bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cell Cycle of Blast Cells Involved in Secondary Antibody Response
Authors: Sado Toshihiko , Makinodan T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Spleen cells from primed donors were cultured with the test antigen in diffusion chambers. The cell cycle of blast cells was analyzed during the latent-log phase transition when the number of these cells remains constant. The estimated length of time for the various phases was: G2, 0.7 hr; M, 0.5 hr; G1, 0 to 1 hr; S, 5 to 6.8 hr; and the GT, 8 to 9 hr. No significant difference between the experimental and control groups was observed. The data on mean grain number per metaphase cell as a function of time after a single pulse exposure of these cells to H3-Tdr showed that the peak level occurred 3 to 4 hr after labeling, which corresponds to the latter third of the S phase. The significance of these results to the cytokinetics of antibody responses is discussed.
Some Factors Affecting the Secondary Immune Response in Tissue Cultures Containing Hydrocortisone
Authors: Halliday William J. , Garvey Justine S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A complete secondary immune response with antibody production is possible in a defined culture medium, if primed rabbit lymph node fragments are challenged with antigen in vitro and incubated with hydrocortisone. These studies confirm the observations of Ambrose (7, 8).
Lymph node cell suspensions produced antibody only if prepared from tissue fragments which had been incubated in a hydrocortisone-containing medium for the preproduction phase (about 5 days). The hormone was not required for the antibody production phase of the cultures (tissue fragments or cell suspensions).
Unrelated antigens showed no cross-immunogenicity, although phytohemagglutinin stimulated a slight nonspecific response.
After priming injections in the feet, regional nodes were more responsive to challenge than were distant nodes. Spleen cultures were consistently negative under the conditions used.
Tracer studies showed that antigen was taken up by primed tissue in vitro, bound firmly and released only when antibody appeared in the culture fluids.
Antigen-Antibody Reactions in Allergic Human Tissues
Authors: Rappaport Ben Z. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In antigen-challenged nasal mucosa of seasonal hay fever patients, antigen, presumably bound to antibody, was identified in the cytoplasm of mucosa and gland epithelial cells, in histiocytes, pericytes, capillary endothelial cells and fibrocytes. In histamine-challenged tissue coated with antigen in vitro, fluorescence was demonstrable in surface epithelium, in gland cells, histiocytes and pericytes, but not in fibrocytes or endothelial cells. Fluorescent staining also suggests the posible presence of antigen and antibody in eosinophils of the allergic nasal mucosa.
Studies in Experimental Eosinophilia
Authors: Litt Mortimer 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The draining lymph nodes of guinea pigs were examined histologically after the injection of BSA or hemocyanin into footpads. When a 10-mg dose of hemocyanin was administered, increased numbers of eosinophils were detected as early as 4 hr, and the peak response was seen at 12 hr. Margination, diapedesis and perivascular cuffing by eosinophils were prominent features in lymph nodes removed during the 1st hr, and such changes were evident as early as 5 min after the first exposure to hemocyanin. Similar findings were obtained with BSA, but the earliest changes were noted at 1 hr. When BSA, labeled with fluorescein, was injected into footpads, green fluorescence was noted in the draining lymph node as early as 5 sec. The experiments are consistent with the view that de novo synthesis of antibody may occur within 5 min of the first encounter of an organism with an antigen.
The Effect of Antigen on the Proliferation of Spleen Cell Suspensions from Tolerant Rabbits
Authors: Dutton Richard W. 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
DNA synthesis is stimulated when homologous antigen is added to suspensions of spleen cells from previously immunized rabbits. This has been taken to represent the in vitro counterpart of the proliferative response seen in vivo and which leads to the appearance of differentiated cells which synthesize antibody.
The results described show that cells from a rabbit made tolerant by neonatal exposure to antigen do not respond to that antigen when challenged in vitro even after an intensive course of immunization. (It should be noted that small quantities of antigen were probably still present in the circulation at the time of sacrifice.) Thus, not only is no antibody synthesized but there is no proliferative response of precursor cells. In addition, it has been shown that simultaneous exposure of the cells to the antigen to which they are tolerant does not affect their response to a second antigen to which they are immune.
These findings are consonant with the reports of in vivo studies (1–4) referred to in the introduction and confirm the complete lack of a response at the cellular level in immunologically unresponsive animals.
Anti-Albumin Antibodies after Immunization with Whole and Enzyme-Digested Autologous Rabbit Albumins
Authors: Williams Ralph C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibodies to rabbit (RSA), bovine (BSA), human (HSA) and horse (Ho.SA) serum albumins were produced by immunizing rabbits with various preparations of autologous albumins. The highest titers to HSA and Ho.SA were noted in animals immunized with relatively unaltered autologous albumin preparations; slightly higher titers against RSA were noted in animals given pepsin-digested autologous albumins. Antibodies to rabbit and human γ-globulin as measured by agglutination of incomplete antibody-coated cells were noted in some rabbits immunized with autologous albumin preparations. Antibodies were noted which showed specificity for sites uncovered by pepsin or rabbit spleen enzyme digestion of autologous albumins. Such antibodies were not inhibited or absorbed by unaltered autologous albumin.
Antibody Production by Determined Cells in Diffusion Chambers
Authors: Weiler Ivan Jeanne 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibody production by immunologically determined cells has been followed in diffusion chambers. No antibody is produced by these cells in the first four days after tranfer to a new host. Then, although there is no new exposure to the specific antigen, antibody production commences and reaches a peak between days 8 and 15. At the same time, plasma cells begin to appear among clusters of lymphocytes within the chamber. A close association between mature plasma cells and fibroblasts could be demonstrated in 540 of 552 individually scored plasma cells.
Antibody titers at the time of maximum synthesis are higher within the chambers than in the host's serum or in empty chambers. This shows that the antibody is produced by the cells within the chambers, and not by the host cells.
The Immune Response of Rabbits Tolerant to One Protein Conjugate Following the Injection of Related Protein Conjugates
Authors: Weigle William O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A high degree of tolerance was induced in rabbits by neonatal injection of picryl-bovine serum albumin (BSA). Twenty-seven of 36 rabbits were tolerant to both native BSA and picryl-BSA 3 months after birth. The other nine rabbits made an antibody response to both picryl-BSA and native BSA. The injection of the tolerant rabbits with picryl-horse γ-globulin (HoGG) resulted in a normal response to both the picryl group and the HoGG without interfering with tolerance to BSA. On the other hand, rabbits tolerant to picryl-BSA did not respond to picryl-RSA or DNP-BSA. The injection of the tolerant rabbits with sulfanil-BSA terminated the tolerant state to native BSA.
Data were given indicating that in normal rabbits the antibody response to picryl-RSA was directed to the hapten and a surrounding area on the conjugate.
Rabbits tolerant to picryl-BSA and injected with picryl-HoGG produced antibody that reacted with picryl-BSA but not with native BSA. When these rabbits were injected 1 month later with picryl-BSA, they again made antibody that reacted to picryl-BSA but not with native BSA.
Transfer of Immunity to Tetanus in Mice by Sensitized Homologous Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Nedelkoff B. , Heaton E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Since Landsteiner and Chase first demonstrated passive transfer of sensitivity to picryl chloride by peritoneal exudate cells in guinea pigs (1), numerous studies have established the general nature of this phenomenon (2–5). In most cases biologic antigens, e.g., toxoids, have been employed by a variety of routes, and either circulating antibodies (2–4, 6, 7), delayed hypersensitivity (1) or both (8) have been detected.
The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of induced protection against lethal doses of tetanus toxin following passive transfer of sensitized lymph node cells (SLNC) in nonirradiated, adult, highly inbred mice. The mouse has been shown to be susceptible to tetanus toxin (9), and active immunization with tetanus toxoid has been produced in this animal (10).
Materials and Methods. The animals used were C3H/HeJ3 adult female mice. Fifty animals were immunized by injecting 0.25 ml of aluminum phosphate-adsorbed tetanus toxoid4 into the base of the tail and an equal amount subcutaneously into the interscapular region.
Immunochemical Aspects of the Cross-Reactivity between Groups A and C Streptococci as Detected by the Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Authors: Karakawa Walter W. , Krause Richard M. , Borman Earle K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The cross-reactivity as detected by the fluorescent antibody method between Group A sera and Group C streptococci is dependent upon a rhamnose moiety that is shared by both Groups A and C carbohydrates and that, under certain circumstances, may be serologically reactive. The cross-reactivity is inhibited by A variant carbohydrate, and by a rhamnose disaccharide isolated from A variant carbohydrate by the rhamnosidase of McCarty. Cross-reactivity between Groups A and C carbohydrates is dependent, in part, upon the fact that this rhamnose disaccharide is a structural feature common to both antigens.
Agglutinating Factor in Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Innis Michael D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The sera of five consecutive patients with myeloid leukemia and the eluates from their leukocytes were examined for the presence of agglutinating factors by the technique of Gilboa-Garber and Nelken. The sera and eluates of five normal persons were similarly examined. Two patients with acute myeloid leukemia showed agglutinating factors in their sera; the eluates, on the other hand, of all five patients with leukemia showed the presence of these factors. In their avidity for cell surfaces they resemble warm incomplete anti-erythrocytic antibodies. None of the normal individuals examined showed any such abnormality. These factors appear to be either anti-leukocytic antibodies or some nonspecific agglutinating substance.
Prolonged Immunization
Authors: Lee C. L. , Davidsohn I. , Takahashi T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbit anti-mouse erythrocyte sera from each of 7 courses of immunization were studied with 9 immunologic techniques, namely, agglutinin titrations with antiglobulin serum, in serum-albumin medium, with papain treated cells, and in saline medium; hemolysin and complement fixation titrations; determination of combining ability with fluorescein and I125 labeled sera; and production of anemia in mice. Formalinized erythrocytes can be used successfully to study certain immunologic reactions. In vitro reactions, except for complement fixation and coating with fluorescent antibodies, did come near their peak levels in 2-course sera; after 4 or more courses, titers of all in vitro reactions were essentially parallel to the base line. Whether these tests are demonstrating different reactions of the same antibody or reactions of different antibodies requires further investigation. On the other hand, the anemia producing ability showed marked decrease in sera collected after more than 3 courses of immunization. Our studies permit the conclusion that no in vitro reaction has yet been found to serve as a reliable indicator of the in vivo potency of a rabbit anti-mouse erythrocyte serum.
Relationship of Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis to Antibodies in the Serum of Ragweed Hay Fever Patients after Injection Treatment
Authors: Connell John T. , Sherman William B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sera of treated hay fever patients, which contained blocking antibody in high titers (800 PNU or more), induced PCA in the skin of guinea pigs. There was a similar but less definite relation between high titers of hemagglutinating antibody and induction of PCA. Titers of skin sensitizing (Prausnitz-Kuestner) antibody have no relation to the activity of sera in PCA. Activity of the sera of treated hay fever patients in producing PCA was not affected by heating for 4 hr at 56°C or storage for 2 years at 4°C.
Further Observations on Cell Cultures Infected Concurrently with Mumps and Sindbis Viruses
Authors: Frothingham Thomas E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The Sindbis virus plaque size enhancing property of mumps virus is shown to be closely associated with infectivity of mumps virus, and to be clearly different from mumps virus hemagglutinin and hemolysin. The enhancing property differs also from published descriptions of mumps virus cytolysin and mouse toxin.
Sindbis virus was recovered in much higher titer from doubly infected cultures which exhibited enhancement than from cultures showing normal Sindbis virus plaques. However, in chick embryo or human amnion cell cultures with liquid medium, Sindbis virus multiplication was similar whether or not concurrent mumps virus infection was present. The development of hemagglutinin in the mumps infected system was not affected by concurrent Sindbis virus infection.
Fluids harvested from doubly infected cultures interfered with vesicular stomatitis virus plaque development, while fluids from cultures infected solely with mumps or Sindbis virus failed to do so.
Heated allantoic fluid from influenza virusinfected eggs or fluid from rubella virus-infected cultures interfered with Sindbis virus activity in chick embryo or human amnion cell cultures respectively. Mumps virus infection inhibited this interfering activity.
Separation of Clostridium Perfringens Type D Toxins
Authors: Hauschild Andreas H. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method was developed for the complete separation of Clostridium perfringens type D toxins.
ε and θ toxins were separated from each other and from the remaining toxins on a single column of diethylaminoethyl cellulose. After adsorption of θ toxin on sheep red blood cells, ε, α and κ toxins were separated in the same way.
Serologic Studies of Primary Epidemic Typhus and Recrudescent Typhus (Brill-Zinsser Disease)
Authors: Murray Edward S. , Gaon Jakob A. , O'Connor Jane M. , Mulahasanović Mujesira 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two distinct serologic patterns were observed in complement fixation (CF) tests on 172 sera from 70 patients suffering from infections caused by Rickettsia prowazeki.
The acute phase sera from 30 of the patients required 4 to 8 units of antigen in order to demonstrate maximum antibody titers; moreover, serum inactivation at 60°C for 30 min markedly lowered antibody titers. This group of patients also developed Weil Felix titers of 1:160 or greater between the 10th and 20th days of illness and showed no significant evidence of cross-reacting murine typhus CF antibodies. These 30 patients illustrate the clinical, epidemiologic and serologic characteristics of primary epidemic typhus. In contrast, acute phase sera from the remaining 40 patients gave almost identical antibody titers with both 1 and 8 units of antigen and these titers were not altered by serum inactivation at 60°C instead of 56°C for 30 min. This group of patients did not develop Weil Felix titers greater than 1:80 but did develop rising cross-reacting murine typhus CF antibodies. As a group these patients also demonstrated a dramatic rise in epidemic typhus CF antibody titers between the 7th and 10th days of illness. These 40 patients illustrate the clinical, epidemiologic and serologic characteristics of classic Brill-Zinsser disease. The sharply contrasting serologic patterns demonstrated in the immune responses of primary epidemic typhus and Brill-Zinsser disease add confirmation to Zinsser's hypothesis, which states that typhus occurs in a secondary (recrudescent) as well as a primary form. These findings also add to the accumulating data which point toward there being substantial physicochemical differences in the properties of primary and secondary immune response antibodies. The presence of the high antigen requirement (HAR) and heat labile (HL) phenomena can be demonstrated regularly in acute phase primary epidemic typhus sera; this observation implies that when diagnostic laboratories are testing for CF antibodies in such sera, 4 to 8 units of antigen and less than 58°C serum inactivation should be employed. The probable presence and significance of the HAR and HL phenomena in other infectious diseases is discussed.
Antigenic Properties of Human Mucous Membranes
Authors: Rose Noel R. , Bonstein Herbert S. , Mazow Jack B. , Arbesman Carl E. , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antisera specific for respiratory mucosa were produced by injecting rabbits with crude mucosal extract incorporated in Freund's adjuvant, and absorbing the resultant immune serum with kidney suspension. The antigenic properties of normal human respiratory mucosa, obtained from different levels of the respiratory tract, were studied by means of immunoelectrophoresis, double diffusion precipitation in agar, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and in vitro anaphylaxis. No differences were found among the antigens of respiratory mucosa from different levels of the bronchial tree. There was cross-reaction between esophageal mucosa and respiratory mucosa, detectable by passive or in vitro anaphylaxis, but essentially none with mucosa of other levels of the alimentary tract. There was cross-reaction with lung, although the difficulties of obtaining pure lung preparations and pure preparations of segmental bronchus mucosa are pointed out. These reactions are apparently not due to blood group isoantigens or other group-specific antigens. These studies indicate the presence of tissue-specific antigens in respiratory mucosa.
Antiviral Activity of N-Ethylisatin β-Thiosemicarbazone in Vaccinia-Infected Mice
Authors: Pollikoff Ralph , Lieberman Melvin , Lem Nancy E. , Foley Edward J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The anti-viral effect of N-ethylisatin β-thiosemicarbazone was determined in mice infected i.c. with vaccinia virus. The findings indicated that a single dose of 4 mg given as early as 72 hours before infection produced a 1 to 2 log lower PFU and LD50 titer and 80 to 100% net survival. When drug was given after virus inoculation, anti-viral efficacy was related to dose and time of treatment. In general, elementary or inclusion bodies were not observed in the brains of surviving drug-treated mice, and inflammatory changes were not suppressed. The absence of antibody or interferon in the brains of drug-treated mice prior to the 10th day following infection showed that protection was solely due to the virostatic action of N-ethylisatin β-thiosemicarbazone.
Differentiation of Lymphocytes Undergoing an Immune Response in Diffusion Chambers
Authors: Nettesheim Paul , Makinodan T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
No transformation of lymphocytes into histiocytes and fibroblasts was observed when cell-impermeable diffusion chambers containing rat thoracic duct lymphocytes were implanted intraperitoneally in unirradiated isologous or homologous recipients. When such chambers were implanted into irradiated heterologous recipients (mice), or when chambers containing these cells together with radiation-killed mouse cells were implanted into irradiated isologous recipients, the number of blast and immature cells increased with a T2 of approximately 13 hr between 2 and 6 days after culture. These cells were shown not to be of host origin. Pulse-labeling studies with tritiated thymidine indicated that they were derived mainly from deoxyribonucleic acid-synthesizing lymphocytes. No attempt was made to determine what cell type or types are the antigen-inducible progenitor cells, for previous studies indicate there is only 1 progenitor cell in approximately 106 lymphoid cells.
Observations on the Antibody Response of Rabbits to Mycobacterial Antigens
Authors: Daniel Thomas M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibody response to soluble old tuberculin (OT), alum-precipitated purified protein derivative (PPD), OT incorporated in incomplete Freund's and whole killed mycobacteria in incomplete Freund's adjuvant has been studied in rabbits. Six of 12 animals injected with soluble OT and 3 of 8 given alum-precipitated PPD produced antibody measurable by hemagglutination techniques. This antibody was of short duration and was of the γ1M type exclusively. Five of 8 animals responded to OT in adjuvant and produced antibodies of both γ1M and 7 S-γ2 types. All animals responded to immunization with whole organisms in adjuvant. In these latter animals a transition from an early production of both classes of antibody, with γ1M antibody predominating in the earliest positive sera, to persistent exclusive synthesis of 7 S-γ2-immunoglobulin was observed. Following a second challenge an anamnestic response was not observed in any of the animals. That antibody which was synthesized following reinjection without adjuvant was of the γ1M type and was not accelerated in its appearance, suggesting a second primary rather than a secondary event. The data are in accord with the concept that the evocation of the 7 S-γ2 response requires a more intense stimulus than does the γ1M response. The production of 7 S-γ2 antibody, however, does not necessarily indicate preparation of the animal for a subsequent anamnestic response.
Purification and Some Properties of Anti-Testosterone Antibodies
Authors: Zimmering Paula E. , Beiser Sam M. , Erlanger Bernard F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibodies to testosterone have been produced by immunization of ewes with conjugates of testosterone-17-hemisuccinate and bovine serum albumin suspended in Freund's complete adjuvant. Antibody has been separated from the sera by salt fractionation to obtain the globulin fraction, by dissolution of specific precipitates using a hapten analogue and by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The apparent specific precipitability of the antisera, and of all antibody-containing solutions derived from them, was markedly dependent on concentration. Our data can be expressed by the equation Aapp = A1 e-b(f-1) where Aapp is the apparent antibody titer at the dilution tested, A1 is the antibody titer of the undiluted test solution for which f = 1, f is the dilution factor, and b is a parameter which measures the degree of variation of precipitation of antibody with dilution. The concentration effect is probably not due to the solubility of antigen-antibody aggregates or to the changed configuration of proteins in dilute solution. It may be due to the presence of relatively weakly bound antibody molecules, or, more probably, to an increased possibility of intra-particulate interaction on dilution. The preferred method for specific purification of anti-testosterone antibodies was precipitation by heterologous antigen and dissolution of the precipitate by the hapten analogue, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl- 17β-(3-keto-4-androstenyl)-carbonate, followed by separation of the antibodies on Sephadex G-25. Two of the six ewes immunized produced antibodies which were bound by DEAE-cellulose, and which, when eluted, differed from unbound antibodies in that their specific precipitation by homologous antigen was inhibited by albumin or by some component associated with albumin.