bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Antipneumococcic Rabbit Serum
Authors: Gerlough Tillman D. , Palmer John W. , Blumenthal Reuben R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Determinations of heterologous (group-specific) and total (type-specific plus group-specific) agglutinin-nitrogen have been made on concentrates of antipneumococcic rabbit-serum for types I, II, III, IV, V, VII, VIII and XIV. These concentrates had previously been analyzed for type-specific precipitin-nitrogen.
Under the conditions employed here, of the total agglutinin, about 86 per cent is accounted for by type-specific precipitin, and about 93 per cent by precipitin plus heterologous agglutinin. Thus the conclusions of Heidelberger and coworkers as to the identity of type-specific agglutinin and precipitin are confirmed and extended.
Using six of the types mentioned, mouse protective assays on the concentrates after removal of the precipitin showed that only 3.1 per cent or less of the protective power remained, indicating identity of precipitin and protective antibody.
The type-specific polysaccharides used in the quantitative precipitative reaction were not significantly degraded.
Blood-Groups of the Papago Indians
Authors: Breazeale Edward L. , Greene Robert A. , Kantor L. J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Many studies have been made of the racial distribution of blood-groups, but to our knowledge, no such studies have been made of the Papago Indians. This tribe, which is found in southern Arizona and northern Sonora, is one of the largest tribes in Arizona.
Experimental. The technic described by Wiener (1) was employed in this investigation. The typing sera was prepared according to the directions of Wiener (1), and was carefully checked before use.
The specimens for examination were secured by suspending blood-clots in normal saline solution (1). The majority of these blood-specimens were submitted for serological tests for syphilis. A large part of these came from Papagoes who were admitted to the Indian Oasis Hospital, Sells, Arizona. Others were submitted in connection with the physical examinations of C.C.C. enrollees and school children. All age-groups and all parts of the reservation were represented in the sampling. All specimens came from full-blooded Indians.
Anti-Coagulants and Complementary Activity
Authors: Ecker E. E. , Pillemer L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Heparin, capable of reacting with prothrombin or thrombin (20), inactivates complement only in quantities out of all proportion to its anti-coagulative ability. The synthetic anti-coagulants, the sodium salts of polyvinyl sulfuric and cellulose sulfuric acids, are from 75 to 100 times as anti-complementary as heparin, while possessing only 1/15 of the anti-coagulative ability of the purified heparins. Anti-coagulants capable of reacting with calcium, failed to inactivate complement under the conditions employed. Protamine, which probably inhibits coagulation by reacting with the thromboplastic factor (20), likewise required amounts for complement inactivation out of proportion to its anti-coagulative ability. The anti-complementary action of the anti-coagulants may be attributed to their acidic or basic nature, and to their high molecular size. No definite correlation exists between the inactivation of complement and the inhibition of coagulation.
Changes in Serological Reactions and Tissue-Sensitivity in Hay-Fever Patients during the Early Months of Treatment
Authors: Sherman William B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Thirteen typical cases of ragweed hay-fever were studied with intracutaneous, conjunctival, and serological tests before and after the first three months of treatment with injections of pollen-extract. In 12 of the 13 patients the reaction to intracutaneous tests with ragweed pollen-extract, which had been preserved by the cryochem-process, was less after treatment. In 11 of 13 patients the reaction to conjunctival tests with ragweed pollen-extract was less after treatment. The sera of 12 of the 13 patients showed more skin-sensitizing antibody, as measured by the dilution-test, after treatment. All of the sera required more ragweed pollen-extract to neutralize the skin-sensitizing antibody after treatment. All post-treatment sera inactivated one of the antigenic fractions (fraction 1) of low-ragweed pollen-extract. In only one case did the serum inactivate the second antigenic fraction (fraction 2) of the pollen-extract. None of the sera taken before treatment inactivated ragweed pollen-antigen. Patients who were sensitive to both antigenic fractions of ragweed pollen but who developed antibody inactivating only one fraction did not develop tolerance for large doses of ragweed pollen-extract and had more constitutional reactions than those who were sensitive to only one fraction and developed antibody inactivating that fraction. Sera that inactivated only the more active fraction (fraction 1) of the ragweed pollen-extract showed blocking activity when tested by the neutralization-method. When such sera were tested by the dilution-method, the results obtained depended on the way in which the serum used to sensitize cutaneous sites reacted to the two antigenic fractions of the ragweed pollen.
Further Studies on the Action of Sulfapyridine on Pneumococci
Authors: Lowell Francis C. , Strauss Elias , Finland Maxwell 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A series of experiments is presented in which type III pneumococci were grown in various ways in artificial media, both with and without sulfapyridine, in order to determine whether the changes which take place in the medium or in the organisms during the course of growth have any effect on subsequent growth in such media.
When sulfapyridine was added during the various phases of active growth from a small inoculum, there followed, in turn, a period in which multiplication continued, a bacteriostatic and then a decline phase. The latter effects were limited only by the population of the culture at the time the drug was added, and the amount of multiplication that preceded was fairly constant within that limit.
The growth of pneumococci in fresh media was dependent on the conditions under which they had been grown previously. Organisms in the static or in the decline phase of sulfapyridine action continued to die when transferred to fresh drug-containing media, as if the media had not been changed. When transferred to drug-free media they grew like a fresh inoculum of similar size that had previously grown without drug. Within the limits of the experiment, therefore, sulfapyridine action is reversible.
The action of sulfapyridine effects a change in the organism and not in the medium. This change was shown to take place even in the presence of a large inoculum when growth inhibition was not apparent, and it became manifest when small numbers of the organisms were transferred to fresh drug-containing media.
Pneumococci were grown repeatedly from fresh small inocula in sulfapyridine broth in which all the phases of growth, bacteriostasis and bactericidal action had previously been carried to completion. All the resulting growth curves were essentially the same. The inhibition or killing of pneumococci was not accompanied by any stable change in the media capable of modifying the growth of fresh organism subsequently inoculated.
The population of a culture that had attained the static phase of sulfapyridine action was doubled by the addition of fresh organisms that had grown without sulfapyridine. The resulting population-curve of that culture from that point on was the same as that of a control culture of the new inoculum in fresh sulfapyridine broth. This suggests that no unstable changes are produced during the growth of pneumococci in sulfapyridine-containing media that are capable of modifying the growth of freshly inoculated organisms.
Antigenic Properties of Substituted Serum-Globulin
Authors: Haurowitz Felix , Şarafian Kirkor , Schwerin Paula 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The specific precipitation of serum-pseudoglobulin by homologous antiserum is inhibited by introduction of approximately 100 or more azogroups per molecule of globulin (mol wt = 175,000) as well as by introduction of the same number of iodine atoms or N-acetyl groups. Azoglobulin, iodoglobulin, and acetylglobulin with less than about 50 substituting groups per molecule are precipitated exactly as well as native pseudoglobulin. The precipitation of atoxylazoglobulin by an antiserum to atoxylazoglobulin is not inhibited by N-acetylation. Our experiments indicate that the specificity of natural pseudoglobulin is not determined by a single “determinant group”, but by a definite “determinant arrangement” of tyrosine groups, free amino groups and perhaps further groups on the surface of the proteic molecule. Such determinant arrangements seem to be responsible for the specificity of native proteins.
Studies of the X Strain (Dyer) of Rickettsia Burneti
Authors: Burnet F. M. , Freeman Mavis 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The X strain (Dyer) of Rickettsia burneti can be grown on the chorioallantois of the developing hen's egg. The most active proliferation occurs in young embryos (seven to nine days old at the time of inoculation) and in these the infected membrane shows numerous vacuolated ectodermal cells containing large numbers of rickettsiae. On twelve-day embryos focal lesions are produced, and pock-counting titrations can be made. There is no reduction in focal counts under the influence of serum known to contain specific antibody. Egg-membrane material is more highly virulent for guinea pigs than mouse-spleen virus containing similar numbers of rickettsiae. This higher virulence is ascribed to the absence of antibody production in the chick-embryo.
Studies of the X Strain (Dyer) of Rickettsia Burneti
Authors: Burnet F. M. , Freeman Mavis 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fatal infections of guinea pigs with the X rickettsia can be produced with regularity if a large enough dose is given. Enormous numbers of rickettsiae are present in the tissues of guinea pigs dying from the infection within twelve days. Guinea pigs of standard size (around 250 g) give more regular febrile responses than younger or older animals. The administration of immune serum with rickettsiae reduces or annuls the febrile response, but in all instances the animals used are completely immune to a subsequent test-injection. Killed rickettsiae can be used to produce a substantial immunity in guinea pigs. With a single small dose a subsequent immunity-test may result in a modified febrile reaction. The inoculation of guinea pigs with rickettsiae treated with sodium lauryl sulphate solution gives rise to responses closely resembling those obtained with serum-rickettsiae mixtures.
Electrophoretic and Ultracentrifugal Analyses of Antipneumococcal Horse Sera
Authors: van der Scheer J. , Lagsdin J. B. , Wyckoff Ralph W. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Ultracentrifugal and electrophoretic analyses have been made of a number of antipneumococcal horse sera and concentrates obtained from different sources. The antibody has been found associated with a heavy globulin component which is apparently the same in all the sera examined. No evidence was found for lighter pneumococcal antibodies. In all but one instance antibody activity has resided only in the electrophoretic γ-globulin. In this exceptional serum, drawn from a horse which had just begun to furnish antibody, the activity was found in a new component, T′, intermediate between the γ globulin and the T-component that characterizes horse antitoxic sera. It could not be determined whether or not this new component would persist with prolonged hyperimmunization.
Optical Study of the Reaction between Transferred Monolayers of Lancefield's “M” Substance and Various Antisera
Authors: Bateman J. B. , Calkins H. E. , Chambers L. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The Blodgett-Langmuir method has been adapted to the approximate determination of the extent to which reactive sites on a plane surface become occupied by molecules of a dissolved reactant, certain simplifying assumptions, based on experimental observation, being made as to the thickness of the adsorbed layer.
The method in this modified form has been used in a study of the reaction between transferred monolayers of Lancefield's “M” substance and various antisera. It is pointed out that the experimental conditions are characterized by the absence of the complicating secondary effects essential to most immunological observations.
By varying the method of preparation, monolayers of “M” of varying thickness can be obtained. Even the thinnest of these, in which the surface-degradation of the molecules has been most complete, are capable of reacting specifically with the homologous serum. Certain cross-reactions with other antistreptococcal sera have been observed, and also the reaction of mixed monolayers of “M” and egg-albumin.
The rate of deposition of antibody has been studied semiquantitatively. The time required for half the active surface of “M” to become occupied by antibody-molecules varies from 5 minutes for whole serum to 30 minutes for 1:300 serum at room-temperature. The initial state of the process has been described approximately by an equation based on the assumption that the rate of reaction is proportional to the number of unoccupied reactive sites. The value of the velocity-constant thus obtained increases with the dilution of antiserum used. Accompanying this increase in velocity constant is a considerable decrease in the thickness of the deposited layer of antibody, which varies from about 150 Å for whole serum to 55 Å for 1/300 serum. A limiting value somewhat less than 50 Å is probably approached at greater dilutions of serum.
Variation in velocity-constant and thickness of the deposited antibody-layer with dilution may be attributed either to the dissociation of molecular aggregates of antibody upon dilution, or to differences in the orientation of antibody-molecules at the active surface. The available evidence appears to favor the latter hypothesis.
The sensitivity of the optical method is such as to permit the detection of antibody-concentrations of about 4 × 10−7 g/ml in the system under discussion.
The Antigenicity of Chick Embryo
Authors: van der Scheer J. , Wyckoff Ralph W. G. , Bohnel E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The success with which many viruses and other agents of disease can be grown in chick embryos makes inevitable the increasing use of such embryo cultures in the production of vaccines. For this reason information about the antigenic qualities of different chick embryonic tissues is needed to provide a basis for estimating the likelihood of unfavorable reactions following widespread vaccination.
Vaccines prepared from entire embryos have already been used on a large scale. More than a million persons (1) have received chick-grown yellow fever virus. The absence of reactions attributable to chick tissue in this series clearly demonstrates the safety of a single-injection procedure using chick-embryo vaccines. Multiple-injection vaccinations have been carried out on a smaller scale with embryo-propagated encephalomyelitic (2) and influenzal vaccines (3). Experience with several hundred individuals taken from the published data and from the experience of this laboratory does not suggest that serious problems involving sensitization would be encountered in its wider applications.
Blood Constituents During Anaphylactic Shock in the Monkey
Authors: Kinsell L. W. , Kopeloff L. M. , Zwemer R. L. , Kopeloff N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A significant drop in blood-platelets is a constant finding in anaphylactic shock in the monkey. It does not occur in nonsensitized controls, occurs slightly and irregularly in sensitized animals showing no clinical shock, and is not observed in animals shocked with histamine. A profound leukopenia (essentially granulopenia) with a secondary leukocytosis is a constant finding in anaphylactic shock in the monkey. Such changes are also observed in some animals exhibiting no clinical symptoms of shock. There is a significant rise in plasma potassium in monkeys showing severe anaphylactic shock. This is of lesser degree than that observed in other species.
Occurrence of Forssman Heterogenetic Antigen in the Nematode, Trichinella Spiralis
Authors: Mauss Evelyn Abrams 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence along three lines was presented which suggests the occurrence of Forssman heterogenetic antigen in the nematode, T. spiralis. Rabbit serum which contained anti-trichinella antibody lysed sheep red blood cells, the hemolysin was absorbed by known heterogenetic antigen (guinea-pig kidney emulsion), and trichinous rabbit serum produced characteristic reactions upon injection into two animals whose tissues contain heterogenetic antigen, the guinea-pig and the chicken. A preliminary attempt to elucidate the effect upon the disease trichinosis of the presence of heterogenetic antigen in its etiological agent was inconclusive, although it appeared that reaction to the intracutaneous test commonly used in the diagnosis of trichinosis might be modified in animals with high titers of heterophile antibody.
A Serological and Biochemical Study of Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Plummer Helen 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Of 880 strains of streptococci isolated in Canada, 96.8 per cent were placed in one or other of 7 precipitative types. No strains belonging to groups H or K were isolated in this series. The strains which were not hemolytic on the surface of blood agar plates included 14 group A, 50 group B, 7 group C and 20 strains not grouped. Of these, all members of group A, 4 group B and 3 ungrouped produced beta hemolysis in deep plates, the others being non-hemolytic. Soluble hemolysin was produced by all the strains tested belonging to groups A, F and G, was not produced by group E and produced by part of the members of groups B, C and D. Of 522 strains examined, 128 of 187 group B strains and 1 other strain not grouped showed pigmented cells. Of 371 strains isolated from pathological conditions in human beings, 360 (97 per cent) belonged to group A, 6 to group B, 1 to group C, 1 to group F and 3 to group G. Of 520 group A strains tested for agglutinative types, 93 per cent were placed in one or other of Griffith's types. The predominating scarlet fever types were 1, 2, 3, 4 and 11. The predominating types from non-scarlatinal infections were 11, 13, 17-23-26, 12, 2, 1, 3, 4, 6 and 14. Of 189 group B strains, 92 per cent were placed in one or other of the 4 types of Stableforth by means of precipitative tests.
Fractionation of a Type 1 Strain of Group “A” Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Henriksen Sverre Dick , Heidelberger Michael 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Proteic fractions were isolated from a type 1 strain of hemolytic streptococcus by grinding and extracting undried cells in the cold. One of the most active fractions was sub-fractionated by means of sodium chloride. The serological activity of the fractions was determined by quantitative precipitin-tests. Tryptic digestion of streptococcal proteins indicated the serological activity to be in large part due to difficultly digestible or possibly non-proteic components which appear to be major antigens or haptens of the cell. The presence of C-substance in protein and protein-digest fractions was regularly encountered and its importance in the reactivity of fractions toward antisera emphasized.
Influence of an Ethylendiamine Derivative on Histamine Intoxication and Anaphylactic Shock in the Intact Guinea Pig and the Isolated Guinea Pig Heart
Authors: Wilcox Herbert B. , Seegal Beatrice Carrier 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
N-phenyl-N-ethyl-N'-diethylethylendiamine (1571F) injected intravenously in guinea pigs protected 11 of 15 animals against death following 1 to 6 MLD of histamine. 1571F injected intravenously in sensitized guinea pigs prevented fatal anaphylaxis in 17 of 21 animals receiving 1 to 4 MLD of specific antigen. 1571F in dilutions up to 0.1 mg per liter fluid reversed the usual decrease in the rate of coronary flow in the isolated perfused guinea pig heart following addition of histamine to the perfusate in 16 of 17 hearts. An actual increase in rate of coronary flow usually resulted (14 tests). Five to 10 mg of 1571F per liter of perfusion fluid prevented a decrease in rate of coronary flow in the isolated, perfused, sensitized guinea pig heart in 10 of 17 animals, following the addition of specific antigen to the perfusate. Decrease in rate of flow when it did occur was less than that expected in hearts perfused with normal Ringer-Locke solution in 5 of the 7 remaining animals. It may be concluded that 1571F is a highly efficient antagonist of the fatal outcome of histamine and anaphylactic shock in the guinea pig. All the manifestations of these shocks are not prevented by 1571F, however, since cyanosis and prostration occur even though death may not follow. Similarly, when added to the perfusion fluid of the isolated heart this drug exerts a striking effect in preventing the expected decrease in rate of coronary flow in histamine or anaphylactic shock, but fails to alter the increase in rate and amplitude of the heartbeat. It would seem that the drug acts in histamine and anaphylactic shock primarily to prevent contraction of smooth muscle, thus saving the life of the animal but not preventing the development of other manifestations of shock.
In Vivo Titrations of Influenza Virus and of Neutralizing Antibodies in Chick Embryos
Authors: Hirst George K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method has been described for the titration of influenza viruses and neutralizing antibodies in chick embryos, using red cell agglutination as the index of infection. By this method mouse-virulent and non-mouse-virulent strains of influenza virus were adequately titered in chick embryos. Smaller amounts of virus were detected in this way than could be found by observing pulmonary lesions in mice, even when highly mouse-adapted strains were used. The occurrence of agglutination in the allantoic fluid from a single egg was a fairly accurate index of infection and multiplication of virus in the individual embryo. Neutralization of virus infection by immune serum was also demonstrated in chick embryos and the technic was also fairly sensitive in measuring influenza antibodies.
Direct Isolation of Human Influenza Virus in Chick Embryos
Authors: Hirst George K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Of the filtrates from 54 throat washings tested by the chick embryo passage method 28 gave evidence of containing influenza virus. The strains were isolated directly in chick embryos, and the presence of hemagglutinins in the allantoic fluid was used as evidence for the presence of influenza virus. In most instances where a successful isolation was obtained, the positive result was first noted in the 2nd embryo passage. Inoculation of strains that had been isolated by this method, into mice, ferrets, and chick embryos, showed their capacity to infect ferrets and embryos in high titer, but they possessed a very low order of virulence for mice.
A Toxic Ocular Reaction
Authors: Ayo Corrado 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The work embodied in this paper demonstrates that increased permeability of the ciliary body is a major factor in the mechanism of the toxic ocular reaction and that the fibrinogen system plays an essential role in coagulation of the plasmoid-toxic aqueous. It also provides evidence for the toxic nature of the reaction and for the local influence of the toxic ocular principles upon the ocular vessels. The histologic study of the eyes removed during the reaction shows a moderate number of polymorphonuclear leucocytes peri- and paravascularly in the uvea and in the retina. A retroocular injection of adrenaline (Ayo-Herrmann experiment) protects the eye against the toxic ocular reaction.