bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histamine-Releasing Activity (HRA)
Authors: Thueson David O. , Speck Linda S. , Lett-Brown Michael A. , Grant J. Andrew 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have recently reported the production of a histamine-releasing activity (HRA) by 1- to 2-day cultures of human mononuclear cells. Synthesis of HRA was augmented by addition of the mitogen concanavalin A or by antigens that commonly elicit cell-mediated immune responses. Since we have previously shown that histamine was released from basophils by activated complement, some of the properties of HRA and C5a were compared. No correlation between the percentage of histamine released from normal basophils by HRA or C5a was found. Anti-C5 abolished C5a-induced release, but did not inhibit the release of histamine from basophils by HRA. HRA did not resemble C3a: HRA released a higher percentage of histamine than C3a and HRA was not inhibited by anti-C3a. Pretreatment of basophils with HRA in the absence of calcium, followed by challenge with C5a, caused an augmented release of histamine by C5a. Basophils desensitized to C5a and anti-IgE released normally to HRA challenge. Basophils pretreated with HRA released normally to rechallenge with HRA.
Release of histamine from basophils by HRA was calcium-dependent and magnesium-independent. The maximal percentage of intracellular histamine was released within a few minutes after exposure to HRA. Optimal release occurred at 37°C.
HRA had an apparent m.w. of 10,000 to 15,000 daltons as determined by gel exclusion chromatography. HRA was relatively resistant to the effects of elevated temperature but was destroyed by trypsin and α-chymotrypsin. The effect of trypsin was prevented by soybean trypsin inhibitor. Nucleases and neuraminidase had no effect on HRA.
Effects of C1̄ on the Size of Soluble Immune Aggregates and on Their Processing by Macrophages
Authors: Kijlstra Aize , van Es Leendert A. , Daha Mohamed R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of isolated C1̄, the first component of complement (C), on the processing of soluble IgG aggregates by mononuclear phagocytes was studied in vitro with a homologous guinea pig system and isolated stable IgG2 aggregates. The interaction of C1̄ with IgG2 aggregates was demonstrated by the inhibition of functional C1̄ hemolytic activity and was shown to be dependent upon the number of IgG2 molecules per aggregate.
Analysis of the interaction of C1̄ with the soluble aggregates by ultracentrifugation on sucrose gradients revealed dissociation of aggregates into smaller aggregates and monomeric immunoglobulin molecules. As a consequence of this effect the processing of C1̄-treated aggregates by peritoneal macrophages or Kupffer cells was significantly decreased compared to aggregates not treated with C1̄. The decreased processing was shown to be due to an inhibited binding of the dissociated aggregates to the cells. When the aggregates were incubated with macrophages in various concentrations of fresh serum containing isolated C1̄, the inhibitory effect of C1̄ was overcome and a stimulated degradation was seen, depending upon the ratio of C1̄ to the other serum proteins. On the other hand, when aggregates had been preincubated with C1̄, subsequent addition of fresh serum could not reverse the inhibitory effect. Although competition between C1̄ and Fc receptors for the Fc parts in the immune aggregates may explain the inhibitory effect of C1̄ on the degradation of soluble immune aggregates by macrophages, dissociation of these aggregates by C1̄ is the major mechanism involved.
The Chicken's Femoral-Lymph Nodules: T and B Cells and the Immune Response
Authors: McCorkle Fred M. , Stinson R. S. , Olah I. , Glick B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Femoral lymph nodules (FLN), which are barely perceptible in normal birds, after a footpad injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) may either significantly enlarge (responder) or remain reduced in size (nonresponder). There were approximately 38% T cells and 53% B cells in the FLN of responder chickens. Significantly more plaque-forming cells (PFC) developed in the FLN than in the spleen after a footpad injection of SRBC. Total antibody, mercaptoethanol- (ME) resistant, and ME-sensitive fractions were significantly higher in birds given i.v. than in those given footpad injections. There were no differences in PFC and agglutinin titers between FLN-responders and nonresponders. The number of PFC in FLN exceeded the number of splenic PFC previously reported. The high PFC response of the FLN may reflect the large percentage of B cells in this lymphomyeloid tissue or the presence of antigen-experienced B cells in the FLN. Although FLN may influence a systemic immune response its major role appears to be restricted to a local response.
H-2-Linked Ir Gene Control of Antibody Responses to Insulin
Authors: Schroer Joyce A. , Inman John K. , Thomas James W. , Rosenthal Alan S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immune response to insulin in the mouse is under MHC-linked Ir gene control (only H-2d mice respond to pork insulin whereas H-2b, H-2d, and H-2v respond to beef insulin; H-2a, q, k, r, s respond to neither). In addition, species variants of insulin can be used to study the effects of specific amino acid exchanges on the immune response. To evaluate these effects at the cellular level, a new technique has been developed for covalently coupling insulin to SRBC. Two bifunctional reagents (methyl-4-mercaptobutyrimidate and m-maleimidobenzoyl N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) were used to prepare insulin-SRBC for use in a modified Jerne plaque assay. Nonresponder mice failed to make a significant anti-insulin IgM or IgG PFC response over the entire course of a primary response to beef (H-2k and H-2q) or pork (H-2b, H-2k and H-2q) insulin. Responder and F1 (responder × nonresponder) mice make mostly IgG anti-insulin PFC with about 50% being IgG1 and 50% IgG2. Extensive cross-reactivity between beef and pork insulin after immunization with one insulin was found at the antibody-secreting cell level. Control of the response of H-2b mice to DNP-beef insulin has been mapped previously in either the K or I-A region. The present study maps the control of the H-2b PFC response to native beef insulin in this same region(s).
Susceptibility of CBA/N Mice to Infection with Salmonella Typhimurium: Influence of the X-Linked Gene Controlling B Lymphocyte Function
Authors: O'Brien Alison D. , Scher Irwin , Campbell Gary H. , MacDermott Richard P. , Formal Samuel B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
CBA/N mice have an X-linked immune defect that is associated with the absence of a subpopulation of mature or late developing B lymphocytes. The effect of this B cell defect on susceptibility of mice to Salmonella typhimurium was investigated. The 50% lethal dose (LD50) of S. typhimurium for CBA/N mice was 1000-fold less than for the immunologically normal, histocompatible CBA/CaHN strain. Genetic analysis revealed that the susceptibility of the CBA/N strain to S. typhimurium, like the immune defect, was X-linked since immune-defective F1 male mice derived from crosses between CBA/N and immunologically normal strains were susceptible to S. typhimurium (LD50 ≤ 20), whereas immunologically normal F1 males and females derived from these matings were resistant (LD50 ≥ 5 × 103). By contrast, both immune-defective and normal F1 mice were resistant to another facultative intracellular parasite, Listeria monocytogenes. Deaths among the immune-defective mice occurred primarily late in the course of infection (&gt;10 days) whereas deaths of immunologically normal, S. typhimurium-susceptible strains (e.g., C57BL/6 and BALB/c) occurred early in the infectious process. To determine if the increased susceptibility of B cell-defective mice to S. typhimurium and the expression of the X-linked immune-deficiency gene (xid) were actually linked, F2 and backcross mice were phenotyped for the immune defect by measuring serum IgM levels and then challenged with the organism. Although no formal linkage was established, there was a close correlation between low serum IgM levels and susceptibility, since 93% of such mice succumbed to infection. These studies suggest that B cells play an important role in those events that govern the development of resistance to S. typhimurium late in the course of infection.
Tumor-Specific Immunity Induced by Somatic Hybrids
Authors: Kim Byung S. , Liang Weitze , Cohen Edward P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hybrid clones were derived from fusion of TEPC-15 plasmacytoma cells of BALB/c mice with mouse L cells of C3H origin. The morphology, tumorigenicity, and immunogenicity of three representative clones were extensively studied. One clone (LTC-1) showed a morphology intermediated to that of either parental cell and possessed the highest tumorigenic and immunogenic properties. The other two clones displayed a “flat” morphology which differed significantly from that of either parent. One of these two, LTC-4, eventually induced tumors in some (BALB/c × C3H)F1 mice but failed to stimulate protective immunity against TEPC-15 tumor cells in BALB/c mice. The other hybrid clone, LTC-2, has a “very flat” morphology and did not induce tumors, although it was capable of stimulating a significant level of tumor immunity. Histologically, all the tumors induced by hybrid cells were fibrosarcomas rather than plasmacytomas. These results indicate that the morphology of hybrid cells may be correlated with the tumorigenicity as well as the histologic appearance of tumor. In addition, the degree of tumorigenicity of individual hybrid clones does not correspond to their immunogenicity in the host, suggesting that major antigens responsible for immunogenicity may not play an important role in induction of tumors.
Nature of the Stimulus Leading to Lymphocyte-Induced Angiogenesis
Authors: Auerbach Robert , Sidky Younan A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experiments are described that characterize the nature of the stimulus leading to lymphocyte-induced angiogenesis (LIA), a reaction previously shown to reflect a local in vivo graft-vs-host reaction. The studies demonstrate that circulating cells of the host animals provide the stimulation essential for activation of donor lymphocytes and that the major allogeneic stimulus in congenic lines of mice is correlated with I-region disparity, primarily associated with IA-controlled determinants. The results are readily compartible with the hypothesis that is proposed that LIA is in large part the consequence of the release of soluble mediators or lymphokines that may act either directly on endothelial cells or indirectly by activating macrophages, which in turn generate the vascular reaction.
Natural NK-Cell Targets in the Mouse Thymus: Characteristics of the Sensitive Cell Population
Authors: Hansson Mona , Kärre Klas , Kiessling Rolf , Roder John , Andersson Birger , Häyry Pekka 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In a previous study thymocytes from young mice less than 3 weeks old, especially those of NK low reactive genotypes, were found sensitive for NK-mediated lysis. This phenomenon has been further explored in the present study in which the NK-sensitive thymocyte population of young strain A/Sn mice has been characterized.
Injection of suckling A/Sn mice with cortisone drastically decreased sensitivity of the remaining medullary thymus cells for NK lysis, whereas sensitivity for lysis by anti-H-2-educated CTL blasts was enhanced. The NK-sensitive population repopulated the thymus after cortisone treatment 2 to 4 days earlier than the majority of the thymocytes. In vitro treatment of thymocytes with fresh rabbit or guinea pig serum, known to kill cortical thymocytes, also abolished the NK sensitivity, while sensitivity for allospecific CTL was increased. Depletion of thymocytes bearing receptors for the peanut agglutinin (PNA) strongly reduced the sensitivity of the remaining thymocytes for NK lysis, as well as for lysis by guinea pig and rabbit serum. Fractionation of thymocytes on a 1 × G velocity sedimentation gradient revealed a distinct sensitive peak sedimenting approximately 5 mm/hr whereas the majority of the thymocytes sedimented at the 3 to 4 mm/hr region. Morphologic studies confirmed that the majority of the NK-sensitive cells were large and rapidly dividing, indicating also by the high spontaneous incorporation of 3H thymidine into these 1 × G fractions. Free-flow electrophoresis analysis revealed that the NK-sensitive thymocytes distributed between the majority of the thymocytes and the rapidly migrating, more negatively charged medullary thymocyte.
Taken together, these results show that the NK sensitive “natural” target is a minor population of the thymus, clearly distinguishable from the majority of the cortical as well as medullary thymocytes.
Preparation of an Antibody to Mouse Serum IgD
Authors: Finkelman Fred D. , Kessler Steven W. , Scher Irwin 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Mice have recently been shown to have serum IgD. We have used affinity chromatography to partially purify mouse serum IgD, and have prepared a rabbit antiserum against this mouse Ig class. This antiserum, once adsorbed by IgD-depleted mouse serum bound to Sepharose, was isotype specific as determined by radioimmunoassay and fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis, and bound to the same splenic lymphocyte surface molecules as a hybridoma produced monoclonal anti-mouse δ antibody.
Ultrastructural Localization of J Chain in Human Intestinal Mucosa
Authors: Nagura Hiroshi , Brandtzaeg Per , Nakane Paul K. , Brown William R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
J chains were localized by immunoperoxidase cytochemistry in the intestinal mucosa of immunologically intact patients and of patients with immunoglobulin deficiency and associated intestinal nodular lymphoid hyperplasia. J chains were present in an aggregate of lymphocytes from one of two immunologically intact patients and in lymphoid nodules from two of five immunodeficient patients. Ultrastructurally, the J chains were localized to the perinuclear spaces and endoplasmic reticulum of the lymphocytes, but not to the plasma membranes. A few of the J chain-containing cells resembled activated lymphocytes, but most corresponded to less mature cells with IgM expressed on their surface membranes. J chains were present also in numerous plasma cells in the lamina propria of the immunologically intact patients and in a few plasma cells in the immunodeficient patients. The J chains in plasma cells were localized to the perinuclear spaces and endoplasmic reticulum, and infrequently to elements of the Golgi apparatus. Acid-urea treatment of the plasma cells intensified the reactions for J chains in the endoplasmic reticulum, but did not reveal additional evidence of J chains in Golgi organelles. J chains were not seen in columnar epithelial cells before acid-urea treatment, but afterward, J chains as well as IgA, IgM, and secretory component were found on basolateral plasma membranes and in intracellular vesicles.
The findings indicate that: 1) J chains in B lymphocytes may appear before distinct morphologic evidence of blast transformation; 2) J chains may combine with immunoglobulin polymers in the endoplasmic reticulum of lymphoid cells; 3) J chain-containing immunoglobulin polymers probably are continually in complex with secretory component, their membrane-bound receptor, during transit across intestinal epithelial cells.
Control of Vκ Expression in the Mouse
Authors: Claflin J. Latham , Wei Shaio-Ping L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Somatic cell hybrids were produced between a myeloma cell line of MPC11 and spleen cells from AKR and BALB/c mice immunized with the PC-containing bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae R36A. Among the PC-specific hybridomas examined, 24 of 26 (92%) of BALB/c and 19 of 30 (57%) of AKR expressed idiotypic determinants and L chains characteristic of a major conserved clonotype in mice, the T15 clonotype. This compares favorably with percent of T15 idiotype-positive antibody and B cells found in the anti-PC repertoire of these two strains. Previous studies have described two genetic variants of the T15 clonotype L chain, Igk-Pcb (BALB/c) and Igk-Pca (AKR), which appear to be controlled by an autosomal locus linked to Ly-3. All of the T15-positive BALB/c hybridomas expressed L chains bearing the Vκ marker, IgK-Pc-B as expected. All of the T15-positive AKR hybridomas, except one, expressed the IgK-Pc-A marker. The exception was a hybridoma, F10-1 expressing a T15 clonotype L chain, Pc-“B,” whose electrophoretic and antigenic characteristics were indistinguishable from Pc-B. The implication of this finding is discussed in relation to known examples of nonallelic behavior of immunoglobulin allotypes.
Relationship between Lymphocyte Proliferation and Tumor-Specific Cytotoxicity after Immune RNA Treatment
Authors: Wang Bosco Shang , Mannick John A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal mouse lymphocytes were converted to effector cells cytolytic to syngeneic mouse tumor cells in vitro by incubating these lymphocytes with immune RNA (I-RNA) extracted from the lymphoid tissues of guinea pigs immunized with the same mouse tumor. This effect was tumor specific, RNase sensitive, and DNase and pronase resistant. These I-RNA-incubated lymphocytes were also able to undergo proliferation when they were co-cultured with specific tumor cells in tissue culture. Treatment with mitomycin C completely inhibited the blast transformation of I-RNA-incubated lymphocytes in response to specific tumor antigen, whereas the cytotoxic activity of mitomycin C-treated lymphocytes was not affected. There was no significant alteration in cytotoxic capability when lymphocytes were cultured for 0, 24, 48, or 72 hr after I-RNA incubation before testing. The time necessary for I-RNA-incubated lymphocytes to kill specific target cells was not different whether the lymphocytes had been cultured for 48 hr or tested immediately after I-RNA treatment. These results suggest that a proliferative step is not necessary after I-RNA treatment for lymphocytes to manifest tumor-specific cytotoxicity and that I-RNA may act upon at least two different sets of lymphocytes; one undergoing cellular proliferation in response to specific tumor antigen and the other manifesting tumor-specific cellular cytotoxicity.
Macrophage Restriction of Marek's Disease Virus Replication and Lymphoma Cell Proliferation
Authors: Lee Lucy F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Macrophages are shown to restrict the replication of Marek's disease virus (MDV) and isotope uptake by spleen cells from chickens bearing Marek's disease (MD) tumors. The titer of virus from duck embryo fibroblasts (DEF) co-cultivation with MDV-spleen cells pretreated to deplete marcophages was 4- to 18-fold higher than with untreated cells. Treated MDV-spleen cells increased isotope uptake by 2-fold. These restrictive activities are attributable to macrophage regulation of cell proliferation.
Cellular and Humoral Immune Reactivity to Tumor-Associated Antigens in Chickens Infected with Rous Sarcoma Virus
Authors: Hall Michael R. , Qualtiere Louis F. , Meyers Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
With a leukocyte blastogenesis assay and 3 M KCl extracts of chicken cells infected or infected and transformed by various avian tumor viruses (ATV), the time course of development of cellular reactivity in RSV tumor-bearing chickens to antigens expressed on these cell types was examined. Leukocyte reactivity to mitogens in RSV-injected birds was also investigated. Similarly, humoral responses to ATV-antigens and virus-induced antigens were assessed over time, by measuring the development of antiviral neutralizing antibody, as well as antibody to cell surface antigens on various cell types, by means of an isotopic antiglobulin test (IAT). There were no differences in phytohemmaglutinin responsiveness between the leukocytes of RSV-injected birds and control birds, but responses to pokeweed mitogen were sometimes elevated in RSV-injected animals. Cellular immunity to 3 M KCl extracts, principally to those extracts containing structural components of the virus envelope, developed between 3 and 5 weeks post-injection, during tumor growth and regression, and then declined, although the immune response could be restimulated by virus rechallenge. For the most part, responses to nonvirion tumor-specific surface antigen (TSSA) was weak except after RSV rechallenge. Humoral reactivity as measured by IAT also seemed to correlate well with the presence of virus envelope antigens (VEA) on infected indicator cells and appeared before antiviral neutralizing antibody. The data indicated that, at least during the primary response, major immune reactivity in RSV-injected birds appeared to be directed against VEA and that TSSA appeared to be most immunogenic when VEA was also present.
PPD-Induced Immunoglobulin Production in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
Authors: Nishikawa Shin-Ichi , Hirata Takeo , Izumi Takateru 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We investigated the relationship between PPD-reactive helper T cells and PWM-reactive helper T cells in polyclonal Ig production of human PBL. Elimination of PPD-reactive T cells by BUdR + light treatment resulted in a loss of helper function in PPD-induced Ig production, but had no effect on helper function in PWM-induced Ig production. On the other hand, elimination of PWM-reactive T cells resulted in a loss of helper function in both PPD-induced Ig production and PWM-induced Ig production.
A blast cell-enriched fraction that was generated by PPD and separated by the velocity sedimentation method contained helper function in both responses. On the other hand, blast cell-depleted fractions did not contain PPD-reactive helper function, although the PWM-reactive helper function was evident.
These results strongly suggest that PPD-reactive helper T cells are included in PWM-reactive helper T cells.
The Cytolytic T Lymphocyte Response to Trinitrophenyl-Modified Syngeneic Cells
Authors: Finberg Robert , Greene Mark I. , Benacerraf Baruj , Burakoff Steven J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice were primed subcutaneously with trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified syngeneic spleen cells. Seven days later, spleen cells from these in vivo primed mice, or spleen cells from naive mice, were co-cultured with TNP-modified syngeneic cells. Spleen cells from the in vivo primed mice demonstrated augmented cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity. The spleens of these in vivo primed mice contained a population of radioresistant, antigen-specific, helper T cells. Specifically, spleen cells from these mice, after x-irradiation, were able to augment the in vitro CTL response of normal spleen cells to TNP-modified syngeneic cells.