bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Against the Conflation of Corporate Strategy, Ethics, and the Politics of AI
Authors: Sætra Henrik Skaug 
Published: February 2023

AbstractEthics as we know it is ill equipped to resist abuse by technology companies, Van Maanen argues in a recent article. Ethics is too malleable, provides too many different theories, and allows for a plethora of ethical guidelines to be created, and ethicists purportedly end up enabling ethics shopping and ethics washing. But is ethics really the problem, and is the best solution to “repoliticise” ethics? In this commentary, I instead claim that we must distinguish between politics and ethics, as ethics has a separate and crucial role to play if we are to face the challenges related to controlling technology. This is important if we are to avoid undermining political involvement and democracy. Whilst ethicists certainly have the power to change the world, as Van Maanen argues, they are not—and should not be—provided with political authority.
Making countries small: The nationalization of districts in the United States
Authors: Lago Ignacio 
Published: February 2023

AbstractI rely on data from 31,754 electoral districts in the United States from 1834 until 2016 to explore how the nationalization of politics occurs within districts. I argue that in the early stages of the American democracy local concerns were more prominent in the distant districts from the capital city than in the nearby districts, and therefore the number of parties was greater in the former than in the latter. However, these differences vanished after the New Deal, when authority was centralized. Nationalization reduced the number of parties everywhere, but above all in the most distant district from Washington, D.C.
Clypeococcum wedinii(Dothideomycetes), a new lichenicolous fungus onBunodophoron, with an updated key to species ofClypeococcum
Authors: Zhurbenko Mikhail P. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractClypeococcum wedinii, a pyrenocarpous ascomycete growing on the lichen genusBunodophoronin Chile and New Zealand, is described as new to science. It differs from otherClypeococcumspecies in the combination of the following characteristics: a conspicuous gall formation, scattered, loose to dense stromatic growths sometimes looking like a clypeus, an ascomatal wall composed of both textura intricata and angularis in surface view, a non-amyloid hymenium, an absence of ostiolar filaments, 8-spored asci, and 1-septate ascospores arranged biseriately in the ascus. An updated key to the species of the lichenicolous genusClypeococcumis provided.
Bilingualism with minority languages: Why searching for unicorn language users does not move us forward
Authors: Leivada Evelina , Rodríguez-Ordóñez Itxaso , Parafita Couto M. Carmen , Perpiñán Sílvia 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis paper addresses several problematic scientific practices in psycholinguistic research. We discuss challenges that arise when working with minority languages, such as the notion of monolingual/monocultural normality and its historical origins, the stereotype of native-speakerism, the quest for testing people who fit specific profiles, the implications of the policy that urges scholars to match bilingual groups to monolingual comparison groups, and the use of powerful theoretical narratives that may evoke problematic labels and ableist terminology. These issues invest the field of psycholinguistics with questionable practices that contribute to the marginalization of groups that do not tick the standard normative boxes. Surveying some of the most widespread scientific practices in the field of psycholinguistics, our emphasis is on how several processes and policies may embody stereotypes that contribute to the exclusion of certain groups from the scientific literature, with grievous consequences for the visibility and the representation of some minoritized languages.
A decision-support tool for funding health innovations at a tertiary academic medical center
Authors: Cai Yiying , Nazeha Nuraini , Perera Shamira , Thiery Alexandre H. , Girard Michaël J.A. , Lee Chen E. , Hong Weiwei , Graves Nicholas 
Published: February 2023

AbstractObjectivesTo report the processes used to design and implement an assessment tool to inform funding decisions for competing health innovations in a tertiary hospital.MethodsWe designed an assessment tool for health innovation proposals with three components: “value to the institution,” “novelty,” and “potential for adoption and scaling.” The “value to the institution” component consisted of twelve weighted value attributes identified from the host institution’s annual report; weights were allocated based on a survey of the hospital’s leaders. The second and third components consisted of open-ended questions on “novelty” and “barriers to implementation” to support further dialogue. Purposive literature review was performed independently by two researchers for each assessment. The assessment tool was piloted during an institutional health innovation funding cycle.ResultsWe used 17 days to evaluate ten proposals. The completed assessments were shared with an independent group of panellists, who selected five projects for funding. Proposals with the lowest scores for “value to the institution” had less perceived impact on the patient-related value attributes of “access,” “patient centeredness,” “health outcomes,” “prevention,” and “safety.” Similar innovations were reported in literature in seven proposals; potential barriers to implementation were identified in six proposals. We included a worked example to illustrate the assessment process.ConclusionsWe developed an assessment tool that is aligned with local institutional priorities. Our tool can augment the decision-making process when funding health innovation projects. The tool can be adapted by others facing similar challenges of trying to choose the best health innovations to fund.
Prevalence and persistence of Neisseria meningitidis carriage in Swedish university students
Authors: Olof Säll , Lorraine Eriksson , Berhane A. Idosa , Alexander Persson , Anders Magnuson , Sara Thulin Hedberg , Martin Sundqvist , Per Olcén , Hans Fredlund , Bianca Stenmark , Eva Särndahl , Paula Mölling , Susanne Jacobsson 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The bacterium Neisseria meningitidis causes life-threatening disease worldwide, typically with a clinical presentation of sepsis or meningitis, but can be carried asymptomatically as part of the normal human oropharyngeal microbiota. The aim of this study was to examine N. meningitidis carriage with regard to prevalence, risk factors for carriage, distribution of meningococcal lineages and persistence of meningococcal carriage. Throat samples and data from a self-reported questionnaire were obtained from 2744 university students (median age: 23 years) at a university in Sweden on four occasions during a 12-month period. Meningococcal isolates were characterised using whole-genome sequencing. The carriage rate among the students was 9.1% (319/3488; 95% CI 8.2–10.1). Factors associated with higher carriage rate were age ≤22 years, previous tonsillectomy, cigarette smoking, drinking alcohol and attending parties, pubs and clubs. Female gender and sharing a household with children aged 0–9 years were associated with lower carriage. The most frequent genogroups were capsule null locus (cnl), group B and group Y and the most commonly identified clonal complexes (cc) were cc198 and cc23. Persistent carriage with the same meningococcal strain for 12 months was observed in two students. Follow-up times exceeding 12 months are recommended for future studies investigating long-term carriage of N. meningitidis.
TACTICAL AND STRATEGIC LANDSCAPES: A STUDY OF MAYA FORTIFICATION AT TZUNUN, CHIAPAS, MEXICO
Authors: Hernandez Christopher 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAlthough studies of warfare are now common in Maya archaeology, much remains to be learned about strategy, tactics, and various other practical factors in the process of making war. An emphasis on the concrete and practical is necessary to both acknowledge agency and understand how conflict relates to the human experience. Through an examination of documentary and archaeological data in a comparative framework, I elaborate on practices of Maya fortification construction and how the creation of a martial landscape ties into relations of power during the Late Postclassic/Early Spanish Colonial period (a.d. 1200–1600). During this period, in the region of Mensabak, Chiapas, Mexico, Maya peoples fortified a peninsula according to principles of defense-in-depth. In other words, they created layers of fortification to slow and stall an attack. My analysis reveals how the creation of a martial landscape shaped local culture by incorporating elements of sacred geography and ritual landscape to perpetuate social inequality.
Assessing the nutritional content and adequacy of food parcels among vulnerable Lebanese during a double crisis: COVID-19 pandemic and an economic meltdown
Authors: Mattar Lama , Hassan Hussein , Kalash Nour , Malli Dana , Diab-El-Harake Marwa , Nassour Sahar , Jomaa Lamis 
Published: February 2023

AbstractObjectives:This study aimed to explore the nutritional content and quality of food parcels distributed in Lebanon and assess their adherence to dietary guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic and an unprecedented economic crisis.Design:Cross-sectional study (June–July 2020); phone survey (thirty items).Setting:Lebanon.Participants:Food parcel providers (FPP; n 72) involved in food parcel distribution (FPD), mainly to Lebanese households.Results:FPP included international non-governmental organizations (INGO) (n 3), local non-governmental organizations (n 45) and personal initiatives (n 24). Overall, low adherence to the World Food Programme (WFP) food parcel guidelines were observed among FPP for specific food items, including vegetables, fish, legumes and cereals, whereas salt content significantly surpassed the guidelines (all P-values <0·001). On average, a food parcel provided 608·4 ± 55 kcal/d/person. The greatest contributors to total energy intake (TE) in the food parcel were carbohydrates (46·4 %) and fats (46·8 %), while protein contributed to 7 %TE. In addition, %TE from fats and sugars significantly surpassed the dietary reference intakes (DRI) for a single person per d (134–234 % and 185 % of DRI, respectively, P-values <0·001). Only 10–15 % of daily needs for key micronutrients, including Fe, Zn, thiamin, riboflavin and dietary folate, were met through the food parcels. Adequate food safety and hygiene practices were reported among FPP, yet dramatic changes in food costs due to overlapping crises affected the quality and quantity of food in parcels.Conclusions:Findings highlight the need to improve the nutritional content of food parcels and adherence to dietary guidelines to alleviate food and nutrition insecurity while preventing diet-related diseases among vulnerable beneficiaries in Lebanon.
Characterization of Foreshock Plasma Populations at Mercury
Authors: Glass Austin N. , Tracy Patrick J. , Raines Jim M. , Jia Xianzhe , Romanelli Norberto , DiBraccio Gina A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractObservations of foreshock plasma populations at Mercury are presented utilizing measurements from the Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer aboard the Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging spacecraft. The magnetosphere and foreshock system at Mercury exists in a unique parameter space, due to the planet's relatively weak magnetic dipole and the proximity of its orbit to the Sun. Previous investigations have therefore questioned whether there is sufficient free energy at Mercury to generate foreshock populations, due to the small spatial scale of its bow shock. The observations presented in this work show that field‐aligned beam and diffuse populations similar to those seen in the terrestrial foreshock are able to form upstream of the Hermean bow shock. The observed populations are organized by the bow shock geometry, and are associated with magnetic wave activity previously detected in Mercury's foreshock with corollaries to the terrestrial foreshock.
Polar and Topographic Amplifications of Intermodel Spread of Surface Temperature in Climate Models
Authors: Wang Tao , Gong Hua , Liu Yimin , Lu Jianhua 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe spatial pattern of intermodel spread of surface temperature (TS‐SPREAD) is similar to the absolute error of modeled surface temperature relative to observations, implying the possibility of using intermodel spread to understand the model biases. The regions with maximum TS‐SPREAD are located in the northern polar (NP) and southern polar (SP) regions, and regions with the large orographic features, such as the Tibetan Plateau (TP). We find: (a) Winter amplification exists in the TS‐SPREAD over both the NP and SP regions, but the maximum TS‐SPREAD over the TP happens during spring and summer with weak seasonality there. (b) Surface energy balance analyses show salient land‐sea contrast in the interlinkage between the physical processes. (c) Over the Arctic Ocean and the Southern Ocean, the maximum spreads of sea‐ice‐induced surface albedo appear during summer when the TS‐SPREADs are the weakest because the effect of surface albedo is offset by the heat storage in the oceans. (d) Through the interseasonal linkage of the heat storage term, i.e., the summer‐storing‐winter‐releasing of oceanic heat content, the summer surface albedo may indirectly contribute to the winter amplification of the TS‐SPREAD over the polar oceans. Such interseasonal linkage of the processes does not exist over the land areas. A method of distinguishing the roles of the local and nonlocal dynamical processes in the contribution of the clear‐sky downward longwave radiation to the TS‐SPREAD is also provided.
A brGDGT‐Based Reconstruction of Terrestrial Temperature From the Maritime Continent Spanning the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Parish M. C. , Du X. , Bijaksana S. , Russell J. M. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe tropics exert enormous influence on global climate. Despite the importance of tropical regions, the terrestrial temperature history in the Indo‐Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) region during the last deglaciation is poorly constrained. Although numerous sea surface temperature (SST) reconstructions provide estimates of SST warming from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene, the timing of the onset of deglacial warming varies between records and inhibits determining the forcings driving deglacial warming in the IPWP. We present a 60,000‐year long temperature reconstruction based on branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) in a sediment core from Lake Towuti, located in Sulawesi, Indonesia. BrGDGTs are bacterial membrane‐spanning lipids that, globally, become more methylated with decreasing temperature and more cyclized with decreasing pH. Although changes in temperature are the dominant control on brGDGTs in regional and global calibrations, we find that the cyclization of the brGDGTs is a major mode of variation at Lake Towuti that records important changes in the lacustrine biogeochemical environment. We separate the influence of lake chemistry changes from temperature changes on the brGDGT records, and develop a temperature record spanning the last 60,000 years. The timing of the deglacial warming in our record occurs after the onset of the deglacial increase in CO2 concentrations, which suggests rising greenhouse gas concentrations and the associated radiative forcing may have forced deglacial warming in the IPWP. Peaks in temperature around 55 and 34 ka indicate that Northern Hemisphere summer insolation may also influence land surface temperature in the IPWP region.
Nonpharmacological Treatment of Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: Commentary and Implications for Psychologists
Authors: Frye William S. 
Published: February 2023

Objective: Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is a type of autonomic dysfunction that limits engagement in functional behaviors and negatively impacts mood and quality of life (QoL). Nonpharmacological strategies such as lifestyle modification are recommended as part of treatment; however, there is little research or theory regarding other nonpharmacological therapies used in treatment. Given the paucity of literature examining other nonpharmacological therapies for POTS, current evidence for their application to POTS was reviewed. Methods: A topical review was conducted to identify research studies that used nonpharmacological interventions to treat individuals with POTS. Results: Of the 370 identified studies, 25 met inclusion criteria. Sixteen of the 25 studies examined lifestyle modifications for POTS and were not described in the review, given that lifestyle modifications are already well accepted and recommended in nonpharmacological treatment of POTS. The remaining studies were grouped into three categories: Tactile Interventions, Mind–Body Interventions, and Interdisciplinary Treatment Programs. Findings suggest a variety of nonpharmacological interventions have the potential of benefiting patients with POTS; however, the scarcity of studies and methodological concerns limit the interpretability of this research. Conclusions: An agenda for future research and implications for psychologists are provided. With the help of psychologists to advance applied research in effective nonpharmacological strategies for treatment, patients with POTS will have access to additional treatment options that address their biopsychosocial needs and hopefully positively impact QoL. Implications for Impact Statement In addition to currently recommended lifestyle modifications, other nonpharmacological strategies may have the potential to benefit patients with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). While the literature on these nonpharmacological interventions is limited, providers can build on initial findings to create treatment protocols or coordinate multicenter studies to examine different nonpharmacological interventions and provide additional options for patients with POTS to receive holistic care.
Observation of molecular motions in polymer thin films by laboratory grazing incidence diffracted X-ray blinking
Authors: Inamasu Rena , Yamaguchi Hiroki , Arai Tatsuya , Chang Jaewon , Kuramochi Masahiro , Mio Kazuhiro , Sasaki Yuji C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractResearch on polymer surfaces has shown that the mobilities of polymer chains, which affect the aggregation state and thus the physical properties of the material, differ between the surface and bulk. However, the mobilities of the surface polymers have not been fully characterized. Therefore, we propose a time-resolved method for evaluating surface mobility. This measurement scheme is called grazing incidence diffracted X-ray blinking (GI-DXB) and can be used to evaluate the molecular motions occurring at polymer surfaces by continuously measuring X-ray diffraction patterns near the total reflection angle over small time periods. In this study, the crystallized polymer poly{2-(perfluorooctyl)ethyl acrylate}(PC8FA) was measured. The decay constants, which are indexes of molecular motions, were calculated to be 3.98 × 10−3 s−1 for the fluoroalkyl groups in the side chains observed along the in-plane direction and 3.36 × 10−3 s−1 for the lamellar structure observed along the out-of-plane direction when 2000 diffraction profiles of 500 ms were recorded and the incident angle was 0.07°. In contrast, transmission DXB indicated decay constants of 2.63 × 10−3 s−1 for the side chains and 2.87 × 10−3 s−1 for the lamellar structures. These results suggested that the PC8FA surface is mobile, because a larger decay constant indicates a higher mobility. GI-DXB can be used to measure surface dynamics. The authors contend that GI-DXB is a highly versatile tool because it allows the evaluation of local motions with a laboratory X-ray system, and these motions cannot be detected by conventional surface analyses. This measurement scheme may facilitate the development of high-performance polymers and discovery of new physical properties.
Characterization of a novel rabbit model of Peyronie’s disease
Authors: Gundogdu Gokhan , Nguyen Travis , Namasivayam Aarthi , Starek Stephanie , Gelman Joel , Mauney Joshua R. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractPeyronie’s disease (PD) is a debilitating pathology which is associated with penile curvature and erectile dysfunction due to the formation of fibrotic plaques in the penile tunica albuginea. In the present study, we developed a novel rabbit model of PD via subtunical injection of recombinant transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 protein and characterized erectile function and histopathological endpoints following plaque formation. Ten adult male, New Zealand white rabbits were randomized into 3 experimental groups including nonsurgical controls (NSC, N = 3) and those receiving subtunical injections of vehicle (N = 3) or TGF-β1 protein (0.5 µg/50 µl; N = 4). Following 1 month post-op, focal fibrous plaques composed of disorganized collagen type I and III bundles as well as fragmented elastin fibers at TGF-β1 injection sites were observed in contrast to control groups. Cavernosometric and cavernosographic evaluations revealed no significant differences in maximum intracorporal pressures or substantial curvature during papaverine-induced erection in either the vehicle or TGF-β1 cohorts. Immunohistochemical and histomorphometric analyses demonstrated significant increases in elastase 2B expression in TGF-β1-induced plaques as well as significant declines in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 expression relative to control levels. Our results demonstrate that PD-like fibrotic plaques can be created in the rabbit penile tunica albuginea following TGF-β1 injection.
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins and genomic sequences in human brainstem nuclei
Authors: Emmi Aron , Rizzo Stefania , Barzon Luisa , Sandre Michele , Carturan Elisa , Sinigaglia Alessandro , Riccetti Silvia , Della Barbera Mila , Boscolo-Berto Rafael , Cocco Patrizia , Macchi Veronica , Antonini Angelo , De Gaspari Monica , Basso Cristina , De Caro Raffaele , Porzionato Andrea 
Published: February 2023

AbstractNeurological manifestations are common in COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Despite reports of SARS-CoV-2 detection in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of COVID-19 patients, it is still unclear whether the virus can infect the central nervous system, and which neuropathological alterations can be ascribed to viral tropism, rather than immune-mediated mechanisms. Here, we assess neuropathological alterations in 24 COVID-19 patients and 18 matched controls who died due to pneumonia/respiratory failure. Aside from a wide spectrum of neuropathological alterations, SARS-CoV-2-immunoreactive neurons were detected in the dorsal medulla and in the substantia nigra of five COVID-19 subjects. Viral RNA was also detected by real-time RT-PCR. Quantification of reactive microglia revealed an anatomically segregated pattern of inflammation within affected brainstem regions, and was higher when compared to controls. While the results of this study support the neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2 and characterize the role of brainstem inflammation in COVID-19, its potential implications for neurodegeneration, especially in Parkinson’s disease, require further investigations.