bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Possession
Authors: Ponsonnet Maïa 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents the results of a survey of the grammatical expression of possession in a balanced sample of thirty Australian languages. Pama-Nyungan languages exhibit a relatively unified pattern, typically featuring an adnominal construction where the dependent is marked; as well as another adnominal construction where neither the possessor nor the possessum are marked, but they share case marking. The latter construction normally specializes for inalienable possessions. Non-Pama-Nyungan languages present more diversity. Their adnominal possessive constructions, are more often head-marking but vary in their marking strategies. Few non-Pama-Nyungan languages have a second adnominal construction for inalienable possessions, however some have traces of it, and others have clausal inalienable constructions. Possessive constructions can delineate more than one class, and some Australian languages exhibit relatively complex yet understudied systems. Interestingly, the semantics of inalienable classes of nouns is remarkably coherent, across the Pama-Nyungan/non-Pama-Nyungan divide, and independently of the type of construction involved.
Agreement morphology
Authors: Brody Parker 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides a descriptive overview of the most common types of agreement exhibited in Indigenous Australian languages, with a focus on inflectional morphology and typologically uncommon agreement phenomena. Language data comes from a variety of sources, including descriptive grammars, formal analyses, and learner’s guides. The goal of this chapter is to describe the general picture of morphological agreement in both Pama-Nyungan and non-Pama-Nyungan contexts. The chapter surveys nominal and verbal agreement, discussing both concord and agreement between verbs and core arguments and agreement in possessive constructions. The chapter surveys the types of features which display agreement and some information on affixation and portmanteaux marking.
Suppletion
Authors: Bach Xavier , Round Erich R. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe chapter is an overview of attested cases of suppletion in the languages of Australia. It first analyses verbal suppletion, which is most frequent on the dividing lines of tense and aspect, but also present for mood, in particular imperatives, and number. Most frequent suppletive meanings include posture and motion verbs. Suppletion in pronominal and demonstrative paradigms is extremely frequent, as it is cross-linguistically, and so is suppletion in the possessive paradigms of kin terms. The rarer case of suppletion for incorporated or compounded forms is widely attested, as are some rare cases of suppletion for case in nominals.
Reflexives and reciprocals
Authors: Gaby Alice 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter surveys the range of forms and functions associated with the expression of reflexive and reciprocal events in Australian languages. Such event types may be coded by verbal morphology, adverbs, pronouns, complex constructions and more. Reflexive and reciprocal meanings are frequently co-expressed by the same or similar form, which may polysemously encode an array of disparate meanings, including collective, middle, antipassive, autocausative, aspectual, passive-like meanings, and more. While it is common for multiple coding strategies to co-exist in a single language, their respective distributions do not always align with the boundaries between senses or functions. Their selection might alternatively depend upon the clausal predicate, pragmatic context, or other features of the event or clause. Drawing on a sample of over fifty languages, this chapter considers the gamut of meanings co-expressed by reflexive and/or reciprocal markers, and the array of forms this marking can take.
Tense and aspect
Authors: Bednall James 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides a general overview of widespread strategies used by Australian languages to express aspectuo-temporal properties. While the majority of Australian languages demonstrate obligatory inflectional marking within the verbal complex as a core means of aspectuo-temporal expression, the structure of these verbal systems can vary substantially. Through surveying 66 languages, the chapter shows the most widespread verbal structures encountered (involving simple and complex predicates, auxiliary verb constructions, and periphrastic and serialized verb constructions), and the inflectional tense/aspect marking systems associated with these. The chapter also highlights particular aspectuo-temporal systems of typological and theoretical interest, including the marking of temporal remoteness distinctions, the use of scalar tense (i.e. where temporal interpretation depends upon different frames of reference/time scales), and the use of serialized verb constructions, verbal reduplication, and prosodic lengthening to express aspectual properties. Finally, the chapter concludes with some observations about lexical and discourse structural aspectuo-temporal marking.
Kinship, marriage, and skins
Authors: McConvell Patrick 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter describes some of the commonalities in the kinship systems of Australia compared to other well-known types of systems. The most widely used analysis of Australian kinship stems is from Radcliffe-Brown, with the main types being ‘Kariera’ and ‘Aranda’, but various problems with this analysis are described. Then the history of the development of the systems is sketched with evidence from the historical development of the linguistic forms and their meanings, mainly within the Pama-Nyungan family. This analysis generally supports the idea that the PNY languages moved out from around the Gulf of Carpentaria/Southern Cape York Peninsula. Also in focus are the trirelational kinship systems found in a number of PN and NPN languages, which considerably complexifies the systems. Also covered is the development of social category systems such as the four sections and how these developed into the eight subsections systems.
Toponyms
Authors: Rosenberg Katherine , Simpson Jane , Bowern Claire 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of place naming conventions (toponyms) in the Indigenous languages of Australia. The chapter covers semantics, etymology, the structure of toponyms, including the syntax and morphology of naming strategies, as well as the semantic structure of naming systems, and transparency and opacity in naming strategies. Dual or multiple naming strategies are also discussed. Australian speech communities vary considerably as to how analysable or compositional their place names are (or are felt to be). That is, communities are not uniform in how easy it is to give single meanings to toponyms, even if linguists suggest that forms are etymologically analytical. Examples are taken from across the continent.
Narrative
Authors: Merlan Francesca 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis article examines how space-time tends to be organized in Australian Indigenous language narratives. It has long been recognized that a major type of Indigenous Australian narrative is structured in terms of movement of ancestral or other narrative figures from one place to another along connected and sometimes intersecting ‘tracks’, telling of the formation and significance of those places in terms of events that occurred there. The Bakhtinian concept of chronotope, a frame in which time, space, and patterns of agency coincide and create meaning and value, is drawn upon in the examination of indigenous narrative materials. In relation to Indigenous Australian narrative, the ‘Dreaming’ is a chronotope which can bring together ancestral action and contemporary places and people.
Language input and child-directed speech
Authors: Davidson Lucinda , Kelly Barbara , Wigglesworth Gillian , Nordlinger Rachel 
Published: July 2023

AbstractChildren's early language acquisition is directly informed by the talk they hear around them, as is their social and pragmatic development. Child directed speech (CDS), also referred to as ‘babytalk’ or ‘motherese’, is one example of linguistic input that children receive. Descriptions of this register (if it exists in a speech community) can illuminate local cultural practices, values, and beliefs, as well as providing a platform for research into language development. In this chapter we review the limited amount of existing research that describes CDS in Indigenous Australian communities, reporting on studies of CDS as a specialized speech register, as well as work describing verbal routines and socialization practices. This survey highlights the many similarities shared by CDS registers around the country, despite the structure of the respective adult varieties often differing vastly from one another.
Anindilyakwa
Authors: van Egmond Marie-Elaine 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of Anindilyakwa, a non-Pama-Nyungan polysynthetic language spoken on Groote Eylandt and one of the few remaining ‘strong’ languages in Australia. Because of its atypical phonology and unusually rich noun classification and nominal derivation systems, Anindilyakwa has long presented a puzzle to Australian linguistics. This chapter presents a description of the complex features of Anindilyakwa, focussing on its: (i) unusual phonology without any contrastive back vowels, but with phonemic complex consonants, (ii) atypical phonotactics with a preference for open syllables, (iii) extensive noun classification system, consisting of noun classes, genders, and classifiers, (iv) very productive nominal derivational prefixes, and (v) various subordination strategies. Moreover, the chapter identifies some of the dramatic changes that Anindilyakwa phonology and morphology have undergone, showing how these innovations can be traced back to Proto-Gunwinyguan. Some of these changes are shared with Wubuy, its closest relative, and some are unique to Anindilyakwa.
Lamalamic (Paman)
Authors: Verstraete Jean-Christophe 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter is a survey of the Lamalamic languages, a subgroup of the Paman subgroup of Pama-Nyungan. The Lamalamic subgroup consists of three languages, viz. Umbuygamu, Lamalama, and Rimanggudinhma, all associated with the Princess Charlotte Bay region on the east coast of Cape York Peninsula. The chapter focusses on phonological change, specifically the far-reaching changes in phoneme inventory, root structure, and phonotactics that define Lamalamic. There is also some discussion of morphological and syntactic innovations within the subgroup. The most notable syntactic feature is the position of cross-referencing pronouns, which form a complex that is either encliticized to the inflected verb or is in clause-initial position when one of the participants is in focus.
Noongar
Authors: Smith-Ali Denise , Hanson Sue , Hayden George , Bowern Claire , Aitha Akshay , Ding Lydia , Mihuc Sarah 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter summarizes available information about the historical dialect of the Noongar language from Australia’s far south-west. Traditional Noongar is distinct from contemporary Noongar. This sketch covers the traditional language. It covers phonology, dialectology, morphology, case marking, negation, and basic clausal syntax. Following points of internal classification and sound change within the Noongar varieties that make up the three main dialect areas, we give a sketch of the language based on texts recorded approximately one hundred years ago. We describe the aspect system of verb marking, clause marking, and pronouns.
Fate Unknown
Authors: Stone Dan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This book tells the story of the last great unknown archive of Nazism, the International Tracing Service. Set up by the Allies at the end of World War II, the ITS has worked until today to find missing persons, to aid survivors, and to reunite them with loved ones. Fate Unknown uncovers the history of this remarkable archive and its more than 30 million documents. The book shows how, under the leadership of the International Committee of the Red Cross, the tracing service became one of the most secretive of postwar institutions, unknown even to historians of the period. And, by delving deeply into the archival material, it reveals how we can understand the real horror of the Holocaust, following the Nazis’ victims through the Nazi camp system. Examining the little-known sub-camps and, after the war, the survivors’ experience of displaced persons’ camps, and with a chapter on the Child Search Branch, the book brings to life remarkable stories of tracing. The postwar period was an age of shortage of resources, bitterness, and revenge. Yet the ITS tells a different story: of international collaboration, of commitment to justice, and, albeit in the context of Cold War suspicion, of helping survivors and their relatives. The stories contained in the book speak to a remarkable attempt by the ITS, before the Holocaust was a subject of worldwide interest, to carry out a programme of ethical repair, that is to say, to counteract some of the worst effects of the Nazis’ crimes in the name of decency and humanity.
Slaves for the Reich
Authors: Stone Dan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter uses the ITS documents to show how the Gross-Rosen and Auschwitz sub-camps functioned and the roles they played in the context of the German economy, the concentration camp system, and the Holocaust. Examining the sub-camps not only brings to light an under-appreciated aspect of the Nazi camp system, showing its significance for the German war economy and for our understanding of Nazi ideology; it also allows us, through the ITS documents, to follow the trajectories of individual persecutes through the camps. Looking at the Holocaust ‘from the bottom up’ means we can appreciate the extent to which some victims were moved around and the ways in which the Nazis’ desperate search for labour towards the end of the war facilitated some camp inmates’ survival.
Survivors, Displaced Persons, Refugees
Authors: Stone Dan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows how survivors became displaced persons (DPs), then refugees and new immigrants, or, in a minority of cases, stayed to become the nucleus of a renewed Jewish community in Germany—a very beleaguered and small one with a tenuous connection to wider society in the first postwar decade or so. As the camps became established communities, UNRRA/IRO cared for survivors by housing them and providing medical assistance. With the indispensable help of charities, survivors were encouraged to become functioning members of society again through vocational training, economic assistance, and joining and running associations and institutions of all sorts, from sports clubs to religious bodies, theatre groups to political movements, and self-representation organizations for dealing with the occupation and German authorities. Because the DP camps lasted for longer than anyone envisaged, these organizations became deeply entrenched and developed, and the camps became the settings for revitalized communities, long before their inhabitants were transplanted to Palestine/Israel, the United States, or elsewhere. The role of the survivors in helping themselves was crucial; from medical care to vocational training to political representation, survivors held key positions in the movements and societies that sought to advance the DPs’ cause—on the basis that no one else could understand them or would help them in the necessary ways. Using ITS records, the chapter shows how survivors formed their own tracing organizations, searched for their loved ones, and were in turn helped with medical care and emigration.
Conclusion
Authors: Stone Dan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The conclusion situates the International Tracing Service in the broad context of the postwar period. It notes that the history of the ITS runs counter to the standard narrative of ‘coming to terms with the Nazi past’ in Germany and elsewhere in Europe, and especially in the United States. Where ‘Holocaust consciousness’ gradually emerged in the western world, such that by the 1990s the genocide of the Jews was fast becoming a culturally ubiquitous reference point, the ITS went from being an open and energetic organization in the immediate postwar years to a secretive and closed institution by the 1990s. The conclusion asks why this might have been the case and finishes by discussing how the ITS, now known as the Arolsen Archives, has changed since its leadership was handed over from the International Committee of the Red Cross to the German authorities.
Introduction
Authors: Israel Jonathan I. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
There are several reasons why a fresh biography of Spinoza is needed. Recent research has extended our knowledge of Spinoza’s life and circle of friends considerably. No other early modern thinker attracted so much hostility and recrimination. The extent of Spinoza’s correspondence and international networking was much more limited than that of Descartes, Leibniz, Locke, and Bayle. Nevertheless, Spinoza’s continuing impact and relevance, in contrast to all of the latter, not only persisted undiminished in a much contested, controversial fashion right through the Enlightenment era but has tended to persist among philosophers and political thinkers subsequently and is today in many countries around the world greater than ever, not least rather remarkably in contemporary Latin America.
A Secret Legacy from Portugal
Authors: Israel Jonathan I. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the lives of Spinoza’s grandparents and great-grandparents in Portugal, the small town of Vidigueira and the Alentejo region where they lived, the role of the Portuguese Inquisition and its tribunal at Évora, as well as the status and circumstances of the Portuguese “New Christians” generally and why crypto-Judaism was more prevalent among them than among the New Christians in Spain. It also describes the element of political subversion in the secret culture of the Marranos, the role of Dom António, Prior of Crato, and the emigration of Spinoza’s family to Nantes and the status of the Portuguese New Christians in late sixteenth-century France.
Honour and Wealth
Authors: Israel Jonathan I. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter recounts the history of the Spinoza family business in Amsterdam. It seeks to explain why Michael d’Espinoza was broadly successful in overseas trade during the 1630s and 1640s down to 1651 and why his business then fell into severe difficulties in the early 1650s. It focuses on the impact of the First Anglo-Dutch War (1652–4) on Dutch maritime trade, the losses suffered by Spinoza’s father and then after he died in March 1654, suffered by Spinoza himself as head of the family firm during the years 1654–6, and why the business went bankrupt. It analyses the tension in Spinoza’s mind between his quest for a life of study free from business affairs and legal entanglements and the reality of his predicament prior to his expulsion from the Amsterdam Portuguese synagogue in 1656.
“Monstrous Heresies”
Authors: Israel Jonathan I. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at Spinoza’s dealings with Juan de Prado and other Sephardic Jewish fringe figures after his expulsion from the Sephardic community. Discussing the two Spanish denunciations submitted to the Madrid Inquisition, in 1659, it examines the attitudes and religious views of De Prado, Spinoza, and Daniel Ribera in the late 1650s and the difficult relationship of New Christian exiles from the Iberian peninsula who possessed Iberian university degrees and were fluent in academic Latin with the Amsterdam rabbis. It recounts also Orobio de Castro’s criticism of De Prado and other Marrano intellectuals rejecting rabbinic authority in Northern Europe.
“Reforming” Descartes’ Principles
Authors: Israel Jonathan I. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The chapter deals with the composition and publication of the only book Spinoza published under his own name, his Renati Des Cartes Principiorum philosophiae Pars I & II (1663), first in its Latin and then in its slightly different Dutch version. It was at this stage that his collaboration with Lodewijk Meyer seems to have been closest, this chapter analysing Meyer’s role and his correspondence with Spinoza. The main theme is a consideration of how far this book is an exposition, and how far rather a subversion, of Descartes’ core principles. It also discusses the early reaction of the Dutch Cartesians to Spinoza’s entry onto the philosophical scene.
Hebrew in Spinoza’s Later Life
Authors: Israel Jonathan I. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The text later known as Spinoza’s Compendium Grammatices Linguae Hebraeae [Grammatical Compendium of the Hebrew Language] which he worked on during his last years was his penultimate text, the last before the Tractatus Politicus, dating, it is thought, mainly from 1674–5. Spinoza wrote the Compendium—yet another text left lying unfinished at the time of his death—while also compiling his Adnotationes to the TTP. He undertook this project, the Opera Posthuma’s editors add, “at the request of some friends who were very keen on the Sacred Language who knew he had been instructed in [the Hebrew language] from the youngest age, and subsequently had assiduously occupied himself with it over many years, profoundly examining its special character and growing extremely versed in it.” “The friends” here doubtless refers to Meyer and Bouwmeester who both had a special interest in grammar and embraced the idea that all languages follow a certain logic; both devoted years to the quest for such a grammar, and Bouwmeester made this quest a common priority of their society, Nil Volentibus Arduum.
Naturalism, Externalism, and Naturalistic Externalism
Authors: Rysiew Patrick 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The majority of epistemologists who favor epistemic naturalism also favor externalism about knowledge. But why exactly is that? After providing an overview of the various main positions and commitments associated with ‘naturalistic epistemology’ (NE), this chapter takes up the question of the relation between naturalism, so understood, and externalism. As we’ll see, while NE does not mandate externalism, neither is the observed connection between them an accident: as general approaches, both NE and externalism are animated by a desire to have realistic and genuinely explanatory epistemological theories, something that more traditional ways of thinking about knowledge are regarded as failing to achieve. As we’ll also see, however, corresponding to the variety among naturalistic views, there are significant disagreements among those within the naturalistic-externalist camp—most conspicuously, about the appropriate target of philosophical theorizing and the methods that epistemologists should employ in investigating it.
Channelling Health
Authors: Stevens Crawshaw Jane L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter two highlights ways in which public works in ports were designed to ensure free-flowing movement through the streets. The streets played a vital role in binding people in neighbourhoods. Concepts of cleanliness and salubrity lay at the heart of being a good citizen and a good neighbour. The quality of the streets was seen to affect the quality of behaviour and, as a result, regulations focused on the materiality, cleanliness, safety, and use of these spaces. Tensions between individuals or families might be articulated using the system for denunciations relating to cleanliness and health.