bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical pathology and cardiovascular parameters are not influenced by housing rats under increased environmental complexity
Authors: Mikkelsen LF , S⊘rensen DB , Krohn T , Lauritzen B , Dragsted N , Hansen AK , Ottesen JL 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSince the release of the revised Appendix A from the Council of Europe for housing of laboratory animals there have been claims that laboratory animals should be housed under more complex conditions; known popularly as enrichment. A number of studies have expressed concerns that this may increase uncontrollable variation in the animals, thereby creating the need for greater numbers of animals. Within neurobiology there would appear to be a scientific basis for such concern. However, even though this may be used as an argument for denying the animal environmental enrichment, it is unclear whether there is any basis for concern within other research areas. The aim of this study, therefore, was to explore whether clinical pathology and cardiovascular parameters were influenced by housing rats under environmentally enriched conditions. Male, Sprague-Dawley rats were housed under three different regimes: non-enriched, standard-enriched (according to the guidelines of the Council of Europe) and extra-enriched with a shelf and higher cages. All housing forms were based upon commercially available, standardised equipment. A total of 41 different parameters were monitored via clinical pathology, telemetry and coagulation tests and virtually no differences were observed in relation to the manner in which the rats were housed. The uncontrollable variation observed in our study was compared to within-strain variation data supplied from the breeder and was relatively low in all three types of housing. We conclude, based upon our studies in male, Sprague-Dawley rats, that so far there is no basis for concern that enriched housing will lead to increased group sizes when using animals for research within this field and, as such, there is no reason not to enrich the environment of such rats.
Breeding for behavioural change in farm animals: practical, economic and ethical considerations
Authors: D'Eath RB , Conington J , Lawrence AB , Olsson IAS , Sand⊘e P 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn farm animal breeding, behavioural traits are rarely included in selection programmes despite their potential to improve animal production and welfare. Breeding goals have been broadened beyond production traits in most farm animal species to include health and functional traits, and opportunities exist to increase the inclusion of behaviour in breeding indices. On a technical level, breeding for behaviour presents a number of particular challenges compared to physical traits. It is much more difficult and time-consuming to directly measure behaviour in a consistent and reliable manner in order to evaluate the large numbers of animals necessary for a breeding programme. For this reason, the development and validation of proxy measures of key behavioural traits is often required. Despite these difficulties, behavioural traits have been introduced by certain breeders. For example, ease of handling is now included in some beef cattle breeding programmes. While breeding for behaviour is potentially beneficial, ethical concerns have been raised. Since animals are adapted to the environment rather than the other way around, there may be a loss of ‘naturalness’ and/or animal integrity. Some examples, such as breeding for good maternal behaviour, could enhance welfare, production and naturalness, although dilemmas emerge where improved welfare could result from breeding away from natural behaviour. Selection against certain behaviours may carry a risk of creating animals which are generally unreactive (‘zombies’), although such broad effects could be measured and controlled. Finally, breeding against behavioural measures of welfare could inadvertently result in resilient animals (‘stoics’) that do not show behavioural signs of low welfare yet may still be suffering. To prevent this, other measures of the underlying problem should be used, although cases where this is not possible remain troubling.
Genetic parameters for birth difficulty, lamb vigour and lamb sucking ability in Suffolk sheep
Authors: Macfarlane JM , Matheson SM , Dwyer CM 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis study investigates the genetic basis of lamb vigour (defined as neonatal lamb activity and sucking ability) and lambing difficulty as potential traits to be included in selection programmes to improve ewe and lamb welfare. Scores for lamb birth difficulty, vigour and sucking ability were collected shortly after birth on 1,520 lambs born in 2006 in 19 different flocks that were members of the UK Suffolk Sire Referencing Scheme. Scores evaluated each trait on a scale of 1 to 4; 1 being no assistance given either during birth or to suck, or excellent vigour, through to 4 where a large degree of assistance was required, or poor vigour. Genetic parameters (heritabilities, genetic correlations) were estimated by fitting an individual animal model using ASREML. Variance components obtained from univariate and bivariate analyses were averaged to provide genetic parameter estimates. Heritabilities for birth difficulty and vigour were moderate but heritability for sucking ability was not significant. The genetic correlation between vigour and sucking ability was positive and high, that between vigour and birth difficulty moderately negative, and that between birth difficulty and sucking ability not significant. Birth difficulty and vigour could be included in Suffolk breeding programmes to help reduce health and welfare problems associated with these traits in Suffolk sheep, and in flocks producing crossbred lambs sired by Suffolk rams. Further work is required to evaluate correlations between these traits and performance traits and to comprehensively validate the scoring system once more data become available.
Welfare concerns associated with pedigree dog breeding in the UK
Authors: Rooney NJ , Sargan DR 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn the UK, numerous pedigree dogs of many breeds experience compromised welfare due to the direct and indirect effects of selective breeding. Many breeds are selected to have physical conformations which, although perceived by some to be desirable, have direct negative effects upon their welfare. Dogs are regularly bred whose heads are too large and pelvises too small to birth naturally or whose faces are so flat that they are unable to breathe or exercise normally. There are also many indirect effects of selective breeding for appearance, including significantly elevated prevalence of specific diseases within particular breeds. Current breeding practices can therefore result in unnecessary suffering due to pain, disability, disease and behavioural problems. In this paper, we summarise and review the current scientific evidence for such suffering, and difficulties associated with assessing the impact of current breeding practices. Limited record-keeping, lack of transparency in the breeding and showing world, and the absence of sufficient research, mean that the full extent of the problem is difficult to assess. Furthermore, the collection of data is currently unsystematic, and although there are specific case studies of individual breeds and particular disorders, relatively few have been conducted in the UK. Individual breeds each suffer from their own array of problems, so each breed's survival and improvement (in terms of health and welfare) is likely to require a different specific course of action. With 209 breeds currently registered in the UK, this makes the situation complex. We collate and present a range of suggestions which may help to improve pedigree dog welfare significantly, and prioritise these based on expert opinion.
Selective breeding in fighting dogs
Authors: McMillan FD , Reid PJ 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe breeding of domestic dogs for dog fighting has resulted in numerous genetic alterations in a breed widely acknowledged to be the most successful fighting dog: the American Pit Bull Terrier (APBT). Much of the genetic foundation underlying the motivation and ability for pit fighting can be traced back to the earliest use of dogs for hunting purposes and continued through the selective breeding for use of dogs in wars and bull and bear baiting. In the development of the APBT as a fighting dog, there were two main breeding criteria. The first was, and remains, fighting success. The trait most prized by breeders of fighting dogs and considered most contributory to fighting success is ‘gameness’, which is the perseverance at a task even under extreme adversity, such as injury, pain, or fatigue. The second criterion was the absence of human-directed aggression. Since dogs are handled extensively before, during, and after the fights, dogs that showed aggression toward humans were eliminated from the gene pool. Indeed, anecdotal reports suggest that breeding may have been carried beyond that of simply selecting against human aggressiveness to a degree of enhanced affinity for humans. The result is that today's fight-bred APBT is genetically predisposed — but not predestined — to aggressiveness toward other dogs and a strong social attraction to humans. The human affinity trait is a highly valuable characteristic that ought to be preserved. With the appropriate breeding decisions, the power of genetic selection suggests that this goal, along with normalising the genetic disposition for conspecific aggressive tendencies, should be ultimately achievable.
Comparison of indoor and captive, free-roaming management in golden-headed lion tamarins(Leontopithecus chrysomelas)at Zürich Zoo
Authors: Steinmetz HW , Zingg R , Ossent P , Eulenberger U , Clauss M , Hatt JM 
Published: January 2023

AbstractTraditional husbandry practices for the public display ofCallitrichidaeinvolve strict separation of animals and public. An important consideration for the evaluation of such management is the occurrence of health problems and potential zoonotic risks. This study compared animal data and veterinary records from a captive, free-roaming population of golden-headed lion tamarins(Leontopithecus chrysomelas)with a population housed under indoor management. The captive, free-roaming group grew significantly faster than the indoor-housed group, as less animals died and offspring were more successfully weaned. No differences in the causes of death were detected between the two husbandry practices. However, bacterial diseases were most common and diagnosed significantly more often under indoor management. This study suggests that the captive, free-roaming management of golden-headed lion tamarins can be conducive to increased reproductive success, improved health and improved welfare. Therefore, current husbandry recommendations for captive, free-roaming conditions were supported by the findings of the present study as a valuable housing practice where health regulations and proper husbandry parameters permit.
Luminance and glare in indoor cattle-handling facilities
Authors: Klinglmair K , Stevens KB , Gregory NG 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis study examined the sources of glare and range in luminance levels in eleven UK cattle abattoirs, and the effect of reflected glare from a footbath on balking behaviour of cows in a milking parlour. At the abattoirs, the mean luminance levels decreased from 240,000 cd m−2outdoors to 100 cd m−2in the stunning pen. In five of the abattoirs, the luminance of the glare from wet floor surfaces was three times higher than the luminance from the surrounding darker areas, and the luminance of the glare from shiny metal surfaces was ten times higher than the luminance from the adjacent darker areas. In the glare study, frequency of balking increased significantly from 10 to 23% when reflected glare increased from 0 (no lightbulb) to 873 cd m−2(100 W bulb), but significantly fewer animals balked during the afternoon milking than at the morning milking times.
Floor quality and space allowance in intensive beef production: a review
Authors: Wechsler B 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn intensive beef production in Europe, finishing beef cattle are typically reared in pens with fully slatted floors and low space allowances. These housing conditions were questioned in a report published by the Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare in 2001. The report concluded that the welfare of finishing bulls and steers is at risk if they are housed on fully slatted concrete or wooden floors or not provided with adequate floor space. The aim of the present paper is to review and update scientific evidence on the effects of floor quality and space allowance on the welfare of finishing beef cattle. It is shown that the recommendations made by the Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare are still valid, and are well supported by studies published over the last 10 years. Furthermore, results of several recent studies testing fully slatted floors with rubber covering indicate that this type of flooring is an acceptable alternative to concrete slats, with positive effects on animal behaviour and leg lesions. Consequently, a phasing-out of housing systems with fully slatted concrete floors is suggested. With respect to floor space, the studies reviewed here support the notion that it is essential to enforce minimum standards resulting in increased space allowances for intensive beef production systems.
Taking the time to assess the effects of remote sensing and tracking devices on animals
Authors: McMahon CR , Collier N , Northfield JK , Glen F 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe remote monitoring of animal behaviour using telemetry and bio-logging has become popular due to technological advances, falling costs of devices and the need to understand behaviour without causing disturbance to subjects. Over the past three decades thousands of animals have had their movements tracked by these devices; however, attaching devices to streamlined bodies raises concerns about energetic costs and effects on vital rates and the reliability of the data collected (eg survival probability). We encourage researchers to discuss concerns, quantify the possible effects that devices and attachment methods have on subjects and present this work for peer review.
Shelter choice by Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) in the laboratory
Authors: Veillette M , Reebs SG 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe preference of Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) for different in-cage shelters was tested. First, 15 males and 15 females were made to choose between a cage with a shelter and one without. Different shelters were tested consecutively: short (10-cm) or medium (15-cm) pipes made of black acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), 7.6 cm in diameter and open at both ends; and short or medium boxes made of black acrylic panels and open at only one end. The strongest use of the shelter cage for nesting (about 75% of days) was in the case of the medium, open pipe, for both males and females. The strongest use of the shelter itself for nesting was also in the case of the medium open pipe (52% of days). A second experiment gave a choice between pairs of shelters (of seven different types) to 10 males and 10 females. Both sexes nested significantly more in a medium pipe closed at one end than under a wheel, and tended to nest more in that medium, semi-closed pipe than in a medium, open pipe. Also, females tended to nest more in the medium, semi-closed pipe than under an aluminium cover. Other pairings did not yield significant differences. Direct use of the shelters for nesting was rather low, except for the medium, semi-closed pipe (about 50% of days). Semi-closed ABS pipes are inexpensive, easy to clean, and do not interfere with running wheels, and they could be recommended as environmental enrichment for hamsters.
How incumbent politicians respond to the enactment of a programmatic policy: evidence from snow subsidies
Authors: Catalinac Amy , Muraoka Taishi 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMore than 50 studies have examined the programmatic incumbent support hypothesis, which posits that once enacted, programmatic policies increase electoral support for the incumbent. Despite the careful attention to causal inference in this work, empirical findings have been strikingly inconsistent. We make the case that these inconsistent results are likely explained by incumbents' strategic responses to the enactment of a programmatic policy. Specifically, incumbents have good reasons to distribute different amounts of non-programmatic goods to voters who do and do not receive a programmatic policy. To examine this conjecture, we turn to the case of Japan, where municipalities receive allocations of non-programmatic goods and vary in their eligibility for a programmatic policy (a snow subsidy) according to plausibly exogenous factors. Using a geographic regression discontinuity design, we find that municipalities receiving the programmatic policy receive systematicallymorenon-programmatic goods than municipalities that do not.
“Feeling more regret than I would have imagined”: Self-report and behavioral evidence
Authors: Fernandez-Duque Diego , Landers Jessica 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPeople tend to overestimate emotional responses to future events. This study examined whether such affective forecasting errors occur for feelings of regret, as measured by self-report and subsequent decision-making. Some participants played a pricing game and lost by a narrow or wide margin, while others were asked to imagine losing by such margins. Participants who experienced a narrow loss reported more regret than those who imagined a narrow loss. Furthermore, those experiencing a narrow loss behaved more cautiously in a subsequent gambling task. Thus, the study provides self-report and behavioral evidence for a reversal of the affective forecasting phenomenon for feelings of regret.
Anticipated and experienced emotions in environmental risk perception
Authors: Böhm Gisela , Pfister Hans-Rüdiger 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAffective forecasting with respect to two environmental risks (ozone depletion, air pollution) was investigated by studying tourists who travelled to either Australia or Bangkok and were thus confronted with one of these risks. We measured anticipated outcome and anticipated emotions before the journey, actually experienced outcome and actually experienced emotions during the journey, and anticipated outcome and emotions concerning a future encounter with the same risk after the journey. Results indicate that tourists underestimate (air pollution) or correctly predict (ozone depletion) both the seriousness of the outcome and their emotional reactions. The relationship between actual outcome and actual emotions is stronger than that between anticipated outcome and anticipated emotions. Furthermore, tourists learn from their travel experience and adjust their anticipations concerning future encounters with the environmental risk. Findings suggest that the domain of environmental risks differs from personal outcomes with respect to the process of affective forecasting.
On the appropriateness of appropriateness judgments: The case of interferon treatment for melanoma
Authors: Ganzach Yoav , Leshno Moshe 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWe compare experts’ judgments of the appropriateness of a treatment (interferon treatment for melanoma) on the basis of important attributes of this disease (thickness, ulceration, lymph node involvement and type of metastases) to a decision analytic model in which the probabilities of deterioration are derived from the medical literature and from epidemiological studies. The comparison is based on what we call the linearity test, which examines whether appropriateness judgments are a linear function of the epidemiological value of p2, the probability of deterioration of the patient condition if he would have received the treatment. This comparison allows for the assessment of the validity of the experts’ judgments under the assumption that the decision analytic model is valid, or alternatively, the assessment of the validity of the decision analytic model under the assumption that the experts’ judgments are valid. Under the former assumption the results indicate that appropriateness judgments are by and large accurate. Under the latter assumption the results support the idea of a constant treatment effect, the idea that efficacy of a treatment is constant over various levels of severity of the disease. Our results also support the idea that experts’ aggregate judgments far exceed individuals’ judgments.
Strategy selection during exploratory behavior: sex differences
Authors: Brandner Catherine 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis study was designed to assess sex-related differences in the selection of an appropriate strategy when facing novelty. A simple visuo-spatial task was used to investigate exploratory behavior as a specific response to novelty. The exploration task was followed by a visual discrimination task, and the responses were analyzed using signal detection theory.During exploration women selected a local searching strategy in which the metric distance between what is already known and what is unknown was reduced, whereas men adopted a global strategy based on an approximately uniform distribution of choices. Women’s exploratory behavior gives rise to a notion of a secure base warranting a sense of safety while men’s behavior does not appear to be influenced by risk. This sex-related difference was interpreted as a difference in beliefs concerning the likelihood of uncertain events influencing risk evaluation.
Numeracy, frequency, and Bayesian reasoning
Authors: Chapman Gretchen B. , Liu Jingjing 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPrevious research has demonstrated that Bayesian reasoning performance is improved if uncertainty information is presented as natural frequencies rather than single-event probabilities. A questionnaire study of 342 college students replicated this effect but also found that the performance-boosting benefits of the natural frequency presentation occurred primarily for participants who scored high in numeracy. This finding suggests that even comprehension and manipulation of natural frequencies requires a certain threshold of numeracy abilities, and that the beneficial effects of natural frequency presentation may not be as general as previously believed.
New tests of cumulative prospect theory and the priority heuristic: Probability-outcome tradeoff with branch splitting
Authors: Birnbaum Michael H. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPrevious tests of cumulative prospect theory (CPT) and of the priority heuristic (PH) found evidence contradicting these two models of risky decision making. However, those tests were criticized because they had characteristics that might “trigger” use of other heuristics. This paper presents new tests that avoid those characteristics. Expected values of the gambles are nearly equal in each choice. In addition, if a person followed expected value (EV), expected utility (EU), CPT, or PH in these tests, she would shift her preferences in the same direction as shifts in EV or EU. In contrast, the transfer of attention exchange model (TAX) and a similarity model predict that people will reverse preferences in the opposite direction. Results contradict the PH, even when PH is modified to include a preliminary similarity evaluation using the PH parameters. New tests of probability-consequence interaction were also conducted. Strong interactions were observed, contrary to PH. These results add to the growing bodies of evidence showing that neither CPT nor PH is an accurate description of risky decision making.