bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wetland soil carbon storage exceeds uplands in an urban natural area (Florida, USA)
Authors: Bennett Jennifer D. , Chambers Lisa 
Published: April 2023

Context Urban greenspaces and natural areas are often recognised for their cultural services, but may also provide ecological services, including carbon (C) sequestration and storage. Aims This study investigated the strength of the relationship between easily discernable ecosystem characteristics (e.g. topographic position, vegetation, and soil type) and soil C storage, and evaluated common conversion factors and methodologies used in soil C inventories. Methods Sixty-seven full-depth (up to 5 m) soil cores were collected across nine community types in University of Central Florida’s Arboretum (Orlando, Florida, USA) and were analysed for bulk density, organic matter (OM) content, total C, and total nitrogen (N). Key results Wetlands stored an average of 16 times more C than uplands and C density increased with soil depth. A 70% underestimation of soil C stocks would have occurred if sampling stopped at 50 cm. A strong linear relationship between soil C and OM supports the use of a 0.56 (C:OM) conversion factor for estimating soil organic C. Conclusions The presence of wetlands is the key predictor of soil C and N storage, but the magnitude of storage varies widely among wetlands. Overall, the 225-ha study area stored 85 482 ± 3365 Mg of soil C. Implications Urban natural areas should be evaluated for their ecosystem services separately from their surrounding developed land use/land cover with consideration for C storage potential. Leveraging topographic position, a site-specific soil OM conversion factor, and depth to refusal testing can increase the accuracy and cost-effectiveness of soil C inventories.
Effect of flame zone depth on the correlation of flame length with fireline intensity
Authors: Finney Mark A. , Grumstrup Torben P. 
Published: April 2023

Background Previously established correlations of flame length L with fireline intensity IB are based on theory and data which showed that flame zone depth D of a line fire could be neglected if L was much greater than D. Aims We evaluated this correlation for wildland fires where D is typically a non-negligible proportion of L (i.e. roughly L/D < ~2). Methods Experiments were conducted to measure flame length L from line-source fires using a gas burner where IB and D were controlled independently (0.014 ≤ L/D ≤ 13.6). Key results The resulting correlation showed D significantly reduced L for a given IB over the entire range of observations and was in accord with independent data from spreading fires. Flame length is reduced because the horizontal extent of deep flame zones entrains more air for combustion than assumed by theory involving only the vertical flame profile. Conclusions Analysis suggested that the noted variability among published correlations of L with IB may be partly explained by varying L/D ratios typical of wildland fires. Implications Fire behaviour modelling that relies on correlations of L with IB for scaling of heat transfer processes would likely benefit by including the effects of D.
Explorations of knitted shape memory alloy actuation behavior under high loads via finite element analyses and experimental studies
Authors: Stroud H , Hartl D 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The properties of shape memory alloy (SMA) wires have long been leveraged across a variety of industries. While the response of such SMA forms implemented as straight axial actuators is well understood, curved and complex configurations such as knits have received far less attention. Considering 2D configurations, it is well known that knits exhibit more in-plane compliance than weaves and meshes, the curved wires comprising the former being much more flexible than the straight wire segments in the latter. In addition, knitted structures are uniquely highly tailorable. Knitting techniques and patterns developed in the textile industry allow for variable materials and geometries in the same structure, allowing for a large range of tailored macro-structure responses. Existing efforts to model the behavior of knitted SMA structures are lacking; though finite element analysis (FEA) models have been presented for knit SMAs, these models either only consider superelastic SMA behavior, or, in those that account for actuation behavior, the applied load conditions studied are insufficient to fully leverage the thermally induced strain recoverability of SMAs. This work seeks to develop and validate a finite element model for the actuation of SMA knitted structures where individual SMA wire components are axially stressed to more than 100 MPa. A representative volume element is developed for a common knit pattern, and macro-structure responses are explored and compared with experiments. This research provides a foundation for better understanding fundamental capabilities and responses of knitted SMA structures, allowing for better design, functionality, and customizability of the applications into which they are incorporated, enabling development of unique soft actuators. A shape-set sample examined herein generated 13% extension (analogous to strain) and recovered more that 6% under a load associated with 100 MPa stress in a straight wire, and a sample knit off-the-spool generated over 20% extension and recovered 9% for the same load.
Timescale separation in the coordinated switching of bacterial flagellar motors
Authors: Yue Guanhua , Zhang Rongjing , Yuan Junhua 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The output of the bacterial chemotaxis signaling pathway, the level of the intracellular regulator CheY-P, modulates the rotation direction of the flagellar motor, thereby regulating bacterial run-and-tumble behavior. The multiple flagellar motors on an E. coli cell are controlled by a common cytoplasmic pool of CheY-P. Fluctuation of the CheY-P level was thought to be able to coordinate the switching of multiple motors. Here, we measured the correlation of rotation directions between two motors on a cell, finding that it surprisingly exhibits two well separated timescales. We found that the slow timescale (∼6 s) can be explained by the slow fluctuation of the CheY-P level due to stochastic activity of the chemotactic adaptation enzymes, whereas the fast timescale (∼0.3 s) can be explained by the random pulse-like fluctuation of the CheY-P level, due probably to the activity of the chemoreceptor clusters. We extracted information on the properties of the fast CheY-P pulses based on the correlation measurements. The two well-separated timescales in the fluctuation of CheY-P level help to coordinate multiple motors on a cell and to enhance bacterial chemotactic performance.
Environment-assisted qubit–qutrit entanglement restoration via weak measurement reversal
Authors: Leng Yang 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Based on the quantum technique of environment-assisted measurement and reversal (EMR), we propose a scheme to restore the entanglement from amplitude damping decoherence. In particular, we examine two typical families of initially entangled qubit–qutrit states and derive the exact analytical expressions of the optimal final restoration, showing explicitly that the EMR does indeed can recovery qubit–qutrit entanglement. This sheds new light on the protection of high-dimensional quantum entanglement in complex quantum environment.
One-step generation of Bell state on nonlocal acoustics wave resonators assisted by nitrogen-vacancy center ensembles
Authors: Wang Yue , Hua Ming 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Recently, quantum information processing (QIP) on acoustics wave resonators (AWRs) has attracted much attention as the quality factor of AWR has been increased to 1011, which means the time of phonons stored in the AWR can reach the order of seconds. To achieve the large-scale QIP on AWRs, one should complete quantum entangled operations on nonlocal AWRs. Different from previous work, we propose a one-step all-resonance scheme to generate Bell states on two nonlocal AWRs coupled to two nitrogen-vacancy center ensembles (linked by an AWR quantum bus) respectively. One-step all-resonance operation makes the scheme easier to be experimentally implemented.
Analysis of a photonic crystal fiber with ellipse air-holes for supporting 82 orbital angular momentum modes
Authors: Hu Qi , He Kang 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
We proposed a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with ellipse air holes and high refractive index ring-core, which can stably support 82 orbital angular momentum states from the wavelength of 1.25–1.65 μm. The modes’ average confinement loss keeps as low as 10−9 dB m−1. In addition, the effective refractive index separation (Δn
eff) between HE
m

+1,1 and EH
m

−1,1 (m = 2–21) is up to 10−3, which makes the mode degeneracy to LP mode can be almost neglected. The dispersion curves of low order eigenmodes are low and flat, especially at the wavelength of 1.4 μm the minimum absolute value of chromatic dispersion for HE1,1 mode is as low as 0.246 ps (nm·km)−1. Furthermore, we also analyze the effect of ellipticity change on the cladding air holes, which instructively show the favorable fault tolerance of confinement loss and dispersion. The proposed PCF structure will be a potential candidate for high-capacity optical fiber communications.
Mock X-Ray Observations of Hot Gas with L-Galaxies Semi-analytic Models of Galaxy Formation
Authors: Zhong Wenxin , Fu Jian , Shen Shiyin , Yuan Feng 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
We create mock X-ray observations of hot gas in galaxy clusters with a new extension of the L-Galaxies semi-analytic model of galaxy formation, which includes the radial distribution of hot gas in each halo. Based on the model outputs, we first build some mock light cones, then generate mock spectra with the SOXS package and derive the mock images in the light cones. Using the mock data, we simulate mock X-ray spectra for the ROSAT all-sky survey, and compare the mock spectra with the observational results. Then, we consider the design parameters of the HUBS mission and simulate the observation of the halo hot gas for HUBS as an important application of our mock work. We find: (1) our mock data match the observations by current X-ray telescopes. (2) The survey of hot baryons in resolved clusters by HUBS is effective below redshift 0.5, and the observations of the emission lines in point-like sources at z > 0.5 by HUBS help us understand the hot baryons in the early universe. (3) By taking advantage of the large simulation box and flexibility in semi-analytic models, our mock X-ray observations provide the opportunity to select targets and observation strategies for forthcoming X-ray facilities.
The Progenitors of Type Ia Supernovae with Asymptotic Giant Branch Donors
Authors: Li Lu-Han , Liu Dong-Dong , Wang Bo 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are among the most energetic events in the universe. They are excellent cosmological distance indicators due to the remarkable homogeneity of their light curves. However, the nature of the progenitors of SNe Ia is still not well understood. In the single-degenerate model, a carbon–oxygen white dwarf (CO WD) could grow its mass by accreting material from an asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star, leading to the formation of SNe Ia when the mass of the WD approaches to the Chandrasekhar-mass limit, known as the AGB donor channel. In this channel, previous studies mainly concentrate on the wind-accretion pathway for the mass-increase of the WDs. In the present work, we employed an integrated mass-transfer prescription for the semidetached WD+AGB systems, and evolved a number of WD+AGB systems for the formation of SNe Ia through the Roche-lobe overflow process or the wind-accretion process. We provided the initial and final parameter spaces of WD+AGB systems for producing SNe Ia. We also obtained the density distribution of circumstellar matter at the moment when the WD mass reaches the Chandrasekhar-mass limit. Moreover, we found that the massive WD+AGB sample AT 2019qyl can be covered by the final parameter space for producing SNe Ia, indicating that AT 2019qyl is a strong progenitor candidate of SNe Ia with AGB donors.
In silico development and validation of Bayesian methods for optimizing deep brain stimulation to enhance cognitive control
Authors: Nagrale Sumedh S , Yousefi Ali , Netoff Theoden I , Widge Alik S 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Objective. deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral internal capsule/striatum (VCVS) is a potentially effective treatment for several mental health disorders when conventional therapeutics fail. Its effectiveness, however, depends on correct programming to engage VCVS sub-circuits. VCVS programming is currently an iterative, time-consuming process, with weeks between setting changes and reliance on noisy, subjective self-reports. An objective measure of circuit engagement might allow individual settings to be tested in seconds to minutes, reducing the time to response and increasing patient and clinician confidence in the chosen settings. Here, we present an approach to measuring and optimizing that circuit engagement. Approach. we leverage prior results showing that effective VCVS DBS engages cognitive control circuitry and improves performance on the multi-source interference task, that this engagement depends primarily on which contact(s) are activated, and that circuit engagement can be tracked through a state space modeling framework. We develop a simulation framework based on those empirical results, then combine this framework with an adaptive optimizer to simulate a principled exploration of electrode contacts and identify the contacts that maximally improve cognitive control. We explore multiple optimization options (algorithms, number of inputs, speed of stimulation parameter changes) and compare them on problems of varying difficulty. Main results. we show that an upper confidence bound algorithm outperforms other optimizers, with roughly 80% probability of convergence to a global optimum when used in a majority-vote ensemble. Significance. we show that the optimization can converge even with lag between stimulation and effect, and that a complete optimization can be done in a clinically feasible timespan (a few hours). Further, the approach requires no specialized recording or imaging hardware, and thus could be a scalable path to expand the use of DBS in psychiatric and other non-motor applications.
Identifying dominant industrial sectors in market states of the S&P 500 financial data
Authors: Wand Tobias , Heßler Martin , Kamps Oliver 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Understanding and forecasting changing market conditions in complex economic systems like the financial market is of great importance to various stakeholders such as financial institutions and regulatory agencies. Based on the finding that the dynamics of sector correlation matrices of the S&P 500 stock market can be described by a sequence of distinct states via a clustering algorithm, we try to identify the industrial sectors dominating the correlation structure of each state. For this purpose, we use a method from explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) on daily S&P 500 stock market data from 1992 to 2012 to assign relevance scores to every feature of each data point. To compare the significance of the features for the entire data set we develop an aggregation procedure and apply a Bayesian change point analysis to identify the most significant sector correlations. We show that the correlation matrix of each state is dominated only by a few sector correlations. Especially the energy and IT sector are identified as key factors in determining the state of the economy. Additionally we show that a reduced surrogate model, using only the eight sector correlations with the highest XAI-relevance, can replicate

90
%

of the cluster assignments. In general our findings imply an additional dimension reduction of the dynamics of the financial market.
Improved numerical scheme for the generalized Kuramoto model
Authors: Keun Lee Hyun , Hong Hyunsuk , Yeo Joonhyun 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
We present an improved and more accurate numerical scheme for a generalization of the Kuramoto model of coupled phase oscillators to the three-dimensional space. The present numerical scheme relies crucially on our observation that the generalized Kuramoto model corresponds to particles on the unit sphere undergoing rigid body rotations with position-dependent angular velocities. We demonstrate that our improved scheme is able to reproduce known analytic results and capture the expected behavior of the three-dimensional oscillators in various cases. On the other hand, we find that the conventional numerical method, which amounts to a direct numerical integration with the constraint that forces the particles to be on the unit sphere at each time step, may result in inaccurate and misleading behavior especially in the long time limit. We analyze in detail the origin of the discrepancy between the two methods and present the effectiveness of our method in studying the limit cycle of the Kuramoto oscillators.
Non-reciprocal interactions spatially propagate fluctuations in a 2D Ising model
Authors: Seara Daniel S , Piya Akash , Tabatabai A Pasha 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Motivated by the anisotropic interactions between fish, we implement spatially anisotropic and therefore non-reciprocal interactions in the 2D Ising model. First, we show that the model with non-reciprocal interactions alters the system critical temperature away from that of the traditional 2D Ising model. Further, local perturbations to the magnetization in this out-of-equilibrium system manifest themselves as traveling waves of spin states along the lattice, also seen in a mean-field model of our system. The speed and directionality of these traveling waves are controllable by the orientation and magnitude of the non-reciprocal interaction kernel as well as the proximity of the system to the critical temperature.
New insights into the extended and generalised PTT constitutive differential equations: weak flows
Authors: Ferrás L L , Afonso A M 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This work presents a comparison between the PTT-X (extended Phan-Thien and Tanner (PTT)) and the generalised PTT (gPTT) viscoelastic models. The PTT-X model was derived based on a combination of reptation and network theories, allowing in this way a microstructural justification for the kernel function. The gPTT model is based on the network theory, with an empirical kernel function for the rate of destruction of junctions, that proved to be effective fitting experimental rheological data for polymer melts and solutions. A review on the background of both models is provided and the two models are then compared considering simple flows. This comparison allows one to attribute in some way a microstructural nature to the parameters involved in the gPTT model. Also, a new analytical solution is derived for the Poiseuille flow of the PTT-X model.
Chitosan and Aloe Vera decorated nanoparticulate system loaded with Minoxidil as a suggested topical formulation for alopecia therapy
Authors: Mohamad Ebtesam A , Gad Amany M , Abd El-Rhman Rana H , Darwish Mirhane M 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Minoxidil (Mxd) is a common medication used for hair regrowth in patients exhibiting different types of alopecia, especially androgenetic alopecia (AGA), but it has some negative aspects such as causing adverse effects and having limited permeation through the outer skin layers. In this study, minoxidil was encapsulated into niosomes and then loaded into chitosan nanoparticles and Aloe vera for creating a nanocomposite (Cs@Alo/Nio-Mxd), which will be used as a topical formulation to overcome these difficulties. The various prepared samples were physico-chemically characterised by their loading efficiency, TEM, SEM, zeta potential, FTIR and in vitro release profiles. The hair growth potential of the prepared formulations was evaluated by an in vivo study using rats with induced alopecia. Thirty-six rats with induced alopecia were randomised into six groups of six rats each. Group 1 (Negative control): rats served as normal and were treated with normal saline, Group 2: rats were treated with topical application of empty nanocomposites. Group 3 (Positive control): rats were treated with topical application of 5% Mxd, Group 4: rats were treated with topical application of (Cs-Mxd NPs), Group 5: rats were treated with topical application of (Cs@Alo-Mxd NPs). Group 6: rats were treated with topical application of (Cs@Alo/Nio-Mxd) nanocomposite. All formulations were applied once daily for 21 days. The treated skin was observed, photographed, and its histological features were examined. Results specified that Cs@Alo/Nio-Mxd nanocomposite could be preferentially deposited into the hair follicles, causing a significant increase (p < 0.05) in skin thickness, total hair follicle number per field, hair follicle diameter, hypodermis hair follicle number and anagen induction percentage.
In situ strain-induced phase transition and defect engineering in CVD-synthesized atomically thin MoS2
Authors: Zhang Hanwen , Poh Eng Tuan , Lim Sharon Xiaodai , Zhang Yimin , Qin Hongye , Xie Haonan , He Chunnian , Sow Chorng Haur 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Alkali metal halides have recently received great attention as additives in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process to promote the growth of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). However, the multi-faceted role of these halide salts in modulating the properties and quality of TMD monolayers remains mechanistically unclear. In this study, by introducing excessive gaseous sodium chloride (NaCl) into the CVD system, we demonstrate that preferential NaCl deposition along the monolayer edges causes large in situ strain that can invoke localized domains of high defect density and 2H to 1T phase transition. High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, Raman mapping and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that higher NaCl concentrations can promote the coalescence of independent local strain domains, further increasing the 1T/2H phase ratio and defect density. Furthermore, excessive NaCl was also proven by density functional theory calculations to convert thermodynamic growth to kinetic growth, accounting for the unique cloud-shaped MoS2 crystals acquired. Compared with post-growth strain processing methods, this one-step approach for phase and defect engineering not only represents a deeper understanding of the role that NaCl plays in the CVD process, but also provides a convenient means to controllably synthesize conductive/defect-rich materials for further electrocatalysis and optoelectronic applications.