Setting up a clinical trial
Authors: Cook Jonathan A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the practical considerations of setting up a clinical trial. The ethical and regulatory permissions and requirements for starting a clinical trial are covered as is the key role of the Sponsor. The additional requirements and documentation needed for trials that involve an investigational medicinal products or medical device is reviewed. The impact of legislation on approvals and the handling of data are considered. How to develop and finalize the protocol for the study is considered in terms of how the trial population, treatments, outcomes and follow-up and assessments are specified. The setting up of study centres is also reviewed.
Data collection and monitoring in a clinical trial
Authors: Cook Jonathan A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the practical considerations of collecting data for a clinical trial. The different potential data sources and the options for data collection and related decisions that need to be made are covered. The importance of the trial database is addressed, along with the critical importance of ensuring processes are put in place to minimise missing data. The need for monitoring of accumulating data and the use of audits is considered. How an interim analysis can be used to inform decision-making during a trial’s running is reviewed. The role of a data and safety monitoring committee is also addressed. Examples are used throughout.
I-Love-Q relations for a generic family of neutron star equations of state
Authors: Nath Kamal Krishna , Mallick Ritam , Chatterjee Sagnik 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
Neutron stars (and quark stars) have recently been found to follow certain universality, the I-Love-Q relations. These relations can provide a greater understanding of the structural and macro properties of compact astrophysical objects with knowledge of any one of the observable. The reason behind this is the lack of sensitivity to the relations with the equation of state (EoS) of matter. In this work, we have investigated the consistency of universal relations for a generic family of equations of state. These equations of state are consistent with the prescribed limits of nuclear theory (low densities) and perturbative QCD (asymptotically high densities) and respecting recent astronomical observations. At intermediate densities, the equations of states are parametrized by the adiabatic speed of sound. Although the spread in the EoS is significant, the universal nature of the I-Love-Q trio holds relatively well up to a specific tolerance limit of 5 per cent fractional percentage error. We have compared the result first with a similar set, but not respecting the recent astrophysical constraints. A deviation from universality is seen and the tolerance exceeds the 5 per cent limit. Next, we have compared our result with a family of EoS having monotonic sound speed inside a neutron star. A slight deviation from universality is seen for this case; however, the tolerance remains within the 5 per cent limit. This shows the existence of a correlation between universal relations and observational constraints.
IDPodcasts: An Online Resource for Infectious Diseases Learning
Authors: Katzman Ju Hee , Oehler Richard L 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The University of South Florida (USF)'s IDPodcasts features hundreds of comprehensive infectious diseases (ID)­–related lectures freely accessible for medical learners and educators at all levels. Content is free and is shared via its flagship website, YouTube channel, podcast series, and an all-new IOS app. Updated app features improve in-app navigation, content accessibility, and overall user friendliness.
Understanding palladium–tellurium cluster formation on WTe2: From a kinetically hindered distribution to thermodynamically controlled monodispersity
Authors: Evans Prescott E , Wang Yang , Sushko Peter V , Dohnálek Zdenek 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A fundamental understanding of the transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC)–metal interface is critical for their utilization in a broad range of applications. We investigate how the deposition of palladium (Pd), as a model metal, on WTe2(001), leads to the assembly of Pd into clusters and nanoparticles. Using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy imaging, and ab initio simulations, we find that Pd nucleation is driven by the interaction with and the availability of mobile excess tellurium (Te) leading to the formation of Pd-Te clusters at room temperature. Surprisingly, the nucleation of Pd-Te clusters is not affected by intrinsic surface defects, even at elevated temperatures. Upon annealing, the Pd-Te nanoclusters adopt an identical nanostructure and are stable up to ∼523 K. Density functional theory calculations provide a foundation for our understanding of the mobility of Pd and Te atoms, preferential nucleation of Pd-Te clusters, and the origin of their annealing-induced monodispersity. These results highlight the role the excess chalcogenide atoms may play in the metal deposition process. More broadly, the discoveries of synthetic pathways yielding thermally robust monodispersed nanostructures on TMDCs are critical to the manufacturing of novel quantum and microelectronics devices and catalytically active nano-alloy centers.
Brain mechanisms of mental processing: from evoked and spontaneous brain activities to enactive brain activity
Authors: Zhang Chi , Wang Yifeng , Jing Xiujuan , Yan Jin H 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Within the context of the computer metaphor, evoked brain activity acts as a primary carrier for the brain mechanisms of mental processing. However, many studies have found that evoked brain activity is not the major part of brain activity. Instead, spontaneous brain activity exhibits greater intensity and coevolves with evoked brain activity through continuous interaction. Spontaneous and evoked brain activities are similar but not identical. They are not separate parts, but always dynamically interact with each other. Therefore, the enactive cognition theory further states that the brain is characterized by unified and active patterns of activity. The brain adjusts its activity pattern by minimizing the error between expectation and stimulation, adapting to the ever-changing environment. Therefore, the dynamic regulation of brain activity in response to task situations is the core brain mechanism of mental processing. Beyond the evoked brain activity and spontaneous brain activity, the enactive brain activity provides a novel framework to completely describe brain activities during mental processing. It is necessary for upcoming researchers to introduce innovative indicators and paradigms for investigating enactive brain activity during mental processing.
Employing a transitivity violation detection algorithm to assess best–worst scaling designs
Authors: Bir Courtney , Widmar Nicole Olynk , Slipchenko Natalya , Polcyn Addison , Wolf Christopher A 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
When choosing a partial factorial design for best–worst scaling (BWS) or other discrete choice experiment, researchers are faced with design size choices. This work investigates differences between two case 1 (object) BWS choice experiment designs that varied in choice set size and number of questions. Using a random-parameter logit model, preference shares were determined and statistically compared between models. The number of transitivity violations occurring between the experimental designs was analyzed employing a newly developed directed graph algorithm. The relative importance consumers placed on dairy milk attributes differed between the designs studied. The design presenting fewer attributes per choice set forced novel tradeoffs more often and yielded no increase in transitivity violations. In general, if one seeks to establish rank among variables and force tradeoffs, smaller designs should be considered.
Profile and clinical relevance of non-criteria antiphospholipid antibodies in patients diagnosed with or highly suspected of APS
Authors: Li Siting , Zhao Jiulang , Bai Yina , Meng Jingjing , Wang Qian , Tian Xinping , Li Mengtao , Zeng Xiaofeng , Hu Chaojun 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Objective
This study investigates the positivity and relevance of non-criteria aPLs with clinical phenotypes in patients highly suspected of or diagnosed with APS.

Methods
Outpatient cases were included from a prospectively maintained database, and patients were grouped into APS (n = 168), seronegative APS (SNAPS, n = 9), those meeting the diagnostic criteria for clinical events without laboratory results (only-event, n = 15), those that had aPL positivity without clinical manifestations (asymptomatic APA, n = 39), and healthy controls (n = 88). Criteria aPL results and APS-related clinical features were extracted. Sixteen non-criteria aPLs were tested and analysed.

Results
LA, aCL and anti-β2 glycoprotein-I were positive in 84.5%, 61.3% and 74.4% of APS patients, and 61.5%, 59.0% and 74.4% of asymptomatic APA patients, respectively. In patients negative for criteria serological tests, 23 out of 24 were positive for at least one non-criteria aPL. Triple-positive patients also had significantly higher tests of some aPLs in comparison with other groups. Stroke was associated with anti-phosphatidyl-inositol (aPI) IgG and anti-phosphatidyl-glycerol (aPG) IgG. Late embryonic loss correlated with aPI IgM, and premature birth/eclampsia was associated with aPI IgG and aPG IgG. There were also positive associations between heart valve lesions and anti-phosphatidylserine–prothrombin (aPS/PT) IgM, APS nephropathy and anti-phosphatidyl-choline IgG or aPS/PT IgG, and livedo reticularis and anti-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine IgM.

Conclusion
The prevalence of non-criteria aPLs differed from diagnostic biomarkers in patients diagnosed with or suspected of APS. Detection of aPLs provided additive value in the evaluation of APS-related clinical manifestations.
Improving our understanding of the paradoxical protective effect of obesity on radiographic damage: a large magnetic resonance imaging-study in early arthritis
Authors: den Hollander Nikolet K , van der Helm-van Mil Annette H M , van Steenbergen Hanna W 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Objective
Obesity conveys a risk for RA development, while paradoxically, associating with less radiographic progression after RA diagnosis. Using MRI we can study this surprising association in detail from MRI-detected synovitis and osteitis to MRI-detected erosive progression, which precedes radiographic progression. Previous research suggested obesity associates with less osteitis and synovitis. We therefore aimed to (i) validate the previously suggested association between BMI and MRI-detected osteitis/synovitis; (ii) study whether this is specific for ACPA-positive or ACPA-negative RA or also present in other arthritides; (iii) study whether MRI-detected osteitis associates with MRI-detected erosive progression; and (iv) study whether obesity associates with MRI-detected erosive progression.

Methods
We studied 1029 early arthritis patients (454 RA, 575 other arthritides), consecutively included in Leiden Early Arthritis Clinic. At baseline patients underwent hand-and-foot MRI that were RAMRIS-scored, and 149 RA patients underwent follow-up MRIs. We studied associations between baseline BMI and MRI-detected osteitis/synovitis (using linear regression), and erosive progression (using Poisson mixed models).

Results
In RA, higher BMI associated with less osteitis at disease onset (β = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.93, 0.96) but not with synovitis. Higher BMI associated with less osteitis in ACPA-positive RA (β = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.93, 0.97), ACPA-negative RA (β = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.95, 0.99) and other arthritides (β = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96, 0.99). Over 2 years, overweight and obesity associated with less MRI-detected erosive progression (P = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively). Osteitis also associated with erosive progression over 2 years (P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusions
High BMI relates to less osteitis at disease onset, which is not confined to RA. Within RA, high BMI and less osteitis associated with less MRI-detected erosive progression. This suggests that the protective effect of obesity on radiographic progression is exerted via a path of less osteitis and subsequently fewer MRI-detected erosions.
Untangling the threads: phylogenetic relationships of threadfins (Percomorphacea: Perciformes: Polynemidae)
Authors: Presti Paulo , Johnson G David , Datovo Aléssio 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThreadfins are primarily marine bony fishes that have part of the pectoral fin modified into specialized sensitive filaments. They compose the Polynemidae, a family with eight genera and 42 extant species. The internal relationships and phylogenetic position of Polynemidae within Percomorphacea are controversial, with highly conflicting hypotheses proposed by both molecular and phenotypic analyses. We performed a cladistic analysis of threadfins based on the most comprehensive sampling of morphological data ever done. The final dataset included 197 characters from external morphology, the laterosensory system, osteology, myology and neurology in representatives of all valid polynemid genera. More than half of the characters are reported here for the first time, notably the myological ones. A sensitivity analysis of 11 different weighting schemes (equal weighting and extended implied weighting parsimony) resulted in a fully resolved tree. Sciaenidae, not Pleuronectiformes, is recovered as sister to Polynemidae. All polynemid genera are resolved as monophyletic except Polydactylus, which is polyphyletic. Filimanus, Pentanemus and Polydactylus s.s. appear as successive sister taxa of all remaining threadfins. Leptomelanosoma, Parapolynemus and Polynemus form a monophyletic group. Eleutheronema and Galeoides appear intercalated with other species of Polydactylus in the apical portions of the polynemid tree.
Statin Therapy Induces Gut Leakage and Neuromuscular Disjunction in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Ahmad Firdos , Karim Asima , Khan Javaidullah , Qaisar Rizwan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract:
Statins are commonly used to limit the risk of cardiovascular diseases, including ischemic heart attack and stroke. However, treatment often leads to myopathy and muscle weakness. Therefore, a better understanding of underlying pathomechanism is needed to improve the clinical outcomes. Here, we assessed the physical performance, including handgrip strength (HGS), gait speed (GS), and short physical performance battery, in 172 patients diagnosed with chronic heart failure (CHF) treated with (n = 50) or without (n = 122) statin and 59 controls. The plasma biomarkers, including sarcopenia marker C-terminal agrin fragment-22 (CAF22), intestinal barrier integrity marker zonulin, and C-reactive protein (CRP), were measured and correlated with the physical performance of patients. The HGS, short physical performance battery scores, and GS were significantly compromised in patients with CHF versus controls. Irrespective of etiology, significant elevation of plasma CAF22, zonulin, and CRP was observed in patients with CHF. There were strong inverse correlations of CAF22 with HGS (r2 = 0.34, P < 0.0001), short physical performance battery scores (r2 = 0.08, P = 0.0001), and GS (r2 = 0.143, P < 0.0001). Strikingly, CAF22 and zonulin were positively correlated with each other (r2 = 0.10, P = 0.0002) and with the level of CRP in patients with CHF. Further investigations revealed a significant induction of CAF22, zonulin, and CRP in patients with CHF taking statin versus nonstatin group. Consistently, HGS and GS were significantly lower in the statin versus nonstatin CHF patients' group. Collectively, statin therapy adversely affects the neuromuscular junction and intestinal barrier, which potentially induces systemic inflammation and physical disability in patients with CHF. Further prospective confirmation of the findings is required in a well-controlled study.
Vaccination in kidney disease: what did we learn from COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Khan Sana F. 
Published: June 2023

Purpose of review
Patients with kidney disease were prioritized during COVID-19 vaccination efforts. Initial data on vaccine seroconversion and efficacy were confounded by heterogeneous vaccination regimens as well as response assessments. Recent data have addressed responses to evolving vaccine regimens, and addressed concerns in this high-risk population.

Recent findings
mRNA vaccines BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech), mRNA1273 (Moderna) were the predominant vaccines used in two and three-dose regimens. Although population-based studies show reduced rates of seroconversion in kidney disease cohorts, there continues to be evolving efficacy largely due to emerging variants, and utilization of ongoing vaccine development. Recommendations on vaccination regimens now exclude use of monovalent mRNA vaccines, with bivalent vaccines are now the preferred effective vaccination. Individualization and adjustment of immunosuppressive drugs is recommended for maximal serological response in transplant recipients and patient with autoimmune kidney diseases.

Summary
Waning responses to initial vaccination regimen, as well as emerging variants of concern have resulted in multiple dose regimens being investigated in patient with kidney disease. Use of bivalent mRNA vaccine is now recommended for initial as well as subsequent vaccine doses.
Biomarker guided management of hypertension
Authors: Kotta Prasanti Alekhya , Nambi Vijay 
Published: June 2023

Purpose of review
Approximately 1.28 billion people are affected by hypertension globally and the incidence of hypertension is on an upward trajectory with an aging population and increasing burden of risk factors including obesity. Despite low-cost, highly-effectively, easy-to-treat strategies, it is estimated that ∼720 million people are not receiving the treatment they need for optimal hypertension management. Several factors contribute to this including an unwillingness to be treated for an asymptomatic condition.

Recent findings
Biomarkers such as troponin, B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP), N-terminal-pro hormone BNP (NT-proBNP), uric acid, microalbuminuria have been found to be associated with adverse clinical outcomes among individuals with hypertension. Biomarkers also allow for identification of asymptomatic organ damage.

Summary
Biomarkers have the ability to identify higher risk individuals in whom risk-benefit for therapies may be most favorable, helping optimize the net benefit of therapy. Whether biomarkers can help guide therapy intensity and choice remains to be tested.
Why Are Individuals Who Have Not Disclosed Self-Injury Comfortable Discussing Their Experiences in Research?
Authors: Mirichlis Sylvanna , Boyes Mark , Hasking Penelope , Lewis Stephen P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Not everyone who shares their lived experience of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) in research has disclosed this previously outside of a research context. Our objective was to identify reasons people who have not previously disclosed their NSSI felt comfortable discussing their self-injury in research contexts. The sample consisted of 70 individuals with lived experience of self-injury who had not previously disclosed this experience outside of research (M
age = 23.04 years, SD = 5.90; 75.70% women). Using content analysis of open-ended responses, we identified three reasons participants felt comfortable discussing their NSSI in research. Most commonly, participants did not anticipate negative consequences discussing their NSSI due to the way the research was conducted (e.g., confidentiality). Second, participants valued NSSI research and wanted to contribute to such work. Third, participants referenced feeling mentally and emotionally prepared to discuss their NSSI. The findings indicate that individuals who have not previously disclosed their NSSI may wish to discuss their experience in research for a variety of reasons. Such findings highlight implications for how we foster safe spaces in research for people with lived experience of NSSI.
Integrating Psychiatric Services in the Emergency Room to Improve Patient Care by Using Quality Improvement Methods
Authors: Reinfeld Samuel , Gill Poonamdeep , Cáceda Ricardo , Batra Jaskanwar 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Prolonged length of stay in emergency departments (EDs) for patients with a psychiatric chief complaint is a widespread problem. Prolonged stays can lead to adverse outcomes and poor quality of care. We sought to improve quality of care for patients in the medical ED who needed psychiatric care. To identify the areas of weakness, we queried the ED staff via an online survey about the perception of the challenges working with our Comprehensive Psychiatric Emergency Program (CPEP), which is located adjacent to and works closely with the medical ED providing psychiatric consultation. We identified several action steps and used the Plan-Do-Study-Act methodology for implementation. We reported a reduction in time to complete consultations and improved communication between CPEP and the medical ED staff.