bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Holocaust
Authors: Mills Jan-Ruth 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Nazi perpetration of the Holocaust, culminating in the Final Solution of genocide, evolved from policies of forced emigration, to expulsion, to extermination. Accordingly, the policy of Ghettoization of the Jews developed in fits and starts. Certainly, Hitler’s decisions and the expression of his ideological goals in public and private motivated his subordinates in the decision-making process that led to genocide. However, in practice, the mass murder of Jews resulted from the radicalization of Nazi policies by officials in the expanding bureaucracy who accelerated violence in response to conditions on the Eastern Front. The German invasion of the Soviet Union served as the catalyst for genocide as a solution in a variety of local problems. While the specific methods of extermination would be developed later, the goal of a Jew-free economy in the Reich linked those plans to the treatment of Jews in Germany before the war.
The Sino–Japanese War
Authors: Bei Gao 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
World War II began not in 1939 in Europe but with Japan’s invasion of China in 1931. This chapter situates the 1931 Mukden Incident and the outbreak of full-scale war between China and Japan in 1937 as part of the global history of World War II. It addresses questions regarding the strength of Chinese nationalism and the effectiveness of the Nationalist government in mobilizing popular support to resist the Japanese invasion. It explores the character of the Japanese regime and whether Mukden set Japan on the path to militarism and global war. Furthermore, the chapter examines how the involvement of the United States, the Soviet Union, and Germany complicated the outcome and impact of the Sino–Japanese conflict in the global arena. Finally, this chapter assesses the history and complex legacy of the Rape of Nanjing, which continues to stir public controversy in China and Japan.
German Victories, 1939–1940
Authors: Kiesling Eugenia C. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Instead of the studying the opening campaigns of World War II in Europe as a contrast between effective German military preparation and operations and corresponding deficiencies on the part of Poland, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and France, this chapter looks at crucial diplomatic and military decisions in all these countries. None of them, including Germany, entered the war with a realistic plan to achieve its objectives. Whether seeking European conquest or national survival, political and military decision makers failed to acknowledge, let alone remediate, unfavorable conditions for success. While French military planners most accurately predicted the likely course of events, including Germany’s inability to win a protracted war, they executed their plans poorly. Germany’s gamble on a rapid victory failed over the course of the long war, but the comprehensiveness of that failure has been generally overlooked by historians captivated by a mythical doctrine of “blitzkrieg.”
The Land War in Asia
Authors: Jeffreys Alan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The chapter provides an introduction to the China–Burma–India (CBI) theater during World War II, summarizing some of the recent work in the field. It also demonstrates the important and hitherto neglected contribution of the Indian Army in the Burma Campaign. It charts the issues of the rapidly expanded and under-trained army in 1941–1942, that reorganizes and retrains in India in 1943 to the defeat the Imperial Japanese Army in 1944–1945. In addition, the chapter demonstrates the problems of coalition command amongst the Allies in the CBI that are never truly resolved and briefly covers the role of the Chindit operations during the campaign.
From D-Day to the Elbe
Authors: Mansoor Peter 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the Allied invasion of France on D-Day, June 6, 1944, and the subsequent campaigns across Northwest Europe. It begins with the arguments over and planning for the Normandy invasion, the most complicated military operation ever undertaken in the history of warfare, and it continues with the campaigns to liberate France and the Low Countries, annihilate the Wehrmacht, and overrun Germany. Issues discussed include German preparations, the impact of terrain and weather, command issues, Allied operations, fire support, logistics, intelligence, deception, airborne operations, and the use of airpower. The chapter examines the fighting in Normandy, the breakout and pursuit of German forces across France, the invasion of Southern France, Operation Market-Garden, the Battle of the Hürtgen Forest, the Battle of the Bulge, and the encirclement of the Ruhr. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of the debate over the combat effectiveness of the Germany and American armies.
The Pacific War
Authors: Bracken Kyle P. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Pacific War that followed Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 differed considerably from the war imagined by the premier naval minds of the twentieth century. While grand and decisive battles took place between massive fleets in places like the Coral Sea and Midway, these engagements featured aircraft carriers rather than the battleships that once ruled the sea. This chapter explores the Pacific War through the lens of anticipation and realization, and how the belligerents failed and succeeded in adapting to the realities of the Pacific battlefield. In particular, it frames the war as a scientific affair that tested how the Japanese and the Allied coalition sought to sustain their military forces in austere and hostile environments across the Pacific. In combating tropical disease, in particular, the Allied powers outpaced their opponents with the introduction of malaria prophylaxis; they decreased malaria cases as Japan’s cases swelled.
Administration of the glutamate-modulating drug, riluzole, after stress prevents its delayed effects on the amygdala in male rats
Authors: Datta Siddhartha , Rashid Zubin , Naskar Saptarnab , Chattarji Sumantra 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Extracellular glutamate levels are elevated across brain regions immediately after stress. Despite sharing common features in their genesis, the patterns of stress-induced plasticity that eventually take shape are strikingly different between these brain areas. While stress causes structural and functional deficits in the hippocampus, it has the opposite effect on the amygdala. Riluzole, an FDA-approved drug known to modulate glutamate release and facilitate glutamate clearance, prevents stress-induced deficits in the hippocampus. But whether the same drug is also effective in countering the opposite effects of stress in the amygdala remains unexplored. We addressed this question by using a rat model wherein even a single 2-h acute immobilization stress causes a delayed expression of anxiety-like behavior, 10 days later, alongside stronger excitatory synaptic connectivity in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). This temporal profile—several days separating the acute stressor and its delayed impact—allowed us to test if these effects can be prevented by administering riluzole in drinking water after acute stress. Poststress riluzole not only prevented the delayed increase in anxiety-like behavior on the elevated plus maze but also blocked the increase in spine density on BLA neurons 10 days later. Further, stress-induced increase in the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents recorded in BLA slices, 10 days later, was also blocked by the same poststress riluzole administration. Together, these findings underscore the importance of therapeutic strategies, aimed at glutamate uptake and modulation, in correcting the delayed behavioral, physiological, and morphological effects of stress on the amygdala.
Evaluating the Efficacy of Amniotic Membrane in Treating Neonatal Extravasation
Authors: Kadivar Maliheh , Bitaraf Masoud , Nasrabadi Seyed Ali Hashemi , Mirnia Kayvan 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
Extravasation is leakage of material from a peripheral venous access into adjacent tissue, which results in tissue damage ranging from local irritation to necrosis and scar formation. Neonates are at extravasation risk with IV treatment because of their small, fragile veins and the long treatment period required. In this report, investigators assessed the efficacy of amniotic membrane (AM) as a biological dressing to heal extravasation wounds in neonates.

METHODS
This case series includes six neonates who presented with extravasation injuries from February 2020 to April 2022. Neonates born at any gestational age diagnosed with a wound secondary to extravasation were recruited. Neonates with skin disorders and those who had stage 1 or 2 wounds were excluded. Providers covered infection- and necrosis-free wounds with AM and assessed the wounds after 48 hours. Five days after placement, providers removed and replaced the AM; they continued to replace the bandages every 5 to 7 days until healed.

RESULTS
The average gestational age of included neonates was 33.6 weeks. Average healing time was 12.5 days (range, 10-20 days), and no adverse reactions were observed. All neonates healed completely without scar formation.

CONCLUSIONS
This preliminary report suggests that the application of AM in treating extravasation in neonates is safe and effective. However, controlled trials with larger sample sizes are needed to evaluate this outcome and determine implications for practice.
Do Commonly Used Antimicrobial Topicals Facilitate Venous Leg Ulcer Healing?
Authors: Alihosseini Chris , Kopelman Hannah , Lam Jimmy , Phillips Tania 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
To survey which topical antimicrobials are most helpful in treating venous leg ulcers (VLUs).

DATA SOURCES
In this narrative review, the authors searched the databases of Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and Wiley Online Library.

STUDY SELECTION
Studies were eligible for inclusion if they studied the effects of antimicrobial agents on chronic VLU healing and were published after 1985. Exceptions to this were in vitro studies of manuka honey and Dakin solution (Century Pharmaceuticals). Search terms included “venous leg ulcer”, “nonhealing ulcer”, “antimicrobial resistance”, and “biofilms”.

DATA EXTRACTION
Data extracted included design, setting, descriptions of intervention and control groups, outcomes, data collection tools, and potential harms.

DATA SYNTHESIS
A total of 19 articles encompassing 26 studies/trials met the inclusion criteria. Of the 26 studies, 17 were randomized controlled trials; the remaining 9 were a mix of lower-quality case series and comparative, nonrandomized, or retrospective studies.

CONCLUSION
Studies suggest that VLUs can be treated with multiple different topical antimicrobials. Depending on the extent of chronicity and bacterial colonization, some antimicrobials may be better suited than others.
Real-World Evidence That a Novel Diagnostic Combining Molecular Testing With Pooled Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing is Associated With Reduced Infection Severity and Lower Cost Compared With Standard Urine Culture in Patients With Complicated or Persistently Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Ko Dicken Shiu-Chung , Lukacz Emily S. , Juster Iver Allen , Niecko Timothy , Ashok Aparna , Vollstedt Annah Jean , Baunoch David , Mathur Mohit 
Published: May 2023

Purpose:
Develop real-world evidence that rapid identification of uropathogens and susceptibilities improves urologic outcomes for patients with complicated or history of recurrent urinary tract infections (r/cUTIs). Standard urine culture (SUC) is slow, often missing polymicrobial infections and altered antibiotic resistance from their metabolic interactions.

Materials and Methods:
We compared 1-year UTI-related health care utilization and costs for UTIs diagnosed by outpatient multiplex polymerase chain reaction/pooled antibiotic susceptibility testing (mPCR/P-AST) vs SUC among Medicare beneficiaries with r/cUTIs, using claims from a deidentified random 5% sample of beneficiaries with an index UTI in 2018 followed by 12 months during which all outpatient UTI tests were either mPCR/P-AST or SUC. Outcomes were compared between 69 individuals diagnosed using mPCR/P-AST and 678 propensity-matched individuals using SUC. Regression models modeled cost differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results:
Of 1,654,548 enrollees in 2018, 11.6%, 0.06%, and 9.6% had claims for UTI, mPCR/P-AST, and SUC, respectively. The matched mPCR/P-AST and SUC cohorts were statistically equivalent at baseline. The mPCR/P-AST cohort was nonsignificantly less likely than the SUC cohort to have a postindex UTI (65.2% vs 72.0%, P = .24). Cost per subsequent UTI was significantly lower for mPCR/P-AST ($767 vs $1,303, P = .0013). Average total 1-year UTI-related cost was $501.85 (95% CI: $79.87, $562.08 P = .004) lower per mPCR/P-AST member vs SUC ($629.55 vs $1131.39). Nonoutpatient treatment accounted for 22.5% of mPCR/P-AST vs 53.4% of SUC UTI-related costs.

Conclusions:
In patients with r/cUTI, rapid identification of pathogens and antibiotic susceptibilities using mPCR/P-AST is associated with lower UTI-related clinical care and utilization costs compared with SUC.
Improving Outcomes through Implementation of an Infant Spinal Anesthesia Program for Urologic Surgery Patients
Authors: Cronin Jessica A. , Satterthwaite Brenda , Robalino Giannina , Casella Daniel , Hsieh Michael , Sohel Rana Md , Fink Alia , Pestieau Sophie 
Published: May 2023

Introduction:
Spinal anesthesia has a long history as an effective and safe technique to avoid general anesthesia in infants undergoing surgery. However, spinal anesthesia was rarely used as the primary anesthetic in this population at our institution. This healthcare improvement initiative aimed to increase the percentage of successful spinal placements as the primary anesthetic in infants undergoing circumcision, open orchidopexy, or hernia repair from 11% to 50% by December 31, 2019, and sustain that rate for 6 months.

Methods:
An interdisciplinary team created a key driver diagram and implemented the following interventions: education of nurses, surgeons, and patient families; focused anesthesiologist training on the infant spinal procedure; premedication; availability of supplies; and surgical schedule optimization. The team collected data retrospectively by reviewing electronic medical records (Cerner, North Kansas City, Mo.). The primary outcome was the percentage of infants undergoing circumcision, open orchidopexy, or hernia repair who received a successful spinal as the primary anesthetic. The team tracked this measure and evaluated using a statistical process control chart.

Results:
Between August 1, 2018, and February 29, 2020, researchers identified 470 infants (235 preintervention and 235 postintervention) who underwent circumcision, open orchidopexy, or inguinal hernia repair. Following the interventions in this project, there was a statistically significant increase in successful spinal placement from 11% to 45% (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion:
This quality improvement project successfully increased the percentage of patients receiving spinal anesthesia for specific surgical procedures by increasing the number of patients who underwent successful spinal anesthesia placement.
Improving Wait Times for Children with Caregivers with Limited English Proficiency in the Emergency Department
Authors: Valderrama Gisella , Badolato Gia M. , Diaz Pedro , Berkowitz Deena 
Published: May 2023

Introduction:
In our pediatric emergency department (ED), children triaged as low acuity who presented with Spanish-speaking caregivers with limited English proficiency (SSLEP) experienced disparately longer wait times than similarly triaged children with English-proficient caretakers. Although inequities in ED care based on language preference exist, little is known about effective interventions to eliminate the disparity. This quality improvement study aimed to eliminate the disparity in wait times and share effective interventions.

Methods:
A multidisciplinary team incorporating clinicians, professional interpreters, and data analysts utilized quality improvement methodology to introduce early identification of SSLEP children, standardize physician workflow, and optimize the interpreter process. The primary outcome was the length of stay. The secondary outcome was time to the provider. The balancing measures were revisits and non-LEP length of stay and time to the provider. Secondary analyses distinguished between the effect of our QI intervention and secular trends.

Results:
The mean length of stay for SSLEP children decreased from a mean of 178 to 142 minutes, a 36-minute (20%) decrease. Mean time to provider for SSLEP decreased from 92.8 to 55.5 minutes, a 37-minute improvement (40%). The 72-hour-revisit rates did not increase for SSLEP children throughout the project.

Conclusions:
We identified feasible interventions to improve wait times for children with SSLEP. Future directions include addressing components of the entire ED visit to decrease the length of stay discrepancies between populations. We hope to extend our findings to benefit all LEP communities.
Cytomegalovirus High-risk Kidney Transplant Recipients Show No Difference in Long-term Outcomes Following Preemptive Versus Prophylactic Management
Authors: Blom Kjersti B. , Birkeland Grete K. , Midtvedt Karsten , Jenssen Trond G. , Reisæter Anna V. , Rollag Halvor , Hartmann Anders , Sagedal Solbjørg , Sjaastad Ivar , Tylden Garth , Njølstad Gro , Nilsen Einar , Christensen Andreas , Åsberg Anders , Birkeland Jon A. 
Published: May 2023

Background.
Following kidney transplantation (KT), cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains an important challenge. Both prophylactic and preemptive antiviral protocols are used for CMV high-risk kidney recipients (donor seropositive/recipient seronegative; D+/R–). We performed a nationwide comparison of the 2 strategies in de novo D+/R– KT recipients accessing long-term outcomes.

Methods.
A nationwide retrospective study was conducted from 2007 to 2018, with follow-up until February 1, 2022. All adult D+/R– and R+ KT recipients were included. During the first 4 y, D+/R– recipients were managed preemptively, changing to 6 mo of valganciclovir prophylaxis from 2011. To adjust for the 2 time eras, de novo intermediate-risk (R+) recipients, who received preemptive CMV therapy throughout the study period, served as longitudinal controls for possible confounders.

Results.
A total of 2198 KT recipients (D+/R–, n = 428; R+, n = 1770) were included with a median follow-up of 9.4 (range, 3.1–15.1) y. As expected, a greater proportion experienced a CMV infection in the preemptive era compared with the prophylactic era and with a shorter time from KT to CMV infection (P < 0.001). However, there were no differences in long-term outcomes such as patient death (47/146 [32%] versus 57/282 [20%]; P = 0.3), graft loss (64/146 [44%] versus 71/282 [25%]; P = 0.5), or death censored graft loss (26/146 [18%] versus 26/282 [9%]; P = 0.9) in the preemptive versus prophylactic era. Long-term outcomes in R+ recipients showed no signs of sequential era–related bias.

Conclusions.
There were no significant differences in relevant long-term outcomes between preemptive and prophylactic CMV-preventive strategies in D+/R– kidney transplant recipients.
Cost-effectiveness of Kidney Transplantation From Donors at Increased Risk of Blood-borne Virus Infection Transmission
Authors: Shah Karan K. , Wyld Melanie , Hedley James A. , Waller Karen M.J. , De La Mata Nicole , Webster Angela C. , Morton Rachael L. 
Published: May 2023

Background.
Demand for donor kidneys outstrips supply. Using kidneys from selected donors with an increased risk of blood-borne virus (BBV) transmission (hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus [HCV], human immunodeficiency virus) may expand the donor pool, but cost-effectiveness of this strategy is uncertain.

Methods.
A Markov model was developed using real-world evidence to compare healthcare costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) of accepting kidneys from deceased donors with potential increased risk of BBV transmission, because of increased risk behaviors and/or history of HCV, versus declining these kidneys. Model simulations were run over a 20-y time horizon. Parameter uncertainty was assessed through deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.

Results.
Accepting kidneys from donors at increased risk of BBVs (2% from donors with increased-risk behaviors and 5% from donors with active or past HCV infection) incurred total costs of 311 303 Australian dollars with a gain of 8.53 QALYs. Foregoing kidneys from these donors incurred total costs of $330 517 and a gain of 8.44 QALYs. A cost-saving of $19 214 and additional 0.09 QALYs (~33 d in full health) per person would be generated compared with declining these donors. Increasing the availability of kidneys with increased risk by 15% led to further cost-savings of $57 425 and additional 0.23 QALY gains (~84 d in full health). Probabilistic sensitivity analysis using 10 000 iterations showed accepting kidneys from donors at increased risk led to lower costs and higher QALY gains.

Conclusions.
Shifting clinical practice to accept increased BBV risk donors would likely produce lower costs and higher QALYs for health systems.
Usefulness of the Short Form-8 (SF-8) for chronic pain in the orofacial region
Authors: Sato (Boku) Aiji , Tokura Tatsuya , Kimura Hiroyuki , Ito Mikiko , Kishi Shinichi , Tonoike Takashi , Ozaki Norio , Nakano Yumi , Nakano Saori , Hoshijima Hiroshi , Okuda Masahiro 
Published: May 2023

AbstractGiven that chronic pain has become a major problem in recent years, affecting approximately 30% of the general population, this study used the Short Form-8 (SF-8) Japanese version to investigate (1) the quality of life (QOL) of patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) or persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP) (compared to a Japanese control group) and (2) whether the therapeutic intervention improves the QOL and reduced pain (comparison between 0 and 12 weeks) of patients with BMS or PIFP. A total of 63 patients diagnosed with either BMS (n = 45) or PIFP (n = 18) were included in this study. The diagnostic criteria for BMS and PIFP were established based on the 3rd edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders. Our study results showed that while Physical Component Summary (PCS) in patients with BMS or PIFP improved with treatment, it did not improve to the national standard value (NSV) after 12 weeks of intervention. In contrast, Mental Component Summary (MCS) improved to the same level as NSV after 12 weeks of intervention. Therefore, we found that therapeutic intervention improves MCS and reduces pain; however, improving PCS takes time.