bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-molecule imaging and inter-molecular imaging in nuclear medicine
Authors: Shimazoe Kenji , Uenomachi Mizuki 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Multi-molecule imaging and inter-molecular imaging are not fully implemented yet, however, can become an alternative in nuclear medicine. In this review article, we present arguments demonstrating that the advent of the Compton positron emission tomography (Compton-PET) system and the invention of the quantum chemical sensing method with double photon emission imaging (DPEI) provide realistic perspectives for visualizing inter-molecular and multi-molecule in nuclear medicine with MeV photon. In particular, the pH change of InCl3 solutions can be detected and visualized in a three-dimensional image by combining the hyperfine electric quadrupole interaction sensing and DPEI. Moreover, chemical states, such as chelating, can be detected through angular correlation sensing. We argue that multi-molecule and chemical sensing could be a realistic stream of research in future nuclear medicine.
A new brain dedicated PET scanner with 4D detector information
Authors: Gonzalez-Montoro Andrea , Barbera Julio , Sanchez David , Mondejar Alvaro , Freire Marta , Diaz Karel , Lucero Alejandro , Jimenez-Serrano Santiago , Alamo Jorge , Morera-Ballester Constantino , Barrio John , Cucarella Neus , Ilisie Victor , Moliner Laura , Valladares Celia , Gonzalez Antonio J. , Prior John , Benlloch Jose M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this article, we present the geometrical design and preliminary results of a high sensitivity organ-specific Positron Emission Tomography (PET) system dedicated to the study of the human brain. The system, called 4D-PET, will allow accurate imaging of brain studies due to its expected high sensitivity, high 3D spatial resolution and, by including precise photon time of flight (TOF) information, a boosted signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
The 4D-PET system incorporates an innovative detector design based on crystal slabs (semi-monolithic) that enables accurate 3D photon impact positioning (including photon Depth of Interaction (DOI) measurement), while providing a precise determination of the photon arrival time to the detector. The detector includes a novel readout system that reduces the number of detector signals in a ratio of 4:1 thus, alleviating complexity and cost. The analog output signals are fed to the TOFPET2 ASIC (PETsys) for scalability purposes.
The present manuscript reports the evaluation of the 4D-PET detector, achieving best values 3D resolution values of <1.6 mm (pixelated axis), 2.7±0.5 mm (monolithic axis) and 3.4±1.1 (DOI axis) mm; 359 ± 7 ps coincidence time resolution (CTR); 10.2±1.5 % energy resolution; and sensitivity of 16.2% at the center of the scanner (simulated). Moreover, a comprehensive description of the 4D-PET architecture (that includes 320 detectors), some pictures of its mechanical assembly, and simulations on the expected image quality are provided.
Comparison of Lugol’s solution and Fe3O4 nanoparticles as contrast agents for tumor spheroid imaging using microcomputed tomography
Authors: Panek Dominik , Szczepanek Monika , Leszczyński Bartosz , Moskal Paweł , Stępień Ewa Ł. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Background Lugol’s solution is well known for its unique contrasting properties to biological samples in in microcomputed tomography imaging. On the other hand, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), which have much lower attenuation capabilities to X-ray radiation show decent cell penetration and accumulation properties, are increasingly being used as quantitative contrast agents in biology and medicine. In our research, they were used to stain 3D cell structures called spheroids. Aim In this study, the micro computed tomography (µCT) technique was used to visualize and compare the uptake and accumulation of two contrast agents, Lugol’s solution and iron (II, III ) oxid e nanoparticles (IONPs) in the in vitro human spheroid tumour model. Methods The metastatic human melanoma cell line WM266-4 was cultured, first under standard 2D conditions, and after reaching 90% confluence cells was seeded in a low adhesive plate, which allows spheroid formation. On the 7th day of growth, the spheroids were transferred to the tubes and stained with IONPs or Lugol’s solution and subjected to µCT imaging. Results Our research allows visualization of the regions of absorption at the level of single cells, with relatively short incubation times - 24h - for Lugol’s solution. IONPs proved to be useful only in high concentrations (1 mg/ml) and long incubation times (96h). Conclusions When comparing the reconstructed visualizations of the distribution of these stating agents, it is worth noting that Lugol’s solution spreads evenly throughout the spheroids, whereas IONPs (regardless of their size 5 and 30 nm) accumulate only in the outer layer of the spheroid structure.
Feasibility study of positronium application for blood clots structural characteristics
Authors: Moyo Simbarashe , Moskal Paweł , Stępień Ewa Ł. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Positron-electron annihilation in living organisms occurs in about 30% via the formation of a metastable ortho-positronium atom that annihilates into two 511 keV photons in tissues because of the pick-off and conversion processes. Positronium (Ps) annihilation lifetime and intensities can be used to determine the size and quantity of defects in a material’s microstructure, such as voids or pores in the range of nanometers. This is particularly true for blood clots. Here we present pilot investigations of positronium properties in fibrin clots. The studies are complemented by the use of SEM Edax and micro-computed tomography (µCT) to evaluate the extracted thrombotic material’s properties. µCT is a versatile characterization method offering in situ and in operando possibilities and is a qualitative diagnostic tool. With µCT the presence of pores, cracks, and structural errors can be verified, and hence the 3D inner structure of samples can be investigated.
Definition of Centroid Method as Defuzzification
Authors: Mitsuishi Takashi 
Published: December 2022

Summary
In this study, using the Mizar system [1], [2], we reuse formalization e orts in fuzzy sets described in [5] and [6]. This time the centroid method which is one of the fuzzy inference processes is formulated [10]. It is the most popular of all defuzzied methods ([11], [13], [7]) – here, defuzzified crisp value is obtained from domain of membership function as weighted average [8]. Since the integral is used in centroid method, the integrability and bounded properties of membership functions are also mentioned to fill the formalization gaps present in the Mizar Mathematical Library, as in the case of another fuzzy operators [4]. In this paper, the properties of piecewise linear functions consisting of two straight lines are mainly described.
Elementary Number Theory Problems. Part III
Authors: Korniłowicz Artur 
Published: December 2022

Summary
In this paper problems 11, 16, 19–24, 39, 44, 46, 74, 75, 77, 82, and 176 from [10] are formalized as described in [6], using the Mizar formalism [1], [2], [4]. Problems 11 and 16 from the book are formulated as several independent theorems. Problem 46 is formulated with a given example of required properties. Problem 77 is not formulated using triangles as in the book is.
Single channel convolutive blind source separation for LFM radar signals
Authors: Xu Pengfei , Jia Yinjie , Guo Xinnian 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We propose a single channel blind source separation algorithm for convolutively mixed linear frequency modulation (LFM) signals based on smoothed Wigner-Ville distribution (SWVD) time-frequency analysis, Canny edge detection, and Hough transform detection. First, the SWVD time-frequency analysis diagram is obtained as an image based on the LFM time-frequency characteristics. Second, Canny edge detection is performed on the image. Then, Hough transform is used to detect the characteristic parameters of the linear signal. Finally, the source signal is recovered. The simulation results show that the algorithm is effective for single channel detection and extraction of convolutively mixed LFM signals.
Lightweight ultra-wideband antenna array equipped with thin frequency selective surface for high-gain applications
Authors: Prasad Pratyancha , Singh Shiva Nand , Kumar Akhilesh 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This article begins with an explanation of a frequency selective surface, also known as an FSS, which is used to increase gain across a wide frequency range. The proposed unit design is a modified combination of circular and square elements with two cross dipoles and a T-type structure at the inner side. In the second step of the process, a single wideband antenna that covers the same range as FSS is designed and then analyzed in terms of its gain and radiation patterns. After that, an antenna array was built using the same solo structure in order to take advantage of the benefits that come with using an array system. The array is made up of elements that are CPW fed. A ground-backed T-shaped power divider network with additional shorting pins is used to supply power to the entire array. In the fourth step, an array of the FSS unit cell has been positioned beneath the UWB solo antenna and its array in order to investigate the possibility of improved gain and radiation pattern. The FSS equivalent lumped circuit model is presented here for validation purposes. It has been determined that the results of the experiment and the simulation are consistent with one another. In contrast to the structures that have been reported in the past, the newly developed model possesses a greater bandwidth, a higher gain, and a lower profile.
Run length limited CCSDS convolutional codes for optical communications
Authors: Farkaš Peter , Divinec Ladislav , Rakús Martin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the construction of RLL-ECCs (run length limited error control codes) from three selected ECCs specified by Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) for optical communications. The RLL-ECCs obtained present a practical alternative to CCSDS codes with pseudo-randomizers. Their advantage is that the maximal run lengths of equal symbols in their codeword sequences are guaranteed, which is not the case if the common approach with pseudo-randomizers is used. The other advantages are that no additional redundancy is introduced into encoded codewords and that the encoding and decoding procedures of the original error control CCSDS codes do not have to be modified in the following cases: Firstly, if hard decoding is used and the transmission channel can be modeled as a BSC (binary symmetric channel) and secondly, if soft decoding and coherent BPSK (binary phase shift keying) modulation is used and the appropriate transmission channel model is an AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) channel.
Cardiovascular diseases diagnosis by impedance cardiography
Authors: Mansouri Sofiene , Alharbi Yousef , Alshrouf Anwar , Alqahtani Abdulrahman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the leading cause of mortality worldwide. In order to diagnose CVDs, there are a range of detection methods, among them, the impedance cardiography technique (ICG). It is a non-invasive and low-cost method. In this paper, we highlight recent advances and developments of the CDVs diagnosis mainly by the ICG method. We considered papers published during the last five years (from 2017 until 2022). Based on this study, we expressed the need for an ICG database for the different CDVs.
Handling Waste on Ships: A Model Based on Safety and Awareness
Authors: Kuncowati  , Sholihah Qomariyatus , Ciptadi Gatot , Koderi  
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Internationally, waste handling on ships is regulated in Annex V of the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation 1973/1978. Crews’ knowledge and competence in waste management and safety are specified in the Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, Manila 2010. However, research shows that waste is still discharged into the sea, which disturbs the aesthetics and negatively impacts the marine environment, ecosystem, and people’s safety and security. This study investigates waste handling by container ship crews. Data were collected through a survey with 180 container ship crews at Tanjung Perak Port, Surabaya, Indonesia; and analysed using Structural Equation Modelling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) software. The finding suggested a positive and significant impact of the crews’ roles in preventing marine pollution, at 31.5%. This finding confirms the need for a waste handling model on ships that considers safety and awareness. This study suggests improvements in ship management and crews’ awareness of waste handling aimed at environmental protection.
Experimental immobilization of Zn, Pb and Cd by additives to highly contaminated soils
Authors: Hałabuza Justyna , Rzepa Grzegorz , Manecki Maciej , Białek Justyna 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immobilization effect of soil amendments on leaching and bioavailability of Pb, Zn and Cd in highly contaminated soils under industrial impact was studied by collecting the soils in the surroundings of Zn-Pb Smelter “Miasteczko Śląskie” in southern Poland as an example. Various amounts of four additives (phosphate fertilizer, limestone powder, bentonite rock and bog iron ore) were tested in laboratory experiments to compare the effectiveness of three dominant mechanisms of immobilization: precipitation of phosphates, pH increase, and sorption. The contents of metals before immobilization were determined by extraction in CaCl2, EDTA and aqua regia. Cadmium and zinc are mainly represented by soluble, bio-available forms extractable in CaCl2, while lead by potentially bioavailable speciations extractable by EDTA. Most effective in the immobilization of these metals were the amendments increasing soil pH: limestone powder and phosphate fertilizer. Bog iron ore and bentonite were less effective because the soil pH was too low for efficient cation adsorption.
Comparison of Two Laboratory-Oriented Subjects in Terms of Face-to-Face and on-Line Form of Education
Authors: Moravčíková Jana 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The article is focused on presenting the method of online teaching of two subjects: CAQ and Metrology and Quality of Technological Processes, which are implemented in the summer semester on Bachelor’s study degree. The teaching was to be implemented in such a way that there was interaction with the students, and, at the same time, we also had to prepare the protocols later elaborated by students. The article will compare the face-to-face method of teaching, its methods as well as the evaluation of the two subjects, with the online method of teaching. Two subjects focused on the control and measurement of dimensions will be compared, but with different ways of implementing the exercises during the online process. Both subjects used laboratories to process them. The result is a relatively comparable success in both subjects.
Online Seminars on Thermal Analysis at the Institute of Materials
Authors: Drienovský Marián 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This contribution describes the online teaching process of selected thermal analysis techniques, which are performed within the subject of “Methods in Research of Material Structure and Properties”. It deals with some aspects of both, attendance, face-to-face method of study, and distant online study during the pandemic situation in Slovakia. Although online learning has undoubtedly some advantages, it should be employed only when not impeding the development of practical, experimental skills in a particular branch.
Evaluation of Students Performance during Distance form of Education
Authors: Pašák Matej 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was necessary to convert teaching to a distance method. The distance form of education had the advantage of student´s choice of place and time for study. However, students had to study using self-access. This could have a negative impact on study results. On the other hand, they could retain their academic results due to the extension of the time needed to grasp the subject matter. This article deals with the analysis of the performance of students regarding the study grades and the time required to complete a single assignment in the course of Mechanical Testing and Defectoscopy of Materials.
الارتباط الدلالي بين الجبن والألفاظ الدالة عليه في معجم لسان العرب
Authors: Mustafa Idrees Sulaiman 
Published: December 2022

تعد مسألة الحقول الدلالية ميدانا خصبا للدراسة ولا سيما إذا كان موضوع البحث يرتبط بدراسة في المعجم العربي وقد وقع اختيارنا على دراسة الألفاظ الدالة على الجبن في معجم لسان العرب بعدِّه واحدا من المراجع الأصلية في البحث اللغوي ومعجما كبيرا ورئيسا في تناول ألفاظ اللغة.
وقد كان البحث مبنيا على أساس إيجاد الارتباط الدلالي بين معنى الجُبن والألفاظ التي ذكرها ابن منظور (ت711ه) في معجمه وصرح بدلالتها على المعنى المذكور من خلال الحقول الدلالية التي قسمنا الألفاظ في ضوئها؛ إذ إن كل مجموعة من الألفاظ تدل على الجبن من حيثية غير ما تدل عليه مجموعة أخرى، ولم نأل جهدا أو ندخر وسعا في تقسيم الدلالات الفرعية على معنى الجبن.
التحليل المكاني لمؤشرات الأمومة الآمنة المسجلة في محافظات الفرات الأوسط لعام 2017.
Authors: Taha Al- Doury Riyadh Saeed , Ahmed Al- Husseini Abdulrazaq Jasim , Ahmed Al- Doury Saady Abdallah 
Published: December 2022

تتجلى أهمية الدراسة في كونها تبين حقائق عن مؤشرات الرعاية الصحية المقدمة للأمهات ومدى تفاوت استفادتهن منها .
كشفت الدراسة عن تباين وانخفاض نسب زيارات الحوامل للمؤسسات الصحية في جميع محافظات منطقة الدراسة، إذ بلغت نسبة الزيارة الأولى(59%) من إجمالي النساء الحوامل وانخفضت نسبة المراجعات في الزيارة الثانية والثالثة لتسجل (40,4%) وانخفضت بشكل أكبر خلال الزيارة الرابعة فأكثر إلى (35,9%)من إجمالي النساء الحوامل , وبحسب مكان الولادة فإنَّ (90,6%) من الولادات في منطقة الدراسة حدثت داخل المؤسسات الصحية و(9,4%)منها حدثت خارج المؤسسات الصحية، وإنَّ (3,3%) من إجمالي الولادات هم ممن يعانون من نقص الوزن في منطقة الدراسة، وهو مؤشر جيد لتغذية الأم.
Dashes in Emily Dickinson's Selected Poems
Authors: Madlool Nazeeha Khalaf 
Published: December 2022

Punctuation has a vital role in having a true interpretation of any text. It is a linguistic form which is connected with stylistics. Stylistics probes the aesthetic spots which are created by linguistic methods to reveal the writer views. Dickinson uses dash as a tool to add extra meaning besides the word. Dash is in need to be read and understood by the readers. Though dash creates a certain problem in the poem, it achieves various benefits of reflecting the sighs, emotion and loss without writing words.
This research analyzes dash as a punctuation mark, which appears widely in Dickinson's poetry.
المنهج الشرعي لحماية الارض ورعايتها
Authors: Daher Mustafa R. 
Published: December 2022

من نعم الله تعالى علينا خلقه للكرة الارضية لنعيش عليها ونحافظ عليها من المخاطر وان يكون لنا دورفي حمايتها من التلوث الذي يهدد صحة الانسان لذلك سلطت هذه الدراسة الضوء على الدراسات الفقهية الدقيقة الخاصة بهذا الموضوع. لقد ركزت الشريعة الاسلامية على حماية الارض من التلوث والمحافظة على مواردها من الاستنزاف وسوء الاستخدام بدءا من تربية الوازع الايماني والعقائدي في قلب كل مسلم للمحافظة على نعم الله تعالى وحماية الارض وتنمية اخلاقه للـتأدب مع الموارد الطبيعية. لقد وضعت الشريعة الأسلامية الاسس والقواعد الشرعية القائمة على حفظ البيئة وحسن استغلالها، ثم جاءت الفروع الفقهية لتجد في كل فرع منها مسألة فيها رعاية واهتماماً بقضايا التلوث واحاطت ذلك كله بسياج المقاصد الكبرى في جلب كل مصلحة فيها اصلاح وحفظ لحياة الانسان من التلوث، ودفع لكل مفسدة فيها افساد واضرار بحياة الانسان. لذلك وجب توعية البشرية لمدى الارتباط الوثيق بين أحكام الشريعة الاسلامية وحياة الانسان مع وضع استراتيجية عامة لنشر الثقافة بين جميع طبقات المجتمع وعلى المستويات كافة للحفاظ على الكرة الارضية. كما يجب التوجه للعمران في الاراضي البوروذلك لحماية المناطق الزراعية من الامتداد السكاني لها وتجريفها واقامة المشاريع السكانية والصناعية والاستثمارية بما يتلائم مع متطلبات المجتمع وحاجياته.
تنظيم أوضاع الجيش الجديد( عساكر المنصورة المحمدية)
Authors: Taha Maki Yousef Abd alkarim , Talib Jamal Subhi 
Published: December 2022

أدت المؤسسة العسكرية دوراً استثنائياً في قيام الدولة العثمانية واستمرارها حتى سقوطها، فقد كانت الدولة منذ نشأتها، عسكرية الطابع، فليس هناك ثمة خط فاصل بين ما هو مدني وما هو عسكري فيها، فقد برع العثمانيون في التنظيم العسكري واقتبسوا في البداية الاساليب العسكرية البيزنطية وطوروها، فأصبحت الاساس الذي قامت عليه مؤسستهم العسكرية فيما بعد، هكذا كان للمؤسسة العسكرية اهمية كبيرة في بناء الدولة العثمانية منذ نشأتها فهي ادارة للحكم والحرب معاً.
إلا ان كثرة الاخفاقات السياسية والعسكرية اقنعت السلطان محمود الثاني في بداية عشرينات القرن التاسع عشر بضرورة القيام بإصلاحات جذرية في المؤسسة العسكرية فقد اثبت الجيش الانكشاري انه كان سبباً في الفشل الذي اصاب تلك المؤسسة، إذ تقاعس الكثير من الانكشاريين في الذهاب إلى ثكناتهم العسكرية المخصصة لهم لأداء الواجب العسكري المطلوب منهم ، وكانوا لا يذهبون إلا لتسلم الرواتب. ذلك الامر دفع السلطان محمود الثاني الى الغاء الجيش الانكشاري وتشكيل جيش جديد سمي بعساكر المنصورة المحمدية والذي ابدى اهتمامه الكبير في تنظيم ذلك الجيش ليكون منافساً قوياً للجيوش الاوربية
التعايش السلمي مع أهل الذمة في ظل الدولة العربية الإسلامية
Authors: Jassim Muayad Hameed 
Published: December 2022

أهل الذمة يقصد به كلا من النصارى واليهود أهل الكتاب وأصحاب الديانات الأخرى الذين يعيشون تحت الحكم الإسلامي أو في البلاد التي تدين الإسلام . استعمل المسلمون كلمة (الذمة) هو عهد رسول الله (صلى الله عليه وسلم) إلى نصارى أهل نجران، فالذمة هي ذمة الله ورسوله وليست ذمة أحد من الناس. بقاؤها لضمان الحقوق لا إهدارها، ولاحترام الدين المخالف للإسلام لا لإهانته ولإقرار أهل الأديان على أديانهم ونظمها لا لحملهم على الزهد فيها أو الرجوع عنها. ومع ذلك فهي عقد لا وضع. جاءَ الإسلام الحنيف في زمن رسول الله مرتبطًا بكميةٍ من الرسالات السامية، والتي تُعبِّر عن مضمون الإسلام، وتدافع عنه في كل مواقفِ الشُبهات، وما يحصل من تشويه لرسالة الإسلام السمحة التي يدعيها من لا يعرف الإسلام ولا ينصفه؛ فقد أمر الإسلام بالتسامح والصفح وحُسن التعايش مع كل الناس بغض النظر عن أطيافهم وأديانهم ومعتقداتهم، وذلك عن طريق احترام حريته الدينية والسياسية والفكرية، ومن الجدير بالذكر أنّ رسالة الإسلام لم تنتشر بحد السيف كما يتمُّ تشويهها، بل إنَّ السماحة والعدل والعلم هم من ساهموا في نشر هذه الرسالة السامية، وذلك مما ما تدل عليه القصص المذكورة من تعامل المسلمين مع أهل الذمة وتعايشهم معهم ومشاركتهم حياتهم .
UNCERTAINTY ON THE BANKRUPT PROCESS AS A LEGAL MEANS FOR SHARIA ECONOMIC DISPUTE SETTLEMENT (Case Study of BMT Fisabilillah)
Authors: Rejeki Niniek Mumpuni Sri 
Published: December 2022

Law No. 1 of 2013 on Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) has provided a legal basis for the operational activities of MFIs. The development of Sharia Microfinance Institutions/Baitul Maal wat Tamwil must be followed up with dispute resolution based on sharia principles. The intersection that occurs in the settlement of sharia economic disputes in bankruptcy cases is the mixing of conventional and sharia legal principles, which will cause legal uncertainty, the Court has absolute authority to handle sharia economic law cases. The bankruptcy decision by the Semarang Commercial Court in the BMT Fisabilillah case proves that at the empirical level, sharia economic disputes are decided by the Commercial Court which is formed in the general court environment. This article will analyze the position of BMT after the issuance of the MFI Law, the fall of the bankruptcy decision on BMT Fisabilillah. The research method is normative law by reviewing legal materials related to MFIs, Cooperatives, Bankruptcy and PKPU. The legal vacuum in bankruptcy law for sharia actors should be followed up by complying with the laws and decisions of the Constitutional Court so that bankruptcy disputes for LKMS become the domain of the Religious Courts, this is the main difference between bankruptcy based on positive law in Indonesia and Islamic law. This review of the bankruptcy case of BMT Fisabilillah is to understand that there is a blending in the substance of sharia economic law in the realm of general justice. This situation weakens the absolute authority of the established Religious Courts.