bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rape seedling density estimation in‐field conditions based on improved multi‐column convolutional neural network
Authors: Yang Hai‐Chao , Yuan Hao‐Yu , Wang Yan‐Li , Li Yi , Yin Zi‐Qin 
Published: March 2023

AbstractEarly‐stage rape seedling density is closely related to yield estimation, growth diagnosis, cultivated area statistics, and field management. Currently, manual sampling and counting, which are inefficient and inaccurate, are heavily relied upon to estimate rape seedling density. Computer vision techniques have emerged as a promising solution to the automation of this task, as digital images have become more commonplace. Farmland field environments, however, face many challenges, including scale variation, denseness, and background occlusion. An improved multi‐column convolutional neural network, called seedling rape density prediction network (SRDPNet), has been proposed in this study to resolve the issues related to accurate density estimation and counting of rape seedlings in complex farmland scenarios. Based on the multi‐column convolutional attention encoder, filters of different sizes are used to capture the basic feature of rape seedlings at various scales. The channel attention and position attention modules are introduced into branches to alleviate the impact of low counting accuracy caused by background error and growth state differences. The SRDPNet was validated using the seedling rapeseed plant counting (SRPC) dataset created in this study. The experimental results showed that the SRDPNet demonstrated high accurate counting performance for the SRPC dataset with a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.97396) and mean absolute error (MAE = 3.26, mean square error = 4.56), which are superior to that of the comparison method. SRDPNet can effectively solve the visual challenges of rape seedlings in complex farmland scenes and improve the robustness for complex visual variations.
Monitoring Cardiac Biomarkers with Aptamer‐Based Molecular Pendulum Sensors
Authors: Mahmud Alam , Chang Dingran , Das Jagotamoy , Gomis Surath , Foroutan Farid , Chen Jenise B. , Pandey Laxman , Flynn Connor D. , Yousefi Hanie , Geraili Armin , Ross Heather J. , Sargent Edward H. , Kelley Shana O. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractReagent‐free electronic biosensors capable of analyzing disease markers directly in unprocessed body fluids will enable the development of simple & affordable devices for personalized healthcare monitoring. Here we report a powerful and versatile nucleic acid‐based reagent‐free electronic sensing system. The signal transduction is based on the kinetics of an electrode‐tethered molecular pendulum—a rigid double stranded DNA with one of the strands displaying an analyte‐binding aptamer and the other featuring a redox probe—that exhibits field‐induced transport modulated by receptor occupancy. Using chronoamperometry, which enables the sensor to circumvent the conventional Debye length limitation, the binding of an analyte can be monitored as these species increase the hydrodynamic drag. The sensing platform demonstrates a low femtomolar quantification limit and minimal cross‐reactivity in analyzing cardiac biomarkers in whole blood collected from patients with chronic heart failure.
Cascade Synthesis of Benzotriazulene with Three Embedded Azulene Units and Large Stokes Shifts
Authors: Liang Yimin , Wang Shangshang , Tang Min , Wu Lin , Bian Lifang , Jiang Liang , Tang Zheng‐Bin , Liu Jiali , Guan Aocong , Liu Zhichang 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWe report here the one‐pot synthesis of benzo[1,2‐a : 3,4‐a′ : 5,6‐a′′]triazulene (BTA), wherein three azulene units are embedded through a tandem reaction comprising two steps, Suzuki coupling and Knoevenagel condensation, between a readily available triborylated truxene precursor and 8‐bromo‐1‐naphthaldehyde. Its nitration leads to a regioselective trinitrated product, namely, BTA‐NO2. Single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography revealed that the superstructure of BTA consists of a dimer stacked by two enantiomeric helicene conformers, while that of BTA‐NO2 consists of an unprecedented π‐tetramer stacked from two enantiomeric dimers, that is, four distinct helicene conformers. Both compounds show excellent stability and fluorescence with large Stokes shifts of up to 5100 cm−1. In addition, BTA‐NO2 exhibits a unique solvatochromic effect in different solvents and hydrogen‐bonding‐induced emission transfer in different ratios of THF/H2O solutions.
Unsupervised Learning‐Guided Accelerated Discovery of Alkaline Anion Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells
Authors: Zou Xiuyang , Xu Guodong , Fang Pengda , Li Weizheng , Jin Zhiyu , Guo Siyu , Hu Yin , Li Meisheng , Pan Ji , Sun Zhe , Yan Feng 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWithout insight into the correlation between the structure and properties, anion exchange membranes (AEMs) for fuel cells are developed usually using the empirical trial and error method or simulation methods. Here, a virtual module compound enumeration screening (V‐MCES) approach, which does not require the establishment of expensive training databases and can search the chemical space containing more than 4.2×105 candidates was proposed. The accuracy of the V‐MCES model was considerably improved when the model was combined with supervised learning for the feature selection of molecular descriptors. Techniques from V‐MCES, correlating the molecular structures of the AEMs with the predicted chemical stability, generated a ranking list of potential high stability AEMs. Under the guidance of V‐MCES, highly stable AEMs were synthesized. With understanding of AEM structure and performance by machine learning, AEM science may enter a new era of unprecedented levels of architectural design.
Visible Light Conjugation with Triazolinediones as a Route to Degradable Poly(ethylene glycol)–Lipids for mRNA Lipid Nanoparticle Formulation
Authors: Golba Bianka , Soete Matthieu , Zhong Zifu , Sanders Niek , Du Prez Filip E. , Houck Hannes A. , De Geest Bruno G. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPolyethylene glycol (PEG) is considered as the gold standard for colloidal stabilization of nanomedicines, yet PEG is non‐degradable and lacks functionality on the backbone. Herein, we introduce concomitantly PEG backbone functionality and degradability via a one‐step modification with 1,2,4‐triazoline‐3,5‐diones (TAD) under green light. The TAD‐PEG conjugates are degradable in aqueous medium under physiological conditions, with the rate of hydrolysis depending on pH and temperature. Subsequently, a PEG‐lipid is modified with TAD‐derivatives and successfully used for messenger RNA (mRNA) lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery, thereby improving mRNA transfection efficiency on multiple cell cultures in vitro. In vivo, in mice, mRNA LNP formulation exhibited a similar tissue distribution as common LNPs, with a slight decrease in transfection efficiency. Our findings pave the road towards the design of degradable, backbone‐functionalized PEG for applications in nanomedicine and beyond.
Electrochemical CaC2‐Mediated Conversion of Biochar to C2H2: High Carbon Efficiency and Low Contamination
Authors: Zhang Jichen , Wang Zhiyong , Bennaceur Salima , Jin Xianbo 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe carbon to CaC2 route is promising to provide a sustainable elementary unit, C2H2, for the organic synthesis industry, but the traditional thermal reaction process suffers from low carbon efficiency, harmful gas contamination, high temperature operation, and risky CO management. We herein report a high carbon efficiency (ca. 100 %) conversion of biochar to C2H2 through an electrolytic synthesis of solid CaC2 in molten CaCl2/KCl/CaO at 973 K. The main reactions are carbon reduction to CaC2 at the solid carbon cathode and oxygen evolution at an inert anode. Meanwhile, the electrolysis removes S and P from the solid cathode, avoiding the formation of CaS and Ca3P2 in CaC2 and consequently eliminating H2S and PH3 contamination in the finally produced C2H2.
Switching Quantum Interference in Single‐Molecule Junctions by Mechanical Tuning
Authors: Zhu Yixuan , Zhou Yu , Ren Lu , Ye Jingyao , Wang Haichuan , Liu Xinyuan , Huang Ruiyun , Liu Haojie , Liu Junyang , Shi Jia , Gao Peng , Hong Wenjing 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe charge transport through single‐molecule electronic devices can be controlled mechanically by changing the molecular geometrical configuration in situ, but the tunable conductance range is typically less than two orders of magnitude. Herein, we proposed a new mechanical tuning strategy to control the charge transport through the single‐molecule junctions via switching quantum interference patterns. By designing molecules with multiple anchoring groups, we switched the electron transport between the constructive quantum interference (CQI) pathway and the destructive quantum interference (DQI) pathway, and more than four orders of magnitude conductance variation can be achieved by shifting the electrodes in a range of about 0.6 nm, which is the highest conductance range ever achieved using mechanical tuning.
Missing‐Linker‐Confined Single‐Atomic Pt Nanozymes for Enzymatic Theranostics of Tumor
Authors: Wang Dongdong , Zhang Lei , Wang Changlai , Cheng Zhiyu , Zheng Wei , Xu Pengping , Chen Qianwang , Zhao Yanli 
Published: March 2023

AbstractConventional nanozymes often possess low active site density. Pursuing effective strategies for constructing highly active single‐atomic nanosystems with maximum atom utilization efficiency is exceptionally attractive. Herein, we develop a facile “missing‐linker‐confined coordination” strategy to fabricate two self‐assembled nanozymes, i.e., conventional nanozyme (NE) and single‐atomic nanozyme (SAE), which respectively consist of Pt nanoparticles and single Pt atoms as active catalytic sites anchored in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with encapsulated photosensitizers for catalase‐mimicking enhanced photodynamic therapy. Compared to a Pt nanoparticle‐based conventional nanozyme, a Pt single‐atomic nanozyme shows enhanced catalase‐mimicking activity in generating oxygen for overcoming tumor hypoxia, thus exhibiting a more efficient reactive oxygen species generation and high tumor inhibition rate.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Isodesmic C−H Iodination of Phenylacetic Weinreb Amides
Authors: Wang Hang , Zhou Chunlin , Gao Zezhong , Li Shangda , Li Gang 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIsodesmic reactions represent mild alternatives to other chemical transformations that require harsh oxidizing agents or highly reactive intermediates. However, enantioselective isodesmic C−H functionalization is unknown and enantioselective direct iodination of inert C−H bond is very rare. Rapid synthesis of chiral aromatic iodides is of significant importance for synthetic chemistry. Herein, we report an unprecedented highly enantioselective isodesmic C−H functionalization to access chiral iodinated phenylacetic Weinreb amides via desymmetrization and kinetic resolution with PdII catalysis. Importantly, further transformations of the enantioenriched products are readily available at the iodinated or the Weinreb amide position, paving the way of related studies for synthetic and medicinal chemists.
Two‐Step Redox in Polyimide: Witness by In Situ Electron Paramagnetic Resonance in Lithium‐ion Batteries
Authors: Bai Yunfei , Wang Zhen , Qin Ning , Ma Detian , Fu Wenbin , Lu Zhouguang , Pan Xiaobo 
Published: March 2023

AbstractOrganic materials are promising candidates for future rechargeable batteries, owing to their high natural abundance and rapidly redox reaction. Elaborating the charge/discharge process of organic electrode is critical to unveil the fundamental redox mechanism of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), but monitoring of this process is still challenging. Here, we report a nondestructive electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique to real‐time detect the electron migration step within polyimide cathode. From in situ EPR tests, we vividly observe a classical redox reaction along with two‐electron transfer which only shows one pair of peaks in the cyclic voltammetry curve. The radical anion and dianion intermediates are detailed delineation at redox sites in EPR spectra, which can be further confirmed through density functional theory calculations. This approach is especially crucial to elaborate the correlation behind electrochemical and molecular structure for multistep organic‐based LIBs.
Biotransformation of ethylene glycol to glycolic acid by Yarrowia lipolytica: A route for poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) upcycling
Authors: Carniel Adriano , Santos Ariane Gaspar , Chinelatto Luiz Silvino , Castro Aline M. , Coelho Maria Alice Zarur 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBiological recycling of PET waste has been extensively investigated recently to tackle plastic waste pollution, and ethylene glycol (EG) is one of the main building blocks recovered from this process. Wild‐type Yarrowia lipolytica IMUFRJ 50682 can be a biocatalyst to biodepolymerize PET. Herein, we report its ability to perform oxidative biotransformation of EG into glycolic acid (GA): a higher value‐added chemical with varied industrial applications. We found that this yeast tolerates high EG concentrations (up to 2 M) based on maximum non‐inhibitory concentration (MNIC) tests. Whole‐cell biotransformation assays using resting yeast cells showed GA production uncoupled to cell growth metabolism, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis confirmed GA production. Moreover, higher agitation speed (450 vs. 350 rpm) resulted in a 1.12‐fold GA production improvement (from 352 to 429.5 mM) during Y. lipolytica cultivation in bioreactors after 72 h. GA was constantly accumulated in the medium, suggesting that this yeast may also share an incomplete oxidation pathway (i.e., it is not metabolized to carbon dioxide) as seen in acetic acid bacterial group. Additional assays using higher chain‐length diols (1,3‐propanediol, 1,4‐butanediol, and 1,6‐hexanediol) revealed that C4 and C6 diols were more cytotoxic, suggesting that they underwent different pathways in the cells. We found that this yeast consumed extensively all these diols, however, 13C NMR analysis from supernatant identified solely the presence of 4‐hydroxybutanoic acid from 1,4‐butanediol, along with GA from EG oxidation. Findings reported herein reveal a potential route for PET upcycling to a higher value‐added product.
How the pandemic altered Americans' debt burden and retirement readiness
Authors: Hasler Andrea , Lusardi Annamaria , Mitchell Olivia S. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis article analyzes Americans' perceptions of being debt‐constrained. We focus on which population subgroups reported feeling most debt‐constrained, how this perception was impacted by the COVID‐19 pandemic, and how it relates to financial literacy and retirement readiness. To this end, we analyze two datasets, namely the 2020 and 2021 TIAA Institute‐GFLEC Personal Finance Index files (P‐Fin Index). The evidence shows that, prior to and during the pandemic, one in three American adults felt constrained by their debt. The percentage was even higher among vulnerable subgroups such as Black and Hispanic individuals, those lacking a bachelor's degree, those with lower incomes, and those with low levels of financial literacy. Being debt‐constrained also has long‐term financial consequences, as it is negatively linked to planning and saving for retirement. Finally, we show that financial literacy has a strong connection to both debt and retirement money management, confirming that financial knowledge is essential if people are to be able to manage their debt and build financial well‐being.
Guidelines for Evaluating the Hygienic Design of Confectionery Machines
Authors: Lörcher Marc , Diekmann Ralf , Golz Peter , Kolb Gudrun , Pruß Katherina , Eckermann Burkhard , Pickenhahn Frank 
Published: March 2023

AbstractDer Verbraucherschutz ist eines der wichtigsten Kriterien innerhalb der industriellen Lebensmittelherstellung. In der Maschinenrichtlinie und in der DIN EN 1672‐2:2021‐05 finden sich allgemeine Anforderungen für eine hygienegerechte Gestaltung und Reinigbarkeit von Nahrungsmittelmaschinen. Dennoch kommt es vor, dass Maschinen oder Ausrüstungsteile eingesetzt werden, die nicht für die zu verarbeitenden Produkte geeignet sind. Die Folgen daraus reichen bis hin zu einem öffentlichen Rückruf von Produkten mit einem entsprechenden Image‐Schaden für den Lebensmittelhersteller. Der Arbeitskreis aus Maschinenherstellern und Süßwarenunternehmen im IVLV hat sich auf Ebene des Verbandes im Rahmen eines vorwettbewerblichen Austausches mit der Problematik auseinandergesetzt und einen Handlungsleitfaden sowie unterstützende Formblätter für den Beschaffungsprozess von Süßwarenmaschinen unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Hygiene erarbeitet.
Transcriptomic analysis of mosaic brain differentiation underlying complex division of labor in a social insect
Authors: Muratore Isabella Benter , Mullen Sean Patrick , Traniello James Francis Anthony 
Published: March 2023

AbstractConcerted developmental programming may constrain changes in component structures of the brain, thus limiting the ability of selection to form an adaptive mosaic of size‐variable brain compartments independent of total brain size or body size. Measuring patterns of gene expression underpinning brain scaling in conjunction with anatomical brain atlases can aid in identifying influences of concerted and/or mosaic evolution. Species exhibiting exceptional size and behavioral polyphenisms provide excellent systems to test predictions of brain evolution models by quantifying brain gene expression. We examined patterns of brain gene expression in a remarkably polymorphic and behaviorally complex social insect, the leafcutter antAtta cephalotes. The majority of significant differential gene expression observed among three morphologically, behaviorally, and neuroanatomically differentiated worker size groups was attributable to body size. However, we also found evidence of differential brain gene expression unexplained by worker morphological variation and transcriptomic analysis identified patterns not linearly correlated with worker size but sometimes mirroring neuropil scaling. Additionally, we identified enriched gene ontology terms associated with nucleic acid regulation, metabolism, neurotransmission, and sensory perception, further supporting a relationship between brain gene expression, brain mosaicism, and worker labor role. These findings demonstrate that differential brain gene expression among polymorphic workers underpins behavioral and neuroanatomical differentiation associated with complex agrarian division of labor inA. cephalotes.
PSAK: A provably secure authenticated key agreement scheme based on extended Chebyshev chaotic maps for smart grid environments
Authors: Wang Cong , Li Xiaohang , Ma Maode , Zhou Tong , Xu Guangquan , Xiong Naixue , Zhang Yiying 
Published: March 2023

AbstractSmart grid (SG) has attracted great attention for its reliability, sustainability, and efficiency, which uses artificial intelligence technology, automation technology, and Internet of Things (IoT) technology. In SG, it is crucial to set up a secure communication between an Aggregator (AG) and a Smart Meter (SM) to achieve mutual authentication and key agreement. However, most previous authentication and key management solutions have their own shortcomings in either security or efficiency, which make them difficult to satisfy the security requirements of SG. In this paper, in order to balance the security and efficiency, we propose an efficient and provably secure authenticated key agreement scheme based on the extended Chebyshev chaotic maps for SG environments. The AG and SM can conduct a mutual authentication and key agreement process by applying the extended Chebyshev polynomial operations to reduce the total calculation delay. The proposed scheme provides anonymity protection for SMs to achieve perfect forward secrecy and can resist to the typical attacks including replay attacks and identity forgery attacks by informal security analysis. The security properties are evaluated by using the Canetti and Krawczyk (CK) adversary model. The performance comparison demonstrates that the proposed scheme is efficient and the required security attributes are not compromised.
Geology, geochemistry and genesis of the Suolong gold deposit in the West Qinling Orogen, Gansu Province, China
Authors: Xue Rongsen , Liu Jiajun , Carranza Emmanuel John M. , Liu Tianhang , Zhao Delong 
Published: March 2023

The Suolong gold deposit is in the eastern part of the Min‐Li metallogenic belt within the West Qinling Orogen. It is hosted in Lower Permian sandstone and siltstone. The gold mineralization is fault‐ and joint‐controlled. Four hydrothermal stages of mineralization, including the sulphide‐quartz stage, the arsenian pyrite‐quartz stage, the polymetallic sulphide‐quartz‐carbonate stage and the sulphide‐carbonate stage, were identified. Here we report results from fluid inclusion studies and C‐H‐O‐S‐Pb isotopes to get insight into the characteristics of mineralization and ore genesis. Fluid inclusion results indicate that the ore‐forming temperatures and salinities were in the range from 135 to 419°C and 0.18 to 15.27 wt.%, respectively. The δ34S values of pyrite, arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite varied in the 5.3‰–11.4‰ range, suggesting that sulphur originated from stratum sulphur. Lead isotopic compositions of sulphide (206Pb/204Pb = 18.344–18.418, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.628–15.701, 208Pb/204Pb = 38.508–38.743) indicate an upper crust source for Pb. The δ18OH2O‐SMOW and δDSMOW values range from 1.01‰ to 10.31‰ and −116.0‰ to −29.2‰, respectively, indicating that metamorphic water was the source of ore‐forming fluids. The δ13CPDB values (−11.4 to −2.1‰) show that the carbon in the ore‐forming fluids originated predominantly from a deep source. Our data suggest that the Suolong gold deposit is an orogenic gold deposit related to the subduction of an oceanic plate along the Mianlue belt.
Numerical analysis on the heat and mass transfer MHD flow characteristics of nanofluid on an inclined spinning disk with heat absorption and chemical reaction
Authors: Shankar Goud B. , Yanala Dharmendar Reddy , Wakif Abderrahim 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis work examines the heat transfer properties of magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow. Through a similarity conversion, the leading structure of partial differential equations is changed to that of ordinary differential equations. A rigorous mathematical bvp4c methodology is used to generate numerical results. The purpose of this study is to characterize the different temperature, concentration, and velocity limitations on a nanofluid with a magnetic effect that is spinning. The findings for rotating nanofluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanoparticles are shown using graphs and tables. The influence of physical factors such as heat transfer rates and skin friction coefficients is studied. When the magnetic parameter M is raised, the velocity of the nanoliquid decreases. A rise in thermal radiation (Rd) causes the temperature graphs to grow substantially, although the concentration profiles exhibit the opposite tendency. The effect of the convective heat transfer factor Bi on temperature is shown to increase as Bi increases, but the concentration distribution decreases as Biot increases.