bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analogy test rig for the generation of tooth flank fractures at large gears (WZL-double pulsator)—commissioning and first test results
Authors: Goergen Fabian , Rolzhäuser Johannes , Mevissen Dieter , Brecher Christian 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAs a result of the enhanced of load-carrying capacity with regard to pitting and tooth root breakage, generation of tooth flank fractures became more frequent. This type of damage differs from existing fatigue damages on the tooth flank in that crack initiation takes place below the case hardened surface layer and the tooth breaks in the area of the active tooth flank. An isolated investigation of tooth flank fractures is currently not possible because there is no analogy test rig available that can reproduce both, the compressive stress due to Hertzian contact flattening as well as the tensile stress due to tooth bending. For this reason, a test rig concept is being developed, manufactured and put into operation in the DFG research project “Analogy test rig for tooth flank fractures”, which allows the generation of tooth flank fractures in absence of other damage types. This report deals with the commissioning of the WZL-Double Pulsator as well as first test results. The FE model of the analogy test rig is validated by measuring tooth root strains with strain gauges and comparing them with the calculated strains. Finally, the commissioning is carried out and first tests are performed.
Multi-domain optimization of cast iron components in wind turbines
Authors: Weber Felix , Broeckmann Christoph , Züch Vitali , Jacobs Georg , Zimmermann Jannik , Schröder Kai-Uwe , Bami Youness , Jakumeit Jürgen , Bodenburg Mathias , Weiß Reinhard 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe continuously rising demand for renewable energies leads to increased installations of wind turbines with higher power. While the current power-to-weight ratio of up to 20 metric tons of cast iron per megawatt is stagnating, cast iron components of modern wind turbines are facing new challenges in terms of weight, manufacturability, and castability. These challenges can be addressed by systematically using multi-domain optimization approaches to reduce component weight and increase local component utilization.In order to meet the requirements for modern cast iron components, this multi-domain approach must employ methods from casting simulation, micromechanical analysis, topology optimization, and strength assessment. Here, casting simulation is used to determine local microstructure descriptors, which are subsequently used in micromechanical shakedown analysis to estimate the local microstructure-dependent fatigue strength. In parallel to the fatigue strength estimation, topology optimization is performed iteratively in combination with a castability analysis. The component strength is evaluated using a strength assessment approach based on the previously determined local material properties in combination with the topology optimized component.In this study, the overall concept of the proposed multi-domain approach is presented and requirements for the application of such an approach are formulated. The use case of this study is a planet carrier of a wind turbine gearbox manufactured from austempered ductile cast iron ADI-GJS-1050‑6. For this use case, a weight reduction of 17% was achieved while maintaining the required stiffness, such that the microstructure variance along the component was significantly reduced. Furthermore, the potentials and limitations of the presented approach are outlined and discussed in the context of the design of heavy-section castings.
Power train degradation modelling for multi-objective active power control of wind farms
Authors: Moghadam Farid K. , Chabaud Valentin , Gao Zhen , Chapaloglou Spyridon 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWith the coming installation of hundreds of GW of offshore wind power, penetration of the inherent power fluctuations into the electricity grid will become significant. Therefore, the use of wind farms as power reserve providers to support the regulation of the grid’s voltage and frequency through delivering a desired power is expected to increase. As a result, wind turbines will not be necessarily delivering the maximum available power anymore – known as curtailed or derated operation – and will have to be able to deal with time-variant power demand. For this purpose, power setpoints from the grid are dispatched at the farm-level and then tracked at the turbine-level under the constraint of available power in the wind (known as active power control). The idea of this work is taking advantage of the additional degree of freedom lying in the power dispatch between turbines when operating in curtailed conditions. As failure of power train system components is frequent, costly and predictable, we seek to introduce power train degradation into the farm control objectives. To this end, a data-driven model of drivetrain fatigue damage as function of wind conditions and derating factor adapted to the farm active power control objective function is developed based on the pre-analysis of single-turbine simulations and degradation calculations, where the increased turbulence intensity due to wind farm wake effect is also considered. The proposed analytical power train degradation model is computationally efficient, can reflect the fatigue damage of individual gears and bearings in the overall power train life function and in contrast with high-fidelity models can be easily adjusted for different drivetrain configurations. A case study on the TotalControl reference wind power plant is demonstrated.
Reusable workflows for virtual testing of multidisciplinary products in system models
Authors: Berges Julius Moritz , Spütz Kathrin , Zhang Yizhe , Höpfner Gregor , Berroth Jörg , Konrad Christian , Jacobs Georg 
Published: March 2023

AbstractDeveloping increasingly complex multidisciplinary products in short development cycles is one major challenge in today’s product development. Model-based Systems Engineering (MBSE) approaches are well suited to address this challenge. With MBSE, products are virtually represented in central system models. For the efficient verification of customer requirements and to avoid exhaustive physical testing with prototypes, virtual domain models (e.g. FE-models) are integrated into the system model. To perform a virtual test, domain models need to be executed in a sequence, so-called workflows.Current workflows link several product system levels in one workflow and are often only valid for one specific system architecture. As the number of requirements and system complexity increases, these workflows become also more complex. The effort for creating new comprehensible workflows is currently high and the reusability cannot be ensured. To solve these deficits, a method for the systematic formalization of reusable workflows in system models as well as their structured integration is presented. Behavior diagrams in the modelling language SysML are used to control the execution order of the domain models of different purposes and fidelities. Modular sub-workflows are developed for each system level. These sub-workflows can be reused and combined modularly to form larger workflows. The approach shows a high potential to easily build and organize workflows in reusable libraries thereby supporting automated virtual testing in product development. To demonstrate the approach, workflows for bearing lifetime calculation and shaft fatigue testing of a wind turbine drive train as well as their integration into the SysML system model are presented.
Reduction of wind turbine gearbox damage risk due to electrical faults via component design optimization
Authors: Röder Julian , Jacobs Georg , Bosse Dennis , Herzog Fabian , Zang Aaron 
Published: March 2023

AbstractOver the lifetime of a wind turbine (WT) it is likely that several electrical faults occur. Electrical faults may induce significant electromagnetic generator torque excitations. The torque excitations are transferred to the gearbox components and lead to dynamic load changes as well as changes in the speed of rotation. Dynamic load changes in combination with changing rotational speeds might lead to gearbox component damage. Gearbox component damage is the main driver for WT downtime due to the high time to repair the fault. Especially the components of the high-speed stage (HSS) are prone to failure. This paper presents a method for introducing gearbox component design optimizations in order to reduce the damage risk during electrical faults. Via profile shift the HSS safety against scuffing cannot be further increased compared to the reference. The HSS safety against micropitting can be increased via profile shift by max. 41% and the safety against tooth flank fracture on the HSS by max. 3% compared to the reference. Via profile modification the HSS safety against scuffing can be increased by max. 14%, the HSS safety against micropitting by max. 8% and the safety against tooth flank fracture on the HSS by max. 8% compared to the reference. Via roller profile optimization the smearing risk on the HSS cylindrical roller bearing can be reduced by max. 3% compared to the reference. Thus, on the basis of two exemplarily analyzed electrical faults, this paper shows that gearbox component design optimizations can significantly reduce the gearbox damage risk during electrical faults.
Implementing digital twins in existing infrastructures
Authors: Lünnemann Pascal , Lindow Kai , Goßlau Leo 
Published: March 2023

AbstractDigital twins can offer various added values for companies. As part of a three-year research project, we are investigating the methodological approach, for building digital twins in existing infrastructures. In particular, the functional requirements of future users will be addressed, as this is less focused in existing approaches. Within the framework of this publication, we discuss the applied methodology as well as the created models and concepts. Initial insights were gained in the simultaneous development of digital twins in parallel projects with use cases for electric motors, production process monitoring and maintenance of gas turbine components.In detail, it becomes clear that software development methods (e.g. use cases, user stories, scenario development) are a good way to describe the expected added value functions. It is essential to involve the future users in the development as early as possible. Transferring the necessary functions identified in this way into a functional architecture shows that this architecture is mostly independent of the use case. Likewise, the IT systems used here hardly vary at all. Overall, it shows that a methodical approach can be followed in the development and the implementation can have a high degree of similarity, even in very different use cases, while the exact design, depending on these use cases, is very diverse.
Investigation of the load distribution in planetary gearboxes of wind turbines using multibody-system simulation
Authors: Rosenlöcher Thomas , Schlecht Berthold 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe high costs for the development, erecting und operation of wind turbines are connected to very high expectations for a reliable and low-maintenance operation and require a precise knowledge of the loads and stresses to be expected. The transfer of knowledge from smaller wind turbines and possibly other concepts succeeds only to a limited extent. Rather comprehensive simulation approaches to determine wind loads, operational conditions and possible resonances are already used since many years. By means of simulation models, the natural frequencies can be determined and compared to possible excitations. The simulation of the operation of the wind turbine under different wind speeds allows the calculation of component loads as a basis for the further design process.The paper concentrates on the possibility of using multibody-system simulation models in the design process of gearboxes for wind turbines and the associated dynamic properties of the complete system by the example of the 15 MW reference wind turbine of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The comprehensive factors which influence the load distribution in the gearing of the first planetary gear stage require a detailed consideration of the elasticity of all relevant components. Based on the developed gearbox design and a detailed multibody-system simulation model, the influence of the level of detail of the model on the resulting natural frequencies and the occurring load distribution in the gearing of the planetary gear stages can be discussed. The present results show that findings on the required level of detail of simulation models cannot be applied to new turbines independently of the power class.
Classification of function-oriented solution elements for MBSE
Authors: Jagla Patrick , Jacobs Georg , Spütz Kathrin , Berroth Joerg 
Published: March 2023

AbstractMany different engineering models are used in the development of technical systems such as the electro-mechanical drive train. The goal of utilising these models is to predict the physical behaviour of the system by virtually testing it. Already existing engineering models have to be identified and reused, to increase the efficiency of the development process. The model-based systems engineering (MBSE) approach motego [1, 2] supports the development of mechanical systems in a holistic and function-oriented manner. The system solution and the solution element are core elements in motego, that realise specific functions. The solution element contains the principle solution and domain models (e.g. engineering models), while the system solution contains solution elements and domain models. The system solution and especially the solution element provides a meaningful structure for organising and reusing models.However, in literature those solution elements are not identified and structured yet. This is also true for the electro-mechanical drive train, which is used as case for this study. It is assumed the solution elements can be identified by analysing the interaction between active surfaces of parts in contact. This contribution proposes a classification procedure for solution elements, which is based on elementary functions and principle solutions as they are elements of established development methods.
Low estimated glomerular filtration rate is an independent risk factor for higher hydroxychloroquine concentration
Authors: Zhong Xue , Jin Yue-bo , Zhang Qin , Liu Si-lu , He Jing 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Background
The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) blood concentrations in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.

Method
Patients with SLE who had been taking HCQ for more than 12 months were recruited. All subjects gave written informed consent. Various clinical characteristics and laboratory values were examined. The blood concentration of HCQ was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the relationship of eGFR to HCQ blood concentration was mainly investigated.

Result
In total, 115 patients with SLE receiving long-term HCQ therapy were included in the study. The median concentration of HCQ was 1096 ng/ml (range 116–8240 ng/ml). The eGFR was strongly associated with blood concentration of HCQ (P = 0.011, P < 0.05), when adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), weight-adjusted dose, prednisone use and immunosuppressive drug use. No statistically significant association were found between age, duration, BMI, weight-adjusted HCQ dose, corticosteroid use, immunosuppressant use and blood concentrations of HCQ.

Conclusion
We provided novel evidence that impaired renal function influenced the blood concentration of HCQ. Patients with low eGFR need to adjust the HCQ dosage according to the monitoring results of HCQ blood concentrations.

Key points• A higher HCQ blood concentration was associated with low eGFR.• This finding reinforces the importance of routine HCQ measurement to maintain normal blood concentrations.• HCQ blood monitoring will be useful for dose modification in patients with renal dysfunction.
Effect of alkalinity and light intensity on the growth of the freshwater sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis (Porifera: Spongillidae)
Authors: Gost Marc , Pinya Samuel , Sureda Antoni , Tejada Silvia , Ferriol Pere 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe adaptation of sponges to freshwater environments was a major event in the evolutionary history of this clade. The transition from a marine environment to freshwater ecosystems entailed a great number of adaptations to more unstable habitats, such as the ability to form resistance gemmules as a defense mechanism against environmental adversity. However, data on the parameters that modulate hatching and growth of these animals are scarce. In the present study, the growth response capacity ofEphydatia fluviatilis(Porifera: Spongillidae) has been evaluated in relation to both water alkalinity and light intensity. The results obtained revealed a positive association between the growth capacity of this freshwater sponge and high alkalinity values. On the other hand, exposure to light, regardless of its intensity, affected the development and distribution of the symbionts, which in turn, corresponds to a higher growth rate of the sponge. The obtained data suggest an explanation for the greater distribution of this species in alkaline environments. The results of this work also shed light on the importance of the symbiosis phenomenon inE. fluviatilis.
Possible Implications of Obesity-Primed Microglia that Could Contribute to Stroke-Associated Damage
Authors: Ramírez-Carreto Ricardo Jair , Rodríguez-Cortés Yesica María , Torres-Guerrero Haydee , Chavarría Anahí 
Published: March 2023

AbstractMicroglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, are essential players during physiological and pathological processes. Although they participate in synaptic pruning and maintenance of neuronal circuits, microglia are mainly studied by their activity modulating inflammatory environment and adapting their phenotype and mechanisms to insults detected in the brain parenchyma. Changes in microglial phenotypes are reflected in their morphology, membrane markers, and secreted substances, stimulating neighbor glia and leading their responses to control stimuli. Understanding how microglia react in various microenvironments, such as chronic inflammation, made it possible to establish therapeutic windows and identify synergic interactions with acute damage events like stroke. Obesity is a low-grade chronic inflammatory state that gradually affects the central nervous system, promoting neuroinflammation development. Obese patients have the worst prognosis when they suffer a cerebral infarction due to basal neuroinflammation, then obesity-induced neuroinflammation could promote the priming of microglial cells and favor its neurotoxic response, potentially worsening patients’ prognosis. This review discusses the main microglia findings in the obesity context during the course and resolution of cerebral infarction, involving the temporality of the phenotype changes and balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses, which is lost in the swollen brain of an obese subject.
Graphical Abstract
Obesity enhances proinflammatory responses during a stroke. Obesity-induced systemic inflammation promotes microglial M1 polarization and priming, which enhances stroke-associated damage, increasing M1 and decreasing M2 responses.
Parental Early Life Maltreatment and Related Experiences in Treatment of Youth Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Bertelsen Thomas B. , Haugland Bente Storm Mowatt , Wergeland Gro Janne , Håland Åshild Tellefsen 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe role of parents’ early life maltreatment (ELM) (e.g. physical, sexual abuse) and related experiences, in relation to offspring anxiety is not well understood. The current study investigated the association between self-reported depression and ELM and related experiences in mothers (n = 79) and fathers (n = 50), and mother-, father-, and youth-reported symptoms of youth anxiety (n = 90). Outcomes were assessed at pre,- and posttreatment and 3-, 6-, and 12-months follow-up. Parental ELM were not associated with pre-treatment differences or differences in outcome of treatment. However ELM related experiences were associated with increased mother-, father-, and youth-rated youth anxiety at pretreatment. Fathers depressive symptoms were found to mediate the relationship between father ELM related experiences and father-rated youth anxiety symptoms. Future research is warranted on parental ELM and depression as factors affecting outcomes of treatment of youth anxiety. Trial registered at: helseforskning.etikkom.no (reg. nr. 2017/1367).
STAR Voting, equality of voice, and voter satisfaction: considerations for voting method reform
Authors: Wolk Sara , Quinn Jameson , Ogren Marcus 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe vote itself forms the foundation of our political discourse, and how we vote may be the single most important decision in a representative democracy. In the pursuit of more fair and representative elections, we explore common electoral pathologies like vote-splitting, Favorite Betrayal, and the center-squeeze Spoiler Effect, and discuss criteria and methodology for evaluating voting method quality. We introduce STAR Voting for consideration in place of Plurality and Instant Runoff Voting for governmental elections, and compare it to other leading voting method proposals. To evaluate voting method accuracy and strategy resilience, we present the metrics Voter Satisfaction Efficiency (VSE) and Pivotal Voter Strategic Incentive (PVSI). We find that compared to Plurality Voting, all methods tested substantially reduce the need for voters to consider candidate electability but that STAR Voting, Smith/Minimax, the Condorcet method included, and Approval Top Two go further to ensure an equally weighted vote. We conclude that STAR Voting in particular offers a viable, competitive, and compelling proposal for more representative elections.
Return to Baseline After an Interpretation Training as a Dynamic Predictor for Treatment Response in Social Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Mobach Lynn , van Loenen Rachel , Dam Esther Allart-van , Borsboom Denny , Wiers Reinout W. , Salemink Elske 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Background
Despite considerable research efforts, consistent predictors of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) outcome for social anxiety disorder (SAD) are scarce. A dynamic focus on individual symptom reactivity and resilience patterns may show promise in predicting treatment response. This pilot study is the first to investigate whether rate of return to baseline after a one-session positive interpretation training indicates resilience and predicts CBT-response among individuals with SAD.

Method
Participants (N = 39) completed an interpretation bias assessment before and after training, and once a day for three days after the training, followed by a six-week CBT-program. Participants completed SAD-assessments pre-treatment, during treatment, and post-treatment. Return to baseline was operationalized as the individualized slope of negative and positive interpretations across interpretation bias assessments.

Results
Intention-to-treat analyses showed no significant relation between both negative and positive interpretation bias and CBT-response. Similarly, for completers-only, most analyses also showed no such relationship.

Conclusion
These findings suggest that slower return to baseline as a resilience index does not have predictive value for CBT-outcome in individuals with SAD. Future studies should incorporate experience-sampling to capture subtle changes in interpretation bias.