bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellular Factors in Resistance to Acute Bacterial Infection
Authors: Miya Fred , Marcus Stanley , Perkins Eugene H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Both in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of cellular factors in specific resistance to acute bacterial disease agents have been reported. The Warburg apparatus was used in the in vitro experiments and it was found that changes in oxygen uptake could be correlated with the fate (death or proliferation) of the organisms ingested by normal or “immune” phagocytes.
Under the conditions of the experiments it has been demonstrated that phagocytes obtained from animals actively immunized against acute bacterial agents have enhanced functional capacity independent of demonstrable antibody. This enhanced activity may play a dominant role in host defense in cases where antibacterial resistance cannot be correlated with antibody titers.
Enhancement of the Mouse Virulence of a Non-Vi Variant of Salmonella Typhosa by Vi Antigen
Authors: Gaines Sidney , Tully Joseph G. , Tigertt William D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Vi antigen was shown to be a major factor in the virulence of S. typhosa for mice. Employing the intracerebral route of infection and V and W variants of the Ty2 strain, it was observed that the Vi-containing culture was approximately 40 times more lethal than the variant devoid of this antigen.
The lethality of the W form was markedly increased when it was administered simultaneously with isolated, purified Vi antigen, and this virulence enhancement was shown to be specific. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that isolated Vi antigen did not become incorporated in the bacterial cell during the infectious process, and that this substance need not be an integral part of the bacterial cell in order to contribute to virulence.
Enhancement of the virulence of the W cells appeared to be due, at least in part, to the ability of Vi antigen to enhance the rate of increase in numbers of the infecting inoculum in vivo.
Observations on the Complement-Fixing Antibody Response to Poliovirus in Patients with Certain Coxsackie and Echo Virus Infections
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Schmidt Nathalie J. , Magoffin Robert L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sera of 579 patients with laboratory evidence of Coxsackie, ECHO, mumps, herpes simplex, WEE, SLE, or unidentified enterovirus infections were tested against unheated poliomyelitis complement-fixing (CF) antigens. Only 26 of these individuals manifested a 4-fold or greater rise in poliovirus antibody, and in four instances the antibody rises were attributable to a recent poliomyelitis vaccination or to dual infection. The titers of the heterologous antibody were generally low.
It was observed that a high proportion (18%) of the patients with ECHO 9 virus infection and with no evidence of a dual infection or of vaccination against poliomyelitis, showed 4-fold or greater rises in CF antibody titer to the polioviruses. This was the only nonpoliovirus showing definite evidence of a possible sharing of common antigen(s) with the polioviruses.
Certain Biological Characteristics of Adenovirus Types 5, 6, 7 and 14
Authors: Denny Floyd W. , Ginsberg Harold S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Adenovirus types 5, 6, 7 and 14 were studied with respect to the quantitative reaction with antiserum, the length of the latent period of the initial multiplication cycle, and the production of infectious virus per HeLa cell; the results of the experiments were compared with similar studies done with adenovirus types 1–4. Types 5 and 6 were found to be similar to types 1 and 2 and types 7 and 14 were similar to types 3 and 4. These studies confirm earlier data which indicated that adenoviruses could be subdivided into at least two subgroups by certain biologic characteristics. In addition, it was demonstrated that adenovirus types 5, 6, 7 and 14 were quite stable for at least 1 week when stored at 36°C at pH 6.5 and pH 7.5, and that these viruses dissociated poorly from infected HeLa cells. These properties are similar to those determined for adenovirus types 1–4.
A New Model to Study Hematopoietic Transplantation Antigens
Authors: Celada Franco , Makinodan T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method for the study of hematopoietic transplantation antigens is described. It seems to fulfill the requirements for an immunochemical bioassay, i.e., to be simple, sensitive and quantitative. The procedure is as follows: a) Recipient mice are primed with varying doses of homologous donor antigens, and donors with sheep RBC antigen. b) Ten days later the recipients are exposed to 800 r and injected intravenously with 24 × 106 spleen cells of the donor, followed by intraperitoneal injection of sheep RBC. c) Anti-sheep RBC titer is determined 6 days later and compared with the titer of nonprimed controls.
The RD50 (the dose of priming donor antigen capable of stimulating the host to reject 50% of the donor spleen cells) is 6 × 102 for viable bone marrow cells, 4 × 104 for bone marrow cells killed with x-rays, 1 × 105 for liver cells, and 5 × 105 for testicular cells. No priming potency was found with even 107 RBC.
Effect of Humoral Factors on in Vitro Phagocytic and Cytopeptic Activities of Normal and “Immune” Phagocytes
Authors: Miya Fred , Marcus Stanley 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Candida guilliermondi cells labeled with P32 were used in an in vitro system for quantitating phagocytosis and cytopepsis rates by mouse peritoneal phagocytes. In this system the optimal concentration of guinea pig serum was determined to be 12.5% (66 C′ units/ml of buffer). Complement was not significantly inactivated at 37°C for 24 hr in serum concentrations of 25 and 12.5%, but a loss of 50% activity occurred when a serum concentration of 2.5% was employed.
Yeast phase Histoplasma capsulatum cells labeled with P32 were used in a series of experiments to study the effects of humoral factors on the ingestive and digestive activities in vitro of peritoneal phagocytes obtained from normal and immunized mice. Among humoral factors studied by this technique were complement, properdin and antibody. In all cases, a heat labile component (complement and/or properdin) not only enhanced phagocytic rates by normal and “immune” phagocytes but caused a significant enhancement of the digestive activities of the “immune” cells as compared to the normal phagocytes. Specific antibody did not appear to play any significant role in phagocytosis or cytopepsis activities of normal or “immune” phagocytes when a chronic disease agent, H. capsulatum, was used as the P32-labeled organism.
Studies on the Nonspecific Precipitation of Basic Serum Proteins with γ-Glutamyl Polypeptides
Authors: Leonard C. Gomez , Thorne Curtis B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Efforts to identify antibodies to γ-d-glutamyl polypeptide in sera from rabbits injected with encapsulated cells of Bacillus anthracis were unsuccessful. Antisera to a variety of antigens unrelated to B. anthracis, as well as sera from rabbits injected with B. anthracis, contained basic proteins which reacted with the polypeptide when tested by the usual serologic techniques including the precipitin, agar diffusion, and complement fixation reactions. The nonspecific reactions occurred most strongly in water and decreased in sensitivity with increasing concentrations of NaCl. Positive reactions were also given by all these techniques when egg white lysozyme was substituted for antiserum. DNA precipitated most of the material in serum that reacted with polypeptide and similarly, polypeptide precipitated the material that reacted with DNA. The complexes formed between DNA and serum proteins or egg white lysozyme also fixed complement.
Most of the serum protein that reacted with γ-D-glutamyl polypeptide could be removed by adsorbing on Bentonite. The amount of nonspecific protein precipitable with γ-d-glutamyl polypeptide increased in serum following injection of a variety of antigens. Serum lysozyme is believed to account for part of the nonspecific protein.
The use of egg white lysozyme conjugated with fluorescent dye for staining encapsulated cells of B. anthracis is described. The reaction with egg white lysozyme can be used for the rapid detection of low concentrations of glutamyl polypeptide.
Me, a Blood Factor Common to the Antigenic Properties M and He
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Rosenfield Richard E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A rabbit antiserum has been described which detects a blood factor shared by blood having either the M or the He antigens. This finding again points up the multiplicity of blood factors corresponding to any single antigen. Failure to allow for such complexities can lead to serious errors in M-N typing, with resulting false exclusions of paternity in medicolegal cases.
Quantitative Hemagglutination Inhibition Studies of Blood Group Substances
Authors: Gibbs Mary B. , Laffer Norman C. , Dunne Charles J. , Akeroyd Joseph H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Comparative quantitative hemagglutination inhibition studies of the reactions of human anti-A with hog A substance have demonstrated differences in behavior of isoagglutinins in sera from individuals without known antigenic stimulus and those induced in normal subjects by either hog or human A substances. The naturally occurring isoagglutinins were characterized by a) hemagglutination inhibition log-probit assay curves of low slope, b) the requirement for larger doses of hog A to inhibit their hemagglutinating capacities, and c) possibly the ready dissociation of complexes formed with hog A substance. The isoagglutinins in nine antihog A sera were shown to be identical in nature whereas a marked variation was observed in the characters of anti-A isoagglutinins naturally occurring in the sera of 13 group B individuals.
Studies on Abh-Like Antigens and “O-Cell Agglutinins” in Cattle, Sheep, Goat and Buffalo
Authors: Bhatia H. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
New data are given on the occurrence of A-like, B-like and H-like antigens on the red cells and corresponding agglutinins in the serum of cattle, sheep, goats and buffalo. Many of the animal sera were found to contain agglutinins relatively specific for human A, B and H antigens. Agglutinins reacting more strongly with O cells were studied in some detail. They could always be classified by the inhibition test with human saliva into anti-H and “anti-O.” The significance of the results is discussed.
Differences Among Virus Populations Recovered from Mice Vaccinated with an Attenuated Strain of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus
Authors: Hearn Henry J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The differences among virus populations that were recovered after the vaccination of mice with an attenuated strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus were investigated. Large quantities of virus were recovered from spleen and liver tissues; smaller amounts were isolated from the brain. During the first 24 hr, virus populations recovered from all three tissues contained a majority of nonlethal, immunizing particles which gave higher titers in L cells than in mice. Such virus preparations resembled the attenuated vaccine virus strain with respect to the degree of virulence for mice and in the small size of the plaques produced on chick fibroblasts. At 72 hr, virus particles lethal for mice by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route appeared in spleen tissue and a small percentage of plaques, larger in size than those produced by the attenuated strain were found. Such virus populations, therefore, showed properties similar to those shown by the virulent parent virus from which the attenuated strain was derived. In contrast, liver and brain tissue taken from vaccinated mice yielded only virus which was nonlethal when tested i.p. and which produced only small plaques. Despite the presence of virulent virus in spleen, demonstrable after subinoculation, no signs of clinical illness were observed in any of the vaccinated mice.
Characteristics of Echo 4 (Shropshire) Virus Isolated during Epidemic of Aseptic Meningitis
Authors: Barron Almen L. , Karzon David T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Neutralization tests using hyperimmune monkey antisera or human sera in test tube cultures or by plaque reduction demonstrated antigenic similarity between the Buffalo strains as represented by Shropshire and the prototype ECHO 4 virus. The viruses could be distinguished serologically by the same methods using hyperimmune antisera prepared in rabbits. ECHO 4 antibody response in patients was measured by two methods: a) tube tissue culture neutralization tests employing strain DuToit which was found to be well neutralized by ECHO 4 antibody, and b) plaque reduction tests using either Shropshire or prototype ECHO 4 virus.
Studies of the Determinant Antigens of Viable Cells
Authors: Roizman Bernard , Roane Philip R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Human epidermoid carcinoma No. 2 (HEp-2) cells infected with herpes simplex virus and treated with rabbit anti-HEp-2 serum and fresh guinea pig complement failed to produce plaques when seeded on HEp-2 monolayer cultures. Antiserum alone or complement alone were ineffective. This observation is in accord with the concept that virus multiplication requires viable cells. This method for studying immune cytolysis was used to differentiate in a quantitative fashion between intact cells and cells injured by the combined action of antibody and complement. The test system was suitable for titration of complement and for evaluation of the relationship between the number of cells in the test system and the amount of antibody required to reduce the plaque count by 50%.
The sole function of infected cells was to provide a measurement of the fraction of the test population that remained viable after exposure to antibody and complement. Infected and noninfected cells reacted equally well with antibody and complement. The differentiation of viable from nonviable cells was not affected by the type of monolayer cell culture used for enumeration of infective centers.
Comparative studies were made of stock HEp-2 cells and progeny of survivors of cells grown in the presence of antibody and treated with antibody and complement. Lower complement titers were observed in tests employing the progeny of cells which survived exposure to antibody and complement. However, it is not known whether the altered reactivity of these cells is a manifestation of increased resistance to immune injury or altered antigenic structure.
Antigenic Cross-Reactivity between 7 S and 19 S Rabbit γ-Globulin
Authors: Thorbecke G. Jeannette , Franklin Edward C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunoelectrophoretic analyses of rabbit γ-globulin preparations containing varying amounts of the 19 S fraction have shown that 19 S and 7 S γ-globulin form cross-reacting arcs of different electrophoretic mobility. Pure preparations of 19 S γ-globulin were also shown to cross-react with 7 S γ-globulin in Ouchterlony plates. With an appropriate antiserum both proteins demonstrate spurs, indicating individual as well as common antigenicity.
Absorption of a sheep antiserum to 7 S γ-globulin with fragment III (papain digestion) does not affect the line formed with the 19 S fraction but removes the spur formed by the 7 S fraction.
Absorption of this antiserum with fragments I and II removes the 19 S are but leaves the 7 S line. This demonstrates that 7 S and 19 S rabbit γ-globulin share some of the antigenic groups associated with the antibody carrying fragments of the 7 S molecule.
Demonstration of Brucella Antibodies in Human Serum
Authors: Biegeleisen Joseph Z. , Bradshaw Betsy R. , Moody Max D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Brucella antibody titers were determined on 96 human serum specimens by the conventional tube agglutination and indirect fluorescent antibody tests. The agglutinin titers were routinely higher than those obtained by the fluorescence technique, but fluorescence always was observed when the serums contained antibodies demonstrable by agglutination tests. Comparisons were made of the titers obtained by both methods and their significance was discussed.
The Effect of Specific Antibodies on Xanthine Oxidase from Various Sources
Authors: Ultmann John E. , Feigelson Philip , Harris Susanne 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified rabbit antibodies were prepared against native and thermally denatured bovine cream xanthine oxidase (Cr.X.O.). Each antibody reacted with lines of identity to both enzymes when tested in the Ouchterlony plate. Similar cross-reactions were demonstrated in liquid precipitin tests with concomitant inhibition of enzyme activity by either antibody. Neither the substrate, xanthine, nor the competitive inhibitor, 4-amino-6-hydroxypyrazolo-(3,4-d)pyrimidine, both of which combine with the active center of the enzyme, prevented the antigen-antibody interaction. Thus, physical or chemical modifications of the active center of the enzyme do not influence its immunologic specificity, indicating that antibodies are not formed primarily to the active center of the enzyme. The retention of considerable catalytic activity by the enzyme-antibody precipitate indicates that steric blockade of the active center by proximal binding of the antibodies is incomplete.
A technique for continuously measuring the rate of antigen-antibody precipitation and residual enzyme activity has been described. At equivalence, the rate of precipitation was most rapid and the catalysis of xanthine by bovine Cr.X.O. was maximally reduced, with residual enzyme activity localized mainly in the precipitate.
Species specificity was shown by the absence of interaction between antibody to bovine Cr.X.O. and rat liver xanthine oxidase. These antibodies, however, did cross-react with xanthine oxidase isolated from various bovine tissues and from human liver.
Studies on the Immune Response of Guinea Pigs to the Envelope Substance of Pasteurella Pestis
Authors: Walker Richard V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
According to fluorescent antibody observations, Fraction I injected in oil persisted in guinea pigs for 186 to 210 days. Its distribution detected with fluorescent antibody and by radioactivity differed. The latter suggested combination with antibody resulting in catabolism by the liver, elimination by the kidneys and brief storage in bone marrow not seen with fluorescent antibody. Only fixed reticular macrophages and fibroblasts were observed to ingest the antigen. It was not stored long in these cells. Many vessels, sinuses and other microscopic cavities were lined with a thick coating of the antigen. The last appearance in antibody producing centers was in the germinal centers of Flemming. Partial immunity developed 3 months after primary injection and could be restimulated at 6 months. Immunounresponsiveness of guinea pigs to Fraction I in oil was temporary; eventually a partial immunity arose.
Studies of Viruses of the Tick Borne Encephalitis Complex
Authors: Morse Leonard J. , Russ Sudie B. , Needy Charles F. , Buescher Edward L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three overt human infections with Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) virus directly related to laboratory contact are described. Each case was proved serologically, and in two KFD virus was isolated from blood. The epidemiologic association with laboratory exposure is described, and complete immunologic investigation of all potentially infected persons was made to determine the etiology of observed disease. Differences in serologic response to active disease, modified disease, and subclinical infection are presented. This study provides additional interpretable information concerning the significance of heterologous antibodies to subsequent infection with other Group B arthropod borne viruses.
The Bactericidal Activity of Human Serum Against Escherichia Coli
Authors: Waisbren Burton A. , Brown Imogene 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The bactericidal activity of human sera against Escherichia coli was studied. An inverse relationship between the number of E. coli present and the bactericidal activity of serum was established. Significant differences in the bactericidal potency of serum from different individuals and in the resistances to the bactericidal activity of serum of different strains of E. coli were found. The bactericidal activity was found to be heat labile and not restored by addition of fresh guinea pig sera.
Sera drawn from different age groups did not vary significantly in bactericidal activity. There were no gross differences between the bactericidal activities of sera drawn from limited numbers of patients with cirrhosis, diabetes, pyelonephritis and carcinoma, and control sera.
Studies of a Myxovirus Isolated from Human Blood
Authors: Hsiung G. D. , Isacson Peter , McCollum Robert W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Using agar overlaid primate cell cultures, a plaque-forming agent was obtained from human whole blood whereas cytopathic effects were not evident in parallel fluid cultures. This agent, termed the DA virus, was classified as a myxovirus and was found to have biologic properties similar to those of the mumps-NDV group. Using techniques of neutralization of infectivity either by plaque reduction or by hemadsorption-inhibition the DA virus was found to be antigenically distinct from influenza A, B and C, Newcastle disease, and parainfluenza 1, 2, 3 and 4 viruses. Some degree of antigenic similarity was found to mumps virus. A complete serologic cross-reaction was found between the DA virus and the SA and SV-5 viruses. Normal monkeys were found to have antibodies to the DA virus while in captivity.
Studies of a Myxovirus Isolated from Human Blood
Authors: Isacson Peter , McCollum Robert W. , Hsiung G. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When DA virus was allowed to absorb to erythrocytes and spontaneously elute from them, the erythrocytes were altered so that they became agglutinable by sera from animals immunized against the DA virus. When erythrocytes were treated with RDE in a fashion designed to mimic the action of the DA virus enzyme, the erythrocytes became agglutinable by sera from animals immunized against the DA virus. The agglutinin of DA virus-treated erythrocytes (anti-CSA) and the agglutinin of RDE-treated erythrocytes (RDE agglutinin) were shown to be separate factors by cross absorption with DA virus and RDE-treated erythrocytes and by differences in response in chimpanzees after immunization with killed DA virus and intravenous inoculation of autologous erythrocytes treated in vitro with RDE. On the basis of the data presented it is suggested that the anti-CSA arose as an antibody to the DA virus and the RDE agglutinin arose as an antibody response to host cells modified in vivo by the action of DA viral enzyme.
Studies of a Myxovirus Isolated from Human Blood
Authors: Isacson Peter , McCollum Robert W. , Hsiung G. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Serologic responses to the DA virus were investigated in cases of human viral hepatitis from two sources; an epidemic of infectious hepatitis occurring among U. S. Naval personnel stationed in the Naples area, and human volunteer recipients of known infectious hepatitis virus, strain Akiba. Antibodies to the DA virus as measured by hemagglutination-inhibition or neutralization of infectivity were more common in jaundiced cases from the Naples epidemic than from comparable controls, and 4-fold or greater rises in hemagglutination-inhibition titers were found in serial sera from 9 of 26 cases. No changes in titer using these tests were found in serial sera from Akiba recipients. Sera from jaundiced cases from the Naples epidemic and sera from Akiba recipients were shown to possess the ability to agglutinate chick erythrocytes treated with the DA virus (anti-CSA). In sera from the Naples epidemic, the anti-CSA was found to most closely resemble an antibody against DA viral antigen which had been deposited on the treated erythrocytes. The anti-CSA in Akiba recipient sera was found to most closely resemble an antibody against erythrocytes which had been antigenically modified by the action of RDE from either bacterial or viral sources.